gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Textual Criticism and Composition Research (1983)

It's a commonplace among textual bibliographers that the questions they ask and answer apply across many different disciplines. As Fredson Bowers long ago argued, "No matter what the field of study, the basis lies in the analysis of the records in printed or in manuscript form."l Not just in high literature, but in history, philosophy, and the history of science, modern bibliographical editing is widely recognized as indispensable. Yet in bibliography's, and Professor Bowers', own traditional fiefdom, the English graduate program, one area has been almost totally neglected. Whereas twenty-five years ago, it was students of modern literature, especially the novel, who needed persuading that good texts matter, nowadays the relevance of traditional textual scholarship is more likely to be questioned by colleagues and graduate students from the mushrooming sub-specialty of composition studies. Bruce Harkness has not yet, so far as I know, given us a modernized apologia, "Bibliography and the Rhetorical Fallacy." What examples can the textual bibliographer offer to meet this new generation of questioning?
Methylation profiling of CpG islands in human breast cancer cells (1999)

CpG island hypermethylation is known to be associated with gene silencing in cancer. This epigenetic event is generally accepted as a stochastic process in tumor cells resulting from aberrant DNA methyltransferase (DNA-MTase) activities. Specific patterns of CpG island methylation could result from clonal selection of cells having growth advantages due to silencing of associated tumor suppressor genes. Alternatively, methylation patterns may be determined by other, as yet unidentified factors. To explore further the underlying mechanisms, we developed a novel array-based method, called differential methylation hybridization (DMH), which allows a genome-wide screening of hypermethylated CpG islands in tumor cells. DMH was used to determine the methylation status of >276 CpG island loci in a group of breast cancer cell lines. Between 5 and 14% of these loci were hypermethylated extensively in these cells relative to a normal control. Pattern analysis of 30 positive loci by Southern hybridization indicated that CpG islands might differ in their susceptibility to hypermethylation. Loci exhibiting pre-existing methylation in normal controls were more susceptible to de novo methylation in these cancer cells than loci without this condition. In addition, these cell lines exhibited different intrinsic abilities to methylate CpG islands not directly associated with methyltransferase activities. Our study provides evidence that, aside from random DNA-MTase action, additional cellular factors exist that govern aberrant methylation in breast cancer cells.
Bed Bugs – Still More Questions Than Answers: A Need for Research and Public Awareness (2006)

American Entomologist • Volume 52, Number 2 Unless you are over 65 years of age, you may not remember what it was like to have bed bugs in the United States. Even within the entomological community, few are very familiar with this haematophagous pest. Despite the great deal of media attention bed bugs are currently receiving, many entomologists are fail to recognize the seriousness of this re-emerging pest as well as the desperate need for both basic and applied bed bug research, as well as community outreach efforts aimed at increasing public awareness. Bed bugs were essentially eradicated from the United States during the post-World War II era, but some time around 1999, they began showing up again, mostly in hotels located in major metropolitan centers. Since then, we have seen infestations appearing in apartments, college dormitories, health care facilities, various modes of transport, and in middle and upper class singlefamily residences. If we are unable to slow down the dispersal of this insect, it will become a routinely encountered pest, as it was prior to World War II; but this time, socio-economic barriers will not be the dividing line. The rapid increase of bed bugs is reflected in the number of treatments being performed by the pest management industry (Fig.1). Perhaps one of the most important factors contributing to the exponential increase of bed bug activity is a general lack of public awareness. The public is simply not aware that bed bugs exist, so when bed-bug-infested items are thrown out along the curb, they are often quickly picked up by someone else and transported into another home. This is an especially big problem at apartment complexes and on college campuses. Used or second-hand furniture, as well as rental furniture, is serving as another means of dispersal. In addition to this general lack of awareness, due to the insect’s secretive habits, it often takes several months or more for people to figure out that they have an infestation. During the early stages of an infestation, bed bugs tend to live in undisturbed environments. For example, in hotels, one of the first areas to become infested is behind wall-mounted headboards. Here, the bugs are completely protected, never disturbed, and are only inches away from a blood meal. It’s not Bed Bugs – Still More Questions Than Answers: A Need for Research and Public Awareness
Hemagglutination Inhibition Antibody Titers as a Correlate of Protection Against Seasonal A/H3N2 Influenza Disease (2015)

