gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vascularized three-dimensional skeletal muscle tissue-engineering. (2001)

Medical science continues to battle against the loss or failure of organs or tissues. Since, skeletal muscle loss lead not only to the functional compromise of the affected site, but also a structural deformation; tissue engineering of skeletal muscle attempts to provide solutions to replace loss of tissue contour and function. In our study, myoblasts seeded onto polyglycolic acid (PGA) meshes were used to engineer skeletal muscle tissue in vivo. The cell-polymer constructs harvested after a period of 6-weeks were well vascularized three-dimensional structures with the ability to generate neo-muscle-like tissue. This is the first time that the ability of myoblasts to survive in vivo in the absence of mature skeletal muscle tissue was demonstrated. The successful ability to transplant myoblasts using biodegradable polymer strands without using the traditional transplantation buffer mediums as carriers was also employed for the first time.
Effects of Vitamin K2 (Menatetrenone) on Atherosclerosis and Blood Coagulation in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits. (1997)

Gamma-Carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-containing protein, synthesized in the presence of vitamin K, has been found in atherogenic plaques, but the pharmacological effect of vitamin K on atherosclerosis is unclear. We examined whether vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) could affect the progression of both atherosclerosis and hypercoagulability in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Vitamin K2 in daily doses of 1, 10 and 100 mg/kg was given with a 0.5% cholesterol diet for 10 weeks to 8 rabbits each. The plasma levels of total-cholesterol in the vitamin K2-treated groups were clearly lower than that of the hypercholesterolemic control group. The excessive dose of vitamin K2, even at the high dose of 100 mg/kg/day for 10 weeks, did not accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis and did not promote the coagulative tendency in the rabbits. In contrast, the vitamin K2 treatment (1 to 10 mg/kg/day) suppressed the progression of atherosclerotic plaques, intima-thickening and pulmonary atherosclerosis, the increase of ester-cholesterol deposition in the aorta, and both the elevation in plasma factor X level and increase in Hepaplastin test value in the rabbits. These results indicate that the pharmacological dose of vitamin K2 prevents both the progression of atherosclerosis and the coagulative tendency by reducing the total-cholesterol, lipid peroxidation and factor X activity in plasma, and the ester-cholesterol deposition in the aorta in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
Immunotherapy with oral BCG and serial immune evaluation in childhood lymphoblastic leukemia following three years of chemotherapy (1980)

Thirty-nine children with ALL who had completed three years of chemotherapy were randomized to receive oral BCG for immunotherapy or no treatment as controls. There was not a significant difference between the two groups in the relapse rate. Among the immune parameters, only in vitro blastogenic responses to PHA and PPD rose significantly in the BCG group compared with the controls. Skin testing also revealed evidence of tuberculin sensitization. The group as a whole was studied for the kinetic recovery of immune functions after the cessation of chemotherapy, which revealed a dissociation in both cellular and humoral systems. At three weeks after therapy, only peripheral blood lymphocyte count, non T-cells, and serum IgM showed a significant abnormality. There was a rise in these parameters in the subsequent weeks, and the non-T-cell count reached normal levels sooner than the other two parameters. Children who were less than 5 years of age at the time of diagnosis showed a lesser degree of immunosuppression after long-term chemotherapy compared with those who were greater than or equal to 5 years of age. The analysis of the data indicated a relationship between the low serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA) and disease status.
Reaction of Ambident Dianions with Oxalic Acid Dielectrophiles – Effect of the Heteroatoms of the Dinucleophile on the Regiochemistry of Cyclization (1998)

Y-Shaped ambident dianions 1-6 were reacted with dielectrophilic oxalic acid-bis(imidoyl)dichlorides 7 providing a convenient access to novel N-heterocycles 8-13 containing a heteroanalogous oxalic acid unit. The cyclization reactions generally proceeded with good regioselectivity which is controlled by the heteroatoms of the dianion reagents.
Discovery of Novel and Ligand-Efficient Inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivaxN-Myristoyltransferase (2012)

N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an attractive antiprotozoan drug target. A lead-hopping approach was utilized in the design and synthesis of novel benzo[b]thiophene-containing inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv) NMT. These inhibitors are selective against Homo sapiens NMT1 (HsNMT), have excellent ligand efficiency (LE), and display antiparasitic activity in vitro. The binding mode of this series was determined by crystallography and shows a novel binding mode for the benzothiophene ring.
Nano-lithographically fabricated titanium dioxide based visible frequency three dimensional gap photonic crystal (2007)

Photonic crystals (PC) have emerged as important types of structures for light manipulation. Ultimate control of light is possible by creating PCs with a complete three dimensional (3D) gap [1, 2]. This has proven to be a considerable challenge in the visible and ultraviolet frequencies mainly due to complications in integrating transparent, high refractive index (n) materials with fabrication techniques to create ~ 100nm features with long range translational order. In this letter, we demonstrate a nano-lithography approach based on a multilevel electron beam direct write and physical vapor deposition, to fabricate four-layer titania woodpile PCs that potentially exhibit complete 3D gap at visible wavelengths. We achieved a short wavelength bandedge of 525nm with a 300nm lattice constant PC. Due to the nanoscale precision and capability for defect control, the nanolithography approach represents an important step toward novel visible photonic devices for lighting, lasers, sensing and biophotonics.
Hypophosphatasia in Adults: Clinical Assessment and Treatment Considerations (2017)

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a rare inherited disorder of bone affecting approximately 500 to 600 known individuals in the United States. HPP is the result of mutations involving the gene for tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase. Five clinical types of HPP are recognized. The clinical presentation of HPP varies from devastating prenatal intrauterine disease to mild manifestations in adulthood. In adults, main clinical involvement includes early loss of primary or secondary teeth, osteoporosis, bone pain, chondrocalcinosis, and fractures. Treatment for HPP is limited. Asfotase alfa is a subcutaneously administered synthetic human alkaline phosphatase that is approved for treatment of patients, including adults, with perinatal/infantile- and juvenile-onset HPP. However, guidelines for the treatment of adults with HPP are not available. This discussion addresses diagnostic and treatment considerations for adults with HPP. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Emerging Evidence for a Functional Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2-Angiotensin-(1-7)-Mas Receptor Axis (2007)

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Biocompatible Osteoconductive Polymer Versus Iliac Graft (1996)

Biocompatible osteoconductive polymer acts as a good "spacer" that reduces graft collapse and intersegmental kyphosis. However, it did not show any radiologic evidence of biodegradation or incorporation during the follow-up period of 24 months.
Stochastic Backpropagation and Approximate Inference in Deep Generative Models (2014)

We marry ideas from deep neural networks and approximate Bayesian inference to derive a generalised class of deep, directed generative models, endowed with a new algorithm for scalable inference and learning. Our algorithm introduces a recognition model to represent approximate posterior distributions, and that acts as a stochastic encoder of the data. We develop stochastic back-propagation -- rules for back-propagation through stochastic variables -- and use this to develop an algorithm that allows for joint optimisation of the parameters of both the generative and recognition model. We demonstrate on several real-world data sets that the model generates realistic samples, provides accurate imputations of missing data and is a useful tool for high-dimensional data visualisation.
Toward Dark Silicon in Servers (2011)

Server chips will not scale beyond a few tens to low hundreds of cores, and an increasing fraction of the chip in future technologies will be dark silicon that we cannot afford to power. Specialized multicore processors, however, can leverage the underutilized die area to overcome the initial power barrier, delivering significantly higher performance for the same bandwidth and power envelopes.
Load dependence of left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations during short-term coronary artery occlusion. (1991)

We evaluated the effect of altered loading conditions on left ventricular (LV) diastolic pressure-volume relations during acute coronary artery occlusion that was produced by inflation of an intracoronary balloon. Open-chest anesthetized dogs (n = 18) were instrumented so that LV pressure (micromanometer) and LV volume (conductance) could be measured without disturbing the pericardium. The effects of brief periods of occlusion (1-2 minutes) were assessed under steady-state conditions before and after dextran infusion with the pericardium present and absent and during vena caval occlusion. Under steady-state conditions before dextran infusion with the pericardium removed, at an LV end-diastolic pressure (EDP) of 8.4 +/- 1.4 mm Hg, occlusion resulted in a rightward shift in the diastolic portion of the LV pressure-volume loop (delta LVEDP, 2.7 +/- 2.3 mm Hg; delta LVEDV, 6.3 +/- 4.7 ml, both p less than 0.05 versus control). After dextran infusion (LVEDP, 20.9 +/- 6.0 mm Hg), occlusion resulted in a rightward and upward shift in the diastolic portion of the LV pressure-volume loop (delta LVEDP, 5.8 +/- 4.4 mm Hg; delta LVEDV, 4.2 +/- 3.0 ml, both p less than 0.05 versus control). At low cardiac volumes before dextran infusion, the intact pericardium did not affect the response to occlusion. By contrast, after dextran infusion in the presence of an intact pericardium, LVEDP significantly increased (delta, 6.4 +/- 3.6 mm Hg, p less than 0.05) but LVDEV did not (delta, 0.7 +/- 1.5 ml, p = NS). There was a parallel upward shift in the diastolic portion of the LV pressure-volume loop that was eliminated by removal of the pericardium. Thus, the change in LV diastolic pressure and volume during occlusion varied and depended on the baseline cardiac volume and presence of the pericardium. Before dextran infusion with the pericardium present and absent, coronary artery occlusion did not alter the LV diastolic chamber stiffness parameter, which was calculated from the diastolic interval of an averaged steady-state beat (0.040 +/- 0.019 versus 0.036 +/- 0.015 mm Hg/ml, p = NS). After dextran infusion with the pericardium present and absent, coronary artery occlusion increased the LV diastolic chamber stiffness parameter (0.057 +/- 0.034 and 0.074 +/- 0.034 mm Hg/ml, both p less than 0.05 versus controls, respectively). Vena caval occlusion eliminated the shifts in the diastolic portion of the LV pressure-volume loop with the pericardium present and absent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Generation of helper-free amphotropic retroviruses that transduce a dominant-acting, methotrexate-resistant dihydrofolate reductase gene. (1985)

We constructed several retroviruses which transduced a mutant dihydrofolate reductase gene that was resistant to methotrexate inhibition and functioned as a dominant selectable marker. The titer of dihydrofolate reductase-transducing virus produced by virus-producing cells could be increased to very high levels by selection of the cells in increasing concentrations of methotrexate. Helper virus-free dihydrofolate reductase-transducing virus was also generated by using a broad-host-range amphotropic retroviral packaging system. Cell lines producing helper-free dihydrofolate reductase-transducing virus with a titer of 4 X 10(6) per ml were generated. These retroviral vectors should have general utility for high-efficiency transduction of genes in cultured cells and in animals.
Human nerve growth factor sensitizes masseter muscle nociceptors in female rats (2010)

Injection of nerve growth factor (NGF) into the masseter muscle is not painful but does induce a localized, quick onset ( approximately 1h) and long-lasting mechanical sensitization in healthy human subjects. We tested the hypothesis that human NGF mechanically sensitizes masseter muscle nociceptors by increasing the sensitivity of peripheral N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Co-expression of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor with P75 and TrkA NGF receptors by trigeminal ganglion neurons that innervate the masseter muscle was investigated immunohistochemically. Nociceptor activity was recorded extracellularly from the trigeminal ganglion of anaesthetized female rats. Nociceptor mechanical threshold was assessed before and every 30 min for 3h after injection of human NGF (25 microg/ml, 10 microl, n=12), and in subsequent experiments NGF with TrkA (n=12) or P75 (n=11) receptor antibodies. Glutamate (1M, 10 microl) was injected at the end of each experiment. Approximately 85% of NR2B positive masseter ganglion neurons co-expressed P75 or TrkA receptors, suggesting the potential for interaction. When compared with the vehicle control, it was found that injection of NGF into the masseter muscle did not evoke significant nociceptor discharge but did significantly reduce nociceptor mechanical threshold ( approximately 30%). There was no effect of NGF on glutamate-evoked nociceptor discharge or glutamate-induced mechanical sensitization. Additional experiments indicated that NGF-induced mechanical sensitization could be partially attenuated with TrkA receptor antibodies, but not P75 receptor antibodies. These findings indicate that human NGF-induced sensitization of masseter nociceptors results, in part, from the activation of TrkA receptors, but does not appear to be mediated through enhanced peripheral NMDA receptor activity.
2011년 가족법의 개정 동향 -친권,후견을 중심으로- (2011)

