gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 5.3-GHz programmable divider for HiPerLAN in 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS (2000)

A 5.3-GHz low-voltage CMOS frequency divider whose modulus can be varied from 220 to 224 is presented. Programmability is achieved by switching between different output phases of a D-flip-flop (DFF). An improved glitch-free phase switching architecture through the use of retimed multiplexer control signals is introduced. A high-speed low-voltage DFF circuit is given. The programmable divider fabricated in 0.25-/spl mu/m technology occupies 0.09 mm/sup 2/; it consumes 17.4 mA at 1.8 V and 26.8 mA at 2.2 V. Operation of 5.5 GHz with 300-mV/sub pk/ single-ended input is achieved with a 2.2-V supply. The residual phase noise at the output is -131 dBc/Hz at an offset of 1 kHz from the carrier while operating from a 5.5 GHz input.
Effects of postnatal steroids on Na+/K+-ATPase activity and a1- and ß1-subunit protein expression in the cerebral cortex and renal cortex of newborn lambs (2006)

Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase is a membrane-bound enzyme responsible for Na(+)/K(+) translocation across cell membranes. It is essential for the generation of electrochemical gradients, which control the ionic environment necessary for electrical activity and water and electrolyte balance. Newborn infants who are at risk of developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are frequently treated with corticosteroids. Although these infants are at risk for neurological, water and electrolyte abnormalities, there is little information regarding the effects of clinically relevant doses of corticosteroids on Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and protein isoform expression in the brain and kidney of newborns. In the present study, we examined the effects of dexamethasone on cerebral cortical and renal cortical Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and alpha1- and beta1-protein isoform expression in newborn lambs. Lambs were given four injections of a placebo (n = 11) or one of three different doses of dexamethasone (0.01 mg kg(-1), n = 9; 0.25 mg kg(-1), n = 11; or 0.50 mg kg(-1), n = 9) 12 h apart on Postnatal Days 3 and 4 up to 18 h before harvest of the cerebral cortex and renal cortex. We selected doses in a range to approximate those used to treat infants with BPD. Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity was measured in membrane preparations as ouabain-sensitive inorganic phosphate liberation from ATP and alpha1- and beta1-subunit abundance by Western immunoblot. Postnatal treatment of lambs with dexamethasone resulted in a 21.4% increase in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and a 30.4% increase in catalytic alpha1-protein expression in the cerebral cortex at a dose of 0.50 mg kg(-1) dexamethasone, but not at the lower doses. Dexamethasone treatment was not associated with changes in beta1-isoform expression in the cerebral cortex. In the kidney, dexamethasone treatment was not associated with significant changes in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity or alpha1- or beta1-isoform expression for the doses we examined. Therefore, clinically relevant corticosteroid treatment exerts dose-related, differential organ-specific effects on Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and protein isoform expression in newborn lambs.
Cellular senescence in human myoblasts is overcome by human telomerase reverse transcriptase and cyclin‐dependent kinase 4: consequences in aging muscle and therapeutic strategies for muscular dystrophies (2007)

Cultured human myoblasts fail to immortalize following the introduction of telomerase. The availability of an immortalization protocol for normal human myoblasts would allow one to isolate cellular models from various neuromuscular diseases, thus opening the possibility to develop and test novel therapeutic strategies. The parameters limiting the efficacy of myoblast transfer therapy (MTT) could be assessed in such models. Finally, the presence of an unlimited number of cell divisions, and thus the ability to clone cells after experimental manipulations, reduces the risks of insertional mutagenesis by many orders of magnitude. This opportunity for genetic modification provides an approach for creating a universal donor that has been altered to be more therapeutically useful than its normal counterpart. It can be engineered to function under conditions of chronic damage (which are very different than the massive regeneration conditions that recapitulate normal development), and to overcome the biological problems such as cell death and failure to proliferate and migrate that limit current MTT strategies. We describe here the production and characterization of a human myogenic cell line, LHCN-M2, that has overcome replicative aging due to the expression of telomerase and cyclin-dependent kinase 4. We demonstrate that it functions as well as young myoblasts in xenotransplant experiments in immunocompromized mice under conditions of regeneration following muscle damage.
Daptomycin versus Vancomycin for Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections: Clinical and Economic Outcomes (2007)

Patients receiving daptomycin achieved more rapid resolution of symptoms and clinical cure and had a decreased duration of inpatient therapy compared with those receiving vancomycin. This study suggests that daptomycin is a cost-effective alternative to vancomycin for complicated skin and skin structure infections.
Risk of endometrial cancer after treatment with oestrogens alone or in conjunction with progestogens: results of a prospective study. (1989)

