gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electro-optic devices utilizing quadratic PLZT ceramic elements (1973)

A number of operational electronic devices are described which utilize PLZT ceramics as the active electrooptic element. For this study, the PLZT ceramic composition has been maintained at a constant 65/35 Zr/Ti ratio, with the La content ranging from 8.5 to 12 atomic percent. When operated in the transverse birefringent mode, these materials exhibit the quadratic, or Kerr, electrooptic effect. Typical applications which are discussed include flashblindness protective devices (to protect personnel as well as light sensitive instruments such as image intensifiers and vidicon tubes), display devices, page composers for holographic memories, and light gates for a variety of shutter applications. Contrast ratios and lifetime effects are discussed for the page composer application.
The Fifty-Year Decline of Cancer in America (2001)

The long-term decline is likely due primarily to improvements in medical care, including screening, diagnosis, and treatment.
Measurement of fluorophore concentrations and fluorescence quantum yield in tissue-simulating phantoms using three diffusion models of steady-state spatially resolved fluorescence (2003)

Steady-state diffusion theory models of fluorescence in tissue have been investigated for recovering fluorophore concentrations and fluorescence quantum yield. Spatially resolved fluorescence, excitation and emission reflectance Carlo simulations, and measured using a multi-fibre probe on tissue-simulating phantoms containing either aluminium phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (AlPcS4), Photofrin meso-tetra-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-porphine dihydrochloride The accuracy of the fluorophore concentration and fluorescence quantum yield recovered by three different models of spatially resolved fluorescence were compared. The models were based on: (a) weighted difference of the excitation and emission reflectance, (b) fluorescence due to a point excitation source or (c) fluorescence due to a pencil beam excitation source. When literature values for the fluorescence quantum yield were used for each of the fluorophores, the fluorophore absorption coefficient (and hence concentration) at the excitation wavelength (mu(a,x,f)) was recovered with a root-mean-square accuracy of 11.4% using the point source model of fluorescence and 8.0% using the more complicated pencil beam excitation model. The accuracy was calculated over a broad range of optical properties and fluorophore concentrations. The weighted difference of reflectance model performed poorly, with a root-mean-square error in concentration of about 50%. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that there are some situations where the weighted difference of reflectance is as accurate as the other two models, although this was not confirmed experimentally. Estimates of the fluorescence quantum yield in multiple scattering media were also made by determining mu(a,x,f) independently from the fitted absorption spectrum and applying the various diffusion theory models. The fluorescence quantum yields for AlPcS4 and TPPS4 were calculated to be 0.59 +/- 0.03 and 0.121 +/- 0.001 respectively using the point source model, and 0.63 +/- 0.03 and 0.129 +/- 0.002 using the pencil beam excitation model. These results are consistent with published values.
Preconditioning and postconditioning: innate cardioprotection from ischemia-reperfusion injury (2007)

Reperfusion is the definitive treatment to salvage ischemic myocardium from infarction. A primary determinant of infarct size is the duration of ischemia. In myocardium that has not been irreversibly injured by ischemia, reperfusion induces additional injury in the area at risk. The heart has potent innate cardioprotective mechanisms against ischemia-reperfusion that reduce infarct size and other presentations of postischemic injury. Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) applied before the prolonged ischemia exerts the most potent protection observed among known strategies. It has been assumed that IPC exerts protection during ischemia. However, recent data suggest that cardioprotection is also exerted during reperfusion. Postconditioning (PoC), defined as brief intermittent cycles of ischemia alternating with reperfusion applied after the ischemic event, has been shown to reduce infarct size, in some cases equivalent to that observed with IPC. Although there are similarities in mechanisms of cardioprotection by these two interventions, there are key differences that go beyond simply exerting these mechanisms before or after ischemia. A significant limitation of IPC has been the inability to apply this maneuver clinically except in situations where the ischemic event can be predicted. On the other hand, PoC is applied at the point of service in the hospital (cath-lab for percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, and other cardiac surgery) where and when reperfusion is initiated. Initial clinical studies are in agreement with the success and extent to which PoC reduces infarct size and myocardial injury, even in the presence of multiple comorbidities.
The Development of a Continuous Manufacturing Method for a Deployable Satellite Mast in CFRP (1986)

