gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lung: spiral volumetric CT with single-breath-hold technique. (1990)

The authors adapted the transport system of a computed tomographic (CT) scanner with continuous rotation capability to examine complete lung subvolumes during a single breath hold. Twenty-four adult patients underwent scanning with up to 12 continuous 1-second rotations, and data acquisition was synchronized with longitudinal patient motion at one section thickness per second. Interpolated planar raw data were obtained retrospectively from any level within the volume, and these afforded high-quality images that were comparable to standard images. Solitary pulmonary nodules were not omitted, their centers could always be depicted, and secondary reformations as well as three-dimensional reconstructions were obtained easily. The authors conclude that spiral volumetric CT, by completely surveying a subvolume of the lung, is an attractive new application of CT.
Antischizophrenic Drugs and Brain Cholinergic Receptors (1974)

With only a few exceptions, the phenothiazines and butyrophenones used in the treatment of schizophrenia appear to exert antischizophrenic actions to the same or closely similar degrees. Both antischizophrenic and extrapyramidal effects apparently result from dopamine receptor blockade. Here, we report the influence of a variety of such antischizophrenic drugs on the brain's receptor for the muscarinic action of acetylcholine. Extrapyramidal effects are inversely proportional to affinity for the muscarinic receptor. Thus, drugs such as clozapine and thioridazine hydrochloride apparently owe their low incidence of extrapyramidal effects to anticholinergic properties that compensate for their intrinsic extrapyramidal effects. Our findings provide a means to predict extrapyramidal actions of new potential antischizophrenic drugs.
Design of an autonomous swimming miniature robot based on a novel concept of magnetic actuation (2010)

In this work, we propose a new concept for locomotion of a miniature jellyfish-like robot based on the interaction of mobile permanent magnets. The robot is 35 mm in length and 15 mm in width, and it incorporates a rotary actuator, a magnetic rotor, several elastic magnetic tails and a polymeric body embedding a wireless microcontroller and power supply. The novel magnetic mechanism is very versatile for numerous applications and can be tailored and adapted on the basis of different specifications. An analytical model of the magnetic mechanism allows to shape the robot design based on the specific application. The working principle of the robot together with the design, prototyping and testing phases are illustrated in this paper.
Comparative Evaluation of Nine Different Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Determination of Antibodies against Treponema pallidum in Patients with Primary Syphilis (2000)

ABSTRACT Nine different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) with a sonicate or recombinant proteins of Treponema pallidum as antigen have been evaluated comparatively by testing 52 highly selected sera from patients with primary syphilis, all negative in the microhemagglutination test for T. pallidum (MHA-TP). Eight tests exhibited greater sensitivity (48.5 to 76.9%) than the commonly used Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test (44.2%). Higher sensitivity could be related to (i) the volume and dilution of the serum, (ii) the design of the assay (capture and competitive tests showed higher sensitivity than sandwich-based assays), and (iii) the ability to detected specific immunoglobulin M antibodies. The specificity of the ICE Syphilis and the Enzygnost Syphilis tests was 99.5 and 99.8%, respectively, as determined by routine testing of 2,053 unselected sera in comparison with the MHA-TP test. ELISAs tested offered high sensitivity in patients with primary syphilis; however, recommendations to use these tests as screening assays do need further data on specificity and reactivity in late stages of the disease.
Purification of Apolipoprotein E Attenuates Isoform-specific Binding to β-Amyloid (1995)

