gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct filtering for air- and bone-conductive microphones (2005)

Air- and bone-conductive integrated microphones have been introduced by the authors [Y. Zheng, et al., 2003, Z. Zhang et al., 2004] for speech enhancement in noisy environments. In this paper, we present a novel technique, called direct filtering, to combine the two channels from the air- and bone-conductive microphone for speech enhancement. Compared to the previous technique, the advantage of the direct filtering is that it does not require any training, and it is speaker independent. Experiments show that this technique effectively removes noises and significantly improves speech recognition accuracy even in highly non-stationary noisy environments.
B-spline signal processing. I. Theory (1993)

The use of continuous B-spline representations for signal processing applications such as interpolation, differentiation, filtering, noise reduction, and data compressions is considered. The B-spline coefficients are obtained through a linear transformation, which unlike other commonly used transforms is space invariant and can be implemented efficiently by linear filtering. The same property also applies for the indirect B-spline transform as well as for the evaluation of approximating representations using smoothing or least squares splines. The filters associated with these operations are fully characterized by explicitly evaluating their transfer functions for B-splines of any order. Applications to differentiation, filtering, smoothing, and least-squares approximation are examined. The extension of such operators for higher-dimensional signals such as digital images is considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Consequences of Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment of Lyme Disease: An Observational Study (1998)

Overdiagnosis and overtreatment of Lyme disease are associated with inappropriate use of health services, avoidable treatment-related illness, and substantial disability and distress.
A Fundamentally New, Simple, Stereospecific Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Containing the β-Mannopyranosyl and β-Rhamnopyranosyl Linkage (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTA Fundamentally New, Simple, Stereospecific Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Containing the β-Mannopyranosyl and β-Rhamnopyranosyl LinkageGyörgy Hodosi and Pavol KováčView Author Information NIDDK, Section on Carbohydrates, LMC National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0815 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 9, 2335–2336Publication Date (Web):March 5, 1997Publication History Received20 November 1996Published online5 March 1997Published inissue 1 March 1997https://doi.org/10.1021/ja964021yCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1115Altmetric-Citations102LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (163 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Carbohydrates,Free radicals,Ions,Oligosaccharides,Post-translational modification Get e-Alerts
An empirical study of a model for program error prediction (1989)

A model is presented for estimating the number of errors remaining in a program at the beginning of the testing phase of development. The relationships between the errors occurring in a program and the various factors that affect software development, such as programmer skill, are statistically analyzed. The model is then derived using the factors significantly identified in the analysis. On the basis of data collected during the development of large-scale software systems, it is shown that factors such as frequency of program specification change, programmer skill, and volume of program design documentation are significant and that the model based on these factors is more reliable than conventional error prediction methods based on program size alone.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Mild ketone formation via Ni-catalyzed reductive coupling of unactivated alkyl halides with acid anhydrides (2012)

Ni-catalyzed ketone formation through mild reductive coupling of a diverse set of unactivated alkyl bromides and iodides with particularly aryl acid anhydrides was successfully developed using zinc as the terminal reductant. These conditions also allow direct coupling of alkyl iodides with aryl acids in the presence of Boc(2)O and MgCl(2).
Neurovascular function in Alzheimer's disease patients and experimental models (2011)

The ability of the brain to locally augment glucose delivery and blood flow during neuronal activation, termed neurometabolic and neurovascular coupling, respectively, is compromised in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Since perfusion deficits may hasten clinical deterioration and have been correlated with negative treatment outcome, strategies to improve the cerebral circulation should form an integral element of AD therapeutic efforts. These efforts have yielded several experimental models, some of which constitute AD models proper, others which specifically recapture the AD cerebrovascular pathology, characterized by anatomical alterations in brain vessel structure, as well as molecular changes within vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier. The following paper will present the elements of AD neurovascular dysfunction and review the in vitro and in vivo model systems that have served to deepen our understanding of it. It will also critically evaluate selected groups of compounds, the FDA-approved cholinesterase inhibitors and thiazolidinediones, for their ability to correct neurovascular dysfunction in AD patients and models. These and several others are emerging as compounds with pleiotropic actions that may positively impact dysfunctional cerebrovascular, glial, and neuronal networks in AD.
Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulates Estrogen Receptor α (ER) Expression through Modulation of ER mRNA Stability (2005)

Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the serine-threonine phosphatase family that is involved in regulation of many cellular processes including transcription, translation, cellular metabolism, and apoptosis. Because of a correlation between PP2A and estrogen receptor alpha (ER) expression in several human breast cancer cell lines, the effect of PP2A on regulation of ER expression in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 was studied. Inhibition of PP2A using the pharmacologic inhibitor okadaic acid at 250 nm for 16 h resulted in a 60% reduction in PP2A activity in MCF-7 cells concurrent with a 75% reduction in ER mRNA and protein expression. Similar results were obtained with a small interfering RNA probe that specifically inhibited PP2A expression. ER promoter studies showed that regulation of ER through the PP2A pathway did not occur through transcriptional activation. Rather, PP2A mediated ER expression through modulation of ER mRNA stability through degradation of ER mRNA, reversible with concomitant treatment with the proteasomal inhibitor MG 132. These data suggest a novel pathway controlling ER expression resulting from the activation of PP2A, potentially providing a novel therapeutic target.
Differential effects of the breast cancer resistance protein on the cellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of 9-aminocamptothecin and 9-nitrocamptothecin. (2003)

Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)/MXR/ABCG2 is a new member of the family of ATP-dependent drug efflux proteins. Whereas overexpression of another member of this family, P-glycoprotein, minimally affects the cytotoxicity of camptothecins (CPTs), overexpression of wild-type as well as certain mutant BCRPs confers resistance to CPT analogues that are used clinically, including topotecan and irinotecan. Relatively little is known regarding the effects of BCRP on other CPT analogues. We now report studies of 9-aminocamptothecin (9-AC) and 9-nitrocamptothecin (9-NC) using mammalian cells stably transfected with constructs expressing a variety of efflux proteins, including wild-type BCRP and a mutant BCRP that contains a threonine rather than an arginine at position 482 (R482T). The results indicate that overexpression of either P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein type 1, or multidrug resistance protein type 2 has little effect on the cytotoxicity of 9-NC or 9-AC. By contrast, overexpression of either wild-type or R482T BCRP confers resistance to 9-AC, but not to 9-NC. Furthermore, overexpression of wild-type or mutant BCRP is associated with reduced intracellular accumulation of 9-AC, but not 9-NC. In addition, immunoblotting studies indicate that whereas increased BCRP expression is evident in cells selected for resistance to irinotecan, BCRP expression is not detectable in two different cell lines selected for resistance to 9-NC. Taken together, these findings suggest that wild-type as well as R482T BCRP mediates cellular efflux of 9-AC but not 9-NC. Furthermore, the results suggest that polar groups at the 9 or 10 position of the CPT A ring facilitate interaction with BCRP and have implications for the clinical development of new CPT analogues.
Sacral Nerve Neuromodulation for the Treatment of Lower Bowel Motility Disorders (2006)

This research provides strong evidence that sacral nerve stimulation can improve patients with resistant incontinence and shows proof-of-concept for the treatment of constipation. The effect is unlikely to be due to placebo and the mechanism is rapidly reversible and involves a dose-dependent effect on the autonomic nerves.
Dihydropyridazinone cardiotonics: synthesis and inotropic activity of 5'-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxo-3-pyridazinyl)-spiro[cycloalkane-1,3'-[3H]indol]-2'(1'H)-ones (1987)

In the 1,3-dihydro-5-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-6-oxo-3-pyridazinyl)-2H-indol-2-one series of cardiotonics, we found that a spirocycloalkyl ring may be annealed to the 3-position of the indolone moiety while retaining inotropic activity. An inverse relationship was found between spirocyloalkyl ring size and inotropic potency. ED50 values of the spirocyclopropane 10, spirocyclobutane 12, and spirocyclopentane 13 were 2.7, 35, and 133 micrograms/kg, respectively, following iv administration to pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. The most potent compound prepared was 11 (5'-(1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-4-methyl-6-oxo-3-pyridazinyl)spiro[cyclopropane- 1,3'-[3H]indol]-2'(1'H)-one), the 4-methyl analogue of 10. This compound had an iv ED50 of 1.5 microgram/kg. Oral activity was evaluated by administering 50 micrograms/kg of 10 to conscious, chronically instrumented dogs. A 39% increase in LV dP/dt60 was observed, and an inotropic effect was demonstrable in excess of 7 h. Thus, the spirocyclic dihydropyridazinone inotropes are potent, long-acting, orally effective cardiotonics. Compound 11 was a potent inhibitor (IC50 = 13 nM) of cAMP phosphodiesterase derived from canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR-PDE). Importantly, -log IC50 values for inhibition of SR-PDE for this entire series of compounds were highly correlated (r = 0.949, p less than 0.02) with their inotropic -log ED50 values, supporting the hypothesis that inhibition of this enzyme contributes to the mechanism of action of the spirocyclic dihydropyridazinones.
Liquid Flow in Biofilm Systems (1994)

A model biofilm consisting of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was developed to study the relationships between structural heterogeneity and hydrodynamics. Local fluid velocity in the biofilm system was measured by a noninvasive method of particle image velocimetry, using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Velocity profiles were measured in conduit and porous medium reactors in the presence and absence of biofilm. Liquid flow was observed within biofilm channels; simultaneous imaging of the biofilm allowed the liquid velocity to be related to the physical structure of the biofilm.
Gain filtering for single-spatial-mode operation of large-mode-area fiber amplifiers (2007)

Gain filtering of higher-order modes in large-mode-area fibers is an extremely robust method for providing diffraction-limited performance regardless of core diameter or input-beam quality. These predictions extend to 100-μm cores to the 10-kW level.
Improved Procedures for the Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Terminal Alkynes with Aryl Bromides (Sonogashira Coupling) (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTImproved Procedures for the Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Terminal Alkynes with Aryl Bromides (Sonogashira Coupling)†Stephan Thorand and Norbert KrauseView Author Information Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 23, 8551–8553Publication Date (Web):October 27, 1998Publication History Received28 April 1998Published online27 October 1998Published inissue 1 November 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo9808021https://doi.org/10.1021/jo9808021brief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views11237Altmetric-Citations321LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Anions,Hydrocarbons,Mixtures,Solvents,Sonogashira coupling reaction Get e-Alerts
Ice as a matrix for IR-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization: mass spectra from a protein single crystal. (1996)

Lasers emitting in the ultraviolet wavelength range of 260-360 nm are almost exclusively used for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) of macromolecules. Reports about the use of lasers emitting in the infrared first appeared in 1990/1991. In contrast to MALDI in the ultraviolet, a very limited number of reports on IR-MALDI have since been published. Several matrices have been identified for infrared MALDI yielding spectra of a quality comparable to those obtained in the ultraviolet. Water (ice) was recognized early as a potential matrix because of its strong O-H stretching mode near 3 microm. Interest in water as matrix derives primarily from the fact that it is the major constituent of most biological tissues. If functional as matrix, it might allow the in situ analysis of macromolecular constituents in frozen cell sections without extraction or exchanging the water. We present results that show that IR-MALDI of lyophilized proteins, air dried protein solutions, or protein crystals up to a molecular mass of 30 kDa is possible without the addition of any separate matrix. Samples must be frozen to retain a sufficient fraction of the water of hydration in the vacuum. The limited current sensitivity, requiring at least 10 pmol of protein for a successful analysis needs to be further improved.
Adaptive-Quantization Digital Image Sensor for Low-Power Image Compression (2007)

The recent emergence of new applications in the area of wireless video sensor network and ultra-low-power biomedical applications (such as the wireless camera pill) have created new design challenges and frontiers requiring extensive research work. In such applications, it is often required to capture a large amount of data and process them in real time while the hardware is constrained to take very little physical space and to consume very little power. This is only possible using custom single-chip solutions integrating image sensor and hardware-friendly image compression algorithms. This paper proposes an adaptive quantization scheme based on boundary adaptation procedure followed by an online quadrant tree decomposition processing enabling low power and yet robust and compact image compression processor integrated together with a digital CMOS image sensor. The image sensor chip has been implemented using 0.35-mum CMOS technology and operates at 3.3 V. Simulation and experimental results show compression figures corresponding to 0.6-0.8 bit per pixel, while maintaining reasonable peak signal-to-noise ratio levels and very low operating power consumption. In addition, the proposed compression processor is expected to benefit significantly from higher resolution and Megapixels CMOS imaging technology
Parathyroid hormone receptor in intact embryonic chicken bone: characterization and cellular localization. (1982)

The specific localization and the characterization of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptor in bone have been studied using 18-d embryonic chick calvariae and biologically active, electrolytically labeled [125I] bovine PTH(1-34). Binding was initiated by adding [125I]-bPTH(1-34) to bisected calvariae at 30 degrees C. Steady state binding was achieved at 90 min at which time 10 mg drg wt of calvaria specifically bound 17% of the added [125I]bPTH(1-34). Nonspecific binding in the presence of 244 nM unlabeled bPTH(1-34) was less than 2%. Insulin, glucagon, and calcitonin (1 microgram/ml) did not compete for PTH binding sites. Half-maximal inhibition of binding was achieved at concentrations of unlabeled bPTH(1-34) or bPTH(1-84) of about 10 nM. The range of concentration (2-100 nM) over which bPTH(1-34) and bPTH(1-84) stimulated cyclic 3'5'adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production was similar to that which inhibited the binding of [125I]bPTH(1-34). Light microscope autoradiograms showed that grains were concentrated over cells (osteoblasts and progenitor cells) at the external surface of the calvariae and in trabeculae. In the presence of excess unlabeled PTH, labeling of control autoradiograms was reduced to near background levels. No labeling of osteocytes or osteoclasts was observed. At the electron microscopic level, grains were localized primarily over cell membranes. A quantitative analysis of grain distribution suggested that cellular internalization of PTH occurred.
Functional Cardiomyocytes Derived From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2009)

Human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells hold great promise for cardiovascular research and therapeutic applications, but the ability of human iPS cells to differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes has not yet been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to characterize the cardiac differentiation potential of human iPS cells generated using OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28 transgenes compared to human embryonic stem (ES) cells. The iPS and ES cells were differentiated using the embryoid body (EB) method. The time course of developing contracting EBs was comparable for the iPS and ES cell lines, although the absolute percentages of contracting EBs differed. RT-PCR analyses of iPS and ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes demonstrated similar cardiac gene expression patterns. The pluripotency genes OCT4 and NANOG were downregulated with cardiac differentiation, but the downregulation was blunted in the iPS cell lines because of residual transgene expression. Proliferation of iPS and ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes based on 5-bromodeoxyuridine labeling was similar, and immunocytochemistry of isolated cardiomyocytes revealed indistinguishable sarcomeric organizations. Electrophysiology studies indicated that iPS cells have a capacity like ES cells for differentiation into nodal-, atrial-, and ventricular-like phenotypes based on action potential characteristics. Both iPS and ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes exhibited responsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation manifest by an increase in spontaneous rate and a decrease in action potential duration. We conclude that human iPS cells can differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes, and thus iPS cells are a viable option as an autologous cell source for cardiac repair and a powerful tool for cardiovascular research.
Growth of poly(pseudorotaxane) on gold using host-stabilized charge-transfer interaction (2004)

A novel supramolecular polymer (poly(pseudorotaxane)) in which the repeating units are linked by host-stabilized charge-transfer interaction between the guest molecules is grown on gold and characterized.
Biodegradable Materials for Multilayer Transient Printed Circuit Boards (2014)

Biodegradable printed circuit boards based on water-soluble materials are demonstrated. These systems can dissolve in water within 10 mins to yield end-products that are environmentally safe. These and related approaches have the potential to reduce hazardous waste streams associated with electronics disposal.
Expression of cancer-testis genes in human hepatocellular carcinomas. (2002)

Cancer-testis (CT) genes are expressed in a variety of human cancers, but not in normal tissues except for testis, and represent promising targets for immunotherapy and gene therapy. We investigated the expression of 10 CT genes (MAGE-1, MAGE-3, MAGE-4, GAGE, NY-ESO-1, SSX-1, HOM-MEL-40/SSX-2, SSX-4, HOM-TES-14/SCP-1, and HOM-TES-85) in 21 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) biopsy specimens. The most frequently expressed CT genes were SSX-1 and GAGE, which were found in 8/21 (38%) HCC samples, followed by HOM-TES-14/SCP-1 (6/21 or 29%), MAGE-3 (5/21 or 24%), HOM-TES-85 and MAGE-1 (4/21 or 19% each), whereas SSX-4 and HOM-MEL-40/SSX-2 were only expressed in 2/21 cases each, MAGE-4 in one case, and NY-ESO-1 not at all. Of the 21 HCC cases investigated, only four did not express any of the CT genes tested, 17 (81%) expressed at least one, 9 (43%) coexpressed two, four (19%) coexpressed four, three (14%) coexpressed five and one coexpressed 8 of the 10 CT genes tested. We conclude that a majority of HCC cases might be amenable to specific immunotherapeutic interventions. However, the identification of additional tumor-specific antigens with a frequent expression in HCCs is warranted to develop widely applicable, polyvalent HCC vaccines.