gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The strength of glass, a nontransparent value (2007)

The tendency in modern architecture to use glass structurally means that we need to know the engineering properties of glass accurately. The most important of these is the failure strength of glass in bending. Although much work on this has been done and published there are still many questions. These deal mainly with the correct statistical description of the strength of glass, specifically the question whether the Weibull distribution is a satisfactory descriptor. Secondly there is the procedure for determining the design stress of glass. Experiments have been conducted using large series of specimens treated in several ways. The results show the treatments influence the statistical distribution. Water can result in linear Weibull distributions while other types of glass almost always show bilinear Weibull distributions. A model is proposed which explains the differences between the test series.
Determinants of Pluripotency in Mouse and Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2009)

Embryonic stem cells, derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stage embryos prior to implantation, remain pluripotent and self-renewing due to both their inherent properties and the culture conditions in which they are propagated. Recent study of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that underlie pluripotency in embryonic stem cells has revealed that mouse and human embryonic stem cells have a number of key features in common; however, our knowledge of this area is incomplete. Detailed analyses of mouse and human embryonic stem cells have revealed a number of differences whose significance is not yet understood. An improved knowledge of the molecular underpinnings of embryonic stem cell properties will be required if these cells are to be utilized as part of cell-based therapies. This chapter offers a review of the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of pluripotency in human and mouse embryonic stem cells. We also describe insights produced by the use of alternate strategies for production of pluripotent cells, such as somatic cell nuclear transfer and direct reprogramming of terminally differentiated somatic cells.
Limitations of the efficacy of hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solutions (1995)

Improvements in hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying (HBOCs) solutions have overcome the toxicities that plagued earlier efforts. However, limitations of the efficacy of HBOCs are emerging. The potential limitations of an HBOC were studied in an ovine model (n = 6) of exchange transfusion. Hemodynamic, oxygen transport, and hemoglobin kinetic parameters were examined during isovolumic blood exchange to a final hematocrit of 3.2 +/- 0.7% and a plasma hemoglobin concentration of 8.1 +/- 0.4 g/dl while sheep were awake and breathing room air. However, the infusion of HBOC was associated with immediate increases in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures. Despite hemodilution with HBOC, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance increased 43.9% (P < 0.001) and 204.2% (P < 0.001), respectively, after HBOC infusion. After blood exchange, the plasma hemoglobin level exhibited a circulatory half-life of 52.7 +/- 18.0 h. The formation of methemoglobin was significant, accounting for 33.0 +/- 7.1% of the total circulating plasma hemoglobin at 24 h; the half-life of HBOC capable of carrying oxygen was 30.1 +/- 5.4 h. This relatively short period of oxygen-carrying efficacy and the observed vasoconstriction properties may constrain the potential applications of HBOC solutions.
Protein kinase C activation inhibits Cav1.3 calcium channel at NH2-terminal serine 81 phosphorylation site (2006)

The Ca(v)1.3 (alpha(1D)) variant of L-type Ca(2+) channels plays a vital role in the function of neuroendocrine and cardiovascular systems. In this article, we report on the molecular and functional basis of alpha(1D) Ca(2+) channel modulation by protein kinase C (PKC). Specifically, we show that the serine 81 (S81) phosphorylation site at the NH(2)-terminal region plays a critical role in alpha(1D) Ca(2+) channel modulation by PKC. The introduction of a negatively charged residue at position 81, by converting serine to aspartate, mimicked the PKC phosphorylation effect on alpha(1D) Ca(2+) channel. The modulation of alpha(1D) Ca(2+) channel by PKC was prevented by dialyzing cells with a 35-amino acid peptide mimicking the alpha(1D) NH(2)-terminal region comprising S81. In addition, the data revealed that only betaII- and epsilonPKC isozymes are implicated in this regulation. These novel findings have significant implications in the pathophysiology of alpha(1D) Ca(2+) channel and in the development of PKC isozyme-targeted therapeutics.
Induction of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells by tumor exosomes (2008)

