gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interleukin 1 activity in normal human urine. (1984)

Urine concentrates from normal individuals were shown to contain interleukin 1 (IL 1)-like activity when tested directly on human dermal fibroblasts and on C3H/HeJ mouse thymocytes in the presence of 1 microgram/ml phytohemagglutinin. Seventy-five percent of the urine samples tested, however, demonstrated the presence of a specific inhibitor of IL 1-promoted thymocyte proliferation. This inhibitor did not affect IL 2-promoted proliferation of mouse thymocytes or CT-6 cells or IL 1-promoted proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts. After gel filtration of the urine concentrates, even those samples that were inhibitory yielded fractions containing both thymocyte and fibroblast proliferative activity. The approximate m.w. of these activities were 75,000 and 15,000. In addition, two peaks of low m.w. thymocyte proliferative activity were noted at 4000 and 2000. The 2000 pool, but not the 4000 pool, also contained fibroblast proliferative activity.
Detecting attacks on networks (1997)

As Internet based and intranet based network systems have evolved, they have become invaluable tools that businesses can use to share information and conduct business with online partners. However, hackers have also learned to use these systems to access private networks and their resources. Studies have shown that many organizations have suffered external and internal network intrusions. Internet systems are subject to various types of attacks. Traditional network security products, such as firewalls, can be penetrated from outside and can also leave organizations vulnerable to internal attacks. Generally, victims do not find out that their networks have been attacked until they examine system logs the next day, after the damage has been done. Network intrusion detection systems solve this problem by detecting external and internal security breaches as they happen and immediately notifying security personnel and network administrators by e mail or pager. Intrusion detection systems use several types of algorithms to detect possible security breaches, including algorithms for statistical anomaly detection, rule based anomaly detection, and a hybrid of the two.
Optimal interferometer designs for optical coherence tomography (1999)

We introduce a family of power-conserving fiber-optic interferometer designs for low-coherence reflectometry that use optical circulators, unbalanced couplers, and (or) balanced heterodyne detection. Simple design equations for optimization of the signal-to-noise ratio of the interferometers are expressed in terms of relevant signal and noise sources and measurable system parameters. We use the equations to evaluate the expected performance of the new configurations compared with that of the standard Michelson interferometer that is commonly used in optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems. The analysis indicates that improved sensitivity is expected for all the new interferometer designs, compared with the sensitivity of the standard OCT interferometer, under high-speed imaging conditions.
Lysis of tumor biopsy cells by autologous T lymphocytes activated in mixed cultures and propagated with T cell growth factor. (1982)

Blood lymphocytes from tumor patients were cocultivated with allogeneic lymphocytes (MLC) or autologous tumor cells (ATS), and their cytotoxicity was characterized. The main objective of the study was the lysis of autologous tumor biopsy cells by such effectors. Lymphocytes of patients activated in MLC lysed allogeneic third-party cells and in some cases also lysed autologous tumor cells. Allogeneic but not autologous PHA blasts were also damaged by these effectors. The cytotoxic potential of MLC-activated lymphocytes from healthy donors was similar; allogeneic tumors and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) blasts but not autologous PHA blasts were lysed. The cytotoxicity of lymphocytes activated in ATS were specific for the stimulator because they acted only on the autologous tumor cells. Allogeneic tumors and autologous and allogeneic PHA blasts were not lysed. The pattern of cytotoxicity with regard to this target panel was maintained when the MLC or ATS cultures were further propagated with TCGF. Results obtained in cold target competition assays suggested (a) activated lymphocyte lyse the third party tumor targets because of alloantigen recognition; (b) in MLC several different sets of alloreactive cytotoxic lymphocytes are present simultaneously; and (c) the alloreactive cells are different than those that act on the autologous tumor cells. Thus, the lysis of allogeneic tumor cells by lymphocytes of the patient is not due to recognition of cross-reacting tumor-related antigens, and the autotumor cytotoxicity of the patients' MLC-activated lymphocytes if performed by specifically reacting cells.
COMPLEX MITOCHONDRIAL DNA IN LEUKEMIC AND NORMAL HUMAN MYELOID CELLS (1969)

Mitochondrial DNA's from the peripheral blood of 14 patients with granulocytic leukemia contained a circular dimer form. No such structure could be found in M DNA's from three patients with nonmalignant proliferations of granulocytes. The frequency of the circular dimer form is reduced upon treatment with antileukemic drugs. The above results suggest that a significant relation exists between the formation and presence of the circular dimer M DNA form and granulocytic leukemia in man.
Therapeutic Potential of the Human Gastrointestinal Microbiome (2013)

Abstract Clinical Development Phases I‐III Regulatory, Quality, Manufacturing Scientific breakthroughs in deciphering the human gut microbiome and the clinical success of fecal microbiota transplantation ( FMT ) to treat recurrent C lostridium difficile infection ( R ‐ CDI ) are driving therapeutic advances based on human gut microbiota. Due to the powerful therapeutic capacity of FMT and the keen interest for FMT ‐related products approved by regulatory agencies it is timely to review the growing field of therapeutics rooted in the human microbiome, emphasizing FMT but also considering probiotics, vaccines, bacteriophages, and bioactive products. The diminishing effectiveness of antibiotics and the increasing rates of antibiotic resistance have renewed interest in finding alternative methods to combat bacterial infections. Despite pharmaceutical investment in developing new and more effective antibiotics, infectious disease experts warn of a compelling need to develop antibacterial agents distinct from antibiotics. Probiotics have been recognized as beneficial to human health for over one hundred years. The most powerful probiotic of all, the gastrointestinal microbiota, houses approximately 100 trillion species of bacteria, many of which produce a wealth of potent components, such as antimicrobial bacteriocins, metabolites, vitamins, and bacteriophages. The success of human gut microbiota in treating R ‐ CDI and restoring gut homeostasis has highlighted the power of “nature's complete probiotic” and is propelling fecal microbiota along a therapeutic biologic regulatory path. Clinical use of FMT in R ‐ CDI has also taught us that other conditions, e.g., ulcerative colitis, characterized by superinfected and dysbiotic microbiomes may benefit from restoring gut homeostasis with normal microbiota, leading to active efforts to develop therapeutics from the human gut microbiome.
Preservation of Hearing in Cochlear Implant Surgery: Advantages of Combined Electrical and Acoustical Speech Processing (2005)

The surgical strategies outlined have been successful in preservation of low-frequency hearing in 96% of individuals. Combined electrical and acoustical speech processing has enabled this group of volunteers to gain improved word understanding as compared with their preoperative hearing with bilateral hearing aids and a group of individuals receiving a standard cochlear implant with similar experience with their device. The improvement of speech in noise and melody recognition is attributed to the ability to distinguish fine pitch differences as the result of preserved residual low-frequency acoustic hearing. Preservation of low-frequency acoustic hearing is important for improving speech in noise and music appreciation for the hearing impaired, both of which are important in real-life situations.
Performance of a Non-Coherent Massive SIMO M-DPSK System (2017)

In this paper, we analyze the effect of time-varying channels on the performance of a non-coherent massive single-input multiple-output (SIMO) uplink system based on M-ary Differential Phase Shift Keying (M-DPSK), when amalgamated with bit-interleaved coded modulation relying on iterative decoding (BICM-ID). Additionally, we study the number of receive antennas (R) required in hostile time-varying channels for attaining a similar performance to that achieved for stationary channels. Furthermore, we analyze the maximum achievable rate (MAR) in conjunction with the specific modulation and coding schemes considered. The analysis is based on extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) charts parametrized by R, which varies with the signal to interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). Our numerical results show that the system is robust to the effects of the channel's temporal correlation and that the simulation-based MAR closely matches the semi-analytical achievable rate obtained using EXIT charts. Hence,our system can be applied to scenarios associated with the short coherence time of high-speed railway systems, for example.
The p38 MAP Kinase Family as Regulators of Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Degenerative Diseases of the CNS. (2010)

Inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) is a common feature of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNFα, are produced primarily by cells of the innate immune system, namely microglia in the CNS, and are believed to contribute to the neuronal damage seen in the disease. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is one of the kinase pathways that regulate the production of IL-1β and TNFα. Importantly, small molecule inhibitors of the p38 MAPK family have been developed and show efficacy in blocking the production of IL-1β and TNFα. The p38 family consists of at least four isoforms (p38α, β, γ, δ) encoded by separate genes. Recent studies have begun to demonstrate unique functions of the different isoforms, with p38α being implicated as the key isoform involved in CNS inflammation. Interestingly, there is also emerging evidence that two downstream substrates of p38 may have opposing roles, with MK2 being pro-inflammatory and MSK1/2 being antiinflammatory. This review discusses the properties, function and regulation of the p38 MAPK family as it relates to cytokine production in the CNS.
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (2010)

NGAL appears to fulfill many characteristics of an appropriate 'real-time' biomarker for AKI detection.
Quantitative X-ray tomography (2013)

X-ray computer tomography (CT) is fast becoming an accepted tool within the materials science community for the acquisition of 3D images. Here the authors review the current state of the art as CT transforms from a qualitative diagnostic tool to a quantitative one. Our review considers first the image acquisition process, including the use of iterative reconstruction strategies suited to specific segmentation tasks and emerging methods that provide more insight (e.g. fast and high resolution imaging, crystallite (grain) imaging) than conventional attenuation based tomography. Methods and shortcomings of CT are examined for the quantification of 3D volumetric data to extract key topological parameters such as phase fractions, phase contiguity, and damage levels as well as density variations. As a non-destructive technique, CT is an ideal means of following structural development over time via time lapse sequences of 3D images (sometimes called 3D movies or 4D imaging). This includes information needed to optimise manufacturing processes, for example sintering or solidification, or to highlight the proclivity of specific degradation processes under service conditions, such as intergranular corrosion or fatigue crack growth. Besides the repeated application of static 3D image quantification to track such changes, digital volume correlation (DVC) and particle tracking (PT) methods are enabling the mapping of deformation in 3D over time. Finally the use of CT images is considered as the starting point for numerical modelling based on realistic microstructures, for example to predict flow through porous materials, the crystalline deformation of polycrystalline aggregates or the mechanical properties of composite materials.
Research for Horizontal Parallax Only Kinoform in 3D Display (2002)

The most promising 3D display technology lies in holographic display system. Kinform, whose theoretical diffraction efficiency is 100%, is the promising type of hologram. It is found that one of the greatest obstacles to the practical application of kinoform is the computational speed. A new model to increase the computational speed is proposed to solve the problem. In the proposed model named horizontal parallax only (HPO) kinoform, the vertical parallax is omitted because the human visual system cannot perceive the vertical parallax. Therefore, the computational speed for HPO kinform is many times faster than that for full parallax kinform. In this paper, both the theoretical basis and the experimental results of HPO kinoform are discussed.
Cancer Prognostics by Direct Detection of p53‐Antibodies on Gold Surfaces by Impedance Measurements (2012)

The identification and measurement of biomarkers is critical to a broad range of methods that diagnose and monitor many diseases. Serum auto-antibodies are rapidly becoming interesting targets because of their biological and medical relevance. This paper describes a highly sensitive, label-free approach for the detection of p53-antibodies, a prognostic indicator in ovarian cancer as well as a biomarker in the early stages of other cancers. This approach uses impedance measurements on gold microelectrodes to measure antibody concentrations at the picomolar level in undiluted serum samples. The biosensor shows high selectivity as a result of the optimization of the epitopes responsible for the detection of p53-antibodies and was validated by several techniques including microcontact printing, self-assembled-monolayer desorption ionization (SAMDI) mass spectrometry, and adhesion pull-off force by atomic force microscopy (AFM). This transduction method will lead to fast and accurate diagnostic tools for the early detection of cancer and other diseases.
Magnetic Resonance Images Lipid, Fibrous, Calcified, Hemorrhagic, and Thrombotic Components of Human Atherosclerosis In Vivo (1996)

MRI is the first noninvasive imaging technique that allows the discrimination of lipid cores, fibrous caps, calcifications, normal media, and adventitia in human atheromatous plaques in vivo. This technique also characterizes intraplaque hemorrhage and acute thrombosis. This result may support further investigations that include MRI of plaque progression, stabilization, and rupture in human atherosclerosis.
Product internal-state distribution for the reaction H+HI→H2+I (1991)

We have measured the nascent H2(v, j) product-state distribution from the H+HI→H2+I abstraction reaction. Laser photolysis of HI at 266 nm generated translationally hot H atoms with center-of-mass collision energies of 1.61 and 0.68 eV in the ratio 64:36. Quantum-state-specific detection of the molecular reaction product was accomplished via (2+1) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The H2 is formed with a high degree of internal excitation, including a vibrational population inversion between v=0 and v=1. Our product-state distribution agrees closely with that of Aker, Germann, and Valentini where comparison is possible. Rotational population distributions derived from the quasiclassical trajectory calculations of González and Sayós are generally too cold, whereas those of Aker and Valentini nearly reproduce the experimental distributions. Both calculations fail to predict, however, the observed vibrational inversion.
Triple Fluorescence Energy Transfer in Covalently Trichromophore-Labeled DNA (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTTriple Fluorescence Energy Transfer in Covalently Trichromophore-Labeled DNAAnthony K. Tong, Steffen Jockusch, Zengmin Li, Han-Ru Zhu, Daniel L. Akins, Nicholas J. Turro, and Jingyue JuView Author Information Columbia Genome Center Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 Department of Chemistry, City College City University of New York, New York, New York 10031 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 51, 12923–12924Publication Date (Web):November 29, 2001Publication History Received21 August 2001Published online29 November 2001Published inissue 1 December 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja016904hhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja016904hrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views831Altmetric-Citations82LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Energy transfer,Fluorescence,Genetics,Monomers,Polarization Get e-Alerts
Spectrum of Mycoses (1996)

Current magnitude and problems of mycoses Fungal infections or mycoses cause a wide range of diseases in humans. Mycoses range in extent from superficial infections involving the outer layer of the stratum corneum of the skin to disseminated infection involving the brain, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys. The range of patients at risk for invasive fungal infections continues to expand beyond the normal host to encompass patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; those immunosuppressed due to therapy for cancer and organ transplantation, and those undergoing major surgical procedures. Each of these patient populations has a high risk of developing invasive fungal infections. As the population at risk continues to expand so also does the spectrum of opportunistic fungal pathogens infecting these patients also continue to increase. Many of the deeply invasive mycoses are difficult to diagnose early and often difficult to treat effectively. The development of new approaches to diagnosis and treatment of invasive fungal infections is the subject of intensive research. Concepts of classification Fungal infections may be classified according to the site of infection, route of acquisition, and type of virulence. When classified according to the site of infection, fungal infections are designated as superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, and deep (Fig. 75-1). Superficial mycoses are limited to the stratum corneum and essentially elicit no inflammation. Cutaneous infections involve the integument and its appendages, including hair and nails. Infection may involve the stratum corneum or deeper layers of the epidermis. Inflammation of the skin is elicited by the organism or its products. Subcutaneous mycoses include a range of different infections characterized by infection of the subcutaneous tissues usually at the point of traumatic inoculation. An inflammatory response develops in the subcutaneous tissue frequently with extension into the epidermis. Deep mycoses involve the lungs, abdominal viscera, bones and or central nervous system. The most common portals of entry are the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and blood vessels (Fig. 75-2). When classified according to the route of acquisition, a fungal infection may be designated as exogenous or endogenous in origin. If classified as exogenous, an infecting organism may be transmitted by airborne, cutaneous, or percutaneous routes. An endogenously-acquired fungal infection may be acquired from colonization or reactivation of a fungus from a latent infection. Fungi may be classified also according to virulence, as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens. A primary pathogen may establish infection in an immunologically normal host; whereas, an opportunistic pathogen requires some compromise of host defenses in order for infection to become established.
The Preparation and Properties of Some Tetracoordinate Boron Compounds. The Pseudo-Metal Ion Concept (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation and Properties of Some Tetracoordinate Boron Compounds. The Pseudo-Metal Ion ConceptL. H. Toporcer, R. E. Dessy, and S. I. E. GreenCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1965, 4, 11, 1649–1655Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50033a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50033a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views429Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cytokines in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia (2003)

Although the search for the cachectic factor(s) started a long time ago, and although many scientific and economic efforts have been devoted to its discovery, we are still a long way from knowing the whole truth. A lot of progress has been made, however, in understanding the role of different cytokines - tumor necrosis factor and IL-6 in particular - in muscle wasting associated with cancer cachexia, perhaps the most paradigmatic feature of this complex syndrome.