gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of teachers problems (2016)

Beginning teachers are faced with many problems when arriving to a new teaching situation.The problem of this study was to determine the major problems of new teachers.Effective orientation methods to meet these problems were identified.A survey of literature was completed to determine problems of new teachers.A questionnaire was discovered in the review of literature and was used to determine problems encountered by beginning teachers.The responses of the beginning teachers were statistically treated.The answers of the new teachers showed the areas where the problems were major, where no opinion was expressed, and in areas where little or no opinion was expressed.Problems of major concern were found in the following areas: learning administrator^ reports, understanding school's philosophy, inadequate work facilities, disciplinary problems, teacher-pupil relations, teacher class load, teacher's time after school hours, recreation in the community, infor mation on community tradition and culture, relationships with the principal, use of community resources, and establishing working relations with the parents.Areas where no opinion was expressed by the teachers were: problems of insecurity, securing pleasant living conditions, using auxilary teaching aids, inadequate salary-not being able to meet community standard of liv ing, pupil-teacher ratio and not knowing specific teaching assignment be fore assuming teaching duties.Areas where little or no concern was shown by the beginning teachers were: conditions of work drab, being informed to community problems, non constructive supervision, satisfying social contacts, inability to get con ferences with the principal when needed, adjusting to new curriculum, employ ment conditions such as sick leave, tenure, teaching out of field of pre paration, teaching problem children, and problems of health and marriage.In the conclusions it would appear that many new and beginning teachers receive an inadequate amount of assistance in becoming adjusted to schools in which they have been employed.The evidence shows that some administrators are not sensitive to the problems of beginning teachers.By being aware of these problems he will be able to use orientation procedures that would help control if not eliminate the problems.
Endothelial nuclear factor-kappa B and the initiation of the atherosclerotic lesion. (1993)

The genes for several endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules implicated in the initiation of the atherosclerotic lesion contain functional NF-kappa B binding sites which are required for cytokine induction in endothelial cells. Activation of this pleiotropic family of transcription factors may explain in part the diversity of growth factor and cytokine gene expression associated with dysfunctional endothelium, as well as the increased endothelial cell replication observed at lesion prone anatomic sites. Endothelial oxidant stress and activation of the NF-kappa B family of transcription factors may link the otherwise seemingly diverse risk factors associated with the initiation of the atherosclerotic lesion into a final common pathway for induced endothelial gene activation.
L-amino acid transporter 1 may be a prognostic marker for local progression of prostatic cancer under expectant management (2015)

Independently of GS, aberrant overexpression of LAT1 in prostatic adenocarcinoma could predict LP under EM. Although prostate biopsy samples are small, LAT1 may be a novel prognostic biomarker of LP.
The human B cell-associated antigen CD24 is a single chain sialoglycoprotein. (1986)

The CD24 human B cell-associated antigen was originally characterized in this laboratory with the use of monoclonal antibody BA-1 combined with a standard radioimmuneprecipitation technique, and was reported to be a three chain glycoprotein complex of 45, 55, and 65 kilodaltons. We have compared our standard radioimmuneprecipitation technique (BA-1 ascites followed by rabbit anti-mouse IgM-coated protein A-Sepharose) to BA-1 conjugated directly to CNBr-Sepharose (BA-1-Sepharose) and report striking differences in the electrophoretic profile of CD24 immuneprecipitates. The CD24 immuneprecipitate obtained with BA-1-Sepharose showed a single broad band with a relative mobility of 42 kilodaltons. A series of experiments performed with the two immuneprecipitation techniques, reducing or nonreducing electrophoretic conditions, and addition of preformed mock BA-1 immuneprecipitate to BA-1-Sepharose immuneprecipitates convincingly demonstrated that the previously described 55 and 65 kilodalton components were artifacts caused by co-migration of CD24 with IgG and IgM heavy chains, respectively. Because of the consistent association and co-migration of CD24 with IgG heavy chains, we investigated the possibility that CD24 might be related to the 45 kilodalton Fc-gamma receptor expressed on B cells and eosinophils. We found, however, no evidence for such a relationship by cross adsorption analysis with BA-1-Sepharose and IgG-Sepharose.
Local impact of thyroid hormone inactivation (2011)

