gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1)- and CDR3-analogous regions in CTLA-4 and CD28 determine the binding to B7-1. (1994)

T cell surface receptors CD28 and CTLA-4 are homologous members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), each comprising a single V-like extracellular domain. CD28 and CTLA-4 bind to the B7-1 and B7-2 counter-receptors on antigen presenting cells (APCs), thereby triggering a costimulatory pathway important for optimal T cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Soluble forms of CD28 and CTLA-4 in which the V-like extracellular domains were fused to Ig constant domains (CD28Ig and CTLA4Ig), have been used to study their interactions with B7-1 and B7-2, with CTLA4Ig binding B7-1 more strongly than CD28Ig (approximately 20-fold higher avidity). We have now, by site-specific and homologue mutagenesis, identified regions in CTLA4Ig important for strong binding to B7-1. A hexapeptide motif (MYPPPY) in the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3)-like region is fully conserved in all CD28 and CTLA-4 family members. Alanine scanning mutagenesis through the motif in CTLA4Ig and at selected residues in CD28Ig reduced or abolished binding to B7-1. Chimeric molecules HS4, HS4-A, and HS4-B were constructed in which CDR3-like regions of CTLA-4, COOH-terminally extended to include nonconserved residues, were grafted onto CD28Ig. These homologue mutants showed stronger binding to B7-1 than did CD28Ig. Grafting of the CDR1-like region of CTLA-4, which is not conserved in CD28 and is predicted to be spatially adjacent to CDR3, into HS4 and HS4-A, resulted in chimeric molecules (HS7 and HS8) which bound B7-1 even better. Inclusion of the CDR2-like domain of CTLA-4 into HS7 and HS8 did not further increase binding. Thus, the MYPPPY motifs of CTLA4Ig and CD28Ig are important for their binding to B7-1, but the increased strength of this binding by CTLA4Ig is mediated by nonconserved residues in the CDR1- and CDR3-analogous regions.
CCXLVIII.—The condensation of α-keto-β-anilino-αβ-diphenylethane and its homologues with phenylcarbimide and with phenylthiocarbimide (1912)

WHEN a-keto-j3-anilino-afl-diphenylethane (I) and phenylcarbimide are heated together, a compound results which has the formula C,,H,O,N,, that is, direct addition of the two molecules has taken place
우울 지수에 따른 일과성 스트레스 및 향기요법 반응에 대한 HRV 분석 (2012)

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to show the differences of mental stress measured with heart rate variability (HRV) and to evaluate the effects of Aromatherapy under mental stress, according to the depression index. Methods : The volunteers were allocated into 2 groups by BDI scores. Each group is divided into 2 subgroups again. After instrumentation and 10-minutes rest period, mental stress by operation was provided for 15-minutes. HRV was recorded before and after the mental stress. Then the control groups rested for 15-minutes. The experimental groups were treated with Aromatherapy. And then HRV was recorded. Results : 1. There were no significant differences in the mean HRT and SDNN between each group. 2. LF, HF, and LF norm showed different changes in each group. 3. LF/HF ratio showed significant changes. Conclusions : These results suggest that psychic factor makes an important rule under the mental stress and the effect of Aromatherapy, and Aromatherapy is effective to recover mental stress.
Anakinra as a new therapeutic option in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical results and perspectives. (2004)

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is a member of the IL-1 gene family, which blocks IL-1-mediated signal transduction. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), recombinant human IL-1Ra (anakinra) has been evaluated in 5 randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. In the European monotherapy study, 43% of patients receiving 150 mg/day anakinra achieved a 20% response according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria (ACR 20), compared to 27% in the placebo group. In the methotrexate combination therapy study, 42% of the patients receiving 1 mg/kg/day anakinra achieved an ACR20 response, 24% an ACR50 response, and 10% an ACR70 response. In each study, clinically meaningful improvements in the Health Assessment Questionnaire scores were observed. The Economic Resource Survey was employed in the European monotherapy study to evaluate patient and caregiver days of missed work or domestic activity in successive 4-week periods. There were rapid gains in the number of days at work or domestic activity in the treated patients, and the increases in productivity were dose-related. The mean change in the total modified Sharp score of patients who completed treatment with anakinra was significantly less than in the patients who received placebo. Anakinra, a new biologic approach to the treatment of RA, results in significant improvements in the signs and symptoms, has beneficial effects on functional status, and on the rate of progressive structural joint damage.
Alkaline earth metal amide complexes containing a cyclen-derived (NNNN) macrocyclic ligand: synthesis, structure, and ring-opening polymerization activity towards lactide monomers (2011)

Cyclic tetra-amine 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, (Me3TACD)H (= Me3[12]aneN4) was reacted with [M{N(SiMe3)2}2(thf)x] (M = Mg, x = 0; M = Ca, x = 2) in n-pentane to give thf-free complexes [{Me3TACD}M{N(SiMe3)2}] (M = Mg (1); M = Ca (2)). Both compounds are monomeric in solution and X-ray diffraction studies showed the metal centers to be five-coordinated. The proligand (Me3TACD)H reacted with [Ca{N(SiHMe2)2}2(thf)2] in benzene-d6 to give [{(Me3TACD)SiMe2N(SiHMe2)}Ca{N(SiHMe2)2}] (3) with hydrogen evolution. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction showed 3 to be monomeric with a six-coordinated calcium center in the solid state. The alkaline earth metal amide complexes 1 to 3 catalyzed the ring-opening polymerization of lactide monomers to give syndiotactic-rich polylactides from meso-lactide and isotactic-rich polylactides from rac- and L-lactide.
Expression and function of interleukin-8 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (2001)

Expression and functions of interleukin (IL)-8, a pro-inflammatory cytokine with angiogenesis action, was examined in 23 surgically resected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) specimens and 7 HCC cell lines. In all HCC tissues, IL-8 expression was confirmed with reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction method and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry showed HCC cells were the major producer of IL-8 in the tissues. Microvessel density was measured by the double immunohistochemical staining of muscular vessels in HCC tissues, but the density was not related to the level of IL-8 in the HCC tissues. On the other hand, in the co-culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and a HCC cell line (KIM-1), IL-8 produced by KIM-1 significantly accelerated the proliferation of HUVEC. In addition, cases with a high IL-8 level in cancerous tissue had a significantly higher frequency of portal vein invasion, venous invasion and bile duct invasion (p<0.05). In the cultures of 7 HCC cell lines IL-8 secretion into culture medium increased with the treatment of IL-1beta or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. This showed IL-8 expression is regulated by inflammatory cytokines. IL-8 produced by HCC is an angiogenesis factor of HCC, but it could have a much more important role in the invasion and metastasis of HCC.
Subspace-Based Blind Channel Estimation for OFDM by Exploiting Cyclic Prefix (2013)

A new subspace-based blind channel estimation (SBCE) approach for cyclically prefixed orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) is proposed to provide enhanced estimation performance. Based on the redundant structure that CP reproduces the tail part of the useful signal vector, a predetermined null subspace corresponding to the transmitted CP-OFDM signal vector subspace is identified and enables the proposed estimator to extract the channel impluse response by projecting the received signal onto the predetermined null subspace. While requiring less implementation complexity, the proposed channel estimator is shown to outperform conventional SBCE approaches in mean-square error performance when the number of received blocks and the received signal-to-noise power ratio are not large.
Synthesis of Luminescent Thin-Film CdSe/ZnSe Quantum Dot Composites Using CdSe Quantum Dots Passivated with an Overlayer of ZnSe (1996)

Electronic and chemical passivation of CdSe nanocrystals (quantum dots) has been achieved with a thin ZnSe overlayer grown in solution from trioctylphosphine selenide and diethylzinc. Layered particles with a [ZnSe/CdSe] ratio ranging from 0 to ∼5.0 were prepared and characterized by optical absorption spectroscopy, photoluminescence, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and X-ray scattering. The overgrown particles were crystalline and displayed band-edge absorption and emission characteristic of the initial CdSe nuclei. Thin-film quantum dot composites incorporating bare and overcoated CdSe nanocrystals in a ZnSe matrix were synthesized by electrospray organometallic chemical vapor deposition (ES-OMCVD). The photoluminescence spectra of the composites with bare CdSe dots were dominated by broad deep-level emission and the photoluminescence yield deteriorated with increasing deposition temperature. In contrast, the composites incorporating the overcoated dots showed sharp band-edge emission. The presence of a preformed ZnSe layer resulted in a dramatic enhancement of the band-edge photoluminescence yield (by 2 orders of magnitude). The photoluminescence properties of composites with the passivated dots were insensitive to deposition temperature over the range studied.
Human Keratocytes Cultured on Amniotic Membrane Stroma Preserve Morphology and Express Keratocan (2003)

Human keratocytes maintain their characteristic morphology and keratocan expression when subcultured on AM stromal matrix even in the presence of high serum concentrations. This method can be used to engineer a new corneal stroma.
Nanoembossing of thermoplastic polymers for microfluidic applications (2002)

We present a method for the fabrication of plastic microfluidic devices based on nanoembossing and thermal bonding. By nanoembossing of thermoplastic polymer pellets, both microfluidic deep channels and high resolution features can be formed using a silicon mold fabricated by electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching. By thermal bonding with another plastic sheet, the fabricated microfluidic devices can be sealed without clogging. Observation of pressure driven and electrokinetic flows through high density pillar arrays indicates the feasibility of nanofluidic analysis using plastic devices.
Growth in adult prolonged acute mechanical ventilation: Implications for healthcare delivery* (2008)

Patients undergoing PAMV are a large and resource-intensive population whose increase outpaces growth in the general U.S. population and in overall hospital volume. Policy makers must factor this projected rapid growth in frequency of PAMV into future resource and work force planning. Given the resource-intensive nature of these patients, strategies need to be developed to optimize their care and to increase efficiency of healthcare delivery to this large and growing population.
The effect of sterilization on transforming growth factor β isolated from demineralized human bone (1993)

Growth factors have been identified as the primary cause of osteoinduction in bone healing. Transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) has been shown to promote bone formation and is present in bone in high quantities. The aims of the present study were to isolate TGF‐β from human bone, demonstrate its biologic activity, and analyze the effects of conventional sterilization techniques on activity. Bone, obtained from femoral heads of five patients (mean age, 70 years) was ground, demineralized, and freeze‐dried, and samples from each patient were divided into three groups: no treatment, sterilization with 1.60 to 1.94 Mrad of 60 Co irradiation, and sterilization with ethylene oxide (ETO). Carrier‐free recombinant TGF‐β control was also treated and was totally inactivated by ETO but not by irradiation (p &lt; 0.01). TGF‐β activity in demineralized bone was not significantly diminished (p &gt; 0.1) by either sterilization procedure, and substantial amounts of active TGF‐β were recovered in all bone samples: 1.04 ± 0.77 ng per mg of protein in irradiated samples, 0.67 ± 0.26 ng per mg in ETO‐treated samples, and 1.04 ± 0.33 in untreated samples, respectively (mean ± SD). Although a recent report demonstrated that the osteoinductive activity of bone morphogenetic protein in bone powder is diminished considerably by ETO and by 2.5 Mrad of irradiation sterilization of bone powder, these data demonstrate that TGF‐β activity, with its osteoinductive properties, was not destroyed in more coarsely ground, demineralized bone by ETO or by lower doses of irradiation. These findings support the use of human bone allografts in clinical instances involving impaired bone formation.
The Internet telephony red herring (2002)

The spectre of low-cost, real-time voice communication over the Internet has polarised Internet service providers and telephone network operators, at the expense of finding solutions to the problem of integrating communications services (in particular, existing wireless and wireline telephony) with WWW content services. This paper argues that solutions not only exist and appear to be commercially viable, but could bring about a transformation of the WWW as a tool for business and personal communications.
Investigations on the recombination activity of grain boundaries in MC silicon (2008)

