gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The microsomal dicarboxylyl-CoA synthetase (1985)

Dicarboxylic acids are products of the omega-oxidation of monocarboxylic acids. We demonstrate that in rat liver dicarboxylic acids (C5-C16) can be converted into their CoA esters by a dicarboxylyl-CoA synthetase. During this activation ATP, which cannot be replaced by GTP, is converted into AMP and PPi, both acting as feedback inhibitors of the reaction. Thermolabile at 37 degrees C, and optimally active at pH 6.5, dicarboxylyl-CoA synthetase displays the highest activity on dodecanedioic acid (2 micromol/min per g of liver). Cell-fractionation studies indicate that this enzyme belongs to the hepatic microsomal fraction. Investigations about the fate of dicarboxylyl-CoA esters disclosed the existence of an oxidase, which could be measured by monitoring the production of H2O2. In our assay conditions this H2O2 production is dependent on and closely follows the CoA consumption. It appears that the chain-length specificity of the handling of dicarboxylic acids by this catabolic pathway (activation to acyl-CoA and oxidation with H2O2 production) parallels the pattern of the degradation of exogenous dicarboxylic acids in vivo.
Comparison of surface roughness of polished silicon wafers measured by light scattering topography, soft-x-ray scattering, and atomic-force microscopy (1995)

The surface roughness of silicon wafers after different stages of chemomechanical polishing was investigated by light scattering topography, soft-x-ray scattering, and atomic-force microscopy. Quantitative values of the rms roughness, the lateral correlation length, and the roughness exponent are extracted. The results suggest deviations from the ‘‘ideal’’ polishing process at large length scales.
Role of Cyclin G-associated Kinase in Uncoating Clathrin-coated Vesicles from Non-neuronal Cells (2000)

Auxilin is a brain-specific DnaJ homolog that is required for Hsc70 to dissociate clathrin from bovine brain clathrin-coated vesicles. However, Hsc70 is also involved in uncoating clathrin-coated vesicles formed at the plasma membrane of non-neuronal cells suggesting that an auxilin homolog may be required for uncoating in these cells. One candidate is cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK), a 150-kDa protein expressed ubiquitously in various tissues. GAK has a C-terminal domain with high sequence similarity to auxilin; like auxilin this C-terminal domain consists of three subdomains, an N-terminal tensin-like domain, a clathrin-binding domain, and a C-terminal J-domain. Western blot analysis shows that GAK is present in rat liver, bovine testes, and bovine brain clathrin-coated vesicles. More importantly, liver clathrin-coated vesicles, which contain GAK but not auxilin, are uncoated by Hsc70, suggesting that GAK acts as an auxilin homolog in non-neuronal cells. In support of this view, the clathrin-binding domain of GAK alone induces clathrin polymerization into baskets and the combined clathrin-binding domain and J-domain of GAK supports uncoating of AP180-clathrin baskets by Hsc70 at pH 7 and induces Hsc70 binding to clathrin baskets at pH 6. Immunolocalization studies suggest that GAK is a cytosolic protein that is concentrated in the perinuclear region; it appears to be highly associated with the trans-Golgi where the budding of clathrin-coated vesicles occurs. We propose that GAK is a required cofactor for the uncoating of clathrin-coated vesicles by Hsc70 in non-neuronal cells.
Hemodynamic Effects of Isometric Exercise in Normotensive Hypertensive Subjects Hypertension (1978)

Isometric exercise increases arterial pressure and heart rate in normotensive individuals and also in patients with labile and fixed essential hypertension. The hypertensinogenic effect of isometric exercise is mediated through an increase in cardiac output because the peripheral vascular resistance is usually not affected. The cardioaccelerating effects of isometric exercise are mediated through an initial vagal withdrawal and a later stimulation of the sympathetic system. However hypertensive patients with defective sympathetic adjustments are not immune to the hypertensinogenic and cardioaccelerating effects of isometric exercise. Since isometric exercises are performed several times during daily activities, they may result in dangerous elevations in arterial pressure in patients with already increased arterial pressure, and this may eventually lead to cerebrovascular accidents and/or cardiac decompensation. It is therefore recommended that patients with elevated arterial pressure, or persons prone to hypertension, should refrain from such activities.
VEGF-C and VEGF-D expression is correlated with lymphatic vessel density and lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Implications for use as a prognostic marker (2009)

The prognosis of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is influenced by the presence of lymph node metastasis. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between lymphangiogenesis and the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in association with lymph node metastasis in oral SCC. Oral SCC biopsy specimens (160 cases) were examined for lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and the expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D immunohistochemically. The levels of VEGF-C and VEGF-D expression and LVD were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (p<0.001). The expression of VEGF-C and VEGF-D increased the LVD significantly (p<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that VEGF-C expression and LVD were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (p<0.001). This study presents clinical evidence for the important roles of VEGF-C and VEGF-D in lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis of oral SCC, and suggests that VEGF-C or LVD can effectively predict lymphatic metastasis of oral SCC.
Molecular Diagnosis of the Hematologic Cancers (2003)

Hematologic cancers — that is, leukemias and lymphomas — usually result from somatic mutations in hematopoietic cells rather than heritable mutations. Many of these cancers have been classified on the basis of their morphology and the presence of tumor marker antigens. This review explains complementary DNA expression profiling, a genomic approach to the diagnosis of such tumors, with certain leukemias and lymphomas used as examples.
An Investigation of Deep-Learning Frameworks for Speaker Verification Antispoofing (2017)

In this study, we explore the use of deep-learning approaches for spoofing detection in speaker verification. Most spoofing detection systems that have achieved recent success employ hand-craft features with specific spoofing prior knowledge, which may limit the feasibility to unseen spoofing attacks. We aim to investigate the genuine-spoofing discriminative ability from the back-end stage, utilizing recent advancements in deep-learning research. In this paper, alternative network architectures are exploited to target spoofed speech. Based on this analysis, a novel spoofing detection system, which simultaneously employs convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs) is proposed. In this framework, CNN is treated as a convolutional feature extractor applied on the speech input. On top of the CNN processed output, recurrent networks are employed to capture long-term dependencies across the time domain. Novel features including Teager energy operator critical band autocorrelation envelope, perceptual minimum variance distortionless response, and a more general spectrogram are also investigated as inputs to our proposed deep-learning frameworks. Experiments using the ASVspoof 2015 Corpus show that the integrated CNN-RNN framework achieves state-of-the-art single-system performance. The addition of score-level fusion further improves system robustness. A detailed analysis shows that our proposed approach can potentially compensate for the issue due to short duration test utterances, which is also an issue in the evaluation corpus.
Facet discovery for structured web search (2011)

In recent years, there has been a strong trend of incorporating results from structured data sources into keyword-based web search systems such as Bing or Amazon. When presenting structured data, facets are a powerful tool for navigating, refining, and grouping the results. For a given structured data source, a fundamental problem in supporting faceted search is finding an ordered selection of attributes and values that will populate the facets. This creates two sets of challenges. First, because of the limited screen real-estate, it is important that the top facets best match the anticipated user intent. Second, the huge scale of available data to such engines demands an automated unsupervised solution.
Optimal in‐vitro expansion of chondroprogenitor cells in monolayer culture (2005)

