gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HEAT CONDUCTION IN NOVEL ELECTRONIC FILMS (1999)

▪ Abstract Heat conduction in novel electronic films influences the performance and reliability of micromachined transistors, lasers, sensors, and actuators. This article reviews experimental and theoretical research on heat conduction in single-crystal semiconducting and superconducting films and superlattices, polycrystalline diamond films, and highly disordered organic and oxide films. The thermal properties of these films can differ dramatically from those of bulk samples owing to the dependence of the material structure and purity on film processing conditions and to the scattering of heat carriers at material boundaries. Predictions and data show that phonon scattering and transmission at boundaries strongly influence the thermal conductivities of single-crystal films and superlattices, although more work is needed to resolve the importance of strain-induced lattice defects. For polycrystalline films, phonon scattering on grain boundaries and associated defects causes the thermal conductivity to be strongly anisotropic and nonhomogeneous. For highly disordered films, preliminary studies have illustrated the influences of impurities on the volumetric heat capacity and, for the case of organic films, molecular orientation on the conductivity anisotropy. More work on disordered films needs to resolve the interplay among atomic-scale disorder, porosity, partial crystallinity, and molecular orientation.
NTera 2 Cells: A human cell line which displays characteristics expected of a human committed neuronal progenitor cell (1993)

We have identified a human cell line with a phenotype resembling committed CNS neuronal precursor cells. NTera 2/cl.D1 (NT2/D1) cells expressed nestin and vimentin, intermediate filament (IF) proteins expressed in neuroepithelial precursor cells, as well as MAP1b, a microtubule-associated protein (MAP) expressed in human neuroepithelium. NT2/D1 cells also expressed the cell adhesion molecules NCAM and N-cadherin which are thought to be important in cell-cell interactions within the neuroepithelium. These NT2/D1 cells also expressed small amounts of NF-L, alpha-internexin, NF-M, and MAP2c, indicating that they are committed to a neuronal fate. Previous studies have shown that, following RA treatment, a proportion of NT2/D1 cells terminally differentiate into neurons and that this occurs via an asymmetric stem cell mode of differentiation. In light of the identification of the neuroepithelial phenotype of NT2/D1 cells we decided to examine more closely the relationship of in vitro neurogenesis in NT2/D1 cells, during RA treatment to that of neurons in vivo. Three days after RA treatment, islands of NT2/D1 cells showed increased expression of neurofilament proteins and increased phosphorylation of NF-M. By 10-14 days, these cells began to resemble neurons morphologically, i.e., with rounded cell bodies and processes. These neuronal cells were clustered into clumps which rested on top of a layer of progenitor cells. In this upper layer, the neurons began to express MAP2b and tau and extinguished their expression of nestin. Recently, we developed a method for obtaining pure cultures of neurons from RA treated NT2/D1 cells. The phenotype of these postmitotic neurons is clearly dissociated from that of the untreated NT2/D1 cells. Given the data obtained in this study and the characterization of the neurons derived from NT2/D1 cells, we propose that NT2/D1 cells are a committed human neuronal precursor cell line which retains some stem cell characteristics and is capable only of terminal differentiation into neurons.
Production and properties of a bifunctional fusion protein that mediates attachment of vero cells to cellulosic matrices (1995)

The sequence Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) in extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, collagen, and laminin mediates cell attachment by interacting with proteins of the integrin family of cell surface receptors. A gene fusion encoding the RGD-containing peptide, fused to the C-terminus of a cellulose-binding domain (CBD/RGD), was expressed in Escherichia coli. Cultures produced up to 50 mg of CBD/RGD per liter, most of which was extracellular. It was purified from the culture supernatant by affinity chromatography on cellulose. CBD/RGD promoted the attachment of green monkey Vero cells to polystyrene and cellulose acetate. Attachment was inhibited by small synthetic peptides containing the RGD sequence. CBD/RGD was as effective as collagen in promoting the attachment of Vero cells to Cellsnowtrade mark microcarriers. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chronic lithium treatment robustly protects neurons in the central nervous system against excitotoxicity by inhibiting N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor-mediated calcium influx (1998)

Lithium is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of manic depressive illness. The precise mechanisms underlying its clinical efficacy remain unknown. We found that long-term exposure to lithium chloride dramatically protects cultured rat cerebellar, cerebral cortical, and hippocampal neurons against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, which involves apoptosis mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. This neuroprotection is long-lasting, occurs at therapeutically relevant concentrations of lithium with an EC50 of approximately 1.3 mM, and requires treatment for 6-7 days for complete protection to occur. In contrast, a 24-h treatment with lithium is ineffective. The protection in cerebellar neurons is specific for glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and can be attributed to inhibition of NMDA receptor-mediated calcium influx measured by 45Ca2+ uptake studies and fura-2 fluorescence microphotometry. The long-term effects of lithium are not caused by down-regulation of NMDA receptor subunit proteins and are unlikely related to its known ability to block inositol monophosphatase activity. Our results suggest that modulation of glutamate receptor hyperactivity represents at least part of the molecular mechanisms by which lithium alters brain function and exerts its clinical efficacy in the treatment for manic depressive illness. These actions of lithium also suggest that abnormality of glutamatergic neurotransmission as a pathogenic mechanism underlying bipolar illness warrants future investigation.
A high performance memory cell technology for mega bit EPROMS (1985)

A high performance memory cell technology for mega bit EPROMs has been developed using 1.3 µm process. Deeply Doped Channel ( DDC ) and Double Step Drain ( DSD ) structures incorporated into the scaled memory cell improve programming speeds by more than one order of magnitude with maintaining high breakdown voltages, small parasitic effects,and soft-write immunity. This technology has been successfully applied to one mega bit CMOS EPROMs with a cell size of 19.27 µm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and realized programming time less than 10 µs for a programming voltage of 12.5 V.
Hsiao-Code Check Matrices and Recursively Balanced Matrices (2008)

The key step of generating the well-known Hsiao code is to construct a {0,1}-check-matrix in which each column contains the same odd-number of 1's and each row contains the same number of 1's or differs at most by one for the number of 1's. We also require that no two columns are identical in the matrix. The author solved this problem in 1986 by introducing a type of recursively balanced matrices. However, since the paper was published in Chinese, the solution for such an important problem was not known by international researchers in coding theory. In this note, we focus on how to practically generate the check matrix of Hsiao codes. We have modified the original algorithm to be more efficient and effective. We have also corrected an error in algorithm analysis presented in the earlier paper. The result shows that the algorithm attained optimum in average cases if a divide-and-conquer technique must be involved in the algorithm.
Quantum error correction for quantum memories (2015)

It may seem inevitable that highly entangled quantum states are susceptible to disturbance through interaction with a decohering environment. However, certain multiqubit entangled states are well protected from common forms of decoherence as the quantum information is hidden in inherently nonlocal degrees of freedom. This review shows that this robustness is enabled by specific measurements on subsets of qubits, implementing a quantum version of an error correction process. Beginning with the basics, the latest understanding of the relation between this form of error correction and the concept of two-dimensional topological order in many-body physics is reviewed.
Soybean disease loss estimates for the United States from 1996 to 1998 (2001)

Abstract Soybean disease loss estimates were compiled for the 1996 to 1998 harvested crops from all soybean-producing states in the United States. Scientists from each state provided estimates of losses based on field surveys, information from field workers and university extension staff, and research plot data. Total yield losses caused by soybean cyst [Heterodera glycines Ichinohe] in the United States were greater than those caused by any other disease. Next in importance were phytophthora root and stem rot [Phytophthora sojae (Kaufman & Gerdemann)], brown stem rot [Phialophora gregata (Allington & Chamberlain) Gams], sclerotinia stem rot [Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary], and seedling diseases. Yield loss estimates due to particular diseases varied by region and among years. The estimated soybean yield losses to diseases in the United States were 10.9 × 106 t in 1996, 11.9 × 106 t in 1997, and 14.0 × 106 t in 1998. Keywords: phytophthora root and stem rotbrown stem rotsclerotinia stem rot
Mutational activation of c-raf-1 and definition of the minimal transforming sequence. (1990)

A series of wild-type and mutant raf genes was transfected into NIH 3T3 cells and analyzed for transforming activity. Full-length wild-type c-raf did not show transforming activity. Two types of mutations resulted in oncogenic activity similar to that of v-raf: truncation of the amino-terminal half of the protein and fusion of the full-length molecule to gag sequences. A lower level of activation was observed for a mutant with a tetrapeptide insertion mapping to conserved region 2 (CR2), a serine- and threonine-rich domain located 100 residues amino-terminal of the kinase domain. To determine essential structural features of the transforming region of raf, we analyzed point and deletion mutants of v-raf. Substitutions of Lys-56 modulated the transforming activity, whereas mutation of Lys-53, a putative ATP binding residue, abolished it. Deletion analysis established that the minimal transforming sequence coincided precisely with CR3, the conserved Raf kinase domain. Thus, oncogenic activation of the Raf kinase can be achieved by removal of CR1 and CR2 or by steric distortion and requires retention of an active kinase domain. These findings are consistent with a protein structure model for the nonstimulated enzyme in which the active site is buried within the protein.
Hyperthermia by magnetic induction: experimental and theoretical results for coaxial coil pairs. (1983)

High-frequency magnetic induction for producing elevated temperatures in human tumors can be accomplished with several electrode arrangements. We describe the physical characteristics of a coaxial pair of electrodes or current loops placed on either side of the body. This electrode arrangement can improve the depth of power deposition within the body relative to that obtained with an electrode circumferentially encircling the body or a single surface applicator ("pancake coil"). We report results of measured and calculated magnetic field distributions and power density distributions obtained with a coaxial pair. The effect of varying load geometry upon the power density distribution was shown to be significant in several static phantom experiments. Electrode geometry was also important, as shown by calculations of power deposition as a function of electrode diameter in a simple model of body tissue conductivities. The power density was found to diminish at given depths as the electrode diameter decreased. Finally, values of magnetic fields were measured during treatment of human subjects with a coaxial electrode pair and were found to vary significantly from subject to subject. This resulted from variation in the geometry and electrical characteristics of tissues among subjects, and indicates the difficulty of formulating a standard accurate model for use with this magnetic induction technique.
Efforts toward Expansion of the Genetic Alphabet:  Replication of DNA with Three Base Pairs (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTEfforts toward Expansion of the Genetic Alphabet: Replication of DNA with Three Base PairsEunju Lee Tae, Yiqin Wu, Gang Xia, Peter G. Schultz, and Floyd E. RomesbergView Author Information Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla, California 92037 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 30, 7439–7440Publication Date (Web):July 4, 2001Publication History Received21 March 2001Published online4 July 2001Published inissue 1 August 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja010731ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja010731erapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views836Altmetric-Citations101LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:DNA replication,Genetics,Kinetics,Nucleic acids,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Deficiency of Thrombin Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor in Cirrhosis Is Associated With Increased Plasma Fibrinolysis (2003)

Hyperfibrinolysis is thought to contribute to bleeding associated with advanced cirrhosis. Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is a plasma precursor of a carboxypeptidase (TAFIa) with antifibrinolytic activity and was recently shown to be reduced in cirrhosis. In this study, we evaluated the influence of TAFI deficiency on in vitro fibrinolysis in cirrhotic patients. Fifty–three patients with cirrhosis and 43 healthy controls were studied. TAFI antigen was measured by enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay and TAFI activity by chromogenic assay. Fibrinolysis was evaluated as tissue plasminogen activator–induced plasma clot lysis time in the absence and in the presence of a specific inhibitor of TAFIa. TAFI antigen and activity levels were markedly reduced in cirrhotic patients ( P &lt; .0001). In these patients, the lysis time of plasma clots was shorter than in controls (median, interquartile range: 25 minutes, 21–36 minutes vs. 48 minutes, 40–60 minutes, respectively; P &lt; .0001) and was poorly influenced by the TAFIa inhibitor. Accordingly, TAFIa and thrombin activity, generated in cirrhotic samples during clot lysis, were significantly lower than in control samples. Addition of purified TAFI to cirrhotic plasma prolonged the lysis time and enhanced the response to TAFIa inhibitor in a dose–dependent manner. In conclusion, our results indicate that in vitro plasma hyperfibrinolysis in cirrhosis is largely due to a defective TAFIa generation resulting from low TAFI levels and probably from impaired thrombin generation. Impairment of the antifibrinolytic TAFI pathway might contribute to bleeding associated with this disease.
Mechanisms of Neutrophil Recruitment and Immunopathology During Acute Clostridium difficile Colitis. (2015)

C. difficile infection in mice is associated with acute colitis characterized by the induction of inflammatory cytokines, intestinal histopathology, and robust neutrophil recruitment. Our objective was to determine the roles of the inflammatory cytokines GM-CSF, TNFa, IL-23, IL-22, and IL-17a in promoting neutrophil recruitment and innate inflammation in response to C. difficile infection. Ablation of GM-CSF signaling in vivo using a depleting anti-GM-CSF mAb was associated with significant reduction in colonic expression of Il1b, Tnfa, and Inos. Furthermore, expression of the neutrophil chemotactic factors Cxcl1 and Cxcl2 was also reduced in the colonic mucosa of anti-GM-CSF treated mice. Notably, anti-GM-CSF treatment did not affect intestinal histopathology. Direct reduction in neutrophil recruitment through the use of a depleting anti-Gr-1 antibody was not associated with reduction in the host inflammatory response. Colonic expression of inflammatory cytokines, including Tnfa, Il6, and Il33, and the neutrophil chemotactic factors Cxcl1 and Cxcl2 was unchanged following anti-Gr-1 treatment. Furthermore, colonic histopathology was no attenuated in anti-Gr-1 treated mice. Ablation of TNFa signaling was associated with increased inflammatory cytokine expression. While anti-TNFa treatment did not reduced neutrophil recruitment or expression of Cxcl1 and Cxcl2, the expression of numerous inflammatory cytokines including Il1b and Il6 were increased in anti TNFa-treated mice. Additionally, anti-TNFa treatment was associated with the development of more severe colonic histopathology following C. difficile infection. IL-23 deficiency was associated with significantly decreased neutrophil recruitment. Concomitant with the reduced neutrophilic influx, the expression of the neutrophil-recruiting chemokines Cxcl1, Cxcl2, and Ccl3 was also significantly reduced. IL-17 and IL-22 expression were also significantly reduced in the absence of IL-23, as was expression of the antimicrobial peptide RegIIIg. Furthermore, the induction of inflammatory cytokines including Tnfa, Il33, and Il6 was significantly reduced in IL-23-/- mice. Inflammatory cytokine expression and neutrophilic inflammation were not reduced in IL-17a-deficient mice or in mice treated with anti-IL-22 depleting mAb. However, RegIIIg expression was significantly reduced in anti-IL-22 treated animals. Taken together these data suggest that IL-23 and GM-CSF, independent of IL-17a, IL-22, and TNFa, drive neutrophil recruitment and inflammatory
Abstract 2136: Entrectinib is effective against the gatekeeper and other emerging resistance mutations in NTRK-, ROS1- and ALK- rearranged cancers (2016)

Abstract Gene rearrangements involving NTRK1, NTRK2, NTRK3, ROS1 and ALK result in oncogenic fusion proteins that have been identified in many types of cancer, including lung, colorectal, salivary gland, sarcoma, papillary thyroid, glioblastoma, melanoma and other histologies. Entrectinib (RXDX-101) is an orally available, highly potent and selective ATP-competitive pan-Trk, ROS1 and ALK inhibitor. In preclinical studies, entrectinib effectively inhibits target kinase activity and cancer cell proliferation and in vivo tumor growth across various fusion partners and cancer types. More importantly, entrectinib's activity has been validated clinically in patients across multiple fusion partners and tissue histologies. Trk inhibitors, including entrectinib, have shown promising clinical activity in molecularly selected patients. Predictably, potential resistance mechanisms have also begun to emerge. For example, mutations in the Trk kinase domain were identified as one of the in vitro induced resistance mechanisms to the Trk inhibitor, Loxo-101. The three reported resistance mutations in the Ba/F3-MPRIP-NTRK1 cell line model treated with Loxo-101 were F589, G667 and V573. The F589 location on TrkA is equivalent to the gatekeeper mutations, L1196 location on ALK and L2026 location on ROS1. These gatekeeper mutations often arise as resistance mechanisms in patients treated with ALK and ROS1 inhibitors. To test the activity of entrectinib against these three reported NTRK1 mutations, we introduced mutated Trk proteins into Ba/F3 and cancer cell lines and performed dose-dependent proliferation studies. Entrectinib was able to inhibit proliferation of cells harboring each of these three mutations that confer resistance to other Trk inhibitors. Particularly, the IC50 values of entrectinib against kinase domain wildtype and gatekeeper mutated (F589) are essentially unchanged (low single-digit nM), which is consistent with the observation that entrectinib is also able to inhibit the gatekeeper mutation in ALK (L1196) in both cell based assays and in vivo tumor growth inhibition studies. In conclusion, our preclinical data suggest that entrectinib is an effective treatment for patients with NTRK-rearranged tumors, including cancers that harbor certain resistance mutations to other Trk inhibitors. Citation Format: Ge Wei, Elena Ardini, Roopal Patel, Nicholas Cam, Jason Harris, Jean-Michel Vernier, Nanqun Zhu, Litain Yeh, Robert Shoemaker, Pratik Multani, Zachary Hornby, Robert Wild, Gary G. Li. Entrectinib is effective against the gatekeeper and other emerging resistance mutations in NTRK-, ROS1- and ALK- rearranged cancers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2136.
Preparation and morphology of triblock copolymers of the ABC type (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and morphology of triblock copolymers of the ABC typeYasuhiro Mogi, Hiroyuki Kotsuji, Yuji Kaneko, Katsuaki Mori, Yushu Matsushita, and Ichiro NodaCite this: Macromolecules 1992, 25, 20, 5408–5411Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00046a043https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00046a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1562Altmetric-Citations211LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts