gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design aspects of MOS controlled thyristor elements (2003)

The authors have fabricated 2.5-kV thyristor devices with integrated MOS controlled n/sup +/ emitter shorts and a bipolar turn-on gate using a p-channel MOS technology. Square-cell geometries with pitch variations ranging from 15 to 30 mu m were implemented in one- and two-dimensional arrays with up to 20000 units. The impact of the cell pitch on the turn-off performance and the on-state voltage was studied for arrays with constant cathode area as well as for single-cell structures. By realizing MOS components with submicron channel lengths, scaled single cells are shown to turn off with current densities of several thousands of amperes per square centimeter at a gate bias of 5 V. Critical process parameters as well as the device behavior were optimized through multidimensional simulation studies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Vascular endothelial growth factor, its receptors, and the Tie receptor in normal and complicated pregnancy (2000)

Function and Localization Soluble forms VEGF receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) Tie-1 and Tie-2 receptors Structure Expression and Function VEGF and clinical medicine VEGF and
Evolution of Symbiotic Bacteria in the Distal Human Intestine (2007)

The adult human intestine contains trillions of bacteria, representing hundreds of species and thousands of subspecies. Little is known about the selective pressures that have shaped and are shaping this community's component species, which are dominated by members of the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes divisions. To examine how the intestinal environment affects microbial genome evolution, we have sequenced the genomes of two members of the normal distal human gut microbiota, Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides distasonis, and by comparison with the few other sequenced gut and non-gut Bacteroidetes, analyzed their niche and habitat adaptations. The results show that lateral gene transfer, mobile elements, and gene amplification have played important roles in affecting the ability of gut-dwelling Bacteroidetes to vary their cell surface, sense their environment, and harvest nutrient resources present in the distal intestine. Our findings show that these processes have been a driving force in the adaptation of Bacteroidetes to the distal gut environment, and emphasize the importance of considering the evolution of humans from an additional perspective, namely the evolution of our microbiomes.
Interactions between Organized, Surface-Confined Monolayers and Vapor-Phase Probe Molecules. 11. Synthesis, Characterization, and Chemical Sensitivity of Self-Assembled Polydiacetylene/Calix[n]arene Bilayers (1996)

We report the synthesis and characterization of self-assembled polydiacetylene (PDA)/4-tert-butylcalix[n]arene (where n = 4 and 6, abbreviated as CA[4] and CA[6], respectively) bilayers on Au surfaces. The PDA/CA[n] bilayers act as chemically sensitive interfaces that are resistant to high thermal stresses and extreme electrochemical potentials, both of which may be encountered in technologically significant sensing applications. Moreover, these simply prepared bilayer materials are excellent protosystems for studying a range of important sensor-related issues. Here we discuss the linking chemistry that leads to calixarene immobilization and examine the role calixarenes play in vapor-phase sensing applications using surface acoustic wave (SAW) mass balances and Fourier transform infrared−external reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ERS). FTIR-ERS spectra indicate that CA[n] reacts with the acid chloride-terminated PDA self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to form ester linkages. Using irreversible adsorption of vapor-phase n-butylamine onto the CA[n] bilayer-coated SAW devices as an indirect nanogravimetric probe of surface coverage, we calculate that CA[4] and CA[6] cover 58% and 61%, respectively, of the PDA surface. The irreversibly bound n-butylamine serves a secondary purpose by effectively filling voids between calixarenes, which hinders access to them by the vapor-phase molecules. Dosing the bilayer-coated SAW devices with VOCs after exposure to n-butylamine permits a better understanding of the role of the calixarene cavities relative to nonspecific adsorption at, for example, defect sites between CA[n] molecules. Additional control experiments involving PDA/CA[n] analogs, such as phenyl-terminated PDA, show that VOC adsorption is enhanced only on the CA[n] surfaces. This strongly suggests the presence of a specific interaction between the CA[n] cavities and VOCs rather than simple nonspecific adsorption.
Transformation of the Green Alga Haematococcus pluvialis with a Phytoene Desaturase for Accelerated Astaxanthin Biosynthesis (2006)

Astaxanthin is a high-value carotenoid which is used as a pigmentation source in fish aquaculture. Additionally, a beneficial role of astaxanthin as a food supplement for humans has been suggested. The unicellular alga Haematococcus pluvialis is a suitable biological source for astaxanthin production. In the context of the strong biotechnological relevance of H. pluvialis, we developed a genetic transformation protocol for metabolic engineering of this green alga. First, the gene coding for the carotenoid biosynthesis enzyme phytoene desaturase was isolated from H. pluvialis and modified by site-directed mutagenesis, changing the leucine codon at position 504 to an arginine codon. In an in vitro assay, the modified phytoene desaturase was still active in conversion of phytoene to zeta-carotene and exhibited 43-fold-higher resistance to the bleaching herbicide norflurazon. Upon biolistic transformation using the modified phytoene desaturase gene as a reporter and selection with norflurazon, integration into the nuclear genome of H. pluvialis and phytoene desaturase gene and protein expression were demonstrated by Southern, Northern, and Western blotting, respectively, in 11 transformants. Some of the transformants had a higher carotenoid content in the green state, which correlated with increased nonphotochemical quenching. This measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence can be used as a screening procedure for stable transformants. Stress induction of astaxanthin biosynthesis by high light showed that there was accelerated accumulation of astaxanthin in one of the transformants compared to the accumulation in the wild type. Our results strongly indicate that the modified phytoene desaturase gene is a useful tool for genetic engineering of carotenoid biosynthesis in H. pluvialis.
Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria of childhood: a review of the management and unusual presenting features of six cases (1998)

We report six cases of children presenting with paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria occurring in a 3-year period in the north-west of England. In all six cases the onset of the illness was dramatic and its duration brief. We note the prominent red cell agglutination was evident in the blood film, the absence of a prompt reticulocyte response and a negative classical direct Donath Landsteiner test in each of these cases. The Direct Coombs Test (DCT) was positive when anticomplement reagents were used but high titres of free autoantibody were not demonstrated in the serum.
Development of an optimized refolding process for recombinant Ala–Glu–IGF-1 (1992)

Denatured and reduced N-terminal extended insulin-like growth factor-1 (AE-IGF-1) was purified from Escherichia coli extracts and subjected to in vitro folding. The renaturation process was shown to be a function of the redox potential of the solution. Folding by different methods had no significant effect on the renaturation. A maximal yield of 60% (w/w) was obtained. The folded AE-IGF-1 was enzymatically converted to IGF-1. The major by-product (20% w/w) was identified as scrambled IGF-1. Enzymatic digestion at alkaline and acidic pH suggested two possible disulphide bond arrangements; (i) Cys6-Cys47, Cys18-Cys61, Cys48-Cys52; or (ii) Cys6-Cys52, Cys18-Cys61, Cys47 and Cys48 being in their reduced forms. Energy minimization and molecular modelling suggested that the scrambled IGF-1, having reduced cysteines at positions 47 and 48, was the energetically most stable conformation of the two.
Specific amplification of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi DNA from clinical specimens by polymerase chain reaction (1991)

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect Rickettsia tsutsugamushi-specific DNA in clinical specimens. The primer pair used for PCR was designed from the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the 56-kDa antigen of the Gilliam strain. Theses primers led to a 78-bp fragment by amplifying the genomic DNAs from five serovariants, i.e., the Gilliam, Karp, Kato, Kawasaki, and Kuroki strains of R. tsutsugamushi, and also the DNA from blood clots of patients with scrub typhus, even at the early stage of onset of the disease. This indicates that this method is suitable for the diagnosis of scrub typhus.
Whispering‐Gallery‐Mode Lasing from a Semiconductor Nanocrystal/Microsphere Resonator Composite (2005)

Spherical whispering-gallery-mode lasers employing CdSe/ZnS semiconductor nanocrystals (see Figure, inset scale bar: 15 μm) are assembled on a substrate using a simple, robust spin-coating fabrication method. The flexibility to choose the size of the microsphere template and the emission wavelength allows for the observation of single-mode lasing. At higher excitation intensities, lasing from higher multiexcitonic states is also observed.
Lidocaine Infusion: A Promising Therapeutic Approach for Chronic Pain (2017)

