gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 6‐Nitro‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline: An Experimental and Theoretical Study of Regioselective Nitration (2011)

Abstract A revision of the literature on the nitration of tetrahydroquinolines yielded a number of inconsistencies. Thus, we have carried out a thorough study on the nitration of tetrahydroquinoline and several of its N ‐protected derivatives both experimentally and at theoretical level. Usually, nitration is carried out in acidic conditions and, thus, tetrahydroquinoline would be N ‐protonated; however, if the amino group is protected, the neutral system will be the one undergoing nitration. Different protecting groups have been explored varying, not only electronic and steric effects, but also deprotection conditions. Additionally, different reagents and reaction conditions have been investigated. From this study we have been able to achieve total regioselectivity for nitration at the 6‐position. A very detailed NMR study has been carried out to unequivocally characterise the four nitro isomers. In parallel, a computational study has been performed that is in agreement with the experimental results obtained. With this purpose, all the σ complexes of the four nitro isomers neutral and N ‐protonated have been optimized both in gas and water condensed phases by using the B3LYP/6‐31++G** level of computation.
Offshore and Onshore Petroleum Laws (2006)

This paper considers the onshore and offshore petroleum laws dealt with by the Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973, the Offshore Petroleum Act 2006 (Cth), the Petroleum (Submerged Lands) Act 1982 (WA), and the Petroleum Act 1967 (WA). It examines whether the State or Commonwealth parliament has the right to make laws with respect to petroleum matters, together with an explanation of these specific legislative provisions.
erb B-2 Is a Potent Oncogene When Overexpressed in NIH/3T3 Cells (1987)

A wide variety of human tumors contain an amplified or overexpressed erbB-2 gene, which encodes a growth factor receptor-like protein. When erbB-2 complementary DNA was expressed in NIH/3T3 cells under the control of the SV40 promoter, the gene lacked transforming activity despite expression of detectable levels of the erbB-2 protein. A further five- to tenfold increase in its expression under influence of the long terminal repeat of Moloney murine leukemia virus was associated with activation of erbB-2 as a potent oncogene. The high levels of the erbB-2 product associated with malignant transformation of NIH/3T3 cells were observed in human mammary tumor cells that overexpressed this gene. These findings demonstrate a new mechanism for acquisition of oncogenic properties by genes encoding growth factor receptor-like proteins and provide a functional basis for the role of their overexpression in the development of human malignancies.
Inhibition of telomerase by 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) RNA oligomers: effect of length, phosphorothioate substitution and time inside cells (2001)

2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl) (2'-MOE) RNA possesses favorable pharmocokinetic properties that make it a promising option for the design of oligonucleotide drugs. Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein that is up-regulated in many types of cancer, but its potential as a target for chemotherapy awaits the development of potent and selective inhibitors. Here we report inhibition of human telomerase by 2'-MOE RNA oligomers that are complementary to the RNA template region. Fully complementary oligomers inhibited telomerase in a cell extract with IC(50) values of 5-10 nM at 37 degrees C. IC(50) values for mismatch-containing oligomers varied with length and phosphorothioate substitution. After introduction into DU 145 prostate cancer cells inhibition of telomerase activity persisted for up to 7 days, equivalent to six population doublings. Inside cells discrimination between complementary and mismatch-containing oligomers increased over time. Our results reveal two oligomers as especially promising candidates for initiation of in vivo preclinical trials and emphasize that conclusions regarding oligonucleotide efficacy and specificity in cell extracts do not necessarily offer accurate predictions of activity inside cells.
Lens distortion calibration by explicit straight-line to distorted-line geometric mapping (2004)

