gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SpAGNN: Spatially-Aware Graph Neural Networks for Relational Behavior Forecasting from Sensor Data (2020)

In this paper, we tackle the problem of relational behavior forecasting from sensor data. Towards this goal, we propose a novel spatially-aware graph neural network (SpAGNN) that models the interactions between agents in the scene. Specifically, we exploit a convolutional neural network to detect the actors and compute their initial states. A graph neural network then iteratively updates the actor states via a message passing process. Inspired by Gaussian belief propagation, we design the messages to be spatially-transformed parameters of the output distributions from neighboring agents. Our model is fully differentiable, thus enabling end-to-end training. Importantly, our probabilistic predictions can model uncertainty at the trajectory level. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach by achieving significant improvements over the state-of-the-art on two real-world self-driving datasets: ATG4D and nuScenes.
A ubiquitin-based assay for the cytosolic uptake of protein transduction domains (2004)

Protein transduction domains (PTDs) are promising tools for transducing presynthesized polypeptides across the plasma membrane. However, the development and optimization of PTDs are hampered by many technical problems and artifacts resulting notably from the tight binding of PTDs to the cell surface and the difficulty in discriminating, through imagery analyses, truly cytosolic from cytoplasmic vesicular compartments. To circumvent these problems, we have developed an unambiguous enzymatic assay of the cytosolic uptake of PTD-driven proteins, based on the processing by ubiquitin-specific C-terminal proteases (DUBs). This method, coupled with fluorometry and fluorescence microscopy, shows that the TAT PTD derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is rapidly taken up by cells but fails to reach their cytosol, except when dendritic cells, which are known to take up circulating antigens for cross-presentation, are used. In addition to its usefulness in assessing cytosolic uptake, DUB processing of PTD-linked proteins can ensure the intracellular release of cargo proteins, which might prove helpful for MHC-I-based vaccination or intracellular delivery of biologically active polypeptides.
Preparation and Conformational Study of 19β,28-Epoxy-18α-olean-5-ene Derivatives (2006)

New oleanane type triterpenoids with the 5(6) double bond were prepared using partial demethylation on carbon C-4. The starting compound was 23-hydroxybetulin ( 1b ) and the key reaction was the methylation of 19β,28-epoxy-24-nor-18α-olean-4-en-3-one ( 3b ). The 5(6) double bond was used in preparation of new derivatives with an epoxy or oxo substituent in ring B. The conformation of ring A of new type 3-oxo oleanane derivatives with a double bond or a substituent on ring B was elucidated from vicinal coupling constants of hydrogen atoms in positions 1 and 2.
Avermectin acyl derivatives with anthelmintic activity (1982)

Avermectins A2a, B1a, and B2a (1, 2, and 3) were acetylated to give 4"- and 23-acetates 4 and 5 and 4",23-diacetate 6 from 1, the 4"-and 5-acetates 7 and 8 and 4",5-diacetate 9 from 2, and triacetate 10 from 3. Structure proof by 300-MHz 1H NMR and mass spectral fragmentation is discussed for 10. Forcing acetylation conditions generated from both 1 and 3 the identical aromatic diacetate 11. Good anthelmintic activities in gerbils and sheep for 4"-acetylated derivatives 4 and especially 7 prompted the preparation of additional 4"-acylated derivatives of 2 with pivaloyl, n-octanoyl, succinoyl, carbamoyl, dimethylcarbamoyl and N-acetylglycyl substituents, prepared from the 5-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-protected intermediate 12. Other key intermediates were the trichloroethyoxysuccinoyl derivative 18 and 4-nitrophenyl carbonate 21. Anthelmintic activities against Trichostrongylus colubriformis in gerbils comparable in potency to the natural product 2 are shown by the more polar substituted derivatives 20, 23, and 27. Substitution of the 5-hydroxy group or its loss due to aromatization results in drastically reduced anthelmintic potency.
Nitrosamine exposure exacerbates high fat diet-mediated type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and neurodegeneration with cognitive impairment (2009)

Environmental and food contaminant exposures to low, sub-mutagenic levels of nitrosamines, together with chronic HFD feeding, function synergistically to promote major insulin resistance diseases including T2DM, NASH, and AD-type neurodegeneration. Steps to minimize human exposure to nitrosamines and consumption of high-fat content foods are needed to quell these costly and devastating epidemics.
Junqueira's Basic Histology: Text and Atlas (2013)

1. Histology and Its Methods of Study Preparation of Tissues for Study Light Microscopy Electron Microscopy Autoradiography Cell & Tissue Culture Histochemistry & Cytochemistry Detection Methods Using Specific Interactions Between Molecules Problems in the Study of Tissue Sections 2. The Cytoplasm Cell Differentiation Cytoplasmic Organelles The Cytoskeleteon Inclusions 3. The Cell Nucleus Components of the Nucleus Cell Division The Cell Cycle Stem Cells and Tissue Renewal Meiosis Apoptosis 4. Epithelial Tissue Characteristic Features of Epithelial Cells Specializations of the Apical Cell Surface Types of Epithelia Transport Across Epithelia Renewal of Epithelial Cells 5. Connective Tissue Cells of Connective Tissue Fibers Ground Substance Types of Connective Tissue 6. Adipose Tissue White Adipose Tissue Brown Adipose Tissue 7. Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Fibrocartilage Cartilage Formation, Growth and Repair 8. Bone Bone Cells Bone Matrix Periosteum & Endostreum Types of Bone Osteogenesis Bone Growth, Remodeling, & Repair Metabolic Role of Bone Joints 9. Nerve Tissue & The Nervous System Development of Nerve Tissue Neurons Glial Cells & Neuronal Activity Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Neural Plasticity & Regeneration 10. Muscle Tissue Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle Rengeneration of Muscle Tissue 11. The Circulatory System Heart Tissues of the Vascular Wall Structural Plan of Blood Vessels Vasculature Lymphatic Vascular System 12. Blood Composition of Plasma Blood Cells 13. Hemopoiesis Stem Cells, Growth Factors, & Differentiation Bone Marrow Maturation of Erythrocytes Maturation of Granulocytes Maturation of Agranulocytes Origin of Platelets 14. The Immune System & Lymphoid Organs Antigens Antibodies Cytokines Cells of the Immune System Types of Immune Responses Lymphoid Tissues Thymus Musoca-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymph Nodes Spleen 15. Digestive Tract General Structure of the Digestive Tract Oral Cavity Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine 16. Organs Associated with the Digestive Tract Salivary Glands Pancreas Liver Hepatic Lobule Structure & Function Biliary Tract & Gallbladder 17. The Respiratory System Respiratory Epithelium Nasal Cavities Sinuses & Nasopharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial Tree & Lung Pulmonary Vasculature & Nerves Pleura Respiratory Movements 18. Skin Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous Tissue Vessels & Sensory Receptors Hair Nails Glands of the Skin 19. The Urinary System Kidneys Blood Circulation Ureters, Bladder, & Urethra 20. Endocrine Glands Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) Adrenal Glands Pancreatic Islets Diffuse Neuroendocrine System Thyroid Gland Parathyroid Gland Pineal Gland 21. The Male Reproductive System Testes Intratesticular Ducts Excretory Genital Ducts Accessory Glands Penis 22. The Female Reproductive System Ovaries Uterine Tubes Uterus Vagina Mammary Glands 23. The Eye and Ear: Special Sense Organs Eyes: The Photoreceptor System Ears: The Vestibuloauditory System Appendix: Light Microscopy Stains Figure Credits Index
Beyond Mitophagy: Cytosolic PINK1 as a Messenger of Mitochondrial Health (2015)

It is becoming clear that different subcellular pools of PINK1 mediate distinct functions. Future studies will undoubtedly expand on the spectrum of cellular functions regulated by PINK1. Continued study of cytosolic PINK1 may offer novel insights into how functional mitochondria communicate their status with the rest of the cell.
Terahertz attenuation and dispersion characteristics of coplanar transmission lines (1991)

Experimental verification of analytic formulas for the dispersion and the attenuation of electrical transient signals propagating on coplanar transmission lines is presented. The verification is done in the frequency domain over a terahertz range although the experiments are in the time domain. The analytic formulas are obtained from fits to the full-wave analysis results. It is quantitatively verified that the full-wave steady-state solutions can be directly applied to the transient time-domain propagation experiments. Subpicosecond electrical pulses and an external electrooptic sampling technique are used to obtain the time-domain propagation data. From the Fourier transforms of the time-domain data both the attenuation and the phase information as a function of frequency are extracted. The dispersion and the attenuation characteristics are investigated for both coplanar waveguide and coplanar strip transmission lines. The investigation is carried out on both semiinsulating semiconductor and dielectric substrate materials. No observable losses caused by the semiconductor material are indicated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Continuously tunable high power fiber lasers with 11 nm tunability (2003)

A tunable interactive fiber laser is analyzed and experimentally demonstrated with high single-frequency output power exceeding 62 mW and 11.2 nm continuous tuning. The fiber laser has a low relative intensity noise <-165 dB/Hz and excellent environmental stabilities.
The yin and yang functions of extracellular ATP and adenosine in tumor immunity (2020)

Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP) and its main metabolite adenosine (ADO) constitute an intrinsic part of immunological network in tumor immunity. The concentrations of eATP and ADO in tumor microenvironment (TME) are controlled by ectonucleotidases, such as CD39 and CD73, the major ecto-enzymes expressed on immune cells, endothelial cells and cancer cells. Once accumulated in TME, eATP boosts antitumor immune responses, while ADO attenuates immunity against tumors. eATP and ADO, like yin and yang, represent two opposite aspects from immune-activating to immune-suppressive signals. Here we reviewed the functions of eATP and ADO in tumor immunity and attempt to block eATP hydrolysis, ADO formation and their contradictory effects in tumor models, allowing the induction of effective anti-tumor immune responses in TME. These attempts documented that therapeutic approaches targeting eATP/ADO metabolism and function may be effective methods in cancer therapy.
Nanoporous graphene as a water desalination membrane (2015)

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2015.
Distinct transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) receptor subsets as determinants of cellular responsiveness to three TGF-beta isoforms (1990)

Characterization of the three mammalian transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) isoforms, TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3, indicates that TGF-beta 3 is somewhat more potent (ED50 = 0.5 pM versus 2 pM) than TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 as a growth inhibitor of the Mv1Lu mink lung epithelial cell line. In the fetal bovine heart endothelial (FBHE) cell line, however, TGF-beta 1 and -beta 3 are at least 50-fold more potent than TGF-beta 2 which is a very weak growth inhibitor (ED50 greater than or equal to 0.5 nM). Thus, as growth inhibitors, TGF-beta 1 and -beta 3 resemble each other more than TGF-beta 2. The presence of serum alpha 2-macroglobulin in the FBHE cell assays decreases the biological potency of TGF-beta s, in particular TGF-beta 2. This effect of alpha 2-macroglobulin, however, is not sufficient to explain the low responsiveness of FBHE cells to TGF-beta 2. Evaluation of the role of TGF-beta receptors as determinants of cell-specific responsiveness to TGF-beta isoforms indicates that TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 have similar affinity for the membrane proteoglycan, betaglycan. They differ, however, in their ability to bind to receptor types I and II which are implicated in TGF-beta signal transduction. TGF-beta 1 is similar, albeit not identical, to TGF-beta 3 and much more potent than TGF-beta 2 as a competitor for binding to the overall population of receptors I and II in all cell lines tested. A subset of receptors I and II has been identified in Mv1Lu cells which has high affinity for TGF-beta 2 (KD approximately 10 pM) and binds this factor at concentrations that are biologically active in Mv1Lu cells. This receptor subset could not be detected in FBHE cells, suggesting that cell-specific differences in the level of high affinity of TGF-beta 2 receptors may lead to cell-specific differences in responsiveness to this isoform. Thus, despite their structural and biological similarities, TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3 diverge in their ability to bind to receptors in a manner that correlates with their potency as growth inhibitors.
Genetic Mapping in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1981)

