gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical Applications of Cell-Free Fetal DNA From Maternal Plasma (2004)

Detection of cell-free fetal DNA from maternal plasma is a reliable technique that can substantially reduce invasive prenatal tests.
Liposomes for oral administration of drugs. (1985)

In the late 1970s liposome-entrapped insulin was administered by the oral route to both normal and diabetic animals. Results showed that small but significant amounts of insulin could reach the circulation. However, different liposome compositions gave varied results and no mechanism of absorption was elucidated. Subsequent in vitro studies suggested that many liposome compositions used were unstable in the conditions prevailing in the gastrointestinal tract. Using more stable liposomes in an everted gut system, it has been demonstrated that liposomes were pinocytosed by intestinal epithelial cells and transferred to the serosal side of the gut. Recent studies both in vitro and in vivo show that there may be the possibility of enhancing the uptake process to deliver a range of drugs by the oral route.
Studies on SiO/sub 2/-SiO/sub 2/ bonding with hydrofluoric acid-room temperature and low stress bonding technique for MEMS (2002)

Studies on SiO/sub 2/-SiO/sub 2/ bonding with hydrofluoric acid (HF) are described. This method has a remarkable feature that bonding can be obtained at room temperature. Advantages of this method are low thermal damage, low residual stress and simplicity of the bonding process, which are expected for the packaging and assembly of MEMS. The bond characteristics were measured under different bonding conditions of HF concentration, pressure, chemicals and so on. The bond strength depends on the applied pressure during bonding. HF concentration can be reduced to 0.1%. The bonding is also observed using KOH solution instead of HF. TEM, SIMS, RI and EPMA were applied to evaluate the bonded interface. From the TEM results, an interlayer is formed between SiO/sub 2/-SiO/sub 2/. The thickness of the interlayer depends strongly on the applied pressure during bonding. The SIMS results showed that hydrogen and fluorine partially exist in the interlayer. Considering the result of the RI analysis, surplus HF solution is squeezed out from the interface as the bonding progress. From these results, both surfaces of the SiO/sub 2/ are solved by HF and an interlayer, which is a binding layer, is formed. Formation of the interlayer plays a very important role for the characteristics of HF-bonding.
MHC–peptide tetramers for the analysis of antigen-specific T cells (2010)

The development of the fluorescently labeled tetrameric MHC-peptide complex has enabled the direct visualization, quantification and phenotypic characterization of antigen-specific T cells using flow cytometry and has transformed our understanding of cellular immune responses. The combination of this technology with functional assays provides many new insights into these cells, allowing investigation into their lifecycle, manner of death and effector function. In this article, we hope to provide an overview of the techniques used in the construction of these tetramers, the problems and solutions associated with them, and the methods used in the study of antigen-specific T cells. Understanding how the antigen-specific cells develop and function in different circumstances and with different pathogens will be key to understanding natural host defense, as well as vaccine design and assessment.
Endothelial Cell Laminin Isoforms, Laminins 8 and 10, Play Decisive Roles in T Cell Recruitment across the Blood–Brain Barrier in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (2001)

An active involvement of blood-brain barrier endothelial cell basement membranes in development of inflammatory lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been considered to date. Here we investigated the molecular composition and possible function of the extracellular matrix encountered by extravasating T lymphocytes during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Endothelial basement membranes contained laminin 8 (alpha4beta1gamma1) and/or 10 (alpha5beta1gamma1) and their expression was influenced by proinflammatory cytokines or angiostatic agents. T cells emigrating into the CNS during EAE encountered two biochemically distinct basement membranes, the endothelial (containing laminins 8 and 10) and the parenchymal (containing laminins 1 and 2) basement membranes. However, inflammatory cuffs occurred exclusively around endothelial basement membranes containing laminin 8, whereas in the presence of laminin 10 no infiltration was detectable. In vitro assays using encephalitogenic T cell lines revealed adhesion to laminins 8 and 10, whereas binding to laminins 1 and 2 could not be induced. Downregulation of integrin alpha6 on cerebral endothelium at sites of T cell infiltration, plus a high turnover of laminin 8 at these sites, suggested two possible roles for laminin 8 in the endothelial basement membrane: one at the level of the endothelial cells resulting in reduced adhesion and, thereby, increased penetrability of the monolayer; and secondly at the level of the T cells providing direct signals to the transmigrating cells.
Augmented Reality Interfaces for Procedural Tasks (2011)

