gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Retroviral transduction and oncogenic selection of a cDNA encoding Dbs, a homolog of the Dbl guanine nucleotide exchange factor. (1995)

A retroviral vector was used to transfer a large library of cDNAs from the 32D murine hemopoietic cell line to NIH3T3 fibroblasts, for the purpose of selecting cDNAs that induce oncogenic transformation. One highly transformed colony arising in the infected NIH3T3 cell culture contained a provirus with a 1900 bp cDNA insert. After recovery and reincorporation into a retroviral vector, this cDNA induced rapid morphological transformation and proliferation when expressed in NIH3T3 or C3H10T1/2 fibroblast cell lines. The transforming cDNA encoded a protein, designated Dbs, which had a region of high sequence similarity to the Dbl proto-oncogene. This region included motifs characteristic of the CDC24 family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors, and an adjacent pleckstrin homology domain. Dbs was distinguished from Dbl by an N-terminal extension and the presence of an SH3 domain at its C terminus. Deletions of the Dbs-encoding cDNA demonstrated that transformation of NIH3T3 cells required intact exchange factor and pleckstrin homology domains, but did not require the SH3 domain. In contrast to Dbl, the N-terminal sequences of Dbs did not suppress its transforming activity. The Dbs gene was expressed at low levels in several murine hemopoietic cell lines and in thymus and spleen, and at higher levels in other tissues, particularly in brain. Dbs may be one of a large family of exchange factors which provide cell-type specific pathways for regulating proliferating via the activation of Ras-like proteins.
Secure Digital Camera (2004)

In this paper, we propose a biometric solution to solve some of the significant problems associated with use of digital camera images as evidence in a court of law. We present a lossless watermarking solution to the problems associated with digital image integrity and the relationship to its chain of custody. The integrity of digital images as evidence rests on the accurate answering of a simple question: Who did what when? We show how to use lossless data embedding to identify from the digital image the photographer, the camera, the time when the image was taken, and verify the image integrity. We call a camera with this capability “Secure Digital Camera”. The proposed concept will provide forensic investigators with a tool that will help them establish the integrity of a digital camera image presented to the court and prove that it is a true and accurate representation of reality.
A critical assessment of the use of microculture tetrazolium assays to measure cell growth and function. (1995)

Microculture tetrazolium assays (MTAs) are being widely applied to probe the relationships between cell survival, growth, and differentiation and also to investigate associations between compromised cell metabolism, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death as occurs in apoptosis. MTAs rely upon the cellular reduction of tetrazolium salts to their intensely coloured formazans. The resulting colorimetric assays form the basis of exceptionally precise systems which are technically amenable and capable of a high throughput of samples. As a consequence, MTAs are being used to monitor responses to both extracellular activators and toxic agents in disciplines as diverse as radiobiology and endocrinology. We review the chemistry and histochemical applications of tetrazolium salts and subsequently discuss the criteria for their use in MTAs. These assays are one of the latest examples of the application of the tetrazolium/formazan system to cell biology. We outline current views on the mechanisms of the bioreduction of tetrazolium salts. These probably combine to reflect the integrated pyridine nucleotide dependent redox state of the cell. We try to illustrate how an understanding of these mechanisms helps to avoid some of the pitfalls of the MTA systems. There is now for example, extensive evidence that changes in cell culture environments, such as glucose supply or pH of the medium, influence the reduction of tetrazolium salts and thereby introduce artefacts into MTAs. Finally, we provide examples of situations in which MTAs can be used to complement other more established experimental systems. They then act as unique probes with which to investigate changes in the redox state of the cell. These changes are associated with regulation of cell growth, proliferation and differentiation and conversely, the different pathways leading to cell death.
Powering the cell cycle (2014)

Cell division is linked to mitochondrial protein transport [Also see Report by Harbauer et al. ]
High-performance 1.6 µm single-epitaxy top-emittingVCSEL (2000)

