gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical and Enzymatic Release of Glycans from Glycoproteins (2003)

The majority of proteins are posttranslationally modified, and the most significant modification to many secreted and membrane-associated proteins of eukaryotic cells is glycosylation, that is, the attachment of one or more oligosaccharide (glycan) chains. Glycans may be attached to the peptide backbone through different types of linkage but they usually are subdivided into those attached to glycoproteins primarily through an amide linkage to asparagine residues (N-linked glycans), and those attached through an O-glycosidic linkage to serine or threonine residues (O-linked glycans) or where the carbohydrates form part of a glycosylphosphatidyl inositol moiety (GPI) attached to the C-terminus of the peptide. Other types of linkage occur in certain other glycoconjugates such as the linkage to hydroxylysine residues in collagen and β-xylose of glycosaminoglycan chains in proteoglycans to serine residues in the peptide core.
Absolute Values of the Electron Mobility in Hydrogen (1936)

A new method is described for the measurement of electron mobilities in gases. An electrical shutter method is employed in which the shutters take the form of two fine wire grids, alternate wires of which are connected to a high frequency alternating potential. Electrons pass through the grids only when the potential between adjacent grid wires is zero, and only electrons which cross the gas space in one half-cycle are received at the collecting electrode. A sharp maximum is thus observed in the electrometer current when the drift velocity of the electron multiplied by the time of one half-cycle is equal to the distance between the grids. The theoretical shape of the current curve is compared with experiment and good agreement observed. Measurements have been made between $\frac{X}{p}$ of 0.03 and 20, and the values obtained are compared with the Compton mobility equation.
Continuous Activation of Autoreactive CD4+ CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in the Steady State (2003)

Despite a growing interest in CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) that play a major role in self-tolerance and immunoregulation, fundamental parameters of the biology and homeostasis of these cells are poorly known. Here, we show that this population is composed of two Treg subsets that have distinct phenotypes and homeostasis in normal unmanipulated mice. In the steady state, some Treg remain quiescent and have a long lifespan, in the order of months, whereas the other Treg are dividing extensively and express multiple activation markers. After adoptive transfer, tissue-specific Treg rapidly divide and expand preferentially in lymph nodes draining their target self-antigens. These results reveal the existence of a cycling Treg subset composed of autoreactive Treg that are continuously activated by tissue self-antigens.
Construction of a Bit Stream Using Telegraphic Switching of a Two-Input Magnetic Tunnel Junction (2017)

Stochastic computing with probabilistic bit streams is a useful computing method due to its advantage of a higher degree of error tolerance than the conventional binary system. To achieve computational efficiency, electronic devices with an inherent stochastic nature have been explored for integration into a stochastic computing system. In this paper, we demonstrate probabilistic bit streams obtained from the telegraphic switching of a two-input magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). Extension of the input configuration provides an advantage in architectural comparability for applying to a practical computing circuit. We also show that an MTJ can be a generic stochastic device, whose output directly constructs bit streams representing the probabilistic weight according to two independent progammable inputs, namely, the applied magnetic field and the current.
Propagation of Avian Rotavirus in Primary Chick Kidney Cell and MA104 Cell Cultures (1989)

The Ch2 strain of avian rotavirus was propagated in primary chick kidney cell (CKC) and MA104 cell cultures in the presence of trypsin. Cultures were evaluated for the presence of rotavirus by an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) assay and by an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After two passages, the viral titer was significantly higher in CKC than MA104 cell cultures. Also, the IFA assay was more sensitive than the indirect ELISA for detecting rotavirus-positive cultures.
Neurotransmitter receptor binding and drug discovery (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNeurotransmitter receptor binding and drug discoverySolomon H. SnyderCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1983, 26, 12, 1667–1672Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00366a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00366a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views272Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cover Picture: Biomolecule‐Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes: Applications in Nanobioelectronics (ChemPhysChem 8/2004) (2004)

The cover picture shows that biomolecule–carbon nanotube hybrids provide exciting new materials for bionanotechnology. In the Review on pp. 1084, E. Katz and I. Willner highlight recent advances in the field. The use of these systems for electronic biosensing, assembly of nanocircuitry, and the organization of nanoscale devices is discussed.
Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing (2009)

Provided certain obstacles are overcome, we believe Cloud Computing has the potential to transform a large part of the IT industry, making software even more attractive as a service and shaping the way IT hardware is designed and purchased. Developers with innovative ideas for new interactive Internet services no longer require the large capital outlays in hardware to deploy their service or the human expense to operate it. They need not be concerned about over-provisioning for a service whose popularity does not meet their predictions, thus wasting costly resources, or under-provisioning for one that becomes wildly popular, thus missing potential customers and revenue. Moreover, companies with large batch-oriented tasks can get their results as quickly as their programs can scale, since using 1000 servers for one hour costs no more than using one server for 1000 hours. This elasticity of resources, without paying a premium for large scale, is unprecedented in the history of IT. The economies of scale of very large-scale datacenters combined with "pay-as-you-go" resource usage has heralded the rise of Cloud Computing. It is now attractive to deploy an innovative new Internet service on a third party's Internet Datacenter rather than your own infrastructure, and to gracefully scale its resources as it grows or declines in popularity and revenue. Expanding and shrinking daily in response to normal diurnal patterns could lower costs even further. Cloud Computing transfers the risks of over-provisioning or under-provisioning to the Cloud Computing provider, who mitigates that risk by statistical multiplexing over a much larger set of users and who offers relatively low prices due better utilization and from the economy of purchasing at a larger scale. We define terms, present an economic model that quantifies the key buy vs. pay-as-you-go decision, offer a spectrum to classify Cloud Computing providers, and give our view of the top 10 obstacles and opportunities to the growth of Cloud Computing.
Directional Depolarization Sensors Of Body Surface ECG (2005)

Spatially differentiating rectangular body surface electrodes have been designed and fabricated on the basis of computer simulations of the potential generated on the electrodes by propagating dipolar wavefronts. The electrodes were also tested on human subjects for their ability to detect atrial and reject ventricular depolarizations. The results are encouraging although further refinements are needed for practical use. The reliable and selective detection of atrial activity is important in arrhythmia diagnosis, especially in ambulatory and intensive care monitoring. Our earlier work was aimed at arrhythmia recognition by utilizing spatial discrimination to detect local activation and
The measurement of vitrinite reflectance with MatLab (2010)

The measurement of vitrinite reflectance is widely used as an indicator of coal rank and organic maturation in source-rock studies. This is due to the regular change in reflectance properties of the vitrinite group during coalification.
Enhancing GJK: computing minimum and penetration distances between convex polyhedra (2002)

The problem of tracking the distance between two convex polyhedra is finding applications in many areas of robotics, including intersection detection, collision detection, and path planning. We present new results that confirm an almost-constant time complexity for an enhanced version of Gilbert, Johnson and Keerthi's (GJK) algorithm, and also describe modifications to the algorithm to compute measures of penetration distance.
Considerations for Oral Cholera Vaccine Use during Outbreak after Earthquake in Haiti, 2010−2011 (2011)

Oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) have been recommended in cholera-endemic settings and preemptively during outbreaks and complex emergencies. However, experience and guidelines for reactive use after an outbreak has started are limited. In 2010, after over a century without epidemic cholera, an outbreak was reported in Haiti after an earthquake. As intensive nonvaccine cholera control measures were initiated, the feasibility of OCV use was considered. We reviewed OCV characteristics and recommendations for their use and assessed global vaccine availability and capacity to implement a vaccination campaign. Real-time modeling was conducted to estimate vaccine impact. Ultimately, cholera vaccination was not implemented because of limited vaccine availability, complex logistical and operational challenges of a multidose regimen, and obstacles to conducting a campaign in a setting with population displacement and civil unrest. Use of OCVs is an option for cholera control; guidelines for their appropriate use in epidemic and emergency settings are urgently needed.
Composite Polymer Electrolytes with Improved Lithium Metal Electrode Interfacial Properties: II. Application in Rechargeable Batteries (1998)

The application of a liquid‐free, ceramic‐added composite polymer electrolyte in a rechargeable battery is presented and discussed. As expected by the high stability of the electrolyte toward the lithium metal anode, the battery has promising characteristics in terms of reliability and cyclability.
Reduction in intensity of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice by aerosol administration of gamma interferon (1991)

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS may result from impaired local release of gamma interferon from lung lymphocytes and subsequent failure of macrophage activation. We tested this hypothesis with mice rendered immunodeficient by selective depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes and inoculated intratracheally with P. carinii. After aerosol administration of recombinant murine gamma interferon, the intensity of P. carinii infection in these mice was reduced in comparison with that in mice not treated with gamma interferon. Histologic scoring of lung tissue did not reveal additional pulmonary inflammation attributable to gamma interferon. Aerosol administration of gamma interferon may reduce the intensity of P. carinii infection by augmentation of host defense, despite persistent CD4+ lymphocyte depletion.
Characterization of cDNA coding for human factor XIIIa. (1986)

A cDNA library prepared from human placenta has been screened for sequences coding for factor XIIIa, the enzymatically active subunit of the factor XIII complex that stabilizes blood clots through crosslinking of fibrin molecules. Two oligonucleotides, based on the amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides of factor XIIIa, were used as hybridization probes. Of 0.36 X 10(6) independent recombinants, 1 clone was identified that hybridized to both probes. The insert of 1704 base pairs coded for the amino-terminal 541 amino acid residues of the mature factor XIIIa molecule. Blot-hybridization analysis using this cDNA as a probe showed that the factor XIIIa mRNA from placenta has a size of approximately 4000 bases. The insert was used to rescreen cDNA libraries and to identify further factor XIIIa-specific sequences. The total length of the isolated factor XIIIa cDNA is 3905 bases, and it codes for a protein of 732 amino acids. In spite of the presence of factor XIII in blood plasma, we could not identify a leader sequence typical for secreted proteins.
Control of Shape and Material Composition of Solid-State Nanopores (2008)

Solid-state nanopores fabricated by a high-intensity electron beam in ceramic membranes can be fine-tuned on three-dimensional geometry and composition by choice of materials and beam sculpting conditions. For similar beam conditions, 8 nm diameter nanopores fabricated in membranes containing SiO(2) show large depletion areas (70 nm in radius) with small sidewall angles (55 degrees ), whereas those made in SiN membranes show small depletion areas (40 nm) with larger sidewall angles (75 degrees ). Three-dimensional electron tomograms of nanopores fabricated in a SiO(2)/SiN/SiO(2) membrane show a biconical shape with symmetric top and bottom and indicate a mixing of SiN and SiO(2) layers up to 30 nm from the edge of nanopore, with Si-rich particles throughout the membrane. Electron-energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) reveals that the oxygen/nitrogen ratio near the pore depends on the beam sculpting conditions.
Real-time image-based 6-DOF localization in large-scale environments (2012)

We present a real-time approach for image-based localization within large scenes that have been reconstructed offline using structure from motion (Sfm). From monocular video, our method continuously computes a precise 6-DOF camera pose, by efficiently tracking natural features and matching them to 3D points in the Sfm point cloud. Our main contribution lies in efficiently interleaving a fast keypoint tracker that uses inexpensive binary feature descriptors with a new approach for direct 2D-to-3D matching. The 2D-to-3D matching avoids the need for online extraction of scale-invariant features. Instead, offline we construct an indexed database containing multiple DAISY descriptors per 3D point extracted at multiple scales. The key to the efficiency of our method lies in invoking DAISY descriptor extraction and matching sparingly during localization, and in distributing this computation over a window of successive frames. This enables the algorithm to run in real-time, without fluctuations in the latency over long durations. We evaluate the method in large indoor and outdoor scenes. Our algorithm runs at over 30 Hz on a laptop and at 12 Hz on a low-power, mobile computer suitable for onboard computation on a quadrotor micro aerial vehicle.
Recent Advances in Electrochemical Enzyme Immunoassays (2005)

Abstract Enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) are currently the predominant analytical technique for the quantitative determination of a broad variety of analytes in clinical, medical, biotechnological, and environmental significance. Although the most common detection methods for EIAs are based on spectroscopic measurements, electrochemical techniques, due to their high sensitivity, selectivity, simplicity and low cost, have emerged as a very attractive alternative to carry out the detection step in this kind of assays. The intention of this review is to cover the progress and development in integrating electrochemical detection methods with EIAs, over the past five years.
Evolution and Function of the ADP Ribosyl Cyclase/CD38 Gene Family in Physiology and Pathology (2008)

The membrane proteins CD38 and CD157 belong to an evolutionarily conserved family of enzymes that play crucial roles in human physiology. Expressed in distinct patterns in most tissues, CD38 (and CD157) cleaves NAD(+) and NADP(+), generating cyclic ADP ribose (cADPR), NAADP, and ADPR. These reaction products are essential for the regulation of intracellular Ca(2+), the most ancient and universal cell signaling system. The entire family of enzymes controls complex processes, including egg fertilization, cell activation and proliferation, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, and immune responses. Over the course of evolution, the molecules have developed the ability to interact laterally and frontally with other surface proteins and have acquired receptor-like features. As detailed in this review, the loss of CD38 function is associated with impaired immune responses, metabolic disturbances, and behavioral modifications in mice. CD38 is a powerful disease marker for human leukemias and myelomas, is directly involved in the pathogenesis and outcome of human immunodeficiency virus infection and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and controls insulin release and the development of diabetes. Here, the data concerning diseases are examined in view of potential clinical applications in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. The concluding remarks try to frame all of the currently available information within a unified working model that takes into account both the enzymatic and receptorial functions of the molecules.
Inhibition of endotoxin-induced nitric oxide synthase production in microglial cells by the presence of astroglial cells: A role for transforming growth factor ? (1997)

In mixed glial cell cultures from cerebral cortices of newborn rats, endotoxin induces inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) production in microglial cells. Earlier we demonstrated that endotoxin induced iNOS but not IL-1 beta expression in microglial cells is inhibited by the presence of astroglial cells. In the present paper we describe studies on the mechanism by which astroglial cells exert selective suppressive action on iNOS expression by microglial cells. Expression of iNOS and IL-1 beta was studied by single or double label immunocytochemical techniques and cell identification was performed with GSA-I-B4-isolectin and an antibody against GFAP. Production of IL-1 beta and NO was determined by measurement of IL-1 beta and nitrite concentrations in cell lysates and the culture medium, respectively. TGF beta, a cytokine known to inhibit NO production by endotoxin challenged macrophages, was measured in culture medium of mixed glial cell cultures using a bioassay. Microglial, astroglial, and mixed glial cell cultures produced similar concentrations of TGF beta. The potential effect of TGF beta was studied by using immunoneutralizing antibodies against TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 on the induction of iNOS in microglial cells in the presence of astroglial cells. Incubation of the mixed glial cell culture with these TGF beta antibodies (3 micrograms/ml) markedly increased endotoxin-induced NO production and iNOS expression in microglial cells, whereas the production of IL-1 beta was not affected. The antibodies against TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 marginally increased NO production in pure microglial cell cultures, nonetheless in cultures of purified microglial cells recombinant TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 together with endotoxin inhibited NO production. We conclude that the presence of astroglial cells is essential for the inhibitory effect of TGF beta on NO production by microglial cells (possibly) by activation of TGF beta or by increasing the sensitivity of microglial cells for TGF beta.
Palette-Based Coding in the Screen Content Coding Extension of the HEVC Standard (2015)

This paper provides a technical overview of palette-based coding that was adopted into the test model for the screen content coding (SCC) extension of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard at the 18th JCT-VC meeting. Key techniques that enable the palette mode to deliver significant coding gains for screen contents are highlighted, including palette table generation, palette table coding, and the coding methods for palette indices and escape colors. Proposed and adopted techniques up to the first version of the working draft of HEVC SCC extension and test model SCM-2.0 are presented. Experimental results are provided to evaluate the performance of the palette mode in the SCC extension of HEVC.
Dendritic Cells: A Critical Player in Cancer Therapy? (2008)

Cancer immunotherapy seeks to mobilize a patient's immune system for therapeutic benefit. It can be passive, that is, transfer of immune effector cells (T cells) or proteins (antibodies), or active, that is, vaccination. Early clinical trials testing vaccination with ex vivo generated dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with tumor antigens provide a proof-of-principle that therapeutic immunity can be elicited. Yet, the clinical benefit measured by regression of established tumors in patients with stage IV cancer has been observed in a fraction of patients only. The next generation of DC vaccines is expected to generate large numbers of high avidity effector CD8 T cells and to overcome regulatory T cells and suppressive environment established by tumors, a major obstacle in metastatic disease. Therapeutic vaccination protocols will combine improved DC vaccines with chemotherapy to exploit immunogenic chemotherapy regimens. We foresee adjuvant vaccination in patients with resected tumors but at high risk of relapse to be based on in vivo targeting of DCs with fusion proteins containing anti-DCs antibodies, antigens from tumor stem/propagating cells, and DC activators.
Electronic conduction in polymers, carbon nanotubes and graphene (2011)

In the years since the discovery of organic polymers that exhibited electrical conductivities comparable to some metals, other novel carbon-based conductors have been developed, including carbon nanotubes and graphene (monolayers of carbon atoms). In this critical review, we discuss the common features and the differences in the conduction mechanisms observed in these carbon-based materials, which range from near ballistic and conventional metallic conduction to fluctuation-assisted tunnelling, variable-range hopping and more exotic mechanisms. For each category of material, we discuss the dependence of conduction on the morphology of the sample. The presence of heterogeneous disorder is often particularly important in determining the overall behaviour, and can lead to surprisingly similar conduction behaviour in polymers, carbon nanotube networks and chemically-derived graphene (122 references).