gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Brief, repeated exposure to substrates down‐regulates dopamine transporter function in Xenopus oocytes in vitro and rat dorsal striatum in vivo (2002)

In heterologous expression systems, dopamine transporter (DAT) cell-surface localization is reduced after relatively prolonged exposure to d-amphetamine (AMPH) or dopamine (DA), suggesting a role for substrate-mediated regulation of transporter function. Here, we investigated whether brief, repeated periods of substrate exposure modulated transporter function, first, in an in vitro model system and, second, in intact rat brain. In human DAT-expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes, repeated exposure to low micromolar concentrations of DA, AMPH or tyramine markedly reduced transport-mediated currents. This functional down-regulation was attenuated by inclusion of a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor and probably reflects DAT redistribution, as cell-surface [3H]WIN 35 428 binding was significantly lower following DA exposure. High-speed chronoamperometry was used to measure clearance of exogenously applied DA in dorsal striatum (STR) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of anesthetized rats. In STR, frequent (every 2 min) applications of DA altered DA clearance parameters in a manner consistent with profound down-regulation of DAT function. Similar changes were not observed in NAc or after repeated vehicle (ascorbic acid) application. Together, our results suggest that brief, repeated periods of substrate exposure lead to rapid down-regulation of DAT activity and that this type of regulation can occur in vivo in STR, but not NAc.
Circulating interleukin-15 and RANTES chemokine in MS patients: effect of treatment with methylprednisolone in patients with relapse (2009)

Our findings suggest a possible role of IL-15 and RANTES in MS. Treatment with methylprednisolone in relapse had no effect on serum IL-15 and RANTES levels.
Capacitive-coupling wordline boosting with self-induced V<inf>CC</inf> collapse for write V<inf>MIN</inf> reduction in 22-nm 8T SRAM (2012)

High-performance microprocessors and SoCs include multiple embedded memory arrays used as register files and low-level caches that typically share the same supply voltage as the core. The desire for wide voltage range operation to optimize power and performance dictates the need for SRAM arrays that can achieve both high performance and low minimum voltage of operation (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> ). The 8T bitcell is commonly used in these applications because its decoupled read and write ports offer fast read (RD) and write (WR) operations with generally lower V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> than the 6T bitcell. However, process variations result in mismatches between the pull-up and access devices limiting write V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> , and/or between read port and keeper transistors limiting read V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> . Traditional device up-sizing provides diminishing returns at a large area and power cost. In addition to cell upsizing, dynamic assist techniques have been used for V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> reduction in 6T and 8T arrays - examples include temporary collapse of bitcell voltage for write V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> reduction and boosting read and write wordlines requiring careful design of the embedded charge pump and the level shifters. In contrast, this paper describes a new capacitive-coupling (CC) write wordline boost which employs intrinsic coupling capacitance between write bitlines (WBL) and accessed write wordline (WWL) to boost WWL without the need for a charge pump or complex level shifters. The scheme has a built-in self-induced V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">CC</sub> collapse (SIC) allowing the cell voltage to partially collapse during the write operation, further improving write V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> . The technique is implemented in a 12KB, 8T cell macro with cell area of 0.238μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , fabricated in a 22nm CMOS technology.
Nanoscale Control of Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Enhancement Using Au Nanoshells (2008)

The fluorescence enhancement of Indocyanine Green (ICG) molecules as a function of distance from the surface of Au nanoshells (Au-NS; see image) is examined. A decrease in enhanced fluorescence of ICG with increasing distance from the Au-NS surface is observed by growing silica spacer layers of varying thicknesses to control the distance between ICG molecules and Au-NS surface. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2296/2008/smll200800405_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Multi-modal multi-user telepresence and teleaction system (2008)

The video shows a rich multi-modal multi-user telepresence system, which was developed within the SFB453 funded by the German Research Foundation (www.sfb453.de). As a complex application scenario, the remote repairing of a broken pipe is presented in this paper. The system basically consists of two operator-teleoperator- pairs. While one of the operators interacts with a stationary human- system-interface, the other operator uses a mobile one. Both systems provide visual, auditory, and haptic feedback and enable to control the motion of head, arms, and grippers as well as the locomotion of the corresponding teleoperator.
Identification of Sulfhydryl-modified Cysteine Residues in the Ligand Binding Pocket of Retinoic Acid Receptor β (1997)

The diverse biological functions of retinoic acid (RA) are mediated through retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors. RARs contain a high affinity binding site for RA which is sensitive to treatment with sulfhydryl modification reagents. In an attempt to identify which Cys residues are important for this loss of binding, we created three site-specific RARbeta mutants: C228A, C258A, and C267A. The affinity for RA of all three mutant receptors was in the range of that of the wild type protein, suggesting that none of these Cys residues are critical for RA binding. Rather, these modified Cys residue(s) function to sterically hinder RA binding; however, the modified Cys residues critical for the inhibition of binding differ depending on the reagent employed. Only modification of Cys228 is necessary to inhibit RA binding when RARbeta is modified by reagents which transfer large bulky groups while both Cys228 and Cys267 must be modified when a small functional group is transferred. These data suggest that both Cys228 and Cys267 but not Cys258 lie in the ligand binding pocket of RARbeta. However, Cys228 lies closer to the opening of the RARbeta ligand binding pocket whereas Cys267 lies more deeply buried.
Factor XII-independent activation of factor XI in plasma: effects of sulfatides on tissue factor-induced coagulation (1993)

Factor XI (FXI) may be activated in a purified system by thrombin and by autoactivation in the presence of negatively charged substances such as dextran sulfate or sulfatides. The current studies were performed to determine if these processes occur during the coagulation of plasma. FXII--deficient plasma was supplemented with 125I-FXI and clot formation was induced with tissue factor and/or sulfatides. Cleavage of FXI was studied by standard polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Activated FXI (FXIa) was detected after 20 minutes of incubation with sulfatides alone and this process was markedly accelerated by the addition of tissue factor (TF). The enhancing effect of TF was blocked by hirudin, which indicated thrombin involvement in FXI activation. The contribution of FXIa to FIX activation in this system was studied using a 3H-FIX activation peptide release assay. Sulfatides increased FIX activation about twofold in plasma induced to clot with TF but had no effect if the plasma was immunodepleted of FXI. FIX activation was also increased in plasma induced to clot with FXa if sulfatides were present. The enhanced generation of FIXa was dependent on FXI and was blocked by hirudin. Some activation was seen in the reactions with sulfatides and hirudin and is likely solely caused by FXI autoactivation. The data indicate that during the coagulation of plasma in the presence of sulfatides, FXI is activated by a mechanism that is thrombin dependent and does not require FXII.
A comparison of the effects of vasodilator stimuli on peripheral resistance vessels in normal subjects and in patients with congestive heart failure (1968)

The objective of this investigation was to characterize the mechanism of peripheral vasoconstriction observed in heart failure and to determine whether it can be attributed to the augmented sympathetic nervous activity, characteristic of this state. The response of the resistance bed in the forearm after release of inflow occlusion (reactive hyperemia), to hand exercise, and to local heating and the response of the calf resistance vessels to arterial occlusion and intra-arterial sodium nitrite and phentolamine were studied in 23 patients with congestive heart failure and 21 normal subjects. In the normal subjects, reactive hyperemia blood flow after varying periods of arterial occlusion greatly exceeded the values observed in patients with heart failure. Local anesthetic blockade and intra-arterial phentolamine did not significantly alter the reactive hyperemia response in heart failure patients, militating against the possibility that increased sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity is responsible for the reduction of this response. Following compensation, the reactive hyperemia response returned toward normal. The striking elevations of the forearm blood flow observed after hand exercise and heating of the forearm in normal subjects were also markedly attenuated in patients with heart failure. Following intra-arterial phentolamine and/or sodium nitrite, peak calf blood flow was still significantly reduced in heart failure. These observations indicate that (1) heart failure is characterized by a striking reduction in the response to a variety of endogenous and exogenous vasodilator stimuli; (2) circulating catecholamines and sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity are not solely responsible for the elevation of peripheral vascular resistance and the reduced response to vasodilator stimuli in heart failure; and (3) heart failure may increase systemic vascular resistance directly by altering the mechanical properties and reducing the dilating ability of the resistance vessels.
Intronic SNP rs3811647 of the human transferrin gene modulates its expression in hepatoma cells. (2013)

The A allele of SNP rs3811647 increases Tf expression in a manner that might underlie inter-individual variation in serum transferrin levels observed in different population groups.
A General Solution for Unstable Boronic Acids: Slow-Release Cross-Coupling from Air-Stable MIDA Boronates (2009)

