gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Establishment of new murine embryonic stem cell lines for the generation of mouse models of human genetic diseases (2002)

Embryonic stem cells are totipotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts. Recently, the development of appropriate culture conditions for the differentiation of these cells into specific cell types has permitted their use as potential therapeutic agents for several diseases. In addition, manipulation of their genome in vitro allows the creation of animal models of human genetic diseases and for the study of gene function in vivo. We report the establishment of new lines of murine embryonic stem cells from preimplantation stage embryos of 129/Sv mice. Most of these cells had a normal karyotype and an XY sex chromosome composition. The pluripotent properties of the cell lines obtained were analyzed on the basis of their alkaline phosphatase activity and their capacity to form complex embryoid bodies with rhythmically contracting cardiomyocytes. Two lines, USP-1 and USP-3, with the best in vitro characteristics of pluripotency were used in chimera-generating experiments. The capacity to contribute to the germ line was demonstrated by the USP-1 cell line. This cell line is currently being used to generate mouse models of human diseases.
Increased Expression of the Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Bronchial Tissue from Asthmatic Subjects (1994)

The expression of the monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), a member of the chemokine family of low molecular weight cytokines, was assessed by immunohistochemistry in bronchial biopsies from 12 asthmatic and 12 normal subjects. Both a monoclonal antibody (F9) and a polyclonal antibody were employed to detect MCP-1, while the mouse myeloma protein (MOPC21) was used as a negative control. Strong positive reactions for MCP-1 were seen in the bronchial epithelium. Subepithelial macrophages, blood vessels, and bronchial smooth muscle were also stained. Hue-saturation-intensity color image analysis was used to quantify reactions of the monoclonal antibody in the epithelial and subepithelial layers. With the monoclonal antibody, asthmatic biopsies showed 51.8 +/- 3.7% (mean +/- SEM) of the epithelium staining positively, whereas normal subjects reacted much less, with 6.4 +/- 1.9% of the epithelium staining (P < 0.0001); there was no overlap between the two groups. Likewise, staining was increased in the subepithelium of asthmatic airway biopsies, with 11.5 +/- 3.1% and 2.0 +/- 1.0% staining positively in asthmatic and normal subepithelium, respectively, (P < 0.002). There was a significant correlation between staining of the epithelium and subepithelium (r = 0.77, P < 0.001). The polyclonal anti-MCP-1 antibody also gave strong reactions in the epithelium and subepithelium, with 34.0 +/- 7.8% of the asthmatic and 1.6 +/- 1.0% of the normal bronchial epithelium staining positively (P < 0.0001). These increased levels of MCP-1 in the asthmatic airways suggest that they may play a role in macrophage recruitment and activation and thereby contribute to the inflammatory pathology of bronchial asthma.
Hyaluronan in skin (1997)

Because of the abundance of hyaluronan in skin, interest was early focused on variation in the content of the polysaccharide in various pathological conditions of this tissue. A large amount of early work utilized histological techniques of insufficient specificity but recent developments of specific analytical and staining methods for hyaluronan have supplied new data on its presence and possible role in skin disorders.
Designing TCP/IP Internetworks (1995)

From the Publisher:
This groundbreaking reference book offers practical strategies for developing large-scale networks using TCP/IP protocols-the technology upon which the massive Internet is built. It includes in-depth discussions of basic issues such as network administration and management, as well as more complex concepts such as hybrid bridge/router internetworks and incorporating SNA networks. Throughout the book, emphasis is placed on designing for high performance, resilience, and security. Tutorials are included on diskettes.
Pharmacodiagnostics and Targeted Therapies—A Rational Approach for Individualizing Medical Anticancer Therapy in Breast Cancer (2007)

The selection of therapy for a particular breast cancer patient is traditionally based on average results from randomized clinical trials. Rational pharmacotherapy is in essence about selecting the right drug(s) for the right patient, and in order to guide this selection process pharmacodiagnostic tests are indispensable. A number of tests have been developed or are under development for targeted therapies, such as antiestrogens, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 inhibitors, and topoisomerase inhibitors. Based on a biopsy from the tumor, the tests are able to identify patients with a high probability to benefit from these therapies. The detection of the predictive biomarkers is based on different technologies, such as immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and chromogenic in situ hybridization. Pharmacodiagnostic tests will play an important role in the further development of targeted therapies and may be seen as a prerequisite for the introduction of individualized medicine in oncology.
Structure-Guided Recombination Creates an Artificial Family of Cytochromes P450 (2006)

