gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic monitor allocation in the Java virtual machine (2013)

With the Java language and sandboxed environments becoming more and more popular research needs to be conducted into improving the performance of these environments while decreasing their memory footprints. In this paper we present a dynamic approach for growing monitors for objects in order to reduce the memory footprint and improve the execution time of the IBM Java Virtual Machine. According to the Java Language Specification every object needs a monitor, however not all objects require synchronization, thus the monitor can have a negative memory impact. Our new approach grows monitors only when required. The impact of this approach on performance and memory has been evaluated using the SPECjbb2005 benchmark and future work is also discussed. On average a performance increase of 0.47% and a memory reduction of about 5.51% has been achieved with our approach.
mTOR Signaling and Dendritic Cell Biology (2014)

Dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent antigen-presenting cells in bridging innate and adaptive immunity, play a central role in orchestrating the decision between immunity and tolerance. The development, maturation and function of DCs are under the intricate control of various cellular and molecular mechanisms. Signaling via the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a key kinase-mediated pathway in integrating cellular and environmental cues, has emerged as a crucial regulator of various aspects of DC biology. These studies have benefited from pharmacological inhibitors of mTOR, especially rapamycin, and genetic dissection of mTOR components and regulators such as Pten, Tsc1 and Raptor. Here we review the recent advances in understanding the functional significance and mechanistic basis of mTOR signaling in DC development and function.
Mutations in the KRAS2 oncogene during progressive stages of human colon carcinoma. (1989)

A series of colon carcinomas, adenomas, and adjacent tissues were analyzed for ploidy alterations and mutations in KRAS2. To increase the sensitivity for identifying mutations, we used histological enrichment, cell sorting, and DNA amplification by the polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction followed by direct DNA sequence analysis. Of the 40 carcinomas analyzed, 27 contained aneuploid cells and 26 contained mutations at the first position of codon 12 of KRAS2. Of the 12 adenomas studied, 4 contained aneuploid cells and 9 contained the same mutation at codon 12. In both adenomas and carcinomas, mutations were identified in both diploid and aneuploid cells. In some cases, regions of histologically benign mucosa adjacent to the carcinoma contained mutations. These combined results suggest that mutations in KRAS2 occur early in the development of human colon carcinoma, before change in ploidy, and that these mutations exist in diploid cells from which an aneuploid subpopulation arises. Furthermore, mutations may exist in histologically normal mucosa in regions adjacent to carcinoma, suggesting that a field of genetically abnormal mucosa may surround these tumors.
Epratuzumab for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2013)

Epratuzumab (EMab, UCB, Immunomedics) is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD22 that is being studied in clinical trials for patients with a variety of rheumatic and hematologic conditions, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). An overview of its mechanism of action is followed by a summary of completed lupus studies, and a preview of studies in progress. The agent clearly has anti-inflammatory activity and is a potentially useful agent in the management of autoimmune disorders.
Site-specific mutagenesis of the 35-kilodalton protein gene encoded by Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus: cell line-specific effects on virus replication (1992)

The gene encoding the 35-kDa protein (35k gene) located within the EcoRI-S genome fragment of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) is transcribed early in infection. To examine its function(s) with respect to virus multiplication, we introduced specific mutations of this early gene into the AcMNPV genome. In Spodoptera frugiperda (SF21) culture, deletion of the 35K gene reduced yields of extracellular, budded virus from 200- to 15,000-fold, depending on input multiplicity. Mutant replication was characterized by dramatically diminished levels of late and very late (occlusion-specific) virus gene expression and premature cell lysis. In contrast, 35K gene inactivation had no effect on virus growth in cultured Trichoplusia ni (TN368) cells. Insertion of the 35K gene and its promoter at an alternate site (polyhedrin locus) restored virus replication to wild-type levels in SF21 culture. Subsequent insertion of 4 bp after codon 81 generated a frameshift mutant that exhibited a virus phenotype indistinguishable from that of 35K deletion mutants and demonstrated that the 35K gene product (p35) was required for wild-type replication in SF21 cells. Mutagenesis also indicated that the C terminus of p35, including the last 12 residues, was required for function. In complementation assays, wild-type virus bearing a functional 35K gene allele stimulated all aspects of 35K null mutant replication and suppressed early cell lysis. These findings indicated that p35 is a trans-dominant factor that facilitates AcMNPV growth in a cell line-specific manner.
Modern Digital Halftoning, Second Edition (2008)

