gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A theory of plasma-assisted chemical vapor transport processes (1985)

A theory is presented for plasma-assisted chemical vapor transport (PACVT) processes, applicable to reactive ion or plasma etching, plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition and, in the absence of a plasma, low-pressure thermally driven chemical vapor transport processes. The central results of this theory are the steady-state or nonequilibrium gas-phase chemical concentrations in the vicinity of the reacting surfaces and the rate at which the etch/deposit solid is transported into or out of the reactor volume and/or between reactor surfaces as a function of reactor geometry, (ion-bombardment-enhanced) surface reaction rates, diffusion, and flow rates. Taking the rate-limiting chemical reactions to be heterogeneous leads to a transport equation that predicts behavior for such processes that is essentially in agreement with experiment. Instead of depending on the homogeneous reaction kinetics, this behavior stems from the competition between surface reaction rates, diffusion, and flow rates, yielding a dependence on reactive surface to volume ratios or reactor loading. In contrast to the preceding loading equation, this one is applicable to the entire range of flow for which the transport rate depends on reactor loading, while the reciprocal of the etch rate still exhibits the linear dependence on loading obtained earlier. Also, the theory clarifies some previously observed, but inadequately explained, phenomena unique to PACVT, such as increased flow rate sensitivity for more exoenergetic reactions, flow-dependent ultrahigh etch selectivity between conducting and insulating films, and etch pattern sidewall deposition for endoenergetic reactions.
Feature-based video key frame extraction for low quality video sequences (2009)

We present an approach to key frame extraction for structuring user generated videos on video sharing Websites (e. g. YouTube). Our approach is intended to link existing image search engines to video data. User generated videos are, contrary to professional material, unstructured, do not follow any fixed rule, and their camera work is poor. Furthermore, the coding quality is bad due to low resolution and high compression. In a first step, we segment video sequences into shots by detecting gradual and abrupt cuts. Further, longer shots are segmented into subshots based on location and camera motion features. One representative key frame is extracted per subshot using visual attention features, such as lighting, camera motion, face, and text appearance. These key frames are useful for indexing and for searching similar video sequences using MPEG-7 descriptors.
Priming Sweet Corn Seed to Improve Emergence Under Cool Conditions (1990)

from primed seed was significantly different than emergence from unprimed seed on each day but 16 and 21 (P = 0.01, arcsin transformation). Corn inbreds planted when soil is 10C and lower are often injured by cold water imbibitional stress (Cohn and Obendorf, 1978). Bodsworth and Bewley (1981) found that polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 promoted seed germination of two field corn cultivars when germinated at 10C. The objective of the current study was to evaluate PEG 8000 for improving emergence of two sh2 sweet corn hybrids. Six seeds of sweet corn sh2 hybrids (’Crisp ‘N Sweet’ and ‘How Sweet It Is’; Crookham Seed Co.) were placed in 9-cm-diameter petri dishes containing 15 ml of PEG 8000 absorbed into two sheets of Whatman #1 filter paper. Seeds were in excellent contact with a thin layer of PEG on the surface of saturated filter paper. Concentrations used were 100,200, and 300 g PEG/liter distilled water (-0.16, -0.56, -1.14 mPa, respectively) (Michel, 1983). Seeds were primed at 15C for either 4, 3, 2, or 1 days, such that priming was completed for all seeds on the same day. Control seeds received no treatment. Excess PEG was rinsed off with distilled water. Control and treated seeds were planted immediately after completion of the 4-day priming treatment. Six seeds of each cultivar were placed on the surface of unsterilized potting mixture of 1 vermiculite :1 sand :1 pedite :1 silt loam soil (by volume) in 0.8liter round pots and covered to a depth of 2.5 cm. There were two pots per treatment for each cultivar. Pots were covered with plastic wrap to prevent moisture loss and placed in a growth chamber at 10C for 12
An invasion-associated Salmonella protein modulates the actin-bundling activity of plastin (1999)

The entry of Salmonella typhimurium into nonphagocytic cells requires a panel of bacterial effector proteins that are delivered to the host cell via a type III secretion system. These proteins modulate host-cell signal-transduction pathways and the actin cytoskeleton to induce membrane ruffling and bacterial internalization. One of these bacterial effectors, termed SipA, is an actin-binding protein that is required for efficient Salmonella entry into host cells. We report here that SipA forms a complex with T-plastin on bacterial infection. Formation of such a complex, which requires the presence of F-actin, results in a marked increase in the actin-bundling activity of T-plastin. We also report that T-plastin is recruited to S. typhimurium-induced membrane ruffles by a CDC42-dependent signaling process and is required for bacterial entry. We propose that modulation of the actin-bundling activity of T-plastin by SipA results in the stabilization of the actin filaments at the point of bacterial-host cell contact, which leads to more efficient Salmonella internalization.
Circular RNA and miR-7 in Cancer (2013)

MicroRNAs (miRNA) play important roles in fine-tuning gene expression and are often deregulated in cancer. The identification of competing endogenous RNA and circular RNA (circRNA) as important regulators of miRNA activity underscores the increasing complexity of ncRNA-mediated regulatory networks. Particularly, the recently identified circular RNA, ciRS-7, which acts as a designated miR-7 inhibitor/sponge, has conceptually changed the mechanistic understanding of miRNA networks. As miR-7 modulates the expression of several oncogenes, disclosing the regulation of miR-7 activity will likely advance the understanding of various cancer etiologies. Here, we review the current knowledge about the ciRS-7/miR-7 axis in cancer-related pathways and discuss possible models explaining the relevance of coexpressing miR-7 along with a circRNA inhibitor.
TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (2018)

Developing countries like Pakistan have many sufferers of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 still unprepared and unaware of the disastrous implications and complications of the disease. Local population must be aware about all factors that may worsen the disease or that may be monitored to keep them in a better status of health. Objectives: To assess the correlation between blood glucose and various parameters of lipid profile alongwith levels ofMagnesium in Type 2 diabetic patients. The aim was to help in better management of patients by monitoring dyslipidemia and mineral levels in Type2 diabetics. Study design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Madinah Teaching Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: 6 months from July to December 2017. Subjects and methods: The study was executed at Madinah Teaching Hospital Faisalabad on 50 known cases of diabetes mellitus type 2 as well as 30 healthy subjects. Estimations included Fasting blood glucose, Lipid profile and Serum Magnesium. All parameters were performed by Cobas C311 analyzer. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20. Results: There was significant positive correlation between fasting blood sugar andserum cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL while a highly significant negative correlation existed between HDL and FBS. There was negative correlation among fasting blood sugar and serum Magnesium. The control group also showed low HDL and Magnesium levels. Conclusion: Hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus along with low HDL and hypomagnesaemia. The low levels in control group may be due to heredity or dietary factors.
Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related Protein Exhibit Selective Target Specificities in Response to Different Forms of DNA Damage (2004)

The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related) protein kinases exert cell cycle delay, in part, by phosphorylating Checkpoint kinase (Chk) 1, Chk2, and p53. It is well established that ATR is activated following UV light-induced DNA damage such as pyrimidine dimers and the 6-(1,2)-dihydro-2-oxo-4-pyrimidinyl-5-methyl-2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinediones, whereas ATM is activated in response to double strand DNA breaks. Here we clarify the activation of these kinases in cells exposed to IR, UV, and hyperoxia, a condition of chronic oxidative stress resulting in clastogenic DNA damage. Phosphorylation on Chk1(Ser-345), Chk2(Thr-68), and p53(Ser-15) following oxidative damage by IR involved both ATM and ATR. In response to ultraviolet radiation-induced stalled replication forks, phosphorylation on Chk1 and p53 required ATR, whereas Chk2 required ATM. Cells exposed to hyperoxia exhibited growth delay in G1, S, and G2 that was disrupted by wortmannin. Consistent with ATM or ATR activation, hyperoxia induced wortmannin-sensitive phosphorylation of Chk1, Chk2, and p53. By using ATM- and ATR-defective cells, phosphorylation on Chk1, Chk2, and p53 was found to be ATM-dependent, whereas ATR also contributed to Chk1 phosphorylation. These data reveal activated ATM and ATR exhibit selective substrate specificity in response to different genotoxic agents.
Gluconeogenesis in the perfused rat liver (1966)

