gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Color processing in digital cameras (1998)

In seconds, a digital camera performs full-color rendering that includes color filter array interpolation, color calibration, anti-aliasing, infrared rejection, and white-point correction. This article describes the design decisions that make this processing possible.
The intercellular adhesin involved in biofilm accumulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis is a linear beta-1,6-linked glucosaminoglycan: purification and structural analysis (1996)

The primary attachment to polymer surfaces followed by accumulation in multilayered cell clusters leads to biofilm production of Staphylococcus epidermidis, which is thought to contribute to virulence in biomaterial-related infections. We purified a specific polysaccharide antigen of biofilm-producing S. epidermidis 1457 and RP62A, which was recently shown to have a function in the accumulative phase of biofilm production by mediating intercellular adhesion (D. Mack, M. Nedelmann, A. Krokotsch, A. Schwarzkopf, J. Heesemann, and R. Laufs, Infect. Immun. 62:3244-3253, 1994). Following Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, this antigen was separated by Q-Sepharose chromatography into a major polysaccharide, polysaccharide I (> 80%), which did not bind to Q-Sepharose, and a minor polysaccharide, polysaccharide II (< 20%), which was moderately anionic. As shown by chemical analyses and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, polysaccharide I is a linear homoglycan of at least 130 beta-1,6-linked 2-deoxy-2-amino-D-glucopyranosyl residues. On average, 80 to 85% of them are N acetylated; the rest are non-N-acetylating and positively charged. Chain cleavage by deamination with HNO2 revealed a more or less random distribution of the non-N-acetylated glucosaminyl residues, with some prevalence of glucosaminyl-rich sequences. Cation-exchange chromatography separated molecular species whose content of non-N-acetylated glucosaminyl residues varied between 2 and 26%. Polysaccharide II is structurally related to polysaccharide I but has a lower content of non-N-acetylated D-glucosaminyl residues and contains phosphate and ester-linked succinate, rendering it anionic. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition with various monosaccharides revealed the beta-anomeric form and the acetylated amino group of the D-glucosaminyl residues as important for reactivity with the specific antiserum. The unbranched polysaccharide structure favors long-range contacts and interactions between polysaccharide strands and the cell wall and/or lectin-like proteins, leading to intercellular adhesion and biofilm accumulation. The structure of the polysaccharide is, so far, considered to be unique and, according to its function, is referred to as S. epidermidis polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA).
Simultaneous targeting of pea glutathione reductase and of a bacterial fusion protein to chloroplasts and mitochondria in transgenic tobacco (1995)

N-terminal presequences from cDNAs encoding mitochondrion- or chloroplast-specific proteins are able, with variable efficiencies, to target preproteins to their respective organelles. In the few cases studied in which a nuclear-encoded protein is found in both these organelles, each compartment-specific isoform is encoded by a separate gene. Glutathione reductase (GR) from peas is encoded by a single nuclear gene and yet GR is distributed between chloroplasts, mitochondria and the cytosol. Previous sequence analysis of a full-length GR cDNA revealed the presence of a putative plastid transit peptide. However, expression of this cDNA in transgenic tobacco resulted in substantially elevated GR activities in both chloroplasts and mitochondria in four independent lines examined. There was no effect on expression of the endogenous tobacco GR genes. Replacement of the GR presequence with presequences from pea rbcS (chloroplast) and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Mn-SOD (mitochondrion) resulted in targeting of GR only into the appropriate organelle. Expression of a fusion protein between the amino terminal region of GR and phosphinothricin acetyl transferase resulted in targeting of the foreign protein to chloroplasts and mitochondria. Thus, the pea GR presequence is capable of co-targeting this enzyme or a foreign protein to chloroplasts and mitochondria in vivo. This is the first example of co-targeting by a higher plant preprotein.
A miniature Fabry-Perot interferometer with a corrugated silicon diaphragm support (1990)

The techniques of silicon micromachining are used to fabricate a second-generation Fabry-Perot interferometer for use in the near-infrared spectral region. The device consists of two silicon wafers with deposited, highly reflective dielectric mirrors. The wafers are bonded together with a small gap between the mirrors and sawed into individual devices. The wavelength tuning and parallelism control of the mirror elements are achieved electrostatically by varying the voltage between control electrodes. This second-generation device includes a thin, etch-stopped corrugated diaphragm as the suspension element, which allows increased travel in a device occupying only 13% of the previous die area.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Total synthesis of (–)-spinosyn A (2004)

A convergent, highly stereoselective total synthesis of (-)-spinosyn A (1) is described. Key features of the synthesis include the transannular Diels-Alder reaction of macrocyclic pentaene 11 and the transannular Morita-Baylis-Hillman cyclization of 12 that generates tetracycle 26. The total synthesis of (-)-spinosyn A was completed by a sequence involving the highly beta-selective glycosidation reaction of 13 and glycosyl imidate 30.
Treatment of opioid-induced constipation with oral naloxone: A pilot study (1992)

Opioids cause constipation by binding to specific opioid receptors in the enteric and central nervous systems. First-pass glucuronidation limits systemic bioavailability of oral naloxone. This study was designed to determine if oral naloxone could reverse opioid-induced constipation without precipitating abstinence or recrudescence of pain in opioid-dependent individuals. Concentrations of unmetabolized and total naloxone, including naloxone glucuronide, were measured by radioimmunoassay. A dose-related increase in symptoms of laxation resulted in all three opioid-dependent patients studied that paralleled the increase in active and total naloxone plasma levels. Withdrawal symptoms occurred with plasma naloxone area under the plasma concentration-time curves above 550 ng.min/ml and with dosing intervals less than 3 hours. Peak plasma levels did not predict withdrawal. Oral naloxone ameliorates opioid-induced constipation in opioid-dependent persons. Titration of dose to a maximum of 12 mg at least 6 hours apart may be needed to avoid adverse reactions.
Endothelial cell polarization and chemotaxis in a microfluidic device (2008)

The directed migration of endothelial cells is an early and critical step in angiogenesis, or new blood vessel formation. In this study, the polarization and chemotaxis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in response to quantified gradients of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were examined. To accomplish this, a microfluidic device was designed and fabricated to generate stable concentration gradients of biomolecules in a cell culture chamber while minimizing the fluid shear stress experienced by the cells. Finite element simulation of the device geometry produced excellent agreement with the observed VEGF concentration distribution, which was found to be stable across multiple hours. This device is expected to have wide applicability in the study of shear-sensitive cells such as HUVEC and non-adherent cell types as well as in the study of migration through three-dimensional matrices. HUVEC were observed to chemotax towards higher VEGF concentrations across the entire range of concentrations studied (18-32 ng mL(-1)) when the concentration gradient was 14 ng mL(-1) mm(-1). In contrast, shallow gradients (2 ng mL(-1) mm(-1)) across the same concentration range were unable to induce HUVEC chemotaxis. Furthermore, while all HUVEC exposed to elevated VEGF levels (both in steep and shallow gradients) displayed an increased number of filopodia, only chemotaxing HUVEC displayed an asymmetric distribution of filopodia, with enhanced numbers of protrusions present along the leading edge. These results suggest a two-part requirement to induce VEGF chemotaxis: the VEGF absolute concentration enhances the total number of filopodia extended while the VEGF gradient steepness induces filopodia localization, cell polarization, and subsequent directed migration.
Janus Particles Templated from Double Emulsion Droplets Generated Using Microfluidics (2009)

We present a simple microfluidics-based technique to fabricate Janus particles using double-emulsion droplets as templates. Since each half of the particles is templated from a different immiscible fluid, this method enables the formation of particles from two materials with vastly different properties. The use of microfluidics affords excellent control over the size, morphology, and monodispersity of the particles.
Vibrio cholerae produces a second enterotoxin, which affects intestinal tight junctions. (1991)

Attenuated Vibrio cholerae vaccine strains specifically mutated in genes encoding cholera toxin (CT) are still capable of causing mild to moderate diarrhea. Culture supernatants of V. cholerae strains, both CT-positive and CT-negative, were examined in Ussing chambers, and a toxin was found that increases the permeability of the small intestinal mucosa by affecting the structure of the intercellular tight junction, or zonula occludens. The activity of this toxin is reversible, heat-labile, sensitive to protease digestion, and found in culture supernatant fractions containing molecules between 10 and 30 kDa in size. Production of this factor (named ZOT for zonula occludens toxin) correlates with diarrheagenicity of V. cholerae strains in volunteers and may represent another virulence factor of infectious diarrhea that must be eliminated to achieve a safe and effective live oral vaccine against cholera.
Biomarker Amplification by Serum Carrier Protein Binding (2003)

Mass spectroscopic analysis of the low molecular mass (LMM) range of the serum/plasma proteome is a rapidly emerging frontier for biomarker discovery. This study examined the proportion of LMM biomarkers, which are bound to circulating carrier proteins. Mass spectroscopic analysis of human serum following molecular mass fractionation, demonstrated that the majority of LMM biomarkers exist bound to carrier proteins. Moreover, the pattern of LMM biomarkers bound specifically to albumin is distinct from those bound to non‐albumin carriers. Prominent SELDI‐TOF ionic species (m/z 6631.7043) identified to correlate with the presence of ovarian cancer were amplified by albumin capture. Several insights emerged: a) Accumulation of LMM biomarkers on circulating carrier proteins greatly amplifies the total serum/plasma concentration of the measurable biomarker, b) The total serum/plasma biomarker concentration is largely determined by the carrier protein clearance rate, not the unbound biomarker clearance rate itself, and c) Examination of the LMM species bound to a specific carrier protein may contain important diagnostic information. These findings shift the focus of biomarker detection to the carrier protein and its biomarker content.
Generation of binuclear (d8.d8)p.sigma. platinum and rhodium complexes by pulse radiolysis (1984)

Two (d8·d8)pσ binuclear complexes, Pt2(pop)4 5- (pop = P2O5H2 2-) and Rh2(TMB)4 + (TMB = 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-diisocyanohexane), have been generated by pulse radiolysis of aqueous and acetonitrile solutions, respectively, of the corresponding d8·d8 species. An intense absorption system attributable to the allowed dσ* → pσ transition is observed in the spectrum of each of the transients (420 nm, Pt2(pop)4 5-; 570 nm, Rh2(TMB)4 +). © 1984 American Chemical Society.
Unicycler: Resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads (2017)

The Illumina DNA sequencing platform generates accurate but short reads, which can be used to produce accurate but fragmented genome assemblies. Pacific Biosciences and Oxford Nanopore Technologies DNA sequencing platforms generate long reads that can produce complete genome assemblies, but the sequencing is more expensive and error-prone. There is significant interest in combining data from these complementary sequencing technologies to generate more accurate "hybrid" assemblies. However, few tools exist that truly leverage the benefits of both types of data, namely the accuracy of short reads and the structural resolving power of long reads. Here we present Unicycler, a new tool for assembling bacterial genomes from a combination of short and long reads, which produces assemblies that are accurate, complete and cost-effective. Unicycler builds an initial assembly graph from short reads using the de novo assembler SPAdes and then simplifies the graph using information from short and long reads. Unicycler uses a novel semi-global aligner to align long reads to the assembly graph. Tests on both synthetic and real reads show Unicycler can assemble larger contigs with fewer misassemblies than other hybrid assemblers, even when long-read depth and accuracy are low. Unicycler is open source (GPLv3) and available at github.com/rrwick/Unicycler.
Human T-cell growth factor: partial amino acid sequence, cDNA cloning, and organization and expression in normal and leukemic cells. (1984)