The late 1980s, revolutionary advances in digital halftoning enabled inkjet printers to achieve much higher image fidelity. The rapid rate of progress has resulted in numerous breakthroughs scattered throughout the literature, rendering old technologies obsolete and renewing the need for a centralized source on the current state of the art. Entirely revised and updated, Modern Digital Halftoning, Second Edition provides an integrated and up-to-date treatment of stochastic halftoning and digital printing. Using full-color illustrations to enhance the text, this edition incorporates new topics as well as updated models, algorithms, and methods used to construct and improve the quality of green-noise, blue-noise, and multitone images. Following a review of various halftoning techniques, this edition now covers amplitude modulated dither arrays, adapting to human visual models, direct binary search, and handling stochastic moiré problems. It also presents a new chapter on lenticular printing, a means for printing color holographic images. Accompanying downloadable resources contain MATLAB® software files and illustrated examples employing algorithms, statistics, and other key concepts from the book. Documenting the development of digital printing since the first edition, Modern Digital Halftoning, Second Edition offers a well-rounded and accurate perspective on the technological capabilities of digital printing and provides all the necessary tools for continuing research in the field.
Use of the GnRH analogue, deslorelin acetate, in a slow‐release implant to accelerate ovulation in oestrous mares (1997)

In two separate controlled clinical trials, the efficacy and safety of 2.2 mg of the GnRH analogue deslorelin, administered subcutaneously as a short‐term implant to normally cycling mares in oestrus with a dominant ovarian follicle more than 30 mm in diameter, were evaluated, using a placebo as a negative control. The oestrous cycle of each mare was followed by teasing, palpation per rectum and transrectal ultrasonography. Follicles were monitored every 24 hours by ultrasonography until ovulation occurred. The mares were either mated naturally or inseminated artificially. In trial 1, 174 mares were treated at six locations in Canada, and in trial 2, 98 mares were treated at three locations in the USA. In trial 1, the treatment with deslorelin reduced the mean (sd) time to ovulation from 84.2 (48.4) hours to 50.2 (19.6) hours (P&lt;0.001) and in trial 2 it reduced it from 88.8 (40.3) hours to 54.1 (26.5) hours (P&lt;0.001). In trial 1, the percentage of mares ovulating within 48 hours increased from 37.7 per cent in control mares to 86.1 per cent in treated mares (P&lt;0.001) and in trial 2 the percentage increased from 26.5 to 80.9 per cent (P&lt;0.001). In trial 2, the duration of oestrus in the deslorelin‐treated mares was reduced from 6.1 days to 4.3 days and the number of matings or artificial inseminations was reduced from 2.5 to 1.7 (P&lt;0.001). In trial 1, days 12 to 20 pregnancy rates for matings at the treatment oestrus were not different for deslorelin‐treated (75.6 per cent) and placebo‐treated (66.1 per cent) mares. In trial 2, days 12 to 20 pregnancy rates from matings at the treatment oestrus were lower for deslorelin‐treated (58.7 per cent) than for placebotreated (83.3 per cent) mares (P&lt;0.05), although pregnancy rates were similar for deslorelin‐treated (97.1 per cent) and placebo‐treated (95.0 per cent) mares after mating at the second oestrus. In both trials, pregnancy losses due to early or late abortions were within the normally expected range and similar for deslorelin‐treated (3.6 and 3.7 per cent, respectively) and placebo‐treated (13.4 and 7.5 per cent) mares. The treatments did not cause systemic side effects and local reactions at the implantation sites were slight and of short duration.
Cloning and characterization of a specific coactivator, ARA70, for the androgen receptor in human prostate cells. (1996)

