gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
General Turbulent Pipe Flow Scale-Up Correlation for Rheologically Complex Fluids (1967)

Abstract A mathematical model d1.20?p/4L = A(8v)s derived from the Blasius equation is proposed to be applicable to turbulent flow through straight cylindrical pipe for time-independent fluids which produce a diameter family of straight parallel lines on a log (d?p/4L) vs log (8v/d) plot or stress-flow diagram. Such a correlation should permit scale-up with data taken from one pipe diameter for Newtonian, inelastic non-Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids, such as dilute polymer fracturing fluids, which produce considerable frictional pressure reductions. The Newtonian diameter exponent value 1. 20 is shown to be empirically valid for turbulent non-Newtonian flow by application of numerical analysis methods. Multiple regression analysis is applied to a logarithmic linearization of the proposed model. An improved data fit results from further linearization achieved by taking linear terms from a generalized Taylor's series expansion about the multiple regression coefficients. Extensive experimental data obtained in five pipe diameters with water, sodium carboxymethylcellulose solutions, guar gum solutions, bentonite clay suspensions and calcium carbonate slurries are presented. Except for calcium carbonate slurries, which were investigated rather than time-dependent cement slurries, the fluids studied contain drilling or fracturing fluid additives. The behavior exhibited by these fluids is considered typical of most fluids encountered in drilling, cementing and fracturing operations. INTRODUCTION Considerable difficulties have been encountered in predicting turbulent flow pressure drops produced by non-Newtonian fluids flowing through straight cylindrical pipe. Correlations previously presented require extensive experimental data which represent several pipe diameters and a wide flow rate range to estimate the necessary scale-up parameters.1-7 One must implement either elaborate experimental apparatus or spend considerable time and effort to gather the se data. Presented here is a correlation method which should minimize the experimental effort and data analysis normally required by utilizing flow data taken with only one pipe diameter. Turbulent flow data (up-stream and dawn-stream pressure and volumetric flow rates) were collected for five pipe diameters through operation of a small pipeline system having an electronic data acquisition and digitizing system. A mathematical model derived from the Blasius equation was utilized to describe the functional relationship between pressure drop and the two independent variables, diameter and average flow velocity. A correlation, which should produce a valid single-pipe scale-up, resulted from a computer-implemented statistical and numerical data analysis for several time-independent non-Newtonian fluids.
Enhanced Neurofibrillary Degeneration in Transgenic Mice Expressing Mutant Tau and APP (2001)

JNPL3 transgenic mice expressing a mutant tau protein, which develop neurofibrillary tangles and progressive motor disturbance, were crossed with Tg2576 transgenic mice expressing mutant beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), thus modulating the APP-Abeta (beta-amyloid peptide) environment. The resulting double mutant (tau/APP) progeny and the Tg2576 parental strain developed Abeta deposits at the same age; however, relative to JNPL3 mice, the double mutants exhibited neurofibrillary tangle pathology that was substantially enhanced in the limbic system and olfactory cortex. These results indicate that either APP or Abeta influences the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. The interaction between Abeta and tau pathologies in these mice supports the hypothesis that a similar interaction occurs in Alzheimer's disease.
Expression of c-erbB-2 oncogene protein, epidermal growth factor receptor, and TGF-beta1 in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. (2002)

Detection of c-erbB-2 oncogene protein, EGFR, and TGF-beta1 expressions in pancreatic tissue is helpful to judge the malignancy, progression, and metastasis of PC.
Stability of aminophylline. (1993)

The stability of aminophyline was studied in the presence of four tablet excipients (callu1ose starh, glucose and lactose) and nine intravenous fluids (water for injection, dextrose. 10% normal saline, dextrose normal saline 5%, Ringer lactate, Ringer, aminoplasmal 5%, lipofundin 10%, total parenteral nutrition solution TPNS). Ten percent mixtures of the powder drug with the excipients were kept at 5 degrees C, room temperature (27+/-3 degrees C), 45 degrees C and in direct sunlight for 30 days. The degradation of the drug increases with increase in temperature and on exposure to sunlight. The degradation is particularly intense in the presence of glucose and lactose and change in colour from white to yellow occurs in such mixtures. At 45 degrees C and in sunlight both pure drug and its mixtures change colour during the storage period. In intravenous fluids, the drug (1 g/L) is stable and physically compatible for 2 days at 5 degrees C, 27+/-3 degrees C and 45 degrees C except in lipofundin 10% and TPNS where the drug is stable for only 12 hours at 45 degrees C. Yellow tinge appears in the admixtures containing dextrose after 2 days at room temperature and at 45 degrees C.
Catalytic Activity of Supported Au Nanoparticles Deposited from Block Copolymer Micelles (2003)