2011년 상반기에는 가족법과 관련된 세 가지 법률이 국회에서 통과되었다. 4월 29일에 친권법 개정안이, 이어서 6월 29일에는 입양특례법 개정안과 아동복지법 개정안이 국회를 통과하였다. 입양특례법과 아동복지법이 개정되면서 이 법률들에 각각 포함되어 있던 친권 및 후견에 관한 규정도 큰 폭으로 개정되었다. 이 논문에서는 위의 세 가지 가족법 관련 법률 중에서 친권과 후견 분야에 대하여 집중적으로 살펴보았다. 그 결과 주목할 만한 변화의 흐름을 발견할 수 있었는데, 그것은 한마디로 요약하면, 과거에 ``부모 중심``으로 구성되어 있었던 법이 ``자녀의 복리를 우선적으로 고려하는 방향``으로 변화하고 있다는 점이다. 구체적으로 살펴보면, 우선 현재의 실무는 이혼 시 단독친권자로 정해진 부모의 일방이 사망한 경우에 생존친이 자동으로 친권자가 된다는 태도를 취하고 있어서(친권자동부활론) 자녀의 복리를 침해하는 여러 가지 문제를 야기하고 있는데, 개정 친권법은 단독친권자로 정해진 부모의 일방이 사망한 경우에는 생존친이 법원의 심판을 거쳐 친권자가 될 수 있게 함으로써 이러한 문제를 해결하였다. 현행 아동복지법은 친권상실선고의 청구권자를 행정기관으로 제한하고 있어서 부모가 자녀를 학대하는 사례가 있어도 실제로 대부분의 경우에 친권상실선고가 청구되지 않는다는 문제가 있다. 개정 아동복지법은 친권상실선고를 청구할 수 있는 청구권자의 범위를 확대하여, 일정한 경우에는 아동보호전문기관의 장, 학교장 등 현장에서 일차적으로 아동학대사례를 접하게 되는 기관의 장에 대해서도 친권상실선고를 청구할 수 있는 권한을 인정하였다. 이로써 부모가 자녀를 학대하는 사례가 발생하는 경우에 보다 신속하게 학대행위자인 부모의 친권을 상실시키고 자녀를 보호하는 조치를 취할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 현행「입양촉진 및 절차에 관한 특례법」은 부모가 입양에 동의할 때 친권을 포기하도록 하고, 입양기관의 장이 아동의 후견인이 되어 입양절차를 진행한다는 방식을 취하고 있다. 그러나 친권은 부모가 임의로 포기할 수 있는 성질의 것이 아니므로, 포기의 의사표시에 의해서 친권이 소멸되는 것으로 의제하여 입양기관의 장이 후견인이 되는 것은 우리 법체계와 모순된다는 비판이 있었다. 개정 입양특례법은 ``친권행사의 정지``라는 제도를 새로 도입하여, 부모가 입양에 동의하면서 입양기관에 자녀를 인도하는 경우에는 부모의 친권행사가 정지되는 것으로 규정하였다. 그리고 부모가 입양의 동의를 철회하면(개정 입양특례법에 의하면 부모는 법원의 입양허가가 있기 전까지는 입양의 동의를 철회할 수 있다), 다시 친권을 행사할 수 있는 것으로 함으로써 현행법의 문제를 해결하였다. 2011년에 국회에서 통과된 가족법 분야의 개정법률은 부모의 권리보호에 지나치게 치우쳐 자녀의 보호라는 측면에서 문제를 야기하고 있는 법률을 개정하는 한편(``친권자동부활론``의 폐기, 친권상실선고의 청구에 관한 규정의 개정), 부모의 권리를 부당하게 침해하는 동시에 자녀의 복리에도 부정적인 영향을 미치는 제도를 개선(``친권의 포기``를 ``친권행사의 정지``로 대체한 입양특례법의 개정)함으로써 부모의 권리와 자녀의 복리를 균형있게 보호하는 방향으로 한 걸음 크게 나아갔다고 평가할 수 있을 것이다.
Array-data flow analysis and its use in array privatization (1993)

Data-flow analysis of scalar variables and data dependence analysis on array elements are two important program analyses used in optimizing and parallelizing compilers. Traditional data-flow analysis models accesses of array elements simply as accesses to the entire array, and is inadequate for parallelizing loops in array-based programs. On the other hand, data dependence analysis differentiates between different array elements but is flow-insensitive.
Furin Cleavage Potentiates the Membrane Fusion-Controlling Intersubunit Disulfide Bond Isomerization Activity of Leukemia Virus Env (2006)

The membrane fusion protein of murine leukemia virus is a trimer of a disulfide-linked peripheral-transmembrane (SU-TM) subunit complex. The intersubunit disulfide bond is in SU linked to a disulfide bond isomerization motif, CXXC, with which the virus controls its fusion reaction (M. Wallin, M. Ekström, and H. Garoff, EMBO J. 23:54-65, 2004). Upon receptor binding the isomerase rearranges the intersubunit disulfide bond into a disulfide bond isomer within the motif. This facilitates SU dissociation and fusion activation in the TM subunit. In the present study we have asked whether furin cleavage of the Env precursor potentiates the isomerase to be triggered. To this end we accumulated the late form of the precursor, gp90, in the cell by incubation in the presence of a furin-inhibiting peptide. The isomerization was done by NP-40 incubation or by a heat pulse under alkylation-free conditions. The cells were lysed in the presence of alkylator, and the precursor was immunoprecipitated, gel isolated, deglycosylated, and subjected to complete trypsin digestion. Disulfide-linked peptide complexes were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-tricine-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions. This assay revealed the size of the characteristic major disulfide-linked peptide complex that differentiates the two isomers of the disulfide bond between Cys336 (or Cys339) and Cys563, i.e., the bond corresponding to the intersubunit disulfide bond. The analyses showed that the isomerase was five- to eightfold more resistant to triggering in the precursor than in the mature, cleaved form. This suggests that the isomerase becomes potentiated for triggering by a structural change in Env that is induced by furin cleavage in the cell.
The Development of Hospice Palliative Care in Taiwan (2001)

