gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression, Regulation, and Function of IGF-1, IGF-1R, and IGF-1 Binding Proteins in Blood Vessels (2003)

The vascular insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 system includes the IGFs, the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), and multiple binding proteins. This growth factor system exerts multiple physiologic effects on the vasculature through both endocrine and autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. The effects of IGF-1 are mediated principally through the IGF-1R but are modulated by complex interactions with multiple IGF binding proteins that themselves are regulated by phosphorylation, proteolysis, polymerization, and cell or matrix association. During the last decade, a significant body of evidence has accumulated, indicating that expression of the components of the IGF system are regulated by multiple factors, including growth factors, cytokines, lipoproteins, reactive oxygen species, and hemodynamic forces. In addition, cross-talk between the IGF system and other growth factors and integrin receptors has been demonstrated. There is accumulating evidence of a role for IGF-1 in multiple vascular pathologies, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, restenosis, angiogenesis, and diabetic vascular disease. This review will discuss the regulation of expression of IGF-1, IGF-1R, and IGF binding proteins in the vasculature and summarize evidence implicating involvement of this system in vascular diseases.
Ultrasonic colour Doppler imaging (2011)

Ultrasonic colour Doppler is an imaging technique that combines anatomical information derived using ultrasonic pulse-echo techniques with velocity information derived using ultrasonic Doppler techniques to generate colour-coded maps of tissue velocity superimposed on grey-scale images of tissue anatomy. The most common use of the technique is to image the movement of blood through the heart, arteries and veins, but it may also be used to image the motion of solid tissues such as the heart walls. Colour Doppler imaging is now provided on almost all commercial ultrasound machines, and has been found to be of great value in assessing blood flow in many clinical conditions. Although the method for obtaining the velocity information is in many ways similar to the method for obtaining the anatomical information, it is technically more demanding for a number of reasons. It also has a number of weaknesses, perhaps the greatest being that in conventional systems, the velocities measured and thus displayed are the components of the flow velocity directly towards or away from the transducer, while ideally the method would give information about the magnitude and direction of the three-dimensional flow vectors. This review briefly introduces the principles behind colour Doppler imaging and describes some clinical applications. It then describes the basic components of conventional colour Doppler systems and the methods used to derive velocity information from the ultrasound signal. Next, a number of new techniques that seek to overcome the vector problem mentioned above are described. Finally, some examples of vector velocity images are presented.
Hyperpolarization MRI (2016)

Hyperpolarization is a novel technology that can dramatically increase signal to noise in magnetic resonance. The method is being applied to small injectable endogenous molecules, which can be used to monitor transient in vivo metabolic events, in real time. The emergence of hyperpolarized C-labeled probes, specifically C pyruvate, has enabled monitoring of core cellular metabolic events. Neuro-oncological applications have been demonstrated in preclinical models. Many more applications of this technology are envisioned, with transformative potential in magnetic resonance imaging.
Association of an Extended Haplotype in the Tau Gene with Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (1999)

We describe two extended haplotypes that cover the human tau gene. In a total of approximately 200 unrelated caucasian individuals there is complete disequilibrium between polymorphisms which span the gene (which covers approximately 100 kb of DNA). This suggests that the establishment of the two haplotypes was an ancient event and either that recombination is suppressed in this region, or that recombinant genes are selected against. Furthermore, we show that the more common haplotype (H1) is significantly over-represented in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), extending earlier reports of an association between an intronic dinucleotide polymorphism and PSP.
The E6 and E7 genes of the human papillomavirus type 16 together are necessary and sufficient for transformation of primary human keratinocytes (1989)

The early human papillomavirus type 16 genes that directly participate in the in vitro transformation of primary human keratinocytes have been defined. In the context of the full viral genome, mutations in either the E6 or E7 open reading frame completely abrogated transformation of these cells. Mutations in the E1, E2, and E2-E4 open reading frames, on the other hand, had no effect. Thus, both the full-length E6 and E7 genes were required for the induction of keratinocyte immortalization and resistance to terminal differentiation. The E6 and E7 genes expressed together from the human beta-actin promoter were sufficient for this transformation; mutation of either gene in the context of this recombinant plasmid eliminated the ability to induce stable differentiation-resistant transformants.
Service disciplines for guaranteed performance service in packet-switching networks (1995)

