gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Independent development of pancreatic alpha- and beta-cells from neurogenin3-expressing precursors: a role for the notch pathway in repression of premature differentiation. (2000)

The nature and identity of the pancreatic beta-cell precursor has remained elusive for many years. One model envisions an early multihormonal precursor that gives rise to both alpha- and beta-cells and the other endocrine cell types. Alternatively, beta-cells have been suggested to arise late, directly from the GLUT2- and pancreatic duodenal homeobox factor-1 (PDX1)-expressing epithelium, which gives rise also to the acinar cells during this stage. In this study, we have identified a subset of the PDX1+ epithelial cells that are marked by expression of Neurogenin3 (Ngn3). Ngn3, a member of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors, is suggested to act upstream of NeuroD in a bHLH cascade. Detailed analysis of Ngn3/paired box factor 6 (PAX6) and NeuroD/PAX6 co-expression shows that the two bHLH factors are expressed in a largely nonoverlapping set of cells, but such analysis also suggests that the NeuroD+ cells arise from cells expressing Ngn3 transiently. NeuroD+ cells do not express Ki-67, a marker of proliferating cells, which shows that these cells are postmitotic. In contrast, Ki-67 is readily detected in Ngn3+ cells. Thus, Ngn3+ cells fulfill the criteria for an endocrine precursor cell. These expression patterns support the notion that both alpha- and beta-cells develop independently from PDX1+/Ngn3+ epithelial cells, rather than from GLU+/INS+ intermediate stages. The earliest sign of alpha-cell development appears to be Brain4 expression, which apparently precedes Islet-1 (ISL1) expression. Based on our expression analysis, we propose a temporal sequence of gene activation and inactivation for developing alpha- and beta-cells beginning with activation of NeuroD expression. Endocrine cells leave the cell cycle before NeuroD activation, but re-enter the cell cycle at perinatal stages. Dynamic expression of Notch1 in PDX+ epithelial cells suggests that Notch signaling could inhibit a Ngn-NeuroD cascade as seen in the nervous system and thus prevent premature differentiation of endocrine cells.
[Molecular cloning of a novel low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit gene from wheat variety "Chuanmai 42"]. (2006)

Using PCR-amplification method, the coding sequences of a novel low-molecular-weight glutenin (LMW-GS) gene, LMWCM42-1, was isolated from the genomic DNA of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety 'Chuanmai 42'. The full coding region of this gene consisted of 846 nucleotides, and encoded a protein with 281 amino acids. LMWCM42-1 is a typical low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) gene. In spite of high similarity with the known LMW-GSs, LMWCM42-1 was quite different from the known LMW-GS in the N-terminal, central repetitive domain and C-terminal domain. It was found that LMWCM42-1 was located within the Glu-D3 locus by phylogenetic analysis.
Active specific immunotherapy in malignant melanoma (1989)

We have recently initiated clinical trials of active specific immunotherapy evaluating a new polyvalent melanoma cell vaccine in patients with high-risk and/or recurrent melanoma. The vaccine has been administered alone, or in combination with low-dose cyclophosphamide, as an immunomodulator of suppressor cells. Cyclophosphamide is effective in lowering suppressor cell activity in some patients undergoing active specific immunotherapy. This is not associated with an enhanced humoral immune response to melanoma-associated antigens, nor is the clinical course of those patients receiving cyclophosphamide favorably influenced. We are hopeful that other immunomodulators, alone or in combination with lower doses of cyclophosphamide, may be effective in some patients, particularly in those patients whose suppressor cell activity remains high. The optimization of the vaccine and the use of immunomodulators will enhance humoral and cellular immune responses to antigens in the allogenic vaccine that cross react with those present in the autologous melanoma, which should more favorably influence the prognosis of melanoma patients.
A Genetic Screen in Drosophila for Metastatic Behavior (2003)

A genetic screen was designed in Drosophila to interrogate its genome for mutations sufficient to cause noninvasive tumors of the eye disc to invade neighboring or distant tissues. We found that cooperation between oncogenic RasV12 expression and inactivation of any one of a number of genes affecting cell polarity leads to metastatic behavior, including basement membrane degradation, loss of E-cadherin expression, migration, invasion, and secondary tumor formation. Inactivation of these cell polarity genes cannot drive metastatic behavior alone or in combination with other tumor-initiating alterations. These findings suggest that the oncogenic background of tissues makes a distinct contribution toward metastatic development.
ERK signaling is a central regulator for BMP-4 dependent capillary sprouting (2007)

We demonstrate that ERK1/2 functions as an alternative pathway in BMP-4 signaling in HUVECs. Capillary sprouting induced by BMP-4 is dependent on ERK phosphorylation. ERK is essential for efficient transduction of BMP signals and serves as a positive feedback mechanism. On the other hand, stimulation of Smad 6 inhibits ERK activation and thus results in a negative feedback loop to fine-tune BMP signaling in HUVECs.
Real Time Phong Shading (1990)

Nowadays, hardware support for Gouraud shading is state-of-the-art. Most hardware implementations of the Phong shading algorithm lack flexibility, for example are restricted in the number of light sources. In this paper, we will present a concept of shading processors that has been developed in a rendering system called PROOF. Two types of processors have been designed, one performing the normalization of vectors. The other one is designed for faster and cheaper shading. The capabilities of the processors are demonstrated.
Regulation of immunoreactive-insulin release from a rat cell line (RINm5F) (1983)

1. An insulin-producing cell line, RINm5F, derived from a rat insulinoma was studied. 2. The cellular content of immunoreactive insulin was 0.19 pg/cell, which represents approx. 1% of the insulin content of native rat beta-cells, whereas that of immunoreactive glucagon and somatostatin was five to six orders of magnitude less than that of native alpha- or delta-cells respectively. 3. RINm5F cells released 7-12% of their cellular immunoreactive-insulin content at 2.8 mM-glucose during 60 min in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer. 4. Glucose utilization was increased by raising glucose from 2.8 to 16.7 mM. There was, however, no stimulation of immunoreactive-insulin release even when glucose was increased from 2.8 to 33.4 mM. A small stimulation of release was, however, found when glucose was raised from 0 to 2.8 mM. 5. Glyceraldehyde stimulated the release of immunoreactive insulin in a dose-dependent manner. 6. At 20 mM, leucine or arginine stimulated release at 2.8 mM-glucose. 7. Raising intracellular cyclic AMP by glucagon or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine stimulated release at 2.8 mM-glucose with no additional stimulation at 16.7 mM-glucose. 8. Stimulation of immunoreactive-insulin release by K+ was dose-related between 2 and 30 mM. Another depolarizing agent, ouabain, also stimulated release. 9. Adrenaline (epinephrine) inhibited both basal (2.8 mM-glucose) release and that stimulated by 30 mM-K+. 10. Raising Ca2+ from 1 to 3 mM stimulated immunoreactive-insulin release, whereas a decrease from 1 to 0.3 or to 0.1 mM-Ca2+ lowered the release. 11. These findings could reflect a relatively specific impairment in glucose handling by RINm5F cells, contrasting with the preserved response to other modulators of insulin release.
Adverse impact and predictive efficiency of various predictor combinations. (1997)

The effects of number of predictors, predictor intercorrelations, validity, and level of subgroup difference on composite validity, adverse impact ratios, and mean subgroup difference associated with various predictor composites, including and excluding a ''high impact ability measure, were assessed. The size of subgroup differences is substantially smaller when low-impact predictors are combined with a high-impact predictor but hiring ratios for majority and minority groups still indicate a prima facie case of discrimination, using the fourth-fifths rule for most predictor-criterion combinations. However, the validity of a composite of alternate predictors and cognitive ability may exceed the validity of cognitive ability alone and reduce the size of subgroup differences.
Vapnik-Chervonenkis bounds for generalization (1993)

The authors review the Vapnik and Chervonenkis theorem as applied to the problem of generalization. By combining some of the technical modifications proposed in the literature they derive tighter bounds and a new version of the theorem bounding the accuracy in the estimation of generalization probabilities from finite samples. A critical discussion and comparison with the results from statistical mechanics is given.
Tumor inhibitors. LXXXX. Steganacin and steganangin, novel antileukemic lignan lactones from Steganotaenia araliacea (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTumor inhibitors. LXXXX. Steganacin and steganangin, novel antileukemic lignan lactones from Steganotaenia araliaceaS. Morris. Kupchan, Ronald W. Britton, Myra F. Ziegler, Christopher J. Gilmore, Roderic J. Restivo, and Robert F. BryanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 4, 1335–1336Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00785a054https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00785a054research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views508Altmetric-Citations184LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Molecular Techniques for Determining Microbial Diversity and Community Structure in Natural Environments (2000)

The ability to quantify the number and kinds of microorganisms within a community is fundamental to the understanding of the structure and function of an ecosystem. The simple morphology of most microbes provides few clues for their identification and physiological traits are often ambiguous. In addition, many organisms resist cultivation, which is essential to their characterization. Recombinant DNA techniques have provided a means whereby many of the obstacles associated with cultivation and description can be overcome and subsequently has allowed many new insights into the complexity of natural microbial communities. Molecular approaches based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence analysis allow direct investigation of the community structure, diversity, and phylogeny of microorganisms in almost any environment, while quantification of the individual types of microorganisms or entire microbial communities may be addressed by nucleic acid hybridization techniques. Furthermore, the use of fluorescently labeled population-specific rRNA probes allows microscopic examination of individual cells in complex microbial assemblages as well as their interactions in situ. In this review, we discuss strategies for characterizing microbial communities without the need for cultivation.
Thalidomide in the treatment of cancer cachexia: a randomised placebo controlled trial (2005)

Thalidomide was well tolerated and effective at attenuating loss of weight and lean body mass in patients with cachexia due to advanced pancreatic cancer.
Adalimumab for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Hidradenitis Suppurativa (2012)

Abbott Laboratories.
Vaccinia Virus Inhibits the Maturation of Human Dendritic Cells: A Novel Mechanism of Immune Evasion (1999)

Vaccinia virus employs multiple mechanisms to evade the immune system, yet is highly immunogenic. We studied the interaction between vaccinia and human dendritic cells (DCs), potent APCs. DCs develop from precursor cells in two stages: an immature stage in which Ag uptake and processing occur, and a mature stage in which there is up-regulation of costimulatory and HLA molecules and efficient T cell activation. Vaccinia virus undergoes an abortive replication in both stages of DCs and induces apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, maturation of immature DCs and consequently T cell activation are inhibited. Obstruction of DC maturation may constitute a novel mechanism by which vaccinia attempts to evade the immune response.
Disulfide trapping of protein complexes on the yeast surface (2009)

Protein complexes are common in nature and play important roles in biology, but studying the quaternary structure formation in vitro is challenging since it involves lengthy and expensive biochemical steps. There are frequent technical difficulties as well with the sensitivity and resolution of the assays. In this regard, a technique that can analyze protein-protein interactions in high throughput would be a useful experimental tool. Here, we introduce a combination of yeast display and disulfide trapping that we refer to as stabilization of transient and unstable complexes by engineered disulfide (STUCKED) that can be used to detect the formation of a broad spectrum of protein complexes on the yeast surface using fluorescence labeling. The technique uses an engineered intersubunit disulfide to covalently crosslink the subunits of a complex, so that the disulfide-trapped complex can be displayed on the yeast surface for detection and analysis. Transient protein complexes are difficult to display on the yeast surface, since they may dissociate before they can be detected due to a long induction period in yeast. To this end, we show that three different quaternary structures with the subunit dissociation constant K(d) approximately 0.5-20 microM, the antibody variable domain (Fv), the IL-8 dimer, and the p53-MDM2 complex, cannot be displayed on the yeast surface as a noncovalent complex. However, when we introduce an interchain disulfide between the subunits, all three systems are efficiently displayed on the yeast surface, showing that disulfide trapping can help display protein complexes that cannot be displayed otherwise. We also demonstrate that a disulfide forms only between the subunits that interact specifically, the displayed complexes exhibit functional characteristics that are expected of wt proteins, the mutations that decrease the affinity of subunit interaction also reduce the display efficiency, and most of the disulfide stabilized complexes are formed within the secretory pathway during export to the surface. Disulfide crosslinking is therefore a convenient way to study weak protein association in the context of yeast display.
Training product unit neural networks with genetic algorithms (1993)

Product unit neural networks are useful because they can handle higher order combinations of inputs. When trained using traditional backpropagation, however, they are often susceptible to local minima. The use of genetic algorithm exploratory procedures that can often locate near-optimal solutions to complex problems to overcome this, is discussed. The genetic algorithm maintains a set of trial solutions and forces them to evolve toward an acceptable solution. A representation for possible solutions must first be developed. Then, with an initial random population, the algorithm uses survival of the fittest techniques as well as old knowledge in the gene pool to improve each generation's ability to solve the problem. This improvement is achieved through a four-step process of evaluation, reproduction, breeding, and mutation. An example application is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Specific Knockdown of OCT4 in Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Inducible Short Hairpin RNA Interference (2009)

Manipulation of gene function in embryonic stem cells by either over expression or downregulation is critical for understanding their subsequent cell fate. We have developed a tetracycline-inducible short hairpin RNA interference (shRNAi) for human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and demonstrated doxycycline dose-dependent knockdown of the transcription factor OCT4 and the cell surface antigen beta2-microglobulin. The induced knockdown of OCT4 resulted in rapid differentiation of hESCs with a significant increase in transcription of genes associated with trophoblast and endoderm lineages, the extent of which was controlled by the degree of induction. Transgene toxicity, which may occur in conditional over-expression strategies with hESCs, was not observed with wild-type Tet repressor protein. The system allows efficient, reversible, and long-term downregulation of target genes in hESCs and enables the generation of stable transfectants for the knockdown of genes essential for cell survival and self-renewal, not necessarily possible by nonconditional shRNAi methods. STEM CELLS 2009;27:776-782.
Electronic structure ofCu2O and CuO (1988)

The electronic structure of copper oxides has been investigated by photoelectron (x-ray photoemission, ultraviolet photoemission), Auger electron, and bremsstrahlung isochromat spectroscopies. The experimental results are compared with one-electron band-structure calculations as well as with a cluster configuration interaction model. It is demonstrated that the results for ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}$O agree well with band theory, whereas those for CuO clearly show strong deviations which we argue are due to electron-correlation effects in the open-shell $d$ bands. From the comparison to cluster calculations we extract values for the $\mathrm{Cu} d\ensuremath{-}d$ and $\mathrm{O} p\ensuremath{-}p$ Coulomb interactions, the O to Cu charge transfer energy, and the degree of $\mathrm{Cu} d\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{O} 2p$ hybridization. From this we demonstrate that CuO is a charge-transfer gap insulator.
Bipredictive Configural Frequency Analysis of Small Sample MANOVA Designs (2000)

Summary, Zusammenfassung In two dimensional contingency tables bipredictive configure! frequency analysis (CFA) is based on Kimball's (1954) chi-square decomposition. The assignment of categorical variables to either treatment or response variables allows the analysis of data from (M)ANOVA designs. The application of Kimball's asymptotic chi-square decomposition is, however, restricted to larger samples. This paper suggests and demonstrates an exact version of bipredictive CFA for use in MANOVA designs with small samples. Key words: bipredictive CFA, chi-square decomposition, local, regional and global contingency, exact tests Biprddiktive Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse in MANOVA Designs mit kleinen Stichproben Die bipradiktive Konfigurationsfrequenzanalyse (KFA) verwendet zur Analyse von zwei-dimensionalen Kontingenztafeln die auf Kimball (1954) zurdckgehende Chi-Quadratzerlegung. Teilt man die verwendeten kategorialen Variablen in Treatment- and Responsevariablen ein, dann konnen Daten aus (M)ANOVADesigns analysiert werden. Die Verwendung der Kimball'schen asymptotischen Chi-Quadratzerlegung ist jedoch nur fair grbBere Stichproben geeignet. Der Artikel stellt eine exakte Version der bipradiktiven KFA vor, welche sich fur Daten aus MANOVA-Designs mit kleinen Stichproben eignet. Die exakte bipr-ddiktive KFA wird an einem Datenbeispiel demonstriert. Schliisselworter: Bipradiktive KFA, Chi-Quadratzerlegung, lokale, regionale und globale Kontingenz, exakte Tests [Reference] References [Reference] 1. Bortz, J., Lienert, G. A. & Boenke, K.: Verteilungsfreie Methoden in der Biostatistik. [Distribution-free methods in biostatistics]. Springer Publishing Company: Berlin, 1990. 2. Castellan, NT: On the partitioning of contingency tables. Psychological Bulletin, 64, 1965, 330-338. [Reference] 3. Eysenck, H.J. & Eysenck, S.B.G.: The Eysenck Personality Inventory. University of London Press: London, 1964. 4. Eysenck, H.J.: The scientific study of personality. Routledge and Kegan Paul: London, 1952. 5. Eysenck, H.J.: The dynamics of anxiety and hysteria. Routledge and Kegan Paul: London, 1957. [Reference] 6. Freeman, G.H. & Halton, J.H.: Note on an exact treatment of contingency goodness-of-fit and other problems of significance. Biometrika, 38, 1951, 141-149. 7. Havranek, T. & Lienert, G.A.: Local and regional versus global contingency testing. Biometrical Journal, 26, 1984, 483-494. 8. Heilmann, T. …
Clustering to improve matched filter detection of weak gas plumes in hyperspectral thermal imagery (2001)

The use of matched filters on hyperspectral data has made it possible to detect faint signatures. This study uses a modified k-means clustering to improve matched filter performance. Several simple bivariate cases are examined in detail, and the interaction of filtering and partitioning is discussed. The authors show that clustering can reduce within-class variance and group pixels with similar correlation structures. Both of these features improve filter performance. The traditional k-means algorithm is modified to work with a sample of the image at each iteration and is tested against two hyperspectral datasets. A new "extreme" centroid initialization technique is introduced and shown to speed convergence. Several matched filtering formulations (the simple matched filter, the clutter matched filter, and the saturated matched filter) are compared for a variety of number of classes and synthetic hyperspectral images. The performance of the various clutter matched filter formulations is similar, all are about an order of magnitude better than the simple matched filter. Clustering is found to improve the performance of all matched filter formulations by a factor of two to five. Clustering in conjunction with clutter matched filtering can improve fifty-fold over the simple case, enabling very weak signals to be detected in hyperspectral images.