gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Brush Cathode Plasma—A Well-Behaved Plasma (1965)

Results of probe, spectroscopic, and microwave studies are used to describe properties of a novel cold-cathode discharge. The use of a brush cathode allows stable operation in the abnormal glow region where some of the usual cold-cathode mechanisms are greatly exaggerated and determine the features of the produced plasma. The cathode fall is about an order of magnitude larger than for the corresponding normal cold cathode. The brush cathode generates a uniform electron beam in the energy range 1 to 10 kV and a corresponding negative glow with a longitudinal dimension (reaching distance of the beam) one to two orders of magnitude larger than for the normal cathode glow. The large dimensions of the negative glow and the fact that it is well-behaved (no instabilities and no striations) make it ideal for a whole series of investigations in plasma physics and spectroscopy. The electron density in the helium plasma is in the range 1010 to 1014 cm−3, the electron temperature in the range 0.05 to 0.10 eV. The negative glow is beam generated (essentially field free) and recombination dominated making it a practically uniform plasma ideal for the study of rate and transport coefficients. Preliminary measurements of the particle balance give a recombination rate of 5×10−10 cm3 sec−1 at 1100°K and an electron density of 3×1012 cm−3 in agreement with the collisional-radiative recombination theory developed by Bates, Kingston, and McWhirter. The recombination light emitted by the plasma is sufficiently strong to make spectroscopic methods useful for measurements of the electron density and the electron temperature. Lines in the helium series 2s3S—np3P0 are observed up to the quantum level n=30.
SEP-363856, a Novel Psychotropic Agent with a Unique, Non-D2 Receptor Mechanism of Action (2019)

For the past 50 years, the clinical efficacy of antipsychotic medications has relied on blockade of dopamine D<sub>2</sub> receptors. Drug development of non-D<sub>2</sub> compounds, seeking to avoid the limiting side effects of dopamine receptor blockade, has failed to date to yield new medicines for patients. In this work, we report the discovery of SEP-363856 (SEP-856), a novel psychotropic agent with a unique mechanism of action. SEP-856 was discovered in a medicinal chemistry effort utilizing a high throughput, high content, mouse-behavior phenotyping platform, in combination with in vitro screening, aimed at developing non-D<sub>2</sub> (anti-target) compounds that could nevertheless retain efficacy across multiple animal models sensitive to D<sub>2</sub>-based pharmacological mechanisms. SEP-856 demonstrated broad efficacy in putative rodent models relating to aspects of schizophrenia, including phencyclidine (PCP)-induced hyperactivity, prepulse inhibition, and PCP-induced deficits in social interaction. In addition to its favorable pharmacokinetic properties, lack of D<sub>2</sub> receptor occupancy, and the absence of catalepsy, SEP-856's broad profile was further highlighted by its robust suppression of rapid eye movement sleep in rats. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, in vitro and in vivo pharmacology data as well as slice and in vivo electrophysiology recordings suggest that agonism at both trace amine-associated receptor 1 and 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors is integral to its efficacy. Based on the preclinical data and its unique mechanism of action, SEP-856 is a promising new agent for the treatment of schizophrenia and represents a new pharmacological class expected to lack the side effects stemming from blockade of D<sub>2</sub> signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Since the discovery of chlorpromazine in the 1950s, the clinical efficacy of antipsychotic medications has relied on blockade of dopamine D<sub>2</sub> receptors, which is associated with substantial side effects and little to no efficacy in treating the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. In this study, we describe the discovery and pharmacology of SEP-363856, a novel psychotropic agent that does not exert its antipsychotic-like effects through direct interaction with D<sub>2</sub> receptors. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, our data suggest that agonism at both trace amine-associated receptor 1 and 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptors is integral to its efficacy. Based on its unique profile in preclinical species, SEP-363856 represents a promising candidate for the treatment of schizophrenia and potentially other neuropsychiatric disorders.
The regulation of autophagy – unanswered questions (2010)

