gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Geometrically Well Defined, Molecularly Thin Polymer Films (2000)

Gemusterte selbstorganisierte Monoschichten (SAMs), die durch Mikrokontakt-Drucken hergestellt wurden, erleichtern die Synthese von dünnen Polymerfilmen mit wohldefinierten zweidimensionalen Anordnungen und Zusammensetzungen senkrecht zur Filmebene. Nach der Trennung von der Oberfläche behalten die nur 5 – 10 nm dicken Polymerfilme ihre Form bei, die ihnen durch das Muster der SAM aufgezwungen wurde, wenngleich eine gewisse Neigung zur Faltung und zum Aufrollen besteht.
Development and validation of an endoscopic index of the severity for Crohn's disease: a prospective multicentre study. Groupe d'Etudes Thérapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires du Tube Digestif (GETAID). (1989)

The aim of this study was to develop and validate an endoscopic index for assessing the severity of Crohn's disease. Endoscopic findings were prospectively collected by a multicentre group in 75 patients with Crohn's colitis according to a previously validated procedure. The presence of nine preselected lesions was recorded in the following segments (1) rectum, (2) sigmoid and left colon, (3) transverse colon, (4) right colon, and (5) ileum. In addition the extent of the diseased and ulcerated areas were estimated in each segment. These segmental data were recorded on a standard form, together with the endoscopist's global estimate of lesion severity. A stepwise multiple regression was used to derive an index which was correlated with the endoscopist's global evaluation of lesion severity. Four mucosal lesions: deep and superficial ulcerations, ulcerated and non-ulcerated stenosis, and both estimates of extent involved were selected and weighted to obtain a Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity which correlated with the endoscopist's global appraisal of lesion severity (r = 0.83). This index was then prospectively shown to be valid in a further series of 113 colonoscopies (r = 0.81). The index was calculated in 54 patients with active Crohn's disease, before and at the end of a course of corticosteroids: index variations correctly reflected changes in colitis severity as evaluated by the endoscopists (r = 0.72). For endoscopists familiar with the data collection procedure, this Crohn's Disease Endoscopic Index of Severity should be of value in the follow up of patients, especially in clinical trials.
G2E3 Is a Dual Function Ubiquitin Ligase Required for Early Embryonic Development (2008)

G2E3 is a putative ubiquitin ligase (E3) identified in a microarray screen for mitotic regulatory proteins. It shuttles between the cytoplasm and nucleus, concentrating in nucleoli and relocalizing to the nucleoplasm in response to DNA damage. In this study, we demonstrate that G2E3 is an unusual ubiquitin ligase that is essential in early embryonic development to prevent apopotic death. This protein has a catalytically inactive HECT domain and two distinct RING-like ubiquitin ligase domains that catalyze lysine 48-linked polyubiquitination. To address in vivo function, we generated a knock-out mouse model of G2E3 deficiency that incorporates a β-galactosidase reporter gene under control of the endogenous promoter. Animals heterozygous for G2E3 inactivation are phenotypically normal with no overt change in development, growth, longevity, or fertility, whereas G2E3 null embryos die prior to implantation. Although normal numbers of G2E3-/- blastocysts are present at embryonic day 3.5, these blastocysts involute in culture as a result of massive apoptosis. Using β-galactosidase staining as a marker for protein expression, we demonstrate that G2E3 is predominantly expressed within the central nervous system and the early stages of limb bud formation of the developing embryo. In adult animals, the most intense staining is found in Purkinje cell bodies and cells lining the ductus deferens. In summary, G2E3 is a dual function ubiquitin ligase essential for prevention of apoptosis in early embryogenesis.
Mapping brain anatomical connectivity using white matter tractography (2010)

