gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship between cognitive function and mastication in elderly females (2003)

In Japan, the elderly population suffering from dementia is rapidly increasing. Several animal studies have indicated a relationship between reduced masticatory function in the elderly subject and cognitive impairment. However, epidemiological studies examining this have been scarce. Using an epidemiological approach, the present study investigated this relationship in 44 females with and 44 without dementia, all aged over 65 years. Age and basic activities of daily living, such as walking, eating, excreting, bathing and dressing, were matched in the two groups. Cognitive impairment of the subjects was measured using the revised Hasegawa Dementia Rating Scale. Masticatory function was assessed in terms of the number of teeth present, maximum bite force, occlusal contact area, and mastication score. The number of teeth present in cognitively normal subjects was significantly higher than in cognitively impaired subjects (P < 0.05). In addition, maximum bite force, occlusal contact area, and mastication scores of cognitively normal subjects were significantly higher than those of cognitively impaired subjects (P < 0.01). These results suggest that masticatory function in the elderly person is associated with cognitive status.
Melanoma-specific cytotoxicity induced by a tyrosinase promoter-enhancer/herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase adenovirus. (1999)

The ability to specifically and efficiently express selected genes in tumor cells is an important goal for cancer gene therapy. Transcriptional targeting of adenovirus to tumor cells, thereby limiting their expression to specific cell types, represents one experimental approach to this problem. We have previously shown that a recombinant adenovirus containing the murine tyrosinase promoter coupled to a dimer of the tyrosinase-enhancer element can target the expression of beta-galactosidase cDNA to melanoma cells. We now report that this same promoter/enhancer cassette can efficiently drive the expression of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene in melanoma cells. Infection of melanoma cells with the AdmTyr-tk virus along with subsequent ganciclovir treatment induces S phase cell cycle arrest associated with a profound change in cell size and morphology. Treated cells remain viable for prolonged periods, but clonogenic assays demonstrate that the cell cycle arrest is irreversible. In contrast, nonmelanoma cells are unaffected by this treatment regimen, exhibiting normal growth kinetics, metabolic activity, and cell cycle progression. The therapeutic efficacy of the AdmTyr-tk virus was tested in vivo using a xenograft model of human melanoma. The injection of the AdmTyr-tk virus into established subcutaneous tumor nodules in combination with systemic ganciclovir administration led to a decreased tumor growth rate and to complete tumor regressions in some cases. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of selectively targeting growth-inhibitory genes to melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo.
MEMS: technology, design, CAD and applications (2003)

Summary form only given. Micromachined electro-mechanical systems(MEMS), also called microfabricated systems (MS), have evoked great interest in the scientific and engineering communities. This is primarily due to several advantages that MEMS offer: orders of magnitude smaller size, better performance than other solutions, possibilities for batch fabrication and cost-effective integration with electronics, virtually zero dc power consumption and potentially large reduction in power consumption, etc. The application domains cover microsensors and actuators for physical quantities (MEMS), of which MEMS for automobile and consumer electronics forms a large segment; microfabricated subsystems for communications and computer systems (RF-MEMS and MOMS); and microfabricated systems for chemical assay (microTAS) and for biochemical and biomedical assay (bioMEMS and DNA chips). This tutorial gives an introduction to these exciting developments and the technology and design approaches for the realization of these integrated systems. The tutorial gives an overview of the area, highlights some of the challenges and outlines the scope of the tutorial. It would be followed with an introduction to the design of microsensors, such as the pressure sensor and the accelerometer, that began the MEMS revolution.
Determination of selected mycotoxins in mould cheeses with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem with mass spectrometry (2005)

A simple and feasible method is described for analysing nine mycotoxins in cheese matrix. The method involves liquid extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of the analytes, and allows the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1, ochratoxin A, mycophenolic acid, penicillic acid and roquefortine C simultaneously. Average recoveries of the mycotoxins from spiked samples at concentration levels of 5-200 microg kg(-1) ranged from 96-143%. Within-day relative standard deviations at these concentration levels varied from 2.3-12.1%. The limit of quantification for aflatoxin M1 was 0.6 microg kg(-1) and for the other compounds 5 microg kg(-1). The method developed was applied for analysing these mycotoxins in blue and white mould cheeses purchased from Finnish supermarkets. Roquefortine C was detected in all of the blue mould cheese samples in concentrations of 0.8-12 mg kg(-1). One blue cheese contained also 0.3 mg kg(-1) mycophenolic acid. The other investigated mycotoxins were absent in the samples.
Body composition changes in marrow transplant recipients receiving total parenteral nutrition (1987)

Nine patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia in remission, aged 12-35 years, undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) were studied for changes in body fluid balance and body composition. Body composition and fluids were assessed the first 4 weeks following BMT, using isotope dilution and anthropometry. Oral and parenteral nutrient intakes were recorded daily. Tracer dilution techniques were used to assess body fluid volumes and estimate body cell, lean body, and body fat masses. Body cell mass was lost (mean -1.62 kg, P less than 0.05) without significant changes in body fat or lean body masses. There was an expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment (mean +0.8 l, P less than 0.05) and a loss in the intracellular fluid compartment (mean -1.3 l, P less than 0.05) with little change in total body water volume. Changes in body weight correlated poorly with body cell mass or fluid volume changes. Change in arm muscle area correlated well with changes in body cell mass (r = 0.61, P less than 0.05) and lean body mass (r = 0.68, P less than 0.05), while that of arm fat area did not reflect its isotope dilution-derived counterpart. Instead, the change in arm fat area was related to shifts in fluid compartments. Prealbumin decreased significantly (mean -9.3 mg/dl, P less than 0.05), while albumin decreased slightly (mean -0.1 mg/dl), and both were related to changes in body cell mass. Nitrogen balance was negative throughout the study and the overall mean was related to the change in body cell mass (r = 0.60, P less than 0.05). Calorie and protein intakes were not associated with the changes in body composition, implying other causal factors.
Promoter effects of adeno-associated viral vector for transgene expression in the cochlea in vivo (2007)

The aims of this study were to evaluate the expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) driven by 6 different promoters, including cytomegalovirus IE enhancer and chicken beta-actin promoter (CAG), cytomegalovirus promoter (CMV), neuron-specific enolase promoter (NSE), myosin 7A promoter (Myo), elongation factor 1alpha promoter (EF-1alpha), and Rous sarcoma virus promoter (RSV), and assess the dose response of CAG promoter to transgene expression in the cochlea. Serotype 1 adeno-associated virus (AAV1) vectors with various constructs were transduced into the cochleae, and the level of EGFP expression was examined. We found the highest EGFP expression in the inner hair cells and other cochlear cells when CAG promoter was used. The CMV and NSE promoter drove the higher EGFP expression, but only a marginal activity was observed in EF-1alpha promoter driven constructs. RSV promoter failed to driven the EGFP expression. Myo promoter driven EGFP was exclusively expressed in the inner hair cells of the cochlea. When driven by CAG promoter, reporter gene expression was detected in inner hair cells at a dose as low as 3x10(7) genome copies, and continued to increase in a dose-dependent manner. Our data showed that individual promoter has different ability to drive reporter gene expression in the cochlear cells. Our results might provide important information with regard to the role of promoters in regulating transgene expression and for the proper design of vectors for gene expression and gene therapy.
Age of differentiation determines rat retinal germinal cell phenotype: induction of differentiation by dissociation (1989)

We are interested in the mechanisms that control cell phenotype during the development of the CNS. Since different neuronal types arise at different times during neurogenesis in the retina, we predicted that the factors that determine cell type must be developmentally regulated as well. To test this hypothesis, we induced retinal germinal cells to differentiate at different ages by dissociating the retina into single cells and culturing them on a variety of substrates. Prior to dissociation, the S-phase germinal cells were labeled with 3H-thymidine so that their fate could be specifically followed. We found that our culture conditions promoted the differentiation of the majority of the germinal cells and that these cells differentiated into different neuronal types depending on the age of the animal from which the retina had been taken; embryonic day 14 germinal cells differentiated primarily into ganglion cells, and never produced rods, while germinal cells from postnatal day 1 retina differentiated into rods, but not ganglion cells. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that temporally regulated factors determine cell phenotype during the development of the retina.
Bioactivities of N‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl) retinamide and retinoyl β‐glucuronide (1996)

N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4HPR) and retinoyl beta-glucuronide (RAG) are two derivatives of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) that show properties both similar to as well as different from their parent compound, RA. Both retinoids possess the important property of showing much-reduced toxicity relative to RA while maintaining significant biological activity. 4HPR, a synthetic derivative, is active in the prevention and treatment of a variety of neoplasms in animals, and by inducing apoptosis, shows growth inhibitory activity against many human tumor cell types in vitro. In humans, 4HPR reduces the incidence of new occurrences of leukoplakia and is currently being tested as a preventive agent for breast cancer. RAG, a naturally occurring metabolite of RA, effectively stimulates the growth of vitamin A-deficient animals, induces the differentiation of epithelial cells in vivo and in vitro, and is effective in the topical treatment of acne in humans. Unlike RA, RAG is nontoxic when applied to the skin and is nonteratogenic when given orally to rats. Possible mechanisms of action of both compounds are discussed. These two derivatives of retinoids show interesting physiologic effects and potentially beneficial pharmacologic actions.
VEGF121, a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Isoform Lacking Heparin Binding Ability, Requires Cell-surface Heparan Sulfates for Efficient Binding to the VEGF Receptors of Human Melanoma Cells (1995)

Four vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) splice variants containing 121, 165, 189, and 206 amino acids are produced from a single human gene as a result of alternative splicing. VEGF121 is not a heparin-binding protein, while the other VEGF species possess heparin binding ability. YU-ZAZ6 human melanoma cells expressed the mRNA encoding the VEGF receptor flt-1, but not the mRNA encoding the VEGF receptor KDR/flk-1. Both VEGF121 and VEGF165 bound to the VEGF receptors of these cells. Unexpectedly, heparin inhibited the binding of VEGF121 as well as the binding of VEGF165 to the VEGF receptors of the melanoma cells. Digestion of the cells with heparinase also inhibited the binding of both VEGF variants. The VEGF165 binding ability of heparinase-digested cells could be partially restored by the addition of exogenous heparin to the binding reaction. In contrast, the addition of heparin to heparinase-digested cells did not restore VEGF121 binding. These results suggest that cell-surface heparan sulfates may regulate the binding ability of the VEGF receptors of the melanoma cells. They also indicate that heparin is not able to fully substitute for cell surface-associated heparan sulfates since VEGF121 binding to the VEGF receptors of heparinase-treated cells is not restored by heparin. These data suggest that changes in the composition of cell-surface heparin-like molecules may differentially affect the interaction of various VEGF isoforms with VEGF receptors.
Resistive Memory Sensing Using Delta-Sigma Modulation (2009)

The design of four resistive memory sensing circuit topologies employing delta-sigma (DeltaSigma) modulation are presented. Operation of the designs and a comparison between simulations and experimentation is given. The designs were fabricated in a 500 nm CMOS process. Measured results indicate that the resistive values ranging from a chosen reference resistance to several hundred kOmega can be sensed reliably.
Properties of the reversible nonoxidative vanillate / 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase fromBacillus subtilis (2008)

Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051) reversibly decarboxylates vanillate and 4-hydroxybenzoate under both aerobic and anoxic conditions. Thus, we have identified on the basis of gene sequence homology with Sedimentibacter hydroxybenzoicus and Streptomyces sp. strain D7, a putative B. subtilis hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase. The native form of this enzyme is encoded by 3 genes yclBCD (GI Sequence Identification Nos.: 2632649, 2632650, 2632651) that we have renamed during this research as bsdBCD to align with existing nomenclature. The bsdD gene is reported in the database to be 690 bp; however, our sequence analysis revealed that the size of this gene is in fact 228 bp, an observation that results in a shortening of YclD (i.e., BsdD) from 229 to 75 aa. The corresponding bsdBCD genes were cloned into Escherichia coli, and the heterologously expressed enzyme was assayed for activity. The decarboxylase exhibited a narrow substrate range, with only 2 of the tested substrates, vanillate (Kmapp = 4 mmol.L-1) and 4-hydroxybenzoate (Kmapp = ~1 mmol.L-1), being decarboxylated. The recombinant enzyme had properties similar to that of the native enzyme in respect to specific activity, kinetic properties, bidirectional decarboxylase-carboxylase activity, oxygen insensitivity, and substrate specificity.
Mediator-lipidomics: databases and search algorithms for PUFA-derived mediators (2005)

Lipid mediators (LMs) derived from PUFAs play important roles in health and disease. Databases and search algorithms are crucial, but currently unavailable, for accurate and prompt analysis of LMs via liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS/MS). A novel algorithm and databases, cognoscitive-contrast-angle algorithm and databases (COCAD), were developed for the identification of LMs based on the integration of standard MS/MS spectra with chromatograms and UV spectra. Segment naming and empirical fragmentation rules were introduced to determine MS/MS ion identities, along with ion intensities used by COCAD in matching the unknown to those of authentic standards. The structures of potential LMs without synthetic and/or authentic products as standards were identified by developing theoretical databases and algorithms based on virtual LC-UV-MS/MS spectra and chromatograms. The performance of these databases and algorithms was tested by identifying LMs in murine tissues. These results indicate that COCAD has many advantages for profiling and identification of LMs compared with the conventional dot-product algorithm.
Formation of Sulfur Aroma Compounds in Reaction Mixtures Containing Cysteine and Three Different Forms of Ribose (2002)

The headspace volatiles produced from buffered and unbuffered cysteine model systems, containing inosine 5'-monophosphate, ribose 5-phosphate, or ribose, were examined by GC-MS. Sulfur compounds dominated the volatiles of all systems and included mercaptoketones, furanthiols, and disulfides. The inosine monophosphate systems produced much lower quantities of volatiles than ribose phosphate or ribose systems. In the systems buffered with phosphate or phthalate buffers, both ribose and ribose phosphate systems gave similar quantities of sulfur volatiles. However, in the absence of buffer, the ribose system was relatively unreactive, especially for volatiles formed via the 2,3-enolization route in the Maillard reaction, where 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone is a key intermediate. A number of keto-enol tautomerisms, which are known to be acid-base-catalyzed, occur in the 2,3-enolization route. This may explain the catalysis of the ribose systems by the buffers. In the ribose phosphate systems, however, Maillard mechanisms probably played a less important role, because ribose 5-phosphate readily dephosphorylated to give 4-hydroxy-5-methyl-3(2H)-furanone on heating and thus provided an easier route to aroma compounds than the Maillard reaction.
Triazines and related products. Part 28. Conversion of 3-aryl-1-(2-cyanophenyl)triazenes into 3-arylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones with formamide (1984)

The thermolysis of 4-anilino-1,2,3-benzotriazines and their precursor 3-aryl-1-(2-cyanophenyl)-triazenes in hot formamide to give 3-arylquinazolin-4(3H)-ones in high yield is described. The reaction cannot be extended to the preparation of 2-alkyl-3-arylquinazolinones. In hot acetamide–diglyme 4-(4-nitroanilino)-1,2,3-benzotriazine (5c) gives a high yield of the 3-substituted 4-(4-nitrophenylimino)-3,4-dihydro-1,2,3-benzotriazine (11c).
Activation of Tumor-specific CD4+ T Lymphocytes by Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Tumor Cell Vaccines (2004)

Mouse tumor cells transfected with syngeneic MHC class II and costimulatory molecule genes are therapeutic vaccines in mice, provided they do not coexpress the class II-associated invariant chain (Ii). We demonstrated previously that the vaccine cells present tumor peptides via the endogenous antigen presentation pathway to activate CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Because of their efficacy in mice, we are translating this vaccine strategy for clinical use. To obtain MHC class II(+)CD80(+)Ii(-) human tumor cells, we developed retroviruses encoding HLA-DR and CD80. The HLA-DR virus encodes the DRalpha and DRbeta0101 chains using an internal ribosomal entry site to coordinate expression. SUM159PT mammary carcinoma and Mel 202 ocular melanoma cells transduced with the retroviruses DRB1/CD80 express high levels of DRB0101 and CD80 on the cell surface in the absence of Ii. Irradiated SUM159PT/DR1/CD80 vaccines stimulate proliferation of non-HLA-DRB0101 peripheral blood mononuclear cells and present an exogenous DR1-restricted tetanus toxoid (TT) peptide, indicating that the transduced DRB0101 is functional. SUM159PT/DR1/CD80 vaccines were further transduced with a retrovirus encoding the TT fragment C gene, as a model tumor antigen. These cells stimulate IFN-gamma release from TT-primed human DRB0101 peripheral blood mononuclear cells, demonstrating their ability to present "endogenous" tumor antigen. Depletion and antibody blocking experiments confirm that MHC class II-restricted, endogenously synthesized epitopes are presented to CD4(+) T cells. Therefore, the MHC class II vaccines are efficient antigen-presenting cells that activate tumor-specific MHC class II-restricted, CD4(+) T lymphocytes, and they are a novel and potential immunotherapeutic for metastatic cancers.
Characterization of gp41 as the Transmembrane Protein Coded by the HTLV-III/LAV Envelope Gene (1985)

Radiolabeled amino acid sequencing was used to characterize gp41, an antigen of HTLV-III/LAV, the virus believed to be the etiological agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. This antigen is the one most commonly detected in immunoblot assays by sera of patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) and other individuals infected with HTLV-III/LAV. A mouse monoclonal antibody that was reactive with gp41 precipitated a 160-kilodalton protein (gp160) in addition to gp41, but did not precipitate a 120-kilodalton protein (gp120) from extracts of metabolically labeled cells producing HTLV-III. Extracts of infected cells that had been labeled with tritiated leucine or isoleucine were immunoprecipitated with the monoclonal antibody. The immunoprecipitates were fractionated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the p41 was eluted from the gel bands and subjected to amino-terminal radiolabeled amino acid sequencing by the semiautomated Edman degradation. Leucine residues occurred in cycles 7, 9, 12, 26, 33, and 34 among 40 cycles and isoleucine occurred in cycle 4 among 24 cycles analyzed. Comparison of the data with the deduced amino acid sequence of the env gene product of HTLV-III precisely placed gp41 in the COOH-terminal region of the env gene product. Gp160 is thus the primary env gene product and it is processed into gp120 and gp41.
Applications of Magnetoresistive Sensors in Navigation Systems (1997)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Most navigation systems today use some type of compass to determine heading direction. Using the earth's magnetic field, electronic compasses based on magnetoresistive (MR) sensors can electrically resolve better than 0.1 degree rotation. Discussion of a simple 8-point compass will be described using MR sensors. Methods for building a one degree compass using MR sensors will also be discussed. Compensation techniques are shown to correct for compass tilt angles and nearby ferrous material disturbances.&lt;/div&gt;
Influence of barrier thickness on the high-power performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs (2001)

The dependence of current slump in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on the thickness of the AlGaN barrier was observed. Power measurements on a 2×125×0.3 μm AlGaN/GaN HEMT made on Silicon Carbide (SiC) substrates with an AlGaN thickness of 10 nm gave a saturated output power of 1.23 W/mm at 8 GHz whereas a device with the same dimensions fabricated on samples with an AlGaN barrier of 20 nm gave a saturated output power of 2.65 W/mm at the same frequency. RF load line measurements clearly show the reduction of RF full channel current as compared to dc full channel current and the increase in the RF knee voltage compared to the dc knee voltage, with the effect being more pronounced in thin barrier samples. Passivation improved the large signal performance of these devices. A 1×150×0.3 μm transistor made on AlGaN(20 nm)/GaN structure gave a saturated output power of 10.7 W/mm (40% power added efficiency) at 10 GHz after passivation. This represents the state of the art microwave power density for AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. Heating of the transistors during high-power operation of these devices becomes the important factor in limiting their performance after passivation.