gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Examining the Precollege Attributes and Values of Latina/o Bachelor's Degree Attainers (2008)

This article focuses on understanding successful Latina/o college student retention at 4-year institutions. Deficit models fail to consider how Latina/o students use different forms of capital (i.e., social, cultural, economic, and human) in earning a degree. Using data from the UCLA's Cooperative Institutional Research Program, factors associated with Latina/o degree attainment within 6 years were investigated. This article will be of interest to educators and policy makers committed to increasing college access and retention for Latina/o students.
Agonist Antibodies to TNFR Molecules That Costimulate T and NK Cells (2013)

Therapy for cancer can be achieved by artificially stimulating antitumor T and natural killer (NK) lymphocytes with agonist monoclonal antibodies (mAb). T and NK cells express several members of the TNF receptor (TNFR) family specialized in delivering a costimulatory signal on their surface. Engagement of these receptors is typically associated with proliferation, elevated effector functions, resistance to apoptosis, and differentiation into memory cells. These receptors lack any intrinsic enzymatic activity and their signal transduction relies on associations with TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) adaptor proteins. Stimulation of CD137 (4-1BB), CD134 (OX40), and glucocorticoid-induced TNFR (GITR; CD357) promotes impressive tumor-rejecting immunity in a variety of murine tumor models. The mechanisms of action depend on a complex interplay of CTL, T-helper cells, regulatory T cells, dendritic cells, and vascular endothelium in tumors. Agonist mAbs specific for CD137 have shown signs of objective clinical activity in patients with metastatic melanoma, whereas anti-OX40 and anti-GITR mAbs have entered clinical trials. Preclinical evidence suggests that engaging TNFR members would be particularly active with conventional cancer therapies and additional immunotherapeutic approaches. Indeed, T-cell responses elicited to tumor antigens by means of immunogenic tumor cell death are amplified by these immunostimulatory agonist mAbs. Furthermore, anti-CD137 mAbs have been shown to enhance NK-mediated cytotoxicity elicited by rituximab and trastuzumab. Combinations with other immunomodulatory mAb that block T-cell checkpoint blockade receptors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 are also promising.
Abstract 4517: Syndecan-2 methylation is an early detection biomarker for colorectal cancer with high sensitivity and specificity in small serum sample volumes (2012)

Abstract BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Epigenetics has been a useful tool in the development of sensitive and specific screening tests for CRC. Targeting genes highly methylated in CRC has allowed us to develop an accurate method to select novel candidate genes and validate their sensitivity and selectivity through testing in clinical samples. METHODS: We performed CpG microarray analysis using methylation enriched DNA from tumors and matched normal appearing tissues to identify genes methylated in CRC. We then applied a step-wise filtering method to narrow our field of candidate genes. Six genes were verified for high methylation-positivity in CRC cell lines and underwent negative selection in healthy normal samples using bisulfate-pyrosequencing. Genes SORCS3, SIM1, SDC2 were selected for low levels of methylation in normal tissue followed by verification with MSP-pyrosequencing. RESULTS: SDC2 was then selected because of high methylation levels in tumor and very low levels in normal tissue. SDC2 methylation levels were measured in 133 tumors and were found to be significantly methylated at all stages. Next, 500αl sera samples from 42 CRC patients were tested using qMSP which demonstrated sensitivity at 71.4% and specificity 92.9%. CONCLUSIONS: This study utilized refined technologies to identify and validate a novel candidate SCD2 for CRC screening in serum with high sensitivity and selectivity using only 500αl. These findings demonstrate a new level of candidate selection, verification and application that we feel will meet the need for a new minimally-invasive screening test. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4517. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4517
Determinants of Response to the DNA Topoisomerase II Inhibitors Doxorubicin and Etoposide in Human Lung Cancer Cell Lines (1992)

These findings suggest that the topoisomerase II activity and content may be major factors in determining sensitivity to topoisomerase II inhibitors.
Electron Spin Resonance in Cr-Trimer Complexes (1992)

Electron spin resonance (ESR) and magnetic susceptibility of two chromium trimer complexes are investigated. Temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility is well explained by antiferromagnetically coupled trimer model with two kinds of isosceles trimers in Cr-acetate and one isosceles trimer in Cr-propionate. A weak intertrimer exchange interaction is found in Cr-propionate. The angular dependences of ESR signals are satisfactorily explained by the trimer model. Anomalous negative g -shift is observed in the field direction parallel to the trimer plane, which is attributed to the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction. A hybrid resonance of two doublets is found in Cr-acetate which is explained also by the Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya interaction.
X-Ray Inverse Fluorescence Allowed by Molecular Excitation (XIFAME) as a Possible Contrast Mechanism for Chemically-Sensitive Imaging and Spectroscopy (1990)

A new pump-probe technique, called XIF AME, is proposed as a contrast mechanism for X-ray microscopy.The technique consists of using a laser to produce holes in the valence levels of selected molecules; these holes then permit inverse fluorescent absorption transitions to occur.The method would permit the selective mapping of simple molecular structures and oxidation states of light elements.Cross section estimates are made, and it is argued that the technique is potentially more sensitive than imaging techniques based on the atomic absorption edge.It is also argued that XIFAME has advantages over XANES for spectroscopic measurements of very dilute molecular structures.'
Expression of p16 and Retinoblastoma Determines Response to CDK4/6 Inhibition in Ovarian Cancer (2011)

PD-0332991 shows promising biologic activity in ovarian cancer cell lines. Assessment of Rb and p16 expression may help select patients most likely to benefit from CDK4/6 inhibition in ovarian cancer.
Properties of the Mouse Intestinal Acyl-CoA:Monoacylglycerol Acyltransferase, MGAT2 (2003)

Acyl-CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) plays an important role in dietary fat absorption by catalyzing a rate-limiting step in the re-synthesis of diacylglycerols in enterocytes. The present study reports further characterization of MGAT2, a newly identified intestinal MGAT (Cao, J., Lockwood, J., Burn, P., and Shi, Y. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 13860-13866) for its substrate specificity, requirement for lipid cofactors, optimum pH and Mg2+, and other intrinsic properties. MGAT2 enzyme expressed in COS-7 cells displayed a broad range of substrate specificity toward fatty acyl-CoA derivatives and monoacylglycerols, among which the highest activities were observed with oleoyl-CoA and rac-1-monolauroylglycerol, respectively. MGAT2 appeared to acylate monoacylglycerols containing unsaturated fatty acyls in preference to saturated ones. Lipid cofactors that play roles in signal transduction were shown to modulate MGAT2 activities. In contrast to oleic acid and sphingosine that exhibited inhibitory effects, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid stimulated MGAT2 activities. Using recombinant murine MGAT2 expressed in Escherichia coli, we demonstrated conclusively that MGAT2 also possessed an intrinsic acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity, which could provide an alternative pathway for triacylglycerol synthesis in the absence of DGAT. In contrast to the inhibitory effect on MGAT2 activities, nonionic and zwitterionic detergents led to a striking activation of DGAT activity of the human DGAT1 expressed in mammalian cells, which further distinguished the behaviors of the two enzymes. The elucidation of properties of MGAT2 will facilitate future development of compounds that inhibit dietary fat absorption as a means to treat obesity.
Studies of nucleosides and nucleotides. LXXIX. Purine cyclonucleosides. 37. The total synthesis of an antibiotic 2'-amino-2'-deoxyguanosine. (1978)

An antibiotic 2'-amino-2'-deoxyguanosine (I) was synthesized chemically from a guanine 8, 2'-O-cyclonucleoside (II), which could be obtained from guanosine. Compound (II) was converted to N2, 3', 5'-triacetyl derivative (III), which was subjected to opening of the anhydro linkage with liq. H2S in pyridine. Resulting 8-mercaptoarabinofuranosylguanine (IV) was dethiolated and mesylated to give N2, 3', 5'-triacetyl-2'-mesylarabinosylguanine (VI). Deprotection of VI and reprotection with tetrahydropyranyl groups gave compound VIII. Reaction of the compound VIII with sodium azide in acetamide at 210°for 10 min gave 2'-azido compound (IX). The compound IX was deprotected to give 2'-azido-2'-deoxyguanosine (X). Raney nickel catallyzed hydrogenolysis of X gave 2'-amino-2'-deoxyguanosine, which was proved to be identical with a sample of the antibiotic.
Improving the safety of cell therapy with the TK-suicide gene (2015)

While opening new frontiers for the cure of malignant and non-malignant diseases, the increasing use of cell therapy poses also several new challenges related to the safety of a living drug. The most effective and consolidated cell therapy approach is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), the only cure for several patients with high-risk hematological malignancies. The potential of allogeneic HSCT is strictly dependent on the donor immune system, particularly on alloreactive T lymphocytes, that promote the beneficial graft-versus-tumor effect (GvT), but may also trigger the detrimental graft-versus-host-disease (GvHD). Gene transfer technologies allow to manipulate donor T-cells to enforce GvT and foster immune reconstitution, while avoiding or controlling GvHD. The suicide gene approach is based on the transfer of a suicide gene into donor lymphocytes, for a safe infusion of a wide T-cell repertoire, that might be selectively controlled in vivo in case of GvHD. The herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) is the suicide gene most extensively tested in humans. Expression of HSV-TK in donor lymphocytes confers lethal sensitivity to the anti-herpes drug, ganciclovir. Progressive improvements in suicide genes, vector technology and transduction protocols have allowed to overcome the toxicity of GvHD while preserving the antitumor efficacy of allogeneic HSCT. Several phase I-II clinical trials in the last 20 years document the safety and the efficacy of HSV-TK approach, able to maintain its clear value over the last decades, in the rapidly progressing horizon of cancer cellular therapy.
Partly native epitopes are already present on early intermediates in the folding of tryptophan synthase. (1987)

Two monoclonal antibodies directed against the native beta 2 subunit of Escherichia coli tryptophan synthase [L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indoleglycerol-phosphate), EC 4.2.1.20], one recognizing the C-terminal F1 domain and the other the N-terminal F2 domain, were used to detect immunoreactive intermediates in the folding of the protein. For that purpose, the association of the monoclonal antibodies with either the beta 2 subunit or its isolated domains was studied by using fluorescence energy transfer between tryptophan residues of the antibodies and a dansyl group covalently linked to the antigen. It is shown that the association of both monoclonal antibodies with the antigen occurs within a few seconds after initiation of the renaturation, whereas complete refolding of the beta 2 subunit requires several minutes under the same experimental conditions. Thus, immunoreactive intermediates appear to be formed at an early stage of the folding process. While the isolated F1 domain alone is able to rapidly refold into a conformational intermediate already well recognized by the anti-native-beta 2 antibody, it cannot, in the absence of the F2 domain, reach its native conformation. However, its association with the anti-native-beta 2 antibody induces a structural change of F1 that brings it closer to the conformation it normally adopts when interacting with F2 inside the native beta 2 subunit.
Increased expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein gene in relapsed acute leukemia (1995)

Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine relative levels of transcripts for MDR1 and the recently described multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) in normal lymphohematopoietic cells and in 62 bone marrow aspirates of newly diagnosed and recurrent acute leukemia. Levels of MRP expression in newly diagnosed AML samples were similar to those observed in normal bone marrow cells (CD34-negative and CD34-positive) and in unselected HL60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells, which were used as an internal control throughout this study. In contrast, samples of AML obtained at the time of relapse contained approximately twofold higher levels of MRP RNA (P < .01). Analysis of paired samples, the first obtained at diagnosis and the second at relapse, from 13 acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and four acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) patients showed that MRP expression was increased at the time of relapse in greater than 80% of patients. In contrast, no consistent changes of MDR1 expression at relapse were observed. These results raise the possibility that increased MRP expression might contribute to leukemic relapse.
Tipping the balance of deterministic lateral displacement devices using dielectrophoresis (2009)

We report the use of dielectrophoresis (DEP) to achieve tunability, improve dynamic range and open up for the separation of particles with regard to parameters other than hydrodynamic size in deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) devices. DLD devices have been shown capable of rapidly and continuously separating micrometer sized plastic spheres by size with a resolution of 20 nm in diameter and of being able to handle the separation of biological samples as wide ranging as bacterial artificial chromosomes and blood cells. DEP, while not exhibiting the same resolution in size separation as DLD, has the benefit of being easy to tune and can, by choosing the frequency, be used to probe a variety of particle properties. By combining DLD and DEP we open up for the advantages, while avoiding the drawbacks, of the two techniques. We present a proof of principle in which the critical size for separation of polystyrene beads is tuned in the range 2-6 microm in a single device by the application of moderate (100 V cm(-1)), low frequency (100 Hz) AC electric fields. The behaviour of the device was further investigated by performing simulations of particle trajectories, the results of which were in good qualitative agreement with experiments, indicating the potential of the method for tunable, high-resolution separations with respect to both size and polarisability.
Calcium plus Vitamin D Supplementation and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer (2006)

Daily supplementation of calcium with vitamin D for seven years had no effect on the incidence of colorectal cancer among postmenopausal women. The long latency associated with the development of colorectal cancer, along with the seven-year duration of the trial, may have contributed to this null finding. Ongoing follow-up will assess the longer-term effect of this intervention. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00000611.).
Size and Composition of Marek's Disease Virus Deoxyribonucleic Acid (1971)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from purified nucleocapsids of Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV) was cosedimented with T4 and with herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA in neutral sucrose density gradients and with T4 DNA in alkaline sucrose density gradients. These experiments indicated that the intact MDV DNA had a sedimentation constant of 56S corresponding to a molecular weight of 1.2 x 10(8) daltons. In the alkaline gradients, the largest and most prominent band contains a DNA sedimenting at 70S corresponding to 6.0 x 10(7) daltons in molecular weight. The DNA is therefore double-stranded and not cross-linked. Isopycnic sedimentation of the MDV DNA molecules with SPO1, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, and HSV DNA gave a density of 1.705 g/cm(3) corresponding to 46 guanine plus cytosine moles per cent. Lastly, in hybridization tests the DNA hybridized with RNA of infected cells but not with that of uninfected cells supporting the conclusion that it is viral.
Managing pests and their resistance toBacillus thuringiensis:Can transgenic crops be better than sprays? (1994)

Insecticidal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can now be deployed either in sprays or transgenic plants. Some entomologists and environmentalists have argued that the sprays are preferable to plants because they are less likely to cause resistance. However Bt sprays are not generally competitive with chemical insecticides and seem unlikely to displace them. In contrast, transgenic plants appear to be sufficiently effective to displace chemicals, making such plants attractive from the standpoint of environmental protection. Further, simulation models using data from the diamondback moth and a laboratory experiment using the Indianmeal moth suggest that wider at least some circumstances, transgenic plants bearing only one Bt gene may be more effective than sprays for delaying resistance to Bt Resistance in a laboratory‐selected strain of the Colorado potato beetle is especially interesting because a strain that can survive Bt sprays and develop to maturity cannot develop successfully on transgenic plants, not even on some showing very low expression. This suggests that more mechanisms are available for resistance to sprays than to transgenic plants, perhaps making resistance to sprays more ‘evolutionarily available’. When the use of two toxin genes is considered, simulation models suggest that transgenic plants may be much more durable than sprays of similar efficacy.
Role of transcription factor Nrf2 in the induction of hepatic phase 2 and antioxidative enzymes in vivo by the cancer chemoprotective agent, 3H-1, 2-dimethiole-3-thione. (2001)

