gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A field shaping printhead for high-resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing onto non-conductive and uneven surfaces (2014)

High-resolution electrohydrodynamic jet printing is a cost effective, flexible, multi-material, high-resolution (sub 10 μm) additive manufacturing process. In this paper, we present an electric field shaping printhead capable of controlled high-resolution (sub 10 μm) e-jet printing and demonstrate printhead capabilities by creating patterns with both an optical adhesive and silver nanoparticle ink material with equivalent accuracy to state-of-the-art e-jet printing. Importantly, we demonstrate controlled printing onto non-conductive and height varying surfaces without the use of a grounded substrate at a previously unattainable length scale. This ability to print onto highly varied non-conductive substrates will enable the generalization of the 2D process to a controlled 3D printing technology at the micro-scale.
A Sub-$\lambda$-Size Modulator Beyond the Efficiency-Loss Limit (2013)

Electrooptic modulators (EOMs) are key devices in performing the conversion between the electrical and optical domains in data communication links. With respect to a road map for photonic computing, future EOMs are required to be highly scalable, should feature strong modulation performance, and must not consume much power during operation. In light of these requirements, here, we investigate indium-tin-oxide (ITO) as an electrooptic switching material. The results show that ITO is capable of changing its extinction coefficient by a factor of 136. Utilizing these findings, we analyze an ultracompact (i.e., sub- λ long λ = 1310 nm) electroabsorption modulator based on a plasmonic MOS-mode design. In our analysis, we investigate the performance, i.e., the extinction ratio and insertion loss of the device as a function of various geometric parameters of the device. The optimized device is 0.78 λ long and features an extinction ratio and on-chip insertion loss of about 6 dB/μm and 0.7 dB, respectively. Furthermore, we suggest a metric to benchmark electroabsorption modulators and show that silicon plasmonics has potential for high-end switching nodes in future integrated photonic circuits.
Phase I trial with a novel oral NF-κB/STAT3 inhibitor RTA 402 in patients with solid tumors and lymphoid malignancies (2008)

3517 Background: RTA 402 (CDDO-Me) is a first-in-class antioxidant inflammation modulator with potent anticancer and anti- inflammatory activity. The drug suppresses ROS-mediated signaling through suppression of pro-inflammatory transcription factors NF-κB and STAT3 and induction of antioxidant/detoxification transcription factor Nrf2. Methods: The primary objectives of the study were to determine the DLT, MTD and phase II dose of RTA 402 in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoid malignancies; and to characterize the pharmacokinetics of RTA 402 given orally once daily for 21 days every 28 days. Dose escalation proceeded via an accelerated titration design. Results: RTA 402 was administered to 34 patients at 10 dose levels (5 to 1,300 mg/day). The MTD is 900 mg/day; DLT at 1,300 mg/day was asymptomatic Grade 3 LFT elevation, which resolved to ≤ Grade 1 upon dose reduction. 50% of all patients and 40% at MTD had no toxicities greater than Grade 1. The median biological half-life of RTA 402 was 33.1 h (range, 18–98 h), with volume of distribution suggesting extensive tissue uptake. Of 18 patients evaluable for efficacy, one Partial Response was observed in a patient with anaplastic thyroid cancer. A further 9 patients had stable disease, 6 of which lasted for 6–12 months (3 melanoma, 2 renal cell, 1 medullary thyroid). Suppression of NF-κB and STAT3, as well as downstream targets iNOS, cyclin D1, COX-2, and arginase, was observed in multiple biopsies at doses as low as 40 mg/day. TUNEL positivity was increased up to 6-fold, and the presence of macrophages was increased up to 10-fold. Consistent with dual NF-κB/STAT3 suppression, leukocytosis was observed in several patients with prolonged stable disease. Induction of Nrf2 was demonstrated in PBMCs by increases in NQO1 and gamma-GCS mRNA. Conclusions: The first-in-class antioxidant inflammation modulator RTA 402 is well tolerated up to 900 mg/day with prolonged exposure up to 12 months. Data indicate appropriate modulation of targets NF-κB, STAT3, and Nrf2 and suggest clinical benefit associated with this novel mechanism, including a PR and prolonged disease stabilization in several patients. Phase II trials have begun. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc Reata Pharmaceuticals, Inc
High-order sparse linear predictors for audio processing (2010)

