gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Perpindahan panas dan massa pada pengembunan campuran etanol-benzen-udara dalam kondensor tegak (2002)

Condensation of vapor-gas mixtures is a simultaneous heat and mass transfer processes. The existence of gases in condensation does not only\naffect the heat transfer rate, but also the mass transfer rate. Theoretical studies on condensation of vapor and gas mixtures have been done\nextensively, but have not given satisfactory results yet. The objective of the research is to determine semi-empirical equations, which are simple and\naccurate enough, to estimate the heat and mass transfer coefficients for the ethanol-benzene-air mixture.\nThe experiment was conducted in a vertical double pipe condenser of 1.7 m length. The inner and outer pipe sizes were, respectively, 1" and 2". The\nmixture of vapors and gas was flowing in annulus from the top of the\ncondenser and cooling water was counter-currently flowing inside the tube. The gas mole fractions used were between 1% and 10 % and the Reynolds number were between 2000 and 20600.\nThe relationship of heat and transfer coefficients evaluated based on the experimental data using simple mathematical models can be expressed in the following equations.
A 10 year climatology of Arctic cloud fraction and radiative forcing at Barrow, Alaska (2010)

A 10 year record of Arctic cloud fraction and radiative forcing has been generated using data collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) North Slope of Alaska site and the nearby NOAA Barrow Observatory (BRW) from June 1998 to May 2008. The cloud fractions (CFs) derived from ARM radar‐lidar and ceilometer measurements increase significantly from March to May (0.57→0.84), remain relatively high (∼0.80–0.9) from May to October, and then decrease from November to the following March (0.8→0.57), having an annual average of 0.76. These CFs are comparable to those derived from ground‐based radar‐lidar observations during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean experiment and from satellite observations over the western Arctic regions. The monthly means of estimated clear‐sky and measured all‐sky shortwave (SW)‐down and longwave (LW)‐down fluxes at the two facilities are almost identical with the annual mean differences less than 1.6 Wm −2 . Values of LW cloud radiative forcing (CRF) are minimum (6 Wm −2 ) in March, then increase monotonically to reach maximum (63 Wm −2 ) in August, then decrease continuously to the following March. The cycle of SW CRF mirrors its LW counterpart with the greatest negative impact occurring during the snow‐free months of July and August. On annual average, the negative SW CRFs and positive LW CRFs nearly cancel, resulting in annual average NET CRF of about 3.5 Wm −2 on the basis of the combined ARM and BRW analysis. Compared with other studies, we find that LW CRF does not change over the Arctic regions significantly, but NET CRFs change from negative to positive from Alaska to the Beaufort Sea, indicating that Barrow is at a critical latitude for neutral NET CRF. The sensitivity study has shown that LW CRFs increase with increasing cloud fraction, liquid water path, and radiating temperature with high positive correlations (0.8–0.9). Negative correlations are found for SW CRFs, but a strong positive correlation between SW CRF and surface albedo exists.
Self-orienting head-to-tail poly(3-alkylthiophenes): new insights on structure-property relationships in conducting polymers (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelf-orienting head-to-tail poly(3-alkylthiophenes): new insights on structure-property relationships in conducting polymersRichard D. McCullough, Stephanie Tristram-Nagle, Shawn P. Williams, Renae D. Lowe, and Manikandan JayaramanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 11, 4910–4911Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00064a070https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00064a070research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4228Altmetric-Citations640LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Approaches for 193nm and 248nm First and Second Generation Radiation Sensitive Developable Bottom Anti Reflective Coatings (DBARC) (2008)

We review approaches that we have developed at 193 and 248 nm for first and second generation Radiation Sensitive Developable Bottom Anti Reflective Coatings (DBARC) and give an account of our most recent results for both types of DBARC's.
Structural Insight into the Transglycosylation Step of Bacterial Cell-Wall Biosynthesis (2007)

Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferases (GTs) catalyze the polymerization step of cell-wall biosynthesis, are membrane-bound, and are highly conserved across all bacteria. Long considered the "holy grail" of antibiotic research, they represent an essential and easily accessible drug target for antibiotic-resistant bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. We have determined the 2.8 angstrom structure of a bifunctional cell-wall cross-linking enzyme, including its transpeptidase and GT domains, both unliganded and complexed with the substrate analog moenomycin. The peptidoglycan GTs adopt a fold distinct from those of other GT classes. The structures give insight into critical features of the catalytic mechanism and key interactions required for enzyme inhibition.
An activated triple bond linker enables ‘click’ attachment of peptides to oligonucleotides on solid support (2011)

A general procedure, based on a new activated alkyne linker, for the preparation of peptide-oligonucleotide conjugates (POCs) on solid support has been developed. With this linker, conjugation is effective at room temperature (RT) in millimolar concentration and submicromolar amounts. This is made possible since the use of a readily attachable activated triple bond linker enhances the Cu(I) catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition ('click' reaction). The preferred scheme for conjugate preparation involves sequential conjugation to oligonucleotides on solid support of (i) an H-phosphonate-based aminolinker; (ii) the triple bond donor p-(N-propynoylamino)toluic acid (PATA); and (iii) azido-functionalized peptides. The method gives conversion of oligonucleotide to the POC on solid support, and only involves a single purification step after complete assembly. The synthesis is flexible and can be carried out without the need for specific automated synthesizers since it has been designed to utilize commercially available oligonucleotide and peptide derivatives on solid support or in solution. Methodology for the ready conversion of peptides into 'clickable' azidopeptides with the possibility of selecting either N-terminus or C-terminus connection also adds to the flexibility and usability of the method. Examples of synthesis of POCs include conjugates of oligonucleotides with peptides known to be membrane penetrating and nuclear localization signals.
Treating Friction Blisters With Alkyl-a-Cyanoacrylates (1973)

A series of alkyl-α-cyanoacrylates were investigated as dressings for friction blisters. Of the monomers tested, a viscous isoamyl-α-cyanoacrylate and pentyl cyanoacrylate seemed to be the most effective in regard to relieving pain, preventing infection, and permitting the continuation of work. Applying cyanoacrylate was found more satisfactory than using a mixture of polymyxin B sulfate, neomycin sulfate, and gramicidin (Neosporin Cream) and moleskin treatment.
Initial sequence and comparative analysis of the cat genome (2007)

The genome sequence (1.9-fold coverage) of an inbred Abyssinian domestic cat was assembled, mapped, and annotated with a comparative approach that involved cross-reference to annotated genome assemblies of six mammals (human, chimpanzee, mouse, rat, dog, and cow). The results resolved chromosomal positions for 663,480 contigs, 20,285 putative feline gene orthologs, and 133,499 conserved sequence blocks (CSBs). Additional annotated features include repetitive elements, endogenous retroviral sequences, nuclear mitochondrial (numt) sequences, micro-RNAs, and evolutionary breakpoints that suggest historic balancing of translocation and inversion incidences in distinct mammalian lineages. Large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), deletion insertion polymorphisms (DIPs), and short tandem repeats (STRs), suitable for linkage or association studies were characterized in the context of long stretches of chromosome homozygosity. In spite of the light coverage capturing approximately 65% of euchromatin sequence from the cat genome, these comparative insights shed new light on the tempo and mode of gene/genome evolution in mammals, promise several research applications for the cat, and also illustrate that a comparative approach using more deeply covered mammals provides an informative, preliminary annotation of a light (1.9-fold) coverage mammal genome sequence.
Protective Immunity Induced by Oral Immunization with a Rotavirus DNA Vaccine Encapsulated in Microparticles (1998)

DNA vaccines are usually given by intramuscular injection or by gene gun delivery of DNA-coated particles into the epidermis. Induction of mucosal immunity by targeting DNA vaccines to mucosal surfaces may offer advantages, and an oral vaccine could be effective for controlling infections of the gut mucosa. In a murine model, we obtained protective immune responses after oral immunization with a rotavirus VP6 DNA vaccine encapsulated in poly(lactide-coglycolide) (PLG) microparticles. One dose of vaccine given to BALB/c mice elicited both rotavirus-specific serum antibodies and intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA). After challenge at 12 weeks postimmunization with homologous rotavirus, fecal rotavirus antigen was significantly reduced compared with controls. Earlier and higher fecal rotavirus-specific IgA responses were noted during the peak period of viral shedding, suggesting that protection was due to specific mucosal immune responses. The results that we obtained with PLG-encapsulated rotavirus VP6 DNA are the first to demonstrate protection against an infectious agent elicited after oral administration of a DNA vaccine.
A method for the recognition and separation of human blood monocytes on density gradients (1976)

The density distribution of human mononuclear blood leukocytes was studied in order to define the optimal conditions for the separation of monocytes and lymphocytes by isopycnic centrifugation. Under standardized conditions, two populations of cells with partially overlapping, normally distributed densities were consistently found. The cells with the lowest density were recognized as monocytes, using phagocytosis and size distribution analysis as criteria. Since the density of monocytes continuously increased during the centrifugation, optimal separation of monocytes and lymphocytes could only be achieved by limiting the time of centrifugation to 10 min at 2200 g and 4 degrees C. The separation on discontinuous density gradients decreased when the load exceeded 8 X 10(6) mononuclear cells per sq cm. Analysis of the composition of the two cell populations obtained after separation on a three-layer discontinuous gradient revealed that the contamination of the monocytes with lymphocytes was due to the partial overlapping density distributions of both cell types. A small and a large scale method for isolation of monocytes from blood on discontinuous density gradients are presented. Under the described conditions, a preparation of functionally intact monocytes can be obtained which is comparable, both in yield and purity, to those obtained by methods based on surface adherence without the drawbacks of the latter methods.
Design and Simulation of a Pneumatic, Stored-energy, Hybrid Orthosis for Gait Restoration (2005)

Abstract Loss of mobility due to lower limb paralysis is a common result of thoracic level spinal cord injury. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can restore primitive gait in the vicinity of a wheelchair by using electrical stimulation to generate muscle contractions. A new concept for FES-assisted gait is presented that combines electrical stimulation with an orthosis that contains a fluid power system to store and transfer energy during the gait cycle. The energy storage orthosis (ESO) can be driven through a complete gait cycle using only stimulation of the quadriceps muscles. The conceptual design of the ESO was completed and implemented in a dynamic simulation model and in a benchtop prototype for engineering measurements. No studies were conducted with human subjects. The results demonstrate the potential of the ESO concept for a feasible gait-assist system and the validity of the simulation model as a means for designing the system.
Polymer-Supported Quenching Reagents for Parallel Purification (1997)

The preparation of polystyrene−divinylbenzene-supported derivatives of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and methyl isocyanate are described. These polymeric reagents are used to quench excess reactants and remove known impurities from the crude reaction products obtained from the solution-phase, parallel syntheses of ureas, thioureas, sulfonamides, amides, and pyrazoles. In conjunction with the use of other polymeric reactants during the course of a reaction, the addition of polymer-supported quench reagent(s) at the conclusion of the reaction allows isolation of the desired product by a single filtration and evaporation of solvent. The mechanical simplicity and efficiency of this methodology make possible the rapid, parallel purification of crude reaction products obtained via solution-phase syntheses, regardless of whether the intended product is a single compound or a mixture of compounds, and hence offers an attractive alternative to solid-phase organic synthesis in the practice of combinatorial chemistry.
Gene 5 of the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Is Not Essential for Replication (2005)

The avian coronavirus Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), like other coronaviruses, expresses several small nonstructural (ns) proteins in addition to those from gene 1 (replicase) and the structural proteins. These coronavirus ns genes differ both in number and in amino acid similarity between the coronavirus groups but show some concordance within a group or subgroup. The functions and requirements of the small ns gene products remain to be elucidated. With the advent of reverse genetics for coronaviruses, the first steps in elucidating their role can be investigated. We have used our reverse genetics system for IBV (R. Casais, V. Thiel, S. G. Siddell, D. Cavanagh, and P. Britton, J. Virol. 75:12359-12369, 2001) to investigate the requirement of IBV gene 5 for replication in vivo, in ovo, and ex vivo. We produced a series of recombinant viruses, with an isogenic background, in which complete expression of gene 5 products was prevented by the inactivation of gene 5 following scrambling of the transcription-associated sequence, thereby preventing the expression of IBV subgenomic mRNA 5, or scrambling either separately or together of the translation initiation codons for the two gene 5 products. As all of the recombinant viruses replicated very similarly to the wild-type virus, Beau-R, we conclude that the IBV gene 5 products are not essential for IBV replication per se and that they are accessory proteins.
Reconstructing history with amino acid sequences1 (1992)

The main goal of the protein evolutionist is the reconstruction of past events leading to the structures of contemporary proteins. The common strategy is to align amino acid sequences and make inferences about matters of common ancestry. The rate of change of amino acid sequence varies greatly from protein to protein, and this naturally affects how far back a given protein's ancestry can be traced. Happily, the rate of change of many proteins is slow enough that very ancient events can be inferred. Many mainstream metabolic enzymes, for example, are 40-50% identical in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, groups that diverged from a common ancestor more than 1.5 billion years ago. Moreover, some eukaryotic proteins like actin and tubulin change so slowly that they are seldom less than 60% identical, no matter from what source they are drawn. As it happens, prokaryotic counterparts for many eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins are unknown. A recent exception involves the finding that a heat shock protein cognate is a relative of actin. The gene duplication that gave rise to these two proteins must have been an ancient event. The more recent invention of other proteins whose distribution is restricted to one or the other of the major kingdoms may be easier to trace. Among the factors that can confound the reconstruction of events, however, are occasional horizontal gene transfers and exon shuffling. The latter has led to a number of mosaic proteins, many of which contain various combinations of a relatively small set of modules like the epidermal growth factor domain.
Infusing CD19-Directed T Cells to Augment Disease Control in Patients Undergoing Autologous Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Advanced B-Lymphoid Malignancies (2011)

Limited curative treatment options exist for patients with advanced B-lymphoid malignancies, and new therapeutic approaches are needed to augment the efficacy of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). Cellular therapies, such as adoptive transfer of T cells that are being evaluated to target malignant disease, use mechanisms independent of chemo- and radiotherapy with nonoverlapping toxicities. Gene therapy is employed to generate tumor-specific T cells, as specificity can be redirected through enforced expression of a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) to achieve antigen recognition based on the specificity of a monoclonal antibody. By combining cell and gene therapies, we have opened a new Phase I protocol at the MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX) to examine the safety and feasibility of administering autologous genetically modified T cells expressing a CD19-specific CAR (capable of signaling through chimeric CD28 and CD3-ζ) into patients with high-risk B-lymphoid malignancies undergoing autologous HSCT. The T cells are genetically modified by nonviral gene transfer of the Sleeping Beauty system and CAR(+) T cells selectively propagated in a CAR-dependent manner on designer artificial antigen-presenting cells. The results of this study will lay the foundation for future protocols including CAR(+) T-cell infusions derived from allogeneic sources.
Glucan-induced disease resistance in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). (1997)

Non-specific disease resistance induced by yeast cell wall extract, beta-1,3-1,6-glucan, was demonstrated in the tiger shrimp. In this study beta-1,3-1,6-glucan was administered to shrimps by immersion before culturing and orally during the culturing period. Challenge of the treated shrimps with the virulent pathogens, Vibrio vulnificus and viral agents extracted from the white spot syndrome victims, yielded promising results. The tolerance of glucan-treated shrimps was slightly enhanced to stresses including catching, transport and ammonia. The growth and survival rates of treated and untreated shrimps were not significantly different. Therefore, we suggest that beta-1,3-1,6-glucan can be used as an immuno-stimulant of cultured shrimps and may benefit shrimp farmers.
Distributed energy storage system for power networks (2011)

With the advancement of technology and growth of population, energy consumptions&#13;\n&#13;\nare always increasing. Therefore, researchers have been exploring new ways to meet&#13;\n&#13;\nenergy demand by looking at methods which are economically attractive as well as&#13;\n&#13;\nenvironmental friendly. It will be fruitful if electricity can be stored at times when&#13;\n&#13;\nthe load demand, cost of energy production and the impact to the environment are&#13;\n&#13;\nlow. The stored energy can be released into the grid during peak periods. This will&#13;\n&#13;\nthen lower the level of energy production during peak periods and thus lower the&#13;\n&#13;\nemissions released into the atmosphere.&#13;\n&#13;\nIn this report, general overviews of various typed of energy storage technologies are&#13;\n&#13;\nstudied and a summary of comparison among the various technologies is presented.&#13;\n&#13;\nHydrogen Energy Storage System is chosen as the focus of study in this report. The&#13;\n&#13;\nvarious stages and technologies of Hydrogen Energy Storage System are discussed&#13;\n&#13;\nand a summary is presented at the end of the chapter.&#13;\n&#13;\nA study of implementation of Hydrogen Energy Storage System is also carried out.&#13;\n&#13;\nThe principles and also the methods to carry out the analysis are discussed in detail.&#13;\n&#13;\nSubsequently, the economical feasibility of such implementation in the context of&#13;\n&#13;\nSingapore is studied and investigated. The results of the investigation and&#13;\n&#13;\nrecommendations will be presented at the end of chapter 4.&#13;\n&#13;\nA conclusion about the project is also presented based on the analysis of the&#13;\n&#13;\nimplementation of Hydrogen Energy Storage System into the grid at the end of this&#13;\n&#13;\nreport.
Electrical properties of thermal oxide grown on n-type 6H-silicon carbide (1994)

Measurement of current conduction in the metal/thermal oxide/n-type 6H-silicon carbide is reported. The thermal oxides were grown on nitrogen-doped n-type 6H-silicon carbide at 1275 °C in a dry oxygen ambient. Analysis indicates a Fowler–Nordheim type current conduction mechanism with a barrier height of 2.7 eV between silicon carbide and oxide. Using this value an electron affinity of 3.7–3.8 eV was determined for the Si face of 6H-silicon carbide. The breakdown field strength for the oxides grown on n-type 6H-silicon carbide was 10 MV/cm which is comparable to the breakdown field strength of thermal oxides grown on silicon. Capacitance-voltage measurements indicated that the interface between n-type silicon carbide and the thermally grown oxide has a low (5×1010 cm−2 eV−1) interface trap density (Dit). The effective charge density in the oxide was estimated to be 1×1011 cm−2. These measurements indicate that the quality of oxides thermally grown on 6H-silicon carbide is comparable to those grown on silicon.
Gel electrophoresis of proteins: a practical approach (1981)

Health warning Abbreviations An introduction to polyacylamide gel electrophoresis Gel isotachophoresis Analytical and preparative gel electrofocusing Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis Peptide mapping by limited proteolysis using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Immunoelectrophoresis Appendix 1: Bibliography of polypeptide detection methods Appendix 2: Reagents for the isotopic labelling of proteins Appendix 3: Molecular weights and isoelectric points of selected marker proteins Appendix 4: Suppliers of specialist items for electrophoresis