A continuous production of large quantities of chondroprogenitor cells for the manufacture of engineered cartilage tissue products is required. Expansion of the cell population in vitro has become an essential step in the process of tissue engineering of articular cartilage and the optimization of the culture conditions is a fundamental problem that needs to be addressed. The analysis of both seeding density and passage length was considered crucial in the optimization of expansion processes, and their correct selection should be taken as a requisite to establish culture conditions for monolayer systems. The determination of the optimal seeding density and the corresponding passage length for cell expansion in a serial passaging operation was found to be a compromise between growth kinetics and process time. This optimal determination was carried out using a mathematical approach that led to values of 10(4) cell/cm(2) for seeding density and 73 h for passage length. Additional considerations concerning the running cost of the process were introduced. Although the optimal passage length gave the desired expansion factor in a minimum process time, the selection of an alternative value of 120 h was shown to reduce the cost of the expansion process in more than 60%. The optimization approach presented will contribute to the development of feasible large scale expansion operations of chondroprogenitor cells required by the cartilage tissue engineering industry.
Overview of the technical basis of Qualcomm's CDMA cellular telephone system design: a view of North American TIA/EIA IS-95 (2002)

The first North American digital cellular interim standard, based on time division multiple access (TDMA), was adopted in 1989. Immediately thereafter, in 1990, Qualcomm Inc. proposed a spread spectrum digital cellular system, based on code division multiple access (CDMA), which became the second North American interim standard in 1993. The key requirement for the second generation digital cellular system is the achievement of high capacity as compared to the current (first generation) analog FM cellular system, based on frequency division multiple access (FDMA). This paper gives an overview of Qualcomm's CDMA cellular system and its achievement of the second generation cellular system design objectives.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Astrocytes Produce and Release Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interferon-Gamma Following Traumatic and Metabolic Injury (2001)

The brain is no longer considered immune-privileged due to its capability of producing cytokines in response to neurotrauma; however, the cellular sources of cytokines have not been defined. This study focused on the production of four inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 (IL-1alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in primary culture of astrocytes under two different injury models which simulated in vivo mechanical trauma (scratch injury) and ischemia. Results demonstrated that astrocytes after scratch injury were positively immunostained with IL-1alpha, IL-6, and TNFalpha. A slot-blot study of culture media showed that the release of IL-1alpha, IL-6, TNFalpha, and IFN-gamma by astrocytes subsequent to scratch and ischemic injury reached approximately twice the control values. The temporal expression of these cytokines was different for the two models. All four cytokines began to increase 1 h postscratch and remained at high levels throughout the experiment. In the ischemic model, however, the increase of cytokine expression was delayed until 4-8 h of ischemia, when sharp increases were seen in all four cytokines. In this culture system, the exogenous influence of blood-borne factors and leukocytes, which occur with in vivo trauma and ischemia, was eliminated. Accordingly, the cytokines detected in the culture media were derived from astrocytes. This study provides the first evidence that astrocytes, without the influence from other cell types, can produce and release cytokines following mechanical and ischemic injury.
Three Amino Acids in Escherichia coli CspE Surface-exposed Aromatic Patch Are Critical for Nucleic Acid Melting Activity Leading to Transcription Antitermination and Cold Acclimation of Cells (2002)

Cold-shock proteins of the CspA family of Escherichia coli help the cells to acclimate to low temperature conditions through an unknown mechanism. In vitro, these proteins bind to single-stranded nucleic acids and destabilize nucleic acid secondary structures. An unusual surface-exposed patch of 6 evolutionarily conserved aromatic amino acids is thought to be involved in RNA binding by the cold-shock proteins. Here we investigated the functional role of the aromatic patch in E. coli CspE by substituting individual aromatic residues with positively charged Arg residues. These substitutions do not affect the RNA binding activity of the CspE mutants. We show that substitutions of three centrally located aromatic patch amino acid residues, Phe(17), Phe(30), and His(32), abolish the ability of the mutant CspE to acclimatize cells to cold, antiterminate transcription and melt nucleic acids but have no effect on RNA binding. On the other hand, peripherally located Trp(10), Phe(19), and Phe(33) can be substituted with Arg without loss of any of the in vivo and in vitro CspE functions tested. The results thus indicate that these aromatic patch residues have clearly distinct functional roles and further extend the correlation between the essential function of CspA homologues in cold acclimation and their ability to antiterminate transcription.
Quantitative determinations of sensory and pain thresholds on human oral mucosa by argon laser stimulation (1992)

