gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The External Affairs Power and Environmental Protection in Australia (1996)

The present threat to environmental resources world-wide, in terms of its significance for human survival, ranks second only to the dangers posed by a nuclear war ... Desertification, acidification of the environment, chemical pollution of air, water and soil resources, depletion of the ozone layer, the “greenhouse effect” of global warming, and the loss of genetic versatility are just a few of the phenomena that exemplify a growing imbalance between human enterprise and life-sustaining biosphere. Concern for the environment is undoubtedly a “significant social and political force” within the international community. Where members of the international community once viewed environmental protection as a local or national issue, ther have now been compelled to see many environmental problems as global in scope. This change in attitude was exemplified in 1992 when the United Nations convened the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, attended by representatives from 170 nations, including 130 heads of state and government. One of the outcomes of the conference was the adoption of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (Rio Declaration) . The Rio Declaration is a declaration of internationally accepted fundamental principles on development and environmental protection. It declares that all nations have a right to development. However, this right must be exercised in such a manner as to “equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations”.
Development of Anaplasma marginale in male Dermacentor andersoni transferred from parasitemic to susceptible cattle (1992)

The development and transmission of Anaplasma marginale was studied in Dermacentor andersoni males. Laboratory-reared male D andersoni were allowed to feed for 7 days on a calf with ascending A marginale parasitemia. The ticks were then held in a humidity chamber for 7 days before being placed on 2 susceptible calves. Anaplasmosis developed in the calves after incubation periods of 24 and 26 days. Gut and salivary glands were collected from ticks on each day of the 23-day experiment and examined with light and electron microscopy. Colonies of A marginale were first observed in midgut epithelial cells on the sixth day of feeding on infected calves, with the highest density of colonies found in gut cells while ticks were between feeding periods. The first colonies contained 1 large dense organism that subsequently gave rise to many reticulated organisms. Initially, these smaller organisms were electron-lucent and then became electron-dense. On the fifth day after ticks were transferred to susceptible calves for feeding, A marginale colonies were found in muscle cells on the hemocoel side of the gut basement membrane. A final site for development of A marginale was the salivary glands. Colonies were first seen in acinar cells on the first day that ticks fed on susceptible calves, with the highest percentage of infected host cells observed on days 7 to 9 of that feeding. Organisms within these colonies were initially electron-lucent, but became electron-dense.
Hippocampal Volume Reduction in Major Depression (2000)

These findings are consistent with smaller left hippocampal volume in depression.
Fatty acylated proteins as components of intracellular signaling pathways (1990)

From the studies presented above, it is obvious that fatty acylation is a common modification among proteins involved in cellular regulatory pathways, and in certain cases mutational analyses have demonstrated the importance of covalent fatty acids in the functioning of these proteins. Indeed, certain properties provided by fatty acylation make it an attractive modification for regulatory proteins that might interact with many different substrates, particularly those found at or near the plasma membrane/cytosol interface. In the case of intracellular fatty acylated proteins, the fatty acyl moiety allows tight binding to the plasma membrane without the need for cotranslational insertion through the bilayer. For example, consider the tight, salt-resistant interaction of myristoylated SRC with the membrane, whereas its nonmyristoylated counterpart is completely soluble. Likewise for the RAS proteins, which associate weakly with the membrane in the absence of fatty acylation, while palmitoylation increases their affinity for the plasma membrane and their biological activity. Fatty acylation also permits reversible membrane association in some cases, particularly for several myristoylated proteins, thus conferring plasticity on their interactions with various signaling pathway components. Finally, although this has not been demonstrated, it is conceivable that covalent fatty acid may allow for rapid mobility of proteins within the membrane. Several questions remain to be answered concerning requirements for fatty acylation by regulatory proteins. The identity of the putative SRC "receptor" will provide important clues as to the pathways in which normal SRC functions, as well as into the process of transformation by oncogenic tyrosine kinases. The possibility that other fatty acylated proteins associate with the plasma membrane in an analogous manner also needs to be investigated. An intriguing observation that can be made from the information presented here is that at least three different families of proteins involved in growth factor signaling pathways encode both acylated and nonacylated members, suggesting that selective fatty acylation may provide a means of determining the specificity of their interactions with other regulatory molecules. Further studies of fatty acylated proteins should yield important information concerning the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways utilized during growth and differentiation.
A note on two problems in connexion with graphs : (numerische mathematik, _1(1959), p 269-271) (1959)

