gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of single stuck-at faults and multiple timing faults in scan chains (2005)

A diagnosis technique to locate single stuck-at faults and multiple timing faults in scan chains is presented. This technique applies single excitation (SE) patterns, in which only one bit is flipped in the presence of multiple faults. With SE patterns, the problem of unknown values in scan chains is eliminated. The diagnosis result is therefore deterministic, not probabilistic. In addition to the first fault, this technique also diagnoses the remaining timing faults by applying multiple excitation patterns. Experiments on benchmark circuits show that average diagnosis resolutions are mostly less than five, even for the tenth fault in the scan chain.
Optimal data partitioning of MPEG-2 coded video (2002)

We analyze the problem of optimal data partitioning of MPEG-2 coded video in an operational rate-distortion context. The optimal algorithm is characterized and shown to have high complexity and delay. A causally optimal algorithm based on Lagrangian optimization is proposed, that optimally solves the problem for intra (I) pictures, while it provides an optimal solution for predicted/interpolated (P/B) pictures when the additional constrains of causal operation and/or low-delay are imposed. A memoryless version of the algorithm, theoretically optimal for intra-pictures only, is shown to perform almost identically but with significantly less computational complexity. Finally, a fast, suboptimal algorithm using slice-based optimization is also proposed, and is shown to perform quite close (within 1 dB) to the causally optimal one.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Stimulation by insulin-like growth factors is required for cellular transformation by type beta transforming growth factor. (1985)

Medium conditioned by BRL-3A cells, a known source of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II), induced phenotypic transformation (anchorage-independent proliferation) of mouse BALB/c 3T3 fibroblasts but not rat NRK-49F fibroblasts, in the presence of 10% calf serum. A specific radioreceptor assay and a bioassay indicated that BRL-3A conditioned medium contained 0.5-1 ng/ml of type beta transforming growth factor (beta TGF). Purified IGF-II and beta TGF acting together reconstituted the transforming activity of BRL-3A conditioned medium on BALB/c 3T3 cells. Insulin was 5-10% as potent as IGF-II in supporting the transforming action of beta TGF on BALB/c 3T3 cells. NRK-49F cells were phenotypically transformed by beta TGF in the presence of EGF and 10% calf serum as the sole source of IGFs. However, transformation of NRK-49F cells under these conditions was inhibited by addition of purified IGF-binding protein. Addition of an excess of IGF-II prevented the inhibitory action of IGF-binding protein. The different sensitivity of the two cell lines to IGFs was correlated with lower levels of type I IGF receptor and higher levels of type II IGF receptor in NRK-49F cells as compared with BALB/c 3T3 cells. The results suggest that cellular stimulation by IGFs is a prerequisite for transformation of rodent fibroblasts by beta TGF. We propose that transformation of fibroblasts by beta TGF requires concomitant stimulation by the set of growth factors that support normal cell proliferation.
Antibody-Based Targeting of Angiogenesis (2001)

The selective targeting of neovasculature opens new avenues for the diagnosis and therapy of angiogenesis-related diseases such as cancer, blinding ocular disorders, and rheumatoid arthritis. Here we review recent advances in the identification of markers of angiogenesis as well as in the isolation and use of antibodies (and their derivatives) for the in vivo targeting of both tumoral and nontumoral neovasculature.
Biochemical characterization of two types of human papillomaviruses associated with epidermodysplasia verruciformis (1982)

The DNAs of the human papillomaviruses (HPVs) associated with the benign lesions of two patients suffering from epidermodysplasia verruciformis (patients JD and JK) were analyzed by using 12 restriction endonucleases. None of the restriction endonucleases were one-cut enzymes for the HPV DNA obtained from patient JD, referred to as the prototypical HPV-5, whereas five of them were one-cut enzymes for the DNA of the major virus found in patient JK, referred to as HPV-9. The molecular cloning of the two fragments resulting from the cleavage of HPV-5 DNA by endonuclease HindIII and of the single fragment obtained after treatment of HPV-9 DNA with endonuclease BamHI was performed in Escherichia coli after the fragments were inserted in plasmid pBR322. A cleavage map of the two cloned genomes was constructed. Little sequence homology (4 to 5%) was detected between HPV-5 and HPV-9 DNAs by DNA-DNA hybridization experiments in liquid phase at saturation; this homology was reproducibly higher than that (2 to 3%) detected under the same conditions between these DNAs and HPV-1a DNA. In addition, blot hybridization experiments performed under stringent conditions showed no or little sequence homology between the DNAs of HPV-5 and HPV-9 and those of HPV prototypes of types 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 associated with skin warts. These results confirm that HPV-5 and HPV-9 are two distinct HPV types.
Kinetic Constants Determined from Membrane Transport Measurements: Carbonic Anhydrase Activity at High Concentrations (1974)

