gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The maximal electroshock seizure (MES) model in the preclinicalassessment of potential new antiepileptic drugs (2009)

The choice of appropriate animal models for the initial in vivo testing of potential anticonvulsant compounds is one of the most important steps in the successful search for new antiepileptic drugs. The purpose of this paper is to describe the most important aspects to take into account when performing the maximal electroshock seizure (MES) test in the routine laboratory screening of new antiepileptics: the conventional and threshold MES test experimental procedures, the factors affecting experimental data (laboratory conditions, administration vehicles and drug formulations, time after drug administration, and stimulus duration and site of stimulation) and the assessment of anticonvulsant activity are discussed.
Determination of Aluminum in Large Volume Parenteral Drug Products Used in Total Parenteral Nutrition Therapy by ICP-MS with a Dynamic Reaction Cell (2008)

The proposed method was developed for the determination of aluminum (Al) in large volume parenteral (LVP) drug products used in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) therapy. The determination of Al in LVP drug products was performed by an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer equipped with a dynamic reaction cell (DRC-ICP-MS). DRC-ICP-MS conditions for the analysis of Al were studied to obtain the best signal to background (S/N) ratios. The interfering polyatomic ions at mass 27 (Al) were reduced by using NH(3) as a reaction gas. The detection limit of Al in a 1% (v/v) HNO(3) aqueous solution was 2 ng/l. The Al contents in LVP drug products obtained by this method were in the range of 1.16-4.33 microg/l and were less than 25 microg/l, that is, the regulation value of Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In order to trace the origin of Al in LVP drug products, each part of the LVP drug product, which is composed of three chambers, was investigated. However, a clear difference of the Al contents in each chamber was not observed. Furthermore, the Al contents in injection bags were quantified. Although the Al contents in injection bags were relatively high (in the range of 27.5-33.6 microg/g), dissolution of Al from the injection bags was not observed in the stability testing. From all of these results, it was concluded that the Al contents in the LVP drug products investigated originated in the amount of the Al in each raw material.
Role of Hypoxia-Inducible Factors in Acute Kidney Injury (2014)

Oxygen is vital to mammalian survival. Oxygen deprivation, defined as hypoxia, elicits adaptive responses in cells and tissues, a process regulated by proteins known as hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF). Animal studies have provided compelling data to demonstrate a pivotal role for the HIF pathway in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) that have led to initial human clinical trials examining this pathway in ischemia-reperfusion injury in various organ systems, including the kidney. HIF are master regulators and mediate adaptive responses to low oxygen in tissues and cells. This review will summarize recent key advances in the field highlighting preclinical and clinical studies relevant to the HIF pathway in the pathophysiology of AKI.
Remarkable 4,4′‐Substituent Effects on Binap: Highly Enantioselective Ru Catalysts for Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β‐Aryl Ketoesters and Their Immobilization in Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquids (2004)

A family of chiral diphosphanes with systematically tunable electronic and steric properties have been used in the asymmetric hydrogenation of β-aryl ketoesters with excellent ee values (up to 99.8 %) by taking advantage of remarkable 4,4′-substituent effects on binap. These highly enantioselective Ru catalysts have also been effectively immobilized in room-temperature ionic liquids (RTIL). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2004/z53415_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Predictors of Perception of Cognitive Functioning in HIV/AIDS (2000)

