gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals of Semiconductor Electrochemistry and Photoelectrochemistry (2007)

The sections in this article are


Introduction and Scope
Electron Energy Levels in Semiconductors and Energy Band Model
The Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interface at Equilibrium
The Equilibration Process
The Depletion Layer
Mapping of the Semiconductor Band-edge Positions Relative to Solution Redox Levels
Surface States and Other Complications


Charge Transfer Processes in the Dark
Current-potential Behavior
Dark Processes Mediated by Surface States or by Space Charge Layer Recombination
Rate-limiting Steps in Charge Transfer Processes in the Dark


Light Absorption by the Semiconductor Electrode and Carrier Collection
Light Absorption and Carrier Generation
Carrier Collection
Photocurrent-potential Behavior
Dynamics of Photoinduced Charge Transfer
Hot Carrier Transfer


Multielectron Photoprocesses
Nanocrystalline Semiconductor Films and Size Quantization
Introductory Remarks
The Nanocrystalline Film–Electrolyte Interface and Charge Storage Behavior in the Dark
Photoexcitation and Carrier Collection: Steady State Behavior
Photoexcitation and Carrier Collection: Dynamic Behavior
Size Quantization


Chemically Modified Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interfaces
Single Crystals
Nanocrystalline Semiconductor Films and Composites


Types of Photoelectrochemical Devices
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Nanofluids Used for Heat Dissipation in Hybrid Green Energy Systems (2014)

This study was conducted to characterize carbon nanotube (CNT)/water nanofluids (CNWNFs) and to apply the nanofluids in a heat‐dissipation system of dual green energy sources. CNTs were mixed with water in weight fractions of 0.125%, 0.25%, and 0.5% to produce nanofluids. The thermal conductivity, density, viscosity, and specific heat of the nanofluids were measured. An experimental platform consisting of a simulated dual energy source and a microchip controller was established to evaluate the heat‐dissipation performance. Two indices, the heat dissipation enhancement ratio and specific heat dissipation enhancement ratio (SHDER), were defined and calculated. The CNWNFs with a CNT concentration of 0.125 wt.% were used because they exhibited the highest SHDER. The steady‐state performance was evaluated at 2 flow rates, 11 hybrid flow ratios, and 3 heating ratios for a total power of 1000 W. The transient behavior of the energy sources at preset optimal temperatures was examined, and the CNWNFs exhibited average increases in stability and heat dissipation efficiency of 36.2% and 5%, respectively, compared with water. This nanofluid heat‐dissipation system is expected to be integrated with real dual energy sources in the near future.
Protein Misfolding, Functional Amyloid, and Human Disease (2006)

Peptides or proteins convert under some conditions from their soluble forms into highly ordered fibrillar aggregates. Such transitions can give rise to pathological conditions ranging from neurodegenerative disorders to systemic amyloidoses. In this review, we identify the diseases known to be associated with formation of fibrillar aggregates and the specific peptides and proteins involved in each case. We describe, in addition, that living organisms can take advantage of the inherent ability of proteins to form such structures to generate novel and diverse biological functions. We review recent advances toward the elucidation of the structures of amyloid fibrils and the mechanisms of their formation at a molecular level. Finally, we discuss the relative importance of the common main-chain and side-chain interactions in determining the propensities of proteins to aggregate and describe some of the evidence that the oligomeric fibril precursors are the primary origins of pathological behavior.
Synthesis, spectral characterisation and antimicrobial activity of new disazo dyes derived from heterocyclic coupling components (2008)

Two series of new disazo dyes were prepared by diazotising 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylsulphonamide and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylurea and coupling with 3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐pyrazoline‐5‐one, 2‐methylindole, 8‐hydroxyquinoline, 2‐phenylindole, 1‐methyl‐2‐phenylindole, 3‐amino‐1‐phenyl‐pyrazoline‐5‐one. These dyes were characterised by ultraviolet–visible, Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques and elemental analysis. The spectral characterisation of the dyes was evaluated with respect to visible absorption properties in various solvents. The effects of acid and base on the visible absorption maxima of the dyes were also reported. In addition, the antimicrobial effect of the dyes was evaluated.
Interferon-α-induced Expression of Phospholipid Scramblase 1 through STAT1 Requires the Sequential Activation of Protein Kinase Cδ and JNK (2005)

Phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1), a calcium-binding protein that either inserts into the plasma membrane or binds to genomic DNA in the nucleus, has been shown to contribute to the cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis as well as antiviral activity of interferon (IFN). The expression of PLSCR1 protein is also known to be markedly increased in response to IFN and to some differentiation inducing agents such as all-trans retinoic acid, but the precise mechanisms of this response remain to be investigated. In this study, we show that the protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta)-specific inhibitor rottlerin and the dominant negative mutant of PKCdelta significantly antagonized IFN-induced PLSCR1 expression. The influence of PKCdelta on IFN-mediated induction of PLSCR1 was dependent upon the phosphorylation of STAT1 at Ser-727. Furthermore, PKCdelta-mediated activation of STAT1 required the activation of JNK, as the inhibition of JNK activity by its specific inhibitor or transfection of its dominant negative mutant suppressed both serine phosphorylation of STAT1 and PLSCR1 expression but not the activation of PKCdelta. In conclusion, our results suggest that the induction of PLSCR1 transcription through STAT1 depends upon sequential activation of PKCdelta and JNK.
Changes in liver lipids after administration of 2‐decanoylamino‐3‐morpholinopropiophenone and chlorpromazine (1982)

Abstract The enzyme which forms glucocerebroside, ceramide: UDP‐glucose glucosyltransferase, is inactivated in vitro by a cationic analog of cerebroside, 2‐decanoylamino‐3‐morpholinopropiophenone. A study of the inhibitor using intraperitoneal injection into young mice showed that the level of the enzyme activity in liver was appreciably lowered between 3 and 6 hr after injection. The activity increased subsequently, overshooting the normal level within 24 hr by about 20%, then returning to normal within the next 24 hr. Additional effects observed in liver were an increase in lipid content (primarily in the triglyceride fraction and ceramides) and a decrease in the glucocerebroside level. Body temperature dropped rapidly. Markedly similar effects were produced by injecting chlorpromazine, which was tried in order to reduce the hyperirritability and inhibitory effects on monoamine oxidase previously demonstrated by the glucosyltransferase inhibitor. Chlorpromazine did indeed block the hyperirritability and resulted in enhancement of the keto amine's effects on the enzyme and lipids. It is possible that the two drugs in combination would be helpful in ameliorating the symptoms due to the cerebroside accumulation that occurs in Gaucher disease. Diazepam also produced a reduced level of glucosyltransferase. A color reaction for chlorpromazine, possibly suitable for quantitative determination in tissues, was accidentally discovered.
Comparison of the Antithrombotic Effect of PEG-Hirudin and Heparin in a Human Ex Vivo Model of Arterial Thrombosis (1999)

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-hirudin is a derivative of hirudin with a long plasma half-life. We have compared the efficacy of PEG-hirudin with unfractionated heparin (UH) in preventing arterial thrombosis. Arterial thrombus formation was induced ex vivo in 12 healthy human volunteers by exposing a tissue factor-coated coverslip positioned in a parallel-plate perfusion chamber to flowing nonanticoagulated human blood drawn directly from an antecubital vein at an arterial wall shear rate of 2600 s-1 for 3.5 minutes. PEG-hirudin, UH, or saline (as control) were administered ex vivo through a heparin-coated mixing device positioned proximal to the perfusion chamber. Platelet and fibrin deposition was quantified by immunoenzymatic measure of the P-selectin and D-dimer content of dissolved plasmin-digested thrombi, respectively. UH was administered to a plasma concentration of 0.35 IU/mL. This concentration prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time from 32+/-1 seconds to 79+/-4 seconds (P<0.01). UH did not significantly prevent platelet deposition. However, fibrin deposition was reduced by 39% (P<0.05). PEG-hirudin in plasma concentrations of 0.5, 2.5, and 5 microg/mL prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time to 48+/-2, 87+/-4, and 118+/-4 seconds, respectively. In contrast to UH, PEG-hirudin prevented both platelet and fibrin deposition in a dose-dependent manner with a >80% reduction at 5 microg/mL (P<0.01). Furthermore, the plasma level of PEG-hirudin required to significantly prevent fibrin deposition (0.5 microg/mL) corresponded to a much shorter prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (48+/-2 seconds) than that needed for UH (79+/-4 seconds). Thus, our results are compatible with the view that thrombin is greatly involved in recruitment of platelets in evolving thrombi, and that PEG-hirudin is an effective agent for preventing arterial thrombosis in a human ex vivo experimental model.
IgV gene intraclonal diversification and clonal evolution in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (2006)

