gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Characterization of Escherichia coli Clones Expressing Cellulase Genes from Cellulomonas fimi (1984)

A sensitive immunoassay developed previously was used to isolate a series of Escherichia coli clones expressing cellulase genes from Cellulomonas fimi. The clones fell into three groups. Clones in the first group contained plasmids with a 6·6 kb insert of C. fimi DNA, were strongly antigenic, and contained low levels of CM-cellulase activity. Those in the second group contained plasmids with a 5·0 kb insert, were weakly antigenic, and contained high levels of CM-cellulase activity. Those in the third group contained plasmids with a 5·6 kb insert, were weakly antigenic, and contained low levels of CM-cellulase activity. Restriction analysis showed that the three groups carried different cellulase genes. All of these CM-cellulase activities were exported to the periplasm in E. coli. but with different efficiencies. These activities represented important components of the C. fimi cellulase complex. Their properties indicated that they were different from each other and that they probably had complementary actions.
Tissue engineering: Current state of clinical application (2003)

Despite several, mostly isolated successes, few controlled, prospective trials have yet validated clinical tissue engineering applications. Although this may, at least in part, be explained by the very young age of this field, tissue engineering involves the need for an elaborate and expensive infrastructure, not to mention qualified personnel. This translates into an inherent difficulty in establishing multicenter trials. Moreover, companies mostly devoted to tissue engineering have yet to prove themselves economically viable. On the other hand, although very few engineered tissues have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), more than 70 companies have recently been developing new products. Many challenges are yet to be overcome before "off-the-shelf" tissues can be offered commercially. Nevertheless, given the scientific promise, potential social impact, and young age of the field, many believe that it should be only a matter of time until tissue engineering reaches the mainstream of surgical practice.
Measurement of mechanical resonance and losses in nanometer scale silicon wires (1999)

We present data on nanofabricated suspended silicon wires driven at resonance. The wires are electrostatically driven and detected optically. We have observed wires with widths as small as 45 nm and resonant frequencies as high as 380 MHz. We see a strong dependence of the resonant quality factor on the surface to volume ratio.
User Insights Tool: A Sharable Database for Global Research. (2004)

Companies looking to expand globally need to recognize differences in people’s activities in culturally unfamiliar markets. They need tools for observation-based, activity-centered research to tailor their offerings for successful adoption. A sharable database tool called “User Insights Tool ” is being prototyped at the Institute of Design for doing faster and deeper activity-centered research. The database tool is based on flexible frameworks that can work across multiple projects, teams, and cultures. It includes tools to gather observations about people’s activities, sort, analyze and share this information, and identify undiscovered patterns of activity that can help inspire innovation.
Activated carbon fibers - past, present and future (1996)

The response rates of relapsed osteosarcoma and melanoma pulmonary metastases to traditional i.v. chemotherapeutic regimens have been disappointing. Direct drug delivery of chemotherapy to the lungs could increase the drug concentration in the tumor area and may offer a new therapeutic approach for these patients. Previous studies demonstrated that drugs delivered to the respiratory tract in liposomal formulation resulted in high pulmonary drug concentration, reduced systemic toxicity, and reduced dosage requirements compared with parenteral and oral administration. To determine whether this approach has utility against pulmonary metastases, the efficacy of aerosol therapy with liposome-encapsulated 9-nitrocamptothecin (L-9NC) was determined using two different experimental lung metastasis models. C57BL/6 mice were treated the day after the i.v. injection of B16 melanoma cells with aerosol L-9NC for 1 h (153 microg 9-nitrocamptothecin/kg) for 5 days per week for up to 3 weeks. Aerosol L-9NC treatment resulted in a reduction in lung weights (P = 0.005) and number of tumor foci (P < 0.001). Visible tumor nodules were fewer and smaller in the 9-nitrocamptothecin-treated group than in untreated control mice (P < 0.001). Using a newly developed human osteosarcoma experimental metastasis model in nude mice, we demonstrated that aerosol L-9NC was also effective against established lung metastases. Aerosol therapy initiated on the ninth week after i.v. tumor injection and continued for 8 or 10 weeks produced highly significant reductions in the number of animals with both visible and microscopic disease (P < 0.02), the total number of tumor foci in the lungs (P < 0.005), and the size of the individual tumor nodules (P < 0.02). These data suggest that L-9NC aerosol therapy may offer significant advantage over existing methods in the treatment of melanoma and osteosarcoma pulmonary metastases.
Vacuum-Assisted Closure for Sternal Wounds: A First-Line Therapeutic Management Approach (2005)

