gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stable Dropwise Condensation for Enhancing Heat Transfer via the Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD) of Grafted Polymer Films (2013)

Ultra-thin copolymer films are deposited by initiated chemical deposition (iCVD) to investigate their performance under the condensation of water vapor. By forming a grafted interface between the coating and the substrate, the films exhibit stable dropwise condensation even when subjected to 100 °C steam. The applicability of the iCVD to complex substrate geometries is demonstrated on a copper condenser coil.
Horizontal Well Completion, Stimulation Optimization, and Risk Mitigation (2009)

Abstract Horizontal wells have become the industry standard for unconventional and tight formation gas reservoirs. Because these reservoirs have poorer quality pay, it takes a good, well-planned completion and fracture stimulation(s) to make an economic well. Even in a sweet spot in the unconventional and tight gas reservoir, good completion and stimulation practices are required; otherwise, a marginal or uneconomic well will result. But what are good completion and stimulation practices in horizontal wells? What are the objectives of horizontal wells and how do we relate the completion and stimulation(s) to achieving these goals? How many completions/stimulations do we need for best well performance and/or economics? How do we maximize the value from horizontal wells? When should a horizontal well be drilled longitudinally or transverse? These are just a few questions to be addressed in the subsequent paragraphs. This paper focuses on some of the key elements of well completions and stimulation practices as they apply to horizontal wells. Optimization studies will be shown and used to highlight the importance of lateral length, number of fractures, inter-fracture distance, fracture half-length, and fracture conductivity. These results will be used to discuss the various completion choices such as cased and cemented, open hole with external casing packers, and open hole "pump and pray" techniques. This paper will also address key risks to horizontal wells and develop risk mitigation strategies so that project economics can be maximized. In addition, a field case study will be shown to illustrate the application of these design, optimization, and risk mitigation strategies for horizontal wells in tight and unconventional gas reservoirs. This work provides insight for the completion and stimulation design engineers by: developing well performance and economic objectives for horizontal wells and highlighting the incremental benefits of various completion and stimulation strategies,establishing well performance and economic based criteria for drilling longitudinal or transverse horizontal wells,integrating the reservoir objectives and geomechanic limitations into a horizontal well completion and stimulation strategy, andidentifying horizontal well completion and stimulation risks and risk mitigation strategies for pre-horizontal well planning purposes.
TheO-fucose glycan in the ligand-binding domain of Notch1 regulates embryogenesis and T cell development (2008)

Mechanisms by which the extracellular domain of Notch1 controls Notch1 signaling are not well defined. Here, we show that the O-fucose glycan in the Notch1 ligand-binding domain regulates the strength of Notch1 signaling during embryogenesis, postweaning growth, and T cell development in the mouse. Heterozygotes carrying a Notch1(12f) allele and an inactive Notch1 allele die at approximately embryonic day (E)12 with a typical Notch1 null phenotype. Homozygous Notch1(12f/12f) mice are viable and fertile but grow somewhat more slowly than littermates after weaning. Notch1(12f/12f) thymocytes bind less Delta1 and exhibit reduced Notch1 signaling. The number of double-positive (DP) and single-positive (SP) T cells are decreased in Notch1(12f/12f) thymus, and DP T cells are more apoptotic. By contrast, proportionately more SP cells have matured, and SP-to-DP ratios are increased in mutant thymus. Thus, the O-fucose glycan in EGF12 of mouse Notch1 is required for optimal Notch1 signaling and T cell development in mammals.
Structure-activity relationship of 17 structural analogues of N-butyric acid uponc-myc expression (1996)

Terminal differentiation of hematopoietic cells in vivo and in vitro is almost invariably accompanied by down-regulated expression of the c-myc proto-oncogene. Constitutive expression of c-myc in tumor cells inhibits terminal differentiation and maintains proliferation. In Burkitt's lymphoma, chromosomal translocations cause a deregulation of the c-myc gene through fusion of this locus with one of the immunoglobulin gene loci. However, the down-regulation of c-myc by n-butyric acid, a potent inducer of differentiation, is also observed in BL cells. Unlike other inducers of differentiation such as dimethylsulfoxide or hexamethylenebisacetamide, which down-regulate c-myc expression, albeit transiently, n-butyric acid causes a continuous, transcriptional shut-off. Because of the possible therapeutic implication of this finding, we have assayed structural analogues of n-butyric acid for their effect on c-myc expression in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. Of the analogues tested, 12 were active and 5 were inactive. Only unbranched fatty acids with 4 and 5 carbon atoms showed activity, a 4-carbon chain being optimal. 3-chloropropionic acid had maximal activity at a 3-fold lower concentration than n-butyric acid (1 mM versus 3 mM). The corresponding ester-analogues were equally effective. Those analogues found capable of down-regulating c-myc in Burkitt's lymphoma cells were similarly effective in their ability to induce terminal differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells.
Targeting DNA to Cells with Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF2) (1996)

Ligand-mediated targeting of DNA was validated by condensing a plasmid DNA encoding the beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) gene with a basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) that was first chemically conjugated to polylysine (K). The conditions that gave optimal binding of this FGF2 to DNA also generated the highest level of beta-gal expression when added to FGF2 target cells like COS-1, 3T3, baby hamster kidney (BHK), or endothelial cells. This beta-gal activity increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner and was dependent on the inclusion of FGF2 in the complex. FGF receptor specificity was demonstrated by competition of the complex with FGF2 and heparin, and by the failure of cytochrome c or histone H1 to mimic the gene-targeting effects of FGF2. The expression of beta-gal was also endosome dependent because chloroquine increased beta-gal expression 8-fold and endosome disruptive peptides increased expression of beta-gal 26-fold. Taken together these findings establish that DNA can be introduced into cells through the high affinity FGF receptor complex, and while its efficiency will require significant enhancements to achieve sustained and elevated transgene expression, the possibility that the technique could be used to deliver DNAs encoding cytotoxic molecules is discussed.
FK 506 in the management of transplant-related nephrotic syndrome and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. (1991)

Nephrotic syndrome is a broad group of disorders with diverse etiologies. In common, all have proteinuria, edema, hypercholesterolemia, and hypoalbuminemia. Steroids have proven effective in some histologic groups, but many are resistant to steroids and progress to end-stage renal disease. Transplant glomerulopathy and chronic rejection also contribute heavily to renal transplant-related nephrotic syndrome. Previous studies with cyclosporine (CyA)1,2 and FK 5063 suggest that the clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome may be controlled with these agents, in native kidneys and in renal allografts. FK 506 is a potent macrolide immunosuppressant agent, which has proven effective in transplantation of the liver, kidney, and heart.4–6 We have previously reported successful treatment of two patients with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome with FK 506.3 We report, herein, our preliminary experience treating steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and nephrotic syndrome after transplantation with FK 506.
Structure, Activity, and Immune (T and B Cell) Recognition of Botulinum Neurotoxins (1999)

Botulism, which was first reported over a century ago, is caused by botulinum neurotoxins produced by Clostridium botulinum in seven immunological serotypes (A through G). The primary structures of a number of these BoNTs have been determined and are reviewed here, together with their gene structure and synthesis. The biological actions of BoNTs, which result in their ability to block neurotransmitter release have been the subject of intensive study, and in this review we discuss the binding of BoNTs to the cell surface as well as the mechanism of their intercellular action. The ability of BoNTs to block neurotransmitter release has been exploited in therapeutic applications to reduce muscle hyperactivity for the treatment of a variety of clinical conditions associated with involuntary muscle spasm and contractions. The advantages, limitations, and risks of these applications are discussed. Certain compounds provide some limited protection against BoNT. However, more effective protection has been obtained immunologically either by passive immunity (i.e., by administration of anti-BoNT Abs) or by immunization with inactivated toxin. More recently, excellent protection has been obtained by immunization with the receptor-binding region comprising the C-terminal (residues 860 to 1296) fragment (Hc) of the heavy chain of BoNT/A. Here we review the mapping of the epitopes on the Hc region of BoNT/A that are recognized by anti-BoNT/A Abs raised in horse, human, and mouse. The epitopes on the Hc that are recognized by anti-Hc Abs and by Hc-primed T lymphocytes were mapped in two mouse strains [BALB/c (H-2d) and SJL (H-2s)]. The peptides, which contain Ab or T cell epitopes (or both) on the Hc, were used as immunogens in BALB/c and SJL mice and we identified those peptides whose Ab and/or T-cell response cross-react with Hc. Identification of these peptides is an important first step in the intricate requirements for the design of a synthetic vaccine.
Effects of oral cisapride on small bowel motility in irritable bowel syndrome (1997)

Oral cisapride influences interdigestive and post-prandial small bowel motor activity in both irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy subjects; the effects of cisapride may be more marked in patients with predominant diarrhoea than in patients with predominant constipation.
Plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor, flt‐1, in haematological cancers: A comparison with breast cancer (2001)

Raised plasma VEGF is found in some cancers but levels of its receptor soluble Flt-1 (sFlt-1) are unreported. Hypothesising increased levels to be present in haematological cancers, we measured both by ELISA in 22 patients with haematological cancer, 22 with breast cancer, and in age- and sex-matched controls. VEGF was raised in both patients groups compared to controls (P < 0.01) but was higher in haematological cancer compared to breast cancer (P = 0.0238). There was no difference in levels of sFlt-1. Our data point to changes in levels of plasma VEGF, but not sFlt-1, in haematological cancer that may have pathophysiological consequences. Am. J. Hematol. 66:59–61, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the cyclotron resonance mechanism for magnetic field effects on transmembrane ion conductivity (1988)

Abstract The cyclotron resonance model, recently proposed to account for physiological response to weak environmental magnetic fields, is shown to violate the laws of classical mechanics. Further, it is argued that the ubiquitous presence of dynamic friction in fluid media precludes significant magnetic effects on membrane ion transport.
CCR4-Expressing T Cell Tumors Can Be Specifically Controlled via Delivery of Toxins to Chemokine Receptors (2007)

Expression of chemokine receptors by tumors, specifically CCR4 on cutaneous T cell lymphomas, is often associated with a poor disease outcome. To test the hypothesis that chemokine receptor-expressing tumors can be successfully controlled by delivering toxins through their chemokine receptors, we have generated fusion proteins designated chemotoxins: chemokines fused with toxic moieties that are nontoxic unless delivered into the cell cytosol. We demonstrate that chemokines fused with human RNase eosinophil-derived neurotoxin or with a truncated fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin 38 are able to specifically kill tumors in vitro upon internalization through their respective chemokine receptors. Moreover, treatment with the thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17)-expressing chemotoxin efficiently eradicated CCR4-expressing cutaneous T cell lymphoma/leukemia established in NOD-SCID mice. Taken together, this work represents a novel concept that may allow control of growth and dissemination of tumors that use chemokine receptors to metastasize and circumvent immunosurveillance.
Neoantigens in cancer immunotherapy (2015)

The clinical relevance of T cells in the control of a diverse set of human cancers is now beyond doubt. However, the nature of the antigens that allow the immune system to distinguish cancer cells from noncancer cells has long remained obscure. Recent technological innovations have made it possible to dissect the immune response to patient-specific neoantigens that arise as a consequence of tumor-specific mutations, and emerging data suggest that recognition of such neoantigens is a major factor in the activity of clinical immunotherapies. These observations indicate that neoantigen load may form a biomarker in cancer immunotherapy and provide an incentive for the development of novel therapeutic approaches that selectively enhance T cell reactivity against this class of antigens.
Observations on Halogens as Bathing Water Disinfectants (1966)

S ummary . The biocidal activities of the halogens are reviewed. Bromine concentrations exceeding 2 p/m will produce water of acceptable bacteriological quality. In paddling pool water, bromine was less bactericidal than iodine against the staphylococci, enterococci and diphtheroids.
In vivomagnetic resonance vascular imaging using laser-polarized3He microbubbles (1998)

Laser-polarized gases (3He and 129Xe) are currently being used in magnetic resonance imaging as strong signal sources that can be safely introduced into the lung. Recently, researchers have been investigating other tissues using 129Xe. These studies use xenon dissolved in a carrier such as lipid vesicles or blood. Since helium is much less soluble than xenon in these materials, 3He has been used exclusively for imaging air spaces. However, considering that the signal of 3He is more than 10 times greater than that of 129Xe for presently attainable polarization levels, this work has focused on generating a method to introduce 3He into the vascular system. We addressed the low solubility issue by producing suspensions of 3He microbubbles. Here, we provide the first vascular images obtained with laser-polarized 3He. The potential increase in signal and absence of background should allow this technique to produce high-resolution angiographic images. In addition, quantitative measurements of blood flow velocity and tissue perfusion will be feasible.
N‐Nitrosamines in snuff and chewing tobacco on the Swedish market in 1983 (1984)

Snuff and chewing tobacco on the Swedish market in 1983 were analysed for tobacco-specific and volatile N-nitrosamines using gas chromatography--thermal energy analysis. All 36 samples of snuff analysed were found to contain detectable levels of N'-nitrosonornicotine, N'-nitrosoanatabine, N'-nitrosoanabasine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Total tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine levels between 2.5 and 51 mg/kg wet weight were found, the mean level being 8.8 mg/kg. Detectable levels of at least two of the four tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines were found in all 18 samples of chewing tobacco analysed. The total concentration of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines found in chewing tobacco was between 0.1 and 7.8 mg/kg, the mean level being 2.1 mg/kg. The levels of volatile N-nitrosamines found in the 54 samples of snuff and chewing tobacco were very much lower--most of the samples contained less than 10 micrograms/kg and the highest concentration found was 550 micrograms/kg. Since snuff and chewing tobacco contain relatively high levels of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines and there is evidence of an association between the use of these tobacco products and human cancer, snuff and chewing tobacco users should be warned about the possible cancer risk involved in their habit. In addition, efforts should be made to reduce the levels of N-nitrosamines in snuff and chewing tobacco and the formation of these substances in the body from precursors originating from these tobacco products.
Real-time quantification of microRNAs by stem-loop RT-PCR (2005)

A novel microRNA (miRNA) quantification method has been developed using stem-loop RT followed by TaqMan PCR analysis. Stem-loop RT primers are better than conventional ones in terms of RT efficiency and specificity. TaqMan miRNA assays are specific for mature miRNAs and discriminate among related miRNAs that differ by as little as one nucleotide. Furthermore, they are not affected by genomic DNA contamination. Precise quantification is achieved routinely with as little as 25 pg of total RNA for most miRNAs. In fact, the high sensitivity, specificity and precision of this method allows for direct analysis of a single cell without nucleic acid purification. Like standard TaqMan gene expression assays, TaqMan miRNA assays exhibit a dynamic range of seven orders of magnitude. Quantification of five miRNAs in seven mouse tissues showed variation from less than 10 to more than 30,000 copies per cell. This method enables fast, accurate and sensitive miRNA expression profiling and can identify and monitor potential biomarkers specific to tissues or diseases. Stem-loop RT-PCR can be used for the quantification of other small RNA molecules such as short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Furthermore, the concept of stem-loop RT primer design could be applied in small RNA cloning and multiplex assays for better specificity and efficiency.
Dual promoter regulation of death-associated protein kinase gene leads to differentially silenced transcripts by methylation in cancer (2009)

Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK), a mediator of apoptotic systems, is silenced by promoter hypermethylation in lung and breast tumors. This gene has a CpG island extending 2500 bp from the translational start site; however, studies characterizing its transcriptional regulation have not been conducted. Two transcripts for DAPK were identified that code for a single protein, while being regulated by two promoters. The previously identified DAPK transcript designated as exon 1 transcript was expressed at levels 3-fold greater than the alternate exon 1b transcript. Deletion constructs of promoter 1 identified a 332 bp region containing a functional CP2-binding site important for expression of the exon 1 transcript. While moderate reporter activity was seen in promoter 2, the region comprising intron 1 and containing a HNF3B-binding site sustained expression of the alternate transcript. Sequencing the DAPK CpG island in tumor cell lines revealed dense, but heterogenous methylation of CpGs that blocked access of the CP2 and HNF3B proteins that in turn, was associated with loss of transcription that was restored by treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Prevalences were similar for methylation of promoter 1 and 2 and intron 1 in lung tumors, but significantly greater in promoter 2 and intron 1 in breast tumors, indicative of tissue-specific differences in silencing these two transcripts. These studies show for the first time dual promoter regulation of DAPK, a tumor suppressor gene silenced in many cancers, and substantiate the importance of screening for silencing of both transcripts in tumors.
Identification of Natural Antigenic Peptides of a Human Gastric Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma Recognized by HLA-A31-Restricted Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (1999)

Peptides of human melanomas recognized by CD8+ CTLs have been identified, but the nature of those of nonmelanoma tumors remains to be elucidated. Previously, we established a gastric signet ring cell carcinoma HST-2 and HLA-A31 (A*31012)-restricted autologous CTL clone, TcHST-2. In the present study, we determined the natural antigenic peptides of HST-2 cells. The purified preparation of acid-extracted Ags was submitted to the peptide sequencer, and one peptide, designated F4.2 (Tyr-Ser-Trp-Met-Asp-Ile-Ser-Cys-Trp-Ile), appeared to be immunogenic. To confirm the antigenicity of F4.2 further, we constructed an expression minigene vector (pF4.2ss) coding adenovirus E3, a 19-kDa protein signal sequence plus F4.2. An introduction of pF4.2ss minigene to HST-2 and HLA-A31(+) allogeneic tumor cells clearly enhanced and induced the TcHST-2 reactivity, respectively. Furthermore, when synthetic peptides of F4.2 C-terminal-deleted peptides were pulsed to HST-2 cells, F4.2-9 (nonamers), but not F4.2-8 or F4.2-7 (octamer or heptamer, respectively), enhanced the reactivity of TcHST-2, suggesting that the N-terminal ninth Trp might be a T cell epitope. This was confirmed by lack of antigenicity when using synthetic substituted peptides as well as minigenes coding F4.2 variant peptides with Ala or Arg at the ninth position of F4.2. Meanwhile, it was indicated that the sixth position Ile was critically important for the binding to HLA-A31 molecules. Thus, our data indicate that F4.2 may work as an HLA-A31-restricted natural antigenic peptide recognized by CTLs.
Metabolic Syndrome and Related Insulin Levels in Obese Children (2006)

Insulin resistance syndrome is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that is accompanied with an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. This has become an important problem in urban children due to their increasing levels of obesity. A total of 535 obese 7-11- year-old students of all the primary schools of the 6th district of Tehran were screened according to their waist circumference and then confirmed according to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria. Waist circumference, fasting serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and insulin levels were measured. Response rate of the study was 96.3%. The crude prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome in these children was 20.6%. There was no significant difference between genders. Only 8.2% of the studied children were without any of the criteria of the metabolic syndrome. The most common metabolic abnormality was hypertriglyceridemia, and the less common one was low HDL levels. Fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, HDL, blood pressure, and waist circumference were all related to the metabolic syndrome with odds ratio of 9.6, 18.71, 6.12, 17.64, and 13.68, respectively. Moreover, insulin levels were significantly higher in these children (12.25 +/- 5.25 vs. 10.75 +/- 4.25 AmicroIU/mL, p = 0.019). This difference was significant in girls with and without metabolic syndrome, but such a difference was not detected in boys. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome is high in Iranian obese children. Early intervention in this population who will become our future obese adults is needed, not only to increase their life quality, but also to decrease the future burden of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases on the society.