gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and efficient differentiation between Canadian and European strains by reverse transcription and PCR amplification (1994)

Two sets of oligonucleotide primers (1008PS-1009PR and 1010PLS-1011PLR) were designed according to the sequence of the nucleocapsid protein (N) gene of Quebec reference strain IAF-exp91 of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The primers were used in reverse transcription and PCR (RT-PCR) experiments for detection of viral genomic RNA either from infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAM) or tissues from experimentally infected specific-pathogen-free pigs. Considering the high degree of variation detected between the nucleotide sequences of the N genes of IAF-exp91 and Lelystad virus (LV) strains of PRRSV, the primers 1008PS-1009PR were referred to as the specific primers, since they were chosen in such a manner that they could amplify only sequences from IAF-exp91 RNA and not from LV. On the other hand, the primer pair 1010PLS-1011PLR was common to both strains of PRRSV. When analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis, the products of RT-PCR from each set of primers were resolved as single band of the predicted size, the specificity of amplified products being confirmed by Southern blotting with a specific IAF-exp91 N gene probe. No amplification was observed when RNA was extracted from uninfected PAM or from other porcine viruses. As expected, only the common primer pair was able to amplify RNA from the Quebec reference strain and two European strains (LV and Weybridge). The resulting bands displayed differences in electrophoretic mobilities due to the absence of 37 nucleotides in both European strains, thus allowing their differentiation from the IAF-exp91 strain. Most of the tissue culture-adapted Quebec isolates were detected with both primer pairs. The sensitivity of the enzymatic amplification method for detection of PRRSV from lung tissues was a 50% tissue culture infective dose of 5. RT-PCR was found to be more sensitive than indirect immunofluorescence assay for detection of PRRSV in tissues from experimentally infected pigs and as sensitive as virus isolation in PAM, especially when combined with Southern blotting with the digoxigenin-labeled N probe and chemiluminescence detection.
Secukinumab: a review of the anti-IL-17A biologic for the treatment of psoriasis (2017)

Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disease associated with numerous comorbidities and a profound impact on patients' quality of life. While its complex immune pathogenesis is still not fully delineated, current evidence supports a fundamental role of the T-helper-17 (TH-17) pathway and its related interleukin-17 (IL-17) cytokine. Thus, new antipsoriatic therapies have been developed to block this key cytokine and its downstream effects. Secukinumab is a fully humanized, monoclonal anti-IL-17A antibody, and the first in its class to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. It has also been approved for the treatment of active psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Its clinical efficacy in plaque psoriasis has been well demonstrated in numerous phase II and III clinical trials. In addition, it has shown superiority in clinical trials to current biologic agents including etanercept and ustekinumab, with a safe adverse event profile. In correlation with excellent skin improvements, secukinumab is also associated with significant improvements in health-related quality of life measures. Thus, secukinumab offers the potential for equal, or improved, therapeutic effects compared with other biologics, and is a valuable addition to our current antipsoriatic armamentarium.
Identification of a Phosphothionate Analogue of Lysophosphatidic Acid (LPA) as a Selective Agonist of the LPA3 Receptor (2003)

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lysophospholipid mediator that acts through G protein-coupled receptors. Most cell lines in culture express one or more LPA receptors, making it difficult to assign a response to specific LPA receptors. Dissection of the signaling properties of LPA has been hampered by lack of LPA receptor subtype-specific agonists and antagonists. The present study characterizes an ester-linked thiophosphate derivative (1-oleoyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycerophosphothionate, OMPT) of LPA. OMPT is a functional LPA analogue with potent mitogenic activity in fibroblasts. In contrast to LPA, OMPT does not couple to the pheromone response through the LPA(1) receptor in yeast cells. OMPT induces intracellular calcium increases efficiently in LPA(3) receptor-expressing Sf9 cells but poorly in LPA(2) receptor-expressing cells. Guanosine 5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thio)triphosphate binding assays in mammalian cells showed that LPA exhibits agonistic activity on all three LPA receptor subtypes, whereas OMPT has a potent agonistic effect only on the LPA(3) receptor. In transiently transfected HEK293 cells, OMPT stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinases through the LPA(3) but not the LPA(1) or LPA(2) receptors. Furthermore, OMPT-induced intracellular calcium mobilization in mammalian cells is efficiently inhibited by the LPA(1)/LPA(3) receptor-selective antagonist VPC12249. These results establish that OMPT is an LPA(3)-selective agonist. OMPT binding to the LPA(3) receptor in mammalian cells is sufficient to elicit multiple responses, including activation of G proteins, calcium mobilization, and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Thus OMPT offers a powerful probe for the dissection of LPA signaling events in complex mammalian systems.
Fluorine in Pharmaceuticals: Looking Beyond Intuition (2007)