Quasi-ordered, highly dispersed, gold nanoclusters of tightly controlled particle size were synthesized by dip-coating substrates with gold precursors encapsulated by block-copolymer micelles. By this method, gold particles (4.8 +/- 1.3 nm) were deposited on ITO-coated glass and shown to be catalytically active for electro-oxidation of carbon monoxide. XPS confirmed the catalytically active particles were predominantly Au0; however, a large fraction existed as Au3+. Whereas bulk gold is inert, these results demonstrate that catalytically active Au nanoparticles can be derived from micelle encapsulation.
A system for automated DNA electrophoresis, molecular hybridization and electronic detection: I Electrophoresis and hybridization (1987)

Abstract We have designed and constructed a computer‐controlled, fully automated system for Southern‐type nucleic acid hybridization analysis. Restriction enzyme digests of DNA are placed into sample wells of the gel contained on a nine‐fingered plastic frame. The 32 ‐labeled probe is loaded into the hybridization chamber. Instructions for all the subsequent steps in the fully automated process are specified by the operator's answers to questions which appear on the computer screen at the start of the experiment. The system performs horizontal submarine electrophoresis. An adjustable endpoint detector concludes electrophoresis. Automatic voltage/temperature feedback control maintains maximum allowable voltage while keeping the temperature constant. Following electrophoresis a robot arm moves the gel frame from station to station. The system then affixes the separated fragments to a solid phase matrix, denatures, neutralizes, hybridizes, washes, dries and detects the 32 P according to the specifications preprogrammed by the operator. The results, printed out by the computer, give a plot of radioactivity versus distance from the origin for each of the nine simultaneous hybridizations.
Effects of BMP-7 on mouse tooth mesenchyme and chick mandibular mesenchyme (1999)

BMP-7 is a member of the BMP family of signaling molecules that are thought to play key roles in mediating inductive events during embryogenesis. In the present study the possible roles of BMP-7 in mediating inductive events during the initiation phase of odontogenesis and mandibular morphogenesis were investigated. To do so, we have examined the effects of agarose beads soaked in recombinant BMP-7 on E11 mouse molar-forming mesenchyme and stage 23 chick mandibular mesenchyme, and analyzed the patterns of expression of Bmp-7 in developing mouse and chick first branchial arches. Beads releasing BMP-7 induced a translucent zone, cellular proliferation, and expression of Msx-1, Msx-2, and Bmp-4 in molar-forming mesenchyme after 24 hr. The effects of BMP-7 on molar-forming mesenchyme are similar to the effects of BMP-4 and are consistent with their overlapping patterns of expression in the thickened epithelium of the early developing tooth buds, which is suggestive of cooperative and/or redundant roles of BMPs in mediating the inductive interactions during the early stages of odontogenesis. Our studies in the developing chick mandible showed that Bmp-7 is expressed in the mandibular epithelium. In the absence of mandibular epithelium, BMP-7 beads maintained cell proliferation and Msx expression in the medial mandibular mesenchyme and were able to induce cell proliferation, cell death, and Msx expression in the lateral chick mandibular mesenchyme. The effects of BMP-7 on the expression of Msx genes in lateral chick mandibular mesenchyme, although different from the effects of lateral mandibular epithelium, are similar to the effects of epithelium from the medial region where multiple Bmps are expressed. We also showed that laterally placed BMP-7 beads induced ectopic expression of Msx genes and changes in the development of posterior skeletal elements in the maxillary and mandibular arches. However, despite its proliferative effects on mandibular mesenchyme, BMP-7 did not support the directional outgrowth of the mandible. These observations suggest that epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the medial region of the mandibular arch regulating directional outgrowth of the mandibular mesenchyme are mediated by cooperative interactions between BMPs and other growth factors. Our observations also indicated that EGF, another growth factor implicated in mediating epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the initiation phase of odontogenesis and morphogenesis of the developing mandible, induces an extensive translucent zone and cellular proliferation in the E11 mouse molar-forming mesenchyme and stage 23 chick mandibular mesenchyme. However, in contrast to BMPs, EGF did not induce Msx-1, Msx-2, and Bmp-4, but modulated the effects of BMPs on the expression of Msx-1 and Msx-2 in these mesenchymes. Our combined data suggest that BMP-7 is a component of the signaling network mediating epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during the initiation phase of odontogenesis and morphogenesis of the mandibular arch.
Genetic Basis of Variation in Carotid Artery Plaque in the San Antonio Family Heart Study (2002)