While today's computer networks support only best-effort service, future packet-switching integrated-services networks will have to support real-time communication services that allow clients to transport information with performance guarantees expressed in terms of delay, delay jitter, throughput, and loss rate. An important issue in providing guaranteed performance service is the choice of the packet service discipline at switching nodes. In this paper, we survey several service disciplines that are proposed in the literature to provide per-connection end-to-end performance guarantees in packet-switching networks. We describe their mechanisms, their similarities and differences and the performance guarantees they can provide. Various issues and tradeoffs in designing service disciplines for guaranteed performance service are discussed, and a general framework for studying and comparing these disciplines are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Blood‐eye barriers in the rat: Correlation of ultrastructure with function (1994)

The function of different vascular beds in the rat eye and brain was evaluated by measuring the transfer of a vascular tracer, 14C-alpha-amino-isobutyric acid, from blood to tissue. The density of vascular pores was measured in electron micrographs of perfusion-fixed, age-matched tissue to determine whether the differences in tracer transfer were paralleled by differences in ultrastructure. Tracer transfer in retina was approximately four times that in brain of the same animal. The transfer constant was not changed by the inclusion of cold alpha-amino-isobutyric acid, showing that transport across retinal vessels is not saturable, and indicating that, as in brain, transport is due to passive diffusion. Ultrastructurally, retinal vessels have a higher density of interendothelial junctions and of endothelial vesicles, both of which suggest higher vascular permeability. However, pericytes, which contribute to a second line of defence in the blood-brain barrier, are approximately four times as numerous in retina as in brain, and we suggest that in the retina, they act to compensate for a more permeable endothelial barrier. Ciliary body vessels had a high transfer of tracer, probably as a consequence of the fenestrations in their walls. Iridial vessels had a relatively low transfer of tracer, similar to that in retina even though a proportion of the interendothelial junctions in iridial vessels had expanded junctional clefts suggestive of open paracellular channels. However, both iris and ciliary body may lose tracer to the anterior chamber fluid, leading us to underestimate the vascular permeability in these sites.
Laser multiple filamentation control in air using a smooth phase mask (2008)

We report on experimental results revealing the important role of linear diffraction in multiple filamentation of intense laser pulses propagating in air. We show that during the early stages of propagation the transverse energy redistribution is governed by the laws of classical optics, defining the initial conditions for subsequent filamentary breakup of the beam. This is done by introducing a smoothly varying transverse phase, resulting in deterministic multiple filamentation. The observations presented here indicate precise wave-front shaping as a way to control the highly nonlinear and otherwise turbulent aforesaid process, which is a prerequisite for a number of applications.
Number portability (NP) using the intelligent network (2002)

Discusses number portability in an intelligent network (IN), the USA network, number portability types, location routing number, carrier portability code, release to pivot, advanced INs and global number portability.
DKK1 Antagonizes Wnt Signaling without Promotion of LRP6 Internalization and Degradation (2008)

DKK1 is a secreted protein that antagonizes Wnt signaling and plays essential roles in vertebrate embryogenesis including head induction, skeletal development, and limb patterning. DKK1 is also implicated in osteoporosis, arthritis, and cancer and represents a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of these diseases. DKK1 is a high affinity antagonistic ligand for LRP6, which is a Wnt coreceptor that acts together with the Frizzled serpentine receptor to initiate Wnt signal transduction. Two different models have been proposed to account for the mechanism by which DKK1 antagonizes LRP6 function. One model suggests that DKK1 binding to LRP6 disrupts Wnt-induced Frizzled-LRP6 complex formation, whereas the other model proposes that DKK1 interaction with LRP6 promotes LRP6 internalization and degradation, thereby reducing the cell surface LRP6 level. To clarify the molecular basis of DKK1 action, we examined how DKK1 affects the endogenous LRP6 in several mammalian cell lines including mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Here we show that DKK1 inhibits Wnt signaling but induces neither LRP6 down-regulation from the cell surface nor reduction of total LRP6 protein level and that DKK1 has no effect on the rate of continuous internalization of LRP6 and the half-life (about 4.7 h) of LRP6. We conclude that DKK1 inhibition of LRP6 is independent of LRP6 internalization and degradation.
A New Platinum Anticancer Drug Forms a Highly Stereoselective Adduct with Duplex DNA (1999)

