gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymorphic Control of Calcium Carbonate in the Reactive Crystallization between Na2CO3 and Ca(OH)2 (2009)

The reactive crystallization was carried out by adding the Na2CO3 solution to the Ca(OH)2 suspended solutions, which is the causticizing reaction in the Kraft pulping method. In this study aragonite and calcite precipitated at every conditions. At the beginning of the crystallization only calcite precipitated, however, aragonite crystals started to precipitate when the molar ratio of sodium carbonate to calcium hydroxide got to be larger than about 0.3. The mechanism of the preferential nucleation of aragonite was elucidated in relation with the effect of supersaturation degree. The change of a chord length distribution during the crystallization was measured. The increase of the initial concentration made aragonite composition increase (inversely calcite composition decreased) despite the increase of the supersaturation. It appeared that it is due to the increase of the concentration of sodium hydroxide. The transformation rate from aragonite to calcite decreased with the initial concentrations. The presence of 1 mol / l NaOH accelerated the nucleation of aragonite and retarded the transformation rate. On the other hand, the increase of Na2CO3 concentration decreased the crystallization of aragonite. This may be due to the increase of the supersaturation.
Detection and Relative Quantification of Proteins by Surface Enhanced Raman Using Isotopic Labels (2008)

Accurate quantification of protein content and composition has been achieved using isotope-edited surface enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy. Synthesis of isotopomeric Rhodamine dye-linked bioconjugation reagents enabled direct labeling of surface lysines on a variety of proteins. When separated in polyacrylamide gels and stained with silver nanoparticles. The spectral signatures reflect the expected statistical distribution of isotopomeric labels on the labeled proteins in the gel matrix format without interference from protein features.
Neutralization of interferon‐γ in neonatal SOCS1−/− mice prevents fatty degeneration of the liver but not subsequent fatal inflammatory disease (2001)

Mice lacking the suppressor of cytokine signalling-1 (SOCS1) die within weeks of birth with extensive fatty degeneration of the liver, consistent with acute hepatic toxicity to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and inflammation of multiple organs. We show here that treatment for 1 week from birth with neutralizing antibody to IFN-gamma rescues SOCS1-/- mice from lethal liver disease but the mice subsequently succumb to chronic inflammatory lesions characterized by T-lymphocyte infiltration of skeletal muscle, pancreas, lung, liver and skin. Elevated blood levels of eosinophils, neutrophils and platelets were also observed and the thymic lymphocyte population was depleted of CD4+ CD8+ T cells and showed a reduced CD4 : CD8 ratio. All T-cell populations in thymus, spleen and lymph node exhibited an increased proportion of cells bearing the activation marker CD44. These data suggest an important role for SOCS1 in T-lymphocyte regulation.
Modic Changes on MR Images as Studied with Provocative Diskography: Clinical Relevance—A Retrospective Study of 2457 Disks (2009)

Type 1 signal intensity changes on MR images have a high positive predictive value in the identification of a pain generator.
Interventions to improve water quality for preventing diarrhoea (2015)

Interventions that address the microbial contamination of water at the point-of-use may be important interim measures to improve drinking water quality until homes can be reached with safe, reliable, piped-in water connections. The average estimates of effect for each individual point-of-use intervention generally show important effects. Comparisons between these estimates do not provide evidence of superiority of one intervention over another, as such comparisons are confounded by the study setting, design, and population.Further studies assessing the effects of household connections and chlorination at the point of delivery will help improve our knowledge base. As evidence suggests effectiveness improves with adherence, studies assessing programmatic approaches to optimising coverage and long-term utilization of these interventions among vulnerable populations could also help strategies to improve health outcomes.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae PLB1 gene encodes a protein required for lysophospholipase and phospholipase B activity. (1994)

Several enzymes with lysophospholipase/phospholipase B activity have been described from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In vitro, these enzymes are capable of hydrolyzing all phospholipids that can be extracted from yeast cells. Two forms of the enzyme have been isolated from plasma membranes and a third from culture supernatants and the periplasmic space, but their biological roles have not been determined. These highly glycosylated enzymes were reported to have very similar catalytic properties but differed with respect to apparent molecular weight. We isolated a gene from S. cerevisiae, encoding a protein predicted to share 45% amino acid sequence identity with phospholipase B from Penicillium notatum. This yeast gene, designated PLB1, was mapped to the left arm of chromosome VIII. No residual lysophospholipase/phospholipase B activity was detected upon assay of extracts or culture supernatants of a plb1 delta mutant. Thus, either the PLB1 gene encodes all of the previously detected isoforms of phospholipase B or its gene product is required for their expression or activation. Deletion of PLB1 did not result in any apparent phenotypic defect, suggesting either that we failed to identify the growth conditions that would betray such a defect or that Plb1p is functionally redundant with another protein, whose activity has gone undetected. A plb1 delta mutant released wild-type levels of the soluble phosphatidylinositol metabolite glycerophosphoinositol into the growth medium but released greatly reduced levels of the corresponding phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine metabolites. These results indicate that PLB1 is principally responsible for the production of the deacylation products of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine but not phosphatidylinositol.
Characterization of Adherent Bacteroidales from Intestinal Biopsies of Children and Young Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2013)

