gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polyimide Aerogels Cross-Linked through Amine Functionalized Polyoligomeric Silsesquioxane (2011)

We report the first synthesis of polyimide aerogels cross-linked through a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, octa(aminophenyl)silsesquioxane (OAPS). Gels formed from polyamic acid solutions of 3,3',4,4'-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), bisaniline-p-xylidene (BAX) and OAPS were chemically imidized and dried using supercritical CO(2) extraction to give aerogels having density around 0.1 g/cm(3). The aerogels are greater than 90 % porous, have high surface areas (230 to 280 m(2)/g) and low thermal conductivity (14 mW/m-K at room temperature). Notably, the polyimide aerogels cross-linked with OAPS have higher modulus than polymer reinforced silica aerogels of similar density and can be fabricated as both monoliths and thin films. Thin films of the aerogel are flexible and foldable making them an ideal insulation for space suits, and inflatable structures for habitats or decelerators for planetary re-entry, as well as more down to earth applications.
Combination of Antiangiogenic Therapy With Other Anticancer Therapies: Results, Challenges, and Open Questions (2005)

Angiogenesis is necessary for tumor growth. Drug discovery efforts have identified several potential therapeutic targets on endothelial cells and selective inhibitors capable of slowing tumor growth or producing tumor regression by blocking angiogenesis in in vivo tumor models. Certain antiangiogenic therapeutics increase the activity of cytotoxic anticancer treatments in preclinical models. More than 75 antiangiogenic compounds have entered clinical trials. Most of the early clinical testing was conducted in patients with advanced disease resistant to standard therapies. Several phase III trials have been undertaken to compare the efficacy of standard chemotherapy versus the same in combination with an experimental angiogenesis inhibitor. Preliminary results of the clinical studies suggest that single-agent antiangiogenic therapy is poorly active in advanced tumors. Although some of the results of combination trials are controversial, recent positive outcomes with an antivascular endothelial growth factor antibody combined with chemotherapy as front-line therapy of metastatic colorectal cancer have renewed enthusiasm for this therapeutic strategy. This article presents an overview of experimental and clinical studies of combined therapy with antiangiogenic agents and highlights the challenges related to the appropriate strategies for selection of the patients, study design, and choice of proper end points for preclinical and clinical studies using these agents.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of a phenytoin prodrug given IV or IM in patients (1990)

ACC-9653, a prodrug of phenytoin synthesized to be water soluble, is converted to phenytoin by phosphatases. In this study, 43 patients received ACC-9653 IV or IM. Side effects were transient and minor. The conversion half-lives of ACC-9653 after intravenous and intramuscular administration averaged 8.4 and 32.7 minutes, respectively. Peak phenytoin concentrations occurred 42 minutes after IV and 151 minutes after IM administration.
Opening of mitochondrial KATPchannels enhances cardioprotection through the modulation of mitochondrial matrix volume, calcium accumulation, and respiration (2004)

Previously, we have shown that the pharmacological opening of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K channels with diazoxide (DZX) enhances the cardioprotection afforded by magnesium-supplemented potassium (K/Mg) cardioplegia. To determine the mechanisms involved in the cardioprotection afforded by K/Mg + DZX cardioplegia, rabbit hearts (n=24) were subjected to isolated Langendorff perfusion. Control hearts were perfused for 75 min. Global ischemia (GI) hearts were subjected to 30 min of equilibrium, 30 min of GI, and 15 min of reperfusion. K/Mg and K/Mg + DZX cardioplegia hearts received either K/Mg or K/Mg + DZX for 5 min before GI and reperfusion. Tissue was harvested for mitochondrial isolation and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mitochondrial structure, area, matrix volume, free calcium, and oxygen consumption were determined. TEM demonstrated that GI mitochondria were damaged and that K/Mg and K/Mg + DZX preserved mitochondrial structure. TEM and light scattering demonstrated separately that mitochondrial matrix and cristae area and matrix volume were significantly increased after GI and reperfusion with GI > K/Mg + DZX > K/Mg hearts (P <0.05 vs. control). Mitochondrial free calcium was significantly increased in GI and K/Mg hearts. K/Mg + DZX significantly decreased mitochondrial free calcium accumulation (P <0.05 vs. GI and K/Mg). State 3 oxygen consumption and respiratory control index in malate (complex I substrate)- and succinate (complex II substrate)-energized mitochondria were significantly decreased (P <0.05 vs. control) in the GI and K/Mg + DZX groups. These data indicate that the enhanced cardioprotection afforded by K/Mg + DZX cardioplegia occurs through the preservation of mitochondrial structure and the significant decrease in mitochondrial free calcium accumulation and mitochondrial state 3 oxygen consumption.
Association of the human urate transporter 1 with reduced renal uric acid excretion and hyperuricemia in a German Caucasian population (2005)

