gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Topological phases in a Kitaev chain with imbalanced pairing (2018)

We systematically study a Kitaev chain with imbalanced pair creation and annihilation, which is introduced by non-Hermitian pairing terms. An exact phase diagram shows that the topological phase is still robust under the influence of the conditional imbalance. The gapped phases are characterized by a topological invariant, the extended Zak phase, which is defined by the biorthonormal inner product. Such phases are destroyed at the points where the coalescence of ground states occurs, associated with the time-reversal symmetry breaking. We find that the Majorana edge modes also exist in an open chain in the time-reversal symmetry-unbroken region, demonstrating the bulk-edge correspondence in such a non-Hermitian system.
DNA-intercalating ligands as anti-cancer drugs: prospects for future design. (1989)

Interest in DNA-intercalating ligands as anti-cancer drugs has developed greatly since the clinical success of doxorubicin. However, despite a great deal of 'rational design' of synthetic DNA-intercalators, only a few such compounds have proved clinically useful. This review briefly surveys the history of DNA-intercalators as clinically-used anti-cancer drugs, summarizes the known structure-experimental activity relationships and modes of action, and concludes that a factor in the slow progress is that much of the work on these compounds has been carried out by chemists, who were generally more interested in ligand/DNA interactions than drug development. Future development of the class rests on a careful consideration of the biochemical reasons behind the common limitations of the present drugs. The most important are: the inherent resistance of non-cycling cells, the rapid development (even by cycling cells) of resistance by the expression of both P-glycoprotein and altered topoisomerase II, limitations on drug distribution to and transport into tumours, low extravascular pH in tumours and the cardiotoxic side-effects of quinonoid chromophores. These considerations provide a set of constraints on physicochemical properties which must be considered in future design. However, within these constraints, there are useful future avenues for the development of DNA-intercalators as anti-cancer drugs. These include: (i) the production of improved topoisomerase inhibitors (by consideration of drug/protein as well as drug/DNA interactions); (ii) the development of reductively-activated chromophores as hypoxia-selective agents; and (iii) the use of DNA-intercalators of known DNA binding orientation as 'carriers' for the delivery of other reactive functionality specifically (sequence-, regio- and site-specifically) to DNA.
Selective Inductive Heating of Lymph Nodes (1957)

GILCHRIST, R. K. M.D.; MEDAL, RICHARD B.S.; SHOREY, WILLIAM D. M.D.; HANSELMAN, RUSSELL C. M.D.; PARROTT, JOHN C. M.D.; TAYLOR, C. BRUCE M.D. Author Information
Different patterns of lectin binding and cell surface sialylation detected on related high- and low-metastatic tumor lines. (1983)

We have analyzed cell surface-bound carbohydrates in two different model systems for metastasis composed of closely related tumor cell lines with differing metastatic potential. The first system studied was that of the DBA/2-derived T-lymphoma lines (Eb/ESb) and some recently established sublines of ESb with altered metastatic behavior (ESb-M and ESb-MR). The second system consisted of the highly metastatic MDAY-D2 cells, a wheat germ agglutinin-resistant low metastatic subline MDW40, and two metastatic revertants from the latter. The cells were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins and analyzed by flow cytofluorography. All low-metastatic tumor lines expressed receptor sites for the lectins soybean agglutinin (SBA) and Vicia villosa (VV). The metastatic lines had the respective lectin binding sites blocked by sialic acid (SA). A good correlation was found within the cell lineages Eb leads to ESb leads to ESb-M leads to ESb-MR and MDAY-D2 leads to MDW40 leads to MDW40M1 between reactivity of SBA and VV and metastatic potential. The amount of neuraminidase-accessible SA was similar for all cell types (except MDW40) indicating differences in the positioning of SA. For high-metastatic ESb cells, the sialylation of SBA and VV receptor sites was paralleled by a relative decrease of SA associated with receptor sites for peanut agglutinin. Low-metastatic Eb cells, in contrast, had their peanut agglutinin receptor sites sialylated but expressed asialylated SBA and VV receptor sites. Eb cells were also found to have 2-fold higher activities in galactose-specific sialyltransferases. It is proposed that the differences in positioning of SA on the cell surface leading to masking or unmasking of terminal sugars could influence the metastatic potential of tumor cells.
Melatonin (1999)

