gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Shikimate Pathway as an Entry to Aromatic Secondary Metabolism (1995)

The shikimate pathway is often referred to as the common aromatic biosynthetic pathway, even though nature does not synthesize a11 aromatic compounds by this route. This metabolic sequence converts the primary metabolites PEP and erythrose-4-P to chorismate, the last common precursor for the three aromatic amino acids Phe, Tyr, and Trp and for p-amino and p-hydroxy benzoate (Fig. The shikimate pathway is found in bacteria, fungi, and plants. In monogastric animals, Phe and Trp are essential amino acids that have to come with the diet and Tyr is directly derived from Phe. Since bacteria use in excess of 90% of their metabolic energy for protein biosynthesis, for most prokaryotes, the three aromatic amino acids represent nearly the entire output of aromatic biosynthesis, and regulatory mechanisms for shikimate pathway activity are triggered by the intracellular concentrations of Phe, Tyr, and Trp. This is not so in higher plants, in which the aromatic amino acids are the precursors for a large variety of secondary metabolites with aromatic ring structures that often make up a substantial amount of the total dry weight of a plant. Among the many aromatic secondary metabolites are flavonoids, many phytoalexins, indole acetate, alkaloids such as morphine, UV light protectants, and, most important, lignin.
Hydrolysis of D(-)-Ethyl β-Phenyl-β-hydroxypropionate and D(-)-Ethyl β-Phenyl-β-acetamidopropionate by α-Chymotrypsin (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrolysis of D(-)-Ethyl β-Phenyl-β-hydroxypropionate and D(-)-Ethyl β-Phenyl-β-acetamidopropionate by α-ChymotrypsinSaul G. Cohen and Sandra Y. WeinsteinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 4, 725–728Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01058a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01058a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views100Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Selective Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPARγ) Modulator Blocks Adipocyte Differentiation but Stimulates Glucose Uptake in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes (2000)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonists such as the thiazolidinediones are insulin sensitizers used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. These compounds induce adipogenesis in cell culture models and increase weight gain in rodents and humans. We have identified a novel PPARgamma ligand, LG100641, that does not activate PPARgamma but selectively and competitively blocks thiazolidinedione-induced PPARgamma activation and adipocyte conversion. It also antagonizes target gene activation as well as repression in agonist-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. This novel PPARgamma antagonist does not block adipocyte differentiation induced by a ligand for the retinoid X receptor (RXR), the heterodimeric partner for PPARgamma, or by a differentiation cocktail containing insulin, dexamethasone, and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine. Surprisingly, LG100641, like the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone, increases glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Such selective PPARgamma antagonists may help determine whether insulin sensitization by thiazolidinediones is mediated solely through PPARgamma activation, and whether there are PPARgamma-ligand-independent pathways for adipocyte differentiation. If selective PPARgamma modulators block adipogenesis in vivo, they may prevent obesity, lower insulin resistance, and delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
Endoscopic thyroidectomy in 68 cases (2013)

Objective To compare the clinical therapeutic effects of thyroid endoscopic surgery and traditional open surgery in treatment of thyroid diseases.Methods Data of 136 patients undergoing thyroid surgery from May.2011 to May.2012 in the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province were collected.They were randomly divided into 2 groups:the observation group (n =68) and the control group (n =68).The observation group were treated with endoscopic thyroid surgery and the control group with the traditional surgery.Clinical data of the 2 groups such as operation time,intraoperative blood loss,postoperative drainage volume,postoperative serum interleukin 2 (IL-2),C reaction protein(CRP),TNF-αexpression level,postoperative complications,postoperative hospital stay and so on were collected and compared.Results The difference had no statistical significance between the 2 groups in the operation time,intraoperative blood loss,postoperative drainage volume,postoperative serum IL-2,CRP,TNF-αexpression levels,and postoperative complications (P ＞ 0.05).However,the observation group had superiority in the postoperative hospital stay,neck discomfort and the acceptability than the control group.The difference had statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Endoscopic thyroid surgery is safe and reliable.Compared with traditional open surgery,it has better cosmetic effects and less trauma.

