gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluorescent Characteristics and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of the Fluorescent Probe BCECF in Various Tissues: The Role of Blood Content (1996)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro and in vivo spectral characteristics of the fluorescent pH-sensitive probe bis-carboxyethylcarboxyfluorescein (BCECF) in different tissues and its fluorescence kinetics profiles. The in vivo study was performed on anesthetized adult Wistar rats. After intravenous administration (4.8 mg/kg), fluorescence spectra were recorded on the following tissues: skin, an isolated blood vessel and liver. Measurements performed in vitro on blood samples show modifications of the BCECF emission spectrum with a blue-shift (10 nm) and a low fluorescence emission. Blood content greatly influences the pH measurement by increasing the I(490 exc., 530 em.)/I(470 exc., 530 em.) Fluorescence ratio value (ratio of the fluorescence intensities at 530 nm following excitation at 470 nm and 490 nm) when the hematocrit is high. A 0.35 ratio difference is observed between a BCECF-buffered solution and blood samples of 44% hematocrit. The emission spectra recorded on the skin are quite similar to the emission spectrum of BCECF in aqueous solution and are consistent with an extravascular localization of the dye a few minutes after injection. On the contrary, spectra recorded on the blood vessel and the liver are more similar than those recorded in vitro on high hematocrit solutions. Kinetic profiles in skin, liver and isolated blood vessels compared to the clearance obtained by blood sampling provide information about tissue perfusion. Then the variation of in vivo spectra in different tissues may be taken into account to measure tissue pH with special regard to the blood content of the illuminated area and the time range in which the measurement is performed.
Spo0A controls the sigma A-dependent activation of Bacillus subtilis sporulation-specific transcription unit spoIIE (1992)

The spoIIE operon is a developmentally regulated transcription unit activated in the second hour of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. Its promoter has an unusual structure, containing sequences which conform perfectly to the consensus for vegetative promoters recognized by sigma A-associated RNA polymerase (E sigma A), but with a spacing of 21 bp between the apparent -10 and -35 elements instead of the 17- or 18-bp spacing typical of promoters utilized by E sigma A. Mutations introduced into the apparent -10 element affected transcription in a manner consistent with its functioning as a polymerase recognition sequence. The deleterious effect of one -10 mutation was also suppressed in an allele-specific manner by a mutation in sigA known to suppress analogous -10 mutations in conventional vegetative promoters recognized by E sigma A. Similar suppression experiments failed to provide evidence for a direct interaction between E sigma A and the "-35-like" element, however, and DNase I protection experiments suggested instead that the Spo0A protein binds to a site overlapping this -35-like hexamer. Moreover, the effects of mutations within the -35-like hexamer on the binding of Spo0A in vitro paralleled their effects on transcription in vivo. We suggest that spoIIE belongs to a class of early-intermediate sporulation genes whose transcription by E sigma A is activated by the Spo0A protein.
Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human healt (2000)

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria that cause disease in man is an issue of major concern. Although misuse of antibiotics in human medicine is the principal cause of the problem, antibiotic-resistant bacteria originating in animals are contributory factors, with some types of resistance in some species of bacteria. Antibiotics are added to animal feeds to treat and prevent infections and to improve growth and production. Until recently, the major concerns about incorporation of antibiotics in animal feeds related to antibiotic residues in products from treated animals. Although, in 1969, the Swann (1969) report drew attention to the potential for antibiotic-resistant bacteria to spread from treated animals via the food chain, there was little response until the detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in animals fed a related glycopeptide, avoparcin. Subsequently, attention started to focus on the issue and other examples of transfer of resistant bacteria through the food chain, such as enterococci resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin or to everninomicin, fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters and multiresistant Escherichia coli, and salmonella such as Salmonella typhimurium DT104. Reviews and committees in many countries have highlighted the need for better control of licensing of antibiotics, and codes for prudent use of antibiotics by veterinary practitioners and farmers. The continued use of antibiotic growth promoters has been questioned and there is a need to ensure that antibiotics important in human medicine are not used therapeutically or prophylactically in animals.
Microbial reduction of metals and radionuclides (2003)

The microbial reduction of metals has attracted recent interest as these transformations can play crucial roles in the cycling of both inorganic and organic species in a range of environments and, if harnessed, may offer the basis for a wide range of innovative biotechnological processes. Under certain conditions, however, microbial metal reduction can also mobilise toxic metals with potentially calamitous effects on human health. This review focuses on recent research on the reduction of a wide range of metals including Fe(III), Mn(IV) and other more toxic metals such as Cr(VI), Hg(II), Co(III), Pd(II), Au(III), Ag(I), Mo(VI) and V(V). The reduction of metalloids including As(V) and Se(VI) and radionuclides including U(VI), Np(V) and Tc(VII) is also reviewed. Rapid advances over the last decade have resulted in a detailed understanding of some of these transformations at a molecular level. Where known, the mechanisms of metal reduction are discussed, alongside the environmental impact of such transformations and possible biotechnological applications that could utilise these activities.
A raised source/drain technology using in-situ P-doped SiGe and B-doped Si for 0.1-μm CMOS ULSIs (2002)

An advanced CMOS design, where a raised source/drain and contact windows are formed over the field oxide is realized by using P-doped SiGe and B-doped Si selective epitaxial growth techniques. Excellent short-channel characteristics and reduced parasitic drain junction capacitance were obtained. NMOS and PMOSFETs with an effective channel length of 0.12 /spl mu/m and ultra-shallow junctions with a depth of 25 nm were fabricated. These devices had a low extension resistance of about 370 /spl Omega//sq.
The Estimation of Weight of Attributes of Geological & Thematic Maps Using the AHP Method (2008)

Geological and related thematic maps make various economical and social benefits at many sectors. Recently, development of information managing technology such as GIS, Geographic Information System, enlarges the usage of geological map and information. In this research, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, we analyzed the weight of attributes which compose value of geological map and information. Results of research are as follows. By the analysis of the weight of attributes, we found that the weight of confidence, upper hierarchy attribute, was above 50%. The weight of convenience and additional effect was about in the geological map, geophysical map, geochemical map and hydrogeologic map. And the consumption of each maps will increase, especially in large scale map.
Mass Spectroscopy and Chromatography of the Trichloromethyl Radical Adduct of PhenylTer T-Butyl Nitrone (1990)

Positive structural identification of the PBN-trichloromethyl spin adduct in vitro was accomplished with the use of high pressure liquid chromatography and/or gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Both thin layer and liquid chromatography were used to separate a complex mixture of compounds from rat liver extracts treated with CCl4 in vitro and in vivo. Deuterated PBN's (PBN-d9; tert-butyl deuteration, or PBN-d14; both phenyl and tert-butyl deuteration) were also used to aid in the mass spectral analysis of spin adducts from liver extracts of CCl4 exposed rat livers, since the tert-butyl group fragment ion. C4D9+ (m/z = 66) is always present for PBN and PBN spin adducts. In addition, the masses of the ion peaks increase by the amount of deuteration, i.e. an increase of 9 for PBN-d9 or PBN-d14 in comparison to normally synthesized PBN.
Intracellular Stimulation of Biochemical Control Mechanisms by Low-dose, Low-let Irradiation (1987)

Non-specific generation of intracellular free radicals in excess of normal levels, e.g. by the acute radiation absorption event in cells, has led to a delayed and temporary inhibition of thymidine kinase. The enzyme activity reaches a minimum at 4 h even after a low-level exposure with full recovery soon thereafter. This process appears to represent a biochemical response to an initial physical event, but must be distinguished from the response of the DNA repair enzyme system. A reduction of cellular thymidine kinase activity is expected to cause a temporary reduction of DNA synthesis and may be of advantage to the cell. Such a response may be regarded as an instance of radiation hormesis in the sense that such a compensatory response to the stimulus of irradiation may confer protection against a repeated increase in free radical concentration whether by renewed radiation exposure or by metabolism in general. An improvement of the efficiency of repair or an increased level of free radical detoxification should be of benefit to both the individual cell and to the organism as a whole.
Specific and quantitative labeling of biomolecules using click chemistry (2014)

