gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Manganese Peroxidase-Dependent Oxidation of Glyoxylic and Oxalic Acids Synthesized byCeriporiopsis subvermisporaProduces Extracellular Hydrogen Peroxide (1998)

The ligninolytic system of the basidiomycete Ceriporiopsis subvermispora is composed of manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase. In this work, the source of extracellular hydrogen peroxide required for MnP activity was investigated. Our attention was focused on the possibility that hydrogen peroxide might be generated by MnP itself through the oxidation of organic acids secreted by the fungus. Both oxalate and glyoxylate were found in the extracellular fluid of C. subvermispora cultures grown in chemically defined media, where MnP is also secreted. The in vivo oxidation of oxalate was measured; CO(2) evolution was monitored after addition of exogenous [C]oxalate to cultures at constant specific activity. In standard cultures, evolution of CO(2) from oxalate was maximal at day 6, although the MnP titers were highest at day 12, the oxalate concentration was maximal (2.5 mM) at day 10, and the glyoxylate concentration was maximal (0.24 mM) at day 5. However, in cultures containing low nitrogen levels, in which the pH is more stable, a better correlation between MnP titers and mineralization of oxalate was observed. Both MnP activity and oxidation of [C]oxalate were negligible in cultures lacking Mn(II). In vitro assays confirmed that Mn(II)-dependent oxidation of [C]oxalate by MnP occurs and that this reaction is stimulated by glyoxylate at the concentrations found in cultures. In addition, both organic acids supported phenol red oxidation by MnP without added hydrogen peroxide, and glyoxylate was more reactive than oxalate in this reaction. Based on these results, a model is proposed for the extracellular production of hydrogen peroxide by C. subvermispora.
Storing a Sparse Table with 0 (1) Worst Case Access Time (1984)

A data structure for representing a set of n items from a umverse of m items, which uses space n + o(n) and accommodates membership queries m constant time is described. Both the data structure and the query algorithm are easy to ~mplement.
Tunable frequency selective surface using liquidsubstrates (1994)

The passband of a convoluted slot array is switched in frequency by exchanging liquid substrates. In the example illustrated, liquid with ɛr ≃ 2.2 gives a 3 GHz frequency shift and a 16 dB change in the transmission coefficient at 17 GHz.
On the Masking Pattern of a Simple Auditory Stimulus (1950)

The masking audiogram of a pure tone is complicated by phenomena that arise from the interaction of the test tone with the masking stimulus. The production of beats and of difference tones results in a masking audiogram that does not represent the pattern of activity in the cochlea or nerve due to a simple masking stimulus. In the present experiments a narrow band of noise was used to mask pure tones. The “beat” heard in the immediate vicinity of the masking noise is not prominent, and a test tone higher in frequency than the band of noise is detected in terms of the characteristic pitch of that tone rather than by means of a difference tone. With a band of noise slightly wider than a critical band (Fletcher), the amount by which the test signal at the center of the band exceeds the level/cycle of the noise is less than that obtained with a considerably wider band of noise. This smaller signal-to-noise ratio obtained with the narrow band of noise is probably due to “beats,” since the test tone is heard as a “buzz” or “rattle.” For purposes of deriving excitation or loudness patterns, a better estimate of the maximum amount of masking is obtained by using a wide band of noise whose pressure spectrum level is the same as that of the narrow band.
Is there a Relation between Chlamydia Infection and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis? (2003)

Over the past two decades, a number of studies have failed to provide direct evidence of specific microbial chronic infection in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). However, a recent report suggests that there is a specific association of Chlamydia pneumoniae in patients with PBC and that C. pneumoniae or similar antigens might play a role in the pathogenesis of disease. To determine if Chlamydia infection is associated with PBC, we applied a combination of immunological and molecular approaches to investigate (a) the serological reactivity against two common Chlamydia human pathogens, C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis, by immunoblotting, (b) the presence of Chlamydia in liver samples of patients with PBC and controls by PCR amplification of Chlamydia specific 16S rRNA and (c) the presence of Chlamydia proteins in liver samples of patients with PBC and controls by immunohistochemical staining. By immunoblotting, C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae specific serological antibodies were found in 52/57 (91.2%) AMA positive PBC, 7/33 (21/2%) of AMA negative PBC, 1/25 (4%) PSC, 0/15 (0%) Sjorgen's syndrome and 0/20 (0%) systemic lupus erythematosus patients and 0/20 (0%) healthy volunteers at 1:200 sera dilution. PBC sera reacted to Chlamydia and E. coli lysates in western blots up to a maximum of 10(-4) dilution. However, PCR amplification of the Chlamydia specific 16S rRNA gene was negative in 25/25 PBC livers but positive in 1/4 PSC liver, 3/6 in other liver disease controls and 1/4 normal liver samples. While two commercially available specific monoclonal antibodies stained positive controls (Chlamydia infected HEp-2 cells) they failed to detect Chlamydia antigens in PBC livers. The detection of Chlamydia specific antibodies but not Chlamydia rRNA gene and Chlamydia antigens in PBC suggests that Chlamydia infection is not involved in PBC.
Electrochemical therapy of 74 cases of liver cancer. (1994)

Ninety-four patients with primary liver cancer have been treated with electrochemical therapy (ECT) in our hospital. Seventy-four cases were followed up for more than one year, 12 cases for less than one year, and 8 cases were lost. Seventy-four cases of stage II and III liver cancer were divided into three groups. Group A received ECT only, group B received ECT plus transcatheter hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy (TAI) and embolisation (IAE) treatment. Group C received ECT plus systemic chemotherapy. The survival rate at 12 months was 58% for group B patients, which was significantly higher than for group A or C patients. We found ECT to be relatively simple and safe. The main side effect is short-time fever after treatment.
Opposing action of curcumin and green tea polyphenol in human keratinocytes (2006)

Persistent environmental insult can convert a normal cell into a cancer cell. However, various natural chemopreventive agents called antioxidants can retard this progression. We have recently explored the effects of several chemopreventive agents, including green tea polyphenol and curcumin, on normal human keratinocyte function. Our findings suggest that a bioactive polyphenol from green tea, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), acts to increase involucrin gene expression, suggesting that EGCG treatment enhances normal human keratinocyte differentiation. Mechanistic studies indicate that EGCG alters mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade function to activate involucrin gene transcription via a Ras, MEKK1, MEK3, ERK1/2-p38delta cascade that targets AP1 and CAATT enhancer binding protein transcription factors. These findings suggest that EGCG may inhibit disease progression by promoting keratinocyte differentiation. Parallel studies indicate that not all antioxidants produce a similar response. Curcumin, an antioxidant derived from the turmeric, antagonizes the EGCG-dependent response by interfering in this signaling pathway. These studies suggest that different antioxidant may produce antagonistic effects in tissues.
1-Substituted 7-[3-[(ethylamino)methyl]-1-pyrrolidinyl]-6,8-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acids. New quantitative structure activity relationships at N1 for the quinolone antibacterials (1988)

A series of 18 1-substituted 7-[3-[(ethylamino)methyl]-1- pyrrolidinyl]-6,8-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinoline- carboxylic acids (N1 analogues of CI-934) were synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial activity and DNA-gyrase inhibition. Correlations between the inhibition of DNA gyrase and antibacterial potency were established. A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was derived by using the antibacterial potency for each of 11 strains of bacteria and the Gram-negative mean. The equations indicated that antibacterial potency was strongly dependent on STERIMOL length and width and the level of unsaturation of the N1 substituent. Some strains also showed a dependence on the presence of heteroatoms (O, N, S) in the N1 group. No significant correlations between gyrase inhibition and combinations of these parameters were found. These QSAR results are discussed in conjunction with the conformational analyses from molecular modeling studies. The substituent that most enhanced the activity of the quinolone in all regards was the cyclopropyl group. This analogue, 1-cyclopropyl-7-[3-[(ethylamino)-methyl]-1-pyrrolidinyl]-6, 8-difluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid (PD 117558), demonstrated outstanding broad spectrum activity both in vitro and in vivo when compared to relevant standards.
Resistance to and Recovery from Lethal Influenza Virus Infection in B Lymphocyte–deficient Mice (1997)

In the adaptive immune response to most viruses, both the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system play complementary roles in eliminating virus and virus-infected cells and in promoting recovery. To evaluate the relative contribution of CD4+ and CD8+ effector T lymphocytes in virus clearance and recovery, we have examined the host response to lethal type A influenza virus infection in B lymphocyte-deficient mice with a targeted disruption in the immunoglobulin mu heavy chain. Our results indicate that naive B cell-deficient mice have a 50- 100-fold greater susceptibility to lethal type A influenza virus infection than do wild type mice. However, after priming with sublethal doses of influenza, immune B cell-deficient animals show an enhanced resistance to lethal virus infection. This finding indicates that an antibody-independent immune-mediated antiviral mechanism accounts for the increased resistance to lethal virus challenge. To assess the contribution of influenza-specific CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells in this process, defined clonal populations of influenza-specific CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells were adoptively transferred into lethally infected B cell-deficient mice. Cloned CD8+ effectors efficiently promoted recovery from lethal infection, whereas cloned CD4+ T cells conferred only partial protection. These results suggest that memory T lymphocytes can act independently of a humoral immune response in order to confer resistance to influenza infection in immune individuals. The potential implications of these results for vaccination against human influenza infection are discussed.
Distribution of mec regulator genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus clinical strains (1993)

The distributions of the mec regulator genes mecI and mecR1, which were identified on the chromosome of mecA-carrying Staphylococcus aureus N315, in methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated in Japan and various countries were studied. Screening by dot blot hybridization by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified probes revealed that at least the 5'-end region of the mecR1 gene was present in all strains tested, whereas about 40% of the strains were negative for the mecI gene. The data suggested that these regulator genes were the original components of the additional mec region DNA of methicillin-resistant S. aureus as well as methicillin-resistant, coagulase-negative staphylococci of seven staphylococcal species (S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. sciuri, S. capitis, S. caprae, and S. warneri). The mecI gene, which presumably codes for the repressor protein of the mecA gene, was found to harbor a point mutation in all six mecI-positive methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains, and their basal level of mecA gene transcription was elevated compared with that of strain N315, which harbors a presumably intact counterpart of the mecI gene. The data suggested that the mecI gene encodes for a strong repressor function on mecA gene transcription and is deleted or mutated in clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains with high levels of resistance to methicillin.
Rapamycin-loaded nanoparticles for inhibition of neointimal hyperplasia in experimental vein grafts (2011)

