gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Primary Structure of Pilin Protein from Bacteroides nodosus Strain 216: Comparison with the Corresponding Protein from Strain 198 (1985)

The amino acid sequence of pilin protein from Bacteroides nodosus strain 216 was determined. The protein had a calculated molecular weight of 15962 and contained the same number of amino acid residues (151) as the pilin from the previously sequenced strain 198. The sequence of the first 44 residues was common to both strains, including the unusual amino-terminal amino acid, N-methylphenylalanine. Of the remaining 107 residues, 37% of them differed between the two strains. Comparison of hydrophilicity profiles constructed from the sequence data indicated that a conserved region around residues 71-72 was probably the site of an antigenic determinant.
Hyperparathyroid and Hypoparathyroid Disorders (2000)

The four parathyroid glands, through the secretion of parathyroid hormone, regulate serum calcium concentrations and bone metabolism.1 In turn, serum calcium concentrations regulate parathyroid hormone secretion; high concentrations inhibit secretion by the parathyroid glands of parathyroid hormone and low concentrations stimulate it.2 Low or falling serum calcium concentrations act within seconds to stimulate parathyroid hormone secretion, initiated by means of a calcium-sensing receptor on the surface of the parathyroid cells.2 This receptor is a heptahelical molecule, like the receptors for light, odorants, catecholamines, and many peptide hormones.3 Parathyroid hormone secretion is 50 percent of the maximal level at a serum . . .
Androgen Receptor As A Target For the Treatment of Hormone Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer: An Unchartered Territory (2008)

Estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) and progesterone receptor-negative (PR-) breast cancers represent approximately 30% of all breast cancers and, in general, have a more aggressive clinical course. They are unresponsive to antiestrogens, more likely to be poorly differentiated, of higher histological grade and are associated with a higher recurrence rate and decreased overall survival. Androgen receptor (AR) expression has been reported in over 70% of breast cancer and in 45-50% of patients with ER-negative breast cancer. There is emerging evidence that the androgen signaling pathway plays a critical role in breast carcinogenesis, independent of ER. Preclinical data have suggested the inhibitory role of adrenal steroids, such as dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate on the growth of human ER-negative breast cancer cell lines, when these demonstrate a strong expression of AR. This potentially results in decreased AR gene expression. However, DHEA has been shown to stimulate growth in breast cancer cells when an ER is expressed in ER-positive breast cancer cells. Therefore, the effect of adrenal steroids may differ based on the tumor hormone receptor status and ER-/PR- breast tumors may not be truly hormone 'insensitive'. Exploration of new androgen-based hormonal therapy is warranted in this patient population. This article reviews the role of the AR in breast cancer and discusses potential avenues for the treatment of ER-/PR-/AR+ tumors with 'hormonal therapy'.
Paucibacillary Tuberculosis in Mice after Prior Aerosol Immunization with Mycobacterium bovis BCG (2004)

To develop a murine model of paucibacillary tuberculosis for experimental chemotherapy of latent tuberculosis infection, mice were immunized with viable Mycobacterium bovis BCG by the aerosol or intravenous route and then challenged six weeks later with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The day after immunization, the counts were 3.71 +/- 0.10 log(10) CFU in the lungs of aerosol-immunized mice and 3.65 +/- 0.11 and 4.93 +/- 0.07 log(10) CFU in the lungs and spleens of intravenously immunized mice, respectively. Six weeks later, the lungs of all BCG-immunized mice had many gross lung lesions and splenomegaly; the counts were 5.97 +/- 0.14 and 3.54 +/- 0.07 log(10) CFU in the lungs and spleens of aerosol-immunized mice, respectively, and 4.36 +/- 0.28 and 5.12 +/- 0.23 log(10) CFU in the lungs and spleens of intravenously immunized mice, respectively. Mice were then aerosol challenged with M. tuberculosis by implanting 2.37 +/- 0.13 log(10) CFU in the lungs. Six weeks after challenge, M. tuberculosis had multiplied so that the counts were 6.41 +/- 0.27 and 4.44 +/- 0.14 log(10) CFU in the lungs and spleens of control mice, respectively. Multiplication of M. tuberculosis was greatly limited in BCG-immunized mice. Six weeks after challenge, the counts were 4.76 +/- 0.24 and 3.73 +/- 0.34 log(10) CFU in the lungs of intravenously immunized and aerosol-immunized mice, respectively. In contrast to intravenously immunized mice, there was no detectable dissemination to the spleen in aerosol-immunized mice. Therefore, immunization of mice with BCG by the aerosol route prior to challenge with a low dose of M. tuberculosis resulted in improved containment of infection and a stable paucibacillary infection. This model may prove to be useful for evaluation of new treatments for latent tuberculosis infection in humans.
Telomeres and telomerase in normal and cancer stem cells (2010)

