gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploration of the Stille Coupling Reaction for the Synthesis of Functional Polymers (1995)

The palladium-catalyzed Stille coupling reaction was used for preparing functionalized, conjugated polymers. This reaction has several advantages, two of which are that it requires mild reaction conditions and produces high yields. Several factors which affect the polymerization processes were investigated, such as the catalyst composition and concentration, different solvents and ligands, and structures of monomers. It was found that solvents that could keep the macromolecules in solution and stabilize the palladium(0) catalyst would yield polymers with high molecular weights. If a Pd(II) compound was used as the catalyst, a stoichiometric adjustment of the distannyl monomer was necessary to enhance the molecular weight of the resulting polymer. In general, it was found that a combination of an electron-rich distannyl monomer and an electron-deficient dihalide (ditriflate) monomer forms polymers with relatively high molecular weights. To further demonstrate the versatility of the Stille reaction for polycondensations, different types of conjugated polymers with different properties and applications, such as liquid crystalline conjugated polymers and conjugated photorefractive polymers, were synthesized.
Fractal electronic devices: simulation and implementation (2011)

Many natural structures have fractal geometries that exhibit useful functional properties. These properties, which exploit the recurrence of patterns at increasingly small scales, are often desirable in applications and, consequently, fractal geometry is increasingly employed in diverse technologies ranging from radio antennae to storm barriers. In this paper, we explore the application of fractal geometry to electrical devices. First, we lay the foundations for the implementation of fractal devices by considering diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) of atomic clusters. Under appropriate growth conditions, atomic clusters of various elements form fractal patterns driven by DLA. We perform a fractal analysis of both simulated and physical devices to determine their spatial scaling properties and demonstrate their potential as fractal circuit elements. Finally, we simulate conduction through idealized and DLA fractal devices and show that their fractal scaling properties generate novel, nonlinear conduction properties in response to depletion by electrostatic gates.
Fat characteristics of pigs fed fish oil containing eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (1992)

Sixteen pigs averaging 81.4 kg were assigned to a control diet and three test diets containing 2, 4, or 6% fish oil. Subcutaneous fat samples from the loin were obtained by biopsy at weekly intervals and analyzed for fatty acid composition. The pigs were maintained on the diets (ad libitum access to feed) for 4 wk before slaughter at an average weight of 107.8 kg. Outer and inner layers of backfat, perirenal fat, and intermuscular fat were obtained from the carcass and analyzed for physicochemical characteristics. In the biopsy samples, the contents of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in fat from pigs fed fish oil began to increase during the 1st wk. Rates of increase were greater during the first 2 wk than during the last 2 wk. In the carcass samples, the increase in EPA and DHA in all fat tissues analyzed became greater as the supplemental levels of fish oil were increased in the diet, whereas oleic and linoleic acids tended to be decreased by increases in EPA and DHA. Color of fat was not significantly different among the control and fish oil groups. With the increase in fish oil in the diet, the hardness of fat measured with a texturometer was decreased. The refractive index and the iodine number were increased. As for differences among anatomical locations, it was noted that EPA and DHA contents of perirenal fat were higher than those of backfat and intermuscular fat. These results indicate that porcine adipose tissues rich in EPA and DHA can be produced by feeding fish oil.
The occult aftermath of boxing. (1990)

The repeated head trauma experienced by boxers can lead to the development of dementia pugilistica (DP)--punch drunk syndrome. The neuropathology of DP in a classic report by Corsellis et al describes the presence of numerous neurofibrillary tangles in the absence of plaques, in contrast to the profusion of tangles and plaques seen in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The DP cases used in that report were re-investigated with immunocytochemical methods and an antibody raised to the beta-protein present in AD plaques. We found that all DP cases with substantial tangle formation showed evidence of extensive beta-protein immunoreactive deposits (plaques). These diffuse "plaques" were not visible with Congo-red or standard silver stains. The degree of beta-protein deposition was comparable to that seen in AD. Our data indicate that the present neuropathological description of DP (tangles but no plaques) should be altered to acknowledge the presence of substantial beta-protein deposition (plaques). The molecular markers present in the plaques and tangles of DP are the same as those in AD. Similarities in clinical symptoms, distribution of pathology and neurochemical deficits also exist. Epidemiological studies have shown that head injury is a risk factor in AD. It is probable that DP and AD share common pathogenic mechanisms leading to tangle and plaque formation.
Gene transfer into respiratory epithelial cells by targeting the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor. (1993)

A system for targeting foreign DNA to epithelial cells in vitro has been developed by exploiting receptor-mediated endocytosis. The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor transports dimeric immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M through epithelial cells, including those of the respiratory tract, by binding the immunoglobulins at the basolateral surface and transporting them across the cell. Fab fragments of antibodies directed against the extracellular portion of the receptor, secretory com- ponent, are similarly transported. Anti-human secretory com- ponent Fab fragments were covalently linked to a polycation, and complexed to various expression plasmids. When bound to an expression plasmid containing the Escherichia col lacZ gene ligated to the Rous sarcoma virus promoter, the com- plexes transfected HT29.74 human colon carcinoma cells in- duced to express polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, but not those lacking the receptor. Primary cultures of human tracheal epithelial cells grown on collagen gels, which induce the ex- pression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, were also transfected with the complexes. From 5 to 66% of the respiratory epithelial cells had fl-galactosidase activity after treat- ment, comparable to the percentage of cultured human tracheal epithelial cells that express polymeric immunoglobulin recep- tor (8-35%). The addition of excess human secretory compo- nent (Fab ligand) to the culture medium at the time of transfec- tion blocked the delivery of DNA. The expression plasmid, either alone, complexed to the polycation, or complexed to a carrier based on an irrelevant Fab fragment, was not effective in transfecting either cell type. This DNA carrier system intro- duces DNA specifically into epithelial cells that contain pIgR in vitro. (J. Clin. Invest.
Rationale for Peptide and DNA Based Epitope Vaccines for Alzheimers Disease Immunotherapy (2009)

Amyloid-beta (Abeta) immunotherapy has received considerable attention as a promising approach for reducing the level of Abeta in the CNS of Alzheimer's disease patients. However, the first Phase II clinical trial, for the immune therapy AN1792, was halted when a subset of those immunized with Abeta(42) developed adverse events in the central nervous system. In addition, data from the trial indicated that there was a low percentage of responders and generally low to moderate titers in the patients that received the vaccine. Generated antibodies reduced beta-amyloid deposits in the parenchyma of patients' brains, but no reduction in soluble Abeta or significant improvements in cognitive function of patients were observed. These data and data from pre-clinical studies suggest that reduction in the most toxic oligomeric forms of Abeta is important for prevention or slowing down of the progression of cognitive decline, and that vaccination should be started prior to irreversible accumulation of the oligomeric Abeta, at the early stages of AD. Protective immunotherapy requires a development of safe and effective strategy for Abeta immunotherapy. In this review, the rationale for developing epitope vaccines for the treatment of AD will be discussed. We believe that an epitope vaccine will induce an adequate anti-Abeta antibody response in the absence of potentially adverse self T cell-mediated events, making it possible to start immunization at the early stages of AD.
Robust Pilot Detection Techniques for Channel Estimation and Symbol Detection in OFDM Systems (2014)

In this letter, we propose new frequency-domain pilot-multiplexing techniques (FDPMTs) for the channel estimation and equalization in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. A robust and effective pilot insertion and detection scheme is devised thereby. These pilot positions are optimally selected to minimize the distortion of the transmitted time-domain signal caused by the subcarrier-removal at the corresponding pilot positions. Besides, three different blind pilot-detection techniques are designed at the receiver without any a priori knowledge of the pilot positions, and the distorted data symbols can thus be iteratively reconstructed. Rigorous theoretical analysis and Monte Carlo simulation results both demonstrate that our proposed new OFDM system using dynamical pilot positions is more robust than the conventional OFDM system using the fixed pilot positions over multipath fading channels.
Akt1 inhibition by RNA interference sensitizes human non‐small cell lung cancer cells to cisplatin (2008)

Akt/protein kinase B signaling is very important for cancer cell survival and growth when cells are exposed to various apoptotic stimuli. Akt is constitutively activated in NSCLC cells and is a potential target for enhancing the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents in treatment of NSCLC. In our study, we investigated whether down-regulating Akt1 using RNAi techniques can enhance sensitivity to cisplatin in NSCLC cells. An siRNA targeting Akt1 significantly decreased the protein level of Akt1 and the activity of ERK. Treatment of these cells with 20 muM cisplatin increased apoptotic cell death approximately 2.6-fold compared to cells transfected with a scrambled siRNA. While Akt activity was slightly reduced, ERK activity was greatly increased in cells treated with cisplatin alone. Pretreatment of these cells with the selective MEK inhibitor U0126 effectively reduced the level of cisplatin-induced apoptosis. These results imply that cisplatin-induced MEK/ERK activation appears to mediate apoptotic cell death, but that constitutively activated Akt1 and/or ERK pathway may mediate resistance to cisplatin in NSCLC cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that down-regulation of Akt1 using RNAi enhances the chemosensitivity of NSCLC cells to cisplatin.
Protein kinases modulate the sensitivity of hippocampal neurons to nitric oxide toxicity and anoxia (1993)

Multiple processes lead to neuronal death after ischemia, but the generation of nitric oxide (NO) is a key component in this cascade of events. The mechanisms that regulate the extent of neuronal degeneration during anoxia and NO toxicity are multifactorial. Neuronal death may be modulated by the activity of signal transduction systems that influence the toxicity of NO or its metabolic products such as cGMP. The enzyme responsible for the production of NO, nitric oxide synthase (NOS), is phosphorylated by protein kinase C (PKC), the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), and the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM-II). We examined in primary cultured hippocampal neurons whether the protein kinases PKC, PKA, CaM-II, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase modified the toxic effects of anoxia and NO. Down-regulation of PKC activity with PMA (1 microM) increased hippocampal neuronal survival during anoxia and NO exposure from approximately 22% to 88%. Inhibitors of PKC activity (H-7, H-8, sphingosine, and staurosporine) also were neuroprotective. Down-regulation of PKC activity increased survival during anoxia even in the presence of the NOS inhibitor, N omega-methyl-L-arginine. Thus, although down-regulation of PKC activity may increase neuronal survival by decreasing NOS activity, it also is likely that PKC contributes to ischemic neuronal death by mechanisms that are independent of NOS. Inhibition of the cGMP-dependent protein kinase activity, but not the activity of the CaM-II also was neuroprotective during NO administration. In contrast to the protective effects of inhibition of PKC and the cGMP-dependent protein kinase, activation rather than inhibition of PKA increased hippocampal neuronal survival during NO exposure. These results indicate that neuronal survival during anoxia and NO exposure is linked to the modulation of PKC, PKA, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase activity but is not dependent on the CaM-II pathway. Understanding the involvement of PKC, PKA, and the cGMP-dependent protein kinase in modulating the effect of neuronal death during ischemia and NO toxicity may help in directing future therapeutic modalities for cerebrovascular disease.
Reduced β2-microglobulin mRNA levels in transgenic mice expressing a designed hammerhead ribozyme (1994)

We have generated three artificial hammerhead ribozymes, denoted 'Rz-b', 'Rz-c' and 'Rz-d', with different specificities for exon II of the mouse beta-2-microglobulin (beta 2M) mRNA. In this study we tested for ribozyme mediated reduction of beta 2M mRNA in a cell line and in transgenic mice. Transfections of either of the Rz-b, Rz-c or Rz-d plasmids into a mouse cell-line (NIH/3T3) revealed reductions of beta 2M mRNA substrate in each case. Ribozyme expression in individual transfected clones was accompanied with an up to 80% reduction of beta 2M mRNA levels. Rz-c was selected for a transgenic study. Seven Rz-c transgenic founder animals were identified from which three ribozyme expressing families were established and analysed. Expression of the ribozyme transgene was tested for and detected in lung, kidney and spleen. Expression was accompanied with reduction of the beta 2M mRNA levels of heterozygous (Rz+/-) animals compared to non-transgenic litter mates. The effect was most pronounced in lung with more than 90% beta 2M mRNA reduction in individual mice. In summary, expression of our ribozymes in a cell free system, in a cell-line and in transgenic mice were all accompanied with reductions of beta 2M mRNA levels.
National Ignition Facility laser performance status (2007)

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is the world's largest laser system. It contains a 192 beam neodymium glass laser that is designed to deliver 1.8 MJ at 500 TW at 351 nm in order to achieve energy gain (ignition) in a deuterium-tritium nuclear fusion target. To meet this goal, laser design criteria include the ability to generate pulses of up to 1.8 MJ total energy, with peak power of 500 TW and temporal pulse shapes spanning 2 orders of magnitude at the third harmonic (351 nm or 3omega) of the laser wavelength. The focal-spot fluence distribution of these pulses is carefully controlled, through a combination of special optics in the 1omega (1053 nm) portion of the laser (continuous phase plates), smoothing by spectral dispersion, and the overlapping of multiple beams with orthogonal polarization (polarization smoothing). We report performance qualification tests of the first eight beams of the NIF laser. Measurements are reported at both 1omega and 3omega, both with and without focal-spot conditioning. When scaled to full 192 beam operation, these results demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge for the first time, that the NIF will meet its laser performance design criteria, and that the NIF can simultaneously meet the temporal pulse shaping, focal-spot conditioning, and peak power requirements for two candidate indirect drive ignition designs.
1H-Pyrazole-1-carboxamidine hydrochloride an attractive reagent for guanylation of amines and its application to peptide synthesis (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT1H-Pyrazole-1-carboxamidine hydrochloride an attractive reagent for guanylation of amines and its application to peptide synthesisMichael S. Bernatowicz, Youling Wu, and Gary R. MatsuedaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 8, 2497–2502Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00034a059https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00034a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5466Altmetric-Citations308LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Human Tissue Distribution of TA02, Which is Homologous with a New Type of Aspartic Proteinase, Napsin A (2000)

The N-terminal amino acid sequence of TA02 (molecular weight 35.0 kDa, isoelectric point 5.29), which is associated with primary lung adenocarcinoma, was determined and a fragment peptide was used to generate mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against TA02. The amino acid sequence suggested that TA02 might be homologous with napsin A, a new type of aspartic proteinase. In this context, we confirmed the expression of napsin A in primary lung adenocarcinoma using reverse-transcription polymerare chain reaction (RT-PCR) and showed that the TA02 mAbs reacted with glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-napsin A fusion protein. We concluded that TA02 is the same molecule as napsin A, and showed immunohistochemically that it is distributed mainly in type II pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages, renal tubules and exocrine glands and ducts in the pancreas. In particular, type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages showed high expression of TA02 among human normal tissues. In primary lung adenocarcinoma, 47 out of 58 (81.0%) primary lesions were positive. All well-differentiated adenocarcinomas except those of goblet cell type showed high expression of TA02. In addition, two out of seven (28.6%) large cell carcinomas showed low expression of TA02. The other histopathological types of primary lung cancer did not express TA02 at all. A few cases of renal cell cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, thyroid cancer, colon cancer and ovarian cancer showed low expression, but the staining patterns were completely different from that of primary lung adenocarcinoma, which showed a granular staining pattern. Our novel mAbs should be valuable for immunochemical detection of TA02/napsin A.
Structural, functional, and evolutionary relationships between λ-exonuclease and the type II restriction endonucleases (1998)

lambda-exonuclease participates in DNA recombination and repair. It binds a free end of double-stranded DNA and degrades one strand in the 5' to 3' direction. The primary sequence does not appear to be related to any other protein, but the crystal structure shows part of lambda-exonuclease to be similar to the type II restriction endonucleases PvuII and EcoRV. There is also a weaker correspondence with EcoRI, BamHI, and Cfr10I. The structure comparisons not only suggest that these enzymes all share a similar catalytic mechanism and a common structural ancestor but also provide strong evidence that the toroidal structure of lambda-exonuclease encircles its DNA substrate during hydrolysis.
16ch Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer using Silica-Based Arrayed-Waveguide Gratings (1995)

An optical add/drop multiplexer (ADM) is a device that gives simultaneous access to all wavelength channels in a wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) communication systems[1]. Various kinds of candidates, such as cascaded asymmetrical Mach-Zehnder filters [2], acousto-optic filters [3], transversal filters [4], and channel selection filters employing arrayed-waveguide gratings [5],[6], have been proposed. However, these filters were so called gate switches that eliminate unselected optical signals. The present paper reports, for the first time to our knowledge, fabrication of the fully integrated-optic 16ch ADM with 100-GHz channel spacing. It can transport all input signals to the succeeding stages without inherent power loss. Therefore, these optical ADMs are very attractive for the dynamic wavelength routing and allow the network to be transparent to signal format and bit rate.
Multi-Shot Deblurring for 3D Scenes (2015)

The presence of motion blur is unavoidable in hand-held cameras, especially in low-light conditions. In this paper, we address the inverse rendering problem of estimating the latent image, scene depth and camera motion from a set of differently blurred images of the scene. Our framework can account for depth variations, non-uniform motion blur as well as mis-alignments in the captured observations. We initially describe an iterative algorithm to estimate ego motion in 3D scenes by suitably harnessing the point spread functions across the blurred images at different spatial locations. This is followed by recovery of latent image and scene depth by alternate minimization.
Classical swine fever virus: recovery of infectious viruses from cDNA constructs and generation of recombinant cytopathogenic defective interfering particles (1996)

The 5'- and 3'-terminal sequences of the genomic RNA from classical swine fever virus (CSFV) were determined, and the resulting information was used for construction of full-length CSFV cDNA clones. After transfection of in vitro-transcribed RNA derived from a cDNA construct, infectious CSFV was recovered from porcine cells. To confirm the de novo generation of infectious CSFV from cloned DNA, a genetically tagged CSFV was constructed. In comparison with parental CSFV, the recombinant viruses were retarded in growth by about 1 order of magnitude. Introduction of a deletion by exchange of part of the full-length construct for corresponding cDNA fragments derived from the genomes of cytopathogenic CSFV defective interfering particles (DIs) (G. Meyers and H.-J. Thiel, J. Virol. 69:3683-3689. 1995) resulted in recovery of cytopathogenic DIs in the DI genomes is responsible for their cytopathogenicity. The established system will allow novel approaches to analysis of pestiviral molecular biology and in particular to elucidation of the molecular basis of attenuation and cytopathogenicity of these viruses.