gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxic Activity of Diterpenoids Isolated from Salvia hypargeia (1999)

Ten diterpenoids [6a-hydroxysalvinolone (1), 6a-hydroxytaxodone (2), aethiopinone (3), microstegiol (4), ferruginol (5), saprorthoquinone (6), 11,12-dioxoabieta-8,13-diene (7), taxodione (8), hypargenin A (9), hypargenin D (10)] and three triterpenoids [lupeol 3-acetate, d-oleanol 3-acetate and s-sitosterol] were isolated from the roots of Salvia hypargeia, a plant endemic to Turkey. The crude extract and compounds 1-2, 5-10 were tested against a panel of human cancer cell lines [human breast cancer (BC 1), human lung cancer (LU 2), human colon cancer (COL 2), human epidermoidal carcinoma in mouth (KB), vinblastine-resistant KB-VI, hormone-dependent human prostate cancer (LNCaP)] as well as P388 and ASK cells in culture. The crude extract was active in all of the test systems, except KB. Isolates 1 and 8 were also found to mediate a generalized cytotoxic response.
A Path to Ultranarrow Patterns Using Self-Assembled Lithography (2010)

The templated self-assembly of block copolymer (BCP) thin films can generate regular arrays of 10-50 nm scale features with good positional and orientational accuracy, but the ordering, registration and pattern transfer of sub-10-nm feature sizes is not well established. Here, we report solvent-annealing and templating methods that enable the formation of highly ordered grating patterns with a line width of 8 nm and period 17 nm from a self-assembled poly(styrene-b-dimethylsiloxane) (PS-PDMS) diblock copolymer. The BCP patterns can be registered hierarchically on a larger-period BCP pattern, which can potentially diversify the available pattern geometries and enables precise pattern registration at small feature sizes. Sub-10-nm-wide tungsten nanowires with excellent order and uniformity were fabricated from the self-assembled patterns using a reactive ion etching process.
Inhibition of angiogenesis as a mechanism for inhibition by L?-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 of colon carcinogenesis induced by azoxymethane in Wistar rats (1999)

The effects of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3[1alpha(OH)D3] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3[1,25(OH)2D3] on the incidence of colon tumors induced by azoxymethane and on the labeling index and angiogenesis of colon tumors were investigated in Wistar rats. Rats received 10 weekly injections of 7.4 mg/kg body weight of azoxymethane and i.p. injections of 1alpha(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 at lower and higher doses every other day for 45 weeks. Prolonged administration of both 1alpha(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 at a higher dose significantly reduced the incidence of colon tumors in week 45. However, administration of 1alpha(OH)D3 or 1,25(OH)2D3 had little or no effect on the histologic type of colon tumors and cancers. Administration of 1alpha(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 at higher doses significantly decreased the labeling index, the immuno-histochemical staining for vascular endothelial growth factor and microvessel counts in colon tumors. Our findings suggest that both 1alpha(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibit development of colon tumors. A possible mechanism of inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by 1alpha(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 is the inhibition of angiogenesis as well as an anti-proliferative effect.
Integration and optimization of embedded-sige, compressive and tensile stressed liner films, and stress memorization in advanced SOI CMOS technologies (2005)

An optimized 4-way stress integration on partially-depleted SOI (PD-SOI) CMOS is presented. An embedded-SiGe process and a compressive-stressed liner film are used to induce compressive strain in the PMOS (PMOS "stressors"). A stress memorization process and a tensile-stressed liner film are used to induce tensile strain in the NMOS (NMOS "stressors"). With optimization, the different stress techniques are highly compatible and additive to each other, improving PMOS and NMOS saturation drive current by 53% and 32%, respectively. This improvement results in 40% higher product speed. To demonstrate the extendibility for future transistor nodes the stress improvements were increased further resulting in record PMOS performance of IDSAT=860muA/mum at 200nA IOFF (self-heating corrected) and 1V. The stress techniques are proven in AMD's 90nm manufacturing processes, and have been scaled for use in 65nm manufacturing
The Synthesis of (Z)‐Trisubstituted Allylic Alcohols by the Selective 1,4‐Hydrogenation of Dienol Esters: Improved Synthesis of (−)‐β‐Santalol (2010)