Differences between normal adult tissue stem cells and cancer stem/initiating cells remain poorly defined. For example, it is controversial if cancer stem cells can become fully quiescent, require a stem cell niche, are better at repairing DNA damage than the bulk of the cancer cells, and if and how they regulate symmetric versus asymmetric cell divisions. This minireview will not only provide our personal views to address some of these outstanding questions, but also present evidence that an understanding of telomere dynamics and telomerase activity in normal and cancer stem cells may provide additional insights into how tumors are initiated, and how they should be monitored and treated.
Orocecal Transit Time and Bacterial Overgrowth in Patients with Crohn's Disease (2000)

Bacterial overgrowth is frequent in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and can contribute to symptoms. Motility abnormalities can predispose to bacterial overgrowth. The hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) breath test is a sensitive and simple tool for the diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth and for the evaluation of orocecal transit time (OCTT). In this study, we investigated the prevalence of OCTT modifications and bacterial overgrowth in a series of consecutive adult patients with CD. In 43 healthy subjects and 67 patients with CD. we performed the lactulose breath test using a gas analyzer that offers the opportunity of measuring both H2 and CH4. Of the patients, 24 had undergone an ileocolic resection before the test with ablation of the ileocecal valve. At the time of the test 15 patients had active disease, whereas in 52 subjects the disease was quiescent. Fifty-seven patients and forty controls were evaluable for OCTT and bacterial overgrowth. In 10 patients and in 3 controls, no H2 or CH4 peak was recorded during the 8-hour test. Out of 57 patients, 13 (23%) were affected by bacterial overgrowth. The prevalence of bacterial overgrowth was higher in patients with previous surgery (30%) than in nonoperated patients (18%). In all patients with bacterial overgrowth, an antibiotic treatment induced a normalization of the test and an improvement of the symptoms. We observed a longer OCTT in the patients compared to controls, although this difference was not statistically significant (154 +/- 45 vs. 136 +/- 45 minutes). OCTT was significantly longer compared to controls in the 14 CD patients with previous ileocolic resection ( 180 +/- 53 vs. 136 + 45 minutes; p < 0.004). In conclusion, we found that a significant proportion of unselected patients with CD has bacterial overgrowth and prolongation of OCTT. We suggest that the modifications in OCTT in patients with CD can predispose to bacterial overgrowth. The lactulose breath test is a simple method that can be more widely used in patients with CD.
HIV coreceptors: from discovery and designation to new paradigms and promise. (2007)

Just over a decade ago, the specific chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 were identified as the essential coreceptors that function along with CD4 to enable human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) entry into target cells. The coreceptor discoveries immediately provided a molecular explanation for the distinct tropisms of different HIV-1 isolates for different CD4-positive target cell types, and revealed fundamentally new insights into host and viral factors influencing HIV transmission and disease. The sequential 2-step mechanism by which the HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) interacts first with CD4, then with coreceptor, revealed a major mechanism by which conserved Env epitopes are protected from antibody-mediated neutralization. The Env-coreceptor interaction has become a major target for the development of novel antiviral strategies to treat and prevent HIV infection.
Role of Neuregulin-1/ErbB Signaling in Cardiovascular Physiology and Disease (2007)

