gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Traditional herbal medicines for malaria (2004)

Traditional medicines have been used to treat malaria for thousands of years and are the source of the two main groups (artemisinin and quinine derivatives) of modern antimalarial drugs. With the problems of increasing levels of drug resistance and difficulties in poor areas of being able to afford and access effective antimalarial drugs, traditional medicines could be an important and sustainable source of treatment.

The Research Initiative on Traditional Antimalarial Methods (RITAM) was founded in 1999 with the aim of furthering research on traditional medicines for malaria.1 The initiative now has in excess of 200 members from over 30 countries. It has conducted systematic literature reviews and prepared guidelines aiming to standardise and improve the quality of ethnobotanical, pharmacological, and clinical studies on herbal antimalarials and on plant based methods of insect repellence and vector control. We review some of this work and outline what can be learnt from the developing countries on the management and control of malaria.

We carried out searches of relevant articles published up to 2004 through Medline, Embase, CAB, Sociofile, and the central clinical trials database of the Cochrane Library, using the terms “traditional medicine” and “malaria”, “malaria-therapy”, “knowledge,-attitudes,-practice”, “self-medication”, and “drug-utilisation”. We also searched the references of identified articles and handsearched journals on ethnobotany, herbal medicines, and tropical medicine, such as the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Fitoterapia, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Tropical Medicine , and International Health . Authors were contacted for unpublished papers.

#### Summary points

Over 1200 plant species from 160 families are used to treat malaria and fever

On average, a fifth of patients use traditional herbal remedies for malaria in endemic countries

Larger, more rigorous randomised controlled trials are needed with long term follow up

So far only a few studies have reported on side effects from …
piRNAs—the ancient hunters of genome invaders: Figure 1. (2007)

In addition to miRNAs and siRNAs, a third small RNA silencing system has been uncovered that prevents the spreading of selfish genetic elements. Production of the Piwi-associated RNAs (piRNAs), which mediate the silencing activity in this pathway, is initiated at a few master control regions within the genome. The nature of the primary piRNA-generating transcript is still unknown, but RNA interference (RNAi)-like cleavage events are likely defining the 5'-ends of mature piRNAs. We summarize the recent literature on piRNA biogenesis and function with an emphasis on work in Drosophila, where genetics and biochemistry have met very successfully.
Diet-Induced Thermogenesis in Man: Thermic Effects of Single Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats Depending on Their Energy Amount (1984)

The diet-induced thermogenesis of 12 healthy males of normal body weight was measured by means of indirect calorimetry over 6 h after test meals of 1, 2 or 4 MJ protein (white egg, gelatin, casein), carbohydrate (starch, hydrolyzed starch) or fat (sunflower oil, butter). The totals of the thermic responses proved to be dependent on the type of nutrient supplied as much as on its quantity. The effect of 1 MJ protein was at least three times as large as that of an isocaloric carbohydrate supply. The investigated dietary fats produced no evident thermic response. The doubling of the energy intake of either casein or hydrolyzed starch led to the approximate doubling of the thermic effect.
A distributed key assignment protocol for secure multicast based on proxy cryptography (2006)

A secure multicast framework should only allow authorized members of a group to decrypt received messages; usually one "group key" is shared by all approved members. However, this raises the problem of "one affects all," whereby the actions of one member affect the whole group. Many researchers solve the problem by dividing a group into several subgroups, but most existing solutions require a centralized trusted controller to coordinate cryptographic keys for subgroups. We believe this is a constraint on network scalability. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to solve key management problems in multicast networks. Our contribution is three-fold: 1) We exploit the ElGamal cryptosystem and propose the idea of key composition; 2) A distributed key assignment protocol is proposed to eliminate the need for a centralized trust controller in a secure multicast network that leverages proxy cryptography; and 3) We adopt a hybrid encryption technique that makes our framework more efficient and practical. Comparison with similar frameworks shows the proposed scheme is efficient in both time and space complexity. In addition, costs of most protocol operations are bounded by constants regardless of a group's size and the degree of transit nodes.
Review of the Themal and Mechanical Stability of TiN-based Thin Films (1999)

This paper is a review of the thermal and microstructural stability of state-of-the-art TiN-based thin films during exposure to elevated temperature and mechanical deformation. We consider both pure TiN films and TiN-based nanolaminates, metastable alloy nitrides, carbonitrides, and films in a state of compressive intrinsic stress. New results are presented from studies of single-crystal TiN and TiN/ NbN superlattice films, (Ti,Al)N and Ti(C,N) alloy films as well as Cr-N films, synthesised by the physical vapour deposition techniques reactive magnetron sputtering and cathodic are evaporation. TiN/NbN superlattices exhibit plastic deformation and dislocation glide limited to within individual layers in scratching experiments. This provides support for theories of superlattice hardening that presumes dislocation confinement with barriers to dislocation glide across layer interfaces. The apparent activation energy for metal interdiffusion in the TiN-NbN system is temperature-dependent with values in the range of 2.6 to 4.5 eV for annealing at T a ≤ 930 °C. Compressive-stress relaxation in Ti(C,N) films has activation energies in the range of 2.1 to 4.5 eV depending on deposition process parameters, Al-rich (Ti,Al)N films were found to be stable in the as-deposited cubic phase during annealing at temperatures as high as 900°C. Substoichiometric cubic δ-phase CrN exhibits phase separation into δ-CrN and Cr 2 N during annealing at 550°C. Activation energies for relaxation of residual stress in the Cr-N system was in the range of 2.1 to 3.1 eV.
Effects of sublingually given naloxone in opioid-dependent human volunteers (1990)

To determine whether sublingual naloxone could precipitate withdrawal in opioid-dependent subjects, naloxone was administered in increasing doses (0-8 mg in four or six sessions conducted over 2 days) to six heroin abusers and three methadone (30 mg/day, p.o.) maintenance patients. Two or three sessions were conducted per day with 2- to 2.5-h intervals between same-day sessions. Naloxone precipitated withdrawal in two of six heroin abusers and in all three methadone subjects. Naloxone is sufficiently absorbed sublingually to precipitate abstinence in dependent subjects, but naloxone doses up to 1-2 mg can be administered sublingually to opioid abusers/addicts without precipitating withdrawal.
Identification of HLA-A2–Restricted T-Cell Epitopes Derived From the MUC1 Tumor Antigen for Broadly Applicable Vaccine Therapies (1999)

The tumor-associated antigen MUC1 is overexpressed on various hematological and epithelial malignancies and is therefore a suitable candidate for broadly applicable vaccine therapies. It was demonstrated that major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted cytotoxic T cells can recognize epitopes of the MUC1 protein core localized in the tandem repeat domain. There is increasing evidence now that MHC-restricted T cells can also be induced after immunization with the MUC1 protein or segments of the core tandem repeat. Using a computer analysis of the MUC1 amino acid sequence, we identified two novel peptides with a high binding probability to the HLA-A2 molecule. One of the peptides is derived from the tandem repeat region and the other is derived from the leader sequence of the MUC1 protein, suggesting that, in contrast to previous reports, the MUC1-directed immune responses are not limited to the extracellular tandem repeat domain. Cytotoxic T cells (CTL) were generated from several healthy donors by primary in vitro immunization using peptide-pulsed dendritic cells. The addition of a Pan-HLA-DR binding peptide PADRE as a T-helper epitope during the in vitro priming resulted in an increased cytotoxic activity of the MUC1-specific CTL and a higher production of cytokines such as interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma in the cell cultures, demonstrating the importance of CD4 cells for an efficient CTL priming. The peptide induced CTL lysed tumors endogenously expressing MUC1 in an antigen-specific and HLA-A2-restricted fashion, including breast and pancreatic tumor cells as well as renal cell carcinoma cells, showing that these peptides are shared among many tumors. The use of MUC1-derived peptides could provide a broadly applicable approach for the development of dendritic cell-based vaccination therapies.
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibition of ultraviolet B-induced AP-1 activity (1998)

