gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A low-noise line-amplified MOS imaging devices (1991)

A new MOS imaging device is proposed. It has an amplifier and a correlated double sampling (CDS) circuit at each vertical signal line and an off-chip smear differential gear. The 1/2-in image format, 500*485 pixels, is designed on 1.5- mu m CMOS technology, and its fundamental characteristics are analyzed. Random noise is 120 pA, and the aperture ratio is greater than 70%. The smear level is 100 dB. The fixed pattern noise is 2000 pA in the dark, 0.62% in light. Some advantages of this device include a 5-V power supply requirement, a high saturation current, a high signal-to-random-noise ratio, and a low smear level. However, the fixed pattern noise in the dark needs to be lowered for improved performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Ruxolitinib for Myelofibrosis–An Update of Its Clinical Effects (2013)

Myelofibrosis (MF), a Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm, is characterized by progressive bone marrow fibrosis and ineffective hematopoiesis. Clinical hallmarks include splenomegaly, anemia, and debilitating symptoms. In 2 randomized phase III studies, the Janus kinase (JAK) 1/JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib significantly improved splenomegaly and disease-related symptoms compared with placebo (Controlled Myelofibrosis Study with Oral JAK Inhibitor Treatment [COMFORT-I]) or best available therapy (COMFORT-II) in patients with intermediate-2 or high-risk MF. Although ruxolitinib therapy was associated with dose-dependent anemia and thrombocytopenia, these adverse events rarely led to treatment discontinuation. This update of the clinical effects of ruxolitinib in patients with MF was based on original articles and meeting abstracts published after the primary publication of the COMFORT trials in March 2012. Long-term follow-up data from the COMFORT trials and clinical experience with ruxolitinib in unselected patient populations suggest that improvement of splenomegaly and symptoms is durable. Patients benefit from ruxolitinib therapy across subgroups defined by age, MF type, risk category, performance status, JAK2 V617F mutation status, extent of splenomegaly, or presence of cytopenias. In COMFORT-I, platelet counts stabilized with dose adjustments, and hemoglobin levels gradually recovered to slightly below baseline after the first 8 to 12 weeks of therapy. After initial increases, the need for red blood cell transfusions decreased to a level similar to that found in the placebo group. The 2-year follow-up data from the COMFORT trials suggest that patients with intermediate-2 or high-risk MF receiving ruxolitinib therapy may have improved survival compared with those receiving no (placebo) or traditional therapy.
Advances in Characterization of Neuroprotective Peptide, Humanin (2011)

Humanin (HN), a short amino acid peptide, protects neurons as well as other cells from amyloid β-induced toxicities and other stresses. A number of HN binding proteins have been identified and their involvements in HN-mediated neuroprotection have been suggested in some cases. However, the way HN binds to the target molecules has never been clarified. Here we will review the structures of HN and HN analogs in solution as a function of solvent conditions and attempt to relate their structural characteristics to the functional properties.
Macroreticular resins. III. Formation of macroreticular styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers (1968)

Abstract Experimental evidence is presented that describes the mechanism of formation of macroreticular styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers in which phase separation occurs during a suspension polymerization. The mode of formation of the macroreticular structure is described as a three‐stage process in which each droplet of the organic phase behaves as an individual in a bulk polymerization that results in a bead of copolymer. Macroreticular structure formation is described by changes in copolymer swelling ratios, infrared absorption spectra of vinyl groups pendent to the polymeric matrices, surface area, total porosity, and pore‐size distribution. The proposed mechanism of formation is also substantiated by electron micrographs of the copolymers during various stages of the copolymerization.
Shaping of Human Germline IgH Repertoires Revealed by Deep Sequencing (2012)

