gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pre-Ignition of Gasoline-Air Mixture Triggered by a Lubricant Oil Droplet (2014)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper presents the effects of a lubricant oil droplet on the start of combustion of a fuel-air mixture. Lubricant oil is thought to be a major source of low-speed pre-ignition in highly boosted spark ignition engines. However, the phenomenon has not yet been fully understood because its unpredictability and the complexity of the mixture in the engine cylinder make analysis difficult.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this study, a single oil droplet in a combustion cylinder was considered as a means of simplifying the phenomenon. The conditions under which a single oil droplet ignites earlier than the fuel-air mixture were investigated. Tests were conducted by using a rapid compression expansion machine. A single oil droplet was introduced into the cylinder through an injector developed for this study. The ignition and the flame propagation were observed through an optical window, using a high-speed video camera.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The test results showed that the ignition timing triggered by the oil droplet became earlier as the droplet diameter decreased and the temperature increased. Except under some conditions, however, ignition delay was later than that of a gasoline mixture. The early triggering of combustion followed by flame propagation required the introduction of a heated oil droplet. The probability of flame propagation initiated by the oil droplet decreased with the temperature of the droplet. Numerical simulations indicated the same tendency. The test results also showed that the probability of ignition changed with the dilution ratio and the ignitability of the mixture. It was notable that the dilution with N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; decreased more than the fuel RON.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
The Incomplete Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in the Blue-green Alga Anabaena Variabilis (1969)

Summary: The presence of an incomplete tricarboxylic acid cycle in Anabaena varia-bilis and Anacystis nidulam is described. These blue-green algae lack both α-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA synthetase. Succinyl-CoA was formed in extracts of A. variabilis by 3-ketoacyl CoA-transferase using acetoacetyl-CoA as CoA donor. The activities of the other tricarboxylic cycle enzymes were measured in extracts prepared from autotrophic organisms and from those grown in the presence of acetate. No alterations in activity indicative of enzyme repression or de-repression were observed. These results are discussed in relation to possible reasons for autotrophic behaviour.
Deficiency of caspase-3 in MCF7 cells blocks Bax-mediated nuclear fragmentation but not cell death. (2001)

Caspase-3 plays a critical role in a proteolytic cascade within the apoptosis signal pathway; this enzyme is commonly activated by numerous death signals and cleaves a variety of important cellular proteins. Using caspase-3-deficient MCF7 cells and clones stably transfected with the caspase-3 gene (MCF7/Casp3), we evaluated the role of caspase-3 in Bax-induced apoptosis. Bax overexpression induced cell death in both parental MCF7 cells and MCF7/Casp3 cells. The introduction of the caspase-3 gene did not change the rate of cell death. Caspase-3-deficient parental MCF7 cells, however, failed to undergo morphological nuclear and DNA fragmentation, whereas MCF7/casp3 cells displayed intact nuclear dismantling and DNA fragmentation. Caspase-3 deficiency, however, did not affect Bax-induced levels of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, caspase-6 activation, and lamin B cleavage. Together, these results suggest that a deficit in caspase-3 is not sufficient to block Bax-induced cell death.
Oxide-on-graphene field effect bio-ready sensors (2014)

Electrical detection schemes using nanoscale devices offer fast and label-free alternatives to biosensing techniques based on chemical and optical interactions. Here we report on the design, fabrication, and operation of oxide-on-graphene ion-sensitive field effect sensor arrays using large-area graphene sheets synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. In this scheme, HfO2 and SiO2 thin films are deposited atop the graphene sheet and play the dual role of the sensing interface, as well as the passivation layer protecting the channel and electrodes underneath from direct contact with the electrolyte. We further demonstrate the functionalization of the SiO2 surface with 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS). The oxide-on-graphene sensors operate in solution with high stability and a high average mobility of 5,000 cm2/(V·s). As a proof of principle, we demonstrate pH sensing using the bare or the APTMS-functionalized SiO2 as the sensing surface. The measured sensitivities, 46 mV/pH and 43 mV/pH, respectively, agree well with existing studies. We further show that by applying the solution gate voltage in pulse, the hysteresis in the transfer curve of the graphene transducer can be eliminated, greatly improving the ionic potential resolution of the sensor. These experiments demonstrate the potential of oxide-on-graphene ion-sensitive field effect sensors in on-chip, label-free and real-time biosensing applications.
Prefix B -trees (1977)

