gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pancreatic Development and Maturation of the Islet B Cell (1996)

Pancreas organogenesis is a highly regulated process, in which two anlage evaginate from the primitive gut. They later fuse, and, under the influence of the surrounding mesenchyme, the mature organ develops, being mainly composed of ductal, exocrine and endocrine compartments. Early buds are characterized by a branching morphogenesis of the ductal epithelium from which endocrine and exocrine precursor cells bud to eventually form the two other compartments. The three compartments are thought to be of common endodermal origin; in contrast to earlier hypotheses, which suggested that the endocrine compartment was of neuroectodermal origin. It is thus generally believed that the pancreatic endocrine-lineage possesses the ability to mature along a differentiation pathway that shares many characteristics with those of neuronal differentiation. During recent years, studies of insulin-gene regulation and, in particular, the tissue-specific transcriptional control of insulin-gene activity have provided information on pancreas development in general. The present review summarizes these findings, with a special focus on our own studies on pluripotent endocrine cultures of rat pancreas.
Clinical significance of brand versus generic formulations: focus on oral minocycline. (2006)

Minocycline is an oral antibiotic widely prescribed throughout the world, primarily for the treatment of acne vulgaris; other uses include the treatment of rosacea and perioral dermatitis. In the United States, Propionibacterium acnes resistance is lowest with minocycline compared with other tetracyclines and with erythromycin. The availability of generic formulations of minocycline has created confusion regarding the clinical significance of brand versus generic minocycline products. This article reviews available data on minocycline use for acne vulgaris and discusses a patented brand of minocycline versus generic formulations, including evaluations of pharmacologic activity and safety.
A multiscale framework for Compressive Sensing of video (2009)

Compressive Sensing (CS) allows the highly efficient acquisition of many signals that could be difficult to capture or encode using conventional methods. From a relatively small number of random measurements, a high-dimensional signal can be recovered if it has a sparse or near-sparse representation in a basis known to the decoder. In this paper, we consider the application of CS to video signals in order to lessen the sensing and compression burdens in single- and multi-camera imaging systems. In standard video compression, motion compensation and estimation techniques have led to improved sparse representations that are more easily compressible; we adapt these techniques for the problem of CS recovery. Using a coarse-to-fine reconstruction algorithm, we alternate between the tasks of motion estimation and motion-compensated wavelet-domain signal recovery. We demonstrate that our algorithm allows the recovery of video sequences from fewer measurements than either frame-by-frame or inter-frame difference recovery methods.
Characterization and properties of preβ-HDL particles formed by ABCA1-mediated cellular lipid efflux to apoA-I (2008)

The contribution of ABCA1-mediated efflux of cellular phospholipid (PL) and cholesterol to human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) to the formation of pre beta 1-HDL (or lipid-poor apoA-I) is not well defined. To explore this issue, we characterized the nascent HDL particles formed when lipid-free apoA-I was incubated with fibroblasts in which expression of the ABCA1 was upregulated. After a 2 h incubation, the extracellular medium contained small apoA-I/PL particles (pre beta 1-HDL; diameter = 7.5 +/- 0.4 nm). The pre beta 1-HDL (or lipid-poor apoA-I) particles contained a single apoA-I molecule and three to four PL molecules and one to two cholesterol molecules. An apoA-I variant lacking the C-terminal alpha-helix did not form such particles when incubated with the cell, indicating that this helix is critical for the formation of lipid-poor apoA-I particles. These pre beta 1-HDL particles were as effective as lipid-free apoA-I molecules in mediating both the efflux of cellular lipids via ABCA1 and the formation of larger, discoidal HDL particles. In conclusion, pre beta 1-HDL is both a product and a substrate in the ABCA1-mediated reaction to efflux cellular PL and cholesterol to apoA-I. A monomeric apoA-I molecule associated with three to four PL molecules (i.e., lipid-poor apoA-I) has similar properties to the lipid-free apoA-I molecule.
Identification of Differentially Secreted Biomarkers Using LC-MS/MS in Isogenic Cell Lines Representing a Progression of Breast Cancer (2007)

