gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-transition-temperature superconducting quantum interference devices (1999)

The advent of high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors gave great impetus to the development of thin-film superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) for operation at temperatures up to the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, 77 K. The spectral density of the white flux noise can be calculated analytically for rf SQUIDs and by computer simulation for dc SQUIDs; however, observed noise spectral densities are typically an order of magnitude higher. Low-frequency $1/f$ noise from thermally activated vortex motion is a much bigger issue in high-${T}_{c}$ SQUIDs at 77 K than in low-${T}_{c}$ SQUIDs because of the low flux-pinning energies in high-${T}_{c}$ superconductors. The magnitude of the noise depends strongly on the quality of the thin films, and much effort has been expended to improve techniques for depositing ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$ (YBCO) on lattice-matched single-crystal substrates. Substantial effort has also been invested in the development of new types of Josephson junctions, of which grain-boundary junctions are the most widely used in SQUIDs. Appropriate electronic read-out schemes largely eliminate $1/f$ noise from fluctuations in the junction critical current in both rf and dc SQUIDs. Typical levels of white flux noise are a few $\ensuremath{\mu}{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}{\mathrm{Hz}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$ (${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}$ is the flux quantum). Magnetometers---consisting of a superconducting flux transformer coupled to a SQUID---achieve a white magnetic-field noise as low as 10 fT ${\mathrm{Hz}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$, increasing to typically 30 fT ${\mathrm{Hz}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$ at 1 Hz. When these devices are operated in an unshielded environment, it is important to minimize the motion of trapped vortices and induced supercurrents, which can greatly increase the $1/f$ noise. The ambient noise is far greater than the intrinsic noise of the devices, but can be substantially reduced by various gradiometer configurations. There is now considerable effort to apply high-${T}_{c}$ SQUIDs in magnetocardiology, nondestructive evaluation, microscopy, and geophysics.
The Life-Sustaining Capacity of Human Polymerized Hemoglobin When Red Cells Might Be Unavailable (2002)

PolyHeme increases survival at life-threatening RBC [Hb] by maintaining total [Hb] in the absence of red cell transfusion. PolyHeme should be useful in the early treatment of urgent blood loss and resolve the dilemma of unavailability of red cells.
Gastroretentive dosage forms. (1993)

This article begins with a review of gastric emptying, small intestine transit, and colonic transit of drug delivery systems with special attention paid to the different physiological processes involved in stomach emptying and to the cut-off size of nondigestible solids for passage through the gastroduodenal junction during the digestive phase. Then, the proposed means for prolonging the gastric residence time (GRT) of drug delivery systems are reviewed and analyzed with special emphasis on floating (F) dosage forms. The following means are discussed: the use of passage-delaying agents, large single-unit dosage forms, bioadhesive drug delivery systems, "heavy" pellets, and buoyant forms. In the section devoted to bioadhesive forms, the influence of the turnover time of the intestinal mucus gel layer on the performance of mucoadhesive preparations is pointed out to explain the poor results obtained in humans with such peroral products. The use of a specifically designed apparatus for measuring the total force acting vertically on an object immersed in a liquid is presented as a methodology for selecting optimized buoyant formations in vitro. Scintigraphic studies are described in nonfasting human volunteers either in upright or in supine posture, who concurrently were given one optimized F and one nonfloating (NF) hydrophilic matrix capsules of the same size, for three different sizes (small, medium, and large). In upright subjects, the F forms stayed continuously above the gastric contents irrespective of their size, whereas the NF ones sank rapidly after administration and never rose back to the surface thereafter. Consequently, the F forms show prolonged and more reproducible GRTs compared to the NF ones. The significance and extent of this prolongation are the most marked for the small size units (p < 0.001) but gradually lessen as the dosage form size increases (p < 0.05 for the medium size units), to become insignificant for the large size units (p > 0.05). Moreover, there is no significant difference between the mean GRTs of the small, medium, and large F units (p > 0.05). This indirectly confirms that the intragastric buoyancy of the F forms is the main process determining their prolonged GRT and protecting them from random gastric emptying related to antral peristaltism. Thus, their GRT depends mainly on the occurrence of the end point of digestion. To the contrary, the lasting retention of the NF forms in the stomach is only size dependent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Structural mutants of dengue virus 2 transmembrane domains exhibit host-range phenotype (2011)

Novel host-range mutants of DV2 were created that have preferential growth in insect cells and impaired infectivity in mammalian cells. This method for creating live, attenuated viral mutants that generate safe and effective immunity may be applied to many other insect-borne viral diseases for which no current effective therapies exist.
A second-generation reactive empirical bond order (REBO) potential energy expression for hydrocarbons (2002)

A second-generation potential energy function for solid carbon and hydrocarbon molecules that is based on an empirical bond order formalism is presented. This potential allows for covalent bond breaking and forming with associated changes in atomic hybridization within a classical potential, producing a powerful method for modelling complex chemistry in large many-atom systems. This revised potential contains improved analytic functions and an extended database relative to an earlier version (Brenner D W 1990 Phys. Rev. B 42 9458). These lead to a significantly better description of bond energies, lengths, and force constants for hydrocarbon molecules, as well as elastic properties, interstitial defect energies, and surface energies for diamond.
Separation and Purification of Sulforaphane from Broccoli Seeds by Solid Phase Extraction and Preparative High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (2007)

A novel, rapid, and economical method to isolate and purify natural sulforaphane from broccoli seeds is described. The procedure involves solvent extraction of autolyzed seed meal, followed by separation by solid phase extraction (SPE) and purification by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The SPE method provides higher yield of sulforaphane from crude extracts compared to conventional liquid-liquid extraction. High purity and recovery of sulforaphane product can be obtained by preparative HPLC with a C 18 column and 30% methanol in water as the mobile phase. The purified compound was characterized by MS and (1)H and (13)C NMR. The techniques described here are useful tools in the preparative-scale isolation of sulforaphane in a fast, cost-effective, and waste-conscious manner.
Single point mutations in the SH2 domain impair the transforming potential of vav and fail to activate proto-vav. (1993)

The importance of an intact Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain for transformation by members of the tyrosine kinase family, including v-src, c-src, c-abl, fps and fyn is well documented. To determine the role of the SH2 domain in transformation by a protein which is not a member of this family, we employed site directed mutagenesis to change four highly conserved residues in the SH2 domain of the vav oncogene and the vav proto-oncogene (proto-vav). Proto-vav encodes a protein that contains one SH2 domain and two Src Homology 3 (SH3) domains, in addition to a number of other motifs usually found in transcriptional factors and guanine nucleotide exchange factors. Substitution of arginine 629 to glycine (R629G) and arginine 647 to leucine (R647L) in vav did not impair its transforming potential in NIH3T3 fibroblasts. By contrast, substitutions of tryptophan 622 to arginine (W622R) and glycine 642 to valine (G642V) in the vavSH2, greatly reduced its transforming potential. Similar point mutations introduced in the SH2 domain of proto-vav did not activate the transforming potential of the normal gene. Interestingly, although all the vav SH2 mutant proteins were constitutively phosphorylated on tyrosine when expressed in NIH3T3 cells, they fail to bind to a phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), regardless of their transforming potential.
Optimization of Electrical Stimulus Pulse Parameter for Low-Power Operation of Retinal Prosthetic Device (2006)

In this paper, we describe the investigation of an electrical stimulus pulse parameter for use in a low-power retinal prosthesis. To obtain efficient stimulus pulse parameters, in vitro electrical stimulus experiments with a detached frog retina were performed using a fabricated pulse-frequency modulation (PFM) image sensor as a retinal prosthesis. The evaluated electrical stimulus pulse parameters were pulse duration, pulse amplitude, and the number of pulses. From the experiments, the firing rate of the retinal ganglion cells (retinal ganglion cells; RGCs) was observed to depend on the injection charge in single-pulse stimulation and the injection charge of the first pulse in pulse-train stimulation. In addition, pulse-train stimulation was found to have a RGC firing rate lower than that of single-pulse stimulation at the same injection charge. From power consumption measurements and an in vitro experiment, it was verified that the stimulus pulse of a short-pulse duration is suitable for use in a low-power retinal prosthesis.
Independent modulation of Arabidopsis thaliana polyubiquitin mRNAs in different organs and in response to environmental changes (1997)

The highly conserved protein ubiquitin is encoded by five polyubiquitin genes in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia that have been divided into two subtypes, the UBQ3/UBQ4 subtype and the UBQ10/UBQ11/UBQ14 subtype. Northern analysis using gene-specific oligonucleotides as hybridization probes and enzyme activity measurements from transgenic plants expressing beta-glucuronidase (GUS) under the control of individual polyubiquitin 5' flanking regions were used to determine the development and environmental regulation of polyubiquitin transcription and mRNA accumulation. Polyubiquitin mRNA levels within and between subtypes were independently modulated. UBQ3 mRNA levels were three-fold higher than UBQ4 mRNA levels in vegetative organs, but only two-thirds of the UBQ4 mRNA levels in flowers. UBQ3 mRNA was modulated by dark/light treatments, while mRNAs from UBQ and all members of the other subtype were unaffected. Similarly, within the UBQ10/UBQ11/UBQ14 subtype, UBQ11/UBQ14 mRNAs were modulated differently in seedlings after a two-hour heat-shock treatment. Among all the polyubiquitin genes, UBQ10 mRNA level was the most constant in all organs and environmental conditions examined. Transgenic plants transformed with a UBQ10 5' flanking region::GUS gene contained higher levels of GUS activity than transgenic plants expressing GUS under the control of UBQ3 5' flanking regions. In conclusion, the relative abundance of different Arabidopsis polyubiquitin mRNAs, even those produced from highly similar genes within a subtype, appears to be modulated independently in response to developmental and environmental cues.
DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC CARBON IN FOREST SOILS BY COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF METHODS: WALKLEY BLACK METHOD WITH THE GOGOASA MODIFICATION VERSUS DRY COMBUSTION DUMARS METHOD (2013)

The present work aims at comparative analysis the analytical methods used for determining organic carbon and total nitrogen in forest soil to assess the status of soil fertility through C/N ratio on the number of samples collected from different regions. In this article were studied 504 soil profile (1940 horizons), soil samples were collected from hills and mountains zone of Romania. The following parameters are analyzed: pH, organic C and total N. The pH was electrochemically determined in calcium chloride, organic carbon was determined by wet oxidation method and dosage titration - Walkley Black method with the Gogoasa modification and dry combustion Dumars method. Total nitrogen in the soil was determined by wet digestion method and dosage titration - Kjeldahl method and dry combustion Dumars method. The results were grouped on the following horizons categories: A, A/x, E, B. Analytical results shows that, given the differences in soil type with soil-specific soil characteristics and the method used in the determination. C/N ratio is different depending on soil type, distinct variance analysis shows significant differences when using Tru Spec CN analyzer. When applied wet mineralization, analysis of variance indicated for most samples analyzed very distinct significant influence of the type of soil C/N ratio. Organic carbon and total nitrogen shows a positive correlation with increasing altitude, because soils are high content in both elements. Dry combustion method using Tru Spec Leco CN analyzer is more efficient and faster time for a sample is 7 minutes allows the simultaneous analysis of carbon and total nitrogen in the soil sample being analyzed. On soils with carbonates, the analyzer is determined inorganic and organic carbon and thus is not necessary to still further analysis. Reaction forest soils are influenced by the distribution of the relief. Organic carbon content is in close contact with major bioclimatic zones: the mountain zone appears highest values, while values occur in the medium and low hill. Total nitrogen content is very close to the geographical distribution of carbon.
Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase associated with prostate cancer progression. (1999)

