gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced hydrogen sensing employing electrodeposited palladium nanowires enclosed in anodized aluminum oxide nanopores (2009)

Palladium nanowire sensors have been limited to detecting small concentrations of molecular hydrogen (H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ). Upon excessive hydrogen uptake, tunneling currents fuse the nanowires creating a short circuit causing permanent failure. Here we demonstrate that electrodeposited palladium nanowires enclosed within single-step anodized aluminum oxide nanopores reliably detect hydrogen concentrations greater than four percent and do not suffer the mechanical and electrical failures of conventional self-supporting nanowires. Multiple cycling of molecular hydrogen at 100% concentration and long-term exposure to high concentration of hydrogen does not contribute to permanent short-circuit failure of the sensor.
Flash Method of Determining Thermal Diffusivity, Heat Capacity, and Thermal Conductivity (1961)

A flash method of measuring the thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity is described for the first time. A high-intensity short-duration light pulse is absorbed in the front surface of a thermally insulated specimen a few millimeters thick coated with camphor black, and the resulting temperature history of the rear surface is measured by a thermocouple and recorded with an oscilloscope and camera. The thermal diffusivity is determined by the shape of the temperature versus time curve at the rear surface, the heat capacity by the maximum temperature indicated by the thermocouple, and the thermal conductivity by the product of the heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, and the density. These three thermal properties are determined for copper, silver, iron, nickel, aluminum, tin, zinc, and some alloys at 22°C and 135°C and compared with previously reported values.
Host-guest complexation. 36. Spherand and lithium and sodium ion complexation rates and equilibria (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHost-guest complexation. 36. Spherand and lithium and sodium ion complexation rates and equilibriaDonald J. Cram and George M. LeinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 12, 3657–3668Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00298a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00298a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1021Altmetric-Citations119LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Chapter 3: Molecular Tools for Genetic Dissection of the Protozoan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii (1995)

The genetic structure of Toxoplasma gondii is notable chiefly for being relatively conventional— similar to that of its mammalian host cells with respect to gene organization, codon usage, and nucleotide bias. These observations have led several investigators to examine the feasibility of molecular transformation in this parasite. This chapter outlines the use of several of the molecular genetic tools that have recently been developed for the T. gondii system. An introduction to parasite culture techniques is also provided. Recombinant molecules can be expressed either transiently or as stable transformants, as episomes or integrated into the parasite genome, and as single copy or multicopy transgenes. Stable integration can be produced by random nonhomologous recombination, single-site homologous recombination, or perfect gene replacement. Many of these outcomes can be selected specifically using appropriate vectors and transformation conditions. The extraordinarily high frequencies of stable transformation observed permit cloning by complementation, insertional mutagenesis/marker rescue, gene knock-outs, and allelic replacement. In combination with available classical and “cell-genetic” possibilities and physical and genetic mapping strategies, these tools provide a powerful arsenal for investigations into the biology of intracellular parasitism.
Outcomes of military patients treated at the UK Royal Centre for Defence Medicine 2007 to 2013 (2014)

UK military personnel injured overseas are repatriated to the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine (RCDM) based at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham (QEHB) in Birmingham UK. We report the demographics and outcomes of military patients treated on the ICU at RCDM using data from the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre over a 6.5-year period.
Both Php4 Function and Subcellular Localization Are Regulated by Iron via a Multistep Mechanism Involving the Glutaredoxin Grx4 and the Exportin Crm1 (2009)

In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the CCAAT-binding factor is a multisubunit complex that contains the proteins Php2, Php3, Php4, and Php5. Under low iron conditions, Php4 acts as a negative regulatory subunit of the CCAAT-binding factor and fosters repression of genes encoding iron-using proteins. Under conditions of iron excess, Php4 expression is turned off by the iron-dependent transcriptional repressor Fep1. In this study, we developed a biological system that allows us to unlink iron-dependent behavior of Php4 protein from its transcriptional regulation by Fep1. Microscopic analyses revealed that a functional GFP-Php4 protein accumulates in the nucleus under conditions of iron starvation. Conversely, in cells undergoing a transition from low to high iron, GFP-Php4 is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. We mapped a leucine-rich nuclear export signal that is necessary for nuclear exclusion of Php4. This latter process was blocked by leptomycin B. By using coimmunoprecipitation analysis, we showed that Php4 and Crm1 physically interact with each other. Although we determined that nuclear retention of Php4 per se is not sufficient to cause a constitutive repression of iron-using genes, we found that deletion of the grx4(+)-encoded glutaredoxin-4 renders Php4 constitutively active and invariably localized in the nucleus. Further analysis by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay and by two-hybrid assays showed that Php4 and Grx4 are physically associated in vivo. Taken together, our findings indicate that Grx4 and Crm1 are novel components involved in the mechanism by which Php4 is inactivated by iron in a Fep1-independent manner.
Synthesis and Photophysical Studies of Iridium Complexes Having Different Ligands (2006)

The synthesis and photophysical study of efficient phosphorescent iridium(III) complexes having two different (C∧N) ligands are reported. In order to improve the luminescence efficiency by avoiding triplet–triplet (T–T) annihilation, the iridium complexes, Ir(ppy)2(piq) and Ir(ppy)2(piq-F), are designed and prepared where ppy, piq and piq-F represent 2-phenylpyridine, 1-(phenyl)isoquinoline and 2-(4'-fluorophenyl)isoquinoline, respectively. Two ppy ligands and a piq derivative act as a source of energy supply and a piq derivative acts as a chromophore. Since Ir(ppy)3, Ir(piq)3 and Ir(piq-F)3 can be placed in the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited state, they absorb light effectively. When Ir(ppy)2(piq-F) is placed in excited state, the excitation energy is neither quenched nor deactivated but quickly intramolecular transferred from two ppy ligands to one luminescent piq-F ligand. This can occure because the triplet energy level of ppy is higher than that of piq-F and light is emitted from piq-F ligand in the end. Thus, Ir(ppy)2(piq-F) shows strong photoluminescence originated from piq-F ligand because piq-F ligand is known to have a shorter lifetime than that of ppy ligand. To analyze luminescent mechanism, we calculated these complexes having two different ligand sets theoretically by using computational method.
Systems toxicology approaches enable mechanistic comparison of spontaneous and cigarette smoke-related lung tumor development in the A/J mouse model (2014)

The A/J mouse is highly susceptible to lung tumor induction and has been widely used as a screening model in carcinogenicity testing and chemoprevention studies. However, the A/J mouse model has several disadvantages. Most notably, it develops lung tumors spontaneously. Moreover, there is a considerable gap in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of pulmonary chemical carcinogenesis in the A/J mouse. Therefore, we examined the differences between spontaneous and cigarette smoke-related lung tumors in the A/J mouse model using mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) profiling. Male A/J mice were exposed whole-body to mainstream cigarette smoke (MS) for 18 months. Gene expression interaction term analysis of lung tumors and surrounding non-tumorous parenchyma samples from animals that were exposed to either 300 mg/m(3) MS or sham-exposed to fresh air indicated significant differential expression of 296 genes. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis(®) (IPA(®)) indicated an overall suppression of the humoral immune response, which was accompanied by a disruption of sphingolipid and glycosaminoglycan metabolism and a deregulation of potentially oncogenic miRNA in tumors of MS-exposed A/J mice. Thus, we propose that MS exposure leads to severe perturbations in pathways essential for tumor recognition by the immune system, thereby potentiating the ability of tumor cells to escape from immune surveillance. Further, exposure to MS appeared to affect expression of miRNA, which have previously been implicated in carcinogenesis and are thought to contribute to tumor progression. Finally, we identified a 50-gene expression signature and show its utility in distinguishing between cigarette smoke-related and spontaneous lung tumors.
On 64-APSK constellation design optimization (2008)

This paper investigates the design of power and spectrally efficient coded modulations based on amplitude phase shift keying (APSK) with application to broadband satellite communications. Emphasis is put on 64APSK constellations. The APSK modulation has merits for digital transmission over nonlinear satellite channels due to its power and spectral efficiency combined with its inherent robustness against nonlinear distortion. This scheme has been adopted in the DVB-S2 Standard for satellite digital video broadcasting. Assuming an ideal rectangular transmission pulse, for which no nonlinear inter-symbol interference is present and perfect pre-compensation of the nonlinearity takes place, we optimize the 64APSK constellation design by employing an optimization criterion based on the mutual information. This method generates an optimum constellation for each operating SNR point, that is, for each spectral efficiency. Two separate cases of interest are particularly examined: (i) the equiprobable case, where all constellation points are equiprobable and (ii) the non-equiprobable case, where the constellation points on each ring are assumed to be equiprobable but the a priory symbol probability associated per ring is assumed different for each ring. Following the mutual information-based optimization approach in each case, detailed simulation results are obtained for the optimal 64APSK constellation settings as well as the achievable shaping gain.
Acyl Editing and Headgroup Exchange Are the Major Mechanisms That Direct Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Flux into Triacylglycerols (2012)