Proteins secreted (the secretome) from cancer cells are potentially useful as biomarkers of the disease. Using LC-MS/MS, the secreted proteomes from a series of isogenic breast cancer cell lines varying in aggressiveness were analyzed by mass spectrometry: nontumorigenic MCF10A, premalignant/tumorigenic MCF10AT, tumorigenic/locally invasive MCF10 DCIS.com, and tumorigenic/metastatic MCF 10CA cl. D. Proteomes were obtained from conditioned serum-free media, partially fractionated using a small reverse phase C2 column, and digested with trypsin for analysis by LC-MS/MS, using a method previously shown to give highly enriched secreted proteomes (Mbeunkui et al. J. Proteome Res. 2006, 5, 899-906). The search files produced from five analyses (three separate preparations) were combined for database searching (Mascot) which produced a list of over 250 proteins from each cell line. The aim was to discover highly secreted proteins which changed significantly in abundance corresponding with aggressiveness. The most apparent changes were observed for alpha-1-antichymotrypsin and galectin-3-binding protein which were highly secreted proteins from MCF10 DCIS.com and MCF10CA cl. D, yet undetected in the MCF10A and MCF10AT cell lines. Other proteins showing increasing abundance in the more aggressive cell lines included alpha-1-antitrypsin, cathepsin D, and lysyl oxidase. The S100 proteins, often associated with metastasis, showed variable changes in abundance. While the cytosolic proteins were low (e.g., actin and tubulin), there was significant secretion of proteins often associated with the cytoplasm. These proteins were all predicted as products of nonclassical secretion (SecretomeP, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis). The LC-MS/MS results were verified for five selected proteins by western blot analysis, and the relevance of other significant proteins is discussed. Comparisons with two other aggressive breast cancer cell lines are included. The protein with consistent association with aggressiveness in all lines, and in unrelated cancer cells, was the galectin-3-binding protein which has been associated with breast, prostate, and colon cancer earlier, supporting the approach and findings. This analysis of an isogenic series of cell lines suggests the potential usefulness of the secretome for identifying prospective markers for the early detection and aggressiveness/progression of cancer.
Small Group Design Meetings: An Analysis of Collaboration (1992)

Abstract The development of schemes to support group work, whether behavioral methods or new technologies like groupware, should be based on detailed knowledge about how groups work, what they do well, and what they have trouble with. Such data can be used to suggest what kinds of tools people might need as well as to provide a baseline for evaluating the effects of schemes for improvement. We present details of how real groups engage in a representative collaborative task—early software design meetings—to provide such knowledge. We studied 10 design meetings from four projects in two organizations. The meetings were videotaped, transcribed, and then analyzed using a coding scheme that looked at participants' problem solving and the activities they used to coordinate and manage themselves. We also analyzed the structure of their design arguments. We found, to our surprise, that although the meetings differed in how many issues were covered they were strikingly similar in both how people spent their time and in the sequential organization of that activity. Overall, only 40% of the time was spent in direct discussions of design, with many swift transitions between alternative ideas and their evaluation. The groups spent another 30% taking stock of their progress through walkthroughs and summaries. Pure coordination activities consumed about 20%, and clarification of ideas—a cross-cutting classification—took one third of the time, indicating how much time was spent in both orchestrating and sharing expertise among group members. The pattern of transitions revealed these activities were clustered into two general classes—design and management. Although most issues had more than one alternative offered and discussed, there was rarely a wide set discussed, and one third of them were never explicitly evaluated. The results have implications for both the characterization of collaboration itself and for the way in which it might be supported through technology. Finally, the coding schemes developed may be useful for a wide range of problem-solving meetings other than design.
Size‐Dependant Cellular Uptake of Dendritic Polyglycerol (2011)

