gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural equation modeling and its application to network analysis in functional brain imaging (1994)

Abstract The analysis of brain imaging data has recently focused on the examination of the covariances of activity among neural regions during different behaviors. We present some of the theoretical and technical issues surrounding one of these covariance‐based methods: structural equation modeling. In structural equation modeling, connections between brain areas are based on known neuroanatomy, and the interregional covariances of activity are used to calculate path coefficients representing the magnitude of the influence of each directional path. The logic behind the use of structural equation modeling stems from the suggestion that brain function is the result of changes in the covariances of activity among neural elements. The technical foundations for neural structural equation models are presented, emphasizing the ability to make inferential comparisons to evaluate the experimental changes in path coefficients. Simulated data sets were used to test the effects of omitted regions and omitted connections. The results suggested that structural modeling algorithms can give hints as to possible external influences and missing paths, but that the final decision as to model modifications requires the guidance of the researcher. The utility of anatomically based models to distinguish between the direct effect of one region on another, and indirect effects of darkness or patterned light on the metabolic activity in the rat visual system. The anatomical framework for the structural equation models revealed that the total impact of ascending thalamocortical influences was modified by corticocortical interactions. Extensions of structural equation modeling to human brain imaging experiments are presented. We conclude by suggesting that neural covariances may be a more accurate way to examine the dynamic functional organization of the central nervous system. ©1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T-1095, an inhibitor of renal Na+-glucose cotransporters, may provide a novel approach to treating diabetes. (1999)

T-1095A and T-1095 are synthetic agents derived from phlorizin, a specific inhibitor of Na+-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs). Unlike phlorizin, T-1095 is absorbed into the circulation via oral administration, is metabolized to the active form, T-1095A, and suppresses the activity of SGLTs in the kidney. Orally administered T-1095 increases urinary glucose excretion in diabetic animals, thereby decreasing blood glucose levels. Indeed, the postprandial hyperglycemia after a meal load was shown to be suppressed by this compound in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. With long-term T-1095 treatment, both blood glucose and HbA1c levels were reduced in STZ-induced diabetic rats and yellow KK mice. In addition, there was amelioration of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, i.e., hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and of the development of microalbuminuria, in yellow KK mice. Thus, T-1095 may be a useful antidiabetic drug, providing a novel therapeutic approach for diabetes.
Phase-shift laser range finder based on high speed and high precision phase-measuring techniques (2011)

High speed and high precision phase measuring techniques is proposed in this paper to further improve the dy namic measurement accuracy of phase-shift laser range finder. In the method, heterodyne processing is employed to convert the phase measurement of high frequency signal into that of intermediate frequency signal, and the dual channel digital phase measuring method is employed to improve the accuracy and rate of phase measurement, and finally the Kalman filter based state estimation is introduced to further suppress the static and dynamic error of the phase measuring. Experimental results show that, for a moving target at a velocity up to 200 mm/s, an uncertainty better than ±1.2 mm can be achieved at a data rate up to 2 kHz (t=0.5 ms) with a laser range finder using the proposed method .
[Ambulatory thrombectomy of a graft. Transcutaneous clamping]. (1986)

Thrombectomy of a graft in ambulatory patients can be performed simply under local anesthesia, avoiding admission to hospital of patients with shunts. The technique is applicable to two types of shunt: arterio-arterial shunts for lower limb arteriopathy and arteriovenous shunts of a dialysis for chronic renal failure. The advantages are twofold: dissection of a subcutaneous graft is avoided and the patient can either immediately reinstitute activity if arteritic or dialysis for renal failure. The method is effective if the thrombus is of accidental origin, failures resulting from proximal or distal stenosis, their evaluation being possible during thrombectomy.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) for dementia (2003)

