gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates hepatic lipogenesis in the rat in vivo. (1987)

The hyperlipidemia accompanying infection has been attributed to production of tumor necrosis factor. This cytokine inhibits adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase, which could decrease clearance of lipoproteins. Infections also increase hepatic lipogenesis. We now have demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates lipid synthesis in vivo. 2 h after administration of tumor necrosis factor (25 micrograms/200 g), plasma triglycerides increase 2.2-fold and remain elevated for 17 h. Plasma cholesterol also increases, but this effect appears after 7 h. Tumor necrosis factor rapidly stimulates incorporation of tritiated water into fatty acids in the liver (1-2 h), which persists for 17 h. Also, tumor necrosis factor stimulates hepatic sterol synthesis. Of note, tumor necrosis factor treatment does not stimulate lipid synthesis in other tissues, including adipose tissue. Labeled fatty acids rapidly increase in the plasma, raising the possibility that stimulation of hepatic lipogenesis by tumor necrosis factor contributes to the hyperlipidemia of infection.
A near-infrared fusion scheme for automatic detection of vehicle passengers (2003)

We undertook a study to determine if the automatic detection and counting of vehicle passengers is feasible. An automated passenger counting system would greatly facilitate the operation of freeway lanes reserved for car-pools (HOV lanes). In the present paper we report our findings regarding the appropriate sensor phenomenology and arrangement for the task. We propose a novel system based on fusion of near-infrared imaging signals and we demonstrate its adequacy with theoretical and experimental arguments.
spoOGenes, the Phosphorelay, and the Initiation of Sporulation (2014)

The cell responds to signals which it continually monitors in the environment, and when these environmental signals reach a point that indicates it is time to shut down division and begin sporulation, the initiation process begins. The signal transduction system, the phosphorelay, for the initiation of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis revolves around the transcription factor Spo0A. This chapter discusses the genetic and chemical structure of the spo0 loci and their products, along with other components of the signal transduction system, and try to provide an historic and mechanistic perspective of the phosphorelay and the function of the Spo0A transcription factor. The role of the phosphorelay is to produce Spo0A-P, the activated form of the transcription factor responsible for transcription of genes involved in the initial stages of sporulation. The multiple points of control of the flow of phosphate through the phosphorelay begin with the kinases, KinA and KinB. The possibility exists that KinA might not be subject to activation by an effector ligand acting as a signal from the environment, but rather KinA might be functionally inactive in autophosphorylation in the absence of Spo0F. This would place responsibility for the initiation of phosphate flow in the phosphorelay on transcriptional control of the spo0F gene. It seems possible that one role of increased Spo0A~-P concentration during the initial stages of sporulation might be to prevent reinitiation of chromosome replication, which could be accomplished by preventing dnaA transcription and/or binding at the origin to inhibit the reinitiation of DNA replication.
CNT-based gas ionizers with integrated MEMS gate for portable mass spectrometry applications (2009)

We report the fabrication and experimental characterization of a novel low-cost carbon nanotube (CNT)-based electron impact ionizer (EII) with integrated gate for portable mass spectrometry applications. The device achieves low-voltage ionization using sparse forests of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited (PECVD) CNTs field emitter tips, and a proximal gate with open apertures to facilitate electron transmission. The gate is integrated using a deep reactive ion etched (DRIE) spring-based high-voltage MEMS packaging technology. The device also includes a high aspect-ratio silicon structure (mufoam) that facilitates sparse CNT growth and limits the electron current per emitter. The devices were tested as field emitters in high vacuum (10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-8</sup> Torr). Electron emission starts at a gate voltage of 110 V, and reaches a current of 9 uA at 250 V (2.25 mW) with more than 55% of the electrons transmitted through the gate apertures. The devices were also tested as electron impact ionizers using argon. The experimental data demonstrates that the CNT-EIIs can operate at mtorr-level pressures while delivering 60 nA of ion current at 250 V with about 1% ionization efficiency.
A nested set of eight RNAs is formed in macrophages infected with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (1991)

Total RNA was extracted from primary cultures of mouse macrophages isolated from 10-day-old mice 6 to 12 h postinfection with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV). Poly(A)+ RNA was extracted from spleens of 18-h LDV-infected mice. The RNAs were analyzed by Northern (RNA) blot hybridization with a number of LDV-specific cDNAs as probes. A cDNA representing the nucleocapsid protein (VP-1) gene located at the 3' terminus of the viral genome (E. K. Godeny, D. W. Speicher, and M. A. Brinton, Virology 177:768-771, 1990) hybridized to viral genomic RNA of about 13 kb plus seven subgenomic RNAs ranging in size from about 1 to about 3.6 kb. Two other cDNA clones hybridized only to the four or five largest subgenomic RNAs, respectively. In contrast, two cDNAs encoding continuous open reading frames with replicase and zinc finger motifs hybridized only to the genomic RNA. The replicase motif exhibited 75% amino acid identity to that of the 1b protein of equine arteritis virus (EAV) and 44% amino acid identity to those of the 1b proteins of coronaviruses and Berne virus. Combined, the results indicate that LDV replication involves formation of a 3'-coterminal-nested set of mRNAs as observed for coronaviruses and toroviruses as well as for EAV, with which LDV shares many other properties. Overall, LDV, like EAV, possesses a genome organization resembling that of the coronaviruses and toroviruses. However, EAV and LDV differ from the latter in the size of their genomes, virion size and structure, nature of the structural proteins, and symmetry of the nucleocapsids.
Low-dose metronomic cyclophosphamide combined with vascular disrupting therapy induces potent antitumor activity in preclinical human tumor xenograft models (2009)

Vascular disrupting agents preferentially target the established but abnormal tumor vasculature, resulting in extensive intratumoral hypoxia and cell death. However, a rim of viable tumor tissue remains from which angiogenesis-dependent regrowth can occur, in part through the mobilization and tumor colonization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (CEP). Cotreatment with an agent that blocks CEPs, such as a vascular endothelial growth factor pathway-targeting biological antiangiogenic drug, results in enhanced antitumor efficacy. We asked whether an alternative therapeutic modality, low-dose metronomic chemotherapy, could achieve the same result given its CEP-targeting effects. We studied the combination of the vascular disrupting agent OXi4503 with daily administration of CEP-inhibiting, low-dose metronomic cyclophosphamide to treat primary orthotopic tumors with the use of the 231/LM2-4 breast cancer cell line and MeWo melanoma cell line. In addition, CEP mobilization and various tumor characteristics were assessed. We found that daily p.o. low-dose metronomic cyclophosphamide was capable of preventing the CEP spike and tumor colonization induced by OXi4503. This was associated with a decrease in the tumor rim and marked suppression of primary 231/LM2-4 growth in nude as well as severe combined immunodeficient mice. Similar results were found in MeWo-bearing nude mice. The delay in tumor growth was accompanied by significant decreases in microvessel density, perfusion, and proliferation, and a significant increase in tumor cell apoptosis. No overt toxicity was observed. The combination of OXi4503 and metronomic chemotherapy results in prolonged tumor control, thereby expanding the list of therapeutic agents that can be successfully integrated with metronomic low-dose chemotherapy.
Accelerated telomere shortening and senescence in human pancreatic islet cells stimulated to divide in vitro (2000)

Widespread application of beta-cell replacement strategies for diabetes is dependent upon the availability of an unlimited supply of cells exhibiting appropriate glucose-responsive insulin secretion. Therefore, a great deal of effort has been focused on understanding the factors that control beta-cell growth. Previously, we found that human beta-cell-enriched islet cultures can be stimulated to proliferate, but expansion was limited by growth arrest after 10-15 cell divisions. Here, we have investigated the mechanism behind the growth arrest. Our studies, including analyses of the expression of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase, p16(INK4a) levels, and telomere lengths, indicate that cellular senescence is responsible for limiting the number of cell divisions that human beta-cells can undergo. The senescent phenotype was not prevented by retroviral transduction of the hTERT gene, although telomerase activity was induced. These results have implications for the use of primary human islet cells in cell transplantation therapies for diabetes.
Nasal absorption of insulin: enhancement by hydrophobic bile salts. (1985)

We demonstrate that therapeutically useful amounts of insulin are absorbed by the nasal mucosa of human beings when administered as a nasal spray with the common bile salts. By employing a series of bile salts with subtle differences in the number, position, and orientation of their nuclear hydroxyl functions and alterations in side chain conjugation, we show that adjuvant potency for nasal insulin absorption correlates positively with increasing hydrophobicity of the bile salts' steroid nucleus. As inferred from studies employing various concentrations of unconjugated deoxycholate and a constant dose of insulin, insulin absorption begins at the aqueous critical micellar concentration of the bile salt and becomes maximal when micelle formation is well established. These and other data are consistent with the complementary hypotheses that bile salts act as absorption adjuvants by producing high juxtamembrane concentrations of insulin monomers via solubilization in mixed bile salt micelles and forming reverse micelles within nasal membranes, through which insulin monomers can diffuse through polar channels from the nares into the blood stream.
Improved Local and Systemic Anti-Tumor Efficacy for Irreversible Electroporation in Immunocompetent versus Immunodeficient Mice (2013)

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a non-thermal focal ablation technique that uses a series of brief but intense electric pulses delivered into a targeted region of tissue, killing the cells by irrecoverably disrupting cellular membrane integrity. This study investigates if there is an improved local anti-tumor response in immunocompetent (IC) BALB/c versus immunodeficient (ID) nude mice, including the potential for a systemic protective effect against rechallenge. Subcutaneous murine renal carcinoma tumors were treated with an IRE pulsing protocol that used 60% of the predicted voltage required to invoke complete regressions in the ID mice. Tumors were followed for 34 days following treatment for 11 treated mice from each strain, and 7 controls from each strain. Mouse survival based on tumor burden and the progression-free disease period was substantially longer in the treated IC mice relative to the treated ID mice and sham controls for both strains. Treated IC mice were rechallenged with the same cell line 18 days after treatment, where growth of the second tumors was shown to be significantly reduced or prevented entirely. There was robust CD3 + cell infiltration in some treated BALB/C mice, with immunocytes focused at the transition between viable and dead tumor. There was no difference in the low immunocyte presence for untreated tumors, nude mice, and matrigel-only injections in both strains. These findings suggest IRE therapy may have greater therapeutic efficacy in immunocompetent patients than what has been suggested by immunodeficient models, and that IRE may invoke a systemic response beyond the targeted ablation region.
Functional Expression of Horseradish Peroxidase in E. coli by Directed Evolution (1999)

In an effort to develop a bacterial expression system for horseradish peroxidase (HRP), we inserted the gene encoding HRP into the pET-22b(+) vector (Novagen) as a fusion to the signal peptide PelB. A similar construct for cytochrome c peroxidase (CcP) leads to high CcP activity in the supernatant. Expression of the wild-type HRP gene in the presence of isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) yielded no detectable activity against ABTS (azinobis(ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate)). However, weak peroxidase activity was detected in the supernatant in the absence of IPTG. The HRP gene was subjected to directed evolution: random mutagenesis and gene recombination followed by screening in a 96-well microplate format. From 12 000 clones screened in the first generation, one was found that showed 14-fold higher HRP activity than wild-type, amounting to approximately 110 microg of HRP/L, which is similar to that reported from laborious in vitro refolding. No further improvement was obtained in subsequent generations of directed evolution. This level of expression has nonetheless enabled us to carry out further directed evolution to render the enzyme more thermostable and more resistant toward inactivation by H2O2. These results show that directed evolution can identify mutations that assist proteins to fold more efficiently in Escherichia coli. This approach will greatly facilitate efforts to "fine-tune" those many enzymes that are promising industrial biocatalysts, but for which suitable bacterial or yeast expression systems are currently lacking.
Genetic metamorphosis of herpes simplex virus-1 into a biological therapeutic for human cancer (2003)

Over the past decade, rapid progress has been made in engineering safe, replicating herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) mutants for use as biological oncolytic agents in the treatment of human cancer. While initial efforts demonstrated the potential of HSV-1 mutants as antitumour agents, they relied on viruses that were not sufficiently attenuated. Following its identification as the major viral neurovirulence determinant, mutations in the gamma34.5 gene were subsequently incorporated into oncolytic strains. Despite the fact that gamma34.5 mutant derivatives can be safely administered to mice, non-human primates and humans, their efficacy is limited because, like many weakened viral strains, they replicate poorly in a number of cell types, including cancer cells. Strategies to improve the oncolytic properties of gamma34.5 mutant derivatives through further genetic manipulation are reviewed. In addition, traditional treatment modalities that incorporate viral inoculation, along with efforts to elicit an antitumour immune response following treatment with gamma34.5 derivatives, are discussed.
Analysis, design and implementation of an active clamp flyback converter (2006)

This paper presents the detailed circuit operation, mathematical analysis, and design example of the active clamp flyback converter. The auxiliary switch and clamp capacitor are used in the flyback converter to recycle the energy stored in the transformer leakage in order to minimize the spike voltage at the transformer primary side. Therefore the voltage stress of main switch can be reduced. The active clamped circuit can also help the main switch to turn on at ZVS using the switch output capacitor and transformer leakage inductance. First the circuit operation and mathematical analysis are provided. The design example of active clamp flyback converter is also presented. Finally the experimental results based on a 120 W prototype circuit are provided to verify the system performance
Magnetic resonance imaging of the extratemporal facial nerve of the rat. (1997)

MRI is a potentially useful method of investigating patients with facial nerve dysfunction. Further research is needed to clarify its role.
Ethanol Electrooxidation by Plurimetallic Pt-Based Electrocatalysts Prepared by Microwave Assisted Heating (2014)

The direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) has received increasing attention once the complete ethanol oxidation is difficult to accomplish and, so far, no catalyst has efficiently cleaved the C-C bond. This paper reports on electrocatalysts supported on carbon containing 40 wt% metal loading of Pt, Ru, Ni, and Sn prepared by microwave-assisted heating. The electrocatalysts displayed homogeneously distributed particles ranging from 3 to 5 mm. The cyclic voltammetric and chronoamperometric curves recorded in the presence and absence of ethanol in acid medium exhibited the characteristic transition metal electrocatalyst profile. Acetic acid and acetaldehyde were the major products after 12 h of electrolysis. The best electrocatalyst in a single Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells (DEFC) was Pt75Sn13Ru11Ni1/C (55 mW cm−2). This value denoted that the catalyst performed surprisingly well at relatively low temperature (80°C).
A Deep Metric for Multimodal Registration (2016)

Multimodal registration is a challenging problem due the high variability of tissue appearance under different imaging modalities. The crucial component here is the choice of the right similarity measure. We make a step towards a general learning-based solution that can be adapted to specific situations and present a metric based on a convolutional neural network. Our network can be trained from scratch even from a few aligned image pairs. The metric is validated on intersubject deformable registration on a dataset different from the one used for training, demonstrating good generalization. In this task, we outperform mutual information by a significant margin.
No Evidence for Significant Transdifferentiation of Bone Marrow Into Pancreatic β-Cells In Vivo (2004)

Several recent studies have suggested that the adult bone marrow harbors cells that can differentiate into tissues from all three germ layers. Other reports have contradicted these findings or attributed them to cell fusion. In this study, we investigated whether bone marrow-derived cells contribute to the renewal of adult pancreatic endocrine cells, in particular insulin-producing beta-cells, in vivo. To address this issue, we studied mice transplanted with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive, sex-mismatched bone marrow. We also extended our studies to pancreatic injury models (partial pancreatectomy and streptozotocin administration). All animals showed stable full donor chimerism in the peripheral blood and microscopic analysis at 4-6 weeks and 3 months after transplantation, indicating that the GFP(+) and Y chromosome-positive donor bone marrow contributed substantially to blood, lymphatic, and interstitial cells in the pancreas. However, after examining >100,000 beta-cells, we found only 2 beta-cells positive for GFP, both of which were in control animals without pancreatic injury. Thus our study results did not support the concept that bone marrow contributes significantly to adult pancreatic beta-cell renewal.
Lipoproteins of gram-positive bacteria (1995)

ASM JournalsJournal of BacteriologyVol. 177, No. 5Lipoproteins of gram-positive bacteria Free access1 March 1995 Share on Lipoproteins of gram-positive bacteriaAuthors: I C Sutcliffe, R R RussellAuthors Info & AffiliationsDOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.177.5.1123-1128.1995 PDF/EPUB
Xyr1 (Xylanase Regulator 1) Regulates both the Hydrolytic Enzyme System and d -Xylose Metabolism in Hypocrea jecorina (2006)

Xyr1 (xylanase regulator 1) of the ascomycete Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph Trichoderma reesei) was recently demonstrated to play an essential role in the transcriptional regulation of the xyn1 (xylanase 1-encoding) gene expression. Consequently, this study reports on the deletion of the xyr1 gene from the H. jecorina genome. Comparative studies of the growth behavior of the different mutant strains (deleted and retransformed xyr1) grown on various carbon sources pointed to the strongly reduced ability of the xyr1 deletion strain to utilize D-xylose and xylan. Transcriptional analysis of the xyl1 (D-xylose reductase 1-encoding) gene as well as measurements of corresponding enzymatic activities gave evidence that Xyr1 takes part in the control of the fungal D-xylose pathway, in particular in the regulation of D-xylose reductase. It could be demonstrated that the uptake of D-xylose into the fungal cell is uninfluenced in the Deltaxyr1 strain. Furthermore, transcriptional regulation of the major hydrolytic enzyme-encoding genes xyn1 and xyn2 (xylanases 1 and 2), cbh1 and cbh2 (cellobiohydrolases 1 and 2), and egl1 (endoglucanase 1) is strictly dependent on Xyr1. Regulation of the respective genes via Xyr1 is not affected by the substances mediating induction (xylose, xylobiose, and sophorose) and is indispensable for all modes of gene expression (basal, derepressed, and induced). Moreover, Xyr1, it was revealed, activated transcriptional regulation of inducer-providing enzymes such as beta-xylosidase BXLI and beta-glucosidase BGLI but was not shown to be involved in the regulation of BGLII.
Long period gratings formed in depressed claddingfibres (1997)

In a singlemode fibre of a depressed cladding design, the LP11 mode is leaky but can propagate over a short length of fibre. This leaky LP11 mode can be used instead of the conventional cladding modes in long period gratings, with two extra benefits: a larger overlap, giving stronger coupling, and coupling which is insensitive to the glass-air interface, therefore packaging is easier.
Expression of mitochondrial Apo2.7 molecules and caspase-3 activation in human lymphocytes treated with the ribosome-inhibiting mistletoe lectins and the cell membrane permeabilizing viscotoxins (1999)

Expression of Apo2.7 is sensitive marker of cell death but may not be specific for apoptosis alone as it can be detected also in cells treated with cell membrane-permeabilizing toxins. On the other hand, this expression may be the consequence of an induction of distinct "death signals" resulting in apoptosis later on.