gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Vivo/in Vitro Correlation of Intravitreal Delivery of Drugs with the Help of Computer Simulation. (1994)

The elimination of dexamethasone sodium m-sulfobenzoate, DMSB, following intravitreal injection, was measured in rabbit vitreous body under in vivo and in vitro conditions. The rate of elimination in vivo was appreciably greater than that in vitro, indicating that the in vivo data include not only the elimination due to metabolism/degradation in the vitreous humor, but also the elimination through the surrounding tissues such as the posterior aqueous humor, the retina/choroid/sclera membrane, and the lens. A general mathematical model based on Fick's second law of diffusion was developed for describing the pharmacokinetics of the intravitreal injection of DMSB. The model parameters were independently determined from a set of in vitro experiments. The in vivo data of elimination of DMSB following intravitreal injection agreed with the profiles calculated from the mathematical model, together with the model parameters determined from the in vitro experiments. The present in vivo/in vitro correlation, with the help of computer simulation, can be used for optimizing the therapeutic systems of intravitreal drug delivery.
Mutational analysis of the Epstein--Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 by far-Western blotting and DNA-binding studies (1996)

We have previously shown by far-Western blotting that the Epstein—Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) both binds to a cellular protein of 130 kDa and histone H1, with the complex between EBNA-2 and p130 being tighter than between EBNA-2 and histone H1. Here we demonstrate that the N terminus of EBNA-2, which was previously shown to be necessary for transformation of B lymphocytes by EBNA-2, is essential for binding to p130. We further show data indicating that the binding of EBNA-2 to histone H1 appears not to be mediated exclusively via the basic Arg-Gly rich region in the C-terminal part of EBNA-2. With a MAb directed against the Trp-Trp322-Pro (WWP) motif of EBNA-2, which is known to be essential for the interaction of EBNA-2 with the cellular factor RBPJκ/CBF1, we could inhibit the DNA binding of EBNA-2, providing further evidence that this region of EBNA-2 forms direct contact with RBPJκ/CBF1.
Subcarrier allocation and power control for OFDMA (2002)

We study the problem of finding an optimal subcarrier and power allocation strategy for downlink communication to multiple users in an OFDM based wireless system. We formulate the problem of minimizing total power consumption with constraints on BER and transmission rate for users requiring different classes of service, and derive simple algorithms which perform well. We divide the larger problem of joint allocation into two steps. In the first step, the number of subcarriers that each user is determined based on the users' average SNR. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed low complexity algorithms offer comparable performance with an existing iterative algorithm.
Gas permeability and permselectivity of fluorinated polybenzoxazoles (1992)

Abstract Gas permeability and permselectivity are investigated for polybenzoxazoles from bis (3‐amino‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropane (BAHHP) and aromatic diacid chlorides. Effects of thermal cyclization on the permeation properties are also investigated. The polybenzoxazole from BAHHP and 4,4′‐(1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoroisopropylidene)dibenzoyl chloride (HFDB) displays high performance for CO 2 /CH 4 separation ( \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm P}_{{\rm CO}_2 } $\end{document} = 6.1 × 10 −9 cm 3 (STP) cm −1 s −1 cm‐Hg −1 , and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {{{\rm P}_{{\rm CO}_2 } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\rm P}_{{\rm CO}_2 } } {{\rm P}_{{\rm CH}_4 } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\rm P}_{{\rm CH}_4 } }} $\end{document} = 38 at 35°C). The polybenzoxazole from BAHHP and 2,6‐naphthalene dicarbonyl chloride displays high performance for H 2 /CO or H 2 /CH 4 separation ( \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm P}_{{\rm H}_2 } $\end{document} = 2.4 × 10 −9 cm 3 (STP) cm −1 s −1 cm‐Hg −1 , \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {{{\rm P}_{{\rm H}_2 } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\rm P}_{{\rm H}_2 } } {{\rm P}_{{\rm CO}} }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\rm P}_{{\rm CO}} }} $\end{document} = 71, and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {{{\rm P}_{{\rm H}_2 } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\rm P}_{{\rm H}_2 } } {{\rm P}_{{\rm CH}_{\rm 4} } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\rm P}_{{\rm CH}_{\rm 4} } }} $\end{document} = 250). Permeation properties for the polybenzoxazole from BAHHP and HFDB are close to those for a polyimide of similar chemical structure. The permeation properties are discussed in connection with packing density and local segmental mobility. © 1992 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Acoustic separation in a laminar flow (1994)