Nrf2 plays a central role in the regulation of constitutive and inducible expression of multiple phase 2 and antioxidative enzymes by chemoprotective dithiolethiones in vivo, although patterns of response vary among different genes. Knowledge of the factors controlling the specificity of actions of enzyme inducers will be exceedingly helpful in the design and isolation of more efficient and selective chemoprotective agents.
A RAPID AND PRECISE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF UREA (1960)

A method is described for the determination of urea in plasma and urine. The effects of variations in the experimental conditions are examined and the results of recovery experiments and other tests of precision and accuracy are reported. In comparison with other methods in current use, this method has distinct advantages in sensitivity, simplicity, and precision, thus economizing in time, sample volume, reagents, and equipment.
Few infected CD4+ T cells but a high proportion of replication-competent provirus copies in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection (1991)

The virus load in CD4+ T cells from six asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals was determined by limiting-dilution analysis with a sensitive virus isolation procedure and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Both methods allowed detection of one HIV-1-infected cell among 10(5) uninfected cells. The number of provirus-containing CD4+ T cells was found to be 1 per 4,000 to 150,000 (median, 1 per 29,000), as determined by virus isolation and 1 per 2,500 to 26,000 (median, 1 per 12,000), as determined by PCR. Infected cells contained an average of 1 to 2 provirus copies, and a high proportion of the provirus copies (1 in 1 to 1 in 6; median, 1 in 2) were replication competent. The results suggest that only a few CD4+ T cells are likely to be lost as a direct consequence of the presence of HIV-1 in infected cells in asymptomatic individuals and that additional mechanisms may contribute to the depletion of CD4+ T cells observed in vivo.
Biocompatibility of phosphorylcholine coated stents in normal porcine coronary arteries (2000)

In this animal model the phosphorylcholine coating showed excellent blood and tissue compatibility, unlike a number of other polymers tested in a similar setting. Given that the coating was present up to 12 weeks postimplant with no adverse tissue reaction, it may be a potential candidate polymer for local drug delivery.
Renal Handling of Proteins and Polypeptides (1992)

The sections in this article are: 1 Endocytosis 1.1 Fluid-Phase Endocytosis 1.2 Adsorptive Endocytosis 1.3 Nature and Functions of Endosomes 1.4 Lysosomal Hydrolysis of Absorbed Proteins 2 Renal Uptake and Extraction of Proteins and Polypeptides 2.1 Renal Accumulation of Administered Proteins 2.2 Nephron and Intracellular Localization of Protein Uptake 2.3 Renal Extraction and Turnover of Circulating Proteins 3 Filtration of Proteins 4 Tubular Absorption of Filtered Proteins 4.1 Effect of Inhibitors 4.2 Effect of Protein Charge 4.3 Competition for Tubular Uptake 4.4 Selective Constraint Model 4.5 Tubular Absorption of Albumin 4.6 Urinary Proteins and Proteinurias 5 Intracellular Transport and Hydrolysis of Absorbed Proteins 5.1 Vesicular Transport 5.2 Lysosomal Hydrolysis 5.3 Influence of Lysosomal pH on Renal Hydrolysis of Absorbed Proteins 5.4 Renal Hydrolysis of Absorbed Albumin 5.5 Deposition of Absorbed Protein within Renal Cells 6 Renal Handling of Specific Polypeptide Hormones 6.1 Insulin and Related Peptides 6.2 Glucagon and Related Peptides 6.3 Parathyroid Hormone 6.4 Atrial Natriuretic Factor 7 conclusion7 Conclusions
Learning spatially localized, parts-based representation (2005)

In this paper, we propose a novel method, called local non-negative matrix factorization (LNMF), for learning spatially localized, parts-based subspace representation of visual patterns. An objective function is defined to impose a localization constraint, in addition to the non-negativity constraint in the standard NMF. This gives a set of bases which not only allows a non-subtractive (part-based) representation of images but also manifests localized features. An algorithm is presented for the learning of such basic components. Experimental results are presented to compare LNMF with the NMF and PCA methods for face representation and recognition, which demonstrates advantages of LNMF.