The alignment of the 2-picoline ligand within the major groove contributes to the formation of a highly stereoselective GG intrastrand bischelate between the new anticancer drug cis-[PtCl<sub>2</sub>(NH<sub>3</sub>)(2-picoline)] and a 14-mer DNA duplex (see schematic representation).
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Wharton's Jelly of the Human Umbilical Cord (2004)

The Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord contains mucoid connective tissue and fibroblast-like cells. Using flow cytometric analysis, we found that mesenchymal cells isolated from the umbilical cord express matrix receptors (CD44, CD105) and integrin markers (CD29, CD51) but not hematopoietic lineage markers (CD34, CD45). Interestingly, these cells also express significant amounts of mesenchymal stem cell markers (SH2, SH3). We therefore investigated the potential of these cells to differentiate into cardiomyocytes by treating them with 5-azacytidine or by culturing them in cardiomyocyte-conditioned medium and found that both sets of conditions resulted in the expression of cardiomyocyte markers, namely N-cadherin and cardiac troponin I. We also showed that these cells have multilineage potential and that, under suitable culture conditions, are able to differentiate into cells of the adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. These findings may have a significant impact on studies of early human cardiac differentiation, functional genomics, pharmacological testing, cell therapy, and tissue engineering by helping to eliminate worrying ethical and technical issues.
논문 : 공예전시의 문제제기 및 개선방안에 관한 연구 (2002)

The 21oentury is established, as the World Of The Culture` and every nation is ready for the activation of cultural industry, cultural festival, and upbringing of the art community and so on. The modem society and enterprises now favor not the progress of science nor information but the `Power Of The Cultural Art`. The art activity is the mutual understanding of the public. This activity resulted in formation of art market and specialized galleries today and provided a place for the public to enjoy and involve themselves in the art. Currently, according to the social status, the meaning of the value of cultural goods is significant because it can determine the cultural value of one country.
Although the Korean economy underwent a recession since the mid 1990` s and was severely affected by the IMF (International Monetary Fund) in 1996, the Craft Art Specialized Galleries (C.A.S.G) continued to try to change and improve itself and ended up forming a place for the cultural activities today. The mass production system of the popular culture always has to have unique form and variety of factors to satisfy the vast majority of consumers` common desire. To do so, the change of artist` s sense, invention of cultural goods and addition of specialists for the management of the galleries are essential. Furthermore, the industrial arts market should be completely analyzed and should plan a strategy to fulfill the demand of the consumers.
In other words, the consumer` s tastes should be carefully examined prior to the introduction of the item to the market. The chosen items should be creative and fit the consumers` demand. More over, by checking the consumers directly and understanding what are their demands and problems are, the cultural industry can be improved through the betterment of the goods. These active marketing strategies are the immediate solutions against the stagnation of the `Art Culture` and the `Cultural Invasion` of the advanced nations. Also, the success of the marketing strategies will establish our great culture to the all nations and will provide an opportunity of stepping forward to be one of the advanced cultural nations.
Enhanced Susceptibility to Kainate-Induced Seizures, Neuronal Apoptosis, and Death in Mice Lacking Gangliotetraose Gangliosides: Protection with LIGA 20, a Membrane-Permeant Analog of GM1 (2005)

