gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical and instrumental evaluation of a food supplement in improving skin hydration (2005)

Topically applied cosmetic products can be helpful in improving skin hydration. The study shows how oral supplementation could be helpful in improving and preventing the skin dehydration. A total of 32 healthy female volunteers entered the study. Of which, 16 were treated with a food supplement based on vegetable ceramides, amino acids, fish cartilage, antioxidants and essential fatty acids for 40 days and 16 with placebo. The results of the clinical and instrumental evaluations carried out in this study, have highlighted how the active treatment is effective in improving skin hydration and in reducing the cutaneous smoothness and roughness and the depth of furrows, in comparison to the placebo. In fact, concerning several important parameters, as stratum corneum hydration and skin roughness, the improvement measured exceeded 25%. We therefore suggest that a combination of treatments (oral and topical) can be more effective in improving skin hydration.
Single-Crystalline Si STacked ARray (STAR) NAND Flash Memory (2011)

In this paper, a 3-D nand Flash memory array having multiple single-crystal Si nanowires is investigated. Device structure and fabrication process are described including the electrical isolation of stacked nanowires. Numerical simulation results focused on nand Flash memory operation are delivered. Devices and array with stacked bit lines are fabricated, and memory characteristics such as program/erase select gate operation are measured. Array scheme is also discussed for the high-density bit-cost scalable 3-D stacked bit-line nand Flash memory application.
Transgenic mice for the establishment of histidinol‐resistant embryonic fibroblast feeder layers (1996)

Gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem cells generates mutations by replacing an endogenous chromosomal region with a copy disrupted by a selectable genetic marker. The most commonly used selectable marker is the bacterial neo(r) gene, which confers resistance in mammalian cells to the antibiotic G418. Use of an alternative selectable marker, the Salmonella typhimurium gene hisD, should provide expanded applications for gene targeting. The hisD gene encodes the protein histidinol dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the conversion of histidinol to the amino acid histidine. Histidinol is toxic to mammalian cells, while histidine is an essential mammalian amino acid. Consequently, growth selection in cultures with media containing histidinol in place of histidine occurs by both histidine starvation and histidinol poisoning. The hisD selection is being tested for potential use in gene targeting experiments with mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Currently, most successful gene targeting experiments use primary embryonic fibroblast feeder layers, which assist in the maintenance of the pluripotential state of the embryonic stem cells. To support ES cell stability under histidinol selection, mice transgenic for the S. typhimurium hisD gene have been produced and used to generate embryonic fibroblast feeder cells. The transgenic embryonic fibroblasts survive under a wide range of histidinol-containing growth conditions and support growth of ES cell cultures.
Strand Displacement Probes Combined with Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification for Instrument-Free Detection from Complex Samples (2018)

Sensitive and specific detection of pathogens via nucleic acid amplification is currently constrained to laboratory settings and portable equipment with costly fluorescent detectors. Nucleic acid-detecting lateral flow immunoassay strips (LFIAs) offer a low-cost visual transduction strategy at points of need. Unfortunately, these LFIAs frequently detect amplification byproducts that can yield spurious results which can only be deciphered through statistical analysis. We integrated customizable strand displacement probes into standard loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays to prevent byproduct capture on commercial LFIAs. We find that combining strand displacement with LAMP (SD-LAMP) yields LFIA test band intensities that can be unequivocally interpreted by human subjects without additional instrumentation, thereby alleviating the need for a portable reader's analysis. Using SD-LAMP, we capture target amplicons on commercially available LFIAs from as few as 3.5 Vibrio cholerae and 2 750 Escherichia coli bacteria without false positive or false negative interpretation. Moreover, we demonstrate that LFIA capture of SD-LAMP products remain specific even in the presence of complex sample matrixes, providing a significant step toward reliable instrument-free pathogen detection outside of laboratories.
Incidence and Correlates of Tardive Dyskinesia in First Episode of Schizophrenia (1996)

Poor response to the treatment of a first episode of psychosis and, to a lesser extent, antipsychotic drug dose are important factors in the development of TD. This suggests that there may be a disease-related vulnerability to TD manifest with antipsychotic drug exposure. Potential pathophysiologic factors might include neurodevelopmentally induced structural neuropathologic characteristics, sensitization of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons, and the induction of glutamatergically mediated neurotoxic effects.
Tumor-Derived Growth Factor Increases Bone Resorption in a Tumor Associated with Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy (1983)

Evidence is presented that a tumor-derived transforming growth factor is responsible for stimulating bone resorption and causing hypercalcemia in an animal tumor model of the hypercalcemia of malignancy. Both conditioned medium harvested from cultured tumor cells and tumor extracts of the transplantable rat Leydig cell tumor associated with hypercalcemia contained a macromolecular bone resorbing factor with the chemical characteristics of a tumor-derived transforming growth factor.
Bile Acid Pool Dynamics in Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis With Partial External Bile Diversion (2014)