(E)-Trisubstituted allylic alcohols are commonly prepared from the corresponding (E)-enals, themselves readily accessible by a simple aldol condensation reaction. We demonstrate that these very same (E)-enals can be converted into (Z)-trisubstituted allylic acetates (and thus alcohols) by a ruthenium-catalyzed 1,4-hydrogenation of the corresponding dienol acetates. This simple solution to a long-lasting problem was applied to an industrially feasible synthesis of (-)-β-santalol.
An automated, complete, structural test solution for SERDES (2005)

Gigahertz serialization and deserialization (SERDES) has become a dominant inter-chip and inter-board data transmission technique. Signal integrity is the primary factor determining its bit error rate, typically less than 10/sup -12/, so the primary production test challenges are testing picosecond jitter and the signal eye opening. Off-chip jitter and rise/fall time measurements are limited by hardware complexity, access, bandwidth, and noise. Published on-chip measurement techniques are limited by delay line jitter. This paper presents a new jitter test technique that has been demonstrated on an FPGA to achieve less than 1 ps RMS self-jitter, and a new signal eye test that has unlimited bandwidth; neither test uses high speed circuitry. The all-digital technique uses the receiver itself to demodulate the signal jitter to a low-speed bit stream that is analyzed by a single-clock domain, synthesizable circuit. This is combined with logic BIST and 1149.6 boundary scan to completely test an IC.
Dual-gated volumetric modulated arc therapy (2014)

The feasibility of DG-VMAT delivery scheme has been experimentally demonstrated for the first time. By leveraging the stability and natural pauses that occur at end-inspiration and end-exhalation, DG-VMAT provides a practical method for enhancing gated delivery efficiency by up to a factor of two.
Density Gradient Centrifugation for the Separation of Sporulating Forms of Bacteria (1966)

Urografin has been shown to be suitable as a supporting medium for isopycnic density centrifugation of Bacillus megaterium spores. The complete separation of vegetative cells and spores can be achieved through the use of such gradients. Vegetative cells were found to have an average density of 1.135 g per cm3, while the average spore density was 1.305 g per cm3. Under normal sporulating conditions the spores formed consisted of a heterogeneous population with a wide spectrum of densities. These density differences could be correlated with such properties as resistance to thermal death and ability to be heat-activated. Spores formed in the absence of Ca++ are less dense than those obtained under the usual conditions. The pattern of cell distribution obtained on the Urografin gradient can serve as a gauge of the efficiency of sporulation and degree of synchrony of a sporulating culture.
Heregulin induces expression, DNA binding activity, and transactivating functions of basic leucine zipper activating transcription factor 4. (2000)

Heregulin beta1 (HRG), a combinatorial ligand for human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 and human epidermal growth factor receptor 4 receptors, is a regulatory secretory polypeptide with distinct biological effects such as growth stimulation, differentiation, invasiveness, and migration in breast cancer cells. The mechanism underlying the diverse functions of HRG is not well established, but it is believed to be dependent on the induced changes in expression of specific cellular gene products, their modification, or both. The binding of basic leucine zipper transcription factors to the cAMP response element is known to activate a variety of gene products with a role or roles in growth regulation. In the studies presented here, we identified basic leucine zipper activating transcription factor (ATF) 4 as one of the HRG-inducible gene product. We demonstrated that HRG stimulation of human cancer cells induces expression of ATF4 mRNA and protein, ATF4 DNA binding activity, and ATF4 transactivating function. Consistent with its role as a transcriptional activator, HRG-stimulated ATF4 protein stimulated the transcription from an artificial promoter with three tandem ATF sites or from a naturally occurring promoter with ATF4 sites such as E-selectin. We also demonstrated a preferential role of the HRG-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, but not the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase pathway, in supporting the observed increase in ATF4 DNA binding activity and transcription from E-selectin promoter in HRG-stimulated cells. Because ATF4 binding sites are present in a variety of growth-regulating cellular genes, these findings suggest that the stimulation of ATF4 expression and its transactivating functions may constitute an important mechanism of HRG-mediated regulation of putative genes with diversified functions. The present study is the first demonstration of regulation of expression and transactivation ability of ATF4 by any polypeptide growth factor.
THE INFLUENCE OF OKT8F TREATMENT ON ALLOGRAFT SURVIVAL IN RHESUS MONKEYS (1986)

The immunosuppressive effect of a monoclonal antibody specific for the cytotoxic/suppressor T cells (CD8) was investigated in rhesus monkeys. This antibody (OKT8F) removed the CD8-positive T cells from the circulation and prolonged skin allograft survival. Since most patients awaiting a kidney allograft are transfused prior to transplantation, the immunosuppressive potency of OKT8F was subsequently investigated in transfused recipients. No significant prolongation of the mean survival time was observed when OKT8F was given prophylactically. However, no early rejections were observed, while 30% of the control animals rejected their kidneys within 2 weeks. This might indicate that OKT8F prevents early rejection of a kidney allograft in transfused recipients.
Recognition of Human Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-E Complexed with HLA Class I Signal Sequence–derived Peptides by CD94/NKG2 Confers Protection from Natural Killer Cell–mediated Lysis (1998)

Human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-E is a nonclassical HLA class I molecule, the gene for which is transcribed in most tissues. It has recently been reported that this molecule binds peptides derived from the signal sequence of HLA class I proteins; however, no function for HLA-E has yet been described. We show that natural killer (NK) cells can recognize target cells expressing HLA-E molecules on the cell surface and this interaction results in inhibition of the lytic process. Furthermore, HLA-E recognition is mediated primarily through the CD94/NKG2-A heterodimer, as CD94-specific, but not killer cell inhibitory receptor (KIR)-specific mAbs block HLA-E-mediated protection of target cells. Cell surface HLA-E could be increased by incubation with synthetic peptides corresponding to residues 3-11 from the signal sequences of a number of HLA class I molecules; however, only peptides which contained a Met at position 2 were capable of conferring resistance to NK-mediated lysis, whereas those having Thr at position 2 had no effect. Interestingly, HLA class I molecules previously correlated with CD94/NKG2 recognition all have Met at residue 4 of the signal sequence (position 2 of the HLA-E binding peptide), whereas those which have been reported not to interact with CD94/NKG2 have Thr at this position. Thus, these data show a function for HLA-E and suggest an alternative explanation for the apparent broad reactivity of CD94/NKG2 with HLA class I molecules; that CD94/NKG2 interacts with HLA-E complexed with signal sequence peptides derived from "protective" HLA class I alleles rather than directly interacting with classical HLA class I proteins.
Amino acid sequence of a variant pro-form of insulin-like growth factor II. (1985)

Human serum contains, in addition to the "classical" 7.5-kDa insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) I and II, small amounts of larger IGF-II. A 10-kDa IGF-II was isolated by gel filtration, immunoaffinity chromatography, and reversed-phase HPLC. Upon amino acid sequence determination, a substitution of Cys-Gly-Asp for Ser-33 was found as well as a COOH-terminal extension of 21 residues (E peptide). These sequence differences suggest that 10-kDa IGF-II is a precursor of a variant IGF-II. Since the substitution is not located at a known intron/exon hinge region, the finding of this variant IGF-II is evidence for the presence of more than one gene for IGF-II.
A New Approach to the Oral Administration of Insulin and Other Peptide Drugs (1986)

The oral administration of peptide drugs is well known to be precluded by their digestion in the stomach and small intestine. As a new approach to oral delivery, peptide drugs were coated with polymers cross-linked with azoaromatic groups to form an impervious film to protect orally administered drugs from digestion in the stomach and small intestine. When the azopolymer-coated drug reached the large intestine, the indigenous microflora reduced the azo bonds, broke the cross-links, and degraded the polymer film, thereby releasing the drug into the lumen of the colon for local action or for absorption. The ability of the azopolymer coating to protect and deliver orally administered peptide drugs was demonstrated in rats with the peptide hormones vasopressin and insulin.
Advancements in Regenerative Strategies Through the Continuum of Burn Care (2018)

Burns are caused by several mechanisms including flame, scald, chemical, electrical, and ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Approximately half a million burn cases are registered annually, of which 40 thousand patients are hospitalized and receive definitive treatment. Burn care is very resource intensive as the treatment regimens and length of hospitalization are substantial. Burn wounds are classified based on depth as superficial (first degree), partial-thickness (second degree), or full-thickness (third degree), which determines the treatment necessary for successful healing. The goal of burn wound care is to fully restore the barrier function of the tissue as quickly as possible while minimizing infection, scarring, and contracture. The aim of this review is to highlight how tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies are being used to address the unique challenges of burn wound healing and define the current gaps in care for both partial- and full-thickness burn injuries. This review will present the current standard of care (SOC) and provide information on various treatment options that have been tested pre-clinically or are currently in clinical trials. Due to the complexity of burn wound healing compared to other skin injuries, burn specific treatment regimens must be developed. Recently, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies have been developed to improve skin regeneration that can restore normal skin physiology and limit adverse outcomes, such as infection, delayed re-epithelialization, and scarring. Our emphasis will be centered on how current clinical and pre-clinical research of pharmacological agents, biomaterials, and cellular-based therapies can be applied throughout the continuum of burn care by targeting the stages of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, cell proliferation, and matrix remodeling.
Enhancing leptin response by preventing SH2-containing phosphatase 2 interaction with Ob receptor (1998)

Leptin is an adipocyte-derived cytokine that regulates food intake and body weight via interaction with its Ob receptor (ObR). Serum leptin levels are chronically elevated in obese humans, suggesting that obesity may be associated with leptin resistance and the inability to generate an adequate ObR response. Evidence suggests that transcriptional activation of target genes by STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) in the hypothalamus is a critical pathway that mediates leptin's action. Herein we report that activation of ObR induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of the tyrosine phosphatase SH2-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) and demonstrate that Tyr986 within the ObR cytoplasmic domain is essential to mediate phosphorylation of SHP-2 and binding of SHP-2 to ObR. Surprisingly, mutation of Tyr986 to Phe, which abrogates SHP-2 phosphorylation and binding to the receptor, dramatically increases gene induction mediated by STAT3. Our findings indicate that SHP-2 is a negative regulator of STAT3-mediated gene induction after activation of ObR and raise the possibility that blocking the interaction of SHP-2 with ObR could overcome leptin resistance by boosting leptin's weight-reducing effects in obese individuals.
Growth and Differentiation of Embryoid Bodies Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Effect of Glucose and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor1 (2005)

Differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells generally occurs after formation of three-dimensional cell aggregates, known as embryoid bodies (EBs). This differentiation occurs following suspension culturing of EBs in media containing a high (25 mM) glucose concentration. Although high-glucose-containing media is used for maintenance and proliferation of ES cells, it has not been demonstrated whether this is a necessary requirement for EB development. To address this, we examined the growth and differentiation of EBs established in 0-mM, 5.5-mM (physiological), and 25-mM (high) glucose concentrations, through morphometric analysis and examination of gene and protein expression. The effect on EB development of supplementation with basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) was also studied. We report that the greatest rate of EB growth occurs in 5.5 mM glucose media. A morphological study of EBs over 104 days duration under glucose-containing conditions demonstrated the development of all three major embryonic cell types. The difference from normal human development was obvious in the lack of rostrocaudal control by the notochord. In the latest stages of development, the main tissue observed appeared to be cartilage and cells of a mesodermal lineage. We conclude that physiological glucose concentrations are suitable for the culturing of EBs, that the addition of FGF2 enhances the temporal expression of genes including POU5F1, nestin, FOXA2, ONECUT1, NEUROD1, PAX6, and insulin, and that EBs can be cultured in vitro for long periods, allowing for further examination of developmental processes.
Esophageal strictures: treatment with a new design of modified Gianturco stent. Work in progress. (1992)

To overcome the drawbacks of the modified Gianturco stent tube with barbs, a new barbless stent tube was constructed. Twenty-two barbless stent tubes 4.5-14.0 cm long were placed with a new introducing tube in 21 patients: 10 stent tubes in 10 patients with recurrent dysphagia after radiation therapy or chemotherapy, 10 in 10 patients with esophageal cancer in whom surgical management was contraindicated, and two in one patient with postoperative benign stricture. No technical failure or procedural complications occurred. After the procedure, all but two patients could ingest most or all foods. In two patients with an esophagorespiratory fistula and one patient with esophageal rupture, the barbless stent tube successfully occluded the fistula and rupture site. The stent tube migrated in one patient. Fifteen patients are surviving, with the stent tubes patent for 3-35 weeks (mean patency, 13 weeks); the six other patients died 7-24 weeks (mean, 16 weeks) after stent placement. It is concluded that barbless stent tubes show promise in the management of dysphagia caused by esophageal strictures.
Syndecan-1 up-regulated by ephrinB2/EphB4 plays dual roles in inflammatory angiogenesis (2004)

EphrinB2 and EphB4, its cognate receptor, are important in the vascular development of the mouse embryo. Their roles in human inflammatory angiogenesis, however, are not well understood. By examining hyperinflammatory lesions, we saw that ephrinB2 was predominantly expressed in macrophage-like cells and EphB4 in small venules. Because macrophages usually transmigrate through postcapillary venules during inflammation, we wanted to explore the downstream effects of EphB4 after binding to ephrinB2. By using cDNA microarray technique and following reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we found that syntenin and syndecan-1 were up-regulated in EphB4-positive endothelial cells dose dependently and time dependently after stimulation with preclustered ephrinB2. In vitro, ephrinB2 suppressed the angiogenic effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on EphB4-positive endothelial cells, partially due to syndecan-1's competition with fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) for bFGF. However, ephrinB2 exhibited angiogenic effects in vivo, possibly due to an inflammation-associated enzyme-heparanase. The enzymes could convert the inhibitory effect of ephrinB2 on EphB4-positive endothelial cells to an activating effect by removing poorly sulfated side chains of up-regulated syndecan-1 ectodomain. Depending on the presence of heparanases, the roles of syndecan-1 may be opposite in different physiological settings.
<b>PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR ON <i>IN VITRO</i> HEPATITIS IN PRIMARY CULTURED HEPATOCYTES</b> (1991)

The release of cytoplasmic enzyme, glutamate oxaloacetate amino-transferase (GOT) was induced when 5 mM carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) was present in the medium of primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) at 5 ng/ml almost completely prevented this leakage of GOT from the cells. Pre-treatment of the cells with HGF for more than 6 h was also effective in protecting against enzyme leakage. Moreover, when HGF was added to CCl4-damaged cells, the subsequent leakage of GOT was prevented. As HGF apparently has a potent protective effect on in vitro hepatitis, the possibility that it can be used as an anti-hepatitis drug deserves further research.
Supporting semantic conflict prevention in real-time collaborative programming environments (2012)

Real-time collaborative programming environments support multiple programmers to concurrently edit shared source code documents at the same time over communication networks. One of the key challenges in supporting real-time collaborative programming is semantic conflicts, which may occur when multiple programmers are performing concurrent and incompatible programming work in the same source code region or in different source code regions with dependency relationships. Semantic conflicts may result in programming errors that are difficult to detect and costly to resolve. This paper presents in-depth analyses of representative collaborative programming scenarios for understanding the nature and general conditions of semantic conflicts, and proposes a novel Dependency-based Automatic Locking (DAL) approach for supporting semantic conflict prevention in real-time collaborative programming environments. The novelty of the DAL approach lies in its capabilities of supporting automatic and fine-grained locking on selected source code regions with dependency relationships to balance conflict prevention, concurrent work, and programmer convenience in real-time collaborative programming. The DAL approach and technical solutions have been implemented in the CoEclipse prototype system as a proof-of-concept for this emerging technique, which is being continuously extended for further exploration and evaluation.