Integration of the neural processes in the human brain is realized through interconnections that exist between different neural centers. These interconnections take place through white matter pathways. White matter tractography is currently the only available technique for the reconstruction of the anatomical connectivity in the human brain noninvasively and in vivo. The trajectory and terminations of white matter pathways are estimated from local orientations of nerve bundles. These orientations are obtained using measurements of water diffusion in the brain. In this article, the techniques for estimating fiber directions from diffusion measurements in the human brain are reviewed. Methods of white matter tractography are described, together with the current limitations of the technique, including sensitivity to image noise and partial voluming. The applications of white matter tractography to the topographical characterization of the white matter connections and the segmentation of specific white matter pathways, and corresponding functional units of gray matter, are discussed. In this context, the potential impact of white matter tractography in mapping the functional systems and subsystems in the human brain, and their interrelations, is described. Finally, the applications of white matter tractography to the study of brain disorders, including fiber tract localization in brains affected by tumors and the identification of impaired connectivity routes in neurologic and neuropsychiatric diseases, are discussed.
Modified Cyclodextrins Are Chemically Defined Glucan Inducers of Defense Responses in Grapevine Cell Cultures (2005)

In grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), defense responses after microbial infection or treatment with elicitors involve accumulation of phytoalexins, oxidative burst, and the synthesis of pathogenesis-related proteins. Oligosaccharide fractions from fungal or algal cell walls efficiently induce the defense responses, but a detailed analysis of the elicitor-plant cell surface interaction at the molecular level is precluded by the lack of chemically pure oligosaccharide elicitors. A grapevine liquid cell culture system was used to examine the properties of cyclodextrins (CDs) as inducers of defense responses. This work shows that the chemically pure heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-betaCD caused a dramatic extracellular accumulation of the phytoalexin resveratrol and changes in peroxidase activity and isoenzymatic pattern. Other modified CDs tested on several grapevine cell lines resulted in different eliciting capacities of CDs and different sensibilities of the cell lines. The spent medium of elicited cultures was shown to disturb Botrytis cinerea growth in a plate assay.
Structural remodeling of cardiac myocytes in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. (1992)

These data suggest that increased myocyte length (an intracellular event), instead of myocyte slippage (an extracellular event), is largely responsible for the chamber dilation in ICM. Furthermore, maladaptive remodeling of myocyte shape (e.g., increased myocyte length/width ratio) may contribute to the elevated wall stress (e.g., increased chamber radius/wall thickness) in ICM.
Klf4 Cooperates with Oct3/4 and Sox2 To Activate the Lefty1 Core Promoter in Embryonic Stem Cells (2006)

Although the POU transcription factor Oct3/4 is pivotal in maintaining self renewal of embryonic stem (ES) cells, little is known of its molecular mechanisms. We previously reported that the N-terminal transactivation domain of Oct3/4 is required for activation of Lefty1 expression (H. Niwa, S. Masui, I. Chambers, A. G. Smith, and J. Miyazaki, Mol. Cell. Biol. 22:1526-1536, 2002). Here we test whether Lefty1 is a direct target of Oct3/4. We identified an ES cell-specific enhancer upstream of the Lefty1 promoter that contains binding sites for Oct3/4 and Sox2. Unlike other known Oct3/4-Sox2-dependent enhancers, however, this enhancer element could not be activated by Oct3/4 and Sox2 in differentiated cells. By functional screening of ES-specific transcription factors, we found that Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) cooperates with Oct3/4 and Sox2 to activate Lefty1 expression, and that Klf4 acts as a mediating factor that specifically binds to the proximal element of the Lefty1 promoter. DNA microarray analysis revealed that a subset of putative Oct3/4 target genes may be regulated in the same manner. Our findings shed light on a novel function of Oct3/4 in ES cells.
Intravenous Iron Carboxymaltose as a Potential Therapeutic in Anemia of Inflammation (2016)

Intravenous iron supplementation is an effective therapy in iron deficiency anemia (IDA), but controversial in anemia of inflammation (AI). Unbound iron can be used by bacteria and viruses for their replication and enhance the inflammatory response. Nowadays available high molecular weight iron complexes for intravenous iron substitution, such as ferric carboxymaltose, might be useful in AI, as these pharmaceuticals deliver low doses of free iron over a prolonged period of time. We tested the effects of intravenous iron carboxymaltose in murine AI: Wild-type mice were exposed to the heat-killed Brucella abortus (BA) model and treated with or without high molecular weight intravenous iron. 4h after BA injection followed by 2h after intravenous iron treatment, inflammatory cytokines were upregulated by BA, but not enhanced by iron treatment. In long term experiments, mice were fed a regular or an iron deficient diet and then treated with intravenous iron or saline 14 days after BA injection. Iron treatment in mice with BA-induced AI was effective 24h after iron administration. In contrast, mice with IDA (on iron deficiency diet) prior to BA-IA required 7d to recover from AI. In these experiments, inflammatory markers were not further induced in iron-treated compared to vehicle-treated BA-injected mice. These results demonstrate that intravenous iron supplementation effectively treated the murine BA-induced AI without further enhancement of the inflammatory response. Studies in humans have to reveal treatment options for AI in patients.
Trends on Handset Antennas (1999)

For a long time antennas for handsets were seen as a necessary piece of wire at the end of a high tech system. Due to a strong demand for better performance, lower price and better design the antenna element is getting more and more in the focus of interest This paper presents some actual trends of today's handset antennas. The interaction with the user, the technology of integrated antennas and dualband antenna concepts are explained.
Evaluation of an 111In-Radiolabeled Peptide as a Targeting and Imaging Agent for ErbB-2 Receptor–Expressing Breast Carcinomas (2007)

The DOTA(GSG)-KCCYSL peptide has the potential to be used as a tumor-imaging agent and a vehicle for specific delivery of radionuclide or cytotoxic agents for tumors overexpressing ErbB-2.
Synthesis of Base-Modified "Abbreviated" NAD Analogues (1995)

The "abbreviated" model of NAD, 1-[3-(adenin-9-yl)-2-hydroxypropyl]-3-carbamoylpyridinium chloride ( VIIIa ), and its 2,6-diaminopurine ( VIIIb ), 3-deazaadenine ( VIIIc ), guanine ( VIIId ) and cytosine ( VIIIe ) analogues were prepared by the Zincke reaction. The ( R )-isomer of the adenine model VIIIa (compound IX ) was prepared for chiroptical studies. As shown by NMR, UV and CD spectra, neither in dimethyl sulfoxide nor in water any intramolecular π-π interactions exist between the heteroaromatic systems.
Antifungal Activity of Microbial Secondary Metabolites (2011)

Secondary metabolites are well known for their ability to impede other microorganisms. Reanalysis of a screen of natural products using the Caenorhabditis elegans-Candida albicans infection model identified twelve microbial secondary metabolites capable of conferring an increase in survival to infected nematodes. In this screen, the two compound treatments conferring the highest survival rates were members of the epipolythiodioxopiperazine (ETP) family of fungal secondary metabolites, acetylgliotoxin and a derivative of hyalodendrin. The abundance of fungal secondary metabolites indentified in this screen prompted further studies investigating the interaction between opportunistic pathogenic fungi and Aspergillus fumigatus, because of the ability of the fungus to produce a plethora of secondary metabolites, including the well studied ETP gliotoxin. We found that cell-free supernatant of A. fumigatus was able to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans through the production of a secreted product. Comparative studies between a wild-type and an A. fumigatus ΔgliP strain unable to synthesize gliotoxin demonstrate that this secondary metabolite is the major factor responsible for the inhibition. Although toxic to organisms, gliotoxin conferred an increase in survival to C. albicans-infected C. elegans in a dose dependent manner. As A. fumigatus produces gliotoxin in vivo, we propose that in addition to being a virulence factor, gliotoxin may also provide an advantage to A. fumigatus when infecting a host that harbors other opportunistic fungi.
Immunological Cross-Reactivities of Woodchuck and Hepatitis B Viral Antigens (1982)

Woodchuck sera were tested for antigens and antibodies with tests which detect human hepatitis virus antigens and antibodies. Data on 264 woodchuck sera are presented.
Decreased antigen presentation by dendritic cells in patients with breast cancer. (1997)

We evaluated T-cell responses to mitogens and to defined antigens in breast cancer patients. Significant defects in responses to tetanus toxoid and influenza virus were observed in patients with advanced-stage breast cancer. To define whether these defects were associated with a defect in antigen presentation [dendritic cells (DCs)] or effector function (T cells), these cells were studied separately. Purified DCs from 32 patients with breast cancer demonstrated a significantly decreased ability to stimulate control allogeneic T cells, but stimulation of patient T cells with either control allogeneic DCs or immobilized anti-CD3 antibody resulted in normal T-cell responses, even in patients with stage IV tumors. These data suggest that reduced DC function could be one of the major causes of the observed defect in cellular immunity in patients with advanced breast cancer. We then tested whether stem cells from these patients could give rise to functional DCs after in vitro growth with granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin 4. Normal levels of control allogeneic and tetanus toxoid-dependent T-cell proliferation were observed when DCs obtained from precursors were used as stimulators. Those cells also induced substantially higher levels of influenza virus-specific CTL responses than mature DCs from the peripheral blood of these patients, although responses did not quite reach control values. Thus, defective T-cell function in patients with advanced breast cancer can be overcome by stimulation with DCs generated from precursors, suggesting that these cells may better serve as autologous antigen carriers for cancer immunotherapy than mature peripheral blood DCs.
Sequence Analysis of the Terminal Protein Precursor Coding Regions from Bovine Adenovirus Serotypes 2 and 3 (1997)

As part of our efforts to develop bovine adenoviruses into a vector system, we sequenced the region predicted to encode the terminal protein precursor of either bovine adenoviruses type 2 and bovine adenoviruses type 3. We examined the regions containing the terminal protein precursors and showed that the bovine adenovirus early region 2B had an identical organization to all adenoviruses so far examined. The bovine adenovirus terminal protein precursors and those of other adenoviruses were also compared in a sequence alignment analysis and several highly conserved structural domains were identified. Finally, we showed how the various terminal protein precursors were related in a sequence pair similarity analysis and concluded that the terminal protein precursors of bovine adenoviruses types 2 and 3 are significantly different from each other at the protein sequence level.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Variational Inference: Bridging the Gap (2014)

Recent advances in stochastic gradient variational inference have made it possible to perform variational Bayesian inference with posterior approximations containing auxiliary random variables. This enables us to explore a new synthesis of variational inference and Monte Carlo methods where we incorporate one or more steps of MCMC into our variational approximation. By doing so we obtain a rich class of inference algorithms bridging the gap between variational methods and MCMC, and offering the best of both worlds: fast posterior approximation through the maximization of an explicit objective, with the option of trading off additional computation for additional accuracy. We describe the theoretical foundations that make this possible and show some promising first results.
The human endothelin-B receptor gene. Structural organization and chromosomal assignment. (1993)

The gene encoding the human endothelin-B receptor (hET-BR) has been isolated, and its structural organization and chromosomal assignment have been determined. Southern blot analysis demonstrated a single copy of the hET-BR gene in the human genome. The hET-BR gene spans 24 kilobases and consists of seven exons and six introns. The size range for exons is 109-2855 base pairs, although that for introns is 0.2-14.5 kilobases. Every intron occurs near the border of the putative transmembrane domain in the coding region. The major transcription initiation sites were mapped to the positions 258 and 229 base pairs upstream of the ATG initiation codon by primer extension and nuclease S1 protection experiments. The 5'-flanking region of the hET-BR gene lacks conventional TATA and CCAAT boxes but contains a sequence of potential Sp1 binding sites upstream of the transcription initiation sites. There are some canonical consensus sequences of cis-elements including GATA motif, acute phase reactant regulatory element, and E box. Using human-rodent somatic hybrid cell lines, the hET-BR gene was assigned to human chromosome 13. The present study will lead to a better understanding of the mechanism for the transcriptional regulation of the hET-BR gene and will give a clue as to how to search for possible genetic disorders of hET-BR.
An Estimation-based Automatic Vehicle Location System for Public Transport Vehicles (2008)