Opioid abuse is a national epidemic in the United States, where it is estimated that a prescription drug overdose death occurs every 19 minutes. While opioids are highly effective in acute and subacute pain control, their use for treatment of chronic pain is controversial. Chronic opioids use is associated with tolerance, dependency, hyperalgesia. Although there are new strategies and practice guidelines to reduce opioid dependence and opioid prescription drug overdose, there has been little focus on development of opioid-sparing therapeutic approaches. Lidocaine infusion has been shown to be successful in controlling pain where other agents have failed. The opioid sparing properties of lidocaine infusion added to its analgesic and antihyperalgesic properties make lidocaine infusion a viable option for pain control in opioid dependent patients. In this review, we provide an overview of the opioid abuse epidemic, and we outline current evidence supporting the potential use of lidocaine infusion as an adjuvant therapeutic approach for management of chronic pain.
Polo-like kinases: a team that plays throughout mitosis (1998)

When the first mutant allele of the Drosophila genepolo was first characterized over 10 years ago, attention focused on the defects that centrosome behavior exhibited at various stages of development (Sunkel and Glover 1988). The subsequent realization that the serine-threonine kinase it encodes is highly conserved from yeasts to humans has provoked a flurry of investigation into the function of the enzyme. A role for the polo-like kinases (plks) in regulating centrosome behavior has been borne out in several organisms, and the enzymes have attracted further attention recently with the realization that they regulate multiple stages of mitotic progression. In this article we review the current status of our understanding of the functions of plks from the time of commitment to M phase in the activation of Cdc25, through the activation of the anaphase promoting complex (APC), to the regulation of late mitotic events essential for cytokinesis. We discuss how to reconcile the sometimes apparently disparate observations made upon plk function in different organisms.
Fracture and structure of highly crosslinked polymer composites (1991)

Abstract The fracture toughness of silica filled dimethacrylate resins has been found to increase with the degree of cure of the network, and was previously attributed to increased crosslinking or the concomitant reduction in unreacted monomer (sol species). Studies of the dependence of the polymerization on the photoinitiator concentration and cure time of dimethacrylate resins illustrate the interrelation of the wt % sol and the degree of cure and reveal that a considerable amount of residual monomer remains in undercured networks, as predicted by simple gelation theory. In an attempt at separating the effects of residual monomer and crosslinking on the fracture behavior, several series of filled dimethacrylate and epoxy resins were studied in which the crosslink density and sol levels were independently varied without introducing significant changes in the chemical composition of the network. Although the fracture energy and toughness were raised by increasing the crosslink density in the epoxy resins, no significant variation was found for the dimethacrylates. Saturated analogues of dimethacrylates (used to represent residual monomer) significantly impaired the fracture resistance, suggesting that the reduction in residual monomer is responsible for the improved fracture toughness observed with postcured dimethacrylate networks.
The small molecule Hesperadin reveals a role for Aurora B in correcting kinetochore–microtubule attachment and in maintaining the spindle assembly checkpoint (2003)

The proper segregation of sister chromatids in mitosis depends on bipolar attachment of all chromosomes to the mitotic spindle. We have identified the small molecule Hesperadin as an inhibitor of chromosome alignment and segregation. Our data imply that Hesperadin causes this phenotype by inhibiting the function of the mitotic kinase Aurora B. Mammalian cells treated with Hesperadin enter anaphase in the presence of numerous monooriented chromosomes, many of which may have both sister kinetochores attached to one spindle pole (syntelic attachment). Hesperadin also causes cells arrested by taxol or monastrol to enter anaphase within <1 h, whereas cells in nocodazole stay arrested for 3-5 h. Together, our data suggest that Aurora B is required to generate unattached kinetochores on monooriented chromosomes, which in turn could promote bipolar attachment as well as maintain checkpoint signaling.
Evidence for somatic selection of natural autoantibodies. (1992)

