gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metalloporphyrins as sensing elements for the rapid detection of trace TNT vapor (2006)

A series of porphyrin or metalloporphyrin-doped mesostructured silica films were successfully fabricated using small molecular (CTAB) or macromolecular (F127, P123) surfactants as structure-directing agents, and examined for chemosensor applications to detect trace vapors of explosives such as TNT and DNT. All prepared nanocomposite films show high fluorescence quenching sensitivity towards TNT and DNT vapors, but, their performances are strongly dependent on the formed mesostructure, the pore size and the type of sensing elements (porphyrin units). The cadmium porphyrin film with bicontinuous worm-like mesostructure exhibits the highest quenching efficiency, close to 60% after 10 s of exposure. Besides the superior TNT detecting capability, these hybrid films offer several advantages over other fluorescence-based sensory materials, such as a simple preparation procedure, inexpensive materials as well as the stability of organic sensing elements in an inorganic matrix. These results suggest that these new kinds of mesostructured nanocomposites are potentially useful chemosensory materials for rapidly detecting trace explosives.
Identification of Biological Relevant Minor Histocompatibility Antigens within the B-lymphocyte–Derived HLA-Ligandome Using a Reverse Immunology Approach (2015)

The biologic relevance of MiHA LB-CLYBL-1Y was demonstrated by the detection of LB-CLYBL-1Y-specific T cells in a patient suffering from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that experienced an anti-leukemic response after treatment with allo-SCT.
Antibody-IL-2 fusion proteins: a novel strategy for immune protection. (1997)

Advances in genetic engineering and expression systems have led to a rapid progress in the development of immunoglobulins fused to other proteins. These 'antibody fusion proteins' have novel properties and include antibodies fused to the cytokine interleukin-2. In the present review we describe strategies for construction of these antibody-interleukin-2 fusion proteins and discuss their in vitro and in vivo properties. Antibody-interleukin-2 fusion proteins retain both antibody associated functions such as antigen binding, complement activation and Fc gamma receptor binding as well as interleukin-2 associated functions such as the stimulation of proliferation of CTLL2 cells. In vivo, they produce strong potentiation of the host immune response against any associated antigen. In addition, these novel molecules are able to target tumor cells and produce a specific and effective T cell response capable of eliminating the tumor. These properties suggest that antibody-interleukin-2 fusion proteins will be useful in the diagnosis and/or treatment of human cancer as well as in the potentiation of human response against any associated antigen.
Dual-Specificity CAR+ T Cells to Target B-Cell Malignancies and Opportunistic Fungal Infection (2014)

Lymphodepletion before adoptive cell transfer (ACT) can enhance anti-tumor responses by increasing access to homeostatic cytokines and by depressing the numbers of regulatory cells. However, the lymphodepleted recipient is at risk for morbidity and mortality from pathogens. Indeed, opportunistic invasive fungal infection (IFI) by Aspergillus sp. results in a 60 to 85% in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Antifungal agents such as polyenes, triazoles, and echinocandins can be rendered ineffective due to shifts in fungal epidemiology, emergence of drug resistant strains, and attendant toxicities in the recipients. Thus, other strategies are being developed that target fungi. Clinical-grade T cells genetically modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have been successfully used to redirect specificity to target tumor-associated antigens. We and others have infused CD19-specific T cells in patients undergoing HSCT for investigational treatment of B-cell malignancies. This provides a platform to expand the role of adoptive immunotherapy to also target IFI. We adapted the pattern-recognition receptor Dectin-1 to activate T cells via chimeric CD28 and CD3-z (designated D-CAR) upon binding with carbohydrate cell wall in Aspergillus germlings. The D-CAR+ T cells exhibited specificity for b-1,3-gucan and inhibited hyphal growth of Aspergillus. The D-CAR was then expressed with our CD19-specific CAR (designated CD19RCD28) which is currently used in clinical trials. Our existing manufacturing platform was readily adapted to electro-transfer plasmids from the Sleeping Beauty (SB) system. Clinical-grade CD19-specific CAR+ T cells are produced after introducing two DNA plasmids coding for transposon (CD19RCD28) and transposase (SB11). The synchronous electro-transfer of a third SB-derived DNA plasmid coding for D-CAR resulted in CD19RCD28+D-CAR+ T cells. The resultant genetically modified T cells can target both CD19+ malignant B cells and Aspergillus. Generating CD19-specific T cells with multiple specificities will enable introduced fungal immunity to be long-lived and provides a foundation for engineering an immune response with that can target multiple antigens, such as to prevent the emergence of antigen-escape variants.
Regional and maturation-associated expression of endothelin 2 in rat gastrointestinal tract. (1995)