Linear prediction has generally failed to make a breakthrough in audio processing, as it has done in speech processing. This is mostly due to its poor modeling performance, since an audio signal is usually an ensemble of different sources. Nevertheless, linear prediction comes with a whole set of interesting features that make the idea of using it in audio processing not far fetched, e.g., the strong ability of modeling the spectral peaks that play a dominant role in perception. In this paper, we provide some preliminary conjectures and experiments on the use of high-order sparse linear predictors in audio processing. These predictors, successfully implemented in modeling the short-term and long-term redundancies present in speech signals, will be used to model tonal audio signals, both monophonic and polyphonic. We will show how the sparse predictors are able to model efﬁciently the different components of the spectrum of an audio signal, i.e., its tonal behavior and the spectral<br/>envelope characteristic.
Impact ofgyrAandparCMutations on Quinolone Resistance, Doubling Time, and Supercoiling Degree ofEscherichia coli (1999)

Isogenic mutants derived from quinolone-susceptible isolate WT by introducing gyrA (S83L, D87G) and parC (S80I, E84K) mutations associated with quinolone resistance were characterized with respect to quinolone resistance, growth rate, and degree of global supercoiling. The latter was determined by use of a pair of reporter plasmids carrying supercoiling-dependent promoters pgyrA and ptopA, respectively, transcriptionally fused to the reporter gene bla coding for TEM-1 beta-lactamase. The quotient (Qsc) of the beta-lactamase specific activity determined for a mutant carrying either plasmid was taken as a measure of the degree of global supercoiling. These Qsc data were comparable to results obtained from the separation of topoisomers of plasmid pBR322 on chloroquine-containing agarose gels and indicate a reduced degree of negative supercoiling in resistant mutants relative to the parent, WT. The S83L mutation in gyrA had the strongest influence on quinolone resistance while leaving other parameters nearly unaffected. The gyrA double mutation (S83L plus D87G) had an effect on quinolone resistance similar to that of a single mutation. Phenotypic expression of the parC mutation (S80I) was dependent on the presence of at least one gyrA mutation. Expression of high-level fluoroquinolone resistance (ciprofloxacin MIC, > 4 micrograms/ml) required a combination of the gyrA double mutation and one parC mutation (S80I or E84K). Such mutants showed considerable alterations of growth rate, global supercoiling, or both. Introduction of a parC mutation affected neither the doubling time nor the degree of supercoiling, while the presence of the gyrA D87G mutation was associated with a significant reduction in the degree of DNA supercoiling.
Sequence specificity of the non-natural pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleoside in triple helix formation (1994)

The non-natural pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleoside F, which pairs preferentially with guanine (G) and adenine (A) within double-helical DNA, recognizes with high selectivity AT base pairs within triple-helical complexes. These observations suggest that F may exist in different tautomeric forms within double-helical and triple-helical complexes. Analysis of the base stacking properties of this extended ring system using two oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing terminal thymines and/or pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines bound to adjacent sites showed a decrease in free energy of binding in a triple-helical complex in the order (5'-3') TT > FT > TF > FF.
Residual γH2AX foci as an indication of lethal DNA lesions (2010)

Retention of DNA damage-induced gammaH2AX foci appears to be indicative of lethal DNA damage so that it may be possible to predict tumor cell killing by a wide variety of DNA damaging agents simply by scoring the fraction of cells that retain gammaH2AX foci.
Electron spin resonance studies. Part XXXIV. The use of the aci-anion from nitromethane as a spin trap for organic radicals in aqueous solution (1972)

The aci-anion CH2:NO2– has been used as a spin trap for a variety of organic radicals, which have been generated in aqueous solution by reactions effected by the hydroxyl radical or the sulphate radical anion, SO4·–. The resulting species have been identified by their e.s.r. parameters, confirmation being obtained where necessary by independent generation of the species from the appropriate nitro-compound and a one-electron donor (·CMe2·OH). Of especial value in the analysis, splitting is observed not only from the (β-) methylene protons in RCH2NO2·– but also in almost all cases from γ-protons and, in some cases, from δ-protons; further, ∂N and ∂H(β-CH2) are significantly dependent upon structure. For radicals of the type CXYZ·CH2·NO2·–, the splittings of the two β-methylene protons are unequal, evidently as the result of the chirality of the neighbouring carbon atom. In some cases information has been obtained about the mechanisms of reaction, as in comparison of the reactions of ·OH and SO4·– with carboxylate ions and of those of 2-chloro- and 2-iodoethanol with ·OH.
Construction of a guide-RNA for site-directed RNA mutagenesis utilising intracellular A-to-I RNA editing (2017)

