gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emerging role of NRF2 in chemoresistance by regulating drug-metabolizing enzymes and efflux transporters (2016)

Chemoresistance is a disturbing barrier in cancer therapy, which always results in limited therapeutic options and unfavorable prognosis. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) controls the expression of genes encoding cytoprotective enzymes and transporters that protect against oxidative stress and electrophilic injury to maintain intrinsic redox homeostasis. However, recent studies have demonstrated that aberrant activation of NRF2 due to genetic and/or epigenetic mutations in tumor contributes to the high expression of phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes, phase III transporters, and other cytoprotective proteins, which leads to the decreased therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs through biotransformation or extrusion during chemotherapy. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of NRF2 in regulation of these enzymes and transporters in tumors is necessary to find new strategies that improve chemotherapeutic efficacy. In this review, we summarized the recent findings about the chemoresistance-promoting role of NRF2, NRF2-regulated phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes, phase III drug efflux transporters, and other cytoprotective genes. Most importantly, the potential of NRF2 was proposed to counteract drug resistance in cancer treatment.
Antibacterial activity of fluoroquinolones in combination with zidovudine (1990)

Since patients with AIDS may receive fluoroquinolones concurrently with zidovudine, the antibacterial interaction of these drugs was investigated. No evidence was found of antagonism between zidovudine and ciprofloxacin, DR-3355, enoxacin, lomefloxacin or ofloxacin against enterobacteria, staphylococci or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, the bactericidal activity of the fluoroquinolones against selected enterobacteria in nutrient broth was not affected by a clinically achievable concentration of zidovudine. It seems unlikely that zidovudine will have an adverse effect on the antibacterial activity of the fluoroquinolones in patients with AIDS.
The Poly(A) Tail Inhibits the Assembly of a 3′-to-5′ Exonuclease in an In Vitro RNA Stability System (1997)

We have developed an in vitro system which faithfully reproduces several aspects of general mRNA stability. Poly(A)- RNAs were rapidly and efficiently degraded in this system with no detectable intermediates by a highly processive 3'-to-5' exonuclease activity. The addition of a poly(A) tail of at least 30 bases, or a 3' histone stem-loop element, specifically stabilized these transcripts. Stabilization by poly(A) required the interaction of proteins with the poly(A) tail but did not apparently require a 3' OH or interaction with the 5' cap structure. Finally, movement of the poly(A) tract internal to the 3' end caused a loss of its ability to stabilize transcripts incubated in the system but did not affect its ability to interact with poly(A) binding proteins. The requirement for the poly(A) tail to be proximal to the 3' end indicates that it mediates RNA stability by blocking the assembly, but not the action, of an exonuclease involved in RNA degradation in vitro.
Modulation of the immune response in multiple sclerosis: production of monoclonal antibodies specific to HLA/myelin basic protein (1997)

Monoclonal Abs to the complex formed between human MHC class II molecules (DR7 and DRw11) and myelin basic protein (MBP) were produced. The specificity of these Abs was established by both FACS analysis and complement-mediated cytotoxicity of MBP- or OVA-pulsed human APC of the same or of different DR restriction. These Abs bound to and lysed only MBP-pulsed human APC of the same DR restriction (DR7 or DRw11) but not to APC of different DR restriction or pulsed with a different Ag (OVA). The physiologic role of these Abs was further investigated. They blocked the in vitro proliferative response to MBP-specific T cell clones isolated from multiple sclerosis patients in an antigen-specific and DR-restricted manner. However, the Abs did not affect the response of MBP-specific T cell clones of other DR restriction nor did they interfere with the response to other Ags (purified protein derivative or copolymer 1) presented on APC with the same DR restriction. These Abs may be useful for treating multiple sclerosis in which reactivity to MBP is implicated. Moreover, this approach may be extended to other autoantigens and their counterpart autoimmune diseases.
Purification and Properties of Dihydrogeodin Oxidase from Aspergillus terreus (1987)

The last step of (+)-geodin biosynthesis is a phenol oxidative coupling, which is one of the most important reactions in biosynthesis of natural products. The enzyme named dihydrogeodin oxidase catalyzes the regio- and stereospecific phenol oxidative coupling reaction to form (+)-geodin from dihydrogeodin. The enzyme was purified from the cell-free extract of Aspergillus terreus, a (+)-geodin producer, by ammonium sulfate fractionation, acid treatment, and column chromatographies on DEAE-cellulose, Hydroxyapatite, chromatofocusing, and Toyopearl HW-55S. The purified enzyme was homogeneous as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 153,000 by gel filtration on a Toyopearl HW-55S column and 76,000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicating that the enzyme is a dimer. The purified enzyme showed an intense blue color and had absorption maxima at 280 and 600 nm, which suggested it to be a blue copper protein. The copper content was found to be 8 atoms per subunit by atomic absorption analysis and no significant amount of other metals was detected by ICP emission spectrometry. The electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum showed the presence of type 1 and type 2 copper atoms in the enzyme molecule. Sodium azide and ethylxanthate inhibited the enzyme activity, but potassium cyanide and diethyldithiocarbamate, both known as potent copper enzyme inhibitors, were not inhibitory.
Increased Viral Titer Through Concentration of Viral Harvests from Retroviral Packaging Lines (1993)

Dependent on the viral vector and the specific assay used, viral titers produced from commonly used retroviral packaging cell lines have an upper limit in the range of 10(5) to 10(7) infectious units/ml. We have developed a generally applicable method, using hollow-fiber filtration technology, which allows for the concentration of infectious virus derived from packaging lines. This method resulted in a reproducible 10- to 30-fold increase in viral titer and can readily be scaled to accommodate larger input volumes. Over 80% of the input virus is recovered in an infectious form in the concentrate. Concentrated virus containing media was seen to produce higher infection frequencies in Jurkat T cells as compared to unconcentrated virus containing media; however, this was not proportional to the differences in viral titer observed by limiting dilution analysis on NIH-3T3 cells. These results are discussed in relation to the importance of factors other than viral titer in determining transduction frequencies.
Cardiac electrical responses to vagal stimulation of fibers to discrete cardiac regions (1990)

We stimulated regional intracardiac parasympathetic nerve fibers to the atrioventricular (AV) nodal area (AVP stimuli) or to the sinoatrial (SA) nodal area (SAP stimuli) in autonomically decentralized, anesthetized dogs. AVP stimuli increased the AV interval (AV conduction time); the magnitude of the response depended directly on the stimulation frequency. AVP stimuli did not alter the atrial interval (heart period) in spontaneously beating hearts. The magnitude of the negative dromotropic response increased when the atrial interval was shortened. SAP stimuli increased the atrial interval, and the magnitude of the response depended directly on the stimulation frequency. SAP stimuli evoked little or no change in the AV interval in the unpaced heart. When the atrium was paced, SAP stimuli did not change the AV interval in about half of the preparations, and there was a small but significant change in the remaining preparations. The negative dromotropic or chronotropic response to AVP or SAP stimuli was potentiated by physostigmine and blocked by atropine. These results suggest that 1) AVP stimuli induce a selective negative dromotropic response, and 2) this negative dromotropic effect is secondarily affected by heart period, by the pacemaking site, and by atrial activation patterns, but it does not affect the sinus cycle length in the dog heart.
Cells, Matrix, Growth Factors, and the Surgeon The Biology of Scarless Fetal Wound Repair (1994)

Based on the scarless fetal wound repair model, a number of ways in which the matrix and cellular response of the healing adult wound might be manipulated to reduce scarring are reviewed.
A unified framework for subspace face recognition (2004)

PCA, LDA, and Bayesian analysis are the three most representative subspace face recognition approaches. In this paper, we show that they can be unified under the same framework. We first model face difference with three components: intrinsic difference, transformation difference, and noise. A unified framework is then constructed by using this face difference model and a detailed subspace analysis on the three components. We explain the inherent relationship among different subspace methods and their unique contributions to the extraction of discriminating information from the face difference. Based on the framework, a unified subspace analysis method is developed using PCA, Bayes, and LDA as three steps. A 3D parameter space is constructed using the three subspace dimensions as axes. Searching through this parameter space, we achieve better recognition performance than standard subspace methods.
The promoter of the human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene directing SV40 T antigen expression induces malignant proliferation of ependymal cells in transgenic mice. (1992)

Transgenic mice bearing a human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) promoter-SV40 T antigen fusion transgene were generated in order to localize in vivo the potential oncogenesis linked to the tissue-specific activity of the promoter for the CFTR gene. Surprisingly, the only site of tumors resulting from expression of the reporter onc gene was ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles. SV40 T antigen expression in these cells led to a consistent pathology in the first weeks of age: ependymoma and consequent hydrocephaly. Tumor-derived cell lines were established, characterized and shown to originate from SV40 T antigen-induced ependymoma. No pathological alterations were found in other organs, such as lungs and pancreas, in which cystic fibrosis is pathologically manifest in humans. Such transgenic mice and derived cell lines may represent valid models for analysing (1) the role of SV40 T antigen in ependymoma formation and (2) CFTR function in ependymal cells.
Biological effects of isoflavones in young women: importance of the chemical composition of soyabean products (1995)

To examine the hormonal effects of isoflavones, of which soyabean is a rich source, fifteen healthy nonvegetarian premenopausal women were studied over 9 months. They lived in a metabolic suite for between 4 and 6 months where their diet and activity levels were kept constant and their hormonal status was measured over two or three menstrual cycles. During one (control) menstrual cycle a normal but constant diet containing no soyabean products was fed. Then, over a second complete cycle six subjects consumed a similar diet into which 60 g textured vegetable protein (TVP)/d, containing 45 mg conjugated isoflavones, had been incorporated. Three participants had 50 g miso (a fermented soyabean paste), containing 25 mg unconjugated isoflavones, added daily to their diet over a menstrual cycle, and six others consumed 28 g TVP/d, containing 23 mg conjugated isoflavones. Five participants completed a third diet period where they were randomly assigned to consume either the control diet over a cycle, or a similar diet incorporating 60 g of a soyabean product which had had the isoflavones chemically extracted (Arcon F). Follicular phase length was significantly (P < 0.01) increased and peak progesterone concentrations were delayed with 60 g TVP but no effects were observed with Arcon F. The increase in menstrual cycle length did not reach statistical significance in the three three subject who ate 50 g miso/d, but peak progesterone levels were significantly (P < 0.05) delayed. Mid-cycle peaks of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) were suppressed with 45 mg conjugated isoflavones as 60 g TVP (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively). No other changes in sex-steroid hormone levels were observed on any of the other diets. A significant reduction in total cholesterol was found with 45 mg conjugated isoflavones (P < 0.05), but not with 23 mg conjugated isoflavone-free Arcon F. There was no effect of menstrual cycle phase on transit time.
Inactivation of tissue plasminogen activator in plasma. Demonstration of a complex with a new rapid inhibitor. (1984)

A new specific and sensitive method for determination of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) in plasma samples has been used to demonstrate the presence of a fast inhibitor to t-PA in plasma. By adding [35S]Met internally labeled t-PA (Mr approximately 70,000) to plasma, we were able to demonstrate the rapid formation of a stable complex with an apparent molecular weight of about 115,000 as estimated by gel filtration. The complex was partially purified by immunoadsorbtion chromatography on insolubilized antibodies against porcine t-PA, and a molecular weight of about 120,000 was found by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. From the apparent molecular weight of the complex (120,000) and the molecular weight of t-PA (70,000), a molecular weight of about 50,000 would be expected for the inhibitor. However, gel filtration of inhibitor-rich plasma resulted in the appearance of a symmetrical peak of t-PA inhibitory activity with an apparent molecular weight of about 205,000. The reason for this discrepancy is not known, but several different models are possible.
Nepalolide A inhibits the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by modulating the degradation of IκB‐α and IκB‐β in C6 glioma cells and rat primary astrocytes (1999)

1 The effects of nepalolide A on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) caused by incubation with lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma (LPS/IFN-gamma) or tumour necrosis factor-alpha/interleukin-1beta/IFN-gamma (TNF-alpha/IL-1beta/IFN-gamma, mixed cytokines) in C6 glioma cells and primary astrocytes of rat were investigated. The mechanisms by which nepalolide A confers its effect on iNOS expression were also elucidated. 2 Treatment with LPS/IFN-gamma and mixed cytokines for 24 h elicited the induction of iNOS activity as determined by nitrite accumulation in the culture medium and assay of enzyme activity. Nepalolide A at 10 microM abrogated the LPS/IFN-gamma- and mixed cytokines-mediated induction of iNOS by more than 90% in C6 glioma cells, and by 80% for mixed cytokines-induced induction of iNOS in primary astrocytes. The effect of nepalolide A (2-10 microM) was concentration-dependent. 3 The inhibition of iNOS induction by nepalolide A was attributed to decreases in the content of iNOS protein and the level of iNOS mRNA, as measured by immunoblotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. 4 Electrophoretic mobility shift assay was used to evaluate the effect of nepalolide A on the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Results showed that nepalolide A diminished the LPS/IFN-gamma-mediated association of NF-kappaB with consensus oligonucleotide in a concentration-dependent manner. The activation of NF-kappaB by mixed cytokines was modulated both in the extent of activation and in its time-course by nepalolide A. 5 The ability of nepalolide A to inhibit NF-kappaB activation was further confirmed by studies on the degradation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB, IkappaB, as measured by immunoblotting. 6 The present study demonstrates that the attenuation of NF-kappaB activation by nepalolide A was mediated by blockade of the degradation of IkappaB, leading to suppression of the expression of iNOS.
Synthesis and Characterization of Organic−Inorganic Perovskite Thin Films Prepared Using a Versatile Two-Step Dipping Technique (1998)

A convenient two-step technique for preparing thin films of the organic−inorganic perovskites (RNH3)2(CH3NH3)n-1MnI3n+1 (R = butyl, phenethyl; M = Pb, Sn; n = 1, 2, ∞) has been achieved. Films of the metal halide, MI2, were first deposited onto ash glass or quartz disks using vacuum evaporation or spin-coating. By dipping these inorganic films, at room temperature, into an organic ammonium iodide solution for a short period of time (1−5 min for the layered perovskites), single-phase samples of the corresponding organic−inorganic perovskite thin films were formed. While a variety of solvents can be used for the dipping process, toluene/2-propanol mixtures have been shown to work well for many of the present compounds. The layered organic−inorganic perovskite films exhibited uniform surfaces and strong photoluminescence at wavelengths that were consistent with the corresponding materials made by single-crystal growth from solution. However, dipped organic−inorganic films made from evaporated PbI2 exhibited a luminescent peak that was red-shifted approximately 10 nm relative to those prepared from spin-coated PbI2, perhaps due to states induced near the band edge as a result of crystal defects or surface states. Films of the three-dimensional perovskites CH3NH3MI3 (M = Pb, Sn) were also prepared by dipping MI2 films into a methylammonium iodide 2-propanol solution. The resulting perovskite films were black, and their X-ray diffraction patterns were in good agreement with those of samples prepared from solid-state reactions or solution chemistry techniques. The present work demonstrates that the new dipping technique can be used as a generic method for synthesizing thin films of a variety of layered and three-dimensional organic−inorganic perovskites. It is expected to be particularly useful for preparing films of organic−inorganic systems in which the organic and inorganic components have incompatible solubility characteristics, or for systems in which the organic component is difficult to evaporate. The structural characterization and photoluminescence results all suggest that the perovskite films prepared using the title method are well-organized, making this method a promising technique to prepare thin films for a variety of potential device applications and scientific studies.
Explosion Properties of Nano and Micro-sized Aluminium Particles (2014)

마이크로 크기의 알루미늄 분진의 폭발 특성에 대한 연구는 많이 조사되어 왔지만 나노 크기의 알루미늄 분진에 대한 연구는 매우 적다. 본 연구에서는 나노 및 마이크로 크기의 알루미늄 분진 (70 nm, 100 nm, <TEX>$6{\mu}m$</TEX>, <TEX>$15{\mu}m$</TEX>)이 분진폭발특성에 미치는 영향을 20 L 폭발시험 장치를 사용하여 실험적으로 조사하였다. 부유 상태의 알루미늄 분진의 입자 크기가 감소하면, 나노 크기에서의 알루미늄 분진의 폭발하한농도(LEC)는 마이크로 크기의 알루미늄분진보다 감소하였다. 나노 크기의 알루미늄 분진에서의 폭발특성은 마이크로 크기의 알루미늄 분진과 명확한 폭발성의 차이를 보이지 않았다. 투과 전자 현미경(TEM )에 의해 나노 크기의 알루미늄 입자의 관찰로부터 입자 간의 응집성의 증가가 나노 알루미늄 분진의 폭발성에 영향을 미칠 수 있을 것으로 추정되었다. Explosion characteristics of micro-sized aluminum dusts had been studied by many researchers, but the research of nano-sized aluminum dusts were very insufficient. In this study, an experimental investigation was carried out on the influences of nano and micro-sized aluminum dusts (70 nm, 100 nm, <TEX>$6{\mu}m$</TEX>, <TEX>$15{\mu}m$</TEX>) on dust explosion properties of aluminum particles by using 20 L explosion apparatus. With decreasing of particle size in suspended aluminum dusts, the LEC (lower explosion concentration) of nano-sized aluminum is lower than that of micro-sized aluminum. The particle size change of nano-sized aluminum dusts seems no obvious explosion differences than that of micro-sized aluminum dusts. From the observation of nano-sized aluminum particles by TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), it is estimated that increase of particles aggregation may have effects on the explosion characteristics of aluminum nanopowders.
Cases in which Parsimony or Compatibility Methods will be Positively Misleading (1978)

For some simple three- and four-species cases involving a character with two states, it is determined under what conditions several methods of phylogenetic inference will fail to converge to the true phylogeny as more and more data are accumulated. The methods are the Camin-Sokal parsimony method, the compatibility method, and Farris's unrooted Wagner tree parsimony method. In all cases the conditions for this failure (which is the failure to be statistically consistent) are essentially that parallel changes exceed informative, nonparallel changes. It is possible for these methods to be inconsistent even when change is improbable a priori, provided that evolutionary rates in different lineages are sufficiently unequal. It is by extension of this approach that we may provide a sound methodology for evaluating methods of phylogenetic inference.
Powering MEMS portable devices—a review of non-regenerative and regenerative power supply systems with special emphasis on piezoelectric energy harvesting systems (2008)

Power consumption is forecast by the International Technology Roadmap of Semiconductors (ITRS) to pose long-term technical challenges for the semiconductor industry. The purpose of this paper is threefold: (1) to provide an overview of strategies for powering MEMS via non-regenerative and regenerative power supplies; (2) to review the fundamentals of piezoelectric energy harvesting, along with recent advancements, and (3) to discuss future trends and applications for piezoelectric energy harvesting technology. The paper concludes with a discussion of research needs that are critical for the enhancement of piezoelectric energy harvesting devices.
Low resistivity p-ZnO films fabricated by sol-gel spin coating (2006)

N-doped and In-N-codoped ZnO films were fabricated on quartz glass substrate by sol-gel spin coating. Their p-type conductivities were characterized by the Hall measurements, revealing low resistivities of the order of 10−1Ωcm. Thin-film junctions comprising an undoped ZnO layer and a N-doped ZnO layer displayed the typical rectifying characteristics, suggesting formation of p-n homojunctions at the interfaces.
Functionalized Tricarbocyanine Dyes as Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Biomolecules (1997)

The syntheses of three novel functionalized tricarbocyanine dyes are described. These dyes containing isothiocyanate and succinimidyl ester functional groups are reactive toward primary amines and can be used as fluorescent probes for biologically pertinent compounds such as amino acids and functionalized dideoxynucleotides. The absorption and fluorescence maxima occur in the near-IR region of the spectrum (770-810 nm). The succinimidyl ester proved to be very sensitive to hydrolysis and was generated in situ to label amino acids. The isothiocyanates were less susceptible to hydrolysis and were conjugated using organic modified [40% (v/v) acetonitrile] buffers to amino acids. A dye with an alkyl isothiocyanate moiety showed conjugation to amino-functionalized dideoxynucleotide triphosphates.