gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High performance HBTs with built-in base fields: exponentially-graded doping vs. graded composition (2002)

A comparison of exponentially graded doping and graded composition as a means of producing built-in drift fields in the base of npn GaAs-AlGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) is discussed. The reduction in base transit time ( tau /sub B/) associated with the built-in fields is substantial. Compared to uniformly doped devices with the same base width, tau /sub B/ is reduced by approximately 70% for both the graded doping and graded composition profiles. The field associated with exponentially graded base doping is derived, accounting both for bandgap narrowing effects and for degeneracy. It is found that the built-in field due to doping gradients is substantially larger than that expected when computed using only nondegenerate Boltzmann statistics. The increase in device performance when exponentially graded doping is used is demonstrated using a distributed HBT amplifier with 24-GHz bandwidth.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Elucidation of the first committed step in betalain biosynthesis enables the heterologous engineering of betalain pigments in plants (2015)

Betalains are tyrosine-derived red-violet and yellow pigments, found in plants only of the Caryophyllales order. Although much progress has been made in recent years in the understanding of the betalain biosynthetic process, many questions remain open with regards to several of the proposed steps in the pathway. Most conspicuous by its absence is the characterization of the first committed step in the pathway, namely the 3-hydroxylation of tyrosine to form l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA). We used transcriptome analysis of the betalain-producing plants red beet (Beta vulgaris) and four o'clocks (Mirabilis jalapa) to identify a novel, betalain-related cytochrome P450-type gene, CYP76AD6, and carried out gene silencing and recombinant expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana and yeast cells to examine its functionality. l-DOPA formation in red beet was found to be redundantly catalyzed by CYP76AD6 together with a known betalain-related enzyme, CYP76AD1, which was previously thought to only catalyze a succeeding step in the pathway. While CYP76AD1 catalyzes both l-DOPA formation and its subsequent conversion to cyclo-DOPA, CYP76AD6 uniquely exhibits only tyrosine hydroxylase activity. The new findings enabled us to metabolically engineer entirely red-pigmented tobacco plants through heterologous expression of three genes taking part in the fully decoded betalain biosynthetic pathway.
Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study of Continuous Venous Infusion Fluorouracil and Oral Fluorouracil With Eniluracil in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors (2002)

Both CVI 5-FU and oral eniluracil/5-FU were well tolerated, with moderate activity in these heavily pretreated patients. However, 5-FU steady-state C(P) and AUCs achieved with oral eniluracil/5-FU were significantly less than with CVI 5-FU.
Fracture closure in extension and mechanical interaction of parallel joints (2004)

It is well known that in many cases rock permeability depends upon in situ stress conditions and on the pressure of the flowing fluid. Parallel and quasi‐parallel joints represent one of the most often observed permeability structures. Frequently, joint sets are closely spaced and although joint mechanical interaction could significantly affect their aperture, the interaction is usually ignored in the evaluation of permeability. In this paper, on the basis of accurate computations of the interaction between the parallel fractures and conducted physical experiments, we suggest that the internal pressure can, in fact, close the pressurized joints. In general, there is a critical spacing between the parallel fractures below which their surfaces start contacting under the extensional load. However, the two edge fractures (end members) in the set remain widely open because they are not suppressed from one side. These effects dramatically change rock permeability and the fluid flow pattern.
Variable nonvolatile memory arrays for adaptive computing systems (2013)

Magnetic RAM (MRAM) has a unique potential to change its memory capacity from small to large capacity. This paper presents a novel variable circuit based on 1T-1MTJ of perpendicular STT-MRAM memory arrays. It can cover all memory hierarchy and computing units that are variable and adjustable to applications by selecting single, dual or quadruple cell mode and changing circuit resources.
Solid-phase synthesis and evaluation of TAR RNA targeted β-carboline–nucleoside conjugates (2008)

Four types of beta-carboline-nucleoside conjugates were synthesized. The binding affinities of these beta-carboline-nucleoside conjugates , and to TAR RNA were evaluated by affinity capillary electrophoresis. The data of binding affinities to TAR RNA show that conjugates and are stronger binders than the parent compound . Computer modeling indicates that the beta-carboline-nucleoside conjugate can fit to the UCU three-nucleotide bulge region of TAR RNA.
Fractal design of multiband and low side-lobe arrays (1996)

Most array factor design techniques are highly dependent on the operating wavelength. In this paper, a novel technique based on fractal structures is described for multiband operation. The analysis is focused in two different approaches: the fractal spatial arrangement of array elements and the fractal design of array factors. Although the patterns of fractal arrays show some interesting similarity properties at several bands, the directivity is not held constant through the bands. Nevertheless, such structures have been shown to be useful for designing low side-lobe arrays with equally weighted current elements. On the other hand, the fractal array factors presented do keep the same shape at several bands because they are designed as selfsimilar curves. The arrays that would synthesize such patterns present a characteristic power-law current distribution analogous to the spectral distribution of the bandlimited fractal Weierstrass function.
Toward optimal structured light patterns (2002)

