gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of categorized named entities for web search (2004)

The recognition of names and their associated categories within unstructured text traditionally relies on semantic lexicons and gazetteers. The amount of effort required to assemble large lexicons confines the recognition to either a limited domain (e.g., <i>medical imaging</i>), or a small set of pre-defined, broader categories of interest (e.g., <i>persons</i>, <i>countries</i>, <i>organizations</i>, <i>products</i>). This constitutes a serious limitation in an information seeking context. In this case, the categories of potential interest to users are more diverse (<i>universities</i>, <i>agencies</i>, <i>retailers</i>, <i>celebrities</i>), often refined (e.g., <i>SLR digital cameras</i>, <i>programming languages</i>, <i>multinational oil companies</i>), and usually overlapping (e.g., the same entity may be concurrently a <i>brand name</i>, a <i>technology company</i>, and an <i>industry leader</i>). We present a lightly supervised method for acquiring named entities in arbitrary categories. The method applies lightweight lexico-syntactic extraction patterns to the unstructured text of Web documents. The method is a departure from traditional approaches to named entity recognition in that: 1) it does not require any start-up seed names or training; 2) it does not encode any domain knowledge in its extraction patterns; 3) it is only lightly supervised, and data-driven; 4) it does not impose any a-priori restriction on the categories of extracted names. We illustrate applications of the method in Web search, and describe experiments on 500 million Web documents and news articles.
RTX Toxin Enhances the Survival of Vibrio vulnificus During Infection by Protecting the Organism From Phagocytosis (2011)

Vibrio vulnificus is a marine bacterium causing serious septicemia and wound infection in humans. It produces an RTX toxin that can lyse a variety of cells and is important for virulence in mice. In this study, we explored the role of RTX in pathogenesis by characterizing an RTX-deficient mutant. This mutant showed an ∼2-log reduction in virulence for mice infected by various routes. Survival of the mutant at the infection site and subsequent spread into the bloodstream were impaired. In mice pretreated with cyclophosphamide to deplete the neutrophils, both the virulence and survival at the infection site of this mutant were enhanced. This mutant was further shown to be more readily cleared from the macrophage-rich mouse peritoneal cavity and phagocytosed by murine macrophages. These findings suggest that the RTX of V. vulnificus is required for bacterial survival during infection by protecting the organism from phagocytosis.
Hydrostatic extrusion of hydroxyapatite polyethylene composite (1996)

A 40 vol % hydroxyapatite high density polyethylene composite (HAPEX) was prepared by a Betol twin screw compounding extruder. Tensile tests revealed a small decrease in tensile strength due to hydroxyapatite reinforcement. Hydrostatic extrusion countered this effect, however, and enhanced mechanical properties to within the bounds for human cortical bone but with a significantly increased ductility and toughness.
Multicenter comparison of calibration and cross calibration of PET scanners. (2002)

An investigation of calibration is mandatory. Especially for quantitative analyses in clinical multicenter trials, identification of potentially miscalibrated scanners is necessary.
Nitric oxide as a unique signaling molecule in the vascular system: a historical overview. (2002)

In retrospect, basic research in the fields of NO and cyclic GMP during the past two decades appears to have followed a logical course beginning with the findings that NO and cyclic GMP are vascular smooth muscle relaxants, that nitroglycerin relaxes smooth muscle by metabolism to NO, progressing to the discovery that mammalian cells synthesize NO, and finally the revelation that NO is a neurotransmitter mediating vasodilation in specialized vascular beds. A great deal of basic and clinical research on the physiological and pathophysiological roles of NO in cardiovascular function has been conducted since the discovery that EDRF is NO. The new knowledge on NO should enable investigators in this field to develop novel and more effective therapeutic strategies for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of numerous cardiovascular disorders. Since NO elicits a protective and beneficial action in many disease states, novel NO donor drugs for clinical use should prove to be very effective drugs for the treatment of essential hypertension, stroke, coronary artery disease, vascular complications of diabetes, impotency and other disorders involving the vascular system.
Lamb waves in binary locally resonant phononic plates with two-dimensional lattices (2007)

The authors study the propagation of Lamb waves in two-dimensional locally resonant phononic-crystal plates, composed of periodic soft rubber fillers in epoxy host with a finite thickness. Our calculations are based on the efficient plane wave expansion formulation which utilized Mindlin’s plate theory. Calculated results show that the low-frequency gaps of Lamb waves are opened up by the localized resonance mechanism. The resonant frequencies of flexure-dominated plate modes are significantly dependent not only on the radius of circular rubber fillers but also on the plate thickness. The properties of localized resonance are qualitatively analogous to the vibration of a circular thin plate.
Ultrafast diagnostics of augmented filament ablation (2019)

High intensity ultrafast near-IR laser induced filaments in air possess very precise characteristics. Each filament is controlled in spatial extent by the non-linear optical processes that are responsible for their formation. The spatial extent of the filament has a Townesian profile comprising a central high intensity region of ~ 400 &mu;m full width, surrounded by a lower intensity peripheral field extending out several millimeters that maintains the long term propagation stability of the filament. The energy content within each filament is clamped by the threshold power needed for its establishment, for ~100 fs pulses this is ~3GW. Energy greater than this results in either the formation of additional filaments or is dispersed into the peripheral field and is diffracted out of the beam. Thus each filament carries a finite energy. Nonetheless, light filaments are an effective way of propagating over large distances extremely high power densities (&lt; 10<sup>13</sup> W/cm<sup>2</sup>), several orders of magnitude higher than the ablation threshold of nearly all materials. The level of ablation of solid surfaces is however limited by the maximum energy (few mJ) carried in each filament. In the present study we make detailed measurements of the ablation of GaAs, examining both the plasma interaction and the resulting material ablation. In addition we probe the use of additional nanosecond infrared laser light focused on the surface concurrently with the filament at intensities. We observe significantly increased filament initiated ablation when followed by lower intensity nanosecond radiation. Ultrafast radiometric studies of the plasma evolution provides new understandings of this augmented ablation process.
Comparative gene expression analysis of blood and brain provides concurrent validation of SELENBP1 up-regulation in schizophrenia (2005)

Microarray techniques hold great promise for identifying risk factors for schizophrenia (SZ) but have not yet generated widely reproducible results due to methodological differences between studies and the high risk of type I inferential errors. Here we established a protocol for conservative analysis and interpretation of gene expression data from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of SZ patients using statistical and bioinformatic methods that limit false positives. We also compared brain gene expression profiles with those from peripheral blood cells of a separate sample of SZ patients to identify disease-associated genes that generalize across tissues and populations and further substantiate the use of gene expression profiling of blood for detecting valid SZ biomarkers. Implementing this systematic approach, we: (i) discovered 177 putative SZ risk genes in brain, 28 of which map to linked chromosomal loci; (ii) delineated six biological processes and 12 molecular functions that may be particularly disrupted in the illness; (iii) identified 123 putative SZ biomarkers in blood, 6 of which (BTG1, GSK3A, HLA-DRB1, HNRPA3, SELENBP1, and SFRS1) had corresponding differential expression in brain; (iv) verified the differential expression of the strongest candidate SZ biomarker (SELENBP1) in blood; and (v) demonstrated neuronal and glial expression of SELENBP1 protein in brain. The continued application of this approach in other brain regions and populations should facilitate the discovery of highly reliable and reproducible candidate risk genes and biomarkers for SZ. The identification of valid peripheral biomarkers for SZ may ultimately facilitate early identification, intervention, and prevention efforts as well.
Hypercholesterolemia in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (2007)

To the Editor: Hypercholesterolemia in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis is not consistently associated with preclinical carotid atherosclerosis.1 Although hypercholesterolemia has been docum...
Rapid Detection of the C3435T Polymorphism of Multidrug Resistance Gene 1 Using Fluorogenic Hybridization Probes (2000)

Genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, receptors, and other drug targets have been linked to interindividual differences in the efficacy and toxicity of many medications (1)(2). Knowledge of an individual’s drug metabolism characteristics can help in avoiding adverse reactions or therapeutic failure and thus enhance therapeutic efficiency. One gene of particular interest in pharmacogenetics is the human multidrug resistance-1 (MDR1) gene. The MDR1 gene encodes an integral membrane protein, P-glycoprotein (PGP), whose function is the energy-dependent export of substances from the inside of cells to the outside (3). Many drugs are substrates of PGP. Therefore, expression and functionality of the MDR1 gene product can directly affect the therapeutic effectiveness of such compounds. This is of specific importance in cancer therapy, where high expression of MDR1 makes cancer cells refractory to treatment with many agents that are PGP substrates (4).

MDR1 is also expressed on nonmalignant cells in various organs, e.g., the intestine and at the blood-brain barrier. Modulation of MDR1 expression in these tissues can influence the activity and bioavailability of drugs (5). Recently, a polymorphism of the MDR1 gene has been shown to be correlated with intestinal PGP expression and activity in vivo (6). This polymorphism consists of a C-to-T exchange at cDNA position 3435 located in exon 26 of the MDR1 gene. Although this base exchange does not affect the amino acid sequence of PGP, the T allele appears to be associated with markedly lower MDR1 expression compared with the C allele. Hoffmeyer et al. (6) were able to consistently show that plasma concentrations of digoxin, which reflect PGP activity in vivo, were significantly higher in individuals harboring the T allele compared with carriers of the C/C genotype.

Because of its silence on the protein level and its location in a nonregulatory region of the …
RETRACTED ARTICLE: High-rate aluminium yolk-shell nanoparticle anode for Li-ion battery with long cycle life and ultrahigh capacity (2015)

Alloy-type anodes such as silicon and tin are gaining popularity in rechargeable Li-ion batteries, but their rate/cycling capabilities should be improved. Here by making yolk-shell nanocomposite of aluminium core (30 nm in diameter) and TiO2 shell (∼3 nm in thickness), with a tunable interspace, we achieve 10 C charge/discharge rate with reversible capacity exceeding 650 mAh g(-1) after 500 cycles, with a 3 mg cm(-2) loading. At 1 C, the capacity is approximately 1,200 mAh g(-1) after 500 cycles. Our one-pot synthesis route is simple and industrially scalable. This result may reverse the lagging status of aluminium among high-theoretical-capacity anodes.
Neutralization of measles virus wild-type isolates after immunization with a synthetic peptide vaccine which is not recognized by neutralizing passive antibodies (2000)

The sequence H379-410 of the measles virus haemagglutinin (MV-H) protein forms a surface-exposed loop and contains three cysteine residues (Cys-381, Cys-386 and Cys-394) which are conserved among all measles isolates. It comprises the minimal sequential B cell epitope (BCE) (H386-400) of the neutralizing and protective MAb BH6 that neutralizes all wild-type viruses tested. The aim of this study was to design synthetic peptides which induce neutralizing antibodies against MV wild-type isolates. Peptides containing one or two copies of T cell epitopes (TCE) and BCEs of different lengths (H386-400, B(CC); H379-400, B(CCC)), in different combinations and orientations were produced and iteratively optimized for inducing neutralizing antibodies. Peptides with the shorter BCE induced sera that cross-reacted with MV but did not neutralize. The longer BCE containing the three cysteines (B(CCC)) and two homologous TCE were required for neutralization activity. These sera neutralized wild-type strains of different clades and geographic origins. Neutralizing serum was also obtained after immunization with human promiscuous TCEs. Furthermore B(CCC)-based peptides were fully immunogenic even in the presence of pre-existing MV-specific antibodies. The results suggest that subunit vaccines based on such peptides could potentially be used to actively protect infants against wild-type viruses irrespective of persisting maternal antibodies.
Src, a molecular switch governing gain control of synaptic transmission mediated by N- methyl- d -aspartate receptors (1999)

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is a principal subtype of glutamate receptor mediating fast excitatory transmission at synapses in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and other regions of the central nervous system. NMDA receptors are crucial for the lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission that occurs both physiologically and in pathological conditions such as chronic pain. Over the past several years, evidence has accumulated indicating that the activity of NMDA receptors is regulated by the protein tyrosine kinase, Src. Recently it has been discovered that, by means of up-regulating NMDA receptor function, activation of Src mediates the induction of the lasting enhancement of excitatory transmission known as long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Also, Src has been found to amplify the up-regulation of NMDA receptor function that is produced by raising the intracellular concentration of sodium. Sodium concentration increases in neuronal dendrites during high levels of firing activity, which is precisely when Src becomes activated. Therefore, we propose that the boost in NMDA receptor function produced by the coincidence of activating Src and raising intracellular sodium may be important in physiological and pathophysiological enhancement of excitatory transmission in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and elsewhere in the central nervous system.
PET of Brain Amyloid and Tau in Mild Cognitive Impairment (2006)

FDDNP-PET scanning can differentiate persons with mild cognitive impairment from those with Alzheimer's disease and those with no cognitive impairment. This technique is potentially useful as a noninvasive method to determine regional cerebral patterns of amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles.
Ongoing airway inflammation in patients with COPD who do not currently smoke (2000)

Subjects with COPD who do not currently smoke have increased numbers of inflammatory cells. Eosinophils are increased in number in the airways in COPD but do not seem to be activated. The increased eosinophil numbers are probably due to recruitment as a result of ongoing inflammation. Macrophages and lymphocytes may play a part in this inflammation.
You Can Hear But You Cannot Steal: Defending Against Voice Impersonation Attacks on Smartphones (2017)

Voice, as a convenient and efficient way of information delivery, has a significant advantage over the conventional keyboard-based input methods, especially on small mobile devices such as smartphones and smartwatches. However, the human voice could often be exposed to the public, which allows an attacker to quickly collect sound samples of targeted victims and further launch voice impersonation attacks to spoof those voice-based applications. In this paper, we propose the design and implementation of a robust software-only voice impersonation defense system, which is tailored for mobile platforms and can be easily integrated with existing off-the-shelf smart devices. In our system, we explore magnetic field emitted from loudspeakers as the essential characteristic for detecting machine-based voice impersonation attacks. Furthermore, we use a state-of-the-art automatic speaker verification system to defend against human imitation attacks. Finally, our evaluation results show that our system achieves simultaneously high accuracy (100%) and low equal error rates (EERs) (0%) in detecting the machine-based voice impersonation attack on smartphones.
Efficiency of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for treatment of B cell malignancies in phase I clinical trials: a meta-analysis (2015)

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells targeted CD19 showed promising clinical outcomes in treatment of B cell malignances such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and other indolent lymphomas. However, the clinical benefit varies tremendously among different trials. This meta-analysis investigated the efficacy (response rates and survival time) of CD19-CAR T cells in refractory B cell malignances in Phase I clinical trials. We searched publications between 1991 and 2014 from PubMed and Web of Science. Pooled response rates were calculated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was investigated by subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Fourteen clinical trials including 119 patients were eligible for response rate evaluation, 62 patients in 12 clinical trials were eligible for progression-free survival analysis. The overall pooled response rate of CD19-CAR T cells was 73% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 46-94%). Significant heterogeneity across estimates of response rates was observed (p < 0.001, I2=88.3%). ALL patients have higher response rate (93%, 95% CI: 65-100%) than CLL (62%, 95% CI: 27-93%) and lymphoma patients (36%, 95% CI: 1-83%). Meta-regression analysis identified lymphodepletion and no IL-2 administrated T cells as two key factors associated with better clinical response. Lymphodepletion and higher infused CAR T cell number were associated with better prognosis. In conclusion, this meta-analysis showed a high clinical response rate of CD19-CAR T cell-based immunotherapy in treatment of refractory B cell malignancies. Lymphodepletion and increasing number of infused CD19-CAR T cells have positive correlations with the clinical efficiency, on the contrary, IL-2 administration to T cells is not recommended.
In vitro transcription faithfully reflecting T-cell activation requirements. (1992)

T-cell activation is a complex process mediated by cell membrane molecules including the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), adhesive molecules, and cytokine receptors that collectively produce an increase in intracellular Ca2+, and activation of protein kinase C that initiate a genetic program resulting in immunologic function and irreversible differentiation. To understand how these cell membrane events are translated into a genetic regulatory cascade resulting in T-cell function, we have developed an in vitro transcription system, derived from Jurkat T-cells, which demonstrates inducible, cell-type-specific transcription following T-cell stimulation. Nuclear extracts from cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin, which activate protein kinase C and mimic physiological activation through the T-cell antigen receptor, transcribe an interleukin-2 (IL-2) enhancer (-326 to +24) template 5-fold more efficient than nuclear extracts from resting T-cells and severalfold more efficient than extracts from Jurkat cells treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or ionomycin alone. Further results demonstrate that in vitro transcription of the IL-2 enhancer is T-cell specific since nuclear extracts from rat liver and stimulated HeLa cells are unable to induce IL-2 transcription. The activation-dependent, T-cell-specific in vitro transcription system described here should facilitate the dissection of signals that emanate from the T-cell surface resulting in IL-2 transcription and T-cell activation.
Nigger ManifestoInstitutional, Intellectual and Ideological Racism inside the American Academy (2015)

espanolDurante mas de 30 anos he trabajado infatigable, asiduamente para construir un curriculum pertinente; como un estudioso de la ley iconoclasta entusiasta por la ley natural, los derechos naturales, y la intencion original de los redactores de la Constitucion –un intelectual conservador Negro nacido en los guetos de Detroit. Sin embargo, como un Negro intelectual ?cual es mi recompensa por 30 anos de meticulosa investigacion? Mi recompensa es que de jure (legal) y de facto (hecho), me encuentro efectivamente enlistado por el Blanco y Negro de los academicos progresivos que en los ultimos 50 anos se han acercado cada vez mas a dominar la Academia. En lugar de ser acogido como a un igual, mi produccion academica prolifica ha sido escarnecida, marginada, calumniada, y escrupulosamente ignorada por la comunidad academica. Nosotros, conservadores de la academica e intelectuales no tenemos lugar para buscar en nuestra busqueda futil, digna de Sisifo para nuestras entrevistas de buena fe en la Facultad. Somos discriminados, burlados, provocados y rapidamente entendimos que encaramos senales invisibles y ubicuas sobre todas las investigaciones en la facultad EnglishFor over 30 years I have worked indefatigably, I have labored assiduously to build a relevant resume; as an iconoclastic law scholar zealous for natural law, natural rights, and the original intent of the constitutional Framers–a Black conservative intellectual born in the ghettos of Detroit. Yet as a Black intellectual what is my reward for 30 years of meticulous research? My reward is that in a de jure (legal) and de facto (unofficial) sense I am effectively blacklisted by White and Black Progressive academics who over the past 50 years have increasingly come to dominate the Academy. Instead of being welcomed as an equal, my prolific scholarly output has been mocked, marginalized, slandered, and scrupulously ignored by the academic community. We, conservative scholars, academics, and intellectuals have no home to go to in our futile, Sisyphus-like search for good faith faculty interviews. We are discriminated against, ignored, mocked, summarily rebuffed, and quickly learn that we are faced with the ubiquitous, chilling, yet invisible sign above every faculty inquiry —NO CONSERVATIVES NEED APPLY