gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE MODERATE-THROUGHPUT AND MEMORY-EFFICIENT LDPC DECODER (2006)

With the superior error correction capability, low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have received much interests in the field of channel coding for 4 th mobile communication, storage fields, and digital video broadcasting (DVB). In the past, parallel architecture and serial architecture decoders have been presented. In this paper, an improved serial decoder is proposed, and implemented on Altera field-programmable gate array (FPGA) device. By arranging the update scheduling elaborately, the memory overhead in decoder is reduced by 50%, and convergence speed is enhanced significantly. Moreover, an improved belief propagation (BP) algorithm is designed for the decoder. The synthesis and simulation results show that the improved serial decoder can achieve higher throughput with reduced memory overhead and superior bit error rate (BER) performance compared to serial decoder.
Pulmonary Lesions in Fetuses Exposed in Utero to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (1994)

The salient features of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) epizootic include respiratory disease followed by reproductive failure. The respiratory component is usually recognized first in finishing pigs or in the breeding herd as a mild flu-like disease with a high morbidity for all ages and high mortality in younger pigs. 5 In breeding herds, acute maternal reproductive failure often follows the onset of respiratory disease. PRRS is characterized by a sudden increase in early farrowings, late-term abortions, stillborn and mummified fetuses, weak neonates with high mortality, late returns to estrus, and repeat breeders. 5 No consistent histopathology has been obseived in fetal tissues from epizootics or following experimental infections of susceptible dams. In this report, we describe fetal histopathology associated with an experimental PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection. Eight pregnant gilts underwent surgery at different stages of gestation: 2 at 34 days, 1 at 45 days, 3 at 49 days, 1 at 65 days, and 1 at 85 days gestation (Table 1) (Lager KM, Mengeling WL, unpublished). All fetuses in 1 uterine horn (identified as principal fetuses) were exposed to a well-characterized PRRSV isolate 1 by transuterine injection of virus into their amniotic fluids. All fetuses in the contralateral uterine horn (identified as control fetuses) were exposed to a sham inoculum in a similar fashion. The gilts were necropsied 1731 days postsurgery, and their fetuses were recovered for study. Virus isolation was attempted on sera from live fetuses, thoracic fluids from dead fetuses, and tissue composites from each fetus (Lager KM, Mengeling WL, unpublished). Tissue samples for histopathologic examination were collected from lung, kidney, liver, and spleen and placed in neutral buffered 10% formalin. Tissues were processed routinely, cut into 8-µm sections, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Sections of lung, liver, and kidney were mounted in embedding medium, a frozen, and sectioned on
Being Together: Dietrich Bonhoeffer on Human Being and Theological Ethics (1997)

1 are reason, fanaticism, conscience, duty, absolute freedom and private virtuousness.^In articulating a specifically theological ethic Bonhoeffer addresses the hidden assumption behind each of these repugnant alternatives.In other words, to open up a new space for ethical reflection in the place of these futile options of the past he must begin with a theological analy- sis of human being and doing.Through such an investigation Cost of Discipleship as well as his themes of "conformation", "com- mand", along with various others from the Ethics could each be given an article of their own.I have merely attempted to establish his starting point that makes these various constructive proposals possible.
Clathrin Assembly Lymphoid Myeloid Leukemia (CALM) Protein: Localization in Endocytic-coated Pits, Interactions with Clathrin, and the Impact of Overexpression on Clathrin-mediated Traffic (1999)