High-energy light from an argon laser was applied to human oral mucosa in order to investigate regional pain sensitivity. Significant regional differences in sensory and pain thresholds were observed between the test sites on the hard and soft palatal mucosa, the buccal mucosa, the tongue, the lower lip, and the skin on the hand. Pain thresholds were lowest on the tip of the tongue and highest on the hard palate. Sensory and pain thresholds were influenced by different stimulus parameters: pulse duration and laser beam diameter. Blackening of the mucosa in regions with high optical reflectance, such as the hard palate, increased light absorption and, hence, reduced both thresholds significantly. Reflectance spectrophotometric measurements indicated that the hard palatal mucosa reflected argon laser light about 1.5 times more than the tip of the tongue. The different threshold values could, in part, be ascribed to different reflectance and absorption properties of the mucosal areas but also indicated substantial regional variation in pain sensitivity of the human oral mucosa. Measurement of laser thresholds is an appropriate and standardized method for investigating sensory differences in human oral mucosa and may be used to study various pain conditions, e.g., burning mouth syndrome.
A theory of attention: Variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement. (1975)

According to theories of selective attention, learning about a stimulus depends on attending to that stimulus; this is represented in two-stage models by saying that subjects switch in analyzers as well as learning stimulusresponse associations. This assumption, however, is equally well represented in a formal model by the incorporation of a stimulus-specific learning-rate parameter, a, into the equations describing changes in the associative strength of stimuli. Theories of selective attention have also assumed (a) that subjects learn to attend to and ignore relevant and irrelevant stimuli (i.e., that a may increase or decrease depending on the correlation of a stimulus with reinforcement) and (b) that there is an inverse relationship between the probabilities of attending to different stimuli (i.e., that an increase in a to one stimulus is accompanied by a decrease in a to others). The first assumption is used to explain the phenomena of acquired distinctiveness and dimensional transfer, the second those of overshadowing and blocking. Although the first assumption is justified by the data, the second is not: Overshadowing and blocking are better explained by the choice of an appropriate rule for changing a, such that a decreases to stimuli that signal no change from the probability of reinforcement predicted by other stimuli.
Combination of Quantitative IMP3 and Tumor Stage: A New System to Predict Metastasis for Patients with Localized Renal Cell Carcinomas (2008)

The QITS is a simple and accurate system for the prediction of tumor metastasis. This system not only provides important prognostic information but also can be used at initial diagnosis of localized renal cell carcinoma to identify high-risk patients who may benefit from early systematic therapy.
Clostridium difficile toxin A perturbs cytoskeletal structure and tight junction permeability of cultured human intestinal epithelial monolayers. (1988)

Toxin A of Clostridium difficile causes severe inflammatory enterocolitis in man and animals that appears to be mediated in part by acute inflammatory cells that migrate into the toxin A-exposed mucosa. To determine the direct effects of toxin A on intestinal epithelial permeability and structure in the ab- sence of other modulating factors, we used cultured mono- layers of a human intestinal epithelial cell line (T84). A toxin A concentration of 7 X 10-1 ,ug/ml (3 X i0-' M) nearly abolished monolayer transepithelial resistance within 6-8 h. This marked permeability defect occurred while the monolayers were still confluent. Dual sodium-mannitol flux studies local- ized the permeability defect to the intercellular tight junction. Cytotoxicity assays and morphological evaluation using No- marski optics and electron microscopy failed to demonstrate any evidence of cell damage at the time the maximum resis- tance response was observed. Fluorescent staining for F actin, however, revealed a marked decrease in fluorescent intensity in toxin-treated monolayers versus controls. These data show that toxin A can directly affect the barrier function of this model intestinal epithelium and initially does so by selectively enhancing tight junction permeability. Furthermore, cytoskeletal structure is markedly altered over the same time course, although the integrity of individual cells is maintained. Be- cause the cytoskeleton of intestinal epithelial cells is known to be capable of regulating tight junction permeability, we specu- late that the above effects of toxin A on epithelial barrier function result from alterations of the cytoskeleton. Purification oftoxin A. Toxin A was purified to homogeneity (sin- gle band at 229 kD by SDS-PAGE) from broth culture supernatants of 1516
Object Categorization Using VFA-generated Nodemaps and Hierarchical Temporal Memories (2007)

Object categorization and recognition have proved to be difficult tasks in artificial intelligence for several decades. With the recent emergence of biologically inspired soft-computing methods, promising results in specialized application domains are more and more common. In this paper, we propose a novel object categorization method based on statistical properties of nodes -derived from the VFA model -and hierarchical temporal memories. A referential categorization method, obtained by feeding grayscale pixel levels to hierarchical temporal memories, is used to evaluate the model's performance. Results show that categorization based on the statistics of nodes seems to yield higher success rates. This is in correspondence with Biederman's conjecture in his theory of recognition by components (RBC), according to which the statistics of nodes, end points and corners carry essential and sufficient information for object recognition [1]. The first section of this paper consists of a brief introduction, in which we restate the formal definition of the VFA model, as well as present its node-filtering applications. This will be followed by a presentation of the HTM theory for size-and orientation-invariant object representation. Finally, we give a detailed case study in which a hierarchical temporal memory is used to distinguish between two, as well as several object categories.
Efficient Reliable Group Communication for Distributed Systems (1992)

Many applications can profit from broadcast communication, but few operating systems provide primitives that make broadcast communication available to user applications. In this paper we introduce primitives for broadcast communication that have been integrated with the Amoeba distributed operating system. The semantics of the broadcast primitives are simple, powerful, and easy to understand. Our primitives, for example, guarantee total ordering of broadcast messages. The proposed primitives are also efficient: if a network supports physical multicast, a reliable broadcast can be done in just slightly more than two messages on the average, so, the performance of a reliable broadcast is roughly comparable to that of a remote procedure call. In addition, the primitives are flexible: user applications can, for example, trade performance against fault tolerance. 1. Introduction Many distributed applications are easier to build if the operating system supports a primitive that allows the a...
Interactions of hyperthermia and chemotherapy in animals. (1979)

In tissue culture, the cytotoxicity of a number of commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs is greatly enhanced at elevated temperatures. However, pharmacokinetics, drug concentrations, oxygen tension, and pH in tumors in animals can all vary widely from those in cell cultures. In addition, tissue culture studies do not give vital information on the effect of combinations of drugs and hyperthermia on normal tissues or metastases. Available studies of drugs and hyperthermia in animals are reviewed, and they yield clinically useful information. One study indicated that the activity of methotrexate was not enhanced by hyperthermia in vivo . Results for alkylating agents were not conclusive. Antitumor effects of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, bleomycin, and cis -diamminedichloroplatinum, however, were significantly potentiated by local hyperthermia. 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea effects were enhanced between 41 and 42°C, and thus, it is potentially of use in the setting of systemic hyperthermia. Bleomycin, however, was enhanced significantly only near 43°, suggesting that its clinical use is more appropriate with local hyperthermia. Adriamycin and S -(2-aminoethyl)isothiouronium dihydrobromide, although potentiated in vitro , were not potentiated in vivo in doses which were clinically tolerable. Discrepancies between the in vitro and in vivo findings are likely due, at least in part, to differences in drug concentration. The combination of local primary tumor hyperthermia and chemotherapy did not adversely affect the incidence or severity of spontaneous lung metastases in KHT tumor-bearing mice.

Very few studies of the pharmacology of drugs in vivo in the presence of hyperthermia have been reported. Uptake of chemotherapeutic drugs may be enhanced in hyperthermic tissue. Further in vivo studies both of effectiveness and drug pharmacology for combined hyperthermia and chemotherapy are advisable to define optimum time-dose schedules for clinical trials.