\Ve consider n points (nodes), some or all pairs of which arc connected by a branch; the length of each branch is given.\Ve restrict ourselves to the case where at least one path exists between any two nodes.\Ve now consider two problems.
Drg1 Expression in 131 Colorectal Liver Metastases: Correlation with Clinical Variables and Patient Outcomes (2005)

In colorectal cancer, Drg1 expression may be associated with a less aggressive, indolent colorectal cancer. High Drg1 may also be associated with relative resistance to irinotecan. The role of Drg1 in malignancy continues to be defined.
Imatinib plasma trough levels in chronic myeloid leukaemia: results of a multicentre study CSTI571AIL11TGLIVEC (2012)

Imatinib has been accepted as frontline treatment for patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), and patients generally receive doses ranging from 400 to 800 mg/day. Previous studies have demonstrated that maintaining imatinib plasma levels (IMPLs) >1000 ng/mL leads to improved responses and long-term outcomes. However, IMPLs vary among patients because of factors such as drug-drug interactions, adherence, toxicity and differential levels of expression of cellular efflux/influx proteins. In this study, IMPLs were analysed in 191 patients with CML and were compared with achievement of molecular and cytogenetic responses (CyR). IMPLs were also correlated with renal and hepatic dysfunction. Additionally, self-reported adherence was monitored. The median and mean IMPLs were 994 ng/mL and 1070 ± 686 ng/mL, respectively, with 96 patients (50%) achieving plasma levels >1000 ng/mL. Self-reported patient compliance was 98%. Patients who achieved a complete CyR (CCyR) had significantly higher IMPLs (1078 ± 545 ng/mL) than those without CyR (827 ± 323 ng/mL, p = 0.045). When grouped together, patients who achieved a CCyR or partial CyR had significantly higher IMPLs than patients who achieved a minimal CyR or did not achieve a CyR (1066 ng/mL vs 814 ng/mL, p = 0.002). There was no significant difference observed in the IMPLs between patients who achieved molecular responses (n = 177) on treatment (major molecular response, 976 ± 385 ng/mL versus complete molecular response, 1138 ± 809 ng/mL, p = 0.387). Mean IMPLs were similar in patients with or without renal or hepatic impairment. Overall, this study confirmed previous reports that higher IMPLs correlate with clinical responses and demonstrated that imatinib exposure did not differ in patients with or without liver and/or renal dysfunction. The use of IMPL testing and patient diaries may be practical tools for the management of imatinib therapy in patients with CML.
Interleukin-21 and the IL-21 receptor: novel effectors of NK and T cell responses (2002)

Interleukin (IL)-21 was recently discovered using a functional cloning approach based on expression of its receptor. It is similar in domain organization and primary sequence to IL-2 and IL-15. Like these cytokines, IL-21 uses the common gamma chain of the IL-2/15 receptor, which forms a heterodimeric receptor complex with IL-21R. IL-21 is produced by activated T cells, and it influences proliferation of T and B cells and cytolytic activity of natural killer cells. The elucidation of the unique biological effects of IL-21 represents an intense area of interest in current cytokine biology.
Intratympanic Injection of Dexamethasone for Treatment of Tinnitus in Patients with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (2012)

The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of intratympanic dexamethasone injections as a treatment for severe tinnitus in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). We studied 37 patients who received intratympanic dexamethasone injections and 14 control patients who did not receive it, with severe tinnitus after onset of unilateral sudden SNHL. Hearing level did not change during this study in any patient. The relationship between the duration of tinnitus and effectiveness of treatment was investigated in sudden SNHL. We used a visual analogue scale to evaluate 51 patients with severe tinnitus at the stage of stable hearing level after idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Forty-one per cent of patients showed significant improvement after treatment. The average period between onset of sudden sensorineural hearing loss and initiation of intratympanic dexamethasone injection was significantly shorter (207 days) in the improved group than in the unchanged group (482 days) (P<0.001). In control group, one of 14 patients presented significant improvement spontaneously. Intratympanic dexamethasone treatment may be effective in treatment of severe tinnitus after sudden SNHL at the stage of stable hearing level, and the shorter the period from onset of sudden deafness to the start of intratympanic dexamethasone treatment, the greater the improvement in tinnitus that can be expected.
Intraocular lens power calculation after refractive surgery (2003)

Post-phacoemulsification refraction in cases with previous refractive surgery appeared to be predictable when the appropriate calculation method was applied. When all the data were available, the CHM provided the best results. Adjusted keratometry and CT seemed to be more accurate than CK and the CLM.
Role of endothelin in cardiovascular disease (2002)

Endothelins are a family of peptides, which comprises endothelin-1 (ET-1), endothelin-2 (ET-2) and endothelin-3 (ET-3), each containing 21 amino-acids. ET-1 is a peptide secreted mostly by vascular endothelial cells, the predominant isoform expressed in vasculature and the most potent vasoconstrictor currently known. ET-1 also has inotropic, chemotactic and mitogenic properties. In addition, it influences salt and water homeostasis through its effects on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), vasopressin and atrial natriuretic peptide and stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. The overall action of endothelin is to increase blood pressure and vascular tone. Therefore, endothelin antagonists may play an important role in the treatment of cardiac, vascular and renal diseases associated with regional or systemic vasoconstriction and cell proliferation, such as essential hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, chronic heart failure and chronic renal failure. Long-term anti-endothelin therapy may improve symptoms and favourably alter the progression of heart failure. Endothelin appears to participate in induction and progression of sclerotic renal changes, leading to progression to end-stage renal disease. Anti-endothelin therapy might offer additional benefits in the prevention of progression of chronic renal failure in addition to the known benefits of RAAS inhibition. Clinical trials have demonstrated potentially important benefits of endothelin antagonists for patients with essential hypertension, pulmonary hypertension and heart failure. Further studies are necessary to determine the role of anti-endothelin therapy in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and determine the different roles of selective receptor antagonism vs. mixed ET(A/B)-receptor antagonism in human diseases.
<title>DICOM-compliant PACS with CD-based image archival</title> (1998)

This paper describes the design and implementation of a low- cost PACS conforming to the DICOM 3.0 standard. The goal was to provide an efficient image archival and management solution on a heterogeneous hospital network as a basis for filmless radiology. The system follows a distributed, client/server model and was implemented at a fraction of the cost of a commercial PACS. It provides reliable archiving on recordable CD and allows access to digital images throughout the hospital and on the Internet. Dedicated servers have been designed for short-term storage, CD-based archival, data retrieval and remote data access or teleradiology. The short-term storage devices provide DICOM storage and query/retrieve services to scanners and workstations and approximately twelve weeks of 'on-line' image data. The CD-based archival and data retrieval processes are fully automated with the exception of CD loading and unloading. The system employs lossless compression on both short- and long-term storage devices. All servers communicate via the DICOM protocol in conjunction with both local and 'master' SQL-patient databases. Records are transferred from the local to the master database independently, ensuring that storage devices will still function if the master database server cannot be reached. The system features rules-based work-flow management and WWW servers to provide multi-platform remote data access. The WWW server system is distributed on the storage, retrieval and teleradiology servers allowing viewing of locally stored image data directly in a WWW browser without the need for data transfer to a central WWW server. An independent system monitors disk usage, processes, network and CPU load on each server and reports errors to the image management team via email. The PACS was implemented using a combination of off-the-shelf hardware, freely available software and applications developed in-house. The system has enabled filmless operation in CT, MR and ultrasound within the radiology department and throughout the hospital. The use of WWW technology has enabled the development of an intuitive we- based teleradiology and image management solution that provides complete access to image data.
Phase morphology in block copolymer systems (1994)

Abstract Microphase separation in block copolymer systems forms well-defined, periodic structure on the sub-micron length scale. This structure arises from the system striving to satisfy the delicate balance of minimizing the area of contact between incompatible chain segments and maximizing the conformational entropy of the macromolecules. Candidate geometries satisfying these constraints possess intermaterial dividing surfaces (IMDS) of constant mean curvature. These include triply periodic, bicontinuous structures related to minimal surfaces. These structures, recently observed in microphase-separated block copolymer systems, also arise in phase-separated surfactant-water systems, indicating the two phenomena may be driven by similar physical mechanisms. A complete description of block copolymer phase morphology requires characterization of the long-range ordered single grain microdomain structure, the defect structures within grains, and the microstructure of the boundary region between grains. The type of structure observed is sensitive to the architecture, chemical composition, and molecular mass of the copolymers. Thermodynamic treatments using a geometrical description of the IMDS provide a means for probing the physics of phase morphology in block copolymers.
Precise Packaging of the Three Genomic Segments of the Double-Stranded-RNA Bacteriophage φ6 (1999)

Bacteriophage phi6 has a genome of three segments of double-stranded RNA. Each virus particle contains one each of the three segments. Packaging is effected by the acquisition, in a serially dependent manner, of the plus strands of the genomic segments into empty procapsids. The empty procapsids are compressed in shape and expand during packaging. The packaging program involves discrete steps that are determined by the amount of RNA inside the procapsid. The steps involve the exposure and concealment of binding sites on the outer surface of the procapsid for the plus strands of the three genomic segments. The plus strand of segment S can be packaged alone, while packaging of the plus strand of segment M depends upon prior packaging of S. Packaging of the plus strand of L depends upon the prior packaging of M. Minus-strand synthesis begins when the particle has a full complement of plus strands. Plus-strand synthesis commences upon the completion of minus-strand synthesis. All of the reactions of packaging, minus-strand synthesis, and plus-strand synthesis can be accomplished in vitro with isolated procapsids. Live-virus constructions that are in accord with the model have been prepared. Mutant virus with changes in the packaging program have been isolated and analyzed.
Purification and Characterization of a Novel Hyaluronan-Binding Protein (PHBP) from Human Plasma: It Has Three EGF, a Kringle and a Serine Protease Domain, Similar to Hepatocyte Growth Factor Activator (1996)

A novel hyaluronan-binding protein (PHBP) was purified from human plasma by affinity chromatography on hyaluronan-conjugated Sepharose. The contaminating IgM and albumin in the partially purified preparation were removed with anti-IgG antibody-conjugated Sepharose and anti-albumin antibody-conjugated Sepharose, respectively, and no other contaminant was observed. Finally, 800 micrograms of PHBP was isolated from 500 ml of human plasma. PHBP gave a single 70-kDa band on SDS-PAGE under non-reducing conditions, and 50-kDa and 17-kDa bands under reducing conditions. Thus, PHBP was a heterodimer composed of 50-kDa and 17-kDa subunits, bridged by a disulfide linkage. Both subunits had novel N-terminal amino acid sequences, indicating that PHBP was a novel hyaluronan-binding protein in human plasma. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cloned PHBP cDNA exhibited significant homology to that of hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA). The results of Northern blot analysis indicated that liver, kidney, and pancreas expressed PHBP mRNA. The predicted structure of PHBP showed three epidermal growth factor (EGF) domains, a kringle domain and a serine protease domain, from its N-terminus, although HGFA has a fibronectin type II domain, an EGF domain, a fibronectin type I domain, an EGF domain, a kringle domain, and a serine protease domain, from its N-terminus.
Real-time sampling electronics for double modulation experiments with Fourier transform infrared spectrometers (1991)

A novel synchronous real-time analog sampling method for obtaining the sum and difference interferograms in double modulation Fourier transform infrared absorption experiments is described, and the application of this sampling methodology to polarization-modulation FTIR measurements of thin films at metal surfaces is demonstrated. A quadratic approximation of the background signal is used to calculate the difference interferogram. The demodulation of a test waveform with the real-time sampling electronics reveals how the bandwidth limitations of previous double modulation experiments on FTIR interferometers that employed lock-in amplifiers have been eliminated.
YAP Regulates S-Phase Entry in Endothelial Cells (2015)

The Hippo pathway regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis through the Yes-associated protein (YAP) transcriptional activator. YAP has a well-described role in promoting cell proliferation and survival, but the precise mechanisms and transcriptional targets that underlie these properties are still unclear and likely context-dependent. We found, using siRNA-mediated knockdown, that YAP is required for proliferation in endothelial cells but not HeLa cells. Specifically, YAP is required for S-phase entry and its absence causes cells to accumulate in G1. Microarray analysis suggests that YAP mediates this effect by regulating the transcription of genes involved in the assembly and/or firing of replication origins and homologous recombination of DNA. These findings thus provide insight into the molecular mechanisms by which YAP regulates cell cycle progression.
The Caenorhabditis elegans MYOD homologue HLH-1 is essential for proper muscle function and complete morphogenesis (1994)

A family of muscle-specific helix-loop-helix transcription factors (myoD, myogenin, myf-5 and MRF4) has been implicated in the control of vertebrate skeletal myogenesis. Searches for homologues of this family in Caenorhabditis elegans identified a single family member, hlh-1, which is expressed in striated muscles and their clonal precursors. We have isolated a null allele of hlh-1 following chemical mutagenesis. Animals homozygous for the null mutation produce contractile body-wall muscles, although muscle contractions are weak and coordination is defective. In addition to the evident muscle defects, mutant animals fail to complete embryonic elongation and die as larvae or young adults. Ultrastructural analysis of the mutant muscle reveals an apparently normal local lattice of thick and thin filaments, with more global defects in sarcomere organization and muscle cell placement. Mosaic studies using the point mutation and an extrachromosomal transgene indicate that the requirement for hlh-1 is fully zygotic, with no maternal hlh-1 requirement for either muscle development or viability.