gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Levodopa with carbidopa diminishes glycogen concentration, glycogen synthase activity, and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle (2004)

We hypothesized that levodopa with carbidopa, a common therapy for patients with Parkinson's disease, might contribute to the high prevalence of insulin resistance reported in patients with Parkinson's disease. We examined the effects of levodopa-carbidopa on glycogen concentration, glycogen synthase activity, and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in skeletal muscle, the predominant insulin-responsive tissue. In isolated muscle, levodopa-carbidopa completely prevented insulin-stimulated glycogen accumulation and glucose transport. The levodopa-carbidopa effects were blocked by propranolol, a beta-adrenergic antagonist. Levodopa-carbidopa also inhibited the insulin-stimulated increase in glycogen synthase activity, whereas propranolol attenuated this effect. Insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 was reduced by levodopa-carbidopa, although Akt phosphorylation was unaffected by levodopa-carbidopa. A single in vivo dose of levodopa-carbidopa increased skeletal muscle cAMP concentrations, diminished glycogen synthase activity, and reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS-1. A separate set of rats was treated intragastrically twice daily for 4 wk with levodopa-carbidopa. After 4 wk of treatment, oral glucose tolerance was reduced in rats treated with drugs compared with control animals. Muscles from drug-treated rats contained at least 15% less glycogen and approximately 50% lower glycogen synthase activity compared with muscles from control rats. The data demonstrate beta-adrenergic-dependent inhibition of insulin action by levodopa-carbidopa and suggest that unrecognized insulin resistance may exist in chronically treated patients with Parkinson's disease.
Parallel Computing: Theory and Practice (1994)

PRAM algorithms processor arrays, multiprocessors and multicomputers parallel programming languages mapping and scheduling elementary parallel algorithms matrix multiplication the fast Fourier transform solving linear systems sorting dictionary operations graph algorithms combinational search. Appendices: graph theoretic terminology review of complex numbers parallel algorithm design strategies.
Scaffold-free Cartilage Tissue by Mechanical Stress Loading for Tissue Engineering (2010)

In conclusion, a scaffold-free cartilage tissue with arbitrary shapes and a large size with promising biological, mechanical properties was formed. The scaffold-free cartilage loaded mechanical stress based on a high porous simple mold system may become tools of not only therapies for diseases such as osteoarthritis and osteochondrosis dissecans as a tissueengineered cartilage, but also clarification of the mechanisms of cartilage formation and therapeutic treatment instead of conventional pellet culture system.
Effects of Status Epilepticus Early in Life on Susceptibility to Ischemic Injury in Adulthood (2005)

Early in life, SE can influence the outcome of a subsequent focal ischemic insult in adulthood. The extent of the infarct is related to the duration and cause of SE. Prolonged SE induced by KA worsens the outcome, whereas FE-SE has a neuroprotective effect.
A citation study of computer science literature (1979)

The bibliographic reference and citations which exist among documents in a given document collection can be used to study the history and scope of particular subject areas and to assess the importance of individual authors, documents, and journals. A clustering study of computer science literature is described, using bibliographic citations as a clustering criterion, and conclusions are drawn regarding the scope of computer science and the characteristics of individual documents in the area. In particular, the clustering characteristics lead to a distinction between core and fringe areas in the field and to the identification of particularly influential articles.
Protection of Neonatal Broiler Chicks Against Salmonella Typhimurium Septicemia by DNA Containing CpG Motifs (2008)

Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing cytosine-phosphodiester-guanine (CpG-ODN) motifs have been shown to stimulate the innate immune system against a variety of bacterial and protozoan infections in a variety of vertebrate species. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunostimulatory effect of CpG-ODN in neonatal broilers against Salmonella Typhimurium septicemia. Day-old broiler chicks, or embryonated eggs that had been incubated for 18 days, received 50 microg of CpG-ODN, 50 microg of non-CpG-ODN, or saline. Four days after exposure to CpG-ODN or day 2 posthatch, 1 x 10(6) or 1 x 10(7) colony-forming units (cfu) of a virulent isolate of Salmonella Typhimurium was inoculated by the subcutaneous route in the neck. Clinical signs, pathology, bacterial isolations from the air sacs, and mortality were observed for 10 days following challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium. The survival rate of birds in groups receiving either non-CpG-ODN or saline following Salmonella Typhimurium infection was 40%-45%. In contrast, birds receiving CpG-ODN had significantly higher survival rate of 80%-85% (P < 0.0001). Bacterial loads and pathology were low in groups treated with CpG-ODN compared to the groups receiving saline or non-CpG-ODN. Colony-forming units of Salmonella Typhimurium in the peripheral blood were significantly lower in birds treated with CpG-ODN compared to the group that received saline. This is the first time that CpG-ODN has been demonstrated to have an immunoprotective effect against an intracellular bacterial infection in neonatal broiler chickens following in ovo delivery.
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid, a bile acid, is neuroprotective in a transgenic animal model of Huntington's disease (2002)

Huntington's disease (HD) is an untreatable neurological disorder caused by selective and progressive degeneration of the caudate nucleus and putamen of the basal ganglia. Although the etiology of HD pathology is not fully understood, the observed loss of neuronal cells is thought to occur primarily through apoptosis. Furthermore, there is evidence in HD that cell death is mediated through mitochondrial pathways, and mitochondrial deficits are commonly associated with HD. We have previously reported that treatment with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a hydrophilic bile acid, prevented neuropathology and associated behavioral deficits in the 3-nitropropionic acid rat model of HD. We therefore examined whether TUDCA would also be neuroprotective in a genetic mouse model of HD. Our results showed that systemically administered TUDCA led to a significant reduction in striatal neuropathology of the R6/2 transgenic HD mouse. Specifically, R6/2 mice began receiving TUDCA at 6 weeks of age and exhibited reduced striatal atrophy, decreased striatal apoptosis, as well as fewer and smaller size ubiquitinated neuronal intranuclear huntingtin inclusions. Moreover, locomotor and sensorimotor deficits were significantly improved in the TUDCA-treated mice. In conclusion, TUDCA is a nontoxic, endogenously produced hydrophilic bile acid that is neuroprotective in a transgenic mouse model of HD and, therefore, may provide a novel and effective treatment in patients with HD.
Novel mechanism for non‐genomic action of 17β‐oestradiol on kainate‐induced currents in isolated rat CA1 hippocampal neurones (1998)

1. Using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings of dissociated hippocampal CA1 neurones, we demonstrated that 17 beta-oestradiol rapidly potentiates kainate-induced currents when applied either to the outside or the inside of the neurone. However, when the steroid was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (E2-BSA), application to either the extracellular plasma membrane (E2-BSAout) or the cytosolic side of the cell (E2-BSAin) had no observable effect on kainate-induced currents. However, when applied stimultaneously to both sides of the plasma membrane, E2-BSA potentiated kainate-induced currents. 2. Application of E2-BSAout and GTP gamma S(in) potentiated kainate-induced currents. The potentiation of kainate-induced currents by 17 beta-oestradiol was occluded by cholera toxin pretreatment and appeared to be pertussis toxin insensitive. 3. E2-BSAin prolonged the effect of 8-bromoadenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate (8-bromo-cAMP) on kainate-induced currents. The recovery from the 8-bromo-cAMP response was found to be a function of the concentration of E2-BSAin. The application of ATP gamma S(in) occluded the effect of 17 beta-oestradiol. 4. These results suggest that the non-genomic action of 17 beta-oestradiol in the potentiation of kainate-induced currents is mediated via an action on Gs protein-coupled receptors. This operates in concert with an internal action of 17 beta-oestradiol on a cAMP-dependent phosphorylation.
The Methanosarcina barkeri Genome: Comparative Analysis with Methanosarcina acetivorans and Methanosarcina mazei Reveals Extensive Rearrangement within Methanosarcinal Genomes (2006)

