gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Propping Fractures with Aluminum Particles (1961)

Abstract This paper presents information on the use of a new propping agent (malleable aluminum particles) which has been used successfully for producing high-conductivity fractures. The conductivity of a packed fracture depends oil the width of the fracture as well as the permeability of the propping material. It is significant that the flow capacity of a propped crack is often increased many fold by propping the crack with a sparse distribution of particles. However, the flow capacity of a sparsely propped crack can be limited by two phenomena:crushing of the propping particles, andembedment of the propping particles in the formation walls. Malleable aluminum particles exhibit interesting properties which tend to overcome these limitations. As high loads are applied to the particles they will deform slightly, rather than shattering. The deformation results in a greater bearing area against the formation wall. This reduces the stress on the particle and reduces particle penetration into the formation. The behavior of aluminum particles under load and the bearing capacities of several formation rocks have been measured in the laboratory. By properly using these data, as explained in this paper, the flow capacities of aluminum-propped cracks can be calculated for a variety of conditions. Aluminum particles have been used successfully in the field to prop fractures. Where high-conductivity fractures were needed, the aluminum-propped fractures have given greater well stimulation than could have been expected for conventional fracturing processes. Introduction The purpose of a hydraulic fracture treatment is to create a conductive channel from the wellbore out into the oil or gas formation. The word conductive is emphasized because we believe that the fracture conductivity (flow capacity) is one of the most important factors influencing fracturing results. Previous papers have pointed out the additional well stimulation that can sometimes be achieved by increasing fracture conductivity. Several years ago, we investigated in some detail the effect of fracture conductivity on productivity increases to be expected from vertical fractures. Both electrical analog and theoretical studies of unsteady-state flow behavior were made. A discussion of the electrical analog equipment and some of the results of the study were given in a previous paper by Dyes, Kemp and Caudle. Further details were given recently by McGuire and Sikora.
[An anticancer drug--carboquone]. (1988)

Carboquone (CQ) is an anticancer alkylating agent synthesized and developed by Arakawa et al. (Sankyo Co, Ltd.) in 1970, having chemical structure, 2,5-bis-(1-aziridinyl)-3-(2-carbamoyloxy-1-methoxyethyl)-6-methyl- 1,4- benzoquinone. The antitumor efficacies of CQ were reported as excellent, however, the side effects are considerably strong. For the purpose to increase the effectiveness and to eliminate the side effect, various treatment regimen with CQ have been reported. Combination chemotherapies including CQ and cis-Platinum etc. have been reported to increase the antineoplastic activity and CQ combined with immunopotentiator or prednisone have been reported to diminish the side effects. The regimens of PPQ therapy in our department is as follows. CQ is given 7 mg/m2 iv on day 1; cis-Platinum 20 mg/body, drip infusion on day 1-5. Prednisone 3.0 mg p.o. on day 1-5. The response rate found in this regimen was about 30% so far. Antitumor spectrum of this drug has been reported to become broad.
Grip Force in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Fibromyalgia and in Healthy Subjects. A Study with the Grippit Instrument (1993)

The reliability of the grip force instrument, Grippit was tested on 51 right-handed women of which 18 were healthy, 19 had rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 14 had fibromyalgia (FM). Normative data was obtained from 169 healthy subjects. Results indicate that the reliability of Grippit was high in healthy and rheumatoid arthritic women and satisfactory in women with fibromyalgia. All patients showed greatly reduced grip force (RA had on average 21% and FM 40% of the control values) when compared to healthy women. Healthy women had on average 54% of men's grip force. The ratio between average force over 10 seconds and peak force was 73% for RA women, 69% for FM women, 83% for healthy women and 85% for healthy men.
Malware Analysis of Imaged Binary Samples by Convolutional Neural Network with Attention Mechanism (2017)