Autophagy is an intracellular lysosomal (vacuolar) degradation process that is characterized by the formation of double-membrane vesicles, known as autophagosomes, which sequester cytoplasm. As autophagy is involved in cell growth, survival, development and death, the levels of autophagy must be properly regulated, as indicated by the fact that dysregulated autophagy has been linked to many human pathophysiologies, such as cancer, myopathies, neurodegeneration, heart and liver diseases, and gastrointestinal disorders. Substantial progress has recently been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the autophagy machinery, and in the regulation of autophagy. However, many unanswered questions remain, such as how the Atg1 complex is activated and the function of PtdIns3K is regulated, how the ubiquitin-like conjugation systems participate in autophagy and the mechanisms of phagophore expansion and autophagosome formation, how the network of TOR signaling pathways regulating autophagy are controlled, and what the underlying mechanisms are for the pro-cell survival and the pro-cell death effects of autophagy. As several recent reviews have comprehensively summarized the recent progress in the regulation of autophagy, we focus in this Commentary on the main unresolved questions in this field.
Local drug delivery: Impact of pressure, substance characteristics, and stenting on drug transfer into the arterial wall (1999)

Injection parameters for local drug delivery are frequently determined by studies with marker substances. However, the pharmacologic properties of the actual drug may influence delivery efficiency and lead to different results. Aim of this study was to assess the delivery capacities of two device-drug combinations in order to verify this approach for further in vivo studies. Tritiated (3H) preparations (5 ml) of the hydrophylic low-molecular-weight heparin reviparin and the lipophilic taxane paclitaxel were injected into the left anterior descending artery of freshly explanted porcine hearts with the Infusasleeve II catheter system. A balloon support pressure of 6 atm and infusion pressures of 40, 60, 80, or 100 psi were used. In three additional groups, reviparin was injected following stent implantation and paclitaxel was injected prior to or following stent implantation. Arteries along with surrounding myocardium were harvested. The artery was carefully dissected, and artery and myocardium were separately homogenized, and activity was measured. Of the totally delivered activity, 0.09%+/-0.03% (40 psi) to 0.17%+/-0.13% (100 psi) of reviparin and 2.03%+/-0.67% (60 psi) to 2.68%+/-1.57% (100 psi) of paclitaxel were found in the vessel wall. The results for different injection pressures were not significantly different for either drug. The percentage activity delivered to the vessel wall was substantially larger in the paclitaxel group as compared to reviparin delivery (P < 0.01 at 60, 80, and 100 psi). The mean concentration of reviparin in the artery was 20 to 33 times higher than in the myocardium. For paclitaxel the factors were 110 to 243. Stent implantation prior to or following local delivery did not result in a different delivery efficiency. The results demonstrate that the characteristics of the delivered drug contribute largely to the delivery efficiency. Using identical injection parameters, drug concentrations in the arterial wall were significantly higher for the lipophilic paclitaxel as compared to the hydrophilic reviparin. Stenting of the artery did not influence delivery efficiency.
Characterization, sequence determination, and immunogenicity of a 64-kilodalton protein of Mycobacterium bovis BCG expressed in escherichia coli K-12 (1987)

We report the DNA sequence of a previously cloned Mycobacterium bovis BCG gene encoding an immunogenic 64-kilodalton protein. This protein, MbaA, was purified from overproducing Escherichia coli K-12 cells, and the presence of antibodies to MbaA in human sera was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In about 80% of serum samples from tuberculosis patients and in about 60% of samples from BCG-vaccinated individuals, significant levels of anti-MbaA antibodies were found. Surprisingly, in about 30% of the control serum samples obtained from children, anti-MbaA antibodies were also observed. Guinea pigs sensitized with M. bovis BCG or MbaA showed a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction after challenge with purified MbaA, supporting the previously observed strong reactivity of human T-cell clones with this, for mycobacteria, common antigen.
Development of a Three-Dimensional Euler Solver for Analysis of Basic Contraction Flow (1997)

The three-dimensional Euler equations are solved numerically for the analysis of contraction flows in wind or water tunnels. A second-order finite difference method is used for the spatial discretization on the nonstaggered grid system and the 4-stage Runge-Kutta scheme for the numerical integration in time. In order to speed up the convergence, the local time stepping and the implicit residual-averaging schemes are introduced. The pressure field is obtained by solving the pressure-Poisson equation with the Neumann boundary condition. For the evaluation of the present Euler solver, numerical computations are carried out for three contraction geometries, one of which was adopted in the Large Cavitation Channel for the U.S. Navy. The comparison of the computational results with the available experimental data shows good agreement
Investigation of SAGD Recovery Process in Complex Reservoir (2010)

