gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of cis-diammine-1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylate platinum(II) in patients with normal and impaired renal function. (1984)

cis-Diammine-1,1-cyclobutane dicarboxylate platinum(II) (CBDCA, JM8) is a nonnephrotoxic analogue of cisplatin currently undergoing clinical evaluation. Pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in patients receiving CBDCA (20 to 520 mg/sq m) as a 1-hr infusion without hydration or diuresis. Following the end of the infusion, plasma levels of total platinum and ultrafilterable (Mr less than 50,000) platinum (free platinum) decayed biphasically with first-order kinetics (total platinum t alpha 1/2 = 98 min; t beta 1/2 range, 399 to greater than 1440 min; free platinum t alpha 1/2 = 87 min; t beta 1/2 = 354 min). During the first four hr, binding of platinum to plasma protein was limited (24%), with most of the free platinum in the form of unchanged CBDCA (94%). However, by 24 hr, the majority of platinum was protein bound (87%). The major route of elimination was renal, 65% of the platinum administered being excreted in the urine within 24 hr, with 32% of the dose excreted as unchanged CBDCA. No evidence was found from studies on the renal clearance of free platinum to indicate renal tubular secretion (mean free platinum renal clearance, 69 ml/min). However, the plasma clearance of free platinum did correlate positively with glomerular filtration rates (p = 0.005). None of the pharmacokinetic parameters determined were dose dependent. In vitro studies with plasma and urine demonstrated that, in contrast to cisplatin, CBDCA is a stable complex [t 1/2 - 37 degrees; plasma, 30 hr, and urine (range), 20 to 460 hr]. The differences in the pharmacokinetics of cisplatin and CBDCA may explain why the latter complex is not nephrotoxic.
Embryonic mesodermal defects in α5 integrin-deficient mice (1993)

A loss of function mutation of the murine alpha 5 integrin gene generated by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells is a recessive embryonic lethal. The mutant embryos start to show observable defects by day 9 of gestation and die around day 10-11. The alpha 5-null embryos have pronounced defects in posterior trunk and yolk sac mesodermal structures, suggesting a role for alpha 5 beta 1 integrin in mesoderm formation, movement or function. However, the embryos progress significantly further than embryos null for fibronectin, for which alpha 5 beta 1 integrin is a receptor, suggesting the involvement of other fibronectin receptors. In vitro studies on cells derived from the alpha 5-null embryos confirm that the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin is not expressed on mutant cells and show that the mutant cells are able to assemble fibronectin matrix, form focal contacts, and migrate on fibronectin despite the complete absence of the alpha 5 beta 1 fibronectin receptor integrin. All these functions have previously been thought to involve or require alpha 5 beta 1. The results presented show that these cellular functions involving fibronectin can proceed using other receptors.
Haptoglobin‐β chain defined by monoclonal antibody RM2 as a novel serum marker for prostate cancer (2008)

In our previous study, monoclonal antibody RM2, established toward the glycosyl epitope, reflected grade of malignancy of prostate cancer cells whereas RM2 reactivity to benign glands was negative or weak. RM2 reactivity was also detected in stroma, suggesting the glycoprotein RM2 recognizes could be released into the bloodstream. Then, we explored RM2 reactivity to sera of early prostate cancer. We compared RM2 reactivity to sera between 62 patients with early prostate cancer and 43 subjects with benign prostatic disease, and examined RM2 reactivity before and after radical prostatectomy in 15 patients by Western blotting. We also examined RM2 reactivity to sera of the other urogenital cancers. RM2 reactivity was significantly enhanced on a serum glycoprotein with molecular mass approximately 40 kDa, hereby termed GPX, in the patients with early prostate cancer when compared with those with benign prostatic disease (p < 0.0001). Setting an appropriate cutoff level, RM2 reactivity to GPX for detection of prostate cancer had sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 84%, respectively. Furthermore, the level of RM2 reactivity significantly decreased after radical prostatectomy (p = 0.006). However, increased RM2 reactivity to GPX was also observed in the other urogenital cancers. The proteomics approach identified GPX as haptoglobin-beta chain and RM2 showed preferential reactivity toward haptoglobin-beta chain derived from prostate cancer when compared with polyclonal anti-haptoglobin antibody. Haptoglobin-beta chain defined by RM2 is a novel serum marker that may be useful for detection of early prostate cancer when coupled with prostate-specific antigen because it is not specific to prostate cancer.
17β‐estradiol inhibits cytokine, chemokine, and chemokine receptor mRNA expression in the central nervous system of female mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (2001)

