gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Resistive Switching in Nanogap Systems on SiO2 Substrates (2009)

Voltage-controlled resistive switching in various gap systems on SiO2 substrates is reported. The nanoscale-sized gaps are made by several means using different materials including metals, semiconductors, and amorphous carbon. The switching site is further reduced in size by using multiwalled carbon nanotubes and single-walled carbon nanotubes. The switching in all the gap systems shares the same characteristics. This independence of switching on the material compositions of the electrodes, accompanied by observable damage to the SiO2 substrate at the gap region, bespeaks the intrinsic switching from post-breakdown SiO2. It calls for caution when studying resistive switching in nanosystems on oxide substrates, since oxide breakdown extrinsic to the nanosystem can mimic resistive switching. Meanwhile, the high ON/OFF ratio (approximately 10(5)), fast switching time (2 micros, tested limit), and durable cycles show promising memory properties. The observed intermediate states reveal the filamentary nature of the switching.
A Colpitts Oscillator-Based Self-Starting Boost Converter for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting With 40-mV Startup Voltage and 75% Maximum Efficiency (2018)

This paper presents a Colpitts oscillator-based self-starting boost converter for thermoelectric energy harvesting. An enhanced swing Colpitts oscillator with a 10-stage voltage multiplier is adopted as a startup circuit so that the minimum startup voltage of 40 mV is achieved. As a main converter, a zero-current-switching boost converter with a dead time controller achieves the maximum end-to-end efficiency of 75%. The inductor used in the Colpitts oscillator is reused in the main boost converter to minimize the use of the inductor. Implemented in a 65-nm CMOS, the proposed converter that requires only two external inductors provides a regulated output voltage of 1.1 V from a thermoelectric generator with an internal resistance of 2.2 Ω over the input range of 40-200 mV.
Determining the minimal number of swap gates for multi-dimensional nearest neighbor quantum circuits (2015)

Motivated by the promises of significant speed-ups for certain problems, quantum computing received significant attention in the past. While much progress has been made in the development of synthesis methods for quantum circuits, new physical developments constantly lead to new constraints to be addressed. The limited interaction distance between the respective qubits (i.e. nearest neighbor optimization) has already been considered intensely. But with the emerge of multi-dimensional quantum architectures, new physical requirements came up for which only a few automatic synthesis solutions exist yet all of them of heuristic nature. In this work, we propose an exact scheme for nearest neighbor optimization in multi-dimensional quantum circuits. Although the complexity of the problem is a serious obstacle, our experimental evaluation shows that the proposed solution is sufficient to allow for a qualitative evaluation of the respective optimization steps. Besides that, this enabled an exact comparison to heuristical results for the first time.
Further Experiments on the Chemical Treatment of Soil infected with Heterodera schachtii (1937)

Preliminary experiments were carried out during 1935, on the possible application of certain chemical substances to the problem of controlling “potato-sickness.” The results were published in two papers by Hurst &amp; Triffitt (1935, i, ii) and it was shown that calcium cyanamide and ferric oxide were deserving of further trials on a larger scale. Field experiments were devised and carried out during 1936 in various parts of the country, and the results will be communicated when these are available. In the meantime the small-scale experiments were continued and are described below.
Canadian Prisoners of War in the Great War (1994)

Review of Desmond Morton, Silent Battle: Canadian Prisoners of War In Germany, 1914-1919. Toronto: Lester Publications, 1992.
p-Coumaric Acid Influenced Cucumber Rhizosphere Soil Microbial Communities and the Growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum Owen (2012)

These results indicate that p-coumaric acid may play a role in the autotoxicity of cucumber via influencing soil microbial communities.
High-Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Generator for Contactless Permeabilization of Cells In Vitro (2020)

High-intensity pulsed electromagnetic fields (HI-PEMFs) can be used for contactless permeabilization of biological cells and, thus, exploited for drug and gene delivery or other biomedical applications. Nevertheless, the availability of applicable technological setups is almost non-existent. In this article, we present a new prototype of the HI-PEMF generator, which can be used for contactless permeabilization of cells in vitro. The generator is based on high dI/dt silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) switches and is capable to generate magnetic field pulses up to 7 T and electric fields >10 V/cm in a volume comparable to standard in vitro procedures for electroporation. Three different applicators (inductors) were studied, and the influence on the output pulse is presented, including the thermal analysis. Based on the results, the optimal inductor was selected and experimentally tested on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in basic permeabilization [propidium iodide (PI)] experiments. The generator circuit, parameters, characteristics, and recommendations for future HI-PEMF systems are provided.
<title>Design strategies for therapeutic ultrasound phased arrays</title> (1997)

High-intensity focused ultrasound is used in many therapeutic applications such as drug activation/drug delivery, hyperthermia, cancer therapy, ultrasound surgery and myocardial ablation. Various ultrasonic systems have been proposed for these therapeutic applications. While many applicators produce adequate power levels, multiple element ultrasound phased arrays adjust for phase aberrations, focus around obstructions such as bone and/or air spaces (lungs), and follow, in real time, a moving target. Since large aperture arrays with several hundred elements are required, design compromises keep the element count and fabrication cost at a reasonable level. These trade-offs, which optimize the array aperture with respect to element count, often result in a non-ideal aspect ratio (element width to thickness), leading to lateral mode vibrations which reduce the electrical to acoustical efficiency to about 10 - 20%. These vibrations are easily observed with a laser interferometer system. Piezo composite technology, which eliminates the non-ideal aspect ratio by dividing the individual array elements into long, thin rods, provides a solution to this problem. The spaces between the rods are filled with a polymer to provide structural support and allow deposition of electrode layers to interconnect individual rods and to outline array elements. Several piezo composite transducers have been tested, and initial results show a greatly improved beam pattern and increased efficiency. Power handling capability of composites has recently improved allowing outputs in excess of 10 watts/cm<SUP>2</SUP> with efficiencies greater than 60%. This is sufficient for many therapeutic applications.
Detection of Melamine in Foods Using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy (2014)

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of detecting melamine in foodstuffs using terahertz imaging. The terahertz (THz) spectra and images of melamine mixtures were obtained in the frequency range of 0.1-3 THz at room temperature using THz time-domain spectroscopy. Characteristic absorption peaks of melamine were found at 2, 2.26, and 2.6 THz, and these peaks showed the same frequencies in the different food matrices. At 2 THz, the THz images of melamine were dose-dependently distinguishable from those of food components with or without the packaging materials used. The calibration curve of melamine showed a regression coefficient (R(2)) of >0.913 and a detection limit of <13%. These results suggest that terahertz imaging has the potential to be used for the qualitative detection of melamine in food as a nondestructive analytical tool.
Preparation of 3-Substituted 2-Indolinethiones via Diindolyl Disulfides. The Reaction of 3-Substituted Indoles with Sulfur Monochloride (1973)

The reaction of 3-alkylindoles (1) with sulfur monochloride in ether gave the corresponding 2-diindolyl disulfides (2) as the main product, and mono and tri-sulfides (3) as minor products. The similar reaction of 3-arylindoles (6) gave the disulfides (7) in good yields. 2-Chloro derivatives (4 and 9) were obtained as the minor products in the reaction of 1e and 6d. The reactions of 1e, 6g and 6h with sulfur monochloride in ether were very slow, but proceeded rapidly in methylene chloride. The reduction of these diindolyl disulfides (11) with sodium borohydride in ethanol afforded the 2-indolinethiones (12) in good yields. These reactions are a general method for the preparation of 3-substituted 2-indolinethiones from 3-substituted indoles.
Design and control of a microrobotic system using magnetic levitation (2002)

Presents a prototype microrobot based on magnetic principles. Miniature items are to be transported and assembled in hazardous environments. A microrobot can be remotely operated with 3 DOF in an enclosed environment by transferring magnetic energy and optical signals from outside. The magnetic drive unit consists of 8 electromagnets (4 pairs), 2 permanent magnets, a return yoke and a pole piece. The microrobot is manipulated under the pole piece by regulating magnetic field. It consists of a magnetic head, a body (electronic circuit and batteries), and copper alloy ribbon ringers. A shape memory alloy actuator activates the fingers by illuminating/extinguishing several LED. PID controls were applied. To cope with uncertainties and variations in payload masses, an adaptive control law was also employed for positioning along the z axis to enable the controller parameters to be adjusted in real-time. Effectiveness of the control was verified by the results of several experiments. The microrobot has a net mass of 8.1 g and it can elevate and manipulate objects with masses up to 1.5 g within a volume of 29/spl times/29/spl times/26 mm/sup 3/ with a precision of 0.05 mm.
Some studies relating to "independent" growth of vesicular–arbuscular endophytes (1988)

In dual culture with Ri T-DNA transformed carrot roots nutrient conditions were sought that would totally suppress mycorrhizal infection while stimulating "independent" growth of vesicular–arbuscular endophytes. In this system fungal development in the agar was comparable in extent with that normally occurring only after mycorrhizal infection has become well established; it differed qualitatively from that characteristic of germinating spores and extramatrical mycelium in such cultures. There was profuse development of arbuscule-like branches, many anastomoses, and increased branching of extension hyphae. Biomass increased up to fivefold when the mycelium was detached in situ from the inoculum (root pieces or spores). Growth from explants was little more than residual and was hampered by extensive bacterial contamination at the desired pH, near neutrality. The rationale of this approach to the culture of vesicular–arbuscular endophytes is discussed.
Glioblastoma expression of vitronectin and the alpha v beta 3 integrin. Adhesion mechanism for transformed glial cells. (1991)

Glioblastoma multiforme, the most malignant astroglial-derived tumor, grows as an adherent mass and locally invades normal brain. An examination of adult cerebral glioblastoma biopsy material for the expression of adhesive proteins that might potentiate adhesion and invasion demonstrated tumor cell-associated vitronectin (5/5). In contrast, vitronectin was not detected associated with glial cells in low grade astroglial tumors (0/4), reactive astrogliosis (0/4), or in normal adult cortex and cerebral white matter (0/5). Also, a wide variety of other adhesive ligands were absent from the glioblastoma tumor parenchyma. The alpha v beta 3 integrin was the only vitronectin receptor identified in glioblastoma tumors in situ, and was also not expressed on low grade astroglial-derived tumors, reactive astrogliosis, or on glia or neurons in normal adult cortex and cerebral white matter. In a cell attachment assay, cultured glioblastoma cells attached to the parenchyma of glioblastoma tumor cryostat sections at the sites of vitronectin expression, but failed to attach to normal brain. This adhesion was inhibited by antibodies directed against vitronectin, the alpha v beta 3 integrin, and with an Arg-Gly-Asp-containing peptide. These data provide evidence for a cell adhesion mechanism in glioblastoma tumors that might potentiate glioblastoma cell invasion of normal brain.
Demonstration of pattern transfer into sub-100 nm polysilicon line/space features patterned with extreme ultraviolet lithography (1999)

In two separate experiments, we have successfully demonstrated the transfer of dense- and loose-pitch line/space (L/S) photoresist features, patterned with extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, into an underlying hard mask material. In both experiments, a deep-UV photoresist (∼90 nm thick) was spin cast in bilayer format onto a hard mask (50–90 nm thick) and was subsequently exposed to EUV radiation using a 10× reduction EUV exposure system. The EUV reticle was fabricated at Motorola (Tempe, AZ) using a subtractive process with Ta-based absorbers on Mo/Si multilayer mask blanks. In the first set of experiments, following the EUV exposures, the L/S patterns were transferred first into a SiO2 hard mask (60 nm thick) using a reactive ion etch (RIE), and then into polysilicon (350 nm thick) using a triode-coupled plasma RIE etcher at the University of California, Berkeley, microfabrication facilities. The latter etch process, which produced steep (&amp;gt;85°) sidewalls, employed a HBr/Cl chemistry with a large (&amp;gt;10:1) etch selectivity of polysilicon to silicon dioxide. In the second set of experiments, hard mask films of SiON (50 nm thick) and SiO2 (87 nm thick) were used. A RIE was performed at Motorola using a halogen gas chemistry that resulted in a hard mask-to-photoresist etch selectivity &amp;gt;3:1 and sidewall profile angles ⩾85°. Line edge roughness (LER) and linewidth critical dimension (CD) measurements were performed using Sandia’s GORA© CD digital image analysis software. Low LER values (6–9 nm, 3σ, one side) and good CD linearity (better than 10%) were demonstrated for the final pattern-transferred dense polysilicon L/S features from 80 to 175 nm. In addition, pattern transfer (into polysilicon) of loose-pitch (1:2) L/S features with CDs⩾60 nm was demonstrated.
Medical applications of Cu, Zn, and S isotope effects (2016)

This review examines recent applications of stable copper, zinc and sulfur isotopes to medical cases and notably cancer. The distribution of the natural stable isotopes of a particular element among coexisting molecular species varies as a function of the bond strength, the ionic charge, and the coordination, and it also changes with kinetics. Ab initio calculations show that compounds in which a metal binds to oxygen- (sulfate, phosphate, lactate) and nitrogen-bearing moieties (histidine) favor heavy isotopes, whereas bonds with sulfur (cysteine, methionine) favor light isotopes. Oxidized cations (e.g., Cu(ii)) and low coordination numbers are expected to favor heavy isotopes relative to their reduced counterparts (Cu(i)) and high coordination numbers. Here we discuss the first observations of Cu, Zn, and S isotopic variations, three elements closely related along multiple biological pathways, with emphasis on serum samples of healthy volunteers and of cancer patients. It was found that heavy isotopes of Zn and to an even greater extent Cu are enriched in erythrocytes relative to serum, while the difference is small for sulfur. Isotopic variations related to age and sex are relatively small. The <sup>65</sup>Cu/<sup>63</sup>Cu ratio in the serum of patients with colon, breast, and liver cancer is conspicuously low relative to healthy subjects. The characteristic time over which Cu isotopes may change with disease progression (a few weeks) is consistent with both the turnover time of the element and albumin half-life. A parallel effect on sulfur isotopes is detected in a few un-medicated patients. Copper in liver tumor tissue is isotopically heavy. In contrast, Zn in breast cancer tumors is isotopically lighter than in healthy breast tissue. <sup>66</sup>Zn/<sup>64</sup>Zn is very similar in the serum of cancer patients and in controls. Possible reasons for Cu isotope variations may be related to the cytosolic storage of Cu lactate (Warburg effect), release of intracellular copper from cysteine clusters (metallothionein), or the hepatocellular and biosynthetic dysfunction of the liver. We suggest that Cu isotope metallomics will help evaluate the homeostasis of this element during patient treatment, notably by chelates and blockers of Cu trafficking, and understand the many biochemical pathways in which this element is essential.
Wave-domain adaptive filtering: acoustic echo cancellation for full-duplex systems based on wave-field synthesis (2004)

For high-quality multimedia communication systems such as teleconferencing or virtual reality applications, multichannel sound reproduction is highly desirable. While progress has been made in stereo and multichannel acoustic echo cancellation (MC AEC) in recent years, the corresponding sound reproduction systems still imply a restrained listening area ('sweet spot'). A volume solution for spatial sound in a large listening area is offered by wave field synthesis (WFS) or by ambisonics, where arrays of loudspeakers generate a prespecified sound field. However, before this new technique can be utilized for full-duplex systems, an efficient solution to the MC AEC problem has to be found. This paper presents a novel approach that extends the current state of the art of MC AEC and transform-domain adaptive filtering by reconciling the flexibility of adaptive filtering and the underlying physics of acoustic waves in a systematic and efficient way. To achieve this, the new framework of wave-domain adaptive filtering (WDAF) exploits the spatial information provided by densely sampled contours for both recording and reproduction. Experimental results with a 32-channel AEC verify the concept for both simulated and actually measured room acoustics.
Mutation of the htrB gene in a virulent Salmonella typhimurium strain by intergeneric transduction: strain construction and phenotypic characterization (1997)

The htrB gene product of Haemophilus influenzae contributes to the toxicity of the lipooligosaccharide. The htrB gene encodes a 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid-dependent acyltransferase which is responsible for myristic acid substitutions at the hydroxy moiety of lipid A beta-hydroxymyristic acid. Mass spectroscopic analysis has demonstrated that lipid A from an H. influenzae htrB mutant is predominantly tetraacyl and similar in structure to lipid IV(A), which has been shown to be nontoxic in animal models. We sought to construct a Salmonella typhimurium htrB mutant in order to investigate the contribution of htrB to virulence in a well-defined murine typhoid model of animal pathogenesis. To this end, an r- m+ galE mutS recD strain of S. typhimurium was constructed (MGS-7) and used in inter- and intrastrain transduction experiments with both coliphage P1 and Salmonella phage P22. The Escherichia coli htrB gene containing a mini-Tn10 insertion was transduced from E. coli MLK217 into S. typhimurium MGS-7 via phage P1 and subsequently via phage P22 into the virulent Salmonella strain SL1344. All S. typhimurium transductants showed phenotypes similar to those described for the E. coli htrB mutant. Mass spectrometric analysis of the crude lipid A fraction from the lipopolysaccharide of the S. typhimurium htrB mutant strain showed that for the dominant hexaacyl form, a lauric acid moiety was lost at one position on the lipid A and a palmitic acid moiety was added at another position; for the less abundant heptaacyl species, the lauric acid was replaced with palmitoleic acid.
The iron oxides: structure, properties, reactions, occurrences and uses. (2003)

1. Introduction to the Iron Oxides. 2. Crystal Structure. 3. Cation Substitution. 4. Crystal Morphology and Size. 5. Surface Area and Porosity. 6. Electronic, Electrical and Magnetic Properties. 7. Characterization. 8. Thermodynamics. 9. Solubility. 10. Surface Chemistry and Colloidal Stability. 11. Adsorption of Ions and Molecules. 12. Dissolution. 13. Formation. 14. Transformations. 15. Rocks and Ores. 16. Soils. 17. Organisms. 18. Products of Iron Metal Corrosion. 19. Applications. 20. Synthesis. 21. Environmental Significance. References. Subject Index. Sources of Figures and Tables.
Caveat of RNAi in Plants: The Off-Target Effect (2011)

RNA interference (RNAi), mediated by short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), is one of the widely used functional genomics method for suppressing the gene expression in plants. Initially, gene silencing by RNAi mechanism was believed to be specific requiring sequence homology between siRNA and target mRNA. However, several recent reports have showed that non-specific effects often referred as off-target gene silencing can occur during RNAi. This unintended gene silencing can lead to false conclusions in RNAi experiments that are aimed to study the functional role of a particular target gene in plants. This especially is a major problem in large-scale RNAi-based screens aiming for gene discovery. Hence, understanding the off-target effects is crucial for minimizing such effects to better conclude gene function analyzed by RNAi. We discuss here potential problems of off-target gene silencing and focus on possibilities that favor this effect during post-transcriptional gene silencing. Suggestions to overcome the off-target effects during RNAi studies are also presented. We believe that information available in present-day plant science literature about specificity of siRNA actions is inadequate. In-depth systematic studies to understand their molecular basis are necessary to enable improved design of more specific RNAi vectors. In the meantime, gene function and phenotype results from present-day RNAi studies need to be interpreted with caution.
Iterative placement improvement by network flow methods (1994)

We describe an efficient iterative improvement procedure for row-based cell placement with special emphasis on the objective function used to model net lengths. Two new net models are introduced and we prove theoretically that the net models are accurate approximations of the widely used half perimeter of a rectangle enclosing all pins of a net. In addition, unlike the half perimeter model, our net models allow us to compute costs for assigning cells to locations independently for all cells to be placed simultaneously. This offers our algorithm an important advantage compared to other iterative improvement techniques: many cells can be placed simultaneously by formulating placement as a network flow problem. This makes our algorithm more independent from a processing sequence than standard iterative improvement techniques. Finally, we compare our method to some existing algorithms including TimberWolfSC 5.4. We ran all of the algorithms on the SIGDA Benchmark Suite. We found that our method produced solutions with up to 23% less layout area while using an order of magnitude less running time compared to TimberWolfSC 5.4.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>