Apolipoprotein E (apoE), particularly the e4 allele, is genetically linked to the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. In vitro, apoE has been shown to bind beta-amyloid (A beta), an amyloidogenic peptide that aggregates to form the primary component of senile plaques. In previous work, we demonstrated that apoE3 from tissue culture medium binds to A beta with greater avidity than apoE4 (LaDu, M. J., Falduto, M. T., Manelli, A. M., Reardon, C. A., Getz, G. S., and Frail, D. E. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 23403-23406). This is in contrast to data using purified apoE isoforms as substrate for A beta (Strittmatter, W. J., Weisgraber, K. H., Huang, D. Y., Dong, L.-M., Salvesen, G. S., Pericak-Vance, M., Schmechel, D., Saunders, A. M., Goldgaber, D., and Roses, A. D. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 90, 8098-8102). Here we resolve this apparent discrepancy by demonstrating that the preferential binding of A beta to apoE3 is attenuated and even abolished with purification, a process that includes delipidation and denaturation. We compared the A beta binding capacity of unpurified apoE isoforms from both tissue culture medium and intact human very low density lipoproteins with that of apoE purified from these two sources. The interaction of human A beta-(1-40)-peptide and apoE was analyzed by nonreducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Western immunoblotting for either A beta or apoE immunoreactivity. While the level of the apoE3.A beta complex was approximately 20-fold greater compared with the apoE4.A beta complex in unpurified conditioned medium, apoE3 and apoE4 purified from this medium bound to A beta with comparable avidity. Moreover, using endogenous apoE on very low density lipoproteins from plasma of apoE3/3 and apoE4/4 homozygotes, apoE3 was again a better substrate for A beta than apoE4. However, apoE purified from these plasma lipoproteins exhibited little isoform specificity in binding to A beta. These results suggest that native preparations of apoE may be a more physiologically relevant substrate for A beta binding than purified apoE and further underscore the importance of subtle differences in apoE conformation to its biological activity.
Ligand-independent tyrosine phosphorylation of EGF receptor and the erbB-2/neu proto-oncogene product is induced by hyperosmotic shock. (1989)

Treatment of intact cells with media containing high concentrations of ionic and non-ionic solutes induced increased tyrosine phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor and the protein product of the erbB-2/neu proto-oncogene. This self phosphorylation occurred in the absence of EGF or other growth factors. High concentrations of solutes did not activate phosphorylation of either isolated EGF receptor or EGF receptor solubilized by non-ionic detergents. No evidence for receptor dimerization was found in response to hyperosmotic shock. Since receptor dimers have been implicated in the EGF-induced activation of EGF receptor, hyperosmotic shock may activate EGF receptor by a different mechanism.
Role of Single Defects in Electronic Transport through Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors (2002)

The influence of defects on electron transport in single-wall carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFETs) is probed by combined scanning gate microscopy (SGM) and scanning impedance microscopy (SIM). SGM images are used to quantify the depletion surface potential, and from this the Fermi level, at individual defects along the CNFET length. SIM is used to measure the voltage distribution along the CNFET. When the CNFET is in the conducting state, SIM reveals a uniform potential drop along its length, consistent with diffusive transport. In contrast, when the CNFET is "off," potential steps develop at the position of depleted defects. High-resolution imaging of a second set of weak defects is achieved in a new "tip-gated" SIM mode.
Cation-dependent structural features of β-casein-(1‒25) (2001)

Complete sequence-specific, proton-resonance assignments have been determined for the calcium phosphate-stabilizing tryptic peptide beta-casein-(1-25) containing the phosphorylated sequence motif Ser(P)(17)-Ser(P)-Ser(P)-Glu-Glu(21). Spectra of the peptide have been recorded, in separate experiments, in the presence of excess ammonium ions, sodium ions and calcium ions, and of the dephosphorylated peptide in the presence of excess sodium ions. We observed significant changes to chemical shifts for backbone and side-chain resonances that were dependent upon the nature of the cation present. Medium-range nuclear Overhauser effect (nOe) enhancements, characteristic of small structured regions in the peptide, were observed and also found to be cation dependent. The secondary structure of the peptide was characterized by sequential and medium-range (i, i+2/3/4, which denotes an interaction between residue i and residue i+2, i+3 or i+4 in the peptide) nOe connectivities, and Halpha chemical shifts. Four structured regions were identified in the calcium-bound peptide: residues Arg(1) to Glu(4) were involved in a loop-type structure, and residues Val(8) to Glu(11), Ser(P)(17) to Glu(20) and Glu(21) to Thr(24) were implicated in beta-turn conformations. Comparison of the patterns of medium-range nOe connectivities in beta-casein-(1-25) with those in alpha(S1)-casein-(59-79) suggest that the two peptides have distinctly different conformations in the presence of calcium ions, despite having a high degree of sequential and functional similarity.
Mechanically durable, superoleophobic coatings prepared by layer-by-layer technique for anti-smudge and oil-water separation (2015)

Superoleophobic surfaces are of interest for anti-fouling, self-cleaning, anti-smudge, low-drag, anti-fog, and oil-water separation applications. Current bioinspired surfaces are of limited use due to a lack of mechanical durability. A so-called layer-by-layer approach, involving charged species with electrostatic interactions between layers, can provide the flexibility needed to improve adhesion to the substrate while providing a low surface tension coating at the air interface. In this work, a polyelectrolyte binder, SiO2 nanoparticles, and a fluorosurfactant are spray deposited separately to create a durable, superoleophobic coating. Polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) polyelectrolyte was complexed with a fluorosurfactant layer (FL), which provides oil repellency while being hydrophilic. This oleophobic/superhydrophilic behavior was enhanced through the use of roughening with SiO2 particles resulting in a superoleophobic coating with hexadecane contact angles exceeding 155° and tilt angles of less than 4°. The coating is also superhydrophilic, which is desirable for oil-water separation applications. The durability of these coatings was examined through the use of micro- and macrowear experiments. These coatings currently display characteristics of transparency. Fabrication of these coatings via the layer-by-layer technique results in superoleophobic surfaces displaying improved durability compared to existing work where either the durability or the oil-repellency is compromised.
Aptamer Nano-flares for Molecular Detection in Living Cells (2009)

We demonstrate a composite nanomaterial, termed an aptamer nano-flare, that can directly quantify an intracellular analyte in a living cell. Aptamer nano-flares consist of a gold nanoparticle core functionalized with a dense monolayer of nucleic acid aptamers with a high affinity for adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The probes bind selectively to target molecules and release fluorescent reporters which indicate the presence of the analyte. Additionally, these nanoconjugates are readily taken up by cells where their signal intensity can be used to quantify intracellular analyte concentration. These nanoconjugates are a promising approach for the intracellular quantification of other small molecules or proteins, or as agents that use aptamer binding to elicit a biological response in living systems.
Interleukin‐1 blockade by anakinra improves clinical symptoms in patients with neonatal‐onset multisystem inflammatory disease (2005)

Neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID) is a rare, childhood-onset disease that is characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation. The purpose of this report is to describe the effects of interleukin-1 (IL-1) blockade on the clinical symptoms of 2 patients with NOMID. At the time of this report, the patients had been treated with anakinra (Kineret), a recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist, for 1.5 and 2 years, respectively. Both patients demonstrated rapid improvement in clinical symptoms and laboratory markers of inflammation. The use of anakinra in these patients seemed to be effective, without any safety concerns. These observations suggest that IL-1 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of this inflammatory disease, and that blockade with anakinra should be further studied as a treatment for patients with NOMID and related disorders.
Inhibiting Signal Transduction: Recent Advances in the Development of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase and Ras Inhibitors (2002)

Since aberrant cell signaling is implicated in the initiation, growth, and progression of cancer, proteins involved in signal transduction are rational therapeutic targets. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and Ras oncoprotein are examples of critical signaling proteins that mediate the processes of cellular growth and differentiation. Agents presently being evaluated as inhibitors of signal transduction include both natural and synthetic compounds, monoclonal antibodies, and antisense oligonucleotides. Preclinical studies of compounds which inhibit RTK and Ras have shown that these targets can be blocked, while side effects in animal models are minimal. Early clinical trials reveal that, in general, treatment with these compounds is both feasible and tolerable. However, many issues about STI remain unresolved including how to optimize schedule, how long to continue treatment, specific mechanisms of action, and how to optimize combinations of STI with standard therapeutic modalities. Addressing these issues may require a shift in the traditional paradigm of drug development, as conventional endpoints may not adequately capture the potential benefits from agents believed to act in a cytostatic vs. cytotoxic manner. This review will discuss the rationale and application of inhibiting signal transduction using inhibitors of RTK and Ras as prototypes of this class of agents.
Live-attenuated virus vaccines for respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza viruses: applications of reverse genetics (2002)

The future of vaccine designRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the human parainfluenza viruses (PIVs) are enveloped nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses of the paramyxovirus family.RSV is the leading cause of severe viral respiratory disease in infants and children, and in the United States RSV is responsible for 73,000 to 126,000 annual hospitalizations of infants younger than 1 year of age (1).Two antigenic subgroups of RSV, designated A and B, have been distinguished on the basis of antigenic and sequence dimorphism that is most pronounced for the ectodomain of the G protein, one of the two major protective antigens.Although there is substantial cross-reactivity between the two subgroups, they are sufficiently distinct that an effective RSV vaccine likely will need to represent both.The human PIV serotypes 1, 2, and 3 also cause severe respiratory tract disease that leads to hospitalization of infants and young children (2).PIV1, PIV2, and PIV3 are distinct serotypes that do not induce significant cross-neutralization or cross-protection.In a long term study of infants and children over a 20-year period, PIV1, PIV2, and PIV3 were identified as etiologic agents responsible for 6.0%, 3.2%, and 11.5%, respectively, of hospitalizations for pediatric respiratory tract disease (1).In total, the three PIVs accounted for only slightly less than the 23% of hospitalizations for pediatric respiratory tract disease caused by RSV.Therefore, there is a need for a vaccine to protect against these three serotypes of PIV and the two antigenic subgroups of RSV.An additional pediatric vaccine will likely be needed for the newly described but related human respiratory tract pathogen human metapneumovirus (3).
Stoichiometry, Kinetics, and Regulation of Glucose and Amino Acid Metabolism of a Recombinant BHK Cell Line in Batch and Continuous Cultures (1997)

Batch and continuous cultures were carried out to study the stoichiometry, kinetics, and regulation of glucose and amino acid metabolism of a recombinant BHK cell line, with particular attention to the metabolism at low levels of glucose and glutamine. The apparent yields of cells on glucose and glutamine, lactate on glucose, and ammonium on glutamine were all found to change significantly at low residual concentrations of glucose (< 5 mmol/L) and glutamine (< 1 mmol/L). The uptake rates of glucose and glutamine were markedly reduced at low concentrations, leading to a more effective utilization of these nutrients for energy metabolism and biosynthesis and reduced formation rates of lactate and ammonium. However, the consumption of other amino acids, especially the essential amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine and the nonessential amino acids serine and glutamate, was strongly enhanced at low glutamine concentration. Quantitatively, it was shown that the cellular yields and rates associated with glucose metabolism were primarily determined by the residual glucose concentration, while those associated with glutamine metabolism depended mainly on the residual glutamine. Both experimental results and analysis of the kinetic data with models showed that the glucose metabolism of BHK cells is not affected by glutamine except for a slight influence under glucose limitation and glutaminolysis not by glucose, at least not significantly under the experimental conditions. Compared to hybridoma and other cultured animal cells, the recombinant BHK cell line showed remarkable differences in terms of nutrient sensitivity, stoichiometry, and amino acid metabolism at low levels of nutrients. These cell-line-specific stoichiometry and nutrient needs should be considered when designing an optimal medium and/or feeding strategy for achieving high cell density and high productivity of BHK cells. In this work, a cell density of 1.1 x 10(7) cells/mL was achieved in a conventional continuous culture by using a proper feed medium.
Industrial Organic Pigments: Production, Properties, Applications (1992)

Definition: pigments - dyes classification of organic pigments chemical and physical characterization of pigments commercial properties and terminology particle size distribution and application properties areas of application for organic pigments azo pigments polycyclic pigments aluminium pigment lakes pigments with known chemical structure which cannot be assigned to other chapters pigments with hitherto unknown chemical structure ecology toxicology legislation.
Similarly Strong Purifying Selection Acts on Human Disease Genes of All Evolutionary Ages (2009)

A number of studies have showed that recently created genes differ from the genes created in deep evolutionary past in many aspects. Here, we determined the age of emergence and propensity for gene loss (PGL) of all human protein-coding genes and compared disease genes with non-disease genes in terms of their evolutionary rate, strength of purifying selection, mRNA expression, and genetic redundancy. The older and the less prone to loss, non-disease genes have been evolving 1.5- to 3-fold slower between humans and chimps than young non-disease genes, whereas Mendelian disease genes have been evolving very slowly regardless of their ages and PGL. Complex disease genes showed an intermediate pattern. Disease genes also have higher mRNA expression heterogeneity across multiple tissues than non-disease genes regardless of age and PGL. Young and middle-aged disease genes have fewer similar paralogs as non-disease genes of the same age. We reasoned that genes were more likely to be involved in human disease if they were under a strong functional constraint, expressed heterogeneously across tissues, and lacked genetic redundancy. Young human genes that have been evolving under strong constraint between humans and chimps might also be enriched for genes that encode important primate or even human-specific functions.
Retinoic acid and chick limb bud development (1991)

The chick limb bud is a powerful experimental system in which to study pattern formation in vertebrate embryos. Exogenously applied retinoic acid, a vitamin A derivative, can bring about changes in pattern and, on several grounds, is a good candidate for an endogenous morphogen. As such, the local concentration of retinoic acid might provide cells with information about their position in relation to one axis of the limb. Alternatively, retinoic acid may be part of a more complex signalling system. Homeobox genes are possible target genes for regulation by retinoic acid in the limb. In particular, one homeobox gene, XlHbox 1 is expressed locally in the mesenchyme of vertebrate forelimbs and might code for an anterior position. When the pattern of the chick wing is changed by retinoic acid or by grafts of signalling tissue such that anterior cells now form posterior structures, the domain of XlHbox 1 expression expands rather than contracts. The expansion of XlHbox 1 expression correlates with shoulder girdle abnormalities. Retinoic acid application leads to visible changes in bud shape and this allows dissection of the way in which patterning is co-ordinated with morphogenesis. Results of recombination experiments and studies of changes in the apical ridge and proliferation in the mesenchyme suggest the following scheme: retinoic acid is involved in specification of position of mesenchyme cells; this specification determines their local interaction with the ridge that controls ridge morphology; the thickened apical ridge permits local proliferation in the underlying mesenchyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
FORMATION OF COLLOIDAL GOLD NANOPARTICLES BY USING FEMTOSECOND LASER ABLATION (2009)

Colloidal gold nanoparticles were produced by irradiating a gold disc with a femtosecond laser beam in pure deionized water. Variation of laser fluence between 38 and 330 J/cm 2 was used to control the nanoparticle size distribution. The nanoparticles produced were spherically shaped with average diameter between 9 and 10 nm. The effect of ablation time on the nanoparticle production efficiency and size distribution was also studied.
Reaction of Buckminsterfullerene with ortho‐Quinodimethane: a New Access to Stable C60 Derivatives (1993)

The stable diene adduct 1 can be prepared in good yield when C60 is treated with o-quinodimethane in toluene. o-Quinodimethane is generated in situ from 1,2-bis(bromomethyl)benzene and KI in the presence of [18]crown-6 as phase-transfer catalyst. Adduct 1 was isolated after gel-permeation chromatography, and characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy; the sketch shows its geometry-optimized structure.
Guarding against premature convergence while accelerating evolutionary search (2010)

The fundamental dichotomy in evolutionary algorithms is that between exploration and exploitation. Recently, several algorithms [8, 9, 14, 16, 17, 20] have been introduced that guard against premature convergence by allowing both exploration and exploitation to occur simultaneously. However, continuous exploration greatly increases search time. To reduce the cost of continuous exploration we combine one of these methods (the age-layered population structure (ALPS) algorithm [8, 9]) with an early stopping (ES) method [2] that greatly accelerates the time needed to evaluate a candidate solution during search. We show that this combined method outperforms an equivalent algorithm with neither ALPS nor ES, as well as regimes in which only one of these methods is used, on an evolutionary robotics task.