The partial amino acid sequences of human T-cell growth factors (TCGFs) isolated from normal peripheral blood lymphocytes and from a leukemia T-cell line (Jurkat) show that the amino-terminal sequences of the two proteins (15 residues) are identical. Oligonucleotides based on the published Jurkat TCGF DNA sequence were used to isolate six cDNA clones of TCGF mRNA from normal lymphocytes. The predicted amino acid sequence of normal lymphocyte TCGF was identical to the sequence of the Jurkat protein, showing that the differences in biochemical properties of the two proteins result from post-translational events. Amino acid and nucleotide sequence data suggest that TCGF is derived from a precursor polypeptide that is cleaved at the amino terminus but not at the carboxyl terminus. Hybridization of the cloned lymphocyte TCGF cDNA to cellular DNA and RNA strongly suggested that the TCGF gene is expressed as a single mRNA species from a single-copy gene. No differences in the organization of the TCGF gene in normal, leukemic, and human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus-infected cells was detected regardless of whether they produce TCGF or not.
The efficiency of acute infection of CD4+ T cells is markedly enhanced in the setting of antigen-specific immune activation. (1996)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease in sub-Saharan Africa generally differs from that observed in the United States and other developed countries in that the risk of seroconversion after exposure is greater and the rate of disease progression to AIDS and death is faster. One theory that could in part explain this difference is the increased state of immune activation associated with a relatively high rate of parasite infestation and other infections among inhabitants of these regions. Using a model based on the cellular microenvironment of lymphoid organs, the role of exposure to HIV during a state of antigen-specific immune activation was investigated. Dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells are the major cellular components of the paracortical region of lymphoid tissue, the primary site of HIV replication. We analyzed cocultures of HIV-pulsed dendritic cells that had matured in the presence of tetanus toxoid and CD4+ T cells before and after inducing an antigen-specific response by in vivo immunization with tetanus toxoid. During antigen-specific immune activation, 100 times less HIV was needed to initiate a productive infection. These findings provide a model system to further delineate the relationship between immune activation and the propagation of HIV infection and suggest a mechanism for the epidemiologic observations of an increased ease of developing HIV infection and faster progression for HIV disease in geographic areas where immune activation is prevalent.
Interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme-related proteases (IRPs) and mammalian cell death: dissociation of IRP-induced oligonucleosomal endonuclease activity from morphological apoptosis in granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle. (1995)

The Caenorhabditis elegans death susceptibility gene, ced-3, has a number of homologs in vertebrate species, including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)-converting enzyme (ICE), Ich-1long, and CPP32. These genes, which encode a family of related proteases, have been shown to induce apoptosis when transfected into eukaryotic cells. However, it remains to be determined whether these proteases are involved in apoptotic cell death under physiological conditions. The purpose of these studies was to examine the role of ICE-related proteases (IRPs) in apoptosis using a physiologically relevant model system, the ovarian follicle. Somatic granulosa cells within ovarian follicles undergo apoptosis during follicular atresia, a process responsible for the depletion of greater than 95% of the follicles established in the postnatal ovary. To accomplish these studies, we cloned partial rat complementary DNAs encoding ICE, Ich-1, and CPP32 and used these complementary DNAs to examine the gonadotropin regulation of ICE, Ich-1, and CPP32 gene expression in the immature rat ovary. We also examined levels of ICE activity in healthy and atretic rat follicles by monitoring the conversion of exogenous pro-IL-1 beta to the active cytokine, and then evaluated the actions of recombinant IL-1 beta on apoptosis in follicles incubated in vitro. Finally, we tested the requirement for IRP activity in granulosa cell apoptosis and follicular atresia by incubating follicles without and with IRP inhibitors. Northern blot analysis of total RNA samples indicated that gonadotropin-promoted follicular survival was associated with reduced ovarian expression of messenger RNAs encoding Ich-1 and CPP32. In contrast, ICE messenger RNA levels were extremely low and were not affected by gonadotropin treatment. We were also unable to detect ICE activity in proteins extracted from either healthy or atretic rat follicles, collectively suggesting that ICE per se may not function in granulosa cell death. As another approach to determine whether ICE is involved in atresia, healthy antral follicles were isolated from ovaries of gonadotropin-primed immature rats and incubated for 24 h in the absence or presence of 100 ng/ml transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha) without and with 100 ng/ml IL-1 beta. Granulosa cells within follicles incubated in medium alone exhibited extensive levels of apoptosis, and this onset of apoptosis was prevented by the inclusion of TGF alpha. Addition of IL-1 beta did not alter basal levels of apoptosis nor did the cytokine antagonize TGF-alpha-promoted follicle survival, providing additional evidence that ICE activity is not required for atresia to occur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
축제 인지적 이미지가 도시브랜드자산에 미치는 영향 -2010 소백산 철쭉제를 대상으로- (2010)

The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of Festival cognitive image on City brand equity. The festival visitors of `2010 Sobaeksan Royal azalea Festival` have been selected as the respondents, and the survey questionnaire were collected from them. Factor analysis and regression analysis were used from a total of 246 responses. As a result, image as residential area, image as the sights, and image as the investment were influenced on Festival cognitive image. It was revealed that the cognitive image of festival influences city brand equity as a living place, image as a tourism destination, and image as expenditure investment. This research is expected to provide guideline for efficient festival marketing strategies.
Silicon-Modified Ziegler−Natta Polymerization. Catalytic Approaches to Silyl-Capped and Silyl-Linked Polyolefins Using “Single-Site” Cationic Ziegler−Natta Catalysts (1999)