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) promote tumor progression. The mechanisms of MDSC development during tumor growth remain unknown. Tumor exosomes (T-exosomes) have been implicated to play a role in immune regulation, however the role of exosomes in the induction of MDSCs is unclear. Our previous work demonstrated that exosomes isolated from tumor cells are taken up by bone marrow myeloid cells. Here, we extend those findings showing that exosomes isolated from T-exosomes switch the differentiation pathway of these myeloid cells to the MDSC pathway (CD11b(+)Gr-1(+)). The resulting cells exhibit MDSC phenotypic and functional characteristics including promotion of tumor growth. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in vivo MDSC mediated promotion of tumor progression is dependent on T-exosome prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and TGF-beta molecules. T-exosomes can induce the accumulation of MDSCs expressing Cox2, IL-6, VEGF, and arginase-1. Antibodies against exosomal PGE2 and TGF-beta block the activity of these exosomes on MDSC induction and therefore attenuate MDSC-mediated tumor-promoting ability. Exosomal PGE2 and TGF-beta are enriched in T-exosomes when compared with exosomes isolated from the supernatants of cultured tumor cells (C-exosomes). The tumor microenvironment has an effect on the potency of T-exosome mediated induction of MDSCs by regulating the sorting and the amount of exosomal PGE2 and TGF-beta available. Together, these findings lend themselves to developing specific targetable therapeutic strategies to reduce or eliminate MDSC-induced immunosuppression and hence enhance host antitumor immunotherapy efficacy.
Shape and size controlled synthesis and properties of colloidal IV–VI SnSe nanocrystals (2011)

Colloidal IV–VI SnSe nanocrystals with small and uniform size distribution were synthesized by a facile and phosphine-free method. Simple Sn6O4(OH)4 was introduced as a tin precursor to synthesize the SnSe nanocrystals. By changing the reaction temperature and Sn/Se molar ratio, SnSe nanocrystals with different shapes and sizes were achieved. The influence of reaction temperature and Sn/Se molar ratio to the shape and size of SnSe nanocrystals has been discussed detail. Similar to other IV–VI tin chalcogenides, SnSe shows potential as energy storage material. The performance of SnSe nanocrystals as an anode material for lithium ion batteries has been investigated. A mechanism for SnSe as anode material has been proposed based on its performance. The influence of the shape and size of the SnSe nanocrystals on the performance of lithium ion batteries has been discussed in detail.
ChemInform Abstract: DNA Sequence Selective Alkylation and Cytotoxicity of Monoheterocyclic Analogues of Hoechst 33258. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Evaluation of immunity against malaria using luciferase-expressing Plasmodium berghei parasites (2011)

PbGFP-Luccon parasites are a straightforward and valuable tool for comprehension of the biological and immunological principles underlying protection against malaria.
Anti-MET Targeted Therapy Has Come of Age: The First Durable Complete Response with MetMAb in Metastatic Gastric Cancer (2011)

The MET/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling pathway plays important roles in oncogenesis and tumor progression in a variety of human cancers. MET/HGF drives an invasive signaling program that can be dysregulated in human cancers through a number of activating mechanisms, including mutations, overexpression, amplification, alternative splicing, and HGF ligand-induced autocrine/paracrine loop signaling. As a testimony of MET-targeting therapeutics is beginning to come to clinical fruition, Catenacci and colleagues report the first case of durable complete response under an anti-MET receptor monoclonal antibody, MetMAb, in a patient with chemotherapy-refractory, advanced gastric cancer metastatic to the liver, found to have high MET gene polysomy and remarkably high serum HGF level. Serum and tissue studies also revealed predictive biomarkers for therapeutic response to MET inhibition.
In vitro activities of the oxazolidinone antibiotics U-100592 and U-100766 against Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (1997)

U-100592 and U-100766 are closely related antibiotics of the oxazolidinone class. Their in vitro activities were determined against 100 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 100 isolates of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species by broth and agar dilution test methods. The MICs of both compounds by either test method at which 50 and 90% of isolates are inhibited were 2 and 4 micrograms/ml, respectively, for S. aureus and 1 to 2 micrograms/ml for coagulase-negative staphylococci. Time-kill assay with selected strains indicated a primarily bacteriostatic effect against staphylococci.
Applications of Green Fluorescent Protein in Plants (1997)

