gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Energetic Consequences of Walking Like an Inverted Pendulum: Step-to-Step Transitions (2005)

Walking like an inverted pendulum reduces muscle-force and work demands during single support, but it also unavoidably requires mechanical work to redirect the body's center of mass in the transition between steps, when one pendular motion is substituted by the next. Production of this work exacts a proportional metabolic cost that is a major determinant of the overall cost of walking.
Characterization of Continuously Extruded Iopromide-Carrying Liposomes for Computed Tomography Blood-Pool Imaging (2001)

The iopromide liposomes were well tolerated, almost completely excreted, and have potential as a CT blood-pool imaging agent.
Functional interaction between E2F-4 and p130: evidence for distinct mechanisms underlying growth suppression by different retinoblastoma protein family members. (1995)

Little is known of the mechanisms controlling the G0/G1 transition of the cell cycle. The induction of immediate early gene expression, thought to be important for this process, suggests that the key factors controlling this transition preexist in quiescent cells. The E2F family of transcription factors likely play an important role in this process, because E2F DNA-binding activity exists in quiescent cells, and the induction of at least some immediate early genes requires intact E2F regulatory promoter sites. Here, we show that the major G0 E2F activity of primary human T cells, E2F-4, is stably bound to the p130 pocket protein in association with a DP heterodimerization partner. p130-E2F-4 binding has functional implications because p130 effectively suppressed E2F-4-mediated trans-activation, and coexpression of E2F4 overcame p130-mediated G1 arrest more efficiently than RB-induced G1 blockade. Conversely, E2F-1 overrode an RB-induced G1 block more efficiently than E2F-4. Thus, p130 and RB appear to induce cell cycle arrest via biochemically distinct mechanisms that involve different E2F family members.
Metals in Neurobiology: Probing Their Chemistry and Biology with Molecular Imaging (2008)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTADDITION / CORRECTIONThis article has been corrected. View the notice.Metals in Neurobiology: Probing Their Chemistry and Biology with Molecular ImagingEmily L. Que, , Dylan W. Domaille, , and Christopher J. Chang, *View Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: (510)642-4704 . Fax: (510)642-7301. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 5, 1517–1549Publication Date (Web):April 22, 2008Publication History Received26 October 2007Published online22 April 2008Published inissue 1 May 2008https://doi.org/10.1021/cr078203uCopyright © 2008 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views15385Altmetric-Citations1691LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (3 MB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Central nervous system,Copper,Fluorescence,Iron,Sensors Get e-Alerts
Sequestration of p27Kip1 protein by cyclin D1 in typical and blastic variants of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL): implications for pathogenesis (2003)

p27 is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that plays a critical role in regulating G(1)/S progression, and whose activity is, in part, regulated through interactions with D-type cyclins. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is characterized by the t(11;14) translocation resulting in deregulated cyclin D1. We previously showed that p27 expression in MCL, as assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), does not show the usual inverse relationship to proliferate seen in most other lymphomas that do not overexpress cyclin D1. This suggested that the normal expression or control of p27 activity on cell growth might be altered through potential interactions with cyclin D1. Using Western blot and coimmunoprecipitation studies, we assessed the interrelationship between cyclin D1 and p27 in several cyclin D1(+) cell lines and primary MCL cases. Similar to our previous results by IHC, typical MCLs showed lower expression of p27 when compared to the more highly proliferative blastic cases or cell lines (mean arbitrary units: 58 versus 236 versus 120). Cyclin D1 was expressed at variable levels in both typical and blastic MCLs. p27 protein could be consistently coimmunoprecipitated with cyclin D1 from both cell lines and cases. Using techniques of exhaustive immunoprecipitation, we could demonstrate that most p27 protein was sequestered into complexes containing cyclin D1. We hypothesize that mantle cell lymphomagenesis results not only from direct consequences of inappropriate cyclin D1 expression, but also from the ability of overexpressed cyclin D1 to buffer physiologic changes in p27 levels, thereby rendering p27 ineffective as an inhibitor of cellular growth.
Effects of ER-37328 on primary tumor, liver metastasis, and life span in a murine colon 38 orthotopic transplantation model. (2003)