Facilitated diffusion rates can be used to determine kinetic constants for rapid reactions occurring within membranes and thin fluid layers. We have applied this technique to the study of the reversible CO(2) hydration reactions catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1; carbonate hydro-lyase). The experimental method entails the diffusion of tracer (14)CO(2) through Millipore filter membranes impregnated with aqueous bicarbonate solutions containing various concentrations of dissolved enzyme. A mathematical model of the simultaneous diffusion/reaction transport process is analyzed to predict the effective diffusion rate in terms of the relevant kinetic parameters. The solution to the mathematical model can be transformed to yield straight-line relations analogous to Lineweaver-Burk plots. The pseudo-first-order enzymatic rate constant for the hydration reaction can be determined from the slope or intercept of a plot of this straight-line relationship. Rate constants were accurately measured at high enzyme concentrations for reactions having half-times under a millisecond. The rate constants agree well with other reported kinetic constants for carbonic anhydrase, and the known pH-activity dependence and bicarbonate inhibition are quantitatively demonstrated. The specific activity is constant up to 4.0 mg/ml, which is believed to be the highest concentration at which the activity has been measured. The membrane transport technique has general applicability for other rapid reaction systems.
Synthesis and properties of amides of 1-benzyl-3-methyl- and 1-butyl-3-phenyl-7-methyl-4-oxo-2-thioxo (2,4-dioxo)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido-[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxy lic acids. (1986)

Amides of 1-benzyl-3,7-dimethyl-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4- tetrahydropyrido[2,3]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid were obtained by the condensation of ammonia, primary and secondary cyclic amines with the corresponding acid chloride. As by - products amides of 1-benzyl-3,7-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrido[2,3-d]pyr imidine-6- carboxylic acid were isolated as a result of desulfuration. The same reaction performed with chloride of 1-butyl-7-methyl-3-phenyl-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyri do[2,3- d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid gave mainly the corresponding 2,4-dioxo-amides.
One-cycle-averaging for digital PWM control system design (2000)

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a widely used strategy for operating switch controlled systems. A model for PWM systems is reported which provides the discrete-time response of the one-cycle-average value of any signal in the system. The model typically has unstable zero dynamics, as well as a nonlinear dependence on the duty ratio input. Using scheduled output redefinition, an approximate design model is derived which has stable zero dynamics. A controller based on discrete-time input-output linearization is then developed using this approximate design model. Although this approach leads to approximate rather than perfect output tracking, it guarantees internal stability.
Personalized therapies in the cancer "omics" era (2010)

A molecular hallmark of cancer is the presence of genetic alterations in the tumoral DNA. Understanding how these alterations translate into the malignant phenotype is critical for the adequate treatment of oncologic diseases. Several cancer genome sequencing reports have uncovered the number and identity of proteins and pathways frequently altered in cancer. In this article we discuss how integration of these genomic data with other biological and proteomic studies may help in designing anticancer therapies "a la carte". An important conclusion is that next generation treatment of neoplasias must be based on rational drug combinations that target various pathways and cellular entities that sustain the survival of cancer cells.
Low-Dose Vasopressin in the Treatment of Septic Shock in Sheep (2003)

After induction of cecal perforation, 20 anesthetized sheep were randomized to be treated, when arterial blood pressure fell below 75 mm Hg, with vasopressin (fixed dose of 0.02 U/minute), norepinephrine (0.5-5 microg/kg/minute titrated to maintain mean arterial pressure between 75 and 85 mm Hg), vasopressin + norepinephrine (vasopressin at fixed dose 0.01 U/minute plus norepinephrine titrated as for norepinephrine only group), or no vasopressor (Ringer's lactate [control]). Mean arterial pressure was well maintained in all treatment groups. Superior mesenteric arterial blood flow was significantly lower in the vasopressin + norepinephrine group than in the vasopressin group. Vasopressin alone or combined with norepinephrine limited the increase in blood lactate concentration and ileal PCO2-gap compared with control and norepinephrine groups. Urine output was higher in the vasopressin group than in control and norepinephrine groups. Survival time was longer in the vasopressin (30 +/- 6 hours) and vasopressin + norepinephrine (30 +/- 3 hours) groups than in the norepinephrine group (20 +/- 1 hours, p < 0.05) and in all treatment groups than in the control group (17 +/- 2 hours, p < 0.05). Tissue injury was less severe in the vasopressin and vasopressin + norepinephrine groups than in the others. In this clinically relevant model of septic shock due to peritonitis, vasopressin administration (alone or with norepinephrine) can prolong survival.
The Effect of Temperature and Oligonucleotide Primer Length on the Specificity and Efficiency of Amplification by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (1991)

