gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of a stable fragment of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor containing the beta-protein in brain microvessels. (1992)

Altered proteolysis of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP) resulting in release of the approximately 40-residue amyloid beta-protein (A beta P) may be a seminal pathogenetic event in Alzheimer disease. Using region-specific beta APP antibodies, we searched for stable proteolytic intermediates containing the intact A beta P region in brain tissue. A 22-kDa beta APP fragment was selectively detected in microvessels purified from cerebral cortex and other brain regions. On immunoblots, the 22-kDa band is labeled by five distinct antisera to beta APP carboxyl-terminal peptides and by affinity-purified antibodies to the recombinant proteins beta APP444-592 and beta APP592-695, which flank the A beta P region. The protein is virtually undetectable in whole-brain homogenates or microvessel-free fractions of brain. The protein is extractable from microvessels in Triton X-100 and other detergents, indicating its membrane association. In comparison with cortical microvessels, microvessels purified from white matter, cerebellum, and nonneural tissues contain lower amounts of the 22-kDa protein. The protein is found in microvessels of both normal and Alzheimer disease brains and occurs in low amounts in microvessels from fresh bovine brain. The size and specific immunoreactivity of the 22-kDa protein indicate that it is a stable fragment of beta APP containing the intact A beta P. The occurrence of this potentially amyloidogenic intermediate in microvessels is consistent with a vascular or hematogenous origin for some A beta P deposits in Alzheimer disease.
Sulfamoyl Chloride, Sulfamides and Sulfimide (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSulfamoyl Chloride, Sulfamides and SulfimideElliott. Cohen and Betty. KlarbergCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 10, 1994–2002Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00869a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00869a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views789Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Technique for measuring the area of canine articular surfaces. (1987)

A method for measuring the surface area of canine articular cartilage was developed. Ten pairs of humeri were harvested from fresh canine cadavers. The articular cartilage of each humeral head was covered with liquid rubber latex applied with a brush to the margins of the articular surface. The latex cast was removed from the cartilage after the latex dried. Radial cuts were made in the cast so it could be flattened into a 2-dimensional plane. The surface area of each cast was then measured, using a compensating polar planimeter.
Loss of PTEN facilitates HIF-1-mediated gene expression (2000)

In glioblastoma-derived cell lines, PTEN does not significantly alter apoptotic sensitivity or cause complete inhibition of DNA synthesis. However, in these cell lines PTEN regulates hypoxia- and IGF-1-induced angiogenic gene expression by regulating Akt activation of HIF-1 activity. Restoration of wild-type PTEN to glioblastoma cell lines lacking functional PTEN ablates hypoxia and IGF-1 induction of HIF-1-regulated genes. In addition, Akt activation leads to HIF-1alpha stabilization, whereas PTEN attenuates hypoxia-mediated HIF-1alpha stabilization. We propose that loss of PTEN during malignant progression contributes to tumor expansion through the deregulation of Akt activity and HIF-1-regulated gene expression.
The KScalar simulator (2002)

Modern processors increase their performance with complex microarchitectural mechanisms, which makes them more and more difficult to understand and evaluate. KScalar is a graphical simulation tool that facilitates the study of such processors. It allows students to analyze the performance behavior of a wide range of processor microarchitectures: from a very simple in-order, scalar pipeline, to a detailed out-of-order, superscalar pipeline with non-blocking caches, speculative execution, and complex branch prediction. The simulator interprets executables for the Alpha AXP instruction set: from very short program fragments to large applications. The object's program execution may be simulated in varying levels of detail: either cycle-by-cycle, observing all the pipeline events that determine processor performance, or million cycles at once, taking statistics of the main performance issues.Instructors may use KScalar in several ways. First, it may be used to provide demonstrations in lectures or online learning environments. Second, it allows students to investigate the characteristics of specific processor microarchitectures as practical short assignments associated to a lecture course. Third, students may undertake major projects involving the optimization of real programs at the software-hardware interface, or involving the optimization of a processor microarchitecture for a given application workload.A preliminary version of KScalar has been successfully used in several lecture courses during the last two years in the University Autónoma of Barcelona. It runs on a x86/Linux/KDE system. The graphical interface has been developed using the KDE and QT libraries. The simulator engine running behind the graphical interface is a heavily-modified version of SimpleScalar. KScalar code is available under the terms of the GNU and SimpleScalar General Public License
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Infection in Spain (1999)