Medium and wide-angle off-shelf cameras are often used in computer-vision applications despite their large lens distortion. Algorithms to correct for radial and tangential distortion are available; however, they often use non-linear optimization search methods that rely on carefully chosen starting points. This paper presents a method to correct for both radial symmetric lens distortion and decentering lens distortion using an iterative geometric approach to find the distortion center, and a closed-form solution for all other distortion parameters. The method is based on deriving an equivalent radial symmetric distortion model that accounts for both radial and tangential distortion. The technique uses the simple geometric relationship between a straight line and its distorted counterpart under this distortion model. The distortion calibration involves firstly determining the axis of symmetry of several distorted lines. The intersection of these axes is then computed and considered as the point of best radial symmetry (PBRS). The inclinations of the axes of symmetry of the distorted lines are then used in a closed-form solution to determine the distortion coefficients. One advantage of this approach is that higher-order coefficients can be included as needed, with their computation still achieved in closed form. The simplicity of the lens distortion calibration technique has been demonstrated in a simulation using synthetic images.
Visual Integration from Multiple Cameras (2005)

Multi-target visual tracking is a difficult problem in both academic and engineering aspects due to its inherent ambiguity in perspective projection and multi-target management. The paper introduces an improved algorithm to integrate visual cues from multi-camera observations. The geometrical constraints from the overlapping camera views, coupled with temporal smoothness constraints, enabled us to achieve improved robustness and accuracy. Dynamic targets entering/exiting the workspace are handled as each target's confidence level accumulates/deteriorates over time, eliminating any cumbersome definitions of workspace borders. The output of our algorithm is a set of target location observations, and a simple nearest-neighbor tracker is applied to enforce labeling consistency. This paper present our algorithmic improvement, which results in real-time performance and reasonable accuracy in practical cases, as well as discuss how our approach provides improved performance in real-world complex scenarios with multiple constraints combined
The role of brain barriers in fluid movement in the CNS: is there a ‘glymphatic’ system? (2018)

Brain fluids are rigidly regulated to provide stable environments for neuronal function, e.g., low K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, and protein to optimise signalling and minimise neurotoxicity. At the same time, neuronal and astroglial waste must be promptly removed. The interstitial fluid (ISF) of the brain tissue and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bathing the CNS are integral to this homeostasis and the idea of a glia-lymph or 'glymphatic' system for waste clearance from brain has developed over the last 5 years. This links bulk (convective) flow of CSF into brain along the outside of penetrating arteries, glia-mediated convective transport of fluid and solutes through the brain extracellular space (ECS) involving the aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel, and finally delivery of fluid to venules for clearance along peri-venous spaces. However, recent evidence favours important amendments to the 'glymphatic' hypothesis, particularly concerning the role of glia and transfer of solutes within the ECS. This review discusses studies which question the role of AQP4 in ISF flow and the lack of evidence for its ability to transport solutes; summarizes attributes of brain ECS that strongly favour the diffusion of small and large molecules without ISF flow; discusses work on hydraulic conductivity and the nature of the extracellular matrix which may impede fluid movement; and reconsiders the roles of the perivascular space (PVS) in CSF-ISF exchange and drainage. We also consider the extent to which CSF-ISF exchange is possible and desirable, the impact of neuropathology on fluid drainage, and why using CSF as a proxy measure of brain components or drug delivery is problematic. We propose that new work and key historical studies both support the concept of a perivascular fluid system, whereby CSF enters the brain via PVS convective flow or dispersion along larger caliber arteries/arterioles, diffusion predominantly regulates CSF/ISF exchange at the level of the neurovascular unit associated with CNS microvessels, and, finally, a mixture of CSF/ISF/waste products is normally cleared along the PVS of venules/veins as well as other pathways; such a system may or may not constitute a true 'circulation', but, at the least, suggests a comprehensive re-evaluation of the previously proposed 'glymphatic' concepts in favour of a new system better taking into account basic cerebrovascular physiology and fluid transport considerations.
1-Alkyl-3-(3-alkyl-5-nitro-4-thiazolin-2-ylidene)ureas and related compounds as schistosomicides (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT1-Alkyl-3-(3-alkyl-5-nitro-4-thiazolin-2-ylidene)ureas and related compounds as schistosomicidesLeslie M. Werbel, Margaret B. Degnan, Gail F. Harger, David B. Capps, Peter J. Islip, and Michael D. ClosierCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1972, 15, 9, 955–963Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00279a020https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00279a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views117Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
State protection under collective damping and diffusion (2011)

