gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipoproteins and atherogenesis. Current concepts (1990)

TODAY there is no longer any doubt about the causative relationship between hypercholesterolemia and premature atherosclerosis. The National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference on Lowering Blood Cholesterol Levels<sup>1</sup>and the National Cholesterol Education Program that grew out of it<sup>2</sup>were the culmination of many years of experimental and clinical research, including, importantly, a number of positive intervention trials that brought to a close the so-called Cholesterol Controversy,<sup>3</sup>ie, the controversy as to the importance of hypercholesterolemia as a<i>causative</i>factor in coronary heart disease. Intensive lipid-lowering regimens have been shown not only to slow the progression of coronary atherosclerosis and reduce the risk of coronary events,<sup>4</sup>but even in some cases to lead to absolute regression.<sup>5</sup>Best medical practice now calls for appropriate treatment of hypercholesterolemia, and detailed guidelines for treating it are available.<sup>2,6</sup> If we are, then, committed in any case to such
Regioselective Conversion of Arylboronic Acids to Phenols and Subsequent Coupling to Symmetrical Diaryl Ethers (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTRegioselective Conversion of Arylboronic Acids to Phenols and Subsequent Coupling to Symmetrical Diaryl EthersJürgen Simon, Stefan Salzbrunn, G. K. Surya Prakash, Nicos A. Petasis, and George A. OlahView Author Information Donald P. and Katherine B. Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park, 837 West 37th Street, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661 [email protected]Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 2001, 66, 2, 633–634Publication Date (Web):December 14, 2000Publication History Received7 November 2000Published online14 December 2000Published inissue 1 January 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo0015873https://doi.org/10.1021/jo0015873brief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3464Altmetric-Citations148LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Aromatic compounds,Chemical synthesis,Ethers,Hydrocarbons,Substituents Get e-Alerts
Production of pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC) by a vaccinia virus transient expression system and in vitro processing of the expressed prohormone by POMC‐converting enzyme (1989)

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) was expressed in CV-1 (green monkey kidney) cells using a vaccinia virus transient expression system [(1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 8122]. The system involved infection of cells with a recombinant vaccinia virus carrying the T7 RNA polymerase gene and transfection with a plasmid containing the mouse POMC sequence flanked by the T7 RNA polymerase promoter at its 5'-end and the T7 RNA polymerase terminator at its 3'-end. Assay of the medium from transfected cells showed that 1-2 micrograms of immunoreactive ACTH was produced/10(6) cells. Analysis of the same medium by SDS-PAGE/Western blots revealed a band of 30-36 kDa, which was immunostained with both ACTH and beta-endorphin antisera. Labeling the transfected cells with [3H]Arg, followed by immunoprecipitation and SDS-PAGE showed the synthesis of a major peak of POMC, 33 kDa. Purified [3H]POMC expressed by CV-1 cells was cleaved in vitro by bovine intermediate lobe secretory vesicle pro-opiomelanocortin-converting enzyme to ACTH intermediates (19-25 kDa), beta-lipotropin and beta-endorphin. Thus, this work has demonstrated a technique for expressing microgram quantities of prohormones in mammalian cells, suitable for use as substrates for prohormone-converting enzymes in vitro.
Genetic Therapy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: Principles and Progress (2012)

This chapter focuses on the gene therapy advances made in relation to Duchenne muscular dystrophy and discusses principles and perspectives of strategies currently being developed. The chapter explains the genetic mutations that cause Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) and the differences between the two are discussed in relation to disease severity. The histopathological features of DMD are explained and discussed in the context of available animal models for DMD. There are various genetic therapeutic options available for the treatment of DMD, and the progress of each therapeutic approach is promising. A number of specific areas for the treatment of DMD are comprehensively presented, alongside in-depth description of the genetic biology of muscular dystrophy.
A novel high‐affinity human monoclonal antibody to mesothelin (2010)

