gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular pathology of glucose‐6‐phosphatase 1 (1990)

It was known in the 1950s that hepatic microsomal glucose-6-phosphatase plays an important role in the regulation of blood glucose levels. All attempts since then to purify a single polypeptide with glucose-6-phosphatase activity have failed. Until recently, virtually nothing was known about the molecular basis of glucose-6-phosphatase or its regulation. Recent studies of the type 1 glycogen storage diseases, which are human genetic deficiencies that result in impaired glucose-6-phosphatase activity, have greatly increased our understanding of glucose-6-phosphatase. Glucose-6-phosphatase has been shown to comprise at least five different polypeptides, the catalytic subunit of glucose-6-phosphatase with its active site situated in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum; a regulatory Ca2+ binding protein; and three transport proteins, T1, T2, and T3, which respectively allow glucose-6-phosphate, phosphate, and glucose to cross the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Purified glucose-6-phosphatase proteins, immunospecific antibodies, and improved assay techniques have led to the diagnosis of a variety of new type 1 glycogen storage diseases. Recent studies of the type 1 glycogen storage diseases have led to a much greater understanding of the role and regulation of each of the glucose-6-phosphatase proteins.
Sample size calculations for comparative studies of medical tests for detecting presence of disease (2002)

Technologic advances give rise to new tests for detecting disease in many fields, including cancer and sexually transmitted disease. Before a new disease screening test is approved for public use, its accuracy should be shown to be better than or at least not inferior to an existing test. Standards do not yet exist for designing and analysing studies to address this issue. Established principles for the design of therapeutic studies can be adapted for studies of screening tests. In particular, drawing upon methods for superiority and non-inferiority studies of therapeutic agents, we propose that confidence intervals for the relative accuracy of dichotomous tests drive the design of comparative studies of disease screening tests. We derive sample size formulae for a variety of designs, including studies where patients undergo several tests and studies where patients receive only one of the tests under evaluation. Both cohort and case-control study designs are considered. Modifications to the confidence intervals and sample size formulae are discussed to accommodate studies where, because of the invasive nature of definitive testing, true disease status can only be obtained for subjects who are positive on one or more of the screening tests. The methods proposed are applied to a study comparing a modified pap test to the conventional pap for cervical cancer screening. The impact of error in the gold standard reference test on the design and evaluation of comparative screening test studies is also discussed.
Poled electro-optic waveguide formation in thin-film organic media (1988)

We describe a novel technique for the fabrication of electro-optic (EO) waveguides in integrated optic device structures employing organic EO materials. The technique combines the poling and waveguide formation steps by utilizing patterned poling electrodes and the induced birefringence associated with the poling process. Several prototype waveguide devices fabricated using this procedure are reported.
Effect of Polyethylene Glycol Exclusion on the Water Potential of Solution-Saturated Filter Paper (1990)

Solutions of high molecular weight polyethylene glycol are often used to control water potential in seed germination studies. There is an implicit assumption that the seed support materials do not alter the water potential of the osmotic solution. Filter paper, however, contains a hydrophylic volume fraction that is inaccessible to high molecular weight polymers. Water absorbed by filter paper fibers was found to concentrate polyethylene glycol and lower water potential in solution-filter paper mixtures. The magnitude of this concentration effect is a function of the original concentration of polyethylene glycol and the ratio of solution volume to filter paper weight.
Efficient key agreement and signature schemes using compact representations in GF(p/sup10/) (2004)

This paper presents a efficient key agreement and signature schemes using compact representations in GF(p/sup 10/). We propose an analogous system using GF(p/sup 10/) which gives a 60% reduction in bandwidth from the canonical representation. We also present a signature scheme based on a new problem called the trace discrete log problem (Trace-DLP problem).
The Cosmopolitan epoch: Configuring a just world order (2003)

Extract: In summary then, the 'new cosmopolitanism' offers a basis to establish a more just global order, predominantly through its espousal of a commitment to humanity as a whole, facilitated by building consensus on values which demonstrate a commitment beyond the nation. It is not universalist, although it has the potential to become so, and it is not predicated on the existence of a global public opinion. Rather, it seeks frameworks for political and economic decision-making at the global and national levels. In this context, NGOs have a key role to play in activating the 'new cosmopolitan' system given their cosmopolitan credentials.
Autonomous driving on a road network (1992)

In order to drive a vehicle without manual intervention, short range information about the visible surrounding in front of the vehicle is extracted by machine vision: a fast, region-based tracking of lane boundaries and-at a lower frequency-an evaluation of the entire video imag in order to detect intersections. This is combined with internal map-based knowledge about the road network, which is supplied by the navigation system Travelpilot, commercially offered by Robert Bosch GmbH. The modules have been integrated into an experimental vehicle. Given a desired goal-position on a suitable selected road network, the vehicle is able to perform the necessary driving mission autonomously.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Direct measurement of the nanobubble-induced weak depletion attraction between a spherical particle and a flat surface in an aqueous solution (2008)

Previously, it has been shown that stable nanobubbles (∼150 nm) free in an alkaline α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) solution can be removed by repeated filtration and regenerated by air injection. Recently, we found that the existence of nanobubbles can induce attraction between a spherical latex particle (radius ∼3.2 μm) and a flat hydrophilic surface. Using total internal reflection microscopy (TIRM), we are able to directly measure such a weak interaction (down to ∼0.1 μN m-1 within a range up to 200 nm). The weak attraction disappears as soon as the nanobubbles are removed. Our results suggest that the origin of such weak attraction comes from the exclusion or depletion of the charged nanobubbles from the gap between the particle and surface; namely, an imbalance between the osmotic pressures inside and outside the gap.
Synthesis of Green Fluorescent Protein−Ricin and Monitoring of Its Intracellular Trafficking (1997)

We performed genetic engineering to fuse enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) to the N terminus of RTA, expressed the fusion protein in Escherichia coli, purified and reassociated EGFP-RTA with plant RTB, and purified EGFP-ricin by size exclusion HPLC. The fusion heterodimer was able to bind galactosides, intoxicate cells, and show strong fluorescence. Mammalian cells incubated with EGFP-ricin showed strong cell surface fluorescence at 4 degrees C and, on incubation at 37 degrees C, distributed initially to endosomes and then to Golgi vesicles. Variable sensitivity of mammalian cells to ricin and ricin fusion proteins may be due in part to different patterns of intracellular routing. Cells were incubated with ricin or EGFP-ricin, and inhibition of protein synthesis was measured. Human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells were 10-fold more sensitive to ricin and 85-fold more sensitive to EGFP-ricin than human epidermoid carcinoma KB cells. Epifluorescence microscopy of cells incubated with EGFP-ricin showed greater localization of the fluorescence signal in the Golgi compartments in Hep3B cells than in KB cells. These data support a model requiring a Golgi-dependent step in cell intoxication by ricin. The work further identifies the usefulness of green fluorescent protein fusions in the study of retrograde transport of internalized peptides.
Theoretical and experimental quantification of carotid plaque volume measurements made by three‐dimensional ultrasound using test phantoms (2002)

An accurate technique that exhibits low variability has practical importance for the quantification of carotid plaque volume. Such a technique is necessary to monitor plaque progression or regression that may result in response to nonsurgical therapy. In this study, we investigate the accuracy and variability of plaque volume measurement by three-dimensional ultrasound using vascular plaque phantoms over a range of 68.2 mm3 to 285.5 mm3. The agar plaques maintained a consistent cylindrical geometry with variations in the height, length, and echogenicity. The volume of each plaque was determined by water displacement. The three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) images were acquired with a mechanical scanning system which creates a 3D US Cartesian volume, that was manipulated and viewed in any orientation, from a collection of conventional parallel two-dimensional (2D) US images. The plaque volumes were measured by serial 2D manual planimtery. The mean accuracy in plaque volume measurement was 3.1+/-0.9%. Variability in plaque volume measurement was calculated to be 4.0+/-1.0% and 5.1+/-1.4% for intraobserver and interobserver measurements, respectively. We have also developed a theoretical description for the variance in measurement of plaque volume using manual planimetry. Root-mean-square difference between experimentally and theoretically determined values of plaque volume fractional variance was 9%.
Polymyxin B: similarities to and differences from colistin (polymyxin E) (2007)

Hospital-acquired infections due to multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria constitute major health problems, since the medical community is continuously running out of available effective antibiotics and no new agents are in the pipeline. Polymyxins, a group of antibacterials that were discovered during the late 1940s, represent some of the last treatment options for these infections. Only two polymyxins are available commercially, polymyxin E (colistin) and polymyxin B. Although several reviews have been published recently regarding colistin, no review has focused on the similarities and differences between polymyxin B and colistin. These two medications have many similarities with respect to mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, clinical uses and toxicity. However, they also differ in several aspects, including chemical structure, formulation, potency, dosage and pharmacokinetic properties.
The organisation of the multigene family which encodes the major cell surface protein, pMGA, of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (1994)