This paper focuses on the influence of the effective intra-grain minority charge carrier diffusion length and surface recombination velocity at grain boundaries on solar cell parameters. Both can be extracted in principle from Light- and Electron Beam Induced Current measurements (LBIC and EBIC). Multicrystalline floatzone (mc FZ) silicon with different grain sizes was processed to solar cells with and without hydrogenation step, followed by LBIC and EBIC characterization. A theoretical model is used which can be applied to measured LBIC or EBIC profiles in order to obtain values for the effective intra-grain diffusion length and the recombination velocity at grain boundaries. Efficiencies reached on the processed solar cells (up to 16.0%) are the highest reported so far for material with such a small grain size, and the positive effect of hydrogenation can clearly be seen. The obtained results are very useful for other cost effective small grained mc silicon materials.
Structure and function of the MRP2 (ABCC2) protein and its role in drug disposition (2006)

The multi-drug resistance protein 2 (MRP2; ABCC2) is an ATP-binding cassette transporter playing an important role in detoxification and chemoprotection by transporting a wide range of compounds, especially conjugates of lipophilic substances with glutathione, glucuronate and sulfate, which are collectively known as phase II products of biotransformation. In addition, MRP2 can also transport uncharged compounds in cotransport with glutathione, and thus can modulate the pharmacokinetics of many drugs. The other way around, its expression and activity are also altered by certain drugs and disease states. Unlike other members of the MRP/ABCC family, MRP2 is specifically expressed on the apical membrane domain of polarised cells as hepatocytes, renal proximal tubular cells, enterocytes and syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta. Several naturally occurring mutations leading to the absence of functional MRP2 protein from the apical membrane have been described causing the human Dubin-Johnson syndrome associated with conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. Experimental mutation studies have revealed critical amino acids for substrate binding in the MRP2 molecule. This review is, therefore, focused on the structure and function of MRP2, the substrates transported and the clinical relevance of MRP2.
Plans as policy, or plans as law (1985)

Abstract NSW statutory plans must contain a statement of ‘aims, objectives, policies and strategies. The origins of this requirement are examined. Comment is made on the difficulty of reconciling the idea of plans as expressions of administrative or political policy with the idea of plans as statements of the law.
Wurtzite InP nanowire arrays grown by selective area MOCVD (2010)

Abstract InP nanowires are a unique material phase because this normally zincblende material forms in the wurtzite crystal structure below a critical diameter owing to the contribution of sidewalls to the total formation energy. This may allow control of the carrier transport and optical properties of InP nanowires for applications such as nano scale transistors, lasers and detectors. In this work, we describe the fabrication of InP nanowire arrays by selective area growth using MOCVD in the diameter range where the wurtzite structure is formed. The spatial growth rate in selective area growth is modeled by a diffusion model for the precursors. The proposed model achieves an average error of 9%. Electron microscopy shows that the grown InP nanowires are in the wurtzite crystal phase with many stacking faults. The threshold diameter of the crystal phase transition of InP nanowires is larger than the thermodynamic estimation. In order to explain this tendency, we propose a surface kinetics model based on a 2×2 reconstruction. This model can explain the increased tendency for wurtzite nanowire formation on InP (111)A substrates and the preferred growth direction of binary III‐V compound semiconductor nanowires. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Eindeutige Synthese des 4,7‐Dihydro‐4‐oxo‐1 H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridins – Bemerkungen zur „(NC)‐Umlagerung” von (2‐Alkoxycarbonyl‐vinyl‐amino)pyrazolen (1982)

Unambiguous Synthesis of 4,7‐Dihydro‐4‐oxo‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine — Further Comments on the “(NC)‐Rearrangement” of (2‐Alkoxycarbonyl‐vinyl‐amino)pyrazols 4,7‐Dihydro‐4‐oxo‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine 1a is synthesized by decarboxylation of 1‐benzyl‐5‐carboxy‐4‐hydroxy‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine 4b and debenzylation of 1‐benzyl‐4,7‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridine 1b with sodium in liquid ammonia. The product from 3‐amino‐pyrazol and methyl propiolate, formerly described as 1a , obviously is the 6‐oxo isomer 2a . Use of the parameter δ 13 (CO) for the structural assignment of pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridones is only permitted, if in the corresponding media mainly the oxo‐tautomer is existing. It is again demonstrated that DMSO is often an insufficient medium. Debenzylation of 1b and similar compounds with SeO 2 is only possible, if the α‐position of CO is blocked by a substituent. Otherwise diselenids of type 6 are formed. This obviously is a general reaction of cyclic lactames. The cyclisation of (2‐alkoxycarbonyl‐vinyl‐amino)pyrazols 7 in acidic media, and with catalytical amounts of the corresponding amino‐pyrazols gives 6,7‐dihydro‐6‐oxo‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines 2 via amino 4‐(2‐alkoxycarbonyl‐vinyl)pyrazols 8 , i.e. via products of an “(NC)‐rearrangement”, while by thermal cyclisation of 7 4,7‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines 1 are formed.
Maximum transition run codes for data storage systems (1996)

A new code is presented which improves the minimum distance properties of sequence detectors operating at high linear densities. This code, which is called the maximum transition run code, eliminates data patterns producing three or more consecutive transitions while imposing the usual k-constraint necessary for timing recovery. The code possesses the similar distance-gaining property of the (1,k) code, but can be implemented with considerably higher rates. Bit error rate simulations on fixed delay tree search with decision feedback and high order partial response maximum likelihood detectors confirm large coding gains over the conventional (0,k) code.
Hydrogen Sulphide: A Novel Endogenous Gasotransmitter Facilitates Erectile Function (2007)

These pioneering studies provide evidence for the endogenous formation of H2S and its proerectile relaxant effect on the cavernosum, with the possibility of involvement of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway.
Modeling Flow and Heat Transfer Through Porous Media for High Heat Flux Applications (2000)

Effective heat transfer is essential in a variety of energy technologies in order to enable the maximum possible power density and power conversion efficiency needed for economic competitiveness and fuel conservation. A particularly difficult heat transfer problem exists with gas coolants, due to their inherently low heat capacity and heat transfer coefficient. Innovative techniques have been proposed previously using porous metal heat transfer media infiltrated by the coolant. The general design strategy is to minimize the coolant flow path length in contact with the porous medium, and to minimize the friction factor in that zone while simultaneously maximizing the heat transfer coefficient. In this work we seek to develop improved phenomenological thermal-hydraulic models in order to assess various porous heat transfer media and to help optimize the heat transfer coefficient while minimizing the associated fluid friction in innovative design concepts. The results will be applied to the field of fusion energy research, where extreme thermal conditions exist and gas coolants are favored due to their inherent safety features.
A Chloroquine-like Molecule Designed to Reverse Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum (2006)

A class of hybrid molecules which we term 'reversed chloroquines' (RCQs) was designed, and a prototype molecule, N'-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-N-[3-(10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)propyl]-N-methylpropane-1,3-diamine (1), was synthesized and tested against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. An in vitro assay against the two strains indicated that 1 was effective at low-nM concentrations against both strains. A preliminary study in mice demonstrated oral efficacy against P. chabaudi and the absence of obvious toxicity. The RCQ approach therefore appears to be feasible.
The Hemochromatosis Founder Mutation in HLA-H Disrupts β2-Microglobulin Interaction and Cell Surface Expression (1997)

We recently reported the positional cloning of a candidate gene for hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), called HLA-H, which is a novel member of the major histocompatibility complex class I family. A mutation in this gene, cysteine 282 --> tyrosine (C282Y), was found to be present in 83% of HH patient DNAs, while a second variant, histidine 63 --> aspartate (H63D), was enriched in patients heterozygous for C282Y. The functional relevance of either mutation has not been described. Co-immunoprecipitation studies of cell lysates from human embryonic kidney cells transfected with wild-type or mutant HLA-H cDNA demonstrate that wild-type HLA-H binds beta2-microglobulin and that the C282Y mutation, but not the H63D mutation, completely abrogates this interaction. Immunofluorescence labeling and subcellular fractionations demonstrate that while the wild-type and H63D HLA-H proteins are expressed on the cell surface, the C282Y mutant protein is localized exclusively intracellularly. This report describes the first functional significance of the C282Y mutation by suggesting that an abnormality in protein trafficking and/or cell-surface expression of HLA-H leads to HH disease.