gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biomedical Applications of Raman Spectroscopy (1997)

Raman spectroscopy has been used in a variety of biomedical applications including normal and diseased human tissues, single cells, implants and the presence of foreign inclusions following implantation and the interaction of certain chemical agents with tissues. This paper surveys recent advances in biomedical Raman spectroscopy. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors possess intrinsic anti-inflammatory activity (2014)

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) are mainstay therapeutics for HIV that block retrovirus replication. Alu (an endogenous retroelement that also requires reverse transcriptase for its life cycle)-derived RNAs activate P2X7 and the NLRP3 inflammasome to cause cell death of the retinal pigment epithelium in geographic atrophy, a type of age-related macular degeneration. We found that NRTIs inhibit P2X7-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation independent of reverse transcriptase inhibition. Multiple approved and clinically relevant NRTIs prevented caspase-1 activation, the effector of the NLRP3 inflammasome, induced by Alu RNA. NRTIs were efficacious in mouse models of geographic atrophy, choroidal neovascularization, graft-versus-host disease, and sterile liver inflammation. Our findings suggest that NRTIs are ripe for drug repurposing in P2X7-driven diseases.
Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) over Frame Relay (2001)

Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) describes a mechanism to tunnel Point-to-Point (PPP) sessions. The protocol has been designed to be independent of the media it runs over. The base specification describes how it should be implemented to run over the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and the Internet Protocol (IP). This document describes how L2TP is implemented over Frame Relay Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) and Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs).
Functional dose - volume histograms for functionally heterogeneous normal organs (1997)

Functional dose-volume histograms are proposed as an extension of the conventional dose-volume histograms, for quantitative assessment of three-dimensional radiation dose coverage of functionally heterogeneous normal organs. Examples are given to illustrate possible applications of this approach to the treatment of a brain tumour or a lung tumour, in which cases the distribution of the normal organ function can be obtained from functional dose-volume modalities. It is shown that a significant difference exists between the functional dose-volume histograms and the conventional dose-volume histograms when the normal organ function is non-uniformly distributed within the organ. Utilization of functional dose-volume histograms as the input for the calculation of normal tissue complication probabilities is discussed for different normal tissue structures.
NAD+-dependent post-translational modification of Escherichia coli glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. (2009)

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a multifunctional housekeeping protein reported to be a target of several covalent modifications in many organisms. In a previous study, enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) and enteropathogenic (EPEC) Escherichia coli strains were shown to secrete GAPDH and the protein to bind human plasminogen and fibrinogen. Here we report that GAPDH of these pathogens is ADP-ribosylated either in the cytoplasm or in the extracellular medium. GAPDH catalyzes its own modification, which involves Cys-149 at the active site. ADP-ribosylation of extracellular GAPDH may play an important role in the host-pathogen interaction, as also proposed in other pathogens.
Effects of Mixture Formation Technology on Gasoline Engine Performance (1992)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Mixture formation technology for a fuel injection system has been investigated. The effects of spray droplet diameter on engine performance were clarified. The combustion light Intensity was measured with a spark plug integrated combustion flame sensor. When sequential injection is used for better responsiveness in fuel injection systems, engine performance may be reduced through increased HC emissions. Reducing the diameter of the spray droplets and preventing fuel from adhering to the intake manifold walls promote vaporization, reduce fuel concentration on the cylinder wall, decrease HC emissions, improve cold start ability, and give good idling performance.&lt;/div&gt;
Efficacy of radioprotective agents in preventing small and large bowel radiation injury (1995)

WR-2721 and RibCys gave consistent protection against large and small bowel radiation injury. The lower incidence of treatment-related toxicity and potentially equal or greater radioprotective effects may make RibCys more clinically useful than WR-2721.
Vegf, vegf-B, vegf-C and their receptors KDR, FLT-1 and FLT-4 during the neoplastic progression of human colonic mucosa (2000)

Because the crucial role of angiogenesis has been demonstrated in tumor growth and metastasis, the present study was undertaken to characterize the relative expression of vascular endothelial growth factors VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and their receptors KDR (kinase insert domain-containing receptor), FLT-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase), and FLT-4 in human colonic cancers, in relation to the Astler-Coller pathological classification, and to prognosis. VEGF and VEGF-B gene expression was quantified by Northern blot in 72 tumor samples matched with control tissues. VEGF gene expression was 1.4 times higher in adenocarcinomas than in control tissues (p = 0.02), but did not increase further between Astler-Coller tumor stages A and D, and did not correlate with disease recurrence for patients at stages B2 or C. In adenomas, VEGF mRNA levels were not significantly different from those in the paired control colonic mucosa. The expression pattern of VEGF isoforms, mainly identified by RT-PCR (reverse-transcriptase-coupled polymerase chain reaction) as VEGF121 and VEGF165 and to a lesser extent VEGF189, was comparable in tumor and control tissues. VEGF-B mRNA levels were unchanged during the neoplastic progression of colonic mucosa. In contrast to KDR and FLT-4, the expression of VEGF-C and FLT-1 genes increased in some pathological tissues. These results provide evidence that the early and sustained increase in VEGF transcripts and the expression of multiple angiogenic factors and receptors contribute to the development of colon cancer, and thus constitute a putative target for anti-angiogenic drug therapy.
Late Miocene to Pliocene carbon isotope record of differential diet change among East African herbivores (2011)