Abstract Background Nanoparticles possess several advantages as a carrier system for intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents. Rapamycin is an immunosuppressive agent which also exhibits marked antiproliferative properties. We investigated whether rapamycin-loaded nanoparticles(NPs) can reduce neointima formation in a rat model of vein graft disease. Methods Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs containing rapamycin was prepared using an oil/water solvent evaporation technique. Nanoparticle size and morphology were determined by dynamic light scattering methodology and electron microscopy. In vitro cytotoxicity of blank, rapamycin-loaded PLGA (RPLGA) NPs was studied using MTT Assay. Excised rat jugular vein was treated ex vivo with blank-NPs, or rapamycin-loaded NPs, then interposed back into the carotid artery position using a cuff technique. Grafts were harvested at 21 days and underwent morphometric analysis as well as immunohistochemical analysis. Results Rapamycin was efficiently loaded in PLGA nanoparticles with an encapsulation efficiency was 87.6%. The average diameter of NPs was 180.3 nm. The NPs-containing rapamycin at 1 ng/ml significantly inhibited vascular smooth muscular cells proliferation. Measurement of rapamycin levels in vein grafts shown that the concentration of rapamycin in vein grafts at 3 weeks after grafting were 0.9 ± 0.1 μg/g. In grafted veins without treatment intima-media thickness was 300.4 ±181.5 μm after grafting 21 days. Whereas, Veins treated with rapamycin-loaded NPs showed a reduction of intimal-media thickness of 150.2 ± 62.5 μm (p = 0.001). CD-31 staining was used to measure luminal endothelial coverage in grafts and indicated a high level of endothelialization in 21 days vein grafts with no significant effect of blank or rapamycin-loaded NPs group. Conclusions We conclude that sustained-release rapamycin from rapymycin loaded NPs inhibits vein graft thickening without affecting the reendothelialization in rat carotid vein-to-artery interposition grafts and this may be a promising therapy for the treatment of vein graft disease.
A role for Cajal bodies in assembly of the nuclear transcription machinery (2001)

Cajal bodies (CBs) are small nuclear organelles that contain the three eukaryotic RNA polymerases and a variety of factors involved in transcription and processing of all types of RNA. A number of these factors, as well as subunits of polymerase (pol) II itself, are rapidly and specifically targeted to CBs when injected into the cell. It is suggested that pol I, pol II, and pol III transcription and processing complexes are preassembled in the CBs before transport to the sites of transcription on the chromosomes and in the nucleoli.
Comparison of the microvasculature of basal cell carcinoma and actinic keratosis using intravital microscopy and immunohistochemistry (2003)

Angiogenesis was demonstrated in BCC in humans in vivo, and to a lesser extent in AK.
Past, present, and future of annexin A5: from protein discovery to clinical applications. (2005)

In this article, we review the clinical aspects of imaging with the programmed cell-detecting protein annexin A5 (anxA5). AnxA5 binds to phosphatidylserine, which is one of the "eat me" signals at the surface of the apoptotic cell. This biologic property forms the basis for the development of anxA5 as a diagnostic tool. Within this context, the clinical relevance, limitations, and future perspectives of this approach of visualizing cell death are discussed in this article, as are other potential applications of anxA5. Furthermore, the biologic properties and the radiopharmaceutical, pharmacologic, and biodistribution aspects of anxA5 are reviewed and discussed in this article. Radiolabeled anxA5 bears the promise of becoming a clinically applied radiopharmaceutical with potential applications in cardiology and oncology. Visualization of cell death is important in pathologies such as myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Furthermore, radiolabeled anxA5 may be developed as a tool for monitoring cell death-inducing or cell death-preventing therapies. In addition, experiences with radiolabeled anxA5 open novel avenues for drug targeting with anxA5 as a biologic "cruise missile."
The Role of Prostaglandin E Receptor Subtypes (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4) in Bone Resorption: An Analysis Using Specific Agonists for the Respective EPs (2000)

PGE2 functions as a potent stimulator of bone resorption. The action of PGE2 is thought to be mediated by some PGE receptor subtypes present in osteoblastic cells. In this study, we examined the involvement of PGE receptor subtypes, EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4, in PGE2-induced bone resorption using specific agonists for the respective EPs. In mouse calvaria cultures, EP4 agonist markedly stimulated bone resorption, but its maximal stimulation was less than that induced by PGE2. EP2 agonist also stimulated bone resorption, but only slightly. EP1 and EP3 agonists did not stimulate it at all. RT-PCR showed that osteoblastic cells isolated from newborn mouse calvaria expressed all of the EPs messenger RNA (mRNA). Both EP2 agonist and EP4 agonist induced cAMP production and the expression of osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF) mRNA in osteoblastic cells. Simultaneous addition of EP2 and EP4 agonists cooperatively induced cAMP production and ODF mRNA expression. In mouse bone marrow cultures, EP2 and EP4 agonists moderately induced osteoclast formation, but the simultaneous addition of the two agonists cooperatively induced it, similar to that by PGE2. In calvaria culture from EP4 knockout mice, a marked reduction in bone resorption to PGE2 was found. In EP4 knockout mice, EP4 agonist failed to induce bone resorption, but EP2 agonist slightly, but significantly, induced bone resorption. These findings suggest that PGE2 stimulates bone resorption by a mechanism involving cAMP and ODF, which is mediated mainly by EP4 and partially by EP2.
The association between ACE inhibitors and the complex regional pain syndrome: Suggestions for a neuro-inflammatory pathogenesis of CRPS (2009)

Antihypertensive drugs interact with mediators that are also involved in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), such a neuropeptides, adrenergic receptors, and vascular tone modulators. Therefore, we aimed to study the association between the use of antihypertensive drugs and CRPS onset. We conducted a population-based case-control study in the Integrated Primary Care Information (IPCI) database in the Netherlands. Cases were identified from electronic records (1996-2005) and included if they were confirmed during an expert visit (using IASP criteria), or if they had been diagnosed by a medical specialist. Up to four controls per cases were selected, matched on gender, age, calendar time, and injury. Exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics was assessed from the automated prescription records. Data were analyzed using multivariate conditional logistic regression. A total of 186 cases were matched to 697 controls (102 confirmed during an expert visit plus 84 with a specialist diagnosis). Current use of ACE inhibitors was associated with an increased risk of CRPS (OR(adjusted): 2.7, 95% CI: 1.1-6.8). The association was stronger if ACE inhibitors were used for a longer time period (OR(adjusted): 3.0, 95% CI: 1.1-8.1) and in higher dosages (OR(adjusted): 4.3, 95% CI: 1.4-13.7). None of the other antihypertensive drug classes was significantly associated with CRPS. We conclude that ACE inhibitor use is associated with CRPS onset and hypothesize that ACE inhibitors influence the neuro-inflammatory mechanisms that underlie CRPS by their interaction with the catabolism of substance P and bradykinin.
Molecular Topology Fractionation of Polystyrene Stars and Long Chain Branched Polyethylene Fractions (2007)

Abstract Summary: Control of long chain branching (LCB) architecture is an area of considerable interest in materials science because LCB can have a dominating effect on polymer rheology and properties. Currently no analytical technique provides a quantitative description of the LCB topologies in these materials beyond a basic estimation of the average number of branch points per molecule. Neither the molecular weight of the branch, nor the shape of the branched molecule (e. g. star, comb, “H” or other) can be determined using current state of the art methodology such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with molecular weight sensitive detectors or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In our laboratory, we have developed a fractionation method that sorts polymer solutes based on LCB topology. The approach, which we term molecular topology fractionation (MTF), utilizes a separating medium comprising channels having dimensions similar in size to the dimensions of the macromolecules being analyzed. An applied flow field provides the driving force for the separation. Although the details of the separation mechanism are not well understood at this time, two possible mechanisms are being considered. In one, dissolved solute molecules are restricted by the channels such that the relaxation modes for reorientation determine the rate of transport. In the second, pinning (or entanglement) of molecules on the stationary phase determines the rate of transport. Both mechanisms result in the largest molecules eluting latest (opposite to the sequencing in SEC), and produce significant additional retardation for LCB chains above that of linear chains. This additional retardation leads to fractionation of an LCB distribution even if the hydrodynamic radii of the components are the same. In this paper, an overview of the MTF experiment will be provided. MTF fractionation of PS stars is presented to demonstrate the separation of LCB chains from linear chains and LCB chains based on topology. The application of MTF for characterizing LCB polyolefin fractions will be shown. The paper will also include a brief discussion of the coupling of MTF and SEC in an on line two dimensional approach for determination of LCB distributions.