The clathrin assembly lymphoid myeloid leukemia (CALM) gene encodes a putative homologue of the clathrin assembly synaptic protein AP180. Hence the biochemical properties, the subcellular localization, and the role in endocytosis of a CALM protein were studied. In vitro binding and coimmunoprecipitation demonstrated that the clathrin heavy chain is the major binding partner of CALM. The bulk of cellular CALM was associated with the membrane fractions of the cell and localized to clathrin-coated areas of the plasma membrane. In the membrane fraction, CALM was present at near stoichiometric amounts relative to clathrin. To perform structure-function analysis of CALM, we engineered chimeric fusion proteins of CALM and its fragments with the green fluorescent protein (GFP). GFP-CALM was targeted to the plasma membrane-coated pits and also found colocalized with clathrin in the Golgi area. High levels of expression of GFP-CALM or its fragments with clathrin-binding activity inhibited the endocytosis of transferrin and epidermal growth factor receptors and altered the steady-state distribution of the mannose-6-phosphate receptor in the cell. In addition, GFP-CALM overexpression caused the loss of clathrin accumulation in the trans-Golgi network area, whereas the localization of the clathrin adaptor protein complex 1 in the trans-Golgi network remained unaffected. The ability of the GFP-tagged fragments of CALM to affect clathrin-mediated processes correlated with the targeting of the fragments to clathrin-coated areas and their clathrin-binding capacities. Clathrin-CALM interaction seems to be regulated by multiple contact interfaces. The C-terminal part of CALM binds clathrin heavy chain, although the full-length protein exhibited maximal ability for interaction. Altogether, the data suggest that CALM is an important component of coated pit internalization machinery, possibly involved in the regulation of clathrin recruitment to the membrane and/or the formation of the coated pit.
An encoder/decoder chip set for the MPEG video standard (1992)

A VLSI chip set capable of real-time MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) video encoding/decoding has been developed. It is composed of an inter-frame prediction chip, a transform and quantization chip, and a variable length coding chip. To make the chip set more cost effective, the MPEG algorithms are first partitioned into three blocks on the basis of their characteristics. Individual chip architectures are designed with the use of programmable DSP and application specific array approaches. A hierarchical data transmission method is introduced for use among the chips and frame memories. By using three chips, an MPEG video encounter can compress a 30-frames/s image sequence of 352 pels*240 lines. A decoder can be constructed with two chips for the same sequence.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Process Research and Large-Scale Synthesis of a Novel 5,6-Dihydro-(9H)-pyrazolo[3,4-c]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridine PDE-IV Inhibitor (2001)

An efficient synthesis of the PDE IV inhibitor, 9H-cyclopentyl-7-ethyl-3-(thiophen-2-yl)-pyrazolo[3,4-c]-1,2,4-triazolo-5,6-dihydro-[4,3-a]pyridine 1 is described. Starting from commercially available γ-caprolactone, the synthesis was carried out in 10 steps. Key transformations were the selective O-methylation of diketone, 3-hydroxy-1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-propionyl-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-one, with dimethyl sulfate and cesium carbonate in dimethylformamide, a one-pot pyrazole formation with subsequent acidic deprotection to provide lactam, 1-cyclopentyl-3-ethyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridin-7-one, and finally the utilization of imidate, 1-cyclopentyl-7-ethoxy-3-ethyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine for the introduction of the triazole moiety. This process avoided the use of harsh reaction conditions, undesirable reagents and overcame the environmental concerns in the original synthesis.
Comparative proteomic analysis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (2005)

Ranking as the fourth commonest cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) represents one of the leading causes of cancer death in China. One of the main reasons for the low survival rate is that neoplasms in esophagus are not detected until they have invaded into surrounding tissues or spread throughout the body at advanced stages. A better understanding of the malignant mechanism and early diagnosis are important for fighting ESCC. In this study, we used proteomics to analyze ESCC tissues, aiming at defining the proteomic features implicated in the multistage progression of esophageal carcinogenesis. Proteins that exhibited significantly different expressions were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting and validated by Western blotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. The protein changes were then correlated to the different grades of disease differentiation. Compared to those in adjacent normal epitheliums, the expression of 15 proteins including enolase, elongation factor Tu, isocitrate dehydrogenase, tubulin alpha-1 chain, tubulin beta-5 chain, actin (cytoplasmic 1), glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, tropomyosin isoform 4 (TPM4), prohibitin, peroxiredoxin 1 (PRX1), manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), neuronal protein, and transgelin was up-regulated; and the expression of five proteins including TPM1, squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 (SCCA1), stratifin, peroxiredoxin 2 isoform a, and alpha B crystalline was down-regulated in cancer tissues with a statistical significance (p < 0.05). In addition, the differential expression of SCCA1, PRX1, MnSOD, TPM4, and prohibitin can be observed in precancerous lesions of ESCC. The expression of stratifin, prohibitin, and SCCA1 dropped with increasing dedifferentiation of ESCC. These data may suggest that these proteins contribute to the multistage process of carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and invasiveness of ESCC.
Reorganization of hair follicles in human skin organ culture induced by cultured human follicle‐derived cells (2005)

Studies of human hair follicle (HF) induction by follicle-derived cells have been limited due to a lack of suitable test systems. In this study, we established a skin organ culture system which supports HF formation by follicle-derived cells. Long-term skin organ cultures were set up from human retroauricular skin specimens and maintained in culture for up to 8 weeks. In vitro expanded human HF-derived cells from the dermal papilla (DP) and the outer root sheath (ORS) were injected together into the skin specimens and evaluated for their ability to induce reorganization of HFs. Macroscopic analysis of the cultured skin specimens demonstrated the growth of velus-like hair after 4 weeks in culture. Histologic evaluation of the cultured skin specimens after 8 weeks of culture revealed multiple miniaturized HFs with sebaceous glands. In addition, cell clusters of various differentiation stages could be demonstrated in serial sections of the cultured skin specimens. Labeling of HF-derived cells with the fluorescence dye CFDA-1 prior to injection suggested a de novo reorganization of HFs out of the injected cells. In conclusion, the study demonstrated HF formation by HF-derived cells in an in vitro skin organ culture model.
Tumor-Secreted Lactic Acid Promotes IL-23/IL-17 Proinflammatory Pathway (2008)

IL-23 is a proinflammatory cytokine consisting of a p19 subunit and a p40 subunit that is shared with IL-12. IL-23 is overexpressed in and around tumor tissues, where it induces local inflammation and promotes tumor development. Many tumor cells produce large amounts of lactic acid by altering their glucose metabolism. In this study, we show that lactic acid secreted by tumor cells enhances the transcription of IL-23p19 and IL-23 production in monocytes/macrophages and in tumor-infiltrating immune cells that are stimulated with TLR2 and 4 ligands. DNA elements responsible for this enhancing activity of lactic acid were detected in a 2.7-kb 5'-flanking region of the human IL-23p19 gene. The effect of lactic acid was strictly regulated by extracellular pH. Furthermore, by inducing IL-23 overproduction, lactic acid facilitated the Ag-dependent secretion of proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 but not IFN-gamma by TLR ligand-stimulated mouse splenocytes. Interestingly, this effect was observed even in the absence of TLR ligand stimulation. These results suggest that rather than just being a terminal metabolite, lactic acid is a proinflammatory mediator that is secreted by tumor cells to activate the IL-23/IL-17 proinflammatory pathway but not the Th1 pathway. Targeting the lactic acid-induced proinflammatory response may be a useful approach for treating cancer.
Vascular endothelial growth factor C promotes tumor lymphangiogenesis and intralymphatic tumor growth. (2001)

Many solid tumors produce vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C), and its receptor, VEGFR-3, is expressed in tumor blood vessels. To study the role of VEGF-C in tumorigenesis, we implanted MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells overexpressing recombinant VEGF-C orthotopically into severe combined immunodeficient mice. VEGF-C increased tumor growth, but unlike VEGF, it had little effect on tumor angiogenesis. Instead, VEGF-C strongly promoted the growth of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels, which in the tumor periphery were commonly infiltrated with the tumor cells. These effects of VEGF-C were inhibited by a soluble VEGFR-3 fusion protein. Our data suggest that VEGF-C facilitates tumor metastasis via the lymphatic vessels and that tumor spread can be inhibited by blocking the interaction between VEGF-C and its receptor.
Electric field modulation studies of optical absorption in CdSe nanocrystals: Dipolar character of the excited state (1994)

The Stark effect on the electronic absorption spectrum of CdSe nanocrystals has been studied for nanocrystals ranging in size from 80 to 20 Å in diameter. For all but the smallest clusters, a second derivative line shape is observed, indicative of a dipole moment in the excited state. This result is independent of the surface modification and appears in both CdS and CdSe systems. The Δμ ranges from 15±10 D in the smallest clusters and up to 100±10 D in the largest; however, the increase is not monotonic, and in the very largest clusters studied (d≳70 Å), the dipole moment decreases. The dipolar character is lost in clusters less than 25 Å. These results can be explained by a model in which there is resonance of an interior state with a surface state at a particular size, with the mixing occurring on a preferred axis.
Capacity and Range Analysis of Multi-Hop Relay Wireless Networks (2006)

More recently, there has been tremendous interest in exploring alternative architecture based on multihop relay model for future wireless networks. The interest is motivated by the limitation of existing cellular architecture when extended to higher bandwidth scenarios required in future beyond 3G and 4G systems. In this paper, we analyze the capacity and range extension potential of multihop relays when applied to a wide area wireless network. Our findings demonstrate that the potential capacity gain of multihop relays is limited to very specific cases. Moreover, we show that there are minimum benefits from using regular mobile stations as relays. Specialized relays which provide better antenna gain, larger transmit power and a better receiver (noise figure etc.) compared to a regular mobile station have greater potential in increasing the capacity and range in a wireless environment.
Calcium-dependent antigen binding as a novel modality for antibody recycling by endosomal antigen dissociation (2015)

The pH-dependent antigen binding antibody, termed a recycling antibody, has recently been reported as an attractive type of second-generation engineered therapeutic antibody. A recycling antibody can dissociate antigen in the acidic endosome, and thus bind to its antigen multiple times. As a consequence, a recycling antibody can neutralize large amounts of antigen in plasma. Because this approach relies on histidine residues to achieve pH-dependent antigen binding, which could limit the epitopes that can be targeted and affect the rate of antigen dissociation in the endosome, we explored an alternative approach for generating recycling antibodies. Since calcium ion concentration is known to be lower in endosome than in plasma, we hypothesized that an antibody with antigen-binding properties that are calcium-dependent could be used as recycling antibody. Here, we report a novel anti-interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antibody, identified from a phage library that binds to IL-6R only in the presence of a calcium ion. Thermal dynamics and a crystal structure study revealed that the calcium ion binds to the heavy chain CDR3 region (HCDR3), which changes and possibly stabilizes the structure of HCDR3 to make it bind to antigen calcium dependently (PDB 5AZE). In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that this calcium-dependent antigen-binding antibody can dissociate its antigen in the endosome and accelerate antigen clearance from plasma, making it a novel approach for generating recycling antibody.
VirA, the plant-signal receptor, is responsible for the Ti plasmid-specific transfer of DNA to maize by Agrobacterium. (1993)

Agrobacteria exhibit marked Ti (tumor-inducing)/Ri (root-inducing) plasmid specificity in their interaction with the Gramineae. In this study, we have used the technique of "agroinfection," in which Agrobacterium-mediated delivery of viral genomes into plants is detected by the development of viral disease symptoms, to identify the region of the Ti plasmid which is responsible for the major differences seen in the ability of nopaline- vs. octopine-type Ti plasmids to transfer maize streak virus (MSV) DNA to maize. Introduction of fragments of the C58 (nopaline-type) Ti plasmid into strains containing an octopine-type Ti plasmid showed that a fragment containing the nopaline-type virA locus was able to complement these normally non-agroinfectious strains to high levels of MSV DNA transfer. Octopine-type virA mutant strains that express vir genes at high levels in the absence of the plant inducing compound acetosyringone also efficiently transferred MSV DNA. These findings imply a functional difference between the virA gene products encoded by octopine- and nopaline-type Ti plasmids which has a profound effect on their ability to mediate DNA transfer to maize.
The Extracellular Actin-Scavenger System and Actin Toxicity (1992)

ACTIN is the most abundant protein in mammalian cells. Cell motility and change in the size and shape of cells depend on the ability of monomers of actin to polymerize to actin filaments. When actin is released from cells, however, its strong tendency to polymerize can become a liability, and the presence of filaments of actin in blood vessels can be fatal. Cell necrosis is associated with the release of actin in a variety of clinical situations, including hepatic necrosis, septic shock, the adult respiratory distress syndrome, and certain disorders of pregnancy. A newly described homeostatic mechanism, termed the actin-scavenger . . .
Stretch and Growth: The Molecular and Physiologic Influences of Tissue Expansion (2002)

Boston, Mass. Anthony Atala, M.D. Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Cellular Therapeutics 300 Longwood Avenue, Enders 450 Boston, Mass. 02115[email protected] From Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. Received for publication May 17, 2001; revised October 4, 2001.
Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, 2nd ed. Norbert Tietz, Ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa., 19105. Sept. 1976. xxvi + 1263 pp. $29.50. (1977)

Journal Article Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry, 2nd ed. Norbert Tietz, Ed. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa., 19105. Sept. 1976. xxvi + 1263 pp. $29.50. Get access J Henry Wilkinson J Henry Wilkinson Dept. of Chemical Pathology, Charing Cross Hospital Medical School,London, W6 8RF, U. K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clinical Chemistry, Volume 23, Issue 4, 1 April 1977, Page 784, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/23.4.784a Published: 01 April 1977
Scanning probe nanofabrication of chemically active areas on substrate covered with organosilane monolayers (1997)

An organosilane monolayer self-assembled onto Si substrates was patterned using a scanning tunneling microscope or an atomic force microscope with a conductive probe. The tip-scanned area was etched by wet etching, while the unscanned area remained resistant to the etching. Consequently, the tip-scanned patterns were transferred to the substrate Si using the scanned area as an etching window. Moreover, the tip-scanned area preferentially reacted with other organosilane molecules, e.g., 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, to form a monolayer confined to the scanned pattern. Next, onto this amino-terminated monolayer, aldehyde-modified latex nanoparticles were immobilized area selectively through chemical reaction between the amino and aldehyde groups. It was demonstrated that in the areas where the probe tip of the microscopes had been scanned, the surface was terminated with hydroxyl groups and became active to various chemical treatments.
The IL-6 gene but not the IL-6 receptor gene is occasionally rearranged in patients with multiple myeloma. (1990)

Constitutive secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been proposed as a mechanism of transformation in multiple myeloma. We therefore studied 15 patients with this disease for rearrangements of the IL-6 and IL-6 receptor genes. Two patients with altered IL-6 genes were identified. Chromosome analysis revealed aberrations of chromosome 7, where the IL-6 gene resides, in only these two patients, but not in others without IL-6 rearrangements. In one of these patients, constitutive IL-6 m-RNA expression was observed. No alterations of IL-6 receptor genes were detected.
Efficacy of Selective PDE4D Negative Allosteric Modulators in the Object Retrieval Task in Female Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) (2014)

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling plays an important role in synaptic plasticity and information processing in the hippocampal and basal ganglia systems. The augmentation of cAMP signalling through the selective inhibition of phosphodiesterases represents a viable strategy to treat disorders associated with dysfunction of these circuits. The phosphodiesterase (PDE) type 4 inhibitor rolipram has shown significant pro-cognitive effects in neurological disease models, both in rodents and primates. However, competitive non-isoform selective PDE4 inhibitors have a low therapeutic index which has stalled their clinical development. Here, we demonstrate the pro-cognitive effects of selective negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of PDE4D, D159687 and D159797 in female Cynomolgous macaques, in the object retrieval detour task. The efficacy displayed by these NAMs in a primate cognitive task which engages the corticostriatal circuitry, together with their suitable pharmacokinetic properties and safety profiles, suggests that clinical development of these allosteric modulators should be considered for the treatment of a variety of brain disorders associated with cognitive decline.