gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactivity of small thiolate anions and cysteine-25 in papain toward methyl methanethiosulfonate (1986)

The dependence on thiol pK of the second-order rate constant (kS) for reaction of thiolate anions with MMTS was shown to follow the Brønsted equation log kS = log G + beta pK with log G = 1.44 and 3.54 and beta = 0.635 and 0.309 for aryl and alkyl thiols, respectively. The reactivity toward MMTS of the protonated thiol group was found to be negligible in comparison to that of the thiolate anion. For 2-mercaptoethanol the reactivity toward MMTS of the protonated form of the thiol group was shown to be at least 5 X 10(9) smaller than that of the thiolate anion. The pH dependence of the second-order rate constant for reaction of the thiolate group of Cys-25 at the active site of papain was determined and shown to be consistent with the previously determined low pK for Cys-25 and its electrostatic interaction with His-159. The small dependence of the reactivity of Cys-25 on thiol pK (beta approximately 0.09) suggested that the charge-charge interactions that act through space to perturb the pK of the nucleophile at the active site of papain and perhaps other enzymes may serve to increase the fraction of nucleophile present in the reactive basic form without introducing the decrease in nucleophilic reactivity seen in model systems where pK's are lowered primarily by charge-dipole interactions.
Nature of transforming deoxyribonucleic acid in calcium-treated Escherichia coli (1979)

A study of the reactivation of ultraviolet-irradiated plasmid and phage deoxyribonucleic acid molecules after transformation into Escherichia coli strains indicated that, when double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid was used as the donor species, it was taken up without conversion to the single-standed form.
The Gross Conformation of Protein-Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Complexes (1970)

Abstract The interaction of sodium dodecyl sulfate with a wide variety of proteins is characterized by a high binding ratio when the monomer concentration of amphiphile exceeds 5 x 10-4 m. This binding ratio on a gram to gram basis is identical for all proteins investigated. The protein portion of the complex contains a high degree of order, and hydrodynamic studies suggest that the complex is a rodlike particle, the length of which varies uniquely with the molecular weight of the protein moiety. These results explain the empirical observation that proteins dissolved in aqueous solutions containing high concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate have electrophoretic mobilities on polyacrylamide gels which are a unique function of their molecular weights. In addition, the data suggest a possible model for the conformation of membrane proteins and their interactions with phospholipid.
Relative Densities of Muscarinic Cholinergic and β-Adrenergic Receptors in the Canine Sinoatrial Node and Their Relation to Sites of Pacemaker Activity (1995)

The site of earliest extracellular electrical activation in the sinoatrial node (SAN) is known to shift in response to autonomic stimuli, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon and the determinants of the location of dominant pacemaker activity have not been elucidated. The present study was designed to characterize the spatial distribution of muscarinic cholinergic and beta-adrenergic receptors in the canine SAN and to determine whether a consistent relationship exists between autonomic receptor densities and the site of dominant pacemaker activity. We used quantitative light-microscopic autoradiography of radioligand binding sites to characterize the spatial distribution of muscarinic cholinergic and beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes in tissue sections containing the SAN and adjacent right atrial muscle from 18 canine hearts. Muscarinic receptor density was 5.4 times greater in SAN cells than in atrial myocytes (P < .01). Total beta-adrenergic receptor density was more than 3 times greater in SAN cells than in atrial myocytes (P < .0001), due entirely to the significantly greater number of beta 1-adrenergic receptors in the SAN. The region of dominant pacemaker activity, localized in 4 hearts with in vitro mapping, consistently exhibited greater densities of muscarinic and beta 1-adrenergic receptors than other SAN regions. Muscarinic receptor density in the dominant pacemaker region was 18 +/- 2% and 29 +/- 7% higher than in adjacent superior and inferior regions, respectively. beta 1-Receptor density in the dominant site was 53 +/- 5% and 26 +/- 4% higher than in adjacent superior and inferior SAN regions, respectively. Thus, the SAN is richly endowed with both muscarinic cholinergic and beta 1-adrenergic receptors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ultrasound-based and Non-viral Technologies in Gene Therapy (2007)

Gene therapy is a technique for the purpose of correcting or preventing a disease by delivering genes into an individual's cells and tissues. Gene therapy is still in its infancy and at an experimental stage. Synthetic vectors are considered to be a prerequisite for gene deliveries, as viral vectors have fundamental problems in relation to safety issues, as well as large-scale production. Among the physical approaches, ultrasound with its bioeffects-acoustic cavitation, especially inertial cavitation, can increase the permeability of cell membrane to macromolecules such as plasmid DNA. Microbubbles, or ultrasound contrast agents, lower the threshold for cavitation by ultrasound energy. Furthermore, ultrasound-enhanced gene delivery using polymers or other non-viral vectors, though also in its preclinical stage may hold a lot of promise for the future. The aims of this brief review focus on understanding of the barriers to gene transfer and useful vectors or tools that are applied in gene delivery and on introducing the feasible models in terms of ultrasound-based gene delivery.
Complementary Symmetry Silicon Nanowire Logic: Power‐Efficient Inverters with Gain (2006)

Wired for high performance: The role of relative surface area in Si nanowire (NW) transistor (see image) performance was examined by comparing the performance of microwire (μW) field-effect transistors (FETs) fabricated side-by-side with NW FETs. Both n- and p-type NW FETs were found to be more sensitive to surface states than their μW counterparts; these results are utilized to produce NW n-FETs with consistent performance. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2296/2006/z600249_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Prognostic value of apoptotic cells and infiltrating neutrophils in graft-versus-host disease of the gastrointestinal tract in humans: TNF and Fas expression (2003)

Abstract The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a major target in graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). In rodents both tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and Fas-dependent apoptosis have been shown to play a major role in GvHD lesions, but data in humans on TNF and Fas in situ expression are scarce. More recently, the role of non-T cells as GvHD effectors has also been suggested in experimental models. Here we report a detailed quantitative pathologic analysis in 95 patients who underwent gastroduodenal biopsy. This analysis included characterization and quantification of the cellular infiltrate, TNF, TNF receptors, and Fas in situ expression analyses and quantification of apoptotic cell numbers. TNF was expressed in all biopsies and it was highly specific for acute GvHD. In multivariate analysis, including pathologic factors only, increased early transplantrelated mortality (TRM) was associated with the presence of more than 20 neutrophils per field. Factors affecting early and late TRM were then assessed by multivariate analyses including both pathologic and clinical factors. Increased day-90 TRM was associated with the presence of more than 5 apoptotic bodies per field within the cellular infiltrate, and with stage II or higher acute liver GvHD. One-year TRM associated with the same 2 factors and with chronic GvHD.
An improved theory for the prediction of microcavitation thresholds (1989)

An approximate analytical formulation is presented that allows for the calculation of acoustic pressure thresholds for transient cavitation over a variety of frequencies and host fluid parameters. Specifically, R.E. Apfel's (1986) theory is extended to include an estimate of the time delay associated with the Laplace pressure, 2sigma/R(0), where sigma is the surface tension and R(0) is the initial radius. Also presented is a correction factor for the time-averaged pressure difference, across the bubble wall during growth. An optimum size distribution of nuclei for the predisposition of a sample to microcavitation is exhibited. The role of transient cavitation in medical ultrasound is discussed.
Severe heparin osteoporosis in pregnancy (1984)

A case of severe osteoporosis following administration of low dose subcutaneous heparin in pregnancy is reported. Possible reasons for the condition are suggested which caution against the indiscriminate use of subcutaneous heparin in pregnancy.
Hybrid visual and inertial RANSAC for real-time motion estimation (2014)

We present a real-time, online motion estimation algorithm combining inertial and visual measurements. The approach is built upon the preemptive RANSAC, a real-time motion estimation algorithm. Our algorithm extends the preemptive RANSAC with inertial sensors data, introducing a lagrangian hybrid scoring of the motion models. We also improve the system using a pure inertial model that is scored as the visual ones, and a dynamic computation of the lagrangian to make the approach adaptive to various image and motion contents. The algorithm is run frame to frame to avoid error accumulation. All these improvements are made with little computational cost, keeping the complexity of the algorithm low enough for embedded platforms. The approach is compared with pure inertial and pure visual procedures.
Sporanaerobacter acetigenes gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel acetogenic, facultatively sulfur-reducing bacterium. (2002)

A strictly anaerobic, moderately thermophilic, sporulating rod, designated strain Lup 33T, was isolated from an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor in Mexico. Strain Lup 33T possessed a few laterally inserted flagella, had a DNA G+C content of 32.2 mol % and grew optimally at pH 7.4 and 40 degrees C. Growth was observed at temperatures of up to 50 degrees C and was inhibited in the presence of 5% NaCl. Strain Lup 33T is heterotrophic and utilized some sugars, peptides and various single amino acids. Gelatin and casein were not used as energy sources. It performed the Stickland reaction and reduced elemental sulfur to sulfide. Acetate was the only fatty acid detected from glucose fermentation, whereas acetate together with isobutyrate and isovalerate were found as end products from peptone fermentation. Phylogenetically, strain Lup 33T branched with members of cluster XII of the order Clostridiales, with Clostridium hastiforme as the closest relative (similarity of 93%). On the basis of the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic characteristics of the isolate, it is proposed as a novel species of a new genus, Sporanaerobacter acetigenes gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is strain Lup 33T (= DSM 13106T = CIP 106730T).
The Tetrahydropyranopterin Structure of the Sulfur-free and Metal-free Molybdenum Cofactor Precursor (2004)

The molybdenum cofactor (Moco), a highly conserved pterin compound coordinating molybdenum (Mo), is required for the activity of all Mo-dependent enzymes with the exception of nitrogenase. Moco is synthesized by a unique and evolutionary old multi-step pathway with two intermediates identified so far, the sulfur-free and metal-free pterin derivative precursor Z and molybdopterin, a pterin with an enedithiolate function essential for Mo ligation. The latter pterin component is believed to form a tetrahydropyranopterin similar to the one found for Moco in the crystal structure of Mo as well as tungsten (W) enzymes. Here we report the spectroscopic characterization and structure elucidation of precursor Z purified from Escherichia coli overproducing MoaA and MoaC, two proteins essential for bacterial precursor Z synthesis. We have shown that purified precursor Z is as active as precursor Z present in E. coli cell extracts, demonstrating that no modifications during the purification procedure have occurred. High resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry afforded a [M + H]+ ion compatible with a molecular formula of C10H15N5O8P. Consequently 1H NMR spectroscopy not allowed structural characterization of the molecule but confirmed that this intermediate undergoes direct oxidation to the previously well characterized non-productive follow-up product compound Z. The 1H chemical shift and coupling constant data are incompatible with previous structural proposals and indicate that precursor Z already is a tetrahydropyranopterin system and carries a geminal diol function in the C1' position.
What Is New in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis? (2012)

Primary biliary cirrhosis is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of the small- and medium-sized intrahepatic bile ducts. The disease mainly affects middle-aged women who frequently suffer from concomitant autoimmune diseases. This review discusses the most recent findings in the epidemiology, natural history and approaches used for the accurate diagnosis of the disease. We critically review emerging data reporting on the role of genetics such as those of genome-wide association studies. Special attention is given to recent studies reporting on the immunopathogenesis of the disease and the role of plasma cells, apotopes, immunosenescence, autophagy and the involvement of components of the innate immunity in the induction of this enigmatic disease.
Engineering with Rigid PVC (2017)

IVF: The First Three Decades Jean Cohen & Howard Jones Patient Pre-treatment David Meldrum Testing Ovarian reserve James Toner Basics of Ovarian Stimulation David Healy Role of Antagonists in Human IVF Francois Olivennes Ultrasonography Roger Pierson Oocyte Retrieval Matts Wikland In Vitro Maturation SL Tan Assessment of the Male and Sperm Preparation for IVF and ICSI Christopher de Jonge Assisted Fertilization Andre Van Steirtegham Analysis of Fertilization Jan Tesarik Embryo Development and Assessment of Viability Thomas Ebner Culture of the Human Embryo David K. Gardner Micromanipulation Procedures: Assisted Hatching, Fragment Removal and Biopsy Jacques Cohen Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis: FISH to CGH Mandy Katz-Jaffe Gamete and Embryo Cyropreservation Gary Smith QC & QA in the IVF Laboratory Karen Martin Oocyte Donation Richard Paulson Uterine Receptivity Peter Rogers Embryo Transfer and Luteal Support Ragaa Mansour Monitoring IVF Outcome Alistair Sutcliffe
A comparison between CMAC neural network control and two traditional adaptive control systems (1990)

A comparison is made of a neural-network-based controller similar to the cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) and two traditional adaptive controllers, a self-tuning regulator (STR) and a Lyapunov-based model reference adaptive controller (MRAC). The three systems are compared conceptually and through simulation studies on the same low-order control problem. Results are obtained for the case where the system is linear and noise-free, for the case where noise is added to the system, and for the case where a nonlinear system is controlled. Comparisons are made with respect to closed-loop system stability, speed of adaptation, noise rejection, the number of required calculations, system tracking performance, and the degree of theoretical development. The results indicate that the neural network approach functions well in noise, works for linear and nonlinear systems, and can be implemented very efficiently for large-scale systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Modulates Humanin VivoLipolysis (2007)

This study demonstrates that a relatively low dose of rhTNF-alpha induces systemic lipolysis and that the skeletal muscle fat metabolism is unaffected.
Six-fold Oxygen-Coordinated Triplet (S= 1) Palladium(II) Moieties Templated by Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Ions (2007)

Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) is used as a templating agent to insert palladium(II) into three-dimensional oxalate-based networks. The templated-assembly of [Ru(bpy)(3)][Pd(2)(ox)(3)] (Pd(2)) and [Ru(bpy)(3)][PdMn(ox)(3)] (PdMn) is described. The latter compound is structurally characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. These techniques reveal an unusual 6-fold oxygen environment around the Pd(II) atoms with two short (2.02 Angstrom) and four long (2.17 Angstrom) Pd-O distances. As stated by magnetometry, this environment is associated with a triplet ground state (S = 1) of the palladium(II) ion: when the temperature is decreased, the chiMT product shows a monotonous decrease from 5.54 cm(3) K mol(-1) at 300 K, a value which is slightly lower than the one expected for independent paramagnetic Pd(II) (S = 1, g = 2) and Mn(II) (S = 5/2, g = 2) ions. This thermal variation is due to antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between the two spin bearers. Nevertheless, no long-range magnetic order is detected down to 2 K. These results are confirmed by an analysis of the [MII(C(2)O(4))(3)](4-) (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) complex and of a [Pd(II){mu-(C(2)O(4))Mn(II)(OH(2))(4)}(3)](2+) tetranuclear model using density functional theory.
Selective Neurotoxic Lesions of Descending Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Pathways in the Rat (1985)

The ability of neurotoxic substances to induce selective lesions of the descending monoaminergic pathways in rats was investigated. Saline, 6-hydroxydopamine, 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine were administered into the lumbar subarachnoid space through a chronically indwelling catheter. The lesions were evaluated 2-3 weeks later by in vitro uptake of [3H]noradrenaline and [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine into synaptosomal preparations from the frontal cortex, brainstem, cervical spinal cord, and lumbar spinal cord of each animal. There was no difference in uptake between saline-injected and noncatheterized controls and no significant changes in cortical uptake after any of the treatments (dose range of neurotoxins: 0.6-80 micrograms). In the lumbar spinal cord, 6-hydroxydopamine (5-80 micrograms) reduced the [3H]noradrenaline uptake by approximately 90% with no effects on [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine uptake, whereas 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine reduced the uptake of [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine by 90% (20-80 micrograms). [3H]Noradrenaline uptake was unaffected by lower doses of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine but fell by 45-55% after 40-80 micrograms. 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine (10-80 micrograms) reduced [3H]noradrenaline uptake by 90-95% and [14C]5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by approximately 80% (5-80 micrograms) in the lumbar cord. It is concluded that intrathecal administration of suitable doses of neurotoxins may produce extensive selective lesions of descending noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways.
Synthesis and Characterization of Photo-Cross-Linkable Hole-Conducting Polymers (2005)

The synthesis and characterization of side-chain polymers functionalized with hole-transporting units and photo-cross-linkable groups, which can be used for solution-based preparation of multilayer organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs), are discussed. The concept deals with triarylamine and oxetane-functionalized styrenes, which are copolymerized by radical polymerization. Four different types of hole-transporting monomers were combined with one cross-linkable monomer in two different ratios, yielding two groups of each four polymers (P1A...P4A and P1B...P4B). The polymers were investigated by NMR spectroscopy, molecular weights were determined by GPC with light scattering, and the thermal properties were measured with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Optical characterization by UV−vis and fluorescence spectroscopy was performed. Electrochemical and cross-linking characteristics of the copolymers were investigated to proove this strategy's potential in application for modern multilayer polymer OLEDs. Finally, hole-only devices were prepared for evaluation of the semiconductive performance of the materials.
Identification and expression of the human herpesvirus 6 glycoprotein H and interaction with an accessory 40K glycoprotein (1993)

In herpes simplex virus (HSV) the small secreted glycoprotein gL forms a heterodimer with the transmembrane envelope glycoprotein gH. Here we identify the human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) gL gene, express HHV-6 gL and gH homologues, and examine interactions between HHV-6 gH and gL. The HHV-6 gL gene encoded a glycoprotein with an amino acid sequence which showed closest similarity to the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gL homologue (18% identity). Products of HHV-6 gH and gL genes were characterized in an in vitro transcription-translation system and in a transient in vivo expression system. Both gH and gL were transcribed and translated in vitro to give products of apparent M(r) of 65K and 28K in SDS-PAGE, and these could be processed by addition of microsomes to 110K and 40K, respectively. To study gH/gL interactions, gH was tagged with the nine amino acid epitope for monoclonal antibody LP14 (anti-HSV-1 gD). LP14 and a human serum sample specifically immunoprecipitated gH and a stable complex of gH and gL co-expressed in an in vivo vaccinia virus-T7 system. The gH and gL produced in this in vivo expression system corresponded to the M(r)s of the fully processed glycoproteins identified in the in vitro system. The gH expressed together with gL was recognized by human sera more easily than when examined on its own in immunofluorescence assays. Dual expression of gH and gL in transfected T lymphocytes (JJhan) caused reactions with 75% of human sera tested (12 HHV-6-positive, HCMV-negative serum samples), but gL expressed alone was not recognized by these sera. The immunofluorescence studies also showed that the glycoproteins were localized in Golgi-like bodies in fibroblasts, but occurred throughout the endoplasmic reticulum in T lymphocytes, the normal cellular target for HHV-6. These results show the identification of the HHV-6 homologue to the HCMV and HSV gL genes, identification and production of HHV-6 gH and gL expressed both in vitro and in vivo, complex formation between these glycoproteins, and evidence that this complex may be localized differently in fibroblasts as compared to T lymphocytes and that it is immunogenic.
Cloning of human adenosine kinase cDNA: sequence similarity to microbial ribokinases and fructokinases. (1996)

Adenosine kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of adenosine to AMP and hence is a potentially important regulator of extracellular adenosine concentrations. Despite extensive characterization of the kinetic properties of the enzyme, its primary structure has never been elucidated. Full-length cDNA clones encoding catalytically active adenosine kinase were obtained from lymphocyte, placental, and liver cDNA libraries. Corresponding mRNA species of 1.3 and 1.8 kb were noted on Northern blots of all tissues examined and were attributable to alternative polyadenylylation sites at the 3' end of the gene. The encoding protein consists of 345 amino acids with a calculated molecular size of 38.7 kDa and does not contain any sequence similarities to other well-characterized mammalian nucleoside kinases, setting it apart from this family of structurally and functionally related proteins. In contrast, two regions were identified with significant sequence identity to microbial ribokinase and fructokinases and a bacterial inosine/guanosine kinase. Thus, adenosine kinase is a structurally distinct mammalian nucleoside kinase that appears to be akin to sugar kinases of microbial origin.