Cytokines and chemokines govern leukocyte trafficking, thus regulating inflammatory responses. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of low dose 17 beta-estradiol were evaluated on chemokine, chemokine receptor, and cytokine expression in the spinal cords (SC) of BV8S2 transgenic female mice during acute and recovery phases of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In EAE protected mice, 17 beta-estradiol strongly inhibited mRNA expression of the chemokines RANTES, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-2, IP-10, and MCP-1, and of the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 at both time points. Conversely, ovariectomy, which abrogated basal 17 beta-estradiol levels and increased the severity of EAE, enhanced the expression of MIP-1 alpha and MIP-2 that were over-expressed by inflammatory mononuclear cells in SC. 17 beta-estradiol inhibited expression of LT-beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma in SC, but had no effect on IL-4 or IL-10, indicating reduced inflammation but no deviation toward a Th2 response. Interestingly, elevated expression of CCR1 and CCR5 by lymph node cells was also inhibited in 17 beta-estradiol treated mice with EAE. Low doses of 17 beta-estradiol added in vitro to lymphocyte cultures had no direct effect on the activation of MBP-Ac1-11 specific T cells, and only at high doses diminished production of IFN-gamma, but not IL-12 or IL-10. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of 17 beta-estradiol are mediated in part by strong inhibition of recruited inflammatory cells, resulting in reduced production of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines in CNS, with modest effects on encephalitogenic T cells that seem to be relatively 17 beta-estradiol insensitive.
Bioconversion and saccharification of some lignocellulosic wastes by Aspergillus oryzae ITCC-4857.01 for fermentable sugar production (2011)

The recent interest in bioconversion of agricultural and industrial wastes to chemical feedstock has led to extensive studies on cellulolytic enzymes produced by microorganisms. In the present study three lignocellulosic substrates viz. sugarcane bagasse, sawdust and water hyacinth were pre-treated with alkali and enzyme and their effect on bioconversion has been investigated. The ability of selected substrates for induction of cellulase enzyme by A. oryzae ITCC 4857.01 and for the potentiality of the induced enzyme to saccharify the substrates were also assessed. The maximum degree of conversion of substrate (0.415%) and improved specific substrate consumption (0.99 g substrate/g dry biomass) was exhibited in sugarcane bagasse after alkali treatment at 96 hrs. Both alkali-treatment and enzyme-treatment, water hyacinth was the best for cellulase induction and showed maximum endoglucanase activity of 11.42 U/ml. Reducing sugar yield ranged from 1.12 mg/ml for enzyme treated sawdust at 48 hrs to 7.53 mg/ml for alkali treated sugarcane bagasse at 96 hrs. Alkali-treated sugarcane bagasse gave the highest saccharification rate of 9.03% after 96 hrs. The most resistant substrate was sawdust which produced 5.92% saccharification by alkaline treatment. The saccharification of lignocellulosic substrates by enzyme produced by A. oryzae ITCC 4857.01 indicates the enzymes specificity towards the substrates. The use of such enzyme in lingo-cellulose hydrolysis will lead to efficient conversion of cellulose materials to other important products.
Clinical Application of the 70-Gene Profile: The MINDACT Trial (2008)

The 70-gene profile is a new prognostic tool that has the potential to greatly improve risk assessment and treatment decision making for early breast cancer. Its prospective validation is currently ongoing through the MINDACT (Microarray in Node-Negative Disease May Avoid Chemotherapy) trial, a 6,000-patient randomized, multicentric trial. This article reviews the several steps in the development of the profile from its discovery to its clinical validation.
Photonic crystal properties of packed submicrometric SiO2 spheres (1997)