Long booms or masts are frequently required on spacecraft for a variety of purposes, such as supports for solar arrays, as antennas, or to locate experiments remote from the spacecraft environment. Prior to, and during launch, the masts must be stored in a compact form on board the spacecraft. There may also be a need to retract and redeploy masts when in orbit, for example to minimize the angular momentum during changes in the attitude of the spacecraft. A variety of designs of extendable or foldable masts have been developed. Some are based on a series of telescopic tubes, others make use of the de Haviland tube principle consisting of a thin-walled tube of elastic material, split longitudinally, which is opened out flat and coiled for launch. When uncoiled, it reverts to a circular cross-section and in some designs, provision is made for the edges of the split to interlock mechanically to increase the rigidity. The Collapsible Tube Mast (CTM) is a closed tube of lenticular cross-section that can be flattened and then reeled on a drum for storage in a relatively small volume. Collapsible masts made from thin metal sheet were explored in the United States space programme in the 1960&amp;apos;s1,2,3 and steel CTM&amp;apos;s were used in the Viking Lander 1 and 2 spacecraft to collect soil samples on Mars in 19764. Early use of collapsible tubes in carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) for the construction of deployable
A Conserved Mechanism for Sulfonucleotide Reduction (2005)

Sulfonucleotide reductases are a diverse family of enzymes that catalyze the first committed step of reductive sulfur assimilation. In this reaction, activated sulfate in the context of adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (APS) or 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is converted to sulfite with reducing equivalents from thioredoxin. The sulfite generated in this reaction is utilized in bacteria and plants for the eventual production of essential biomolecules such as cysteine and coenzyme A. Humans do not possess a homologous metabolic pathway, and thus, these enzymes represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Here we studied the mechanism of sulfonucleotide reduction by APS reductase from the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, using a combination of mass spectrometry and biochemical approaches. The results support the hypothesis of a two-step mechanism in which the sulfonucleotide first undergoes rapid nucleophilic attack to form an enzyme-thiosulfonate (E-Cys-S-SO(3-)) intermediate. Sulfite is then released in a thioredoxin-dependent manner. Other sulfonucleotide reductases from structurally divergent subclasses appear to use the same mechanism, suggesting that this family of enzymes has evolved from a common ancestor.
Compressed Bloom filters (2002)

A Bloom filter is a simple space-efficient randomized data structure for representing a set in order to support membership queries. Although Bloom filters allow false positives, for many applications the space savings outweigh this drawback when the probability of an error is sufficiently low. We introduce compressed Bloom filters, which improve performance when the Bloom filter is passed as a message, and its transmission size is a limiting factor. For example, Bloom filters have been suggested as a means for sharing Web cache information. In this setting, proxies do not share the exact contents of their caches, but instead periodically broadcast Bloom filters representing their caches. By using compressed Bloom filters, proxies can reduce the number of bits broadcast, the false positive probability, and/or the amount of computation per lookup. The cost is the processing time for compression and decompression, which can use simple arithmetic coding, and more memory use at the proxies, which utilize the larger uncompressed form of the Bloom filter.
The Differential Effect of NAT2 Variant Alleles Permits Refinement in Phenotype Inference and Identifies a Very Slow Acetylation Genotype (2012)