The genome of the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum contains a number of related genes for putative adhesion molecules (pMGA). Cloning and sequence analysis of several pMGA genes suggested that all of them might be transcriptionally and translationally functional. Analysis of the gene sequence encoding the sole pMGA variant expressed in vitro in the S6 strain (pMGA1.1) revealed no unambiguous feature that could account for its unique expression. It is estimated that the pMGA gene family may contain up to 50 members, and its possible role is discussed herein.
Controlled Cortical Impact: A New Experimental Brain Injury Model (1988)

A new experimental model of mechanical brain injury was produced in the laboratory ferret (Mustela putorius furo) using a stroke-constrained pneumatic impactor. Cortical impacts were made on vertex to the intact dura mater overlying the cerebral cortex with contact velocities ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 m/sec and with deformations of 2.0 to 5.0 mm. The dwell time of the impact and the stability of the skull during impact were verified with high speed (1000 to 3000 frames/sec) cineradiography. Systemic arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration were monitored, and postinjury changes were recorded. Anatomic brain injury, including subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, tears or rents of the dura mater, and contusions of the cortex, brainstem, cervical spinal cord, and cerebellum was observed. Injury responses ranged from no apparent anatomic injury or alterations in the systemic physiology at low severity impact (2.0 m/sec, 2.0 mm) to immediate fatality in the highest severity impact groups (4.0 m/sec, 4.0 mm). The range of changes in systemic physiology and of pathology in the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord was a function of both contact velocity and the amount of brain deformation. In two cases where postinjury time was 8-10 h, diffuse axonal injury, indicated by beaded axons and retraction balls, was present in subcortical regions underlying the site of impact. The spectrum of anatomic injury and systemic physiologic responses closely resembled aspects of closed head injury seen clinically. This procedure complements and improves on existing techniques by allowing independent control of contact velocity and level of deformation of the brain to facilitate biomechanical and analytic modeling of brain trauma. Graded cortical contusions and subcortical injury are produced by precisely controlled brain deformations, thereby allowing questions to be addressed regarding the influence of contact velocity and level of deformation on the anatomic and functional severity of brain injury.
Effects of monoclonal antibodies against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex on thrombosis and hemostasis in the baboon. (1988)

To assess the hemostatic consequences and antithrombotic effectiveness of blocking the platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor for fibrinogen and other adhesive glycoproteins in vivo, well characterized murine monoclonal antibodies against the platelet GP IIb/IIIa complex, AP-2 and LJ-CP8, were infused intravenously into baboons. Four animals each received doses of 0.2, 0.4, and 1.0 mg/kg of purified AP-2 IgG, and three animals were given 1.0 mg/kg of the F(ab)2 fragment of AP-2. Five additional animals were given 10 mg/kg LJ-CP8 IgG. At the highest dose, radiolabeled AP-2 IgG bound to an average of 33,000 sites on the circulating platelets. Serial measurements included platelet count, bleeding time, platelet aggregation (induced by ADP, collagen, and gamma-thrombin), and 111In-platelet deposition onto Dacron vascular grafts. Bleeding times were markedly prolonged after injection of 1.0 mg/kg AP-2 IgG (19.2 +/- 3.4 min), 1.0 mg/kg AP-2 F(ab)2 (16.5 +/- 1.8 min), and 10 mg/kg LJ-CP8 (greater than 30 min) vs. control studies (4.6 +/- 0.2 min), and remained prolonged for 48 h. With each antibody platelet aggregation was initially reduced or absent, with partial recovery over 48 h in a manner that was inversely related to dose. AP-2, both whole IgG and F(ab)2 fragment, but not LJ-CP8, caused a dose-dependent reduction (20-46%) in the circulating platelet count over 24 h. Neither AP-2 nor LJ-CP8 caused a reduction in intraplatelet platelet factor 4, beta-thromboglobulin, or [14C]serotonin. Graft-associated platelet thrombus formation was reduced by 73% (1.0 mg/kg AP-2 IgG and 10 mg/kg LJ-CP8) and 53% (1.0 mg/kg AP-2 F(ab)2) relative to control values. In contrast, neither heparin (100 U/kg) nor aspirin (32.5 mg/kg twice a day) showed antithrombotic efficacy in this model. Thus, antibodies that functionally alter the platelet GP IIb/IIIa complex may produce immediate, potent, and transient, antihemostatic, and antithrombotic effects.
Roller Bit Model With Rock Ductility and Cone Offset (1987)

ABSTRACT This paper presents a model which relates roller bit penetration rates to the bit design, the operating conditions, and the rock mechanics. Rock ductility is identified as a major influence on bit performance. Cone offset is recognized as an important design feature for drilling ductile rock. Each roller bit style is characterized via a laboratory drilling procedure. Mechanical behavior of the laboratory rocks is characterized via triaxial compression tests. The model relates these factors to predict the drilling response of each bit under reasonable combinations of operating conditions. Decomposition of the model provides a quantitative analysis of the bit mechanics. The roller bit model provides two modes of field application. First, field data can be interpreted to generate a continuous rock strength log. These strengths correlate closely to the triaxial compressive strength of the rock at a confining pressure that is equal to the effective bottomhole differential pressure. The rock strength log can then be utilized to predict and interpret roller bit performance in offset wells.
New Zealand Epidemic of Meningococcal Disease Identified by a Strain with Phenotype B:4:P1.4 (1998)

New Zealand is experiencing an epidemic of serogroup B meningococcal disease, which has taken the rate of disease from an average of 1.5/100,000 population in the preepidemic years of 1989 and 1990 to 14.0/100,000 in 1996. Sterile-site isolates of Neisseria meningitidis from cases of invasive disease have been phenotypically characterized by serogrouping, serotyping, and serosubtyping, revealing the involvement of a strain with phenotype B:4:P1.4. Macrorestriction analysis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis on 667 meningococci isolated from cases during the epidemic has identified the clonal relationship of meningococci expressing the PorA P1.4 antigen. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis has shown the epidemic strain B:4:P1.4 to belong to lineage III. The recorded characteristics of New Zealand's epidemic are consistent with previous serogroup B epidemics in other parts of the world.
Operation of an Electroporation Device for Grape Mash (2010)

In the course of the production of red wine, electroporation of mash enables a fast extraction of the red pigments from the skin without remarkable heating of the mash. For white wine, the formation of pores in the cells fosters, among others, the extraction of flavoring substances. During the harvest in 2008, the electroporation device KEA-WEIN has been operated successfully in two wineries. All together, more than 5 m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> of mash has been treated. During this year's experiments, some experience in the operation of the electroporation device on-site in a winery has been gained. To facilitate the evaluation of the experimental results, the electroporation device has been equipped with different sensors and measurement systems, e.g., for the power drawn from the grid and the temperature of the mash before and after the electroporation. The data logged during one exemplary run are presented in this paper. Based on the measurements, an estimation about the energy consumption and efficiency of the device has been made. Must and wine made from the grape varieties Pinot Noir and Riesling have been chemically analyzed. Selected data are presented in this paper.
Molecular Design of a C2-Symmetric Chiral Phase-Transfer Catalyst for Practical Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Amino Acids (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTMolecular Design of a C2-Symmetric Chiral Phase-Transfer Catalyst for Practical Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Amino AcidsTakashi Ooi, Minoru Kameda, and Keiji MaruokaView Author Information Department of Chemistry Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810, Japan Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 27, 6519–6520Publication Date (Web):July 14, 1999Publication History Received5 April 1999Published online14 July 1999Published inissue 1 July 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja991062whttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja991062wrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views8554Altmetric-Citations361LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Addition reactions,Alcohols,Catalysts,Post-translational modification,Stereoselectivity Get e-Alerts
Supramolecular Polymers: Historical Development, Preparation, Characterization, and Functions (2015)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTSupramolecular Polymers: Historical Development, Preparation, Characterization, and FunctionsLiulin Yang, Xinxin Tan, Zhiqiang Wang, and Xi Zhang*View Author Information Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 15, 7196–7239Publication Date (Web):March 13, 2015Publication History Received5 November 2014Published online13 March 2015Published inissue 12 August 2015https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr500633bhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr500633breview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2015 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views30479Altmetric-Citations1069LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Ions,Monomers,Oligomers,Polymerization,Polymers Get e-Alerts