gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dominant formation and quenching processes inE-beam pumped ArF and KrF lasers (1977)

The dominant formation and quenching processes in $E$-beam pumped ArF* and KrF* lasers are discussed. The quenching of ArF* by ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and Ar has been measured by analyzing the ArF* ($B^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}X^{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}_{\frac{1}{2}}$) fluorescence as a function of the ${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ and Ar partial pressures. We have also measured the displacement of the Ar in ArF* by Kr to form KrF*. The dominant quenching processes of KrF* were identified, and the rate constants were measured. The ArF* and KrF* are formed from the ionic states with high efficiency. Interception of the precursors can be made negligible by choosing the experimental conditions properly. The quenching of KrF* by Ar and Kr is mainly a three-body process resulting in the formation of ${\mathrm{Kr}}_{2}$F*. The emission from ${\mathrm{Kr}}_{2}$F* was observed in a broadband centered at 410 nm. We have verified that the ${\mathrm{Kr}}_{2}$F* is produced subsequent to the KrF* formation by performing a laser saturation experiment.
A Linear Dynamical System Model for Text (2015)

Low dimensional representations of words allow accurate NLP models to be trained on limited annotated data. While most representations ignore words' local context, a natural way to induce context-dependent representations is to perform inference in a probabilistic latent-variable sequence model. Given the recent success of continuous vector space word representations, we provide such an inference procedure for continuous states, where words' representations are given by the posterior mean of a linear dynamical system. Here, efficient inference can be performed using Kalman filtering. Our learning algorithm is extremely scalable, operating on simple cooccurrence counts for both parameter initialization using the method of moments and subsequent iterations of EM. In our experiments, we employ our inferred word embeddings as features in standard tagging tasks, obtaining significant accuracy improvements. Finally, the Kalman filter updates can be seen as a linear recurrent neural network. We demonstrate that using the parameters of our model to initialize a non-linear recurrent neural network language model reduces its training time by a day and yields lower perplexity.
Racial disparities in incidence and outcome in multiple myeloma: a population-based study (2010)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the most common hematologic malignancy in blacks. Some prior studies suggest inferior survival in blacks; others suggest similar survival. Using the original 9 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries, we conducted a large-scale population-based study including 5798 black and 28 939 white MM patients diagnosed 1973-2005, followed through 2006. Age-adjusted incidence rates, disease-specific survival, and relative survival rates were calculated by race, age, and time period of diagnosis. Mean age at diagnosis was 65.8 and 69.8 years for blacks and whites, respectively (P < .001). Incidence among blacks was m twice that among whites; this disparity was greater among patients < 50 years (P = .002). Over the entire study period, disease-specific and relative survival rates were higher in blacks than whites (P < .001). For whites, 5-year relative survival rates increased significantly 1973-1993 to 1994-1998 (26.3% to 30.8%; P < .001) and 1994-1998 to 1999-2005 (30.8% to 35.0%; P = .004). Survival improvements among blacks were smaller and nonsignificant (1973-1993 to 1999-2005: 31.0% to 34.1%; P = .07). We found (1) a younger age of onset among blacks; (2) better survival in blacks 1973-2005; and (3) significant survival improvement among whites over time, with smaller, nonsignificant change seen among blacks, possibly due to unequal access to and/or disparate responsiveness to novel therapies.
Sphingomyelin content of intestinal cell membranes regulates cholesterol absorption. Evidence for pancreatic and intestinal cell sphingomyelinase activity (1992)

Micellar cholesterol uptake and secretion were investigated in the human intestinal cell line CaCo-2 following depletion of apical membrane sphingomyelin. The addition of exogenous sphingomyelinase, which hydrolysed 60% of prelabelled sphingomyelin, resulted in a 50% decrease in the uptake of cholesterol from bile salt micelles. The flux of membrane cholesterol into the cell by the hydrolysis of membrane sphingomyelin decreased the rate of cholesterol synthesis by 43% and inhibited hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity by 54%. Moreover, the rate of cholesterol esterification was increased 4-fold. Total cellular cholesterol mass was unchanged by the addition of sphingomyelinase; however, cholesteryl esters increased by 50% and the amount of unesterified cholesterol decreased significantly. The basolateral secretion of cholesterol mass was also decreased following sphingomyelin hydrolysis. Human pancreatic juice was found to contain neutral sphingomyelinase activity which required taurocholate for full expression. The presence of neutral sphingomyelinase activity was also documented in membranes prepared from CaCo-2 cells and in whole homogenates from human duodenal biopsies. The data suggest that the amount of sphingomyelin present in the apical membrane of the intestinal absorptive cell regulates cholesterol uptake from bile salt micelles. Sphingomyelinase activity within intestinal cells and in pancreatic juice could alter the sphingomyelin content of brush-border membranes of small intestinal absorptive cells and thus regulate the amount of cholesterol absorbed by the gut.
Comparison of tree and graph encodings as function of problem complexity (2007)