PEBD results in bile acid fractional turnover rates greater than LTX, pool sizes equivalent to LTX, and pool composition that is at least as hydrophilic as produced by LTX.
Bladder tissue uptake of mitomycin C during intravesical therapy is linear with drug concentration in urine. (1998)

The design of an ongoing Phase III study of intravesical mitomycin C therapy to treat bladder cancer is partly based on the assumption that drug penetration into bladder tissue is linearly related to drug concentration. The present study was designed to (a) test this assumption and (b) to compare drug concentrations in tumor and adjacent normal tissues in human bladders. We previously reported the uptake kinetics of a 20-mg dose in dog and human bladders (M. G. Wientjes et al., Cancer Res., 51: 4347-4354, 1991, and Cancer Res., 53: 3314-3320, 1993). The present study used a 40 mg/20 ml dose. Serial blood and urine samples were taken from dogs during the 120-min instillation. Bladder tissues were harvested from dogs and patients at the end of instillation. A comparison of the results of the present and previous studies indicates identical tissue penetration kinetic parameters in dogs for the two doses, i.e., a approximately 30-fold concentration drop across the urothelium and a half-width of approximately 500 microns. In addition, the average tissue concentration in dog and human bladders attained with the 40-mg dose (8.77 micrograms/g in dogs and 7.55 micrograms/g in humans) was about twice that achieved with the 20-mg dose (4.33 micrograms/g in dogs and 3.91 micrograms/g in humans). In dogs, the plasma concentration of MMC reached a steady state within 10 min; the mean maximal plasma concentration was 8.5 ng/ml. This plasma concentration is indistinguishable from the concentration derived from the 20-mg dose and indicates a minimal systemic exposure even at the higher dose. The average MMC concentration in tumor-bearing tissues was about 40% higher than the concentration in adjacent normal tissues (P = 0.01). In conclusion, the linear relationship between drug uptake in bladder tissues and drug concentration in urine supports the assumption used in the design of the ongoing Phase III clinical trial.
Split-ring resonator for use in magnetic resonance from 200–2000 MHz (1981)

A novel high Q resonator is described that is suitable for magnetic resonance in the frequency region 200–2000 MHz, where ordinary cavities are generally too bulky and solenoidal coils impractical.
Immunotoxins containing glucose oxidase and lactoperoxidase with tumoricidal properties: in vitro killing effectiveness in a mouse plasmacytoma cell model. (1989)

We have tested the tumoricidal potency of enzyme immunotoxins constructed of antibodies conjugated to glucose oxidase and to lactoperoxidase. Murine plasmacytoma cells were targeted in vitro with the use of affinity-purified rabbit anti-plasmacytoma membrane antibodies (conjugated to glucose oxidase or lactoperoxidase) or rabbit serum raised against plasmacytoma microsome membranes followed by goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin conjugates (to glucose oxidase or lactoperoxidase). Cytotoxicity was generated subsequently by incubation of the washed cells in a medium supplemented with glucose and sodium iodide, which were the substrates of these enzymes. This resulted in the presumed metabolic release of highly toxic reduced oxygen species and iodinated derivatives. Targeting of tumor cells with both conjugates, as opposed to one of them alone, produced a synergistic killing effect. The gain of specific versus unspecific cytotoxicity was upwards of 10,000-fold. The killing rates were elevated (t10 values less than 30 min) and linear over time. The resultant reduction in tumor cell viability was in the order of 5 to 6 logs after only 20 to 90 min of incubation in the glucose/NaI medium. Cytotoxicity was enhanced by the gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase inhibitor buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine and by the glutathione reductase inhibitor 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, while catalase was inhibitory. The results suggest that these enzyme immunotoxins may be suitable for the ex vivo purging of autologous bone marrow grafts.
NPSNET:A Network Software Architecture for LargeScale Virtual Environments (1994)

This paper explores the issues involved in designing and developing network software architectures for large-scale virtual environments. We present our ideas in the context of NPSNET-IV, the first 3-D virtual environment that incorporates both the IEEE 1278 distributed interactive simulation (DIS) application protocol and the IP multicast network protocol for multiplayer simulation over the Internet.
To Seek Shelter from the Wnt in Osteoarthritis? Wnt-Signaling as a Target for Osteoarthritis Therapy (2010)

Recent evidence from animal experiments and clinical samples points at a role for Wnt-signaling in osteoarthritis (OA) pathology. These pathways are key inducers and regulators of joint development, and are involved in formation of bone, cartilage and also synovium. Disregulation of members from this pathways have been described in OA. This makes the Wnt-family of proteins and signaling pathways an attractive target for therapy. Although knowledge is increasing rapidly it is still a challenge to decide on the best approach in targeting Wnt signaling. Activation of the canonical signaling pathway, which features intra-cellular accumulation of beta-catenin, is most often implicated in recent studies in OA pathology, in experimental OA and spondyloarthritis. However, direct targeting of beta-catenin is anticipated to be too hazardous, because of its importance for the maintenance of stability of articular chondrocyte phenotype and because of its proven role in carcinogenesis. A more attractive approach will be identifying the misexpression of specific Wnt-proteins or their inhibitors in various tissues that are important in OA, bone, cartilage and synovium, to point out targets for therapy. For example, recently it was shown that Wnt16 is strongly upregulated in cartilage after injury and in synovium in experimental OA, and the expression of this canonical Wnt may be responsible for OA-like changes. Alternatively, identifying more down stream Wnt signaling effector molecules, like WISP-1, for more specific therapy promises to be a safer and more efficient approach to find a treatment for this disease that heavily constrains millions of people each year.
Efficacy of Single Intracisternal Bolus Injection of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator to Prevent Delayed Cerebral Vasospasm after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (1989)

Abstract Premature lysis of subarachnoid blood clots by thrombolytic substances such as urokinase and plasmin has been shown to be efficacious in preventing cerebral vasospasm in clinical and experimental investigations. Recently, tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) derived from recombinant deoxyribonucleic (DNA) technology has been introduced as a new thrombolytic substance. With its high affinity for fibrin-bound plasminogen and low affinity for circulating plasminogen by which a clot-selective fibrinolysis can be achieved without the danger of inducing systemic fibrinogenolysis, rtPA might be the ideal substance for the postoperative lysis of cisternal blood accumulations after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The efficacy of rtPA in preventing delayed cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage using a single intracisternal bolus injection of this agent was investigated. With a single injection of 25 Mg of rtPA into the cisterna magna 48 hours after the first and 6 hours after the second injection of blood in the two-hemorrhage model of cerebral vasospasm, angiographic spasm of the basilar artery was completely prevented in all animals so treated whereas in the control group severe vasospasm occurred. Autopsy studies of the experimental animals demonstrated that the subarachnoid blood clots were almost completely removed by intracisternal rtPA application. Additionally the pathomorphological signs of proliferative vasculopathy present in all animals of the control group were not demonstrable in the rtPA group. As intracisternal bolus injection of rtPA is highly efficacious in preventing angiographic as well as pathomorphological vasospasm, it is concluded that use of this thrombolytic substance might be a promising approach for pharmacological blood clot removal.
Microwaves for breast cancer detection? (2003)

Microwave imaging for medical applications has been of interest for many years. Microwave images are maps of the electrical property distributions in the body. The electrical properties of various tissues may be related to their physiological state. For example, the properties of tissues change with temperature. One application of microwave imaging that has been proposed is monitoring hyperthermia, which is the application of heat to tissue. In this case, the changing electrical properties indicate the successful deposition of heat in the tissue of interest. Other changes in electrical properties may be caused by disease. There is some evidence of changes in the properties of cancerous tissues when compared to normal tissues. Cancer detection with microwave imaging is based on this contrast in electrical properties. Microwave imaging for breast cancer detection has also interested many researchers.
Plasma-induced charging in two bit per cell SONOS memories (2003)

Plasma induced charging in oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) stacks and its influence on device and reliability performance were investigated on microFlash/spl reg/ two bit per cell memory devices. Experimental data indicate that UV radiation combined with the voltage built-up at the electrodes is the main cause of the observed Vt increase. Charging effects are more pronounced for scaled down devices with narrow word lines. An enhanced narrow channel effect is shown to be related to negative charges trapped in the nitride of ONO at the edges of the memory cell. Charging leads to the degradation of retention properties and results in the increased Vt spread. To decrease ONO charging a complex of measures was implemented that included screening of problematic equipment, development of special protecting circuits and improvement of the device design.
Structural bases of the inhibitory effects of hemoglobin F and hemoglobin A2 on the polymerization of hemoglobin S. (1979)

We have previously found that the inhibitory effect of hemoglobin F (Hb F) on the polymerization of Hb S proceeds via the formation of asymmetrical hybrid tetramers of the type alpha2betasgamma. Examination of the gelling properties of binary mixtures of Hb S and several Hb variants now shows that, among the gamma chain amino acid residues that differ from those of the beta chain, residues gamma80 (EF4) and gamma87 (F3) are at least partly responsible for this inhibition. Furthermore, we find that mixing Hb A2(alpha2delta2) with Hb S strongly inhibits gelling to an extent similar to that seen with Hb S/Hb F mixtures; this inhibition is attributable to amino acid differences between the delta and beta chain sequences at positions delta22 (B4) and delta87 (F3). Therefore, residues 22, 80, and 87 of the beta chain appear to be involved in intermolecular contact sites that stabilize the deoxy Hb S polymers.
Syntheses of (R,S)‐naproxen and its 6‐O‐desmethylated metabolite labelled with 2H (2008)

Abstract Naproxen, a well‐known non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, and its 6‐ O ‐desmethylated metabolite have been labelled with 2 H. ( R , S )‐Naproxen 7 labelled with 2 H was obtained in five steps using the commercially available [ 2 H 3 ]iodomethane 5 as the stable labelled reagent. The demethylation of 7 using 48% HBr in 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoborate gave the corresponding 2 H‐labelled 6‐ O ‐desmethylated metabolite 8. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Differentiating and antitumor activities of 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 in vitro and 1α‐hydroxyvitamin D3 in vivo on human osteosarcoma (1993)

The differentiating and antitumor activities of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha,25(OH)2D3) in vitro and 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 (1 alpha(OH)D3) in vivo were studied with a human osteosarcoma cell line (OST strain). Anti-tumor activity was estimated with the use of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, colony-forming assay, and athymic mouse assay. The intracellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of tumor cells and production of bone Gla protein (BGP) in culture media were measured to mark osteoblastic differentiation. In addition, the combination of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 and cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (CDDP) was tested by the colony-forming assay and the measurement of ALP activity and BGP production for differentiating and antitumor effects. The assays revealed that 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 exerted a dose-related, growth-inhibitory influence. In the colony-forming assay, the 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3-treated colonies were smaller than the untreated colonies. The ALP activity and the BGP production also increased in relation to dose. In the assay in athymic mice, the relative weight of tumors treated with 1 alpha(OH)D3 at 2.5 nmol/kg was significantly smaller than that of the controls, and no side effects were observed in the 1 alpha(OH)D3-treated mice. Marked tumor chondrogenesis was observed in human osteosarcoma treated with 1 alpha(OH)D3 in athymic mice. The combination of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 at 10(-8) M and CDDP at 2 micrograms/ml significantly enhanced both the differentiation and the growth inhibition in vitro. Our study apparently is the first demonstration that vitamin D3 metabolites have an antitumor and differentiating effect on human osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in athymic mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Low threshold 9 channel waveguide grating router based CW transmitter (2002)

We demonstrate a 9-channel waveguide grating router based laser with low (18-22 mA) thresholds. This result was achieved through a combination of techniques including reduced intra-cavity loss, improved router design and optimal active/passive transitions.
Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system. Structure and nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for subunit 1 of yeast cytochrme oxidase. (1980)

the oxi3 locus of yeast mitochondrial DNA has been sequenced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D273-10B. The sequence was obtained from the mitochondrial genomes of a series of cytoplasmic "petite" mutants selected for the retention of genetic markers in the oxi3 locus. The oxi3 locus has been ascertained to code for Subunit 1 of cytochrome oxidase. The Subunit 1 gene is 9,979 nucleotides long, consisting of seven to eight exons that account for only 16% of the gene sequence. The coding sequences have been identified on the basis of protein sequence homology with Subunit 1 of human cytochrome oxidase. The yeast Subunit 1 is 510 amino acid residues long and has a molecular weight of 56,000. In addition to the exon sequences, the Subunit I gene contains six to seven introns. The first four introns have long reading frames that are continuous with the exon coding sequences. These reading frames are potentially capable of coding for basic proteins with molecular weights ranging from 30,000 to 80,000. The first two introns of the gene have a sequence homology of 50%, while the reading frame of the fourth intron is 70% homologous with an intron of the apocytochrome b gene. At least five stable transcripts have been found by Northern blot hybridizations with single-stranded DNA probes containing either exon or intron sequences. A 1.9-kolobase transcript hybridizes only with probes from the exon regions of the gene. This RNA species has been tentatively identified as the fully processed messenger of Subunit 1. Other transcripts are detected with intron probes. Three transcripts with sizes of 2.5, 2.4, and 0.85 kilobases appear to be stable excision products from the first, second, and fifth introns.
The Structural Biology of Hepatitis B Virus: Form and Function (2016)

Hepatitis B virus is one of the smallest human pathogens, encoded by a 3,200-bp genome with only four open reading frames. Yet the virus shows a remarkable diversity in structural features, often with the same proteins adopting several conformations. In part, this is the parsimony of viruses, where a minimal number of proteins perform a wide variety of functions. However, a more important theme is that weak interactions between components as well as components with multiple conformations that have similar stabilities lead to a highly dynamic system. In hepatitis B virus, this is manifested as a virion where the envelope proteins have multiple structures, the envelope-capsid interaction is irregular, and the capsid is a dynamic compartment that actively participates in metabolism of the encapsidated genome and carries regulated signals for intracellular trafficking.