gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Whole-body photoreceptor networks are independent of ‘lenses’ in brittle stars (2018)

Photoreception and vision are fundamental aspects of animal sensory biology and ecology, but important gaps remain in our understanding of these processes in many species. The colour-changing brittle star <i>Ophiocoma wendtii</i> is iconic in vision research, speculatively possessing a unique whole-body visual system that incorporates information from nerve bundles underlying thousands of crystalline 'microlenses'. The hypothesis that these might form a sophisticated compound eye-like system regulated by chromatophores has been extensively reiterated, with investigations into biomimetic optics and similar supposedly 'visual' structures in living and fossil taxa. However, no photoreceptors or visual behaviours have ever been identified. We present the first evidence of photoreceptor networks in three <i>Ophiocoma</i> species, both with and without microlenses and colour-changing behaviour. High-resolution microscopy, immunohistochemistry and synchrotron tomography demonstrate that putative photoreceptors cover the animals' oral, lateral and aboral surfaces, but are absent at the hypothesized focal points of the microlenses. The structural optics of these crystal 'lenses' are an exaptation and do not fulfil any apparent visual role. This contradicts previous studies, yet the photoreceptor network in <i>Ophiocoma</i> appears even more widespread than previously anticipated, both taxonomically and anatomically.
Antiphospholipid/antiprotein antibodies, hemostasis-related autoantibodies, and plasma homocysteine as risk factors for a first early pregnancy loss: a matched case-control study (2003)

Maternal hypercoagulability is a possible cause of miscarriage during the eighth and ninth weeks of pregnancy, when the placenta replaces the yolk sac. We thus examined associations between putative markers of an acquired hypercoagulable state and the risk of first miscarriage. We conducted a case-control study comparing 743 women who miscarried in weeks 8 and 9 with 743 women who underwent a first provoked abortion, matched for age, number of pregnancies, and time elapsed since abortion. Levels of plasma homocysteine and of various antiphospholipid/antiprotein and hemostasis-related autoantibodies were categorized in 4 strata (percentiles 1-80, 81-95, 96-99, 100 among control patients) and analyzed in conditional logistic regression models. Pregnancy loss was independently associated with positive lupus anticoagulant (matched odds ratio [OR], 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-6.0), high levels of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against cardiolipin (OR for percentile 100 versus 0-80, 3.5; CI, 1.2-10.1) and against phosphatidylethanolamine (OR, 4.7; CI, 1.9-12.1), high levels of IgG antibodies against annexin V (OR, 3.2; CI, 1.1-9.1) and against tissue-type plasminogen activator (OR, 19.5; CI, 7.9-48.0), and high homocystinemia (OR, 4.1; CI, 1.3-12.5). A first early pregnancy loss is associated with increased levels of several autoantibodies and of homocysteine.
Purification and characterization of a polyphosphoinositide phosphatase from rat brain. (1994)

A novel membrane-bound polyphosphoinositide phosphatase has been purified 7700-fold from rat brain. A combination of gel filtration chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the enzyme is a monomer with a molecular weight of 85,000-90,000. Biochemical analysis of the polyphosphoinositide phosphatase demonstrated that the enzyme utilizes phosphatidylinositol(4)phosphate (PtdIns(4)P), phosphatidylinositol(3)phosphate (PtdIns(3)P), and phosphatidylinositol (4,5)bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) as substrates. In the case of PtdIns(4,5)P2, the substrate is doubly dephosphorylated to yield PtdIns. The apparent Km values for PtdIns(4)P and PtdIns(4,5)P2 are 45 and 5 microM, respectively. Inositol(1,4)bisphosphate and inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate neither serve as direct substrates for the polyphosphoinositide phosphatase nor inhibit its activity even at concentrations as high as 100 microM. Thus, the substrate specificity of the polyphosphoinositide phosphatase is distinct from that of previously identified phosphatases that utilize both inositol phospholipids and soluble inositol phosphates as substrates. The ability of the polyphosphoinositide phosphatase to hydrolyze phosphate from the 3-, 4-, or 5-position of the inositol ring suggests that this enzyme may play a key role in maintaining homeostasis among all forms of polyphosphoinositides.
BGA and Advanced Package Wire to Wire Bonding for Backside Emission Microscopy (1999)