Although a number of studies suggest that TENS may produce short lived improvements in some neuropsychological or behavioural aspects of dementia, the limited presentation and availability of data from these studies does not allow definite conclusions on the possible benefits of this intervention. Since most of the currently published studies are well designed, although the numbers of subjects in each study is small, analysis of the complete original data from these and/or future studies may allow more definitive conclusions to be drawn.
Integration of single cell injection, cell lysis, separation and detection of intracellular constituents on a microfluidic chipElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Video showing a single erythrocyte transported through the microchannel, docking (adhering) at a particular point and then being lysed. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/lc/b3/b310552k/ (2004)

A microfluidic system was developed for the analysis of single biological cells, with functional integration of cell sampling, single cell loading, docking, lysing, and capillary electrophoretic (CE) separation with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection in microfabricated channels of a single glass chip. Channels were 12 microm deep and 48 microm wide, with a simple crossed-channel design. The effective separation channel length was 35 mm. During sampling with a cell suspension (cell population 1.2 x 10(5) cells per mL in physiological salt solution), differential hydrostatic pressure (created by adjusting liquid levels in the four reservoirs) was used to control cell flow exclusively through the channel crossing. Single cell loading into the separation channel was achieved by electrophoretic means by applying a set of potentials at the four reservoirs, counteracting the hydrostatic flow. A special docking (adhering) procedure for the loaded cell was applied before lysis by repeatedly connecting and disconnecting a set of low potentials, allowing precise positioning of the cell within the separation channel. Cell lysis was then effected within 40 ms under an applied CE separation voltage of 1.4 kV (280 V cm(-1)) within the working electrolyte (pH 9.2 borate buffer) without additional lysates. The docked lysing approach reduced dispersion of released intracellular constituents, and significantly improved the reproducibility of CE separations. Glutathione (GSH) was used as a model intracellular component in single human erythrocyte cells. NDA derivatized GSH was detected using LIF. A throughput of 15 samples h(-1), a retention time precision of 2.4% RSD was obtained for 14 consecutively injected cells. The average cellular concentration of GSH in human erythrocytes was found to be 7.2 [times] 10(-4)+/- 3.3 x 10(-4) M (63 +/- 29 amol per cell). The average separation efficiency for GSH in lysed cells was 2.13 x 10(6)+/- 0.4 x 10(6) plates per m, and was about a factor of 5 higher than those obtained with GSH standards using pinched injection.
Superfilling CVD of copper using a catalytic surfactant (2001)

Chemical vapor deposition of copper using iodine as catalytic surfactant fills sub-micron holes and trenches in bottom-up fashion and results in a leveled film surface. Accelerated film growth in holes and trenches seems due to the accumulation of the catalytic surfactant at the bottom of the holes and trenches caused by the reduction of surface area during the film growth. High growth rate and good filling and leveling capability make this deposition method a strong candidate for manufacturing metal interconnects for next-generation microelectronic devices. It suggests that use of surfactants may enable other applications previously considered not viable in vacuum deposition.
Global Adaptations Resulting from High Population Densities in Escherichia coli Cultures (2000)

The scope of population density effects was investigated in steady-state continuous cultures of Escherichia coli in the absence of complications caused by transient environmental conditions and growth rates. Four distinct bacterial properties reflecting major regulatory and physiological circuits were analyzed. The metabolome profile of bacteria growing at high density contained major differences from low-density cultures. The 10-fold-elevated level of trehalose at higher densities pointed to the increased role of the RpoS sigma factor, which controls trehalose synthesis genes as well as the general stress response. There was an eightfold difference in RpoS levels between bacteria grown at 10(8) and at 10(9) cells/ml. In contrast, the cellular content of the DNA binding protein H-NS, controlling many genes in concert with RpoS, was decreased by high density. Since H-NS and RpoS also influence porin gene expression, the influence of population density on the intricate regulation of outer membrane composition was also investigated. High culture densities were found to strongly repress ompF porin transcription, with a sharp threshold at a density of 4.4 x 10(8) cells/ml, while increasing the proportion of OmpC in the outer membrane. The density-dependent regulation of ompF was maintained in rpoS or hns mutants and so was independent of these regulators. The consistently dramatic changes indicate that actively growing, high-density cultures are at least as differentiated from low-density cultures as are exponential- from stationary-phase bacteria.
Discovery of (+)-N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-[1-(5-benzyl-3-methyl-4-oxo-[1,2]thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-2-methylpropyl]-4-methylbenzamide (AZD4877), a Kinesin Spindle Protein Inhibitor and Potential Anticancer Agent (2011)