Key words: 
Thyroid tumor;  Endoscopic ;  Thyroidectomy
Inhibition of Collagen Secretion from Bone and Cultured Fibroblasts by Microtubular Disruptive Drugs (1972)

Collagen synthesis in chick-embryo frontal bone and 3T3 fibroblasts from mice was measured by incorporation in vitro of [(14)C]proline into collagenase-digestible material. About 15-25% of the collagen synthesized by the frontal bone in 60 min, and 60% of that synthesized by the fibroblasts in 2 hr, was found to be soluble in the culture medium. The microtubular disruptive drugs colchicine and vinblastine, at 10 muM, inhibited collagen secretion in both systems almost completely. Formation of collagen hydroxyproline from proline was not inhibited by these drugs. Cytochalasin B, which impairs microfilament function, had no effect on collagen secretion. Our results support the theory that collagen is transported in vesicles to the cell membrane, where it is secreted. This conclusion is based on the similarity of the collagen-secreting system to other systems in which the movement of secretory vesicles or storage granules is inhibited by microtubule disruption.
A model for contact angle hysteresis (1984)

We discuss the behavior of a liquid partially wetting a solid surface, when the contact angle at equilibrium θ0 is small, but finite. The solid is assumed to be either flat, but chemically heterogeneous (this in turn modulating the interfacial tensions), or rough. For weak heterogeneities, we expect no hysteresis, but the contact line becomes wiggly. For stronger heterogeneities, we first discuss the behavior of the contact line in the presence of a single, localized defect, and show that there may exist two stable positions for the line, obtained by a simple graphic construction. Hysteresis shows up when the strength of the defect is above a certain threshold. Extending this to a dilute system of defects, we obtain formulas for the ‘‘advancing’’ and ‘‘receding’’ contact angles θa, θr, in terms of the distribution of defect strength and defect sharpness. These formulas might be tested by controlled contamination of a solid surface.
Sudden Drop in Ground Support Produces Force-Related Unload Response in Human Overground Walking (2009)

Humans maneuver easily over uneven terrain. To maintain smooth and efficient gait the motor system needs to adapt the locomotor output to the walking environment. In the present study we investigate the role of sensory feedback in adjusting the soleus muscle activity during overground walking in 19 healthy volunteers. Subjects walked unrestrained over a hydraulically actuated platform. On random trials the platform was accelerated downward at 0.8 g, unloading the plantar flexor muscles in midstance or late stance. The drop of the platform resulted in a significant depression of the soleus muscle activity of -17.9% (SD 2) and -21.4% (SD 2), with an onset latency of 49 ms (SD 1) and 45 ms (SD 1) in midstance and late stance, respectively. Input to the vestibular apparatus (i.e., the head acceleration) occurred at a latency 10.0 ms (SD 2.4) following the drop and ankle dorsiflexion velocity was decreased starting 22 ms (SD 15) after the drop. To investigate the role of length- and velocity-sensitive afferents on the depression in soleus muscle activity, the ankle rotation was arrested by using an ankle foot orthotic as the platform was dropped. Preventing the ankle movement did not significantly change the soleus depression in late stance [-18.2% (SD 15)], whereas the depression in midstance was removed [+4.9% (SD 13)]. It is concluded that force feedback from ankle extensors increases the locomotor output through positive feedback in late stance. In midstance the effect of force feedback was not observed, suggesting that spindle afferents may have a more significant effect on the output during this phase of the step cycle.
Shaping inputs to reduce vibration: a vector diagram approach (2002)

A method is described for limiting vibration in flexible systems by shaping the system inputs. Unlike most previous attempts at input shaping, this method does not require an extensive system model or lengthy numerical computation; only knowledge of the system's natural frequency and damping ratio is required. The effectiveness of this method when there are errors in the system model is explored and quantified. An algorithm is presented which, given an upper bound on acceptable residual vibration amplitude, determines a shaping strategy that is insensitive to errors in the estimated natural frequency.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Serum Apolipoproteins A-I, A-II and B in Hepatic Metastases Comparison with other Liver Diseases: Hepatomas and Cirrhosis (1986)

Serum concentrations of lipids and apolipoprotein A-I, A-II and B were determined in patients with hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer, with primary liver cancer and with cirrhosis. In all three liver diseases, the HDL fraction and apolipoproteins A-I and A-II showed significantly low values, while apolipoprotein B was only increased in hepatic metastases. The decrease of apolipoprotein A-II levels was more prominent in cirrhosis, thereby enhancing the A-I/A-II ratio. This ratio is decreased in metastasis and normal in hepatomas. In patients with hepatic metastases a correlation was observed between alkaline phosphatase and apolipoprotein A-II (p less than 0.05), and between gamma-glutamyltransferase and the A-I/A-II ratio (p less than 0.05). The present work suggests that determination of apolipoproteins and lipids of the HDL fraction offers a new approach to the study of liver diseases.
Site-competition epitaxy for superior silicon carbide electronics (1994)

We present and discuss a novel dopant control technique for compound semiconductors, called site-competition epitaxy, which enables a much wider range of reproducible doping control and affords much higher and lower epilayer doping concentrations than was previously possible. Site-competition epitaxy is presented for the chemical vapor deposition of 6H-SiC epilayers on commercially available (0001)SiC silicon-face substrates. Results from utilizing site-competition epitaxy include the production of degenerately doped SiC epilayers for ohmic-as-deposited (i.e., unannealed) metal contacts as well as very low doped epilayers for electronic devices exhibiting SiC record-breaking reverse voltages of 300 and 2000 V for 3C- and 6H-SiC p-n junction diodes, respectively.
Towards stationary phases for chromatography on a microchip: Molded porous polymer monoliths prepared in capillaries by photoinitiatedin situ polymerization as separation media for electrochromatography (2000)

Photoinitiated free radical polymerization has been used for the preparation of porous polymer monoliths within UV transparent fused silica capillaries and quartz tubes. These formats were used as models for the preparation of the separation media within channels of microfabricated devices. A mixture of ethylene dimethacrylate, butyl methacrylate, and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid was polymerized in the presence of a porogenic solvent consisting of 1-propanol, 1,4-butanediol, and water at room temperature under UV irradiation. Modification of the porogen composition enables the tailoring of pore size within the broad range from ca. 100 to 4000 nm. Scanning electron micrographs confirmed the homogeneity of the porous structure of the materials prepared, even in a quartz tube with a diameter as large as 4 mm. Separation properties of the resulting capillary columns were tested in capillary electrochromatography (CEC) mode using a mixture of thiourea and eight aromatic compounds. Plate number as high as 210 000 plates/m were found for a capillary column with optimized porous properties. The monolithic columns were also able to separate mixtures of peptides.
Effects of short term sacral nerve stimulation on anal and rectal function in patients with anal incontinence (1999)

Short term sacral nerve stimulation notably decreases episodes of faecal incontinence. The effect may be mediated via facilitation of striated sphincter muscle function, and via neuromodulation of sacral reflexes which regulate rectal sensitivity and contractility, and anal motility.
Randomized, Double-Blind, Dose-Ranging Study of Otamixaban, a Novel, Parenteral, Short-Acting Direct Factor Xa Inhibitor, in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (2007)

Otamixaban reduced F1+2 significantly more than UFH at the highest dose regimen, whereas no significant difference in the incidence of TIMI bleeding was observed between the otamixaban and UFH groups. These results set the stage for adequately powered clinical outcome trials of selective direct factor Xa inhibition in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
Protective peptides derived from novel glial proteins (2000)

