gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GaN/AlN digital alloy short-period superlattices by switched atomic layer metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1993)

In this letter we report the fabrication of GaN/AlN short-period superlattices using switched atomic layer epitaxy. Superlattice structures with GaN well thicknesses ranging from 2.6 to 20.8 Å (with AlN barrier thicknesses of 2.5, 7.5, and 15 Å) were deposited over basal plane sapphire and characterized for their structure, crystallinity, and optical properties. Cross-sectional transmission electron micrographs indicate GaN/AlN interfaces and the superlattice surfaces are atomically smooth. The structures exhibit strong room temperature photoluminescence and a sharp absorption edge indicating a high optical quality.
Thyroid hormones selectively modulate human alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme catalyzed ethanol oxidation (1987)

Thyroid hormones are potent, instantaneous, and reversible inhibitors of ethanol oxidation catalyzed by isozymes of class I and II human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). None of the thyroid hormones inhibits class III ADH. At pH 7.40 the apparent Ki values vary between 55 and 110 microM for triiodothyronine, 35 and greater than 200 microM for thyroxine, and 10 and 23 microM for triiodothyroacetic acid. The inhibition is of a mixed type toward both NAD+ and ethanol. The binding of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine to beta 1 gamma 1 ADH is mutually exclusive with 1,10-phenanthroline, 4-methylpyrazole, and testosterone, identifying a binding site(s) for the thyroid hormones, which overlap(s) both the 1,10-phenanthroline site near the active site zinc atom and the testosterone binding site, the latter being a regulatory site on the gamma-subunit-containing isozymes and distinct from their catalytic site. The inhibition by thyroid hormones may have implications for regulation of ADH catalysis of ethanol and alcohols in the intermediary metabolism of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin and in steroid metabolism. In concert with other hormonal regulators, e.g., testosterone, the rate of ADH catalysis is capable of being fine tuned in accord with both substrate and modulator concentrations.
Use of chiral zwitterionic surfactants for enantiomeric resolutions by capillary electrophoresis (2003)

The enantiomeric resolution of 1,1'-binaphthyl-2,2'-diamine and Tröger's base was investigated using the commercially available zwitterionic surfactants 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulphonate (CHAPS) and 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulphonate (CHAPSO). Resolution of the weakly basic chiral probes was achieved using varying concentrations of surfactant, above their critical micellar concentrations, in a phosphate buffer (pH 2.5; 100 mM) to ensure ionisation of the analytes. Both CHAPS and CHAPSO were employed in the absence of additional coselectors or surfactants as sole micellar-forming agents. The addition of organic modifiers, methanol and acetonitrile (ACN), to the background electrolyte (BGE) was found to have a detrimental effect on enantioselectivity presumably by alteration of the phase polarity.
Influence of 2‐phenyl alkane and tetralin content on solubility and viscosity of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (1995)

Abstract Cloud and clear points and viscosities of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) have been determined as a function of 2‐phenyl alkane and/or tetralin content over a wide interval. While the 2‐phenyl content significantly affects the solubility, tetralins have a marked depressive effect on viscosity. The investigation has established that LAS solubility can be explained by assuming eutectic types of isomer and homolog mixtures, which are dependent on internal to external isomer ratios.
Photosynthesis and Rubisco kinetics in spring wheat and meadow fescue under conditions of simulated climate change with elevated CO2 and increased temperatures (1999)

Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.cv.Polkka)and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Hudson cv. Kalevi)cwere grown in ambient and elevated (700 µl l -1 )carbon dioxide concentration both at present ambient temperatures and at temperatures 3°C higher than at present simulating a future climate.The CO2 concentrations were elevated in large (3 m in diameter)open top chambers and the temperatures in a greenhouse built over the experimental field.The photosynthetic rate of both wheat and meadow fescue was 31 37%higher in elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2 )than in ambient CO 2 (aCO2 )throughout the growing season.The enhancement in wheat photosynthesis in eCO2 declined 10 13 days before yellow ripeness,at which point the rate of photosynthesis in both CO 2 treatments declined.The stomatal conductance of wheat and meadow fescue was 2336% lower in eCO2 than in aCO2 .The amount and activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) in wheat were lower under conditions of eCO2 ,except at elevated temperatures in 1993 when there was a clear yield increase.There was no clear change in the amount and activity of Rubisco in meadow fescue under eCO2 at either elevated or ambient temperature.This suggests that adaptation to elevated CO2 at biochemical level occurs only when there is insufficient sink for photosynthetic products.While the sink size of wheat can be increased only by introducing new,more productive genotypes,the sink size of meadow fescue can be regulated by fitting the cutting schedule to growth.;
Subpixel edge location in binary images using dithering (1995)

This paper concerns the problem of obtaining subpixel estimates of the locations of straight edges in binary digital images using dithering. By adding uniformly distributed independent random noise it is shown that estimation bias may be removed and that the estimation variance is inversely proportional to the length of the line segment. The sensitivity to incorrect dither amplitude is calculated, and implementation is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Reversal of Warfarin-Induced Excessive Anticoagulation with Recombinant Human Factor VIIa Concentrate (2002)

Safe, rapid, and effective administration of rFVIIa corrects critically prolonged INRs and can avert or reverse bleeding associated with warfarin anticoagulation.
A Novel and Specific NADPH Oxidase-1 (Nox1) Small-Molecule Inhibitor Blocks the Formation of Functional Invadopodia in Human Colon Cancer Cells (2010)

The NADPH oxidase (Nox) proteins catalyze the regulated formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play key roles as signaling molecules in several physiological and pathophysiological processes. ROS generation by the Nox1 member of the Nox family is necessary for the formation of extracellular matrix (ECM)-degrading, actin-rich cellular structures known as invadopodia. Selective inhibition of Nox isoforms can provide reversible, mechanistic insights into these cellular processes in contrast to scavenging or inhibition of ROS production. Currently no specific Nox inhibitors have been described. Here, by high-throughput screening, we identify a subset of phenothiazines, 2-acetylphenothiazine (here referred to as ML171) (and its related 2-(trifluoromethyl)-phenothiazine) as nanomolar, cell-active, and specific Nox1 inhibitors that potently block Nox1-dependent ROS generation, with only marginal activity on other cellular ROS-producing enzymes and receptors including the other Nox isoforms. ML171 also blocks the ROS-dependent formation of ECM-degrading invadopodia in colon cancer cells. Such effects can be reversed by overexpression of Nox1 protein, which is suggestive of a selective mechanism of inhibition of Nox1 by this compound. These results elucidate the relevance of Nox1-dependent ROS generation in mechanisms of cancer invasion and define ML171 as a useful Nox1 chemical probe and potential therapeutic agent for inhibition of cancer cell invasion.
Techniques for data hiding in audio files (1995)

Data hiding is a group of techniques for embedding data in media such as images and audio signals. Ideally, the data will be directly embedded into the data stream of the host medium imperceivably, and will also be immune to the modification of the host medium, allowing the data to stay embedded. The process is constrained by the bandwidth of data to be embedded, the need for invariance of the data under conditions where the &amp;quot;host&amp;quot; signal is subject to distortions, and the degree to which the data must be immune to interception, modification, or removal by a third party _ Both novel and traditional techniques for data hiding are described and evaluated. This work has focused primarily on audio.
A comparative study between a chondroitinase B and a chondroitinase AC from Flavobacterium heparinum: Isolation of a chondroitinase AC-susceptible dodecasaccharide from chondroitin sulphate B (1975)

A chondroitinase that degrades only chondroitin sulphate B was isolated from Flavobacterium heparinum, and separated from a constitutive chondroitinase AC also present in extracts of F. heparinum. The enzyme acts only on chondroitin sulphate B, producing oligo- and tetra-saccharides, plus an unsaturated 4-sulphated disaccharide (deltaDi-4S). The oligosaccharide fraction (mol. wt. 3000) is susceptible to chondroitinase AC, producing mainly deltaDi-4S. The chondroitinase B is distinguished from chondroitinase AC by several properties, such as the effect of certain metal ions, temperature for optimal activity, and susceptibility to increasing salt concentrations. The enzyme is induced in F. heparinum by all the chondroitin sulphates, as well as by the disaccharides prepared from the chondroitins. The mechanism of induction of the enzyme and the structure of chondroitin sulphate B are discussed in relation to these results.
DNAzymes: From Creation In Vitro to Application In Vivo (2004)

DNAzymes, also known as deoxyribozymes or DNA enzymes, refer to single-stranded DNA molecules with catalytic capabilities. DNAzymes are generated de novo by in vitro selection--a powerful and yet simple technique that has been routinely used to isolate extremely rare DNA or RNA sequences with a function of interest (e.g. ligand-binding or catalysis) from an extraordinarily large population of single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules. Since the report of the first DNAzyme nearly ten years ago, hundreds of DNA sequences have been isolated in many research laboratories around the world to facilitate many chemical transformations of biological importance. In recent years, considerable efforts have been undertaken to assess a variety of DNAzymes for innovation-driven applications ranging from biosensing to gene regulation. This article provides a review on several key aspects of DNAzyme-related research. We will first review in vitro selection techniques used for DNAzyme creation as well as some DNAzymes created for a few representative chemical transformations. We will then discuss recent progresses in studying and developing DNAzymes as reporter molecules for detection-oriented applications, and as therapeutic agents to regulate gene expression at the RNA level. Future outlook on efforts aimed to bring the wonder of catalytic DNA from laboratory curiosity to real world application are also discussed.
Integrating Protein Engineering and Bioorthogonal Click Conjugation for Extracellular Vesicle Modulation and Intracellular Delivery (2015)

Exosomes are small, cell-secreted vesicles that transfer proteins and genetic information between cells. This intercellular transmission regulates many physiological and pathological processes. Therefore, exosomes have emerged as novel biomarkers for disease diagnosis and as nanocarriers for drug delivery. Here, we report an easy-to-adapt and highly versatile methodology to modulate exosome composition and conjugate exosomes for intracellular delivery. Our strategy combines the metabolic labeling of newly synthesized proteins or glycan/glycoproteins of exosome-secreting cells with active azides and bioorthogonal click conjugation to modify and functionalize the exosomes. The azide-integrated can be conjugated to a variety of small molecules and proteins and can efficiently deliver conjugates into cells. The metabolic engineering of exosomes diversifies the chemistry of exosomes and expands the functions that can be introduced into exosomes, providing novel, powerful tools to study the roles of exosomes in biology and expand the biomedical potential of exosomes.
Effect of acetate and propionate on fasting hepatic glucose production in humans. (1995)

SCFA, administered at a rate calculated on the basis of a continuous daily fermentation of 30 g dietary fibres, do not change hepatic glucose production or fasting blood glucose. Propionate and acetate decrease plasma FFA, and further studies are needed to explore this effect on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity.
Identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Tibetan Qula cheese (2008)

Fourteen strains of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolated from Qula, a Tibetan traditional yak cheese, were divided into four groups (A-D) according to morphological and biochemical characteristics. On the basis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, group A and group B strains were placed in the cluster making up the genus Leuconostoc, which together with Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, formed a distinct cluster. The group C strain was clearly identified as Enterococcus faecium by forming a very well defined cluster with this species. The group D strains were placed in the lactobacilli cluster with Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus pentosus being the closely related species. On the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization, strains in the groups A, B, C and D were identified as Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus plantarum, respectively. Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. dextranicum was the dominate member of the population.
Overexpression of urokinase receptor in breast cancer cells results in increased tumor invasion, growth and metastasis (1996)

