gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the swimming of microscopic organisms (1951)

Abstract Large objects which propel themselves in air or water make use of inertia in the surrounding fluid. The propulsive organ pushes the fluid backwards, while the resistance of the body gives the fluid a forward momentum. The forward and backward momenta exactly balance, but the propulsive organ and the resistance can be thought about as acting separately. This conception cannot be transferred to problems of propulsion in microscopic bodies for which the stresses due to viscosity may be many thousands of times as great as those due to inertia. No case of self-propulsion in a viscous fluid due to purely viscous forces seems to have been discussed. The motion of a fluid near a sheet down which waves of lateral displacement are propagated is described. It is found that the sheet moves forwards at a rate 2π2b2/λ2 times the velocity of propagation of the waves. Here b is the amplitude and λ the wave-length. This analysis seems to explain how a propulsive tail can move a body through a viscous fluid without relying on reaction due to inertia. The energy dissipation and stress in the tail are also calculated. The work is extended to explore the reaction between the tails of two neighbouring small organisms with propulsive tails. It is found that if the waves down neighbouring tails are in phase very much less energy is dissipated in the fluid between them than when the waves are in opposite phase. It is also found that when the phase of the wave in one tail lags behind that in the other there is a strong reaction, due to the viscous stress in the fluid between them, which tends to force the two wave trains into phase. It is in fact observed that the tails of spermatozoa wave in unison when they are close to one another and pointing the same way.
Real-time in vivo photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging (2008)

A real-time photoacoustic imaging system is designed and built. This system is based on a commercially available ultrasound imaging system. It can achieve a frame rate of 8 frames/sec. Vasculature in the hand of a human volunteer is imaged, and the resulting photoacoustic image is combined with the ultrasound image. The real-time photo acoustic imaging system with a hybrid ultrasound probe is demonstrated by imaging the branching of subcutaneous blood vessels in the hand.
A role for vitamin A in the formation of ocular lipofuscin (1997)

These results suggest that some of the chloroform soluble fluorophores of lipofuscin are formed as a direct reaction product of retinal and lipid.
Rapid Swelling/Collapsing Behavior of Thermoresponsive Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Gel Containing Poly(2‐(methacryloyloxy)decyl phosphate) Surfactant (2005)

Aufpumpen und Wasserlassen: Ein Poly(N-isopropylacrylamid)-Gel mit dem Tensid Poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)decylphosphat) (NIPA-PMDP-Gel) schrumpft oberhalb seiner Phasenübergangstemperatur schnell und reversibel. Das Volumen des Gels ändert sich ebenso abrupt unter Laserbestrahlung, wobei Wasser freigesetzt wird (siehe Bilder). Das Gel eignet sich zur Steuerung von Fluiden, z. B. bei der Wirkstoff-Freisetzung.
Multimodal drug delivery using gold nanoparticles (2009)

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising nanocarriers for therapeutics due to their facile synthesis, ease of functionalization, biocompatibility, and inherent non-toxicity. The unique chemical and physical properties of AuNP monolayers provide versatility in delivery method and tunability of surface properties. Here, we discuss several strategies to utilize the properties of AuNPs for drug delivery.
EXPERIENTIAL PHENOMENA OF TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY (1990)

