gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interleukin‐6 Trans‐Signalling in Chronic Inflammation and Cancer (2006)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine, which plays an important role in many chronic inflammatory diseases. IL-6 belongs to a family of 10 cytokines, which all act via receptor complexes containing the cytokine receptor subunit gp130. On cells, IL-6 first binds to a specific membrane-bound IL-6R and the complex of IL-6 and IL-6R interacts with gp130 leading to signal initiation. Whereas gp130 is widely expressed throughout the body, the IL-6R is only found on some cells including hepatocytes and some leucocytes. A soluble form of the IL-6R is an agonist capable of transmitting signals through interaction with the gp130 protein. In vivo, the IL-6/soluble IL-6R complex stimulates several types of target cells, which are unresponsive to IL-6 alone, as they do not express the membrane-bound IL-6R. We have named this process trans-signalling. We provided evidence that a soluble form of the IL-6 family signalling receptor subunit gp130 is the natural inhibitor of IL-6 trans-signalling responses. We showed that in chronic inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, peritonitis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma as well as in colon cancer, IL-6 trans-signalling is critically involved in the maintenance of the disease state. Moreover, in all these animal models, the progression of the disease can be interrupted by specifically interfering with IL-6 trans-signalling using recombinant-soluble gp130Fc protein. The pathophysiologic mechanisms by which the IL-6/soluble IL-6R complex perpetuates the inflammatory state are discussed.
Optically generated liquid crystal gratings (1994)

Optically controlled planar orientation of liquid crystal molecules with polarized light is used to make phase gratings in liquid crystal media. The electro-optical properties of liquid crystal linear and chirped gratings are discussed.
Isolated word recognition with the Liquid State Machine (2005)

The Liquid State Machine (LSM) is a recently developed computational model with interesting properties. It can be used for pattern classification, function approximation and other complex tasks. Co...
Gold Nanoparticles as Carriers for Efficient Transmucosal Insulin Delivery (2005)

Nanomaterials have gained tremendous importance in biology and medicine because they can be used as carriers for delivering small molecules such as drugs, proteins, and genes. We report herein the binding of the hormone insulin to gold nanoparticles and its application in transmucosal delivery for the therapeutic treatment of diabetes mellitus. Insulin was loaded onto bare gold nanoparticles and aspartic acid-capped gold nanoparticles and delivered in diabetic Wistar rats by both oral and intranasal (transmucosal) routes. Our principle observations are that there is a significant reduction of blood glucose levels (postprandial hyperglycemia) when insulin is delivered using gold nanoparticles as carriers by the transmucosal route in diabetic rats. Furthermore, control of postprandial hyperglycemia by the intranasal delivery protocol is comparable to that achieved using the standard subcutaneous administration used for type I diabetes mellitus, thus showing considerable promise for further development.
Acute renal failure following cardiac surgery (1999)

The development of ARF or ARF-D is associated with a high mortality following CABG surgery. We have identified perioperative variables, which may be useful in stratifying risk for the development of ARF.
Chimeric RNA/DNA Oligonucleotide-Based Site-Specific Modification of the Tobacco Acetolactate Syntase Gene (2003)

Single amino acid substitutions at either of two crucial positions in acetolactate synthase (ALS) result in a chlorsulfuron-insensitive form of this enzyme and, as a consequence, a herbicide-resistant phenotype. Here, we describe the successful in vivo targeting of endogenous tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) ALS genes using chimeric RNA/DNA and all-DNA oligonucleotides at two different locations. Similar number of conversion events with two different chimeras indicates the absence of restricting influence of genomic target sequence on the gene repair in tobacco. Chlorsulfuron-resistant plants were regenerated from calli after mesophyll protoplast electroporation or leaf tissue particle bombardment with these specifically constructed chimeras. Sequence analysis and enzyme assays proved the resulting alterations to ALS at both DNA and protein levels. Furthermore, foliar application of chlorsulfuron confirmed the development of resistant phenotypes. Lines with proline-196-alanine, threonine, glutamine, or serine substitutions or with tryptophan-573-leucine substitutions were highly resistant at both cellular and whole plant levels, whereas lines with proline-196-leucine substitutions were less resistant. The stability of these modifications was demonstrated by the continuous growth of calli on chlorsulfuron-containing medium and by the transmission of herbicide resistance to progeny in a Mendelian manner. Ability of haploid state to promote chimera-mediated conversions is discussed.
Tau protein function in living cells. (1986)

Tau protein from mammalian brain promotes microtubule polymerization in vitro and is induced during nerve cell differentiation. However, the effects of tau or any other microtubule-associated protein on tubulin assembly within cells are presently unknown. We have tested tau protein activity in vivo by microinjection into a cell type that has no endogenous tau protein. Immunofluorescence shows that tau protein microinjected into fibroblast cells associates specifically with microtubules. The injected tau protein increases tubulin polymerization and stabilizes microtubules against depolymerization. This increased polymerization does not, however, cause major changes in cell morphology or microtubule arrangement. Thus, tau protein acts in vivo primarily to induce tubulin assembly and stabilize microtubules, activities that may be necessary, but not sufficient, for neuronal morphogenesis.
Mode of action of erythropoietin in polycythemic mice. II. Response in mice with polycythemia induced by hypoxia or transfusion. (1971)

Abstract The response to erythropoietin (ESF) has been determined in 2 groups of mice made polycythemic either by transfusion or by hypoxia. The 59 Fe incorporation into red blood cells (RBC) following an injection of ESF (0.5U.) was dependent on the length of time the hypoxic mice were kept in a normal atmosphere prior to receiving the ESF. A decrease from 11.0 per cent 59 Fe RBC incorporation on day 4 to 4.7 per cent 59 Fe incorporation on day 7 was observed. In mice with transfusion polycythemia, however, some decrease in 59 Fe RBC incorporation was noted on day 2, but no further change was observed in the interval from 2 to 7 days. Mice in which polycythemia had been induced by hypoxia responded at early time periods to a standard dose of ESF with greater 59 Fe RBC incorporation than did hypertransfused mice. This difference in response could not be attributed to a difference in iron clearance times. Assuming that comparable levels of polycythemia induced by different mechanisms affect the experimental animal only in terms of the function of the hematopoietic system, these data are consistent with the postulate that sensitivity to ESF depends upon the proliferative state of the hematopoietic precursor population (length of the postmitotic interval of the generation cycle of ESF-sensitive cells).
Mesomorphic Transition of a Thermotropic Polyester with Biphenylyl Mesogen under Hydrostatic Pressure (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMesomorphic Transition of a Thermotropic Polyester with Biphenylyl Mesogen under Hydrostatic PressureYoji Maeda and Junji WatanabeCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5, 1661–1667Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00109a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00109a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views56Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A far-red fluorescent protein with fast maturation and reduced oligomerization tendency from Entacmaea quadricolor (Anthozoa, Actinaria) (2002)

We performed the biochemical and biophysical characterization of a red fluorescent protein, eqFP611, from the sea anemone Entacmaea quadricolor cloned in Escherichia coli. With an excitation maximum at 559 nm and an emission maximum at 611 nm, the recombinant protein shows the most red-shifted emission and the largest Stokes shift of all nonmodified proteins in the green fluorescent protein family. The protein fluoresces with a high quantum yield of 0.45, although it resembles the nonfluorescent members of this protein class, as inferred from the absence of the key amino acid serine at position 143. Fluorescence is constant within the range pH 4-10. Red fluorophore maturation reaches a level of 90% after approximately 12 h by passing through a green intermediate. After complete maturation, only a small fraction of the green species (less than 1%) persists. The protein has a reduced tendency to oligomerize, as shown by its monomeric appearance in SDS/PAGE analysis and single-molecule experiments. However, it forms tetramers at higher concentrations in the absence of detergent. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy reveals light-driven transitions between bright and dark states on submillisecond and millisecond time scales. Applicability of eqFP611 for in vivo labeling in eukaryotic systems was shown by expression in a mammalian cell culture.
Transforming growth factor beta signaling through Smad1 in human breast cancer cells. (1998)

Previous results have suggested that Smad1 transduces signals in response to bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), but not in response to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). Here we investigated the ability of TGF-beta to regulate Smad1 phosphorylation, hetero-oligomerization with Smad4, translocation to the nucleus, and transcriptional activation of 3TP-luciferase reporter activity in TGF-beta- and BMP-responsive Hs578T human breast cancer cells. We demonstrate that Smad1 was rapidly phosphorylated in vivo in response to both TGF-beta3 and BMP2 as determined using an antibody against the epitope-tagged Smad1 being expressed. In addition, both TGF-beta3 and BMP2 increased Smad1-Smad4 hetero-oligomerization in Hs578T cells. Visualization of Smad1 nuclear translocation with the aid of green fluorescent protein (GFP) in live cells demonstrated nuclear accumulation of GFP-Smad1 fluorescence in response to either TGF-beta or BMP2 stimulation. After ligand stimulation, approximately 60-70% of transfected cells displayed prominent nuclear fluorescence. Expression of Smad1 in Hs578T cells increased the activity of the TGF-beta-responsive reporter 3TP-Lux. Moreover, TGF-beta treatment further potentiated the effect of Smad1 on 3TP-luciferase activity. Collectively, our results demonstrate that TGF-beta as well as BMP can signal through Smad1.
Molecular Oxygen Reduction in PEM Fuel Cells:  Evidence for the Simultaneous Presence of Two Active Sites in Fe-Based Catalysts (2002)

Three catalysts for the electroreduction of oxygen have been prepared by pyrolyzing between 400 and 1000 °C two iron precursors (Fe acetate or Fe porphyrin) adsorbed on a synthetic carbon made from the pyrolysis of PTCDA (perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride) in a H2/NH3/Ar atmosphere. One Fe loading (0.2 wt %) has been used for the catalyst made from the salt precursor. Two Fe loadings (0.2 and 2.0 wt %) have been used for the catalyst made from the porphyrin precursor. These three catalysts have been analyzed by ToF SIMS and RDE (or GDE) in order to find correlations between ions detected by ToF SIMS and the catalytic activity. These correlations provide information about the number and the structure of the catalytic sites, which are active in these materials. By following the variation of FeNxCy+ ions, it is found that (i) two different catalytic sites exist simultaneously in all catalysts made with the Fe salt or the Fe porphyrin; (ii) one site, named FeN4/C, is at the origin of three families of FeNxCy+ ions: FeN4Cy+, FeN3Cy+, and FeN1Cy+. The most representative ion of that site is FeN4C8+. The other site, labeled FeN2/C, is at the origin of the family of FeN2Cy+ ions. The most representative ion of that site is FeN2C4+; (iii) the abundance of FeN2/C goes through a maximum for catalysts pyrolyzed between 700 and 900 °C. When Fe acetate is the Fe precursor, FeN2/C may represent up to 80% of the catalytic sites, while this falls to a maximum of about 50% when Fe porphyrin is the precursor; (iv) FeN2/C is more electrocatalytically active than FeN4/C; (v) at high porphyrin loading (2.0 wt % Fe), the catalytic sites bound to the carbon support are covered with a porous layer of pyrolyzed Fe porphyrin.
Human biliverdin reductase: A member of the insulin receptor substrate family with serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase activity (2005)

We describe here the tyrosine kinase activity of human biliverdin reductase (BVR) and its potential role in the insulin-signaling pathway. BVR is both a substrate for insulin receptor (IR) tyrosine kinase (IRK) activity and a kinase for serine phosphorylation of IR substrate 1 (IRS-1). Our previous studies have revealed serine/threonine kinase activity of BVR. Y198, in the YMKM motif found in the C-terminal domain of BVR, is shown to be a substrate for insulin-activated IRK. This motif in IRS proteins provides a docking site for proteins that contain a Src homology 2 domain. Additionally, Y228 in the YLSF sequence and Y291 are IRK substrates; the former sequence provides optimum recognition motif in the tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-1, and for SHC (Src homology 2 domain containing transfroming protein 1). BVR autophosphorylates N-terminal tyrosines Y72 and Y83. Serine residues in IRS-1 are targets for BVR phosphorylation, and point mutation of serine residues in the kinase domain of the reductase inhibits phosphotransferase activity. Because tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1 activates the insulin signaling pathway and serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 blocks insulin action, our findings that insulin increases BVR tyrosine phosphorylation and that there is an increase in glucose uptake in response to insulin when expression of BVR is "knocked down" by small interfering RNA suggest a potential role for BVR in the insulin signaling pathway.
Mass-scalable synthesis of 3D porous germanium–carbon composite particles as an ultra-high rate anode for lithium ion batteries (2015)

A novel, facile synthetic route has been proposed to prepare a 3D nanoarchitecture of Ge coated with carbon (3D-Ge/C) <italic>via</italic> carbothermal reduction.
Genetic Reprogramming of Primary Human T Cells Reveals Functional Plasticity in Th Cell Differentiation (2003)

Activation of naive T cells through the TCR and cytokine signals directs their differentiation into effector or memory subsets with different cytokine profiles. Here, we tested the flexibility of human Th1 or Th2 differentiation by forced expression of transcription factors T-bet and GATA-3. Ectopic expression of T-bet and GATA-3 in freshly isolated human T(N) cells resulted in their differentiation to a Th1 and Th2 phenotype, respectively, in the absence of polarizing cytokines. Introduction of GATA-3 into lineage-committed Th1 cells induced the expression of Th2-specific cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5) and chemotactic receptors (CCR4, chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2). However, these cells partially maintained their Th1-specific profile (IFN-gamma and IL-12Rbeta2 expression). Conversely, expression of T-bet in lineage-committed Th2 cells caused a more profound switch to the Th1 phenotype, including the up-regulation of CXCR3 and down-regulation of CCR4 and CRTH2. Interestingly, similar to the naive T cell subset, central memory T cells were also largely programmed toward Th1 or Th2 effector cells upon expression of T-bet and GATA-3, respectively. However, expression of these transcription factors in effector memory T cells was much less influential on cytokine and chemokine receptor expression profiles. Our results reveal remarkable plasticity in the differentiation programs of human memory T cells. This flexibility is progressively diminished as cells mature from naive to effector T cells. These findings have important implications in understanding the molecular mechanisms of human T cell differentiation and for devising novel therapeutic strategies aimed at immunomodulation of skewed effector T cell responses.
GABAergic synaptic transmission. Regulation by drugs. (1992)

Beside the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-transporter and the GABAB-autoreceptor, the subsynaptic GABAA-receptor is therapeutically the most relevant target for drug actions influencing GABAergic synaptic transmission. New strategies in drug development focus on partial agonists acting at the benzodiazepine receptor. Since these compounds display less of the undesirable effects associated with the presently used full agonists, a major therapeutic advance is to be expected in the treatment of anxiety disorders and epilepsy. In addition, the extensive structural heterogeneity of GABAA-receptors, derived from a family of more than 15 subunits, may point to an unexpected functional heterogeneity of the receptor which may be exploited pharmacologically. The potential diversity of GABAA-receptor function is presently being analyzed using recombinant GABAA-receptors, which consist of various subunit combinations. These studies point not only to variations in the affinity of GABA, depending on the type of subunit combination, but also to differences in the affinities and intrinsic efficacies of benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Provided these distinctions can be confirmed at GABAA-receptors in situ, a new picture of the physiological and pharmacological regulation of the subsynaptic actions of GABA will emerge.
Game theoretic analysis of security in mobile ad hoc networks (2002)

