gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of Fertilization on Acrylamide Formation during Frying of Potatoes Harvested in 2003 (2005)

The quality of the potato has been found to vary, when grown under different agricultural and environmental conditions, such as the level of fertilization. Consequently these factors may influence the acrylamide formation during the preparation of French fries. These assumptions were studied on three varieties: Bintje, Ramos, and Saturna from the harvest of 2003. Decreasing N fertilization caused increases in the reducing sugar concentration from 60% up to 100% on DM for all varieties studied. Due to a high correlation between the reducing sugar content and the generation of acrylamide during frying, this resulted in a parallel increase in the acrylamide concentration of the French fries. Thus by lowering the amount of N fertilizer, an increase of 30-65% of the acrylamide generation during frying could be observed. It seems of extreme importance to find an appropriate balance between the level of N fertilizer in order to diminish acrylamide formation but on the other hand to obtain an acceptable tuber and to consider the environmental impact. All results reported should be seen in the perspective of the warm growing season of 2003.
Signals Involved in Neural Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2009)

Neural differentiation from embryonic stem cells involves progressive stages of neural induction, expansion and maintenance of neural stem/progenitor cells, and differentiation to neurons and glia. Our understanding of the signals involved in each of these processes is primarily based on our knowledge of neural development during embryogenesis. This review will focus on the signalling pathways that have been identified to play a role in neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), including their induction to neuroectoderm, maintenance and expansion of hESC-derived neurospheres, differentiation to neurons and specification to specific neuronal lineages. Understanding the signals involved in each of these stages is important for optimising methods to derive specific cell types for transplantation therapies, as well as for providing insight into the mechanisms of human neurogenesis.
Effects of in vitro and in vivo growth conditions on expression of type 8 capsular polysaccharide by Staphylococcus aureus (1993)

Type 8 capsular polysaccharide (CP8) is widely prevalent among clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, but the role that the capsule plays in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections is unclear. This study was performed to identify growth conditions that would optimize the production of CP8 and to determine whether enhanced CP8 expression would influence staphylococcal virulence. S. aureus Becker grown in a chemically defined broth medium with < 1 microM ferric nitrate produced up to eightfold more CP8 per milligram of biomass than did bacteria cultivated in the same medium containing 20 microM ferric nitrate. The bacteria produced > 350-fold more cell-associated CP8 per milligram of biomass when grown on the surface of Columbia agar than when grown in Columbia broth. Most of the CP8 produced by broth-grown cells was secreted into the culture medium. S. aureus cultivated on the surface of nitrocellulose membranes floating on Columbia broth produced levels of CP8 similar to those produced by cells grown on Columbia agar. Similarly, bacteria harvested from endocardial vegetations of rabbits infected with S. aureus produced high levels of CP8. These results indicate that staphylococci grown on surfaces, both in vitro and in vivo, produce larger quantities of cell-associated CP8 than those grown in liquid cultures. However, no differences were observed in the 50% lethal dose for mice of strain Becker grown on solid medium (high levels of capsule expression) or in liquid medium (low levels of capsule expression).
Taxonomy, Fermentation, Isolation and Biological Activities. (2003)

A cyclic tetrapeptide FR235222, a novel immunosuppressant, has been isolated from the fermentation broth of a fungus, Acremonium sp. No. 27082. FR235222 showed potent and selective inhibitory effects on both T cell proliferation and lymphokine production. Further study has revealed this compound exhibits potent inhibitory effects on the activity of mammalian histone deacetylases (HDACs).
Node autonomy in distributed systems (1988)

The goal of this paper is to explore the notion of node autonomy in distributed computer systems. Some motivations for autonomy are exposed. Different facets of autonomy as well as relationships among them are discussed. Finally, we look into how autonomy affects other aspects of distributed computing, including timeliness, correctness, load sharing, data sharing, and data replication.
A Functional Interaction between the Carboxy-Terminal Domain of RNA Polymerase II and Pre-mRNA Splicing (1997)

In the preceding study we found that Sm snRNPs and SerArg (SR) family proteins co-immunoprecipitate with Pol II molecules containing a hyperphosphorylated CTD (Kim et al., 1997). The association between Pol IIo and splicing factors is maintained in the absence of pre-mRNA, and the polymerase need not be transcriptionally engaged (Kim et al., 1997). The latter findings led us to hypothesize that a phosphorylated form of the CTD interacts with pre-mRNA splicing components in vivo. To test this idea, a nested set of CTD-derived proteins was assayed for the ability to alter the nuclear distribution of splicing factors, and to interfere with splicing in vivo. Proteins containing heptapeptides 1-52 (CTD52), 1-32 (CTD32), 1-26 (CTD26), 1-13 (CTD13), 1-6 (CTD6), 1-3 (CTD3), or 1 (CTD1) were expressed in mammalian cells. The CTD-derived proteins become phosphorylated in vivo, and accumulate in the nucleus even though they lack a conventional nuclear localization signal. CTD52 induces a selective reorganization of splicing factors from discrete nuclear domains to the diffuse nucleoplasm, and significantly, it blocks the accumulation of spliced, but not unspliced, human beta-globin transcripts. The extent of splicing factor disruption, and the degree of inhibition of splicing, are proportional to the number of heptapeptides added to the protein. The above results indicate a functional interaction between Pol II's CTD and pre-mRNA splicing.
Identification of a Novel Thyroid Hormone Receptor Expressed in the Mammalian Central Nervous System (1987)

A complementary DNA clone derived from rat brain messenger RNA has been isolated on the basis of homology to the human thyroid hormone receptor gene. Expression of this complementary DNA produces a high-affinity binding protein for thyroid hormones. Sequence analysis and the mapping of this gene to a distinct human genetic locus indicate the existence of multiple human thyroid hormone receptors. Messenger RNA from this gene is expressed in a tissue-specific fashion with highest levels in the central nervous system.
Synthesis of N-Unsubstituted Di- and Triaza Crown Ethers (1983)

Abstract Facile syntheses of di- and triaza crown ethers by in tramolecular cyclization of oligoethylene glycols containing two or three imino groups or by their intermolecular cyclization with oligoethylene glycol bis(p-toluenesulfonate)s are described.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection down-regulates HLA class II expression and induces differentiation in promonocytic U937 cells. (1987)

We studied the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the surface-marker expression of the human promonocytic cell line U937. U937 cells persistently produced HIV as detected by reverse transcriptase activity in culture supernatant. Expression of HLA class II antigens on U937/HIV cells was decreased 2- to 10-fold, depending on the Mab used. Class II expression of U937/HIV cells increased approximately two-fold by treatment with r-interferon-gamma. Whereas noninfected U937 cells expressed moderate amounts of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) (CD11a) and minimal amounts of the C3bi receptor (CD11b) and p150/95 (CD11c), U937/HIV cells expressed moderate amounts of C3bi receptor and p150/95 and showed elevated expression of LFA-1 alpha (CD11a) and -beta (CD18) chains. Expression of these adhesion molecules resulted in strongly enhanced phorbolester-induced aggregation of U937/HIV cells compared with the noninfected U937 cells. In addition, almost all U937/HIV cells, but not noninfected U937 cells, intensely stained for cytoplasmic nonspecific esterase activity. The effects of HIV infection on U937 cells strikingly resemble the effects of differentiation-inducing agents, such as PMA and DMSO, on the U937 phenotype. Our finding suggests that HIV infection, apart from down regulating class II expression, induces differentiation of U937 cells.
Synthesis and biological activities of 5-deaza analogs of aminopterin and folic acid (1986)

N-[p-[[(2,4-Diaminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)methyl] amino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid (1a, 5-deazaaminopterin) and the 5-methyl analogue (1b) were synthesized in 14 steps from 5-cyanouracil (4a) and 5-cyano-6-methyluracil (4b), respectively, by exploitation of the novel pyrimidine to pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine ring transformation reaction. The 5-cyanouracils 4 were treated with chloromethyl methyl ether to the 1,3-bis(methoxymethyl)uracils (5, which were treated with malononitrile in NaOEt/EtOH to give the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines 6. Diazotization of 6 in concentrated HCl afforded the 7-chloro derivatives 8 in high yield. After reduction of 8, the 7-unsubstituted products 9 were reduced in the presence of Ac2O and the products, 6-(acetamidomethyl)pyridopyrimidines 10, were converted into the 6-acetoxymethyl derivatives 12 via nitrosation. After removal of the N-methoxymethyl groups from 12, the 6-(acetoxymethyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-diones 14 were converted into 2,4-diamino-6-(hydroxymethyl)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine (15a) and its 5-methyl analogue 15b by the silylation-amination procedure. Compounds 15 were brominated to the 6-bromomethyl derivatives 16, which were treated with diethyl (p-aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamate, and the products 17 were saponified to afford 5-deazaaminopterin (1a) and its 5-methyl analogue 1b. Compound 1b was also prepared by an alternative procedure in 10 steps from cyanothioacetamide and ethyl beta-(ethoxymethylene)acetoacetate via 2,4-diamino-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine (15b). 5-Deaza-5-methylfolic acid (2) was also prepared in four steps from 15b. The aminopterine analogues 1 showed significant anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo, whereas the folic acid analogue 2 did not exhibit any significant toxicity.
Competition Between Calcium, Strontium, and Magnesium for Absorption in the Isolated Rat Intestine (1963)

Abstract Rats 1-2 mo. old were placed on a low calcium or a low calcium and low magnesium diet. Absorption in isolated rat intestine was studied in vitro. Duodenal segments which actively took up and actively transported Ca45++ well, actively took up and actively transported Sr85++ well; where Ca45++ active uptake and active transport was poor, that of Sr85++ was low. The uptakes of Ca45++, Sr85++, and Mg28++ by the gut tissue were greater than the amounts transported. Ca++, Sr++, and Mg++ decreased the active uptake of Ca45++ and Sr85++ by the duodenum. Ca++ decreased the rate of active transport to the serosal media of Ca40++ and Sr85++. Ca++ was more effective in decreasing the active uptake of Sr55++ than was Sr++. The active uptake of Ca45++ by the ileum was reduced by Mg++ and Sr++. The active uptake of Mg28++ by the ileum was reduced by Ca++. The rate at which Mg28++ crosses and is taken up by the small intestine increases as one progresses from the proximal duodenum to the distal ileum. Ca++ was actively transported by the colon. Ca++, Sr++, and Mg++ appear to share a common pathway for absorption by the gut, but in the various areas of the intestine the rate of absorption of a particular divalent cation and the degree of competition between the divalent cations varies. Therefore, the absorption of a particular cation may involve also other pathways.
The Development of Local, Layer-Specific Visual Cortical Axons in the Absence of Extrinsic Influences and Intrinsic Activity (1998)

The laminar specificity of vertical connections in the primary visual cortex (area 17) develops precisely from the outset, leading to the hypothesis that layer-specific axonal targeting is attributable to molecular cues intrinsic to the cortex (Lund et al., 1977; Katz and Callaway, 1992). However, alternative factors that could influence axonal development have not been investigated. This study examines the roles of intrinsic cortical activity and extrinsic influences that could arise from earlier-formed connections with outside cortical and subcortical areas. Organotypic slice cultures were prepared from ferret area 17 before the formation of local axonal connections and were incubated for 5-7 d to allow initial, local axonal arbors to form in the absence of extrinsic influences. Additionally, some slices were cultured in the presence of the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin to block spontaneous action potentials within the slice. Individual neurons were labeled intracellularly with biocytin, and their patterns of local axonal arborizations were reconstructed. This study focuses on the development of layer 6 pyramidal neurons, the axons of which in vivo bypass an incorrect target, layer 5, before specifically arborizing in their local target, layer 4. We found that axonal arbors developing in vitro preferentially arborized in layer 4 versus layer 5. However, inhibition of spontaneous activity within the cortical slice decreased this specificity, resulting in similar numbers of axonal branches in layers 4 and 5. Thus, although cortical axons do not require influences from outside areas, intrinsic spontaneous activity is required for specific axonal arborization in correct laminar targets.
Conformation transition of silk fibroin induced by blending chitosan (1997)

