gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytoplasmic processing of myosin heavy chain messenger RNA: evidence provided by using a recombinant DNA plasmid. (1980)

A recombinant DNA plasmid, designated pMHC25, has been constructed that contains structural gene sequences for rat skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC). The identity of the MHC sequence insert in pMHC25 was determined by muscle-tissue specificity, inhibition of MHC protein synthesis in vitro by hybrid-arrested translation, purification of mRNA that directs the synthesis of MHC protein in vitro, and hybridization to a 33S cytoplasmic mRNA found only in differentiated muscle cells. pMHC25-DNA-excess filter hybridizations were used to show that more than 90% of the newly synthesized MHC mRNA that appears in the cytoplasm of differentiated L6E9 myotubes contains a long 3' poly(A) tail. In contrast, 90% of the MHC mRNA that accumulates in the cytoplasm of these same cells during myogenic differentiation lacks this long 3' poly(A) tail. These results suggest the occurrence of a posttranscriptional event in differentiated L6E9 myotubes that involves the cytoplasmic processing of poly(A)+ MHC mRNA to poly(A)- or poly(A)-short MHC mRNA.
Fibronectin's cell-adhesive domain and an amino-terminal matrix assembly domain participate in its assembly into fibroblast pericellular matrix. (1987)

Fibroblasts organize the modular cell-adhesive glycoprotein fibronectin into a highly structured pericellular matrix by poorly understood mechanisms. Previous studies implicated an amino-terminal domain in matrix assembly and suggested that fibronectin's cell-adhesive domain and the corresponding fibroblast receptor were not involved in this process. To further elucidate the fibronectin region(s) involved in matrix assembly, we mapped a library of proteolytic fragments and antibodies to various fibronectin domains. The fragments and antibodies were used to probe the role of fibronectin's amino-terminal and cell-adhesive domains in a fibroblast matrix assembly assay. We found that fibronectin fragments including the first 25-kDa sequence of fibronectin and antibodies to amino-terminal domains inhibited pericellular matrix assembly. Polyclonal antibodies to the 40-kDa collagen binding domain following the 25-kDa amino-terminal domain also inhibited matrix assembly. However, collagen binding is not required for matrix assembly as neither monoclonals blocking collagen binding nor purified collagen binding domains themselves inhibited matrix assembly. Therefore, the amino-terminal region of fibronectin contains a site important in matrix assembly, and most activity is present in the first 25-kDa of fibronectin. Fibronectin's cell-adhesive domain and the fibroblast receptor binding to this domain also play an important role in fibronectin matrix assembly. Apart from a monoclonal antibody to the amino-terminal domain, only monoclonal antibodies binding to fibronectin's cell-adhesive domain and inhibiting cell adhesion also inhibited matrix assembly. In addition a 105-kDa fragment containing the cell-adhesive domain inhibited matrix assembly. We conclude that at least two discrete and widely separated sites in fibronectin with different binding properties--the carboxyl-terminal fibroblast cell-adhesive domain and an amino-terminal matrix assembly domain localized primarily within the first 25 kDa--are required for fibronectin pericellular matrix assembly by fibroblasts. Fibronectin's cell-adhesive domain and its cell surface-receptor complex appear to be involved in the matrix assembly process prior to a step involving the amino-terminal domain. We believe that this step is likely to be the initiation of cell-associated fibronectin fibril formation by the fibronectin-adhesive-receptor complex.
Phase Change and the Regulation of Shoot Morphogenesis in Plants (1990)

The shoot system of higher plants passes through several different phases during its development. Each of these phases is characterized by a unique set of morphological and physiological attributes. The intermediate character of the structures produced during phase changes and the phenotypes of mutations that affect this process demonstrate that these phases are specified by independently regulated, overlapping developmental programs. Transitions between phases appear to be initiated by factors extrinsic to the shoot apical meristem; the ability of the shoot to respond to such factors and to remain in a particular phase of development is regulated by factors intrinsic to the meristem. The possibility that developmental phases are maintained by epigenetic cell states and the role of DNA methylation in this process are discussed.
A discussion of the solution for the best rotation to relate two sets of vectors (1978)

