gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amyloid Fibril Toxicity in Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetesa (1996)

Several lines of evidence suggest that amyloid deposition in the brain contributes to neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the AD brain, diffuse plaques composed mostly of amorphous beta amyloid (Am-beta A) are inert, whereas compact plaques composed of beta amyloid fibrils (Fib-beta A) are associated with neurodegenerative changes. The effects of these two types of amyloid were tested on primary rat hippocampal neurons. Fib-beta A induced the formation of dystrophic neurites and caused neuronal cell death, whereas Am-beta A was not toxic. In addition, Fib-beta A caused synapse loss in the remaining viable neurons, whereas Am-beta A did not significantly affect synapse number. We also examined the effects of amylin, the primary constituent of the amyloid fibrils that form in the pancreas in adult-onset diabetes. Amylin was toxic to rat and human insulin-producing islet cells in the concentration range of fibril formation. The relative toxic potencies of amylin peptides of different species correlated with their fibril-forming capacity. Soluble amylin was not toxic. The amyloid fibril-binding dye Congo red inhibited the toxicity of both beta A and amylin. Congo red afforded protection against toxicity by a dual mechanism. When present during the phase of fibril polymerization, Congo red could inhibit fibril formation from some peptides. When added to preformed fibrils, Congo red bound to fibrils rendering them nontoxic. These results suggest that fibril formation is necessary for both beta A and amylin toxicity. Congo red appears to be a general inhibitor of amyloid fibril toxicity and may therefore be a useful prototype for drugs targeted to the amyloid pathology of AD and adult-onset diabetes.
Prophylactic Ibuprofen for the Prevention of Intraventricular Hemorrhage Among Preterm Infants: A Multicenter, Randomized Study (2005)

Our study demonstrated that prophylactic ibuprofen is ineffective in preventing grade 2 to 4 IVH and that its use for this indication cannot be recommended.
Novel Cyclopentadienyl Tricarbonyl Complexes of 99mTc Mimicking Chalcone as Potential Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging Probes for β-Amyloid Plaques in Brain (2012)

Rhenium and technetium-99m cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl complexes mimicking the chalcone structure were prepared. These complexes were proved to have affinity to β-amyloid (Aβ) in fluorescent staining on brain sections of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patient and binding assay using Aβ(1-42) aggregates, with K(i) values ranging from 899 to 108 nM as the extension of conjugated π system. In vitro autoradiograpy on sections of transgenic mouse brain confirmed the affinity of [(99m)Tc]5 (K(i) = 108 nM). In biodistribution, all compounds showed good initial uptakes into the brain and fast blood clearance, while the decreasing of initial brain uptakes correspond to increasing of conjugation length, from 4.10 ± 0.38% ID/g ([(99m)Tc]3) to 1.11 ± 0.34% ID/g ([(99m)Tc]5). These small technetium-99m complexes (<500 Da) designed by an integrated approach provide encouraging evidence that development of a promising (99m)Tc-labeled agent for imaging Aβ plaques in the brain may be feasible.
The Discrepancy Between Self-Reported Smoking Status and Urine Cotinine Levels Among Women Enrolled in Prenatal Care at Four Publicly Funded Clinical Sites (2003)

The discrepancy between self-reported smoking behavior and actual urine cotinine values among prenatal patients at four municipally operated clinical sites was examined. Face-to-face interview and birth certificate information about smoking behavior during pregnancy was compared with laboratory urine cotinine values for 74 patients. Almost three of every four (73%) self-reported nonsmokers had continine values greater than 80 ng/mL; one-half (48%) had values exceeding 100 ng/mL. Self-reported prenatal smoking behavior seems to be an unreliable indicator of actual smoking status among low-income prenatal patients, resulting in missed opportunities to lower tobacco-related exposure/risk among women with the poorest birth outcomes.
Azide-alkyne "click" reaction performed on oligonucleotides with the universal nucleoside 7-octadiynyl-7-deaza-2'-deoxyinosine (2008)