Background. To investigate the relationship between hemagglutinin-inhibition (HI) antibody levels to the risk of influenza disease, we conducted a correlate of protection analysis using pooled data from previously published randomized trials. Methods. Data on the occurrence of laboratory-confirmed influenza and HI levels pre- and postvaccination were analyzed from 4 datasets: 3 datasets included subjects aged <65 years who received inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) or placebo, and 1 dataset included subjects aged ≥65 years who received AS03-adjuvanted TIV (AS03-TIV) or TIV. A logistic model was used to evaluate the relationship between the postvaccination titer of A/H3N2 HI antibodies and occurrence of A/H3N2 disease. We then built a receiver-operating characteristic curve to identify a potential cutoff titer between protection and no protection. Results. The baseline odds ratio of A/H3N2 disease was higher for subjects aged ≥65 years than <65 years and higher in seasons of strong epidemic intensity than moderate or low intensity. Including age and epidemic intensity as covariates, a 4-fold increase in titer was associated with a 2-fold decrease in the risk of A/H3N2 disease. Conclusions. The modeling exercise confirmed a relationship between A/H3N2 disease and HI responses, but it did not allow an evaluation of the predictive power of the HI response.
Separable Whorl-Specific Expression and Negative Regulation by Enhancer Elements within the AGAMOUS Second Intron (2000)

We analyzed the 4-kb intragenic control region of the AGAMOUS (AG) gene to gain insight into the mechanisms controlling its expression during early flower development. We identified three major expression patterns conferred by 19 AG::reporter gene constructs: the normal AG pattern, a stamen-specific pattern, and a predominantly carpel pattern. To determine whether these three expression patterns were under negative control by APETALA2 (AP2) or LEUNIG (LUG), we analyzed beta-glucuronidase staining patterns in Arabidopsis plants homozygous for strong ap2 and lug mutations. Our results indicated that the stamen-specific pattern was independent of AP2 but dependent on LUG; conversely, the carpel-specific pattern was independent of LUG but dependent on AP2. These results lead to a model of control of AG expression such that expression in each of the two inner whorls is under independent positive and negative control.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bifidobacteria (1993)

The antimicrobial susceptibility of 37 strains of bifidobacteria to 18 antimicrobial agents was determined by a macrodilution broth method. Most of the strains used were isolated from commercial yogurts and starters. Tested organisms were usually sensitive to Gram-positive spectrum antibiotics (bacitracin, erythromycin, lincomycin, and vancomycin), and most of the organisms were inhibited by a concentration < 1.56 micrograms/ml. Erythromycin was the most active agent; all strains were inhibited by < .19 microgram/ml. beta-Lactam antibiotics (penicillin G, ampicillin, methicillin, and cephalothin), showing a wide range of minimum inhibitory concentration, were less effective than Gram-positive spectrum antibiotics. Most strains were somewhat resistant to cephalothin, exhibiting inhibition at concentrations of 6.25 to 25.0 micrograms/ml. Test organisms were most resistant to kanamycin, neomycin, paromomycin sulfate, nalidixic acid, and polymyxin B sulfate; inhibition occurred only at > or = 50 micrograms/ml, and strains were somewhat less resistant to gentamicin and streptomycin. Susceptibility to nitrofurantoin and tetracycline was variable; minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 1.56 to 50.0 and .39 to 50.0 micrograms/ml, respectively, but chloramphenicol had a narrow range from 1.56 to 6.25 micrograms/ml.
The Meningococcal Vaccine Candidate Neisserial Surface Protein A (NspA) Binds to Factor H and Enhances Meningococcal Resistance to Complement (2010)

