gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF SEVEN STAINING METHODS FOR SENILE PLAQUES AND NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES IN A PROSPECTIVE SERIES OF 15 ELDERLY PATIENTS (1989)

Samples of brain from 15 prospectively tested women over 75 years of age, living in the same institution and with a Blessed test score between 0 and 28 were studied to evaluate seven different staining techniques for counting senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The methods included Bielschowsky (modified by Yamamoto & Hirano, 1986), Cross, Gallyas, Naoumenko-Feigin, silver methenamine, Bodian coupled with luxol fast blue, and thioflavine S; these techniques were performed on contiguous slides of the first temporal gyrus (Brodmann's area 22). The cost, difficulty and variability of the methods were evaluated. Modified Bielschowsky method revealed both amyloid and neurites. Cross, Bodian and Gallyas stained neurites preferentially and were more sensitive for neurofibrillary tangles than for senile plaques. Silver methenamine revealed amyloid in much the same way as thioflavine S. The highest count of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles was obtained with the modified Bielschowsky method. Best correlations between density of senile plaques and Blessed test score were obtained with modified Bielschowsky impregnation, silver methenamine, and Bodian and those for neurofibrillary tangles, with modified Bielschowsky, Naoumenko-Feigin, and Gallyas methods. Naoumenko-Feigin impregnation, even if fitted to the linear model, revealed very few changes (four times less than modified Bielschowsky) and appeared to be insensitive. All the techniques except Naoumenko-Feigin, were equally able to distinguish two groups of cases, i.e. those affected by Alzheimer's disease and those not affected. A multiple regression analysis indicated that the statistical relationship between the density of changes, evaluated after the modified Bielschowsky method, and the Blessed test score could not be improved by the additional use of other staining techniques. These data have direct implications for the evaluation of diagnostic criteria in Alzheimer's dementia. In this study, modified Bielschowsky impregnation was found to give the most complete picture of the lesions and, as such, could be considered a reference method. This technique is, however, expensive and difficult to perform. It stains a large number of normal structures and the recognition of the lesions is more subjective than with other selective stains. It is therefore difficult to recommend this technique for routine use. Other techniques alone, or in combination, can be recommended but the diagnostic criteria should be adapted for each of them.
The blood-brain barrier and cerebral microcirculation in Alzheimer disease. (1992)

Current evidence does not preclude the possibility that breach of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is causally involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). There is abundant evidence, however, indicating morphological and biochemical abnormalities in the cerebral microvasculature that implicate breakdown of the BBB in AD. These abnormalities include profound irregularities in the course of vessels and the vascular basement membrane, changes in specific proteins and receptors associated with the cerebral endothelium, and increases in perivascular infiltrates. While noninvasive imaging and permeability studies provide no clear functional evidence to support the prevailing morphological evidence, focal and transient loss of integrity of the BBB in AD is probable. Thus, neuronal populations in circumscribed areas could become vulnerable. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is one of the pathological features highly associated with AD that may exacerbate the degenerative process. CAA may develop as a consequence of vascular changes at predisposed sites and precede at least some of the parenchymal amyloid deposits. It is not unlikely that many of these vascular changes contribute to the development of chronic hypoperfusion (or cerebrovascular insufficiency) that may lead to the progressive decline of cerebral functions in concert with aging.
Properties and characterization of carbon‐nanotube‐based transparent conductive coating (2005)

Abstract— Transparent and electrically conductive coatings and films have a variety of fast‐growing applications ranging from window glass to flat‐panel displays. These mainly include semiconductive metal oxides such as indium tin oxide (ITO) and polymers such as poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped and stabilized with poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS). In this paper, we show alternatives to ITO and conducting polymers, using single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT). These CNT‐based technologies offer conducting substrates having a broad range of conductivity, excellent transparency, neutral color tone, good adhesion, abrasion resistance, and flexibility. Additional benefits include ease of both processing and patterning. This paper reports on optoelectronic properties and structure characterization of these materials.
Hollow Metallic and Dielectric Waveguides for Long Distance Optical Transmission and Lasers (1964)

The field configurations and propagation constants of the normal modes are determined for a hollow circular waveguide made of dielectric material or metal for application as an optical waveguide. The increase of attenuation due to curvature of the axis is also determined. The attenuation of each mode is found to be proportional to the square of the free-space wavelength λ and inversely proportional to the cube of the cylinder radius a. For a hollow dielectric waveguide made of glass with v = 1.50, λ = 1μ, and a = 1 mm, an attenuation of 1.85 db/km is predicted for the minimum-loss mode, EH <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</inf> . This loss is doubled for a radius of curvature of the guide axis R ≈, 10 km. Hence, dielectric materials do not seem suitable for use in hollow circular waveguides for long distance optical transmission because of the high loss introduced by even mild curvature of the guide axis. Nevertheless, dielectric materials are shown to be very attractive as guiding media for gaseous amplifiers and oscillators, not only because of the low attenuation but also because the gain per unit length of a dielectric tube containing He-Ne “masing” mixture at the right pressure can be considerably enhanced by reducing the tube diameter. In this application, a small guide radius is desirable, thereby making the curvature of the guide axis not critical. For λ = 0.6328μ and optimum radius a = 0.058 mm, a maximum theoretical gain of 7.6 db/m is predicted. It is shown that the hollow metallic circular waveguide is far less sensitive to curvature of the guide axis. This is due to the comparatively large complex dielectric constant exhibited by metals at optical frequencies. For a wavelength λ = 1μ and a radius a = 0.25 mm, the attenuation for the minimum loss TE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</inf> mode in an aluminum waveguide is only 1.8 db/km. This loss is doubled for a radius of curvature as short as R ≈ 48 meters. For λ = 3μ and a = 0.6 mm, the attenuation of the TE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</inf> mode is also 1.8 db/km. The radius of curvature which doubles this loss is approximately 75 meters. The
Graphene-Based Single-Bacterium Resolution Biodevice and DNA Transistor: Interfacing Graphene Derivatives with Nanoscale and Microscale Biocomponents (2008)

Establishing "large-contact-area" interfaces of sensitive nanostructures with microbes and mammalian cells will lead to the development of valuable tools and devices for biodiagnostics and biomedicine. Chemically modified graphene (CMG) nanostructures with their microscale area, sensitive electrical properties, and modifiable chemical functionality are excellent candidates for such biodevices at both biocellular and biomolecular scale. Here, we report on the fabrication and functioning of a novel CMG-based (i) single-bacterium biodevice, (ii) label-free DNA sensor, and (iii) bacterial DNA/protein and polyelectrolyte chemical transistor. The bacteria biodevice was highly sensitive with a single-bacterium attachment generating approximately 1400 charge carriers in a p-type CMG. Similarly, single-stranded DNA tethered on graphene hybridizes with its complementary DNA strand to reversibly increase the hole density by 5.61 x 1012 cm(-2). We further demonstrate (a) a control on the device sensitivity by manipulating surface groups, (b) switching of polarity specificity by changing surface polarity, and (c) a preferential attachment of DNA on thicker CMG surfaces and sharp CMG wrinkles.
Universally utility-maximizing privacy mechanisms (2009)

A mechanism for releasing information about a statistical database with sensitive data must resolve a trade-off between utility and privacy. Publishing fully accurate information maximizes utility while minimizing privacy, while publishing random noise accomplishes the opposite. Privacy can be rigorously quantified using the framework of differential privacy, which requires that a mechanism's output distribution is nearly the same whether or not a given database row is included or excluded. The goal of this paper is strong and general utility guarantees, subject to differential privacy. We pursue mechanisms that guarantee near-optimal utility to every potential user, independent of its side information (modeled as a prior distribution over query results) and preferences (modeled via a loss function). Our main result is: for each fixed count query and differential privacy level, there is a geometric mechanism M* -- a discrete variant of the simple and well-studied Laplace mechanism -- that is simultaneously expected loss-minimizing for every possible user, subject to the differential privacy constraint. This is an extremely strong utility guarantee: every potential user u, no matter what its side information and preferences, derives as much utility from M* as from interacting with a differentially private mechanism Mu that is optimally tailored to u. More precisely, for every user u there is an optimal mechanism Mu for it that factors into a user-independent part (the geometric mechanism M*) followed by user-specific post-processing that can be delegated to the user itself. The first part of our proof of this result characterizes the optimal differentially private mechanism for a fixed but arbitrary user in terms of a certain basic feasible solution to a linear program with constraints that encode differential privacy. The second part shows that all of the relevant vertices of this polytope (ranging over all possible users) are derivable from the geometric mechanism via suitable remappings of its range.
Smart Self‐Assembled Hybrid Hydrogel Biomaterials (2012)

Hybrid biomaterials are systems created from components of at least two distinct classes of molecules, for example, synthetic macromolecules and proteins or peptide domains. The synergistic combination of two types of structures may produce new materials that possess unprecedented levels of structural organization and novel properties. This Review focuses on biorecognition-driven self-assembly of hybrid macromolecules into functional hydrogel biomaterials. First, basic rules that govern the secondary structure of peptides are discussed, and then approaches to the specific design of hybrid systems with tailor-made properties are evaluated, followed by a discussion on the similarity of design principles of biomaterials and macromolecular therapeutics. Finally, the future of the field is briefly outlined.
Discrete ray tracing (1992)