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is most effectively performed using a thermostable DNA polymerase such as that isolated from Thermus aquaticus. Since temperature and oligonucleotide length are known to control the specificity of oligonucleotide hybridization, we have investigated the effect of oligonucleotide length, base composition, and the annealing temperature on the specificity and efficiency of amplification by the PCR. Generally, the specificity of PCR is controlled by the length of the oligonucleotide and/or the temperature of annealing of the primer to the template. An empirical relationship between oligonucleotide length and ability to support amplification was determined. This relationship allows for the design of specific oligonucleotide primers. A model is proposed which helps explain the observed dependence of PCR on annealing temperature and length of the primer.
A Dempster-Shafer Sensor Fusion Approach for Traffic Incident Detection and Localization (2018)

Traffic incident detection and localization is an important application in traffic management systems. The ability to detect and localize traffic incidents enables a timely response to accidents and facilitates effective and efficient traffic flow management. This paper presents a sensor-network based approach for tackling the problem of incident localization. Traffic count sensors, which tend to be an element of the road infrastructure, are used as the source of traffic sensory data. Such sensors come in a variety of types and capabilities, providing the potential for complementary and redundant information gathering. Thus, it is conceivable to fuse such sensory information to achieve insightful and accurate incident detection and localization. In this context, the Dempster-Shafer (DS) theory of evidence is used as the foundation for fusing traffic sensory data. In this paper, a traffic model generator and two traffic-counting sensory systems are employed for acquiring traffic data pertinent to the distribution of cars on a given road segment. Experimental analysis on the performance of the proposed approach is provided.
MMX technology extension to the Intel architecture (1996)

Designed to accelerate multimedia and communications software, MMX technology improves performance by introducing data types and instructions to the IA that exploit the parallelism in these applications. MMX technology extends the Intel architecture (IA) to improve the performance of multimedia, communications, and other numeric-intensive applications. It uses a SIMD (single-instruction, multiple-data) technique to exploit the parallelism inherent in many algorithms, producing full application performance of 1.5 to 2 times faster than the same applications run on the same processor without MMX. The extension also maintains full compatibility with existing IA microprocessors, operating systems, and applications while providing new instructions and data types that applications can use to achieve a higher level of performance on the host CPU.
The murine homologue of the T lymphocyte antigen CD28. Molecular cloning and cell surface expression. (1990)

Abstract The human T lymphocyte Ag CD28 (Tp44) is a homodimeric glycoprotein expressed on the surface of a majority of human peripheral T cells and thymocytes. Although exposure of T cells to anti-CD28 mAb does not activate T cells, stimulation of CD28 can synergize with signals transmitted through the TCR or other stimuli to augment proliferation and lymphokine production. We have used a portion of the human CD28 cDNA to isolate a homologous murine cDNA from an EL4 T lymphoma library. The murine clone has 61% nucleotide identity with the human cDNA. Both human and murine sequences exhibit homology with members of the Ig supergene family and CTLA-4, a T cell specific murine gene. Many characteristics of the human CD28 molecule are conserved within the putative murine CD28 polypeptide. The murine cDNA sequence encodes a polypeptide of 218 amino acids that has 68% identity with the human sequence. Both the murine and human molecules are integral membrane glycoproteins with hydrophobic signal peptide sequences and transmembrane region. All five potential N-linked glycosylation sites are conserved and six of the seven cysteine residues of the mouse protein are found in the human CD28 polypeptide. The murine cDNA is encoded by a single copy nonrearranging gene whose expression at the mRNA level is restricted to T cells. A rabbit antiserum was raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to a hydrophilic portion of the translated murine cDNA sequence. This antiserum identifies an 80-kDa homodimer consisting of disulfide-bonded subunits of 40 kDa that is expressed on splenic T cells, thymocytes, and several T cell tumors, but not on B cells. deglycosylation studies indicate that four of the five N-linked glycosylation sites are used and that the mature core protein has a molecular mass of 25 kDa, close to that predicted by the cDNA sequence. Transfection of the murine cDNA into Chinese hamster ovary cells resulted in the expression of an 80-kDa dimeric molecule that was immunoprecipitated by the antipeptide antiserum. Taken together, these data provide strong support that we have identified the murine homologue of CD28.
Influence of Concomitant Food Intake on the Excretion of Orally Administered myo -Inositol Hexaphosphate in Humans (2006)

myo-Inositol hexaphosphate (InsP6) widely occurs in plant seeds. At present, some important benefits of InsP6 for human health have been described. The purpose of this study was to find the best condition for the optimum absorption of orally administered InsP6, evaluated by InsP6 urinary excretion. The influence of different stomach conditions (empty, empty with an alkalinizing agent, and full stomach) on the effects of oral administration of InsP6 and its urinary excretion was investigated in six healthy subjects on an InsP6-poor diet, given 400 mg of calcium/magnesium salt of InsP6 as a single dose. The basal urinary excretion of InsP6 on an InsP6-poor diet (50.91 +/- 15.09 microg) was significantly lower than that found when an InsP6-normal diet was consumed (100.09 +/- 26.42 microg) (P < .05). No differences were observed in the areas under the curve of accumulated excretion at 8 hours among the three different stomach conditions studied, suggesting that the overall InsP6 absorption took place independently of the stomach state (full or fasted) and indicating that the InsP6 absorption also takes place during the intestinal transit. Thus, if InsP6 supplements of vegetal origin are consumed to maintain the optimum InsP6 levels needed for a healthy status, these supplements can be consumed either during or between meals with the same efficacy.
Highly efficient phosphorescence from organic light-emitting devices with an exciton-block layer (2001)