These results indicate that polymorphisms in the N-terminus of the hURAT1 gene were significantly associated with reduced renal uric acid excretion. The main regulating factor seems to be located close to the C426T polymorphism or is in strong linkage disequilibrium.
Image processing for extended depth of field (1983)

Improvement in the depth of field is demonstrated by properly processing a succession of image samples. Due to the limited depth of field each image sample has in-focus as well as out-of-focus segments. By setting criteria for selecting the in-focus segments, an improved composite image is formed. Three algorithms for implementing this construction are discussed.
Microgenetic-algorithm optimization methods applied to dielectric gratings (1995)

The microgenetic algorithm is utilized in the design of dielectric grating structures. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a genetic algorithm has been demonstrated with a small population size, a mixed variable type, and an adaptive mutation scheme. A wide range of grating devices is optimized with the microgenetic algorithm to demonstrate its usefulness and efficiency in diffractive-optic components. Specific examples include fan-out phase gratings, antireflection grating surfaces, resonant fan-out devices, and cascaded grating structures. Conclusions and recommendations for additional efforts are also addressed for increasing the applicability and the convergence rates of the algorithm.
Retinal deimination in aging and disease (2009)

Deimination is a posttranslational modification and refers to the conversion of protein bound arginine into citrulline. In the retina, deimination is predominantly catalyzed by Peptidylarginine deiminase type 2 (PAD2). PAD2 expression and deimination are found in many different retinal layers: choroid, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), photoreceptors, inner plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) layer. Although decreased retinal deimination and PAD2 expression have been found during normal aging, elevated PAD2 expression and deimination have been observed in age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The role of deimination in normal physiology and in late-onset and progressive ocular or retinal degenerative diseases, such as glaucoma and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis remains to be elucidated.
Enzyme‐Mediated Degradation of Peptide‐Amphiphile Nanofiber Networks (2005)

Peptide-amphiphile nanofibers are prepared that incorporate a peptide sequence permitting enzyme-mediated degradation (see Figure). Cleavage of the peptide sequence results in breakdown of the nanostructure and, consequently, the mechanical properties. This novel elastic nanofiber network is able to encapsulate dental pulp cells, supporting their proliferation and migration, and mimics several key properties of natural extracellular matrix.
Whole-Genome Sequence Variation among Multiple Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2003)

Whole-genome shotgun sequencing was used to study the sequence variation of three Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, two from clonal infections of cystic fibrosis patients and one from an aquatic environment, relative to the genomic sequence of reference strain PAO1. The majority of the PAO1 genome is represented in these strains; however, at least three prominent islands of PAO1-specific sequence are apparent. Conversely, approximately 10% of the sequencing reads derived from each isolate fail to align with the PAO1 backbone. While average sequence variation among all strains is roughly 0.5%, regions of pronounced differences were evident in whole-genome scans of nucleotide diversity. We analyzed two such divergent loci, the pyoverdine and O-antigen biosynthesis regions, by complete resequencing. A thorough analysis of isolates collected over time from one of the cystic fibrosis patients revealed independent mutations resulting in the loss of O-antigen synthesis alternating with a mucoid phenotype. Overall, we conclude that most of the PAO1 genome represents a core P. aeruginosa backbone sequence while the strains addressed in this study possess additional genetic material that accounts for at least 10% of their genomes. Approximately half of these additional sequences are novel.
Molecular characterization of a Penicillium chrysogenum exo‐1,5‐α‐L‐arabinanase that is structurally distinct from other arabinan‐degrading enzymes (2004)

