gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A proposal of multimedia document architecture and video document architecture (2002)

The concepts of MDA, multimedia document architecture, and VDA, video document architecture, are proposed. Harmonization with existing multimedia architectures and integration of media are described, introducing a multimedia space. A multimedia meta-structure is centered in this multimedia space. A projection of the meta-structure to an axis or a plane of multimedia space makes a mapping to a specific media architecture. Each axis is considered as a multimedia element. As a candidate for a multimedia element in multimedia space, VDA is also proposed in order to edit video information. The time-domain structure and the scenery structure for it are introduced. The video processing model is also described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Poly(ethylene oxide-b-isoprene) Diblock Copolymer Phase Diagram (2001)

The phase state of 25 poly(ethylene oxide-b-isoprene) (PEO−PI) diblock copolymers spanning the composition range 0.05 < fPEO < 0.8 has been studied using small-angle X-ray scattering and rheology. In addition, the thermal and thermodynamic properties have been obtained from differential scanning calorimetry and pressure−volume−temperature measurements. Twenty of the diblocks exhibit at least one order-to-order transition, and two show four ordered phases. The phase diagram consists of four equilibrium phases in the melt; lamellar (Lam), hexagonally packed cylinders (Hex), spheres packed in a body centered cubic lattice (bcc) and a bicontinuous cubic phase with the Ia3̄d space group symmetry known as the gyroid phase. The latter is formed for the range of compositions 0.4 < fPEO < 0.45 which are the highest ever reported for a stable gyroid phase. The high asymmetry in the present phase diagram is attributed to the high conformational asymmetry of the PEO and PI (ε = 2.72). At low temperatures, upon PEO crystallization, all phases revert to the crystalline lamellar structure (Lc). Within the composition range 0.66 < fPEO < 0.7 another intermediate phase is formed known as perforated layers (PL) which is clearly not an equilibrium phase. The thermal expansion coefficient was found to be a sensitive probe of the ordered microstructures.
Ventral and Lateral Regions of the Zebrafish Gastrula, Including the Neural Crest Progenitors, Are Established by abmp2b/swirlPathway of Genes (1998)

A bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway is implicated in dorsoventral patterning in Xenopus. Here we show that three genes in the zebrafish, swirl, snailhouse, and somitabun, function as critical components within a BMP pathway to pattern ventral regions of the embryo. The dorsalized mutant phenotypes of these genes can be rescued by overexpression of bmp4, bmp2b, an activated BMP type I receptor, and the downstream functioning Smad1 gene. Consistent with a function as a BMP ligand, swirl functions cell nonautonomously to specify ventral cell fates. Chromosomal mapping of swirl and cDNA sequence analysis demonstrate that swirl is a mutation in the zebrafish bmp2b gene. Interestingly, our analysis suggests that the previously described nonneural/neural ectodermal interaction specifying the neural crest occurs through a patterning function of swirl/bmp2b during gastrulation. We observe a loss in neural crest progenitors in swirl/bmp2b mutant embryos, while somitabun mutants display an opposite, dramatic expansion of the prospective neural crest. Examination of dorsally and ventrally restricted markers during gastrulation reveals a successive reduction and reciprocal expansion in nonneural and neural ectoderm, respectively, in snailhouse, somitabun, and swirl mutant embryos, with swirl/bmp2b mutants exhibiting almost no nonneural ectoderm. Based on the alterations in tissue-specific gene expression, we propose a model whereby swirl/bmp2b acts as a morphogen to specify different cell types along the dorsoventral axis.
Solid state nuclear bromination with N-bromosuccinimide. Part 2. Experimental and theoretical studies of reactions with some substituted benzaldehydes † (2000)

N-Bromosuccinimide reacts with aromatic aldehydes in the solid state to yield exclusively nuclear brominated products while a similar reaction in the solution phase produces a number of products under varied conditions. The reactivity and regioselectivity have been studied in terms of the energies of HOMO, HOMO–LUMO difference, reaction free energy, reaction conditions and crystal packing. Single crystal X-ray structural analysis of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde has been carried out. Crystal packing energies of some of the reactive and unreactive benzaldehydes indicate the importance of molecular bromine diffusion in the solid state.
Tyrosine phosphorylation and the mechanism of signal transduction by the B‐lymphocyte antigen receptor (1992)

Lymphocytes provide a powerful defense against infectious agents with their exquisite ability to distinguish between macromolecules of the host and macromolecules of foreign invaders. This ability derives from the antigen receptors, which are created from precursor minigenes by a series of genetic-recombination reactions [1, 2] and from cellular mechanisms that inactivate lymphocytes expressing self-reactive antigen receptors [3, 4]. Central to the problem of distinguishing self from non-self is the means by which these antigen receptors recognize antigen and transmit the information of that recognition to the interior of the cell. This information ultimately leads to lymphocyte activation or inactivation, depending upon the context. In this review, I shall summarize recent advances in understanding the structural elements of the antigen receptor complex of B lymphocytes and in understanding the signal-transduction events initiated by this receptor.
A concentric array for low and medium frequencies (1990)

It is shown that a concentric array of improved directivity Corum elements disposed about a central tower, driven by appropriate source amplitudes, produces a Fourier series approximation to any desired vertically polarized radiation pattern in the plane of the array. The antenna system is of special interest to broadcasters (where protected contours and interference levels are legally constrained) and also to other medium- and low-frequency users who require a vertically polarized directional array. An elementary example of the pattern synthesis technique is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Successful salvage of infected PTFE mesh after ventral hernia repair. (2002)

Rates of hernia recurrence following repair of abdominal wall hernia defects have been shown to be lower when prosthetic biomaterials are used, but their presence may be associated with a higher rate of infectious complications. Traditional surgical teaching has advocated removal of contaminated or exposed prosthetics, although the morbidity of these revisions is high. The case presented involves a ventral hernia repair complicated by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection and exposed polytetrafluoroethylene mesh. The open abdominal wound was successfully managed with a combination of intravenous antibiotics, local wound debridement, vacuum-assisted closure, and soft tissue coverage of the mesh. Eighteen months following surgical closure of the wound, no hernia recurrence or infection was evident.
"RFLP subtraction": a method for making libraries of polymorphic markers. (1994)

We developed a method, "RFLP subtraction," that isolates large numbers of unique sequence restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in a single experiment. The technique purifies small restriction fragments from one genome containing sequences that reside on large fragments in a related genome. We first isolate samples containing the small restriction fragments from two polymorphic strains. Subtractive hybridization then removes the fragments that are present in both samples. The remaining sequences are RFLPs: they occur on small fragments in one strain but not in the other. Here we use RFLP subtraction to make a library of hundreds of unique sequence RFLPs from two inbred mouse strains. We analyze and map a subset of the RFLPs and show that the genetic linkage of these markers can be rapidly determined by an efficient dot blot mapping technique. Several other potential applications of RFLP subtraction, including isolating region specific markers, are discussed.
Experimental multiple-path routing algorithm (1986)

This RFC describes an experimental, multiple-path routing algorithm designed for a packet-radio broadcast channel and discusses the design and testing of a prototype implementation. It is presented as an example of a class of routing algorithms and data-base management techniques that may find wider application in the Internet community. Of particular interest may be the mechanisms to compute, select and rank a potentially large number of speculative routes with respect to the limited cumputational resources available. Discussion and suggestions for improvements are welcomed. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
The Carbon Dioxide Hydration Activity of Carbonic Anhydrase (1971)

The kinetics of catalysis of CO2 hydration by human carbonic anhydrases B and C (EC 4.2.1.1) has been reinvestigated with use of an improved pH indicator stop-flow approach that was checked by studying the uncatalyzed rate of hydration. The Michaelis-Menten parameters were determined between pH 5.8 and 8.8 in noninhibitory buffers. For both isoenzymes Km was independent of pH, whereas Vmax increased with increasing pH. These results are similar to the findings of others on bovine carbonic anhydrase, but differ from the earlier report of Gibbons and Edsall (J. Biol. Chem., 239, 2539 (1964)) in the finding that Km is pH independent. Despite the differences between the low and high activity forms of carbonic anhydrase, there are close kinetic similarities between them that indicate underlying similarities in active site structure. Imidazole inhibits the B enzyme, apparently competitively, but has no effect on the C enzyme. N-Methyl substitution of imidazole abolishes its inhibitory effect. Nitrous oxide does not inhibit catalysis of CO2 hydration by either of the two human isoenzymes, or by bovine carbonic anhydrase. The infrared absorption studies of Riepe and Wang (J. Biol. Chem., 243, 2779 (1968)) had indicated that N2O and CO2 bind competitively to a site identified as the substrate-binding site. The present kinetic results are interpreted as representing a great specificity of carbonic anhydrase for the binding of its substrate CO2. It is proposed that the enzyme-catalyzed hydration of CO2 requires, not only water activation by a basic group, but also charge neutralization in the transition state by an electron acceptor function. The zinc-bound water in carbonic anhydrase could be involved in both donor and acceptor roles.
ELF3 Modulates Resetting of the Circadian Clock in Arabidopsis (2001)

The Arabidopsis early flowering 3 (elf3) mutation causes arrhythmic circadian output in continuous light, but there is some evidence of clock function in darkness. Here, we show conclusively that normal circadian function occurs with no alteration of period length in elf3 mutants in dark conditions and that the light-dependent arrhythmia observed in elf3 mutants is pleiotropic on multiple outputs normally expressed at different times of day. Plants overexpressing ELF3 have an increased period length in both constant blue and red light; furthermore, etiolated ELF3-overexpressing seedlings exhibit a decreased acute CAB2 response after a red light pulse, whereas the null mutant is hypersensitive to acute induction. This finding suggests that ELF3 negatively regulates light input to both the clock and its outputs. To determine whether ELF3's action is phase dependent, we examined clock resetting by using light pulses and constructed phase response curves. Absence of ELF3 activity causes a significant alteration of the phase response curve during the subjective night, and constitutive overexpression of ELF3 results in decreased sensitivity to the resetting stimulus, suggesting that ELF3 antagonizes light input to the clock during the night. The phase of ELF3 function correlates with its peak expression levels in the subjective night. ELF3 action, therefore, represents a mechanism by which the oscillator modulates light resetting.
Thin Shell, High Velocity Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions on the National Ignition Facility (2015)

Experiments have recently been conducted at the National Ignition Facility utilizing inertial confinement fusion capsule ablators that are 175 and 165 μm in thickness, 10% and 15% thinner, respectively, than the nominal thickness capsule used throughout the high foot and most of the National Ignition Campaign. These three-shock, high-adiabat, high-foot implosions have demonstrated good performance, with higher velocity and better symmetry control at lower laser powers and energies than their nominal thickness ablator counterparts. Little to no hydrodynamic mix into the DT hot spot has been observed despite the higher velocities and reduced depth for possible instability feedthrough. Early results have shown good repeatability, with up to 1/2 the neutron yield coming from α-particle self-heating.
Physical mechanisms governing pattern fidelity in microscale offset printing (2001)

We have studied the offset printing of liquid polymers curable by exposure to ultraviolet light onto flat and unpatterned silicon and glass substrates. The interplay of capillary, viscous, and adhesion forces dominates the dynamics of ink transfer at small feature sizes and low capillary number. For smooth and nonporous substrates, pattern fidelity can be compromised because the ink contact lines are free to migrate across the substrate during plate separation. Using a combination of experiments and equilibrium simulations, we have identified the physical mechanisms controlling ink transfer and pattern fidelity. In considering the resolution limit of this technique, it appears that the dynamics of ink flow and redistribution during transfer do not explicitly depend on the absolute feature size, but only on the aspect ratio of film thickness to feature size. Direct printing holds promise as a high-throughput fabrication method for large area electronics.
NUP98 gene fusions and hematopoietic malignancies: common themes and new biologic insights (2011)

Structural chromosomal rearrangements of the Nucleoporin 98 gene (NUP98), primarily balanced translocations and inversions, are associated with a wide array of hematopoietic malignancies. NUP98 is known to be fused to at least 28 different partner genes in patients with hematopoietic malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis, myelodysplastic syndrome, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and bilineage/biphenotypic leukemia. NUP98 gene fusions typically encode a fusion protein that retains the amino terminus of NUP98; in this context, it is important to note that several recent studies have demonstrated that the amino-terminal portion of NUP98 exhibits transcription activation potential. Approximately half of the NUP98 fusion partners encode homeodomain proteins, and at least 5 NUP98 fusions involve known histone-modifying genes. Several of the NUP98 fusions, including NUP98-homeobox (HOX)A9, NUP98-HOXD13, and NUP98-JARID1A, have been used to generate animal models of both lymphoid and myeloid malignancy; these models typically up-regulate HOXA cluster genes, including HOXA5, HOXA7, HOXA9, and HOXA10. In addition, several of the NUP98 fusion proteins have been shown to inhibit differentiation of hematopoietic precursors and to increase self-renewal of hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells, providing a potential mechanism for malignant transformation.
Collagen of articular cartilage. (2002)

The extracellular framework and two-thirds of the dry mass of adult articular cartilage are polymeric collagen. Type II collagen is the principal molecular component in mammals, but collagens III, VI, IX, X, XI, XII and XIV all contribute to the mature matrix. In developing cartilage, the core fibrillar network is a cross-linked copolymer of collagens II, IX and XI. The functions of collagens IX and XI in this heteropolymer are not yet fully defined but, evidently, they are critically important since mutations in COLIX and COLXI genes result in chondrodysplasia phenotypes that feature precocious osteoarthritis. Collagens XII and XIV are thought also to be bound to fibril surfaces but not covalently attached. Collagen VI polymerizes into its own type of filamentous network that has multiple adhesion domains for cells and other matrix components. Collagen X is normally restricted to the thin layer of calcified cartilage that interfaces articular cartilage with bone.
Provision of pharmacy services to underserved populations via remote dispensing and two-way videoconferencing (2003)

A telepharmacy program aimed to resolve the dual problem of access to prescription drugs and pharmacists for low-income populations is described. The program was conducted at the Community Health Association of Spokane (CHAS), a federally qualified community health center, and initiated in January 2001. The program, known as Telepharmacy at CHAS, allows for the dispensing of low-cost medications through participation in the federal government's 340B program and use of remote dispensing and counseling via a two-way interactive videoconferencing system to patients at six urban and rural clinics. The regulatory and practical steps necessary to implement and maintain the program are also presented. Consecutive patients whose prescriptions were filled at the base site or remote-sites were invited to complete a pharmacy satisfaction questionnaire during a two-week period in March 2003. Over the two-week period, 93 patients seen at remote sites and 106 seen at the base site completed the questionnaire. Over 75% of patients seen at the remote sites were satisfied with their videoconference interactions with the pharmacist. Of the patients seen at the base site, 66% agreed or strongly agreed that they were satisfied with the time required to obtain medications and counseling. A high percentage of patients at both the base site (94%) and remote sites (63%) strongly agreed or agreed that they would have difficulty affording their medications without this program. Telepharmacy at CHAS has been well received by most of the patients and improved their access to medications and pharmacy services.
Recurrent Poisson Factorization for Temporal Recommendation (2018)

Poisson Factorization (PF) is the gold standard framework for recommendation systems with implicit feedback whose variants show state-of-the-art performance on real-world recommendation tasks. However, they do not explicitly take into account the temporal behavior of users which is essential to recommend the right item to the right user at the right time. In this paper, we introduce Recurrent Poisson Factorization (RPF) framework that generalizes the classical PF methods by utilizing a Poisson process for modeling the implicit feedback. RPF treats time as a natural constituent of the model, and takes important factors for recommendation into consideration to provide a rich family of time-sensitive factorization models. They include Hierarchical RPFthat captures the consumption heterogeneity among users and items, Dynamic RPF that handles dynamic user preferences and item specifications, Social RPF that models the social-aspect of product adoption, Item-Item RPFthat considers the inter-item correlations, and eXtended Item-Item RPF that utilizes items' metadata to better infer the correlation among engagement patterns of users with items. We also develop an efficient variational algorithm for approximate inference that scales up to massive datasets. We demonstrate RPF's superior performance over many state-of-the-art methods on synthetic dataset, and wide variety of large scale real-world datasets.
Human neural graft function in rats treated with anti-interleukin II receptor antibody (1990)

PROLONGED immunosuppression with cyclosporin A allows survival of human xenografts in the rat Parkinsonian model but the drug has side effects. Ideally immunosuppression should be of short duration, to minimize the chance of infection, yet be capable of supporting long term survival of the transplanted tissue. We report that short term treatment with an anti-rat interleukin II receptor (IL2R) monoclonal antibody (MAb) resulted in apparently permanent survival of human fetal dopaminergic grafts in “Parkinsonian” rats. The recipients remained healthy and the excellent survival of the transplants suggests that the antibody injection strategy would almost certainly abrogate allograft rejection and raises the possibility that xenogenic dopaminergic neurones could be used as donor tissue in humans.
Distinct Roles of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (2017)

Wnt signaling pathways are tightly controlled under a physiological condition, under which they play key roles in many biological functions, including cell fate specification and tissue regeneration. Increasing lines of evidence recently demonstrated that a dysregulated activation of Wnt signaling, particularly the Wnt/<i>β</i>-catenin signaling, was involved in the pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). In this respect, Wnt signaling interacts with other cellular signaling pathways to regulate the initiation and pathogenic procedures of airway inflammation and remodeling, pulmonary myofibroblast proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and development of emphysema. Intriguingly, Wnt/<i>β</i>-catenin signaling is activated in IPF; an inhibition of this signaling leads to an alleviation of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in experimental models. Conversely, Wnt/<i>β</i>-catenin signaling is inactivated in COPD tissues, and its reactivation results in an amelioration of airspace enlargement with a restored alveolar epithelial structure and function in emphysema models. These studies thus imply distinct mechanisms of Wnt/<i>β</i>-catenin signaling in the pathogenesis of these two chronic pulmonary diseases, indicating potential targets for COPD and IPF treatments. This review article aims to summarize the involvement and pathogenic roles of Wnt signaling pathways in the COPD and IPF, with a focus on the implication of Wnt/<i>β</i>-catenin signaling as underlying mechanisms and therapeutic targets in these two incurable diseases.
Subthalamic GAD Gene Therapy in a Parkinson's Disease Rat Model (2002)

The motor abnormalities of Parkinson's disease (PD) are caused by alterations in basal ganglia network activity, including disinhibition of the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and excessive activity of the major output nuclei. Using adeno-associated viral vector-mediated somatic cell gene transfer, we expressed glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of the neurotransmitter GABA, in excitatory glutamatergic neurons of the STN in rats. The transduced neurons, when driven by electrical stimulation, produced mixed inhibitory responses associated with GABA release. This phenotypic shift resulted in strong neuroprotection of nigral dopamine neurons and rescue of the parkinsonian behavioral phenotype. This strategy suggests that there is plasticity between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian brain that could be exploited for therapeutic benefit.