Indirect evidences suggest that acetylation phenotype categories are heterogeneous and that subcategories, related to specific NAT2 variant alleles might exist. We analyzed the in vivo acetylation phenotype and genotype in 504 north-American subjects of Caucasian origin. The analyses of the SNPs rs1801280 and rs1799930 allowed the discrimination of five categories with different acetylation status within the study population. These categories are related to the distinct effect of NAT2 alleles on the acetylation status in vivo and to the occurrence of a gene-dose effect. These five phenotype categories, from higher to lower acetylation capacity, correspond to the genotypes NAT2*4/*4, NAT2*4/*5 or *4/*6, NAT2*5/*5, NAT2*5/*6 and NAT2*6/*6 (p ≤ 0.001 for all comparisons). The NAT2*6/*6 genotype correspond to a phenotype category of very-slow acetylators. The refinement in phenotype prediction may help to identify risks associated to phenotype subcategories, and warrants the re-analysis of previous studies that may have overlooked phenotype subcategory-specific risks.
Compression of single-electron pulses with a microwave cavity (2012)

Few-femtosecond to attosecond electron pulses are required for advancing ultrafast diffraction and microscopy to the regime of electrons in motion. Here, we report the combination of a single-electron source with a microwave cavity for pulse compression. In such an arrangement, the electron pulses can become significantly shorter than the laser pulses used for electron generation. This comes at the expense of an increase in energy spread.We report the use of an energy analyzer for characterizing microwave-compressed singleelectron pulses. Phase effects, linearity, focal distances, incoming pulse durations and laser-microwave jitter are measured for three different synchronization approaches. The results demonstrate the applicability of a microwave cavity in the single-electron regime and identify jitter as the current limitation on the way to few-femtosecond, eventually attosecond pulses of single electrons. © IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.
Liver-Targeting of Interferon-Alpha with Tissue-Specific Domain Antibodies (2013)

Interferon alpha (IFNα) is used for the treatment of hepatitis C infection and whilst efficacious it is associated with multiple adverse events including reduced leukocyte, erythrocyte, and platelet counts, fatigue, and depression. These events are most likely caused by systemic exposure to interferon. We therefore hypothesise that targeting the therapeutic directly to the intended site of action in the liver would reduce exposure in blood and peripheral tissue and hence improve the safety and tolerability of IFNα therapy. We genetically fused IFN to a domain antibody (dAb) specific to a hepatocyte restricted antigen, asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). Our results show that the murine IFNα2 homolog (mIFNα2) fused to an ASGPR specific dAb, termed DOM26h-196-61, could be expressed in mammalian tissue culture systems and retains the desirable biophysical properties and activity of both fusion partners when measured in vitro. Furthermore a clear increase in in vivo targeting of the liver by mIFNα2-ASGPR dAb fusion protein, compared to that observed with either unfused mIFNα2 or mIFNα2 fused to an isotype control dAb VHD2 (which does not bind ASGPR) was demonstrated using microSPECT imaging. We suggest that these findings may be applicable in the development of a liver-targeted human IFN molecule with improved safety and patient compliance in comparison to the current standard of care, which could ultimately be used as a treatment for human hepatitis virus infections.
Computational and In Vivo Investigation of Optical Reflectance from Human Brain to Assist Neurosurgery (1998)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive disease involving the globus pallidus (GP), which is a gray matter mass, surrounded by white matter deep within the brain. During a neurosurgery procedure, a thin probe is inserted into the GP to create a lesion that often relieves the cardinal symptoms of PD. The goal of this study is to develop an optical method to accurately locate the GP border. In theory, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to predict the optical reflectance from brain tissue. In experiment, a portable, real-time display spectrometer with a fiber optic reflectance probe was developed and used during human surgery. Optical reflectance values were recorded at 1 mm intervals to obtain a spatial profile of the tissue as the probe passed through regions of gray and white matter. The simulation and in vivo studies of the reflectance from the brain are in good agreement with one another. The clinical data show that the reflectance from gray matter is approximately 50% or less than that from white matter between 650 and 800 nm. A slope algorithm is developed to distinguish gray and white matter in vivo. This study provides previously unknown optical reflectance of the human brain. © 1998 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Tele-CUPL (1967)

article Free Access Share on Tele-CUPL: a telephone time sharing system Authors: R. W. Conway Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NYView Profile , H. L. Morgan Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NYView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 10Issue 9Sept. 1967 pp 538–542https://doi.org/10.1145/363566.363583Published:01 September 1967Publication History 3citation253DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations3Total Downloads253Last 12 Months12Last 6 weeks4 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Structure and Ubiquitination-Dependent Activation of TANK-Binding Kinase 1 (2013)