A methodology for the optimal design of projection patterns for stereometric structured light systems is presented. The similarity as well as the difference between the design of projection patterns and the design of optimal signals for digital communication are discussed. The design of K projection patterns for a structured light system with L distinct planes of light is shown to be equivalent to the placement of L points in a K dimensional space subject to certain constraints. optimal design in the MSE sense is defined, but shown to lead to an intractable multi-parameter global optimization problem. Intuitively appealing suboptimal solutions derived from the family of K dimensional space-filling Hilbert curves are obtained. Preliminary experimental results are presented.
Self-aligned through silicon vias in ultra-thin chips for 3D-integration (2012)

Here, we present a new concept for enabling the formation of TSVs in ultra-thin chips fabricated by using the Chipfilm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TM</sup> technology. In this technology a buried cavity is created underneath a Si-membrane which is attached to the substrate by vertical silicon anchors. By applying thermal oxidation, the side walls of these anchors and the narrow cavity are passivated. Due to the high selectivity of the silicon via etching process the oxidized silicon anchors and chip backside can be exploited for creating self-aligned TSVs. Accordingly, a seamless oxide isolation at the chip backside and inside the TSVs is provided.
[Amplification of immunologic reactions using catalytic deposition at the reaction sites of tyramine derivatives. A decisive gain in sensitivity in immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization]. (1997)

In the catalyzed reporter deposition technique, horseradish peroxidase catalyzes the activation of conjugated phenolic compounds resulting in the covalent binding of the radicalized intermediates to electron rich moieties in the protein molecules present at the site of reaction. Comparing the biotinyl-, digoxigeninyl-, and fluoresceinyl-derivatives of tyramine and four immunohistochemical formats, we showed that the most sensitive detection system was that using biotinyl-tyramide and an immunohistochemical technique using a biotinylated secondary antibody followed by a streptavidin peroxidase. Amplification without background staining was obtained in most biotin rich tissues with digoxigeninyl-tyramide. With fluoresceinyl-tyramide, clear signal amplification was observed in the fluorescent microscope. Finally, when compared with standard methods, increased sensitivity was obtained with the fluorescent derivative for detection of hybridized sequences in interphase chromosomes.
Optimization of production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) byThraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304 (1991)

Abstract By varying culture carbon source, lipid content in mycelium of Thraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304 varied widely in the range 1–25% of biomass weight. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of mycelium lipid was higher (65–76%) when biomass lipid content was very low (1–2%) and lower (40–50%) when biomass contained a high lipid content (14–18%). DHA yields from glucose, starch and maltose were 270, 325 and 334 mg/L, respectively. DHA yield and content of biomass was optimal at an initial culture pH of 6.0. During the culture cycle of T. aureum , DHA content in lipids remained relatively constant with optimal DHA yield being observed after six days. Biomass, lipid content in biomass, DHA content in biomass and DHA yield were all optimal at a cultivation temperature of 28°C. However, the proportion of DHA in lipids declined with increase in temperature. Biomass, lipids in biomass and DHA yields were 13%, 42% and 47% higher, respectively, din light‐exposed cultures as compared to dark cultures. A maximum yield of DHA of 511 mg/L was observed in light‐ exposed cultures containing 2.5% starch, where lipids accounted for over 20% of biomass dry weight.
NaV1.7 Gain-of-Function Mutations as a Continuum: A1632E Displays Physiological Changes Associated with Erythromelalgia and Paroxysmal Extreme Pain Disorder Mutations and Produces Symptoms of Both Disorders (2008)

Gain-of-function mutations of Na(V)1.7 have been shown to produce two distinct disorders: Na(V)1.7 mutations that enhance activation produce inherited erythromelalgia (IEM), characterized by burning pain in the extremities; Na(V)1.7 mutations that impair inactivation produce a different, nonoverlapping syndrome, paroxysmal extreme pain disorder (PEPD), characterized by rectal, periocular, and perimandibular pain. Here we report a novel Na(V)1.7 mutation associated with a mixed clinical phenotype with characteristics of IEM and PEPD, with an alanine 1632 substitution by glutamate (A1632E) in domain IV S4-S5 linker. Patch-clamp analysis shows that A1632E produces changes in channel function seen in both IEM and PEPD mutations: A1632E hyperpolarizes (-7 mV) the voltage dependence of activation, slows deactivation, and enhances ramp responses, as observed in Na(V)1.7 mutations that produce IEM. A1632E depolarizes (+17mV) the voltage dependence of fast inactivation, slows fast inactivation, and prevents full inactivation, resulting in persistent inward currents similar to PEPD mutations. Using current clamp, we show that A1632E renders dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and trigeminal ganglion neurons hyperexcitable. These results demonstrate a Na(V)1.7 mutant with biophysical characteristics common to PEPD (impaired fast inactivation) and IEM (hyperpolarized activation, slow deactivation, and enhanced ramp currents) associated with a clinical phenotype with characteristics of both IEM and PEPD and show that this mutation renders DRG and trigeminal ganglion neurons hyperexcitable. These observations indicate that IEM and PEPD mutants are part of a physiological continuum that can produce a continuum of clinical phenotypes.
The effect of dietary fatty acids on lactic acid bacteria associated with the epithelial mucosa and from faecalia of Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus(L.) (1998)

Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), held in fresh water, were fed four experimental diets containing different polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In addition, one group fed a diet containing only coconut oil as sole lipid source served as control. The population of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria associated with the epithelial mucosa and the faecalia was estimated using the dilution plate technique. Generally, the population level of adherent bacteria increased along the digestive tract (stomach, small intestine and large intestine). Adherent Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria seemed to be present at equal levels in all parts of the alimentary tract. Lactic acid bacteria dominated among the Gram-positive bacteria, and they were detected in all regions of fish fed the PUFA supplemented diets. The frequency of lactic acid bacteria was highest in the digestive tract of fish fed diets with added 7.0% linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) or 4% of a PUFA mix. A lower frequency of lactic acid bacteria was found in fish fed dietary linoleic acid (18:2 n-6), and they were absent or present in low numbers in fish fed the coconut oil diet. It is suggested that dietary fatty acids affect the attachment sites for the gastrointestinal microbiota, possibly by modifying the fatty acid composition of the intestine wall. Numerical taxonomy procedures showed that the lactic acid bacteria Carnobacterium spp. and a Carnobacterium piscicola-like strain were predominant, with smaller numbers of Lactobacillus plantarum, Streptococcus spp. and Leuconostoc mesenteroides present. Seven strains of Carnobacterium spp. were further identified on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and all these strains were identified as Carnobacterium piscicola.
Management of spontaneous abortion. (2005)

Spontaneous abortion, which is the loss of a pregnancy without outside intervention before 20 weeks' gestation, affects up to 20 percent of recognized pregnancies. Spontaneous abortion can be subdivided into threatened abortion, inevitable abortion, incomplete abortion, missed abortion, septic abortion, complete abortion, and recurrent spontaneous abortion. Ultrasonography is helpful in the diagnosis of spontaneous abortion, but other testing may be needed if an ectopic pregnancy cannot be ruled out. Chromosomal abnormalities are causative in approximately 50 percent of spontaneous abortions; multiple other factors also may play a role. Traditional treatment consisting of surgical evacuation of the uterus remains the treatment of choice in unstable patients. Recent studies suggest that expectant or medical management is appropriate in selected patients. Patients with a completed spontaneous abortion rarely require medical or surgical intervention. For women with incomplete spontaneous abortion, expectant management for up to two weeks usually is successful, and medical therapy provides little additional benefit. When patients are allowed to choose between treatment options, a large percentage will choose expectant management. Expectant management of missed spontaneous abortion has variable success rates, but medical therapy with intravaginal misoprostol has an 80 percent success rate. Physicians should be aware of psychologic issues that patients and their partners face after completing a spontaneous abortion. Women are at increased risk for significant depression and anxiety for up to one year after spontaneous abortion. Counseling to address feelings of guilt, the grief process, and how to cope with friends and family should be provided.
Determination of the Molecular Parameters and Studies of the Chain Conformation of Polybenzimidazole in DMAc/LiCl (2006)

Static light scattering has been used for the first time to obtain the molecular parameters and to study the chain conformation of a previously synthesized m-polybenzimidazole (m-PBI) sample in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) with 4% (g/mL) LiCl. A weight-average molecular weight Mw = 199 200 g/mol; radius of gyration Rg = 44.0 nm and A2 = 0.0022 cm3 mol/g2 are reported. The chain conformation of m-PBI was studied as a function of (a) polymer concentration (0.1−20 mg/mL) at a fixed salt concentration of 4% LiCl and (b) salt concentration (0.05−7%) at a fixed polymer concentration of 0.3 mg/mL. As polymer or salt concentration was increased, the chains collapsed initially, and then underwent fluctuations in size without a significant decrease in their average size. The collapse was associated with a conformational transition from random coil to an "extended wormlike" chain at increasing polymer concentration. At polymer concentrations greater than 9 mg/mL, the average size of the polymer chain was relatively constant at 31.2 ± 1.7 nm. Reduced viscosity measurements indicated that m-PBI behaved like a polyelectrolyte in the presence of DMAc/LiCl. Circular dichroism measurements confirmed the conformational transitions observed from light scattering by indicating the presence of optical activity at polymer concentrations above 2 mg/mL. Birefringence measurements at polymer concentrations between 4 and 25 mg/mL indicated the presence of possible relaxation caused both by the degree of chain flexibility and by deformation in polymer chains due to the influence of the laser intensity. These results contribute to our overall understanding of chain stiffness and conformational transitions in PBI polymers, which may play an important role in the preparation of polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) via sol−gel processing.
Vascular Stiffness (2008)

