gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activation of protease activated receptor 1 increases the excitability of the dentate granule neurons of hippocampus (2011)

Protease activated receptor-1 (PAR1) is expressed in multiple cell types in the CNS, with the most prominent expression in glial cells. PAR1 activation enhances excitatory synaptic transmission secondary to the release of glutamate from astrocytes following activation of astrocytically-expressed PAR1. In addition, PAR1 activation exacerbates neuronal damage in multiple in vivo models of brain injury in a manner that is dependent on NMDA receptors. In the hippocampal formation, PAR1 mRNA appears to be expressed by a subset of neurons, including granule cells in the dentate gyrus. In this study we investigate the role of PAR activation in controlling neuronal excitability of dentate granule cells. We confirm that PAR1 protein is expressed in neurons of the dentate cell body layer as well as in astrocytes throughout the dentate. Activation of PAR1 receptors by the selective peptide agonist TFLLR increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration in a subset of acutely dissociated dentate neurons as well as non-neuronal cells. Bath application of TFLLR in acute hippocampal slices depolarized the dentate gyrus, including the hilar region in wild type but not in the PAR1-/- mice. PAR1 activation increased the frequency of action potential generation in a subset of dentate granule neurons; cells in which PAR1 activation triggered action potentials showed a significant depolarization. The activation of PAR1 by thrombin increased the amplitude of NMDA receptor-mediated component of EPSPs. These data suggest that activation of PAR1 during normal function or pathological conditions, such as during ischemia or hemorrhage, can increase the excitability of dentate granule cells.
Autoanti-phosphatidylinositide antibodies specifically inhibit noradrenaline effects on Ca2+ and Cl- channels in rat portal vein myocytes. (1992)

High levels of circulating autoantibodies (auto-Ab) directed against phosphatidylinositides have been identified in the sera of patients with malignant tumors. These polyclonal autoantibodies had higher avidity and specificity for phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) than for the other phosphatidylinositides. Effects of the auto-Ab were studied in smooth muscle myocytes in the PtdIns-involving transduction mechanism triggered by activation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors. Noradrenaline activated a Ca(2+)-dependent Cl- current through the Ca(2+)-releasing action of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) and enhanced the Ca2+ channel current through a diacylglycerol and protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. External applications of auto-Ab (0.03-0.3 mg/ml) were without effect on noradrenaline-induced responses whereas intracellular applications (0.0004-0.012 mg/ml) inhibited both Cl- current activation and Ca2+ channel current stimulation. Intracellular applications of IgG from healthy donors had no effect on noradrenaline-induced responses. When anti-PtdIns Ab were preincubated with PtdIns the inhibition of the noradrenaline-induced responses on Ca2+ and Cl- channels was not observed. Autoanti-PtdIns Ab inhibited also the acetylcholine-activated Cl- current, confirming that the acetylcholine response was mediated through the phosphatidylinositol breakdown. In contrast, the autoanti-PtdIns Ab were ineffective against the transduction pathway after beta-adrenoceptor activation. Therefore, these results suggest that the biological effect of autoanti-PtdIns Ab results from a specific binding to membrane PtdIns or PtdIns metabolites and thereby prevented InsP3 and diacylglycerol production. These autoanti-PtdIns Ab appear to be a new specific tool to identify the role of phosphatidylinositides in intracellular transduction processes.
The psychophysiological effects of music therapy in intensive care units (2010)

This article reviews the evidence for using music therapy with young people who are supported by mechanical ventilation. The author argues that music therapy is essential for developing a holistic approach focusing on the developmental level of a child or young person, as well as being an inexpensive, non-pharmacological, non-invasive therapy, with significant physiological and psychological benefits. She argues that more research is needed in this area to develop a sound evidence base on which guidelines to inform practice could be based.
Highly Stereoselective [2,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Sulfur Ylide Generated through Cu(I) Carbene and Sulfides (2005)

A highly stereoselective [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of sulfur ylide generated through Cu(I) carbene and allyl and propargyl sulfides by a double asymmetric induction approach that combines a chiral camphor sultam auxiliary and Cu(I) catalyst with chiral or achiral diimine ligands has been developed.
An update on Australia's future population growth and its population problems (2017)

"Population projections need to be continually updated as new information becomes available.... With an assumption of a total fertility rate of 1.865 children per woman and annual net migration of 50,000, ABS [Australian Bureau of Statistics] projections published in 1996 and additional projections in 1997 suggest a population of 24.5 million in 2051 and an ultimate population of more than 25 million. The analysis in this article...puts Australia's various population problems into a proper perspective and tries to direct attention away from the unnecessary preoccupation with population decline."
The Hox genes Ultrabithorax and abdominal-A specify three different types of abdominalappendage in the springtail Orchesella cincta (Collembola) (2014)

We conclude that, in Orchesella, Oc-Ubx alone specifies the collophore on the first and Oc-abd-A alone specifies the furca on the fourth abdominal segment. Oc-Ubx and Oc-abd-A function together, apparently combinatorially, to specify the retinaculum on the third segment. The efficiency of RNAi in Orchesella makes this an attractive model for further genetic studies of development and physiology in basal hexapods.
Generalized Anisotropic Inverse Mechanics for Soft Tissues (2010)

Elastography, which is the imaging of soft tissues on the basis of elastic modulus (or, more generally, stiffness) has become increasingly popular in the last decades and holds promise for application in many medical areas. Most of the attention has focused on inhomogeneous materials that are locally isotropic, the intent being to detect a (stiff) tumor within a (compliant) tissue. Many tissues of mechanical interest, however, are anisotropic, so a method capable of determining material anisotropy would be attractive. We present here an approach to determine the mechanical anisotropy of inhomogeneous, anisotropic tissues, by directly solving the finite element representation of the Cauchy stress balance in the tissue. The method divides the sample domain into subdomains assumed to have uniform properties and solves for the material constants in each subdomain. Two-dimensional simulated experiments on linear anisotropic inhomogeneous systems demonstrate the ability of the method, and simulated experiments on a nonlinear model demonstrate the ability of the method to capture anisotropy qualitatively even though only a linear model is used in the inverse problem. As with any inverse problem, ill-posedness is a serious concern, and multiple tests may need to be done on the same sample to determine the properties with confidence.
Intranasal Interferon- 2, Treatment of Experimental Rhinoviral Colds (1984)

The therapeutic efficacy of recombinant interferon-alpha 2 (HuIFN-alpha 2) in experimental infection with rhinovirus type 39 was assessed in two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Adult volunteers (serum neutralizing antibody titer, less than or equal to 1:2) were given 9 X 10(6) international units of HuIFN-alpha 2 three times a day for five days by intranasal spray (study 1) or drops (study 2) beginning 28 hr after rhinovirus inoculation. HuIFN-alpha 2 did not prevent rhinovirus infection or colds in either study. Treatment by nasal drops and to a lesser extent by spray was associated with significant reductions in duration and quantity of viral shedding. Treatment by drops was associated with significant but modest effects on nasal symptom scores and trends toward reduced quantities of production of nasal mucus. Despite lower nasal wash concentrations of interferon, HuIFN-alpha 2 drops appeared to have greater antiviral activity and therapeutic efficacy than did HuIFN-alpha 2 spray. These findings suggest that HuIFN-alpha 2 may not be therapeutically useful in treating naturally occurring rhinoviral colds.
RadHeat V1 User's Manual (2005)

RadHeat is a one dimensional finite difference heat transfer code that can determine the transient temperature evolution of layered targets in pulsed penetrating radiation environments. It makes use of energy dependent opacity and stopping data to model the volumetric deposition of any number of photon or ion spectra each incident at arbitrary angles. Convective and radiative boundary conditions are handled as well as the ability to impose any initial temperature profile. The heat diffusion equation is formulated implicitly to eliminate timestep dependent stability issues. Simulations are, therefore, able to achieve high fidelity during times of thermal activity and greater speed elsewhere. The prototypical physical situation simulated by RadHeat is illustrated. RadHeat was originally written to study the temperature response of tungsten-armored target-facing walls to the pulsed photon and ion radiation emanating from fusion microexplosions in future IFE power plants. RadHeat's implementation is quite general, though, and the code can be applied to a very broad range of problems. Anything from the heating of the Earth's crust on a warm summer day to the temperature rise in a mirror after a laser pulse could potentially be modeled. This manual was written to help new users learn how to run the code and introduce them to the simulation tools it provides.
Regulation of progranulin expression in myeloid cells (2006)

Progranulin (pgrn; granulin-epithelin precursor, PC-cell-derived growth factor, or acrogranin) is a multifunctional secreted glycoprotein implicated in tumorigenesis, development, inflammation, and repair. It is highly expressed in macrophage and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Here we investigate its regulation in myeloid cells. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) increased pgrn mRNA levels in myelomonocytic cells (CD34(+) progenitors; monoblastic U-937; monocytic THP-1; progranulocytic HL-60; macrophage RAW 264.7) but not in nonmyeloid cells tested. Interleukin-4 impaired basal expression of pgrn in U-937. Differentiation agents DMSO, and, in U-937 only, phorbol ester [phorbol 12-myristate,13-acetate (PMA)] elevated pgrn mRNA expression late in differentiation, suggestive of roles for pgrn in more mature terminally differentiated granulocyte/monocytes rather than during growth or differentiation. The response of pgrn mRNA to ATRA differs in U-937 and HL-60 lineages. In U-937, ATRA and chemical differentiation agents greatly increased pgrn mRNA stability, whereas, in HL-60, ATRA accelerated pgrn mRNA turnover. The initial upregulation of pgrn mRNA after stimulation with ATRA was independent of de novo protein synthesis in U-937 but not HL-60. Chemical blockade of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation impaired ATRA-stimulated pgrn expression in HL-60 but not U-937, whereas in U-937 it blocked PMA-induced pgrn mRNA expression, suggestive of cell-specific roles for NF-kappaB in determining pgrn mRNA levels. We propose that: 1) ATRA regulates pgrn mRNA levels in myelomonocytic cells; 2) ATRA acts in a cell-specific manner involving the differential control of mRNA stability and differential requirement for NF-kappaB signaling; and 3) elevated pgrn mRNA expression is characteristic of more mature cells and does not stimulate differentiation.
Repeatability of patellar cartilage thickness patterns in the living, using a fat‐suppressed magnetic resonance imaging sequence with short acquisition time and three‐dimensinal data processing (1997)

A fast, reproducible, and noninvasive method is required for quantifying cartilage thickness clinically and for studying the deformation of articular cartilage during and after mechanical loading in vivo. The objective of the current investigation was to test the repeatability of regional distribution patterns of patellar cartilage thickness in the living on the basis of a fat-suppressed magnetic resonance imaging sequence with a short acquisition time and three-dimensional digital data processing. The knees of eight healthy volunteers were transversally imaged with a fat-suppressed FLASH-3D (fast low angle shot) sequence (acquisition time: 4 minutes and 10 seconds). In each case, the joint was newly positioned before each of the six replicate measurements was taken. The patellar cartilage was reconstructed three-dimensionally, and the distribution of cartilage thickness was determined with a three-dimensional minimal-distance algorithm. Whereas the cartilage volume ranged from 3,198 to 7,149 mm3, the mean coefficient of variation for the 6-fold volume measurement was 1.35%. On average, 75.1% (+/- 4.1%) of all test pixels could be attributed to the same cartilage thickness interval (0.5 mm) by image analysis; 14.8% (+/- 2.4%) deviated by one interval; 6.6% (+/- 1.5%), by two intervals; and 3.5% (+/- 1.8%), by more than two intervals. We conclude that, on the basis of a magnetic resonance imaging sequence with an acquisition time of less than 5 minutes, the quantitative distribution of cartilage thickness can be determined with high precision in vivo.
Novel tunable photonic microwave filter based on laser arrays and N/spl times/N AWG-based delay lines (2003)

In this letter, a novel tunable and flexible photonic microwave filter architecture based on the use of laser arrays and the periodicity of N/spl times/N arrayed-waveguide-gratings optical response is proposed. Filter coarse and fine-tuning capabilities are experimentally demonstrated showing an excellent agreement with theory.
The Probable Error of a Mean (1908)

The Probable Error of a Mean But, as we decrease the number of experiments, the value of the standard deviation found from the sample of experiments becomes itself subject to an increasing error, until judgments reached in this way may become altogether misleading.In routine work there are two ways of dealing with this difficulty: (1) an experiment may be repeated many times, until suich a long series is obtained that the standard deviation is determined once and for all with sufficient accuracy.This value can then be used for subsequent shorter series of similar experiments.(2) Where experiments are done in duplicate in the natural course of the work, the mean square of the difference between corresponding pairs is equal to the standard deviation of the population multiplied by v/2.We can thus combine together several series of experiments for the purpose of determining the standard deviation.Owing however to secular change, the value obtained is nearly always too low, successive experitnents being positively correlated.There are other experiments, however, which cannot easily be repeated very often; in such cases it is sometimes necessary to judge of the certainty of the results from a very small sample, which itself affords the only indication of the variability.Some chemical, many biological, and most agricultural and large scale experiments belong to this class, which has hitherto been almost outside the range of statistical enquiry.Again, although it is well known that the method of using the normal curve is only trustworthy when the sample is "large," no one has yet told us very clearly where the limit between "l large " and " small " samples is to b-e drawn.The aim of the present paper is to determine the point at which we may use the tables of the probability integral in judging of the sig,nificance of the mean of a series of experiments, and to furnish alternative tables for utse when the number of experiments is too few.The paper is divided into the following nine sections: I.The equation is determined of the curve which represents the frequency distribution of standard deviations of samples drawn from a normal population.IJ.There is shown to be no kind of correlation between the mean and the standard deviation of such a sample.III.The equation is determined of the curve representing the frequency distribution of a quantity z, which is obtained by dividing the distance between the mean of a sample and the mean of the population by the standard deviation of the sample.IV.The curve found in I. is discussed.V. The curve found in III. is discussed.VI.The two curves are compared with some actual distributions.VII.Tables of the curves found in III. are given for samples of different size.VIII and IX.The tables are explained and some instances are given of their use.X. Conclusions.* See p. 19.* As pointed out in Section V. the normal curve gives too large a value for p when the probability is large.I find the true value in this case to be p = 9976.It matters little however to a conclusion of this kind whether the odds in its favour are 1,660: 1 or merely 416: 1.
The macrophage migration inhibitory factor MIF is a phenylpyruvate tautomerase (1997)

A macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), originally described as a product of activated lymphocytes, has been defined as a 12 kDa protein, expressed in a wide variety of tissues. Here MIF is identified as a phenylpyruvate tautomerase (EC 5.3.2.1) having p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and phenylpyruvate as its natural substrates. The definition of MIF as an enzyme may yield insight into the mechanism of action of this proinflammatory and immunomodulating cytokine.
Repair of osteochondral defects with grafts of cultured chondrocytes. Comparison of allografts and isografts. (1994)

Isogeneic and allogeneic chondrocytes cultured in collagen gel were transplanted into osteochondral defects in knee joints of inbred strains of rats. At 12 weeks, all eight isografted defects had healed successfully, compared with only four of eight allografted defects (p < 0.05). At 26 and 52 weeks, all defects except one had healed successfully and there was no significant difference in the success rate between the isografted and allografted groups. Control defects that had been implanted with only collagen gel did not heal successfully.
[The structure of the aglycon of eremomycin--a new antibiotic of the polycyclic glycopeptide group]. (1988)

Eremomycin is shown to be a new representative of the group of polycyclic glycopeptides. By the amino acid composition it is close to vancomycin but by the structure of triphenoxytriaminotricarboxylic acid it differs from vancomycin. Monodechlorovancomycinic acid was detected in eremomycin. On the basis of the data obtained in studies on the amino acid sequence and the molecule functional groups the structural formula of eremomycin aglycon was assigned. It is demonstrated that the chlorine-containing phenylserine fragment of monodechlorovancomycin acid is located in the N-end region of the aglycon peptide chain.
Special Section on the Joint Call for Proposals on High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Standardization (2010)

The five papers in this special section were among those submitted in response to the joint call for proposals on high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standardization. Although at this point of development it is still unclear which specific elements the final HEVC standard will contain, the selection of the papers was made such that together they would cover most of the promising tools and technologies that seem likely to be included in the standard.
68Ga-Complex Lipophilicity and the Targeting Property of a Urea-Based PSMA Inhibitor for PET Imaging (2012)

Urea-based inhibitors of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) represent low-molecular-weight pepidomimetics showing the ability to image PSMA-expressing prostate tumors. The highly efficient, acyclic Ga(III) chelator N,N'-bis [2-hydroxy-5-(carboxyethyl)benzyl] ethylenediamine-N,N'- diacetic acid (HBED-CC) was introduced as a lipophilic side chain into the hydrophilic pharmacophore Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys which was found favorable to interact with the PSMA "active binding site". This report describes the syntheses, in vitro binding analyses, and biodistribution data of the radiogallium labeled PSMA inhibitor Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys(Ahx)-HBED-CC in comparison to the corresponding DOTA conjugate. The binding properties were analyzed using competitive cell binding and enzyme-based assays followed by internalization experiments. Compared to the DOTA-conjugate, the HBED-CC derivative showed reduced unspecific binding and considerable higher specific internalization in LNCaP cells. The (68)Ga complex of the HBED-CC ligand exhibited higher specificity for PSMA expressing tumor cells resulting in improved in vivo properties. (68)Ga labeled Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys(Ahx)-HBED-CC showed fast blood and organ clearances, low liver accumulation, and high specific uptake in PSMA expressing organs and tumor. It could be demonstrated that the PET-imaging property of a urea-based PSMA inhibitor could significantly be improved with HBED-CC.
Controlling the cytokine storm by insulin: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 as a target in systemic inflammation* (2006)

Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany The authors have no financial interests to disclose.
Predicting the Cis−Trans Dichloro Configuration of Group 15−16 Chelated Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Complexes: A DFT and Experimental Study (2009)

Gradient-corrected (BP86) and hybrid (M06-L) density functional calculations were used to study the relative stability of cis and trans-dichloro X-chelated benzylidene ruthenium complexes (X = O, S, Se, N, P). Calculations in the gas phase differed from experimental results, predicting the trans-dichloro configuration as being more stable in every case. The addition of Poisson-Boltzmann (PBF) continuum approximation (dichloromethane) corrected the disagreement and afforded energies consistent with experimental results. Novel N, Se, and P chelated ruthenium olefin metathesis complexes were synthesized to evaluate calculation predictions. These findings reinforce the importance of including solvent corrections in DFT calculations of ruthenium metathesis catalysts and predict that stronger sigma donors as chelating atoms tend to electronically promote the unusual and less active cis-dichloro configuration.
Patient Expectancy and Post-chemotherapy Nausea: A Meta-analysis (2010)

These findings suggest that patient expectancies may contribute to post-chemotherapy nausea and that expectancy-based manipulations may provide a useful intervention strategy.
Translocation and Rearrangements of the c- myc Oncogene Locus in Human Undifferentiated B-Cell Lymphomas (1983)

The locus for the cellular myc (c-myc) oncogene in humans is located on the region of chromosome 8 that is translocated to chromosome 14 in cells from most undifferentiated B-cell lymphomas. It is shown in this study that the c-myc locus is rearranged in 5 out of 15 cell lines from patients with undifferentiated B-cell lymphomas, and that the rearrangement involves a region at the 5' side of an apparently intact c-myc gene. In at least three patients, this rearranged region appears to contain immunoglobulin heavy chain mu sequences that are located on chromosome 14. The data indicate that this region contains the crossover point between chromosomes 8 and 14. The break point can occur at different positions on both chromosomes among individual cell lines.