gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Changes in brain weights during the span of human life: Relation of brain weights to body heights and body weights (1978)

More than 20,000 autopsy reports from several general hospitals were surveyed for the purpose of selecting brains without a pathological lesion that had been weighed in the fresh condition. From this number, 2,773 males and 1,963 females were chosen for whom body weight, body height, and cause of death had been recorded. The data were segregated into 23 age groups ranging from birth to 86+ years and subjected to statistical evaluation. Overall, the brain weights in males were greater than in females by 9.8%. The largest increases in brain weights in both sexes occurred during the first 3 years of life, when the value quadruples over that at birth, while during the subsequent 15 years the brain weight barely quintuples over that at birth. Progressive decline in brain weight begins at about 45 to 50 years of age and reaches its lowest values after age 86 years, by which time the mean brain weight has decreased by about 11% relative to the maximum brain weight attained in young adults (about 19 years of age). Computed regression lines for brain weights versus body heights and body weights and for ratios for brain weights to body heights and weights versus age groups show clearly differential rates of change in brain weights which are less affected by sex.
In vitro and in vivo reversal of multidrug resistance in a human leukemia-resistant cell line by mdr1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. (1996)

A major obstacle to successful cancer chemotherapy is the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) by tumor cells. Overexpression of the mdrl gene product P-glycoprotein (P-170) is characteristic of such cells. In this study, in vitro and in vivo reversion of MDR was attempted in a human leukemia cell line resistant to vincristine (HL-60/Vinc) using an 18-mer mdr1 antisense phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide ([S]ODN) in combination with vincristine. As control of sequence specificity, both sense and scrambled [S]ODNs were used. The ability of these [S]ODNs to reverse MDR was studied in vitro and in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. In vitro treatment with antisense [S]ODNs restored vincristine sensitivity of HL-60/Vinc cells, whereas no changes in drug sensitivity were observed upon treatment with the sense or scrambled sequence. The in vitro effects correlated with inhibition of P-170 expression in HL-60/Vinc cells exposed to the mdr1 antisense [S]ODNs. In vivo reversal of MDR was obtained in SCID mice given injections of HL-60/Vinc cells and systemically treated with [S]ODNs plus vincristine, as indicated by a significantly prolonged survival of SCID mice that received the combination therapy of mdr1 antisense [S]ODNs + vincristine. Treatments with mdr1 antisense or scrambled [S]ODNs, vincristine, or scrambled [S]ODNs + vincristine had no effect on survival. These results suggest that the use of mdr1 antisense ODNs in combination with standard antineoplastic drugs might be useful in reversing MDR in vitro and in vivo.
Cloning vectors for expression of cDNA libraries in mammalian cells. (1987)

We have constructed a series of compound cloning vectors (lambda ZD vectors), each consisting of phage lambda arms carrying a modified version of the retroviral expression vector pZIP-neoSV (x)1. cDNA, inserted into a cloning site present in the retroviral vector component, is cloned with high efficiency using the lambda system. A cDNA library in plasmids is then released by homologous recombination between the retroviral long terminal repeats. Retroviral transduction is achieved by transient expression of the released library in a cell line containing a packaging mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus, followed by cocultivation of these producers with recipient cells. Transcription of cDNAs in the recipient cells is driven by the strong long terminal repeat promoter, and the transcripts, even from truncated cDNAs, can be expressed because translational start sites have been provided in all three reading frames (tri-initiator). Sequences conferring a recognizable phenotype can be rescued by cell fusion. The functionality of the tri-initiator and the rescue of a rare cDNA have been successfully tested using model systems.
Brain Shift during Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery for Parkinson’s Disease (2007)

Subcortical structures shift during DBS surgery. This shift appears to be gravity-dependent since structures only shifted posteriorly, and patients were primarily in the supine position. Posterior shift of RN may indicate STN displacement. Such positional change may compromise target localization, requiring multiple microelectrode adjustments. This may provide indirect justification for the necessity of microelectrode recordings during DBS surgery.
Shaping of adaptive immunity by innate interactions (2004)

In inflamed tissues, the reciprocal interaction between Natural Killer (NK) cells and Dendritic Cells (DC) results in a potent activating cross talk that leads to DC maturation and NK cell activation with acquisition of NK-mediated cytotoxicity against immature DC (iDC). We focused our studies on NK-mediated killing of monocyte-derived iDC and we provided evidence that NK cells that express CD94/NKG2A but not killer Ig-like receptors (KIR) are able to kill autologous iDC. Indeed HLA-E (i.e. the cellular ligand of CD94/NKG2A) is sharply reduced in iDC, whereas it is partially recovered in mDC. The latter are lysed only by a small fraction of NK clones characterized by low levels of CD94/NKG2A expression. Another NK receptor, whose surface density is crucial for the ability to kill iDC, is represented by NKp30, a member of the NCR (Natural Cytotoxicity Receptor) family. We showed that transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) treatment results in specific downregulation of NKp30 expression. This effect profoundly inhibits the NK-mediated killing of DC suggesting a possible mechanism by which TGFbeta1-producing DC may acquire resistance to the NK-mediated attack.
Luminescence Photophysics in Semiconductor Nanocrystals (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLuminescence Photophysics in Semiconductor NanocrystalsManoj Nirmal and Louis BrusView Author Information Chemistry Department, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027 Cite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 5, 407–414Publication Date (Web):November 25, 1998Publication History Received20 April 1998Published online25 November 1998Published inissue 1 May 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar9700320https://doi.org/10.1021/ar9700320research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views8004Altmetric-Citations816LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Cadmium selenide,Luminescence,Nanocrystals,Quantum yield,Silicon Get e-Alerts
Regulatory T Cells, a Potent Immunoregulatory Target for CAM Researchers: Modulating Tumor Immunity, Autoimmunity and Alloreactive Immunity (III) (2006)

Regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are the major arbiter of immune responses, mediating actions through the suppression of inflammatory and destructive immune reactions. Inappropriate T(reg) cell frequency or functionality potentiates the pathogenesis of myriad diseases with ranging magnitudes of severity. Lack of suppressive capability hinders restraint on immune responses involved in autoimmunity and alloreactivity, while excessive suppressive capacity effectively blocks processes necessary for tumor destruction. Although the etiology of dysfunctional T(reg) cell populations is under debate, the ramifications, and their mechanisms, are increasingly brought to light in the medical community. Methods that compensate for aberrant immune regulation may not address the underlying complications; however, they hold promise for the alleviation of debilitating immune system-related disorders. The dominant immunoregulatory nature of T(reg) cells, coupled with recent mechanistic knowledge of natural immunomodulatory compounds, highlights the importance of T(reg) cells to practitioners and researchers of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).
CRISPR analysis of bacteriophage‐insensitive mutants (BIMs) of industrial Streptococcus thermophilus – implications for starter design (2009)

Isolation of individual BIMs that have unique spacers towards the leader region of the CRISPR locus may be a very useful approach for rotation strategies with the same starter backbone. Upon phage infection, BIMs 'in reserve' can be slotted into the rotation scheme.
Oxidized or acetylated low density lipoproteins are rapidly cleared by the liver in mice with disruption of the scavenger receptor class A type I/II gene. (1997)

Oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) and acetyl LDL are recognized by the scavenger receptor class A type I/II (SR-AI/II) on macrophages and liver endothelial cells. Several investigators have suggested that there are additional receptors specific for oxidized LDL, but characterization of these alternate receptors for oxidized LDL and evaluation of their quantitative importance in uptake of oxidized LDL has been difficult because of overlapping ligand specificity with SR-AI/II. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of SR-AI/II in the removal of modified LDL from the bloodstream in vivo. The clearance rate of oxidized LDL from plasma in normal mice was very rapid, and > 90% of injected dose was removed from the blood within 5 min. Clearance rates of oxidized LDL were equally high in SR-AI/II knockout mice, indicating that this receptor is not required for removal of oxidized LDL from plasma. Surprisingly, there was no difference in the clearance rate of acetyl LDL in wild-type and SR-AI/II knockout animals. The plasma clearance of radioiodinated acetyl LDL was almost fully blocked by a 50-fold excess of unlabeled acetyl LDL, but the latter only inhibited oxidized LDL clearance by approximately 5%. Both modified LDLs were cleared mostly by the liver, and there was no difference in the tissue distribution of modified LDL in control and knockout mice. Studies in isolated nonparenchymal liver cells showed that Kupffer cells accounted for most of the uptake of oxidized LDL. Extensively oxidized LDL and LDL modified by exposure to fatty acid peroxidation products were efficient competitors for the uptake of labeled oxidized LDL by SR-AI/II-deficient Kupffer cells, while acetyl LDL and malondialdehyde-modified LDL were relatively poor competitors.
Learning video browsing behavior and its application in the generation of video previews (2001)

With more and more streaming media servers becoming commonplace, streaming video has now become a popular medium of instruction, advertisement, and entertainment. With such prevalence comes a new challenge to the servers: Can they track browsing behavior of users to determine what interest users? Learning this information is potentially valuable not only for improved customer tracking and context-sensitive e-commerce, but also in the generation of fast previews of videos for easy pre-downloads. In this paper, we present a formal learning mechanism to track video browsing behavior of users. This information is then used to generate fast video previews. Specifically, we model the states a user transitions while browsing through videos to be the hidden states of a Hidden Markov Model. We estimate the parameters of the HMM using maximum likelihood estimation for each sample observation sequence of user interaction with videos. Video previews are then formed from interesting segments of the video automatically inferred from an analysis of the browsing states of viewers. Audio coherence in the previews is maintained by selecting clips spanning complete clauses containing topically significant spoken phrases. The utility of learning video browsing behavior is demonstrated through user studies and experiments.
Application of acoustic radiation force in ophthalmic ultrasound (2002)

The vitreous body of the eye is a collagen gel supported by hyaluronic acid (HA) molecules. As one ages, HA diffuses out of the eye, eventually leading to collapse of the vitreous body. Resultant changes in the material and structural properties of the vitreous are associated with a variety of sight threatening conditions, including retinal detachment. Unfortunately these changes are often difficult to quantify or counteract other than through invasive surgery. The authors are developing non-invasive techniques which utilize ultrasonic radiation force to diagnose changes in the vitreous and to treat retinal detachments which result in part from degradation of the vitreous. The authors are currently developing a novel technique, known as Kinetic Acoustic Retinal Evaluation (KARE), which would non-invasively generate and image vitreal motion as a means of diagnosis and localization of a variety of vitreo-retinal disorders. KARE utilizes acoustic radiation force to generate small, localized displacements of the vitreous body. These displacements are quantified using either Doppler or speckle tracking algorithms. The authors present encouraging simulation and experimental results using excised porcine eyes. They also present simulation results which predict the risks of acoustic heating associated with this technique. They are also working to develop a two step method for non-invasive repair of retinal detachments. In the first step, a new technique known as Acoustic Retinal Manipulation (ARM) is applied to move the detached retina into contact with the retinal pigment epithelium. Next, standard techniques such as laser photocoagulation or cryopexy are used to form a lasting bond between the retina and underlying tissues. ARM utilizes both direct acoustic radiation force and acoustic streaming to displace the retina. The authors present initial experimental results acquired using retina mimicking material in a water tank and excised porcine eyes. They also present simulation results which predict the risks of acoustic heating associated with ARM.
Domain Wall Assisted Magnetic Recording (2006)

In this work we will show that the ultimate potential of the composite/exchange spring media is realized if the interfacial domain wall fits inside soft and hard layers. We will analyze the potential of the "domain wall assisted magnetic recording" (DWAMR) using numerical micromagnetics, as well as analytical formulas derived for exchange spring magnets.
A portable automatic cough analyser in the ambulatory assessment of cough (2010)

An automated cough analyser seems to be a feasible tool for the ambulatory monitoring of cough. There is a moderate correlation between subjective and objective assessments of cough during the daytime, whereas the discrepancy in the evaluation of night-time coughing might suggest that subjective analysis is unreliable.
Conserved Sequence and Structural Motifs Contribute to the DNA Binding and Cleavage Activities of a Geminivirus Replication Protein (1998)

Tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV), a member of the geminivirus family, has a single-stranded DNA genome that replicates through a rolling circle mechanism in nuclei of infected plant cells. TGMV encodes one essential replication protein, AL1, and recruits the rest of the DNA replication apparatus from its host. AL1 is a multifunctional protein that binds double-stranded DNA, catalyzes cleavage and ligation of single-stranded DNA, and forms oligomers. Earlier experiments showed that the region of TGMV AL1 necessary for DNA binding maps to the N-terminal 181 amino acids of the protein and overlaps the DNA cleavage (amino acids 1-120) and oligomerization (amino acids 134-181) domains. In this study, we generated a series of site-directed mutations in conserved sequence and structural motifs in the overlapping DNA binding and cleavage domains and analyzed their impact on AL1 function in vivo and in vitro. Only two of the fifteen mutant proteins were capable of supporting viral DNA synthesis in tobacco protoplasts. In vitro experiments demonstrated that a pair of predicted alpha-helices with highly conserved charged residues are essential for DNA binding and cleavage. Three sequence motifs conserved among geminivirus AL1 proteins and initiator proteins from other rolling circle systems are also required for both activities. We used truncated AL1 proteins fused to a heterologous dimerization domain to show that the DNA binding domain is located between amino acids 1 and 130 and that binding is dependent on protein dimerization. In contrast, AL1 monomers were sufficient for DNA cleavage and ligation. Together, these results established that the conserved motifs in the AL1 N terminus contribute to DNA binding and cleavage with both activities displaying nearly identical amino acid requirements. However, DNA binding was readily distinguished from cleavage and ligation by its dependence on AL1/AL1 interactions.
Why do tumors metastasize? An overview of current research. (1984)

Current concepts relating to the genesis and establishment of metastases are reviewed. Attention is directed to the cell surface of tumor cells and the need to study systems more appropriate to the clinical situation.
Pharmacologic Modulation Of Erythropoietin Production (1988)

Due to the massive data sets available for drug candidates, modern drug discovery has advanced to the big data era. Central to this shift is the development of artificial intelligence approaches to implementing innovative modeling based on the dynamic, ...Read More
Protective Effects of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Against Oxidative Stress Induced by Lipopolysaccharides of Periodontopathogens (2006)

Our findings demonstrate that proanthocyanidins have potent antioxidant properties and should be considered a potential agent in the prevention of periodontal diseases.
Immunohistology of Joint Inflammation Induced in Rats by Cell Wall Fragments of Eubacterium aerofaciens (1992)

After a single intraperitoneal injection of cell wall fragments of Eubacterium aerofaciens, a main resident from the human intestinal flora, an acute arthritis develops within 2 days which is followed by a chronic arthritis that lasts at least 90 days. In an earlier report the histological appearance of the joint inflammation during this period has been described. In this study we investigated in more detail the cell types that are involved in the development of arthritis by using cell-type-specific monoclonal antibodies in an immunohistological assay. In the acute phase of arthritis, T-helper cells appeared in the synovial tissue together with ED1-positive (ED1+) and ED3-positive (ED3+) macrophages. After a temporary decline at day 12 all macrophage subsets, as well as T-helper cells, reappeared or increased again at day 33. Later, in the chronic phase (days 47-90), an increased number of ED1-positive (ED1+) cells in the synovial tissue and a decreased number of ED2-positive (ED2+) cells in the synovial lining was the most prominent finding when compared with control rats. These results indicate that, apart from T lymphocytes, macrophages also play an important role in the development and continuation of chronic arthritis in this model.
Time-Lapse Cleavage Rating Predicts Human Embryo Viability (2012)

Chronology of three consecutive mitotic events in human pre-implantation embryos was examined by time-lapse imaging. In zygotes producing well-formed and pregnancy-yielding expanded blastocysts, uniform time-patterning of cleavage clusters (c) and interphases (i) was revealed: i2=11+/-1, i3=15+/-1, i4=23+/-1 h / c2=15+/-5, c3=40+/-10, c4=55+/-15 min. Oppositely, shortened or prolonged durations of one or more cell cycles were strongly predictive of poor implantation and development. Furthermore, trichotomic mitosis was discovered in 17 % of cases - zygotes cleaved into 3 blastomeres and 2-cell embryos into 5-6 cells (instead of normal 2 and 4). During conventional clinical assessment, such embryos are indistinguishable from normal, often considered just-in-course of the next cell cycle. Only detailed time-lapse monitoring paced at 10-minute intervals had proven all these embryos to be absolutely unviable, even in rare cases when they reduced their hypercellularity to normal cell counts via cell-cell fusion. Overall, we demonstrate that time-lapse embryo cleavage rating (ECR) as a standalone diagnostic procedure allows for effective identification of viable early embryos with 90 % specificity, while elimination of good-looking but unviable embryos can be assumed with a specificity of 100 %. Thus, making this non-invasive and contactless approach worth of addition to routine embryo screening in clinical IVF programs.
Structure of the oligosaccharide chains in human alpha 1-protease inhibitor. (1979)

Two glycopeptides were obtained from alpha 1-protease inhibitor after extensive pronase digestion and chromatography on Bio-Gel P-10 and concanavalin A-Sepharose. these glycopeptides were characterized by compositional analysis and sequential exoglycosidase digestion followed at each step by methylation analysis. The partially methylated alditol acetates obtained were resolved by gas chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry. The proposes structures of the oligosaccharide moieties of the glycopeptides are given below. (formula: see text) The relative amounts of the two glycopeptides isolated from concanavalin A-Sepharose suggest that each protein molecule contains four carbohydrate chains; one large chain (A) and three small chains (B).
Human tumor antigens recognized by T lymphocytes: implications for cancer therapy (1996)

The adoptive transfer of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) derived from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) along with interleukin-2 (IL-2) into autologous patients with cancer resulted in the objective regression of tumor, indicating that these CTLs recognized cancer rejection antigens on tumor cells. In the past year, a number of such tumor antigens were isolated by the use of cDNA expression systems and biochemical approaches. The majority of tumor antigens identified to date have been found to be nonmutated, self proteins. This raises important questions regarding the mechanism of antitumor activity and autoimmune disease. Several tumor-specific mutated tumor antigens have also been recently identified, which include cell cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and beta-catenin. For the first time, a novel human cancer antigen was recently found to be generated by the use of an alternative open reading frame of the previously identified tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1) gene. The identification of human tumor rejection antigens provides new opportunities for the development of therapeutic strategies against cancer. The potential clinical applications of these tumor antigens will be discussed.