Mesothelin is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein that is highly expressed on the cell surface of mesothelioma, ovarian cancer and other malignant tumors. The interaction between mesothelin and CA125 (also called MUC16) may facilitate the implantation and metastasis of tumors in the peritoneal cavity. A desirable therapeutic agent involves finding a fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb) that binds to mesothelin or CA125 and inhibits their interaction. Here, we report the identification of a novel human mAb to mesothelin. HN1, a human single-chain Fv specific for mesothelin, was isolated from a naïve human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library. To investigate HN1 as a potential therapeutic, we generated a fully human IgG with the γ 1 heavy chain and the κ light chain and an immuntoxin by fusing the HN1 scFv to a truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A. The HN1 IgG kills cancer cells with very strong antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. HN1 binds a conformation-sensitive epitope in human mesothelin with high affinity (K(D) = 3 nM). The HN1 epitope is different from that of SS1, a mouse Fv used to develop therapeutic antibodies that are currently in clinical trials. HN1 binds to cell surface-associated mesothelin on human mesothelioma, ovarian cancer, lung adenocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, HN1 can functionally block the interaction of mesothelin and CA125 on cancer cells. Most importantly, because the HN1 immuntoxin kills mesothelin-expressing cancer cells with high cytotoxic activity, we believe that it has significant potential for mesothelin-expressing cancer treatment and diagnosis.
Design, Synthesis, and Structure–Activity Relationships of Pyridoquinazolinecarboxamides as RNA Polymerase I Inhibitors (2014)

RNA polymerase I (Pol I) is a dedicated polymerase that transcribes the 45S ribosomal (r) RNA precursor. The 45S rRNA precursor is subsequently processed into the mature 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNAs and assembled into ribosomes in the nucleolus. Pol I activity is commonly deregulated in human cancers. On the basis of the discovery of lead molecule BMH-21, a series of pyridoquinazolinecarboxamides have been evaluated as inhibitors of Pol I and activators of the destruction of RPA194, the Pol I large catalytic subunit protein. Structure-activity relationships in assays of nucleolar stress and cell viability demonstrate key pharmacophores and their physicochemical properties required for potent activation of Pol I stress and cytotoxicity. This work identifies a set of bioactive compounds that potently cause RPA194 degradation that function in a tightly constrained chemical space. This work has yielded novel derivatives that contribute to the development of Pol I inhibitory cancer therapeutic strategies.
Ordered Block-Copolymer Assembly Using Nanoimprint Lithography (2004)

Nanoimprint lithography and self-assembly of poly(styrene)-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) diblock copolymer are combined to induce order in the phase-separated domains. Tailored periodic arrays of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) cylinders normal or parallel to neutralized silicon surfaces can be formed inside the gap of imprint molds. This method opens up a new route to the controlled phase separation of block copolymers with precise placement of the phase-separated domains.
Pain on injection of propofol (1998)

Pain on injection of propofol is a common problem, the cause of which remains unknown. The chemical properties and preparation of propofol, proposed mechanisms for the cause of the pain and clinical strategies to prevent pain on injection of propofol are reviewed in the hope of shedding some light on the subject.
Viscous flow reactor with quartz crystal microbalance for thin film growth by atomic layer deposition (2002)

A chemical reactor was constructed for growing thin films using atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques. This reactor utilizes a viscous flow of inert carrier gas to transport the reactants to the sample substrates and to sweep the unused reactants and reaction products out of the reaction zone. A gas pulse switching method is employed for introducing the reactants. An in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) in the reaction zone is used for monitoring the ALD film growth. By modifying a commercially available QCM housing and using polished QCM sensors, quantitative thickness measurements of the thin films grown by ALD are obtained in real time. The QCM is employed to characterize the performance of the viscous flow reactor during Al2O3 ALD.
Two cDNAs from the plantArabidopsis thalianathat partially restore recombination proficiency and DNA-damage resistance toE.colimutants lacking recombination-intermediate-resolution activities (1993)

Escherichia coli ruvC recG mutants lack RuvC endonuclease, which resolves crossed-strand joint molecules (Holliday junctions) formed during homologous recombination into recombinant products, and an activity (RecG) thought to partially replace RuvC. They are therefore highly deficient in homologous recombination, and sensitive to UV light and chemical DNA-damaging agents, presumably because of inability to tolerate unrepaired DNA damage by recombinational mechanisms (Lloyd, R.G. (1991) J. Bacteriol. 173:5414-5418). We transformed these mutants with plasmids expressing cDNAs from the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Selection for bacteria with increased resistance to methylmethanesulfonate yielded two cDNAs, designated DRT111 and DRT112 (DNA-damage-repair/toleration). Expression of these plant cDNAs, especially DRT111, restored conjugal recombination proficiencies in ruvC and ruvC recG mutants to nearly wild-type levels. Both plant cDNAs significantly increased resistance of both mutants to UV light and several chemical DNA-damaging agents, but did not fully correct the mutant phenotypes. Drt111 activity, but not Drt112, also increased, to nearly wild-type levels, resistance of recG single mutants to UV plus mitomycin C. The predicted Drt111 and Drt112 polypeptides, 383 and 167 amino acids respectively, show no similarity with one another or with prokaryotic Holliday resolvases. Both appear chloroplast targeted; Drt112 is highly homologous to Arabidopsis plastocyanin. DRT111 and DRT112 probes hybridize only to DNA from closely related plants.
A biomarker panel for acute graft-versus-host disease (2008)

No validated biomarkers exist for acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). We screened plasma with antibody microarrays for 120 proteins in a discovery set of 42 patients who underwent transplantation that revealed 8 potential biomarkers for diagnostic of GVHD. We then measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) the levels of these biomarkers in samples from 424 patients who underwent transplantation randomly divided into training (n = 282) and validation (n = 142) sets. Logistic regression analysis of these 8 proteins determined a composite biomarker panel of 4 proteins (interleukin-2-receptor-alpha, tumor-necrosis-factor-receptor-1, interleukin-8, and hepatocyte growth factor) that optimally discriminated patients with and without GVHD. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve distinguishing these 2 groups in the training set was 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.87-0.94) and 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.79-0.92) in the validation set. In patients with GVHD, Cox regression analysis revealed that the biomarker panel predicted survival independently of GVHD severity. A panel of 4 biomarkers can confirm the diagnosis of GVHD in patients at onset of clinical symptoms of GVHD and provide prognostic information independent of GVHD severity.
Towards materialized view selection for distributed databases (2009)

Materialized views (MV) can significantly improve the query performance of relational databases. In this paper, we con-sider MVs to optimize complex scenarios where many het-erogeneous nodes with different resource constraints (e.g., CPU, IO and network bandwidth) query and update nu-merous tables on different nodes. Such problems are typical for large enterprises, e.g., global retailers storing thousands of relations on hundreds of nodes at different subsidiaries. Choosing which views to materialize in a distributed, com-plex scenario is NP-hard. Furthermore, the solution space is huge, and the large number of input factors results in non-monotonic cost models. This prohibits the straightfor-ward use of brute-force algorithms, greedy approaches or proposals from organic computing. For the same reason, all solutions for choosing MVs we are aware of do not consider either distributed settings or update costs. In this paper we describe an algorithmic framework which restricts the sets of considered MVs so that a genetic algo-rithm can be applied. In order to let the genetic algorithm converge quickly, we generate initial populations based on knowledge on database tuning, and devise a selection func-tion which restricts the solution space by taking the simi-larity of MV configurations into account. We evaluate our approach both with artificial settings and a real-world RFID scenario from retail. For a small setting consisting of 24 ta-bles distributed over 9 nodes, an exhaustive search needs 10 hours processing time. Our approach derives a compa-rable set of MVs within 30 seconds. Our approach scales well: Within 15 minutes it chooses a set of MVs for a real-world scenario consisting of 1,000 relations, 400 hosts, and a workload of 3,000 queries and updates. 1.
Tenidap: A Novel Cytokine-modulating Antirheumatic Drug for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis (1994)

