gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Covalent Adaptable Networks (CANs): A Unique Paradigm in Cross-Linked Polymers (2010)

Polymer networks possessing reversible covalent crosslinks constitute a novel material class with the capacity for adapting to an externally applied stimulus. These covalent adaptable networks (CANs) represent a trend in polymer network fabrication towards the rational design of structural materials possessing dynamic characteristics for specialty applications. Herein, we discuss the unique attributes of CANs that must be considered when designing, fabricating, and characterizing these smart materials that respond to either thermal or photochemical stimuli. While there are many reversible reactions which to consider as possible crosslink candidates in CANs, there are very few that are readily and repeatedly reversible. Furthermore, characterization of the mechanical properties of CANs requires special consideration owing to their unique attributes. Ultimately, these attributes are what lead to the advantageous properties displayed by CANs, such as recyclability, healability, tunability, shape changes, and low polymerization stress. Throughout this perspective, we identify several trends and future directions in the emerging field of CANs that demonstrate the progress to date as well as the essential elements that are needed for further advancement.
Brightness Enhanced DNA FIT-Probes for Wash-Free RNA Imaging in Tissue (2013)

Fluorogenic oligonucleotides enable RNA imaging in cells and tissues. A high responsiveness of fluorescence is required when unbound probes cannot be washed away. Furthermore, emission should be bright in order to enable detection against autofluorescent background. The development of fluorescence-quenched hybridization probes has led to remarkable improvement of fluorescence responsiveness. Yet, comparably little attention has been paid to the brightness of smart probes. We describe hybridization probes that combine responsiveness with a high brightness of the measured signal. The method relies upon quencher-free DNA forced intercalation (FIT)-probes, in which two (or more) intercalator dyes of the thiazole orange (TO) family serve as nucleobase surrogates. Initial experiments on multi-TO-labeled probes led to improvements of responsiveness, but self-quenching limited their brightness. To enhance both brightness and responsiveness the highly responsive TO nucleoside was combined with the highly emissive oxazolopyridine analogue JO. Single-stranded TO/JO FIT-probes are dark. In the probe-target duplex, quenching caused by torsional twisting and dye-dye contact is prevented. The TO nucleoside appears to serve as a light collector that increases the extinction coefficient and transfers excitation energy to the JO emitter. This leads to very bright JO emission upon hybridization (F/F0 = 23, brightness = 43 mL mol(-1) cm(-1) at λex = 516 nm). TO/JO FIT-probes allowed the direct fluorescence microscopic imaging of oskar mRNA within a complex tissue. Of note, RNA imaging was feasible under wide-field excitation conditions. The described protocol enables rapid RNA imaging in tissue without the need for cutting-edge equipment, time-consuming washing, or signal amplification.
Landmark-based navigation strategies (1999)

A mobile robot can identify its own position relative to a global environment model using triangulation based on measuring angular separation between three landmarks in the environment. Multiple views from different locations of a smaller set of landmarks can also be used though. Alternatively the current position estimates can be updated using heading and distance measurements to a single landmark. Using these different strategies 8 position estimating techniques have been designed, analyzed and compared. These are based on viewing 1, 2 and 3 landmarks from one or two different viewpoints. It is shown that these procedures may be very sensitive to noise depending on the spatial landmark configuration, and relative position between robot and landmarks. A general analysis is presented which permits prediction of the uncertainty in the triangulated position. The uncertainty measure can be used to determine which of the light different techniques is the most suitable in specific situations. The entire analysis is based on a basic statistical approach, and verified experimentally. In addition to the evaluation of the individual techniques, an algorithm is presented for automatic selection of optimal landmarks. This algorithm enables a robot to continuously estimate its current position from the set of landmarks which provides the most stable solution. It is demonstrated that using this algorithm can result in more than one order of magnitude reduction in position uncertainty.
Routing in the Internet (1995)

