gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tumor necrosis factor alpha is an autocrine growth factor for normal human B cells. (1994)

Transcription of the human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene is one of the earliest events that occurs after stimulation of B or T cells via their antigen receptors. Antibody directed at surface immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) on B cells has previously been shown to induce a rapid burst of TNF-alpha gene transcription, which can be blocked by the immunosuppressants cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506. Here, TNF-alpha gene transcription is shown also to be highly and rapidly induced in human B cells after stimulation via the CD40 and interleukin 4 pathways, which similarly is inhibited by CsA and a panel of CsA or FK506 analogues that block calcineurin phosphatase activity. Endogenous TNF-alpha produced after stimulation was involved in B-cell proliferation since anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody inhibited both anti-Ig- and anti-CD40-induced B-cell proliferative responses. Moreover, addition of TNF-alpha during stimulation resulted in augmentation of B-cell proliferation, which was also inhibited by anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody. Although lymphotoxin alpha (LT-alpha) mRNA is induced by both pathways, it is not blocked by CsA, whereas LT-beta mRNA is constitutively expressed in B cells. Thus, TNF-alpha is a necessary autocrine growth factor for human B cells stimulated via two independent CsA-sensitive pathways and plays a role similar to that of interleukin 2 in T-cell proliferation. The autocrine nature of TNF-alpha in activated B cells implies a potential role for this cytokine in infection-related polyclonal B-cell expansion and in B-cell malignancies.
Metal Foams: A Design Guide (2001)

11R27. Metal Foams: A Design Guide. - MF Ashby (Eng Dept, Centre for Micromech, Univ of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK), A Evans (Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton Univ, 70 Prospect Ave, Bowen Hall, Princeton NJ 08540), NA Fleck (Eng Dept, Centre for Micromech, Univ of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK), LJ Gibson (Dept of Mat Sci and Eng, MIT, Cambridge, MA), JW Hutchinson (Div of Eng and Appl Sci, Harvard Univ, Oxford St, Cambridge MA 02138), HNG Wadley (Dept of Mat Sci and Eng, Sch of Eng and Appl Sci, Univ of Virginia, Charlottesville VA 22903). Butterworth-Heinemann, Woburn MA. 2000. 251 pp. ISBN 0-7506-7219-6. $75.00. Reviewed by F Delale (Dept of Mech Eng, CCNY, 138th St and Convent Ave, New York NY 10031).Metal foams are a new class of materials with application potential in many areas, especially in the design of lightweight structures. The publication of this book is a timely contribution given the current interest of developing lightweight structures for defense as well as commercial applications. The book is a collaborative effort with contributions from many prominent researchers. It consists of 19 chapters, an Appendix, and an Index. It is a concise treatise in that all this material fits in 251 pages.In the first introductory chapter, metal foams are defined and their potential applications discussed. The next three chapters deal with the making of metal foams, the methods used to characterize them, and the current knowledge about their properties. The authors then proceed to discuss design formulas for simple structures made of metal foams. In the second chapter, a constitutive model for metal foams is presented. The next seven chapters discuss design with metal foams in various applications and under different loading conditions, namely: fatigue, creep, sandwich structures, packaging and blast protection, sound absorption and vibration suppression, and thermal and electrical applications. The cutting, finishing, and joining of foam metals is the subject of the ensuing chapter. In Chapter 17, several case studies are presented. Finally, the book concludes with a listing of metal foam suppliers and of websites related to the subject. As this description indicates, after a brief introduction on the behavior of metal foams, the book is totally dedicated to designing with metal foams. One distinction of this book is that it deals not only with design under mechanical loads, but also with design methodology for other types of loading conditions and phenomena, such as: fatigue, creep, thermal management, sound and vibration, blast protection, etc. The level of mathematics is intentionally kept low to cater to a wider audience. The book is geared toward the practicing engineer, and in that respect, succeeds in fulfilling that goal. Metal Foams: A Design Guide is a worthy addition to the engineering literature, and it is recommended that libraries carry a copy.
Correlation of plasmids with infectivity of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto type strain B31 (1996)

