gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Complexity and memory efficient GOP structures supporting VCR functionalities in H.264/AVC (2008)

Supporting digital video cassette recording (VCR) trick-play functionalities (e.g. random access, fast-forward play, fast-reverse play) is desirable for compressed video streams. However, due to strong inter-frame dependencies introduced by motion compensated prediction (MCP), the computational complexity and memory requirement is drastically increased. Tradeoffs between coding efficiency and decoding complexity can be made with different group of pictures (GOP) structures. In this paper, we investigate two flexible GOP structures, named G-group and binary reference GOP structure (BRGS), which can achieve trick-play functionalities while keeping low decoder complexity and memory requirement for the state-of-the-art H.264/AVC video coding standard. The schemes are drift-free since they utilize the compression and memory management tools adopted in H.264/AVC. Our analysis and experimental results show that they can greatly reduce the decoder complexity and buffer size while introducing only about 4.0%-7.6% bitrate increase on average. The computational complexity saving for the worst case and average case can be up to 77.8% and 62.5%, respectively. The memory buffer for the fast-reverse play mode can be reduced to 33.3% compared to the conventional scheme. Moreover, the schemes are flexible and can be easily adapted to achieve a good tradeoff between compression performance and complexity saving for the trick-play modes.
Power scaling of rare-earth-doped fiber sources (2005)

Single-mode (SM) fiber lasers and amplifiers are constrained to low output powers by fundamental physical limitations of the fiber, specifically, by low energy storage and by the onset of nonlinear processes in the fiber. The simplest way to overcome both limiting factors is to increase the core size, but maintaining SM operation imposes an upper limit. Further power scaling is possible with multimode (MM) fiber, but the poor beam quality generally associated MM fiber is unacceptable for many applications. We have developed a technique (bend-loss-induced mode filtering) that allows the core size to be increased significantly beyond the SM limit while maintaining diffraction-limited beam quality and high efficiency. In this method, coiling of the fiber is used as a form of distributed spatial filtering to suppress all but the fundamental mode of a highly MM fiber amplifier. Unlike conventional spatial filtering, in which high-order modes are discarded, the mode-filtering technique does not result is substantial loss of efficiency because high-order modes are suppressed along the entire length of the amplifier and are thus prevented from building up significant intensity. We will review this method and recent experimental results for both cw and pulsed fiber sources, including nonlinear frequency conversion of mode-filtered fiber lasers. Optical damage issues will also be discussed.
Membrane protein GARP is a receptor for latent TGF‐β on the surface of activated human Treg (2009)

Human Treg and Th clones secrete the latent form of TGF-beta, in which the mature TGF-beta protein is bound to the latency-associated peptide (LAP), and is thereby prevented from binding to the TGF-beta receptor. We previously showed that upon TCR stimulation, human Treg clones but not Th clones produce active TGF-beta and bear LAP on their surface. Here, we show that latent TGF-beta, i.e. both LAP and mature TGF-beta, binds to glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP), a transmembrane protein containing leucine rich repeats, which is present on the surface of stimulated Treg clones but not on Th clones. Membrane localization of latent TGF-beta mediated by binding to GARP may be necessary for the ability of Treg to activate TGF-beta upon TCR stimulation. However, it is not sufficient as lentiviral-mediated expression of GARP in human Th cells induces binding of latent TGF-beta to the cell surface, but does not result in the production of active TGF-beta upon stimulation of these Th cells.
Evaluation and characterization of catabolite-responsive elements (cre) of Bacillus subtilis (2000)

A global mechanism of catabolite repression of the genus Bacillus comprises negative regulation exerted through the binding of the CcpA protein to the catabolite-responsive elements (cres) of the target genes. We searched for cre sequences in the Bacillus subtilis genome using a query sequence, WTGNAANCGNWNNCW (N and W stand for any base and A or T, respectively), picking out 126 putative and known cre sequences. To examine their cre function, we integrated spac promoter (P spac )-cre-lacZ fusions into the amyE locus. Examination of catabolite repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis in the integrants led us to the following conclusions: (i) lower mismatching of cre sequences to the query sequence is required for their function; (ii) although cre sequences are partially palindromic, low mismatching in the same direction as that of transcription of the target genes is more critical for their function than that in the inverse direction; and (iii) yet, a more palindromic nature of cre sequences is desirable for a better function. Furthermore, the alignment of 22 cre s that function in vivo implicated a consensus sequence, WWTGNAARCGNWWWCAWW (R stands for G or A). Interestingly, in the case where cre sequences are located in the protein-coding regions of the target genes, their conserved bases are preferentially the third bases of codons where base degeneracy is allowed.
Anodes for Direct Oxidation of Dry Hydrocarbons in a Solid-Oxide Fuel Cell (2000)