1. Introduction to Routing in the Internet. The Worldwide Internet. How Is It Organized? A Study of Routing. Acknowledgments. I. ARCHITECTURE AND PROTOCOLS 2. The Internet Architecture. Is There an Internet Architecture? The End-to-End Argument. IP over Everything. Connectivity Is Its Own Reward. Developing the Internet Architecture. The Future of the Internet. 3. The Internet Protocol. Model of Operation. The Internet Addresses. The Internet Protocol. ICMP. Sending IP Packets. IP and Companion Protocols. Interconnecting Local Networks. 4. From IPv4 to IPv6. IPv6 Address Architecture. The IPv6 Header Format. ICMP v6. Address Resolution. Automatic Configuration. When Will We Deploy IPv6? II. INTERIOR ROUTING PROTOCOLS 5. Why Is RIP So Simple? Routing Information Protocol. An Introduction to Distance Vector Protocols. RIP, Version 1. RIP, Version 2. Using RIPng for IPv6. Further Improvements. The Cost of Simplicity. 6. Why Is OSPF So Complex? Open Shortest Path First. What Is a Link State Routing Protocol? Why Is a Link State Protocol Better? The Design of OSPF. The Link State Database. The Protocols within OSPF. OSPF for IPv6. Research and Developments. Complexity and Services. 7. Other Routing Protocols. RIP and OSPF Are Not Alone. Routers or Intermediate Systems? IGRP. Enhanced IGRP. Choosing Routing Protocols. III. EXTERIOR ROUTING PROTOCOLS 8. EGP: A First Step Toward The Global Internet. Splitting the Internet into Autonomous Systems. Exchanging Information through EGP. Routes, Distances, and Loops. The Limits of EGP. Developing BGP. 9. With BGP and CIDR Toward the World Wide Internet. Exponential Growth and the Need for CIDR. The Concept of Path Vectors. The Border Gateway Protocol. Synchronizing with the IGP. Growing Pains. 10. Growing Pains: From CIDR to IPv6. Addresses, Networks, and Routing Tables. The Structure of Interconnections. Routing Table Aggregation and Address Allocation. Is IPv6 the Solution? Waiting for the New IP. 11. Policy Routing. The Objectives of Policy Routing. Provider Selection. The IDPR Approach. Multi-Protocol Label Switching. The Future of Policy Routing. IV. NEW DEVELOPMENTS 12. IP Multicast Routing. Benefits of Multicast. Multicast Routing. Multicast Routing Protocols for the Internet. Internet Multicast Today. IP Multicast Deployment Issues. The Future of Multicast Routing. 13. Mobility. Mobile Hosts. The Objectives of IP Mobility. Architecture/Terminology. Protocols and Conventions. Further Refinements. Mobility and IPv6. The Future of Mobility. 14. Network Service Quality and Resource Reservation. Queues and Delays. Queuing and Scheduling. A Reservation Protocol. Do We Need Resource Reservation? Differentiated Services. Future Internet Services. 15. Toward the New IP. The Internet Lives. Address Depletion. Preparing for IPv6. Index.
Chemical Synthesis and Characterization ofn-Fattyacyl Mono-Aminoacyl Derivatives of Colistin Nonapeptide (1974)

In order to examine the antimicrobial activity of n-fattyacyl mono-aminoacyl derivatives of colistin nonapeptide (CNP), twenty-one derivatives were synthesized and characterized on their chemical, physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. Five α-amino acids, glycine, l-alanine, dl-aminobutyric acid, dl-norvaline and dl-norleucine, and two ω-amino acids, β-alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid, were first acylated with each of three kinds of acid chloride, n-octanoyl, n-decanoyl and n-dodecanoyl chloride, and then esterified with p-nitrophenol prior to the coupling of those n-fattyacyl amino acids to the terminal threonine of CNP. The coupling reaction was carried out in an aqueous solvent buffered at pH 5.0 without any protection of the γ-amino groups of CNP, as reported previously. All of the derivatives obtained in hydrochloride salts were hygroscopic white amorphous powder showing decomposing points at 180~230°C. Each purified preparation exhibited a ninhydrin positive spot on a paper chromatogram, and each spot coincided with respective inhibitory zone at Rf 0.54~0.72 on a bioautogram obtained with Escherichia coli NIHJ or Bacillus subtilis. The antimicrobial spectra of the fifteen n-fattyacyl α-aminoacyl CNPs against gram-negative bacteria were narrower and the activities are less than those of the corresponding n-fattyacyl derivatives of CNP or colistin. Of n-fattyacyl ω-aminoacyl derivatives, n-dodecanoyl β-alanyl-CNP showed unique antimicrobial spectrum against gramnegative bacteria, in which colistin insensitive Serratia marcescens and Proteus morganii were inhibited at the concentrations of 25 and 50 mcg/ml, respectively. In conclusion, the elongation of the peptide chain in the CNP molecule by an mono-amino acid acylated with n-fatty acid resulted in the reduction of the antimicrobial activity except for a case of β-alanine; the activity seems to depend on the kind of amino acid introduced.
Silicon nitride produced by catalytic chemical vapor deposition method (1989)