Use of oestrogens without progestogens is associated with a twofold to threefold increase in risk of endometrial neoplasia. Use of progestogens either removes this increased risk or delays its onset. A further follow up of the cohort is essential to analyse the risks with greater statistical power.
Segmental Spinal Nerve Ligation Model of Neuropathic Pain (2004)

Primary cultures of neurons provide opportunities to study the cell biology of neurons under controlled conditions. Because differences exist in cellular properties among populations of neurons in the brain, survival requirements for neurons among these regions differ as well. This chapter outlines protocols for the preparation of primary cultures of spinal cord from 2-d-old neonatal rats. One protocol prepares cultures enriched in neurons and an alternative procedure prepares cultures enriched in non-neuronal cells. Comparison of biochemical data between these two culture preparations allows deductions of effects of treatments on neurons in the cultures. Limitations in interpretation of data obtained from cultured neurons are discussed.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (2009)

Patients with purine analogue-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have short survival and limited treatment options. Defining the best salvage strategies for this population is challenging, because limited data are available from clinical trials, and because studies have enrolled mixed populations (patients with recurrent and refractory disease or patients with refractory disease and Richter transformation). Moreover, patients with refractory CLL have a high incidence of unfavorable molecular and clinical features, such as high-risk genomic profiles, unmutated immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes, expression of zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70, and bulky lymphadenopathies. These patients are also severely immunosuppressed because of the underlying disease and the treatments received, and experience a high rate of infectious complications that pose an additional difficulty in selecting treatment. Despite these challenges, in parallel with better characterizations of the biologic features of refractory CLL, the number of available treatment modalities for this population has increased. Several chemoimmunotherapy combinations have been developed, and novel agents with a different mechanism of action are being investigated in clinical trials. Furthermore, allogeneic stem cell transplantation with nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens is a therapeutic strategy that is increasingly offered to patients with refractory CLL.
On-chip high-voltage generation in MNOS integrated circuits using an improved voltage multiplier technique (1976)

An improved voltage multiplier technique has been developed for generating +40 V internally in p-channel MNOS integrated circuits to enable them to be operated from standard +5- and -12-V supply rails. With this technique, the multiplication efficiency and current driving capability are both independent of the number of multiplier stages. A mathematical model and simple equivalent circuit have been developed for the multiplier and the predicted performance agrees well with measured results. A multiplier has already been incorporated into a TTL compatible nonvolatile quad-latch, in which it occupies a chip area of 600 /spl mu/m/spl times/240 /spl mu/m. It is operated with a clock frequency of 1 MHz and can supply a maximum load current of about 10 /spl mu/A. The output impedance is 3.2 M/spl Omega/.
Epidemiological evaluation of release of monocyte TNF-alpha as an exposure and effect marker in pneumoconiosis: a five year follow up study of coal workers. (1995)

These results show (a) the significant involvement of TNF-alpha in pneumoconiosis in humans induced by coal dust and (b) that this routine test possibly constitutes a powerful tool to estimate individual prognosis of pneumoconiotic disease, even after the end of occupational exposure.
Intracellular peptide delivery using amphiphilic lipid‐based formulations (2011)

Peptides, highly diverse by their nature, are important biochemical and pharmaceutical tools: ligands for cellular receptors, transcription factors, immunosuppressants, vaccines, etc. As the majority of their targets are intracellular, peptides need to cross the plasma membrane and gain access to the cytoplasm. However, due to their physicochemical properties, most peptides need to be entrapped by a molecular vehicle to be able to reach the cytosol compartment. In this study, we present new biological tools to enhance intracellular peptides delivery. Based on electrostatic interactions, two complementary types of amphiphilic molecules have been designed as delivery vehicles. A diverse set of fluorescently labeled peptides have successfully been delivered. This opens the avenue for the use of peptides combined to delivery vehicles as therapeutic aids.
Neurocontrol of nonlinear dynamical systems with Kalman filter trained recurrent networks (1994)

Although the potential of the powerful mapping and representational capabilities of recurrent network architectures is generally recognized by the neural network research community, recurrent neural networks have not been widely used for the control of nonlinear dynamical systems, possibly due to the relative ineffectiveness of simple gradient descent training algorithms. Developments in the use of parameter-based extended Kalman filter algorithms for training recurrent networks may provide a mechanism by which these architectures will prove to be of practical value. This paper presents a decoupled extended Kalman filter (DEKF) algorithm for training of recurrent networks with special emphasis on application to control problems. We demonstrate in simulation the application of the DEKF algorithm to a series of example control problems ranging from the well-known cart-pole and bioreactor benchmark problems to an automotive subsystem, engine idle speed control. These simulations suggest that recurrent controller networks trained by Kalman filter methods can combine the traditional features of state-space controllers and observers in a homogeneous architecture for nonlinear dynamical systems, while simultaneously exhibiting less sensitivity than do purely feedforward controller networks to changes in plant parameters and measurement noise.
Effect of NOS2 gene deficiency on the development of autoantibody mediated arthritis and subsequent articular cartilage degeneration. (2003)

NOS2 gene deletion did not affect the inflammatory responses, but reduced the cartilage degradation.
Defective presentation of endogenous antigens by a murine sarcoma. Implications for the failure of an anti-tumor immune response (1991)

MHC class I-restricted CTL play a central role in the immune response against methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced sarcomas in mice. We, therefore, hypothesized that MCA-induced tumors may evade immune recognition by failing to present Ag to CD8+ CTL. Of a number of previously described MCA-induced sarcomas, one, MCA 101, fails to induce CTL, is nonimmunogenic, and grows rapidly and lethally in nonimmunosuppressed recipients. To better understand the nonimmunogenicity of MCA 101 we examined its ability to present foreign Ag to CTL. Unlike immunogenic sarcomas, MCA 101 failed to present endogenously synthesized influenza virus Ag to influenza virus-specific CTL. The deficiency in presentation of endogenous Ag by MCA 101 was attributed to a markedly reduced rate of synthesis of class I molecules because up-regulation of class I synthesis by IFN-gamma greatly increased the presentation of influenza A virus Ag. Despite low levels of cell surface class I expression, MCA 101 presented exogenous peptide Ag to anti-influenza CTL with efficiency similar to immunogenic MCA sarcoma cell lines. These findings could not be attributed to deficiencies in class I assembly or transport, as has been suggested by others who have studied mutant cells with defective Ag presentation. Furthermore, our studies suggest that some tumor cells can escape recognition by CTL and subsequent immune eradication by suppressing presentation of endogenous Ag.
A real-time Mandarin dictation machine for Chinese language with unlimited texts and very large vocabulary (2002)

A successfully implemented real-time Mandarin dictation machine which recognizes Mandarin speech with unlimited texts and very large vocabulary for the input of Chinese characters to computers is described. Isolated syllables including the tones are first recognized using specially trained hidden Markov models with special feature parameters. The exact characters are then identified from the syllables using a Markov Chinese language model. The real-time implementation is on an IBM PC/AT, connected to a set of special hardware boards on which ten TMS 320C25 chips operate in parallel. It takes only 0.45 s to dictate a character.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Elevated expression levels of NCOA3, TOP1, and TFAP2C in breast tumors as predictors of poor prognosis (2003)

TOP1, TFAP2C, and (particularly) NCOA3 may be prognostic indicators for patients with breast tumors.
Survival of Lactobacillus bulgaricus During Freezing and Freeze‐Drying After Growth in the Presence of Calcium (1983)

ABSTRACT Two morphologically distinct isolates of L. bulgaricus 1243 (designated F and O), were examined for stability during freezing and freeze‐diying following growth in a nutrient broth medium supplemented with varying concentrations of calcium. While cellular morphology did not influence survival during −20°C frozen storage, calcium prevented freezing death in both isolates. Maximum survival occurred at calcium concentrations ranging between 5.4 × 10 −3 and 6.7 × 10 −3 M. Calcium supplemented L. bulgaricus 1243‐F displayed a five‐fold decline in viable count (3.2 × 10 8 to 6.1 × 10 7 ) due to −20°C freezing, compared with cells propagated in broth without calcium, which declined 200‐fold (1.7 × 10 8 to 6.3 × 10 5 ). Mg ++ and Mn ++ salts failed to exert protective effects. Calcium was ineffective in preventing freeze‐injury, since cells displayed decreased acid production in milk following −20°C storage.
Comparison of Methods for the Assessment of Central Nervous System Stimulant Response after Dextroamphetamine Administration to Healthy Male Volunteers (1996)

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate a series of potential pharmacodynamic measures of central nervous system stimulation, including quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) and neuroendocrine, mood, and psychomotor performance measures. The reproducibility and sensitivity of the measures were compared. The study was conducted in two parts. The first part investigated the interindividual and intraindividual variability associated with a series of potential pharmacologic response measures under baseline (i.e., drug-free) conditions. It was an open-label, three-period pilot study in which healthy male volunteers underwent a series of tests (EEG, a visual continuous performance task, a finger tapping task, and self-rated mood scales) repeatedly during each study period. The second part evaluated the sensitivity of a series of potential response measures to detect the effects of dextroamphetamine, and was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-period crossover study in nine healthy male volunteers. Subjects received 5 mg, 10 mg, or 20 mg of dextroamphetamine or placebo orally and underwent the same series of tests as in Part I in addition to blood collection for determination of serum prolactin and dextroamphetamine levels. Peripheral response to dextroamphetamine was assessed by heart rate and blood pressure measurement. The greatest variability among days, within days, and among participants was associated with the quantitative electroencephalographic parameters studied. First-session effects were apparent for several of the tests, including EEG. Consistent response on EEG (increased alpha power) to dextroamphetamine was observed only in the three subjects who had a baseline alpha activity greater than 35%. Serum prolactin levels were inversely associated with the amount of dextroamphetamine administered, with the largest decrease in serum prolactin levels observed after the 5-mg dose, and this finding was statistically significant. Mood scales showed that three of nine participants experienced dysphoria after at least one dose level of dextroamphetamine. The effect on mood was generally greater as the dose increased. Doses could not be distinguished based on the results of the performance tests. Serum prolactin concentration was the most sensitive measure of central nervous system stimulation on EEG produced by dextroamphetamine under these study conditions. Cardiovascular measures were more sensitive measures of dextroamphetamine effects than the central nervous system measures.
Simultaneous Imaging of Individual Molecules Aligned Both Parallel and Perpendicular to the Optic Axis (1998)

We report the first room temperature observation of an emission pattern from a single fluorescent molecule signifying that the emission dipole is aligned along the optic $(z)$ axis of a microscopic imaging system. This technique takes advantage of the $x$, $y$, and $z$-polarized evanescent fields generated in total internal reflection and the usually nettlesome aberrations commonly encountered when imaging biological samples with high numerical aperture oil-immersion objectives. For both $z$-oriented and transverse-oriented individual molecules of the carbocyanine dye ${\mathrm{DiIC}}_{18}$ embedded in polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA), calculated images accurately model the main features of observed emission patterns.
Attenuation of The In Vivo Toxicity of Biomaterials by Polydopamine Surface Modification (2011)

Our results indicate that polydopamine provides a versatile platform that can reduce the in vivo toxicity of biomaterials that contact tissue or blood.
pH dependence of kinetic parameters of pepsin, rhizopuspepsin, and their active-site hydrogen bond mutants. (1992)

The pH dependence of the kinetic parameters of pepsin, rhizopuspepsin, and their active-site hydrogen bond mutants has been determined. These data have permitted the calculation of two active-site ionization constants in the free enzymes (pKe1 and pK32) and in the enzyme-substrate complexes (pKes1 and pKes2). The pKe1 of rhizopuspepsin (2.8) is near that of a normal carboxyl group and near the pKe1 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease (3.32) (Ido, E., Han, H. P., Kezdy, F. J., and Tang, J. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 24359-24366). The pKe1 of pepsin (1.57) is thus abnormally low. The pKe2 of rhizopuspepsin (4.44) is lower than that of pepsin (5.02) and HIV protease (6.80). The binding of substrate to rhizopuspepsin causes the lowering of pKes1 to 1.8 and the elevating of pKes2 to above 6. The pK alpha shifts due to substrate binding are much less pronounced in pepsin. Thus, the two enzyme-substrate complexes have similar pK alpha values. For both pepsin and rhizopuspepsin, the removal of hydrogen bonds to the active-site carboxyls by mutagenesis results in negligible changes in the four pK alpha values. The major alteration caused by these mutations is the decrease in kcat values, while there is little change in Km. These observations suggest that these hydrogen bonds to the active-site aspartyls contribute little to the pH-activity relationships of the aspartic proteases. The role of the active-site hydrogen bonds may well be to preserve the conformational rigidity of the catalytic apparatus.
Photoluminescence study of undoped and modulation-doped pseudomorphicAlyGa1−yAs/InxGa1−xAS/AlyGa1−yAs single quantum wells (1989)

Photoluminescence has been used to describe the dominant recombination processes in undoped pseudomorphic GaAs/${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As/GaAs single quantum wells for x&lt;0.17. The temperature and intensity dependences of the photoluminescence indicate emission arising from both donor-bound and free excitons in all well widths studied (6--160 A\r{}). No evidence for the presence of monolayer fluctuations has been seen despite the high optical quality of the excitonic features. By recording photoluminescence excitation spectra as a function of well width it has been possible to unequivocally identify peaked excitonic absorption spectra with absorption transitions involving light-hole states. Comparisons of absorption energies with calculations of confined levels that include strain suggest that the light-hole state is not confined in the ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As well. Modulation-doped ${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{y}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{y}}$As/${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{GA}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$As/GaAs structures are shown to be ideal systems for studying the optical properties in the presence of free carriers. With increasing carrier concentration the excitonic luminescence from the well broadens, and at the highest carrier concentrations occupation of n&gt;1 conduction-band states is clearly revealed by the presence of a high-energy emission.