12,13-Dihydro-5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-4H-benzo[c] pyrimido[5,6,1-jk] carbazole-4,6,10(5H,11H)-trione hydrochloride (ER-37328) is a novel topoisomerase II poison with potent tumoricidal activity against solid tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we describe studies on the effects of ER-37328 on the primary tumor, liver metastasis, and survival in a murine Colon 38 orthotopic transplantation model. When ER-37328 (10 mg/kg) was administered i.v. at 11 days or 20 days after transplantation, strong regression of the primary tumor was observed on both administration schedules. On the later schedule, ER-37328 completely blocked liver metastasis, whereas the mean number of metastases in the control group was 23.9. To examine the antitumor activity against Colon 38 at the liver in more detail, ER-37328 was administered to mice that had received an inoculation of Colon 38 tumor into the liver. ER-37328 showed strong tumor-regression activity against Colon 38 growing in the liver. In addition, administration of ER-37328 on a schedule of every 7 days four times caused a significant increase of 79% in life span in the orthotopic transplantation model, calculated by using mean survival times. Pharmacokinetic study revealed that ER-37328 was highly distributed to the tumor and organs. The ratios of the area under the concentration-time curves of ER-37328 in the tumor, lung, liver, and kidney versus plasma were 81, 77, 47, and 40, respectively. This high distribution to the tumor and liver may explain the potent antitumor activity of ER-37328 against Colon 38 tumor in the liver. In conclusion, the topoisomerase II poison ER-37328 is a promising candidate for clinical application against colon cancer.
Natural ligand motifs of H-2E molecules are allele specific and illustrate homology to HLA-DR molecules (1995)

Motifs of peptides naturally associated with H-2Ek and Ed molecules were determined by (I) pool sequencing of natural ligand mixtures and (II) sequencing of individual natural ligands followed by their alignment to the basic motif suggested by pool sequencing. The data reveal nine amino acid motifs with interaction sites at relative positions P1, P4, P6 and P9, with specificities that are identical at some but different at other anchor positions between Ed and Ek motifs, illustrating the different requirements for peptides to be presented by these two MHC molecules. The anchors with the most restricted specificity are P1 and P9. P1 is aliphatic for Ek and predominantly aromatic for Ed. P9 is positively charged for both molecules. P4 and P6 show a totally different amino acid preference between Ek and Ed ligand motifs. An alignment of Ed and Ek protein sequences to the recently reported HLA-DR1 pocket residues is in agreement with observed anchor residues in Ek and Ed motifs, thus confirming the predicted similarity of mouse class II E molecules with human DR molecules. Furthermore, this alignment was extended to the putative pockets of class II Eb and Ek molecules, and allowed, together with sequence information of previously identified natural ligands of Eb and Ec molecules, a prediction of their respective motifs. The information obtained by this study should be useful to identify putative class II E epitopes in proteins and to design peptides for blocking class II E molecules.
Structural alteration in the MYB protooncogene and deletion within the gene encoding alpha-type protein kinase C in human melanoma cell lines. (1988)

A correlative study was done to determine possible relationships between nonrandom aberrations in chromosomes 1, 6, and 7 occurring in human cutaneous malignant melanoma and the structure of oncogenes as well as specific genes encoding growth factors and growth factor receptors. Thirty cell lines derived from primary or metastatic melanomas of 28 patients were analyzed by Southern blotting with nick-translated probes for 28 different genes, some of which map near frequent chromosomal breakpoints observed in melanoma. An alteration in the MYB protooncogene was observed in a cell line derived from a primary melanoma in the vertical growth phase, which correlated with a 6q22 chromosomal abnormality. Another primary melanoma cell line had a cytogenetically undetected tumor-specific deletion within the gene for alpha-type protein kinase C. Polymorphic alleles for the genes encoding the epidermal growth factor receptor and alpha-type protein kinase C were also observed.
Establishment of Rat Embryonic Stem Cells and Making of Chimera Rats (2008)

