gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inherently lower-power high-performance superscalar architectures (2001)

In recent years, reducing power has become an important design goal for high-performance microprocessors. This work attempts to bring the power issue to the earliest phases of microprocessor development, in particular, the stage of defining a chip microarchitecture. We investigate power-optimization techniques of superscalar microprocessors at the microarchitecture level that do not compromise performance. First, major targets for power reduction are identified within microarchitecture, where power is heavily consumed or will be heavily consumed in next-generation superscalar processors. Then, a new, energy-efficient version of a multicluster microarchitecture is developed that reduces energy the identified critical design points with minimal performance impact. A methodology is developed for energy-performance optimization at the microarchitecture level that generates, for a microarchitecture, a set of energy-efficient configurations, forming a convex hull in the power-performance space. Detailed simulation of the baseline and proposed multicluster architectures has been performed using the developed optimization methodology. A comparison of the two microarchitectures, both optimized for energy efficiency, shows that the multicluster architecture is potentially up to twice as energy efficient for wide issue processors, with an advantage that Grows with the issue width. Conversely, at the same power dissipation level, the multicluster architecture supports configurations with measurably higher performance than equivalent conventional designs.
Large mode area photonic crystal fibre (1998)

The authors report the realisation of a new design for a large mode area monomode optical fibre. This photonic crystal fibre will guide only a single mode, no matter how large the fibre diameter, provided the shape is kept constant. This is demonstrated with a fibre which has a core diameter equal to approximately 50 free-space wavelengths.
The NFKB Inducing Kinase Modulates Hematopoiesis During Stress (2015)

The genetic programs that maintain hematopoiesis during steady state in physiologic conditions are different from those activated during stress. Here, we show that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with deficiencies in components of the alternative NFκB pathway (the NFκB inducing kinase, NIK, and the downstream molecule NFκB2) had a defect in response to stressors such as supraphysiological doses of cytokines, chemotherapy, and hematopoietic transplantation. NIK-deficient mice had peripheral blood and bone marrow leukocyte numbers within normal ranges (except for the already reported defects in B-cell maturation); however, HSCs showed significantly slower expansion capacity in in vitro cultures compared to wild-type HSCs. This was due to a delayed cell cycle and increased apoptosis. In vivo experiments showed that NIK-deficient HSCs did not recover at the same pace as controls when challenged with myeloablative chemotherapy. Finally, NIK-deficient HSCs showed a significantly decreased competitive repopulation capacity in vivo. Using HSCs from mice deficient in one of two downstream targets of NIK, that is, either NFκB2 or c-Rel, only NFκB2 deficiency recapitulated the defects detected with NIK-deficient HSCs. Our results underscore the role of NIK and the alternative NFκB pathway for the recovery of normal levels of hematopoiesis after stress.
Cloning and DNA sequence analysis of the glucose oxidase gene from Aspergillus niger NRRL‐3 (1989)

A cDNA library from Aspergillus niger strain NRRL-3 enriched in sequences glucose oxidase was constructed. An 800 bp cDNA clone isolated from this library was used to screen 12,000 recombinant phages from an EMBL3 genomic library. A 15 kbp DNA segment isolated from this library contained the 1815 bp structural gene for glucose oxidase as well as a short 5'- and a longer 3'-noncoding region. The deduced protein sequence was verified by partial peptide sequencing.
Vitamin E treatment of tardive dyskinesia (1993)

These results support earlier findings of the efficacy of vitamin E in treating tardive dyskinesia.
Cell Interaction Microarray for Blood Phenotyping (2006)

Microarrays promise great advances in areas of diagnostic testing where there is a need to perform multiple assays in parallel. In the short term, protein microarrays have a greater potential to impact diagnostics than DNA arrays due to their potential for direct sample measurements. Here, we report an antibody microarray technique for selectively recognizing glycan and peptide motifs on the surface of red blood cells. We present results demonstrating the optimization and efficacy of the microarray approach as a highly sensitive and specific microscale multiplex assay for blood typing. We also show that our microarray can be used to screen red blood cell surface antigens using whole blood in a label-free detection mode. Finally, our results indicate this method has potential for broader applications in biochip medicine.
Abnormally High Expression of BAFF on T Lymphocytes from Lung Cancer-associated Pleural Effusions and Its Potent Anti-tumor Effect (2007)