The first genetic map of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was published by Lindegren (1949), and several revisions of the map have appeared since then (Hawthorne and Mortimer 1960Hawthorne and Mortimer 1968; Lindegren et al. 1962; Mortimer and Hawthorne 1966, 1973, 1975). The latest version of the map is included in Appendix II. In this paper the various techniques used to locate genes on the genetic map of the yeast S. cerevisiae will be reviewed. Some of these techniques have been described in detail elsewhere (Mortimer and Hawthorne 1969Mortimer and Hawthorne 1975; Wickner 1979) and will be discussed only partially here. Both meiotic and mitotic approaches have been developed to map yeast genes. The meiotic approaches include tetrad analysis, random spore analysis, and trisomic analysis. The mitotic cell-cycle events that yield mapping information are mitotic crossing-over and mitotic chromosome loss. MEIOTIC MAPPING TECHNIQUES Tetrad Analysis The life cycle of S. cerevisiae normally alternates between diplophase and haplophase. Both ploidies can exist as stable cultures. In heterothallic strains the haploid cultures are of two mating types, a and α. Mating of a and α cells results in a / α diploids that are unable to mate but can undergo meiosis. The four haploid products resulting from meiosis of a diploid cell are contained within the wall of the mother cell (the ascus). Digestion of the ascus wall and separation of the spores by micromanipulation yield four clones that represent the four haploid meiotic products (reviewed in Mortimer and Hawthorne 1969). Analysis of the segregation patterns of different heterozygous markers among...
Internalization of cholera toxin by different endocytic mechanisms (2001)

The mechanism of cholera toxin (CT) internalization has been investigated using Caco-2 cells transfected with caveolin to induce formation of caveolae, HeLa cells with inducible synthesis of mutant dynamin (K44A) and BHK cells in which antisense mRNA to clathrin heavy chain can be induced. Here we show that endocytosis and the ability of CT to increase the level of cAMP were unaltered in caveolin-transfected cells grown either in a non-polarized or polarized manner. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with filipin reduced CT-uptake by less than 20%, suggesting that caveolae do not play a major role in the uptake. Extraction of cholesterol by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, which removes caveolae and inhibits uptake from clathrin-coated pits, gave 30-40% reduction of CT-endocytosis. Also, CT-uptake in HeLa K44A cells was reduced by 50-70% after induction of mutant dynamin, which inhibits both caveolae- and clathrin-dependent endocytosis. These cells contain few caveolae, and nystatin and filipin had no effect on CT-uptake, indicating major involvement of clathrin-coated pits in CT-internalization. Similarly, in BHK cells, where clathrin-dependent endocytosis is blocked by induction of antisense clathrin heavy chain, the CT-uptake was reduced by 50% in induced cells. In conclusion, a large fraction of CT can be endocytosed by clathrin-dependent as well as by caveolae- and clathrin-independent endocytosis in different cell types.
Macrophages and dendritic cells in normal and regenerating murine skeletal muscle (1997)

Mononuclear phagocytes and MHC class II+ dendritic cells (DC) were identified in frozen sections of skeletal muscle using a panel of pan-specific antimacrophage (MOMA-2, SER-4, Mac-1, F4/80), anti-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (M5/114) and anti-DC (NLDC-145, N418, M342) monoclonal antibodies. Uninjured and regenerating skeletal muscle were investigated in SJL/J and BALB/c mice, strains with known differences in muscle regenerative capacity. Resident tissue macrophages and MHC class II+ DC were present within uninjured mouse muscle. A subpopulation of DC were positive for the pan-DC markers, N418 and M342, and negative for the lymphoid DC marker NLDC-145. Following crush injury, the macrophage population increased by day 2, became marked by day 3, and had decreased by day 6. In contrast, the number of MHC class II+ cells around the injury site increased steadily after injury and remained high at day 6. The numbers of macrophages and DC detected by immunohistochemical staining were consistently higher in SJL/J than BALB/c muscles. This study confirms that macrophages are a significant component of normal murine skeletal muscle and that these cells increase dramatically after injury. Furthermore the data also reveal for the first time that DC are present in normal skeletal muscle and that MHC class II+ cells, including DC, increase after injury. The presence of DC in muscle has important implications for the understanding of the immunobiology of muscle and immune-mediated processes such as the host versus graft responses following muscle transplants and autoimmune diseases affecting this tissue.
Action Planning For The Collision Avoidance System Using Neural Networks (2005)

An understanding of the scenario in complex traffic situations is essential in order to give an early warning, or in an autonomous system, to intervene in the urban or motorway environment. A collision avoidance system needs both to predict possible collisions or hazards and to plan a less hazardous move in a critical situation. A crucial factor in the success of the system is the use of a priori knowledge. The classical problem with a knowledge-based decision making system is the acquisition and representation of the knowledge. It is diffcult to design and develop a system for real time auto-piloting in varied traffic environments. Neural networks are ideally suited for applications where a large training set is available because they can apply human decision making criteria in different situations. The learning processes encapsulate a wide variety of drivers' reactions to various scenarios. Neural networks' abilities to generalise their training to new scenarios in the light of driving experience and to make emotion-free decisions leads to a system that is adaptive and closely which resembles human action strategy. Recognition of a scenario is achieved by acquiring data about a scene from a variety of sensors. Visual data is preprocessed and features are extracted using a real-time image processing system, while microwave radar provides obstacle information and distances. This paper described an early warning system and suggests possible responses to various traffic situations. The paper focuses on various learning algorithms for decision making which is based on the current model and immediate history only. It would help if we could always recognise the dominant threat at every instant and avoid it by either slowing down or changing direction. In our analysis of situations using neural networks, the test cases show that reasonably such behaviour can be generated. In order to validate the auto pilot it is tested in parallel with expert drivers to assess the drivers' action in a number of scenarios. The network's intervention control is verified by independent observers. The intervention strategies are based on a number of rules by which an intervention controller is trained to generate various actions. These rules are fine tuned on-line to achieve reliable and repeatable actions.
Regulation of fibroblast hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor expression by human breast carcinoma cell lines and peptide growth factors. (1993)

Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is a stromally derived modulator of epithelial cell proliferation and morphology. To better assess the potential role of HGF/SF in tumor progression we sought to identify factors and biological conditions which regulate its expression. We show that several adult human primary fibroblast cultures from breast and prostate produce HGF/SF. HGF expression in the MRC-5 human fetal lung fibroblast cell line is stimulated by conditioned media harvested from human breast tumor cell lines (MCF-7, T47D, and MDA-MB-231). In contrast, both indirect and direct coculture of each of these tumor lines with MRC-5 fibroblasts down-regulates HGF/SF expression. Finally, we show that MRC-5 HGF expression is inhibited by several known peptide growth factors, including transforming growth factor beta, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor alpha.
Open architecture distributed processing-the modern design for electric power network automation (2002)

The authors explore a new design concept for electric power network automation-an open architecture distributed processor based supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and SCADA/EMS (energy management system). Good quality, availability, and reliability of the electric power supply is important to people throughout the world. Therefore, the electric power network automation systems must be capable of performing all the time. Also, it is important that the monitoring systems and control systems utilized are very responsive to the power system operator needs-particularly in problem times. The distributed processor architecture design accomplishes such performance, while allowing growth in size and complexity of the system being monitored and controlled.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>