Tenidap is a novel, once-daily, cytokine modulating antirheumatic drug indicated for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In vitro, tenidap significantly inhibits the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor in human cell lines, and inhibits cytokine-mediated processes such as cartilage degradation, bone resorption, metalloprotease synthesis, endothelial cell adhesion and monocyte differentiation. Tenidap also inhibits cyclo-oxygenase. In RA patients, tenidap 120 mg/day is clinically equivalent to the combination of disease-modifying antirheumatic agents plus non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and significantly more effective than NSAIDs. Tenidap also produces rapid, profound and sustained reductions in the serum levels of the acute phase proteins, C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A, an effect suggestive of disease modifying properties. In addition, tenidap reduces circulating levels of IL-6 in RA patients. Tenidap is well tolerated.
Polyisobutylene Stars and Polyisobutylene-block-Poly(tert-Butyl Methacrylate) Block Copolymers by Site Transformation of Thiophene End-Capped Polyisobutylene Chain Ends (2003)

A new synthetic route for the synthesis of polyisobutylene (PIB) stars and PIB-poly(methacrylate) block copolymers was developed by combining living carbocationic and anionic polymerizations. Rapid and quantitative monoaddition of thiophene to living PIB chains has been observed in conjunction with TiCl4 as Lewis acid in n-hexane/CH2Cl2 60/40 v/v at −78 °C leading to the formation of 2-polyisobutylenyl-thiophene (PIB−T). PIB−T was quantitatively metalated with n-butyllithium in THF at −40 °C. 1H NMR spectroscopic and GC studies of the corresponding model compound, 2-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)thiophene, clearly verified quantitative metalation. The resulting stable macrocarbanion (PIB−T-,Li+) was used to initiate living anionic polymerization of tert-butyl methacrylate (tBMA) yielding PIB-b-PtBMA block copolymers with high blocking efficiency. PIB stars were prepared via the coupling reaction of the stable macrocarbanion with SiCl4 as a coupling agent. Characterization of these block copolymers and PIB stars was carried out by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), liquid adsorption chromatography at critical conditions (LACCC), and NMR spectroscopy.
Divergent Simian T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 3 (STLV-3) in Wild-Caught Papio hamadryas papio from Senegal: Widespread Distribution of STLV-3 in Africa (2002)

Among eight samples obtained from a French primatology research center, six adult guinea baboons (Papio hamadryas papio), caught in the wild in Senegal, had a peculiar human T-cell leukemia virus type 2 (HTLV-2)-like Western blot seroreactivity (p24(+), GD21(+), K55(+/-)). Partial sequence analyses of the tax genes (433 bp) indicated that these baboons were infected by a novel divergent simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV). Analyses of the complete proviral sequence (8,892 bp) for one of these strains (STLV-3/PPA-F3) indicate that this STLV was highly divergent from the HTLV-1 (61.6% of nucleotide similarity), HTLV-2 (61.2%), or STLV-2 (60.6%) prototype. It was, however, much more closely related to the few other known STLV-3 strains, exhibiting 87 and 89% of nucleotide similarity with STLV-3/PHA-PH969 (formerly PTLV-L/PH969) and STLV-3/CTO-604, respectively. The STLV-3/PPA-F3 sequence possesses the major HTLV or STLV open reading frames corresponding to the structural, enzymatic, and regulatory proteins. However, its long terminal repeat comprises only two 21-bp repeats. In all phylogenetic analyses, STLV-3/PPA-F3 clustered together in a highly supported single clade with the other known strains of STLV-3, indicating an independent evolution from primate T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (PTLV-1) and PTLV-2. The finding of a new strain of STLV-3 in a West African monkey (Guinea baboon) greatly enlarges the geographical distribution and the host range of species infected by this PTLV type in the African continent. The recent discovery of several different STLV-3 strains in many different African monkey species, often in contact with humans, strongly suggests potential interspecies transmission events, as it was described for STLV-1, between nonhuman primates but also to humans.
Fast Human Detection Using a Cascade of Histograms of Oriented Gradients (2006)