Two modifications of B -trees are described, simple prefix B -trees and prefix B -trees. Both store only parts of keys, namely prefixes, in the index part of a B * -tree. In simple prefix B -trees those prefixes are selected carefully to minimize their length. In prefix B -trees the prefixes need not be fully stored, but are reconstructed as the tree is searched. Prefix B -trees are designed to combine some of the advantages of B -trees, digital search trees, and key compression techniques while reducing the processing overhead of compression techniques.
Lactococcin A, a new bacteriocin from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris: isolation and characterization of the protein and its gene (1991)

A new bacteriocin, termed lactococcin A (LCN-A), from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris LMG 2130 was purified and sequenced. The polypeptide contained no unusual amino acids and showed no significant sequence similarity to other known proteins. Only lactococci were killed by the bacteriocin. Of more than 120 L. lactis strains tested, only 1 was found resistant to LCN-A. The most sensitive strain tested, L. lactis subsp. cremoris NCDO 1198, was inhibited by 7 pM LCN-A. By use of a synthetic DNA probe, lcnA was found to be located on a 55-kb plasmid. The lcnA gene was cloned and sequenced. The sequence data revealed that LCN-A is ribosomally synthesized as a 75-amino-acid precursor including a 21-amino-acid N-terminal extension. An open reading frame encoding a 98-amino-acid polypeptide was found downstream of and in the same operon as lcnA. We propose that this open reading frame encodes an immunity function for LCN-A. In Escherichia coli lcnA did not cause an LCN-A+ phenotype. L. lactis subsp. lactis IL 1403 produced small amounts of the bacteriocin and became resistant to LCN-A after transformation with a recombinant plasmid carrying lcnA. The other lactococcal strains transformed with the same recombinant plasmid became resistant to LCN-A but did not produce any detectable amount of the bacteriocin.
Novel Three-Dimensional Electrodes:  Electrochemical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Ensembles (2002)

We report on the electrochemical study of three carbon nanotube ensemble electrodes: single-walled nanotube paper, as-produced multiwalled nanotube towers, and heat-treated multiwalled nanotube towers. Cyclic voltammetry was used in 0.10 M KCl containing 5.0 mM K4Fe(CN)6 to obtain information on both the capacitive background and electron transfer rate from the faradaic reaction of the redox species. The capacitance gives insight into the effective surface area (including both the exterior surface and the interior surface within the film) as well as the “pseudocapacitance” due to faradaic reactions of surface bonded oxides. We found that a large portion of the carbon nanotube surface of the as-produced multiwalled nanotube tower electrode was blocked by amorphous carbon. It can be largely removed by prolonged heat treatment. Among the three types of samples, the single-walled nanotube paper electrode presented the largest volume specific capacitance, consistent with its highest carbon nanotube packing density (i.e., largest effective carbon nanotube surface area). The redox reaction of Fe(CN)63-/Fe(CN)64- was found to occur not only at the outer surface of the carbon nanotube film but also at the interior surface of the nanotube ensemble electrodes. This indicates that the carbon nanotube ensemble behaves as a three-dimensional electrode. The apparent electron transfer rate (as indicated by the redox peak separation) was found to correlate to both the area of the exposed side-walls (with graphite basal-plane-like properties) and the density of graphite edge-plane-like defects.
Successful treatment of canine hemophilia by continuous expression of canine FVIIa (2008)

