gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Early detection and prevention of pancreatic cancer: Is it really possible today? (2014)

Pancreatic cancer is the 4(th) leading cause of cancer-related death in Western countries. Considering the low incidence of pancreatic cancer, population-based screening is not feasible. However, the existence of a group of individuals with an increased risk to develop pancreatic cancer has been well established. In particular, individuals suffering from a somatic or genetic condition associated with an increased relative risk of more than 5- to 10-fold seem to be suitable for enrollment in a surveillance program for prevention or early detection of pancreatic cancer. The aim of such a program is to reduce pancreatic cancer mortality through early or preemptive surgery. Considering the risk associated with pancreatic surgery, the concept of preemptive surgery cannot consist of a prophylactic removal of the pancreas in high-risk healthy individuals, but must instead aim at treating precancerous lesions such as intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms or pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms, or early cancer. Currently, results from clinical trials do not convincingly demonstrate the efficacy of this approach in terms of identification of precancerous lesions, nor do they define the outcome of the surgical treatment of these lesions. For this reason, surveillance programs for individuals at risk of pancreatic cancer are thus far generally limited to the setting of a clinical trial. However, the acquisition of a deeper understanding of this complex area, together with the increasing request for screening and treatment by individuals at risk, will usher pancreatologists into a new era of preemptive pancreatic surgery. Along with the growing demand to treat individuals with precancerous lesions, the need for low-risk investigation, low-morbidity operation and a minimally invasive approach becomes increasingly pressing. All of these considerations are reasons for preemptive pancreatic surgery programs to be undertaken in specialized centers only.
Functional Role for Syk Tyrosine Kinase in Natural Killer Cell–mediated Natural Cytotoxicity (1997)

Natural killer (NK) cells are named based on their natural cytotoxic activity against a variety of target cells. However, the mechanisms by which sensitive targets activate killing have been difficult to study due to the lack of a prototypic NK cell triggering receptor. Pharmacologic evidence has implicated protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) in natural killing; however, Lck-deficient, Fyn-deficient, and ZAP-70-deficient mice do not exhibit defects in natural killing despite demonstrable defects in T cell function. This discrepancy implies the involvement of other tyrosine kinases. Here, using combined biochemical, pharmacologic, and genetic approaches, we demonstrate a central role for the PTK Syk in natural cytotoxicity. Biochemical analyses indicate that Syk is tyrosine phosphorylated after stimulation with a panel of NK-sensitive target cells. Pharmacologic exposure to piceatannol, a known Syk family kinase inhibitor, inhibits natural cytotoxicity. In addition, gene transfer of dominant-negative forms of Syk to NK cells inhibits natural cytotoxicity. Furthermore, sensitive targets that are rendered NK-resistant by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I transfection no longer activate Syk. These data suggest that Syk activation is an early and requisite signaling event in the development of natural cytotoxicity directed against a variety of cellular targets.
Novel gene members in the Pho regulon ofEscherichia coli (2006)

The transcriptome profiles of the wild-type and the phoB mutant strains were compared at the time point showing the highest expression levels of the phoB and phoR genes under a P-limiting condition. Among the 18 new putative genes that were found to be under the control of the PhoB transcriptional regulator, five genes that contain the consensus Pho box were identified by sequence analysis. A reporter gene assay was carried out by fusing the upstream regions of these genes to the promoterless enhanced green fluorescent protein gene, followed by expression. It was found that the expressions of the amn (AMP nucleosidase), yibD (metal ion stress response gene) and ytfK (hypothetical protein) genes were activated by PhoB. These results indicate the additional roles of PhoB as a global regulator.
Prognostic significance of epidermal growth factor receptor in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (1989)

The prognostic value of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor level was studied in 32 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. The EGF receptor levels of tumors were measured by iodine 125 (125I)-EGF binding assay, and the patients subsequently were divided into two groups: a group with high EGF binding capacities (greater than or equal to 2.5% of input), and a group with low EGF binding capacities (less than 2.5% of input). The cumulative survival rates for the two groups were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The generalized Wilcoxon test indicated that the survival rate of the high EGF binding group was significantly lower than that of the low EGF binding group (P less than 0.05). In tumors from two patients with the highest EGF receptor levels, EGF receptor gene amplification was observed. These patients developed mediastinal lymph node metastasis and died 4 and 11 months after surgery, respectively. These results suggest that elevated EGF receptor level is a significant prognostic indicator for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
BRAF Mutation in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma (2003)