In this letter, we investigate the optical properties of packed monodisperse silica submicron spheres by means of optical transmission measurements. The results are compatible with a three dimensional face centered cubic order in these solid structures. The lattice parameter of these structures, and therefore their optical properties, can be easily tuned through the sphere size (between 200 and 700 nm) thus covering the whole visible and near infrared spectrum.
<title>Assessment of driver vision enhancement technologies</title> (1995)

Driver vision enhancement systems provide augmented information to improve the driver's perceptual ability when visibility is reduced. Vision enhancement is a technologically- challenging mission. We surveyed two classes of technologies: imaging systems (visible and infrared) and radars (millimeter-wave and laser radars). Night (IR) vision and radar-based systems promise meaningful vision enhancement functionality to the driver. Available field test data give thermal imagers operating in the range of 8 to 12 micrometers an edge. This spectral regime has a long (miles) clear night range, adequate object discrimination and handles inclement weather conditions better than other shorter wavelength imagers. Uncooled thermal imagers, because of their potentially low-cost, are emerging as a front runner technology. All weather penetration of a radar based system is attractive for certain driving scenarios. They are not particularly adept in high resolution imaging. This combination makes them more of interest as automated warning devices. Icons replace the actual objects imaged to indicate the hazard ahead. True all-weather high-resolution vision enhancement systems are beyond near- term capabilities. Overall, vision enhancement systems under development today will have good utility with the challenge that they become `affordable'.
Ultraconserved Elements in the Human Genome (2004)

There are 481 segments longer than 200 base pairs (bp) that are absolutely conserved (100% identity with no insertions or deletions) between orthologous regions of the human, rat, and mouse genomes. Nearly all of these segments are also conserved in the chicken and dog genomes, with an average of 95 and 99% identity, respectively. Many are also significantly conserved in fish. These ultraconserved elements of the human genome are most often located either overlapping exons in genes involved in RNA processing or in introns or nearby genes involved in the regulation of transcription and development. Along with more than 5000 sequences of over 100 bp that are absolutely conserved among the three sequenced mammals, these represent a class of genetic elements whose functions and evolutionary origins are yet to be determined, but which are more highly conserved between these species than are proteins and appear to be essential for the ontogeny of mammals and other vertebrates.
Low pulse‐wave amplitude during reactive leg hyperaemia: an independent, early marker for ischaemic heart disease and death Results from the 21‐year follow‐up of the prospective cohort study ‘Men born in 1914’, Malmö, Sweden (1994)

The plethysmographically recorded pulse-wave amplitude during reactive hyperaemia can be used as an early independent marker to identify individuals at risk of developing ischaemic heart disease and death at an early age.
Coupling of Glucose Deprivation with Impaired Histone H2B Monoubiquitination in Tumors (2012)

Metabolic reprogramming is associated with tumorigenesis. However, glucose metabolism in tumors is poorly understood. Here, we report that glucose levels are significantly lower in bulk tumor specimens than those in normal tissues of the same tissue origins. We show that mono-ubiquitinated histone H2B (uH2B) is a semi-quantitative histone marker for glucose. We further show that loss of uH2B occurs specifically in cancer cells from a wide array of tumor specimens of breast, colon, lung and additional 23 anatomic sites. In contrast, uH2B levels remain high in stromal tissues or non-cancerous cells in the tumor specimens. Taken together, our data suggest that glucose deficiency and loss of uH2B are novel properties of cancer cells in vivo, which may represent important regulatory mechanisms of tumorigenesis.
DGAT inhibitors for obesity. (2007)

Obesity is characterized by the accumulation of triacylglycerol in adipocytes. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the final reaction of triacylgycerol synthesis. Two isozymes of DGAT, DGAT1 and DGAT2, have been reported. Increased DGAT2 activity has a role in steatosis, while DGAT1 plays a role in very (V)LDL synthesis; increased plasma VLDL concentrations may promote obesity and thus DGAT1 is considered a potential therapeutic target of inhibition for obesity control. Several DGAT inhibitors of natural and synthetic origin have been reported, and their future prospect as anti-obesity drugs is discussed in this review.
A novel device for rapid cleaning of poorly prepared colons (2010)

Use of the ClearPath device was found to be a simple, reliable, and safe method for intraprocedural cleaning of partly prepared porcine colon. These experiments support a potential role for ClearPath in cleaning the colon in unprepared or poorly prepared human patients.
Effects of genetic polymorphisms of programmed cell death 1 and its ligands on the development of ankylosing spondylitis (2011)