Continuous expression of activated factor VII (FVIIa) via gene transfer is a potential therapeutic approach for hemophilia patients with or without inhibitory antibodies to human factor VIII (FVIII) or IX (FIX). Here, we investigate whether gene transfer of an engineered canine FVIIa (cFVIIa) transgene can affect hemostasis in a canine model of hemophilia, a good predictor of efficacy of hemophilia treatments. Purified recombinant cFVIIa exhibited 12-fold higher tissue factor-dependent activity than purified recombinant zymogen cFVII. Subsequently, we generated a serotype 8 recombinant adeno-associated viral vector expressing cFVIIa from a liver-specific promoter. Vector delivery via the portal vein in hemophilia A and B dogs was well tolerated, and long-term expression of cFVIIa resulted in a shortening of the prothrombin time, partial correction of the whole blood clotting time and thromboelastography parameters, and a complete absence of spontaneous bleeding episodes. No evidence of hepatotoxicity, thrombotic complications, or inhibitory immune response was found. These data provide the first evidence for in vivo efficacy and safety of continuously expressed FVIIa as a FVIII/FIX-bypassing agent in a large animal model of hemophilia, avoiding the risk of inhibitor formation associated with bolus FVIII or FIX infusion.
Blue Electrophosphorescence from Iridium Complex Covalently Bonded to the Poly(9-dodecyl-3-vinylcarbazole):  Suppressed Phase Segregation and Enhanced Energy Transfer (2005)

Efficient blue electrophosphorescence was achieved from iridium(III) bis[(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C2‘]picolinate (FIrpic) covalently bonded to the carbazole-based wide-band-gap polymer host (poly(9-dodecyl-3-vinylcarbazole); CP0). Number-average molecular weights of CP0-based copolymers containing FIrpic pendants (CPn) ranged over 18 000−33 700 when the molar content of FIrpic-containing monomer units was 0.8−10.6%: CP1 (0.8%), CP2 (2.9%), CP3 (5.3%), and CP4 (10.6%). Phase segregation in the CPn copolymer was significantly suppressed compared to that in the doped analogues (molecular composite of CP0/FIrpic). The photoluminescence spectra of the carbazole-based polymer host (CP0) overlapped with the absorption band of FIrpic, and the T1 level of CP0 (−2.6 eV) was higher than that of FIrpic (−3.1 eV), ensuring highly efficient exothermic energy transfer. Electroluminescence (EL) devices employing CPn polymers as emitting layer showed exclusive FIrpic emission due to the efficient energy transfer and subsequent exciton confinement in FIpic. The luminance of preliminary EL devices reached as high as 1450 cd/m2 with emission efficiency of 2.23 cd/A. It was specifically noted that the roll-off of external quantum efficiency in the region of high current density was interestingly suppressed in the CPn polymer devices.
The Horus WLAN location determination system (2005)

We present the design and implementation of the Horus WLAN location determination system. The design of the Horus system aims at satisfying two goals: high accuracy and low computational requirements. The Horus system identifies different causes for the wireless channel variations and addresses them to achieve its high accuracy. It uses location-clustering techniques to reduce the computational requirements of the algorithm. The lightweight Horus algorithm helps in supporting a larger number of users by running the algorithm at the clients.We discuss the different components of the Horus system and its implementation under two different operating systems and evaluate the performance of the Horus system on two testbeds. Our results show that the Horus system achieves its goal. It has an error of less than 0.6 meter on the average and its computational requirements are more than an order of magnitude better than other WLAN location determination systems. Moreover, the techniques developed in the context of the Horus system are general and can be applied to other WLAN location determination systems to enhance their accuracy. We also report lessons learned from experimenting with the Horus system and provide directions for future work.
Implementation of Barcode Localization Technique using Morphological Operations (2014)