The BRAF gene has been found to be activated by mutation in human cancers, predominantly in malignant melanoma. We tested 476 primary tumors, including 214 lung, 126 head and neck, 54 thyroid, 27 bladder, 38 cervical, and 17 prostate cancers, for the BRAF T1796A mutation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction enzyme analysis of BRAF exon 15. In 24 (69%) of the 35 papillary thyroid carcinomas examined, we found a missense thymine (T)-->adenine (A) transversion at nucleotide 1796 in the BRAF gene (T1796A). The T1796A mutation was detected in four lung cancers and in six head and neck cancers but not in bladder, cervical, or prostate cancers. Our data suggest that activating BRAF mutations may be an important event in the development of papillary thyroid cancer.
Strict Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecule Class-Specific Binding by Co-Receptors Enforces MHC-Restricted αβ TCR Recognition during T Lineage Subset Commitment (2013)

Since the discovery of co-receptor dependent αβTCR recognition, considerable effort has been spent on elucidating the basis of CD4 and CD8 lineage commitment in the thymus. The latter is responsible for generating mature CD4 helper and CD8αβ cytotoxic T cell subsets. Although CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell recognition of peptide antigens is known to be MHC class II- and MHC class I-restricted, respectively, the mechanism of single positive (SP) thymocyte lineage commitment from bipotential double-positive (DP) progenitors is not fully elucidated. Classical models to explain thymic CD4 vs. CD8 fate determination have included a stochastic selection model or instructional models. The latter are based either on strength of signal or duration of signal impacting fate. More recently, differential co-receptor gene imprinting has been shown to be involved in expression of transcription factors impacting cytotoxic T cell development. Here, we address commitment from a structural perspective, focusing on the nature of co-receptor binding to MHC molecules. By surveying 58 MHC class II and 224 MHC class I crystal structures in the Protein Data Bank, it becomes clear that CD4 cannot bind to MHC I molecules, nor can CD8αβ or CD8αα bind to MHC II molecules. Given that the co-receptor delivers Lck to phosphorylate exposed CD3 ITAMs within a peptide/MHC (pMHC)-ligated TCR complex to initiate cell signaling, this strict co-receptor recognition fosters MHC class-restricted SP thymocyte lineage commitment at the DP stage even though both co-receptors are expressed on a single cell. In short, the binding preference of an αβTCR for a peptide complexed with an MHC molecule dictates which co-receptor subsequently binds, thereby supporting development of that subset lineage. How function within the lineage is linked further to biopotential fate determination is discussed.
Attenuation of Epilepsy with Application of External Magnetic Fields: A Case Report (1992)

We have previously demonstrated that magnetoencephalographic (MEG) brain measurements in patients with seizure disorders show significant MEG activity often in the absence of conventional EEG abnormalities. We localized foci of seizure activity using the mapping technique characterized by the ISO-Spectral Amplitude (ISO-SA) on the scalp distribution of specified spectral components or frequency bands of the emitted MEG Fourier power spectrum. In addition, using an electronic device, we utilized the above recorded activity to emit back the same intensity and frequency of magnetic field to the presumed epileptic foci. Using this method we were able, over the past two and one-half years, successfully to attenuate seizure activity in a cohort of over 150 patients with various forms of epilepsy. We present a patient with severe epilepsy and behavioral disturbances in whom application of an external artificial magnetic field of low intensity produced a substantial attenuation of seizure frequency which coincided with an improvement in the patient's behavior. This case demonstrates that artificial magnetic treatment may be a valuable adjunctive procedure in the management of epilepsy.
Human Papillomaviruses (1994)

Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ...Read More
Thermal and catalytic polymerization of diethynyldiphenylsilane (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermal and catalytic polymerization of diethynyldiphenylsilaneThomas J. Barton, Sina Ijadi-Maghsoodi, and Yi PangCite this: Macromolecules 1991, 24, 6, 1257–1260Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1991https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00006a007RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views140Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (366 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Dual mode acoustic wave sensor for precise pressure reading (2014)

In this letter, a Microelectromechanical system acoustic wave sensor, which has a dual mode (lateral field exited Lamb wave mode and surface acoustic wave (SAW) mode) behavior, is presented for precious pressure change read out. Comb-like interdigital structured electrodes on top of piezoelectric material aluminium nitride (AlN) are used to generate the wave modes. The sensor membrane consists of single crystalline silicon formed by backside-etching of the bulk material of a silicon on insulator wafer having variable device thickness layer (5 μm–50 μm). With this principle, a pressure sensor has been fabricated and mounted on a pressure test package with pressure applied to the backside of the membrane within a range of 0 psi to 300 psi. The temperature coefficient of frequency was experimentally measured in the temperature range of −50 °C to 300 °C. This idea demonstrates a piezoelectric based sensor having two modes SAW/Lamb wave for direct physical parameter—pressure readout and temperature cancellation which can operate in harsh environment such as oil and gas exploration, automobile and aeronautic applications using the dual mode behavior of the sensor and differential readout at the same time.
Proteomics for cancer biomarker discovery. (2002)

The emergence of novel technologies allows researchers to facilitate the comprehensive analyses of genomes, transcriptomes, and proteomes in health and disease. The information that is expected from such technologies may soon exert a dramatic change in the pace of cancer research and impact dramatically on the care of cancer patients. These approaches have already demonstrated the power of molecular medicine in discriminating among disease subtypes that are not recognizable by traditional pathologic criteria and in identifying specific genetic events involved in cancer progression. This review covers a selection of advances in the realm of proteomics and its promise for cancer biomarker discovery. It also addresses issues regarding sample preparation and specificity and discusses current challenges that need to be overcome. Finally, the review touches on the efforts of the Early Detection Research Network at the National Cancer Institute in promoting biomarker discovery for translation at the clinical level.
Diet and Hip Fracture Risk: A Case-Control Study (1995)

This large study indicates new dietary risk factors for hip fracture. The association between high dietary intake of iron, magnesium and vitamin C and risk of hip fracture has not been reported previously. Further clinical and experimental studies are needed to confirm these findings and to investigate their mechanism of action.
Using game theory to analyze wireless ad hoc networks (2005)

The application of mathematical analysis to the study of wireless ad hoc networks has met with limited success due to the complexity of mobility and traffic models, the dynamic topology, and the unpredictability of link quality that characterize such networks. The ability to model individual, independent decision makers whose actions potentially affect all other decision makers renders game theory particularly attractive to analyze the performance of ad hoc networks. In this article we describe how various interactions in wireless ad hoc networks can be modeled as a game. This allows the analysis of existing protocols and resource management schemes, as well as the design of equilibrium-inducing mechanisms that provide incentives for individual users to behave in socially-constructive ways. We survey the recent literature on game theoretic analysis of ad hoc networks, highlighting its applicability to power control and waveform adaptation, medium access control, routing, and node participation, among others.
Application of cationic liposomes for delivery of nucleic acids (2013)

Nucleic acid-based bioactive substances have recently emerged as a new class of next-generation therapeutics, but their development has been limited by their relatively weak delivery into target cells. Cationic liposomes have been studied as a means to enhance the stability of nucleic acid therapeutics in the bloodstream and improve their cellular delivery. As nucleic acid therapeutics, siRNA and plasmid DNA have been extensively tested for delivery using cationic liposomes. This review discusses recent progress in the application of cationic liposomes for the delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics.
Geminiviruses and their Uses as Extrachromosomal Replicons (1994)

Crop loss due to soil salinization is an increasing threat to agriculture worldwide. This review provides an overview of cellular and physiological mechanisms in plant responses to salt. We place cellular responses in a time- and tissue-dependent context ...Read More
SHORT COMMINICATION: An immunohistochemical study of TNF-a in optic nerves from AIDS patients (1997)

The present study supports the contention that TNF-alpha is a major mediator of AIDS-associated optic neuropathy. HIV infection induces the production of TNF-alpha in macrophages and astrocytes, which probably causes demyelination and other neuronal damage.
Natural Bioactive Material: A Preparation of Soluble Eggshell Membrane Protein (2003)

Abstract The proteins of eggshell membranes, an industrial waste product, are dissolved by reductive cleavage with aqueous 3‐mercaptopropionic acid and acetic acid. The soluble protein preparation is cast into a thin film, and its bioactivity is investigated by cell culture. Photomicrograph of NIH3T3 fibroblasts cultured on SEP film for 3 days. magnified image Photomicrograph of NIH3T3 fibroblasts cultured on SEP film for 3 days.
Tolerance Induction to Cytoplasmic β-Galactosidase by Hepatic AAV Gene Transfer — Implications for Antigen Presentation and Immunotoxicity (2009)

These data demonstrate that tolerance induction by hepatic AAV gene transfer does not require systemic delivery of the transgene product and that expression of a cytoplasmic neo-antigen in few hepatocytes can induce Treg and provide long-term suppression of inflammatory responses and immunotoxicity.
Linewidth of resonances in scanning tunneling spectroscopy (2008)

