gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Product Life Cycle for International Trade? (1968)

Many products follow a predictable pattern in international trade. Understanding the international product life cycle may lead to improved policies resulting in increased exports and a reduction in the effectiveness of import competition.
Relationships between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and Visual Quality in Cool‐Season Turfgrass: I. Variation among Species and Cultivars (2011)

Canopy spectral reflectance may provide an objective means to evaluate visual quality of turfgrass, but evaluations of visual quality may be confounded by differences in reflectance among species or cultivars. In this 3‐yr study near Manhattan, KS, we examined effects of species and cultivars on relationships between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and visual quality ratings in Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L., ‘Apollo’), two Kentucky bluegrass × Texas bluegrass ( Poa arachnifera Torr.) hybrids (‘Thermal Blue’ and ‘Reveille’), and tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb., ‘Dynasty’). A broad range of visual quality was imposed on all four grasses through deficit irrigation and NDVI was measured using broadband spectral radiometry across this range for each grass. Distinct linear regression models of visual quality were found for each grass, and models were also distinct among years in each grass. Relationships between NDVI and visual quality were stronger in the bluegrasses ( r 2 = 0.41 to 0.83) because they had a greater range in quality under deficit irrigation than tall fescue. The 95% confidence intervals surrounding predictions of visual quality from NDVI ranged from ± 1.25 to 2.10 (on a 1 to 9 scale). Results indicated that the requirement to develop separate models for each grass and in each year, combined with relatively wide confidence intervals, represents a practical limitation to predicting visual quality with NDVI.
A switch in metabolism precedes increased mitochondrial biogenesis in respiratory chain-deficient mouse hearts (2004)

We performed global gene expression analyses in mouse hearts with progressive respiratory chain deficiency and found a metabolic switch at an early disease stage. The tissue-specific mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) knockout mice of this study displayed a progressive heart phenotype with depletion of mtDNA and an accompanying severe decline of respiratory chain enzyme activities along with a decreased mitochondrial ATP production rate. These characteristics were observed after 2 weeks of age and became gradually more severe until the terminal stage occurred at 10-12 weeks of age. Global gene expression analyses with microarrays showed that a metabolic switch occurred early in the progression of cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction. A large number of genes encoding critical enzymes in fatty acid oxidation showed decreased expression whereas several genes encoding glycolytic enzymes showed increased expression. These alterations are consistent with activation of a fetal gene expression program, a well-documented phenomenon in cardiac disease. An increase in mitochondrial mass was not observed until the disease had reached an advanced stage. In contrast to what we have earlier observed in respiratory chain-deficient skeletal muscle, the increased mitochondrial biogenesis in respiratory chain-deficient heart muscle did not increase the overall mitochondrial ATP production rate. The observed switch in metabolism is unlikely to benefit energy homeostasis in the respiratory chain-deficient hearts and therefore likely aggravates the disease. It can thus be concluded that at least some of the secondary gene expression alterations in mitochondrial cardiomyopathy do not compensate but rather directly contribute to heart failure progression.
Biosynthesis of methyl-branched poly(.beta.-hydroxyalkanoate)s by Pseudomonas oleovorans (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBiosynthesis of methyl-branched poly(.beta.-hydroxyalkanoate)s by Pseudomonas oleovoransBaki Hazer, Robert W. Lenz, and R. Clinton FullerCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 1, 45–49Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00079a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00079a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views140Altmetric-Citations48LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Virus-Neutralizing Activity Mediated by the Fab Fragment of a Hemagglutinin-Specific Antibody Is Sufficient for the Resolution of Influenza Virus Infection in SCID Mice (2003)

Antibodies (Abs) contribute to the control of influenza virus infection in vivo by reducing progeny virus yield from infected cells (yield reduction [YR]) and by inhibiting progeny virus from spreading the infection to new host cells (virus neutralization [VN]). Previous studies showed that the infection could be resolved in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice by treatment with hemagglutinin (HA)-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that exhibit both VN and YR activities but not by MAbs that exhibited only YR activity. To determine whether virus clearance requires both activities, we measured the therapeutic activity of an HA-specific MAb (VN and YR) and its Fab fragment (VN) by intranasal (i.n.) administration to infected SCID mice. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and Fab cleared the infection with i.n. 50% effective doses (ED(50)s) of 16 and 90 pmol, respectively. To resolve an established infection solely by VN activity, Fab must be present in the respiratory tract at an effective threshold concentration until all infected cells have died and production of virus has ceased. Because IgG and Fab had different half-lives in the respiratory tract (22 and 8 h, respectively) and assuming that both operated mainly or solely by VN, it could be estimated that clearance was achieved 24 h after Ab treatment when both reagents were present in the respiratory tract at approximately 10 pmol. This dose was approximately 200 times larger than the respiratory tract-associated Ab dose resulting from administration of the intraperitoneal ED(50) (270 pmol) of IgG. This indicated that our procedure of i.n. administration of Ab did not make optimal use of the Ab's therapeutic activity.
N-Halogen Compounds. I. Decomposition of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin in Water at pH 91 (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTN-Halogen Compounds. I. Decomposition of 1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin in Water at pH 91ROBERT C. PETTERSON and URSZULA GRZESKOWIAKCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1959, 24, 10, 1414–1419Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01092a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01092a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views296Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Expression profiling analysis of the metabolic and inflammatory changes following burn injury in rats (2004)

Burn injury initiates an inflammatory response as part of the healing process that is associated with extensive metabolic adjustments. While most studies have focused on understanding these changes from a biochemical perspective, not much work has been done to characterize these processes at the gene expression level. As a first step, we have comprehensively analyzed changes in gene expression in rat livers during the first 24 h after burn injury using Affymetrix GeneChips, which showed 339 genes to be differentially expressed at a statistical significance of P < 0.05 and changed at least twofold. Functional classification based on gene ontology terms indicated that two categories, metabolism (28%) and inflammation (14%), accounted for nearly 42%. Detailed analysis of the metabolism group of genes indicated that fatty acid (FA) and triglyceride (TG) biosynthesis in the liver were unchanged, whereas TG utilization, FA import, and beta-oxidation increased after burn injury. The increased FA pools after burn injury appear to serve as substrates for ATP production. Following burn injury, the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway was suppressed while cholesterol was increasingly imported and converted into bile acids. The inflammatory genes that were altered included several classic acute phase response markers, as well as genes involved in the complement, kinin, clotting, and fibrinolytic protein systems. These temporally coordinated changes in gene expression were also corroborated by biochemical measurements for FA, TG, cholesterol, and ATP. Together, these data indicate that FA are increasingly imported and oxidized in the liver to meet the enhanced energy demands arising from an inflammatory response during the first 24 h after burn injury.
Impact of Wireless (Wi-Fi, WiMAX) on 3G and Next Generation — An Initial Assessment (2006)

The mobile infrastructure market is the second largest wireless communications market and arguably the most challenging. Rapid technology change (2.0/2.5G and 3G) and slow revenue growth turning to declining revenues, have created a difficult environment for companies competing in this market. In contrast, Wi-Fi Wireless LAN (802.11x) is a fast emerging, widely deployed technology. Recently, WiMAX, a standards-based (802.16x) technology, has emerged as an alternative to cable and DSL in delivering last-mile wireless broadband access. WiMAX Forum-certified systems will provide fixed, nomadic, portable, and, eventually, mobile wireless broadband connectivity without direct line-of-sight with a base station. Are 3G, Wi-Fi and WiMAX competing technologies? Can they co-exist? Which technology is more cost-effective? Will a convergence take place in the future? This paper takes a closer look at each of these technologies and compares market potentials, deployment costs, potential applications and areas of competitive threat, co-existence, and potential convergence. A summary timeline is presented to compare these three technologies and their impact on key deployments. The paper concludes with examples of efforts taken by operators to deliver what is perceived to be the best, most cost effective solution to customers.
On the in vitro and in vivo Properties of Four Locked Nucleic Acid Nucleotides Incorporated into an Anti‐H‐Ras Antisense Oligonucleotide (2005)

Locked nucleic acid (beta-D-LNA) monomers are conformationally restricted nucleotides bearing a methylene 2'-O, 4'-C linkage that have an unprecedented high affinity for matching DNA or RNA. In this study, we compared the in vitro and in vivo properties of four different LNAs, beta-D-amino LNA (amino-LNA), beta-D-thio LNA (thio-LNA), beta-D-LNA (LNA), and its stereoisomer alpha-L-LNA in an antisense oligonucleotide (ODN). A well-known antisense ODN design against H-Ras was modified at the 5'- and 3'-ends with the different LNA analogues (LNA-DNA-LNA gapmer design). The resulting gapmers were tested in cancer-cell cultures and in a nude-mouse model bearing prostate tumor xenografts. The efficacy in target knockdown, the biodistribution, and the ability to inhibit tumor growth were measured. All anti H-Ras ODNs were very efficient in H-Ras mRNA knockdown in vitro, reaching maximum effect at concentrations below 5 nM. Moreover, the anti-H-Ras ODN containing alpha-L-LNA had clearly the highest efficacy in H-Ras knockdown. All LNA types displayed a great stability in serum. ODNs containing amino-LNA showed an increased uptake by heart, liver, and lungs as compared to the other LNA types. Both alpha-L-LNA and LNA gapmer ODNs had a high efficacy of tumor-growth inhibition and were nontoxic at the tested dosages. Remarkably, in vivo tumor-growth inhibition could be observed at dosages as low as 0.5 mg kg(-1) per day. These results indicate that alpha-L-LNA is a very promising member of the family of LNA analogues in antisense applications.
Mass storage archiving in network environments (2003)

Control Data is currently developing a system that can be compared to the developing IEEE reference model for mass storage systems, applying recent technology to industry standards. With this system, a CYBER server provides file serving, archiving, and backup services to a maximum breadth of client computer systems, with emphasis on UNIX clients. The NOS/VE file system structure provides a directory structure that lends itself well to the role of an archive server and a distributed file manager. The envisioned system will provide a range of services encompassing the bitfile server, the storage server, and the client processes, thus integrating the solution to the customer. The design of this system has led to perspectives on the reference model, which are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A high yield purification of the human transferrin receptor and properties of its major extracellular fragment. (1988)

Human transferrin receptor is a disulfide-linked homodimer of 90-kDa glycoprotein subunits, capable of binding two transferrins. We report a new high yield affinity purification protocol for transferrin receptor from placenta which produces 3-4 mg of highly purified protein. Trypsin cleaves the protein at arginine-121, producing a stable fragment that contains 95% of the extracytoplasmic sequence; similar fragments are produced by several other proteases. The tryptic fragment is a nondisulfide-linked dimer in solution and binds two transferrin molecules. The dimensions of both the dimer fragment and its complex with transferrin are estimated by gel filtration.
Phenol emulsion-enhanced DNA-driven subtractive cDNA cloning: isolation of low-abundance monkey cortex-specific mRNAs. (1988)

To isolate cDNA clones of low-abundance mRNAs expressed in monkey cerebral cortex but absent from cerebellum, we developed an improved subtractive cDNA cloning procedure that requires only modest quantities of mRNA. Plasmid DNA from a monkey cerebellum cDNA library was hybridized in large excess to radiolabeled monkey cortex cDNA in a phenol emulsion-enhanced reaction. The unhybridized cortex cDNA was isolated by chromatography on hydroxyapatite and used to probe colonies from a monkey cortex cDNA library. Of 60,000 colonies screened, 163 clones were isolated and confirmed by colony hybridization or RNA blotting to represent mRNAs, ranging from 0.001% to 0.1% abundance, specific to or highly enriched in cerebral cortex relative to cerebellum. Clones of one medium-abundance mRNA were recovered almost quantitatively. Two of the lower-abundance mRNAs were expressed at levels reduced by a factor of 10 in Alzheimer disease relative to normal human cortex. One of these was identified as the monkey preprosomatostatin I mRNA.
Characterization of heterologously produced carbonic anhydrase from Methanosarcina thermophila (1996)

The gene encoding carbonic anhydrase from Methanosarcina thermophila was hyperexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the heterologously produced enzyme was purified 14-fold to apparent homogeneity. The enzyme purified from E. coli has properties (specific activity, inhibitor sensitivity, and thermostability) similar to those of the authentic enzyme isolated from M. thermophila; however, a discrepancy in molecular mass suggests that the carbonic anhydrase is posttranslationally modified in either E. coli or M. thermophila. Both the authentic and heterologously produced enzymes were stable to heating at 55 degrees C for 15 min but were inactivated at higher temperatures. No esterase activity was detected with p-nitrophenylacetate as the substrate. Plasma emission spectroscopy revealed approximately 0.6 Zn per subunit. As judged from the estimated native molecular mass, the enzyme is either a trimer or a tetramer. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of cell extract proteins from M. thermophila indicates that the levels of carbonic anhydrase are regulated in response to the growth substrate, with protein levels higher in acetate than in methanol- or trimethylamine-grown cells.
The role of vitamin A in the glycosylation reactions of glycoprotein synthesis in an ‘in vitro’ system (1987)

Microsomal membrane preparations from rat livers, when incubated with labelled sugar-nucleotides, were shown to synthesize labelled oligosaccharide-lipids in the presence of excess exogenous dolichyl phosphate. Under the incubation conditions defined in the present study, dolichyl pyrophosphoryl(DolPP)GlcNAc2-Man5, DolPPGlcNAc2Man9 and DolPPGlcNAc2Man9Glc3 were the principal oligosaccharide-lipids formed by both control and vitamin A-deficient membranes. However, deficient membranes synthesized 3.2 +/- 0.8 times as much oligosaccharide-lipids and 2.6 +/- 0.7 times as much dolichyl phosphate mannose (DolPMan) and dolichyl phosphate glucose (DolPGlc) as the controls. The transfer of the oligosaccharide chain from the dolichol carrier to the endogenous protein acceptors in vitamin A-deficient microsomes (microsomal fractions) was only 57.5 +/- 9.5% of that of controls. After endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase treatment, only one oligosaccharide species was isolated from both control and vitamin A-deficient microsomal glycoproteins, and was characterized as GlcNAcMan9Glc3. We conclude that the decreased incorporation of labelled mannose and glucose from sugar-nucleotides into the glycoproteins must be due to decreased transfer of GlcNAc2Man9Glc3 from the dolichol carrier to the protein acceptors. This conclusion was further substantiated by the finding that control membranes transferred 4-6 times as much labelled oligosaccharides from exogenously added dolichol-linked substrate (DolPPGlcNAc2Man9Glc3) to endogenous microsomal protein acceptors as compared with the vitamin A-deficient membranes. Attempts to reverse this defect by addition of retinol or retinyl phosphate (a source of retinyl phosphate mannose) to the incubations were unsuccessful.
Exposure and sensitization to dust mite allergens among asthmatic children in Sao Paulo, Brazil (1991)

A group of 20 mite allergic asthmatic children aged 6-12 years old, living in São Paulo, Brazil, was studied regarding their degree of sensitization to house dust mites and exposure to mite allergens in their homes. In 18 out of 20 houses at least one dust sample was obtained which contained greater than 10 micrograms Der p I/g of dust. The highest levels of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergens, Der p I and Group II, were measured in bedding samples (geometric mean 38.4 and 36.6 micrograms/g, respectively), followed by bedroom floor, TV room and kitchen. Mite allergen levels in Brazilian houses were as high as those reported to be associated with sensitization and acute attacks of asthma in other parts of the world. In keeping with previous reports that D. farinae is rarely found in Brazil, Der f I was undetectable or found in very low levels (less than 0.5 micrograms/g). Levels of cat allergen Fel d I of greater than 8 micrograms/g of dust were obtained only in 2 houses only. Cockroach allergen Bla g I was detected in five out of 20 houses. Levels of IgE antibodies to D. pteronyssinus were greater than 200 RAST U/ml in 19 out of 20 children (geometric mean 1588 RAST U/ml). IgE antibodies to cat, cockroach, A. fumigatus, ragweed and rye grass pollens were undetectable or less than 80 RAST U/ml. IgE antibodies to the mite Blomia tropicalis were also measured, and levels greater than 200 RAST U/ml were observed in 13 out of 20 sera.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A live‐attenuated pneumococcal vaccine elicits CD 4 + T ‐cell dependent class switching and provides serotype independent protection against acute otitis media (2013)

Abstract Acute otitis media ( AOM ) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae remains one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide despite widespread vaccination. A major limitation of the currently licensed pneumococcal vaccines is the lack of efficacy against mucosal disease manifestations such as AOM , acute bacterial sinusitis and pneumonia. We sought to generate a novel class of live vaccines that (1) retain all major antigenic virulence proteins yet are fully attenuated and (2) protect against otitis media. A live vaccine candidate based on deletion of the signal recognition pathway component ftsY induced potent, serotype‐independent protection against otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease. Protection was maintained in animals coinfected with influenza virus, but was lost if mice were depleted of CD 4 + T cells at the time of vaccination. The live vaccine induced a strong serum IgG2a and IgG2b response that correlated with CD 4 + T‐cell mediated class switching. Deletion of genes required for microbial adaptation to the host environment is a novel live attenuated vaccine strategy yielding the first experimental vaccine effective against pneumococcal otitis media.
N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide, a calmodulin antagonist, inhibits cell proliferation. (1981)

N-(6-Aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7) and its derivatives are putative calmodulin antagonists that bind to calmodulin and inhibit Ca2+/calmodulin-regulated enzyme activities. Autoradiographic studies using tritiated W-7 showed that this compound penetrates the cell membrane, is distributed mainly in the cytoplasm, and inhibits proliferation of Chinese hamster ovary K1 (CHO-K1) cells. Cytoplasmic [3H]W-7 was excluded completely within 6 hr after removal of [3H]W-7 from the culture medium. N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide, an analogue of W-7 that interacts only weakly with calmodulin, proved to be a much weaker inhibitor of cell proliferation. CHO-K1 cells were synchronized by shaking during mitosis and then released into the cell cycle in the presence of 25 microM W-7 or 2.5 mM thymidine for 12 hr. Cell division was observed approximately 6 hr later. The results suggest that the effect of W-7 on cell proliferation might be through selective inhibition of the G1/S boundary phase, which is similar to the effect of excess thymidine. This pharmacological demonstration that cytoplasmic calmodulin is involved in cell proliferation is significant; W-7 and its derivatives may be useful tools for research on calmodulin and cell biology-related studies.