Experiential phenomena that occur in temporal lobe seizures and can be reproduced by electrical stimulation of temporal lobe structures typically encompass perceptual, mnemonic and affective features, either in combination or in isolation, which commonly relate to the patient's individual past experience. These phenomena raise interesting questions concerning brain mechanisms involved in human psychophysiology. The anatomical substrates for the evocation of these phenomena are widely distributed within the temporal lobe and include temporal isocortex and limbic structures (amygdala, hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus). Arguments are presented which indicate that experiential phenomena are positive expressions of temporal lobe and limbic function and do not result from its ictal paralysis. Recent concepts of parallel distributed processing (Rumelhart and McClelland, 1986) and the importance of parallel distributed cortical networks for higher cognitive functions (Goldman-Rakic, 1988a, b) provide a theoretical framework on which a hypothesis explaining experiential phenomena can be based. In conformity with these concepts the hypothesis assumes that temporal lobe epileptic discharge or electrical stimulation of temporal lobe structures can induce the elaboration of patterns of excitation and inhibition in widely distributed neuronal networks, some of which are capable of forming a specific matrix representing the substrate of a given experience. Neuronal networks engaged in parallel distributed processing (1) have the capacity to recreate the totality of a given experience when only a fragment of the network is activated, and (2) they tolerate a great deal of degradation by random inactivation of its components or by interference through random noise without serious loss of information content. These features are compatible with the assumption that localized epileptic neuronal discharge or electrical stimulation involving some temporal lobe structures could create a matrix representing features of individual experience of the kind activated in the course of temporal lobe seizures. Such an experience could, up to a certain limit, resist the degrading influence of mounting noise which inevitably must attend seizure discharge.
High Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopic Constraints On Cooling-Flow Models (2004)

We present XMM-Newton Reflection Grating Spectrometer observations of X-ray clusters and groups of galaxies. We demonstrate the failure of the standard cooling-flow model to describe the soft X-ray spectrum of clusters of galaxies. We also emphasize several new developments in the study of the soft X-ray spectrum of cooling flows. Although there is some uncertainty in the expected mass deposition rate for any individual cluster, we show that high resolution RGS spectra robustly demonstrate that the expected line emission from the isobaric cooling-flow model is absent below 1/3 of the background temperature rather than below a fixed temperature in all clusters. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the best-resolved cluster spectra are inconsistent with the predicted shape of the differential luminosity distribution and the measured distribution is tilted to higher temperatures. These observations create several fine-tuning challenges for current theoretical explanations for the soft X-ray cooling-flow problem. Comparisons between these observations and other X-ray measurements are discussed.
A localization method based on two omnidirectional perception systems cooperation (2002)

This paper deals with an absolute localization paradigm based on the cooperation of an omnidirectional vision system and a low cost panoramic range finder system. These two perception systems used independently by our laboratory provide some complementary data. This association permits us to build a robust sensorial model which integrates an important number of significant primitives. The obtained sensorial model allows one to realize an absolute localization of the mobile robot, in particular, configurations where it is not possible to determine the position with the use of one of the two sensors. First, we present our global perception system. Next, we deal with our sensorial model building approach, and finally we present an absolute-localization method which uses a Dempster-Shafer approach. We analyze the performance of our global absolute localization system on several robot's elementary moves, in an indoor environment.
Doubly Catalytic Sensing of HIV-1-Related CCR5 Sequence in Prokaryotic Cell-Free Translation System using Riboregulator-Controlled Luciferase Activity (2005)

A molecular-beacon-type riboregulator (mRNA) was applied to multiply catalytic gene sensing. It consists of a reporter gene for firefly protein luciferase and, upstream thereof, a regulator hairpin domain composed of an RBS/anti-RBS stem (RBS = ribosome binding site) and a loop which is complementary to the target. The hairpin and, hence, the RBS are rendered open upon binding of a target oligonucleotide of the human CC chemokine receptor 5 sequence in a prokaryotic cell-free translation system (10 muL) to ignite ribosomal catalytic translation, or transcription/translation when using a DNA form of the probe, to produce luciferase, which is assayed by a catalytic chemiluminescence reaction. The sensing, using an unmodified RNA or even dsDNA as a probe with a chemiluminescence output, is thus doubly catalytic or amplifiable with a sensitivity at </=50 fmol in respect to the target with 4.5 fmol (1 ng/muL) of probe and a single nucleotide resolution.
Preparation of primary amines and 2-azetidinones via N-(trimethylsilyl)imines (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of primary amines and 2-azetidinones via N-(trimethylsilyl)iminesDavid J. Hart, Kenichi Kanai, Dudley G. Thomas, and Teng Kuei YangCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 3, 289–294Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00151a002https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00151a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3807Altmetric-Citations175LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Important Link between Dementia Subtype and Apolipoprotein E: a Meta-analysis (2003)