Stable isotope and molecular data suggest that C(4) grasses first appeared globally in the Oligocene. In East Africa, stable isotope data from pedogenic carbonate and fossil tooth enamel suggest a first appearance between 15-10 Ma and subsequent expansion during the Plio-Pleistocene. The fossil enamel record has the potential to provide detailed information about the rates of dietary adaptation to this new resource among different herbivore lineages. We present carbon isotope data from 452 fossil teeth that record differential rates of diet change from C(3) to mixed C(3)/C(4) or C(4) diets among East African herbivore families at seven different time periods during the Late Miocene to the Pliocene (9.9-3.2 Ma). Significant amounts of C(4) grasses were present in equid diets beginning at 9.9 Ma and in rhinocerotid diets by 9.6 Ma, although there is no isotopic evidence for expansive C(4) grasslands in this part of the Late Miocene. Bovids and hippopotamids followed suit with individuals that had C(4)-dominated (>65%) diets by 7.4 Ma. Suids adopted C(4)-dominated diets between 6.5 and 4.2 Ma. Gomphotheriids and elephantids had mostly C(3)-dominated diets through 9.3 Ma, but became dedicated C(4) grazers by 6.5 Ma. Deinotheriids and giraffids maintained a predominantly C(3) diet throughout the record. The sequence of differential diet change among herbivore lineages provides ecological insight into a key period of hominid evolution and valuable information for future studies that focus on morphological changes associated with diet change.
Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Version 2.2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (2016)

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a heterogenous group of myeloid disorders with a highly variable disease course. Diagnostic criteria to better stratify patients with MDS continue to evolve, based on morphology, cytogenetics, and the presence of cytopenias. More accurate classification of patients will allow for better treatment guidance. Treatment encompasses supportive care, treatment of anemia, low-intensity therapy, and high-intensity therapy. This portion of the guidelines focuses on diagnostic classification, molecular abnormalities, therapeutic options, and recommended treatment approaches.
Passive gain-equalized wide-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier using samarium-doped fiber (1996)

A passive gain-equalization technique of erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) using a samarium-doped fiber to obtain wide-band flattened gain operation is reported. In the wavelength range from 1529-1559-nm, small inter-channel gain variations can be achieved. This simple technique is suitable for multiwavelength wide-band in-line-amplifier cascaded transmission applications.
Catalytic Functionalization of Indoles in a New Dimension (2009)

140 years ago Adolf von Baeyer proposed the structure of a heteroaromatic compound which revolutionized organic and medical chemistry: indole. After more than a century, indole itself and the complexity of naturally occurring indole derivatives continue to inspire and influence developments in synthetic chemistry. In particular, the ubiquitous presence of indole rings in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials are testament to the ever increasing interest in the design of mild and efficient synthetic routes to functionalized indole derivatives. This Review emphasizes the achievements in the selective catalytic functionalization of indoles (C-C bond-forming processes) over the last four years.
Meta‐analysis on the effect of dopexamine on in‐hospital mortality (2009)

The objective of the study was to determine whether dopexamine alters in-hospital mortality. The following databases were searched, Embase (1974-July 2007), Medline (1950-July 2007), CINAHL, PubMed and Cochrane Clinical Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Two reviewers independently checked the quality of the studies and extracted data. Six randomised controlled trials totalling 935 patients were included. Mortality was not significantly different with dopexamine treatment (relative risk 0.75, 95% confidence interval 0.48-1.18, p = 0.22). In conclusion, dopexamine does not improve in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery and in the critically ill.
Synthesis and resolution of 3-amino-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and resolution of 3-amino-1,3-dihydro-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-onesMark G. Bock, Robert M. DiPardo, Ben E. Evans, Kenneth E. Rittle, Daniel F. Veber, Roger M. Freidinger, Jordan Hirshfield, and James P. SpringerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 15, 3232–3239Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00391a010https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00391a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views984Altmetric-Citations72LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Transformations involving the pyrrolidine ring of nicotine (1980)