Natural autoantibodies are primarily immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies that bind to a variety of self-antigens, including self-IgG. Accounting for a large proportion of the early B cell repertoire, such polyspecific autoantibodies are speculated to contribute to the homeostasis and/or competence of the primary humoral immune system. Recent studies indicate that the leukemia cells from most patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) also express such IgM autoantibodies. Similarly, the leukemia cells from many CLL patients react with murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for crossreactive idiotypes (CRIs) associated with human IgM autoantibodies. In particular, leukemic cells frequently react with G6, a mAb specific for an Ig heavy chain (H chain)-associated CRI, and/or with 17.109, a mAb that defines a kappa light chain (L chain)-associated CRI. Generated against IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) paraproteins, G6 and 17.109 each recognize a major CRI that is present in many IgM RF paraproteins. Furthermore, over 90% of the IgM paraproteins found to bear both H and L chain-associated CRIs also are found to have RF activity. Molecular characterization of these CRIs demonstrates that each is a serologic marker for expression of a highly conserved Ig V gene. As such, the frequent production of IgM polyspecific autoantibodies in CLL simply may reflect the frequent use of such highly conserved autoantibody-encoding Ig V genes with little or no somatic mutation. To test this hypothesis, we generated murine transfectomas to pair the 17.109-reactive kappa L chain of SMI, a 17.109/G6-reactive CLL population, with the Ig H chain of SMI or other G6-reactive leukemia cells or tonsillar lymphocytes. Cotransfection of vectors encoding the Ig H and L chains of SMI generated transfectomas that produce IgM kappa RF autoantibodies reactive with human IgG1 and IgG4. In contrast to G6/17.109-reactive IgM kappa RF Waldenstrom's paraproteins, the SMI IgM kappa also reacts with several other self-antigens, including myoglobin, actin, and ssDNA. However, cotransfection of the SMI L chain with a vector encoding any one of 10 different G6-reactive Ig H chains generated transfectomas that produce IgM kappa antibodies without detectable polyspecific autoantibody activity. These results indicate that polyspecific antiself-reactivity of G6/17.019-reactive Ig is dependent on the somatically generated Ig third complementarity determining region. Collectively, these studies imply that selection may be responsible for the frequent expression of polyspecific autoantibodies in CLL and early B cell ontogeny.
A bi-directional DC-DC converter with minimum energy storage elements (2003)

A proof-of-concept military advanced mobile generator set has been developed. The military generator set uses an internal combustion diesel engine to drive a radial-gap permanent magnet alternator at variable speed. The speed of the engine is determined from a user selectable interface that for a given load and ambient thermal conditions controls the engine to run at its most efficient operating point. The variable frequency, variable voltage produced by the permanent magnet alternator is diode-rectified to a high voltage (/spl sim/400 V) DC link, and an inverter is used to produce selectable frequency, controllable AC voltage. As part of the power electronics for this unit, a 7 kW bi-directional DC-DC converter has also been developed. The converter can charge 24 V batteries that are used to start the internal combustion engine and to power auxiliary low voltage DC loads. Additionally, the bi-directional converter can also draw power from the batteries to help maintain the high voltage DC link during severe load transients. Because of stringent weight and volume requirements for this application, the minimum in energy storage elements (high frequency transformers, capacitors, and inductors) was used. This paper presents a description and experimental analysis of this novel DC-DC converter design.
Synthesis and pharmacologic properties of pyridoyl derivatives of 3-methylaminoindole 2-methyltryptamine and isotryptamine. (1976)

Six new pyridoyl derivatives of 3-methylaminoindole, 2-methyltryptamine and isotryptamine were synthesized by condensation with chlorides of nicotinic and isonicotinic acids. The central action of these compounds seems to depress the central nervous system, as they reduce spontaneous motility (I, II, IV, V, VI) and amphetamine hypermotility (II, IV, V), prolong hexobarbital sleeping time (II, IV, V, VI), display analgesic action in the "writhing test" (all compounds) and in the "hot plate test" (IV, V). The compounds do not change body temperature and display no anticonvulsant action.
Facile Synthesis of (E)-Alkenyl Aldehydes from Allyl Arenes or Alkenes via Pd(II)-Catalyzed Direct Oxygenation of Allylic C−H Bond (2011)

