gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fetal rat brains contain luteinizing hormone/human chorionic gonadotropin receptors. (1997)

The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction/Southern, Northern and Western blottings demonstrated that 19-day-old fetal rat brains contained the luteinizing hormone (LH)/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) receptor transcripts and receptor protein. Further investigation with Western blotting demonstrated that diencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon and telencephalon and several areas in each of these regions contained the LH/hCG receptor protein. The receptor protein levels in different regions were somewhat variable but they were not different from each other or from the whole brain. The 15-day-old fetal rat brains contained lower receptor protein levels which increased by 3-fold in 17-day-old and by 12-fold in 19-day-old fetal rat brains with no further significant increase in 21-day-old fetal, neonatal or adult rat brains. In summary, fetal rat brains contained LH/hCG receptors and these receptors were developmentally regulated. These findings suggest that the gonadotropins LH and hCG may regulate growth, development and differentiation in fetal brain.
Distinct gene expression patterns in a tamoxifen-sensitive human mammary carcinoma xenograft and its tamoxifen-resistant subline MaCa 3366/TAM (2005)

The reasons why human mammary tumors become resistant to tamoxifen therapy are mainly unknown. Changes in gene expression may occur as cells acquire resistance to antiestrogens. We therefore undertook a comparative gene expression analysis of tamoxifen-sensitive and tamoxifen-resistant human breast cancer in vivo models using Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays to analyze differential gene expression. Total RNAs from the tamoxifen-sensitive patient-derived mammary carcinoma xenograft MaCa 3366 and the tamoxifen-resistant model MaCa 3366/TAM were hybridized to Affymetrix HuGeneFL and to Hu95Av2 arrays. Pairwise comparisons and clustering algorithms were applied to identify differentially expressed genes and patterns of gene expression. As revealed by cluster analysis, the tamoxifen-sensitive and the tamoxifen-resistant breast carcinomas differed regarding their gene expression pattern. More than 100 transcripts are changed in abundance in MaCa 3366/TAM as compared with MaCa 3366. Among the genes that are differentially expressed in the tamoxifen-resistant tumors, there are several IFN-inducible and estrogen-responsive genes, and genes known to be involved in breast carcinogenesis. The genes neuronatin (NNAT) and bone marrow stem cell antigen 2 (BST2) were sharply up-regulated in MaCa 3366/TAM. The differential expression of four genes (NNAT, BST2, IGFBP5, and BCAS1) was confirmed by Taqman PCR. Our results provide the starting point for deriving markers for tamoxifen resistance by differential gene expression profiling in a human breast cancer model of acquired tamoxifen resistance. Finally, genes whose expression profiles are distinctly changed between the two xenograft lines will be further evaluated as potential targets for diagnostic or therapeutic approaches of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer.
Introduction to the Lanthanides (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Characteristics of the Lanthanides The Occurrence and Abundance of the Lanthanides Lanthanide Ores Extracting and Separating the Lanthanides The Position of the Lanthanides in the Periodic Table The Lanthanide Contraction
Nell1-deficient mice have reduced expression of extracellular matrix proteins causing cranial and vertebral defects (2006)

The mammalian Nell1 gene encodes a protein kinase C-beta1 (PKC-beta1) binding protein that belongs to a new class of cell-signaling molecules controlling cell growth and differentiation. Over-expression of Nell1 in the developing cranial sutures in both human and mouse induces craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of the growing cranial bone fronts. Here, we report the generation, positional cloning and characterization of Nell1(6R), a recessive, neonatal-lethal point mutation in the mouse Nell1 gene, induced by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Nell1(6R) has a T-->A base change that converts a codon for cysteine into a premature stop codon [Cys(502)Ter], resulting in severe truncation of the predicted protein product and marked reduction in steady-state levels of the transcript. In addition to the expected alteration of cranial morphology, Nell1(6R) mutants manifest skeletal defects in the vertebral column and ribcage, revealing a hitherto undefined role for Nell1 in signal transduction in endochondral ossification. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assays of 219 genes showed an association between the loss of Nell1 function and reduced expression of genes for extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins critical for chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Several affected genes are involved in the human cartilage disorder Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and other disorders associated with spinal curvature anomalies. Nell1(6R) mutant mice are a new tool for elucidating basic mechanisms in osteoblast and chrondrocyte differentiation in the developing skull and vertebral column and understanding how perturbations in the production of ECM proteins can lead to anomalies in these structures.
Low-Loss and Broadband Cantilever Couplers Between Standard Cleaved Fibers and High-Index-Contrast Si$_{3}$N$_{4}$ or Si Waveguides (2010)