The authors report the largest series of patients treated with this therapy for post-sternotomy sternal wounds and believe it is safe and effective as a first-line therapy in the management of sternal wounds. The mortality rate from their study represents the patients' underlying disease process and comorbidities and is not a reflection of complications associated with the therapy. Vacuum-assisted closure therapy has been shown to decrease wound edema, decrease the time to definitive closure, and reduce wound bacterial colony counts. The authors have implemented the therapy for most patients with sternal wounds/mediastinitis at their institution, and believe it should be a standard protocol in the first-line management of these types of wounds.
All MBE grown InAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers on on-axis Si (001) (2018)

Directly grown III-V quantum dot (QD) laser on on-axis Si (001) is a good candidate for achieving monolithically integrated Si photonics light source. Nowadays, laser structures containing high quality InAs / GaAs QD are generally grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). However, the buffer layer between the on-axis Si (001) substrate and the laser structure are usually grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). In this paper, we demonstrate all MBE grown high-quality InAs/GaAs QD lasers on on-axis Si (001) substrates without using patterning and intermediate layers of foreign material.
Probing depth of soft x‐ray absorption spectroscopy measured in total‐electron‐yield mode (1992)

Abstract Two series of experiments on well‐characterized systems were performed to examine the probing depth of soft x‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measured in total‐electron‐yield (TEY) mode. First we measured the Ni 2 p 3/2 absorption spectra of Ni(100) covered with Tb as a function of the overlayer thickness. Secondly we recorded the O 1s absorption spectra of Ta 2 O 5 films produced by controlled anodic oxidatio of Ta foils as a function of the oxide thickness. The mean probing depth (MPD) was found to be much shorter than previously assumed (for O 1s, only 1.9 nm). The relative importance of those cascade mechanisms that lead to the electron current measured in TEY is discussed.
Identification of positively charged residues of FomA porin of Fusobacterium nucleatum which are important for pore function (1999)

FomA porin is the major outer-membrane protein of Fusobacterium nucleatum. It exhibits the functional properties of a general diffusion porin, but has no sequence similarity to other porins. According to the proposed topology model, each monomer of this trimeric protein is a beta-barrel consisting of 16 transmembrane segments with eight surface-exposed loops. Several conserved charged residues are proposed to extend from the beta-barrel wall into the aqueous channel lumen, and may contribute to a transverse electric field similar to that at the pore constriction of porins with known structure. The goal of our study was to identify particular basic residues contributing to such an electric field in FomA. Several arginines and lysines were replaced by negatively charged glutamates or uncharged alanines. The mutated FomA porins were expressed in Escherichia coli, and the effects on pore function were studied in vivo, by assaying the uptake rate of beta-lactam antibiotics, and in vitro after reconstitution of the purified proteins in lipid bilayer membranes. Some of the point mutations had a significant impact on the channel properties. The substitution R92A produced a 130% increased permeability of the zwitterionic beta-lactam cephaloridine, and the cation selectivity of R92E increased by 70%. The effects of the R90E substitution on channel properties were similar. Most of the point mutations had a minor effect on the voltage gating of the FomA channel, resulting in an increased sensitivity, except for K78E, which showed a decreased sensitivity. The latter mutation had no effect on cation selectivity, but the K78A substitution improved the uptake rate of cephaloridine. The results presented here indicate that arginines 90 and 92 are probably part of the constriction zone of the FomA porin, and lysine 78 and arginines 115 and 117 are probably in close proximity to this region as well.
Biomechanical Properties of In Vivo Human Skin From Dynamic Optical Coherence Elastography (2009)

Dynamic optical coherence elastography is used to determine in vivo skin biomechanical properties based on mechanical surface wave propagation. Quantitative Young's moduli are measured on human skin from different sites, orientations, and frequencies. Skin thicknesses, including measurements from different layers, are also measured simultaneously. Experimental results show significant differences among measurements from different skin sites, between directions parallel and orthogonal to Langer's lines, and under different skin hydration states. Results also suggest surface waves with different driving frequencies represent skin biomechanical properties from different layers in depth. With features such as micrometer-scale resolution, noninvasive imaging, and real-time processing from the optical coherence tomography technology, this optical measurement technique has great potential for measuring skin biomechanical properties in dermatology.
Mouse Oocytes Transcribe Injected Xenopus 5 S RNA Gene (1981)

Transcripts produced after injection of the Xenopus 5S RNA gene into oocyte germinal vesicles of mice migrate electrophoretically with the 5S RNA marker, an indication that the gene is transcribed and processed with considerable accuracy. Approximately two 5S RNA molecules are transcribed per gene per hour. This system may be useful in studying DNA processing and gene regulation by the mammalian ovum and might be modified to allow permanent incorporation of specific genes into mice.
In vitro activities of oxazolidinone compounds U100592 and U100766 against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (1996)

The new oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents U100592 and U100766 demonstrated good in vitro inhibitory activity against clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis regardless of methicillin susceptibility. Both agents appeared bacteriostatic by time-kill analysis. Stable resistance to low multiples of the MIC of either drug could be produced only in methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
Circulating Cell-Free DNA Enables Noninvasive Diagnosis of Heart Transplant Rejection (2014)

Monitoring allograft health is an important component of posttransplant therapy. Endomyocardial biopsy is the current gold standard for cardiac allograft monitoring but is an expensive and invasive procedure. Proof of principle of a universal, noninvasive diagnostic method based on high-throughput screening of circulating cell-free donor-derived DNA (cfdDNA) was recently demonstrated in a small retrospective cohort. We present the results of a prospective cohort study (65 patients, 565 samples) that tested the utility of cfdDNA in measuring acute rejection after heart transplantation. Circulating cell-free DNA was purified from plasma and sequenced (mean depth, 1.2 giga-base pairs) to quantify the fraction of cfdDNA. Through a comparison with endomyocardial biopsy results, we demonstrate that cfdDNA enables diagnosis of acute rejection after heart transplantation, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.83 and sensitivity and specificity that are comparable to the intrinsic performance of the biopsy itself. This noninvasive genome transplant dynamics approach is a powerful and informative method for routine monitoring of allograft health without incurring the risk, discomfort, and expense of an invasive biopsy.
Mutations in the human melanocortin-4 receptor gene associated with severe familial obesity disrupts receptor function through multiple molecular mechanisms (2003)

Mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4R) represent the commonest monogenic cause of human obesity. However, information regarding the precise effects of such mutations on receptor function is very limited. We examined the functional properties of 12 different mutations in human MC4R that result in severe, familial, early-onset obesity. Of the nine missense mutants studied, four were completely unable to generate cAMP in response to ligand and five were partially impaired. Four showed evidence of impaired cell surface expression and six of reduced binding affinity for ligand. One mutation in the C-terminal tail, I316S, showed reduced affinity for alpha-MSH but retained normal affinity for the antagonist AgRP. None of the mutations inhibited signaling through co-transfected wild-type receptors. Thus, in the most comprehensive study to date of the functional properties of naturally occurring MC4R mutations we have (1) established that defective expression on the cell surface is a common mechanism impairing receptor function, (2) identified mutations which specifically affect ligand binding affinity thus aiding the definition of receptor structure-function relationships, (3) provided evidence against the notion that these receptor mutants act as dominant-negatives, and (4) identified a potentially novel molecular mechanism of receptor dysfunction whereby a mutation alters the relative affinities of a receptor for its natural agonist versus antagonist.
Electrochemical reduction of CO2 at an activated silver electrode (1994)