Preliminary observations gathered using a plane ultrasonic wave field interacting with water suspended fibers circulating in a channel flow have indicated that the acoustic radiation force could be used to separate fibers into two or more fractions based on fiber radius. The continuous process relies on the use of a wall-mounted, rectangular cross-section piezoelectric ceramic transducer to selectively deflect flowing fibers as they penetrate the ultrasonic field. The transducer's frequency is 150 kHz. Depending upon the amount of dissolved gas in water, separation is obtained using a standing or traveling wave field. A description of the experimental setup is presented. Results obtained using rayon fibers and reclaimed wood pulp fibers at consistencies up to 1%. and at flow velocities up to 12.5 cm/s (Reynolds numbers up to 2500) are reported. Possible applications of the separation concept in the pulp and paper industry are discussed
Developmental Life Cycle of Leishmania—Cultivation and Characterization of Cultured Extracellular Amastigotes1 (1993)

The biochemistry and immunology of Leishmania promastigotes has been extensively studied; this is due primarily to the facility with which this stage, in contrast to the amastigotes stage, can be maintained in axenic culture. Several attempts to axenically culture lines of Leishmania amastigotes have been reported in the literature. This paper summarizes methods of adaptation (low pH, elevated temperature and culture medium) and characterization of several axenic lines of Leishmania amastigotes. Based on morphological, biological, immunological and biochemical evidence, these organisms appear to resemble amastigotes from infected macrophages or tissue. The axenically cultured amastigotes appear to be distinct from shocked (heat, serum deprivation, stressed) Leishmania promastigotes in the plethora of proteins synthesized, growth (multiplication) in culture, and developmental regulation observed. These data suggest that Leishmania organisms have a significant developmental response to certain signals (pH, temperature) mimicking their in vivo macrophage milieu. The response to other environmental parameters characteristic of the host-macrophage remain to be determined. These axenically cultured amastigotes should be of interest for further immunological, biochemical and developmental investigations of the disease-maintaining stage of this parasite.
Identification of a Cis-acting Element for the Regulation ofSMN Exon 7 Splicing (2002)

Spinal muscular atrophy results from the loss of functional survival motor neuron (SMN1) alleles. Two nearly identical copies of SMN exist and differ only by a single non-polymorphic C to T transition in exon 7. This transition leads to alteration of exon 7 splicing; that is, SMN1 produces a full-length transcript, whereas SMN2 expresses a low level of full-length transcript and predominantly an isoform lacking exon 7. The truncated transcript of SMN encodes a less stable protein with reduced self-oligomerization activity that fails to compensate for the loss of SMN1. In this paper, we identified a cis-acting element (element 1), which is composed of 45 bp in intron 6 responsible for the regulation of SMN exon 7 splicing. Mutations in element 1 or treatment with antisense oligonucleotides directed toward element 1 caused an increase in exon 7 inclusion. An approximately 33-kDa protein was demonstrated to associate with a pre-mRNA sequence containing both element 1 and the C to T transition in SMN exon 7 but not with the sequence containing mutated element 1, suggesting that the binding of the approximately 33-kDa protein plays crucial roles in the skipping of SMN exon 7 containing the C to T transition.
Cyanogenesis in Plants (1990)

Several thousand plant species, including many economically important food plants, synthesize cyanogenic glycosides and cyanolipids. Upon tissue disruption, these natural products are hydrolyzed liberating the respiratory poison hydrogen cyanide. This phenomenon of cyanogenesis accounts for numerous cases of acute and chronic cyanide poisoning of animals including man. This article reviews information gathered during the past decade about the enzymology and molecular biology of cyanogenesis in higher plants. How compartmentation normally prevents the large-scale, suicidal release of HCN within the intact plant is discussed. A renewed interest in the physiology of these cyanogenic compounds has revealed that, in addition to providing protection for some species against herbivory, they may also serve as storage forms for reduced nitrogen.
Genetic competence in Bacillus subtilis (1991)

Genetic competence may be defined as a physiological state enabling a bacterial culture to bind and take up high-molecular-weight exogenous DNA (transformation). In Bacillus subtilis, competence develops postexponentially and only in certain media. In addition, only a minority of the cells in a competent culture become competent, and these are physiologically distinct. Thus, competence is subject to three regulatory modalities: growth stage specific, nutritionally responsive, and cell type specific. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge concerning competence in B. subtilis. The study of genes required for transformability has permitted their classification into two broad categories. Late competence genes are expressed under competence control and specify products required for the binding, uptake, and processing of transforming DNA. Regulatory genes specify products that are needed for the expression of the late genes. Several of the late competence gene products have been shown to be membrane localized, and others are predicted to be membrane associated on the basis of amino acid sequence data. Several of these predicted protein sequences show a striking resemblance to gene products that are involved in the export and/or assembly of extracellular proteins and structures in gram-negative organisms. This observation is consistent with the idea that the late products are directly involved in transport of DNA and is equally consistent with the notion that they play a morphogenetic role in the assembly of a transport apparatus. The competence regulatory apparatus constitutes an elaborate signal transduction system that senses and interprets environmental information and passes this information to the competence-specific transcriptional machinery. Many of the regulatory gene products have been identified and partially characterized, and their interactions have been studied genetically and in some cases biochemically as well. These include several histidine kinase and response regulator members of the bacterial two-component signal transduction machinery, as well as a number of known transcriptionally active proteins. Results of genetic studies are consistent with the notion that the regulatory proteins interact in a hierarchical way to make up a regulatory pathway, and it is possible to propose a provisional scheme for the organization of this pathway. It is remarkable that almost all of the regulatory gene products appear to play roles in the control of various forms of postexponential expression in addition to competence, e.g., sporulation, degradative-enzyme production, motility, and antibiotic production. This has led to the notion of a signal transduction network which transduces environmental information to determine the levels and timing of expression of the ultimate products characteristic of each of these systems.
Intensive Insulin Therapy in the Medical ICU (2006)

Intensive insulin therapy significantly reduced morbidity but not mortality among all patients in the medical ICU. Although the risk of subsequent death and disease was reduced in patients treated for three or more days, these patients could not be identified before therapy. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary data. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00115479.)
A Novel Human Monoclonal Antibody Directed to a Tumor‐associated Antigen (1993)

Twelve human monoclonal antibodies (HuMAb) were established by the fusion of (mouse x human) heteromyeloma cells with B-lymphoblastoid cells derived from the regional lymph nodes of three patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. They were tested for reactivity to two kinds of proteins (purified protein derivatives and bovine serum albumin) by ELISA, Sq-19 (squamous cell carcinoma) culture cells by indirect membrane immunofluorescence tests, and Sq-19 tumor xenograft by immunohistological study. Among them, one HuMAb 904F (IgM, lambda) was selected. In indirect membrane immunofluorescence tests, this 904F antibody reacted with various kinds of cell lines, e.g. lung cancer, esophageal cancer, endometrial cancer, and stomach cancer. It did not react with malignant hematopoietic and diploid fibroblast cell lines. Immunohistologically, it stained the tumor nests of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma of the lung. It also stained those of esophagus and colon, but not those of small cell carcinoma of lung, or stomach. On frozen-section specimens of normal tissues from various organs, it showed only limited areas of positive staining. Limited positive findings were observed at a reticular zone of the adrenal gland, at the esophagus as weak staining, and at islets of the pancreas as very weak staining. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that it recognized a 54 kDa trypsin-sensitive molecule which is expressed on the surface of tumor cells. These results suggest the 904F monoclonal antibody detects a novel tumor-associated antigen which is recognized by the human immune system.
Isolation and characterization of the positive regulatory gene ADR1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1983)