Palladium-catalyzed oxygenation of allyl arenes or alkenes has been developed to produce (E)-alkenyl aldehydes with high yields. Allylic C-H bond cleavages occur under the mild conditions during this process. Mechanistic studies show that oxygen source is water.
Transition motion from ladder climbing to brachiation for multi-locomotion robot (2009)

This paper describes a transition motion from ladder climbing to brachiation for the multi-locomotion robot (MLR). Though the transition motion is as complicated as human doing, the robot shoulder degrees of freedom (only 2 DOFs) are less than human. The paper presents how to make the robot complete complicated motion with limited freedoms. In order to prevent the motors overload, a soft adaption control which can change its style automatically according to the contact situation is used in the turning waist motion for error adjustment. Experimental results show that the MLR realize the transition motion from ladder climbing to brachiation stably and smoothly.
Class II-restricted presentation of an endogenously derived immunodominant T-cell determinant of hen egg lysozyme. (1991)

An in vitro model was used to investigate the potential for different structural forms of endogenous antigen to be processed and presented by major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. For this purpose the class II-restricted presentation of an immunodominant epitope of hen egg lysozyme [HEL-(46-61)] was studied in class II-positive B-lymphoma cells (M12.C3) transfected with genes encoding HEL molecules either (i) secreted in high (hi) or low (lo) amounts as soluble antigen [sHEL(hi/lo)], (ii) localized within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/salvage compartment (ER-HEL), or (iii) anchored on the cell surface as an integral membrane protein (mHEL). The corresponding sHEL, ER-HEL, and mHEL gene products were expressed as predicted except that HEL determinants accumulated in the culture supernatant as well as on the cell membrane of mHEL-transfected cells. Class II-positive cells endogenously expressing all three forms of HEL antigen constitutively presented the immunodominant HEL-(46-61) determinant with differential efficiency (mHEL, sHEL greater than ERHEL) to a class II-restricted T hybridoma. A second T hybridoma recognized endogenous HEL-(46-61) determinants constitutively presented on sHEL(hi) and mHEL transfectants but not on sHEL(lo) or ERHEL transfectants. The formation of HEL-(46-61)/I-Ak complexes in the ERHEL and sHEL(lo) transfectants was therefore limiting. Mixing experiments with different antigen-presenting cells indicated that the HEL-(46-61) determinant was derived from endogenous antigen rather than by reuptake of shed or secreted HEL determinants. We conclude that MHC class II molecules can present some antigenic determinants derived from endogenous proteins that are sequestered in the ER/salvage compartment as well as distally transported in the form of secretory or membrane antigens.
An Algorithmic Approach to the Use of Gauze-Based Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy as a Bridge to Closure in Pediatric Extremity Trauma (2009)

As a relatively atraumatic wound care technique with few complications, gauze-based negative-pressure wound therapy with the Chariker-Jeter technique provides a highly effective option for temporary soft-tissue management of extremity trauma in pediatric patients.
The SWISS-MODEL Repository—new features and functionality (2016)

SWISS-MODEL Repository (SMR) is a database of annotated 3D protein structure models generated by the automated SWISS-MODEL homology modeling pipeline. It currently holds &amp;gt;400 000 high quality models covering almost 20% of Swiss-Prot/UniProtKB entries. In this manuscript, we provide an update of features and functionalities which have been implemented recently. We address improvements in target coverage, model quality estimates, functional annotations and improved in-page visualization. We also introduce a new update concept which includes regular updates of an expanded set of core organism models and UniProtKB-based targets, complemented by user-driven on-demand update of individual models. With the new release of the modeling pipeline, SMR has implemented a REST-API and adopted an open licencing model for accessing model coordinates, thus enabling bulk download for groups of targets fostering re-use of models in other contexts. SMR can be accessed at https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository.