gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of mevinolin and mevalonate on cell growth in several transformed cell lines (1986)

Studies were conducted to explore the effects of mevinolin, a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase, on the growth and morphology of normal and transformed murine fibroblasts. Mevinolin is known to block DNA synthesis and cell growth in a number of kinds of non-transformed cells. Eight cell lines were studied, including two normal fibroblast cell lines (C3H 10T 1/2 and NIH 3T3) and derivatives of these cell lines transformed by chemical carcinogens, X-irradiation or the H-ras oncogene. All of the eight cell lines displayed appreciable growth inhibition by 5 microM mevinolin and marked inhibition by 30 microM mevinolin. Mevinolin also induced a marked rounding in the morphology of all of the cell lines. These effects of mevinolin on cell growth and morphology were blocked or reversed by the addition of mevalonic acid. Thus, both normal and transformed cells require mevalonate, or an as yet unidentified metabolite of mevalonate for their growth, even though some transformed cells have become relatively autonomous of other growth factors. Whereas mevinolin acted primarily as a cytostatic agent for most of the cell lines studied, with the transformed cell line MCA/10T 1/2, which ordinarily grows to a very high cell density, prolonged exposure to mevinolin caused marked cytotoxicity. Thus mevinolin might be useful as an anti-tumor agent for specific tumors.
The effects of base dopant outdiffusion and undoped Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ junction spacer layers in Si/Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x//Si heterojunction bipolar transistors (1991)

The effects of base dopant outdiffusion and nominally undoped Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ spacer layers at the junction interfaces of Si/Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x//Si n-p-n heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) have been studied. It has been found that small amounts of boron outdiffusion from heavily doped bases of nonabrupt interfaces cause parasitic barriers in the conduction band, which drastically reduce the collector current enhancement in the HBTs. Undoped interface spacers can remove the parasitic barriers, resulting in a strongly improved collector current enhancement.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Dioleoylmelittin as a Novel Serum-Insensitive Reagent for Efficient Transfection of Mammalian Cells (1997)

Amphipathic peptides can be useful effectors to enhance gene delivery. However, peptide/DNA complexes usually require additional effectors, such as fusogenic lipids, to mediate efficient transfection. Due to weak and/or multiple interactions between the various components of the system, the transfecting complexes are often heterogeneous and unstable in biological fluids. Accordingly, a hybrid molecule resulting from the covalent coupling of an amphipathic, membrane-disturbing peptide to a lipid moiety might create a stable and efficient peptide-based gene transfer system. The present work describes such a novel hybrid molecule, dioleoylmelittin, resulting from the conjugation of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine-N-[3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate] with [Cys1]melittin. Dioleoylmelittin had a lower hemolytic and membrane-disturbing activity than melittin. Size and zeta potential measurements, DNA gel electrophoresis, and electron microscopy showed that dioleoylmelittin, unlike melittin, was able to complex plasmid DNA to form spherical particles with a net positive charge and a diameter between 50 and 250 nm. These particles, prepared at an optimal 10/1 dioleoylmelittin/DNA ratio (w/w), mediated efficient transient transfection of reporter genes in cultured mammalian cells including primary cells. The luciferase activity induced by the dioleoylmelittin/DNA complex was 5−500-fold higher than that induced by a cationic lipid/DNA complex, depending on the cationic lipid and the cell-line. Surprisingly, the presence of 10−50% fetal calf serum during dioleoylmelittin-mediated transfection enhanced 1.5−3-fold gene expression. Dioleoylmelittin represents a new class of efficient peptide-based transfection reagents, especially suited for serum-sensitive cells.
Differentiation of radial glia‐like cells from embryonic stem cells (2003)

Radial glial cells play important roles in neural development. They provide support and guidance for neuronal migration and give rise to neurons and glia. In vitro, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes can be generated from neural and embryonic stem cells, but the generation of radial glial cells from these stem cells has not yet been reported. Since the differentiation of radial glial cells is indispensable during brain development, we hypothesize that stem cells also generate radial glial cells during in vitro neural differentiation. To test this hypothesis, we utilized five different clones of mouse embryonic (ES) and embryonal carcinoma (EC) stem cell lines to investigate the differentiation of radial glial cells during in vitro neural differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that radial glia-like cells can be generated from ES/EC cell lines. These ES/EC cell-derived radial glia-like cells are similar in morphology to radial glial cells in vivo, i.e., they are bipolar with an unbranched long process and a short process. They also express several cytoskeletal markers, such as nestin, RC2, and/or GFAP, that are characteristics of radial glial cells in vivo. The processes of these in vitro generated radial glia-like cells are organized into parallel arrays that resemble the radial glial scaffolds in neocortical development. Since radial glia-like cells were observed in all five clones of ES/EC cells tested, we suggest that the differentiation of radial glial cells may be a common pathway during in vitro neural differentiation of ES cells. This novel in vitro model system should facilitate the investigation of regulation of radial glial cell differentiation and its biological function.
Improving the tumor specificity and retention of antibody-based molecules. (1998)

