gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liver fibrogenesis and the role of hepatic stellate cells: New insights and prospects for therapy (1999)

Hepatic fibrosis is a wound-healing response to chronic liver injury, which if persistent leads to cirrhosis and liver failure. Exciting progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of hepatic fibrosis. Major advances include: (i) characterization of the components of extracellular matrix (ECM) in normal and fibrotic liver; (ii) identification of hepatic stellate cells as the primary source of ECM in liver fibrosis; (iii) elucidation of key cytokines, their cellular sources, modes of regulation, and signalling pathways involved in liver fibrogenesis; (iv) characterization of key matrix proteases and their inhibitors; (v) identification of apoptotic mediators in stellate cells and exploration of their roles during the resolution of liver injury. These advances have helped delineate a more comprehensive picture of liver fibrosis in which the central event is the activation of stellate cells, a transformation from quiescent vitamin A-rich cells to proliferative, fibrogenic and contractile myofibroblasts. The progress in understanding fibrogenic mechanisms brings the development of effective therapies closer to reality. In the future, targeting of stellate cells and fibrogenic mediators will be a mainstay of antifibrotic therapy. Points of therapeutic intervention may include: (i) removing the injurious stimuli; (ii) suppressing hepatic inflammation; (iii) down-regulating stellate cell activation; and (iv) promoting matrix degradation. The future prospects for effective antifibrotic treatment are more promising than ever for the millions of patients with chronic liver disease worldwide.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Asenapine in Acute Schizophrenia (2007)

Asenapine was effective and well tolerated in patients with acute schizophrenia and may provide a new option for control of negative symptoms.
Light‐Emitting Diodes (2014)

Abstract Light‐emitting diodes ( LEDs ) are the most common light source. They are used in a myriad of applications including general lighting and back‐lighting for displays. LEDs are based on pn junctions, usually made of III ‐ V semiconductors, which emit light when a forward current is injected. This chapter discusses the fundamental properties and performance metrics of LEDs . Particular attention is given to the efficiency of LEDs and the various mechanisms that reduce the efficiency. The chapter also discusses white LEDs that consist of a blue LED chip that is coated with a yellow phosphor. The phosphor absorbs some of the blue light and converts it to broadband yellow light. White LEDs are very suitable replacement light sources for conventional sources such as incandescent and fluorescent lamps.
Nucleic acid sequence design via efficient ensemble defect optimization (2010)

We describe an algorithm for designing the sequence of one or more interacting nucleic acid strands intended to adopt a target secondary structure at equilibrium. Sequence design is formulated as an optimization problem with the goal of reducing the ensemble defect below a user-specified stop condition. For a candidate sequence and a given target secondary structure, the ensemble defect is the average number of incorrectly paired nucleotides at equilibrium evaluated over the ensemble of unpseudoknotted secondary structures. To reduce the computational cost of accepting or rejecting mutations to a random initial sequence, candidate mutations are evaluated on the leaf nodes of a tree-decomposition of the target structure. During leaf optimization, defect-weighted mutation sampling is used to select each candidate mutation position with probability proportional to its contribution to the ensemble defect of the leaf. As subsequences are merged moving up the tree, emergent structural defects resulting from crosstalk between sibling sequences are eliminated via reoptimization within the defective subtree starting from new random subsequences. Using a Θ(N(3) ) dynamic program to evaluate the ensemble defect of a target structure with N nucleotides, this hierarchical approach implies an asymptotic optimality bound on design time: for sufficiently large N, the cost of sequence design is bounded below by 4/3 the cost of a single evaluation of the ensemble defect for the full sequence. Hence, the design algorithm has time complexity Ω(N(3) ). For target structures containing N ∈{100,200,400,800,1600,3200} nucleotides and duplex stems ranging from 1 to 30 base pairs, RNA sequence designs at 37°C typically succeed in satisfying a stop condition with ensemble defect less than N/100. Empirically, the sequence design algorithm exhibits asymptotic optimality and the exponent in the time complexity bound is sharp.
Clotting times and tensile properties of insoluble silk fibroin films containing heparin (2005)

Abstract Although many novel approaches for producing small‐caliber arterial grafts have been developed, problems with mechanical properties and blood compatibility have up to now prevented clinical implementation. Blending anticoagulant agents with natural biomaterials having excellent cell attachment and growth properties, and making the release time of anticoagulant agents exceed the time required by endothelial tissue regeneration, might be a novel method to prepare appropriate biomaterials used in small‐diameter arterial grafts. In this article, an insoluble fibroin film, having excellent blood compatibility and mechanical properties, was obtained by blending with heparin. The structural properties of the films were examined through Fourier‐transform infrared attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that plentiful β‐sheet crystals existed in fibroin films containing heparin. The tensile strength and elongation at break of film containing heparin were, respectively, 10.3 MPa and 54 % in the wet state, which can satisfy the mechanical requirements of blood‐contacting materials such as small‐diameter tubing. The clot times [activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and prothrombin time (PT)] all exceeded the measurement limit of the clot detection instrument. Even the APTT and TT of film immersed in water for 28 days exceeded the measurement limit of the clot detection instrument. The in vitro culture of endothelial cells on the film was also investigated, and the result indicated that cells can grow to cover all of the available surface area of the film within 8 days. Fibroin films containing heparin could retain blood compatibility for 28 days, which means that this is a promising material for small‐diameter artery applications. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Allergenic and antigenic determinants of latex allergen Hev b 1: peptide mapping of epitopes recognized by human, murine and rabbit antibodies. (1996)

Our results indicate that the most allergenic/antigenic portions of Hev b 1 allergen are the C-terminal region and the region with amino acid residues of 31-64. In both regions, the minimal IgE-binding epitope is almost identical with the IgG-binding epitope.
Three-dimensional structure of a human immunoglobulin with a hinge deletion. (1993)

X-ray analysis at 3.2-A resolution revealed that the Mcg IgG1 (lambda chain) immunoglobulin is a compact T-shaped molecule. Because of the hinge deletion, the Fc fragment lobe is pulled tightly upward into the junction of the Fab arms. Along the molecular twofold axis, the Fab arms are joined by an interchain disulfide bond between the two light chains. The antigen combining sites consist of large irregular cavities at the tips of the Fab regions. Potential complement (C1q) binding sites on Fc are sterically shielded by the Fab arms, but putative attachment sites are accessible for docking with the FcRI receptor on human monocytes and with protein A of Staphylococcus aureus.
Growth of CdS Nanorods in Nonionic Amphiphilic Triblock Copolymer Systems (2002)

Size-tunable CdS nanorods have been synthesized via the reaction at low temperature (25−65 °C) of air-insensitive inorganic precursors cadmium acetate and sodium sulfide in an aqueous phase with surfactant. Nonionic pluronic amphiphilic triblock copolymers, (EO)x(PO)y(EO)x, were employed as structure-directing agents. The effects of the (EO)/(PO) ratio, surfactant size, and mole ratio between surfactant and precursors in controlling the diameter and the morphology of the final product were investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that the diameter of the CdS nanorods synthesized by this method can be controlled by varying the surfactant species, the mole ratio between the inorganic precursors and triblock copolymer, and the reaction temperature. However, if the reaction is refluxed in organic solvent (ethylene glycol and glyme) without surfactant, the morphology of the product will change to microrods with flat ends, dumbbell-shaped microrods, and cotton-ball-like microparticles. The hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) fraction, (EO)x, of the triblock copolymers plays a decisive role in controlling the morphology of the final product, and the hydrophobic poly(isopropylene oxide) fraction, (PO)y, affects the diameter of the nanocrystallites. The typical size of CdS nanorods synthesized using (EO)20(PO)70(EO)20 is about 5.0−7.0 nm in diameter and 30−90 nm in length. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern is consistent with the hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. This low-temperature aqueous synthesis route can be considered as an environmentally friendly and inexpensive method of producing nearly monodisperse CdS particles and arrays (σ < 10%).
Inhibitory effect of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor antibody on a human gastric cancer (1996)

BACKGROUND Blockading the putative epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α)/EGF receptor autocrine pathway with anti-EGF receptor monoclonal antibody (MoAb) might prevent the growth of tumor. METHODS The present study was designed to examine the effect of MoAb 528 on the growth of an EGF receptor which was hyperproducing human gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Treatment with MoAb 528 inhibited the growth of cultured cells in a dose-dependent manner. Twenty micrograms of MoAb 528 given intraperitoneally after inoculation of 1 × 106 cells and 200 μg of the MoAb given after inoculation of 1 × 107 cells to athymic mice inhibited the growth of the xenograft. Twenty micrograms of MoAb 528 from a miniosmotic pump, which releases its contents over 2 weeks, also prevented the growth of the xenograft when the treatment was started on the day after tumor inoculation. However, no inhibitory effect was observed when the treatment was started 3 weeks after inoculation. The binding capacity of 125I-EGF on the MoAb treated tumors was diminished in comparison with control tumors. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that MoAb 528 blocks the EGF or TGF-α/EGF receptor signal pathway, resulting in the inhibition of cancer cell growth. This MoAb 528 may therefore be an effective antitumor agent against human gastric cancer that shows expression of the EGF receptor. Cancer 1996;77:1639-45.
Statics and Dynamics of Continuum Robots With General Tendon Routing and External Loading (2011)

Tendons are a widely used actuation strategy for continuum robots that enable forces and moments to be transmitted along the robot from base-mounted actuators. Most prior robots have used tendons routed in straight paths along the robot. However, routing tendons through general curved paths within the robot offers potential advantages in reshaping the workspace and enabling a single section of the robot to achieve a wider variety of desired shapes. In this paper, we provide a new model for the statics and dynamics of robots with general tendon routing paths that is derived by coupling the classical Cosserat-rod and Cosserat-string models. This model also accounts for general external loading conditions and includes traditional axially routed tendons as a special case. The advantage of the usage of this coupled model for straight-tendon robots is that it accounts for the distributed wrenches that tendons apply along the robot. We show that these are necessary to consider when the robot is subjected to out-of-plane external loads. Our experimental results demonstrate that the coupled model matches experimental tip positions with an error of 1.7% of the robot length, in a set of experiments that include both straight and nonstraight routing cases, with both point and distributed external loads.
Speculative hedge: regulating compile-time speculation against profile variations (1996)

Path-oriented scheduling methods, such as trace scheduling and hyperblock scheduling, use speculation to extract instruction-level parallelism from control-intensive programs. These methods predict important execution paths in the current scheduling scope using execution profiling or frequency estimation. Aggressive speculation is then applied to the important execution paths, possibly at the cost of degraded performance along other paths. Therefore, the speed of the output code can be sensitive to the compiler's ability to accurately predict the important execution paths. Prior work in this area has utilized the speculative yield function by Fisher, coupled with dependence height, to distribute instruction priority among execution paths in the scheduling scope. While this technique provides more stability of performance by paying attention to the needs of all paths, it does not directly address the problem of mismatch between compile-time prediction and run-time behavior. The work presented in this paper extends the speculative yield and dependence height heuristic to explicitly minimize the penalty suffered by other paths when instructions are speculated along a path. Since the execution time of a path is determined by the number of cycles spent between a path's entrance and exit in the scheduling scope, the heuristic attempts to eliminate unnecessary speculation that delays any path's exit. Such control of speculation makes the performance much less sensitive to the actual path taken at run time. The proposed method has a strong emphasis on achieving minimal delay to all exits. Thus the name, speculative hedge, is used. This paper presents the speculative hedge heuristic, and shows how it controls over-speculation in a superblock/hyperblock scheduler. The stability of output code performance in the presence of execution variation is demonstrated with six programs from the SPEC CINT92 benchmark suite.
A simplein vitrosite directed mutagenesis of concatamerized cDNA by inverse polymerase chain reaction (1992)

Journal Article A simple in vitro site directed mutagenesis of concatamerized cDNA by inverse polymerase chain reaction Get access Ghanshyam D. Heda, Ghanshyam D. Heda Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical College of Pennsylvania3300 Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA + Current address: Skin Biology Research, Schering-Plough Helth Care Products, Inc., 3030 Jackson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38151, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Timothy R. Henion, Timothy R. Henion Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical College of Pennsylvania3300 Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Uri Galili Uri Galili * Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Medical College of Pennsylvania3300 Henry Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA * To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 20, Issue 19, 11 October 1992, Pages 5241–5242, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/20.19.5241 Published: 11 October 1992 Article history Received: 14 May 1992 Published: 11 October 1992
Preparation of alkylchromium reagents by reduction of alkyl halides with chromium(II) chloride under cobalt catalysis (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of alkylchromium reagents by reduction of alkyl halides with chromium(II) chloride under cobalt catalysisKazuhiko Takai, Kenji Nitta, Osamu Fujimura, and Kiitiro UtimotoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 20, 4732–4734Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00281a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00281a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1859Altmetric-Citations98LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Clinical and endoscopic features of Chinese reflux esophagitis patients (2008)

The peak age of onset of RE is 40-60 years and higher in males than in females. The mean age of onset of RE is lower in males than in females. The infection rate of H pylori is significantly decreased in patients with esophagitis. Old age and esophageal hiatal hernia are associated with more severe esophagitis. Right esophageal mucosal damage can occur more often in RE patients.
Type I Interferons: Distinct Biological Activities and Current Applications for Viral Infection (2018)

The interferons (IFNs) are a primary defense against pathogens because of the strong antiviral activities they induce. IFNs can be classified into three groups: type I, type II and type III, according to their genetic, structural, and functional characteristics and their receptors on the cell surface. The type I IFNs are the largest group and include IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-ε, IFN-ω, IFN-κ, IFN-δ, IFN-τ and IFN-ζ. The use of IFNs for the treatment of viral infectious diseases on their antiviral activity may become an important therapeutic option, for example, IFN-α is well known for the successful treatment of hepatitis B and C virus infections, and interest is increasing in the antiviral efficacy of other novel IFN classes and their potential applications. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the recent progress in the study of the biological activities of all the type I IFN classes and their potential applications in the treatment of infections with immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis viruses, and influenza viruses.
Physiologic and aberrant regulation of memory T-cell trafficking by the costimulatory molecule CD28 (2006)

Productive T-cell immunity requires both the activation and the migration of specific T cells to the antigenic tissue. The costimulatory molecule CD28 plays an essential role in the initiation of T-cell-mediated immunity. We investigated the possibility that CD28 may also regulate migration of primed T cells to target tissue. In vitro, CD28-mediated signals enhanced T-cell transendothelial migration, integrin clustering, and integrin-mediated migration. In vivo, T cells bearing a mutation in the CD28 cytoplasmic domain, which abrogates PI3K activation, displayed normal clonal expansion but defective localization to antigenic sites following antigenic rechallenge. Importantly, antibody-mediated CD28 stimulation led to unregulated memory T-cell migration to extra-lymphoid tissue, which occurred independently of T-cell receptor (TCR)-derived signals and homing-receptor expression. Finally, we provide evidence that CD28- and CTLA-4-mediated signals exert opposite effects on T-cell trafficking in vivo. These findings highlight a novel physiologic function of CD28 that has crucial implications for the therapeutic manipulation of this and other costimulatory molecules.
Bacterial Toxin Fusion Proteins Elicit Mucosal Immunity against a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Antigen When Administered Intranasally to Guinea Pigs (2011)

Peptides corresponding to the foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 G-H loop are capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies in some species but are considered relatively poor immunogens, especially at mucosal surfaces. However, intranasal administration of antigens along with the appropriate delivery vehicle/adjuvant has been shown to induce mucosal immune responses, and bacterial enterotoxins have long been known to be effective in this regard. In the current study, two different carrier/adjuvant approaches were used to augment mucosal immunity to the FMDV O(1) BFS G-H loop epitope, in which the G-H loop was genetically coupled to the E. coli LT-B subunit and coexpressed with the LTA2 fragment (LTA2B-GH), or the nontoxic pseudomonas exotoxin A (ntPE) was fused to LTA2B-GH at LT-A2 to enhance receptor targeting. Only guinea pigs that were inoculated intranasally with ntPE-LTA2B-GH and LTA2B-GH induced significant anti-G-H loop IgA antibodies in nasal washes at weeks 4 and 6 when compared to ovalbumin or G-H loop immunized animals. These were also the only groups that exhibited G-H loop-specific antigen-secreting cells in the nasal mucosa. These data demonstrate that fusion of nonreplicating antigens to LTA2B and ntPE-LTA2B has the potential to be used as carriers/adjuvants to induce mucosal immune responses against infectious diseases.
Streptococcal C5a peptidase is a highly specific endopeptidase (1992)

Compositional analysis of streptococcal C5a peptidase (SCPA) cleavage products from a synthetic peptide corresponding to the 20 C-terminal residues of C5a demonstrated that the target cleavage site is His-Lys rather than Lys-Asp, as previously suggested. A C5a peptide analog with Lys replaced by Gln was also subject to cleavage by SCPA. This confirmed that His-Lys rather than Lys-Asp is the scissile bond. Cleavage at histidine is unusual but is the same as that suggested for a peptidase produced by group B streptococci. Native C5 protein was also resistant to SCPA, suggesting that the His-Lys bond is inaccessible prior to proteolytic cleavage by C5 convertase. These experiments showed that the streptococcal C5a peptidase is highly specific for C5a and suggest that its function is not merely to process protein for metabolic consumption but to act primarily to eliminate this chemotactic signal from inflammatory foci.
Power-Aware Storage Cache Management (2005)

Reducing energy consumption is an important issue for data centers. Among the various components of a data center, storage is one of the biggest energy consumers. Previous studies have shown that the average idle period for a server disk in a data center is very small compared to the time taken to spin down and spin up. This significantly limits the effectiveness of disk power management schemes. This article proposes several power-aware storage cache management algorithms that provide more opportunities for the underlying disk power management schemes to save energy. More specifically, we present an offline energy-optimal cache replacement algorithm using dynamic programming, which minimizes the disk energy consumption. We also present an offline power-aware greedy algorithm that is more energy-efficient than Belady's offline algorithm (which minimizes cache misses only). We also propose two online power-aware algorithms, PA-LRU and PB-LRU. Simulation results with both a real system and synthetic workloads show that, compared to LRU, our online algorithms can save up to 22 percent more disk energy and provide up to 64 percent better average response time. We have also investigated the effects of four storage cache write policies on disk energy consumption.