Deiodination is a critical process by which the minimally active thyroxine (T(4)) molecule is converted into the favorite ligand for thyroid hormone (TH) receptors, triiodothyronine (T(3)). The iodothyronine deiodinases type 1, 2, and 3 (D1, D2, and D3) constitute a potent mechanism of TH activation (D1 and D2) or inactivation (D3), which functions by tissue specifically regulating TH bioavailability. D2 and D3 are widely expressed and in a dynamically and tightly coordinated fashion, thereby allowing cells to customize their own TH activity. D3, the major T(3) and T(4) inactivating deiodinase, catalyzes their conversion to 3,3'-diiodothyronine and to reverse T(3) respectively. According to common wisdom, D3 plays a major role in lowering serum TH concentrations during development, as supported by the much wider D3 tissue expression in the embryo structures than in the adult tissues. However, several recent studies show that D3 is reexpressed in adult life in various pathophysiological contexts, which strengthens the concept that cell-specific TH inactivation is a critical mediator in cellular TH metabolism. This review focuses on the progress made in understanding the physiological function and significance of D3. It summarizes the intriguing evidence that D3 plays a pivotal role in defining local TH concentration in the developing fetus and in several conditions in adult life.
Useful acquiring ratings for collaborative filtering (2009)

For any product recommendation systems, the most important thing is to improve the accuracy of prediction of customer preferences on products. If there is not enough information of a product, especially when a new product is introduced into the system, it is difficult to recommend the product to other customers. If we can select few customers to rate this product we may predict more accurate. We term this additional information as useful acquiring ratings. In this paper, we propose a useful acquiring rating sampling algorithm to select these potential customers. Using the Netflix Prize dataset, we experimented with our proposed method, uniform random sampling method, degree-based sampling method and the active learning sampling methods. The results showed that our method generally outperformed other three methods.
A haemagglutination test for rapid detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 (2021)

Serological detection of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 is essential for establishing rates of seroconversion in populations, and for seeking evidence for a level of antibody that may be protective against COVID-19 disease. Several high-performance commercial tests have been described, but these require centralised laboratory facilities that are comparatively expensive, and therefore not available universally. Red cell agglutination tests do not require special equipment, are read by eye, have short development times, low cost and can be applied at the Point of Care. Here we describe a quantitative Haemagglutination test (HAT) for the detection of antibodies to the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The HAT has a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 99% for detection of antibodies after a PCR diagnosed infection. We will supply aliquots of the test reagent sufficient for ten thousand test wells free of charge to qualified research groups anywhere in the world.
Multiplexed imaging of surface enhanced Raman scattering nanotags in living mice using noninvasive Raman spectroscopy (2009)

Raman spectroscopy is a newly developed, noninvasive preclinical imaging technique that offers picomolar sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities to the field of molecular imaging. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of Raman spectroscopy to separate the spectral fingerprints of up to 10 different types of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticles in a living mouse after s.c. injection. Based on these spectral results, we simultaneously injected the five most intense and spectrally unique SERS nanoparticles i.v. to image their natural accumulation in the liver. All five types of SERS nanoparticles were successfully identified and spectrally separated using our optimized noninvasive Raman imaging system. In addition, we were able to linearly correlate Raman signal with SERS concentration after injecting four spectrally unique SERS nanoparticles either s.c. (R(2) = 0.998) or i.v. (R(2) = 0.992). These results show great potential for multiplexed imaging in living subjects in cases in which several targeted SERS probes could offer better detection of multiple biomarkers associated with a specific disease.
Hydrogen passivation of electron trap in amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O thin-film transistors (2013)

We report an experimental evidence that some hydrogens passivate electron traps in an amorphous oxide semiconductor, a-In-Ga-Zn-O (a-IGZO). The a-IGZO thin-film transistors (TFTs) annealed at 300 °C exhibit good operation characteristics; while those annealed at ≥400 °C show deteriorated ones. Thermal desorption spectra (TDS) of H2O indicate that this threshold annealing temperature corresponds to depletion of H2O desorption from the a-IGZO layer. Hydrogen re-doping by wet oxygen annealing recovers the good TFT characteristic. The hydrogens responsible for this passivation have specific binding energies corresponding to the desorption temperatures of 300–430 °C. A plausible structural model is suggested.
Expression of ataxin-2 in brains from normal individuals and patients with Alzheimer's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (1999)

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is caused by expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat located in the coding region of the human SCA2 gene. The SCA2 gene product, ataxin-2, is a basic protein with two domains (Sm1 and Sm2) implicated in RNA splicing and protein interaction. However, the wild-type function of ataxin-2 is yet to be determined. To help clarify the function of ataxin-2, we produced antibodies to three antigenic peptides of ataxin-2 and analyzed the expression pattern of ataxin-2 in normal and SCA2 adult brains and cerebellum at different developmental stages. These studies revealed that (1) both wild-type and mutant forms of ataxin-2 were synthesized; (2) the wild-type ataxin-2 was localized in the cytoplasm in specific neuronal groups with strong labeling of Purkinje cells; (3) the level of ataxin-2 increased with age in Purkinje cells of normal individuals; and (4) ataxin-2-like immunoreactivity in SCA2 brain tissues was more intense than in normal brain tissues, and intranuclear ubiquitinated inclusions were not seen in SCA2 brain tissues.
An Index of Tumor Chemotherapy: A Tabulated Compilation of Data from the Literature on Clinical and Experimental Investigations. (1951)

This is a monograph prepared by compiling data from the chief reports on tumor chemotherapy published in the world literature. The four main sections of the report are (1) a historical resume and explanatory introduction, (2) a table of 5,031 chemotherapeutic tests classified according to the chemical used, (3) an alphabetic index of the chemicals, keyed so that they may be instantly located in the table of chemotherapeutic tests, and (4) a bibliography of the 2,213 references from which the data were taken. The table of chemotherapeutic tests contains, for each chemical, data on the type of tumor, species and number of animals used, the dosage, number of treatments, route of administration, effect claimed, year the test was reported, and the reference. This is a most detailed and comprehensive study that should provide workers in cancer research with a single source from which the available information on this subject can
Voltage-gated sodium channel expression in rat and human epidermal keratinocytes: Evidence for a role in pain (2008)

Keratinocytes are implicated in sensory transduction and can influence nociception, but whether these contribute to chronic pain is not known. In neurons, voltage-gated sodium channels (Na(v)) are involved in neuropathic pain and are activated by depolarization. Since keratinocytes can also show changes in membrane potential, we used RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry to investigate the expression of sodium channels in these cells. Na(v)1.1, Na(v)1.6, and Na(v)1.8 were localized within keratinocytes in rat epidermis. In addition, sodium channels contribute to the release of ATP from rat keratinocytes in response to increased [K(+)](o), implicating sodium channels in keratinocyte ligand release and nociception. To examine whether keratinocytes may contribute to human pain states, we analyzed sodium channel expression in human skin biopsies from subjects with complex regional pain syndrome Type 1 (CRPS) and post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) using immunohistochemistry. Control skin exhibited immunolabeling for Na(v)1.5, Na(v)1.6 and Na(v)1.7. In contrast, painful skin from CRPS and PHN subjects displayed Na(v)1.1, Na(v)1.2, and Na(v)1.8 immunolabeling, in addition to substantially increased signal for Na(v)1.5, Na(v)1.6, Na(v)1.7. These observations lead us to propose that pathological increases in keratinocyte sodium channel expression may contribute to pain by increasing epidermal ATP release, resulting in excessive activation of P2X receptors on primary sensory axons. Consistent with this hypothesis, animal models of neuropathic pain exhibit increases in subcutaneous ATP release and activity of primary sensory neurons, and peripheral administration of P2X antagonists has been shown to reduce neuropathic pain in humans.
On the mechanism of action of adjuvants. (1978)

