gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of novel all-dielectric grating filters using genetic algorithms (1998)

The feasibility of novel all-dielectric waveguide grating filters is demonstrated, using a genetic algorithm (GA) to solve for material dielectric constants and geometric boundaries separating homogeneous regions of the periodic cell. In particular, the GAs show that simple geometries (not previously reported) utilizing a small number of layers and/or gratings can be found to yield bandpass or stop-band filters with user defined linewidth. The evaluation of the fitness of a candidate design entails the solution of an integral equation for the electric field in the cell using the method of moments (MoM). Our implementation is made efficient by using only very few design frequency points and accurately approximating a given filter transfer function by a quotient of polynomials as a function of frequency. Additionally, the problem impedance matrices are conveniently represented as the product of a material independent matrix and a vector of dielectric constants, thus allowing us to fill the matrices only once. Our code has been parallelized for the Cray T3D to take advantage of the intrinsic parallelization efficiencies offered by the GAs. Solutions are illustrated for a very narrow-band single-grating transmission filter and a relatively broad-band double grating reflection filter. Additionally, a solution for a five homogeneous layers Fabry-Perot filter is also presented.
Effects of a Hexameric Deoxyriboguanosine Run Conjugation into CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides on Their Immunostimulatory Potentials (2000)

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) are promising immunomodulatory agents for treating human diseases and vaccine development. Phosphodiester CpG ODNs were demonstrated to have poor immunostimulatory potentials for cytokine production. However, the conjugation of consecutive deoxyriboguanosine residues, called a dG run, at the 3' terminus of phosphodiester CpG ODNs significantly enhanced TNF-alpha and IL-12 production from mouse splenic dendritic cells (DCs). The optimal induction of cytokine production was achieved by the addition of a hexameric dG (dG6) run. In contrast, the existence of a dG6 run either at the 5' terminus of phosphodiester CpG ODNs or at the 3' terminus of phosphorothioate CpG ODNs diminished CpG-mediated cytokine induction, suggesting that the effects of a dG run depend on its location and the chemical property of the ODN backbone, respectively. In addition, we provided the evidence that the conjugation of a dG6 run caused the structural transformation of CpG ODNs, which facilitates their targeting into mouse APCs such as splenic DCs, B cells, and peritoneal macrophages with a scavenger receptor type A ligand specificity. Among primary APCs, DCs were the most potent for CpG ODN-mediated IL-12 production. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the conjugation of a dG6 run into the 3' terminus of phosphodiester CpG ODNs was crucial for their ability to generate Th1 immunity in vivo. Thus, the conjugation of a dG6 run into phosphodiester CpG ODNs would be an alternative way to optimize their immunostimulatory potentials in vitro and in vivo.
A fuzzy impulse noise detection and reduction method (2006)

Removing or reducing impulse noise is a very active research area in image processing. In this paper we describe a new algorithm that is especially developed for reducing all kinds of impulse noise: fuzzy impulse noise detection and reduction method (FIDRM). It can also be applied to images having a mixture of impulse noise and other types of noise. The result is an image quasi without (or with very little) impulse noise so that other filters can be used afterwards. This nonlinear filtering technique contains two separated steps: an impulse noise detection step and a reduction step that preserves edge sharpness. Based on the concept of fuzzy gradient values, our detection method constructs a fuzzy set impulse noise. This fuzzy set is represented by a membership function that will be used by the filtering method, which is a fuzzy averaging of neighboring pixels. Experimental results show that FIDRM provides a significant improvement on other existing filters. FIDRM is not only very fast, but also very effective for reducing little as well as very high impulse noise.
Identical splicing of aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor transcripts from amplified rearranged genes in human glioblastomas. (1990)

The epidermal growth factor receptor gene has been found to be amplified and rearranged in human glioblastomas in vivo. Here we present the sequence across a splice junction of aberrant epidermal growth factor receptor transcripts derived from corresponding and uniquely rearranged genes that are coamplified and coexpressed with non-rearranged epidermal growth factor receptor genes in six primary human glioblastomas. Each of these six tumors contains aberrant transcripts derived from identical splicing of exon 1 to exon 8 as a consequence of a deletion-rearrangement of the amplified gene, the extent of which is variable among these tumors. In spite of this intertumoral variability, each intragenic rearrangement results in loss of the same 801 coding bases (exons 2-7) and creation of a new codon at the novel splice site in their corresponding transcripts. These rearrangements do not, however, affect the mRNA sequence for the signal peptide, the first five codons, or the reading frame downstream of the rearrangement.
Factors that promote progressive development of the osteoblast phenotype in cultured fetal rat calvaria cells (1990)