In this paper, we analyze two general-purpose encoding types, trees and graphs systematically, focusing on trends over increasingly complex problems. Tree and graph encodings are similar in application but offer distinct advantages and disadvantages in genetic programming. We describe two implementations and discuss their evolvability. We then compare performance using symbolic regression on hundreds of random nonlinear target functions of both 1-dimensional and 8-dimensional cases. Results show the graph encoding has less bias for bloating solutions but is slower to converge and deleterious crossovers are more frequent. The graph encoding however is found to have computational benefits, suggesting it to be an advantageous trade-off between regression performance and computational effort.
Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update (2018)

Purpose In 2016, ASCO published a guideline to assist in clinical decision making in metastatic pancreatic cancer for initial assessment after diagnosis, first- and second-line treatment options, palliative and supportive care, and follow-up. The purpose of this update is to incorporate new evidence related to second-line therapy for patients who have experienced disease progression or intolerable toxicity during first-line therapy. Methods ASCO convened an Expert Panel to conduct a systematic review of the literature on second-line therapy published between June 2015 and January 2018. Recommendations on other topics covered in the 2016 Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer Guideline were endorsed by the Expert Panel. Results Two new studies were found that met the inclusion criteria. Recommendations For second-line therapy, gemcitabine plus nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel should be offered to patients with first-line treatment with FOLFIRINOX (leucovorin, fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin), an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) of 0 to 1, and a favorable comorbidity profile; fluorouracil plus nanoliposomal irinotecan can be offered to patients with first-line treatment with gemcitabine plus NAB-paclitaxel, an ECOG PS of 0 to 1, and a favorable comorbidity profile; fluorouracil plus irinotecan or fluorouracil plus oxaliplatin may be offered when there is a lack of availability of fluorouracil plus nanoliposomal irinotecan; gemcitabine or fluorouracil should be offered to patients with either an ECOG PS of 2 or a comorbidity profile that precludes other regimens. Testing select patients for mismatch repair deficiency or microsatellite instability is recommended, and pembrolizumab is recommended for patients with mismatch repair deficiency or high microsatellite instability tumors. Endorsed recommendations from the 2016 version of this guideline for computed tomography, baseline performance status and comorbidity profile, defining goals of care, first-line therapy, and palliative care are also contained within the full guideline text. Additional information is available at www.asco.org/gastrointestinal-cancer-guidelines .
Immature Dendritic Cells Phagocytose Apoptotic Cells via αvβ5 and CD36, and Cross-present Antigens to Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (1998)

Dendritic cells, but not macrophages, efficiently phagocytose apoptotic cells and cross-present viral, tumor, and self-antigens to CD8(+) T cells. This in vitro pathway corresponds to the in vivo phenomena of cross-priming and cross-tolerance. Here, we demonstrate that phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is restricted to the immature stage of dendritic cell (DC) development, and that this process is accompanied by the expression of a unique profile of receptors, in particular the alphavbeta5 integrin and CD36. Upon maturation, these receptors and, in turn, the phagocytic capacity of DCs, are downmodulated. Macrophages engulf apoptotic cells more efficiently than DCs, and although they express many receptors that mediate this uptake, they lack the alphavbeta5 integrin. Furthermore, in contrast to DCs, macrophages fail to cross-present antigenic material contained within the engulfed apoptotic cells. Thus, DCs use unique pathways for the phagocytosis, processing, and presentation of antigen derived from apoptotic cells on class I major histocompatibility complex. We suggest that the alphavbeta5 integrin plays a critical role in the trafficking of exogenous antigen by immature DCs in this cross-priming pathway.
Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase deficiency in human leukemias and solid tumors. (1986)

5'-Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is a naturally occurring nucleoside which is degraded by MTA phosphorylase (MTAase) to adenine and methylthioribose-1-phosphate in all normal mammalian cells. These products of the phosphorylytic cleavage of MTA are recycled to the nucleotide pool and methionine, respectively. Thus, supplemental MTA could theoretically be utilized by MTAase-containing cells as a source of methionine and adenine. In fact, in vitro experiments have shown that MTAase-containing cells proliferate normally in methionine-free medium if MTA is added to the cultures (M. K. Riscoe and A. J. Ferro, J. Biol. Chem., 259: 5465-5471, 1984). In contrast, MTAase-deficient malignant cell lines do not proliferate under these conditions. In light of these observations and the recent demonstration (N. Kamatani et al., Blood, 60: 1387-1391, 1982) that a proportion of acute lymphoblastic leukemias lack MTAase, we wished to determine if this enzyme deficiency occurs in a variety of human neoplasms. Accordingly, malignant cells from eight patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and ten patients with various solid tumors were assayed for MTAase activity. Samples from one of the eight acute nonlymphocytic leukemia patients and three of the 10 solid tumor patients (one with melanoma, one with squamous cell lung cancer, and one with adenocarcinoma of the rectum) had undetectable MTAase activity. In contrast, erythrocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes isolated from normal subjects and from patients with immunodeficiency syndromes or cancer all contained enzyme activity. In addition, the methods of preservation, storage, and cell disruption did not affect MTAase activity. These observations confirm and extend the findings of Kamatani et al. (Blood, 60: 1387-1391, 1982) by demonstrating that MTAase deficiency occurs in a variety of human malignancies including acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and solid tumors. This metabolic difference between normal and malignant cells may be therapeutically exploitable.
Convex Channel Power Optimization in Nonlinear WDM Systems Using Gaussian Noise Model (2016)

Optimization of channel powers to maximize minimum margin or total capacity in WDM systems is studied. Using a Gaussian noise nonlinearity model, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in each channel is expressed as a convex function of the channel powers. Using the SNR expression, convex optimization problems with objectives of maximizing the minimum channel margin or maximizing the fiber capacity minus a coding cap are formulated. Performance gains from software-based power optimization are observed in mesh networks and in point-to-point links having heterogeneous SNR requirements. By contrast, in systems with uniform amplifier noise and modulation formats, the optimized power allocation provides very little improvement over a traditional flat power allocation. In the 14-node NSFNET network, a margin gain of 1.5 dB on average is achieved through power optimization, as compared to a flat power allocation. Margin gains averaging 1.4 dB are found for subsets of this network with three to 13 nodes.
Bandwidth compression of speech by analytic-signal rooting (1967)

If s(t) is a real, band-limited signal, the corresponding analytic signal is defined as s(t)+js <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">^</sup> (t), where s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">^</sup> (t) is the Hilbert transform of s(t). For signals whose spectral width is due primarily to large-index frequency modulation, the "square-rooted" signal, defined as s <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">½</inf> (t) = Re [s(t) + js <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">^</sup> (t)] <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">½</sup> , has approximately only half the bandwidth of s(t). A case of practical interest of a signal having approximately this property is a speech signal filtered to remove all but one formant. In such a case, a close replica of the original signal can be recovered by squaring the analytic signal corresponding to a band-limited version s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">~</sup> <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">½</inf> (t) of s <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">½</inf> (t): s(t) ≈ Re [s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">~</sup> <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">½</inf> (t) + js <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">~</sup> <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">½</inf> (t)] <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Application of these two processes to the transmission of speech signals over channels of reduced bandwidth is described. Results of computer simulation for a 2-to-1 bandwidth compression are encouraging and suggest that even higher compression factors, using higher roots of the analytic signal, may be feasible.
Kinetics of Wood Saccharification - Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Decomposition of Sugars in Dilute Acid at High Temperature (1945)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKinetics of Wood Saccharification - Hydrolysis of Cellulose and Decomposition of Sugars in Dilute Acid at High TemperatureJerome F. SaemanCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1945, 37, 1, 43–52Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1945Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1945https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50421a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50421a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4128Altmetric-Citations641LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Effect of diatomaceous earth as an anthelmintic treatment on internal parasites and feedlot performance of beef steers (1998)

Abstract Thirty crossbreed steer calves were randomly assigned to one of three feedlot treatment groups to evaluate the effectiveness of diatomaceous earth (DE) as an anthelmintic treatment and its effect on subsequent growth performance. Steers were adapted to a cereal-based diet for 15 days on the farm of origin and given an additional 21 days to adjust to the feedlot diet. Calves had not been dewormed prior to starting the study. On day 0 (2 January 1996) the positive control group of steers (CONV; no. = 11) was given 10 mg/kg of albendazole, a second group began receiving (on day 2) 0·3 kg of diatomaceous earth (DE; no. = 9) mixed daily with their food for 46 days and the negative control group (CTRL, no. = 9) received no anthelmintic treatment. Rectal faecal samples were collected upon arrival at the feedlot and the resulting egg counts showed that all steers were positive for nematodes and coccidia. Faecal samples were collected on days 0, 15, 28 and every 28 days thereafter to determine faecal egg counts. The last sample was taken on the day of slaughter. On day 0, the average count for all calves was over 70 eggs per g faeces (epg) for trichostrongyle type eggs; counts for Nematodirus sp., Strongyloides sp., Trichuris sp. and Capillaria sp. were negligible. CTRL and DE steers had higher parasite levels than CONV steers during the 1st ( P &lt; 0·01) and 2nd months ( P &lt; 0·05) after treatment. Egg counts for CTRL and DE groups decreased in March and none of the groups differed (P &gt; 0·05) significantly for the remainder of the study. Coccidia levels decreased over time similarly for all groups. Offering 20 g DE per kg food intake for 46 days to beef steers on a high cereal -based diet had no effect (P &gt; 0·05) on body weight, average daily gain, dry-matter intake, food conversion or days on food compared with the untreated control steers. Cumulative food conversion during the first 2 months was better for CONV than for DE and CTRL steers ( P &lt; 0·01) but did not differ between the latter two groups (P &gt; 0·05). Cumulative food conversion for the rest of the study remained the same for all groups (P &gt; 0·05). CONV calves required fewer days on food than DE calves ( P &lt; 0·05) but about the same number as CTRL calves (P &gt; 0·10). Steers in the DE group required a similar number of days on food (230·22 ± 7·86 days) to reach target end points as CTRL steers (218·75 ± 8·34 days; P &gt; 0·05) but more days than CONV calves (201·64 ± 7·11 days; P &gt; 0·05).
The complete amino acid sequence of the Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin, deduced by nucleotide sequence analysis of the encoding gene (1990)

A 26-mer oligonucleotide probe was synthesized (based on the determined amino acid sequence of the N-terminus of the Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin, BoNT/A) and used in Southern blot analysis to construct a restriction map of the region of the clostridial genome encompassing BoNT/A. The detailed information obtained enabled the cloning of the structural gene as three distinct fragments, none of which were capable of directing the expression of a toxic molecule. The central portion was cloned as a 2-kb PvuII-TaqI fragment and the remaining regions of the light chain and heavy chain as a 2.4-kb ScaI-TaqI fragment and a 3.4-kb HpaI-PvuII fragment, respectively. The nucleotide sequence of all three fragments was determined and an open reading frame identified, composed of 1296 codons corresponding to a polypeptide of 149 502 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibited 33% similarity to tetanus toxin, with the most highly conserved regions occurring between the N-termini of the respective heavy chains. Conservation of Cys residues flanking the position at which the toxins are cleaved to yield the heavy chain and light chain allowed the tentative identification of those residues which probably form the disulphide bridges linking the two toxin subfragments.
Mapping adolescent brain change reveals dynamic wave of accelerated gray matter loss in very early-onset schizophrenia (2001)

Neurodevelopmental models for the pathology of schizophrenia propose both polygenetic and environmental risks, as well as early (pre/perinatal) and late (usually adolescent) developmental brain abnormalities. With the use of brain mapping algorithms, we detected striking anatomical profiles of accelerated gray matter loss in very early-onset schizophrenia; surprisingly, deficits moved in a dynamic pattern, enveloping increasing amounts of cortex throughout adolescence. Early-onset patients were rescanned prospectively with MRI, at 2-year intervals at three time points, to uncover the dynamics and timing of disease progression during adolescence. The earliest deficits were found in parietal brain regions, supporting visuospatial and associative thinking, where adult deficits are known to be mediated by environmental (nongenetic) factors. Over 5 years, these deficits progressed anteriorly into temporal lobes, engulfing sensorimotor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, and frontal eye fields. These emerging patterns correlated with psychotic symptom severity and mirrored the neuromotor, auditory, visual search, and frontal executive impairments in the disease. In temporal regions, gray matter loss was completely absent early in the disease but became pervasive later. Only the latest changes included dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and superior temporal gyri, deficit regions found consistently in adult studies. These emerging dynamic patterns were (i) controlled for medication and IQ effects, (ii) replicated in independent groups of males and females, and (iii) charted in individuals and groups. The resulting mapping strategy reveals a shifting pattern of tissue loss in schizophrenia. Aspects of the anatomy and dynamics of disease are uncovered, in a changing profile that implicates genetic and nongenetic patterns of deficits.
α-adrenoceptors : molecular biology, biochemistry, and pharmacology (1991)

Subclassification of beta-adrenoceptors molecular biology of beta-adrenoceptors beta-adrenoceptor signal transduction structure-activity relationships for activation and blockade of beta-adrenoceptors functions mediated by beta-adrenoceptor activation therapeutic applications of agents interacting with the beta-adrenoceptor.