gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Second-Harmonic-Active Unnatural Amino Acid as a Structural Probe of Biomolecules on Surfaces (2008)

Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is highly sensitive to the net, average orientation of SH-active molecules on surfaces and has recently emerged as a technique for detecting biomolecules and their conformational changes. As most biomolecules are not intrinsically SH-active, they must be labeled with probes to render them detectable. To date, exogenous probes have been used to do this, but second-harmonic-active unnatural amino acids offer important advantages for the long-range goal of precisely and directly determining structural changes in real time and may be used for both buried and surface sites. Results of the first known SH-active unnatural amino acid, Aladan, are presented here. Aladan is found to be SH-active by detecting it at an interface, both alone and incorporated into the B1 domain of protein G (GB1), a globular immunoglobulin-binding protein, at both buried and exposed sites. The tilt angle of Aladan alone adsorbed on a mica surface is determined by polarization experiments, and its nonlinear polarizability α(2) is found to be ca. 10−30 esu. Aladan GB1 mutants are detectable by SHG, either when coupled covalently to a derivatized glass surface or bound to IgG immobilized via protein A. Addition of an Fc domain to this GB1 complex causes a small but defined change in the SH signal when Aladan is incorporated at site Ala24, but not at Leu7, consistent with a local conformational change of GB1. This structural change is not apparent in either X-ray crystallography or fluorescence studies, demonstrating that SHG can detect subtle orientational changes, including protein−protein interactions in which no significant rearrangements occur.
Energy metabolism in free-living, ‘large-eating’ and ‘small-eating’ women: studies using 2H218O (1994)

The doubly-labelled water (2H2(18)O) technique was used to assess the long-term rates of energy expenditure and, after accounting for any changes in body composition, the derived rates of energy intake in weight-stable 'large-eating' (n 6) and 'small-eating' (n 6) women. The self-reported energy intakes (approximately 11.2 v. 5.6 MJ/d) and energy expenditures (approximately 8.5 v. 12.4 MJ/d) for the 'large-eating' and 'small-eating' groups respectively, should not be sustainable without significant body-weight changes. 2H2(18)O-assessed rates of energy expenditure for the 'large-eaters' (approximately 8.5 MJ/d) and 'small-eaters' (approximately 11.3 MJ/d) were in close agreement with the results obtained using 5 d, self-reported activity diaries but the derived rates of energy intake for the 'large-' (approximately 8.5 MJ/d) and 'small-eaters' (approximately 10.8 MJ/d) were markedly different from those obtained using self-reported, weighed food diaries. When two 'small-eaters' were supplied with their self-reported energy intakes (approximately 5 MJ/d) for up to 28 d both subjects lost about 0.75 kg body-weight/week. These results provide no support for the existence of 'metabolically efficient' women in the community.
Australian Defence Force intelligence doctrine (1997)

'In its purest form, doctrine encapsulates the fundamental philosophy for the employment of a force based on the broad lessons of military history and human experience. It establishes a framework that guides the application of power in combat and reduces the effects of confusion arising from the unpredictability of events. It takes account of a wide range of factors including technological developments and the relevant experience of other armies. In peacetime, it provides the focus for training by establishing foundations upon which the Army 'fights to win' on the battlefield.' The Fundamentals of Land Warfare
Radiosensitization of human tumor cells by gemcitabine in vitro. (1995)

Gemcitabine is a novel nucleoside analog that has shown clinical activity in a variety of solid tumors. The use of gemcitabine in combination with radiation was investigated in vitro using HT-29 colon carcinoma cells. Gemcitabine was demonstrated to be a potent radiosensitizer even at noncytotoxic concentrations. Increasing the concentration of gemcitabine and/or the duration of exposure increased the radiosensitization of cells. Biochemical studies indicated that a reduction in the dATP pool was the most likely mechanism of radiosensitization by gemcitabine. This effect is of great clinical importance and should be investigated in vivo.
Performance comparison of intraframe and interframe LSF quantization in packet networks (2002)

