gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Disparate Effects of Thyroid Hormone on Actions of Epidermal Growth Factor and Transforming Growth Factor-α Are Mediated by 3′,5′-Cyclic Adenosine 5′-Monophosphate-Dependent Protein Kinase II (2003)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and TGFalpha share the same plasma membrane receptor. In the present studies in HeLa cells, both EGF and TGFalpha caused MAPK (ERK1/2) activation and expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos. Thyroid hormone (T(4)) nongenomically enhanced EGF- and TGFalpha-induced MAPK activation. This T(4) action was duplicated by T(4)-agarose and blocked by tetraiodothyroacetic acid, which inhibits binding of T(4) to plasma membranes. TGFalpha-induced MAPK activation was potentiated by 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8-Br-cAMP) but not 8-chloro-cyclic adenosine monophosphate. TGFalpha, T(4), and 8-Br-cAMP each caused protein kinase A (PKA) II serine phosphorylation, whereas phosphorylation of PKA-II was not seen in cells treated with EGF or 8-chloro-cyclic adenosine monophosphate. In a PKA activity assay, the enzyme was stimulated by T(4), EGF, and TGFalpha; T(4) enhanced the effect of TGFalpha but not that of EGF. T(4), although it potentiated c-fos gene expression in EGF-treated cells, suppressed this effect in cells treated with TGFalpha. Cells exposed to 8-Br-cAMP also inhibited TGFalpha-stimulated c-fos expression. Studies of cell proliferation indicated that T(4) potentiated EGF action but inhibited that effect in TGFalpha-treated cells. The disparate effects of T(4) on actions of EGF and TGFalpha, which share the same cell surface receptor, are mediated by hormone phosphorylation and activation of PKA-II.
CD45-Positive Blood Cells Give Rise to Uterine Epithelial Cells in Mice (2007)

The uterine endometrium is composed of epithelial and stromal cells, which undergo extensive degeneration and regeneration in every estrous cycle, and dramatic changes occur during pregnancy. The high turnover of cells requires a correspondingly high level of cell division by progenitor cells in the uterus, but the character and source of these cells remain obscure. In the present study, using a novel transgenic mouse, we showed that CD45-positive hematopoietic progenitor cells colonize the uterine epithelium and that in pregnancy more than 80% of the epithelium can derive from these cells. Since we also found green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive uterine endothelial cells in long-term GFP bone marrow-transplanted mice, we conclude that circulating CD45+ cells play an important role in regenerating the uterine epithelium.
An Island in the Net: Domain Naming and English Administrative Law, 15 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 493 (1997) (1997)

The United Kingdom's system for assigning domain names is privately run and follows some Internet standard for assignments and revocations. However, there are some internal restrictions that reflect the policy of accommodating existing domains and avoiding DNS lock up, which might occur with badly configured domain name servers. Nominet does not easily fit into definitions of a private function since it does have some public characteristics. In addition, no British counterpart to the Internet Service OC exists. The policies followed by Nominet in allocating domain names reflects conventions established prior to its existence. These policies do not appear to take into account the difficulties faced by NSI in relation to disputes between trademarks and domain names, which have led to comprehensive domain disputes. A public body is constrained in what it can do by the powers which have been conferred upon it. Governmental intervention would be justified in the event of market failure or to prevent behavior that would undermine the market and cause harmful externalities. Given the lack of a dispute-resolution mechanism within the Internet structure at present, litigants are turning to national courts for the resolution of their Internet-related disputes. An application for judicial review should be available to the Internet community. However, judicial review should also take in consideration the Internet is a new form of human organization, and regulations should reflect Internet community needs.
Protein Turnover in Skeletal Muscle (1969)

To determine the mechanism by which denervation leads to atrophy of skeletal muscle, the fate of previously labeled protein was studied in denervated and contralateral control muscles of hypophysectomized rats.To label muscle proteins, a single injection of aH-leucine was given to the animals 2 days prior to section of the sciatic nerve.On subsequent days, the animals received unlabeled leucine and a high protein diet.Protein degradative rates were estimated from the disappearance of radioactivity from muscle proteins.Protein synthetic rates were estimated from the decrease in specific activity of these proteins, caused by the dilution of labeled proteins with newly synthesized (unlabeled) material.Ten days after denervation, atrophic muscles contained less total radioactivity than contralateral controls.This result suggests increased protein degradation.Nevertheless, the specific activity of muscle proteins remained unchanged.Protein synthesis therefore must also have decreased following nerve section.The loss of muscle weight following denervation appeared to be directly proportional to the increase in protein degradation.The increase in catabolism of myofibrillar proteins was especially marked, and this tinding accounts for the relative loss of myofibrillar material in the denervated muscles.Analogous experiments were carried out to determine the mechanisms through which cortisone induces muscle atrophy.Two days after injection of labeled leucine, animals received daily injections of cortisone acetate (10 mg per day) or 0.9% sodium chloride solution.Cortisone caused marked atrophy of the plantaris muscle.Although the hormone decreased appreciably the amount of labeled proteins per muscle, it did not alter their specific activity.Thus cortisone both increased protein degradation and decreased protein synthesis.In contrast to denervatioa atrophy, cortisone-atrophy affected the breakdown of myofibrillar and soluble proteins similarly.Cortisone did not cause appreciable loss of weight of the soleus muscle, in which the hormone did not significantly increase protein degradation.However, upon dener-
Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in the matter-dominated universe (2014)

In 1914, Planck introduced the concept of a white body. In nature, no true white bodies are known. We assume that the universe after last-scattering is an ideal white body that contains a tremendously large number of thermal photons and is at an extremely high temperature. Bose-Einstein condensation of photons in an ideal white body is investigated within the framework of quantum statistical mechanism. The computation shows that the transition temperature $T_c$ is a monotonically increasing function of the number density $n$ of photons. At finite temperature, we find that the condensate fraction $N_0(T)/N$ decreases continuously from unity to zero as the temperature increases from zero to the transition temperature $T_c$. Further, we study the radiation properties of an ideal white body. It is found that in the condensation region of $T
Structure-Function Analysis of Human Glucose-6-phosphatase, the Enzyme Deficient in Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1a (1995)

Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) is the enzyme deficient in glycogen storage disease type 1a, an autosomal recessive disorder. We have previously identified six mutations in the G6Pase gene of glycogen storage disease type 1a patients and demonstrated that these mutations abolished or greatly reduced enzymatic activity of G6Pase, a hydrophobic protein of 357 amino acids. Of these, four mutations (R83C, R295C, G222R, and Q347X) are missense and one (Q347X) generates a truncated G6Pase of 346 residues. To further understand the roles and structural requirements of amino acids 83, 222, 295, and those at the carboxyl terminus in G6Pase catalysis, we characterized mutant G6Pases generated by near-saturation mutagenesis of the aforementioned amino acids. Substitution of Arg-83 with amino acids of diverse structures including Lys, a conservative change, yielded mutant G6Pase with no enzymatic activity. On the other hand, substitution of Arg-295 with Lys (R295K) retained high activity, and R295N, R295S, and R295Q exhibited moderate activity. All other substitutions of Arg-295 had no G6Pase activity, suggesting that the role of Arg-295 is to stabilize the protein either by salt bridge or hydrogen-bond formation. Substitution of Gly-222, however, remained functional unless a basic (Arg or Lys), acidic (Asp), or large polar (Gln) residue was introduced, consistent with the hydrophobic requirement of codon 222, which is predicted to be in the fourth membrane-spanning domain. It is possible that Arg-83 is involved in stabilizing the enzyme (His)-phosphate intermediate formed during G6Pase catalysis. There exist 9 conserved His residues in human G6Pase. His-9, His-119, His-252, and His-353 reside on the same side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane as Arg-83. Whereas H119A mutant G6Pase had no enzymatic activity, H9A, H252A, and H353A mutant G6Pases retained significant activity. Substitution of His-119 with amino acids of diverse structures also yielded mutant G6Pase with no activity, suggesting that His-119 is the phosphate acceptor in G6Pase catalysis. We also present data demonstrating that the carboxyl-terminal 8 residues in human G6Pase are not essential for G6Pase catalysis.
F-12509A, a New Sphingosine Kinase Inhibitor, Produced by a Discomycete. (2000)

In the course of our screening for inhibitors of sphingosine kinase, we found an active compound from a culture broth of a discomycete, Trichopezizella barbata SANK 25395. The structure of the compound, named F-12509A, was elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic analyses, to be a new sesquiterpene quinone consisting of a drimane moiety and a dihydroxybenzoquinone. Enzyme kinetic analyses showed that F-12509A inhibits sphingosine kinase activity in a competitive manner with respect to sphingosine, with a Ki value of 18 microM.
The Biopsied Donor Liver: Incorporating Macrosteatosis Into High-Risk Donor Assessment (2010)

To expand the donor liver pool, ways are sought to better define the limits of marginally transplantable organs. The Donor Risk Index (DRI) lists 7 donor characteristics, together with cold ischemia time and location of the donor, as risk factors for graft failure. We hypothesized that donor hepatic steatosis is an additional independent risk factor. We analyzed the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients for all adult liver transplants performed from October 1, 2003, through February 6, 2008, with grafts from deceased donors to identify donor characteristics and procurement logistics parameters predictive of decreased graft survival. A proportional hazard model of donor variables, including percent steatosis from higher-risk donors, was created with graft survival as the primary outcome. Of 21,777 transplants, 5051 donors had percent macrovesicular steatosis recorded on donor liver biopsy. Compared to the 16,726 donors with no recorded liver biopsy, the donors with biopsied livers had a higher DRI, were older and more obese, and a higher percentage died from anoxia or stroke than from head trauma. The donors whose livers were biopsied became our study group. Factors most strongly associated with graft failure at 1 year after transplantation with livers from this high-risk donor group were donor age, donor liver macrovesicular steatosis, cold ischemia time, and donation after cardiac death status. In conclusion, in a high-risk donor group, macrovesicular steatosis is an independent risk factor for graft survival, along with other factors of the DRI including donor age, donor race, donation after cardiac death status, and cold ischemia time.
Rapid Quantitation of Recombinant Retroviruses (1994)

A method for measuring the concentration of recombinant retrovirus encoding the Escherichia coli LacZ gene is described. The assay is based on the quantitative measurement of beta-galactosidase activity in extracts of cells infected with the LacZ-encoding retrovirus. LacZ-encoded beta-galactosidase activity in transduced cells is measured using the colorimetric substrate, o-nitrophenyl beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), and the results are read using an ELISA plate-reader. Because the entire assay is performed in a 96-well plate, large numbers of samples are easily measured, and the assay has the advantages of rapidity, precision, and ease of data collection. The assay was used to determine the optimal concentration of polybrene, a polycation known to enhance the infectivity of retroviruses, and can be used to evaluate other factors that affect infection, as well as the optimal conditions for production of the recombinant retrovirus.
c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Regulates Soluble Aβ Oligomers and Cognitive Impairment in AD Mouse Model (2011)

Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment that starts with memory loss to end in dementia. Loss of synapses and synaptic dysfunction are closely associated with cognitive impairment in AD patients. Biochemical and pathological evidence suggests that soluble Aβ oligomers correlate with cognitive impairment. Here, we used the TgCRND8 AD mouse model to investigate the role of JNK in long term memory deficits. TgCRND8 mice were chronically treated with the cell-penetrating c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor peptide (D-JNKI1). D-JNKI1, preventing JNK action, completely rescued memory impairments (behavioral studies) as well as the long term potentiation deficits of TgCRND8 mice. Moreover, D-JNKI1 inhibited APP phosphorylation in Thr-668 and reduced the amyloidogenic cleavage of APP and Aβ oligomers in brain parenchyma of treated mice. In conclusion, by regulating key pathogenic mechanisms of AD, JNK might hold promise as innovative therapeutic target.
Synthetic copolymer 1 inhibits human T-cell lines specific for myelin basic protein. (1992)

Copolymer 1 (Cop 1) is a synthetic basic random copolymer of amino acids that has been shown to be effective in suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and has been proposed as a candidate drug for multiple sclerosis. Cop 1 is immunologically cross reactive with myelin basic protein (BP) and was shown to inhibit murine BP-specific T-cell lines of various H-2 restrictions. In the present study these findings were extended to include human T-cell lines. Cop 1 competitively inhibited the proliferative responses and interleukin 2 secretion of six BP-specific T-cell lines and 13 clones with several DR restrictions and epitope specificities. Conversely, BP inhibited--albeit to a lesser extent--the response of all the Cop 1-specific T-cell lines and clones, irrespective of their DR restrictions. Another random copolymer of tyrosine, glutamic acid, and alanine, denoted TGA, had no effect on these lines. Neither Cop 1 nor BP inhibited the response of lines and clones specific for purified protein derivative. Cop 1 and BP exerted their cross-inhibitory effects only in the presence of antigen-presenting cells. These results suggest that Cop 1 can compete with BP for the binding to human major histocompatibility complex molecules. In view of recent studies implicating BP reactivity in multiple sclerosis, these findings suggest a possible mechanism for the beneficial effect of Cop 1 in this disease.
Alkaloids from Psychotria oleoides with Activity on Growth Hormone Release (1992)

Bioactivity-guided purification of a crude alkaloid extract of Psychotria oleoides has afforded a new alkaloid, psycholeine [1], together with quadrigemine C [2], a tetrameric pyrrolidinoindoline compound of unknown stereochemistry. A comparison study of nmr and cd spectra of quadrigemine C and hodgkinsine [3], a trimeric pyrrolidinoindoline substance, led us to suggest the stereochemistry of quadrigemine C. The structure and configuration of psycholeine was determined by spectroscopic means and chemical correlation with quadrigemine C. Psycholeine interacts with somatostatin receptors and exhibits a somatostatin antagonistic activity on GH secretion by pituitary cells in primary culture.
3-D ultrasound imaging: a review (1996)

The development of 3-D ultrasound imaging is a way to address the disadvantages of conventional ultrasound imaging. In this article the authors review approaches that have been attempted in the development of 3-D ultrasound imaging such as 3-D B-mode, color Doppler, and power Doppler systems. Acquisition, reconstruction, and rendering techniques for 3-D imaging are discussed, as well as applications and limitations.
Genetic Repair of Mutations in Plant Cell-Free Extracts Directed by Specific Chimeric Oligonucleotides (2000)

Chimeric oligonucleotides are synthetic molecules comprised of RNA and DNA bases assembled in a double hairpin conformation. These molecules have been shown to direct gene conversion events in mammalian cells and animals through a process involving at least one protein from the DNA mismatch repair pathway. The mechanism of action for gene repair in mammalian cells has been partially elucidated through the use of a cell-free extract system. Recent experiments have expanded the utility of chimeric oligonucleotides to plants and have demonstrated genotypic and phenotypic conversion, as well as Mendelian transmission. Although these experiments showed correction of point and frameshift mutations, the biochemical and mechanistic aspects of the process were not addressed. In this paper, we describe the establishment of cell-free extract systems from maize (Zea mays), banana (Musa acuminata cv Rasthali), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Using a genetic readout system in bacteria and chimeric oligonucleotides designed to direct the conversion of mutations in antibiotic-resistant genes, we demonstrate gene repair of point and frameshift mutations. Whereas extracts from banana and maize catalyzed repair of mutations in a precise fashion, cell-free extracts prepared from tobacco exhibited either partial repair or non-targeted nucleotide conversion. In addition, an all-DNA hairpin molecule also mediated repair albeit in an imprecise fashion in all cell-free extracts tested. This system enables the mechanistic study of gene repair in plants and may facilitate the identification of DNA repair proteins operating in plant cells.
A New Zealand case study - Open Source, Open Standards, Open Data (2013)

The National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) is New Zealand’s leading agency providing freshwater, ocean, climate, atmosphere and fisheries related research. Open Source software is widely used internally, both infrastructurally and in desktop systems. In 2011, the New Zealand Government passed “The Declaration on Open and Transparent Government”. This requires central government agencies to make taxpayer funded information freely available to the public, and encourages regional and local government, as well as agencies such as NIWA to comply. NIWA works closely with central and regional government, utilities, NGO’s and primary industry, making information discovery and delivery using common and open standards critical. NIWA is using Open Source applications to meet these open data discovery and delivery requirements. Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards compliance ensures interoperability. Standards adopted to date include SFS (Postgis), CSW (Geonetwork), WMS/WFS (Mapserver, Geoserver, Openlayers, Quantum GIS, Quantum Map) and SOS (52 degree N, Quantum Map). Some proprietary applications are also used. These are also OGC compliant and fit within NIWA’s OGC based architecture. This paper describes the role that open source software and open standards play in NIWA’s strategies and architecture for environmental information management, discovery and delivery and gives implementation examples.
The promise of the anti-idiotype concept (2012)

A basic tenet of antibody-based immunity is their specificity to antigenic determinates from foreign pathogen products to abnormal cellular components such as in cancer. However, an antibody has the potential to bind to more than one determinate, be it an antigen or another antibody. These observations led to the idiotype network theory (INT) to explain immune regulation, which has wax and waned in enthusiasm over the years. A truer measure of the impact of the INT is in terms of the ideas that now form the mainstay of immunological research and whose roots are spawned from the promise of the anti-idiotype concept. Among the applications of the INT is understanding the structural implications of the antibody-mediated network that has the potential for innovation in terms of rational design of reagents with biological, chemical, and pharmaceutical applications that underlies concepts of reverse immunology which is highlighted herein.
Dynamical Autler-Townes control of a phase qubit (2012)

Routers, switches, and repeaters are essential components of modern information-processing systems. Similar devices will be needed in future superconducting quantum computers. In this work we investigate experimentally the time evolution of Autler-Townes splitting in a superconducting phase qubit under the application of a control tone resonantly coupled to the second transition. A three-level model that includes independently determined parameters for relaxation and dephasing gives excellent agreement with the experiment. The results demonstrate that the qubit can be used as a ON/OFF switch with 100 ns operating time-scale for the reflection/transmission of photons coming from an applied probe microwave tone. The ON state is realized when the control tone is sufficiently strong to generate an Autler-Townes doublet, suppressing the absorption of the probe tone photons and resulting in a maximum of transmission.
Lexicon Reduction Technique for Bangla Handwritten Word Recognition (2012)

In this paper we introduce a stroke based lexicon reduction technique in order to reduce the search space for recognition of handwritten words. The principle of this technique involves mainly two aspects of a word image to constitute a feature vector: one is word-length and the other is shape of the word. The length of the word image is represented by the number of specific vertical strokes present in the word image and, on the other hand, the shape of a word image is realized with the combination of both horizontal and vertical strokes. The experiment has been carried out with a database of 35,700 off-line handwritten Bangla word images. Though our proposed lexicon reduction technique is developed for recognition of Bangla handwritten words, its generalization property can easily be exploited for recognition of handwriting in other scripts also.
Mechanism of B‐Cell Activation and Paralysis by Thymus‐Independent Antigens (1975)

Normal spleen cells showed a bell-shaped dose response profile when stimulated in vitro with the thymus-independent antigen (4-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrophenyl)acetyl (NNP)-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with regard to the development of high-avidity plaque-forming cells to NNP. The addition of suboptimal concentrations of LPS to cultures stimulated by suboptimal concentrations of NNP-LPS resulted in optimal induction of B cells in that affinity fraction. Addition of LPS to cultures optimally stimulated by NNP-LPS resulted in paralysis of the specific cells. These results are interpreted in terms of the additive effects between the mitogenicity of LPS and the mitogenicity of NNP-LPS, the latter being selectively focused on the specific cells, thus providing further evidence for the 'one nonspecific signal' hypothesis for immune activation of B cells.