ABSTRACT We report here a comparative analysis of the genome sequence of Methanosarcina barkeri with those of Methanosarcina acetivorans and Methanosarcina mazei . The genome of M. barkeri is distinguished by having an organization that is well conserved with respect to the other Methanosarcina spp. in the region proximal to the origin of replication, with interspecies gene similarities as high as 95%. However, it is disordered and marked by increased transposase frequency and decreased gene synteny and gene density in the distal semigenome. Of the 3,680 open reading frames (ORFs) in M. barkeri , 746 had homologs with better than 80% identity to both M. acetivorans and M. mazei , while 128 nonhypothetical ORFs were unique (nonorthologous) among these species, including a complete formate dehydrogenase operon, genes required for N -acetylmuramic acid synthesis, a 14-gene gas vesicle cluster, and a bacterial-like P450-specific ferredoxin reductase cluster not previously observed or characterized for this genus. A cryptic 36-kbp plasmid sequence that contains an orc1 gene flanked by a presumptive origin of replication consisting of 38 tandem repeats of a 143-nucleotide motif was detected in M. barkeri . Three-way comparison of these genomes reveals differing mechanisms for the accrual of changes. Elongation of the relatively large M. acetivorans genome is the result of uniformly distributed multiple gene scale insertions and duplications, while the M. barkeri genome is characterized by localized inversions associated with the loss of gene content. In contrast, the short M. mazei genome most closely approximates the putative ancestral organizational state of these species.
Transformation of 6‐methylthiopyrimidines. Preparation of new pyrimidine derivatives and fused azolopyrimidines (2000)

Abstract 2,4‐Diamino‐6‐methylthiopyrimidines 1 reacted with sodium methoxyde and benzylamine to give the corresponding 6‐methoxypyrimidine and 6‐benzylaminopyrimidine derivatives 2 and 4 respectively. The reaction of 1 with hydrazine hydrate, in ethanol, gave 6‐hydrazino derivatives 6. However, by treating pyrimidines 1 in boiling hydrazine hydrate 3,6‐diamino‐4‐hydrazino‐1 H ‐pyrazolo[3,4‐ d ]pyrimidine 5 was obtained. The 6‐hydrazinopyrimidines 6 could be converted into the pyrazolo[3,4‐ d ], triazolo[4,3‐ c ] and tetrazolo‐[1,5‐ c ]pyrimidines 7, 8 and 9 by the action of heating, trimethyl orthoformate and nitrous acid, respectively.
Treatment of overactive bladder in women. (2009)

OAB and associated symptoms are common. Treatment effects are modest. Quality of life and treatment satisfaction measures suggest such improvements can be important to women. The amount of high quality literature available is meager for helping guide women's choices. Gaps include weak or absent data about long-term followup, poorly characterized and potentially concerning harms, information about best choices to minimize side effects, and study of how combinations of approaches may best be used. This is problematic since the condition is chronic and a single treatment modality is unlikely to fully resolve symptoms for most women.
Immunolocalization of Gap Junction Protein Connexin43 (GJA1) in the Human Retina and Optic Nerve (2010)

In the human retina and optic nerve, connexin43 is present on glia, blood vessels, and epithelial cells. An understanding of the distribution of connexin43 in the normal retina and optic nerve may be used to evaluate changes associated with retinal and optic nerve disease.
Signaling Mechanisms Linking Neuronal Activity to Gene Expression and Plasticity of the Nervous System (2008)

Sensory experience and the resulting synaptic activity within the brain are critical for the proper development of neural circuits. Experience-driven synaptic activity causes membrane depolarization and calcium influx into select neurons within a neural circuit, which in turn trigger a wide variety of cellular changes that alter the synaptic connectivity within the neural circuit. One way in which calcium influx leads to the remodeling of synapses made by neurons is through the activation of new gene transcription. Recent studies have identified many of the signaling pathways that link neuronal activity to transcription, revealing both the transcription factors that mediate this process and the neuronal activity-regulated genes. These studies indicate that neuronal activity regulates a complex program of gene expression involved in many aspects of neuronal development, including dendritic branching, synapse maturation, and synapse elimination. Genetic mutations in several key regulators of activity-dependent transcription give rise to neurological disorders in humans, suggesting that future studies of this gene expression program will likely provide insight into the mechanisms by which the disruption of proper synapse development can give rise to a variety of neurological disorders.
Identification and oligosaccharide structure analysis of rhodopsin glycoforms containing galactose and sialic acid (1993)

The N-linked oligosaccharides of frog (Rana pipiens) rhodopsin were analysed by sequential exoglycosidase digestion and gel filtration chromatography, following reductive tritiation. In addition, selected tryptic glycopeptides obtained from frog retinal rod outer segment membranes were examined by electrospray mass spectrometry (ES-MS), fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), amino acid sequence and composition analysis, and carbohydrate composition analysis. The amino acid sequence data demonstrated that the glycopeptides were derived from rhodopsin and confirmed the presence of two N-glycosylation sites, at residues Asn2 and Asn15. The predominant glycan (approximately 60% of total) had the structure GlcNAc beta 1-2Man alpha 1-3(Man alpha 1-6) Man beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-4GlcNAc-(Asn), with the remaining structures containing 1-3 additional hexose residues, as reported previously for bovine rhodopsin. Unlike bovine rhodopsin, however, a sizable fraction of the total glycans of frog rhodopsin also contained sialic acid (NeuAc), with the sialylated oligosaccharides being present exclusively at the Asn2 site. FAB-MS analysis of oligosaccharides released from the Asn2 site gave, among other signals, an abundant quasimolecular ion corresponding to a glycan of composition NeuAc1Hex6HexNAc3 (where Hex is hexose and HexNAc is N-acetylhexosamine), consistent with a hybrid structure. The potential biological implications of these results are discussed in the context of rod outer segment membrane renewal.
Genetic variants near TIMP3 and high-density lipoprotein–associated loci influence susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration (2010)

We executed a genome-wide association scan for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in 2,157 cases and 1,150 controls. Our results validate AMD susceptibility loci near CFH (P < 10(-75)), ARMS2 (P < 10(-59)), C2/CFB (P < 10(-20)), C3 (P < 10(-9)), and CFI (P < 10(-6)). We compared our top findings with the Tufts/Massachusetts General Hospital genome-wide association study of advanced AMD (821 cases, 1,709 controls) and genotyped 30 promising markers in additional individuals (up to 7,749 cases and 4,625 controls). With these data, we identified a susceptibility locus near TIMP3 (overall P = 1.1 x 10(-11)), a metalloproteinase involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix and previously implicated in early-onset maculopathy. In addition, our data revealed strong association signals with alleles at two loci (LIPC, P = 1.3 x 10(-7); CETP, P = 7.4 x 10(-7)) that were previously associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels in blood. Consistent with the hypothesis that HDL metabolism is associated with AMD pathogenesis, we also observed association with AMD of HDL-c-associated alleles near LPL (P = 3.0 x 10(-3)) and ABCA1 (P = 5.6 x 10(-4)). Multilocus analysis including all susceptibility loci showed that 329 of 331 individuals (99%) with the highest-risk genotypes were cases, and 85% of these had advanced AMD. Our studies extend the catalog of AMD associated loci, help identify individuals at high risk of disease, and provide clues about underlying cellular pathways that should eventually lead to new therapies.
Using phase-corrected Bessel beams to cut glass substrates with a chamfered edge (2020)

Ultrafast laser cutting of a glass substrate at an oblique angle is demonstrated using a phase-corrected Bessel beam. Simulations are used to predetermine the ideal phase of the incident Bessel beam such that an unaberrated Bessel beam is formed inside the tilted substrate. Additional corrections to the beam such as shortening, moving the intensity of the beam within the substrate, and the formation of an elliptical focal spot were necessary to ensure consistent chamfering of the substrate and are discussed herein. Three cuts are combined to create a damage tract in the glass substrate in the shape of a chamfer, and then the glass is separated using a <i>C</i><i>O</i><sub>2</sub> laser resulting in a chamfered edge.
Differential Effects of Factor IIa Inhibitors on the Endogenous Thrombin Potential (2008)