Fluorine substituents have become a widespread and important drug component, their introduction facilitated by the development of safe and selective fluorinating agents. Organofluorine affects nearly all physical and adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties of a lead compound. Its inductive effects are relatively well understood, enhancing bioavailability, for example, by reducing the basicity of neighboring amines. In contrast, exploration of the specific influence of carbon-fluorine single bonds on docking interactions, whether through direct contact with the protein or through stereoelectronic effects on molecular conformation of the drug, has only recently begun. Here, we review experimental progress in this vein and add complementary analysis based on comprehensive searches in the Cambridge Structural Database and the Protein Data Bank.
Nanosecond pulsed field emission from single-gate metallic field emitter arrays fabricated by molding (2011)

Electrically gated pulsed field emission from molybdenum field emitter arrays was studied. Single-gate field emitter array devices supported by metallic substrates were fabricated by a combination of molding and a self-aligned gate process. Devices were tested in a low-inductance cathode holder compatible with the high-acceleration electric field of a pulsed diode gun. Pulsed field emission down to 1.1 ns was observed for single-gate devices with 1.2×103–1.2×105 emitter tips with 5 μm array pitches. Integrating the field emitter arrays in a high-voltage pulsed diode gun, the authors demonstrated nanosecond field emission at an acceleration field of 30 MV/m at the cathode surface and acceleration of the field emission electron beam up to 300 keV. In addition, transverse beam emittance of the single-gate devices was measured with two different array sizes.
Miniaturized isothermal nucleic acid amplification, a review (2011)

Micro-Total Analysis Systems (µTAS) for use in on-site rapid detection of DNA or RNA are increasingly being developed. Here, amplification of the target sequence is key to increasing sensitivity, enabling single-cell and few-copy nucleic acid detection. The several advantages to miniaturizing amplification reactions and coupling them with sample preparation and detection on the same chip are well known and include fewer manual steps, preventing contamination, and significantly reducing the volume of expensive reagents. To-date, the majority of miniaturized systems for nucleic acid analysis have used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification and those systems are covered in previous reviews. This review provides a thorough overview of miniaturized analysis systems using alternatives to PCR, specifically isothermal amplification reactions. With no need for thermal cycling, isothermal microsystems can be designed to be simple and low-energy consuming and therefore may outperform PCR in portable, battery-operated detection systems in the future. The main isothermal methods as miniaturized systems reviewed here include nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), helicase-dependent amplification (HDA), rolling circle amplification (RCA), and strand displacement amplification (SDA). Also, important design criteria for the miniaturized devices are discussed. Finally, the potential of miniaturization of some new isothermal methods such as the exponential amplification reaction (EXPAR), isothermal and chimeric primer-initiated amplification of nucleic acids (ICANs), signal-mediated amplification of RNA technology (SMART) and others is presented.
Assessing regional hypoxia in human renal tumours using 18 F‐fluoromisonidazole positron emission tomography (2005)

Although 18F-FMISO scans showed significant uptake in other solid tumours, there was only mild 18F-FMISO uptake in the present RCCs. The invasive measurements indicated that there was hypoxia in RCC, but the median pO2 did not fall below 9.5 mmHg. Further direct studies of renal tumour oxygenation combined with therapies directed towards hypoxia may allow a better understanding of the relationship between 18F-FMISO results and the biological significance of hypoxia in RCC.
Novel Disaccharide Inhibitors of Human Glioma Cell Division (1998)

Several alpha-L-Fuc-(1-->3)-alpha-D-GlcNAcOC8H17 disaccharide derivatives bearing different hydroxylated alkyl chains, with or without sulfate groups at C-4 and/or C-6 positions of the GlcNAc unit, have been synthesized and tested as inhibitors of human astrocytoma lines U-373 and U-118. The antimitotic activity was dependent on the structure and position of the hydroxylated chain linked to the disaccharide. The compounds with a pentaerythritol or L-glyceryl chain at the C-6 position showed the best inhibitory properties, with an ID50 value of ca. 200 microM. On the contrary, sulfated disaccharide derivatives were inactive. The antimitotic activities of the compounds tested were essentially independent of the mitogen used to stimulate cell division.
Production of lycopene by the food yeast, Candida utilis that does not naturally synthesize carotenoid (1998)

The Erwinia uredovora crtE, crtB, and crtI genes, which are responsible for the synthesis of carotenoid lycopene from farnesyl pyrophosphate, were expressed in Candida utilis under the control of the promoters and terminators derived from the C. utilis GAP, PGK, and PMA genes, respectively. The yeast transformant carrying the carotenoid biosynthesis genes produced 758 μg/g dry weight of lycopene along with 407 μg/g dry weight of phytoene in the stationary phase. It was observed in the C. utilis transformant that ergosterol content was decreased to 65% of that in the parent strain that accumulated 6.04 mg/g dry weight of ergosterol. It is therefore possible that the carbon flux for the ergosterol biosynthesis has been branched at farnesyl pyrophosphate to generate a new pathway for the lycopene production in this yeast transformant. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:306–308, 1998.
Trevisan's extractor in the presence of quantum side information (2009)

