gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ONLINE NONINTRUSIVE CONDITION MONITORING AND FAULT DETECTION FOR WIND TURBINES (2012)

The goal of this dissertation research is to develop online nonintrusive condition monitoring and fault detection methods for wind turbine generators (WTGs). The proposed methods use only the current measurements that have already been used by the control and protection systems of WTGs; no additional sensors or data acquisition devices are needed. Current-based condition monitoring and fault detection techniques have great economic benefits and the potential to be adopted by the wind energy industry. However, there are challenges in using current measurements for wind turbine condition monitoring and fault detection. First, it is a challenge to extract WTG fault signatures from nonstationary current measurements, due to variable-speed operating conditions of WTGs. Moreover, the useful information in current measurements for wind turbine condition monitoring and fault detection usually has a low signal to noise ratio, which makes the condition monitoring and fault detection difficult. WTG faults can be classified into two categories: the faults with characteristic frequencies (i.e., Type 1 faults) and the faults without characteristic frequencies (i.e., type 2 faults). For type 1 faults, appropriate demodulation methods have been proposed to calculate the frequency and the amplitude of the current measurements. Two 1P-invariant power spectrum density (PSD) method have then been proposed to use appropriate resampling algorithms to convert the variable characteristic frequencies of WTG faults in the frequency domain of the current demodulated signals to constant values, where 1P stands for the shaft rotating frequency of the WTG. An impulse detection method has then been designed to find out the excitations in the 1P-invariant PSD of the current demodulated signals, where the excitations at the characteristic frequencies of WTG faults are extracted as the fault signatures. Finally, a fault signature evaluator has been designed to evaluate the WTG condition for fault detection. For Type 2 faults, a wavelet filter-based method has been developed to generate the fault index, which is then evaluated by a statistical control method-based fault index evaluator for fault detection. The proposed methods have been validated by extensive computer simulations and experiments for small direct-drive WTGs. Advisor: Wei Qiao
Folding of maltose-binding protein. Evidence for the identity of the rate-determining step in vivo and in vitro. (1993)

The folding of maltose-binding protein, a periplasmic protein in Escherichia coli, was shown to proceed through the same rate-limiting step whether folding occurred in the cell under physiological conditions or in vitro in the absence of other proteins. Four species of maltose-binding protein containing aminoacyl substitutions identified as decreasing the rate of folding of the protein in vivo were purified, and their denaturant-induced folding transitions were analyzed by monitoring the intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan. In all four cases the rate of folding in vitro was slower than that of the wild-type maltose-binding protein; thus the same step determines the rate of folding in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, examination of the three-dimensional structure of maltose-binding protein as determined by x-ray crystallography (F. Quiocho, personal communication; Spurlino, J. C., Lu, G.-Y., and Quiocho, F. A. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 5202-5219) indicates that all 4 of the residues identified as crucial to folding lie in one structural element of the native protein. We conclude that the rate-limiting step both in vivo and in vitro involves formation of this element of structure.
The anti-IgE antibody omalizumab reduces exacerbations and steroid requirement in allergic asthmatics (2001)

The clinical benefit and steroid-sparing effect of treatment with the anti-immunoglobulin-E (IgE) antibody, omalizumab, was assessed in patients with moderate-to-severe allergic asthma. After a run-in period, 546 allergic asthmatics (aged 12-76 yrs), symptomatic despite inhaled corticosteroids (500-1,200 microg daily of beclomethasone dipropionate), were randomized to receive double-blind either placebo or omalizumab every 2 or 4 weeks (depending on body weight and serum total IgE) subcutaneously for 7 months. A constant beclomethasone dose was maintained during a 16-week stable-steroid phase and progressively reduced to the lowest dose required for asthma control over the following 8 weeks. The latter dose was maintained for the next 4 weeks. Asthma exacerbations represented the primary variable. Compared to the placebo group, the omalizumab group showed 58% fewer exacerbations per patient during the stable-steroid phase (p<0.001). During the steroid-reduction phase, there were 52% fewer exacerbations in the omalizumab group versus the placebo group (p<0.001) despite the greater reduction of the beclomethasone dosage on omalizumab (p<0.001). Treatment with omalizumab was well tolerated. The incidence of adverse events was similar in both groups. These results indicate that omalizumab therapy safely improves asthma control in allergic asthmatics who remain symptomatic despite regular use of inhaled corticosteroids and simultaneous reduction in corticosteroid requirement.
Adsorption of CO2 on the Rutile (110) Surface in Ionic Liquid. A Molecular Dynamics Simulation (2009)