Cryogenic scanning tunneling spectroscopy is increasingly used to study the electronic structure of adatoms, molecules, and semiconductor quantum dots. However, the width of the conductance resonances that indicate the energy levels is much larger than the thermal energy, and this is not well understood. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the line shape and width of the conductance resonances observed with small colloidal semiconductor quantum dots. Experimentally, the line shape and width are studied for CdSe quantum dots of different sizes, with nanocrystals being chemically or physically attached to the substrate. The influence of the temperature is studied from 5 K up to room temperature. We have also varied the set-point current via the tip-to-dot distance to study the effects of dissipative heating of the quantum dot. We present basic calculations of the effects of electron-phonon coupling, charge and dipole fluctuations in the close environment of the quantum dot, mechanical oscillations of the quantum dot in the tunneling junction, and internal heating by nonresonant electron transport. A comparison with the experimental results shows that electron-phonon coupling forms the main contribution to the line broadening for the lowest resonance. Fluctuations of the charge landscape around the quantum dot are most likely involved in an additional broadening. More importantly, these potential fluctuations wash out the vibronic structure of the line shape that should arise from electron-phonon coupling. Our results show that in the case of semiconductor quantum dots, internal heating due to nonresonant electron transport is not important.
Headloop suppression PCR and its application to selective amplification of methylated DNA sequences (2005)

Selective amplification in PCR is principally determined by the sequence of the primers and the temperature of the annealing step. We have developed a new PCR technique for distinguishing related sequences in which additional selectivity is dependent on sequences within the amplicon. A 5' extension is included in one (or both) primer(s) that corresponds to sequences within one of the related amplicons. After copying and incorporation into the PCR product this sequence is then able to loop back, anneal to the internal sequences and prime to form a hairpin structure-this structure is then refractory to further amplification. Thus, amplification of sequences containing a perfect match to the 5' extension is suppressed while amplification of sequences containing mismatches or lacking the sequence is unaffected. We have applied Headloop PCR to DNA that had been bisulphite-treated for the selective amplification of methylated sequences of the human GSTP1 gene in the presence of up to a 10(5)-fold excess of unmethylated sequences. Headloop PCR has a potential for clinical application in the detection of differently methylated DNAs following bisulphite treatment as well as for selective amplification of sequence variants or mutants in the presence of an excess of closely related DNA sequences.
Ozonation of water: kinetics of oxidation of ammonia by ozone and hydroxyl radicals (1978)

Ozone initiated oxidation of ammonia in water can result from the direct reaction of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; with NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; as well as from the reactions of OH&lt;sup&gt;&lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; radicals formed upon O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; decomposition. The direct reaction of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; predominates at pH &lt;9. In the presence of low concentrations of free NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, it is a slow reaction; the rate constant for O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; depletion by reaction of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; with NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is 20 ± 1 M&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;. At pH values &gt;9, OH&lt;sup&gt;&lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; and radical-catalyzed decomposition of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; to the very reactive intermediate, OH&lt;sup&gt;&lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;, determines the kinetics of the NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; oxidation. The reaction rate constant of OH&lt;sup&gt;&lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; with NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is relatively small. Whenever the OH&lt;sup&gt;&lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; mechanism is involved, NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; is easily protected by other solutes which also consume OH&lt;sup&gt;&lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; radicals. Even carbonate and bicarbonate ions may act as efficient OH&lt;sup&gt;&lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; scavengers. Because carbonate and organic solutes affect the lifetime of O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; in water, they consequently shift the pH range in which either the direct O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; or the OH&lt;sup&gt;&lt;B&gt;·&lt;/B&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; mechanism predominates. A comparison with reactions initiated by gamma irradiation proves helpful in elucidating the reaction mechanisms.
Expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 6, but not cyclin-dependent kinase 4, alters morphology of cultured mouse astrocytes. (2003)

Disruption of the pRb pathway is a common mechanism in tumor formation. The D-cyclin-associated kinases, cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) 4 and cdk6, are important regulators of the G(1)-S phase transition and are elevated in several types of cancers, including gliomas. To investigate potential functional differences in these kinases, mouse astrocytes were taken from chimeric mice and propagated in tissue culture. These multipolar tissue-culture astrocytes were infected with viruses expressing either cdk4 or cdk6. Interestingly, expression of cdk6 resulted in a distinct and rapid morphology change from multipolar to bipolar. This change was not observed in control astrocytes or in astroyctes infected with cdk4. Several other differences in cdk4- and cdk6-infected cells were noted, including differential binding to a subset of cell-cycle inhibitor proteins and a distinct pattern of subcellular localization of these kinases. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that cdk6-infected astrocytes had an altered expression profile of known markers of glial differentiation. Together, these data indicate several important differences between cdk4 and cdk6 that highlight unique functional roles for these cyclin-dependent kinases.