To evaluate the differential diagnostic role of apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype in dementia, we carried out a meta- analysis of 78 case-control series, including our own new data. The dementia subjects were grouped into Alzheimer's disease (AD) and non-AD. AD patients were subgrouped according to their subtypes, and non-AD patients into vascular dementia (VD), mixed dementia (MD), and non-AD non-VD dementia (NAVD). The apoE allele frequencies and apoE genotype-specific odds ratio (OR) of each group were estimated. The (4 allele frequency was higher in all of the dementia subgroups than in the elderly controls, and the associations with (4 allele were lower in the non-AD (OR 1.8) patients than in the AD (OR 4.2) patients. However, the apoE-related risk alsovaried as a function of the subgroup, in both the AD and non-AD groups; for AD, it was dependent on the subtype of AD (OR 2.3 - 11.3), and higher in late- onset and familial cases than in early-onset and sporadic cases, respectively; among non-AD patients, it was higher in MD (OR 2.6) than in VD (OR 1.3), and intermediate in NAVD (OR 1.9), in which a significant difference was also found between Lewy body dementia (LBD) type (OR 5.1) and non-LBD type (OR 1.3). In conclusion, variability in the apoE-related risk was found in both the AD and non-AD cases, depending on the subgroup. Therefore, precise subgrouping of both AD and non-AD patients should be performed, and this information should taken into consideration when interpreting the results of apoE genotyping.
Induction of Autophagy in Axonal Dystrophy and Degeneration (2006)

Autophagy is a highly regulated cellular mechanism for the bulk degradation of cytoplasmic contents. It has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions relevant to neurological diseases. However, the regulation of autophagy in neurons and its role in neuronal and axonal pathology are not yet understood. Using transgenic mice producing green fluorescent protein-tagged autophagic marker microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (GFP-LC3), we provide molecular evidence for the induction of autophagy in axonal dystrophy and degeneration in Purkinje cells of the Lurcher mice, a model for excitotoxic neurodegeneration. We show that the excitotoxic insult of Lurcher mutation triggers an early response of Purkinje cells involving accumulation of GFP-LC3-labeled autophagosomes in axonal dystrophic swellings (a hallmark of CNS axonopathy). In brain, LC3 interacts with high affinity with the microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B). We show that MAP1B binds to LC3 of both cytosolic form (LC3I) and lipidated form (LC3II). Moreover, in cell culture, overexpression of MAP1B results in reduced LC3II levels and number of GFP-LC3-labeled autophagosomes; phosphorylated MAP1B is associated with GFP-LC3-labeled autophagosomes. Furthermore, in brain, phosphorylated MAP1B accumulates in axonal dystrophic swellings of degenerating Purkinje cells and binds to LC3 at increased level. Therefore, the MAP1B-LC3 interaction may participate in regulation of LC3-associated autophagosomes in neurons, in particular at axons, under normal and pathogenic conditions. We propose that induction of autophagy serves as an early stress response in axonal dystrophy and may participate in the remodeling of axon structures.
Experimental Comparison of the Immunogenicity of Antigens in the Residue of Ultrasonated Avirulent Pasteurella Pestis with a Vaccine Prepared with Killed Virulent Whole Organisms (1961)