The manufacture of fuel cells that can operate directly on various hydrocarbon fuels, without the need for reforming, has the potential of greatly speeding the application of fuel cells for transportation and distributed-power applications. This paper will briefly review the literature in this area and describe recent developments in solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that demonstrate that direct-oxidation fuel cells are possible with Cu-based anodes. A new method for synthesizing thin-electrolyte, anode-supported cells is described that is based on tape casting with graphite pore formers (see Figure), followed by impregnation with aqueous solutions of Cu(NO3)2 and Ce(NO3)3. The performance of model SOFCs for direct conversion of n-butane and methane is shown. Finally, future developments that are needed for this technology to be commercialized are discussed.
Oral antidiabetic agents in type 2 diabetes (2007)

Traditional oral agents provide significant treatment benefits for diabetic patients, including reduction in risk of microvascular complications. However, most patients with type 2 diabetes do not achieve target glycemic levels with traditional therapies, and these agents are also associated with hypoglycemia, weight gain, and poor tolerability. Oral DPP-4 inhibitors offer the potential for significant improvement in glycemic control without hypoglycemia or weight gain, although long-term durability of glycemic control (>52 weeks) has not been established.
Early Expression and Cellular Localization of Proinflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Human Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury (2004)

Endogenous cells (neurons and microglia) in the human spinal cord, not the blood-borne leukocytes, contribute to the early production of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the post-traumatic inflammatory response, and microglia are involved the early response to traumatic axonal injury.
A Collagen-binding Glycoprotein from Bovine Platelets Is Identical to Propolypeptide of von Willebrand Factor (1989)

Several proteins from bovine platelet lysate bound to type I collagen immobilized to the beads of formyl derivatives of cellulose. Among these proteins, a protein of about 100,000 daltons was purified to homogeneity by two additional affinity chromatographies, an organomercurial-agarose and a lentil lectin-agarose. This protein consisted of a single polypeptide chain which contains carbohydrate moiety and many intrapolypeptide disulfide bridges. In addition to platelets, this protein was present in plasma and cultured endothelial cells but not in red blood cells, leukocytes, and smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, it was released from platelets upon stimulation by various agonists. The purified 100-kDa protein was labeled with 125I to quantitate its binding to fibrillar type I collagen. The protein specifically bound to fibrillar collagen with the apparent dissociation constant of 5.6 x 10(-8) M for the high affinity site and 5.5 x 10(-7) M for the low affinity site. Analyses of amino acid sequences of both intact and tryptic fragments of this protein revealed that it had strong homology to the propolypeptide of human von Willebrand factor, which is also known as von Willebrand antigen II. Various properties of this protein listed above also strongly suggest that it was indeed the propolypeptide of bovine von Willebrand factor.
Fracture Initiation and Propagation from Deviated Wellbores. (1993)

ABSTRACT This paper presents the results of an analytical study of hydraulic fracture initiation and propagation from deviated wellbores. The interaction and link-up of the starter fractures initiated from perforations and the turning of the linked fracture are investigated. A criterion that correlates fracture link-up to stresses and wellbore parameters is established. The characters of the near-wellbore multiple fractures and their effects on fracture width reduction and friction loss are also studied. The model-predicted pressure response, which takes into account the near-wellbore friction loss, is compared to the measured bottom hole pressure data during a fracture treatment.
Correlation between pH and irritant effect of cleansers marketed for dry skin (2002)

Most products recommended for sensitive skin have a considerable irritation effect, which is related to the pH of the product. Better regulation of advertisement specifications including the pH level and type of cleanser contained is necessary for the majority of soaps and cleansers.
Polymer-Controlled Growth of CdS Nanowires (2000)

Very long crystalline CdS nanowires (see Figure) are fabricated here via a polymer-controlled growth approach that involves distribution of Cd2+ ions in a polyacrylamide matrix followed by treatment with thiourea. It is shown that the polyacrylamide plays an important role in controlling the diameter and increasing the length of these nanowires.
Influence of Temperature on Pudendal Nerve Block Induced by High Frequency Biphasic Electrical Current (2008)

To block pudendal nerve conduction at body temperature (37C) the stimulation frequency must be greater than 6 kHz. This study provides a practical guide for blocking the pudendal nerves to restore efficient voiding after spinal cord injury.
APO2 ligand: a novel lethal weapon against malignant glioma? (1998)

APO2L (TRAIL) is a novel CD95L (Fas/APO-1-L) homologous cytotoxic cytokine that interacts with various receptors which transmit (DR4, DR5) or inhibit (DcR1, DcR2) an apoptotic signal. Here, we report that human glioma cell lines preferentially express mRNAs for agonistic death receptors DR4 (8/12) and DR5 (11/12) rather than the death-inhibitory decoy receptors DcR1 (4/12) and DcR2 (2/12). Ten of 12 cell lines are susceptible to APO2L-induced apoptosis. The resistant cell lines, U138MG and U373MG, are cross-resistant to CD95L-induced apoptosis. Similar to CD95L-induced apoptosis, APO2L-induced apoptosis is inhibited by ectopic expression of the caspase inhibitor, crm-A, or of bcl-2, or by coexposure to the corticosteroid, dexamethasone, or the lipoxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaretic acid. There is no correlation between p53 genetic status of the cell lines and their susceptibility to APO2L-induced apoptosis, but the latter is moderately enhanced by ectopic expression of wild-type p53. APO2L targeting may be a promising approach for selectively targeting apoptosis to human malignant glioma cells.
Thickness and anisotropy of the ice-water interface (1993)

Measurements of the ellipticity of the ice-water interface are reported for both the basal and prism faces of ice. The sign of the ellipticity indicates anisotropy of the water molecules in the interface region, and the data are consistent with a thickness &amp;#8764;1 nm and roughly twice as much anisotropy for the prism as for the basal face.
Cloning and Characterization of HB2, a Candidate High Density Lipoprotein Receptor (1997)

The protection against coronary artery disease attributed to high density lipoprotein (HDL) may be associated with several functions, including its central role in reverse cholesterol transport, possible antioxidant and antithrombotic properties and others not yet identified which may depend on specific interactions between HDL and cell receptors. Several HDL-binding proteins have been identified including two candidate liver HDL receptors, HB1 and HB2 recently purified in this laboratory. We now report the cloning, sequencing, and some properties of HB2, the most abundant of the pair. It shows significant homology with the adhesion molecules ALCAM and BEN of the immunoglobulin superfamily and the cDNA, when transfected into HepG2 or COS cells, caused specific HDL3 binding to increase by 80-100%. Further, ligand blotting of glycoproteins isolated from phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-treated THP-1 cells or from transfected HepG2 and Chinese hamster ovary cells also provided evidence of increased binding of HDL3 to HB2. Differentiation of THP-1 cells into macrophages resulted in a striking increase in HB2 mRNA which was attenuated if cells were cholesterol-loaded by incubation with acetylated low density lipoprotein. If the interaction between HDL and HB2 reduces the adhesion-induced inflammatory cellular events that characterize arterial wall injury, thereby achieving the protection associated with higher plasma levels of HDL, these findings may provide a clue to one mitigating effect of HDL in heart disease.
A New Reaction of Allylic Sulfones1 (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA New Reaction of Allylic Sulfones1Edward M. La Combe and Byron StewartCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 16, 3457–3461Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01477a026https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01477a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views251Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Design, synthesis and evaluation of a novel series of spiroketals based on the structure of the antibacterial gyrase inhibitor novobiocin (1997)

Molecular modelling has been used in conjunction with crystallographic and biological data in an attempt to design compounds that mimic the structure and activity of the coumarin antibiotic novobiocin 2. Calculations on four conformations of a 6,6-spiroketal system 8–11 suggest that whilst 9 should be the lowest energy, 8 should also be readily accessible and this conformation overlays well with the coumarin and sugar rings of novobiocin. Incorporation of key hydroxy and carbamate groups onto the cyclohexane and a hydrogen bond acceptor onto the aromatic ring suggest 12a as the initial target. The crystal structure of a model compound 24 shows the conformation illustrated in 9 and thus supports the molecular modelling. However, the crystal structure of novobiocin bound to a 24 kD fragment of gyrase B, the target of the coumarin antibiotics, reveals that it is the lactone carbonyl rather than the 4-oxy group which is responsible for a key interaction with an Arg residue and consequently the carboxy group in 12a is misplaced as a corresponding H-bond acceptor. Subsequently, compounds incorporating an extra aromatic (as in 13a) or heteroaromatic ring (as in 45) bearing an H-bond acceptor, along with the extra dimethyl groups on the cyclohexane ring, have been designed. Models of these structures overlay convincingly with novobiocin bound to 24 kD gyrase B. Versatile synthetic routes have been developed allowing these compounds and the underlying hypotheses to be tested. Unfortunately, none of the compounds demonstrates significant enzyme or antibacterial activity, which we attribute to a combination of features, including the lack of a replacement for the noviose methoxy group and the failure to achieve a good stacking (charge transfer) interaction with Arg-76.
Query-Driven Visualization of Time-Varying Adaptive Mesh Refinement Data (2008)

