gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Capacitive conductivity logging and electrical stratigraphy in a high-resistivity aquifer, Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (2009)

Abstract We tested a prototype capacitive-conductivity borehole tool in a shallow, unconfined aquifer with coarse, unconsolidated sediments and very-low-conductivity water at the Boise Hydrogeophysical Research Site (BHRS). Examining such a high-resistivity system provides a good test for the capacitive-conductivity tool because the conventional induction-conductivity tool (known to have limited effectiveness in high-resistivity systems) did not generate expressive well logs at the BHRS. The capacitive-conductivity tool demonstrated highly repeatable, low-noise behavior but poor correlation with the induction tool in the lower-conductivity portions of the stratigraphy where the induction tool was relatively unresponsive. Singular spectrum analysis of capacitive-conductivity logs reveals similar vertical-length scales of structures to porosity logs at the BHRS. Also, major stratigraphic units identified with porosity logs are evident in the capacitive-conductivity logs. However, a previously unrecognized subdivision in the upper portion of one of the major stratigraphic units can be identified consistently as a relatively low-conductivity body (i.e., an electrostratigraphic unit) between the overlying stratigraphic unit and the relatively high-conductivity lower portion — despite similar porosity and lithology in adjacent units. The high repeatability and resolution and the wide dynamic range of the capacitive-conductivity tool are demonstrated here to extend to high-resistivity, unconsolidated sedimentary aquifer environments.
GSK-3 Inhibitors: Recent Developments and Therapeutic Potential (2008)

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was originally identified and purified in the late 1970s as a kinase (serine/threonine kinase) capable of phosphorylating and inactivating the enzyme glycogen synthase. GSK-3 is now known to occur in two isoforms: GSK- 3α and GSK-3β. Their amino acid sequences show 84% identity overall, and 98% identity within their catalytic domain. Beyond its role in glycogen metabolism, GSK-3 has been found to play pivotal roles in a diverse range of cellular functions, including cell proliferation, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and the Wnt signaling cascade. The pathways in which GSK-3 acts as a key regulator have been implicated in the development of a wide range of diseases, including Alzheimers disease, other neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, bipolar affective disorder, and cancer. Moreover, recent findings have shown that GSK-3 is involved in the pathophysiology of alopecia, schizophrenia, and circadian rhythm disorders. Because of the discovery of the diverse roles of GSK-3 in the development of the above diseases, the pharmaceutical industry has recently made enormous efforts to synthesize selective and potent inhibitors of GSK-3. Several potent inhibitors have already been synthesized, and their pharmacological effects in both in vitro cell-based assays and in several animal models have confirmed important pathophysiological roles of GSK-3 and the therapeutic potential of GSK-3 inhibitors. This article reviews the molecular and pharmacological properties of GSK-3, and discusses its involvement in the pathophysiology of various diseases. It also includes a discussion of recent progress in the development of GSK-3 inhibitors, and their relevance as therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases in which GSK dysfunctions may be involved. Keywords: GSK-3, GSK-3 inhibitors, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, bipolar disorder
Analysis of K-ras mutations in pancreatic tissue after fine needle aspirates. (1999)

The majority of pancreatic carcinomas contain a mutation at codon 12 of the K-ras oncogene. We have analysed 87 samples from 76 patients who underwent surgery because of different pancreatic diseases to evaluate whether the detection of K-ras mutations may be helpful to discriminate between chronic inflammation and neoplastic growth. Mutation analysis was performed using a semi-nested PCR followed by a selective restriction enzyme digestion. The correlation of clinical follow ups with the results of the molecular analysis was performed from 47 patients. K-ras mutations were detected in 50% of adenocarcinomas and no point mutation was found in normal pancreatic tissue and in tumor tissue from entities other than pancreas. Otherwise, K-ras mutations were detected in tissue samples from two patients with chronic pancreatitis, and one patient was found to have an adenocarcinoma after additional clinical investigation. Further studies especially follow ups will be helpful to get a better insight into the pathogenesis of pancreatic tumors and may be useful as an early diagnostic test.
Defending Borders: States and Nation-States in the ASEAN 5 (2013)

Abstract Discontent simmers within social science over states and nation-states as units of analysis. Disputes over what even constitutes a state, whether simply an organizational apparatus, albeit with unique legitimacy, or a broader complex of social relations, have never been resolved. But it is not just its murky delineation with which the state is afflicted. It has lately come under attack from above and below, with causality seen to be draining away to transnational and sub-national forces. This paper begins by rehearsing the economic and social vectors along which assaults on the state and the nation-state are conveyed. It then turns to Southeast Asia, a part of the developing world in which the state would seem especially vulnerable, its powers having been usurped by transnational firms and corroded internally by connected rent-seekers and provincial “men of prowess.” However, this paper tries also to show that in Southeast Asia, national states and territorial borders have remained quite intact. Neither globalized markets, regional formations, local identity construction, administrative decentralization or migration have shaken the standing of the state and the nation-state as appropriate units of analysis. This is especially the case when addressing major questions about regime types and change in the region.
Epidemiology of hepatitis B (1993)

An estimated 200,000 to 300,000 hepatitis B virus infections occur annually in the United States. With acute infection, symptoms develop in fewer than 5% of infants, 5 to 15% of children between the ages of 1 and 5 years and 33 to 50% of older children and adults. However, the risk of chronic infection after acute infection is inversely proportional to age. The risk of chronic infection is highest for infants who acquire infection during the perinatal period (70 to 90%), lower for children younger than 5 years (20 to 50%) and lowest for older children and adults (5 to 10%). Therefore although only approximately 8% of acute infections in the United States occur in children younger than 10 years, these infections account for 20 to 30% of all chronic infections. Children usually acquire infection from infected mothers at the time of birth or from infected household contacts. The risk of hepatitis B virus transmission between children in day-care centers and schools is very low. Among adults and adolescents sexual activity and injecting drug use are the most common risks for acquisition of infection, yet at least 30% of reported hepatitis B among adults cannot be associated with an identifiable risk factor. Because chronic hepatitis B virus infection is associated with long term consequences of cirrhosis and primary hepatocellular carcinoma, prevention of chronic infection is the most important reason for vaccination against hepatitis B. Routine infant immunization is the most feasible, cost-effective means to control hepatitis B virus transmission.
Complete suboptimal folding of RNA and the stability of secondary structures (1999)

An algorithm is presented for generating rigorously all suboptimal secondary structures between the minimum free energy and an arbitrary upper limit. The algorithm is particularly fast in the vicinity of the minimum free energy. This enables the efficient approximation of statistical quantities, such as the partition function or measures for structural diversity. The density of states at low energies and its associated structures are crucial in assessing from a thermodynamic point of view how well-defined the ground state is. We demonstrate this by exploring the role of base modification in tRNA secondary structures, both at the level of individual sequences from Escherichia coli and by comparing artificially generated ensembles of modified and unmodified sequences with the same tRNA structure. The two major conclusions are that (1) base modification considerably sharpens the definition of the ground state structure by constraining energetically adjacent structures to be similar to the ground state, and (2) sequences whose ground state structure is thermodynamically well defined show a significant tendency to buffer single point mutations. This can have evolutionary implications, since selection pressure to improve the definition of ground states with biological function may result in increased neutrality.
Optimal handling of fresh cancellous bone graftDifferent peroperative storing techniques evaluated by in vitro osteoblast-like cell metabolism (2003)

We investigated the influence of three peroperative handling techniques on the quality of autogenous bone graft by means of osteoblast-like cell metabolism in vitro. Cancellous bone was harvested from the iliac crest of 12 4-month-old female pigs. Osteoblast-like cell cultures were established, using the tissue-explant method: (1) immediately after harvest of bone, (2) after storage of bone in saline at room temperature for 2 hours and (3) after "dry" storage of bone at room temperature for 2 hours. Proliferation was assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Differentiation was assessed by alkaline phosphatase activity and procollagen I production (PICP). We found that osteoblast-like-cell proliferation was higher, when cultures were started shortly after harvesting of bone, or else stored in saline for 2 hours, as compared to bone left "to dry" for 2 hours. Basal alkaline phosphatase and PICP production did not differ in the three groups. These in vitro results suggest the superiority of harvest of autogenous bone graft shortly before the grafting procedure, or else temporary storage of the graft in saline for up to 2 hours.
Targeting the AMP-Activated Protein Kinase for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (2002)

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy-sensing enzyme that is activated in response to conditions of cellular stress such as muscle contraction and hypoxia. In skeletal muscle, activation of AMPK leads to increased glucose uptake, enhanced insulin sensitivity and oxidation of fatty acids. In the liver, AMPK activation causes an increase in fatty acid oxidation and inhibition of glucose production. These effects on glucose and fat metabolism make AMPK an important pharmacological target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Studies done in animal models of type 2 diabetes have shown that pharmacological activation of AMPK with the compound 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) decreases blood glucose and insulin concentrations. While strong efforts are underway in order to identify novel AMPK-activating compounds, the safety of chronic pharmacological activation of AMPK remains to be determined.
Dental erosion and bruxism. A tooth wear analysis from South East Queensland (1998)

Tooth-tissue loss from erosion and attrition from bruxism were associated findings in 104 patients with excessive toothwear from South East Queensland. Approximately one-third of these subjects had been given a diagnosis of bruxism prior to referral. After a structured interview and clinical examination, the prevailing diagnosis was tooth erosion associated with occupational or sports-related dehydration, and one-third of the subjects were provisionally classified as bruxers. Eight items of clinical history and examination, designed to differentiate bruxers from non-bruxers, were analysed retrospectively from their records. These clinical items, by which the diagnosis of bruxism might be made, segregated the subjects into three groups of equal size, 'bruxers, possible bruxers and non-bruxers,' by a notional score for bruxism. The presence of occlusal attrition or erosion on the sextants of the dentitions was determined by scanning electron microscopic criteria on epoxy resin dental casts. The incidence of attrition versus erosion was compared between the three groups. The hypothesis was that attrition would be found on more sextants of bruxers than non-bruxers. Erosion predominated in virtually all sextants in all three groups, to the virtual exclusion of attrition in the molar sextants. The exception was the mandibular anterior sextant, where more sextants in bruxers were affected by attrition. Thus extrinsic or intrinsic acid erosion was strongly associated with occlusal tooth wear found in bruxers. Conversely, tooth-wear patterns were unreliable indicators of a bruxing habit, for attrition alone was often found on acid-exposed teeth. Thus, even if a patient is suspected of having bruxism, dental erosion is more likely the cause of tooth-tissue loss than attrition, especially in the dehydrating environment of South East Queensland.
Asymmetric Conjugate Reduction of α,β-Unsaturated Esters Using a Chiral Phosphine−Copper Catalyst (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTAsymmetric Conjugate Reduction of α,β-Unsaturated Esters Using a Chiral Phosphine−Copper CatalystDaniel H. Appella, Yasunori Moritani, Ryo Shintani, Eric M. Ferreira, and Stephen L. BuchwaldView Author Information Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 40, 9473–9474Publication Date (Web):September 24, 1999Publication History Received8 July 1999Published online24 September 1999Published inissue 1 October 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja992366lhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja992366lrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views9388Altmetric-Citations278LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Catalysts,Conjugate acid-base pairs,Copper,Organic compounds,Redox reactions Get e-Alerts
Ghrelin and Leptin Elevation in Postoperative Intra-Abdominal Sepsis (2005)

During postoperative intra-abdominal sepsis, both ghrelin and leptin plasma levels are elevated and positively correlate with both inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6) and main APP member (CRP). It supports experimental finding that TNF-alpha and IL-6 can be important regulatory factors of their synthesis. This hormonal reaction is not specific to sepsis--the significant increase of both ghrelin and leptin occurs during an uncomplicated postoperative response, although in a lesser extent than was shown in sepsis.
Muscleblind protein, MBNL1/EXP, binds specifically to CHHG repeats (2004)

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) type 1 is caused by an expansion of a CTG repeat in the DMPK gene and type 2 by a CCTG repeat in the ZNF9 gene. Previous reports have suggested that transcripts containing expanded CUG/CCUG repeats might have toxic gain-of-function effects, probably affecting the function of RNA-binding proteins in the pathogenesis of DM. Here, it was attempted to compare the RNA-binding properties of three proteins, CUG-BP, MBNL1/EXP and PKR, which have previously been suggested to interact with CUG repeats. MBNL1, but not CUG-BP or PKR, interacted with both CUG and CCUG repeats in a yeast three-hybrid system. By using various synthetic RNAs, it was found that MBNL1 specifically interacts with repetitive sequences summarized as CHHG and CHG repeats, where H is A, U or C. Interestingly, MBNL1 did not interact with a genuine double-stranded RNA comprising CAG/CUG repeats, suggesting that MBNL1 prefers bulge-containing double-stranded RNAs. Deletion analysis indicates a difference in RNA-binding abilities among splice variants of MBNL1. It was also found that MBNL1 can bind to repetitive motifs in ZNF9, which contain a minimal length of CCUG repeats with non-CCUG insertions.
Identification and Characterization of the Protective Gene of homolog of Exported Protein 1 (1996)

We recently reported the discovery of a 17-kDa Plasmodium yoelii protein expressed in infected hepatocytes and erythrocytes, P. yoelii hepatocyte erythrocyte protein 17 (PyHEP17), and have demonstrated that this protein is a target of protective antibodies and T cells. Here, we report the identification and characterization of the gene encoding this protein and reveal that it is composed of two exons. Immunization of mice with PyHEP17 plasmid DNA induces antibodies, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and protective immunity directed against the infected hepatocyte. Based on extensive sequence homology, expression pattern, and antigenic cross-reactivity, the Plasmodium falciparum homolog of PyHEP17 is identified as the protein known as exported protein-1 (PfExp-1), also called antigen 5.1, circumsporozoite related antigen, or QF116. Identity between PyHEP17 and PfExp-1 is 37% at the amino acid level (60/161 residues), mapping primarily to two regions within the second exon of 73% (16/22 residues) and 71% (25/35 residues) identity. On this basis, PfExp-1 is proposed as an important component of pre-erythrocytic human malaria vaccines.
Does sumatriptan cross the blood–brain barrier in animals and man? (2009)

Sumatriptan, a relatively hydrophilic triptan, based on several animal studies has been regarded to be unable to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In more recent animal studies there are strong indications that sumatriptan to some extent can cross the BBB. The CNS adverse events of sumatriptan in migraine patients and normal volunteers also indicate a more general effect of sumatriptan on CNS indicating that the drug can cross the BBB in man. It has been discussed whether a defect in the BBB during migraine attacks could be responsible for a possible central effect of sumatriptan in migraine. This review suggests that there is no need for a breakdown in the BBB to occur in order to explain a possible central CNS effect of sumatriptan.
Stimulation by concanavalin A of cartilage-matrix proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocyte cultures. (1990)

The effect of concanavalin A on proteoglycan synthesis by rabbit costal and articular chondrocytes was examined. Chondrocytes were seeded at low density and grown to confluency in medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, and then the serum concentration was reduced to 0.3%. At the low serum concentration, chondrocytes adopted a fibroblastic morphology. Addition of concanavalin A to the culture medium induced a morphologic alteration of the fibroblastic cells to spherical chondrocytes and increased by 3- to 4-fold incorporation of [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine into large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that was characteristically found in cartilage. The stimulation of incorporation of labeled precursors reflected real increases in proteoglycan synthesis, as chemical analyses showed a 4-fold increase in the accumulation of macromolecules containing hexuronic acid in concanavalin A-maintained cultures. Furthermore, the effect of concanavalin A on [35S]sulfate incorporation into proteoglycans was greater than that of various growth factors or hormones. However, concanavalin A had smaller effects on [35S]sulfate incorporation into small proteoglycans and [3H]glucosamine incorporation into hyaluronic acid and chondroitinase AC-resistant glycosaminoglycans. Since other lectins tested, such as wheat germ agglutinin, lentil lectin, and phytohemagglutinin, had little effect on [35S]sulfate incorporation into proteoglycans, the concanavalin A action on chondrocytes seems specific. Although concanavalin A decreased [3H]thymidine incorporation in chondrocytes, the stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis could be observed in chondrocytes exposed to the inhibitor of DNA synthesis, cytosine arabinoside. These results indicate that concanavalin A is a potent modulator of proteoglycan synthesis by chondrocytes.
The Effect of MBS on the Compatibility of Scrap PVB/PMMA Blends (1996)

PVB was blended with PMMA in order to recycle scraped PVB material which recovered in the safety glass manufactories. The purpose of this research on PVB/PMMA blend was applied with excellent tackiness and transparency of PVB as a material of high strength to make the maximum use. Also, the blending of PVB with PMMA was aimed at the increase of impact strength of PMMA because the elastic property of PVB might decrease the brittleness of PMMA due to the lack of inner impact resistance. Izod impact resistance was propotional to increase the content of PVB, which was predominantly increased in the addition of 10phr above MBS. High rate impact resistance showed a tendency to Increase but it showed a tendency to decrease maximum load and energy if the contents of PVB increased. On the other hand total energy and ductile index showed a tendency to increase excellent impact resistance in the addition of MBS contents. As a result of observed surface of PVB/PMMA blends, the size of PVB domain increased distribution homogenuously, in the addited MBS contents increased it showed distribution homogeneously and partially a wetability.
Improving Awareness with Remote Control Point Movement Prediction in Real-Time Collaborative Graphics Editing Systems (2006)

Summary Predicting real-time movement trace of remote objects or the control points of objects when delay-jitter occurs is a critical and challenging issue in most Internet-based collaborative graphics editing systems. This paper presents two novel algorithms: Machine Learning algorithm and Changeable Scale algorithm. Related experiments were carried out to test the effectiveness of the algorithms. Results show that the algorithms can improve the accuracy to restore the remote motion smoothly and the usability of the system can be greatly enhanced.