gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Large vocabulary automatic speech recognition for children (2015)

Recently, Google launched YouTube Kids, a mobile application for children, that uses a speech recognizer built specifically for recognizing children’s speech. In this paper we present techniques we explored to build such a system. We describe the use of a neural network classifier to identify matched acoustic training data, filtering data for language modeling to reduce the chance of producing offensive results. We also compare long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent networks to convolutional, LSTM, deep neural networks (CLDNN). We found that a CLDNN acoustic model outperforms an LSTM across a variety of different conditions, but does not specifically model child speech relatively better than adult. Overall, these findings allow us to build a successful, state-of-the-art large vocabulary speech recognizer for both children and adults.
Potential inhibitors of L-asparagine biosynthesis. 4. Substituted sulfonamide and sulfonylhydrazide analogs of L-asparagine (1978)

Several N-substituted sulfonamides and N'-substituted sulfonylhydrazides have been prepared as sulfur analogues of L-asparagine with the potential of acting as inhibitors of L-asparagine synthetase (ASase, from Novikoff hepatoma). L-Cysteine was converted in known steps to N-carboxy-3-(sulfonylchloro)-L-alanine dibenzyl ester (1). Condensation of 1 with O-benzylhydroxylamine, p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzylamine, or monoethyl fumarylhydrazide (9), followed by deblocking with HF, gave 3-(hydroxysulfamoyl)-L-alanine (3a), 3-[p-(fluorosulfonylbenzyl)]sulfamoyl-L-alanine (3c), and 3-sulfo-L-alanine S-[2-[(E)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)acryloyl]hydrazide] (3e), respectively. Similarly, 1 with 2-chloroethylamine and deblocking with H2-Pd gave 3-[(2-chloroethyl)sulfamoyl]-L-alanine (3b). tert-Butyl carbazate was allowed to react with 1 and the tert-butyl group was removed with HCl. The resulting sulfonylhydrazide 7 was condensed with p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl chloride and then deblocked with HF to give 3-sulfo-L-alanine S-[2-[P-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]hydrazide] (3d). The inhibition of ASase by 3a-e at 2 mM was 97, 0, 30, 43, and 37%, respectively, and 3a was competitive with L-aspartic acid. Neither 3a nor 3e was effective in increasing the life span of mice bearing P-388 lymphocytic leukemia.
PIERRE ROBIN, MICROGNATHIA, AND AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION (1988)

From the Center for Craniofacial Disorders and Departments of Plastic Surgery and Ototaryngology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
Multi - Agent Load Power Segregation for Electric Vehicles (2005)

The complex load requirement of electric vehicles whether hybrid electric, all electric (EV) or fuel cell based can be fundamentally divided into propulsion and non-propulsion loads. Further segregation of the non-propulsion loads into multi-priority, multi-time constant electrical burdens presents a basis to classify these loads as multi agents within the vehicle power distribution network. This paper discusses the load demands of these agents in relation to the overall vehicle power demand. Due to sizing constraints of onboard energy storage systems, coupled by the requirement to meet momentary peak power needs, we investigate prioritising the activation of these agents. The approach and simulation result presented in this paper is an initial step towards ongoing investigations into agent based vehicular power and energy management schemes.
A Fusion Protein Vaccine Containing OprF Epitope 8, OprI, and Type A and B Flagellins Promotes Enhanced Clearance of Nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2009)

Although chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, there is no approved vaccine for human use against P. aeruginosa. The goal of this study was to establish whether a multivalent vaccine containing P. aeruginosa type A and B flagellins as well as the outer membrane proteins OprF and OprI would promote enhanced clearance of P. aeruginosa. Intramuscular immunization with flagellins and OprI (separate) or OprI-flagellin fusion proteins generated significant antiflagellin immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses. However, only the fusions of OprI with type A and type B flagellins generated OprI-specific IgG. Immunization with a combination of OprF epitope 8 (OprF(311-341)), OprI, and flagellins elicited high-affinity IgG antibodies specific to flagellins, OprI, and OprF that individually promoted extensive deposition of C3 on P. aeruginosa. Although these antibodies exhibited potent antibody-dependent complement-mediated killing of nonmucoid bacteria, they were significantly less effective with mucoid isolates. Mice immunized with the OprF(311-341)-OprI-flagellin fusion had a significantly lower bacterial burden three days postchallenge and cleared the infection significantly faster than control mice. In addition, mice immunized with the OprF(311-341)-OprI-flagellin fusion had significantly less inflammation and lung damage throughout the infection than OprF-OprI-immunized mice. Based on our results, OprF(311-341)-OprI-flagellin fusion proteins have substantial potential as components of a vaccine against nonmucoid P. aeruginosa, which appears to be the phenotype of the bacterium that initially colonizes CF patients.
Control of appetite and energy intake by SCFA: what are the potential underlying mechanisms? (2014)

