gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ARGET ATRP of methyl methacrylate in the presence of nitrogen‐based ligands as reducing agents (2009)

Abstract BACKGROUND: Activators regenerated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) employs reducing agents (e.g. ascorbic acid, tin(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate) to continuously reduce a deactivator Cu(II) to an activator Cu(I) species. In this work, copper‐mediated ARGET ATRP of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was studied in the presence of excess aliphatic nitrogen‐based ligands that served not only as ligands but also as reducing agents. RESULTS: Reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) by an excess amount of nitrogen‐based ligand was followed by UV‐visible spectroscopy. Well‐controlled poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with low polydispersity index (PDI) was prepared in the presence of Cu(II)Br 2 /excess ligand via ARGET ATRP. Chain extension of PMMA with MMA was successful, resulting in low‐PDI PMMA and demonstrating well‐maintained end‐group functionality. CONCLUSION: Well‐controlled PMMA with low PDI was prepared via ARGET ATRP in the presence of Cu(II) and nitrogen‐based ligands without any additional reducing agent. Aliphatic nitrogen‐based ligands for ATRP can serve as reducing agents as well as ligands. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Gi-mediated activation of the p21ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by alpha 2-adrenergic receptors expressed in fibroblasts. (1993)

The alpha 2-adrenergic receptors are linked to inhibition of adenylylcyclase and, under certain circumstances, to stimulation of phospholipid hydrolysis via pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins. Here we show that alpha 2-adrenergic receptors can couple to an alternative signaling pathway. When expressed in Rat-1 cells, stimulation of the alpha 2A receptor, which couples to Gi2 and Gi3, causes rapid, transient activation of the protooncogene product p21ras as measured by an increase in the amount of bound GTP. Furthermore, alpha 2A receptor stimulation causes rapid phosphorylation of the p42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. Pertussis toxin completely inhibits both p21ras activation and MAP kinase phosphorylation, but both responses appear to be independent of adenylylcyclase inhibition or phospholipase stimulation. Thus, alpha 2-adrenergic receptors can couple to the p21ras-MAP kinase pathway via Gi, which may explain the mitogenic potential of alpha 2 agonists in certain cell types; together with previous results, these findings further suggest that activation of this pivotal signaling pathway may be a common event in the action of Gi-coupled receptors.
Research on Lane Recognition Algorithm Based on Deep Learning (2019)

Lane detection system is an important part of many intelligent transportation systems. However, lane recognition is often affected by curvature of lane, worn lane marking, lane change, appearance, and end, merge and split lanes, which results in the decline of recognition accuracy. In order to solve the problem of insufficient recognition rate of traditional lane recognition algorithms, we propose a lane detection algorithm based on deep learning. Based on the combination of deep convolution network and lane features, a lane segmentation network model based on full convolution network is constructed to realize fast lane recognition. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm has strong robustness and reliability.
Subcutaneously administered apomorphine (2004)

Apomorphine is a non-narcotic morphine derivative that acts as a potent dopaminergic agonist. Its high first-pass hepatic metabolism prevents effectiveness by the oral route; instead, subcutaneous injection is the usual route, and intranasal, sublingual, rectal, and iontophoretic transdermal delivery has been investigated for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). The rate of uptake after subcutaneous injection is influenced by factors such as location, temperature, depth of injection, and body fat. Studies have shown the latency of onset to clinical effect after s.c. injection ranged from 7.3 to 14 minutes. Cerebrospinal fluid T(max)lags behind plasma T(max) by 10 to 20 minutes. Considerable intersubject variability is found with pharmacokinetic variables; in some studies there are five- to tenfold differences in C(max)and area-under-the-concentration-time-curve seen in PD patients. Apomorphine metabolism occurs through several enzymatic pathways, including N-demethylation, sulfation, glucuronidation, and catechol-O-methyltransferase as well as by nonenzymatic oxidation. The complexities of apomorphine uptake, distribution, and clearance probably contribute to its variability of clinical actions.
Trefoil peptides (1999)

The trefoil factor family (TFF) is a relatively new family of peptides which bear the three-loop trefoil domain.They are mainly synthesised and secreted by mucin secreting epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract and have a close association with mucins.They are highly conserved during evolution and are heat, acid and enzyme resistant.Their abundant expression in distinct patterns in the normal physiological state and ectopic expression in various ulcerative conditions suggests an important role in mucosal defence and repair.Expression of TFF peptides in neoplasia has stimulated interest in deducing the biological role of these peptides in tumour progression.The underlying molecular mechanism of TFF peptide action is still unknown, but their physical properties, and the biological activities of these peptides as motogens may prove to be useful as therapeutic agents in ulcerative conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease where present treatment is far from ideal.
Time interleaved converter arrays (1980)