Many boronic acids, including 2-heterocyclic, vinyl, and cyclopropyl derivatives, are inherently unstable, which can limit their benchtop storage and/or efficient cross-coupling. We herein report the first general solution to this problem: in situ slow release of unstable boronic acids from the corresponding air-stable MIDA boronates. This remarkably general approach has transformed all three classes of these unstable boronic acids into shelf-stable and highly effective building blocks for cross-coupling with a wide range of aryl and heteroaryl chlorides.
ROAD TO HELL? (1996)

The pharmacy service for our long-term care facility was recently contracted to an outside private pharmacy. The cost to residents for medications has increased considerably, and there's no refund for leftover medications when an order is discontinued or when a resident dies. What a waste. Some nurses on staff think that instead of returning unused medications to the pharmacy, we should keep them here for use by other residents. I think we could get ourselves in trouble for dispensing medication. Do you agree with me?
Comparison of telomerase and CD44 expression as diagnostic tumor markers in lesions of the thyroid. (1999)

The analysis of the tissue expression patterns of both the telomerase enzyme and the adhesion molecule CD44 has highlighted these molecules as potential tumor markers. In this study, the expression of these markers was analyzed in frozen tissue samples of the same human thyroid lesions, and the data were compared to evaluate their application to tumor diagnosis. The study analyzed 12 malignant specimens, including 5 papillary, 3 follicular, 2 anaplastic, 1 medullary, and 1 low-grade Hurthle cell carcinoma and 17 specimens from benign lesions, including cases of adenoma, hyperplasia, and Graves' disease. Telomerase expression was analyzed by assay of enzyme activity using the telomeric repeat amplification protocol and by reverse transcription-PCR detection of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA. Nine of 12 (75%) malignant samples and the two Graves' disease samples were evaluated as positive for telomerase activity by the telomeric repeat amplification protocol assay. The presence of hTERT mRNA was detected in 8 (67%) of 12 malignant tissues and in 5 (29%) of 17 benign thyroid tissue samples. The expression of CD44 transcripts containing variant exons 7, 8, and 11 was evaluated by reverse transcription-PCR/Southern blot analysis. Of the 12 malignant samples, 9 (75%) included transcripts containing exon 7, 10 (83%) included transcripts containing exon 11, and 11 (92%) included transcripts containing exon 8. However, these CD44 exons were also present in transcripts in a high proportion of benign samples. Five (28%), 10 (59%), and 6 (35%) benign samples contained CD44 transcripts, including variant exons 7, 8, and 11, respectively. The measurement of telomerase activity proved to be the most specific for the detection of thyroid carcinoma in frozen tissue samples as a single analyte, but diagnostic accuracy was increased by the combination of telomerase and CD44 analyses.
Bacterial Colitis (2007)

Bacterial colitis results in an inflammatory-type diarrhea that is characterized by bloody, purulent, and mucoid stool. These diseases have been designated as bacterial hemorrhagic enterocolitis. Associated symptoms include fever, tenesmus, and severe abdominal pain. The pathologic changes range from superficial exudative enterocolitis to a transmural enterocolitis with ulceration. Common pathologic bacteria causing bacterial colitis include Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia, and Yersinia species. The primary source of transmission is fecal-oral spread and ingestion of contaminated food and water. Although detailed history and identification of specific risk factors assist in the diagnosis, definitive diagnosis requires bacterial identification. Therefore, the physician must be familiar with the disease pathophysiology, epidemiology, and specific diagnostic modalities for clinical diagnosis and management. Specific tests are used to detect enteric pathogens and include stool and rectal swab culture, histology, and identification of specific bacterial toxins. Although many of these bacterial colitis infections are self-limiting, antibiotics should be used for high-risk patients and patients with complicated disease.
Real-time acoustic modeling for distributed virtual environments (1999)

Realistic acoustic modeling is essential for spatializing sound in distributed virtual environments where multiple networked users move around and interact visually and aurally in a shared virtual world. Unfortunately, current methods for computing accurate acoustical models are not fast enough for real-time auralization of sounds for simultaneously moving sources and receivers. In this paper, we present three new beam tracing algorithms that greatly accelerate computation of reverberation paths in a distributed virtual environment by taking advantage of the fact that sounds can only be generated or heard at the positions of “avatars” representing the users. The priority-driven beam tracing algorithm performs a bestfirst search of a cell adjacency graph, and thus enables new termination criteria with which all early reflection paths can be found very efficiently. The bidirectional beam tracing algorithm combines sets of beams traced from pairs of avatar locations to find reverberation paths between them while requiring significantly less computation than previous unidirectional algorithms. The amortized beam tracing algorithm computes beams emanating from box-shaped regions of space containing predicted avatar locations and re-uses those beams multiple times to compute reflections paths as each avatar moves inside the box. Cumulatively, these algorithms enable speedups of approximately two orders of magnitude over previous methods. They are incorporated into a time-critical multiprocessing system that allocates its computational resources dynamically in order to compute the highest priority reverberation paths between moving avatar locations in real-time with graceful degradation and adaptive refinement.
Mitochondrial Stress Signalling: HTRA2 and Parkinson's Disease (2012)