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is increasingly being used in plant biology from the cellular level to whole plant level. At the cellular level, GFP is being used as an in vivo reporter to assess frequency of transient and stable transformation. GFP has also proven to be an invaluable tool in monitoring trafficking and subcellular localization of protein. At the organ level and up, many exciting applications are rapidly emerging. The development of brighter GFP mutants with more robust folding properties has enabled better macroscopic visualization of GFP in whole leaves and plants. One interesting example has been the use of GFP to monitor virus movement in and among whole plants. GFP is also emerging as a powerful tool to monitor transgene movement and transgenic plants in the field. In a proof-of-concept study, tobacco was transformed with a modified version of the GFP gene controlled by a constitutive (35S) promoter. GFP expression in progeny plants ranged from 0% to 0.5%, and approximately 0.1% GFP was the minimal amount needed for unambiguous macroscopic detection. GFP is the first truly in vivo reporter system useful in whole plants, and we project its usefulness will increase even further as better forms of GFP genes become available.
Human ros1 and mas1 oncogenes located in regions of chromosome 6 associated with tumor-specific rearrangements. (1987)

Oncogenes have been implicated in tumorigenesis based on their localization to chromosomal sites associated with tumor-specific structural rearrangements. We have mapped the human ros1 (formerly mcf3) and mas1 oncogenes to the distal half of chromosome 6q, within a region frequently rearranged in malignant cells. Chromosomal mapping of these two new human transforming genes may help elucidate the involvement of the long arm of chromosome 6 in diverse tumor types.
Wide-Area Robust Coordination Approach of HVDC and FACTS Controllers for Damping Multiple Interarea Oscillations (2012)

A robust coordination approach for the controller design of multiple high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) and flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) wide-area controls (WACs) is presented in this paper and has the aim of stabilizing multiple interarea oscillation modes in large-scale power systems. The suitable wide-area control signals, which are given to HVDC and FACTS wide-area controllers, respectively, are chosen from a large number of candidate items. Then, a sequential robust design approach is planned for the wide-area controller coordination of HVDC and FACTS devices. This approach is based on the robust control theory and is formulated as a standard problem of multiobjective mixed H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∞</sub> output-feedback control with regional pole placement constraints. The linear matrix inequality (LMI) theory is applied to solve such a robust control problem. A case study on the 16-machine 5-area system, which is modified with one HVDC interconnected transmission, one shunt-FACTS device (SVC), and one series-FACTS device (TCSC), is performed to validate the robust performance in terms of multiple oscillations damping under various operating conditions.
Hsp90 Protein in Fission Yeast Swo1p and UCS Protein Rng3p Facilitate Myosin II Assembly and Function (2005)

The F-actin-based molecular motor myosin II is involved in a variety of cellular processes such as muscle contraction, cell motility, and cytokinesis. In recent years, a family of myosin II-specific cochaperones of the UCS family has been identified from work with yeasts, fungi, worms, and humans. Biochemical analyses have shown that a complex of Hsp90 and the Caenorhabditis elegans UCS domain protein UNC-45 prevent myosin head aggregation, thereby allowing it to assume a proper structure. Here we demonstrate that a temperature-sensitive mutant of the fission yeast Hsp90 (Swo1p), swo1-w1, is defective in actomyosin ring assembly at the restrictive temperature. Two alleles of swo1, swo1-w1 and swo1-26, showed synthetic lethality with a specific mutant allele of the fission yeast type II myosin head, myo2-E1, but not with two other mutant alleles of myo2 or with mutations affecting 14 other genes important for cytokinesis. swo1-w1 also showed a strong genetic interaction with rng3-65, a gene encoding a mutation in the fission yeast UCS domain protein Rng3p, which has previously been shown to be important for myosin II assembly. A similar deleterious effect was found when myo2-E1, swo1-w1, and rng3-65 were pharmacologically treated with geldanamycin to partially inhibit Hsp90 function. Interestingly, Swo1p-green fluorescent protein is detected at the improperly assembled actomyosin rings in myo2-E1 but not in a wild-type strain. Yeast two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation analyses verified interactions between Rng3p and the myosin head domain as well as interactions between Rng3p and Swo1p. Our analyses of Myo2p, Swo1p, and the UCS domain protein Rng3p establish that Swo1p and Rng3p collaborate in vivo to modulate myosin II function.
Adiponectin Expression From Human Adipose Tissue (2003)