Structure–activity relationship analysis identified (+)-N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-[1-(5-benzyl-3-methyl-4-oxo-[1,2]thiazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-2-methylpropyl]-4-methylbenzamide (AZD4877), from a series of novel kinesin spindle protein (KSP) inhibitors, as exhibiting both excellent biochemical potency and pharmaceutical properties suitable for clinical development. The selected compound arrested cells in mitosis leading to the formation of the monopolar spindle phenotype characteristic of KSP inhibition and induction of cellular death. A favorable pharmacokinetic profile and notable in vivo efficacy supported the selection of this compound as a clinical candidate for the treatment of cancer.
Carbon capture and storage (CCS): the way forward (2018)

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is vital to climate change mitigation, and has application across the economy, in addition to facilitating atmospheric carbon dioxide removal resulting in emissions offsets and net negative emissions. This contribution reviews the state-of-the-art and identifies key challenges which must be overcome in order to pave the way for its large-scale deployment.
Novel Nonpeptide CCK-B Antagonists:  Design and Development of Quinazolinone Derivatives as Potent, Selective, and Orally Active CCK-B Antagonists (1998)

We have designed a novel series of CCK-B receptor antagonists by combining key pharmacophores, an arylurea moiety of 1 and a quinazolinone ring of 3, from two known series. Our earlier studies showed that compounds with methylene linkers in our "target" produced moderate binding affinity and selectivity for CCK-B receptors, whereas its higher and lower homologues resulted in loss of affinity. Introduction of -NH- as a linker dramatically enhanced binding affinity and selectivity for CCK-B receptors, thus providing several compounds with single-digit nanomolar binding affinity and excellent selectivity. Analogous to the earlier studies of the series of quinazolinone derivatives 3, we also found 3-isopropoxyphenyl as a preferred substitution on the N-3 quinazolinone. Electron-withdrawing substitutions on the urea terminal phenyl ring enhanced the CCK-B potency. Representative compounds of this series were tested in the functional assay and showed pure antagonist profiles. Compounds 51 and 61 were orally active in the elevated rat X-maze test. These compounds were also evaluated for their pharmacokinetic profile. The absolute oral bioavailability of compound 61 was 22% in rats.
Morphological and cytoskeletal changes in epithelial cells occur immediately upon interaction with Salmonella typhimurium grown under low‐oxygen conditions (1992)

Salmonella typhimurium grown under oxygen-limiting conditions were found to enter into, elicit actin filament rearrangement in, and effect morphological changes upon HEp-2 cells within 15 min after infection. Video microscopy revealed that host cell morphological changes associated with entry began within 1 min of productive adherence. Polarized Caco-2 cell morphology was affected 40 s after infection with low-oxygen-grown S. typhimurium. Stationary-phase S. typhimurium did not elicit these phenomena within this time-period even when adherence was enhanced with the afimbial adhesin, AFA-I. Thus, environmental cues regulate S. typhimurium invasion factors, allowing for immediate entry into host cells. Additionally, actin filament rearrangement and morphological changes in the eukaryotic host cell are essential for entry and occur within minutes of infection.
The Effect of Water upon Deep Eutectic Solvent Nanostructure: An Unusual Transition from Ionic Mixture to Aqueous Solution (2017)

The nanostructure of a series of choline chloride/urea/water deep eutectic solvent mixtures was characterized across a wide hydration range by neutron total scattering and empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR). As the structure is significantly altered, even at low hydration levels, reporting the DES water content is important. However, the DES nanostructure is retained to a remarkably high level of water (ca. 42 wt % H<sub>2</sub> O) because of solvophobic sequestration of water into nanostructured domains around cholinium cations. At 51 wt %/83 mol % H<sub>2</sub> O, this segregation becomes unfavorable, and the DES structure is disrupted; instead, water-water and DES-water interactions dominate. At and above this hydration level, the DES-water mixture is best described as an aqueous solution of DES components.
Effects of polyethylene glycol molecular weight and concentration on lactate dehydrogenase activity in solution and after freeze-thawing. (2002)

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a tetrameric enzyme that has been used as a model for labile protein drugs. Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) have been proposed as excipients to stabilize labile proteins in solution and during the freezing portion of the lyophilization cycle. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of PEG molecular weight and concentration on the activity of LDH. In general, PEG protection increases with PEG molecular weight and concentration. PEGs slow the loss of activity in LDH solutions stored at 4 degrees C, but are not sufficiently effective to allow for a solution product. PEGs 8000, 10,000, and 20,000 show full freezing protection at less than 0.01%, while lower molecular weight PEGs need higher concentrations to produce protection upon freezing. Circular dichroism (CD) studies of LDH solutions before and after freezing with PEG 400 and PEG 8000 confirm the activity studies. The CD spectrum of LDH before freezing shows the classic alpha helix pattern. After unprotected LDH solution is frozen and thawed, the CD spectrum erodes. Low concentrations of PEG 8000 (1% or less) preserve the alpha helix profile after freezing of the samples. PEG 400 preserves the alpha helix CD profile in a stepwise fashion with increasing concentrations. The CD and activity data suggest that PEGs can protect alpha helix structures and activity of LDH through the freezing process.
Depth map super-resolution via Markov Random Fields without texture-copying artifacts (2013)

The use of time-of-flight sensors enables the record of full-frame depth maps at video frame rate, which benefits a variety of 3D image or video processing applications. However, such depth maps are typically corrupted by noise and with limited resolution. In this paper, we present a learning-based depth map super-resolution framework by solving a MRF labeling optimization problem. With the captured depth map and the associated high-resolution color image, our proposed method exhibits the capability of preserving the edges of range data while suppressing the artifacts of texture copying due to color discontinuities. Quantitative and qualitative experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our approach over prior depth map upsampling works.
A novel endonuclease IV post-PCR genotyping system (2006)

Here we describe a novel endonuclease IV (Endo IV) based assay utilizing a substrate that mimics the abasic lesions that normally occur in double-stranded DNA. The three component substrate is characterized by single-stranded DNA target, an oligonucleotide probe, separated from a helper oligonucleotide by a one base gap. The oligonucleotide probe contains a non-fluorescent quencher at the 5' end and fluorophore attached to the 3' end through a special rigid linker. Fluorescence of the oligonucleotide probe is efficiently quenched by the interaction of terminal dye and quencher when not hybridized. Upon hybridization of the oligonucleotide probe and helper probe to their complementary target, the phosphodiester linkage between the rigid linker and the 3' end of the probe is efficiently cleaved, generating a fluorescent signal. In this study, the use of the Endo IV assay as a post-PCR amplification detection system is demonstrated. High sensitivity and specificity are illustrated using single nucleotide polymorphism detection.
Two-Dimensional Photonic Band-Gap Defect Mode Laser (1999)

A laser cavity formed from a single defect in a two-dimensional photonic crystal is demonstrated. The optical microcavity consists of a half wavelength-thick waveguide for vertical confinement and a two-dimensional photonic crystal mirror for lateral localization. A defect in the photonic crystal is introduced to trap photons inside a volume of 2.5 cubic half-wavelengths, approximately 0.03 cubic micrometers. The laser is fabricated in the indium gallium arsenic phosphide material system, and optical gain is provided by strained quantum wells designed for a peak emission wavelength of 1.55 micrometers at room temperature. Pulsed lasing action has been observed at a wavelength of 1.5 micrometers from optically pumped devices with a substrate temperature of 143 kelvin.
DNA microarraying on compact disc surfaces. Application to the analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms in Plum pox virus (2006)

The potential of using compact discs as high throughput screening platforms for DNA microarraying is discussed and applied to discriminate genetic variations of Plum pox virus.
Nano-sized drug carriers : their present status and future perspective (2006)

2000年にナノテクノロジーの振興が提唱される以前から, DDSではナノサイズのキャリアが当然のごとく使用されてきた. それは, 1990年代までにナノサイズを用いる意義がDDSで深く認識されてきたことと, ナノサイズのキャリアを作製する技術が得られていたことによる.本稿では, 薬物キャリアがナノサイズである意義と, キャリアの投与経路, そしてキャリアの形態を分類して説明する. 最後の章では, 各キャリア形態の最近の発展を概観するとともに, 関連したトピック (ナノメディスンと分子イメージング) についてまとめる.
Molecular Mechanisms Used by Tumors to Escape Immune Recognition (1993)

In this article, we explore the hypothesis that tumor cells can escape recognition by CD8+ T cells via deficiencies in antigen processing and presentation. Aspects of the molecular and cellular biology of major histocompatibility complex class I are reviewed. Evidence for histology-specific molecular mechanisms in the antigen-processing and -presentation deficiencies observed in some human and murine tumors is presented. Mechanisms identified include down-regulation of antigen processing, loss of functional beta 2-microglobulin, and deletion of specific alpha-chain alleles. Finally, we discuss studies using an antigen-presentation-deficient mouse tumor as a model for the immunogenetherapy of an antigen-presentation deficiency.
Resonant Spin Amplification inn-Type GaAs (1998)

Extended electron spin precession in $n$-type GaAs bulk semiconductors is directly observed by femtosecond time-resolved Faraday rotation in the Voigt geometry. Synchronous optical pumping of the spin system amplifies and sustains spin motion, exposing a regime where spin lifetimes increase tenfold at low fields and exceed 100 ns at zero field. Precise studies in field and temperature provide clues to the relevant electron relaxation mechanisms, indicating a strong dependence on doping concentration.
Local Gene Transfer of phVEGF-2 Plasmid by Gene-Eluting Stents (2004)

Acceleration of reendothelialization via VEGF-2 gene-eluting stents provides an alternative treatment strategy for the prevention of restenosis. VEGF-2 gene-eluting stents may be considered as a stand-alone or combination therapy.
Polyethylene Glycol Based Synthetic Sealants: (2003)

Focalseal is a polyethylene glycol based synthetic hydrogel. It is FDA approved as a sealant to limit airleak following pulmonary resection. In preclinical use, this type of sealant has also been shown to be effective as a hemostatic adjunct to prevent anastomotic bleeding and to seal other types of closure such as the dura, pancreatic stump, or open wounds. The sealant has two components, a primer and a sealant, and is applied in two steps and then polymerized by the application of a blue-green light (Fig. 1) (Genzyme Biosurgery, Inc. Cambridge, MA). The sealant does not bond covalently to tissue and is degraded by hydrolysis. This kind of sealant is flexible and nontoxic and has many intriguing possible applications as well as some mechanical properties that are essential to understand for safe use.
Data quality from crowdsourcing (2009)

Annotation acquisition is an essential step in training supervised classifiers. However, manual annotation is often time-consuming and expensive. The possibility of recruiting annotators through Internet services (e.g., Amazon Mechanic Turk) is an appealing option that allows multiple labeling tasks to be outsourced in bulk, typically with low overall costs and fast completion rates. In this paper, we consider the difficult problem of classifying sentiment in political blog snippets. Annotation data from both expert annotators in a research lab and non-expert annotators recruited from the Internet are examined. Three selection criteria are identified to select high-quality annotations: noise level, sentiment ambiguity, and lexical uncertainty. Analysis confirm the utility of these criteria on improving data quality. We conduct an empirical study to examine the effect of noisy annotations on the performance of sentiment classification models, and evaluate the utility of annotation selection on classification accuracy and efficiency.