The catalytic chemical vapor deposition method is applied to obtain silicon nitride insulating films usable in large-scale integrated circuits. A N2 H4, N2 , and SiH4 gas mixture is decomposed by the catalytic or pyrolytic reaction with a heated catalyzer placed near substrates, and thus silicon nitride films are deposited at low temperatures around 300 °C with deposition rates higher than several hundreds Å/min, without any help from plasma and photochemical excitation. It is found that the resistivity, the breakdown electric field, and also the hydrogen content of the films can be almost equivalent to those of the films deposited by the thermal chemical vapor deposition at 700 °C or more, and that their step coverage appears sufficient to apply them on device fabrication.
Lawyers and Their Discontents: Findings from a Survey of the Chicago Bar (1999)

Both journalists and scholars have reported that many lawyers are acutely unhappy with their careers. Evidence from a survey of a large random sample of Chicago lawyers, however, is inconsistent with these reports. About 800 lawyers were personally interviewed in 1994-95. Only 1.6% of the respondents reported that they were "very dissatisfied" with their jobs, while 84% said that they were "satisfied" or "very satisfied." Male and female lawyers did not differ significantly in these overall satisfaction ratings. Although these findings are consistent with research on occupational satisfaction generally, the lack of a gender difference is surprising because the circumstances of women within the legal profession are, on average, markedly less advantageous than those of men. In more particular aspects of job satisfaction, however, women are often significantly more dissatisfied than men. Family circumstances, especially for lawyers who have children, have more impact on women than on men, as both the literature and general knowledge would lead one to expect. African-American respondents were significantly more dissatisfied than whites. Some of this difference may be associated with characteristics of the settings within which the lawyers work, including a large income difference. In multivariate analyses, only income and practice setting were found to be significantly associated with lawyer job satisfaction--neither gender nor race was significant in these analyses.
An affibody in complex with a target protein: Structure and coupled folding (2003)

Combinatorial protein engineering provides powerful means for functional selection of novel binding proteins. One class of engineered binding proteins, denoted affibodies, is based on the three-helix scaffold of the Z domain derived from staphylococcal protein A. The Z(SPA-1) affibody has been selected from a phage-displayed library as a binder to protein A. Z(SPA-1) also binds with micromolar affinity to its own ancestor, the Z domain. We have characterized the Z(SPA-1) affibody in its uncomplexed state and determined the solution structure of a Z:Z(SPA-1) protein-protein complex. Uncomplexed Z(SPA-1) behaves as an aggregation-prone molten globule, but folding occurs on binding, and the original (Z) three-helix bundle scaffold is fully formed in the complex. The structural basis for selection and strong binding is a large interaction interface with tight steric and polar/nonpolar complementarity that directly involves 10 of 13 mutated amino acid residues on Z(SPA-1). We also note similarities in how the surface of the Z domain responds by induced fit to binding of Z(SPA-1) and Ig Fc, respectively, suggesting that the Z(SPA-1) affibody is capable of mimicking the morphology of the natural binding partner for the Z domain.
Synthesis, characterization, and aqueous self‐assembly of amphiphilic poly(ethylene oxide)‐functionalized hyperbranched fluoropolymers (2010)

Abstract Complex amphiphilic polymers were synthesized via core‐first polymerization followed by alkylation‐based grafting of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Inimer 1‐(4′‐(bromomethyl)benzyloxy)‐2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐4‐vinylbenzene was synthesized and subjected to atom transfer radical self‐condensing vinyl polymerization to afford hyperbranched fluoropolymer (HBFP) as the hydrophobic core component with a number‐averaged molecular weight of 29 kDa and polydispersity index of 2.1. The alkyl halide chain ends on the HBFP were allowed to undergo reaction with monomethoxy‐terminated poly(ethylene oxide) amine (PEO x ‐NH 2 ) at different grafting numbers and PEO chain lengths to afford PEO‐functionalized HBFPs [(PEO x ) y ‐HBFPs], with x = 15 while y = 16, 22, or 29, x = 44 while y = 16, and x = 112 while y = 16. The amphiphilic, grafted block copolymers were found to aggregate in aqueous solution to give micelles with number‐averaged diameters ( D av ) of 12–28 nm, as measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). An increase of the PEO:HBFP ratio, by increase in either the grafting densities ( y values) or the chain lengths ( x values), led to decreased TEM‐measured diameters. These complex, amphiphilic (PEO x ) y ‐HBFPs, with tunable sizes, might find potential applications as nanoscopic biomedical devices, such as drug delivery vehicles and 19 F magnetic resonance imaging agents. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3487–3496, 2010
Fecal leukocyte proteins in inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. (2005)

Fecal PMN-elastase and calprotectin support the differentiation of chronic IBD from IBS and correlate with the severity of inflammation.
Activation of Invariant NKT Cells Ameliorates Experimental Ocular Autoimmunity by A Mechanism Involving Innate IFN-γ Production and Dampening of the Adaptive Th1 and Th17 Responses (2008)

Invariant NKT cells (iNKT cells) have been reported to play a role not only in innate immunity but also to regulate several models of autoimmunity. Furthermore, iNKT cells are necessary for the generation of the prototypic eye-related immune regulatory phenomenon, anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID). In this study, we explore the role of iNKT cells in regulation of autoimmunity to retina, using a model of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in mice immunized with a uveitogenic regimen of the retinal Ag, interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. Natural strain-specific variation in iNKT number or induced genetic deficiencies in iNKT did not alter baseline susceptibility to EAU. However, iNKT function seemed to correlate with susceptibility and its pharmacological enhancement in vivo by treatment with iNKT TCR ligands at the time of uveitogenic immunization reproducibly ameliorated disease scores. Use of different iNKT TCR ligands revealed dependence on the elicited cytokine profile. Surprisingly, superior protection against EAU was achieved with alpha-C-GalCer, which induces a strong IFN-gamma but only a weak IL-4 production by iNKT cells, in contrast to the ligands alpha-GalCer (both IFN-gamma and IL-4) and OCH (primarily IL-4). The protective effect of alpha-C-GalCer was associated with a reduction of adaptive Ag-specific IFN-gamma and IL-17 production and was negated by systemic neutralization of IFN-gamma. These data suggest that pharmacological activation of iNKT cells protects from EAU at least in part by a mechanism involving innate production of IFN-gamma and a consequent dampening of the Th1 as well as the Th17 effector responses.
Spectral Data Compression and Analyses Techniques to Discriminate Wheat Classes (2006)

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was evaluated to differentiate six different classes of wheat grown in western Canada. The original spectral data consisted of 2594 wavelength variables, and three data compression techniques, namely, principal component analysis (PCA), discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and discrete wavelet transform (DWT), were compared to reduce the dimensionality of the original dataset. Five different classifiers, namely, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classifier, radial basis function probabilistic neural network (PNN), and least-squares support vector machines (LS-SVM), were compared based on correct classification rates. Classification was performed on principal component scores, Fourier coefficients, and wavelet coefficients of the original spectral data. For dimensionality reduction, PCA was most efficient technique. It was also corroborated that linear end point baseline correction was necessary to achieve efficient data compression using DFT. Classification accuracies achieved using LDA or QDA combined with PCA as a pre-processing method were consistently better than the other three classifiers. Classification results based on Fourier or wavelet coefficients were less favorable than those directly obtained from principal component scores of the original spectra. LS-SVM did not perform well on test samples. Fisher's criterion (FC) was used to select eight wavelength features, and it was demonstrated that LDA, k-NN, and PNN classifiers could effectively discriminate wheat classes based on reflectance spectra.
Evaluating Instance-based Matching of Web Directories. (2008)

Web directories such as Yahoo or Google Directory semantically categorize many websites and are heavily used to find relevant websites in a particular domain of interest. Mappings between different web directories can be useful to integrate the information of different directories and to improve query and search results. The creation of such mappings is a challenging match task due to the large size and heterogeneity of web directories. Our study evaluates to what degree current match technology can be used to automatically determine directory mappings. We further propose specific instance-based match techniques utilizing the URL, name and description of the categorized websites. We evaluate the instance-based approaches for different similarity measures and study their combination with metadata-based approaches.
The Use of Vibration as an Exercise Intervention (2003)

The use of vibration as a means for enhancing athletic performance is a recent issue in exercise physiology. Current evidence suggests that vibration is effective in enhancing strength and the power capacity of humans, although the mechanisms mediating this effect are unknown.
HTTP State Management Mechanism (1997)

This document specifies a way to create a stateful session with HTTP requests and responses. It describes two new headers, Cookie and Set-Cookie, which carry state information between participating origin servers and user agents. The method described here differs from Netscape's Cookie proposal, but it can interoperate with HTTP/1.0 user agents that use Netscape's method. (See the HISTORICAL section.)
Finite Element Analysis of Dependence of Programming Characteristics of Phase-Change Memory on Material Properties of Chalcogenides (2006)

The programming characteristics of a phase-change memory (PCM) cell with a chalcogenide layer contacted by a resistive heater are investigated by finite element modelling. As analyzed in this study, the characteristics are markedly affected by the resistivity of the phase-change chalcogenide material. A higher reset current of 1.6 mA is required for the as-fabricated virgin PCM than that of 1.3 mA for the cycled PCM because of the resistivity difference of the chalcogenides in the two cases. More importantly, a chalcogenide layer with a much higher resistivity than the resistive heater is necessarily adopted for a higher energy efficiency to markedly reduce reset current to 0.6 mA or even lower while slightly increasing reset voltage.
High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) Field Therapy Used for Non- Invasive Buttock Augmentation and Lifting: Feasibility Study (2024)

Although latest trends indicate increasing demand for aesthetic improvement of buttocks, there is currently no alternative to injectable or surgical buttock augmentation. We aimed to investigate the feasibility of the High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic field (HIFEM) therapy for buttock shaping. 21 women received 4 HIFEM sessions (lasting 30 minutes) focused on gluteal muscles. Subjects were evaluated at baseline, after the last treatment, and at 1- month/3-month follow-ups. The evaluation comprised weight measurement, level of treatment comfort and satisfaction (Visual Analogue Scale, 0-10 range) questionnaire. Visual improvement in digital photographs was assessed by three independent evaluators using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS). The average satisfaction score after the last treatment was 7.2 ± 1.84 and increased at 1-month (7.4 ± 1.79) and 3-month (7.8 ± 1.95) follow-ups. The comfort level after the last treatment was 8.3±1.9. Weight change was insignificant. None of the subjects reported discomfort. GAIS score for the after photos was 1.56 ± 0.68 and was maintained at 1-month (1.51 ± 0.65) and 3-month (1.53 ± 0.66) follow-up. Digital photographs showed aesthetic improvement in most patients through improved shape and volume of the treated area, overall buttock lifting and reduction in muscle laxity. We suggest the device is suitable for non-invasive buttock augmentation as an alternative to surgical procedures.
Multichannel Acoustic Echo Cancellation and Noise Reduction in Reverberant Environments using the Transfer-Function GSC (2007)

In this paper, we present a multi-channel acoustic echo canceller that is integrated into the transfer-function generalized sidelobe canceller (TF-GSC). The proposed scheme consists of a primary TF-GSC, for dealing with the noise interferences, and a secondary modified TF-GSC, for dealing with the echo cancellation. The secondary TF-GSC includes an echo canceller embedded within a replica of the primary TF-GSC components. Experimental results demonstrate improved performance compared to cascade schemes of acoustic echo cancellation and adaptive beamforming.