Procedural tasks involve people performing established sequences of activities while interacting with objects in the physical environment to accomplish particular goals. These tasks span almost all aspects of human life and vary greatly in their complexity. For some simple tasks, little cognitive assistance is required beyond an initial learning session in which a person follows one-time compact directions, or even intuition, to master a sequence of activities. In the case of complex tasks, procedural assistance may be continually required, even for the most experienced users. Approaches for rendering this assistance employ a wide range of written, audible, and computer-based technologies. This dissertation explores an approach in which procedural task assistance is rendered using augmented reality. Augmented reality integrates virtual content with a user's natural view of the environment, combining real and virtual objects interactively, and aligning them with each other. Our thesis is that an augmented reality interface can allow individuals to perform procedural tasks more quickly while exerting less effort and making fewer errors than other forms of assistance. This thesis is supported by several significant contributions yielded during the exploration of the following research themes: What aspects of AR are applicable and beneficial to the procedural task problem? In answering this question, we developed two prototype AR interfaces that improve procedural task accomplishment. The first prototype was designed to assist mechanics carrying out maintenance procedures under field conditions. An evaluation involving professional mechanics showed our prototype reduced the time required to locate procedural tasks and resulted in fewer head movements while transitioning between tasks. Following up on this work, we constructed another prototype that focuses on providing assistance in the underexplored psychomotor phases of procedural tasks. This prototype presents dynamic and prescriptive forms of instruction and was evaluated using a demanding and realistic alignment task. This evaluation revealed that the AR prototype allowed participants to complete the alignment more quickly and accurately than when using an enhanced version of currently employed documentation systems. How does the user interact with an AR application assisting with procedural tasks? The application of AR to the procedural task problem poses unique user interaction challenges. To meet these challenges, we present and evaluate a novel class of user interfaces that leverage naturally occurring and otherwise unused affordances in the native environment to provide a tangible user interface for augmented reality applications. This class of techniques, which we call Opportunistic Controls, combines hand gestures, overlaid virtual widgets, and passive haptics to form an interface that was proven effective and intuitive during quantitative evaluation. Our evaluation of these techniques includes a qualitative exploration of various preferences and heuristics for Opportunistic Control-based designs.
Immunofluorescence Studies of Biotype-Specific Expression of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Epitopes in Infected Cells (1991)

The expression of biotype-specific epitopes in cells infected with cytopathic (cp) and non-cytopathic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) was analysed by immunofluorescence. Four monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against different epitopes on the viral glycoprotein gp48 were used. With cells infected with cpBVDV strain NADL, the four MAbs yielded a strong and granular cytoplasmic fluorescence. The same pattern was observed when cells were infected with ncpBVDV 7443 with two of the MAbs (BVD/C12, BVD/C42). In contrast, reactivity with the other two MAbs (BVD/C38, BVD/C46) was restricted to a narrow perinuclear zone. These biotype-specific differences were not observed either with a gp53-specific MAb, or with an MAb specific for the non-structural protein p125/p80. Double immunofluorescence staining of living cells with a polyclonal BVDV-specific serum and with the MAbs revealed that expression of viral proteins on the surface of cells infected with cp- or ncpBVDV, respectively, was not detectable.
Posttranscriptional regulation of protein expression in human epithelial carcinoma cells by adenine-uridine-rich elements in the 3'-untranslated region of tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNA. (1997)

Eukaryotic mRNAs contain 3'-untranslated regions (UTR) that are involved in posttranscriptional control of gene expression. AU-rich octanucleotide repeats, UUAUUUAU, present in the 3'-UTR of mature lymphokine and other cytokine transcripts, have been implicated in the regulation of mRNA stability and translational efficiency. For example, previous evidence suggests that the AU-rich element (ARE) present in the 3'-UTR of murine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) can affect the posttranscriptional regulation of murine TNF-alpha gene expression in hematopoietic cells. Although cytokines are produced in epithelial cells, little is known about the regulation of TNF-alpha and other cytokine gene expression by 3'-UTR elements in human malignant epithelial cells. To better understand the function of the 3'-UTR of the human TNF-alpha gene in the regulation of TNF-alpha protein production in human epithelial cancer cells, a series of luciferase reporter constructs with portions of the 3'-UTR of human TNF-alpha was transfected into human breast carcinoma cell lines ZR-75-1 and ZR-75-1R (which overexpresses TNF-alpha). The 3'-UTR of TNF-alpha markedly suppressed luciferase activity in both cell lines, and the suppression of activity was reversed by deletion of the AU-rich sequences. This suppression was quantitative, with six repeats causing more inhibition than two repeats. Increased levels of luciferase activity were observed 3 h after TNF-alpha stimulation in ZR-75-1 cells transfected by constructs containing AU-rich repeats. In addition, cytoplasmic extracts from both cell lines were assayed for factors that bind to the 3'-UTR of human TNF-alpha mRNA. RNA-protein binding activities were found in both cell lines. Competition studies showed that these proteins specifically bound to AU-rich repeats present in the 3'-UTR of TNF-alpha. No binding activity was observed when the AU-rich repeats were deleted. TNF-alpha exposure markedly increased activity of several RNA-binding proteins, especially a novel Mr 50,000-55,000 RNA-binding protein. The binding activity in untreated ZR-75-1R was higher than that in untreated ZR-75-1 cells, suggesting that the level of RNA-protein binding correlates with the expression level of TNF-alpha in human epithelial cancer cells and that the RNA-binding proteins may control expression of TNF-alpha in ZR-75-1 cells. We conclude that the AU-rich repeats in the 3'-UTR of human TNF-alpha mRNA may regulate gene expression in human epithelial cancer cells by binding to AU sequence-specific proteins, including a previously undescribed Mr 50,000-55,000 protein not observed in hematopoietic cells.
Vedolizumab as Induction and Maintenance Therapy for Crohn's Disease (2013)

Among patients with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease, those receiving intravenous ustekinumab had a significantly higher rate of response than did those receiving placebo. Subcutaneous ustekinumab maintained remission in patients who had a clinical response to induction therapy. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT01369329 , NCT01369342 , and NCT01369355 .).
Key Role of CD36 in Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling in Cerebral Ischemia (2010)

In the brain, TLR2/1 signaling requires CD36. The cooperative signaling of TLR2/1 and CD36 is a critical factor in the inflammatory response and tissue damage evoked by cerebral ischemia. Thus, suppression of CD36-TLR2/1 signaling could be a valuable approach to minimize postischemic inflammation and the attendant brain injury.
Renal Microvascular Disease Determines the Responses to Revascularization in Experimental Renovascular Disease (2010)

Preservation of the MV architecture and function in the stenotic kidney improved the responses to PTRA, indicating that renal MV integrity plays a role in determining the responses to PTRA. This study indicates that damage and early loss of renal MV is an important determinant of the progression of renal injury in RAS and instigates often irreversible damage.
Prevalence of Diabetes and IGT in Yonchon County, South Korea (1995)

The prevalence of diabetes in Yonchon County was substantially higher than was previously suggested. The risk of diabetes increased with the increased central obesity and metabolic disturbances associated with insulin resistance.
Processing of the dengue virus type 2 proteins prM and C-prM (1993)

A glycoprotein C-prM of 35000 M r was immuno-precipitated from lysates of Aedes albopictus cells infected with dengue virus type 2 (DEN-2) using antisera directed against the C protein or an amino-terminal fragment of the prM glycoprotein. C-prM was not detected in infected Vero cells. The prM glycoprotein synthesized in infected A. albopictus and Vero cells was cleaved to produce the membrane-associated virion protein (M) and the non-M fragment (pr) immediately preceding or occurring simultaneously with the release of viral particles from cells. The cleavage was less efficient in mosquito cells. The pr fragment was found only in the medium and was not rapidly degraded. To obtain pr-specific and M-specific antisera for these studies, proteins containing fragments of DEN-2 prM fused with staphylococcal Protein A were synthesized in Escherichia coli using the expression vector pRIT2T. The fusion proteins were stable and were used to raise antisera in rabbits for immunoprecipitation of radiolabelled cell extracts and culture medium. This is the first report of the detection of a C-prM protein in flavivirus-infected cells and the identification of the pr component of prM.
Supporting distributed software development by modes of collaboration (2005)

Work processes in team based software development need to be structured to minimise and resolve conflicting or divergent work. Current software development methodologies propose ways for dividing the whole task of software development between team members. This paper suggests a different way of working by introducing modes of collaboration (MoCs), which support concurrent and collaborative work. A MoC defines how tight two people can work together and how much the rest of the group can demand to know about a programmer. Different MoCs are ordered in a spectrum from single user’s offline usage up to concurrent editing of the same source code. Special emphasis is put on balancing gains and efforts that are related to a specific MoC. The second part of the paper presents how MoCs are implemented in the distributed co-operative software development environment TUKAN. TUKAN includes synchronous co-operative tools and awareness widgets, which operate on a spatial representation of the software under construction. TUKAN provides tools for each MoC and allows programmers to switch between MoCs.
Characterization of the molecular differences between ovarian endometrioid carcinoma and ovarian serous carcinoma (2009)

The histopathological diagnosis of high-grade endometrioid and serous carcinoma of the ovary is poorly reproducible under the current morphology based classification system, especially for anaplastic, high-grade tumours. The transcription factor Wilms' tumour-1 (WT1) is differentially expressed among the gynaecological epithelia from which epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are believed to originate. In EOCs, WT1 protein is observed in the majority of serous carcinomas and in up to 30% of endometrioid carcinomas. It is unclear whether the latter is a reflection of the actual incidence of WT1 protein expression in endometrioid carcinomas, or whether a significant number of high-grade serous carcinomas have been misclassified as endometrioid carcinoma. Several genetic aberrations are reported to occur in EOCs. These include mutation of the TP53 gene, aberrant activation of beta-catenin signalling and loss of PTEN protein expression, among others. It is unclear whether these aberrations are histotype-specific. The aim of this study was to better define the molecular characteristics of serous and endometrioid carcinomas in an attempt to address the problems with the current histopathological classification methods. Gene expression profiles were analysed to identify reproducible gene expression phenotypes for endometrioid and serous carcinomas. Tissue microarrays (TMA) were used to assess the incidence of TP53, beta-catenin and PTEN aberrations in order to correlate their occurrence with WT1 as an immunohistochemistry based biomarker of serous histotype. It was found that nuclear WT1 protein expression can identify misclassified high-grade endometrioid carcinomas and these tumours should be reassigned to serous histotype. Although low-grade endometrioid carcinomas rarely progress to high-grade carcinomas, a combined WT1-negative, TP53-positive immunophenotype may identify an uncommon high-grade subtype of ovarian endometrioid carcinoma. GEO database: array data accession number GSE6008.
Effects of Surrounding Medium on the Performance of Exploding Aluminum Foil Fuses (1979)

Abstract : Flat aluminum foil fuses were exploded electrically by discharging a capacitor bank into a series combination inductance ( 600 nH) and fuse. The 2.54 x 2.54 x 0.0023 cm foils were exploded in a sealed chamber. The time to burst and fuse voltage characteristics were investigated as a function of the fuse environment. Results are given for foils exploded in various gases and liquids.
Football boot insoles and sensitivity to extent of ankle inversion movement (2003)

The lower active movement discrimination scores of athletes when wearing football boots with smooth insoles suggest that the insole is one aspect of football boot and sport shoe design that could be modified to provide the sensory feedback needed for accurate foot positioning.
Optical Trapping using a Lensed Multicore Fiber (2013)

A lensed multicore fiber trapping probe has been fabricated using a fusion splicer. One and two dimensional trapping has been demonstrated for particles and Escherichia coli using a DOE or a fully integrated fan-out device.
IL-6 Contributes to the Defective Osteogenesis of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells from the Vertebral Body of the Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporotic Mouse (2016)

Osteoporosis is one of the most prevalent skeletal system diseases. It is characterized by a decrease in bone mass and microarchitectural changes in bone tissue that lead to an attenuation of bone resistance and susceptibility to fracture. Vertebral fracture is by far the most prevalent osteoporotic fracture. In the musculoskeletal system, osteoblasts, originated from bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC), are responsible for osteoid synthesis and mineralization. In osteoporosis, BMSC osteogenic differentiation is defective. However, to date, what leads to the defective BMSC osteogenesis in osteoporosis remains an open question. In the current study, we made attempts to answer this question. A mouse model of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) was established and BMSC were isolated from vertebral body. The impairment of osteogenesis was observed in BMSC of osteoporotic vertebral body. The expression profiles of thirty-six factors, which play important roles in bone metabolisms, were compared through antibody array between normal and osteoporotic BMSC. Significantly higher secretion level of IL-6 was observed in osteoporotic BMSCs compared with normal control. We provided evidences that IL-6 over-secretion impaired osteogenesis of osteoporotic BMSC. Further, it was observed that β-catenin activity was inhibited in response to IL-6 over-secretion. More importantly, in vivo administration of IL-6 neutralizing antibody was found to be helpful to rescue the osteoporotic phenotype of mouse vertebral body. Our study provides a deeper insight into the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and identifies IL-6 as a promising target for osteoporosis therapy.
All-optical reduced state 4 x 4 switch (1996)

Multistage interconnection networks (MIN) are a class of switching structures for interconnecting an input array to an output array. Traditionally, they have been implemented in a planar configuration, suitable for electronics. Optical interconnection technology applied to MINs has been suggested in the last decade. Most of the proposed implementations propose replacing the fixed interconnection pattern between switching stages by optical interconnects.
Treatment of chronic hepatitis C – are interferons really necessary? (2011)

Due to the side effect profile of pegylated interferons interferon treatment has become the holy grail of drug development for chronic hepatitis C. The precise role of interferon in treatment of hepatitis C is not fully understood, besides its antiviral effects interferon is an immune modulator. Nevertheless, recent proof of concept studies indicated, that cure of chronic hepatitis C can be achieved without interferon. Various compounds achieved this goal, like the polymerase inhibitor PSI 7977, the combination of NS5a inhibitor (daclatasvir) and a protease inhibitor (asunaprevir) and the cyclophillin antagonist alisporivir. Various other combinations are investigated currently. Providing that phase 3 studies will confirm these exciting data, direct acting antivirals or host targets will replace peginterferon/ribavirin combination therapy.