gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parathyroid cell proliferation in the rat: effect of age and of phosphate administration and recovery. (1996)

Indirect evidence in human subjects and the low prevalence of mitotic figures in rats suggest that the adult parathyroid gland is a conditional renewal tissue with a low cell birth rate and long cell life span. Accordingly, in normal rats of different ages (8-22 weeks), we measured parathyroid cell and nuclear size, cell number, and gland volume by quantitative microscopy, and cell birth rate and cell life span by Ki-67 expression assuming a duration of expression of 24 h. We also examined the effects of phosphate administration and subsequent recovery. In normal rats, parathyroid volume, cell and nuclear profile area, and cell profile number did not change significantly between 8-22 weeks of age. In younger rats, the calculated cell birth rate was 53.2%/yr, and mean cell life span was 1.9 yr, with a lower 95% confidence limit based on a logarithmic distribution of 6 months. Phosphate loading caused hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, increased PTH secretion, and increased calcitriol production. There was an increase in parathyroid cell and nuclear size consistent with PTH hypersecretion per cell, but a larger increase in cell number and gland volume due to a 3-fold increase in cell birth rate. Six weeks after withdrawal of phosphate administration, cell and nuclear size had fallen to normal, and cell birth rate to half-normal, but cell number and gland volume were even higher. No apoptosis was detected in any gland in any animal, probably because it is short and infrequent, rather than absent altogether. The following conclusions were made. 1) In normal rats, parathyroid cell birth rate is very low, but can be increased by hypocalcemia, establishing the status of the parathyroid gland as a conditional renewal tissue. 2) Despite subnormal cell birth rate, the hyperplasia induced by 8 weeks of phosphate administration could not regress to normal within the animal's remaining life span.
Comprehensive Survey of Chemical Libraries for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology: 2006 (2007)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEReviewsNEXTComprehensive Survey of Chemical Libraries for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology: 2006Roland E. Dolle*†, Bertrand Le Bourdonnec†, Allan J. Goodman†, Guillermo A. Morales‡, Joseph M. Salvino§, and Wei Zhang∥View Author Information Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc., 8496 Georgetown Road, Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, Cephalon, Inc., 383 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, and Fluorous Technologies, Inc., 970 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15238* Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel.: 484-595-1024 . Fax: 484-595-1551.†Adolor Corporation.‡Semafore Pharmaceuticals Inc.§Cephalon, Inc.∥Fluorous Technologies, Inc.Cite this: J. Comb. Chem. 2007, 9, 6, 855–902Publication Date (Web):September 19, 2007Publication History Received12 July 2007Accepted30 July 2007Revised30 July 2007Published online19 September 2007Published inissue 1 November 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cc700111ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/cc700111ereview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2007 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2051Altmetric-Citations78LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Amides,Amines,Inhibitors,Organic polymers,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Self-Organizing Liquid Crystal Perylene Diimide Thin Films:  Spectroscopy, Crystallinity, and Molecular Orientation (2002)

Three different liquid crystal (LC) perylene diimides were investigated with respect to the optical and physical characteristics of their thin films. Films were prepared by spin-coating, vacuum evaporation, and Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) techniques on substrates such as microscope glass, indium−tin oxide-coated glass and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Films were characterized by polarized optical microscopy, absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The self-organizing ability of the LC perylene diimides allows them to rapidly reach a stable, low-energy configuration, unlike many thin film materials, and reveals that they are driven to organize and orient in a highly specific fashion, independent of substrate or deposition method. The molecules tend to form a slipped stack arrangement that maximizes attractive π−π electronic interactions, with the π−π stacking axis oriented parallel to the substrate. Relative to the substrate plane, the LC 1 perylene cores are tilted ∼47° along the stacking axis and ∼58° perpendicular to this direction. The two other LCs have similar structures. An analysis of the intermolecular electronic and steric interactions, and of the interactions between the molecules and the substrates, is proposed to explain why this is such a strongly preferred orientation. The implications for the potential use of such molecules in electronic and photovoltaic applications is discussed.
Characterization of Atherosclerotic Plaques by Laser Speckle Imaging (2005)

The measurement of speckle decorrelation time constant from laser speckle images provides an index of plaque viscoelasticity and facilitates the characterization of plaque type. Our results demonstrate that LSI is a highly sensitive technique for characterizing plaque and identifying thin-cap fibroatheromas.
B7H6-Specific Bispecific T Cell Engagers Lead to Tumor Elimination and Host Antitumor Immunity (2015)

Substantial evidence showed that T cells are the key effectors in immune-mediated tumor eradication; however, most T cells do not exhibit antitumor specificity. In this study, a bispecific T cell engager (BiTE) approach was used to direct T cells to recognize B7H6(+) tumor cells. B7H6 is a specific ligand for the NK cell-activating receptor NKp30. B7H6 is expressed on various types of primary human tumors, including leukemia, lymphoma, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, but it is not constitutively expressed on normal tissues. Data from this study showed that B7H6-specific BiTEs direct T cells to mediate cellular cytotoxicity and IFN-γ secretion upon coculturing with B7H6(+) tumors. Furthermore, B7H6-specific BiTE exhibited no self-reactivity to proinflammatory monocytes. In vivo, B7H6-specific BiTE greatly enhanced the survival benefit of RMA/B7H6 lymphoma-bearing mice through perforin and IFN-γ effector mechanisms. In addition, long-term survivor mice were protected against an RMA lymphoma tumor rechallenge. The B7H6-specific BiTE therapy also decreased tumor burden in murine melanoma and ovarian cancer models. In conclusion, B7H6-specific BiTE activates host T cells and has the potential to treat various B7H6(+) hematological and solid tumors.
CARDIOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF THERAPEUTIC HYPOTHERMIA FOR POSTRESUSCITATION MYOCARDIAL DYSFUNCTION (2009)

Mild-to-moderate therapeutic hypothermia after resuscitation from cardiac arrest is neuroprotective, but its effect on postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction is not clear. We hypothesized that therapeutic hypothermia is cardioprotective in postresuscitation. Male adult Wistar rats underwent asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest and manual resuscitation with epinephrine. Therapeutic hypothermia is induced immediately after successful resuscitation and the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). One hour after ROSC, the rats achieved a target temperature of 30 degrees C to 31 degrees C, which was maintained for 1.5 h and then transitioned to the passive rewarming process in the hypothermia group. A temperature between 36.5 degrees C and 37.5 degrees C was maintained in the normothermia group. Echocardiography revealed that hypothermia resulted in significantly better systolic function of fractional shortening in 60 and 120 min after ROSC (both P < 0.05). The benefit of cardioprotection was also confirmed by the general linear mixed-models analysis of dP/dt, which revealed significantly better systolic function in positive dP/dtR(40) and diastolic function in maximal negative dP/dt (both P < 0.001). The 4-h and 3-day survival analyses both revealed better outcomes in the hypothermia groups in the log-rank test (P < 0.001 for the 4-h analysis, and P < 0.05 for the 3-day analysis). Serum level of heart-type, fatty acid-binding protein at 4 h after resuscitation as the myocardium damage marker was also significantly lower in the hypothermia group (52.4 ng/mL vs 186.5 ng/mL in the normothermia group; P < 0.05). Western blotting of myocardium showed that myocardial Akt and ERK1/2 were more activated in the hypothermia group 2 h after spontaneous circulation returned. In conclusion, postresuscitation mild-to-moderate therapeutic hypothermic is cardioprotective in the asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest animal model. It stabilizes hemodynamics, improves short-term survival, and decreases myocardial damage. The cardioprotective effect is associated with Akt and ERK1/2 activation in signal transduction.
An acquisition of the relation between vision and action using self-organizing map and reinforcement learning (2002)

An agent must acquire internal representation appropriate for its task, environment, and sensors. As a learning algorithm, reinforcement learning is often utilized to acquire the relation between sensory input and action. Learning agents in the real world using visual sensors are often confronted with the critical problem of how to build a necessary and sufficient state space for the agent to execute the task. We propose the acquisition of a relation between vision and action using the visual state-action map (VSAM). VSAM is the application of a self-organizing map (SOM). Input image data is mapped on the node of the learned VSAM. Then VSAM outputs the appropriate action for the state. We applied VSAM to a real robot. The experimental result shows that a real robot avoids the wall while moving around the environment.
Transforming Growth Factor-β2: cDNA Cloning and Sequence Analysis (1988)

We have obtained a cDNA clone coding for human transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 2. The clone was isolated from a tamoxifen-treated human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line (PC-3) using oligonucleotide probes based on the partial amino acid sequence of purified TGF-beta 2. The cDNA sequence predicts that TGF-beta 2 is synthesized as a 442-amino-acid polypeptide precursor from which the mature 112-amino-acid TGF-beta 2 subunit is derived by proteolytic cleavage. The proteins coded for by the human TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 cDNAs show an overall homology of 41%. The mature and amino-terminal precursor regions show 71% and 31% homology, respectively. Northern blot analysis identified TGF-beta 2 transcripts of 4.1, 5.1, and 6.5 kb using mRNA from several different sources. Analysis of polyadenylated RNA from tamoxifen-treated PC-3 cells showed that these cells contain higher numbers of transcripts for TGF-beta 1 than for TGF-beta 2, although they produce more TGF-beta 2 protein than TGF-beta 1. This suggests that there is a post-transcriptional level of regulation for the production of these proteins.
The nature of quantum dot capping ligands (2010)

The synthesis of quantum dot semiconductors is now an established science and a large amount of work has been carried out into the chemistry and physics of the interface between nanoparticle surface and ligand. Here, we review the basic ligands and cover some of their properties.
What Is Sarcopenia? (1995)

Advancing adult age is associated with profound changes in body composition, the principal component of which is a decrease in skeletal muscle mass. This age-related loss in skeletal muscle has been referred to as sarcopenia. Age-related reduction in muscle is a direct cause of the age-related decrease in muscle strength. Muscle mass (not function) appears to be the major determinant of the age- and sex-related differences in strength. This relationship is independent of muscle location (upper vs lower extremities) and function (extension vs flexion). Reduced muscle strength in the elderly is a major cause for their increased prevalence of disability. With advancing age and extremely low activity levels seen in the very old, muscle strength is a critical component of walking ability. The high prevalence of falls among the institutionalized elderly may be a consequence of their lower muscle strength. Daily energy expenditure declines progressively throughout adult life. In sedentary individuals, the main determinant of energy expenditure is fat-free mass, which declines by about 15% between the third and eighth decade of life, contributing to a lower basal metabolic rate in the elderly. Data indicate that preservation of muscle mass and prevention of sarcopenia can help prevent the decrease in metabolic rate. In addition to its role in energy metabolism, skeletal muscle and its age-related decline may contribute to such age-associated changes as reduction in bone density, insulin sensitivity, and aerobic capacity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Requirement of a bone morphogenetic protein for the maintenance and stimulation of osteoblast differentiation (2006)

The requirement of a bone morphogenetic protein for the maintenance and stimulation of an osteoblast phenotype was examined using mouse MC3T3-E1 cell cultures. Cells expressed BMP-4 mRNA, which correlated with the stimulation of the osteoblast phenotype. The addition of a BMP-4 specific antibody reduced bone nodules, suggesting that BMP-4 is required for the osteogenic activity of osteoblasts in an autocrine manner. Exogenously added BMP-7 gradually decreased the expression of BMP-4 with a concurrent stimulation of the osteoblast phenotype. Exogenous BMP-7 can therefore substitute for endogenously produced BMP-4 acting as a paracrine factor on osteoblasts. The addition of 17beta estradiol decreased BMP-4 expression but initiated synthesis of BMP-6 mRNA, an endocrine signal for osteoblasts, which also substituted for the lack of endogenous BMP-4, as evidenced by normal bone nodule formation. The addition of dexamethasone and parathyroid hormone did not affect the BMP-4 expression but induced transcripts for BMP-2 and BMP-3, respectively, suggesting that their effects on bone can be in part achieved via the BMP signaling. These experiments support the requirement of a BMP for osteoblast differentiation and function, demonstrating for the first time that a BMP can functionally substitute for another BMP in an autocrine/paracrine manner or mediate a response to an endocrine action on osteoblasts.
-Subunit of ATP-synthase: a Useful Marker for Studying the Phylogenetic Relationship of Eubacteria (1988)

The genes encoding the beta-subunits of ATP-synthases (ATPases) from Bacteroides fragilis DSM 2151, Cytophaga lytica DSM 2039 and 'Taxeobacter ocellatus' were cloned. The nucleotide sequences were determined completely for the genes of the first two organisms and to a major part for that of 'T. ocellatus'. The predicted amino acid sequences were compared with previously published amino acid sequences of beta-subunits. Two characteristic insertions were found in genes from organisms belonging to the so-called bacteroides-cytophaga-flavo-bacterium group. The remaining structure shows a high degree of sequence similarity within this group. These data support the conclusions drawn from comparative 16S rRNA sequence analyses that organisms in this phenotypically heterogeneous group are phylogenetically related. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on a distance matrix of optimally aligned amino acid sequences of beta-subunits of ATPases of various eubacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria. It is in good agreement with a tree derived from 16S rRNA sequence analyses.
Ionization Equilibria for Side-Chain Carboxyl Groups in Oxidized and Reduced Human Thioredoxin and in the Complex with Its Target Peptide from the Transcription Factor NFκB (1996)

The pH dependence of the 13C chemical shifts of the side-chain carboxyl carbons of all Asp and Glu residues in the reduced and oxidized states of human thioredoxin and in a mixed disulfide complex of human thioredoxin with a target peptide from the transcription factor NF kappa B has been investigated by multidimensional triple-resonance NMR spectroscopy. While the titration curves for most of the side-chain carboxyl resonances exhibit simple Henderson-Hasselbalch behavior with pKa values not far from those found for model compounds, several side chains give rise to two- or three-step titration curves, indicative of the influence of multiple ionizations. In particular, the triad formed by Asp58, Asp60, and Asp61 forms such a complex network of titrating groups. The ionization behavior of Asp26 shows an abnormally high pKa value for an aspartate residue in all states of human thioredoxin, with pKa values of 9.9 in the reduced state, 8.1 in the oxidized state, 8.9 in the mixed disulfide complex, and 8.6 in an active site mutant in which Cys35 was replaced by Ala. The unambiguous determination of the pKa values of Asp26 for a variety of states of human thioredoxin presented in this paper is highly significant in view of two recent reports on Escherichia coli thioredoxin which presented contradicting pKa values for Asp26 and Cys35 [Wilson et al. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 8931-8939; Jeng et al. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 10101-10105]. The stabilization of the protonated side chain of Asp26 in human thioredoxin is achieved via a hydrogen-bonding network involving the hydroxyl group of the neighboring Ser28 which is then connected to the active site region (comprising Cys32 and Cys35) via bound water molecules. The coupling of the buried Asp26 to the active site is responsible for the influence of the Asp26 ionization behavior on the titration shifts of active site residues.
Durable Goods, Borrowing Constraints and Consumption Insurance (2012)

In this paper we study the transmission of income shocks into nondurable consumption 
in the presence of durable goods. We use a standard a life-cycle model with two goods 
to characterize the interaction of durability of goods, durability of shocks, and borrowing 
constraints as determinants of shock transmission. We show that borrowing constraints 
lead to a substitution between durable and non-durable goods upon arrival of an 
unexpected income change. This substitution biases the conventional measures of 
insurance based on the response of non-durable consumption to income changes. The 
sign of this bias depends critically on the persistence of the shock. We show that 
households have less insurance against transitory shocks and more insurance against 
permanent shocks than commonly measured. We calibrate the model economy to the 
US in order to measure the size of this bias.
Electronic nose analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (2010)

E-nose technology can accurately discriminate between different microbial species in BAL samples from ventilated patients on ICU at risk of developing VAP with accuracy comparable with accepted microbiological techniques.
A genetically attenuated malaria vaccine candidate based on P. falciparum b9/slarp gene-deficient sporozoites (2014)

A highly efficacious pre-erythrocytic stage vaccine would be an important tool for the control and elimination of malaria but is currently unavailable. High-level protection in humans can be achieved by experimental immunization with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites attenuated by radiation or under anti-malarial drug coverage. Immunization with genetically attenuated parasites (GAP) would be an attractive alternative approach. In this study, we present data on safety and protective efficacy using sporozoites with deletions of two genes, that is the newly identified b9 and slarp, which govern independent and critical processes for successful liver-stage development. In the rodent malaria model, PbΔb9ΔslarpGAP was completely attenuated showing no breakthrough infections while efficiently inducing high-level protection. The human PfΔb9ΔslarpGAP generated without drug resistance markers were infective to human hepatocytes in vitro and to humanized mice engrafted with human hepatocytes in vivo but completely aborted development after infection. These findings support the clinical development of a PfΔb9ΔslarpSPZ vaccine.
Vagal Nerve Stimulation Induces Intermittent Hypocapnia (2003)

Our findings suggest that VNS may alter brain CO2 levels through changes in respiration. Because carbon dioxide (CO2) has potent effects on various brain functions, it is possible that these transient CO2 changes may have an effect on the state transitions between interictal and preictal states.
Genetic complexity of pathogen perception by plants: The example of Rcr3 , a tomato gene required specifically by Cf-2 (2000)

Genetic analysis of plant-pathogen interactions has demonstrated that resistance to infection is often determined by the interaction of dominant plant resistance (R) genes and dominant pathogen-encoded avirulence (Avr) genes. It was postulated that R genes encode receptors for Avr determinants. A large number of R genes and their cognate Avr genes have now been analyzed at the molecular level. R gene loci are extremely polymorphic, particularly in sequences encoding amino acids of the leucine-rich repeat motif. A major challenge is to determine how Avr perception by R proteins triggers the plant defense response. Mutational analysis has identified several genes required for the function of specific R proteins. Here we report the identification of Rcr3, a tomato gene required specifically for Cf-2-mediated resistance. We propose that Avr products interact with host proteins to promote disease, and that R proteins "guard" these host components and initiate Avr-dependent plant defense responses.
Effects of nonspecific β-adrenergic stimulation and blockade on blood coagulation in hypertension (2003)

A hypercoagulable state might contribute to increased atherothrombotic risk in hypertension. The sympathetic nervous system is hyperactive in hypertension, and it regulates hemostatic function. We investigated the effect of nonspecific beta-adrenergic stimulation (isoproterenol) and blockade (propranolol) on clotting diathesis in hypertension. Fifteen hypertensive and 21 normotensive subjects underwent isoproterenol infusion in two sequential, fixed-order doses of 20 and then 40 ng. kg(-1). min(-1) for 15 min/dose. Thirteen subjects were double-blind studied after receiving placebo or propranolol (100 mg/day) for 5 days each. In hypertensive subjects, isoproterenol elicited a dose-dependent increase in plasma von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen [F(2,34) = 5.02; P = 0.032] and a decrease in D-dimer [F(2,34) = 4.57; P = 0.040], whereas soluble tissue factor remained unchanged. Propranolol completely abolished the increase in vWF elicited by isoproterenol [F(1,12) = 10.25; P = 0.008] but had no significant effect on tissue factor and D-dimer. In hypertension, vWF is readily released from endothelial cells by beta-adrenergic stimulation, which might contribute to increased cardiovascular risk. However, beta-adrenergic stimulation alone may not be sufficient to trigger fibrin formation in vivo.