The conformation of silk fibroin in silk fibroin/chitosan (SF/CS) blend membrane was analyzed by infrared spectrum, X-ray diffractometry, and Raman spectrum. The results demonstrated that the SF could show β-sheet conformation when the SF content in blend membranes was 10% (w/w) and 60–80% (w/w), while the pure SF membrane showed random coil conformation. A mechanism of the conformation transition was suggested in that the SF chain could use the rigid CS chain as a mold plate to stretch itself to form a β-sheet structure according to the strong hydrogen bond between CS and SF. Therefore, a new concept, named “Polymer-Induced Conformation Transition,” was proposed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2293–2296, 1997
Selective extracellular vesicle-mediated export of an overlapping set of microRNAs from multiple cell types (2012)

The global expression data provided by deep sequencing confirms that specific miRNAs are enriched in EVs released by HEK293T cells. Observation of similar patterns in a range of cell types suggests that a common mechanism for selective miRNA export may exist.
Cruciforms: Assembling Single Crystal Micro- and Nanostructures from One to Three Dimensions and Their Applications in Organic Field-Effect Transistors (2009)

The self-assembly behaviors and charge transport properties of cruciforms with anthracene as one axis were studied. By changing one axis of these cruciforms, the assembly morphologies of single crystal micro/nanostructures transferred from one dimension to three dimensions. This morphology transformation was controlled by the intermolecular interactions of cruciforms, which was proved by single crystal X-ray diffraction results and presented a facile way to synthesize different dimensional micro/nanostructures through molecular design. Field-effect transistors based on individual single crystal micro/nanostructure exhibited high performance. These results suggested the potential applications of cruciform in organic electronics.
Distortions in Development of Intestinal Microbiota Associated with Late Onset Sepsis in Preterm Infants (2013)

Late onset sepsis (LOS) is a major contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality, especially in premature infants. Distortions in the establishment of normal gut microbiota, commensal microbes that colonize the digestive tract, might increase the risk of LOS via disruption of the mucosal barrier with resultant translocation of luminal contents. Correlation of distortions of the intestinal microbiota with LOS is a necessary first step to design novel microbiota-based screening approaches that might lead to early interventions to prevent LOS in high risk infants. Using a case/control design nested in a cohort study of preterm infants, we analyzed stool samples that had been prospectively collected from ten preterm infants with LOS and from 18 matched controls. A 16S rRNA based approach was utilized to compare microbiota diversity and identify specific bacterial signatures that differed in their prevalence between cases and controls. Overall α-diversity (Chao1) was lower in cases two weeks before (p<0.05) but not one week before or at the time of diagnosis of LOS. Overall microbiota structure (Unifrac) appeared distinct in cases 2 weeks and 1 week before but not at diagnosis (p<0.05). Although we detected few operational taxonomic units (OTUs) unique or enriched in cases, we found many OTUs common in controls that were lacking in cases (p<0.01). Bifidobacteria counts were lower in cases at all time points. Our results support the hypothesis that a distortion in normal microbiota composition, and not an enrichment of potential pathogens, is associated with LOS in preterm infants.
Safety and Efficacy of Trastuzumab Every 3 Weeks Combined with Cytotoxic Chemotherapy in Patients with HER2-Positive Recurrent Breast Cancer: Findings from a Case Series (2005)

These findings will likely encourage further evaluation of this more convenient 3-weekly trastuzumab regimen in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer.
An Inhibitory Effect of Melatonin on the Estrous Phase of the Estrous Cycle of the Rodent (1964)

Microgram doses of melatonin decrease the incidence of vaginal smears that demonstrate estrous phases in Sprague- Dawley rats and C3H/HeN mice. This property is not shared by the precursors of melatonin, serotonin and N-acetylserotonin, or its major metabolite, 6-hydroxymelatonin. The minimum effective dose of melatonin is decreased when daily melatonin injections are started prior to gonadal maturation. Pinealectomy is followed by an increase in the incidence of estrus; this increase is inhibited by melatonin treatment. (Endocrinology75: 238, 1964)
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels and Pain (2004)