There is extensive evidence implicating the intestinal microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], but no microbial agent has been identified as a sole causative agent. Bacteroidales are numerically dominant intestinal organisms that associate with the mucosal surface and have properties that both positively and negatively affect the host. To determine precise numbers and species of Bacteroidales adherent to the mucosal surface in IBD patients, we performed a comprehensive culture based analysis of intestinal biopsies from pediatric Crohn's disease [CD], ulcerative colitis [UC], and control subjects. We obtained biopsies from 94 patients and used multiplex PCR or 16S rDNA sequencing of Bacteroidales isolates for species identification. Eighteen different Bacteroidales species were identified in the study group, with up to ten different species per biopsy, a number higher than demonstrated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing methods. Species diversity was decreased in IBD compared to controls and with increasingly inflamed tissue. There were significant differences in predominant Bacteroidales species between biopsies from the three groups and from inflamed and uninflamed sites. Parabacteroides distasonis significantly decreased in inflamed tissue. All 373 Bacteroidales isolates collected in this study grew with mucin as the only utilizable carbon source suggesting this is a non-pathogenic feature of this bacterial order. Bacteroides fragilis isolates with the enterotoxin gene [bft], previously associated with flares of colitis, were not found more often at inflamed colonic sites or within IBD subjects. B. fragilis isolates with the ability to synthesize the immunomodulatory polysaccharide A [PSA], previously shown to be protective in murine models of colitis, were not detected more often from healthy versus inflamed tissue.
Young 4ever—the use of capillarity for passive flow handling in lab on a chip devices (2006)

Jan Eijkel and Albert van den Berg discuss capillarity-driven flow. The use of capillarity-driven flow obviates the need for pumping or actuation equipment. Since it also scales well, it is very useful for LOC devices, especially in point-of-care applications—part of a series of mini-reviews covering new trends in
Formation and significance of 6-methylthiopurine ribonucleotide as a metabolite of 6-mercaptopurine. (1971)

Summary 6-Methylthiopurine (6-MeMP) ribonucleotide was identified as a metabolite of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) or of 6-MP ribonucleoside in cultured L1210 leukemia cells, adenocarcinoma 755 cells, and H. Ep. No. 2 cells; in ascitic L1210 cells and adenocarcinoma 755 cells in vivo; and in solid adenocarcinoma 755 and liver of host mice. The extent of conversion of 6-MP and 6-MP ribonucleoside to 6-MeMP ribonucleotide varied markedly among the cells studied. The methyl derivative apparently was formed by the pathway 6-MP → 6-MP ribonucleotide → 6-MeMP ribonucleotide. The amounts of 6-MeMP ribonucleotide formed and the much greater efficiency of 6-MeMP ribonucleotide than 6-MP ribonucleotide as an inhibitor of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase make it likely that 6-MeMP ribonucleotide is responsible for most or all of the inhibition of de novo purine synthesis produced by 6-MP. 6-MP, 6-MP ribonucleoside, and 6-MP ribonucleotide were each methylated in vitro by a nonenzymatic transfer of the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine. A line of H. Ep. No. 2 cells resistant to 6-MP because of lack of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and hence unable to convert 6-MP to 6-MP ribonucleotide was used to determine that the following pathway was operative: 6-MP ribonucleoside → 6-MeMP ribonucleoside → 6-MeMP ribonucleotide. The conversion was barely detectable in untreated cells but was increased severalfold in the presence of high concentrations of hypoxanthine or inosine, which presumably inhibited or saturated the phosphorylase and thus prevented the cleaving of 6-MP ribonucleoside to 6-MP.
The Multidimensional Random Coefficients Multinomial Logit Model (1997)

A multidimensional Rasch-type item response model, the multidimensional random coefficients multinomial logit model, is presented as an extension to the Adams &amp; Wilson (1996) random coefficients multinomial logit model. The model is developed in a form that permits generalization to the multidimensional case of a wide class of Rasch models, including the simple logistic model, Masters' partial credit model, Wilson's ordered partition model, and Fischer's linear logistic model. Moreover, the model includes several existing multidimensional models as special cases, including Whitely's multicomponent latent trait model, Andersen's multidimensional Rasch model for repeated testing, and Embretson's multidimensional Rasch model for learning and change. Marginal maximum likelihood estimators for the model are derived and the estimation is examined using a simulation study. Implications and applications of the model are discussed and an example is given.
Biochemical characterization of a murein hydrolase induced by bacteriophage Dp-1 in Streptococcus pneumoniae: comparative study between bacteriophage-associated lysin and the host amidase (1984)

