gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selection of Travelling Irrigators to Minimise Surface Water Generation and Redistribution (1986)

The application rate characteristics of seven large travelling irrigators were measured and this data used to investigate potential for generation of surface water and its redistribution. This aspect of machine performance is of importance for two main reasons: Firstly there are potential yield losses associated with a failure to produce a uniformly wetted root zone and redistribution of surface applied fertilisers. Secondly, there is the loss of soil and fertiliser from paddocks, and its implications to land fertility and the quality of receiving waters. The results show that comparison of peak application rate and soil infiltration rate is of little value when comparing likely irrigator performance. Using mean application rate can provide a useful guide to potential performance. However, it is shown that when comparing different types of irrigator or attempting to predict amounts of redistribution water, machine modus operandi and micro-storage depth can become important considerations. A method of irrigator selection is proposed which uses a series of design charts produced as a result of the work described.
Characterisation of Protein Synthesis in Cell-Free Extracts from Different Mammalian Cells by their Sensitivity to Inhibitors of Polypeptide-Chain Initiation (1979)

Plasma cells and reticulocytes are differentiated mammalian cell systems specialized in the synthesis of distinct proteins. To study whether a cell specificity of polypeptide-chain initiation in such cell systems can be detected through inhibitors, the sensitivity to several drugs interfering with initiation was compared in cell-free systems with S-30 extracts from these cells. The following was indicated by the experiments: (1) under the selected conditions, the different cell-free systems are comparable with respect to their activity of initiation, and that aurintricarboxylic acid inhibits mRNA binding to the ribosome in plasma cell tumours the same as in reticulocytes. (2) The sensitivity of translation of endogenous mRNAs in reticulocytes and plasma cell tumours to inhibitors of mRNA binding to the ribosome, aurintricarboxylic acid and the homopolynucleotides poly(U) and poly(A), are different. (3) Inhibition of the succeeding reactions of peptide-chain initiation by sodium fluoride and pactamycin was not selective. (4) In both cell systems translation of poly(U) is equally sensitive to aurintricarboxylic acid. (5) In extracts from TEPC 15 myeloma cells synthesis of immunoglobulin L-chains compared with that of the other myeloma proteins is partially resistant to aurintricarboxylic acid, whereas in reticulocytes, no differential sensitivities of individual proteins could be observed. The different susceptibility of the mRNA binding reaction in plasma cell tumours and reticulocytes suggests that the predominant mRNAs of these cells have different affinities to ribosome binding sites.
Joint&lt;tex&gt;$(3, k)$&lt;/tex&gt;-Regular LDPC Code and Decoder/Encoder Design (2004)

Recently, low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have attracted a lot of attention in the coding theory community. However, their real-world applications are still problematic mainly due to the lack of effective decoder/encoder hardware design approaches. In this paper, we present a joint (3,k)-regular LDPC code and decoder/encoder design technique to construct a class of (3,k)-regular LDPC codes that not only have very good error-correcting capability but also exactly fit to high-speed partly parallel decoder and low-complexity encoder implementations. We also develop two techniques to further modify this joint design scheme to achieve more flexible tradeoffs between decoder hardware complexity and decoding speed.
Active-site mutations of diphtheria toxin: effects of replacing glutamic acid-148 with aspartic acid, glutamine, or serine (1990)

