gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple Coordinated Views for Network Attack Graphs (2006)

While efficient graph-based representations have been developed for modeling combinations of low-level network attacks, relatively little attention has been paid to effective techniques for visualizing such attack graphs. This paper describes a number of new attack graph visualization techniques, each having certain desirable properties and offering different perspectives for solving different kinds of problems. Moreover, the techniques we describe can be applied not only separately, but can also be combined into coordinated attack graph views. We apply improved visual clustering to previously described network protection domains (attack graph cliques), which reduces graph complexity and makes the overall attack flow easier to understand. We also visualize the attack graph adjacency matrix, which shows patterns of network attack while avoiding the clutter usually associated with drawing large graphs. We show how the attack graph adjacency matrix concisely conveys the impact of network configuration changes on attack graphs. We also describe a novel attack graph filtering technique based on the interactive navigation of a hierarchy of attack graph constraints. Overall, our techniques scale quadratically with the number of machines in the attack graph.
[Effects of Arg20 mutation on sodium channels activity of JZTX-V]. (2008)

Jingzhaotoxin-V(JZTX-V) isolated from the venom of the spider Chilobrachys jingzhao is a novel potent inhibitor that acts on tetrodotoxin-resistant and tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels in adult rat dorsal root ganglion(DRG) neurons. It is a 29-residue polypeptide toxin including three disulfide bridges. To investigate the structure-function relationship of the toxin, a mutant of JZTX-V in which Arg20 was substituted by Ala, was synthesized by solid-phase chemistry method with Fmoc-protected amino acids on the PS3 automated peptide synthesizer. The synthetic linear peptide was then purified by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and oxidatively refolded under the optimal conditions. The refolded product was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF MS) and electrophysiological experiments for its relative molecular weight and prohibitive activity of sodium channels respectively. The present findings show that the prohibitive effect of R20A-JZTX-V on TTX-S sodium channels in DRG neurons is almost the same as that of native JZTX-V, suggesting that Arg20 does not play any important role in inhibiting TTX-S sodium currents in DRG neurons. In contrast, the prohibitive level of R20A-JZTX-V on TTX-R sodium channels is reduced by at last 18.3 times, indicating that Arg20 is a key amino acid residue relative to the bioactivity of JZTX-V. It is presumed that the decrease in activity of R20A-JZTX-V is due to the changes of the property in the binding site in TTX-R sodium channels.
Perpendicular recording CoPtCrO composite media with performance enhancement capping layer (2005)

A systematic investigation of the structural and recording characteristics of CoPtCrO composite media with various Co alloys as well as continuous TbFeCo capping layers has been performed. For the media with a Co-alloy capping layer (M/sub s//spl sim/900 emu/cm/sup 3/), the transition jitter remains unaffected and dc noise is greatly reduced. However, for the media with low M/sub s/ capping layer or continuously exchange coupled TbFeCo capping layer, transition jitter is increased. Magnetically continuous but structurally discontinuous Co-alloy capping layers grown onto well-isolated Co grains can reduce dc noise, while maintaining low transition noise.
Synthesis of 9-β-D-Xylofuranosyl-6-mercaptopurine and 9-β-D-Xylofuranosylguanine 5'-Phosphate (1970)

An attempt was made to synthesize 9-β-D-xylofuranosylguanine (VI) by condensation of N2, N9(or7)-diacetylguanine (I) and 1, 2, 3, 5-tetra-O-acetyl-D-xylofuranose (II) by a fusion method. However the main product obtained was 7-xylofuranosylguanine (III). Compound VI was successfully synthesized by deamination of 2-chloroadenine xyloside derivative (IV) with nitrous acid followed by amination with ammonia. VI was enzymati cally phosphorylated to give 9-β-D-xylofuranosylguanine 5'-phosphate. This Compound was found to have a flavoring activity. Catalytic hydrogenation of 2-chlorohypoxanthine derivative (V) with palladium-charcoal afforded hypoxanthine xyloside (IX), which, after acetylation, was chlorinated with phosphorus oxychloride to give the chloro compound (XII). This was converted by reaction with thiourea and subsequent ammoniacal treatment to 9-β-D-xylofuranosyl-6-mercaptopurine (XIII).
Effect of overcoats on environmental stability of a chemically amplified positive resist against water and organic bases. (1995)