Since the discovery that neuregulin-1 (NRG-1)/ErbB signaling is indispensable in cardiac development, evidence has shown that this system also plays a crucial role in the adult heart. In patients, an inhibitory ErbB2 antibody, trastuzumab, used in the treatment of mammary carcinomas, increases the risk for the development of cardiotoxic cardiomyopathy. Postnatal disruption of NRG-1/ErbB signaling by gene targeting in mice leads to dilated cardiomyopathy. Initially, the search for the mechanisms behind these observations focused mainly on the effects of NRG-1 on cardiomyocyte growth and survival and revealed that NRG-1 has Akt-dependent antiapoptotic effects in cultured cardiomyocytes. In vivo studies, however, did not uniformly reinforce a role for apoptosis in the development of cardiomyopathy induced by impaired NRG-1/ErbB signaling. More recent studies have revealed that NRG-1 is involved in the regulation of cardiac sympathovagal balances by counterbalancing adrenergic stimulation of the adult myocardium and through an obligatory interaction with the muscarinic cholinergic system. NRG-1 is synthesized and released by the endocardial and cardiac microvascular endothelium, dynamically controlled by neurohormonal and biomechanical stimuli. The physiology of the cardiac NRG-1/ErbB system has implications for the treatment of both cancer and heart failure. Clinical studies in breast cancer with novel ErbB inhibitors are currently underway. Novel oncological indications for ErbB inhibition are emerging; cardiovascular side effects need to be carefully monitored. On the other hand, pharmacological activation of ErbB signaling is likely an unrecognized and beneficial effect of currently used drugs in heart failure and a promising therapeutic approach to prevent or reverse myocardial dysfunction.
Discriminative Learning of Deep Convolutional Feature Point Descriptors (2015)

Deep learning has revolutionalized image-level tasks such as classification, but patch-level tasks, such as correspondence, still rely on hand-crafted features, e.g. SIFT. In this paper we use Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) to learn discriminant patch representations and in particular train a Siamese network with pairs of (non-)corresponding patches. We deal with the large number of potential pairs with the combination of a stochastic sampling of the training set and an aggressive mining strategy biased towards patches that are hard to classify. By using the L2 distance during both training and testing we develop 128-D descriptors whose euclidean distances reflect patch similarity, and which can be used as a drop-in replacement for any task involving SIFT. We demonstrate consistent performance gains over the state of the art, and generalize well against scaling and rotation, perspective transformation, non-rigid deformation, and illumination changes. Our descriptors are efficient to compute and amenable to modern GPUs, and are publicly available.
An Extraction Technique for Recovery of Flavors, Pigments, and other Constituents from Wines and other Aqueous Solutions (1961)

The forcing of water-miscible solvents from aqueous solution by saturation of the water with salts and other solutes and the use of such systems in extraction of solutions similar to wines has been investigated. Ethanol was the solvent of choice among those tried. Ammonium sulfate was the salting-out agent most generally useful among the 38 tested. The phase diagram of the ethanol aqueous-ammonium sulfate system was prepared and the composition of the two liquid phases determined for the mixture that would have the least salt and the most ethanol in the solvent phase. A comparison of this system with butanol-water and butanol-ammonium sulfate systems showed that distribution coefficients of relatively polar compounds favored the solvent layer for the ethanol system much more than for the butanol systems. The ethanol-water-ammonium sulfate and similar systems offer considerable promise in special situations as a means of extraction and concentration of volatile flavors, bitter flavors, tannins, pigments, etc. and fractionation of them from sugars, acids, etc. as found in wines and similar solutions.
Efficient retrovirus-mediated transfer and expression of a human adenosine deaminase gene in diploid skin fibroblasts from an adenosine deaminase-deficient human. (1987)

