gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Astrocyte Surface NAAG Receptor and NAAG Peptidase Signaling Complex as a Therapeutic Target (2008)

There is evidence that schizophrenia and other neuropathies may involve malfunction of a unique N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) receptor and its associated NAAG peptidase, a receptor and enzyme found together on the astrocyte surface. NAAG is a peptide neurotransmitter released by stimulated neurons and specifically targeted to the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGlu(3)), activation of which initiates astrocyte Ca(2+) waves responsible for astrocyte-astrocyte and astrocyte-vascular system signaling and induction of vascular hyperemic responses that increase energy supplies to stimulated neurons. In this review, it is hypothesized that the receptor and enzyme exist as a cytostructural unit on the astrocyte surface, and the nature of this proposed mGlu(3)-NAAG peptidase complex is considered in terms of its physiological signaling role, and of the effect of drugs on this role. The mGlu(3) receptor has been the target of extrinsic antagonists and agonists that mimic NAAG structure and compete with natural NAAG for the receptor site. NAAG metabolism has also been the target of extrinsic NAAG-like substances that inhibit NAAG peptidase, competing with NAAG for the enzyme active site. Several drugs that affect the mGlu(3) receptor or NAAG peptidase have reached a stage of human testing. Two are agonists of the mGlu(3) receptor, and another is an NAAG peptidase inhibitor. These substances appear to have potential for treating schizophrenia and other cognitive neuropathies by interfering with a homeostatic NAAG activated neuron-astrocyte-vascular energy supply system.
Removal of Endotoxin from Culture Supernatant of Bordetella pertussis with Aminated Poly(.GAMMA.-methyl L-glutamate) Spherical Beads. (1992)

Attempts were made to prepare adsorbents having a high affinity for endotoxin in the culture supernatant of Bordetella pertussis. When poly(gamma-methyl L-glutamate) (PMLG) was used as a matrix and amino groups as the ligand, the highest affinity for endotoxin was attained even at a high ionic strength (mu = 0.2-0.4). PMLG beads containing amino groups of about 3.2 meq/g selectively removed endotoxin from the culture supernatant of B. pertussis without affecting the protective antigens. It was demonstrated that 1 ml of the wet adsorbent adsorbed 4.5 mg of endotoxin. The beads of PMLG derivatives, therefore, are considered to be a useful adsorbent for the removal of endotoxin from the pertussis vaccine, affecting neither filamentous hemagglutinin nor pertussis toxin.
Expression of a Tomato cDNA Coding for Phytoene Synthase in Escherichia coli, Phytoene Formation In Vivo and In Vitro, and Functional Analysis of the Various Truncated Gene Products1 (1994)

Full length and truncated cDNA expression constructs of the phytoene synthase (psy) gene from tomato have been ligated into a pUC8 cloning vector. One of the truncated constructs was introduced into Escherichia coli carrying the Erwinia uredovora GGPP synthase gene. This transformant produced 15,15'-cis-phytoene, which was identified on the basis of its UV and IR spectral data, from geranylgeranyl diphosphate. The function of this gene product was further confirmed by in vitro assay using cell-free extract of E. coli harboring the construct. On transformation with the above constructs together with a plasmid containing the carotenoid gene cluster from E. uredovora devoid of the phytoene synthase (crtB) gene, yellow, carotenoid-containing, E. coli colonies were produced. The amounts of carotenoids synthesized by the transformed cells, related to the steady-state levels of psy mRNA, varied depending upon the psy constructs. The full-length psy clone produced 16-fold less carotenoids per unit amount of RNA than cells containing phytoene synthase without the first 114 N-terminal amino acids. Removal of further amino acids from the N-terminus caused a large decrease in carotenogenesis. A Western blot of ripe fruit stroma with a monoclonal antibody raised against phytoene synthase revealed a single protein band of apparent molecular mass 38 kDa. Based upon this immunological evidence, we conclude that the size of the transit peptide of phytoene synthase from ripe tomato fruit is approximately 9 kDa, corresponding to about 80 amino acid residues.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Comparative Life Cycle Studies on Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-Based Composites as Potential Replacement for Conventional Petrochemical Plastics (2007)

A cradle-to-grave environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) of a few poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) based composites has been performed and was compared to commodity petrochemical polymers. The end products studied are a cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor housing (conventionally produced from high-impact polystyrene, HIPS) and the internal panels of an average car (conventionally produced from glass-fibers-filled polypropylene, PP-GF). The environmental impact is evaluated on the basis of nonrenewable energy use (NREU) and global warming potential over a 100 years time horizon (GWP100). Sugar cane bagasse (SCB) and nanoscaled organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) are used as PHB fillers. The results obtained show that, despite the unsatisfying mechanical properties of PHB composites, depending on the type of filler and on the product, it is possible to reach lower environmental impacts than by use of conventional petrochemical polymers. These savings are mainly related to the PHB production process, while there are no improvements related to composites preparation. SCB-based composites seem to be environmentally superior to clay-based ones.
MiR-497 enhances metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma through SMAD7 suppression. (2016)

SMAD7 is a key inhibitor of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) receptor signaling, which regulates the alteration of cancer cell invasiveness through epithelial-mesenchymal cell conversion. Since microRNAs (miRNAs) play a potential role in the tumorigenesis, cancer cell growth and metastases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), determination of the involved miRNAs that may regulate SMAD7-mediated OSCC cell invasion appears to be one important question. Here, we found that the levels of miR-497 were significantly increased and the levels of SMAD7 were significantly decreased in OSCC specimens, compared to the paired adjacent non-tumor tissue. Moreover, miR-497 and SMAD7 inversely correlated in OSCC specimens. The 5-year survival of the patients with higher miR-497 levels in the resected OSCC was worse than those high miR-497 levels. Bioinformatics analyses showed that miR-497 targeted the 3'-UTR of SMAD7 mRNA to inhibit its translation, which was proved by luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, miR-497 overexpression increased SMAD7-suppressed cell invasion, while miR-497 depletion decreased SMAD7-suppressed cell invasion in OSCC cells, in both a transwell cell invasion assay and a scratch would healing assay. Together, our data suggest that suppression of miR-497 in OSCC cells may promote cancer cell invasion via suppression of SMAD7, and highlight miR-497 as an intriguing therapeutic target to prevent OSCC metastases.
The Meaning of Mission (2008)

Virtually every modern healthcare organization in the United States devotes considerable time and energy to crafting a “Mission and Vision Statement.” Development of these value-based declarations of purpose helps the leaders of these organizations to succinctly state what they stand for and what they aspire to become. There are even irreverent websites that poke fun at the entire enterprise through the use of specialized software that allows one to generate a “customized” mission statement simply by filling in the blanks. For those organizations that take it seriously, a carefully articulated mission and vision can drive the entire enterprise by assuring that each individual understands his/her role and how it contributes to the overall organizational goals. I have had the privilege of learning the true meaning of mission in healthcare through my decade of service on the Board of Trustees of Catholic Healthcare Partners (CHP), one of the country’s largest not-for-profit healthcare systems, headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio. In this article, I will outline the scope of the CHP Mission and then reflect upon how my experience as a member of their board influenced my point of view. The CHP system consists of more than 100 organizations, including “acute care hospitals, long-term care facilities, housing sites for the elderly, home health agencies, hospice programs, wellness centers, and more.” 1 They are divided into nine regions, each of which provides a comprehensive range of services that meet the healthcare needs of people in Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and nearby states. CHP is the largest employer in Ohio, and the tenth largest integrated delivery system in the United States. Its thirty-three core hospitals with thousands of physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and others provide services to millions of patients. CHP’s mission is to “extend the healing ministry of Jesus by improving the health of our communities with emphasis on people who are poor and underserved.” CHP expresses its core values of compassion, excellence, human dignity, justice, sacredness of life, and service through the activities of its nearly 35,000 associates in each of its organizational components. All of these activities eventually report up to the Corporate Board through the home office in Cincinnati.
Antigenicity of the proteins in soy lecithin and soy oil in soybean allergy (1998)

Proteins present in soy lecithin and soy oil have little antigenicity with regard to soybean allergy.
Crystalline green 5‐hydroxyvaleryl‐CoA dehydratase from Clostridium aminovalericum (1991)

A green enzyme from Clostridium aminovalericum with valeryl-CoA dehydrogenase activity was purified to homogeneity (169 +/- 3 kDa) and crystallized. By SDS/PAGE, one type of subunit (42 kDa) was detected indicating a homotetrameric structure. The unusual ultraviolet/visible spectrum of the green enzyme (maxima at 394 nm, 438 nm and 715 nm) was converted to a normal flavoprotein spectrum either by reduction with dithionite and reoxidation under air, or by removal of the prosthetic group at pH 2 and reconstitution with FAD (not FMN). Besides FAD (4 mol/169 kDa), the enzyme contained 4 mol of a CoA ester which was similar but not identical to 5-hydroxy-2-pentenoyl-CoA. The reconstituted holoenzyme as well as the native green enzyme, but not the apoenzyme, catalysed the reversible dehydration of 5-hydroxyvaleryl-CoA to 4-pentenoyl-CoA in the absence of an external electron acceptor. In its presence (preferentially ferricenium ion), the green or yellow enzyme catalysed the formation of (E)-5-hydroxy-2-pentenoyl-CoA and 2,4-pentadienoyl-CoA either from 4-pentenoyl-CoA or from 5-hydroxyvaleryl-CoA. The reversible hydration of 2,4-pentadienoyl-CoA to (E)-5-hydroxy-2-pentenoyl-CoA was mediated by both enzymes as well as by the apoenzyme in the absence of FAD. Hydration of 4-pentenoate in 2H2O yielded optically active 5-hydroxy[2,4-2H2]valerate by the combined action of 5-hydroxyvalerate CoA-transferase, the green dehydratase and catalytical amounts of acetyl-CoA. The data show that the reversible hydration of the isolated double bond of 4-pentenoyl-CoA to 5-hydroxyvaleryl-CoA. which apparently violates the Markovnikov rule, is preceded by oxidation to 2,4-pentadienoyl-CoA. The latter compound, a vinyl analogue of 2-enoyl-CoA, is then easily hydrated to (E)-5-hydroxy-2-pentenoyl-CoA and finally reduced to 5-hydroxyvaleryl-CoA.
Iron overload and toxicity: the hidden risk of multiple blood transfusions (2009)

Increased awareness of the risks of iron overload from chronic transfusion therapy should result in greater use of interventions such as iron chelation to reduce total body iron and the risk of long-term sequelae.
Identification and characterization of a novel Bacillus thuringiensis δ‐endotoxin entomocidal to coleopteran and lepidopteran larvae (1992)

A new class of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins, or insecticidal control proteins (ICPs), is defined by an apparently cryptic protein with a unique primary structure and novel entomocidal specificity for certain coleopteran and lepidopteran species. The discovery of a new group of ICPs will extend the use of this natural insecticide in integrated pest-management systems.
Spatial and angular nonuniformities from collimated sputtering (1993)

A Monte Carlo collimated sputtering model, SIMSPUD, has been extended to examine the effects of collimation on the uniformity of spatial and angular distributions of flux incident to the substrate. The model predicts that substantial periodic variations can occur in the film thickness due to the proximity of the collimator. Experimental measurements closely confirm these predictions. In addition, the model predicts considerable periodic nonuniformity in the angular distribution over the same lengthscale. This will cause substantial variations in sidewall and bottom coverage inside topography as demonstrated using the film growth simulation, SIMBAD. Finally, collimation is seen to effectively transfer nonuniform sputter target erosion profiles to film thickness profiles, especially at higher aspect ratios. All three of these nonuniform effects have the potential to adversely affect the yield, performance, and reliability of films deposited using collimated sputtering.
Dihydromyricetin As a Novel Anti-Alcohol Intoxication Medication (2012)

Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) constitute the most common form of substance abuse. The development of AUDs involves repeated alcohol use leading to tolerance, alcohol withdrawal syndrome, and physical and psychological dependence, with loss of ability to control excessive drinking. Currently there is no effective therapeutic agent for AUDs without major side effects. Dihydromyricetin (DHM; 1 mg/kg, i.p. injection), a flavonoid component of herbal medicines, counteracted acute alcohol (EtOH) intoxication, and also withdrawal signs in rats including tolerance, increased anxiety, and seizure susceptibility; DHM greatly reduced EtOH consumption in an intermittent voluntary EtOH intake paradigm in rats. GABA(A) receptors (GABA(A)Rs) are major targets of acute and chronic EtOH actions on the brain. At the cellular levels, DHM (1 μM) antagonized both acute EtOH-induced potentiation of GABA(A)Rs and EtOH exposure/withdrawal-induced GABA(A)R plasticity, including alterations in responsiveness of extrasynaptic and postsynaptic GABA(A)Rs to acute EtOH and, most importantly, increases in GABA(A)R α4 subunit expression in hippocampus and cultured neurons. DHM anti-alcohol effects on both behavior and CNS neurons were antagonized by flumazenil (10 mg/kg in vivo; 10 μM in vitro), the benzodiazepine (BZ) antagonist. DHM competitively inhibited BZ-site [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding (IC(50), 4.36 μM), suggesting DHM interaction with EtOH involves the BZ sites on GABA(A)Rs. In summary, we determined DHM anti-alcoholic effects on animal models and determined a major molecular target and cellular mechanism of DHM for counteracting alcohol intoxication and dependence. We demonstrated pharmacological properties of DHM consistent with those expected to underlie successful medical treatment of AUDs; therefore DHM is a therapeutic candidate.
Aktive malonester als synthons für heterocyclen: Eine methode zur herstellung von 4‐hydroxy‐2(1H)‐pyridonen (1988)

Abstract 4‐Hydroxy‐2(1 H )‐pyridone 3 können in ausgezeichneten Ausbeuten aus den Azomethinen 1 mit Trichlorphenyl‐malonaten 2 hergestellt werden, wobei die Variation der Substituenten in 1‐, 3‐, 5‐ und 6‐Stellung in einem weiten Rahmen möglich ist. Auf diese Weise werden auch in 5,6‐Stellung überbrückte Pyridone 5 , 7 synthetisiert. Weiters wird die Herstellung 1‐unsubstituierter Pyridone über die Entbenzylierung der 1‐Benzylpyridone 3a,b sowie die Halogenierung zu isomeren 2‐ bzw. 4‐Chlorpyridonen 8, 9 und dem Dichlorpyridin 10 beschrieben.
Sensor based on an integrated optical microcavity (2002)

A novel integrated optical sensor based on a cylindrical microcavity (MC) is proposed. A MC sustains so-called whispering-gallery modes (WGMs), in which the energy of the optical field can be efficiently stored. By monitoring the scattering intensity from the MC, one can detect minute changes in the refractive index of the WGM, for instance, as a result of analyte adsorption. Measurement of a change in refractive index of as little as 10-4 is demonstrated experimentally. The MC-based integrated optical sensor may have a size of approximately 8 µm, and it is rugged and inexpensive.
CO2-Responsive polymer materials (2016)

This paper reviews the chemical fundamentals of CO<sub>2</sub>-responsive polymers as well as the latest reported “smart” material systems switched by CO<sub>2</sub>.
RETRACTED: Lipid-oligonucleotide conjugates improve cellular uptake and efficiency of TCTP-antisense in castration-resistant prostate cancer (2017)

Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) has been implicated in a plethora of important cellular processes related to cell growth, cell cycle progression, malignant transformation and inhibition of apoptosis. Therefore, TCTP is now recognized as a potential therapeutic target in several cancers including prostate, breast and lung cancers. We previously showed that TCTP is overexpressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and it has been implicated resistance to treatment. Recently, we developed TCTP antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to inhibit TCTP expression. However, the intracellular delivery and silencing activity of these oligonucleotides remains a challenge, and depend on the use of transfection agents and delivery systems. Here we show that lipid-modified ASO (LASOs) has improved penetration and efficiency in inhibiting TCTP expression in the absence of additional transfection agents, both in vitro and in vivo. Transfection with TCTP-LASO led to rapid and prolonged internalization via macropinocytosis, TCTP downregulation and significant decreased cell viability. We also show that lipid-modification led to delayed tumor progression in CRPC xenografts models, with no significant toxic effects observed.
The Novartis Health Index: A Method for Valuing the Economic Impact of Risk Reduction in a Workforce (2010)

The Novartis Health Index framework allows employers to track performance relative to health risk management using a single, accessible, user-friendly measure.
Favorable Attributes of Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding (2008)

Summary A laboratory study of the alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) process was conducted. It was found from phase-behavior studies that for a given synthetic surfactant and crude oil containing naph-thenic acids, optimal salinity depends only on the ratio of the moles of soap formed from the acids to the moles of synthetic surfactant present. Adsorption of anionic surfactants on carbonate surfaces is reduced substantially by sodium carbonate, but not by sodium hydroxide. The magnitude of the reduction with sodium carbonate decreases with increasing salinity. Particular attention was given to a surfactant blend of a pro-poxylated sulfate having a slightly branched C16–17 hydrocarbon chain and an internal olefin sulfonate. In contrast to alkyl/aryl sulfonates previously considered for EOR, alkaline solutions of this blend containing neither alcohol nor oil were single-phase micellar solutions at all salinities up to approximately optimal salinity with representative oils. Phase behavior with a west Texas crude oil at ambient temperature in the absence of alcohol was unusual in that colloidal material, perhaps another microemulsion having a higher soap content, was dispersed in the lower-phase microemulsion. Low interfacial tensions existed with the excess oil phase only when this material was present in sufficient amount in the spinning-drop device. Some birefringence was observed near and above optimal conditions. While this phase behavior is somewhat different from the conventional Winsor phase sequence, overall solubilization of oil and brine for this system was high, leading to low interfacial tensions over a wide salinity range and to excellent oil recovery in both dolomite and silica sandpacks. The sandpack experiments were performed with surfactant concentrations as low as 0.2 wt% and at a salinity well below optimal for the injected surfactant. It was necessary that sufficient polymer be present to provide adequate mobility control, and that salinity be below the value at which phase separation occurred in the polymer/surfactant solution. A 1D simulator was developed to model the process. By calculating transport of soap formed from the crude oil and injected surfactant separately, it showed that injection below optimal salinity was successful because a gradient in local soap-to-surfactant ratio developed during the process. This gradient increases robustness of the process in a manner similar to that of a salinity gradient in a conventional surfactant process. Predictions of the simulator were in excellent agreement with the sandpack results.
Activated carbon. (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleActivated carbon.W. A. Helbig Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1946, 23, 2, 98Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1946Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 February 1946Published inissue 1 February 1946https://doi.org/10.1021/ed023p98RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views716Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (4 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Substrate-Assisted Catalysis of the PAR1 Thrombin Receptor (2000)

Platelet activation and aggregation are mediated by thrombin cleavage of the exodomain of the PAR1 receptor. The specificity of thrombin for PAR1 is enhanced by binding to a hirudin-like region (Hir) located in the receptor exodomain. Here, we examine the mechanism of thrombin-PAR1 recognition and cleavage by steady-state kinetic measurements using soluble PAR1 N-terminal exodomains. We determined that the primary role of the PAR1 Hir sequence is to reduce the kinetic barriers to formation of the docked thrombin-PAR1 complex rather than to form high affinity ground-state interactions. In addition, the exosite I-bound Hir motif facilitates the productive interaction of the PAR1 (38)LDPR/SFL(44) sequence with the active site of thrombin. This locking process is the most energetically unfavorable step of the overall reaction. The subsequent irreversible steps of peptide bond cleavage are rapid and allosterically enhanced by the presence of the docked Hir sequence. Furthermore, the C-terminal exodomain product of thrombin cleavage, corresponding to the activated receptor, binds tightly to thrombin. This would suggest that an additional role of the Hir sequence in the thrombin-activated receptor is to sequester thrombin to the platelet surface and modulate cleavage of other platelet receptors such as the PAR4 thrombin receptor, which lacks a functional Hir sequence.