gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystallization Pathways in Biomineralization (2011)

A crystallization pathway describes the movement of ions from their source to the final product. Cells are intimately involved in biological crystallization pathways. In many pathways the cells utilize a unique strategy: They temporarily concentrate ions in intracellular membrane-bound vesicles in the form of a highly disordered solid phase. This phase is then transported to the final mineralization site, where it is destabilized and crystallizes. We present four case studies, each of which demonstrates specific aspects of biological crystallization pathways: seawater uptake by foraminifera, calcite spicule formation by sea urchin larvae, goethite formation in the teeth of limpets, and guanine crystal formation in fish skin and spider cuticles. Three representative crystallization pathways are described, and aspects of the different stages of crystallization are discussed. An in-depth understanding of these complex processes can lead to new ideas for synthetic crystallization processes of interest to materials science.
Natural language descriptions for video streams (2012)

This thesis is concerned with the automatic generation of natural language descriptions&#13;\nthat can be used for video indexing, retrieval and summarization applications.&#13;\nIt is a step ahead of keyword based tagging as it captures relations between keywords&#13;\nassociated with videos, thus clarifying the context between them. Initially,&#13;\nwe prepare hand annotations consisting of descriptions for video segments crafted&#13;\nfrom a TREC Video dataset. Analysis of this data presents insights into humans&#13;\ninterests on video contents. For machine generated descriptions, conventional image&#13;\nprocessing techniques are applied to extract high level features (HLFs) from&#13;\nindividual video frames. Natural language description is then produced based on&#13;\nthese HLFs. Although feature extraction processes are erroneous at various levels,&#13;\napproaches are explored to put them together for producing coherent descriptions.&#13;\nFor scalability purpose, application of framework to several different video genres&#13;\nis also discussed. For complete video sequences, a scheme to generate coherent and&#13;\ncompact descriptions for video streams is presented which makes use of spatial and&#13;\ntemporal relations between HLFs and individual frames respectively. Calculating&#13;\noverlap between machine generated and human annotated descriptions concludes&#13;\nthat machine generated descriptions capture context information and are in accordance&#13;\nwith human’s watching capabilities. Further, a task based evaluation shows&#13;\nimprovement in video identification task as compared to keywords alone. Finally,&#13;\napplication of generated natural language descriptions, for video scene classification&#13;\nis discussed.
Design of on-chip error correction systems for multilevel NOR and NAND flash memories (2007)

The design of on-chip error correction systems for multilevel code-storage NOR flash and data-storage NAND flash memories is concerned. The concept of trellis coded modulation (TCM) has been used to design on-chip error correction system for NOR flash. This is motivated by the non-trivial modulation process in multilevel memory storage and the effectiveness of TCM in integrating coding with modulation to provide better performance at relatively short block length. The effectiveness of TCM-based systems, in terms of error-correcting performance, coding redundancy, silicon cost and operational latency, has been successfully demonstrated. Meanwhile, the potential of using strong Bose–Chaudhiri–Hocquenghem (BCH) codes to improve multilevel data-storage NAND flash memory capacity is investigated. Current multilevel flash memories store 2 bits in each cell. Further storage capacity may be achieved by increasing the number of storage levels per cell, which nevertheless will correspondingly degrade the raw storage reliability. It is demonstrated that strong BCH codes can effectively enable the use of a larger number of storage levels per cell and hence improve the effective NAND flash memory storage capacity up to 59.1% without degradation of cell programming time. Furthermore, a scheme to leverage strong BCH codes to improve memory defect tolerance at the cost of increased NAND flash cell programming time is proposed.
Functionalization of Fibers Using Azlactone-Containing Polymers: Layer-by-Layer Fabrication of Reactive Thin Films on the Surfaces of Hair and Cellulose-Based Materials (2010)

We report an approach to the functionalization of fibers and fiber-based materials that is based on the deposition of reactive azlactone-functionalized polymers and the "reactive" layer-by-layer assembly of azlactone-containing thin films. We demonstrate (i) that the azlactone-functionalized polymer poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone) (PVDMA) can be used to modify the surfaces of a model protein-based fiber (horsehair) and cellulose-based materials (e.g., cotton and paper), and (ii) that fibers functionalized in this manner can be used to support the fabrication of covalently cross-linked and reactive polymer multilayers assembled using PVDMA and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI). The growth, chemical reactivity, and uniformity of films deposited on these substrates were characterized using fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition to the direct functionalization of fibers, we demonstrate that the residual azlactone functionality in PVDMA-treated or film-coated fibers can be exploited to chemically modify the surface chemistry and physicochemical properties of fiber-based materials postfabrication using amine functionalized molecules. For example, we demonstrate that this approach permits control over the surface properties of paper (e.g., absorption of water) by simple postfabrication treatment of film-coated paper with the hydrophobic amine n-decylamine. The azlactone functionality present in these materials provides a platform for the modification of polymer-treated and film-coated fibers with a broad range of other chemical and biological species (e.g., enzymes, peptides, catalysts, etc.). The results of this investigation thus provide a basis for the functionalization of fibers and fiber-based materials (e.g., textile fabrics or nonwoven mats) of potential utility in a broad range of consumer, industrial, and biomedical contexts.
Electrophysiologic effects of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L on guinea pig papillary muscles and cultured rat myocardial cells. (1994)

The effects of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides L (TFH) were evaluated using conventional microelectrode technic. After administration of TFH 100-200 mg.L-1, the action potential duration of 50% repolarization (APD50) was shortened both in cultured rat myocardial cells and in guinea pig papillary muscles. The slope of phase 4 of depolarization (SP4) in cultured rat myocardial cells was decreased and the contractile force (CF) in guinea pig papillary muscles was weakened. Arrhythmias evoked by strophantin G in guinea pig papillary muscles were suppressed by TFH 100 mg.L-1. These findings suggested that the influence of TFH on myocardial cells may be resulted mainly from its inhibition of Ca2+ influx and its interference with intracellular Ca2+ reservoir.
Protoplast water content of bacterial spores determined by buoyant density sedimentation (1985)

Protoplast wet densities (1.315 to 1.400 g/ml), determined by buoyant density sedimentation in Metrizamide gradients, were correlated inversely with the protoplast water contents (26.4 to 55.0 g of water/100 g of wet protoplast) of nine diverse types of pure lysozyme-sensitive dormant bacterial spores. The correlation equation provided a precise method for obtaining the protoplast water contents of other spore types with small impure samples and indicated that the average protoplast dry density was 1.460 g/ml.
Dual band tunable microstrip patch antenna (1999)

A simple design for a dual-band microstrip antenna operating at 3 GHz is presented. The dual band operation is obtained when the antenna is loaded with a cross-line shorted with a ground plane at one end. The frequency separation is found to be very sensitive to the position of the cross-line.
Plasma concentration gradient influences the protein corona decoration on nanoparticles (2012)

It is now well known that the interaction between nanoparticulate systems and biological fluids leads to deposition of various proteins onto the surface of the nanoparticles (NPs), hence, formation of a protein “corona”. Arrangement of the associated proteins on the surface of NPs defines the in vivo response of material to the surrounding biologic environment. In order to predict the intercellular fate of NPs, therefore, it is essential to have an in-depth insight into the factors influencing the protein corona composition. While remarkable progress has been made in elucidating the factors that affect hard corona composition, the actual intercellular pathways that particles undertake in vivo and their dependence on the corona composition have not been investigated. In this study, we demonstrated that variation in plasma concentration can significantly change the biological fate of NPs, through alteration in the composition of the protein shell. For this purpose, sulfonated polystyrene and silica NPs were interacted with human plasma and fetal bovine serum in gradient concentrations. In contrast to the hard coronas formed under conventional static plasma conditions, large differences were observed in the amounts and affinities of proteins when particles were maintained under the plasma gradient conditions. This finding can help scientists to have a better understanding of the nanoparticle–cell interactions in vivo and elucidate the safety considerations for biomedical applications, resulting in nano-biomaterials that are “safe by design”.
Short convergent route to homochiral carbocyclic-2′-deoxynucleosides and carbocyclic ribonucleosides (1987)

K. Biggadike, A. D. Borthwick, A. M. Exall, B. E. Kirk, S. M. Roberts and P. Youds, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1987, 1083 DOI: 10.1039/C39870001083
Soluble P-Selectin During a Single Hemodialysis Session in Patients With Chronic Renal Failure and Erythropoietin Treatment (2007)

In several studies, hemodialysis (HD) patients treated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) because of renal anemia showed increased levels of soluble adhesion molecules. The purpose of the study was to investigate the changes of soluble P-selectin (sSELP) and its relationship to platelet activation during a single HD session in patients with long-term rHuEPO treatment. Fifty-two HD patients with chronic renal failure were involved--26 with rHuEPO treatment (EPO group) and 26 without (non-EPO group). Thirty healthy subjects served as the control group. The sSELP, beta-thromboglobulin, and platelet factor 4 plasma levels were measured before and after a single 4-hour HD session on a cuprophane dialyzer. The basal beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 plasma levels were significantly increased in both HD groups compared with healthy controls but did not change after a single HD session, except for a significant decrease of platelet factor 4 in the non-EPO group. The predialysis sSELP plasma levels did not differ significantly compared with those of the healthy controls, but there was a significant increase of sSELP levels after a single HD session in both groups (EPO, P < .005; non-EPO, P < .05, respectively). These results suppose that the increased sSELP level was released from platelets during the course of a single HD session. The more significant increase of the sSELP plasma levels in EPO group during HD indicates that platelets are more activated in patients with long-term rHuEPO treatment, and this fact could partially explain the suspected tendency for thrombosis in these patients.
The time-course of the effects of ethanol on the redox and phosphorylation states of rat liver (1972)

1. The time-course of the effects of ethanol administration on the metabolite concentrations, redox states and phosphorylation state was studied in the freeze-clamped liver of starved rats. The response was found to vary with the time after ethanol administration. 2. Administration of ethanol caused an immediate decrease in the [NAD(+)]/[NADH] ratio of both cytoplasm and mitochondria, which persisted over the 30min studied. 3. The free cytoplasmic [NADP(+)]/[NADPH] ratio in liver decreases immediately after ethanol administration but returns nearly to control values after 15min. 4. The cytoplasmic [ATP]/[ADP][HPO(4) (2-)] ratio is elevated 15min after ethanol administration in the starved rat. 5. The rapid and large changes in most metabolite concentrations measured appeared to result from the maintenance of near-equilibrium in a wide interlinked network. 6. Differences between fed and starved rats 15min after ethanol administration were slight.
Thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy as a palliative procedure for pain relief in carcinoma pancreas (2009)

Thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy has been used for the management of upper abdominal pain syndromes as an alternative to celiac plexus block for conditions such as chronic pancreatitis or supramesocolic malignant neoplasms, including unresectable pancreatic cancer. This procedure is similar to the percutaneous block with a higher degree of precision and avoids the side effects associated with the local diffusion of neurolytic solutions. Thoracoscopic splanchnicectomy appears to be a better treatment in such cases as the procedure is done under direct vision and less dependent on anatomical variations.
Co-localization of Calcium-modulating Cyclophilin Ligand with Intracellular Calcium Pools (1998)

The calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand (CAML) protein activates Ca2+ influx signaling when overexpressed in Jurkat T cells. Although CAML appears to directly participate in Ca2+-dependent signaling initiated by the transmembrane activator and CAML interactor cell surface receptor, its mechanism of action is unknown. To address this issue, we have determined its membrane topology, subcellular localization, and ability to mobilize intracellular Ca2+ pools. Fractionation of cell extracts on discontinuous sucrose gradients and indirect immunofluorescence indicate that CAML co-localizes with sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium/ATPase-2 and calreticulin at membrane-bound cytosolic vesicles. Limited trypsin digests indicate that the hydrophilic NH2-terminal domain of CAML is directed toward the cytoplasm. Functionally, CAML overexpression was shown to deplete thapsigargin-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ pools. These data suggest that CAML may initiate Ca2+ signaling through activation of a capacitative Ca2+ influx pathway.
Printability and repair techniques for DUV photomasks (1997)

Intention of this paper is to discuss some issues resulting from increasing requirements on mask making for 0.25 micrometer technology and below. The key question to be discussed is: How can zero defects masks be guaranteed in future and what efforts are needed to reach that goal. Using state of the art equipment two photomasks were manufactured with typical sized and shaped programmed defects. First, criteria is discussed to characterize the printability of mask defects. Key element is the aerial image measurements system MSM100/AIMS. As a result it was found that the criteria strongly depends on the principle shape of the considered pattern. It is shown that the standard criteria used for mask repair, i.e. relative change of the maximum feature image intensity, is only applicable in case of best dose and best focus. The results were used to improve the performance of an attenuated DUV phase-shifting-mask (aPSM). Various repair techniques have been studied. As a result it can be concluded that high quality mask repairs are available which allow the fabrication of defect free aPSM.
Intragraft CD11b+IDO+ Cells Mediate Cardiac Allograft Tolerance by ECDI-Fixed Donor Splenocyte Infusions (2012)

We have previously shown that pre- and post-transplant infusions of donor splenocytes treated with 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (ECDI-SPs) provide permanent donor-specific protection of islet allografts. The efficacy of donor ECDI-SPs in protecting vascularized cardiac allografts and mechanism(s) of protection are unknown. In this study, we show that infusions of ECDI-SPs significantly prolong cardiac allograft survival concomitant with an impressive accumulation of CD11b(+) IDO(+) cells in the cardiac allograft, and that the presence of this population is dependent on Gr1(+) cells. Consequently, depletion of Gr1(+) cells or inhibition of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) activity abrogates graft protection by ECDI-SPs infusions. In addition, T cells from ECDI-SPs treated recipients secrete high levels of interleukin 10 and interleukin 13 upon in vitro restimulation, which are also dampened in recipients treated with the IDO inhibitor. Furthermore, combination of donor ECDI-SPs with a short course of rapamycin provides indefinite cardiac allograft survival in 100% of the recipients. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of donor ECDI-SPs in inducing cardiac transplant tolerance and provide several targets that are amenable to therapeutic manipulations for tolerance induction for cardiac transplantation.
Lysyl Oxidase is essential for hypoxia-induced metastasis in breast cancer (2006)

Hypoxic tumor cells are highly aggressive and often metastatic, however the underlying processes remain unclear. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an enzyme essential for the formation of the extracellular matrix. We show that LOX expression is regulated by HIF-1 and is associated with hypoxia in human breast tumors. Our data demonstrate that patients with high LOX expressing tumors, have poor distant metastasis-free and overall survivals. Inhibition of LOX by shRNA, pharmacological inhibitors or by antibody eliminates metastasis in mice with orthotopically grown breast cancer tumors. Mechanistically, secreted LOX is responsible for the invasive properties of hypoxic human breast and cervical cancer cells through a direct effect on focal adhesion kinase activity and cell to matrix adhesion. Furthermore, LOX mediated cell-matrix interactions are required for metastatic growth. Inhibition of LOX expression and/or activity blocks cell movement (even passive), prevents cell migration and invasion of adjacent tissues, and additionally prevents abundant growth at secondary sites. Together these findings provide strong evidence that LOX is essential for hypoxia-induced metastasis in breast cancer patients, and that LOX is a good therapeutic target to prevent and treat metastasis.
Effect of Increasing Foliage Reflectance on Yield, Growth, and Physiological Behavior of a Dryland Cotton Crop1 (1979)

The effect of kaolin reflectant sprays on the yield, physiological activity, and growth of ‘Acala SJ‐2’ dryland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) was studied during 2 successive years in separate field experiments. In the first experiment the treatment increased yield by 12.6%. In the second experiment a significant increase in the number of flowers resulted from the kaolin spray, but subsequent high rates of abscission prevented this spray from producing a significant increase in yield. The reflectant sprays decreased the rate of 14 CO 2 uptake due to a reduction in light absorption. A reduction in epidermal conductance due to partial physical blockage of the stomata was believed to cause the slower decrease in xylem leaf water potential which followed reflectant treatment. Plant growth, characterized by the stand's height, leaf area index, and dry weight, was not significantly affected.
YM116, 2-(1H-Imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-9H-carbazole, Decreases Adrenal Androgen Synthesis by Inhibiting Cl7-20 Lyase Activity in NCI-H295 Human Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cells (1999)

The concentrations of androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone, products of C17-20 lyase, in the medium after a 6-hr incubation of NCI-H295 cells were decreased by YM116 (2-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-9H-carbazole) (IC50: 3.6 and 2.1 nM) and ketoconazole (IC50: 54.9 and 54.2 nM). 17Alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, a product of 17alpha-hydroxylase, was increased by YM116 (1-30 nM) and by ketoconazole (10-300 nM) and then was decreased at higher concentrations of both agents (IC50: 180 nM for YM116, 906 nM for ketoconazole), indicating that YM116 and ketoconazole were 50- and 16.5-fold more specific inhibitors of C17-20 lyase, respectively, than 17alpha-hydroxylase. Compatible with these findings, progesterone, a substrate of 17alpha-hydroxylase, was increased by these agents. Cortisol production was inhibited by YM116 and ketoconazole (IC50: 50.4 and 80.9 nM, respectively). YM116 was a 14-fold more potent inhibitor of androstenedione production than cortisol production, whereas ketoconazole was a nonselective inhibitor of the production of both steroids. YM116 and ketoconazole inhibited the C17-20 lyase activity in human testicular microsomes (IC50: 4.2 and 17 nM, respectively). These results demonstrate that YM116 reduces the synthesis of adrenal androgens by preferentially inhibiting C17-20 lyase activity.
Do ambulatory-use Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) concentrates present risks? (2003)

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) concentrates have been widely used in the past decade as a complement to tissue regeneration procedures. The authors who have clinically used PRP refer no risk of infection, disease transmission, or undesirable effects. Nevertheless, there have been reports on the over-expression of growth factors (GFs) and their receptors related to tumour and dysplastic tissues. This has led to evaluation of the possible coincidences between carcinogenesis and the mitogenic pathways employed by GFs. The present study provides a review of the literature on the possible effects of the therapeutic uses of GFs (including PRP) in relation to carcinogenesis, their influence upon tissues with epithelial dysplasia or oral carcinoma, and their relation to tumour growth and infiltration.
Técnicas de conversión AC/DC en sisitemas monofásicos con factor de potencia unitario (2003)

Cada dia se observa como se masifica el uso de equipo electronico en hogares y oficinas; computadores, juegos de video, equipos de sonido, televisores, impresoras, etc. han producido un cambio sin precedentes en la vida del ser humano. Normalmente, tales sistemas utilizan un rectificador y un filtro capacitivo (en sistemas monofasicos o trifasicos) como fuente primaria de alimentacion DC no regulada; la gran ventaja de estos circuitos es su bajo costo, estructura simple, alta confiabilidad, y que pueden prescindir de un circuito de control.
Use of the Hemobag for modified ultrafiltration in a Jehovah's Witness patient undergoing cardiac surgery. (2006)

Modified ultrafiltration is an important technique to concentrate the patient's circulating blood volume and the residual whole blood in the extracorporeal circuit post-cardiopulmonary bypass. The Hemobag system is a device cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration and represents a novel and safe modification of traditional modified ultrafiltration systems. It is quick and easy to operate by the perfusionist during the hemoconcentration process. Hemoconcentration is accomplished by having the Hemobag "recovery loop" circuit separate from the extracorporeal circuit. This allows the surgeons to continue with surgery, decannulate, and administer protamine simultaneously while the Hemobag is in use. The successful use of the Hemobag in a Jehovah's Witness patient has not been previously described in the literature. This case report describes how to set up and operate the Hemobag in a Jehovah's Witness patient undergoing cardiac surgery that requires an extracorporeal circuit.