gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vitro expression of human p53 cDNA clones and characterization of the cloned human p53 gene. (1985)

The human p53 gene was cloned and characterized by using a battery of p53 DNA clones. A series of human cDNA clones of various sizes and relative localizations to the mRNA molecule were isolated by using the human p53-H14 (2.35-kilobase) cDNA probe which we previously cloned. One such isolate, clone p53-H7 (2.65 kilobases), spans the entire human mature p53 mRNA molecule. Construction of the human cDNA clones in the pSP65 RNA transcription vector facilitated the generation of p53 transcripts by the SP6 bacteriophage RNA polymerase. The p53-specific RNA transcripts obtained without further processing were translated into p53 proteins in a cell-free system. By using this rapid in vitro transcription-translation assay, we found that whereas clone p53-H7 (2.65 kilobases) coded for a mature-sized p53 protein, a shorter cDNA clone, p53-H13 (1.8 kilobases), dictated the synthesis of a smaller-sized p53 protein (45 kilodaltons). The p53 proteins synthesized in vitro immunoprecipitated efficiently with human-specific anti-p53 antibodies. Genomic analysis of human DNA revealed the presence of a single p53 gene residing within two EcoRI fragments. Heteroduplex analysis between the full-length cDNA clone p53-H7 and the cloned p53 gene indicated the presence of seven major exons.
Multiple Alignment Modes for Nematic Liquid Crystals Doped with Alkylthiol-Capped Gold Nanoparticles (2009)

The ability of alkylthiol capped gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) to tune, alter, and reverse the alignment of nematic liquid crystals (LCs) has been investigated in detail. Adjusting the concentration of the suspended Au NPs in the nematic LC host, optimizing the sample preparation protocol, or providing different sample substrates (untreated glass slides, rubbed polyimide-coated LC test cell, or ITO-coated glass slides) results in several LC alignment scenarios (modes) including vertical alignment, planar alignment, and a thermally controlled alignment switch between these two alignment modes. The latter thermal switch between planar and homeotropic alignment was observed particularly for lower concentrations (i.e., around 1 to 2 wt %) of suspended NPs in the size regime of 1.5-2 nm and was found to be concentration-dependent and thermally reversible. Different scenarios are discussed that could explain these induced alignment modes. In one scenario, the NP-induced alignment is related to the temperature-dependent change of the order parameter, S, of the nematic phase (ordering in the bulk). In the second scenario, a change of the ordering of the nematic molecules around the NPs that reside at the interfaces is described. We also started to test spin coating as an alternative way of preparing nematic thin films with well-separated Au NPs on the substrate and found this to be a possible method for manufacturing of future NP-doped LC devices, as this method produced evenly distributed NPs on glass substrates. Together the presented findings continue to pave the way for LC display-related applications of Au NP-doped nematic LCs and provide insights for N-LC sensor applications.
The overlap of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia (2002)

Patients with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with no known diagnosis of ALS or family history of ALS were clinically and electrophysiologically assessed for the presence of ALS. Of 36 patients studied, five met criteria for a definite diagnosis of ALS and two had EMG findings suggestive of denervation in one limb. An additional five patients had prominent fasciculations and six other patients had trouble swallowing but all had normal results on EMG studies. One of the patients with fasciculations and a normal EMG study progressed to definite ALS over the course of 1 year.
Plant Salt Stress (2007)

Abstract Plant salt stress is a condition where excessive salts in soil solution cause inhibition of plant growth or plant death. On a world scale, no toxic substance restricts plant growth more than does salt. Salt stress presents an increasing threat to plant agriculture. Among the various sources of soil salinity, irrigation combined with poor drainage is the most serious, because it represents losses of once productive agricultural land.
In Vivo Packaging of Triacylglycerols Enhances Arabidopsis Leaf Biomass and Energy Density (2013)

