gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunotherapy of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Cotton Rats (Sigmodon fulviventer) Using IgG in a Small-Particle Aerosol (1992)

To determine whether aerosolized IgG can be used effectively in the treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections, cotton rats were infected intranasally with RSV and treated 3 days later with human IgG containing anti-RSV antibodies delivered in a small-particle aerosol. Pulmonary histology and virus titers were determined 24 h after IgG treatment. A single 15-min exposure to aerosolized IgG did not exacerbate pulmonary pathology and effected a 50-fold reduction in pulmonary virus titer (2.95 vs. 4.67 log10 geometric mean pfu/g for untreated controls, P < .001), which was comparable to that effected by intranasally instilled IgG (50 mg/kg) (3.24 vs. 4.67 log10 geometric mean pfu/g for controls, P < .001). A 15-min exposure to aerosolized ribavirin (20 mg/mL) was not effective in reducing pulmonary virus. This study suggests that aerosolized IgG could be useful in the treatment of RSV lower respiratory tract infections and that it compares favorably with ribavirin.
Glucocorticoid Receptor β Induces Hepatic Steatosis by Augmenting Inflammation and Inhibition of the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor (PPAR) α (2016)

Glucocorticoids (GCs) regulate energy supply in response to stress by increasing hepatic gluconeogenesis during fasting. Long-term GC treatment induces hepatic steatosis and weight gain. GC signaling is coordinated via the GC receptor (GR) GRα, as the GRβ isoform lacks a ligand-binding domain. The roles of the GR isoforms in the regulation of lipid accumulation is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine whether GRβ inhibits the actions of GCs in the liver, or enhances hepatic lipid accumulation. We show that GRβ expression is increased in adipose and liver tissues in obese high-fat fed mice. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of hepatic GRβ overexpression (GRβ-Ad) resulted in suppression of gluconeogenic genes and hyperglycemia in mice on a regular diet. Furthermore, GRβ-Ad mice had increased hepatic lipid accumulation and serum triglyceride levels possibly due to the activation of NF-κB signaling and increased tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression, indicative of enhanced M1 macrophages and the development of steatosis. Consequently, GRβ-Ad mice had increased glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) activity and reduced hepatic PPARα and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) expression and lower serum FGF21 levels, which are two proteins known to increase during fasting to enhance the burning of fat by activating the β-oxidation pathway. In conclusion, GRβ antagonizes the GC-induced signaling during fasting via GRα and the PPARα-FGF21 axis that reduces fat burning. Furthermore, hepatic GRβ increases inflammation, which leads to hepatic lipid accumulation.
Material properties of the normal medial bovine meniscus (1989)

The intrinsic compressive and tensile properties of normal bovine medial menisci were measured, and the variations in these properties with respect to the structural organization of the tissue and test specimen location were examined. Using a confined compression experiment, the compressive aggregate modulus and permeability of the meniscus were determined. The permeability of the tissue was also compared with the permeability as measured experimentally using a direct permeation experiment. Deep posterior specimens are significantly stiffer in compression than deep anterior and central-anterior specimens, while deep anterior specimens are significantly less stiff than deep posterior and central-posterior specimens. Posterior specimens have a significantly higher average water content. In addition, the permeability of the bovine meniscus was found to be about one-tenth that of bovine articular cartilage. The tensile stiffness of meniscal tissue was determined from constant strain rate uniaxial tension tests. To asses the directional variations in the tensile properties, specimens were obtained from the circumferential and radial orientations. The results indicate that the femoral surface of the meniscus is isotropic in tension, while specimens from within the meniscus are anisotropic--the circumferential specimens are much stiffer than the radial specimens. Furthermore, circumferential posterior specimens from the interior of the meniscus are significantly stiffer than similar anterior specimens. Layer inhomogeneities in the tensile properties with respect to distance from the femoral surface are also present.
EXHAUST GAS AFTERTREATMENT SYSTEMS FOR DIESEL ENGINES WITH RESPECT TO FUTURE EMISSION LEGISLATION (1993)

