gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THz and mm-Wave Sensing of Corneal Tissue Water Content: In Vivo Sensing and Imaging Results (2015)

A pulsed terahertz (THz) imaging system and millimeter-wave reflectometer were used to acquire images and point measurements, respectively, of five rabbit cornea <i>in vivo</i>. These imaging results are the first ever produced of <i>in vivo</i> cornea. A modified version of a standard protocol using a gentle stream of air and a Mylar window was employed to slightly dehydrate healthy cornea. The sensor data and companion central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements were acquired every 10-15 min over the course of two hours using ultrasound pachymmetry.. Statistically significant positive correlations were established between CCT measurements and millimeter wave reflectivity. Local shifts in reflectivity contrast were observed in the THz imagery; however, the THz reflectivity did not display a significant correlation with thickness in the region probed by the 100 GHz and CCT measurements. This is explained in part by a thickness sensitivity at least 10× higher in the mm-wave than the THz systems. Stratified media and effective media modeling suggest that the protocol perturbed the thickness and not the corneal tissue water content (CTWC). To further explore possible etalon effects, an additional rabbit was euthanized and millimeter wave measurements were obtained during death induced edema. These observations represent the first time that the uncoupled sensing of CTWC and CCT have been achieved <i>in vivo</i>.
The immunophilin‐ligands FK506 and V‐10,367 mediate neuroprotection by the heat shock response (2003)

(1) The macrolid FK506 is widely used in transplantation to suppress allograft rejection. FK506 and its derivatives are powerful neuroprotective molecules, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be resolved. We have previously shown that the FK506 mediated neuroprotection against oxygen radicals is independent of the inhibition of calcineurin but depends on de novo protein synthesis. (2) Here, we have shown that FK506 mediates protection against H(2)O(2), UV-light or thapsigargin in neuronal cell lines, but not in non-neuronal cells such as R3T3 fibroblasts. We compared in detail the effect of FK506 on apoptotic features in PC12 cells after H(2)O(2) with V-10,367 which binds to FKBPs but does not inhibit calcineurin. Both molecules exert the same neuroprotective effect after H(2)O(2) stimulation. FK506, but not V-10,367, inhibited the cytochrome c release out of the mitochondria and the caspase 3 activation, while both molecules inhibited the cleavage of Poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (Parp) and prevented the expression of p53. (3) FK506 and V-10,367 rapidly induced the expression of Hsp70 and Hsp27, but not Hsp90. Their neuroprotective actions could be completely blocked by quercetin, a functional inhibitor of the heat shock proteins. (4) We conclude that immunophilin-ligands such as FK506 and V-10,367 exert their neuroprotection independent of calcineurin through the induction of the heat shock response. The identification of the underlying signal transduction from application of immunophilin ligands to the expression of heat shock proteins represents a novel target cascade for neuroprotection.
In Vivo Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Elicitation by Mycobacterial Heat Shock Protein 70 Fusion Proteins Maps to a Discrete Domain and Is Cd4+ T Cell Independent (2000)

To gain insights into the mechanisms by which soluble heat shock protein (hsp) fusions can elicit CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against the fusion partner, mycobacterial (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) hsp70 was dissected to ascertain whether a particular hsp domain is necessary, and knockout mice were used to determine whether the fusion protein's immunogenicity is dependent on CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We found that the ability to elicit CD8(+) CTLs depends on a discrete 200-amino acid protein domain, indicating that the fusion protein's immunogenicity for CD8(+) T cells does not require coupled chaperone function or peptide binding. Further, we found that ovalbumin (OVA).hsp70 fusion protein elicited anti-OVA CD8(+) CTLs about equally well in CD4 knockout and wild-type C57BL/6 mice, and also when the hsp70 was of murine (self) origin. The ability of hsp70 fusion proteins to elicit CD4-independent CTL responses suggests that hsp70 fusion proteins may be useful for immunological prophylaxis and therapy against disease in CD4(+) T cell-deficient individuals.
Systemic Arterial Vasodilation, Vasopressin, and Vasopressinase in Pregnancy (2009)

Systemic arterial vasodilation in early pregnancy is accompanied by a compensatory rise in cardiac output and a decline in BP. This relative arterial underfilling in early pregnancy is coupled to stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and hypotonicity. Arterial underfilling induces the nonosmotic stimulation of arginine vasopressin and upregulation of aquaporin 2 followed by trafficking of this water channel to the apical membrane of principal cells along the collecting ducts. In middle and late pregnancy, there also is a four-fold increase in vasopressinase, a cystine aminopeptidase produced by placental trophoblasts, which enhances the metabolic clearance of vasopressin. In the setting of preeclampsia, twins or triplets, or subclinical central diabetes insipidus, a transient diabetes insipidus may ensue from this vasopressinase-mediated degradation of N-terminal amino acids from the vasopressin molecule. Because desmopressin is already deaminated at the N-terminal, it is resistant to the effect of vasopressinase and therefore is the treatment of choice for transient diabetes insipidus of pregnancy.
Direct Ultrasensitive Electrical Detection of DNA and DNA Sequence Variations Using Nanowire Nanosensors (2003)

The development of electrically addressable, label-free detectors for DNA and other biological macromolecules has the potential to impact basic biological research as well as screening in medical and bioterrorism applications. Here we report two-terminal silicon nanowire electronic devices that function as ultrasensitive and selective detectors of DNA. The surfaces of the silicon nanowire devices were modified with peptide nucleic acid receptors designed to recognize wild type versus the ΔF508 mutation site in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptor gene. Conductance measurements made while sequentially introducing wild type or mutant DNA samples exhibit a time-dependent conductance increase consistent with the PNA−DNA hybridization and enabled identification of fully complementary versus mismatched DNA samples. Concentration-dependent measurements show that detection can be carried out to at least the tens of femtomolar range. This nanowire-based approach represents a step forward for direct, label-free DNA detection with extreme sensitivity and good selectivity, and could provide a pathway to integrated, high-throughput, multiplexed DNA detection for genetic screening and biothreat detection.
Influence of potassium channel modulators on cognitive processes in mice (1998)

1. The effect of i.c.v. administration of different potassium channel openers (minoxidil, pinacidil, cromakalim) and potassium channel blockers (tetraethylammonium, apamin, charybdotoxin, gliquidone, glibenclamide) on memory processes was evaluated in the mouse passive avoidance test. 2. The administration of minoxidil (10 microg per mouse i.c.v.), pinacidil (5-25 microg per mouse i.c.v.) and cromakalim (10-25 microg per mouse i.c.v.) immediately after the training session produced an amnesic effect. 3. Tetraethylammonium (TEA; 1-5 microg per mouse i.c.v.), apamin (10 ng per mouse i.c.v.), charybdotoxin (1 microg per mouse i.c.v.), gliquidone (3 microg per mouse i.c.v.) and glibenclamide (1 microg per mouse i.c.v.), administered 20 min before the training session, prevented the potassium channel opener-induced amnesia. 4. At the highest effective doses, none of the drugs impaired motor coordination, as revealed by the rota rod test, or modified spontaneous motility and inspection activity, as revealed by the hole board test. 5. These results suggest that the modulation of potassium channels plays an important role in the regulation of memory processes. On this basis, the potassium channel blockers could be useful in the treatment of cognitive deficits.
The CTLA-4 gene region of chromosome 2q33 is linked to, and associated with, type 1 diabetes. Belgian Diabetes Registry (1996)

Susceptibility to autoimmune insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus is determined by a combination of environmental and genetic factors, which include variation in MHC genes on chromosome 6p21 (IDDM1) and the insulin gene on chromosome 11p15 (IDDM2). However, linkage to IDDM1 and IDDM2 cannot explain the clustering of type 1 diabetes in families, and a role for other genes is inferred. In the present report we describe linkage and association of type 1 diabetes to the CTLA-4 gene (cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated-4) on chromosome 2q33 (designated IDDM12). CTLA-4 is a strong candidate gene for T cell-mediated autoimmune disease because it encodes a T cell receptor that mediates T cell apoptosis and is a vital negative regulator of T cell activation. In addition, we provide supporting evidence that CTLA-4 is associated with susceptibility to Graves' disease, another organ-specific autoimmune disease.
Demodulation methods on fully FPGA-based system for resolver signals treatment (2007)

Their importance and reliability make resolvers key building blocks in flight control and navigation dynamics. This paper gives an overview of the different synchronous demodulation methods, for such devices and lists advantages and drawbacks for each one. A particular attention is given to implantation in the same device of both analog to digital converter (ADC) and algorithm. This true system on a chip (SoC) solution is realized by the fusion field programmable gate array (FPGA) from Actel Company.
Turkevich Method for Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis Revisited (2006)

The growth of gold nanoparticles by reduction by citrate and ascorbic acid has been examined in detail to explore the parameter space of reaction conditions. It is found that gold particles can be produced in a wide range of sizes, from 9 to 120 nm, with defined size distribution, following the earlier work of Turkevich and Frens. The reaction is initiated thermally or in comparison by UV irradiation, which results in similar final products. The kinetics of the extinction spectra show the multiple steps of primary and secondary clustering leading to polycrystallites.
Molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cloned directly from uncultured human brain tissue: identification of replication-competent and -defective viral genomes (1991)

All presently available replication-competent proviral clones of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are derived from cell culture-amplified virus. Since tissue culture is highly selective for viral strains with an in vitro growth advantage, such clones may not be representative of the biologically relevant virus present in vivo. In this study, we report the molecular cloning and genotypic characterization of 10 HIV-1 genomes directly from uncultured brain tissue of a patient with AIDS dementia complex. Targeting unintegrated circular HIV-1 molecules for recombinant lambda phage cloning, we obtained four full-length genomes with one or two long terminal repeats (LTRs), three defective genomes with internal deletions, two rearranged genomes with inverted LTR sequences, and one integrated proviral half with flanking cellular sequences. Nucleotide sequence analysis of these clones demonstrated chromosomal integration, circle formation, genomic inversion, and LTR-mediated autointegration of HIV-1 genomes in vivo. Comparison of a 510-bp hypervariable envelope region among 8 lambda phage-derived and 12 polymerase chain reaction-derived clones from the same brain specimen identified a predominant viral form as well as genetically divergent variants. Variability among 19 of 20 clones ranged between 0.2 and 1.2%. One clone exhibited 8.2% nucleotide sequence differences consisting almost exclusively of G-to-A changes. Transfection of the four full-length HIV-1 genomes identified one clone (YU-2) as replication competent and exhibiting growth characteristics similar to those of tissue culture-derived macrophage tropic strains of HIV-1. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that replication-competent HIV-1 genomes, complex mixtures of defective viral forms, and chromosomally integrated provirus persist in vivo. In addition, the brain-derived viral clones are expected to prove valuable for future studies of macrophage and neurotropism as well as for the analysis of other viral properties that are subject to in vitro selection pressures.
Single view reconstruction using shape grammars for urban environments (2009)

In this paper we introduce a novel approach to single view reconstruction using shape grammars. Our approach consists in modeling architectural styles using a set of basic shapes and a set of parametric rules, corresponding to increasing levels of detail. This approach is able to model elaborate and varying architectural styles, using a tree representation of variable depth and complexity. Towards reconstruction, the parameters of the rules are optimized using image-based and architectural costs. This is done through an efficient MRF formulation based on the shape grammar itself. The resulting framework can produce precise 3D models from single views, can deal with lack of texture and the presence of occlusions and specular reflections, while maintaining the ability to cope with very complex architectural styles. Promising results demonstrate the potential of our approach.
The effect of an interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist protein on type ii collagen–induced arthritis and antigen‐induced arthritis in mice (1993)

These observations suggest that interleukin-1 may play a prominent role in the development of some, but not all, forms of arthritis.
Immunology: Understanding The Immune System (1996)

Introduction to the Immune System. Cells and Organs of the Immune System. Antigens. Antibody Structure and Function. Antigen--Antibody Reactions. The Genetics of Antibody Formation. The Major Histocompatibility Complex. Major Histocompatibility Complex Restriction. The T--Cell Receptor Complex: T--Cell Activation By Processed Antigen and Cell Surface--Associated Costimulatory Molecules. Cytokines. Cellular Interactions: Development of Effector Functions. Immunoregulation. Immunologic Tolerance. Complement. Hypersensitivities. Autoimmunity. Transplantation Immunology. Tumor Immunology. Immunomodulation. Glossary of Commonly Used Immunologic Terms. Abbreviations and Acronyms. Appendices. Index.
Transient Disruption of Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex During Verbal Encoding Affects Subsequent Memory Performance (2005)

Episodic memory supports conscious remembrance of everyday experience. Prior functional neuroimaging data indicate that episodic encoding during phonological task performance is correlated with activation in bilateral posterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (pVLPFC), although uncertainty remains regarding whether these prefrontal regions make necessary contributions to episodic memory formation. Using functional MRI data to guide application of single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (spTMS), this study examined the necessity of left and right pVLPFC for episodic encoding (as expressed through subsequent memory performance). To assess the timing of critical computations, pVLPFC function was transiently disrupted at different poststimulus onset times while subjects made syllable decisions about visually presented familiar and unfamiliar words; subsequent memory for these stimuli was measured. Results revealed that left pVLPFC disruption during encoding of familiar words impaired subsequent memory, expressed as a decline in recognition confidence, with disruption being maximal at 380 ms after stimulus onset. In contrast, right pVLPFC disruption facilitated subsequent memory for familiar words, expressed as an increase in medium confidence recognition, with this facilitation being maximal at 380 ms. Finally, phonological (syllable) decision accuracy was facilitated by right pVLPFC disruption, with this effect being maximal at 340 ms, but was unaffected by left pVLPFC disruption. These findings suggest that left pVLPFC mechanisms onset between 300 and 400 ms during phonological processing of words, with these mechanisms appearing necessary for effective episodic encoding. In contrast, disruption of correlated mechanisms in right pVLPFC facilitates encoding, perhaps by inducing a functional shift in the mechanisms engaged during learning.
Heme oxygenase-1 gene ablation or expression modulates cisplatin-induced renal tubular apoptosis (2000)

Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a 32-kDa microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of heme to biliverdin, releasing iron and carbon monoxide. Induction of HO-1 occurs as a protective response in cells/tissues exposed to a wide variety of oxidant stimuli. The chemotherapeutic effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cisplatin), a commonly used anticancer drug, are limited by significant nephrotoxicity, which is characterized by varying degrees of renal tubular apoptosis and necrosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional significance of HO-1 expression in cisplatin-induced renal injury. Our studies demonstrate that transgenic mice deficient in HO-1 (-/-), develop more severe renal failure and have significantly greater renal injury compared with wild-type (+/+) mice treated with cisplatin. In vitro studies in human renal proximal tubule cells demonstrate that hemin, an inducer of HO-1, significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced apoptosis and necrosis, whereas inhibition of HO-1 enzyme activity reversed the cytoprotective effect. Overexpression of HO-1 resulted in a significant reduction in cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. These studies provide a basis for future studies using targeted gene expression of HO-1 as a therapeutic and preventive modality in high-risk settings of acute renal failure.
Genetic Transfer in Plants Through Interspecific Protoplast Fusion (1983)

Protoplasts of sexually incompatible species have been fused and in some combinations have given rise to somatic hybrid plants. Partial elimination of parental chromosomes from either species is common in such hybrids, but total chromosome loss has generally occurred only with phylogenetically unrelated pairings. Genetic function of one parent may be retained despite a complete loss of its chromosomes, suggesting that genetic introgression is possible in the absence of complete donor chromosomes. A model interspecific combination for such studies is the potato-tomato somatic hybrid for which numerous phenotypes and karyotypes are encountered at the outset, with a broader range observed in the second somatic generation.
Fraud, Expectations, and the Rise of Financial Audit (1999)

This chapter argues that, below the wealth of technical procedure, the epistemic foundation of financial auditing, i.e. the relation between its inputs and the production of assurance, is essentially obscure. It specifically addresses the history of financial auditing. It also describes the uneasy and shifting relationship between audit practice and the programmatic goal of detecting fraud. It is noted that the history of audit practice is a history of attempts to deal with operational problems of inference subject to economic constraint. In addition, it is shown that financial auditing as a system remains strong. It also states an important lesson to carry forward from this chapter is that the audit process, for all its density of operational procedure, is interactive and judgemental.
Safety and immunogenicity of a human and mouse gp100 DNA vaccine in a phase I trial of patients with melanoma. (2009)

A differentiation antigen commonly expressed on melanoma cells, gp100 is the target of infiltrating T cells. We conducted a phase I randomized cross-over trial of melanoma patients with either xenogeneic (mouse) or human gp100 plasmid DNA injected intramuscularly at three dosages (100, 500 or 1,500 microg) every three weeks for three doses. After the first three injections, patients were then immunized three times with gp100 from the other species. Peripheral blood samples were analyzed at various time points following 10-day culture with gp100 peptides using multi-parametric flow cytometry. A total of 19 patients were enrolled, with 18 assessable for immune function and survival. 14 (74%) were male, with a median age of 56 years (range, 20-82). All patients had no evidence of disease; 10 (53%) had stage III disease, 3 each (16%) had stage IIB and IV disease, 2 (11%) had choroidal and 1 (5%) had anal mucosal involvement. With a median follow-up of 30 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) is 44 months. Median survival is not reached. There was no grade 3/4 toxicity; the most common grade 1/2 toxicity was an injection site reaction in 12 patients (63%, all grade 1). Five patients developed CD8+ cells binding gp100(280-288) HLA-A2-restricted tetramer. One patient had an increase in CD8+ IFN-gamma+ cells. This xenogeneic immunization strategy was safe and associated with minimal toxicity. There was also evidence of immune response.
Comparison of doxorubicin and mitoxantrone in the treatment of elderly patients with advanced diffuse non-Hodgkin's lymphoma using CHOP versus CNOP chemotherapy. (1995)

CHOP is well tolerated in elderly patients with advanced intermediate- or high-grade NHL and its NDI is not seriously impaired. Treatment with CHOP (doxorubicin) results in better CR and survival rates than CNOP (mitoxantrone). CHOP should be recommended for elderly patients with high-risk NHL.
Digital microfluidics for cell-based assays (2008)

We introduce a new method for implementing cell-based assays. The method is based on digital microfluidics (DMF) which is used to actuate nanolitre droplets of reagents and cells on a planar array of electrodes. We demonstrate that this method is advantageous for cell-based assays because of automated manipulation of multiple reagents in addition to reduced reagent use and analysis time. No adverse effects of actuation by DMF were observed in assays for cell viability, proliferation, and biochemistry. A cytotoxicity assay using Jurkat T-cells was performed using the new method, which had ∼ 20 times higher sensitivity than a conventional well plate assay. These results suggest that DMF has great potential as a simple yet versatile analytical tool for implementing cell-based assays on the microscale.