Our dependency on reduced carbon for energy has led to a rapid increase in the search for sustainable alternatives and a call to focus on energy densification and increasing biomass yields. In this study, we generated a uniquely stabilized plant structural protein (cysteine [Cys]-oleosin) that encapsulates triacylglycerol (TAG). When coexpressed with diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (DGAT1) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), we observed a 24% increase in the carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation rate per unit of leaf area and a 50% increase in leaf biomass as well as approximately 2-, 3-, and 5-fold increases in the fatty acid content of the mature leaves, senescing leaves, and roots, respectively. We propose that the coexpression led to the formation of enduring lipid droplets that prevented the futile cycle of TAG biosynthesis/lipolysis and instead created a sustained demand for de novo lipid biosynthesis, which in turn elevated CO2 recycling in the chloroplast. Fatty acid profile analysis indicated that the formation of TAG involved acyl cycling in Arabidopsis leaves and roots. We also demonstrate that the combination of Cys-oleosin and DGAT1 resulted in the highest accumulation of fatty acids in the model single-cell eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our results support the notion that the prevention of lipolysis is vital to enabling TAG accumulation in vegetative tissues and confirm the earlier speculation that elevating fatty acid biosynthesis in the leaf would lead to an increase in CO2 assimilation. The Cys-oleosins have applications in biofuels, animal feed, and human nutrition as well as in providing a tool for investigating fatty acid biosynthesis and catabolism.
Shaping the Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex (2007)

Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS) induces stimulation polarity-dependent neuroplastic excitability shifts in the human brain. Because it accomplishes long-lasting effects and its application is simple, it is used increasingly. However, one drawback is its low focality, caused by 1) the large stimulation electrode and 2) the functionally effective reference electrode, which is also situated on the scalp. We aimed to increase the focality of tDCS, which might improve the interpretation of the functional effects of stimulation because it will restrict its effects to more clearly defined cortical areas. Moreover, it will avoid unwanted reversed effects of tDCS under the reference electrode, which is of special importance in clinical settings, when a homogeneous shift of cortical excitability is needed. Because current density (current strength/electrode size) determines the efficacy of tDCS, increased focality should be accomplished by 1) reducing stimulation electrode size, but keeping current density constant; or 2) increasing reference electrode size under constant current strength. We tested these hypotheses for motor cortex tDCS. The results show that reducing the size of the motor cortex DC-stimulation electrode focalized the respective tDCS-induced excitability changes. Increasing the size of the frontopolar reference electrode rendered stimulation over this cortex functionally inefficient, but did not compromise the tDCS-generated motor cortical excitability shifts. Thus tDCS-generated modulations of cortical excitability can be focused by reducing the size of the stimulation electrode and by increasing the size of the reference electrode. For future applications of tDCS, such paradigms may help to achieve more selective tDCS effects.
The TLR4 Agonist Vaccine Adjuvant, GLA-SE, Requires Canonical and Atypical Mechanisms of Action for TH1 Induction (2016)

The Toll-like receptor 4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant formulated in a stable emulsion (GLA-SE) promotes strong TH1 and balanced IgG1/IgG2 responses to protein vaccine antigens. This enhanced immunity is sufficient to provide protection against many diseases including tuberculosis and leishmaniasis. To better characterize the adjuvant action it is important to understand how the different cytokines and transcription factors contribute to the initiation of immunity. In the present study using T-bet-/- and IL-12-/- mice and a blocking anti-IFNαR1 monoclonal antibody, we define mechanisms of adjuvant activity of GLA-SE. In accordance with previous studies of TLR4 agonist based adjuvants, we found that TH1 induction via GLA-SE was completely dependent upon T-bet, a key transcription factor for IFNγ production and TH1 differentiation. Consistent with this, deficiency of IL-12, a cytokine canonical to TH1 induction, ablated TH1 induction via GLA-SE. Finally we demonstrate that the innate immune response to GLA-SE, including rapid IFNγ production by memory CD8+ T cells and NK cells, was contingent on type I interferon, a cytokine group whose association with TH1 induction is contextual, and that they contributed to the adjuvant activity of GLA-SE.
Cytochrome P450RAI(CYP26) Promoter: A Distinct Composite Retinoic Acid Response Element Underlies the Complex Regulation of Retinoic Acid Metabolism (2000)

The catabolism of retinoic acid (RA) is an essential mechanism for restricting the exposure of specific tissues and cells to RA. We recently reported the identification of a RA-inducible cytochrome P450 [P450RAI(CYP26)], in zebrafish, mouse, and human, which was shown to be responsible for RA catabolism. P450RAI exhibits a complex spatiotemporal pattern of expression during development and is highly inducible by exogenous RA treatment in certain tissues and cell lines. Sequence analysis of the proximal upstream region of the P450RAI promoter revealed a high degree of conservation between zebrafish, mouse, and human. This region of the promoter contains a canonical retinoic acid response element (5'-AGT-TCA-(n)5-AGTTCA-3'), embedded within a 32-bp region (designated R1), which is conserved among all three species. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays using this element demonstrated the specific binding of murine retinoic acid receptor-gamma (RARgamma) and retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRalpha) proteins. Transient transfection experiments with the mouse P450RAI promoter fused to a luciferase reporter gene showed transcriptional activation in the presence of RA in HeLa, Cos-1, and F9 wild-type cells. This activation, as well as basal promoter activity, was abolished upon mutation of the RARE. Deletion and mutational analyses of the P450RAI promoter, as well as DNase I footprinting studies, revealed potential binding sites for several other proteins in conserved regions of the promoter. Also, two conserved 5'-TAAT-3' sequences flanking the RARE were investigated for their potential importance in P450RAI promoter activity. Moreover, these studies revealed an essential requirement for a G-rich element (designated GGRE), located just upstream of the RARE, for RA inducibility. This element was demonstrated to form complexes with Sp1 and Sp3 using nuclear extracts from either murine F9 or P19 cells. Together, these results indicate that the P450RAI-RARE is atypical in that conserved flanking sequences may play a very important role in regulating RA inducibility and expression of P450RAI(CYP26).
Increased microtubule assembly in bovine brain tubulin lacking the type III isotype of beta-tubulin. (1990)

Tubulin, the major constituent protein of microtubules, is a heterodimer of alpha and beta subunits. Both alpha and beta exist in multiple isotypic forms. It is not clear if different isotypes perform different functions. In order to approach this question, we have made a monoclonal antibody specific for the beta III isotype of tubulin. This particular isotype is neuron-specific and appears to be phosphorylated near the C terminus. We have used immunoaffinity depletion chromatography to prepare tubulin lacking the beta III subunit. We find that removal of the beta III isotype results in a tubulin mixture able to assemble much more rapidly than is unfractionated tubulin when reconstituted with either of the two microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), tau or MAP 2. Our results suggest that the different isotypes of tubulin differ from each other in their ability to polymerize into microtubules. We have also found that the anti-beta III antibody can stimulate microtubule assembly when reconstituted with tubulin and either tau or MAP 2. When reconstituted with tubulin lacking the beta III isotype, the antibody causes the tubulin to polymerize into a polymer that is a microtubule in the presence of MAP 2 and a ribbon in the presence of tau.
Impact of solvent selection and temperature on porosity and resistance of printed self‐reducing silver inks (2016)

Reactive metal inks have the potential to replace particle‐based inks for printed metals and electrodes. Recent advances in self‐reducing silver inks have dropped the reduction temperature from &gt;180 °C down to room temperature. However, most reactive inks are printed at room temperature and sintered at an elevated temperature to achieve good electrical resistivity. In this work, we demonstrate that low electrical resistivity (1.8 μΩcm) can be achieved by adjusting solvent selection and printing at slightly elevated temperatures. This work examines the impact of solvent type and substrate temperature on the resulting morphology and electrical properties of silver films printed with a self‐reducing silver‐diamine ink. We show that morphology, porosity, and media resistivity can be controlled to produce a dense film without sintering. The porosity was adjusted from 93% down to 50% and the media resistivity two orders of magnitude from 180 μΩcm down to 1.8 μΩcm. The lowest media resistivity was found for a 10:1‐EtOH:Ag ink printed at 66 °C. Overall, this process demonstrates that highly conductive silver films can be printed at low temperatures with broad control over morphology and without post‐print annealing. Reactive inks print silver with controllable porosity.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Produces Antidepressant Effects in Behavioral Models of Depression (2002)

Previous studies demonstrated that antidepressant treatment increases the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in rat hippocampus. The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that BDNF in the hippocampus produces an antidepressant effect in behavioral models of depression, the learned helplessness (LH) and forced swim test (FST) paradigms. A single bilateral infusion of BDNF into the dentate gyrus of hippocampus produced an antidepressant effect in both the LH and FST that was comparable in magnitude with repeated systemic administration of a chemical antidepressant. These effects were observed as early as 3 d after a single infusion of BDNF and lasted for at least 10 d. Similar effects were observed with neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) but not nerve growth factor. Infusions of BDNF and NT-3 did not influence locomotor activity or passive avoidance. The results provide further support for the hypothesis that BDNF contributes to the therapeutic action of antidepressant treatment.
Adoptive cell therapy with autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and low-dose Interleukin-2 in metastatic melanoma patients (2012)

Complete and durable responses were induced after treatment with adoptive cell therapy in combination with low-dose IL-2 which significantly decreased toxicity of this therapy.
Elasticity of frozen aortic valve homografts (1977)

Homograft aortic valves were treated and stored in different ways and then tested for elastic qualities. It appears from the findings that the most satisfactory long-term storage technique is to flash-freeze the valves in the presence of dimethyl sulphoxide immediately after dissection.
Framework to Evaluate Rescheduling due to Unexpected Events in an Activity-Based Model (2013)

The concept of rescheduling is essential to activity-based modeling in order to calculate effects of both unexpected incidents and adaptation of individuals to traffic demand management measures. When collaboration between individuals is involved or timetable based public transportation modes are chosen, rescheduling becomes complex. This paper describes a new framework to investigate algorithms for rescheduling on a large scale. The framework explicitely models the information flow between traffic information services and travelers. It combines macroscopic traffic assignment with microscopic simulation of agents adapting their schedules. Perception filtering is introduced to allow for traveler specific interpretation of perceived macroscopic data and information going unnoticed; it feeds person specific short term predictions required for schedule adaptation. Individuals are assumed to maximize schedule utility. Initial agendas are created by the FEATHERS activity-based schedule generator for mutually independent individuals using an undisturbed loaded transportation network. The new framework allows both agent behavior and external phenomena to influence the transportation network state; individuals interpret the state changes via perception filtering and start adapting their schedules; again affecting the network via updated traffic demand. The first rescheduler investigated uses marginal utility that monotonically decreases with activity duration and a monotonically converging relaxation algorithm to efficiently determine the new activity timing. The current framework implementation can support re-timing, re-location and activity re-sequencing; re-routing however is the subject of future research.
Transforming growth factors produced by retrovirus-transformed rodent fibroblasts and human melanoma cells: amino acid sequence homology with epidermal growth factor. (1983)

Transforming growth factors (TGFs) were purified from serum-free medium conditioned by retrovirus-transformed Fisher rat embryo fibroblasts, mouse 3T3 cells, and two human melanoma cell lines. The purification of each TGF was monitored in a radioreceptor assay based on receptor crossreactivity with mouse submaxillary gland epidermal growth factor (mEGF) and was achieved by gel permeation chromatography of the acid-soluble TGF-containing activity, followed by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography with sequential use of acetonitrile and 1-propanol in the presence of aqueous trifluoroacetic acid. The amino-terminal sequences of rat, mouse, and human TGFs were determined. Extensive sequence homology was found among TGF polypeptides from different species and cell types. Alignment of the amino acid sequences of rat TGF, mEGF, and human urogastrone (hEGF) reveals statistically significant sequence homology. The reported results suggest that TGFs that compete for binding to the cellular EGF receptor and EGF may have evolved from a common progenitor.
Reaction of carbon tetrachloride with 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-porphinatoiron(II)[(TPP)Fe II ]: evidence for the formation of the carbene complex [(TPP)Fe II (CCl2)] (1977)

