gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of HF broadcast interference on powerline telecommunications above 1 MHz (2002)

In response to the liberalisation of telecommunications service provision in the U.K., NOR.WEB has demonstrated the use of the LV (240/415 V in the U.K.) mains network for the provision of a wide range of digital powerline telecommunication services to customers. NOR.WEB has shown that communication is possible in the HF region of the spectrum, above 1 MHz. One of the many problems associated with the HF frequency range is ingress of HF broadcast carriers, which can cause significant interference with the powerline communication signal. This paper describes the results of measurements made on the mains network to characterise the interference encountered at these frequencies. HF ingress was indeed one of the most significant sources of interference discovered. Hence hardware and software were developed to identify these signals on the network, and to collect statistics on their distribution. The paper also discusses the distribution of their amplitude, and also their distribution with frequency and time-of-day. The results are used to give limits (to a given statistical confidence level) on the interference encountered by a powerline telecommunication system, as a function of its bandwidth.
Stool Microbiome and Metabolome Differences between Colorectal Cancer Patients and Healthy Adults (2013)

In this study we used stool profiling to identify intestinal bacteria and metabolites that are differentially represented in humans with colorectal cancer (CRC) compared to healthy controls to identify how microbial functions may influence CRC development. Stool samples were collected from healthy adults (n = 10) and colorectal cancer patients (n = 11) prior to colon resection surgery at the University of Colorado Health-Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins, CO. The V4 region of the 16s rRNA gene was pyrosequenced and both short chain fatty acids and global stool metabolites were extracted and analyzed utilizing Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). There were no significant differences in the overall microbial community structure associated with the disease state, but several bacterial genera, particularly butyrate-producing species, were under-represented in the CRC samples, while a mucin-degrading species, Akkermansia muciniphila, was about 4-fold higher in CRC (p<0.01). Proportionately higher amounts of butyrate were seen in stool of healthy individuals while relative concentrations of acetate were higher in stools of CRC patients. GC-MS profiling revealed higher concentrations of amino acids in stool samples from CRC patients and higher poly and monounsaturated fatty acids and ursodeoxycholic acid, a conjugated bile acid in stool samples from healthy adults (p<0.01). Correlative analysis between the combined datasets revealed some potential relationships between stool metabolites and certain bacterial species. These associations could provide insight into microbial functions occurring in a cancer environment and will help direct future mechanistic studies. Using integrated "omics" approaches may prove a useful tool in identifying functional groups of gastrointestinal bacteria and their associated metabolites as novel therapeutic and chemopreventive targets.
Association between Th17‐related cytokines and risk of non–small cell lung cancer among patients with or without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2015)

The results of the current study indicate a clear association between the Th17-related cytokine profile and the risk of NSCLC complicated by the presence or absence of COPD.
Stamps, inks and substrates: polymers in microcontact printing (2010)

It's all about polymers! Polymers play a key role in the patterning and functionalization of surfaces by microcontact printing. Polymers are versatile stamps, inks and substrates and microcontact printing can provide microstructured polymer surfaces in a single printing step.
Radiative transfer simulations of the two-dimensional ocean glint reflectance and determination of the sea surface roughness (2016)

An optimized discrete-ordinate radiative transfer model (DISORT3) with a pseudo-two-dimensional bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) is used to simulate and validate ocean glint reflectances at an infrared wavelength (1036 nm) by matching model results with a complete set of BRDF measurements obtained from the NASA cloud absorption radiometer (CAR) deployed on an aircraft. The surface roughness is then obtained through a retrieval algorithm and is used to extend the simulation into the visible spectral range where diffuse reflectance becomes important. In general, the simulated reflectances and surface roughness information are in good agreement with the measurements, and the diffuse reflectance in the visible, ignored in current glint algorithms, is shown to be important. The successful implementation of this new treatment of ocean glint reflectance and surface roughness in DISORT3 will help improve glint correction algorithms in current and future ocean color remote sensing applications.
Elastographic Imaging Using Staggered Strain Estimates (2002)

Conventional techniques in elastography estimate strain as the gradient of the displacement estimates obtained through crosscorrelation of pre- and postcompression rf A-lines. In these techniques, the displacements are estimated over overlapping windows and the strains are estimated as the gradient of the displacement estimates over adjacent windows. The large amount ofnoise at high window overlaps may result in poor quality elastograms, thus restricting the applicability of conventional strain estimation techniques to low window overlaps, which, in turn, results in a small number of pixels in the image. To overcome this restriction, we propose a multistep strain estimation technique. It computes the first elastogram using nonoverlapped windows. In the next step, the data windows are shifted by a small distance (small fraction of window size) and another elastogram is produced. This is repeated until the cumulative shift equals/exceeds the window size and all the elastograms are staggered to produce the final elastogram. Simulations and experiments were performed using this technique to demonstrate significant improvement in the elastographic signal-to-noise ratio (SNRe) and the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNRe) at high window overlaps over conventional strain estimation techniques, without noticeable loss of spatial resolution. This technique might be suitable for reducing the algorithmic noise in the elastograms at high window overlaps.
Carcinogenicity of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin in experimental models (2006)

The contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a prototype compound of a whole class of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons termed 'dioxinlike' contaminants present in food, human tissue, mothers milk, and environmental samples. Among the various adverse effects caused by TCDD in animal experiments, its carcinogenic effects caused particular concern. In rodents, long-term TCDD treatment leads to the development of tumors of the liver, thyroid, lung, skin, oral cavity and other sites. The occurrence of liver tumors mainly observed in female rats has been used as a basis for quantitative cancer risk assessment for TCDD. TCDD does not behave like a 'complete carcinogen', i. e. no DNA binding of the parent compound or metabolites thereof could be detected. However, enhanced oxidative damage of hepatic DNA was observed, probably resulting from a dramatic induction of cytochrome P450 enzymes, which are under the regulatory, transcriptional control of the TCDD-activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The marked enhancement of TCDD-related oxidative liver DNA damage in rats by estrogens warrants further mechanistic investigation. Furthermore, TCDD acts as a tumor promoter, i. e. it facilitates the growth of putative preneoplastic hepatic lesions after initiation with a complete carcinogen. The mechanisms underlying this effect may be related to altered intracellular signaling involving pronounced changes in the phosphorylation pattern of proteins regulating growth and apoptosis. These effects are thought to result in an enhanced survival of preneoplastic cells, some of which can undergo further steps on the way to malignancy. In summary, a better understanding of the mechanisms of the carcinogenicity of TCDD is mandatory to provide a rational basis for a better inter-species extrapolation. The final aim of these efforts is a more reliable risk assessment for the carcinogenic potency of the class of dioxinlike contaminants in humans.
Cell Mediated Events that Control Blood Coagulation and Vascular Injury (1993)

It was my intent in this chapter to provide some outlines of the role of membranes in the blood clotting process and the role of coagulation factors in cellular activation. The scope of the area is so extensive that many important contributions have been overlooked and space limitations forced citation of reviews rather than primary publications in many cases. I regret these oversights.
New thin film fabrication technique using a substrate excited by SAW (1990)

A novel thin-film fabrication technique which uses a surface phonon mode substrate excited by surface acoustic waves (SAW) to control the morphology of very thin films is presented. Permalloy films and Co-Cr-Ta films of 300-AA thickness were prepared by DC magnetron sputtering onto LiNbO/sub 3/ single-crystal substrate excited by SAW. By scanning electron microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy observations, the structure of films was found to be drastically changed by SAW excitations as a function of excited amplitude. Especially at the critical excitation voltage, the film structure consists of a homogeneous grain form, and a very fine grain size is realized. In the Co-Cr-Ta sputtered films fabricated at this critical SAW excitation voltage of 8 V, H/sub c/ takes a minimum value of about 5 Oe, which is two orders lower than that of films fabricated without SAW excitation. The Mo-Permalloy films fabricated at this voltage are stress-free and have excellent soft magnetic properties.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Senescence-associated secretory phenotype contributes to pathological angiogenesis in retinopathy (2016)

Pathological angiogenesis is the hallmark of diseases such as cancer and retinopathies. Although tissue hypoxia and inflammation are recognized as central drivers of vessel growth, relatively little is known about the process that bridges the two. In a mouse model of ischemic retinopathy, we found that hypoxic regions of the retina showed only modest rates of apoptosis despite severely compromised metabolic supply. Using transcriptomic analysis and inducible loss-of-function genetics, we demonstrated that ischemic retinal cells instead engage the endoplasmic reticulum stress inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) pathway that, through its endoribonuclease activity, induces a state of senescence in which cells adopt a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). We also detected SASP-associated cytokines (plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor) in the vitreous humor of patients suffering from proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Therapeutic inhibition of the SASP through intravitreal delivery of metformin or interference with effectors of senescence (semaphorin 3A or IRE1α) in mice reduced destructive retinal neovascularization in vivo. We conclude that the SASP contributes to pathological vessel growth, with ischemic retinal cells becoming prematurely senescent and secreting inflammatory cytokines that drive paracrine senescence, exacerbate destructive angiogenesis, and hinder reparative vascular regeneration. Reversal of this process may be therapeutically beneficial.
Statistics review 13: receiver operating characteristic curves. (2004)

This review introduces some commonly used methods for assessing the performance of a diagnostic test. The sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratio of a test are discussed. The uses of the receiver operating characteristic curve and the area under the curve are explained.
Human apolipoprotein A-I. Post-translational modification by fatty acid acylation. (1986)

The human apolipoproteins are secretory proteins some of which have been shown to undergo proteolytic processing and post-translational addition of carbohydrate. Apolipoprotein A-I (apo-A-I), the predominant protein associated with high density lipoproteins, undergoes co-translational proteolytic processing as well as post-translational conversion of proapo-A-I to mature apo-A-I following cellular secretion. Utilizing the human hepatoma cell line HEP-G2, we have established that, in addition to proteolytic processing, secreted nascent apo-A-I is acylated with palmitate. Uniformly labeled [14C]palmitate and [1-14C]palmitate were each incorporated into apo-A-I when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. The acylation of apo-A-I with palmitate was confirmed by immunoprecipitation and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Hydroxylamine treatment resulted in the deacylation of apo-A-I. Although three of the apo-A-I isoforms analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were shown to contain radio-labeled palmitate, 80% of acylated apo-A-I was in the proapolipoprotein A-I isoform. [14C]Oleate was not incorporated in secreted apo-A-I, indicating the specificity of the acylation of apo-A-I. Incubation of [14C] palmitate-acylated apo-A-I in serum and plasma under conditions in which proapo-A-I is proteolytically cleaved to mature apo-A-I did not result in deacylation. These data establish that fatty acid acylation occurs in human secretory proteins in addition to the previously reported acylation of cellular membrane proteins. These results suggest that the covalent linkage of lipids to apolipoproteins may play a critical role in apolipoprotein and lipoprotein metabolism.
Safety of Autologous, Ex Vivo-Expanded Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Specific Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Infusion in HIV-Infected Patients (1997)

We infused six human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive subjects with autologous CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) enriched for HIV-specific cytotoxicity targeted against a diversity of HIV epitopes in gp120, gag p17 and p24, and nef. There was no toxicity and no subject deteriorated clinically. In the first 2 weeks, CD4 counts increased for all subjects and plasma viremia decreased in five of six subjects. Twenty-four weeks later, the mean values of all measures of viral burden and surrogate markers of HIV infection were either unchanged or improved, but none of the changes was statistically significant. Two subjects continued to have decreased cell-associated viral burden and another subject had more than doubled CD4 cell count. HIV-specific CTL activity increased in most subjects. The increase in CD4 T-cell counts in the first weeks after the infusion suggests that antiviral CTLs of diverse specificities do not play a significant role in CD4 T-cell decline. The lack of any acute toxicity or adverse effect on viral burden suggests that therapy with antiviral CTLs deserves further study.
Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease (1995)

Introductory immunology textbook for medical students, advanced undergraduates, and graduate students.
Establishment of complete and mixed donor chimerism after allogeneic lymphohematopoietic transplantation: Recommendations from a workshop at the 2001 Tandem Meetings of the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry and the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation (2001)

Approaches to the measurement of lymphohematopoietic chimerism have evolved from laboratory research to important clinical tools. However, there has been no logical, consistent, and uniform set of recommendations for the measurement of chimerism in clinical transplantation. The National Marrow Donor Program and the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry (IBMTR) sponsored a workshop to discuss the use of chimerism analysis after allogeneic transplantation. The workshop was organized in an effort to make reasonable recommendations regarding laboratory techniques, the types of specimens to be studied, and the frequency of analysis. The panel recommended the following guidelines: 1. Chimerism analysis should use sensitive, informative techniques. At present, short tandem repeats (STR) or variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) analysis is the approach most likely to give reproducible informative data. 2. Peripheral blood cells are generally more useful than bone marrow cells for chimerism analysis. 3. Lineage-specific chimerism should be considered the assay of choice in the setting of nonmyeloablative and reduced-intensity conditioning. 4. The use of T-cell depletion, nonmyeloablative or reduced-intensity conditioning, or novel graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylactic regimens warrants chimerism analysis at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, because interventions such as donor lymphocyte infusions may depend on chimerism status. 5. In nonmyeloablative transplantation, the early patterns of chimerism may predict either GVHD or graft loss. Therefore, more frequent (every 2-4 weeks) peripheral blood analysis may be warranted. 6. For nonmalignant disorders, chimerism generally should be measured 1, 2, and 3 months after transplantation. Interventions to enhance donor engraftment must be considered on a disease-specific basis in relation to concurrent GVHD and, ultimately, clinical rationale.
Cooperation between two growth factors promotes extended self-renewal and inhibits differentiation of oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cells. (1990)

