gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Escherichia coli invasion of brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo: molecular cloning and characterization of invasion gene ibe10 (1995)

Most cases of neonatal Escherichia coli meningitis develop as a result of hematogenous spread, but it is not clear how circulating E. coli crosses the blood-brain barrier. In an attempt to identify E. coli structures contributing to invasion into the central nervous system (CNS), TnphoA mutagenesis was performed with an invasive CSF isolate of E. coli K1 strain RS218 (O18:K1:H7), and TnphoA mutants were examined for their noninvasive capability in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC). The noninvasive mutants exhibited the invasive ability of < 1% of the parent strain. One of the noninvasive mutants (10A-23) with a single TnphoA insertion and no changes in phenotypic characteristics was found to be significantly less invasive into the CNS in the newborn rat model of hematogenous E. coli meningitis. The TnphoA inserts with flanking sequences were cloned and sequenced. A novel open reading frame (8.2 kDa) was identified. Open reading frame analysis indicated that the 8.2-kDa protein (Ibe10) contained multiple transmembrane domains. ibe10 was cloned into an expression vector, pQE30, and the purified Ibe10 was shown to inhibit invasion of BMEC by strain RS218. These findings indicate that ibe10 is one of the E. coli genes involved in the invasion of BMEC in vitro and in vivo.
Introduction (2005)

This volume is not a history of the war in Iraq, nor is it a systematic exploration of the issues raised by the war. It contains no government documents or presidential pronouncements, and there is not a single public official among its contributors. Though a diverse collection of opinion pieces and journal articles, it does not pretend to cover the full range of views on the American effort to overthrow and replace the regime of Saddam Hussein. It is a sampling taken exclusively from writers who belong, by self-identification or by the character of their arguments, to the political right. It is partial, partisan, incomplete – and yet it represents what is perhaps the most interesting and consequential foreign-policy discussion now going on in the United States.
Optical burst switching: a viable solution for terabit IP backbone (2000)

Wavelength-division multiplexing has emerged as an important physical layer technology. Optical transmission provides a physical layer capable of carrying bits at the speed at the order of a gigabit per second. Optical burst switching is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of conventional WDM deployment, such as lack of fine bandwidth granularity in wavelength routing and electronic speed bottlenecks in SONET/SDH. We describe an architecture for IP network over the OBS WDM transmission core. The use of MPLS-type technique for forwarding data bursts and the inclusion of a medium access control layer between the optical (WDM) and IP layers are the key ingredients of the proposed architecture. In particular, the architecture is based on provisioning MPLS paths, also called label switched paths, of desired quality of service through the OBS WDM transmission core. The MAC layer performs various OBS-specific functions, such as burst assembly, burst scheduling, and offset setting/traffic shaping. While burst assembly and burst scheduling are relatively straightforward, we point out that the offset setting strategy has significant impact on the performance of IP network operating over OBS WDM core. We describe a shaping scheme to set the offset, an important system parameter for OBS, between the successive data bursts of a given data stream (label switched path) and their associated control packets. This scheme results in robust operation of the network and also facilitates traffic engineering. Guidelines are provided for implementing various IP QoS mechanisms in the optical backbone using OBS.
Voltage and pull-in time in current drive of electrostatic actuators (2002)

The absolute maximum value of the voltage developed across an electrostatic actuator when driven by a current source has been calculated as well as an absolute minimum for the pull-in time. These two results are calculated for a drive using a /spl delta/-pulse of current and numerical assessment is given to show that for a nonzero parasitic capacitance, a realistic shape of the current pulse, or a finite value of the damping coefficient do not increase the maximum value of the voltage developed beyond that limit and that the pull-in time is always larger than the analytical minimum. A scaled-up macromodel of an electrostatic actuator has been used to register voltage transients to validate the theoretical predictions.
Optimization of an in vitro human blood–brain barrier model: Application to blood monocyte transmigration assays (2015)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a selectively permeable barrier that separates the circulating blood from the extracellular fluid of the brain and is an essential component in brain homeostasis. In vitro BBB models are valuable supporting tools that can precede and complement animal and human studies of the development and progression of the central nervous system diseases. At present, mono-, co-, and tri-culture models that use porcine, murine, or human cells have been developed. We have optimized a two-dimensional model of the human BBB using primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells and normal human astrocytes. We have validated the effectiveness of our model with transmigration assays of human blood monocytes toward CCL19, a natural ligand of the chemokine receptor CCR7. This model offers the following advantages:•It is simple, convenient, and requires small quantities of material, reagents, and primary cells.•It can be used to monitor cell migration through the BBB.•It can be used to assess brain capillary permeability in the presence of xenobiotic, pro-inflammatory, or other substances.
The Silence of Weapons or Inconvenient Peace (2013)

There are fewer wars and they have fewer casualties. This statement is supported by multiple, well-founded statistical analyses. It is explained most notably by the pacifying role played by the States in the post
DNA Integrity as a Potential Marker for Stool-based Detection of Colorectal Cancer (2003)

The presence of long DNA fragments in stool is associated with CRC and may be related to disease-associated differences in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis. An assay of fecal DNA integrity may be a useful biomarker for the detection of CRC.
On the Control of Elliptic Grid Generation (1998)

From a comparison of the elliptic grid generation equation with the metric identity analytical expressions for the control functions are derived, discussed and used for local, linewise grid control according to objectives of spacing and angles between grid lines. Regions of local grid control with respect to these first derivatives of the position vector are naturally confined by the existence of precise ideas on these quantities and are fitted to the rest of the field, where the variation of spacing and angle should just be smooth.
Utilization of host iron sources by Corynebacterium diphtheriae: identification of a gene whose product is homologous to eukaryotic heme oxygenases and is required for acquisition of iron from heme and hemoglobin (1997)

Corynebacterium diphtheriae was examined for the ability to utilize various host compounds as iron sources. C. diphtheriae C7(-) acquired iron from heme, hemoglobin, and transferrin. A siderophore uptake mutant of strain C7 was unable to utilize transferrin but was unaffected in acquisition of iron from heme and hemoglobin, which suggests that C. diphtheriae possesses a novel mechanism for utilizing heme and hemoglobin as iron sources. Mutants of C. diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans that are defective in acquiring iron from heme and hemoglobin were isolated following chemical mutagenesis and streptonigrin enrichment. A recombinant clone, pCD293, obtained from a C7(-) genomic plasmid library complemented several of the C. ulcerans mutants and three of the C. diphtheriae mutants. The nucleotide sequence of the gene (hmuO) required for complementation was determined and shown to encode a protein with a predicted mass of 24,123 Da. Sequence analysis revealed that HmuO has 33% identity and 70% similarity with the human heme oxygenase enzyme HO-1. Heme oxygenases, which have been well characterized in eukaryotes but have not been identified in prokaryotes, are involved in the oxidation of heme and subsequent release of iron from the heme moiety. It is proposed that the HmuO protein is essential for the utilization of heme as an iron source by C. diphtheriae and that the heme oxygenase activity of HmuO is involved in the release of iron from heme. This is the first report of a bacterial gene whose product has homology to heme oxygenases.
Synthesis of High-Temperature Stable Anatase TiO2 Photocatalyst (2007)

In the absence of a dopant or precursor modification, anatase to rutile transformation in synthetic TiO2 usually occurs at a temperature of 600−700 °C. Conventionally, metal oxide dopants (e.g., Al2O3 and SiO2) are used to tune the anatase to rutile transformation. A simple methodology is reported here to extend the anatase rutile transformation by employing various concentrations of urea. XRD and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize various phases formed during thermal treatment. A significantly higher anatase phase (97%) has been obtained at 800 °C with use of a 1:1 Ti(OPr)4:urea composition and 11% anatase composition is retained even after calcining the powder at 900 °C. By comparison a sample that has been prepared without urea showed that rutile phases started to form at a temperature as low as 600 °C. The effect of smaller amounts of urea such as 1:0.25 and 1:0.5 Ti(OPr)4:urea has also been studied and compared. The investigation concluded that the stoichiometric modification by urea 1:1 Ti(OPr)4:urea composition is most effective in extending the anatase to rutile phase transformation by 200 °C compared to the unmodified sample. In addition, BET analysis carried out on samples calcined at 500 °C showed that the addition of urea up to 1:1 (Ti(OPr)4:urea) increased the total pore volume (from 0.108 to 0.224 cm3/g) and average pore diameter (11 to 30 nm) compared to the standard sample. Samples prepared with 1:1 Ti(OPr)4:urea composition calcined at 900 °C show significantly higher photocatalytic activity compared to the standard sample prepared under similar conditions. Kinetic analysis shows a marked increase in the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine 6G on going from the standard sample (0.027 min-1, decoloration in 120 min) to the urea-modified sample (0.073 min-1, decoloration in 50 min).
Bacterial neurotoxins--a thousand years later. (1995)

Clostridium bacteria are responsible for the neuroparalysis in tetanus and in botulism by producing potent neurotoxins. Here we review the current developments in understanding the toxins' mode of action by deciphering the molecular basis for their function. The active forms of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins block neurotransmitter release via a zinc-dependent protease activity. All known tetanus and botulinum toxins cleave only three key components in the synaptic vesicle docking and fusion protein complex. While tetanus and botulinum types B, D, F and G cleave VAMP/synaptobrevin, an integral membrane protein of the synaptic vesicles, two other synaptic proteins from the plasma membrane, SNAP-25 and syntaxin, are cleaved by botulinum types A and E and botulinum type C, respectively. We discuss the mechanism by which the proteolytic activity of these toxins causes a block in vesicle fusion.
The molecular basis for impaired hypoxia-induced VEGF expression in diabetic tissues (2009)

Diabetes is associated with poor outcomes following acute vascular occlusive events. This results in part from a failure to form adequate compensatory microvasculature in response to ischemia. Since vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an essential mediator of neovascularization, we examined whether hypoxic up-regulation of VEGF was impaired in diabetes. Both fibroblasts isolated from type 2 diabetic patients, and normal fibroblasts exposed chronically to high glucose, were defective in their capacity to up-regulate VEGF in response to hypoxia. In vivo, diabetic animals demonstrated an impaired ability to increase VEGF production in response to soft tissue ischemia. This resulted from a high glucose-induced decrease in transactivation by the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which mediates hypoxia-stimulated VEGF expression. Decreased HIF-1α functional activity was specifically caused by impaired HIF-1α binding to the coactivator p300. We identify covalent modification of p300 by the dicarbonyl metabolite methylglyoxal as being responsible for this decreased association. Administration of deferoxamine abrogated methylglyoxal conjugation, normalizing both HIF-1α/p300 interaction and transactivation by HIF-1α. In diabetic mice, deferoxamine promoted neovascularization and enhanced wound healing. These findings define molecular defects that underlie impaired VEGF production in diabetic tissues and offer a promising direction for therapeutic intervention.
Screening for Breast Cancer (1989)

Letters and Corrections15 November 1989Screening for Breast CancerLockhart B. McGuire, MDLockhart B. McGuire, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-111-10-858_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editor: During the processing of Dr. Eddy's manuscript for publication (1), the American College of Physicians approved new recommendations on screening for breast cancer:1. Screening with breast physical examination is recommended annually for asymptomatic women age 40 and older.2. Screening with breast physical examination and mammography is recommended annually for asymptomatic women age 50 and older.3. Screening with breast physical examination and mammography is recommended annually for women at any age who have a personal history of breast cancer.4. Screening with breast physical examination and mammography is recommended annually for women age 40 and...Reference1. Eddy D. Screening for Breast Cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111:389-99. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Clinical Efficacy Assessment American College of Physicians PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByOversupply of Screening Mammography Units: Why Should Internists Care?Alvin I. Mushlin, MD, ScMIs the Supply of Mammography Machines Outstripping Need and Demand? An Economic AnalysisMartin L. Brown, PhD, Larry G. Kessler, ScD, Fred G. Rueter, DSc 15 November 1989Volume 111, Issue 10Page: 858-859KeywordsBreast cancerCancer screeningMammography Issue Published: 15 November 1989 PDF DownloadLoading ...
[Current status of neurostimulation and neuromodulation for vesicourethral dysfunction]. (1997)

There is ample experience in the application of sacral root electrical stimulation. The reported results are comparable with those achieved by other treatments, such as augmentation cystoplasty. Neurostimulation and neuromodulation techniques are simple, the complications are minimal and they do not prelude the use of other therapies.
Characterization of a gene that regulates toxin A synthesis inPseudomonas aeruginosa (1988)

Journal Article Characterization of a gene that regulates toxin A synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Get access Michael S. Hindahl, Michael S. Hindahl Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY 14642, USA + Present address: Pfizer Corporation, Groton, CT, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Dara W. Frank, Dara W. Frank Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY 14642, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Abdul Hamood, Abdul Hamood Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY 14642, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Barbara H. Iglewski Barbara H. Iglewski * Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochester, NY 14642, USA * To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 16, Issue 12, 24 June 1988, Page 5699, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/16.12.5699 Published: 24 June 1988 Article history Accepted: 16 November 1987 Published: 24 June 1988
L1 (LINE-1) Retrotransposon Evolution and Amplification in Recent Human History (2000)

L1 (LINE-1) elements constitute a large family of mammalian retrotransposons that have been replicating and evolving in mammals for more than 100 Myr and now compose 20% or more of the DNA of some mammals. Here, we investigated the evolutionary dynamics of the active human Ta L1 family and found that it arose approximately 4 MYA and subsequently differentiated into two major subfamilies, Ta-0 and Ta-1, each of which contain additional subsets. Ta-1, which has not heretofore been described, is younger than Ta-0 and now accounts for at least 50% of the Ta family. Although Ta-0 contains some active elements, the Ta-1 subfamily has replaced it as the replicatively dominant subfamily in humans; 69% of the loci that contain Ta-1 inserts are polymorphic for the presence or absence of the insert in human populations, as compared with 29% of the loci that contain Ta-0 inserts. This value is 90% for loci that contain Ta-1d inserts, which are the youngest subset of Ta-1 and now account for about two thirds of the Ta-1 subfamily. The successive emergence and amplification of distinct Ta L1 subfamilies shows that L1 evolution has been as active in recent human history as it has been found to be for rodent L1 families. In addition, Ta-1 elements have been accumulating in humans at about the same rate per generation as recently evolved active rodent L1 subfamilies.
New Potential for Human Embryonic Stem Cells (1998)

Cells taken at a stage of embryo development have the potential to differentiate into all of the different tissue types of an organism. These embryonic stem (ES) cells are therefore of great interest in possible transplant therapies for genetic disease. ES cells have previously been obtained from some mammalian species, but not others. In his Perspective, Gearhart discusses a report in the same issue by [ Thomson et al. ][1] in which the successful derivation of ES cell lines from human cells is described. This achievement may open doors to genetic therapy, but additional research and resolution of practical issues will be necessary. As Gearhart describes, one such issue is the current prohibition by U.S. federal law of federally funded research on embryonic cells, and this legislation will need to be reexamined in light of these new developments.

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/282/5391/1145
Comparison of 3 quantitative measures of hand radiographs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Steinbrocker stage, Kaye modified Sharp score, and Larsen score. (1997)

The 3 scoring methods give similar quantitative information concerning hand radiographs of patients with RA. The Larsen and modified Sharp scores are preferred measures, as the detailed information facilitates comparison of different patients and monitoring of individual patients over time.
Biologic significance of constitutive and subliminal growth factor production by bone marrow stroma (1992)

Abstract The “stromal” or adherent cells of long-term murine Dexter explant bone marrow cultures provide the best in vitro model of the bone marrow microenvironment. Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) is produced constitutively by these cells and is easily detected, but most investigators have not found constitutive production of the other hemolymphopoietic cytokines. We have previously reported the detection of granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF) in murine stromal cultures and its induction by the lectin Pokeweed mitogen. The present studies analyzing stromal cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) production by standard Northern blot analysis show constitutive production of mRNAs for CSF-1, GM-CSF, granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF), c-kit ligand (KL), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), but not IL-3, IL-4, or IL-5 by 3-week irradiated or nonirradiated murine Dexter stromal cells. Exposure of stromal cells to Pokeweed mitogen or IL-1 16 hours before RNA harvest induces the messages for GM-CSF, G-CSF, KL, and IL-6, but not IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, or CSF-1. Polymerase chain reaction amplification of cDNA made with reverse transcriptase from stromal RNA using two separate sets of IL-3- specific primers shows the presence of IL-3 message in irradiated stromal cells, which is only detectable with this more sensitive technique. The factor-dependent cell lines FDC-P1 and 32D are supported by the stromal cells without the addition of exogenous growth factors, demonstrating a cytokine activity in these cultures that is inhibited by the addition of anti-IL-3 or anti-GM-CSF antibodies. These data indicate that murine Dexter stromal cells constitutively produce CSF-1, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-6, KL, and IL-3. This growth factor production could explain the support of granulocyte, macrophage, and megakaryocyte production and stem cell maintenance in Dexter-type long-term murine bone marrow cultures.
Activity of Novispirin G10 againstPseudomonas aeruginosaIn Vitro and in Infected Burns (2002)

The emergence of multidrug-resistant microbes has serious implications for managing infection and sepsis and has stimulated efforts to develop alternative treatments, such as antimicrobial peptides. The objective of this study was to test a designer peptide, novispirin G10, against multidrug-resistant microorganisms. By two-stage radial diffusion assays, its activity against such organisms compared favorably with that of standard antibiotics and other antimicrobial peptides. It killed bacteria very rapidly, was nonhemolytic, and was relatively noncytotoxic. The peptide induced an immediate, massive efflux of potassium from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suggesting that it altered the permeability of its inner membrane. The presence of human serum reduced but did not eliminate its activity. We tested the in vivo activity of novispirin G10 in rats with an infected, partial-thickness burn that covered 20% of their total body surface area. The burned area was seeded with 10(6) CFU of a Silvadene-resistant P. aeruginosa strain, and 24 h later a single treatment with 0, 1, 3, or 6 mg of synthetic novispirin G10 (n = 16 at each concentration) per kg was given intradermally. Significant bacterial killing (P < 0.0001) was evident within 4 h in each peptide group compared to controls receiving vehicle. Antimicrobial peptides such as novispirin G10 may provide a useful alternative or adjunct to standard antibiotic agents in treating burns or other wound infections.