The correlation of plasmid profiles with infectivity was investigated by using five clones of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto strain B31 (ATCC 35210). Plasmid profiles were determined by pulsed-field and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The 50% infectious dose (ID50) in hamsters was determined. The ID50 of the clone that possessed a full complement of eight linear and three circular plasmids was 10(3) cells. The loss of the 27.5- and 40-kb linear plasmids did not decrease the infectivity of these cells. Rather, the loss of the 27.5-kb linear plasmid was associated with a more disseminated infection. A moderate decrease of the ID50 from 10(3) to 10(5) cells correlated with the loss of the 9.0-kb circular plasmid and the 27.5-kb linear plasmid. A major loss of infectivity (ID50 > 10(3) cells) occurred with cells that lost the 24.7- and 27.5-kb linear plasmids and the 9.0-kb circular plasmid. A 3.0-kb HindIII fragment of the 24.7-kb linear plasmid was used as a probe to determine the presence of the homologous sequences in the three genospecies of Lyme disease spirochetes. An analysis of 21 infectious strains of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, and B. afzelii revealed a consistent association of infectivity with strains possessing a linear plasmid (size range, 24 to 36 kb) that hybridized with the HindIII fragment. Western immunoblotting with hamster antisera against infectious B31 clone C-3 revealed two proteins with molecular masses of 28 and 43 kDa that were absent in the noninfectious B31 clone C-1. Additionally, a 14-kDa protein was absent in C-1 but present in infectious clone C-9 as shown by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Prospective head‐movement correction for high‐resolution MRI using an in‐bore optical tracking system (2009)

In MRI of the human brain, subject motion is a major cause of magnetic resonance image quality degradation. To compensate for the effects of head motion during data acquisition, an in-bore optical motion tracking system is proposed. The system comprises two MR-compatible infrared cameras that are fixed on a holder right above and in front of the head coil. The resulting close proximity of the cameras to the object allows precise tracking of its movement. During image acquisition, the MRI scanner uses this tracking information to prospectively compensate for head motion by adjusting the gradient field direction and radio frequency (RF) phases and frequencies. Experiments performed on subjects demonstrate robust system performance with translation and rotation accuracies of 0.1 mm and 0.15 degrees, respectively.
Evidence for the importance of growth-surface structure to trace element incorporation in topaz (1994)

Trace element distributions in topaz [AlrSiOo(F,OH)r] single crystals display both sectoral and intrasectoral zoning of trace elements as a function of growth-surface structure. Differential interference contrast microscopy shows that the dominant { I l0} form exhibits large, polygonized, spiral gowth hillocks with four vicinal faces, each comprising an array of parallel growth steps. Cathodoluminescence microscopy and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microanalysis show that during gowth trace elements (As, Fe, and Ti) were differentially incorporated into vicinal faces having symmetrically nonequivalent step orientations, producing intrasectoral zoning in the bulk crystal. Subsectors that formed from vicinal faces related by surface symmetry possess identical compositions. In all cases, there is precise correlation between surface microtopography and trace element distribution, demonstrating a surface-structural control of trace element incorporation. Concentrations of As in time-equivalent regions of different subsectors within the {ll0} growth sector differ by as much as 9:1. Ti and Fe also differ significantly. Similar intrasectoral zoning related to surface-growth step orientation occurs on spiral growth hillocks on the {010}, {001}, and {l I l} forms as well. Sectoral zoning is also present in the majority of samples examined. Differences in trace element concentrations between time-equivalent regions of symmetrically nonequivalent $owth sectors are large, up to 100: I for As and between 23:-l and 7:5 for Fe, Ti, Ga, Ge, and Nb. Trace elements proxy for major elements in the structure but possess differences that significantly affect their incorporation at the surface. Zoning patterns preserve a record of that effect. Arrays of growth steps migrating in nonequivalent directions on a given surface, as well as growth surfaces of nonequivalent crystal forms, differ in their detailed structure ofincorporation sites and can differentially incorporate trace elements into coeval regions within a single crystal. Therefore, no single value of the distribution coefficient of a trace element can be applied for all areas of the crystal surface during growth. This indicates that the value ofthe distribution coefficient is path-dependent and thus not governed by equilibrium. Moreover, nonequivalent growth step orientations exhibit differences in such kinetic properties as step spreading (growth) rate and degree ofcurvature.
Surface-Immobilized Aptamers for Cancer Cell Isolation and Microscopic Cytology (2010)