Barcode Localization is an extremely important task in Barcode Reading system which depends highly on imaging conditions and methods used for barcode localization. In this paper, we have presented a method for barcode localization which is based on basic morphological operations. The method introduced is implemented in MATLAB 2012 and is then examined for different types of test images such as images with skewed, blurry or multiple barcodes in an image. The method is then compared with some existing methods of literature on the basis of these test images. It has been found that the performance of the algorithm depends upon the proper choice of the switching element.
Comparative Glycomics of the Glycoprotein Follicle Stimulating Hormone:  Glycopeptide Analysis of Isolates from Two Mammalian Species (2006)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is one of the important hormones that regulate gonadal functions. This hormone is glycosylated, and the glycans greatly influence the biological properties. In the present study the negatively charged glycopeptides of equine and human pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (eFSH and hFSH) have been characterized in a glycosylation site-specific manner using FT-ICR-MS and Edman sequencing. The characteristic pattern of glycan distribution at each glycosylation site has been deduced and compared between horse and human FSH preparations. The data suggest that site-specific differences exist between glycoforms of human and equine FSH. For instance, except for one site in the beta subunit (Asn7) of hFSH all other sites in both species have sulfated glycoforms. Also, glycoforms at Asn52 of hFSH are all complex type, whereas in eFSH, both complex and hybrid structures exist at this site. There is also a higher percentage of sulfated glycans in the latter site compared to the former. This is the first study that characterizes the glycans from this hormone in a glycosylation site-specific manner, and these data can be used to begin correlative studies between glycosylation structure and hormone function.
The Use of the MPTP-Treated Mouse as an Animal Model of Parkinsonism (1987)

The MPTP-treated mouse has proven to be a valuable model of parkinsonism. For example, C57 black mice treated with MPTP exhibit a large decrement in the neostriatal content of dopamine and its metabolites, a marked reduction in the capacity of neostriatal synaptosomal preparations to accumulate [3H]dopamine, a large decrease in neostriatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity, a marked loss of nerve cells in the zona compacta of the substantia nigra, and pronounced behavioral deficits. These biochemical, pathological and behavioral deficits are similarly observed in MPTP-treated primates and in humans with idiopathic parkinsonism. A great deal of our current knowledge concerning MPTP has come from experimentation carried out in the mouse.
Structure-Based Design of a Potent, Selective, and Irreversible Inhibitor of the Catalytic Domain of the erbB Receptor Subfamily of Protein Tyrosine Kinases (1997)

We report the use of structure-based drug design to create a selective erbB-1 (a.k.a. epidermal growth factor receptor) and erbB-2 (a.k.a. neu/her2 growth factor receptor) tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Using the X-ray crystal structure of the ternary complex of the cAMP-dependent Ser/Thr kinase together with a sequence alignment of the catalytic domains of a representative set of Ser/Thr and Tyr protein kinases, we have examined the nucleotide binding site for potential positions to attach an irreversible inhibitor. This information, combined with homology modeling of the erbB-1 and erbB-2 tyrosine kinase catalytic domains, has led to the identification of Cys797 of erbB1 and Cys805 of erbB2, which are structurally equivalent to Glu127 in the cAMP dependant Ser/Thr kinase as potential target residues. The X-ray structure of the cAMP Ser/Thr kinase shows Glu127 to be involved in a hydrogen-bonding interaction with the 2'-OH of the ribose portion of ATP. Using molecular modeling, it was predicted that the Cys side chains in erbB-1 and erbB-2 performed an analogous role, and it was postulated that the replacement of the 2'-OH of adenosine with a thiol might allow for a covalent bond to form. Since only erbB-1 and erbB-2 have a Cys at this position, the inhibitor should be selective. This model was subsequently tested experimentally by chemical synthesis of 2'-thioadenosine and assayed against the full length erbB-1 receptor and the catalytic domains of erbB-2, insulin receptor, beta-PDGF receptor, and the FGF receptor. Our results show that thioadenosine covalently inactivates erbB-1 with a second-order rate constant of k(max)/K(S) = 2000 +/- 500 M(-1) s(-1). Inactivation is fully reversed by 1 mM dithiothreitol, suggesting that inactivation involves the modification of a cysteine residue at the active site, presumably Cys797. The rate of inactivation saturates with increasing thioadenosine concentrations, suggesting that inactivation occurs through initial formation of a noncovalent complex with K(D) = 1.0 +/- 0.3 microM, followed by the slow formation of a disulfide bond with a rate constant of k(max) = (2.3 +/- 0.2) x 10(-3) s(-1). This approach may have application in the design of selective irreversible inhibitors against other members of the kinase family.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2003)