As an alternative to DNA mutagenesis, RNA mutagenesis can potentially become a powerful gene-regulation method for fundamental research and applied life sciences. Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing alters genetic information at the transcript level and is an important biological process that is commonly conserved in metazoans. Therefore, a versatile RNA-mutagenesis method can be achieved by utilising the intracellular RNA-editing mechanism. Here, we report novel guide RNAs capable of inducing A-to-I mutations by guiding the editing enzyme, human adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR). These guide RNAs successfully introduced A-to-I mutations into the target-site, which was determined by the reprogrammable antisense region. In ADAR2-over expressing cells, site-directed RNA editing could also be performed by simply introducing the guide RNA. Our guide RNA framework provides basic insights into establishing a generally applicable RNA-mutagenesis method.
Genomewide Association Studies: History, Rationale, and Prospects for Psychiatric Disorders (2009)

GWAS of large samples have detected associations of common SNPs and of rare copy number variants with psychiatric disorders. More findings are likely, since larger GWAS samples detect larger numbers of common susceptibility variants, with smaller effects. The Psychiatric GWAS Consortium is conducting GWAS meta-analyses for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Based on results for other diseases, larger samples will be required. The contribution of GWAS will depend on the true genetic architecture of each disorder.
Eosinophils (2006)

Abstract The eosinophil is a bone marrow‐derived white blood cell (leucocyte) that is present only in the gastrointestinal tract and lymphatic tissues of healthy individuals. Eosinophils participate in helminth (worm) immunity and in hypersensitivity diseases, such as bronchial asthma and allergies.
The chemical modification of liposome surfaces via a copper-mediated [3 + 2] azide–alkyne cycloaddition monitored by a colorimetric assay (2006)

A generic method for the efficient in-situ modification of liposomes is described based on "click" chemistry, and a simple colorimetric assay is developed for monitoring the reaction.
Minimax Resource Allocation with Tree Structured Substitutable Resources (1991)

We examine an allocation problem in which limited resources are allocated among competing activities. Certain substitutions among resources are possible. The substitutional relations are formulated using tree structures, where a node (resource) can substitute for all its descendants. Potential applications with such resources are found, for example, in the manufacturing of high technology products. The objective is to minimize the maximum weighted relative deviation of the activity levels from given demands. Our formulation of this problem involves a large number of possible resource constraints. We develop an efficient minimax algorithm that is based on an iterative solution of relaxed problems, where each such problem considers at most one aggregated constraint from each tree. The algorithm is extended to minimize lexicographically the nonincreasingly sorted vector of all terms in the objective, each of which represents an activity's deviation. Computational results show that the algorithm solves large problems using relatively small computation time.
The carboxy‐terminal domain of the LexA repressor oligomerises essentially as the entire protein (1988)

The ability of the isolated carboxy-terminal domain of the LexA repressor of Escherichia coli to form dimers and tetramers has been investigated by equilibrium ultracentrifugation. This domain, that comprises the amino acids 85-202, is readily purified after self-cleavage of the LexA repressor at alkaline pH. It turns out that the carboxy-terminal domain forms dimers and tetramers essentially as the entire LexA repressor. The corresponding association constants were determined after non-linear least squares fitting of the experimental concentration distribution. A dimer association constant of K2 = 3 X 10(4) M-1 and a tetramer association constant of K4 = 2 X 10(4) M-1 have been determined. Similar measurements on the entire LexA repressor [(1985) Biochemistry 24, 2812-2818] gave values of K2 = 2.1 X 10(4) M-1 and K4 = 7.7 X 10(4) M-1. Within experimental error the dimer formation constant of the carboxy-terminal domain may be considered to be the same as that of the entire repressor whereas the isolated domain forms tetramers slightly less efficiently. It should be stressed that the potential error in K4 is higher than that in K2. The overall conclusion is that the two structural domains of LexA have also well-defined functional roles: the amino-terminal domain interacts with DNA and the carboxy-terminal domain is involved in dimerisation reinforcing in this way the binding of the LexA repressor to operator DNA.
CIM Editorial Board (2013)

I recently attended the 2013 IEEE Panel of Editors (PoE) meeting in Dallas, Texas, USA.This year the meeting discussed various IEEE publication matters, such as open access journals and the measuring of publication impact.It also provided updates of the interactive content project, IEEE Xplore and other ongoing projects.It was a fruitful meeting and I believe these efforts will continue to benefit the publications and memberships of CIS.Modern technology has become a part of almost everyone's lives in the twentyfirst century.It would be hard for many of us, to do without computers, mobile phones and gaming devices.While these inventions should make our lives much simpler and enjoyable, this may not always be the case, especially when human complexities and uncertainties are in play.Just a simple example is the Internet, that many of us rely upon for work, almost on a daily basis, but it has also proven not to be as simple as it should be, with inaccurate information, opposing views and sometimes complicated manoeuvring from page to page.Albert Einstein, a man way ahead of his times, was quoted to have said: "The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious.It is the source of all true art and science."I believe this is the exact spirit that spurs us forward in the research of computational intelligence.As much as there are uncertainties in our world and with our everchanging human demands, we continue striving to find optimal solutions so that we can make life simpler in the midst of all the complexities.In this special issue on "Evolutionary Complex Engineering Optimization: Opportunities and Challenges," we are grateful to have Chai, Jin and Sendhoff to pen our "Guest Editorial" that speaks of the recent research efforts of computational intelligence within this arena.In the "Society Briefs" column, we feature a report by CIS University Curriculum Subcommittee on nurturing the future of computational intelligence and an update
Glossary of terms relating to pesticides (IUPAC Recommendations 2006) (2006)

