gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of myristic acid versus palmitic acid on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in healthy women and men. (1994)

The cholesterol-raising effect of dietary saturated fatty acids is largely accounted for by lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids. Dairy fat is a major source of myristic acid, and palm oil is especially rich in palmitic acid. Myristic acid is suspected of being much more cholesterolemic than palmitic acid, but direct comparisons have been lacking. We therefore fed 36 women and 23 men three diets that differed from each other in palmitic, oleic, and myristic acid content by about 10% of total energy. We used palm oil, high-oleic acid sunflower oil, and a specially produced high-myristic acid fat to achieve these differences. Each diet was consumed for 3 weeks in random order. Mean serum cholesterol was 4.53 mmol/L on the high-oleic acid diet, 4.96 mmol/L on the palmitic acid diet, and 5.19 mmol/L on the myristic acid diet (P < .0001 for all comparisons). Myristic acid raised low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol by 0.11 mmol/L, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol by 0.12 mmol/L, and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I by 7.2 mg/dL relative to palmitic acid; increases relative to oleic acid were 0.50 mmol/L for LDL cholesterol, 0.15 mmol/L for HDL cholesterol, 6.0 mg/dL for apoB, and 8.9 mg/dL for apoA-I (P < .01 for all comparisons). The HDL cholesterol and apoA-I levels on the palmitic and oleic acid diets were the same. None of the responses differed significantly between woman and men. Myristic acid and palmitic acid both caused high LDL cholesterol and apoB levels and low HDL to LDL ratios.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of age, breast density, ethnicity, and estrogen replacement therapy on screening mammographic sensitivity and cancer stage at diagnosis: review of 183,134 screening mammograms in Albuquerque, New Mexico. (1998)

Age is a minor determinant of mammographic sensitivity in women aged 40 years or older. Sensitivity is substantially decreased with the combination of higher breast density and estrogen replacement therapy use. There was not a notable shift in cancer outcomes in the groups with lower mammographic sensitivity. These data do not support different screening recommendations in women aged 40-49 years or in estrogen replacement therapy users.
Vector quantization of speech and speech-like waveforms (1982)

An algorithm for the design of vector quantizers that are locally optimum in the sense of minimizing an average quantitative distortion measure is used to design 1 and 2 bit/sample vector quantizers for both real sampled speech and a simulated speech-like auto-regressive random process. Both weighted and unweighted squared-error distortion measures are considered. Several comparisons are made and discussed based on the average distortions of the vector quantization schemes. The results for the simulated speech are compared to mathematical performance bounds from information theory to provide an indication of how nearly globally optimal vector quantization is for such highly correlated sources. A comparison of the results for the real speech and the simulated speech provides a quantitative measure of the accuracy of such models and, hence, of the applicability of information theory bounds and code designs based on probabilistic models. The signal-to-quantization-noise ratios of vector quantizers designed to minimize squared-error distortion are compared to those of several popular speech waveform coding systems of similar rates.
The Clinical Usefulness of Ictal Surface EEG in Neocortical Epilepsy (2000)

Ictal surface EEG was clinically helpful in the localization of epileptogenic focuses in at least some neocortical epileptic syndromes.
TIME-DELAY ESTIMATION IN CLOSED-LOOP PROCESSES USING AVERAGE MUTUAL INFORMATION THEORY (2009)

Time-delay estimation in closed-loop systems is of critical value in the tasks of system identification, closed-loop performance assessment and process control, in general. In this work, we introduce the application of mutual information (MI) theory to estimate process delay under closed-loop conditions. The hallmark of the proposed method is that no exogenous (dither) signal is required to estimate the delay. Further, the method allows estimation of time-delays merely from the step response of the system. The method is based on the estimation of a quantity known as the average mutual information (AMI) computed between the input and output of the system. The estimation of AMI involves estimation of joint probability distribution of the input―output pair and therefore is a superset of the existing correlation-based methods, which only compute second-order moments of the joint distribution. Simulation studies are presented to demonstrate the practicality and utility of the proposed method.
Ternäre Halogenide vom Typ A3MX6. II. Das System Ag3−xNaxYCl6: Synthese, Strukturen, Ionenleitfähigkeit (1993)