Exposing rare but highly malignant tumor cells that migrate from the primary tumor mass into adjacent tissue(s) or circulate in the bloodstream is critical for early detection and effective intervention(s). Here, we report on an aptamer-based strategy directed against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), the most common oncogene in glioblastoma (GBM), to detect these deadly tumor cells. GBMs are characterized by diffuse infiltration into normal brain regions, and the inability to detect GBM cells renders the disease surgically incurable with a median survival of just 14.2 months. To test the sensitivity and specificity of our platform, anti-EGFR RNA aptamers were immobilized on chemically modified glass surfaces. Cells tested included primary human GBM cells expressing high levels of the wild-type EGFR, as well as genetically engineered murine glioma cells overexpressing the most common EGFR mutant (EGFRvIII lacking exons 2-7) in Ink4a/Arf-deficient astrocytes. We found that surfaces functionalized with anti-EGFR aptamers could capture both the human and murine GBM cells with high sensitivity and specificity. Our findings show how novel aptamer substrates could be used to determine whether surgical resection margins are free of tumor cells, or more widely for detecting tumor cells circulating in peripheral blood to improve early detection and/or monitoring residual disease after treatment.
Functionalization of SBA-15 with APTES and Characterization of Functionalized Materials (2003)

The amine moiety is an important functionality for many applications such as enzyme immobilization on porous solid supports. In this study, mesoporous SBA-15 was functionalized by co-condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) with organosilane (aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) in a wide range of molar ratios of APTES:TEOS in the presence of triblock copolymer P123 under acidic synthetic conditions. The functionalized materials were characterized by physical adsorption, CHN elemental analysis, and various spectroscopic techniques. The data of FTIR, elemental analysis, XPS, and solid-state NMR demonstrated the incorporation of amine functional groups on the surface and inside the pore walls of the APTES-functionalized SBA-15 samples. The results of SAXS, N2 adsorption, and TEM showed the effect of APTES present in the initial synthesis mixtures on the formation of SBA-15 mesostructure such as structural ordering, pore size, and surface area. Reasons behind the observed strong adverse effect of APTES on SBA-15 mesostructure were investigated.
Platelet inhibitory activity and pharmacokinetics of prasugrel (CS-747) a novel thienopyridine P2Y12 inhibitor: A single ascending dose study in healthy humans (2006)

This double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of prasugrel (CS-747, LY640315), a novel thienopyridine P2Y12 ADP receptor antagonist, during multiple oral dosing in healthy subjects. Eighteen subjects received placebo, or prasugrel 2.5 or 10 mg, orally, daily for 10 days. Adverse events were recorded and blood samples for measurement of platelet aggregation, bleeding time, and prasugrel metabolite concentrations were obtained. Two bleeding events were experienced in the prasugrel 10 mg dose group and one in the placebo group. Neither of the events was considered serious. ADP-induced platelet aggregation accumulated over the 10-day study period, reaching a steady state by days 2-4 following administration of prasugrel 10 mg daily. Limited inhibition of platelet aggregation was obtained with prasugrel 2.5 mg. In the 10-mg dose group at day 5, 4 h postdose, with 20 microM ADP as the agonist, inhibition of platelet aggregation was 61.2 +/- 5.6 vs. 17.9 +/- 6.2% in the placebo group (P < 0.01). Recovery of platelet aggregation was observed 48 h after the last dose of prasugrel 10 mg, but was only partial, consistent with irreversible platelet inhibition. The mean bleeding time was prolonged by day 5 at 4 h postdose in all subjects in the prasugrel 10 mg dose group (prasugrel 10 mg, 1058 +/- 412 s vs. placebo, 196 +/- 74 s; P < 0.001). The maximum plasma concentration of metabolites increased with prasugrel dose and there was no accumulation of metabolites over the 10-day study period. This study indicated that prasugrel 10 mg daily for 10 days was well tolerated and at steady-state provided sustained high levels of inhibition of platelet aggregation.
Acid-catalysed benzylation and allylation by alkyl trichloroacetimidates (1985)