This is a descriptive, correlational study of the predictors of perceived cognitive functioning. The convenience sample of 728 nonhospitalized persons receiving health care for HIV/AIDS was recruited from seven sites in the United States. All measures were self-reported. Self-perception of cognitive functioning, the dependent variable, was composed of three items from the Medical Outcomes Study HIV scale: thinking, attention, and forgetfulness. Data related to age, gender, ethnicity, education, injection drug use, CD4 count, and length of time known to be HIV-positive were collected on a demographic questionnaire. The scale from the Sign and Symptom Checklist for Persons with HIV Disease was used to measure self-reported symptoms. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Predictors of perception of cognitive functioning explained a total of 36.3% of the variance. Four blocks--person variables (1.5%) (age, gender, education, history of injection drug use), disease status (2.3%), symptom status (26.5%), and functional status (5.4%)--significantly contributed statistically to the total variance. Among those individuals who completed the questions related to depression (n = 450), 28% of the variance in cognitive functioning was explained by this variable. The findings in this multi-site study indicate that symptom status explained the largest amount of variance in perceived cognitive functioning. Early identification of cognitive impairment can result in appropriate clinical interventions in remediable conditions and in the improvement of quality of life.
AGROECOLOGIA E AGRICULTURA ECOLÓGICA COMO PILAR DE SUSTENTAÇÃO DA AGRICULTURA CAMPONESA (2018)

O presente artigo pretende estudar o contexto histórico do surgimento da agricultura industrializada mostrando suas formas de degradação que acompanham a industrialização levando a acontecimentos característicos do processo de globalização e sua articulação com o neoliberalismo econômico no contexto de sociedade de risco no presente da era informacional e capitalista. Assim, uma vez estabelecidas as novas formas de degradação, dos recursos naturais além do histórico e mecanismos operacionais sociais passou a caracterizar a Agroecologia, o papel representado na economia e de sua soberania na produção de alimentos de qualidade. Apresenta-se então, agroecologia e agricultura como uma resposta à deterioração que a industrialização vem provocando na natureza, em decorrência da má utilização dos recursos naturais, o que gera consequências desastrosas tanto na natureza quanto na sociedade. A existência da prática de experiências agroecológicas na natureza possibilita a preservação dos recursos naturais, e age como pilar de sustento da agricultura camponesa e participa ativamente da articulação com os movimentos sociais da terra, que organizam o neoliberalismo em união à globalização.
Downlink capacity enhancement by employing SDMA in GSM (2002)

In this paper we investigate the downlink capacity enhancement in GSM by employing an antenna array at the base station. The space division multiple access (SDMA) approach allows multiple users to be served on the same frequency and time slot. The proposed two-dimensional channel model reflects a realistic spatio-temporal scenario of scatterers and is compatible with GSM specifications. The downlink beamforming scheme employed, based on the estimation of spatial covariance matrices, maximises the average carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR), but may suffer from the non-observability of the downlink channel in FDD. To overcome this problem, a frequency transposition technique is used to approximate the downlink from the uplink channel second order statistics. Furthermore, in order to ensure that CIR for each user is kept above a required level and to optimise the trade-off between capacity and CIR performance, two spatial channel allocation strategies are applied. The resulting capacity enhancement is evaluated via simulations in terms of several system parameters.
Wireless data communications (1994)

Wireless data services and systems represent a rapidly growing and increasingly important segment of the communications industry. In the paper the authors present an overview of this field, emphasizing three major elements: (1) technologies utilized in existing and currently planned wireless data services, (2) issues related to the performance of these systems, and (3) discernible trends in the continuing development of wireless data systems. While the wireless data industry is becoming increasingly diverse and fragmented, one can identify a few mainstreams which relate directly to users requirement for data services. On one hand, there are requirements for relatively low-speed data services supporting mobile users over wide geographical areas, as provided by mobile data networks. On the other hand, there are requirements for high-speed data services in local areas, as provided by wireless LANs. The system-level issues are somewhat different for these two categories of services, and this has led to different technology choices in the two domains, which the authors discuss in the paper.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Altered PTEN Expression as a Diagnostic Marker for the Earliest Endometrial Precancers (2000)

Background: PTEN tumor suppressor gene mutations are the most frequent genetic lesions in endometrial adenocarcinomas of the endometrioid subtype. Testing the hypothesis that altered PTEN function precedes the appearance of endometrial adenocarcinoma has been difficult, however, partly because of uncertainties in precancer diagnosis. Methods: Two series of endometrial cancer and precancer (endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia, as diagnosed by computerized morphometric analysis) tissue samples were studied, one for PTEN mutations by the use of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and another for PTEN protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Endometria altered by high estrogen levels that are unopposed by progestins—conditions known to increase cancer risk—were also studied by immunohistochemistry. Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The PTEN mutation rate was 83% (25 of 30) in endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas and 55% (16 of 29) in precancers, and the difference in number of mutations was statistically significant (two-sided P = .025). No normal endometria showed PTEN mutations. Although most precancers and cancers had a mutation in only one PTEN allele, endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas showed complete loss of PTEN protein expression in 61% (20 of 33) of cases, and 97% (32 of 33) showed at least some diminution in expression. Cancers and most precancers exhibited contiguous groups of PTEN-negative glands, while endometria altered by unopposed estrogens showed isolated PTEN-negative glands. Conclusions: Loss of PTEN function by mutational or other mechanisms is an early event in endometrial tumorigenesis that may occur in response to known endocrine risk factors and offers an informative immunohistochemical biomarker for premalignant disease. Individual PTEN-negative glands in estrogen-exposed endometria are the earliest recognizable stage of endometrial carcinogenesis. Proliferation into dense clusters that form discrete premalignant lesions follows.
Treatment of Infants and Toddlers With Cystic Fibrosis–related Pancreatic Insufficiency and Fat Malabsorption With Pancrelipase MT (2011)

Treatment with Pancrease MT at a dosage of 500 U lipase/kg/meal resulted in a CFA of approximately 89% in pediatric subjects ages 6 to 30 months with PI resulting from CF. Pancrease MT doses were well tolerated and mean palatability was scored as fair to good. Present results do not indicate that a dosage higher than 500 U (Ph. EUR) lipase/kg/meal increases the coefficient of fat absorption in a cohort of infants 6 to 30 months of age.
Adhesion of human Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB to human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells (1992)

Twenty-five strains of lactobacilli were tested for their ability to adhere to human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells in culture. Seven Lactobacillus strains adhered well to the Caco-2 cells, of which three possessed calcium-independent adhesion properties. A high level of calcium-independent adhesion was observed with the human stool isolate Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that this strain adhered to the apical brush border of the cells. Adhesion increased in parallel with the morphological and functional differentiation of the Caco-2 cells. Two Lactobacillus components were involved in this adhesion. One was protease-resistant and bacterial-surface-associated; the other was heat-stable, extracellular and protease-sensitive.
Multiple roles for platelet-derived growth factor in renal disease. (1995)

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a pleiotropic cytokine, that is synthesized by various resident renal cells and also by infiltrating cells. The best established role for PDGF in the kidney is the mediation of glomerular mesangial cell proliferation. There is also evidence to suggest an involvement of PDGF in the regulation of renal extracellular matrix turnover, the chemoattraction of mesangial cells and/or other cells to sites of injury, the regulation of glomerular hemodynamics, and lipoprotein uptake in the glomerulus. The first studies investigating the efficacy of anti-PDGF therapy in glomerular disorders point to a potentially novel approach to treat progressive renal disease.
<title>Photoaddressed liquid-crystal light valve for printing and imaging</title> (1990)

We have developed a Photo Addressed Liquid Crystal Light Valve (PALV) that incorporates Smectic C* liquid crystal and a photoconductor and a precise addressing method with laser scanning. The PALV system acts as a secondary imaging plate for imaging and printing. Fast writing speed of 2 sec and resolution of 10 lp/mm were achieved experimentally. The resolution mainly depends on driving frequency and alignment of Smectic C*. The PALV has the possibility of higher resolution in the future. 1.
Effects of Ethanol on the Temperature Relations of Viability and Growth in Yeast (1983)

During alcoholic fermentation in batch by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other yeasts, the increasing concentration of ethanol adversely affects the state and the activities of the yeast population including its specific growth rate, its specific rate of fermentation, and its viability.1“13 With increasing process temperature some of these effects may become more severe.1,8,12,13The underlying mechanisms are many and include the irreversible denaturation14 and the hyperbolic noncompetitive inhibition15 of glycolytic enzymes, the exponential noncompetitive inhibition of the glucose transport system,16 the depression of the optimum and the maximum temperatures for growth,17 and the enhancement of thermal death.19 Here we'll review the effects of ethanol on the temperature profile of growth and thermal death of S. cerevisiae. (For basic treatments of temperature profiles of yeasts see van Uden and Madeira-Lopes.-20,22)
Synthesis of New 2‐Phenyladenines and 2‐Phenylpteridines and Biological Evaluation as Adenosine Receptor Ligands (2007)

Synthesis and biological assays of a series of 2-phenylpteridine derivatives are described to compare their affinities to adenosine receptors with those of the corresponding adenines, purposely prepared, and 8-azaadenines previously described. This study demonstrates that the enlargement of the five-membered ring of the adenine nucleus to a six-membered one is a modification that does not allow the molecules to maintain high activity towards adenosine receptors; in fact, pteridine derivatives did not show themselves to be good adenosine receptor ligands. On the contrary, N(6)-cycloalkyl- or N(6)-alkyl-2-phenyladenines showed a very high affinity and selectivity for A(1) adenosine receptors. We demonstrate also that the 9-benzyl substituent is crucial for conferring high affinity for A(3) receptors to molecules having a 2-phenyladenine-like nucleus.
Intrinsic Grassmann Averages for Online Linear and Robust Subspace Learning (2017)

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a fundamental method for estimating a linear subspace approximation to high-dimensional data. Many algorithms exist in literature to achieve a statistically robust version of PCA called RPCA. In this paper, we present a geometric framework for computing the principal linear subspaces in both situations that amounts to computing the intrinsic average on the space of all subspaces (the Grassmann manifold). Points on this manifold are defined as the subspaces spanned by K-tuples of observations. We show that the intrinsic Grassmann average of these subspaces coincide with the principal components of the observations when they are drawn from a Gaussian distribution. Similar results are also shown to hold for the RPCA. Further, we propose an efficient online algorithm to do subspace averaging which is of linear complexity in terms of number of samples and has a linear convergence rate. When the data has outliers, our proposed online robust subspace averaging algorithm shows significant performance (accuracy and computation time) gain over a recently published RPCA methods with publicly accessible code. We have demonstrated competitive performance of our proposed online subspace algorithm method on one synthetic and two real data sets. Experimental results depicting stability of our proposed method are also presented. Furthermore, on two real outlier corrupted datasets, we present comparison experiments showing lower reconstruction error using our online RPCA algorithm. In terms of reconstruction error and time required, both our algorithms outperform the competition.
Localization and quantitation of expression of two glutamate decarboxylase genes in pancreatic beta-cells and other peripheral tissues of mouse and rat (1993)

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes synthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-amino butyric acid. Two homologous forms of GAD encoded by separate genes have been cloned from rat brain, with predicted protein sizes of 67 and 65 kilodaltons. GAD is present outside the brain, and pancreatic islet GAD is believed to be a target of autoimmunity in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. However, peripheral expression of the two GAD genes is incompletely characterized. We, therefore, investigated GAD expression in peripheral tissues, including pancreas, of mouse and rat. cDNAs encoding GAD 67 and GAD 65 were cloned from mouse brain and shown to be 95% homologous with the rat sequences. RNase protection assay using specific cRNA probes demonstrated expression of both GAD forms in freshly harvested pancreas and testis. Levels of both GAD mRNAs were greater in rat than mouse pancreas. GAD 67 mRNA was more abundant than GAD 65, and both were localized to islet beta-cells by in situ hybridization. In testis, both GAD mRNAs were localized to spermatocytes. Additionally, GAD 67, but not GAD 65, mRNA was detected in mouse and rat spleen and mouse liver. Thus, both GAD genes are expressed in peripheral tissues, with GAD 67 mRNA being more abundant under physiological conditions. The expression of both GAD 67 and GAD 65 genes specifically in islet beta-cells indicates that both GAD forms are candidate autoantigens in rodent models of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Charons 36 to 40: multi enzyone, high capacity, recombination deficient replacement vectors with polylinkers and ploystuffers (1987)

New phage lambda based cloning vectors, Charons 36-40, have been constructed which allow cloning of large (up to 24 kb) DNA fragments with up to sixteen cloning enzymes. Several of these could not be used previously with lambda vectors. Clones produced with these vectors can be propagated under recombination deficient conditions. A novel polystuffer method has been developed that permits vector arms to be purified by simple precipitation and which allows reliable identification of clones that have reincorporated any part of the stuffer. Three of the vectors are available with amber mutations in essential genes.
Effector Genomics Accelerates Discovery and Functional Profiling of Potato Disease Resistance and Phytophthora Infestans Avirulence Genes (2008)

Potato is the world's fourth largest food crop yet it continues to endure late blight, a devastating disease caused by the Irish famine pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Breeding broad-spectrum disease resistance (R) genes into potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the best strategy for genetically managing late blight but current approaches are slow and inefficient. We used a repertoire of effector genes predicted computationally from the P. infestans genome to accelerate the identification, functional characterization, and cloning of potentially broad-spectrum R genes. An initial set of 54 effectors containing a signal peptide and a RXLR motif was profiled for activation of innate immunity (avirulence or Avr activity) on wild Solanum species and tentative Avr candidates were identified. The RXLR effector family IpiO induced hypersensitive responses (HR) in S. stoloniferum, S. papita and the more distantly related S. bulbocastanum, the source of the R gene Rpi-blb1. Genetic studies with S. stoloniferum showed cosegregation of resistance to P. infestans and response to IpiO. Transient co-expression of IpiO with Rpi-blb1 in a heterologous Nicotiana benthamiana system identified IpiO as Avr-blb1. A candidate gene approach led to the rapid cloning of S. stoloniferum Rpi-sto1 and S. papita Rpi-pta1, which are functionally equivalent to Rpi-blb1. Our findings indicate that effector genomics enables discovery and functional profiling of late blight R genes and Avr genes at an unprecedented rate and promises to accelerate the engineering of late blight resistant potato varieties.
The Coactivator-associated Arginine Methyltransferase Is Necessary for Muscle Differentiation (2002)

Studies with the myogenic basic helix-loop-helix and MADS box factors suggest that efficient transactivation is dependent on the recruitment of the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) and the cofactors p300 and p300/CBP-associated factor. SRCs have been demonstrated to recruit CARM1 (coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase-1), a member of the S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent PRMT1-5 (protein-arginine N-methyltransferase-1-5) family, which catalyzes the methylation of arginine residues. This prompted us to investigate the functional role of CARM1/PRMT4 during skeletal myogenesis. We demonstrate that CARM1 and the SRC cofactor GRIP-1 cooperatively stimulate the activity of myocyte enhancer factor-2C (MEF2C). Moreover, there are direct interactions among MEF2C, GRIP-1, and CARM1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated the in vivo recruitment of MEF2 and CARM1 to the endogenous muscle creatine kinase promoter in a differentiation-dependent manner. Furthermore, CARM1 is expressed in somites during embryogenesis and in the nuclei of muscle cells. Treatment of myogenic cells with the methylation inhibitor adenosine dialdehyde or tet-regulated CARM1 "antisense" expression did not affect expression of MyoD. However, inhibition of CARM1 inhibited differentiation and abrogated the expression of the key transcription factors (myogenin and MEF2) that initiate the differentiation cascade. This work clearly demonstrates that the arginine methyltransferase CARM1 potentiates myogenesis and supports the positive role of arginine methylation in mammalian differentiation.