gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Benzyne-oxazole cycloadducts: isolation and retro-Diels-Alder reactions (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBenzyne-oxazole cycloadducts: isolation and retro-Diels-Alder reactionsScott E. Whitney, Michael Winters, and Bruce RickbornCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 3, 929–935Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1990https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00290a025RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views2025Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1017 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Activation of crystalline cellulose to cellulose IIII results in efficient hydrolysis by cellobiohydrolase (2007)

The crystalline polymorphic form of cellulose (cellulose I(alpha)-rich) of the green alga, Cladophora, was converted into cellulose III(I) and I(beta) by supercritical ammonium and hydrothermal treatments, respectively, and the hydrolytic rate and the adsorption of Trichoderma viride cellobiohydrolase I (Cel7A) on these products were evaluated by a novel analysis based on the surface density of the enzyme. Cellobiose production from cellulose III(I) was more than 5 times higher than that from cellulose I. However, the amount of enzyme adsorbed on cellulose III(I) was less than twice that on cellulose I, and the specific activity of the adsorbed enzyme for cellulose III(I) was more than 3 times higher than that for cellulose I. When cellulose III(I) was converted into cellulose I(beta) by hydrothermal treatment, cellobiose production was dramatically decreased, although no significant change was observed in enzyme adsorption. This clearly indicates that the enhanced hydrolysis of cellulose III(I) is related to the structure of the crystalline polymorph. Thus, supercritical ammonium treatment activates crystalline cellulose for hydrolysis by cellobiohydrolase.
Recognition of a new serogroup of Legionnaires disease bacterium (1979)

A strain of the Legionnaires disease bacterium (LDB) that was isolated by Joseph E. McDade from a postmortem lung specimen of a patient with fatal atypical pneumonia at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Togus, Maine was serologically different from 16 other strains of LDB that had been isolated previously from patients in other geographic locations. The serological differences of the Togus isolate were shown in results of direct and indirect fluorescent antibody staining and of immunoelectrophoresis with soluble antigen extracts. Seroconversion for the Togus strain of LDB in acute- and convalescent-phase sera from a second patient with atypical pneumonia at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Togus indicated that this patient had been infected with an LDB that was serologically similar or identical to the Togus isolate. The Togus serogroup of LDB should be considered when performing serological tests for Legionnaires disease.
Growth suppression of human head and neck cancer cells by the introduction of a wild-type p53 gene via a recombinant adenovirus. (1994)

Mutations of the p53 gene constitute one of the most frequent genetic alterations in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). In this study, we introduced wild-type p53 into two separate SCCHN cell lines via a recombinant adenoviral vector, Ad5CMV-p53. Northern blotting showed that following infection by the wild-type p53 adenovirus (Ad5CMV-p53), cells produced up to 10-fold higher levels of exogenous p53 mRNA than cells treated with vector only (without p53). Western blotting showed that the increased levels of p53 protein produced in the Ad5CMV-p53-infected cells were a reflection of p53 mRNA expression. In vitro growth assays revealed growth arrest following Ad5CMV-p53 infection as well as cell morphological changes consistent with apoptosis. In vivo studies in nude mice with established s.c. squamous carcinoma nodules showed that tumor volumes were significantly reduced in mice that received peritumoral infiltration of Ad5CMV-p53. These data suggest that Ad5CMV-p53 may be further developed as a potential novel therapeutic agent for SCCHN since introduction of wild-type p53 into SCCHN cell lines attenuates their replication and tumor growth.
Comparison of mutagenicity results for nine compounds evaluated at the hgprt locus in the standard and suspension CHO assays (1991)

The Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) assay, which measures newly induced mutations at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (hgprt) locus, has been widely used for mutagenesis testing. The insensitivity of the standard assay to some genotoxic agents has been speculated to be due to the relatively small number of cells used in the assay. In the present study, we have compared the standard monolayer assay with a suspension adapted CHO assay that uses cell numbers comparable to that of the L5178Y mouse lymphoma assay. Nine compounds, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), 2-methoxy-6-chloro-9-[3-(ethyl-2-chloroethyl)-aminopropylamino]-acridine 2HCl (ICR 170), methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and dicyclopentenyloxyethyl methacrylate were evaluated in the monolayer and suspension assays. Both assays gave the same overall qualitative results for the test compounds. There were some quantitative differences in the mutant frequency for the three compounds found to be mutagenic (EMS, MMS and ICR 170). The acrylates (many of which appear to exert their genotoxic effect through a clastogenic mechanism) were negative in both test systems. The use of the suspension assay did not improve the ability of the hgprt locus to detect the genotoxicity of the acrylates. Thus, increasing the number of cells does not improve the ability of the CHO/HGPRT assay to detect compounds that act primarily by a clastogenic mechanism.
Scleroderma (2008)

The prototypic autoimmune diseases involving skin (lupus, dermatomyositis) typically result in epithelial injury and autoantibodies to characteristic cellular antigens. Disease-specific autoantibodies are also found in scleroderma, but scleroderma is different from other cutaneous autoimmune diseases because epithelial injury does not occur. Multiple factors and combinations of factors (immune system, vascular and extracellular matrix abnormalities) are the most likely triggers in an individual with a genetic predisposition to scleroderma. These lead to increased synthesis of normal collagen in skin, lungs and gut in the systemic form of scleroderma, systemic sclerosis. The hypotheses for the pathophysiology of scleroderma are diverse and include abnormal immunologic processes such as cytokine and chemokine dysregulation, abnormal T cell signaling, B cell dysfunction, injury due to autoantibodies to endothelial cells, persistent wound healing condition due to dysregulation of matrix homeostasis, abnormalities in the fibrinolytic system, polymorphisms in critical molecules of the immune system and matrix homeostasis, and microchimerism due to fetal/maternal placental exchange of HLAcompatible cells. Systemic sclerosis/scleroderma is chronic and progressive. To date, no definitive therapy is effective for any of the scleroderma variants, although agents for the vascular dysfunction have some utility. Hematopoietic bone marrow or stem cell transplantation before significant tissue fibrosis has occurred may be the most effective treatment.
RFID technology: Beyond cash-based methods in vending machine (2017)

This paper characterizes the design, implementation and employment of cashless and secure payment system in vending machine by using radio frequency identification technology, to improve the traditional cash-based payment system that involved lot of problems and risks i.e., hacking, auditing, storing, currency and material of coins and notes. RFID is achieving momentum in a multiple sectors like retail, security, transportation, pharmaceuticals, defense, healthcare etc., and a host of other fields, and now vending machines. Our proposed methodology consists of passive RFID identification cards and reader for consumers, Arduino Mega microcontroller, SPI protocol for RFID and Arduino interfacing, keypad for password protection, liquid crystal display (LCD) for displaying consumer name and current balance, and SMS is sent for notification using GSM module. Spiral coil architecture is supported by DC motors powered by relays in mechanical structure of vending machine. It also describes how such product-oriented RFID card based vending machine can maximum facilitates the system engineering.
Reaction engineering analysis of hydrogenotrophic production of acetic acid by Acetobacterium woodii (2010)

Great interest has emerged in biological CO₂-fixing processes in the context of current climate change discussions. One example for such a process is the hydrogenotrophic production of acetic acid by anaerobic microorganisms. Acetogenic microorganisms make use of carbon dioxide in the presence of hydrogen to produce acetic acid and biomass. In order to establish a process for the hydrogenotrophic production of acetic acid, the formation of acetate by Acetobacterium woodii was studied in a batch-operated stirred-tank bioreactor at different hydrogen partial pressures (pH₂) in the gas phase. The volumetric productivity of the batch processes increased with increasing hydrogen partial pressure. A maximum of the volumetric productivity of 7.4 g(acetate) L⁻¹ day⁻¹ was measured at a pH₂ of 1,700 mbar. At this pH(2) a final acetate concentration of 44 g L⁻¹ was measured after a process time of 11 days, if the pH was controlled at pH 7.0 (average cell density of 1.1 g L⁻¹ cell dry weight). The maximum cell specific actetate productivity was 6.9 g(acetate) g(cdw)⁻¹ day⁻¹ under hydrogenotrophic conditions.
Sacral nerve stimulation enhances epithelial barrier of the rectum: results from a porcine model (2012)

The development of a porcine model of percutaneous SNS revealed the ability of neuromodulation to reinforce rectal epithelial barrier. Furthermore, our results suggest that SNS could be used for treatment of gastrointestinal pathologies with reduced rectal mucosal barrier functions.
Soluble CD80 Restores T Cell Activation and Overcomes Tumor Cell Programmed Death Ligand 1–Mediated Immune Suppression (2013)

Many tumor cells escape anti-tumor immunity through their expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PDL1 or B7-H1), which interacts with T cell-expressed PD1 and results in T cell apoptosis. We previously reported that transfection of human tumor cells with a membrane-bound form of the human costimulatory molecule CD80 prevented PD1 binding and restored T cell activation. We now report that a membrane-bound form of murine CD80 similarly reduces PDL1-PD1-mediated suppression by mouse tumor cells and that a soluble protein consisting of the extracellular domains of human or mouse CD80 fused to the Fc domain of IgG1 (CD80-Fc) overcomes PDL1-mediated suppression by human and mouse tumor cells, respectively. T cell activation experiments with human and mouse tumor cells indicate that CD80-Fc facilitates T cell activation by binding to PDL1 to inhibit PDL1-PD1 interactions and by costimulating through CD28. CD80-Fc is more effective in preventing PD1-PDL1-mediated suppression and restoring T cell activation compared with treatment with mAb to either PD1 or PDL1. These studies identify CD80-Fc as an alternative and potentially more efficacious therapeutic agent for overcoming PDL1-induced immune suppression and facilitating tumor-specific immunity.
Data and metadata for finding and reminding (2003)

The paper discusses the benefits of using document metadata that exists as part of the document and which is also generated by its use, to assist users in retrieving the document and remembering what it contains. By extracting valuable descriptive information from a document, and analysing what a user does, such as the files they open, when they are used and for how long, a repository of information can be built up to help users with the tasks of finding and reminding. Since such a vast quantity of raw metadata can be acquired, visualisation is needed to elicit meaning from it.
Clonal Expansion of Lgr5-Positive Cells from Mammalian Cochlea and High-Purity Generation of Sensory Hair Cells (2017)

Death of cochlear hair cells, which do not regenerate, is a cause of hearing loss in a high percentage of the population. Currently, no approach exists to obtain large numbers of cochlear hair cells. Here, using a small-molecule approach, we show significant expansion (>2,000-fold) of cochlear supporting cells expressing and maintaining Lgr5, an epithelial stem cell marker, in response to stimulation of Wnt signaling by a GSK3β inhibitor and transcriptional activation by a histone deacetylase inhibitor. The Lgr5-expressing cells differentiate into hair cells in high yield. From a single mouse cochlea, we obtained over 11,500 hair cells, compared to less than 200 in the absence of induction. The newly generated hair cells have bundles and molecular machinery for transduction, synapse formation, and specialized hair cell activity. Targeting supporting cells capable of proliferation and cochlear hair cell replacement could lead to the discovery of hearing loss treatments.
Complete Genome Sequence of Haemophilus somnus ( Histophilus somni ) Strain 129Pt and Comparison to Haemophilus ducreyi 35000HP and Haemophilus influenzae Rd (2006)

Haemophilus somnus can be either a commensal of bovine mucosal surfaces or an opportunistic pathogen. Pathogenic strains of H. somnus are a significant cause of systemic disease in cattle. We report the genome sequence of H. somnus 129Pt, a nonpathogenic commensal preputial isolate, and the results of a genome-wide comparative analysis of H. somnus 129Pt, Haemophilus influenzae Rd, and Haemophilus ducreyi 35000HP. We found unique genes in H. somnus 129Pt involved in lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis, carbohydrate uptake and metabolism, cation transport, amino acid metabolism, ubiquinone and menaquinone biosynthesis, cell surface adhesion, biosynthesis of cofactors, energy metabolism, and electron transport. There were also many genes in common among the three organisms. Our comparative analyses of H. somnus 129Pt, H. influenzae Rd, and H. ducreyi 35000HP revealed similarities and differences in the numbers and compositions of genes involved in metabolism, host colonization, and persistence. These results lay a foundation for research on the host specificities and niche preferences of these organisms. Future comparisons between H. somnus 129Pt and virulent strains will aid in the development of protective strategies and vaccines to protect cattle against H. somnus disease.
Structure-activity studies of benzimidazole-based DNA-cleaving agents. Comparison of benzimidazole, pyrrolobenzimidazole, and tetrahydropyridobenzimidazole analogs (1994)

The synthesis and cytotoxic properties of benzimidazole-based DNA-cleaving agents are presented herein. These agents include pyrrolo[1,2-a]benzimidazole (PBI), benzimidazole (BI), and tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazole (TPBI) analogues. As a result of these studies, it is concluded that the pyrrolo ring is not necessary for cytotoxicity (PBI is only slightly more cytotoxic than BI) but that homologation of the pyrrolo ring by one carbon results in a system, TPBI, prone to decomposition. Another conclusion is that the 6-aziridinyl derivative of the PBI system is more potent than the 7-aziridinyl derivative. Comparative studies with known antitumor agents revealed that the benzimidazole-based DNA-cleaving agents possess a unique spectrum of activity. Noteworthy observations are the high level of cytotoxicity against melanoma cell lines and the complete absence of activity against leukemia cell lines. The reductive activation and DNA-cleavage properties of the most active analogue (BI-A) are also presented. Reduction of the quinone ring to the hydroquinone results in nucleophile and proton trapping by the aziridinyl group. Documented nucleophiles include water and the oxygen anion of 5'-dAMP. In addition, reduced BI-A reacts with DNA to form a stable adduct, which cleaves at G+A bases upon heating in basic gel-loading solution.
Recent developments in ovarian cancer screening (2000)

There has been growing interest in the possibility of screening for ovarian cancer. This article addresses papers published following a systematic review of all prospective ovarian cancer screening studies since 1998. In the past year, new markers have been reported and previous strategies have been refined. A randomized controlled trial of ovarian cancer screening has shown a survival benefit in women who developed ovarian cancer in the screened group. Although the results do not justify ovarian cancer screening in the general population, the data support the need for a larger randomized trial powered to assess the impact of screening on mortality.
Ex vivo expansion of enriched peripheral blood CD34+ progenitor cells by stem cell factor, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, IL-3, interferon-gamma, and erythropoietin (1993)

To provide sufficient numbers of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) for repetitive use after high-dose chemotherapy, we investigated the ability of hematopoietic growth factor combinations to expand the number of clonogenic PBPCs ex vivo. Chemotherapy plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilized CD34+ cells from 18 patients with metastatic solid tumors or refractory lymphomas were cultured for up to 28 days in a liquid culture system. The effects of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1), IL-3, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF), G-CSF, macrophage-CSF (M-CSF), stem cell factor (SCF), erythropoietin (EPO), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and interferon- gamma, as well as 36 combinations of these factors were tested. A combination of five hematopoietic growth factors, including SCF, EPO, IL-1, IL-3, and IL-6, was identified as the optimal combination of growth factors for both the expansion of total nucleated cells as well as the expansion of clonogenic progenitor cells. Proliferation peaked at days 12 to 14, with a median 190-fold increase (range, 46- to 930- fold) of total clonogenic progenitor cells. Expanded progenitor cells generated myeloid (colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage), erythroid (burst-forming unit-erythroid), as well as multilineage (colony-forming unit-granulocyte, erythrocyte, monocyte, megakaryocyte) colony-forming units. The number of multilineage colonies increased 250- fold (range, 33- to 589-fold) as compared with pre-expansion values. Moreover, the absolute number of early hematopoietic progenitor cells (CD34+/HLA-DR-; CD34+/CD38-), as well as the number of 4-HC-resistant progenitors within expanded cells increased significantly. Interferon- gamma was shown to synergize with the 5-factor combination, whereas the addition of GM-CSF significantly decreased the number of total clonogenic progenitor cells. Large-scale expansion of PB CD34+ cells (starting cell number, 1.5 x 10(6) CD34+ cells) in autologous plasma supplemented with the same 5-factor combination resulted in an equivalent expansion of progenitor cells as compared with the microculture system. In summary, our data indicate that chemotherapy plus G-CSF-mobilized PBPCs from cancer patients can be effectively expanded ex vivo. Moreover, our data suggest the feasibility of large- scale expansion of PBPCs, starting from small numbers of PB CD34+ cells. The number of cells expanded ex vivo might be sufficient for repetitive use after high-dose chemotherapy and might be candidate cells for therapeutic gene transfer.
An alternate explanation of the effect of citric acid on proton pump inhibitor–associated false negative urea breath tests (2001)

Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium that is responsible for causing gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer (GC) in human population. Its identification from gastric biopsy specimens in 1982 has provided a new approach for the treatment of gastritis and peptic ulcer, and prevention of GC. Diagnosis of H. pylori infection has previously relied on breath test. However, with recent emergence of antibiotic resistance, drug sensitivity testing has been incorporated into clinical practice to increase eradication rate and health benefits. Despite the characterization of many proteins implicated in H. pylori pathogenicity and pathology, the carcinogenic mechanisms due to H. pylori infection remain poorly understood. By presenting an overview on H. pylori structure and morphology, isolation, identification, preservation, pathology, pathogenicity, diagnosis, epidemiology, transmission, therapy, genome, proteome, major characterized proteins, and virulence mechanisms, this chapter hopes to stimulate further research interest on this bacterium, leading to vital breakthroughs in H. pylori pathogenesis and innovative prophylaxes for H. pylori-related diseases.
5′-Morpholino modification of the sense strand of an siRNA makes it a more effective passenger (2019)

The 5'-monophosphate group plays an important role in strand selection during gene silencing mediated by small-interfering RNA. We show that blocking of 5' phosphorylation of the sense strand by introducing a 5'-morpholino modification improves antisense strand selection and RNAi activity. The 5'-morpholino modification of the antisense strand triggers complete loss of activity.
한국 영어학습자들의 to 부정사 사용에 대한 코퍼스 분석 (2017)

본 연구는 한국대학생의 영어작문으로부터 수집한 학습자 코퍼스(말뭉치)에서 드러난 to 부정사의 두드러진 특징들을 검토하고 이를 원어민 코퍼스와 비교했다. 전반적으로 한국인 학습자들은 원어민보다 “동사+to 부정사” 유형과 “it 외치”구문을 더 많이 사용했다. 또한 한국인 학습자들의 작문에서 “to 부정사”와 함께 빈번하게 나타나는 단어로 명사 effort, 형용사 easy, 동사 want와 like가 있었고 have to, used to, get to do와 같은 표현들도 있었다. to 부정사의 사용에서 한국인 학습자들이 빈번히 저지르는 오류 유형 또한 확인됐다. 한국인 학습자들은 부정사 표지 to와 전치사 to를 구별하는데 어려움을 드러냈는데, 부정사 표지 to 다음에 명사나 동명사를 사용하는 오류를 범했다. 더욱이, 동사에 따라 원형부정사가 필요할 때 to 부정사를 사용했고 “become to 부정사”, “used to+과거분사”와 같은 잘못된 표현도 사용했다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 영어 교사들은 to 부정사의 빈번한 형태와 자주 등장하는 오류 유형에 학습자들의 관심을 집중시킴으로써 그들이 to 부정사를 적절하고 올바르게 사용 할 수 있도록 도움을 줘야 한다.