Rat calvaria osteoblasts derived from 21-day-old fetal rat pups undergo a temporal expression of markers of the osteoblast phenotype during a 5 week culture period. Alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin are sequentially expressed in relation to collagen accumulation and mineralization. This pattern of expression of these osteoblast parameters in cultured rat osteoblasts (ROB) is analogous to that seen in vivo in developing fetal rat calvaria tissue (Yoon et. al: Biochem. Biophis. Res. Commun. 148:1129, 1987) and is similar to that observed in cultures of subcultivated 16-day-old embryonic chick calvaria-derived osteoblasts (COB) (Gerstenfeld, et.al: Dev. Biol. 122:46, 1987). While the cellular organization of subcultivated COB and primary ROB cultures are somewhat different, the temporal expression of the parameters remains. Both the rat and chick culture systems support formation of matrix mineralization even in the absence of beta-glycerol-phosphate. A systematic examination of factors which constitute conditions supporting complete expression of the osteoblast phenotype in ROB cultures indicate requirements for specific serum lots, ascorbic acid and the ordered deposition of mineral in the extracellular matrix. The present studies suggest that formation of a collagenous matrix, dependent on ascorbic acid, is requisite for expression of the osteoblast phenotype. In ROB cultures, expression of osteocalcin synthesis occurs subsequent to initiation of alkaline phosphatase activity and accompanies the formation of mineralized nodules. Thus, extracellular matrix mineralization (deposition of hydroxyapatite) is required for complete development of the osteoblast phenotype, as reflected by a 200-fold increase in osteocalcin synthesis. These data show the temporal expression of the various osteoblast parameters during the formation and mineralization of an extracellular matrix can provide markers reflective of various stages of osteoblast differentiation/maturation in vitro.
The Synthesis and Function of Luciferyl-adenylate and Oxyluciferyl-adenylate (1958)

Crystallinefirefly luciferase was prepared by the method of Green and McElroy (7).In order to remove traces of contaminating enzymes it was necessary to recrystallize the preparation two or three times.In most of the experiments reported in this paper, three times crystallized enzyme containing about 10 mg. of protein per ml.was used.Crystalline firefly luciferin and oxyluciferin were prepared according to the method of Bitler and McElroy (8).Optical density measurements at 327 rnp and 347 rnp at neutral pH were used to determine the concentration of luciferin and oxyluciferin, respectively.Adenylic acid, ATP, and other nucleotides were obtained from the Sigma Chemical Company.Pabst Laboratories' CoA of approximately 70 per cent purity was used.Reduced CoA was prepared with NaBH., (9).
Thermal-aware task scheduling at the system software level (2007)

Power-related issues have become important considerations in current generation microprocessor design. One of these issues is that of elevated on-chip temperatures. This has an adverse effect on cooling cost and, if not addressed suitably, on chip reliability. In this paper we investigate the general trade-offs between temporal and spatial hot spot mitigation schemes and thermal time constants, workload variations and microprocessor power distributions. By leveraging spatial and temporal heat slacks, our schemes enable lowering of on-chip unit temperatures by changing the workload in a timely manner with Operating System(OS) and existing hardware support.
DNA Ploidy and Proliferative Activity in bcl-2 Expressed Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (1996)

In bcl-2 expressed NSCLC, proliferative activity and DNA ploidy were not homogeneous, suggesting other genetic alterations. This may explain our results which showed no differences in survival according to the status of the bcl-2 expression.
Mutational Biosynthesis of Novel Rapamycins by a Strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus NRRL 5491 Disrupted in rapL , Encoding a Putative Lysine Cyclodeaminase (1998)

The gene rapL lies within the region of the Streptomyces hygroscopicus chromosome which contains the biosynthetic gene cluster for the immunosuppressant rapamycin. Introduction of a frameshift mutation into rapL by phiC31 phage-mediated gene replacement gave rise to a mutant which did not produce significant amounts of rapamycin. Growth of this rapL mutant on media containing added L-pipecolate restored wild-type levels of rapamycin production, consistent with a proposal that rapL encodes a specific L-lysine cyclodeaminase important for the production of the L-pipecolate precursor. In the presence of added proline derivatives, rapL mutants synthesized novel rapamycin analogs, indicating a relaxed substrate specificity for the enzyme catalyzing pipecolate incorporation into the macrocycle.
Synthesis of inhibitors of 2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase: conjugate addition of organocuprates to N-(carbobenzyloxy)-3-carbomethoxy-5,6-dihydro-4-pyridone. (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of inhibitors of 2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase: conjugate addition of organocuprates to N-(carbobenzyloxy)-3-carbomethoxy-5,6-dihydro-4-pyridone.Dharmpal S. Dodd and Allan C. OehlschlagerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 10, 2794–2803Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00036a008https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00036a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views843Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Amino acid sequence analysis with methyl isothiocyanate. Resolution of the methylthiohydantoins by gas-liquid partition chromatography (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAmino acid sequence analysis with methyl isothiocyanate. Resolution of the methylthiohydantoins by gas-liquid partition chromatographyMichael Waterfield and Edgar HaberCite this: Biochemistry 1970, 9, 4, 832–839Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00806a016https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00806a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views113Altmetric-Citations50LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Acid-Evoked Currents in Cardiac Sensory Neurons (1999)

Sensory neurons that innervate the heart sense ischemia and mediate angina. To use patch-clamp methods to study ion channels on these cells, we fluorescently labeled cardiac sensory neurons (CSNs) in rats so that they could later be identified in dissociated primary culture of either nodose or dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Currents evoked by a variety of different agonists imply the importance of lowered pH (</=7.0) in signaling ischemia. Acidic pH evoked extremely large depolarizing current in almost all cardiac afferent neurons from the DRG (CDRGNs). In contrast, only about half of the unlabeled DRG neurons responded to acid, and their current amplitudes were much less than that in CDRGNs. In all respects tested--kinetics, selectivity, and pharmacology--the acid-evoked current was similar to that of previously described native and cloned acid-sensing ion channels. Cardiac afferents from the nodose ganglia differed from CDRGNs in having smaller acid-evoked currents but clearly larger currents evoked by ATP. Serotonin, acetylcholine, bradykinin, and adenosine elicited currents in fewer CSNs than did ATP or lowered pH, and the currents were relatively small. Capsaicin, an activator of small nociceptive sensory neurons that innervate skin, evoked only small and rare currents in CDRGNs. The extremely large amplitude and prevalent expression of acid-evoked current in CSNs imply a critical role for acidity in sensation associated with myocardial ischemia.
Role of Natural Killer Cells in the Generation of Influenza Virus-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells (1996)

Recently we reported that natural killer (NK) cells are critical accessory cells required for the differentiation of alloantigen-stimulated CD8+ T cells into effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in vitro. In this study we provide evidence that NK cells are also required for the generation of influenza virus-specific CTL. Depletion of NK cells from responder human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or mouse splenocytes abolished the induction of influenza A virus-specific CTL under culture conditions. Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with the NK cell-depleting NK1.1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) before primary or secondary immunization with influenza A virus abrogated the capacity of CTL precursors to differentiate into influenza virus-specific CTL effectors in vivo. These results extend our previous findings and demonstrate that NK cells critically influence the induction of antigen-specific CTL, both in vitro and in vivo.
Spectral signatures and optic coefficients of surface and reservoir shales and limestones at COIL, CO 2 , and Nd:YAG laser wavelengths (2004)

Approximately 40 different reservoir and surface rock samples were lased using high power COIL (1.315 micrometer), CO<sub>2</sub> (wavelength = 10.6 micrometer) and Nd:YAG (wavelength = 1.06 micrometer) lasers. Spectrum of the samples (sandstones, shales, and limestones) in the wavelength region from 0.35 to 15.387 wavelength were obtained. Spectral signatures and optic coefficients of the reservoir and surface sandstones were discussed by the authors in a previous paper (SPIE 5273-97). In this contribution, a detailed study of the spectral properties and optic signatures of shale and limestone samples is presented. The optic coefficients (extinction/reflection (E), scattering (S), absorption (K) and emission (F)) of these rocks are mathematically and statistically calculated and are critically investigated against rock chemistry, grain size, porosity, cementing matrix and rock textures, and total organic content. Our investigations show that: 1) Porosity and grain size are the only rock properties that exhibited a strong statistical relation with the absorption and reflection coefficients. 2) Rocks with high porosity have greater reflection coefficients (at the COIL and Nd:YAG wavelengths) compared to those having lower porosity. 3) The reflectance at the CO2 laser wavelength (10.6 wavelength) is not a function of porosity or grain size. 4) Surface and reservoir shales have almost the same spectral features and hence similar optic coefficients. This indicates that mode of occurrence does not influence the spectral signatures of rocks. 5) Spectrum of limestones is dominated by the four (v<sub>1</sub> v<sub>2</sub>, v<sub>3</sub>, and v<sub>4</sub>) fundamental stretching carbonate absorption bands.
Luminescent Zn and Pd Tetranaphthaloporphyrins (2003)

Zn and Pd complexes of meso-tetraphenyltetranaphthaloporphyrins (Ph(4)TNP) exhibit strong infrared absorption bands and luminesce in solutions at room temperature. S1 --> S0 fluorescence (lambda(max) = 732 nm, phi = 5.3%) is the predominant emission in the case of ZnPh(4)TNP (1). This emission is in part due to the delayed fluorescence (phi = 1.1%). Phosphorescence (T1 --> S0) of 1 (lambda(max) = 973 nm) is very weak (phi = 0.04%) and occurs with lifetime of about 440 micros in deoxygenated DMF. In the case of PdPh(4)TNP (2), almost no S1 --> S0 fluorescence could be observed, while the main emission detected was T1 --> S0 phosphorescence (lambda(max) = 938 nm). The phosphorescence of 2 occurs with lifetime of about 65 micros and (phi=6.5%) in deoxygenated DMF solution. Metalloporphyrins 1 and 2 are promising near infrared dyes biomedical applications.
Separation Methods and Orthogonal Techniques (2015)

Chromatographic and electrophoretic separation methods are key tools for the characterization of monoclonal antibodies. The objective of these methods for characterization is to resolve and identify critical quality attributes. Several orthogonal separation methods are often required in order to fully characterize the critical quality attributes of a particular monoclonal antibody preparation. Throughout this chapter, the use of separation methods and orthogonal techniques for monoclonal antibody characterization is demonstrated by the analysis of a monoclonal antibody material available from the NIST. The analysis of the material described in this chapter serves as characterization of the material to enable its use as a standard and exemplifies the steps that may be taken to characterize a therapeutic monoclonal antibody. Recent advances described in this chapter include the use of high pressure systems in combination with small particle size columns to accomplish rapid separations which save time and reduce solvent consumption. In addition, the use of software tools for the development and optimization of methods is described.
Laminin isoforms in endothelial and perivascular basement membranes (2013)

Laminins, one of the major functional components of basement membranes, are found underlying endothelium, and encasing pericytes and smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall. Depending on the type of blood vessel (capillary, venule, postcapillary venule, vein or artery) and their maturation state, both the endothelial and mural cell phenotype vary, with associated changes in laminin isoform expression. Laminins containing the α4 and α5 chains are the major isoforms found in the vessel wall, with the added contribution of laminin α2 in larger vessels. We here summarize current data on the precise localization of these laminin isoforms and their receptors in the different layers of the vessel wall, and their potential contribution to vascular homeostasis.
Impaired CD28-mediated Interleukin 2 Production and Proliferation in Stress Kinase SAPK/ERK1 Kinase (SEK1)/Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase 4 (MKK4)-deficient T Lymphocytes (1997)

The dual specific kinase SAPK/ERK1 kinase (SEK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4/Jun NH2 terminal kinase [ JNK] kinase) is a direct activator of stress-activated protein kinases ([SAPKs]/JNKs) in response to CD28 costimulation, CD40 signaling, or activation of the germinal center kinase. Here we show that SEK1(-/-) recombination-activating gene (RAG)2(-/-) chimeric mice have a partial block in B cell maturation. However, peripheral B cells displayed normal responses to IL-4, IgM, and CD40 cross-linking. SEK1(-/-) peripheral T cells showed decreased proliferation and IL-2 production after CD28 costimulation and PMA/Ca2+ ionophore activation. Although CD28 expression was absolutely crucial to generate vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-specific germinal centers, SEK1(-/-)RAG2(-/-) chimeras mounted a protective antiviral B cell response, exhibited normal IgG class switching, and made germinal centers in response to VSV. Interestingly, PMA/Ca2+ ionophore stimulation, which mimics TCR-CD3 and CD28-mediated signal transduction, induced SAPK/JNK activation in peripheral T cells, but not in thymocytes, from SEK1(-/-) mice. These results show that signaling pathways for SAPK activation are developmentally regulated in T cells. Although SEK1(-/-) thymocytes failed to induce SAPK/JNK in response to PMA/Ca2+ ionophore, SEK1(-/-)RAG2(-/-) thymocytes proliferated and made IL-2 after PMA/Ca2+ ionophore and CD3/CD28 stimulation, albeit at significantly lower levels compared to SEK1(+/+)RAG2(-/-) thymocytes, implying that CD28 costimulation and PMA/Ca2+ ionophore-triggered signaling pathways exist that can mediate proliferation and IL-2 production independently of SAPK activation. Our data provide the first genetic evidence that SEK1 is an important effector molecule that relays CD28 signaling to IL-2 production and T cell proliferation.