gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical bases and the finite element method (1996)

In this work we present a brief introduction to hierarchical bases, and the important part they play in contemporary finite element calculations. In particular, we examine their role in a posteriori error estimation, and in the formulation of iterative methods for solving the large sparse sets of linear equations arising from finite element discretization.
The big squeeze (2005)

Jane bates wonders whatever happened to the chancellor’s promise of billions for the nhs
Investigation of the Efficiency Boost Due to Spectral Concentration in a Quantum-Dot Based Luminescent Concentrator (2006)

Luminescent concentrators may have significant promise for producing low-cost PV energy. Luminescent concentrators convert the solar spectrum and concentrate the sunlight, but the benefit that can be obtained by the spectral conversion is not obvious. This paper presents the results of a theoretical study of the impact of spectral concentration. A well-known set of relationships for PV cell efficiency was modified to include the effect of the variation in internal quantum efficiency for different wavelengths, and then used to examine the impact of spectral concentration for materials with different bandgaps. The results suggest that spectral concentration leads to only a modest increase in PV conversion efficiency.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors for epigenetic therapy of cancer (2007)

Histone acetylation and histone deacetylation play key roles in the epigenetic regulation. Thus, inhibition of deacetylation controlled by histone deacetylases may result in chromatin remodeling, upregulation of key tumor repressor genes, differentiation or apoptosis. Therefore many naturally occurring and synthetic histone deacetylase inhibitors have been shown to display potent anticancer activities in preclinical studies. The exact mechanism by which histone deacetylases exert their effect, however, is still obscure; in any case it is more complicated than originally understood. Although several representatives of this novel class of therapeutic agents are currently at early stages of clinical development, rational design leading to highly selective histone deacetylase inhibitors against histone deacetylase isoforms will not only probably offer more potent anticancer drugs, but also critical insights into their mechanism of action.
Anti-CD43 Inhibition of  T Cell Homing (1997)

The homing of lymphocytes from the blood is controlled by specialized processes of lymphocyte-endothelial cell interaction. Interference with these processes offers the potential to manipulate lymphocyte traffic, and thus to modulate normal and pathologic immune and inflammatory responses. We selected antilymphocyte monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for inhibition of lymphocyte binding in vitro to lymph node high endothelial venules (HEV), specialized vessels that support lymphocyte recruitment into lymph nodes. mAb L11 blocks T cell binding to lymph node and Peyer's patch HEV and inhibits T cell extravasation from the blood into organized secondary lymphoid tissues. In contrast, L11 has no effect on lymphocyte binding to purified vascular ligands for L-selectin, alpha4beta7, or LFA-1, suggesting that it inhibits by a novel mechanism. The L11 antigen is CD43, a sialomucin implicated in vitro in regulation of lymphocyte activation, whose expression is often dysregulated in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. CD43 represents a novel target for experimental and therapeutic manipulation of lymphocyte traffic and may help regulate T cell distribution in vivo.
Computational biomedicine: a challenge for the twenty-first century. (2012)

With the relentless increase of computer power and the widespread availability of digital patient-specific medical data, we are now entering an era when it is becoming possible to develop predictive models of human disease and pathology, which can be used to support and enhance clinical decision-making. The approach amounts to a grand challenge to computational science insofar as we need to be able to provide seamless yet secure access to large scale heterogeneous personal healthcare data in a facile way, typically integrated into complex workflows-some parts of which may need to be run on high performance computers-in a facile way that is integrated into clinical decision support software. In this paper, we review the state of the art in terms of case studies drawn from neurovascular pathologies and HIV/AIDS. These studies are representative of a large number of projects currently being performed within the Virtual Physiological Human initiative. They make demands of information technology at many scales, from the desktop to national and international infrastructures for data storage and processing, linked by high performance networks.
Trans-Platinum Complexes as Anticancer Drugs: Recent Developments and Future Prospects (2002)

Cisplatin represents one of the most potent drugs available in the cancer chemotherapy for several solid tumors, such as germ cell tumors, ovarian, lung, head and neck, and bladder cancers. Structure-activity relationship studies showed that leaving groups (generally chlorine) and two amine ligands in platinum complexes must be in the cis orientation and that the corresponding trans compounds are inactive. During the 1990's, several groups have reported trans-platinum compounds with in vitro growth inhibitory and in vivo antitumor properties. Some of these complexes were active against tumor cells resistant to cisplatin. More interestingly, there is a difference in cellular and biochemical pharmacology between trans-platinum complexes and cisplatin. Thus, monofunctional adducts might be related to the cytotoxicity of the trans-platinum-iminoether compounds against cis-DDP sensitive/resistant cell lines; unusual structure of long-range interstrand cross-links might be relevant for great effectivity of bifunctional polinuclear trans-platinum(II) compounds against cis-DDP resistant variants. Trans-platinum compounds, appear to follow different pattern of cell killing in comparison to cisplatin, thus giving a reason for optimism in their development as a new class of platinum-based antitumor drugs.
Organic Chemistry within Ceramic Matrixes: Doped Sol-Gel Materials (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrganic Chemistry within Ceramic Matrixes: Doped Sol-Gel MaterialsDavid AvnirCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 8, 328–334Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1995https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00056a002RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1840Altmetric-Citations519LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1015 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
An innovative low-power high-performance programmable signal processor for digital communications (2003)