Public transport vehicles often share a road network with other road users making their journeys susceptive to changing road conditions and especially to congestion. Travelers using such public transport increasingly depend on real-time information to plan their journeys. While such information can be provided by Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) systems, AVLs depend heavily on large-scale deployment of designated sensory equipment, which may prevent their pervasive adoption. This paper presents a system for estimating vehicle location based on information generated by data sources typically integrated within existing ITS platforms. This enables location estimation for public transport vehicles without the need for deploying a designated sensor infrastructure in each vehicle, thereby reducing deployment and maintenance cost significantly. A prototypical vehicle location estimation system has been realized as part of and using data provided by the iTransIT ITS framework. Initial evaluation results show that such a system is feasible in a distributed manner and that estimated results are within 20% compared to empirical data.
Lifetime and Diffusion of Singlet Oxygen in a Cell (2005)

In time- and spatially resolved experiments, singlet molecular oxygen, O(2)(a(1)Delta(g)), was created in a single nerve cell upon irradiation of a sensitizer incorporated in the cell nucleus using a focused laser beam. The singlet oxygen thus produced was detected by its infrared phosphorescence. Data obtained indicate that, contrary to common perception, this reactive species can be quite long-lived in a cell and, as such, can diffuse over appreciable distances including across the cell membrane into the extra-cellular environment. These results provide a new perspective for mechanistic studies of photoinduced cell death and intracellular signaling.
Noninvasive Prediction of Organ Graft Rejection and Outcome Using Gene Expression Patterns (2008)

Development of predictive, diagnostic, and prognostic biomarkers of allograft status and outcome is important and challenging, and may be rewarded with individualized therapy for the organ graft recipient. Herein, we summarize noninvasive messenger RNA profiling studies for ascertaining allograft status and outcome. Nucleic acid-based biomarkers of allograft status have been developed by several laboratories, but the studies have primarily been single center investigations. Ongoing multicenter trials including the Clinical Trials in Organ Transplantation (https://www.ctotstudies.org) should help further to define the clinical utility of noninvasively developed messenger RNA profiles as biomarkers of allograft status and outcome.
Generating realistic intrusion detection system dataset based on fuzzy qualitative modeling (2017)

Prior to deploying any intrusion detection system, it is essential to obtain a realistic evaluation of its performance. However, the major problems currently faced by the research community is the lack of availability of any realistic evaluation dataset and systematic metric for assessing the quantified quality of realism of any intrusion detection system dataset. It is difficult to access and collect data from real-world enterprise networks due to business continuity and integrity issues. In response to this, in this paper, firstly, a metric using a fuzzy logic system based on the Sugeno fuzzy inference model for evaluating the quality of the realism of existing intrusion detection system datasets is proposed. Secondly, based on the proposed metric results, a synthetically realistic next generation intrusion detection systems dataset is designed and generated, and a preliminary analysis conducted to assist in the design of future intrusion detection systems. This generated dataset consists of both normal and abnormal reflections of current network activities occurring at critical cyber infrastructure levels in various enterprises. Finally, using the proposed metric, the generated dataset is analyzed to assess the quality of its realism, with its comparison with publicly available intrusion detection system datasets for verifying its superiority.
PDGF and FGF reverse the healing impairment in protein-malnourished diabetic mice. (1993)

Despite the lack of effects in nondiabetic animals, growth factors improve healing in diabetic mice with restricted protein intake. The differential effects may result from different healing mechanisms: nondiabetic animals heal mainly by contraction; diabetic animals require granulation tissue formation and reepithelialization.
The effect of transdermal and vaginal estrogen therapy on markers of postmenopausal estrogen status (2008)

A transdermal E2 skin patch releasing 14 microg of E2 per day had an effect on vaginal pH and vaginal maturation indices similar to that of a vaginal E2 ring releasing 7.5 microg of E2 per day. Therefore, this patch is likely to relieve symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy.