gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vaccination against GIP for the Treatment of Obesity (2008)

This study shows that vaccination against GIP was safe and effective. Thus active vaccination may represent a novel, long-lasting treatment for obesity. However further preclinical safety/toxicology studies will be required before the therapeutic concept can be addressed in humans.
Salivary gland delivery of pDNA‐cationic lipoplexes elicits systemic immune responses (2002)

Retrograde instillation of pDNA complexed with Vaxfectin into the salivary glands can stimulate cytotoxic and humoral responses to the influenza NP protein antigen. Optimization of the conditions required to stimulate humoral and secretory antibody formation may facilitate use of this tissue for specific clinical applications of pDNA immunization.
XENOGENEIC TRANSPLANTATION (1988)

Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
Prompt Fragmentation of Disulfide-Linked Peptides during Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (1994)

During the analysis of an Asp-N digest of a recombinant hematopoietic growth factor by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), we observed pseudomolecular ions corresponding to reduced forms of peptides known to be present only in single disulfide linkages. Chromatographic fractionation of the peptide digest, followed by MALDI-MS and electrospray ionization (ESI) MS, confirmed that the reduced peptides were not present in the map. Fragmentation of the disulfide-linked peptides into their reduced forms occurred upon ionization from different matrices (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid,2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and in some instances sinapinic acid) but only after increasing the laser fluence to above threshold. Analysis of the disulfide-linked peptide fractions by ESI-MS, before and after mixing and drying with matrix, indicated that the matrix did not cause reduction. In a low-energy tandem mass spectrometric experiment with one of the cystinyl peptides, fragmentation did not occur preferentially at the disulfide bond. The pseudomolecular ions exhibited the same m/z values by MALDI-MS as their chemically reduced counterparts, indicating that they arose due to prompt fragmentation or "in-source decay" rather than "post-source decay". This finding is important for MALDI-MS analysis of peptide maps of proteins and peptide fractions with intact disulfides.
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Activation Modulates Kainate and Serotonin Calcium Response in Astrocytes (1997)

Although metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) modulation has been studied extensively in neurons, it has not been investigated in astrocytes. We studied modulation of glutamate-evoked calcium rises in primary astrocyte cultures using fura-2 ratiometric digital calcium imaging. Calcium plays a key role as a second messenger system in astrocytes, both in regulation of many subcellular processes and in long distance intercellular signaling. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and cortical astrocytes showed striking differences in sensitivity to glutamate and to mGluR agonists, even after several weeks in culture. Kainate-evoked intracellular calcium rises were inhibited by concurrent application of the type I and II mGluR agonists quisqualate (10 micro;M), trans-(+/-)-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylate (100-500 micro;M), and (2S-1'S-2'S)-2-(carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (L-CCG-I) (10 micro;M). Inhibition mediated by L-CCG-I had long-lasting effects (>45 min) in approximately 30% of the SCN astrocytes tested. The inhibition could be mimicked by the L-type calcium channel blocker nimodipine (1 micro;M) as well as by protein kinase C (PKC) activators phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (10 micro;M) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (500 nM), and blocked by the PKC inactivator (+/-)-1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (200 micro;M), suggesting a mechanism involving PKC modulation of L-type calcium channels. In contrast, mGluRs modulated serotonin (5HT)-evoked calcium rises through a different mechanism. The type III mGluR agonist L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate consistently inhibited 5HT-evoked calcium rises, whereas in a smaller number of cells quisqualate and L-CCG-I showed both inhibitory and additive effects. Unlike the mGluR-kainate interaction, which required a pretreatment with an mGluR agonist and was insensitive to pertussis toxin (PTx), the mGluR modulation of 5HT actions was rapid and was blocked by PTx. These data suggest that glutamate, acting at several metabotropic receptors expressed by astrocytes, could modulate glial activity evoked by neurotransmitters and thereby influence the ongoing modulation of neurons by astrocytes.
Detection of RNA of Mumps Virus during an Outbreak in a Population with a High Level of Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccine Coverage (2008)

The duration of mumps virus RNA detection was studied during a mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated university population. Seven of the eight reverse transcription-PCR-positive specimens were collected during the first 3 days of parotitis, suggesting that viral shedding is minimal after the first 3 days of symptoms.
The economic burden of mental health problems in Canada. (2001)

This study provides a comprehensive estimate of the economic burden of mental health problems in Canada in 1998. In particular, it estimates the cost of non-medical services that have not been previously published and the value of short-term disability associated with mental health problems that were previously underestimated according to the definitions used here. The costs of consultations with psychologists and social workers not covered by public health insurance was $278 million, while the value of reduced productivity associated with depression and distress over the short term was $6 billion. Several data limitations suggest that these are underestimates. The estimated total burden of $14.4 billion places mental health problems among the costliest conditions in Canada.
Multicycle water vapour stability of microporous breathing MOF aluminium isophthalate CAU-10-H (2014)

The hydrothermal stability of aluminium hydroxide isophthalate MOF CAU-10-H was proven, under humid multi-cycling conditions. Detailed in situ thermogravimetric measurements and in situ powder X-ray diffraction analysis during water ad-/desorption were used. A reversible structural change during adsorption was detected and thereby exemplified the robustness of breathing-like MOFs over 700 water vapour ad/desorption cycles. In combination with high water adsorption capacity, hydrophilic CAU-10-H is the first breathing-like MOF with a structural change which is a promising candidate for the use in heat transformation processes.
Peptide T Blocks GP120/CCR5 Chemokine Receptor-Mediated Chemotaxis (1999)

We previously reported that certain short gp120 V2 region peptides homologous to vasaoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), such as "peptide T," were potent inhibitors of gp120 binding, infectivity, and neurotoxicity. The present study shows that synthetic V2-region-derived peptides have potent intrinsic chemotaxis agonist activity for human monocytes and also act as antagonists of high-affinity (0.1 pM) gp120-mediated monocyte chemotaxis. Selectivity is shown in that peptide T is more potent at suppressing M-tropic than T-tropic gp120 chemotaxis. Peptide T was also able to suppress monocyte chemotaxis to MIP-1beta, a chemokine with selectivity for CCR5 chemokine receptors, while chemotaxis of the more promiscuous ligand RANTES was not inhibited, nor was chemotaxis mediated by SDF-1alpha. In order to determine if peptide T mediated its gp120 antagonistic effects via modulation of CCR5 receptors, RANTES chemotaxis was studied using a CCR5 receptor-transfected HOS cell line. In this case, RANTES chemotaxis was potently inhibited by V2-region-derived short peptides. Peptide T also partially suppressed (125)I-MIP1-beta binding to human monocytes, suggesting action at a subset of MIP1-beta receptors. The V2 region of gp120 thus contains a potent receptor binding domain and synthetic peptides derived from this region modulate CCR5 chemokine receptor chemotactic signaling caused by either gp120 or chemokine ligands. The results have therapeutic implications and may explain recent clinical improvements, in that HIV/gp120 actions at CCR5 receptors, such as occur in the brain or early infection, would be susceptible to peptide T inhibition.
When the Chips are Down (1997)

Mini revolutions in DNA technology began with the structure of the double helix. Several major advances over the last 45 years include restriction enzyme mapping, DNA sequencing, and PCR. Each advance generated much excitement, and its importance was recognized by the Nobel Prize. And now, once again, DNA technology has made a quantum leap. Even a few years ago it would have seemed preposterous to suggest that DNA analysis could be carried out on a thumbnail-sized glass chip. But that is exactly what is happening in several laboratories and biotechnology companies around the country. The brainchild of Stephen Fodor (President and Chief Executive Officer of Affymetrix with headquarters in Santa Clara, CA), the GeneChip, introduces the idea of parallel genomics—the marriage of two disciplines: biotechnology and semiconductor manufacturing. As excitement in the wonders of this technology mounts, an increasing number of university laboratories and several biotechnology companies are anticipating the needs of the experimenter by preparing to offer competing technology. Hopefully, this will allay the fears many scientists have of finding this technology inaccessible and ultimately unaffordable.
Robustness of iCIEF methodology for the analysis of monoclonal antibodies: An interlaboratory study (2012)

An international team including 12 laboratories from 11 independent biopharmaceutical companies in the United States and Switzerland was formed to evaluate the precision and robustness of imaged capillary isoelectric focusing for the charge heterogeneity analysis of monoclonal antibodies. The different laboratories determined the apparent pI and the relative distribution of the charged isoforms for a representative monoclonal antibody sample using the same capillary isoelectric focusing assay. Statistical evaluation of the data was performed to determine within and between laboratory consistencies and outlying information. The apparent pI data generated for each charged variant peak showed very good precision between laboratories with RSD values of less than 0.8%. Similarly, the RSD for the therapeutic monoclonal antibody charged variants percent peak area values are less than 11% across different laboratories using different analyst, different lots of ampholytes and multiple instruments. These results validate the appropriate use of imaged capillary isoelectric focusing in the biopharmaceutical industry in support of process development and regulatory submissions of therapeutic antibodies.
β-Glycosphingolipids as Immune Modulators (2008)

beta-Glycosphingolipids have emerged as a family of potential ligands for natural killer T (NKT)-regulatory lymphocytes. This subset of regulatory lymphocytes has been implicated in the regulation of autoimmune processes. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I-like CD1d glycoprotein is a member of the CD1 family of antigen-presenting molecules and is responsible for selection of NKT cells. beta-Glycolipids have been shown to alter immune responses in the opposing settings of autoimmune diseases or cancer. In this review, we discuss the potential use of beta-glycoshpingolipids for NKT-based immunotherapy.
HOMOTRANSPLANTATION OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE AND ISOLATED CHONDROCYTES (1968)

1. Techniques are described for homografting intact or partly digested hyaline cartilage or isolated chondrocytes on to cancellous bone in rabbits. 2. Material which had been cooled to and thawed from -79 degrees Centigrade either in the presence or absence of the protective substance dimethyl sulphoxide was grafted in the same way. In control experiments samples were boiled before grafting. 3. Necropsies were performed at intervals varying from two to twenty-six weeks later and the graft sites were removed, fixed and decalcified. Paraffin sections were stained histologically. 4. Freshly isolated chondrocytes or chondrocytes which had been frozen in the presence of dimethyl suiphoxide formed new matrix within two weeks and did not succumb to a homograft reaction. By the sixth week they had become aligned in columns surrounded by well stained matrix. There were signs oferosion by invading capillaries and osteoblasts, but no lymphocytes were seen. By the twelfth week invasion by trabeculae of newly formed bone was well advanced and by the twenty-sixth week the grafts were difficult to find although there had been no sign at any stage of an immunological reaction. 5. New matrix was also formed in homografts of hyaline cartilage which had been treated with papain or with papain and collagenase. After freezing in the presence of dimethyl sulphoxide, small areas ofthe grafts seemed to contain living cells which had formed new matrix. Other areas were disintegrating. 6. The homografts of intact cartilage showed a variety of appearances suggesting that the old matrix was gradually leached out and that chondrocytes liberated in vivo formed a new matrix. 7. Intact or partly digested cartilage which had either been frozen without dimethyl suiphoxide or boiled disintegrated and was rapidly replaced by bone after grafting. 8. When specimens of partly digested cartilage or isolated chondrocytes were homografted On to sites denuded of cartilage on the articular surface of the rabbit humeral head, nodules of fresh cartilage were formed. They were embedded in fibrous tissue derived, presumably, from marrow cavities opened up at the time of operation.
Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells Expressing α4β1 Integrin Stimulate Osteoclast Formation In Vitro (1998)

It is reported that Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with human alpha4 cDNA (alpha4CHOs) and expressing functional alpha4beta1 integrin developed bone metasasis in nude mice. To clarify the role of alpha4beta1 integrin in bone metastasis, in terms of tumor-mediated bone destruction, we examined whether alpha4CHOs stimulate osteoclast formation in cocultures with mouse bone marrow cells. The number of osteoclast-like cells identified as tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase positive multinucleated cells (TRAP(+) MNCs) formed from bone marrow cells increased with the increasing number of alpha4CHOs cocultured. The effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) on TRAP(+) MNC formation were enhanced in cocultures with alpha4CHOs. TRAP(+) MNCs induced by alpha4CHOs possessed calcitonin receptors and resorbed calcified tissues. In cocultures, alpha4CHOs and bone marrow stromal cells were in contact with each other and bone marrow stromal cells expressed vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), which is one of the ligands for alpha4beta1 integrin. TRAP(+) MNC formation was not stimulated in cocultures where direct contact between alpha4CHOs and bone marrow cells was inhibited by membrane filters. Alpha4CHOs do not support TRAP(+) MNC formation in cocultures with spleen cells but do support TRAP(+) mononuclear cell and MNC formation from spleen cells in the presence of osteoblastic cells. Cultured media from alpha4CHOs, bone marrow cells, and cocultures of alpha4CHOs and bone marrow cells did not stimulate TRAP(+) MNC formation or enhance the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and PGE2 in bone marrow cultures. The concentrations of PGE2 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cultured media were not different between the cultures of bone marrow cells and the cocultures of bone marrow cells and alpha4CHOs. Anti-human alpha4 and anti-mouse VCAM-1 antibodies inhibited TRAP(+) MNC formation induced by alpha4CHOs. These results indicate that alpha4CHOs stimulated TRAP(+) MNC formation through direct cell-to-cell interaction between alpha4beta1 and VCAM-1. It is suggested that in addition to various soluble factors regulating osteoclast formation, cell-to-cell interaction between tumor cells and bone marrow cells is important for inducing osteoclasts at the site of bone metastasis and leading to bone destruction.
Duplicated immunoglobulin gamma 2a genes in wild mice. (1984)

The Japanese wild mouse, Mus musculus molossinus, has duplicated immunoglobulin gamma 2a genes, whereas most of the laboratory-strain mice have single gamma 2a genes. This duplication provides a unique system in which molecular mechanisms of the evolutionary rearrangement of the immunoglobulin gene can be studied. For this purpose it is important to elucidate the organization of the immunoglobulin genes surrounding the duplicated gamma 2a genes. It is also interesting to assess the distribution of this haplotype among the wild mouse population. Partially overlapping chromosomal segments that encompass the gamma 2b, gamma 2a-1, gamma 2a-2, and epsilon genes were isolated from phage libraries containing DNA fragments from M. m, molossinus. The organization of this region has been elucidated as 5'-gamma 2b-(18 kb)-gamma 2a-1-(19 kb)-gamma 2a-2-(14 kb)-epsilon-3'. Both gamma 2a-1 and gamma 2a-2 genes have their own switch regions in the 5' flanking region. Two homology units of 13 kb, each containing the gamma 2a gene, were identified. The homology units alternate with repetitive sequences of low homology, making the location of the recombination site obscure. Seventeen of 31 Japanese and Chinese wild mice screened had duplicated gamma 2a genes, indicating a wide distribution of this genetic event in the Asian wild mouse population. Moreover, three alleles each of the gamma 2b and gamma 2a loci have been observed in this small sample population. An unequal crossing-over event between heterologous haplotypes is proposed to account for the duplication of the gamma 2a gene, and a candidate for one member of the pair was identified among wild mouse haplotypes. These results suggest that the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene family of the Japanese and Chinese wild mouse subspecies has accumulated not only polymorphic divergence due to point mutations, but also dynamic rearrangements such as gene duplication, during its recent evolution since divergence of these subspecies from the European subspecies about one million years ago.
Aspects of immunoglobulin G structure relevant to its interaction with Fc receptors. (1981)

One unambiguous message that comes from the data obtained relates to the central role played by the hinge region, and its constituent disulfide bonds, in the functioning of the IgG molecule. Segmental flexibility allows variation in the distance between the antibody combining sites, located at the distal ends of the Fab regions, and serves the important function of allowing bivalent attachment of antibodies to antigenic determinants even if the latter form a fixed array, for example, on a cell surface (monogomous bivalency). Too much flexibility, however, seen as a consequence of cleaving the hinge-region disulfides appears to be inimicable to the expression of effector functions. The hinge region and its disulfides control the degree of flexibility, thus allowing the IgG molecule to perform its varied functions.
Antiviral action of nitric oxide on dengue virus type 2 replication (2006)

Recently, nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to suppress dengue virus (DENV) RNA and protein accumulation in infected cells. In this report, the potential target of the inhibitory effect of NO was studied at the molecular level. The NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), showed an inhibitory effect on RNA accumulation at around 8-14 h post-infection, which corresponded to the step of viral RNA synthesis in the DENV life cycle. The activity of the viral replicase isolated from SNAP-treated DENV-2-infected cells was suppressed significantly compared with that of the negative-control N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (NAP)-treated cells. Further investigations on the molecular target of NO action showed that the activity of recombinant DENV-2 NS5 in negative-strand RNA synthesis was affected in the presence of 5 mM SNAP in in vitro RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) assays, whereas the RNA helicase activity of DENV-2 NS3 was not inhibited up to a concentration of 15 mM SNAP. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of NO on DENV infection is partly via inhibition of the RdRp activity, which then downregulates viral RNA synthesis.
Embedded networked sensors: signal search engine for signal classification (2005)

Networked sensors (ENS) provide a distributed monitoring approach for defense systems situational awareness, machine condition based maintenance, health care, transportation, and other applications. The ENS architecture is based on compact, intelligent, networked low-power sensor nodes. Wireless networking enables rapid distribution of sensor nodes in diverse environments. For the general applications considered here, it is energy usage drawn from fixed energy sources that limit sensor node lifetime, and since wireless network interface operations dominate energy usage, it is essential to reduce the demand for high energy wireless data transport. Thus, identification of events and the evaluation of the utility for event data transmission must be performed locally. This, in turn, requires that methods be developed for local signal processing and event detection at the node. The signal search engine (SSE) method reported here, has been developed to enable identification of target type at the site of wireless sensor nodes using acoustic and seismic signal sources and algorithms that are compatible with low power embedded systems. The SSE is "trained" with and relies on data directly collected from the field. The SSE operates with both time domain template matching and wavelet methods for target identification. These methods are evaluated and compared here in the application to data collected in the field. Results obtained from the time domain signal classification scheme and the "wavelet" method give error rates of less than 15% with minimal signal preprocessing.
Spray-As-You-Go Airway Topical Anesthesia in Patients with a Difficult Airway: A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of 2% and 4% Lidocaine (2009)

Both 2% and 4% lidocaine administered topically by a spray-as-you-go technique can provide clinically acceptable intubating conditions for awake FOI in sedated patients with a difficult airway. As compared with 4% lidocaine, however, 2% lidocaine requires a smaller dosage and results in lower plasma concentrations.
Novel operation schemes to improve device reliability in a localized trapping storage SONOS-type flash memory (2004)

Over erasure, charge gain in the low Vt state, and charge loss in the high Vt state are found to be the most severe reliability issues in a localized trapping storage flash memory cell. In this paper, based on our understanding of physical mechanisms, we demonstrate that by adding vertical electrical field treatments during program/erase operations, the over erasure and data retentivities in high/low Vt states are significantly improved.