Randomness extraction involves the processing of purely classical information and is therefore usually studied in the framework of classical probability theory. However, such a classical treatment is generally too restrictive for applications, where side information about the values taken by classical random variables may be represented by the state of a quantum system. This is particularly relevant in the context of cryptography, where an adversary may make use of quantum devices. Here, we show that the well known construction paradigm for extractors proposed by Trevisan is sound in the presence of quantum side information. We exploit the modularity of this paradigm to give several concrete extractor constructions, which, e.g, extract all the conditional (smooth) min-entropy of the source using a seed of length poly-logarithmic in the input, or only require the seed to be weakly random.
Rapamycin Inhibits Corneal Allograft Rejection and Neovascularization (1994)

The systemic administration of rapamycin prolongs corneal allograft survival and significantly inhibits the neovascular component of rejection in the rat model of orthotopic allogeneic penetrating keratoplasty.
<title>ASOC silicon integrated optics technology</title> (1999)

ASOC device technology was developed by Bookham for volume manufacturing of integrated optical components. It is based on single-mode rib waveguides formed on silicon-on-insulator wafers and uses many of the same processing techniques used in the manufacture of conventional silicon chips. ASOC is a hybrid technology, using discrete InP-based lasers and photodiodes mounted on the silicon as sources and detectors. Bookham's products are based on a set of integrated optics elements that can be put together to form a number of practical integrated optics devices. The first products to be produced in volume are optical transceivers and transmitters primarily for telecommunication access networks. A narrow-linewidth laser for WDM network applications is also being produced, and the company is involved in the development of silicon waveguide technology for sensor applications such as environmental monitoring.
Thermally controlled comb generation and soliton modelocking in microresonators (2016)

We report, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of thermally controlled soliton mode-locked frequency comb generation in microresonators. By controlling the electric current through heaters integrated with silicon nitride microresonators, we demonstrate a systematic and repeatable pathway to single- and multi-soliton mode-locked states without adjusting the pump laser wavelength. Such an approach could greatly simplify the generation of mode-locked frequency combs and facilitate applications such as chip-based dual-comb spectroscopy.
TGF-β regulates the mechanical properties and composition of bone matrix (2005)

The characteristic toughness and strength of bone result from the nature of bone matrix, the mineralized extracellular matrix produced by osteoblasts. The mechanical properties and composition of bone matrix, along with bone mass and architecture, are critical determinants of a bone's ability to resist fracture. Several regulators of bone mass and architecture have been identified, but factors that regulate the mechanical properties and composition of bone matrix are largely unknown. We used a combination of high-resolution approaches, including atomic-force microscopy, x-ray tomography, and Raman microspectroscopy, to assess the properties of bone matrix independently of bone mass and architecture. Properties were evaluated in genetically modified mice with differing levels of TGF-beta signaling. Bone matrix properties correlated with the level of TGF-beta signaling. Smad3+/- mice had increased bone mass and matrix properties, suggesting that the osteopenic Smad3-/- phenotype may be, in part, secondary to systemic effects of Smad3 deletion. Thus, a reduction in TGF-beta signaling, through its effector Smad3, enhanced the mechanical properties and mineral concentration of the bone matrix, as well as the bone mass, enabling the bone to better resist fracture. Our results provide evidence that bone matrix properties are controlled by growth factor signaling.
Personal Health Information Management System and its Application in Referral Management (2004)

We developed a web-based personal health record (PHR) that can be used by patients to collect and manage their health information (e.g., medical history, past surgeries, medications, and allergies), to request self-referrals, and to store a record of their consultations. The PHR also includes a messaging system that can be structured into the workflow of referral management as well as allowing more general communications. A preliminary study was conducted with 61 patients. Thirty-two patients completed a survey in which 85% of respondents were satisfied with the usability and 94% were satisfied with the overall online referral process. The consulting physicians were satisfied with the content of subjects' personal health information and referral problem descriptions and found the information detailed enough to triage all requested referrals. Patients, physicians, and patient care coordinators reported that their communications were enhanced by the system and found the messaging component convenient to use.
MR imaging of rat brain glioma: Gd-DTPA versus Gd-DOTA. (1988)

The enhancement properties of gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and gadolinium tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid (DOTA) were compared using a rat glioma model. In vitro analysis included the calculation of T1 relaxivity and determination of characteristic curves. Enhancement of the intracerebral glioma was studied in 23 rats approximately 2 weeks after glioma implantation with Gd-DTPA in 12 rats and Gd-DOTA in 11 rats. Six rats were also studied 1 week after implantation. Gd-DTPA exhibited a slightly greater T1 relaxivity in vitro than Gd-DOTA. Enhancement of the glioma was also greater with Gd-DTPA than with Gd-DOTA (P less than .05).
Comparison of the effects of Ar and H2 plasmas on the performance of homojunctioned amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin film transistors (2008)