Line spectrum frequencies (LSF) have been the prevailing parameter set to represent LPC coefficients in speech coding. Extensive research has been performed to exploit their interframe and intraframe correlations and quantize them more efficiently. Interframe coding of the LSF can cause error propagation when frame erasures occur. Since most LSF quantizers were designed with the primary concerns of bit-rate and complexity, less attention was paid to error propagation. We investigate the erasure performance of interframe LSF coding and compare it with an intraframe coding method. Our results show that with only 5% extra bit-rate, intraframe coding is much more robust to frame erasures and a typical improvement of 0.5 dB on spectral distortion can be obtained with 20% packet loss. Subjective listening tests indicate significant improvement as well.
A 28GHz 41%-PAE linear CMOS power amplifier using a transformer-based AM-PM distortion-correction technique for 5G phased arrays (2018)

To fulfill the insatiable demand for high data-rates, the millimeter-wave (mmW) 5G communication standard will extensively use high-order complex-modulation schemes (e.g., QAM) with high peak-to-average power ratios (PAPRs) and large RF bandwidths. High-efficiency integrated CMOS power amplifiers (PA) are highly desirable for portable devices for improved battery life, reduced form factor, and low cost. To meet simultaneous requirements for high efficiency and reasonable linearity, PAs intended for use with complex modulation are often operated in Class-AB mode [1,2]. For small input amplitude in Class-AB, the device is turned-on and has an input capacitance (C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gs</sub> ) of ~(2/3)WLC <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ox</sub> . As the input amplitude becomes large, the device turns-off for part of the RF cycle, thus reducing its effective input capacitance. This input capacitance-modulation effect creates an input-amplitude-dependent phase shift in Class-AB mode resulting in an amplitude-modulation to phase-modulation (AM-PM) distortion [2]. Consequently, it degrades linearity metrics (e.g., error vector magnitude (EVM), adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR)) in complex-modulation systems. External linearization techniques (e.g., digital pre-distortion) are often used in transmitters to meet linearity requirements, but they are complex in nature and expensive to implement. Apart from these, few works at low-GHz frequencies are reported to improve the PA's intrinsic linearity using a varactor-or PMOS-based AM-PM correction methods [1,2]. These works reduce the design overhead of external linearization systems; however, the inclusion of additional capacitive element to correct AM-PM degrades gain and efficiency, which is not optimal for mmW frequencies [1,2].
Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity Incorporating Thioamide Functionality: Preparation and Gas Transport Properties (2011)

A novel polymer of intrinsic microporosity, thioamide-PIM-1, has been prepared by postmodification of PIM-1, using phosphorus pentasulfide as a thionating agent in the presence of sodium sulfite. The chemistry was first tested on a low molecular weight model compound, 3,13-dicyanobenzo-1,2,4′,5′-bis(1,4-benzodioxane). For the polymer, up to 80% conversion of nitrile to thioamide was achieved. Modification leads to a reduction in the BET surface area of the polymer, from 770 m2 g–1 for the parent PIM-1 to 263 m2 g–1 on 80% conversion of nitrile to thioamide. After modification, the polymer is no longer soluble in chlorinated solvents such as CHCl3, but is soluble in polar aprotic solvents such as THF, DMF, DMSO, and DMAc. Self-supported membranes of thioamide-PIM-1 were cast from THF. Single gas permeability measurements showed increased selectivities but reduced permeabilities compared to the parent polymer. Ethanol treatment, which removes occluded THF as well as enhancing free volume, has a pronounced effect on membrane permeability. For the as-prepared membrane, an ideal CO2/N2 selectivity of 38.5 was achieved with a CO2 permeability of 150 barrer. Ethanol treatment increased the CO2 permeability to 1120 barrer, with a decrease in CO2/N2 ideal selectivity to 30.3.
Cameroun - Politique de deplacement involontaire et de reinstallation (2003)