A number of novel strategies have been employed to enhance the degree and specificity of tumor-targeting by antibody-based molecules. These fall into three overlapping categories. The augmentation of the interaction between the antibody and target antigen (e.g., through increased affinity or valence), the enhancement of targeting specificity (e.g., by altering the clearance of unbound antibody or radiolabel), and the selection of radioisotopes and labeling methods which are more stable in vivo or better suited to the target application.
Geospatial mapping and navigation of the web (2001)

Web pages may be organized, indexed, searched, and navigated along several di erent feature dimensions. We investigate di erent approaches to discovering geographic context for web pages, and describe a navigational tool for browsing web resources by geographic proximity.
Analysis of the arc mode operation of the cesium vapor thermionic energy converter (1963)

An analysis of the cesium vapor arc discharge is presented. It is assumed that the discharge operates in the ball-of-fire mode, that cumulative ionization via the two resonance excited states is the predominant ionization mechanism, and that trapping in the plasma of the resonance radiation results in a long effective lifetime of the excited states. A volt-ampere characteristic is derived for the cesium arc and the results are applied to the thermionic energy converter. Good qualitative agreement is obtained between theory and experiment.
Reliable Hybridization of Oligonucleotides as Short as Six Nucleotides (1990)

Although there are many new applications for hybridizing short, synthetic oligonucleotide probes to DNA, such applications have not included determining unknown sequences of DNA. The lack of clear discrimination in hybridization of oligo probes shorter than 11 nucleotides and the lack of a theoretical understanding of factors influencing hybridization of short oligos have hampered the development of their use. We have found conditions for reliable hybridization of oligonucleotides as short as seven nucleotides to cloned DNA or to oligonucleotides attached to filters. Low-temperature hybridization and washing conditions, in contrast to the high stringency conditions currently used in hybridization experiments, have the potential for allowing the simple use of all oligos of six nucleotides or longer in meaningful hybridizations. We also present the hybridization discrimination theory that provides the conceptual framework for understanding these results.
Hardware-Based Trusted Computing Architectures for Isolation and Attestation (2017)

Attackers target many different types of computer systems in use today, exploiting software vulnerabilities to take over the device and make it act maliciously. Reports of numerous attacks have been published, against the constrained embedded devices of the Internet of Things, mobile devices like smartphones and tablets, high-performance desktop and server environments, as well as complex industrial control systems. Trusted computing architectures give users and remote parties like software vendors guarantees about the behaviour of the software they run, protecting them against software-level attackers. This paper defines the security properties offered by them, and presents detailed descriptions of twelve hardware-based attestation and isolation architectures from academia and industry. We compare all twelve designs with respect to the security properties and architectural features they offer. The presented architectures have been designed for a wide range of devices, supporting different security properties.
Metabolism of circulating ADP in the bloodstream is mediated via integrated actions of soluble adenylate kinase‐1 and NTPDase1/CD39 activities (2012)

Extracellular ATP and ADP trigger inflammatory, vasodilatatory, and prothrombotic signaling events in the vasculature, and their turnover is governed by networks of membrane-associated enzymes. The contribution of soluble activities to intravascular nucleotide homeostasis remains controversial. By using thin-layer chromatographic assays, we revealed transphosphorylation of [γ-(32)P]ATP and AMP by human and murine sera, which was progressively inhibited by specific adenylate kinase (AK) inhibitor Ap(5)A. This phosphotransfer reaction was diminished markedly in serum from knockout mice lacking the major AK isoform, AK1, and in human serum immunodepleted of AK1. We also showed that ∼75% ADP in cell-free serum is metabolized via reversible AK1 reaction 2ADP ↔ ATP + AMP. The generated ATP and AMP are then metabolized through the coupled nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase and 5'-nucleotidase/CD73 reactions, respectively. Constitutive presence of another nucleotide-converting enzyme, nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1, known as CD39), was ascertained by the relative deficiency of serum from CD39-null mice to dephosphorylate [(3)H]ADP and [γ-(32)P]ATP, and also by diminished [(3)H]ADP hydrolysis by human serum pretreated with NTPDase1 inhibitors, POM-1 and ARL-67156. In summary, we have identified hitherto unrecognized soluble forms of AK1 and NTPDase1/CD39 that contribute in the active cycling between the principal platelet-recruiting agent ADP and other circulating nucleotides.
Polyvinyl alcohol foam: prepackaged emboli for therapeutic embolization (1978)

Polyvinyl alcohol foam: prepackaged emboli for therapeutic embolizationCW Kerber, WO Bank and JA HortonAudio Available | Share
Shunt reduction with a fenestrated Amplatzer device (2010)

In patients with an ASD and significant PAH and/or restrictive LV physiology as well as in Fontan patients with a large surgically created fenestration but failing Fontan circulation, a partial closure with a self-fenestrated Amplatzer device can be a feasible and successful therapeutic option. Balloon-dilated fenestrations in the Amplatzer device tend to close spontaneously during follow-up. Nonresorbable sutures or stenting can ensure patency of the created holes.
Recent advances in neurokinin-3 receptor antagonists (2000)

This review addresses the recent highlights and progress made in the neurokinin-3 (NK-3) receptor area since the last update, provided in this journal in 1997. Whereas in the neurokinin-1 (NK-1) and neurokinin-2 (NK-2) biological areas literature information based on clinical data account for a high therapeutic potential (in emesis and depression for NK-1 and asthma for NK-2 receptor antagonists), there is a total deficiency of information from NK-3 receptor antagonists in clinical development. No other chemical classes in addition to dichlorophenylalkylpiperidines, represented by SR 142,801 and quinolines, represented by SB-222200 and SB-223412, have been identified by pharmaceutical companies and scientists involved in the specific field. Biological evidence indicates pain/inflammation as a suitable CNS-related therapeutic target, this conclusion is based on localisation studies and efficacy of selected NK-3 receptor antagonists in rat disease models of inflammatory pain. In the periphery, the most likely therapeutic indications might be pulmonary and gastrointestinal tract diseases. It is clearly still premature to anticipate any therapeutic potential in man.
Computing swept volumes (2000)

The swept volume problem is practical, difficult and interesting enough to have received a great deal of attention over the years, and the literature contains much discussion of methods for computing swept volumes in many situations. The method presented here permits an arbitrary polyhedral object (given in a typical boundary representation) to be swept through an arbitrary trajectory. A polyhedral approximation to the volume swept by this moving object is computed and output in a typical boundary representation. A number of examples are presented demonstrating the practicality of this method. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Function of the oxidative burst in hypersensitive disease resistance. (1995)

Microbial elicitors or attempted infection with an avirulent pathogen strain causes the rapid production of reactive oxygen intermediates. Recent findings indicate that H2O2 from this oxidative burst plays a central role in the orchestration of the hypersensitive response: (i) as the substrate driving the cross-linking of cell wall structural proteins to slow microbial ingress prior to the deployment of transcription-dependent defenses and to trap pathogens in cells destined to undergo hypersensitive cell death, (ii) as a local threshold trigger of this programmed death in challenged cells, and (iii) as a diffusible signal for the induction in adjacent cells of genes encoding cellular protectants such as glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase. These findings provide the basis for an integrated model for the orchestration of the localized hypersensitive resistance response to attack by an avirulent pathogen.
Highly Emissive Colloidal CdSe/CdS Heterostructures of Mixed Dimensionality (2003)

We demonstrate that efficient shape control may be achieved in the shell of colloidally grown semiconductor nanocrystals (independent of the core), allowing the combination of a 0-D spherical CdSe core with a 1-D rodlike CdS shell. Besides exhibiting linearly polarized emission with a room-temperature quantum efficiency above 70%, these mixed-dimensionality colloidal heterostructures display large, length-dependent Stokes shifts as well as giant extinction coefficients approaching 107cm-1 M-1.
Sintering to Transparency of Polycrystalline Ceramic Materials (2012)

There is currently a high demand for advanced materials for different types of applications (see Fig. 1.1) in which besides a high mechanical performance, a partial or total transparency in a given spectral range is required. Transparent ceramics become more and more important for applications in which materials are subject to extremely high mechanical and thermal stress in combination with optical properties. More recently, interest has focused on the development of transparent armor materials (ceramic) for both military and civil applications. Also, the development of new optoelectronic devices has extended the use of ordinary optical materials to new applications and environments such as temperature (IR) sensor, optical fiber communications, laser interferometers, etc. A considerable fraction of these new devices operates in aggressive environments, such as ovens, radiation chambers and aerospace sensors. In such cases, the sensitive electronic component must be preserved from the extreme external condition by a transparent window. Transparent and coloured ceramics are also often used as wear and scratch resistant parts such as bearings and watch glasses as well as for their aesthetic Properties in synthetic opals and rubies.
Bifunctional antisense oligonucleotides provide a trans-acting splicing enhancer that stimulates SMN2 gene expression in patient fibroblasts (2003)

The multiplicity of proteins compared with genes in mammals owes much to alternative splicing. Splicing signals are so subtle and complex that small perturbations may allow the production of new mRNA variants. However, the flexibility of splicing can also be a liability, and several genetic diseases result from single-base changes that cause exons to be skipped during splicing. Conventional oligonucleotide strategies can block reactions but cannot restore splicing. We describe here a method by which the use of a defective exon was restored. Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) results from mutations of the Survival Motor Neuron (SMN) gene. Mutations of SMN1 cause SMA, whereas SMN2 acts as a modifying gene. The two genes undergo alternative splicing with SMN1, producing an abundance of full-length mRNA transcripts, whereas SMN2 predominantly produces exon 7-deleted transcripts. This discrepancy is because of a single nucleotide difference in SMN2 exon 7, which disrupts an exonic splicing enhancer containing an SF2ASF binding site. We have designed oligoribonucleotides that are complementary to exon 7 and contain exonic splicing enhancer motifs to provide trans-acting enhancers. These tailed oligoribonucleotides increased SMN2 exon 7 splicing in vitro and rescued the incorporation of SMN2 exon 7 in SMA patient fibroblasts. This treatment also resulted in the partial restoration of gems, intranuclear structures containing SMN protein that are severely reduced in patients with SMA. The use of tailed antisense oligonucleotides to recruit positively acting factors to stimulate a splicing reaction may have therapeutic applications for genetic disorders, such as SMA, in which splicing patterns are altered.
‘Sympathetically maintained pain’ (1994)

Patients with "reflex sympathetic dystrophy" or "causalgia" underwent sympathetic blocks. In protocol A (77 patients), we infused placebo (saline) for 30 minutes followed by phentolamine (35 mg). In protocol B (23 patients), the saline phase was followed by double-blind infusion of phentolamine or phenylephrine (500 micrograms), a second phase of saline, and then the other active drug. We assessed magnitudes of pain and mechanical hyperalgesias on a 0-to-10 pain scale and monitored sensory and sympathetic effects. With protocol A, pain diminished significantly (> or = 50%) during placebo in 22 patients (28.9%) and during phentolamine in seven (9.2%). With protocol B, four patients (17.3%) had relief of pain during placebo, four (17.3%) during phenylephrine, and two (8.7%) during phentolamine. All "phentolamine responders" had progressive pain relief from placebo. Two patients expressed relief during phenylephrine and worsening during phentolamine. Most patients did not respond significantly to saline or drugs. Thus, pharmacologic manipulation of the alpha-1 adrenergic receptor by either agonist or antagonist drug does not influence neuropathic pains. These results raise questions about the existence of "sympathetically maintained pain," as diagnosed by sympathetic blocks improperly controlled for placebo.
CpG Island Methylation and Expression of the Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein Gene Family in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (2006)

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by a clonal accumulation of mature neoplastic B cells indicating disruption of apoptosis. Restriction Landmark Genome Scanning was done to identify novel target genes silenced by CpG island methylation in CLL. Secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4), a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, was found to be frequently methylated in CLL samples. Wnt signaling has been shown to control normal apoptotic behavior and is required for normal B-cell development whereas aberrant activation of this pathway has been observed in CLL. We show aberrant DNA methylation and silencing of SFRP4, as well as of additional SFRP family members, in primary CLL samples. Induction of their expression in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with a demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, was shown. Of the five SFRP family members studied in detail, SFRP1 was hypermethylated and down-regulated in all CLL patient samples studied, suggesting that this epigenetic event is a critical step during leukemogenesis. Our results suggest that silencing of SFRPs by CpG island methylation is one possible mechanism contributing to aberrant activation of Wnt signaling pathway in CLL.
Fundamentals of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (2002)

This chapter focuses on the fundamentals of transition metal catalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Phenomenology, the current mechanistic understanding and some synthetic applications of ATRP are discussed. The literature up to the beginning of 2001 is presented.
Protection Against Mucosal Injury By Growth Factors and Cytokines (2001)

This article provides an overview of published studies in which growth factors and cytokines were used to modify the sensitivity of intestinal stem cells to a dose of radiation. In these experiments, growth factors were used to manipulate the sensitivity of stem cells in the gastrointestinal tract to reduce the severity of gastrointestinal mucositis in cancer therapy patients. Transforming growth factor beta3, interleukin 11, and keratinocyte growth factor were used. All three agents, given according to appropriate protocols, can result in a threefold to fourfold increase in the number of intestinal stem cells that survive a dose of radiation therapy. This result was assessed by using the crypt microcolony assay of stem cell functional capacity. The changes in stem cell survival that were observed resulted in increased animal survival. This increased survival was taken as a surrogate for improvement in patient well-being. The severity of diarrhea, a marker of functional impairment, was concomitantly reduced.