gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of electroextraction as versatile sample preconcentration for fast and sensitive analysis of urine metabolites, demonstrated on acylcarnitines (2012)

In this work, we demonstrate the applicability of electroextraction (EE) to urine metabolites. To investigate which urine metabolite classes are susceptible to EE, off-line EE experiments were carried out with a prototype device, in which urine metabolites were electroextracted from ethyl acetate into water. The obtained extracts were examined with direct infusion MS and the results demonstrated that several compound classes could be extracted, amongst which amino acids and acylcarnitines. Acylcarnitines were selected for evaluation of the performance of EE. For this, the EE setup was adapted to capillary EE (cEE) to be able to analyze large urine sample series, and it was coupled online to LC-MS. cEE-LC-MS of acylcarnitines was optimized and characterized. The recovery, linearity, repeatability, and detection limit of the cEE-LC-MS method was good to excellent. To demonstrate the versatility of EE for sample preparation in analytical procedures, extracts were injected into a CZE-MS system, resulting in detection of the acylcarnitines along with more than 100 presumed metabolite peaks. The results presented here indicate that EE can be used as a fast sample preconcentration technique of low abundant urine metabolites, in combination with both LC and CZE.
Formation of Giant Protein Vesicles by a Lipid Cosolvent Method (2011)

This paper describes a method to create giant protein vesicles (GPVs) of ≥10 μm by solvent-driven fusion of large vesicles (0.1-0.2 μm) with reconstituted membrane proteins. We found that formation of GPVs proceeded from rotational mixing of protein-reconstituted large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) with a lipid-containing solvent phase. We made GPVs by using n-decane and squalene as solvents, and applied generalized polarization (GP) imaging to monitor the polarity around the protein transmembrane region of aquaporins labeled with the polarity-sensitive probe Badan. Specifically, we created GPVs of spinach SoPIP2;1 and E. coli AqpZ aquaporins. Our findings show that hydrophobic interactions within the bilayer of formed GPVs are influenced not only by the solvent partitioning propensity, but also by lipid composition and membrane protein isoform.
Characterization and Processing of Bipolar Semiconductor Electrodes in a Dual Electrolyte Cell (1995)

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) processes may be induced at both faces of a bipolar semiconductor electrode without application of metal contacts by using the dual electrolyte arrangement
Multiple interactions of lysine-128 of Escherichia coli glutamate dehydrogenase revealed by site-directed mutagenesis studies (1988)

A highly conserved lysine at position 128 of Escherichia coli glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) has been altered by site-directed mutagenesis of the gdhA gene. Chemical modification studies have previously shown the importance of this residue for catalytic activity. We report the properties of mutants in which lysine-128 has been changed to histidine (K128H) or arginine (K128R). Both mutants have substantially reduced catalytic centre activities and raised pH optima for activity. K128H also has increased relative activity with amino acid substrates other than glutamate, especially L-norvaline. These differences, together with alterations in Km values, Kd values for NADPH and Ki values for D-glutamate, imply that lysine-128 is intimately involved in either direct or indirect interactions with all the substrates and also in catalysis. These multiple interactions of lysine-128 explain the diverse effects of chemical modifications of the corresponding lysine in homologous GHDs. In contrast, lysine-27, another highly reactive residue in bovine GDH, is not conserved in all of the sequenced NADP-specific GDHs and is therefore not likely to be involved in catalysis.
Myostatin propeptide‐mediated amelioration of dystrophic pathophysiology (2005)

Mutations in myostatin (GDF8) cause marked increases in muscle mass, suggesting that this transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily member negatively regulates muscle growth. Myostatin blockade therefore offers a strategy for reversing muscle wasting in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) without resorting to genetic manipulation. Here, we demonstrate that pharmacological blockade using a myostatin propeptide stabilized by fusion to IgG-Fc improved pathophysiology of the mdx mouse model of DMD. Functional benefits evidenced by specific force improvement, exceeded those reported previously using myostatin antibody-mediated blockade. More importantly, use of a propeptide blockade strategy obviates possibilities of anti-idiotypic responses that could potentially limit the effectiveness of antibody-mediated myostatin blockade strategies over time. This study provides a novel pharmacological strategy for treatment of diseases associated with muscle wasting such as DMD and since it uses an endogenous inhibitor of myostatin should help circumvent technical hurdles and toxicity associated with conventional gene or cell based therapies.
The Dualistic Nature of Immune Modulation In Alzheimers Disease: Lessons from the Transgenic Models (2005)

There is extensive evidence that changes in immune system activation accompany the pathological changes of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but a mechanistic understanding of how the immune system actually participates in disease pathogenesis is still largely lacking. Because of the complexity of the immunological response, and the difficulty in identifying the key molecular players that underlie any given immunological response, expanding our understanding of the immunological response in AD beyond its descriptive stages has not been a straightforward exercise. The development of transgenic animals that form deposits of Abeta peptide in their brains has provided an unexpected dividend to those interested in the immunological response characterizing AD. Several of these transgenic models develop structures greatly resembling neuritic plaques, a hallmark feature of AD brain that is also a focal point of the immunological response occurring in AD. Genetic and pharmacological manipulation of these Abeta-depositing transgenic mice is providing some intriguing and unexpected insights into the role of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AD. This review will discuss immunological perspectives that have arisen from research using Abeta-depositing transgenic mice, and place these perspectives in the context of epidemiological and genetic studies that have previously suggested a role for the immune system in AD. The emerging story affirms the likely role of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of AD, but provides a cautionary note as to the difficulties that are likely to face potential immunomodulatory therapies due to the dualistic beneficial and detrimental roles that immune mechanisms appear to play in AD.
In vitro amplification of hepatitis B virus sequences from liver tumour DNA and from paraffin wax embedded tissues using the polymerase chain reaction. (1989)

A 185 base pair fragment from the core-polymerase overlap region of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results were compared with those of Southern blotting on extracted DNA from eight hepatocellular carcinomata. The data agreed with those of Southern blotting in six cases (two positive, four negative) but in two other positive cases PCR failed to amplify HBV sequences. This suggests deletion or mutation, or both, of this viral region in these cases. PCR was also used to amplify HBV sequences from formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded tissue. Tissue inhibition of PCR occurred which increased with the number of tissue sections. It was present in tissues from different organs and species and fixed by different procedures, thus highlighting the need for a positive control during amplification. Use of formalin fixed Alexander cells, however, showed a sensitivity of one viral copy per 5000 cells. Confirmation of the identity of the PCR products was carried out using PCR-generated biotinylated probes, and suggested the insertion of extra nucleotide sequences or infection with an HBV variant in one case.
Powered Electronic Augmentations in Hearing Protection Technology Circa 2010 including Active Noise Reduction, Electronically-Modulated Sound Transmission, and Tactical Communications Devices: Review of Design, Testing, and Research (2010)

Augmented or enhanced hearing protection devices (HPDs), as contrasted with conventional HPDs, which attenuate noise strictly through static, passive means, have proliferated in the past decade. These advancements in HPDs are generally delineated into passive (non-powered) and active (powered electronic) designs. While passive augmentations are reviewed in a parallel paper elsewhere in this issue, 1 active augmentations include various analog and digital circuits for achieving electronic phase cancellation of noise; electronic modulated sound transmission circuits, which amplify a passband of ambient sound and transmit it through the HPD (ceasing to amplify at a predetermined noise level); and tactical communications and protection systems (TCAPS), which may include any of the aforementioned electronic elements plus microphone/receiver communications elements. The intended benefits of electronic augmented HPDs, some of which are realized in practice and others not, include more natural hearing for the user, improved speech communications and signal detection, reduced noise-induced annoyance, improved military tactics, stealth and gunfire protection, and provision of protection that is somewhat tailored for the user's needs, noise exposure, and/or job requirements. This paper provides a technical overview of active augmented HPDs that were available or have been prototyped circa early-2010. In some cases, no empirical research on the augmentations and their performance was available in the research literature; in these cases, this review relied on patents, corporate literature, and/or the author's experience. For other technologies, a limited amount of empirical, operational performance research was available and it is covered herein. Finally, in view that at the juncture of this article the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was in the process of promulgating a comprehensive new federal law to govern the testing and labeling of hearing protectors of various types, those elements of the proposed law pertaining to specific augmentation technologies are mentioned herein, 2 along with that proposed law's cited ANSI standards, as well as ISO standards that address hearing protector attenuation testing.
High impedance fault detection implementation issues (1996)

Faults on distribution circuits are normally detected by simple overcurrent relays. Faults through a high impedance such as dry earth or asphalt do not have sufficient current to operate overcurrent relays and must be cleared manually. Such high impedance faults may pose a hazard to the public. Equipment is now commercially available to detect a high percentage of high impedance faults, but use of this equipment introduces operational issues which affect applications. This paper discusses technical as well as nontechnical issues associated with applying high impedance fault detectors. Recognizing all the issues is important to the effective implementation of these new fault detecting techniques.
Direct Monitoring of Microvascular Anastomoses with the 20-MHz Ultrasonic Doppler Probe (1988)