Evidence is presented that one a way which adjuvants exert their effect is by initiating an enduring increase in the localization of labelled cells in draining lymphoid tissues. Agents not generally considered to be adjuvants (carbon, latex, sheep erythrocytes) but capable of altering lymphocyte recirculation are shown to prevent the induction of tolerance by soluble bovine gamma globulin (BGG). These properties fulfil the criteria for adjuvanticity as defined by Dresser (1968) and link the expression of adjuvanticity to alterations in lymphocyte circulation.
Gentamicin‐induced readthrough of stop codons in duchenne muscular dystrophy (2010)

The results support efforts to achieve drug-induced mutation suppression of stop codons. The immunogenic epitope resulting from readthrough emphasizes the importance of monitoring T-cell immunity during clinical studies that suppress stop codons. Similar principles apply to other molecular strategies, including exon skipping and gene therapy.
Nanoheteroepitaxial growth of GaN on Si nanopillar arrays (2005)

Nanoheteroepitaxial growth of GaN by metal-organic chemical-vapor deposition on dense arrays of (111) Si nanopillars has been investigated. Scanning electron microscopy, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, and electron-diffraction analysis of 0.15-μm-thick GaN layers indicate single-crystal films. Most of the mismatch defects were in-plane stacking faults and the threading dislocation concentration was &amp;lt;108cm−2 at the interface and decreased away from the interface. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy indicated that grain-boundary defects could heal and were followed by high quality, single-crystal GaN. Facetted voids were also present at the GaN∕Si interface and are believed to be an additional strain-energy reduction mechanism. The unusual defect behavior in these samples appears to be related to the high compliance of the nanopillar silicon substrate.
Criteria for disk susceptibility tests and quality control guidelines for the cefoperazone-sulbactam combination (1988)

For in vitro susceptibility tests with cefoperazone and sulbactam (a beta-lactamase inhibitor), 75/30-micrograms disks may be used with the interpretive zone size breakpoints that are currently used for 75-micrograms cefoperazone disks. For dilution tests, a 2:1 ratio of cefoperazone to sulbactam is recommended. For quality control purposes, MIC limits that are used to monitor cefoperazone tests were also applied to tests with the combination of drugs. For gram-negative control strains, zone size limits were calculated to be 1 mm smaller than those used for cefoperazone disks. To monitor the sulbactam portion of the combination, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus ATCC 43498 was selected; zones with 75/30-micrograms disks were 26 to 32 mm in diameter, and broth microdilution MICs ranged from 1.0/0.5 to 8.0/4.0 micrograms/ml. With cefoperazone alone, MICs for Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus were 16 to 64 micrograms/ml and zones ranged from 14 to 18 mm in diameter. For anaerobic dilution tests, only Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29741 is recommended for cefoperazone-sulbactam; MICs ranged from 8.0/4.0 to 32/16 micrograms/ml.
Device independent text input (2000)

Individual characters and text are the main inputs in many computing devices. Currently there is a growing trend in developing small portable devices like mobile phones, personal digital assistants, GPS-navigators, and two-way pagers. Unfortunately these portable computing devices have different user interfaces and therefore the task of text input takes many forms. The user, who in the future is likely to have several of these devices, has to learn several text input methods. We argue that there is a need for a universal text input method. A method like this would work on a wide range of interface technologies and allow the user to transfer his or her writing skill without device-specific training. To show that device independent text input is possible, we present a candidate for a device independent text entry method that supports skill transfer between different devices. A limited longitudinal study was conducted to achieve a proof of concept evaluation of our Minimal Device Independent Text Input Method (MDITIM). We found MDITIM writing skill acquired with a touchpad to work almost equally well on mouse, trackball, joystick and keyboard without any additional training. Our test group reached on average 41% of their handwriting speed by the end of the tenth 30-minute training session.
Melting of Rodlike Molecules on Pt(111). Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of Isotopically Labeled n-Alkanes (1998)

The melting of monolayers of isotopically labeled n-alkanes on Pt(111) surfaces has been followed by reflection−absorption infrared (RAIR) spectroscopy, and the results are compared with those of an earlier study of the unlabeled molecules (J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 15629−15278). Temperature-dependent studies show that monolayers of the n-octane isotopolog, CD3(CH2)6CD3, melt on Pt(111) from a two-dimensionally ordered phase to one having one-dimensional order (“hexatic”) near 220 K, a temperature essentially identical to that seen for unlabeled n-octane. The RAIR spectra of the labeled molecules generally confirm (but in one case clarify an overly simplistic interpretation of) the assignments of the bands made in the earlier study. Specifically, the assignment of a low-frequency “softened” mode near 2760 cm-1 to a νCH stretch for proximal (i.e., surface-contacting) methylene C−H bonds has been verified. A feature near 2900 cm-1 had previously been assigned to a distal methylene C−H stretch, and the line width of this band was thought to increase as a result of the 2D → 1D melting transition. The present study shows that this latter proposal is not entirely correct: the 2900 cm-1 feature actually consists of two bands separated by 5−15 cm-1 (for adsorbed n-octane) due to a Fermi resonance between a distal methylene C−H stretch and the first overtone of a methyl C−H bending mode. Owing to the small frequency difference between the split components of the Fermi resonance, these two bands partially overlap, and thus the appearance of the combined feature is largely determined by small changes in the relative frequencies of the methyl δCH overtone and the methylene νCH fundamental. The studies of the labeled n-alkanes confirm, however, that melting to the 1D phase is accompanied by distinct changes in the frequency of the low-frequency (softened) νCH band near 2760 cm-1. More generally, these results establish unambiguously that the normal modes of an adsorbed n-alkane are very different from the normal modes of the free molecule because the low frequencies of the proximal C−H oscillators cause them to be decoupled from the distal C−H oscillators. An analysis of the temperature dependence of the softened νCH mode using a critical temperature scaling model shows a correlation which can be rationalized in the context of the amplitude of the frustrated translational mode (the true low-frequency soft mode) that drives the (2D → 1D) order−order transition in this system.
A first-in-human study of LOXO-101, a highly selective inhibitor of the tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) family. (2015)

TPS2624 Background: TheTRK family of neurotrophin receptors, TRKA, TRKB, and TRKC (encoded by NTRK1, NTRK2, and NTRK3 genes, respectively) and their neurotrophin ligands regulate growth, differentiation and survival of neurons. Translocations involving the NTRK1/2/3 kinase domain, mutations involving the TRK ligand-binding site, amplifications of NTRK, TRK splice variants, and autocrine/paracrine signaling have been described in a diverse number of tumor types and may contribute to tumorigenesis. Recently NTRK1 fusions were described in a subset of adenocarcinoma lung cancer patients (Vaishnavi, 2013) and NTRK2 and NTRK3 fusions have been described in multiple tumor types (Skalova, 2014; Ricarte-Filho, 2013; Vaishnavi, 2014). LOXO-101 is a potent, oral, ATP-competitive pan-TRK inhibitor with IC50 values in the low nanomolar range for inhibition of TRK family members in binding and cellular assays, with 100x selectivity over other kinases. LOXO-101 has demonstrated tumor inhibition in preclinical models. Methods: This study (NCT02122913) is an ongoing phase Ia/Ib dose escalation plus expansion trial in adults with advanced solid tumors. The phase Ia component is an open-label, multicenter, dose escalation trial. Patients with solid tumors refractory to standard therapy, with normal hematopoietic and major organ function are eligible for study. LOXO-101 is administered orally QD or BID for continuous 28-day cycles. This component of the trial will determine the MTD for LOXO-101. The phase Ib component is an open-label, multicenter, global, dose expansion study. In addition to the Phase Ia eligibility criteria, patients must have a demonstrated alteration in one of the three NTRK genes or three TRK proteins. The number of expansion cohorts will be determined by the molecular characteristics of the tumors in the patients enrolled. Data will provide initial evidence of tumor activity of LOXO-101, stratified by the type of NTRK or TRK alteration or tumor type, as well as further elucidation of the safety profile of LOXO-101 in cancer patients. Archival tissue is required for further characterization of molecular abnormalities. Clinical trial information: NCT02122913.