gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Topical Tretinoin (Retinoic Acid) Treatment for Liver Spots Associated with Photodamage (1992)

Topical 0.1 percent tretinoin significantly improves both clinical and microscopical manifestations of liver spots; these lesions do not return for at least six months after therapy is discontinued.
Lipotoxicity Causes Multisystem Organ Failure and Exacerbates Acute Pancreatitis in Obesity (2011)

Obesity increases the risk of adverse outcomes during acute critical illnesses such as burns, severe trauma, and acute pancreatitis. Although individuals with more body fat and higher serum cytokines and lipase are more likely to experience problems, the roles that these characteristics play are not clear. We used severe acute pancreatitis as a representative disease to investigate the effects of obesity on local organ function and systemic processes. In obese humans, we found that an increase in the volume of intrapancreatic adipocytes was associated with more extensive pancreatic necrosis during acute pancreatitis and that acute pancreatitis was associated with multisystem organ failure in obese individuals. In vitro studies of pancreatic acinar cells showed that unsaturated fatty acids were proinflammatory, releasing intracellular calcium, inhibiting mitochondrial complexes I and V, and causing necrosis. Saturated fatty acids had no such effects. Inhibition of lipolysis in obese (ob/ob) mice with induced pancreatitis prevented a rise in serum unsaturated fatty acids and prevented renal injury, lung injury, systemic inflammation, hypocalcemia, reduced pancreatic necrosis, and mortality. Thus, therapeutic approaches that target unsaturated fatty acid-mediated lipotoxicity may reduce adverse outcomes in obese patients with critical illnesses such as severe acute pancreatitis.
Toward multistandard mobile terminals - fully integrated receivers requirements and architectures (2005)

In the recent past, there has been an evolution in wireless communications toward multifunctions and multistandard mobile terminals. Reducing the number of external components to a minimum is key when the same mobile terminal has to process several different standards. Highly integrated solutions in low-cost silicon technologies are thus required. Zero-IF and low-IF receiver architectures are most suitable for a high level of integration. This paper presents a review of global system for mobile communications, universal mobile telecommunication system, Bluetooth, and wireless local area network (IEEE802.11a, b, g and HiperLAN2) standards, likely to all be present in the "universal" terminal of the future, enabling global roaming and wireless connectivity. The various standards are analyzed in order to find the optimal architecture and the building-block specifications for the receive section, with particular care to the RF front-end. State-of-the-art solutions are discussed, with emphasis on direct conversion CMOS implementations. A multistandard architecture for a fully-integrated CMOS receiver is proposed.
Combined effects of exonic polymorphisms in CRHR1 and AVPR1B genes in a case/control study for panic disorder (2008)

Accumulating evidence from animal studies suggests that the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) neuropeptide systems, contribute to anxiety behavior. To investigate whether polymorphisms in the genes regulating these two systems may alter susceptibility to anxiety disorders in humans, we genotyped 71 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CRH, CRHR1, CRHR2, AVP, AVPR1A, AVPR1B in a German sample from Munich with patients suffering from panic disorder and matched healthy controls (n = 186/n = 299). Significant associations were then replicated in a second German sample with 173 patients with panic disorder and 495 controls. In both samples separately and the combined sample, SNPs within CHRH1 and AVPR1B were nominally associated with panic disorder. We then tested two locus multiplicative and interaction effects of polymorphisms of these two genes on panic disorder. Fifteen SNP pairs showed significant multiplicative effects in both samples. The SNP pair with the most significant association in the combined sample (P = 0.00057), which withstood correction for multiple testing, was rs878886 in CRHR1 and rs28632197 in AVPR1B. Both SNPs are of potential functional relevance as rs878886 is located in the 3' untranslated region of the CRHR1 and rs28632197 leads to an arginine to histidine amino acid exchange at position 364 of AVPR1B which is located in the intracellular C-terminal domain of the receptor. These data suggest that polymorphisms in the AVPR1B and the CRHR1 genes alter the susceptibility to panic disorder.
4 Homing Endonucleases (1993)