To understand better how selection processes balance the benefits of Ig repertoire diversity with the risks of autoreactivity and nonfunctionality of highly variable IgH CDR3s, we collected millions of rearranged germline IgH CDR3 sequences by deep sequencing of DNA from mature human naive B cells purified from four individuals and analyzed the data with computational methods. Long HCDR3 regions, often components of HIV-neutralizing Abs, appear to derive not only from incorporation of long D genes and insertion of large N regions but also by usage of multiple D gene segments in tandem. However, comparison of productive and out-of-frame IgH rearrangements revealed a selection bias against long HCDR3 loops, suggesting these may be disproportionately either poorly functional or autoreactive. Our data suggest that developmental selection removes HCDR3 loops containing patches of hydrophobicity, which are commonly found in some auto-antibodies, and at least 69% of the initial productive IgH rearrangements are removed from the repertoire during B cell development. Additionally, we have demonstrated the potential utility of this new technology for vaccine development with the identification in all four individuals of related candidate germline IgH precursors of the HIV-neutralizing Ab 4E10.
Synthesis and physiological activity of heterodimers comprising different splice forms of vascular endothelial growth factor and placenta growth factor (1996)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placenta growth factor (PIGF) are members of a dimeric-growth-factor family with angiogenic properties. VEGF is a highly potent and specific mitogen for endothelial cells, playing a vital role in angiogenesis in vivo. The role of PIGF is less clear. We expressed the monomeric splice forms VEGF-165, VEGF-121, PIGF-1 and PIGF-2 as unfused genes in Escherichia coli using the pCYTEXP expression system. In vitro dimerization experiments revealed that both homo- and hetero-dimers can be formed from these monomeric proteins. The dimers were tested for their ability to promote capillary growth in vivo and stimulate DNA synthesis in cultured human vascular endothelial cells. Heterodimers comprising different VEGF splice forms, or combinations of VEGF/PIGF splice forms, showed mitogenic activity. The results demonstrate that four different heterodimeric growth factors are likely to have as yet uncharacterized functions in vivo.
Microwave-Assisted Preparation of Fused Bicyclic Heteroaryl Boronates:  Application in One-Pot Suzuki Couplings (2006)

The rapid and efficient synthesis of various disubstituted 5,6-fused heterocycles using a microwave-assisted one-pot cyclization-Suzuki coupling approach is described. This work highlights the tolerance of the boronic ester functional group to a variety of reaction conditions and the utility of functionalized boronates as penultimate intermediates in the synthesis of diverse compound libraries.
Optimal genotype determination in highly multiplexed SNP data (2005)

High-throughput genotyping technologies that enable large association studies are already available. Tools for genotype determination starting from raw signal intensities need to be automated, robust, and flexible to provide optimal genotype determination given the specific requirements of a study. The key metrics describing the performance of a custom genotyping study are assay conversion, call rate, and genotype accuracy. These three metrics can be traded off against each other. Using the highly multiplexed Molecular Inversion Probe technology as an example, we describe a methodology for identifying the optimal trade-off. The methodology comprises: a robust clustering algorithm and assessment of a large number of data filter sets. The clustering algorithm allows for automatic genotype determination. Many different sets of filters are then applied to the clustered data, and performance metrics resulting from each filter set are calculated. These performance metrics relate to the power of a study and provide a framework to choose the most suitable filter set to the particular study.
The usefulness of endometrial biopsy for luteal phase evaluation in infertility (1992)

To assess the usefulness of the late luteal phase endometrial biopsy in infertility, we evaluated a total of 1492 biopsies performed in 1055 patients. Of these women, 699 underwent one biopsy during spontaneous ovulatory cycles, 288 had two, 57 had three, nine had four, and five biopsies were done in two patients. As controls we included 45 fertile women who were requesting contraception. We analysed histological dating of the endometrium and its abnormality rates in first and successive biopsy specimens, as well as the association of the pregnancy outcome with the endometrial patterns and treatment for luteal phase deficiency (LPD). Our results show firstly that diagnosis of LPD in both infertile and fertile women represents only a chance event; secondly, histological endometrial adequacy or inadequacy in the cycle of conception or in previous cycles is not related to the outcome of pregnancy in infertile patients. Finally, treatment of LPD does not improve pregnancy outcome in infertile women. Thus, luteal phase evaluation by histological dating of the endometrium is not worthwhile.
Comparison Between Lactoferrin and Subepithelial Matrix Protein Binding in Staphylococcus aureus Associated with Bovine Mastitis (1991)