Mitochondria are cellular energy generators whose activity requires a continuous supply of oxygen. Recent genetic analysis has suggested that defects in mitochondrial quality control may be key factors in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondria have a crucial role in supplying energy to the brain, and their deterioration can affect the function and viability of neurons, contributing to neurodegeneration. These organelles can sow the seeds of their own demise because they generate damaging oxygen-free radicals as a byproduct of their intrinsic physiological functions. Mitochondria have therefore evolved specific molecular quality control mechanisms to compensate for the action of damaging agents such as oxygen-free radicals. PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and high-temperature-regulated A2 (HTRA2), a mitochondrial protease, have recently been proposed to be key modulators of mitochondrial molecular quality control. Here, we review some of the most recent advances in our understanding of mitochondria stress-control pathways, focusing on how signalling by the p38 stress kinase pathway may regulate mitochondrial stress by modulating the activity of HTRA2 via PINK1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5). We also propose how defects in this pathway may contribute to PD.
Alcohol Expectancies and Human Sexuality: Clues to Alcoholism Prevention (1991)

Drinker's expectancies, information stored in memory at early ages, about the effects of alcohol on sexuality are strongly held. It is hypothesized that the study of memory can lead to methods of prevention and intervention for alcohol-related problems.
Advanced Dual Probe Formation Tester with Transient, Harmonic, and Pulsed Time-Delay Testing Methods Determines Permeability, Skin, and Anisotropy (2000)

Abstract Three new pressure-transient testing methods are employed to determine horizontal and vertical permeability using a dual probe formation tester. Real-time interpretation during acquisition of pressure data, is the focus of all three new pressure-testing techniques. In the first, a new spherical flow model with anisotropy, storage, and skin is developed from first principles for dual probe analysis. Historically, pressure transient solutions are presented as Laplace transforms and approximated in the time domain using numerical techniques. Typically, early, intermediate and late time periods are identified using derivative plots; but very often, the selection of appropriate data results in confusion. Here, the Laplace transform is inverted to yield a single, exact, closed form, analytical, time domain solution valid for all times, making real-time parameter matching possible with high accuracy. The second technique uses an oscillatory displacement source at the piston face, and the phase delay of the pressure pulse between the probes is used to determine permeability and anisotropic index. This technique is particularly useful when the second monitoring probe signal is weak (as in high permeability zones) or where there is large spacing between the probes. Pulse timing can usually be detected more accurately than its magnitude, thus extending the range of permeability and anisotropic measurements. This methodology, which is based on a derived relationship between wave phase and permeability, was developed by mathematical analogy with resistivity determination methods used in induction logging. In the above method, it is often possible to encounter "phase wrapping" for excessively tight formations, leaving an indeterminate permeability. To circumvent this problem, in the third method, a short, abrupt "pulse" having a well-defined "center frequency" is produced at the piston face, and its travel time is measured until arrival at the receiver probes. The harmonic, closed form expression is then used to translate this travel time to permeability. This new method is analogous to sonic wave models; although, of course, "waveforms" are often smeared due to the diffusive nature of the problem. Simulation results using a detailed finite element, dual probe model are compared against the above analytical methods to assess the effects of near wellbore parameters such as mudcake effectiveness, probe, and packer size. Field-test results are shown to demonstrate the successful implementation of these new testing methods. The three methods described above provide a practical level of redundancy in permeability prediction. Also, monitoring permeability and anisotropy changes while sampling are shown to be beneficial in identifying fluid type changes.
Automated systems for identification of microorganisms (1992)

Automated instruments for the identification of microorganisms were introduced into clinical microbiology laboratories in the 1970s. During the past two decades, the capabilities and performance characteristics of automated identification systems have steadily progressed and improved. This article explores the development of the various automated identification systems available in the United States and reviews their performance for identification of microorganisms. Observations regarding deficiencies and suggested improvements for these systems are provided.