gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydroboration. XXXIX. 1,3,2-Benzodioxaborole (catecholborane) as a new hydroboration reagent for alkenes and alkynes. General synthesis of alkane- and alkeneboronic acids and esters via hydroboration. Directive effects in the hydroboration of alkenes and alkynes with catecholborane (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydroboration. XXXIX. 1,3,2-Benzodioxaborole (catecholborane) as a new hydroboration reagent for alkenes and alkynes. General synthesis of alkane- and alkeneboronic acids and esters via hydroboration. Directive effects in the hydroboration of alkenes and alkynes with catecholboraneHerbert C. Brown and S. K. GuptaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 18, 5249–5255Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1975https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00851a038RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views4253Altmetric-Citations200LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (795 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Global Challenges in Energy and Water Supply: The Promise of Engineered Osmosis (2008)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVFeatureNEXTGlobal Challenges in Energy and Water Supply: The Promise of Engineered OsmosisEngineered processes that cleverly exploit osmosis may provide just the answer to the global need for affordable clean water and inexpensive sustainable energy.Robert L. McGinnis and Menachem ElimelechView Author Information Yale UniversityCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 23, 8625–8629Publication Date (Web):December 1, 2008Publication History Published online1 December 2008Published inissue 1 December 2008https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es800812mhttps://doi.org/10.1021/es800812mnewsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2008 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views14468Altmetric-Citations256LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (2 MB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Energy,Membranes,Power,Separation science,Solution chemistry Get e-Alerts
Degradation of Aromatics and Chloroaromatics byPseudomonassp. Strain B13: Cloning, Characterization, and Analysis of Sequences Encoding 3-Oxoadipate:Succinyl-Coenzyme A (CoA) Transferase and 3-Oxoadipyl-CoA Thiolase (2002)

3-oxoadipate:succinyl-coenzyme A (CoA) transferase and 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase carry out the ultimate steps in the conversion of benzoate and 3-chlorobenzoate to tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates in bacteria utilizing the 3-oxoadipate pathway. This report describes the characterization of DNA fragments with the overall length of 5.9 kb from Pseudomonas sp. strain B13 that encode these enzymes. DNA sequence analysis revealed five open reading frames (ORFs) plus an incomplete one. ORF1, of unknown function, has a length of 414 bp. ORF2 (catI) encodes a polypeptide of 282 amino acids and starts at nucleotide 813. ORF3 (catJ) encodes a polypeptide of 260 amino acids and begins at nucleotide 1661. CatI and CatJ are the subunits of the 3-oxoadipate:succinyl-CoA transferase, whose activity was demonstrated when both genes were ligated into expression vector pET11a. ORF4, termed catF, codes for a protein of 401 amino acid residues with a predicted mass of 41,678 Da with 3-oxoadipyl-CoA thiolase activity. The last three ORFs seem to form an operon since they are oriented in the same direction and showed an overlapping of 1 bp between catI and catJ and of 4 bp between catJ and catF. Conserved functional groups important for the catalytic activity of CoA transferases and thiolases were identified in CatI, CatJ, and CatF. ORF5 (catD) encodes the 3-oxoadipate enol-lactone hydrolase. An incomplete ORF6 of 1,183 bp downstream of ORF5 and oriented in the opposite direction was found. The protein sequence deduced from ORF6 showed a putative AMP-binding domain signature.
Hydrazide-Containing Inhibitors of HIV-1 Integrase (1997)

Inhibitors of HIV integrase are currently being sought as potential new therapeutics for the treatment of AIDS. A large number of inhibitors discovered to date contain the o-bis-hydroxy catechol structure. In an effort to discover structural leads for the development of new HIV integrase inhibitors which do not rely on this potentially cytotoxic catechol substructure, NSC 310217 was identified using a three-point pharmacophore search based on its assigned structure N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl)hydrazine (1). When a sample of NSC 310217 was obtained from the NCI repository, it was shown to exhibit potent inhibition of HIV-1 integrase (3'-processing IC50 = 0.6 microgram/mL). In work reported herein, we demonstrate that NSC 310217, rather than containing 1, which has no inhibitory potency against HIV-1 integrase, is comprised of roughly a 1:1 mixture of N-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-N'-(2-hydroxy-3-phenoxypropyl)hydrazine (6) and N,N'-bis-salicylhydrazine 7, with all inhibitory potency residing with compound 7(IC50 = 0.7 microM for strand transfer). In subsequent structure-activity studies on 7, it is shown that removing a single amide carbonyl (compound 14, IC50 = 5.2 microM) or replacing one aromatic ring system with a naphthyl ring (compound 19, IC50 = 1.1 microM) can be accomplished with little loss of inhibitory potency. Additionally, replacing a single hydroxyl with a sulfhydryl (compound 23, IC50 = 5.8 microM) results in only moderate loss of potency. All other modifications examined, including the replacement of a single hydroxyl with an amino group (compound 22), resulted in complete loss of potency. Being potent, structurally simple, and non-catechol-containing, compounds such as 7 and 14 may provide useful leads for the development of a new class of HIV integrase inhibitor.
Raman spectroscopy as a detection and analysis tool for in vitro specific targeting of pancreatic cancer cells by EGF‐conjugated, single‐walled carbon nanotubes (2011)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were covalently linked to epidermal growth factor (EGF) proteins through an esterification process that was found to be responsible for the docking of SWCNTs on the human pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1) surface, thus providing a mechanism for the enhanced delivery and internalization of the nanotubes. Micro Raman spectroscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to evaluate the delivery process and kinetics of the SWCNTs. In vitro studies indicated that the delivery kinetics of SWCNT-EGF conjugates, at a concentration of 85 µg ml(-1), to the PANC-1 cell surfaces was significant in the first 30 min of incubation, but reached a plateau with time in accordance with the establishment of equilibrium between the association and the dissociation of EGF with the cell receptors. SWCNT-EGF conjugates could act as strong thermal ablation agents and could induce higher percentages of cellular death compared with the nontargeted SWCNTs alone.
Scalable high performance main memory system using phase-change memory technology (2009)

The memory subsystem accounts for a significant cost and power budget of a computer system. Current DRAM-based main memory systems are starting to hit the power and cost limit. An alternative memory technology that uses resistance contrast in phase-change materials is being actively investigated in the circuits community. Phase Change Memory (PCM) devices offer more density relative to DRAM, and can help increase main memory capacity of future systems while remaining within the cost and power constraints.
Document co-organization in an online knowledge community (2004)

We introduce the concept of and describe such a system. By document co-organization we mean that individuals are allowed to hierarchically organize documents personally and share their hierarchies with others, while the system generates a hierarchy from these personal hierarchies, which provides a full, common, and emergent view of all documents. By allowing users to retrieve documents from their own organization (hierarchy), another user's, the consensus hierarchy, or a time-based hierarchy, we provide access corresponding to different characteristics of knowledge tasks: they are personal, collective, social, and time-sensitive. In a class website experiment, we show that for a complex knowledge task, hierarchies are used more frequently than search. One surprising finding is how often students use others' personal hierarchies.
Growth Rate Analysis and Efficient Experimental Design for Tumor Xenograft Studies (2014)

Human tumor xenograft studies are the primary means to evaluate the biological activity of anticancer agents in late-stage preclinical drug discovery. The variability in the growth rate of human tumors established in mice and the small sample sizes make rigorous statistical analysis critical. The most commonly used summary of antitumor activity for these studies is the T/C ratio. However, alternative methods based on growth rate modeling can be used. Here, we describe a summary metric called the rate-based T/C, derived by fitting each animal's tumor growth to a simple exponential model. The rate-based T/C uses all of the data, in contrast with the traditional T/C, which only uses a single measurement. We compare the rate-based T/C with the traditional T/C and assess their performance through a bootstrap analysis of 219 tumor xenograft studies. We find that the rate-based T/C requires fewer animals to achieve the same power as the traditional T/C. We also compare 14-day studies with 21-day studies and find that 14-day studies are more cost efficient. Finally, we perform a power analysis to determine an appropriate sample size.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Phosphoprotein 65 Makes a Large Contribution to Shaping the T Cell Repertoire in CMV‐Exposed Individuals (2002)

Antigen-specific, cytokine flow cytometry was used to analyze the prevalence and frequency of CD4 and CD8 memory T cells specific for the abundantly expressed cytomegalovirus (CMV) phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) in healthy CMV IgG-seropositive individuals. Stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with peptide pools and individual peptides derived from the pp65 amino acid sequence in 40 donors revealed that 63% of donors had a detectable CD4 T cell response and that 83% of donors had a detectable CD8 T cell response against this protein. The overall frequencies of T cells directed against pp65 were analyzed for 20 donors by stimulation with peptide pools covering the complete pp65 protein and were as high as 2 in 1000 and 9 in 1000 (median) peripheral blood CD4 and CD8 T cells, respectively. In addition, a comparison between CD4 responses to a CMV lysate containing various CMV proteins and pp65-specific responses in 9 donors indicated that pp65 was a dominant target of the CMV-specific CD4 T cell response in some, but not all, donors. Several new T cell epitopes were identified.
National Cancer Institute Biospecimen Evidence-Based Practices: A Novel Approach to Pre-analytical Standardization (2014)

Variable biospecimen collection, processing, and storage practices may introduce variability in biospecimen quality and analytical results. This risk can be minimized within a facility through the use of standardized procedures; however, analysis of biospecimens from different facilities may be confounded by differences in procedures and inferred biospecimen quality. Thus, a global approach to standardization of biospecimen handling procedures and their validation is needed. Here we present the first in a series of procedural guidelines that were developed and annotated with published findings in the field of human biospecimen science. The series of documents will be known as NCI Biospecimen Evidence-Based Practices, or BEBPs. Pertinent literature was identified via the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Biospecimen Research Database ( brd.nci.nih.gov ) and findings were organized by specific biospecimen pre-analytical factors and analytes of interest (DNA, RNA, protein, morphology). Meta-analysis results were presented as annotated summaries, which highlight concordant and discordant findings and the threshold and magnitude of effects when applicable. The detailed and adaptable format of the document is intended to support the development and execution of evidence-based standard operating procedures (SOPs) for human biospecimen collection, processing, and storage operations.
Synthetische Anthracyclinone, 36. Konvergente Synthese enantiomerenreiner Daunomycinon‐Derivate (1988)

Abstract Die aus den Benzocyclobutenonen 3 und 4 thermisch oder photochemisch erzeugten ortho ‐chinoiden Vinylketene 12 und 13 gehen mit dem substituierten Benzochinon 14 eine Cycloaddition zu den isomeren Tetracyclen 15, 16, 19 und 20 ein, die zu den 10‐Desoxydaunomycinon‐Derivaten 23 und 24 oxidiert werden. Eine analoge Cycloaddition der aus den Benzocyclobutendionen 9–11 photochemisch erzeugten Bisketene mit dem enantiomerenreinen AB‐Baustein 29 führt in nur zwei Schritten zu den optisch aktiven, symmetrisch substituierten Daunomycinonen 33–35 .
FROM ENTREPRENEURSHIP TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: CELEBRATING TEN YEARS OF GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP MONITOR (2009)

ABSTRACT This paper reviews ten years of theoretical and empirical contributions by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor consortium. The evolution of GEM measures of entrepreneurship is tracked, and the quantity and quality of peer-reviewed scholarship based on GEM data and models is assessed. Prospects for the future are noted, as GEM continues to expand and scholars outside the consortium increasingly employ GEM data in their work. INTRODUCTION In this paper, we review the ten years of empirical and theoretical contributions of the GEM project. We do this by first reviewing the main scientific contributions of GEM to date. Second we analyze the evolution of GEM’s main indicators over the 10-year period 1999-2008 and show how some GEM measures effectively could contribute to our understanding of the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development. Finally we highlight recent advances in entrepreneurship measures and propose recommendations that may benefit the GEM project. Entrepreneurs create new businesses, and new businesses create jobs, intensify competition, and may even increase productivity through technological change. This is how entrepreneurship is believed to contribute to economic development. Some studies argue that during the last two decades the development of new technologies, and by consequence the emergence of new business models, has shifted from large corporations to small and new ventures (Audretsch and Thurik, 2001; Thurow, 2003; Wennekers et al., 2005, Amoros and Cristi, 2008). By consequence high levels of entrepreneurship will thus translate directly into high levels of innovation, employment and development (Schumpeter, 1934; Baumol, 2002; Acs and Audretsch, 1988). However, we have much to learn about why entrepreneurship rates differ not only among countries with different development stages but also among regions in a single country, and why not all entrepreneurial efforts have the same impact on economic development. Many of these issues are widely explored by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) research program, which assesses entrepreneurial activity annually in nations and regions of the world. GEM was created in September 1997 by Michael Hay and Bill Bygrave as a joint research initiative by London Business School and Babson College. The project’s success would not have been possible without the tremendous efforts of GEM entrepreneur Paul Reynolds, who was Principal Investigator of the project between 1998 and 2003. The first GEM Global study was conducted in 1999. This first effort analyzed 10 countries: the G7 countries (i.e., Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom and United States) and three additional countries, Denmark, Finland and Israel because some researchers of these countries had relevant expertise. 1Acs et al.: CELEBRATING TEN YEARS OF GLOBAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP MONITORFrontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2009
Sub-wavelength gratings fabricated on a light bar by roll-to-roll UV embossing process (2011)

This research uses a roll-to-roll based ultraviolet (UV) resin process to make sub-wavelength gratings for display applications. Based on the rigorous coupling wave analysis (RCWA), we analyze the relationship between the first order transmission/reflection efficiency and the pitch of the grating for various shapes as rays pass through the sub-wavelength gratings, patterned with a backlight. The objective is to turn the R/G/B (620 nm, 520 nm, and 450 nm) incident rays into uniformly and normally output white light with high illuminance from the surface of a light guide.
NOVEL AND CONVENIENT METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION OF SUBSTITUTED THIOPHENES, THIAZOLES, AND 1,3,4-THIADIAZOLE-2(3H)-THIONES FROM BIFUNCTIONAL SUBSTRATES (1983)

Abstract The reactions of LR (Lawesson’s Reagent) with 4-oxocarboxylic acid derivatives I, N-acyl aminoacid derivatives III, and N-acyl-N′-ethoxycarbonylhydrazines V, smoothly produce substituted thiophenes II, thiazoles IV, and 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3H)-thiones VI.
Modulation of the plasminogen activator cascade during enhanced epidermal proliferation in vivo. (1996)

Many lines of evidence support an involvement of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and its type 1 inhibitor (PAI-1) in the migration of a variety of cells, including normal keratinocytes and carcinoma lines. In the present study, uPA expression was found to be a characteristic not just of migratory but also of proliferative keratinocytes. A variety of naturally occurring and experimentally induced epidermal hyperproliferative conditions were examined in mice, including fetal and neonatal epidermis, tape-stripped epidermis, and epidermis from which the hairs had been gently plucked. In all cases, epidermal hyperproliferation was accompanied by elevated levels of uPA mRNA (as measured by in situ hybridization) and activity (as measured by zymography). uPA mRNA was predominantly localized in the basal and immediately suprabasal cells, which constitute the proliferative population. To determine whether a PAI was concomitantly elevated, in situ hybridization for PAI-1 and PAI-2 was performed. PAI-2 but not PAI-1 mRNA was detected in fetal and neonatal epidermis, localized in the spinous layers. Although mRNAs for both inhibitors were induced by tape-stripping or hair-plucking, their distribution was more focal and more transient than that of uPA mRNA. These findings show that uPA, but not its usual inhibitors, is consistently elevated in the proliferative population of keratinocytes in a diverse range of hyperproliferative states. Two hypotheses are suggested by these data: (a) uPA may play a regulatory role in the activation of epidermal proliferation; or (b) uPA may be involved in the vertical migration of keratinocytes that must accompany increased cell proliferation.
Abstract Clustering for Program Comprehension (2000)

A new formal framework for program comprehension, Abstract Clustering, is presented. To manage the process of semantic-based modularisation of a software system from its source code, Abstract Interpretation is used to find a partition rather than measures. The result is a formal, semantic-based framework that offers a new approach to program comprehension.
Innate Immune Responses of Calves during Transient Infection with a Noncytopathic Strain of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (2004)

In this study, six immunocompetent calves were experimentally infected with a noncytopathic strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and the effects of the viral infection on parameters of the innate immune response of the host were analyzed. Clinical and virological data were compared with the temporal activation of the alpha/beta interferon-regulated Mx gene in white blood cells (WBC) and skin as well as the upregulation of the acute-phase serum proteins haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA). The viral strain used did provoke transient health impairment, namely, fever and leukopenia that were associated with viremia, viral shedding with nasal secretions, and antiviral seroconversion. Complete recovery was observed within 3 weeks. Elevated levels of SAA and Hp were apparent from days 4 to 13 and 8 to 11, respectively. In WBC, the levels of Mx mRNA and Mx protein were elevated from days 2 to 15. In the context of this study with BVDV, the level of Mx protein expression in WBC provided the most telling diagnostic window to monitor the host's ongoing innate immune response.
Serum metabolomics as a novel diagnostic approach for gastrointestinal cancer (2011)

Conventional tumor markers are unsuitable for detecting carcinoma at an early stage and lack clinical efficacy and utility. In this study, we attempted to investigate the differences in serum metabolite profiles of gastrointestinal cancers and healthy volunteers using a metabolomic approach and searched for sensitive and specific metabolomic biomarker candidates. Human serum samples were obtained esophageal (n = 15), gastric (n = 11), and colorectal (n = 12) cancer patients and healthy volunteers (n = 12). A model for evaluating metabolomic biomarker candidates was constructed using multiple classification analysis, and the results were assessed with receiver operating characteristic curves. Among the 58 metabolites, the levels of nine, five and 12 metabolites were significantly changed in the esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer patients, respectively, compared with the healthy volunteers. Multiple classification analysis revealed that the variations in the levels of malonic acid and L-serine largely contributed to the separation of esophageal cancer; gastric cancer was characterized by changes in the levels of 3-hydroxypropionic acid and pyruvic acid; and L-alanine, glucuronoic lactone and L-glutamine contributed to the separation of colorectal cancer. Our approach revealed that some metabolites are more sensitive for detecting gastrointestinal cancer than conventional biomarkers. Our study supports the potential of metabolomics as an early diagnostic tool for cancer.