We demonstrate a novel facet coupler for coupling between 10.4- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula> m mode-diameter cleaved fibers and high-index-contrast Si <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$_{3}$</tex></formula> N <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$_{4}$</tex> </formula> or Si waveguides. By creating a cantilevered glass waveguide surrounding an inverse taper and injecting a low-index cladding around the cantilever, we demonstrate coupling loss as low as 0.7 dB/facet to 500 nm <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex></formula> 400 nm Si <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$_{3}$</tex></formula> N <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$_{4}$</tex></formula> waveguides, with only 0.2-dB polarization-dependent loss and 0.4-dB wavelength-dependent loss from 1480 to 1580 nm. Coupling loss of 1.5–2.0 dB/facet to 500 nm <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex></formula> 220 nm Si waveguides at 1550 nm is also demonstrated.
Molecular Forms of Acetylcholinesterase from Human Caudate Nucleus: Comparison of Salt‐Soluble and Detergent‐Soluble Tetrameric Enzyme Species (1985)

Extraction of human caudate nucleus under high-ionic-strength conditions solubilized 20-30% of total acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Density gradient centrifugation revealed monomeric (5.0 S) and tetrameric (11.0 S) enzyme species. The purified, tetrameric salt-soluble (SS) AChE sedimented at 10.6 S and did not bind detergents. It showed an immunochemical reaction of identity with the detergent-soluble (DS) AChE species from human caudate nucleus and human erythrocytes, but did not cross-react with antibodies raised against human serum cholinesterase. The remaining activity was solubilized under low-ionic-strength conditions in the presence of 1.0% Triton X-100. The purified tetrameric, DS-AChE sedimented at 10.0 S as detergent-protein mixed micelle and on extensive removal of the detergent this enzyme formed defined aggregates by self-micellarization. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions revealed that the salt-soluble and detergent-soluble tetrameric enzyme species both contained a heavy and a light dimer; under reducing conditions mainly one band corresponding to the light subunit was seen. Molecular weights of 300,000 dalton and 280,000 dalton were calculated for SS-AChE and DS-AChE, respectively. Limited digestion of DS-AChE with proteinase K led to isolation of an enzyme that no longer bound detergents and lacked the intersubunit disulfide bridges.
Effects of kivia powder on Gut health in patients with occasional constipation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (2013)

ISRCTN: ISRCTN49036618.
Transcriptome analyses of mouse and human mammary cell subpopulations reveal multiple conserved genes and pathways (2010)

The conservation of genes and pathways across species further validates the use of the mouse as a model to study mammary gland development and highlights pathways that are likely to govern cell-fate decisions and differentiation. It is noteworthy that many of the conserved genes in the MaSC population have been considered as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature genes. Therefore, the expression of these genes in tumor cells may reflect basal epithelial cell characteristics and not necessarily cells that have undergone an EMT. Comparative analyses of normal mouse epithelial subsets with murine tumor models have implicated distinct cell types in contributing to tumorigenesis in the different models.
Probing the mechanism of rhodopsin-catalyzed transducin activation (2001)

An agonist-bound G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) induces a GDP/GTP exchange on the G protein alpha-subunit (G alpha) followed by the release of G alpha GTP and G beta gamma which, subsequently, activate their targets. The C-terminal regions of G alpha subunits constitute a major receptor recognition domain. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the GPCR-induced conformational change is communicated from the G alpha C-terminus, via the alpha 5 helix, to the nucleotide-binding beta 6/alpha 5 loop causing GDP release. Mutants of the visual G protein, transducin, with a modified junction of the C-terminus were generated and analyzed for interaction with photoexcited rhodopsin (R*). A flexible linker composed of five glycine residues or a rigid three-turn alpha-helical segment was inserted between the 11 C-terminal residues and the alpha 5 helix of G alpha(t)-like chimeric G alpha, G alpha(ti). The mutant G alpha subunits with the Gly-loop (G alpha(ti)L) and the extended alpha 5 helix (G alpha(ti)H) retained intact interactions with G beta gamma(t), and displayed modestly reduced binding to R*. G alpha(ti)H was capable of efficient activation by R*. In contrast, R* failed to activate G alpha(ti)L, suggesting that the Gly-loop absorbs a conformational change at the C-terminus and blocks G protein activation. Our results provide evidence for the role of G alpha C-terminus/alpha 5 helix/beta 6/alpha 5 loop route as a dominant channel for transmission of the GPCR-induced conformational change leading to G protein activation.
Nickel-based solid catalysts for ethylene oligomerization – a review (2014)

The properties of Ni-based inorganic porous materials and their catalytic performance in ethylene oligomerization are reviewed.
Sialyl-Tn vaccine induces antibody-mediated tumour protection in a relevant murine model (2009)

Changes in the composition of glycans added to glycoproteins and glycolipids are characteristic of the change to malignancy. Sialyl-Tn (STn) is expressed by 25-30% of breast carcinomas but its expression on normal tissue is highly restricted. Sialyl-Tn is an O-linked disaccharide that can be carried on various glycoproteins. One such glycoprotein MUC1 is expressed by the vast majority of breast carcinomas. Both STn and MUC1 have been considered as targets for immunotherapy of breast cancer patients. Here we used different immunogens to target STn in an MUC1 transgenic mouse model of tumour challenge. We show that synthetic STn coupled to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (Theratope), induced antibodies to STn that recognised the glycan carried on a number of glycoproteins and in these mice a significant delay in tumour growth was observed. The protection was dependent on STn being expressed by the tumour and was antibody mediated. Affinity chromatography of the STn-expressing tumour cell line, followed by mass spectrometry, identified osteopontin as a novel STn-carrying glycoprotein which was highly expressed by the tumours. These results suggest that if antibodies can be induced to a number of targets expressed by the tumour cells, a humoral response can be effective in controlling tumour growth.
Time-Stamp Approach to Store-and-Forward Deadlock Prevention (1987)

This paper deals with the problem of store-and-forward deadlock prevention in store-and-forward networks. The presented solution uses time stamping of all messages in the network, and a nonpreemptable message exchange mechanism. By combining these ideas, a new distributed flow control procedure is derived which guarantees that all messages are delivered to their own destinations, thus avoiding both deadlock and livelock without any message loss. It is shown that some properties of this procedure depend on the policy of the allocation of exchange buffers to nodes. On the one hand, an optimal allocation strategy is presented which results in a maximally optimal deadlock prevention procedure. The procedure is network sizeand topology-independent and allows unrestricted packet routing. On the other hand, the allocation of one exchange buffer per node is discussed, which, even if not optimal, makes the derived deadlock prevention procedure completely independent of network reconfigurations. The last feature is extremely important from the practical point of view and, therefore, such a solution is strongly recommended. When compared to store-and-forward deadlock prevention procedures described so far, which lack some or all of these desirable properties, the procedure presented here behaves favorably. However, it imposes other drawbacks, i.e., the possibility of extra hops as a result of exchange operations. It is argued that this drawback appears rarely in practice, and some strategies which aim at a reduction of it are proposed.
Overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinase Axl promotes tumor cell invasion and survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (2010)

This study showed that Gas6 and Axl are frequently overexpressed in PDA cells and are associated with a poor prognosis in patients with stage II PDA. Axl promotes the invasion and survival of PDA cells. Therefore, targeting the Axl signaling pathway may represent a new approach to the treatment of PDA.
Rational Design, Synthesis, and Structure−Activity Relationships of Aryltriazoles as Novel Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-1 Receptor Antagonists (2005)

Following the discovery of the very high binding affinity of 4-anilinopyrimidines against corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 (CRF(1)) (e.g., 1, K(i) = 2 nM), a new series of triazoles bearing different groups has been synthesized and evaluated. The compounds were prepared by cyclizations of N-acyl-S-methylisothioureas with alkylhydrazines or by cyclizations with hydrazine followed by alkylation. While members of this series showed potent binding affinity against CRF(1) receptor, there were important differences between the different regio- (7 and 12) and stereoisomeric aryltriazoles where the R(1) or R(2) side chain in 7 has an asymmetric center. In terms of overall potency, aryltriazole analogues such as 7r bearing an N-(alpha-branched benzyl)-N-propylamino side chain were the most potent, followed by analogues such as 7a, with an N-bis(cyclopropyl)methyl-N-propylamino side chain, and analogues such as 7m, with an N-(alpha-branched aliphatic)-N-propylamino side chain. While the N-propyl group was crucial for high potency, we hypothesized that the terminal methyl mimicked the 5-methyl of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines 3 and 4. Correlation of the low-energy conformers of compounds of type 3 and 7 generated by computational analyses was very good. The size and shape of the N-alkyl group dramatically changed the potency of the triazoles, which is in contrast to the SAR seen for bicyclic CRF(1) antagonists. In general, the S-enantiomer was much more potent than the corresponding R-isomer. Furthermore, to a limited extent in the aryltriazole series the substituent on the 5-phenyl ring changed the potency up to 9-fold. (S)-1-Methyl-3-[N-(4-fluorophenylpentyl)-N-propyl]amino-5-(2-methoxy-4-dichlorophenyl)-1H-[1,2,4]triazole [(S)-7r] showed very potent binding affinity (K(i) = 2.7 nM) to CRF(1) receptors with an IC(50) of 49 nM in a cAMP inhibition assay.
Effects of the imino sugar N-butyldeoxynojirimycin on the N-glycosylation of recombinant gp120. (1993)

The imino sugar N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ) exhibits anti-HIV activity in vitro and inhibits the purified glycoprocessing enzyme alpha 1,2-glucosidase I. It has been speculated that the anti-viral activity of this compound may result from inhibition of HIV envelope glycoprotein processing. However, structural evidence that glucosidase inhibition takes place in intact cells at the anti-viral concentration (0.5 mM) is lacking. In this study, N-linked glycosylation of recombinant gp120 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells cultured in the presence or absence of NB-DNJ has been characterized. Immunoprecipitation, in conjunction with endoglycosidase H (endo H) digestion and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis, revealed that the glycosylation of gp120 was profoundly altered in the presence of NB-DNJ. The majority of the gp120 oligosaccharides from untreated cells were resistant to endo H. However, nearly complete endo H sensitivity was observed following treatment with 0.5 mM NB-DNJ indicating that gp120 expressed in treated cells carries immature, high mannose type oligosaccharides. In addition, using metabolic labeling with [3H]mannose, gel filtration chromatography, and digestion with highly purified glucosidases I and II, we provide the first definitive evidence that glucosidase I inhibition occurs at the anti-viral concentration of NB-DNJ. These data indicate that glucosidase inhibition is a candidate mechanism for the anti-viral activity of this compound.
Isolation and Characterization of Two Promoters from Linseed for Genetic Engineering (1999)

ABSTRACT Linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important oilseed crop worldwide and is cultivated for the high level of linolenic acid (18:3) in its seed oil. Currently, there is a concerted effort to improve linseed by genetic engineering. This will require appropriate transgenes and tissue‐specific or constitutive promoters. We report the isolation and characterization of two linseed promoters from a two‐member gene family encoding the enzyme stearoyl‐acyl carrier protein desaturase (SAD). The SAD1 and SAD2 gene promoter were each fused transcriptionally with the reporter gene for β‐glucuronidase ( uidA ; GUS) and were transferred to linseed to study their expression pattern. In transgenic linseed, GUS activity mediated by the SAD2 promoter appeared to be constitutive and was detected in leaves, apices, stem, roots, flower buds, flowers, and seeds. In contrast, GUS activity mediated by the SAD1 promoter appeared to be root‐ and seed‐specific. In developing seeds, both the promoters exhibited a temporal expression pattern concomitant with protein and lipid biosyntheses. The GUS activity could be detected as early as 4 days after pollination (dap) and in mature seeds (∼50 dap) with the highest activities around mid‐development. The first pair of linseed promoters will be useful for manipulating the expression of indigenous as well as transgenes in linseed to create value‐added cultivars.
Ink jet fabricated nanoparticle MEMS (2002)

This paper presents a novel three-step process utilizing an ink jet print head to fabricate active MEMS devices. Both an in-plane and vertical thermal actuator with 100 /spl mu/m lines are demonstrated, as well as a printed electrostatic linear drive motor. Fabrication of the devices is achieved by selective ink jet deposition of nanoparticles onto a surface of either glass or plastic. The ink jet printing of nanoparticles is shown to be a viable technology for building MEMS structures which consist of a large number of layers (>100), a diverse material set (metals, semiconductors, and insulators) and which have the ability to cover large areas. Such an approach represents a potential route to a complete desktop semiconductor fab.
Prevention of murine autoimmune diabetes by CCL22-mediated Treg recruitment to the pancreatic islets (2011)

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the pancreatic islets by effector T cells. Tregs, defined by the markers CD4 and FoxP3, regulate immune responses by suppressing effector T cells and are recruited to sites of action by the chemokine CCL22. Here, we demonstrate that production of CCL22 in islets after intrapancreatic duct injection of double-stranded adeno-associated virus encoding CCL22 recruits endogenous Tregs to the islets and confers long-term protection from autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. In addition, adenoviral expression of CCL22 in syngeneic islet transplants in diabetic NOD recipients prevented β cell destruction by autoreactive T cells and thereby delayed recurrence of diabetes. CCL22 expression increased the frequency of Tregs, produced higher levels of TGF-β in the CD4+ T cell population near islets, and decreased the frequency of circulating autoreactive CD8+ T cells and CD8+ IFN-γ–producing T cells. The protective effect of CCL22 was abrogated by depletion of Tregs with a CD25-specific antibody. Our results indicate that islet expression of CCL22 recruits Tregs and attenuates autoimmune destruction of β cells. CCL22-mediated recruitment of Tregs to islets may be a novel therapeutic strategy for type 1 diabetes.