gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the chemistry and high field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of rapamycin (1980)

Base catalysed hydrolysis of rapamycin (C 51 H 79 NO 13 ) affords six neutral compounds identified by chemical and spectroscopic means as 2a, 3b, 3d, 5, 2,4-dimethylphenol, and L(−)-piperidine-2-carboxylic acid 6, and whose generation has been plausibly rationalized. These findings as well as detailed analyses of 13 C nmr and 1 H nmr spectra provide independent corroboration of the X-ray derived rapamycin crystal structure 1. Structurally homogeneous in the solid state, rapamycin is found to occur in solutions as a mixture of two conformational isomers (approximately 4:1). Through nearly complete assignment of the high field 1 H (400 MHz) and 13 C (100.6 MHz) nmr spectra, the isomerism is shown to be associated with trans–cis rotation of an amidic bond within the 31-membered macrolide ring. The predominant form corresponds to the conformer portrayed by X-ray analysis.
Membrane binding characteristics of two forms of transforming growth factor-beta. (1987)

Cartilage-inducing factors A and B (CIF-A and CIF-B) from bovine bone have recently been identified as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) (Seyedin, S.M., Thompson, A. Y., Bentz, H., Rosen, D. M., McPherson, J. M., Conti, A., Siegel, N. R., Galluppi, G. R., and Piez, K. A. (1986) J. Biol. Chem., 261, 5693-5695) and a unique protein homologous to TGF-beta (Seyedin S. M., Segarini, P. R., Rosen, D. M., Thompson, A. Y., Bentz, H., and Graycar, J. (1987) J. Biol. Chem., 262, 1946-1949), respectively. Although the biological activities of TGF-beta and CIF-B are similar, the divergence of CIF-B from the highly conserved amino acid sequence of TGF-beta prompted an investigation of its receptor binding properties. Three classes of cell surface binding components were identified. Class A has exclusive affinity for TGF-beta; class B has greater affinity for CIF-B; and class C has equal affinity for both proteins. A high molecular weight component, the predominant binding species, was further characterized and shown to consist of two components that are either class B or class C. The differential binding properties of TGF-beta and CIF-B to cell surface components suggest that there are biological activities unique to each of the proteins.
A Model for the Autosensitization Autoantibody Production Associated with Xenogeneic Thymic Rna (1978)

Normal C57BL/6 bone marrow cells cultured for 3 weeks with xenogeneic thymic RNA and syngeneic C57BL/6 antigens (immunoglobulin G or red blood cells) produced anti-immunoglobulin antibody or anti-mouse red blood cell antibody (hemolysin). Addition of both xenogeneic thymic RNA and autoantigens to bone marrow cultures was necessary to elicit autosensitization. Syngeneic thymic RNA would not substitute for xenogeneic RNA. Normal recipients inoculated with syngeneic kidney or spinal cord homogenates and xenogeneic thymic RNA developed albuminuria or motor neuropathies within 10 days. Histologic examination of tissues from these animals revealed immunoglobulin deposits on glomerular or tubular basement membranes or on myelin sheaths. These changes were not observed in tissues from control animals inoculated with only the organ homogenates. Normal mice injected with syngeneic bone marrow cells, which had been autosensitized in vitro against kidney or spinal cord homogenates, also developed albuminuria or motor neuropathies, respectively. These abnormalities were observed only if bone marrow cells had been cultured with both xenogeneic thymic RNA and autoantigens. Histologic examination of tissues from these mice also revealed immunoglobulin deposits in kidney or spinal cord tissues. These results demonstrate that xenogeneic thymic RNA can play important roles in the formation of autoantibodies.
Surgically Induced Urologic Models in Swine (2000)

The porcine urological system is similar anatomically and physiologically to that of humans. Swine have a true multirenculate, multipapillate kidney with a calyceal system like that of humans. The gross anatomic and histologic characteristics of the porcine and the human kidney are more similar than most other commonly used laboratory animals. The physiologic functions of the urinary system including urodynamic parameters are also similar to humans. Swine have been used extensively as models of urologic conditions in humans, most commonly in obstructive urologic syndromes. A large number of investigative procedures can be performed in one experiment both in acute and chronic models. Recently, a new technique of surgically induced antenatal lower urinary tract obstruction in swine has been developed.
Automatic Recognition of Spoken Spelled Names for Obtaining Directory Listings (1979)

An automatic speaker-dependent word recognizer is used to accept strings of spelled letters spoken in isolation. The output of the recognizer is a set of best-candidate letters for each letter spoken in the string. Candidate strings forming spelled last names and initials are compared to name strings obtained from a telephone directory stored in a disk file. A systematic search is carried out to find matching entries in the directory. An evaluation has been carried out with ten talkers spelling lists of names extracted from an 18,000-entry telephone directory. Although the median acoustic error rate per spelled letter is approximately 20 percent, the median error rate in furnishing the requested directory entry is approximately 4 percent.
Associations between transforming growth factor β1 RNA expression and epithelial – mesenchymal interactions during tooth morphogenesis (1991)

We have studied the expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta 1) RNA during mouse tooth development, using in situ hybridization and experimental tissue recombinations. Analysis of the serial sections revealed the appearance of local expression of TGF-beta 1 RNA in the dental epithelium at bud-staged teeth (13-day embryos). Just before transition to the cap stage, TGF-beta 1 RNA expression rapidly increased in the epithelial bud, and it also extended to the condensed dental mesenchyme. At cap stage (14- and 15-day embryos), there was an intense expression of TGF-beta 1 RNA in the morphologically active cervical loops of the dental epithelium. During early bell stage (16- and 17-day embryos), TGF-beta 1 RNA expression was detected in the inner enamel epithelium where it subsequently almost disappeared (18-day embryos). After birth TGF-beta 1 transcripts transiently appeared in these cells when they were differentiating into ameloblasts (1-day mice). The transcripts were lost from the ameloblasts when they became secretory (4-day mice), but the expression continued in ameloblasts in enamel-free areas. Transient expression of TGF-beta 1 RNA was also detected in epithelial stratum intermedium cells at the time of ameloblast differentiation. In the mesenchyme, TGF-beta 1 RNA was not detected during bell stage until it appeared in differentiated odontoblasts (18-day embryos). The secretory odontoblasts continued to express TGF-beta 1 RNA at all stages studied including the odontoblasts of incisor roots. Analysis of the distribution of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation indicated apparent correlations between TGF-beta 1 RNA expression and cell proliferation at the bud and cap stages but not at later stages of tooth development. Tissue recombination experiments of bud-staged (13-day embryos) dental and non-dental tissues showed that tooth epithelium, when cultured together with tooth mesenchyme, expressed TGF-beta 1 RNA. When the tooth epithelium was combined with non-dental jaw mesenchyme, TGF-beta 1 transcripts were not expressed. However, TGF-beta 1 RNA expression was seen in oral epithelium cultured with dental mesenchyme, while no expression of TGF-beta 1 transcripts was seen in the oral epithelium during normal development. Thus, TGF-beta 1 RNA expression seems to be regulated by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
Face transfer with multilinear models (2005)

Face Transfer is a method for mapping videorecorded performances of one individual to facial animations of another. It extracts visemes (speech-related mouth articulations), expressions, and three-dimensional (3D) pose from monocular video or film footage. These parameters are then used to generate and drive a detailed 3D textured face mesh for a target identity, which can be seamlessly rendered back into target footage. The underlying face model automatically adjusts for how the target performs facial expressions and visemes. The performance data can be easily edited to change the visemes, expressions, pose, or even the identity of the target---the attributes are separably controllable. This supports a wide variety of video rewrite and puppetry applications.Face Transfer is based on a multilinear model of 3D face meshes that separably parameterizes the space of geometric variations due to different attributes (e.g., identity, expression, and viseme). Separability means that each of these attributes can be independently varied. A multilinear model can be estimated from a Cartesian product of examples (identities × expressions × visemes) with techniques from statistical analysis, but only after careful preprocessing of the geometric data set to secure one-to-one correspondence, to minimize cross-coupling artifacts, and to fill in any missing examples. Face Transfer offers new solutions to these problems and links the estimated model with a face-tracking algorithm to extract pose, expression, and viseme parameters.
Stereospecific nucleophilic addition reactions to olefins. Addition of thiols to .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid derivatives (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereospecific nucleophilic addition reactions to olefins. Addition of thiols to .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated carboxylic acid derivativesOkiko Miyata, Tetsuro Shinada, Ichiya Ninomiya, Takeaki Naito, Tadamasa Date, Kimio Okamura, and Satoshi InagakiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 23, 6556–6564Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00023a021https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00023a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views862Altmetric-Citations60LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Explicit design space? (2006)

This paper examines the need for explicit representations of the design space, in response to Woodbury and Burrow. Specifically, their proposal for a particular search strategy, by means of which one can reuse past experiences explicitly represented by previously traversed paths, is examined. This is done by exploring issues with respect to design search and representation in general, while relating these to specific issues raised by Woodbury and Burrow. The paper concludes by suggesting that their arguments essentially point to devising an appropriate “programming language” for design.
165-GHz Transceiver in SiGe Technology (2008)

Two D-band transceivers, with and without amplifiers and static frequency divider, transmitting simultaneously in the 80-GHz and 160-GHz bands, are fabricated in SiGe HBT technology. The transceivers feature an 80-GHz quadrature Colpitts oscillator with differential outputs at 160 GHz, a double-balanced Gilbert-cell mixer, 170-GHz amplifiers and broadband 70-GHz to 180-GHz vertically stacked transformers for single-ended to differential conversion. For the transceiver with amplifiers and static frequency divider, which marks the highest level of integration above 100 GHz in silicon, the peak differential down-conversion gain is -3 dB for RF inputs at 165 GHz. The single-ended, 165-GHz transmitter output generates -3.5 dBm, while the 82.5-GHz differential output power is +2.5 dBm. This transceiver occupies 840 mum times 1365 mum, is biased from 3.3 V, and consumes 0.9 W. Two stand-alone 5-stage amplifiers, centered at 140 GHz and 170 GHz, were also fabricated showing 17 dB and 15 dB gain at 140 GHz and 170 GHz, respectively. The saturated output power of the amplifiers is +1 dBm at 130 GHz and 0 dBm at 165 GHz. All circuits were characterized over temperature up to 125degC. These results demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of SiGe BiCMOS technology for circuits in the 100-180-GHz range.
Ultrasound Increases Nanoparticle Delivery by Reducing Intratumoral Pressure and Increasing Transport in Epithelial and Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Tumors (2012)

Acquisition of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) tumor phenotype is associated with impaired chemotherapeutic delivery and a poor prognosis. In this study, we investigated the application of therapeutic ultrasound methods available in the clinic to increase nanotherapeutic particle accumulation in epithelial and EMT tumors by labeling particles with a positron emission tomography tracer. Epithelial tumors were highly vascularized with tight cell-cell junctions, compared with EMT tumors where cells displayed an irregular, elongated shape with loosened cell-cell adhesions and a reduction in E-cadherin and cytokeratins 8/18 and 19. Without ultrasound, the accumulation of liposomal nanoparticles administered to tumors in vivo was approximately 1.5 times greater in epithelial tumors than EMT tumors. When ultrasound was applied, both nanoaccumulation and apparent tumor permeability were increased in both settings. Notably, ultrasound effects differed with thermal and mechanical indices, such that increasing the thermal ultrasound dose increased nanoaccumulation in EMT tumors. Taken together, our results illustrate how ultrasound can be used to enhance nanoparticle accumulation in tumors by reducing their intratumoral pressure and increasing their vascular permeability.
Myofibroblastes et membranes fibrovasculaires rétiniennes (1998)

Myofibroblasts are one of the major cellular element of preretinal membranes. They are scattered throughout the membrane and seem to account for their contractile properties.
Progress in the Development and Application of Small Molecule Inhibitors of Bromodomain–Acetyl-lysine Interactions (2012)

Bromodomains, protein modules that recognize and bind to acetylated lysine, are emerging as important components of cellular machinery. These acetyl-lysine (KAc) "reader" domains are part of the write-read-erase concept that has been linked with the transfer of epigenetic information. By reading KAc marks on histones, bromodomains mediate protein-protein interactions between a diverse array of partners. There has been intense activity in developing potent and selective small molecule probes that disrupt the interaction between a given bromodomain and KAc. Rapid success has been achieved with the BET family of bromodomains, and a number of potent and selective probes have been reported. These compounds have enabled linking of the BET bromodomains with diseases, including cancer and inflammation, suggesting that bromodomains are druggable targets. Herein, we review the biology of the bromodomains and discuss the SAR for the existing small molecule probes. The biology that has been enabled by these compounds is summarized.
Cardiovascular pharmacogenetics in the SNP era (2003)

In the past pharmacological agents have contributed to a significant reduction in age-adjusted incidence of cardiovascular events. However, not all patients treated with these agents respond favorably, and some individuals may develop side-effects. With aging of the population and the growing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors worldwide, it is expected that the demand for cardiovascular drugs will increase in the future. Accordingly, there is a growing need to identify the 'good' responders as well as the persons at risk for developing adverse events. Evidence is accumulating to indicate that responses to drugs are at least partly under genetic control. As such, pharmacogenetics - the study of variability in drug responses attributed to hereditary factors in different populations - may significantly assist in providing answers toward meeting this challenge. Pharmacogenetics mostly relies on associations between a specific genetic marker like single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), either alone or arranged in a specific linear order on a certain chromosomal region (haplotypes), and a particular response to drugs. Numerous associations have been reported between selected genotypes and specific responses to cardiovascular drugs. Recently, for instance, associations have been reported between specific alleles of the apoE gene and the lipid-lowering response to statins, or the lipid-elevating effect of isotretinoin. Thus far, these types of studies have been mostly limited to a priori selected candidate genes due to restricted genotyping and analytical capacities. Thanks to the large number of SNPs now available in the public domain through the SNP Consortium and the newly developed technologies (high throughput genotyping, bioinformatics software), it is now possible to interrogate more than 200,000 SNPs distributed over the entire human genome. One pharmacogenetic study using this approach has been launched by GlaxoSmithKline to identify the approximately 4% of patients who are predisposed to developing a hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir, an anti-HIV agent. Data collected thus far on the HLA locus on chromosome 6 indicate that this approach is feasible. Extended linkage disequilibrium can be detected readily, even across several haplotype blocks, thus potentially reducing the number of SNPs for future whole-genome scans. Finally, a modest number of cases and controls appears to be sufficient to detect genetic associations. There is little doubt that this type of approach will have an impact on the way cardiovascular drugs will be developed and prescribed in the future.
Equilibrium acidities in dimethyl sulfoxide solution (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEquilibrium acidities in dimethyl sulfoxide solutionFrederick G. BordwellCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1988, 21, 12, 456–463Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar00156a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00156a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views18838Altmetric-Citations2449LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Asymmetric synthesis of 3,4-anti- and 3,4-syn-substituted aminopyrrolidines via lithium amide conjugate addition (2007)

The diastereoselective conjugate addition of homochiral lithium amides to methyl 4-(N-allyl-N-benzylamino)but-2-enoate has been used as the key step in a simple and efficient protocol for the preparation of 3,4-substituted aminopyrrolidines. This protocol provides a complementary and stereoselective route to both anti- and syn-3-amino-4-alkylpyrrolidines as well as anti- and syn-3-hydroxy-4-aminopyrrolidines, in high de and ee viabeta-amino enolate functionalisation. This methodology has been applied to the synthesis of anti-(3S,4S)- and syn-(3R,4S)-3-methoxy-4-(N-methylamino)pyrrolidine.
Generative Adversarial Networks: An Overview (2018)

Generative adversarial networks (GANs) provide a way to learn deep representations without extensively annotated training data. They achieve this by deriving backpropagation signals through a competitive process involving a pair of networks. The representations that can be learned by GANs may be used in a variety of applications, including image synthesis, semantic image editing, style transfer, image superresolution, and classification. The aim of this review article is to provide an overview of GANs for the signal processing community, drawing on familiar analogies and concepts where possible. In addition to identifying different methods for training and constructing GANs, we also point to remaining challenges in their theory and application.
Influence of cassava mosaic virus on cassava leaf-vegetable quality. (1989)

People of Zaire prefer cassava mosaic virus-infected cassava leaves to the healthy leaves for vegetable use. The diseased leaves are believed to be sweeter and more tender.(...)Total cyanide concentration decreased significantly in the three clones with increasing disease severity; protein also decreased as the disease progressed. Total soluble sugars and crude fibre content were unrelated to disease rating
Poliovirus Escape from RNA Interference: Short Interfering RNA-Target Recognition and Implications for Therapeutic Approaches (2004)

Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directed against poliovirus and other viruses effectively inhibit viral replication. Although RNA interference (RNAi) may provide the basis for specific antiviral therapies, the limitations of RNAi antiviral strategies are ill defined. Here, we show that poliovirus readily escapes highly effective siRNAs through unique point mutations within the targeted regions. Competitive analysis of the escape mutants provides insights into the basis of siRNA recognition. The RNAi machinery can tolerate mismatches but is exquisitely sensitive to mutations within the central region and the 3' end of the target sequence. Indeed, specific mutations in the target sequence resulting in G:U mismatches are sufficient for the virus to escape siRNA inhibition. However, using a pool of siRNAs to simultaneously target multiple sites in the viral genome prevents the emergence of resistant viruses. Our study uncovers the elegant precision of target recognition by the RNAi machinery and provides the basis for the development of effective RNAi-based therapies that prevent viral escape.