In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the role of dietary fibre in obesity management. Much of this interest stems from animal and human studies which suggest that an increased intake of fermentable fibre can suppress appetite and improve weight management. A growing number of reports have demonstrated that the principal products of colonic fermentation of dietary fibre, SCFA, contribute to energy homeostasis via effects on multiple cellular metabolic pathways and receptor-mediated mechanisms. In particular, over the past decade it has been identified that a widespread receptor system exists for SCFA. These G-protein-coupled receptors, free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) 2 and FFAR3 are expressed in numerous tissue sites, including the gut epithelium and adipose tissue. Investigations using FFAR2- or FFAR3-deficient animal models suggest that SCFA-mediated stimulation of these receptors enhances the release of the anorectic hormones peptide tyrosine tyrosine and glucagon-like peptide-1 from colonic L cells and leptin from adipocytes. In addition, the SCFA acetate has recently been shown to have a direct role in central appetite regulation. Furthermore, the SCFA propionate is a known precursor for hepatic glucose production, which has been reported to suppress feeding behaviour in ruminant studies through the stimulation of hepatic vagal afferents. The present review therefore proposes that an elevated colonic production of SCFA could stimulate numerous hormonal and neural signals at different organ and tissue sites that would cumulatively suppress short-term appetite and energy intake.
Variational Light Field Analysis for Disparity Estimation and Super-Resolution (2013)

We develop a continuous framework for the analysis of 4D light fields, and describe novel variational methods for disparity reconstruction as well as spatial and angular super-resolution. Disparity maps are estimated locally using epipolar plane image analysis without the need for expensive matching cost minimization. The method works fast and with inherent subpixel accuracy since no discretization of the disparity space is necessary. In a variational framework, we employ the disparity maps to generate super-resolved novel views of a scene, which corresponds to increasing the sampling rate of the 4D light field in spatial as well as angular direction. In contrast to previous work, we formulate the problem of view synthesis as a continuous inverse problem, which allows us to correctly take into account foreshortening effects caused by scene geometry transformations. All optimization problems are solved with state-of-the-art convex relaxation techniques. We test our algorithms on a number of real-world examples as well as our new benchmark data set for light fields, and compare results to a multiview stereo method. The proposed method is both faster as well as more accurate. Data sets and source code are provided online for additional evaluation.
LH and Non‐SHBG Testosterone and Estradiol Levels During Testosterone Replacement of Hypogonadal Men: Further Evidence That Steroid Negative Feedback Increases as Men Grow Older (2010)

Previous evidence suggests that the testicular negative feedback control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion may change as men age, and may thereby contribute to the hypogonadism that occurs as men grow older. To pursue this idea, we analyzed the results for 35 men with primary hypogonadism who were participants in an open-label multicenter study of testosterone replacement. LH, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and total and free testosterone and estradiol concentrations were measured in blood samples at baseline and after 2% testosterone gel was applied daily for 2 weeks. A 24-hour pharmacokinetic profile for testosterone and estradiol was obtained at the end of week 2. Age was a strong predictor of LH suppression during testosterone replacement (r = -0.46), and the effect could not be explained by obesity, SHBG, or higher levels of total or non-SHBG testosterone or estradiol during treatment. In fact, both LH and non-SHBG testosterone levels were lower (P < .05) in older men receiving testosterone treatment. In addition, the strongest association overall was between the percentage decline in LH and non-SHBG estradiol concentrations (r = -0.39). These data provide further evidence that suppression of LH secretion during testosterone treatment is greater as men age, and are consistent with the hypothesis that the hypogonadism of aging men is partly due to a change in gonadotropin negative feedback regulation. These results further suggest that estrogen receptor signaling might contribute to this effect.
[Clinical analysis of 14 cases of urachal carcinoma]. (2008)