Taiwan's first hospice ward was established in 1990 at the (Christian) Mackay Memorial Hospital in Taipei County. Foreign experiences were introduced continuously. In 1995, a palliative ward was established at the National Taiwan University Hospital in Taipei City, which was followed by booming of hospice palliative care in various aspects and locations of the nation. Three foundations for promotion of this movement were established, namely, the Catholic Sanipax Socio-Medical Service & Education Foundation (1983), the (Christian) Taiwan Hospice Foundation (1990) and the Buddhist Lotus Hospice Care Foundation (1994). The Taiwan Hospice Organization was founded in 1995 to unite all personells involved. In 1999, the Taiwan Academy of Hospice Palliative Medicine was established by physicians engaged in hospice palliative movement. As there are nearly 30,000 cancer deaths yearly in Taiwan, the Department of Health established a Task Force for Hospice Care in 1995. With the governmental support, hospice home care was enrolled in the National Health Insurance program in 1996, and a special per diem payment for hospice in-ward service was enrolled into the National Health Insurance by 2000. However, the existing medical laws require physicians to do all efforts to rescue patients in critical conditions. It made the medical practice of do no resuscitation (DNR) in the terminally ill patients in hospice care not legally sound. With the promotion of all people concerned, the Hospice Palliative Care Act (a natural death act), was finally enacted into law in June 7, 2000. Taiwan's terminal patients thus can enjoy peaceful dying in dignity both medically and legally. The voice for promotion of euthanasia was calmed down. Taiwan is on the way to establishing widely distributed hospice palliative units to cover all counties and cities.
Transdermal Ketamine as an Adjuvant for Postoperative Analgesia After Abdominal Gynecological Surgery Using Lidocaine Epidural Blockade (2000)

Transdermal delivery of ketamine was an useful adjuvant to postoperative analgesia after epidural lidocaine blockade in the population studied.
State-of-the-Art in Force and Tactile Sensing for Minimally Invasive Surgery (2008)

Haptic perception plays a very important role in surgery. It enables the surgeon to feel organic tissue hardness, measure tissue properties, evaluate anatomical structures, and allows him/her to commit appropriate force control actions for safe tissue manipulation. However, in minimally invasive surgery, the surgeon's ability of perceiving valuable haptic information through surgical instruments is severely impaired. Performing the surgery without such sensory information could lead to increase of tissue trauma and vital organic tissue damage. In order to restore the surgeon's perceptual capability, methods of force and tactile sensing have been applied with attempts to develop instruments that can be used to detect tissue contact forces and generate haptic feedback to the surgeon. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in force and tactile sensing technologies applied in minimally invasive surgery. Several sensing strategies including displacement-based, current-based, pressure-based, resistive-based, capacitive-based, piezoelectric-based, vibration-based, and optical-based sensing are discussed.
Detection, Quantitation, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Noroviruses in Japanese Oysters (2003)

Noroviruses (NVs) cause many cases of oyster- or clam-associated gastroenteritis in various countries. We collected 191 samples from Japanese oysters intended for raw consumption that had been harvested from the sea in two different areas between December 2001 and February 2002. To detect, quantitate, and phylogenetically analyze the NV genome in purified concentrates from the stomachs and digestive diverticula of these oysters, we amplified the NV capsid gene by reverse transcription-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by using the neighbor-joining method. We detected the NV genome in 17 of 191 oysters (9%). Phylogenetic analysis indicated genogroup I (Norwalk virus type) in 3 of the 17 oysters and genogroup II (Snow Mountain virus type) in the other 14. Both genogroups showed wide genetic diversity. To quantify the NV capsid gene in these oysters, we performed real-time PCR using genogroup-specific probes. More than 10(2) copies of the NV genome were detected in 11 of 17 oysters. The results suggested that about 10% of Japanese oysters intended for raw consumption harbored NVs, and more than 50% of those oysters in which NVs were detected had a large amount.