Arterial stiffness is recognized increasingly as an important component in the determination of cardiovascular risk, particularly in chronic kidney disease and ESRD populations. Although the technique has been around for nearly 100 yr, in the past 20 to 25 yr, pragmatic noninvasive approaches have allowed the incorporation of arterial stiffness measurements, usually in the form of aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), into clinical assessment of patients. In populations with high cardiovascular risk, especially those with ESRD, aortic PWV measurements provide predictive utility independent of the standard brachial arterial BP measurements. This review briefly discusses the history of vascular dynamics, the determinants of PWV, and some of the available technologies in current use and concludes with a section on the relevance of arterial stiffness measurements in populations of particular interest to nephrologists.
A visual search system for video and image databases (1997)

This paper describes a new methodology for image search that is applicable to both image libraries and keyframe search over video libraries. In contrast to previous approaches, which require templates or direct manipulation of low-level image parameters, our search system classifies images into a pre-defined subject lexicon, including terms such as trees and flesh tones. The classification is performed off-line using neural network algorithms. Query satisfaction is performed on-line using only the image tags. Because most of the work is done off-line, this methodology answers queries much more quickly than techniques that require direct manipulation of images to answer the query. We also believe that pre-defined subjects are easier for users to understand when searching programmatic video material. Experiments using keyframes extracted by our video library system show that the methodology gives high-quality query results with fast on-line performance.
Cyclic Ketone Mixture Analysis Using 2 + 1 Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Mass Spectrometry (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyclic Ketone Mixture Analysis Using 2 + 1 Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Mass SpectrometryDale R. Nesselrodt and Tomas. BaerCite this: Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 15, 2497–2504Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00087a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00087a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views128Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Magnetic analysis including the field due to vacuum vessel eddy currents in the Hitachi Tokamak(HT-2). (1989)

A magnetic analysis to determine plasma surface position is applied to the magnetic data of the Hitachi Tokamak (HT-2). The analysis takes account of toroidal eddy currents on the vacuum vessel wall. Magnetic probes in HT-2 are placed on both sides of the wall (plasma side and outside), making it possible to determine magnitudes of eddy currents which flow in the toroidal direction. The magnitudes of the coil currents and eddy currents are determined so as to reproduce the measured magnetic fields, and to reconstruct flux surfaces and plasma surface are reconstructed. Taking into account the eddy currents, the determination errors of the plasma surface position are reduced by up to 1/2.3 during start-up and terminating phases, compared with the case without eddy currents.
Ethics and the Changing Nature of Public Service (1997)

The public sector is held to an ethical standard not demanded of others. It must recognise the distinctive nature of its contribution to the public good and meet a demanding accountability regime. Structural changes pose still further challenges for the public sector. Yet we should be proud of our accomplishments and willing to defend the unique character of public service.
The Interaction of Thyroxine with Human Plasma Prealbumin and with the Prealbumin-Retinol-binding Protein Complex (1969)

Abstract Prealbumin was isolated from human plasma by chromatography on columns of diethylaminoethyl Sephadex and Sephadex G-200, followed by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The prealbumin was homogeneous in the analytical ultracentrifuge with an s20,w of 3.7 S and with a molecular weight of about 50,000. Prealbumin formed a protein-protein complex with plasma retinol-binding protein in a molar ratio of 1:1. The interaction of thyroxine with prealbumin was quantitatively studied by the method of equilibrium dialysis with 131I-labeled thyroxine. Studies were conducted at 24° and at 37° in phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, and in phosphate buffer containing 0.14 m NaCl. Prealbumin was found to possess a single binding site for 1 molecule of thyroxine. The association constant for the thyroxine-prealbumin interaction was approximately 1.6 x 107, and was only slightly affected by temperature change or by NaCl. The binding capacity and affinity of prealbumin for thyroxine were similar in the presence and absence of retinol-binding protein. Moreover, the binding of thyroxine to prealbumin did not interfere with the interaction of prealbumin with retinol-binding protein. The interaction of prealbumin with thyroxine appears to be independent of the prealbumin-retinol-binding protein interaction.