Upon stimulation by pathogen-associated inflammatory signals, TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) induces type I interferon expression and modulates nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. Here, we describe the 2.4 Å-resolution crystal structure of nearly full-length TBK1 in complex with specific inhibitors. The structure reveals a dimeric assembly created by an extensive network of interactions among the kinase, ubiquitin-like, and scaffold/dimerization domains. An intact TBK1 dimer undergoes K63-linked polyubiquitination on lysines 30 and 401, and these modifications are required for TBK1 activity. The ubiquitination sites and dimer contacts are conserved in the close homolog inhibitor of κB kinase ε (IKKε) but not in IKKβ, a canonical IKK that assembles in an unrelated manner. The multidomain architecture of TBK1 provides a structural platform for integrating ubiquitination with kinase activation and IRF3 phosphorylation. The structure of TBK1 will facilitate studies of the atypical IKKs in normal and disease physiology and further the development of more specific inhibitors that may be useful as anticancer or anti-inflammatory agents.
Realization of an atomically flat surface of diamond using dressed photon–phonon etching (2012)

Abstract We obtained an atomically flat diamond surface following dressed photon–phonon (DPP) etching using 3.81 eV light and O 2 gas. We obtained a surface roughness ( R a ) of 0.154 nm for Ib-type (1 1 1) diamond and 0.096 nm for Ib-type (1 0 0) diamond. To evaluate the surface roughness, we grouped the surface into bins of width l and introduced the standard deviation of the height difference function for a given separation l , which allowed us to determine the height variation of the surface. Based on the calculation of standard deviation, the conventional adiabatic photochemical reaction did not remove the small surface features, while DPP etching decreased the surface roughness for all length scales.
Minimally-invasive debulking of ovarian cancer in the rat pelvis by means of photodynamic therapy using the pegylated photosensitizer PEG-m-THPC (1999)

Interstitial photodynamic therapy (PDT) using the pegylated photosensitizer PEG-m-THPC was evaluated as a minimally-invasive procedure to selectively debulk unrespectable pelvic ovarian cancer (NuTu-19) in immunocompetent rats. To assess tumour selectivity, PEG-m-THPC at dosages of 0.3, 3.0 and 30 mg kg(-1) body weight was administered intravenously to 30 rats 4 weeks following tumour induction. Eight days later laser light at 652 nm and optical doses ranging from 100 to 900 J cm(-1) diffuser-length was delivered by an interstitial cylindrical diffusing fibre inserted blindly into the pelvis. Three days following light application, the volume of necrosis was measured and the damage to pelvic organs was assessed histologically on cross sections. For analysis of survival, 20 tumour-bearing rats received PDT using drug doses of 3 or 9 mg kg(-1) body weight and an optical dose of 900 J cm(-1) diffuser-length, whereas ten untreated tumour-bearing rats served as controls. The histological assessment of PDT induced necrosis showed a non-linear dose-response for both the photosensitizer dose and the optical dose. The lowest drug dose activated with the highest optical dose did not induce more necrosis than seen in tumour-bearing control animals. The same optical dose induced necrosis of 17 mm in diameter using 30 mg kg(-1) and 11 mm using 3 mg kg(-1) photosensitizer. The optical threshold for induction of significant necrosis was between 100 and 300 J cm(-1) diffuser-length for 30 mg kg(-1) and between 300 and 500 J cm(-1) for 3 mg kg(-1) PEG-m-THPC. Significant damage to normal pelvic organs was only seen if 30 mg kg(-1) photosensitizer was activated with optical doses of 700 J cm(-1) or more. In the survival study, all treated animals survived PDT for at least 2 weeks and the intestinal and urinary tract remained functional. No clinical signs of blood vessel or nerve injury were observed. Mean overall survival of untreated tumour-bearing rats was 25.0 +/- 4.5 days compared to 38.4 +/- 3.8 days and 40.0 +/- 3.6 days for rats treated with 3 mg kg(-1) or 9 mg kg(-1) PEG-m-THPC mediated PDT respectively (P < 0.05). We conclude that PEG-m-THPC mediated PDT has a favourable therapeutic window and that this minimally-invasive procedure can reduce pelvic cancer bulks effectively and selectively.
Enhanced Induction of RPE Lineage Markers in Pluripotent Neural Stem Cells Engrafted into the Adult Rat Subretinal Space (2003)

