gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Real-Time Video and Audio in the World Wide Web (1995)

The architecture of World Wide Web (WWW) browsers and servers supports full-file transfer for document retrieval. TCP is used for data transfers by Web browsers and their associated Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) servers. Full-file transfer and TCP are unsuitable for continuous media, such as realtime audio and video. In order for the WWW to support continuous media, we require the transmission of video and audio on demand and in real time, as well as new protocols for real-time data. We extend the architecture of the WWW to encompass the dynamic, real-time information space of video and audio. Our WWW browser Vosaic, short for Video Mosaic, incorporates real-time video and audio into standard hypertext pages that are displayed in place. Video and audio transfers occur in real time; there is no file-retrieval latency. The video and audio result in compelling Web pages. Real-time video and audio data can be effectively served over the present day Internet with the proper transmission protocol. We have developed a real-time protocol called VDP that we specialized for handling real-time video over the WWW. VDP reduces inter-frame jitter and dynamically adapts to the client CPU load and network congestion. Our WWW server dynamically changes transfer protocols, adapting to the request stream and the metainformation in requested documents. Experiments show a 44-fold increase in received video-frame rate (0.2 frames-per-second (fps) to 9 fps) with the use of VDP in lieu of TCP, with a commensurate improvement in observed video quality. Our work enables a video-enhanced Web.
Life without white fat: a transgenic mouse (1998)

We have generated a transgenic mouse with no white fat tissue throughout life. These mice express a dominant-negative protein, termed A-ZIP/F, under the control of the adipose-specific aP2 enhancer/promoter. This protein prevents the DNA binding of B-ZIP transcription factors of both the C/EBP and Jun families. The transgenic mice (named A-ZIP/F-1) have no white adipose tissue and dramatically reduced amounts of brown adipose tissue, which is inactive. They are initially growth delayed, but by week 12, surpass their littermates in weight. The mice eat, drink, and urinate copiously, have decreased fecundity, premature death, and frequently die after anesthesia. The physiological consequences of having no white fat tissue are profound. The liver is engorged with lipid, and the internal organs are enlarged. The mice are diabetic, with reduced leptin (20-fold) and elevated serum glucose (3-fold), insulin (50- to 400-fold), free fatty acids (2-fold), and triglycerides (3- to 5-fold). The A-ZIP/F-1 phenotype suggests a mouse model for the human disease lipoatrophic diabetes (Seip-Berardinelli syndrome), indicating that the lack of fat can cause diabetes. The myriad of consequences of having no fat throughout development can be addressed with this model.
5-[3-(E)-(4-Azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzamido)propenyl-1]-2‘-deoxy- uridine-5‘-triphosphate Substitutes for Thymidine-5‘-triphosphate in the Polymerase Chain Reaction (1999)

The DNA targets may be labeled and simultaneously amplified in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a pair of respective primers after elongation with nucleoside-5'-triphosphates carrying photoreactive groups. The amplified DNA may be subsequently photoactivated by irradiation above 300 nm, resulting in photo-cross-linking of the strands. For this goal 5-[3-(E)-(4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzamido)propenyl-1]-, 5-{N-[N'-(4-azido-2,3,5, 6-tetrafluorobenzoyl)-3-aminopropionyl]aminomethyl}-, and 5-{N-[N'-(2-nitro-5-azidobenzoyl)-3-aminopropionyl]aminomethyl}-2'-de oxyuridine-5'-triphosphate (VII, VIa, and VIb) derivatives have been synthesized. It was found that VII is capable of efficiently elongating DNA primers with both Klenow fragment DNA polymerase I and Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase. Thereto, it turned out to provide quantitative incorporation in DNA as revealed by the formation of the full-length amplificate by PCR in the presence of this photoreactive analogue without any dilution with natural dTTP. On the contrary, it was found, that incorporation of VIa and VIb do not permit further DNA replication.
TrpC1 Is a Membrane-Spanning Subunit of Store-Operated Ca 2+ Channels in Native Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (2001)

Mammalian counterparts of the Drosophila trp gene have been suggested to encode store-operated Ca(2+) channels. These specialized channels are widely distributed and may have a general function to reload Ca(2+) into sarcoplasmic reticulum as well as specific functions, including the control of cell proliferation and muscle contraction. Heterologous expression of mammalian trp genes enhances or generates Ca(2+) channel activity, but the crucial question of whether any of the genes encode native subunits of store-operated channels remains unanswered. We have investigated if TrpC1 protein (encoded by trp1 gene) is a store-operated channel in freshly isolated smooth muscle cells of resistance arterioles, arteries, and veins from human, mouse, or rabbit. Messenger RNA encoding TrpC1 was broadly expressed. TrpC1-specific antibody targeted to peptide predicted to contribute to the outer vestibule of TrpC1 channels revealed that TrpC1 is localized to the plasma membrane and has an extracellular domain. Peptide-specific binding of the antibody had a functional effect, selectively blocking store-operated Ca(2+) channel activity. The antibody is a powerful new tool for the study of mammalian trp1 gene product. The study shows that TrpC1 is a novel physiological Ca(2+) channel subunit in arterial smooth muscle cells.
Seed-Mediated Growth Approach for Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Spheroidal and Rod-like Gold Nanoparticles Using a Surfactant Template (2001)

A seed-mediated growth approach to improved monodispersity of nanoparticles that involves controlling nucleation and growth in solution is presented. Using this approach, spheroidal and rod-like gold particles (see Figure) could be prepared in the presence of a rod-like micellar template. The aspect ratio of the particles could be varied from 1 to 10 by varying the ratio of preformed seed to metal salt.
A geotectonic model for petroleum exploration (1991)

The recent period of high oil prices provided us with evidence to suggest: • All the major, low-cost oil has been found and it exists in the Middle East and other Opec countries. Thus we must suspend traditional exploration efforts to a large degree and concentrate on enhanced recovery of already found oil. Or, • All low-to-moderately priced oil within reach of current geologic concepts has been found but new geologic concepts might lead to additional substantial discoveries of new, low-cost oil. Therefore the next round of petroleum exploration, done in conjunction with new tools and techniques, should be based on new prospect models.
Accidental Ingestion of 35% Hydrogen Peroxide (2007)

Hydrogen peroxide is a commonly used oxidizing agent with a variety of uses depending on its concentration. Ingestion of hydrogen peroxide is not an uncommon source of poisoning, and results in morbidity through three main mechanisms: direct caustic injury, oxygen gas formation and lipid peroxidation. A case of a 39-year-old man who inadvertently ingested 250 mL of unlabelled 35% hydrogen peroxide intended for natural health use is presented. Hydrogen peroxide has purported benefits ranging from HIV treatment to cancer treatment. Its use in the natural health industry represents an emerging source for accidental poisonings.
Development of temperature-sensitive paints for high-temperature aeropropulsion applications (2001)

Fluorescence from a phosphor coating will indicate the temperature of the substrate to which it is attached, assuming thermal equilibrium is achieved. The goal of this investigation is to identify phosphors for making temperature measurements on aerospace surfaces with temperatures varying from ambient to 1000 C and to identify and test binders/adhesives that may be mixed with thermographic phosphors and sprayed onto surfaces of interest to provide a durable and uniform coating. The surfaces of interest include various high-strength metal alloys, such as stainless steel and nickel with and without thermal barrier coats, ceramics, carbon/carbon composites, and copper. Our initial efforts have concentrated on the most challenging substrates, the high-strength nickel alloy without the thermal barrier coating. Several candidate phosphors have been identified, and we are considering mixing two or more phosphors to cover the full temperature range. The phosphors being considered are Y2O3:Eu, YAG:Eu, YAG:Dy, YAG:Cr, and YPO4:Eu,Dy. The initial results indicate that two binders—Sauereisen’s Thinning Liquid #14 and a mix of ZYP, Inc.’s, LK and HPC will function well on high-strength nickel alloys to 800C. Furthermore, the LK and HPC mix This material is declared a work of the U.S. government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. performed well on high-strength stainless steel substrates coated with a thermal barrier coat to a temperature of 1000C. Introduction and Background Phosphor coatings are the basis for a viable means of measuring temperature in a wide variety of situations. A phosphor is a fine powder that efficiently fluoresces when suitably excited by sources such as lasers, light-emitting diodes, ultraviolet lamps, or electron beams. A phosphor is thermographic when the fluorescence characteristics change with temperature. Fluorescence from a thermographic phosphor coating will indicate the temperature of the substrate to which it is attached, assuming thermal equilibrium is achieved. Noel et al. and Grattan and Zhang provide in-depth descriptions of the physical basis and many useful applications. Goal Described in this paper is a recently initiated effort aimed at an application for temperature measurement on aerospace surfaces wherein the temperature may vary over the entire range from ambient to 1000°C. There is a further constraint regarding the method by which a phosphor coating may be applied. Earlier work has indicated that sputtering or E-beam deposition of a pure phosphor onto a surface makes a very useful and
Made in the PRC: Consumers in China (2004)

