gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon Monoxide Inhibition of Apoptosis during Ischemia-Reperfusion Lung Injury Is Dependent on the p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway and Involves Caspase 3 (2003)

Carbon monoxide (CO), a reaction product of the cytoprotective gene heme oxygenase, has been shown to be protective against organ injury in a variety of models. One potential mechanism whereby CO affords cytoprotection is through its anti-apoptotic properties. Our studies show that low level, exogenous CO attenuates anoxia-reoxygenation (A-R)-induced lung endothelial cell apoptosis. Exposure of primary rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells to minimal levels of CO inhibits apoptosis and enhances phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in A-R. Transfection of p38alpha dominant negative mutant or inhibition of p38 MAPK activity with SB203580 ablates the anti-apoptotic effects of CO in A-R. CO, through p38 MAPK, indirectly modulates caspase 3. Furthermore, we correlate our in vitro apoptosis model with an in vivo model of A-R by showing that CO can attenuate I-R injury of the lung. Taken together, our data are the first to demonstrate in models of A-R that the anti-apoptotic effects of CO are via modulation of p38 MAPK and caspase 3.
Electron emission in intense electric fields (1928)

Abstract 1. Introduction.—The main features of the phenomenon of the extraction of electrons from cold metals by intense electric fields are well known, and an approximate theory of the effect was first developed by Schottky. More recently the experimental data have been much improved, notably by Millikan and Eyring, and Millikan and Lauritsen. The theory has been considered afresh by O. W. Richardson and by Houston working with Sommerfeld. It seems to us, however, that there is still room for improvement in the theoretical exposition and its correlation with the experiments. Neither O. W. Richardson nor Houston really treat the theory in the simple straightforward way which is now possible in the new mechanics, using the revived electron theory of metals which we owe to Sommerfeld. Again, while Millikan and Lauritsen seem to have established quite definitely the laws of dependence of the emission on the field strength F, they speak of the implications of their result in a way which is hard to justify and might in certain circumstances prove to be definitely misleading. Millikan and Lauritsen show that a plot of log I, where I is the current, against 1/F yields a good straight line whenever the experimental conditions are sufficiently stable. At ordinary temperatures these currents are completely independent of the temperature. The formula for these current is I = Ce─a/F, (1) Which is, of course, indistinguishable from I = CF2e─a/F. (2) Millikan and his associates have also shown that as the higher temperatures, at which ordinary thermionic emission begins, are approached, the strong field emission does become sensitive to temperature and finally blends into the thermionic.
Serum albumin secretion in rat milk. (1987)

1. The concentration of serum albumin in rat milk, rat serum, the stomach contents of suckling rats and mammary homogenates has been measured. 2. Serum albumin in expressed milk ranges in concentration between 3.5 and 6 mg/ml and amounts to an average of 4-5 mg/100 mg total protein whereas, in the stomach contents of suckling rats, serum albumin was 3.2 mg/100 mg total protein. 3. Corresponding concentrations of a second soluble milk protein, alpha-lactalbumin, were 2.9 mg/100 mg total protein in the milk and 1.2 mg/100 mg total protein in the stomach contents. 4. Serum albumin is a major protein in mammary homogenates at 10 mg/100 mg total soluble protein and the calculated total mammary pool of albumin amounts to 110 mg/rat. 5. There was a significant negative correlation between the serum albumin concentration and the ratio of potassium to sodium ions in milk samples obtained from rats milked with varying oxytocin treatments. 6. No evidence for albumin mRNA could be detected when mammary total RNA was probed with a complementary DNA (cDNA) for rat albumin. 7. The data are consistent with albumin being a major whey protein in the rat, it being synthesized at an extramammary site and transferred to the milk space by a paracellular mechanism from an extravascular mammary pool rather than directly from the serum.
Clinical pharmacokinetic study of tiazofurin administered as a 1‐hour infusion (1992)