The first single-epitaxy top-emitting vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser emitting in the 1.55–1.61 µm wavelength region is reported. CW operation is achieved up to 55°C with an optical power of 0.45 mW obtained at 25°C. Error free transmission by these lasers at 2.5 Gbit/s is obtained over 50 km of singlemode fibre without the need for optical amplification.
A prospective study of neuropathic pain induced by thoracotomy: Incidence, clinical description, and diagnosis (2010)

This study evaluated prospectively the incidence of neuropathic pain after thoracotomy, described its clinical characteristics, and delineated landmarks for its diagnosis in daily practice. We evaluated clinically painful symptoms and sensory deficits in 54 patients after lateral/posterolateral thoracotomy for broncho-pulmonary carcinoma with standardized surgical and analgesic procedures. At 2months, 49 patients suffered from non malignant thoracic pain, and at 6months 38 patients (loss to follow-up for 7) reported persisting pain. In 35 patients, painful symptoms and sensory deficits could be evaluated using a standardized clinical bedside procedure. According to the grading system proposed by Treede et al. [41], neuropathic pain was considered probable in 21 patients, while use of the DN4 questionnaire concluded that neuropathic pain was probable in 17 patients. The two diagnostic procedures provided similar conclusions in 16 patients. Morphine consumption during the early post-operative period (mean 111.3±30.8mg/day) and pain intensity (VAS: mean 5.71±2.1) were significantly higher in patients suffering from neuropathic pain than in other patients with pain (mean 80±21.4mg/day; VAS: mean 3.9±2.4). The clinical picture in most patients with neuropathic pain included electric shocks and severe multimodal hypoesthesia in the sensory area of 5th/6th intercostal nerves. Thus, our results indicate a minimal incidence of chronic post-thoracotomy pain at 70% and that of neuropathic pain at 29%, this latter being clinically suggested by a combination of certain symptoms and reinforced by the DN4 questionnaire when sensory deficit at scar is present.
Loss of cell surface syndecan-1 causes epithelia to transform into anchorage-independent mesenchyme-like cells. (1995)

Simple epithelial cells are polygonal in shape, polarized in an apical-basal orientation, and organized into closely adherent sheets, characteristics that result from a variety of cellular specializations and adhesive proteins. These characteristics are lost when the epithelia transform during embryogenesis into mesenchymal cells or after neoplasia into invasive carcinoma cells. Of the syndecan family of transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans, simple epithelia produce predominantly syndecan-1, which is found at basolateral surfaces and within adhesive junctions. To elucidate the function of this syndecan-1, normal murine mammary gland epithelia were made deficient in syndecan-1 by transfection with an expression vector containing the syndecan-1 cDNA in the antisense configuration. Several independently derived clones of stable transfectants contained the antisense cDNA in their genome and expressed the antisense transcript. These grew either as epithelial islands of closely adherent polygonal cells, identical to both the parental cells and the vector-only control transfectants, or as individual elongated fusiform cells that invaded and migrated within collagen gels, like mesenchymal cells, but were anchorage-independent for growth. The clones that retained epithelial characteristics were moderately deficient in cell surface syndecan-1 (greater than 48% of control levels) but did not differ from control cells in expression of beta 1-integrins and E-cadherin, or in F-actin organization. However, the clones of fusiform cells were severely deficient in cell surface syndecan-1 (less than 12% of control levels) and showed rearranged beta 1-integrins, markedly reduced E-cadherin expression, and disorganized F-actin filaments, but retained mammary epithelial markers. Therefore, depleting epithelia of cell surface syndecan-1 alters cell morphology and organization, the arrangement and expression of adhesion molecules, and anchorage-dependent growth controls. Thus, cell surface syndecan-1 is required to maintain the normal phenotype of simple epithelia.
Synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable unsaturated poly(ester amide)/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels (2005)

Abstract A series of novel biodegradable hydrogels were designed and synthesized from four types of unsaturated poly(ester amide) (UPEA) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG‐DA) precursors by UV photocrosslinking. These newly synthesized biodegradable UPEA/PEG‐DA hydrogels were characterized by their gel fraction ( G f ), equilibrium swelling ratio ( Q eq ), compressive modulus, and interior morphology. The effect of the precursor feed ratio (UPEAs to PEG‐DA) on the properties of the hydrogels was also studied. The incorporation of UPEA polymers into the PEG‐DA hydrogels increased their hydrophobicity, crosslinking density (denser network), and mechanical strength (higher compressive modulus) but reduced Q eq . When different types of UPEA precursors were coupled with PEG‐DA at the same feed ratio (20 wt %), the resulting hydrogels had similar Q eq values and porous three‐dimensional interior morphologies but different G f and compressive modulus values. These differences in the hydrogel properties were correlated to the chemical structures of the UPEA precursors; that is, the different locations of the &gt;CC&lt; double bonds in individual UPEA segments resulted in their different reactivities toward PEG‐DA to form hydrogels. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3932–3944, 2005
The Polarity of Crude Oil Fractions Affects the Asphaltenes Stability (2016)

Abstract Asphaltenes and resins are the polar and saturates and aromatics are the nonpolar fractions of the crude oil. The mutual interaction within crude oil fractions results in different overall polarity. With the onset asphaltene precipitation, the overall polarity starts to change drastically and this change affects the asphaltene stability more. This study investigates the crude oil fractions polarity and their individual impact on asphaltene precipitation. Two crude oil samples with different asphaltene content, API gravity, and viscosity were divided into their Saturates, Aromatics, Resins, and Asphaltenes (SARA) fractions. The crude oils and their SARA fractions were characterized by Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy. The polarity of crude oils and their SARA fractions were determined through dielectric constant measurements by in-house-built capacitance. The polarity of the individual fractions and bulk crude oil samples were analyzed together to understand how the mutual interaction of crude oil fractions affects the asphaltene stability. The overall polarity of the crude oil is the key to asphaltene stability. Resins and asphaltenes are the polar components of crude oil, thus, resins to asphaltenes ratio affects the overall stability of the asphaltenes. Asphaltenes are soluble in aromatic solvents and insoluble in normal alkanes, thus, while the increase in the saturates fraction in crude oil decreases the asphaltene stability, the increase in the aromatics fraction in crude oil reestablishes the stabilization. The solvent power of saturates and aromatics fractions are controlled by the impurities in saturates and aromatics fractions. Because while saturates and aromatics are known as nonpolar fractions of crude oils, the impurity content of those fractions results in polar sides in both saturates and aromatics fractions. The polar side of those fractions makes the interaction with asphaltenes more pronounced and affect the stability of asphaltenes considerably. The holistic understanding of the asphaltene stability is achieved by analyzing the polarity of asphaltenes alone and within crude oil. These results are very useful in preventing the asphaltene precipitation and modelling its stability.
Involution of the lactating mammary gland is inhibited by the IGF system in a transgenic mouse model. (1996)

Development of the mammary gland during puberty, pregnancy, and lactation is controlled by steroid and peptide hormones and growth factors. To determine the role of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in this process we developed a transgenic model using the whey acidic protein (WAP) gene to direct expression of rat IGF-I and human IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) to mammary tissue during late pregnancy and throughout lactation. High levels of expression of transgenic IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were seen in lobular-alveolar cells by in situ hybridization. There was no obvious effect on mammary development during pregnancy and lactation; indeed, mothers were capable of nursing their pups normally and the only structural difference seen in the mammary glands at peak lactation was an overall smaller size of the alveoli. We also evaluated the role of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 in the remodeling of mammary tissue during involution. Compared with control animals, the process of involution was modified in both transgenic lines. The degree of apoptotic cells was lower in the WAP-IGF-I and WAP-BP-3 expressing mice. In addition, there was a more quiescent pattern of involution with residual lobular secretary ability and a muted host inflammatory reaction with fewer lumenal microcalcifications. These results demonstrate that IGF-I and IGFBP-3 may modulate the involutionary process of the lactating mammary gland.
Search for functional alleles in the human genome with focus on cardiovascular disease candidate genes. (2007)

Intron 1 (-163C>A) enzyme induction Chida 1999, S a c h s e 1 9 9 9 , S h i m o d a 2 0 0 2 , N o r d m a r k 2 0 0 2 CYP1A2*1K Intron 1 Disrupt Ets BS, RNA, metabolism Aklillu 2003 CYP1A2*7 Intron 6 splice donor SNP PM to clozapine (single individual) Allorge 2003 (3534G>A) CYP2A6*9 TATA Box RNA, protein, enzyme activity Pitarque 2001, K i y o t a n i 2 0 0 3 , Y o s h i d a 2 0 0 3 CYP2A6*1D Enhancer (-1013A>G) transcription (reporter assay) Pitarque 2004 CYP2A6*1H,J Enhancer (-745A>G) Disrupt NF-Y BS, transcription von Richter 2004 CYP2A6*12 Intron 1 2A6/7 crossover enzyme activity in vitro and in vivo Oscarson 2002 CYP2B6*9 Splice variant Skip exons
Corpus Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis (2005)

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) has often proved fruitful in providing insights into the relationship between language and ideology. However, CDA is not without its critics. Constructive criticism has been offered by Stubbs, who suggests bolstering CDA by using a large corpus as the basis on which to make reliable generalisations about language use. Taking up that suggestion, this paper reports on a study of a group of words semantically related to corruption. In the study, corpus methodology is used to manipulate the data: concordances and collocational tools are used to provide semantic profiles of the words and highlight connotational differences, and to identify the geographical locations that the words refer to. It is argued that words with a noticeably negative connotation tend to be used when referring to activities that take place outside of Britain, while less negative words are used when referring to similar activities in British contexts. CDA theory is drawn on to interpret the ideological significance of the findings.
Nanoparticles for Combination Drug Therapy (2013)

Nanoparticles have recently emerged as a promising class of carriers for the co-delivery of multiple drugs. Combination therapies of small-molecule drugs are common in clinical practice, and it is anticipated that packaging into single macromolecular carriers will enable drug release in precisely balanced ratios and rates and in selectively targeted tissues and cells. This vast level of pharmacological control is intriguing, especially from the perspective of tailoring personalized treatments with maximized therapeutic synergy for individual patients. Here, we discuss promising formulations and opportunities to employ advanced screening tools and new animal models of disease that can improve chances for successful clinical translation.
Doppler Correction Of The Telecommunications Payload Oscillators In The UK T-SAT (1988)

The article gives values for the doppler shift of an L-band radio path between a UK observer and a 12 h period Molnya orbit satellite. Two doppler correction units for the local oscillators of the UK T-SAT payload are described, one utilising frequency locking and the other phase locking. A critical assessment of the performance of each unit is given.
Electroimmunoassay, radioimmunoassay, and radial immunodiffusion assay evaluated for quantification of human apolipoprotein B. (1978)

We examined three immunoassay techniques for measuring apolipoprotein B in serum and major lipoprotein density fractions from normolipidemic and hyperlipoproteinemic persons, comparing values by electroimmunoassay, radioimmunoassay, and radial immunodiffusion assay with those determined gravimetrically. Electroimmunoassay is faster and simpler than radioimmunoassay, and equally precise (within- and between-assay coefficients of variation for both were 5 and 7%, respectively). All the immunoassays gave results that agreed with those by gravimetry for normolipidemic sera and the corresponding lipoprotein density fractions, but only electroimmunoassay results agreed with those by gravimetry for apolipoprotein B in lipoproteins of d less than 1.019 g/ml isolated from hypertriglyceridemic patients. Concentrations of apolipoprotein B in plasma, determined by electroimmunoassay in a population of normal persons and patients with primary hyperlipoproteinemias, were: normals, 980 +/- 200; type I, 700 +/- 160; type IIa, 2000 +/- 260; type IIb, 2180 +/- 300; type III, 1300 +/- 340; type IV, 1470 +/- 400; and type V, 1550 +/- 390 mg/liter (mean +/- SD). Lipoprotein density fractions from the hyperlipoproteinemic patients each had a characteristic distribution of free and associated forms of lipoprotein family B. The absolute concentration and distribution of apolipoprotein B between the free and associated forms of lipoprotein B may represent a useful indicator of the underlying biochemical defect(s).
Localization of the genetic defect in familial adenomatous polyposis within a small region of chromosome 5. (1988)

