gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Gene Delivery by Lentiviral Vectors (1999)

Introduction Successful gene therapy requires the efficient delivery and sustained expression of a therapeutic gene into the tissues of a human body. Most of the candidate tissues for therapeutic gene transfer are made of quiescent cells, such as from the brain, liver, and muscle. Thus, the optimal vector should infect nondividing cells, become stably associated with the genome of target cells, and support a high, steady-state level of transcription.1,2 Like all vectors derived from retroviruses, lentiviral vectors integrate into the chromatin of target cells and do not transfer any viral genes. Both of these features are important for achieving sustained expression of the transgene. Moreover, lentiviral vectors infect nondividing cells, a feature sharply distinguishing them from simple or onco-retroviral vectors.3 Upon infection, retroviruses deliver a nucleoprotein complex that reverse transcribes the viral RNA and integrates the newly made DNA into the chromatin. The nucleoprotein complexes of onco-retroviruses are excluded by the nucleus, and they reach the chromatin only when the nuclear membrane is fragmented during mitosis. This explains the dependence of a productive onco-retroviral infection on cell division occurring shortly after viral entry.4,5 In contrast, the nucleoprotein complexes of lentiviruses contain nuclear localization signals that mediate their active transport through the nucleopores during interphase. This explains the capacity of lentiviruses to infect macrophages, a nondividing cell type.6-9
7-Chlorokynurenic acid is a selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex. (1988)

Glycine markedly potentiates N-methyl-D-aspartate (N-Me-D-Asp) responses in mammalian neurons by an action at a modulatory site on the N-Me-D-Asp receptor-ionophore complex. Here we present evidence that 7-chlorokynurenic acid (7-Cl KYNA) inhibits N-Me-D-Asp responses by a selective antagonism of glycine at this modulatory site. In rat cortical slices 7-Cl KYNA (10-100 microM) noncompetitively inhibited N-Me-D-Asp responses, and this effect could be reversed by the addition of glycine (100 microM) or D-serine (100 microM). Radioligand binding experiments showed that 7-Cl KYNA had a much higher affinity for the strychnine-insensitive [3H]glycine binding site (IC50 = 0.56 microM) than for the N-Me-D-Asp (IC50 169 microM), quisqualate (IC50 = 153 microM), or kainate (IC50 greater than 1000 microM) recognition sites. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from rat cortical neurones in culture, the inhibitory effects of 7-Cl KYNA on N-Me-D-Asp-induced currents could not be overcome by increasing the N-Me-D-Asp concentration but could be reversed by increasing the glycine concentration. 7-Cl KYNA could completely abolish N-Me-D-Asp responses, including basal responses in the absence of added glycine, suggesting that it may possess negative modulatory effects at the glycine site. These findings indicate that the glycine modulatory site is functional in intact adult tissue and that 7-Cl KYNA should prove to be a selective tool for elucidating the involvement of this site in physiological and pathological events mediated by N-Me-D-Asp receptors.
<title>Rate-constrained motion estimation</title> (1994)

A theoretical frame work for rate-constrained motion estimation is introduced. The best trade- off between displacement vector rate and prediction error rate is shown to be the point were the partial derivatives of the multivariate distortion rate function are equal. Low bit-rate coders are severely rate-constrained, and coarser motion compensation is appropriate for lower bit- rates. A new region-based motion estimator builds a tree of nested regions from back to front, where each region is encoded by a closed B-spline contour. The rate-constraint is a natural termination criterion when building the region tree. Experimental results show that rate- constrained motion compensation is superior to a full-search block matching scheme when incorporated into a motion-compensating hybrid coding scheme, yielding up to 3 dB SNR improvement at 15 kbps.
Stains, labels and detection strategies for nucleic acids assays (2002)

Selected developments and trends in stains, labels and strategies for detecting and measuring nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) and related molecules [e.g. oligo(deoxy)nucleotides, nucleic acid fragments and polymerase chain reaction products] are surveyed based on the literature in the final decade of the 20th century (1991-2000). During this period, important families of cyanine dyes were developed for sensitive detection of double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, and oligo(deoxy)nucleotides in gels and in solution, and families of energy transfer primers were produced for DNA sequencing applications. The continuing quest for improved labels for hybridization assays has produced a series of candidate labels including genes encoding enzymes, microparticles (e.g. quantum dots, nanocrystals, phosphors), and new examples of the fluorophore (e.g. cyanine dyes) and enzyme class of labels (e.g. firefly luciferase mutants). Label detection technologies for use in northern and southern blotting assays have focused on luminescent methods, particularly enhanced chemiluminescence for peroxidase labels and adamantyl 1,2-dioxetanes for alkaline phosphatase labels. Sets of labels have been selected to meet the demands of multicolour assays (e.g. four-colour sequencing and single nucleotide primer extension assays). Non-separation assay formats have emerged based on fluorescence polarization, fluorescence energy transfer (TaqMan, molecular beacons) and channelling principles. Microanalytical devices (microchips), high-throughput simultaneous test arrays (microarrays, gene chips), capillary electrophoretic analysis and dipstick devices have presented new challenges and requirements for nucleic acid detection, and fluorescent methods currently dominate in many of these applications.
2001 Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Women With Cervical Cytological Abnormalities (2002)

Management of women with atypical squamous cells (ASC) depends on whether the Papanicolaou test is subcategorized as of undetermined significance (ASC-US) or as cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) (ASC-H). Women with ASC-US should be managed using a program of 2 repeat cytology tests, immediate colposcopy, or DNA testing for high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Testing for HPV DNA is the preferred approach when liquid-based cytology is used for screening. In most instances, women with ASC-H, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, HSIL, and atypical glandular cells should be referred for immediate colposcopic evaluation.
Uncovering &#947;-Secretase (2004)

Accumulation of the amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) in the brain is believed to initiate a series of neurotoxic events that causes neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Abeta is generated by processing of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) through the successive action of two proteolytic enzymes, beta-secretase and gamma-secretase. While beta-secretase has been identified as the membrane-bound aspartyl protease BACE, the identity of gamma-secretase, which catalyzes the final, intramembrane cleavage of APP as well as of several other type I transmembrane proteins, has been enigmatic for a long time. Exciting progress has been made in the past year towards its uncovering. Genetics paved the way for subsequent biochemical reconstitution studies that demonstrated that gamma-secretase is a protein complex composed of presenilin (PS), nicastrin (NCT), APH-1 and PEN-2. Thus, the complete set of genes that is required to generate Abeta from its precursor has now ultimately been identified. PS carries the active site of gamma-secretase and is a founding member of a novel class of polytopic aspartyl proteases that utilize a non-classical active site to cleave their membrane-tethered substrates. The other components are required for assembly, stabilization and maturation of the complex and NCT may be involved in the recognition of gamma-secretase substrates.
An Adverse Interaction between Warfarin and 5-Fluorouracil: A Case Report and Review of the Literature (1999)

Adverse interactions between warfarin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) have been reported. Such an interaction occurred in a patient with lung cancer receiving vinblastine and 5-FU. This case is the first involving a patient taking minidose warfarin for prophylaxis of catheter-associated thrombosis. Although the mechanism of the interaction is unclear, it has been postulated that 5-FU interferes with the synthesis of hepatic cytochrome P-450 2C9. Because warfarin and 5-FU are regularly coadministered, this adverse interaction might be occurring more frequently than is realized. Clinicians should be aware of this interaction and should regularly monitor the prothrombin time of patients receiving warfarin and 5-FU.
Inclusion Chemistry in Periodic Mesoporous Hosts (1998)

This review provides an overview of different aspects of inclusion chemistry in ordered mesoporous host materials such as MCM-41 or MCM-48 (Mobil codes). A rich field of inclusion chemistry has been explored in this context, including sorption, ion exchange, imbibition followed by reduction, grafting of reactive metal alkoxides, halides etc., grafting of silane coupling agents (sometimes followed by subsequent reactions), grafting of reactive metal complexes, and polymerization in the channels. Finally, co-condensation of reactive species during the mesopore synthesis is a method to incorporate functionality into the walls of the channel system. Important applications of these modified and functionalized systems are heterogeneous catalysis and photocatalysis involving bulky grafted catalysts and/or the conversion of large substrates. Other potential applications include ion exchange and separations, removal of heavy metals, chromatography, stabilization of quantum wires, stabilization of dyes, and polymer composites.
SEMANTIC SEGMENTATION OF AERIAL IMAGES IN URBAN AREAS WITH CLASS-SPECIFIC HIGHER-ORDER CLIQUES (2015)

Abstract. In this paper we propose an approach to multi-class semantic segmentation of urban areas in high-resolution aerial images with classspecific object priors for buildings and roads. What makes model design challenging are highly heterogeneous object appearances and shapes that call for priors beyond standard smoothness or co-occurrence assumptions. The data term of our energy function consists of a pixel-wise classifier that learns local co-occurrence patterns in urban environments. To specifically model the structure of roads and buildings, we add high-level shape representations for both classes by sampling large sets of putative object candidates. Buildings are represented by sets of compact polygons, while roads are modeled as a collection of long, narrow segments. To obtain the final pixel-wise labeling, we use a CRF with higher-order potentials that balances the data term with the object candidates. We achieve overall labeling accuracies of &gt; 80%.
Barriers to recombination between closely related bacteria: MutS and RecBCD inhibit recombination between Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella typhi (1997)

Previous studies have shown that inactivation of the MutS or MutL mismatch repair enzymes increases the efficiency of homeologous recombination between Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium and between S. typhimurium and Salmonella typhi. However, even in mutants defective for mismatch repair the recombination frequencies are 10(2)- to 10(3)-fold less than observed during homologous recombination between a donor and recipient of the same species. In addition, the length of DNA exchanged during transduction between S. typhimurium and S. typhi is less than in transductions between strains of S. typhimurium. In homeologous transductions, mutations in the recD gene increased the frequency of transduction and the length of DNA exchanged. Furthermore, in mutS recD double mutants the frequency of homeologous recombination was nearly as high as that seen during homologous recombination. The phenotypes of the mutants indicate that the gene products of mutS and recD act independently. Because S. typhimurium and S. typhi are approximately 98-99% identical at the DNA sequence level, the inhibition of recombination is probably not due to a failure of RecA to initiate strand exchange. Instead, these results suggest that mismatches act at a subsequent step, possibly by slowing the rate of branch migration. Slowing the rate of branch migration may stimulate helicase proteins to unwind rather than extend the heteroduplex and leave uncomplexed donor DNA susceptible to further degradation by RecBCD exonuclease.
Using Time Instead of Timeout for Fault-Tolerant Distributed Systems. (1984)

A general method is described for implementing a distributed system with any desired degree of faulttolerance. Instead of relying upon explicit timeouts, processes execute a simple clock-driven algorithm. Reliable clock synchronization and a solution to the Byzantine Generals Problem are assumed.
Trellis-coded vector quantization (1991)

Trellis-coded quantization is generalized to allow a vector reproduction alphabet. Three encoding structures are described, several encoder design rules are presented, and two design algorithms are developed. It is shown that for a stationary ergodic vector source, if the optimized trellis-coded vector quantization reproduction process is jointly stationary and ergodic with the source, then the quantization noise is zero-mean and of a variance equal to the difference between the source variance and the variance of the reproduction sequence. Several examples illustrate the encoder design procedure and performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Wireless power transfer and applications to sensor networks (2013)

Energy constraints are widely regarded as a fundamental limitation of wireless and mobile devices. For sensor networks, a limited lifetime due to battery constraint poses a performance bottleneck and barrier for large scale deployment. Recently, wireless power transfer has emerged as a promising technology to address energy and lifetime bottlenecks in a sensor network. In this article, we give a review of the history of wireless power transfer and describe its recent developments. We show how such technologies can be applied to sensor networks and address their energy constraints.
Opciones y futuros sobre tipos de interés a corto plazo en España (1994)

NO CABE DUDA QUE HOY EN DIA LOS MERCADOS DE FUTUROS Y OPCIONES CONSTITUYEN EN NUESTRO PAIS UNA INNOVACION FINANCIERA DE GRAN IMPORTANCIA QUE CONTRIBUYE AL PROCESO DE MODERNIZACION DEL SISTEMA FINANCIERO ESPANOL. A TRAVES DE DICHOS MERCADOS SE ABRE TODA UNA GAMA DE ESTRATEGIAS DE GESTION INACCESIBLES EN SISTEMAS FINANCIEROS CARENTES DE BOLSAS DONDE NEGOCIAR TAL TIPO DE INSTRUMENTOS DERIVADOS. LOS OBJETIVOS BASICOS DE ESTA TESIS HAN SIDO VARIOS: EN PRIMER LUGAR, DAR MUESTRA, DESDE UNA PERSPECTIVA INSTITUCIONAL, DE LA EVOLUCION DE LOS MERCADOS DE OPCIONES Y FUTUROS IMPLANTADOS EN ESPANA; EN SEGUNDO, ANALIZAR TODOS AQUELLOS ASPECTOS RELACIONADOS CON LA OPERATORIA EN LOS MISMOS, ESTO ES, LAS DISTINTAS ETAPAS QUE COMPRENDE UNA OPERACION CON CONTRATOS DE FUTURO Y DE OPCION EN EL MARCO REGLAMENTARIO DE LOS MERCADOS DE DERIVADOS ESPANOLES MEFFSA Y MOFEX; EN TERCER LUGAR, DEJAR CONSTANCIA DE LOS DIVERSOS EXTREMOS QUE UN AGENTE QUE DECIDIESE OPERAR CON CONTRATOS DE FUTURO Y/U OPCION DEBERIA CONSIDERAR A FIN DE GESTIONAR CON EFICACIA EL RIESGO DE TIPO DE INTERES AL QUE SE PUDIERA VER SOMETIDO, LO QUE EN DEFINITIVA SE TRADUCE EN EL CONOCIMIENTO DE LAS DISTINTAS VARIABLES QUE INFLUYEN EN LA TOMA, MANTENIMIENTO Y LIQUIDACION DE POSICIONES EN TALES TIPOS DE CONTRATOS, ASI COMO DE LAS DIFERENTES ESTRATEGIAS QUE SE PUEDEN ADOPTAR UTILIZANDO DICHOS INSTRUMENTOS FINANCIEROS; Y EN CUARTO Y ULTIMO LUGAR, INTENTAR CONTRASTAR LA EFICIENCIA DEL MERCADO ESPANOL DE FUTUROS FINANCIEROS EN SU TRAMO DE NEGOCIACION DE FUTUROS SOBRE TIPOS DE INTERES VINCULADOS A LOS DEPOSITOS A TRES MESES EN EL MERCADO INTERBANCARIO ESPANOL.
Self-association of insulin and the role of hydrophobic bonding: a thermodynamic model of insulin dimerization (1981)

The association constant for insulin dimerization calculated from concentration-dependent circular dichroic (CD) spectra of insulin, K12 = 7.5 X 10(5) M-1, is used along with other association constants (K24, K46, and K26) in an attempt to decipher the complex association behavior in solution and in crystal of this protein hormone. The free-energy change associated with dimerization, -RT ln K12, is -8.01 kcal mol-1, a value which is used to test a semiquantitative thermodynamic model of the process based in part on the X-ray crystallographic data of insulin. By delineation of the hydrophobic core on the surface of insulin, which is implicated in the dimer formation, the free energy of association, delta G degrees assoc, is estimated as -8.27 kcal mol-1 by using the thermodynamic parameters of Némethy & Scheraga [Némethy, G., & Scheraga, H. A. (1962) J Phys. Chem. 66, 1773-1789] and as -10.27 kcal mol-1 by using the values of Nozaki & Tanford [Nozaki, Y., & Tanford, C. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 2211-2217]. The role of hydrophobic bonding in the dimerization of insulin is discussed, and the calculated values of free energy of association are compared with the experimental value. The importance of this thermodynamic model is delineated in regard to both hormone-hormone and hormone-receptor interactions.
Structural and functional characterization of recombinant human cellular retinaldehyde‐binding protein (1998)

Cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (CRALBP) is abundant in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Müller cells of the retina where it is thought to function in retinoid metabolism and visual pigment regeneration. The protein carries 11-cis-retinal and/or 11-cis-retinol as endogenous ligands in the RPE and retina and mutations in human CRALBP that destroy retinoid binding functionality have been linked to autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. CRALBP is also present in brain without endogenous retinoids, suggesting other ligands and physiological roles exist for the protein. Human recombinant cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein (rCRALBP) has been over expressed as non-fusion and fusion proteins in Escherichia coli from pET3a and pET19b vectors, respectively. The recombinant proteins typically constitute 15-20% of the soluble bacterial lysate protein and after purification, yield about 3-8 mg per liter of bacterial culture. Liquid chromatography electrospray mass spectrometry, amino acid analysis, and Edman degradation were used to demonstrate that rCRALBP exhibits the correct primary structure and mass. Circular dichroism, retinoid HPLC, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, and solution state 19F-NMR were used to characterize the secondary structure and retinoid binding properties of rCRALBP. Human rCRALBP appears virtually identical to bovine retinal CRALBP in terms of secondary structure, thermal stability, and stereoselective retinoid-binding properties. Ligand-dependent conformational changes appear to influence a newly detected difference in the bathochromic shift exhibited by bovine and human CRALBP when complexed with 9-cis-retinal. These recombinant preparations provide valid models for human CRALBP structure-function studies.
Two large clusters with thirty-seven transfer RNA genes adjacent to ribosomal RNA gene sets in Bacillus subtilis. Sequence and organization of trrnD and trrnE gene clusters. (1984)

Sequences of two large tRNA gene clusters (trrnD and trrnE) in Bacillus subtilis 168 revealed 16 and 21 tRNA genes, respectively, as identified by anticodon assignments. Each cluster contains upstream flanking 23 and 5 S rRNA sequences. The 23-5 S intergenic space in trrnE corresponds exactly to the analogous space in trrnB, which was previously sequenced (Wawrousek, E.F., and Hansen, J.N. (1983) J.Biol. Chem. 258, 291-298). The 5 S rRNA genes in trrnB and trrnE are B. subtilis major species; but trrnD possesses a minor species (Raue, H.A., and Planta, R. J. (1977) Mol. Gen. Genet. 156, 185-193) gene with a putative promoter that may allow differential expression with respect to the upstream rRNA gene set. Most of the tRNA genes are probably expressed as large transcriptional units, except for a LeuTTG tRNA in the trrnD cluster that appears to constitute its own operon with putative promoter and terminator sequences. Although all the amino acids are represented among the tRNA anticodons, there are few repeats of amino acid types within clusters; trrnD with 16 tRNA genes has anticodons corresponding to 15 amino acids. About two-thirds of the tRNA genes encode a 3'-terminal-CCA, and these are intermingled with those that do not, with no apparent pattern.
Affinity Labelling and Identification of the High‐Affinity Choline Carrier from Synaptic Membranes of Torpedo Electromotor Nerve Terminals with [3H]Choline Mustard (1988)

The physiological mechanisms regulating activity of the sodium-dependent, high-affinity choline transporter and the molecular events in the translocation process remain unclear; the protein has not been purified or characterized biochemically. In the present study, [3H]choline mustard aziridinium ion [( 3H]ChM Az), a nitrogen mustard analogue of choline, bound irreversibly to presynaptic plasma membranes from Torpedo electric organ in a hemicholinium-sensitive, and sodium-, time-, and temperature-dependent manner. Specific binding of this ligand was greatest when it was incubated with membranes in the presence of sodium at 30 degrees C. Separation of the 3H-labelled membrane proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that most of the radiolabel was associated with a polypeptide of apparent molecular mass of approximately 42,000 daltons; labelling of this species was abolished in membranes incubated with ligand in the presence of HC-3. Two other 3H-labelled polypeptides were detected, with apparent molecular masses of approximately 58,000 and 90,000 daltons; radiolabelling of the former was also HC-3 sensitive. [3H]ChM Az may be a useful affinity ligand in the purification of the choline carrier from cholinergic neurons.
Long-Term Effectiveness of Extended-Release Nitrate for the Treatment of Systolic Hypertension (2005)

Isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN) is effective in the short-term for decreasing systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, and pulse wave reflection in patients with systolic hypertension. To determine whether tolerance negates the efficacy of this nitrate in the long-term, a placebo-controlled study was performed in which ISMN was withdrawn briefly in a group of patients (n=16) who had received extended-release ISMN 60 to 120 mg once daily for 16 to 109 months. Blood pressure and wave reflection were determined by 24-hour ambulatory recorder and tonometer, respectively. During a 4-hour delay of the regular morning dose of ISMN, mean systolic blood pressure was higher than with the regular ISMN dosing schedule (P<0.0001). The maximum placebo-active difference was 16+/-4 mm Hg. The corresponding difference in augmentation index (a measure of pulse wave reflection) corrected for heart rate was 25+/-4% (P<0.001). The difference in pulse pressure was 13+/-3 mm Hg (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in diastolic blood pressure. For a subgroup (n=12) in which the effects of a single ISMN dose had been determined at the initiation of regular ISMN therapy, the mean change in augmentation index was of similar magnitude to that observed in their initial study. Thus, tolerance does not seriously diminish the antihypertensive efficacy of ISMN used as adjunct therapy in the chronic treatment of systolic hypertension. This agent lowers systolic blood pressure sufficiently to achieve therapeutic goal in some patients refractory to conventional treatment regimens.