This paper presents a method to extract important byte sequences in malware samples by application of convolutional neural network (CNN) to images converted from binary data. This method, by combining a technique called the attention mechanism into CNN, enables calculation of an "attention map," which shows regions having higher importance for classification in the image. The extracted region with higher importance can provide useful information for human analysts who investigate the functionalities of unknown malware samples. Results of our evaluation experiment using malware dataset show that the proposed method provides higher classification accuracy than a conventional method. Furthermore, analysis of malware samples based on the calculated attention map confirmed that the extracted sequences provide useful information for manual analysis.
Identification of Endotracheal Tube Malpositions Using Computerized Analysis of Breath Sounds via Electronic Stethoscopes (2005)

Endotracheal tube (ETT) malpositioning into a mainstem bronchus or the esophagus may result in significant hypoxemia. Current methods to determine correct ETT position include auscultation, radiography, and bronchoscopy, although the current acceptable standard procedure for proper endotracheal (versus esophageal) intubation is detection of end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETco(2)) by capnography, capnometry, or colorimetric ETco(2) devices. Unfortunately, capnography may be unavailable or unreliable in nonhospital/emergency settings or in low cardiac output states, and it does not detect endobronchial intubation. The purpose of this study was to quantify and assess breath sound characteristics using electronic stethoscopes placed over each hemithorax and epigastrium to determine their ability to detect ETT malposition. We recorded breath sounds in 19 healthy, non-obese adults before general surgical procedures. After intubation of the trachea, the ETT was bronchoscopically positioned 3 cm above the carina, after which 3 breaths of 500 mL were given and breath sounds were recorded. A second ETT was placed in the esophagus and the same series of breaths and recordings were performed. Finally, the tracheal ETT was advanced into the right mainstem bronchus and breath sounds were recorded. Using computerized analysis, breath sounds were digitized and filtered to remove selected frequencies, and acoustic signals and energy ratios were obtained for all 3 positions. Total energy ratios using band-pass filtering of the acoustic signals accurately identified all esophageal and endobronchial intubation (P < 0.001). These preliminary results suggest that this technique, when incorporated into a 3-component, electronic stethoscope-type device, may be an accurate, portable mechanism to reliably detect ETT malposition in adults when ETco(2) may be unavailable or unreliable.
Nascent pre-mRNA transcripts are associated with nuclear regions enriched in splicing factors. (1991)

We have used in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to compare the nuclear localization of a specific nascent pre-mRNA and the essential non-snRNP splicing factor SC-35. Nascent c-fos transcripts were detected in serum-induced mouse fibroblasts by in situ hybridization with genomic c-fos probes. Prior to serum induction no c-fos RNA is detected, but these transcripts localize to two dots in the interphase nucleus after induction. The time course of appearance of the dots correlates with the previously determined time course of transcriptional activation of the gene. Upon further analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy, we have determined that the dots extend through the depth of the nucleus, forming paths. By using high-voltage electron microscopy, we have found that the c-fos path extends out and comes into direct contact with the nuclear envelope. We have also compared the localization of c-fos transcripts with the speckled nuclear regions that are enriched in snRNPs and the non-snRNP splicing factor SC-35. Direct observations of three-dimensional rotations have revealed a close association between the c-fos transcripts and the nuclear speckles. This study demonstrates a direct link between specific nascent RNA transcripts and nuclear speckles that are enriched in pre-mRNA splicing factors.
Fractal ventilation enhances respiratory sinus arrhythmia (2005)

These findings suggest FV enhances physiological entrainment between respiratory, brain stem and cardiac nonlinear oscillators, further supporting the concept that RSA itself reflects cardiorespiratory interaction. In addition, these results provide another mechanism whereby FV may be superior to conventional CV.
Algorithms for nonnegative independent component analysis (2003)

We consider the task of solving the independent component analysis (ICA) problem x=As given observations x, with a constraint of nonnegativity of the source random vector s. We refer to this as nonnegative independent component analysis and we consider methods for solving this task. For independent sources with nonzero probability density function (pdf) p(s) down to s=0 it is sufficient to find the orthonormal rotation y=Wz of prewhitened sources z=Vx, which minimizes the mean squared error of the reconstruction of z from the rectified version y/sup +/ of y. We suggest some algorithms which perform this, both based on a nonlinear principal component analysis (PCA) approach and on a geodesic search method driven by differential geometry considerations. We demonstrate the operation of these algorithms on an image separation problem, which shows in particular the fast convergence of the rotation and geodesic methods and apply the approach to a musical audio analysis task.
Treatment of multiple sclerosis with an anti–interleukin‐2 receptor monoclonal antibody (2004)

We examined whether treatment with daclizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody specific for the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain, was safe and efficacious in relapsing-remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis patients. Nineteen ambulatory patients with clinically active disease were treated for 5 to 25 months. Seventeen patients were not responding to other immunotherapies. Daclizumab was generally well tolerated. Sustained clinical improvement (10 patients) or stabilization (9 patients) was observed. Daclizumab treatment produced significant reduction in magnetic resonance imaging activity.
Metabolic Correction in the Management of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Improving Clinical Results Beyond Symptom Control (2011)

Current Clinical Management Guidelines of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) are based on adequate glucose control and symptomatic pain relief. However, meticulous glycemic control could delay the onset or slow the progression of diabetic neuropathy in patients with DM type 2, but it does not completely prevent the progression of the disease. Complications of DPN as it continues its natural course, produce increasing pain and discomfort, loss of sensation, ulcers, infections, amputations and even death. In addition to the increased suffering, disability and loss of productivity, there is a very significant economic impact related to the treatment of DPN and its complications. In USA alone, it has been estimated that there are more than 5,000,000 patients suffering from DPN and the total annual cost of treating the disease and its complications is over $10,000 million dollars. In order to be able to reduce complications of DPN, it is crucial to improve or correct the metabolic conditions that lead to the pathology present in this condition. Pathophysiologic mechanisms implicated in diabetic neuropathy include: increased polyol pathway with accumulation of sorbitol and reduced Na+/K+-ATPase activity, microvascular damage and hypoxia due to nitric oxide deficit and increased oxygen free radical activity. Moreover, there is a decrease in glutathione and increase in homocysteine. Clinical trials in the last two decades have demonstrated that the use of specific nutrients can correct some of these metabolic derangements, improving symptom control and providing further benefits such as improved sensorium, blood flow and nerve regeneration. We will discuss the evidence on lipoic acid, acetyl-L-carnitine, benfotiamine and the combination of active B vitamins L-methylfolate, methylcobalamin and piridoxal-6-phosphate. In addition, we discuss the role of metformin, an important drug in the management of diabetes, and the presence of specific polymorphic genes, in the risk of developing DPN and how metabolic correction can reduce these risks.
Induction of GAD65-specific regulatory T-cells inhibits ongoing autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice. (1998)

IDDM is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing beta-cells are destroyed. The disease process is complex, involving the recognition of several beta-cell autoantigens. One of these, GAD65, appears to have a critical and not fully defined role in IDDM in humans and in the NOD mouse. We provide evidence that an ongoing diabetogenic response in NOD mice can be suppressed after intravenous administration of GAD65, but not by other beta-cell autoantigens. Furthermore, suppression of the diabetogenic response is mediated by the induction of GAD65-specific CD4+ regulatory T-cells. Finally, cytokine analysis indicates that these CD4+ regulatory T-cells have a T-helper 2 phenotype.
Preparation of Nitrogen-Containing π-Deficient Heteroaromatic Grignard Reagents:  Oxidative Magnesiation of Nitrogen-Containing π-Deficient Halogenoheteroaromatics Using Active Magnesium (2003)

The oxidative magnesiation of nitrogen-containing pi-deficient halogenoheteroaromatics using active magnesium was accomplished. Both magnesiation followed by addition of a carbonyl compound (Grignard reaction) and magnesiation in the presence of a carbonyl compound (Barbier reaction) were carried out to afford the corresponding product. Especially, the latter method enabled fused halogenodiazines such as 4-chloro-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or 2-chloroquinoxaline to magnesiate at a mild temperature (-20 to 30 degrees C).
c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase-Mediated Signaling Is Essential forPseudomonas aeruginosaExoS-Induced Apoptosis (2003)

As an opportunistic bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa mainly affects immunocompromised individuals as well as patients with cystic fibrosis. In a previous study, we showed that ExoS of P. aeruginosa, when injected into host cells through a type III secretion apparatus, functions as an effector molecule to trigger apoptosis in various tissue culture cells. Here, we show that injection of the ExoS into HeLa cells activates c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation while shutting down ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation. Inhibiting JNK activation by expression of a dominant negative JNK1 or with a specific JNK inhibitor abolishes ExoS-triggered apoptosis, demonstrating the requirement for JNK-mediated signaling. Following JNK phosphorylation, cytochrome c is released into the cytosol, leading to the activation of caspase 9 and eventually caspase 3. Although c-Jun phosphorylation is also observed as a result of JNK activation, ongoing host protein synthesis is not essential for the apoptotic induction, suggesting that c-Jun- or other AP-1-driven activation of gene expression is dispensable in this process. Therefore, ExoS has opposing effects on different cellular pathways that regulate apoptosis: it shuts down host cell survival signal pathways by inhibiting ERK1/2 and p38 activation, and it activates proapoptotic pathways through activation of JNK1/2 leading ultimately to cytochrome c release and activation of caspases. These results highlight the modulation of host cell signaling by the type III secretion system during interaction between P. aeruginosa and host cells.
Genomic cloning of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase: a purine metabolic enzyme deficient in multiple different cancers. (1996)

5'-Deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (methylthioadeno-sine: ortho-phosphate methylthioribosyltransferase, EC 24.2.28; MTAP) plays a role in purine and polyamine metabolism and in the regulation of transmethylation reactions. MTAP is abundant in normal cells but is deficient in many cancers. Recently, the genes for the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16 and p15 have been localized to the short arm of human chromosome 9 at band p21, where MTAP and interferon alpha genes (IFNA) also map. Homozygous deletions of p16 and p15 are frequent malignant cell lines. However, the order of the MTAP, p16, p15, and IFNA genes on chromosome 9p is uncertain, and the molecular basis for MTAP deficiency in cancer is unknown. We have cloned the MTAP gene, and have constructed a topologic map of the 9p21 region using yeast artificial chromosome clones, pulse-field gel electrophoresis, and sequence-tagged-site PCR. The MTAP gene consists of eight exons and seven introns. Of 23 malignant cell lines deficient in MTAP protein, all but one had complete or partial deletions. Partial or total deletions of the MTAP gene were found in primary T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL). A deletion breakpoint of partial deletions found in cell lines and primary T-ALL was in intron 4. Starting from the centromeric end, the gene order on chromosome 9p2l is p15, p16, MTAP, IFNA, and interferon beta gene (IFNB). These results indicate that MTAP deficiency in cancer is primarily due to codeletion of the MTAP and p16 genes.
Embryonal lactosaminoglycan. The structure of branched lactosaminoglycans with novel disialosyl (sialyl alpha 2—-9 sialyl) terminals isolated from PA1 human embryonal carcinoma cells. (1985)