Complement forms an important arm of innate immunity against invasive meningococcal infections. Binding of the alternative complement pathway inhibitor factor H (fH) to fH-binding protein (fHbp) is one mechanism meningococci employ to limit complement activation on the bacterial surface. fHbp is a leading vaccine candidate against group B Neisseria meningitidis. Novel mechanisms that meningococci employ to bind fH could undermine the efficacy of fHbp-based vaccines. We observed that fHbp deletion mutants of some meningococcal strains showed residual fH binding suggesting the presence of a second receptor for fH. Ligand overlay immunoblotting using membrane fractions from one such strain showed that fH bound to a approximately 17 kD protein, identified by MALDI-TOF analysis as Neisserial surface protein A (NspA), a meningococcal vaccine candidate whose function has not been defined. Deleting nspA, in the background of fHbp deletion mutants, abrogated fH binding and mAbs against NspA blocked fH binding, confirming NspA as a fH binding molecule on intact bacteria. NspA expression levels vary among strains and expression correlated with the level of fH binding; over-expressing NspA enhanced fH binding to bacteria. Progressive truncation of the heptose (Hep) I chain of lipooligosaccharide (LOS), or sialylation of lacto-N-neotetraose LOS both increased fH binding to NspA-expressing meningococci, while expression of capsule reduced fH binding to the strains tested. Similar to fHbp, binding of NspA to fH was human-specific and occurred through fH domains 6-7. Consistent with its ability to bind fH, deleting NspA increased C3 deposition and resulted in increased complement-dependent killing. Collectively, these data identify a key complement evasion mechanism with important implications for ongoing efforts to develop meningococcal vaccines that employ fHbp as one of its components.
Attenuation of the Vaccine Oka Strain of Varicella-Zoster Virus and Role of Glycoprotein C in Alphaherpesvirus Virulence Demonstrated in the SCID-hu Mouse (1998)

The SCID-hu mouse implanted with human fetal tissue is a novel model for investigating human viral pathogenesis. Infection of human skin implants was used to investigate the basis for the clinical attenuation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) strain, V-Oka, from which the newly licensed vaccine is made. The pathogenicity of V-Oka was compared with that of its parent, P-Oka, another low-passage clinical isolate, strain Schenke (VZV-S), and VZV-Ellen, a standard laboratory strain. The role of glycoprotein C (gC) in infectivity for human skin was assessed by using gC-negative mutants of V-Oka and VZV-Ellen. Whereas all of these VZV strains replicated well in tissue culture, only low-passage clinical isolates were fully virulent in skin, as shown by infectious virus yields and analysis of implant tissues for VZV DNA and viral protein synthesis. The infectivity of V-Oka in skin was impaired compared to that of P-Oka, providing the first evidence of a virologic basis for the clinical attenuation of V-Oka. The infectivity of V-Oka was further diminished in the absence of gC expression. All strains except gC-Ellen retained some capacity to replicate in human skin, but cell-free virus was recovered only from implants infected with P-Oka or VZV-S. Although VZV is closely related to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genetically, experiments in the SCID-hu model revealed differences in tropism for human cells that correlated with differences in VZV and HSV-1 disease. VZV caused extensive infection of epidermal and dermal skin cells, while HSV-1 produced small, superficial lesions restricted to the epidermis. As in VZV, gC expression was a determinant for viral replication in skin. VZV infects human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in thymus/liver implants, but HSV-1 was detected only in epithelial cells, with no evidence of lymphotropism. These SCID-hu mouse experiments show that the clinical attenuation of the varicella vaccine can be attributed to decreased replication of V-Oka in skin and that tissue culture passage alone reduces the ability of VZV to infect human skin in vivo. Furthermore, gC, which is dispensable for replication in tissue culture, plays a critical role in the virulence of the human alphaherpesviruses VZV and HSV-1 for human skin.
Molecular and electronic structure of PTCDA on bilayer graphene on SiC(0001) studied with scanning tunneling microscopy (2008)

Abstract Epitaxial growth of graphene on SiC surfaces by solid state graphitization is a promising route for future development of graphene based electronics. In the present work we study the morphology and molecular scale structure of monolayer films of 3,4,9,10‐perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydrid (PTCDA) on bilayer graphene on SiC(0001) by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). First we discuss how the PTCDA molecules adsorb on bilayer graphene. We specially regard the density of PTCDA molecules at monolayer coverage. From the comparison with experiments on HOPG (Au(111) and Ag(110) from literature) we infer a non‐planar adsorption geometry of PTCDA molecules on bilayer graphene. The electronic structure of the surrounding bilayer graphene substrate is investigated via scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) and reveals n‐type doping of bilayer graphene during adsorption of PTCDA. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The new generation of intravenous iron: chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of ferric carboxymaltose (2011)

An ideal preparation for intravenous iron replacement therapy should balance effectiveness and safety. Compounds that release iron rapidly tend to cause toxicity, while large molecules can induce antibody formation and cause anaphylactic reactions. There is therefore a need for an intravenous iron preparation that delivers appropriate amounts of iron in a readily available form but with minimal side effects and thus with an excellent safety profile. In this paper, a review is given on the chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of ferric carboxymaltose (FCM, Ferinject), a stable and robust complex formulated as a colloidal solution with a physiological pH. The complex is gradually taken up mainly from the hepatic reticulo-endothelial system (RES), followed by effective delivery of iron to the endogeneous transport system for the haem synthesis in new erythrocytes, as shown in studies on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics with radio-labelled FCM. Studies with radio-labelled FCM also demonstrated a barrier function of the placenta and a low transfer of iron into the milk of lactating rats. Safety pharmacology studies indicated a favourable profile with regard to cardiovascular, central nervous, respiratory, and renal toxicity. A high maximum non-lethal dose was demonstrated in the single-dose toxicity studies. Furthermore, based on the No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Levels (NOAELs) found in repeated-dose toxicity studies and on the cumulative doses administered, FCM has good safety margins. Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies did not reveal any direct or indirect harmful effects. No genotoxic potential was found in in vitro or in vivo studies. Moreover, antigenicity studies showed no cross-reactivity of FMC with anti-dextran antibodies and also suggested that FCM does not possess sensitizing potential. Lastly, no evidence of irritation was found in local tolerance studies with FCM. This excellent toxicity profile and the high effectiveness of FCM allow the administration of high doses as a single infusion or bolus injection, which will enhance the cost-effectiveness and convenience of iron replacement therapy. In conclusion, FCM has many of the characteristics of an ideal intravenous iron preparation.
Power amplifiers and transmitters for RF and microwave (2002)

The generation of RF/microwave power is required not only in wireless communications, but also in applications such as jamming, imaging, RF heating, and miniature dc/dc converters. Each application has its own unique requirements for frequency, bandwidth, load, power, efficiency, linearity, and cost. RF power is generated by a wide variety of techniques, implementations, and active devices. Power amplifiers are incorporated into transmitters in a similarly wide variety of architectures, including linear, Kalm, envelope tracking, outphasing, and Doherty. Linearity can be improved through techniques such as feedback, feedforward, and predistortion.
From the bench to the bedside: dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors, a new class of oral antihyperglycemic agents. (2008)

New therapeutic agents are needed to combat the ever-increasing prevalence of diabetes. The two incretins glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) (GLP-1(7-36)) amide and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) are released from the small intestine in response to the ingestion of nutrients and regulate glucose homeostasis in a glucose-dependent fashion; however, the action of both incretins is terminated by the rapid N-terminal cleavage of two amino acid residues of GLP-1 and GIP by dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). The preservation of active GLP-1 and GIP by inhibiting DPP-IV activity is an attractive strategy for the treatment of diabetes in patients who exhibit a reduced incretin response. This strategy has resulted in the launch of two DPP-IV inhibitor drugs; sitagliptin in North America, several European territories, and various other countries, and vildagliptin in the EU as well as various countries. This article provides an overview of the recent advances in and the lessons learned from the design of potent and selective small-molecule inhibitors of DPP-IV for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Precision Structural Engineering of Self-Rolled-up 3D Nanomembranes Guided by Transient Quasi-Static FEM Modeling (2014)

Micro- and nanoscale tubular structures can be formed by strain-induced self-rolled-up nanomembranes. Precision engineering of the shape and dimension determines the performance of devices based on this platform for electronic, optical, and biological applications. A transient quasi-static finite element method (FEM) with moving boundary conditions is proposed as a general approach to design diverse types of three-dimensional (3D) rolled-up geometries. This method captures the dynamic release process of membranes through etching driven by mismatch strain and accurately predicts the final dimensions of rolled-up structures. Guided by the FEM modeling, experimental demonstration using silicon nitride membranes was achieved with unprecedented precision including controlling fractional turns of a rolled-up membrane, anisotropic rolling to form helical structures, and local stress control for 3D hierarchical architectures.
The Preparation of Unsymmetrical Secondary Aliphatic Amines1 (1944)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of Unsymmetrical Secondary Aliphatic Amines1Kenneth N. Campbell, Armiger H. Sommers, and Barbara K. CampbellCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1944, 66, 1, 82–84Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1944Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1944https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01229a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01229a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1357Altmetric-Citations126LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Scaffolding for challenging environments: Materials selection for tissue engineered intestine (2013)

Novel therapies are crucially needed for short bowel syndrome. One potential therapy is the production of tissue engineered intestine (TEI). The intestinal environment presents significant challenges to the selection of appropriate material for tissue engineering scaffolds. Our goal was to characterize different scaffold materials to downselect to that best suited for TEI production. To investigate this, various tubular scaffolds were implanted into the peritoneal cavity of adult rats and harvested at multiple time-points. Harvested scaffolds were examined histologically and subjected to degradation studies and mechanical evaluation. We found that poly(glycolic acid) (PGA)-nanofiber and PGA-macrofiber scaffolds exhibited early robust tissue infiltration. Poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL)-nanofiber, poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA)-nanofiber, poly(d-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PDLGA)-nanofiber and polyurethane (PU)-nanofiber experienced slower tissue infiltration. Poly(ɛ-caprolactone-co-lactic acid) (PLC) nanofiber had poor tissue infiltration. Significant weight loss was observed in PGA-nanofiber (92.2%), PGA-macrofiber (67.6%), and PDLGA-nanofiber (76.9%) scaffolds. Individual fibers were no longer seen by scanning electron microscopy in PLC-nanofiber and PGA-nanofiber scaffolds after 1 week, PGA-macrofiber scaffolds after 2 weeks, and PDLGA-nanofiber scaffolds after 4 weeks. In conclusion, PGA-macrofiber and PDLGA appear to be the most appropriate materials choices as TEI scaffolds due to their biocompatibility and degradation. Future experiments will confirm these results by analyzing cell-seeded scaffolds in vitro and in vivo.
Calcium metabolism in tuberculosis (1983)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published
New symmetrically substituted 1,3,5-triazines as host compounds for channel-type inclusion formation (2011)

A new synthetic procedure for the production of symmetrically substituted 1,3,5-triazines by cyclization from aromatic nitriles in the molten state with zinc chloride as a catalyst has been developed and applied for a number of aromatic and fluoro aromatic nitriles. The new triazine 8 [2,4,6-tris(4′-bromobiphenylyl)-1,3,5-triazine] is shown to form channel-type inclusion compounds with several aromatic solvents, featuring two different channels in the same crystal.