Intraclonal diversification of immunoglobulin (Ig) variable (V) genes was evaluated in leukaemic cells from a B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) case over a 2-year period at four time points. Intraclonal heterogeneity was analysed by sequencing 305 molecular clones derived from polymerase chain reaction amplification of B-CLL cell IgV heavy (H) and light (C) chain gene rearrangements. Sequences were compared with evaluating intraclonal variation and the nature of somatic mutations. Although IgV intraclonal variation was detected at all time points, its level decreased with time and a parallel emergence of two more represented V(H)DJ(H) clones was observed. They differed by nine nucleotide substitutions one of which only caused a conservative replacement aminoacid change. In addition, one V(L)J(L) rearrangement became more represented over time. Analyses of somatic mutations suggest antigen selection and impairment of negative selection of neoplastic cells. In addition, a genealogical tree representing a model of clonal evolution of the neoplastic cells was created. It is of note that, during the period of study, the patient showed clinical progression of disease. We conclude that antigen stimulation and somatic hypermutation may participate in disease progression through the selection and expansion of neoplastic subclone(s).
Rendering time estimation for real-time rendering (2003)

This paper addresses the problem of estimating the rendering time for a real-time simulation. We study different factors that contribute to the rendering time in order to develop a framework for rendering time estimation. Given a viewpoint (or view cell) and a list of potentially visible objects, we propose several algorithms that can give reasonable upper limits for the rendering time on consumer hardware. This paper also discusses several implementation issues and design choices that are necessary to make the rendering time predictable. Finally, we lay out two extensions to current rendering hardware which would allow implementing a system with constant frame rates.
Up-regulation of αEβ7, a novel integrin adhesion molecule, on T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients with specific epithelial involvement (1998)

Expression and adhesion of alphaEbeta7 on activated PBL was significantly increased in patients with SLE with epithelial involvement. This suggests a role of this novel integrin in tissue-specific retention of activated PBL, due to increased alphaEbeta7-E-cadherin interaction, which may contribute to epithelial inflammation.
On Using Monolingual Corpora in Neural Machine Translation (2015)

Recent work on end-to-end neural network-based architectures for machine translation has shown promising results for En-Fr and En-De translation. Arguably, one of the major factors behind this success has been the availability of high quality parallel corpora. In this work, we investigate how to leverage abundant monolingual corpora for neural machine translation. Compared to a phrase-based and hierarchical baseline, we obtain up to $1.96$ BLEU improvement on the low-resource language pair Turkish-English, and $1.59$ BLEU on the focused domain task of Chinese-English chat messages. While our method was initially targeted toward such tasks with less parallel data, we show that it also extends to high resource languages such as Cs-En and De-En where we obtain an improvement of $0.39$ and $0.47$ BLEU scores over the neural machine translation baselines, respectively.
Minimal molecular requirements for reactivity of tumor cells with T cells. (1980)

