gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Total Parenteral Nutrition and Bowel Rest Modify the Metabolic Response to Endotoxin in Humans (1989)

Intestinal mucosal atrophy, as induced by total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and/or prolonged bowel rest, is hypothesized to enhance bowel endotoxin (LPS) translocation and may alter host responses to infection. To examine the effect of TPN-induced bowel atrophy on the response to LPS, 12 healthy volunteers were randomized to receive either enteral feedings (ENT, n = 6) or seven days of TPN without oral intake (TPN, n = 6). Enteral or TPN feedings were terminated 12 hours before the study period when a constant dextrose infusion (50 mg/kg/hour) was initiated and continued throughout the subsequent study period. After placement of arterial, hepatic vein, and femoral vein catheters, metabolic parameters were determined before and for six hours after an intravenous E. coli LPS challenge (20 U/kg). Subsequent peak levels of arterial glucagon (ENT, 189 +/- 39 pg/mL; TPN, 428 +/- 48; p less than 0.01), arterial epinephrine (ENT, 236 +/- 52 pg/mL; TPN, 379 +/- 49; p less than 0.05) and hepatic venous cachectin/tumor necrosis factor (cachectin/TNF) (ENT, 250 +/- 56 pg/mL; TPN, 479 +/- 136; p less than 0.05) were significantly higher in the TPN group than in the ENT group. The extremity efflux of lactate (ENT, -16 +/- 4 micrograms/min-100cc tissue; TPN, -52 +/- 13; t = 2 hours; p less than 0.05) and of amino acids (ENT, -334 +/- 77 nmol/min-100cc tissue; TPN, -884 +/- 58; t = 4 hours; p less than 0.05) were higher in the TPN subjects after the endotoxin challenge. Circulating C-reactive Protein (CRP) levels measured 24 hours postendotoxin were also significantly higher in the TPN subjects (ENT, 1.7 +/- 0.2 mg/dL; TPN, 3.2 +/- 0.3; p less than 0.01). Hence the counter-regulatory hormone and splanchnic cytokine responses to LPS were enhanced after TPN and bowel rest. This is associated with a magnified acute-phase response, peripheral amino acid mobilization, and peripheral lactate production. Thus antecedent TPN may influence the metabolic alterations seen in infection and sepsis via both an exaggerated counter-regulatory hormone response as well as an enhanced systemic and splanchnic production of cytokines.
Polyisobutylene-Based Thermoplastic Elastomers. I. Synthesis and Characterization of Polystyrene-Polyisobutylene-Polystyrene Triblock Copolymers (1994)

Abstract Polystyrene-polyisobutylene-polystyrene triblock copolymer thermoplastic elastomers have been synthesized by living carbocationic sequential copolymerization using the tert-butyl dicumyl chloride/TiCl4/methylcyclohexane:methyl chloride (60:40 v:v)/ −80°C system in the presence of the proton trap 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine. Structure-property relationships have been examined by varying the Mn of the PIB middle block (39,000 to 156,000) and that of the PSt end-segment (1,000 to 19,000). The tensile strength is controlled by the molecular weight of the PSt segment and independent of the PIB middle block length in the studied range. Phase separation starts when the Mn of the PSt segment reaches ∼ 5,000, and it is complete when the Mn reaches ∼ 15,000. These triblocks exhibited 23-25 MPa tensile strength, similar to that of styrenic thermoplastic elastomers obtained by anionic polymerization.
Nanofluidic structures with complex three-dimensional surfaces (2009)

Nanofluidic devices have typically explored a design space of patterns limited by a single nanoscale structure depth. A method is presented here for fabricating nanofluidic structures with complex three-dimensional (3D) surfaces, utilizing a single layer of grayscale photolithography and standard integrated circuit manufacturing tools. This method is applied to construct nanofluidic devices with numerous (30) structure depths controlled from approximately 10 to approximately 620 nm with an average standard deviation of <10 nm over distances of >1 cm. A prototype 3D nanofluidic device is demonstrated that implements size exclusion of rigid nanoparticles and variable nanoscale confinement and deformation of biomolecules.
Mechanisms of Pulsed Laser Ablation of Biological Tissues (Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 577−644. Published on the Web 02/12/03.) (2003)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionMechanisms of Pulsed Laser Ablation of Biological Tissues (Chem. Rev.2003, 103, 577−644. Published on the Web 02/12/03.)Alfred Vogel and Vasan VenugopalanCite this: Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 5, 2079Publication Date (Web):April 29, 2003Publication History Published online29 April 2003Published inissue 1 May 2003https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr030683bhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr030683bcorrectionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2003 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views1759Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (16 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Stock Market and Economic Growth – An Empirical Study (2013)

Stock market in the process of economic development has been well recognized today. In the 1980’s developing countries have started liberalizing their financial markets giving considerable importance to the development of stock market. However, in India stock market remained a dormant part of the financial system until the initiation of the structural adjustment programme in 1991. The structured adjustment programme implemented in a gradualist pattern consisted of comprehensive fiscal, financial and external sector reforms. As part of it capital market reforms were launched in 1992.
Antimicrobial constituents of Udotea flabellum (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAntimicrobial constituents of Udotea flabellumTetsuo Nakatsu, B. N. Ravi, and D. John FaulknerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 12, 2435–2438Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1981https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00325a001RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views132Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (554 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
A multifunctional microfluidic droplet-array chip for analysis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (2013)

This paper describes a multifunctional semi-closed droplet-array chip coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detection for multiple sample pretreatment and analysis. A novel interfacing method for coupling droplet system with ESI-MS was proposed using a sampling probe-two-dimensional (2D) droplet-array strategy. The 2D droplet-array system was composed of an 8 × 8 microwell array chip for droplet storage and a layer of oil covering the droplets served as a "virtual wall" to avoid droplet evaporation or cross-contamination. An L-shaped capillary was adopted as the interface of the droplet array and ESI-MS, using its inlet end as a sampling probe for droplets and its outlet with a tip size of ~20 μm as an electrospray emitter, without the need for any droplet extraction device. The droplet analysis was performed by moving the droplet-array chip to allow the capillary sampling probe to sequentially enter into the droplets through the oil and introduce the sample solution into the capillary emitter for MS detection. The MS analysis time for each droplet sample was 40 s with a sample consumption of ca. 13 nL. A good repeatability of 5.7% (RSD, n = 9) was obtained for 10(-6) M reserpine droplet analysis. The uses of the semi-closed 2D droplet array and off-line interfacing mode provide the system with the substantial flexibility and controllability in droplet indexing, multi-step manipulating, and on-demand sampling for MS analysis. We applied the present system in multi-step pretreatment and identification of small amounts of proteomic samples of myoglobin and cytochrome C, including in-droplet protein reduction, alkylation, digestion, and purification based on solid-phase extraction, matrix modification, sample droplet introduction under flow injection mode, and ESI-MS detection.
Ultrahigh Magnetically Responsive Microplatelets with Tunable Fluorescence Emission (2013)

Tuning the optical properties of suspensions by controlling the orientation and spatial distribution of suspended particles with magnetic fields is an interesting approach to creating magnetically controlled displays, microrheology sensors, and materials with tunable light emission. However, the relatively high concentration of magnetic material required to manipulate these particles very often reduces the optical transmittance of the system. In this study, we describe a simple method of generating particles with magnetically tunable optical properties via sol-gel deposition and functionalization of a continuous layer of silica on ultrahigh magnetically responsive (UHMR) alumina microplatelets. UHMR microplatelets with tunable magnetic response in the range of 15-36 G are obtained by the electrostatic adsorption of 2 to 13% of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on the alumina surface. The magnetized platelets are coated with a 20-50 nm layer of SiO2 through the controlled hydrolysis and condensation reactions of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) in an NH3/ethanol mixture. Finally, the silica surface is covalently modified with an organic fluorescent dye by conventional silane chemistry. Because of the anisotropic shape of the particles, control of their orientation and distribution using magnetic fields and field gradients enables easy tuning of the optical properties of the suspension. This strategy allows us to gain both spatial and temporal control over the fluorescence emission from the particle surface, making the multifunctional platelets interesting building blocks for the manipulation of light in colloid-based smart optical devices and sensors.
A microsomal endoprotease that specifically cleaves isoprenylated peptides. (1992)

A microsomal enzymatic activity is described that can specifically cleave the tetrapeptide N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-L-Cys-L-Val-L-Ile-L-Ser between the isoprenylated cysteine residue and the valine residue. Km and Vmax values are measured as 5.8 microM and 251 pmol/min per mg of protein, respectively. Proteolytic cleavage of the substrate is stereospecific because the substitution of a farnesylated D-cysteine residue for the L-amino acid leads to the abolition of substrate activity. A free carboxyl-terminal group is also required for substrate activity because methyl esterification renders the substrate inert. The tripeptide N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-L-Cys-L-Val-L-Ile and the dipeptide N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-L-Cys-L-Val are also hydrolyzed by the protease. Again, stereospecificity is observed at the isoprenylated residue. Hydrolysis of the farnesylated tetrapeptide is not inhibited by a 5-fold excess of the nonfarnesylated tetrapeptide, suggesting that isoprenylation is important for substrate activity. This activity is probably the same as the proteolytic activity proposed to cleave isoprenylated proteins terminating in a Cys-Ali-Ali-Xaa motif, where Ali refers to aliphatic amino acid. These proteins include the ras family of G proteins and the heterotrimeric G proteins. Proteolytic maturation of these essential isoprenylated signal-transducing elements is a key step in their activation.
Primed synthesis methods of sequencing DNA and RNA. (1980)

Primed synthesis sequencing requires a partially single-stranded molecule in which a specific polynucleotide primer with a free 3' hydroxyl terminus is base paired to a single-stranded template. The template and primer strands can be DNA or RNA in any combination. A polymerase, either DNA polymerase for DNA/DNA or RNA/DNA primer-template combinations or reverse transcriptase for a DNA/RNA primer-template molecule, is used to copy the template by chain extension. In the chain termination method of sequencing (see Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74: 5463; 1977), nucleotide-specific chain terminators (dideoxy ATP(ddA), ddC, ddG, and ddT) are used to promote a nucleotide specific termination in the chain extension, so that some of the chains terminate at every position at which that nucleotide occurs in the sequence. By using each of the nucleotide specific-chain terminators in separate chain extension reactions and on the same primed template, the sequence of the template can be determined. This method is simple, rapid, and accurate and has been used to determine the sequences of whole DNA viruses (phi X174 and G4), plasmid cloned DNA, eukaryote mRNAs, and RNA viral genomes. These primed synthesis methods of sequencing are now being developed into methods for nucleotide mutagenesis.
Crystal structure of Escherichia coli TEM1 β‐lactamase at 1.8 Å resolution (1993)

The X-ray structure of Escherichia coli TEM1 beta-lactamase has been refined to a crystallographic R-factor of 16.4% for 22,510 reflections between 5.0 and 1.8 A resolution; 199 water molecules and 1 sulphate ion were included in refinement. Except for the tips of a few solvent-exposed side chains, all protein atoms have clear electron density and refined to an average atomic temperature factor of 11 A2. The estimated coordinates error is 0.17 A. The substrate binding site is located at the interface of the two domains of the protein and contains 4 water molecules and the sulphate anion. One of these solvent molecules is found at hydrogen bond distance from S70 and E166. S70 and S130 are hydrogen bonded to K73 and K234, respectively. It was found that the E. coli TEM1 and Staphylococcus aureus PC1 beta-lactamases crystal structures differ in the relative orientations of the two domains composing the enzymes, which result in a narrowed substrate binding cavity in the TEM1 enzyme. Local but significant differences in the vicinity of this site may explain the occurrence of TEM1 natural mutants with extended substrate specificities.
DNA binding and transcriptional regulatory activity of mammalian achaete-scute homologous (MASH) proteins revealed by interaction with a muscle-specific enhancer. (1992)

The MASH genes are vertebrate homologues of achaete-scute, genes required for neuronal determination in Drosophila. The sequence of MASH1 and MASH2 contains a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) motif that is present in other transcriptional regulators such as MyoD and E12. In the absence of an authentic target for the MASH proteins, we examined their DNA binding and transcriptional regulatory activity by using a binding site (the E box) from the muscle creatine kinase (MCK) gene, a target of MyoD. Like myogenic bHLH proteins, the MASH proteins form heterooligomers with E12 that bind the MCK E box with high affinity in vitro. Unexpectedly, however, MASH1 and MASH2 also activate transcription of both exogenous and endogenous MCK in transfected C3H/10T1/2 fibroblasts. However, they do not induce myogenesis. Myogenic activity is not exclusively a property of the MyoD basic region, as substitution of this domain fails to confer myogenic activity on MASH1. These data suggest that different bHLH proteins may activate overlapping but distinct sets of target genes in the same cell type.
High-Q integrated inductors on trenched silicon islands (2005)

An implementation of high quality factor (Q) copper (Cu) inductors on CMOS-grade silicon substrates using a fully CMOS-compatible process is presented. A low-temperature fabrication sequence is employed to reduce the loss of Si wafers at RF frequencies using micromachining technique. This method does not require air suspension of the inductors, resulting in mechanically-robust structures that are compatible with any packaging technology. An InH inductor fabricated on this low-loss micromachined Si substrate exhibits a high peak Q of 51 at 1.0GHz (40 at 2.4GHz) with a self-resonant frequency larger than 10GHz.
[Structure and fluidization of an internally circulating fluidized bed for FGD process]. (2003)