Adiponectin is a 29-kDa adipocyte protein that has been linked to the insulin resistance of obesity and lipodystrophy. To better understand the regulation of adiponectin expression, we measured plasma adiponectin and adipose tissue adiponectin mRNA levels in nondiabetic subjects with varying degrees of obesity and insulin resistance. Plasma adiponectin and adiponectin mRNA levels were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.80, P < 0.001), and obese subjects expressed significantly lower levels of adiponectin. However, a significant sex difference in adiponectin expression was observed, especially in relatively lean subjects. When men and women with a BMI <30 kg/m(2) were compared, women had a twofold higher percent body fat, yet their plasma adiponectin levels were 65% higher (8.6 +/- 1.1 and 14.2 +/- 1.6 micro g/ml in men and women, respectively; P < 0.02). Plasma adiponectin had a strong association with insulin sensitivity index (S(I)) (r = 0.67, P < 0.0001, n = 51) that was not affected by sex, but no relation with insulin secretion. To separate the effects of obesity (BMI) from S(I), subjects who were discordant for S(I) were matched for BMI, age, and sex. Using this approach, insulin-sensitive subjects demonstrated a twofold higher plasma level of adiponectin (5.6 +/- 0.6 and 11.2 +/- 1.1 micro g/ml in insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive subjects, respectively; P < 0.0005). Adiponectin expression was not related to plasma levels of leptin or interleukin-6. However, there was a significant inverse correlation between plasma adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA expression (r = -0.47, P < 0.005), and subjects with the highest levels of adiponectin mRNA expression secreted the lowest levels of TNF-alpha from their adipose tissue in vitro. Thus, adiponectin expression from adipose tissue is higher in lean subjects and women, and is associated with higher degrees of insulin sensitivity and lower TNF-alpha expression.
Cell Lines of the Pituitary Gonadotrope Lineage Derived by Targeted Oncogenesis in Transgenic Mice (1990)

Study of the molecular and cellular biology of the gonadotropin hormones would be greatly facilitated by the availability of immortalized anterior pituitary gonadotrope cell lines. We directed expression of the simian virus-40 (SV40) T-antigen (Tag) oncogene to specific cells in the anterior pituitary of transgenic mice using the promoter/enhancer region from the human glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene. Transgenic mice carrying this fusion gene developed anterior pituitary tumors. Clonal cell lines established from these tumors express the endogenous mouse alpha-subunit gene and synthesize and secrete alpha-subunit protein. However, they do not express beta-subunit genes. Alpha-subunit mRNA is induced by GnRH in a dose- and time-dependent manner, but is not regulated by TRH. Thus, we have targeted tumorigenesis in transgenic mice to anterior pituitary cells of the gonadotrope lineage to immortalize this specific endocrine cell while maintaining several highly differentiated functions unique to gonadotropes.
원저 : 류마티스 관절염, 골 관절염, 강직성 척추염, 통풍성 관절염 환자의 활액내 Adenosine deaminase 활성도 (1997)

Adenosine deaminase는 체내의 핵을 가진 모든 세포에 존재하는데, T 임파구, 대식세포, 또는 단핵구의 활동이 증가되어 있는 곳에 활성도가 증가되어 있다. 그러므로 관절염이 있는 환자의 활액에서 이 효소의 활성도를 측정함으로서 관절종창의 감별진단과 질환의 활동도 판단에 유용한지 알아보았다. 대상 및 방법: 1996년 3월부터 1997년 1월까지 해동병원 류마티스 크리닉을 방문한 환자중 활액 천자가 가능하였던 류마티스 관절염 21명, 퇴행성 관절염 11명, 강직성 척추염 3명, 통풍성 관절염 2명을 대상으로 채취된 활액을 hyaluronidase로 처리하고 상층액에서 ADA을 측정하였다. 결과: 류마티스 관절염 환자의 adenosine deaminase의 활성도가 골관절염 환자에 비해 유의하게 증가되어 있었으나, 강직성 척추염이나 통풍성관절염 환자에서도 비슷한 정도로 증가되어 있었다. 1) 환자 활액내 ADA 활성도가 류마티스 관절염은 39.5±9.3 U/L, 골 관절염은 13.3±9.7 U/L로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<0.001). 강직성 척추염과 통풍성 관절염에서는 44.7±10.7 U/L과 42±18.4 U/L 이었다. 2) ESR과 활액 ADA 활성도 사이에는 약한 상관관계를 보였으나(r=0.4061, p<0.1), 혈청 CRP와 활액 ADA는 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다(r=0.1315). 3) 전 환자의 활액내 백혈구 수와 ADA 활성도는 유의한 상관관계를 보였으나(r=0.697, p<0.05), 임파구 수와 ADA 활성도는 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않았다(r=-0.1181). 결론: 혈액내 ADA 활성도는 류마티스 관절염 환자에서 골관절염 환자에 비해 유의하게 증가되어 있었다. 하지만 염증성 질환인 강직성 척추염 및 통풍성 관절염 환자와는 유의한 차이가 없어, 원인질환의 감별에는 도움이 되지 못하였다. 활액 ADA 활성도는 ESR, 혈청 CRP와 유의한 상관관계를 보이지 않아 질환의 활동도 반영에는 미흡한 결과가 나왔으나, 향후 더 많은 환자를 대상으로 한 조사가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 혈액내 ADA 활성도는 활액의 백혈구 수가 많을수록 증가되어 나타나 국소 관절 부위의 염증 정도를 나타내는 지표로 이용될 수 있으리라 생각되며, 활액 ADA 활성도와 질환 경과의 관계는 앞으로 더 연구해 보아야 하겠다.
Spinal Astrocytes as Therapeutic Targets for Pathological Pain (2010)

