gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High quality reduced graphene oxide through repairing with multi-layered graphene ball nanostructures (2013)

We present a simple and up-scalable method to produce highly repaired graphene oxide with a large surface area, by introducing spherical multi-layered graphene balls with empty interiors. These graphene balls are prepared via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of Ni particles on the surface of the graphene oxides (GO). Transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy results reveal that defects in the GO surfaces are well repaired during the CVD process, with the help of nickel nanoparticles attached to the functional groups of the GO surface, further resulting in a high electrical conductivity of 18,620 S/m. In addition, the graphene balls on the GO surface effectively prevent restacking of the GO layers, thus providing a large surface area of 527 m(2)/g. Two electrode supercapacitor cells using this highly conductive graphene material demonstrate ideal electrical double layer capacitive behavior, due to the effective use of the outstanding electric conductivity and the large surface area.
Iron uptake and iron-repressible polypeptides in Yersinia pestis (1996)

Pigmented (Pgm+) cells of Yersinia pestis are virulent, are sensitive to pesticin, adsorb exogenous hemin at 26 degrees C (Hms+), produce iron-repressible outer membrane proteins, and grow at 37 degrees C in iron-deficient media. These traits are lost upon spontaneous deletion of a chromosomal 102-kb pgm locus (Pgm-). Here we demonstrate that an Hms+ but pesticin-resistant (Pst(r)) mutant acquired a 5-bp deletion in the pesticin receptor gene (psn) encoding IrpB to IrpD. Growth and assimilation of iron by Pgm- and Hms+ Pst(r) mutants were markedly inhibited by ferrous chelators at 37 degrees C; inhibition by ferric and ferrous chelators was less effective at 26 degrees C. Iron-deficient growth at 26 degrees C induced iron-regulated outer membrane proteins of 34, 28.5, and 22.5 kDa and periplasmic polypeptides of 33.5 and 30 kDa. These findings provide a basis for understanding the psn-driven system of iron uptake, indicate the existence of at least one additional 26 degrees C-dependent iron assimilation system, and define over 30 iron-repressible proteins in Y. pestis.
Production of mannitol and lactic acid by fermentation with Lactobacillus intermedius NRRL B‐3693 (2003)

Lactobacillus intermedius B-3693 was selected as a good producer of mannitol from fructose after screening 72 bacterial strains. The bacterium produced mannitol, lactic acid, and acetic acid from fructose in pH-controlled batch fermentation. Typical yields of mannitol, lactic acid, and acetic acid from 250 g/L fructose were 0.70, 0.16, and 0.12 g, respectively per g of fructose. The fermentation time was greatly dependent on fructose concentration but the product yields were not dependent on fructose level. Fed-batch fermentation decreased the time of maximum mannitol production from fructose (300 g/L) from 136 to 92 h. One-third of fructose could be replaced with glucose, maltose, galactose, mannose, raffinose, or starch with glucoamylase (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation), and two-thirds of fructose could be replaced with sucrose. L. intermedius B-3693 did not co-utilize lactose, cellobiose, glycerol, or xylose with fructose. It produced lactic acid and ethanol but no acetic acid from glucose. The bacterium produced 21.3 +/- 0.6 g lactic acid, 10.5 +/- 0.3 g acetic acid, and 4.7 +/- 0.0 g ethanol per L of fermentation broth from dilute acid (15% solids, 0.5% H(2)SO(4), 121 degrees C, 1 h) pretreated enzyme (cellulase, beta-glucosidase) saccharified corn fiber hydrolyzate.
Photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization study on FAD and flavoproteins (1982)

Flavin adenine dinucleotide and some flavoproteins ranging in relative molecular mass from 15000 to 100000 were investigated by the photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) technique. At neutral pH values,<br/>where FAD forms a strong intramolecular complex, no photo-CIDNP<br/>signal is observed. Lowering the pH values of an aqueous solution of FAD leads to the gradual appearance of photo-CIDNP signals. The pH dependence of the intensity of the signal follows that of the fluorescence quantum yield of FAD, indicating that in both types of experiments the same mechanism is operating. This is an example of where a photochemically active constituent of a complex is used to induce polarization in its partner. The flavoproteins investigated<br/>did not exhibit a photo-CIDNP signal in the absence of external free flavin so that information on aromatic amino acid residues located in the neighborhood of the bound prosthetic group could not be obtained. If intermediate bi radical complexes are formed in these cases, they are not able to dissociate which is mandatory for the observation of CIDNP signals. Addition of free aromatic amino acids to solutions of flavoproteins yields the corresponding CIDNP signals of<br/>the amino acids upon excitation of protein-bound flavins. Addition of free flavins to solutions of flavoproteins leads to the observation of CIDNP signals of aromatic amino acid residues. Various flavodoxins and other flavoproteins were<br/>investigated by using as an external dye free flavins carrying different charges. In general positively and negatively charged free flavins give rise to CIDNP signals originating from different aromatic amino acid residues. It is shown that the technique allows assignments of proton resonances of aromatic amino acid residues where the sequence and preferably the three-dimensional structure of flavoproteins are known. This is demonstrated with a few flavodoxins from various sources.<br/>
Composition and molecular weight of pili purified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa K (1977)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain K (PAK) bears polar pili that promote infection by at least six bacteriophages. Moreover, a recently isolated mutant of strain K (PAK/2PfS) is many times more piliated than the wild-type strain and facilitates the preparation of large amounts of pure pili for biochemical studies. The present investigation was carried out to establish the structural relatedness of PAK and PAK/2PfS pili and to determine their biochemical composition. A purfication procedure is described for PAK and PAK/2PfS pili that yields about 8 mg of pure pili per 100 g (wet weight) of PAK/2PfS cells and 0.8 mg of pure pili per 100 g (wet weight) of PAK cells. PAK and PAK/2PfS pili were found to be free from phosphate, carbohydrate, and lipid and to contain a single polypeptide subunit of 17,800 daltons. Isopycnic centrifugation studies revealed that PAK and PAK(2PfS pili have the same buoyant density in sucrose (1.221) and CsC1 (1.295). Both types of pili banded at pH 3.9 when subjected to isoelectric focusing. Amino acid analyses showed that PAK and PAK/2PfS pili have identical amino acid compositions, whereas microimmunodiffusion studies revealed that the two types of pili are immunologically indistinguishable. It was concluded that PAK and PAK/2PfS pili are identical and that the mutation responsible for producing the multipiliated state in PAK/2PfS is probably located outside the structural gene for PAK pili.
The Theory of Zero Incident Safety Management (2018)

Despite the dramatic improvements in construction safety made over the past few decades, the construction industry as a whole is still nowhere near reaching the Zero Injury goal, let alone the Zero Incident goal. The purpose of this paper is to provide an approach to continue improvements of safety performance in order to reach the Zero Incident goal. Since the concept of "Zero Injury" emerged in the 1990s, increasing numbers of owners and contractors have achieved the Zero Injury goal on construction projects. The key to these achievements is the Nine Zero Injury Principles established by Construction Industry Institute (CII). However, the research on which the Nine Zero Injury Principles relied is questionnaire survey rather than theoretical analysis. Without theoretical analysis supporting the research, the conclusions are often challenged, making the concept of Zero Injury difficult to promote throughout the industry. Thus, there exists the need to develop the theory of Zero Incident Safety Management (ZISM) and re-define the concept of "Zero Incident" to provide theoretical insight into the practical application of ZISM techniques and make Zero Incident more acceptable. Drawing on previous theories of construction accident causation and prevention, a new update accident causation theory was developed. This research then identified the management factors that can eliminate the corresponding accident causation factors. Developing the theory of ZISM can not only helps construction leaders deeply understand and accept the concept of Zero Incident, but also guide how to make Zero Incident come true. To facilitate the most rapid implementation of the Nine Principles, a ZISM standard benchmark tool with leading metrics was created. This tool can be easily used to assess the extent of implementation of safety program in construction projects.
Triangulation of surface points with cameras and projectors (2003)

Several surface mapping techniques using beam-beam and sheet-beam triangulation with a pattern projector and an electronic camera are presented and compared. The techniques are grouped according the methods they use to circumvent the correspondence problem inherent to optical triangulation systems. These methods are referred to as 'time coding', 'shape coding', and 'color coding'. The common term 'coding' refers to the fact that the correspondence information is coded in a particular fashion for simpler decoding during processing. Also presented is a basic Venn diagram showing the relationship between four typical categories of 3D scene analysis.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Facile Catalyst Separation Without Water: Fluorous Biphase Hydroformylation of Olefins (1994)

A novel concept for performing stoichiometric and catalytic chemical transformations has been developed that is based on the limited miscibility of partially or fully fluorinated compounds with nonfluorinated compounds. A fluorous biphase system (FBS) consists of a fluorous phase containing a dissolved reagent or catalyst and another phase, which could be any common organic or nonorganic solvent with limited or no solubility in the fluorous phase. The fluorous phase is defined as the fluorocarbon (mostly perfluorinated alkanes, ethers, and tertiary amines)-rich phase of a biphase system. An FBS compatible reagent or catalyst contains enough fluorous moieties that it will be soluble only or preferentially in the fluorous phase. The most effective fluorous moieties are linear or branched perfluoroalkyl chains with high carbon number; they may also contain heteroatoms. The chemical transformation may occur either in the fluorous phase or at the interface of the two phases. The application of FBS has been demonstrated for the extraction of rhodium from toluene and for the hydroformylation of olefins. The ability to separate a catalyst or a reagent from the products completely at mild conditions could lead to industrial application of homogeneous catalysts or reagents and to the development of more environmentally benign processes.
Activation and homologous desensitization of human endothelial cells by CD40 ligand, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 1. (1996)

We have reported previously that activation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) through CD40, using a recombinant soluble form of trimerized CD40 ligand, leads to induction of E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Here, we compare the effects of CD40 ligand with those of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1 (IL-1). All three ligands induce transient increases in E-selectin (peak 4 h) and VCAM-1 (peak 8-24 h), as well as sustained increases in ICAM-1 (plateau 24 h). Quantitatively, TNF is more potent than IL-1, which is much more potent than CD40 ligand. The same hierarchy is observed for transcriptional activation of an E-selectin promoter reporter gene construct in transiently transfected HUVECs. TNF and CD40 ligand each induced activation of the transcription factors NF-kappa B, IRF-1, and ATF-2/c-Jun, measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, but this response appeared quantitatively similar. All three agents transiently (peak 30 min) activated Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), which has been implicated in transcription of E-selectin through its actions on ATF-2/c-Jun. Activation of JNK again showed a hierarchy of potency (TNF > IL-1 >> CD40 ligand), although the time course of induction was similar for all three agents. After 44 h of pretreatment, TNF, IL-1, and CD40 ligand each display homologous desensitization for reinduction of surface expression of E-selectin. A similar pattern of homologous desensitization for reactivation of JNK was observed. We conclude that TNF, IL-1, and CD40 ligand all activate similar responses in ECs, and that homologous desensitization of JNK may explain the inability of individual cytokines to reinduce E-selectin expression.
Neoplastic Transformation by Notch Requires Nuclear Localization (2000)

Notch proteins are plasma membrane-spanning receptors that mediate important cell fate decisions such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. The mechanism of Notch signaling remains poorly understood. However, it is clear that the Notch signaling pathway mediates its effects through intercellular contact between neighboring cells. The prevailing model for Notch signaling suggests that ligand, presented on a neighboring cell, triggers proteolytic processing of Notch. Following proteolysis, it is thought that the intracellular portion of Notch (N(ic)) translocates to the nucleus, where it is involved in regulating gene expression. There is considerable debate concerning where in the cell Notch functions and what proteins serve as effectors of the Notch signal. Several Notch genes have clearly been shown to be proto-oncogenes in mammalian cells. Activation of Notch proto-oncogenes has been associated with tumorigenesis in several human and other mammalian cancers. Transforming alleles of Notch direct the expression of truncated proteins that primarily consist of N(ic) and are not tethered to the plasma membrane. However, the mechanism by which Notch oncoproteins (generically termed here as N(ic)) induce neoplastic transformation is not known. Previously we demonstrated that N1(ic) and N2(ic) could transform E1A immortalized baby rat kidney cells (RKE) in vitro. We now report direct evidence that N1(ic) must accumulate in the nucleus to induce transformation of RKE cells. In addition, we define the minimal domain of N1(ic) required to induce transformation and present evidence that transformation of RKE cells by N1(ic) is likely to be through a CBF1-independent pathway.
Identification of measures for prevention of black spots in organically produced stored carrots (2005)

In the Netherlands winter carrot for the fresh market is a cash crop for many organic growers of field vegetables. In the last few years blackish spots have been observed during storage of carrot roots. An inventory was carried out in 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 including in total 42 carrot lots from 22 growers. Statistical analysis was performed by multiple regression analysis to identify factors and variables that best explained the occurrence of black spots on stored carrots.
Rhexocercosporidium carotae was the dominating pathogen in black spots of carrots harvested in 2001. From carrots harvested in 2002, Alternaria radicina was isolated most frequently, followed by A. dauci and R. carotae. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the occurrence of R. carotae was associated with wild umbelliferous plants or carrot production during the previous year in the neighbourhood of the investigated carrot fields. A high occurrence of the symptoms of black spots was associated with increasing damage caused during harvest or with higher temperatures during harvest.
Electrochemical probing of HIV enzymes using ferrocene-conjugated peptides on surfaces (2009)

One of the current pathways to develop inhibitors that target different steps in the life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is blocking the function of the HIV-related proteins such as HIV-1 integrase (HIV-1 IN), HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) and HIV-1 protease (HIV-1 PR), which are essential proteins that control the ability of HIV to infect cells, produce new copies of the virus, or cause disease. We have demonstrated for the first time the detection of these enzymes at nanomolar levels using ferrocene (Fc)-conjugated peptides on gold microelectrodes. The interaction between the Fc-conjugated peptides and the enzymes was studied by cyclic voltammetry. As the protein concentration increased, the electrochemical behaviour of the surface-bound Fc- bioconjugate changed, indicating that HIV protein was binding to the peptide film and encapsulating the Fc redox center on the surface. The electrochemical responses shifted to higher potentials and decreased in the current intensity, as the concentrations of the HIV-1 enzymes increased. The optimization studies were performed by changing the pH and NaCl concentration. Control experiments involved the exposure of the Fc-conjugated peptides with all the enzymes. This general procedure can be readily applied in the future to the multiplexed detection of several HIV-related proteins, as well as the high-throughput screening of candidate inhibitors for AIDS therapy.
Immunotherapeutic efficacy of bovine colostral immunoglobulins from a hyperimmunized cow against cryptosporidiosis in neonatal mice (1990)

Infection with Cryptosporidium parvum, a ubiquitous protozoan parasite of virtually all mammals, can cause mild to severe diarrhea in immunocompetent hosts and life-threatening diarrhea in immunocompromised hosts. Passive immunotherapy of experimentally infected animals and naturally infected humans with hyperimmune bovine colostrum has been reported to be efficacious, whereas chemotherapy has not. In this study, the efficacy of specific immunoglobulin isotypes purified from bovine colostrum from a cow hyperimmunized with Cryptosporidium parvum was assessed in neonatal BALB/c mice. Mice were orally infected with oocysts and treated with whole whey immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), IgG2, IgA, or IgM at six intervals from 22 to 66 h postinfection. In histologic sections of intestine examined at 72 h postinfection, the reduction in number of intestinal stages in treated mice versus untreated controls was very highly significant (P less than 0.0001). The greatest reduction in parasite number was found in mice treated with IgG1, IgA, or whey.
A display system for the Stellar graphics supercomputer model GS1000 (1988)

This paper describes a high performance display system that has been incorporated into the overall architecture of the Stellar Graphics Supercomputer Model GS1000. The display system is tightly coupled to the CPU, memory system and vector processing unit of this supercomputer, and is capable of rendering 150,000 shaded triangles/sec, and 600,000 short vectors/sec. The goal of the architecture is to share hardware resources between the CPU and display system and achieve a high bandwidth connection between them. This coupling of the display system and the processor, the architecture of the rendering processor, and the two ASICs that are used to implement the rendering processor are described.In addition, the display system architecture is contrasted to other approaches to high performance graphics, and design trade-offs and possible extensions are described. The implementation of popular display algorithms on the architecture is discussed, and their performance specified. The reader is advised that Stellar Computer Inc. is seeking patent protection for work described in this paper.
Oral protection for equestrians. (1995)

Facial injuries are common among those who ride horses. However, the use of custom-made mouth guards is not promoted by those in the equestrian industry.
Dicer-like 3 produces transposable element-associated 24-nt siRNAs that control agricultural traits in rice (2014)

Transposable elements (TEs) and repetitive sequences make up over 35% of the rice (Oryza sativa) genome. The host regulates the activity of different TEs by different epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone H3K9 methylation, and histone H3K4 demethylation. TEs can also affect the expression of host genes. For example, miniature inverted repeat TEs (MITEs), dispersed high copy-number DNA TEs, can influence the expression of nearby genes. In plants, 24-nt small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are mainly derived from repeats and TEs. However, the extent to which TEs, particularly MITEs associated with 24-nt siRNAs, affect gene expression remains elusive. Here, we show that the rice Dicer-like 3 homolog OsDCL3a is primarily responsible for 24-nt siRNA processing. Impairing OsDCL3a expression by RNA interference caused phenotypes affecting important agricultural traits; these phenotypes include dwarfism, larger flag leaf angle, and fewer secondary branches. We used small RNA deep sequencing to identify 535,054 24-nt siRNA clusters. Of these clusters, ∼82% were OsDCL3a-dependent and showed significant enrichment of MITEs. Reduction of OsDCL3a function reduced the 24-nt siRNAs predominantly from MITEs and elevated expression of nearby genes. OsDCL3a directly targets genes involved in gibberellin and brassinosteroid homeostasis; OsDCL3a deficiency may affect these genes, thus causing the phenotypes of dwarfism and enlarged flag leaf angle. Our work identifies OsDCL3a-dependent 24-nt siRNAs derived from MITEs as broadly functioning regulators for fine-tuning gene expression, which may reflect a conserved epigenetic mechanism in higher plants with genomes rich in dispersed repeats or TEs.
Three-dimensional massively parallel electromagnetic inversion-II. Analysis of a crosswell electromagnetic experiment (1997)

A 3-D electromagnetic inversion scheme has been successfully applied to crosswell electromagnetic data collected at the Richmond Field Station near Berkeley, California. By comparing images of data collected before and after the injection of 50000 gallons of salt water, a 3-D image of the plume has been developed, which shows the location of zones of maximum permeability surrounding the injection well through which the salt water has migrated. A resolution analysis has determined that the location of the plume is fairly accurate. However, the image of the geology will be distorted due to incomplete data coverage. This latter problem is further complicated by the fact that data residuals indicate that the wells deviate from the vertical. These deviations have been shown to cause artefacts within the images and thus further reduce the accuracy of the images with respect to the geology.
Measurement of Bone Mass from Ultrasonic Transmission Time. (1966)

When a beam of pulsed sound is passed between two transducers a fixed distance apart, the transit time depends upon the velocity of sound in the medium separating them. Because the velocities of sound in soft tissues are similar and much less than in bone, an instrument which records changes in transmission time can be used to determine the mass of bone present in an intact limb. When measurements were made on samples of cortical bone and of the humerus of a rabbit (either intact or stripped of the soft tissues) there was good agreement between the predicted and subsequently chemically determined mass of calcium present.