Countermeasures against node misbehavior and selfishness are mandatory requirements in mobile ad hoc networks. Selfishness that causes lack of node activity cannot be solved by classical security means that aim at verifying the correctness and integrity of an operation. In this paper we outline an original security mechanism (CORE) based on reputation that is used to enforce cooperation among the nodes of a MANET. We then investigate on its robustness using an original approach: we use game theory to model the interactions between the nodes of the ad hoc network and we focus on the strategy that a node can adopt during the network operation. As a first result, we obtained the guidelines that should be adopted when designing a cooperative security mechanism that enforces mobile nodes cooperation. Furthermore, we were able to show that when no countermeasures are taken against misbehaving nodes, network operation can be heavily jeopardized. We then showed that the CORE mechanism is compliant with guidelines provided by the game theoretic model and that, under certain conditions, it assures the cooperation of at least half of the nodes of a MANET. Keywords. Security, Denial of Service Attacks, Simulation, Game Theory. Table of Contents . 1.
Mechanism of the anticoagulant effect of warfarin as evaluated in rabbits by selective depression of individual procoagulant vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. (1993)

We have evaluated the contribution of depression of individual procoagulant vitamin K-dependent clotting factors to the ability of warfarin to protect rabbits against tissue factor-induced coagulation. Mean activities of individual procoagulant factors were determined, in assays with rabbit substrates, for a group of rabbits achieving a protective degree of anticoagulation with warfarin. Values were: factor VII, 12%; factor IX, 7%; factor X, 14%, and prothrombin, 13%. The effect upon tissue factor-induced coagulation of selective immunodepletion of each factor to a comparable level was then evaluated. Immunodepletion of plasma factor X or prothrombin, but not of factor VII or factor IX, protected otherwise normal rabbits against tissue factor-induced coagulation. Next, we determined the effect upon the protection in warfarin-treated rabbits of selectively restoring factor X or prothrombin before infusing tissue factor. When either factor was selectively restored, warfarin's protective effect was abolished. Moreover, selective restoration of prothrombin sensitized warfarin-treated rabbits to coagulation more severe than observed in nontreated control rabbits. One may extrapolate from these data that depression of both factor X and prothrombin are required for warfarin's clinical antithrombotic efficacy and that depression of plasma prothrombin is particularly important.
Understanding and Identifying Monoclonal Gammopathies (2000)

Monoclonal gammopathies reflect conditions in which abnormal amounts of immunoglobulins are produced by a clone that developed from a single pro-B germ cell. The condition may reflect a disease process or be benign. The primary purpose of this review is to emphasize routine clinical laboratory techniques that currently are recommended for use in identifying monoclonal gammopathies from serum and urine. Selection of the preferred technique and correct interpretation often is dependent on an understanding of the immunological basis and clinical sequelae associated with these conditions. For this reason, we first briefly discuss the structure, production, and nature of immunoglobulins, and then describe important features of the associated diseases. Finally, we discuss strengths and weaknesses of the techniques and make reference to current recommendations to facilitate optimal testing. We discuss in detail high-resolution electrophoresis, methods for quantifying immunoglobulins, immunofixation electrophoresis, problems associated with analysis of urine immunoglobulins, and identification of cryoglobulins and immune complexes.
Sleep disturbance in smith‐magenis syndrome (del 17 p11.2) (1998)

Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS) is a clinically recognizable multiple congenital anomaly and mental retardation syndrome caused by an interstitial deletion of chromosome 17 p11.2. Although the physical and molecular genetic features of SMS are increasingly well understood, work is more limited on SMS's behavioral phenotype, which includes self-injury, tantrums, and sleep disturbance. This study examines the sleep behaviors of 39 individuals with SMS, ranging in age from 1.6 to 32 years (mean = 10.5). Prominent sleep problems, seen in 65 to 100% of the sample, included difficulties falling asleep, shortened sleep cycles, frequent and prolonged nocturnal awakenings, excessive daytime sleepiness, daytime napping, snoring, and bed-wetting. Medication to facilitate sleep was used by 59% of SMS subjects. Possible etiologic mechanisms of sleep disturbance in SMS are discussed, as are recommended interventions. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 81:186–191, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.