Creating artificial protein families affords new opportunities to explore the determinants of structure and biological function free from many of the constraints of natural selection. We have created an artificial family comprising 3,000 P450 heme proteins that correctly fold and incorporate a heme cofactor by recombining three cytochromes P450 at seven crossover locations chosen to minimize structural disruption. Members of this protein family differ from any known sequence at an average of 72 and by as many as 109 amino acids. Most (>73%) of the properly folded chimeric P450 heme proteins are catalytically active peroxygenases; some are more thermostable than the parent proteins. A multiple sequence alignment of 955 chimeras, including both folded and not, is a valuable resource for sequence-structure-function studies. Logistic regression analysis of the multiple sequence alignment identifies key structural contributions to cytochrome P450 heme incorporation and peroxygenase activity and suggests possible structural differences between parents CYP102A1 and CYP102A2.
Fluorinated Poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s: Synthesis and Optical Properties of an Intriguing Class of Luminescent Polymers (2010)

This review is an overview of our previous work on the synthesis and properties of poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s (PPVs) selectively fluorinated in different positions of the conjugated backbone. Both the synthetic challenges and the effects of functionalization with fluorine atoms on the optical behavior are discussed, highlighting the peculiarities and the interest of this class of conjugated polymers. A general polymerization protocol for PPVs, that is based on the Pd-catalyzed Stille cross-coupling reaction of bis-stannylated vinylene monomers with aromatic bis-halides, has been successfully extended to the synthesis of selectively fluorinated poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s. The properties of a series of these PPVs differing in the number and positions of the fluorine atoms on the conjugated backbone have been studied, even in comparison with the non-fluorinated counterparts. The intriguing optical features of the resulting materials are discussed considering not only the role of the electronic and steric effects induced by the fluorine substituents, but also the impact of the fluorination on the solid state organization and intermolecular interactions.
Cellular and humoral immune reactions in chronic active liver disease. I. Lymphocyte subsets in liver biopsies of patients with untreated idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis B and primary biliary cirrhosis. (1982)

In liver biopsies of 37 patients with chronic active liver disease (CALD) the inflammatory infiltrate was studied with monoclonal antibodies to the surface antigens on helper/inducer (OKT4+), suppressor/cytotoxic (OKT8+), killer/natural killer (OKM1,2+) cells and common T cell antigens (OKT1+, OKT3+). Furthermore OKT11 antibody was applied, which defines the E rosette receptor. Special emphasis was given to areas with piece-meal necrosis (PMN). In areas with PMN in idiopathic autoimmune CALD (IA-CALD, n = 15) OKT8+ and OKM+ lymphocytes and IgG plasma cells were present, whereas in hepatitis B-CALD (HB-CALD, n = 12) almost exclusively OKT8+ cells were found. In PBC (n = 10) OKT4+ cells in central parts of portal tracts and OKT8+ cells in areas with PMN predominated. These findings indicate that in IA-CALD antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), as well as T cell cytotoxicity may be responsible for liver cell damage, while in HB-CALD T cell cytotoxicity seems to be the only mechanism. In PBC liver cell damage also predominantly is the result of T cell cytotoxicity. In addition, helper T lymphocytes seem to play a role since these are found in central areas of the portal tracts.
One-shot time-resolved holographic polarization microscopy for imaging laser-induced ultrafast phenomena (2017)

A time-resolved holographic polarization microscopy, based on angular multiplexing holographic technique, is proposed for imaging ultrafast phenomena in polarization-sensitive transparent materials. This method can retrieve and image the complex amplitude distributions of two orthogonal polarization components of two sequential vector wavefronts with ultrashort time interval by a single short recording. Some experimental results for imaging the pulse laser induced ultrafast events based on the method are given. It is demonstrated that this technique may provide a potential tool for characterizing ultrafast processes in polarization-sensitive materials, especially in the non-reproducible experiment conditions.
Acetaminophen, Aspirin, and Chronic Renal Failure (2001)

Our results are consistent with the existence of exacerbating effects of acetaminophen and aspirin on chronic renal failure. However, we cannot rule out the possibility of bias due to the triggering of analgesic consumption by predisposing conditions.
Differentiation of Neural Precursors and Dopaminergic Neurons from Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2009)

Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to a functional cell type, including neurons, is the foundation for application of hESCs. We describe here a reproducible, chemically defined protocol that allows directed differentiation of hESCs to nearly pure neuroectodermal cells and neurons. First, hESC colonies are detached from mouse fibroblast feeder layers and form aggregates to initiate the differentiation procedure. Second, after 4 days of suspension culture, the ESC growth medium is replaced with neural induction medium to guide neuroectodermal specification. Third, the differentiating hESC aggregates are attached onto the culture surface at day 6-7, where columnar neural epithelial cells appear and organize into rosettes. Fourth, the neural rosettes are enriched by detaching rosettes and leaving the peripheral flat cells attached and expanded as neuroepithelial aggregates in the same medium. Finally, the neuroepithelial aggregates are dissociated and differentiated to nearly pure neurons. This stepwise differentiation protocol results in the generation of primitive neuroepithelia at day 8-10, neural progenitors at the second and third week, and postmitotic neurons at the fourth week, which mirrors the early phase of neural development in a human embryo. Identification of the primitive neuroepithelial cells permits efficient patterning of region-specific progenitors and neuronal subtypes such as midbrain dopaminergic neurons.
Heat Out of Small Packages (2001)

Compact cooling devices are taking shape to deal with the next generation of computer chips. One of the research projects, conducted at the University of Maryland under initial sponsorship from several private companies and federal government laboratories, studied liquid cooling. In order to avoid the design complexities associated with direct liquid cooling, and to make the device of near-term applicability to systems designers, the research team at Maryland decided to use indirect liquid cooling. The university researchers focused on the use of two phase thermosyphons to meet these requirements. Researchers conceptualized a two-chamber, closed-loop device with an evaporator chamber at the chip and a condenser some distance away connected through tubing. The working fluid tested in laboratory experiments was the dielectric coolant PF 5060 made by 3M Co. The University of Maryland and Hewlett-Packard team selected two test beds to evaluate the performance and ease of integration of these devices within existing high-performance computing systems.
Anisotropic optical matrix elements in strained GaN‐quantum wells with various substrate orientations (2008)

Abstract Polarization properties in compressively strained III‐nitride quantum wells (QWs) with various substrate orientations are numerically calculated using the 6×6 k · p Hamiltonian. It is shown that in‐plane optical anisotropies strongly depend on substrate orientation, QW width, and strain components. In particular, quantum confinement and compressive strain have the opposite effects on the anisotropies, and the in‐plane polarization degree is determined by the competition of these two effects. These characteristics are also verified by analytical calculations. On the basis of the calculation results, the structural design of laser diodes on semipolar and nonpolar substrates is also discussed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystal and Molecular Structures of Rhenium Heptafluoride (1994)

Rhenium heptafluoride, ReF(7), is one of only two stable binary compounds MX(7) with a heptacoordinated metal atom M and halide atom X. Its low-temperature crystal structure, as determined by high-resolution powder neutron diffraction, reveals the molecular structure, which has been the subject of speculation and debate for many years. Here it is shown within experimental error that at 1.5 kelvin the lowest energy configuration of ReF(7) has symmetry Cs (m) and is a distorted pentagonal bipyramid. The deviation of the two axial Re-F bonds from collinear and the puckering of the ring of equatorial fluorine atoms are similar to what has been postulated as one of the conformations of the pseudorotational motion observed at higher temperatures.
Cell Membrane and Nuclear Estrogen Receptors (ERs) Originate from a Single Transcript: Studies of ERα and ERβ Expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells (1999)

The existence of a putative membrane estrogen receptor (ER) has been supported by studies accomplished over the past 20 yr. However, the origin and functions of this receptor are not well defined. To study the membrane receptor, we transiently transfected cDNAs for ERalpha or ERbeta into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Transfection of ERalpha resulted in a single transcript by Northern blot, specific binding of labeled 17beta-estradiol (E2), and expression of ER in both nuclear and membrane cell fractions. Competitive binding studies in both compartments revealed near identical dissociation constants (K(d)S) of 0.283 and 0.287 nM, respectively, but the membrane receptor number was only 3% as great as the nuclear receptor density. Transfection of ERbeta3 also yielded a single transcript and nuclear and membrane receptors with respective Kd values of 1.23 and 1.14 nM; the membrane receptor number was only 2% compared with expressed nuclear receptors. Estradiol binding to CHO-ERalpha or CHO-ERbeta activated Galphaq and G(alpha)s proteins in the membrane and rapidly stimulated corresponding inositol phosphate production and adenylate cyclase activity. Binding by 17-beta-E2 to either expressed receptor comparably enhanced the nuclear incorporation of thymidine, critically dependent upon the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK (extracellular regulated kinase). In contrast, c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity was stimulated by 17-beta-E2 in ERbeta-expressing CHO, but was inhibited in CHO-ERalpha cells. In summary, membrane and nuclear ER can be derived from a single transcript and have near-identical affinities for 17-beta-E2, but there are considerably more nuclear than membrane receptors. This is also the first report that cells can express a membrane ERbeta. Both membrane ERs activate G proteins, ERK, and cell proliferation, but there is novel differential regulation of c-Jun kinase activity by ERbeta and ERalpha.
Iterative convolution backprojection algorithms for image reconstruction from limited data (1983)

Image-reconstruction algorithms implemented on existing computerized tomography (CT) scanners require the collection of line integrals that are evenly spaced over 360 deg. In many practical situations, some of the line integrals are inaccurately measured or are not measured at all. In these limited-data situations, conventional algorithms produce images with severe streak artifacts. Recently, several other image-reconstruction algorithms were suggested, each tailored to a specific type of limited-data problem. These algorithms make minimal use of a priori knowledge about the image; only one has been demonstrated with real x-ray data. We present a new operator framework that treats all types of limited-data image-reconstruction problems in a unified way. From this framework we derive iterative convolution backprojection algorithms that make no restrictions on the location of missing line integrals. All available a priori information is incorporated by constraint operators. The algorithm has been implemented on a commercial CT scanner. We present examples of images reconstructed from real x-ray data in two limited-data situations and demonstrate the use of additional a priori information to reduce streak artifacts further.
Survey of Contact Lens-Wearing Habits and Attitudes Toward Methods of Refractive Correction: 2002 versus 2004 (2005)

In the 2004 survey, significantly more subjects reported overnight lens wear, an increased interest in, and opinion of overnight wear as a healthy method of refractive correction compared with the 2002 survey. There was some dampening of enthusiasm for LASIK among subjects over 30 years of age in the 2004 survey. Age and gender can influence attitudes toward refractive correction, with females in this sample showing the most change over time, most probably as a result of different health information sources used by various demographic groups.
Exchanging the active site between phytases for altering the functional properties of the enzyme (2000)

By using a novel consensus approach, we have previously managed to generate a fully synthetic phytase, consensus phytase-1, that was 15-26 degrees C more thermostable than the parent fungal phytases used in its design (Lehmann et al., 2000). We now sought to use the backbone of consensus phytase-1 and to modify its catalytic properties. This was done by replacing a considerable part of the active site (i.e., all the divergent residues) with the corresponding residues of Aspergillus niger NRRL 3135 phytase, which displays pronounced differences in specific activity, substrate specificity, and pH-activity profile. For the new protein termed consensus phytase-7, a major - although not complete - shift in catalytic properties was observed, demonstrating that rational transfer of favorable catalytic properties from one phytase to another is possible by using this approach. Although the exchange of the active site was associated with a 7.6 degrees C decrease in unfolding temperature (Tm) as measured by differential scanning calorimetry, consensus phytase-7 still was >7 degrees C more thermostable than all wild-type ascomycete phytases known to date. Thus, combination of the consensus approach with the selection of a "preferred" active site allows the design of a thermostabilized variant of an enzyme family of interest that (most closely) matches the most favorable catalytic properties found among its family members.
Platelet activation in angina at rest. Evidence by paired measurement of plasma beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4* (1988)

Indexes of in vivo platelet activation, beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 were measured in triplicate in plasma from venous blood of 69 patients with proven ischaemic heart disease (IHD), discarding samples with a ratio of the plasma concentrations of the two proteins less than 2.6, in order to rule out sampling artifacts. Compared with 60 control volunteers, differences were not significant [for beta-thromboglobulin controls (ng ml-1, mean +/- SD) 27.8-8.6, ischaemic patients 32.3 +/- 17.1; for platelet factor 4 controls 4.3 +/- 1.4, ischaemic patients 5.9 +/- 5.7]. However, when patients were stratified according to disease activity (Group I--patients without spontaneous ischaemic episodes at rest during 4 days of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring; Group II--patients with less than 1 ischaemic episode/day; Group III--patients with greater than 1 episode/day), these indexes were increased in 'active' patients (for beta-thromboglobulin, in Group II--32.4 +/- 10.5 ng ml-1, P less than 0.05 vs. Group I; in Group III--42.6 +/- 14.6 ng ml-1, P less than 0.01 vs. Group I, P less than 0.05 vs. control. Platelet factor 4 was increased only in Group III--8.9 +/- 7.2 ng ml-1, P less than 0.05 vs. control). Beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 were 25.0 +/- 6.7 ng ml-1 and 4.9 +/- 4.8 ng ml-1, respectively, in Group I (P = NS vs. control). A relationship with the number of spontaneous ischaemic episodes at rest was confirmed by linear regression analysis (in Group III patients for beta-thromboglobulin: r = 0.76, P less than 0.01, and for platelet factor 4 r = 0.62, P less than 0.01). Levels were not elevated in patients with previous myocardial infarction without ischaemia at rest and/or patients with stable angina, and were not influenced by the occurrence of a positive exercise stress test. Coronary angiograms of ischaemic patients were analyzed to assess the extent and severity of atherosclerotic involvement: for both extent and severity, involvement was similar in the three groups. These data support the hypothesis of the occurrence of platelet activation in patients with spontaneous angina at rest, but not in other subsets of IHD patients, and establish the possibility of detecting in vivo platelet activation in IHD by means of such circulating markers.