1. A modification of the methods of Miller and of Schimassek for the perfusion of the isolated rat liver, suitable for the study of gluconeogenesis, is described. 2. The main modifications concern the operative technique (reducing the period of anoxia during the operation to 3min.) and the use of aged (non-glycolysing) red cells in the semi-synthetic perfusion medium. 3. The performance of the perfused liver was tested by measuring the rate of gluconeogenesis, of urea synthesis and the stability of adenine nucleotides. Higher rates of gluconeogenesis (1mumole/min./g.) from excess of lactate and of urea synthesis from excess of ammonia (4mumoles/min./g. in the presence of ornithine) were observed than are likely to occur in vivo where rates are limited by the rate of supply of precursor. The concentrations of the three adenine nucleotides in the liver tissue were maintained within 15% over a perfusion period of 135min. 4. Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+) and phosphate were found to be required at physiological concentrations for optimum gluconeogenesis but bicarbonate and carbon dioxide could be largely replaced by phosphate buffer without affecting the rate of gluconeogenesis. 5. Maximal gluconeogenesis did not decrease maximal urea synthesis in the presence of ornithine and ammonia and vice versa. This indicates that the energy requirements were not limiting the rates of gluconeogenesis or of urea synthesis. 6. Addition of lactate, and especially ammonium salts, increased the uptake of oxygen more than expected on the basis of the ATP requirements of the gluconeogenesis and urea synthesis.
Elevated myocardial Na+/H+exchanger isoform 1 activity elicits gene expression that leads to cardiac hypertrophy (2010)

In myocardial disease, elevated expression and activity of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) are detrimental. To better understand the involvement of NHE1, transgenic mice with elevated heart-specific NHE1 expression were studied. N-line mice expressed wild-type NHE1, and K-line mice expressed activated NHE1. Cardiac morphology, interstitial fibrosis, and cardiac function were examined by histological staining and echocardiography. Differences in gene expression between the N-line or K-line and nontransgenic littermates were probed with genechip analysis. We found that NHE1 K-line (but not N-line) hearts developed hypertrophy, including elevated heart weight-to-body weight ratio and increased cross-sectional area of the cardiomyocytes, interstitial fibrosis, as well as depressed cardiac function. N-line hearts had modest changes in gene expression (50 upregulations and 99 downregulations, P < 0.05), whereas K-line hearts had a very strong transcriptional response (640 upregulations and 677 downregulations, P < 0.05). In addition, the magnitude of expression alterations was much higher in K-line than N-line mice. The most significant changes in gene expression were involved in cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac necrosis/cell death, and cardiac infarction. Secreted phosphoprotein 1 and its signaling pathways were upregulated while peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma signaling was downregulated in K-line mice. Our study shows that expression of activated NHE1 elicits specific pathways of gene activation in the myocardium that lead to cardiac hypertrophy, cell death, and infarction.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Nickel by the Reduction of Preformed Nickel Oxide (2002)

A thin film of elementary nickel was formed by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The deposition cycle consisted of two consecutive chemical reaction steps: an oxidizing step and a reducing step. An atomic layer of nickel oxide was made by sequentially supplying bis(cyclopentadienyl)-nickel as a nickel precursor and water as an oxidation agent; the preformed atomic layer of nickel oxide was then reduced to elementary nickel metal by exposure to hydrogen radical at a deposition temperature of 165°C. Auger electron spectroscopy analysis detected negligible oxygen content in the grown films, indicating that the hydrogen radical had completely reduced the nickel oxide to a metallic thin film. In addition, carbon impurities in the film dropped from 16 atom % to less than 5 atom % during the reduction reaction. The proposed two-step ALD method for elementary metals was successful in forming continuous and conformal nickel thin films. These nickel films formed an effective glue layer between chemical vapor deposited copper and a diffusion barrier layer of TiN. The adhesion of a 1 μm thick copper film to a 15 nm thick nickel glue layer over a TiN barrier film was excellent, with no failures occurring during adhesive tape peel tests. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Characterization and evaluation of a new oncolytic Vaccinia Virus strain LIVP6.1.1 for canine cancer therapy (2012)

Virotherapy on the basis of oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) strains is one novel approach for canine cancer therapy. In this study we described for the first time the characterization and the use of new VACV strain LIVP6.1.1 as an oncolytic agent against canine cancer in a panel of four canine cancer cell lines including: soft tissue sarcoma (STSA-1), melanoma (CHAS), osteosarcoma (D-17) and prostate carcinoma (DT08/40). Cell culture data demonstrated that LIVP6.1.1 efficiently infected and destroyed all four tested canine cancer cell lines. In two different xenograft models on the basis of the canine soft tissue sarcoma STSA-1 and the prostate carcinoma DT08/40 cell lines, a systemic administration of the LIVP6.1.1 virus was found to be safe and led to anti-tumor and immunological effects resulting in the significant reduction of tumor growth in comparison to untreated control mice. In summary, the pre-clinical evaluation has demonstrated the efficacy of LIVP6.1.1 for canine cancer therapy. Furthermore, a clinical trial with canine cancer patients has already been started.
Health Outcome Measures in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review of Trends in Disease Severity and Quality-of-Life Instruments 1985–2010 (2011)

Overall, there is an increase in the use of disease-severity and QoL instruments in AD clinical trials.
Characteristics of Drusen and Bruch's Membrane in Postmortem Eyes With Age-Related Macular Degeneration (1997)

We performed a histopathologic study to compare eyes with different stages of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with age-matched eyes to identify characteristics associated with exudative vs nonexudative AMD. We analyzed 51 eyes, which were obtained from an eye bank, from 40 donors with different stages of AMD and compared them with 40 age-matched control eyes. The eyes were processed for light microscopy, and the degree of calcification of Bruch's membrane, fragmentation of Bruch's membrane, the number of different types of drusen, and the presence of basal laminar (linear) deposit were assessed in the macular and extramacular regions. In the macular area, a statistically significant difference was observed for the degree of calcification (P = .02) and fragmentation (P = .03) of Bruch's membrane in eyes with exudative AMD (1.6 and 5 per eye, respectively) compared with eyes with nonexudative AMD (0.8 and 1 per eye, respectively) and control eyes (0.8 and 0 per eye, respectively). Eyes with AMD displayed notably softer, more confluent, and larger drusen and basal laminar (linear) deposit in the macular area compared with control eyes. Calcification and fragmentation of Bruch's membrane, soft, confluent, and large drusen, and basal laminar (linear) deposit but not hard drusen correlate with the histological presence of AMD. The degree of calcification and fragmentation of Bruch's membrane is greater in eyes with exudative compared with nonexudative AMD.
Combining discriminative and model based approaches for hand pose estimation (2015)

In this paper we present an approach to hand pose estimation that combines both discriminative and modelbased methods to overcome the limitations of each technique in isolation. A Randomised Decision Forests (RDF) is used to provide an initial estimate of the regions of the hand. This initial segmentation provides constraints to which a 3D model is fitted using Rigid Body Dynamics. Model fitting is guided using point to surface constraints which bind a kinematic model of the hand to the depth cloud using the segmentation of the discriminative approach. This combines the advantages of both techniques, reducing the training requirements for discriminative classification and simplifying the optimization process involved in model fitting by incorporating physical constraints from the segmentation. Our experiments on two challenging sequences show that this combined method outperforms the current state-of-the-art approach.
Amino acid sequence homology between rat alpha-fetoprotein and albumin at the COOH-terminal regions. (1980)

The nucleotide sequence of the 3'-terminal untranslated region and a portion of the coding region of rat alpha-fetoprotein mRNA has been determined from a cloned double-stranded cDNA. the amino acid sequence of the COOH-terminal portion of alpha-fetoprotein was inferred from the nucleotide sequence and compared to the amino acid sequence of the corresponding portion of rat, bovine, and human albumin. A striking homology in amino acid sequence between alpha-fetoprotein and albumin was observed. These results confirm earlier suggestions that the two proteins are closely related in structure and probably arose from a common ancestral gene.
The Role of ABC Transporters in Clinical Practice (2003)

Drug resistance remains one of the primary causes of suboptimal outcomes in cancer therapy. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a family of transporter proteins that contribute to drug resistance via ATP-dependent drug efflux pumps. P-glycoprotein (P-gp), encoded by the MDR1 gene, is an ABC transporter normally involved in the excretion of toxins from cells. It also confers resistance to certain chemotherapeutic agents. P-gp is overexpressed at baseline in chemotherapy-resistant tumors, such as colon and kidney cancers, and is upregulated after disease progression following chemotherapy in malignancies such as leukemia and breast cancer. Other transporter proteins mediating drug resistance include those in the multidrug-resistance-associated protein (MRP) family, notably MRP1, and ABCG2. These transporters are also involved in normal physiologic functions. The expressions of MRP family members and ABCG2 have not been well worked out in cancer. Increased drug accumulation and drug resistance reversal with P-gp inhibitors have been well documented in vitro, but only suggested in clinical trials. Limitations in the design of early resistance reversal trials contributed to disappointing results. Despite this, three randomized trials have shown statistically significant benefits with the use of a P-gp inhibitor in combination with chemotherapy. Improved diagnostic techniques aimed at the selection of patients with tumors that express P-gp should result in more successful outcomes. Further optimism is warranted with the advent of potent, nontoxic inhibitors and new treatment strategies, including the combination of new targeted therapies with therapies aimed at the prevention of drug resistance.
Aggregation of Lysine-Containing Zeins into Protein Bodies in Xenopus Oocytes (1988)

Zeins, the storage proteins of maize, are totally lacking in the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan. Lysine codons and lysine- and tryptophan-encoding oligonucleotides were introduced at several positions into a 19-kilodalton zein complementary DNA by oligonucleotide-mediated mutagenesis. A 450-base pair open reading frame from a simian virus 40 (SV40) coat protein was also engineered into the zein coding region. Messenger RNAs for the modified zeins were synthesized in vitro with an SP6 RNA polymerase system and injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes. The modifications did not affect the translation, signal peptide cleavage, or stability of the zeins. The ability of the modified zeins to assemble into structures similar to maize protein bodies was assayed by two criteria: assembly into membrane-bound vesicles resistant to exogenously added protease, and ability to self-aggregate into dense structures. All of the modified zeins were membrane-bound; only the one containing a 17-kilodalton SV40 protein fragment was unable to aggregate. These findings suggest that it may be possible to create high-lysine corn by genetic engineering.
A Screening Study of Lubricants in Wet Powder Masses Suitable for Extrusion-Spheronization (1993)

Fourteen different substances were evaluated for their usefulness in reducing surface defects, heat due to friction and energy consumption in an instrumented extruder. The materials include several common lubricants and glidants, surface active agents, humectants, polyethylene glycol and a binder in a simple binary system with high drug loading. The substances under study were evaluated at two concentrations in a matrix composed of acetaminophen, Avicel PH-101 (70:30) and water. Maximum screen temperature, peak amperage draw, surface morphology of the extrudate, resistance to applied force, resistance to abrasion, surface morphology of the spheres, sphericity and size analysis were determined for each substance/concentration combination. High HLB surfactants, particularly SLS, performed best at levels as low as 0.125%, keeping heat and amperage draw to a minimum and greatly reducing surface defects.