Abstract The electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to CO in aqueous NaClO 4 solution saturated with CO 2 , at polycrystalline Ag cathodes was investigated as a function of the potential, temperature and electrolysis duration. A poisoning process has been found to occur in parallel with the CO formation. Building‐up of the surface species closely similar to the detected poison has been observed at a Ag electrode immersed (at open‐circuit) in a solution containing small amounts (10 −4 mol dm −3 ) of formaldehyde. A periodic anodic stripping of these inhibiting species was shown to produce stable current densities and faradaic efficiencies of CO over 4 – 5 h electrolysis runs. A tentative reaction pathway for CO 2 reduction to CO, taking into account the experimentally determined onset potential, is proposed.
Relationship Between Retinal Layer Thickness and Focal Macular Electroretinogram Components After Epiretinal Membrane Surgery (2013)

The significant correlations between the reduction in the thickness of the middle retinal layer and increase in the amplitude of the b-waves and OPs suggest that the improvement of macular function after ERM peeling is due to the decrease in the thickness of the middle retinal layer.
AlGaN/GaN Power HFET on Silicon Substrate With Source-Via Grounding (SVG) Structure (2005)

We have developed a high-power AlGaN/GaN HFET fabricated on 4-in conductive Si substrate with a source-via grounding (SVG) structure. The SVG structure enables efficient chip layout and high packing density by the vertical configuration. By establishing a high-quality epitaxial technology on a Si substrate and by significantly reducing the parasitic resistance, a very low specific on-state resistance of 1.9 m/spl Omega//spl middot/cm/sup 2/ is achieved. The breakdown voltage is as high as 350 V, which is attributed to the Si substrate acting as a backside field plate. Because of reduction of the parasitic inductance, very high level of current (2.0 kA/cm/sup 2/) transients, i.e., a turn-on time of 98 ps and a turn-off time of 96 ps, are successfully measured for the first time.
The role of the nuclear hormone receptor RORγt in the development of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches (2003)

The nuclear hormone receptor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)gammat is required for the development of lymph nodes (LNs) and Peyer's patches (PPs), as these organs are absent in RORgammat-deficient mice. During fetal life, RORgammat is expressed exclusively in lymphoid tissue-inducer (LTi) cells, a cell type that localizes in developing LNs and PPs. LTi cells express surface lymphotoxin alpha1beta2 that activates specialized mesenchymal cells to produce chemokines, upregulate adhesion molecules and induce further maturation of lymphoid organs. RORgammat inhibits nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT) function in cell lines and induces the expression of Bcl-xL and p27kip1 in the adult thymus, suggesting that RORgammat prevents cell activation, cell-cycle progression, and apoptosis. We propose that RORgammat, together with the inhibitor of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Id2, ensures generation and survival of fetal LTi cells necessary for the development of LNs and PPs.
Embryonic induction - molecular prospects (1987)

ABSTRACT Embryonic induction is an interaction between one (inducing) tissue and another (responding) tissue, as a result of which the responding tissue undergoes a change in its direction of differentiation. This is probably the single most important mechanism in vertebrate development leading to differences between cells and to the organization of cells into tissues and organs.
Cathepsin B efficiently activates the soluble and the tumor cell receptor-bound form of the proenzyme urokinase-type plasminogen activator (Pro-uPA). (1991)

Action of purified human cathepsin B on recombinant single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (pro-uPA) generated enzymatically active two-chain uPA (HMW-uPA), which was indistinguishable by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot from plasmin-generated HMW-uPA and from elastase- or thrombin-generated inactive two-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Preincubation of cathepsin B with E-64 (transepoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamino- (4-guanidino)butane, a potent inhibitor for cathepsin B) prior to the addition of pro-uPA prevented the activation of pro-uPA. The cleavage site within the cathepsin B-treated urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) molecule, determined by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis, is located between Lys158 and Ile159. Pro-uPA is cleaved by cathepsin B at the same peptide bond that is cleaved by plasmin or kallikrein. Binding of cathepsin B-activated pro-uPA to the uPA receptor on U937 cells did not differ from that of enzymatically inactive pro-uPA, indicating an intact receptor-binding region within the growth factor-like domain of the cathepsin B-treated uPA molecule. Not only soluble but also tumor cell receptor-bound pro-uPA could be efficiently cleaved by cathepsin B to generate enzymatically active two-chain uPA. Thus, cathepsin B can substitute for plasmin in the proteolytic activation of pro-uPA to enzymatically active HMW-uPA. In contrast, no significant activation of pro-uPA by cathepsin D was observed. As tumor cells may produce both pro-uPA and cathepsin B, implications for the activation of tumor cell-derived pro-uPA by cellular proteases may be considered.
Solid Phase Synthesis of Peptides and Glycopeptides on Polymeric Supports with Allylic Anchor Groups (1988)

New polymeric supports (Hycram resins) have enabled the preparation of sensitive glycopeptides by solid-phase synthesis. These resins make it possible to work with acid- and base-labile protective groups, since the glycopeptides and peptides thus prepared can be recovered from the support by palladium(0) catalysis under neutral, weakly basic or weakly acid conditions. Acid(Boc)-labile and base-labile protective groups remain intact. Examples are the synthesis of the glycotripeptides 1b and of the Leu-enkephalin 2b protected at the tyrosine via the Hycram compounds 1a and 1b.
Cellular uptake of magnetic nanoparticle is mediated through energy-dependent endocytosis in A549 cells (2006)

Biocompatible silica-overcoated magnetic nanoparticles containing an organic fluorescence dye, rhodamine B isothiocyanate (RITC), within a silica shell [50 nm size, MNP@SiO2(RITC)s] were synthesized. For future application of the MNP@SiO2(RITC)s into diverse areas of research such as drug or gene delivery, bioimaging, and biosensors, detailed information of the cellular uptake process of the nanoparticles is essential. Thus, this study was performed to elucidate the precise mechanism by which the lung cancer cells uptake the magnetic nanoparticles. Lung cells were chosen for this study because inhalation is the most likely route of exposure and lung cancer cells were also found to uptake magnetic nanoparticles rapidly in preliminary experiments. The lung cells were pretreated with different metabolic inhibitors. Our results revealed that low temperature disturbed the uptake of magnetic nanoparticles into the cells. Metabolic inhibitors also prevented the delivery of the materials into cells. Use of TEM clearly demonstrated that uptake of the nanoparticles was mediated through endosomes. Taken together, our results demonstrate that magnetic nanoparticles can be internalized into the cells through an energy-dependent endosomal-lysosomal mechanism.
Graded band gap GaInNAs solar cells (2015)

Dilute nitride GaInN(Sb)As with a band gap (Eg) of 1.0 eV is a promising material for the integration in next generation multijunction solar cells. We have investigated the effect of a compositionally graded GaInNAs absorber layer on the spectral response of a GaInNAs sub cell. We produced band gap gradings (ΔEg) of up to 39 meV across a 1 μm thick GaInNAs layer. Thereby, the external quantum efficiency—compared to reference cells—was increased due to the improved extraction of photo-generated carriers from 34.0% to 36.7% for the wavelength range from 900 nm to 1150 nm. However, this device figure improvement is accompanied by a small decrease in the open circuit voltage of about 20 mV and the shift of the absorption edge to shorter wavelengths.