Discrete ray tracing, or 3-D raster ray tracing (RRT), which, unlike existing ray tracing methods that use geometric representation for the 3-D scene employs a 3-D discrete raster of voxels for representing the 3-D scene in the same way a 2-D raster of pixels represents a 2-D image, is discussed. Each voxel is a small quantum unit of volume that has numeric values associated with it representing some measurable properties or attributes of the real object or phenomenon at that voxel. It is shown that RRT operates in two phases: preprocessing voxel and discrete ray tracing. In the voxel phase, the geometric model is digitized using 3-D scan-conversion algorithms that convert the continuous representation of the model into a discrete representation within the 3-D raster. In the second phase, RRT employs a discrete variation of the conventional recursive ray tracer in which 3-D discrete rays are traversed through the 3-D raster to find the first surface voxel. Encountering a nontransparent voxel indicates a ray-surface hit. Results obtained by running the RRT software one one 20-MIPS (25-GHz) processor of a Silicon Graphics 4D/240GTX are presented in terms of CPU time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cellular Telephones and Pagers: An Overview (1996)

Mobile Communication * Some History and Background * The Mobile Station * On the Air * Buying a Paging or Cellular Instrument * Security and Safety * The Role of Regulatory Agencies * What is Being Done Elsewhere * The Future * Additional Resources
Optimised Pre-Analytical Methods Improve KRAS Mutation Detection in Circulating Tumour DNA (ctDNA) from Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) (2016)

This study demonstrated that successful ctDNA recovery for mutation detection in NSCLC is dependent on pre-analytical steps. Development of standardised methods for the detection of KRAS mutations from ctDNA specimens is recommended to minimise the impact of pre-analytical steps on mutation detection rates. Where rapid sample processing is not possible the use of cfDNA BCT tubes would be advantageous.
Control electronics for atomic force microscopy (1988)

The control electronics for the atomic force microscope (AFM) are described. The set of electronic devices described here allow convenient operation of an atomic force microscope. The key device is the force controller, which automates the otherwise tedious and time-consuming readjustment of the force to a preset value by controlling two gated feedback loops. The preset value of the force can be easily changed by simply turning a potentiometer. This automated system allows us to obtain reliable data, with known forces, despite piezoelectric creep and thermal drift in the force determining mechanical setup. The electronic devices and concepts presented here work for AFMs that use tunneling, capacitance measurements, or optical interference to sense small deflections of the spring.
Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry (2004)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen with potentially serious consequences for public health. Here we describe conditions that result not only in the efficient expression of the SARS-CoV spike (S) protein on the surface of cells, but in its incorporation into lentiviral particles that can be used to transduce cells in an S glycoprotein-dependent manner. We found that although some primate cell lines, including Vero E6, 293T and Huh-7 cells, could be efficiently transduced by SARS-CoV S glycoprotein pseudoviruses, other cells lines were either resistant or very poorly permissive to virus entry. Infection by pseudovirions could be inhibited by several lysosomotropic agents, suggesting a requirement for acidification of endosomes for efficient S-mediated viral entry. In addition, we were able to develop a cell-cell fusion assay that could be used to monitor S glycoprotein-dependent membrane fusion. Although proteolysis did not enhance the infectivity of cell-free pseudovirions, trypsin activation is required for cell-cell fusion. Additionally, there was no apparent pH requirement for S glycoprotein-mediated cell-cell fusion. Together, these studies describe important tools that can be used to study SARS-CoV S glycoprotein structure and function, including approaches that can be used to identify inhibitors of the entry of SARS-CoV into target cells.
ATTRIBUTIONS TO SUCCESS AND FAILURE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNING: THE EFFECTS OF GENDER, AGE AND PERCEIVED SUCCESS (2016)

The main purpose of this study is to analyze Turkish tertiary level EFL learners’ attributions to success and failure and the effects of gender, age, and perceived success on their attributions. The results indicated that EFL learners respectively attributed interest, ability, task difficulty, effort, luck and the influence of teacher and school as influential factors of their success whereas they respectively rated effort, interest, the effect of teacher and school, ability, task difficulty, and luck as influential factors of their failure. Furthermore, they were more inclined to agree that internal reasons are responsible for their success while blaming external reasons for their failure. In addition, females seemed to attribute external factors more than their male counterparts and unsuccessful learners attributed more importance to effort and internal dimension than successful students. Finally, the study revealed that age was not an important factor in EFL learners’ attribution to success and failure. Article visualizations:
Everyday Life in a Ministry (2005)

This article seeks to answer two questions: What do we know about the work of ministers and permanent secretaries? How do we know what we know about ministers and permanent secretaries? To do so, it describes a research project on life at the top of British government departments and discusses the issues raised by trying to do research and write a political anthropology of the daily life of ministers and civil servants. The article has four sections. First, it surveys briefly the existing literature on ministers and top civil servants. Second, it describes the scope and methods of the project. Third, it reports some early findings. Finally, it reflects on the distinctive contribution of ethnographic research to understanding British government and the problems of elite interviewing, nonparticipant observation, and research on the powerful.
Screening for Gene Regulation Mutants by Bioluminescence Imaging (2002)

Because plants cannot move, they have evolved complex sensing and response systems to cope with the physical environment. Adverse environmental conditions, such as those causing abiotic stress, often cause significant losses in crop productivity and quality. Because of a paucity of well-defined visible phenotypes, conventional genetic screens have not been very successful in isolating abiotic stress signal transduction mutants of plants. Here, we describe a reporter gene-based strategy to screen for mutants affected in abiotic stress-regulated gene transcription. Our genetic screen uses the firefly luciferase reporter gene driven by the cold, drought, salt, and abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive RD29A promoter (RD29A::LUC). Arabidopsis plants transformed with the RD29A::LUC reporter emit bioluminescence in response to cold, drought, salt, or ABA treatment. After mutagenesis of these plants with ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), mutants can be screened from the M2 population by monitoring the level of stress-inducible bioluminescence with a high-throughput, low-light imaging system. This protocol describes in detail the procedures for this luciferase reporter-based genetic screen for Arabidopsis mutants defective in abiotic stress signaling.
Why use Line Drawings (2005)

Studies in the field of visual object recognition generally report observed human performance with 2D still images e.g. photographs, line-drawings. One of the main reasons for doing so stems from the ready availability of such stimuli for experimentation (for example, see http://www.cog.brown.edu/~tarr/projects/databank.html). Human visual perception, however, is a dynamic process - as the result of either an active observer or a moving target, the visual experience is rarely static. Hence, it is important to question whether such findings realistically portray daily human behavior. Recent experiments using dynamic stimuli have shown that human performance can differ as a result of introducing natural motion information to the studied object; for example, there is a recognition benefit for when faces are seen moving (e.g., Toole et al, 2002). Such evidence clearly suggests that object motion plays a non-trivial role in visual recognition. Nonetheless, there are challenges - both technical and experimental - that a researcher ought to consider when using dynamic stimuli. Here, I will discuss some of these issues as well as the steps that were adopted, in my research, to overcome them. In particular, I will describe how different types of dynamic stimuli could be generated for various experiments in novel object and face learning, as well as some of software and hardware available for this undertaking. In addition, I will briefly discuss how such stimuli could be presented in psychophysical experiments, such as to control for possible artifacts e.g., timing errors.
Mass Spectrometry of Nucleic Acid Components (1990)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Sample Preparation Electron Ionization Chemical Ionization Desorption Methods of Ionization Liquid-Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Concluding Remarks
Transdermal Photopolymerized Adhesive for Seroma Prevention (1999)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a synthetic photopolymerized tissue adhesive (polyethylene oxide hydrogel) is useful in seroma prevention using a well established rat mastectomy seroma model. Twenty-three Sprague-Dawley rats received mastectomies. The rats were randomly assigned to either the control group (n = 13) or the experimental group (n = 10). The control animals received 0.2 cc of saline into the wound before closure. The experimental group received either 0.2 cc (n = 5) or 0.4 cc (n = 5) of the polyethylene oxide polymer into their wounds before closure. The experimental animals were placed under an ultraviolet A lamp for 3 minutes to polymerize the adhesive. On postoperative day seven, the resultant seromas were quantified, and wound tissues were harvested for histologic evaluation. The rats in the control group had a mean seroma volume of 3.25 cc (SD = 2.41), whereas the rats treated with polymer had a mean seroma volume of 0.37 cc (SD = 0.51). A Student's t test was performed showing a statistically significant difference between the control and experimental groups (p < 0.005). The volume of polymer used (0.2 cc versus 0.4 cc) did not significantly impact the volume of the resultant seromas. This study demonstrates that photopolymerizable polyethylene oxide hydrogels can be used as a tissue adhesive and that such an adhesive significantly reduces seroma formation in the rat mastectomy model.