The nucleotide sequence of the abnx cDNA gene, which encodes an exo-arabinanase (Abnx) of Penicillium chrysogenum 31B, was determined. Abnx was found to be structurally distinct from known arabinan-degrading enzymes based on its amino acid sequence and a hydrophobic cluster analysis. The protein in the protein database with the highest similarity to Abnx was the Neurospora crassa conserved hypothetical protein. The abnx cDNA gene product expressed in Escherichia coli catalyzed the release of arabinobiose from alpha-1,5-L-arabinan. The activity of the recombinant Abnx towards a series of arabino-oligosaccharides, as expressed by k(cat)/K(m) value, was greatest with arabinohexaose.
Total Synthesis of Methoxyhygromycin and Its 5-Epimer (1990)

Abstract Methoxyhygromycin, an antibiotic having a unique structure among the aminocyclitol antibiotics, and its 5-epimer are first synthesized. This synthesis fully confirmed the proposed structure of the antibiotic and revealed that neo-configuration of cyclitol moiety is important for the appearance of antibacterial activity.
Distributed data structures in Linda (1986)

A <i>distributed data structure</i> is a data structure that can be manipulated by many parallel processes simultaneously. Distributed data structures are the natural complement to parallel program structures, where a <i>parallel program</i> (for our purposes) is one that is made up of many simultaneously active, communicating processes. Distributed data structures are impossible in most parallel programming languages, but they are supported in the parallel language Linda and they are central to Linda programming style. We outline Linda, then discuss some distributed data structures that have arisen in Linda programming experiments to date. Our intent is neither to discuss the design of the Linda system nor the performance of Linda programs, though we do comment on both topics; we are concerned instead with a few of the simpler and more basic techniques made possible by a language model that, we argue, is subtly but fundamentally different in its implications from most others.This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. MCS-8303905. Jerry Leichter is supported by a Digital Equipment Corporation Graduate Engineering Education Program fellowship.
Development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines using the ISCOMATRIX adjuvant (2009)

Adjuvants are components that when added to subunit antigen (Ag) vaccines boost their immunogenicity and thus immune efficacy. However, there are few adjuvants that are approved for clinical use resulting in a critical need for the development of safe and effective adjuvants for use in both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. The paucity of appropriate adjuvants is more chronic for the development of therapeutic vaccines for cancer and chronic infectious disease, which need to induce cytotoxic T-cell responses via cross-presentation of the vaccine Ag by dendritic cells. The ISCOMATRIX adjuvant represents a unique adjuvant system that facilitates Ag delivery and presentation as well as immunomodulation to provide enhanced and accelerated immune responses. The immune responses generated are of broad specificity to the vaccine Ag, and include robust antibody responses of multiple subclasses as well as both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses. Here we discuss our understanding of the mechanisms of action by which ISCOMATRIX adjuvant may facilitate these integrated immune responses and touch on insights gained through its clinical experience.
Low prevalence of HIV in high-risk seronegative homosexual men evidenced by virus culture and polymerase chain reaction (1992)

These results suggest a low prevalence of covert HIV-1 infection in high-risk seronegative homosexual men in our geographic area.
Plk1 Activation by Ste20-like Kinase (Slk) Phosphorylation and Polo-Box Phosphopeptide Binding Assayed with the Substrate Translationally Controlled Tumor Protein (TCTP) (2008)