A phage-associated lysin recently isolated and purified from Streptococcus pneumoniae infected with bacteriophage Dp-1 has been biochemically characterized as an endo-N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanine amidase. The purified peptides obtained after treatment of the cell wall with phage-associated lysin are composed of glutamic acid, alanine, lysine, glycine, serine, and aspartic acid in the molar ratios of 1.0:1.6:1.0:1.0:0.8:0.6. The N-terminal amino acid of this peptide has been characterized as alanine. This amidase and the inactive form of the amidase (E form) previously purified (J.V. Höltje and A. Tomasz, J. Biol. Chem. 251:4199-4207, 1976) from S. pneumoniae differ in their molecular weights, as well as in their capacity to be stimulated by reducing agents, and do not cross-react immunologically, although anti-phage-associated lysin serum was able to recognize and inhibit both phage-associated lysin and the active form (C form) of the host amidase.
Experimental Test of Gravitationally Induced Quantum Interference (1974)

We call attention to a feasible laboratory experiment with an outcome that depends necessarily on both Planck's constant and the gravitational constant. A neutron interferometer for which the two beams enclose an area of ~ 6 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ can be cut from a single crystal of silicon. A shift of ~ 10 fringes is anticipated when the interferometer is rotated 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} about an axis parallel to both the earth's surface and the incident neutron beam.
Cux/CDP Homeoprotein Is a Component of NF-μNR and Represses the Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Intronic Enhancer by Antagonizing the Bright Transcription Activator (1999)

Nuclear matrix attachment regions (MARs) flanking the immunoglobulin heavy chain intronic enhancer (Emu) are the targets of the negative regulator, NF-muNR, found in non-B and early pre-B cells. Expression library screening with NF-muNR binding sites yielded a cDNA clone encoding an alternatively spliced form of the Cux/CDP homeodomain protein. Cux/CDP fulfills criteria required for NF-muNR identity. It is expressed in non-B and early pre-B cells but not mature B cells. It binds to NF-muNR binding sites within Emu with appropriate differential affinities. Antiserum specific for Cux/CDP recognizes a polypeptide of the predicted size in affinity-purified NF-muNR preparations and binds NF-muNR complexed with DNA. Cotransfection with Cux/CDP represses the activity of Emu via the MAR sequences in both B and non-B cells. Cux/CDP antagonizes the effects of the Bright transcription activator at both the DNA binding and functional levels. We propose that Cux/CDP regulates cell-type-restricted, differentiation stage-specific Emu enhancer activity by interfering with the function of nuclear matrix-bound transcription activators.
A Two-Year Dietary Carcinogenicity Study of the Antiestrogen Toremifene in Sprague-Dawley Rats (1996)

The carcinogenic potential of the nonsteroidal triphenylethylene antiestrogen toremifene (Fareston) was evaluated in a standard 104-week rat dietary carcinogenicity study. The doses were 0, 0.12, 1.2, 5.0 and 12 mg/kg/day and the number of animals 50/sex/dose group. The body weight gain and food consumption were monitored once weekly (study weeks 1-16) or once every four weeks thereafter (study weeks 17-104). Blood samples were taken at weeks 34, 52 and 104 and the plasma concentrations of toremifene, as well as the two main metabolites (deaminohydroxy)toremifene and N-demethyltoremifene, were measured. All doses of toremifene reduced food intake and body weight gain. Toremifene caused a significant reduction in mortality, which was mainly due to reduced incidences of pituitary tumors. This was evident in all dose groups. Drug-related decrease of mammary tumors in females (at all doses) and testicular tumors in male rats (doses > or = 1.2 mg/kg/day) were also evident. The incidence of the preneoplastic foci of basophilic hepatocytes were significantly decreased in treated female groups. Toremifene induced no preneoplastic or neoplastic lesions. Based on histopathology, no obvious toxicity could be observed. Drug-related changes were observed in the genital organs, thyroid, spleen, mammary gland, adrenal, kidney, stomach and lung. These changes were due to hormonal disturbances or as a result of reduced food consumption or reduced incidences of pituitary, mammary or testicular tumors. This study indicates that toremifene is an efficient antiestrogen in long-term treatment, is well tolerated and has no tumorigenic potential in rats.
Identification of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Herbal Incense Blends in the United States (2012)