Development of next-generation analgesics requires a better understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying pathological pain. Accumulating evidence suggests that the activation of glia contributes to the central sensitization of pain signaling in the spinal cord. The role of microglia in pathological pain has been well documented, while that of astrocytes still remains unclear. After peripheral nerve inflammation or injury, spinal microglia are initially activated and subsequently sustained activation of astrocytes is precipitated, which are implicated in the induction and maintenance of pathological pain. Astrocytic activation is caused by the production of diffusible factors from primary afferent neurons (neuron-to-astrocyte signals) and activated microglia (microglia-to-astrocyte signals). Although astrocyte-to-neuron signals implicated in pathological pain is poorly understood, activated astrocytes, as well as microglia, produce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which lead to adaptation of the dorsal horn neurons. Furthermore, it has been suggested that glial glutamate transporters in the spinal astrocytes are down-regulated in pathological pain and that up-regulation or functional enhancement of these transporters prevents pathological pain. This review will briefly discuss novel findings on the role of spinal astrocytes in pathological pain and their potential as a therapeutic target for novel analgesics.
Corneal neovascularization as studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts. (1983)

Rat corneas were cauterized chemically, and the induced neovascularization was studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts. Casts were prepared by filling the pericorneal and intracorneal vessels with an acrylic monomer by an intracardiac injection. The initial response to injury was a vasodilation of pericorneal vessels and the appearance of impressions in the walls of veins and venules consistent with those of marginating leukocytes. The first new vascular buds emerged from the pericorneal venules and capillaries at 27 hours after injury. These sprouts lengthened and multiplied by 72 hours to produce a rich anastomosing plexus. New vessels were not seen arising from arteries and arterioles. By 7 days, numerous channels reached the cautery site and, by 13 days, many of the redundant intracorneal vessels had regressed leaving large looping channels connecting either with a pericorneal artery or a vein. The casts of those continuous with the artery had surface features suggesting arterial or arteriolar differentiation, whereas the smooth surfaces of the remaining channels were consistent with those of veins or capillaries. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed this differentiation by documenting intracorneal vessels with the smooth muscle and prominent endothelial cell nuclei which characterize arteries and arterioles. Vascular casts have several advantages in the study of neovascularization. They depict the three-dimensional characteristics of new vessel formation and reflect the vascular and cellular events in the accompanying acute inflammatory response; define more readily than histologic sections the time that the first new buds appear; emphasize capillaries and venules as the predominant source of new vessels; and suggest that certain new intracorneal vessels assume morphologic features of arteries or arterioles, whereas others retain capillary or venous characteristics.
Time-Multiplexed Multiple-Constant Multiplication (2007)

This paper studies area-efficient arithmetic circuits to multiply a fixed-point input value selectively by one of several preset fixed-point constants. We present an algorithm that generates a class of solutions to this time-multiplexed multiple-constant multiplication problem by ldquofusingrdquo single-constant multiplication circuits for the required constants. Our evaluation compares our solution against a baseline implementation style that employs a full multiplier and a lookup table for the constants. The evaluation shows that we gain a significant area advantage, at the price of increased latency, for problem sizes (in terms of the number of constants) up to a threshold dependent on the bit-widths of the input and the constants. Our evaluation further shows that our solution is better suited for standard-cell application-specific integrated circuits than prior works on reconfigurable multiplier blocks.