Skin fibroblasts might be considered suitable recipients for therapeutic genes to cure several human genetic diseases; however, these cells are resistant to gene transfer by most methods. We have studied the ability of retroviral vectors to transfer genes into normal human diploid skin fibroblasts. Retroviruses carrying genes for neomycin or hygromycin B resistance conferred drug resistance to greater than 50% of the human fibroblasts after a single exposure to virus-containing medium. This represents at least a 500-fold increase in efficiency over other methods. Transfer was achieved in the absence of helper virus by using amphotropic retrovirus-packaging cells. A retrovirus vector containing a human adenosine deaminase (ADA) cDNA was constructed and used to infect ADA-fibroblasts from a patient with ADA deficiency. The infected cells produced 12-fold more ADA enzyme than fibroblasts from normal individuals and were able to rapidly metabolize exogenous deoxyadenosine and adenosine, metabolites that accumulate in plasma in ADA-deficient patients and are responsible for the severe combined immunodeficiency in these patients. These experiments indicate the potential of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into human fibroblasts for gene therapy.
Purinergic receptor‐mediated effects of ATP in high‐grade bladder cancer (2007)

ATP effectively reduces the growth of high-grade bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. This highlights the potential use of ATP in the treatment of advanced urological malignancies irrespective of the cellular origin.
Capsiate, a Nonpungent Capsaicin Analog, Increases Endurance Swimming Capacity of Mice by Stimulation of Vanilloid Receptors (2006)

We investigated the effect of capsiate, a nonpungent natural capsaicin analog, on the swimming capacity of mice in an adjustable-current water pool. Male BALB/c mice orally given capsiate (10 mg/kg) were able to keep swimming longer before exhaustion than the control mice. After 30 min of swimming, the residual glycogen in the gastrocnemius muscle was higher, the serum free fatty acid concentration tended to be higher, and the serum lactic acid concentration was significantly lower in the capsiate-administered mice. The value for the respiratory exchange ratio of the capsiate group was significantly lower during both resting and treadmill running. These physiological differences were abolished by administering the vanilloid receptor antagonist, capsazepin (0.17 mmol/kg, i.p.). The mice were not averse to the capsiate solution during a 4-h two-bottle choice test. These results suggest that the oral administration of capsiate enhanced fat oxidation and spared carbohydrate utilization, and consequently increased the endurance swimming capacity of the mice via stimulation of their vanilloid receptors. Practical application of capsiate is expected.
Methylamine‐Gas‐Induced Defect‐Healing Behavior of CH3NH3PbI3 Thin Films for Perovskite Solar Cells (2015)

We report herein the discovery of methylamine (CH3NH2) induced defect-healing (MIDH) of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films based on their ultrafast (seconds), reversible chemical reaction with CH3NH2 gas at room temperature. The key to this healing behavior is the formation and spreading of an intermediate CH3NH3PbI3⋅xCH3NH2 liquid phase during this unusual perovskite-gas interaction. We demonstrate the versatility and scalability of the MIDH process, and show dramatic enhancement in the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with MIDH. This study represents a new direction in the formation of defect-free films of hybrid perovskites.
Estrogen induction of TGF-α is mediated by an estrogen response element composed of two imperfect palindromes (1996)