The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the steroid receptor superfamily that plays an important role in male sexual differentiation and prostate cell proliferation. Mutations or abnormal expression of AR in prostate cancer can play a key role in the process that changes prostate cancer from androgen-dependent to an androgen-independent stage. Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we were able to isolate a ligand-dependent AR-associated protein (ARA70), which functions as an activator to enhance AR transcriptional activity 10-fold in the presence of 10(-10) M dihydrotestosterone or 10(-9) M testosterone, but not 10(-6) M hydroxyflutamide in human prostate cancer DU145 cells. Our data further indicated that ARA70 Will only slightly induce the transcriptional activity of other steroid receptors such as estrogen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, and progesterone receptor in DU145 cells. Together, these data suggest that AR may need a specific coactivator(s) such as ARA70 for optimal androgen activity.
Carrying Capacity of Drilling Muds (1951)

Abstract The trend toward deeper drilling, together with the attendant increase inpower requirements for circulation of the drilling fluid, has emphasized theneed for a critical examination of the factors affecting the removal of bitcuttings from the hole by the drilling fluid. The ability of drilling fluids tolift cuttings is called their carrying capacity. A series of laboratory and field experiments has been conducted to determinethe minimum annular velocity necessary to remove cuttings, and to investigatethe effects of properties of drilling fluids on their carrying capacities. Consideration of the results of these experiments led to the followingconclusions:Turbulent flow in the well annulus is most desirable from the standpointof cutting removal.Low viscosity and low gel are advantageous in removing cuttings.Increase in mud weight is effective in increasing carrying capacity.The carrying capacity is higher when the pipe is rotated than when it isnot.If turbulent flow can be maintained, an annular velocity slightly higherthan the slip velocity of the largest cuttings to be transported should keepthe bore hole clean. This implies velocities of 100 to 125 ft per minute ratherthan the presently used 175 to 225 ft per minute. Introduction Power Savings by Reduction of Annular Velocities A large portion of the power expended in drilling operations is consumed incirculating the drilling fluid. An important factor in establishing the rate ofmud circulation is the minimum velocity in the annulus necessary to remove bitcuttings. Empirically, it has been found that average annular mud velocities ofabout 200'Ft per minute will remove cuttings. It was not definitely known, however, whether annular velocities of about 200'Ft per minute were just abovethe minimum necessary to remove cuttings, or whether such velocities could bematerially reduced without sacrifice of the ability of the mud to removecuttings. It is apparent that if annular velocities could be reduced withoutimpairment of cutting removal, a considerable saving in power requirementswould result. T.P. 3026
Physiological and genetic regulation of the aldohexuronate transport system in Escherichia coli (1976)

In Escherichia coli K-12, the specificity of the aldohexuronate transport system (THU) is restricted to glucuronate and galacturonate. There is a relatively high basal-level activity in uninduced wild-type or isomeraseless strains. Supplementary activity is obtained with the inducers mannonic amide (five-fold), galacturonate (fourfold), fructuronate (fivefold), and tagaturonate (sevenfold). Specific THU- mutants were selected as strains unable to grow on either aldohexuronate but able to grow on fructuronate or tagaturonate. The remaining transport activity in uninduced and induced THU- starins represents less than 20% of that found in the wild type. Conjugation and transduction experiments indicate that all of the THU- mutations are located in a unique locus, exuT, half-way between the tolC (59 min) and argG (61 min) markers. exuT is closely linked to the uxaC-uxaA operon (60 min) and to the regulatory gene exuR (60 min), which controls the above-mentioned operon and the uxaB operon (45 min). Growth on either aldohexuronate and transport activity are fully recovered when exuT mutants are allowed to revert to exuT+ on galacturonate or glucuronate. Reversion on glucuronate alone may lead to the mutational derepression of the 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate transport system, which is uninducible in the wild type, which also takes up glucuronate, and whose structural gene belongs to the kdg regulon. Such strains, which remain unable to grow on galacturonate, are exuT and kdgR (constitutive allele of the regulatory gene kdgR of the kdg regulon). THU activity is superrepressed in an exuR mutant in which the uxaC-uxaA operon and the uxaB operon are superrepressed; exuR+/exuR merodiploids are also superrepressed. In a thermosensitive exuR mutant in which the above-mentioned operons are constitutive at 42 degrees C, the THU activity is fully derepressed at this temperature. On the basis of these and other results, it is concluded that THU is coded for by the structural gene exuT, which is negatively controlled by the exuR gene product and which probably belongs to an operon distinct from the uxaA-uxaC operon.
Electrochemical Preparation of Platinum Nanocrystallites with Size Selectivity on Basal Plane Oriented Graphite Surfaces (1998)

