gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Programmed Materials Synthesis with DNA (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProgrammed Materials Synthesis with DNAJames J. Storhoff and Chad A. MirkinView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 7, 1849–1862Publication Date (Web):June 4, 1999Publication History Received19 October 1998Revised24 February 1999Published online4 June 1999Published inissue 1 July 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr970071phttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr970071presearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5099Altmetric-Citations941LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Biopolymers,Chemical structure,Genetics,Metal nanoparticles,Nanoparticles Get e-Alerts
Belief Propagation and Revision in Networks with Loops (1997)

Local belief propagation rules of the sort proposed by Pearl (1988) are guaranteed to converge to the optimal beliefs for singly connected networks. Recently, a number of researchers have empirically demonstrated good performance of these same algorithms on networks with loops, but a theoretical understanding of this performance has yet to be achieved. Here we lay a foundation for an understanding of belief propagation in networks with loops. For networks with a single loop, we derive an analytical relationship between the steady state beliefs in the loopy network and the true posterior probability. Using this relationship we show a category of networks for which the MAP estimate obtained by belief update and by belief revision can be proven to be optimal (although the beliefs will be incorrect). We show how nodes can use local information in the messages they receive in order to correct the steady state beliefs. Furthermore we prove that for all networks with a single loop, the MAP es...
Cytotoxicity of folate-Pseudomonas exotoxin conjugates toward tumor cells. Contribution of translocation domain. (1993)

Folate-protein conjugates can be nondestructively delivered into a cell's cytoplasm via folate receptor-mediated endocytosis if (i) the target cells express a folate-binding protein, and (ii) if the folate is linked to its attached protein at a site that does not interfere with receptor recognition. Because such conjugates have been observed to remain in endosomal compartments for extended periods following cellular uptake, we decided to evaluate whether release into the cytoplasm might be expedited by inclusion of a translocation domain in the folate-protein construct. To test this possibility, momordin-folate and truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin-folate conjugates (LysPE38 and Cys-PE35), i.e. protein synthesis inhibitors either lacking or containing the desired translocation domain, respectively, were examined for their abilities to block protein synthesis in a variety of cell types. The translocation competent LysPE38-folate construct was found to kill cells six times more rapidly with 10-fold greater potency than the permeation-incompetent mormordin-folate. Further, cells expressing low levels of folate receptors could only be exterminated by the translocation competent Pseudomonas exotoxin-folate conjugates. When the translocation capability of CysPE35-folate was inactivated by modification of Cys287, the construct also lost most of its cytotoxicity. These data suggest that autocatalysis of transport from an internal vesicular compartment into the cytoplasm can greatly augment the cytotoxicity of a protein toxin entering cells via the folate endocytosis pathway. Because the folate ligand can selectively target a protein conjugate to cancer cells in the presence of normal cells, such translocatable toxin-folate constructs warrant further study as a possible treatment for some malignancies.
Electrophoretic chip for high‐fidelity fractionation of double‐stranded DNA (2007)

We report the high fidelity, on-chip fractionation of selected segments from an electrophoretic flow of separated fragments. dsDNA fragments (10-330 base pairs (bp)) were initially separated using a 6.5 cm long channel with an electric field strength of 150 V/cm. As an example of the fractionation process, a target fragment of 20 bp was selected and extracted from the separation channel. The extraction was confirmed and evaluated by fluorescence imaging. High resolution and extraction fidelity were achieved by introducing new procedures for (i) extraction channel-blocking and (ii) segment transfer with cleaning. These procedures are necessary for the development of a practical, fully automated multitarget fractionation electrophoretic chip. A kind of CCD image processing method was introduced to monitor, control, and evaluate the procedure of fractionation. The resolution limits of the separation and extraction are discussed.
Radioactive and Stable Isotope Tracers in Biomedicine: Principles and Practice of Kinetic Analysis (1992)

Basic characteristics of isotopic tracers terminology for tracer studies gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry - instrumentation separation of compounds by chromatographic techniques calculation of substrate kinetics - multiple-pool models selection of tracer infusion and sampling sites assessment of body composition technical aspects of performing tracer infusions glucose metabolism lipid kinetics specific application - UREA amino acid metabolism protein synthesis and breakdown laboratory methods.
IL-21 Administration into the Nostril Alleviates Murine Allergic Rhinitis (2007)