The severe future emission limits require extraordinary development work with respect to both reducing engine-out emissions by improved combustion processes and tail pipe emissions by new exhaust gas aftertreatment systems (EGAS). Today, the main EGAS work for engine application as well as research and development concentrates on oxidation catalysts, particulate traps, and nowadays DENOX catalysts. The paper deals with a) the development status of different EGAS and typical emission reduction examples for various engine and vehicle applications, and b) the interaction between combustion development and the kind of EGAS used. This is because the efficiency of each type of EGAS is related to exhaust gas breakdown and consequently to the combustion process development. Based on current development work and test results obtained, the most probable EGAS solutions to meet future European and US emission legislation levels will be summarized. For the covering abstract see IRRD 873243.
Yeast Protocols (2005)

In this second edition of a widely used classic laboratory manual, leading experts utilize the tremendous progress and technological advances that have occurred during the last decade to create a completely new collection of not only the major basic techniques, but also advanced protocols for yeast research. Yeast Protocols, Second Edition contains 27 optimized and readily reproducible techniques suitable for both yeast researchers and investigators who wish to use yeast to study their favorite genes from other organisms. The authors provide detailed methods for the isolation of subcellular components, including organelles and macromolecules; for the basic cellular and molecular analysis specific for yeast cells; and for the creation of conditional mutant phenotypes that lend themselves to powerful genome manipulation. Additional protocols offer advanced approaches to study genetic interactions, DNA and chromatin metabolism, gene expression, as well as the foreign genes and gene products in yeast cells. The protocols follow the successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, each offering step-by-step laboratory instructions, an introduction outlining the principles behind the technique, lists of the necessary equipment and reagents, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and highly practical, Yeast Protocols, Second Edition offers researchers a collection of traditional and novel protocols essential for studying yeasts, as well as genes from other organisms
Fresh Frozen Plasma Is Independently Associated With a Higher Risk of Multiple Organ Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (2009)

In patients who survive their initial injury, FFP was independently associated with a greater risk of developing MOF and ARDS, whereas CRYO was associated with a lower risk of MOF. Further investigation into the mechanisms by which these plasma-rich component transfusions are associated with these effects are required.
Studies on the Constituents of <I>Aloe arborescens</I> MILL. var. <I>natalensis</I> BERGER. I. The Structure of Aloearbonaside, a Glucoside of a New Type naturally Occurring Chromene (1973)

A new phenolic glucoside named aloearbonaside was isolated from the leaves of Aloe arborescens MILL. var. natalensis BERGER in addition to barbaloin. The structure of aloearbonaside was established as I, methyl 2-(5-methyl-7-hydroxy-4-0-β-D-glucopyranosy1)-chromenylideneacetate, a glucoside of a new type naturally occurring chromene, on the basis of spectral and chemical evidences.
Calcitonin in phantom limb pain: a double-blind study (1992)

Salmon calcitonin (s-CT) has been shown to be a valuable analgesic in phantom limb pain (PLP) in several case reports. To evaluate these findings a double-blind crossover comparison of s-CT treatment versus placebo was initiated. Twenty-one out of 161 patients who had undergone major amputations and developed severe PLP 0-7 days after surgery were included in the study. For each patient a matched pair of infusions was prepared containing either 200 IU of s-CT or placebo. Group I (n = 11) was first given s-CT and group II (n = 10) placebo. When PLP reached a level of more than 3 on a numeric analogue scale (NAS) the first infusion was administered. The second infusion (crossover) or more infusions were given when the pain level again exceeded more than 3 on NAS. Using s-CT infusion, PLP was eased from a median of 7 to 4 on NAS in both groups (P less than 0.001), regardless of whether s-CT or placebo was given first. Placebo, however, did not change pain scores (median 7 on NAS, P greater than 0.1). In the s-CT group, but not in the placebo group, 4 individuals remained pain free without a second infusion. Any further treatment was performed with s-CT. One week after the first PLP treatment 19 patients (90%) had pain relief of more than 50%, 16 (76%) were completely pain free, and 15 (71%) never experienced PLP again. One year later 8 out of the 13 surviving patients (62%) still had more than 75% PLP relief. After 2 years PLP exceeded 3 on NAS in 5 individuals (42%), and the remaining 12 patients presented the same PLP as after 1 year. In conclusion, s-CT is a valuable treatment for PLP in the early postoperative period.
Vigorous HIV-1-Specific CD4 + T Cell Responses Associated with Control of Viremia (1997)