Very few rNSCs differentiate in vitro into epithelial-like cells that express RPE-specific markers. In vivo, this differentiation is remarkably enhanced after subretinal engraftment. Thus, transplantation of NSCs into the subretinal space may be a therapy for retinal diseases involving an RPE abnormality.
HbA1c and Risk of Severe Hypoglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes (2013)

Severe hypoglycemia was common among patients with type 2 diabetes across all levels of glycemic control. Risk tended to be higher in patients with either near-normal glycemia or very poor glycemic control.
Grid Enabled Surrogate Modeling (2009)

The simulation and optimization of complex systems is a very time consuming and computationally intensive task. Therefore, global surrogate modeling methods are often used for the efficient exploration of the design space, as they reduce the number of simulations needed. However, constructing such surrogate models (or metamodels) is often done in a straightforward, sequential fashion. In contrast, this chapter presents a framework that can leverage the use of compute clusters and grids in order to decrease the model generation time by efficiently running simulations in parallel. The authors describe the integration between surrogate modeling and grid computing on three levels: resource level, scheduling level and service level. This approach is illustrated with a simple example from aerodynamics.
The Matrix Protein of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Inhibits Nucleocytoplasmic Transport When It Is in the Nucleus and Associated with Nuclear Pore Complexes (2000)

The matrix (M) protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a potent inhibitor of bidirectional nuclear transport. Here we demonstrate that inhibition occurs when M protein is in the nucleus of Xenopus laevis oocytes and that M activity is readily reversed by a monoclonal antibody (alphaM). We identify a region of M protein, amino acids 51 to 59, that is required both for inhibition of transport and for efficient recognition by alphaM. When expressed in transfected HeLa cells, M protein colocalizes with nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) at the nuclear rim. Moreover, mutation of a single amino acid, methionine 51, eliminates both transport inhibition and targeting to NPCs. We propose that M protein inhibits bidirectional transport by interacting with a component of the NPC or an NPC-associated factor that participates in nucleocytoplasmic transport.
A self-replicating ligase ribozyme (2002)

A self-replicating molecule directs the covalent assembly of component molecules to form a product that is of identical composition to the parent. When the newly formed product also is able to direct the assembly of product molecules, the self-replicating system can be termed autocatalytic. A self-replicating system was developed based on a ribozyme that catalyzes the assembly of additional copies of itself through an RNA-catalyzed RNA ligation reaction. The R3C ligase ribozyme was redesigned so that it would ligate two substrates to generate an exact copy of itself, which then would behave in a similar manner. This self-replicating system depends on the catalytic nature of the RNA for the generation of copies. A linear dependence was observed between the initial rate of formation of new copies and the starting concentration of ribozyme, consistent with exponential growth. The autocatalytic rate constant was 0.011 min(-1), whereas the initial rate of reaction in the absence of pre-existing ribozyme was only 3.3 x 10(-11) M.min(-1). Exponential growth was limited, however, because newly formed ribozyme molecules had greater difficulty forming a productive complex with the two substrates. Further optimization of the system may lead to the sustained exponential growth of ribozymes that undergo self-replication.