Nicotine was oxidised to cotinine and this successively alkylated and reduced to a series of 4′-mono- and 4′,4′-di-alkylnicotines, the mass spectra of which are discussed. The pyrrolidine ring has been opened with ethyl chloroformate and the product both recyclised to S-nicotine without loss of optical activity and converted to metanicotine. The dihydrochloride of the last, on successive treatment with bromine and sodium hydrogencarbonate, yielded 3′-bromonicotine. Cotinine has been converted into various derivatives, and the demethylation of nicotine has been investigated.
Ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts : tuning of the ligand environment (2007)

This dissertation is the final product of an educative and fascinating journey, which involved many contributors.First of all, I wish to express my gratitude to the people with whom I learned how to do research.There is my promotor Prof. Dr. Francis Verpoort who gave me the opportunity to join his 'Catalysis group' and ensured the necessary funding.I'm especially
Environmental Stability of a KrF Chemically Amplified Positive Resist with an Organic Base. (1995)

A new resist system composed of an SEPR chemically amplified (CA) positive resist and an N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) organic base has been developed for KrF excimer laser lithography. Using 0.30-μm l&s patterns formed with KrF stepper, we studied the effect of contamination from substrate films of plasma chemical vapor deposited silicon dioxide (P-CVD SiO2), low pressure CVD silicon nitride (LP-CVD Si3N4) and reactive sputtered titanium nitride (TiN), and of airborne contamination under the condition of 8ppb of ammonia. The results clarify the new resist system reducesthe effect of substrate film as well as airborne contamination. The new resist system enables us to form fine patterns on any substrate and attains more than one hour post-exposure delay without overcoat and undercoat films.
Enantioselective Nucleophilic Opening of meso Epoxides by Organolithium Reagents (1998)

Aryl lithium reagents, complexed with (-)-sparteine, react enantioselectively with cyclic meso epoxides, to afford chiral aryl cyclanols. The enantiomeric excess, though moderate (27-87%), is the best in the literature for such a reaction. Activation by BF3 ⋅ OEt2 is needed, and is compatible with a diamine such as (-)-sparteine.
The granulocyte orphan receptor CEACAM4 is able to trigger phagocytosis of bacteria (2015)

Human granulocytes express several glycoproteins of the CEACAM family. One family member, CEACAM3, operates as a single-chain phagocytic receptor, initiating the detection, internalization, and destruction of a limited set of gram-negative bacteria. In contrast, the function of CEACAM4, a closely related protein, is completely unknown. This is mainly a result of a lack of a specific ligand for CEACAM4. By generating chimeric proteins containing the extracellular bacteria-binding domain of CEACAM3 and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic part of CEACAM4 (CEACAM3/4) we demonstrate that this chimeric receptor can trigger efficient phagocytosis of attached particles. Uptake of CEACAM3/4-bound bacteria requires the intact ITAM of CEACAM4, and this motif is phosphorylated by Src family PTKs upon receptor clustering. Furthermore, SH2 domains derived from Src PTKs, PI3K, and the adapter molecule Nck are recruited and associate directly with the phosphorylated CEACAM4 ITAM. Deletion of this sequence motif or inhibition of Src PTKs blocks CEACAM4-mediated uptake. Together, our results suggest that this orphan receptor of the CEACAM family has phagocytic function and prompt efforts to identify CEACAM4 ligands.
Stem Cell Paracrine Actions and Tissue Regeneration (2009)

Stem cells have emerged as a key element of regenerative medicine therapies due to their inherent ability to differentiate into a variety of cell phenotypes, thereby providing numerous potential cell therapies to treat an array of degenerative diseases and traumatic injuries. A recent paradigm shift has emerged suggesting that the beneficial effects of stem cells may not be restricted to cell restoration alone, but also due to their transient paracrine actions. Stem cells can secrete potent combinations of trophic factors that modulate the molecular composition of the environment to evoke responses from resident cells. Based on this new insight, current research directions include efforts to elucidate, augment and harness stem cell paracrine mechanisms for tissue regeneration. This article discusses the existing studies on stem/progenitor cell trophic factor production, implications for tissue regeneration and cancer therapies, and development of novel strategies to use stem cell paracrine delivery for regenerative medicine.
Compact lensless off-axis transmission digital holographic microscope (2017)

Current compact lensless holographic microscopes are based on either multiple angle in-line holograms, multiple wavelength illumination or a combination thereof. Complex computational algorithms are necessary to retrieve the phase image which slows down the visualization of the image. Here we propose a simple compact lensless transmission holographic microscope with an off-axis configuration which simplifies considerably the computational processing to visualize the phase images and opens the possibility of real time phase imaging using off the shelf smart phone processors and less than $3 worth of optics and detectors, suitable for broad educational dissemination. This is achieved using a side illumination and analog hologram gratings to shape the reference and signal illumination beams from one light source. We demonstrate experimentally imaging of cells with a field of view (FOV) of ~12mm<sup>2</sup>, and a resolution of ~3.9μm.
Effects of Plasmid DNA Sizes and Several Other Factors on Transformation ofBacillus subtilisISW1214 with Plasmid DNA by Electroporation (1995)

Plasmid DNAs in the range from 2.9 to 12.6 kbp were transferred into Bacillus subtilis ISW1214 intact cells by the use of electroporation. The transformation efficiency (transformants per microgram plasmid DNA) decreased with increases of size of the DNA. However that of 2.0 x 10(3) transformants per microgram of DNA were done routinely, by using a plasmid with a large molecular size of 12.6 kbp. The size of plasmid DNA in the range of 3.7 to 12.6 kbp did not affect the molecular efficiency (transformants per molecule input DNA). The transformation efficiency as high as 9.3 x 10(4) transformants per microgram of purified plasmid pUB110 was obtained, using a cell concentration of 7.6 x 10(10) cells/ml and DNA concentration of 4 micrograms/ml in buffer containing 0.3 M sucrose, 1 mM CaCl2, and 1 mM sodium citrate (pH 6.0) under optimal pulse conditions of an electric field strength of 7 kV/cm and a duration of 500 mus with a single squared pulse at 0 degrees C. The gene expression for antibiotic resistance after electroporation was completed within 1.5 h. The transformants were confirmed to harbor the same intact plasmid by agarose gel electrophoretic analysis.
Transparent thin film transistors using ZnO as an active channel layer and their electrical properties (2003)

Bottom-gate-type thin film transistors using ZnO as an active channel layer (ZnO–TFT) have been constructed. The ZnO layers were deposited using pulsed laser deposition at 450 °C at an oxygen pressure of 3 m Torr, and the material that was formed had a background carrier concentration of less than 5×1016 cm−3. A double layer gate insulator consisting of SiO2 and SiNx was effective in suppressing leakage current and enabling the ZnO–TFT to operate successfully. The Ion/Ioff ratio of ZnO–TFTs fabricated on Si wafers was more than 105 and the optical transmittance of ZnO–TFTs fabricated on glass was more than 80%. These results show that it is possible to fabricate a transparent TFT that can even be operated in the presence of visible light.
The in vivo pH of the extravascular space of the lung (1969)

The partition of 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione (DMO) and of 11 amines between the vascular and extravascular spaces of the lung has been determined by the multiple indicator dilution technique. Four amines (nicotine, pentylamine, quinine, and benzylamine) were found to have pH-sensitive tissue to blood concentration ratios. Of these, tritiated nicotine appears to be the nost satisfactory indicator of tissue pH and values for the pH of the pulmonary extravascular space (pH(e)) have been calculated from the nicotine data. At an arterial pH (pH(art)) between 7.38 and 7.43 pH(e) averaged 6.69 +/-0.07. Changes in pH(e) usually paralleled but were consistently less than concomitant changes in pH(art). Alterations in P(CO2) at constant pH(art) regularly produced relatively small, parallel changes in extravascular hydrogen ion concentrations. Local alterations in tissue pH due to P(CO2) changes are apparently buffered quite rapidly and the pH(e) of the lung seems more closely linked to pH(art) than the cellular pH of other tissues.DMO, guanidine, methylamine, morphine, and atropine were confined to the vascular volume during the first circulation and could not be used to measure tissue pH. Histamine appeared to be bound to a pH-insensitive site. The extravascular distributions of antipyrine and aniline were unresponsive to alterations in arterial pH, presumably because they are essentially uncharged at pH levels found in the lung.
I nter P ro (2005)

Abstract InterPro is an integrated resource for protein families, domains, and active sites. The resource provides an invaluable means for automatic classification of protein sequences into families or domains with a view to providing functional annotation for the proteins. It constitutes an amalgamation of the major protein signature databases: PROSITE, PRINTS, Pfam, ProDom, SMART, TIGRFAMs, PIR SuperFamily, and SUPERFAMILY into a unified database where similarities and differences between the signatures from each of these databases are rationalized for ease of use. All signatures representing the same family or domain are collated into unique InterPro entries, with annotation and a list of the proteins in UniProt that these signatures match. New sequences not available in UniProt can be run through all signatures in InterPro using the InterProScan software. InterPro is useful for large‐scale classification of whole genomes, as well as for functional annotation of individual protein sequences.