Melatonin is the principal hormone secreted by the pineal gland, produced in humans with a circadian rhythm characterized by elevated blood levels during the night. It is involved in the regulation of several rhythmic functions in various vertebrates, and participates in the processing of photoperiodic information. Although its role in human physiologic and pathologic processes is not yet completely understood, MLT exerts a number of actions, in physiological or pharmacological concentrations, which could be of interest for future therapeutic uses. The mechanisms involved in MLT actions include interaction with membrane receptors, recently classified as mt 1 /MT 2 /MT 3 , and with nuclear sites corresponding to orphan members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, RZR/ROR; MLT also acts as a radical scavenger, exerting a protective action against various oxidative injuries. The present review is mainly addressed to the medicinal chemistry of ligands at the MLT membrane receptors, focusing on the models of binding interaction published in the literature. Several different pharmacophore and 30-QSAR models have been reported so far, and a re­ consideration of known active compounds, in the light of the recently developed biological tests on cloned receptors, could help to resolve the incongruities among these models; to this end, additional information is becoming available from new, conformationally constrained ligands, and from antagonist compounds with a selective affinity for receptor subtypes.
Construction of four double gene substitution human × bovine rotavirus reassortant vaccine candidates: Each bears two outer capsid human rotavirus genes, one encoding P serotype 1A and the other encoding G serotype 1, 2, 3, or 4 specificity (1997)

Previously four human × bovine rotavirus reassortant candidate vaccines, each of which derived ten genes from bovine rotavirus UK strain and only the outer capsid protein VP7-gene from human rotavirus strain D (G serotype 1), DS-1 (G serotype 2), P (G serotype 3), or ST3 (G serotype 4), were developed [Midthun et al., (1985); Journal of Virology 53:949–954; (1986): Journal of Clinical Microbiology 24:822–826]. Such human × bovine reassortant vaccines should theoretically provide antigenic coverage for the four epidemiologically most important VP7(G) serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4. In an attempt to increase the antigenicity of VP7-based human × animal reassortant rotavirus vaccines which derive a single VP7-encoding gene from the human strain and the remaining ten genes from the animal strain, we generated double gene substitution reassortants. This was done by incorporating another protective antigen (VP4) of an epidemiologically important human rotavirus by crossing human rotavirus Wa strain (P serotype 1A), with each of the human × bovine single VP7-gene substitution rotavirus reassortants. In this way four separate double gene substitution rotavirus reassortants were generated. Each of these reassortants bears the VP4-envoding gene from human rotavirus Wa strain, the VP7-encoding gene from human rotavirus strain D, DS-1, P, or ST3, and the remaining nine genes from bovine rotavirus strain UK. The safety, antigenicity, and protective efficacy of individual components as well as combinations of strains are currently under evaluation. J. Med. Virol. 51:319–325, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.† 1 †This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
A Single Polypeptide Possesses the Binding and Transcription Activities of the Adenovirus Major Late Transcription Factor (1986)

A simple approach has been developed for the unambiguous identification and purification of sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins solely on the basis of their ability to bind selectively to their target sequences. Four independent methods were used to identify the promoter-specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor MLTF as a 46-kilodalton (kDa) polypeptide. First, a 46-kDa protein was specifically cross-linked by UV irradiation to a body-labeled DNA fragment containing the MLTF binding site. Second, MLTF sedimented through glycerol gradients at a rate corresponding to a protein of native molecular weight 45,000 to 50,000. Third, a 46-kDa protein was specifically retained on a biotin-streptavidin matrix only when the DNA fragment coupled to the matrix contained the MLTF binding site. Finally, proteins from the most highly purified fraction which were eluted and renatured from the 44- to 48-kDa region of a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel exhibited both binding and transcription-stimulatory activities. The DNA-binding activity was purified 100,000-fold by chromatography through three conventional columns plus a DNA affinity column. Purified MLTF was characterized with respect to the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of DNA binding. These parameters indicate a high degree of occupancy of MLTF binding sites in vivo.
Low-Dose Azacitidine for Relapse of MDS/AML after Unrelated Donor Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation. (2007)

Abstract Background: Post-transplant relapse in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is difficult to manage. Cytogenetic relapse and decreasing donor chimerism often precedes morphological relapse. Weaning of immunosuppressive agents and donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) may induce graft versus tumor effect (GVT), but is of limited value for patients with existing GVHD. In addition, the degree of GVT in high-risk myeloid disease is suboptimal. We present our experience using low-dose azacitidine (AZA) for cytogenetic relapse post-transplantation. Methods: Six patients with high-risk myeloid malignancy with cytogenetic relapse after matched unrelated donor peripheral blood stem cell transplantation were treated with low-dose AZA at 25 mg/m2 SC or IV for 5 days. An average of 2 cycles of AZA were given (range = 1 to 3). There were 3 females and 3 males with a mean age of 48 years (range = 31 to 59 years). Four had high-grade MDS (including 2 with treatment related disease) and 2 had high-risk AML. Conditioning consisted of fludarabine and ablative doses of busulfan in all patients. Cytogenetic relapse was seen by FISH testing within 187 days post-transplant (range = 30 to 730 days). AZA was given after an initial attempt to wean immunosuppression, which was not possible in 3 patients due to existing GVHD. All patients tolerated AZA well, without major toxicity. DLI was possible in 3 patients following AZA. A reduction in cytogenetic abnormalities (by FISH) and increase in donor chimerism (by FISH or STR) was observed in 5 out of 6 patients (83%) within 21 days post-AZA (range = 7 to 71 days). Three of the 5 responders demonstrated improvement after 1 cycle. The other 2 responders improved after 2 cycles given 28 and 60 days apart, respectively. One of these patients responded to a second AZA cycle after failing DLI. AZA did not appear to induce or worsen GVHD in any patient. One patient remains in CR 4 months after 1 cycle of AZA. Another patient demonstrated ongoing improvement in chimerism until her death from previously existing GVHD 20 days after a third cycle of AZA. The remaining 3 responders relapsed within 30 days from time of first response (range = 17 to 43 days). Conclusions: Low-dose AZA appears to have activity in post-transplant relapse of MDS and AML. This low-dose regimen appears to be well tolerated, however, response to AZA is short-lived in the majority of patients. Further investigation is planned to improve the durability of response by giving AZA at regular intervals from the time of early relapse. The utility of AZA as a preparatory regimen pre-DLI should also be explored.
Targeting of Tumor Cells for Human γδ T Cells by Nonpeptide Antigens (2001)

Human Vgamma2/Vdelta2(+) gammadelta T cells respond to low molecular-mass nonpeptide Ags in a gammadelta TCR-dependent manner. Although requirements of Ag presentation have remained controversial, we have indicated that specific responses of the primary gammadelta T cells to pamidronate were dependent on monocytic adherent cells for Ag presentation. Here, we show that human tumor cells can efficiently present aminobisphosphonate and pyrophosphomonoester compounds to gammadelta T cells, inducing specific proliferation and IFN-gamma production. gammadelta TCR dependency of the response to Ag-pulsed tumor cells was confirmed by using a Jurkat line transfected with a Vgamma2/Vdelta2 gammadelta TCR. Furthermore, gammadelta T cells exhibited markedly enhanced cytotoxicity against the Ag-pulsed tumor cells as compared with untreated tumor cells. Survey of a number of human tumor cell lines of different origins revealed that the majority of them became susceptible for gammadelta T cell-mediated cytotoxicity following the Ag pulsing except for breast cancer lines so far examined, while normal PHA blast cells remained resistant. The results not only imply a unique mode of nonpeptide Ag recognition by human gammadelta T cells but also may provide a novel strategic clue for immunotherapy of human malignancy.
Xylitol: A Review on Bioproduction, Application, Health Benefits, and Related Safety Issues (2013)

Xylitol is a pentahydroxy sugar-alcohol which exists in a very low quantity in fruits and vegetables (plums, strawberries, cauliflower, and pumpkin). On commercial scale, xylitol can be produced by chemical and biotechnological processes. Chemical production is costly and extensive in purification steps. However, biotechnological method utilizes agricultural and forestry wastes which offer the possibilities of economic production of xylitol by reducing required energy. The precursor xylose is produced from agricultural biomass by chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis and can be converted to xylitol primarily by yeast strain. Hydrolysis under acidic condition is the more commonly used practice influenced by various process parameters. Various fermentation process inhibitors are produced during chemical hydrolysis that reduce xylitol production, a detoxification step is, therefore, necessary. Biotechnological xylitol production is an integral process of microbial species belonging to Candida genus which is influenced by various process parameters such as pH, temperature, time, nitrogen source, and yeast extract level. Xylitol has application and potential for food and pharmaceutical industries. It is a functional sweetener as it has prebiotic effects which can reduce blood glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol level. This review describes recent research developments related to bioproduction of xylitol from agricultural wastes, application, health, and safety issues.
Geosynthetics in geoenvironmental engineering (2015)

Geosynthetics are planar polymeric products, which are used in connection with soil, rock or other soil-like materials to fulfill various functions in geoenvironmental engineering. Geosynthetics are of ever-growing importance in the construction industry. Sealing of waste storage facilities to safely prevent the emission of wastewater, landfill gas and contaminated dust as well as the diffusion of pollutants into the environment and coastal protection against storms and floods and reconstruction after natural disaster are important fields of application. We will give an overview of the various geosynthetic products. Two examples of the material problems related to geosynthetics are discussed in detail: the effect of creep on the long-term performance of geocomposite drains and the numerical simulation of the interaction of soil with geogrids. Both issues are of importance for the use of these products in landfill capping systems. The various functions, which geosynthetics may fulfill in the protection of coastal lines, are illustrated by case studies. The geosynthetic market is evaluated and economical and environmental benefits, as well as environmental side effects related to the use of geosynthetics, are discussed.
Effect of JTV-506, a Novel Vasodilator, on Experimental Angina Model in Rats (1998)

