gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biotechnological agents for the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Principles, problems and perspectives (1997)

Based on exciting results in animal models, a number of novel immunotherapies employing biotechnological products, rather than conventional immunosuppressants, are being developed for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The first part of this article is a review of some fundamental concepts of immunology and offers a hypothetical scenario for the immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. The second part provides a critical overview of various immunotherapies relying on modern biotechnology. For each approach, the underlying immunological principles, experimental and clinical evidence, and foreseeable problems are separately addressed. Thus, it is hoped that this article serves a dual purpose, namely to provide an update on recent advances in immunology, and to serve as a useful source of reference to immunotherapies holding promise for future treatment of multiple sclerosis.
Electrically Conductive and Optically Active Porous Silicon Nanowires (2009)

We report the synthesis of vertical silicon nanowire array through a two-step metal-assisted chemical etching of highly doped n-type silicon (100) wafers in a solution of hydrofluoric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The morphology of the as-grown silicon nanowires is tunable from solid nonporous nanowires, nonporous/nanoporous core/shell nanowires, to entirely nanoporous nanowires by controlling the hydrogen peroxide concentration in the etching solution. The porous silicon nanowires retain the single crystalline structure and crystallographic orientation of the starting silicon wafer and are electrically conductive and optically active with visible photoluminescence. The combination of electronic and optical properties in the porous silicon nanowires may provide a platform for novel optoelectronic devices for energy harvesting, conversion, and biosensing.
Interaction of DNA-threading peptide-amsacrine conjugates with DNA and chromatin. (1996)

The SPKK peptide motif which functions as a DNA minor groove binding unit in various chromosomal and gene regulatory proteins has been attached to the antitumour drug amsacrine in order to reinforce interaction with DNA. Two bifunctional molecules in which an amsacrine-4-carboxamide derivative is linked to one or two SPKK motifs via a diaminopropyl tether have been designed and synthesized. We have applied various spectroscopic methods (absorption, circular and linear dichroism) to delineate the role of the peptide moiety as opposed to the chromophoric acridine moiety in the interaction of the conjugates with both DNA and chromatin. The structural and kinetic data concur that the two peptide conjugates thread through the DNA double helix so as to intercalate their acridine chromophore, leaving the SPKK motif and the methanesulphonanilino group positioned within the minor and major grooves of the double helix respectively. The threading-type intercalation process, evidenced by stopped-flow measurements, is not affected when the DNA is wrapped around histones. Linkage of the SPKK peptide motif to intercalating drugs represents an efficient system to stabilize drug-DNA complexes.
The field evaporation of deuterated titanium as a neutron generator ion source (2010)

The field evaporation of deuterated titanium films is being investigated as a deuterium ion source for deuterium-tritium neutron generators. It has been found that titanium and deuterated titanium films having thicknesses of up to at least 70 layers assume a body-centered-cubic crystal structure when grown on ⟨110⟩ oriented tungsten substrates. Deuterated titanium films having thicknesses exceeding 50 atomic layers have been controllably field evaporated from the surface of tungsten tips in less than 20 ns. At ion current densities exceeding ∼106 A/cm2 and film thicknesses greater than ∼20 layers, space charge effects decrease the ratio of D to TiDx ions to less than 1. Decreasing the evaporation rate such that ion current densities are of the order of 105 A/cm2 increases the D to TiDx ratio for the evaporation of a film thickness of greater than ∼20 layers by the reduction in space charge effects that can inhibit the dissociation of titanium-deuterium complexes. Atomic deuterium ion yields of ∼10−7 μC of D+/tip have been observed and yields of &amp;gt;10−6 μC of D+/tip should be possible using larger tip radii. The field evaporation of titanium from an array of microfabricated tips has been demonstrated for the first time.
Enhanced Reaction Efficiency in Continuous Flow (2016)

Abstract Continuous flow reactors are enabling tools that can significantly benefit chemical reactions, especially those that are path length dependent (e.g., photochemical), mixing or transport dependent (e.g., gas‐liquid), exothermic, or utilize hazardous or unstable intermediates. In this review, it is demonstrated how the nearly instantaneous mixing, exceptionally fast mass transfer, safe access to high temperatures and pressures, and high surface area to volume ratio can be leveraged to improve product yield, reaction rates and/or selectivity. By showcasing five synthetic methodologies examined by our group, it is hoped that the reader will gain an appreciation of the accessible and transformative nature of flow chemistry for improving existing transformations, enabling rapid optimization, and for developing new methodologies that depend on precise parameter controls.
Potent Angiogenesis Inhibition by the Particulate Form of Fullerene Derivatives (2010)

Antiangiogenesis is an effective strategy for cancer treatment because uncontrolled tumor growth depends on tumor angiogenesis and sufficient blood supply. Great progress has been made in developing a "molecular" form of angiogenesis inhibitors; however, the narrow inhibition spectrum limits anticancer efficacy as those inhibitors that usually target a few or even a single angiogenic factor among many angiogenic factors might initially be effective but ultimately lead to the failure of the treatment due to the induction of expression of other angiogenic factors. In this work, we report that with a multiple hydroxyl groups functionalized surface, the Gd@C(82)(OH)(22) fullerenic nanoparticles (f-NPs) are capable of simultaneously downregulating more than 10 angiogenic factors in the mRNA level that is further confirmed at the protein level. After studying this antiangiogenesis activity of the f-NPs by cellular experiment, we further investigated its anticancer efficacy in vivo. A two-week treatment with the f-NPs decreased >40% tumor microvessels density and efficiently lowered the speed of blood supply to tumor tissues by approximately 40%. Efficacy of the treatment using f-NPs in nude mice was comparable to the clinic anticancer drug paclitaxel, while no pronounced side effects were found. These findings indicate that the f-NPs with multiple hydroxyl groups serve as a potent antiangiogenesis inhibitor that can simultaneously target multiple angiogenic factors. We propose that using nanoscale "particulate" itself as a new form of medicine (particulate medicine) may be superior to the traditional "molecular" form of medicine (molecular medicine) in cancer treatment.
Immunochemical techniques laboratory manual (1993)

Methods Locator. Preface. Notes to Students and Instructors: Student Background for Laboratory, Immunochemistry Supplies, Antibody Requirements for Experiments, Suggested Schedule of Experiments. Background: Review of the Immune System and Immunoglobulin Structure. Experiments: Preparation of Serum from Blood. Purification and Analysis of IgG. Quantitative Precipitin Curve. Precipitation Analysis in Gel. Affinity Chromatography of Antibodies. Labeling Antibodies. Protein Blotting. Immunoprecipitation with Staphylococcal Protein A. Immunocytochemical Staining of Lymphocytes. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: ELISA. Appendices: Chemistries and Procedures for Anninity Chromatography. Buffers. PAGE Reagent and Staining Procedures. Western Blotting Reagents and Staining Procedures. Suppliers of Equipment and Chemical Reagents. Saturated Ammonium Sulfate Table. Radioiodination of Proteins. Immunization Procedure. Detergent Solubilization of Proteins. Index.
Impact of Low Birth Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Endothelial Function in Early Adult Life (2001)

Low birth weight is associated with endothelial dysfunction in young adults. This is most marked in individuals with lower risk factor profiles and may be relevant to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in later life.
Stimulation via CD40 can substitute for CD4 T cell function in preventing reactivation of a latent herpesvirus (2001)

Reactivation of latent herpesviruses is a particular problem in immunocompromised individuals, such as AIDS patients, who lack effective CD4 T helper cell function. An important question is whether residual immune defenses can be mobilized to combat such opportunistic infections, in the absence of CD4 T cells. In the present study, we used a mouse model of opportunistic infection to determine whether stimulation via CD40 could substitute for CD4 T cell function in preventing reactivation of a latent herpesvirus. Treatment with an agonistic antibody to CD40 was highly effective in preventing reactivation of latent murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV-68) in the lungs of CD4 T cell-deficient mice. CD8(+) T cells were essential for this effect, whereas virus-specific serum antibody was undetectable and IFN-gamma production was unchanged. This demonstration that immunostimulation via CD40 can replace CD4 T cell help in controlling latent virus in vivo has potential implications for the development of novel therapeutic agents to prevent viral reactivation in immunocompromised patients.
Impacts of parasitic plants on natural communities (2005)