Obstructive sleep apnea is common, readily diagnosed, and usually treatable. It frequently coexists undiagnosed in patients with cardiovascular disease, activates disease mechanisms known to elicit cardiac and vascular damage, and may be implicated in progression of cardiovascular disease and resistance to conventional therapeutic strategies. In the absence of definitive evidence from large-scale trials and a better understanding of potential cost-effectiveness, the likely benefits of diagnosis and treatment of OSA are presently best appraised on an individualized patient basis.
Component Interactions in the Soluble Methane Monooxygenase System from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) (1999)

The soluble methane monooxygenase system of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) includes three protein components: a 251-kDa non-heme dinuclear iron hydroxylase (MMOH), a 39-kDa iron-sulfur- and FAD-containing reductase (MMOR), and a 16-kDa regulatory protein (MMOB). The thermodynamic stability and kinetics of formation of complexes between oxidized MMOH and MMOB or MMOR were measured by isothermal titration calorimetry and stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy at temperatures ranging from 3.3 to 45 degrees C. The results, in conjunction with data from equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation studies of MMOR and MMOB, indicate that free MMOR and MMOB exist as monomers in solution and bind MMOH with 2:1 stoichiometry. The role of component interactions in the catalytic mechanism of sMMO was investigated through simultaneous measurement of oxidase and hydroxylase activities as a function of varied protein component concentrations during steady-state turnover. The partitioning of oxidase and hydroxylase activities of sMMO is highly dependent on both the MMOR concentration and the nature of the organic substrate. In particular, NADH oxidation is significantly uncoupled from methane hydroxylation at MMOR concentrations exceeding 20% of the hydroxylase concentration but remains tightly coupled to propylene epoxidation at MMOR concentrations ranging up to the MMOH concentration. The steady-state kinetic data were fit to numerical simulations of models that include both the oxidase activities of free MMOR and of MMOH/MMOR complexes and the hydroxylase activity of MMOH/MMOB complexes. The data were well described by a model in which MMOR and MMOB bind noncompetitively at distinct interacting sites on the hydroxylase. MMOB manifests its regulatory effects by differentially accelerating intermolecular electron transfer from MMOR to MMOH containing bound substrate and product in a manner consistent with its activating and inhibitory effects on the hydroxylase.
Optimization of the antimicrobial activity of magainin peptides by modification of charge (2001)

Investigation of magainin II amide analogs with cationic charges ranging between +3 and +7 showed that enhancement of the peptide charge up to a threshold value of +5 and conservation of appropriate hydrophobic properties optimized the antimicrobial activity and selectivity. High selectivity was the result of both enhanced antimicrobial and reduced hemolytic activity. Charge increase beyond +5 with retention of other structural motifs led to a dramatic increase of hemolytic activity and loss of antimicrobial selectivity. Selectivity could be restored by reduction of the hydrophobicity of the hydrophobic helix surface (H(hd)), a structural parameter not previously considered to modulate activity. Dye release experiments with lipid vesicles revealed that the potential of peptide charge to modulate membrane activity is limited: on highly negatively charged 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidyl-DL-glycerol bilayers, reinforcement of electrostatic interactions had an activity-reducing effect. On neutral 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers, the high activity was determined by H(hd). H(hd) values above a certain threshold led to effective permeabilization of all lipid systems and even compensated for the activity-reducing effect of charge increase on highly negatively charged membranes.
[New aspects of the theory inflammation (immune inflammation)]. (1981)

Immune inflammation (II) arises on the basis of immunopathological mechanisms and acquires certain qualitative and quantitative features. It develops in a sensitized host following a specific immune response. Several kinds of II are to be distinguished differing from each other by the prevalence of disorders in cellular or humoral immunity, the pattern of the antigen, involvement in the response of immunoglobulins of different classes, complement components and a set of mediators. According to Sell's scheme, six immunopathological mechanisms are distinguished which underlie the development of early (like immediate type hypersensitivity) or late (like delayed type hypersensitivity) immune inflammation. Sometimes humoral and cellular mechanisms alternate in II which is reflected in the morphological picture of inflammation. This is illustrated by an example of the study of tissue inflammatory reactions in the synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis. Immune inflammation shows a trend to self-reproduction and continuous course with periods of remission and exacerbation of different durations. Timely recognition of immune inflammation is important both theoretically and practically.