To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the two- to three-fold induction of human transforming growth factor-alpha (hTGF-alpha) mRNA and two- to five-fold induction of hTGF-alpha protein observed following estrogen treatment of hormone-responsive human breast cancer cell lines, the hTGF-alpha promoter was assayed for ERE-like sequences able to mediate estrogen induction of a heterologous gene. Transient co-transfection of a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) construct consisting of either 1100 bp or 330 bp of hTGF-alpha promoter sequence and an estrogen receptor expression vector into either COS-7 cells or hormonally responsive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells resulted in a two- to five-fold induction of CAT activity by estrogen. Although no consensus estrogen response element (ERE) exists in the hTGF-alpha promoter, a sequence consisting of two imperfect ERE palindromes separated by 20 bp is located at -200 to -252. This sequence was inserted into a mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) based CAT construct and assayed for its ability to confer estrogen regulation of CAT expression to a heterologous promoter. Transient co-transfection of this construct with an estrogen receptor expression vector into either COS-7 cells or MCF-7 cells resulted in an average 30-fold estrogen induction of CAT activity. Gel shift assays with human recombinant estrogen receptor (ER) and 32P-labelled fragments revealed that the ER could specifically bind to this sequence. These results indicate that this 53 bp sequence can function as an ERE, and is likely to be responsible for the observed induction of TGF-alpha message and protein in response to estrogen. These data also indicate that the level of estrogen inducibility mediated by this element may be positively or negatively modulated by interaction or competition with other transcription factors.
1,2,4-Triazoles. XVII. Meso-ionic compounds. 2. Derivatives of the s-triazole series (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT1,2,4-Triazoles. XVII. Meso-ionic compounds. 2. Derivatives of the s-triazole seriesKevin T. Potts, Sunil Kumar Roy, and Daniel Patrick JonesCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 7, 2245–2252Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01282a035https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01282a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views421Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Characterizing White Matter Damage in Rat Spinal Cord with Quantitative MRI and Histology (2008)

ABSTRACT Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and quantitative T(2) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to characterize ex vivo the white matter damage at 3 and 8 weeks following dorsal column transection (DC Tx) injury at the cervical level C5 of rat spinal cords. Luxol Fast Blue (LFB) and myelin basic protein (MBP) staining was used to assess myelin damage, and neurofilament-H in combination with neuron specific beta-III-tubulin (NF/Tub) staining was used to assess axonal damage. Average values of myelin water fraction (MWF), fractional anisotropy (FA), longitudinal diffusivity (D(long)), transverse diffusivity (D(trans)), and average diffusivity (D(ave)) were calculated in the fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus, and the dorsal corticospinal tract (CST) 5 mm cranial, as well as 5 and 10 mm caudal to injury and correlated with histology. These tracts were selected as these contain bundles of parallel ascending and descending axons in very circumscribed areas with little intermingling of other axonal populations. Axonal and myelin degeneration occur cranial to injury in the funiculus gracilis and caudal to injury in the CST. Both MWF and D(trans) showed significant correlation with LFB staining at 3 weeks (0.64 and -0.49, respectively) and 8 weeks post-injury (0.88 and -0.71, respectively). Both D(long) and FA correlated significantly with NF/Tub staining at 3 weeks post-injury (0.78 and 0.64, respectively), while only D(long) displayed significant correlation 8 weeks post-injury (0.58 and 0.33, respectively). This study demonstrates that quantitative MRI can accurately characterize white matter damage in DC Tx model of injury in rat spinal cord.
Platinum(IV) Complexes of trans-1,2-diamino-4-cyclohexene: Prodrugs Affording an Oxaliplatin Analogue that Overcomes Cancer Resistance (2020)

Six platinum(IV) compounds derived from an oxaliplatin analogue containing the unsaturated cyclic diamine <i>trans</i>-1,2-diamino-4-cyclohexene (DACHEX), in place of the 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, and a range of axial ligands, were synthesized and characterized. The derivatives with at least one axial chlorido ligand demonstrated solvent-assisted photoreduction. The electrochemical redox behavior was investigated by cyclic voltammetry; all compounds showed reduction potentials suitable for activation in vivo. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data indicated an X-ray-induced surface reduction of the Pt(IV) substrates, which correlates with the reduction potentials measured by cyclic voltammetry. The cytotoxic activity was assessed in vitro on a panel of human cancer cell lines, also including oxaliplatin-resistant cancer cells, and compared with that of the reference compounds cisplatin and oxaliplatin; all IC<sub>50</sub> values were remarkably lower than those elicited by cisplatin and somewhat lower than those of oxaliplatin. Compared to the other Pt(IV) compounds of the series, the bis-benzoate derivative was by far (5-8 times) the most cytotoxic showing that low reduction potential and high lipophilicity are essential for good cytotoxicity. Interestingly, all the complexes proved to be more active than cisplatin and oxaliplatin even in three-dimensional spheroids of A431 human cervical cancer cells.