gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Concepts and solutions for link adaptation and inband signaling for the GSM AMR speech coding standard (2003)

The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) has just defined an adaptive multi rate (AMR) speech codec standard for the GSM system with a multitude of source and channel coding rates. The standard aims to provide robust high quality speech together with the flexibility to deliver radio network capacity enhancements by means of low bit-rate operation. The codec rates are dynamically selected with respect to the rapidly changing radio conditions and to local capacity requirements. This paper describes various approaches for link adaptation with respect to varying radio channel conditions and puts a focus on the solution in the AMR standard. Moreover the method of inband signaling that is standardized is discussed and motivated.
De novoisolation of antibodies with pH-dependent binding properties (2015)

pH-dependent antibodies are engineered to release their target at a slightly acidic pH, a property making them suitable for clinical as well as biotechnological applications. Such antibodies were previously obtained by histidine scanning of pre-existing antibodies, a labor-intensive strategy resulting in antibodies that displayed residual binding to their target at pH 6.0. We report here the de novo isolation of pH-dependent antibodies selected by phage display from libraries enriched in histidines. Strongly pH-dependent clones with various affinity profiles against CXCL10 were isolated by this method. Our best candidate has nanomolar affinity for CXCL10 at pH 7.2, but no residual binding was detected at pH 6.0. We therefore propose that this new process is an efficient strategy to generate pH-dependent antibodies.
Joint 'dirty paper' pre-coding and downlink beamforming (2003)

We consider the problem of joint interference balancing in a frequency flat vector broadcast channel with non-cooperating receivers and perfect channel information at the transmitter. We propose a transmission strategy, that combines vector Costa pre-coding and transmit beamforming. Our approach differs from related work (e.g. Caire and Shamai, 2001) in that we do not consider the sum rate as the design goal. Instead, it is required that the users fulfill individual target SINRs. If this problem is feasible for a given power constraint, excess transmission power can be minimized. By using an interesting duality between broadcast and multiple-access channels, an efficient algorithm is developed, which finds the optimal transmission powers and spatial pre-filters. For the 2-user scenario, we derive a closed-form solution, which illustrates the rate trade-off between two users under a given power constraint.
FRET Characterization of Complex Conformational Changes in a Large 16S Ribosomal RNA Fragment Site-Specifically Labeled Using Unnatural Base Pairs (2016)

Ribosome assembly has been studied intensively using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) with fluorophore-labeled fragments of RNA produced by chemical synthesis. However, these studies are limited by the size of the accessible RNA fragments. We have developed a replicable unnatural base pair (UBP) formed between (d)5SICS and (d)MMO2 or (d)NaM, which efficiently directs the transcription of RNA containing unnatural nucleotides. We now report the synthesis and evaluation of several of the corresponding ribotriphosphates bearing linkers that enable the chemoselective attachment of different functionalities. We found that the RNA polymerase from T7 bacteriophage does not incorporate NaM derivatives but does efficiently incorporate 5SICS(CO), whose linker enables functional group conjugation via Click chemistry, and when combined with the previously identified MMO2(A), whose amine side chains permits conjugation via NHS coupling chemistry, enables site-specific double labeling of transcribed RNA. To study ribosome assembly, we transcribed RNA corresponding to a 243-nt fragment of the central domain of Thermus thermophilus 16S rRNA containing 5SICS(CO) and MMO2(A) at defined locations and then site-specifically attached the fluorophores Cy3 and Cy5. FRET was characterized using single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence (smTIRF) microscopy in the presence of various combinations of added ribosomal proteins. We demonstrate that each of the fragment's two three-helix junctions exist in open and closed states, with the latter favored by sequential protein binding. These results elucidate early and previously uncharacterized folding events underlying ribosome assembly and demonstrate the applicability of UBPs for biochemical, structural, and functional studies of RNAs.
A calcium-activated hyperpolarization follows repetitive firing in hippocampal neurons (1980)

1. A long-lasting afterhyperpolarization (AHP) follows current-induced repetitive firing in hippocampal CA1 neurons studied in vitro. A 10-25% increase in membrane slope conductance occurs during the AHP, suggesting that it may be mediated by an increased conductance to either K+ or Cl-. 2. Intracellular Cl- iontophoresis does not alter the AHP but does attenuate the IPSP. In contrast Ba2+, a cation that can decrease K+ conductance, eliminates the AHP but not the IPSP. These findings suggest the AHP is produced by a long-lasting increased conductance to K+, and is distinct from the IPSP. 3. Mn2+, a Ca2+-channel blocker, eliminates the AHP. In comparison, the AHP persists in the presence of the Na+-channel blocker, tetrodotoxin (TTX), and appears to be temporally associated with TTX-resistant "Ca2+ spikes." It is concluded that AHP is probably activated by Ca2+ influx. 4. These observations indicate that the AHP may be produced by a Ca2+ activated K+ current. A balance between cellular depolarization produced by Ca2+ entry and repolarization generated by a Ca2+-activated K+ current appears to operate to control excitability in some mammalian cortical neurons as it does in molluscan neurons. Disruption of this balance by Ba2+ produces spontaneous membrane-potential oscillations and recurrent burst firing in hippocampal neurons. Increases in the magnitude and duration of Ca2+ depolarization and/or decreases in the Ca2+-activated, K+-mediated repolarization may be mechanisms that lead to spontaneous, epileptiform bursting in mammalian cortical neurons.
彼得·史密斯:这是我熟悉的领域 (2010)

虽然他不是出色的职业网球运动员,但是没有人比他更熟悉网球教练这个领域。他将休伊特带上巅峰,同时也是彼得·卡特(PETER CARTER,费德勒前教练,后因车祸去世)的教练。彼得·史密斯(PETER SMITH)无疑是近四十年澳洲网球发展史上的大人物。
SOCS1 restricts dendritic cells' ability to break self tolerance and induce antitumor immunity by regulating IL-12 production and signaling (2005)

DC-based tumor vaccine research has largely focused on enhancing DC maturation/costimulation and antigen presentation in order to break tolerance against self tumor-associated antigens. DC immunization can activate autoreactive T cells but rarely causes autoimmune pathologies, indicating that self tolerance at the host level is still maintained in the vaccinated hosts. This study in mice reveals a novel regulatory mechanism for the control of self tolerance at the host level by DCs through the restriction of positive cytokine feedback loops by cytokine signaling inhibitor SOCS1. The study further finds the requirement of persistent antigen presentation by DCs for inducing pathological autoimmune responses against normal tissues and tumor, which can be achieved by silencing SOCS1 to unleash the unbridled signaling of IL-12 and the downstream cytokine cascade. However, the use of higher-affinity self peptides, enhancement of DC maturation, and persistent stimulation with cytokines or TLR agonists fail to break tolerance and induce pathological antitumor immunity. Thus, this study indicates the necessity of inhibiting SOCS1, an antigen presentation attenuator, to break self tolerance and induce effective antitumor responses.
GITR Activation Induces an Opposite Effect on Alloreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells in Graft-Versus-Host Disease (2004)

Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related gene (GITR) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family that is expressed at low levels on unstimulated T cells, B cells, and macrophages. Upon activation, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells up-regulate GITR expression, whereas immunoregulatory T cells constitutively express high levels of GITR. Here, we show that GITR may regulate alloreactive responses during graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Using a BMT model with major histocompatibility complex class I and class II disparity, we demonstrate that GITR stimulation in vitro and in vivo enhances alloreactive CD8(+)CD25(-) T cell proliferation, whereas it decreases alloreactive CD4(+)CD25(-) proliferation. Allo-stimulated CD4(+)CD25(-) cells show increased apoptosis upon GITR stimulation that is dependent on the Fas-FasL pathway. Recipients of an allograft containing CD8(+)CD25(-) donor T cells had increased GVHD morbidity and mortality in the presence of GITR-activating antibody (Ab). Conversely, recipients of an allograft with CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells showed a significant decrease in GVHD when treated with a GITR-activating Ab. Our findings indicate that GITR has opposite effects on the regulation of alloreactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.
Site-Specific Poly(ethylene glycol)ylation of Peptides (1997)