The 20-MHz ultrasonic Doppler probe was used to determine its efficacy as a continuous monitoring technique for microvascular anastomoses. A 1-mm2 piezoelectric crystal embedded in a soft silicone sleeve was sutured directly to the blood vessel distal to the anastomosis. Using the dog femoral artery, simultaneous measurement of velocity and blood flow with an electromagnetic flowmeter established a direct correlation between flow and velocity with a 14 percent error at maximum flow and an 18 percent error at minimum flow conditions. The probe was then implanted in the rabbit femoral artery for 1 week (n = 3) and 4 weeks (N = 6), demonstrating that a continuous tracing could be obtained without injury to the vessel. Our clinical study included 63 patients undergoing free-tissue transfers monitored with the implantable probe for 7 to 29 days (average 10.5 days). Twenty-three flaps were buried. Two patients experienced loss of arterial tracing due to malfunction of the probe (3 percent). Three patients had a venous thrombosis with a present arterial tracing. There were no flap failures per se. All probes were removed without mishap, and there were no complications related to the probe. We conclude that the 20-MHz ultrasonic Doppler probe holds promise as a useful monitoring method.
IgE and IgG Antibodies to -Propiolactone and Human Serum Albumin Associated with Urticarial Reactions to Rabies Vaccine (1987)

We examined the antibody response to a rabies vaccine doubly inactivated with 0.025% beta-propiolactone and 0.1% tri(n)butyl phosphate and stabilized with 2.5% human serum albumin. Antibodies were measured by using the following four antigen preparations: complete doubly inactivated rabies vaccine, rabies vaccine inactivated only with tri(n)butyl phosphate, beta-propiolactone and human serum albumin, and human serum albumin alone. The fluid phase of the preparation of beta-propiolactone and human serum albumin completely inhibited IgE binding to solid-phase vaccine. Of 21 subjects with urticarial reactions to a booster, 19 had IgE to doubly inactivated vaccine and to beta-propiolactone and human serum albumin. None of 27 immunized subjects without urticaria had detectable IgE. In paired pre- and postimmunization sera, IgE appeared in six of seven of the subjects with urticaria and in one of seven nonreactors. These sera did not contain a significant level of IgE to singly inactivated vaccine or to human serum albumin alone.
"Noise Level Zero" and Other Tales From the Bronx (2017)

Wolfe reflects on his journey of teaching in various settings, teaching him what public education should and should not be. He compares his experiences at two public schools in the Bronx with very different approaches to public education.
<title>Fibre optic shape-measuring system using phase-stepping speckle-pattern interferometry</title> (1993)

A non-contact shape measuring system using fiber optics and digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) is described. Fringe patterns for obtaining the height distributions of the shape are generated by traversing one of the illumination beams. The system utilizes a 4-step phase stepping algorithm to perform the data reduction. A semi-automatic procedure for calibrating the piezoelectric phase shifting device is reported. The equations for calculating the surface height are stated and typical results for two specimens are shown. Advantages and limitations of the technique and the optical system used are discussed.
The Nature of Oxide Films on Tungsten in Acidic and Alkaline Solutions (1998)

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) data of W in acidic solution were characterized by modes associated with hydration (, 942 cm−1) as well as modes characteristic of (816 cm−1). At applied anodic potentials, the content in the oxide was greater than the content, while at applied cathodic potentials the content was larger. These results are consistent with a bilayer film on W in acidic solution which consists of a compact inner layer of and an outer layer of Rotating disk electrode experiments (RDE) demonstrated that the passive dissolution (ipass) of W in acidic solution increased with the angular velocity of the electrode. An increase in ipass and a corresponding decrease in the thickness of the surface layer with increasing angular velocity is consistent with a reversible dissolution mechanism where dissolution is limited by the mass transport of a loosely bound layer from the surface. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements found that W dissolution in acidic solution was associated with an adsorption pseudocapacitance presumably due to the outer layer. The value of this pseudocapacitance increased with increasing angular velocity, indicating thinning of the layer consistent with RDE and SERS results. Results for W in alkaline solution are also presented.
Design and Experiment of Oil Lubricated Five-Leaf Foil Bearing Test-Bed (2009)

Multileaf foil bearing has various advantages including long-life, high-speed, low power loss, etc. Oil lubricated multileaf foil bearing compared with gas lubricated foil bearing is more favorable to greatly decrease foil performance requirements, foil surface coating technology, and foil processing. The special oil lubricated five-leaf foil bearing test-bed is designed and established, and a speed of 30,000 rpm is achieved primarily. The experiments including the influence of different radial clearances on rotor dynamical characteristics, speed run-up and coastdown, etc., are implemented on the test-bed. The experimental results indicate that oil lubricated multileaf foil bearing can offer high-speed, long-life, and lower friction loss. Radial clearance plays an important role to rotor dynamical characteristics. Moreover, oil lubricated multileaf foil bearing represents strong adaptive capacity of speed run-up and coastdown, and the capacity of withstanding impact and vibration.
[Effects of nitrogen feeding on the accumulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate with Alcaligenes eutrophus]. (2000)

On the basis of analysis of PHB fermentation processes, the effects of ammonium sulfate feeding rate at PHB formation period on the PHB accumulation by Alcaligenes eutrophus were investigated. It was shown that the complete absence of nitrogen source at PHB formation phase would lead to the decline of PHB synthetic activity, and the obvious influences of different nitrogen feeding rate on PHB synthesis were observed. Higher PHB content, but relative lower cell dry weight, PHB concentration and PHB productivity could be obtained at slower nitrogen feeding rate. The excessive nitrogen feeding rate resulted in the drop of PHB content, which led to the decrease of PHB concentration and PHB productivity. The better results could be achieved when the ammonium sulfate feeding rate was set at around 0.5 g/h.
Direct Comparison of In Vivo Antisense Activity of ENA Oligonucleotides Targeting PTP1B mRNA with That of 2'- O -(2-Methoxy)ethyl-Modified Oligonucleotides (2006)

Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activity of the 2'-O-(2-methoxy)ethyl (2'- MOE)-modified gapmer antisense oligonucleotide, ISIS113715, was previously reported. This antisense oligonucleotide increases insulin sensitivity and normalizes plasma glucose levels in diabetic ob/ob and db/db mice. In the present study, the isosequential 2'-O,4'-C-ethylene-bridged nucleic acid (ENA)-modified oligonucleotide, ENA-1, was synthesized, and its ability to further improve the downregulation of PTP1B in db/db mice was examined. We demonstrated that, compared with ISIS113715, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration of ENA-1 more effectively decreased the plasma glucose levels in db/db mice. Moreover, ENA-1 decreased expression of PTP1B in the liver and fat of db/db mice more effectively than ISIS113715. We describe for the first time the functional comparison of 2'-MOE- and ENA-modified antisense oligonucleotides. Our data indicate that the enhancement of the efficacy of antisense oligonucleotides by ENA modifications is superior to that of second-generation 2'-MOE modifications in certain aspects.
Immunological Responses to the Tumor-Associated Antigen CA15 in Patients with Advanced Ovarian Cancer Induced by the Murine Monoclonal Anti-idiotype Vaccine ACA125 (1997)

We have generated an immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) murine monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody (Ab2) designated ACA125, which mimics a specific epitope on the tumor-associated antigen CA125. This antigen is expressed by most of malignant ovarian tumors. Patients with CA125-positive tumors are immunologically tolerant to CA125. We used ACA125 as a surrogate for the tumor-associated antigen CA125 for vaccine therapy of 16 patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer or recurrences. Each of the patients received a minimum of 3 injections up to 19 injections of the complete anti-idiotype MAb ACA125 at a dosage of 2 mg per injection. Nine of 16 patients developed anti-anti-idiotypic (Ab3) responses to the ACA125. All 9 patients generated specific anti-CA125 antibody demonstrated by reactivity with purified CA125. Nine of 16 patients developed a CA125-specific cellular immune response by their peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and 3 of 16 showed an increase in gamma-interferon concentrations accompanied by Ab3 responses. Toxicity was limited to abdominal pain in one case, which led to the withdrawal of further immunizations. The median progression free survival in those patients, who showed a specific immune response to the tumor-associated antigen CA125, was 11.0 +/- 5.6 months without any other therapy, in contrast to 8.0 +/- 4.2 months in the anti-anti-idiotype negative group. This is the first report of the induction of a specific active immunity to the tumor-associated antigen CA125 in patients with advanced ovarian cancer treated with an anti-idiotype antibody that "mimics" CA125. Patients showed the development of a specific humoral and cellular immune response to an otherwise nonimmunogenic tumor antigen. The immune responses in patients treated with this anti-idiotype vaccine, the low rate of side effects, and the improved time to progression after the induction of a specific immune response against the tumor-associated antigen CA125 justify follow-up clinical trials in advanced ovarian cancer patients with minimal residual disease in an adjuvant approach.