Summary Several P. pestis cell wall antigens were prepared by repeated ultrasonation, and their toxicity and immunogenicity were studied and compared with killed virulent whole organism vaccine by means of toxicity, serologic and immunogenicity tests in guinea pigs and mice. The antigenic components were determined with the gel diffusion test. Preparation of the residue antigens requires a large quantity of starting material and is complicated in comparison with the preparation of killed whole organism vaccine. The solubility of the final material was less than that reported elsewhere. Only a small amount was available for toxicity tests, and this was toxic to neither mice nor guinea pigs. Guinea pigs inoculated with TJW or E. V. 76 in distilled water preparations had rather severe local reactions. The immunogenicity of the tested vaccines was satisfactory and similar except in a few tests in which the whole organism vaccine was superior to the others. In the test system, in which the interval between immunization and challenge was rather short, the antibody response expressed in serologic tests was not pronounced, but in some instances it gave a rough prediction of immunity. The virulence antigens V and W did not play an essential role in these tests. The immunity was directly related to Fraction I antibody. The administration of the whole organism vaccine in oil adjuvant to guinea pigs enhanced and sustained Fraction I antibody formation.
Labour Relations and Industrial Adjustment in the North American Automobile Industry (1989)

The purpose of this project is to examine similarities and differences in the labour‐management relations system between the United States and Canadian portions of the North American automobile industry. Particular emphasis will be placed upon the differential collective bargaining response in the two countries to recent issues relating to technological change and restructuring and to the introduction of “new human resource management systems.”
Relation between the size of fog droplets and their contact angles with CR39 surfaces (2004)

The formation of fog on CR39 surfaces has been studied. Water droplets form fog coalesce with time, especially during the first 20 s at the beginning of the formation of fog. Consequently, their mean diameter increases. Formation of fog being related to the wettability of the surfaces, the latter has been increased by the implantation of Ar ions into CR39 surfaces under an oxygen partial pressure. A very wetting CR39 surface with advancing (ACA) and receding (RCA) contact angles below 5° has been obtained with an implantation dose of 1.28 × 1017 Ar+ cm−2. In this condition, no formation of fog was observed. Characterization using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has shown that the molecular structure of CR39 is strongly modified by Ar+ implantation, which would be responsible for the increase in wettability. Unfortunately, both ACA and RCA increase with time, which is called ageing, and the formation of fog is again observed. The diameter and concentration of water droplets forming fog have been plotted against the contact angle. These plots show that no formation of fog occurs for ACA < ∼40°. Usually, the ACA reaches 40° after an ageing time of ∼200 h. A He pre-implantation with a dose of 5 × 1015 He+ cm−2 and an energy of 2 keV, sufficient to push the ions deeper than the Ar depth profile, delays the ageing effect in such a way that ACA ≅ 40° is reached after ∼2000 h and no formation of fog is observed during these first ∼2000 h.
Lentiviral Vectors Efficiently Transduce Quiescent Mature 3T3-L1 Adipocytes (2004)

Obesity is associated with many serious afflictions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. One of the main cellular systems used to study the underlying physiological and biological processes is the 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation model. However, studies on 3T3-L1 adipocytes are hampered by the fact that genetic modification of mature adipocytes is notoriously difficult. In this report, we evaluated the use of lentivirus-mediated gene transfer into 3T3-L1 mature adipocytes. We demonstrate that quiescent, fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes as well as 3T3-L1 preadipocytes can be efficiently transduced with HIV-1-derived lentiviral vectors. Upon transduction using LV-PGK-GFP lentiviral vector at 100 ng p24 per 10(5) cells, more than 95% of the 3T3-L1 adipocytes in the culture expressed the GFP reporter gene. There were no overt signs of toxicity or cytopathogenicity in the cultures. Furthermore, modification of undifferentiated preadipocytes did not affect their capacity to differentiate. In addition, insulin-induced glucose uptake was not affected by the procedure. In contrast, adenoviral-mediated gene transfer into 3T3-L1 adipocytes is associated with marked cytopathogenicity. From these data, we conclude that lentiviral vectors are the gene-transfer system of choice for genetic modification of mature adipocytes. The availability of an efficient vector system may stimulate the use of adipose tissue as a target for gene therapy in obesity and other disorders.
3 Gbit/s optically preamplified direct detection DPSK receiver with 116 photon/bit sensitivity (1993)