I. INTRODUCTION Homing endonucleases are a group of enzymes whose catalytic activity results in self-propagation. The sequences that code for these endonucleases usually interrupt genes by localizing as open reading frames in introns or as inframe spacers in protein-coding sequences. The target of a homing endonuclease is its cognate intronless or spacerless allele. The endonuclease initiates a DNA mobility or “homing” event by making a double-strand cut in its target. Repair of the cleaved allele results in the conversion of this gene to the interrupted endonuclease-encoding form. Homing endonucleases are widespread, found in all three kingdoms and in a range of genetic environments, which include mitochondrial, chloroplast, nuclear, and bacteriophage genomes (Table 1). Although the discovery of these endonucleases is recent, genetic consequences attributable to their presence have been observed for some time (see Fig. 1) We review here the history and general properties of homing endonucleases, point out both similarities and differences among the individual enzymes, and address the evolutionary implications of endonuclease gene mobility. II. HISTORIC REVIEW In 1970, the unidirectional transfer of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetic marker, termed omega (ω), from ω + to ω − yeast strains, was reported (Coen et al. 1970), sparking a great deal of interest regarding the role of nonreciprocal recombination in yeast mitochondrial genetics. With the discovery of restriction enzymes and the introduction of advanced molecular techniques, the ω locus was mapped to an intron in the mitochondrial large ribosomal RNA gene (L-rRNA gene) (Dujon and Michel 1976; Bos et al. 1978; Heyting...
RNA Interference — A New Weapon against HIV and Beyond (2002)

A recently discovered type of RNA, small interfering RNA, silences messenger RNA (the transcript of an active gene) by binding to specific sequences in the messenger RNA. Small interfering RNAs can block the replication of HIV in vitro by triggering the degradation of specific viral messenger RNAs. This work reveals new possibilities for controlling not only HIV infection but also the growth of cancer cells.
Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to Lidocaine (2003)

Delayed-type hypersensitivity to lidocaine may occur more frequently than previously thought. In cases of suspected lidocaine contact type IV sensitivity, patients should be patch tested to lidocaine. Positive patch test reactions should be confirmed by intradermal challenge with lidocaine. To provide the patient with alternative local anesthetics, patch testing should be performed with other injectable anesthetics. If positive patch test results occur, intradermal testing should follow.
A Review of Antioxidants and Alzheimer's Disease (2005)

While the clinical value of antioxidants for the prevention of AD is often ambiguous, some can be recommended based upon: 1) epidemiological evidence, 2) known benefits for prevention of other maladies, and 3) benign nature of the substance. Long-term, prospective studies are recommended.
Antibodies to the Core Protein of Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus (LAV) in Patients with AIDS (1984)

Lymphadenopathy-associated virus ( LAV ), a human T- lymphotrophic retrovirus isolated from a homosexual man with lymphadenopathy, has been causally associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A sensitive and specific radioimmunoprecipitation test was developed for the detection of antibodies to the major core protein of LAV , p25 (molecular weight 25,000). Antibody to LAV p25 was found in the serum of 51 of 125 AIDS patients, 81 of 113 patients with lymphadenopathy syndrome, 0 of 70 workers at the Centers for Disease Control (some of whom had handled specimens from AIDS patients), and 0 of 189 random blood donors. Of a group of 100 homosexual men from San Francisco whose serum was obtained in 1978, only one had antibody to LAV p25; in contrast, of a group of 50 homosexual men in the same community whose serum was obtained in 1984, 12 had antibodies to LAV p25.
Absence of food effects on the pharmacokinetics of terfenadine (1992)

Administration of terfenadine (Seldane) immediately after a high fat breakfast slightly affects the rate but not the extent of absorption relative to fasting administration. Mean peak levels of the active metabolite were increased by 13 per cent but delayed by 0.9 h while AUC was virtually the same as when terfenadine was administered while fasting. Changes in rate of absorption may be due to delayed gastric emptying and more rapid terfenadine solubilization. In any case, these rate differences are unlikely to be clinically important in the absence of differences in extent of absorption.
Germanium photodetectors for silicon microphotonics (2001)