The rat is a reference animal model for physiological studies and for the analysis of multigenic human diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, neurological disorders, and cancer. The rats have long been used in extensive chemical carcinogenesis studies. Thus, the rat embryonic stem (rES) cell is an important resource for the study of disease models. Attempts to derive ES cells from various mammals, including the rat, have not succeeded. Here we have established two independent rES cells from Wister rat blastocysts that have undifferentiated characters such as Nanog and Oct3/4 genes expression and they have stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA) -1, -3, -4, and TRA-1-81 expression. The cells were successfully cultured in an undifferentiated state and can be possible over 18 passages with maintaining more than 40% of normal karyotype. Their pluripotent potential was confirmed by the differentiation into derivatives of the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Most importantly, the rES cells are capable of producing chimera rats. Therefore, we established pluripotent rES cell lines that are widely used to produce genetically modified experimental rats for study of human diseases.
Distributed Feedback Fiber Laser Strain Sensors (2008)

The distributed feedback (DFB) fiber laser strain sensor has demonstrated strain resolution comparable to that obtained from high-performance fiber-optic interferometry. This manuscript describes the characteristics and performance of this fiber laser strain sensor and discusses the technological developments necessary to obtain comparable performance from a multiplexed array of laser sensors. The design of the Bragg grating and doped fiber are discussed, where possible providing simplified equations to quantify the relevant design parameters. Techniques based on fiber-optic interferometry to decode the wavelength shifts of the laser are presented and potential noise sources are described. Measurements conducted on a test laser demonstrate the capability of the DFB fiber laser to resolve effective length changes to less than 0.76 fm/Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> at 2 kHz. The accuracy of the strain measurement, calculated by subtracting the output of two lasers subjected to the same strain, is found to be less than 1%. Issues relating to multiplexing lasers, such as pump power depletion and optical feedback, are described along with methods to maximize the number of lasers serially multiplexed on a single fiber. Finally, the strain transduction mechanism and methods to mount the laser sensor are described. It is shown that for certain applications, the DFB fiber laser sensor provides significant performance benefits when compared with remotely interrogated fiber-optic interferometric sensing techniques.
Manipulating biological agents and cells in micro-scale volumes for applications in medicine (2013)

Recent technological advances provide new tools to manipulate cells and biological agents in micro/nano-liter volumes. With precise control over small volumes, the cell microenvironment and other biological agents can be bioengineered; interactions between cells and external stimuli can be monitored; and the fundamental mechanisms such as cancer metastasis and stem cell differentiation can be elucidated. Technological advances based on the principles of electrical, magnetic, chemical, optical, acoustic, and mechanical forces lead to novel applications in point-of-care diagnostics, regenerative medicine, in vitro drug testing, cryopreservation, and cell isolation/purification. In this review, we first focus on the underlying mechanisms of emerging examples for cell manipulation in small volumes targeting applications such as tissue engineering. Then, we illustrate how these mechanisms impact the aforementioned biomedical applications, discuss the associated challenges, and provide perspectives for further development.
Synthesis of Alkyl Dihydrogenphosphate by the Reaction of Alcohols and Silyl Polyphosphate (1985)

Abstract Alkyl dihydrogenphosphates were readily prepared by phosphorylation of alcohols with trimethylsilyl polyphosphate or polyphosphorylated silica-gel.
Characterization of isoforms of protein 4.1 present in the nucleus (1991)