Endothelin 2 (ET2), also referred to as vasoactive intestinal contractor peptide, is a member of a family of vasoactive peptides. ET2 is a potent constrictor of intestinal smooth muscle, and the mRNA that encodes it has been detected in murine intestinal extracts. To further investigate the potential physiological roles of ET2, we characterized the cellular distribution of ET2 gene expression in adult rat gastrointestinal tract. Using an RNAse protection assay, an overall proximal to distal gradient of increasing ET2 gene expression was observed from stomach to colon. In situ hybridization studies confirmed this finding and demonstrated ET2 mRNA localized in lamina propria stromal cells. Moreover, ET2 gene expression in stromal cells increased from crypt to villous tip. The results demonstrate that ET2 is produced by stromal cells in villi throughout the intestine. Increased ET2 gene expression at the villous tip is associated with more mature overlying epithelial cells, suggesting a possible role for this vasoactive peptide in intestinal epithelial differentiation or secretory activity.
Molecular mechanisms of cervical carcinogenesis by high‐risk human papillomaviruses: novel functions of E6 and E7 oncoproteins (2009)

Over the last two decades, since the initial discovery of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and 18 DNAs in cervical cancers by Dr. Harald zur Hausen (winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2008), the HPVs have been well characterised as causative agents for cervical cancer. Viral DNA from a specific group of HPVs can be detected in at least 90% of all cervical cancers and two viral genes, E6 and E7, are invariably expressed in HPV-positive cervical cancer cells. Their gene products are known to inactivate the major tumour suppressors, p53 and retinoblastoma protein (pRB), respectively. In addition, one function of E6 is to activate telomerase, and E6 and E7 cooperate to effectively immortalise human primary epithelial cells. Though expression of E6 and E7 is itself not sufficient for cancer development, it seems to be either directly or indirectly involved in every stage of multi-step carcinogenesis. Epidemiological and biological studies suggest the potential efficacy of prophylactic vaccines to prevent genital HPV infection as an anti-cancer strategy. However, given the widespread nature of HPV infection and unresolved issues about the duration and type specificity of the currently available HPV vaccines, it is crucial that molecular details of the natural history of HPV infection as well as the biological activities of the viral oncoproteins be elucidated in order to provide the basis for development of new therapeutic strategies against HPV-associated malignancies. This review highlights novel functions of E6 and E7 as well as the molecular mechanisms of HPV-induced carcinogenesis.
IgE Generation and Mast Cell Effector Function in Mice Deficient in IL-4 and IL-13 (2005)

IL-4 and IL-13 are potent cytokines that drive production of IgE, which is critical to the development of atopic disease. In this study, we directly compared IgE generation and IgE-dependent mast cell effector function in mouse strains lacking IL-4, IL-13, IL-4 + IL-13, or their common receptor component, IL-4Ralpha. Although serum IgE was undetectable under resting conditions in most animals deficient in one or both cytokines, peritoneal mast cells from mice lacking IL-4 or IL-13 had only partial reductions in surface IgE level. In contrast, peritoneal mast cells from IL-4/13(-/-) and IL-4Ralpha(-/-) animals were severely deficient in surface IgE, and showed no detectable degranulation following treatment with anti-IgE in vitro. Surprisingly, however, intradermal challenge with high concentrations of anti-IgE Ab induced an ear-swelling response in these strains, implying some capacity for IgE-mediated effector function in tissue mast cells. Furthermore, upon specific immunization with OVA, both IL-4/IL-13(-/-) and IL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice produced detectable levels of serum IgE and Ag-specific IgG1, and generated strong ear-swelling responses to intradermal administration of anti-IgE. These findings suggest that a mechanism for IgE production exists in vivo that is independent of IL-4 or IL-13.
Phase I study of recombinant interleukin-1 beta in patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplant for acute myelogenous leukemia (1994)

