gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A portable microsystem-based telemetric pressure and temperature measurement unit (2000)

This article shows how a fully implantable stand-by device for measuring intracorporal pressure and temperature under normal conditions can be implemented, consisting of a sensor element combined with a transcutaneous telemetric interface. One further point of interest is automatic event recognition in order to capture special signal components in an emergency situation. Therefore, signal processing and waveform analysis are exigent, first to observe the measured signal in realtime on a portable unit, and second to process the data offline on a stationary unit.
Introduction to microelectronic fabrication (1987)

(NOTE: Each chapter concludes with Summary, References, and Problems.) Preface. 1. An Overview of Microelectronic Fabrication. A Historical Perspective. An Overview of Monolithic Fabrication Processes and Structures. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) Processes. Basic Bipolar Processing. Safety. 2. Lithography. The Photolithographic Process. Etching Techniques. Photomask Fabrication. Exposure Systems. Exposure Sources. Optical and Electron Microscopy. Further Reading. 3. Thermal Oxidation of Silicon. The Oxidation Process. Modeling Oxidation. Factors Influencing Oxidation Rate. Dopant Redistribution During Oxidation. Masking Properties of Silicon Dioxide. Technology of Oxidation. Oxide Quality. Selective Oxidation and Shallow Trench Formation. Oxide Thickness Characterization. Process Simulation. 4. Diffusion. The Diffusion Process. Mathematical Model for Diffusion. The Diffusion Coefficient. Successive Diffusions. Solid-Solubility Limits. Junction Formation and Characterization. Sheet Resistance. Generation-Depth and Impurity Profile Measurement. Diffusion Simulation. Diffusion Systems. Gettering. 5. Ion Implantation. Implantation Technology. Mathematical Model for Ion Implantation. Selective Implantation. Junction Depth and Sheet Resistance. Channeling, Lattice Damage, and Annealing. Shallow Implantation. Source Listing 6. Film Deposition. Evaporation. Sputtering. Chemical Vapor Deposition. Epitaxy. Further Reading. 7. Interconnections and Contacts. Interconnections in Integrated Circuits. Metal Interconnections and Contact Technology. Diffused Interconnections. Polysilicon Interconnections and Buried Contacts. Silicides and Multilayer-Contact Technology. The Liftoff Process. Multilevel Metallization. Copper Interconnects and Damascene Processes. Further Reading. 8. Packaging and Yield. Testing. Wafer Thinning and Die Separation. Die Attachment. Wire Bonding. Packages. Flip-Chip and Tape-Automated-Bonding Processes. Yield. Further Reading. 9. MOS Process Integration. Basic MOS Device Considerations. MOS Transistor Layout and Design Rules. Complementary MOS (CMOS) Technology. Silicon on Insulator. 10. Bipolar Process Integration. The Junction-Isolated Structure. Current Gain. Transit Time. Basewidth. Breakdown Voltages. Other Elements in SBC Technology. Layout Considerations. Advanced Bipolar Structures. Other Bipolar Isolation Techniques. BICMOS. 11. Processes for Microelectromechanical Systems-MEMS. Mechanical Properties of Silicon. Bulk Micromachining. Silicon Etchants. Surface Micromachining. High-Aspect-Ratio Micromachining: The LIGA Molding Process. Silicon Wafer Bonding. IC Process Compatibility. Answers to Selected Problems. Index.
Next-generation calcineurin inhibitors for ophthalmic indications (2007)

Calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) are potent immunosuppressants that reversibly inhibit T-cell proliferation and prevent the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines by blocking the activity of calcineurin, a ubiquitous enzyme that is found in cell cytoplasm. CNIs can be highly effective in immune-mediated ophthalmic diseases such as uveitis, dry eye syndrome and inflammatory blepharitis, as well as for the prevention of rejection in corneal transplants. ISA-247/LX-211 is a novel CNI that is in Phase III clinical development for the treatment of various forms of non-infectious uveitis. ISA-247/LX-211 is a rationally designed analog of ciclosporin A that exhibits more predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and a 4-fold greater calcineurin inhibition than its parent compound, ciclosporin A. ISA-247/LX-211 has been observed to be effective, well-tolerated, and safe in early clinical trials, exhibiting a much wider therapeutic window compared with classic CNIs, such as ciclosporin A and tacrolimus. An alternative approach to widening the therapeutic window for the therapy of ophthalmic disorders lies in local delivery of CNIs through polymeric implants that release the drug over long periods of time. The silicone matrix episcleral implant LX-201 is in Phase III development at present for the prevention of rejection in high-risk cornea transplantation.
Effects of Transforming Growth Factor-β on Osteoblastic Osteosarcoma Cells* (1987)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta), a polypeptide that controls growth and differentiation in many cell types and has recently been found in abundant amounts in bone, was examined for its effects on cells with the osteoblast phenotype using the clonal osteoblastic osteosarcoma cell line ROS 17/2.8. TGF beta increased alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and the rate of collagen synthesis per cell. Cell proliferation was inhibited, and the morphological appearance of the cells was markedly changed. All effects were observed at concentrations as low as 0.1 ng/ml TGF beta. Increases in AP activity were detectable after 24 h and increased progressively with time. TGF beta increased AP activity under serum-free conditions and during thymidine-induced inhibition of DNA synthesis. The increase in AP activity mediated by TGF beta could be completely inhibited with actinomycin D and cycloheximide. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 at 10(-7) M slightly increased AP activity in ROS 17/2.8 cells, but strongly inhibited AP activity when the cells were pretreated with TGF beta. The data suggest that TGF beta stimulates expression of the osteoblastic phenotype in ROS 17/2.8 cells and that TGF beta may be an important regulator of local bone remodeling.
Purification and characterization of Tet(M), a protein that renders ribosomes resistant to tetracycline. (1991)

The tet(M) tetracycline resistance gene has been found in a wide variety of clinically important bacteria. It has been shown previously (Burdett, V. (1986) J. Bacteriol. 165, 564-569) that the tet(M) gene product mediates resistance at the level of protein synthesis as judged by in vitro assay. Using this assay, large amounts of protein were purified from an Escherichia coli overproducer expressing the gene under control of a T7 promoter. The purified activity consists of a single polypeptide of molecular weight 68,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and was confirmed to be the tet(M) gene product by amino-terminal sequence analysis. Purified Tet(M) has an associated ribosome-dependent GTPase with the specific activity being similar to that of the corresponding activity associated with elongation factor G. Since Tet(M) also displays substantial homology to elongation factor G throughout its length, Tet(M) may function as an analog of this elongation factor.
IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) (1998)

confidentiality requires selection of tunnel mode, and is most effective if implemented at a security gateway, where traffic aggregation may be able to mask true source-destination patterns. Note that although both confidentiality and authentication are optional, at least one of them MUST be selected.
Mesencephalic astrocyte‐derived neurotrophic factor reduces ischemic brain injury and promotes behavioral recovery in rats (2009)

Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF), also known as arginine-rich, mutated in early stage of tumors (ARMET), is a secreted protein that reduces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Previous studies have shown that MANF mRNA expression and protein levels are increased in the cerebral cortex after brain ischemia, a condition that induces ER stress. The function of MANF during brain ischemia is still not known. The purpose of this study was to examine the protective effect of MANF after ischemic brain injury. Recombinant human MANF was administrated locally to the cerebral cortex before a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in adult rats. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining indicated that pretreatment with MANF significantly reduced the volume of infarction at 2 days after MCAo. MANF also attenuated TUNEL labeling, a marker of cell necrosis/apoptosis, in the ischemic cortex. Animals receiving MANF pretreatment demonstrated a decrease in body asymmetry and neurological score as well as an increase in locomotor activity after MCAo. Taken together, these data suggest that MANF has neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia, possibly through the inhibition of cell necrosis/apoptosis in cerebral cortex.
Formation of rat IgE-binding factors by rat-mouse T cell hybridomas. (1982)

Mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells of rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) were obtained 8 days after infection and were incubated overnight with rat IgE for the formation of IgE-binding factors. These cells were then fused with BW 5147 mouse T lymphoma cells. Two hybrid clones (A4 and B6) obtained by the fusion formed IgE-binding factors upon incubation with IgE. It was found that 1-hr incubation with 3 micrograms/ml of rat IgE was sufficient to induce hybridoma cells to form IgE-binding factors. Both hybrid clones express rat T cell markers; the A4 clone bears Fc epsilon R, whereas the B6 clone bears Fc gamma R on their surface. The IgE-binding factors formed by both clones bound to rat IgE-coated Sepharose and could be eluted from the beads at pH 3.0. The factors also have affinity for mouse IgE but not human IgE nor rat IgG. IgE-binding factors formed by the A4 clone had a m.w. between 26,000 and 30,000; the B6 clone formed IgE-binding factors of 26,000 and 13,000 daltons. The factors of both high and low m.w. failed to bind to lentil lectin and Con A, but had affinity for peanut agglutinin. Purified IgE-binding factors of 13,000 daltons selectively suppressed the IgE-forming cell response of DNP-ovalbumin-primed MLN cells to homologous antigen, whereas the factor of 26,000 to 30,000 daltons neither suppressed nor enhanced the IgE response.
Dose Escalation of Lenalidomide in Relapsed or Refractory Acute Leukemias (2010)

Lenalidomide was safely escalated to 50 mg daily for 21 days, every 4 weeks, and was active with relatively low toxicity in patients with relapsed/refractory AML. Remissions achieved after transplantation suggest a possible immunomodulatory effect of lenalidomide, and results provide enthusiasm for further studies in AML, either alone or in combination with conventional agents or other immunotherapies.
Partial inhibition of castration induced ventral prostate regression with actinomycin D and cycloheximide. (1978)

Sprague Dawley male rats were injected subcutaneously with either actinomycin D or cycloheximide in saline immediately after castration. Control animals received saline only. Treatment was repeated daily for 4 subsequent days, and 24 hr after the last injection rats were sacrificed by decapitation. Ventral prostates were dissected and weighed. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide administration significantly reduced the rate of prostatic weight loss in castrated rats; serum testosterone levels in the control and drug treated animals were comparable. Histologic studies of the prostates indicated that drug treated animals had more active epithelial cells than saline injected controls. These results indicate that the rate of prostatic regression induced by castration can be modified by drugs such as actinomycin D and cycloheximide.
Dna Sequencing After the Human Genome Project (1997)

Abstract In future DNA sequencing, gel electrophoresis, which is particularly effective for de novo sequencing, is likely to be replaced by sequencing by hybridization, mass spectrometry, or combinations of these two methods, which are particularly effective for comparative or diagnostic sequencing.
Oligomerization of indole-3-carbinol in aqueous acid (1992)

Indole-3-carbinol [I3C, also called 3-(hydroxymethyl)indole] is a naturally occurring modulator of carcinogenesis with a biological activity that is at least partially dependent on its conversion to active substances in acidic media. We compared the identities of the major oligomeric products of I3C produced under conditions approximating those found in gastric juice with the reported identities of products of 3-substituted indoles produced under enzymatic and other nonenzymatic conditions. After a 10-min treatment in aqueous HCl solution, I3C was converted in 18% yield to a mixture of acetonitrile-soluble products, the major components of which (as determined by HPLC) were diindol-3-ylmethane (5.9%), 5,6,11,12,17,18-hexahydrocyclononal[1,2-b:4,5-b':7,8-b"]triindo le (2.0%), and [2-(indol-3-ylmethyl)indol-3-yl]indol-3-ylmethane (5.9%). Tentative assignments were made for 3,3-bis(indol-3-ylmethyl)indolenine (0.59%), a symmetrical cyclic tetramer (0.64%), and a linear tetramer (1.1%). Indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (ICZ) was formed slowly in aqueous acidic solutions in low yields (2.0 ppm) which increased to greater than 90 ppm following addition of an organic solvent [tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dimethylformamide (DMF)] to a neutralized solution. Relative yields of trimers vs dimer increased with decreasing pH and with decreasing starting concentration of I3C. Evidence is presented that ICZ formation may not involve radical intermediates as is characteristic of photodynamic processes. A mechanistic rationale is presented for the formation of the identified products.
Homo-PROTACs: bivalent small-molecule dimerizers of the VHL E3 ubiquitin ligase to induce self-degradation (2017)