Although protein 4.1 was originally identified as an element of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton, its presence in most mammalian cell types is now well described. Antibodies raised against erythrocyte protein 4.1 or synthetic peptides corresponding to the spectrin-actin-binding domain of protein 4.1 react with plasma membranes and, unexpectedly, nuclei of different cell types. Nuclear staining was further confirmed in isolated nuclei prepared from rat liver and human leukaemic cell lines. Immunoblot analysis of subcellular fractions derived from these cells revealed three prominent proteins, of 80, 135 and 145 kDa. The structural relationship of the high-molecular-mass proteins with erythrocyte protein 4.1 was demonstrated by peptide mapping. These results indicate that mammalian nucleated cells contain several isoforms of erythrocyte protein 4.1 and that some high-molecular-mass forms may primarily reside in the nucleus.
Binding of Escherichia coli to fibronectin. A mechanism of tissue adherence. (1984)

Four out of 17 enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli isolated from infantile diarrhea bound 125I-fibronectin. This binding, which was inhibited by unlabeled fibronectin but not by other proteins, appears to involve two classes of receptors, one of which binds the ligand reversibly. Consistent with the presence of two classes of receptors the bacteria bound to at least two distinct sites of the fibronectin molecule, one being the amino-terminal domain which also contains the binding sites for Gram-positive bacteria and the other located outside this domain. The E. coli strain expressing fibronectin receptors adhered to fibroblasts and to fibronectin but not to ovalbumin-coated coverslips. Bacteria grown at 40 degrees C did not express fibronectin receptors and did not adhere to either substrate. Saturation of receptors with fibronectin blocked adhesion to both fibronectin-coated coverslips and to cultured fibroblasts. These data suggest that binding to fibronectin represents a mechanism of tissue adherence of E. coli.
Fumaric acid esters in dermatology (2011)

Fumaric acid esters (FAE) are substances of interest in dermatology. FAE exert various activities on cutaneous cells and cytokine networks. So far only a mixture of dimethylfumarate (DMF) and three salts of monoethylfumarate (MEF) have gained approval for the oral treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque-type psoriasis in Germany. DMF seems to be the major active component. There is evidence that FAE are not only effective and safe in psoriasis but granulomatous non-infectious diseases like granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica and sarcoidosis. In vitro and animal studies suggest some activity in malignant melanoma as well.
Strategies for Optimizing Liposomal Doxorubicin (1990)

Liposome encapsulation of doxorubicin can dramatically alter its biological activity, resulting in decreased toxicity and equivalent or increased antitumor potency. Since the physical characteristics of the liposome carrier system (size, lipid composition, and lipid dose) can have profound effects on the pharmacologic properties of vesicles administered intravenously, it may be expected that the therapeutic activity of liposomal doxorubicin will be sensitive to these properties. To determine the influence of these variables on the toxicity and efficacy properties of liposomal doxorubicin, transmembrane pH gradient-dependent active encapsulation techniques have been utilized to generate liposomal doxorubicin preparations in which the vesicle size, lipid composition, and drug to lipid ratio can be independently varied. these studies indicate that the toxicity of liposomal doxorubicin is related to the stability of the preparation in the circulation. This property is dictated primarily by vesicle lipid composition, although the drug to lipid ratio can also exert an influence. In contrast, the antitumor activity of liposomal doxorubicin appears most sensitive to the size of the vesicle system. Specifically, antitumor drug potency increases as the vesicle size is decreased. these studies demonstrate that manipulating the physical characteristics of liposomal anticancer pharmaceuticals can lead to preparations with optimized therapeutic activity.
THE VIRUS WATCH PROGRAM: A CONTINUING SURVEILLANCE OF VIRAL INFECTIONS IN METROPOLITAN NEW YORK FAMILIES (1969)