Bipotential oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cells, which give rise to oligodendrocytes and type-2 astrocytes in cultures of rat optic nerve, are one of the few cell types in which most aspects of proliferation and differentiation can be manipulated in a defined in vitro environment. Previous studies have shown that O-2A progenitors exposed to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) divide as migratory bipolar cells a limited number of times, with a cell cycle time of 18 hr, before clonally related progenitors differentiate into nondividing oligodendrocytes with a timing similar to that seen in vivo. In contrast, O-2A progenitors grown in the absence of mitogen do not divide but instead differentiate prematurely into oligodendrocytes, and progenitors exposed to appropriate inducing factors differentiate into type-2 astrocytes. We now have found that O-2A progenitors can be induced to undergo continuous self-renewal in the absence of oligodendrocytic differentiation by exposure to a combination of PDGF and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). With the exception of the inhibition of differentiation, the O-2A progenitors exposed to PDGF and bFGF behaved similarly to those exposed to PDGF alone. In contrast, progenitors exposed to basic bFGF alone were multipolar, had a cell-cycle length of 45 hr, showed little migratory behavior, underwent premature oligodendrocytic differentiation, and did not cease division upon expression of oligodendrocyte marker antigens. Thus, inhibition of differentiation required the presence of both mitogens. Our results demonstrate that PDGF and bFGF act on O-2A progenitors as both inducers of division and as regulators of differentiation that modulate multiple aspects of O-2A progenitor development and, additionally, reveal a previously unrecognized means of regulating self-renewal processes, wherein cooperation between growth factors promotes continuous division in the absence of differentiation.
Phase Separation by Spinodal Decomposition in Isotropic Systems (1965)

The theory of phase separation from a single phase fluid by a spinodal mechanism is given. The predicted structure may be described in terms of a superpositioning of sinusoidal composition modulations of a fixed wavelength, but random in amplitude, orientation, and phase. Sections through a calculated structure are shown. These show that the structure has many of the geometrical features found in phase separable glasses, in particular the high degree of connectivity among particles of each phase.
pCloDF13-encoded bacteriocin release proteins with shortened carboxyl-terminal segments are lipid modified and processed and function in release of cloacin DF13 and apparent host cell lysis (1989)

By oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, stop codon mutations were introduced at various sites in the pCloDF13-derived bacteriocin release protein (BRP) structural gene. The expression, lipid modification (incorporation of [3H]palmitate), and processing (in the presence and absence of globomycin) of the various carboxyl-terminal shortened BRPs were analyzed by a special electrophoresis system and immunoblotting with an antiserum raised against a synthetic BRP peptide, and their functioning with respect to release of cloacin DF13, lethality, and apparent host cell lysis were studied in Sup-, supF, and supP strains of Escherichia coli. All mutant BRPs were stably expressed, lipid modified, and processed by signal peptidase II, albeit with different efficiencies. The BRP signal peptide appeared to be extremely stable and accumulated in induced cells. Full induction of the mutant BRPs, including the shortest containing only 4 amino acid residues of the mature polypeptide, resulted in phospholipase A-dependent and Mg2+-suppressible apparent cell lysis. The extent of this lysis varied with the mutant BRP used. Induction of all mutant BRPs also prevented colony formation, which appeared to be phospholipase A independent. One shortened BRP, containing 20 amino acid residues of the mature polypeptide, was still able to bring about the release of cloacin DF13. The results indicated that the 8-amino-acid carboxyl-terminal segment of the BRP contains a strong antigenic determinant and that a small segment between amino acid residues 17 and 21, located in the carboxyl-terminal half of the BRP, is important for release of cloacin DF13. Either the stable signal peptide or the acylated amino-terminal BRP fragments (or both) are involved in host cell lysis and lethality.
Targeting Inflammatory Pathways by Triterpenoids for Prevention and Treatment of Cancer (2010)

Traditional medicine and diet has served mankind through the ages for prevention and treatment of most chronic diseases. Mounting evidence suggests that chronic inflammation mediates most chronic diseases, including cancer. More than other transcription factors, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) and STAT3 have emerged as major regulators of inflammation, cellular transformation, and tumor cell survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, agents that can inhibit NF-κB and STAT3 activation pathways have the potential to both prevent and treat cancer. In this review, we examine the potential of one group of compounds called triterpenes, derived from traditional medicine and diet for their ability to suppress inflammatory pathways linked to tumorigenesis. These triterpenes include avicins, betulinic acid, boswellic acid, celastrol, diosgenin, madecassic acid, maslinic acid, momordin, saikosaponins, platycodon, pristimerin, ursolic acid, and withanolide. This review thus supports the famous adage of Hippocrates, "Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food".