In studying the mediators of VIP neurotrophism in the central nervous system, two glial proteins have been discovered. Both of these proteins contain short peptides that exhibit femtomolar potency in preventing neuronal cell death from a wide variety of neurotoxic substances. Extension of these peptides to models of oxidative stress or neurodegeneration in vivo have indicated significant efficacy in protection. These peptides, both as individual agents and in combination, have promise as possible protective agents in the treatment of human neurodegenerative disease and in pathologies involving oxidative stress.
5-HT3 Antagonists Derived from Aminopyridazine-type Muscarinic M1 Agonists (1998)

A conformational analysis, performed on muscarinic M1 agonists, identified four structural features characteristic of the muscarinic M1 pharmacophore: (i) a protonable basic or quaternary nitrogen acting as a cationic head; (ii) an electronegative dipole usually part of a planar mesomeric ester, amide, or amidine function which can be replaced by an ether (muscarine) or a dioxolane (AF 30); (iii) an intercharge distance of 5 +/- 0.5 A between the cationic head and the electronegative atom of the dipole; (iv) an elevation of 0.5 +/- 0.03 A of the cationic head over the plane containing the electronegative dipole. During a reinvestigation of the conformational behavior of published structures of 5-HT3 antagonists, similar features were observed for the 5-HT3 pharmacophore. However many 5-HT3 antagonists possess additional aromatic planes not present in the muscarinic M1 agonists. These observations brought us to predict the chemical modifications that would change muscarinic M1 agonists into 5-HT3 antagonists. Four of the predicted aminopyridazines were actually synthesized and submitted to testing. The observed IC50 values for 5-HT3 receptor binding ([3H] BRL 43694) ranged from 10 to 425 nM, whereas the affinities for the muscarinic receptor preparations ([3H] pirenzepine) layed over 10,000 nM. In electrophysiological studies the two most active compounds 10 and 13 produced antagonist-like effects on the 5-HT receptor channel complexes responsible for the generation of the rapidly desensitizing ionic currents, and agonist-like effects on those responsible for the slowly desensitizing components.
High dynamic range video (2003)

Typical video footage captured using an off-the-shelf camcorder suffers from limited dynamic range. This paper describes our approach to generate high dynamic range (HDR) video from an image sequence of a dynamic scene captured while rapidly varying the exposure of each frame. Our approach consists of three parts: automatic exposure control during capture, HDR stitching across neighboring frames, and tonemapping for viewing. HDR stitching requires accurately registering neighboring frames and choosing appropriate pixels for computing the radiance map. We show examples for a variety of dynamic scenes. We also show how we can compensate for scene and camera movement when creating an HDR still from a series of bracketed still photographs.
A Short-Term Clinical Evaluation of L-697,661, a Non-Nucleoside Inhibitor of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (1993)

L-697,661 is safe and well tolerated and has significant dose-related activity against HIV-1. However, resistant strains of the virus emerge rapidly and may limit the effectiveness of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors as monotherapy for HIV-1 infection.
Recovery of the human photopic electroretinogram after bleaching exposures: estimation of pigment regeneration kinetics (2003)

We used a fibre electrode in the lower conjunctival sac of the human eye to record the a-wave of the photopic electroretinogram elicited in response to dim red flashes, delivered in the presence of a rod-saturating blue background, before and after exposure of the eye to bright white illumination that bleached a significant fraction of cone photopigment. Responses were recorded from two normal subjects whose pupils were maximally dilated. A range of intensities of bleaching light were used, from 500 to 3000 photopic cd m(-2), and exposures were made sufficiently long in duration to achieve a steady-state bleach. In addition, responses were also recorded following shorter durations of exposures to the highest intensity (3000 cd m(-2)); these durations ranged from 5 to 60 s. The amplitude of the a-wave response to dim flashes was reduced following the exposures, with brighter or longer exposures causing greater reduction. The amplitude then recovered within about 4 min to the prebleach level. The amplitudes measured at ca 15 ms after the flash were used to derive the effective intensity of the flashes, thereby quantifying the fraction of photopigment available at the time of delivery of each flash. Recovery from all exposures in both subjects followed a common time course, which could be described well by a model of pigment kinetics based on rate-limited regeneration, where the initial rate of recovery following a total bleach was ca 50% of the total pigment per minute, and the residual pigment level for half the maximal rate was ca 20% of the total pigment. The same parameters, together with a fixed photosensitivity, could account for the steady-state pigment levels seen at each bleaching intensity, and also for the fraction of pigment bleached following exposures of different duration at the highest intensity. The dim-flash ERG thus provides a novel method for assessing pigment regeneration in vivo. Our finding that pigment regeneration follows rate-limited kinetics may explain previous reports of pigment regeneration deviating from first order kinetics. We present a model of regeneration in which the rate limit arises from a limitation in the delivery of 11-cis-retinoid to the photoreceptor outer segments.
On the Structure of Porous Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Membrane Prepared by Phase Inversion from Water-NMP-PVDF System (2002)

A PVDF membrane was prepared by isothermal immersion precipitation of a PVDF/NMP solution from pure water bath. FESEM imaging of the formed membrane revealed its porous structure, featuring tight skin, macrovoids, and cellular pores. These structural characteristics were common to membranes that were formed by precipitation of amorphous polymers from harsh nonsolvents. Evidence of crystallization in the present PVDF membrane could be observed on the surfaces of the various pores in the form of branching dendrites.
Urease. The primary cause of infection-induced urinary stones. (1976)

Previous reports have suggested that urease-producing bacteria play a prominent role in the formation of infection-induced urinary stones. We have carried out crystalization experiments in vitro which show that bacterial urease alkalinizes urine, thereby causing: (i) supersaturation with respect to struvite and calcium phosphate; and (ii) formation of struvite and apatite crystals. Growth of Proteus in urea-free urine or in urine which contained a urease inhibitor did not cause alkalinization, supersaturation, or crystallization of struvite and apatite. Growth of Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, or Pseudomonas was not associated with significant alkalinization, supersaturation, or crystallization. Struvite and apatite crystals dissolved in Proteus-infected urine in which undersaturation was maintained by urease inhibition. Similar results in all experiments were obtained using human urine and a synthetic urine which was devoid of matrix, pyrophosphate, or other undefined solutes. Urease-induced supersaturation appears to be the primary cause of infection-induced urinary stones.
Control of ligand specificity in cyclic nucleotide-gated channels from rod photoreceptors and olfactory epithelium. (1991)

Cyclic nucleotide-gated ionic channels in photoreceptors and olfactory sensory neurons are activated by binding of cGMP or cAMP to a receptor site on the channel polypeptide. By site-directed mutagenesis and functional expression of bovine wild-type and mutant channels in Xenopus oocytes, we have tested the hypothesis that an alanine/threonine difference in the cyclic nucleotide-binding site determines the specificity of ligand binding, as has been proposed for cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases [Weber, I.T., Shabb, J.B. & Corbin, J.D. (1989) Biochemistry 28, 6122-6127]. The wild-type olfactory channel is approximately 25-fold more sensitive to both cAMP and cGMP than the wild-type rod photoreceptor channel, and both channels are 30- to 40-fold more sensitive to cGMP than to cAMP. Substitution of the respective threonine by alanine in the rod photoreceptor and olfactory channels decreases the cGMP sensitivity of channel activation 30-fold but little affects activation by cAMP. Substitution of threonine by serine, an amino acid that also carries a hydroxyl group, even improves cGMP sensitivity of the wild-type channels 2- to 5-fold. We conclude that the hydroxyl group of Thr-560 (rod) and Thr-537 (olfactory) forms an additional hydrogen bond with cGMP, but not cAMP, and thereby provides the structural basis for ligand discrimination in cyclic nucleotide-gated channels.