gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Poly(L-lysine) has different membrane transport and drug-carrier properties when complexed with heparin. (1981)

Methotrexate (MTX) conjugated to a Mr 3000 poly(L-Lys) markedly inhibits the growth of Pro-3 MtxRII5-3 Chinese hamster ovarian cells, a mutant line known to be drug resistant because of defective MTX transport. In these cells, membrane transport of [3H]MTX-poly(Lys) is sharply decreased by addition of 0.5- to 2.5-fold heparin but remains at 15-20% of control in 2.5- to 50-fold heparin excess. Heparin addition at first markedly inhibits but, at high concentration, restores the growth inhibitory effect of MTX-poly(Lys). In excess heparin, MTX-poly(Lys) is transported as a heparin complex. Because reduced transport (15-20%) is sufficient to cause a 90% inhibition of cell growth, MTX-poly(Lys) apparently gains pharmacologic potency when compared to heparin. This gain can be related to a greater inhibitory effect on dihydrofolate reductase and to a different mode of transport. The inhibitory effect of MTX-poly(Lys) on dihydrofolate reductase in vitro is increased nearly 100-fold in the presence of excess heparin but remains less than that of free MTX. Unlike that of MTX-poly(Lys), the transport of MTX-poly(Lys)-heparin has the characteristics and efficiency of a receptor-mediated process. It proceeds by endocytosis but is not, as in the case of uncomplexed conjugate, followed by the intracellular generation of pharmacologically active breakdown products that would account for cytotoxicity. These observations raise the possibility that at least part of the MTX-poly(Lys)-heparin reaches cellular dihydrofolate reductase in the form of macromolecular complexes that escape from entrapment in endocytotic structures. Our data illustrate a way to overcome drug resistance by taking advantage of the specific uptake of a macromolecular drug carrier. They offer a method of drug delivery in which heparin improves selectivity and decreases the unwanted toxicity inherent to polycationic carriers.
COM and DCOM: Microsoft's Vision for Distributed Objects (1997)

Component Object Model (COM) and Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) provide the foundation for Microsoft's distributed object strategy. They are the glue that should enable Microsoft to bring their other core products and technologies such as ActiveX, Internet Information Server, and Internet Explorer to the enterprise. In other words, this is Microsoft's answer to CORBA, Netscape, and JavaBeans. This text discusses: how to use COM and DCOM with existing legacy systems; how COM and DCOM fit into two- and three-tier client/server architectures; Thin versus Thick Clients and how they relate to Microsoft's Active Server Platform; new technologies from Microsoft such as Viper and Falcon; and security issues for distributed objects.
Effect of Prior Infection with Virulent Shigella flexneri 2a on the Resistance of Monkeys to Subsequent Infection with Shigella sonnei (1991)

All virulent shigellae have large plasmids. Plasmid-associated genes encode the expression of membrane-associated proteins (MAP), some of which correlate with the ability to invade susceptible epithelial cells. These MAP are serologically related in all of the shigella serotypes and evoke an antibody response after infection. To determine whether the MAP have a significant role in protection, 24 monkeys were infected with virulent Shigella flexneri 2a. After recovery, one group (with controls) was rechallenged with S. flexneri 2a; another group (with controls) was fed Shigella sonnei. The animals that were rechallenged with S. flexneri 2a were protected, while those that were fed S. sonnei experienced the same incidence of disease as controls. No differences in serum immune response to MAP after primary infection with S. flexneri were detected in immunoblots using lysates of S. flexneri or S. sonnei or in ELISA using water extracts of these strains.
Macro-micro bilateral control using Kalman filter based state observer for noise reduction and decoupling of modal space (2013)

In this research, a novel structure of macro - micro bilateral control for reduction of quantization noise and interference in the modal space is proposed. Macro-micro manipulation is needed for various fields such as minimally invasive surgery and investigations. Scaled bilateral control is one of key technology for micro manipulation. However, performance of scaled macro-micro bilateral control is deteriorated because of enlarged quantization noise and interference between force and position control. In this research, Kalman Filter base State Observer is extended and constructed in the common and differential modal space in order to reduce effects of enhanced quantization noise which is enlarged by scaling factor. In addition, interference and disturbance are eliminated by using a structure based on a disturbance observer. Validity of proposal is confirmed by simulations and an experiment.
Preparation and Reactions of Dialkoxytetrahydrofurans2 (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and Reactions of Dialkoxytetrahydrofurans2Jørgen Fakstorp, Dolores Raleigh, and L. E. SchnieppCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 2, 869–874Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01158a058https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01158a058research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1196Altmetric-Citations68LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Survivin, a Member of the Inhibitor of Apoptosis Family, Is Induced by Photodynamic Therapy and Is a Target for Improving Treatment Response (2007)

We observed that photodynamic therapy (PDT) induces the expression and phosphorylation of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein survivin in murine and human cancer cells and tumors. Survivin inhibits caspase-9, blocks apoptosis, and is associated with resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Survivin is a client protein for the 90-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp-90), and the binding of survivin to Hsp-90 assists in the maturation, proper folding, assembly, and transport of this IAP protein. A derivative of the antibiotic geldanamycin, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), interferes with proper binding of client proteins, such as survivin, to Hsp-90 and leads to misfolding of client proteins, ubiquination, and proteasome degradation. We hypothesized that PDT efficacy may be reduced by treatment-mediated expression and phosphorylation of survivin, and therefore, targeting the survivin pathway could increase PDT responsiveness. To address this hypothesis, we examined cellular and molecular responses following exposure to PDT, 17-AAG, and the combination of PDT plus 17-AAG in human BT-474 breast cancer cells using Photofrin and NPe6 as photosensitizers. Cells treated with the combination of PDT and 17-AAG exhibited decreased expression of the Hsp-90 client proteins phosphorylated survivin, phosphorylated Akt, and Bcl-2. The decreased expression of these client proteins was accompanied by higher apoptotic indexes and increased cytotoxicity. To confirm a specific role for survivin in modulating PDT, we used a human melanoma cell line, YUSAC2/T34A-C4, stably transfected with an inducible dominant-negative survivin gene under the control of a tetracycline-regulated (tet-off) promoter. PDT treatment of melanoma cells expressing the dominant-negative survivin resulted in increased cleavage of the caspase substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity when compared with results following PDT of the same melanoma cell line expressing wild-type survivin. These results show for the first time that targeting survivin and possibly other Hsp-90 client proteins improves in vitro PDT responsiveness and suggest that manipulation of the antiapoptotic pathway maintained by survivin may enhance PDT-mediated cancer therapy.
Polarization rotator-splitters in standard active silicon photonics platforms (2014)

We demonstrate various silicon-on-insulator polarization management structures based on a polarization rotator-splitter that uses a bi-level taper TM0-TE1 mode converter. The designs are fully compatible with standard active silicon photonics platforms with no new levels required and were implemented in the IME baseline and IME-OpSIS silicon photonics processes. We demonstrate a polarization rotator-splitter with polarization crosstalk < -13 dB over a bandwidth of 50 nm. Then, we improve the crosstalk to < -22 dB over a bandwidth of 80 nm by integrating the polarization rotator-splitter with directional coupler polarization filters. Finally, we demonstrate a polarization controller by integrating the polarization rotator-splitters with directional couplers, thermal tuners, and PIN diode phase shifters.
Dipyridamole decreases platelet-derived growth factor levels in human serum. (1987)

Mitogenic activities on confluent fibroblasts by sera from patients with scleroderma and normal controls were studied. In experiments using eight different fibroblast strains (one human fetal lung fibroblast, one foreskin fibroblast, three adult skin fibroblast, and three scleroderma fibroblast), pooled scleroderma serum showed lower mitogenic activity by 3H-thymidine incorporation assay than pooled normal serum. Individual serum investigations revealed that 11 of 33 patients (33%) showed low mitogenic activities; all 11 patients were receiving dipyridamole. Of 15 patients, 11 (73%) receiving dipyridamole showed low mutagenic activities; none of 18 patients not receiving dipyridamole showed low mitogenic activities. Approximately 70% of this serum activity was inhibited by the addition of anti-platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) antibody indicating that most of this serum activity seemed to be derived from PDGF. Western blot analysis of extracts of normal sera before and after administration of dipyridamole with antihuman PDGF antibody showed a large decrease in the amount of immunoreactive PDGF present. These data indicate that dipyridamole is an effective drug to lower release of PDGF during blood clotting.
Hepatitis C Virus Infection (2001)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects an estimated 170 million persons worldwide and thus represents a viral pandemic, one that is five times as widespread as infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The institution of blood-screening measures in developed countries has decreased the risk of transfusion-associated hepatitis to a negligible level, but new cases continue to occur mainly as a result of injection-drug use and, to a lesser degree, through other means of percutaneous or mucous-membrane exposure. Progression to chronic disease occurs in the majority of HCV-infected persons, and infection with the virus has become the main indication . . .
Fast Algorithms for Convolutional Neural Networks (2015)

Deep convolutional neural networks take GPU days of compute time to train on large data sets. Pedestrian detection for self driving cars requires very low latency. Image recognition for mobile phones is constrained by limited processing resources. The success of convolutional neural networks in these situations is limited by how fast we can compute them. Conventional FFT based convolution is fast for large filters, but state of the art convolutional neural networks use small, 3x3 filters. We introduce a new class of fast algorithms for convolutional neural networks using Winograd's minimal filtering algorithms. The algorithms compute minimal complexity convolution over small tiles, which makes them fast with small filters and small batch sizes. We benchmark a GPU implementation of our algorithm with the VGG network and show state of the art throughput at batch sizes from 1 to 64.
Emulsion as a Means of Controlling Electrospinning of Polymers (2009)

A generalized approach to attain spinnability in polymer solutions in electrospinning using emulsions is described. By using emulsions, low-molecular weight (MW) polymer solutions that tend to electrospray can be spun into nanofibers. Additionally, control over fiber properties independent of polymer solution viscosity and MW is achieved, with an order of magnitude reduction in fiber diameter upon emulsification. Nanofibrous sheets obtained demonstrate excellent cellular biocompatibility and are suitable for tissue contacting applications. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The 'WS motif' common to v-mpl and members of the cytokine receptor superfamily is dispensable for myeloproliferative leukemia virus pathogenicity. (1993)

Several motifs are conserved in the extracellular domain of the cloned chains of the recently described cytokine receptor superfamily. One of them, usually close to the transmembrane region, is the 'WS motif'. Its function remains unknown, but it has been recently shown that the integrity of this motif is essential for interleukin 2 receptor beta-chain and erythropoietin receptor activity [Miyazaki, T., Maruyama, M., Yamada, G., Hatakeyama, M. & Taniguchi, T. (1991). EMBO J., 10, 3191-3197; Watowich, S.S., Yoshimura, A., Longmore, G.D., Hilton, D.J., Hoshimura, Y. & Lodish, H.R. (1992). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 2140-2144]. This WS motif is present in the v-mpl oncogene, which has been transduced in the myeloproliferative leukemia virus (MPLV). v-mpl encodes a truncated transmembrane protein that belongs to this growth factor receptor family. We demonstrate that determinants of MPLV pathogenesis are encoded by the env-mpl fusion gene and that the complete deletion of the WS motif does not abolish MPLV oncogenic properties.
Metal Oxide Sensors (2005)

New gas sensors based on novel semiconducting metal oxides are developed. In comparison to the sensors based on SnO2 their properties are improved in several items. The main improvements are the lower influence of humidity, the long-term stability, the ability to start measurement immediately after switch on and reduced unit spread. The sensors will be marketed within this year.
Realm Specific IP: Protocol Specification (2001)

This document presents a protocol with which to implement Realm Specific IP (RSIP). The protocol defined herein allows negotiation of resources between an RSIP host and gateway, so that the host can lease some of the gateway's addressing parameters in order to establish a global network presence. This protocol is designed to operate on the application layer and to use its own TCP or UDP port. In particular, the protocol allows a gateway to allocate addressing and control parameters to a host such that a flow policy can be enforced at the gateway.
Addressing the issue of sequence-to-structure alignments in comparative modeling of CASP3 target proteins (1999)

During a blind protein structure prediction experiment (the third round of the Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction; URL http://PredictionCenter.llnl.gov/casp3/) , four target proteins, T0047, T0048, T0055, and T0070, were modeled by comparison. These proteins display 62%, 29%, 24%, and 19% sequence identity, respectively, to the structurally homologous proteins most similar in sequence. The issue of sequence-to-structure alignment in cases of low sequence homology was the main emphasis. Selection of alignments was made by constructing and evaluating three-dimensional models based on series of samples produced mainly by automatic multiple sequence alignments. Sequence-to-structure alignments were correct in all but two regions, in which significant changes in target structures compared with related proteins were the source of errors. Template choice is an important determinant of model quality, and a correct selection was made of a lower homology template for modeling of T0070; however, in the case of T0055, a template with 8% greater sequence homology proved deceptive. Loops and some ungapped template regions were assigned conformations taken from other proteins. Using fragments from homologous structures led to improvement over template backbone more often than cases in which nonhomologous structures were the source. The results also indicate that side-chain prediction accuracy depends not only on sequence similarity but also on accuracy of the backbone.
Maturation of Autophagic Vacuoles in Mammalian Cells (2005)

The autophagic process was first described in mammalian cells several decades ago. After their formation as double-membraned vacuoles containing cytoplasmic material, autophagic vacuoles or autophagosomes undergo a stepwise maturation including fusion with both endosomal and lysosomal vesicles. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating these fusion steps have begun to emerge only recently. The list of newly discovered molecules that regulate the maturation of autophagosomes to degradative autolysosomes includes the AAA ATPase SKD1, the small GTP binding protein Rab7, and possibly also the Alzheimer-linked presenilin 1. This review combines previous data on the endo/lysosomal fusion steps during autophagic vacuole maturation with recent findings on the molecules regulating these fusion steps. Interestingly, autophagic vacuole maturation appears to be blocked in certain human diseases including neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and Danon disease. This suggests that autophagy has important housekeeping or protective functions because a block in autophagic maturation causes a disease.
The dynamics of towed flexible cylinders Part 1. Neutrally buoyant elements (1988)

The transverse vibrations of a thin, flexible cylinder under nominally constant towing conditions are investigated. The cylinder is neutrally buoyant, of radius a A with a free end and very small bending stiffness. As the cylinder is towed with velocity U , the tangential drag causes the tension in the cylinder to increase from zero at its free end to a maximum at the towing point. Transverse vibrations of the cylinder are opposed by a normal viscous drag force. Both the normal and tangential viscous forces can be described conveniently in terms of drag coefficients C N and C T . The ratio C N / C T has a crucial effect on the motion of the cylinder. The form of the transverse displacement is found to be greatly influenced by the existence of a critical point at which the effect of tension in the cylinder is cancelled by a fluid loading term. Matched asymptotic expansions are used to extend the solution across this critical point to apply the downstream boundary condition. Displacements well upstream of the critical point have a simple form, while nearer to the critical point the solution depends on whether the normal drag coefficient C N is greater or less than one-half C T . The typical acoustic streamer geometry considered is found to be stable to transverse displacements at all towing speeds. Forced perturbations of frequency ω are investigated. At low frequencies they propagate effectively along the cylinder with speed U . At higher frequencies they are attenuated. The effect of a rope drogue of length l R , radius a R is investigated. Provided ω l R a R / Ua A is very small, the drogue has the same effect as a small increase in the length of the cylinder. However at higher frequencies and for small values of the ratio C N / C T attaching a drogue may be disadvantageous because it reduces the attenuation of high-frequency disturbances as they propagate down the cylinder.
Washington State Ferries: Performance Measures and Information Support (2000)

Washington State Ferries’ (WSF) newest performance measures emanate from broader issues in transportation planning and a public mood toward less government. A multimodal transportation perspective and program accountability are now key concepts in management within Washington State government. The development of performance measures is guided by WSF’s strategic plan, which sets out the mission, goals, and strategic initiatives of the organization. The process uses three techniques to maximize success—alignment (of goals, measures, and actions), feedback, and oversight. Although the final set of performance measures leaves room for improvement, particularly with regard to output versus outcome, these measures represent significant change for WSF. Performance measurement makes WSF accountable to the ferry rider and the taxpayer. Implementation of performance measures soon leads to the issue of data support and information systems. The goal of measurement is decision support. Without good data or a good information system that manages the data, the decision support function is nullified. The ferry system has had variable experience in information technology projects. Taking advantage of lessons learned and using a comprehensive, deliberate approach, WSF is proposing an information model that uses industry best practices and a user-driven system.
In Vitro Breast Cancer Models as Useful Tools in Therapeutics? (2011)

The increased use of animals in fundamental and applied research due to the remarkable drug development in the 20th century has been an important matter of concern for people at large, but also for the scientific community. This led Russel and Burch to examine the decisions which could meliorate this situation, and they proposed, in 1959, the principle of the 3Rs (Reduce, Refine, and Replace) nowadays largely admitted as an ethical and incontrovertible principle (Russell & Bursch 1959). Alternatives to animal experiments (Scheme 1) then knew a fantastic boom with the permanent objective of a high scientific quality in order to prevent, treat and cure human illness. Reaching the equilibrium between in vitro and in vivo models, observing the 3Rs rules, is very difficult. Effectively, in vitro systems allow an excellent control of all parameters of the experiments, and then, good quantifications. More the models are simple, more they are easy to handle, but more they also are dedifferentiated and keep away from the in vivo situation.