We have investigated the minimal molecular requirements for T cell recognition of a previously described myeloma tumor (MOPC-315-EL), which reversibly alters its reactivity with T cells. Enucleation of MOPC-315 cells, either sensitive or resistant to reaction with T cells, did not alter the ability of the resulting cytoplasts to elicit or serve as targets for anti-H-2 or anti-Sendai viral cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), despite the fact that there were no detectable differences in serologically defined H-2 or viral antigens on their surface. Likewise, when plasma membranes isolated from sensitive or resistant cells were tested for their ability to elicit anti-H-2 CTL, they retained the phenotype of the cells from which they were isolated. However, solubilized and partially purified H-2 antigens from both sensitive and resistant cells were able to elicit H-2-restricted anti-Sendai virus CTL when incorporated into liposomes with purified viral glycoproteins, and anti-H-2 CTL when incorporated alone into liposomes. These results suggest that a cellular surface component(s) exists that is probably not an H-2K or H-2D gene product and is responsible for the reversible variation in the reactivity of the tumor cells with T cells.
Application of adaptive feedback loop for ultra-violet femtosecond pulse shaper control (2006)

We apply an adaptive feedback loop to control a ultra-violet (UV) femtosecond pulse shaping apparatus. The adaptive feedback control is implemented by a continuous parameter genetic algorithm. We use the adaptive shaper to compensate for the pulse chirp. The genetic algorithm produces a pulse with a width of 115 fs, identical to that of the transformlimited pulse. We then apply the adaptive shaper to the Stokes pulse in a femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) experiment on dipicolinic acid solution. The algorithm maximizes the first CARS beat signal at the probe pulse delay of 650 fs. We confirm that a transformlimited Stokes pulse achieves the best detection sensitivity.
Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis of Klebsiella pneumoniae To Identify Genes That Influence Biofilm Formation on Extracellular Matrix Material (2006)

Klebsiella pneumoniae causes urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, and septicemia in susceptible individuals. Strains of Klebsiella frequently produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, and infections with these strains can lead to relatively high mortality rates (approximately 15%). Other virulence factors include production of an antiphagocytic capsule and outer membrane lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which mediates serum resistance, as well as fimbriae on the surface of the bacteria. Type 1 fimbriae mediate adherence to many types of epithelial cells and may facilitate adherence of the bacteria to the bladder epithelium. Type 3 fimbriae can bind in vitro to the extracellular matrix of urinary and respiratory tissues, suggesting that they mediate binding to damaged epithelial surfaces. In addition, type 3 fimbriae are required for biofilm formation by Klebsiella pneumoniae on plastics and human extracellular matrix; thus, they may facilitate the formation of treatment-resistant biofilm on indwelling plastic devices, such as catheters and endotracheal tubing. The presence of these devices may cause tissue damage, allowing Klebsiella to grow as a biofilm on exposed tissue basement membrane components. Though in vivo biofilm growth may be an important step in the infection process, little is known about the genetic factors required for biofilm formation by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Thus, we performed signature-tagged mutagenesis to identify factors produced by K. pneumoniae strain 43816 that are required for biofilm formation. We identified mutations in the cps capsule gene cluster, previously unidentified transcriptional regulators, fimbrial, and sugar phosphotransferase homologues, as well as genetic loci of unknown function, that affect biofilm formation.
Treat-to-Target Insulin Titration Algorithms When Initiating Long or Intermediate Acting Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes (2007)

Background: Until recently, titration of insulin in type 2 diabetes clinical trials was typically left up to the investigator's discretion with a simple statement of the target ranges for glucose. In type 2 diabetes trials the average glycemic control achieved was usually less than desirable. Since then a number of trials have been conducted and reported utilizing various algorithms under various conditions. The objective of this article is to provide a review of the evidence to date. Methods: In addition to studies already identified through work in the area, the literature was searched using PubMed with the search words “insulin and titration” and subsequently “insulin and algorithm” from which studies starting insulin therapy using insulin titration algorithms in type 2 diabetes were selected. Results: The different algorithms and achieved results for glycemic control and hypoglycemia, as well as factors appearing to impact the results, are reviewed. Conclusion: The recent introduction of rigorously implemented insulin titration algorithms when adding on basal insulin to oral drugs in inadequately treated type 2 diabetes patients has led to better average glycemic control with little risk of severe hypoglycemia, as long as the morning fasting plasma glucose target is not lower than 100 mg/dl. Insulin titration algorithms have undergone and continue evolution in the direction of increased patient control.
Medical applications of electroporation (2000)