The glossary contains definitions of more than 500 terms frequently used in relation to the chemistry, mode of action, regulation, and use of pesticides. A wide range of disciplines is involved in this field, and the glossary was developed as a step in facilitating communication among researchers, government regulatory authorities, and chemists in associated professional areas. The range of terms relates to pesticide residue analysis, sampling for analysis, good laboratory practice, metabolism, environmental fate, effects on ecosystems, computer simulation models, toxicology, and risk assessment. The number of important, "pesticide-related" terms has more than doubled since 1996, when the first IUPAC glossary of this type was developed, an indication of how this field has become so integrated with many other scientific and regulatory disciplines.
Sequence Comparison of Five Polymerases (L proteins) of Unsegmented Negative-strand RNA Viruses: Theoretical Assignment of Functional Domains (1990)

The large (L) protein subunit of unsegmented negative-strand RNA virus polymerases is thought to be responsible for the majority of enzymic activities involved in viral transcription and replication. In order to gain insight into this multifunctional role we compared the deduced amino acid sequences of five L proteins of rhabdoviruses (vesicular stomatitis virus and rabies virus) or paramyxoviruses (Sendai virus, Newcastle disease virus and measles virus). Statistical analysis showed that they share an atypical amino acid usage, outlining the uniqueness of the negative-strand virus life style. Similarity studies between L proteins traced evolutionary relationships in partial disagreement with the present taxonomic arrangement of this group of viruses. The five L proteins exhibit a high degree of homology along most of their length, with strongly invariant amino acids embedded in conserved blocks separated by variable regions, suggesting a structure of concatenated functional domains. The most highly conserved central block contains the probable active site for RNA synthesis. We tentatively identified some other functional sites, distributed around this central core, that would naturally work together to assure the polymerase activity. This provides detailed guidelines for the future study of L proteins by site-directed mutagenesis.
A convenient palladium-catalyzed coupling approach to 2,5-disubstituted pyridines (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA convenient palladium-catalyzed coupling approach to 2,5-disubstituted pyridinesJefferson W. Tilley and Sonja ZawoiskiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 2, 386–390Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00237a029https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00237a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1437Altmetric-Citations104LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A random walk in oncogene space: the quest for targets. (1999)

Introduction Oncogenes code for components of cellular growth-regulatory signals (1, 2). Such signals typically start at the cell surface, traverse the cytoplasm, and then terminate in the nucleus. They are propagated by protein-protein interactions between modular recognition domains and controlled by conformational changes and protein phosphorylation. The oncogenic potential of these growth-regulatory signals is linked to a mutational gain of function in one of the signaling components. While genetic analyses have identified the specific biochemical activities of these mutated signal components, structural studies have assigned these activities to distinct protein domains. As components of signaling pathways, oncogenes are bound to interact with each other. Conceptually, these interactions define a genetic space with hierarchical order that reflects the inherent directionality of signaling: each upstream mediator feeds its signal to downstream targets. Exploring oncogene space is essentially a quest for targets. The first part of this review will explore the oncogenic determinants of a common cytoplasmic signaling pathway. The results show that whereas a growth regulator can be oncogenic in one cell type, it can enhance differentiation in another. The second part of this review will focus on nuclear effects of growth signals. Signaling networks are branched trees with cross-talk between different components that ultimately regulate a transcription factor. The transcription factor then converts the signal into a program of gene expression that affects the specific phenotype of the cell. Oncogenic signals corrupt normal programs of gene regulation, and, as a result, the patterns of gene expression in the neoplastic cell differ from those of its normal progenitor. Genes that are differentially expressed in the cancer cell control the malignant properties of that cell. An understanding of the neoplastic cellular phenotype requires the identification of these differentially expressed genes that are targets of oncogenes and of tumor suppressor genes. The ultimate goal of the search for targets is to isolate a few genes that, when differentially expressed, will transform a normal cell into a cancer cell. This is an attainable goal if the number of these oncogenic effector genes is small. The aim becomes unrealistic if the number of genes required to induce and maintain the neoplastic phenotype is large.