gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bioavailability of US commercial magnesium preparations. (2001)

Magnesium deficiency is seen with some frequency in the outpatient setting and requires oral repletion or maintenance therapy. The purpose of this study was to measure the bioavailability of four commercially-available preparations of magnesium, and to test the claim that organic salts are more easily absorbed. Bioavailability was measured as the increment of urinary maginesium excretion in normal volunteers given approximately 21 mEq/day of the test preparations. Results indicated relatively poor bioavailability of magnesium oxide (fractional absorption 4 per cent) but significantly higher and equivalent bioavailability of magnesium chloride, magnesium lactate and magnesium aspartate. We conclude that there is relatively poor bioavailability of magnesium oxide, but greater and equivalent bioavailability of magnesium chloride, lactate, and aspartate. Inorganic magnesium salts, depending on the preparation, may have bioavailability equivalent to organic magnesium salts.
Demonstration of tyrosinase in the adult bovine uveal tract and retinal pigment epithelium. (1978)

Modern techniques offer an opportunity for a more complete evaluation of melanin production in the uvea and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). By measuring the release of tritium from tritiated tyrosine in homogenized samples of adult bovine RPE as well as iris and choroid, tyrosinase activity could be demonstrated in both the uveal tract and the RPE. Phenylthiourea, a specific tyrosinase inhibitor, markedly decreased tyrosinase activity, whereas 3-iodo-tyrosine, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, had no effect. These techniques indicate tyrosinase activity in the uveal tract and the RPE of adult cattle. This is the first biochemical demonstration of tyrosinase in adult RPE.
Immunoregulatory T-Cell Pathways (1983)

Towards the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century an alteration occurred in Western thinking that allowed radical changes in many fields of study, including the life sciences.! Prior to this time, the study of nature was predominantly hermeneutic, concerned with classification and interpretation of signs that would show one the relationship of a plant or animal to its place in the universe (for example, its role in a medical cure). This perception of the order of reality persisted through the 18th century, until a new view emerged, in which underlying causes and pro­ cesses were examined. Thus, nature and life moved into the abstraction; the word biology was coined in 1800 by Burdach and extended in 1802 to the study of living bodies by Treviranus and again by Lamark. It was also at this time (1803) that the germ theory of disease first appeared (Med. J. IX, 484). In 1826, Fidele Bretonneau concluded that diseases are specific, devel­ oping through specific reproducing agents. Agostino Bassi (1836) isolated a parasitic fungus as the causative agent in a silkworm disease, and John Snow (1849) postulated similar agents operative in the communication of cholera. Pasteur began his studies in fermentation in 1854, which led to those studies that, together with those of Koch, resulted in the acceptance of the germ theory. Thus, disease came to be understood as an invasion of a healthy body by an infectious agent. Our understanding of immunology is firmly based upon this view. Al­ though Pasteur generalized the vaccination procedure of Jenner to include
Oligonucleotide-Modified Gold Nanoparticles for Intracellular Gene Regulation (2006)

We describe the use of gold nanoparticle-oligonucleotide complexes as intracellular gene regulation agents for the control of protein expression in cells. These oligonucleotide-modified nanoparticles have affinity constants for complementary nucleic acids that are higher than their unmodified oligonucleotide counterparts, are less susceptible to degradation by nuclease activity, exhibit greater than 99% cellular uptake, can introduce oligonucleotides at a higher effective concentration than conventional transfection agents, and are nontoxic to the cells under the conditions studied. By chemically tailoring the density of DNA bound to the surface of gold nanoparticles, we demonstrated a tunable gene knockdown.
[Recent advances in digestive oncology (pancreas excluded)]. (2006)

The present manuscript focus on new data regarding gastro-intestinal (GI) tumors (pancreas excluded). Two mains issues are discussed: advances in terms of the molecular basis of GI oncogenesis, and the data on molecular targeted agents for which the cost/efficacity balance needs to be addressed.
Plasma Antioxidants and Lipid Peroxidation in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Thrombolysis (1998)

Patients with AMI showed a drop in plasma antioxidant vitamins. Upon thrombolysis, there was an enhanced lipid peroxidation. These alterations indicate the significance of free radical generation processes in reperfusion injury in AMI patients, and suggest the potential involvement of antioxidants in the management of AMI treated by thrombolysis.
Clinical application of plasma shock wave lithotripsy in treating impacted stones in the bile duct system (2006)

瞄准：为了验证血浆冲击波的安全和功效，在碎裂的碎石术(PSWL ) 在胆汁管系统影响了石头。方法：从 1988 年 9 月到 2005 年 4 月，有影响石头的 67 个病人(26 个男人和 41 个女人) 与试管经历了各种各样的胆汁的操作(或 T 试管) 排水。在胆管造影术在操作以后发现的胆汁管系统的残余和影响石头被 PSWL 和 choledochofiberscopy 碎裂。201 块影响石头的一个总数被为 PSWL 的每脉搏在 2-3 J 将电压放在 2.5-3.5 kV，和能排出量的 PSWL 碎裂。然后，碎裂的石头被 choledochofiberscopy 提取。PSWL 的安全和功效被观察在期间并且在过程以后。结果：在胆汁管系统的 201 块影响石头(99.0%) 中的 199 个成功地用 PSWL 被碎裂并且由 choledochofiberscopy 提取了。为病人的石头清理率是 97%(65/67 ) 。十个病人在腹部的恰好上面的象限感到了温和疼痛，并且能容忍它很好。十一个病人有从胆汁管的粘膜流血的小数量。流血在生理盐水灌溉的 2 min 以内自发地短暂、停止。没有重要复杂并发症在期间并且在过程以后。结论: PSWL 是一个安全、有效的方法因为碎裂在胆汁管系统影响了石头。
Superelastic response of NiTi shape memory alloy wires for orthodontic applications (2000)

The realignment of teeth in the mouth requires the use of relatively low forces and moments applied continuously over extended periods of time. The need for this force system to remain essentially constant while the repositioning is occurring suggests that the superelastic behavior of shape memory alloys could be utilized to advantage over conventional materials.
Study of an adaptive bolus chasing CT angiography (2006)

To improve imaging quality and to reduce contrast dose and radiation exposure, an adaptive bolus chasing CT angiography was proposed so that the bolus peak position and the imaging aperture can be synchronized. The performance of the proposed adaptive bolus chasing CT angiography was experimentally evaluated based on the actual bolus dynamics. The experimental results show that the controlled table position and the bolus peak position were highly consistent. The results clearly demonstrate that the proposed adaptive bolus chasing CT angiography that synchronizes the bolus peak position with the imaging aperture by a simple adaptive system is computationally and clinically feasible. Similar techniques may also be applied to conventional angiography to improve imaging quality and to reduce contrast dose and/or radiation exposure.
Prostate cancer prevention (2007)

The contributions of infection and inflammation to the early development of prostate cancer suggest prevention strategies featuring prevention or eradication of infection, amelioration of inflammation, or attenuation of genome-damaging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The acquisition of androgen dependence later during prostate cancer pathogenesis suggests the use of approaches targeting androgen signaling, including inhibitors of 5alpha-reductase.
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA polymerases have homologous core subunits. (1987)

Eukaryotic RNA polymerases are complex aggregates whose component subunits are functionally ill-defined. The gene that encodes the 140,000-dalton subunit of Saccharomyces cerevisiae RNA polymerase II was isolated and studied in detail to obtain clues to the protein's function. This gene, RPB2, exists in a single copy in the haploid genome. Disruption of the gene is lethal to the yeast cell. RPB2 encodes a protein of 138,750 daltons, which contains sequences implicated in binding purine nucleotides and zinc ions and exhibits striking sequence homology with the beta subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. These observations suggest that the yeast and the E. coli subunit have similar roles in RNA synthesis, as the beta subunit contains binding sites for nucleotide substrates and a portion of the catalytic site for RNA synthesis. The subunit homologies reported here, and those observed previously with the largest RNA polymerase subunit, indicate that components of the prokaryotic RNA polymerase "core" enzyme have counterparts in eukaryotic RNA polymerases.
Detection of BRAF mutations in the tumour and serum of patients enrolled in the AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) advanced melanoma phase II study (2009)

These data demonstrate the feasibility of BRAF mutation detection in cfDNA of patients with advanced melanoma. Future studies should aim to incorporate BRAF mutation testing in cfDNA to further validate this biomarker for patient selection.
Immunogenicity of a fucosyl-GM1-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate vaccine in patients with small cell lung cancer. (1999)

Although small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is highly responsive to chemotherapy, relapses are common, and most patients die within 2 years of diagnosis. After initial therapy, standard treatment is observation alone. We have been investigating immunization against selected gangliosides as adjuvant therapy directed against residual and presumably resistant disease persisting after chemotherapy and irradiation. Previously, we reported that the presence of anti-GM2 ganglioside antibodies is associated with a prolonged disease-free survival in patients with melanoma, and that SCLC patients immunized with BEC2, an anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody that mimics the ganglioside GD3, had a prolonged survival compared with historical controls. In the present trial, fucosyl-alpha1-2Galbeta1-3GalNAcbeta1-4(NeuAcalpha2-3) Galbeta1-4Glcbeta1-1Cer (Fuc-GM1), a ganglioside expressed on the SCLC cell surface, was selected as a target for active immunotherapy. Fuc-GM1 is present on most SCLCs but on few normal tissues. SCLC patients achieving a major response to initial therapy were vaccinated s.c. on weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, and 16 with Fuc-GM1 (30 microg) conjugated to the carrier protein keyhole limpet hemocyanin and mixed with the adjuvant QS-21. Ten patients received at least five vaccinations and are evaluable for response. All patients demonstrated a serological response, with induction of both IgM and IgG antibodies against Fuc-GM1, despite prior treatment with chemotherapy with or without radiation. Posttreatment flow cytometry demonstrated binding of antibodies from patients' sera to tumor cells expressing Fuc-GM1. In the majority of cases, sera were also capable of complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Mild transient erythema and induration at injection sites were the only consistent toxicities. The Fuc-GM1-KLH + QS-21 vaccine is safe and immunogenic in patients with SCLC. Continued study of this and other ganglioside vaccines is ongoing.
Cu/Zeolite SCR on High Porosity Filters: Laboratory and Engine Performance Evaluations (2009)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is expected to be used extensively in the U.S. for diesel vehicle NOx control. Much progress has been made on improving performance and reducing complexity of SCR systems for vehicles in the past several years. SCR system complexity can be reduced further by implementation of SCR-coated diesel particulate filters (SCRFs). In this system, a high porosity (&amp;gt; 50%) filter substrate is coated with an SCR formulation, ideally in the pores of the filter walls, so that the DPF and SCR functions can be combined into a single catalyst.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Two state-of-the-art Cu/zeolite SCR formulations and three types of high porosity filter substrates were included in this study. Laboratory and engine-dynamometer tests were performed to measure NOx conversion under a variety of conditions to assess the impact of ammonia oxidation, inlet NO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/NOx ratio, ammonia/NOx ratio, oxygen level, space velocity, soot loading, and ammonia loading level. In general, SCRF technology was found to perform similarly to traditional channel-flow catalysts with the same type of active materials.&lt;/div&gt;
Modulation of acetylcholine receptor by antibody against the receptor (1977)

Antibody against acetylcholine receptor induces an increase in the rate of degradation of acetylcholine receptors on a mouse cell line (BC(3)H-1) and cultured rat skeletal muscle. The increased rate of degradation results in a lowered density of acetylcholine receptors on muscle membrane and a lowered sensitivity to iontophoretically applied acetylcholine. The modulation of acetylcholine receptor is energy, temperature, and time dependent and may be related to antigenic modulation found in other systems. Acetylcholine noise analysis demonstrates that antibody against acetylcholine receptor reduces the channel mean conductance and mean open time slightly. It is concluded that antibody binds to the acetylcholine receptor, impairs its function, and induces receptor degradation. This results in a lowered density of acetylcholine receptor and a lowered sensitivity to acetylcholine. Patients with myasthenia gravis have antibodies to their acetylcholine receptor in their serum. Antigenic modulation of receptor in the muscle of patients with myasthenia gravis could contribute to the observed decrease in amplitudes of miniature endplate potentials and in muscle acetylcholine sensitivity, and the symptoms of muscular weakness.
Adenosine A1 receptors regulate bone resorption in mice: Adenosine A1 receptor blockade or deletion increases bone density and prevents ovariectomy‐induced bone loss in adenosine A1 receptor–knockout mice (2010)

These results suggest that the adenosine A(1) receptor may be a useful target in treating diseases characterized by excessive bone turnover, such as osteoporosis and prosthetic joint loosening.
Strategies Toward Improved Control During Insulin Lispro Therapy in IDDM: Importance of basal insulin (1997)

Although the study was open, the date suggest that the appropriate combination of insulin lispro and basal insulin can improve postmeal hyperglycemia, HbA1c, and treatment satisfaction without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia.
Hydrothermal Routes To Prepare Nanocrystalline Mesoporous SnO2 Having High Thermal Stability (2004)

We report simple hydrothermal routes to prepare thermally stable SnO2 particles having high specific surface areas and mesoporosity. The preparation method includes a new combination of synthetic processes: hydrolysis of tin(IV) chloride at 95 degrees C in the absence of alkaline solutions (aqueous NH3 or NaOH), formation of nanocrystalline SnO2, and subsequent hydrothermal treatments at temperatures between 100 and 200 degrees C. After annealing treatments of the hydrothermally treated SnO2 particles at 400 or 500 degrees C, their crystallite sizes remained smaller than 7.7 nm and their specific surface areas were still higher than 110 m2/g, indicative of the high thermal stability against particle growth and sintering. Furthermore, mesoporosity evolved with a relatively narrow pore size distribution typically in the range of 3.0-4.3 nm. The effects of the hydrothermal treatment were explained by uniformization of the particle size that was beneficial to the suppression of particle growth.
p-Amidino esters as irreversible inhibitors of factors IXa, Xa, and thrombin (1986)

A number of inhibitors of thrombin and factor Xa have been described; however, only one inhibitor of factor IXa has been reported. This compound, dansyl-Glu-Gly-Arg chloromethyl ketone (DEGER), inhibits porcine factor IXa with a second-order rate constant of 2.2 X 10(4) M-1 min-1. We now describe the synthesis and characterization of three p-amidinophenyl esters that inhibit human factor IXa with second-order rate constants comparable to those observed with human and bovine factor Xa and alpha-thrombin. These rate constants of inhibition, moreover, are 2-30-fold greater than observed when DEGER is employed to inhibit porcine factor IXa. Additional advantages of these derivatives include their ease of synthesis and low degree of toxicity. The p-amidinophenyl ester of benzoic acid was employed to inhibit human factor IXa, and the plasma clearance of the protein was studied in mice. These experiments demonstrate for the first time that the endothelial binding previously reported with factor IXa is independent of the active site, a finding similar to the behavior observed with factor Xa and alpha-thrombin in this and previous reports.
Stabilization of β-Catenin by Genetic Defects in Melanoma Cell Lines (1997)

Signal transduction by beta-catenin involves its posttranslational stabilization and downstream coupling to the Lef and Tcf transcription factors. Abnormally high amounts of beta-catenin were detected in 7 of 26 human melanoma cell lines. Unusual messenger RNA splicing and missense mutations in the beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) that result in stabilization of the protein were identified in six of the lines, and the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor protein (APC) was altered or missing in two others. In the APC-deficient cells, ectopic expression of wild-type APC eliminated the excess beta-catenin. Cells with stabilized beta-catenin contained a constitutive beta-catenin-Lef-1 complex. Thus, genetic defects that result in up-regulation of beta-catenin may play a role in melanoma progression.
Characterization of the subclinical phase of ehrlichiosis in dogs (1986)

Prevalence of subclinical Ehrlichia canis infection in a Mississippi kennel was 53%. Most of the dogs probably had been infected for 4 or 5 years. The subclinical phase of the infection was characterized by high antibody titers to E canis (9 of 10 dogs with titers of 1:5, 120), hyperglobulinemia (9 of 10 dogs), thrombocytopenia (5 of 10), absolute lymphocytosis (4 of 10), and absolute neutropenia (3 of 10). The dogs had normal PCV, serum albumin concentrations, and urine protein excretion. Findings indicated that a high percentage of dogs in an enzootic area may develop subclinical ehrlichiosis that may last several years. Despite persistent antigenic stimulation, dogs subclinically infected for a prolonged time did not develop clinically apparent glomerular disease. However, evaluating dogs for antibody titers against E canis is recommended in endemic areas because subclinically infected dogs eventually may develop severe chronic disease, which may be less responsive to therapy.
Novel Antibiotic Susceptibility Tests by the ATP-Bioluminescence Method Using Filamentous Cell Treatment (1998)

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the ATP-bioluminescence method has been noted for its speed; it provides susceptibility results within 2 to 5 h. However, several disagreements between the ATP method and standard methodology have been reported. The present paper describes a novel ATP method in a 3.5-h test which overcomes these deficiencies through the elimination of false-resistance discrepancies in tests on gram-negative bacteria with beta-lactam agents. In our test model using Pseudomonas aeruginosa and piperacillin, it was shown that ATP in filamentous cells accounted for the false resistance. We found that 0.5% 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD) extracted ATP from the filamentous cells without affecting normal cells and that 0.3 U of adenosine phosphate deaminase (APDase)/ml simultaneously digested the extracted ATP. We used the mixture of these reagents for the pretreatment of cells in a procedure we named filamentous cell treatment, prior to ATP measurements. This novel ATP method with the filamentous cell treatment eliminated false-resistance discrepancies in tests on P. aeruginosa with beta-lactam agents, including piperacillin, cefoperazone, aztreonam, imipenem-cilastatin, ceftazidime, and cefsulodin. Furthermore, this novel methodology produced results which agreed with those of the standard microdilution method in other tests on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, including P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis, for non-beta-lactam agents, such as fosfomycin, ofloxacin, minocycline, and aminoglycosides. MICs obtained by the novel ATP method were also in agreement with those obtained by the agar dilution method of susceptibility testing. From these results, it was shown that the novel ATP method could be used successfully to test the activities of antimicrobial agents with the elimination of the previously reported discrepancies.
A survey of signal processing algorithms in brain–computer interfaces based on electrical brain signals (2007)

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) aim at providing a non-muscular channel for sending commands to the external world using the electroencephalographic activity or other electrophysiological measures of the brain function. An essential factor in the successful operation of BCI systems is the methods used to process the brain signals. In the BCI literature, however, there is no comprehensive review of the signal processing techniques used. This work presents the first such comprehensive survey of all BCI designs using electrical signal recordings published prior to January 2006. Detailed results from this survey are presented and discussed. The following key research questions are addressed: (1) what are the key signal processing components of a BCI, (2) what signal processing algorithms have been used in BCIs and (3) which signal processing techniques have received more attention?
Are BiTEs the “missing link” in cancer therapy? (2015)

Conventional treatment for cancer routinely includes surgical resection and some combination of chemotherapy and radiation. These approaches are frequently accompanied by unintended and highly toxic collateral damage to healthy tissues, which are offset by only marginal prognostic improvements in patients with advanced cancers. This unfortunate balance has driven the development of novel therapies that aim to target tumors both safely and efficiently. Over the past decade, mounting evidence has supported the therapeutic utility of T-cell-centered cancer immunotherapy, which, in its various iterations, has been shown capable of eliciting highly precise and robust antitumor responses both in animal models and human trials. The identification of tumor-specific targets has further fueled a growing interest in T-cell therapies given their potential to circumvent the non-specific nature of traditional treatments. Of the several strategies geared toward achieving T-cell recognition of tumor, bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) represent a novel class of biologics that have garnered enthusiasm in recent years due to their versatility, specificity, safety, cost, and ease of production. Bispecific T-cell Engagers (BiTEs) are a subclass of bsAbs that are specific for CD3 on one arm and a tumor antigen on the second. As such, BiTEs function by recruiting and activating polyclonal populations of T-cells at tumor sites, and do so without the need for co-stimulation or conventional MHC recognition. Blinatumomab, a well-characterized BiTE, has emerged as a promising recombinant bscCD19×CD3 construct that has demonstrated remarkable antitumor activity in patients with B-cell malignancies. This clinical success has resulted in the rapid extension of BiTE technology against a greater repertoire of tumor antigens and the recent US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) accelerated approval of blinatumomab for the treatment of a rare form of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In this review, we dissect the role of T-cell therapeutics in the new era of cancer immunotherapy, appraise the value of CAR T-cells in the context of solid tumors, and discuss why the BiTE platform may rescue several of the apparent deficits and shortcomings of competing immunotherapies to support its widespread clinical application.