Over the past two decades, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has transformed from a society of shortage into one of plenty. Shopping is now an activity ostensibly free from government control. But what kind of freedom is this, and will it be limited to those who can afford it?
Flash-Lag Effect: Differential Latency, Not Postdiction (2000)

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The diagnosis and management of polycythemia vera in the era since the Polycythemia Vera Study Group: a survey of American Society of Hematology members' practice patterns (2002)

The Polycythemia Vera Study Group (PVSG) was organized in 1967 to identify the optimal approach to the diagnosis and treatment of polycythemia vera (PV). Nevertheless, a systematic assessment of US physicians' approach to PV has not been performed. To determine practice patterns in the management of PV, a random sample of the US American Society of Hematology (ASH) membership was surveyed. Thirty-three percent of 3000 surveys were returned. Significant variations in diagnostic and therapeutic approach were evident by region, practice type, specialty, and clinical experience. Red cell volume determinations (78% of respondents), serum erythropoietin levels (76%), and arterial blood gases (75%) were the most frequent tests used in the diagnosis of PV. Sixty-nine percent of physicians use phlebotomy as their first choice for erythrocytosis. Phlebotomy plus hydroxyurea (27.8%) and hydroxyurea alone (10%) were used less often. Despite PVSG recommendations, almost 16% of physicians used a target hematocrit of 0.55 (50%) or 0.55 (55%) for phlebotomy therapy. Eighty-two percent of physicians treated thrombocytosis only when platelet counts exceeded 1000 x 10(9)/L (1 000 000/microL) or in the event of symptoms. Hydroxyurea (62.8%) and anagrelide (35.4%) were the primary agents used to treat thrombocytosis. Thus, this national survey of US hematologists and oncologists has identified substantial variation in the approach to the diagnosis and treatment of PV. A significant minority of physicians undertreat erythrocytosis, and little consensus exists regarding the treatment of thrombocytosis.
Aphthous stomatitis and its management. (1991)

The clinical features and etiology of recurrent aphthous stomatitis are reviewed briefly. Because etiology and pathogenesis are not yet well established, recurrent aphthous stomatitis continues to be a difficult disease to treat. Several therapy modalities are discussed, including corticosteroids (both topical and systemic), antibiotics, mouth rinses, levamisole, and thalidomide. The recent literature contains several discussions of the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with thalidomide.
Transcriptional regulation of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type III secretion system (2006)

Type III secretion systems (T3SS) function by translocating effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells and are important for the virulence of many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Although the secretion and translocation machineries are highly conserved between different species, each pathogen translocates a unique set of effectors that subvert normal host cell physiology to promote pathogenesis. The uniqueness of each pathogen is further reflected in the diversity of mechanisms used to regulate T3SS gene expression. Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizes a complex set of signalling pathways to modulate T3SS expression in response to extracellular and intracellular cues. Whereas some pathways are dedicated solely to regulating the T3SS, others co-ordinately regulate expression of the T3SS with multiple virulence functions on a global scale. Emerging regulatory themes include coupling of T3SS transcription with type III secretory activity, global regulatory control through modulation of cAMP biosynthesis, repression by a variety of stresses, involvement of multiple two component regulatory systems, and an inverse relationship between T3SS expression and multicellular behaviour. Factors controlling activation of T3SS expression likely contribute to the environmental survival of the organism and to the pathogenesis of acute P. aeruginosa infections. Conversely, active repression of the T3SS might contribute to the persistence of chronic infections.
Prosody-based detection of the context of backchannel responses (1998)

ABSTRACT Current spoken dialogue systems lack positive feedback such asbackchannels, which are common in human-human conversa-tions. To develop more natural human-computer interfaces, theinvestigation of backchannel-responses are indispensable. In thispaper, we propose a method for detecting the precise timing forbackchannel responses in Japanese and aim at incorporating suchmethod in future spoken dialogue systems. The proposed methodis based on machine learning technique with a variety of prosodicfeatures. It is shownto be effectivein automatically derivingrulesfor detecting the contexts of backchannels. The performance ofour method is considerably better than previous methods. 1. INTRODUCTION Many researchers have reported that people hesitate to talk withspokendialogue systems due to the lack of positivefeedback fromthe systems such as backchannels, which are common in human-human conversations [3, 6]. To develop more natural human-computer interfaces, the investigation of backchannel-responsemechanisms are indispensable. In this paper, we propose amethodfordetecting the precisetiming forbackchannel responsesin Japanese and aim at incorporating such method in future spo-ken dialogue systems.In the proposed method, the contexts for backchannels are de-tected by using only prosodic features such as fundamental fre-quency and energy, which are relatively easy to handle by currentspeech technology. In contrast to the existing methods, whichuse very limited number of features and hand-made heuristics, weemploy a machine learning method with a varietyof prosodic fea-tures which might be relevant to the detection of the backchannelcontext. It will be shown that our method is effective in automati-cally deriving rules for detecting the contextsof backchannels andthat it performs considerably better than previous methods.In Section 2, we review related works on backchannels inJapanese conversation and automatic detection of the timing forbackchannels. In Section 3, we describe the spoken dialogue cor-pus used in our study and provide our deﬁnition of backchannels.In Section 4, we conduct a psychological experiment in order tocategorize positive and negative contexts for backchannels whichare common to average humans. In Section 5, we obtain, by us-ing decision tree learning method, prosodic cues which best dis-criminate the positive and negative contexts for backchannels. InSection 6, we summarize the paper.
Rise and fall of subclones from diagnosis to relapse in pediatric B-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (2015)

There is incomplete understanding of genetic heterogeneity and clonal evolution during cancer progression. Here we use deep whole-exome sequencing to describe the clonal architecture and evolution of 20 pediatric B-acute lymphoblastic leukaemias from diagnosis to relapse. We show that clonal diversity is comparable at diagnosis and relapse and clonal survival from diagnosis to relapse is not associated with mutation burden. Six pathways were frequently mutated, with NT5C2, CREBBP, WHSC1, TP53, USH2A, NRAS and IKZF1 mutations enriched at relapse. Half of the leukaemias had multiple subclonal mutations in a pathway or gene at diagnosis, but mostly with only one, usually minor clone, surviving therapy to acquire additional mutations and become the relapse founder clone. Relapse-specific mutations in NT5C2 were found in nine cases, with mutations in four cases being in descendants of the relapse founder clone. These results provide important insights into the genetic basis of treatment failure in ALL and have implications for the early detection of mutations driving relapse.
Improvement in the synthesis of α‐Methyl‐L‐tryptophan (1980)

Abstract A new synthesis of α‐methyl‐L‐tryptophan as the methyl ester derivative is described. This method is an improvement over previous methods.
The morphogenesis of the pancreatic mesenchyme is uncoupled from that of the pancreatic epithelium in IPF1/PDX1-deficient mice (1996)

We have previously shown that mice carrying a null mutation in the homeobox gene ipf1, now renamed to pdx1, selectively lack a pancreas. To elucidate the level at which PDX1 is required during the development of the pancreas, we have in this study analyzed the early stages of pancreas ontogeny in PDX-/- mice. These analyses have revealed that the early inductive events leading to the formation of the pancreatic buds and the appearance of the early insulin and glucagon cells occur in the PDX1-deficient embryos. However, the subsequent morphogenesis of the pancreatic epithelium and the progression of differentiation of the endocrine cells are arrested in the pdx1-/- embryos. In contrast, the pancreatic mesenchyme grows and develops, both morphologically and functionally, independently of the epithelium. We also show that the pancreatic epithelium in the pdx1 mutants is unable to respond to the mesenchymal-derived signal(s) which normally promote pancreatic morphogenesis. Together these data provide evidence that PDX-1 acts cell autonomously and that the lack of a pancreas in the pdx1-/- mice is due to a defect in the pancreatic epithelium.
Safety and effectiveness of a new enzyme-targeting radiosensitization treatment (KORTUC II) for intratumoral injection for low-LET radioresistant tumors (2011)

Linear accelerator-based radiotherapy has little effect on tumors such as malignant melanoma, various types of sarcoma, and most locally-advanced neoplasms that have grown to several centimeters or more. These tumors contain many hypoxic cancer cells or large amounts of anti-oxidative enzymes, and are therefore resistant to low linear energy transfer radiation. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a new radiosensitizer to overcome these situations. We previously developed a new enzyme-targeting radiosensitization treatment named KORTUC I, which uses 3% w/v hydrogen peroxide solution-soaked gauze. We developed a new radiosensitizer for intratumoral injection (KORTUC II), comprising a combination of hydrogen peroxide and sodium hyaluronate. After providing a fully informed written consent, 52 patients with unresectable or recurrent neoplasms (53 lesions) were enrolled in the KORTUC II trial. The present study of 52 patients with unresectable or recurrent neoplasms showed that KORTUC II is safe when injected intratumorally, well tolerated, and can efficiently exert a radiation sensitizing effect. Because this radiosensitizer is safe and less expensive than other methods, and can be applied for almost every type of low-LET radio-resistant neoplasm, it has potential for worldwide and immediate use.
Glycosaminoglycan Composition of the Large Freshwater Mollusc Bivalve Anodonta anodonta (2005)

In this paper, glycosaminoglycans from the body of the large freshwater mollusc bivalve Anodonta anodonta were recovered at about 0.6 mg/g of dry tissue, composed of chondroitin sulfate (approximately 38%), nonsulfated chondroitin (about 21%), and heparin (41%). This last polysaccharide was found to consist of a large percentage (approximately 88%) of a fast-moving species possessing a lower molecular mass and sulfate group amount and about 12% of a more sulfated, slow-moving component having a greater molecular mass. The chondroitin sulfate was composed of approximately 28% of the 6-sulfated disaccharide, 46% of the 4-sulfated disaccharide, and about 26% of the nonsulfated disaccharide, with a charge density value of 0.74. Heparin was subjected to the oligosaccharide mapping after treatment with heparinase and then separation of the resulting unsaturated oligosaccharides by SAX-HPLC. A heparin sample from Anodonta anodonta showed a degree of sulfation similar to that of bovine mucosal heparin because of the presence of approximately the same mol % of the trisulfated disaccharide (DeltaUA2S(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcN2S6S), a slight modification of the other oligosaccharides, and a significant increase of the disaccharide bearing the sulfate group in position 3 of the N-sulfoglucosamine 6-sulfate (-->4)-beta-D-GlcA(1-->4)-alpha-D-GlcN2S3S6S(1-->) part of the ATIII-binding region. However, the anticoagulant activity of mollusc heparin was quite similar to that of pharmaceutical grade heparin. The data obtained again emphasize the heterogeneity of GAGs from molluscs.
6α-Ethyl-Chenodeoxycholic Acid (6-ECDCA), a Potent and Selective FXR Agonist Endowed with Anticholestatic Activity (2002)

A series of 6alpha-alkyl-substituted analogues of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) were synthesized and evaluated as potential farnesoid X receptor (FXR) ligands. Among them, 6alpha-ethyl-chenodeoxycholic acid (6-ECDCA) was shown to be a very potent and selective FXR agonist (EC(50) = 99 nM) and to be endowed with anticholeretic activity in an in vivo rat model of cholestasis.
Chemical and physical basics of routine formaldehyde fixation (2012)

Formaldehyde is the widely employed fixative that has been studied for decades. The chemistry of fixation has been studied widely since the early 20(th) century. However, very few studies have been focused on the actual physics/chemistry aspect of process of this fixation. This article attempts to explain the chemistry of formaldehyde fixation and also to study the physical aspects involved in the fixation. The factors involved in the fixation process are discussed using well documented mathematical and physical formulae. The deeper understanding of these factors will enable pathologist to optimize the factors and use them in their favor.