Type I allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis are caused by IgE-mediated humoral immune responses, while eosinophils also fulfill important roles in the etiology of IgE-mediated allergy. IL-21 regulates growth, differentiation, and function of T, B, and NK cells, while the production of IgE is also influenced by IL-21. In this study we examined whether IL-21 is capable of controlling IgE-mediated allergic reactions in vivo by using the allergic rhinitis mouse model that was established by repetitive sensitization and intranasal challenge with OVA. Intranasal administration with recombinant mouse IL-21 (rmIL-21) significantly reduced the number of sneezes, as well as the serum concentration of OVA-specific IgE, in comparison with that of untreated allergic mice. The rmIL-21 treatment also suppressed germline Cepsilon transcription in the nasal-associated lymphoid tissues, which may have, at least partly, resulted from the up-regulation of Bcl-6 mRNA caused by IL-21. Local expression of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 was also inhibited by the intranasal cytokine therapy whereas, in contrast, the expression of endogenous IL-21 mRNA was induced by exogenous rmIL-21. Moreover, IL-21 acted on nasal fibroblasts to inhibit production of eotaxin. This novel function of IL-21 may be associated with the attenuation of eosinophil infiltration into nasal mucosa that was revealed by histopathological observation. These results indicated that IL-21 nasal administration effectively ameliorated allergic rhinitis through pleiotropic activities, i.e., the prevention of IgE production by B cells and eotaxin production by fibroblasts.
Combinatorially Prepared [LiF]1−xFex Nanocomposites for Positive Electrode Materials in Li-Ion Batteries (2007)

Nanocomposites of lithium fluoride and transition metals are promising new positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Libraries of [LiF]1−x[Fe]x (0 < x < 1) nanocomposites were prepared by combinatorial cosputtering of lithium fluoride and iron. The sputtered libraries were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and 57Fe Mössbauer effect spectroscopy to determine their micro- or nanostructure. At the Fe-rich end of the library (x ≈ 0.9), a broad Fe (110) Bragg peak appears in the XRD patterns. Mössbauer spectra show that most of the Fe atoms are located within large Fe grains while a small number of Fe atoms are located in the interfacial region between Fe grains and small LiF regions. At the LiF-rich end of the library (x ≈ 0.1), the LiF (111) peak was observed in the XRD pattern. Large LiF grains prevent the Fe atoms from aggregating, so the Fe grain sizes are so small that they exhibit paramagnetic properties in Mössbauer spectra. Some of the Fe atoms are also located in the interfacial region between small paramagnetic Fe grains and LiF grains. In the middle of the library (x ≈ 0.5), XRD patterns do not show any Fe or LiF Bragg peaks, while Mössbauer spectra show that about half of the Fe atoms are aggregated into small grains, while the other half of Fe atoms are in the interfacial region. The electrochemical activities of the libraries were investigated using 64 electrode combinatorial electrochemical cells heated at 70 °C. The differential capacity versus potential curves show that lithium fluoride (very small x) and iron (very large x) do not show electrochemical activity, as expected, but that nanocomposites of lithium fluoride and iron exhibit significant electrochemical activities. When the LiF:Fe ratio is near 3, the second discharge capacity is about 620 mA h/g at 70 °C.
Micropositioners for microscopy applications based on the stick-slip effect (2002)

Piezo actuators are widely used for precision positioning purposes where a submicron resolution is needed. Among the possible means to increase the working range of those actuators whose stroke is, depending on the material, usually limited to a small fraction of the actuator length, is a stepping motion of the actuator. We use a stepping motion based on the stick and slip effect in order to achieve a long range while maintaining the advantage of a virtually unlimited resolution. In this paper we introduce miniature x-y-stages dedicated to the manipulation of samples under a microscope. As previous setups and experiments have shown, a parallel kinematic structure for positioning purposes in microscopy or micro assembly is not well suited because x and y motion of the actuators have an influence on each other. A system with a serial kinematic structure has therefore been developed. The proposed device will provide the same capabilities as existing motorized stages, but at a lower cost than manual positioning stages and at a very compact size.
Requirements for Pseudo-Wire Emulation Edge-to-Edge (PWE3) (2004)

This document describes base requirements for the Pseudo-Wire
Emulation Edge to Edge Working Group (PWE3 WG). It provides guidelines
for other working group documents that will define mechanisms for
providing pseudo-wire emulation of Ethernet, ATM, and Frame Relay.
Requirements for pseudo-wire emulation of TDM (i.e., synchronous bit
streams at rates defined by ITU G.702) are defined in another
document. It should be noted that the PWE3 WG standardizes mechanisms
that can be used to provide PWE3 services, but not the services
themselves. This memo provides information for the Internet community.
Single cell-laden protease-sensitive microniches for long-term culture in 3D (2017)