This contribution reports efficient and selective organotitanium-mediated silanolytic (PhSiH3, PhMeSiH2, Me2SiH2, Et2SiH2) chain transfer in the homogeneous polymerization and copolymerization of a variety of α-olefins. The result is several broad classes of silyl-capped and silyl-linked polyolefins which have been characterized by 1H/13C/29Si NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by GPC. “Single-site” Ziegler−Natta catalysts effect this chain transfer with significant efficiency and scope. For [Me2Si(Me4C5)tBuN]TiMe+B(C6F5)4--mediated propylene polymerization, the mechanism of chain transfer is supported by the observation that Mn of the capped atactic polypropylenes produced at constant [catalyst], [PhSiH3], and [propylene] is inversely proportional to [PhSiH3]. Using the same catalyst, this process also efficiently produces silyl endcapped poly(1-hexene), ethylene + 1-hexene copolymers, ethylene + styrene copolymers (both with high degrees of comonomer incorporation), and (at low temperatures) polyethylene. In the case of rac-C2H4(Ind)2TiMe+B(C6F5)4- + propylene and (Me5C5)TiMe2+B(C6F5)4- + styrene, PhH2Si-functionalized isotatic polypropylene and syndiotactic polystyrene, respectively, are produced. Using 1,4-disilabenzene and 1,3,5-trisilabenzene as chain-transfer agents in the presence of [Me2Si(Me4C5)tBuN]TiMe+B(C6F5)4- + propylene, linear diblock and starlike atactic polypropylene structures, respectively, are produced. In addition to primary silanes, secondary silanes (PhMeSiH2, Me2SiH2, Et2SiH2) are efficient and selective chain-transfer agents in this organotitanium-mediated polymerization. In the presence of [Me2Si(Me4C5)tBuN]TiMe+B(C6F5)4- + propylene, (Me5C5)TiMe2+B(C6F5)4- + propylene, and (Me5C5)TiMe2+B(C6F5)4- + styrene, PhMeHSi- or Me2HSi-capped atactic polypropylene and PhMeHSi-, Me2HSi-, or Et2HSi-capped syndiotactic polystyrene are produced, respectively. Using PhH2Si-capped polypropylene as a chain-transfer agent, an atactic polypropylene−syndiotactic polystyrene AB block copolymer is produced in the presence of (Me5C5)TiMe2+B(C6F5)4- + styrene.
Effect of Catheter-Based Renal Denervation on Morning and Nocturnal Blood Pressure (2015)

URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifiers: NCT01418261 (SYMPLICITY HTN-3) and NCT01644604 (HTN-Japan).
Synthesis of Aryl-Substituted Piperidines by Superacid Activation of Piperidones (1999)

Diarylpiperidines (8-12) may be prepared in good to excellent yields (80-99%) by the reaction of piperidones (3d-h) with benzene and the Bronsted superacid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CF(3)SO(3)H, TfOH). Tropinone (6) and quinuclidone (7) also react in good yields with benzene in TfOH to give the condensation products (13 and 14). Ketal and acetal derivatives also give condensation products (8 and 24) upon reaction with C(6)H(6) in TfOH. The conversion of 3g to 11 is sensitive to both acid quantity and acid strength; a mechanism is proposed for the conversion that invokes dicationic intermediates.
Sibling cell fate in the Drosophila adult external sense organ lineage is specified by Prospero function, which is regulated by Numb and Notch (1999)

Specification of cell fate in the adult sensory organs is known to be dependent on intrinsic and extrinsic signals. We show that the homeodomain transcription factor Prospero (Pros) acts as an intrinsic signal for the specification of cell fates within the mechanosensory lineage. The sensory organ precursors divide to give rise to two secondary progenitors - PIIa and PIIb. Pros is expressed in PIIb, which gives rise to the neuron and thecogen cells. Loss of Pros function affects the identity of PIIb and neurons fail to differentiate. Pros misexpression is sufficient for the transformation of PIIa to PIIb fate. The expression of Pros in the normal PIIb cell appears to be regulated by Notch signaling.