Extensive partial excision of the bladder is recommended for urachal carcinoma. Radical removal of the tumor during the first treatment and comprehensive therapies for advanced cancer patients and patients with recurrence or metastasis after operation are critical to improve the treatment efficacy of urachal carcinoma.
CARMA1 Is Critical for the Development of Allergic Airway Inflammation in a Murine Model of Asthma (2006)

CARMA1 has been shown to be important for Ag-stimulated activation of NF-kappaB in lymphocytes in vitro and thus could be a novel therapeutic target in inflammatory diseases such as asthma. In the present study, we demonstrate that mice with deletion in the CARMA1 gene (CARMA1(-/-)) do not develop inflammation in a murine model of asthma. Compared with wild-type controls, CARMA1(-/-) mice did not develop airway eosinophilia, had no significant T cell recruitment into the airways, and had no evidence for T cell activation in the lung or draining lymph nodes. In addition, the CARMA1(-/-) mice had significantly decreased levels of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, did not produce IgE, and did not develop airway hyperresponsiveness or mucus cell hypertrophy. However, adoptive transfer of wild-type Th2 cells into CARMA1(-/-) mice restored eosinophilic airway inflammation, cytokine production, airway hyperresponsiveness, and mucus production. This is the first demonstration of an in vivo role for CARMA1 in a disease process. Furthermore, the data clearly show that CARMA1 is essential for the development of allergic airway inflammation through its role in T lymphocytes, and may provide a novel means to inhibit NF-kappaB for therapy in asthma.
Synthesis and Properties of the 5-Methyluridine Derivative of 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran-Bridged Nucleic Acid (DpNA) (2015)

A novel 2'-O,4'-C-bridged nucleic acid, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran bridge moiety (DpNA), with a dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-ene ring was designed. Construction of the dihydropyran bridge was achieved by dehydration of a six-membered hemiacetal ring, and the DpNA monomer was synthesized in 10 steps from 5-methyluridine (total yield 9%). The synthesized DpNA monomer was incorporated into oligonucleotides to examine the properties of the modified oligonucleotides. The DpNA-modified oligonucleotides possessed high affinity toward ssRNA and were more resistant to nucleases compared to the corresponding natural oligonucleotide.
The interleukin‐1‐stimulated protein kinase that phosphorylates heat shock protein hsp27 is activated by MAP kinase (1994)

In KB cells, interleukin-1 (IL-1), epidermal growth factor and phorbol ester transiently activated both MAP kinase and a serine kinase which phosphorylated the heat shock protein hsp27. Extracts made from IL-1-stimulated KB cells phosphorylated recombinant hsp27, in vitro, on serine residues 78 and 82 which are contained within Arg-X-X-Ser motifs similar to those phosphorylated by the ribosomal protein S6 kinases. Upon size exclusion chromatography, however, hsp27 kinase eluted as a single peak of activity at 50-60 kDa, clearly separated from ribosomal protein S6 kinases. Treatment of partially purified hsp27 kinase with protein phosphatase-2a reduced its activity by 80%. De-phosphorylated hsp27 kinase could be approximately 50% reactivated by a factor present in IL-1-treated cell extracts in the presence of ATP. This factor co-eluted with MAP kinase after partial purification by DEAE-cellulose, phenyl Sepharose, and size exclusion chromatography. Purified sea star p44mpk and recombinant ERK2 MAP kinases were also capable of re-activating hsp27 kinase to a similar extent. These data suggest that hsp27 kinase is downstream from, and probably a direct target of MAP kinase.
DNA Vaccine-Generated Duck Polyclonal Antibodies as a Postexposure Prophylactic to Prevent Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) (2012)

Andes virus (ANDV) is the predominant cause of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in South America and the only hantavirus known to be transmitted person-to-person. There are no vaccines, prophylactics, or therapeutics to prevent or treat this highly pathogenic disease (case-fatality 35-40%). Infection of Syrian hamsters with ANDV results in a disease that closely mimics human HPS in incubation time, symptoms of respiratory distress, and disease pathology. Here, we evaluated the feasibility of two postexposure prophylaxis strategies in the ANDV/hamster lethal disease model. First, we evaluated a natural product, human polyclonal antibody, obtained as fresh frozen plasma (FFP) from a HPS survivor. Second, we used DNA vaccine technology to manufacture a polyclonal immunoglobulin-based product that could be purified from the eggs of vaccinated ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). The natural "despeciation" of the duck IgY (i.e., Fc removed) results in an immunoglobulin predicted to be minimally reactogenic in humans. Administration of ≥ 5,000 neutralizing antibody units (NAU)/kg of FFP-protected hamsters from lethal disease when given up to 8 days after intranasal ANDV challenge. IgY/IgYΔFc antibodies purified from the eggs of DNA-vaccinated ducks effectively neutralized ANDV in vitro as measured by plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT). Administration of 12,000 NAU/kg of duck egg-derived IgY/IgYΔFc protected hamsters when administered up to 8 days after intranasal challenge and 5 days after intramuscular challenge. These experiments demonstrate that convalescent FFP shows promise as a postexposure HPS prophylactic. Moreover, these data demonstrate the feasibility of using DNA vaccine technology coupled with the duck/egg system to manufacture a product that could supplement or replace FFP. The DNA vaccine-duck/egg system can be scaled as needed and obviates the necessity of using limited blood products obtained from a small number of HPS survivors. This is the first report demonstrating the in vivo efficacy of any antiviral product produced using DNA vaccine-duck/egg system.
Angiostatic Activity of Steroids in the Chick Embryo CAM and Rabbit Cornea Models of Neovascularization (1999)

Ocular neovascular diseases represent a major cause of blindness in the world. Angiostatic steroids are a unique class of compounds which inhibit the formation of new blood vessels in various models, including ocular models of angiogenesis. In search of potent new anti-angiogenic agents for the treatment of ocular neovascular disease, a large group of steroids were evaluated for angiostatic activity in the chick embryo CAM model. Angiostatic activity was found among all steroid classes included in the study. There was a good correlation between the angiostatic efficacies of 15 diverse steroids tested in the chick CAM and in the rabbit LPS-induced corneal pocket models of neovascularization (r=0.76, p=0.01). These studies show that potent angiostatic steroids inhibit neovascularization in two different animal models, suggesting a common mechanism of action. Glucocorticoid therapy is sometimes associated with ocular side effects. Two of the most potent angiostatic steroids, AL-3789 and AL-4940, were evaluated for glucocorticoid-mediated antiinflammatory activity in the in vitro U937 cell model of LPS-induced IL-1 induction and found to be devoid of glucocorticoid activity. Angiostatic steroids which lack glucocorticoid activity should be attractive drug candidates for treating ocular neovascular disease.
A Video Processing Approach to the Study of Obesity (2007)

Currently, a significant obstacle in identifying the most important factors that contribute to obesity is the lack of appropriate tools to evaluate food consumption and physical activity on a daily basis. This paper presents a novel video-based approach to estimating the energy intake and expenditure of individuals who are over-weight or obese. We propose to utilize a miniature video camera to chronically record data surrounding an individual's daily activity. From the recorded data, energy intake and expenditure are extracted objectively using signal processing algorithms. We discuss two algorithms which are both featured with low computational complexity, suitable for processing large sets of field-acquired video data. These algorithms estimate: (i) energy intake (caloric content) by determining the physical dimensions of the foods consumed; and (ii) energy expenditure by evaluating the extent of the subject's physical activity. We also report initial experimental results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new approach.
A Standardized Light-Emitting Diode Device for Photoimmunotherapy (2014)

To our knowledge, a normalized and standardized LED device has not been explicitly described or developed. In this article, we introduce a standardized light source and validate its usability for PIT applications.
Infectivity of cultured Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to mosquitoes (1989)