In the present study, the expressions of B cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) and its receptors (BAFF-R and TACI) on T lymphocytes from malignant pleural effusion (MPE) were examined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, and compared with those on the T lymphocytes from non-malignant pleural effusion (NMPE) and healthy controls. It was found that CD3 positive T lymphocytes (including CD4, CD8, and part of CD25 and CD69 positive cells) of MPE in lung cancer highly and consistently expressed the BAFF molecule, while high expressions of BAFF could only be found in phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or interleukin 2 (IL-2) induced T lymphocytes from NMPE or healthy controls. These results were consistent with the results from BAFF mRNA detection by real-time PCR. In addition, T lymphocytes from MPE expressed significantly more BAFF-R than those from NMPE or healthy controls, while the expression of TACI was increased on CD4+ T cells but decreased on CD8+ T cells when compared with controls. The Annexin/PI assay suggested that recombinant human BAFF (rhBAFF) could promote the survival rate of T lymphocytes from MPE, while the decoy receptor TACI-Fc fusion protein could promote the apoptosis rate of T lymphocytes. Cytokines in the supernatant detected by ELISA assay showed that rhBAFF could significantly upregulate the secretion of IFN-gamma in vitro, and the IFN-gamma level in the TACI-Fc-treated group resembled that of the control groups. All of these results indicated that the abnormally high expression of BAFF on T lymphocytes from MPE may play a role of anti-tumor effect.
IL15 Trispecific Killer Engagers (TriKE) Make Natural Killer Cells Specific to CD33+ Targets While Also Inducing Persistence, In Vivo Expansion, and Enhanced Function (2016)

Off-the-shelf 161533 TriKE imparts antigen specificity and promotes in vivo persistence, activation, and survival of NK cells. These qualities are ideal for NK cell therapy of myeloid malignancies or targeting antigens of solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3440-50. ©2016 AACRSee related commentary by Talmadge, p. 3419.
Sorting of circulating tumor cells (MV3-melanoma) and red blood cells using non-inertial lift (2013)

We demonstrate the method of non-inertial lift induced cell sorting (NILICS), a continuous, passive, and label-free cell sorting approach in a simple single layer microfluidic device at low Reynolds number flow conditions. In the experiments, we exploit the non-inertial lift effect to sort circulating MV3-melanoma cells from red blood cell suspensions at different hematocrits as high as 9%. We analyze the separation process and the influence of hematocrit and volume flow rates. We achieve sorting efficiencies for MV3-cells up to EMV3 = 100% at Hct = 9% and demonstrate cell viability by recultivation of the sorted cells.
Procalcitonin reflects bacteremia and bacterial load in urosepsis syndrome: a prospective observational study (2010)

Abstract Introduction Guidelines recommend that two blood cultures be performed in patients with febrile urinary tract infection (UTI), to detect bacteremia and help diagnose urosepsis. The usefulness and cost-effectiveness of this practice have been criticized. This study aimed to evaluate clinical characteristics and the biomarker procalcitonin (PCT) as an aid in predicting bacteremia. Methods A prospective observational multicenter cohort study included consecutive adults with febrile UTI in 35 primary care units and 8 emergency departments of 7 regional hospitals. Clinical and microbiological data were collected and PCT and time to positivity (TTP) of blood culture were measured. Results Of 581 evaluable patients, 136 (23%) had bacteremia. The median age was 66 years (interquartile range 46 to 78 years) and 219 (38%) were male. We evaluated three different models: a clinical model including seven bed-side characteristics, the clinical model plus PCT, and a PCT only model. The diagnostic abilities of these models as reflected by area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic were 0.71 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66 to 0.76), 0.79 (95% CI: 0.75 to 0.83) and 0.73 (95% CI: 0.68 to 0.77) respectively. Calculating corresponding sensitivity and specificity for the presence of bacteremia after each step of adding a significant predictor in the model yielded that the PCT &gt; 0.25 μg/l only model had the best diagnostic performance (sensitivity 0.95; 95% CI: 0.89 to 0.98, specificity 0.50; 95% CI: 0.46 to 0.55). Using PCT as a single decision tool, this would result in 40% fewer blood cultures being taken, while still identifying 94 to 99% of patients with bacteremia. The TTP of E. coli positive blood cultures was linearly correlated with the PCT log value; the higher the PCT the shorter the TTP (R 2 = 0.278, P = 0.007). Conclusions PCT accurately predicts the presence of bacteremia and bacterial load in patients with febrile UTI. This may be a helpful biomarker to limit use of blood culture resources.
The Oligodendroglial Lineage Marker OLIG2 Is Universally Expressed in Diffuse Gliomas (2004)

Astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and oligoastrocytomas, collectively referred to as diffuse gliomas, are the most common primary brain tumors. These tumors are classified by histologic similarity to differentiated astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, but this approach has major limitations in guiding modern treatment and research. Lineage markers represent a potentially useful adjunct to morphologic classification. The murine bHLH transcription factors Olig1 and Olig2 are expressed in neural progenitors and oligodendroglia and are essential for oligodendrocyte development. High OLIG expression alone has been proposed to distinguish oligodendrogliomas from astrocytomas, so we critically evaluated OLIG2 as a marker by immunohistochemical and oligonucleotide microarray analysis. OLIG2 protein is faithfully restricted to normal oligodendroglia and their progenitors in human brain. Immunohistochemical analysis of 180 primary, metastatic, and non-neural human tumors shows OLIG2 is highly expressed in all diffuse gliomas. Immunohistochemistry and microarray analyses demonstrate higher OLIG2 in anaplastic oligodendrogliomas versus glioblastomas, which are heterogeneous with respect to OLIG2 levels. OLIG2 protein expression is present but inconsistent and generally lower in most other brain tumors and is absent in non-neuroectodermal tumors. Overall, OLIG2 is a useful marker of diffuse gliomas as a class. However, expression heterogeneity of OLIG2 in astrocytomas precludes immunohistochemical classification of individual gliomas by OLIG2 alone.
National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Panel statement: Management of hepatitis C (1997)

The objective of this article is to provide health care providers, patients, and the general public with a responsible assessment of current available methods to diagnose, treat, and manage hepatitis C. A non-Federal, non-advocate, 12-member panel representing the fields of general internal medicine, hepatology, gastroenterology, infectious diseases, medical ethics, transfusion medicine, epidemiology, biostatistics, and the public participated. In addition, 25 experts from these same fields presented data to the panel and a conference audience of 1,600. The literature was searched through Medline, and an extensive bibliography of references was provided to the panel and the conference audience. Experts prepared abstracts with relevant citations from the literature. Scientific evidence was given precedence over clinical anecdotal experience. The panel, answering predefined questions, developed their conclusions based on the scientific evidence presented in open forum and the scientific literature. The panel composed a draft statement that was read in its entirety and circulated to the experts and the audience for comment. Thereafter, the panel resolved conflicting recommendations and released a revised statement at the end of the conference. The panel finalized the revisions within a few weeks after conference. Hepatitis C is a common infection with variable course that can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The course of illness may be adversely affected by various factors, especially alcohol consumption. Therefore, more than one drink per day is strongly discouraged in patients with hepatitis C, and abstinence from alcohol is recommended. Initial therapy with interferon alfa (or equivalent) should be 3 million units three times per week for 12 months. Patients not responding to therapy after 3 months should not receive further treatment with interferon alone, but should be considered for combination therapy of interferon and ribavirin or for enrollment in investigational studies. Individuals infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) should not donate blood, organs, tissues, or semen. Safe sexual practices, including the use of latex condoms, is strongly encouraged for individuals with multiple sexual partners. Expansion of needle exchange programs should be considered in an effort to reduce the rate of transmission of hepatitis C among injection drug users.
Seeding of Vascular Grafts With Genetically Modified Endothelial Cells (1996)

Increased TPA expression significantly decreases seeded EC adherence in vitro and in vivo. Gene therapy strategies for decreasing graft thrombosis may require expression of antithrombotic molecules that lack proteolytic activity.
Virtual photons in magnetic resonance (2010)

Abstract Magnetic resonance often relies on a semi‐classical picture in which the spin particles are submitted to quantum theory and the electromagnetic field is treated as a classical field. Although in many applications there are very good reasons to work within this theoretical framework, it appears worthwhile either for educational purposes, or for studies in magnetic resonance with microscopically small samples or very weak rf fields as well as for other applications that may seem exotic today, to ask how to gain a unified view when comparing the concepts and methods of quantum electrodynamics (QED) with those of classical electrodynamics commonly used in magnetic resonance. The present article attempts to develop such a unified view for electromagnetic interactions in magnetic resonance by focusing on the concept of virtual photon exchange based on the Feynman propagator technique and by exploring the cross links between basic aspects of “semi‐classical magnetic resonance” and the same basic aspects of magnetic resonance as seen through the frame of QED. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 36A: 266–339, 2010.
Joint probabilistic techniques for tracking multi-part objects (2002)

Common objects such as people and cars comprise many visual parts and attributes, yet image-based tracking algorithms are often keyed to only one of a target's identifying characteristics. In this paper, we present a framework for combining and sharing information among several state estimation processes operating on the same underlying visual object. Well-known techniques for joint probabilistic data association are adapted to yield increased robustness when multiple trackers attuned to disparate visual cues are deployed simultaneously. We also formulate a measure of tracker confidence, based on distinctiveness and occlusion probability, which permits the deactivation of trackers before erroneous state estimates adversely affect the ensemble. We discuss experiments focusing on color-region- and snake-based tracking that demonstrate the efficacy of this approach.
Fibronectin of human liver sinusoids binds hepatitis B virus: identification by an anti-idiotypic antibody bearing the internal image of the pre-S2 domain (1995)

Anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-Ids) have been successfully used to characterize and isolate receptors of several cell ligands. To prepare an immunological probe for identification of cellular components interacting with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), polyclonal antisera against a panel of five HBV-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced in syngeneic BALB/c mice. MAbs to HBV used for immunization (Ab1) recognized biologically important and potentially neutralizing epitopes, located in the pre-S1, pre-S2, or S region-encoded domains of HBV proteins. All the anti-Ids (Ab2) were specific to idiotopes of the homologous Ab1 and inhibited their interaction with the corresponding viral epitopes, suggesting that they recognized unique determinants on the paratope of each immunizing Ab1. Therefore, all five generated polyclonal anti-Ids were of the Ab2 beta type and could represent internal images of viral epitopes. Ab2 raised against the pre-S2 region-specific MAb F124 bound to the extracellular matrix fibronectin of human liver sinusoids. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the attachment of viral and recombinant (S, M) hepatitis B surface antigen particles with the pre-S2 region-encoded epitopes to the fibronectin of human liver sinusoids. In contrast, recombinant (S, L*) hepatitis B surface antigen particles, in which the epitope recognized by F124 MAb was not expressed, did not show any binding capacity. These findings suggest that human liver fibronectin may bind HBV in vivo by the pre-S2 region-encoded epitopes in a species-restricted manner. Furthermore, binding of the circulating virus to liver sinusoids could facilitate its subsequent uptake by hepatocytes.
Which Measure of Inflammation to Use? A Comparison of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and C-Reactive Protein Measurements from Randomized Clinical Trials of Golimumab in Rheumatoid Arthritis (2009)

It is not necessary to obtain both ESR and CRP measures for clinical disease activity assessment in clinical trials of RA. Neither test adds significantly to clinical measures of disease activity including joint counts and global assessments. Where available, the CRP alone may be preferred for disease activity assessment as a simple, validated, reproducible, non age-dependent test.
Births: final data for 2013. (2015)