In this paper we provide a recipe for state protection in a network of oscillators under collective damping and diffusion. Our strategy is to manipulate the network topology, i.e., the way the oscillators are coupled together, the strength of their couplings, and their natural frequencies, in order to create a relaxation-diffusion-free channel. This protected channel defines a decoherence-free subspace (DFS) for nonzero-temperature reservoirs. Our development also furnishes an alternative approach to build up DFSs that offers two advantages over the conventional method: it enables the derivation of all the network-protected states at once, and also reveals, through the network normal modes, the mechanism behind the emergence of these protected domains.
Drug‐metabolizing enzymes in liver, olfactory, and respiratory epithelium of cattle (1991)

The drug-metabolizing enzymes of olfactory and respiratory epithelium of cattle were determined. The data of nasal tissues were compared to those of bovine liver. Both oxidative and nonoxidative enzyme activities were investigated. Many compounds including testosterone were used as substrates for the P450-dependent monooxygenase activities. The results demonstrated that the P450 content and all the activities assayed including reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome P450 reductase were much higher in the olfactory than in the respiratory mucosa and for some activities (hexamethyl-phosphoramide and dimethylnitrosamine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, and ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase) the values in the olfactory tissue were even markedly higher than those of liver. Also the activities of some nonoxidative enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase, uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronyl-transferase, and epoxide hydrolase were higher in the olfactory than in the respiratory mucosa but lower than in liver. The results taken together suggest that the olfactory and respiratory epithelium of cattle, which contain in addition to a wide array of nonoxidative enzymes multiple forms of P450, can be useful and easily available tissues to study the biotransformation processes of odorants.
CARDINAL (2018)

We present Cardinal, a tool for computer-assisted authoring of movie scripts. Cardinal provides a means of viewing a script through a variety of perspectives, for interpretation as well as editing. This is made possible by virtue of intelligent automated analysis of natural language scripts and generating different intermediate representations. Cardinal generates 2-D and 3-D visualizations of the scripted narrative and also presents interactions in a timeline-based view. The visualizations empower the scriptwriter to understand their story from a spatial perspective, and the timeline view provides an overview of the interactions in the story. The user study reveals that users of the system demonstrated confidence and comfort using the system.
& Metal-Organic Frameworks Solvent-Dependent Cation Exchange in Metal-Organic Frameworks (2014)

We investigated which factors govern the criti- cal steps of cation exchange in metal-organic frameworks by studying the effect of various solvents on the insertion of Ni 2 + into MOF-5 and Co 2 + into MFU-4l. After plotting the extent of cation insertion versus different solvent pa- rameters, trends emerge that offer insight into the ex- change processes for both systems. This approach estab- lishes a method for understanding critical aspects of cation exchange in different MOFs and other materials. Cation exchange is a powerful tool that has been used exten- sively to tailor the composition of materials, such as nanocrys- tals, (1-4) zeolites, (5, 6) and, more recently, metal-organic frame- works (MOFs). (7-22) It involves the exchange of native cations in a crystalline solid with foreign cations from a surrounding solu- tion. This process can furnish materials with properties that differ from those of the parent structure and, in certain cases, permits the isolation of metastable phases. Identifying the fea- tures underlying the exchange mechanism in a given set of materials could enable the design of new compounds with precisely engineered functionality. These studies are rare, how- ever, because the exchange processes are undoubtedly gov- erned by numerous parameters corresponding to both the crystalline solids and their surrounding solutions. For instance, thermodynamic values, such as cation solubility and lattice strain, are known to influence cation exchange in nanocrys- tals, (1) while ionic radius is significant for zeolites. (5, 6) Despite the deep insight that could be gained by identifying the influ- ence of solvent parameters on cation exchange, few if any studies have tackled this task. To endow cation exchange in MOFs with predictive power, we studied the solvent depend-
Multiple alterations of platelet functions dominated by increased secretion in mice lacking Cdc42 in platelets (2010)

Platelet activation at sites of vascular injury is crucial for hemostasis, but it may also cause myocardial infarction or stroke. Cytoskeletal reorganization is essential for platelet activation and secretion. The small GTPase Cdc42 has been implicated as an important mediator of filopodia formation and exocytosis in various cell types, but its exact function in platelets is not established. Here, we show that the megakaryocyte/platelet-specific loss of Cdc42 leads to mild thrombocytopenia and a small increase in platelet size in mice. Unexpectedly, Cdc42-deficient platelets were able to form normally shaped filopodia and spread fully on fibrinogen upon activation, whereas filopodia formation upon selective induction of GPIb signaling was reduced compared with wild-type platelets. Furthermore, Cdc42-deficient platelets showed enhanced secretion of alpha granules, a higher adenosine diphosphate (ADP)/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, increased aggregation at low agonist concentrations, and enhanced aggregate formation on collagen under flow. In vivo, lack of Cdc42 resulted in faster occlusion of ferric chloride-injured arterioles. The life span of Cdc42-deficient platelets was markedly reduced, suggesting increased clearing of the cells under physiologic conditions. These data point to novel multiple functions of Cdc42 in the regulation of platelet activation, granule organization, degranulation, and a specific role in GPIb signaling.
More Diseases Tracked by Using Google Trends (2009)

DOAJ is a unique and extensive index of diverse open access journals from around the world, driven by a growing community, committed to ensuring quality content is freely available online for everyone.
Do Human Peyer's Patches Contribute to the Intestinal Intraepithelial γ/δ T‐Cell Population? (1993)

T-cell receptor gamma/delta+) (TcR gamma/delta+) lymphocytes in human Peyer's patches (PP) adjoining ileal mucosa were studied by monoclonal antibodies with paired immunofluorescence staining in situ and by flow-cytometric phenotyping of isolated cells. The proportion of gamma/delta+ T cells in the follicle-associated epithelium outside the M-cell areas (median 4.1%, range 2.2-30.1%) was similar to that in mucosal villous epithelium (median 4.4%, range 0.5-30.5%). Most intraepithelial gamma/delta cells (approximately 90%) expressed CD45R0 but only a few expressed CD8 (< 10%) and none L-selectin; a dominating subset (median 46%) employed the V delta 1/J delta 1 gene product (range 22-100%). The M-cell areas lacked gamma/delta cells but contained clustered CD20+ and CD3+ lymphocytes. The subepithelial PP dome area and interfollicular (T-cell) zones, as well as the mucosal lamina propria, contained very few gamma/delta cells (median 1.7%, range 0.4-8.9%) which were dominated (88-100%) by the V delta 2-encoded subset. Those in the dome area and lamina propria were often (approximately 75%) CD45R0+ (range 44-90%) while very few (approximately 2%) expressed L-selectin (range 0-15%). By contrast, CD45R0 expression on gamma/delta cells in the PP T-cell zones was relatively low (approximately 46%) and that of L-selectin relatively high (approximately 43%). In conclusion, TcR gamma/delta + cells are quite rare in human PP and belong mainly to the V delta 2-encoded subset, thus being different from most intraepithelial gamma/delta cells that probably have another origin. The L-selectin+ fraction of PP gamma/delta cells presumably represent newly recruited 'naive' T lymphocytes while CD45R0+ gamma/delta cells both in PP and lamina propria are probably antigen-primed.
Genomic testing in oncology to improve clinical outcomes while optimizing utilization: the evolution of diagnostic testing. (2016)