Our results suggest that PD-1 G-536A, PD-L1 A8923C and PD-L2 C47103T polymorphisms are associated with the presence of AS.
Über den Mechanismus der Reaktion von Kishner‐Wolff‐Staudinger, I. Mitteilung (1947)

Abstract Auf Grund von Versuchen werden theoretische Vorstellungen über den Mechanismus der Reaktion von Kishner‐Wolff‐Staudinger entwickelt. Dabei wird angenommen, daß primär die Lösung eines Protons aus dem zu spaltenden Hydrazon erfolgt und daß das gleichzeitig gebildete Anion mesomer reagiert. Diese Vorstellungen lassen es verständlich erscheinen, daß unter gewissen konstitutionellen Voraussetzungen eine beträchtliche Erhöhung der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit stattfindet. Als wesentliche Eigenschaft des Katalysators bei der Reaktion wird seine Eignung als Protonfänger herausgestellt.
A novel signaling pathway impact analysis (2008)

SPIA was implemented as an R package available at http://vortex.cs.wayne.edu/ontoexpress/
Twenty Years of Brassinosteroids: Steroidal Plant Hormones Warrant Better Crops for the XXI Century (2000)

The discovery of brassinosteroids (BS) just over 20 years ago opened a new era in studies of bio-regulation in living organisms. Previously, the only known role of steroids as hormones was in animals and fungi; now a steroidal hormone in plants had been added. Progress in brassinosteroid research has been very rapid. Only 20 years passed between the discovery of brassinolide, the first member of the series, and the application of brassinosteroids in agriculture. Although the other plant hormones have been studied for a much longer period, there has not been similar development. Within the last couple of years two books on brassinosteroids (Khripach VA, Zhabinskii VN, de Groot A. 1999. Brassinosteroids—a new class of plant hormones . San Diego: Academic Press; Sakurai A, Yokota T, Clouse SD, eds. 1999. Brassinosteroids: steroidal plant hormones . Tokyo: Springer Verlag) have been published, but many new data have appeared since that time. Many of the more recent data is devoted to molecular biological aspects of BS and has helped to create a vision of their role in plants and their mechanisms of action. New discoveries of the physiological properties of BS allow us to consider them as highly promising, environmentally-friendly, natural substances suitable for wide application in plant protection and yield promotion in agriculture. This aspect of BS is the main subject of this Botanical Briefing. Copyright 2000 Annals of Botany Company
Photoluminescence property of InGaN single quantum well with embedded AlGaN δ layer (2006)

We investigate the photoluminescence (PL) properties of a thick InGaN single quantum well (SQW) in which an AlGaN δ layer is embedded. The δ layer offers an extra degree of freedom which may be employed to tune the emission wavelength. One of the most salient features of such a QW structure is that the long-wavelength tuning is feasible with lower indium composition. The δ layer also increases the wave function overlap between holes and electrons, shortening the PL lifetime. All the measurement results are consistent with the numerical predictions. The QW structure could be of great importance in the design of long-wavelength lasers.
Anti-HIV-1 activity of leflunomide: a comparison with mycophenolic acid and hydroxyurea. (2003)

Leflunomide's anti-HIV activity and clinical profile make it an attractive candidate for further study of its effects. Since HIV RNA levels are an effective predictor of AIDS-free survival, leflunomide's partial suppression of HIV RNA may be valuable in certain patients.
Application of Nanoparticles in Waste Water Treatment (2008)

