gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of antimicrobials in swine feeds in the United States (1999)

Objective: To describe the use of in-feed antimicrobials by stage of production in the United States swine industry. Methods: National Swine Survey data from 712 farms were collected by the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) between 1989 and 1991. Specifically, producers were asked to record over one 7-day interval the number of feeds they used, the phases of production to which those feeds were fed, and which antimicrobials had been added to the feeds. Producers were also asked whether the antimicrobials were used continuously or to treat a specific problem. Results: Of the 712 farms, 84 (12%) did not use any antimicrobials in feeds. Across all participating farms, 39.5% of feeds contained no antimicrobial. Forty-one percent of the feeds included one or more individual antimicrobials and 19% included combinations of antimicrobials. Creep, starter, and first-stage grower pigs were more likely to be fed antimicrobials than second-stage growers, finishers, or adult swine (P=.02). Most (92.2%) antimicrobials were fed on a continuous basis. The age groups most likely to be fed antimicrobials to treat specific problems were nursery, grower, and finisher pigs. The most commonly used antimicrobials, listed in order of frequency were: tetracyclines, carbadox, bacitracin, tylosin, apramycin, and lincomycin. Carbadox, apramycin, and lincomycin were typically added to creep and starter feeds. Bacitracin and tylosin were most often used in feeds for grower and finisher pigs. Tetracyclines were fed to all ages of pigs but were included more frequently in feeds for immature swine than for mature swine.
Electrothermal and phase-change dynamics in chalcogenide-based memories (2005)

We analyzed the programming dynamics in phase-change memory (PCM) cells. The chalcogenide phase-change mechanism and phase distribution in the programmed cell is studied by both experiments and a numerical model, which self-consistently addresses the electrical-thermal conduction phase transition. We show that the reset-set transition is strongly coupled to the electronic switching in the amorphous phase, thus supporting the need for a self-consistent electrothermal-phase transition model to correctly account for all experimental evidences.
Modeling and optimization of electro-optic phase modulator (1996)

We introduce a novel method of modeling PLZT phase modulators. Traditionally, modeling has been based upon fitting the constant quadratic electro-optic coefficient to empirical data. Our characterization has shown that the electro-optic coefficient is not a constant and that the electro-optic effect saturates at electric field strengths that exist in standard surface electrode device configurations. We have also found that the additional effects of light scattering and depolarization, which depend on the strength of the applied electric field, are significant factors for modeling device design and optimization.
Purification of antigens from urine of a sarcoma patient by affinity chromatography (1981)

Abstract Previous publications from our laboratory have demonstrated the presence of antigens in the urine of cancer patients detectable by the complement fixation (CF) assay. The purpose of this study was to develop a methodology for purification of these tumor‐associated antigen(s) using xenogeneic antisera as a specific immunoabsorbent. Urine possessing high antigen titer by CF was collected from sarcoma patients. Xenoantiserum to the urinary antigens was prepared by injection of concentrated, dialyzed urine mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant into rabbits. Control xenoantisera were obtained by injection of pooled human normal urine in an identical manner. The antisarcoma urine xenoantisera were absorbed with human normal liver and insolubilized human normal serum to remove cross‐reacting antibodies to normal human components. The immunoglobulin fraction of the xenoantisera was isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and covalently linked to Sepharose 4B beads. Urine from a sarcoma patient was reacted with the immunobeads, and the affinity absorbed antigen(s) were eluted with 3.5 M potassium thiocyanate. The affinity purified urinary antigen had a CF titer of 1:128 against xenoantisera that had been quantitatively absorbed with human normal liver cells and the insolubilized normal human serum. Absorption of the xenoantiserum with cultured allogeneic sarcoma cells removed all activity against the affinity purified antigen(s). The results suggest that the cultured sarcoma cells expressed antigens immunologically similar to those present in the urine of sarcoma patients, and that these antigens can be isolated from urine of cancer patients and purified by affinity chromatography. The affinity purified antigens(s) was labeled with 125 I by the vapor phase chloramine‐T method, and a radioimmunoassay was developed. By radioimmunoassay, antisarcoma urine xenoantiserum absorbed with human normal liver and insolubilized serum had a titer of 1:4000 against the affinity purified antigen. Xenoantisera to pooled normal human urine treated similarly showed no reactivity to the affinity purified antigen. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the radiolabeled antigen(s) showed a single peak in the 40,000‐ to 50,000‐ dalton range.
High performance acrylic polymers for chemically amplified photoresist applications (1991)

Chemically amplified resists have recently achieved importance as materials useful for high density microlithographic applications requiring submicron imaging. In an effort to extend the chemical amplification concept to applications requiring thick film resists, we have developed a family of acrylic polymers which provide high performance, aqueous developing positive resists when formulated with the appropriate photo-acid generators. The polymers were prepared from methyl methacrylate (MMA), t-butyl methacrylate (TBMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA), each of which serves a separate function in the formed terpolymer. An unusual degree of control over the aqueous development kinetics can be achieved by manipulation of the terpolymer composition. The lithographic properties of resist formulations based on these polymers have been examined employing optical exposure at wavelengths from 248 to 514 nm, and e-beam exposure.
Synthesis of 9-(5-Deoxy-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine1 (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of 9-(5-Deoxy-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine1Elmer J. Reist, Victor J. Bartuska, Dianne F. Calkins, and Leon GoodmanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 10, 3401–3403Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01021a032https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01021a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views100Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Hyperkalemia in Congestive Heart Failure (2001)

Hyperkalemia is not an uncommon occurrence in the congestive heart failure patient, particularly when renal failure coexists. Hyperkalemia in CHF is typically medication-related. Its occurrence is inevitably linked to the simultaneous ingestion of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers, and more recently, aldosterone receptor antagonists, such as spironolactone. The most devastating consequence of hyperkalemia is its cardiotoxicity that can be fairly insidious in its rate of development. The therapy of hyperkalemia in congestive heart failure can involve both acute and semiacute management phases. Acute hyperkalemia management includes measures that block the adverse membrane effects of hyperkalemia, such as intravenous calcium administration, and efforts to shift potassium intracellularly, such as occurs with intravenous bicarbonate and/or inhaled beta-agonists. Semiacute management of hyperkalemia includes measures to increase urinary potassium excretion and administration of binding resins, such as Kayexalate®. Prevention is the cornerstone of hyperkalemia management in the heart failure patient and requires that careful attention be directed to both identifying exogenous sources of potassium and pinpointing the maximum tolerable dose of either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an angiotensin-receptor blocker. (c)2001 by CHF, Inc.
Tertiary interactions with the internal guide sequence mediate docking of the P1 helix into the catalytic core of the Tetrahymena ribozyme (1993)

The L-21 ScaI ribozyme catalyzes sequence-specific cleavage of an oligonucleotide substrate. Cleavage is preceded by base pairing of the substrate to the internal guide sequence (IGS) at the 5' end of the ribozyme to form a short RNA duplex (P1). Tertiary interactions between P1 and the catalytic core dock P1 into the active site of the ribozyme. These include interactions between the catalytic core and 2'-hydroxyls of the substrate at nucleotide positions -3u and perhaps -2c. In this study, 2'-hydroxyls of the IGS strand that contribute to P1 recognition by the ribozyme are identified. IGS 2'-hydroxyls (nucleotide positions 22-27) were individually modified to either 2'-deoxy or 2'-methoxynucleotides within full-length semisynthetic L-21 ScaI ribozymes generated using T4 DNA ligase. Thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of the resulting IGS variant ribozymes justify the following conclusions: (i) 2'-Hydroxyls at nucleotide positions G22 and G25 play a critical energetic role in docking P1 into the catalytic core, contributing 2.6 and 2.1 kcal.mol-1, respectively. (ii) The loss of binding energy is manifest primarily as an increase in the rate of dissociation. Because turnover for the wild-type ribozyme is limited by product dissociation, G22 and G25 deoxy variants display up to a 20-fold increase in the multiple-turnover rate at saturating substrate. (iii) IGS tertiary interactions are energetically coupled with the tertiary interactions made to the substrate, consistent with P1 becoming undocked from its binding site in J8/7 upon substitution of either the G22 or G25 2'-hydroxyl. (iv) The G22 deoxy variant loses energetic coupling between guanosine and substrate binding, suggesting that in this variant the P1 helix is also undocked from its binding site in J4/5, the proposed site of guanosine and substrate interaction. Therefore, in combinations with previous studies four P1 2'-hydroxyls are implicated as important for docking. The contributions of the 2'-hydroxyl tertiary interactions are not equivalent and follow the hierarchical order G22 > G25 >> -3u > -2c. Because the G22 2'-hydroxyl appears to mediate P1 docking into both J8/7 and J4/5, it may serve as the molecular linchpin for the recognition of P1 by the catalytic core.
Canonical pathway of nuclear factor κB activation selectively regulates proinflammatory and prothrombotic responses in human atherosclerosis (2004)

