gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of bioinspired collagen/alginate/fibrin based hydrogels for soft tissue engineering (2018)

Hydrogels based on natural polymers offer a range of properties to mimic the native extracellular matrix, and provide microenvironments to preserve cellular function and encourage tissue formation. A tri-component hydrogel using collagen, alginate and fibrin (CAF) was developed and investigated at three collagen concentrations for application as a functional extracellular matrix analogue. Physical-chemical characterization of CAF hydrogels demonstrated a thermo-responsive crosslinking capacity at physiological conditions with stiffness similar to native soft tissues. CAF hydrogels were also assessed for cytocompatibility using L929 murine fibroblasts, pancreatic MIN6 β-cells and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs); and demonstrated good cell viability, proliferation and metabolic activity after 7 days of in vitro culture. CAF hydrogels, especially with 2.5% w/v collagen, increased alkaline phosphatase production in hMSCs indicating potential for the promotion of osteogenic activity. Moreover, CAF hydrogels also increased metabolic activity of MIN6 β-cells and promoted the reconstitution of spherical pseudoislets with sizes ranging between 50 and 150 μm at day 7, demonstrating potential in diabetic therapeutic applications.
CRISPR Inhibition of Prophage Acquisition in Streptococcus pyogenes (2011)

Streptococcus pyogenes, one of the major human pathogens, is a unique species since it has acquired diverse strain-specific virulence properties mainly through the acquisition of streptococcal prophages. In addition, S. pyogenes possesses clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas systems that can restrict horizontal gene transfer (HGT) including phage insertion. Therefore, it was of interest to examine the relationship between CRISPR and acquisition of prophages in S. pyogenes. Although two distinct CRISPR loci were found in S. pyogenes, some strains lacked CRISPR and these strains possess significantly more prophages than CRISPR harboring strains. We also found that the number of spacers of S. pyogenes CRISPR was less than for other streptococci. The demonstrated spacer contents, however, suggested that the CRISPR appear to limit phage insertions. In addition, we found a significant inverse correlation between the number of spacers and prophages in S. pyogenes. It was therefore suggested that S. pyogenes CRISPR have permitted phage insertion by lacking its own spacers. Interestingly, in two closely related S. pyogenes strains (SSI-1 and MGAS315), CRISPR activity appeared to be impaired following the insertion of phage genomes into the repeat sequences. Detailed analysis of this prophage insertion site suggested that MGAS315 is the ancestral strain of SSI-1. As a result of analysis of 35 additional streptococcal genomes, it was suggested that the influences of the CRISPR on the phage insertion vary among species even within the same genus. Our results suggested that limitations in CRISPR content could explain the characteristic acquisition of prophages and might contribute to strain-specific pathogenesis in S. pyogenes.
Variation in the Incidence of Uterine Leiomyoma Among Premenopausal Women by Age and Race (1997)

A higher prevalence of known risk factors did not explain the excess rate of uterine leiomyoma among premenopausal black women.
Controlled Method for Silica Coating of Silver Colloids. Influence of Coating on the Rate of Chemical Reactions (1998)

The preparation and chemical reactivity of Ag@SiO2 particles have been investigated using UV−vis spectroscopy, laser Doppler electrophoresis, and electron microscopy. The factors governing the deposition of silica onto silane-primed silver particles have been investigated and the deposition conditions (pH and reagent concentrations) optimized. It is demonstrated that the thin silica shells deposited from aqueous/ethanolic sodium silicate solutions are porous. Silver cores dissolve in alkaline cyanide solutions, with the rate depending on the shell thickness. Ag2S@SiO2 can be prepared following exposure to sulfide ion, while silica-coated alloys of silver and gold can be prepared by reaction of Ag@SiO2 with AuCl4-. The kinetics of these core reactions with solution reagents is governed by their rate of diffusion through the shell. A diffusion coefficient of 10-12 cm2 s-1 is estimated for cyanide ion diffusing through non-heat-treated silica shells.
Treatment of metastatic melanoma with autologous, hapten‐modified melanoma vaccine: Regression of pulmonary metastases (2001)

A human cancer vaccine composed of autologous tumor cells modified with the hapten dinitrofluorobenzene (DNP) induces cell-mediated immunity to the tumor cells and the development of inflammatory responses within metastatic sites. In this study we determined whether DNP vaccine could induce regression of established metastases. Ninety-seven patients (83 evaluable) with surgically incurable metastatic melanoma were treated with DNP vaccine preceded by low-dose cyclophosphamide. Tumor regression was assessed by standard criteria. The development of cell-mediated immunity to melanoma-associated antigens was measured by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) testing before and after DNP vaccine treatment. Survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method. There were 11 antitumor responses: 2 complete, 4 partial and 5 mixed. Both complete responses and 2 of the 4 partial responses occurred in patients with lung metastases. Response durations were as follows: partial responses-5, 6, 8 and 47+ months; and complete responses-12 and 29 months. Tumor regression required at least 4 months to become evident and in 2 cases maximum regression was not observed until 1 year after beginning treatment. Patients who exhibited tumor regression survived longer than those who did not (median survival times: responders, 21.4 months; non-responders, 8.7 months; p = 0.010). DTH to DNP-modified and unmodified autologous melanoma cells was induced in 87% and 42% of patients, respectively. The DTH response to unmodified cells was significantly associated with prolonged survival. Autologous DNP-modified melanoma vaccine can induce clinically meaningful regression of metastases and small lung metastases appear to be unusually sensitive. The development of DTH to unmodified, autologous tumor cells may be an important indicator of the vaccine's efficacy.
Transport powder and liquid samples by surface acoustic waves (2009)

Sample transport is an important requirement for In-situ analysis of samples in NASA planetary exploration missions. Tests have shown that powders or liquid drops on a surface can be transported by surface acoustic waves (SAW) that are generated on the surface using interdigital transducers. The phenomena were investigated experimentally and to generate SAWs interdigital electrodes were deposited on wafers of 128&deg; rotated Y-cut LiNbO<sub>3</sub>. Transporting capability of the SAW device was tested using particles of various sizes and drops of various viscosities liquids. Because of different interaction mechanisms with the SAWs, the powders and the liquid drops were observed to move in opposite directions. In the preliminary tests, a speed of 180 mm/s was achieved for powder transportation. The detailed experimental setup and results are presented in this paper. The transporting mechanism can potentially be applied to miniaturize sample analysis system or "lab-on-chip" devices.
Tissue distribution and therapeutic effect of intravenous free or encapsulated liposomal doxorubicin on human prostate carcinoma xenografts (1994)

The current study demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin, encapsulated in sterically stabilized liposomes, against prostate carcinoma. Decreased systemic elimination, increased penetration into the tumor, and long liposome presence with slow drug release into the tumor probably accounted for the enhanced therapeutic effect of doxorubicin in sterically stabilized liposomes.
Reducing odometry error through cooperating robots during the exploration of an unknown world. (1997)

We consider how to cover and map an initially unknown environment using two (or more) mobile robots. Most mobile robot systems accrue odometry error while moving, and hence need to use external sensors to recalibrate their position on an ongoing basis. Unfortunately, most sensing systems are constrained with respect to the types of environment in which they are suitable. We deal with position calibration and odometry error by using multiple robots for exploration. This allows them to use one another as landmarks. We consider how exploration can be efficiently accomplished and how a large environment can be divided and conquered. 1 1 Introduction Several interesting potential applications of robotics technology would benefit from the use of mobile robotic systems. This, in turn, suggests the need for mobile robot systems that can explore an environment and automatically build an internal model of a map of where they can go and where objects are located. The applications for such syst...
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases database Y2K (2000)

The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (AARS) are a diverse group of enzymes that ensure the fidelity of transfer of genetic information from DNA into protein. They catalyse the attachment of amino acids to transfer RNAs and thereby establish the rules of the genetic code by virtue of matching the nucleotide triplet of the anticodon with its cognate amino acid. Currently, 818 AARS primary structures have been reported from archaebacteria, eubacteria, mitochondria, chloro-plasts and eukaryotic cells. The database is a compilation of the amino acid sequences of all AARSs, known to date, which are available as separate entries or alignments of related proteins via the WWW at http://rose.man.poznan.pl/aars/index.html
A recombination hot spot in the Rh genes revealed by analysis of unrelated donors with the rare D-- phenotype. (1996)

We have studied the arrangement of Rh (rhesus) genes in donors who are completely null for the products of one of them, RHCE. We show that five of six homozygous individuals with the so-called Rh D-- phenotype, who express no red-cell antigens of the C/c and E/e series, have rearranged RHCE genes in which internal sequences have been replaced by the corresponding sequences from RHD. Moreover, although there is heterogeneity at the 3' end, the 5' boundary of this chimerism is within the same small interval around exon 2. This interval is characterized by an exceptionally high degree of sequence homology between RHCE and RHD, a high density of dispersed repetitive elements, and the presence of an alternating purine-pyrimidine copolymer tract. We suggest that these features may explain the mechanistic basis for the origin of the rearrangement.
Native β‐glucuronidase activity in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) (1994)

β‐Glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) activity, initially thought absent from plants, has been found in a number of plant families. During an analysis of Agrobacterium ‐mediated transformation of sugarbeet ( Beta vulgaris L.), significant glucuronidase activity was observed in control (non‐transformed) tissues when the fluorogenic substrates 4‐methylumbelliferyl‐β‐ d ‐glucuronic acid, resorufin glucuronic acid and 3‐carboxyum‐belliferyl‐β‐ d ‐glucuronic acid were used to quantify β‐glucuronidase activity under standard protocol conditions. Similarly, the colorigenic substrate p ‐nitrophenyl‐β‐ d ‐glucuronide was hydrolyzed by this sugarbeet‐derived glucuronidase. Biochemical and immunological data are presented to indicate significant differences between sugarbeet‐derived glucuronidase and that from Escherichia coli (EC 3.2.1.31) encoded by gusA . These differences provide means of distinguishing between the two activities in extracts that contain a mixture of both. Use of X‐glue, the substrate utilized in histochemical localizations of glucuronidase activity, gave no reaction product (i.e., indigo precipitate) at pH 7.0. However, at pH 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 formation of the indigo precipitate was evident within 1 h at 37°C in sugarbeet callus and by 4 h in leaves and petioles. The specific activity of sugarbeet glucuronidase was observed to be strongly pH dependent, with an optimum near pH 4.0. The use of various β‐glucuronidase assay techniques as applied to transformation of sugarbeet is discussed.
Surface Plasmon Mediated Chemical Solution Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles on a Nanostructured Silver Surface at Room Temperature (2012)

Sub-15 nm Au nanoparticles have been fabricated on a nanostructured Ag surface at room temperature via a liquid-phase chemical deposition upon excitation of the localized surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Measurement of the SPR-mediated photothermal local heating of the substrate surface by a molecular thermometry strategy indicated the temperature to be above 230 °C, which led to an efficient decomposition of CH(3)AuPPh(3) to form Au nanoparticles on the Ag surface. Particle sizes were tunable between 3 and 10 nm by adjusting the deposition time. A surface-limited growth model for Au nanoparticles on Ag is consistent with the deposition kinetics.
Improving thoracic four-dimensional cone-beam CT reconstruction with anatomical-adaptive image regularization (AAIR) (2015)

Total-variation (TV) minimization reconstructions can significantly reduce noise and streaks in thoracic four-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (4D CBCT) images compared to the Feldkamp-Davis-Kress (FDK) algorithm currently used in practice. TV minimization reconstructions are, however, prone to over-smoothing anatomical details and are also computationally inefficient. The aim of this study is to demonstrate a proof of concept that these disadvantages can be overcome by incorporating the general knowledge of the thoracic anatomy via anatomy segmentation into the reconstruction. The proposed method, referred as the anatomical-adaptive image regularization (AAIR) method, utilizes the adaptive-steepest-descent projection-onto-convex-sets (ASD-POCS) framework, but introduces an additional anatomy segmentation step in every iteration. The anatomy segmentation information is implemented in the reconstruction using a heuristic approach to adaptively suppress over-smoothing at anatomical structures of interest. The performance of AAIR depends on parameters describing the weighting of the anatomy segmentation prior and segmentation threshold values. A sensitivity study revealed that the reconstruction outcome is not sensitive to these parameters as long as they are chosen within a suitable range. AAIR was validated using a digital phantom and a patient scan and was compared to FDK, ASD-POCS and the prior image constrained compressed sensing (PICCS) method. For the phantom case, AAIR reconstruction was quantitatively shown to be the most accurate as indicated by the mean absolute difference and the structural similarity index. For the patient case, AAIR resulted in the highest signal-to-noise ratio (i.e. the lowest level of noise and streaking) and the highest contrast-to-noise ratios for the tumor and the bony anatomy (i.e. the best visibility of anatomical details). Overall, AAIR was much less prone to over-smoothing anatomical details compared to ASD-POCS and did not suffer from residual noise/streaking and motion blur migrated from the prior image as in PICCS. AAIR was also found to be more computationally efficient than both ASD-POCS and PICCS, with a reduction in computation time of over 50% compared to ASD-POCS. The use of anatomy segmentation was, for the first time, demonstrated to significantly improve image quality and computational efficiency for thoracic 4D CBCT reconstruction. Further developments are required to facilitate AAIR for practical use.
The Human Genome Project. (1995)

The Human Genome Project is an ambitious research effort aimed at deciphering the chemical makeup of the entire human genetic code (i.e., the genome). The primary work of the project is to develop three research tools that will allow scientists to identify genes involved in both rare and common diseases. Another project priority is to examine the ethical, legal, and social implications of new genetic technologies and to educate the public about these issues. Although it has been in existence for less than 6 years, the Human Genome Project already has produced results that are permeating basic biological research and clinical medicine. For example, researchers have successfully mapped the mouse genome, and work is well under way to develop a genetic map of the rat, a useful model for studying complex disorders such as hypertension, diabetes, and alcoholism.
FEA estimation and experimental validation of solid rotor and magnet eddy current loss in single-sided axial flux permanent magnet machines (2013)

The rotor and magnet loss in single-sided axial flux permanent magnet machines with non-overlapped windings is studied in this paper. FEA estimations of the loss are carried out using both 2-D and 3-D modeling. The rotor and magnet losses are determined separately for stator slot passing and MMF space harmonics from currents in the stator. The segregation of loss between the solid rotor plate and the magnet is addressed. The eddy current loss reduction by magnet segments is discussed as well. The prototype 24 slot/22 pole single-sided AFPMs, fabricated with both single layer and double layer windings are assembled. Methods of loss segregation are illustrated in order to separate the eddy current loss.
LED-based multi-wavelength phase imaging interference microscopy (2007)

LED-based multi-wavelength phase imaging interference microscopy combines phase-shifting interferometry with multi-wavelength optical phase unwrapping. This technique consists of a Michelson-type interferometer illuminated with a LED. The reference mirror is dithered for obtaining interference images at four phase quadratures, which are then combined to calculate the phase of the object surface. The 2pi ambiguities are removed by repeating the experiment using two or more LEDs at different wavelengths, which yields phase images of effective wavelength much longer than the original. The resulting image is a profile of the object surface with a height resolution of several nanometers and range of several microns. The interferographic images using broadband sources are significantly less affected by coherent noise.
A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF BENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES AS AN ANTIULCER AGENT (2008)

A series of benzimidazole derivatives have proven anti-ulcer activity as potential inhibitors of H + /K + ATPase. Therapeutic significance of these clinically useful drugs in treatment of peptic ulcer and associated gastrointestinal diseases encouraged the development of some more potent and significant compounds. The pathophysiology of disease, different disorders associated with gastric acid secretion, physiology of gastric acid secretion, structural and molecular chemistry of the benzimidazole derivatives, possible mode of action are discussed. This comprehensive study summarizes the different derivatives of substituted benzimidazole along with their biological evaluation and factors that make benzimidazole more specific for proton pump inhibitors.
The Race To Replace Tin-Doped Indium Oxide: Which Material Will Win? (2010)

The search for materials that can replace tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) as the leading transparent conductive electrode (TCE) has intensified significantly in the past few years, motivated by the ever-increasing price of indium. Materials such as carbon nanotube (CNT) films, graphene films, metal nanowire gratings, and random networks have been at the forefront of research in this direction. A paper by Wu et al. in this issue discusses the use of solution-processed graphene as the TCE in organic light-emitting devices. Advantages such as large-scale fabrication at relatively less expense, compatibility with flexible substrates, and improving performance have significantly contributed to their case as potential candidates for TCEs. Demonstrations of various display and photovoltaic devices using TCEs made of these materials, with performances rivaling those employing ITO, have provided the research community with encouragement to explore new materials and to address the associated scientific and technological challenges.
LCLS Injector Laser Modulation to Improve FEL Operation Efficiency and Performance (2015)

In the Linear Coherent Light Source (LCLS) at SLAC, the injector laser plays an important role as the source of the electron beam for the Free Electron Laser (FEL). The injector laser strikes a copper photocathode which emits photo-electrons due to photo-electric effect. The emittance of the electron beam is highly related to the transverse shape of the injector laser. Currently the LCLS injector laser has hot spots that degrade the FEL performance. The goal of this project is to use adaptive optics to modulate the transverse shape of the injector laser, in order to produce a desired shape of electron beam. With a more controllable electron transverse profile, we can achieve lower emittance for the FEL, improve the FEL performance and operation reliability. We first present various options for adaptive optics and damage test results. Then we will discuss the shaping process with an iterative algorithm to achieve the desired shape, characterized by Zernike polynomial deconstruction.
Development of Porosity upon Chemical Activation of Kraft Lignin with ZnCl2 (1997)

Chemical activation of kraft lignin with ZnCl2 allows one to obtain high surface area activated carbons with a predominantly microporous structure. Most of porosity develops within the thermal range of 400−500 °C, where an increase of temperature leads to increasing micropore volume values (up to ≈1 cm3/g) and a wider distribution of micropore size. An increasing mesoporositiy is also observed. Increasing the impregnation ratio (ZnCl2/lignin, wt) has a similar effect on the evolution of the porous structure. The mesopore distribution remains within the low-size range even at high impregnation ratios (up to 2.3). At 500 °C and an impregnation ratio of 2.3, where the highest contribution of mesoporosity was observed, the mesopore volume reached a value of 0.59 cm3/g. These conditions allowed us to obtain a BET surface area of 1800 m2/g, including the external or non-microporous surface of 200 m2/g. The porous structure developed suggests a fairly homogeneous distribution of the activating agent favored by the softening and partial fusion which kraft lignin undergoes within the temperature range of 180−280 °C.
Air interface of the future European fully digital trunk radio system (2002)

The European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI) plans to release the standard for a system known as TETRA (Trans-European Trunk Radio). The design of the radio interface is reported. After a brief explanation of the adopted time division multiple access (TDMA) frame structure and mapping of traffic and control channels, a detailed discussion is presented on: power control of the mobiles during the access to network; the achievable bit error rate (BER) on various propagation channels (including hilly and urban area); and an original scheme to improve the immunity against the cochannel interference.