Cancer care is costly, particularly when chemotherapy and its supportive costs are considered. Yet, chemotherapy is not the right course for every patient. Patients with cancer need appropriate treatment that will give them the best possible outcome. Personalized medicine has become an important area of oncology. In addition to genetic testing, genomic testing has become a useful tool in diagnostics. For genomic assays to be viable, they must have clinical validity, analytic validity, and clinical utility. Stakeholders are willing to provide coverage for such testing through medical policy when there is strong evidence the tests are effective. Genomic testing can be used in decision making to rule out chemotherapy or other treatment options that would not be effective for the care of an individual patient. The use of genomic testing to help eliminate ineffective or possible harmful treatment options and determine appropriate care will benefit the patient while reducing healthcare utiliztion and costs.
Enhanced In Vivo Antithrombotic Effects of Endothelial Cells Expressing Recombinant Plasminogen Activators Transduced With Retroviral Vectors (1996)

ECs transduced with recombinant TPA and a-UPA enhance local antithrombotic activity in vivo. This strategy of attaching transduced ECs overexpressing plasminogen activators may be therapeutically useful by preventing thrombo-occlusive failure of implanted cardiovascular devices or mechanically denuded vessels.
Recombinant long-acting glycoPEGylated factor IX in hemophilia B: a multinational randomized phase 3 trial (2014)

This multinational, randomized, single-blind trial investigated the safety and efficacy of nonacog beta pegol, a recombinant glycoPEGylated factor IX (FIX) with extended half-life, in 74 previously treated patients with hemophilia B (FIX activity ≤2 IU/dL). Patients received prophylaxis for 52 weeks, randomized to either 10 IU/kg or 40 IU/kg once weekly or to on-demand treatment of 28 weeks. No patients developed inhibitors, and no safety concerns were identified. Three hundred forty-five bleeding episodes were treated, with an estimated success rate of 92.2%. The median annualized bleeding rates (ABRs) were 1.04 in the 40 IU/kg prophylaxis group, 2.93 in the 10 IU/kg prophylaxis group, and 15.58 in the on-demand treatment group. In the 40 IU/kg group, 10 (66.7%) of 15 patients experienced no bleeding episodes into target joints compared with 1 (7.7%) of 13 patients in the 10 IU/kg group. Health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) assessed with the EuroQoL-5 Dimensions visual analog scale score improved from a median of 75 to 90 in the 40 IU/kg prophylaxis group. Nonacog beta pegol was well tolerated and efficacious for the treatment of bleeding episodes and was associated with low ABRs in patients receiving prophylaxis. Once-weekly prophylaxis with 40 IU/kg resolved target joint bleeds in 66.7% of the affected patients and improved HR-QoL. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT01333111.
Association of Major and Minor ECG Abnormalities With Coronary Heart Disease Events (2012)

Major and minor ECG abnormalities among older adults were associated with an increased risk of CHD events. Depending on the model, adding ECG abnormalities was associated with improved risk prediction beyond traditional risk factors.
Colorant Effects on Dormant Buffalograss Turf Performance (2005)

Dormant buffalograss ( Buchloë dactyloides ) turfs, grown under field conditions, were treated with a colorant and evaluated for turfgrass color, quality, and cover. In addition, turfgrass canopy and soil temperatures were measured. Colorant treatments improved turfgrass color and quality when compared to the untreated control, and resulted in a color response that appeared similar to cool season turfgrasses growing in areas adjacent to the studies. Colorant treatments increased canopy and soil temperatures, and enhanced spring green-up. These results support the use of colorants as a means of extending the green appearance, and enhancing dormant buffalograss turf performance.
Single-cell ATAC-seq: strength in numbers (2015)

Single-cell ATAC-seq detects open chromatin in individual cells. Currently data are sparse, but combining information from many single cells can identify determinants of cell-to-cell chromatin variation.