Virus-specific CD4+ T helper lymphocytes are critical to the maintenance of effective immunity in a number of chronic viral infections, but are characteristically undetectable in chronic human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection. In individuals who control viremia in the absence of antiviral therapy, polyclonal, persistent, and vigorous HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cell proliferative responses were present, resulting in the elaboration of interferon-gamma and antiviral beta chemokines. In persons with chronic infection, HIV-1-specific proliferative responses to p24 were inversely related to viral load. Strong HIV-1-specific proliferative responses were also detected following treatment of acutely infected persons with potent antiviral therapy. The HIV-1-specific helper cells are likely to be important in immunotherapeutic interventions and vaccine development.
Frequency-tunable continuous-wave terahertz sources based on GaAs plasmonic photomixers (2015)

We present frequency-tunable, continuous-wave terahertz sources based on GaAs plasmonic photomixers, which offer high terahertz radiation power levels at 50% radiation duty cycle. The use of plasmonic contact electrodes enhances photomixer quantum efficiency while maintaining its ultrafast operation by concentrating a large number of photocarriers in close proximity to the device contact electrodes. Additionally, the relatively high thermal conductivity and high resistivity of GaAs allow operation under high optical pump power levels and long duty cycles without reaching the thermal breakdown limit of the photomixer. We experimentally demonstrate continuous-wave terahertz radiation with a radiation frequency tuning range of more than 2 THz and a record-high radiation power of 17 μW at 1 THz through plasmonic photomixers fabricated on a low temperature grown GaAs substrate at 50% radiation duty cycle.
Enhanced incorporation of transgenic DNA into zebrafish chromosomes by a retroviral integration protein. (1993)

Manufacture of lines of fish containing specific transgenes is difficult because most fish that hatch from embryos injected with foreign DNA are mosaic; few have the transgenic DNA integrated in germ-line cells. To determine whether the process of integration of exogenously supplied DNA into fish genomes could be accelerated, we examined the ability of the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) integration protein (IN) to function in embryonic zebrafish cells. We used partially purified IN from a baculovirus/insect cell expression system and unpurified IN from extracts of psi-2 mouse cells that carry a MoMLV provirus. Both forms of IN were able to enhance expression in zebrafish 10 days after fertilization. At day 14 of development, fish injected with IN had higher levels of transgenic DNA than control fish. The ability of IN to enhance integration of transgenic constructs was demonstrated by a ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction procedure, which was employed to detect junction fragments of foreign and host genomic DNA, generated by IN-mediated integration.
Both the cutaneous sensation and phosphene perception are modulated in a frequency-specific manner during transcranial alternating current stimulation (2013)

We believe that our results provide a relevant insight into the procedural sensations caused by oscillatory currents, and will offer a basis for developing more sophisticated stimulation protocols and study designs for future investigations.
Hemodynamic Goals Are Relevant (2006)

he diversity of patient profiles and responses precludes a one-size-fits-all approach to heart failure.The randomized trials have provided us with some therapies that must be tried and others that can be tried.Offering significant although small benefits averaged over a population, these therapies are bolts of fabric stacked beside a tailor's mannequin, the typical trial subject.The sequential patching of different medications in the order of their investigation, however, is not likely to yield the best regimen for any patient.There should be little disagreement on the principle of tailoring therapies for individuals, but what measurements should be taken?
Photoacoustic "Signatures" of Particulate Matter: Optical Production of Acoustic Monopole Radiation (1990)

Absorption of pulsed laser radiation by a single particle generates a photoacoustic wave whose time profile can be measured with a wideband pressure transducer. Solution of the wave equation for pressure in one, two, and three dimensions shows that the photoacoustic wave is determined by the geometry and dimensions of the particle, and by its sound speed and density relative to the fluid that surrounds it. Photoacoustic waves, referred to here as signatures, are reported in experiments in which fluid droplets, cylinders, and layers are irradiated with 10-nanosecond laser pulses.
Expression cloning of an insect diuretic hormone receptor. A member of the calcitonin/secretin receptor family. (1994)

Insect diuretic hormones and their receptors regulate fluid and ion secretion and thus are attractive targets for the design of novel insect control agents. A complementary DNA clone encoding a corticotropin-releasing factor-related diuretic hormone receptor from the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta was isolated by expression cloning in COS-7 cells. The receptor consists of 395 amino acids and contains seven putative transmembrane domains. The expressed receptor binds M. sexta diuretic hormone, as well as several related insect diuretic peptides with high affinity. Furthermore, each of these peptides stimulate adenylate cyclase in COS-7 cells transfected with the receptor. The M. sexta diuretic hormone receptor is homologous to the receptors for calcitonin, secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, parathyroid hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1, growth hormone-releasing hormone, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, and glucagon. The M. sexta diuretic hormone receptor is the first nonmammalian member of this family to be identified.
Effect of siRNA terminal mismatches on TRBP and Dicer binding and silencing efficacy (2009)

To enhance silencing and avoid off-target effects, siRNAs are often designed with an intentional bias to ensure that the end of the siRNA that contains the guide strand 5' end is less stably hybridized relative to the end containing the passenger strand 5' end. One means by which this is accomplished is to introduce a terminal mismatch, typically by changing the passenger strand sequence to impair its hybridization with the guide strand 5' end. However, there are conflicting reports about the influence of terminal mismatches on the silencing efficacy of siRNAs. Here, the silencing efficiency of siRNAs with a terminal mismatch generated either by altering the guide strand (at the 5' end, nucleotide 1) or the passenger strand (nucleotide 19 from the 5' end) was examined. Subsequently, we studied the relationship between the silencing efficiency of the siRNAs and their binding to the RNA-induced silencing complex loading complex proteins HIV transactivating response RNA-binding protein and Dicer in H1299 cytoplasmic extracts. Binding of siRNA and the transactivating response RNA-binding protein was significantly reduced by terminal mismatches, which largely agrees with the reduction in eventual silencing efficacy of the siRNAs. Single terminal mismatches led to a small increase in Dicer binding, as expected, but this did not lead to an improvement in silencing activity. These results demonstrate that introduction of mismatches to control siRNA asymmetry may not always improve target silencing, and that care should be taken when designing siRNAs using this technique.
Dendrites of Mammalian Neurons Contain Specialized P-Body-Like Structures That Respond to Neuronal Activation (2008)

Intracellular mRNA transport and local translation play a key role in neuronal physiology. Translationally repressed mRNAs are transported as a part of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles to distant dendritic sites, but the properties of different RNP particles and mechanisms of their repression and transport remain largely unknown. Here, we describe a new class of RNP-particles, the dendritic P-body-like structures (dlPbodies), which are present in the soma and dendrites of mammalian neurons and have both similarities and differences to P-bodies of non-neuronal cells. These structures stain positively for a number of P-body and microRNP components, a microRNA-repressed mRNA and some translational repressors. They appear more heterogeneous than P-bodies of HeLa cells, and they rarely contain the exonuclease Xrn1 but are positive for rRNA. These particles show motorized movements along dendrites and relocalize to distant sites in response to synaptic activation. Furthermore, Dcp1a is stably associated with dlP-bodies in unstimulated cells, but exchanges rapidly on neuronal activation, concomitantly with the loss of Ago2 from dlP-bodies. Thus, dlP-bodies may regulate local translation by storing repressed mRNPs in unstimulated cells, and releasing them on synaptic activation.
DPP-4 Inhibition on Top of Angiotensin Receptor Blockade Offers a New Therapeutic Approach for Diabetic Nephropathy (2012)