A new internally circulating fluidized bed for FGD process was developed, and different types of top and bottom structures were employed in the experiment to find out the best fluidized bed structure. Fluidizing status, the axial distribution of solid hold-up and the fluid mechanics under cold conditions were investigated. The results indicate that the unit can realize internally circulating of a large number of solid particles which presents an core-annulus structure when the velocity of fluidizing gas was at the range of 2.5 to 5 m/s, and that the solid density in the bed is higher than that in traditional equal diameter fluidized bed, which provide the equipment with potential for application in FGD process.
Petri Net as a Manufacturing System Scheduling Tool (2010)

Scheduling problems arise when different types of jobs are processed by shared resources according to their technological precedence conditions. There is a need to determine the optimal input sequence of jobs and resource usage for a given job mix. Production scheduling problems are very complex and have been proved to be NP-hard problems. Different approaches to production planning and scheduling have been adopted which are as follows: 1. Heuristic dispatching rules. Good rules are obtained based on experience. These rules work but often not at the optimum level. They are also developed based on the system simulation models. But simulation models are often too specific to particular situations and hence the results cannot be very well generalized. 2. Mathematical programming methods: These have been extensively studied and can produce good results for specific systems. The mathematical models have to ignore many practical conditions in order to solve these models efficiently. These practical conditions such as material handling capacity, complex resource sharing and routing, and sophisticated discrete-event dynamics are very difficult to be mathematically and concisely described. The optimality will not hold if any parameters or structures change during an operational stage. 3. Computational intelligence based approaches: These include knowledge based systems, neural networks, and genetic algorithms. Knowledge-based systems have difficulty in acquiring the efficient rules and knowledge and the results cannot be guaranteed the best. 4. Other methods: Other approaches such as algebraic models and control theoretic methods are difficult to offer efficient solution methodologies. The methods based on CPM/PERT and queuing networks provide efficient solution methodologies but cannot describe shared resources, synchronization, and lot sizes easily. Time-driven systems such as living organisms, ecological systems and world population have long been modeled and analyzed through difference/ differential equations. Since such equations have become a universal modeling framework for time-driven systems, analytical and numerical techniques have been developed to solve the equations in order to understand, control and optimize system behavior. Man-made technological environments such as computer, transportation and telecommunication networks or manufacturing and www.intechopen.com
Pattern recognition analysis of high resolution 1H NMR spectra of urine. A nonlinear mapping approach to the classification of toxicological data (1990)

A computer-based pattern recognition (PR) approach has been applied to the interpretation of 1H NMR generated urinalysis data in a variety of experimental toxicity states in the rat. 1H NMR signal intensities for each endogenous metabolite in urine were regarded as coordinates in multi-dimensional space and analysed using computer pattern recognition methods through which the dimensionality was reduced for display and categorization purposes. Initially 17 metabolic dimensions were used which were defined by the scored relative concentrations of a variety of urinary metabolites detected in 1H NMR spectra. By employing the unsupervised learning methods of 2- and 3-dimensional nonlinear mapping (NLM) different types of toxin (hepatotoxins, cortical and papillary nephrotoxins) could be classified according to NMR-detectable biochemical effects in the urine. The robustness of the classification methods, and the influence of the addition of new scored biochemical data reflecting dose response situations, nutritional effects on toxicity, sex differences in biochemical response to toxins and addition of a new toxin class (testicular toxin) to the pattern recognition analysis were also evaluated. We find that the initial training set maps are fundamentally stable to the addition of all data types and that the PR methods correctly 'predicted' the toxicological effects of the test compounds. These results confirm the power and wide applicability of linked PR and 1H NMR urinalysis as an approach to the generation and classification of acute toxicological data.
Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) D.C.: Cat's Claw, Uña de Gato , or Savéntaro (1999)

Recently, Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) D.C. has become known as a healing plant with an ethnomedicinal background. There have been several reports on its constituents, in particular, oxindole alkaloids. It was found that 2 chemotypes of Uncaria tomentosa with different alkaloid patterns occur in nature. The roots of one type contain pentacyclic oxindoles and the other contains tetracyclic oxindoles. This difference should be considered when the plant is to be used for medicinal applications. Tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids act on the central nervous system, whereas pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids affect the cellular immune system. Recent studies have shown that the tetracyclic alkaloids exert antagonistic effects on the action of the pentacyclic alkaloids. Mixtures of these 2 types of drugs are therefore unsuitable for medicinal uses.