Abstract Alberta's oil sands deposits, with an estimated 1.7 trillion barrels of bitumen in place, account for approximately 40% of the world's bitumen resource. And steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) has opened the door to produce a large number of bitumen reservoirs in Canada. The success of SAGD has been mostly demonstrated by numerical simulation with homogeneous reservoir models. But, this process is very sensitive to reservoir heterogeneities; therefore, it is urgent and necessary to have a comprehensive understanding of the effects of reservoir heterogeneities on SAGD performance for wider and more successful implementation. This study presented a numerical investigation for evaluating the potential applicability of SAGD recovery process under complex reservoir conditions such as shale barriers, thief zones with bottom and/or top water layers, overlying gas cap and fracture systems in McMurray formation. In order to achieve the general vision and overcome some limitations in literature, these are of factors were evaluated in both individual and simultaneous case studies. Bitumen recovery, average oil production rate, and cumulative steam-oil ratio obtained from thermal simulation were the three main parameters used for evaluation of the attractiveness of bitumen recovery operations. The simulation results indicated that the near well regions are very sensitivity with shale layers and only long, continuous shale barriers (larger than 50m or 25%) can effect to SAGD performance at the above well regions. Besides that, the thief zones have a strongly detrimental effect on SAGD. The results also proved that SAGD recovery process enhanced in the presence of vertical fractures but horizontal fractures were harmful on the recovery. Fracture spacing was not a very important parameter in the performance of steam process in fractured models and the increasing of horizontal fractures extension will reduce ultimate oil recovery in SAGD process. This paper is a worthy guideline for SAGD operations in complex geological reservoirs.
Comparison and Correlation of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup B Immunologic Assay Results and Human Antibody Responses following Three Doses of the Norwegian Meningococcal Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine MenBvac (2006)

The prediction of efficacy of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) vaccines is currently hindered due to the lack of an appropriate correlate of protection. For outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines, immunogenicity has primarily been determined by the serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assay and OMV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, the opsonophagocytic assay (OPA), surface labeling assay, whole blood assay (WBA), and salivary antibody ELISA have been developed although correlation with protection is presently undetermined. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate further the usefulness of, and relationships between, MenB immunologic assays. A phase II trial of the OMV vaccine, MenBvac, with proven efficacy was initiated to compare immunologic assays incorporating the vaccine and six heterologous strains. Correlations were achieved between the SBA assay, OMV ELISA, and OPA using human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and human complement but not between an OPA using HL60 phagocytic cells and baby rabbit complement. Correlations between the surface labeling assay, the SBA assay, and the OMV ELISA were promising, although target strain dependent. Correlations between the salivary antibody ELISA and other assays were poor. Correlations to the WBA were prevented since many samples had results greater than the range of the assay. The study confirmed the immunogenicity and benefit of a third dose of MenBvac against the homologous vaccine strain using a variety of immunologic assays. These results emphasize the need for standardized methodologies that would allow a more robust comparison of assays between laboratories and promote their further evaluation as correlates of protection against MenB disease.
Refractive Eye Surgery: Helping Patients Make Informed Decisions About LASIK. (2017)

A variety of refractive surgery techniques, which reshape the corneal stroma using laser energy, have been marketed as simple and safe alternatives to glasses or contact lenses. Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) is the most common of these procedures. Although there are few high-quality prospective studies of long-term outcomes, complications, or stability for refractive surgery procedures, there is at least general agreement that more than 90% of appropriately selected patients achieve excellent uncorrected distance vision. In addition to well-recognized contraindications (e.g., unstable refraction, pregnancy and lactation, chronic eye disease, systemic illness, corneal abnormalities), there are other conditions that warrant caution (e.g., excessively dry eyes, contact lens intolerance, chronic pain syndromes). Postoperative dry eye, which may in part represent a corneal neuropathy, usually resolves after six to 12 months but persists in up to 20% of patients. Up to 20% of patients may have new visual disturbances, particularly with night driving. Vision-threatening complications are rare. Intraocular lenses, implanted following cataract extraction, may be an alternative to LASIK in older patients. Although the overall dependence on corrective lenses is markedly reduced, many patients still require glasses or contact lenses after LASIK, particularly in low-light conditions and as they age. Most patients report satisfaction with the results. Family physicians can help patients make informed decisions by exploring their values, preferences, expectations, and tolerance of uncertainty and risk.
Fat Transport in Lipoproteins — An Integrated Approach to Mechanisms and Disorders (1967)

THE subjects of this review are the plasma lipoproteins, their structure and functions and the ways in which they are disordered in certain diseases. The intent is not to discuss lipoproteins for their own sake, however, but to exploit their potential for illuminating the common and often frustrating clinical problem of hyperlipidemia. The finding of an abnormal concentration in plasma of cholesterol, glycerides or a given class of the lipoproteins often raises questions of cause and relief that have no certain answer. These will not necessarily be forthcoming in this report. What will be attempted is the reduction of current . . .
ELECTROACTIVE FABRICS AND WEARABLE BIOMONITORING DEVICES (2003)

Abstract The implementation of truly wearable, instrumented garments which are capable of recording biomechanical variables is crucial in several fields of application, from multimedia to rehabilitation, from sport to artistic fields. In this paper we discuss wearable devices (a smart shirt, a leotard and a glove) which can read and record the vital signs and movements of a subject wearing the system. The sensing function of the garments is based on piezo-resistive fabric sensors, based on carbon-loaded rubbers (CLR) and different conductive materials.
A 3D State Space Formulation of a Navigation Kalman Filter for Autonomous Vehicles (1994)

Abstract : The Kalman Filter has many applications in mobile robotics ranging from perception, to position estimation, to control. This report formulates a navigation Kalman Filter. That is, one which estimates the position of autonomous vehicles. The filter is developed according-to the state space formulation of Kalman's original papers. The state space formulation is particularly appropriate for the problem of vehicle position estimation. This filter formulation is fairly general. This generality is possible because the problem has been addressed
Electrochemistry at Nanometer-Scaled Electrodes (2005)

Advances in the fabrication of nanometer-scaled electrodes during the past decade have created a number of exciting opportunities in both physical chemistry and analytical measurements. This article describes how Pt electrodes of nanometer dimensions are synthesized and characterized in a chemical laboratory. A few examples of their applications in fundamental studies of electron-transfer mechanisms and in analytical chemistry are presented. Examples include investigations of the dependence of electron-transfer kinetics and molecular diffusion on interfacial electric fields and electrochemical detection of very small quantities of a redox-active species (zeptomole detection). The concept of comparing the electrode size to the length scales of various microscopic structures (e.g., the double layer) and chemical steps that define electrochemical reactions is emphasized. This approach allows students to understand why new phenomena appear as the electrode size is reduced to the nanometer scale. A brief overview of literature describing electrochemical experimentation with nanometer-scaled electrodes is also included.
Immunodominant antigens recognized by the human immune response to infection by organisms of the species Leptospira interrogans serogroup Australis (1992)

Serum samples from patients infected by organisms of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Australis were tested by Western blot to determine the nature of major antigens that are involved in the immune response. Although there was some patient-to-patient variability, immunodominant genus-specific antigens were found to be proteins of apparent molecular ratio 68, 46 and 35-kDa, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sub-units in the 35–14-kDa region. Serogroup epitopes specific for Australis were exclusively saccharides of about 32 and 24 kDa: a serovar-specific antigen for serovar lora was of 38–40 kDa and behaved like a protein. Antibodies to the LPS serogroup-specific antigens and to the 38–40 kDa protein were long-lasting and consequently suggest that these immunodominant epitopes are important in resistance to re-infection.
Synthesis of 2‘-Amino-LNA:  A Novel Conformationally Restricted High-Affinity Oligonucleotide Analogue with a Handle (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTSynthesis of 2'-Amino-LNA: A Novel Conformationally Restricted High-Affinity Oligonucleotide Analogue with a HandleSanjay K. Singh, Ravindra Kumar, and Jesper WengelView Author Information Center for Synthetic Bioorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 26, 10035–10039Publication Date (Web):November 26, 1998Publication History Received23 July 1998Published online26 November 1998Published inissue 1 December 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo9814445https://doi.org/10.1021/jo9814445brief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1161Altmetric-Citations122LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Genetics,Monomers,Nucleic acids,Oligomerization,Reaction products Get e-Alerts
Practical management issues for the Helicobacter pylori‐infected patient at risk of gastric cancer (1998)

The public health implications of H. pylori infection are considerable in view of the universality of the infection and its attributable risk in cancer causation. Education of the population as to hygiene and nutrition are prerequisites. Total testing/screening and treatment of the infected population, although cost-effective, appears impractical given the current costs of effective antimicrobial treatment, difficulties with compliance, possibilities of side-effects and especially induction of resistance, and the potential for re-infection. A useful vaccine, probably the best hope, is years away from clinical applicability. Current recommendations focus on a selective test and treatment approach which concentrates on asymptomatic individuals at enhanced risk (gastric cancer families; recognized premalignant lesions such as atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, adenomatous polyps); (hypo)achlorhydria, spontaneous or drug-induced; immunodeficiency; ethnic groups; individual demand and wishes. Clinicians will need to establish their individual set of guidelines regarding 'test and treat' of asymptomatic individuals until the outcome of desperately needed clinical trials becomes available.