We have examined the role of urokinase receptor (uPAR) in tumor invasion and metastasis by developing a homologous model of uPAR overexpression in a rat breast cancer cell line (Mat B III) using gene transfer technique. Control (pRc-CMV) and experimental plasmid (pRc-uPAR-S) were transfected into Mat B III cells by using Lipofectin reagent. Levels of uPAR production were accessed by Northern blotting, immunofluorescence, receptor binding and ELISA. At least 3 experimental clones (pRc-uPAR-S), expressing 3- to 5-fold higher levels of uPAR than control (pRc-CMV), were selected for further analysis. Experimental cells overexpressing uPAR showed a 4-to 5-fold higher invasive capacity compared with control cells in a Boyden chamber invasion assay. Both control and experimental cells (1 x 10(6) cells) were injected into the mammary fat pad of syngeneic female Fischer rats. Animals were sacrificed at timed intervals and evaluated for the development of tumor growth and metastasis. Animals receiving cells overexpressing uPAR had significantly larger tumor volume and weight throughout our study. Furthermore, due to increased uPAR expression, experimental animals developed large metastatic lesions in liver, spleen and lymph nodes. Our results therefore demonstrate the role of uPAR in tumor progression, due to its ability to localize uPA within the tumor cell milieu.
The Penicillium Chrysogenum Extracellular Proteome. Conversion from a Food-rotting Strain to a Versatile Cell Factory for White Biotechnology (2010)

The filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum is well-known by its ability to synthesize β-lactam antibiotics as well as other secondary metabolites. Like other filamentous fungi, this microorganism is an excellent host for secretion of extracellular proteins because of the high capacity of its protein secretion machinery. In this work, we have characterized the extracellular proteome reference map of P. chrysogenum Wisconsin 54-1255 by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. This method allowed the correct identification of 279 spots by peptide mass fingerprinting and tandem MS. These 279 spots included 328 correctly identified proteins, which corresponded to 131 different proteins and their isoforms. One hundred and two proteins out of 131 were predicted to contain either classical or nonclassical secretion signal peptide sequences, providing evidence of the authentic extracellular location of these proteins. Proteins with higher representation in the extracellular proteome were those involved in plant cell wall degradation (polygalacturonase, pectate lyase, and glucan 1,3-β-glucosidase), utilization of nutrients (extracellular acid phosphatases and 6-hydroxy-d-nicotine oxidase), and stress response (catalase R). This filamentous fungus also secretes enzymes specially relevant for food industry, such as sulfydryl oxidase, dihydroxy-acid dehydratase, or glucoamylase. The identification of several antigens in the extracellular proteome also highlights the importance of this microorganism as one of the main indoor allergens. Comparison of the extracellular proteome among three strains of P. chrysogenum, the wild-type NRRL 1951, the Wis 54-1255 (an improved, moderate penicillin producer), and the AS-P-78 (a penicillin high-producer), provided important insights to consider improved strains of this filamentous fungus as versatile cell-factories of interest, beyond antibiotic production, for other aspects of white biotechnology.
Roscovitine, a Specific Inhibitor of Cellular Cyclin-Dependent Kinases, Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus DNA Synthesis in the Presence of Viral Early Proteins (2000)

We have previously shown that two inhibitors specific for cellular cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks), Roscovitine (Rosco) and Olomoucine (Olo), block the replication of herpes simplex virus (HSV). Based on these results, we demonstrated that HSV replication requires cellular cdks that are sensitive to these drugs (L. M. Schang, J. Phillips, and P. A. Schaffer. J. Virol. 72:5626-5637, 1998). We further established that at least two distinct steps in the viral replication cycle require cdks: transcription of immediate-early (IE) genes and transcription of early (E) genes (L. M. Schang, A. Rosenberg, and P. A. Schaffer, J. Virol. 73:2161-2172, 1999). Since Rosco inhibits HSV replication efficiently even when added to infected cells at 6 h postinfection, we postulated that cdks may also be required for viral functions that occur after E gene expression. In the study presented herein, we tested this hypothesis directly by measuring the efficiency of viral replication, viral DNA synthesis, and expression of several viral genes during infections in which Rosco was added after E proteins had already been synthesized. Rosco inhibited HSV replication, and specifically viral DNA synthesis, when the drug was added at the time of release from a 12-h phosphonoacetic acid (PAA)-induced block in viral DNA synthesis. Inhibition of DNA synthesis was not a consequence of inhibition of expression of IE or E genes in that Rosco had no effect on steady-state levels of two E transcripts under the same conditions in which it inhibited viral DNA synthesis. Moreover, viral DNA synthesis was inhibited by Rosco even in the absence of protein synthesis. In a second series of experiments, the replication of four HSV mutants harboring temperature-sensitive mutations in genes essential for viral DNA replication was inhibited when Rosco was added at the time of shift-down from the nonpermissive to the permissive temperature. Viral DNA synthesis was inhibited by Rosco under these conditions, whereas expression of viral E genes was not affected. We conclude that cellular Rosco-sensitive cdks are required for replication of viral DNA in the presence of viral E proteins. This requirement may indicate that HSV DNA synthesis is functionally linked to transcription, which requires cdks, or that both viral transcription and DNA replication, independently, require viral or cellular factors activated by Rosco-sensitive cdks.
An Interlaboratory Study of Antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi (1987)

Journal Article An Interlaboratory Study of Antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi Get access Craig W. Hedberg, Craig W. Hedberg Acute Disease Epidemiology Section. Minnesota Department of Health, and the Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Please address requests for reprints to Dr. Craig W. Hedberg, Acute Disease Epidemiology Section, Minnesota Department of Health, 717 Southeast Delaware Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michael T. Osterholm, Michael T. Osterholm Acute Disease Epidemiology Section. Minnesota Department of Health, and the Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Kristine L. MacDonald, Kristine L. MacDonald Acute Disease Epidemiology Section. Minnesota Department of Health, and the Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Karen E. White Karen E. White Acute Disease Epidemiology Section. Minnesota Department of Health, and the Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 155, Issue 6, June 1987, Pages 1325–1327, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/155.6.1325 Published: 01 June 1987 Article history Received: 09 September 1986 Revision received: 20 November 1986 Published: 01 June 1987
Increased Sensitivity of Surface Plasmon Resonance of Gold Nanoshells Compared to That of Gold Solid Colloids in Response to Environmental Changes (2002)

Gold nanoshells have been synthesized by reacting aqueous HAuCl4 solutions with solid templates such as silver nanoparticles. The morphology, void space, and wall thickness of these hollow nanostructures were all determined by the templates, which were completely converted into soluble species during the replacement reaction. The surface plasmon peaks of these gold nanoshells were considerably red-shifted as compared to gold solid colloids having approximately the same dimensions. In addition, the surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoshells exhibited a much more sensitive response toward environmental changes even when compared with solid colloids with a mean size much smaller than that of gold nanoshells. For example, the sensitivity factor (i.e., the shift in peak position per unit change in the refractive index of the surrounding medium) was 408.8, 60.0, and 70.9 nm per refractive index unit for gold nanoshells with a mean diameter of 50 nm and wall thickness of 4.5 nm, gold solid colloids of 50 nm in diameter, and gold solid colloids of 30 nm in diameter, respectively. The formation of alkanethiolate self-assembled monolayers on their surfaces caused the plasmon peaks to red-shift by 3.0 nm per methylene unit for gold nanoshells and 0.2 nm per methylene unit for solid colloids with a mean size of 50 nm. Such enhanced sensitivities should make gold nanoshells particularly useful as optical probes for chemical or biological binding events at solid-liquid interfaces.
Effect of source/drain asymmetry on the performance of Z-RAM&#x00AE; devices (2009)

In this paper, the performance of Zero capacitor RAM (Z-RAM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">reg</sub> ) devices, developed in a 45 nm SOI CMOS technology, is compared with both symmetric and asymmetric doping schemes. It is shown that the asymmetrically doped Z-RAM (AD) devices offer much better memory performance compared to the symmetrically doped Z-RAM (SD) devices.