The mitotic protein kinase Plk1 catalyzes events associated with centrosome maturation, kinetocore function, spindle formation, and cytokinesis and is a target for anticancer drug design. It is composed of a N-terminal kinase domain and a C-terminal polo-box domain (PBD). The PBD domain serves to localize the kinase on cognate phosphorylated substrates, and this binding relieves the inhibition of the kinase by the PBD. Similar to many protein kinases, Plk1 is activated by phosphorylation on a threonine residue, Thr210, in the activation segment. In this work, we describe expression in Escherichia coli cells and purification of full-length Plk1 in quantities suitable for structural studies and use this material for quantitative characterization of the activation events with the substrate translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP). The presence of the PBD-binding phosphopeptide enhances phosphorylation by the activating Ste20-like kinase (Slk). Native Plk1 exhibits a basal catalytic efficiency k cat/ K(M) of 9.9 x 10 (-5) s (-1) microM (-1). Association with a polo-box-binding phosphopeptide increased the catalytic efficiency by 11x largely through an increase in k(cat) with no change in K(M). Phosphorylation by Slk increases catalytic efficiency by 202x with a 2.3-fold reduction in K(M) and 88-fold increase in k(cat). Phosphorylation and the presence of the PBD-binding phosphopeptide result in an increase in catalytic efficiency of 1515x with a 2.3-fold decrease in K(M) and a 705-fold increase in k(cat) over the unmodified Plk1. Knowledge of kinase regulatory mechanisms and the structures of the Plk1 individual domains has allowed for a model to be proposed for these activatory events.
Crystal engineeringviaC—H...F and C—H...π interactions in two substituted indoles (2004)

The crystal structures of 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indole, C20H18FN, and 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-6,6-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indole, C22H22FN, have been determined in order to study the role of 'organic fluorine' in crystal engineering. These molecules pack in the crystal structure via different types of molecular motifs utilizing weak C-H...F and C-H...pi interactions.
Data Transmission by Frequency-Division Multiplexing Using the Discrete Fourier Transform (1971)

The Fourier transform data communication system is a realization of frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) in which discrete Fourier transforms are computed as part of the modulation and demodulation processes. In addition to eliminating the bunks of subcarrier oscillators and coherent demodulators usually required in FDM systems, a completely digital implementation can be built around a special-purpose computer performing the fast Fourier transform. In this paper, the system is described and the effects of linear channel distortion are investigated. Signal design criteria and equalization algorithms are derived and explained. A differential phase modulation scheme is presented that obviates any equalization.
IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE OF FELINE PANLEUCOPENIA VIRUS IN CELL CULTURE: DETERMINATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL STATUS OF FELINES BY SERUM NEUTRALIZATION. (1965)

Utilizing specific immunofluorescence as a viral indicator for a cell culture serum-neutralization system, the authors were able to demonstrate a relationship between specific antibody titer and susceptibility of felines to feline panleucopenia virus. This correlation was established by comparing prechallenge serum-neutralization titers to the clinical response of felines challenged with feline panleucopenia virus. The serological and clinical response of felines inoculated with commercial vaccines or related viruses was also studied.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced Apoptosis in Human Neuronal Cells: Protection by the Antioxidant N-Acetylcysteine and the Genes bcl-2 and crmA (1995)

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is a candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1-induced neurotoxin that contributes to the pathogenesis of AIDS dementia complex. We report here on the effects of exogenous TNF-alpha on SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma cells differentiated to a neuronal phenotype with retinoic acid, TNF-alpha caused a dose-dependent loss of viability and a corresponding increase in apoptosis in differentiated SK-N-MC cells but not in undifferentiated cultures. Importantly, intracellular signalling via TNF receptors, as measured by activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B, was unaltered by retinoic acid treatment. Finally, overexpression of bcl-2 or crmA conferred resistance to apoptosis mediated by TNF-alpha, as did the addition of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. These results suggest that TNF-alpha induces apoptosis in neuronal cells by a pathway that involves formation of reactive oxygen intermediates and which can be blocked by specific genetic interventions.
The NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium is also a potent inhibitor of cholinesterases and the internal Ca2+pump (2009)

DPI inhibits cholinesterase activity and the internal Ca(2+) pump in tracheal smooth muscle.
Applications of Future Braod-Band Services in the Office and Home (1986)

The demand for broad-band services in connection with numerous applications in the business and private sectors will be economically met in the future by the broad-band ISDN, the internationally standardized universal network for all services. Broad-band services and their applications can be roughly divided into four types of communication. The "dialogue" services include video telephony, video conferencing, and high-speed document and data transmission. "Retrieval" services cover film retrieval, broad-band videotex, document retrieval, high-definition image retrieval, and retrieval of graphics, text, and data. One representative of "access" services is cabletext. Of the "distribution" services, television is the most prominent. The demand for broad-band services in the office will depend primarily upon cost-effectiveness, and in the home will depend primarily upon anticipated benefits, cost, available purchasing power, and leisure time. In either case, prestige considerations may also play a part. The sine qua non for the fast spread of new broad-band services will at all events be-in addition to acceptable terminal equipment-low user charges.
Preliminary Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the OSS2 Model for the Solvated Proton in Water (2001)

ion system using the OSS2 model at 298.15 K with the useof Ewald summation are carried out. The calculated O-H radial distribution functions for these systems areessentially the same and are in very good agreement with that obtained by Ojame. Keywords : Molecular dynamics simulation, OSS2 potential, Solvated proton, Grotthus chain mechanism.IntroductionThe large difference of the limiting molar conductancesbetween H
A Gold‐Nanoparticle‐Based Real‐Time Colorimetric Screening Method for Endonuclease Activity and Inhibition (2007)

On the small screen: Aggregates of gold nanoparticles interconnected by DNA duplexes (see scheme, left) are bluish-purple. Cleavage of the duplexes by deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) releases the nanoparticles (right), producing a bluish-purple-to-red color change. This color change can be used to monitor the activity (and inhibition) of the enzyme.
The oncofetal structure of human fibronectin defined by monoclonal antibody FDC-6. Unique structural requirement for the antigenic specificity provided by a glycosylhexapeptide. (1988)

Previously, monoclonal antibody FDC-6 was established, which defines a structure specific for fibronectins isolated from fetal and malignant cells and tissues. The presence of the FDC-6-defined structure at type III connecting segment (III CS) is characteristic of oncofetal fibronectin (onf-FN), and its absence is characteristic of normal fibronectin (nor-FN) (Matsuura, H., and Hakomori, S. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 82, 6517-6521). Hepatoma fibronectin was sequentially digested by various proteases, followed by subsequent chromatography on an FDC-6 affinity column and reverse-phase columns at each step of digestion. A single strongly active glycosylhexapeptide (glycopeptide 1) and an inactive glycosylpentapeptide (glycopeptide 3) were isolated from glycopeptide A containing 35 amino acid residues. The minimum essential structure required for the FDC-6 activity was found to be a hexapeptide sequence Val-Thr-His-Pro-Gly-Tyr having NeuAc alpha 2----3Gal beta 1----3GalNAc or its core (Gal beta 1----3GalNAc or GalNAc) linked at threonine. Various synthetic peptides including the Val-Thr-His-Pro-Gly-Tyr sequence and a glycopeptide having the Val-Thr-His-Pro-Gly pentapeptide with the same glycosylation at threonine were all inactive. Elimination of sialic acid slightly increased the activity, and subsequent elimination of galactose did not alter the activity; however, removal of the Gal beta 1----3GalNAc residue by endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from desialylated glycopeptide A resulted in total inactivation of the reactivity with FDC-6 antibody. Thus, a single glycosylation at a defined threonine residue of the III CS region may induce conformational changes in the peptide to form the specific oncofetal epitope recognized by FDC-6 antibody. This finding opens the possibility that a number of other oncofetal epitopes consist of a peptide and a common O-linked carbohydrate and that the combination produces a conformation specific to cancer or to a stage of development.