Benzyl and allyl trichloroacetimidate (1) and (2) are convenient reagents for the O-alkylation of hydroxy groups under mildly acidic conditions, which are compatible with imide, ester, and acetal protecting groups. The base-catalyzed addition of benzyl alcohol or allyl alcohol to trichloroacetonitrile provides a simple synthesis of these imidates, but published methods for the recovery of related molecules by distillation leads to variable amounts of a rearranged product, N-alkyl trichloroacetamide. A modified procedure, suitable for the large scale synthesis of (1) and (2) without the need for a distillation step, is reported. The introduction of benzyl and allyl ethers to a variety of carbohydrate derivatives illustrates the potential of these reagents.
Divergent effects of 4-1BB antibodies on antitumor immunity and on tumor-reactive T-cell generation. (2001)

4-1BB is an inducible receptor-like protein expressed rapidly by both CD4 and CD8 T-cells after activation. 4-1BB cross-linking, either by binding to 4-1BBL or by antibody ligation, delivers a costimulatory signal to enhance T-cell activation and proliferation. Previous studies have demonstrated that the administration of 4-1BB monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) induces antitumor immune responses. In the current study using several murine tumors, we examined the systemic effects of 4-1BB mAb on the growth of s.c., intracranial (i.c.), and pulmonary metastases. In addition, the effects of 4-1BB mAb on the generation of antitumor effector T cells were examined. Treatment of 3-day i.c. MCA 205 sarcoma and GL261 glioma with the antibody resulted in prolongation of survival and cure of disease in some mice, whereas only minimal therapeutic effects were observed in established s.c. and pulmonary tumors. No antitumor effects against the poorly immunogenic B16/D5 melanoma were observed. Interestingly, successful treatment of i.c. tumors induced concomitant regression of s.c. tumors. Experiments using severe combined immunodeficient mice and mice depleted of either CD4 or CD8 T cells demonstrated T-cell dependence of the antitumor effects. For generation of effector T cells in the tumor-draining lymph nodes (LNs), administration of 4-1BB mAb had adverse effects, despite the apparent hypertrophy of the LNs. During in vitro activation of tumor-draining LN T cells with anti-CD3 and interleukin 2, the 4-1BB mAb augmented proliferation, resulting in an increase in CD8 T cells. However, they were less therapeutic than not treated LN cells. In adoptive immunotherapy, the coadministration of 4-1BB mAb enhanced the therapeutic efficacy. These results thus demonstrate the limits and potential advantages of 4-1BB antibody interactions with antitumor T cells in vivo and in vitro and suggest that therapeutic interactions of the antibody may be used in a variety of immunotherapeutic approaches.
Preclinical studies on deoxycoformycin and deoxyadenosine as pharmacologic T cell purging tools. (1989)

Deoxycoformycin (dCf) is a potent toxin to T lymphocytes in human peripheral blood and bone marrow. In the presence of deoxyadenosine (dAdo), dCf inhibits T cell function as measured by DNA synthesis induced by stimuli in the rank order of mixed lymphocyte culture greater than murine monoclonal antibody OKT3 greater than phytohemagglutinin. Approximately two logs of human bone marrow T cells were removed by 24 h of incubation with dCf and dAdo at doses that preserved colony-forming ability of the treated marrow. A semi-closed system of isolating mononuclear cells in large volumes using density gradient centrifugation was developed. Using this system, it was found that dCf and dAdo could remove about two logs of T lymphocytes after 24 h of incubation when the cells were incubated in large volumes at a relatively high concentration (10(7) cells/ml). This system appears well suited for purging T lymphocytes from human bone marrow before clinical transplantation.
Content of gonadotropins in cultured human malignant cells and effects of sodium butyrate treatment on gonadotropin secretion by HeLa cells. (1979)

Twenty-one of 82 human cell lines examined for production of human chorionic gonadotropin and its subunits (HCG-alpha and HCG-beta) produced either one or both subunits at some phase in their growth. Of these, 14 produced an excess amount of free alpha subunit, and seven produced HCG-beta or complete HCG without evidence for free alpha subunit synthesis. Five of the HCG-producing cell lines also contained or secreted the beta subunit of human luteinizing hormone. CBT cells derived from a glioblastoma multiforme and JAR choriocarcinoma cells secreted significant amounts of the beta subunit of human luteinizing hormone, while three other cell lines (breast carcinoma MCF-7, HeLa S3, and melanoma A375) produced small amounts of the beta subunit of human luteinizing hormone but did not appear to secrete it. Two cell lines (the melanoma line A375 and the SV40-transformed line SV80) appeared to contain small amounts of human follicle-stimulating hormone. Sodium butyrate caused a 40-fold induction in the secretion of both HCG-alpha and HCG-beta by HeLa S3 cells, but the total amount of HCG-alpha secretion induced was 800-fold greater than that of HCG-beta. Induction was blocked by actinomycin D (1 microgram/ml) and cycloheximide (5 microgram/ml) but was not affected by 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine at a concentration (5 microgram/ml) that blocked DNA synthesis 99%. These results indicate that a number of malignant human cell lines produce the subunits of both placental and pituitary gonadotropins and that there is frequently an excess secretion of the free alpha subunit common to these hormones.
Fast Object Localization Using a CNN Feature Map Based Multi-Scale Search (2016)

Object localization is an important task in computer vision but requires a large amount of computational power due mainly to an exhaustive multiscale search on the input image. In this paper, we describe a near real-time multiscale search on a deep CNN feature map that does not use region proposals. The proposed approach effectively exploits local semantic information preserved in the feature map of the outermost convolutional layer. A multi-scale search is performed on the feature map by processing all the sub-regions of different sizes using separate expert units of fully connected layers. Each expert unit receives as input local semantic features only from the corresponding sub-regions of a specific geometric shape. Therefore, it contains more nearly optimal parameters tailored to the corresponding shape. This multi-scale and multi-aspect ratio scanning strategy can effectively localize a potential object of an arbitrary size. The proposed approach is fast and able to localize objects of interest with a frame rate of 4 fps while providing improved detection performance over the state-of-the art on the PASCAL VOC 12 and MSCOCO data sets.
How NOT To Evaluate Your Dialogue System: An Empirical Study of Unsupervised Evaluation Metrics for Dialogue Response Generation (2016)

We investigate evaluation metrics for dialogue response generation systems where supervised labels, such as task completion, are not available. Recent works in response generation have adopted metrics from machine translation to compare a model's generated response to a single target response. We show that these metrics correlate very weakly with human judgements in the non-technical Twitter domain, and not at all in the technical Ubuntu domain. We provide quantitative and qualitative results highlighting specific weaknesses in existing metrics, and provide recommendations for future development of better automatic evaluation metrics for dialogue systems.
Evidence That Galactanase A from Pseudomonas fluorescens Subspecies cellulosa Is a Retaining Family 53 Glycosyl Hydrolase in Which E161 and E270 Are the Catalytic Residues (1997)

A genomic library of Pseudomonas fluorescens subsp. cellulosa DNA was screened for galactanase-positive recombinants. The nine galactanase positive phage isolated contained the same galactanase gene designated galA. The deduced primary structure of the enzyme (galactanase A; GalA) encoded by galA had a Mr of 42 130 and exhibited significant sequence identity with a galactanase from Aspergillus aculeatus, placing GalA in glycosyl hydrolase family 53. The enzyme displayed properties typical of an endo-beta1, 4-galactanase and exhibited no activity against the other plant structural polysaccharides evaluated. Analysis of the stereochemical course of 2,4-dinitrophenyl-beta-galactobioside (2,4-DNPG2) hydrolysis by GalA indicated that the galactanase catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds by a double displacement general acid-base mechanism. Hydrophobic cluster analysis (HCA) suggested that family 53 enzymes are related to the GH-A clan of glycosyl hydrolases, which have an (alpha/beta)8 barrel structure. HCA also predicted that E161 and E270 were the acid-base and nucleophilic residues, respectively. Mutants of GalA in which E161 and E270 had been replaced with alanine residues were essentially inactive against galactan. Against 2,4-DNPG2, E161A exhibited a much lower Km and kcat than native GalA, while E270A was inactive against the substrate. Analysis of the pre-steady-state kinetics of 2,4-DNPG2 hydrolysis by E161A showed that there was an initial rapid release of 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), which then decayed to a slow steady-state rate of product formation. No pre-steady-state burst of 2,4-DNP release was observed with the wild-type enzyme. These data are consistent with the HCA prediction that E161 and E270 are the acid-base and nucleophilic catalytic residues of GalA, respectively.