A method is discussed for obtaining the best proper rotation to relate two sets of vectors.
The T cell antigen receptor expressed by Vα14iNKT cells has a unique mode of glycosphingolipid antigen recognition (2004)

Natural killer (NK) T cells with an invariant Valpha14 rearrangement (Valpha14i) are the largest population of lipid antigen-specific T lymphocytes identified in animals. They react to the glycolipid alpha-galactosyl ceramide (alpha-GalCer) presented by CD1d, and they may have important regulatory functions. It was previously shown that the Valpha14i T cell antigen receptor (TCR) has a high affinity for the alpha-GalCer/CD1d complex, driven by a long half-life (t(1/2)). Although this result could have reflected the unique attributes of alpha-GalCer, using several related glycolipid compounds, we show here that the threshold for full activation of Valpha14i NKT cells by these glycosphingolipids requires a relatively high-affinity TCR interaction with a long t(1/2). Furthermore, our data are consistent with the view that the mechanism of recognition of these compounds presented by CD1d to the Valpha14i NKT cell TCR is likely to fit a lock-and-key model. Overall, these findings emphasize the distinct properties of glycosphingolipid antigen recognition by Valpha14i NKT cells.
Expanding and Reprogramming the Genetic Code of Cells and Animals (2014)

Genetic code expansion and reprogramming enable the site-specific incorporation of diverse designer amino acids into proteins produced in cells and animals. Recent advances are enhancing the efficiency of unnatural amino acid incorporation by creating and evolving orthogonal ribosomes and manipulating the genome. Increasing the number of distinct amino acids that can be site-specifically encoded has been facilitated by the evolution of orthogonal quadruplet decoding ribosomes and the discovery of mutually orthogonal synthetase/tRNA pairs. Rapid progress in moving genetic code expansion from bacteria to eukaryotic cells and animals (C. elegans and D. melanogaster) and the incorporation of useful unnatural amino acids has been aided by the development and application of the pyrrolysyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase/tRNA pair for unnatural amino acid incorporation. Combining chemoselective reactions with encoded amino acids has facilitated the installation of posttranslational modifications, as well as rapid derivatization with diverse fluorophores for imaging.
Bicyclic thiazolidine lactam peptidomimetics of the dopamine receptor modulating peptide Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (1993)

Bicyclic thiazolidine lactam peptidomimetics 3-5 have been synthesized as potential analogues of the dopamine receptor modulating peptide Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 (PLG). Peptidomimetics 3 and 4 were designed to constrain two, psi 2 and phi 3, of the four torsion angles that define a beta-turn to values approximating those found for a type-II beta-turn, while 5 was designed as a compound that could not achieve a beta-turn conformation. Peptidomimetics 3 and 4 were found to enhance the binding of the dopamine receptor agonist ADTN to the dopamine receptor, while 5 was found to be inactive. Like PLG the dose-response curves for 3 and 4 were bell-shaped in nature with the maximum effect occurring at a concentration of 1 microM. Both 3 and 4 were more effective than PLG in enhancing the binding of ADTN to dopamine receptors. The 5,5-bicyclic thiazolidine lactam peptidomimetic 3 enhanced the binding of ADTN by almost 200%, while the 6,5-bicyclic thiazolidine lactam peptidomimetic 4 enhanced the binding of ADTN by about 75%. These results provide further evidence in support of the hypothesis that the bioactive conformation of PLG is a type-II beta-turn.
High-Density Renewable Diesel and Jet Fuels Prepared from Multicyclic Sesquiterpanes and a 1-Hexene-Derived Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (2015)

High-density renewable diesel and jet fuels have been generated by blending multicyclic sesquiterpanes with a synthetic paraffinic kerosene (5-methylundecane). The sesquiterpanes impart high density and volumetric net heat of combustion (NHOC) to the blends, while inclusion of the modestly branched paraffin decreases the viscosity and increases the cetane number of the blends. A surrogate diesel fuel comprising 65% sesquiterpanes and 35% 5-methylundecane had a cetane number of 45.7, a density of 0.853 g/mL, and a volumetric NHOC of 134.0 thousand British thermal units (kBtu)/gallon. By increasing the amount of paraffin to 60% by volume, a jet fuel surrogate was prepared with a cetane number of 57.0, a density of 0.806 g/mL, a −20 °C kinematic viscosity of 8.3 mm2/s, and a NHOC of 124.6 kBtu/gallon. The results show that full-performance and even ultraperformance fuels can be generated by combining bioderived sesquiterpanes and paraffins. The components of the fuel blends studied in this work can be generated from biomass sugars by a combination of fermentation and chemical catalysis, which may allow for their production at industrially relevant scales.
The allocation of documents in multiprocessor information retrieval systems: an application of genetic algorithms (2002)

The determination of an optimal document allocation within a distributed memory, distributed input/output (I/O) multicomputer, the multiprocessor document allocation problem (MDAP), is an NP-complete problem. Obtaining an optimal document allocation, therefore, is computationally intractable, and, hence, heuristic approaches are required. A genetic-algorithm-based approach to MDAP is described. A proof convergence for the algorithm is provided. Some experimental results from a simulation study of the approach are given. The results illustrate the potential of the genetic-algorithm-based approach as a means of tackling MDAP.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Past and recent approaches of preparing Fe-ZSM-5. (2007)

http://www.researchtrends.net/tia/abstract.asp?in=0&vn=6&tid=23&aid=2398&pub=2007&type=3
Quantum control of the yield of a chemical reaction (1998)

Order of magnitude enhancement in the concerted elimination pathway leading to I2 product formation in the photodissociation reaction of CH2I2 by the use of positively chirped 312 nm femtosecond laser pulses is demonstrated. The maximum yield is found for chirps of 2400 fs2 while the minimum is found near −500 fs2. Multiphoton excitation with 624 nm pulses results in the opposite effect, where the maximum yield is found near −500 fs2. The enhancement as a function of chirp is found to depend on the wavelength and intensity of the laser pulses. These results offer new experimental evidence for quantum control of chemical reactions.
Strain Variation among Bordetella pertussis Isolates in Finland, Where the Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccine Has Been Used for 50 Years (2005)

Pertussis is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by Bordetella pertussis. Despite the introduction of mass vaccination against pertussis in Finland in 1952, pertussis has remained an endemic disease with regular epidemics. To monitor changes in the Finnish B. pertussis population, 101 isolates selected from 1991 to 2003 and 21 isolates selected from 1953 to 1982 were studied together with two Finnish vaccine strains. The analyses included serotyping of fimbriae (Fim), genotyping of the pertussis toxin S1 subunit (ptxA) and pertactin (prn), and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after digestion of B. pertussis genomic DNA with XbaI restriction enzyme. Strains isolated before 1977 were found to harbor the same ptxA as the strains used in the Finnish whole-cell pertussis vaccine, and strains isolated before 1982 harbored the same prn as the strains used in the Finnish whole-cell pertussis vaccine. All recent isolates, however, represented genotypes distinct from those of the two vaccine strains. A marked shift of predominant serotype from Fim serotype 2 (Fim2) to Fim3 has been observed since the late 1990s. Temporal changes were seen in the genome of B. pertussis by PFGE analysis. Three PFGE profiles (BpSR1, BpSR11, and BpSR147) were distinguished by their prevalence between 1991 and 2003. The yearly emergence of the three profiles was distributed periodically. Our study stresses the importance of the continuous monitoring of emerging strains of B. pertussis and the need to obtain a better understanding of the relationship of the evolution of B. pertussis in vaccinated populations.
LFA-1 Overexpression and T Cell Autoreactivity: Mechanisms (2000)

Overexpressing LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) on antigen specific CD4+ T cells makes the cells proliferate to normally subthreshold stimuli, including self-Ia molecules without specific antigen. The mechanisms by which this occurs are unknown, but potentially include transmission of an increased costimulatory signal, overstabilization of normally low affinity TCR-Ia interactions, or both. A role for increased costimulatory signaling was tested by culturing control and CD18-transfected antigen-specific T cells clones with anti-CD3 and anti-CD11a. Minimal calcium fluxes were detected, but increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation was observed in the transfectants. However, the proliferative response to graded amounts of these antibodies were identical in the transfectants and controls, suggesting that increased signaling alone was insufficient to cause the increased responsiveness. To test for overstabilization, transfected and control clones were cultured with syngeneic Mø with or without antigen. The transfected but not control cells downregulated TCR expression in response to Mø alone, thus demonstrating successful TCR signaling to a low affinity interaction. These results indicate that LFA-1 overexpression permits TCR signal transmission to a normally subthreshold stimulus presented by Mø, consistent with overstabilization. LFA-1 overexpression also causes increased tyrosine phosphorylation, but this alone is not sufficient to cause a proliferative response to low level stimuli.
Transcortical Cooling Inhibits Hippocampal‐kindled Seizures in the Rat (2005)

Fully kindled, tonic-clonic seizures can be suppressed or aborted with periictal cooling of the kindling target. Anticonvulsant activity occurred at temperatures well above those known to result in tissue injury or inhibition of normal neurologic function. These findings have important implications for the potential use of implantable cooling devices in humans with refractory epilepsies in or near eloquent cortex or dominant hippocampal formations.
Mathematical modelling of migration: A suitable tool for the enforcement authorities? (2005)

A few years ago, it became accepted that the plastics industry could use migration modelling for compliance testing. When a calculation confirms that the migration of a compound from a plastic material or article is below the specific migration limit, this is considered sufficient documentation for compliance with legislation. In the case of non-compliance, the result needs to be verified experimentally. The European Commission recommends that the enforcement authorities use migration modelling as well to avoid long and expensive analysis. The aim of the present work was to investigate the practical possibilities of implementing migration-modelling software as a tool in official food control and possibly in improving the own-check programmes of Danish plastic-converting plants. Food inspectors from nine regional food control centres initially attended a training course in the use of a commercial modelling software package and were supported further during the project period of about 1 year. They visited 40 producers of final plastic materials and articles, but mainly due to a lack of elementary knowledge of the detailed composition of the materials only 16 full migration calculations were performed. A major reason was a lack of information from those in the raw material supply chain who considered their products protected by commercial confidentiality. In general, the food inspectors were in favour of using migration modelling for future control visits.
Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures in Toxicology (2009)

Toxicity testing with animals is expensive, ethically controversial, and not always predictive of the human response. Cell-based assays are regarded as an alternative. However, conventional two-dimensional cell cultures do not reproduce the tissue architecture in vivo, and do not forecast organ-specific toxicity. On the other hand, three-dimensional cultures emulate the biochemistry and mechanics of the microenvironment in tissues more closely. Therefore, they address the limitations of both animals and two-dimensional cultures, and provide more accurate data on the effects of short- and long-term exposure to toxicants. We provide an up-to-date overview on the use of three-dimensional cell cultures in toxicology. We anticipate that three-dimensional cultures will become invaluable to accomplish the 3R agenda (refinement, reduction, and replacement) for animal-based toxicity testing and will play a major role for the Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals in the European Union (REACH legislation).
Generating Accurate and Diverse Members of a Neural-Network Ensemble (1995)

Neural-network ensembles have been shown to be very accurate classification techniques. Previous work has shown that an effective ensemble should consist of networks that are not only highly correct, but ones that make their errors on different parts of the input space as well. Most existing techniques, however, only indirectly address the problem of creating such a set of networks. In this paper we present a technique called Addemup that uses genetic algorithms to directly search for an accurate and diverse set of trained networks. Addemup works by first creating an initial population, then uses genetic operators to continually create new networks, keeping the set of networks that are as accurate as possible while disagreeing with each other as much as possible. Experiments on three DNA problems show that Addemup is able to generate a set of trained networks that is more accurate than several existing approaches. Experiments also show that Addemup is able to effectively incorporate p...
Absence of Wallerian Degeneration does not Hinder Regeneration in Peripheral Nerve (1989)