DPP-4 inhibition on top of ARB treatment significantly reduced urinary albumin excretion and oxidative stress in diabetic eNOS knockout mice. Linagliptin on top of an angiotensin II receptor blocker may offer a new therapeutic approach for patients with diabetic nephropathy.
Treatment of symptomatic diabetic neuropathy (2003)

Painful diabetic neuropathy is a common and particularly unpleasant long-term complication of diabetes that affects a significant minority of patients with distal polyneuropathy. After exclusion of other causes of neuropathic pain, attention should be focused on achieving optimal and stable glycaemic control avoiding flux of blood glucose levels, which have been shown to aggravate pain. Most patients will require pain control therapy and whilst the tricyclic drugs remain a first-line approach, their use is often hampered by predictable but troublesome side effects. Gabapentin, the only agent specifically licensed for the treatment of neuropathic pain in the United Kingdom, is useful in diabetic neuropathy and is generally better tolerated than the tricyclics. Additionally, other pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management approaches may be useful. Patient education has a significant role to play in the avoidance of late neurological complications.
FvVE1 regulates filamentous growth, the ratio of microconidia to macroconidia and cell wall formation in Fusarium verticillioides (2006)

The velvet gene, veA, co-ordinates asexual and sexual development in the homothallic fungal species Aspergillus nidulans. Studies in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus fumigatus demonstrated that veA also regulates morphological differentiation in these species. Whether veA has the same role in morphogenesis in other fungal genera has not been investigated. In this work, we studied the role of the veA homologue, FvVE1, in the heterothallic fungus Fusarium verticillioides. Deletion of FvVE1 suppressed aerial hyphal growth and reduced colony surface hydrophobicity on solid media. In submerged cultures, FvVE1 deletion caused alterations in hyphal polarity, marked activation of conidiation and yeast-like growth. The latter was promoted by shaking to increase aeration of cultures. In addition, FvVE1 deletion markedly increased the ratio of macroconidia to microconidia. Supplementation of osmotic stabilizers restored the wild-type phenotype to deletion mutants, suggesting phenotypic alterations caused by FvVE1 deletion are related to cell wall defects. This is consistent with the hypersensitivity of FvVE1 deletion mutants to SDS and with the significant reduction in the mannoprotein content of mutants compared with the wild-type strain. However, no dramatic cell wall alterations were observed when mutants were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Our data strongly suggest that FvVE1 is important for cell wall integrity, cell surface hydrophobicity, hyphal polarity and conidiation pattern.
New Therapeutic Strategies to Avoid Intra- and Extraperitoneal Metastases during Laparoscopy: Results of a Tumor Model in the Rat (1999)

Heparin slightly inhibits intraperitoneal tumor growth in vivo, while povidone iodine and taurolidine cause a significant decrease in tumor cell growth in vitro as well as intraperitoneal tumor growth in vivo. Cytokine release of peritoneal macrophages is only suppressed by taurolidine. Total tumor take and trocar metastases are only suppressed by taurolidine and taurolidine/heparin.
Continuous Patterning of Nanogratings by Nanochannel‐Guided Lithography on Liquid Resists (2011)

A nanochannel-guided lithography technique is developed that achieves continuous fabrication of higher aspect-ratio nanograting structures by adopting a cross-linkable liquid resist coating. Under the guidance of nanochannels in the grating mold, the UV-curable liquid resist is smoothly extruded and self-stabilized along the slightly inscribed solid substrate, dictated by the resist wettability to the substrate as well as the substrate topography.