Abstract A new method of preparation will be shown which allows traditional fixturing such as test heads and probe stations to be utilized in a normal test mode. No inverted boards cabled to a tester are needed since the die remains in its original package and is polished and rebonded to a new package carrier with the polished side facing upward. A simple pin reassignment is all that is needed to correct the reverse wire sequence after wire to wire bonding or wire to frame bonding in the new package frame. The resulting orientation eliminates many of the problems of backside microscopy since the resulting package orientation is now frontside. The low profile as a result of this technique allows short working distance objectives such as immersion lenses to be used across the die surface. Test equipment can be used in conjunction with analytical tools such as the emission microscope or focused ion beam due to the upright orientation of the polished backside silicon. The relationship between silicon thickness and transmission for various wavelengths of light will be shown. This preparation technique is applicable to advanced packaging methods and has the potential to become part of future assembly processes.
In vitro immunization of human lymphocytes. I. Production of human monoclonal antibodies against bombesin and tetanus toxoid. (1985)

A procedure for in vitro sensitization of human lymphocytes against bombesin conjugated to tetanus toxoid (BTT) is described. Bombesin is a tetradecapeptide associated with small cell lung carcinoma. We found that antibody responses against bombesin as well as tetanus toxoid could be generated in vitro by culturing nylon-separated human splenic lymphocytes for 6 days with lipopolysaccharide, phytohemagglutinin-activated lymphocyte supernatants, human AB serum, and bombesin conjugated to tetanus toxoid. Cells sensitized by this procedure were fused to murine myeloma cells, NS-1. The specificities of resulting hybrids were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunoassays and competitive inhibition experiments. Hybrids secreting anti-bombesin (IgM) or anti-tetanus toxoid (IgM or IgG) were obtained. The ratio of IgG to IgM antibodies against tetanus toxoid could be increased by using antigen coupled to Sepharose beads. The sensitization procedure described here offers a system for the study of antigenic stimulation of human B lymphocytes in vitro and for the production of human monoclonal antibodies with the desired specificities.
Endothelial–Mesenchymal Interactions In Vitro Reveal Molecular Mechanisms of Smooth Muscle/Pericyte Differentiation (2004)

Cell-cell interactions are central to vascular development. We have developed an in vitro system in which endothelial cells (EC) are co-cultured with 10T1/2 cells as smooth muscle cell (SMC)/pericyte precursors. 10T1/2 cells, in contact with EC, differentiate to SMC in a process mediated, at least in part, by a transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-mediated event. Co-culture with EC or TGF-beta treatment induced expression of SM22alpha, with co-culture inducing a significantly greater response. To dissect the molecular mechanisms of SMC/pericyte differentiation, reporter constructs containing the promoter for SM22alpha, a SMC-specific gene, were stably transfected into 10T1/2 cells and response to EC-co-culture and TGFbeta were compared. Co-culture with EC or TGFbeta treatment stimulated activity of a 441-bp SM22-alpha promoter to about the same extent, whereas co-culture induced the activity of a 3.7-kb promoter to about twice that of TGBbeta. Neutralization of TGFbeta in EC-10T1/2 co-cultures partially reduced the 3.7-kb SM22alpha promoter activity in 10T1/2 cells. Previously unidentified CArG and TCE elements near the 5' end of the promoter are responsible for full promoter activity. EC-mesenchymal contact appears to be required for full promoter activity of the SM22alpha gene in 10T1/2 and requires upstream CArG and TCE elements. The 3.7-kb SM22alpha promoter can direct expression of lacZ in vivo to SMC of the large vessels and the smaller intersomitic vessels. We have identified the expression of SM22alpha in pericytes of the retinal microvasculature in developing and remodeling vessels.
Constitutive Activation of the Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Signaling Pathway by Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)/PTH-Related Peptide Receptors Mutated at the Two Loci for Jansen’s Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia (1997)

Two different activating PTH/PTH-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor mutations, H223R and T410P, were recently identified as the most likely cause of Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia. To assess the functional importance of either amino acid position in the human PTH/PTHrP receptor, H223 and T410 were individually replaced by all other amino acids. At position 223, only arginine and lysine led to agonist-independent cAMP accumulation; all other amino acid substitutions resulted in receptor mutants that lacked constitutive activity or were uninformative due to poor cell surface expression. In contrast, most amino acid substitutions at position 410 conferred constitutive cAMP accumulation and affected PTH/PTHrP receptor expression not at all or only mildly. Mutations corresponding to the H223R or T410P exchange in the human PTH/PTHrP receptor also led to constitutive activity when introduced into the opossum receptor homolog, but showed little or no change in basal cAMP accumulation when introduced into the rat PTH/PTHrP receptor. The PTH/PTHrP receptor residues mutated in Jansen's disease are conserved in all mammalian members of this family of G protein-coupled receptors. However, when the equivalent of either the H223R or the T410P mutation was introduced into several other related receptors, including the PTH2 receptor and the receptors for calcitonin, secretin, GH-releasing hormone, glucagon-like peptide I, and CRH, the resulting mutants failed to induce constitutive activity. These studies suggest that two residues in the human PTH/PTHrP receptor, 223 and 410, have critical roles in signal transduction, but with different sequence constrains.
The Gender Gap in Multiple Sclerosis (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Neurology HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Neurology journal
Synthetic peptide substrates for a tyrosine protein kinase. (1982)

Immunoprecipitates containing the transforming protein of the avian sarcoma virus, Y73, together with its associated tyrosine-specific protein kinase, have an activity which will phosphorylate the synthetic peptide Lys-Leu-Ile-Glu-Asp-Asn-Glu-Tyr-Thr-Ala-Arg at the tyrosine residue. This peptide corresponds to 10 out of 11 amino acids surrounding the phosphorylated tyrosine in both pp60src and P90, the transforming proteins of Rous sarcoma virus and Y73 virus, respectively. The apparent Km for phosphorylation of the peptide was about 5 mM. A second peptide with the sequence Lys-Leu-Ile-Asp-Asn-Glu-Tyr-Thr-ala-Arg differing from the first peptide only by the absence of the glutamic acid 4 residues from the tyrosine was also phosphorylated, but the apparent Km for the reaction was 40 mM. Several sites of tyrosine phosphorylation in viral transforming proteins have been found to have one or more glutamic acids close to the phosphorylated tyrosine on the NH2-terminal side. Taken together with our in vitro phosphorylation studies, this suggests that the primary sequence surrounding target tyrosines may play a role in recognition of substrates by tyrosine protein kinases, and in particular, that glutamic acid residues on the NH2-terminal side may be important.
A reversible multi-well chamber for incubation of cultured cells with small volumes: application to screening of hybridoma fusions using immunofluorescence microscopy. (1990)

Immunofluorescence microscopy is a powerful technique for detecting the location of surface and intracellular antigens in individual cells. However, using standard methods, processing large numbers of samples for immunofluorescence is cumbersome and difficult. To simplify greatly this process, we have developed a chamber that reversibly creates multiple small wells in a large (150 mm) tissue culture dish. This device allows the rapid and convenient processing of hundreds of samples each of 100 microliters volume. Each sample is examined using a short working distance, high numerical aperture immersion objective for maximum sensitivity and resolution. This apparatus makes immunofluorescence a practical method for the primary screening of hybridoma clones.
Isolation of Ehrlichia canis from dogs following subcutaneous inoculation (1996)

Subcutaneous inoculation of dogs with Ehrlichia canis was investigated as a more appropriate model of canine ehrlichiosis, which is naturally transmitted by arthropod vectors. A dose-dependent response occurred following subcutaneous inoculation of seven groups of dogs with log concentrations of E. canis-infected canine-origin cells. Ehrlichial infection in dogs was defined as concurrence of an increased titer of anti-E. canis immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody in serum, a decreased platelet concentration, and isolation of E. canis by blood culture. In dogs administered the two lowest doses, no changes were detected. In seven of nine dogs administered three intermediate doses, the only change detected was a transient and mild increase in the anti-E. canis IgG antibody titer in serum. Only two of nine dogs inoculated with the intermediate doses developed an ehrlichial infection. Five of six dogs administered the two highest dose of E. canis developed an ehrlichial infection. These dogs had the highest IgG antibody titers in serum and the earliest isolation of E. canis from blood. In dogs that developed an ehrlichial infection, thrombocytopenia occurred by 28 days after inoculation, while increased IgG antibody titers in serum and blood cultures positive for E. canis occurred as early as 14 days postinoculation. Thrombocytopenia and seroconversion occurred later in the course of infection than previously reported for ehrlichial infections induced by intravenous inoculation. The route of administration and E. canis inoculum size can influence the course of ehrlichial infection and should be regarded as important variables in experimentally induced canine ehrlichiosis.
<title>Forward imaging robotic vehicle mission using an ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar</title> (2002)

In support of the Army vision for increased mobility, survivability, and lethality, we are investigating the use of ultra-wideband (UWB) radar technology to enhance unmanned ground vehicle missions. The ability of UWB radar technology to detect foliage-concealed objects could provide an important obstacle avoidance capability for robotic vehicles, which would improve the speed and maneuverability of these vehicles and consequently increase the survivability of the U.S. forces. This technology would address the particular challenges that confront robotic vehicles such as large rocks hidden in tall grass and voids such as ditches and bodies of water. This paper describes electromagnetic model predictions of the radar cross section of potential robotic vehicle obstacles. These model predictions will be used to guide the data collection scenarios for the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) ultra-wideband BoomSAR system. Using a combination of the models, simulations, and BoomSAR data we investigate the operating parameters (imaging angles, frequencies, bandwidth, etc.) for an obstacle-avoidance UWB radar.
The endocrinology of aging. (1999)

Physiologic systems have substantial reserves in younger individuals. The process of aging and intercurrent pathologic processes gradually eliminate these reserves. Changes in endocrine systems, including menopause in women, androgen deficiency in men, loss of skeletal mass, decrease in growth hormone serum concentrations, and increased incidence of type 2 diabetes are all more common or certain in older individuals. This review summarizes the progression of each of these processes with age, the potential outcomes of the untreated process, and the treatment outcomes for these age-related losses. Maintenance of a premenopausal lipid profile presumably protects against cardiovascular events. Maintenance of skeletal mass reduces fracture risk and risk for loss of mobility and independence. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal older men improves strength and presumably function and independence. Growth hormone therapy is reported to have similar effects. Improvement of long-term outcomes in older type 2 diabetics, however, is more difficult to demonstrate.
Electrophile Aminierung von C‐H‐aciden Verbindungen mit 1‐Oxa‐2‐azaspiro[2.5]octan (1992)

Electrophilic Amination of C‐H‐Acidic Compounds with 1‐Oxa‐2‐azaspiro[2.5]octane The reactions of 1‐oxa‐2‐azaspiro[2.5]octane ( 1 , 3,3‐pentamethyleneoxaziridine) with malonic (e.g. 4 , 35 ) and cyanoacetic acid derivatives (e.g. 11 , 13 20 ) and other C‐H acids [e.g. barbituric acid ( 6 ), Meldrum's acid, (diphenylmethyleneamino)‐acetonitrile ( 26 ) 1‐benzyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐1 H ‐pyrazol‐5(4 H )‐one, and phenylbutazone ( 33 )] have been studied. After the introduction of a 1‐hydroxycyclohexylamino group at the acidic position, five different stabilisation reactions of the intermediate 2 could be classified. The most important one is an intramolecular nucleophilic attack to a nitrile group giving disubstituted 1,4‐diazaspiro[4.5]decanones 2a . Their ring transformations (e.g. 2a → 3 ) or the introduction of a second amino group at the same carbon atom ( 2a → 3a ) are further new reactions. Geminal diamino acid derivatives 3a thus obtained can be stable or rearrange to 3 (R 1  NH 2 ) or eliminate cyclohexanone (formation of 42 ) and/or ammonia (formation of 41 or 43 ). Amination of N ‐cyanoacetyl‐protected amino acid esters ( 20 , NHR = amino acid unit) with 1 yields cyclic dipeptide derivatives 41 .
Multimodal Nanoprobes for Radionuclide and Five-Color Near-Infrared Optical Lymphatic Imaging (2007)

Current contrast agents generally have one function and can only be imaged in monochrome; therefore, the majority of imaging methods can only impart uniparametric information. A single nanoparticle has the potential to be loaded with multiple payloads. Such multimodality probes have the ability to be imaged by more than one imaging technique, which could compensate for the weakness or even combine the advantages of each individual modality. Furthermore, optical imaging using different optical probes enables us to achieve multicolor in vivo imaging, wherein multiple parameters can be read from a single image. To allow differentiation of multiple optical signals in vivo, each probe should have a close but different near-infrared emission. To this end, we synthesized nanoprobes with multimodal and multicolor potential, which employed a polyamidoamine dendrimer platform linked to both radionuclides and optical probes, permitting dual-modality scintigraphic and five-color near-infrared optical lymphatic imaging using a multiple-excitation spectrally resolved fluorescence imaging technique.
Surface-directed capillary system; theory, experiments and applications (2005)

We present a capillary flow system for liquid transport in microsystems. Our simple microfluidic system consists of two planar parallel surfaces, separated by spacers. One of the surfaces is entirely hydrophobic, the other mainly hydrophobic, but with hydrophilic pathways defined on it by photolithographic means. By controlling the wetting properties of the surfaces in this manner, the liquid can be confined to certain areas defined by the hydrophilic pathways. This technique eliminates the need for alignment of the two surfaces. Patterned plasma-polymerized hexafluoropropene constitutes the hydrophobic areas, whereas the untreated glass surface constitutes the hydrophilic pathways. We developed a theoretical model of the capillary flow and obtained analytical solutions which are in good agreement with the experimental results. The capillarity-driven microflow system was also used to pattern and immobilize biological material on planar substrates: well-defined 200 microm wide strips of human cells (HeLa) and fluorescence labelled proteins (fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled bovine serum albumin, i.e., FITC-BSA) were fabricated using the capillary flow system presented here.
Selective inhibition of the duck hepatitis B virus by a new class of tetraazamacrocycles (1997)

The antiviral activity of a new class of N,N,N',N",NA'''-pentakis (omega-aminoalkyl) tetraazamacrocycles was evaluated in primary duck hepatocyte cultures infected with the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV). Three of the four tested compounds were able to selectively inhibit DHBV replication by acting at an early step of the hepadnavirus infection but were associated with significant toxicity.
Laboratory Investigation on the Effect of In-Situ Stresses on Hydraulic Fracture Containment (1982)

Abstract Laboratory experiments have been conducted to determine the effect of in-situ stress variations on hydraulic fracture containment. Fractures were initiated in layered rock samples with prescribed stress variations, and fracture growth characteristics were determined as a function of stress levels. Stress contrasts of 300 to 400 psi (2 to 3 MPa) were found sufficient to restrict fracture growth in laboratory samples of Nevada tuff and Tennessee and Nugget sandstones. The required stress level was found not to depend on mechanical rock properties. However, permeability and the resultant pore pressure effects were important. Tests conducted at bimaterial interfaces between Nugget and Tennessee sandstones show that the resultant stresses set up near the interface because of the applied overburden stress affect the fracture behavior in the same way as the applied confining stresses. These results provide a guideline for determining the in-situ stress contrast necessary to contain a fracture in a field treatment.