Our data indicate that after established cardiovascular risk factors are controlled for, the variation of the discrete trait CAP is under appreciable additive genetic influences.
Cell‐Free Production of Aggregation‐Prone Proteins in Soluble and Active Forms (2005)

We have developed an efficient cell-free protein synthesis system for the production of soluble and active eukaryotic proteins that are predominantly produced as inclusion bodies in bacteria. S30 extracts (indicating the supernatant of cell homogenate when centrifuged at 30,000g) for cell-free protein synthesis were prepared from Escherichia coli that was modified to overexpress a set of chaperones (GroEL/ES or DnaK/J-GrpE) and disulfide isomerase (leader sequence-free mature DsbC expressed in the cytoplasm). The solubility and biological activity concentration (biological activity per unit volume of cell-free protein synthesis reaction mixture) of the protein synthesized by the new cell-free protein synthesis system showed a dramatic improvement. Solubility enhancement was most dramatic with the existence of DnaK/J-GrpE. It shows that the co-translational interaction with DnaK/J-GrpE prior to folding trial is important in maintenance of the aggregation-prone protein in a folding-competent soluble state. For maximizing the biological activity concentration of the expressed protein, the additional presence of GroEL/ES and DsbC was required. When human erythropoietin was expressed in the developed cell-free protein synthesis system including endogenously overexpressed chaperones and/or DsbC, the biological activity concentration of erythropoietin was enhanced by 700%. It implies that the post-translational folding and disulfide bond reshuffling as well as co-translational folding are important in acquiring functionally active protein from cell-free expression system. This is the first report of using S30 extracts including endogenously overexpressed chaperones and/or disulfide isomerase for the efficient production of soluble and active proteins in cell-free protein synthesis. This new cell-free protein synthesis system was capable of introducing much larger amounts of chaperones and disulfide isomerase compared to a conventional method that supplements them separately. The developed cell-free protein synthesis system supported efficient expression of the eukaryotic proteins in soluble and active forms without the need of any exogenous addition or coexpression of folding effectors.
The Discovery of VX-745: A Novel and Selective p38α Kinase Inhibitor (2011)

The synthesis of novel, selective, orally active 2,5-disubstituted 6H-pyrimido[1,6-b]pyridazin-6-one p38α inhibitors is described. Application of structural information from enzyme-ligand complexes guided the selection of screening compounds, leading to the identification of a novel class of p38α inhibitors containing a previously unreported bicyclic heterocycle core. Advancing the SAR of this series led to the eventual discovery of 5-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenylthio)-6H-pyrimido[1,6-b]pyridazin-6-one (VX-745). VX-745 displays excellent enzyme activity and selectivity, has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, and demonstrates good in vivo activity in models of inflammation.
Tuberous sclerosis 1 (Tsc1)-dependent metabolic checkpoint controls development of dendritic cells (2013)

