gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Will There Be a Role for Bronchoscopic Radiofrequency Ablation? (2005)

To the Editor: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an invasive technique that has been applied percutaneously in the treatment of liver,1 breast,2 kidney,3 thyroid,4 and lung tumors.5 In the lungs, RFA has been used to treat both primary and secondary tumors, and the aim is mainly to reduce the tumor size.5-8 At present, it has been mainly applied in patients with lung metastasis and in patients with bronchial carcinoma having contraindications for surgical resection or those who refuse surgery. Also, selective tumor resection or treatment is not the gold standard to treat potentially resectable lung cancer.9,10 RFA has been used through the bronchoscope in combination with cryotherapy in the treatment of tracheobronchial obstruction with a successful result in more than 60% patients and a partially successful result in more than 20% patients.11 To our knowledge, there are no reports about the bronchoscopic application of RFA in the treatment of bronchoscopic peripheral lesions. The challenge for such a therapy would be the development of RFA catheters that would need to be flexible so that they can be directed to the area of interest. Several of the image guidance methods such as biplanar fluoroscopy, computed tomography, endobronchial ultrasound,12 or electromagnetic navigation13 could be used to direct such a catheter to the exact site of the lesion. Recently, controlled radiofrequency energy has been delivered to the airways of anesthetized dogs to examine its effect on reducing airway narrowing caused by a known airway constrictor.14 The airways of 11 dogs were treated with a specially designed bronchial catheter in 3 or 4 lung regions. The untreated lung regions served as controls. Airway responsiveness to local methacholine chloride challenge was measured along with posttreatment histology up to 3 years posttreatment. The authors concluded that temperature-controlled application of radiofrequency energy to the airways can reduce airway responsiveness to methacholine chloride for at least 3 years by reducing airway smooth muscle contractility. Radiofrequency ablation, termed “bronchial thermoplasty” of airway smooth muscle, for sustained treatment of asthma is now being tested in humans.15 Clearly, there seems to be an interest in the application of RFA in the treatment of both benign and malignant pulmonary diseases. Patients with malignancy not suitable for surgery might be the first candidates of choice and, in case of a curative approach, may need to be combined with neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy. However, these speculations/hypotheses need to be proven by well-designed trials before they can be adopted for routine management for better patient care. Prashant N. Chhajed, MD, DNB, FCCP Michael Tamm, MD Department of Pulmonary Medicine University Hospital Basel Switzerland Institute of Pulmonology Medical Research and Development India
Generation of Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibodies against Parvovirus B19 Proteins (1999)

Infections caused by human parvovirus B19 are known to be controlled mainly by neutralizing antibodies. To analyze the immune reaction against parvovirus B19 proteins, four cell lines secreting human immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were generated from two healthy donors and one human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive individual with high serum titers against parvovirus. One MAb is specific for nonstructural protein NS1 (MAb 1424), two MAbs are specific for the unique region of minor capsid protein VP1 (MAbs 1418-1 and 1418-16), and one MAb is directed to major capsid protein VP2 (MAb 860-55D). Two MAbs, 1418-1 and 1418-16, which were generated from the same individual have identity in the cDNA sequences encoding the variable domains, with the exception of four base pairs resulting in only one amino acid change in the light chain. The NS1- and VP1-specific MAbs interact with linear epitopes, whereas the recognized epitope in VP2 is conformational. The MAbs specific for the structural proteins display strong virus-neutralizing activity. The VP1- and VP2-specific MAbs have the capacity to neutralize 50% of infectious parvovirus B19 in vitro at 0.08 and 0.73 microgram/ml, respectively, demonstrating the importance of such antibodies in the clearance of B19 viremia. The NS1-specific MAb mediated weak neutralizing activity and required 47.7 micrograms/ml for 50% neutralization. The human MAbs with potent neutralizing activity could be used for immunotherapy of chronically B19 virus-infected individuals and acutely infected pregnant women. Furthermore, the knowledge gained regarding epitopes which induce strongly neutralizing antibodies may be important for vaccine development.
The MKK6–p38 MAPK pathway prolongs the cardiac contractile calcium transient, downregulates SERCA2, and activates NF-AT (2003)

The MKK6(Glu)-p38 MAPK pathway prolongs the decay phase of the cardiac contractile calcium by downregulating SERCA2, increasing diastolic [Ca(2+)](i) which activates NF-AT. The ability of SERCA2 over-expression to reduce NF-AT activity represents a potential novel therapeutic effect of SERCA2 that should be further considered in the development of cardiac gene therapy strategies.
Antisense Oligonucleotides Containing Conformationally Constrained 2′,4′-(N-Methoxy)aminomethylene and 2′,4′-Aminooxymethylene and 2′-O,4′-C-Aminomethylene Bridged Nucleoside Analogues Show Improved Potency in Animal Models (2010)

To identify chemistries and strategies to improve the potency of MOE second generation ASOs, we have evaluated gapmer antisense oligonucleotides containing BNAs having N-O bonds. These modifications include N-MeO-amino BNA, N-Me-aminooxy BNA, 2',4'-BNA(NC)[NMe], and 2',4'-BNA(NC) bridged nucleoside analogues. These modifications provided increased thermal stability and improved in vitro activity compared to the corresponding ASO containing the MOE modification. Additionally, ASOs containing N-MeO-amino BNA, N-Me-aminooxy BNA, and 2',4'-BNA(NC)[NMe] modifications showed improved in vivo activity (>5-fold) compared to MOE ASO. Importantly, toxicity parameters, such as AST, ALT, liver, kidney, and body weights, were found to be normal for N-MeO-amino BNA, N-Me-aminooxy BNA, and 2',4'-BNA(NC)[NMe] ASO treated animals. The data generated in these experiments suggest that N-MeO-amino BNA, N-Me-aminooxy BNA, and 2',4'-BNA(NC)[NMe] are useful modifications for applications in both antisense and other oligonucleotide based drug discovery efforts.
Spinning Carbon Nanotube Nanothread under a Scanning Electron Microscope (2011)

Nanothread with a diameter as small as one hundred nanometers was manufactured under a scanning electron microscope. Made directly from carbon nanotubes, and inheriting their superior electrical and mechanical properties, nanothread may be the world's smallest man-made fiber. The smallest thread that can be spun using a bench-top spinning machine is about 5 microns in diameter. Nanothread is a new material building block that can be used at the nanoscale or plied to form yarn for applications at the micro and macro scales. Preliminary electrical and mechanical properties of nanothread were measured. The resistivity of nanothread is less than 10<sup>-5</sup> Ω∙m. The strength of nanothread is greater than 0.5 GPa. This strength was obtained from measurements using special glue that cures in an electron microscope. The glue weakened the thread, thus further work is needed to obtain more accurate measurements. Nanothread will have broad applications in enabling electrical components, circuits, sensors, and tiny machines. Yarn can be used for various macroscale applications including lightweight antennas, composites, and cables.
The mRNA for a proteinase inhibitor related to the HI-30 domain of inter-α-trypsin inhibitor also encodes α-1-microgiobulin (protein HC (1986)

Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI) is a 180 kd serine proteinase inhibitor found in human serum. Treatment of 180 kd ITI with trypsin releases a 30 kd fragment (HI-30) which contains the anti-proteolytic activity of the high molecular weight form. We have isolated a cDNA clone from a human liver library which codes for HI-30, and have determined its DNA sequence. The mRNA not only codes for HI-30 but also another serum protein, alpha-1-microglobulin, which has not been previously associated with ITI or HI-30. The alpha-1-microglobulin sequence is found in the amino-terminus of the protein and is preceded by a signal sequence. HI-30 is found at the carboxy-terminus. The two protein sequences are separated by two arginine residues.
Scorpion ARMS primers for SNP real‐time PCR detection and quantification of Pyrenophora teres (2001)

summary We have developed a quantitative PCR detection method that can be used to determine the seed infection levels of Pyrenophora teres, a seed-borne fungal pathogen of barley. This method uses Scorpion Amplified Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) technology with real-time PCR detection. Scorpion ARMS primers were designed and optimized such that a single nucleotide base mismatch in the primer sequence could distinguish P. teres from P. graminea, a closely related seed-borne pathogen of barley. It is necessary to distinguish between these two agriculturally important pathogens since different disease management decisions are made, based on the presence and level of infection measured for each. The advance in development of sensitive and specific fluorescent probes has enabled the current PCR test to detect Pyrenophora spp. pathogenic on barley to be enhanced with the advantage that it can now specifically detect P. teres in a single reaction, whilst previously, two reactions were required to discriminate P. teres from P. graminea.
MACROPHAGE SUBPOPULATIONS IN NORMAL AND TRANSPLANTED HEART AND KIDNEY TISSUES IN THE RAT1,2 (1992)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the phenotype of macrophages that infiltrate normal and transplanted rat tissues. The macrophage monoclonal antibodies ED1, ED2, ED3, 52-1D4, ER15, and OX43, together with antibodies against lymphocyte and class II MHC antigens, were used in an indirect immunofluorescence technique with sections of normal tissues and heart and renal grafts that experienced long-term survival or rejection. A small number of ED1- and ED3-positive interstitial cells were detected in normal heart and renal tissues and their number increased dramatically in rejection. Normal heart tissue contained a population of ED2-positive cells with dendritic morphology that was not detected in renal tissue. Following transplantation, a diffuse increase of rounded ED2-positive cells was observed in heart grafts; no ED2-positive cells were detected in grafts removed after 20-30 days from nonimmunosuppressed recipients. Grafts from CsA-treated animals or grafts that survived greater than 50 days in nonimmunosuppressed recipients exhibited the interstitial dendritic pattern of ED2-positive cells. Only very few rounded ED2-positive cells were observed in renal allografts; if present, they were mostly located in the medulla. OX43, which bound in normal tissues to vessel endothelium and a population of macrophages, stained in allografts an additional small population of graft-infiltrating cells, and in F344 renal allografts a population of multinucleated giant cells. We conclude that the posttransplant macrophage infiltration pattern of heart and renal allografts, defined by the monocyte/macrophage antibodies ED1, ED3, 52-1D4, and ER15, is very similar for both types of organs, although the antibody ED2 and the endothelial-macrophage antibody OX43 revealed remarkable differences between the two types of organ allografts.
Tissue plasminogen activator and glial function (2004)

Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only FDA-approved treatment of thrombotic stroke and is a major parenchymal serine protease in the brain. However, it has been implicated in a plethora of brain pathologies, raising concern about its use as a safe therapeutic. tPA is thought to regulate physiological processes that entail tissue remodeling and plasticity, purportedly due to its ability to initiate the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins and possibly other substrates. Understanding the physiological role(s) of tPA promises to both elucidate important aspects of brain function and improve the available therapies for neurological disease. In this context, the effects of tPA on glial cells, mainly microglial cells, but also astrocytes and Schwann cells, appear to be of particular importance, given the increasing awareness of the significance of glia in brain physiology and pathology
Intelligent control of mobile multimedia systems (2002)

The development of 3rd generation mobile systems such as UMTS and IMT-2000 should be enable the support a wide range of mobile multimedia services for users whilst on the move. To achieve this objective it is necessary to provide a set of flexible transport and control capabilities which service providers can use and adapt to support a wide range of mobile multimedia applications. The target is to extend the flexible capabilities of ATM and IP networks and services to mobile users. Control requirements of future mobile systems are considered for the support of mobile multimedia services.
A fast iterative Bayesian inference algorithm for sparse channel estimation (2013)

In this paper, we present a Bayesian channel estimation algorithm for multicarrier receivers based on pilot symbol observations. The inherent sparse nature of wireless multipath channels is exploited by modeling the prior distribution of multipath components' gains with a hierarchical representation of the Bessel K probability density function; a highly efficient, fast iterative Bayesian inference method is then applied to the proposed model. The resulting estimator outperforms other state-of-the-art Bayesian and non-Bayesian estimators, either by yielding lower mean squared estimation error or by attaining the same accuracy with improved convergence rate, as shown in our numerical evaluation.
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors from the Roots of Eggplant (Solanum MelongenaL.) (1993)

Stigmasterol 1, stigmasterol-β-D-glucoside 2, β-sitosterol-β-D-glucoside 3, dioscin 4, protodioscin 5 and methyl protodioscin 6 were isolated and characterized from the butanol soluble part of the ethanolic extract of eggplant roots (Solanum melongena L. Solanaceae). Except for stigmasterol, these compounds have not been previously isolated from Solanum melongena L.Since the roots of the eggplant have been used in folk medicine for rheumatism, inflammation and foot pain1,2, these compounds were tested for their inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase. The results showed that the phytosterols 1,2 and 3 displayed a stronger inhibition on xanthine oxidase than the steroidal glycosides 4, 5 and 6. From the structural features, the active moiety seems to be the double bond for both phytosterols and steroidal glycosides or 22-OH group in furostanol glycoside 5 as regards xanthine oxidase inhibition based on this study.
Current status of vaccination therapies in Alzheimer's disease (2012)

The failure of two monoclonal antibodies, bapineuzumab and solanezumab, to meet their primary end point measures in phase 3 clinical testing for mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease ( AD ) is a serious blow to the field. These drugs were targeting the Abeta peptide, as were three previous drugs that also failed to meet their primary end points. These findings will call into question the role that Abeta plays in AD and will also provoke much circumspection in ‘big pharma’ as to whether they can continue to invest in clinical research in such an intractable disease. However, there is much data yet to be published on these trials and a careful analysis, and cross‐comparison of all of the data may well provide insights that will take the field closer to the phase 3 clinical success that is desperately needed by patients and healthcare providers worldwide. Although these failures are disappointing, now is not the time to falter in our pursuit of medicines for this devastating disease.
Self-organizing strategies for a column-store database (2008)

Column-store database systems open new vistas for improved maintenance through self-organization. Individual columns are the focal point, which simplify balancing conflicting requirements. This work presents two workload-driven self-organizing techniques in a column-store, i.e. adaptive segmentation and adaptive replication. Adaptive segmentation splits a column into non-overlapping segments based on the actual query load. Likewise, adaptive replication creates segment replicas. The strategies can support different application requirements by trading off the reorganization overhead for storage cost. Both techniques can significantly improve system performance as demonstrated in an evaluation of different scenarios.
A Low-Power 2.4-GHz CMOS GFSK Transceiver With a Digital Demodulator Using Time-to-Digital Conversion (2009)

A technique of time-to-digital conversion is utilized in a digital demodulator for a low-power 2.4-GHz CMOS GFSK transceiver. The proposed time-to-digital converter (TDC) employs a self-sampling technique and an auto-calibration algorithm to avoid edge synchronization problems and the need of a delay-locked loop (DLL). With the TDC, a limiter and a digital demodulator can be employed simultaneously in the receiver to achieve low power consumption and high performance. Additionally, in the transmitter, the open-loop VCO modulation is adopted to save hardware and power consumption. The transmitter frequency drift in open-loop modulation and frequency offset between the receiver and the transmitter can be easily resolved by the proposed receiver architecture. All required building blocks of the proposed transceiver, except a RF matching network and a crystal, were implemented on a 4-mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> chip by a 0.18-¿m CMOS process. The receiver achieves -89 -dBm sensitivity at 0.1% BER with 1-Mb/s data rate, and the transmitter delivers up to 0-dBm output power. The receiver and transmitter consume 13.3 mA and 10.7 mA, respectively, from a 1.8-V power supply.
SOS Response Induction by ß-Lactams and Bacterial Defense Against Antibiotic Lethality (2004)

The SOS response aids bacterial propagation by inhibiting cell division during repair of DNA damage. We report that inactivation of the ftsI gene product, penicillin binding protein 3, by either beta-lactam antibiotics or genetic mutation induces SOS in Escherichia coli through the DpiBA two-component signal transduction system. This event, which requires the SOS-promoting recA and lexA genes as well as dpiA, transiently halts bacterial cell division, enabling survival to otherwise lethal antibiotic exposure. Our findings reveal defective cell wall synthesis as an unexpected initiator of the bacterial SOS response, indicate that beta-lactam antibiotics are extracellular stimuli of this response, and demonstrate a novel mechanism for mitigation of antimicrobial lethality.
Stability and folding of the SH3 domain of bruton's tyrosine kinase (1996)

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) plays an important role in B cell development. Deletion of C-terminal 14 amino acids of the SH3 domain of BTK results in X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), an inherited disease. We report here on the stability and folding of SH3 domain of BTK. Peptides corresponding to residues 216-273 (58 residues) and 216-259 (44 residues) of BTK SH3 domain were synthesized by solid phase methods; the first peptide constitutes the entire SH3 domain of BTK while the latter peptide lacks 14 amino acid residues of the C-terminal. The 58 amino acid peptide forms mainly a beta-barrel type folding unit. Although small and lacking disulfide bonds, this peptide is extremely stable to thermal denaturation. Based on circular dichroism measurements, its melting temperature was found to be high, 82 degrees C at pH 6.0. However, the Gibbs free energy (delta GH2O) of the intrinsic stability and thermodynamic spontaneity of unfolding were found to be low, 2.6 kcal/mol by Gdn.HCl denaturation experiments, as compared to 12 kcal/mol obtained for larger single domain proteins, indicating poor stability of SH3 domain. Addition of 500 mM of Na2SO4 increased the free energy change delta GH2O to 4.0 kcal/mol, suggesting an ionic strength effect. The truncated peptide fails to fold correctly and adopts random coil conformation in contrast to 58 amino acid beta-barrel peptide, which exhibits high thermal stability but normal or low stability at ambient temperature. These results, to our knowledge the first to delineate the importance of C-terminal in structural integrity of SH3 domains, indicate also that improper folding and/or poor stability of mutant SH3 domain in BTK likely causes XLA.
Improving the Electrochemical Performance of LiCoO[sub 2] Cathode by Nanocrystalline ZnO Coating (2005)

The cycle life of cathodes cycled at a high cutoff voltage can be largely improved by surface modification with ZnO coating. The bright-field transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and selected area diffraction patterns of as-coated particles reveal the existence of continuous ZnO films with a thickness deposited on surfaces, indicating a Li-Zn-O phase formed on the surface region. Besides high-voltage cycleability, cycle-life degradation caused by inappropriate conductive carbon can also be moderated by ZnO coating. Furthermore, the rate capability at high current density can also be notably improved. The role ZnO coating played in the charge-discharge process is discussed from the viewpoint of surface chemistry with the aid of data from scanning electron microscopy, TEM, energy-dispersive X-ray, and impedance spectra. Moreover, the correlation between electrochemical performance and surface properties of ZnO-coated is explored.
Nutrient regulation of insulin gene expression (1994)

The β cell of the islets of Langerhans contributes along with other factors to glucose homeostasis by sensing changes in the plasma glucose concentrations and adjusting the rate of insulin production and release. Over short periods of time, insulin production is controlled principally through translation of pre‐existing mRNA. Over longer periods, insulin mRNA levels are modulated through effects on the rate of transcription of the insulin gene, and also through changes in the rate of decay of insulin mRNA. These long‐term effects may be important in allowing the β cell to adapt to changes in diet or periods of fasting. Several mechanisms involved in the control of the rate of translation of insulin mRNA have been described. Effects of glucose metabolism on the turnover of insulin mRNA have yet to be characterized in detail. At the level of transcription, cis ‐acting DNA elements and trans ‐acting factors involved in the transient response of the insulin gene to changes in intracellular cAMP levels, or to signals generated as a result of glucose metabolism, have been identified.— Docherty, K., Clark, A. R. Nutrient regulation of insulin gene expression. FASEB J. 8: 20‐27; 1994.