Glutamic acid-148, an active-site residue of diphtheria toxin identified by photoaffinity labeling with NAD, was replaced with aspartic acid, glutamine, or serine by directed mutagenesis of the F2 fragment of the toxin gene. Wild-type and mutant F2 proteins were synthesized in Escherichia coli, and the corresponding enzymic fragment A moieties (DTA) were derived, purified, and characterized. The Glu----Asp (E148D), Glu----Gln (E148Q), and Glu----Ser (E148S) mutations caused reductions in NAD:EF-2 ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of ca. 100-, 250-, and 300-fold, respectively, while causing only minimal changes in substrate affinity. The effects of the mutations on NAD-glycohydrolase activity were considerably different; only a 10-fold reduction in activity was observed for E148S, and the E148D and E148Q mutants actually exhibited a small but reproducible increase in NAD-glycohydrolytic activity. Photolabeling by nicotinamide-radiolabeled NAD was diminished ca. 8-fold in the E148D mutant and was undetectable in the other mutants. The results confirm that Glu-148 plays a crucial role in the ADP-ribosylation of EF-2 and imply an important function for the side-chain carboxyl group in catalysis. The carboxyl group is also important for photochemical labeling by NAD but not for NAD-glycohydrolase activity. The pH dependence of the catalytic parameters for the ADP-ribosyltransferase reaction revealed a group in DTA-wt that titrates with an apparent pKa of 6.2-6.3 and is in the protonated state in the rate-determining step.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adalimumab: an anti-TNF agent for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis (2005)

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) has a central role in the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Adalimumab (Humira, Abbott Laboratories) is the first fully human, recombinant IgG1 monoclonal antibody that specifically targets human TNF. Adalimumab blocks the interaction of TNF with the p55 and p75 cell surface TNF receptors, thereby neutralising the activity of this cytokine. In clinical trials of patients with PsA, adalimumab significantly reduced both joint and skin symptoms. In addition, structural changes were inhibited, and statistically and clinically significant improvements in measures of disability and quality of life were observed. Adalimumab was generally safe and well tolerated.
Anion binding: A new direction in porphyrin-related research (1993)

Abstract
PROPERTIES OF ARABINONUCLEIC ACIDS (ANA & 20′F-ANA): IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF ANTISENSE THERAPEUTICS THAT INVOKE RNASE H CLEAVAGE OF RNA (2001)

Inversion of configuration of the C2' position of RNA leads to a very unique nucleic acid structure: arabinonucleic acid (ANA). ANA, and its 2'-fluoro derivative (2'F-ANA) from hybrids with RNA that are capable of activating RNase H, resulting in cleavage of the RNA strand. In this paper, we review the properties of duplexes formed between ANA (or 2'F-ANA) and its RNA complement. These studies support the notion that RNase H is sensitive to the minor groove dimensions of the hybrid substrate.
Spatial Clustering of Isozyme-specific Residues Reveals Unlikely Determinants of Isozyme Specificity in Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Aldolase (2003)

Vertebrate fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase exists as three isozymes (A, B, and C) that demonstrate kinetic properties that are consistent with their physiological role and tissue-specific expression. The isozymes demonstrate specific substrate cleavage efficiencies along with differences in the ability to interact with other proteins; however, it is unknown how these differences are conferred. An alignment of 21 known vertebrate aldolase sequences was used to identify all of the amino acids that are specific to each isozyme, or isozyme-specific residues (ISRs). The location of ISRs on the tertiary and quaternary structures of aldolase reveals that ISRs are found largely on the surface (24 out of 27) and are all outside of hydrogen bonding distance to any active site residue. Moreover, ISRs cluster into two patches on the surface of aldolase with one of these patches, the terminal surface patch, overlapping with the actin-binding site of aldolase A and overlapping an area of higher than average temperature factors derived from the x-ray crystal structures of the isozymes. The other patch, the distal surface patch, comprises an area with a different electrostatic surface potential when comparing isozymes. Despite their location distal to the active site, swapping ISRs between aldolase A and B by multiple site mutagenesis on recombinant expression plasmids is sufficient to convert the kinetic properties of aldolase A to those of aldolase B. This implies that ISRs influence catalysis via changes that alter the structure of the active site from a distance or via changes that alter the interaction of the mobile C-terminal portion with the active site. The methods used in the identification and analysis of ISRs discussed here can be applied to other protein families to reveal functionally relevant residue clusters not accessible by conventional primary sequence alignment methods.
On Comparing the KMT(kuomintang)'s Failure Cause of Land Reform in Mainland and Successful Cause of Land Reform in Taiwan (2005)

Comparing of the reasons of Kuomingtang's failure of land reform in the Mainland and success in Taiwan Failure of the land reform in the mainland and success in Taiwan by the Kuomintang (KMT) can be attributed to difference in resolution,cohesion and resistance.In the land reform of Mainland,KMT produced no decisions after meeting,produced no actions after decisions,was torn apart by disunity and determined to safeguard the interests of landlord class,which leaded to the failure of land reform. While in Taiwan,KMT was bold and resolute,and unite to overcome any trouble in promoting the land reform without caring for the interests of landlord class,which leaded to final success.
Cure of human carcinoma xenografts by a single dose of pretargeted yttrium-90 with negligible toxicity (2000)

A covalent conjugate (NR-LU-10/SA) was prepared between streptavidin (SA) and NR-LU-10, a mAb that binds an antigen expressed on the surface of most human carcinomas. NR-LU-10/SA was injected into nude mice bearing human tumor xenografts. Injection of biotinylated galactosyl-human serum albumin reduced the circulating levels of conjugate by 95%. Subsequent administration of (90)Y-1,4,7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid-biotin achieved peak uptake at the tumor within 2 hr while >80% of the radioactivity was eliminated in the urine. A single dose of 600-800 microCi of (90)Y-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid-biotin produced cures in 10/10 mice with established (>200 mm(3)) s.c. human small cell lung or colon cancer xenografts and 8/10 cures in mice with human breast cancer xenografts without significant toxicity.
Split Immunity: Immune Inhibition of Rat Gliomas by Subcutaneous Exposure to Unmodified Live Tumor Cells (2011)

Gliomas that grow uninhibited in the brain almost never metastasize outside the CNS. The rare occurrences of extracranial metastasis are usually associated with a suppressed immune system. This observation raises the possibility that some gliomas might not grow outside the CNS due to an inherent immune response, We report in this study that the highly malignant F98 Fischer rat undifferentiated glioma, which grows aggressively in the brain, spontaneously regresses when injected live s.c. We found that this regression is immune-mediated and that it markedly enhances the survival or cures rats challenged with the same tumor intracranially either before or after the s.c. live-cell treatment. Adoptive transfer experiments showed the effect was immune-mediated and that the CD8 T cell fraction, which exhibited direct tumor cytotoxicity, was more effective than the CD4 T cell fraction in mediating resistance to intracranial challenge of naive rats. Brain tumors from treated rats exhibited enhanced CD3(+)CD8(+)CD4(-) and CD3(+)CD4(+)CD8(-) T cell infiltration and IFN-γ secretion. The results in the F98 glioma were corroborated in the Lewis rat CNS-1 astrocytoma. In both tumor models, s.c. treatment with live cells was significantly better than immunization with irradiated cells. We propose in this study a location-based immunotherapeutic phenomenon we term "split immunity": a tumor that thrives in an immune-privileged site may be inhibited by injecting live, unmodified tumor cells into a site that is not privileged, generating protective immunity that spreads back to the privileged site. Split immunity could explain several long-standing paradoxes regarding the lack of overt extracranial metastasis in patients with primary brain tumors.
Role of mammalian chitinases in inflammatory conditions (2007)

It has been hypothesized that dysregulated host/microbial interactions play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the induction and perpetuation of the intestinal disorder are unclear. Recently, we unexpectedly discovered significantly upregulated gene expression of chitinase 3-like-1 in inflamed colon of the dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis model by employing the DNA-microarray analysis. Chitinase 3-like-1 has a chitin binding ability, but lacks the enzymatic activity of lysing microbial cell wall. Chitinase 3-like-1 protein is mainly expressed in colonic epithelial cells and macrophages in the inflamed colon of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Chitinase 3-like-1, which can be upregulated after pro-inflammatory cytokine stimulation, possesses an ability to enhance the adhesion and internalization of intracellular bacteria into colonic epithelial cells. Most importantly, in vivo neutralization of chitinase 3-like-1 significantly suppressed the development of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by dramatically decreasing the bacterial adhesion and invasion into colonic epithelial cells. Furthermore, anti-chitinase 3-like-1 antibody-treated mice exhibited a significantly lower load of Salmonella typhimurium in peripheral organs as compared to control rabbit IgG-treated mice. Recently, it has been reported that acidic mammalian chitinase is expressed in the setting of T helper-2-associated inflammation and subsequently induces airway hyperresponsiveness in allergic asthma patients. In addition, pan-chitinase inhibitor significantly ameliorates T helper-2-mediated inflammation and airway hypersensitivity. These studies provide to be a novel insight into the physiological role of mammalian chitinases in host/microbial interactions, and inhibition of chitinase activity would be considered a novel therapeutic strategy of allergic and inflammatory disorders.
Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer of ICOSIg Fusion Protein Ameliorates Ongoing Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis (2003)

Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) has been used as a model for human myocarditis. We previously demonstrated that blockade of B7/CD28 or CD40/CD40 ligand (CD40L) had a potential preventive effect on EAM, but less therapeutic effect on ongoing EAM. Thus, we searched for the involvement of other costimulatory molecules in EAM. We demonstrated the expression of inducible costimulator (ICOS)/ICOSL molecules in the lymph nodes, spleen, and heart in the EAM rat. We constructed adenovirus vectors containing ICOSIg (Adex1CAICOSIg) to achieve effective inhibition of ICOS/ICOSL interaction, and examined the effects of Adex1CAICOSIg on EAM. Adex1CAICOSIg treatment shortly after the immunization did not inhibit the onset and severity of EAM compared to control rats. On the other hand, delayed treatment with Adex1CAICOSIg significantly inhibited ongoing EAM. The survival rate in rats treated with Adex1CAICOSIg was significantly higher than that of the control group. Furthermore, the affected area ratio of the Adex1CAICOSIg treatment group was significantly lower than that of the control group. This study indicates that ICOS/ICOSL costimulation makes an important contribution to the progression of EAM and that the blockade of this pathway by gene transfer has therapeutic potential for ongoing autoimmune myocarditis.
Multiple Myeloma: An Old Disease with New Hope for the Future (2001)

Multiple myeloma is a currently incurable malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells. It typically occurs in older patients (median age 71 years). Clinical manifestations result from monoclonal protein (immunoglobulin) production and its accumulation in the serum and/or urine, anemia, lytic bone disease, hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, and immune deficiency. Myeloma cells have low proliferative activity--most myeloma experts opine that the initial oncogenic event occurs 10-15 years before clinical disease manifestation. In addition, myeloma cells develop multiple chromosomal abnormalities, which may explain the native resistance of myeloma patients to conventional therapy and our inability to completely eradicate the disease. Indeed, with conventional therapy, only 5% of patients achieve complete response. Minimal improvement has been observed with conventional therapies over the past 20-30 years; the median duration of initial response remains approximately 18 months with median survival in the 36-month range. However, recent clinical trials have established high-dose therapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant as superior to conventional therapy: complete remission rates of 25-30% can be affected with median survival exceeding 5 years. Newer approaches to improve treatment outcomes are in active clinical trials including: more potent induction regimens utilizing thalidomide, alone or in combination with dexamethasone; tandem transplants to improve complete remission rates; newer approaches to maintenance therapy using thalidomide with corticosteroids; non-myeloablative therapy with allogeneic transplant; and post-transplant vaccinations.
Polymorphic Deletion of Three Intracellular Acidic Residues of the α2B-Adrenergic Receptor Decreases G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase-mediated Phosphorylation and Desensitization (2001)

A polymorphic variant of the human alpha(2B)-adrenergic receptor (alpha(2B)AR), which consists of a deletion of three glutamic acids (residues 301-303) in the third intracellular loop was found to be common in Caucasians (31%) and to a lesser extent in African-Americans (12%). The consequences of this deletion were assessed by expressing wild-type and the Del301-303 receptors in Chinese hamster ovary and COS cells. Ligand binding was not affected, although a small decrease in coupling efficiency to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase was observed with the mutant. The deletion occurs within a stretch of acidic residues that is thought to establish the milieu for agonist-promoted phosphorylation and desensitization of the receptor by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). Agonist-promoted phosphorylation studies carried out in cells coexpressing the alpha(2B)ARs and GRK2 revealed that the Del301-303 receptor displayed approximately 56% of wild-type phosphorylation. Furthermore, the depressed phosphorylation imposed by the deletion was found to result in a complete loss of short term agonist-promoted receptor desensitization. Thus the major phenotype of the Del301-303 alpha(2B)AR is one of impaired phosphorylation and desensitization by GRKs, and thus the polymorphisms renders the receptor incapable of modulation by this key mechanism of dynamic regulation.
Relief of Expressed Suicidal Intent by ECT: A Consortium for Research in ECT Study (2005)

Expressed suicidal intent in depressed patients was rapidly relieved with ECT. Evidence-based treatment algorithms for major depressive mood disorders should include dichotomization according to suicide risk, as assessed by interview. For patients at risk, ECT should be considered earlier than at its conventional "last resort" position.
The Jak–STAT pathway: specific signal transduction from the cell membrane to the nucleus (1996)

The Jak-STAT pathway is a newly discovered intracellular signal transduction pathway that is used by a growing number of extracellular signalling proteins (ESPs) for transcriptional activation of target genes. Binding of ligands to their transmembrane receptors leads to activation of members of the Jak tyrosine kinase family. The activated receptor-kinase complexes recruit members of the STAT family and activate them by phosphorylation. As a consequence, the phosphorylated STAT proteins dimerize, translocate into the nucleus, bind response elements in the promoter of target genes and stimulate the transcription of these genes. Their dual role as signalling molecules and transcription factors is reflected in the name: STAT stands for Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription. Different ligands specifically activate different members of the Jak and STAT families. Signal transduction through the Jak-STAT pathway contributes to the specificity and diversity of cellular responses to peptide hormones, growth factors, cytokines and interleukins.
Interactive public ambient displays (2004)

We develop design principles and an interaction framework for sharable, interactive public ambient displays that support the transition from implicit to explicit interaction with both public and personal information. A prototype system implementation that embodies these design principles is described. We use novel display and interaction techniques such as simple hand gestures and touch screen input for explicit interaction and contextual body orientation and position cues for implicit interaction. Techniques are presented for subtle notification, self-revealing help, privacy controls, and shared use by multiple people each in their own context. Initial user feedback is also presented, and future directions discussed.
Wide area surveillance with a multi camera network (2004)

We describe a system for visual surveillance for outdoor environments using an intelligent multi camera network. Each intelligent camera uses robust techniques for detecting and tracking moving objects. The system architecture implemented supports the real time capture and storage of object track information into a surveillance database. The tracking data stored in the surveillance database is analysed in order to learn semantic scene models, which describe entry zones, exit zones, links between cameras, and major routes in each camera view. These set of models provide a robust framework for coordinating the tracking of objects between overlapping and nonoverlapping cameras, and recording the activity of objects detected by the system.
Nanopore Analysis of the Folding of Zinc Fingers (2008)

In the absence of Zn(II) a single Zn-finger module such as Zif268 is unfolded and can translocate an α-hemolysin pore (see image). Upon addition of Zn(II), the protein folds and is too large to translocate so that only bumping events are observed. In contrast, upon addition of Co(II) or Mg(II), there are only small changes to the event profiles.
Uniform spreading of amplitude panned virtual sources (2003)

The perceived spatial spread of amplitude panned virtual sources is dependent on the number of loudspeakers that are used to produce them. When pair-wise or triplet-wise panning is applied, the number of active loudspeakers varies as a function of the panning direction. This may cause unwanted changes in spatial spread and coloration of a virtual source if it is moved in the sound stage. In this paper a method is presented to make the directional spread of amplitude panned virtual sources independent of their panning direction. This is accomplished by panning the sound signal to multiple directions near each other simultaneously. This forms a single virtual source with constant directional spread as a function of direction.