To study the mechanism of cellular internalization, hyperbranched polyether derivatives consisting of amino-bearing hyperbranched polyglycerols (HPGs) of varied molecular mass and size range are designed and synthesized. HPGs were further fluorescently labelled by conjugating maleimido indocarbocyanine dye (ICC-mal). The conjugates are characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence profile, zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering. The uptake mechanism is studied by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and confocal microscopy with human lung cancer cells A549, human epidermoid carcinoma cells A431, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cells. For the first time, the results suggest that the higher-molecular-weight HPGs (40-870 kDa) predominantly accumulate in the cytoplasm much better than their low-molecular-weight counterparts (2-20 kDa). The HPG nanocarriers discussed here have many biomedical implications, particularly for delivering drugs to the targeted site.
Molecular Analysis of Diepoxybutane-Induced Mutations at the rosy Locus of Drosophila melanogaster (1987)

We have analyzed at the molecular level diepoxybutane-induced mutants determined to have lesions affecting expression of the ry locus. Of the 21 mutants analyzed here, genetic analysis suggested that five were putative deficiencies involving ry and adjacent lethal loci. However, molecular analysis confirmed that only two of these five putative deficiencies were in fact deletions detectable by the methods used in the analysis. The remaining 16 mutants were viable as homozygotes, suggesting that their lesions were confined to the ry locus. Seven of these 16 intragenic mutants were determined to be deletions of genetic material as evidenced by altered restriction patterns relative to the wild type patterns. Thus, nine of 21 (43%) diepoxybutane-induced mutants are due to deletions ranging in size from approximately 50 base pairs to more than 8 kilobase pairs. Most of the deletions (seven of nine or 78%) are intragenic and less than 250 base pairs in size; it seems that most, if not all, affect coding rather than regulatory sequences.
The impact of controlled sodium incorporation on rapid thermal processed Cu(InGa)Se/sub 2/-thin films and devices (2002)

The alkali content of Cu(InGa)Se/sub 2/ thin films fabricated by RTP on a dense molybdenum backelectrode is below the detection limit of ESCA. Starting from this virtually sodium-free case, alkali impurities are successively added in order to study their impact on film morphology and device performance. Two novel techniques have been developed to add sodium to the chalcopyrite thin film: (1) By shifting the stress of the Mo-backelectrode from compressive to tensile its alkali permeability increases and in consequence so does the alkali content in the CIGS film. (2) Adding sodium compounds directly to the Cu-In-Ga-Se precursor film controls the final alkali content in CIGS independent from the substrate. Along with the addition of sodium a significant increase in performance of CIGS/CdS/ZnO cells (1.85 cm/sup 2/ active area) was found that peaked at 13.2%.
Gearbox Monitoring Using Induction Machine Stator Current Analysis (2007)

The aim of this paper is the monitoring of a gearbox by using the stator current signature analysis in the driving induction machines. The detection of mechanical faults using the vibration signal analysis has been well studied before. Recently, some works have been performed in order to observe the vibration components of the mechanical part in the stator current spectrum for an induction machine but without any theoretical detail. This paper proposes a theoretical framework based on torque oscillations due to the characteristic torsional vibrations in a gearbox and the source of mesh and rotating frequency components in the stator current is presented. In order to verify the theoretical development, a test-bed based on a 5.5 kW three-phase squirrel-cage machine connected to a gearbox has been used.
Tension modulates cell surface motility: A scanning acoustic microscopy study (1999)

The subtraction of subsequent scanning acoustic microscope images (SubSAM) of living cells taken in distinct time intervals reveals subcellular motility domains that are dependent on metabolic energy and correspond to cell surface deformations like protrusions, ruffling, and microblebs. This motility can be quantitated by determining the changes of the grey levels vs. time. Tension has been postulated as a global parameter in the control of cell shape and cell surface motility [Albrecht-Bühler 1987: Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 7:54-67; Bereiter-Hahn et al., 1995: Biochem. Cell Biol. 73:337-348; Sheetz and Dai, 1996: Trends Cell Biol. 6:85-89]. For direct evaluation, the activity of the motility domains was measured while applying external tension (stretching) or internal tension (contraction induced by nocodazole) and by relaxation due to desintegration of the actin-cytoskeleton using low concentrations of cytochalasin D (0.5 microg/ml). Elevated tension, regardless of how it is generated, externally or internally, whether directed or isotropic, lowers cell surface motility. In contrast, the relaxation of the cell cortex by cytochalasin D increases cell surface motility. Thus, a direct relationship between tension at the cell surface and surface motility was established as has been suggested by Sheetz and Dai [1996: Trends Cell Biol. 6:85-89]
Adaptive Control Processes (1961)

The aim of this work is to present a unified approach to the modern field of control theory and to provide a technique for making problems involving deterministic, stochastic, and adaptive processes of both linear and nonlinear type amenable to machine solution. Mr. Bellman has used the theory of dynamic programming to formulate, analyze, and prepare these processes for numerical treatment by digital computers. The unique concept of the book is that of a single problem stretching from recognition and formulation to analytic treatment and computational solution. Due to the emphasis upon ideas and concepts, this book is equally suited for the pure and applied mathematician, and for control engineers in all fields. Originally published in 1961. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Pyramid based depth from focus (2003)

A method is presented for depth recovery through the analysis of scene sharpness across changing focus position. Modeling a defocused image as the application of a low pass-filter on a properly focused image of the same scene, the authors can compare the high spatial frequency content of regions in each image and determine the correct focus position. Recovering depth in this manner is inherently a local operation, and can be done efficiently using a pipelined image processor. Laplacian and Gaussian pyramids are used to calculate maps which are collected and compared to find the focus position that maximizes high spatial frequencies for each region.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Session mobility in multimedia services enabled by the cloud and peer-to-peer paradigms (2011)

Services based on new information technology offering audio and video modality are viewed among the most important today. When users change location or device there is a need to keep these media sessions active. The main purpose of this article is to present a lightweight framework that allows session mobility through making profit of the cloud and peer-to-peer paradigms, while at the same time fulfilling the prevailing requirements for new session mobility multimedia services. We demonstrate the principles of the framework by creating a real prototype, allowing combined video and audio sessions to be migrated between devices, thus showing successful implementation of session mobility meeting requirements such as low degree of service provider dependency, no changes to current common network infrastructure, dealing with privacy issues, providing flexibility and low cost, and letting the user control when and where to migrate the sessions. It is our belief that relatively new paradigms such as peer-to peer computing and cloud services could enhance and support flexible session mobility in a mobile use context.
Influence of dendritic cells on tumor growth. (1985)

Dendritic cells (DC) exposed to antigen are potent initiators of immune responses, and the numbers of DC and the dose of antigen control the level of response. The influence of these variables was tested on the growth of mouse sarcoma cells in vivo. When normal syngeneic DC (100,000) were given to mice with palpable tumors, tumor regression or delay in tumor growth was obtained. DC exposed to increasing doses of tumor extract in vitro before administration had progressively less effect. DC exposed to antigen delayed tumor growth significantly only when given on the same day as 500 tumor cells. The studies suggested that low doses of antigen on DC elicit immune responses and that high doses block them. The numbers of antigen-presenting cells and the dose of antigen modulate the degree of immunity to mouse sarcoma in vivo.
Characterization of the AMP-activated Protein Kinase Kinase from Rat Liver and Identification of Threonine 172 as the Major Site at Which It Phosphorylates AMP-activated Protein Kinase (1996)

We have developed a sensitive assay for the AMP-activated protein kinase kinase, the upstream component in the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade. Phosphorylation and activation of the downstream kinase by the upstream kinase absolutely requires AMP and is antagonized by high (millimolar) concentrations of ATP. We have purified the upstream kinase >1000-fold from rat liver; a variety of evidence indicates that the catalytic subunit may be a polypeptide of 58 kDa. The physical properties of the downstream and upstream kinases, e.g. catalytic subunit masses (63 versus 58 kDa) and native molecular masses (190 versus 195 kDa), are very similar. However, unlike the downstream kinase, the upstream kinase is not inactivated by protein phosphatases. The upstream kinase phosphorylates the downstream kinase at a single major site on the α subunit, i.e. threonine 172, which lies in the “activation segment” between the DFG and APE motifs. This site aligns with activating phosphorylation sites on many other protein kinases, including Thr177 on calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I. As well as suggesting a mechanism of activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, this finding is consistent with our recent report that the AMP-activated protein kinase kinase can slowly phosphorylate and activate calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I, at least in vitro (Hawley, S. A., Selbert, M. A., Goldstein, E. G., Edelman, A. M., Carling, D., and Hardie, D. G. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 27186-27191). We have developed a sensitive assay for the AMP-activated protein kinase kinase, the upstream component in the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade. Phosphorylation and activation of the downstream kinase by the upstream kinase absolutely requires AMP and is antagonized by high (millimolar) concentrations of ATP. We have purified the upstream kinase >1000-fold from rat liver; a variety of evidence indicates that the catalytic subunit may be a polypeptide of 58 kDa. The physical properties of the downstream and upstream kinases, e.g. catalytic subunit masses (63 versus 58 kDa) and native molecular masses (190 versus 195 kDa), are very similar. However, unlike the downstream kinase, the upstream kinase is not inactivated by protein phosphatases. The upstream kinase phosphorylates the downstream kinase at a single major site on the α subunit, i.e. threonine 172, which lies in the “activation segment” between the DFG and APE motifs. This site aligns with activating phosphorylation sites on many other protein kinases, including Thr177 on calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I. As well as suggesting a mechanism of activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, this finding is consistent with our recent report that the AMP-activated protein kinase kinase can slowly phosphorylate and activate calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I, at least in vitro (Hawley, S. A., Selbert, M. A., Goldstein, E. G., Edelman, A. M., Carling, D., and Hardie, D. G. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 27186-27191).
Composites Manufacturing: Materials, Product, and Process Engineering (2001)

Composites manufacturing: materials, product, and process engineering , Composites manufacturing: materials, product, and process engineering , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Human RORγt + T H 17 cells preferentially differentiate from naive FOXP3 + Treg in the presence of lineage-specific polarizing factors (2010)

RORγt + T H 17 cells are a proinflammatory CD4 + T-cell population associated with autoimmune tissue injury. In mice, priming of T H 17 requires TGF-β, which alone directs the priming of FOXP3 + regulatory T cells (Treg), in association with inflammatory cytokines. Priming of human T H 17 cells from conventional naive CD4 + T cells under similar conditions, however, has proved difficult to achieve. Here, we report that differentiation of human T H 17 cells preferentially occurs from FOXP3 + naive Treg (NTreg) in the presence of IL-2 and IL-1β and is increased by IL-23 and TGF-β. IL-1β–mediated differentiation correlated with IL-1RI expression in stimulated NTreg and was accompanied by induction of RORγt along with down-regulation of FOXP3. IL-17–secreting cells in NTreg cultures cosecreted TNF-α and IL-2 and contained distinct subpopulations cosecreting or not cosecreting IFN-γ and other T H 17-associated cytokines. Polarized NTreg contained significant subpopulations of CCR6-expressing cells that were highly enriched in IL-17–secreting cells. Finally, analysis of CCR6 expression with respect to that of IL-1RI identified distinct IL-17–secreting subpopulations that had maintained or lost their suppressive functions. Together our results support the concept that priming of human T H 17 from naive CD4 + T cells preferentially takes place from FOXP3 + Treg precursors in the presence of lineage-specific polarizing factors.