Platinum nanocrystals were deposited on basal plane oriented graphite surfaces from dilute (1.0 mM) PtCl62--containing electrolytes using a pulsed potentiostatic method. The deposition of platinum nanocrystals occurred via an instantaneous nucleation and diffusion-limited growth mechanism which resulted in narrow particle size distributions (relative standard deviation <35%) for mean crystallite diameters smaller than 40 Å. The number of particles per unit area on these surfaces was 109−1010 cm-2. Noncontact atomic force microscopy images reveal that platinum nanocrystals nucleated both at defect sitessuch as step edgesand on apparently defect-free regions of the atomically smooth graphite basal plane. Using electron transparent graphite surfaces, selected area electron diffraction analyses revealed that the structure of deposited platinum nanocrystals was fcc with a lattice constant that was indistinguishable from bulk fcc platinum. Platinum nanocrystals were not epitaxially oriented on the graphite basal plane surface.
Freefall parachute jumping (1999)

Air resistance is essential to a safe parachute jump. Without air resistance the jumper's velocity would increase without bound. In this paper we present a simple differential equation model, which can be analysed using A-level calculus techniques, of the freefall phase of a parachute jump. Hie predictions of this model are compared with data taken from the parachuting literature. We show how the model can be modified to allow an investigation of the effect of the mass of the jumper on the distance fallen during the freefall phase
Measurement of the photon dispersion relation in two-dimensional ordered dielectric arrays (1993)

We characterize the dispersion relation for electromagnetic-wave propagation in two-dimensional dielectric arrays, using the coherent microwave transient spectroscopy technique. Results of measurements along various symmetry directions of square and triangular lattices are presented. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with theoretical calculations made by using the plane-wave expansion technique. The theoretical calculations predict that transmission via certain modes is forbidden by symmetry, and our experimental results confirm this prediction.
Generation and Intermolecular Reactions of 2-Indolylacyl Radicals (2001)

The generation of 2-indolylacyl radicals from the corresponding phenyl selenoesters, aldehydes, and alpha-keto carboxylic acids and the scope of their participation in intermolecular addition reactions to carbon-carbon double bonds have been studied. Whereas the phenyl selenoester method has provided easy access to a variety of 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds bearing the 2-acylindole moiety, the glyoxylic acid route has been employed for the preparation of 2-indolyl pyridyl ketones.
[Analgesic and other CNS depressive effects of dihydroetorphine (author's transl)]. (1982)

The analgesic, respiratory depressive, immobilizing effects and a cute toxicity of dihydroetorphine (DHE) have been evaluated and compared with those of morphine and etorphine (E). The minimal analgesic doses of DHE were 0.1—0.5 μg/kg in dogs (im), mice, rabbits and monkeys (sc). DHE injected sc was 6277 and 11488 times more potent than morphine, 5.5 and 2.7 times than E in mice (hot-plate method) and rabbits (K+ iontophoresis method), respectively. DHE caused a respiratory depression in the animals, but was less potent than morphine and E in rabbits. DHE, resembling morphine, caused Straub's tail and a marked increase in locomotor activity in mice, sedation in dogs and monkeys, and miosis in dogs. In contrast to morphine, DHE did not induce emesis in dogs. At high doses DHE resembled E in producing the immobilization of animals. The therapeutic index of DHE was high in animals. The effects of DHE were easily antagonized by nalorphine.
Understanding Convolution for Semantic Segmentation (2018)

Recent advances in deep learning, especially deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs), have led to significant improvement over previous semantic segmentation systems. Here we show how to improve pixel-wise semantic segmentation by manipulating convolution-related operations that are of both theoretical and practical value. First, we design dense upsampling convolution (DUC) to generate pixel-level prediction, which is able to capture and decode more detailed information that is generally missing in bilinear upsampling. Second, we propose a hybrid dilated convolution (HDC) framework in the encoding phase. This framework 1) effectively enlarges the receptive fields (RF) of the network to aggregate global information; 2) alleviates what we call the "gridding issue"caused by the standard dilated convolution operation. We evaluate our approaches thoroughly on the Cityscapes dataset, and achieve a state-of-art result of 80.1% mIOU in the test set at the time of submission. We also have achieved state-of-theart overall on the KITTI road estimation benchmark and the PASCAL VOC2012 segmentation task. Our source code can be found at https://github.com/TuSimple/TuSimple-DUC.
Robust uncertainty principles: exact signal reconstruction from highly incomplete frequency information (2006)

This paper considers the model problem of reconstructing an object from incomplete frequency samples. Consider a discrete-time signal f/spl isin/C/sup N/ and a randomly chosen set of frequencies /spl Omega/. Is it possible to reconstruct f from the partial knowledge of its Fourier coefficients on the set /spl Omega/? A typical result of this paper is as follows. Suppose that f is a superposition of |T| spikes f(t)=/spl sigma//sub /spl tau//spl isin/T/f(/spl tau/)/spl delta/(t-/spl tau/) obeying |T|/spl les/C/sub M//spl middot/(log N)/sup -1/ /spl middot/ |/spl Omega/| for some constant C/sub M/>0. We do not know the locations of the spikes nor their amplitudes. Then with probability at least 1-O(N/sup -M/), f can be reconstructed exactly as the solution to the /spl lscr//sub 1/ minimization problem. In short, exact recovery may be obtained by solving a convex optimization problem. We give numerical values for C/sub M/ which depend on the desired probability of success. Our result may be interpreted as a novel kind of nonlinear sampling theorem. In effect, it says that any signal made out of |T| spikes may be recovered by convex programming from almost every set of frequencies of size O(|T|/spl middot/logN). Moreover, this is nearly optimal in the sense that any method succeeding with probability 1-O(N/sup -M/) would in general require a number of frequency samples at least proportional to |T|/spl middot/logN. The methodology extends to a variety of other situations and higher dimensions. For example, we show how one can reconstruct a piecewise constant (one- or two-dimensional) object from incomplete frequency samples - provided that the number of jumps (discontinuities) obeys the condition above - by minimizing other convex functionals such as the total variation of f.
Synthesis and Analytical Characterization of RNA-Polyethylene Glycol Conjugates (1996)

Abstract Polyethylene glycols with degrees of polymerization from 5 to more than 100 were incorporated into synthetic oligoribonucleotides by automated solid phase synthesis at 3′-terminal, 5′-terminal and internal positions. The conjugates were characterized by chromatographic, electrophoretic and mass-spectrometric methods. The influence of coupling site, polymer size and number of coupled polymers per oligonucleotide on the molecular properties of the conjugates is investigated.
Structure in on-line documents (2002)

We present a hierarchical approach for extracting homogeneous regions in on-line documents. The problem of identifying and processing ruled and unruled tables, text and drawings is addressed. The on-line document is first segmented into regions with only text strokes and regions with both text and non-text strokes. The text region is further classified as unruled table or plain text. Stroke clustering is used to segment the non-text regions. Each nontext segment is then classified as drawing, ruled table or underlined keyword using stroke properties. The individual regions are processed and the results are assembled to identify the structure of the on-line document.