The adsorption of CO2 on TiO2 rutile (110) surface in room-temperature ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIM+/PF6−), is studied by molecular dynamics simulation. Due to the strong electrostatic interactions between the O atom of CO2 with the unsaturated Ti atom of the rutile (110) surface, CO2 is adsorbed on the rutile (110) rather than dispersing in the IL bulk. At the interface, CO2 arranges itself in a highly ordered manner, with its D∞h symmetric axis parallel to the rutile (110) surface normal, and the C═O bond is elongated for the coordinating O atom. The interfacial packing pattern is CO2, PF6−, and BMIM+, in sequence, starting from the rutile (110) surface. Thus, the adsorbed CO2 molecules are confined in the narrow neighborhood adjacent to the rutile (110) surface.
A cDNA Cloning Vector That Permits Expression of cDNA Inserts in Mammalian Cells (1983)

This paper describes a plasmid vector for cloning cDNAs in Escherichia coli; the same vector also promotes expression of the cDNA segment in mammalian cells. Simian virus 40 (SV40)-derived DNA segments are arrayed in the pcD vector to permit transcription, splicing, and polyadenylation of the cloned cDNA segment. A DNA fragment containing both the SV40 early region promoter and two introns normally used to splice the virus 16S and 19S late mRNAs is placed upstream of the cDNA cloning site to ensure transcription and splicing of the cDNA transcripts. An SV40 late region polyadenylation sequence occurs downstream of the cDNA cloning site, so that the cDNA transcript acquires a polyadenylated 3' end. By using pcD-alpha-globin cDNA as a model, we confirmed that the alpha-globin transcript produced in transfected cells is initiated correctly, spliced at either of the two introns, and polyadenylated either at the site coded in the cDNA segment or at the distal SV40 polyadenylation signal. A cDNA clone library constructed with mRNA from SV40-transformed human fibroblasts and this vector (about 1.4 X 10(6) clones) yielded full-length cDNA clones that express hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Jolly et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., in press).
Isolation and genetic analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants supersensitive to G1 arrest by a factor and alpha factor pheromones. (1982)

Eight independently isolated mutants which are supersensitive (Sst-) to the G1 arrest induced by the tridecapeptide pheromone alpha factor were identified by screening mutagenized Saccharomyces cerevisiae MATa cells on solid medium for increased growth inhibition by alpha factor. These mutants carried lesions in two complementation groups, sst1 and sst2. Mutations at the sst1 locus were mating type specific: MATa sst1 cells were supersensitive to alpha factor, but MAT alpha sst1 cells were not supersensitive to a factor. In contrast, mutations at the sst2 locus conferred supersensitivity to the pheromones of the opposite mating type on both MATa and MAT alpha cells. Even in the absence of added alpha pheromone, about 10% of the cells in exponentially growing cultures of MATa strains carrying any of three different alleles of sst2 (including the ochre mutation sst2-4) had the aberrant morphology ("shmoo" shape) that normally develops only after MATa cells are exposed to alpha factor. This "self-shmooing" phenotype was genetically linked to the sst2 mutations, although the leakiest allele isolated (sst2-3) did not display this characteristic. Normal MATa/MAT alpha diploids do not respond to pheromones; diploids homozygous for an sst2 mutation (MATa/MAT alpha sst2-1/sst2-1) were still insensitive to alpha factor. The sst1 gene was mapped to within 6.9 centimorgans of his6 on chromosome IX. The sst2 gene was unlinked to sst1, was not centromere linked, and was shown to be neither linked to nor centromere distal to MAT on the right arm of chromosome III.
Adult T-cell leukemia cells over-express the multidrug-resistance-protein (MRP) and lung-resistance-protein (LRP) genes (1999)

Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a T-cell malignancy caused by human T-cell-leukemia-virus-I (HTLV-I) infection. ATL comprises 4 clinical forms: acute, chronic, smoldering and lymphoma types. ATL is usually resistant to conventional chemotherapy and has a relatively poor prognosis; however, the resistance mechanisms remain undetermined. To explore the multidrug-resistance (MDR) mechanisms of ATL, we examined the expression and functional activity of MDR-related genes in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from ATL patients by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and FACScan with calcein-AM. PBMC from ATL patients expressed similar or higher levels of MRP, LRP and cMOAT mRNAs, as compared with normal PBMC. In normal controls and ATL patients, MDR1 mRNA expression was undetectable in this study. PBMC from acute and chronic ATL patients expressed significantly higher levels of MRP and LRP mRNA than did normal PBMC (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 respectively). In chronic ATL, positive correlations were apparent between levels of MRP and LRP mRNA expression (r = 0.759, p = 0.018), and between each mRNA level and the absolute number of abnormal lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Probenecid, an inhibitor of the MRP pump, significantly increased the accumulation of calcein in PBMC from 3 chronic ATL patients. Our findings suggest that the MRP and LRP genes in ATL are often activated by HTLV-I infection and may confer MDR of ATL cells in vivo. Combined chemotherapy with inhibitors of these MDR genes may be promising in the treatment of ATL.
Antileukemic Effect of Graft-versus-Host Disease in Human Recipients of Allogeneic-Marrow Grafts (1979)

To determine whether allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation is associated with a graft-versus-leukemia effect, we examined the relation between relapse of leukemia and graft-versus-host disease in 46 recipients of identical-twin (syngeneic) marrow, 117 recipients of HLA-identical-sibling (allogeneic) marrow with no or minimal graft-versus-host disease, and 79 recipients of allogeneic marrow with moderate to severe or chronic disease. The relative relapse rate was 2.5 times less in allogeneic-marrow recipients with graft-versus-host disease than in recipients without it (P less than 0.01). This apparent antileukemic effect was more marked in patients with lymphoblastic than nonlymphoblastic leukemia, and in those who received transplants during relapse rather than during remission, and was most evident during the first 130 days after transplantation. Survival of all patients was comparable since the lesser probability of recurrent leukemia in patients with graft-versus-host disease was offset by a greater probability of other causes of death.
Hydrogen-Bond Distances to Halide Ions in Organic and Organometallic Crystal Structures: Up-to-date Database Study (1998)

Geometrical data on hydrogen bonds to halide ions are compiled from the currently available crystal structures. Hydrogen bonds from 25 donor types to fluoride, chloride, bromide and iodide ions are considered. Compared with earlier compilations, the increased data volume allows a finer subdivision of O—H and N—H donors, and the donors C—H, S—H and P—H can be included. For a given donor type, the hydrogen-bond distance typically increases by over 0.5 Å from fluoride to chloride, 0.15 Å from chloride to bromide and 0.25 Å from bromide to iodide acceptors. The strongest of the C—H donors considered, chloroform, forms hydrogen bonds with chloride ions with an average H...Cl separation of only 2.39 Å and an average C...Cl separation of 3.42 Å. The lengthening of the N—H covalent bond in hydrogen bonds to chloride ions is quantified from neutron diffraction data.
[Antiviral activity of a hammerhead ribozyme against HBV in HepG2.2.15 cells]. (2002)

The carboxy terminal arginine rich domain of core protein is highly conserved among HBV subtypes, and plays important roles in the packaging of pregenomic RNA and viral replication. Therefore, the 3' highly conserved region of HBV C gene is an attractive target for antiviral therapy mediated by ribozymes. A hammerhead ribozyme RzC, targeting the above site, was designed; meanwhile, as controls, the disabled form of RzC, dRzC, was also designed. In order to investigate its antiviral effects in cultured cells, in vitro-transcribed ribozymeRzC, dRzC and ribozyme expression vectors pCRzC, pCdRzC were delivered, respectively, into HepG2.2.15 cells ( clonal cells derived from HepG2 cells that contain integrated HBV ayw DNA). The preliminary results demonstrated that in vitro-transcribed ribozyme RzC had weak inhibition on HBV replication, possibly due to its quick degradation by RNases in cells, while the endogenously expressed ribozyme RzC showed significant inhibitory effect on HBV replication. In conclusion, the results suggested the possibility of the hammerhead ribozyme RzC to be used for the gene therapy of HBV infection.
Sympathetic Activation of Glucose Utilization in Brown Adipose Tissue in Rats1 (1991)

The effects of norepinephrine (NE) infusion and surgical denervation or electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerves on 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake in interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) were investigated in vivo in rats to obtain direct evidence for sympathetic control of glucose utilization in this tissue. 2-DG uptake was rather low in fasted rats, but after refeeding it increased in the BAT as well as the heart, skeletal muscle, and white adipose tissue, in parallel with an increase in plasma insulin level. Cold exposure also enhanced 2-DG uptake in the BAT without the increase in plasma insulin level, while it had no appreciable effect on 2-DG uptake in other tissues. Sympathetic denervation greatly attenuated the stimulatory effect of cold exposure on 2-DG uptake in BAT, but it did not affect the increased 2-DG uptake after refeeding. Electrical stimulation of the sympathetic nerves entering BAT or NE infusion produced a marked increase in 2-DG uptake in BAT without noticeable effects in other tissues. beta-Adrenergic blockade, but not alpha-blockade, abolished the increased 2-DG uptake in BAT. It was concluded that glucose utilization in BAT is activated directly, independently of the action of insulin, by sympathetic nerves via the beta-adrenergic pathway.
The Role of 17 α-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate in the Prevention of Preterm Birth (2006)

Preterm birth is a major public-health problem in the USA, which has higher rates of preterm birth than most other developed countries. Attempts at the prevention of preterm birth have been largely unsuccessful. The recent publication of a large, multicenter, randomized trial of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, which showed efficacy in preventing recurrent preterm delivery, has sparked renewed interest in progestational drugs in general and this compound in particular for use in preventing preterm delivery. Although this drug is not currently commercially available, an application has been made to the US FDA to produce 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate, as Gestiva() for the prevention of preterm delivery.
Resource utilisation and costs associated with the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers. Prospective data from the Eurodiale Study (2008)

Important differences in resource use and costs were found between different patient groups. The costs are highest for individuals with both peripheral arterial disease and infection, and these are mainly related to substantial costs for hospitalisation. In view of the magnitude of the costs associated with in-hospital stay, reducing the number and duration of hospital admissions seems an attractive option to decrease costs in diabetic foot disease.
Nicotine Replacement Therapy : An Overview (2016)

Today tobacco use is the single greatest preventable cause of death in the world. Tobacco use is often incorrectly perceived to be solely a personal choice. This is contradicted by the fact that when fully aware of the health impact, most tobacco users want to quit but find it difficult to stop due to the addictiveness of nicotine. Henceforth, Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) came into existence which temporarily replaces much of the nicotine from tobacco to reduce motivation to consume tobacco and nicotine withdrawal symptoms, thus easing the transition from cigarette smoking to complete abstinence. Various alternative nicotine sources (gum, transdermal patch, nasal spray, inhaler and sublingual tablets/lozenges) have been incorporated into tobacco cessation programs. Recent research is more focusing on rapid delivery of nicotine (Nicotine preloading, true pulmonary inhaler) and immunological approaches (nicotine vaccine) to tackle nicotine dependence. These NRTs are in general well tolerated and have minimal adverse effects. The review aims to summarize literature on various modes of nicotine replacement therapy methods currently used to treat nicotine dependence, and to give an overview about future possible approaches to treat tobacco use disorder.
Glycogen-Storage Disease (1956)

<h3>INTRODUCTION</h3> Glycogen-storage disease is a congenital defect of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by deficient glycolysis and associated glycogen accumulation in various organs, particularly the liver. Secondary manifestations relate to the primary site of involvement. When the defect is principally in the liver, there is a propensity for hypoglycemia and exaggerated lipogenesis with secondary ketosis. The hepatic form of the disease, the first described,* is severest when manifest in the neonatal period.† Various other clinical types of the syndrome, not to be considered in this publication, have been described.‡ Glycogen-storage disease appears to be familial, and the specific enzymatic defect or anomaly is presumably inherited as a simple recessive trait.§ This defect would appear to involve chiefly glucose-6-phosphatase. Substantial support for this thesis exists in the observations of Thannhauser and co-workers<sup>11</sup>and Cori and associates,‖ who demonstrated low or absent glucose-6-phosphatase activity in liver preparations from several cases of classical von
A transcriptional regulatory cascade that controls left/right asymmetry in chemosensory neurons ofC. elegans (2003)

The molecular mechanisms of differential pattern formation along the left/right (L/R) axis in the nervous system are poorly understood. The nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans displays several examples of L/R asymmetry, including the directional asymmetry displayed by the two ASE taste receptor neurons, ASE left (ASEL) and ASE right (ASER). Although bilaterally symmetric in regard to all known morphological criteria, these two neurons display distinct chemosensory capacities that correlate with the L/R asymmetric expression of three putative sensory receptor genes, gcy-5 , expressed only in ASER, and gcy-6 and gcy-7 , expressed only in ASEL. In order to understand the genetic basis of L/R asymmetry establishment, we screened for mutants in which patterns of asymmetric gcy gene expression are disrupted, and we identified a cascade of several symmetrically and asymmetrically expressed transcription factors that are sequentially required to restrict gcy gene expression to either the left or right ASE cell. These factors include the zinc finger transcription factor che-1 ; the homeobox genes cog-1 , ceh-36 , and lim-6 ; and the transcriptional cofactors unc-37/Groucho and lin-49 . Specific features of this regulatory hierarchy are sequentially acting repressive interactions and the finely balanced activity of antagonizing positive and negative regulatory factors. A key trigger for asymmetry is the L/R differential expression of the Nkx6-type COG-1 homeodomain protein. Our studies have thus identified transcriptional mediators of a putative L/R-asymmetric signaling event and suggest that vertebrate homologs of these proteins may have similar functions in regulating vertebrate brain asymmetries.
Influence of a microtubule stabilizing agent on platelet structural physiology. (1983)

Unstimulated blood platelets have a characteristic discoid form supported by a circumferential band of microtubules. After exposure to aggregating agents, platelets lose their lentiform shape and become irregularly convoluted, with many pseudopods. The changes in surface contour are associated with a process of internal transformation. Randomly dispersed granules are concentrated in cell centers and enclosed within tight-fitting rings of microtubules and microfilaments. The mechanism involved in the shift of circumferential microtubules into rings encircling clumped granules is uncertain. Recent studies have suggested that microtubules are disassembled shortly after stimulation and reassemble in new locations a few minutes later. Taxol, a microtubule stabilizing agent, has been used in the present study to evaluate the disassembly-reassembly hypothesis of internal transformation in activated platelets. Stabilization of microtubules by taxol did not injure platelet biochemistry or structure. Concentrations of taxol that protected platelet microtubules from dissociation by cold or vincristine did not inhibit platelet shape change, pseudopod formation, internal transformation, secretion, aggregation, or clot retraction. The number of microtubules wrapped around centrally clumped granules, present in pseudopods or spread through the cytoplasm, was equal to or greater than that found in untreated platelets following activation and aggregation. Though it is possible that microtubules dissolve in platelets following activation, the results of this study demonstrate that such an event is not essential for any aspect of the physiologic response of platelets in hemostasis.
Control and Detection of Organosilane Polarization on Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors (2007)

We demonstrated control and detection of UV-induced 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) polarization using silicon nanowire field-effect transistors made by top-down lithograph technology. The electric dipole moment in APTES films induced by UV-illumination was shown to produce negative effective charges. When individual dipoles were aligned with an externally applied electric field, the collective polarization can prevail over the UV-induced charges in the wires and give rise to an abnormal resistance enhancement in n-type wires. Real-time detection of hybridization of 15-mer poly-T/poly-A DNA molecules was performed, and the amount of hybridization-induced charges in the silicon wire was estimated. Based on these results, detection sensitivity of the wire sensors was discussed.