gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An integrated circuit design for pruned tree-search vector quantization encoding with an off-chip controller (1992)

The design of an encoder for pruned tree-search vector quantization (VQ) is discussed. This allows near-optimal performance in a mean square error sense while keeping the hardware complexity low. The encoder is partitioned into a slave processor chip that computes the distance and performs minimizations and an off-chip controller that directs the search. Pointer addressing is exploited in the codebook memory to keep the controller hardware simple. Inputs to the slave processor include the source vectors, the code vectors; and external control signals. The slave processor outputs the index of the code vector that best approximates the input in a mean square error sense. The layout for the slave processor has been generated using a 1.2- mu m CMOS library and measures 5.76*6.6 mm/sup 2/. Critical path simulation with SPICE indicates a throughput of 89 million multiply-accumulates per second. This implies that real-time processing at MPEG rates can be achieved if the number of levels (N7) and the number of children at any node (M) obey the constraint M*N<32.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Deficient CD4+CD25high T Regulatory Cell Function in Patients with Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (2007)

CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs) play an essential role in maintaining immunologic homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by a loss of tolerance to nuclear components. We hypothesized that altered function of CD4(+)CD25(high) Tregs might play a role in the breakdown of immunologic self-tolerance in patients with SLE. In this study, we report a significant decrease in the suppressive function of CD4(+)CD25(high) Tregs from peripheral blood of patients with active SLE as compared with normal donors and patients with inactive SLE. Notably, CD4(+)CD25(high) Tregs isolated from patients with active SLE expressed reduced levels of FoxP3 mRNA and protein and poorly suppressed the proliferation and cytokine secretion of CD4(+) effector T cells in vitro. In contrast, the expression of FoxP3 mRNA and protein and in vitro suppression of the proliferation of CD4(+) effector T cells by Tregs isolated from inactive SLE patients, was comparable to that of normal individuals. In vitro activation of CD4(+)CD25(high) Tregs from patients with active SLE increased FoxP3 mRNA and protein expression and restored their suppressive function. These data are the first to demonstrate a reversible defect in CD4(+)CD25(high) Treg function in patients with active SLE, and suggest that strategies to enhance the function of these cells might benefit patients with this autoimmune disease.
Drug treatment improves memory in mice (2007)

Mice that carry additional copies of genes comparable to those present on human chromosome 21 have been shown to perform better on memory tests when treated with drugs that target brain function. Could this be an important break-through in the search for pharmacological therapies to assist people with Down syndrome?
Antibodies to human spermatozoa impede sperm penetration of cervical mucus or hamster eggs. (1984)

Antisperm antibodies from infertile patients and men with vasectomies can impede human sperm penetration of hamster eggs. When human spermatozoa were exposed to antisperm antibodies, six samples totally blocked and another ten significantly reduced sperm penetration, and only two samples yielded results comparable with those obtained with normal serum. The penetration rate was 59% for the control sera; the test serum rate was 15%. Ninety percent caused a reduction in egg penetration. The IgG fraction caused a reduction similar to that of whole serum. Antisperm antibodies can also reduce sperm penetration of cervical mucus. We found that 21% of the serum samples reduced mucus penetration. No specific antisperm antibody type (agglutination, immobilization, or antibodies as revealed by immunofluorescence) always prevented cervical mucus penetration or sperm penetration of hamster eggs. Furthermore, exposure to even high titers of antibodies in some serum samples did not result in total prevention of sperm penetration either of hamster eggs or cervical mucus, an indication that only certain antibody types prevent chances of fertility. The use of sperm penetration assays may be valuable tools with which to determine (1) the fertilizability of semen from men who exhibit seminal antisperm antibodies and (2) the importance of various antibodies in the prevention of fertilization.
A single-stranded gap in human immunodeficiency virus unintegrated linear DNA defined by a central copy of the polypurine tract (1991)

The structure of unintegrated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA from acutely infected human lymphoid cells was analyzed by nuclease S1 cleavage. We observed a unique, discrete single-stranded gap in unintegrated linear DNA molecules, located near the center of the genome. Oligonucleotide primer extension experiments determined that the downstream limit of this gap coincides with the last nucleotide of a central copy of the polypurine tract found in all sequenced lentivirus genomes. Other retroviruses have only one copy of the polypurine tract at the 5' boundary of the 3' long terminal repeat, which has been shown to determine initiation of retroviral DNA plus-strand synthesis. We conclude from our observations that the central repeat of the polypurine tract can create an additional site for plus-strand synthesis initiation in lentiviruses. The central single-stranded gap was not found in circular DNA molecules, the vast majority of them carrying only one long terminal repeat. This finding suggests that the generation of such circular molecules is associated with early DNA ligation events.
T Cell Exhaustion and CAR‐T Immunotherapy in Hematological Malignancies (2021)