Synthetic cannabinoid agonists are chemically diverse with multiple analogs gaining popularity as drugs of abuse. We report on the use of thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry for the identification and quantitation of these pharmacologically active chemicals in street drug dosage forms. Using these approaches, we have identified the synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018, JWH-019, JWH-073, JWH-081, JWH-200, JWH-210, JWH-250, CP47,497 (C=8) (cannabicyclohexanol), RCS-4, RCS-8, AM-2201, and AM-694 in various commercially available products. Other noncannabinoid drugs including mitragynine have also been detected. Typical concentrations of drug in the materials are in the range 5-20 mg/g, or 0.5-2% by weight for each compound, although many products contained more than one drug.
The therapeutic utility of Interleukin-11 in the treatment of inflammatory disease (1998)

Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a pleiotropic cytokine that exhibits anti-inflammatory and mucosal protective effects in a variety of animal models of acute and chronic inflammation, such as mucositis, inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune joint disease. This reduction in inflammation and epithelial damage is mediated in part through effects of recombinant human (rh) IL-11 on macrophage effector function and epithelial cell growth. In vitro studies indicate that rhIL-11 inhibits tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-12, IL-6, and nitric oxide production from activated macrophages. Analysis of the effects of rhIL-11 on transcription factors that activate pro-inflammatory cytokines demonstrate that the level of induced nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) binding activity in the nucleus of rhIL-11-treated peritoneal macrophages is significantly reduced. Studies of normal intestinal epithelial cells indicate that rhIL-11 reduces the rate of cellular proliferation. Analysis of cell-cycle progression demonstrates that growth inhibition of epithelial cells by rhIL-11 correlates with delayed entry into S phase and suppression of pRB phosphorylation. IL-11 also protects intestinal crypt stem cells from radiation- or chemotherapy-induced insults. Such immunomodulatory and epithelial activities may contribute to the protective effects of this cytokine and support the clinical utility of rhIL-11 in the treatment of mucositis, as well as a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
HER2 and Choice of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Invasive Breast Cancer: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol B-15 (2000)

These results, together with overview results indicating minor overall superiority for anthracycline-based regimens relative to CMF, indicate a preference for the AC regimen in patients with HER2-positive tumors. Both AC and CMF regimens may be considered for patients with HER2-negative tumors.
Filamin A Links Sphingosine Kinase 1 and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor 1 at Lamellipodia To Orchestrate Cell Migration (2008)

Sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) catalyzes the phosphorylation of sphingosine to produce the potent lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which plays a critical role in cell motility via its cell surface receptors. Here, we have identified filamin A (FLNa), an actin-cross-linking protein involved in cell movement, as a bona fide SphK1-interacting protein. Heregulin stimulated SphK1 activity only in FLNa-expressing A7 melanoma cells but not in FLNa-deficient cells and induced its translocation and colocalization with FLNa at lamellipodia. SphK1 was required for heregulin-induced migration, lamellipodia formation, activation of PAK1, and subsequent FLNa phosphorylation. S1P directly stimulated PAK1 kinase, suggesting that it may be a target of intracellularly generated S1P. Heregulin also induced colocalization of S1P(1) (promotility S1P receptor) but not S1P(2), with SphK1 and FLNa at membrane ruffles. Moreover, an S1P(1) antagonist inhibited the lamellipodia formation induced by heregulin. Hence, FLNa links SphK1 and S1P(1) to locally influence the dynamics of actin cytoskeletal structures by orchestrating the concerted actions of the triumvirate of SphK1, FLNa, and PAK1, each of which requires and/or regulates the actions of the others, at lamellipodia to promote cell movement.
Efficiency loss mechanisms in colloidal quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (2013)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2013.
Fabrication of super-sharp nanowire atomic force microscope probes using a field emission induced growth technique (2004)

A relatively simple and consistent technique based on field emission induced growth has been developed to grow a single metallic nanowire on an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip. A clamping setup with two micromanipulators ensures that the fabrication of a vertically aligned nanowire probe, which is sharp, robust, and with high aspect ratio, can be achieved on different types of AFM cantilevers with different force constants. The controlled growth technique has been used to produce tungsten nanowire AFM probes with great consistency and high reproducibility. The tungsten nanowires were grown to lengths between 100 nm to 1.5 μm with radius of curvature at the tip end typically between 1–2 nm. Experiments using the fabricated tungsten nanowire AFM probe demonstrate its ability to produce high-resolution AFM images and improved profiling of structures with steep sidewalls due to its very sharp tip and high aspect ratio. The technique can be extended to fabricating other types of metallic nanowire AFM probes or even composite nanowire AFM probes by using different precursor gases. Experiments have been successful in fabricating cobalt nanowire AFM probes which are able to produce good high-resolution AFM images as well.