The first cases of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection in Spain were identified in 1988, in 3 African immigrants living in Barcelona. Since then, up to December 1998, 92 individuals with HIV-2 infection have been reported in Spain. Most are adult men, infected through heterosexual contacts, originating from West African countries, and currently living in the largest urban Spanish cities. Fifteen individuals have developed AIDS, meanwhile the rest remain asymptomatic. For 22 subjects, HIV-2 subtyping was performed on proviral DNA, 16 being infected with subtype A (8 Spanish born and 8 African immigrants) and the remaining with subtype B (two Spanish born and 4 originating from Equatorial Guinea). Coinfection with HIV-1 was demonstrated in 9 individuals. In conclusion, HIV-2 is currently circulating in Spain with a low prevalence and without evidence for increase over time.
Bax-dependent Regulation of Bak by Voltage-dependent Anion Channel 2 (2005)

Many studies have demonstrated a critical role of Bax in mediating apoptosis, but the role of Bak in regulating cancer cell apoptotic sensitivities in the presence or absence of Bax remains incompletely understood. Using isogenic cells with defined genetic deficiencies, here we show that in response to intrinsic, extrinsic, and endoplasmic reticulum stress stimuli, HCT116 cells show clear-cut apoptotic sensitivities in the order of Bax+/Bak+ > Bax+/Bak- >> Bax-/Bak+ >> Bax-/Bak-. Small interference RNA-mediated knockdown of Bak in Bax-deficient cells renders HCT116 cells completely resistant to apoptosis induction. Surprisingly, however, Bak knockdown in Bax-expressing cells only slightly affects the apoptotic sensitivities. Bak, like Bax, undergoes the N terminus exposure upon apoptotic stimulation in both Bax-expressing and Bax-deficient cells. Gel filtration, chemical cross-linking, and co-immunoprecipitation experiments reveal that different from Bax, which normally exists as monomers in unstimulated cells and is oligomerized by apoptotic stimulation, most Bak in unstimulated HCT116 cells exists in two distinct protein complexes, one of which contains voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) 2. During apoptosis, Bak and Bax form both homo- and hetero-oligomeric complexes that still retain some VDAC-2. However, the oligomeric VDAC-2 complexes are diminished, and Bak does not interact with VDAC-2 in Bax-deficient HCT116 cells. These results highlight VDAC-2 as a critical inhibitor of Bak-mediated apoptotic responses.
Metabolic flux response to phosphoglucose isomerase knock-out in Escherichia coli and impact of overexpression of the soluble transhydrogenase UdhA (2001)

Blocking glycolytic breakdown of glucose by inactivation of phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) in Escherichia coli led to a greatly reduced maximum specific growth rate. Examination of the operational catabolic pathways and their flux ratios using [U-(13)C(6)]glucose-labeling experiments and metabolic flux ratio analysis provide evidence for the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway as the primary route of glucose catabolism in the knock-out mutant. The resulting extensive flux through the PP pathway disturbs apparently the reducing power balance, since overexpression of the recently identified soluble transhydrogenase UdhA improves significantly the growth rate of the Pgi mutant. The presented results provide first evidence that UdhA restores the cellular redox balance by catalyzing electron transfer from NADPH to NADH.
Human skin auto-fluorescence decay as a function of irradiance and skin type (2011)

The aim of this work was to establish measurement conditions under which endogenous skin fluorescence ("auto-fluorescence") is relatively invariant, so that changes in exogenous agents can be accurately determined. Fluorescence emission was measured on the volar forearm of 36 subjects, chosen to be equally representative of all 6 Fitzpatrick skin types. All subjects were exposed to approximately 40 minutes of optical excitation at 450 and 500 nm with 4 irradiances between 0.3 and 9 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>. Both non-optically-induced (e.g. tissue settling and fluctuation) and optically-induced variations were observed in the measured fluorescence and mechanisms explaining these effects are proposed. The optically-induced auto-fluorescence decay was independent of skin type when excited at 450 nm, but significantly dependent on skin type when excited at 500 nm. Further, the extent of decay over time was linearly related to irradiance at 500 nm, but at 450 nm was non-linear, with the extent of decay rolling off between 2 and 9 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>. In order to maintain the auto-fluorescence signal within 95% of its original value over a 30 minute period, the excitation at 450 nm would need to be limited to 1.5 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>, while excitation at 500 nm should be limited to 5 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 tropism for brain microglial cells is determined by a region of the env glycoprotein that also controls macrophage tropism (1992)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the agent of AIDS, frequently infects the central nervous system. We inoculated adult human brain cultures with chimeric viruses containing parts of the env gene of a cloned primary isolate from brain tissue, HIV-1 JRFl, inserted into the cloned DNA of a T-cell-tropic strain. A chimeric virus containing the carboxy-terminal portion of HIV-1 JRFl env did not replicate in these brain tissue cultures, while a chimera expressing an env-encoded protein containing 158 amino acids of HIV-1 JRFl gp120, including the V3 loop, replicated well in brain microglial cells, as it does in blood macrophages. Infection of brain microglial cells with such a chimera was blocked by an antibody to the V3 loop of gp 120. Thus, env determinants in the region of gp120, outside the CD4-binding site and comprising the V3 loop, are critical for efficient viral binding to and/or entry into human brain microglia.
Functional hierarchy of AUUUA motifs in mediating rapid interleukin-3 mRNA decay. (1994)

In mast cells, expression of interleukin-3 (IL-3) is induced following IgE-receptor activation via calcium-dependent mRNA stabilization. We performed a mutational analysis of the 8 AUUUA motifs located in the 3'-untranslated region of IL-3 mRNA, and analyzed the effect on mRNA stability in PB-3c mast cells. Similar to endogenous IL-3 mRNA, exogenous IL-3 transcripts had a short half-life and were stabilized following stimulation of calcium influx by ionomycin. Specific mutation of 3 AUUUA motifs had almost the same stabilizing effect as deletion of the entire AU-rich region. Mutating even a single critical motif led to a weak, but significant mRNA stabilization. Ionomycin treatment did not further enhance the expression of mutationally stabilized transcripts. Our data fit a model, where within a cluster of 6 AUUUA motifs, 3 adjacent motifs are required for binding of a factor which mediates rapid IL-3 mRNA decay. Activity of such a factor might be under control of a calcium-dependent pathway.
Interaction-based programming towards translucent clouds (2010)

Today's cloud computing platforms are typically "opaque": Amazon EC2 users only receive virtual units of CPU and memory, and physical details of the platform are hidden. Such opacity prevents programs from online optimizations and deployment adjustment, and is penalizing the very applications cloud computing attempts to attract: high-performance software. On the other extreme, a completely transparent design of clouds would lead to severe security and reliability concerns. In this position paper, we take the middle-of-the-road approach, proposing a language model for well-defined programmable interactions between the cloud platform and the client program. Our proposed ideas draw from the previous work of Classages, where first-class interactions can be dynamically established and terminated for two parties with mutually satisfiable contracts. In this paper, we justify how our design can help cloud programs to fine-tune performance, and how it may impact on other important issues of cloud computing, such as security, scheduling, and pricing.
3D hand tracking by rapid stochastic gradient descent using a skinning model (2004)

Abstract- The main challenge of tracking articulated structures like hands is their large number of degrees of freedom (DOFs). A realistic 3D model of the human hand has at least 26 DOFs. The arsenal of tracking approaches that can track such structures fast and reliably is still very small. This paper proposes a tracker based on ‘Stochastic Meta-Descent ’ (SMD) for optimizations in such highdimensional state spaces. This new algorithm is based on a gradient descent approach with adaptive and parameter-specific step sizes. The SMD tracker facilitates the integration of constraints, and combined with a stochastic sampling technique, can get out of spurious local minima. Furthermore, the integration of a deformable hand model based on linear blend skinning and anthropometrical measurements reinforce the robustness of our tracker. Experiments show the efficiency of the SMD algorithm in comparison with common optimization methods. 1
A Privacy Mechanism for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (2002)

This document defines new mechanisms for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) in support of privacy.Specifically, guidelines are provided for the creation of messages that do not divulge personal identity information.A new "privacy service" logical role for intermediaries is defined to answer some privacy requirements that user agents cannot satisfy themselves.Finally, means are presented by which a user can request particular functions from a privacy service.
Amplification of tumor immunity by gene transfer of the co-stimulatory 4-1BB ligand: synergy with the CD28 co-stimulatory pathway (1998)

We have explored the role of an activation-induced T cell molecule, 4-1BB (CDw137), in the amplification of tumor immunity by retrovirus-mediated transduction of the 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) into tumor cells. Mice inoculated with P815 tumor cells expressing 4-1BBL developed a strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and long-term immunity against wild-type tumor. The optimal effect of 4-1BBL in CTL stimulation required B7-CD28 interaction since blockade of this interaction by antibodies down-regulated the expression of 4-1BB on T cells and decreased CTL activity. Furthermore, co-expression of 4-1BBL and B7-1 in the poorly immunogenic AG104A sarcoma enhanced the induction of effector CTL and the rejection of the wild-type tumor while neither 4-1BBL nor B7-1 single transfectants were effective, suggesting a synergistic effect between the 4-1BB and the CD28 co-stimulatory pathways. Our results underscore the importance of the 4-1BB T cell stimulation pathway in the amplification of an antitumor immune response.
Does a Rigid Body Limit Maneuverability? (2000)

Whether a rigid body limits maneuverability depends on how maneuverability is defined. By the current definition, the minimum radius of the turn, a rigid-bodied, spotted boxfish Ostracion meleagris approaches maximum maneuverability, i.e. it can spin around with minimum turning radii near zero. The radius of the minimum space required to turn is an alternative measure of maneuverability. By this definition, O. meleagris is not very maneuverable. The observed space required by O. meleagris to turn is slightly greater than its theoretical minimum but much greater than that of highly flexible fish. Agility, the rate of turning, is related to maneuverability. The median- and pectoral-fin-powered turns of O. meleagris are slow relative to the body- and caudal-fin-powered turns of more flexible fish.
Antiurolithiatic and antioxidant activity of Hordeum vulgare seeds on ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats (2012)

These results suggest the usefulness of ethanolic extract of Hordeum vulgare seeds as an antiurolithiatic and antioxidant agent.
Albania - Civil servants legislation in Albania: improvement options deliberations (2008)

This third report about civil service legislation (CSL) in Albania, summarizes the results of consultations undertaken during the two phases of the project and that of the additional consultations undertaken during the third phase of the project. The report is divided in two parts. The first part summarizes the findings of the consultation and highlights the areas of agreement and /or divergence between different key actors on the current situation of the implementation of civil service legislation, whilst the second part, summarizes the findings and highlights the areas of agreement and/or disagreement between different key actors on the objectives of the civil service reform effort, the diagnosis of the challenges it faces, and the recommendations for enhancing the odds that the core objectives of the civil service legislation will be better achieved in the future. Reform of Public Administration, with focus on CSL as the most sensitive topic part of this reform, has been articulated by both political sides as another important reform agenda which could merit the political consensus. Nevertheless, such political climate is fragile. Being closer to the coming elections of next summer, higher the risk of losing this momentum.
Combined acromegaly and subclinical Cushing disease related to high-molecular-weight adrenocorticotropic hormone (2008)

A 36-year-old man with a 1-year history of diabetes mellitus was referred to the authors' hospital for further endocrinological evaluation of acromegaly. On physical examination, typical acromegalic features but no typical cushingoid features were observed. The clinical diagnosis of growth hormone (GH)-producing pituitary adenoma was confirmed by MR imaging findings, nonsuppression of serum GH levels during a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (trough GH 6.33 ng/ml), and elevated serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels (1361.3 ng/ml). Moreover, autonomic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion was suspected, based on inadequate suppression of ACTH or cortisol levels by an 0.5-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test. Analysis of the patient's plasma by using the gel filtration method revealed the presence of a high-molecular-weight (HMW) form of ACTH known to exhibit low biological activity. Transsphenoidal adenomectomy was performed for the pituitary tumor. Immunohistochemical investigation of the resected specimen showed strong and diffuse immunoreactivity to GH and focal immunoreactivity to ACTH. Although there have been a few cases of pituitary adenoma that produced GH and ACTH concomitantly, this is the first report of the detection of HMW ACTH in patients with GH- and ACTH-producing adenomas. Furthermore, the previous cases also did not exhibit typical cushingoid features. It is suggested that the secretion of ACTH in patients with concurrent GH- and ACTH-secreting adenomas might consist of the HMW form and that the HMW ACTH is consequently associated with a subclinical Cushing state.
What makes cancer stem cell markers different? (2013)

Since the cancer stem cell concept has been widely accepted, several strategies have been proposed to attack cancer stem cells (CSC). Accordingly, stem cell markers are now preferred therapeutic targets. However, the problem of tumor specificity has not disappeared but shifted to another question: how can cancer stem cells be distinguished from normal stem cells, or more specifically, how do CSC markers differ from normal stem cell markers? A hypothesis is proposed which might help to solve this problem in at least a subgroup of stem cell markers. Glycosylation may provide the key.
Imaging the Molecular Dimensions and Oligomerization of Proteins at Liquid/Solid Interfaces (1998)

Individual Concanavalin A (ConA) molecules have been imaged at the liquid/solid interface with an atomic force microscope (AFM). Three-dimensional sizing with very high resolution (<5 Å) has been obtained by a novel approach based on height distributions, which avoids the tip convolution effects which normally affect scanning probe microscopy techniques. Each height measurement correlates to a particular molecular orientation on the surface. A large number of such measurements provide a statistical ensemble of orientations. The complete height distribution reflects the three-dimensional size of the protein sample and hence its tertiary and quaternary structure. A surface adsorption and orientation model, based on a minimization of surface adsorption energy, is proposed. This model is in good agreement with the observed height distribution of Con A molecules at the liquid/solid interface. Analysis of Con A and succinylated Con A molecules on mica demonstrates that Con A dimers are the prevalent species at the liquid/solid interface. This is in contrast to the tetrameric organization of Con A normally observed in solution. The new possibilities opened by height distribution analysis on the physical characterization of biomolecules at interfaces are also discussed.