Oligonucleotides containing 7-substituted 7-deaza-2'- deoxyinosine derivatives bearing alkynyl groups were prepared. The octa-1,7-diynyl derivative was functionalized with the non-fluorescent 3- azidocoumarin by the Huisgen-Sharpless-Meldal cycloaddition to afford a highly fluorescent oligonucleotide conjugate. The ambiguous base pairing character and the clickable side chain allows the incorporation of almost any reporter molecule to DNA.
How effective and efficient are multiobjective evolutionary algorithms at hydrologic model calibration? (2006)

Abstract. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of state-of-the-art evolutionary multiobjective optimization (EMO) tools' relative effectiveness in calibrating hydrologic models. The relative computational efficiency, accuracy, and ease-of-use of the following EMO algorithms are tested: Epsilon Dominance Nondominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm-II (ε-NSGAII), the Multiobjective Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis algorithm (MOSCEM-UA), and the Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2). This study uses three test cases to compare the algorithms' performances: (1) a standardized test function suite from the computer science literature, (2) a benchmark hydrologic calibration test case for the Leaf River near Collins, Mississippi, and (3) a computationally intensive integrated surface-subsurface model application in the Shale Hills watershed in Pennsylvania. One challenge and contribution of this work is the development of a methodology for comprehensively comparing EMO algorithms that have different search operators and randomization techniques. Overall, SPEA2 attained competitive to superior results for most of the problems tested in this study. The primary strengths of the SPEA2 algorithm lie in its search reliability and its diversity preservation operator. The biggest challenge in maximizing the performance of SPEA2 lies in specifying an effective archive size without a priori knowledge of the Pareto set. In practice, this would require significant trial-and-error analysis, which is problematic for more complex, computationally intensive calibration applications. ε-NSGAII appears to be superior to MOSCEM-UA and competitive with SPEA2 for hydrologic model calibration. ε-NSGAII's primary strength lies in its ease-of-use due to its dynamic population sizing and archiving which lead to rapid convergence to very high quality solutions with minimal user input. MOSCEM-UA is best suited for hydrologic model calibration applications that have small parameter sets and small model evaluation times. In general, it would be expected that MOSCEM-UA's performance would be met or exceeded by either SPEA2 or ε-NSGAII.
Preferential Heterodimer Formation via Undercompensated Electrostatic Interactions (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTPreferential Heterodimer Formation via Undercompensated Electrostatic InteractionsZachary S. Hendsch, Michael J. Nohaile, Robert T. Sauer, and Bruce TidorView Author Information Departments of Chemistry and Biology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 6, 1264–1265Publication Date (Web):January 19, 2001Publication History Received31 August 2000Published online19 January 2001Published inissue 1 February 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja0032273https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0032273rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views181Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Genetics,Interfaces,Monomers,Oligomers,Stability Get e-Alerts
Self-Organization of Rod−Coil Molecules with Layered Crystalline States into Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Assemblies (1998)

The synthesis and characterization of the rod−coil molecules of ethyl 4-[4-[oxypoly(propyleneoxy)propyloxy]-4‘-biphenylcarboxyloxy]-4‘-biphenylcarboxylate with poly(propylene oxide) coil of 7 (7-P-4), 8 (8-P-4), 10 (10-P-4), 12 (12-P-4), 15 (15-P-4), 17 (17-P-4), and 20 (20-P-4) propylene oxide units are described. The introduction of poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) coils with different lengths into the rodlike mesogen gives rise to a rich self-assembled microstructures. In the crystalline state, the rod−coil molecules with 7−12 repeating units of PPO organize into a microphase-separated monolayer lamellar structure in which rods are fully interdigitated. In contrast, the rod−coil molecules with 15−17 repeating units of PPO exhibit a lamellar structure with rod tilt relative to the layer normal. A dramatic mesophase change is observed with the variation of the coil length. The rod−coil molecules 7-P-4 and 8-P-4 with short PPO coils display layered smectic C and smectic A mesophases, while the rod−coil molecules 10-P-4, 12-P-4, and 15-P-4 with medium-length coils exhibit a biconticuous cubic mesophase with Ia3d symmetry. Further increasing the length of coils as in the cases of 15-P-4, 17-P-4, and 20-P-4 induces a hexagonal columnar mesophase. Estimations based on the lattice parameters and densities have shown that the organization of the rod−coil molecules into a cross sectional slice of a cylinder for the cubic and columnar phases can give rise to an aromatic core with a square cross section. This unique behavior in the rod−coil molecules is believed to originate from the anisotropic aggregation of rod segments and consequent entropic penalties associated with coil stretching.
Learning a hierarchy of discriminative space-time neighborhood features for human action recognition (2010)

Recent work shows how to use local spatio-temporal features to learn models of realistic human actions from video. However, existing methods typically rely on a predefined spatial binning of the local descriptors to impose spatial information beyond a pure “bag-of-words” model, and thus may fail to capture the most informative space-time relationships. We propose to learn the shapes of space-time feature neighborhoods that are most discriminative for a given action category. Given a set of training videos, our method first extracts local motion and appearance features, quantizes them to a visual vocabulary, and then forms candidate neighborhoods consisting of the words associated with nearby points and their orientation with respect to the central interest point. Rather than dictate a particular scaling of the spatial and temporal dimensions to determine which points are near, we show how to learn the class-specific distance functions that form the most informative configurations. Descriptors for these variable-sized neighborhoods are then recursively mapped to higher-level vocabularies, producing a hierarchy of space-time configurations at successively broader scales. Our approach yields state-of-the-art performance on the UCF Sports and KTH datasets.
The Reaction of the Dura To Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) in Repair of Skull Defects (1982)

Trephine defects in the adult rat skull 0.8 cm in diameter, which do not spontaneously heal, were filled with a bovine bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) fraction. The defects healed not only by bony ingrowth from the trephine rim, but also by proliferation of pervascular mesenchymal-type cells (pericytes) of the dura mater. Under the influence of BMP, dural pericytes differentiated into chondroid and woven bone. Between three and four weeks postimplantation, sinusoids formed and the woven bone remodelled into lamellar bone. Concurrently, blood-borne bone marrow cells colonized the bone deposits, and the diploe were restored. Demonstrating that it is soluble in interstitial fluid, and diffusible across a nucleopore membrane (which isolated the bony margins of the skull), BMP induced new bone formation in the underlying dura and complete repair of the defect. The response of the dura to the BMP fraction produced more new bone than the response to allogeneic bone matrix. The BMP-induced repair was dose dependent; the quantity of new bone was proportional to the dose of the implanted BMP.
Einleitung (2004)

In der Hochfrequenztechnik werden elektromagnetische Wellen mit Frequenzen zwischen etwa 30 kHz und 300 GHz eingesetzt. Dieser Bereich erstreckt sich in Bild 1.1 über sieben Zehnerpotenzen. Die elektromagnetischen Eigenschaften des freien Raums sind unabhängig von der Frequenz.
The effects of calcium channel blockade on agouti ‐induced obesity (1996)

We have previously observed that obese viable yellow (Avy/a) mice exhibit increased intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) gene expression; further, recombinant agouti protein increases in cultured adipocytes and these effects are inhibited by Ca2+ channel blockade. Accordingly, we determined the effect of Ca2+ channel blockade (nifedipine for 4 wk) on FAS and obesity in transgenic mice expressing the agouti gene in a ubiquitous manner. The transgenic mice initially were significantly heavier (30.5+/-0.6 vs. 27.3+/-0.3 g; P<0.001) and exhibited a 0.81 degrees C lower initial core temperature (P<0.0005), an approximately twofold increase in fat pad weights (P=0.002), a sevenfold increase in adipose FAS activity (P=0.009), and a twofold increase in plasma insulin level (P<0.05) compared to control mice. Nifedipine treatment resulted in an 18% decrease in fat pad weights (P<0.007) and a 74% decrease in adipose FAS activity (P=0.03), normalized circulating insulin levels and insulin sensitivity (P<0.05), and transiently elevated core temperature in the transgenic mice, but was without effect in the control mice. These data suggest that agouti regulates FAS, fat storage, and possibly thermogenesis, at least partially, via a [Ca2+]i-dependent mechanism, and that Ca2+ channel blockade may partially attenuate agouti-induced obesity.
Joint view expansion and filtering for automultiscopic 3D displays (2013)