Triacylglycerols (TAG) in seeds of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and many plant species contain large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). These PUFA are synthesized on the membrane lipid phosphatidylcholine (PC). However, the exact mechanisms of how fatty acids enter PC and how they are removed from PC after being modified to participate in the TAG assembly are unclear, nor are the identities of the key enzymes/genes that control these fluxes known. By reverse genetics and metabolic labeling experiments, we demonstrate that two genes encoding the lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferases LPCAT1 and LPCAT2 in Arabidopsis control the previously identified "acyl-editing" process, the main entry of fatty acids into PC. The lpcat1/lpcat2 mutant showed increased contents of very-long-chain fatty acids and decreased PUFA in TAG and the accumulation of small amounts of lysophosphatidylcholine in developing seeds revealed by [¹⁴C]acetate-labeling experiments. We also showed that mutations in LPCATs and the PC diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase in the reduced oleate desaturation1 (rod1)/lpcat1/lpcat2 mutant resulted in a drastic reduction of PUFA content in seed TAG, accumulating only one-third of the wild-type level. These results indicate that PC acyl editing and phosphocholine headgroup exchange between PC and diacylglycerols control the majority of acyl fluxes through PC to provide PUFA for TAG synthesis.
Targeting human cancer xenografts with monoclonal antibodies labeled using radioiodinated, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-appended peptides. (1999)

A new nonmetabolizable peptide approach to the production of residualizing radioiodine was evaluated in nude mice bearing xenografts of human lung adenocarcinoma (Calu-3) and B-cell lymphoma (Ramos). Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) RS7 (anti-epithelial glycoprotein-1) and LL2 (anti-CD22) were radioiodinated using the thiol-reactive diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-D-peptide adducts IMP-R1 and IMP-R2. 125I-IMP-R1- and 125I-IMP-R2-labeled MAbs were compared to the MAbs iodinated by the conventional chloramine-T approach, (111)In, and 131I-dilactitoltyramine (DLT). In vivo biodistribution studies demonstrated a significant improvement in the tumor accretion of radiolabel using the 125I-IMP-R1 labeled MAbs compared with the conventionally iodinated antibodies. For example, at day 7, the percentage of injected dose per gram of tissue in Calu-3 was 7.9 +/- 4.1% and 18.1 +/- 7.9% (P < 0.05) for the conventional 131I- and 125I-IMP-R1-RS7, respectively, and tumor:nontumor ratios were 2.6-4.5-fold higher with the 125I-IMP-R1-RS7. It is estimated that 131I-IMP-R1-RS7 would deliver a dose to tumor (at the estimated maximum tolerated dose) 3.9 times greater than conventional 131I-labeled RS7, 1.4 times greater than 90Y-labeled RS7, and 0.7 times that of 131I-DLT-labeled RS7. Tumor accretion of 125I-IMP-R2-RS7 was also improved compared with conventionally iodinated antibody. However, this label also caused a large increase in kidney accretion. Similar improvements in tumor accretion and tumor:nontumor ratios were observed when 125I-IMP-R1-LL2 was used in the Ramos model. IMP-R1 offers a practical and useful residualizing radioiodine label because labeling efficiency is at least 10 times greater than that of the residualizing label DLT, without MAb aggregation. Structural modifications can be envisioned for further improvements in radioiodine incorporation, specific activity, and tumor dosimetry, and efforts along these lines are under way.
Sex Differences and Opposite Effects of Stress on Dendritic Spine Density in the Male Versus Female Hippocampus (2001)

Dendritic spines are postsynaptic sites of excitatory input in the mammalian nervous system. Despite much information about their structure, their functional significance remains unknown. It has been reported that females in proestrus, when estrogen levels are elevated, have a greater density of apical dendritic spines on pyramidal neurons in area CA1 of the hippocampus than females in other stages of estrous (Woolley et al., 1990). Here we replicate these findings and in addition, show that females in proestrus have a greater density of spines in area CA1 of the hippocampus than males. Moreover, this sex difference in spine density is affected in opposite directions by stressful experience. In response to one acute stressful event of intermittent tailshocks, spine density was enhanced in the male hippocampus but reduced in the female hippocampus. The decrease in the female was observed for those that were stressed during diestrus 2 and perfused 24 hr later during proestrus. The opposing effects of stress were not evident immediately after the stressor but rather occurred within 24 hr and were evident on apical and to a lesser extent on basal dendrites of pyramidal cells in area CA1. Neither sex nor stress affected spine density on pyramidal neurons in somatosensory cortex. Sex differences in hippocampal spine density correlated with sex hormones, estradiol and testosterone, whereas stress effects on spine density were not directly associated with differences in the stress hormones, glucocorticoids. In summary, males and females have different levels of dendritic spine density in the hippocampus under unstressed conditions, and their neuronal anatomy can respond in opposite directions to the same stressful event.
casanova encodes a novel Sox-related protein necessary and sufficient for early endoderm formation in zebrafish (2001)