This is a resettlement action plan for Cameroon's Community Development Program, which supports implementation of demand-driven projects and conducts local capacity-building efforts. The objective of this policy framework is to identify the guiding principles for resettlement planning for the Borrower and to identify the mechanisms that should be put in place in order to screen micro-projects and ensure that appropriate measures are in place to address any issues which arise from potential land acquisition under the project. The framework is structured as follows: Chapter 1 provides a background to the project, outlines the framework objectives, and defines key terms used in this report. Chapter 2 outlines the policy principles and objectives governing resettlement, which will provide the basis for applying resettlement planning to the project. Chapter 3 describes the process used to prepare and approve resettlement plans for micro-projects financed under the Program. Chapter 4 identifies the groups most likely affected by project activities and Chapter 5 provides the eligibility criteria to be used to define project-affected persons and to determine methods for compensation. Chapter 6 outlines the legal and regulatory framework for resettlement planning in Cameroon, and discusses the country's land tenure policies. Chapter 7 discusses the legal basis for resettlement entitlement and identifies the entitlement categories. Chapter 8 outlines institutional mechanisms and organizational procedures for delivering entitlements in line with the government's decentralized administration. Finally, Chapter 9 provides the implementation schedule, the process for consultation and information disclosure, mechanisms for redress of grievances, sources of funding, and measures for supervision, and monitoring and evaluation.
Changes in global and thalamic brain connectivity in LSD-induced altered states of consciousness are attributable to the 5-HT2A receptor (2018)

NCT02451072
Pregnanolone: A Highly Potent, Naturally Occurring Hypnotic-Anesthetic Agent. (1967)

Pregnanolone (3α-hydroxy 5β-pregnane 20-one) a metabolite of progesterone was found to be a highly potent, short-acting hypnotic agent when administered in solution form intravenously. Neuropharmacologic analysis in cats and monkeys showed depression of the reticular activating system of the midbrain and other electrophysiologic phenomena similar to those produced by barbiturates. On the basis of the doses employed in this study to a wide variety of mammals, pregnanolone is so far considered to be one of the most potent hypnotic-anesthetic agents.
Zinc isotopic compositions of breast cancer tissue (2014)

An early diagnostic biomarker for breast cancer is essential to improve outcome. High precision isotopic analysis, originating in Earth sciences, can detect very small shifts in metal pathways. For the first time, the natural intrinsic Zn isotopic compositions of various tissues in breast cancer patients and controls were determined. Breast cancer tumours were found to have a significantly lighter Zn isotopic composition than the blood, serum and healthy breast tissue in both groups. The Zn isotopic lightness in tumours suggests that sulphur rich metallothionein dominates the isotopic selectivity of a breast tissue cell, rather than Zn-specific proteins. This reveals a possible mechanism of Zn delivery to Zn-sequestering vesicles by metallothionein, and is supported by a similar signature observed in the copper isotopic compositions of one breast cancer patient. This change in intrinsic isotopic compositions due to cancer has the potential to provide a novel early biomarker for breast cancer.
Repellents for Protection from Bed Bugs: The Need, the Candidates, Safety Challenges, Test Methods, and the Chance of Success (2011)

Owing to the lack of effective products for bed bug control, there is a need for repellents to protect people while they sleep. Repellents in general are discussed. It is concluded that only repellents applied to bedding fabrics and suitcases will be appropriate for protection from bed bugs. Candidate bed bug repellents and the challenges they face are summairzed. Repellents applied to fabric can be tested economically by in vitro methods, but more costly in vivo methods are needed for their greater realism. The following methods are described: petri dish assays, containers with fabric shelters, containers with attractants (heat or carbon dioxide), and a surrogate method using rabbits instead of humans. The use of human subjects, although ideal, for testing is unlikely.
Quantitative analyses of selective radiolabeled monoclonal antibody localization in metastatic lesions of colorectal cancer patients. (1987)