Abstract Es wurde der Einfluß der Substitution von Ag + durch Na + auf die Kristallstruktur und die Ionenleitfähigkeit von Ag 3 YCl 6 (aufgefüllter LiSbF 6 ‐Typ) untersucht. Das System Ag 3−x Na x YCl 6 zeigt vollständige Mischkristallbildung. Der aufgefüllte LiSbF 6 ‐Typ tritt über den gesamten Bereich auf. Erst bei Verbindungen mit einem Na + ‐Gehalt von x &gt; 1,67 tritt der Kryolith‐Typ als Hochtemperaturform auf, wobei mit steigendem Na + ‐Gehalt die Phasenumwandlungstemperatur stetig abnimmt. Die „Randphase”︁ Na 3 YCl 6 wandelt bei 243 K vom monoklinen Kryolith‐Typ in den aufgefüllten LiSbF 6 ‐Typ (trigonal, R 3 ; a = 697,3(1), c = 1 868,4(14) pm, Z = 3; R = 0,094, R w = 0,069) um. Es wurden ferner die Kristallstrukturen von Ag 1,3 Na 1,7 YCl 6 (trigonal, R 3 ; a = 691,5(2), c = 1 853,7(6) pm, Z = 3; R = 0,099, R w = 0,081) und AgNa 2 YCl 6 (trigonal, R 3 ; a = 691,7(1), c = 1 853,9(5) pm, Z = 3; R = 0,099, R w = 0,064) bestimmt. Beide Chloride kristallisieren, ebenso wie Ag 3 YCl 6 ‐I bzw. Na 3 YCl 6 ‐I, im aufgefüllten LiSbF 6 ‐Typ. Die einwertigen Kationen, Ag + und Na + , sind jeweils statistisch auf die fünf Oktaederlücken verteilt, die in Ag 3 YCl 6 von Ag + ‐Ionen eingenommen werden. Die Ionen‐Leitfähigkeit von Verbindungen im Mischkristallsystem Ag 3−x Na x YCl 6 nimmt mit steigendem Na + ‐Gehalt ab. Die Werte für Na 3 YCl 6 (σ = 1 · 10 −6 Ω −1 cm −1 bei T = 500 K) sind etwa 2,5–3,5 Größenordnungen kleiner als jene für Ag 3 YCl 6 (σ = 6 · 10 −4 Ω −1 cm −1 bei T = 500 K).
The Involvement of CD44 and Its Novel Ligand Galectin-8 in Apoptotic Regulation of Autoimmune Inflammation (2007)

The synovial fluid (SF) cells of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients express a specific CD44 variant designated CD44vRA. Using a cellular model of this autoimmune disease, we show in this study that the mammalian lectin, galectin-8 (gal-8), is a novel high-affinity ligand of CD44vRA. By affinity chromatography, flow cytometry, and surface plasmon resonance, we demonstrate that gal-8 interacts with a high affinity (K(d), 6 x 10(-9) M) with CD44vRA. We further demonstrate that SF cells from RA patients express and secrete gal-8, to a concentration of 25-65 nM, well within the concentration of gal-8 required to induce apoptosis of SF cells. We further show that not all gal-8 remains freely soluble in the SF and at least part forms triple complexes with CD44 and fibrinogen that can be detected, after fibrinogen immunoprecipitation, with Abs against fibrinogen, gal-8 and CD44. These triple complexes may therefore increase the inflammatory reaction by sequestering the soluble gal-8, thereby reducing its ability to induce apoptosis in the inflammatory cells. Our findings not only shed light on the receptor-ligand relationships between CD44 and gal-8, but also underline the biological significance of these interactions, which may affect the extent of the autoimmune inflammatory response in the SF of RA patients.
Role of fimbriae expressed by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in pathogenesis of and protection against otitis media and relatedness of the fimbrin subunit to outer membrane protein A (1994)

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is a primary pathogen in both acute otitis media (OM) and chronic OM, yet the pathogenesis of this disease is not fully understood. Although fimbriae have been observed on all clinical OM isolates examined to date, their role in pathogenesis remains unclear. Therefore, the gene which codes for the fimbrial subunit protein (fimbrin) in nontypeable H. influenzae 1128 was isolated, cloned, and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of the fimbrin gene was found to contain an open reading frame of 1,077 bp which would encode a mature fimbrin protein consisting of 338 amino acid with a calculated molecular mass of 36.4 kDa. The translated amino acid sequence was found to be homologous with various OmpA proteins of other gram-negative bacteria, and algorithmic analysis predicted that this protein is organized as a coiled coil. To directly test whether fimbriae are involved in pathogenesis, the fimbrin gene was disrupted, and the biological consequences of disruption were absence of both expression of the fimbrial appendage and the specific immunogold labeling thereof with antisera directed against isolated fimbrial protein, reduced adherence to human oropharyngeal cells in vitro, augmented clearance from the tympanum post-transbullar inoculation, and significantly reduced induction of OM post-intranasal inoculation in a chinchilla model compared with the fimbriated parent strain. We additionally find that either passive immunization or active immunization against isolated fimbrial protein confers partial protection against transbullar challenge. A Western blot (immunoblot) indicated a degree of serological relatedness among fimbrin proteins of 15 nontypeable and type b isolates. These data suggest that fimbrin could be useful as a component of a vaccine to protect against OM.
Metabolism of Gallic Acid and Syringic Acid by Pseudomonas putida (1972)

Cell-free extracts of Pseudomonas putida, grown with syringic acid as carbon source, catalyzed the oxidation of 1 mole of gallate (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) by 1 mole of oxygen to give 2 moles of pyruvate and 1 mole of carbon dioxide. Oxaloacetate, formed as an intermediate in reactions, could be reduced quantitatively when NADH and sufficient malate dehydrogenase were added, despite the presence in extracts of oxaloacetate decarboxylase. With these conditions of assay it was shown that oxaloacetate was the precursor of half of the pyruvate formed from gallate. Similarly, when 1 mole of gallate was first oxidized by protocatechuate 4,5-oxygenase purified from Pseudomonas testosteroni and was then degraded by cell-free extracts, 1 mole of oxaloacetate and 1 mole of pyruvate were again formed. Although gallate oxygenase proved too labile to isolate, it was concluded from these results that the enzyme gave the same ring fission product as that obtained by the action of protocatechuate 4,5-oxygenase on gallate, namely 4-carboxy-2-hydroxy-cis,cis-muconic acid. This compound appeared to undergo enzymic hydration to give 4-carboxy-4-hydroxy-2-oxoadipate which was then cleaved to oxaloacetate and pyruvate. Cell-free extracts oxidized 3-O-methylgallate, but protocatechuate (3,4-dihydroxybenzoate), 5-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxy benzoate and 3,4-dihydroxy-5-methylbenzoate were not attacked. Syringic acid was oxidized only in the presence of substrate amounts of NADH, when 2 moles of oxygen were taken up and 1 mole of pyruvate appeared; additional pyruvate was formed by a much slower reaction. There was no requirement for added NADH when concentrated cell extracts were used to oxidize syringate. These and other observations indicate that the C-5 methoxyl group of syringate was oxidized by an O-demethylase. The benzene nucleus of the resulting 3-O-methylgallate was then cleaved between C-3 and C-4 to give, as final products, pyruvate and a compound presumed to be a monomethyl ester of oxaloacetic acid. The substrate specificity of syringate O-demethylase was studied in experiments with intact cells.
Movie Description (2017)

Audio description (AD) provides linguistic descriptions of movies and allows visually impaired people to follow a movie along with their peers. Such descriptions are by design mainly visual and thus naturally form an interesting data source for computer vision and computational linguistics. In this work we propose a novel dataset which contains transcribed ADs, which are temporally aligned to full length movies. In addition we also collected and aligned movie scripts used in prior work and compare the two sources of descriptions. We introduce the Large Scale Movie Description Challenge (LSMDC) which contains a parallel corpus of 128,118 sentences aligned to video clips from 200 movies (around 150 h of video in total). The goal of the challenge is to automatically generate descriptions for the movie clips. First we characterize the dataset by benchmarking different approaches for generating video descriptions. Comparing ADs to scripts, we find that ADs are more visual and describe precisely what is shown rather than what should happen according to the scripts created prior to movie production. Furthermore, we present and compare the results of several teams who participated in the challenges organized in the context of two workshops at ICCV 2015 and ECCV 2016.
Molecular Cloning of the CA125 Ovarian Cancer Antigen (2001)

CA125 is an ovarian cancer antigen that is the basis for a widely used serum assay for the monitoring of patients with ovarian cancer; however, detailed information on its biochemical and molecular nature is lacking. We now report the isolation of a long, but partial, cDNA that corresponds to the CA125 antigen. A rabbit polyclonal antibody produced to purified CA125 antigen was used to screen a lambdaZAP cDNA library from OVCAR-3 cells in Escherichia coli. The longest insert from the 54 positive isolated clones had a 5797-base pair sequence containing a stop codon and a poly(A) sequence but no clear 5' initiation sequence. The deduced amino acid sequence has many of the attributes of a mucin molecule and was designated CA125/MUC16 (gene MUC16). These features include a high serine, threonine, and proline content in an N-terminal region of nine partially conserved tandem repeats (156 amino acids each) and a C-terminal region non-tandem repeat sequence containing a possible transmembrane region and a potential tyrosine phosphorylation site. Northern blotting showed that the level of MUC16 mRNA correlated with the expression of CA125 in a panel of cell lines. The molecular cloning of the CA125 antigen will lead to a better understanding of its role in ovarian cancer.
A compact, compliant laparoscopic endoscope manipulator (2003)

We have developed a cable-driven manipulator using pneumatic artificial muscle actuators to control the orientation and insertion depth of an endoscope during abdominal surgery. This manipulator enables a single surgeon to manipulate surgical instruments with both hands while the endoscope position is controlled to view an area of interest inside the abdomen. The surgeon may then control the endoscope by alternate methods such as voice commands, pedals, a joystick, or head movements. The advantages of our newly developed endoscope manipulator over those of commercially available robotic laparoscopic surgical systems are its low cost, simplicity, ease of setup and use, compliance, nonintrusiveness, and very small size and light weight, with the disadvantage of somewhat reduced absolute positioning accuracy. Multiple instruments may be manipulated simultaneously by the manipulators set close together. Experimental performance results of open-loop and feedback control methods are presented.
RecJ exonuclease: substrates, products and interaction with SSB (2006)

The RecJ exonuclease from Escherichia coli degrades single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in the 5'-3' direction and participates in homologous recombination and mismatch repair. The experiments described here address RecJ's substrate requirements and reaction products. RecJ complexes on a variety of 5' single-strand tailed substrates were analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift in the absence of Mg2+ ion required for substrate degradation. RecJ required single-stranded tails of 7 nt or greater for robust binding; addition of Mg2+ confirmed that substrates with 5' tails of 6 nt or less were poor substrates for RecJ exonuclease. RecJ is a processive exonuclease, degrading approximately 1000 nt after a single binding event to single-strand DNA, and releases mononucleotide products. RecJ is capable of degrading a single-stranded tail up to a double-stranded junction, although products in such reactions were heterogeneous and RecJ showed a limited ability to penetrate the duplex region. RecJ exonuclease was equally potent on 5' phosphorylated and unphosphorylated ends. Finally, DNA binding and nuclease activity of RecJ was specifically enhanced by the pre-addition of ssDNA-binding protein and we propose that this specific interaction may aid recruitment of RecJ.
The Copper-transporting ATPases, Menkes and Wilson Disease Proteins, Have Distinct Roles in Adult and Developing Cerebellum (2005)

Copper is essential for brain metabolism, serving as a cofactor to superoxide dismutase, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, amyloid precursor protein, ceruloplasmin, and other proteins required for normal brain function. The copper-transporting ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B play a central role in distribution of copper in the central nervous system; genetic mutations in ATP7A and ATP7B lead to severe neurodegenerative disorders, Menkes disease and Wilson disease, respectively. Although both ATP7A and ATP7B are required, their specific roles and regulation in the brain remain poorly understood. Using high-resolution imaging and functional assays, we demonstrate that ATP7A and ATP7B show cell-specific distribution in adult cerebellum, have distinct enzymatic characteristics, and are regulated differently during development. ATP7B is continuously expressed in Purkinje neurons (PN) where it delivers copper to the ferroxidase ceruloplasmin. ATP7A is a faster copper transporter than Wilson disease protein as evidenced by faster rates of catalytic reactions. The expression of ATP7A switches during development from PN to Bergmann glia, the cells supporting PN function in adult brain. Inactivation of ATP7B (Wilson disease protein) by gene knock-out induces a striking shift in the expression of the ATP7B target protein, ceruloplasmin, from PN to Bergmann glia, where ATP7A (Menkes disease protein) is present. The induced cell-specific change in expression restores copper delivery to ceruloplasmin via ATP7A. Overall, the results provide evidence for distinct functions of ATP7A and ATP7B in the cerebellum and illustrate a tight link between copper homeostasis in PN and Bergmann glia.
Targeting Prostate Cancer Cells In Vivo Using a Rapidly Internalizing Novel Human Single-Chain Antibody Fragment (2010)

The UA20 scFv showed rapid and specific internalization in prostate tumor cells in vitro and accumulation in prostate tumor xenografts in vivo, demonstrating the potential for future development for prostate cancer imaging and targeted therapy.
c- myc in Vasculoproliferative Disease (1995)

Antisense oligonucleotides to genes central to cellular proliferation have suppressed smooth muscle cell growth in vitro and in vivo. We now report that although the response of cultured smooth muscle cells to antisense oligonucleotides to c-myc and c-myb is identical, the response of the injured arterial wall to these oligomers depends on the kinetics of gene expression and oligonucleotide delivery. Two different antisense oligonucleotides to each oncogene were administered to the perivascular aspect of injured rat carotid arteries via polymer-based delivery systems. The acute release of antisense oligonucleotides from the Pluronic gels reduced in vitro cell growth 54.8% with c-myc and 56.9% with c-myb. The more sustained release from ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVAc) matrices was slightly less efficient, inhibiting proliferation 47.3% and 43.3%, respectively. However, although both EVAc and Pluronic release of c-myb antisense oligonucleotide sequences inhibited intimal hyperplasia 2 weeks after injury, only the more prolonged EVAc matrix release of antisense oligonucleotide to c-myc was effective. The failure of the short course of c-myc oligomer release from Pluronic gels stemmed from early successful suppression with late loss of regulation and not from inactivation of the antisense oligonucleotide within the polymeric gel. Within 24 hours of injury, Pluronic-based release of c-myc antisense oligomers reduced mRNA levels in the tunica media 2.5-fold and immunocytochemical identification of c-myc expression by 98.8%. As a result, the number of proliferating cells was decreased 6.5-fold 3 days after injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Purification and Chemical Characterization of the Heat-Stable Enterotoxin Produced by Porcine Strains of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (1978)

Heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) produced by porcine strains of enterotoxigenic (ENT+) Escherichia coli has been purified to apparent homogeneity by sequential ultrafiltration, acetone fractionation, preparative gel electrophoresis, diethylaminoethyl Bio-Gel A ion-exchange chromatography, and Bio-Gel P-10 gel filtration. The enterotoxin, purified more than 1,500-fold, exhibited a molecular weight of 4,400, as determined by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and gel filtration. A molecular weight of 5,100, representing 47 residues, was calculated from amino acid analysis data. The amino acid content was distinctive, with an unusually high proportion of cystines and few hydrophobic amino acids. A single amino-terminal residue, glycine, was observed. Purified ST was stable to heating (100 degrees C, 30 min) and did not lose biological activity after treatment with Pronase, trypsin, proteinase K, deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease, and phospholipase C. Periodic acid oxidation and several organic solvents (acetone, phenol, chloroform, and methanol) had no effect on the biological activity of ST. Further, purified ST was stable to acid treatment at pH 1.0 but lost biological activity at pH values greater than 9.0. Neither lipopolysaccharide nor lipid contamination was evident in purified preparations. A characteristic absorption spectrum was observed during the course of the purification, which shifted from a maximum at 260 nm in crude preparations to 270 nm for the purified toxin. Antiserum obtained from rabbits immunized with ST or ST coupled to bovine serum albumin neutralized the action of the enterotoxin in suckling mice; however, passive hemagglutination and hemolysis titer assays suggested that ST is a poor antigen.
Bifunctional fusion between nerve growth factor and a transferrin receptor antibody (1997)

The cDNAs encoding the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of a murine antibody specific for the human TfR were cloned and a human chimera (gamma1, kappa) was produced. A gene fusion was created by joining the 3' end of the coding region of the human nerve growth factor (NGF) precursor to the 5' end of the heavy chain variable region of the chimeric antibody. When expressed with the unmodified light chain in mammalian cells, the protein fusion is properly processed, assembled, and secreted. Subsequent purification and characterization established the uncompromised bifunctional activities of the protein, relative to the unmodified components, as demonstrated by its ability to both bind to the human TfR and induce neurite outgrowth in primary sympathetic or spinal ganglia and in trkA-transfected pheochromocytoma cells. The ability to generate biologically active NGF fused to a TfR targeting antibody, which was previously shown to cross the blood-brain barrier, may offer a novel way to deliver NGF and other neurotrophic factors to the central nervous system.