gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Virus−Polymer Materials. 1. Synthesis and Properties of PEG-Decorated Cowpea Mosaic Virus (2003)

Cowpea mosaic virus was derivatized with poly(ethylene glycol) to give well-controlled loadings of polymer on the outer surface of the coat protein assembly. The resulting conjugates displayed altered densities and immunogenicities, consistent with the known chemical and biological properties of PEG. These studies make CPMV potentially useful as a tailored vehicle for drug delivery.
Therapeutic Potential of Endocannabinoid‐Hydrolysing Enzyme Inhibitors (2007)

The specific protein target of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC), the main active ingredient of Cannabis sativa L., was characterized from rat brain nearly 20 years ago, and several endogenous compounds and proteins comprising the endocannabinoid (eCB) system have since been discovered. It has become evident that the eCB system consists of at least two cannabinoid receptors (i.e. the CB1 and CB2 receptors), in addition to their endogenous ligands (the eCBs) and several enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and catabolism of the eCBs. The two well-established eCBs, N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are produced by neurons on demand, act near their sites of synthesis and are effectively metabolized by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoglyceride lipase (MGL), respectively. Inhibitors specifically targeting these enzymes could offer novel therapeutic approaches (e.g. for the treatment of pain and movement disorders). This MiniReview summarizes the literature concerning the potential therapeutic potential of FAAH and MGL inhibitors.
Robust, Efficient, and Orthogonal Synthesis of Dendrimers via Thiol-ene “Click” Chemistry (2008)

Dendrimers up to the fourth generation were successfully prepared via the divergent growth strategy using a combination of thiol-ene "click" chemistry and traditional esterification reactions. The thiol-ene reactions were conducted under solvent-free, ambient conditions at room temperature by irradiating with UV light. The fourth-generation dendrimers were subsequently functionalized with carboxylic acid, pyrene, and Fmoc-protected cysteine moieties via thiol-ene reactions.
An Instruction Issuing Approach to Enhancing Performance in Multiple Functional Unit Processors (1986)

Processors with multiple functional units, such as CRAY-1, Cyber 205, and FPS 164, have been used for high-end scientific computation tasks. Much effort has been put into increasing the throughput of such systems. One critical consideration in their design is the identification and implementation of a suitable instruction issuing scheme. Existing approaches do not issue enough instructions per machine cycle to fully utilize the functional units and realize the high-performance level achievable with these powerful execution resources.
Analysis of periodic metallic nano-slits for efficient interaction of terahertz and optical waves at nano-scale dimensions (2011)

We analyze the unique property of periodic arrays of subwavelength metallic slits to allow extraordinary electromagnetic transmission at multiple frequency bands. The diffraction limit in periodic arrays of subwavelength metallic slits is mitigated by excitation of surface waves which assist efficient coupling of a transverse magnetic–polarized incident electromagnetic wave into the TEM waveguide modes of the subwavelength slab waveguides formed by metallic slits. By investigating the geometry dependence of the electromagnetic guided modes supported by periodic arrays of subwavelength metallic slits, we present the design of a periodic array of metallic nanoslits which enables efficient interaction of terahertz and optical waves at nanoscale dimensions.
Synthesis and Micrometer-Scale Assembly of Colloidal CdSe/CdS Nanorods Prepared by a Seeded Growth Approach (2007)

Key limitations of the colloidal semiconductor nanorods that have been reported so far are a significant distribution of lengths and diameters as well as the presence of irregular shapes produced by the current synthetic routes and, finally, the poor ability to fabricate large areas of oriented nanorod arrays. Here, we report a seeded-growth approach to the synthesis of asymmetric core-shell CdSe/CdS nanorods with regular shapes and narrow distributions of rod diameters and lengths, the latter being easily tunable up to 150 nm. These rods are highly fluorescent and show linearly polarized emission, whereby the emission energy depends mainly on the core diameter. We demonstrate their lateral alignment as well as their vertical self-alignment on substrates up to areas of several square micrometers.
p59 fyn Tyrosine Kinase Associates with Multiple T-Cell Receptor Subunits through Its Unique Amino-Terminal Domain (1992)

Several lines of evidence link the protein tyrosine kinase p59fyn to the T-cell receptor. The molecular basis of this interaction has not been established. Here we show that the tyrosine kinase p59fyn can associate with chimeric proteins that contain the cytoplasmic domains of CD3 epsilon, gamma, zeta (zeta), and eta. Mutational analysis of the zeta cytoplasmic domain demonstrated that the membrane-proximal 41 residues of zeta are sufficient for p59fyn binding and that at least two p59fyn binding domains are present. The association of p59fyn with the zeta chain was specific, as two closely related Src family protein tyrosine kinases, p60src and p56lck, did not associate with a chimeric protein that contained the cytoplasmic domain of zeta. Mutational analysis of p59fyn revealed that a 10-amino-acid sequence in the unique amino-terminal domain of p59fyn was responsible for the association with zeta. These findings support evidence that p59fyn is functionally and structurally linked to the T-cell receptor. More importantly, these studies support a critical role for the unique amino-terminal domains of Src family kinases in the coupling of tyrosine kinases to the signalling pathways of cell surface receptors.
In Vivo Association of E2F and DP Family Proteins (1995)

The mammalian transcription factor E2F plays an important role in regulating the expression of genes that are required for passage through the cell cycle. This transcriptional activity is inhibited by association with the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRB) or its relatives p107 and p103. The first cDNA from the E2F family to be cloned was designated E2F-1, and multiple E2F family members have now been identified. They bind to DNA as heterodimers, interacting with proteins known as DP. Here we demonstrate that DP is also a family of polypeptides with at least two members (hDP-1 and hDP-2). Both hDP-1 and hDP-2 bind to all E2F family members in vivo, and each complex is capable of activating transcription. However, the various E2F/DP complexes display strong differences in the ability to bind to either pRB or p107 in vivo, and the specificity of pRB or p107 binding is mediated by the E2F subunit.
Lack of tumor recognition by hTERT peptide 540-548-specific CD8+ T cells from melanoma patients reveals inefficient antigen processing (2001)

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the maintenance of the length of the telomeres during cell division, which is active in germ-line cells as well as in the vast majority of tumors but not in most normal tissues. The wide expression of the human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) in tumors makes it an interesting candidate vaccine for cancer. hTERT-derived peptide 540-548 (hTERT(540)) has been recently shown to be recognized in an HLA-A*0201-restricted fashion by T cell lines derived from peptide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors. As a first step to the inclusion of this peptide in immunotherapy clinical trials, it is crucial to assess hTERT(540)-specific T cell reactivity in cancer patients as well as the ability of hTERT-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes to recognize and lyse hTERT-expressing target cells. Here, we have analyzed the CD8(+) T cell response to peptide hTERT(540) in HLA-A*0201 melanoma patients by using fluorescent HLA-A*0201/hTERT(540) peptide tetramers. HLA-A*0201/hTERT(540) tetramer(+) CD8(+) T cells were readily detected in peptide-stimulated PBMC from a significant proportion of patients and could be isolated by tetramer-guided cell sorting. hTERT(540)-specific CD8(+) T cells were able to specifically recognize HLA-A*0201 cells either pulsed with peptide or transiently transfected with a minigene encoding the minimal epitope. In contrast, they failed to recognize hTERT-expressing HLA-A*0201(+) target cells. Furthermore, in vitro proteasome digestion studies revealed inadequate hTERT processing. Altogether, these results raise questions on the use of hTERT(540) peptide for cancer immunotherapy.
[Cholagogic effect of trimethylglycine in normal animals of different ages and in experimental atherosclerosis]. (1987)

Trimethylglycine at a dose of 1.5 g/kg was found to produce marked bile secretory effect in young and old rats. In rabbits with experimental atherosclerosis, trimethylglycine increased the content of biliary acids in the bile and normalized the indexes of lipid metabolism in the blood serum. Apparently, the effect on cholesterol transformation into biliary acids and its excretion with the bile is one of the mechanisms of anti-atherosclerotic action of trimethylglycine.
Survey of Common Eye Diseases in Laboratory Mouse Strains (2013)

Of the 1000 of strains screened during this study, 204 carried one of three founder mutations in Pde6b, Crb1, or Gnat2. Since these three retinal mutations occur commonly in various mouse strains, genotyping for these mutations, and/or avoiding mouse strains or stocks carrying these mutant alleles when studying new retinal disorders is recommended. The robust PCR genotyping protocols to test for these common alleles are described herein.
Chaotic micromixers using two-layer crossing channels to exhibit fast mixing at low Reynolds numbers (2005)

We report two chaotic micromixers that exhibit fast mixing at low Reynolds numbers in this paper. Passive mixers usually use the channel geometry to stir the fluids, and many previously reported designs rely on inertial effects which are only available at moderate Re. In this paper, we propose two chaotic micromixers using two-layer crossing channels. Both numerical and experimental studies show that the mixers are very efficient for fluid manipulation at low Reynolds numbers, such as stretching and splitting, folding and recombination, through which chaotic advection can be generated and the mixing is significantly promoted. More importantly, the generation of chaotic advection does not rely on the fluid inertial forces, so the mixers work well at very low Re. The mixers are benchmarked against a three-dimensional serpentine mixer. Results show that the latter is inefficient at Re = 0.2, while the new design exhibits rapid mixing at Re = 0.2 and at Re of O(10(-2)). The new mixer design will benefit various microfluidic systems.
Thymidylate Synthase Protein and p53 mRNA Form an In Vivo Ribonucleoprotein Complex (1999)

A thymidylate synthase (TS)-ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex composed of TS protein and the mRNA of the tumor suppressor gene p53 was isolated from cultured human colon cancer cells. RNA gel shift assays confirmed a specific interaction between TS protein and the protein-coding region of p53 mRNA, and in vitro translation studies demonstrated that this interaction resulted in the specific repression of p53 mRNA translation. To demonstrate the potential biological role of the TS protein-p53 mRNA interaction, Western immunoblot analysis revealed nearly undetectable levels of p53 protein in TS-overexpressing human colon cancer H630-R10 and rat hepatoma H35(F/F) cell lines compared to the levels in their respective parent H630 and H35 cell lines. Polysome analysis revealed that the p53 mRNA was associated with higher-molecular-weight polysomes in H35 cells compared to H35(F/F) cells. While the level of p53 mRNA expression was identical in parent and TS-overexpressing cell lines, the level of p53 RNA bound to TS in the form of RNP complexes was significantly higher in TS-overexpressing cells. The effect of TS on p53 expression was also investigated with human colon cancer RKO cells by use of a tetracycline-inducible system. Treatment of RKO cells with a tetracycline derivative, doxycycline, resulted in 15-fold-induced expression of TS protein and nearly complete suppression of p53 protein expression. However, p53 mRNA levels were identical in transfected RKO cells in the absence and presence of doxycycline. Taken together, these findings suggest that TS regulates the expression of p53 at the translational level. This study identifies a novel pathway for regulating p53 gene expression and expands current understanding of the potential role of TS as a regulator of cellular gene expression.
Cobalt Polypyridyl Complexes as Redox Mediators for Lipoamide Dehydrogenase (1998)

A series of cobalt polypyridyl complexes were synthesized and characterized by cyclic voltammetry in aqueous and acetonitrile solutions. Their mediation ability toward FADH2 oxidation in a monoenzyme (lipoamide dehydrogenase) and a bienzyme (lipoamide dehydrogenase coupled to lactate dehydrogenase) system was studied. Of all the complexes tested, only the [Co(tpy)2](PF6)2, [Co(NH2-phen)3](PF6)2 and [Co(CH3-phen)3](PF6)2 showed a current enhancement indicative of an ECcat mechanism in the presence of lipoamide dehydrogenase and NADH. No cross reactivity was observed for these complexes in the presence of lactate dehydrogenase/ NAD+ and lactate. The results also suggest that factors such as hydrophobic interactions, steric hindrance, H-bonding and driving force are important when designing a redox mediator for a biosensor. Protein and/or cofactor adsorption fouled the electrode surface lowering the current response. A self-contained bienzymatic biosensor exhibited a linear response (peak current versus log [lactate]) for lactate concentrations between 5 μM to 5 mM with a lowest detectable lactate concentration of 4.76 μM.
Dynamin Self-assembly Stimulates Its GTPase Activity (1996)

GTP hydrolysis by dynamin is required to drive coated vesicle budding at the plasma membrane. A diverse set of molecules including microtubules, grb2, and acidic phospholipids stimulate dynamin GTPase activity in vitro, although the physiological relevance of these effectors remains to be determined. Dynamin has been shown to assemble around microtubules, the most potent stimulatory molecule, into structures indistinguishable by electron microscopy from collars captured in vivo at the necks of endocytic coated pits. Under low ionic strength conditions purified dynamin self-assembles into rings and helical stacks of rings. Here we show that dynamin self-assembly stimulates its GTPase activity as much as 10-fold. Thus, we identify dynamin, itself, as the first effector of dynamin GTPase activity known to be physiologically relevant. Assembled dynamin's stimulated GTPase activity is not dependent on the direct interaction of high affinity GTP binding sites since a mutant defective in GTP binding and hydrolysis can coassemble with and stimulate GTP hydrolysis by wild-type dynamin. Finally, we find that GTP destabilizes assembled dynamin structures, suggesting that the activated rates of GTP hydrolysis reflect a continuing cycle of assembly, GTP hydrolysis, and disassembly.
Community-managed food security enterprises in Andhra Pradesh, India (2007)

Rice is a staple food for people in Andhra Pradesh, who buy most of it (70 percent) on the open market and get the balance (30 percent) from the Public Distribution System (PDS). Statistics show that the poor spend a substantial percent of their income on food. For instance, in 2001-02, rural households in Andhra Pradesh devoted an average of 55 percent of their total expenditures to buying food. Those households that lack sufficient income either borrow from money-lenders and traders at very high interest rates, or they eat less. This critical food security gap has implications for the state's goal of reducing rural poverty.
Signaling by the Cytokine Receptor Superfamilya (1998)

A bstract : A variety of cytokines that regulate functions of multiple lineages share the utilization of receptors that are structurally and functionally related and are referred to as the cytokine receptor superfamily. These receptors associate with one or more of the four mammalian Janus kinases (Jaks) and ligand‐induced receptor aggregation results in their activation. Critical roles for Jak3 and Jak2 are demonstrated by the phenotypes of mice that lack each gene. Among the substrates of the Jaks are one or more of the seven members of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stats). Each Stat family member plays a critical role in the biological functions of specific cytokines as demonstrated by the phenotype of mice lacking one or more of these genes.
Evolving concepts in the management of chronic myeloid leukemia: recommendations from an expert panel on behalf of the European LeukemiaNet (2006)

The introduction of imatinib mesylate (IM) has revolutionized the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Although experience is too limited to permit evidence-based evaluation of survival, the available data fully justify critical reassessment of CML management. The panel therefore reviewed treatment of CML since 1998. It confirmed the value of IM (400 mg/day) and of conventional allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). It recommended that the preferred initial treatment for most patients newly diagnosed in chronic phase should now be 400 mg IM daily. A dose increase of IM, alloHSCT, or investigational treatments were recommended in case of failure, and could be considered in case of suboptimal response. Failure was defined at 3 months (no hematologic response [HR]), 6 months (incomplete HR or no cytogenetic response [CgR]), 12 months (less than partial CgR [Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph(+)) > 35%]), 18 months (less than complete CgR), and in case of HR or CgR loss, or appearance of highly IM-resistant BCR-ABL mutations. Suboptimal response was defined at 3 months (incomplete HR), 6 months (less than partial CgR), 12 months (less than complete CgR), 18 months (less than major molecular response [MMolR]), and, in case of MMolR loss, other mutations or other chromosomal abnormalities. The importance of regular monitoring at experienced centers was highlighted.
Periodontal infections and pre‐term low birth weight: a case‐control study (2005)

The present findings indicated that when subgingival bacteria were evaluated together, P. micros and C. rectus may have a role in increasing the risk for PLBW, although no single bacteria exhibited any relation with the risk of PLBW. Further studies are required to better clarify the possible relationship between periodontal diseases and PLBW.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by a Standardized Single Disk Method (1966)

Journal Article Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by a Standardized Single Disk Method Get access A. W. Bauer, M.D., A. W. Bauer, M.D. Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar W. M. M. Kirby, M.D., W. M. M. Kirby, M.D. Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. C. Sherris, M.D., J. C. Sherris, M.D. Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. Turck, M.D. M. Turck, M.D. Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98105 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 45, Issue 4_ts, April 1966, Pages 493–496, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/45.4_ts.493 Published: 01 April 1966 Article history Received: 17 August 1965 Published: 01 April 1966
Histone H1—DNA interaction. On the mechanism of DNA strands crosslinking by histone H1 (1978)

Crosslinking of DNA fibers by histone H1 or phosphorylated on Ser-37 histone H1, and by the individual fragments of the H1 polypeptide chain was studied by the method of turbidimetry. The dependence of the turbidity of DNA-protein complexes on the ionic strength in solution suggests that the condensation of H1.DNA complexes invitro is apparently due to both specific histone-DNA interactions with the contribution of hydrogen and/or hydrophobic bonds and the formation of polycationic “bridges” fastening the DNA fibers. The effectiveness of the condensation is postulated to be a function of a proportion between the two mechanisms which in turn can be controlled by slight changes in ionic surroundings. The sharp dependence of shrinkage of H1.DNA complexes on ionic strength at “physiological” salt concentrations could provide a mechanism to regulate density and consequently the total activity of chromatin in the cell nuclei. The phosphorylation of histone H1 on Ser-37 by a specific histone kinase does not noticeably affect the pattern of DNA croselinking by the H1.
Chiral separations by chromatography (2000)

Chapter 1. An overview Chirality and biological activity Chiral separations Chiral stationary phases Modern CSP design Preparative separations Regulatory perspectives Chapter 2. Perspectives on Evaluation of Stereoisomers as Drug Candidates Marketing status of single isomers Development of single enantiomers Pharmacokinetics Detoxification Stability Industrial perspectives Regulatory guidelines Chapter 3. Review of Stereochemistry Brief history Stereoisomerism Classification Nomenclature Resolution Enantiopurity Determination of absolute configuration Chapter 4. Separation Methods Thin layer chromatography Gas chromatography High pressure liquid chromatography Supercritical fluid chromatography Capillary electrophoresis Chapter 5. Detection Methods Detectors for TLC Detectors for GC Detectors for HPLC Specific detectors for chiral compounds Chapter 6. Desirable Features of Chiral Stationary Phases Desirable features Types of CSPs Comparison of various CSPs Chapter 7. Understanding Chiral Chromatography Enantioselective interactions Chromatographic enantioselectivity Inclusion Transition metal complexes Separations on protein columns Molecular modeling Chapter 8. Method Development Stereoisomeric Interactions Chromatographic methods Chromatographic methods Modes of separation in HPLC Chromatography of diastereomeric derivatives Enantiomeric resolution using chiral mobile-phase additives Enantiomeric resolution using chiral stationary phases Computerized methods Chapter 9. Preparative Separations Displacement chromatography Elution chromatography Chapter 10. Method Selection and Selected Applications Where to start? Study the molecule Which method to use? High pressure liquid chromatography Gas chromatography Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) Capillary electrophoresis (CE) Comparative separations
Towards a dynamic object model within Unix processes (2015)

Programmers face much complexity from the co-existence of "native" (Unix-like) and virtual machine (VM) "managed" run-time environments. Rather than having VMs replace Unix processes, we investigate whether it makes sense for the latter to "become VMs", by evolving Unix's user-level services to subsume those of VMs. We survey the (little-understood) VM-like features in modern Unix, noting common shortcomings: a lack of semantic metadata ("type information") and the inability to bind from objects "back" to their metadata. We describe the design and implementation of a system, liballocs, which adds these capabilities in a highly compatible way, and explore its consequences.