Tiazofurin, 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide, is cytotoxic to murine and human tumor cells. In earlier Phase-I/-II trials performed in other centers in patients with solid tumors, the drug was given mainly as a 10-min bolus or as a continuous i.v. infusion for 5 days. These protocols were associated with serious side effects, including neurotoxicity, pleuropericarditis, and occasional myelosuppression. In our study, 26 patients with end-stage leukemia were treated with tiazofurin with 1-hr daily i.v. infusions, resulting in lower incidence and less severity of side effects. In this group, 7 attained complete remission and 7 showed hematologic responses. Out of 12 evaluable patients with myeloid blast crisis of chronic granulocytic leukemia, 10 (83%) responded to therapy, with 6 attaining complete response. We present pharmacokinetic parameters of our clinical study and examine some of the reasons for the lower toxicity found in our trials. In leukemic patients during and after infusion at doses of 1,100, 2,200 and 3,300 mg/m2 tiazofurin peak plasma concentrations were 245, 441 and 736 microM, respectively, values one-half of those calculated from other reports with a 10-min bolus administration. In our 1-hr infusion method, biphasic pharmacokinetics were noted with alpha t1/2 and beta t1/2 of 0.5 and 6.2 hr, and tiazofurin was eliminated at a faster rate than in previous trials with continuous infusion. The area under the curve with our 1-hr infusion was 52% of that reported for the same dose given by continuous infusion. Our 1-hr infusion method and prompt and effective treatment of side effects enabled us to administer higher doses and larger total amounts of tiazofurin in longer treatment cycles than in any previous trials elsewhere. Tiazofurin therapy using 1-hr infusion may be feasible for other carefully selected types of malignancies.
Development of second generation amidinohydrazones, thio- and semicarbazones as Trypanosoma cruzi-inhibitors bearing benzofuroxan and benzimidazole 1,3-dioxide core scaffolds (2010)

Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas' disease. The thiosemicarbazone moiety as a pharmacophore has been described for inhibition of the essential cysteine protease, cruzipain, of this parasite. Our recent study identified an amidinohydrazone containing benzofuroxan as a hit compound for cruzipain inhibition with trypanosomicidal activity. Structural modification of the amidinohydrazone, thio- and semicarbazone motifs, using benzofuroxan and including a benzimidazole 1,3-dioxide system as new core scaffolds are described. These changes allowed for the identification of new structural motifs with desired antitrypanosomal activity. The new amidinohydrazone, thio-, and semicarbazone derivatives had excellent anti-trypanosomal activity without improved cruzipain-inhibitory activity compared with the parent compounds. Relevant structural features of these derivatives for further modification have also been determined.
Comparison of Surface Properties of Human IgA, IgE, IgG and IgM Antibodies with Identical and Different Specificities (1996)

In this paper, the authors report the use of liquid-liquid partition chromatography (LLPC) in an aqueous polyethylene glycol (PEG)/dextran two-phase system to compare the surface properties (partition properties) of human antibodies and fragments thereof. The surface properties of all the monoclonal antibodies of different classes and subclasses investigated were within the same broad range as that observed for the polyclonal antibodies and no relationship was found between the exposed surfaces of the immunoglobulins (Ig) and their heavy chain isotype. Moreover, Fc fragments from various IgG1, 2 and 4 myeloma proteins were found to exhibit similar surface properties. Employing chimeric antibodies with identical variable regions the authors found that intact IgG1, 2 and 4 displayed identical surface properties, while the corresponding IgA1, IgA2, IgG3, IgE and IgM antibodies differed both from each other and from the IgGs. The surface properties of chimeric IgG3 could be made similar to those of the IgG1, 2 and 4 chimers by partially reducing the length of the hinge section, but new differences in surface properties appeared when their hinges were of similar length. Thus, LLPC can be used to detect differences or similarities in the surface properties of the antigen-binding regions as well as the Fc part in the various isotypes. This can shed light on biological activities such as antigen binding and effector function.
The Impact of Antimicrobial‐Resistant, Health Care–Associated Infections on Mortality in the United States (2008)