We have previously demonstrated, using in vitro assays, a high degree of selective binding of monoclonal antibody (MAb) B72.3 for carcinomas of the colon, ovary, and breast versus normal adult tissues using in vitro assays. We report here a demonstration of selective tumor localization in colorectal cancer patients of i.v. administered 131I-labeled MAb B72.3 immunoglobulin G prior to surgery. Radiolocalization indices (RI) were obtained by direct analyses of biopsy materials (i.e., cpm of 131I-labeled MAb per g of tumor versus cpm per g of normal tissues). Using as a "positive" localization, RI of 3 times greater than normal tissue (i.e., RI greater than 3.0), tumor lesions in various sites from 17 of 20 patients scored positive. In eight of these patients, all tumor lesions demonstrated RIs of greater than 3, while in five patients RIs of some lesions were greater than 10 and as high as 30 to 46. Seventy % (99 of 142) of tumor lesions showed RIs of greater than 3, while only 12 of 210 histologically confirmed normal tissues examined showed RIs of greater than 3. These tissues, moreover, were either adjacent to tumor or draining tumor masses, or, as in the case of two patients, apparently due to high levels of circulating immune complexes that were deposited in the spleen. Positive gamma scans (confirmed at surgery) were observed in 14 of 27 patients. An isotype-identical control immunoglobulin G was coinjected and showed RIs considerably lower than that of B72.3. No toxicity or adverse reaction was observed with either MAb. These studies are among the most comprehensive to date concerning the definition of the actual delivery of radiolabeled MAb to carcinoma lesions versus a wide range of adjacent and distal normal tissues and lead the way for other diagnostic and potential therapeutic applications of this antibody either alone, or in combinations with other monoclonal antibodies.
Interleukin-11: a multifunctional growth factor derived from the hematopoietic microenvironment (1994)

Abstract IL-11 is a unique growth factor derived from cells making up the HM. Although cloned based on IL-6-like bioactivity, IL-11 and IL-6 have distinct biologic profiles (Table 1). IL-11, like many recently cloned growth factors, has pleiotropic effects on hematopoietic cells presumably depending on the cytokine and cellular environment into which it is introduced. However, some general findings are consistent (Table 2). In addition, IL-11 has significant effects, either primary or secondary, on nonhematopoietic cells, including neurons, small intestine crypt progenitor/stem cells, and preadipocytes. The institution of human trials with IL-11 will provide important information on the pharmacologic effects of IL-11 on human hematopoietic cells in the context of frequently used chemotherapy protocols. The physiologic role(s) of IL-11 are unknown but will become clear (at least in the mouse) with gene targeting experiments underway in several laboratories.
Expression of the Leukocyte-associated Sialoglycoprotein CD43 by a Colon Carcinoma Cell Line (1995)

The colon adenocarcinoma cell line COLO 205 secretes L-CanAg, a mucin-like glycoprotein carrying the carcinoma-associated sialyl-Lewis a carbohydrate epitope. In an attempt to identify its apoprotein, an NH2-terminal peptide sequence was obtained from purified L-CanAg. In all interpretable positions, this sequence showed 100% identity to the NH2-terminal of human CD43 (leukosialin, sialophorin), a plasma membrane-bound sialoglycoprotein hitherto only identified in leukocytes and other hematopoietic cells. An antiserum against deglycosylated L-CanAg and an anti-CD43 antiserum both immunoprecipitated a 61-kDa band, interpreted as the CD43 precursor, from COLO 205 cells as well as from the known CD43-expressing cell line HL-60. Results from immunoprecipitations following pulse-chase experiments and tunicamycin treatments were in agreement with earlier studies on the CD43 precursor. RNA blot analysis confirmed the expression of CD43 by the COLO 205 cell line, whereas three other colon carcinoma cell lines were negative. The glycosylation-dependent monoclonal antibody Leu-22, which recognizes leukocyte CD43, failed to bind L-CanAg, probably due to its much more extensive glycosylation. We conclude that L-CanAg is the secreted extracellular domain of a novel glycoform of CD43 and that CD43, if expressed in other carcinoma cells, may have escaped notice in studies relying on glycosylation-dependent monoclonal antibodies against leukocyte CD43.
Resonance-assisted hydrogen bonds revisited. Resonance stabilization vs. charge delocalization (2012)