Voltage-gated sodium channels are highly specialized molecular transducers that play a significant role in the creation and transmission of electrical activity throughout the neuraxis. These ion channels are fundamentally involved in sensory neuron physiology and pathophysiology; a complete but localized suspension of their normal function can prevent all sensation--including that perceived as pain. Soft-tissue injuries that result in inflammation or direct damage to nerve fibers have each been shown to result in abnormal sodium channel function and, in many cases, to lead to pathological hyperexcitability in the sensory afferent nerves that innervate the injured dermatome or visceral organ. Abrogating abnormal activity whilst leaving normal sensation unaffected would represent a powerful approach to pain relief. This article reviews the evidence supporting abnormal sodium channel biology in various pathological contexts, the opportunities that this presents for novel therapeutics and progress towards realizing this goal.
The Activity of Ketoconazole in the Treatment of Onychomycosis (1980)

Ketoconazole was administered orally in daily doses of 200 mg to 70 patients with onychomycosis. Complete recovery was attained by 48 patients, improvement of > 50% by 10 patients, and for three patients therapy failed. For the remaining nine patients the results could not be evaluated. The average duration of treatment was 7.5 months for disease due to Trichophyton species and 6.5 months for disease due to Candida species. There were no adverse effects or signs of toxicity attributable to the administration of ketoconazole. It is concluded that ketoconazole is a positive development in the effort to control the difficult problems presented by onychomycosis.
A Portable Hot Spot Recognition Loop Transfers Sequence Preferences from APOBEC Family Members to Activation-induced Cytidine Deaminase (2009)

Enzymes of the AID/APOBEC family, characterized by the targeted deamination of cytosine to generate uracil within DNA, mediate numerous critical immune responses. One family member, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), selectively introduces uracil into antibody variable and switch regions, promoting antibody diversity through somatic hypermutation or class switching. Other family members, including APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G, play an important role in retroviral defense by acting on viral reverse transcripts. These enzymes are distinguished from one another by targeting cytosine within different DNA sequence contexts; however, the reason for these differences is not known. Here, we report the identification of a recognition loop of 9-11 amino acids that contributes significantly to the distinct sequence motifs of individual family members. When this recognition loop is grafted from the donor APOBEC3F or 3G proteins into the acceptor scaffold of AID, the mutational signature of AID changes toward that of the donor proteins. These loop-graft mutants of AID provide useful tools for dissecting the biological impact of DNA sequence preferences upon generation of antibody diversity, and the results have implications for the evolution and specialization of the AID/APOBEC family.
In vitro selection of human cytomegalovirus variants unable to transfer virus and virus products from infected cells to polymorphonuclear leukocytes and to grow in endothelial cells (2001)

Four human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) isolates from different clinical sources were extensively propagated in human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HELF). Plaque isolates from each of the four virus strains were evaluated for their ability to be transferred to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and to grow in endothelial cells (EC). While all four of the clinical strains were found to be both PMNL- and EC-tropic, variants were identified from each of the four strains that lacked both biological properties, while three of the four parental strains lost their transfer capacity before passage 50 in HELF. It was demonstrated that one of the four field isolates (VR6110) and its transfer-deficient variant were genetically related, but showed different curves of virus yield in HELF. In addition, neither the immediate-early (IE) mRNA nor the IE protein p72 were found to be transferred to PMNL before 72 h post-infection (late in infection) or in the presence of viral DNA replication inhibitors. These findings link EC and PMNL tropism and suggest that PMNL tropism is a late HCMV function.
[Neurotropic viruses--classification, structure and characteristics]. (1997)

Classification, structure and characteristics of neurotropic viruses are briefly summarized. Neurotropic viruses causing acute infection include Japanese, Venezuelan equine, and California encephalitis viruses, polio, coxsackie, echo, mumps, measles, influenza, and rabies viruses as well as members of the family Herpesviridae such as herpes simplex, varicella-zoster, cytomegalo and Epstein-Barr viruses. Those causing latent infection include herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses. Those causing slow virus infection include measles, rubella and JC viruses, and retroviruses such as human T-lymphotropic virus 1 and human immunodeficiency virus. Prion, which is not a virus but a host-derived non-physiological protein, causes transmissible spongiform encephalopathy such as kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease that resemble slow virus infection.