We integrate the cascade-of-rejectors approach with the Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HoG) features to achieve a fast and accurate human detection system. The features used in our system are HoGs of variable-size blocks that capture salient features of humans automatically. Using AdaBoost for feature selection, we identify the appropriate set of blocks, from a large set of possible blocks. In our system, we use the integral image representation and a rejection cascade which significantly speed up the computation. For a 320 × 280 image, the system can process 5 to 30 frames per second depending on the density in which we scan the image, while maintaining an accuracy level similar to existing methods.
Classification of Mammograms Using Decision Trees (2006)

Mammography is a medical imaging technique that combines, low-dose radiation and high-contrast, high-resolution film for examination of the breast and screening for breast cancer. This paper proposes a random forest decision classifier (RFDC) for classifying mammograms. Results of screening the mammograms are organised by classification and finally grouped into three categories i.e., normal, cancerous and benign. Experimental results show that this method performs well with the classification accuracy reaching nearly 90% in comparison with the already existing algorithms
Increase in Circulating Products of Lipid Peroxidation (F2-Isoprostanes) in Smokers — Smoking as a Cause of Oxidative Damage (1995)

The increased levels of F2-isoprostanes in the circulation of persons who smoke support the hypothesis that smoking can cause the oxidative modification of important biologic molecules in vivo.
Neuropeptide Y and Limbic Seizures (1998)

Since its discovery in 1982, neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino-acid member of the pancreatic polypeptide family, has received considerable attention in the field of neuroscience. Originally isolated from porcine brain /86/, NPY is one of the most abundant and widely distributed peptides in the central nervous system. In the brain, NPY is present in the hypothalamus, limbic structures, cerebral cortex, brainstem and striatum /2,71/. Because of the widespread distribution of NPY, it has been implicated in the modulation of a variety of behaviors, including, but not limited to, circadian rhythms /1/, memory retention /33/, feeding /19,56/, sympathetic control of cardiovascular function /89/ and anxiety /42,43/. These functions have been reviewed elsewhere and will not be discussed in great detail here. The present review is intended to provide an overview of recent work implicating a role for NPY in limbic seizures.
Measurement and modeling of intrinsic transcription terminators (2013)

The reliable forward engineering of genetic systems remains limited by the ad hoc reuse of many types of basic genetic elements. Although a few intrinsic prokaryotic transcription terminators are used routinely, termination efficiencies have not been studied systematically. Here, we developed and validated a genetic architecture that enables reliable measurement of termination efficiencies. We then assembled a collection of 61 natural and synthetic terminators that collectively encode termination efficiencies across an ∼800-fold dynamic range within Escherichia coli. We simulated co-transcriptional RNA folding dynamics to identify competing secondary structures that might interfere with terminator folding kinetics or impact termination activity. We found that structures extending beyond the core terminator stem are likely to increase terminator activity. By excluding terminators encoding such context-confounding elements, we were able to develop a linear sequence-function model that can be used to estimate termination efficiencies (r = 0.9, n = 31) better than models trained on all terminators (r = 0.67, n = 54). The resulting systematically measured collection of terminators should improve the engineering of synthetic genetic systems and also advance quantitative modeling of transcription termination.
Generating soft shadows with a depth buffer algorithm (1984)

A pragmatic approach is taken to develop an algorithm that combines an existing shadowing method with a popular visible surface rendering technique, called a depth buffer, to generate soft shadows resulting from light sources of finite extent. The method extends F. Crow's shadow volume algorithm (1977) to produce multiple shadows overlapped to yield the characteristic soft edges of a shadow penumbra.