Coordination of cell metabolism and immune signals is crucial for lymphocyte priming. Emerging evidence also highlights the importance of cell metabolism for the activation of innate immunity upon pathogen challenge, but there is little evidence of how this process contributes to immune cell development. Here we show that differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs) from bone marrow precursors is associated with dynamic regulation of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and cell metabolism. Unexpectedly, enhancing mTORC1 activity via ablation of its negative regulator tuberous sclerosis 1 (Tsc1) impaired DC development in vivo and in vitro, associated with defective cell survival and proliferation. Moreover, Tsc1 deficiency caused DC spontaneous maturation but a propensity to differentiate into other lineages, and attenuated DC-mediated effector TH1 responses. Mechanistically, Tsc1-deficient DCs exhibited increased glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and lipid synthesis that were partly mediated by the transcription factor Myc, highlighting a key role of Tsc1 in modulating metabolic programming of DC differentiation. Further, Tsc1 signaled through Rheb to down-regulate mTORC1 for proper DC development, whereas its effect at modulating mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) activity was largely dispensable. Our results demonstrate that the interplay between Tsc1-Rheb-mTORC1 signaling and Myc-dependent bioenergetic and biosynthetic activities constitutes a key metabolic checkpoint to orchestrate DC development.
Staphylococci from dental personnel. (1999)

Thirty dental students and five professors were cultured in nares, throat, and hands for the presence of staphylococci. Twenty-four students and two professors were colonized with staphylococci that were classified as S. aureus. Twelve students and one professor were colonized with staphylococci that produced enterotoxin. Care needs to be taken to avoid contaminating patients during dental examination, particularly during any type of surgery.
3-Acyl-4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-ones. Systemically active anticonvulsants acting by antagonism at the glycine site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex (1993)

Most full antagonists at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor contain a carboxylic acid, which we believe to be detrimental to penetration of the blood-brain barrier. By consideration of a pharmacophore, novel antagonists at this site have been designed in which the anionic functionality is a vinylogous acid, in the form of a 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. In this series, a 3-substituent is necessary for binding, and correct manipulation of this group leads to compounds such as the 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propargyl ester 24 (L-701,273), with an IC50 for displacement of [3H]-L-689,560 binding of 0.17 microM and Kb against NMDA in the cortical slice of 1.39 microM. Compounds were tested for their ability to prevent audiogenic seizure in DBA/2 mice; the most potent compound in this series is the cyclopropyl ketone 42 (L-701,252), with an ED50 of 4.1 mg/kg ip. A model is proposed for binding to the glycine site, in which an important interaction is of a putative receptor cation with the pi-system of the 3-substituent.
Amino acid-based bioanalogous polymers. Synthesis, and study of regular poly(ester amide)s based on bis(?-amino acid) ?,?-alkylene diesters, and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (1999)

The purpose of this research was to synthesize new regular poly(ester amide)s (PEAs) consisting of nontoxic building blocks like hydrophobic α-amino acids, α,ω-diols, and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, and to examine the effects of the structure of these building block components on some physico-chemical and biochemical properties of the polymers. PEAs were prepared by solution polycondensation of di-p-toluenesulfonic acid salts of bis-(α-amino acid) α,ω-alkylene diesters and di-p-nitrophenyl esters of diacids. Optimal conditions of this reaction have been studied. High molecular weight PEAs (Mw = 24,000–167,000) with narrow polydispersity (Mw/Mn = 1.20–1.81) were prepared under the optimal reaction conditions and exhibited excellent film-forming properties. PEAs obtained are mostly amorphous materials with Tg from 11 to 59°C. α-Chymotrypsin catalyzed in vitro hydrolysis of these new PEA substrates was studied to assess the effect of the building blocks of these new polymers on their biodegradation properties. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 391–407, 1999
A novel translocation, t(2;5)(p23;q35), in childhood phagocytic large T- cell lymphoma mimicking malignant histiocytosis (1989)

We report a novel chromosome translocation--t(2;5)(p23;q35) or its variant, t(2;5;13)(p23;q35;q12)--in 3 patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma. All 3 were female children who had peripheral lymphadenopathy without organomegaly and underwent complete remission with or without chemotherapy. Their tumors were characterized histologically by predominant large cells, at times showing phagocytosis, and immunologically by peripheral T-cell phenotype and expression of Ki-1 antigen and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). Since the same translocation has been reported in the literature in 4 patients with malignant histiocytosis (MH), and our patients had histologic features suggestive of that disease, it is likely that many tumors previously interpreted as MH are actually phagocytic large T-cell lymphoma carrying this translocation.
RNA-directed RNA polymerase from tomato leaves. II. Catalytic in vitro properties (1993)