Virus Watch (VW) data on adenovirus isolations were reviewed together with newly available serologic results. This permitted classifying persons shedding virus as newly infected (143 persons) or recrudescent excretors (105 persons) and detection of 45 new infections not revealed by isolations. Mode of excretion after new infection varied with virus type, the per cent excreting only fecally being 49 with type 2, 67 with types 1 and 5, and 77 with other types. Combined respiratory and fecal excretion was related to young age and to illness. Two classes of infection were recognized, unrelated to adenovirus type: 1) abortive, resulting in brief excretion and little or no illness; and 2) persistent, resulting frequently in illness and characterized by long continued intermittent (recrudescent) excretion. Persistent infection resulted in prolonged intra-familial spread but its implication to health is unknown. Seroconversion was demonstrated in 75% of new infections studied. Serologic methods, in decreasing order of sensitivity, were neutralization, hemagglutination-inhibtion (HI), and complement fixation (CF). Both CF and HI antibodies were long persistent. Surveillance based on virus isolations from index members of families revealed 79% of infections in index persons and 64% of household invasions. Infections occurred throughout the year but were least frequent in the summer. Type 2 was continuously present and by far the most abundant although type 1 may have predominated before the VW began. The only sharp outbreak was due to type 5. Virus spread within households progressed slowly and was sharply and inversely related to age. Of all new adenovirus infections 45% were illness-associated (43% for type 2 and 59% for type 5). These figures are believed to closely reflect the true pathogenicity of adenoviruses. Their estimated contribution to all infectious illness was 2.4% (4.5% in infants) and to febrile illness was 77% (10.6% in infants).
Detection of Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Bacteria by Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/ Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (1996)

The proteins isolated from the whole cells of bacterial pathogens and related non-pathogenic simulants were analyzed directly, with minimal sample preparation by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Inspection of mass spectrometric profiles obtained from direct MALDI-MS analysis of the protein extracts revealed specific biomarkers for individual bacterial cells. The observed biomarkers enabled us not only to detect pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis and Brucella meliteusis), but also to distinguish them from the corresponding non-pathogenic species. By examining a series of strains of several Bacillus species (anthracis, thuringiensis, cereus and subtilis), it was possible to derive genus, species and strain-specific biomarkers from the measured molecular masses of the intact proteins. Additional series of biomarkers were obtained from direct mass spectrometric analysis of tryptic digests of the protein extracts. The application of this technique for rapid chemotaxonomic classification of microorganisms is demonstrated.
Trapidil in preventing restenosis after balloon angioplasty in the atherosclerotic rabbit. (1990)

Trapidil (triazolopyrimidine) possesses activity against platelet-derived growth factor-induced cellular proliferation in vitro and intimal proliferation in vivo. The objective of this study was to determine if trapidil could prevent restenosis in experimentally induced atherosclerotic rabbits. New Zealand White rabbits with preexisting iliac arterial lesions induced by balloon deendothelialization underwent balloon angioplasty. Arteriography was performed before, immediately after, and 4 weeks after the balloon dilatation. Tissue sections of the dilated arterial segment were also analyzed morphometrically. Seventeen rabbits were randomized to two groups: a control group (n = 8) and a trapidil-treated group (n = 9). The treatment group received 30 mg/kg s.c. trapidil twice daily. The angiographic luminal diameters before and after dilatation were similar. At the 4-week restudy, there was a significant preservation of luminal diameter in the trapidil group compared with the control group (1.27 +/- 0.20 vs. 0.94 +/- 0.48 mm, respectively; p less than 0.005). When luminal diameters immediately after dilatation were compared with diameters at the 4-week restudy (i.e., when the degree of restenosis was assessed), there was a greater luminal diameter reduction in the control group than in the trapidil group (0.70 +/- 0.44 vs. 0.30 +/- 0.25 mm, respectively; p = 0.005). By morphometric analyses, the luminal areas were also greater in the trapidil group than the control group (0.80 +/- 0.25 vs. 0.57 +/- 0.33 mm2, respectively; p = 0.03). Intimal thickness was significantly less for the trapidil group than for the control group (0.33 +/- 0.15 vs. 0.44 +/- 0.15 mm, respectively; p = 0.01), as well as medial thickness (0.09 +/- 0.03 vs. 0.11 +/- 0.03 mm, respectively; p = 0.01). In this study, trapidil significantly increased the luminal area and reduced the intimal thickness in the atherosclerotic rabbit iliac artery after balloon angioplasty.