Parasitic plants have profound effects on the ecosystems in which they occur. They are represented by some 4000 species and can be found in most major biomes. They acquire some or all of their water, carbon and nutrients via the vascular tissue of the host's roots or shoots. Parasitism has major impacts on host growth, allometry and reproduction, which lead to changes in competitive balances between host and nonhost species and therefore affect community structure, vegetation zonation and population dynamics. Impacts on hosts may further affect herbivores, pollinators and seed vectors, and the behaviour and diversity of these is often closely linked to the presence and abundance of parasitic plants. Parasitic plants can therefore be considered as keystone species. Community impacts are mediated by the host range of the parasite (the diversity of species that can potentially act as hosts) and by their preference and selection of particular host species. Parasitic plants can also alter the physical environment around them--including soil water and nutrients, atmospheric CO2 and temperature--and so may also be considered as ecosystem engineers. Such impacts can have further consequences in altering the resource supply to and behaviour of other organisms within parasitic plant communities.
Intracellular pH‐Responsive Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for the Controlled Release of Anticancer Chemotherapeutics (2010)

Cut here to cure: Doxorubicin attached to pH-sensitive mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN-hydrazone-Dox) shows potential in the chemotherapeutic treatment of liver cancer. Hydrolysis of the pH-sensitive hydrazone bond in the acidic environment of endosomes/lysosomes (see picture) releases Dox intracellularly from the MSN nanochannels, resulting in highly efficient apoptotic cell death. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Messenger RNAs expressed in intestine of adult but not baby rabbits. Isolation of cognate cDNAs and characterization of a novel brush border protein with esterase and phospholipase activity (1993)

Using a subtractive hybridization method, we have cloned cDNAs corresponding to 10 different mRNAs which share the property of being expressed in the intestine of adult but not baby rabbits. Four could be identified as coding for previously known gene products (sucrase-isomaltase, a glutathione S-transferase, a cytochrome P450, and a long form of ferritin mRNA), while six code for previously unknown proteins. One clone, AdRab-B, codes for a protein of 1458 amino acids, including (i) a putative signal sequence at the NH2 terminus, (ii) four internal repeats, 308-346 amino acids in length, (iii) a hydrophobic stretch near the COOH terminus, which represents a potential membrane anchor, and (iv) a short hydrophilic stretch at the very COOH terminus. The corresponding protein was studied with the aid of antibodies prepared against polypeptides expressed from segments of the cDNA in Escherichia coli. The protein was shown to be proteolytically processed in the intestine (but not when expressed in COS cells) and to be targeted to the brush border membrane of the enterocytes. Finally, the protein was found to have esterase and phospholipase A/lysophospholipase activity.
Red cell enzymopathies of the glycolytic pathway. (1990)

The delineation of specific erythrocyte glycolytic enzyme defects during the past three decades has clarified hitherto unexplained hereditary hemolytic syndromes. The glycolytic enzymopathies have proven to be important, not as a public health problem, but because the investigation of these experimental models of nature has provided information to increase our understanding of control of glycolysis and interrelationships of the Rapoport-Luebering shunt, mechanism of hemolysis, erythrocyte ageing, role of isozymes in various organs, and genetic control of enzyme structure/function. The application of ever improving techniques of recombinant DNA should yield a bonanza of new information to improve our comprehension of the pathogenesis and heterogeneity of these disorders as well as provide increased knowledge of regulation of these enzymes. It should be an exciting era.
Evaluation of the protective efficacy of a serotype 1 bovine-human rotavirus reassortant vaccine in infants (1995)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a live, attenuated bovine (strain WC3) x human (strain WI79, serotype G1) rotavirus reassortant (WI79-9) virus vaccine for prevention of symptomatic rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants. The study was a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, conducted over a single rotavirus season in 325 infants who were 2 to 8 months old at enrollment. Subjects were randomized to receive either placebo or WI79-9 virus vaccine at 10(7.3) plaque-forming units in three oral doses each separated by 2 months. Subjects were followed for 7 days after each dose for occurrence of adverse events and during the subsequent winter for development of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Administration of WI79-9 virus vaccine was well-tolerated, and the rates of low grade fever after each dose were no higher in vaccine recipients (8 to 21%) than in placebo recipients (14 to 19%). The protective efficacy of the WI79-9 vaccine during a subsequent epidemic of predominantly serotype G1 rotavirus was 87.0% (95% confidence limits, 62.6 to 95.5%) against relatively severe rotavirus gastroenteritis (rotavirus gastroenteritis with a clinical severity score of > 8) and was 64.1% (95% confidence limits 35.9 to 79.9%) against all symptomatic rotavirus episodes. The WI79-9 vaccine was safe and effective in prevention of homotypic human rotavirus infection in infants. Further studies of reassortant vaccines based on the bovine WC3 rotavirus should be performed.
Melatonin: A Rediscovered Antitumor Hormone? Its Relation to Surface Receptors; Sex Steroid Metabolism, Immunologic Response, and Chronobiologic Factors in Tumor Growth and Therapy (1987)

Melatonin (5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine) is a lipidsoluble derivative of 5-hydroxytryptamine, which is produced clinically via the pineal gland under the influence of sympathetic neural tone governed by diurnal variation in light exposure. Melatonin secretion is maximal with the onset of darkness and it controls diurnal rhythms (i.e., temperature and sleep) and the seasonal Zeitgebar involving reproductive behavior, the seasonal pelt, and pigmentation. The complicated patterns of these relationships between pituitary-hypophyseal, light exposure, and the pineal gland that may be mediated by melatonin have been discussed in a number of reviews (1-13). These observations have resulted in a recent conference on melatonin in humans (14) where melatonin diurnal and seasonal rhythms have been shown to be a factor in sleep and seasonal affective disorders. Recent observations suggest that melatonin deserves clinical trial to enhance or modify response in hormonally sensitive tumors and to determine if melatonin’s impact on chronobiologic control can improve the circadian
Significance in Replication of the Terminal Nucleotides of the Flavivirus Genome (2003)

Point mutations that resulted in a substitution of the conserved 3'-penultimate cytidine in genomic RNA or the RNA negative strand of the self-amplifying replicon of the Flavivirus Kunjin virus completely blocked in vivo replication. Similarly, substitutions of the conserved 3'-terminal uridine in the RNA negative or positive strand completely blocked replication or caused much-reduced replication, respectively. The same preference for cytidine in the 3'-terminal dinucleotide was noted in reports of the in vitro activity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) for the other genera of Flaviviridae that also employ a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) template to initiate asymmetric semiconservative RNA positive-strand synthesis. The Kunjin virus replicon results were interpreted in the context of a proposed model for initiation of RNA synthesis based on the solved crystal structure of the RdRp of phi6 bacteriophage, which also replicates efficiently using a dsRNA template with conserved 3'-penultimate cytidines and a 3'-terminal pyrimidine. A previously untested substitution of the conserved pentanucleotide at the top of the 3'-terminal stem-loop of all Flavivirus species also blocked detectable in vivo replication of the Kunjin virus replicon RNA.
Combination of nested microphone array and subband processing for multiple simultaneous speaker localization (2012)

Speaker localization is one of the active topics in speech processing field. In this paper, we use a two-step method based on Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) for the localization of multiple simultaneous speech sources. In this method, directions of speakers are estimated by computing Generalized Cross Correlation (GCC) between microphone signals. In this paper, we propose a method based on combination of subband processing and nested microphone arrays. The use of subband processing is effective in increasing accuracy of multiple speaker localization. Also, the nested array can remove spatial aliasing by intelligent selection of some microphone subsets and assigning them to different subbands. When microphones of each subband were determined, subband processing is just applied on the data from that microphone subset. Moreover, targeting the high-noise environmental conditions, we use the GCC-Maximum Likelihood (GCC-ML) as the localization core of the proposed method. The combination of these all leads to omitting spatial aliasing and increasing the localization accuracy. Simulation results on different environmental scenarios validate the superior performance of the proposed method in the localization of multiple simultaneous speakers.
Dentin Sialoprotein and Dentin Phosphoprotein Overexpression during Amelogenesis (2005)

The gene for dentin sialophosphoprotein produces a single protein that is post-translationally modified to generate two distinct extracellular proteins: dentin sialoprotein and dentin phosphoprotein. In teeth, dentin sialophosphoprotein is expressed primarily by odontoblast cells, but is also transiently expressed by presecretory ameloblasts. Because of this expression profile it appears that dentin sialophosphoprotein contributes to the early events of amelogenesis, and in particular to those events that result in the formation of the dentino-enamel junction and the adjacent "aprismatic" enamel. Using a transgenic animal approach we have extended dentin sialoprotein or dentin phosphoprotein expression throughout the developmental stages of amelogenesis. Overexpression of dentin sialoprotein results in an increased rate of enamel mineralization, however, the enamel morphology is not significantly altered. In wild-type animals, the inclusion of dentin sialoprotein in the forming aprismatic enamel may account for its increased hardness properties, when compared with bulk enamel. In contrast, the overexpression of dentin phosphoprotein creates "pitted" and "chalky" enamel of non-uniform thickness that is more prone to wear. Disruptions to the prismatic enamel structure are also a characteristic of the dentin phosphoprotein overexpressing animals. These data support the previous suggestion that dentin sialoprotein and dentin phosphoprotein have distinct functions related to tooth formation, and that the dentino-enamel junction should be viewed as a unique transition zone between enamel and the underlying dentin. These results support the notion that the dentin proteins expressed by presecretory ameloblasts contribute to the unique properties of the dentino-enamel junction.
Halo- and Azidodediazoniation of Arenediazonium Tetrafluoroborates with Trimethylsilyl Halides and Trimethylsilyl Azide and Sandmeyer-Type Bromodediazoniation with Cu(I)Br in [BMIM][PF6] Ionic Liquid (2007)

Reaction of [ArN(2)][BF(4)] salts immobilized in [BMIM][PF(6)] ionic liquid (IL) with TMSX (X = I, Br) and TMSN(3) represents an efficient method for the preparation of iodo-, bromo-, and azido-derivatives via dediazoniation. The reactions can also be effected starting with ArNH(2) by in situ diazotization with [NO][BF(4)] followed by reaction with TMSX or TMSN(3). Depending on the substituents on the benzenediazonium cation, competing fluorodediazoniation (ArF formation) and hydrodediazoniation (ArH formation) were observed. Dediazoniation with TMSN(3) and with TMSI generally gave the highest chemoselectivity toward ArN(3) and ArI formation. The IL was recycled and reused up to 5 times with no appreciable decrease in the conversions. Multinuclear NMR monitoring of the interaction of [ArN(2)][BF(4)]/TMSX, [BMIM][PF6]/TMSX, and [BMIM][PF(6)]/TMSX/[ArN(2)][BF(4)] indicated that TMSF is formed primarily via [ArN(2)][BF(4)]/TMSX, generating [ArN(2)][X] in situ, which gives ArX on dediazoniation. Competing formation of ArF in Sandmeyer-type bromodediazoniation of [ArN(2)][BF(4)] with Cu(I)Br immobilized in the IL points to significant involvement of heterolytic dediazoniation.
METABOLISM OF SURFACTANT PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE MOLECULAR SPECIES INcftrtm1HGU/tm1HGUMICE COMPARED TO MF-1 MICE (2001)

In cftrtm1HGU/tm1HGU mice, an animal model designed to study pathophysiologic alterations due to the CFTR defect found in cystic fibrosis, surfactant phospholipids of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF)are increased. To study the metabolical basis of such increases, we intraperitoneally injected cftrtm1HGU/tm1HGU mice [methyl-3H]choline and measured [methyl-3