E3 ubiquitin ligases are key enzymes within the ubiquitin proteasome system which catalyze the ubiquitination of proteins, targeting them for proteasomal degradation. E3 ligases are gaining importance as targets to small molecules, both for direct inhibition and to be hijacked to induce the degradation of non-native neo-substrates using bivalent compounds known as PROTACs (for 'proteolysis-targeting chimeras'). We describe Homo-PROTACs as an approach to dimerize an E3 ligase to trigger its suicide-type chemical knockdown inside cells. We provide proof-of-concept of Homo-PROTACs using diverse molecules composed of two instances of a ligand for the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 ligase. The most active compound, CM11, dimerizes VHL with high avidity in vitro and induces potent, rapid and proteasome-dependent self-degradation of VHL in different cell lines, in a highly isoform-selective fashion and without triggering a hypoxic response. This approach offers a novel chemical probe for selective VHL knockdown, and demonstrates the potential for a new modality of chemical intervention on E3 ligases.Targeting the ubiquitin proteasome system to modulate protein homeostasis using small molecules has promising therapeutic potential. Here the authors describe Homo-PROTACS: small molecules that can induce the homo-dimerization of E3 ubiquitin ligases and cause their proteasome-dependent degradation.
A homolog of interleukin-10 is encoded by the poxvirus orf virus (1997)

A gene encoding a polypeptide with homology to interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been discovered in the genome of orf virus (OV) strain NZ2, a parapoxvirus that infects sheep, goats, and humans. The predicted polypeptide sequence shows high levels of amino acid identity to IL-10 of sheep (80%), cattle (75%), humans (67%), and mice (64%), as well as IL-10-like proteins of Epstein-Barr virus (63%) and equine herpesvirus (67%). The C-terminal region, comprising two-thirds of the OV protein, is identical to ovine IL-10, which suggests that this gene has been captured from its host sheep during the evolution of OV. The IL-10-like gene is transcribed early. Conditioned medium from COS cells transfected with a eukaryotic expression vector containing the OV IL-10-like gene showed the same biological activity as ovine IL-10 in a murine thymocyte proliferation assay. OV IL-10 is likely to be important in immune evasion by OV, since IL-10 is a multifunctional cytokine that has inhibitory effects on nonspecific immunity and Th1 effector function.
Blood transfusion, smoking, and obesity as risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a primary care‐based incident case‐control study in Norfolk, England (1997)

RA has a number of potential environmental triggers, including smoking, obesity, and blood transfusion.
Evaluation of tylosin tartrate in drinking water for treatment of porcine proliferative enteropathy (ileitis) (2004)

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of tylosin tartrate administered via drinking water to pigs orally challenged with Lawsonia intracellularis. Materials and methods: The study consisted of three treatments (Nonchallenged- unmedicated, Challenged-unmedicated, and Challenged-medicated), with six pens of six pigs per treatment (N = 108 pigs). Pigs 28 days old were challenged orally on Days 0 and 1 with L intracellularis. Drinking water medicated with tylosin tartrate (Tylan Soluble Powder; Elanco Animal Health, Indianapolis, Indiana) was provided to medicated pens Days 10 to 17. Pigs were weighed daily and assigned clinical scores, and feed consumption was measured. At necropsy (Days 17 and 18), gross lesions consistent with porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE) were recorded, and tissues were collected for histopathologic examination and testing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Among challenged pigs, those medicated with tylosin had lower mean fecal consistency scores (P &lt; .05), fewer pigs per pen with PPE-associated lesions (P &lt; .05), less PCR-positive ileal tissue (P &lt; .05), and better growth parameters (P &lt; .05), compared to unmedicated pigs. Among unmedicated pigs, those challenged with L intracellularis had higher mean fecal consistency scores (P &lt; .05), more pigs per pen with PPE-associated lesions (P &lt; .05), more pigs PCR-positive for L intracellularis (P &lt; .05) and poorer growth parameters (P &lt; .05), compared to nonchallenged pigs. Implications: This study provides evidence that tylosin tartrate administered in drinking water is effective in reducing clinical signs, lesions, and suppression of growth performance associated with PPE in swine challenged with L intracellularis.
Conformational Changes of an Exchangeable Apolipoprotein, Apolipophorin III from Locusta migratoria, at Low pH:  Correlation with Lipid Binding (2001)

Locusta migratoria apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) is a helix bundle exchangeable apolipoprotein that reversibly binds to lipoprotein surfaces. Structural reorganization of its five amphipathic alpha-helices enables the transition from the lipid-free to lipid-bound state. ApoLp-III-induced transformation of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayer vesicles into smaller discoidal complexes is enhanced as a function of decreasing pH, with maximal transformation occurring at pH 3.5. Over the entire pH range studied, apoLp-III retains nearly all of its secondary structure content. Whereas no changes in fluorescence emission maximum of the two Trp residues in apoLp-III were observed in the pH range from 7.0 to 4.0, a further decrease in pH resulted in a strong red shift. Near-UV circular dichroism spectra of apoLp-III showed well-defined extrema (at 286 and 292 nm) between pH 7.0 and pH 4.0, which were attributed to Trp115. Below pH 4.0, these extrema collapsed, indicating a less rigid environment for Trp115. Similarly, the fluorescence intensity of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate in the presence of apoLp-III increased 4-fold below pH 4.0, indicating exposure of hydrophobic sites in the protein in this pH range. Taken together, the data suggest two conformational states of the protein. In the first state between pH 7.0 and pH 4.0, apoLp-III retains a nativelike helix bundle structure. The second state, found between pH 3.0 and pH 4.0, is reminiscent of a molten globule, wherein tertiary structure contacts are disrupted without a significant loss of secondary structure content. In both states DMPC vesicle transformation is enhanced by lowering the solution pH, reaching an optimum in the second state. The correlation between tertiary structure and lipid binding activity suggests that helix bundle organization is a determinant of apoLp-III lipid binding activity.
Institutionen und institutioneller Wandel der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (1997)

Die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft wurde 1911 in Berlin gegründet und ist die Vorgängerorganisation der heutigen Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. Bereits einige Jahre nach der Gründung war es der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft gelungen, eine bedeutende Stellung im internationalen Vergleich der Wissenschaften einzunehmen und eine große Attraktivität auf Wissenschaftler auszuüben. Dies zeigt sich nicht zuletzt an den Wissenschaftlern, die von der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft angezogen oder von ihr hervorgebracht wurden. Zu nennen sind Forscherpersönlichkeiten wie beispielsweise Emil Fischer, Fritz Haber, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner, Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Otto Warburg und Adolf Butenandt. Aufgrund der Attraktivität dieser Gesellschaft für Wissenschaftler und der führenden Stellung in den Wissenschaften wird die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft verschiedentlich als Referenz für ein erfolgreiches System der wissenschaftlichen Selbstverwaltung betrachtet.
Hidden Markov models of biological primary sequence information. (1994)

Hidden Markov model (HMM) techniques are used to model families of biological sequences. A smooth and convergent algorithm is introduced to iteratively adapt the transition and emission parameters of the models from the examples in a given family. The HMM approach is applied to three protein families: globins, immunoglobulins, and kinases. In all cases, the models derived capture the important statistical characteristics of the family and can be used for a number of tasks, including multiple alignments, motif detection, and classification. For K sequences of average length N, this approach yields an effective multiple-alignment algorithm which requires O(KN2) operations, linear in the number of sequences.
The use of CpG DNA as a mucosal vaccine adjuvant. (2001)

CpG DNA has been shown to be a potent adjuvant in many disease models. Most studies using CpG DNA as adjuvant have used parenteral delivery, but more effective protection against mucosal pathogens could be achieved with effective mucosal immunization. Recently, mucosal immunization with CpG DNA as an adjuvant has been shown to induce both systemic (humoral and cellular) and mucosal antigen-specific immune responses. This review will concentrate on the use of CpG DNA as an adjuvant for the induction of mucosal immunity.