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation has been observed in human atherosclerotic plaques and is enhanced in unstable coronary plaques, but whether such activation has a protective or pathophysiological role remains to be determined. We addressed this question by developing a short-term culture system of cells isolated from human atherosclerotic tissue, allowing efficient gene transfer to directly investigate signaling pathways in human atherosclerosis. We found that NF-kappa B is activated in these cells and that this activity involves p65, p50, and c-Rel but not p52 or RelB. This NF-kappa B activation can be blocked by overexpression of I kappa B alpha or dominant-negative I kappa B kinase (IKK)-2 but not dominant-negative IKK-1 or NF-kappa B-inducing kinase, resulting in selective inhibition of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6, and IL-8), tissue factor, and matrix metalloproteinases without affecting the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 or tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases. Our results demonstrate that the canonical pathway of NF-kappa B activation that involves p65, p50, c-Rel, and IKK-2 is activated in human atherosclerosis and results in selective up-regulation of major proinflammatory and prothrombotic mediators of the disease.
Double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study of a platelet activating factor antagonist, lexipafant, in the treatment and prevention of organ failure in predicted severe acute pancreatitis (2001)

The high incidence of organ failure within 72 hours of the onset of symptoms undermined the primary hypothesis, and power calculations for future studies in severe acute pancreatitis will need to allow for this. Lexipafant had no effect on new organ failure during treatment. This adequately powered study has shown that antagonism of PAF activity on its own is not sufficient to ameliorate SIRS in severe acute pancreatitis
Application of Catalyst-Free Click Reactions in Attaching Affinity Molecules to Tips of Atomic Force Microscopy for Detection of Protein Biomarkers (2013)

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been extensively used in studies of biological interactions. Particularly, AFM based force spectroscopy and recognition imaging can sense biomolecules on a single molecule level, having great potential to become a tool for molecular diagnostics in clinics. These techniques, however, require affinity molecules to be attached to AFM tips in order to specifically detect their targets. The attachment chemistry currently used on silicon tips involves multiple steps of reactions and moisture sensitive chemicals, such as (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester, making the process difficult to operate in aqueous solutions. In the present study, we have developed a user-friendly protocol to functionalize the AFM tips with affinity molecules. A key feature of it is that all reactions are carried out in aqueous solutions. In summary, we first synthesized a molecular anchor composed of cyclooctyne and silatrane for introduction of a chemically reactive function to AFM tips and a bifunctional polyethylene glycol linker that harnesses two orthogonal click reactions, copper free alkyne-azide cycloaddition and thiol-vinylsulfone Michael addition, for attaching affinity molecules to AFM tips. The attachment chemistry was then validated by attaching antithrombin DNA aptamers and cyclo-RGD peptides to silicon nitride (SiN) tips, respectively, and measuring forces of unbinding these affinity molecules from their protein cognates human α-thrombin and human α5β1-integrin immobilized on mica surfaces. In turn, we used the same attachment chemistry to functionalize silicon tips with the same affinity molecules for AFM based recognition imaging, showing that the disease-relevant biomarkers such as α-thrombin and α5β1-integrin can be detected with high sensitivity and specificity by the single molecule technique. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of our attachment chemistry for the use in functionalization of AFM tips with affinity molecules.
Biology and management of mantle cell lymphoma (2001)

Mantle cell lymphoma is a distinct subtype and accounts for approximately 5 to 10% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The malignant cells express pan B-cell markers, including CD19, CD20 and CD22, and the T-cell marker CD5, whereas CD10 and CD23 expression are usually absent. By cytogenetic analysis, the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation is commonly observed, resulting in overexpression of cyclin D1. This entity often combines some unfavorable clinical features of the indolent and aggressive lymphoma subtypes, as it is generally incurable and relatively aggressive. It is most commonly observed in men 50 to 70 years of age and is characterized by disseminated disease, usually involving lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen. Frequently, there is extranodal involvement including the gastrointestinal tract. These tumors are incurable with the currently available therapeutic options, with usual time to progression after chemotherapy of approximately 1 year. Newer chemotherapy regimens (including stem cell transplantation) and monoclonal antibody-based therapies have shown limited evidence of additional benefit. Overall, the prognosis for patients with mantle cell lymphoma remains poor, and novel strategies are needed.
Specific infection of CD4+ target cells by recombinant rabies virus pseudotypes carrying the HIV-1 envelope spike protein. (1996)

A recombinant rabies virus (RV) mutant deficient for the surface spike glycoprotein (G) gene was used to study the incorporation of envelope proteins from HIV-1 expressed from transfected plasmids. A hybrid HIV-1 protein in which the cytoplasmic domain was replaced with that of RV G was incorporated into the virus envelope and rescued the infectivity of the RV mutant. The RV(HIV-1) pseudotype viruses could infect only CD4+ cells, and their infectivity was neutralized specifically by anti-HIV-1 sera. In contrast to the chimeric protein, wild-type HIV-1 envelope protein or mutants with truncated cytoplasmic domains failed to produce pseudotyped particles. This indicates the presence of a specific signal in the RV G cytoplasmic domain, allowing correct incorporation of a spike protein into the envelope of rhabdovirus particles. The possibility of directing the cell tropism of RV by replacement of the RV G with proteins of defined receptor specificity should prove useful for future development of targetable gene delivery vectors.
Nitrogen Supply Influences Herbivore-Induced Direct and Indirect Defenses and Transcriptional Responses in Nicotiana attenuata (2004)