Abstract: In the area of water purification, nanotechnology offers the possibility of an efficient removal of pollutants and germs. Today nanoparticles, nanomembrane and nanopowder used for detection and removal of chemical and biological substances include metals (e.g. Cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, zinc), nutrients (e.g. Phosphate, ammonia, nitrate and nitrite), cyanide, organics, algae (e.g. cyanobacterial toxins) viruses, bacteria, parasites and antibiotics. Basically four classes of nanoscale materials that are being evaluated as functional materials for water purification e.g. metal-containing nanoparticles, carbonaceous nanomaterials, zeolites and dendrimers. Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers also show some positive result. Nanomaterials reveal good result than other techniques used in water treatment because of its high surface area (surface/volume ratio). It is suggested that these may be used in future at large scale water purification. It is also found that the coliform bacteria treated with ultrasonic irradiation for short time period before Agnanoparticle treatment at low concentration, enhanced antibacterial effect. In future, combination of both may be the best option for treatment of waste water. Key words: Nanoparticle • dendrites • zeolite • ceramics • nanosilver • nanorod • nanofiber synergic effect • minium inhibitory concentration
The 64-kilodalton membrane protein of Bacillus subtilis is also present as a multiprotein complex on membrane-free ribosomes. (1984)

The 64-kDa membrane protein of Bacillus subtilis is evidently involved in the attachment of secreting ribosomes to membrane. On immunoprecipitation with antibody to this protein, the solubilized particulate fraction, with or without prior chemical cross-linking, yields a complex of four proteins (64, 60, 41, and 36 kDa). This "S complex" was found to be associated with membrane-free ribosomes rather than with membrane, but the 64-kDa protein is also present, without the other proteins of the S complex, in the membrane-ribosome fraction and in the cytosol. Only the form present in the membrane-ribosome fraction is protected from protease. These findings suggest a cycle in which the complex participates in initiation of secretion but not in the later stages. It is not yet clear whether the 64-kDa protein found in the membrane-ribosome complexes is retained from the S complex after initiation and later recycled via the cytosol or whether it is a separate pool.
A sensitive enzyme immunoassay for cyclosporin A using antibodies generated against a novel hapten. (1995)

A simple and sensitive enzyme immunoassay for cyclosporin A has been developed. Cyclosporin A (CsA) antibodies were generated in rabbits using a novel hapten (CsA-C6) derived from ozonolysis of a double bond at residue 1 followed by reaction with 6-amino hexanoic acid. The antibodies generated from CsA-C6 recognized the spacer arm between the hapten and the carrier protein. A heterologous bridge strategy for haptenenzyme conjugate was used to improve the sensitivity. A hemisuccinyl ester of cyclosporin A alcohol (CsA-C4) was synthesized, conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and used as the enzyme labeled hapten. A high sensitivity enzyme immunoassay for CsA was developed. The concentration that gave 50% inhibition of binding was 1 ng/ml (8.3 x 10(-10)M) of CsA. The specificity of the antibodies was examined against various metabolites. Metabolites with structural modifications at distal residues 4, 8 and 9 showed the least crossreactivity, whereas metabolites derived from residue 1 exhibited full crossreaction as expected.
Infusion of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor into the Lateral Ventricle of the Adult Rat Leads to New Neurons in the Parenchyma of the Striatum, Septum, Thalamus, and Hypothalamus (2001)

The findings that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes in vitro the survival and/or differentiation of postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ) progenitor cells and increases in vivo the number of the newly generated neurons in the adult rostral migratory stream and olfactory bulb prompted us to investigate whether the infusion of BDNF influences the proliferation and/or differentiation of cells in other regions of the adult forebrain. We examined the distribution and phenotype of newly generated cells in the adult rat forebrain 16 d after intraventricular administration of BDNF in conjunction with the cell proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for 12 d. BDNF infusion resulted in numerous BrdU(+) cells, not only in the SVZ lining the infused lateral ventricle, but moreover, in specific parenchymal structures lining the lateral and third ventricles, including the striatum and septum, as well as the thalamus and hypothalamus, in which neurogenesis had never been demonstrated previously during adulthood. In each region, newly generated cells expressed the neuronal marker microtubule-associated protein-2, or neuron-specific tubulin, identified by the antibody TuJ1. The percentage of the newly generated cells expressing TuJ1 ranged from 27 to 42%, suggesting that the adult forebrain has a more profound capacity to produce neurons than recognized previously. The extent of cell proliferation after BDNF infusion was correlated with the level of expression of full-length TrkB, the high-affinity receptor for BDNF, despite the fact that the BrdU(+) cells were not themselves TrkB(+). Collectively, our results demonstrate that the adult brain parenchyma may recruit and/or generate new neurons, which could replace those lost as a result of injury or disease.