gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of mycobacterial antigens in sputum by enzyme immunoassay (1986)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was examined for its usefulness in detecting mycobacterial antigens in sputum. A double-antibody sandwich procedure was set up by using a commercially available hyperimmune serum directed against Mycobacterium bovis, BCG. The ELISA was able to detect 10 ng of protein per ml of BCG sonic extract. The system also clearly distinguished Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms from Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium kansasii organisms. A total of 68 unknown sputum specimens submitted to the clinical laboratories for examination for tuberculosis were tested by ELISA. Of the 20 specimens that were smear positive and culture positive, 12 (60%) were positive by ELISA; 6 of the 11 (55%) smear-positive culture-negative samples were positive by ELISA; 1 of 2 (50%) of the smear-negative culture-positive samples was positive by ELISA; and only 3 of 35 (9%) of the smear-negative culture-negative samples were positive by ELISA. This approach offers promise as an aid in the presumptive differentiation of nontuberculous mycobacteria from the M. tuberculosis complex.
Electron mobility enhancement in strained-Si n-MOSFETs fabricated on SiGe-on-insulator (SGOI) substrates (2001)

We demonstrate electron mobility enhancement in strained-Si n-MOSFETs fabricated on relaxed Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/-on-insulator (SGOI) substrates with a high Ge content of 25%. The substrates were fabricated by wafer bonding and etch-back utilizing a 20% Ge layer as an etch stop. Epitaxial regrowth was used to produce the upper portion of the Si/sub 0.75/Ge/sub 0.26/ and the surface strained Si layer. Large-area strained-Si n-MOSFETs were fabricated on this SGOI substrate. The measured electron mobility shows significant enhancement over both the universal mobility and that of co-processed bulk-Si MOSFETs. This SGOI process has a low thermal budget and thus is compatible with a wide range of Ge contents in Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ layer.
Hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose by cellobiohydrolase I and endoglucanase II from Trichoderma reesei: Adsorption, sugar production pattern, and synergism of the enzymes (1998)

Microcrystalline cellulose (10 g/L Avicel) was hydrolysed by two major cellulases, cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) and endoglucanase II (EG II), of Trichoderma reesei. Two types of experiments were performed, and in both cases the enzymes were added alone and together, in equimolar mixtures. In time course studies the reaction time was varied between 3 min and 48 h at constant temperature (40°C) and enzyme loading (0.16 μmol/g Avicel). In isotherm studies the enzyme loading was varied in the range of 0.08–2.56 μmol/g at 4°C and 90 min. Adsorption of the enzymes and production of soluble sugars were followed by FPLC and HPLC, respectively. Adsorption started quickly (50% of maximum achieved after 3 min) but was not completed before 60–90 min. For CBH I a linear relationship was observed between the production of soluble sugars and adsorption, showing that the average activity of the bound CBH I molecules does not change with increasing saturation. For EG II the corresponding curve levelled off which is explained by initial hydrolysis of loose ends on Avicel. The enzymes competed for binding sites, binding of EG II was considerably affected by CBH I, especially at high concentration. CBH I produced more soluble sugars than EG II, except at conversions below 1%. At 40°C when the enzymes were added together they produced 27–45% more soluble sugars than the sum of what they produced alone, i.e. synergistic action was observed (the final conversion after 48 h of hydrolysis was 3, 6, and 13% for EG II, CBH I, and their mixture, respectively). At 4°C, on the other hand, when the conversion was below 2.5%, almost no synergism could be observed. Molar proportions of the produced sugars were rather stable for CBH I (11–15%, 82–89%, and <6% for glucose, cellobiose, and cellotriose, respectively), while it varied considerably with both time and enzyme concentration for EG II. The observed stable but high glucose to cellobiose ratio for CBH I indicates that the processivity for this enzyme is not perfect. EG II produced significant amounts of glucose, cellobiose, and cellotriose, which are not the expected products of a typical endoglucanase activity on a solid substrate. We explain this by hypothesizing that EG II may show processivity due to its extended substrate binding site and the presence of its cellulose binding domain. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:621–634, 1998.
Comparison of five cell-free DNA isolation methods to detect the EGFR T790M mutation in plasma samples of patients with lung cancer (2018)

International audience
Nonradioactive Techniques for Measurement of In Vitro T-Cell Proliferation: Alternatives to the [3H]Thymidine Incorporation Assay (2000)

T-cell proliferation is an important in vitro parameter of in vivo immune function and has been used as a prognostic marker of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease progression. The proliferative capacity of T cells in response to various stimuli is commonly determined by a radioactive assay based on incorporation of [(3)H]thymidine ([(3)H]TdR) into newly generated DNA. In order to assess techniques for application in laboratories where radioactive facilities are not present, two alternative methods were tested and compared to the [(3)H]TdR assay as a "gold standard." As an alternative, T-cell proliferation was measured by flow cytometric assessment of CD38 expression on T cells and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), either in whole blood or Ficoll-Isopaque separated, from a total of 26 HIV-1-positive and 18 HIV-1-negative Dutch individuals were stimulated with CD3 monoclonal antibody (MAb) alone, a combination of CD3 and CD28 MAbs, or phytohemagglutinin. BrdU incorporation after 3 days of stimulation with a combination of CD3 and CD28 MAbs correlated excellently with the [(3)H]TdR incorporation in both study groups (HIV-1 positives, r = 0.96; HIV-1 negatives, r = 0.83). A significant correlation of absolute numbers of T cells expressing CD38 with [(3)H]TdR incorporation, both in HIV-1-positive (r = 0.96) and HIV-1-negative (r = 0.84) individuals, was also observed under these conditions. The results of this study indicate that determination of both the number of CD38-positive T cells and BrdU incorporation can be used as alternative techniques to measure the in vitro T-cell proliferative capacity. The measurement of CD38 expression on T cells provides the additional possibility to further characterize the proliferating T-cell subsets for expression of other surface markers.
A recurrent chromosome translocation breakpoint in breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines targets the neuregulin/NRG1 gene (2003)

The 8p11-21 region is a frequent target of alterations in breast cancer and other carcinomas. We surveyed 34 breast tumor cell lines and 9 pancreatic cancer cell lines for alterations of this region by use of multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) and BAC-specific FISH. We describe a recurrent chromosome translocation breakpoint that targets the NRG1 gene on 8p12. NRG1 encodes growth factors of the neuregulin/heregulin-1 family that are ligands for tyrosine kinase receptors of the ERBB family. Breakpoints within the NRG1 gene were found in four of the breast tumor cell lines: ZR-75-1, in a dic(8;11); HCC1937, in a t(8;10)(p12;p12.1); SUM-52, in an hsr(8)(p12); UACC-812, in a t(3;8); and in two of the pancreatic cancer cell lines: PaTu I, in a der(8)t(4;8); and SUIT-2, in a del(8)(p). Mapping by two-color FISH showed that the breaks were scattered over 1.1 Mb within the NRG1 gene. It is already known that the MDA-MB-175 breast tumor cell line has a dic(8;11), with a breakpoint in NRG1 that fuses NRG1 to the DOC4 gene on 11q13. Thus, we have found a total of seven breakpoints, in two types of cancer cell lines, that target the NRG1 gene. This suggests that the NRG1 locus is a recurring target of translocations in carcinomas. PCR analysis of reverse-transcribed cell line RNAs revealed an extensive complexity of the NRG1 transcripts but failed to detect a consistent pattern of mRNA isoforms in the cell lines with NRG1 breakpoint.
A New Generation of Potent Complement Inhibitors of the Compstatin Family (2011)

Compstatin family peptides are potent inhibitors of the complement system and promising drug candidates against diseases involving under-regulated complement activation. Compstatin is a 13-residue cyclized peptide that inhibits cleavage of complement protein C3, preventing downstream complement activation. We present three new compstatin variants, characterized by tryptophan replacement at positions 1 and/or 13. Peptide design was based on physicochemical reasoning and was inspired by earlier work, which identified tryptophan substitutions at positions 1 and 13 in peptides with predicted C3c binding abilities [Bellows M.L., Fung H.K., Taylor M.S., Floudas C.A., López de Victoria A., Morikis D. (2010) Biophys J; 98: 2337-2346]. The new variants preserve distinct polar and nonpolar surfaces of compstatin, but have altered local interaction capabilities with C3. All three peptides exhibited potent C3 binding by surface plasmon resonance and potent complement inhibition by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We also present enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay data and detailed surface plasmon resonance kinetic data of three peptides from previous computational design.
BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL RESEARCH GROUP (H-4) OF THE HEALTH DIVISION. Annual Report, July 1966--June 1967. (1967)

A. Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, o r usefulness of the information contained in this report, o r that tbe w e of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this report may not infrprivately owned rights; o r B. Assumes any liabilities with reapect to the m e of, or for damages resulting from the use of any information, apparatue, pethod, or process discloeed in this report.As used in the above."pereon acting on bebeball of tbe Commissionw includas any employee or contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor, to the ardent that such employee o r contractor of the Commission, or employee of such contractor prepares.disseminates, or provides access to, any information pursuant to his employment or contract witb the Commi.shn,o r M a nmplnytnent wltb such contractor.This LA.. .
Atom assisted sputtering yield amplification (1992)

At first sight one might assume that it is unlikely to influence the sputtering yield of a specific ion/substrate combination by any external means. However, we have found that such an influence may well be introduced. The sputtering yield is predominantly determined by the ion/substrate momentum transfer efficiency and the energy of the incoming ion. Sputter erosion of, e.g., carbon atoms by argon ions from a carbon substrate exhibits a very low sputtering yield. Due to the difference in masses between carbon and argon much of the momentum is transferred into the bulk of the carbon substrate. This situation could be changed by simultaneous codeposition of Pt atoms onto the carbon substrate surface during the argon sputtering. Keeping the argon flux at a level well above what is needed to sputter remove all the deposited Pt atoms the following effect occurs. Some of the deposited Pt atoms will be forward implanted by the energetic argon ions into the near surface region of the carbon substrate. Collision between both argon (M=40) and carbon (M=12) atoms with the implanted Pt atom (M=195) can result in reflection of some of the light atoms. Therefore implanted Pt atoms will act as effective reflection centers pushing the collision cascade to take place closer to the surface region, thereby contributing to an effective increase of the number of collision cascades in this region. This reflection effect will result in a substantial increase of the sputtering yield of carbon atoms. Experimental verification of this effect for the (Ar+C+Pt) and the (Ar+Si+Pt) systems will be presented. It will be also shown that this sputter amplification process can be predicted from computer simulations using the t-dyn version of the Monte Carlo trim code.
HoloLens-Based AR System with a Robust Point Set Registration Algorithm (2019)

By the standard of today's image-guided surgery (IGS) technology, in order to check and verify the progress of the surgery, the surgeons still require divert their attention from the patients occasionally to check against the display. In this paper, a mixed-reality system for medical use is proposed that combines an Intel RealSense sensor with Microsoft's Hololens head-mounted display system, for superimposing medical data onto the physical surface of a patient, so the surgeons do not need to divert their attention from their patients. The main idea of our proposed system is to display the 3D medical images of the patients on the actual patients themselves by placing the medical images and the patients in the same coordinate space. However, the virtual medical data may contain noises and outliers, so the transformation mapping function must be able to handle these problems. The transform function in our system is performed by the use of our proposed Denoised-Resampled-Weighted-and-Perturbed-Iterative Closest Points (DRWP-ICP) algorithm, which performs denoising and removal of outliers before aligning the pre-operative medical image data points to the patient's physical surface position before displaying the result using the Microsoft HoloLens display system. The experimental results shows that our proposed mixed-reality system using DRWP-ICP is capable of performing accurate and robust mapping despite the presence of noise and outliers.
美国的(相对)衰退 (1988)

美国宏伟战略的腐蚀1941年2月,当亨利·卢斯的《生活》杂志宣称这是“美国的世纪”时,这一说法与经济力量的真实情况完全相符。甚至在美国卷入第二次世界大战以前,它已生产了世界三分之一左右的产品,相当于纳粹德国产量的两倍多,几乎10倍于日本。到了1945年,随着法西斯国家的战败和美国战时盟国经济上的枯竭,美国几乎占有世界工业品产量的一半。这个比例是
Probing human sperm metabolism using 13C-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2018)

This work was supported by the Medical Research Council Grant MR/M010473/1. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Neuronal generation, migration, and differentiation in the mouse hippocampal primoridium as revealed by enhanced green fluorescent protein gene transfer by means of in utero electroporation (2005)

Neuronal migration defects in the hippocampus during development are thought to be involved in various mental disorders. Studies of neural cell migration in the developing cerebrum have focused mainly on the neocortex, but those that have been performed on the developing hippocampal formation have not been adequately carried out. In the present study, the morphological differentiation of immature neurons that form the laminar structure of the hippocampus was investigated by labeling ventricular surface cells with the expression vector of the enhanced-green-fluorescent-protein (EGFP) gene. Vector DNA was transfected into spatially and temporally restricted neuroepithelium of the hippocampal primordium by in utero electroporation, and the morphology of EGFP-labeled migratory neurons and their interrelationships with the radial glial arrangement were observed. Pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn began to migrate radially along glial processes from a broad area of neuroepithelium on embryonic day (E)14. Large numbers of multipolar cells were found in the intermediate zone in the initial stage and stratified pyramidal cells appeared later. Dentate granule cells were labeled later than (E)16 and originated from a restricted area of neuroepithelium adjacent to the fimbria. Their initial migration was rapid and independent of radial glial fibers. Subsequent tangential migration in the subpial space and their ultimate settling into the forming dentate gyrus were closely associated with the radial glia. These findings indicate that distinct cellular mechanisms are involved in the development of the cortical layer of Ammon's horn and dentate gyrus.
Microtubule-Dependent Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Exocytosis (2004)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent endopeptidases that cleave and degrade a wide spectrum of extracellular matrix components. By enhancing turnover of extracellular matrix, MMP activity is also known to play a key role in tumor cell invasion. Because extracellular protease activity requires efficient release of these proteases to the cellular surface, we investigated storage, transport, and exocytosis of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in human melanoma cells using immunofluorescence, electrical, and biochemical techniques. Immunolabeling of melanoma cells with antibodies specific for MMP-2 and MMP-9 led to the identification of two distinct populations of small cytoplasmatic vesicles containing MMP-2 or MMP-9, respectively. In combination with alpha-tubulin-specific antibodies, both vesicle populations were found to be aligned along the microtubular network. Moreover, the molecular motor protein kinesin is shown to be localized on most of these vesicles, providing evidence that the identified vesicles are actively propelled along microtubules toward the plasma membrane. The functional relevance of these findings is demonstrated using low dosage (5.9 nmol/L) of paclitaxel to affect the microtubular function of melanoma cells. Although cell proliferation is not altered, paclitaxel treatment impairs secretion of MMP-2/MMP-9 and significantly reduces invasive activity in our new cell invasion assay. In conclusion, we demonstrate in melanoma cells that microtubule-dependent traffic of MMP-containing vesicles and exocytosis are critical steps for invasive behavior and therefore are potential targets for specific antitumor drugs.
Etching materials with an atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (1998)

A plasma jet has been developed for etching materials at atmospheric pressure and between 100 and C. Gas mixtures containing helium, oxygen and carbon tetrafluoride were passed between an outer, grounded electrode and a centre electrode, which was driven by 13.56 MHz radio frequency power at 50 to 500 W. At a flow rate of , a stable, arc-free discharge was produced. This discharge extended out through a nozzle at the end of the electrodes, forming a plasma jet. Materials placed 0.5 cm downstream from the nozzle were etched at the following maximum rates: for Kapton ( and He only), for silicon dioxide, for tantalum and for tungsten. Optical emission spectroscopy was used to identify the electronically excited species inside the plasma and outside in the jet effluent.
Compact mode expanded lasers using resonant coupling between a 1.55-μm InGaAsP tapered active region and an underlying coupling waveguide (1998)

We demonstrate a novel expanded mode laser for enhanced laser-fiber coupling based on resonant coupling between a tapered active waveguide and an underlying coupling waveguide. This device was grown in a single standard epitaxial growth and was processed using conventional fabrication techniques, thus making it attractive for low-cost manufacturing. The total taper length required for mode transformation was 200 μm and the excess transformation loss was 0.6 dB indicating the compact, low-loss mode transformation. Far-field divergence angles (13/spl deg/×24/spl deg/) and improved coupling to cleaved single-mode fibers (3.8-dB coupling loss), were achieved.
Transformation and expression of a cloned Î´-endotoxin gene inbacillus thuringiensis (1989)

A shuttle vector containing the replication region of a resident plasmid of B. thuringiensis, was used to determine the conditions allowing efficient transformation of B. thuringiensis by electroporation. Using this plasmid a delta-endotoxin gene was cloned and expressed both in Escherichia coli and B. thuringiensis. It was shown that this gene was poorly expressed in the wild type situation whereas after cloning in acrystalliferous strains of B. thuringiensis large amounts of crystal protein were obtained.
Synthesis and Evaluation of a High Relaxivity Manganese(II)-Based MRI Contrast Agent (2004)

The manganese(II) ion has many favorable properties that lead to its potential use as an MRI contrast agent: high spin number, long electronic relaxation time, labile water exchange. The present work describes the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a novel Mn(II) complex (MnL1) based on EDTA and also contains a moiety that noncovalently binds the complex to serum albumin, the same moiety used in the gadolinium based contrast agent MS-325. Ultrafiltration albumin binding measurements (0.1 mM, pH 7.4, 37 degrees C) indicated that the complex binds well to plasma proteins (rabbit: 96 +/- 2% bound, human: 93 +/- 2% bound), and most likely to serum albumin (rabbit: 89 +/- 2% bound, human 98 +/- 2% bound). Observed relaxivities (+/- 5%) of the complex were measured (20 MHz, 37 degrees C, 0.1 mM, pH 7.4) in HEPES buffer (r(1) = 5.8 mM(-)(1) s(-)(1)), rabbit plasma (r(1) = 51 mM(-)(1) s(-)(1)), human plasma (r(1) = 46 mM(-)(1) s(-)(1)), 4.5% rabbit serum albumin (r(1) = 47 mM(-)(1) s(-)(1)), and 4.5% human serum albumin (r(1) = 48 mM(-)(1) s(-)(1)). The water exchange rate was near optimal for an MRI contrast agent (k(298) = 2.3 +/- 0.9 x 10(8) s(-)(1)). Variable temperature NMRD profiles indicated that the high relaxivity was due to slow tumbling of the albumin-bound complex and fast exchange of the inner sphere water. The concept of a high relaxivity Mn(II)-based contrast agent was validated by imaging at 1.5 T. In a rabbit model of carotid artery injury, MnL1 clearly delineated both arteries and veins while also distinguishing between healthy tissue and regions of vessel damage.
Complications associated with harvesting autogenous iliac bone graft. (1995)

The harvesting of an autogenous iliac bone graft is a frequently performed orthopedic procedure. Although often regarded as the simple or routine part of bone graft requiring surgery, complications are not necessarily uncommon. Documented donor-site complications include nerve, arterial, or urethral injury; chronic donor-site pain; cosmetic deformity; herniation of abdominal contents; sacroiliac joint instability; pelvic fractures; gait disturbances; hematoma; infection; peritoneal perforation; and hip subluxation. Most of these complications are avoidable when the surgeon is aware of their possibility and is familiar with the involved anatomy and preferred surgical approaches.
Interaction of Immobilised Unfractionated and LMW Heparins with Proteins in Whole Human Plasma (1993)

The profile of proteins bound to immobilised heparins in hirudin-anticoagulated human plasma was analysed. In molar terms, antithrombin III was the most abundant protein bound to therapeutic doses of unfractionated heparin (M(r) = 12,000), whereas heparin cofactor II constituted < 1% of the protein bound. Histidine-rich glycoprotein was the only plasma protein likely to influence anticoagulant activity by direct competition with antithrombin III, though significant quantities of complement Factor H, fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin and apolipoprotein B were also detected. Only traces of von Willebrand factor, complement factor I, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, alpha 2-macroglobulin, serum amyloid P and transferrin were identified, and neither thrombospondin nor platelet factor 4 were measurable. Binding of both antithrombin III and histidine-rich glycoprotein varied with the ratio of heparin to plasma. Clexane (M(r) = 4,500) also bound antithrombin III, but both histidine-rich glycoprotein and vitronectin were quantitatively significant neutralising proteins. Neutralising proteins dominated the binding profile for Oligo H (M(r) = 2,200).