A total of 3,932,181 births were registered in the United States in 2013, down less than 1% from 2012. The general fertility rate declined to 62.5 per 1,000 women aged 15-44. The teen birth rate fell 10%, to 26.5 per 1,000 women aged 15-19. Birth rates declined for women in their 20s and increased for most age groups of women aged 30 and over. The total fertility rate (estimated number of births over a woman's lifetime) declined 1% to 1,857.5 per 1,000 women. Measures of unmarried childbearing were down in 2013 from 2012. The cesarean delivery rate declined to 32.7%. The preterm birth rate declined for the seventh straight year to 11.39%, but the low birthweight rate was essentially unchanged at 8.02%. The twin birth rate rose 2% to 33.7 per 1,000 births; the triplet and higher-order multiple birth rate dropped 4% to 119.5 per 100,000 total births.
Acetylcholinesterase Complexed with Bivalent Ligands Related to Huperzine A:  Experimental Evidence for Species-Dependent Protein−Ligand Complementarity (2002)

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors improve the cognitive abilities of Alzheimer patients. (-)-Huperzine A [(-)-HupA], an alkaloid isolated from the club moss, Huperzia serrata, is one such inhibitor, but the search for more potent and selective drugs continues. Recently, alkylene-linked dimers of 5-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolinone (hupyridone, 1a), a fragment of HupA, were shown to serve as more potent inhibitors of AChE than (-)-HupA and monomeric 1a. We soaked two such dimers, (S,S)-(-)-bis(10)-hupyridone [(S,S)-(-)-2a] and (S,S)-(-)-bis(12)-hupyridone [(S,S)-(-)-2b] containing, respectively, 10 and 12 methylenes in the spacer, into trigonal TcAChE crystals, and solved the X-ray structures of the resulting complexes using the difference Fourier technique, both to 2.15 A resolution. The structures revealed one HupA-like 1a unit bound to the "anionic" subsite of the active-site, near the bottom of the active-site gorge, adjacent to Trp84, as seen for the TcAChE/(-)-HupA complex, and the second 1a unit near Trp279 in the "peripheral" anionic site at the top of the gorge, both bivalent molecules thus spanning the active-site gorge. The results confirm that the increased affinity of the dimeric HupA analogues for AChE is conferred by binding to the two "anionic" sites of the enzyme. Inhibition data show that (-)-2a binds to TcAChE approximately 6-7- and > 170-fold more tightly than (-)-2b and (-)-HupA, respectively. In contrast, previous data for rat AChE show that (-)-2b binds approximately 3- and approximately 2-fold more tightly than (-)-2a and (-)-HupA, respectively. Structural comparison of TcAChE with rat AChE, as represented by the closely related mouse AChE structure (1maa.pdb), reveals a narrower gorge for rat AChE, a perpendicular alignment of the Tyr337 ring to the gorge axis, and its conformational rigidity, as a result of hydrogen bonding between its hydroxyl group and that of Tyr341, relative to TcAChE Phe330. These structural differences in the active-site gorge explain the switch in inhibitory potency of (-)-2a and 2b and the larger dimer/(-)-HupA potency ratios observed for TcAChE relative to rat AChE. The results offer new insights into factors affecting protein-ligand complementarity within the gorge and should assist the further development of improved AChE inhibitors.
Self-consistent molecular orbital methods. XXIII. A polarization-type basis set for second-row elements (1982)

The 6-31G* and 6-31G** basis sets previously introduced for first-row atoms have been extended through the second-row of the periodic table. Equilibrium geometries for one-heavy-atom hydrides calculated for the two-basis sets and using Hartree–Fock wave functions are in good agreement both with each other and with the experimental data. HF/6-31G* structures, obtained for two-heavy-atom hydrides and for a variety of hypervalent second-row molecules, are also in excellent accord with experimental equilibrium geometries. No large deviations between calculated and experimental single bond lengths have been noted, in contrast to previous work on analogous first-row compounds, where limiting Hartree–Fock distances were in error by up to a tenth of an angstrom. Equilibrium geometries calculated at the HF/6-31G level are consistently in better agreement with the experimental data than are those previously obtained using the simple split-valance 3-21G basis set for both normal- and hypervalent compounds. Normal-mode vibrational frequencies derived from 6-31G* level calculations are consistently larger than the corresponding experimental values, typically by 10%–15%; they are of much more uniform quality than those obtained from the 3-21G basis set. Hydrogenation energies calculated for normal- and hypervalent compounds are in moderate accord with experimental data, although in some instances large errors appear. Calculated energies relating to the stabilities of single and multiple bonds are in much better accord with the experimental energy differences.