The origins of stabilization in the short strong hydrogen bonds commonly referred to as "resonance-assisted" (RAHB) have been revisited using the modern valence-bond theory, the hybrid variational-perturbational interaction energy decomposition scheme and atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis. Dimers of carboxylic acids and amides have been chosen as the model structures for intermolecular RAHBs, while for the intramolecular case malondialdehyde and its substituted derivatives have been selected. The estimated (negligible) resonance stabilization energies and relative magnitudes of interaction energy components indicate that the origin of stabilization in the studied complexes is charge-delocalization. Although in the case of intramolecular RAHBs the resonance effects are much more pronounced, still they are a relatively minor contribution to the total stabilization energy. In fact, the estimated resonance stabilization energies diminish with an increasing strength of the hydrogen bond (as indicated by AIM and structural descriptors).
CAG repeat number governs the development rate of pathology in Huntington's disease (1997)

We compared the number of CAG repeats, the age at death, and the severity of neuropathology in 89 Huntington's disease brains. We found a linear correlation between the CAG repeat number and the quotient of the degree of atrophy in the striatum (the brain region most severely affected in Huntington's disease) divided by age at death, with an intercept at 35.5 repeats. The largest CAG repeat length, therefore, at which no pathology is expected to develop is 35.5. These results imply that striatal damage in Huntington's disease is almost entirely a linear function of the length of the polyglutamine stretch beyond 35.5 glutamines multiplied by the age of the patient. Thus, it is predicted that the pathological process develops linearly from birth. Analysis of other measures of striatal function could test this hypothesis and might determine when treatment for CAG repeat diseases should start.
A Comparison of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine and Oral Midazolam for Premedication in Pediatric Anesthesia: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial (2008)

Intranasal dexmedetomidine produces more sedation than oral midazolam, but with similar and acceptable cooperation.
Induction of broadly cross-reactive antibody responses to the influenza HA stem region following H5N1 vaccination in humans (2014)

The emergence of pandemic influenza viruses poses a major public health threat. Therefore, there is a need for a vaccine that can induce broadly cross-reactive antibodies that protect against seasonal as well as pandemic influenza strains. Human broadly neutralizing antibodies directed against highly conserved epitopes in the stem region of influenza virus HA have been recently characterized. However, it remains unknown what the baseline levels are of antibodies and memory B cells that are directed against these conserved epitopes. More importantly, it is also not known to what extent anti-HA stem B-cell responses get boosted in humans after seasonal influenza vaccination. In this study, we have addressed these two outstanding questions. Our data show that: (i) antibodies and memory B cells directed against the conserved HA stem region are prevalent in humans, but their levels are much lower than B-cell responses directed to variable epitopes in the HA head; (ii) current seasonal influenza vaccines are efficient in inducing B-cell responses to the variable HA head region but they fail to boost responses to the conserved HA stem region; and (iii) in striking contrast, immunization of humans with the avian influenza virus H5N1 induced broadly cross-reactive HA stem-specific antibodies. Taken together, our findings provide a potential vaccination strategy where heterologous influenza immunization could be used for increasing the levels of broadly neutralizing antibodies and for priming the human population to respond quickly to emerging pandemic influenza threats.
Management and Prevention of Feeding Problems in Young Children with Prematurity and Very Low Birth Weight (2002)

Many young children with a history of prematurity and very low birth weight have long-term problems with poor feeding and growth. Early assessment and biobehavioral management are critical to curbing the potential long-term negative impact of feeding challenges on physical growth and development and the establishment of healthy parent-child interactions. Multiple, interrelated components involving nutritional, physiologic, and behavioral factors need to be considered simultaneously to help this high-risk pediatric population achieve success with oral feeding and growth. This article describes these factors in detail.