The DNA segments containing the ADR1 gene and a mutant allele, ADR1-5c, have been isolated by complementation of function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The ADR1 gene is required for synthesis of the glucose-repressible alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHII) when S. cerevisiae cells are grown on a nonfermentable carbon source, whereas the ADR1-5c allele allows ADHII synthesis even during glucose repression. A plasmid pool consisting of yeast DNA fragments isolated from a strain carrying the ADR1-5c allele was used to transform a strain containing the adr1-1 allele, which prevents ADHII depression. Transformants were isolated which expressed ADHII during glucose repression. A plasmid isolated from one of these transformants was shown to carry the ADR1-5c allele by its ability to integrate at the chromosomal adr1-1 locus. The wild-type ADR1 gene was isolated by colony hybridization, using the cloned ADR1-5c gene as a probe. The ADR1-5c and ADR1 DNA segments were indistinguishable by restriction site mapping. A partial ADR1 phenotype could be conferred by a 1.9-kilobase region, but DNA outside of this region appeared to be necessary for normal activation of ADHII by the ADR1 gene.
Regulation of TGF-&beta; signaling by Smad7 (2009)

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a pleiotropic cytokine regulating a variety of cellular processes such as cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, cell adhesion, and immune response. In the well-understood classical TGF-beta signaling pathway, TGF-beta activates Smad signalling via its two cell surface receptors such as TbetaRII and ALK5/TbetaRI, leading to Smad-mediated transcriptional regulation. In addition, TGF-beta may also activate other signaling pathways like mitogen-activated protein kinase, PI3K, etc. The signaling of TGF-beta is finely regulated at different levels. Inhibitory Smads, including Smad6 and Smad7, are key regulators of TGF-beta/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling by negative feedback loops. They can form stable complexes with activated type I receptors and thereby blocking the phosphorylation of R-Smads, or recruit ubiquitin E3 ligases, such as Smurf1/2, resulting in the ubiquitination and degradation of the activated type I receptors. Besides, these inhibitory Smad proteins also inhibit TGF-beta/BMP signaling in the nucleus by interacting with transcriptional repressors, such as histone deacetylases, Hoxc-8, and CtBP, or disrupting the formation of the TGF-beta-induced functional Smad-DNA complexes. Smad7 is in turn regulated by different stimuli, including TGF-beta, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha as well as ultraviolet and TPA, and mediates the crosstalk between TGF-beta and other signaling pathways. Deregulation of Smad7 expression has been associated with various human diseases, such as tissue fibrosis, inflammatory disease as well as carcinogenesis. Overexpression of Smad7 has been shown to antagonize TGF-beta-mediated fibrosis, carcinogenesis, and inflammation, suggesting a therapeutic potential of Smad7 to treat these diseases.
Comparison of Dietary Protein with an Oral, Branched Chain-Enriched Amino Acid Supplement in Chronic Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial (1984)

A randomized study was conducted in 37 hospitalized patients at six cooperating hospitals in which protein-intolerant cirrhotic patients were fed increasing amounts of either dietary protein or a branched-chain enriched amino acid solution (BCAA) until they attained an intake of 80 gm protein per day or equivalent or until they developed stage 2 encephalopathy. All patients initially received 20 gm of dietary protein for 1 week, after which 20 gm of protein or BCAA were added weekly. Nitrogen balance improved from negative to positive in all patients in whom it was measured and increased equally in both groups. Seven of the 20 patients in the protein group and 1 of 17 in the BCAA group developed encephalopathy of stage 2 or greater (p less than 0.05). Changes in each component of the portal-systemic encephalopathy syndrome were compared, and differences were statistically significant for mental status grade (p less than 0.01), asterixis (p less than 0.05), Portal-systemic encephalopathy index (p less than 0.01), but insignificant for Number Connection Test, EEG or ammonia. Plasma amino acid profiles showed an increase in BCAA in the study group. Thus, oral BCAA supplements appear to induce positive nitrogen balance to approximately the same degree as an equivalent amount of dietary protein without inducing encephalopathy as frequently.
Symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation : speciation and morphogenesis (1991)