We proposed a homojunctioned amorphous InGaZnO (a-IGZO) thin film transistor (TFT) and compared its performance to that of a conventional structured TFT. The source/drain regions were formed in the a-IGZO channel layer using Ar and H2 plasma treatments, respectively. Hydrogen itself was found to act as a carrier of donors with H2 plasma treatment, which had effects to a depth of 50 nm. Our TFT had a field-effect mobility of 7.27 cm2/V s, an on/off ratio of 1.2×107, a threshold voltage of 0.96 V, and a subthreshold swing of 0.49 V/decade.
The Role of the T3/Antigen Receptor Complex in T-Cell Activation (1986)

The role of the T3/antigen receptor complex is summarized by the diagram presented in Figure 4. Signals transmitted through T3/Ti activate a phosphodiesterase. This enzyme acts on its substrate PIP2 to generate two important mediators, IP3 and diacylglycerol. IP3 mobilizes calcium from bound intracellular stones. This increase in [Ca2+]i is one intracellular signal which, in conjunction with others, induces expression of lymphokine genes by influencing pretranslational, presumably transcriptional, events. Several problems remain. Which of the five molecules in the T3/Ti complex serves as the effector molecule in the transmembrane signaling process is not known. Which molecules serve to link T3/Ti to the phosphodiesterase enzyme is under investigation. The role diacylglycerol protein kinase C and other mediators play in signalling activation is not established. Finally, for those events occurring after the early events pictured in Figure 4 that result in gene activation, the sequence is a black box. Approaches to address each of these questions are available, and answers should be forthcoming.
Polarization effect on position accuracy of fluorophore localization (2006)

The technique of determining the position of individual fluorescent molecules with nanometer resolution, called FIONA, has become an important tool for several biophysical applications such as studying motility mechanisms of motor proteins. The position determination is usually done by fitting a 2-D Gaussian (x-y vs. photon number) to the emission intensity distribution of the fluorescent molecule. However, the intensity distribution of an emitting molecule depends not only on its position in space, but also on its three-dimensional orientation. Here, we present an extensive numeri-cal study of the achievable accuracy of position determination as a function of molecule orientation. We compare objectives with different numerical apertures and show that an effective pixel size of 100 nm or less per CCD pixel is required to obtain good positional accuracy. Nonetheless, orienta-tion effects can still cause position errors for large anisotropy, as high as 10 nm for high numerical aperture objectives. However, position accuracy is significantly better (< 2.5 nm) when using objectives with a numerical aper-ture of 1.2. Of course, probes with lower anisotropy decrease the positional uncertainty.
HARRISONʼS PRINCIPLES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE, 13TH EDITION (1996)

Isselbacher, Kurt J. AB, MD; Braunwald, Eugene AB, MD, MA; Wilson, Jean D. MD; Martin, Joseph B. MD, PhD; Fauci, Anthony S. MD; Kasper, Dennis L. MD Author Information
Noninvasive optical method of measuring tissue and arterial saturation:?an application to absolute pulse oximetry of the brain (1999)

We present a frequency-domain optical method for real-time noninvasive measurement of absolute tissue and arterial saturation. This method is based on quantitative measurement of the tissue absorption spectrum (for tissue saturation) and of the amplitude of the arterial-pulsation-induced absorption oscillations (for arterial saturation) at eight wavelengths in the range 633-841 nm. We report results obtained from readings taken from the forehead of a healthy volunteer, showing baseline saturation values of 74.7+/-0.2% (tissue) and 96.9+/-0.5% (arterial). These values dropped to minimum values of 71.6+/-0.2% and 90.0+/-0.2% , respectively, after 1 min of reduced inspired oxygen concentration [10% (by volume) O(2) from a baseline value of 21% O(2) ].
Silicone Oil Microdroplets and Protein Aggregates in Repackaged Bevacizumab and Ranibizumab: Effects of Long-term Storage and Product Mishandling (2010)

Bevacizumab repackaged in plastic syringes could contain protein aggregates and is contaminated by silicone oil microdroplets. Freeze-thawing or other mishandling can further increase levels of particle contaminants.
Prostate Specific Antigen Best Practice Statement: 2009 Update (2009)

Although recently published trials show different results regarding the impact of prostate cancer screening on mortality, both suggest that prostate cancer screening leads to overdetection and overtreatment of some patients. Therefore, men should be informed of the risks and benefits of prostate cancer screening before biopsy and the option of active surveillance in lieu of immediate treatment for certain men diagnosed with prostate cancer.