gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Termite digestomes as sources for novel lignocellulases (2008)

Abstract For most animals, lignocellulose is a nutritionally poor food source that is highly resistant to enteric degradation. Termites, however, have the unique ability to digest lignocellulose with high efficiency, often using it as a sole food source. Another interesting aspect of termite biology is their symbiotic associations with prokaryotic and eukaryotic gut symbionts. Termite symbionts contribute to lignocellulose digestion efficiency, but by no means are they responsible for 100% of lignocellulose digestion in the termite gut. The termite digestome can be defined as the pool of genes, both termite and symbiont, that contribute to lignocellulose depolymerization and digestion, as well as simple sugar fermentation, nutrient transport, and nutrient assimilation. A central goal of termite digestomics research is to define/understand the relative contributions of termite and symbiont gene products to collaborative lignocellulose digestion. While efficient microbial cellulases have already been identified and are presently being used in industrial applications, efficient and inexpensive pre‐treatments for lignin and hemicellulose depolymerization are not yet well developed. In this respect, termite digestomics has already offered significant insights, and can continue to identify relevant enzymes, as well as reveal how to optimally combine and utilize these enzymes for maximum synergy. The topics covered in this review are as follows: lignocellulose structure with emphasis on its potential for depolymerization by termite and gut endosymbiont‐derived digestive enzymes; termite biology and ecology from the perspectives of termite nutrition, gut physiology, and lignocellulose digestion; and trends identified through recent termite digestomics research. © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd
Programmed Death‐1: Therapeutic Success after More than 100 Years of Cancer Immunotherapy (2014)

No other cancer therapy target class caused more excitement than the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway related. Antibodies against PD-1 and PD-1 ligands represent a therapeutic breakthrough and are the first examples of broadly efficacious and durable cancer immunotherapies. Cancer for the first time seems to have transformed from an often incurable to a "clinically manageable" disease.
Radio Frequency Energy And Impedance Feedback (1989)

The object of this study was to show the potential use of tissue electrical impedance as a feedback parameter for the control of therapeutic Radio Frequency (R.F.) energy. Radio Frequency energy is a form of electromagnetic energy with an usable frequency range between 200KHZ and 2MHZ. The low frequency limit is determined by the physiological stimulation of muscle, and the high frequency is limited by the physics of the delivery system.
Brief overview about Surface Wave theory and applications (2012)

In this paper, we intend to give a brief overview of the surface wave theory (Zenneck and plasmon wave, surface mode and leaky wave) in a uniform approach. The simple case of the air-dielectric plane interface will be studied in order to explain the 3 existing approaches leading to Zenneck and plasmon wave definition. Their link with Brewster's angle and Sommerfeld's poles will be exhibited. The obtained expressions for the propagation vector will be interpreted in order to discuss the interesting properties for both kinds of waves in dielectric case. Then we will study the case of a dielectric-coated perfect-metal plane structure in order to find the equations leading to surface-modes and leaky-wave-modes. These equations will be analyzed to deduce these waves' properties. Comparison between all these waves will be performed.
Automated Closed-loop Drilling with ROP Optimization Algorithm Significantly Reduces Drilling Time and Improves Downhole Tool Reliability (2012)

Abstract The use of an ROP Optimization algorithm within an automated closed loop process has dramatically increased ROP in its first deployments in Iraq, Algeria, and Mexico. Additionally, an unexpected reduction in downhole tool failures was observed resulting in a notable decrease in non-productive time. Importantly, the closed-loop automation, where the algorithm is allowed to send commands directly to the rig control system, shows yet another step change in ROP improvement compared to the algorithm that just presents recommendations to the driller. This paper briefly describes the optimization algorithm and then focuses on the system architecture used to integrate the algorithm with the rig control system. Similar to the SPE DSA-TS Comms Team architecture, the deployed architecture enables the algorithm to receive real-time data from the rig control system and drilling acquisition system to provide a complete data set to the ROP Optimization algorithm. The algorithm constrained by a set of operational limits dynamically computes RPM and WOB commands and sends these to a SCADA system which converts the generic commands into rig specific commands for each rig type used. The driller controls the use of the system via an "Automation Console" provided by the SCADA system and located adjacent to the driller’s console. The driller is able to engage or disengage from the system. Failsafe conditions are also incorporated into the automation system. Results showing the improved ROP and downhole reliability compared to field averages across various hole sizes and trajectory profiles are given. These results consistently demonstrate the effectiveness of a closed-loop automation system to improve ROP and tool reliability.
Directed evolution of polymerase function by compartmentalized self-replication (2001)

We describe compartmentalized self-replication (CSR), a strategy for the directed evolution of enzymes, especially polymerases. CSR is based on a simple feedback loop consisting of a polymerase that replicates only its own encoding gene. Compartmentalization serves to isolate individual self-replication reactions from each other. In such a system, adaptive gains directly (and proportionally) translate into genetic amplification of the encoding gene. CSR has applications in the evolution of polymerases with novel and useful properties. By using three cycles of CSR, we obtained variants of Taq DNA polymerase with 11-fold higher thermostability than the wild-type enzyme or with a >130-fold increased resistance to the potent inhibitor heparin. Insertion of an extra stage into the CSR cycle before the polymerase reaction allows its application to enzymes other than polymerases. We show that nucleoside diphosphate kinase and Taq polymerase can form such a cooperative CSR cycle based on reciprocal catalysis, whereby nucleoside diphosphate kinase produces the substrates required for the replication of its own gene. We also find that in CSR the polymerase genes themselves evolve toward more efficient replication. Thus, polymerase genes and their encoded polypeptides cooperate to maximize postselection copy number. CSR should prove useful for the directed evolution of enzymes, particularly DNA or RNA polymerases, as well as for the design and study of in vitro self-replicating systems mimicking prebiotic evolution and viral replication.
Highly potent and selective inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus by the bicyclam derivative JM3100 (1994)

Bicyclams, in which the cyclam (1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) moieties are tethered via an aliphatic bridge (i.e., propylene, as in JM2763) are potent and selective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) (E. De Clercq, N. Yamamoto, R. Pauwels, M. Baba, D. Schols, H. Nakashima, J. Balzarini, Z. Debyser, B. A. Murrer, D. Schwartz, D. Thornton, G. Bridger, S. Fricker, G. Henson, M. Abrams, and D. Picker, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5286-5290, 1992). We have now found that the bicyclam JM3100, in which the cyclam moieties are tethered by an aromatic bridge [i.e., phenylenebis(methylene)], inhibits the replication of various HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains in various cell lines at a 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 1 to 10 ng/ml, which is about 100-fold lower than the concentration required for JM2763 to inhibit HIV replication and at least 100,000-fold lower than the cytotoxic concentration (> 500 micrograms/ml). In primary T4 lymphocytes or primary monocytes, JM3100 proved inhibitory to HIV-1(IIIB) and several clinical HIV-1 isolates at an EC50 of less than 1 ng/ml. On the basis of time-of-addition experiments, JM3100 appeared to interact with a viral uncoating event, and this was further corroborated by an uncoating assay in which RNase sensitivity of [5-3H]uridine-labeled virions was monitored. In addition, but possibly mechanistically related, JM3100 blocks formation of infectious particles. JM3100 was also found to interfere directly with virus-induced syncytium formation, albeit at a higher concentration (1 to 2 microgram/ml) than that required for inhibition of viral replication. Following subcutaneous injection of 10 mg of JM3100 per kg of body weight to rabbits, anti-HIV activity was detected in serum corresponding to serum drug levels exceeding for at least 6 h by >100-fold the EC(50) required to inhibit HIV replication in vitro. When combined with either 3'-azido-2',3' -dideoxythymidine or 2',3' -dideoxyinosine, JM3100 achieved a additive inhibition of HIV replication, and when repeatedly subcultivated in the presence of JM3100, the virus remained sensitive to the compound for at least 30 passages (120 days) in cell culture.
Erasure coding in windows azure storage (2012)

Windows Azure Storage (WAS) is a cloud storage system that provides customers the ability to store seemingly limitless amounts of data for any duration of time. WAS customers have access to their data from anywhere, at any time, and only pay for what they use and store. To provide durability for that data and to keep the cost of storage low, WAS uses erasure coding. In this paper we introduce a new set of codes for erasure coding called Local Reconstruction Codes (LRC). LRC reduces the number of erasure coding fragments that need to be read when reconstructing data fragments that are offline, while still keeping the storage overhead low. The important benefits of LRC are that it reduces the bandwidth and I/Os required for repair reads over prior codes, while still allowing a significant reduction in storage overhead. We describe how LRC is used in WAS to provide low overhead durable storage with consistently low read latencies. 1
Discrepancies Between Genital Responses and Subjective Sexual Function During Testosterone Substitution in Women with Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (1996)

Psychosexual dysfunction is often suggested the cause of the disturbed eating habits associated with hypothalamic secondary amenorrhea. In contrast, we explored the possibility that impaired sexual function may result from reduced levels of testosterone in amenorrheic subjects as a consequence of particular lifestyles. We studied the effects of erotic stimuli in two experiments, one comparing amenorrheic women to normal controls, the other comparing testosterone substitution to a placebo treatment. The amenorrheic women had a higher incidence of lifestyle and bodily conditions identified as risk factors for amenorrhea (i.e., weight loss before the onset of amenorrhea, low body weight, strenuous exercise, and vegetarianism), lower levels of testosterone, and impaired sexual function compared with normally menstruating women. In an experimental session in which amenorrheic women were asked to produce erotic fantasies, they demonstrated a reduced capacity for sexual fantasizing, less subjective sexual excitement, and less vaginal vasocongestion (vaginal pulse amplitude). However, when exposed to the stronger of two erotic film excerpts, the degree of vaginal response of the amenorrheic women was comparable to that of normally menstruating women. Subsequently, we showed that treatment with testosterone increased vaginal vasocongestion in the same amenorrheic women during exposure to the most potent visual stimulus but had no effect on subjective sexual experience. Testosterone substitution influenced physiological aspects of sexual function, but the psychological level remained unaffected.
The Renaissance of H/D Exchange (2007)

The increasing demand for stable isotopically labeled compounds has led to an increased interest in H/D-exchange reactions at carbon centers. Today deuterium-labeled compounds are used as internal standards in mass spectrometry or to help elucidate mechanistic theories. Access to these deuterated compounds takes place significantly more efficiently and more cost effectively by exchange of hydrogen by deuterium in the target molecule than by classical synthesis. This Review will concentrate on the preparative application of the H/D-exchange reaction in the preparation of deuterium-labeled compounds. Advances over the last ten years are brought together and critically evaluated.
On victims and heroes: Spatial referents and social models in self-representation of the anti-Franco workers movement (2010)

In this article I suggest that individual memory is selective causing gaps in collective memory that need to be analysed and interpreted in order to understand how communities shape their past. I will illustrate my argument by presenting autobiographical accounts of different members of the anti-Franco workers movement in the 1960s and 1970s in Spain. Here, the use of self-representation as a means to explain the past poses some problems. In the first place, the history of the anti-Franco movement will have to broaden its focus in order to fully understand how the opposition's memory is constructed and reconstructed in all its complexity. Secondly, what gives meaning to a witness account are the spatial references and references to social models that determine what is memorable and what is not, as well as defining the heroes and the victims. Omissions are likely. More recently, however, with an increasing number of autobiographical accounts appearing alongside an increasingly significant historiography, it is possible to see how they mutually affect, often in unrecognized ways, memory and history in the construction of their narratives about the past.
Use of 2-Aminopurine Fluorescence To Examine Conformational Changes during Nucleotide Incorporation by DNA Polymerase I (Klenow Fragment) (2003)

We have investigated conformational transitions in the Klenow fragment polymerase reaction by stopped-flow fluorescence using DNA substrates containing the fluorescent reporter 2-aminopurine (2-AP) on the template strand, either at the templating position opposite the incoming nucleotide (designated the 0 position) or 5' to the templating base (the +1 position). By using both deoxy- and dideoxy-terminated primers, we were able to distinguish steps that accompany ternary complex formation from those that occur during nucleotide incorporation. The fluorescence changes revealed two extremely rapid steps that occur early in the pathway for correct nucleotide incorporation. The first, detectable with the 2-AP reporter at the 0 position, occurs within the first few milliseconds and is associated with dNTP binding. This is followed by a rapid step involving relative movement of the +1 base, detectable when the 2-AP reporter is at the +1 position. Finally, when the primer had a 3'-OH, a fluorescence decrease with a rate equal to the rate of nucleotide incorporation was observed with both 0 and +1 position reporters. When the primer was dideoxy-terminated, the only change observed at the rate expected for nucleotide incorporation had a very small amplitude, suggesting that the rate-limiting conformational change does not produce a large fluorescence change, and is therefore unlikely to involve a significant change in the environment of the fluorophore. Fluorescence changes observed during misincorporation were substantially different from those observed during correct nucleotide incorporation, implying that the conformations adopted during correct and incorrect nucleotide incorporation are distinct.
Interleukin (IL)-1 Receptor–associated Kinase (IRAK) Requirement for Optimal Induction of Multiple IL-1 Signaling Pathways and IL-6 Production (1998)

Interleukin (IL)-1 is a proinflammatory cytokine with pleiotropic effects in inflammation. IL-1 binding to its receptor triggers a cascade of signaling events, including activation of the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAP kinase, as well as transcription factor nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). IL-1 signaling results in cellular responses through induction of inflammatory gene products such as IL-6. One of the earliest events in IL-1 signaling is the rapid interaction of IL-1 receptor-associated kinases, IRAK and IRAK-2, with the receptor complex. The relative roles of IRAK and IRAK-2 in IL-1 signaling pathways and subsequent cellular responses have not been previously determined. To evaluate the importance of IRAK in IL-1 signaling, IRAK-deficient mouse fibroblast cells were prepared and studied. Here we report that IL-1-mediated activation of JNK, p38, and NF-kappaB were all reduced in embryonic fibroblasts deficient in IRAK expression. In addition, IL-6 production in response to IL-1 was also dramatically reduced in IRAK-deficient embryonic fibroblasts and in skin fibroblasts prepared from IRAK-deficient mice. Our results demonstrate that IRAK plays an essential proximal role in coordinating multiple IL-1 signaling pathways for optimal induction of cellular responses.
Peptide Nucleic Acids Stimulate Gamma Interferon and Inhibit the Replication of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (1996)

These results offer new tools for the study of immune functions and, moreover, open new approaches to the therapy of HIV infection and AIDS.
G protein mRNA mapped in rat brain by in situ hybridization. (1988)

Guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) mediate many receptor-coupled signal transduction events. We have localized in rat brain by in situ hybridization the mRNA for the G protein subunits--G alpha s, G alpha o, and G beta. Oligonucleotide probes were radiolabeled by a technique that resulted in a probe of defined specific activity and uniform length. mRNA species encoding G alpha s and G beta occur in high densities heterogeneously throughout the brain, especially in large neuronal cell bodies--e.g., hippocampal pyramidal cells, granule cells of the dentate gyrus, hypothalamic nuclei, and neurons of brainstem nuclei and the reticular formation. G alpha o mRNA has a more limited distribution and abundance, being detectable in the claustrum, endopiriform nucleus, habenula, hippocampal pyramidal cells, granule cells of the dentate gyrus, and cerebellar Purkinje cells.
Iron chelation promoted by desazadesferrithiocin analogs: An enantioselective barrier (2003)

For patients who require lifelong blood transfusions, there is no efficient means, unless chelation therapy is employed, for elimination of excess iron. Alternatives to desferrioxamine, the currently accepted treatment for transfusional iron overload, are being investigated. The current article focuses on an enantiomeric pair of analogs of desferrithiocin, (+)-(S)- and (-)-(R)-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid (4'-hydroxydesazadesferrithiocin). The crystal structure corroborated the absolute configuration of the two compounds, (+) and (-) for the (S)- and (R)-enantiomers, respectively. Job's plots established the tridentate nature of both analogs and circular dichroism spectra confirmed the ligands' antipodal relationship. (+)-(S)-4'-Hydroxydesazadesferrithiocin is a more efficient deferration agent than is the (-)-(R)-enantiomer in a Cebus apella model of iron overload. Pharmacokinetic analyses and IC(50) measurements in L1210 murine leukemia cells were undertaken in an effort to account for the contrast in efficacy between the two enantiomers. Some differences exist in the plasma pharmacokinetic parameters between the two analogs. However, a more plausible explanation may be the apparent differences in transport across the cell membrane; the IC(50) value in L1210 cells of the (+)-(S)-enantiomer was at least 5-fold lower than that of the (-)-(R)-compound.
P‐73: Reflective Color LCD Composed of Stacked Films of Encapsulated Liquid Crystal (SFELIC) (1998)

Abstract A reflective color liquid crystal display (LCD), which dose not consume power for backlighting, is a key device for portable information equipment. A novel structure for three‐layered guest‐host (GH) liquid crystal displays (LCDs) has been proposed. The structure, called stacked films of encapsulated liquid crystal (SFELIC), has no intermediate substrates, and is expected to realize low cost and high brightness while eliminating parallax.
Evidence for direct carotenoid involvement in the regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting (2003)

Nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) refers to a process that regulates photosynthetic light harvesting in plants as a response to changes in incident light intensity. By dissipating excess excitation energy of chlorophyll molecules as heat, NPQ balances the input and utilization of light energy in photosynthesis and protects the plant against photooxidative damage. To understand the physical mechanism of NPQ, we have performed femtosecond transient absorption experiments on intact thylakoid membranes isolated from spinach and transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. These plants have well defined quenching capabilities and distinct contents of xanthophyll (Xan) cycle carotenoids. The kinetics probed in the spectral region of the S(1) --> S(n) transition of Xans (530-580 nm) were found to be significantly different under the quenched and unquenched conditions, corresponding to maximum and no NPQ, respectively. The lifetime and the spectral characteristics indicate that the kinetic difference originated from the involvement of the S(1) state of a specific Xan, zeaxanthin, in the quenched case.
Splicing silica fibers with an electric arc (1976)

A method of making low-loss splices in silica fibers by fusing them together with the heat from an electric arc has been developed. Accurate alignment is obtained by the use of a vacuum chuck. Step-index fibers with core diameter of 75 microm and o.d. of 125 microm were spliced, with individual splice losses as low as 0.03 dB and with an average loss in forty-five splices of 0.14 dB. The splices can be made quickly and easily and add no bulk.