gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glucokinase and glucose transporter expression in liver and islets: implications for control of glucose homoeostasis (1990)

Conference Article| October 01 1990 Glucokinase and glucose transporter expression in liver and islets: implications for control of glucose homoeostasis CHRISTOPHER B. NEWGARD; CHRISTOPHER B. NEWGARD * *To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar CHRISTIAN QUAADE; CHRISTIAN QUAADE 1Department of Biochemistry and Center for Diabetes Research, Gifford Laboratories, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75235, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar STEVEN D. HUGHES; STEVEN D. HUGHES 1Department of Biochemistry and Center for Diabetes Research, Gifford Laboratories, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75235, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar JOSEPH L. MILBURN JOSEPH L. MILBURN 1Department of Biochemistry and Center for Diabetes Research, Gifford Laboratories, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75235, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (1990) 18 (5): 851–853. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0180851 Article history Received: April 27 1990 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation CHRISTOPHER B. NEWGARD, CHRISTIAN QUAADE, STEVEN D. HUGHES, JOSEPH L. MILBURN; Glucokinase and glucose transporter expression in liver and islets: implications for control of glucose homoeostasis. Biochem Soc Trans 1 October 1990; 18 (5): 851–853. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0180851 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search Keywords: GLUT-2, high-Km facilitated glucose transporter This content is only available as a PDF. © 1990 Biochemical Society1990 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Oligonucleotide inhibitor of protein synthesis made in extracts of interferon-treated chick embryo cells: Comparison with the mouse low molecular weight inhibitor (1978)

Cytoplasmic extracts of interferon-treated primary chick embryo cells contain an enzyme activity that synthesized an inhibitor of chick cell-free protein synthesis. The same activity was detected in extracts of cells treated with mock preparations of interferon, but at <0.3% of the level found in interferon-treated cell extracts. The enzyme was activated by double-stranded RNA and could be isolated by binding to columns of poly(I)-poly(C)-agarose. In the column-bound state, the enzyme reacted with ATP to synthesize the inhibitor, which could then be continuously eluted from the column. The inhibitor was purified and its structure and function were compared with those of the low molecular weight inhibitor of protein synthesis made by an enzyme from interferon-treated mouse L cells. The avian and mammalian inhibitors comigrated on thin layers of polyethyleneimine-cellulose during chromatography in three different solvent systems, and they coeluted as a series of peaks from columns of DEAE-cellulose during sodium chloride gradient elution. Digestion with bacterial alkaline phosphatase or snake venom phosphodiesterase yielded products that similarly comigrated. Functionally, the two inhibitors were interchangeable: both inhibited protein synthesis in extracts of mammalian and avian cells, producing 50% inhibition at a concentration of about 0.3 nM (AMP equivalents). We conclude that the chick cell-derived oligonucleotide inhibitor has a structure that is closely related or identical to that of the inhibitor made in the mouse system, and that both preparations inhibit cell-free protein synthesis in a non-species-specific manner.
Varroamites and honey bee health: canVarroaexplain part of the colony losses? (2010)

Since 2006, disastrous colony losses have been reported in Europe and North America. The causes of the losses were not readily apparent and have been attributed to overwintering mortalities and to a new phenomenon called Colony Collapse Disorder. Most scientists agree that there is no single explanation for the extensive colony losses but that interactions between different stresses are involved. As the presence of Varroa in each colony places an important pressure on bee health, we here address the question of how Varroa contributes to the recent surge in honey bee colony losses.
HTTP State Management Mechanism (2000)

This document specifies a way to create a stateful session with Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) requests and responses. It describes three new headers, Cookie, Cookie2, and Set-Cookie2, which carry state information between participating origin servers and user agents. The method described here differs from Netscape's Cookie proposal [Netscape], but it can interoperate with HTTP/1.0 user agents that use Netscape's method. (See the HISTORICAL section.)
Syntheses and Antitumor Activities of Potent Inhibitors of Ribonucleotide Reductase: 3-Amino-4-Methylpyridine-2-Carboxaldehyde-Thiosemicarbazone (3-Amp), 3-Amino-Pyridine-2-Carboxaldehyde-Thiosemicarbazone (3-Ap) and its Water-Soluble Prodrugs (2001)

The reductive conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides by ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is a crucial and rate-controlling step in the pathway leading to the biosynthesis of DNA, since deoxyribonucleotides are present in extremely low levels in mammalian cells. Mammalian ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is composed of two dissimilar proteins, often referred to as R(1), which contains polythiols and R(2), which contains non-heme iron and a free tyrosyl radical. Both the R(1) and R(2) subunits contribute to the active site of the enzyme. Currently, there are two broad classes of RR inhibitors. The first class includes nucleoside analogs which bind to the R1 subunit of the enzyme, several of which are in development. Among those, Gemcitabine and MDL 101,731 have demonstrated impressive efficacy against various solid tumors. Gemcitabine has now been approved for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. The most promising second class of inhibitors of RR includes HCTs [alpha--(N)-heterocyclic carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazones, e.g., 3-AP and 3-AMP], which exert enzyme inhibitory effect through high affinity binding with non-heme iron. Based on the clinical success achieved by Gemcitabine, it seems reasonable that a strong inhibitor of RR, which is essential for cellular replication, would be a useful addition to the existing therapeutic agents against cancer. In this chapter, we wish to report several highly efficient syntheses for both 3-AP and 3-AMP based upon palladium mediated Stille/Suzuki/Heck coupling reactions. Based upon the in vivo efficacy profile observed with these two agents, 3-AP was chosen over 3-AMP as the candidate for further optimization with the intention to improve its biological and pharmaceutical properties. In this vein, we have completed the synthesis of two water soluble phosphate containing prodrugs and one disulfide-linked prodrug of 3-AP. As expected, bioconversion study using either alkaline phosphatase or glutathione showed that these prodrugs were indeed converted to the parent 3-AP. When evaluated against the murine M-109 lung carcinoma as well as the B16-F10 murine melanoma xenograft models, the newly prepared phosphate prodrugs displayed improved efficacy and safety profiles than that found with the parent. More significantly, the ortho-phosphate prodrug 21 demonstrated impressive antitumor effect using once-a-day dosing regimen. In summary, the results disclosed herein demonstrated that some of 3-AP prodrugs prepared indeed demonstrated improved pharmaceutical, biological and toxicity profiles over the parent 3-AP. Efforts directed towards further optimization of 3-AP prodrugs as novel anticancer agents is clearly warranted.
Retrovirus vectors for study of biochemical processes. (1989)

Retroviruses can be viewed as a collection of different modules controlling different processes. As such, they are very malleable both by genetic engineering and by evolution. They are thus both a useful tool in the laboratory and a dangerous pathogen in nature.
Metabolomics--the link between genotypes and phenotypes. (2002)

Metabolites are the end products of cellular regulatory processes, and their levels can be regarded as the ultimate response of biological systems to genetic or environmental changes. In parallel to the terms 'transcriptome' and proteome', the set of metabolites synthesized by a biological system constitute its 'metabolome'. Yet, unlike other functional genomics approaches, the unbiased simultaneous identification and quantification of plant metabolomes has been largely neglected. Until recently, most analyses were restricted to profiling selected classes of compounds, or to fingerprinting metabolic changes without sufficient analytical resolution to determine metabolite levels and identities individually. As a prerequisite for metabolomic analysis, careful consideration of the methods employed for tissue extraction, sample preparation, data acquisition, and data mining must be taken. In this review, the differences among metabolite target analysis, metabolite profiling, and metabolic fingerprinting are clarified, and terms are defined. Current approaches are examined, and potential applications are summarized with a special emphasis on data mining and mathematical modelling of metabolism.
Laparoscopic implant device for intramuscular electrodes (2002)

Intramuscular electrodes have been shown to be useful in restoring diaphragm function. However, difficulties in locating the optimal location for the electrode and the actual electrode placement make this approach less attractive. In an attempt to resolve these issues, epimysial electrodes were investigated as possible alternatives. Although we were able to develop techniques to locate the optimal site and implant the electrodes, the resulting tissue reaction was deemed unsatisfactory. In the present effort, we have returned to the intramuscular electrode because of its previous performance, both functionally and histologically. Using the technique developed for epimysial electrode placement, we are now able to locate the placement site, but, unfortunately, one obstacle still remains-that being the placement of the intramuscular electrode. A device to laparoscopically implant intramuscular electrodes has been developed. Here, we describe the device and some preliminary work done with it.
Accumulation of genetic changes during development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma: Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome arm Ip occurs at an early stage of hepatocarcinogenesis (1995)

To investigate cumulative genetic changes during development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we examined DNAs isolated from 104 tumors for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 13 loci on six chromosomal arms and for an increase of copy number ("multiplication") of alleles on 8q, using polymorphic microsatellite markers. A comparison of genetic features with clinicopathological stages of these tumors revealed that LOH on 1p had occurred in tumors at an early stage or with a well-differentiated histological phenotype (8/26; 31%) as well as in tumors at more advanced stages. Genetic alterations on chromosome arms 4q, 8p, 8q, 13q, 16q, and 17p were more often observed in tumors of more advanced stages and poorer differentiation grades. When size was the criterion for comparison, LOH on 1p was observed frequently even in tumors smaller than 2 cm (6/16; 38%), whereas allelic losses on 16q were detected frequently only in larger tumors. These results suggest that the putative tumor suppressor gene(s) assumed to be located on 1p may be involved in an early step of carcinogenesis in liver tissue and that the other genetic alterations examined here may play important roles in progression of HCC.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 unique biological properties include neoplastic potential mediated by the Pk domain of the large subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (1998)

The prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections in the US has increased approximately 30%. Like HSV-1, which causes facial lesions, HSV-2 causes symptomatic lesions (at genital sites) and establishes latent infections of the sensory ganglia. However, the two viruses are biologically distinct, suggesting that they possess unique functions which are mediated by different viral genes. Unlike HSV-1, HSV-2 is a tumor virus. It causes neoplastic transformation of cultured human cells and tumors in animals. The oncogene is at the 5'-terminal of a chimeric gene that also codes for the large subunit of viral ribonucleotide reductase (RR1). It was captured from the cell and it codes for a novel growth factor receptor serine-threonine protein kinase (PK) the minimal genetic information of which can adapt to a relatively wide functional diversity due to the flexibile use of additional and alternate catalytic sites and protein interaction motifs which are organized in an efficient, almost superimposed fashion. By contrast to other growth factor receptor serine-threonine kinases studied so far, the HSV-2 oncoprotein (RR1 PK) activates the RAS signaling pathway, thereby providing a biological bridge to the tyrosine growth factor receptor kinases. Expression of the oncogene is required for neoplastic transformation and tumor growth in vivo is inhibited by antisense inhibition of oncogene expression. The virus conserved the captured oncogene because it provides a biological advantage for its survival. In cultured cells, RR1 PK is required for viral IE gene transcription. In vivo, RR1 PK is likely to be involved in latency reactivation.
Sparse Reconstruction by Separable Approximation (2009)

Finding sparse approximate solutions to large underdetermined linear systems of equations is a common problem in signal/image processing and statistics. Basis pursuit, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), wavelet-based deconvolution and reconstruction, and compressed sensing (CS) are a few well-known areas in which problems of this type appear. One standard approach is to minimize an objective function that includes a quadratic ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">lscr</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) error term added to a sparsity-inducing (usually lscr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> ) regularizater. We present an algorithmic framework for the more general problem of minimizing the sum of a smooth convex function and a nonsmooth, possibly nonconvex regularizer. We propose iterative methods in which each step is obtained by solving an optimization subproblem involving a quadratic term with diagonal Hessian (i.e., separable in the unknowns) plus the original sparsity-inducing regularizer; our approach is suitable for cases in which this subproblem can be solved much more rapidly than the original problem. Under mild conditions (namely convexity of the regularizer), we prove convergence of the proposed iterative algorithm to a minimum of the objective function. In addition to solving the standard lscr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -lscr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> case, our framework yields efficient solution techniques for other regularizers, such as an lscr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">infin</sub> norm and group-separable regularizers. It also generalizes immediately to the case in which the data is complex rather than real. Experiments with CS problems show that our approach is competitive with the fastest known methods for the standard lscr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> -lscr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> problem, as well as being efficient on problems with other separable regularization terms.
Thermally stimulated luminescence from x-irradiated porous silicon (1997)

We have measured thermally stimulated luminescence from light-emitting porous silicon that has been x irradiated at room temperature and heated to 400 °C. The glow curve exhibits peaks at 103, 155, 219, and 271 °C, with additional maxima occurring above 400 °C. Each of the peaks emits similar emission spectra characterized by a band with a maximum near 720 nm and 0.39 eV full width at half-maximum. Following x irradiation at room temperature, the sample exhibits well-known photoluminescence, but after heating to 400 °C, the loss of hydrogen renders the sample nonphotoluminescent. However, thermally stimulated luminescence can be repeatedly induced. Observation of thermally stimulated luminescence is unambiguous evidence for the existence of an insulating surface layer on porous silicon.
Darstellung von Carbonsäureestern mittels O‐Alkyl‐N.N′‐dicyclohexyl‐isoharnstoffen (1967)

Abstract O ‐Alkyl‐ N.N ′‐dicyclohexyl‐isoharnstoffe reagieren mit Carbonsäuren zu Carbonsäureestern. Bei Phenolcarbonsäuren kann neben der Veresterung auch eine Alkylierung der phenolischen OH‐Gruppe eintreten. Ungeschützte Alkohol‐ und Aminogruppen stören den Reaktionsablauf nicht.
Safety and Tolerability of Valbenazine (NBI-98854) in Subjects with Tardive Dyskinesia: Results of Long-Term Exposure Data from Three Studies (P2.017) (2017)

To assess the long-term safety and tolerability of valbenazine (NBI-98854) for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia (TD).
Side Population in Human Lung Cancer Cell Lines and Tumors Is Enriched with Stem-like Cancer Cells (2007)

Stem cells have been isolated by their ability to efflux Hoechst 33342 dye and are referred to as the "side population" (SP). In this study, we used flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 dye efflux assay to isolate and characterize SP cells from six human lung cancer cell lines (H460, H23, HTB-58, A549, H441, and H2170). Nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency xenograft experiments showed that SP cells were enriched in tumor-initiating capability compared with non-SP cells. Matrigel invasion assay showed that SP cells also have higher potential for invasiveness. Further characterization of this SP phenotype revealed several stem cell properties. We found evidence for repopulating ability by SP to regenerate a population resembling the original population. SP displayed elevated expression of ABCG2 as well as other ATP-binding cassette transporters and showed resistance to multiple chemotherapeutic drugs. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression was higher in the SP, suggesting that this fraction may represent a reservoir with unlimited proliferative potential for generating cancer cells. mRNA levels of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) 7, a member of the MCM family of proteins critical to the DNA replication complex, were lower in SP cells, suggesting that a majority of the SP fraction was in the G(0) quiescent state. Sixteen clinical lung cancer samples also displayed a smaller but persistent SP population. These findings indicate that SP is an enriched source of lung tumor-initiating cells with stem cell properties and may be an important target for effective therapy and a useful tool to investigate the tumorigenic process.
3D micromixers-downscaling large scale industrial static mixers (2002)

Mixing liquids on the micro-scale is difficult because the low Reynolds numbers in microchannels and in microreactors prohibit the use of conventional mixing techniques based on mechanical stirring which induces turbulence. Static mixers can be used to solve this mixing problem. In this paper, micromixers having geometries very close to those of conventional large-scale static mixers used in the chemical and food-processing industry are presented. Two kind of geometries have been studied. The first type of mixers is composed of a series of stationary rigid elements that form intersecting channels to split, rearrange and combine component streams. The second type of geometry is composed of a series of short helix elements arranged in pairs; each pair comprised of a right-handed and left-handed element arranged alternately in a pipe. Micromixers of both types have been designed by CAD and manufactured with the integral microstereolithography process, a new microfabrication technique that enables the manufacturing of complex, three-dimensional objects in polymers. The realized structures have been tested experimentally. Numerical simulations of the micromixers with the CFD program Fluent/sup TM/ have been performed to evaluate their mixing efficiency.
Ig Light Chain Receptor Editing in Anergic B Cells (2000)

Receptor editing in the bone marrow (BM) serves to modify the Ag receptor specificity of immature self-reactive B cells, while anergy functionally silences self-reactive clones. Here, we demonstrate that anergic B cells in hen egg lysozyme Ig (HEL-Ig)/soluble HEL double transgenic mice show evidence of having undergone receptor editing in vivo, as demonstrated by the presence of elevated levels of endogenous kappa light chain rearrangements in the BM and spleen. In an in vitro IL-7-driven BM culture system, HEL-Ig BM B cells grown in the presence of soluble HEL down-regulated surface IgM expression and also showed induction of new endogenous kappa light chain rearrangements. Using a panel of soluble protein ligands with reduced affinity for the HEL-Ig receptor, the editing response was shown to correlate in a dose-dependent fashion with the strength of signaling through the B cell receptor. The finding that the level of B cell receptor cross-linking sufficient to induce anergy in B cells is also capable of engaging the machinery required for receptor editing suggests an intimate relationship between these two mechanisms in maintaining B cell tolerance.
Testosterone Dependent Regulation of the Enzymes involved in DNA Synthesis in the Rat Ventral Prostate (1991)

The effects of testosterone on the activities of DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma as well as topoisomerase I (all enzymes involved in DNA synthesis) were examined in the rat ventral prostate. The activities of these four enzymes decreased gradually after castration in comparison with normal controls, and continued to decrease until the 14th day. Enzyme activities were almost restored to normal within 48 to 72 hr. of the commencement of daily testosterone injections (0.3 mg./0.2 ml.), and increased successively until the 14th day. The wet weight, protein content, and DNA content of the rat ventral prostate decreased after castration, while following testosterone therapy all these parameters increased to equal or exceed the control levels. These results suggested that the activities of DNA polymerase alpha, beta, and gamma and topoisomerase I are at least partially regulated by testosterone, and that these enzymes play an important role in the regulation of prostatic cellular proliferation.