The effect of two kinds of overcoats on stabilizing the resist during post-exposure delay is evaluated in the presence of water and organic bases. Organic-soluble poly(a-methylstyrene) is more effective in preventing water penetration than poly(acrylic acid), which is a watersoluble overcoat. On the other hand, poly(acrylic acid) is more effective against organic bases such as aniline and N-methyl pyrollidone (NMP).This is probably because the negative charge of the carboxyl groups in poly(acrylic acid) electrically traps aniline and NMP, preventing their penetration to the resist films.
Tailoring the Degradation of Hydrogels Formed from Multivinyl Poly(ethylene glycol) and Poly(vinyl alcohol) Macromers for Cartilage Tissue Engineering (2003)

Tuning the degradation profiles of polymer cell carriers to match cell and tissue growth is an important design parameter for (cartilage) tissue engineering. In this study, degradable hydrogels were fabricated from divinyl, tetrafunctional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and multivinyl, multifunctional poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) macromers to form homopolymer and copolymer gels. These gels were characterized by their volumetric swelling ratio and mass loss profiles as a function of degradation time. By variation of the macromer chemistry and functionality, the degradation time changed from less than 1 day for homopolymer PVA gels to 34 days for pure PEG gels. Furthermore, the degrading medium influenced mass loss, and a marked decrease in degradation time, from 34 to 12 days, was observed with the PEG gels when a chondrocyte-specific medium containing fetal bovine serum was employed. Interestingly, when copolymer gels of PEG and PVA were formed, PVA was released throughout the degradation (as determined by gel permeation chromatography) suggesting that covalent cross-linking of the PVA in the network was facilitated by copolymerizing with the PEG macromer. To assess these novel gels for cartilage tissue engineering applications, chondrocytes were photoencapsulated in the copolymer networks and cultured in vitro for up to 6 weeks. DNA, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), and total collagen contents increased with culture time, and the resulting neocartilaginous tissue at 6 weeks was homogeneously distributed as seen histologically. Biochemical analysis revealed that the constructs were comprised of 0.66 +/- 0.04 microg of DNA/mg wet weight (ww), 1.0 +/- 0.05% GAG/ww, and 0.29 +/- 0.07% total collagen/ww at 6 weeks. Furthermore, the compressive modulus increased during culture from 7 to 97 kPa as the neocartilaginous tissue evolved and the gel degraded. In summary, fabricating hydrogels through the copolymerization of PEG and PVA macromers is an effective tool for encapsulating chondrocytes, controlling gel degradation profiles, and generating cartilaginous tissue.
A human monoclonal antibody targeting the stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit) blocks tumor cell signaling and inhibits tumor growth (2014)

Stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit) exerts multiple biological effects on target cells upon binding its ligand stem cell factor (SCF). Aberrant activation of c-Kit results in dysregulated signaling and is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous cancers. The development of more specific and effective c-Kit therapies is warranted given its essential role in tumorigenesis. In this study, we describe the biological properties of CK6, a fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody against the extracellular region of human c-Kit. CK6 specifically binds c-Kit receptor with high affinity (EC 50 = 0.06 nM) and strongly blocks its interaction with SCF (IC 50 = 0.41 nM) in solid phase assays. Flow cytometry shows CK6 binding to c-Kit on the cell surface of human small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), melanoma, and leukemia tumor cell lines. Furthermore, exposure to CK6 inhibits SCF stimulation of c-Kit tyrosine kinase activity and downstream signaling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase B (AKT), in addition to reducing tumor cell line growth in vitro. CK6 treatment significantly decreases human xenograft tumor growth in NCI-H526 SCLC (T/C% = 57) and Malme-3M melanoma (T/C% = 58) models in vivo. The combination of CK6 with standard of care chemotherapy agents, cisplatin and etoposide for SCLC or dacarbazine for melanoma, more potently reduces tumor growth (SCLC T/C% = 24, melanoma T/C% = 38) compared with CK6 or chemotherapy alone. In summary, our results demonstrate that CK6 is a c-Kit antagonist antibody with tumor growth neutralizing properties and are highly suggestive of potential therapeutic application in treating human malignancies harboring c-Kit receptor.
Functionalized polyolefins prepared by the combination of borane monomers and transition metal catalysts (1995)

Abstract This paper summarizes the new developments in the functionalization of polyolefins by borane monomers and transition metal catalysts. It is becoming clear that the borane groups are stable to transition metal catalysts and borane groups in polyolefins are valuable intermediates which not only can be quantitatively converted to a wide range of functional groups but also can be used as initiator for free radical graft‐from copolymerizations. Some interesting functionalized polymers, such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropene (PP) with ‐OH, ‐NH 2 and halide groups, and graft copolymers of polypropene‐graft‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (PP‐g‐PMMA), polypropene‐graft‐polycapolactone (PP‐g‐PCL) and PE‐g‐PMMA, have been synthesized with controllable compositions and molecular microstructures. Most of them would be otherwise very difficult to prepare by the other existing methods.
Laminar structure of the heart: a mathematical model (1997)

A mathematical description of cardiac anatomy is presented for use with finite element models of the electrical activation and mechanical function of the heart. The geometry of the heart is given in terms of prolate spheroidal coordinates defined at the nodes of a finite element mesh and interpolated within elements by a combination of linear Lagrange and cubic Hermite basis functions. Cardiac microstructure is assumed to have three axes of symmetry: one aligned with the muscle fiber orientation (the fiber axis); a second set orthogonal to the fiber direction and lying in the newly identified myocardial sheet plane (the sheet axis); and a third set orthogonal to the first two, in the sheet-normal direction. The geometry, fiber-axis direction, and sheet-axis direction of a dog heart are fitted with parameters defined at the nodes of the finite element mesh. The fiber and sheet orientation parameters are defined with respect to the ventricular geometry such that 1) they can be applied to any heart of known dimensions, and 2) they can be used for the same heart at various states of deformation, as is needed, for example, in continuum models of ventricular contraction.
A Novel Method for the Synthesis of Isocyanates Under Mild Conditions (1995)

Not the amine‐ N ‐Boc derivatives, but the isocyanates form in the reaction of alkyl‐ or arylamines with di‐ tert ‐butyl dicarbonate ((Boc) 2 O) in the presence of a catalytic amount of 4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) according to Equation (a). The procedure provides a simple laboratory method of generating sterically hindered alkyl and aryl isocyanates without the use of phosgene. equation image
Global and local deformations of solid primitives (1984)

New hierarchical solid modeling operations are developed, which simulate twisting, bending, tapering, or similar transformations of geometric objects. The chief result is that the normal vector of an arbitrarily deformed smooth surface can be calculated directly from the surface normal vector of the undeformed surface and a transformation matrix. Deformations are easily combined in a hierarchical structure, creating complex objects from simpler ones. The position vectors and normal vectors in the simpler objects are used to calculate the position and normal vectors in the more complex forms; each level in the deformation hierarchy requires an additional matrix multiply for the normal vector calculation. Deformations are important and highly intuitive operations which ease the control and rendering of large families of three-dimensional geometric shapes.
Carbon Nanotube Adsorptive Materials Derived from Acid Degradable Poly(acetals) (2014)

In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of a well-controlled and acid degradable poly(acetal) which can adsorb strongly to the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These polymers, generated via acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET), incorporate pendant pyrene groups that are well-known to associate strongly to CNTs by noncovalent interactions. Films and solutions of the polymer were degraded through the controlled addition of aqueous hydrochloric acid in ethanol. The polymer’s ability to adsorb to and be removed from a CNT film was also evaluated.
Ketone Bodies, Potential Therapeutic Uses (2001)

Ketosis, meaning elevation of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-3hydroxybutyrate) and acetoacetate, has been central to starving man's survival by providing nonglucose substrate to his evolutionarily hypertrophied brain, sparing muscle from destruction for glucose synthesis. Surprisingly, D-beta-hydroxybutyrate (abbreviated "betaOHB") may also provide a more efficient source of energy for brain per unit oxygen, supported by the same phenomenon noted in the isolated working perfused rat heart and in sperm. It has also been shown to decrease cell death in two human neuronal cultures, one a model of Alzheimer's and the other of Parkinson's disease. These observations raise the possibility that a number of neurologic disorders, genetic and acquired, might benefit by ketosis. Other beneficial effects from betaOHB include an increased energy of ATP hydrolysis (deltaG') and its linked ionic gradients. This may be significant in drug-resistant epilepsy and in injury and anoxic states. The ability of betaOHB to oxidize co-enzyme Q and reduce NADP+ may also be important in decreasing free radical damage. Clinical maneuvers for increasing blood levels of betaOHB to 2-5 mmol may require synthetic esters or polymers of betaOHB taken orally, probably 100 to 150 g or more daily. This necessitates advances in food-science technology to provide at least enough orally acceptable synthetic material for animal and possibly subsequent clinical testing. The other major need is to bring the technology for the analysis of multiple metabolic "phenotypes" up to the level of sophistication of the instrumentation used, for example, in gene science or in structural biology. This technical strategy will be critical to the characterization of polygenic disorders by enhancing the knowledge gained from gene analysis and from the subsequent steps and modifications of the protein products themselves.
Physical Properties of Some Organic Insect Repellents (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhysical Properties of Some Organic Insect RepellentsW. J. Svirbely, W. M. Eareckson, K. Matsuda, H. B. Pickard, I. S. Solet, and W. B. TuemmlerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 2, 507–509Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01170a036https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01170a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views158Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Trust of the Information from Employer Rating Platforms (2017)

Employer rating platforms are an important source of information for potential candidates to collect and provide information about the employer. The information is beneficial and different to official company information. The research investigates the reasons to use employer rating platforms by individuals. Trust is important for the exchange of information and use of employer rating platforms. The analysis of empirical data obtained in survey has been done with indicators of central tendency or location. For empirical data analysis it used ANOVA, t-test and Spearman correlation coefficient to investigate the significance of differences in evaluations between demographic groups. The research has been done by a survey of 514 participants who are living in Germany. The research provides the result that the use of employer rating platforms depends on demographic factors. The main result is that people trust employer rating platforms. They are aware that they can be manipulated with the information at employer rating platforms.
New Insight into the Reaction of Singlet Oxygen with Sulfur-Containing Cyclic Alkenes:  Dye-Sensitized Photooxygenation of 5,6-Dihydro-1,4-dithiins (2007)

The reaction of 3-methyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dithiins with singlet oxygen affords dicarbonyl compounds and/or ring-contracted ketosulfoxides, the latter regio- and stereoselectively, depending on the nature of the substituent at C-2 and on the reaction conditions. In competition with normal fragmentation, the intermediate dioxetanes, derived from [2 + 2] cycloaddition of singlet oxygen to the double bond, undergo an intramolecular oxygen transfer to the sulfur-1 atom, leading to labile epoxide intermediates. The latter convert to cis- and trans-ketosulfoxides through a non-concerted S-4 migration. This pathway is promoted by the electron-withdrawing group at C-2 and, for monosubstituted amide, by the solvent basicity. S-Oxidation of dithiins is insignificant, except for the monosubstituted amide derivative or in the presence of protic species, and occurs selectively at the S-1 atom.
Redesigned anti-human placental alkaline phosphatase single-chain Fv: soluble expression, characterization and in vivo tumour targeting (1997)

Although much progress has been made in the production of recombinant antibodies and their fusions, there are still problems with solubility and folding. Useful antibodies produced from cloned hybridomas do not always result in scFvs behaving favourably. We report here further work on an scFv (H17E2) against the oncofetal antigen human placental alkaline phosphatase. The overall expression was greatly improved and the H17E2 scFv was redesigned by manipulation of the interdomain linker, resulting in much higher expression levels of the soluble scFv in its active conformation at 0.2-0.5 mg/l of bacterial culture. We show that the new soluble version of this scFv has similar characteristics to the refolded version in terms of antigen and tumour cell binding, stability and in vivo pharmacokinetics. The final tumour uptake behaviour of these scFvs is superior to that of the parental whole antibody with respect to tumour:organ ratios, but still requires further development before considering it as a suitable molecule for clinical use in ovarian or testicular cancer.
Preparation and Evaluation of Multiple Emulsions Water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) as Delivery System for Influenza Virus Antigens (2004)

In this study, investigations have been carried out to prepare adjuvant active delivery systems; multiple water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsion formulations, containing influenza virus surface antigen Hemagglutinin (HA). A modified two-stage emulsification method has been used to prepare multiple emulsions. After improving multiple (w/o/w) emulsion formulations; F1: purified antigen solution (PAS)/soybean oil, HCO-40 and span 80/pluronic F-68, F2: PAS and HPbetaCD/soybean oil, HCO-40 and span 80/pluronic F-68, F3: PAS/squalane, HCO-40 and span 80/pluronic F-68, formulations were selected for the stability study that continued for a 3 month duration. To evaluate the stability of these formulations, microscopic observation, osmolarities of the internal and external aqueous phases, pH, globule size and viscosity were determined. SDS-PAGE (silver staining) was used to evaluate HA and the micro-bicinchoninic acid (mBCA) assay was used to determine the in vitro release of antigen from formulations. Immune responses of formulations were investigated in Wistar Albino rats and compared with the immune response raised against the conventional vaccine. These responses were detected with Hemagglutination Inhibition (HAI) assay. The results of this study demonstrated that HA was well entrapped in the multiple (w/o/w) emulsion formulations. Molecular weight and antigenicity of the entrapped HA were not affected by the emulsification procedure. These results suggest that multiple emulsion formulations entrapping influenza antigen may have potential for immunization studies as one of the vaccine delivery system with adjuvant properties.