In vivo electroporation, first reported in 1987, makes it possible to render cell membranes temporarily permeable to substances that otherwise would not be able to effectively enter the cell interior. Micro- or millisecond pulses of electrical field strengths exceeding the natural cellular transmembrane potential difference of approximately I V results in permeabilization ("poration") of cell membranes. This phenomenon opens up numerous applications in the medical field. Electroporative delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs into tumor cells has proven successful in clinical studies to treat malignant tumors and is nearing market Introduction in Europe. For gene therapy applications, delivery of DNA by electroporation into a variety of tissues has been shown to consistently result in a 100-1000-fold enhancement of gene expression. Other applications of electroporation discussed in this paper include intravascular delivery of drugs and genes with electroporation catheters, electroinsertion of molecules into membranes, intraocular delivery of drugs and genes, and transdermal drug delivery. The use of electroporation for drug and gene delivery in vivo is clearly gaining momentum, and new medical applications are emerging at an increasing rate.
Synthesis of Functionalized Olefins by Cross and Ring-Closing Metatheses (2000)

The generation of olefins with electron-withdrawing functionality, such as α,β-unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, and esters, remains a difficult task in organic chemistry. A practical method to approach this problem would involve olefin metathesis, utilizing well-defined alkylidenes such as ((CF_3)_2MeCO)_2(ArN)Mo CH(t-Bu) (1) and (Pcy_3)_2Cl_2Ru CHPh (2). However, the generation of olefins with vinylic functionality through the use of cross-metathesis (CM) has met with limited success. In one of the few reports of this reaction, Crowe and Goldberg demonstrated that acrylonitrile participated in cross-metathesis reactions with a variety of terminal olefins. Other π-conjugated olefins, such as enones and enoic esters, were not functional group compatible with alkylidene 1 and failed to react with 2 in cross-metathesis. Recently, the highly active ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalyst 3, which contains a 1,3-dimesityl-4,5-dihydro-imidazol-2-ylidene ligand, was found to efficiently catalyze the cross-metathesis of 1,1-geminally disubstituted olefins.7 Because ruthenium alkylidene 3 displayed unique activity toward previously metathesis-inactive substrates, we decided to investigate the metathesis of α-functionalized olefins. In this communication, we report the single-step synthesis of α-functionalized olefins by intermolecular cross-metathesis and intramolecular ring-closing metathesis using ruthenium alkylidene 3.
A machine learning approach to TCP throughput prediction (2007)

TCP throughput prediction is an important capability in wide area overlay and multi-homed networks where multiple paths may exist between data sources and receivers. In this paper we describe a new, lightweight method for TCP throughput prediction that can generate accurate forecasts for a broad range of file sizes and path conditions. Our method is based on Support Vector Regression modeling that uses a combination of prior file transfers and measurements of simple path properties. We calibrate and evaluate the capabilities of our throughput predictor in an extensive set of lab-based experiments where ground truth can be established for path properties using highly accurate passive measurements. We report the performance for our method in the ideal case of using our passive path property measurements over a range of test configurations. Our results show that for bulk transfers in heavy traffic, TCP throughput is predicted within 10% of the actual value 87% of the time, representing nearly a 3-fold improvement in accuracy over prior history-based methods. In the same lab environment, we assess our method using less accurate active probe measurements of path properties, and show that predictions can be made within 10% of the actual value nearly 50% of the time over a range of file sizes and traffic conditions. This result represents approximately a 60% improvement over history-based methods with a much lower impact on end-to-end paths. Finally, we implement our predictor in a tool called PathPerf and test it in experiments conducted on wide area paths. The results demonstrate that PathPerf predicts TCP through put accurately over a variety of paths.