For the first time experimental bit error rate curves are presented for an optically preamplified direct detection differential phase shift keying (DPSK) communication link. DPSK offers ̃6 dB peak power sensitivity improvement over more traditionally optically preamplified on/off keying (OOK). Using an erbium doped fibre preamplifier, a fibre Fabry–Perot filter, an optical DPSK demodulator consisting of a fibre-optic Mach–Zehnder interferometer with a 1 bit differential delay, and a balanced receiver, a sensitivity of 116 photon/bit was obtained. To the authors&apos; knowledge these results represent the first demonstration of optically preamplified DPSK with better sensitivity than previously reported multigigabit per second heterodyne DPSK and ̃3 dB more sensitivity on a peak power basis than previously reported preamplified OOK systems.
Thermostable Llama Single Domain Antibodies for Detection of Botulinum A Neurotoxin Complex (2008)

Immunoglobulins from animals of the Camelidae family boast unique forms that do not incorporate light chains. Antigen binding in these unconventional heavy-chain homodimers is mediated through a single variable domain. When expressed recombinantly these variable domains are termed single domain antibodies (sdAb) and are among the smallest naturally IgG-derived antigen binding units. SdAb possess good solubility, thermostability, and can refold after heat and chemical denaturation making them promising alternative recognition elements. We have constructed a library of phage-displayed sdAb from a llama immunized with a cocktail of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) complex toxoids and panned the library for binders for BoNT A complex toxoid. Six unique binders were isolated and found to specifically bind BoNT A complex in toxoid and untoxoided forms and when used in optimal combinations in buffer and milk could detect 100 pg/mL untoxoided complex. All sdAb retained their ability to specifically bind target after heating to 85 degrees C for 1 h, in contrast to conventional polyclonal sera. All of the sdAb were highly specific for subtype A1 rather than A2 and demonstrated binding to the 33 kDa hemagglutinin, potentially to a somewhat overlapping linear epitope. The unique properties of these sdAb may provide advantages for many diagnostic applications where long-term storage and in-line monitoring require very rugged yet highly specific recognition elements.
Structural Locations and Functional Roles of New Subsites S5, S6, and S7 in Memapsin 2 (β-Secretase), (2004)

Memapsin 2 (beta-secretase) is the membrane-anchored aspartic protease that initiates the cleavage of beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), leading to the production of amyloid-beta (Abeta), a major factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The active site of memapsin 2 has been shown, with kinetic data and crystal structures, to bind to eight substrate residues (P(4)-P(4)'). We describe here that the addition of three substrate residues from P(7) to P(5) strongly influences the hydrolytic activity by memapsin 2 and these subsites prefer hydrophobic residues, especially tryptophan. A crystal structure of memapsin 2 complexed with a statine-based inhibitor spanning P(10)-P(4)' revealed the binding positions of P(5)-P(7) residues. Kinetic studies revealed that the addition of these substrate residues contributes to the decrease in K(m) and increase in k(cat) values, suggesting that these residues contribute to both substrate recognition and transition-state binding. The crystal structure of a new inhibitor, OM03-4 (K(i) = 0.03 nM), bound to memapsin 2 revealed the interaction of a tryptophan with the S(6) subsite of the protease.
inhA , a Gene Encoding a Target for Isoniazid and Ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1994)

Isoniazid (isonicotinic acid hydrazide, INH) is one of the most widely used antituberculosis drugs, yet its precise target of action on Mycobacterium tuberculosis is unknown. A missense mutation within the mycobacterial inhA gene was shown to confer resistance to both INH and ethionamide (ETH) in M. smegmatis and in M. bovis. The wild-type inhA gene also conferred INH and ETH resistance when transferred on a multicopy plasmid vector to M. smegmatis and M. bovis BCG. The InhA protein shows significant sequence conservation with the Escherichia coli enzyme EnvM, and cell-free assays indicate that it may be involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis. These results suggest that InhA is likely a primary target of action for INH and ETH.