Using an antibody specific for dually phosphorylated extracellular-regulated kinases 1 and 2, we have examined 82 primary and metastatic prostate tumor specimens for the presence of activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. Nonneoplastic prostate tissue showed little or no staining with activated MAP kinase antiserum. In prostate tumors, the level of activated MAP kinase increased with increasing Gleason score and tumor stage. In a separate analysis, tumor samples from two patients showed no activation of MAP kinase before androgen ablation therapy; however, following androgen ablation treatment, high levels of activated MAP kinase were detected in the recurrent tumors. Collectively, these data suggest an increase in the activation of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway as prostate cancer progresses to a more advanced and androgen-independent disease.
Design Approaches and Materials Processes for Ultrahigh Efficiency Lattice Mismatched Multi-Junction Solar Cells (2006)

In this study, we report synthesis of large area (gt;2cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2 </sup> ), crack-free GaAs and GaInP double heterostructures grown in a multi-junction solar cell-like structure by MOCVD. Initial solar cell data are also reported for GaInP top cells. These samples were grown on Ge/Si templates fabricated using wafer bonding and ion implantation induced layer transfer techniques. The double heterostructures exhibit radiative emission with uniform intensity and wavelength in regions not containing interfacial bubble defects. The minority carrier lifetime of ~1ns was estimated from photoluminescence decay measurements in both double heterostructures. We also report on the structural characteristics of heterostructures, determined via atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and correlate these characteristics to the spatial variation of the minority carrier lifetime
Lack of μ-Opioid Receptor-Mediated G-Protein Activation in the Spinal Cord of Mice Lacking Exon 1 or Exons 2 and 3 of the MOR-1 Gene (2003)

The G-protein activation induced by mu-opioid receptor agonists was determined in spinal cord membranes from two types of mu-opioid receptor knockout mice: mice with a disruption of exon 1 (MOR (Exon 1)-KO) or exons 2 and 3 (MOR (Exons 2 and 3)-KO) of the mu-opioid receptor gene. The G-protein activation induced by the opioid agonists was measured by monitoring the increases of guanosine-5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thio)triphosphate ([(35)S]GTP gamma S) binding. The mu-opioid receptor agonists (D-Ala(2),N-MePhe (4),Gly-ol(5)]enkephalin, endomorphin-1, endomorphin-2, morphine, morphine-6 beta-glucuronide, and fentanyl produced concentration-dependent increases of [(35)S]GTP gamma S binding to spinal cord membranes in wild-type mice, but not in MOR (Exon 1)-KO mice or MOR (Exons 2 and 3)-KO mice. On the other hand, the delta-opioid receptor agonist [D-Pen (2,5)]enkephalin, the kappa-opioid receptor agonist (-)U50,488H, or the ORL1-receptor agonist nociception increased [(35)S]GTP gamma S binding in the spinal cord membranes from both MOR (Exon 1)-KO mice and MOR (Exons 2 and 3)-KO mice to the same extent as in the corresponding wild-type mice. The results provide further information about the important roles of the sequences encoded within exon 1 and exons 2 and 3 of mu-opioid receptor gene for the activation of G-proteins by mu-opioid receptor agonists in the mouse spinal cord.
Tissue-Specific Targeting for Cardiovascular Gene Transfer. Potential Vectors and Future Challenges (2004)

The introduction of genes to cardiovascular cells in vivo remains the major challenge for current gene therapy modalities. However, recent developments in retargeting adenoviral vectors are promising to improve transduction efficiency in the cardiovascular cells. After systemic application, most adenoviral vectors are trapped by the liver, hampering delivery to target cardiovascular tissues. Furthermore, a majority of vectors for vascular gene transfer utilizes strong heterologous viral promoters, such as CMV. A potential side effect related to the use of such vectors is the systemic organ toxicity resulting from unrestricted transgene expression. These vectors have the additional problem of being frequently shut-down in vivo. Therefore, both retargeting adenoviral vectors and the use of tissue-specific promoter-driven vectors offer an enhanced safety profile by reducing ectopic expression in vital organs including the liver and lung. However, the limiting factor for the use of tissue-specific promoters is the low-level of expression compared with their viral counterparts. Both the development of efficient and strong vectors using cell-specific regulatory elements and the production of therapeutic proteins at sufficient levels is urgently needed to inhibit vasculoproliferative disorders. This review will focus on some of the recent achievements in vector development relevant to the delivery of vascular gene therapies targeted to the vascular endothelium, smooth muscle cells and macrophages during arterial remodelling.
Mechanical thrombolysis for the treatment of thrombosed hemodialysis access grafts. (1996)

Mechanical thrombolysis was effective, quick, and safe. Percutaneous treatment should be adopted as the treatment of choice for thrombosed hemodialysis access grafts.
Precise Control over Molecular Dimensions of Block‐Copolymer Domains Using the Interfacial Energy of Chemically Nanopatterned Substrates (2004)

Epitaxial assembly of block-copolymer films (see Figure) onto chemically nanopatterned substrates results in arrays of nanoscopic domains that are defect-free, oriented, and registered with the underlying substrate. The range of dimensions of features (or periodicity of structures) that can be patterned with perfection and registration strongly depends on the interfacial energy between the substrate and the polymer film.
Epidermal Nerve Fiber Density (1998)

We have established a reference range for intraepidermal nerve fiber density in normal humans by means of a simple quantitation method based on enumeration of individual intraepidermal nerve fibers on vertical sections of punch skin biopsy specimens stained with the sensitive panaxonal marker anti-protein gene product 9.5. The utility of the density measurement was confirmed for sensory neuropathy with a diagnostic efficiency of 88%. Skin biopsies may be useful to assess the spatial distribution of involvement in peripheral nerve disease and the response to neurotrophic and other restorative therapies.
Variable domain I of nematode CLEs directs post-translational targeting of CLE peptides to the extracellular space (2010)

Effector proteins expressed in the esophageal gland cells of cyst nematodes are delivered into plant cells through a hollow, protrusible stylet. Although evidence indicates that effector proteins function in the cytoplasm of the syncytium, technical constraints have made it difficult to directly determine where nematode effector proteins are initially delivered: cytoplasm, extracellular space, or both. Recently, we demonstrated that soybean cyst nematode CLE (HgCLE) propeptides are delivered to the cytoplasm of syncytial cells. Genetic and biochemical analyses indicate that the variable domain (VD) sequence is then required for targeting cytoplasmically delivered nematode CLEs to the apoplast where they function as ligand mimics of endogenous plant CLE peptides. The fact that nematode CLEs are targeted through the gland cell secretory pathway and delivered as mature propeptides into plant cells makes it impossible for these proteins to be subsequently delivered to the extracellular space via co-translational translocation through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) secretory pathway of the host cell. However, when expressed in transgenic plants, if the mature nematode CLE propeptide harbored a functional cryptic signal peptide, it could possibly traffic to the apoplast through the ER secretory pathway by co-translational translocation. Here, we present evidence that VDI, the N-terminal sequence of the variable domain of HgCLE2, is sufficient for trafficking CLE peptides to the apoplast and that trafficking is indeed through an alternative pathway other than co-translational translocation.
Peer-to-peer : harnessing the benefits of a disruptive technology (2001)

Preface Andy Oram Part I. Context and Overview 1. A Network of Peers: Peer-to-Peer Models Through the History of the Internet Nelson Minar and Marc Hedlund 2. Listening to Napster Clay Shirky 3. Remaking the Peer-to-Peer Meme Tim O'Reilly 4. The Cornucopia of the Commons Dan Bricklin Part II. Projects 5. SETI@home David Anderson 6. Jabber: Conversational Technologies Jeremie Miller 7. Mixmaster Remailers Adam Langley 8. Gnutella Gene Kan 9. Freenet Adam Langley 10. Red Rover Alan Brown 11. Publius Marc Waldman, Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Avi Rubin 12. Free Haven Roger Dingledine, Michael J. Freedman, and David Molnar Part III. Technical Topics 13. Metadata Rael Dornfest and Dan Brickley 14. Performance Theodore Hong 15. Trust Marc Waldman, Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Avi Rubin 16. Accountability Roger Dingledine, Michael J. Freedman, and David Molnar 17. Reputation Richard Lethin 18. Security Jon Udell, Nimisha Asthagiri, and Walter Tuvell 19. Interoperability Through Gateways Brandon Wiley Afterword Andy Oram Appendix: Directory of Peer-to-Peer Projects Index