gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies of Monosaccharide Production through Lignocellulosic Waste Hydrolysis Using Double Acids (2008)

A new technology called double acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic waste for bioethanol production has been proposed via combination of hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Double acid hydrolysis is characterized with several advantages, i.e., low process energy consumption, high monosaccharide concentration and yield, inner recycle of wastewater, and no interference to ethanol distillation from crystal calcium sulfate evolving. On the basis of this hydrolysis technology, industrialization of bioethanol production is promising in terms of both economical and environmental aspects. The effects of reaction temperature and time, acid concentration, and the ratio of liquid to solid biomass (L/S) on monosaccharide concentration and yield were investigated and the optimum reaction conditions were determined as follows. The temperatures for the first stage hydrolysis and the second stage hydrolysis are 120 and 165 °C, respectively. The time for the first stage hydrolysis and the second stage hydrolysis is 25 and 15 min, respectively. Acid concentration is 1 wt %, and L/S is 8. Under these conditions, the concentration of xylose and glucose can attain values of 34.47 and 40.51 mg/mL, respectively, and the total fermentable monosaccharide concentration and yield can attain 74.98 mg/mL and 76.55%, respectively.
Immunocytochemical localization of the base excision repair enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase in quiescent and proliferating normal human cells. (1989)

The immunocytochemical localization of the base excision repair enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase was examined as a function of cell proliferation. Two nontransformed normal human fibroblast cell strains were analyzed using an anti-human uracil DNA glycosylase monoclonal antibody. In quiescent cells, basal levels of a nonnuclear immunocytochemically reactive glycosylase protein were detected. No nuclear immunofluorescence was observed. In contrast, in proliferating cells, intense immunofluorescence could be detected exclusively in the nuclear or perinuclear regions. As proliferation diminished, basal levels of the nonnuclear immunocytochemically reactive glycosylase were again observed. The subcellular distribution of the glycosylase was examined in parallel by in vitro biochemical assay. In quiescent cells, glycosylase activity was observed in both the nuclear and membrane fractions. A small amount of enzyme activity could be detected in the soluble cytoplasmic fraction. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated a Mr 37,000 glycosylase protein in each subcellular fraction. During cell proliferation, there was an increase in glycosylase activity in each of the subcellular fractions. These results suggest a correlation between the proliferative state of normal human cells and the preferential nuclear or perinuclear localization of an immunocytochemically reactive glycosylase protein. Further, immunofluorescence of the nuclear enzyme may be dependent on defined conformational states of that nuclear glycosylase in the cell cycle.
Structure of human salivary histatin 5 in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions (1998)

The solution structure of human salivary histatin 5 (D-S-H-A-K-R-H-H-G-Y-K-R-K-F-H-E-K-H-H-S-H-R-G-Y) was examined in water (pH 3.8) and dimethyl sulfoxide solutions using 500 MHz homo- and heteronuclear two-dimensional (2D) nmr. The resonance assignment of peptide backbone and side-chain protons was accomplished by 2D total correlated spectroscopy and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) spectroscopy. The high JNH-C alpha H values (> or = 7.4 Hz), absence of any characteristic NH-NH (i, i + 1) or C alpha H-C beta H (i, i + 3) NOE connectivities, high d delta/dT values (> or = 0.004 ppm K-1) and the fast 1H/2H amide exchange suggest that histatin 5 molecules remain unstructured in aqueous solution at pH 3.8. In contrast, histatin 5 prefers largely alpha-helical conformation in dimethyl sulfoxide solution as evident from the JNH-C alpha H values (< or = 6.4 Hz), slow 1H/2H exchange, low d delta/dT values (< or = 0.003 ppm K-1) observed for amide resonances of residues 6-24, and the characteristic NH-NH (i, i + 1) and C alpha H-C beta H (i, i + 3) NOE connectivities. All backbone amide 15N-1H connectivities fall within 6 ppm on the 15N scale in the 2D heteronuclear single quantum correlated spectrum, and the restrained structure calculations using DIANA suggest the prevalence of alpha-helical conformations stabilized by 19 (5-->1) intramolecular backbone amide hydrogen bonds in polar aprotic medium such as dimethyl sulfoxide. The interside-chain hydrogen bonding and salt-bridge type interactions that normally stabilize the helical structure of linear peptides in aqueous solutions are not observed. Histatin 5, unlike other naturally occurring antimicrobial polypeptides such as magainins, defensins, and tachyplesins, does not adopt amphiphilic structure, precluding its insertion into microbial membranes and formation of ion channels across membranes. Electrostatic (ionic type) and hydrogen bonding interactions of the positively charged and polar residues with the head groups of microbial membranes or with a membrane-bound receptor could be the initial step involved in the mechanism of antimicrobial activity of histatins.
Risk Factors for Decline in IQ in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Over the 12 Years From Diagnosis/Illness Onset (2014)

The presence of diabetes may negatively influence some aspects of IQ over time. Specific illness risk factors, such as an earlier age of disease onset and a history of hypoglycemic seizures, appear to put the young person at greater risk. Academic progress of children identified as at risk should be monitored and educational supports provided if necessary.
Differential Role of Three Major New Zealand Black-Derived Loci Linked with Yaa -Induced Murine Lupus Nephritis (2005)

By assessing the development of Y-linked autoimmune acceleration (Yaa) gene-induced systemic lupus erythematosus in C57BL/6 (B6) x (New Zealand Black (NZB) x B6.Yaa)F(1) backcross male mice, we mapped three major susceptibility loci derived from the NZB strain. These three quantitative trait loci (QTL) on NZB chromosomes 1, 7, and 13 differentially regulated three different autoimmune traits: anti-nuclear autoantibody production, gp70-anti-gp70 immune complex (gp70 IC) formation, and glomerulonephritis. Contributions to the disease traits were further confirmed by generating and analyzing three different B6.Yaa congenic mice, each carrying one individual NZB QTL. The chromosome 1 locus that overlapped with the previously identified Nba2 (NZB autoimmunity 2) locus regulated all three traits. A newly identified chromosome 7 locus, designated Nba5, selectively promoted anti-gp70 autoantibody production, hence the formation of gp70 IC and glomerulonephritis. B6.Yaa mice bearing the NZB chromosome 13 locus displayed increased serum gp70 production, but not gp70 IC formation and glomerulonephritis. This locus, called Sgp3 (serum gp70 production 3), selectively regulated the production of serum gp70, thereby contributing to the formation of nephritogenic gp70 IC and glomerulonephritis, in combination with Nba2 and Nba5 in NZB mice. Among these three loci, a major role of Nba2 was demonstrated, because B6.Yaa Nba2 congenic male mice developed the most severe disease. Finally, our analysis revealed the presence in B6 mice of an H2-linked QTL, which regulated autoantibody production. This locus had no apparent individual effect, but most likely modulated disease severity through interaction with NZB-derived susceptibility loci.
A second origin of DNA plus-strand synthesis is required for optimal human immunodeficiency virus replication (1992)

We recently reported that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) unintegrated linear DNA displays a discontinuity in its plus strand, precisely defined by a second copy of the polypurine tract (PPT) located near the middle of the genome (P. Charneau and F. Clavel, J. Virol. 65:2415-2421, 1991). This central PPT appears to determine a second initiation site for retrovirus DNA plus-strand synthesis. We show here that mutations replacing purines by pyrimidines in the HIV-1 central PPT, which do not modify the overlapping amino acid sequence, are able to significantly slow down viral growth as they reduce plus-strand origin at the center of the genome. One of these mutations, introducing four pyrimidines, results in a 2-week delay in viral growth in CEM cells and abolishes plus-strand origin at the central PPT. The introduction in this mutant of a wild-type copy of the PPT at a different site creates a new plus-strand origin at that site. This new origin also determines the end of the upstream plus-strand segment, probably as a consequence of limited strand displacement-synthesis. Our findings further demonstrate the role of PPTs as initiation sites for the synthesis of the retroviral DNA plus strand and demonstrate the importance of a second such origin for efficient HIV replication in vitro.
Multi-sensor Target Recognition Fusion Based on Fuzzy Theory (2007)

