gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of the activation of Hageman factor (factor XII) by extracts of Schistosoma mansoni. (1992)

How intravascular helminth parasites evade host hemostatic defense mechanisms and survive within the circulating blood has not been adequately explained. Previous reports have described an inhibitor of the intrinsic clotting pathway in extracts of adult Schistosoma mansoni. Using a purified preparation of Hageman factor, we examined the ability of schistosome extracts and secretory products to inhibit the activation of human Hageman factor (factor XII) in an amidolytic assay. Both schistosome extracts and secretory products inhibited the activation of purified Hageman factor by more than 95%. Schistosome extracts inhibited activation of Hageman factor both by ellagic acid and by bovine sulfatides. In contrast, activated Hageman factor retained full activity in the presence of schistosome extracts as tested both on an amidolytic synthetic substrate and a natural substrate, plasma thromboplastin antecedent (factor XI). Our findings indicate that extracts and secretory products of adult Schistosoma mansoni contain a potent inhibitor of the activation of Hageman factor. Knowledge of a site at which schistosomes inhibit the intrinsic clotting pathway provides added insight into the mechanisms by which the parasites avoid the host hemostatic defense mechanisms.
Uncoupled cell cycle without mitosis induced by a protein kinase inhibitor, K-252a. (1991)

The staurosporine analogues, K-252a and RK-286C, were found to cause DNA re-replication in rat diploid fibroblasts (3Y1) without an intervening mitosis, producing tetraploid cells. Analysis of cells synchronized in early S phase in the presence of K-252a revealed that initiation of the second S phase required a lag period of 8 h after completion of the previous S phase. Reinitiation of DNA synthesis was inhibited by cycloheximide, actinomycin D, and serum deprivation, but not by Colcemid, suggesting that a functional G1 phase dependent on de novo synthesis of protein and RNA is essential for entry into the next S phase. In a src-transformed 3Y1 cell line, as well as other cell lines, giant cells containing polyploid nuclei with DNA contents of 16C to 32C were produced by continuous treatment with K-252a, indicating that the agent induced several rounds of the incomplete cell cycle without mitosis. Although the effective concentration of K-252a did not cause significant inhibition of affinity-purified p34cdc2 protein kinase activity in vitro, in vivo the full activation of p34cdc2 kinase during the G2/M was blocked by K-252a. On the other hand, the cyclic fluctuation of partially activated p34cdc2 kinase activity peaking in S phase still continued. These results suggest that a putative protein kinase(s) sensitive to K-252a plays an important role in the mechanism for preventing over-replication after completion of previous DNA synthesis. They also suggest that a periodic activation of p34cdc2 is required for S phases in the cell cycle without mitosis.
Stimulation of human prostatic carcinoma cell growth by factors present in human bone marrow. (1989)

Malignant prostatic carcinoma, a major cause of cancer mortality in males, most often metastasizes to secondary sites in bone. Frequently, the growth rate of the secondary tumor in bone marrow is considerably greater than that of the slowly growing primary prostatic tumor. We now report that two lines of human prostatic carcinoma cells proliferate in response to conditioned media from unstimulated human, rat, or bovine bone marrow. Nonprostatic tumor cell lines showed little or no growth response to the same medium. The proliferative activity found in bone marrow was not duplicated by any of a variety of purified growth factors including epidermal growth factor (EGF), acidic or basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor (TGF) alpha or beta, interleukins 1, 2, 3, 4 or 6, granulocyte (G), macrophage (M) or granulocyte-macrophage (GM) colony stimulating factor (CSF). Whereas a mixture of G-CSF, M-CSF, and IL 3 produced a mitogenic response in the prostatic carcinoma cells, these three factors were not present in our bone marrow samples in sufficient quantities to promote the observed proliferative response. To further identify the cellular source of the proliferative activity present in bone marrow-conditioned medium, we tested conditioned media made from human bone marrow stromal cells. The stromal cell conditioned medium stimulated increased growth of the prostatic carcinoma cells to levels equivalent to those observed with the bone marrow conditioned medium. These results suggest that novel mitogenic factors that are produced by bone marrow stromal cells and remain in the bone marrow cavity may account, in part, for the preferential growth of prostatic metastases in bone.
Therapeutic Manipulation of the Immune System: Enhancement of Innate and Adaptive Mucosal Immunity (2003)

The mucosal immune system has evolved alongside, but separate, from the general systemic immune system. As a major consequence of this dichotomy, only immune responses initiated in mucosal inductive sites can result in effective immunity in mucosal tissues themselves. Oral tolerance, as usually assessed as orally-induced systemic unresponsiveness, contributes to mucosal homoeostasis by preventing unwanted immune reactions to food or environmental antigens. It is now established that tolerance can also be induced by the nasal route and mucosally-induced tolerance is being actively investigated for immune therapy against a number of diseases. Nontoxic derivatives of cholera toxin and the heat labile toxin of Escherichia coli as well as chimeric enterotoxins have been developed. These molecules retain the mucosal adjuvant activity of native enterotoxins and are effective at inducing targeted Th1 or Th2- type immune responses. Mucosal delivery of cytokines as adjuvants represents a safer alternative to parenteral cytokine injection. Nasally administered cytokines such as IL-1 and IL-12 or chemokines including RANTES, lymphotactin, MIP-1 beta, all act as mucosal adjuvants for co-administered antigens. Each of these cytokines promote specific pattern of CD4(+) T helper cell cytokine responses that could be exploited for targeted immune therapy. Although GALT and NALT are both parts of the Common Mucosal Immune System, there are major differences between orally and nasally induced immune responses. Nasal vaccines more effectively promote protective immunity in the genitourinary tract than do oral vaccines. In addition, aging affects mucosal tolerance or immunity in GALT more than is seen in NALT. Therapeutic manipulation of mucosal immunity involves regulation of CD4(+) T cell cytokine responses and thus, should require a careful examination of the host status, including the occurrence of inflammatory bowel diseases.
Syndiospecific Ring-opening Metathesis Polymerization of endo-Dicyclopentadiene by Tungsten(VI) Phenylimido Catalyst (2005)

Abstract cis- and syndio-Specific ring-opening metathesis polymerization of endo-dicyclopentadiene was achieved for the first time by the newly developed catalyst, W(=N-Ph)Cl4·Et2O–Et2Al(OEt), to produce crystalline syndiotactic hydrogenated poly(endo-dicyclopentadiene).
The kiss/kissr Systems Are Dispensable for Zebrafish Reproduction: Evidence From Gene Knockout Studies (2014)

The kiss1/gpr54 signaling system is considered to be a critical regulator of reproduction in most vertebrates. However, this presumption has not been tested vigorously in nonmammalian vertebrates. Distinct from mammals, multiple kiss1/gpr54 paralogous genes (kiss/kissr) have been identified in nonmammalian vertebrates, raising the possibility of functional redundancy among these genes. In this study, we have systematically generated the zebrafish kiss1(-/-), kiss2(-/-), and kiss1(-/-);kiss2(-/-) mutant lines as well as the kissr1(-/-), kissr2(-/-), and kissr1(-/-);kissr2(-/-) mutant lines using transcription activator-like effector nucleases. We have demonstrated that spermatogenesis and folliculogenesis as well as reproductive capability are not impaired in all of these 6 mutant lines. Collectively, our results indicate that kiss/kissr signaling is not absolutely required for zebrafish reproduction, suggesting that the kiss/kissr systems play nonessential roles for reproduction in certain nonmammalian vertebrates. These findings also demonstrated that fish and mammals have evolved different strategies for neuroendocrine control of reproduction.
Analogs of Grubbs’ Second Generation Catalyst with Hydrophilic Phosphine Ligands: Phase Transfer Activation of Ring Closing Alkene Metathesis (2011)

Analogs of Grubbs' second generation catalyst with hydrophilic phosphine ligands are synthesized, and those with Cy(2)PCH(2)CH(2)N(CH(3))(3)(+) Cl(-) and Cy(2)PCHCH(2)CH(2)N(CH(3))(2)(+)CH(2)CH(2) Cl(-) give much faster ring closing metatheses under CH(2)Cl(2)/aqueous or CH(2)Cl(2)/aqueous HCl biphasic as opposed to CH(2)Cl(2) monophasic conditions. This is attributed to rapid phase transfer of the dissociated ligand to the aqueous phase, where under acidic conditions it is protonated.
Importance of Basic Residues in the Nucleocapsid Sequence for Retrovirus Gag Assembly and Complementation Rescue (1998)

The Gag proteins of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) contain small interaction (I) domains within their nucleocapsid (NC) sequences. These overlap the zinc finger motifs and function to provide the proper density to viral particles. There are two zinc fingers and at least two I domains within these Gag proteins. To more thoroughly characterize the important sequence features and properties of I domains, we analyzed Gag proteins that contain one or no zinc finger motifs. Chimeric proteins containing the amino-terminal half of RSV Gag and various portions of the carboxy terminus of murine leukemia virus (MLV) (containing one zinc finger) Gag had only one I domain, whereas similar chimeras with human foamy virus (HFV) (containing no zinc fingers) Gag had at least two. Mutational analysis of the MLV NC sequence and inspection of I domain sequences within the zinc-fingerless C terminus of HFV Gag suggested that clusters of basic residues, but not the zinc finger motif residues themselves, are required for the formation of particles of proper density. In support of this, a simple string of strongly basic residues was found to be able to substitute for the RSV I domains. We also explored the possibility that differences in I domains (e.g., their number) account for differences in the ability of Gag proteins to be rescued into particles when they are unable to bind to membranes. Previously published experiments have shown that such membrane-binding mutants of RSV and HIV (two I domains) can be rescued but that those of MLV (one I domain) cannot. Complementation rescue experiments with RSV-MLV chimeras now map this difference to the NC sequence of MLV. Importantly, the same RSV-MLV chimeras could be rescued by complementation when the block to budding was after, rather than before, transport to the membrane. These results suggest that MLV Gag molecules begin to interact at a much later time after synthesis than those of RSV and HIV.
Stop and Go Extraction Tips for Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization, Nanoelectrospray, and LC/MS Sample Pretreatment in Proteomics (2002)

Proteomics is critically dependent on optimal sample preparation. Particularly, the interface between protein digestion and mass spectrometric analysis has a large influence on the overall quality and sensitivity of the analysis. We here describe a novel procedure in which a very small disk of beads embedded in a Teflon meshwork is placed as a microcolumn into pipet tips. Termed Stage, for STop And Go Extraction, the procedure has been implemented with commercially available material (C18 Empore Disks (3M, Minneapolis, MN)) as frit and separation material. The disk is introduced in a simple and fast process yielding a convenient and completely reliable procedure for the production of self-packed microcolumns in pipet tips. It is held in place free of obstacles solely by the narrowing tip, ensuring optimized loading and elution of analytes. Five disks are conveniently placed in 1 min, adding <0.1 cent in material costs to the price of each tip. The system allows fast loading with low backpressure (>300 micro/min for the packed column using manual force) while eliminating the possibility of blocking. The loading capacity of C18-StageTips (column bed: 0.4 mm diameter, 0.5 mm length) is 2-4 microg of protein digest, which can be increased by using larger diameter or stacked disks. Five femtomole of tryptic BSA digest could be recovered quantitatively. We have found that the Stage system is well-suited as a universal sample preparation system for proteomics.
A Novel Digital Magnetic Resonance Imaging Spectrometer (2006)

Spectrometer is the essential part of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. It controls the transmitting and receiving of signals. Many commercial spectrometers are now available. However, they are usually costly and complex. In this paper, a new digital spectrometer based on PCI extensions for instrumentation (PXI) architecture is presented. Radio frequency (RF) pulse is generated with the method of digital synthesis and its frequency and phase are continuously tunable. MR signal acquired by receiver coils is processed by digital quadrature detection and filtered to get the k-space data, which avoid the spectral distortion due to amplitude and phase errors between two channels of traditional detection. Compared to the conventional design, the presented spectrometer is built with general PXI platform and boards. This design works in a digital manner with features of low cost, high performance and accuracy. The experiments demonstrate its efficiency.
Semiconductor Devices: An Introduction. (1994)

The revolution of solid state electronics quantum mechanics and statistical physics of electrons structure of the semi-conductors electrons in crystalline materials - semi-conductor bandstructure doping of semi-conductors transport and optical properties in semi-conductors semi-conductors - the material of choice for active devices junctions in semi-conductors - P-N diodes metal-semiconductor and insulator-semiconductor junctions bipolar junction transistors field effect transistors negative impedence microwave diodes opto-electronic devices - photons to electrons opto-electronic devices - light emission and modulation crystal growth and device fabrication.
Die another way – non-apoptotic mechanisms of cell death (2014)

Regulated, programmed cell death is crucial for all multicellular organisms. Cell death is essential in many processes, including tissue sculpting during embryogenesis, development of the immune system and destruction of damaged cells. The best-studied form of programmed cell death is apoptosis, a process that requires activation of caspase proteases. Recently it has been appreciated that various non-apoptotic forms of cell death also exist, such as necroptosis and pyroptosis. These non-apoptotic cell death modalities can be either triggered independently of apoptosis or are engaged should apoptosis fail to execute. In this Commentary, we discuss several regulated non-apoptotic forms of cell death including necroptosis, autophagic cell death, pyroptosis and caspase-independent cell death. We outline what we know about their mechanism, potential roles in vivo and define outstanding questions. Finally, we review data arguing that the means by which a cell dies actually matters, focusing our discussion on inflammatory aspects of cell death.
Developed Algorithm for Increasing the Efficiency of Data Exchange in a Computer Network (2010)

This paper presents specialized means to analyze, model and research of data exchange in large-scale corporate computer network. Due to extreme complexity of corporate intranet networks and the internet has resulted in the apparent difficulties in the development of an analytical model. Thus, under these circumstances, simulation models became viable alternative to comprehend the behavior of these complex networks during data exchange. This research work examined the mode of data exchange since its perfection allows in many cases to obtain a considerable improvement of the network and also the network application performance without substantial additional expenditure. Hence, the need for this developed algorithm for increasing the efficiency of data exchange in a computer network and the appropriate topology that suite this case. Test results from the algorithm showed an average of 10 to 15% increase and occasionally 60% and above increase in data exchange efficiency without additional expenses.
The ASK1-MAP Kinase Cascades in Mammalian Stress Response (2004)

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades play essential roles in a variety of cell processes by influencing transcriptional or translational regulation. ERKs play a central role in survival and mitogenic signaling, while JNKs and p38 MAP kinases are preferentially activated by environmental stresses and are actively involved in various stress responses including cell death, survival and differentiation. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)--a serine/threonine protein kinase--is a member of the MAPKKK family and activates both JNK and p38 pathways. It is well known that ASK1 is activated in cells treated with death receptor ligands and oxidant stress, such as that caused by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Moreover, recent studies have revealed new mechanisms by which ASK1 is activated in response to various types of extracellular and intracellular signals, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, calcium signaling, and G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. This review summarizes the regulatory mechanisms of ASK1 activity and the physiological roles of ASK1-mediated signal transduction.
Assembly of hepatitis delta virus particles (1992)

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a subviral satellite of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Since the RNA genome of HDV can replicate in cultured cells in the absence of HBV, it has been suggested that the only helper function of HBV is to supply HBV coat proteins in the assembly process of HDV particles. To examine the factors involved in such virion assembly, we transiently cotransfected cells with various hepadnavirus constructs and cDNAs of HDV and analyzed the particles released into the medium. We report that the HDV genomic RNA and the delta antigen can be packaged by coat proteins of either HBV or the related hepadnavirus woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV). Among the three co-carboxy-terminal coat proteins of WHV, the smallest form was sufficient to package the HDV genome; even in the absence of HDV RNA, the delta antigen could be packaged by this WHV coat protein. Also, of the two co-amino-terminal forms of the delta antigen, only the larger form was essential for packaging.
ChemInform Abstract: THIOPHENE AS A STRUCTURAL ELEMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS. VII: SUBSTITUTED CIS‐OCTAHYDROTHIENO(2,3‐C)QUINOLINES (1981)

Abstract Die halogenierten Thiophenderivate (IIa) und (IIc) konnten aus (Ia) über die Formylverbindung (Ib) hergestellt werden.
Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by COVID-19: anti-inflammatory strategies. (2020)

Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19) involves humans as well as animals and may cause serious damage to the respiratory tract, including the lung: coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This pathogenic virus has been identified in swabs performed on the throat and nose of patients who suffer from or are suspected of the disease. When COVI-19 infect the upper and lower respiratory tract it can cause mild or highly acute respiratory syndrome with consequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. The binding of COVI-19 to the Toll Like Receptor (TLR) causes the release of pro-IL-1β which is cleaved by caspase-1, followed by inflammasome activation and production of active mature IL-1β which is a mediator of lung inflammation, fever and fibrosis. Suppression of pro-inflammatory IL-1 family members and IL-6 have been shown to have a therapeutic effect in many inflammatory diseases, including viral infections. Cytokine IL-37 has the ability to suppress innate and acquired immune response and also has the capacity to inhibit inflammation by acting on IL-18Rα receptor. IL-37 performs its immunosuppressive activity by acting on mTOR and increasing the adenosine monophosphate (AMP) kinase. This cytokine inhibits class II histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and inflammation in inflammatory diseases by suppressing MyD88 and subsequently IL-1β, IL-6, TNF and CCL2. The suppression of IL-1β by IL-37 in inflammatory state induced by coronavirus-19 can have a new therapeutic effect previously unknown. Another inhibitory cytokine is IL-38, the newest cytokine of the IL-1 family members, produced by several immune cells including B cells and macrophages. IL-38 is also a suppressor cytokine which inhibits IL-1β and other pro-inflammatory IL-family members. IL-38 is a potential therapeutic cytokine which inhibits inflammation in viral infections including that caused by coronavirus-19, providing a new relevant strategy.
Synthesis of Biomolecule‐Modified Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Targeted Hydrophobic Drug Delivery to Cancer Cells (2011)

Synthetic methodologies integrating hydrophobic drug delivery and biomolecular targeting with mesoporous silica nanoparticles are described. Transferrin and cyclic-RGD peptides are covalently attached to the nanoparticles utilizing different techniques and provide selectivity between primary and metastatic cancer cells. The increase in cellular uptake of the targeted particles is examined using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Transferrin-modified silica nanoparticles display enhancement in particle uptake by Panc-1 cancer cells over that of normal HFF cells. The endocytotic pathway for these particles is further investigated through plasmid transfection of the transferrin receptor into the normal HFF cell line, which results in an increase in particle endocytosis as compared to unmodified HFF cells. By designing and attaching a synthetic cyclic-RGD, selectivity between primary cancer cells (BT-549) and metastatic cancer cells (MDA-MB 435) is achieved with enhanced particle uptake by the metastatic cancer cell line. Incorporation of the hydrophobic drug Camptothecin into these two types of biomolecular-targeted nanoparticles causes an increase in mortality of the targeted cancer cells compared to that caused by both the free drug and nontargeted particles. These results demonstrate successful biomolecular-targeted hydrophobic drug delivery carriers that selectively target specific cancer cells and result in enhanced drug delivery and cell mortality.
[Autologous cancellous bone grafting in rabbits using a fibrinogen adhesive system (author's transl)]. (1979)

The changes in remodelling of autologous cancellous bone after reimplantation using a fibrinogen adhesive system (FAS) consisting of highly concentrated fibrinogen, thrombin and factor XIII were investigated in 23 rabbits. A 5 x 6 mm sized piece of bone was removed from the iliac crest and reimplanted in the same place with and without FAS. Histological, tetracycline fluorescence and radiological evaluation were carried out after 3, 6 and 9 weeks. The control group (without FAS) showed considerable breakdown of the bony trabeculae due to regression of the osteocytes in the centre of the reimplanted bone after 3 weeks, whereas in the FAS group bone was being built on to the vital trabeculae. After 6 weeks the reimplant in the FAS group was still clearly advanced in relation to the non-FAS group. The difference had almost disappeared after 9 weeks. Acceleration of remodelling and lack of regression of the osteocytes in the centre of autologous reimplants after the use of FAS indicates an earlier recommencement of nutrition as compared with the control group. New bone formation in autologous reimplants was clearly accelerated by the use of FAS.