gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Characteristics of a Self-Propagating Molecular-Based Assembly (2010)

The electrochemical properties of a metallosupramolecular network that undergoes reversible redox chemistry on indium-tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates have been investigated. The redox-active osmium complexes are electrochemically accessible even for films with a thickness > 15 nm. The electrochemical data correlates well with our previously observed self-propagating growth process, for which the electron density for the assemblies remains constant during film growth. Electron-transfer rate constants obtained by potential step chronoamperometry experiments suggest an exceptionally low attenuation factor, β, of 0.013 ± 0.001 Å(-1). However, the intrinsically porous nature of the assembly could be to a large extent or even entirely responsible for such a low value.
Oligomerization of the Fes Tyrosine Kinase (1997)

The c-fes proto-oncogene encodes a non-receptor tyrosine kinase (Fes) that has been implicated in cytokine receptor signal transduction and myeloid differentiation. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that Fes autophosphorylates via an intermolecular mechanism more commonly associated with growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Analysis of the Fes amino acid sequence with the COILS algorithm indicates that the N-terminal region of the protein has a very high probability of forming coiled-coil structures often associated with oligomeric proteins. These findings suggest that oligomerization may be a prerequisite for trans-autophosphorylation and activation of Fes. To establish whether the active form of Fes is oligomeric, we performed gel-filtration experiments with recombinant Fes and found that it eluted as a single symmetrical peak of approximately 500 kDa. No evidence of the monomeric, 93-kDa form of the protein was observed. Deletion of the unique N-terminal domain (amino acids 1-450, including the coiled-coil homology region) completely abolished the formation of oligomers. Furthermore, co-precipitation assays demonstrated that an immobilized glutathione S-transferase fusion protein containing the Fes N-terminal region bound to full-length Fes but not to a mutant lacking the N-terminal region. Similarly, a recombinant Fes N-terminal domain protein was readily cross-linked in vitro, whereas the SH2 and kinase domains were refractory to cross-linking. Incubation of wild-type Fes with a kinase-inactive Fes mutant or with the isolated N-terminal region suppressed Fes autophosphorylation in vitro, suggesting that oligomerization may be essential for autophosphorylation of full-length Fes. The presence of an oligomerization function in the Fes family of tyrosine kinases suggests a novel mechanism for non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinase regulation.
Direct Stimulation of T Cells by Type I IFN Enhances the CD8+ T Cell Response during Cross-Priming (2006)

Type I IFN (IFN-alphabeta), which is produced rapidly in response to infection, plays a key role in innate immunity and also acts as a stimulus for the adaptive immune response. We have investigated how IFN-alphabeta induces cross-priming, comparing CD8+ T cell responses generated against soluble protein Ags in the presence or absence of IFN-alphabeta. Injection of IFN-alpha was found to prolong the proliferation and expansion of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, which was associated with marked up-regulation of IL-2 and IL-15 receptors on Ag-specific cells and expression of IL-15 in the draining lymph node. Surprisingly, neither IL-2 nor IL-15 was required for IFN-alpha-induced cross-priming. Conversely, expression of the IFN-alphabetaR by T cells was shown to be necessary for effective stimulation of the response by IFN-alpha. The finding that T cells represent direct targets of IFN-alphabeta-mediated stimulation reveals an additional mechanism by which the innate response to infection promotes adaptive immunity.
Downstream processing of cell culture-derived virus particles (2011)

Manufacturing of cell culture-derived virus particles for vaccination and gene therapy is a rapidly growing field in the biopharmaceutical industry. The process involves a number of complex tasks and unit operations ranging from selection of host cells and virus strains for the cultivation in bioreactors to the purification and formulation of the final product. For the majority of cell culture-derived products, efforts focused on maximization of bioreactor yields, whereas design and optimization of downstream processes were often neglected. Owing to this biased focus, downstream procedures today often constitute a bottleneck in various manufacturing processes and account for the majority of the overall production costs. For efficient production methods, particularly in sight of constantly increasing economic pressure within human healthcare systems, highly productive downstream schemes have to be developed. Here, we discuss unit operations and downstream trains to purify virus particles for use as vaccines and vectors for gene therapy.
Mechanical control of coronary artery inflow and vein outflow. (1989)

To analyze the origin of the coronary artery inflow and the coronary vein outflow, we measured the intramyocardial artery flow and the epicardial small vein flow by means of a laser Doppler velocimeter with an optical fiber. The functional characteristics of the intramyocardial capacitance vessels were investigated by analyzing the responses of coronary vein flow after stepwise changes in coronary artery pressure during long diastole. Then the effect of the intramyocardial capacitance vessels on coronary artery inflow and vein outflow was evaluated. Intramyocardial artery flow was found to be almost exclusively diastolic with frequent systolic reverse flow, whereas peripheral coronary vein flow was almost systolic exclusively. The intramyocardial capacitance vessels have two functional components, unstressed volume and ordinary capacitance. When the unstressed volume was saturated, the intramyocardial displacable blood volume impeded the coronary artery inflow, but promoted vein outflow.
Theory and Practice of Modern Antenna Range Measurements (2014)

This single volume provides a comprehensive introduction and explanation of both the theory and practice of all forms of modern antenna measurements, from their most basic postulates and assumptions to the intricate details of their application in various demanding modern measurement scenarios. Theory And Practice Of Modern Antenna Range Measurements begins with an initial examination of the properties of antennas that allow them to enhance the free space interaction of electronic systems, followed by an introduction to direct far-field measurements. The text presents a comprehensive treatment of Compact Antenna Test Ranges, Body-Centric measurements, and detailed developments of standard planar, cylindrical and spherical near-field techniques. Detailed discussions are also provided on near-field range error budgets which are an indispensable part of antenna metrology. The book concludes with some of the most recent advances in the various measurement techniques including aperture diagnostics, phase-less antenna metrology, error correction, range multi-path suppression techniques, and gain measurements. Extensive examples illustrate the concepts and techniques. A large number of antenna test facilities exist worldwide but to the authors&apos; knowledge no single text provides a clear step-by-step description of all the details of the Planar, Cylindrical, Spherical Near-Field, Compact Range and Body-centric Measurement Techniques. All four authors have spent a significant proportion of their professional careers involved with antenna measurements and the aim of this text is to provide the reader with a complete, coherent, comprehensive and practical text that will act as a single reference for all aspects of modern antenna measurements.
Dominant positive and negative selection using a hygromycin phosphotransferase-thymidine kinase fusion gene. (1991)

The hygromycin phosphotransferase gene was fused in-frame with the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase gene. The resulting fusion gene (termed HyTK) confers hygromycin B resistance for dominant positive selection and ganciclovir sensitivity for negative selection and provides a means by which these selectable phenotypes may be expressed and regulated as a single genetic entity.
Molecular Cloning, Tissue-specific Expression, and Cellular Localization of Human Prostasin mRNA (1995)

We have purified a novel human serine proteinase, designated as prostasin, from seminal fluid (Yu et al., 1994). In the present study, we have cloned and characterized the full-length cDNA encoding prostasin and identified its tissue-specific expression and cellular localization. A cDNA fragment was obtained by polymerase chain reaction using degenerate oligonucleotide primers derived from the NH2-terminal and internal amino acid sequences. A full-length cDNA sequence encoding prostasin was obtained by amplification of the 5'- and 3'-ends of the cDNA. It contains a 1,032-base coding region, a 572-base 3'-noncoding region and a 138-base 5'-noncoding sequence. Prostasin cDNA encodes a protein of 343 amino acids, which consists of a 32-amino acid signal peptide and a 311-amino acid proprostasin. Proprostasin is then cleaved between Arg12 and Ile13 to generate a 12-amino acid light chain and a 299-amino acid heavy chain, which are associated through a disulfide bond. The deduced amino acid sequence of the heavy chain has 34-42% identity to human acrosin, plasma kallikrein, and hepsin. A potential N-glycosylation site at Asn127 and the catalytic triad of His53, Asp102, and Ser206 have been identified. The deduced prostasin has a unique 19-amino acid hydrophobic portion at the COOH terminus, which makes it suitable to anchor in the cell membrane. Carboxyl-terminal sequencing of purified prostasin indicates that the hydrophobic portion is removed and that there is a cleavage between Arg290 and Pro291 during secretion. Southern blot analysis, following a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, indicates that prostasin mRNA is expressed in prostate, liver, salivary gland, kidney, lung, pancreas, colon, bronchus, renal proximal tubular cells, and prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells. Cellular localization of prostasin mRNA was identified within epithelial cells of the human prostate gland by in situ hybridization histochemistry.
MR of human postmortem brain tissue: correlative study between T2 and assays of iron and ferritin in Parkinson and Huntington disease. (1993)