In the process of the multi-sensors target recognition fusion, focused on the problem that it is difficult to determine the reliability of each sensor and how the data measured by different sensors are fused, a multi-sensor target recognition fusion method based on fuzzy theory is proposed. The mutual supportability of multiple sensors is obtained from the correlation function. Then by the membership function, the reliability of information provide by each sensor is gained. Finally, the supposed fusion result of multi-sensors target recognition can be produced on the basis of fuzzy integration function. The method is simple computationally and can objectively reflect the reliability of each sensor and interrelationship between these sensors. By applying the method to the target recognition, the simulation experiment shows that it can identify the target accurately and is an effective and feasible multi-sensors target recognition fusion method.
Erratum: The complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic, sulphate-reducing archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus (1998)

Nature 390, 364–370; (1997) The pathway for sulphate reduction is incorrect as published: in Fig. 3 on page 367, adenylyl sulphate 3-phosphotransferase (cysC) is not needed in the pathway as outlined, as adenylyl sulphate reductase (aprAB) catalyses the first step in the reduction of adenylyl sulphate.
A 1550 nm, 10 Gbps optical modulator with integrated driver in 130 nm CMOS (2007)

We present the world's first optical transmitter monolithically integrated in a CMOS process, achieving 10 Gb/s data modulation rate at 1550 nm with an extinction ratio greater than 6 dB.
Molecular heterogeneity of follistatin, an activin-binding protein. Higher affinity of the carboxyl-terminal truncated forms for heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the ovarian granulosa cell (1993)

Follistatin (FS), an activin-binding protein, is a monomer derived from two polypeptide core sequences of 315 (FS-315) and 288 (FS-288) amino acids originated from alternatively spliced mRNA. To define the structural heterogeneity of native FS, we purified six molecular forms of FS from porcine ovaries. Protein chemical analysis revealed that the structural differences among the six isoforms were caused by truncation of the carboxyl-terminal region and/or the presence of carbohydrate chains, resulting in the formation of FS-315, FS-288, and FS composed of 303 amino acids (FS-303) in various forms of glycosylation on the two potential Asn-linked glycosylation sites. The majority of FS isolated from porcine ovaries was FS-303, which may have been derived from FS-315 by proteolytic cleavage of the 12 COOH-terminal amino acids. All six molecular species have almost the same activin binding activity (Kd = 540-680 pM). By contrast, the COOH-terminal truncated form, FS-288, showed much higher affinity for the rat granulosa cell surface than FS-303, whereas FS-315 had no affinity. FS-288 bound to heparan sulfate-Sepharose CL-4B, but FS-315 did not, suggesting that the truncated forms of FS bind to heparan sulfate proteoglycans on the cell. COS cells transfected with the FS-288 DNA expressed the FS-288 protein, which adhered to the cell surface, but cells transfected with the FS-315 DNA secreted the expressed protein into the medium, which did not bind to the cell surface. In rat anterior pituitary culture, FS-288 (ED50 = 2 ng/ml) was more potent in suppressing follicle-stimulating hormone release than FS-303 (ED50 = 10 ng/ml) and FS-315 (ED50 = 20 ng/ml). These results suggest that cell-associated FS traps activin more tightly in the matrix, thereby more effectively blocking the activity of activin on heparan sulfate proteoglycans of the cell surface and that cell-associated FS plays an important role in controlling the various actions of activin in a paracrine or autocrine manner.
Ibuprofen, aspirin and acetaminophen toxicosis and treatment in dogs and cats. (1998)

Toxicosis to 3 commonly available analgesics--ibuprofen, aspirin and acetaminophen--occurs in dogs and cats after acute ingestion or repetitive administration of therapeutic or excessive doses. Whereas in acute exposure, where the clinical course of an overdose to all 3 drugs is predictable in relation to the amount ingested, in chronic exposure to therapeutic doses of aspirin and ibuprofen, the development of gastric ulcers and analgesic nephropathy is unpredictable. Ibuprofen is not recommended for prolonged treatment in dogs and cats due to the likelihood of ulcer formation. Although gastric mucosal adaptation usually occurs with repeated therapeutic doses of aspirin, some individuals nevertheless develop gastric ulcers; simultaneous administration of the prostaglandin analogue misoprostol can reduce the risk. Following acute ingestion of aspirin or ibuprofen, treatment is essentially symptomatic and supportive following early decontamination procedures. Gastrointestinal protectants and i.v. fluids with sodium bicarbonate are generally recommended. Acetaminophen toxicosis is usually associated with single acute ingestion, and the primary target organs affected are the liver and the red blood cells in dogs and cats respectively. Because signs can progress rapidly with acute acetaminophen overdose, administration of N-acetylcysteine is always recommended, even when the history is unclear. This report summarizes the common clinical presentations of dogs and cats exposed to therapeutic or excessive doses of ibuprofen, aspirin or acetaminophen, and describes the treatment procedures advised by the ASPCA-National Animal Poison Control Center.
Profile of SB‐204269, a mechanistically novel anticonvulsant drug, in rat models of focal and generalized epileptic seizures (1997)

1. Earlier optimization of structure-activity relationships in a novel series of 4-(benzoylamino)-benzopyrans, led to the discovery of SB-204269 (trans-(+)-6-acetyl-4S-(4-fluorobenzoylamino)-3,4-dihydro-2, 2-dimethyl-2H-benzo[b]pyran-3R-ol, hemihydrate), a potent orally-active anticonvulsant in the mouse maximal electroshock seizure threshold (MEST) test. 2. Studies have now been undertaken to determine the effects of SB-204269 in a range of seizure models and tests of neurological deficits in rats. In addition, the compound has been evaluated in a series of in vitro mechanistic assays. 3. SB-204269 proved to be an orally-effective anticonvulsant agent, at doses (0.1-30 mg Kg-1) devoid of overt behavioural depressant properties, in models of both electrically (MEST and maximal electroshock (MEST)) and chemically (i.v. pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) infusion)-evoked tonic extension seizures. However, the compound did not inhibit PTZ-induced myoclonic seizures at doses up to 30 mg kg-1, p.o. 4. SB-204269 also selectively reduced focal electrographic seizure activity in an in vitro elevated K+ rat hippocampal slice model at concentrations (0.1-10 microM) that had no effect on normal synaptic activity and neuronal excitability. 5. In all of these seizure models, SB-204269 was equivalent or better than the clinically established antiepileptic drugs carbamazepine and lamotrigine, in terms of anticonvulsant potency and efficacy. 6. Unlike SB-204269, the corresponding trans 3S,4R enantiomer, SB-204268, did not produce marked anticonvulsant effects, an observation in accord with previous findings for other related pairs of trans enantiomers in the benzopyran series. 7. In the rat accelerating rotarod test, a sensitive paradigm for the detection of neurological deficits such as sedation and motor incoordination, SB-204269 was inactive even at doses as high as 200 mg kg-1, p.o. This was reflected in the excellent therapeutic index (minimum significantly effective dose in the rotarod test/ED50 in the MES test) for SB-204269 of > 31, as compared to equivalent values of only 7 and 13 for carbamazepine and lamotrigine, respectively. 8. At concentrations (> or = 10 microM) well above those required to produce anticonvulsant activity in vivo (i.e. 0.1 microM in brain), SB-204269 did not interact with many of the well known mechanistic targets for established antiepileptic drugs (e.g. Na+ channels or GABAergic neurotransmission). Subsequent studies have shown that the anticonvulsant properties of SB-204269 are likely to be mediated by a novel stereospecific binding site present in the CNS. 9. The overall efficacy profile in rodent seizure models, together with a minimal liability for inducing neurological impairment and an apparently unique mechanism of action, highlight the therapeutic potential of SB-204269 for the treatment of refractory partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures.
Aptamers: An Emerging Class of Therapeutics (2005)

Numerous nucleic acid ligands, also termed decoys or aptamers, have been developed during the past 15 years that can inhibit the activity of many pathogenic proteins. Two of them, Macugen and E2F decoy, are in phase III clinical trials. Several properties of aptamers make them an attractive class of therapeutic compounds. Their affinity and specificity for a given protein make it possible to isolate a ligand to virtually any target, and adjusting their bioavailability expands their clinical utility. The ability to develop aptamers that retain activity in multiple organisms facilitates preclinical development. Antidote control of aptamer activity enables safe, tightly controlled therapeutics. Aptamers may prove useful in the treatment of a wide variety of human maladies, including infectious diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. We review the observations that facilitated the development of this emerging class of therapeutics, summarize progress to date, and speculate on the eventual utility of such agents in the clinic.
Kinematics for multisection continuum robots (2006)

We introduce a new method for synthesizing kinematic relationships for a general class of continuous backbone, or continuum , robots. The resulting kinematics enable real-time task and shape control by relating workspace (Cartesian) coordinates to actuator inputs, such as tendon lengths or pneumatic pressures, via robot shape coordinates. This novel approach, which carefully considers physical manipulator constraints, avoids artifacts of simplifying assumptions associated with previous approaches, such as the need to fit the resulting solutions to the physical robot. It is applicable to a wide class of existing continuum robots and models extension, as well as bending, of individual sections. In addition, this approach produces correct results for orientation, in contrast to some previously published approaches. Results of real-time implementations on two types of spatial multisection continuum manipulators are reported.
Binding specificity of the periplasmic oligopeptide-binding protein from Escherichia coli (1986)

The structural properties required for the binding of peptide substrates to the Escherichia coli periplasmic protein involved in oligopeptide transport were surveyed by measuring the ability of different peptides to compete for binding in an equilibrium dialysis assay with the tripeptide Ala-Phe-[3H]Gly. The protein specifically bound oligopeptides and failed to bind amino acids or dipeptides. Acetylation of the peptide amino terminus of (Ala)3 severely impaired binding, whereas esterification of the carboxyl terminus significantly reduced but did not completely eliminate binding. Peptides composed of L-amino acids competed more effectively than did peptides containing D-residues or glycine. Experiments with a series of alanyl peptide homologs demonstrated a decrease in competitive ability with increasing chain length beyond tripeptide. Competition studies with tripeptide homologs indicated that a wide variety of amino acyl side chains were tolerated by the periplasmic protein, but side-chain composition did affect binding. Fluorescence emission data suggested that this periplasmic protein possesses more than one substrate-binding site capable of distinguishing peptides on the basis of amino acyl side chains.
Extrarenal Expression of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-1α-Hydroxylase1 (2001)

The mitochondrial enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1 alpha-hydroxylase (1 alpha-hydroxylase) plays an important role in calcium homeostasis by catalyzing synthesis of the active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), in the kidney. However, enzyme activity assays indicate that 1 alpha-hydroxylase is also expressed in a variety of extrarenal tissues; recent cloning of cDNAs for 1 alpha-hydroxylase in different species suggests that a similar gene product is found at both renal and extrarenal sites. Using specific complementary ribonucleic acid probes and antisera to 1 alpha-hydroxylase, we have previously reported the distribution of messenger ribonucleic acid and protein for the enzyme along the mouse and human nephron. Here we describe further immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses that detail for the first time the extrarenal distribution of 1 alpha-hydroxylase in both normal and diseased tissues. Specific staining for 1 alpha-hydroxylase was detected in skin (basal keratinocytes, hair follicles), lymph nodes (granulomata), colon (epithelial cells and parasympathetic ganglia), pancreas (islets), adrenal medulla, brain (cerebellum and cerebral cortex), and placenta (decidual and trophoblastic cells). Further studies using psoriatic skin highlighted overexpression of 1 alpha-hydroxylase throughout the dysregulated stratum spinosum. Increased expression of skin 1alpha-hydroxylase was also associated with sarcoidosis. In lymph nodes and skin from these patients 1 alpha-hydroxylase expression was observed in cells positive for the surface antigen CD68 (macrophages). The data presented here confirm the presence of protein for 1 alpha-hydroxylase in several extrarenal tissues, such as skin, placenta, and lymph nodes. The function of this enzyme at novel extrarenal sites, such as adrenal medulla, brain, pancreas, and colon, remains to be determined. However, the discrete patterns of staining in these tissues emphasizes a possible role for 1 alpha-hydroxylase as an intracrine modulator of vitamin D function in peripheral tissues.