The antianginal effects of JTV-506, a newly synthesized 2,2-bis-methoxymethyl benzopyran-derivative potassium channel opener, were evaluated in experimental angina models in rats and compared with those of levcromakalim, nicorandil, and nifedipine. JTV-506 (0.01-0.1 mg/kg, i.d.) dose-dependently inhibited S-wave elevation induced by injection of methacholine but caused almost no changes in blood pressure or heart rate. Other vasodilators including levcromakalim, nicorandil, and nifedipine, when administered intraduodenally, also inhibited the S-wave elevation and elicited a decrease in blood pressure. Oral administration of JTV-506 (1 and 3 mg/kg), levcromakalim (1 and 3 mg/kg), and nicorandil (30 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the S-wave depression induced by intravenous administration of arginine vasopressin (AVP). Thus JTV-506 exerts a potent protective effect on angina pectoris models to an extent similar to those of levcromakalim, nicorandil, and nifedipine, whereas its action on systemic blood pressure is different from that of other vasodilators, including reference potassium channel openers. These results suggest that JTV-506 may clinically be useful as an antianginal agent.
Lethal Toxicity, Severe Endothelial Injury, and a Threshold Effect with High Doses of an Adenoviral Vector in Baboons (2002)

The effects of intravenous administration of a first-generation adenoviral vector expressing beta-galactosidase were compared in two baboons receiving a high dose or lower dose of vector, 1.2 x 10(13) or 1.2 x 10(12) particles/kg, respectively. The high-dose baboon developed acute symptoms, decreased platelet counts, and increased liver enzymes, and became moribund at 48 hr after injection, while the lower-dose baboon developed no symptoms. Expression of the beta-galactosidase transgene was prominent in liver, spleen, and endothelium of the arterial vasculature in the high-dose baboon, but was much more limited and spared the endothelium in the lower-dose baboon. Injury to the vascular endothelium was the most prominent abnormality in the high-dose baboon. Extensive histological studies provide a detailed picture of the pathology associated with a lethal dose of first-generation adenoviral vector in a primate.
Cancer chemoprevention: a summary of the current evidence. (2008)

Cancer chemoprevention is defined as the use of natural, synthetic, or biological chemical agents to reverse, suppress, or prevent either the initial phase of carcinogenesis or the progression of neoplastic cells to cancer. At present, the circle of agents with an established chemopreventive effect is restricted to tamoxifen and raloxifene in breast cancer, finasteride in prostate cancer, and celecoxib in colon polyp prevention. However, in recent years, there has been an exponential increase in the study of agents that have a chemopreventive potential against cancer. In this review, the current evidence regarding cancer chemoprevention in major target organs is summarised, discussing the epidemiological as well as the experimental data.
Comparison of Procedures for Detecting test-Item Bias with both Internal and External Ability Criteria (1981)

Test bias is conceptualized as differential validity. Statistical techniques for detecting biased items work by identifying items that may be measuring different things for different groups; they identify deviant or anomalous items in the context of other items. The conceptual basis and technical soundness were reviewed for the following item bias methods: transformed item difficulties, item discriminations, one- and three-parameter item characteristic curve methods, and chi-square methods. Sixteen bias indices representing these approaches were computed for black-white and Chicano-white comparisons on both the verbal and nonverbal Lorge-Thorndike Intelligence Tests. In addition, bias indices were recomputed for the Lorge-Thorndike tests using an external criterion. Convergent validity among bias methods was examined in correlation matrices, by factor analysis of the method correlations, and by ratios of agreements in the items found to be “most biased” by each method. Although evidence of convergent validity was found, there will still be important practical differences in the items identified as biased by different methods. The signed full chi-square procedure may be an acceptable substitute for the theoretically preferred but more costly three-parameter signed indices. The external criterion results also reflect on the validity of the methods; arguments were advanced, however, as to why internal bias methods should not be thought of as proxies for a predictive validity model of unbiasedness.
Carbon-13 CP/MAS NMR study of the conformation of stretched or heated low-sulfur keratin protein films (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbon-13 CP/MAS NMR study of the conformation of stretched or heated low-sulfur keratin protein filmsHiroaki Yoshimizu, Hiroyuki Mimura, and Isao AndoCite this: Macromolecules 1991, 24, 4, 862–866Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1991https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00004a008Request reuse permissionsArticle Views218Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (558 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Decomposable Attention Model for Natural Language Inference (2016)

We propose a simple neural architecture for natural language inference.Our approach uses attention to decompose the problem into subproblems that can be solved separately, thus making it trivially parallelizable.On the Stanford Natural Language Inference (SNLI) dataset, we obtain state-of-the-art results with almost an order of magnitude fewer parameters than previous work and without relying on any word-order information.Adding intra-sentence attention that takes a minimum amount of order into account yields further improvements.
The English Inheritance, by G. Kitson Clark, London, S. C. M., 1950, 184 pages, $2.75. (1951)

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