Knock-out (KO) mice lacking gangliotetraose gangliosides attributable to disruption of the gene for GM2/GD2 synthase [GalNAcT (UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:GM3/GD3 beta-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.92 [EC])] are revealing key neural functions for the complex gangliosides of brain. This study has found such animals to be highly susceptible to kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures in terms of both seizure severity and duration. Intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/kg KA produced status epilepticus for approximately 200 min in normal mice or heterozygotes and more than four times longer in the KO mice. The latter group suffered approximately 30% mortality, which increased to approximately 75% at dosage of 30 mg/kg KA, compared with 10-14% for the other two genotypes at the latter dosage. Nissl staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling assay revealed substantial deterioration of pyramidal neurons attributable to apoptosis in the KO hippocampus, especially the CA3 region. Seizure activity in the KO mouse was only moderately diminished by intraperitoneal injection of GM1 ganglioside, whereas LIGA 20, a semisynthetic analog of GM1, substantially reduced both seizure severity and cell damage. The potency of LIGA 20 was correlated with its enhanced membrane permeability (compared with GM1), as seen in the increased uptake of [3H]LIGA 20 into the subcellular fractions of brain including cell nuclei. The latter finding is consonant with LIGA 20-induced restoration of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger located at the inner membrane of the nuclear envelope in KO mice, an exchanger dependent on tight association with GM1 or its analog for optimal activity. These results point to a neuroprotective role for GM1 and its associated exchanger in the nucleus, based on regulation of Ca2+ flux between nucleoplasm and nuclear envelope.
Dispersion in total cost of care for Medicare fee-for-service (FFS) patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer receiving FDA-approved/NCCN Category 1 regimens at teaching versus non-teaching institutions. (2021)

e16244 Background: Teaching institutions receive additional funding from Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services (CMS) to provide specialized, quality care. Objectives: To analyze the dispersion in total cost of care (TCOC) for Medicare FFS patients (pts) with metastatic pancreatic cancer (m-PANC) treated at teaching (teach) or non-teaching (non-teach) institutions. Methods: We identified pts with m-PANC using ICD-9/10 diagnosis codes in the 2016-18 Medicare Parts A/B/D 100% Research Identifiable Files. Study pts had 2+ claims with a pancreatic cancer diagnosis and Medicare FFS coverage for 6 months pre- and 3 months post-metastasis diagnosis. Study pts were treated with NCCN Category 1 regimens: 1L gemcitabine monotherapy (gem-mono), 1L gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (gem-nab), 1L FOLFIRINOX (FFX), and 2L liposomal irinotecan-based regimen (nal-IRI). Pts were attributed to teach or non-teach institutions based on plurality of chemotherapy claims. TCOC reflects insurer-paid services per line of therapy (LOT) for 3 categories: chemotherapy/supportive drugs (chemo/Rx), inpatient care (IP), and other outpatient care (OP). We grouped pts by quartile (qrt), evaluated drivers of TCOC, and mean rates of admissions (admits/pt). Results: We identified 3,908 (teach) and 2,632 (non-teach) pts taking NCCN Category 1 regimens. There was a similar mix of patients in both cohorts, with gem-mono pts making up only 3% of the sample. Gem-nab accounted for 73% and 70% of pts in teach and non-teach institutions, respectively. For gem-nab, FFX, and nal-IRI pts, median TCOC was similar in both cohorts. However, median TCOC for the two non-generic drugs in our study, gem-nab (teach: $36,332; non-teach: $40,135) and nal-IRI (teach: $31,526; non-teach: $39,360), were lower at teach institutions than non-teach institutions. The components of TCOC are similar between teach and non-teach institutions in all qrts. In both cohorts, % IP costs for all regimens increased between the first and fourth qrt (teach:14% to 23%, non-teach:14% to 26%). In the teach cohort, nal-IRI pts had the lowest admits/pt in all qrts. In the non-teach cohort, there was no discernable pattern, although nal-IRI pts had the lowest admits/pt in the second and fourth qrt. Conclusions: For non-generic regimens like nal-IRI and gem-nab, median TCOC was lower at teach institutions than non-teach institutions. There were no consistent differences in TCOC dispersion or admissions between cohorts. Across qrts, chemotherapy accounted for approximately half the TCOC. However, IP costs were proportionally higher in the fourth qrt, especially for non-teach institutions. Despite nal-IRI pts being on the second LOT, both median TCOC and admits/pt across qrts were lower than gem-nab and FFX in teach institutions. In the non-teach cohort, median TCOC were similar among nal-IRI, gem-nab, and FFX.
Induction of Lymphocyte Apoptosis by Tumor Cell Secretion of FasL-bearing Microvesicles (2002)

The hypothesis that FasL expression by tumor cells may impair the in vivo efficacy of antitumor immune responses, through a mechanism known as 'Fas tumor counterattack,' has been recently questioned, becoming the object of an intense debate based on conflicting results. Here we definitely show that FasL is indeed detectable in the cytoplasm of melanoma cells and its expression is confined to multivesicular bodies that contain melanosomes. In these structures FasL colocalizes with both melanosomal (i.e., gp100) and lysosomal (i.e., CD63) antigens. Isolated melanosomes express FasL, as detected by Western blot and cytofluorimetry, and they can exert Fas-mediated apoptosis in Jurkat cells. We additionally show that melanosome-containing multivesicular bodies degranulate extracellularly and release FasL-bearing microvesicles, that coexpress both gp100 and CD63 and retain their functional activity in triggering Fas-dependent apoptosis of lymphoid cells. Hence our data provide evidence for a novel mechanism potentially operating in Fas tumor counterattack through the secretion of subcellular particles expressing functional FasL. Such vesicles may form a sort of front line hindering lymphocytes and other immunocompetent cells from entering neoplastic lesions and exert their antitumor activity.
Behavioral Ecology of Subterranean Termites and Implications for Control (1991)

Abstract: Subterranean termites are important structural pests in much of North America, and worldwide. Recent studies of eastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermes flavipes [Kollar]) colonies in Ontario, Canada, indicate that these colonies contain greater foraging populations and forage over larger territories than was previously thought to be the case. These results are consistent with those obtained elsewhere with Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Heterotermes aureus (Snyder). Implications for the development of baiting techniques for termite control are discussed, and several laboratory investigations of potential bait toxicants and insecticidal dusts are reviewed. Behavioral chemicals are also potentially useful in termite control, and bioassays with tree extractives indicate that semiochemicals affecting termite orientation offer an explanation for the observed pattern of R. flavipes infestation in street trees in Toronto. The eastern subterranean termite (Reticulitermes flavipes [Kollar]) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) has a broad distribution in North America, extending from the southeastern United States to the Great Lakes (Weesner 1970). At the northern edge of this distribution, R. flavipes was first reported at Point Pelee, Ontario, in 1929, and was apparently introduced to Toronto in infested materials brought by ship from the United
Self-Assembled Donor Comprising Quantum Dots and Fluorescent Proteins for Long-Range Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (2008)

We report on the development of a self-assembled donor for long-range fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). To this end, a three-chromophore FRET (3Ch-FRET) system was constructed, which consists of a luminescent quantum dot (QD), enhanced yellow fluorescent proteins (EYFP), and Atto647-dye-modified oligonucleotides. The system was assembled by electrostatic binding of covalent EYFP-ssDNA conjugate to the QD and subsequent hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides labeled with Atto647-dye. The final conjugates comprise three different two-chromophore FRET (2Ch-FRET) subsystems, QD/EYFP, QD/Atto647, and EYFP/Atto647, respectively, which were studied in detail by steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements. The helicity of DNA allowed us to control donor/acceptor separations and thus enabled the detailed analysis of the various FRET processes. We found that the 2Ch-FRET and the 3Ch-FRET (QD/EYFP/Atto647) systems revealed FRET efficiencies and transfer rates that were affected by the availability of distinct FRET pathways. The derived energy-transfer efficiencies and Förster radii indicated that within the 3Ch-FRET system, the 2Ch-FRET subsystem QD/EYFP showed highest FRET efficiencies ranging from 64 to 72%. Thus, it can be used as a powerful donor system that combines the intrinsic advantages of QDs (large and spectrally broad absorption cross section) and EYFP (high quantum yield) and enables long-distance FRET processes for donor-acceptor distances of up to 13 nm.