Staphylococcus aureus strains (n = 100) isolated from bovine mastitis were classified according to the presence of capsular polysaccharide serotype 5 (n = 46), type 8 (n = 26), and non-5/8 (n = 28). Strains from each type were tested for protein interaction in a 125I-labeled ligand binding assay. A majority of type 5 and type 8 strains showed a higher degree of binding to lactoferrin, fibronectin, and IgG than the non-5/8 strains. Fibrinogen binding was low in all serotypes. Most of the type 5 and non-5/8 strains bound less than 10% laminin, whereas type 8 strains bound laminin in the 11 to 20% range. Non-5/8 strains significantly differed from type 5 in lactoferrin, fibronectin, fibrinogen, and IgG and also from type 8 in fibrinogen and IgG binding. The differences in protein binding between type 5 and type 8 were nonsignificant. The degree of lactoferrin binding in all types positively correlated with laminin binding. Lactoferrin and fibrinogen bindings were correlated in type 5 and type 8 strains. Lactoferrin and fibronectin bindings were correlated only in type 5 strains. These data suggest that bovine lactoferrin binding is common and associated with subepithelial matrix protein interactions in certain serotypes of S. aureus.
The Innate Immune Response to Adenovirus Vectors (2004)

Gene therapy is a clinical strategy that may potentially treat an array of genetic and nongenetic diseases, as well as a novel method for drug delivery and vaccination. To these ends, adenovirus vectors are a promising means to deliver specific genes of interest into the patient. A major limitation of the use of adenovirus vectors is the host immune response. Adenovirus vectors induce the innate arm of the immune system that results in inflammation of transduced tissues and efficient clearance of administered vectors. Unlike adaptive immunity, the innate response is mediated by the adenovirus particle and does not require viral transcription. In vivo, the innate immune response involves the induction of cytokines and activation of effector leukocytes that comprise the host response to these agents. A number of interactions with leukocytes and with epithelial and endothelial cells are essential in triggering the host response to adenovirus vectors. Signal transduction via MAP kinases and NF-kappaB-mediated gene transcription are triggered during early virus-cell interactions and are key events in the innate recognition of adenovirus vector transduction. This review aims to describe data examining cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the adenovirus-mediated innate immune response.
Melatonin: a major regulator of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in humans. (1992)

The circadian rhythm of core body temperature (BTc), with maxima during the day and minima at night, is normally coupled with the sleep-wake cycle. Pineal melatonin secretion occurs contemporaneously during the nighttime hours and is mediated by the activation of beta-adrenergic receptors during darkness. The hypothesis that nocturnal melatonin secretion may be involved in the regulation of the human circadian BTc rhythm was examined. The temporal relationship between melatonin and the circadian BTc rhythm was characterized in 12 young women, normally entrained to the light-dark cycle. Melatonin levels were manipulated through the administration of exogenous melatonin (2.5 mg, orally) during the daytime (n = 6) or suppression of endogenous nocturnal melatonin secretion by the beta-adrenergic antagonist atenolol (100 mg; n = 6) in double blind placebo-controlled experiments conducted during 2 consecutive days. Serum melatonin levels and BTc were monitored at 20- and 10-min intervals, respectively. In a nightshift worker the temporal relationship between the circadian rhythm of melatonin and BTc was investigated before and after entrainment to a reversed wake-sleep cycle. Our data show that in normally entrained subjects, the time course and amplitude of nocturnal melatonin secretion were temporally coupled with the decline of BTc (r = 0.97; P less than 0.00001). The same occurred in the nightshift worker, both during the dissociation and after entrainment to the reversed sleep-wake cycle. Compared with placebo, administration of melatonin significantly reduced daytime BTc (P less than 0.01), and the suppression of melatonin (by atenolol) attenuated the nocturnal decline of BTc (P less than 0.01). Cosinor analysis showed that the amplitude of the circadian BTc rhythm was reduced by about 40% in response to both daytime melatonin administration (P less than 0.05) and nocturnal melatonin suppression (P less than 0.02). In conclusion, circadian rhythms of melatonin and BTc are inversely coupled. The demonstrated hypothermic properties of melatonin are accountable for the generation of at least 40% of the amplitude of the circadian BTc rhythm. Manipulation of melatonin levels might be clinically useful to resynchronize the BTc rhythm under conditions of BTc rhythm desynchronization.
Information extraction from HTML: application of a general machine learning approach (1998)

Because the World Wide Web consists primarily of text, information extraction is central to any effort that would use the Web as a resource for knowledge discovery. We show how information extraction can be cast as a standard machine learning problem, and argue for the suitability of relational learning in solving it. The implementation of a general-purpose relational learner for information extraction, SRV, is described. In contrast with earlier learning systems for information extraction, SRV makes no assumptions about document structure and the kinds of information available for use in learning extraction patterns. Instead, structural and other information is supplied as input in the form of an extensible token-oriented feature set. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach by adapting SRV for use in learning extraction rules for a domain consisting of university course and research project pages sampled from the Web. Making SRV Web-ready only involves adding several simple...
Scavenging effects of hemoglobin and related heme containing compounds on nitric oxide, reactive oxidants and carcinogenic volatile nitrosocompounds of cigarette smoke. A new method for protection against the dangerous cigarette constituents. (1995)

The present study refers to the utilization of hemoglobin and related heme containing substances in scavenging noxious compounds contained in the gas phase of cigarette smoke (e.g. nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), carbon monoxide (CO), aldehydes, trace elements and carcinogenic nitrosocompounds) which were up to today insufficiently retained by conventional cigarette filters. Hemoglobin impregnated conventional cigarette filters were capable of withholding the above noxious components of the cigarette smoke up to 90%. Similar results were also obtained when solid hemoglobin was sandwiched between two common filters so that all cigarette smoke drawn through the filter comes into contact with the active groups of the hemoglobin molecules (Fe3+, Fe2+, -SH, -NH2). The present study also shows that noxious oxidants contained in cigarette smoke can be retained and neutralized by appropriate scavengers like: a) substances which contain stereospecifically bound iron, b) substances which contain porphyrin ring with iron (e.g. protoporphyrin), c) substances which contain porphyrin ring that does not necessarily contain iron, d) substances which contain porphyrin ring complexed with other metals (e.g. Cu2+, Mg2+). We have also demonstrated that rat alveolar macrophages challenged by cigarette smoke release both superoxide (O2-) and NO the interaction of which resulted in the formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Alveolar macrophages continue to release NO/ONOO- for 30 min following two or three puffs of smoke. Similar results were also obtained in experiments with human volunteers. It was shown that during cigarette smoking the ratio of NO/ONOO- in the inhaled smoke was 1:0.5 while in the exhaled smoke was 1:9, due to secondary redox reactions taking place in the lung resulting in the ONOO- formation. When smokers inhaled cigarette smoke passed through a conventional filter containing hemoglobin, a 70% reduction of both NO and ONOO- in their exhaled cigarette smoke was observed. All findings prove conclusively that, alveolar macrophages exposed to cigarette smoke evoke a dramatic increase of NO, NOx, ONOO- and H2O2 inside the lung. These substances stimulate by a positive feed back mechanism the alveolar macrophages and perhaps even endothelium of the alveolar vessels, to produce more oxidants resulting in lung damage.
Relationship between IL 2 synthesis and the proliferative response to PHA in different primary immunodeficiencies. (1982)

Abstract In PBM obtained from 24 immunodeficient patients (two severe combined immunodeficiencies, three cases of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, two immunodeficiencies with hyper IgM, three cases of X-linked agammaglobulinemia, and 14 common variable immunodeficiencies) and from 19 age-matched controls, we have studied 1) the proliferative response to optimal and suboptimal doses of PHA after “in vitro” supplementation of the cultures with mitogen-free supernatants containing II 2 (IL 2 Sup), and 2) the production of IL 2 in response to an optimal dose of PHA. Addition of IL 2 Sup to cultures of normal PBM stimulated with 1% or 0.05% PHA did not cause significant augmentation of proliferative response, and only at a very low PHA dose (0.02%) did the addition of IL 2 Sup induce an increment of the DNA synthesis. On the other hand, addition of IL 2 Sup to lymphocytes from immunodeficient patients stimulated with the suboptimal dose of PHA (0.05%) caused an enhancement of the DNA synthesis, which in most cases never reached the levels observed in normal individuals, and was more manifest in those patients who showed a PHA response below the normal level. The production of IL 2 was significantly lower (p &amp;lt; 0.01) in the immunodeficient patients with a reduced proliferative response to PHA, and was in the normal range (p &amp;lt; 0.03) in immunodeficient patients with a normal or borderline PHA response. When all the data from controls and patients were pooled for regression analysis, a significant correlation was found between DNA synthesis and IL 2 production (r = + 0.64, p &amp;lt; 0.01 ), between DNA synthesis and its enhancement after IL 2 Sup addition (r = − 0.48, p &amp;lt; 0.01 ), and between IL 2 production and the enhancement of DNA synthesis after IL 2 Sup addition (r = − 0.48, p &amp;lt; 0.01). The main conclusion is that the hyporesponse to PHA, in our group of immunodeficient patients, is associated with, but not exclusively due to, a defect in the production of IL 2.
Population Coding and Decoding in a Neural Field: A Computational Study (2002)

This study uses a neural field model to investigate computational aspects of population coding and decoding when the stimulus is a single variable. A general prototype model for the encoding process is proposed, in which neural responses are correlated, with strength specified by a gaussian function of their difference in preferred stimuli. Based on the model, we study the effect of correlation on the Fisher information, compare the performances of three decoding methods that differ in the amount of encoding information being used, and investigate the implementation of the three methods by using a recurrent network. This study not only rediscovers main results in existing literatures in a unified way, but also reveals important new features, especially when the neural correlation is strong. As the neural correlation of firing becomes larger, the Fisher information decreases drastically. We confirm that as the width of correlation increases, the Fisher information saturates and no longer increases in proportion to the number of neurons. However, we prove that as the width increases further--wider than (sqrt)2 times the effective width of the turning function--the Fisher information increases again, and it increases without limit in proportion to the number of neurons. Furthermore, we clarify the asymptotic efficiency of the maximum likelihood inference (MLI) type of decoding methods for correlated neural signals. It shows that when the correlation covers a nonlocal range of population (excepting the uniform correlation and when the noise is extremely small), the MLI type of method, whose decoding error satisfies the Cauchy-type distribution, is not asymptotically efficient. This implies that the variance is no longer adequate to measure decoding accuracy.
Purification and Characterization of a Thermostable alpha‐Amylase from Bacillus licheniformis (1979)

Abstract The heat stability of a bacterial α‐amylase is important for industrial starch utilization. Although extensive studies have been done on heat stable α‐amylase from various bacterial species little is known about the α‐amylases of Bacillus licheniformis . In order to get better understanding of thermostable amylases produced by different strains of B. licheniformis and provide information how to utilize the enzyme in starch processing, studies on purification and characterization of a commercial heat stable bacterial α‐amylase from B. licheniformis BLM 1777 are reported.
Interfacial Chemistries for Nanoscale Transfer Printing (2002)

We describe a patterning technique that uses self-assembled monolayers and other surface chemistries for guiding the transfer of material from relief features on a stamp to a substrate. This purely additive contact printing technique is capable of nanometer resolution. Pattern transfer is fast and it occurs at ambient conditions. We illustrate the versatility of this method by printing single-layer metal patterns with feature sizes from a few tens of microns to a few tens of nanometers. We also demonstrate its use for patterning, in a single step, metal/dielectric/metal multilayers for functional thin film capacitors on plastic substrates.