gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF THErp1 COMPLEXCONFERRING RUST RESISTANCE IN MAIZE (1997)

Genetic analyses of the rp1 rust resistance complex of maize have demonstrated that recombination plays a central role in the creation of genetic diversity at the locus. The generation of rp1 diversity is promoted by a high rate of intragenic recombination coupled with a tendency for genes in the complex to mispair in meiosis. Among the novel rp1 genes that have been identified include genes with novel race-specificities and genes conferring lesion mimic phenotypes. Recombinants have also been identified that confer partial resistance which is apparently non-race-specific and may be useful in controlling maize rusts in a durable manner.
Impaired vasodilation by red blood cells in sickle cell disease (2005)

Red blood cells (RBCs) have been ascribed a unique role in dilating blood vessels, which requires O2-regulated binding and bioactivation of NO by Hb and transfer of NO equivalents to the RBC membrane. Vasoocclusion in hypoxic tissues is the hallmark of sickle cell anemia. Here we show that sickle cell Hb variant S (HbS) is deficient both in the intramolecular transfer of NO from heme iron (iron nitrosyl, FeNO) to cysteine thiol (S-nitrosothiol, SNO) that subserves bioactivation, and in transfer of the NO moiety from S-nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-HbS) to the RBC membrane. As a result, sickle RBCs are deficient in membrane SNO and impaired in their ability to mediate hypoxic vasodilation. Further, the magnitudes of these impairments correlate with the clinical severity of disease. Thus, our results suggest that abnormal RBC vasoactivity contributes to the vasoocclusive pathophysiology of sickle cell anemia, and that the phenotypic variation in expression of the sickle genotype may be explained, in part, by variable deficiency in RBC processing of NO. More generally, our findings raise the idea that defective NO processing may characterize a new class of hemoglobinopathy.
Quantitative throat-swab culture in the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis in children. (1976)

A striking difference in the detection of a heavy growth of Streptococcus pyogenes in throat swabs taken from 1054 children with pharyngitis compared with those from 462 normal children was demonstrated when a standardised technique of quantitative culture was used. In patients with pharyngitis 71% of the isolates were heavy whereas a heavy culture was obtained in only 1-7% of healthy children. Also, a significant correlation between the clinical observations suggestive of streptococcal pharyngitis and the results of culture was confined to those patients whose throat swabs yielded a heavy growth of streptococci. It is concluded that bacteriological examination is of value as a diagnostic test only when the results of culture are quantitatively assessed.
Avoiding Immunological Rejection in Regenerative Medicine (2015)

One of the major goals of regenerative medicine is repair or replacement of diseased and damaged tissues by transfer of differentiated stem cells or stem cell-derived tissues. The possibility that these tissues will be destroyed by immunological rejection remains a challenge that can only be overcome through a better understanding of the nature and expression of potentially immunogenic molecules associated with cell replacement therapy and the mechanisms and pathways resulting in their immunologic rejection. This review draws on clinical experience of organ and tissue transplantation, and on transplantation immunology research to consider practical approaches for avoiding and overcoming the possibility of rejection of stem cell-derived tissues.
Modelo de variables en la organización de eventos : una aportación a la aplicación de las normativas de protocolo y precedencias en las relaciones públicas organizacionales (2012)

Las ceremonias legitiman actos juridicos. Los eventos implican gestionar autoridades e instituciones publicas, por lo que es necesario aplicar las normativas de protocolo. Proponemos un modelo con pautas metodologicamente sistematicas para su clasificacion a partir de las vinculaciones organizativas con sus publicos corporativos.
Changes in Airway Resistance following Nasal Provocation (1990)

Controversy exists on whether stimulation of the nasal mucosa results in reflex bronchoconstriction. To address shortcomings in previous experimental design, we performed double-blind randomized nasal challenges in asthmatic patients with allergic rhinitis and in controls. Using pledgets containing 10-microliters aliquots of 0.9% saline or increasing concentrations of methacholine or histamine, we were able to increase nasal resistance significantly in both groups. Only methacholine caused an increase in lower airway resistance, and this could be blunted by premedication of the nasal mucosa with phenylephrine. This suggests that the effect on lower airway resistance was due to systemic absorption. Our study does not support the existence of a nasobronchial reflex from mechanical alteration of the nasal mucosa.
Structural requirements of peptide YY for biological activity at enteric sites (1992)

Peptide YY (PYY) is a colonic hormone consisting of 36 amino acids that is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic exocrine, gastric acid, and insulin secretion. The objective of the present experiments was to characterize the structural requirements of PYY for inhibition of pancreatic exocrine, gastric acid, and insulin secretion, using conscious dogs prepared with gastric and pancreatic fistulas. Intravenous administration of PYY-(1-36), PYY-(3-36), or PYY-(4-36) (400 pmol.kg-1 x h-1) inhibited cholecystokinin-8-stimulated (25 pmol.kg-1 x h-1) pancreatic exocrine secretion (P < 0.05); however, PYY-(1-10), PYY-(1-20), PYY-(6-36), PYY-(10-36), PYY-(13-36), PYY-(24-36), and PYY-(27-36) did not inhibit pancreatic exocrine secretion. Intravenous administration of PYY-(1-36), PYY-(3-36), or PYY-(4-36) (200, 400, 800 pmol.kg-1 x h-1) inhibited pentagastrin (0.5 microgram.kg-1 x h-1)-stimulated gastric acid secretion (P < 0.05), as well as 2-deoxy-D-glucose-stimulated insulin release (75 mg/kg) in a dose-related manner. PYY-(6-36), PYY-(13-36), and [Leu31, Pro34] neuropeptide Y did not inhibit either gastric acid secretion or insulin release. In the gastric acid and insulin secretion bioassays, PYY-(1-36) was significantly more potent than PYY-(3-36) and PYY-(4-36); however, in the pancreatic exocrine secretion bioassay, the inhibitory effects of PYY-(3-36) and PYY-(1-36) did not differ significantly. PYY-(4-36) was less potent than PYY-(1-36) on pancreatic exocrine secretion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Low-dose oxytocin delivered intranasally with Breath Powered device affects social-cognitive behavior: a randomized four-way crossover trial with nasal cavity dimension assessment (2015)

Despite the promise of intranasal oxytocin (OT) for modulating social behavior, recent work has provided mixed results. This may relate to suboptimal drug deposition achieved with conventional nasal sprays, inter-individual differences in nasal physiology and a poor understanding of how intranasal OT is delivered to the brain in humans. Delivering OT using a novel 'Breath Powered' nasal device previously shown to enhance deposition in intranasal sites targeted for nose-to-brain transport, we evaluated dose-dependent effects on social cognition, compared response with intravenous (IV) administration of OT, and assessed nasal cavity dimensions using acoustic rhinometry. We adopted a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, crossover design, with 16 healthy male adults completing four single-dose treatments (intranasal 8 IU (international units) or 24 IU OT, 1 IU OT IV and placebo). The primary outcome was social cognition measured by emotional ratings of facial images. Secondary outcomes included the pharmacokinetics of OT, vasopressin and cortisol in blood and the association between nasal cavity dimensions and emotional ratings. Despite the fact that all the treatments produced similar plasma OT increases compared with placebo, there was a main effect of treatment on anger ratings of emotionally ambiguous faces. Pairwise comparisons revealed decreased ratings after 8 IU OT in comparison to both placebo and 24 IU OT. In addition, there was an inverse relationship between nasal valve dimensions and anger ratings of ambiguous faces after 8-IU OT treatment. These findings provide support for a direct nose-to-brain effect, independent of blood absorption, of low-dose OT delivered from a Breath Powered device.
Life‐history evolution of an invasive tephritid (2008)

Abstract Natural selection and genetic drift may cause divergence in several life‐history and behavioural traits among populations of cosmopolitan insect species that have evolved in allopatry. The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) represents a unique model to address questions on the evolution of life history because of its (1) wide geographical distribution, (2) known invasion history and well studied population genetics, and (3) significance as an important model in demographic research. We summarize recent data of common garden experiments studying demographic and behavioural traits of medfly biotypes obtained from Greece, Portugal, Kenya, Brazil, Guatemala and Hawaii. These results reveal differences among the above populations in major demographic traits, such as longevity and reproduction schedule, and behavioural ones, such as male sexual signalling. In all biotypes and under constant laboratory conditions males outlived females. However, the gender gap in longevity differed a great deal among biotypes. Considering female longevity medfly biotypes obtained from Guatemala, Kenya and Hawaii are classified as short lived, and those from Greece, Portugal and Brazil as long lived. Nevertheless, taking into consideration male longevity, Kenyan and Hawaiian flies are grouped with Greek, Brazilian and Portuguese (long lived) and only Guatemalan males are classified as short lived. We also reviewed biological and behavioural data derived from wild medfly populations, and combined them with existing information on the Mediterranean fruit fly population genetics and global invasion history aiming at understanding shifts in demographic and behavioural traits in this important pest.
Highly concentrated solar energy transmission through an optical fiber coupled with CPC (2002)

A solar energy concentrating system, coupled with an optical fiber, enables the use of highly concentrated solar energy at the desired place regardless of the position of a solar concentrator. Such a system can be used as a heat or light source. This system is also useful for space power applications. However, solar energy density decreases from the end point of the optical fiber, because the transmitted solar light disperses from the exit of the optical fiber according to its numerical aperture. To overcome this problem, the authors are investigating a CPC (compound parabolic concentrator) coupled to the exit of the optical fiber. This method is capable of increasing the solar energy density. They have experimentally confirmed that the solar energy density from a CPC is increased by 3.5 times compared to that of an optical fiber bundle output.
Infrared light excites cells by changing their electrical capacitance (2012)

Optical stimulation has enabled important advances in the study of brain function and other biological processes, and holds promise for medical applications ranging from hearing restoration to cardiac pace making. In particular, pulsed laser stimulation using infrared wavelengths >1.5 μm has therapeutic potential based on its ability to directly stimulate nerves and muscles without any genetic or chemical pre-treatment. However, the mechanism of infrared stimulation has been a mystery, hindering its path to the clinic. Here we show that infrared light excites cells through a novel, highly general electrostatic mechanism. Infrared pulses are absorbed by water, producing a rapid local increase in temperature. This heating reversibly alters the electrical capacitance of the plasma membrane, depolarizing the target cell. This mechanism is fully reversible and requires only the most basic properties of cell membranes. Our findings underscore the generality of pulsed infrared stimulation and its medical potential.
The Electrocardiogram as an Example of Electrostatics (1973)

The relationship of the electrocardiogram (EKG) to the charge distribution in the heart provides an interesting example of electrostatics for a general physics course. The qualitative features of the EKG can be explained by a simple electrostatic model which ignores the electrical conconductivity of the body. This model is developed and used to explain some EKG patterns.
Formal module level specifications (1977)

SSL (Software Specification Language) is part of the growing shift of emphasis in software engineering from the latter software development phases to the earlier ones. The purpose of the language is to aid in the process of decomposing functions into subfunctions or, equivalently, systems into subsystems and modules. A formal description of the syntax and semantics exists which has enabled the construction of an automatic translator. The translator makes a series of nontrivial consistency checks based primarily on a system flow model that is assumed to exist apart from the SSL description. The essence of the flow model is captured implicitly by several features within the language.
Potentials of two-photon based 3-D optical memories for high performance computing (1990)

The advent of optoelectronic computers and highly parallel electronic processors has brought about a need for storage systems with enormous memory capacity and memory bandwidth. These demands cannot be met with current memory technologies (i.e., semiconductor, magnetic, or optical disk) without having the memory system completely dominate the processors in terms of the overall cost, power consumption, volume, and weight. As a solution, we propose an optical volume memory based on the two-photon effect which allows for high density and parallel access. In addition, the two-photon 3-D memory system has the advantages of having high capacity and throughput which may overcome the disadvantages of current memories.
Autonomic and motor neuron death is progressive and parallel in a lumbosacral ventral root avulsion model of cauda equina injury (2003)

Injuries to the cauda equina of the spinal cord result in autonomic and motor neuron dysfunction. We developed a rodent lumbosacral ventral root avulsion injury model of cauda equina injury to investigate the lesion effect in the spinal cord. We studied the retrograde effects of a unilateral L5-S2 ventral root avulsion on efferent preganglionic parasympathetic neurons (PPNs) and pelvic motoneurons in the L6 and S1 segments at 1, 2, 4, and 6 weeks postoperatively in the adult male rat. We used Fluoro-Gold-prelabeling techniques, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative stereologic analysis to show an injury-induced progressive and parallel death of PPNs and motoneurons. At 6 weeks after injury, only 22% of PPNs and 16% of motoneurons remained. Furthermore, of the neurons that survived at 6 weeks, the soma volume was reduced by 25% in PPNs and 50% in motoneurons. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) protein was expressed in only 30% of PPNs, but 80% of motoneurons remaining at 1 week postoperatively, suggesting early differential effects between these two neuronal types. However, all remaining PPNs and motoneurons were ChAT positive at 4 weeks postoperatively. Nuclear condensation and cleaved caspase-3 were detected in axotomized PPNs and motoneurons, suggesting apoptosis as a contributing mechanism of the neural death. We conclude that lumbosacral ventral root avulsions progressively deplete autonomic and motor neurons. The findings suggest that early neuroprotection will be an important consideration in future attempts of treating acute cauda equina injuries.
Immunomodulatory effects in mice of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid complexed with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose. (1985)

In this report, we describe the immunomodulatory characteristics of poly(I,C)-LC, a synthetic, double-stranded nucleic acid polymer, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, that is complexed with poly-L-lysine and solubilized by the addition of carboxymethylcellulose. We consistently observed, both in vitro and in vivo, stimulation of macrophage cytotoxicity and augmentation of natural killer-cell activity by poly(I,C)-LC. This immunomodulator also increased the allogeneic mixed-lymphocyte response, without any blastogenic effect on responder cells cultured in the absence of allogeneic stimulator cells. Further, the addition of poly(I,C)-LC to an allogeneic mixed-lymphocyte tumor reaction did not stimulate the development of cytotoxic effector T-cells. Poly(I,C)-LC did, however, have adjuvant activity when admixed with irradiated tumor cells in the immunization of syngeneic mice. Unlike classic adjuvants, poly(I,C)-LC also enhanced the development of specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes when it was injected either i.v. or i.p. in conjunction with a vaccine delivered at an intradermal site. The results indicate that poly(I,C)-LC has considerable potential as an immunotherapeutic agent, with the ability not only to induce macrophage and NK cell activation but also to stimulate specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.
Chemically induced premature mitosis: differential response in rodent and human cells and the relationship to cyclin B synthesis and p34cdc2/cyclin B complex formation. (1991)

Normal eukaryotic cells do not initiate mitosis until DNA replication has been completed. This requirement can be bypassed by exposing cells to certain chemicals. We report here that chemically induced premature mitosis is not readily achieved in all mammalian species. Although hamster cells underwent premature mitosis following treatment with caffeine, the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid, and the protein kinase inhibitors 2-aminopurine and 6-dimethyl-aminopurine, the mouse and human cells examined in this study displayed little or no response to any of these compounds. Differences in cell permeability or metabolism could not account for the species specificity of these drugs, because other biochemical and mitosis-promoting activities were apparent in human cells. Cell-type specificity can be explained, however, by the timing of cyclin B synthesis and p34cdc2/cyclin B complex formation during the cell cycle. Synthesis of cyclin B and formation of a p34cdc2/cyclin B complex, both of which are required for initiation of mitosis, were prevalent in hamster cells arrested in S phase but were absent or barely detectable in arrested human cells. In hamster cells, the hyperphosphorylated form of p34cdc2 was complexed with cyclin B and underwent tyrosine dephosphorylation during caffeine-induced premature mitosis. These findings indicate that the onset of mitosis is regulated somewhat differently among mammalian cell types and that these differences affect the vulnerability of cells to drug-induced mitotic aberrations and cytogenetic damage.
Late estrus or metestrus insemination after estrual inseminations decreases farrowing rate and litter size in swine. (1997)

A study was conducted with 360 gilts and sows from four herds to determine whether fertility was affected when the final of multiple inseminations was performed in late estrus or metestrus (late insemination). Sows and gilts were inseminated at 24-h intervals immediately after the detection of estrus. After receiving a first insemination, females were paired according to parity and estrus status on d 2 of estrus. Each pair set was inseminated with extended semen from the same semen collection(s). Control females were inseminated once on d 1 if they were not in estrus on d 2 (n = 31) or on both days if they were in estrus on d 2 (n = 149). Late inseminated females in each pair were managed and inseminated in the same manner as control females and then inseminated again 24 h later regardless of estrus status. Overall reproductive performance was similar among the four herds. Late insemination caused a drop in farrowing rate in parity 1 and 2 females (23 and 22%; P < .05 and P < .01, respectively) and average litter size decreased by 1.1 pigs per litter (P < .05) regardless of parity. There were no differences in either litter size or farrowing rate between late inseminated females in estrus and those that were in metestrus at the time of their last insemination.
Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS)-Containing Polymer Nanocomposites (2012)

Hybrid materials with superior structural and functional properties can be obtained by incorporating nanofillers into polymer matrices. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles have attracted much attention recently due to their nanometer size, the ease of which these particles can be incorporated into polymeric materials and the unique capability to reinforce polymers. We review here the state of POSS-containing polymer nanocomposites. We discuss the influence of the incorporation of POSS into polymer matrices via chemical cross-linking or physical blending on the structure of nanocomposites, as affected by surface functional groups, and the POSS concentration.
Novel 3‘,5‘-Cyclic Nucleotide Analogue:  Adenosine 3‘,5‘-Cyclic Boranomonophosphate (2001)

A general procedure for the first synthesis of a 3',5'-cyclic boranomonophosphate was established. Specifically, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic boranomonophosphosphate (cyclic AMPB, 4c), a P-borane (BH(3)) analogue of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), was synthesized via a phosphite approach in good yield. The method is also applicable for syntheses of natural cAMP and its phosphorothioate analogue. The two diasteromers of cyclic AMPB 4c were separated, and their chemical structures were established via spectroscopic methods.
Aurora B expression directly correlates with prostate cancer malignancy and influence prostate cell proliferation (2005)

Our data are the first demonstration of a role of Aurora B in PC progression. In addition, the observation that Aurora B specific inhibitors interfere with PC cell proliferation but not with that of non-transformed prostate epithelial cells suggest that Aurora B is a potential therapeutic target for PC.
Differential diagnosis of cutaneous carcinomas by infrared spectral micro-imaging combined with pattern recognition (2009)

Non-melanoma skin cancer includes basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and Bowen's disease. The differential diagnosis of these lesions is sometimes difficult and relies on the histopathological examination of surgical specimens. However, a precise differential diagnosis is crucial for an accurate therapy and thus better patient care. FTIR spectral micro-imaging was applied directly on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of non-melanoma skin cancers. Chemometric and multivariate statistical analyses were developed to generate an automated IR-based histology without any chemical dewaxing. Different prediction models were developed using linear discriminant analysis combined with data reduction by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) or by wavenumber selection using statistical tests or genetic algorithms. Pseudo-colour maps were reconstructed and compared to conventional histology procedures. High correlation was obtained between the prediction maps and the histology which proves the great potential of FTIR spectroscopy for the differential diagnosis of skin carcinomas.