Calibrated automated thrombin generation measurement in clotting plasma (endogenous thrombin potential, ETP) is being used increasingly to monitor the effects of anticoagulant drugs. Calibrated automated thrombography measures the concentration of thrombin in clotting plasma by monitoring the cleavage of a fluorogenic substrate (Z-Gly-Gly-Arg-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin) and comparing it with a constant known thrombin activity in a parallel nonclotting sample. This study compared the concentration-dependent effects of different factor IIa inhibitors on the ETP. In accordance with a theoretical prediction, the monovalent factor IIa inhibitors melagatran and argatroban reduced peak thrombin concentrations without a marked effect on the lag time of thrombin generation. However, both bivalent factor IIa inhibitors lepirudin and bivalirudin markedly prolonged the lag time of thrombin generation and thus behaved like "super" factor Xa inhibitors according to the theoretical model. These findings have important consequences for therapeutic drug monitoring using thrombin generation assays. For monitoring of hirudins, the lag time of thrombin generation seems to be a very sensitive parameter. In contrast, for monitoring of argatroban, the evaluation of the ETP seems to be useful.
Role of Nrf2 in the Regulation of Ppar Expression in Mice (2017)

The peroxisome-proliferator activated receptors (Ppars) are a family of ligand-dependent nuclear receptors, which promote transcriptional activation of target genes. Pparα regulates genes involved in hepatic fatty acid transport, uptake and metabolism. Several of these target genes are upregulated by hypolipidemic fibrate-type drugs. Clofibrate (CFB) is a prototype for this class, and a well-known Pparα activator. CFB treatment also prevents liver injury by acetaminophen (APAP) in a Pparα-dependent manner. Similarly, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an important genetic determinant of susceptibility to APAP hepatotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to analyze the potential interaction between Pparα and Nrf2 signaling. Analysis of mRNA expression of Pparα-related genes in wild type and Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2-null) mice treated for five days with 250mg/kg CFB suggests that Nrf2 regulates Pparα function. Gene expression of Pparα was not altered basally between wild type and Nrf2-null mice; however, expression was elevated significantly in CFB-treated Nrf2-null mice, compared to wild types. For Pparα-dependent genes analyzed, mRNA levels were significantly increased with CFB treatment in both genotypes. Elevation was significantly higher in CFB-treated Nrf2-null compared to wild types also receiving CFB. This suggests that the ability of Pparα target genes to be induced is heightened in the absence of Nrf2. Also, mRNA expression of Ppar gamma coactivator 1-alpha (Pgc1α) was elevated in Nrf2-null mouse liver, independent of CFB treatment. Altogether, these results are indicative of a potential regulatory link between Nrf2 and Pparα signaling.
Broadband flat-noise Raman amplifier using low-noise bidirectionally pumping sources (2002)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate an optimised bidirectional pumping scheme that realizes a less than 0.7 dB flatness over C- and L-bands for both Raman gain and optical noise figure, simultaneously. In order to use forward-pumping for the proposed method, a new type of pump laser having low relative intensity noise is also developed.
Biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol)‐graft‐ poly(ε‐caprolactone) comb‐like polyester: Microwave synthesis and its characterization (2007)

Abstract Poly(vinyl alcohol)‐initiated microwave‐assisted ring opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone in bulk was investigated, and a series of poly(vinyl alcohol)‐ graft ‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PVA‐ g ‐PCL) copolymers were prepared, with the degree of polymerization (DP) of PCL side chains and the degree of substitution (DS) of PVA by PCL being in the range of 3–24 and 0.35–0.89, respectively. The resultant comb‐like PVA‐ g ‐PCL copolymers were confirmed by means of FTIR, 1 H NMR, and viscometry measurement. The introduction of hydrophilic backbone resulted in the decrease in both melting point and crystallization property of the PVA‐ g ‐PCL copolymers comparing with linear PCL. With higher microwave power, the DP of PCL side chains and DS of PVA backbone were higher, and the polymerization reaction proceeded more rapidly. Both the DP and monomer conversion increased with irradiation time, while the DS increased first and then remained constant. With initiator in low concentration, the DP and DS were higher, while the monomer was converted more slowly. Microwaves dramatically improved the polymerization reaction in comparison of conventional heating method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104, 3973–3979, 2007