One of the keys to highly efficient phosphorescent emission in organic light-emitting devices is to confine triplet excitons generated within the emitting layer. We employ “starburst” perfluorinated phenylenes (C60F42) as a both hole- and exciton-block layer, and a hole-transport material 4,4′,4″-tri(N-carbazolyl) triphenylamine as a host for the phosphorescent dopant dye in the emitting layer. A maximum external quantum efficiency reaches to 19.2%, and keeps over 15% even at high current densities of 10–20 mA/cm2, providing several times the brightness of fluorescent tubes for lighting. The onset voltage of the electroluminescence is as low as 2.4 V and the peak power efficiency is 70–72 lm/W, promising for low-power display devices.
Early Stages of Motor Neuron Differentiation Revealed by Expression of Homeobox Gene Islet-1 (1992)

Motor neurons in the embryonic chick spinal cord express a homeobox gene, Islet-1, soon after their final mitotic division and before the appearance of other differentiated motor neuron properties. The expression of Islet-1 by neural cells is regulated by inductive signals from the floor plate and notochord. These results establish Islet-1 as the earliest marker of developing motor neurons. The molecular nature of the Islet-1 protein suggests that it may be involved in the establishment of motor neuron fate.
Exercise and Insulin Sensitivity: A Review (2000)

Physical activity has a beneficial effect on insulin sensitivity in normal as well as insulin resistant populations. A distinction should be made between the acute effects of exercise and genuine training effects. Up to two hours after exercise, glucose uptake is in part elevated due to insulin independent mechanisms, probably involving a contraction-induced increase in the amount of GLUT4 associated with the plasma membrane and T-tubules. However, a single bout of exercise can increase insulin sensitivity for at least 16 h post exercise in healthy as well as NIDDM subjects. Recent studies have accordingly shown that acute exercise also enhances insulin stimulated GLUT4 translocation. Increases in muscle GLUT4 protein content contribute to this effect, and in addition it has been hypothesized that the depletion of muscle glycogen stores with exercise plays a role herein. Physical training potentiates the effect of exercise on insulin sensitivity through multiple adaptations in glucose transport and metabolism. In addition, training may elicit favourable changes in lipid metabolism and can bring about improvements in the regulation of hepatic glucose output, which is especially relevant to NIDDM. It is concluded that physical training can be considered to play an important, if not essential role in the treatment and prevention of insulin insensitivity.
Multiple PV1 dimers reside in the same stomatal or fenestral diaphragm (2004)

Several of the endothelium-specific structures that have been involved in microvascular permeability [such as caveolae, transendothelial channels (TECs), vesiculovacuolar organelles (VVOs), and fenestrae] can be provided with either a stomatal or fenestral diaphragm. In the case of fenestrae, the diaphragm has the presumed function of creating a permselective barrier for solutes from blood plasma and interstitium. PV1 is an endothelium-specific integral membrane glycoprotein that is associated with both the stomatal diaphragms of caveolae, TECs, and VVOs as well as the diaphragms of endothelial fenestrae. The intimate structure of these diaphragms has been shown to consist of a meshwork formed by radial fibrils. We have recently shown that PV1 is a key structural element of both types of diaphragms, with its expression being sufficient to form de novo stomatal and fenestral diaphragms in both endothelial and nonendothelial cell types in culture. We have further tested the role of PV1 in the structure of the diaphragms and demonstrate here that multiple PV1 homodimers reside in close proximity within the same diaphragm. Our data bring further support to the paradigm by which PV1 dimers would form the fibrils of the diaphragms with a function in the microvascular permeability.
BSPlib: The BSP programming library (1998)

BSPlib is a small communications library for bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) programming which consists of only 20 basic operations. This paper presents the full definition of BSPlib in C, motivates the design of its basic operations, and gives examples of their use. The library enables programming in two distinct styles: direct remote memory access (DRMA) using put or get operations, and bulk synchronous message passing (BSMP). Currently, implementations of BSPlib exist for a variety of modern architectures, including massively parallel computers with distributed memory, shared memory multiprocessors, and networks of workstations. BSPlib has been used in several scientific and industrial applications; this paper briefly describes applications in benchmarking, Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs), sorting, and molecular dynamics.