gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Induction of a Th1 Immune Response and Simultaneous Lack of Activation of a Th2 Response Are Required for Generation of Immunity to Leishmaniasis (1998)

Experimental systems based on immunization with plasmid DNA or immune-stimulating complexes were used to delineate the requirements for generation of protective immunity against murine leishmaniasis. Vaccination with plasmid DNA encoding the host-protective Leishmania major parasite surface Ag-2 primed for an essentially exclusive Th1 response that protected mice against L. major infection. In contrast, parasite surface Ag-2 in immune-stimulating complexes generated an immune response with mixed Th1-like and Th2-like properties that was not protective despite the activation of large numbers of CD4+ T cells secreting IFN-gamma. These results indicate that a Th1 response is sufficient to protect against cutaneous leishmaniasis, but the induction of a simultaneous Th2 response abrogates the Th1 effector function. DNA vaccines may therefore have an advantage for diseases in which protection depends on the induction of Th1 responses.
Nonlinear Eye Gaze Mapping Function Estimation via Support Vector Regression (2006)

We propose a novel method for tracking eye gaze that allows natural head movement. Most existing remote eye gaze trackers cannot work under natural head movement due to the difficulty of building a gaze mapping function that can incorporate head motion information. Therefore, the user is required to hold his/her head unnaturally still, possibly with the use of chin-rest. In addition, before each usage of the tracking system, a cumbersome calibration procedure must be performed to obtain a gaze mapping function. Our proposed method significantly improves the conventional Pupil Center Corneal Refection (PCCR) technique to permit natural head movement and to minimize calibration. Support vector regression (SVR) is used to construct a highly nonlinear generalized gaze mapping function that accounts for head movement. As the head moves naturally in front of the camera, the associated gaze mapping function with each new head position will be obtained automatically by the learned generalized gaze mapping function. Once learned, the generalized gaze mapping function can be used by other users via a simple personal adaptation without retraining. Experiments for multiple users show that eye gaze can be estimated accurately under natural head movement via the proposed technique.
Establishment of feeder-free culture system for human induced pluripotent stem cell onDAS nanocrystalline graphene (2016)

The maintenance of undifferentiated human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) under xeno-free condition requires the use of human feeder cells or extracellular matrix (ECM) coating. However, human-derived sources may cause human pathogen contamination by viral or non-viral agents to the patients. Here we demonstrate feeder-free and xeno-free culture system for hPSC expansion using diffusion assisted synthesis-grown nanocrystalline graphene (DAS-NG), a synthetic non-biological nanomaterial which completely rule out the concern of human pathogen contamination. DAS-NG exhibited advanced biocompatibilities including surface nanoroughness, oxygen containing functional groups and hydrophilicity. hPSC cultured on DAS-NG could maintain pluripotency in vitro and in vivo, and especially cell adhesion-related gene expression profile was comparable to those of cultured on feeders, while hPSC cultured without DAS-NG differentiated spontaneously with high expression of somatic cell-enriched adhesion genes. This feeder-free and xeno-free culture method using DAS-NG will facilitate the generation of clinical-grade hPSC.
Point-Based Impostors for Real-Time Visualization (2001)

We present a new data structure for encoding the appearance of a geometric model as seen from a viewing region (view cell). This representation can be used in interactive or real-time visualization applications to replace a complex model by an impostor, maintaining high quality rendering while cutting down rendering time. Our approach relies on an object-space sampled representation similar to a point cloud or a layered depth image, but introduces two fundamental additions to previous techniques. First, the sampling rate is controlled to provide sufficient density across all possible viewing conditions from the specified view cell. Second, a correct, antialiased representation of the plenoptic function is computed using Monte Carlo integration. Our system therefore achieves high quality rendering using a simple representation with bounded complexity. We demonstrate the method for an application in urban visualization.
Retroviral vectors displaying functional antibody fragments (1993)

We have made retrovirus particles displaying a functional antibody fragment. We fused the gene encoding an antibody fragment directed against a hapten with that encoding the viral envelope protein (Pr80env) of the ecotropic Moloney murine leukemia virus. The fusion gene was co-expressed in ecotropic retroviral packaging cells with a retroviral plasmid carrying the neomycin phosphotransferase gene (neo), and retroviral particles with specific hapten binding activities were recovered. Furthermore the hapten-binding particles were able to transfer the neo gene and the antibody-envelope fusion gene to mouse fibroblasts. In principle, the display of antibody fragments on the surface of recombinant retroviral particles could be used to target virus to cells for gene delivery, or to retain the virus in target tissues.
CAPNOGRAPHY (1989)

From the Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, and the Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. Address correspondence to Dr. Paulus, Department of Anesthesiology, Box J-254, J. Hillis Miller Health Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32610–0254.
Laser Remelting of Zirconia Surface: Investigation into Stress Field and Microstructures (2011)

Investigation into the laser remelting of zirconia surfaces in a nitrogen gas environment is carried out. The thermal stress fields during and after the laser treatment process are predicted numerically. The microstructural and morphological changes in the laser-treated region are examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The residual stresses are determined using the XRD technique. It is found that the residual stress predicted remains high along a depth of 50 µm below the laser-treated surface. The predictions of residual stress agree well with the XRD data. A fine dendritic structure is formed in the vicinity of the surface, which contributes to the surface hardness. In addition, transformation of t-ZrO2 to c-ZrO2 at high temperature is accompanied by the formation of ZrN in the surface vicinity.
A Hyperband Antenna to Launch and Focus Fast High-Voltage Pulses Onto Biological Targets (2011)

This paper briefly reviews the design of a prolate-spheroidal impulse-radiating hyperband antenna system to launch and focus fast (100 ps) high-voltage ( >; 100 kV) pulses onto biological targets. Design and experiments on a graded five-layer dielectric lens, designed to match the pulses into the target medium, are outlined. The design and numerical simulations of a switch system to launch high-voltage spherical TEM pulses are also presented.
Activation of tumor cell integrin α v β 3 controls angiogenesis and metastatic growth in the brain (2009)

The incidence of brain metastasis is rising and poses a severe clinical problem, as we lack effective therapies and knowledge of mechanisms that control metastatic growth in the brain. Here we demonstrate a crucial role for high-affinity tumor cell integrin alpha(v)beta(3) in brain metastatic growth and recruitment of blood vessels. Although alpha(v)beta(3) is frequently up-regulated in primary brain tumors and metastatic lesions of brain homing cancers, we show that it is the alpha(v)beta(3) activation state that is critical for brain lesion growth. Activated, but not non-activated, tumor cell alpha(v)beta(3) supports efficient brain metastatic growth through continuous up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein under normoxic conditions. In metastatic brain lesions carrying activated alpha(v)beta(3), VEGF expression is controlled at the post-transcriptional level and involves phosphorylation and inhibition of translational respressor 4E-binding protein (4E-BP1). In contrast, tumor cells with non-activated alpha(v)beta(3) depend on hypoxia for VEGF induction, resulting in reduced angiogenesis, tumor cell apoptosis, and inefficient intracranial growth. Importantly, the microenvironment critically influences the effects that activated tumor cell alpha(v)beta(3) exerts on tumor cell growth. Although it strongly promoted intracranial growth, the activation state of the receptor did not influence tumor growth in the mammary fat pad as a primary site. Thus, we identified a mechanism by which metastatic cells thrive in the brain microenvironment and use the high-affinity form of an adhesion receptor to grow and secure host support for proliferation. Targeting this molecular mechanism could prove valuable for the inhibition of brain metastasis.
Dependence of Seebeck Coefficient on Carrier Concentration in Heavily B- and P-Doped Si1-xGex (x≦0.05) System (1999)

The electrical resistivity ρ, the Seebeck coefficient S and the carrier mobility µ were measured as a function of carrier concentration n for B- and P-doped Si, Si 0.97 Ge 0.03 and Si 0.95 Ge 0.05 prepared by arc melting. It was found that at a high carrier concentration of about 2×10 20 cm -3 , the S values of the Si 0.97 Ge 0.03 and Si 0.95 Ge 0.05 samples with dopant segregations are about 50% higher than those measured previously on Si 0.95 Ge 0.05 , Si 0.85 Ge 0.15 and Si 0.7 Ge 0.3 samples with little segregation, although the differences between their ρ values are very small. The most striking result is that the S curves of the doped Si samples have a hump at a concentration of about 3×10 19 cm -3 , while no hump was observed for the Si 0.97 Ge 0.03 samples, as in the case of Si 0.7 Ge 0.3 alloys. Such a hump is surprising because it conflicts with the conventional theory that predicts a monotonic decrease of S with increasing n . This phenomenon is related to a change in the effective mass which results from dopant segregation.
Structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate Reductoisomerase Provide New Insights into Catalysis (2007)

Isopentenyl diphosphate is the precursor of various isoprenoids that are essential to all living organisms. It is produced by the mevalonate pathway in humans but by an alternate route in plants, protozoa, and many bacteria. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase catalyzes the second step of this non-mevalonate pathway, which involves an NADPH-dependent rearrangement and reduction of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate to form 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate. The use of different pathways, combined with the reported essentiality of the enzyme makes the reductoisomerase a highly promising target for drug design. Here we present several high resolution structures of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase, representing both wild type and mutant enzyme in various complexes with Mn(2+), NADPH, and the known inhibitor fosmidomycin. The asymmetric unit corresponds to the biological homodimer. Although crystal contacts stabilize an open active site in the B molecule, the A molecule displays a closed conformation, with some differences depending on the ligands bound. An inhibition study with fosmidomycin resulted in an estimated IC(50) value of 80 nm. The double mutant enzyme (D151N/E222Q) has lost its ability to bind the metal and, thereby, also its activity. Our structural information complemented with molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations provides the framework for the design of new inhibitors and gives new insights into the reaction mechanism. The conformation of fosmidomycin bound to the metal ion is different from that reported in a previously published structure and indicates that a rearrangement of the intermediate is not required during catalysis.
Retrieval of broadcast news documents with the THISL system (2002)