Although nitrogen (N) availability is known to alter constitutive resistance against herbivores, its influence on herbivore-induced responses, including signaling pathways, transcriptional signatures, and the subsequently elicited chemical defenses is poorly understood. We used the native tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, which germinates in the postfire environment and copes with large changes in soil N during postfire succession, to compare a suite of Manduca sexta- and elicitor-induced responses in plants grown under high- and low-N (LN) supply rates. LN supply decreased relative growth rates and biomass by 35% at 40 d compared to high-N plants; furthermore, it also attenuated (by 39 and 60%) the elicitor-induced jasmonate and salicylate bursts, two N-intensive direct defenses (nicotine and trypsin proteinase inhibitors, albeit by different mechanisms), and carbon-containing nonvolatile defenses (rutin, chlorogenic acid, and diterpene glycosides), but did not affect the induced release of volatiles (cis-alpha-bergamotene and germacrene A), which function as indirect defenses. M. sexta and methyl jasmonate-induced transcriptional responses measured with a microarray enriched in herbivore-induced genes were also substantially reduced in plants grown under LN supply rates. In M. sexta-attacked LN plants, only 36 (45%) up-regulated and 46 (58%) down-regulated genes showed the same regulation as those in attacked high-N plants. However, transcriptional responses frequently directly countered the observed metabolic changes. Changes in a leaf's sensitivity to elicitation, an attacked leaf's waning ability to export oxylipin wound signals, and/or resource limitations in LN plants can account for the observed results, underscoring the conclusion that defense activation is a resource-intensive response.
QLT091001, a 9-cis-Retinal Analog, Is Well-Tolerated by Retinas of Mice with Impaired Visual Cycles (2012)

Retinas of Lrat(-/-), Rpe65(-/-), and crossbred Gnat1(-/-) mice tolerated prolonged high-dose QLT091001 treatment well.
Treatment of migraine attacks based on the interaction with the trigemino-cerebrovascular system (2008)

Primary headaches such as migraine are among the most prevalent neurological disorders, affecting up to one-fifth of the adult population. The scientific work in the last decade has unraveled much of the pathophysiological background of migraine, which is now considered to be a neurovascular disorder. It has been discovered that the trigemino-cerebrovascular system plays a key role in migraine headache pathophysiology by releasing the potent vasodilator calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). This neuropeptide is released in parallel with the pain and its concentration correlates well with the intensity of the headache. The development of drugs of the triptan class has provided relief for the acute attacks but at the cost of, mainly cardiovascular, side effects. Thus, the intention to improve treatment led to the development of small CGRP receptor antagonists such as olcegepant (BIBN4096BS) and MK-0974 that alleviate the acute migraine attack without acute side events. The purpose of this review is to give a short overview of the pathological background of migraine headache and to illustrate the mechanisms behind the actions of triptans and the promising CGRP receptor blockers.
Vitamin C Improves Endothelial Dysfunction of Epicardial Coronary Arteries in Hypertensive Patients (1997)

Vitamin C improves the endothelium-dependent vasomotor capacity of coronary arteries in patients with hypertension and patent coronary arteries. These findings suggest that increased oxidative stress contributes to endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive patients.
Development and deployment of antigen arrays for investigation of B-cell fine specificity in autoimmune disease (2011)

Recent developments in proteomic technologies have enabled the high-throughput, multiplex measurement of large panels of antibodies in biological fluids of patients with immune-driven diseases. Antigen microarrays are increasingly being used to delineate the natural history of autoantibody formation and epitope spread, and thus gain insight into the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, as well as into host immunity and its shortcomings. Characterization of autoimmunity that precedes the onset of clinically apparent disease has the potential to guide disease prevention using either conventional immunosupression or novel, antigen-specific tolerizing therapies. In addition, autoantibody profiling has the potential to identify molecular subtypes of a disease, which could allow for prediction of disease outcomes such as severity, tissue damage, and response to therapy.
Label-free single-cell protein quantification using a drop-based mix-and-read system (2015)

Quantitative protein analysis of single cells is rarely achieved due to technical difficulties of detecting minute amounts of proteins present in one cell. We develop a mix-and-read assay for drop-based label-free protein analysis of single cells. This high-throughput method quantifies absolute, rather than relative, amounts of proteins and does not involve antibody labeling or mass spectrometry.