gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DIETARY NUCLEOTIDES, A REQUIREMENT FOR HELPER/INDUCER T LYMPHOCYTES (1985)

Previous investigations have revealed that dietary nucleotide restriction delays the onset of primary murine cardiac allograft rejection and acute graft-versus-host disease followed H-2-incompatible bone marrow transplantation, suppresses sensitization to intradermally injected antigens and suppresses in vivo and in vitro lymphocyte proliferation to alloantigen or lectin stimulation. To determine the mechanisms responsible for these phenomena, BALB/c mice were placed on chow (F), nucleotide free (NF) diet, or NF diet supplemented with 0.25% RNA (NFR), with 0.6% adenine (NFA), or with 0.06% uracil (NFU). Following four weeks of dietary equilibrium, splenic lymphocytes harvested from naive or immunostimulated mice in the various dietary groups were stained with monoclonal antibodies directed Lyt 1, Lyt 2, 3, or surface mouse immunoglobulin (IgG) surface markers. While naive animals demonstrated no differences in lymphocyte subpopulations between groups, following complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) stimulation, splenic lymphocytes for NF mice demonstrated 27.3 +/- 1.7% Lyt 1+ cells compared with F (32.6 +/- .04%) and NFR mice (33.2 +/- 1.2%) (P less than 0.02). Restriction of dietary nucleotides affected not only phenotypes of T lymphocytes, but also T cell function. Following conconavalin A stimulation of irradiated splenic lymphocytes, IL-2 production was decreased in NF mice compared with the F control group (P less than 0.01). The RNA-repleted diet maintained normal IL-2 production, while addition of adenine or uracil alone did not. Finally, NF diets adversely affected host resistance to the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans. Following inoculation with 0.25 X 10(6) organisms NF or NFA-fed hosts succumbed more rapidly than F, NFR, or NFU fed hosts (P less than 0.001). These data suggest that helper/inducer T lymphocytes require exogenous nucleotides to respond normally following immune stimulation. Uracil may be the critical substrate, based upon the studies of Candida resistance. By understanding the metabolic basis of NFD-induced immunosuppression, the role of dietary nucleotides in combatting infection and alloantigen rejection can be more clearly defined.
Association of a PDCD1 polymorphism with renal manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus (2005)

The PD-1.3A allele is associated with renal manifestations in SLE patients from northern Sweden but not with susceptibility to SLE per se.
Protecting digital media content (1998)

article Free Access Share on Protecting digital media content Authors: Nasir Memon Northern Illinois Univ., De Kalb Northern Illinois Univ., De KalbView Profile , Ping Wah Wong Hewlett-Packard, Cupertino, CA Hewlett-Packard, Cupertino, CAView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 41Issue 7July 1998 pp 35–43https://doi.org/10.1145/278476.278485Online:01 July 1998Publication History 177citation2,592DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations177Total Downloads2,592Last 12 Months73Last 6 weeks34 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
The CMU air travel information service (1990)

Understanding spontaneous speech presents several problems not found in processing read speech input. Spontaneous speech is often not fluent. It contains stutters, filled pauses, restarts, repeats, interjections, etc. Casual users do not know the lexicon and grammar used by the system. It is therefore very difficult for a speech understanding system to achieve good coverage of the lexicon and grammar that subjects might use.
Tailor: a layout system based on trapezoidal corner stitching (1990)

A VLSI layout design system named Tailor is described. Tailor operates on hierarchical layouts containing 45 degrees multiple angles. It consists of a well-integrated set of tools, including a window-driven editor, an incremental design rule checker, a circuit extractor, a one-dimensional compactor, a channel-based global router, and a transistor size optimizer. All tools use the same user interface and operate directly on Tailor's trapezoidal corner stitched database. Tailor's database structure is well suited for all of the tools because all important database operations, such as point searching, neighbor searching, area searching, and shadow searching, function very efficiently. All the tools in Tailor, except transistor optimization and routing, work directly on the layout hierarchy, which provides even greater efficiency.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Advances in Amino Acid Mimetics and Peptidomimetics (1997)

Preface. Combinatorial synthesis of peptidomimetics. The development of novel noncovalent thrombin inhibitors. Ppetidomimetics designed for oral absorbtion. Rare protein turns: -turn, helix-turn-helix, and cis-proline mimics. Design of non-peptide agonists and antagonists for neuropeptide receptors. Amino acid mimetics and design of peptidomimetics for opoid and melanocortin receptors: general perspectives. Peptide nucleic acids: potential as antisense and antigene drugs. Solution and soluble polymer synthesis of azatides and azapeptides. Sugar amino acids and carbohydrates as scaffolds and peptidomimetics.
Be Aware of the Possibility of False-Positive Results in Single-Locus PCR Assays for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (2006)

The emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a nosocomial pathogen is an ever increasing problem. Prevention measures require the rapid detection of nasal carriage in patients and health care workers, and PCR is the fastest method fulfilling this task. The commonly used mecA gene
Carbon Nanotube Interconnects (2009)

The performance and power dissipation of integrated circuits (IC) are largely affected by interconnects. Carbon nanotubes, which are rolls of one-atom-thick carbon sheets, show great potential in addressing some of the major interconnect challenges in future generations of technology, when copper conductivity will degrade substantially because of size effects. Some of the fascinating properties of carbon nanotubes include very large current conduction capacity, large electron mean free paths, high mechanical strength, and stability. In this article, the physical circuit models for carbon nanotubes are reviewed, and the potential performances of both single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) and multiwall carbon nanotube (MWNT) interconnects are benchmarked against their copper counterparts at a realistic operating temperature (100°C). The models capture various electron phonon scattering mechanisms and the dependency of quantum conductance on temperature and diameter. A hybrid system of copper/SWNTs/MWNTs offers the highest performance enhancement for interconnects.
Genetic Characterization of Russian Honey Bee Stock Selected for Improved Resistance to <I>Varroa destructor</I> (2009)

Maintenance of genetic diversity among breeding lines is important in selective breeding and stock management. The Russian Honey Bee Breeding Program has strived to maintain high levels of heterozygosity among its breeding lines since its inception in 1997. After numerous rounds of selection for resistance to tracheal and varroa mites and improved honey production, 18 lines were selected as the core of the program. These lines were grouped into three breeding blocks that were crossbred to improve overall heterozygosity levels of the population. Microsatellite DNA data demonstrated that the program has been successful. Heterozygosity and allelic richness values are high and there are no indications of inbreeding among the three blocks. There were significant levels of genetic structure measured among the three blocks. Block C was genetically distinct from both blocks A and B (F(ST) = 0.0238), whereas blocks A and B did not differ from each other (F(ST) = 0.0074). The same pattern was seen for genic (based on numbers of alleles) differentiation. Genetic distance, as measured by chord distance, indicates that all of the 18 lines are equally distant, with minimal clustering. The data indicate that the overall design of the breeding program has been successful in maintaining high levels of diversity and avoiding problems associated with inbreeding.
Synthesis and conformational properties of the lanthionine-bridged opioid peptide [D-AlaL2,AlaL5]enkephalin as determined by NMR and computer simulations (1992)

We report the synthesis and conformational analysis by means of NMR and computer simulations of a novel opioid peptide with the sequence [formula: see text], which we write as [formula: see text], abbreviated [D-AlaL2,L-AlaL5]EA, where AlaL denotes each of the lanthionine amino acid ends linked by a monosulfide bridge and EA indicates enkephalinamide. Data from 2D NMR (HOHAHA and ROESY) provide short-range NOEs that are used as constraints in molecular modeling; measurement of coupling constants shows that chi 1 (D-AlaL2) is predominantly in either the t or g- conformation, and temperature coefficient data suggest the participation of the AlaL5 amide proton in an intramolecular hydrogen bond. The use of NOE and hydrogen-bond constraints in a distance-geometry program yields a large number of initial conformations compatible with the data. Energy minimization of these structures using CHARMM results in three families of backbone ring conformations, labled A1, A2, and B. The torsion chi 1 in D-AlaL2 remains close to trans for all three conformations. Molecular dynamics in vacuo at 300 K show that these three families of conformers interconvert, with concerted shifts in two of the three torsions psi(Phe), phi(AlaL5), and chi(AlaL5). The [D-AlaL2,L-AlaL5]EA is superactive in the guinea pig ileum (GPI) and mouse vas deferens (MVD) in vitro tests and also in the rat hot plate test in vivo. At the same time, this analog with a constrained 13-membered ring shows virtually no selectivity with a ratio IC50 (MVD)/IC50 (GPI) of 0.882.
Cas6 is an endoribonuclease that generates guide RNAs for invader defense in prokaryotes (2008)

An RNA-based gene silencing pathway that protects bacteria and archaea from viruses and other genome invaders is hypothesized to arise from guide RNAs encoded by CRISPR loci and proteins encoded by the cas genes. CRISPR loci contain multiple short invader-derived sequences separated by short repeats. The presence of virus-specific sequences within CRISPR loci of prokaryotic genomes confers resistance against corresponding viruses. The CRISPR loci are transcribed as long RNAs that must be processed to smaller guide RNAs. Here we identified Pyrococcus furiosus Cas6 as a novel endoribonuclease that cleaves CRISPR RNAs within the repeat sequences to release individual invader targeting RNAs. Cas6 interacts with a specific sequence motif in the 5' region of the CRISPR repeat element and cleaves at a defined site within the 3' region of the repeat. The 1.8 angstrom crystal structure of the enzyme reveals two ferredoxin-like folds that are also found in other RNA-binding proteins. The predicted active site of the enzyme is similar to that of tRNA splicing endonucleases, and concordantly, Cas6 activity is metal-independent. cas6 is one of the most widely distributed CRISPR-associated genes. Our findings indicate that Cas6 functions in the generation of CRISPR-derived guide RNAs in numerous bacteria and archaea.
Collecting and modeling the join/leave behavior of multicast group members in the MBone (1996)

One purpose of the MBone is to study the performance of multicast and real time protocol in global conferencing applications. Part of this evaluation is dependent on understanding how the MBone is used and developing realistic workloads and usage models to assist in protocol evaluation. We have developed a tool, called Mlisten, to accurately collect the join/leave times for multicast group members in MBone audio sessions. Using data collected with Mlisten and a set of analysis tools, we report statistics about several MBone audio sessions including member inter arrival times and durations, multicast tree routing information, and group spatial characteristics. Data was also collected and analyzed for all active sessions to produce information about movement among multicast groups.
Experimental Investigation of a Low-Cost, High Performance Focal-Plane Horn Array (2011)

In previous work, we have described novel smooth-walled multiple flare-angle horns designed using a genetic algorithm. A key feature of these horns is that they can be manufactured very rapidly and cheaply in large numbers, by repeated direct drilling into a single plate of aluminum using a shaped machine tool. The rapid manufacturing technique will enable the construction of very low cost focal-plane arrays, offering an alternative to conventional electroformed corrugated horn arrays. In order to experimentally demonstrate the new technology, we constructed a 230 GHz focal-plane array comprising 37 smooth- walled horns fabricated by direct drilling. We present the measured beam patterns for a large sample of these horns across the array, demonstrating the suitability of our manufacturing techniques for large format arrays. We have measured the cross coupling between adjacent feeds and have shown that it is negligible. We also present high quality beam patterns measured for a much smaller 700 GHz horn, showing the promise of the extending this technology to THz frequencies.
Antennae hold a key to Varroa-sensitive hygiene behaviour in honey bees (2015)

In honey bees, Varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) behaviour, which involves the detection and removal of brood parasitised by the mite Varroa destructor, can actively participate in the survival of colonies facing Varroa outbreaks. This study investigated the mechanisms of VSH behaviour, by comparing the antennal transcriptomes of bees that do and do not perform VSH behaviour. Results indicate that antennae likely play a key role in the expression of VSH behaviour. Comparisons with the antennal transcriptome of nurse and forager bees suggest that VSH profile is more similar to that of nurse bees than foragers. Enhanced detection of certain odorants in VSH bees may be predicted from transcriptional patterns, as well as a higher metabolism and antennal motor activity. Interestingly, Deformed wing virus/Varroa destructor virus infections were detected in the antennae, with higher level in non-VSH bees; a putative negative impact of viral infection on bees' ability to display VSH behaviour is proposed. These results bring new perspectives to the understanding of VSH behaviour and the evolution of collective defence by focusing attention on the importance of the peripheral nervous system. In addition, such data might be useful for promoting marker-assisted selection of honey bees that can survive Varroa infestations.
Tetramethylammonium does not universally neutralize sequence dependent DNA stability (1993)

Effects of different concentrations of Tetramethylammonium on the thermostability of six DNA dumbbells with similar well defined sequences have been investigated. Each molecule has a 16 base pair duplex stem linked on both ends by T4 single strand loops. Only the sequence of the four central base pairs distinguishes one molecule from the next. The distinguishing central sequences are, [A-T-A-T], [T-A-T-A], [A-A-A-A], [C-G-C-G], [G-C-G-C] and [G-G-G-G] situated between the sequences: 5'-G-T-A-T-C-C-[]-G-G-A-T-A-C-3' which are the same in all molecules. Optical melting curves collected on these molecules as a function of TMA concentration over the range from 0.09 M to 4.5 M revealed there is no single concentration of TMA where all these molecules exhibit the same melting temperature.
Chlamydia Pneumoniae, Strain Twar Pneumonia (1992)

Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR is a newly recognized third species of Chlamydia. It is an important cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, and other acute respiratory infections. It is a human pathogen transmitted by the respiratory route. Successful antibiotic treatment with tetracycline or erythromycin requires high dosage and a prolonged course.
Epithelial ovarian cancer cells secrete functional Fas ligand. (2003)

The Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) system has been suggested to play an important role in the establishment of an immune privilege status of the tumor by inducing Fas-mediated apoptosis in tumor-specific lymphocytes. However, the role of cell surface-expressed FasL in tumor cell protection has recently become controversial. In this study, we have demonstrated that ascites-derived epithelial ovarian cancer cells lack membranal FasL but constitutively secrete whole, intracellular FasL (37 kDa) via the release of microvesicles. In contrast, normal ovarian surface epithelial cells express, but do not secrete, FasL. We have also identified a heavily glycosylated form of secreted FasL (48 kDa), associated with microvesicles isolated directly from the ascites fluid of patients with ovarian cancer. Following the disruption of the microvesicle membrane, both the 37-kDa and 48-kDa forms of secreted FasL were able to trigger Fas-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat T cells. These results suggest that the release of secreted FasL, and not the membrane form, may provide a mechanism by which tumors might counterattack Fas-bearing immune cells, thus facilitating their escape from immune surveillance and promoting tumor cell survival.
Maintenance of Th1 hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐specific responses in individuals with acute HCV who achieve sustained virological clearance after treatment (2013)

Treatment-induced viral clearance of recent HCV infection is associated with maintenance of HCV-specific Th1 responses.
Age-related changes in human oestrogen receptor α function and levels in osteoblasts (1998)

Oestrogen receptors (ERs) are present in human osteoblasts and mediate anti-resorptive effects on bone. Human osteoblast-like cells derived from different aged healthy female donors not on hormone replacement therapy were utilized under well-defined conditions in vitro to investigate ER function and levels. Treatment with 0.1 nM oestradiol-17beta of cell strains derived from eight young women (less than 50 years of age) increased hydroxyproline levels significantly [an average (2.2+/-0.1 S.E.M.)-fold increase], whereas cells derived from nine older women (more than 50 years of age) were not significantly affected. Similarly, cell strains, derived from younger women, transfected with a consensus oestrogen-responsive element linked to chloramphenicol acetyltransferase exhibited a greater response to oestrogen than strains derived from older women. When basal ERalpha levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay and normalized on a per cell basis, osteoblast-like strains derived from younger women (n=24) had a mean value of 2.54+/-0.16 fmol of ERalpha per 10(6) cells. In contrast, strains derived from older women (n=20) had a mean value of 5.44+/-0.48 fmol of ERalpha per 10(6) cells. An age-related increase in ERalpha number was also observed in human skin-derived fibroblasts and directly in dermal biopsies from women not on hormone replacement therapy. The results demonstrate ligand concentration-dependent ERalpha induction and indicate a loss of receptor regulation and diminution of ligand-receptor signal transduction with increasing donor age.
Influence of Reward Expectation on Behavior-Related Neuronal Activity in Primate Striatum (1998)

Rewards constitute important goals for voluntary behavior. This study aimed to investigate how expected rewards influence behavior-related neuronal activity in the anterior striatum. In a delayed go-nogo task, monkeys executed or withheld a reaching movement and obtained liquid or sound as reinforcement. An initial instruction picture indicated the behavioral reaction to be performed and the reinforcer to be obtained after a subsequent trigger stimulus. Movements varied according to the reinforcers predicted by the instructions, suggesting that animals differentially expected the two outcomes. About 250 of nearly 1,500 neurons in anterior parts of caudate nucleus, putamen, and ventral striatum showed typical task-related activations that reflected the expectation of instructions and trigger, and the preparation, initiation, and execution of behavioral reactions. Strikingly, most task-related activations occurred only when liquid reward was delivered at trial end, rather than the reinforcing sound. Activations close to the time of reward showed similar preferences for liquid reward over the reinforcing sound, suggesting a relationship to the expectation or detection of the motivational outcome of the trial rather than to a "correct" or "end-of-trial" signal. By contrast, relatively few activations in the present task occurred irrespective of the type of reinforcement. In conclusion, many of the behavior-related neurons investigated in the anterior striatum were influenced by an upcoming primary liquid reward and did not appear to code behavioral acts in a motivationally neutral manner. Rather, these neurons incorporated information about the expected outcome into their behavior-related activity. The activations influenced by reward several seconds before its occurrence may constitute a neuronal basis for the retrograde effects of rewards on behavioral reactions.
The Use of Esters of N-Hydroxysuccinimide in Peptide Synthesis (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Use of Esters of N-Hydroxysuccinimide in Peptide SynthesisGeorge W. Anderson, Joan E. Zimmerman, and Francis M. CallahanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 9, 1839–1842Publication Date (Print):May 5, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 5 May 1964https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01063a037RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views7740Altmetric-Citations1089LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (541 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts