gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Patrolling monocytes promote the pathogenesis of early lupus-like glomerulonephritis (2019)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease with genetic and environmental contributions. Hallmarks of the disease are the appearance of immune complexes (IC) containing autoreactive Abs and TLR-activating nucleic acids, whose deposition in kidney glomeruli is suspected to promote tissue injury and glomerulonephritis (GN). Here, using a mouse model based on the human SLE susceptibility locus TNFAIP3-interacting protein 1 (TNIP1, also known as ABIN1), we investigated the pathogenesis of GN. We found that GN was driven by TLRs but, remarkably, proceeded independently of ICs. Rather, disease in 3 different mouse models and patients with SLE was characterized by glomerular accumulation of patrolling monocytes (PMos), a cell type with an emerging key function in vascular inflammation. Consistent with such function in GN, monocyte-specific deletion of ABIN1 promoted kidney disease, whereas selective elimination of PMos provided protection. In contrast to GN, PMo elimination did not protect from reduced survival or disease symptoms such as IC generation and splenomegaly, suggesting that GN and other inflammatory processes are governed by distinct pathogenic mechanisms. These data identify TLR-activated PMos as the principal component of an intravascular process that contributes to glomerular inflammation and kidney injury.
Enzymes and food flavor‐A review (1994)

Abstract The use of enzymes in flavor generation in food technology is reviewed. In the first part, important products derived from natural macromolecules present in foods such as fats, proteins, nucleic acids and flavor precursors are discussed in terms of the enzymes involved in the reactions and the relation of the products with flavor. Enzymes that are used to eliminate natural or process induced off‐flavors are also discussed. In the second part, the use of enzymes for the direct synthesis of flavoring compounds is presented.
Effects of Changes in Rat Brain Glucose on Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Neurons (1995)

Microdialysis was used in the freely moving rat to measure the effects of graded changes in brain glucose on the serotonergic and noradrenergic projections to the hippocampus. The concentration of glucose in the dialysate was monitored using an enzyme-based assay. A systemic injection of insulin caused a steep decline in glucose level which was restored to the control level by oral administration of glucose solution. The changes in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and noradrenaline were a mirror image of the glucose changes: they rose after insulin injection and returned to control during glucose administration. A delayed increase was shown by 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) which did not return to baseline on glucose administration. The metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) decreased after insulin administration and increased above control during glucose administration. While the responses of 5-HT, noradrenaline and 5-HIAA to hypoglycaemia resemble those to mild stress, the changes in DOPAC are the reverse of those produced by stress.
Predicting clinical severity in sickle cell anaemia (2005)

The ability to predict the phenotype of an individual with sickle cell anaemia would allow a reliable prognosis and could guide therapeutic decision making. Some risk factors for individual disease complications are known but are insufficiently precise to use for prognostic purposes; predicting the global disease severity is not yet possible. Genetic association studies, which attempt to link gene polymorphisms with selected disease subphenotypes, may eventually provide useful methods of foretelling the likelihood of certain complications and allow better individualized treatment.
Synthesis and chemistry of mercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate(2-) (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and chemistry of mercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate(2-)Eugene I. Tolpin, Glyn R. Wellum, and Steven A. BerleyCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1978, 17, 10, 2867–2873Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50188a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50188a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views530Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Enantioselective Synthesis of a PKC Inhibitor via Catalytic C−H Bond Activation (2006)

[reaction: see text] The syntheses of two biologically active molecules possessing dihydropyrroloindole cores (1 and 2) were completed using rhodium-catalyzed imine-directed C-H bond functionalization, with the second of these molecules containing a stereocenter that can be set with 90% ee during cyclization using chiral nonracemic phosphoramidite ligands. Catalytic decarbonylation and direct indole/maleimide coupling provide efficient access to 2.
Nodal, paranodal and juxtaparanodal axonal proteins during demyelination and remyelination in multiple sclerosis (2006)

Saltatory conduction in myelinated fibres depends on the specific molecular organization of highly specialized axonal domains at the node of Ranvier, the paranodal and the juxtaparanodal regions. Voltage-gated sodium channels (Na(v)) have been shown to be deployed along the naked demyelinated axon in experimental models of CNS demyelination and in multiple sclerosis lesions. Little is known about aggregation of nodal, paranodal and juxtaparanodal constituents during the repair process. We analysed by immunohistochemistry on free-floating sections from multiple sclerosis brains the expression and distribution of nodal (Na(v) channels), paranodal (paranodin/Caspr) and juxtaparanodal (K(v) channels and Caspr2) molecules in demyelinated and remyelinated lesions. Whereas in demyelinated lesions, paranodal and juxtaparanodal proteins are diffusely distributed on denuded axons, the distribution of Na(v) channels is heterogeneous, with a diffuse immunoreactivity but also few broad Na(v) channel aggregates in all demyelinated lesions. In contrast to the demyelinated plaques, all remyelinated lesions are characterized by the detection of aggregates of Na(v) channels, paranodin/Caspr, K(v) channels and Caspr2. Our data suggest that these aggregates precede remyelination, and that Na(v) channel aggregation is the initial event, followed by aggregation of paranodal and then juxtaparanodal axonal proteins. Remyelination takes place in multiple sclerosis tissue but myelin repair is often incomplete, and the reasons for this remyelination deficit are many. We suggest that a defect of Na(v) channel aggregation might be involved in the remyelination failure in demyelinated lesions with spared axons and oligodendroglial cells.
Human Immunoglobulin A Receptor (FcRI, CD89) Function in Transgenic Mice Requires Both FcR γ Chain and CR3 (CD11b/CD18) (1999)

Even though more immunoglobulin A (IgA) is produced in humans than all other isotypes combined, relatively little is known about receptors that bind the Fc part of IgA. The myeloid IgA receptor, FcalphaRI (CD89), triggers various effector functions in vitro, but its in vivo role remains unclear. Here, a transgenic mouse model is described in which FcalphaRI is expressed under its own regulatory sequences. Receptor expression and regulation by cytokines was comparable to the human situation and hFcalphaRI can trigger phagocytosis and lysis of tumor cells. To analyze the contribution of the FcR gamma chain or the beta2 integrin CR3 (CD11b/CD18) in FcalphaRI biological function, FcalphaRI transgenic mice were crossed with either FcR gamma chain -/- or CR3 -/- mice. In contrast to in vitro data, FcR gamma chain was essential for surface expression of hFcalphaRI in vivo. Functional studies in hFcalphaRI/ gamma-/-mice were, therefore, limited. In vitro studies showed FcR gamma chain to be necessary for phagocytosis. Neither hFcalphaRI expression nor phagocytosis, triggered via hFcalphaRI, were influenced by CR3. Remarkably, the capacity to lyse tumor targets was ablated in hFcalphaRI transgenic/ CR3-/- mice, although binding of neutrophils to tumor cells was intact. This shows a previously unrecognized importance of CR3 for hFcalphaRI-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
cDNA Library Protocols (1996)

The first libraries of complementary DNA (cDNA) clones were con­ structed in the mid-to-late 1970s using RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) to convert poly A* mRNA into double-stranded cDNA suitable for insertion into prokaryotic vectors. Since then cDNA technology has become a fundamental tool for the molecular biologist and at the same time some very significant advances have occurred in the methods for con­ structing and screening cDNA libraries. It is not the aim of cDNA Library Protocols to give a comprehensive review of all cDNA library-based methodologies; instead we present a series of up-to-date protocols that together should give a good grounding of proce­ dures associated with the construction and use of cDNA libraries. In deciding what to include, we endeavored to combine up-to-date versions of some of the most widely used protocols with some very usefiil newer techniques. cDNA Library Protocols should therefore be especially useful to the investigator who is new to the use of cDNA libraries, but should also be of value to the more experienced worker. Chapters 1—5 concentrate on cDNA library construction and manipula­ tion, Chapters 6 and 7 describe means of cloning difficult-to-obtain ends of cDNAs, Chapters 8-18 give various approaches to the screening of cDNA libraries, and the remaining chapters present methods of analysis of cDNA clones including details of how to analyze cDNA sequence data and how to make use of the wealth of cDNA data emerging from the human genome project
Spread spectrum multiple access performance of orthogonal codes in fading multipath channels (2003)

Indoor wireless communications (IWC) is an attractive alternative to wire-based local area networks. However, the indoor environment is characterized by fading multipath channels. Direct-sequence spread-spectrum techniques, with their inherent resistance to multipaths, are promising for IWC. To allow multiple users within a limited bandwidth, code division multiple access (CDMA) is needed. The authors analyze one relevant CDMA technique. A set of M-orthogonal sequences of length N is assigned to each of K users. The sequences consist of phase-modulated signals on the same carrier frequency. The bandwidth efficiency achieved over fading multipath channels is the presence of additive white Gaussian noise and multiple-access interference is determined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The role of primary care in the diagnosis and management of menorrhagia: a qualitative study of women with menorrhagia (2005)

There is increasing emphasis on including patients in decision making about treatment. In order to do this, they need to have access to appropriate information about treatment options. The study reported here reports initial work carried out in the development of a decision analysis tool to assist women about treatment for menorrhagia. Women referred to secondary care with a diagnosis of heavy menstrual bleeding were interviewed. Our study shows that women had limited and often inaccurate knowledge of most treatment options. They expressed feelings of diagnostic uncertainty, the need for a ‘label’ for their symptoms and a perception of the failure of the general practitioner (GP) to provide this. The women in our study referred to secondary care with a diagnosis of menorrhagia do not seem to have had their concerns about their menstrual symptoms addressed prior to the referral. In addition, the women in this study do not feel that their GP has communicated a diagnosis to them. Women must be able to feel that they have been diagnosed in order that treatment options can then be properly discussed, and a shared management decision reached. Reasons for the apparent lack of adherence to guidelines are discussed. There is a need for a decision aid for use in primary care to assist women and their doctors in the management of menorrhagia.
Narrow-band optical channel-dropping filter (1992)

Waveguide couplers are combined with lambda /4 shifted distributed feedback (DFB) resonators to produce narrowband channel dropping filters. The bandwidth of the filter can be made much narrower than the stopband of the grating. It is possible to remove the spurious responses of the grating filter by appropriate dispersion characteristics for the coupled waveguides. However, in some practical applications it may not be necessary to do this, if all channels can be accommodated within half the grating bandwidth of the filters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
NS1-Truncated Live Attenuated Virus Vaccine Provides Robust Protection to Aged Mice from Viral Challenge (2012)

Immunological changes associated with age contribute to the high rates of influenza virus morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Compounding this problem, aged individuals do not respond to vaccination as well as younger, healthy adults. Efforts to increase protection to this demographic group are of utmost importance, as the proportion of the population above the age of 65 is projected to increase in the coming decade. Using a live influenza virus with a truncated nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), we are able to stimulate cellular and humoral immune responses of aged mice comparable to levels seen in young mice. Impressively, a single vaccination provided protection following stringent lethal challenge in aged mice.
Arsenic trioxide enhances the therapeutic efficacy of radiation treatment of oral squamous carcinoma while protecting bone (2008)

Therapeutic radiation is commonly used in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and pharynx. Despite the proven efficacy of this form of anticancer therapy, high-dose radiation treatment is invariably associated with numerous unwanted side effects. This is particularly true for bone, in which radiation treatment often leads to osteoradionecrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate if treatment with arsenic trioxide (As(2)O(3)) could enhance the antitumor effect of radiotherapy whereas minimizing the destructive effects of radiation on bone. As(2)O(3) treatment induced a dose-dependent (1-20 mumol/L) inhibition of endothelial and tumor cell (OSCC-3 and UM-SCC-74A) survival and significantly enhanced radiation-induced endothelial cell and tumor cell death. In contrast, As(2)O(3) treatment (0.5-7.5 mumol/L) induced the proliferation of osteoblasts and also protected osteoblasts against radiation-induced cell death. Furthermore, As(2)O(3) treatment was able to significantly enhance radiation-induced inhibition of endothelial cell tube formation and tumor cell colony formation. To test the effectiveness of As(2)O(3) and radiation treatment in vivo, we used a severe combined immunodeficiency mouse model that has a bone ossicle and tumor growing side by side subcutaneously. Animals treated with As(2)O(3) and radiation showed a significant inhibition of tumor growth, tumor angiogenesis, and tumor metastasis to the lungs as compared with As(2)O(3) treatment or radiation treatment alone. In contrast, As(2)O(3) treatment protected bone ossicles from radiation-induced bone loss. These results suggest a novel strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of radiation treatment while protecting bone from the adverse effects of therapeutic radiation.
Swainsonine: an inhibitor of glycoprotein processing. (1981)

Swainsonine, an indolizidine alkaloid, inhibits the processing of asparagine-linked glycoproteins in both cell-free extracts and animal cells in culture. Thus, in a liver particulate enzyme preparation, swainsonine at 0.1-1.0 microM inhibited the mannosidase that releases [3H]mannose from a high mannose glycopeptide but only slightly inhibited the release of glucose from a glucose-labeled glycopeptide. MDCK and Chinese hamster ovary cells in culture incorporate [2-3H]mannose and [6-3H]glucosamine into both high mannose and complex types of oligosaccharides. When these cells were incubated with swainsonine and then labeled with mannose or glucosamine, there was a dramatic decrease in the amount of label in the complex type of glycopeptide and a substantial increase in the radioactivity in the high mannose type. This change was monitored by the increase in radioactivity that became susceptible to digestion by endoglucosaminidase H with increasing concentrations of swainosine. The endoglucosaminidase H-released oligosaccharide(s) from swainsonine-treated cells was larger and more homogeneous than that from controls and eluted from Bio-Gel P-4 at the position of Man9GlcNAc. Several tissue culture cell lines were grown in the presence of swainsonine to determine its effect on cell surface glycoproteins. Cells grown in the alkaloid showed an increased capacity to bind Escherichia coli B886, a bacterium that binds to high mannose glycoproteins. These cells also showed an increasing binding of [3H]concanavalin A.
Low-k n&k variation impact on CD accuracy of scatterometry (2008)

Scatterometry is one of the advanced optical metrology techniques has been implemented in semiconductor manufacturing for monitoring and controlling critical dimensions, sidewall angle and grating heights as well as thicknesses of underlying films, due to its non-destructive nature, high measurement precision and speed. In traditional scatterometry approach, the optical properties (<i>n&amp;k</i>'s) of film stack have been used as fixed inputs in a scatterometry model, therefore, the process engineers have to assume that there is no significant impact on measurement results by small deviation from pre-extracted <i>n&amp;k</i>'s. However, <i>n&amp;k</i>'s of actual production wafers will always vary from the fixed values used in the model. The magnitude of the variations and its impact on the accuracy of scatterometry measurements has not been well-characterized yet. In this study, a low-k dielectric stack with noticeable <i>n&amp;k</i>'s variations was generated. The low-k dielectric stack has the refractive index (<i>n</i>) variation around 0.01 @ 633nm within a wafer, and is under two layers of patterned PR and BARC. Different scatterometry models with fixed and floated <i>n&amp;k</i>'s have been analyzed. Although comparable repeatability was obtained with either fixed or floated <i>n&amp;k</i>'s model, the correlation (R<sup>2</sup>) to CD-SEM result has been improved by floating <i>n&amp;k</i> in the model in comparison to that of fixed <i>n&amp;k</i> model. In this paper, we also discuss some differences in applying various optical models (i.e, EMA and Cauchy) in scatterometry measurements.
Ahu Tongariki, Easter Island: Chronological and Sociopolitical Significance (1999)

Hanga Nui Bay, on the eastern end of the southeast coast of Easter Island, is currently the focal point of research in an intensively studied archaeological area that extends from the plains at the foot of the southwest slopes of the Poike Peninsula. The study area is a transect which crosses the island from coast to coast in a north-south axis from Hanga Nui to Mahatua on the east and from Motu Nao to an area close to Te Peka Peka on the west.
Flash-based programmable nonlinear capacitor for switched-capacitor implementations of neural networks (2002)

The use of flash devices for both analog storage and analog computation can result in highly efficient switched-capacitor implementations of neural networks. The standard flash device suffers from severe limitations in this application due to relatively large parasitic overlap capacitances. This paper introduces the computational concept, circuit and architecture we are exploring as well as a novel flash-based programmable nonlinear capacitor with much improved charge domain characteristics for our application. These devices are demonstrated in a novel circuit consisting of only two devices and capable of computing a 5-bit absolute-value-of-difference at an energy consumption of less than 1 pJ.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Second Messenger Signalling in Olfaction (2007)

Odorous molecules are recognized by specific receptor proteins located in the ciliary membrane of olfactory receptor neurons. These receptors have been identified using molecular cloning--they are members of the seven-transmembrane-domain G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Specific receptor subtypes are expressed in subsets of olfactory neurons spatially segregated within certain areas of the olfactory epithelium. Interaction of odorants with receptors initiates the primary reaction of olfactory signalling. Intracellular reaction cascades are activated via specific G proteins, leading to a rapid and transient rise in second messenger levels; odorous compounds elicit mutually exclusive cAMP or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate responses. Odorant-induced second messenger signalling is terminated via kinase-mediated negative feedback loops uncoupling the reaction cascades by phosphorylation of receptor proteins. Strong odour stimuli elicit a delayed response of another messenger system, the nitric oxide/cGMP cascade. cGMP may control some adaptive reactions in olfactory receptor neurons.
Sensitivity and specificity of an ELISA as a screening test for the diagnosis of Brucella ovis in sheep. (2000)

A hot saline extract of Brucella ovis strain REO 198 at a concentration of 5 micrograms/ml in phosphate buffer pH 7.2 was used to adsorb onto Maxisorb plates and incubated at 37 degrees C during 12 h; unadsorbed excess antigen was washed off thrice with phosphate buffer containing 0.5% Tween 20. As blocking agent 1% skim milk was used. The conjugate used was protein G bound to peroxidase diluted 1:100. Thirty three sheep sera from bacteriologically confirmed infected animals and 39 sheep sera from healthy animals from disease-free zones were used. Sera were diluted 1:200. ELISA's sensitivity was 97% and specificity 84%. The cut-off value was chosen for a high sensitivity (100%) despite some loss of specificity in order to diminish false negative results rendering thus a suitable screening test for sheep epididimitis caused by Brucella ovis.