Green tea polyphenols have been shown to inhibit cancer in a variety of tumor models, including ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced non-melanoma skin cancer. In green tea extracts, the major dry mass constituent is the family of catechins, of which (-)-epigallocatechin-(3)-gallate (EGCG) is considered to be important for the chemopreventive activity. EGCG has been shown to have antioxidant properties, but there has been little progress toward identifying the specific targets and mechanisms of its action. Using cultured human keratinocytes, we show that UVB-induced AP-1 activity is inhibited by EGCG in a dose range of 5.45 nM to 54.5 microM. EGCG is effective at inhibiting AP-1 activity when applied before, after or both before and after UVB irradiation. EGCG also inhibits AP-1 activity in the epidermis of a transgenic mouse model. This work begins to define a mechanism by which EGCG could be acting to inhibit UVB-induced tumor formation.
Anti-GP 120 Antibodies from HIV Seropositive Individuals Mediate Broadly Reactive Anti-HIV ADCC (1987)

Cytophilic antibodies which mediate antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against envelope antigens of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can be found in seropositive individuals. In these experiments, sera from a wide spectrum of HIV infected patients ranging from asymptomatic to overt acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were shown to contain high titers of antibodies that mediate ADCC. Not only did patient antibodies bind to surface expressed viral antigens and mediate ADCC against cells chronically infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type IIIB (HTLV-IIIB), but also against cells infected with the divergent HTLV-IIIRF2 and HTLV-IIIMN viral isolates. Similar results were obtained with target cells bearing purified GP 120 from HTLV-IIIB and HTLV-IIIRF2, indicating that a major portion of the activity was mediated by anti-GP 120 antibodies. Consistent with this was the ability to absorb most of the group-specific ADCC activity from the serum of an HIV infected individual using affinity columns bearing purified HTLV-IIIB GP 120. The finding that human antibodies reactive against the HIV envelope glycoprotein mediate ADCC against cells chronically infected with divergent strains of HIV will have important implications in designing rational approaches to passive and active immunotherapy.
Introduction to Enzyme and Coenzyme Chemistry (2004)

Preface Representation of Protein Three-Dimensional Structures From jack beans to designer genes All enzymes are proteins Enzymes are wonderful catalysts Methods for studying enzymatic reactions Hydrolytic and group transfer reactions Enzymatic redox chemistry Enzymatic carbon-carbon bond formation Enzymatic additional/elimanation reactions Enzymatic transformations of amino acids Isomerases Radicals in enzyme catalysis Non-enzymatic biological catalysis Appendices Index
Differentiation of human colon adenocarcinoma cells alters the expression and intracellular localization of annexins A1, A2, and A5 (2004)

Butyrate induces differentiation and alters cell proliferation in intestinal-epithelial cells by modulation of the expression of several genes. Annexins are a superfamily of ubiquitous proteins characterized by their calcium-dependent ability to bind to biological membranes; their involvement in several physiological processes, such as membrane trafficking, calcium signaling, cell motility, proliferation, and differentiation has been proposed. Thus, we have analyzed changes in annexin A1 (AnxA1), annexin A2 (AnxA2), and annexin A5 (AnxA5) levels and localization in human colon adenocarcinoma cells differentiated by butyrate treatment or by culture in glucose-free inosine-containing medium. The acquired differentiated phenotype increased dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) expression and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, two well known brush border markers. Butyrate induces cell differentiation and growth arrest in BCS-TC2, BCS-TC2.2, HT-29, and Caco-2 cells, increasing the levels of AnxA1 and AnxA5, whereas AnxA2 decreases except in Caco-2 cells. Inosine-differentiated cells present increased amounts of the three studied annexins, as occurs in spontaneously differentiated Caco-2 cells. AnxA2 down-regulation is not due to proteasome activation and seems to be related to the butyrate-induced cell proliferation arrest; AnxA1 and AnxA5 expression is growth-state independent. AnxA1 and AnxA5 are mainly found in the cytoplasm while AnxA2 is localized underneath the plasma membrane in cell-to-cell contacts. Butyrate induces changes in subcellular localization towards a vesicle-associated pattern. Human colon adenocarcinoma cell differentiation is associated with an up-regulation of AnxA1, AnxA2, and AnxA5 and with a subcellular relocation of these proteins. No correlation between annexin levels and tumorigenicity was found. Up-regulation of AnxA1 could contribute to the reported anti-inflammatory effects of butyrate in colon inflammatory diseases.
Carbon Nanotube Circuit Integration up to Sub-20 nm Channel Lengths (2014)

Carbon nanotube (CNT) field-effect transistors (CNFETs) are a promising emerging technology projected to achieve over an order of magnitude improvement in energy-delay product, a metric of performance and energy efficiency, compared to silicon-based circuits. However, due to substantial imperfections inherent with CNTs, the promise of CNFETs has yet to be fully realized. Techniques to overcome these imperfections have yielded promising results, but thus far only at large technology nodes (1 μm device size). Here we demonstrate the first very large scale integration (VLSI)-compatible approach to realizing CNFET digital circuits at highly scaled technology nodes, with devices ranging from 90 nm to sub-20 nm channel lengths. We demonstrate inverters functioning at 1 MHz and a fully integrated CNFET infrared light sensor and interface circuit at 32 nm channel length. This demonstrates the feasibility of realizing more complex CNFET circuits at highly scaled technology nodes.
Coronary imaging: angiography shows the stenosis, but IVUS, CT, and MRI show the plaque. (2003)

Angiography is the standard clinical test for advanced coronary artery disease. Tomographic cardiovascular imaging tests, ie, intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can be used to assess atherosclerotic plaques responsible for early, silent disease and may become important tools for early detection and prevention.
Evidence for a disease‐resistance pathway in rice similar to the NPR1‐mediated signaling pathway in Arabidopsis (2001)

The Arabidopsis NPR1/NIM1 gene is a key regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Over-expression of NPR1 leads to enhanced resistance in Arabidopsis. To investigate the role of NPR1 in monocots, we over-expressed the Arabidopsis NPR1 in rice and challenged the transgenic plants with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the rice bacterial blight pathogen. The transgenic plants displayed enhanced resistance to Xoo. RNA blot hybridization indicates that enhanced resistance requires expression of NPR1 mRNA above a threshold level in rice. To identify components mediating the resistance controlled by NPR1, we used NPR1 as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen. We isolated four cDNA clones encoding rice NPR1 interactors (named rTGA2.1, rTGA2.2, rTGA2.3 and rLG2) belonging to the bZIP family. rTGA2.1, rTGA2.2 and rTGA2.3 share 75, 76 and 78% identity with Arabidopsis TGA2, respectively. In contrast, rLG2 shares highest identity (81%) to the maize liguleless (LG2) gene product, which is involved in establishing the leaf blade-sheath boundary. The interaction of NPR1 with the rice bZIP proteins in yeast was impaired by the npr1-1 and npr1-2 mutations, but not by the nim1-4 mutation. The NPR1-rTGA2.1 interaction was confirmed by an in vitro pull-down experiment. In gel mobility shift assays, rTGA2.1 binds to the rice RCH10 promoter and to a cis-element required sequence-specifically for salicylic acid responsiveness. This is the first demonstration that the Arabidopsis NPR1 gene can enhance disease resistance in a monocot plant. These results also suggest that monocot and dicot plants share a conserved signal transduction pathway controlling NPR1-mediated resistance.
Enhancing the PDV offset has been a godsend (2012)

Australian companies created some of the special effects on three of the most highly anticipated blockbusters of recent months, Prometheus, The Avengers and The Hunger Games. But, reports Sandy George, this doesn't mean the sector is brimming over with good health.
Small Signal Equivalent Circuit Extraction From A Gallium Arsenide MESFET Device (1997)

Effect Transistor (MESFET) devices has enabled the miniaturization of pagers, cellular phones, and other electronic devices. With these MESFET devices comes the need to model them. This thesis extracts a small signal equivalent circuit model from a Gallium Arsenide MESFET device. The approach taken in this thesis is to use measured S-parameters to extract a small signal equivalent circuit model by optimization. Small signal models and S-parameters are explained. The Simplex Method is used to optimize the small signal equivalent circuit model. A thorough analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the Simplex Method is performed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my committee for taking time out of their busy schedules to evaluate my thesis. My sincerest thanks go to Dr. Elshabini-Riad for taking time out of her research to help me with mine. I would also like to acknowledge Mr. Fred Barlow and thank him for his support and suggestions. Special thanks goes to Mr. Richard Hoagland for his help and his sense of humor. Also, this thesis would not have been possible without help from Mr. George Studtmann of ITT in arranging to make the measurements of the MESFET devices. Finally, I thank my mother and father without
Does Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy Help Multiple Sclerosis Patients? Report of a Pilot Study. (2007)

This preliminary report emphasizes on the feasibility of autologous MSC for treatment of MS patients. However, in order to draw a definitive conclusion a larger sample size is required.
Selection for Escherichia coli mutants with proteins missing from the ribosome (1979)

Antibiotic-independent revertants of an erythromycin-dependent strain of Escherichia coli were isolated by spontaneous selection. Their ribosomal proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In contrast to most ribosomally targeted selections, the specific absence of a certain protein from the ribosome, rather than alterations in ribosomal proteins, was observed. Mutants were found with protein S20, L11, L15, L28, L29, or L30 missing.
Cross-Linking Exogenous Bifunctional Peptides into Fibrin Gels with Factor XIIIa (1998)

Bi-domain peptides with a factor XIIIa substrate in one domain and a bioactive peptide in another domain were covalently incorporated into fibrin gels during coagulation through the action of the transglutaminase factor XIIIa. The cross-linking characteristics were determined for two bi-domain peptides with factor XIIIa substrates based on fibrinogen, dYRGDTIGEGQQHHLGG-NH2, and dLRGDGAKDV-NH2, as well as one bi-domain peptide with a substrate sequence based on alpha2-plasmin inhibitor, dLNQEQVSPLRGD-NH2, and another with a nonbiological, oligolysine substrate, dLRGDKKKKG-NH2 (substrate domains in italic). Each of these peptides was able to cross-link into the fibrin gels during coagulation, with the peptide containing the factor XIIIa substrate based on alpha2-plasmin inhibitor being incorporated at levels in excess of 8 mol/mol fibrinogen. The structural characteristics of these peptide-modified gels proved to be the same as those for a native fibrin gel. The bioactivity of the incorporated active factors was tested in a neuronal culture model with day 8 chicken dorsal root ganglia using two bioactive sequences, RGD and DGEA, and one inactive control sequence, RDG. Each of these peptides influenced the extension of neurites from the ganglia as expected, indicating that the incorporated factors retained their activity. With the use of soluble competitive inhibitors, it was shown that this effect was due to the covalently incorporated peptides. Through exploiting the role of factor XIIIa in coagulation, we have developed a method by which to impart the character of nonfibrin proteins, such as extracellular matrix proteins, to fibrin, a biological material with many potential therapeutic and academic applications.
Effect of different proportion of vetiver grass(Vetiveria nemoralis A.Camus) in roughage on urinary purine derivatives excretion in swamp buffalo (2007)

Acomplete 4 4 Latin Square was adopted in the experiment.Four male growing swamp buffalo(18 months old) with mean body weight of 262±17.9 kg were fed with four kinds of diets with different ratio of vetiver grass in roughage,the variation of PD excretion per unit of digestible organic matter intake(DOMI) were observed to research the influence of different diet on urinary purine derivatives excretion in buffalo.The results showed that allantoin,uric acid and total PD excretion increased with increasing of the proportion of vetiver grass in roughage,and difference of excretion among diets were significant(P0.05).There was no significant difference(P0.05)in excretion of xanthine and hypoxanthine.PD/DOMI was not significantly different(P0.05) among 4 diets when the content of vetiver grass in diets increased.The experiment proved that when the ratio of vetiver grass in roughage was 50 %,PD excretion(17.5 mmol/d) and PD/DOMI.(6.11 mmol/kg.)were maximal.