The catalytic properties of electrophoretically homogeneous RNA-directed RNA polymerase (RdRP, EC 2.7.7.48) from tomato leaf tissue were studied with the aid of oligonucleotides of defined sequence. It was found that RdRP catalyzes in vitro the transcription of short single-stranded RNA and DNA molecules into precisely complementary RNA copies up to the full length of these templates. The transcription of RNA- and DNA-oligonucleotide templates was equally effective. Differences in transcription efficiency were found to depend on nucleotide sequence rather than on the RNA or DNA nature of the single-stranded nucleic acid. Double-stranded nucleic acids such as poly(A).poly(U) and a double-stranded DNA 14-mer were not transcribed. The RdRP-directed transcription could be primed because RNA and DNA dinucleotides and trinucleotides complementary to the 3'-terminal nucleotides of the template were extended by the enzyme. The unprimed transcription was shown to start preferentially at the 3'-terminal nucleotides of the template. RdRP is capable of adding a single noncomplementary nucleotide to the 3' terminus of about 50% of the runoff transcripts. AMP was preferred over GMP, whereas CMP and UMP were terminally added at very low frequency.
Polylactones 36. Macrocyclic Polymerization of Lactides with Cyclic Bu2Sn Initiators Derived from 1,2-Ethanediol, 2-Mercaptoethanol, and 1,2-Dimercaptoethane (1996)

Three cyclic initiators were prepared from dibutyltin oxide and 1,2-ethanediol, 2-mercaptoethanol, and 1,2-dimercaptoethane. Mass spectra demonstrated in agreement with literature data that the tin compounds obtained from 1,2-ethanediol and 2-mercaptoethanol form dimeric 10-membered rings. Polymerizations of l-lactide and racemic d,l-lactide were conducted in bulk at 120 °C. The resulting molecular weights were higher than expected from the monomer/initiator (M/I) ratio and do not parallel it. 1H NMR spectra also proved that the lactides exclusively react with the Sn−O bonds. Consequently the 2,2-dibutyl-2-stanna-1,3-dithiolane is an extremely poor initiator. 1H NMR spectra of reaction mixtures showed that the propagation is more rapid than the initiation. The macrocyclic polylactides resulting from the initiation with the ethanediol-based stannadioxolane can be cleaved with 1,2-dimercaptoethane, so that the dibutyltin group is selectively removed. GPC measurements before and after this ring cleavage suggest that the macrocyclic polylactides are mainly monomeric, although the initiator itself is mainly a dimeric (10-membered) ring.
Minimal residual disease monitoring in neuroblastoma patients based on the expression of a set of real-time RT-PCR markers in tumor-initiating cells (2013)

Minimal residual disease (MRD) is derived from tumor-initiating cells (TICs) and is responsible for tumor relapse. Neuroblastoma is characterized by extreme tumor heterogeneity, and more than half of high-risk patients experience tumor relapse. To overcome tumor heterogeneity and achieve more sensitive detection of MRD, several sets of real-time RT-PCR markers have been reported for MRD monitoring in neuroblastoma patients from different centers. However, these markers vary across centers and are still being validated. In the present study, we validated the ability of 14 commonly used real-time RT-PCR markers to detect MRD based on their expression in neuroblastoma TICs, and we developed a novel MRD detection protocol, which scored the samples as MRD-positive when the expression of one of the 11 real-time RT-PCR markers (CHRNA3, CRMP1, DBH, DCX, DDC, GABRB3, GAP43, ISL1, KIF1A, PHOX2B and TH) exceeded the normal range. By using this protocol, we prospectively monitored MRD in 73 bone marrow (BM), 12 peripheral blood stem cell and 8 peripheral blood samples from 14 neuroblastoma patients treated at a single center. We scored 100, 56, 56 and 57% BM cytology-positive, elevated vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), elevated homovanillic acid (HVA) and elevated neuron-specific enolase (NSE) samples as MRD-positive, respectively. MRD was also positive in 48, 45, 46 and 43% of the BM cytology-negative and normal VMA, normal HVA and normal NSE samples, respectively. These results suggest that the present MRD detection protocol based on the expression of a set of 11 real-time RT-PCR markers in neuroblastoma TICs achieves sensitive MRD monitoring in neuroblastoma patients.