gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Urinary Proteome of Steroid-Sensitive and Steroid-Resistant Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome of Childhood (2006)

The response to steroid therapy is used to characterize the idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) of childhood as either steroid-sensitive (SSNS) or steroid-resistant (SRNS), a classification with a better prognostic capability than renal biopsy. The majority (approximately 80%) of INS is due to minimal change disease but the percentage of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis is increasing. We applied a new technological platform to examine the urine proteome to determine if different urinary protein excretion profiles could differentiate patients with SSNS from those with SRNS. Twenty-five patients with INS and 17 control patients were studied. Mid-stream urines were analyzed using surface enhanced laser desorption and ionization mass spectrometry(SELDI-MS). Data were analyzed using multiple bioinformatic techniques. Patient classification was performed using Biomarker Pattern Software and a generalized form of Adaboost and predictive models were generated using a supervised algorithm with cross-validation. Urinary proteomic data distinguished INS patients from control patients, irrespective of steroid response, with a sensitivity of 92.3%, specificity of 93.7%, positive predictive value of 96% and a negative predictive value of 88.2%. Classification of patients as SSNS or SRNS was 100%. A protein of mass 4,144 daltons was identified as the single most important classifier in distinguishing SSNS from SRNS. SELDI-MS combined with bioinformatics can identify different proteomic patterns in INS. Characterization of the proteins of interest identified by this proteomic approach with prospective clinical validation may yield a valuable clinical tool for the non-invasive prediction of treatment response and prognosis.
3D Video Coding (2015)

This chapter focuses on the coding of multiple 3D views for efficient storage and network transport. Multiview coding (MVC) utilizes prediction between different views to exploit the redundancy and improve the coding efficiency. The simplest form of 3D TV is a stereoscopic 3D (S3D) TV, where the display is capable of rendering only two views, one for each eye. Temporal or spatial multiplexing of the views can be used to deliver 3D services without increasing bandwidth. Spatial interpolation after one iteration of sample removal is straightforward and can be applied directly to side-by-side (SbS) and top-and-bottom (TaB) S3D videos. S3D views can be used to generate optimized anaglyph 3D. Using sample interpolation to generate intermediate views or frames smoothes motion detail and enhances image clarity and sharpness.
Long-term potentiation and long-term depression of primary afferent neurotransmission in the rat spinal cord (1993)

Synaptic transmission between dorsal root afferents and neurons in the superficial laminae of the spinal dorsal horn (laminae I-III) was examined by intracellular recording in a transverse slice preparation of rat spinal cord. Brief high-frequency electrical stimulation (300 pulses at 100 Hz) of primary afferent fibers produced a long-term potentiation (LTP) or a long-term depression (LTD) of fast (monosynaptic and polysynaptic) EPSPs in a high proportion of dorsal horn neurons. Both the AMPA and the NMDA receptor-mediated components of synaptic transmission at the primary afferent synapses with neurons in the dorsal horn can exhibit LTP and LTD of the synaptic responses. In normal and neonatally capsaicin-treated rats, the induction of LTP requires the activation of NMDA receptor-gated conductances. The induction of LTP or LTD, however, was not abolished in the presence of bicuculline, a GABAA receptor antagonist. The results demonstrate that distinct and long-lasting modulation in synaptic efficiency can be induced at primary afferent synapses with neurons in the superficial laminae of spinal dorsal horn by high-frequency stimulation of dorsal root afferents and that these changes may be physiologically relevant for transmission and integration of sensory information, including pain.
Superparamagnetism and relaxation effects in granular Ni-SiO2and Ni-Al2O3films (1974)

The susceptibility of an array of fine nickel particles was measured as a function of temperature from 1.5 to 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K at a frequency of 5 kHz. The particles were formed by cosputtering nickel with Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ or ${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and varied in diameter between 10 and 100 \AA{}. With increasing temperature, the susceptibility increased from its initial value to a maximum at a temperature ${T}_{B}$ followed by a hyberbolic decrease. A theory based on the relaxation time for single-domain particles $\ensuremath{\tau}={\ensuremath{\tau}}_{0}{e}^{\frac{KV}{kT}}$ ($K$ is the anisotropy energy, $V$ is the particle volume) quantitatively explains the data. At $T=0$ all the particles are blocked by the anisotropy barriers. As the temperature is increased the susceptibility increases because particles for which $\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\tau}&lt;1$ ($\ensuremath{\omega}$ is the angular frequency) are no longer blocked. Above ${T}_{B}$ all the particles are unblocked and the susceptibility is characteristic of superparamagnetism. Analysis of the data yields information about the particle volume distribution function and a value for the effective anisotropy energy.
Determination of Activation Energy of Entrance into Micropores: Quenching of the Fluorescence of Pyrene-Doped SiO2 Sol-Gel Matrixes by Oxygen (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleDetermination of Activation Energy of Entrance into Micropores: Quenching of the Fluorescence of Pyrene-Doped SiO2 Sol-Gel Matrixes by OxygenJoshua Samuel, Yulia Polevaya, Michael Ottolenghi, and David AvnirCite this: Chem. Mater. 1994, 6, 8, 1457–1461Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00044a052https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00044a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views140Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
High efficiency multiple beam gratings (1979)

Diffraction gratings are used in many optical systems as beam splitters. In these applications the diffraction grating must (1) have high diffraction efficiency and (2) produce uniform intensities in the central block of diffracted beams. High diffraction efficiency is attained by making the grating a phase grating. In this paper we discuss in some detail the use of pulse width modulation (PWM) and pulse position modulation (PPM) to create grating structures that produce uniform central diffracted beams. By using these modulation techniques and proper phase relief for the grating, the diffraction grating can have a diffraction efficiency of 70% or more. Some examples of multiple beam diffraction gratings produced by using PWM and PPM are shown.
Paramagnetic Susceptibility, Electrical Resistivity, and Lattice Parameters of Nickel-Rich Nickel-Tantalum Alloys (1964)

The paramagnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity, and lattice parameters of nickel-rich nickel-tantalum solid solutions (10 compositions) have been studied. The paramagnetic measurements extend to about 1500°K. The resistivities have been obtained at 4.2°, 77.2,° and 297.0°K. The lattice parameters of samples quenched from 1473°K were determined at 298°K. All these data indicate that the influence of tantalum on the physical properties of nickel is very similar to that of niobium. It is demonstrated by means of the magnetic susceptibility measurements that the generally accepted Curie-Weiss law, with an additive temperature-independent susceptibility term, is not applicable to the solid solutions of tantalum in nickel. The susceptibility and resistivity data are briefly discussed from the viewpoint of recent theoretical and experimental developments. The lattice parameters are analyzed using the previously suggested atomic volume scheme and elasticity theory. The agreement between the experimental values and the predictions is satisfactory.
Influences of Gap Distance on Plasma Characteristics in Narrow Gap Capacitively Coupled Radio-Frequency Discharge (2004)

The narrow gap distance of a parallel plate was studied experimentally to investigate plasma characteristics in a capacitively coupled radio-frequency (RF) discharge. It was revealed that by increasing the gap distance from 1 cm to 4 cm, temperature and density of electrons markedly decreases and increases, respectively. It was also found that RF sheath electric field penetration into the bulk plasma increases with decreasing gap distance so as to sustain the discharge, resulting in an increase in the high-energy component of electron energy distribution.
Two levels of filesystem hierarchy on one disk (2018)

Abstract: "In many computer systems today, users don't have enough disk space and would welcome a method that made more efficient use of disk. It has long been hoped that compression could be used to increase the ammount of user data stored per gigabyte of disk; thus far, attempts to use compression have enjoyed only limited success due to performance degradation, increased hardware cost, or difficulty of implementation. We present and evaluate a method of using compression that does not suffer from the usual drawbacks. The idea is to have the filesystem separate disk storage into two levels of the memory hierarchy. Files that have not been used recently are compressed, while other files are kept in standard uncompressed form.In this way, the concepts of caching and compression are used to split a single disk into two levels of storage with different cost and performance characteristics. Inactive files are stored more cheaply, but take longer to access. We call this the ATTIC method. It is shown that this approach yields an increase in storage capacity nearly as great as that which could be achieved by compressing every file, with nearly the speed of a filesystem that does no compression. Data is presented showing the long term temporal locality of file accesses for 9 systems from 3 different sites. This locality is what makes file migration practical. An analysis of the performance of compression algorithms is presented.Data compressibility and file access patterns vary from machine to machine, but for many systems, the ATTIC approach would result in twice the effective storage capacity while averaging less than 10 seconds of additional delay per user per day. ATTIC has significant advantages over previous methods. It results in much greater storage capacity than a standard filesystem. It does not require any extra hardware. Once implemented, it can be easily added to existing systems. The compression of files is invisible to users, except for the increased storage and a slight degradation in performance."
Of ITAMs and ITIMs: turning on and off the B cell antigen receptor. (1995)

F or any given receptor, there are mechanisms that regulate the activation of signal transduction pathways, as well as mechanisms that extinguish those signaling pathways. Responding to environmental signals requires that both positive and negative regulation proceed in an ordered manner. Much research has focused on lymphocyte antigen receptorinduced signal transduction pathways, and an understanding of some of the initial events has been gained. The mechanisms that terminate signaling are equally important but less well understood. The inability to properly extinguish activation cascades may result in inappropriate responses and perhaps even cell death. Concerning lymphocyte antigen receptors, antigen recognition results in the activation of intracellular protein tyrosine kinases, particularly members of the Src family kinases, as well as the ZAP-70/syk kinases. The key to antigeninduced signal transduction is the phosphorylation of critical tyrosines within the cytoplasmic domains of the TCR CD3/g" chain complex or the oe and 3 chains of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) (1-3). The critical tyrosines are located within a characteristic sequence motif termed immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). Inactivating antigen receptors requires dephosphorylation, yet the involved enzyme(s) or process(es) have not previously been identified. Several recent reports, including one in this issue, provide important information about the mechanisms of BCR inactivation (3a-6).
Clinical trial of multiple endocrine therapy for metastatic and locally advanced breast cancer with tamoxifen-aminoglutethimide-danazol compared to tamoxifen used alone. (1982)

Multiple-endocrine therapy with combinations of various types of treatment has not been evaluated properly in spite of the success of individual types of hormone treatment. This paper reports the early results of a randomized controlled clinical trial comparing tamoxifen (10 mg 2 times/day)-amino-glutethimide (250 mg 3 times/day)-danazol (100 mg 3 times/day)-hydrocortisone (20 mg 2 times/day) (TAD) with tamoxifen (10 mg 2 times/day). Analysis of the first 107 assessable patients indicates objective response (criteria of the International Union Against Cancer) in 33% of patients receiving tamoxifen versus 50% of patients receiving TAD. Duration of response to TAD is identical to duration of response to tamoxifen alone. TAD is well tolerated, and toxicity, although greater than or tamoxifen, is acceptable.
A review of melt extrusion additive manufacturing processes: II. Materials, dimensional accuracy, and surface roughness (2015)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically review the literature related to dimensional accuracy and surface roughness for fused deposition modeling and similar extrusion-based additive manufacturing or rapid prototyping processes. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic review of the literature was carried out by focusing on the relationship between process and product design parameters and the dimensional and surface properties of finished parts. Methods for evaluating these performance parameters are also reviewed. Findings – Fused deposition modeling® and related processes are the most widely used polymer rapid prototyping processes. For many applications, resolution, dimensional accuracy and surface roughness are among the most important properties in final parts. The influence of feedstock properties and system design on dimensional accuracy and resolution is reviewed. Thermal warping and shrinkage are often major sources of dimensional error in finished parts. This phenomenon is explored along with various approaches for evaluating dimensional accuracy. Product design parameters, in particular, slice height, strongly impact surface roughness. A geometric model for surface roughness is also reviewed. Originality/value – This represents the first review of extrusion AM processes focusing on dimensional accuracy and surface roughness. Understanding and improving relationships between materials, design parameters and the ultimate properties of finished parts will be key to improving extrusion AM processes and expanding their applications.
Genetic control of murine hematopoietic stem cell pool sizes and cycling kinetics. (1992)

Bone marrow from each of two inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J, was highly enriched for stem cells using flow cytometry and was divided into two stem cell subpopulations using the mitochondrial dye rhodamine 123 (Rh-123). The Rh-123lo population was determined to be more primitive than Rh-123hi based on the expression of stem cell markers such as the c-kit protooncogene (stem cell factor receptor) and the Ly-6A/E stem cell antigen (Sca-1) as well as the lack of in vitro colony-forming ability. Compared to DBA/2J mice, marrow from the C57BL/6J strain consistently showed a higher proportion of "very primitive" (Rh-123lo) cells, suggesting that the sizes of functionally distinct stem cell subpopulations are maintained under precise genetic control. Marrow from both strains exposed to the cytotoxic drug 5-fluorouracil showed a dramatic increase in the proportion of Rh-123lo cells within 2 days as repopulation began. Marrow subpopulations returned to pretreatment proportions by the eighth day in DBA/2J mice but not until 14 days in C57BL/6J mice. This intrinsic difference in 5-fluorouracil recovery time was attributed to an increase rate of stem cell cycling in DBA/2J relative to C57BL/6J mice. When stem cell factor was injected into a C57BL/6J<-->DBA/2J allophenic mouse, blood cell chimerism shifted markedly but transiently toward the DBA/2J genotype, suggesting that the DBA/2J target population, because of an inherent kinetic advantage, was able to respond faster to the cytokine. A model is proposed that is based on these and our earlier observations to explain this strain-specific stem cell behavior and offer new insights into the genetic control of stem cell cycling and population dynamics.
Impairment of GABAergic Transmission in Depression: New Insights from Neuroimaging Studies (2000)

Several lines of evidence suggest that abnormalities in GABAergic neurotransmission are associated with the neurobiology of depression. Animal studies demonstrate that GABA agonists and antagonists can modulate commonly used behavioral models of depression and that chronic administration of antidepressant drugs induce marked changes in GABAergic function. In humans, depressed patients have lower plasma and CSF GABA concentrations than nondepressed comparison subjects. The recent discovery that several anticonvulsant and GABA-mimetic agents possess mood stabilizing and antidepressant properties has further increased interest in these findings. Novel imaging techniques now allow investigation of the GABAergic contribution to affective disorder pathophysiology. Through the techniques of PET, SPECT, and MRS, GABAergic function can be evaluated in vivo. Preliminary studies employing these techniques are finding new evidence suggesting that GABAergic abnormalities are associated with stress, anxiety, and depression. This article reviews the existing literature investigating the possible involvement of GABA in the neurobiology of depression and briefly highlights how these novel neuroimaging techniques can be used to further assess this hypothesis.
Emerging Therapies for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (2009)

Six agents are currently approved by regulatory agencies to treat relapsing multiple sclerosis. Although these agents are effective and generally safe, some patients have continued disease activity or adverse effects. A sizable number of new agents are under investigation currently. This article reviews emerging agents that have shown promise in phase 2 trials.
Leptin Receptor Immunoreactivity in Chemically Defined Target Neurons of the Hypothalamus (1998)

The adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin regulates body weight homeostasis by decreasing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. The weight-reducing action of leptin is thought to be mediated primarily by signal transduction through the leptin receptor (LR) in the hypothalamus. We have used immunohistochemistry to localize LR-immunoreactive (LR-IR) cells in the rat brain using an antiserum against a portion of the intracellular domain of LR that is common to all LR isoforms. The antiserum recognized the short and long isoforms of LR in transfected hematopoietic BaF3 cells. To examine the chemical nature of target cells for leptin, direct double-labeling immunofluorescence histochemistry was applied. The results show extensive distribution of LR-like immunoreactivity (LR-LI) in the brain with positively stained cells present, e.g., in the choroid plexus, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. In the hypothalamus, strongly LR-IR neurons were present in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), periventricular nucleus, arcuate nucleus, and lateral hypothalamus. Weaker LR-IR neurons were also demonstrated in the lateral and medial preoptic nuclei, suprachiasmatic nucleus, ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei, and tuberomammillary nucleus. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed LR-LI in the periphery of individual cells. In magnocellular neurons of the SON and PVN, LR-LI was demonstrated in vasopressin- and oxytocin-containing neurons. In parvocellular neurons of the PVN, LR-LI was demonstrated in many corticotropin-releasing hormone-containing neurons. LR-IR neurons were mainly seen in the ventromedial aspect of the arcuate nucleus, where LR-LI co-localized with neuropeptide Y. In the ventrolateral part of the arcuate nucleus, LR-LI was present in many large adrenocorticotropic hormone-IR proopiomelanocortin-containing neurons and in a few galanin-, neurotensin-, and growth hormone-releasing hormone-containing neurons. In the dorsomedial arcuate nucleus, few tyrosine hydroxylase (dopamine)-containing neurons were seen to have LR-LI. Melanin-concentrating hormone-containing neurons in the lateral hypothalamus had LR-LI. Based on the immunohistochemical results, possible interactions of leptin with brain mechanisms are discussed.
Developing Applications Using Model-Driven Design Environments (2006)

Historically, software development methodologies have focused more on improving tools for system development than on developing tools that assist with system composition and integration. Component-based middleware like Enterprise Java-Beans (EJB), Microsoft .NET, and the CORBA Component Model (CCM) have helped improve software reusability through component abstraction. However, as developers have adopted these commercial off-the-shelf technologies, a wide gap has emerged between the availability and sophistication of standard software development tools like compilers and debuggers, and the tools that developers use to compose, analyze, and test a complete system or system of systems. As a result, developers continue to accomplish system integration using ad hoc methods without the support of automated tools. Model-driven development is an emerging paradigm that solves numerous problems associated with the composition and integration of large-scale systems while leveraging advances in software development technologies such as component-based middleware. MDD elevates software development to a higher level of abstraction than is possible with third-generation programming languages.