The reaction of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphinatoiron(II)[(TPP)FeII] with carbon tetrachloride in the presence of an excess of reducing agent leads to a complex having properties consistent with the carbene, :CCl2, bound to FeII; this is believed to be the first example of a carbene complex of a metalloporphyrin.
Description of a novel FR1 IgH PCR strategy and its comparison with three other strategies for the detection of clonality in B cell malignancies. (1995)

PCR amplification of IgH gene V-D-J junctional variability (IgH PCR) is increasingly replacing Southern analysis for the detection of clonal lymphoid populations in cases presenting diagnostic difficulties. In order to determine the most efficient strategy, we have compared three known methods, using consensus primers against the VH FR3 or FR2 (FR256) regions, or a mix of six primers against the FR1 region (FR1f), with a new approach using a consensus primer against FR1 (FR1c), never previously described for diagnostic purposes, on DNA from 89 monoclonal B-cell proliferations (16 ALL, 28 CLL/PLL, 15 myelomas, 30 NHL). We obtained a detection rate of 70% for FR3, 64% for FR1f and 77% and 78% for FR256 and FR1c, respectively. Polyclonal lymphocytes and mature T cell malignancies tested negative for all systems. Differences in the detection rate were related not only to the choice of VH primer but also the JH primer(s) used and the pathological subtype. All strategies led to adequate detection of leukaemic DNA, whereas the detection rate in myeloma varied between strategies from 47 to 80% and that of follicular lymphoma from 13 to 63%. The lowest detection rates were observed in follicular lymphoma and in mature CD5 negative proliferations, reflecting the probable correlation between somatic mutation and PCR false-negativity. The combined use of FR1c and FR256 allowed detection in at least one system of 92% of cases overall and at least 75% in all pathological subtypes, thus providing a simple, reliable and rapid non-radioactive system for the detection of B cell clonality.
Endothelium‐derived relaxing and contracting factors (1989)

Endothelium-dependent relaxation of blood vessels is produced by a large number of agents (e.g., acetylcholine, ATP and ADP, substance P, bradykinin, histamine, thrombin, serotonin). With some agents, relaxation may be limited to certain species and/or blood vessels. Relaxation results from release of a very labile non-prostanoid endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) or factors. EDRF stimulates guanylate cyclase of the vascular smooth muscle, with the resulting increase in cyclic GMP activating relaxation. EDRF is rapidly inactivated by hemoglobin and superoxide. There is strong evidence that EDRF from many blood vessels and from cultured endothelial cells is nitric oxide (NO) and that its precursor is L-arginine. There is evidence for other relaxing factors, including an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in some vessels. Flow-induced shear stress also stimulates EDRF release. Endothelium-dependent relaxation occurs in resistance vessels as well as in larger arteries, and is generally more pronounced in arteries than veins. EDRF also inhibits platelet aggregation and adhesion to the blood vessel wall. Endothelium-derived contracting factors appear to be responsible for endothelium-dependent contractions produced by arachidonic acid and hypoxia in isolated systemic vessels and by certain agents and by rapid stretch in isolated cerebral vessels. In all such experiments, the endothelium-derived contracting factor appears to be some product or by-product of cyclooxygenase activity. Recently, endothelial cells in culture have been found to synthesize a peptide, endothelin, which is an extremely potent vasoconstrictor. The possible physiological roles and pathophysiological significance of endothelium-derived relaxing and contracting factors are briefly discussed.
Chronic Stress, Depressive Symptoms, Anger, Hostility, and Risk of Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2014)

Higher levels of stress, hostility, and depressive symptoms are associated with significantly increased risk of incident stroke or transient ischemic attacks in middle-aged and older adults. Associations are not explained by known stroke risk factors.
Milk quality control: instant and quantitative milk fat determination with a BODIPY sensor-based fluorescence detector (2014)

The first fluorescent sensor for milk fat was developed. It exhibited a magnificent, yet selective turn-on feature towards fat molecules in a complicated milk matrix by a disaggregation-induced emission mechanism. Further construction of a handy fluorescence milk fat detector provided a convenient rapid tool to measure the fat amount quantitatively. This discovery may help enhance the milk quality control process.