gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring the spatiotemporal electric field of tightly focused ultrashort pulses with submicron spatial resolution (2009)

We demonstrate a powerful and practical spectral interferometer with near-field scanning microscopy (NSOM) probes for measuring the spatiotemporal electric field of tightly focused ultrashort pulses with sub-micron spatial resolution and high spectral resolution. To make these measurements we use SEA TADPOLE which is a high spectral resolution, experimentally simplified version of spectral interferometry that uses fiber optics to introduce the pulse into the device. To measure the spatiotemporal field of focusing pulses, the entrance fiber is scanned around the focus and a measurement at each fiber position is made, so that E(&omega;) is found at many positions along the beam's cross section so that we can reconstruct E(x,y,z,&omega;). The make these measurements we require that the fiber's mode size be smaller than the focused spot size. In the past using optical fibers we were limited to measuring foci with NA's less than 0.1, and here by replacing the fiber with an NSOM fiber, we measure the spatiotemporal field of focused pulses with NAs as high as 0.44. To demonstrate this technique we measured pulses that were focused with two different microscope objectives to verify that we achieved the expected results. We also measured foci that had severe distortions, such as the Bessel-like X-shaped pulse caused by spherical aberrations and the "fore-runner pulse" due to chromatic aberrations and we verified these results with non-paraxial simulations. In our measurements we observed spatial features smaller than 1&mu;m.
The ALD6 Gene Product Is Indispensable for Providing NADPH in Yeast Cells Lacking Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity (2003)

Reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH are essential for many enzymatic steps involved in the biosynthesis of cellular macromolecules. An adequate level of NADPH is also required to protect cells against oxidative stress. The major enzymatic source of NADPH in the cell is the reaction catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the first enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway. Disruption of the ZWF1 gene, encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, results in methionine auxotrophy and increased sensitivity to oxidizing agents. It is assumed that both phenotypes are due to an NADPH deficiency in the zwf1Delta strain. We used a Met(-) phenotype displayed by the zwf1Delta strain to look for multicopy suppressors of this deletion. We found that overexpression of the ALD6 gene coding for cytosolic acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, which utilizes NADP(+) as its cofactor, restores the Met(+) phenotype of the zwf1Delta strain. Another multicopy suppressor identified in our screen, the ZMS1 gene encoding a putative transcription factor, regulates the level of ALD6 expression. A strain bearing a double ZWF1 ALD6 gene disruption is not viable. Thus, our results indicate the reaction catalyzed by Ald6p as an important source of reducing equivalents in the yeast cells.
Breast cancer therapy: the role of PET-CT in decision making. (2009)

This paper describes the role of positron emission tomography (PET) and PET-computed tomography (CT) in breast cancer patients. Fluorine-18-Fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) has limited diagnostic value in detecting small noninvasive primary tumors, in staging the axillary region in early stages and in the detection of osteoblastic metastases. Better results have been shown in the detection and staging of primary invasive tumors. Significant clinical data are available in the monitoring of primary chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer where [(18)F]FDG PET-CT allows prediction of the response even shortly after the onset of therapy. Quantitative evaluation of tumor uptake is necessary. Therapy-induced changes in tumor metabolism may be helpful in making decisions about continuation, modification or cessation of therapy. Therefore, [(18)F]FDG PET-CT appears to be a promising tool for the personalization of breast cancer treatment by its early identification of nonresponders. It offers improved patient care, avoiding ineffective chemotherapy and the side effects while reducing the cost. An area generating high expectations for PET-TC in breast cancer is in monitoring in order to tailor therapy to the tumor characteristics of individual patients who may require tracers other than [(18)F]FDG. The introduction of new PET tracers and the development of new instruments will offer opportunities to improve the role of PET-CT in decision making of therapy in these patients.
Neural network word/false-alarm discriminators for improved keyword spotting (2003)

Two neural networks which are trained on examples of whole words to perform the task of keyword spotting are described. One network is a temporally constrained self-organizing feature map. The other network is a time-delay network which has been modified by the addition of recurrent connections. These networks were tested as secondary processors to a conventional (non-neural network) wordspotter. In this scenario, the conventional system screened incoming speech for potential keywords which are passed to the networks for the final accept/reject determination. The database used for testing contains 20 key words. The test results are summarized in receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves. These initial results indicate that wordspotting performance is helped by the application of neural network word discriminators as secondary processors. The percentage of keywords recognized was improved at all false alarm rates.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Analysis of the link error monitoring algorithms in the Signaling System Number 7 protocol (2002)

Link quality in the common channel signaling (CCS) network is monitored and reported by the Signaling System No.7 (SS7) protocol level 2 signaling link error monitoring procedures. The procedures include two algorithms: the signal unit error rate monitor (SUERM), which provides one of the criteria for taking the link out of service, and the alignment error rate monitor (AERM), which determines whether a link should be put into service. The authors, motivated by the excessive link status changes observed in some field operations of the CCS network provide a detailed analysis of the signaling link error monitoring algorithms and show that under current SS7 specifications of the error monitoring algorithms, the probability of a link oscillating in and out of service could be high for certain sustained error rates. While the risk to the existing network may not be high due to the light loads carried at present, there is still a need to study the error monitoring issues thoroughly.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Einstein's 1914 paper on the theory of irregularly fluctuating series of observations (1987)

The author makes various observations on Albert Einstein's short note of 1914 ["Method for the determination of the statistical values of observations concerning quantities subject to irregular fluctuations," Arch. Sci. Phys. et Natur., 37, ser. 4, 254-56 (1914)] on methods of reducing fluctuating series of observations. He argues that it foreshadows the theory behind the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The paper seems not to have attracted much attention when it was given, and was soon nearly forgotten. In any case, the present author has found no reference to it, either in a bulky index of literature on the theory of time series or in the tens of monographs, symposia and detailed reviews on this topic that he has examined. Only in 1979, in connection with the worldwide observance of the Einstein centenary, did the East German H. Melcher draw attention to the existence of the little-known paper (without discussing its content).
Non-expanded adipose stromal vascular fraction cell therapy for multiple sclerosis (2009)

The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue is known to contain mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), T regulatory cells, endothelial precursor cells, preadipocytes, as well as anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Safety of autologous adipose tissue implantation is supported by extensive use of this procedure in cosmetic surgery, as well as by ongoing studies using in vitro expanded adipose derived MSC. Equine and canine studies demonstrating anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects of non-expanded SVF cells have yielded promising results. Although non-expanded SVF cells have been used successfully in accelerating healing of Crohn's fistulas, to our knowledge clinical use of these cells for systemic immune modulation has not been reported. In this communication we discuss the rationale for use of autologous SVF in treatment of multiple sclerosis and describe our experiences with three patients. Based on this rationale and initial experiences, we propose controlled trials of autologous SVF in various inflammatory conditions.
An Activatable Theranostic for Targeted Cancer Therapy and Imaging (2014)

A new theranostic strategy is described. It is based on the use of an "all in one" prodrug, namely the biotinylated piperazine-rhodol conjugate 4 a. This conjugate, which incorporates the anticancer drug SN-38, undergoes self-immolative cleavage when exposed to biological thiols. This leads to the tumor-targeted release of the active SN-38 payload along with fluorophore 1 a. This release is made selective as the result of the biotin functionality. Fluorophore 1 a is 32-fold more fluorescent than prodrug 4 a. It permits the delivery and release of the SN-38 payload to be monitored easily in vitro and in vivo, as inferred from cell studies and ex vivo analyses of mice xenografts derived from HeLa cells, respectively. Prodrug 4 a also displays anticancer activity in the HeLa cell murine xenograft tumor model. On the basis of these findings we suggest that the present strategy, which combines within a single agent the key functions of targeting, release, imaging, and treatment, may have a role to play in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
The Max Network Gone Mad (2001)

The members of the MYC family of oncogenes, in particular c-Myc, N-Myc, and L-Myc, are activated either directly or indirectly in many, if not most, human tumors. These structurally and functionally related nuclear phosphoproteins (Fig. ​(Fig.1A)1A) appear to promote cell growth and transformation by regulating the transcription of target genes required for proliferation (33, 44, 57). Myc's transcription functions require a C-terminal basic helix-loop-helix–leucine zipper (bHLHZip) DNA-protein interaction motif and conserved regulatory domains in the N terminus (Myc boxes, MB1 and MB2), which regulate Myc's transactivation and/or transrepression functions (Fig. ​(Fig.1A).1A). Normally, the expression of Myc family genes is cell context specific, mutually exclusive, and tightly dependent upon mitogens (8, 47, 71, 88). Furthermore, the life span of Myc proteins is brief, and they are rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-linked proteasome machinery (45). However, these controls are lost in cancer cells, resulting in aberrantly high levels of Myc proteins (2, 57).
D-Glucopyranose 6-Deoxy-6-phosphonic Acid (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTD-Glucopyranose 6-Deoxy-6-phosphonic AcidBeverly Smith Griffin and Alfred BurgerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 10, 2336–2338Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01591a081https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01591a081research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views186Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Light Pulse Shapes in Liquid Scintillators Originating From Gamma-Rays and Neutrons (2010)

Liquid scintillators loaded with boron-10 or lithium-6 are capable to detect gamma rays, fast neutrons and also thermal neutrons. One of the popular methods applied in order to distinguish events originating from different particles is the pulse shape discrimination (PSD). The previously presented study of boron-10 loaded liquid scintillators using the PSD method showed different discrimination performance in scintillators such as BC523A, BC523A2, EJ339A2 and EJ309B5. It triggered a further study of the light pulse shapes in these scintillators originating from events related to gamma rays, fast and thermal neutrons. The light pulse shapes, measured using the single photon method, were recorded together with the 2-dimensional n/gamma discrimination data. Next, the recorded light pulses were gated using energy and the PSD information to extract pulses characteristic of the only one kind of particles. Finally, the analysis of the light pulse shapes with multi-exponential fits and calculation of decay time constants and intensities of components were performed. The results were compared with the data obtained for liquid scintillators not sensitive to thermal neutrons BC501A, EJ301 and EJ309.
Recognition of continuously read natural corpus (2005)

Preliminary results have been obtained with a system for recognizing continuously read sentences from a naturally-occurring corpus (Laser Patents), restricted to a 1000-word vocabulary. Our model of the task language has an entropy of about 4.8 bits/word and a perplexity of 21.11 words. Many new problems arise in recognition of a substantial natural corpus (compared to recognition of an artificially constrained language). Some techniques are described for treating these problems. On a test set consisting of 20 sentences having a total of 486 words, there was a word error rate of 33.1%.
Learning a Driving Simulator (2016)

Comma.ai's approach to Artificial Intelligence for self-driving cars is based on an agent that learns to clone driver behaviors and plans maneuvers by simulating future events in the road. This paper illustrates one of our research approaches for driving simulation. One where we learn to simulate. Here we investigate variational autoencoders with classical and learned cost functions using generative adversarial networks for embedding road frames. Afterwards, we learn a transition model in the embedded space using action conditioned Recurrent Neural Networks. We show that our approach can keep predicting realistic looking video for several frames despite the transition model being optimized without a cost function in the pixel space.
An artificial immune system architecture for computer security applications (2002)

With increased global interconnectivity and reliance on e-commerce, network services and Internet communication, computer security has become a necessity. Organizations must protect their systems from intrusion and computer virus attacks. Such protection must detect anomalous patterns by exploiting known signatures while monitoring normal computer programs and network usage for abnormalities. Current anti-virus and network intrusion detection (ID) solutions can become overwhelmed by the burden of capturing and classifying new viral strains and intrusion patterns. To overcome this problem, a self-adaptive distributed agent-based defense immune system based on biological strategies is developed within a hierarchical layered architecture. A prototype interactive system is designed, implemented in Java and tested. The results validate the use of a distributed-agent biological system approach toward the computer security problems of virus elimination and ID.
THE SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL (1971)

These studies have examined the ability of smooth muscle cells from developing aorta of the prepubertal rat to utilize amino acids in the synthesis and secretion of connective tissue proteins. Prepubertal rats, previously given either an alcohol carrier or estradiol-17-beta, were each given an intravenous injection of proline-(3)H. The animals were sacrificed after 15 and 30 min, and 4 hr. Light and electron microscope radioautographs of the aortic smooth muscle and of the myometrial cells demonstrated that the aortic cells, in both groups of animals, and the myometrial cells, in the estrogen-stimulated animals, took up the proline and rapidly secreted it in both collagen and elastic fibers within 4 hr. In contrast, the myometrial cells of the nonstimulated animal took up relatively small amounts of proline and retained most of the amino acid within the cells. Electron microscope radioautographs demonstrated that the organelles involved in this activity were the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex together with peripheral elements, presumed to be small vesicles. These studies have demonstrated that the smooth muscle cells of the developing aorta and of the estrogen-stimulated myometrium have a capacity to synthesize and secrete proteins associated with the extracellular connective tissue matrix.
Peptide Folding Induces High and Selective Affinity of a Linear and Small β-Peptide to the Human Somatostatin Receptor 4 (2001)

beta-Peptides with side chains in the 2- and 3-positions on neighboring residues (of (S) configuration) are known to fold and form a turn (similar to an alpha-peptidic beta-turn). Thus, we have synthesized an appropriately substituted beta-tetrapeptide derivative to mimic the hormone somatostatin in its binding to the human receptors hsst(1-5), which is known to rest upon a turn containing the amino acid residues Thr, Lys, Trp, and Phe. The N-acetyl-peptide amide Ac-beta(3)-HThr-beta(2)-HLys-beta(3)-HTrp-beta(3)-HPhe-NH(2) (1) indeed shows all characteristics of the targeted turn-mimic: Lys CH(2) groups are in the shielding cone of the Trp indole ring (by NMR analysis, Figure 2) and there is high and specific nanomolar affinity for hsst(4) receptor (Table 1). In contrast, the isomer 2 bearing the Lys side chain in 3-, rather than in the 2-position, has a 1000-fold smaller affinity to hsst(4). The syntheses of the required Fmoc-protected beta-amino acids (8-11, 17) are described (Schemes 1-3). Coupling of the beta-amino acids was achieved by the manual solid-phase technique, on Rink resin.
Recommendations for the care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to Lynch syndrome: a systematic review. (2006)

