gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface Characterization and Anodic Polarization of Nitrogen-Ion-Implanted Nickel-Free Co&ndash;Cr&ndash;Mo Alloy (2005)

Nitrogen ions were implanted in a nickel-free Co–Cr–Mo alloy in amounts of 1019, 1020, and 1021 ions m−2 with an acceleration energy of 150 keV and ion-beam current-density of 10−15 mA m−2 to improve the friction-wear properties. Changes in the composition of the surface layer of the alloy with ion implantation, autoclaving, and immersion in Hanks’ solution as a simulated body fluid were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to evaluate the stability of the material and predict the safety and tissue compatibility of the material. The surface oxide layer on the mechanically polished Co–Cr–Mo alloy consisted of oxidic species of cobalt, chromium, and molybdenum, and its thickness was about 2.5 nm. The surface film contained a large amount of OH−, that is, the oxide was hydrated or oxyhydroxidized. After N2+ implantation, nitrogen atoms existed as cobalt nitride in the substrate just under the surface oxide and NH3 or NH4 in the surface oxide, and these amounts increased with the increase of the dose. Chromium was concentrated in the surface oxide but depleted in the substrate with ion implantation. Cobalt was preferentially oxidized by autoclaving and depleted in the substrate after autoclaving. Calcium phosphate was formed, and cobalt was preferentially dissolved during immersion in Hanks’ solution. N2+-implanted Co–Cr–Mo alloy with an amount of 1020 ions m−2 showed the highest corrosion resistance.
Synthesis of proteins by automated flow chemistry (2020)

Ribosomes can produce proteins in minutes and are largely constrained to proteinogenic amino acids. Here, we report highly efficient chemistry matched with an automated fast-flow instrument for the direct manufacturing of peptide chains up to 164 amino acids long over 327 consecutive reactions. The machine is rapid: Peptide chain elongation is complete in hours. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by the chemical synthesis of nine different protein chains that represent enzymes, structural units, and regulatory factors. After purification and folding, the synthetic materials display biophysical and enzymatic properties comparable to the biologically expressed proteins. High-fidelity automated flow chemistry is an alternative for producing single-domain proteins without the ribosome.
Investigating emotion with music: An fMRI study (2005)

The present study used pleasant and unpleasant music to evoke emotion and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to determine neural correlates of emotion processing. Unpleasant (permanently dissonant) music contrasted with pleasant (consonant) music showed activations of amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and temporal poles. These structures have previously been implicated in the emotional processing of stimuli with (negative) emotional valence; the present data show that a cerebral network comprising these structures can be activated during the perception of auditory (musical) information. Pleasant (contrasted to unpleasant) music showed activations of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG, inferior Brodmann's area (BA) 44, BA 45, and BA 46), the anterior superior insula, the ventral striatum, Heschl's gyrus, and the Rolandic operculum. IFG activations appear to reflect processes of music-syntactic analysis and working memory operations. Activations of Rolandic opercular areas possibly reflect the activation of mirror-function mechanisms during the perception of the pleasant tunes. Rolandic operculum, anterior superior insula, and ventral striatum may form a motor-related circuitry that serves the formation of (premotor) representations for vocal sound production during the perception of pleasant auditory information. In all of the mentioned structures, except the hippocampus, activations increased over time during the presentation of the musical stimuli, indicating that the effects of emotion processing have temporal dynamics; the temporal dynamics of emotion have so far mainly been neglected in the functional imaging literature.
Expectation-Maximization as lower bound maximization (1998)

The Expectation-Maximization algorithm given by Dempster et al (1977) has enjoyed considerable popularity for solving MAP estimation problems. This note derives EM from the lower bounding viewpoint (Luttrell, 1994), which better illustrates the convergence properties of the algorithm and its variants. The algorithm is illustrated with two examples: pooling data from multiple noisy sources and fitting a mixture density. 1 Introduction The Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is an iterative optimization technique specifically designed for probabilistic models. It uses a different strategy than gradient descent or Newton&amp;apos;s method and sometimes provides faster convergence. However, it is still a local technique, and so is just as susceptible to local minima. The difference between EM and gradient descent is illustrated in figure 1. Starting from the current guess, gradient descent makes a linear approximation to the objective function, then takes some step uphill. Unfortunately,...
Temporal trends in the incidence of multiple sclerosis (2008)

The latitude gradient present in older incidence studies of multiple sclerosis (MS) is decreasing. The female-to-male MS ratio has increased in the last five decades.
Thrombin-binding DNA aptamer forms a unimolecular quadruplex structure in solution. (1993)