Wallerian degeneration of the distal stump of a severed peripheral nerve involves invasion by myelomonocytic cells, whose presence is necessary for destruction of myelin and for initiating mitosis in Schwann cells (Beuche and Friede, 1984). Degeneration of the distal ends of the axons themselves is assumed to occur by autolytic mechanisms. We describe a strain of mice (C57BL/6/Ola) in which leucocyte invasion is slow and sparse. In these mice, confirming Beuche and Friede, myelin removal is extremely slow. A new finding is that axon degeneration is also very slow. This is a consequence of lack of recruitment of myelomonocytic cells for if such recruitment is prevented in other mouse strains by a monoclonal antibody against the complement type 3 receptor (Rosen and Gordon, 1987) axon degeneration is again slowed. We have also, surprisingly, found that nerve regeneration in the C57BL/6/Ola mice is not impeded by the presence of largely intact axons in the distal stump and absence of recruited cells, myelin debris and the absence of Schwann cell mitosis.
CD3 eta and CD3 zeta are alternatively spliced products of a common genetic locus and are transcriptionally and/or post-transcriptionally regulated during T-cell development. (1991)

The CD3 eta subunit of the T-cell receptor is thought to subserve an important role in signal transduction and possibly T-cell development. Herein we characterize the organization of the mouse CD3 eta gene and show that it is part of one gene locus that also encodes CD3 zeta on chromosome 1. The NH2-terminal sequence of CD3 zeta and CD3 eta, which share the same leader peptide and are identical through amino acid 122 of each mature protein, is encoded by exons 1-7. However, exons 8 and 9 are differentially spliced to give rise to CD3 zeta and CD3 eta: exons 1-8 encode CD3 zeta and exons 1-7 plus 9 encode CD3 eta. RNase protection analysis with RNA from a variety of fetal, neonatal, and adult cell types indicates that expression of both gene products is T-lineage-restricted. Importantly, expression of CD3 zeta and CD3 eta mRNA appears before or on day 16 of fetal gestation. Expression is apparently coordinate since no cell types tested express CD3 zeta or CD3 eta alone. The steady-state level of CD3 zeta mRNA is greater than or equal to 40-60 times that of CD3 eta mRNA. In immature CD4+CD8+CD3low double-positive thymocytes and CD4+CD8-CD3high or CD4-CD8+CD3high single-positive thymocytes, the respective steady-state CD3 zeta and CD3 eta mRNA levels are equivalent, whereas the amount of receptor-associated CD3 zeta and CD3 eta proteins in double-positive thymocytes is approximately 10 times less than in single-positive thymocytes. Nevertheless, the CD3 zeta/CD3 eta protein ratio remains constant in all populations (40-60:1). Furthermore, discordance between mRNA and protein levels for CD3 zeta and CD3 eta is also observed in splenic T cells. Thus, posttranscriptional and/or transcriptional regulatory mechanisms control CD3 zeta and CD3 eta expression during T-cell development.
Multimedia broadcasting to mobile, portable and fixed receivers using the Eureka 147 Digital Audio Broadcasting system (2005)

The Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) system developed within the Eureka 147 project is well adapted to the requirements of broadcasting audio, programme associated data and general data including, e.g. video, still images and coded traffic messages. The configuration of the DAB multiplex (i.e. data rates and error protection of the different applications) is flexibly adjustable. Having evaluated the performance of DAB data channels in typical mobile reception situations, we conclude that the system will allow multimedia services to be reliably broadcast to mobile, portable and fixed receivers. To demonstrate this capability of DAB, we set up and operated experimental low bitrate video and still image transmissions associated with audio programmes.
Formation of a manganese oxide barrier layer with thermal chemical vapor deposition for advanced large-scale integrated interconnect structure (2008)

Advanced large-scale integrated interconnect structure faces a major challenge in forming a thin and conformal diffusion barrier layer. We deposited a Mn oxide layer by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on SiO2 substrates and investigated deposition behavior and diffusion barrier property. A thin Mn oxide layer was formed with a uniform thickness of 2.6–10nm depending on deposition temperature between 100 and 400°C. Heat-treated samples of Cu/CVD-Mn oxide/SiO2 indicated no interdiffusion at 400°C for 100h. The CVD of the Mn oxide layer was found to be an excellent barrier formation process.