gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Performance of Recurrent Neural Networks on GPUs (2016)

As recurrent neural networks become larger and deeper, training times for single networks are rising into weeks or even months. As such there is a significant incentive to improve the performance and scalability of these networks. While GPUs have become the hardware of choice for training and deploying recurrent models, the implementations employed often make use of only basic optimizations for these architectures. In this article we demonstrate that by exposing parallelism between operations within the network, an order of magnitude speedup across a range of network sizes can be achieved over a naive implementation. We describe three stages of optimization that have been incorporated into the fifth release of NVIDIA's cuDNN: firstly optimizing a single cell, secondly a single layer, and thirdly the entire network.
Thermal self-limiting effects in the long-term AC stress on n-channel LDD MOSFETs (2002)

A model of lightly doped drain n-MOSFET degradation in drain current under long-term AC use conditions which includes a self-limiting effect in the hot-electron induced device degradation is proposed for lifetime projections. Experimental results on LDD n-MOSFETs (W=50 mu m) are presented which show the maximum drain current degradation as a function of the average substrate current under the various AC stress and use conditions (f=0.4 MHz, 1 MHz, 2 MHz, and 4 MHz) for different drawn gate lengths. The maximum drain current degradations were 0.3% mu A, 0.2%/ mu A, and 0.15%/ mu A of the substrate current for drawn gate lengths of 0.8 mu m, 1.0 mu m, and 1.5 mu m, respectively, at an ambient temperature of 25 degrees C. The proposed model also includes and predicts the strong temperature dependence.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Synthesis and Assembly of Polymeric Microparticles Using Microfluidics (2009)

Abstract The controlled synthesis of micrometer‐sized polymeric particles bearing features such as nonspherical shapes and spatially segregated chemical properties is becoming increasingly important. Such particles can enable fundamental studies on self‐assembly and suspension rheology, as well as be used in applications ranging from medical diagnostics to photonic devices. Microfluidics has recently emerged as a very promising route to the synthesis of such polymeric particles, providing fine control over particle shape, size, chemical anisotropy, porosity, and core/shell structure. This progress report summarizes microfluidic approaches to particle synthesis using both droplet‐ and flow‐lithography‐based methods, as well as particle assembly in microfluidic devices. The particles formed are classified according to their morphology, chemical anisotropy, and internal structure, and relevant examples are provided to illustrate each of these approaches. Emerging applications of the complex particles formed using these techniques and the outlook for such processes are discussed.
Brain and nervous system (1994)

Victor A. Levin, MD, Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
Genetic Construction of Lactose-Utilizing Xanthomonas campestris (1984)

Xanthomonas campestris, the producer of xanthan gum, possesses a beta-galactosidase of very low specific activity. Plasmid pGC9114 (RP1::Tn951), generated by the transposition of the lactose transposon Tn951 to RP1, was conjugally transferred into XN1, a nalidixic acid-resistant derivative of X. campestris NRRL B-1459S-4L. Transfer occurred on membrane filters and in broth. The beta-galactosidase gene of Tn951 was expressed in X. campestris. The specific activity of beta-galactosidase in transconjugants was over 200-fold higher than that in XN1, and transconjugants grew as well in lactose-based media as in glucose-based media. The lactose-utilizing transconjugants could potentially be used to produce xanthan gum from cheese whey.
The Significance of Alpha-Linolenic Acid for Humans. (2001)

The omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have had a major impact on thinking in medicine in the last twenty-five years. The parent fatty acid in the omega 3 fatty acid family is alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) which is an essential fatty acid found in high concentrations in certain plant oils, such as flaxseed oil, walnut oil and canola oil. Several longer chain or derived omega 3 fatty acids are formed in the body from ALA, including eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA, decosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, DHA. Dietary sources of these longer-chain fatty acids are fish, fish oils and from other marine organisms. DHA is specifically localised in the retina and the brain in humans and other mammals where it has a primary role via effects on membrane order (fluidity), the activity of membrane-bound enzymes, ion channels and signal transduction. For many years, ALA has been considered to be important only as a precursor of these longer chain compounds, however it is now recognaised that ALA is metabolished by other pathways which may be quantiatively more important than the formation of DHA. For example, ALA is extensively β-oxidised in mammals including humans, especially on diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. ALA appears to play an important role in the nervous system (carbon recycling) for the synthesis of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, with estimates of the proportion of ALA being matabolised via this pathway being several fold greater than that to DHA. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated that ALA is deposited in the skin of small mammals and may also play a role in fur. Since ALA is extensively metabolised via these pathways (β-oxidation, carbon recycling and deposition in skin/fur) and is subject to competitive inhibition from linoleic acid in metabolism via the delta-6 desaturase, it is not surprising tha dietary DHA is substantially more effctive than an equivalent dose of dietary ALA in maintaining neural DHA levels. Despite the limited efficiency of DHA formation from ALA, it is clear that certain tissues possess the capacity to synthesise DHA at rates greater than other tissues. The brain, retina and reproductive tissue may be able to synthesis sufficient DHA to meet the DHA demands of these tissues, although in infants at the peak of brain growth and DHA deposition, a dietary supply of DHA (as in milk) may be important to maintain the brain DHA level. In plants, ALA is a substrate for lipoxygenase enzymes leading to the poduction of bioactive hydroxy compounds. This information might provide a clue to other routes of ALA metabolism in mammals. It is concluded that it may no longer be appropriate to consider the function for ALA to be solely a precursor of EPA and DHA.
Multimode Detection of Hydrogen Gas Using Palladium-Covered Silicon μ-Channels (2003)

Palladium was electrodeposited onto lithographically patterned Si(100) "micro-channels" with dimensions of 2 microm (width) x 100 microm (length). The properties of these Pd-covered Si micro-channels for detecting dihydrogen gas were then evaluated. Pd electrodeposition was carried out under conditions favoring an instantaneous nucleation and growth mechanism. This strategy produced size-similar Pd particles at a coverage of (4-6) x 10(9) cm(-2) within the confines of the Si micro-channel. When the mean particle radius, ro, was smaller than a critical value (ro < rc = 70-85 nm), each Pd particle was well separated on the surface from adjacent particles, on average, and no response to H2 gas attributable to the micro-channel was observed. As Pd particles were grown larger, to a mean radius of ro approximately equal to rc, adjacent particles on the surface touched and the electrical resistance of the micro-channel dropped by several orders of magnitude. These "type 2" H2 sensors exhibited a rapid (< 1 s), reversible decrease in their resistance in response to exposure to H2 above 0.5%, but a minimum resistance was observed at 1-2%, and a resistance increase was seen at higher H2 concentration. This complex behavior resulted from the existence of three mechanisms for charge transport across the micro-channel. If still larger quantities of Pd were deposited, the Pd particle ensemble coalesced into an electrically continuous film. These "type 3" sensors became more resistive in the presence of H2, not more conductive as seen for sensors of types 1 and 2, but the amplitude of this response was smaller than seen for type 2 sensors.
NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS ARE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND TARGET DRY AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION (2014)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a principal cause of blindness in the United States and other industrialized nations. An estimated 10 million Americans are afflicted with AMD, which is comparable in scope to the 12 million living with cancer, or the 5 million with Alzheimer’s disease. The prevalence of AMD steadily increases with age, affecting 2% of the population at age 40, and one in four people by age 80. For reasons that are not fully understood, AMD is more common in lightly-pigmented and female populations. Treatment of AMD is largely an unmet need: There are no FDA approved therapies except for a small percentage of individuals with end-stage disease. This dissertation investigates the mechanisms of AMD pathogenesis and offers insight into novel therapeutic strategies for this disease.
Unity-Order Index Change in Transparent Conducting Oxides at Visible Frequencies (2010)

We report a method for obtaining unity-order refractive index changes in the accumulation layer of a metal-oxide-semiconductor heterostructure with conducting oxide as the active material. Under applied field, carrier concentrations at the dielectric/conducting oxide interface increase from 1 x 10(21)/cm(3) to 2.8 x 10(22)/cm(3), resulting in a local refractive index change of 1.39 at 800 nm. When this structure is modeled as a plasmonic waveguide, the change corresponds to a modal index change of 0.08 for the plasmonic mode.
Arginine vasopressin in vasodilatory shock: effects on metabolism and beyond (2008)

Except for its antidiuretic and vasoconstrictive actions, the effects of arginine vasopressin in patients with vasodilatory shock have so far only been partially examined. Potential influences of arginine vasopressin on metabolism and immune, liver and mitochondrial function remain to be assessed in future studies.
Dominant negative mutation in cell surface beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase inhibits cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. (1993)

In addition to its traditional location within the Golgi complex, beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase (GalTase) is also present on the cell surface, where it is thought to function as a cell adhesion molecule by binding to extracellular oligosaccharide ligands. Recent studies suggest that cells contain two forms of GalTase with distinct cytoplasmic domains. The longer form of GalTase contains a 13-amino acid cytoplasmic extension and is preferentially targeted to the plasma membrane, relative to the shorter GalTase protein that is confined primarily to the Golgi compartment. In this study, we created a dominant negative mutation that interferes with the function of cell surface GalTase by transfecting into cells cDNAs encoding truncated versions of the long form of GalTase containing the complete cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains, but devoid of the catalytic domain. In both F9 embryonal carcinoma cells and Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts, overexpressing the truncated long GalTase (TLGT) protein displaced the endogenous cell surface GalTase from its association with the cytoskeleton, resulting in a loss of intercellular adhesion and cell spreading specifically on matrices that use GalTase as a cell surface receptor. In contrast, overexpressing the analogous truncated short GalTase (TSGT) protein did not affect cell morphology or GalTase activity. In control assays, inducing the TLGT protein had no effect on cell interactions with fibronectin (which is independent of GalTase), or on the cytoskeleton attachment of another matrix receptor (beta 1 integrin), or on overall glycoprotein synthesis, thus eliminating nonspecific effects of the TLGT protein on cellular adhesion and metabolism. These results represent the first molecular manipulation of cell surface GalTase expression and confirm its function as a cell adhesion molecule. These studies further suggest that the cytoskeleton contains a defined, saturable number of binding sites for GalTase, which enables it to function as an adhesion molecule.
CSF tau/Aβ 42 ratio for increased risk of mild cognitive impairment (2007)

These generally applicable methods establish cutoff values to identify control individuals at increased risk of conversion to mild cognitive impairment which may be useful to people weighing the risk-benefit ratio of new preventive therapeutics and to researchers striving to enrich clinical trial populations with people with latent Alzheimer disease.
Electrical and noise properties of thin-film transistors on very thin excimer laser annealed polycrystalline silicon films (1999)

Thin-film transistors, fabricated on polycrystalline silicon films prepared by combined solid phase crystallization of amorphous silicon and excimer laser annealing processes, have been investigated by electrical and low frequency noise measurements in relation to the active layer thickness and the laser energy density. The device performance is improved with increasing the laser energy density until a critical value where the film is completely melted. By decreasing the active layer thickness from 50 to 25 nm, although the subthreshold characteristics are improved, the electron mobility and the threshold voltage are degraded. The noise data indicate that the degradation is related to electron trapping in both gate and substrate oxide interface traps.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Activity of Cyclotriphosphazene-Cyclene Conjugates (2012)

Abstract Two novel cyclotriphosphazene derivatives were synthesized from hexachloro cyclotriphosphzene. Their structures were characterized by 1H, 31P, and 13C NMR spectroscopy as well as by IR spectroscopy and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The Zn complex of 4d was effective in hydrolytic DNA cleavage reactions.
Interaction of leukocyte integrins with ligand is necessary but not sufficient for function. (1992)

The leukocyte integrins (CD11/CD18 or beta 2-type integrins) are expressed exclusively on leukocytes and participate in many adhesion-dependent functions (Arnaout, M.A. 1990. Blood. 75:1037-1050; Springer, T. A. 1990. Nature. (Lond.) 346:425-434; Dustin, M. L., and T. S. Springer. 1991. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 9:27-66). The avidity of leukocyte integrin binding to their ligands or counter-receptors is dependent upon response to intracellular signals (Wright, S. D., and B. C. Meyer. 1986. J. Immunol. 136:1759-1764; Dustin, M. A., and T. S. Springer. 1989. Nature (Lond.). 341:619-624). We have investigated the effects of a novel mAb (mAb 24) which defines a leukocyte integrin alpha subunit epitope that is Mg(2+)-dependent and may be used as a "reporter" of the activation state of these receptors (Dransfield, I., and N. Hogg. 1989. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ) J. 8:3759-3765; Dransfield, I., A.-M. Buckle, and N. Hogg. 1990. Immunol. Rev. 114:29-44; Dransfield, I., C. Cabañas, A. Craig, and N. Hogg. 1992. J. Cell Biol.) Data is presented to show that this mAb inhibits monocyte-dependent, antigen-specific T cell proliferation and IL-2-activated natural killer cell assays which are both dependent on lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), and complement receptor type 3 (CR3)-mediated neutrophil chemotaxis to f-Met-Leu-Phe. This inhibitory effect is not caused by the prevention of receptor/ligand binding because LFA-1/ICAM-1, LFA-1/ICAM-2,3 and CR3/iC3b interactions are, under activating conditions, promoted rather than blocked by mAb 24. As it does not interfere with mitogen-stimulated T cell proliferation, it is unlikely that mAb 24 transduces a "negative" or antiproliferative signal to the T cells to which it is bound. Using a model system of transient activation of LFA-1, we have found that mAb 24 prevents "deadhesion" of receptor/ligand pairs, possibly locking leukocyte integrins in an "active" conformation. It is speculated that inhibition of leukocyte integrin function by this mAb reflects the necessity for dynamic leukocyte integrin/ligand interactions.
The human gastrin precursor. Characterization of phosphorylated forms and fragments (1988)

There is a potential phosphorylation site in the C-terminal region of the precursor for the acid-stimulating hormone gastrin, which is immediately adjacent to an important cleavage point. In the present study we have sought to identify, separate, quantify and characterize phosphorylated and unphosphorylated forms of human progastrin and its fragments. Identification was made by two radioimmunoassays: (a) a novel assay employing an antibody raised to intact human progastrin; and (b) an assay using antibody reacting with the C-terminal tryptic fragment of human progastrin, as well as progastrin itself. Two forms of human progastrin isolated from a gastrinoma were separated by ion-exchange h.p.l.c., and had similar elution positions on reverse-phase h.p.l.c. and on gel filtration. The more acidic peptide contained close to equimolar amounts of phosphate. On trypsinization, peptides were released that co-eluted on ion-exchange h.p.l.c. with, and had the immunochemical properties of, naturally occurring C-terminal fragments of progastrin. One of the latter was isolated and shown by Edman degradation after derivatization with ethanethiol to have the sequence Ser (P)-Ala-Glu-Asp-Glu-Asn. Similar peptides occur in antral mucosa resected from ulcer patients. The unphosphorylated forms of progastrin predominated, whereas the phosphorylated forms of the C-terminal fragments were predominant. This distribution could be explained by preferential cleavage of phosphorylated progastrin. We conclude that in human progastrin, Ser-96 can occur in the phosphorylated form; this residue immediately follows a pair of basic residues (Arg-Arg) that are cleaved during synthesis of the biologically active product.
PLATELET MONOAMINE OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN ALCOHOLISM SUBTYPES: RELATIONSHIP TO PERSONALITY TRAITS AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS (2002)