The past 10 years have seen major advances in the understanding of Lynch syndrome. Current recommendations regarding cancer screening and prevention require careful consultation between clinicians, clinical cancer genetic services, and well-informed patients.
Fundamentals of optical fibers (1995)

Preface.Introduction.Chapter 1. Selected Topics in Electromagnetic Wave Propagation.1.1. Maxwell's Equations and the Fundamental Fields.1.2. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Sourceless Media.1.3. Power Transmission.1.4. Group Velocity.1.5. Reflection and Transmission of Waves at Plane Interfaces.1.6. Material Resonances and Their Effects on Wave Propagation.Problems.References.Chapter 2. Symmetric Dielectric Slab Waveguides.2.1. Ray Analysis of the Slab Waveguides.2.2. Field Analysis of the Slab Waveguides.2.3. Solutions of the Eigenvalue Equations.2.4. Power Transmission and Confinement.2.5. Leaky Waves.2.6. Radiation Modes.2.7. Wave Propagation in Curved Slab Waveguides.Problems.References.Chapter 3. Weakly-Guiding Fibers with Step Index Profiles.3.1. Rays and Fields in the Step Index Fiber.3.2. Field Analysis of the Weakly-Guiding Fiber.3.3. Eigenvalue Equation for LP Modes.3.4. LP Mode Characteristics.3.5. Single Mode Fiber Parameters.3.6. Derivation of the General Step Index Fiber Modes.Problems.References.Chapter 4. Loss Mechanisms in Silica Fiber.4.1. Basic Loss Effects in Transmission.4.2. Fabrication of Silica Fibers.4.3. Intrinsic Loss.4.4. Extrinsic Loss.4.5. Bending Loss.4.6. Source-to-Fiber Coupling.Problems.References.Chapter 5. Dispersion.5.1. Pulse Propagation in Media Possessing Quadratic Dispersion.5.2. Material Dispersion.5.3. Dispersion in Optical Fiber.5.4. Chromatic Dispersion Compensation.5.5. Polarization Dispersion.5.6. System Considerations and Dispersion Measurement.Problems.References.Chapter 6. Special Purpose Index Profiles.6.1. Multimode Graded Index Fiber.6.2. Special Index Profile Optimization.Problems.References.Chapter 7. Nonlinear Effects in Fibers I: Non-Resonant Processes.7.1. Nonlinear Optics Fundamentals.7.2. Nonlinear Phase Modulation on Pulses.7.3. The Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation.7.4. Additional Non-Resonant Processes.Problems.References.Chapter 8. Nonlinear Effects in Fibers II: Resonant Processes and Amplification.8.1. Raman Scattering.8.2. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering.8.3. Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Amplifiers.Problems.References.Appendix A: Properties of Bessel Functions.Appendix B: Notation.Index.
Anti‐proliferative and apoptotic effects of anandamide in human prostatic cancer cell lines: Implication of epidermal growth factor receptor down‐regulation and ceramide production (2003)

The potent anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects of ANA on metastatic prostatic cancer cells might provide basis for the design of new therapeutic agents for effective treatment of recurrent and invasive prostatic cancers.
Intracellular oligonucleotide hybridization detected by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) (1994)

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) was used to study hybrid formation and dissociation after microinjection of oligonucleotides (ODNs) into living cells. A 28-mer phosphodiester ODN (+PD) was synthesized and labeled with a 3' rhodamine (+PD-R). The complementary, antisense 5'-fluorescein labeled phosphorothioate ODN (-PT-F) was specifically quenched by addition of the +PD-R. In solution, the -PT-F/+PD-R hybrid had a denaturation temperature of 65 +/- 3 degrees C detected by both absorbance and FRET. Hybridization between the ODNs occurred within 1 minute at 17 microM and was not appreciably affected by the presence of non-specific DNA. The pre-formed hybrid slowly dissociated (T1/2 approximately 3 h) in the presence of a 300-fold excess of the unlabeled complementary ODN and could be degraded by DNAse I. Upon microinjection into the cytoplasm of cells, pre-formed fluorescent hybrids dissociated with a half-time of 15 minutes, which is attributed to the degradation of the phosphodiester. Formation of the hybrid from sequentially injected ODNs was detected by FRET transiently in the cytoplasm and later in the cell nucleus, where nearly all injected ODNs accumulate. This suggests that antisense ODNs can hybridize to an intracellular target, of exogenous origin in these studies, in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus.