gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combined measurement and significance of lipid-bound sialic acid and carcinoembryonic antigen in detection of human cancer. (1984)

We evaluated the clinical usefulness of lipid-bound sialic acid (LSA) as a "tumor marker" and assessed individual and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in cancer patients. Serum LSA and CEA concentrations were measured by the resorcinol method after total lipid extraction and isolation of the sialolipid fraction, and by Abbott enzyme immunoassay procedures, respectively. Results indicate that the frequency of elevation and mean LSA values were highest in patients with lung cancer (318 mg/liter), intermediate in miscellaneous (210 mg/liter) and colorectal cancers (200 mg/liter), and lowest in breast cancer (175 mg/liter); while mean CEA values were highest in colorectal cancer (162.5 micrograms/liter), followed by lung (33.8 micrograms/liter), miscellaneous (30.3 micrograms/liter), and breast cancers (11.6 micrograms/liter). Statistically, LSA and CEA values for cancer patients were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than for normal subjects. The combined measurement of LSA and CEA in serum provides better detection potential for cancer patients than either of the two markers alone.
Roles of autophagy in cetuximab-mediated cancer therapy against EGFR (2010)

Cetuximab is an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-blocking antibody that is approved to treat several types of solid cancers in patients. We recently showed that cetuximab can induce autophagy in cancer cells by both inhibiting the class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PtdIns3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and activating the class III PtdIns3K (hVps34)/beclin 1 pathway. In the current study, we investigated the relationship between cetuximab-induced autophagy and apoptosis and the biological roles of autophagy in cetuximab-mediated cancer therapy. We found that cetuximab induced autophagy in cancer cells that show strong or weak induction of apoptosis after cetuximab treatment but not in those that show only cytostatic growth inhibition. Inhibition of cetuximab-induced apoptosis by a caspase inhibitor prevented the induction of autophagy. Conversely, inhibition of cetuximab-induced autophagy by silencing the expression of autophagy-related genes (Atg) or treating the cancer cells with lysosomal inhibitors enhanced the cetuximab-induced apoptosis, suggesting that autophagy was a protective cellular response to cetuximab treatment. On the other hand, cotreatment of cancer cells with cetuximab and the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin resulted in an Atg-dependent and lysosomal inhibition-sensitive death of cancer cells that show only growth inhibition or weak apoptosis after cetuximab treatment, indicating that cell death may be achieved by activating the autophagy pathway in these cells. Together, our findings may guide the development of novel clinical strategies for sensitizing cancer cells to EGFR-targeted therapy.
GPS-Supported Visual SLAM with a Rigorous Sensor Model for a Panoramic Camera in Outdoor Environments (2012)

Accurate localization of moving sensors is essential for many fields, such as robot navigation and urban mapping. In this paper, we present a framework for GPS-supported visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping with Bundle Adjustment (BA-SLAM) using a rigorous sensor model in a panoramic camera. The rigorous model does not cause system errors, thus representing an improvement over the widely used ideal sensor model. The proposed SLAM does not require additional restrictions, such as loop closing, or additional sensors, such as expensive inertial measurement units. In this paper, the problems of the ideal sensor model for a panoramic camera are analysed, and a rigorous sensor model is established. GPS data are then introduced for global optimization and georeferencing. Using the rigorous sensor model with the geometric observation equations of BA, a GPS-supported BA-SLAM approach that combines ray observations and GPS observations is then established. Finally, our method is applied to a set of vehicle-borne panoramic images captured from a campus environment, and several ground control points (GCP) are used to check the localization accuracy. The results demonstrated that our method can reach an accuracy of several centimetres.
Inorganic Polymers (2005)

Polymer chemistry and technology form one of the major areas of molecular and materials science. This field impinges on nearly every aspect of modern life, from electronics technology, to medicine, to the wide range of fibers, films, elastomers, and structural materials on which everyone depends. Although most of these polymers are organic materials, attention is being focused increasingly toward polymers that contain inorganic elements as well as organic components. The goal of Inorganic Polymers is to provide a broad overview of inorganic polymers in a way that will be useful to both the uninitiated and those already working in this field. There are numerous reasons for being interested in inorganic polymers. One is the simple need to know how structure affects the properties of a polymer, particularly outside the well-plowed area of organic materials. Another is the bridge that inorganic polymers provide between polymer science and ceramics. More and more chemistry is being used in the preparation of ceramics of carefully controlled structure, and inorganic polymers are increasingly important precursor materials in such approaches. This new edition begins with a brief introductory chapter. That is followed with a discussion of the characteristics and characterization of polymers, with examples taken from the field. Other chapters in the book detail the synthesis, reaction chemistry, molecular structure, and uses of polyphosphazenes, polysiloxanes, and polysilanes. The coverage in the second edition has been updated and expanded significantly to cover advances and interesting trends since the first edition appeared. Three new chapters have been added, focusing on ferrocene-based polymers, other phosphorous-containing polymers, and boron-containing polymers; inorganic-organic hybrid composites; and preceramic inorganic polymers.
Rhesus monkey brain imaging through intact skull with thermoacoustic tomography (2006)

Two-dimensional microwave-induced thermoacoustic tomography (TAT) is applied to imaging the Rhesus monkey brain through the intact skull. To reduce the wavefront distortion caused by the skull, only the low-frequency components of the thermoacoustic signals (< 1 MHz) are used to reconstruct the TAT images. The methods of signal processing and image reconstruction are validated by imaging a lamb kidney. The resolution of the system is found to be 4 mm when we image a 1-month-old monkey head containing inserted needles. We also image the coronal and axial sections of a 7-month-old monkey head. Brain features that are 3 cm deep in the head are imaged clearly. Our results demonstrate that TAT has potential for use in portable, cost-effective imagers for pediatric brains.
Arginase I–Producing Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Renal Cell Carcinoma Are a Subpopulation of Activated Granulocytes (2009)

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) producing arginase I are increased in the peripheral blood of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MDSC inhibit T-cell function by reducing the availability of L-arginine and are therefore considered an important tumor escape mechanism. We aimed to determine the origin of arginase I-producing MDSC in RCC patients and to identify the mechanisms used to deplete extracellular L-arginine. The results show that human MDSC are a subpopulation of activated polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells expressing high levels of CD66b, CD11b, and VEGFR1 and low levels of CD62L and CD16. In contrast to murine MDSC, human MDSC do not deplete L-arginine by increasing its uptake but instead release arginase I into the circulation. Activation of normal PMN induces phenotypic and functional changes similar to MDSC and also promotes the release of arginase I from intracellular granules. Interestingly, although activation of normal PMN usually ends with apoptosis, MDSC showed no increase in apoptosis compared with autologous PMN or PMN obtained from normal controls. High levels of VEGF have been shown to increase suppressor immature myeloid dendritic cells in cancer patients. Treatment of RCC patients with anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab, however, did not reduce the accumulation of MDSC in peripheral blood. In contrast, the addition of interleukin-2 to the treatment increased the number of MDSC in peripheral blood and the plasma levels of arginase I. These results may provide new insights on the mechanisms of tumor-induced anergy/tolerance and may help explain why some immunotherapies fail to induce an antitumor response.
Chromogenic identification of genetic regulatory signals in Bacillus subtilis based on expression of a cloned Pseudomonas gene. (1983)

A method to isolate fragments of DNA that promote gene expression in Bacillus subtilis is described. The system is based on production of catechol 2,3-dioxygenase [CatO2ase; catechol:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing), EC 1.13.11.2] encoded by the Pseudomonas putida TOL plasmid gene xylE. The gene was transferred to aB. subtilis/Escherichia coli plasmid vector to construct pTG402. Although xylE is functionally expressed in E. coli, CatO2ase is not detected in B. subtilis unless a fragment of DNA capable of promoting gene expression is ligated into a cleavage site on pTG402 upstream from xylE. Fragments of chromosomal DNA from B. subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, and E. coli are shown to promote xylE gene expression in B. subtilis. The special feature of the system is the method of detection: colonies of cells that express xylE become yellow within seconds after selection plates are sprayed with catechol, a colorless substrate that is converted by CatO2ase to the yellow product, 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde. The complete nucleotide sequence of xylE is presented. Strong complementarity between the ribosome binding site and 16S rRNA suggests that xylE mRNA translation in B. subtilis may commence at the same site as that recognized by P. putida. Identity of CatO2ase produced in B. subtilis, E. coli, and P. putida support the hypothesis. Our sensitive color assay offers an approach to develop plasmid gene expression vectors for a wide variety of host organisms.
Spectral slicing WDM-PON using wavelength-seededreflective SOAs (2001)

A method of implementing wavelength division multiplexed-passive optical network (WDM-PON) upstream channels based on spectral slicing with wavelength-seeded travelling-wave reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) modulators is described. A dense WDM comprising eight 1 nm slices, each modulated at a data rate of 1.25 Gbit/s are shown to operate over 25 km of standard fibre with negligible crosstalk and &lt; 1 dB dispersion penalty.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (1992)

A successful AIDS vaccine must elicit an immune state that will prevent the establishment of an HIV-1 persistent infection. This is a unique and difficult goal for a vaccine. Most vaccines elicit or prime for immune responses that prevent or attenuate the expression of clinical disease following infection with the pathogen. However, current evidence suggest that, following persistent infection with HIV-1, antiviral immune responses do not prevent the long-term progression to disease. Hence, it seems that the development of the persistent infection must be prevented. The ability of the immune response to accomplish this goal depends upon the efficiency with which the virus establishes persistence in the host. This is unknown for HIV-1. As a result, early efforts at vaccine development have focused on humoral immune responses directed against the virus particle in the attempt to prevent any infection of the host's cells. Studies with chimpanzees, as a model for HIV-1 infection, suggest that virus-neutralizing antibodies directed against the third hypervariable (V3) domain of the viral gp120 envelope glycoprotein may be particularly effective in preventing this infection. Studies also are in progress, both in chimpanzees and humans, to define the immunogenicity and effectiveness of various immunogens derived from the viral envelope and core structural proteins. Efforts that have concentrated on the gp120 V3 domain (or PND) have defined the extent of this region's variability and have established elements of generally conserved structure and sequence. The construction of these elements into practical and effective immunogens is an important goal. Finally, it is essential that basic studies be performed to determine if humoral or cellular immune responses directed against virus-infected cells would aid in preventing the establishment of an HIV-1 persistent infection. Such immune responses, if effective and in conjunction with specific virus-neutralizing antibody responses, would enhance the probability that an effective HIV-1 vaccine could be developed.
Studies on gonococcus infection. XII. Colony color and opacity varienats of gonococci (1978)

Colonies with markedly differing color and opacity characteristics were found for Neisseria gonorrhoeae propagated on translucent, solid medium. These optical properties of gonococcal colonies were independent of pilation and appeared to be related to the degree of aggregation among the gonococci comprising the colonies. Dark, opaque colonies contained highly aggregated gonococci which were more susceptible to killing and to solubilization of their 125-labeled surface components than were organisms comprising light, transparent colony forms.
Generation of Resistance to the Diphenyl Ether Herbicide, Oxyfluorfen, via Expression of the Bacillus subtilis Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Gene in Transgenic Tobacco Plants. (1998)

In an effort to develop transgenic plants resistant to diphenyl ether herbicides, we introduced the protoporphyrinogen oxidase (EC 1.3.3.4) gene of Bacillus subtilis into tobacco plants. The results from a Northern analysis and leaf disc assay indicate that the expression of the B. subtilis protoporphyrinogen oxidase gene under the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter generated resistance to the diphenyl ether herbicide, oxyfluorfen, in transgenic tobacco plants.
Abrogation of simian virus 40 DNA-mediated transformation of primary C57BL/6 mouse embryo fibroblasts by exposure to a simian virus 40-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clone (1985)

Primary mouse embryo fibroblasts of C57BL/6 origin (B6/MEF) were transformed in vitro by transfection with simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA. The transformation frequency was markedly reduced if the SV40 DNA-transfected cultures were briefly exposed to K11 cells, an SV40-specific clone of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This abrogation of SV40 transformation in vitro by cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clone K11 was specific, since transformation of B6/MEF cells by adenovirus type 5 DNA was not affected. The approach described here should serve as an ideal model of dissecting immunological events during in vivo tumorigenesis.
Global surveillance and control of hepatitis C (1999)

Hepatitis C is a global health problem caused by infection with the hepatitis C virus. Although representative prevalence data are not available from many countries, available data indicate that approximately 3% of the world’s population is infected with HCV. It is estimated that as many as 170 million persons worldwide may be infected with HCV. In many countries, the exact magnitude of the problem and the relative contribution of the various routes of transmission have not been defined with population‐based studies. Wherever possible such studies should be performed to enable countries to estimate the burden of hepatitis C disease, to prioritize their preventative measures and to make the most appropriate use of available resources. To assess hepatitis C on a global scale, the World Health Organization (WHO) organized a consultation of international experts, in order to review the public health aspects related to hepatitis C infection and to make recommendations for its prevention and control
The vaginal microbiome: new information about genital tract flora using molecular based techniques (2011)

Vaginal microbiome studies provide information that may change the way we define vaginal flora. Normal flora appears dominated by one or two species of Lactobacillus. Significant numbers of healthy women lack appreciable numbers of vaginal lactobacilli. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is not a single entity, but instead consists of different bacterial communities or profiles of greater microbial diversity than is evident from cultivation-dependent studies. BV should be considered a syndrome of variable composition that results in different symptoms, phenotypical outcomes, and responses to different antibiotic regimens. This information may help to elucidate the link between BV and infection-related adverse outcomes of pregnancy.
The Clearance of Antigen Antibody Complexes from the Blood by the Reticulo-Endothelial System (1959)

Summary Soluble complexes of antigens with rabbit antibody interfere by a phenomenon of competition with the phagocytosis of carbon particles by the reticuloendothelial system, when injected intravenously into mice and rabbits. Evidence is presented that at least the larger soluble antigen-antibody aggregates are phagocytized by the Kupffer cells of the liver. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the localization of antigen-antibody complexes in the sites of pathologic lesions of serum sickness.
Therapeutic Effects of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell–derived Microvesicles in Severe Pneumonia in Mice (2015)

MVs derived from human MSCs were as effective as the parent stem cells in severe bacterial pneumonia.
Pathophysiological Effects of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2-Blocking Antibody plus Fractionated Radiotherapy on Murine Mammary Tumors (2004)

Although clinical trials of antiangiogenic strategies have been disappointing when administered as single agents, such approaches can play an important role in cancer treatment when combined with conventional therapies. Previous studies have shown that DC101, an antiangiogenic monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, can produce significant growth inhibition in spontaneous and transplanted tumors but can also induce substantial hypoxia. Because DC101 appears to potentiate radiotherapy in some tumors, the present studies were undertaken to characterize pathophysiological changes following combined therapy and to determine whether radioresponse is enhanced despite the induction of hypoxia. MCa-4 and MCa-35 mammary carcinomas were treated with: (a) DC101; (b) 5 x 6 Gy radiation fractions; or (c) the combination. Image analysis of frozen tumor sections was used to quantitate: (a) hypoxia; (b) spacing of total and perfused blood vessels; and (c) endothelial and tumor cell apoptosis. For MCa-4, combination treatment schedules produced significant and prolonged delays in tumor growth, whereas single-modality treatments had minor effects. For MCa-35, radiation or the combination led to equivalent growth inhibition. In all tumors, hypoxia increased markedly after either radiation or DC101 alone. Although combination therapy produced no immediate pathophysiological changes, hypoxia ultimately increased after cessation of therapy. Preferential increases in endothelial apoptosis following combination treatment suggest that in addition to blocking tumor angiogenesis, DC101 enhances radiotherapy by specifically sensitizing endothelial cells, leading to degeneration of newly formed blood vessels.
Amyloid β-Protein Aggregation Produces Highly Reproducible Kinetic Data and Occurs by a Two-Phase Process (2009)

Protein aggregation can lead to major disturbances of cellular processes and is associated with several diseases. We report kinetic and equilibrium data by ThT fluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of sufficient quality and reproducibility to form a basis for mechanistic understanding of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) fibril formation. Starting from monomeric peptide in a pure buffer system without cosolvents, we find that the kinetics of Aβ aggregation vary strongly with peptide concentration in a highly predictable manner. The free Aβ concentration in equilibrium with fibrils was found to vary with total peptide concentration in a manner expected for a two-phase system. The free versus total Aβ concentration was linear up to ca. 0.2 μM, after which free Aβ decreased with total Aβ toward an asymptotic value. Our results imply that Aβ fibril formation arises from a sequence of events in a highly predictable manner.
Classification and Regression Trees (2022)

Classification and regression tree models (CARTs) are computationally intensive methods that are used in situations where there are many explanatory variables and user would like guidance about, possibly, including them in the model: classification trees are where the outcome is discrete and regression trees where the outcome is continuous. A CART model is fitted using binary recursive partitioning, whereby the data are successively split along co-ordinate axes of each of the explanatory variables so that, at any node, the split which maximally distinguishes the response variable in the left and the right branches is selected. Classification trees, for discrete outcomes, are derived using the same R functions as for regression trees.
Vessel Dilator Enhances Sodium and Water Excretion and Has Beneficial Hemodynamic Effects in Persons With Congestive Heart Failure (1998)

These results indicate that vessel dilator has significant beneficial diuretic, natriuretic, and hemodynamic properties in humans with congestive heart failure.
The design and application of residualizing labels for studies of protein catabolism (1993)

Residualizing labels (R-labels) are chemical tags for proteins, originally designed for studies of the sites and mechanisms of plasma protein catabolism. The labels consist of oligosaccharides derivatized with radioactive, fluorescent, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), or positron emission tomography (PET) active reporter molecules. Because these glycoconjugates generally have molecular masses in excess of 500 daltons and are hydrophilic, they are relatively membrane impermeant. They are also designed to be resistant to lysosomal hydrolases and are therefore retained inside cells with half-lives of 2-5 days after endocytosis and degradation of the carrier protein. The R-labels thus provide a convenient means for following the cumulative uptake and catabolism of proteins by cells in vivo or in vitro. This review summarizes how R-labels have provided insights into the sites and regulation of the turnover of circulating proteins, and pathways for intracellular transport and degradation of endocytosed proteins. The potential use of R-labels for noninvasive studies of the distribution of protein pharmaceuticals in vivo is also discussed.