gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent progress in semiconductor excitable lasers for photonic spike processing (2016)

Recently, there has been tremendous interest in excitable optoelectronic devices and in particular excitable semiconductor lasers that could potentially enable unconventional processing approaches beyond conventional binary-logic-based approaches. In parallel, there has been renewed investigation of non-von Neumann architectures driven in part by incipient limitations in aspects of Moore&#x2019;s law. These neuromorphic architectures attempt to decentralize processing by interweaving interconnection with computing while simultaneously incorporating time-resolved dynamics, loosely classified as spiking (a.k.a. excitability). The rapid and efficient advances in CMOS-compatible photonic interconnect technologies have led to opportunities in optics and photonics for unconventional circuits and systems. Effort in the budding research field of photonic spike processing aims to synergistically integrate the underlying physics of photonics with bio-inspired processing. Lasers operating in the excitable regime are dynamically analogous with the spiking dynamics observed in neuron biophysics but roughly 8 orders of magnitude faster. The field is reaching a critical juncture at which there is a shift from studying single devices to studying an interconnected network of lasers. In this paper, we review the recent research in the information processing abilities of such lasers, dubbed &#x201C;photonic neurons,&#x201D; &#x201C;laser neurons,&#x201D; or &#x201C;optical neurons.&#x201D; An integrated network of such lasers on a chip could potentially grant the capacity for complex, ultrafast categorization and decision making to provide a range of computing and signal processing applications, such as sensing and manipulating the radio frequency spectrum and for hypersonic aircraft control.
Magnetic resonance diffusion imaging of the human cervical spinal cord in vivo (1999)

Knowledge of water diffusion characteristics within the human spinal cord may provide important information about the structural nature of spinal cord pathology. However, the sensitivity of diffusion imaging methods to motion and the requirement for high in-plane resolution has hitherto restricted study of spinal cord diffusion to excised samples. The first diffusion images of the human cervical spinal cord in vivo are presented using a navigated pulsed-gradient spin-echo sequence. Anisotropic diffusion in the cord is demonstrated in agreement with in vitro studies, and further development of the technique for clinical studies is discussed.
A periodic switching diversity technique for a digital FM land mobile radio (1978)

A simple and efficient diversity technique is proposed for use in a digital FM land mobile radio communication system. This technique receives two RF signals periodically by switching two antenna branches at a rate moderately higher than the bit rate. The improved bit error rate (BER) performance resulting from the use of diversity is shown to be the effect of transforming the probability density function of the signal energy per bit to noise power density ratio to a sharper distribution. Laboratory simulation test results show that in a Manchester-coded frequency-shift keying (FSK) system with a bit rate of 600 bit/s and a frequency deviation of ±5 kHz, the diversity gain at an average BER of 1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> is about 10 dB for an optimum switching rate of about 2 kHz. This diversity improvement is also verified by the field test performed in a suburban area.
Recovery of transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants from elite cultivars utilizing ACCELL® technology (1994)

Summary Transgenic plants of Florunner and Florigiant, two of the most widely cultivated peanut cultivars in the USA, have been developed using the ACCELL® gene delivery method. Shoot meristems of mature embryonic axes were bombarded with gold beads coated with DNA encoding β‐glucuronidase ( gus ), phosphinothricin acetyl transferase ( bar ), and tomato spotted wilt virus‐nucleocapsid protein ( tswv‐np ) genes. Transgenic shoots were identified by screening for GUS activity, and independent transformants were recovered from both cultivars. Molecular analysis of two of these transformants in R 0 and R 1 generations demonstrated the stable integration of the foreign genes into the plant genome. One transgenic plant had one to two copies of the genes integrated into the genome of its progeny, whereas the other had multiple copies. Gus and bar genes exhibited predictable segregation ratios in the R 1 and R 2 generations and were genetically linked. Integration of the bar gene conferred resistance to BASTA TM , a wide‐spectrum herbicide, applied at 500 p.p.m. of active ingredient. Resistance of the transgenic plants to tomato spotted wilt virus is currently being tested under greenhouse conditions. The ACCELL® particle bombardment system is expected to be effective for transformation of a wide variety of commercial peanut cultivars.
Collapse of single DNA molecule in poly(ethylene glycol) solutions (1995)

The compactization of a single DNA molecule in polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. A theory is proposed taking into account the polyelectrolyte effect and redistribution of PEG within DNA coils. This approach makes it possible to describe the dependence of critical value, c, of PEG concentration at the point of DNA collapse on the degree of PEG polymerization, P, and on the concentration of low-molecular salt, ns. Observation of single DNA molecule in solution of PEG has been carried out by means of fluorescence microscopy which allows one to observe the conformation of individual DNA directly. Direct evidence that the coil–globule transition of DNA occurs as first order phase transition was obtained. It was confirmed that the critical concentration of PEG decreases with an increase of the degree of PEG polymerization and salt concentration. The width of the coexistence region of coil and globule was found to be dependent on salt concentration and degree of polymerization of PEG. It was found that DNA undergoes re-entrant globule–coil transition in concentrated solution of high-molecular weight PEG. These experimental results correspond well to the theoretical predictions.
The cost of conformational order: entropy changes in molecular associations (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe cost of conformational order: entropy changes in molecular associationsMark S. Searle and Dudley H. WilliamsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 27, 10690–10697Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00053a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00053a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1760Altmetric-Citations294LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Levels of bimatoprost acid in the aqueous humour after bimatoprost treatment of patients with cataract (2006)

Low levels of bimatoprost acid were detected in aqueous humour samples from patients with cataract treated with a single dose of bimatoprost. Latanoprost acid concentrations in samples from patients treated with latanoprost were at least sixfold higher. These results suggest that bimatoprost acid in the aqueous humour does not sufficiently account for the ocular hypotensive efficacy of bimatoprost.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-γ Co-activator 1α-mediated Metabolic Remodeling of Skeletal Myocytes Mimics Exercise Training and Reverses Lipid-induced Mitochondrial Inefficiency (2005)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1alpha (PGC1alpha) is a promiscuous co-activator that plays a key role in regulating mitochondrial biogenesis and fuel homeostasis. Emergent evidence links decreased skeletal muscle PGC1alpha activity and coincident impairments in mitochondrial performance to the development of insulin resistance in humans. Here we used rodent models to demonstrate that muscle mitochondrial efficiency is compromised by diet-induced obesity and is subsequently rescued by exercise training. Chronic high fat feeding caused accelerated rates of incomplete fatty acid oxidation and accumulation of beta-oxidative intermediates. The capacity of muscle mitochondria to fully oxidize a heavy influx of fatty acid depended on factors such as fiber type and exercise training and was positively correlated with expression levels of PGC1alpha. Likewise, an efficient lipid-induced substrate switch in cultured myocytes depended on adenovirus-mediated increases in PGC1alpha expression. Our results supported a novel paradigm in which a high lipid supply, occurring under conditions of low PGC1alpha, provokes a disconnect between mitochondrial beta-oxidation and tricarboxylic acid cycle activity. Conversely, the metabolic remodeling that occurred in response to PGC1alpha overexpression favored a shift from incomplete to complete beta-oxidation. We proposed that PGC1alpha enables muscle mitochondria to better cope with a high lipid load, possibly reflecting a fundamental metabolic benefit of exercise training.
Enantioselective Olefin Metathesis with Cyclometalated Ruthenium Complexes (2014)

The success of enantioselective olefin metathesis relies on the design of enantioenriched alkylidene complexes capable of transferring stereochemical information from the catalyst structure to the reactants. Cyclometalation of the NHC ligand has proven to be a successful strategy to incorporate stereogenic atoms into the catalyst structure. Enantioenriched complexes incorporating this design element catalyze highly Z- and enantioselective asymmetric ring opening/cross metathesis (AROCM) of norbornenes and cyclobutenes, and the difference in ring strain between these two substrates leads to different propagating species in the catalytic cycle. Asymmetric ring closing metathesis (ARCM) of a challenging class of prochiral trienes has also been achieved. The extent of reversibility and effect of reaction setup was also explored. Finally, promising levels of enantioselectivity in an unprecedented Z-selective asymmetric cross metathesis (ACM) of a prochiral 1,4-diene was demonstrated.
IFN-γ Production during Initial Infection Determines the Outcome of Reinfection with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (2007)

IFN-gamma production during primary RSV infection is critical to the development of protection against AHR and lung histopathology on reinfection. Provision of IFN-gamma during primary infection in infancy may be a potential therapeutic approach to alter the course of RSV-mediated long-term sequelae.
Influence on Stability in Escherichia coli of the Carboxy-Terminal Structure of Cloned Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase (1986)

We have cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli a section of the Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MLV) pol gene which includes the entire coding region of mature reverse transcriptase (RT) plus 284 additional base pairs 3' to the coding region (Kotewicz et al., 1985). To prepare cloned Mo-MLV RT as close as possible to authentic RT in structure and activity, the universal terminator sequence GC(TTAA)3GC was introduced at a number of positions inside and outside the RT coding region within 200 nucleotides of its 3' end. The level of RT activity expressed from these constructs varied sevenfold. This variation was found to be directly related to the stability of the RT protein products in the E. coli K-12 strain K802; half-lives varied from 2 to 35 min. The stability of most of the RT proteins was not increased in E. coli K802 lon- cells, with the exception of two, whose half-lives were increased by a factor of two.
Aminoglycoside (Neomycin) Preference Is for A-Form Nucleic Acids, Not Just RNA:  Results from a Competition Dialysis Study (2003)

Aminoglycosides have been at the forefront of antimicrobial therapy for the past 50 years. Their specificity is believed to lie in binding duplex RNAs (rRNA). Competition dialysis studies of various nucleic acid forms with 9-aminoacridine, quinacrine, and a neomycin-acridine conjugate were carried out. Our results suggest a strong preference for aminoglycoside binding to nucleic acids that can adopt an A-type conformation. These results challenge the common belief that aminoglycoside specificity is simply for duplex RNAs.
Shape-constraint as a route to calcite single crystals with complex morphologies (2004)

Sponge-like polymer membranes, formed by templating sea urchin skeletal plates, were used as an environment in which to precipitate calcium carbonate. Using double diffusion conditions and under a specific range of reagent concentrations single crystals of calcite with sponge-like morphologies were precipitated, whose form was dictated by the confines of the polymer membrane. Investigation of the mechanism of formation of these particles showed that both templated calcite and vaterite particles nucleated at early times, but that the proportion of vaterite present decreased with time due to dissolution and reprecipitation as calcite. All evidence suggests that the templated calcite single crystals grew in the absence of an amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) precursor phase, demonstrating that the presence of ACC is not a necessary prerequisite to the formation of single crystals of calcite with complex morphologies.
Understanding in Vivo Benzenoid Metabolism in Petunia Petal Tissue (2004)

In vivo stable isotope labeling and computer-assisted metabolic flux analysis were used to investigate the metabolic pathways in petunia (Petunia hybrida) cv Mitchell leading from Phe to benzenoid compounds, a process that requires the shortening of the side chain by a C(2) unit. Deuterium-labeled Phe ((2)H(5)-Phe) was supplied to excised petunia petals. The intracellular pools of benzenoid/phenylpropanoid-related compounds (intermediates and end products) as well as volatile end products within the floral bouquet were analyzed for pool sizes and labeling kinetics by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Modeling of the benzenoid network revealed that both the CoA-dependent, beta-oxidative and CoA-independent, non-beta-oxidative pathways contribute to the formation of benzenoid compounds in petunia flowers. The flux through the CoA-independent, non-beta-oxidative pathway with benzaldehyde as a key intermediate was estimated to be about 2 times higher than the flux through the CoA-dependent, beta-oxidative pathway. Modeling of (2)H(5)-Phe labeling data predicted that in addition to benzaldehyde, benzylbenzoate is an intermediate between l-Phe and benzoic acid. Benzylbenzoate is the result of benzoylation of benzyl alcohol, for which activity was detected in petunia petals. A cDNA encoding a benzoyl-CoA:benzyl alcohol/phenylethanol benzoyltransferase was isolated from petunia cv Mitchell using a functional genomic approach. Biochemical characterization of a purified recombinant benzoyl-CoA:benzyl alcohol/phenylethanol benzoyltransferase protein showed that it can produce benzylbenzoate and phenylethyl benzoate, both present in petunia corollas, with similar catalytic efficiencies.
The Duration of Nuclear Residence of NFAT Determines the Pattern of Cytokine Expression in Human SCID T Cells (2000)

The expression of cytokine genes and other inducible genes is crucially dependent on the pattern and duration of signal transduction events that activate transcription factor binding to DNA. Two infant patients with SCID and a severe defect in T cell activation displayed an aberrant regulation of the transcription factor NFAT. Whereas the expression levels of the NFAT family members NFAT1, -2, and -4 were normal in the patients' T cells, dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of these NFAT proteins occurred very transiently and incompletely upon stimulation. Only after inhibition of nuclear export with leptomycin B were we able to demonstrate a modest degree of nuclear translocation in the patients' T cells. This transient activation of NFAT was not sufficient to induce the expression of several cytokines, including IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, and IFN-gamma, whereas mRNA levels for macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, GM-CSF, and IL-13 were only moderately reduced. By limiting the time of NFAT activation in normal control cells using the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A, we were able to mimic the cytokine expression pattern in SCID T cells, suggesting that the expression of different cytokine genes is differentially regulated by the duration of NFAT residence in the nucleus.
Immature cortical neurons are uniquely sensitive to glutamate toxicity by inhibition of cystine uptake (1990)

Using the N18-RE-105 neuroblastoma X retina cell line, we previously described Ca2(+)-dependent quisqualate-type glutamate toxicity caused by the inhibition of high-affinity cystine uptake, leading to glutathione depletion and accumulation of cellular oxidants. We now demonstrate that primary cultures of rat cortical neurons (E17; 24-72 h in culture), but not glia, also degenerate when exposed to culture medium with reduced cystine or containing competitive inhibitors of cystine uptake, including glutamate. At this developmental stage, neurotoxicity did not occur as a consequence of continuous exposure to glutamate receptor subtype agonists, N-methyl-D-aspartate, kainate, or 2(RS)-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate. However, those that inhibited neuronal cystine uptake--quisqualate, glutamate, homocysteate, beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid, and ibotenate--were neurotoxic. Toxicity related to quisqualate did not correlate with the development of quisqualate-stimulated phosphatidylinositol turnover. The toxic potencies of glutamate, quisqualate, and homocysteate were inversely proportional to the concentration of cystine in the medium, suggesting that they competitively inhibit cystine uptake. Autoradiographic analysis of the cellular localization of L-[35S]cystine uptake indicated that embryonic neurons have a high-affinity transport system that is sensitive to quisqualate, whereas non-neuronal cells in the same cultures have a low-affinity system that is insensitive to quisqualate but potently blocked by D-aspartate and glutamate. Exposure to glutamate or homocysteate resulted in a time-dependent depletion of the cellular antioxidant glutathione. The centrally acting antioxidant idebenone and alpha-tocopherol completely blocked the neurotoxicity resulting from glutamate exposure. We propose that competitive inhibition of cystine transport and reduction of extracellular cystine levels result in neuronal cell death due to accumulation of cellular oxidants.
Anabolic signaling deficits underlie amino acid resistance of wasting, aging muscle (2004)

The nature of the deficit underlying age-related muscle wasting remains controversial. To test whether it could be due to a poor anabolic response to dietary amino acids, we measured the rates of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in 44 healthy young and old men, of similar body build, after ingesting different amounts of essential amino acids (EAA). Basal rates of MPS were indistinguishable, but the elderly showed less anabolic sensitivity and responsiveness of MPS to EAA, possibly due to decreased intramuscular expression, and activation (phosphorylation) after EAA, of amino acid sensing/signaling proteins (mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR; p70 S6 kinase, or p70(S6k); eukaryotic initiation factor [eIF]4BP-1; and eIF2B). The effects were independent of insulin signaling since plasma insulin was clamped at basal values. Associated with the anabolic deficits were marked increases in NFkappaB, the inflammation-associated transcription factor. These results demonstrate first, EAA stimulate MPS independently of increased insulin availability; second, in the elderly, a deficit in MPS in the basal state is unlikely; and third, the decreased sensitivity and responsiveness of MPS to EAA, associated with decrements in the expression and activation of components of anabolic signaling pathways, are probably major contributors to the failure of muscle maintenance in the elderly. Countermeasures to maximize muscle maintenance should target these deficits.
Wild-type p53 is a cell cycle checkpoint determinant following irradiation. (1992)

Cell cycle checkpoints appear to contribute to an increase in cell survival and a decrease in abnormal heritable genetic changes following exposure to DNA damaging agents. Though several radiation-sensitive yeast mutants have been identified, little is known about the genes that control these responses in mammalian cells. Recent studies from our laboratory have demonstrated a close correlation between expression of wild-type p53 genes in human hematopoietic cells and their ability to arrest in G1 phase after certain types of DNA damage. In the present study, this correlation was first generalized to nonhematopoietic mammalian cells as well. A cause and effect relationship between expression of wild-type p53 and the G1 arrest that occurs after gamma irradiation was then established by demonstrating (i) acquisition of the G1 arrest after gamma irradiation following transfection of wild-type p53 genes into cells lacking endogenous p53 genes and (ii) loss of the G1 arrest after irradiation following transfection of mutant p53 genes into cells with wild-type endogenous p53 genes. A defined role for p53 (the most commonly mutated gene in human cancers) in a physiologic pathway has, to our knowledge, not been reported previously. Furthermore, these experiments illustrate one way in which a mutant p53 gene product can function in a "dominant negative" manner. Participation of p53 in this pathway suggests a mechanism for the contribution of abnormalities in p53 to tumorigenesis and genetic instability and provides a useful model for studies of the molecular mechanisms of p53 involvement in controlling the cell cycle.
H5N1 Moves Into Africa, European Union, Deepening Global Crisis (2006)

Global anxiety over the H5N1 avian influenza strain ratcheted up several notches last week. European Union authorities called an urgent meeting after the virus was found in dead swans in Italy, Greece, Slovenia, and Austria, the first E.U. countries to be affected, and in Bulgaria. Even more disconcerting, H5N1 has gained a firm foothold on a third continent, Africa, where fighting it will be an uphill battle. By press time, avian influenza had hit poultry farms in at least three states in northern Nigeria. Meanwhile, scientists are puzzled by the apparent lack of evolution of the virus as it hops from continent to continent.
Risk Factor Associations With the Presence of a Lipid Core in Carotid Plaque of Asymptomatic Individuals Using High-Resolution MRI (2008)

In persons with thickened carotid walls, plasma total cholesterol, but not other established coronary heart disease risk factors, is strongly associated with lipid core presence by MRI. High total cholesterol may be associated with rupture proneness of atherosclerotic lesions in the general population.