High-speed monolithic converters normally use a variation of the flash technique, which 2/SUP n/ comparators in parallel to obtain a fast n-bit conversion. Although this method allows for high converter bandwidth, it is not very area efficient, and results in large die sizes for even modest resolution converters. In the technique presented here, a number of small but area efficient converters are operated in a time-interleaved fashion to achieve the bandwidth of a flash circuit, but in a substantially smaller area. This technique is analyzed with respect to noise and distortion resulting from nonideal array characteristics, and is demonstrated by way of a four-way array test-chip. This chip consists of four time-interleaved 7-bit weighted-capacitor A/D converters fabricated in a 10 /spl mu/m metal-gate CMOS process. Full 7-bit linearity is maintained up to a 2.5 MHz conversion rate, with operation at reduced linearity continuing to approximately 4 MHz. The design of this chip, and anticipated characteristics if fabricated in a modern 4-5 /spl mu/m process are described.
Use of Expression Analysis to Predict Outcome After Radical Prostatectomy (2003)

These data suggest that it may be possible to predict prostate tumor behavior based on expression signatures present at the time of surgery. A critical next step will be to try and validate such findings in larger independent datasets.
Weight loss associated with vagus nerve stimulation (2002)

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an approved treatment for the management of patients with medically intractable epilepsy. Seizure reductions of 30–50% have been reported. Over 13,000 patients have been implanted worldwide, and there are more than 5,000 patient-years of experience with VNS.1-3⇓⇓

Side effects include hoarseness (66%) and cough (45–53%), seen by the end of the first year. Throat pain (28%) and dyspnea (25–27%) may be seen by the end of the second year. Dyspepsia (21%), vomiting (18%), and insomnia (5%)1-4⇓⇓⇓ may be seen at any time. Usually these symptoms are mild, occur only during stimulation, and do not require removal of the device.

Because one of our patients had considerable weight loss of more than 80 pounds after implantation of VNS, we reviewed our patient database for weight changes.

All patients who underwent VNS implantation at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Epilepsy Center between March 1998 and June 2000 were included in this …
Solonamide B Inhibits Quorum Sensing and Reduces Staphylococcus aureus Mediated Killing of Human Neutrophils (2014)

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) continues to be a serious human pathogen, and particularly the spread of community associated (CA)-MRSA strains such as USA300 is a concern, as these strains can cause severe infections in otherwise healthy adults. Recently, we reported that a cyclodepsipeptide termed Solonamide B isolated from the marine bacterium, Photobacterium halotolerans strongly reduces expression of RNAIII, the effector molecule of the agr quorum sensing system. Here we show that Solonamide B interferes with the binding of S. aureus autoinducing peptides (AIPs) to sensor histidine kinase, AgrC, of the agr two-component system. The hypervirulence of USA300 has been linked to increased expression of central virulence factors like α-hemolysin and the phenol soluble modulins (PSMs). Importantly, in strain USA300 Solonamide B dramatically reduced the activity of α-hemolysin and the transcription of psma encoding PSMs with an 80% reduction in toxicity of supernatants towards human neutrophils and rabbit erythrocytes. To our knowledge this is the first report of a compound produced naturally by a Gram-negative marine bacterium that interferes with agr and affects both RNAIII and AgrA controlled virulence gene expression in S. aureus.
Computer Architecture and Parallel Processing (1984)

The book is intended as a text to support two semesters of courses in computer architecture at the college senior and graduate levels. There are excellent problems for students at the end of each chapter. The authors have divided the use of computers into the following four levels of sophistication: data processing, information processing, knowledge processing, and intelligence processing.
Mannose‐Binding Lectin Polymorphisms in Clinical Tuberculosis (2003)

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) mediates protection against infections by using the complement system, but certain microorganisms may increase infectivity by exploiting this host defense system. Thus, it has been speculated whether genetically determined low MBL levels may confer partial protection against certain intracellular microorganisms, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We investigated MBL alleles in 109 culture-positive human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected patients with tuberculosis living in Denmark and 250 white control subjects. Patients and control subjects were divided into 3 different groups defined by undetectable, low, and high serum MBL concentrations, which correlates to deficient, low, and high expressing MBL genotypes. A significantly decreased frequency of patients with the low-expressing MBL genotype was observed in white patients compared to control subjects. The same tendency also was observed in patients of other ethnic origin. It may be hypothesized that heterozygosity for MBL variant alleles, which encodes low serum MBL levels, is associated with protection against clinical tuberculosis.
The resurgence of Coulter counting for analyzing nanoscale objects (2004)

This review discusses recent advances in the science and technology of Coulter counting. The Coulter counting principle has been used to determine the size, concentration, and in favorable cases the surface charge, of nanometer-scale colloidal particles, viruses, DNA and other polymers, and metal ions. A resurgence of interest in the field of COulter counting is occurring because of the advent of new technologies that permit fabrication of membranes containing single, robust, and chemically well-defined channels having smaller and more uniform sizes than could be prepared in the past. These channels are prepared from biological materials, such as self-assembling membrane proteins, and from synthetic materials such as polymers, carbon nanotubes, and silicon-based inorganic materials. In addition to particle characterization, there have been a few recent examples of using Coulter counters to study chemical processes, such as the dehybridization of DNA.
G-protein coupled receptor kinases and their inhibitors (2000)

AbstractG-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are regulated by several processes. One is the phosphorylation by G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) linked to processes like receptor desensitisation, internalisation and downregulation. GRKs also seem to be involved in various processes such as opioid addiction and cardiovascular diseases. So far, no specific and potent inhibitors of GRKs are available except some polyanionic compounds like heparin. A rational approach for a search for inhibitors based on a homologous molecular model of GRK2 revealed disulphonic acid analogues of suramin (NF503 and NF062) as lead compounds for inhibitors of GRK2 (IC50 values of 14 and 25 μM, respectively). GRK2 is extensively expressed in the CNS and therefore, mainly considered responsible for the regulation of GPCRs. So far, no therapeutic patents for inhibition of GRKs are available. Nevertheless, a broad range of serine/threonine kinase inhibitors are reported in the patent literature. An overview of these mainly N-heterocyclic or amino group containing compounds is given in this review. Furthermore, other approaches to inhibit GRKs such as the use of antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, or adenoviral mediated gene delivery of a peptide inhibitor of GRK2 are presented. Screening against various GRKs is likely to yield new lead compounds to further evaluate a (patho)physiological role of GRKs. Possible therapeutic applications of GRK inhibitors are discussed.KeywordsdesensitisationG-protein coupled receptor kinaseG-protein coupled receptor regulationheart failurehypertensionNF503opiate addictionserine/threonine kinasesuramin
Integrated Voice/Data Packet Switching Techniques for Future Military Networks (1980)

Virtual circuit and pure packet (datagram) based switching techniques are studied for future application to the integrated voice/data telecommunications. The coexistence of voice with both interactive and bulk data in an integrated network suggests the desirability of a mixed switching technique to allow the efficient sharing of both the switching and communications resources. Such a mixed packet switching scheme is also evaluated. It uses virtual circuit for regular traffic (voice and bulk data), and uses pure packet (datagram) for bursty traffic (interactive and query/response). It also adapts to changes in voice/ data input traffic mixture.
Lossless and lossy image compression using biorthogonal wavelet transforms with multiplierless operations (1998)

We present lossless and lossy image compression algorithms, based on biorthogonal wavelets, which provide high computational speed and excellent compression performance. A specific pair of spline biorthogonal wavelets are chosen, having dyadic rational filter coefficients; convolutions with these filters can be performed by using only arithmetic bit-shifting and integer addition operations. For lossless compression, we have investigated a new reversible embedded wavelet transform. For lossy compression, we have constructed two-dimensional reconstruction filter masks for carrying out bit-shifting to minimize data access operations when performing the inverse wavelet transform.
Epidermal growth factor receptor-independent constitutive activation of STAT3 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is mediated by the autocrine/paracrine stimulation of the interleukin 6/gp130 cytokine system. (2003)

The aberrant growth of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is often associated with the constitutive activation of signal-transducer-and-activator-of-transcription-3 (STAT3), which is believed to result from the persistent stimulation of EGF receptors that are highly expressed in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. To investigate the mechanism underlying STAT3 deregulation in HNSCC, we examined the interplay of the STAT3 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways using a panel of HNSCC cell lines. Although STAT3 was active in most HNSCC cell lines, only 3 of 10 HNSCC cell lines were moderately to strongly positive for activated EGFR. Even in the EGFR-positive cell lines, STAT3 activation was not dependent on EGFR activation, as STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation levels persisted after treatment with AG1478, a chemical inhibitor of EGFR activity. Furthermore, we found that conditioned medium harvested from HNSCC cells could induce STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation in immortalized keratinocytes regardless of the status of EGFR signaling. In contrast, blocking the cytokine gp130 coreceptor abolished STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation in HNSCC cells and that induced by the conditioned medium. Immunodepletion studies suggested interleukin 6 (IL6) as the major autocrine/paracrine factor for STAT3 activation, which coincided with high levels of secretion of IL6 into the culture medium by these cancer cells. Treatment with a specific inhibitor of Janus kinase, AG490, in HNSCC cells led to a reduction of active STAT3 and caused significant growth retardation and apoptosis. Thus, constitutive activation of STAT3 in HNSCC may use an autocrine/paracrine-activating loop mediated by IL6 and other cytokines acting through the gp130 receptor family, which may confer both proliferative and survival potential in this malignancy.
A robotic telerehabilitation game system for multiplayer activities (2016)

Background. The rise in cases of motor impairing illnesses demands the research for improvements in rehabilitation therapy. The study of robotics for enhancing motor recovery has been gaining momentum, but there is still little standardization of tools. Objectives. This paper shows the current development state of a proposed new robotic treatment platform, primarily geared towards post-stroke cases, but intended to be reusable for other kinds of motor disabilities. Methods. This project differs from current solutions because of its modular design, distributed processing, remote interaction capabilities, and by dealing with patients motivation while treated with multiplayer video-games. Custom and commercial robotic orthoses could be used by individuals, while they are being treated, to join each other in a competitive or cooperative activity in a virtual reality environment. As network-connected participants could be separated by large distances, communication delays are minimized or compensated. For a viability test, two healthy subjects played a customized Pong game together using the system. Results. The preliminary testing provides evidence that the designed infrastructure could become a viable platform for rehabilitation systems, as data can be synchronized across users within a tolerable deviation margin. Conclusion. The system proves itself feasible, but improvements on handling bad communication conditions and definition of performance evaluation protocols are needed.
Expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) in fetal, benign hyperplastic, and malignant prostate (1998)

BACKGROUND Androgen-dependent tissue has been reported to be affected by chemical ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor, which heterodimerizes with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator protein (ARNT). METHODS Fetal (n = 3), benign hyperplastic (BPH) (n = 10), and carcinomatous (CaP) (n = 19) prostate tissues were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Western blot analysis was used to confirm the identity of the recognized proteins. RESULTS Immunoblotting of enriched prostatic epithelial cells (EC) and stromal cells revealed constitutive expression of bands at around 110 kDa and 90 kDa, using anti-AhR and anti-ARNT, respectively. Immunohistology of the fetal specimens revealed heterogeneous cytoplasmic and nuclear AhR expression of immature EC and mesenchymal cells. Constitutive expression of AhR (primarily cytoplasmic) and ARNT (nuclear and cytoplasmic) by the majority of adult basal and secretory EC, CaP, and smooth muscle cells was confirmed in situ. The most intense anti-AhR/-ARNT reactivity was found on smooth muscle cells, followed by EC and fibrocytes. Secretory BPH-EC revealed significantly decreased AhR expression when compared to normal tissue segments. By contrast, anti-AhR reactivity was frequently increased in the more dedifferentiated tumor areas. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that an undefined physiologic AhR ligand(s) as well as environmental factors may exert effects on EC and smooth muscle cells in the prostate through binding to these receptors. Prostate 37:98–108, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Somatic trinucleotide change encompassing codons 882 and 883 of the RET proto-oncogene in a patient with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (2000)

Restriction analysis is an easy approach for screening RET mutations; however, it is not enough to assign a final diagnosis.
Different effects of staurosporine, an inhibitor of protein kinases, on the cell cycle and chromatin structure of normal and leukemic lymphocytes. (1992)

Staurosporine, a microbial alkaloid, is a strong inhibitor of protein kinases. The effects of staurosporine on the cell cycle progression and nuclear morphology of normal human lymphocytes stimulated to proliferate by phytohemagglutinin were studied and compared with the effects of this drug on human lymphocytic leukemic MOLT-4 cells. Exposure of normal lymphocytes to either 5-10 or 50-100 ng/ml of staurosporine resulted in the preferential accumulation of cells in G1 or G1 and G2 phases of the cell cycle, respectively. In contrast, regardless of the concentration (5-100 ng/ml), staurosporine arrested MOLT-4 cells initially in G2; these cells then initiated additional rounds of DNA replication, without division. Staurosporine (5-100 ng/ml) induced severe changes in the nuclear morphology of MOLT-4 cells, manifested as nuclear elongation, deep invaginations of the nuclear membrane, extensive fragmentation, and micronucleation. At concentrations of 5-10 ng/ml, staurosporine had no apparent effect on the nuclear morphology of normal lymphocytes and at 50-100 ng/ml it produced minor changes in the nuclear shapes of these cells. The data indicate that the kinase(s) involved in the regulation of cell exit from G1 and G2, respectively, in normal and leukemic lymphocytes may have different sensitivities to staurosporine, which suggests that the mechanisms controlling exit from G1 in these cells may be different. In MOLT-4 cells the staurosporine-sensitive kinase(s) appear to also be involved in phosphorylation of nuclear constituents essential for organization of gross chromatin structure. The different response of normal versus leukemic lymphocytes to staurosporine, if confirmed on clinical material, opens new strategies of tumor treatment.