A departure from mainstream biology, the idea of symbiosis - as in the genetic and metabolic interactions of the bacterial communities that became the earliest eukaryotes and eventually evolved into plants and animals - has attracted the attention of a growing number of scientists.These original contributions by symbiosis biologists and evolutionary theorists address the adequacy of the prevailing neo-Darwinian concept of evolution in the light of growing evidence that hereditary symbiosis, supplemented by the gradual accumulation of heritable mutation, results in the origin of new species and morphological novelty. They include reports of current research on the evolutionary consequences of symbiosis, the protracted physical association between organisms of different species. Among the issues considered are individuality and evolution, microbial symbioses, animal bacterial symbioses, and the importance of symbiosis in cell evolution, ecology, and morphogenesis.Lynn Margulis, Distinguished Professor of Botany at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, is the modern originator of the symbiotic theory of cell evolution. Once considered heresy, her ideas are now part of the microbiological revolution. Rene Fester is a graduate student in the biological sciences at Northern Arizona University.Contributors: Peter Atsatt. Richard C. Back. David Bermudes. Paola Bonfante-Fasolo. Rene Fester. Lynda J. Goff. Anne-Marie Grenier. Ricardo Guerrero. Robert H. Haynes. Rosmarie Honegger. Gregory Hinkle. Kwang W. Jeon. Bryce Kendrick. Richard Law. David Lewis. Lynn Margulis. John Maynard Smith. Margaret J. McFall-Ngai. Paul Nardon. Kenneth H. Nealson. Kris Pirozynski. Peter W. Price. Mary Beth Saffo. Jan Sapp. Silvano Scannerini. Werner Schwemmler. Sorin Sonea. Toomas H. Tiivel. Robert K. Trench. Russell Vetter.
The Promise of Nanomagnetics and Spintronics for Future Logic and Universal Memory (2010)

This paper is both a review of some recent developments in the utilization of magnetism for applications to logic and memory and a description of some new innovations in nanomagnetics and spintronics. Nanomagnetics is primarily based on the magnetic interactions, while spintronics is primarily concerned with devices that utilize spin polarized currents. With the end of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) in sight, nanomagnetics can provide a new paradigm for information process using the principles of magnetic quantum cellular automata (MQCA). This paper will review and describe these principles and then introduce a new nonlithographic method of producing reconfigurable arrays of MQCAs and/or storage bits that can be configured electrically. Furthermore, this paper will provide a brief description of magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), the first mainstream spintronic nonvolatile random access memory and project how far its successor spin transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) can go to provide a truly universal memory that can in principle replace most, if not all, semiconductor memories in the near future. For completeness, a description of an all-metal logic architecture based on magnetoresistive structures (transpinnor) will be described as well as some approaches to logic using magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs).
Real-time optical image processing by synthesis of the coherence function using real-time holography (1996)

We have proposed an optical information processing technique by synthesis of the optical coherence function utilizing direct frequency modulation of a laser diode. In the former system, however, a silver halide holographic plate was used, so wet developing process was required. In this letter, real-time holography is adopted by using a liquid crystal spatial light modulator, which enables real-time processing. This system does not require any mechanically moving part nor electrical calculation in the processing procedure. Selective extraction of a 2-dimensional image from a 3-dimensional object is successfully demonstrated in real-time.
Holographic Formation of Electro-Optical Polymer-Liquid Crystal Photonic Crystals (2002)

The single-step fabrication of 3D electro-optical photonic crystals is described. Holographic polymerization of a monomer–liquid crystal mixture is employed, whereby liquid crystal separates as nanoscale droplets at crystal lattice or interstitial points within a crosslinked polymer matrix. The Figure shows the laser intensity pattern in the xy-plane for recording an orthorhombic photonic crystal.