In contrast to proteins, peptides are ideal targets for PEGylation since they may be PEGylated using modern orthogonal protection strategies. Synthetic conditions have been developed for the site-specific solid phase PEGylation (Fmoc/tBu strategy) at the NH2-terminal, internal (at the side-chain of Lys/Orn or Glu/Asp) and at the COOH-terminalpositions. Conditions for site-specific solution phase PEGylation have also been developed in which a Cys residue is introduced at any position into the peptide and subsequently PEGylated using an activated dithiopyridyl-PEG reagent. Using these procedures, a number of biologically active mono-PEGylated peptides were prepared in which the PEG moieties were varied in molecular weight (i.e. degree of PEGylation; 750, 2000, 5000 and 10,000). Site-specific PEGylation of peptides enables the evaluation of the structure-activity relationships of biologically important peptides (i.e. the effect of site of PEGylation and degree of PEGylation on biological activity). These studies provide an important groundwork for the design of PEGylated peptides which retain the desirable properties imposed by the incorporation of PEG (enhanced solubility, increased resistance to proteolytic degradation, decreased antigenicity and immunogenicity) and have improved in vivo profiles.
Delta-like Ligand 4 Identifies a Previously Uncharacterized Population of Inflammatory Dendritic Cells That Plays Important Roles in Eliciting Allogeneic T Cell Responses in Mice (2013)

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) reflects an exaggerated inflammatory allogeneic T cell response in hosts receiving allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Inhibition of pan-Notch receptor signaling in donor T cells causes reduction of GVHD. However, which Notch ligand(s) in what APCs is important for priming graft-versus-host reaction remains unknown. We demonstrate that δ-like ligand-4 (Dll4) and Dll4-positive (Dll4(high)) inflammatory dendritic cells (i-DCs) play important roles in eliciting allogeneic T cell responses. Host-type Dll4(high) i-DCs occurred in the spleen and intestine of HSCT mice during GVHD induction phase. These Dll4(high) i-DCs were CD11c(+)B220(+)PDCA-1(+), resembling plasmacytoid dentritic cells (pDCs) of naive mice. However, as compared with unstimulated pDCs, Dll4(high) i-DCs expressed higher levels of costimulatory molecules, Notch ligands Jagged1 and Jagged2, and CD11b, and produced more Ifnb and Il23 but less Il12. In contrast, Dll4-negative (Dll4(low)) i-DCs were CD11c(+)B220(-)PDCA-1(-), and had low levels of Jagged1. In vitro assays showed that Dll4(high) i-DCs induced significantly more IFN-γ- and IL-17-producing effector T cells (3- and 10-fold, respectively) than Dll4(low) i-DCs. This effect could be blocked by anti-Dll4 Ab. In vivo administration of Dll4 Ab reduced donor-alloreactive effector T cells producing IFN-γ and IL-17 in GVHD target organs, leading to reduction of GVHD and improved survival of mice after allogeneic HSCT. Our findings indicate that Dll4(high) i-DCs represent a previously uncharacterized i-DC population distinctive from steady state DCs and Dll4(low) i-DCs. Furthermore, Dll4 and Dll4(high) i-DCs may be beneficial targets for modulating allogeneic T cell responses, and could facilitate the discovery of human counterparts of mouse Dll4(high) i-DCs.
Dendritic Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy (2000)

The potential to harness the potency and specificity of the immune system underlies the growing interest in cancer immunotherapy. One such approach uses bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, phenotypically distinct and extremely potent antigen-presenting cells, to present tumor-associated antigens and thereby generate tumor-specific immunity. Support for this strategy comes from animal studies that have demonstrated that dendritic cells, when loaded ex vivo with tumor antigens and administered to tumor-bearing hosts, can elicit T cell-mediated tumor destruction. These observations have led to clinical trials designed to investigate the immunologic and clinical effects of antigen-loaded dendritic cells administered as a therapeutic vaccine to patients with cancer. In the design and conduct of such trials, important considerations include antigen selection, methods for introducing the antigen into MHC class I and II processing pathways, methods for isolating and activating dendritic cells, and route of administration. Although current dendritic cell-based vaccination methods are cumbersome, promising results from clinical trials in patients with malignant lymphoma, melanoma, and prostate cancer suggest that immunotherapeutic strategies that take advantage of the antigen presenting properties of dendritic cells may ultimately prove both efficacious and widely applicable to human tumors.
Participation, markets and democracy (1994)

An emerging theme in development thinking and practice is the role of popular participation, and in particular of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), in both the promotion of democracy (seen as essential for better governance) and the maintenance of a market economy. This paper examines the theme in its historical and intellectual context. It also attempts to provide guidelines on how an official multilateral agency, such as the World Bank, should deal with NGOs. First, the paper examines the assumption that participation and democracy will further the aims of good governance and thus promote development. However, there is a difference between forms of government and the characteristics of good government. The paper demonstrates that: (a) there is no empirical relationship between the form of government and successful development; and (b) a market economy which is needed to promote opulence is not dependent on democracy for its maintenance. Therefore, the World Bank can continue to concentrate on policy rather than the question of the ideal form of government. Second, the paper examines the claim that the design and implementation of World Bank projects and policy based lending will be improved through the active association of NGOs. The author concludes that mass participation, particularly through pressure groups, may harm rather than aid the attainment of both the ends of opulence and liberty.
Picbreeder: A Case Study in Collaborative Evolutionary Exploration of Design Space (2010)

For domains in which fitness is subjective or difficult to express formally, interactive evolutionary computation (IEC) is a natural choice. It is possible that a collaborative process combining feedback from multiple users can improve the quality and quantity of generated artifacts. Picbreeder, a large-scale online experiment in collaborative interactive evolution (CIE), explores this potential. Picbreeder is an online community in which users can evolve and share images, and most importantly, continue evolving others' images. Through this process of branching from other images, and through continually increasing image complexity made possible by the underlying neuroevolution of augmenting topologies (NEAT) algorithm, evolved images proliferate unlike in any other current IEC system. This paper discusses not only the strengths of the Picbreeder approach, but its challenges and shortcomings as well, in the hope that lessons learned will inform the design of future CIE systems.
Review of Clinical Correlates of P50 Sensory Gating Abnormalities in Patients with Schizophrenia (2005)

A large percentage of patients with schizophrenia are characterized by an abnormality in P50 sensory gating. This abnormality has been shown to be genetically linked to the alpha-7 nicotinic receptor and is transiently reversed by acute nicotine administration. These observations have led to the development of pharmacological treatments designed to improve sensory gating. However, if normalization of P50 gating abnormalities is to guide drug development, then it becomes important to delineate the clinical correlates of enhanced P50 gating. We conducted a review of all available articles through March 2005 that have examined this issue. We found that, despite the prominent role that P50 abnormalities have played in our understanding of schizophrenia, there is a relative dearth of data examining P50 clinical correlates. There is evidence suggestive of an association between P50 and measures of attention, and multiple studies have failed to document a cross-sectional or longitudinal relationship between P50 and positive, negative, or other symptoms. These results suggest that considerably more work needs to be done to understand and validate the clinical significance of this impairment.
Activation of junB and c‐myc primary response genes by interleukin 9 in a human factor‐dependent cell line (1995)

Interleukin 9 (IL-9) stimulates the proliferation of various hematopoietic cell types. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the cell proliferation action, immediate-early gene expression elicited by IL-9 in a human factor-dependent cell line, MO7e, was studied. IL-9 stimulation resulted in a rapid and transient elevation of primary response genes including junB and c-myc. The differential effects of protein kinase inhibitors, herbimycin A, genistein, and H-7 on the steady-state mRNA level and the transcription rate of junB and c-myc genes triggered by IL-9 were also investigated. Herbimycin A, but not genistein, specifically inhibited the expression of junB steady-state mRNA and the in vitro transcription of the junB gene. IL-9-enhanced c-myc gene expression was completely inhibited by both herbimycin A and genistein at the level of transcriptional initiation. H-7 failed to inhibit c-myc, but partially abolished junB mRNA induction. The role of protein kinase C in IL-9-mediated junB induction was also examined. The different responses of junB and c-myc messages to protein kinase inhibitors suggested that more than one pathway may be involved in IL-9-mediated signal transduction which leads to the expression of junB and c-myc genes.
Polyamine biosynthetic activity in normal and neoplastic human colorectal tissues (1987)

Polyamine biosynthetic activity was assessed in various colorectal tissue samples consisting of noninvolved mucosa, benign adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinomas taken at surgery from a total of 40 patients. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) displayed a gradient of enzyme activity (i.e., adenocarcinoma greater than polyps greater than mucosa) which seemed to correlate positively with the neoplastic status of the tissue. In 10 of the patients, samples were obtained for all three tissue types. Five of these exhibited a clear repetition of the trends in enzyme activity seen with the mixed patient tissue sampling whereas the remainder differed by having the highest ODC activity in the polyps. In nine of the ten cases, ODC activity was substantially lower in the mucosa than in either of the neoplastic lesions. Trends in enzyme activity were the same for tissues obtained from either the colon or rectum. The ODC activity in adenocarcinomas could not be correlated with histologic differentiation, stage or site of the disease, however, in samples from female patients (all postmenopausal) the activity was elevated over normal mucosa to a greater extent (ten-fold) than in male patients (seven-fold). S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity was assessed in 27 of the 40 patients and found to follow the same distribution as ODC; however, the mean value differences +/- SEM between tissues were less distinct. In general, tissue polyamine pool analysis of these same specimens reflected the levels of ornithine and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activities. Overall, the data reveal an increase in polyamine biosynthetic activity in colorectal neoplasms, relative to surrounding mucosa, which may correlate with (1) progression of the neoplastic process, (2) the proportion of proliferating cells, (3) the rate of cell proliferation, or (4) a combination of two or all of these possibilities.
Purification and characterization of a family of high molecular weight surface-array proteins from Campylobacter fetus. (1988)

A variety of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria possess crystalline surface layers, although little is known of their function. We previously have shown that the high molecular weight surface-array proteins of Campylobacter fetus are important in both the pathogenicity and antigenicity of this organism. For biochemical and immunological characterization, we purified high molecular weight (100,000, 127,000, 149,000) surface-array proteins from three C. fetus strains using sequential gel filtration and ion exchange high performance liquid chromatography. These proteins are acidic with pI values between 4.12 and 4.25 and contain large proportions of acidic amino acids (19.7%-22.0%) in addition to hydrophobic amino acids (37.3%-38.5%). They share a novel amino-terminal sequence through at least 19 residues. Carbohydrate analysis using periodic acid-Schiff staining and treatment with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid shows no evidence of glycosylation. Antiserum to a purified Mr = 100,000 protein from C. fetus 82-40 LP cross-reacts with three other purified C. fetus surface-array proteins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with titers greater than 12,800. We conclude that: 1) there is a family of surface-array proteins of C. fetus with common structural and antigenic characteristics; 2) that these molecules have similar biochemical characteristics to surface-array proteins described for other bacteria; but however, 3) by amino-terminal sequence analysis these are unique.
Recollections of AP History (1986)

Journal Article Recollections of AP History Get access John P. Stanley John P. Stanley Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar OAH Magazine of History, Volume 2, Issue 1, Summer 1986, Page 42, https://doi.org/10.1093/maghis/2.1.42 Published: 01 June 1986