Early endoderm formation in zebrafish requires at least three loci that function downstream of Nodal signaling but upstream of the early endodermal marker sox17: bonnie and clyde (bon), faust (fau), and casanova (cas). cas mutants show the most severe phenotype as they do not form any gut tissue and lack all sox17 expression. Activation of the Nodal signaling pathway or overexpression of Bon or Fau/Gata5 fails to restore any sox17 expression in cas mutants, demonstrating that cas plays a central role in endoderm formation. Here we show that cas encodes a novel member of the Sox family of transcription factors. Initial cas expression appears in the dorsal yolk syncytial layer (YSL) in the early blastula, and is independent of Nodal signaling. In contrast, endodermal expression of cas, which begins in the late blastula, is regulated by Nodal signaling. Cas is a potent inducer of sox17 expression in wild-type embryos as well as in bon and fau/gata5 mutants. Cas is also a potent inducer of sox17 expression in MZoep mutants, which cannot respond to Nodal signaling. In addition, ectopic expression of cas in presumptive mesodermal cells leads to their transfating into endoderm. Altogether, these data indicate that Cas is the principal transcriptional effector of Nodal signaling during zebrafish endoderm formation.
CLINICAL DETERMINANTS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION IN INFANTS WITH RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE (2005)

s Translations: Selected Abstracts from the Meeting of the European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care in Association with the UK Paediatric Intensive Care Society: Oral Presentations
Handbook of Polymer Testing (1999)

Milk - composition, structure, and properties milk components colloidal particles of milk microbiology of milk. Processing -general aspects heat treatment centrifugation homogenization concentrating cooling and freezing lactic fermentations fouling, cleaning, and disinfections packing. Milk products - milk for liquid consumption cream products concentrated milks milk powder protein preparations butter fermented milks. Cheese - principles of cheese making process steps cheese ripening and properties microbial defects cheese varieties. REC00231009Putting testing in perspective quality assurance of physical testing measurements standardization sample preparation conditioning mass, density, and dimensions processability tests strength and stiffness properties fatigue and wear time-dependent properties effect of temperature environment resistance other physical properties testing of rubber particular requirements for plastics cellular materials particular requirements for composites textiles polymers coated fabrics dynamic mechanical (thermal) analysis fracture mechanic properties friction thermal properties electrical properties optical properties testing for fire weathering lifetime prediction permeability adhesion nondestructive testing.
Bis azo dyes--studies on the mechanism of complex formation with IgG modulated by heating or antigen binding. (1993)

The mechanism of binding of azo dyes (bis azo) to immunoglobulin G of altered conformation, induced by heating or interaction with antigen was analysed in this work. Azo dyes: Congo Red, Evans Blue and Trypan Blue were selected for these studies. The molecules of Congo Red and Evans Blue associate readily in water and exist as polymolecular micellar species of liquid crystalline organization. Such organization of molecules appeared necessary for these dyes to interact with antibodies and to affect the formation of immune complex. It was proved by studying the properties of isomeric dyes Evans Blue and Trypan Blue, whose ability to form polymolecular conglomerates in water differs, being high for Evans Blue and low for Trypan Blue. The dyes seem to influence the formation of the immune complex generally by interacting with individual immunoglobulin molecules. The rate of exchange of dye molecules in conglomerate bound to protein varies and is the lowest for the portion of molecules which are engaged directly in the complex with protein. Electron microscopic studies also confirmed the polymolecular form of the dye in the dye-protein complex. The computational simulation of dye-dye and dye-protein interaction was performed in a model system. The micelle in the system was represented by three molecules of Congo Red. The peptide loop composed of amino acids 68-88 originating from VL IgG domain, was selected to represent protein. Amino acid side chains of this fragment were reduced to C beta. The best fitness was found for peptide chains of twisted beta conformation and independently optimized conformation of the dye in a form of "twisted ribbon" micelle. It was concluded that the IgG domains become accessible for penetration of the dye after being relaxed in the result of heating or interaction with the antigen.
Design and Synthesis of a Series of Melamine-based Nitroheterocycles with Activity against Trypanosomatid Parasites (2005)

The parasites that give rise to human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) are auxotrophs for various nutrients from the human host, including purines. They have specialist nucleoside transporters to import these metabolites. In addition to uptake of purine nucleobases and purine nucleosides, one of these transporters, the P2 transporter, can carry melamine derivatives; these derivatives are not substrates for the corresponding mammalian transporters. In this paper, we report the coupling of the melamine moiety to selected nitro heterocycles with the aim of selectively delivering these compounds to the parasites. Some compounds prepared have similar in vitro trypanocidal activities as melarsoprol, the principal drug used against late-stage HAT, with 50% growth inhibitory concentrations in the submicromolar range. Selected compounds were also evaluated in vivo in rodent models infected with Trypanosoma brucei brucei and T. brucei rhodesiense and showed pronounced activity and in two cases were curative without overt signs of toxicity. Compounds were also tested against other trypanosomatid pathogens, Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma cruzi, and significant activity in vitro was noted for T. cruzi against which various nitro heterocycles are already registered for use.