We show that the direct epitaxial growth of Ge on Si is a viable technology for the integration of near-infrared photodetectors on Si for Si microphotonics. This conclusion is based on a study of the electronic properties of threading-dislocations in p-n junction and an experimental demonstration of the performance of Ge p-i-n photodiode made from Ge grown directly on Si. At 1.3 Î1⁄4m, we measured a responsivity of 550 mA/W. With the addition of SiO2 anti-reflection coating, we measured a maximum external responsivity of 770 mA/W.
Human Airway Epithelia Express a β-Defensin (1997)

Recent evidence suggests that the surface fluid secreted by human airway epithelial cells contains antimicrobial activity. The identification of the factor(s) responsible for the antibacterial activity in airway surface fluid may bring new insights into lung defense mechanisms and the pathogenesis of disease. Defensins are small cationic peptides with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and are therefore candidates for the bacterial killing factor in airway surface fluid. They are produced in mucosal epithelia and neutrophils of several species. To date no defensins have been isolated from human airway epithelia; however, such peptides are produced by bovine airway epithelia. A cDNA fragment for a human beta-defensin-1 (hBD-1) was recently cloned from the kidney. We cloned the full-length coding sequence for hBD-1 from human airway epithelia. The amino acid sequence for hBD-1 shared homology with the signal/propiece and mature peptides of other beta-defensins, including bovine tracheal antimicrobial peptide and lingual antimicrobial peptide. By Northern analysis, a single approximately 400-nt hBD-1 transcript was expressed in airway epithelia. Ribonuclease protection analysis demonstrated that hBD-1 transcripts were more abundant in the conducting airways than the gas exchange regions of human lung and that the expression was developmentally regulated. Human beta-defensin-1 may contribute to the antimicrobial activity of airway surface fluid and play a role in the mucosal defenses of the lung.
Efficient and Stereoselective Nitration of Mono- and Disubstituted Olefins with AgNO2 and TEMPO (2013)

Nitroolefin is a common and versatile reagent. Its synthesis from olefin is generally limited by the formation of mixture of cis and trans compounds. Here we report that silver nitrite (AgNO2) along with TEMPO can promote the regio- and stereoselective nitration of a broad range of olefins. This work discloses a new and efficient approach wherein starting from olefin, nitroalkane radical formation and subsequent transformations lead to the desired nitroolefin in a stereoselective manner.
Psychometric evaluation of the Major Depression Inventory (MDI) as depression severity scale using the LEAD (Longitudinal Expert Assessment of All Data) as index of validity (2015)

Martiny et al. Acta Psychiatr Scand 112:117-25, 2005: None - due to trial commencement date. Straaso et al. Acta Neuropsychiatr 26:272-9; 2014: ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT01353092 .
The toxicology of chromium with respect to its chemical speciation: A review (1993)

The properties of trivalent and hexavalent chromium are reviewed with respect to acute and chronic oral toxicity, dermal toxicity, systemic toxicity, toxicokinetics, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The hexavalent chromium compounds appear to be 10-100 times more toxic than the trivalent chromium compounds when both are administered by the oral route. Dermal irritancy and allergy are more frequently caused by contact with soluble hexavalent chromium compounds. The cytotoxicity of soluble and insoluble hexavalent chromium compounds to fibroblasts is 100-1000 times greater than that demonstrated by trivalent chromium compounds. In short-term tests, the hexavalent chromium compounds demonstrated genotoxic effects four times more frequently than did the trivalent chromium compounds. Carcinogenicity appears to be associated with the inhalation of the less soluble/insoluble hexavalent chromium compounds. The toxicology of chromium does not reside with the elemental form. It varies greatly among a wide variety of very different chromium compounds. Oxidation state and solubility are particularly important factors in considering the toxicity of chromium with respect to its chemical speciation.
Involvement of u‐PA in the anti‐apoptotic activity of TGFβ for vascular smooth muscle cells (1997)

Previous studies suggest a role for the plasminogen or fibrinolytic system in the activation of latent-transforming growth beta (L-TGFbeta) into active TGFbeta. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic activity of TGFbeta on cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) isolated from the aorta of transgenic mice with single inactivation of genes encoding the tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA(-/-)), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA(-/-)), urokinase receptor (u-PAR(-/-)) or plasminogen (Plg(-/-)) genes was examined. Latent-TGFbeta inhibited serum deprivation-induced apoptosis of SMC isolated from wild-type and t-PA(-/-) mice but failed to reduce apoptosis of SMC isolated from u-PA(-/-), u-PAR(-/-) or Plg(-/-) mice. Active TGFbeta, however, was able to inhibit serum deprivation-induced apoptosis of these 5 cell types, indicating that u-PA and/or plasmin were involved in the activation of L-TGFbeta. The anti-apoptotic effect of L-TGFbeta could not be evoked by addition of exogenous t-PA to u-PA(-/-) cells, but was revealed by addition of exogenous u-PA or plasmin. This effect was dependent on the catalytic activity of plasmin as revealed by the dose-dependent inhibition of aprotinin or epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA). These results therefore indicate that, at least in vitro, u-PA-mediated plasmin, through the generation of active TGFbeta from L-TGFbeta, is required for the anti-apoptotic activity of TGFbeta on SMC.
Strong and Reversible Binding of Carbon Dioxide in a Green Metal–Organic Framework (2011)

The efficient capture and storage of gaseous CO(2) is a pressing environmental problem. Although porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been shown to be very effective at adsorbing CO(2) selectively by dint of dipole-quadruple interactions and/or ligation to open metal sites, the gas is not usually trapped covalently. Furthermore, the vast majority of these MOFs are fabricated from nonrenewable materials, often in the presence of harmful solvents, most of which are derived from petrochemical sources. Herein we report the highly selective adsorption of CO(2) by CD-MOF-2, a recently described green MOF consisting of the renewable cyclic oligosaccharide γ-cyclodextrin and RbOH, by what is believed to be reversible carbon fixation involving carbonate formation and decomposition at room temperature. The process was monitored by solid-state (13)C NMR spectroscopy as well as colorimetrically after a pH indicator was incorporated into CD-MOF-2 to signal the formation of carbonic acid functions within the nanoporous extended framework.
A Convenient Differential Protection Strategy for Functional Group Manipulation of Aspartic and Glutamic Acids (1989)

Procedures are provided for selective protection of the α-carboxyl groups of aspartic and glutamic acids via the 5-oxazolidinones 2. A convenient synthesis of a differentially protected derivative of (S)-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid, 3, is described, along with examples of selective manipulation of the γ-carboxyl group of glutamic acid.
Identification of prolyl carboxypeptidase as an alternative enzyme for processing of renal angiotensin II using mass spectrometry (2013)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) catalyzes conversion of ANG II to ANG-(1-7). The present study uses newly established proteomic approaches and genetic mouse models to examine the contribution of alternative renal peptidases to ACE2-independent formation of ANG-(1-7). In situ and in vitro mass spectrometric characterization showed that substrate concentration and pH control renal ANG II processing. At pH ≥6, ANG-(1-7) formation was significantly reduced in ACE2 knockout (KO) mice. However, at pH <6, formation of ANG-(1-7) in ACE2 KO mice was similar to that in wild-type (WT) mice, suggesting alternative peptidases for renal ANG II processing. Furthermore, the dual prolyl carboxypeptidase (PCP)-prolyl endopeptidase (PEP) inhibitor Z-prolyl-prolinal reduced ANG-(1-7) formation in ACE2 KO mice, while the ACE2 inhibitor MLN-4760 had no effect. Unlike the ACE2 KO mice, ANG-(1-7) formation from ANG II in PEP KO mice was not different from that in WT mice at any tested pH. However, at pH 5, this reaction was significantly reduced in kidneys and urine of PCP-depleted mice. In conclusion, results suggest that ACE2 metabolizes ANG II in the kidney at neutral and basic pH, while PCP catalyzes the same reaction at acidic pH. This is the first report demonstrating that renal ANG-(1-7) formation from ANG II is independent of ACE2. Elucidation of ACE2-independent ANG-(1-7) production pathways may have clinically important implications in patients with metabolic and renal disease.
New drugs for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (2002)

Symptomatic treatments exist for Alzheimer's disease. Observational studies and increasing knowledge of brain biology are leading towards further treatment options. Old age psychiatrists have valuable treatments they now have to learn to use.
Switching to photonics (1992)

The use of hardware that exploits the interplay of photons and electrons to switch voice, data, and video is discussed. The two directions being taken by current research-guided-wave and free-space photonics-are examined. Photonic time-slot interchanges are described. Multidivisional fabrics, based on a combination of space-division and time-division multiplexing, are considered, as is the wavelength-division-based photonic packet switch, another kind of multidimensional fabric. The use of self-electrooptic effect devices, (SEEDs) is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Characterization of Autonomous Thyroid Adenoma: Metabolism, Gene Expression, and Pathology (2000)

Fifty-one in vivo characterized autonomous single adenomas have been studied for functional parameters in vitro, for gene and protein expression and for pathology, and have been systematically compared to the corresponding extratumoral quiescent tissue. The adenomas were characterized by a high level of iodide trapping that corresponds to a high level of Na+ /iodide symporter gene expression, a high thyroperoxidase mRNA and protein content, and a low H2O2 generation. This explains the iodide metabolism characteristics demonstrated before, ie, the main cause of the "hot" character of the adenomas is their increased iodide transport. The adenomas spontaneously secreted higher amounts of thyroid hormone than the quiescent tissue and in agreement with previous in vivo data, this secretion could be further enhanced by thyrotropin (TSH). Inositol uptake was also increased but there was no spontaneous increase of the generation of inositol phosphates and this metabolism could be further activated by TSH. These positive responses to TSH are in agreement with the properties of TSH-stimulated thyroid cells in vitro and in vivo. They are compatible with the characteristics of mutated TSH receptors whose constitutive activation accounts for the majority of autonomous thyroid adenomas in Europe. The number of cycling cells, as evaluated by MIB-1 immunolabeling was low but increased in comparison with the corresponding quiescent tissue or normal tissue. The cycling cells are observed mainly at the periphery; there was very little apoptosis. Both findings account for the slow growth of these established adenomas. On the other hand, by thyroperoxidase immunohistochemistry, the whole lesion appeared hyperfunctional, which demonstrates a dissociation of mitogenic and functional stimulations. Thyroglobulin, TSH receptor, and E-cadherin mRNA accumulations were not modified in a consistent way, which confirms the near-constitutive expression of the corresponding genes in normal differentiated tissue. On the contrary, early immediate genes expressions (c-myc, NGF1B, egr 1, genes of the fos and jun families) were decreased. This may be explained by the proliferative heterogeneity of the lesion and the previously described short, biphasic expression of these genes when induced by mitogenic agents. All the characteristics of the autonomous adenomas can therefore be explained by the effect of the known activating mutations of genes coding for proteins of the TSH cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) cascade, all cells being functionally activated while only those at the periphery multiply. The reason of this heterogeneity is unknown.
Insulin synthesis, secretory competence, and glucose utilization are sensitized by transgenic yeast hexokinase. (1994)

Glucokinase regulates insulin secretion by controlling the rate of glucose phosphorylation. In this report we utilize islets transgenic for high affinity yeast hexokinase to examine the role of glucose phosphorylation on other beta cell functions. Normal pancreatic islets responded to culture in low glucose by lowering insulin synthetic rates, becoming depleted of insulin and insulin mRNA, losing competence to respond to glucose with increased insulin secretion, and lowering glucokinase levels by one-half. In transgenic islets, increased high affinity hexokinase activity provided significant protection against reductions in all parameters of insulin synthesis and helped preserve the competence of beta cells to secrete insulin. The transgenic hexokinase also increased the rate of glucose utilization. These results demonstrate that glucose phosphorylation and presumably glucokinase mediate these glucose regulated responses. Of the parameters measured, only the change in glucokinase activity did not show an effect of the yeast hexokinase transgene. We also found that yeast hexokinase transgene expression was regulated 10-fold by glucose. This is the first demonstration of glucose inducibility of the insulin promoter in transgenic mice.