We used data reported from US hospitals to the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for 3 specific infections: Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonias, and Escherichia coli urinary tract infections. We evaluated the proportion of infections with antimicrobial-resistant isolates and the relative risk of death associated with the resistant pathogen in the period 2000-2004, compared with the period 1990-1994. The proportion of antimicrobial-resistant infections increased, but there was no change in the relative risk of death between the 2 periods.
Label-Free Nanopore Single-Molecule Measurement of Trypsin Activity (2016)

Trypsin is the most important digestive enzyme produced in the pancreas, and is a useful biomarker for pancreatitis. In this work, a rapid and sensitive method for the quantitative determination of trypsin activity is developed by using a biological alpha-hemolysin protein nanopore. Due to its much larger molecular diameter than the narrow pore constriction, trypsin itself cannot transport through the alpha-hemolysin channel. Hence, an indirect trypsin detection method is developed by monitoring its proteolytic cleavage of a lysine-containing peptide substrate. Based on the current modulations produced by the translocation of the substrate degradation products in the nanopore, the activity levels of trypsin could be determined. The method is rapid and highly sensitive, with picomolar concentrations of trypsin detected in minutes. In addition, the effects of cation and temperature on the sensor sensitivity, trypsin inhibition, and serum sample analysis are also investigated.
Efficient independent activity of a monomeric, monofunctional dehydroquinate synthase derived from the N-terminus of the pentafunctional AROM protein of Aspergillus nidulans (1994)

The dehydroquinate synthase (DHQ synthase) functional domain from the pentafunctional AROM protein of Aspergillus nidulans has previously been overproduced in Escherichia coli [van den Hombergh, Moore, Charles and Hawkins (1992) Biochem J. 284, 861-867]. We now report the purification of this domain to homogeneity and subsequent characterization. The monofunctional DHQ synthase was found to retain efficient catalytic activity when compared with the intact pentafunctional AROM protein of Neurospora crassa [Lambert, Boocock and Coggins (1985) Biochem J. 226, 817-829]. The apparent kcat. was estimated to be 8 s-1, and the apparent Km values for NAD+ and 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate phosphate (DAHP) were 3 microM and 2.2 microM respectively. These values are similar to those reported for the intact N. crassa enzyme, except that the apparent Km for NAD+ reported here is 15-fold higher. The monofunctional DHQ synthase domain is inactivated by treatment with chelating agents in the absence of substrates and is re-activated by the addition of metal ions; among those tested, Zn2+ gave the highest kcat./Km value. The enzyme is inactivated by diethyl pyrocarbonate; both the substrate, DAHP, and the product phosphate protected against inactivation. Size-exclusion chromatography suggested an M(r) of 43,000 for the monofunctional domain, indicating that it is monomeric and compactly folded. The c.d. spectrum confirmed that the domain has a compact globular conformation; the near-u.v. c.d. of zinc- and cobalt-reactivated domains were superimposable.
Overexpression of podoplanin in oral cancer and its association with poor clinical outcome (2006)

Podoplanin is involved in oral tumorigenesis and may serve as a predictor for lymph node metastasis and poor clinical outcome.
High-Frequency Performance of Submicrometer Transistors That Use Aligned Arrays of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2009)

The unique electronic properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) make them promising candidates for next generation electronics, particularly in systems that demand high frequency (e.g., radio frequency, RF) operation. Transistors that incorporate perfectly aligned, parallel arrays of SWNTs avoid the practical limitations of devices that use individual tubes, and they also enable comprehensive experimental and theoretical evaluation of the intrinsic properties. Thus, devices consisting of arrays represent a practical route to use of SWNTs for RF devices and circuits. The results presented here reveal many aspects of device operation in such array layouts, including full compatibility with conventional small signal models of RF response. Submicrometer channel length devices show unity current gain (f(t)) and unity power gain frequencies (f(max)) as high as approximately 5 and approximately 9 GHz, respectively, with measured scattering parameters (S-parameters) that agree quantitatively with calculation. The small signal models of the devices provide the essential intrinsic parameters: saturation velocities of 1.2 x 10(7) cm/s and intrinsic values of f(t) of approximately 30 GHz for a gate length of 700 nm, increasing with decreasing length. The results provide clear insights into the challenges and opportunities of SWNT arrays for applications in RF electronics.
Evidence implicating the commensal microbiota in shaping anti-tumor immunity in melanoma (2014)

Meeting abstracts T cell infiltration of solid tumors is found in a subset of cancer patients and is associated with favorable patient outcomes. This demonstrates the capacity of the immune system to mount protective anti-tumor responses in some cancer patients, yet the underlying mechanisms
Production of hydrocarbons by pyrolysis of methyl esters from rapeseed oil (1995)

Abstract The pyrolysis of a mixture of methyl esters from rapeseed oil has been studied in a tubular reactor between 550 and 850°C and in dilution with nitrogen. A specific device for the condensation of cracking effluents was used for the fractionated recovery of liquid and gaseous effluents, which were analyzed on‐line by an infrared analyzer and by gas chromatography. The cracking products in the liquid effluent were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry coupling. The effects of temperature on the cracking reaction were studied for a constant residence time of 320 ms and a constant dilution rate of 13 moles of nitrogen/mole of feedstock. The principal products observed were linear 1‐olefins, n ‐paraffins, and unsaturated methyl esters. The gas fraction also contained CO, CO 2 , and H 2 . The middle‐chain olefins (C 10 –C 14 cut) and short‐chain unsaturated esters, produced with a high added value, had an optimum yield at a cracking temperature of 700°C.
Pseudotype formation of murine leukemia virus with the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (1991)

Mixed infection of a cell by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and retroviruses results in the production of progeny virions bearing the genome of one virus encapsidated by the envelope proteins of the other. The mechanism for the phenomenon of pseudotype formation is not clear, although specific recognition of a viral envelope protein by the nucleocapsid of an unrelated virus is presumably involved. In this study, we used Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV)-based retroviral vectors encoding the gene for neomycin phosphotransferase to investigate the interaction between the VSV G protein and the retroviral nucleocapsid during the formation of MoMLV(VSV) pseudotypes. Our results show that VSV G protein can be incorporated into the virions of retrovirus in the absence of other VSV-encoded proteins or of retroviral envelope protein. Infection of hamster cells by MoMLV(VSV) pseudotypes gave rise to neomycin phosphotransferase-resistant colonies, and addition of anti-VSV serum to the virus preparations completely abolished the infectivity of MoMLV(VSV) pseudotypes. It should be possible to use existing mutants of VSV G protein in the system described here to identify the signals that are important for the formation of MoMLV(VSV) pseudotypes.
The Genome Sequence of the Tomato-Pathogenic ActinomyceteClavibacter michiganensissubsp.michiganensisNCPPB382 Reveals a Large Island Involved in Pathogenicity (2008)

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is a plant-pathogenic actinomycete that causes bacterial wilt and canker of tomato. The nucleotide sequence of the genome of strain NCPPB382 was determined. The chromosome is circular, consists of 3.298 Mb, and has a high G+C content (72.6%). Annotation revealed 3,080 putative protein-encoding sequences; only 26 pseudogenes were detected. Two rrn operons, 45 tRNAs, and three small stable RNA genes were found. The two circular plasmids, pCM1 (27.4 kbp) and pCM2 (70.0 kbp), which carry pathogenicity genes and thus are essential for virulence, have lower G+C contents (66.5 and 67.6%, respectively). In contrast to the genome of the closely related organism Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, the genome of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis lacks complete insertion elements and transposons. The 129-kb chp/tomA region with a low G+C content near the chromosomal origin of replication was shown to be necessary for pathogenicity. This region contains numerous genes encoding proteins involved in uptake and metabolism of sugars and several serine proteases. There is evidence that single genes located in this region, especially genes encoding serine proteases, are required for efficient colonization of the host. Although C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis grows mainly in the xylem of tomato plants, no evidence for pronounced genome reduction was found. C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis seems to have as many transporters and regulators as typical soil-inhabiting bacteria. However, the apparent lack of a sulfate reduction pathway, which makes C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis dependent on reduced sulfur compounds for growth, is probably the reason for the poor survival of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in soil.
Requirement for β-Catenin in Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation in Mice (2000)

The anterior-posterior axis of the mouse embryo is defined before formation of the primitive streak, and axis specification and subsequent anterior development involves signaling from both embryonic ectoderm and visceral endoderm. Tauhe Wnt signaling pathway is essential for various developmental processes, but a role in anterior-posterior axis formation in the mouse has not been previously established. Beta-catenin is a central player in the Wnt pathway and in cadherin-mediated cell adhesion. We generated beta-catenin-deficient mouse embryos and observed a defect in anterior-posterior axis formation at embryonic day 5.5, as visualized by the absence of Hex and Hesx1 and the mislocation of cerberus-like and Lim1 expression. Subsequently, no mesoderm and head structures are generated. Intercellular adhesion is maintained since plakoglobin substitutes for beta-catenin. Our data demonstrate that beta-catenin function is essential in anterior-posterior axis formation in the mouse, and experiments with chimeric embryos show that this function is required in the embryonic ectoderm.
Oral controlled release optimization of pellets prepared by extrusion-spheronization processing. (1989)

Controlled release high dosage forms of a typical drug such as Indobufen were prepared as multiple-unit doses by employing extrusion-spheronization processing and subsequently film coating operations. The effects of drug particle size, drug/binder ratio, extruder screen size and preparation reproducibility on the physical properties of the spherical granules were evaluated. Controlled release optimization was obtained on the same granules by coating with polymeric membranes of different thickness consisting of water-soluble and insoluble substances. Film coating was applied from an organic solution using pan coating technique. The drug diffusion is allowed by dissolution of part of the membrane leaving small channels of the polymer coat. Further preparations were conducted to evaluate coatings applied from aqueous dispersion (pseudolatex) using air suspension coating technique. In this system the drug diffusion is governed by the intrinsic pore network of the membrane. The most promising preparations having the desired in vitro release, were metered into hard capsules to obtain the drug unit dosage. Accelerated stability tests were carried out to assess the influence of time and the other storage parameters on the drug release profile.
Quantum vacuum properties of the intersubband cavity polariton field (2005)

We present a quantum description of a planar microcavity photon mode strongly coupled to a semiconductor intersubband transition in presence of a two-dimensional electron gas. We show that, in this kind of system, the vacuum Rabi frequency ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{R}$ can be a significant fraction of the intersubband transition frequency ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{12}$. This regime of ultrastrong light-matter coupling is enhanced for long-wavelength transitions, because for a given doping density, effective mass and number of quantum wells, the ratio ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{R}∕{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{12}$ increases as the square root of the intersubband emission wavelength. We characterize the quantum properties of the ground state (a two-mode squeezed vacuum), which can be tuned in situ by changing the value of ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{R}$, e.g., through an electrostatic gate. We finally point out how the tunability of the polariton quantum vacuum can be exploited to generate correlated photon pairs out of the vacuum via quantum electrodynamics phenomena reminiscent of the dynamical Casimir effect.
The use of water bowls in the dairy barn (2017)

1. Dairy cows, watered by means of water bowls, drank approximately 18 percent more water and yielded 3.5 percent more milk and 10.7 percent more butterfat than cows that were watered twice per day at an outside tank.\n2. Cows watered with water bowls drank an average of about 10 times in each 24 hours. Approximately two-thirds of the water was consumed in the daytime, that is between 5 a. m. and 5 p. m., and the other one-third at night.\n3. Cows watered at the outside tank frequently drank but once per day. This occurred about 30 percent of the times the cows were offered water. This refusal to drink more than once per day was distributed among all of the cows, although certain cows showed a greater disposition to drink but once per day than did others. The inclination to drink but once per day was not consistently correlated with the quantity of milk yielded.\n4. One unusual observation was that when the cows were watered with water bowls, they usually yielded not only more milk but milk containing a higher percentage of butterfat. A mathematical treatment of the data shows that the probability is only about 4 in 100 that a result as large and consistent could have come by chance alone.\n5. The temperature of the water apparently did not influence the water consumption as greatly as did atmospheric temperature. The relative consumption of water increased as temperature rose.