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), a Mendelian disorder that includes familial polyposis coli (FPC) and Gardner syndrome (GS), has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. It is characterized by hundreds to thousands of adenomatous polyps that can progress to carcinoma of the colon, suggesting that the gene that harbors the FAP germ-line mutation may play an important role in the somatic genetic pathway to colon cancer. The defect responsible for FAP was recently mapped to the long arm of chromosome 5 by linkage between the FPC phenotype and a locus defined by DNA probe pC11p11 (D5S71), located at 5q21-22. Because an important next step in the paradigm for identification of a disease gene is to obtain a more precise localization, we isolated and mapped by linkage six additional polymorphic DNA markers in the FAP region. Subsequent linkage analysis in six pedigrees, three having the FPC phenotype and three segregating GS, placed the FAP locus very close to a new marker, YN5.48 (D5S81), that is approximately 17 centimorgans distal to C11p11 on the genetic map. The analysis revealed no evidence of genetic heterogeneity between the two phenotypes, a question that had not been clearly resolved by the earlier studies. The new set of markers in the near vicinity of the FAP locus represents a further step toward isolation of the genetic defect and provides the opportunity for preclinical diagnosis of risk status for colon cancer among individuals in families that are segregating adenomatous polyposis.
Engineering of Artificial Plant Cytochrome P450 Enzymes for Synthesis of Isoflavones by Escherichia coli (2007)

Engineered microbes are becoming increasingly important as recombinant production platforms. However, the nonfunctionality of membrane-bound cytochrome P450 enzymes precludes the use of industrially relevant prokaryotes such as Escherichia coli for high-level in vivo synthesis of many functional plant-derived compounds. We describe the design of a series of artificial isoflavone synthases that allowed the robust production of plant estrogen pharmaceuticals by E. coli. Through this methodology, a plant P450 construct was assembled to mimic the architecture of a self-sufficient bacterial P450 and contained tailor-made membrane recognition signals. The specific in vivo production catalyzed by one identified chimera was up to 20-fold higher than that achieved by the native enzyme expressed in a eukaryotic host and up to 10-fold higher than production by plants. This novel biological device is a strategy for the utilization of laboratory bacteria to robustly manufacture high-value plant P450 products.
Mouse IL-13 Enhances Antibody Production In Vivo and Acts Directly on B Cells In Vitro to Increase Survival and Hence Antibody Production (1999)

IL-13, a Th2 cytokine, exhibits similar functions to IL-4 in stimulating proliferation and class switching of human B cells. Although mouse B cells were reported to be unresponsive to IL-13, we now show that IL-13 directly stimulates mouse B cells, causing extended survival and higher Ab levels. Recombinant mouse IL-13 was administered via osmotic pump during immunization of BALB/c mice with chicken RBCs. IL-13 treatment enhanced not only the plasma levels of total IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b but also Ag-specific Ig levels. To examine whether IL-13 acted directly on mouse B cells, B220+ B cells were cultured with fixed, anti-CD3-activated Th2 clones. Production of IgM and IgG1 was enhanced moderately by IL-13 and strongly by IL-4. Anti-CD40-stimulated sIgD+ mouse B cells also responded to IL-13 by producing increased levels of IgM, and to a lesser extent IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3. No evidence was found for IL-13-induced class switching. Mouse B cells were stimulated directly rather than indirectly via contaminating cells, as IL-13 increased the numbers of both total and Ab-secreting B cells in aliquots of 100 sIgD+ B cells (>99.5% pure) stimulated with anti-CD40 Ab. Stimulation of B cells by IL-13 was unaffected by the addition of anti-IL-4 to the cultures. In contrast to IL-4, IL-13 did not increase CD23 expression or B cell proliferation as measured by dilution of an intracellular fluorescence label. Collectively, these data indicate that IL-13 can enhance mouse B cell Ab production by increasing survival of the B cells.