Multi-view autostereoscopic displays provide an immersive, glasses-free 3D viewing experience, but they require correctly filtered content from multiple viewpoints. This, however, cannot be easily obtained with current stereoscopic production pipelines. We provide a practical solution that takes a stereoscopic video as an input and converts it to multi-view and filtered video streams that can be used to drive multi-view autostereoscopic displays. The method combines a phase-based video magnification and an interperspective antialiasing into a single filtering process. The whole algorithm is simple and can be efficiently implemented on current GPUs to yield a near real-time performance. Furthermore, the ability to retarget disparity is naturally supported. Our method is robust and works well for challenging video scenes with defocus blur, motion blur, transparent materials, and specularities. We show that our results are superior when compared to the state-of-the-art depth-based rendering methods. Finally, we showcase the method in the context of a real-time 3D videoconferencing system that requires only two cameras.
Erythrocyte Invasion by Babesia bovis Merozoites Is Inhibited by Polyclonal Antisera Directed against Peptides Derived from a Homologue of Plasmodium falciparum Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (2004)

Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) is a micronemal protein secreted to the surface of merozoites of Plasmodium species and Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in order to fulfill an essential but noncharacterized function in host cell invasion. Here we describe cloning and characterization of a Babesia bovis AMA-1 homologue designated BbAMA-1. The overall level of similarity of BbAMA-1 to P. falciparum AMA-1 was low (18%), but characteristic features like a transmembrane domain near the C terminus, a predicted short cytoplasmic C-terminal sequence with conserved sequence properties, and an extracellular domain containing 14 conserved cysteine residues putatively involved in disulfide bridge formation are typical of AMA-1. Rabbit polyclonal antisera were raised against three synthetic peptides derived from the N-terminal region and domains II and III of the putative extracellular domain and were shown to recognize specifically recombinant BbAMA-1 expressed in Escherichia coli. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that there was labeling of the apical half of merozoites with these antisera. Preincubation of free merozoites with all three antisera reduced the efficiency of invasion of erythrocytes by a maximum of 65%. Antisera raised against the N-terminal peptide detected a 82-kDa protein on Western blots and a 69-kDa protein in the supernatant that was harvested after in vitro invasion, suggesting that proteolytic processing and secretion take place during or shortly after invasion. A combination of two-dimensional Western blotting and metabolic labeling allowing direct identification of spots reacting with the BbAMA-1 peptide antisera together with the very low silver staining intensity of these spots indicated that very low levels of BbAMA-1 are present in Babesia merozoites.
Continuous intensity map optimization (CIMO): A novel approach to leaf sequencing in step and shoot IMRT (2006)