We have used two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy to study the conformation of the thrombin-binding aptamer d(GGTTGGTGTGGTTGG) in solution. This is one of a series of thrombin-binding DNA aptamers with a consensus 15-base sequence that was recently isolated and shown to inhibit thrombin-catalyzed fibrin clot formation in vitro [Bock, L. C., Griffin, L. C., Latham, J. A., Vermaas, E. H. & Toole, J. J. (1992) Nature (London) 355, 564-566]. The oligonucleotide forms a unimolecular DNA quadruplex consisting of two G-quartets connected by two TT loops and one TGT loop. A potential T.T bp is formed between the two TT loops across the diagonal of the top G-quartet. Thus, all of the invariant bases in the consensus sequence are base-paired. This aptamer structure was determined by NMR and illustrates that this molecule forms a specific folded structure. Knowledge of this structure may be used in the further development of oligonucleotide-based thrombin inhibitors.
Cascaded Classification of Gender and Facial Expression using Active Appearance Models (2006)

This paper presents an approach to recognising the gender and expression of face images by means of active appearance models (AAM). Features extracted by a trained AAM are used to construct support vector machine (SVM) classifiers for 4 elementary emotional states (happy, angry, sad, neutral). These classifiers are arranged into a cascade structure in order to optimise overall recognition performance. Furthermore, it is shown how performance can be further improved by first classifying the gender of the face images using an SVM trained in a similar manner. Both gender-specific expression classification and expression-specific gender classification cascades are considered, with the former yielding better recognition performance. We conclude that there are gender-specific differences in the appearance of facial expressions that can be exploited for automated recognition, and that cascades are an efficient and effective way of performing multi-class recognition of facial expressions
Synthesis of a linear bis-porphyrin with a Ru(phen)22+-complexed 2,2′-bipyridine spacer (2002)

A linear bis-porphyrin bridged by a 5,5′-diphenyl-2,2′-bipyridine rod-like spacer complexing a [Ru(phen)2]2+ fragment has been synthesized in 7.4% yield by one-pot condensation of 3,5-di-tert-butylbenzaldehyde, 4,4′-dimethyl-3,3′-dihexyl-2,2′-methylenedipyrrole and the [Ru(phen)2]2+ complex of 5,5′-bis(p-formylphenyl)-2,2′-bipyridine, followed by chloranil oxidation. The protected dialdehyde (5,5′-bis[(5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)phenyl]-2,2′-bipyridine) was obtained in 80% yield by Suzuki coupling of 2-[4-(5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-yl)phenyl]-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3-dioxaborolane and 5,5′-dibromo-2,2′-bipyridine, using [Pd(PPh3)4] as catalyst. A new procedure is reported for the preparation of 5,5′-dibromo-2,2′-bipyridine, which is obtained in 80% yield by Stille homocoupling of 2,5-dibromopyridine in the presence of hexamethylditin.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Bioactivation and Anti‐HIV Activity of 4‐Acyloxybenzyl Bis( nucleosid‐5′‐yl) Phosphates (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Irreversible Network Transformation in a Dynamic Porous Host Catalyzed by Sulfur Dioxide (2013)

Porous NOTT-202a shows exceptionally high uptake of SO2, 13.6 mmol g(-1) (87.0 wt %) at 268 K and 1.0 bar, representing the highest value reported to date for a framework material. NOTT-202a undergoes a distinct irreversible framework phase transition upon SO2 uptake at 268-283 K to give NOTT-202b which has enhanced stability due to the formation of strong π···π interactions between interpenetrated networks.
Miopatías en el caballo I. Rabdomiolisis agudas y recurrentes. (2002)

Las patologias musculares son relativamente frecuentes en caballos de deporte, asociadas al ejercicio. Sin embargo, no todas las miopatias derivan de una actividad fisica y aunque desde un punto de vista clinico sean similares, su etiopatogenia difiere. Este hecho condiciona que el tratamiento y la prevencion sean diferentes. En este trabajo se describen las rabdomiolisis ligadas al esfuerzo fisico, agudas y cronicas o recurrentes. Las agudas estan supeditadas a la intensidad del ejercicio: las actividades maximas cortas se asocian a acumulacion de lactato y acidosis muscular, deplecion de nucleotidos de purina e hipercalemia, mientras que las actividades submaximas prolongadas se relacionan con depleccion de glucogeno, hipertermia, hipoxia muscular y desequilibrios hidricos, electroliticos y acido-base. Las cronicas o recurrentes son procesos complejos y multifactoriales, en los que hay que considerar el deficit de vitamina E y Se, el hipotiroidismo, la influencia de las hormonas sexuales, las alteraciones electroliticas, la alimentacion y la accion de otros factores, como el transporte y las condiciones climaticas. Finalmente se expone la sintomatologia, los metodos diagnosticos complementarios y las medidas terapeuticas de tratamiento y prevencion.
SPECIAL REPORT (1990)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTSPECIAL REPORTConductive PolymersMERCOURI G. KANATZIDISView Author Information Michigan State UniversityCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1990, 68, 49, 36–50Publication Date (Print):December 3, 1990Publication History Published online10 November 2010Published inissue 3 December 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v068n049.p036https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v068n049.p036newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1990 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views71Altmetric-Citations187LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Plastics Get e-Alerts
In vivo CD40-gp39 interactions are essential for thymus-dependent humoral immunity. I. In vivo expression of CD40 ligand, cytokines, and antibody production delineates sites of cognate T-B cell interactions. (1993)

T-B cell interactions have a central role in the development of antibody responses. Upon activation, T helper (Th) cells express the ligand for CD40, gp39, which is essential for Th cell-dependent B cell activation. The cytokines produced by activated Th cells have a regulatory role in B cell differentiation. In this study, we investigated, using immunohistochemical techniques, the in vivo time course and localization of gp39 expression and cytokine production in relation to the specific antibody production. Both the immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), a thymus-dependent (TD) antigen, and trinitrophenyl (TNP)-Ficoll, a thymus-independent type 2 (TI-2) antigen, induced Th cells to express gp39. The expression of gp39 was restricted to Th cells in the outer periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths (outer-PALS) and around the terminal arterioles (TA). Incidentally, gp39+ Th cells were found in the corona of follicles, whereas gp39+ cells were never found in the germinal centers or marginal zones of the spleen. Maximum frequencies of gp39+ cells were observed 3 and 4 d after primary and secondary immunization with KLH. After injection of TNP-Ficoll, a marked increase in gp39+ cells was observed, confirming previous observations that activated T cells are involved in TI-2 antibody responses. Analysis of the in vivo cytokine production revealed that interleukin 2 (IL-2)-, IL-4- and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing cells (IFN-gamma-PC) developed according to similar kinetics as observed for gp39+ cells. IL-2-PC and IL-4-PC were present in higher frequencies as were IFN-gamma-PC in the immune response against TNP-KLH. Double staining experiments revealed gp39+ Th cells producing IL-2, IL-4, or IFN-gamma, suggesting that these cells were involved in both the initial activation as well as the differentiation process of B cells into antibody-forming cells. Dual immunohistochemical analysis revealed gp39+ T cells and cytokine-PC in close proximity to antigen-specific, antibody-forming B cells. In conclusion, this study shows that in vivo gp39 is expressed on activated Th cells after immunization with TD and TI-2 antigens. Furthermore, the time course and compartmentalization of gp39+ expression, cytokine production and antibody formation after immunization suggest that cognate T-B cell interactions and T cell-regulated B cell differentiation occur in the outer-PALS and around the TA of the spleen.
Multifunctional microbubbles and nanobubbles for photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging (2010)

We develop a novel dual-modal contrast agent-encapsulated-ink poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microbubbles and nanobubbles-for photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging. Soft gelatin phantoms with embedded tumor simulators of encapsulated-ink PLGA microbubbles and nanobubbles in various concentrations are clearly shown in both photoacoustic and ultrasound images. In addition, using photoacoustic imaging, we successfully image the samples positioned below 1.8-cm-thick chicken breast tissues. Potentially, simultaneous photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging enhanced by encapsulated-dye PLGA microbubbles or nanobubbles can be a valuable tool for intraoperative assessment of tumor boundaries and therapeutic margins.
Analysis on clinical distribution and drug resistance of Enterococcus spp (2003)

Objective To study distribution and drug resistance of Enterococcus spp in our hospital.Methods Enterococci were identified by Sensititre Microbiology System. The antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by using agar dilution method and Etest. results Enterococci were isolated from urine(38%),pus(19%),sputum(14%), abdominal drainage(10%)and other specimens(19%),respectively. There were 67% E.faecalis,32% E.Faecium and 1% E.durans among ninety one strains of enterococci.There were more than 50% E.faecalis and E.Faecium which were resistance to high level gentamicins. Resistant rate to β-Lactams of E.Faecium was higher than E.faecalis.The strains of resistance to vancomycin were not found but two strains of intermediate to vancomycin were detected by Etest.Conclusion Enterococci distribute to clinical specimens widely.E.faecalis and E.Faecium are the most species.Most of them were resistant to many kind of antimicrobial agents except vancomycin.
The Critical Size Defect as an Experimental Model for Craniomandibulofacial Nonunions (1986)

Little consistency has been manifest among investigators in choosing an appropriate experimental model for maxillofacial bone research. In an effort to develop a protocol for the experimental analysis of maxillofacial nonunions, previous studies using calvarial and mandibular defects as models were reviewed. The creation of nonunions in animals within the calvaria and mandible was size dependent. Defects of a size that will not heal during the lifetime of the animal may be termed critical size defects (CSDs). A rationale was postulated for testing bone repair materials (BRMs) using CSDs in a hierarchy of animal models. This rationale suggests that testing should be initiated in the calvaria of the rat and rabbit, followed by testing in the mandibles of dogs and monkeys. While calvarial CSDs have been established in the rat, rabbit, and dog, further research is necessary to determine the CSD in the calvaria of the monkey, as well as the mandibles of dogs and monkeys.
Near-infrared absorbing dyes (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNear-infrared absorbing dyesJuergen Fabian, Hiroyuki Nakazumi, and Masaru MatsuokaCite this: Chem. Rev. 1992, 92, 6, 1197–1226Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00014a003https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00014a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views12720Altmetric-Citations861LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Relative rates of homologous and nonhomologous recombination in transfected DNA. (1985)

Both homologous and nonhomologous recombination events occur at high efficiency in DNA molecules transfected into mammalian cells. Both types of recombination occur with similar overall efficiencies, as measured by an endpoint assay, but their relative rates are unknown. In this communication, we measure the relative rates of homologous and nonhomologous recombination in DNA transfected into monkey cells. This measurement is made by using a linear simian virus 40 genome that contains a 131-base-pair duplication at its termini. Once inside the cell, this molecule must circularize to initiate lytic infection. Circularization can occur either by direct, nonhomologous end-joining or by homologous recombination within the duplicated region. Although the products of the two recombination pathways are different, they are equally infectious. Since homologous and nonhomologous recombination processes are competing for the same substrate, the relative amounts of the products of each pathway should reflect the relative rates of homologous and nonhomologous recombination. Analysis of individual recombinant genomes from 164 plaques indicates that the rate of circularization by nonhomologous recombination is 2- to 3-fold higher than the rate of homologous recombination. The assay system described here may prove to be useful for testing procedures designed to influence the relative rates of homologous and nonhomologous recombination.
Multienzyme complex for metabolic channeling in mammalian DNA replication. (1980)

In the DNA-synthesizing phase (S phase) of CHEF/18 Chinese hamster embryo fibroblast cells, six enzymes associated with DNA metabolism, including DNA polymerase (deoxynucleoside triphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyl-transferase, EC 2.7.7.7), were largely localized in the nuclear region (karyoplasts). By contrast, in quiescent and G1 phase cells these enzymatic activites were mainly absent from the nucleus and were recovered in the cytoplasmic portion (cytoplasts). These nuclear (but not cytoplasmic) enzymatic activities cosedimented rapidly on sucrose density gradients. Further, the rapidly sedimenting enzyme activities were unique to cells in S phase. An organized supramolecular structure that allows channeling of metabolites into DNA was demonstrated by kinetics of nucleotide incorporation. "Permeabilized" cells selectively channeled incorporation of ribonucleoside diphosphates into DNA in preference to deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate incorporation occurred when ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (2'-deoxyribonucleoside-diphosphate: oxidized-thioredoxin 2'-oxidoreductase, EC 1.17.4.1) activity was abolished by hydroxyurea. Our interpretation is that during DNA replication, the nucleus contains a complex of DNA precursor-synthesizing enzymes juxtaposed with the "replication apparatus" comprising DNA polymerase, other enzymes, and structural proteins. Functional integrity of this structure is impaired when one of its essential components is inactivated. We propose the name "replitase" for this multienzyme complex for DNA replication and suggest that it incorporates precursors rapidly and efficiently. Possibly its assembly signals the initiation of the S phase of the cell cycle.
Molecular Mechanism of Nrf2 Activation by Oxidative Stress (2005)

The capacity of cells to maintain homeostasis during oxidative stress resides in activation or induction of protective enzymes. Nuclear-factor-E2-related factor (Nrf)-2 as a member of bZIP transcription factors is expressed in a variety of tissues. Transcriptional activation of antioxidant genes through an antioxidant response element (ARE) is largely dependent upon Nrf2. The genes that contain a functional ARE include those encoding GSTA1, GSTA2, NAD(P)H:quinone reductase, and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase heavy and light subunits that play a role in defense against oxidative stress. Previously, we showed that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) controls nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in response to oxidative stress, which involves rearrangement of actin microfilaments. Now, we report that PI3-kinase is responsible for the rise of cellular Ca(2+), which is requisite for nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Immunocytochemistry and subcellular fractionation analyses revealed that Nrf2 relocated from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane prior to its nuclear translocation. We further found that CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta (C/EBPbeta), peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), and retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimer serve as the activating transcription factors for the phase II gene induction. Hence, PI3-kinase-mediated Nrf2 activation in combination with activating PPARgamma-RXR and C/EBPbeta contributes to antioxidant phase II enzyme induction via coordinate gene transactivation.