gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Review Paper on Looseness Detection Methods in Bolted Structures (2017)

Bolted structures are widely utilized in industrial structures and equipment due to the numerous advantages they possess. However, the use of bolts in these structures by itself can cause considerable flaws or damages. One of the major reasons of flaw in such structures is looseness. Since the looseness is initiated with a reduction in the axial force, measurement and estimation of this force can contribute to a healthy performance of the structure. The methods used to measure axial force of bolts are divided into two: those which measure or estimate the force directly and those which, by controlling physical parameters, do this indirectly. Ba-sed on this categorization, this paper examines over 16 methods used for evaluation of axial force of bolted structures, and presents their theoretical bases, drawbacks and advantages, with the litera-ture on each method being discussed separately. Finally, the met-hods are compared and the most important criteria in selecting the methods are introduced.
SV40-induced expression of mouse gene 24p3 involves a post-transcriptional mechanism. (1989)

SV40 and polyoma virus induce a mitotic host reaction in confluent, Go-arrested primary mouse kidney cell cultures. To define the primary effects of infection we constructed a cDNA library corresponding to polyA+ mRNA isolated shortly after onset of polyoma T-antigen synthesis. By differential screening of the library we have isolated and then sequenced cDNA recombinant 24p3; determined by Northern blotting, 24p3 mRNA steady state levels increased in parallel with polyoma and SV40 T-antigen synthesis. Since this rapid and early increase was particularly striking (14-20 fold) in SV40-infected cells, we studied the molecular mechanism of induction in this virus-cell system. We show that wt SV40 large T-antigen is required for the increase in 24p3 mRNA levels. The results tend to exclude that this increase is due to an SV40-induced stabilization of the 24p3 mRNA, or to an SV40-induced stimulation of transcription of the 24p3 gene; they are compatible with the working hypothesis that SV40 large T-antigen increases the efficiency of processing, possibly splicing, of the 24p3 pre-mRNA. The biological implications of these results are discussed.
Induction of CD8+T-Cell Responses Against Novel Glioma–Associated Antigen Peptides and Clinical Activity by Vaccinations With α-Type 1 Polarized Dendritic Cells and Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid Stabilized by Lysine and Carboxymethylcellulose in Patients With Recurrent Malignant Glioma (2010)

These data support safety, immunogenicity, and preliminary clinical activity of poly-ICLC-boosted αDC1-based vaccines.
In vivo activity of terpinen-4-ol, the main bioactive component of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel (tea tree) oil against azole-susceptible and -resistant human pathogenic Candida species (2006)

Our data suggest that terpinen-4-ol is a likely mediator of the in vitro and in vivo activity of TTO. This is the first in vivo demonstration that terpinen-4-ol could control C. albicans vaginal infections. The purified compound holds promise for the treatment of vaginal candidiasis, and particularly the azole-resistant forms.
Lipoarabinomannan of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Capping with mannosyl residues in some strains. (1992)

Previously we had demonstrated that the termini of the arabinan component of mycobacterial cell wall arabinogalactan, the site of mycolic acid location, consists mostly of clusters of a pentaarabinofuranoside, [beta-D-Araf-(1----2)-alpha-D-Araf-(1----]2----(3 and 5)-alpha-D-Araf. Subsequently, the same arrangement was shown to dominate the non-reducing ends of lipoarabinomannan (LAM), a key component in the interaction of mycobacteria with host cell. Accordingly, we had proposed that mycobacteria universally elaborate the same Araf-containing motifs in two settings for different pathophysiological purposes. However, we now report that the termini of LAM from the virulent, Erdman, strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, unlike those from the attenuated H37Ra strain, are extensively capped with mannosyl (Manp) residues, either a single alpha-D-Manp, a dimannoside (alpha-D-Manp-(1----2)-alpha-D-Manp), or a trimannoside (alpha-D-Manp-(1----2)-alpha-D-Manp-(1----2)-alpha-D-Manp ). The use of monoclonal antibodies demonstrates a clear difference in the antigenicity of the basic and mannose-capped LAM. The possibility that these structures are a factor in the virulence of some strains of M. tuberculosis and represent an example of carbohydrate mimicry in mycobacterial infections is discussed.
Meningococcal Factor H Binding Proteins in Epidemic Strains from Africa: Implications for Vaccine Development (2011)

NOMV vaccines from mutants with increased fHbp expression elicit an antibody repertoire with greater bactericidal activity than recombinant fHbp vaccines. NOMV vaccines are promising for prevention of meningococcal disease in Africa and could be used to supplement coverage conferred by a serogroup A polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine recently introduced in some sub-Saharan countries.
Inflammasome inhibition prevents α-synuclein pathology and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in mice (2018)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a profound loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, accompanied by chronic neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and widespread accumulation of α-synuclein-rich protein aggregates in the form of Lewy bodies. However, the mechanisms linking α-synuclein pathology and dopaminergic neuronal death to chronic microglial neuroinflammation have not been completely elucidated. We show that activation of the microglial NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a common pathway triggered by both fibrillar α-synuclein and dopaminergic degeneration in the absence of α-synuclein aggregates. Cleaved caspase-1 and the inflammasome adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a C-terminal caspase recruitment domain (ASC) were elevated in the substantia nigra of the brains of patients with PD and in multiple preclinical PD models. NLRP3 activation by fibrillar α-synuclein in mouse microglia resulted in a delayed but robust activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome leading to extracellular interleukin-1β and ASC release in the absence of pyroptosis. Nanomolar doses of a small-molecule NLRP3 inhibitor, MCC950, abolished fibrillar α-synuclein-mediated inflammasome activation in mouse microglial cells and extracellular ASC release. Furthermore, oral administration of MCC950 in multiple rodent PD models inhibited inflammasome activation and effectively mitigated motor deficits, nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration, and accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates. These findings suggest that microglial NLRP3 may be a sustained source of neuroinflammation that could drive progressive dopaminergic neuropathology and highlight NLRP3 as a potential target for disease-modifying treatments for PD.
Towards a taxonomic coherence between average nucleotide identity and 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity for species demarcation of prokaryotes (2014)

Among available genome relatedness indices, average nucleotide identity (ANI) is one of the most robust measurements of genomic relatedness between strains, and has great potential in the taxonomy of bacteria and archaea as a substitute for the labour-intensive DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) technique. An ANI threshold range (95-96%) for species demarcation had previously been suggested based on comparative investigation between DDH and ANI values, albeit with rather limited datasets. Furthermore, its generality was not tested on all lineages of prokaryotes. Here, we investigated the overall distribution of ANI values generated by pairwise comparison of 6787 genomes of prokaryotes belonging to 22 phyla to see whether the suggested range can be applied to all species. There was an apparent distinction in the overall ANI distribution between intra- and interspecies relationships at around 95-96% ANI. We went on to determine which level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity corresponds to the currently accepted ANI threshold for species demarcation using over one million comparisons. A twofold cross-validation statistical test revealed that 98.65% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity can be used as the threshold for differentiating two species, which is consistent with previous suggestions (98.2-99.0%) derived from comparative studies between DDH and 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Our findings should be useful in accelerating the use of genomic sequence data in the taxonomy of bacteria and archaea.
The Optimality of Naive Bayes. (2004)

Naive Bayes is one of the most efficient and effective inductive learning algorithms for machine learning and data mining. Its competitive performance in classifica-tion is surprising, because the conditional independence assumption on which it is based, is rarely true in real-world applications. An open question is: what is the true reason for the surprisingly good performance of naive Bayes in classification? In this paper, we propose a novel explanation on the superb classification performance of naive Bayes. We show that, essentially, the dependence distribution; i.e., how the local dependence of a node distributes in each class, evenly or unevenly, and how the local dependen-cies of all nodes work together, consistently (support-
The Inside-Outside Recursive Neural Network model for Dependency Parsing (2014)

We propose the first implementation of an infinite-order generative dependency model. The model is based on a new recursive neural network architecture, the Inside-Outside Recursive Neural Network. This architecture allows information to flow not only bottom-up, as in traditional recursive neural networks, but also topdown. This is achieved by computing content as well as context representations for any constituent, and letting these representations interact. Experimental results on the English section of the Universal Dependency Treebank show that the infinite-order model achieves a perplexity seven times lower than the traditional third-order model using counting, and tends to choose more accurate parses in k-best lists. In addition, reranking with this model achieves state-of-the-art unlabelled attachment scores and unlabelled exact match scores.
Effects of therapeutic magnetic stimulation on acute muscle atrophy in rats after hindlimb suspension (2006)

In most subjects with spinal cord injury, the spinal neurons below the level of injury are spared. Therefore, it is conceivable that the skeletal muscles innervated by these spinal nerves can be activated by applying therapeutic magnetic stimulation along the dorsal spine. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of magnetic stimulation to prevent acute muscle atrophy in rats after hindlimb suspension. Forty adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to stimulated and non-stimulated (control) groups. Their hindlimbs were unweighted using a suspension method, causing muscle atrophy. In the stimulation group, magnetic stimulation (20 Hz, 60 min per day) was applied to the sciatic nerve for 10 days. After the stimulation period, the tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were surgically removed and histologically measured. The lesser diameters of type 1, 2A, and 2B muscle fibers were significantly greater in the stimulated group than in the non-stimulated group for both the TA and EDL (p < 0.05). The mean difference in lesser fiber diameter was 20% (range, 14%-27%). These results suggest that therapeutic magnetic stimulation is an effective method of preventing muscle atrophy.
Receptor for Motilin Identified in the Human Gastrointestinal System (1999)

Motilin is a 22-amino acid peptide hormone expressed throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of humans and other species. It affects gastric motility by stimulating interdigestive antrum and duodenal contractions. A heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor for motilin was isolated from human stomach, and its amino acid sequence was found to be 52 percent identical to the human receptor for growth hormone secretagogues. The macrolide antibiotic erythromycin also interacted with the cloned motilin receptor, providing a molecular basis for its effects on the human GI tract. The motilin receptor is expressed in enteric neurons of the human duodenum and colon. Development of motilin receptor agonists and antagonists may be useful in the treatment of multiple disorders of GI motility.
Storage of Spatial Information by the Maintenance Mechanism of LTP (2006)

Analogous to learning and memory storage, long-term potentiation (LTP) is divided into induction and maintenance phases. Testing the hypothesis that the mechanism of LTP maintenance stores information requires reversing this mechanism in vivo and finding out whether long-term stored information is lost. This was not previously possible. Recently however, persistent phosphorylation by the atypical protein kinase C isoform, protein kinase Mzeta (PKMz), has been found to maintain late LTP in hippocampal slices. Here we show that a cell-permeable PKMz inhibitor, injected in the rat hippocampus, both reverses LTP maintenance in vivo and produces persistent loss of 1-day-old spatial information. Thus, the mechanism maintaining LTP sustains spatial memory.
[Studies on the absorption kinetics of baicalin and baicalein in rats' stomachs and intestines]. (2006)

Baicalin is moderately absorbed in stomach and poorly in small intestine and colon; Baicalein is well absorbed in stomach and small intestine but worse in colon, suggesting that the former is more suitable to be administered orally. The extensive absorption segments of bacailein suggests that it can be processed into a sustained-release preparation.
Human bronchial epithelial cells neoplastically transformed by v-Ki-ras: altered response to inducers of terminal squamous differentiation. (1988)

Many human bronchial adenocarcinomas have been shown to contain an activated Ki-ras oncogene (Rodenhuis et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 317 929-935, 1987). To test the hypothesis that activated Ki-ras may be causally related to human bronchial carcinogenesis, v-Ki-ras oncogene was transferred into an established human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B, by infection with Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (Ki-MSV) or by transfection with a plasmid containing the transforming region of Ki-MSV. These cells formed poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas in athymic nude mice. Cell lines established from these tumors expressed v-Ki-ras p21 protein and were highly tumorigenic. Whereas serum or transforming growth factor beta 1 induced the BEAS-2B cells at clonal density to undergo growth arrest and squamous differentiation, BEAS-2B cells containing activated ras genes were unaffected by transforming growth factor beta 1 and were mitogenically stimulated by serum.
Soluble L‐selectin in the connective tissue diseases (1996)

Plasma levels of the leucocyte adhesion molecule L-selectin were measured by ELISA in 41 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 18 with ankylosing spondylitis, 18 with systemic sclerosis and 27 with vasculitis together with 42 age- and sex-matched controls. Low levels of soluble L-selectin were found in systemic sclerosis (797 +/- 302 ng/ml, P < 0.05) and vasculitis (941 +/- 329 ng/ml, P < 0.05) relative to controls (1244 +/- 269 ng/ml). The exact reasons for low levels of soluble L-selectin are unclear, but may reflect reduced shedding from leucocytes and/or strong binding to its cell membrane ligand(s). An approximate inverse relationship between soluble L-selectin and disease severity may have clinical relevance.
Strategies to target energy metabolism in consensus molecular subtype 3 along with Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog mutations for colorectal cancer therapy (2018)

Alterations in cellular energy metabolism play a critical role in colorectal cancer (CRC), which has been identified as the deﬁnition of consensus molecular subtypes (CMSs), and CMS3 tumors exhibit energy metabolism signatures along with Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS)-activating mutations. This review summarizes the relationship between CMS3 tumors associated with mutated KRAS and energy metabolism in CRC, especially for the dysregulated energy metabolism that affects tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. Furthermore, this review concentrates on the role of metabolic genes and factors and signaling pathways, which coupled with a primary energy source connected with the CMS3 associated with mutated KRAS, induce metabolic alterations. The strategies to target energy metabolism for the metabolic alterations in mutated KRAS CRC are also introduced. In conclusion, dysregulated energy metabolism has a close relationship with mutated KRAS in CMS3 tumors. Therefore, selective inhibitors or agents against metabolic targets or KRAS signaling may be clinically useful for CMS3 tumor treatment through a personalized approach for patients with cancer.
Aquatic antagonists: lionfish stings. (2001)

Although lionfish can be found in all the oceans, the highest incidences of human stings appear to be in the tropics, especially in the Indo-Pacific area and Mediterranean Sea. The recent interest in tropical fish aquaria has expanded the geographic range of the stings of these animals.
Cell-CAM105 isoforms with different adhesion functions are coexpressed in adult rat tissues and during liver development. (1993)

The rat hepatocyte cell adhesion molecule cell-CAM105 has recently been shown to be composed of at least two isoforms. Expression of the two isoforms in different tissues and during fetal liver development in rats was studied by RNase protection using a probe which could specifically and simultaneously detect both isoforms. This probe revealed protected fragments of expected lengths for the L-form and the S-form in RNA samples isolated from various adult rat tissues. High levels of the L-form and S-form messages were detected in liver and intestine, moderate levels were detected in lung, and weak signals were detected in muscle, kidney, and spleen. In liver development studies, the messages for cell-CAM105 showed a major increase on the first day after birth compared to the fetal stage, and both isoform messages were proportionally increased. These results indicate that both cell-CAM105 isoforms may have function(s) related to hepatocyte differentiation. To study the adhesion function of cell-CAM105 isoforms, full-length cDNAs for these isoforms were expressed in insect cells. The insect cells expressing the L-form cell-CAM105 were found to aggregate. However, expression of S-form cell-CAM105 did not support cell aggregation. These results indicate that L-form, but not S-form, cell-CAM105 directly mediates the cell adhesion function.
Replication-deficient vaccinia virus gene therapy vector: evaluation of exogenous gene expression mediated by PUV-inactivated virus in glioma cells (2001)

Replication-deficient PUV-VV is safe and very efficient in prolonged foreign gene expression. Therefore PUV-VVs are recommended as vectors for applications in cancer gene therapy and recombinant vaccine development.
Metabolism of 2,3-butanediol stereoisomers in the perfused rat liver. (1993)

The identification of 2,3-butanediol in sera of alcoholics led to the hypothesis that it may be a specific marker of alcohol abuse. We have investigated the metabolism of the individual isomers of 2,3-butanediol (2R,3R-, 2S,3S-, meso-2,3-butanediol and racemic 2,3-butanediol) in perfused livers from fed rats. Rates of uptake of the isomers decrease in the order (i) 2R,3R-, (ii) meso-, (iii) 2S,3S-2,3-butanediol. We observed interconversion of isomers and oxidation to acetoin with 2R,3R- and meso- but not with 2S,3S-2,3-butanediol. In perfusions conducted in deuterium oxide, interconversion of isomers was accompanied by incorporation of deuterium. Thus, interconversion of isomers occurs via a reversible oxidation to acetoin with incorporation of hydrogen from water. In perfusions with either 2R,3R- or meso-[2-14C]2,3-butanediol, the substrates were converted to labeled acetate, R-3-hydroxybutyrate and CO2, suggesting that 2,3-butanediol is oxidized to acetyl-CoA via acetoin.
Exploring the function of RAS oncogenes by studying the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1986)

The RAS oncogenes comprise a family of genes found to be activated in perhaps 10-20% of human cancers and which have been highly conserved in evolution. Homologs of the mammalian RAS exist in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (RAS1 and RAS2). We have shown that human ras proteins can complement the loss of RAS1 and RAS2 proteins in yeast, and hence are functionally homologous. Both human and yeast RAS proteins can stimulate the magnesium and guanine nucleotide-dependent adenylate cyclase activity present in yeast membranes. However, RAS proteins do not appear to stimulate adenylate cyclase in vertebrate cells. Our studies indicate that although RAS proteins are essential controlling elements of adenylate cyclase in yeast, they have other essential functions in that organisms. RAS proteins are themselves probably controlled by growth regulatory proteins.
Vasopressin infusion in children with catecholamine-resistant septic shock (2005)

Vasopressin appears to be useful in treatment of catecholamine-refractory septic shock in children.
How to build a trusted database system on untrusted storage (2000)

Some emerging applications require programs to maintain sensitive state on untrusted hosts. This paper presents the architecture and implementation of a trusted database system, TDB, which leverages a small amount of trusted storage to protect a scalable amount of untrusted storage. The database is encrypted and validated against a collision-resistant hash kept in trusted storage, so untrusted programs cannot read the database or modify it undetectably. TDB integrates encryption and hashing with a low-level data model, which protects data and metadata uniformly, unlike systems built on top of a conventional database system. The implementation exploits synergies between hashing and log-structured storage. Preliminary performance results show that TDB outperforms an off-the-shelf embedded database system, thus supporting the suitability of the TDB architecture.
Multiplexed Analysis of Biomarkers Related to Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in Human Plasma, Using the Luminex-100 System (2005)

Although this technology appears useful in clinical research studies, low assay sensitivity and poor correlations with conventional ELISA methods for some analytes with very low plasma concentrations should be considered when using the Luminex platform in clinical studies.