Our results indicate that tissue iron and ferritin concentrations are elevated in the brains of subjects with both Parkinson and Huntington disease but the elevated concentrations do not correlate with T2 shortening. Although iron and ferritin can shorten T2, we conclude that other factors must play a significant role in determining the T2 relaxation time and that iron or ferritin are not dominant in this regard.
Suppression of respiratory syncytial virus infection in cotton rats by bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane (1984)

Intraperitoneal administration of bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane at well-tolerated daily doses of 25 mg/kg subsequent to challenge and for 3 days thereafter effected over a 1-log reduction in the amount of virus recovered from lungs of cotton rats inoculated intratracheally with respiratory syncytial virus. When animals were immunosuppressed to prolong virus shedding, the reduction in recovered virus achieved with a 7-day dosing schedule of bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane exceeded 2 logs.
Neuro-fuzzy in legal reasoning (2002)

Trains a neuro-fuzzy system using both rule-based knowledge and inductive learning to find structure in legal precedent decisions as well as to identify legal precedents. Similar to humans, an information processing system should be able to exploit knowledge that is presented in form of rules as well as information that is acquired through experience. The author demonstrates how fuzzy rule-based knowledge can be used to pre-structure a neural network. In this way, the network has problem specific knowledge prior to training. After training, the altered fuzzy rules can be extracted and interpreted by an expert. The viability of the approach is demonstrated in a legal application, where fuzzy rules defined by a legal expert as well as previous court decisions are used for network structuring and training.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Integrating Case‐Based and Rule‐Based Reasoning to Meet Multiple Design Constraints (1999)

Although case‐based reasoning (CBR) was introduced as an alternative to rule‐based reasoning (RBR), there is a growing interest in integrating it with other reasoning paradigms, including RBR. New hybrid approaches are being piloted to achieve new synergies and improve problem‐solving capabilities. In our approach to integration, CBR is used to satisfy multiple numeric constraints, and RBR allows the performance of “what if” analysis needed for creative design. The domain of our investigation is nutritional menu planning. The task of designing nutritious, yet appetizing, menus is one at which human experts consistently outperform computer systems. Tailoring a menu to the needs of an individual requires satisfaction of multiple numeric nutrition constraints plus personal preference goals and aesthetic criteria. We first constructed and evaluated independent CBR and RBR menu planning systems, then built a hybrid system incorporating the strengths of each system. The hybrid outperforms either single strategy system, designing superior menus, while synergistically providing functionality that neither single strategy system could provide. In this paper, we present our hybrid approach, which has applicability to other design tasks in which both physical constraints and aesthetic criteria must be met.
The contribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) to formalin-induced nociception (1996)

The present study examined the role of mGluRs in nociceptive responses of male Long-Evans rats following a subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of 1% (30 microliters) or 2.5% (50 microliters) formalin to the plantar surface of the hindpaw. Intrathecal (i.t.) administration of the mGluR4/mGluR6-mGluR8 agonist, L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4), the mGluR1/mGluR5 antagonists. (S)-4-carboxyphenylglycine ((S)-4CPG) or (S)-4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenylglycine ((S)-4C3HPG), but not the non-selective antagonist, (+)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine ((+)-MCPG), to the lumbar spinal cord slightly reduced second phase nociceptive responses. An i.t. injection of the mGluR1/mGluR5 agonist, (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine ((RS)-DHPG) or the mGluR2/mGluR3 agonist, (1S,3S)-1-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid ((1S,3S)-ACPD), but not (2S,1'R,2'R,3'R)-2-(2'3-dicarboxy-cyclopropyl)-glycine (DCG-IV), dose-dependently enhanced formalin-induced nociception in the second phase. In addition, the facilitation of nociceptive responses induced by (1S,3S)-ACPD or (RS)-DHPG was reduced by prior i.t. administration of the mGluR antagonists, (+)-MCPG or (S)-4C3HPG, respectively, as well as by the N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP5). These results indicate that although mGluRs may play a minor role in formalin-induced nociception, mGluR agonist-related facilitation of formalin scores may reflect an interaction with the NMDA receptor.
Advantages of a cardiac DICOM network server/writer for viewing and permanent CD-R archiving of cardiovascular X-ray angiography images (2002)

For permanent archiving digital images from the angiocardiographic laboratory are recorded on DICOM compatible recordable compact discs (CD-Rs) or stored on digital tape archiving systems. Because the CD-R is a cost-effective storage medium, CD-Rs are often used as a permanent long-term archival medium. To test the usefulness of centralized CD writing and temporary storage of DICOM image data, direct connected stand alone embedded CD-Medical recorder technology was compared (System 1) to a network DICOM image server and DICOM CD-writer (System 2). Three cardiovascular angiography X-ray systems connected to the sewer and CD-writer with DICOM network interfaces. In addition, each X-ray system was equipped with a stand alone CD-Medical recorder. The difference in recording time and storage requirements between the 2 systems was determined by 4 different representative examinations. Exam 1 (8 runs with a total of 538 images) recording time and storage space of system 1 vs. system 2: 8 vs. 6 min and 117 vs. 66 MB respectively. Exam 2 (12 runs with a fetal of 1007 images) recording lime and storage space of system 1 vs system 2: 14 vs. 8 min and 179 vs. 95 MB, respectively. Exam 3 (24 runs with a total of 1503 images) recording time and storage space of system 1 vs. system 2: 23 vs. 12 min and 283 vs. 140 MB, respectively. Exam 4 (28 runs with a total of 2401 images) recording time and storage space of system 1 vs. system 2. 28 vs. 20 min and 482 vs. 281 MB, respectively. In conclusion, the centralized recording is less time and storage intensive compared to an embedded CD-R writer. In addition, the network solution allows instant viewing of the exams from anywhere in the hospital.
BoneSource? hydroxyapatite cement: A novel biomaterial for craniofacial skeletal tissue engineering and reconstruction (1998)

BoneSource-hydroxyapatite cement is a new self-setting calcium phosphate cement biomaterial. Its unique and innovative physical chemistry coupled with enhanced biocompatibility make it useful for craniofacial skeletal reconstruction. The general properties and clinical use guidelines are reviewed. The biomaterial and surgical applications offer insight into improved outcomes and potential new uses for hydroxyapatite cement systems.
Identification of a Determinant of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Ligand-Binding Specificity Using a Truncated, High-Affinity Form of the Ectodomain (2001)

Murine and human epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) bind human EGF (hEGF), mouse EGF (mEGF), and human transforming growth factor alpha (hTGF-alpha) with high affinity despite the significant differences in the amino acid sequences of the ligands and the receptors. In contrast, the chicken EGFR can discriminate between mEGF (and hEGF) and hTGF-alpha and binds the EGFs with approximately 100-fold lower affinity. The regions responsible for this poor binding are known to be Arg(45) in hEGF and the L2 domain in the chicken EGFR. In this study we have produced a truncated form of the hEGFR ectodomain comprising residues 1-501 (sEGFR501), which, unlike the full-length hEGFR ectodomain (residues 1-621, sEGFR621), binds hEGF and hTGF-alpha with high affinity (K(D) = 13-21 and 35-40 nM, respectively). sEGFR501 was a competitive inhibitor of EGF-stimulated mitogenesis, being almost 10-fold more effective than the full-length EGFR ectodomain and three times more potent than the neutralizing anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody Mab528. Analytical ultracentrifugation showed that the primary EGF binding sites on sEGFR501 were saturated at an equimolar ratio of ligand and receptor, leading to the formation of a 2:2 EGF:sEGFR501 dimer complex. We have used sEGFR501 to generate three mutants with single position substitutions at Glu(367), Gly(441), or Glu(472) to Lys, the residue found in the corresponding positions in the chicken EGFR. All three mutants bound hTGF-alpha and were recognized by Mab528. However, mutant Gly(441)Lys showed markedly reduced binding to hEGF, implicating Gly(441), in the L2 domain, as part of the binding site that recognizes Arg(45) of hEGF.
Site-specific mutagenesis on cloned DNAs: generation of a mutant of Escherichia coli tyrosine suppressor tRNA in which the sequence G-T-T-C corresponding to the universal G-T-pseudouracil-C sequence of tRNAs is changed to G-A-T-C. (1981)

We have cloned the Escherichia coli tyrosine-inserting amber suppressor tRNA gene into the recombinant single-strand phage M12mp3. By using the M13mp3SuIII+ recombinant phage DNA as template and an oligonucleotide bearing a mismatch as primer, we have synthesized in vitro an M13mp3SuIII heteroduplex DNA that has a single mismatch at a predetermined site in the tRNA gene. Transformation of E. coli with the heteroduplex DNA yielded M13 recombinant phages carrying a mutant suppressor tRNA gene in which the sequence G-T-T-C, corresponding to the universal G-T-pseudouracil-C sequence in E. coli tRNAs, is changed to G-A-T-C. The mutant DNA has been characterized by restriction mapping and by sequence analysis. In contrast to results with the wild-type suppressor tRNA gene, cells transformed with recombinant plasmids carrying the mutant tRNA gene are phenotypically Su-. Thus, the single nucleotide change introduced has inactivated the function of the tRNA gene. By using E. coli minicells for studying the expression in vivo of cloned tRNA genes, we have found that cells transformed with recombinant plasmids carrying the mutant tRNA gene contain very little, if any, mature mutant suppressor tRNA. In contrast, the predominant low molecular weight RNA in cells transformed with recombinant plasmids carrying the wild-type suppressor tRNA gene is the mature tyrosine suppressor tRNA. Thus, while our results imply an important role for the G-T-pseudouracil-C sequence common to all E. coli tRNAs, whether this sequence is essential for tRNA biosynthesis, tRNA stability in vivo, or tRNA function remains to be determined. The procedures used to generate the mutant should be of general application toward site-specific mutagenesis on cloned DNAs, including regions that possess high degrees of secondary structure. In addition, the frequency of mutants among the progeny is high enough to enable one to identify and isolate site-specific mutants on any cloned DNA without requiring phenotypic selection.
Levels of Art2 + Cells but not Soluble Art2 Protein Correlate with Expression of Autoimmune Diabetes in the BB Rat (2001)

ART2a and ART2b are isoenzymes expressed on the surface of mature T cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the rat. They exhibit both adenosine diphosphoribosyltransferase and nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD) glycohydrolase activities, and both can generate a transmembrane signal that modulates T cell activation. The presence or absence of ART2+ T cells modulates the expression of autoimmune diabetes in the BB rat. ART2 also circulates in a soluble form whose function is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that circulating ART2 protein regulates the expression of autoimmunity. We compared the kinetics, regulation, and source of soluble ART2 in normal rats and in rats with autoimmune diabetes. Basal levels of soluble ART2 varied greatly among strains of rats and were lowest in the diabetes-prone BB (BBDP/Wor) rat. In diabetes-resistant BB (BBDR/Wor) rats, administration of anti-ART2a antibody, which is known to induce diabetes, resulted in transient clearing of soluble ART2a that was followed rapidly by a rebound increase. Repeated treatment of BBDR/Wor rats with anti-ART2a antibody resulted in sustained supraphysiologic levels of soluble ART2a. Although the number of peripheral ART2a+ T cells is known to correlate with the expression of diabetes in BBDR/Wor rats, the level of soluble ART2a protein did not. The source of the soluble ART2 protein in the rat appeared to be the gut. The results suggest that ART2+ T cells and soluble ART2 protein may subserve different immunomodulatory functions.