gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Response to opioids in three patients with restless legs syndrome (1984)

Three patients with restless legs syndrome, two of whom also had nocturnal myoclonus, responded well to treatment with low doses of opioids. The pathophysiology of the syndrome and the mechanism of opioids' therapeutic action are discussed.
Effect of physical state during the electron irradiation of hydrocarbon polymers. Part I. The influence of physical state on reactions occurring in polyethylene during and following the irradiation (1958)

Abstract Measurements of crosslinking, trans ‐vinylene formation, and hydrogen evolution have been made on high‐ and low‐density polyethylenes irradiated at temperatures from about −170 to +240°C. Crosslinking produced during irradiation is mainly in the amorphous areas of the polymer; whereas trans ‐vinylene unsaturation is produced as readily in the crystalline areas as in the amorphous areas. Radicals are trapped in the crystalline regions. These can react with oxygen to form carbonyl groups, rather than crosslinks. Thus, in Marlex‐50 irradiation in the crystalline state at 25°C. followed by a 7 day storage in air prior to the crosslinking measurements, was only about one‐sixth as effective in producing crosslinks as irradiation in the amorphous state at 150°C. In the low‐density polyethylene where less trapping occurs the factor is about one‐half for the same conditions of irradiation and storage. The lifetime of radicals trapped in Marlex‐50 when stored in oxygen can be thousands of hours compared with a few hours in low density polyethylene. Both the low‐density polyethylene and Marlex‐50 irradiated in the crystalline state at 25°C. (in nitrogen) could be further crosslinked by quickheating them to the amorphous state at 150°C.—delayed carbonyl formation does not occur in this case. Delayed crosslinking resulting from the quick‐heating of irradiated Marlex‐50 gave only about one‐half of the crosslinks for the same irradiation as when irradiated in the amorphous state. Hydrogen evolution as a function of irradiation temperature for Marlex‐50 is discussed; a satisfactory material balance was obtained in which the radiation yield ( G value) for total hydrogen produced nearly equaled the sum of G for crosslinking and G for trans ‐vinylene formation. Hydrogen yield was found to be nearly constant in the temperature range −170 to +34°C. where crystallinity is also nearly constant, indicating hydrogen production to be nearly independent of temperature. Therefore, the main change in crosslinking yield in the +34 to +150°C. range is considered to be due almost entirely to change in crystallinity. A comparison method for determining relative values of the degree of crosslinking fom the gel measurements is described.
Activation of RhoA and Inhibition of Myosin Phosphatase as Important Components in Hypertension in Vascular Smooth Muscle (2003)

Two mechanisms are proposed to account for the inhibition of myosin phosphatase (MP) involved in Ca2+ sensitization of vascular muscle, ie, phosphorylation of either MYPT1, a target subunit of MP or CPI-17, an inhibitory phosphoprotein. In cultured vascular aorta smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), stimulation with angiotensin II activated RhoA, and this was blocked by pretreatment with 8-bromo-cGMP. VSMCs stimulated by angiotensin II, endothelin-1, or U-46619 significantly increased the phosphorylation levels of both MYPT1 (at Thr696) and CPI-17 (at Thr38). The angiotensin II-induced phosphorylation of MYPT1 was completely blocked by 8-bromo-cGMP or Y-27632 (a Rho-kinase inhibitor), but not by GF109203X (a PKC inhibitor). In contrast, phosphorylation of CPI-17 was inhibited only by GF109203X. Y-27632 dramatically corrected the hypertension in N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-treated rats, and this hypertension also was sensitive to isosorbide mononitrate. The level of the active form of RhoA was significantly higher in aortas from L-NAME-treated rats. Expression of RhoA, Rho-kinase, MYPT1, CPI-17, and myosin light chain kinase were not significantly different in aortas from L-NAME-treated and control rats. Activation of RhoA without changes in levels of other signaling molecules were observed in three other rat models of hypertension, ie, stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, renal hypertensive rats, and DOCA-salt rats. These results suggest that independent of the cause of hypertension, a common point in downstream signaling and a critical component of hypertension is activation of RhoA and subsequent activation of Rho-kinase.
Diffuse optical fluorescence tomography using time-resolved data acquired in transmission (2007)

We present an algorithm using data acquired with a time-resolved system with the goal of reconstructing sources of fluorescence emanating from the deep interior of highly scattering biological tissues. A novelty in our tomography algorithm is the integration of a light transport model adapted to rodent geometries. For small volumes, our analysis suggest that neglecting the index of refraction mismatch between diffusive and non-diffusive regions, as well as the curved nature of the boundary, can have a profound impact on fluorescent images and spectroscopic applications relying on diffusion curve fitting. Moreover, we introduce a new least-squares solver with bound constraints adapted for optical problems where a physical non-negative constraint can be imposed. Finally, we find that maximizing the time-related information content of the data in the reconstruction process significantly enhances the quality of fluorescence images. Preliminary noise propagation and detector placement optimization analysis are also presented.
Mycobacterium sp., Rhodococcus erythropolis, and Pseudomonas putida behavior in the presence of organic solvents (2004)

Abstract This work aimed at studying the behavior and tolerance of Mycobacterium sp. NRRL B‐3805, Rhodococcus erythropolis DCL14 and Pseudomonas putida S12 cells in the presence of various concentrations of water miscible (ethanol, butanol, and dimethylformamide, up to 50% v/v) and water immiscible solvents (dodecane, bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate and toluene, up to 5% v/v). When incubated in the presence of these solvents, the cells were found to have lower tolerance to butanol and toluene than to the remaining solvents. Nevertheless, the concentrations of solvents endured by the tested strains show that they are quite solvent‐tolerant, confirming their potential as biocatalysts in nonconventional systems. Microscopic observation of samples showed that the hydrophobic Mycobacterium sp. and R. erythropolis cells were able to aggregate to protect the population under stress conditions. Comparison of the results obtained at the single cell level by fluorescence microscopy and colony development on agar plates indicated that the primary effects of most solvents tested were on the cell membrane and replicating capability of the cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:215–222, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Schisming: The Collaborative Transformation From a Single Conversation to Multiple Conversations (1997)

(1997). Schisming: The Collaborative Transformation From a Single Conversation to Multiple Conversations. Research on Language and Social Interaction: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 1-51.
Two proton transfers in the transition state for nucleotidyl transfer catalyzed by RNA- and DNA-dependent RNA and DNA polymerases (2007)

The rate-limiting step for nucleotide incorporation in the pre-steady state for most nucleic acid polymerases is thought to be a conformational change. As a result, very little information is available on the role of active-site residues in the chemistry of nucleotidyl transfer. For the poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (3D(pol)), chemistry is partially (Mg(2+)) or completely (Mn(2+)) rate limiting. Here we show that nucleotidyl transfer depends on two ionizable groups with pK(a) values of 7.0 or 8.2 and 10.5, depending upon the divalent cation used in the reaction. A solvent deuterium isotope effect of three to seven was observed on the rate constant for nucleotide incorporation in the pre-steady state; none was observed in the steady state. Proton-inventory experiments were consistent with two protons being transferred during the rate-limiting transition state of the reaction, suggesting that both deprotonation of the 3'-hydroxyl nucleophile and protonation of the pyrophosphate leaving group occur in the transition state for phosphodiester bond formation. Importantly, two proton transfers occur in the transition state for nucleotidyl-transfer reactions catalyzed by RB69 DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, T7 DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and HIV reverse transcriptase. Interpretation of these data in the context of known polymerase structures suggests the existence of a general base for deprotonation of the 3'-OH nucleophile, although use of a water molecule cannot be ruled out conclusively, and a general acid for protonation of the pyrophosphate leaving group in all nucleic acid polymerases. These data imply an associative-like transition-state structure.
On the Performance of OpenDPI in Identifying P2P Truncated Flows (2011)

Abstract—This paper aims to show the impact on classification accuracy and the level of computational gain that could be obtained in applying deep packet inspection on truncated peer to peer traffic flows instead of complete ones. Using one of the latest open source classifiers, experiments were conducted to evaluate classification performance on full and truncated network flows for different protocols, focusing on the detection of peer to peer. Despite minor exceptions, all the results show that with the latest deep packet inspection classifiers, which may incorporate different helper technologies, inspecting the first packets at the beginning of each flow, may still provide concrete computational gain while an acceptable level of classification accuracy is maintained. The present paper discusses this tradeoff and provides some recommendations on the number of packets to be inspected for the detection of peer to peer flows and some other common application protocols. As such, a new sampling approach is proposed, which accommodates samples to the stateful classifier’s algorithm, taking into consideration the characteristics of the protocols being classified. Keywords-IP traffic classification; p2p; peer to peer; deep packet inspection; DPI optimization I.
Highly potent antagonists of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone free of edematogenic effects. (1988)

To eliminate the undesirable edematogenic effect of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) antagonists containing basic D amino acids at position 6, exemplified by [Ac-D-Phe(pCl)1,2,D-Trp3,D-Arg6,D-Ala10]LH-RH [Phe(pCl) indicates 4-chlorophenylalanine], analogs with D-ureidoalkyl amino acids such as D-citrulline (D-Cit) or D-homocitrulline (D-Hci) at position 6 were synthesized and tested in several systems in vitro and in vivo. HPLC analysis revealed that the overall hydrophobicity of the D-Cit/D-Hci6 analogs was similar to that of the basic D-Arg6 antagonists. In vitro, most of the analogs completely inhibited LH-RH-mediated luteinizing hormone release in perfused rat pituitary cell systems at an antagonist to LH-RH molar ratio of 5:1. In vivo, the most active peptides, [Ac-D-Nal(2)1,D-Phe(pCl)2,D-Trp3,D-Cit6,D-Ala10]LH-RH [Nal(2) indicates 3-(2-naphthyl)alanine] and its D-Hci6 analog, caused 100% inhibition of ovulation in cycling rats in doses of 3 micrograms and suppressed the luteinizing hormone level in ovariectomized female rats for 47 hr when administered at doses of 25 micrograms. Characteristically, these peptides did not exert any edematogenic effects even at 1.5 mg/kg. These properties of the D-Cit/D-Hci6 antagonists may make them useful clinically.
Increased Susceptibility of Cells Treated with Interferon to the Toxicity of Polyriboinosinic·Polyribocytidylic Acid (1972)

Concentrations of the synthetic polymer polyriboinosinic.polyribocytidylic acid that produced no detectable toxicity in normal L cells produced marked cytotoxicity in L cells treated with interferon. This increase in the susceptibility of cells to the toxicity of the polymer was also observed in human cells and secondary mouse embryo cells treated with homologous interferons before exposure to the polynucleotides. The degree of enhancement of toxicity was dependent on the concentration of interferon to which the cells were exposed. The ratio of antiviral activity induced by interferon to enhancement of toxicity by interferon remained constant through about 1000-fold purification. Various interferon preparations induced by viruses or by polyriboinosinic.polyribocytidylic acid in vivo or in vitro, and international reference standard interferons all exhibited enhancement of toxicity. Both enhancement of toxicity and antiviral activity were destroyed by trypsin and by incubation at 56 degrees for 1 hr, did not act on heterologous cells, were not sedimented by ultracentrifugation, and were not inactivated by ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, irradiation with ultraviolet light, or exposure to a pH of 2.
Screening for traumatic brain injury (2008)

Large numbers of people seeking vocational rehabilitation, domestic abuse, homeless shelter or mental health services may experience persistent challenges stemming from unidentified TBIs. Identifying these individuals and the source of their challenges is important when developing intervention and supportive services. Using a TBI screening tool is one means of facilitating this identification process.
The proteins of the lung alveolar lining. (1978)

The protein composition of the lung washing has been analysed by immunochemical methods: it has been possible to demonstrate the presence of many proteins, mainly albumin, immunoglobulins and beta-globulins, some of them seem laying in the alveolar lining and having the function of stabilizing the surfactant system.
Compiling a high-level language for GPUs: (via language support for architectures and compilers) (2012)

Languages such as OpenCL and CUDA offer a standard interface for general-purpose programming of GPUs. However, with these languages, programmers must explicitly manage numerous low-level details involving communication and synchronization. This burden makes programming GPUs difficult and error-prone, rendering these powerful devices inaccessible to most programmers.We desire a higher-level programming model that makes GPUs more accessible while also effectively exploiting their computational power. This paper presents features of Lime, a new Java-compatible language targeting heterogeneous systems, that allow an optimizing compiler to generate high quality GPU code. The key insight is that the language type system enforces isolation and immutability invariants that allow the compiler to optimize for a GPU without heroic compiler analysis.Our compiler attains GPU speedups between 75% and 140% of the performance of native OpenCL code.
Energy transduction in intact synaptosomes. Influence of plasma-membrane depolarization on the respiration and membrane potential of internal mitochondria determined in situ (1980)

A method is described, based on the differential accumulation of Rb+ and methyltriphenylphosphonium, for the simultaneous estimation of the membrane potentials across the plasma membrane of isolated nerve endings (synaptosomes), and across the inner membrane of mitochondria within the synaptosomal cytoplasm. These determinations, together with measurements of respiratory rates, and ATP and phosphocreatine concentrations, are used to define the bioenergetic behaviour of isolated synaptosomes under a variety of conditions. Under control conditions, in the presence of glucose, the plasma and mitochondrial membrane potentials are respectively 45 and 148mV. Addition of a proton translocator induces a 5-fold increase in respiration, and abolishes the mitochondrial membrane potential. The addition of rotenone to inhibit respiration does not affect the plasma membrane potential, and only lowers the mitochondrial membrane potential to 128mV. Evidence is presented that ATP synthesis by anaerobic glycolysis is sufficient under these conditions to maintain ATP-dependent processes, including the reversal of the mitochondrial ATP synthetase. Addition of oligomycin under non-respiring conditions leads to a complete collapse of the mitochondrial potential. Even under control conditions the plasma membrane (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase is responsible for a significant proportion of the synaptosomal ATP turnover. Veratridine greatly increases respiration, and depolarizes the plasma membrane, but only slightly lowers the mitochondrial membrane potential. High K+ and ouabain also lower the plasma membrane potential without decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential. In non-respiring synaptosomes, anaerobic glycolysis is incapable of maintaining cytosolic ATP during the increased turnover induced by veratridine, and the mitochondrial membrane potential collapses. It is concluded that the internal mitochondria must be considered in any study of synaptosomal transport.
Intravesical Chemotherapy of High-Grade Bladder Cancer with HTI-286, A Synthetic Analogue of the Marine Sponge Product Hemiasterlin (2008)

Intravesical HTI-286 instillation therapy showed promising antitumor activity and minimal toxicity in an orthotopic mouse model of high-grade bladder cancer. These findings provide preclinical proof-of-principle for HTI-286 as an intravesical therapy for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer and warrant further evaluation of efficacy and safety in early-phase clinical trials.
Lipocortin-1 distribution in bronchoalveolar lavage from healthy human lung: effect of prednisolone (1995)

Lipocortin-1 (LC-1; annexin-1) may mediate some anti-inflammatory actions of the glucocorticoids, probably after binding to specific cell surface binding sites. We have quantified LC-1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and cells collected from seven healthy volunteers before and after 7 days of treatment with an oral glucocorticoid, prednisolone (30 mg/day). Extracellular BAL LC-1 was higher and cellular LC-1 was lower after prednisolone than before [extracellular: before, median 98 ng/mg albumin (range 48-350 ng/mg albumin); after, 236 ng/mg albumin (19-414 ng/mg albumin); P < 0.05. Cellular: before, 23.3 ng/10(6) cells (14.6-26.9 ng/10(6) cells); after, 18.0 ng/10(6) cells (122-268 ng/10(6) cells); P < 0.05]. The distribution of LC-1 within BAL cells ex vivo (cell surface = 25%, cytosol = 50%, membrane = 25%) was unaffected by prednisolone treatment. However, in adherent cells that had been cultured for 4 h, 70-80% of the LC-1 was on the cell surface. In summary, prednisolone appears to promote cellular release of LC-1. The difference in distribution of cellular LC-1 in BAL cells ex vivo and in vitro may reflect adherence and/or activation.
Expression and functional analysis of a gene cluster involved in the synthesis of decaprenoxanthin reveals the mechanisms for C50 carotenoid formation (2001)

Corynebacterium glutamicum accumulates the C50 carotenoid decaprenoxanthin. Rescued DNA from transposon color mutants of this Gram-positive bacterium was used to clone the carotenoid biosynthetic gene cluster. By sequence comparison and functional complementation, the genes involved in the synthesis of carotenoids with 50 carbon atoms were identified. The genes crtE, encoding a geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, crtB, encoding a phytoene synthase, and crtI, encoding a phytoene desaturase, are responsible for the formation of lycopene. The products of three novel genes, crtYe and crtYf, with sequence similarities to heterodimeric lycopene cyclase crtYc and crtYd, together with crtEb which exhibits a prenyl transferase motif, were involved in the conversion of C40 acyclic lycopene to cyclic C50 carotenoids. Using functional complementation in Escherichia coli, it could be shown that the elongation of lycopene to the acyclic C50 carotenoid flavuxanthin by the addition of C5 isoprenoid units at positions C-2 and C-2' is catalyzed by the crtEb gene product. Subsequently, the gene products of crtYe and crtYf in a concerted action convert the acyclic flavuxanthin into the cyclic C50 carotene, decaprenoxanthin, forming two epsilon-ionone groups. The mechanisms, involving two individual steps for the formation of cyclic C50 carotenoids from lycopene, are proposed on the basis of these results.
The role of Fc gamma receptors in the activity of immunomodulatory antibodies for cancer (2014)

Antibodies targeting T-cell inhibitory pathways, such as CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1, are emerging as an important class of cancer therapeutics, and a next generation of immunomodulatory therapies targeting alternative inhibitory (e.g. TIM-3, LAG-3, B7-H4, B7-H3, VISTA, A2aR), as well as co-stimulatory (e.g. CD27, OX40, GITR, CD137), pathways are poised to join them. Most of these immunomodulatory antibodies are of IgG isotypes that have low, or no, binding to the Fc gamma receptors (FcRs) that trigger cell-mediated cytotoxic effector functions such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADCP). These isotypes were selected to minimise the risk of depleting the T cells upon which such antibodies depend for their mechanism of action. However, recent preclinical data highlight a potential role for FcR engagement in the activity of such antibodies. Here we review the biology of the FcRs and IgG isotypes in both humans and mice, detail the potential roles that FcR interactions can play in the activity of monoclonal antibodies in general, and of immunomodulatory antibodies in particular, and discuss how preclinical studies on these interactions might be best interpreted and translated to a human setting.
Structural comparison of two nontandemly repeated yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes. (1980)

A hybrid plasmid (pgap63) was isolated which contains a second yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase structural gene. The complete nucleotide sequence of this gene was determined and compared with the primary structure of a yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (pgap49) which was reported previously (Holland, J.P., and Holland, M.J. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 9839-9845). Based on the restriction endonuclease cleavage maps of the isolated segments of yeast DNA which contain these genes, the two genes are nontandemly duplicated. Greater than 94% of the nucleotides within the coding regions of these genes are homologous and the polypeptides encoded by the two structural genes differ by only 15 amino acid residues. Both genes have the same, highly biased, codon usage pattern and neither contains intervening sequences. Approximately 100 nucleotides adjacent to the ATG initiation codons and 130 nucleotides beyond the TAA termination codons are greater than 70% homologous. Structures within the flanking sequences of the genes which are potentially relevant to transcriptional and translational control are described. Several sequences (8 to 15 nucleotides in length) are repeated in both the 5' and 3' flanking sequences of the genes in a noninverted fashion. Finally, a rapid procedure for the isolation of spontaneous deletions within hybrid plasmid DNAs is described, as is the isolation of a structural gene deletion in pgap49.
Cost-effective CMOS-compatible grating couplers with backside metal mirror and 69% coupling efficiency (2012)

A highly efficient grating structure for the coupling between standard optical fibers and single-mode waveguides in the silicon-on-insulator platform realized in a CMOS fabrication process is presented. The cost-effective method introduces a backside metal mirror to the grating coupler without need of an extensive wafer-to-wafer bonding. A coupling efficiency of -1.6 dB (around 69%) near the telecommunication wavelength 1550 nm and a large 1 dB-bandwidth of 48 nm are achieved.