T cell exhaustion has been recognized to play an immunosuppressive role in malignant diseases. Persistent tumor antigen stimulation, the presence of inhibitory immune cells and cytokines in tumor microenvironment (TME), upregulated expression of inhibitory receptors, changes in T cell-related transcription factors, and metabolic factors can all result in T cell exhaustion. Strategies dedicated to preventing or reversing T cell exhaustion are required to reduce the morbidity from cancer and enhance the effectiveness of adoptive cellular immunotherapy. Here, we summarize the current findings of T cell exhaustion in hematological malignancies and chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) immunotherapy, as well as the value of novel technologies, to inverse such dysfunction. Our emerging understanding of T cell exhaustion may be utilized to develop personalized strategies to restore antitumor immunity.
Veno-occlusive disease of the liver complicating ABMT successfully treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA). (1990)

A 45-year-old man underwent autologous bone marrow transplantation for relapsed myeloma. The procedure was complicated by the development of veno-occlusive disease (VOD) of the liver. Thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) resulted in rapid resolution of hepatic encephalopathy and ascites with improvement in liver function. The use of rt-PA in the management of VOD appears effective and should be evaluated in further patients.
Naturally Produced Extracellular Matrix Is an Excellent Substrate for Canine Endothelial Cell Proliferation and Resistance to Shear Stress on PTFE Vascular Grafts (1997)

ECM coating significantly increased the strength of endothelial cell attachment to vascular prostheses subjected to shear stress. The presence of adhesive macromolecules and potent endothelial cell growth promoting factors may render the ECM a promising substrate for vascular prostheses.
Speech enhancement for multimicrophone binaural hearing aids aiming to preserve the spatial auditory scene (2016)

Modern binaural hearing aids utilize multimicrophone speech enhancement algorithms to enhance signals in terms of signal-to-noise ratio, but they may distort the interaural cues that allow the user to localize sources, in particular, suppressed interfering sources or background noise. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm that enhances the target signal while aiming to maintain the correct spatial rendering of both the target signal as well as the background noise. We use a bimodal approach, where a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimator controls a binary decision mask, switching between the output signals of a binaural minimum variance distortionless response (MVDR) beamformer and scaled reference microphone signals. We show that the proposed selective binaural beamformer (SBB) can enhance the target signal while maintaining the overall spatial rendering of the acoustic scene.
Branched-Chain Sugar Nucleosides. A New Type of Biologically Active Nucleoside (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBranched-Chain Sugar Nucleosides. A New Type of Biologically Active NucleosideEdward Walton, Susan R. Jenkins, Ruth F. Nutt, Morris Zimmerman, and Frederick W. HollyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 19, 4524–4525Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00971a051https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00971a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views195Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Stimulus-Coupled Spatial Restriction of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Activity Contributes to the Specificity of Signal-Response Pathways (2004)

Current understanding of cell regulatory systems suggests a diverse array of extracellular stimuli commonly recruit a limited cadre of core signal transduction modules to drive discrete stimulus-specific responses. One such module is the Raf-MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase cascade. Little information exists about how this pathway can be appropriately coupled to discrete cell biological processes. Contributing factors may include regulation of the duration, amplitude, and/or subcellular compartmentalization of active ERK1/2. To define properties of ERK1/2 that may help mediate stimulus-selective signal propagation, we have examined the dynamic behavior of native ERK1/2 activation at the single-cell level. In primary human cell cultures, ERK1/2 activation is not an all-or-none response. Instead, the amount of active ERK1/2 in individual cells accumulated in proportion to the concentration of external stimulus. The variable degree of ERK1/2 activation correlated well with the degree of ERK1/2 effector activation. Therefore, the relative amplitude of ERK1/2 activation within a cell can be modulated and may contribute to the generation of stimulus-specific biological responses. Importantly, we also found that the capacity of active ERK1/2 to accumulate in the nucleus and drive immediate-early gene expression is dependent upon the nature of the inductive signal, but independent of the amplitude of ERK1/2 activation. Therefore, nuclear accumulation of active ERK1/2 is a discrete regulated step that can direct the function of the kinase in response to specific stimuli.
An apospory‐specific genomic region is conserved between Buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) and Pennisetum squamulatum Fresen (1999)

Twelve molecular markers linked to pseudogamous apospory, a form of gametophytic apomixis, were previously isolated from Pennisetum squamulatum Fresen. No recombination between these markers was found in a segregating population of 397 individuals (Ozias-Akins et al. 1998, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 95, 5127-5132). The objective of the present study was to test if these markers were also linked to the aposporous mode of reproduction in two small segregating populations of Cenchrus ciliaris (= Pennisetum ciliare (L.)Link), another apomictic grass species. Among 12 markers (sequence characterized amplified regions, SCARs), six were scored as dominant markers between aposporous and sexual C. ciliaris genotypes (presence/absence, respectively). Five were always linked to apospory and one showed a low level of recombination in 84 progenies. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were observed between sexual and apomictic phenotypes for three of the six remaining SCARs from P. squamulatum when used as probes. No recombination was observed in the F1 progenies. Preliminary data from megabase DNA analysis and sequencing in both species indicate that an apospory-specific genomic region (ASGR) is highly conserved between the two species. Although C. ciliaris has a smaller genome size to P. squamulatum, a higher copy number for markers linked to apospory found in the former may impair the progress of positional cloning of gene(s) for apomixis in this species.
Peptidmimetica für Rezeptorliganden – Entdeckung, Entwicklung und medizinische Perspektiven (1993)

Abstract Als Neurotransmitter, Neuromodulatoren und Hormone beeinflussen Peptide über rezeptorvermittelte Signaltransduktion eine Vielzahl physiologischer Prozesse. Auch ihre Rolle bei der Entstehung und/oder Unterhaltung von Krankheiten konnte in den letzten zwanzig Jahren eindeutig nachgewiesen werden. Wirkstoffe, die die biologischen Effekte der bioaktiven Peptide imitieren oder blockieren können (Agonisten bzw. Antagonisten), kommen somit als Hilfsmittel zur Untersuchung peptiderger Systeme und als therapeutische Agentien in Betracht. Nach anfänglichen pharmakologischen Studien wurde in der Vergangenheit die Eignung bioaktiver Peptide als therapeutische Hilfsmittel untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, daß sie aufgrund ihrer pharmakologischen Eigenschaften, beispielsweise durch ihren Abbau durch Peptidasen oder durch ihre schlechte Bioverfügbarkeit, nur in den wenigsten Fällen als Medikamente eingesetzt werden können. Zur Lösung dieser Probleme wurden Peptidmimetica, d. Verbindungen, die Peptide in ihrer Interaktion mit Rezeptoren ersetzen können, synthetisiert. Im Vergleich zu den nativen Peptiden zeigen sie erhöhte metabolische Stabilität, bessere Bioverfügbarkeit und größere Wirkungsdauer. Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchungen wurden auch Peptidmimetica mit antagonistischen Eigenschaften entwickelt. Dadurch wurden neue Behandlungs‐ und Therapieformen für eine Reihe von Erkrankungen möglich. Der Zugang zu Peptidmimetica erfolgt zwar noch weitgehend empirisch (Modifikation der nativen Peptide, Optimierung von Leitstrukturen), doch auch Methoden für ein rationales Design, die unter anderem auf Strukturuntersuchungen der Peptid‐Peptidrezeptor‐Komplexe oder Konformationsenergiestudien basieren, etablieren sich allmählich.
Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation. (1975)

Biomedical instruments and the measurement of physiological events resistive transducers inductive transducers capacitive transducers photoelectric transducers piezoelectric devices thermoelectric devices chemical transducers electrodes stimulation and stimulators detection of physiological events by impedance the bioelectric events radiant energy devices ventilation and ventilators criteria for the faithful reproduction of an event.
Operation, Control, and Applications of the Modular Multilevel Converter: A Review (2014)

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) has been a subject of increasing importance for medium/high-power energy conversion systems. Over the past few years, significant research has been done to address the technical challenges associated with the operation and control of the MMC. In this paper, a general overview of the basics of operation of the MMC along with its control challenges are discussed, and a review of state-of-the-art control strategies and trends is presented. Finally, the applications of the MMC and their challenges are highlighted.
Endocrine and Metabolic Evaluation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients with Evidence of Protease Inhibitor-Associated Lipodystrophy (1999)

Multidrug antiretroviral regimens that include human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitors are associated with distinct lipodystrophy, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperinsulinemia, and deposition of visceral abdominal adipose tissue. To determine whether these findings are related to abnormalities of adrenal function, we compared the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes of HIV-positive patients who had evidence of protease inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy (PIAL), control volunteers (CON), and patients with Cushing’s syndrome (CS). To elucidate the metabolic consequences of the observed lipodystrophy, we measured basal serum lipids and compared glucose and insulin concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test. Spontaneous plasma cortisol showed normal diurnal variation in PIAL. Cortisol levels were similar in CON and PIAL, and levels in these groups were less than those in CS at all times of the night or day (P < 0.005). Ovine CRH-stimulated morning plasma cortisol levels were similar in PIAL and CON. ACTH was significantly greater in PIAL than CON (P < 0.05) at 0, 15, and 30 min after CRH stimulation. Urinary free cortisol in PIAL (mean± sd, 76 ± 51 nmol/day) was significant lower than those in CON (165 ± 64 nmol/day; P < 0.001) and CS (1715 ± 1203 nmol/day; P < 0.001). However, 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion was significantly greater in PIAL (43 ± 23 μmol/day) than in CON (17 ± 8μ mol/day; P < 0.001), although lower than that in CS (74 ± 47 μmol/day; P < 0.01). Scatchard analysis revealed normal glucocorticoid receptor number and affinity in PIAL. Serum triglycerides were significantly greater in PIAL (6.57 ± 5.63 mmol/L) than in CS (1.78 ± 0.83 mmol/L; P < 0.001) or CON (1.36 ± 0.84 mmol/L; P < 0.001). Although triglyceride levels were significantly correlated with body mass index for CON and CS, these were not correlated for PIAL. During an oral glucose tolerance test, similar glucose and insulin values were found in PIAL and CS that were greater (P < 0.05) than CON values at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. We conclude that the lipodystrophy associated with use of HIV-1 protease inhibitors is a syndrome of increased intraabdominal adiposity with concomitant dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, but without total body weight gain and is distinct from any known form of hypercortisolism. Although urinary cortisol disposition seems to be altered in HIV-infected patients who are being treated with multidrug regimens that include protease inhibitors, the decreased free cortisol and increased 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion appear to be unlikely explanations for the observed lipodystrophy. The cause remains to be elucidated.
Special Topics in Intellectual Property and Information: An Introduction (2010)

Most professionals working in the Intellectual Property (IP) field will have a unique story and will have traveled a different career path. Along these different paths, they will have been inspired and educated, or have been advanced in their IP career in various ways. The purpose of this book is to provide both education on certain topics of interest and training information for those both beginning their information careers and pursuing continuing education pathways in Intellectual Property areas. Although many people associate Intellectual Property with lawyers, there are a variety of other professionals working in the field, and this book details many topics of interest to them.
REGULATION OF LYMPHOK1NE FUNCTION* (1979)

Although we have focused on desensitization as an experimental model, the findings obtained suggest mechanisms by which physiological control of cell-mediated immunity is attained. Thus, such regulation may occur either at the stage of expression of lymphokine activity or at the level of lymphokine production itself. The former may involve unique suppressor molecules, but as indicated above may be due to the inflammatory lymphokines themselves. The latter appears to involve suppressor systems similar to those operative in antibody formation. Over and above any specific model for regulation, the findings presented here suggest that local fluctuations in lymphokine distribution can modulate immunologically induced inflammatory responses, either through alterations in chemotactic gradients, or by other mechanisms as yet unknown.
Room-Temperature Synthesis of ZnS:Mn Films by H2 Plasma Chemical Sputtering (1990)

Thy hydrogen plasma chemical sputtering technique has been employed to deposit polycrystalline ZnS and ZnS:Mn films. The X-ray diffraction measurements and the electron probe X-ray microanalysis indicated that the highly crystallized ZnS films composed of near-stoichiometric ZnS grains were grown at 20°C in the pressure range from 300 Pa to 800 Pa, and the Mn-doped ZnS films were also deposited from the Mn-doped ZnS targets. The plasma state during the sputtering has been diagnosed by analyzing the spectral intensity emitted from Zn atoms. It is revealed that the growth rate is closely correlated with the optical emission from the Zn particles.
RECOVERY AND CONCENTRATION OF STRONG MINERAL ACIDS FROM DILUTE SOLUTIONS THROUGH LLX. I: REVIEW OF PARAMETERS FOR ADJUSTING EXTRACTANT PROPERT AND ANALYSIS OF PROCESS OPTIONS (1991)

ABSTRACT Parameters affecting extraction power of amine-based extractants for mineral acids are reviewed. Means for adjusting extractant composition for reversible extraction of mineral acids from dilute solutions are discussed. The paper also analyses process options for recovery of the extracted acid at concentrations higher than those in the original solution. Introduction of the required energy as thermal energy without resorting to evaporation of the acid or to evaporation of water is highly attractive.
What differentiates antiestrogen-liganded vs estradiol-liganded estrogen receptor action? (1992)

This paper provides an annotated summary of the current literature detailing what is known about the interaction of antiestrogen-liganded estrogen receptor (ER) vs estradiol-liganded ER with DNA in vitro and in vivo. It describes the current models of the mechanism by which antiestrogen-liganded ER blocks transcription of certain estrogen-regulated genes.