The visualization and analysis of AMR-based simulations is integral to the process of obtaining new insight in scientific research. We present a new method for performing query-driven visualization and analysis on AMR data, with specific emphasis on time-varying AMR data. Our work introduces a new method that directly addresses the dynamic spatial and temporal properties of AMR grids that challenge many existing visualization techniques. Further, we present the first implementation of query-driven visualization on the GPU that uses a GPU-based indexing structure to both answer queries and efficiently utilize GPU memory. We apply our method to two different science domains to demonstrate its broad applicability.
A Predominant Role for Antibody in Acquired Immunity to Chlamydial Genital Tract Reinfection (2005)

Acquired immunity to murine Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract reinfection has long been assumed to be solely dependent on cell-mediated immunity. However, in this study, we identify a previously unrecognized protective role for Ab. Immunity develops in Ab-deficient mice following the resolution of primary chlamydial genital infection. Subsequent depletion of CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells, in those immune Ab-deficient mice before secondary infectious challenge, resulted in an infection that did not resolve. Passive immunization with immune (convalescent) serum conferred a marked level of protective immunity to reinfection, which was characterized by a striking decrease in bacterial shedding, from >100,000 inclusion forming units to fewer than 10 inclusion forming units, and a shortened duration of infection. Furthermore, mAbs to the chlamydial major outer membrane protein and LPS conferred significant levels of immunity to reinfection and reduced chlamydial shedding by >100-fold. Anti-heat shock protein 60 mAb had no protective effect. In contrast to the marked protective efficacy of immune serum on reinfection, the course of primary infection was essentially unaltered by the passive transfer of immune serum. Our results convincingly demonstrate that Abs contribute importantly to immunity to chlamydial genital tract reinfection, and that Ab-mediated protection is highly dependent on CD4+ T cell-mediated adaptive changes that occur in the local genital tract tissues during primary infection. These results impact our understanding of immunity to chlamydial genital infection and may provide important insight into vaccine development.
Improving the carboligase activity of benzoylformate decarboxylase from Pseudomonas putida by a combination of directed evolution and site-directed mutagenesis (2002)

Benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD) from Pseudomonas putida was subjected to directed molecular evolution to generate mutants with increased carboligase activity which is a side reaction of the enzyme. After a single round of random mutagenesis mutants were isolated which exhibited a 5-fold increased carboligase activity in aqueous buffer compared to the wild-type enzyme with a high enantiomeric excess of the product (S)-2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-propanone. From the same library, mutants with enhanced carboligase activity in water-miscible organic solvents have been isolated. The selected mutants have been characterized by sequencing, revealing that all mutants carry a mutation at Leu476, which is close to the active site but does not directly interact with the active center. BFD-L476Q has a 5-fold higher carboligase activity than the wild-type enzyme. L476 was subjected to saturation mutagenesis yielding eight different mutants with up to 5-fold increased carboligase activity. Surprisingly, all L476 mutants catalyze the formation of 2-hydroxy-1-phenyl-propanone with significantly higher enantioselectivity than the wild-type enzyme although enantioselectivity was not a selection parameter. Leu476 potentially plays the role of a gatekeeper of the active site of BFD, possibly by controlling the release of the product. The biocatalyst could be significantly improved for its side reaction, the C-C bond formation and for application under conditions that are not optimized in nature.
Low Overexpression of HER-2/Neu in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Limits the Usefulness of Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) and Irinotecan as Therapy. A Phase II Trial (2004)

The low overexpression rate of HER-2/neu (8.0%) in advanced CRC limits the potential for further investigation of regimens involving trastuzumab, despite evidence suggestive of activity. Irinotecan did not alter the pharmacokinetic disposition of trastuzumab.