Specific and highly efficient fluorescent labeling techniques for biomolecules, especially for proteins, are required for the quantitative analyses of bio-phenomena and for subsequent systems biology. Although expression of exogenous proteins fused with fluorescent tags, such as green fluorescent protein, is the most widely used method for quantitative bio-analysis, the following problems need to be considered carefully: (1) precise stoichiometric control in living cells is difficult, and (2) the bulkiness of the fluorescent tags restricts analysis of the inherent physical and biological properties of the proteins. Therefore, novel techniques to specifically and stoichiometrically label intrinsic proteins or other biomolecules in living cells should be developed. Click chemistry reactions (e.g., Huisgen cycloaddition and Staudinger ligation) are the most promising approaches for this purpose, because these chemical reactions have following advantages: (1) bioorthogonal reactions; (2) mild reaction conditions suitable for fragile biomolecules, cells, and tissues; (3) extremely high reaction ratio; (4) small size of the functional groups for the cross-coupling reactions; (5) stable covalent bonding; and (6) simple metabolic labeling procedures in living cells, using various biomolecular analogs. Diverse quantitative biological studies have been carried out using this technology (e.g., quantification of novel synthesized proteins and observation of post-translational modifications). In this review, I explain the basics of chemical probing with click chemistry, and discuss its recent applications in the field of quantitative biology. Furthermore, I discuss the capability, significance, and future of the chemical probing of proteins, with an emphasis on the use of click chemistry in the field of the quantitative biology.
The survival, function, and hemolysis of human RBCs stored at 4°C in additive solution (AS‐1, AS‐3, or AS‐5) for 42 days and then biochemically modified, frozen, thawed, washed, and stored at 4°C in sodium chloride and glucose solution for 24 hours (2000)

RBCs stored in AS-1, AS-3, or AS-5 at 4 degrees C for 42 days and then biochemically modified with pyruvate, inosine, phosphate, and adenine and glycerolized, frozen, washed, and stored at 4 degrees C for 24 hours before autologous transfusion had acceptable in vitro and in vivo measurements.
Homogeneous Assay Based on Anti-Stokes' Shift Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy-Transfer Measurement (2005)

We report here a novel, time-resolved, lanthanide-based energy-transfer assay utilizing nonoverlapping acceptor fluorophores, which have their absorption energetically at a higher level than the emittive transitions of the donor. The technique was studied by comparing a series of nonoverlapping acceptors in a homogeneous DNA model assay utilizing Eu3+ chelate as a donor. The assay provides strong energy-transfer enhanced acceptor emission and enables the anti-Stokes' shift FRET measurement, in which the induced acceptor emission is at shorter wavelength than the donor emission. This results in high sensitivity, and 0.8 pM detection limit was measured for the DNA target. The acceptor signal of the assay is characterized by exceptional lifetime properties and is not strictly following the Forster's theory. The mechanism of nonoverlapping energy transfer is considered, and we propose that when nonoverlapping acceptors are utilized, the energy transfer arises from the upper 5D2 and 5D1 excited states of europium. The assumption was studied using a simplified energy level scheme of the Eu3+ donor and the acceptors, and a correlation between the acceptor emission behavior and the energy level scheme was found.
AIRLINE YIELD MANAGEMENT : AN OVERVIEW OF SEAT INVENTORY CONTROL (1987)

The seat inventory control component of airline yield management is examined, with an emphasis on the practical aspects of the problem. A survey of current airline practice indicates that seat inventory control is dependent on human judgment rather than systematic analysis. Past work on the development of mathematical methods in this area has focused on large-scale optimization models and simplified representations of the problem. There remains a need for practical solution approaches that incorporate quantitative decision tools.
Low-temperature epitaxial growth and photoluminescence characterization of GaN (1994)

Epitaxial layers of GaN on sapphire substrates have been grown by metalorganic chemical-vapor deposition at a deposition temperature as low as 400 °C, which is the lowest temperature for successful epitaxial growth of GaN by any technique. This is achieved by controlling the low flow rate of the source gases and by first depositing an AlN buffer layer at 400 °C. Low-temperature photoluminescence measurements have been employed to study the optical properties of the films deposited at different temperatures.
Low-Density Lipoprotein as a Vehicle for Targeting Antitumor Compounds to Cancer Cells (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLow-Density Lipoprotein as a Vehicle for Targeting Antitumor Compounds to Cancer CellsRaymond A. FirestoneCite this: Bioconjugate Chem. 1994, 5, 2, 105–113Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bc00026a002https://doi.org/10.1021/bc00026a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views756Altmetric-Citations174LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ganetespib and HSP90: Translating Preclinical Hypotheses into Clinical Promise (2014)

As with many physiologic processes that become subverted during tumorigenesis, the chaperoning activity of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is often exploited by cancer cells to confer aberrant proliferative, survival, and/or metastatic potential. Functional inhibition of HSP90 results in the degradation of its client proteins, in turn providing a means to concomitantly disrupt multiple oncogenic signaling cascades through one molecular target. Pharmacologic blockade of HSP90 has, therefore, emerged as an innovative and multifaceted approach for the development of new antineoplastic agents. However, no HSP90 inhibitors are currently approved for cancer therapy and the full promise of this class of agents is yet to be realized. This review focuses on the preclinical activity profile of ganetespib, a potent small-molecule inhibitor of HSP90, the characterization of which has provided important frameworks for the optimal design and application of HSP90 inhibitor-based strategies in a variety of cancer types. Beyond client protein-driven tumors, ganetespib can also potentiate the effects of other molecularly targeted and standard-of-care therapeutics while simultaneously overcoming drug resistance in multiple tumor types, thereby positioning this compound as the leading HSP90 inhibitor currently under clinical development.
Rapid detection of chromosomal aneuploidies in uncultured amniocytes by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) (2005)

Sensitivity, specificity, and failure rate of MLPA were comparable to those of FISH and QF-PCR. Aneuploidy screening in uncultured amniocytes by MLPA is feasible in a clinical diagnostic setting, yielding an informative and rapid result in 98% of cases.
The Biology of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (1997)

The establishment of a vascular supply is required for organ development and differentiation as well as for tissue repair and reproductive functions in the adult1. Neovascularization (angiogenesis) is also implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of disorders. These include: proliferative retinopathies, age-related macular degeneration, tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis1,2. A strong correlation has been noted between density of microvessels in primary breast cancers and their nodal metastases and patient survival3. Similarly, a correlation has been reported between vascularity and invasive behavior in several other tumors4–6.
Tetracycline-Regulated Gene Expression in Replication-Incompetent Herpes Simplex Virus Vectors (2002)

Although herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors appear to have great potential as gene delivery vectors both in vitro and in vivo, the expression of foreign genes in such vectors cannot be easily regulated. Of the known eukaryotic regulatory systems, the tetracycline-inducible gene expression system is perhaps the most widely used because of its induction characteristics and because of the well-known pharmacological properties of tetracycline (Tet) and analogs such as doxycycline. Here, we describe the adaptation of the Tet-inducible system for use in replication-incompetent HSV vectors. HSV vectors were constructed that contained several types of Tet-inducible promoters for foreign gene expression. These promoters contained a tetracycline response element (TRE) linked to either a minimal cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate-early promoter, a minimal HSV ICP0 promoter, or a truncated HSV ICP0 promoter containing one copy of the HSV TAATGARAT cis-acting immediate-early regulatory element (where R represents a prime base). All three promoter constructs were regulated appropriately by doxycycline, as shown by the expression of the marker gene lacZ in cell lines engineered to express Tet transactivators. The ICP0 promoter constructs expressed the highest and most sustained levels of lacZ, but the CMV promoter construct had the highest relative level of induction, suggesting their use in different applications. To extend the utility of Tet-regulated HSV vectors, vectors were constructed that coexpressed an inducible Tet transactivator in addition to the inducible lacZ marker gene. This modification resulted in tetracycline-inducible gene expression that was not restricted to specific cell lines, and this vector was capable of inducible expression in irreversibly differentiated NT2 cells (NT-neurons) for several days. Finally, HSV vectors were constructed that expressed modified Tet transactivators, resulting in improved induction properties and indicating the flexibility of the Tet-regulated system for regulation of foreign gene expression in HSV vector-infected cells.
Repression of 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase Involves Histone Deacetylase 2 and Snail in Colorectal Cancer (2008)

Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) promotes cancer progression by modulating proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and the immune response. Enzymatic degradation of PGE(2) involves the NAD(+)-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH). Recent reports have shown a marked diminution of 15-PGDH expression in colorectal carcinomas (CRC). We report here that treatment of CRC cells with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, including sodium butyrate and valproic acid, induces 15-PGDH expression. Additionally, we show that pretreatment of CRC cells with HDAC inhibitors can block epidermal growth factor-mediated or Snail-mediated transcriptional repression of 15-PGDH. We show an interaction between Snail and HDAC2 and the binding of HDAC2 to the 15-PGDH promoter. In vivo, we observe increased Hdac2 expression in Apc-deficient mouse adenomas, which inversely correlated with loss of 15-Pgdh expression. Finally, in human colon cancers, elevated HDAC expression correlated with down-regulation of 15-PGDH. These data suggest that class I HDACs, specifically HDAC2, and the transcriptional repressor Snail play a central role in the suppression of 15-PGDH expression. These results also provide a cyclooxygenase-2-independent mechanism to explain increased PGE(2) levels that contribute to progression of CRC.
Early identification and treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Social and fiscal outcomes (2009)

These findings indicate that the early diagnosis and treatment of AD are not only socially desirable in terms of increasing economic efficiency, but also fiscally attractive from both state and federal perspectives. These findings also suggest that failure to fund effective caregiver interventions may be fiscally unsound.