Lactosaminoglycan glycopeptides were isolated from human PA1 embryonal carcinoma cells and their structures were elucidated. The glycopeptides were digested by Escherichia freundii endo-beta-galactosidase before and after the modifications by exoglycosidases. The core glycopeptides and oligosaccharides thus obtained and the intact glycopeptides were analyzed by methylation, fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Based on these experiments, the structures of PA1 lactosaminoglycans were found to have the following unique features. 1) Three lactosaminoglycan fractions of different molecular weights were isolated by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration. Lactosaminoglycans of the highest molecular weight (GpI) have tetra-antennary cores, those of intermediate molecular weight (GpII) have triantennary cores and those of low molecular weight (GpIII) have triantennary and tetra-antennary cores. 2) GpI is composed of 22-26 lactosaminyl units and 7-9 branched galactose residues, GpII is composed of 16-22 lactosaminyl units and 5-7 branched galactose residues, and GpIII is composed of 12-16 lactosaminyl units and 3-4 branched galactose residues. 3) Each branch is short and is composed of the Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc beta 1----6 structure. 4) Sialic acid is preferentially linked to nonreducing terminal regions and a significant amount of the novel disialosyl structure, NeuNAc alpha 2----9NeuNAc alpha 2----3/6Gal, is present at the terminals of the longer polylactosaminyl side chains. 5) These lactosaminoglycans are carried by cell surface glycoproteins of Mr = 80,000 approximately 120,000, as evidenced by lectin-agarose chromatography.
Increased Accumulation of Tissue ACE in Human Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease (1996)

These observations demonstrate that significant sources of tissue ACE in human atherosclerotic plaques are regions of inflammatory cells, especially areas of clustered macrophages as well as microvessel endothelial cells. These results suggest that ACE accumulation within the plaque may contribute to an increased production of local angiotensin that may participate in the pathobiology of coronary artery disease. Plaque ACE probably is an important target of drug action.
Reconstituted HDL infusion restores endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2008)

ApoA-I apolipoprotein A-I FAV forearm tissue volume FBF forearm blood flow L-NMMA N G monomethyl-L-arginine M/C ratio of flow in infused measurement and non-infused control arm NO nitric oxide rHDL reconstituted HDL SNP sodium nitroprusside To the Editor: HDL-cholesterol is inversely correlated with cardiovascular events in all major epidemiological studies [1]. HDL-increasing strategies have demonstrated that HDL-cholesterol increase is associated with decreased cardiovascular risk in high-risk individuals such as patients with type 2 diabetes [2]. Endothelial dysfunction, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes patients, has been shown to predict future cardiovascular events [3]. Therefore, we investigated the effect of reconstituted HDL (rHDL) on endothelial function measured both acutely (4 h after infusion) and 7 days after infusion in type 2 diabetes patients. Control volunteers were measured only at baseline and 4 h after infusion.
Use of natural AhR ligands as potential therapeutic modalities against inflammatory disorders (2013)

The aim of this review is to discuss research involving ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and their role in immunomodulation. While activation of the AhR is well known for its ability to regulate the biochemical and toxic effects of environmental chemicals, more recently an exciting discovery has been made indicating that AhR ligation can also regulate T-cell differentiation, specifically through activation of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and downregulation of the proinflammatory Th17 cells. Such findings have opened new avenues of research on the possibility of targeting the AhR to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Specifically, this review will discuss the current research involving natural and dietary AhR ligands. In addition, evidence indicating the potential use of these ligands in regulating inflammation in various diseases will be highlighted. The importance of the AhR in immunological processes can be illustrated by expression of this receptor on a majority of immune cell types. In addition, AhR signaling pathways have been reported to influence a number of genes responsible for mediating inflammation and other immune responses. As interest in the AhR and its ligands increases, it seems prudent to consolidate current research on the contributions of these ligands to immune regulation during the course of inflammatory diseases.
Printing 3D dielectric elastomer actuators for soft robotics (2009)

We present a new approach to the fabrication of soft dielectric elastomer actuators using a 3D printing process. Complete actuators including active membranes and support structures can be 3D printed in one go, resulting in a great improvement in fabrication speed and increases in accuracy and consistency. We describe the fabrication process and present force and displacement results for a double-membrane antagonistic actuator. In this structure controlled prestrain is applied by the simple process of pressing together two printed actuator halves. The development of 3D printable soft actuators will have a large impact on many application areas including engineering, medicine and the emerging field of soft robotics.