Various factors that may influence routine and high levels of mosquito infection with cultured Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes are considered in this paper. One of the most important is the choice of an appropriate isolate, with facilities for cryopreservation and a good technique for initiation of cultures. The use of automated culture systems with strict adherence to detail and routine has eliminated much of the variability. The quality of the serum used for the culture of gametocytes and inclusion in the feed material for mosquitoes is of the highest importance. Blood collection for culture purposes must preferably involve alcohol as an antiseptic for cleaning donor skin or suitable receptacles. Mosquito blood meals should not include plasma with citrate phosphate dextrose or sera collected in microtainer tubes or from volunteers on proguanil-chloroquine prophylaxis. Sera of individuals on chloroquine alone do not influence transmission. Haematocrits of from 5 to 10% permit the culture of equally infective gametocytes. It was impossible to predict the outcome of an infection in mosquitoes based on the number of female gametocytes or gametes. Within any experiment, the oocyst load initially increased, followed by a decline with progressively lower numbers of gametocytes accompanied by a progressive increase in the efficiency of transmission. Some of the variability of mosquito infection within an experiment was due to individual differences in the speed of blood digestion of the mosquitoes. A new membrane feeder is described with three different sizes to accommodate a variety of goals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Electroplated rf MEMS capacitive switches (2002)

RF microswitches are newly designed and fabricated with various structural geometry of transmission line, hinge, and movable plate formed by using electroplating techniques, low temperature processes, and dry releasing techniques. In particular, Strontium Titanate Oxide (SrTiO/sub 3/) with high dielectric constant is investigated for high switching on/off ratio and on capacitance as a dielectric layer of a micromechanical capacitive switch. Achieved lowest actuation voltage of the fabricated switches is 8 volts. The fabricated switch has low insertion loss of 0.08 dB at 10 GHz, isolation of 42 dB at 5 GHz, on/off ratio of 600, and on capacitance of 50 pF, respectively. These switches also have high current carry capability due to the use of electroplated Au or Cux.
A Comparative Evaluation of Adaptive Noise Cancellation Algorithms for Minimizing Motion Artifacts in a Forehead-Mounted Wearable Pulse Oximeter (2007)

Wearable physiological monitoring using a pulse oximeter would enable field medics to monitor multiple injuries simultaneously, thereby prioritizing medical intervention when resources are limited. However, a primary factor limiting the accuracy of pulse oximetry is poor signal-to-noise ratio since photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals, from which arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) measurements are derived, are compromised by movement artifacts. This study was undertaken to quantify SpO2 and HR errors induced by certain motion artifacts utilizing accelerometry-based adaptive noise cancellation (ANC). Since the fingers are generally more vulnerable to motion artifacts, measurements were performed using a custom forehead-mounted wearable pulse oximeter developed for real-time remote physiological monitoring and triage applications. This study revealed that processing motion-corrupted PPG signals by least mean squares (LMS) and recursive least squares (RLS) algorithms can be effective to reduce SpO2 and HR errors during jogging, but the degree of improvement depends on filter order. Although both algorithms produced similar improvements, implementing the adaptive LMS algorithm is advantageous since it requires significantly less operations.
<title>Optimal motion vector accuracy for block-based motion-compensated video coders</title> (1996)

In block-based motion-compensated video coding, a fixed-resolution motion field with one motion vector per image block is used to improve the prediction of the frame to be coded. All motion vectors are encoded with the same fixed accuracy, typically 1 or 1/2 pixel accuracy. In this work, we explore the benefits of encoding the motion vectors with other accuracies, and of encoding different motion vectors with different accuracies within the same frame. To do this, we analytically model the effect of motion vector accuracy and derive expressions for the encoding rates for both motion vectors and difference frames, in terms of the accuracies. Minimizing these expressions leads to simple formulas that indicate how accurately to encode the motion vectors in a classical block-based motion-compensated video coder. These formulas also show that the motion vectors must be encoded more accurately where more texture is present, and less accurately when there is much interframe noise. We implement video coders based on our analysis and present experimental results on real video frames. These results suggest that our equations are accurate, and that significant bit rate savings can be achieved when our optimal motion vector accuracies are used.