gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Probiotics As Functional Foods (2003)

Probiotic products have been widely used in Japan and Europe for years. Probiotics are now emerging as an important category of food supplement in the United States. Questions about the biologic nature, available products, claimed health benefits, and safety and regulation of probiotics are important for both consumers and nutrition professionals. Probiotics can be considered functional foods because they provide health benefits beyond the traditional nutrition function. With few exceptions, most probiotic products currently available contain lactic-acid-producing bacteria, which mainly belong to the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. We reviewed the scientific papers published in major nutrition journals and abstracts available on the PubMed website regarding probiotics. Evidence suggests the following beneficial effects of probiotics: normalization of the intestinal microflora, ability to block the invasion of potential pathogens in the gut, prophylactic or therapeutic treatment for several types of diarrhea, relief of symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, amelioration of lactose intolerance, prevention of colon cancer, modulation of immune function, inhibition of Helicobacter pylori, and possible enhancement of calcium absorption and reduction of blood cholesterol levels. Mechanisms for the above benefits have been proposed, but none has been proven. An adequate level of viable bacteria in a probiotic product and an appropriate daily dose are critical to achieve a health benefit. Because probiotics are not known to be pathogenic and their upper tolerable level is high, they could be promoted as a beneficial food supplement. Currently, no disease-prevention or therapeutic claim for probiotics is legally allowed.
Role of videofluoroscopy in evaluation of neurologic dysphagia. (2007)

For many years, videofluoroscopy was considered the gold standard for studies on swallowing disorders, and only recently has its role been challenged, due primarily to the widespread use of videoendoscopy in the evaluation of dysphagia. Albeit, videofluoroscopy still maintains its key role in this area and, in particular, in studies on dysphagia of neurological origin, on account not only of the possibility, with this procedure, to achieve complete and dynamic evaluation of all phases of deglutition, but also the high sensitivity and specificity in revealing the presence of inhalation. Aim of the present investigation was to analyse the technical procedure of videofluoroscopy and the principal indications in the study of dysphagia of neurological origin, in the attempt to reveal the advantages and disadvantages occurring in this examination, also with respect to other methods adopted in the evaluation of dyphagia. In conclusion, at present, no instrumental examination can be defined as ideal for the study of swallowing, but it can be seen that, with each of these procedures, the information forthcoming is actually complementary, thus achieving the aim to proceed as correctly and rapidly as possible, with the management of patients with dysphagia.
Stack-Captioning: Coarse-to-Fine Learning for Image Captioning (2018)

The existing image captioning approaches typically train a one-stage sentence decoder, which is difficult to generate rich fine-grained descriptions. On the other hand, multi-stage image caption model is hard to train due to the vanishing gradient problem. In this paper, we propose a coarse-to-fine multi-stage prediction framework for image captioning, composed of multiple decoders each of which operates on the output of the previous stage, producing increasingly refined image descriptions. Our proposed learning approach addresses the difficulty of vanishing gradients during training by providing a learning objective function that enforces intermediate supervisions. Particularly, we optimize our model with a reinforcement learning approach which utilizes the output of each intermediate decoder's test-time inference algorithm as well as the output of its preceding decoder to normalize the rewards, which simultaneously solves the well-known exposure bias problem and the loss-evaluation mismatch problem. We extensively evaluate the proposed approach on MSCOCO and show that our approach can achieve the state-of-the-art performance.
High density oligonucleotide array analysis of interferon-α2a sensitivity and transcriptional response in melanoma cells (2001)

Interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) represents an adjuvant therapy of proven effectiveness in increasing disease-free interval and survival in subgroups of melanoma patients. Since high doses of cytokine are required, the treatment is often accompanied by toxic side effects. Furthermore, naturally occurring insensitivity to IFN-alpha may hamper its therapeutic efficacy. Clinical, molecular or immunological markers enabling the selection of potential responders have not been identified so far. To explore the molecular basis of IFN-alpha responsiveness, we analysed the expression pattern of about 7000 genes in IFN-alpha sensitive and resistant cell lines and we compared the transcription profiles of cells cultured in the presence or absence of the cytokine using high-density oligonucleotide arrays. Melanoma cell lines were screened for their sensitivity to proliferation inhibition and HLA class I induction upon IFN-alpha treatment by standard 3H-thymidine incorporation and flow-cytometry. The study of 4 sensitive and 2 resistant cell lines allowed the identification of 4 genes (RCC1, IFI16, hox2 and h19) preferentially transcribed in sensitive cells and 2 (SHB and PKC-zeta) preferentially expressed in resistant cells. IFN-alpha stimulation resulted in the expression of a panel of 19 known inducible genes in sensitive but not in resistant cells. Moreover a group of 30 novel IFN-alpha inducible genes was identified. These data may provide a useful basis to develop diagnostic tools to select potential IFN-alpha responders eligible for treatment, while avoiding unnecessary toxicity to non-responders. Furthermore, by extending the knowledge of the polymorphic effects of IFN-alpha on gene expression, they offer novel clues to the study of its pleiotropic toxicity.
Retinal Damage from Suprathreshold Q-switch Laser Exposure (1978)

The eyes of rhesus monkeys were exposed to suprathreshold Q-switched laser pulses at wavelengths of 440, 530 and 694 nm. The energy level which resulted in hemorrhaging following foveal exposure was determined for the different wavelengths. A comparison of the extent and type of retinal damage between foveal and extramacula exposure sites was obtained using both assessment with the fundus camera and histological evaluation of the lesions.
Alterations of c-myc expression by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides enhance the induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells. (1995)

This study was designed using c-myc antisense oligodeoxynucleoside phosphorothioate (AS PS-ODN) to evaluate how alterations of c-myc expression in HL-60 human myeloid leukemia cells could influence the induction of apoptosis. Unexpectedly both the continuous down-regulation of c-myc expression caused by exposure to c-myc AS PS-ODN and up-regulation after its withdrawal influenced apoptosis. We found that continuous suppression of c-myc expression by 10 microM c-myc AS PS-ODN could decrease the proliferation of HL-60 cells to approximately 60% of the control growth after 3 days of suspension culture, and when assessed morphologically the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis was 3.5%. Evidence either of cell cycle arrest or cell cycle prolongation was not detected. It is likely that apoptosis induced by the sustained down-regulation of c-myc expression with AS PS-ODN treatment was solely sufficient to explain the inhibition of cell proliferation. Up-regulation of c-myc expression was observed within 1 h after c-myc AS PS-ODN withdrawal. This up-regulation further enhanced induction of apoptosis and involved up to 32% of the cells. These results suggest that while the continuous suppression of c-myc expression caused a constant effect on the induction of apoptosis, its abrupt up-regulation could rapidly drive a considerable number of HL-60 cells into the apoptotic pathway.
RNA-binding strategies common to cold-shock domain- and RNA recognition motif-containing proteins (2001)

Numerous RNA-binding proteins have modular structures, comprising one or several copies of a selective RNA-binding domain generally coupled to an auxiliary domain that binds RNA non-specifically. We have built and compared homology-based models of the cold-shock domain (CSD) of the Xenopus protein, FRGY2, and of the third RNA recognition motif (RRM) of the ubiquitous nucleolar protein, nucleolin. Our model of the CSD(FRG)-RNA complex constitutes the first prediction of the three-dimensional structure of a CSD-RNA complex and is consistent with the hypothesis of a convergent evolution of CSD and RRM towards a related single-stranded RNA-binding surface. Circular dichroism spectroscopy studies have revealed that these RNA-binding domains are capable of orchestrating similar types of RNA conformational change. Our results further show that the respective auxiliary domains, despite their lack of sequence homology, are functionally equivalent and indispensable for modulating the properties of the specific RNA-binding domains. A comparative analysis of FRGY2 and nucleolin C-terminal domains has revealed common structural features representing the signature of a particular type of auxiliary domain, which has co-evolved with the CSD and the RRM.
Flavonoid (Myricetin, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Luteolin, and Apigenin) Content of Edible Tropical Plants (2001)

Studies were conducted on the flavonoids (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin) contents of 62 edible tropical plants. The highest total flavonoids content was in onion leaves (1497.5 mg/kg quercetin, 391.0 mg/kg luteolin, and 832.0 mg/kg kaempferol), followed by Semambu leaves (2041.0 mg/kg), bird chili (1663.0 mg/kg), black tea (1491.0 mg/kg), papaya shoots (1264.0 mg/kg), and guava (1128.5 mg/kg). The major flavonoid in these plant extracts is quercetin, followed by myricetin and kaempferol. Luteolin could be detected only in broccoli (74.5 mg/kg dry weight), green chili (33.0 mg/kg), bird chili (1035.0 mg/kg), onion leaves (391.0 mg/kg), belimbi fruit (202.0 mg/kg), belimbi leaves (464.5 mg/kg), French bean (11.0 mg/kg), carrot (37.5 mg/kg), white radish (9.0 mg/kg), local celery (80.5 mg/kg), limau purut leaves (30.5 mg/kg), and dried asam gelugur (107.5 mg/kg). Apigenin was found only in Chinese cabbage (187.0 mg/kg), bell pepper (272.0 mg/kg), garlic (217.0 mg/kg), belimbi fruit (458.0 mg/kg), French peas (176.0 mg/kg), snake gourd (42.4 mg/kg), guava (579.0 mg/kg), wolfberry leaves (547.0 mg/kg), local celery (338.5 mg/kg), daun turi (39.5 mg/kg), and kadok (34.5 mg/kg). In vegetables, quercetin glycosides predominate, but glycosides of kaempferol, luteolin, and apigenin are also present. Fruits contain almost exclusively quercetin glycosides, whereas kaempferol and myricetin glycosides are found only in trace quantities.
Requirements and recommendations for an enhanced meeting viewing experience (2008)

We have found that viewing recorded meetings using traditional meeting viewers whose interfaces consist of an automatic speaker and a fixed context view does not provide sufficient information and control to the users. In particular, a survey of users who watch meeting recordings on a regular basis revealed that it is also useful to provide (1) speaker-related information, including who the speaker is talking to, looking at, and being interrupted by, and (2) more control of the interface, including changing the relative sizes of the speaker and context views and navigating within the context view. We present a 3D interface prototype designed specifically to meet these requirements when viewing recorded meetings. We describe in detail the results of a user study comparing the effectiveness of the new and traditional style interfaces with respect to these requirements. Based on this study, we present a set of guidelines for future interfaces.
Facile SNP detection using bifunctional, cross-linking oligonucleotide probes (2008)

A facile, sensitive method for detecting specific sequences of oligonucleotides was developed. Detection of DNA sequences with single nucleotide discrimination is achieved by combining the selectivity of hybridization with an efficient cross-linking reaction. Readily synthesized bifunctional oligonucleotide probes containing a modified pyrimidine that is capable of forming interstrand cross-links under mild oxidative conditions internally, and biotin at their 5'-termini were used to discriminate between 16-nt long sites in plasmid DNA that differ by a single nucleotide. The target sequence was detected via fluorescence spectroscopy by utilizing conjugates of avidin and horseradish peroxidase in a microtiter plate assay. The method is able to detect as little as 250 fmol of target without using PCR and exhibits single nucleotide discrimination that approaches 200:1. In principle, this method is capable of probing any target sequence containing a 2'-deoxyadenosine.
Illumina Sequencing Library Preparation for Highly Multiplexed Target Capture and Sequencing (2010)

The large amount of DNA sequence data generated by high-throughput sequencing technologies often allows multiple samples to be sequenced in parallel on a single sequencing run. This is particularly true if subsets of the genome are studied rather than complete genomes. In recent years, target capture from sequencing libraries has largely replaced polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the preferred method of target enrichment. Parallelizing target capture and sequencing for multiple samples requires the incorporation of sample-specific barcodes into sequencing libraries, which is necessary to trace back the sample source of each sequence. This protocol describes a fast and reliable method for the preparation of barcoded ("indexed") sequencing libraries for Illumina's Genome Analyzer platform. The protocol avoids expensive commercial library preparation kits and can be performed in a 96-well plate setup using multi-channel pipettes, requiring not more than two or three days of lab work. Libraries can be prepared from any type of double-stranded DNA, even if present in subnanogram quantity.
Induction of a cytolytic T-cell response in mice with a recombinant adenovirus coding for tumor antigen P815A (1996)

We investigated the efficacy of a recombinant adenovirus in inducing a cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response in mice against tumor antigen P815A, which is present on mouse mastocytoma P815. The recombinant adenoviral vector (Adeno.PIA) contained the sequence coding for the antigenic nonapeptide which binds to the H-2.Ld molecule to form antigen P815A. We verified that murine cells infected in vitro with Adeno. PIA were lysed by an anti-P815A CTL clone. Mice then received a single intradermal injection of Adeno. PIA, and after a few weeks their spleen cells were stimulated in vitro with tumor cells expressing antigen P815A. An anti-P815A CTL response was observed with the spleen lymphocytes of nearly all the mice, providing the lymphocytes were re-stimulated in vitro with cells expressing both P815A and co-stimulatory molecule B7.1. When the stimulatory cells did not express B7.1, a specific CTL response was observed in only 45% of the mice, and it was less intense. The Adeno. P1A viral vector was unable to raise an anti-P815A response in mice that had been previously infected with a recombinant adenovirus carrying the beta-galactosidase gene or with a defective adenovirus. We conclude that adenoviral vectors may be very useful for the priming of cytolytic T-cell responses directed against human tumor antigens. Other modes of immunization may be necessary to boost the responses induced with adenoviral vectors.
Participants' experiences of care during a randomized controlled trial comparing a lay‐facilitated angina management programme with usual care: a qualitative study using focus groups (2012)

Lay facilitation with the Angina Plan is perceived by the participants to be beneficial in supporting self-management. However, clinical expertise is still required to meet the more complex information and care needs of people with stable angina.
Photo-voltaic power converter with a simple maximum-power-point-tracker (2003)

A simple power conditioner to convert the power available from solar panels for feeding into 60 Hz AC mains is described. The output from the solar panels will be converted into a regulated DC voltage using a boost converter and a large capacitor. The DC output will then be converted to 60 Hz AC using a bridge inverter. The ratio between the load current and the short-circuit current of a PV panel at maximum power point is nearly constant for different insolation (light) levels and this property is utilized in designing a simple maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller. The results obtained on an experimental converter are presented.
Behavioral Disease in Rats Caused by Immunopathological Responses to Persistent Borna Virus in the Brain (1983)

Borna virus replicated persistently in the brains of rats, causing frenzied and apathetic behavioral states in sequence but no mortality. The transient frenzied behavior was caused by an immune-mediated, cytolytic, encephalitic response that was unexpectedly self-limiting. Cessation of active pathological processes coincided with the onset of the passive phase of the disease. This study thus demonstrates suppression of virus-specific inflammation despite continuous viral replication and describes a new mechanism by which chronic encephalitis may become established.
Innovative Therapies in Wound Healing (2003)

Background: Apligraf is a bioengineered skin product composed of neonatal fibroblasts and keratinocytes. The FDA has approved Apligraf for the treatment of chronic venous ulcers and diabetic ulcers. Objective: We review the development of bioengineered skin, examine the cellular activities of various growth factors that may facilitate wound healing, and discuss the results of clinical trials with a particular construct, Apligraf, as proof of principle. Conclusion: Bioengineered skin acts as a “smart” delivery system for growth factors and other stimulatory substances. Not only does it present a novel treatment for chronic and diabetic ulcers, but it could also be considered for application to other types of acute wounds.
Fluralaner activity against life stages of ticks using Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ornithodoros moubata IN in vitro contact and feeding assays (2015)

Fluralaner demonstrates potent in vitro acaricidal activity against all life stages of the brown dog tick, R.sanguineus. The testing of fluralaner contact and feeding routes using O. moubata nymphs demonstrates a high acaricidal activity in both exposure routes.
Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD): Mechanisms, Kinetics, and Application to Ceramics (1996)

The mechanisms of electrophoretic deposition (EPD) are discussed and their shortcomings identified. The kinetics of the processes involved are analyzed for constant‐current and constant‐voltage conditions. A method of determining the Hamaker constant of suspended particles is developed by modeling the relationship between the particle inter‐action energy and the suspension stability. A three‐probe dc technique is used to map the voltage profile around the depositing electrode, and the results are used to explain discrepancies between the calculated and experimentally observed voltage drops during deposition. A mechanism of deposition is proposed based on DLVO theory and particle double‐layer distortion/thinning on application of a dc field to the suspension. Kinetic equations are developed for constant‐current and constant‐voltage EPD using mass balance conditions; these are verified by experiments. After the phenomenon is introduced and discussed, a critique of the application of EPD to the synthesis of ceramic shapes and coatings is given.
Enlarged perivascular spaces are associated with cognitive function in healthy elderly men (2004)

These findings suggest that increased EPVS are correlated with worse cognitive function. Future studies examining changes in WM with ageing should consider incorporating measures of EPVS and examine the sequence of EPVS and WM lesion development over time. More work is needed to develop valid and reliable measures of EPVS.
Joint semantic utterance classification and slot filling with recursive neural networks (2014)

In recent years, continuous space models have proven to be highly effective at language processing tasks ranging from paraphrase detection to language modeling. These models are distinctive in their ability to achieve generalization through continuous space representations, and compositionality through arithmetic operations on those representations. Examples of such models include feed-forward and recurrent neural network language models. Recursive neural networks (RecNNs) extend this framework by providing an elegant mechanism for incorporating both discrete syntactic structure and continuous-space word and phrase representations into a powerful compositional model. In this paper, we show that RecNNs can be used to perform the core spoken language understanding (SLU) tasks in a spoken dialog system, more specifically domain and intent determination, concurrently with slot filling, in one jointly trained model. We find that a very simple RecNN model achieves competitive performance on the benchmark ATIS task, as well as on a Microsoft Cortana conversational understanding task.
Cinematographic analysis of bovine embryo development in serum-free oviduct-conditioned medium (1994)

Development of bovine embryos produced in vitro from the one-cell to the blastocyst stage in serum-free oviduct-conditioned medium was investigated for 8 days consecutively by time-lapse cinematography. Three movies were analysed (130 embryos). The following observations were made. (1) Development under cine-recording conditions was similar to that in a classical incubator. (2) The highest proportion of embryos at the two-cell, three-four-cell, five-eight-cell, 9-16-cell, morula and blastocyst stages were recorded at 34, 46, 61, 115, 149 and 192 h after insemination, respectively. Cleavage asynchrony between blastomeres within individual embryos started at the two-cell stage. (3) The duration of the first three cell cycles was 35 h, 14 h and 11-62 h, respectively. (4) Detailed analysis of 13 embryos revealed that developmental arrest ('Lag-phase') occurred at the four-cell (1 of 13), five-cell (2 of 13), six-cell (3 of 13), seven-cell (3 of 13) or eight-cell stage (4 of 13); this phase lasted about 59 h. Embryos arrested at the eight-cell stage developed into morula-blastocysts (3 of 4) at a higher rate than did those arrested at earlier stages (2 of 9). (5) The faster the embryos cleaved into early stages (two-cell, three-four-cell and five-eight-cell), the higher the probability that they developed into morula-blastocyst: 70% of the embryos reaching the two-cell stage before 30-31 h after insemination developed into morula-blastocyst.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Impaired Biological Activity of Erythropoietin by Cyanate Carbamylation (2000)

These results support that EPO exposed to high levels of cyanate in vitro demonstrates diminished biologic activity in healthy Sprague-Dawley rats. This effect may be manifested by the carbamylation of EPO by the cyanate. Should this occur in ESRD patients, it may contribute to the suboptimal erythropoietic response to EPO therapy associated with high urea levels, especially related to inadequate dialysis. Targeting dialysis doses specifically to urea concentrations may be more important than previously considered.