gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adhesion Molecules — Blood Vessels and Blood Cells (1996)

Maintaining vascular integrity and defending against invasive pathogens require the rapid regulation of adhesive interactions among blood cells and between blood cells and the vessel wall. Control of these mechanisms depends on the activation of adhesion receptors that are already present on resting blood cells and endothelium, or the expression of new receptors on the cell surface. Some functional overlap of adhesion receptors and their ligands adds a measure of safety to the repair and defense systems, but defective adhesion can occur and cause tissue injury or disrupt homeostasis of the vascular system.The process that allows the extravasation of . . .
Viral and therapeutic control of IFN-β promoter stimulator 1 during hepatitis C virus infection (2006)

Viral signaling through retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and its adaptor protein, IFN promoter-stimulator 1 (IPS-1), activates IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) and the host IFN-α/β response that limits virus infection. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS3/4A protease cleaves IPS-1 to block RIG-I signaling, but how this regulation controls the host response to HCV is not known. Moreover, endogenous IPS-1 cleavage has not been demonstrated in the context of HCV infection in vitro or in vivo . Here, we show that HCV infection transiently induces RIG-I- and IPS-1-dependent IRF-3 activation. This host response limits HCV production and constrains cellular permissiveness to infection. However, HCV disrupts this response early in infection by NS3/4A cleavage of IPS-1 at C508, releasing IPS-1 from the mitochondrial membrane. Cleavage results in subcellular redistribution of IPS-1 and loss of interaction with RIG-I, thereby preventing downstream activation of IRF-3 and IFN-β induction. Liver tissues from chronically infected patients similarly demonstrate subcellular redistribution of IPS-1 in infected hepatocytes and IPS-1 cleavage associated with a lack of ISG15 expression and conjugation of target proteins in vivo . Importantly, small-molecule inhibitors of NS3/4A prevent cleavage and restore RIG-I signaling of IFN-β induction. Our results suggest a dynamic model in which early activation of IRF-3 and induction of antiviral genes are reversed by IPS-1 proteolysis and abrogation of RIG-I signaling as NS3/4A accumulates in newly infected cells. HCV protease inhibitors effectively prevent IPS-1 proteolysis, suggesting they may be capable of restoring this innate host response in clinical practice.
Nod2 is required for the regulation of commensal microbiota in the intestine (2009)

Mutations in the Nod2 gene are among the strongest genetic risk factors in the pathogenesis of ileal Crohn's disease, but the exact contributions of Nod2 to intestinal mucosal homeostasis are not understood. Here we show that Nod2 plays an essential role in controlling commensal bacterial flora in the intestine. Analysis of intestinal bacteria from the terminal ilea of Nod2-deficient mice showed that they harbor an increased load of commensal resident bacteria. Furthermore, Nod2-deficient mice had a diminished ability to prevent intestinal colonization of pathogenic bacteria. In vitro, intestinal crypts isolated from terminal ilea of Nod2-deficient mice were unable to kill bacteria effectively, suggesting an important role of Nod2 signaling in crypt function. Interestingly, the expression of Nod2 is dependent on the presence of commensal bacteria, because mice re-derived into germ-free conditions expressed significantly less Nod2 in their terminal ilea, and complementation of commensal bacteria into germ-free mice induced Nod2 expression. Therefore, Nod2 and intestinal commensal bacterial flora maintain a balance by regulating each other through a feedback mechanism. Dysfunction of Nod2 results in a break-down of this homeostasis.
Cloning of a Human Purinergic P2Y Receptor Coupled to Phospholipase C and Adenylyl Cyclase (1997)

Clones encoding a new human P2Y receptor, provisionally called P2Y11, have been isolated from human placenta complementary DNA and genomic DNA libraries. The 1113-base pair open reading frame is interrupted by one intron. The P2Y11 receptor is characterized by considerably larger second and third extracellular loops than the subtypes described so far. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibits 33% amino acid identity with the P2Y1 receptor, its closest homolog. Northern blot analysis detected human P2Y11 receptor messenger RNA in spleen and HL-60 cells. The level of P2Y11 transcripts was strongly increased in these cells after granulocyte differentiation induced by retinoic acid or dimethyl sulfoxide. The new receptor was stably expressed in 1321N1 astrocytoma and CHO-K1 cells, where it couples to the stimulation of both the phosphoinositide and adenylyl cyclase pathways, a unique feature among the P2Y family. The rank order of agonists potency was: ATP > 2-methylthio-ATP >>> ADP, whereas UTP and UDP were inactive, indicating that it behaves as a selective purinoceptor.
Partial purification, characterization and regulation of cellulolytic enzymes from Trichoderma longibrachiatum (1986)

A net purification of 9·46‐, 18·6‐ and 16·7‐fold for filter paper (FP) hydrolytic activity, carboxymethyl (CM) cellulase and β‐glucosidase, respectively was achieved through ion exchange and gel chromatographies. The purified enzyme preparation showed an optimal pH of 5·0 for CM cellulase and 5·5 for the other two components. The enzyme activities increased up to 60°–65°C for the three enzyme components and they were stable at 30° or 40°C and pH 4·5 to 5·0 after 20–30 min treatment. The four enzyme components, that is, two FP activities (unadsorbed and adsorbed), a CM cellulase and a β‐glucosidase, had K m values of 47·6 mg, 33·3 mg, 4·0 mg and 0·18 mmol/l with V max of 4, 1·28, 66·5 and 1·28 units per mg protein. The molecular weights as determined with SDS‐PAGE were found to be 44000, 38000, 55000 and 63000 for the above four enzyme components in the same sequence. A distinct type of synergistic action was observed between these components by their action on dewaxed cotton. Glycerol at 1% strongly repressed the formation of all the cellulolytic enzymes. The role of proteolytic enzymes in in vitro inactivation of cellulases was not apparent.
Enantioselective Synthesis of d-threo-Methylphenidate (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTEnantioselective Synthesis of d-threo-MethylphenidateJeffrey M. Axten, Robert Ivy, Lori Krim, and Jeffrey D. WinklerView Author Information Department of Chemistry The University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 27, 6511–6512Publication Date (Web):June 24, 1999Publication History Received4 May 1999Published online24 June 1999Published inissue 1 July 1999https://doi.org/10.1021/ja991466oCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views2182Altmetric-Citations79LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (37 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Alkyls,Catalysts,Insertion reactions,Piperidines,Stereoselectivity Get e-Alerts
Sequence-specific cleavage of double-stranded DNA caused by X-ray ionization of the platinum atom in the Pt-Bis-netropsin—DNA complex (1991)

An analog of the antibiotic netropsin containing two netropsin-like fragments linked covalently via a platinum atom has been synthesized. DNase I and hydroxyl radical footprinting studies have shown that this compound binds at selective sites on a DNA restriction fragment with a known nucleotide sequence. After X-ray irradiation of Pt-bis-netropsin--DNA complexes a platinum-mediated cleavage of DNA is observed at specific DNA sites. This enables one to determine the location of the synthetic ligand on the DNA with a precision of about one nucleotide. The cleavage activity seems to be related to the emission of Auger electrons from the platinum atom that cause rupture of the deoxyribose residues on the two DNA strands near the position of the platinum atom in the complex.
RVG peptide as transfection reagent for specific cdk4 gene silencingin vitroandin vivo (2012)

The rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) peptide is known as a transfection reagent for systemic delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) into the brain. However, selective transfection of neuronal cells or specific brain regions remains a problem. In the present study, we show that the RVG peptide can efficiently be used as shuttle system to transfect neuronal cells with cdk4 siRNA leading to selective knockdown of cdk4 expression in vitro and in vivo. After transfection, cdk4 expression was reduced up to 75% in Neuro2A cells. Stereotactically injected RVG peptide delivered cdk4 siRNA specifically to neurons in the hippocampus, resulting in a specific knockdown of cdk4 expression up to 400 µm from the injection site. Further complexation studies of RVG peptide with larger molecules such as plasmid vectors or DNA fragments were also successfully performed and improved in vitro. Therefore, the peptide is not only a highly promising drug delivery system for siRNA and potentially other therapeutic molecules, but also a powerful tool to systematically analyze gene function in the brain under experimental settings in correlation to neurodegenerative disorders.
The novel Tenzing 7 delivery catheter designed to deliver intermediate catheters to the face of embolus without crossing: clinical performance predicted in anatomically challenging model (2020)

Compared with microcatheter and microwire combinations, T7 improves aspiration catheter delivery in vitro, minimizing the need to cross the occlusion. Initial clinical experience appears to validate the model's observations.
Tailoring Wettability Change on Aligned and Patterned Carbon Nanotube Films for Selective Assembly (2007)

The effects of oxygen reactive ion etching (RIE) on the surface wettability of aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) films have been systematically investigated. It was found that 3 s of RIE treatment could change the surface of CNT films from hydrophobic to more hydrophilic. The degree of modification in the surface wettability of the film could be controlled by the flow rate of O2 gas during the RIE process. It is proposed that such a surface hydrophobicity change is related to the opened structure and functionalized tip of as-treated CNTs by oxygen reactive ions. More importantly, after the RIE treatment, focused laser pruning was utilized to trim the surface layer of treated CNTs and revert them back to a hydrophobic surface. Combined with the laser pruning technique and O2 RIE treatment, CNT templates with interlaced wettability surfaces in a stripe pattern have been fabricated. It has been demonstrated that this interlaced and structured wettability pattern can be used to selectively assemble microspheres or quantum dots on the aligned CNT films with desired patterns.
THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF AN ENGINEERED HUMAN ANTI-TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA ANTIBODY (CDP571) IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (1995)

Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and have therefore become therapeutic targets. An engineered human antibody, CDP571, that neutralizes human TNF alpha was administered intravenously in single doses of 0.1, 1.0 or 10 mg/kg to patients with active RA (n = 24). The effects of the antibody were compared in a double-blind fashion with those of placebo (n = 12). In an open continuation phase patients were given either 1.0 or 10 mg/kg. We found that CDP571 was well tolerated and caused reductions in markers of disease activity such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP): this was confirmed by a reduction in the disease activity score (DAS). There was a reduction in the number of tender joints, maximal in degree and duration after 10 mg/kg. Patients also documented a reduction of pain and relief of arthritis symptoms. The effects of 10 mg/kg CDP571 on ESR, CRP, tender joints, pain and symptom relief compared to placebo were statistically significant at weeks 1 or 2. The continuation phase, although open, confirmed both the safety and the beneficial effects of CDP571 in active RA. In conclusion CDP571, an engineered human anti-TNF alpha antibody, is well tolerated and, after a single dose of 10 mg/kg, provides improvements in symptoms, signs and serological markers of disease activity in patients with active RA.
Isolation and Characterization of a New 36-kDa Microfibril-associated Glycoprotein from Porcine Aorta (1989)

A new connective tissue protein of 36 kDa has been purified from porcine aorta. The biochemical and immunological properties of the protein are distinct from those of microfibril-associated proteins reported previously such as lysyl oxidase, 31-kDa microfibril-associated glycoprotein, and fibrillin. It could bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose and gelatin-Sepharose. The protein contained the sequence Arg-Gly-Asp-Ala in the amino-terminal region, which is the site for the association with cell and extracellular matrix. Using specific antibody raised to the protein, we demonstrated its restricted localization in aorta adventitia. Immunoelectron microscopy specified its location to a class of extracellular structural elements described as elastin-microfibrils.
The Involvement of Indirect Effects in Cell-killing and DNA Double-strand Breakage in γ-irradiated Escherichia Coli K-12 (1976)

(1976). The Involvement of Indirect Effects in Cell-killing and DNA Double-strand Breakage in γ-irradiated Escherichia Coli K-12. International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics, Chemistry and Medicine: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 293-296.
Immunity-Based Intrusion Detection System: A General Framework (1999)

This paper focuses on investigating immunological principles in designing a multi-agent system for intrusion/anomaly detection and response in networked computers. In this approach, the immunity-based agents roam around the machines (nodes or routers), and monitor the situation in the network (i.e. look for changes such as malfunctions, faults, abnormalities, misuse, deviations, intrusions, etc.). These agents can mutually recognize each other&amp;apos;s activities and can take appropriate actions according to the underlying security policies. Specifically, their activities are coordinated in a hierarchical fashion while sensing, communicating and generating responses. Such an agent can learn and adapt to its environment dynamically and can detect both known and unknown intrusions. This research is the part of an effort to develop a multi-agent detection system that can simultaneously monitor networked computer&amp;apos;s activities at different levels (such as user level, system level, process level and packet level) in order to determine intrusions and anomalies. The proposed intrusion detection system is designed to be flexible, extendible, and adaptable that can perform real-time monitoring in accordance with the needs and preferences of network administrators. This paper provides the conceptual view and a general framework of the proposed system.
α 4 β 1 Integrin Mediates Selective Endothelial Cell Responses to Thrombospondins 1 and 2 In Vitro and Modulates Angiogenesis In Vivo (2003)

We examined the function of alpha4beta1 integrin in angiogenesis and in mediating endothelial cell responses to the angiogenesis modulators, thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2. Alpha4beta1 supports adhesion of venous endothelial cells but not of microvascular endothelial cells on immobilized thrombospondin-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, or recombinant N-terminal regions of thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2. Chemotactic activities of this region of thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2 are also mediated by alpha4beta1, whereas antagonism of fibroblast growth factor-2-stimulated chemotaxis is not mediated by this region. Immobilized N-terminal regions of thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2 promote endothelial cell survival and proliferation in an alpha4beta1-dependent manner. Soluble alpha4beta1 antagonists inhibit angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane and neovascularization of mouse muscle explants. The latter inhibition is thrombospondin-1-dependent and not observed in explants from thrombospondin-1-/- mice. Antagonizing alpha4beta1 may in part block proangiogenic activities of thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2, because N-terminal regions of thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-2 containing the alpha4beta1 binding sequence stimulate angiogenesis in vivo. Therefore, alpha4beta1 is an important endothelial cell receptor for mediating motility and proliferative responses to thrombospondins and for modulation of angiogenesis.
Non-Recessed-Gate Enhancement-Mode AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors with High RF Performance (2004)

We fabricated non-recessed-gate enhancement-mode (E-mode) AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) with a gate length L g of 120 nm. As gate metals, Ni/Pt/Au and Mo/Pt/Au were used. The Ni/Pt/Au-gate HEMTs with rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 500°C were normally-off at a gate-source voltage V gs of 0 V, indicating E-mode operation. Moreover, the Mo/Pt/Au-gate HEMTs also showed E-mode device operation without RTA. The fabricated E-mode HEMTs with both gate metals showed high RF performance. We obtained a cutoff frequency f T of more than 50 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency f max of approximately 100 GHz.
Clobazam as Add-on Therapy in Children with Epileptic Encephalopathy (2006)

Clobazam is safe and effective in the treatment of epileptic encephalopathies of childhood.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (1996)

Our understanding of the nature and consequences of upper-airway obstruction in adults during sleep has evolved considerably over the past two decades. Sleep apnea — defined as repeated episodes of obstructive apnea and hypopnea during sleep, together with daytime sleepiness or altered cardiopulmonary function — is common.1 Epidemiologic studies estimate that the condition affects 2 to 4 percent of middle-aged adults.2 Only a small portion of the cases in this group of adults have been diagnosed; this is related to insufficient awareness of sleep apnea among physicians and the public at large.3 DefinitionsThe manifestations of upper-airway closure during sleep . . .
On the Existence of Suppressor Cells (1993)

Immunological suppression is one of the important aspects which govern the regulation of the immune response. Clonal deletion, clonal anergy and the activity of suppressor cells were proposed as mechanisms leading to this phenomenon. In this review we provide evidence for the existence of suppressor (Ts) cells and their role in autoimmunity in general and particularly in the system of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Ts cell lines and clones that downregulate in-vivo the autoimmune response are described. These results, as well as other recent advances in the understanding of Ts cells regulatory mechanisms and the molecular structures recognized by these cells, lead to the conclusion that Ts cells do exist and that they constitute a distinctive cell type in regard to their function and specificity.
Epilepsy and the blood-brain barrier. (1986)

A concern for the possible role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the epilepsies was based on ultrastructural studies that demonstrated increased micropinocytosis in cerebral capillaries during seizures. Continued interest in the structure of the BBB has led to the demonstration that, in human psychomotor epilepsy, there is a thickening of the capillary basement membrane. These studies also suggest that an increase in capillary mitochondria and interendothelial tight junctions may characterize seizure-traumatized brain regions. These studies forecast an increased interest and understanding of the ultrastructural events associated with capillaries in seizure states. Additional focus on the BBB comes from the clinical use of anticonvulsant drug levels in the control and treatment of seizures. Debate as to whether free drug levels are appropriate continues. The brain capillary is the interface between blood-borne drug and the target site, and thus an increased understanding of the events associated with brain-plasma exchange has been sought. The concept that only that fraction of drug that is freely dialyzable is available for equilibration across the BBB is not supported by recent studies, which demonstrate that protein-bound ligands are able to dissociate and gain access to the brain in the course of a single capillary transit. It has been established that albumin-bound fatty acids, steroids, and anticonvulsant drugs more readily distribute into tissues than previously believed. Thus, traditional free drug hypotheses need to be expanded to account for the fact that dissociation constants measured in vitro are not the same as those measured in vivo. The BBB also regulates nutrient availability to the brain, and under normal conditions excess substrate is made available to the brain for metabolism. Indirect evidence is available to suggest that during seizures, BBB transport may indeed be the rate-limiting step. Specifically, glucose availability to the seizing brain may be restricted to such a degree that brain glucose utilization rates are no longer independent of plasma glucose levels. If it can be proven that BBB transport is the rate-limiting step during seizures, then it would be possible to augment brain glucose utilization rates by increasing plasma glucose levels. In addition, a depression of brain glucose utilization could be achieved by inducing hypoglycemia. It is not fully understood whether BBB rate limitation would persist postically, nor is it known whether BBB alterations may be global or restricted to the seizure focus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
1:1 Molecular Complex of Theophylline and p-Nitroaniline (1995)

Theophylline (3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione) and p-nitroaniline molecules in the title complex, C 7 H 8 N 4 O 2 .C 6 H 6 N 2 O 2 , are packed in layers. These layers are held together to form a sheet by a system of intermolecular hydrogen bonding which includes CH...O hydrogen bonds.