The results support previous evidence suggesting that platelet MAO activity is a useful biochemical measure for the subtyping of alcoholics.
miRNA expression profiling of mycosis fungoides (2011)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNA species that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and are aberrantly expressed in many malignancies including lymphoma. However, the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of T-cell lymphoid malignancies is poorly understood. Previously we examined the miRNA profile of Sézary syndrome (Sz), a leukemia of skin-homing memory T cells. In this study we determined the complete miRNome of mycosis fungoides (MF), the most common type of cutaneous T cell lymphoma. The miRNA profile of skin biopsies from 19 patients with tumor stage MF and 12 patients with benign inflammatory dermatoses (eczema and lichen planus) were compared by microarray analysis. We identified 49 miRNAs that are differentially expressed in tumor stage MF compared to benign inflammatory dermatoses using ANOVA analysis (P < 0.05, Benjamini-Hochberg corrected). The majority of the differentially expressed miRNAs (30/49) were up-regulated in tumor stage MF. The most significant differentially expressed were miR-155 and miR-92a (both up-regulated in tumor stage MF), while miR-93 showed the highest up-regulation in tumor stage MF with a fold difference of 5.8. Differential expression of a selection of these miRNAs was validated by miRNA-Q-PCR on additional test groups (tumors and controls). None of the miRNAs up-regulated in tumor stage MF was previously shown to be up-regulated in Sz, and only 2 of the 19 miRNAs down-regulated in tumor stage MF were also down-regulated in Sz. Taken together this report is the first describing the miRNA signature of tumor stage MF.
Increased oxidative stress in dilated cardiomyopathic heart failure (1998)

In the present study, we assessed oxidative stress in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy of ischemic or idiopathic etiology. For this reason we measured whole blood reduced glutathione, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, susceptibility of erythrocyte membranes and erythrocytes to peroxidation, and SH content of erythrocyte membranes in 12 patients (8 men and 4 women, ages 31 to 66 years) with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, in 11 patients (8 men and 3 women, ages 32 to 65 years) with ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, and in 21 healthy volunteers (12 men and 9 women, ages 25 to 67 years). There was no statistically significant difference between the two patient groups for the indicators studied (P >0.05). Blood glutathione, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, and membrane SH content of both groups of patients was decreased compared with controls (P <0.05), whereas erythrocyte and membrane susceptibility to peroxidation were increased (P <0.05). We conclude that patients with idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy exhibit abnormalities of a range of markers of increased oxidative stress. These abnormalities may contribute to contractile dysfunction, increased incidence of fatal arrhythmias, and sudden death.
Ag nanowire formation within mesoporous silica (2000)

Uniform Ag nanowires have been synthesized within nanoscale channels of mesoporous silica SBA-15 by a simple chemical approach, which involves AgNO3 impregnation, followed by thermal decomposition.
Phase I/II Trial of Erlotinib and Temozolomide With Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma Multiforme: North Central Cancer Treatment Group Study N0177 (2008)

Although the primary end point was successfully met using nitrosourea-based (pre-TMZ) chemotherapy era historic controls, there was no sign of benefit compared with TMZ era controls. Analyses of molecular subsets did not reveal cohorts of patients sensitive to erlotinib. TMZ chemotherapy combined with RT resulted in improved outcomes compared with historical controls who received nitrosourea-based chemotherapies.
Toxicological and antiproliferative effects of N6-(delta2-isopentenyl) adenosine, a natural component of mammalian transfer RNA. (1970)

Summary N 6 -(Δ 2 -Isopentenyl)adenosine inhibited the growth of Ehrlich carcinoma ascites and leukemia L1210 but not that of Sarcoma 180, adenocarcinoma 755, and Walker 256 carcinosarcoma. Pancreatic atrophy, lymphoid depression, superficial gastric ulcers, and reduction of mitoses in intestinal crypts were seen in rats treated with the compound. In rats and dogs, the drug caused hepatotoxicity and granulocytosis. In rats, the granulocytosis was related to a release of mature granulocytes from the bone marrow without alteration of differentiation and proliferation rates of hematopoietic cells. Regeneration of liver after partial hepatectomy was also inhibited by the drug in rats. Hypotension was measured in dogs after single i.v. doses of the drug. Several of these effects were comparable to those caused by adenosine or some of its analogs.