A phase I trial was conducted with recombinant human interleukin-1 beta (rhIL-1 beta) in patients undergoing autologous bone marrow (BM) transplantation for acute myelogenous leukemia. rhIL-1 beta was administered at 3 dose levels (0.01, 0.02, 0.05 microgram/kg) by 30 minute intravenous infusion once a day beginning on the day of BM infusion and continuing for a total of 5 doses. A total of 17 patients were entered on the trial, and their results were compared with those of 74 consecutive historical control patients that did not receive colony stimulating factors. Moderate toxicity was observed in all patients. All 17 patients developed fever and chills within 30 minutes after initiation of rhIL-1 beta, and hypotension was observed in 14 of 17 patients 5 to 8 hours after the infusion. A total of 30% of patients required therapy (normal saline or dopamine) for treatment of hypotension. Therefore, dose escalation was discontinued at the 0.05 microgram/kg dose level. The number of days required to achieve an absolute neutrophil count greater than 500 mL in patients who received rhIL-1 beta was less than in historical patients (25 v 34; P = .02). This appeared to correlate with a reduced incidence of infection between days 0 and 28 after BM infusion (12% v 23%; P = .049). Median bilirubin, median creatinine, platelet recovery, and days in the hospital were not different between study patients and historical controls. Survival of patients who received rhIL-1 beta compared with that of historical patients was improved (30% v 20%; P = .04). These possible benefits were achieved at the cost of moderate toxicity during rhIL-1 beta administration.
Fault tolerant high performance computing by a coding approach (2005)

As the number of processors in today's high performance computers continues to grow, the mean-time-to-failure of these computers are becoming significantly shorter than the execution time of many current high performance computing applications. Although today's architectures are usually robust enough to survive node failures without suffering complete system failure, most today's high performance computing applications can not survive node failures and, therefore, whenever a node fails, have to abort themselves and restart from the beginning or a stable-storage-based checkpoint.This paper explores the use of the floating-point arithmetic coding approach to build fault survivable high performance computing applications so that they can adapt to node failures without aborting themselves. Despite the use of erasure codes over Galois field has been theoretically attempted before in diskless checkpointing, few actual implementations exist. This probably derives from concerns related to both the efficiency and the complexity of implementing such codes in high performance computing applications. In this paper, we introduce the simple but efficient floating-point arithmetic coding approach into diskless checkpointing and address the associated round-off error issue. We also implement a floating-point arithmetic version of the Reed-Solomon coding scheme into a conjugate gradient equation solver and evaluate both the performance and the numerical impact of this scheme. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed floating-point arithmetic coding approach is able to survive a small number of simultaneous node failures with low performance overhead and little numerical impact.
Two-dimensional power-line selection scheme for low subthreshold-current multi-gigabit DRAM's (1994)

A two-dimensional power-line selection scheme for an iterative CMOS circuit block is proposed to reduce the subthreshold current. In this scheme, a block is divided into sub-blocks in a two-dimensional arrangement and selectively energized by two-dimensional power-line selection. It is shown to be suitable for dual word-line structure, particularly because of its single sub-word line activation. This scheme achieves a very large reduction of active current to one sixteenth, from 116 mA to 22 mA for a 1-V 16-Gb DRAM with dual word-line structure, while maintaining a speed comparable to existing multi-megabit DRAM's. The proposed scheme is promising for reducing the active power of future multi-gigabit DRAM's.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Resistance: A Threat to the Insecticidal Crystal Proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (1995)

Insecticidal crystal proteins (also known as d-endotoxins) synthesized by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) are the active ingredient of various environmentally friendly insecticides that are 1) highly compatible with natural enemies and other nontarget organisms due to narrow host specificity, 2) harmless to vertebrates, 3) biodegradable in the environment, and 4) highly amenable to genetic engineering. The use of transgenic plants expressing Bt d-endotoxins has the potential to greatly reduce the environmental and health costs associated with the use of conventional insecticides. The complex mode of action of Bt is the subject of intensive research. When eaten by a susceptible insect d-endotoxin crystals are solubilized in the midgut; proteases then cleave protoxin molecules into activated toxin which binds to receptors on the midgut brush border membrane. Part of the toxin molecule inserts into the membrane causing the midgut cells to leak, swell, and lyse; death results from bacterial septicemia. Insecticides formulated with Bt account for less than 1% of the total insecticides used each year worldwide because of high cost, narrow host range, and comparatively low efficacy. Environmental contamination, food safety concerns, and pest resistance to conventional insecticides have caused a steady increase in demand for Bt-based insecticides. The recent escalation of commercial interest in Bt has resulted in more persistent and efficacious formulations. For example, improved Bt-based insecticides have allowed management of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Unfortunately this has resulted in the evolution of resistance to d-endotoxins in P. xylostella populations worldwide. The recent appearance of Bt resistance in the field, corroborated by the results of laboratory selection experiments, demonstrates genetically-based resistance in several species of Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera. The genetic capacity to evolve resistance to these toxins is probably present in all insects, and the heritability, fitness costs, and stability of the resistance trait are documented in several insect populations. In two strains of Bt-resistant lepidopteran species, mechanisms of resistance involve reductions in the binding of toxin to midgut receptors. Research on other resistant strains suggests that other mechanisms are also involved. Unfortunately, the high stability of the resistance trait, as well as broad spectrum cross-resistance to other d-endotoxins, undermines many potential options for resistance management. Genetically engineered plants, expressing d-endotoxin continuously and at ultrahigh doses, ensure intense and rapid selection of the target insect population. The efficacy of transgenic plants can be preserved only by developing an integrated pest management program that is designed specifically to reduce selection pressure by minimizing exposure to Bt and increasing other mortality factors, thereby slowing the rate of pest adaptation to Bt.
Discordant Regulation of Granzyme H and Granzyme B Expression in Human Lymphocytes (2004)

We analyzed the expression of granzyme H in human blood leukocytes, using a novel monoclonal antibody raised against recombinant granzyme H. 33-kDa granzyme H was easily detected in unfractionated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, due to its high constitutive expression in CD3(-)CD56(+) natural killer (NK) cells, whereas granzyme B was less abundant. The NK lymphoma cell lines, YT and Lopez, also expressed high granzyme H levels. Unstimulated CD4(+) and particularly CD8(+) T cells expressed far lower levels of granzyme H than NK cells, and various agents that classically induce T cell activation, proliferation, and enhanced granzyme B expression failed to induce granzyme H expression in T cells. Also, granzyme H was not detected in NK T cells, monocytes, or neutrophils. There was a good correlation between mRNA and protein expression in cells that synthesize both granzymes B and H, suggesting that gzmH gene transcription is regulated similarly to gzmB. Overall, our data indicate that although the gzmB and gzmH genes are tightly linked, expression of the proteins is quite discordant in T and NK cells. The finding that granzyme H is frequently more abundant than granzyme B in NK cells is consistent with a role for granzyme H in complementing the pro-apoptotic function of granzyme B in human NK cells.
Correctional Osteotomy for Metatarsus Primus Varus and Hallux Valgus (1968)

Ninety feet in fifty-one patients have been subjected to distal osteotomy of the first metatarsal bone for metatarsus primus varus and hallux valgus. The technique described by Mitchell, Fleming, Allen, Glenney, and Sanford has been used. The results have been satisfactory in all but six feet. Unsatisfactory results were associated with excessive shortening of the first ray or dorsal displacement of the distal fragment. In both instances the patients had metatarsalgia and calluses beneath the second metatarsal heads.
CLINICAL REVIEW 27 Effects of Hormonal Replacement on Lipids and Lipoproteins in Postmenopausal Women (1991)

HEART disease is the leading cause of death in women and accounts for 500,000 deaths annually, compared to only 250,000 for cancer. Of the $60 billion spent annually in the United States for the treatment of heart disease, 58% of this expense is attributable to disease in women. Unfortunately, however, virtually all appropriations of funding for research in the prevention and treatment of heart disease are for men. Several lines of evidence suggest that both the morbidity and mortality of heart disease in postmenopausal women are increased compared to those in men. Heart disease after menopause is a more devastating disease. The focus of this review, therefore, is to explore the hypothesis that lipids may be implicated in this cardiovascular (CV) risk and to analyze the effects of hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) on lipids and lipoproteins. Cardiovascular Disease: The Influence of Cholesterol The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) rises substantially with aging after the natural menopause, but only equates the incidence in men in the seventh decade.
Purification and physical-chemical characterization of hepatic stimulator substance† (1987)

Hepatic stimulator substance is a liver growth stimulator derived from the hepatocyte cytosol of weanling or regenerating adult rat livers. The present paper reports the almost 9,000-fold purification of hepatic stimulator substance with an approximately 100,000-fold increase in specific growth stimulator activity. Purification steps included heating at 95 degrees C for 15 min, 40% cold ethanol precipitation, passage over Procion Red HE3B, DEAE cellulose and Sephadex G75 columns and gel filtration and reverse-phase fast protein liquid chromatography techniques. As little as 27 ng per ml of the purest material produced a 2-fold stimulation in the standard HTC cell activity assay. Further studies indicate that hepatic stimulator substance is a highly negatively charged protein and that disulfide bonds or a complex tertiary structure are not essential to its activity. Hepatic stimulator substance is stable over a wide range of pH's and temperatures. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with silver stain revealed 1 major band at 12,400 daltons and 1 minor band at 17,500 daltons.
The Herpes Simplex Virus 1 U S 3 Protein Kinase Blocks Caspase-Dependent Double Cleavage and Activation of the Proapoptotic Protein BAD (2003)

An earlier report showed that the U(S)3 protein kinase blocked the apoptosis induced by the herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) d120 mutant at a premitochondrial stage. Further studies revealed that the kinase also blocks programmed cell death induced by the proapoptotic protein BAD. Here we report the effects of the U(S)3 protein kinase on the function and state of a murine BAD protein. Specifically, (i) in uninfected cells, BAD was processed by at least two proteolytic cleavages that were blocked by a general caspase inhibitor. The untreated transduced cells expressed elevated caspase 3 activity. (ii) In cells cotransduced with the U(S)3 protein kinase, the BAD protein was not cleaved and the caspase 3 activity was not elevated. (iii) Inasmuch as the U(S)3 protein kinase blocked the proapoptotic activity and cleavage of a mutant (BAD3S/A) in which the codons for the regulatory serines at positions 112, 136, and 155 were each replaced with alanine codons, the U(S)3 protein kinase does not act by phosphorylation of these sites nor was the phosphorylation of these sites required for the antiapoptotic function of the U(S)3 protein kinase. (iv) The U(S)3 protein kinase did not enable the binding of the BAD3S/A mutant to the antiapoptotic proteins 14-3-3. Finally, (v) whereas cleavage of BAD at ASP56 and ASP61 has been reported and results in the generation of a more effective proapoptotic protein with an M(r) of 15,000, in this report we also show the existence of a second caspase-dependent cleavage site most likely at the ASP156 that is predicted to inactivate the proapoptotic activity of BAD. We conclude that the primary effect of U(S)3 was to block the caspases that cleave BAD at either residue 56 or 61 predicted to render the protein more proapoptotic or at residue 156, which would inactivate the protein.
Polymer science dictionary (1990)

More than 6000 entries with expanded encyclopaedic style definitions make this reference work useful to practitioners, researchers and students working in the area of polymer science and technology. Polymer chemistry and physics is covered comprehensively, including polymerization, polymer structure, properties and individual polymer materials. Alternative terms and explanations of abbreviations are offered where appropriate and relevant trade names are included. It is complete with appendices covering SI and other units, conversion factors, physical constants and relative atomic masses.