gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Etiopathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis (2008)

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease of the liver characterized by progressive bile duct destruction eventually leading to cirrhosis and liver failure. The serological hallmark of the disease is the presence of circulating antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA). These reflect the presence of autoreactive T and B cells to the culprit antigens, the E2 subunits of mitochondrial 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase enzymes, chiefly pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDC-E2). The disease results from a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. Genetic predisposition is indicated by the higher familial incidence of the disease particularly among siblings and the high concordance rate among monozygotic twins. Environmental triggering events appear crucial to disrupt a pre-existing unstable immune tolerance of genetic origin allowing, after a long latency, the emergence of clinical disease. Initiating mimetopes of the vulnerable epitope of the PDC-E2 autoantigen can be derived from microbes that utilize the PDC enzyme or, alternatively, environmental xenobiotics/chemical compounds that modify the structure of native proteins to make them immunogenic. A further alternative as a source of antigen is PDC-E2 derived from apoptotic cells. In the effector phase the biliary ductular cell, by reason of its proclivity to express the antigen PDC-E2 in the course of apoptosis, undergoes a multilineage immune attack comprised of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and antibody. In this article, we critically review the available evidence on etiopathogenesis of PBC and present interpretations of complex data, new developments and theories, and nominate directions for future research.
Human intravenous immunoglobulin in primary and secondary antibody deficiencies (1997)

IVIG is of value in patients with primary and secondary antibody deficiencies. High dose IVIG therapy is usually the treatment of choice for patients with primary antibody deficiency disease. Sufficient IVIG should be given to maintain IgG trough levels of > 500 mg/dl; this usually requires a dose of 400 to 500 mg/kg/month. Adverse side effects to IVIG has been described; the two most common serious side effects are hepatitis C and aseptic meningitis. New procedures to inactivate hepatitis C (and other viruses) are now in place. Aseptic meningitis is usually associated with high IVIG doses given rapidly to patients with autoimmune and inflammatory disease; its cause is not known. Subcutaneous infusions of IG or IVIG at weekly intervals has been shown to be clinically efficacious, well-tolerated and a less expensive alternative to monthly IVIG infusions. IVIG has been used with encouraging results in selected pediatric patients with HIV infection. The benefit is primarily in patients with CD4 counts > 200 cells/mm2 who receive no P. carinii pneumonia prophylaxis. IVIG may also be of value in preventing or ameliorating infection in other secondary antibody deficiencies including patients with malignancies; patients with protein-losing enteropathy and nephrotic syndrome; severely ill care patients with shock, trauma or surgery; premature infants and patients undergoing transplantation procedures; and severely burned patients. Guidelines for selecting patients for IVIG are offered.
Pulmonary Inflammation — A Balancing Act (1997)

Even in antiquity it was known that inflammation has both beneficial and adverse effects, but only recently have we begun to elucidate how the body maintains a balance between host defenses and tissue injury. This balance is especially important in the lung, where despite protective mechanical and physical forces, noxious agents constantly assault lower respiratory epithelial surfaces.More than 25 years ago, the importance of neurogenic control of pulmonary inflammation was suggested by a study of a tachykinin neuropeptide called substance P.1 Ablation of substance P–producing sensory neurons by capsaicin, the irritant agent in hot pepper, markedly inhibited the noxious . . .
Nitrate in vegetables: toxicity, content, intake and EC regulation (2005)

Abstract Nitrate content is an important quality characteristic of vegetables. Vegetable nitrate content is of interest to governments and regulators owing to the possible implications for health and to check that controls on the content are effective. Nitrate itself is relatively non‐toxic but its metabolites may produce a number of health effects. Until recently nitrate was perceived as a purely harmful dietary component which causes infantile methaemoglobinaemia, carcinogenesis and possibly even teratogenesis. Recent research studies suggest that nitrate is actually a key part of our bodies' defences against gastroenteritis. In this review are reported: (1) vegetable classification as a function of nitrate accumulation; (2) vegetable contribution to the total dietary exposure of nitrate; (3) European Commission Regulation No. 563/2002 which sets limits for nitrate in lettuce and spinach; (4) the maximum levels set in some countries for beetroot, cabbage, carrot, celery, endive, Lamb's lettuce, potato, radish and rocket; (5) the results of surveys on the nitrate content of vegetables in Italy and other European countries. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Investigation of Anion-Exchange and Immunoaffinity Particle-Loaded Membranes for the Isolation of Charged Organic Analytes from Water (1998)

Anion-exchange and immunoaffinity particle loaded membranes (PLMs) were investigated as a mechanism for the isolation of charged organic analytes from water. Kinetic properties determined theoretically included dynamic capacity, pressure drop (delta P), residence and diffusion times (Tr, Td), and total membrane porosity (epsilon T). These properties were confirmed through experimental evaluation, and the PLM method showed significant improvement over conventional solid-phase extraction (SPE) and ion-exchange formats. Recoveries of more than 90% were observed for a variety of test compounds at flow rates up to 70 mL/min (equipment-limited maximum flow rate). A fast-flow immunoaffinity column was developed using antibodies (Abs) attached to the PLMs. Reproducible recoveries (88% +/- 4%) were observed at flow rates up to 70 mL/min for the antibody (Ab)-loaded PLMs. Findings indicate increased selectivity over anion-exchange PLMs and conventional SPE or ion-exchange methods and rapid Ab-antigen binding rates given the excellent mass-transfer characteristics of the PLMs.
Oblique incidence interferometry applied to non-optical surfaces (1973)

This paper demonstrates the use of transmitting diffraction gratings as beamsplitters in an oblique incidence interferometer and the application of that interferometer to measuring the flatness of non-optical surfaces. Many different surfaces have been examined, ranging from lapped granite and steel to unworked metal and processed photographic emulsions. The fringe interval in the interferograms is independent of the illuminating wavelength, being one half of the diffraction grating periodicity, which in the interferometer described is 5 mu m. It is also demonstrated that the topography of large surface areas may be evaluated by the combinations of interferograms.
QA RT : a system for real-time holistic quality assurance for contact center dialogues (2016)

Quality assurance (QA) and customer satisfaction (C-Sat) analysis are two commonly used practices to measure goodness of dialogues between agents and customers in contact centers. The practices however have a few shortcomings. QA puts sole emphasis on agents' organizational compliance aspect whereas C-Sat attempts to measure customers' satisfaction only based on post-dialogue surveys. As a result, outcome of independent QA and C-Sat analysis may not always be in correspondence. Secondly, both processes are retrospective in nature and hence, evidences of bad past dialogues (and consequently bad customer experiences) can only be found after hours or days or weeks depending on their periodicity. Finally, human intensive nature of these practices lead to time and cost overhead while being able to analyze only a small fraction of dialogues. In this paper, we introduce an automatic real-time quality assurance system for contact centers - QART (pronounced cart). QART performs multi-faceted analysis on dialogue utterances, as they happen, using sophisticated statistical and rule-based natural language processing (NLP) techniques. It covers various aspects inspired by today's QA and C-Sat practices as well as introduces novel incremental dialogue summarization capability. QART front-end is an interactive dashboard providing views of ongoing dialogues at different granularity enabling agents' supervisors to monitor and take corrective actions as needed. We demonstrate effectiveness of different back-end modules as well as the overall system by experimental results on a real-life contact center chat dataset.
Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Perovskite Nanorods Composed of Barium Titanate and Strontium Titanate (2002)

We report the solution-based synthesis of single-crystalline nanorods composed of barium titanate (BaTiO3) and strontium titanate (SrTiO3), which yields well-isolated nanorods with diameters ranging from 5 to 60 nm and lengths reaching up to >10 mum. Electron microscopy and diffraction measurements show that these nanorods are composed of single-crystalline cubic perovskite BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 with a principal axis of the unit cell preferentially aligned along the wire length. These BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 nanorods should provide promising materials for fundamental investigations on nanoscale ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and paraelectricity.
Elastic Moduli of Organic Electronic Materials by the Buckling Method (2009)

Mechanical moduli of common organic electronic materials are measured by the buckling method. The organic layers were prepared on the elastomer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate by transfer, direct spin-coating, or thermal evaporation. When a small (∼2%) compressive strain is applied to organic/PDMS film samples, the layer becomes buckled with a characteristic wavelength. Fitting the experimentally measured data of buckling wavelength as a function of layer thickness with a model equation yields the mechanical modulus of the organic layer. The measured values compare well with those from theoretical predictions for materials such as poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and its blend with [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ether (PCBM). The modulus of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is similar to that of pure PSS, which is contrary to the common expectation that the ionic interaction between PEDOT and PSS chains may lead to a modulus value 2−3 times larger than that of the constituent polymers. The similarity is likely due to a very small amount of PEDOT added and the oligomeric nature of PEDOT. Thermally evaporated pentacene film has a modulus value of ∼15 GPa, which is an order of magnitude larger than those of other polymeric materials investigated here, and reveals delamination bukling behavior when the magnitude of compression is relatively large. The residual solvent in polyaniline (PANI) plays the role of plasticizer and leads to a very small modulus. The measured mechanical moduli of common organic electronic materials would be valuable for designing and implementing flexible and/or stretchable organic electronics.
Far-infrared time-domain spectroscopy with terahertz beams of dielectrics and semiconductors (1990)

Using the method of time-domain spectroscopy, we measure the far-infrared absorption and dispersion from 0.2 to 2 THz of the crystalline dielectrics sapphire and quartz, fused silica, and the semiconductors silicon, gallium arsenide, and germanium. For sapphire and quartz, the measured absorptions are consistent with the earlier work below 0.5 THz. Above 1 THz we measure significantly more absorption for sapphire, while for quartz our values are in reasonable agreement with those of the previous work. Our results on high-purity fused silica are consistent with those on the most transparent fused silica measured to date. For the semiconductors, we show that many of the previous measurements on silicon were dominated by the effects of carriers due to impurities. For high-resistivity, 10-kΩ cm silicon, we measure a remarkable transparency together with an exceptionally nondispersive index of refraction. For GaAs our measurements extend the precision of the previous work, and we resolve two weak absorption features at 0.4 and 0.7 THz. Our measurements on germanium demonstrate the dominant role of intrinsic carriers; the measured absorption and dispersion are well fitted by the simple Drude theory.
Case Studies in Medical Microbiology (1994)

Upper respiratory tract infections - case 1 infections of the eye - case 2 lower respiratory tract infections - cases 3-8 urinary tract infections - cases 9-11 sexually transmitted diseases - cases 12-16 gastrointestinal tract infections - cases 17-26 obstetric and perinatal infections - case 27 central nervous system infections - cases 28-34 infections of the skin, muscle, joints and haemopoietic system - cases 35-41 world-wide virus infections - case 42 vector-borne infections - case 43 multisystem zoonoses - cases 44-45 pyrexia of unknown origin - cases 46-47 infections in the immunocompromised host - case 48 hospital infections - cases 49-50 glossary of common abbreviations.
Chiral molecular recognition in polymer Langmuir-Blodgett films containing axially chiral binaphthyl groups (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChiral molecular recognition in polymer Langmuir-Blodgett films containing axially chiral binaphthyl groupsPu Qian, Minoru Matsuda, and Tokuji MiyashitaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 13, 5624–5628Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00066a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00066a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views368Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Optical near-field aperture storage technology (ONFAST) for high-density high-performance data storage applications (1999)

Optical near-field aperture storage technique (ONFAST) is based on using a beam of light exiting a sub-wavelength size aperture (size d&larr;&lambda;) in an opaque screen to record on a media within its close proximity (&lt;d/2).
Resting Microglia Directly Monitor the Functional State of SynapsesIn Vivoand Determine the Fate of Ischemic Terminals (2009)

Recent studies have identified the important contribution of glial cells to the plasticity of neuronal circuits. Resting microglia, the primary immune effector cells in the brain, dynamically extend and retract their processes as if actively surveying the microenvironment. However, just what is being sampled by these resting microglial processes has not been demonstrated in vivo, and the nature and function of any interactions between microglia and neuronal circuits is incompletely understood. Using in vivo two-photon imaging of fluorescent-labeled neurons and microglia, we demonstrate that the resting microglial processes make brief (approximately 5 min) and direct contacts with neuronal synapses at a frequency of about once per hour. These contacts are activity-dependent, being reduced in frequency by reductions in neuronal activity. After transient cerebral ischemia, the duration of these microglia-synapse contacts are markedly prolonged (approximately 1 h) and are frequently followed by the disappearance of the presynaptic bouton. Our results demonstrate that at least part of the dynamic motility of resting microglial processes in vivo is directed toward synapses and propose that microglia vigilantly monitor and respond to the functional status of synapses. Furthermore, the striking finding that some synapses in the ischemic areas disappear after prolonged microglial contact suggests microglia contribute to the subsequent increased turnover of synaptic connections. Further understanding of the mechanisms involved in the microglial detection of the functional state of synapses, and of their role in remodeling neuronal circuits disrupted by ischemia, may lead to novel therapies for treating brain injury that target microglia.
General intensive care for patients with traumatic brain injury: An update (2014)

There is also a need to develop some evidence based protocols for the health-care sectors, in which there is still lack of specific management related to monitoring methods, equipments and other technical resources. Optimization of physiological parameters, understanding of basic neurocritical care knowledge as well as incorporation of newer guidelines would certainly improve the outcome of the TBI patients.
Plant gene silencing regularized (1998)

Two surprising and potentially useful phenomena of transgenic plants originated from two distinct lines of research but may converge in underlying mechanism or mechanisms (1–3). Plant transformation technology, the staple of the crop biotechnology industry, overcomes the species barrier and allows introduction into plants of genes from other plant species, genes from species of other kingdoms, and even sequences derived from the DNA synthesizer. Subsequently, the introduced sequences often, but not always, are inherited as simple Mendelian characters and exhibit an expected phenotype. It is one group of annoying exceptions to expected phenotype and inheritance that constitutes the first surprising phenomenon. Investigators, seeking to increase the expression, and thereby enhance the phenotype, of an endogenous gene, introduced additional copies of the endogenous gene as a transgene. Usually the constructions use promoters more active than the promoter of the endogenous gene. In some instances, the result was not the overexpression of the gene, as expected, but a drastically reduced or undetected expression of both the endogenous and the introduced sequences (4, 5). Much of the early research used a chalcone synthase gene, the silencing of which sometimes resulted in flowers with spectacular patterns of nonpigmented and pigmented areas. The reduced expression phenomenon is termed gene silencing. Gene silencing results in no expression or very low expression of a gene or RNA sequence that formerly was expressed, or likely would be expressed, absent the gene-silencing phenomenon. Paradoxically, plants with multiple copies of the transgene and/or high levels of transgene transcription are more likely than plants with a single copy and low-level transcription to exhibit gene silencing (6). However, the correlation has not been consistent for some systems (7, 8). Gene silencing can be induced not only by expression of a transgene but also by transient expression from DNA …
Investigation of ribosome binding by the Shiga toxin A1 subunit, using competition and site-directed mutagenesis (1997)

The enzymatic subunit of Shiga toxin (StxA1) is a member of the ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) family, which includes the ricin A chain as well as other examples of plant toxins. StxA1 catalytically depurinates a well-conserved GAGA tetra-loop of 28S rRNA which lies in the acceptor site of eukaryotic ribosomes. The specific activities of native StxA1, as well as mutated forms of the enzyme with substitutions in catalytic site residues, were measured by an in vitro translation assay. Electroporation was developed as an alternative method for the delivery of purified A1 polypeptides into Vero cells. Site-directed mutagenesis coupled with N-bromosuccinimide modification indicated that the sole tryptophan residue of StxA1 is required for binding it to the 28S rRNA backbone. Northern analysis established that the catalytic site substitutions reduced enzymatic activity by specifically interfering with the capacity of StxA1 to depurinate 28S rRNA. Ribosomes were protected from StxA1 by molar excesses of tRNA and free adenine, indicating that RIPs have the capacity to enter the acceptor site groove prior to binding and depurinating the GAGA tetra-loop.
ROSACEA-LIKE DEMODICIDOSIS. (1963)

Rosacea-like demodicidosis is an entity resembling acne rosacea which is caused by infestation with an abnormally large number of the mite Demodex folliculorum, usually in association with improper cleansing of the face. This condition responds promptly to external treatment consisting of daily cleaning of the face with soap and water and the application of a compound sulfur ointment over a period of a few weeks. Occasional instances of a mixed-type of rosacea are encountered in which internal factors are involved.
Changes in the concentrations of amino acids in the cerebrospinal fluid that correlate with pain in patients with fibromyalgia: implications for nitric oxide pathways (2000)

Substance P (SP), a putative nociceptive transmitter, is increased in the CSF of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). Because excitatory amino acids (EAAs) also appear to transmit pain, we hypothesized that CSF EAAs may be similarly involved in this syndrome. We found that the mean concentrations of most amino acids in the CSF did not differ amongst groups of subjects with primary FMS (PFMS), fibromyalgia associated with other conditions (SFMS), other painful conditions not exhibiting fibromyalgia (OTHER) or age-matched, healthy normal controls (HNC). However, in SFMS patients, individual measures of pain intensity, determined using an examination-based measure of pain intensity, the tender point index (TPI), covaried with their respective concentrations of glutamine and asparagine, metabolites of glutamate and aspartate, respectively. This suggests that re-uptake and biotransformation mask pain-related increases in EAAs. Individual concentrations of glycine and taurine also correlated with their respective TPI values in patients with PFMS. While taurine is affected by a variety of excitatory manipulations, glycine is an inhibitory transmitter as well as a positive modulator of the N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptor. In both PFMS and SFMS patients, TPI covaried with arginine, the precursor to nitric oxide (NO), whose concentrations, in turn, correlated with those of citrulline, a byproduct of NO synthesis. These events predict involvement of NO, a potent signaling molecule thought to be involved in pain processing. Together these metabolic changes that covary with the intensity of pain in patients with FMS may reflect increased EAA release and a positive modulation of NMDA receptors by glycine, perhaps resulting in enhanced synthesis of NO.