A new leaf-sequencing approach has been developed that is designed to reduce the number of required beam segments for step-and-shoot intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). This approach to leaf sequencing is called continuous-intensity-map-optimization (CIMO). Using a simulated annealing algorithm, CIMO seeks to minimize differences between the optimized and sequenced intensity maps. Two distinguishing features of the CIMO algorithm are (1) CIMO does not require that each optimized intensity map be clustered into discrete levels and (2) CIMO is not rule-based but rather simultaneously optimizes both the aperture shapes and weights. To test the CIMO algorithm, ten IMRT patient cases were selected (four head-and-neck, two pancreas, two prostate, one brain, and one pelvis). For each case, the optimized intensity maps were extracted from the Pinnacle3 treatment planning system. The CIMO algorithm was applied, and the optimized aperture shapes and weights were loaded back into Pinnacle. A final dose calculation was performed using Pinnacle's convolution/superposition based dose calculation. On average, the CIMO algorithm provided a 54% reduction in the number of beam segments as compared with Pinnacle's leaf sequencer. The plans sequenced using the CIMO algorithm also provided improved target dose uniformity and a reduced discrepancy between the optimized and sequenced intensity maps. For ten clinical intensity maps, comparisons were performed between the CIMO algorithm and the power-of-two reduction algorithm of Xia and Verhey [Med. Phys. 25(8), 1424-1434 (1998)]. When the constraints of a Varian Millennium multileaf collimator were applied, the CIMO algorithm resulted in a 26% reduction in the number of segments. For an Elekta multileaf collimator, the CIMO algorithm resulted in a 67% reduction in the number of segments. An average leaf sequencing time of less than one minute per beam was observed.
Silicification by Diatoms (2007)

The species-specific, genetically determined silica frustule of diatoms provides an excellent eukaryotic model for understanding the process of biomineralization and how it is regulated. An effort is made to define molecular events and biochemical constituents in silicon mineralization and to correlate these events with those aspects of silica frustule morphogenesis which have been reported in the published work. A sequential series of steps of silicic acid interaction with the cell is proposed which might be expected for silicon metabolism leading to cell wall formation. A model is put forward that provides for a conceptual framework for continued studies in this area, and provides testable hypotheses which should lead to a greater understanding of biomineralization processes in general and silicification in particular.
Genetic influence of CYP2D6 on pharmacokinetics and acute subjective effects of LSD in a pooled analysis (2021)

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a classic psychedelic substance that is used recreationally and investigated in psychiatric research. There are no pharmacogenetic studies on LSD. In vitro metabolic studies indicate that several cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms (e.g., CYP2D6, CYP1A2, and CYP2C9) are involved in LSD metabolism, but in vivo data are scarce. The present study examined the influence of genetic polymorphisms of CYP genes on the pharmacokinetics and acute effects of LSD in healthy subjects. We identified common genetic variants of CYPs (CYP2D6, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2B6) in 81 healthy subjects who were pooled from four randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind Phase 1 studies. We found that genetically determined CYP2D6 functionality significantly influenced the pharmacokinetics of LSD. Individuals with no functional CYP2D6 (i.e., poor metabolizers) had longer LSD half-lives and approximately 75% higher parent drug and main metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy LSD area-under-the-curve blood plasma concentrations compared with carriers of functional CYP2D6. Non-functional CYP2D6 metabolizers also exhibited greater alterations of mind and longer subjective effect durations in response to LSD compared with functional CYP2D6 metabolizers. No effect on the pharmacokinetics or acute effects of LSD were observed with other CYPs. These findings indicate that genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6 significantly influence the pharmacokinetic and subjective effects of LSD. Given the potential therapeutic use of psychedelics, including LSD, the role of pharmacogenetic tests prior to LSD-assisted psychotherapy needs to be further investigated.
Reducing decoherence in quantum-computer memory with all quantum bits coupling to the same environment (1998)

Decoherence in quantum-computer memory due to the inevitable coupling to the external environment is examined. We make the assumption that all quantum bits (qubits) interact with the same environment rather than the assumption of separate environments for different qubits. It is found that the qubits decohere collectively. For some kinds of entangled input states, no decoherence occurs at all in the memory, even if the qubits are interacting with the environment. Based on this phenomenon, a scheme is proposed for reducing the collective decoherence. We also discuss possible implications of this decoherence model for quantum measurements.
Interactive Analysis of Web-Scale Data. (2009)

We consider how to support interactive querying over webscale data. The basic approach is to view querying as a two-phase activity: first supply a query template, and later supply specific instantiations of the template. Interactive responsiveness is offered in the second phase only. While instances of this problem have been studied in the past, e.g., OLAP and web search, we pursue a more general formulation. Our aim is to build a general two-phase query system. 1.