This paper describes a spoken document retrieval system, combining the ABBOT large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) system developed by Cambridge University, Sheffield University and SoftSound, and the PRISE information retrieval engine developed by NIST. The system was constructed to enable us to participate in the TREC 6 Spoken Document Retrieval experimental evaluation. Our key aims in this work were to produce a complete system for the SDR task, to investigate the effect of a word error rate of 30-50% on retrieval performance and to investigate the integration of LVCSR and word spotting in a retrieval task.
RF Time of Flight Ranging for Wireless Sensor Network Localization (2006)

A simple system for measuring the peer to peer radio frequency time of flight between two identical sensor motes for distance measurement is presented. This scheme uses a 2.4 GHz radio, simple real time processing, and offline range extraction. Methods for reducing error from clock offset and multipath propagation are presented and implemented on prototype hardware. Measurement results are presented including measurements taken in a coal mine. Typical ranging accuracies are between 1 mRMS and 3 mRMS.
Condensation of DNA by trivalent cations. 2. Effects of cation structure (1990)

Electron microscopy is employed to examine DNA aggregates produced by three tripositively charged condensing agents. Spermidine, hexammine cobalt (III), and me8spermidine (in which the amine groups of spermidine are exhaustively methylated) all produce condensates. The predominant form of condensate observed is toroidal; however, me8spermidine produces a large fraction of rodlike condensates. Distributions of toroidal radii and estimated volumes suggest that the size of condensates depends on the condensing agent employed, its concentration, and the time elapsed after addition of condensing agent. While ligand charge seems to be the major factor in predicting condensing power, ligand structure influences the morphology and dimensions of the particles produced. The ability to form hydrogen bonds is not required to promote condensation, since me8spermidine has no NHs. There may be a kinetic barrier to condensation at low me8spermidine concentrations. The relative proportions of toroids and rods may depend on the energetic compensation between bending and binding in cyclic structures, or on rate-limiting formation of sharply bent or kinked regions in rods.
Effect of β‐to‐α Phase Transformation on the Microstructural Development and Mechanical Properties of Fine‐Grained Silicon Carbide Ceramics (2001)

Ultrafine β‐SiC powders mixed with 7 wt% Al 2 O 3, 2 wt% Y 2 O 3 , and 1.785 wt% CaCO 3 were hot‐pressed and subsequently annealed in either the absence or the presence of applied pressure. Because the β‐SiC to α‐SiC phase transformation is dependent on annealing conditions, the novel processing technique of annealing under pressure can control this phase transformation, and, hence, the microstructures and mechanical properties of fine‐grained liquid‐phase‐sintered SiC ceramics. In comparison to annealing without pressure, the application of pressure during annealing greatly suppressed the phase transformation from β‐SiC to α‐SiC. Materials annealed with pressure exhibited a fine microstructure with equiaxed grains when the phase transformation from β‐SiC to α‐SiC was &lt;30 vol%, whereas materials annealed without pressure developed microstructures with elongated grains when phase transformation was &gt;30 vol%. These results suggested that the precise control of phase transformation in SiC ceramics and their mechanical properties could be achieved through annealing with or without pressure.
Novel Magnetism ofIr5+(5d4)Ions in the Double PerovskiteSr2YIrO6 (2014)

We synthesize and study single crystals of a new double-perovskite Sr2YIrO6. Despite two strongly unfavorable conditions for magnetic order, namely, pentavalent Ir5+(5d4) ions which are anticipated to have Jeff=0 singlet ground states in the strong spin-orbit coupling (SOC) limit and geometric frustration in a face-centered cubic structure formed by the Ir5+ ions, we observe this iridate to undergo a novel magnetic transition at temperatures below 1.3 K. We provide compelling experimental and theoretical evidence that the origin of magnetism is in an unusual interplay between strong noncubic crystal fields, local exchange interactions, and "intermediate-strength" SOC. Sr2YIrO6 provides a rare example of the failed dominance of SOC in the iridates.
Lysis-independent potentiation of immune checkpoint blockade by oncolytic virus (2018)

Intratumoral therapy with oncolytic viruses is increasingly being explored as a strategy to potentiate an immune response against cancer, but it remains unknown whether such therapy should be restricted to cancers sensitive to virus-mediated lysis. Using Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) as a model, we explore immunogenic potential of an oncolytic virus in bladder cancer, where existing immunotherapy with PD-1 and PD-L1-targeting antibodies to date has shown suboptimal response rates. Infection of human and mouse bladder cancer cells with NDV resulted in immunogenic cell death, activation of innate immune pathways, and upregulation of MHC and PD-L1 in all tested cell lines, including the cell lines completely resistant to NDV-mediated lysis. In a bilateral flank NDV-lysis-resistant syngeneic murine bladder cancer model, intratumoral therapy with NDV led to an increase of immune infiltration in both treated and distant tumors and a shift from an inhibitory to effector T cell phenotype. Consequently, combination of intratumoral NDV with systemic PD-1 or CTLA-4 blockade led to improved local and abscopal tumor control and overall survival. These findings encourage future clinical trials combining intratumoral NDV therapy with systemic immunomodulatory agents and underscore the rationale for such treatments irrespective of tumor cell sensitivity to NDV-mediated lysis.
Automated Influx and Loss Detection System Based on Advanced Mud Flow Modeling (2019)

Abstract Maintaining well control is one of the most important considerations of any drilling operation, and early detection of formation fluid influx or mud losses is vital to safe drilling. Today's gain and loss detection tends to trigger too many false alarms; major improvements in reliability (few to no false alarms) and reactivity (no missed events) are needed without being user dependent. The new developed system optimizes both accuracy and efficiency. This system maintains a false alarm rate lower than current system, while detecting influxes or losses as low as 40 gal. It applies also to a wide variety of configuration: deepwater, managed pressure drilling, land rig operations, etc. This performance is achieved through a new flow-modeling processes combined with automated settings, real-time quality control and guided, intuitive software interfaces. From a purely user-dependent system, the new kick detection software is now based on automated processes, ensuring repeatable and optimal detection performances while minimizing risks of human error. The detection of abnormal flow conditions in the well relies on the comparison of predicted and measured flow at the exit of the well. The improvements of the flow modeling, such as new, calibrated pump-efficiency models based on the isothermal modeling of the pumps, increase the robustness and the reactivity of the detection system. The presented case studies allow quantifying improvements of the kick detection performance between the existing system and the new version, benchmarking both the influx-detection reactivity and the system reliability. Kick detection charts used in the study represent a new way of illustrating detection performances.
An Endogenous TNF-α Antagonist Induced by Splice-switching Oligonucleotides Reduces Inflammation in Hepatitis and Arthritis Mouse Models (2008)

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a key mediator of inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and anti-TNF-alpha drugs such as etanercept are effective treatments. Splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs) are a new class of drugs designed to induce therapeutically favorable splice variants of targeted genes. In this work, we used locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based SSOs to modulate splicing of TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) pre-mRNA. The SSO induced skipping of TNFR2 exon 7, which codes the transmembrane domain (TM), switching endogenous expression from the membrane-bound, functional form to a soluble, secreted form (Delta7TNFR2). This decoy receptor protein accumulated in the circulation of treated mice, antagonized TNF-alpha, and altered disease in two mouse models: TNF-alpha-induced hepatitis and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). This is the first report of upregulation of the endogenous, circulating TNF-alpha antagonist by oligonucleotide-induced splicing modulation.
Transfusion practice in military trauma (2008)

Modern warfare causes severe injuries, and despite rapid transportation to theater regional trauma centers, casualties frequently arrive coagulopathic and in shock. Conventional resuscitation beginning with crystalloid fluids to treat shock causes further dilutional coagulopathy and increased hemorrhagic loss of platelets and coagulation factors. Established coagulopathy was difficult to reverse in the face of uncontrolled hemorrhage. Because many of the casualties met conventional plasma and platelet transfusion criteria on admission, thawed AB plasma was prepositioned in the trauma receiving area and used in a 1:1 ratio with red cells for resuscitation and fresh whole blood was used as a source of platelets. Retrospective assessments of this 1:1 therapy strongly suggested that it resulted in improved hemostasis, shorter ventilator times, and improved survival. Component therapy, when available, appears to be as effective as fresh whole blood. In field emergencies, fresh whole blood can be lifesaving.
Cytokines and Their Roles in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: From Basics to Recent Advances (2010)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex auto-immune disorder which involves various facets of the immune system. In addition to autoantibody production and immune complex deposition, emerging evidences suggest that cytokines may act as key players in the immunopathogenesis of SLE. These cytokines assume a critical role in the differentiation, maturation and activation of cells and also participate in the local inflammatory processes that mediate tissue insults in SLE. Certain cytokines such as the IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, BLys, type I interferons (IFN) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) are closely linked to pathogenesis of SLE. The delineation of the role played by these cytokines not only fosters our understanding of this disease but also provides a sound rationale for various therapeutic approaches. In this context, this review focuses on selected cytokines which exert significant effect in the pathogenesis of SLE and their possible clinical applications.