gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calmodulin and troponin C: a comparative study of the interaction of mastoparan and troponin I inhibitory peptide [104-115] (1986)

Recent studies using bee and wasp venom peptides have led to the hypothesis that proper complex formation with calmodulin (CaM) requires the presence of a basic amphiphilic helix on the surface of the target protein [Cox, J. A. (1984) Fed. Proc., Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 43, 3000]. We have tested this hypothesis by examining CaM and troponin C (TnC) complex formation with two basic peptides, the wasp venom tetradecapeptide mastoparan and the physiologically relevant synthetic troponin I (TnI) inhibitory peptide [104-115], using far-ultraviolet circular dichroism as a secondary structure probe. Complex formation between mastoparan and either CaM or TnC results in an increase in helical content, whereas the helical content of TnI inhibitory peptide does not increase when bound to either protein. Significantly, mastoparan is 78% alpha-helical in a 50% solution of the helix-inducing solvent trifluoroethanol and has a high helix-forming potential according to the Chou-Fasman rules while TnI inhibitory peptide contains none and is not predicted to have any. We interpret these data as indicating that these peptides exhibit substantially different secondary structures upon binding to CaM or TnC. The ability of mastoparan to regulate the acto-subfragment 1-tropomyosin ATPase has also been examined. Mastoparan and TnI inhibitory peptide inhibited 31% and 45% of the activity, respectively. TnC and CaM promote differing degrees of Ca2+-sensitive release of inhibition by both peptides. Sequence comparison suggests that the basic residues present in both peptides are important for binding. However, we conclude that an alpha-helical structure is not a prerequisite for the binding of target proteins to CaM and TnC.
Strategies for the intracellular delivery of nanoparticles (2010)

The ability to target contrast agents and therapeutics inside cells is becoming important as we strive to decipher the complex network of events that occur within living cells and design therapies that can modulate these processes. Nanotechnology researchers have generated a growing list of nanoparticles designed for such applications. These particles can be assembled from a variety of materials into desirable geometries and configurations and possess useful properties and functionalities. Undoubtedly, the effective delivery of these nanomaterials into cells will be critical to their applications. In this tutorial review, we discuss the fundamental challenges of delivering nanoparticles into cells and to the targeted organelles, and summarize strategies that have been developed to-date.
Novel therapeutic targets in mantle cell lymphoma (2007)

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is characterised by cell cycle dysregulation and a defective DNA damage response pathway. An evolving understanding of these processes has provided the rationale for development of novel agents targeting various steps that appear to be involved in lymphomagenesis and disease progression. Cyclin D1, overexpressed in nearly 100% of MCL, and the cyclin-dependent kinases were among the first rational targets identified. Therapies focusing on the PI3K/Akt pathway, the tumour microenvironment, and cell surface markers are also in various stages of exploration. Here, the authors discuss the rationale for developing targeted therapies and discuss future challenges in combining some of these agents.
Structural Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Chromosome 5. III. Sequence Features of the Regions of 1,191,918 bp Covered by Seventeen Physically Assigned P1 Clones (1997)

A total of 17 P1 and TAC clones each containing a marker(s) specifically mapped on chromosome 5 were isolated from P1 and TAC libraries of the Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia genome, and their nucleotide sequences were determined according to the shot gun-based strategy and precisely located on the physical map of chromosome 5. The total length of the clones sequenced in this study was 1,191,918 bp. As we have previously reported the sequence of 2,662,078 bp by analysis of 33 P1 clones, the total length of the sequences of chromosome 5 determined so far is now 3,853,996 bp. The sequences determined in this study were subjected to similarity search against protein and EST databases and analysis with computer programs for gene modeling, and a total of 310 potential protein-coding genes and/or gene segments with known or predicted functions were identified. The positions of exons which do not show apparent similarity to known genes were also predicted by computer-aided analysis. An average density of the assigned genes and/or gene segments was 1 gene/3,845 bp. Introns were identified in 78% of the potential protein genes, and the average number per gene and the average length of the introns were 3.7 and 185 bp, respectively. The numbers of the Arabidopsis ESTs matched to each of the predicted genes have been counted to monitor the transcription level. The sequence data and gene information are available on the World Wide Web database KAOS (Kazusa Arabidopsis data Opening Site) at http://www.kazusa.or.jp/arabi/.
The frey syndrome: A review and double blind evaluation of the topical use of a new anticholinergic agent (1978)

The symptom complex of localized facial gustatory sweating and flushing during mastication (The Frey syndrome) is a common sequela of parotidectomy with facial nerve dissection. A thorough review of the literature concerning the Frey syndrome is reported. The procedure of tympanic neurectomy has received special emphasis with a review of 73 cases of tympanic neurectomy. The treatment modalities available, if tympanic neurectomy fails, are discussed. Important guidelines for the safe use of topical therapy to control gustatory sweating are presented as an alternative to surgical therapy. The author studied 129 post parotidectomy patients in whom 60% noted symptomatic gustatory sweating, and approximately one-fourth fo these symptomatic patients requested topical anticholinergic therapy, with one patient electing tympanic neurectomy. The only form of medical treatment presently available utilizes the topical application of scopolamine, a drug having potentially significant central nervous system side effects if systemically absorbed. In an effort to find an effective drug for topical application with a more favorable therapeutic index than scopolamine, glycopyrrolate was investigated. Glycopyrrolate was compared in varying concentrations to topical scopolamine in a personally conducted double blind clinical trial involving 16 patients. Initial results of this investigation suggest that topical glycopyrrolate in concentrations 0f 0.5% and 1.0% provide complete effective control of gustatory sweating for at least several days duration after a single application. There have been no significant side effects with the use of topical glycopyrrolate to date. Commercial topical antiperspirants were also investigated and found to be of limited benefit.
Plasma Elastase Levels and the Development of the Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (1995)

Inflammatory cells, particularly neutrophil granulocytes, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In this study, we investigated whether a relationship exists between neutrophil elastase in the plasma of multiple-trauma patients on initial hospital presentation and the subsequent development of lung injury and ARDS. Sixty-one multiple-trauma patients were enrolled prospectively. Neutrophil elastase was measured by a specific radioimmunoassay, and analysis was performed by nonparametric statistical methods. A highly significantly elevated plasma elastase level was found in patients who progressed to ARDS (median 217 ng/ml, range 127 to 480) (n = 8) compared with those who did not (median 117 ng/ml, range 21.4 to 685) (n = 53) (p = 0.009). Significant correlation was found between initial elastase values and subsequent requirement for mechanical ventilation (p = 0.01), lowest arterial oxygen saturation/oxygen supplementation recorded (p = 0.003), and organ failure score (p = 0.006). This study shows that within minutes of the initiating trauma event, there is evidence of enhanced neutrophil degranulation as manifested by elevated levels of immunoreactive neutrophil elastase in the peripheral blood. The level of this enzyme correlates with the degree of subsequent lung injury and ARDS. These findings reinforce the importance of neutrophils and their secretory products in early ARDS disease pathogenesis.
Oral insulin in diabetic dogs (1991)

Bovine crystalline insulin, mixed with an absorption enhancer, was loaded by hand into gelatin capsules, which were then coated with an azopolymer designed to deliver the insulin in the upper colon. In 34 experiments with 14 pancreatectomized mongrel dogs of both sexes, the coated capsules were administered orally after a pre-dose period of 1 h. The dogs had cannulae in the portal vein, hepatic vein and femoral artery and Doppler flow probes on the portal vein and hepatic artery. Insulin and food were withdrawn the day before an experiment. Responses measured were plasma glucose, plasma insulin, hepatic glucose production rate, hepatic plasma flow rate and plasma glucagon-like immunoactivity (GLI). Control experiments, with capsules without insulin, produced small changes from 'pre-dose' values. Insulin-containing capsules, without the azopolymer coating, resulted in some early changes consistent with upper gastrointestinal absorption. Single oral doses (66 to 400 nmol/kg) of insulin in completely coated capsules produced peaks of portal plasma insulin and transient decreases in plasma glucose, hepatic glucose production, hepatic plasma flow and plasma GLI. The changes usually began 1.5-2 h after administration of a single dose, and lasted for up to 3 h, but were not significantly related to the dose of insulin. Multiple oral doses of insulin, given at 1.5-h intervals, resulted in multiple peaks of plasma insulin, a continuing dose-dependent fall in plasma glucose to near-euglycaemia with the highest dose, and profound decreases in hepatic glucose production and plasma GLI. These data demonstrate that insulin absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract causes changes in glucose metabolism in the diabetic dog that are consistent with the action of insulin primarily on the liver and that repeated oral doses are necessary to correct the hyperglycaemia.
Progressive Analytics: A Computation Paradigm for Exploratory Data Analysis (2016)

Exploring data requires a fast feedback loop from the analyst to the system, with a latency below about 10 seconds because of human cognitive limitations. When data becomes large or analysis becomes complex, sequential computations can no longer be completed in a few seconds and data exploration is severely hampered. This article describes a novel computation paradigm called Progressive Computation for Data Analysis or more concisely Progressive Analytics, that brings at the programming language level a low-latency guarantee by performing computations in a progressive fashion. Moving this progressive computation at the language level relieves the programmer of exploratory data analysis systems from implementing the whole analytics pipeline in a progressive way from scratch, streamlining the implementation of scalable exploratory data analysis systems. This article describes the new paradigm through a prototype implementation called ProgressiVis, and explains the requirements it implies through examples.
Detection of Aneuploidy with Digital PCR (2007)

The widespread use of genetic testing in high risk pregnancies has created strong interest in rapid and accurate molecular diagnostics for common chromosomal aneuploidies. We show here that digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) can be used for accurate measurement of trisomy 21 (Down's Syndrome), the most common human aneuploidy. dPCR is generally applicable to any aneuploidy, does not depend on allelic distribution or gender, and is able to detect signals in the presence of mosaics or contaminating maternal DNA.
1-Tb/s single-channel coherent optical OFDM transmission over 600-km SSMF fiber with subwavelength bandwidth access (2009)

A 1-Tb/s single-channel coherent optical OFDM (CO-OFDM) signal consisting of continuous 4,104 spectrally-overlapped subcarriers is generated using a novel device of recirculating frequency shifter (RFS). The RFS produces 320.6-GHz wide spectrum using a single laser with superior flatness and tone-to-noise ratio (TNR). The 1-Tb/s CO-OFDM signal is comprised of 36 uncorrelated orthogonal bands achieved by adjusting the delay of the RFS to an integer number of OFDM symbol periods. The 1- Tb/s CO-OFDM signal with a spectral efficiency of 3.3 bit/s/Hz is successfully received after transmission over 600-km SSMF fiber without either Raman amplification or dispersion compensation.
Modification of the Structure of a Metallopeptide:  Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 111In-Labeled DOTA-Conjugated Rhenium-Cyclized α-MSH Analogues (2002)

Rhenium-cyclized CCMSH analogues are novel melanoma-targeting metallopeptides with high tumor uptake, long tumor retention, and low background in normal tissues, which make these metallopeptides an ideal structural motif for designing novel melanoma-targeting agents. ReCCMSH has been derivatized with a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) chelate so that it can be labeled with a wide variety of radionuclides for imaging and therapeutic applications. This study involved optimization of the in vivo biological properties of DOTA-ReCCMSH (S), through modification of the structure of the metallopeptide. Several DOTA-ReCCMSH analogues, Ac-Lys(DOTA)-ReCCMSH (4) DOTA-ReCCMSH(Arg(11)) (6), DOTA-ReCCMSH-OH (8), and DOTA-ReCCMSH-Asp-OH (10), were synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis followed by rhenium cyclization. The IC(50) values of the metallopeptides were determined through competitive binding assays against (125)I-(Tyr(2))-NDP. Radiolabeling of the DOTA-rhenium-cyclized peptides with (111)In was carried out in NH(4)OAc (0.1 M; pH 5.5)-buffered solution for 30 min at 70 degrees C. The stability of the radiolabeled complexes was evaluated in 0.01 M, pH 7.4, phosphate-buffered saline/0.1% bovine serum albumin solution. After separation of the radiolabeled peptide from the unlabeled peptide by reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography, the biodistribution of the radiolabeled complex was performed in C57 mice bearing B16/F1 murine melanoma tumors. All radiolabeled complexes showed fast blood clearance (2 h postinjection (pi): (111)In-S, 0.07 +/- 0.03% ID/g; (111)In-4, 0.09 +/- 0.06% ID/g; (111)In-6, 0.21 +/- 0.08% ID/g; (111)In-8, 0.11 +/- 0.10% ID/g; and (111)In-10, 0.05 +/- 0.03% ID/g), and their clearance was predominantly through the urine (4 h pi: 93.5 +/- 1.7, 87.8 +/- 6.5, 89.8 +/- 4.2, 93.3 +/- 1.1, and 93.8 +/- 1.8 (% ID) for (111)In-labeled S, 4, 6, 8, and 10, respectively). Tumor uptake values of 9.45 +/- 0.90, 6.01 +/- 2.36, 17.41 +/- 5.61, 9.27 +/- 0.68, and 7.32 +/- 2.09 (% ID/g) for (111)In-labeled S, 4, 6, 8, and 10, respectively, were observed at 4 h pi. The kidney uptake was 9.27 +/- 2.65% ID/g for (111)In-S, 19.02 +/- 2.63% ID/g for (111)In-4, 7.37 +/- 1.13% ID/g for (111)In-6, 8.70 +/- 0.88% ID/g for (111)In-8, and 8.13 +/- 1.47% ID/g for (111)In-10 at 4 h pi. Complex 6 showed high melanoma uptake and lower kidney uptake than the corresponding Lys(11) analogues, supporting 6 for further investigations as a potential therapeutic radiopharmaceutical.
Ecotourism and conservation : a review of key issues (1996)

This review of some of the key issues of ecotourism and nature-based tourism highlights the complexity of using tourism as a tool for conservation. Five key benefits for conservation which can be appropriately targeted in the context of most ecotourism and nature-based initiatives are: 1) a source of financing for parks and conservation; 2) economic justification for park protection; 3) economic alternatives for local people to reduce exploitation of conservation areas and resources; 4) constituency building which promotes conservation; and 5) an impetus for private conservation efforts. This paper reviews experiences with ecotourism across the globe, with selected case studies taken from Australia, Belize, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, and Uganda. Despite tremendous differences in size and management of protected areas, cultures, types of ecotourism enterprises, and government involvement, in most cases, ecotourism and nature-based tourism have not lived up to expectations. Nevertheless, they remain a potential avenue for conservation. To generate benefits for biodiversity conservation, a number of conditions have to be met, among them, competitive sites; ability of authorities to design, implement, and mandate sustainable ecotourism consistent with protected area objectives; tourist fees collected must reflect management costs; and revenues collected must first be directed to the parks where collected, with the rest applied to national conservation.
Caching in the Sprite network file system (1988)

The Sprite network operating system uses large main-memory disk block caches to achieve high performance in its file system. It provides non-write-through file caching on both client and server machines. A simple cache consistency mechanism permits files to be shared by multiple clients without danger of stale data. In order to allow the file cache to occupy as much memory as possible, the file system of each machine negotiates with the virtual memory system over physical memory usage and changes the size of the file cache dynamically. Benchmark programs indicate that client caches allow diskless Sprite workstations to perform within O-12 percent of workstations with disks. In addition, client caching reduces server loading by 50 percent and network traffic by 90 percent.
Training a multi-exit cascade with linear asymmetric classification for efficient object detection (2010)

Efficient visual object detection is of central interest in computer vision and pattern recognition due to its wide ranges of applications. Viola and Jones' detector has become a de facto framework [1]. In this work, we propose a new method to design a cascade of boosted classifiers for fast object detection, which combines linear asymmetric classification (LAC) into the recent multi-exit cascade structure. Therefore, the proposed method takes advantages of both LAC and the multi-exit cascade. Namely, (1) the multi-exit cascade structure collects all the scores of prior nodes for decision making at the current node, which reduces the loss of decision information; (2) LAC considers the asymmetric nature of the node training. We also show that the multi-exit cascade better meets the assumption of LAC learning than the standard Viola-Jones' cascade, both theoretically and empirically. Experiments confirm that our method outperforms existing methods such as Viola and Jones [1] and Wu et al. [2] on the MIT+CMU test data set.
Influence of electrical cycling on polarization reversal processes in Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 ferroelectric single crystals as a function of orientation (2004)

Pb(Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 ) O 3 - PbTiO 3 (PZN-PT) ferroelectric single crystals with rhombohedral symmetry demonstrate a wide variety of anisotropic behavior under both unipolar and bipolar electrical switching. Specifically, PZN-4.5%PT crystals demonstrate exceptional polarization switching fatigue resistance along [001]C (C: pseudocubic), as opposed to normal fatigue in [111]C directions in the rhombohedral ferroelectric state [Takemura et al., J. Appl. Phys. 88, 7272 (2000)]. The influence of prior exposure to electrical cycling on polarization switching as a function of electric field and driving frequency was studied in both orientations. The field and frequency dependence of switching polarization can be described by a power law, in which greater electrical field strength and frequency dependence are shown for [111]C crystals. As fatigue evolves in the [111]C orientation, higher electric fields are required for switching due to the changes in microscopic switching mechanisms and buildup of local internal electric fields. However, negligible changes are observed in [001]C-oriented crystals as a function of cycling. These differences are consistent with switching current and strain-field analyses. From strain-field data, asymmetry can be detected in bipolar strain loops accompanying the suppression of the polarization-electric-field switching. The asymmetry is localized, as noted by region-to-region changes in strain-field loops across the surface of the [111]C PZN-PT crystals.
The Thermal Radiation Formula of Planck (1900) (2004)

We review the derivation of Planck's Radiation Formula on the light of recent studies in its centenary. We discuss specially the issue of discreteness, Planck's opinion on his discovery, and the critical analysis on the contributions by Ehrenfest, Einstein, Lorentz, etc. We also address the views of T.S. Kuhn, which conflict with the conventional interpretation that discontinuty was already found by Planck.
Expression of CD44 isoforms and β1,6‐branched oligosaccharides in human malignant melanoma is correlated with tumor progression but not with mettastatisc potential (1997)

CD44, a family of closely related glycoproteins generated by alternative splicing, as well as the increased beta 1,6-branching of Asn-linked oligosaccharides (beta 1,6-branches), have been implicated in tumor progression and metastasis. We have investigated the expression of CD44 standard (CD44s), various CD44 splice variants (CD44v3, -v4, -v5, -v6 and -v9), and of beta 1,6-branches in a total of 37 paraffin-embedded human primary melanomas and metastases. Out of the 28 studied primary melanomas, 27 were positive for CD44s, 21 for CD44v5 (cytoplasmic staining) and 26 for beta 1,6 branches. Furthermore, superficial spreading melanomas showed a significant (p = 0.004) stronger staining for CD44s than the thick (> 1.5 mm) nodular melanomas, whereas no significant difference was found with regard to staining for CD44v5 and beta 1,6-branches. Eight of the 9 studied melanoma metastases were positive for CD44s, 6 for CD44v5 (cytoplasmic staining) and 7 for beta 1,6-branches. No CD44v3, -v4, -v6 and -v9 could be detected in any of the tumors. On average, metastases as compared to primary tumors, exhibited a significant (p = 0.002) weaker staining for CD44s. However, metastasizing melanomas could not be distinguished from non-metastasizing ones based on CD44 immunostaining.
Filtering micro-manipulator wrist commands to prevent flexible base motion (2005)

This paper examines control issues related to positioning a small articulating robot attached to a much larger, flexible manipulator. By shaping the joint position error with a finite impulse response filter actuation torques can be found to maneuver the small robot with minimal residual vibration of its base. This paper develops a new filter form with the advantage of shorter delay times than current input shaping methods. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the new filtering technique to prevent vibration when used as part of a feedback control system.