We describe an innovative, low-power, high-performance, programmable signal processor (DSP) for digital communications. The architecture of this processor is characterized by its explicit design for low-power implementations, its innovative ability to jointly exploit instruction-level parallelism and data-level parallelism to achieve high performance, its suitability as a target for an optimizing high-level language compiler, and its explicit replacement of hardware resources by compile-time practices. We describe the methodology used in the development of the processor, highlighting the techniques deployed to enable application/architecture/compiler/implementation co-development, and the optimization approach and metric used for power-performance evaluation and tradeoff analysis. We summarize the salient features of the architecture, provide a brief description of the hardware organization, and discuss the compiler techniques used to exercise these features. We also summarize the simulation environment and associated software development tools. Coding examples from two representative kernels in the digital communications domain are also provided. The resulting methodology, architecture, and compiler represent an advance of the state of the art in the area of low-power, domain-specific microprocessors.
In vitro studies on antifungal activity of tea (Camellia sinensis) and coffee (Coffea arabica) against wood‐rotting fungi (1997)

Abstract The present study reports the sensitivity of ten different wood‐rotting fungi towards eight samples of tea and two samples of coffee. The tea samples included five CTC black teas, one orthodox black tea and two green teas. The different fungi tested were sensitive to different tea and coffee samples to variable levels. Green tea caused the maximum growth inhibition and it was 100% in case of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Sporotrichum pulverulentum . Of the black tea samples, orthodox black tea was more effective inhibitor for all the fungi tested. Phlebia radiata was the most sensitive fungus to all the black tea samples except Lipton Cheers. The growth of Daldinia concentrica was least affected by all the black tea samples. The two coffee samples showed better inhibition than CTC black tea samples. The inhibitory effect of tea and coffee extracts was greatly reduced on their filtration. All the tea and coffee samples tested showed more than 50% reduction in their inhibitory activity. The inhibitory effect was completely lost in spent black tea leaves. The antifungal effect of pure caffeine was tested at different concentrations. Majority of the fungi were totally inhibited at a concentration of 0.3% whereas, D. concentrica, P. radiata and P. palustris showed complete inhibition at a concentration of 0.5 percent.
The Role of Biomechanics and Inflammation in Cartilage Injury and Repair (2004)

Osteoarthritis is a painful and debilitating disease characterized by progressive degenerative changes in the articular cartilage and other joint tissues. Biomechanical factors play a critical role in the initiation and progression of this disease, as evidenced by clinical and animal studies of alterations in the mechanical environment of the joint caused by trauma, joint instability, disuse, or obesity. The onset of these changes after joint injury generally has been termed posttraumatic arthritis and can be accelerated by factors such as a displaced articular fracture. Within this context, there is considerable evidence that interactions between biomechanical factors and proinflammatory mediators are involved in the progression of cartilage degeneration in posttraumatic arthritis. In vivo studies have shown increased concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and mediators in the joint in mechanically induced models of osteoarthritis. In vitro explant studies confirm that mechanical load is a potent regulator of matrix metabolism, cell viability, and the production of proinflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. Knowledge of the interaction of inflammatory and biomechanical factors in regulating cartilage metabolism would be beneficial to an understanding of the etiopathogenesis of posttraumatic osteoarthritis and in the improvement of therapies for joint injury.
B7-H4 expression identifies a novel suppressive macrophage population in human ovarian carcinoma (2006)

Tumor-associated macrophages are a prominent component of ovarian cancer stroma and contribute to tumor progression. B7-H4 is a recently identified B7 family molecule. We show that primary ovarian tumor cells express intracellular B7-H4, whereas a fraction of tumor macrophages expresses surface B7-H4. B7-H4+ tumor macrophages, but not primary ovarian tumor cells, suppress tumor-associated antigen-specific T cell immunity. Blocking B7-H4-, but not arginase-, inducible nitric oxide synthase or B7-H1 restored the T cell stimulating capacity of the macrophages and contributes to tumor regression in vivo. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 are found in high concentrations in the tumor microenvironment. These cytokines stimulate macrophage B7-H4 expression. In contrast, granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and IL-4, which are limited in the tumor microenvironment, inhibit B7-H4 expression. Ectopic expression of B7-H4 makes normal macrophages suppressive. Thus, B7-H4+ tumor macrophages constitute a novel suppressor cell population in ovarian cancer. B7-H4 expression represents a critical checkpoint in determining host responses to dysfunctional cytokines in ovarian cancer. Blocking B7-H4 or depleting B7-H4+ tumor macrophages may represent novel strategies to enhance T cell tumor immunity in cancer.
Heat Shock Transcription Factors and the hsp70 Induction Response in Brain and Kidney of the Hyperthermic Rat During Postnatal Development (2000)

Heat shock transcription factor (HSF) 1 levels increase in brain regions and decline in kidney during postnatal rat development. In both neonatal and adult rats, levels of HSF1 protein in brain and kidney are proportional to the levels of HSF DNA-binding activity and the magnitude of heat shock protein hsp70 induction after thermal stress. There appears to be more HSF1 protein in adult brain than is needed for induction of hsp70 after thermal stress, suggesting that HSF1 may have other functions in addition to its role as a stress-inducible activator of heat shock genes. HSF2 protein levels decline during postnatal rat development in brain regions and kidney. Gel mobility shift analysis shows that HSF2 is not in a DNA-binding form in the neonatal brain and kidney, suggesting that HSF2 may not be involved in the constitutive expression of hsps in early postnatal development. There is no apparent relationship between levels of HSF2 protein and basal levels of hsp90, hsp70, heat shock cognate protein hsc70, and hsp60.
A randomised controlled trial of ablation of Barrett’s oesophagus with multipolar electrocoagulation versus argon plasma coagulation in combination with acid suppression: long term results (2006)

In BO patients treated with MPEC or APC in combination with acid suppression, at long term follow up, complete reversal of BO can be maintained in approximately 70% of patients, irrespective of the technique. There are no predictors associated with achieving complete reversal of BO. Continued surveillance is still indicated in the post ablative setting. As yet, these techniques are not ready for clinical application (other than for high grade dysplasia or early oesophageal adenocarcinoma) and cannot be offered outside the research arena.
Measurement of thickness and density of thin structures by computed tomography: A simulation study (1999)

The limited spatial resolution of clinical CT systems causes difficulties in the measurement of the density and thickness of thin structures such as the vertebral cortical shell. We simulated the imaging process by convolving experimentally determined point spread functions with rectangular and Gaussian profiles, for various fields of view or pixel sizes and reconstruction kernels. The simulations successfully explained the reported overestimation of thickness and underestimation of density when imaging thin structures. Both effects are larger for Gaussian profiles. For the rectangular profiles, experimental estimates of thickness and density will only be accurate when the true thickness is greater than about 1.5 times (for the bone reconstruction kernel) or 2.0 times (for the standard kernel) the full width at half maximum of the point spread function (PSF) of the imaging system. For Gaussian profiles imaged by a system with a Gaussian PSF, there are straightforward analytical expressions for the overestimation of thickness and underestimation of density: and these are useful approximations to the simulations of Gaussian profiles with experimental (pseudo-Gaussian) PSFs. We have demonstrated that thresholding of the vertebral image cannot provide accurate estimates of cortical thickness and density because the appropriate threshold level requires foreknowledge of the cortical thickness. To circumvent such difficulties we suggest that the average value of the peak CT numbers measured along the medial axis of the cortical shell be adopted as an index of cortical shell strength, since its value depends on both the density and the thickness of the shell.
The calorically restricted ketogenic diet, an effective alternative therapy for malignant brain cancer (2007)

The results indicate that KetoCal has anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic effects in experimental mouse and human brain tumors when administered in restricted amounts. The therapeutic effect of KetoCal for brain cancer management was due largely to the reduction of total caloric content, which reduces circulating glucose required for rapid tumor growth. A dependency on glucose for energy together with defects in ketone body metabolism largely account for why the brain tumors grow minimally on either a ketogenic-restricted diet or on a standard-restricted diet. Genes for ketone body metabolism should be useful for screening brain tumors that could be targeted with calorically restricted high fat/low carbohydrate ketogenic diets. This preclinical study indicates that restricted KetoCal is a safe and effective diet therapy and should be considered as an alternative therapeutic option for malignant brain cancer.
Modulation of Drug Transporters at the Blood-Brain Barrier (2004)

A major challenge in the management of diseases of the central nervous system is the limited penetration of drugs into the brain. The structures responsible are the capillaries of the brain, whose endothelial cells form the so-called blood-brain barrier. Understanding the cellular and molecular structure as well as integrated function of this barrier is a prerequisite for successful drug delivery to the brain. Here we briefly review current knowledge about the active transport proteins (ABC and organic anion transporters) which function at the blood-brain barrier. We describe novel approaches to (1). modulate carrier protein function, and (2). circumvent the transporter-based carrier by targeted site-specific drug delivery systems, such as immunoliposome and nanoparticulate systems.
Benzazolylmethylheteroarylamines (1994)

Recently, Katritzky and coworkers in a series of papers described preparation of various 1-(1-aryl/alkylaminoalkyl)benzotriazoles by reaction of benzotriazole, an aliphatic aldehyde (or the product of their reaction - 1-(1-hydroxyalkyl)benzotriazole) and an amine in ethanol. In some cases the formation of 1-bis(1-benzotriazolylalkyl)aryl/alkylamines was also observed. The aim of our study was to compare the reactivity of 2-, 3- and 4-aminopyridine in the reaction with 1-hydroxymethylbenzotriazole, and to find out whether and under which conditions also 1-hydroxymethylbenzimidazole enters an analogous reaction. We further studied the reaction of these two compounds with 5-amino-1-arylbenzazoles and the structure of the products.
CT-based delineation of organs at risk in the head and neck region: DAHANCA, EORTC, GORTEC, HKNPCSG, NCIC CTG, NCRI, NRG Oncology and TROG consensus guidelines (2015)

Consensus guidelines for head and neck OAR delineation were defined, aiming to decrease interobserver variability among clinicians and radiotherapy centers.
Identification of high-affinity anti-IL-1 alpha autoantibodies in normal human serum as an interfering substance in a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IL-1 alpha. (1991)

A highly reproducible, sensitive, and specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for recombinant human IL-1 alpha (rhIL-1 alpha) has been developed. Results from this ELISA have demonstrated that the concentration of rhIL-1 alpha added to normal human serum (NHS) decreased by 16.3% after 3 h and 24.9% after 6 h at room temperature. Molecular exclusion column chromatography with Sephacryl S-300 HR revealed that 125I-labeled IL-1 alpha added to normal human serum rapidly formed higher molecular weight complexes without indication of proteolytic degradation. The observed reduction in immunoreactivity was correlated with this protein complex formation and accounted for the apparent instability of rhIL-1 alpha in NHS. Immunoblot analysis indicated that the molecular weight of the binding protein was 150-160K, and the IL-1 alpha binding activity was removed and recovered from NHS by Protein-G affinity chromatography; indicating that the binding protein was IL-1 alpha-specific IgG. The binding of 125I-labeled IL-1 alpha to the serum binding proteins could be inhibited by unlabeled IL-1 alpha (IC50 = 7.4 x 10(-11) M) but not by unlabeled IL-1 beta. Kinetic analysis with 125I-labeled IL-1 alpha revealed that the average binding affinity of these IL-1 alpha-specific IgGs was 4.7 x 10(10) M-1. These results suggest that these autoantibodies may interfere with the detection of IL-1 alpha in human serum by various assay systems and also could be a regulator of circulating IL-1 alpha.
Congenital myasthenia–related AChR δ subunit mutation interferes with intersubunit communication essential for channel gating (2008)

Congenital myasthenias (CMs) arise from defects in neuromuscular junction-associated proteins. Deciphering the molecular bases of the CMs is required for therapy and illuminates structure-function relationships in these proteins. Here, we analyze the effects of a mutation in 1 of 4 homologous subunits in the AChR from a CM patient, a Leu to Pro mutation at position 42 of the delta subunit. The mutation is located in a region of contact between subunits required for rapid opening of the AChR channel and impedes the rate of channel opening. Substitutions of Gly, Lys, or Asp for deltaL42, or substitutions of Pro along the local protein chain, also slowed channel opening. Substitution of Pro for Leu in the epsilon subunit slowed opening, whereas this substitution had no effect in the beta subunit and actually sped opening in the alpha subunit. Analyses of energetic coupling between residues at the subunit interface showed that deltaL42 is functionally linked to alphaT127, a key residue in the adjacent alpha subunit required for rapid channel opening. Thus, deltaL42 is part of an intersubunit network that enables ACh binding to rapidly open the AChR channel, which may be compromised in patients with CM.
Phase 1 Safety and Immunogenicity Testing of DNA and Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara Vaccines Expressing HIV-1 Virus-like Particles (2011)

MVA62 was well tolerated and elicited different patterns of T cell and Ab responses when administered alone or in combination with the JS7 DNA vaccine.
Quantitative Measurement of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Metabolism in Man Using 15O and Positron Emission Tomography (1980)

A method is described for quantifying regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), oxygen extraction (rOER), and oxygen utilization (rCMRO2) in man non-invasively, using inhaled 15O-labeled CO2 and O2 and positron emission tomography. The theoretical considerations and practical aspects are described. The results of rCBF, rCMRO2, and rOER for gray and white matter in normal volunteers are presented. The significance and limitations of the results are discussed. The method appears suitable for the study of human cerebral aerobic metabolism and blood flow under differing physiological conditions and in a wide variety of neurological disorders.