Single cell-laden three-dimensional (3D) microgels that can serve to mimic stem cell niches in vitro, and are therefore termed microniches, can be efficiently fabricated by droplet-based microfluidics. In this technique an aqueous polymer solution along with a highly diluted cell solution is injected into a microfluidic device to create monodisperse pre-microgel droplets that are then solidified by a polymer crosslinking reaction to obtain monodisperse single cell-laden microniches. However, problems limiting this approach studying the fate of single cells include Poisson encapsulation statistics that result in mostly empty microniches, and cells egressing from the microniches during subsequent cell culture. Here, we present a strategy to bypass Poisson encapsulation statistics in synthetic microniches by selective crosslinking of only cell-laden pre-microgel droplets. Furthermore, we show that we can position cells in the center of the microniches, and that even in protease-sensitive microniches this greatly reduces cell egress. Collectively, we present the development of a versatile protocol that allows for unprecedented efficiency in creation of synthetic protease-sensitive microniches for probing single stem cell fate in 3D.
Reduced intragraft mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinases Mmp3, Mmp12, Mmp13 and Adam8, and diminished transplant arteriosclerosis in Ccr5‐deficient mice (2004)

Experimental and human organ transplant studies suggest an important role for chemokine (C-C-motif) receptor-5 (CCR5) in the development of acute and chronic allograft rejection. Because early transplant damage can predispose allografts to chronic dysfunction, we sought to identify potential pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to allograft damage by using wild-type and Ccr5-deficient mice as recipients of fully MHC-mismatched heart and carotid-artery allografts. Gene expression in rejecting heart allografts was analyzed 2 and 6 days after transplantation using Affymetrix GeneChips. Microarray analysis led to identification of four metalloproteinase genes [matrix metalloproteinase (Mmp)3, Mmp12, Mmp13 and a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain (Adam)8] with significantly diminished intragraft mRNA expression in Ccr5-deficient mice at day 6. Accordingly, allografts from Ccr5-deficient mice showed less tissue remodeling and hence better preservation of the myocardial architecture compared with allografts from wild-type recipients. Moreover, survival of cardiac allografts was significantly increased in Ccr5-deficient mice. Carotid artery allografts from Ccr5-deficient recipients showed better tissue preservation, and significant reduction of neointima formation and CD3+ T cell infiltration. Ccr5 appears to play an important role in transplant-associated arteriosclerosis that may involve metalloproteinase-mediated vessel wall remodeling. We conclude that early tissue remodeling may be a critical feature in the predisposition of allografts to the development of chronic dysfunction.
Blockade of spinal N- and P-type, but not L-type, calcium channels inhibits the excitability of rat dorsal horn neurones produced by subcutaneous formalin inflammation (1997)

The effects of the intrathecal (i.t.) administration of different voltage-sensitive calcium channel (VSCC) blockers were studied in the formalin model of inflammation. The responses of convergent dorsal horn neurones after the subcutaneous injection of formalin (5% formaldehyde, 50 microliters volume) were recorded extracellularly in rats under halothane anaesthesia. Administration of the L-type calcium channel blocker verapamil, 5 and 50 micrograms, before formalin injection had no effect on either the first or second phase of the formalin response. Pre-treatment with the N-type calcium channel blocker omega-Conotoxin-GVIA, 0.1 and 0.4 microgram, reduced both phases of the formalin response. The low dose of omega-Conotoxin-GVIA significantly inhibited the first phase response whereas the high dose significantly reduced the second phase. Pre-treatment with the P-type calcium channel blocker omega-Agatoxin-IVA, 0.125 and 0.5 microgram, did not cause a significant inhibition of the first phase whereas a marked dose-related reduction in the second phase of formalin response was found with the high dose producing 95% inhibition. These results demonstrate that spinal N- and P-type, but not L-type, VSCCs are involved in the inflammation-evoked hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurones after peripheral formalin injection. Since selective antagonists for each type of VSCC had differential effects on the formalin response, it is suggested that each type of VSCC could be preferentially regulating or coupled to the release of certain neurotransmitters in the enhanced nociceptive transmission at the spinal level following formalin inflammation.
Opportunistic Candidiasis: An Epidemic of the 1980s (1995)

Hospital discharge data from 1980 to 1989 from the National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDH), and two commercially generated hospital discharge data sources (PAS and McAuto) were analyzed to document nationally the increased rate of opportunistic candidal infections among hospitalized patients in the 1980s and to identify the major risk factors. National projections were made by year. Age-, sex-, race-, and disease-specific denominators were generated from NHDS data. ICD-9-CM codes derived from discharge diagnoses were used to identify patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis, disseminated candidiasis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/AIDS, or malignancies and transplants. Between 1980 and 1989, rates of oropharyngeal candidiasis increased 4.7 times (from 0.34 to 1.6 cases per 1,000 admissions per year), and the number of deaths among patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis increased fivefold. Although the highest rates were among pediatric patients (3 cases per 1,000 pediatric admissions), the greatest rate increases were among 15- to 44-year-old patients (13-fold) and males (fivefold). Between 1983 and 1989, the rates of oropharyngeal candidiasis among patients with HIV infections/AIDS rose more than 22 times (from 0.02 to 0.45 case per 1,000 admissions; NHDS data). Over the whole decade, the rates of disseminated candidiasis increased 11 times (from 0.013 to 0.15 case per 1,000 admissions). Between 1985 and 1989, the rate of this complication among patients with HIV infection/AIDS increased 10-fold, compared with only a twofold rate increase among patients with malignancies or transplants. The rate of debilitating and life-threatening candidiasis among hospitalized patients increased considerably over the 1980s. This rate increase was significant among patients with HIV infection/AIDS and patients undergoing transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy for malignancies.
Fibronectin and Complement Secretion By Monocytes and Peritoneal Macrophages In Vitro From Patients Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (1986)

We investigated the role of the opsonic glycoprotein fibronectin in the host defense of the peritoneum in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Fibronectin concentration in peritoneal dialysate from high infection rate CAPD patients (greater than 1.50 episodes peritonitis per year) was significantly less than from low infection rate CAPD patients (less than 0.55 episodes peritonitis per year). In vitro secretion of fibronectin by cultured peritoneal macrophages from patients with high infection rate was less than from low infection rate patients (P less than 0.05) and controls (P less than 0.01). In vitro secretion of the second component of complement, however, was similar in both high and low infection rate patients. Plasma fibronectin concentration and in vitro fibronectin secretion by cultured peripheral blood monocytes was not different between high infection rate patients and low infection rate patients, but was less than normals. Decreased fibronectin secretion by peritoneal macrophages is associated with a higher incidence of peritonitis among CAPD patients.
Efficient event pattern matching with match windows (2012)

In event pattern matching a sequence of input events is matched against a complex query pattern that specifies constraints on extent, order, values, and quantification of matching events. In this paper we propose a general pattern matching strategy that consists of a pre-processing step and a pattern matching step. Instead of eagerly matching incoming events, the pre-processing step buffers events in a match window to apply different pruning techniques (filtering, partitioning, and testing for necessary match conditions). In the second step, an event pattern matching algorithm, A, is called only for match windows that satisfy the necessary match conditions. This two-phase strategy with a lazy call of the matching algorithm significantly reduces the number of events that need to be processed by A as well as the number of calls to A. This is important since pattern matching algorithms tend to be expensive in terms of runtime and memory complexity, whereas the pre-processing can be done very efficiently. We conduct extensive experiments using real-world data with pattern matching algorithms for, respectively, automata and join trees. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our strategy for both types of pattern matching algorithms.
Effect of Beta-Blockade on Mortality among High-Risk and Low-Risk Patients after Myocardial Infarction (1998)

After myocardial infarction, patients with conditions that are often considered contraindications to beta-blockade (such as heart failure, pulmonary disease, and older age) and those with nontransmural infarction benefit from beta-blocker therapy.
A Prospective Study of Rotavirus Infection in Infants and Young Children (1981)

Diarrhea in neonates, followed as a cohort, and their families was studied prospectively. The families were followed for an average of 16.3 months. Stool and serum specimens were obtained at least every three months. Stool specimens were examined for viruses by electron microscopy and cultured for enteropathogens, and serum specimens were tested for antibodies to rotavirus and Norwalk virus. During the study, 237 episodes of gastroenteritis were observed in 104 infants and their 62 siblings. Rotavirus, detected 82 times in 72 children, was by far the most common enteropathogen. It was associated with gastrointestinal symptoms in 72% (with diarrhea in 65%). Rotavirus diarrhea occurred mostly in winter months and was significantly more frequently associated with respiratory symptoms than were diarrheas with other etiologies. Rotavirus infection was uncommon in the first six months of life, but by two years of age, 62% of the infants had had at least one infection. Neither breast feeding nor the presence of antibody to rotavirus in cord blood appeared to be protective.
bcl‐2, a novel reguator of cell death (1995)

The bcl-2 gene product, a 25 kDa membrane protein residing at mitochondrial, microsomal and nuclear membrane sites within many cell types, is a broad and potent inhibitor of cell death by apoptosis. A family of bcl-2-related genes with death-inhibiting or -promoting actvities has recently been described, indicating a potentially quite complex cell death regulatory network at the level of gene expression and protein-protein interactions. The function of bcl-2 may be to regulate a final common pathway in apoptosis. Current hypotheses suggest that oxidative stress, specific proteolytic activity or cell cycle control may be common elements in apoptosis through which bcl-2 exerts its survival function. Based on the extent to which elements of apoptotic pathways overlap with non-apoptotic cellular functions, the physiological role of bcl-2 may also extend to other cellular processes such as differentiation and proliferation.