gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increased Neutrophil Elastase, Persistent Intravascular Coagulation, and Decreased Fibrinolytic Activity in Patients with Posttraumatic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (1997)

We provide precise information on the time course of neutrophil elastase, PAI-1, and DIC in trauma patients with ARDS and those at risk of developing this syndrome. Neutrophil activation and persistent intravascular coagulation as well as impaired fibrinolysis may play a role in the pathogenesis of posttraumatic ARDS.
Simultaneous Immunization of Young Children against Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (1950)

Simultaneous Immunization of Young Children against Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis Experience in a Northern Metropolitan Area Affiliation Louis W. Sauer, and Winston H. Tucker CopyRight*Presented at a Joint Session of the Epidemiology, Health Officers, Laboratory, and Maternal and Child Health Section of the American Public Health Association at the Seventy-seventh Annual Meeting in New York, N. Y., October 25, 1949. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.40.6.681 Published Online: August 29, 2011
Two Separate Quorum-Sensing Systems Upregulate Transcription of the Same ABC Transporter inStreptococcus pneumoniae (2004)

Streptococcus pneumoniae secretes two different peptide pheromones used for intercellular communication. These peptides, which have completely unrelated primary structures, activate two separate signal transduction pathways, ComABCDE and BlpABCSRH, which regulate natural genetic transformation and bacteriocin production, respectively. Each signal transduction pathway contains a response regulator (ComE and BlpR, respectively) that activates transcription of target genes by binding to similar, but not identical, imperfect direct repeat motifs. In general the direct repeat binding sites are specific for one or the other of the two response regulators, ensuring that competence development and bacteriocin production are regulated separately. However, in the present study we show that the rate of transcription of an operon, encoding an ABC transporter of unknown function, can be stimulated by both peptide pheromones. We also show that this cross-induction is due to a hybrid direct repeat motif that can respond to both ComE and BlpR. To our knowledge this kind of convergent gene regulation by two separate two-component regulatory systems has not been described before in bacteria.
Caged Molecules: Principles and Practical Considerations (2006)

A caged molecule is an inert but photosensitive molecule that is transformed by photolysis into a biologically active molecule at high speed (typically 1 msec). The process is referred to as photorelease. The spatial resolution of photorelease is limited by the properties of light; submicrometer resolution is potentially achievable. Therefore, focal photorelease of caged molecules enables one to control biological processes with high spatio-temporal precision. The principles underlying caged molecules as well as practical considerations for their use are discussed in this unit.
Robust Dialog Management with N-Best Hypotheses Using Dialog Examples and Agenda (2008)

This work presents an agenda-based approach to improve the robustness of the dialog manager by using dialog examples and n-best recognition hypotheses. This approach supports n-best hypotheses in the dialog manager and keeps track of the dialog state using a discourse interpretation algorithm with the agenda graph and focus stack. Given the agenda graph and n-best hypotheses, the system can predict the next system actions to maximize multi-level score functions. To evaluate the proposed method, a spoken dialog system for a building guidance robot was developed. Preliminary evaluation shows this approach would be effective to improve the robustness of example-based dialog modeling. 1
Six stroma-based RNA markers diagnostic for prostate cancer in European-Americans validated at the RNA and protein levels in patients in China (2015)

We previously analyzed human prostate tissue containing stroma near to tumor and from cancer-negative tissues of volunteers. Over 100 candidate gene expression differences were identified and used to develop a classifier that could detect nearby tumor with an accuracy of 97% (sensitivity = 98% and specificity = 88%) based on 364 independent test cases from primarily European American cases. These stroma-based gene signatures have the potential to identify cancer patients among those with negative biopsies. In this study, we used prostate tissues from Chinese cases to validate six of these markers (CAV1, COL4A2, HSPB1, ITGB3, MAP1A and MCAM). In validation by real-time PCR, four genes (COL4A2, HSPB1, ITGB3, and MAP1A) demonstrated significantly lower expression in tumor-adjacent stroma compared to normal stroma (p value ≤ 0.05). Next, we tested whether these expression differences could be extended to the protein level. In IHC assays, all six selected proteins showed lower expression in tumor-adjacent stroma compared to the normal stroma, of which COL4A2, HSPB1 and ITGB3 showed significant differences (p value ≤ 0.05). These results suggest that biomarkers for diagnosing prostate cancer based on tumor microenvironment may be applicable across multiple racial groups.
The Efficacy and Safety of Donepezil in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: Results of a US Multicentre, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (1996)

This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with mild to moderately severe Alzheimer's disease, and examined the relationships between plasma donepezil concentration, red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and clinical response. The trial was of a multicenter, double-blind, parallel-group design and patients were randomised to once-daily treatment with either donepezil (1, 3 or 5 mg) or placebo. The 12-week double-blind phase was followed by a 2-week single-blind placebo washout. 161 patients (55-85 years of age) entered the study and 141 completed treatment. Patients treated with donepezil showed dose-related improvements in the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale score (ADAS-cog) and in MMSF scores. The improvements in ADAS-cog were statistically significantly greater with donepezil 5 mg/day than with placebo. There was a 50% reduction in the percentage of patients showing clinical decline with donepezil at 5 mg/day (11%) relative to placebo (20%). In addition, a statistically significant correlation between plasma concentrations of donepezil and AChE inhibition was demonstrated. A plateau of inhibition (76-84%) was reached at plasma donepezil concentrations > 50 ng/ml. The correlation between plasma drug concentrations and ADAS-cog (p = 0.014), MMSE (p = 0.023) and patient quality of life scores, assessed by the patient (p = 0.037) were also statistically significant, as was the correlation between AChE inhibition and change in ADAS-cog (p = 0.008). The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events with all three dosages of donepezil (64-68%) was comparable to that observed with placebo (65%). Donepezil had no clinically significant effect on vital signs, haematology or clinical biochemistry tests. Importantly, donepezil was not associated with any hepatotoxicity, as observed with acridine-based cholinesterase inhibitors.
Positive strands to the rescue again: A segmented negative-strand RNA virus derived from cloned cDNAs (1996)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Should Atrazine and Related Chlorotriazines Be Considered Carcinogenic for Human Health Risk Assessment? (2011)

Chloro-s-triazines have been a mainstay of preemergent pesticides for a number of decades and have generally been regarded as having low human toxicity. Atrazine, the major pesticide in this class, has been extensively studied. In a number of experimental studies, exposure to high doses of atrazine resulted in increased weight loss not attributable to decreased food intake. Chronic studies of atrazine and simazine and their common metabolites show an elevated incidence of mammary tumors only in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. On the basis of the clear tumor increase in female SD rats, atrazine was proposed to be classified as a likely human carcinogen by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1999. With Fischer rats, all strains of mice, and dogs, there was no evidence of increased incidence of atrazine-associated tumors of any type. Evidence related to the pivotal role of hormonal control of the estrus cycle in SD rats appears to indicate that the mechanism for mammary tumor induction is specific to this strain of rats and thus is not relevant to humans. In humans the menstrual cycle is controlled by estrogen released by the ovary rather than depending on the LH surge, as estrus is in SD rats. However, the relevance of the tumors to humans continues to be debated based on endocrine effects of triazines. No strong evidence exists for atrazine mutagenicity, while there is evidence of clastogenicity at elevated concentrations. Atrazine does not appear to interact strongly with estrogen receptors α or β but may interact with putative estrogen receptor GPR30 (G-protein-coupled receptor). A large number of epidemiologic studies conducted on manufacturing workers, pesticide applicators, and farming families do not indicate that triazines are carcinogenic in these populations. A rat-specific hormonal mechanism for mammary tumors has now been accepted by US EPA, International Agency for Research on Cancer, and the European Union. Chlorotriazines do influence endocrine responses, but their potential impact on humans appears to be primarily on reproduction and development and is not related to carcinogenesis.
Geodesic active contours (2002)

A novel scheme for the detection of object boundaries is presented. The technique is based on active contours deforming according to intrinsic geometric measures of the image. The evolving contours naturally split and merge, allowing the simultaneous detection of several objects and both interior and exterior boundaries. The proposed approach is based on the relation between active contours and the computation of geodesics or minimal distance curves. The minimal distance curve lays in a Riemannian space whose metric as defined by the image content. This geodesic approach for object segmentation allows to connect classical "snakes" based on energy minimization and geometric active contours based on the theory of curve evolution. Previous models of geometric active contours are improved as showed by a number of examples. Formal results concerning existence, uniqueness, stability, and correctness of the evolution are presented as well.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Level of Maternal IgG Anti–Group B Streptococcus Type III Antibody Correlated with Protection of Neonates against Early‐Onset Disease Caused by This Pathogen (2004)

The present study estimates the level of maternal immunoglobulin (Ig) G anti-group B streptococcus (GBS) type III required to protect neonates against early-onset disease (EOD) caused by this pathogen. Levels of maternal serum IgG anti-GBS type III, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in 26 case patients (neonates with EOD caused by GBS type III) and 143 matched control subjects (neonates colonized by GBS type III who did not develop EOD) of > or = 34 weeks gestation were compared. The probability of EOD decreased with increasing levels of maternal IgG anti-GBS type III (P = .01). Neonates whose mothers had > or = 10 microg/mL IgG anti-GBS type III had a 91% lower risk for EOD, compared with those whose mothers had levels of < 2 microg/mL. A vaccine that induces IgG anti-GBS type III levels of > or = 10 microg/mL in mothers can be predicted to offer a significant degree of protection against EOD caused by this pathogen.
Exaggerated behavioral phenotypes in Fmr1/Fxr2 double knockout mice reveal a functional genetic interaction between Fragile X-related proteins (2006)

Individuals affected by Fragile X syndrome (FXS) experience cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, attention deficits, social anxiety and autistic-like behaviors. FXS results from the loss of expression of the Fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene, whose protein product FMRP is thought to play an important role in neuronal function and synaptic plasticity. Two paralogs of FMRP, FXR1P and FXR2P, have been identified, forming the Fragile X-related (FXR) family of proteins. Although the functions of FXR1P and FXR2P are not well understood, there are similarities among all three FXR proteins in gene structure, amino acid sequence, expression pattern and cellular functions. Mouse models have been described for loss of Fmrp, Fxr1p and Fxr2p, the mouse homologs of FMRP, FXR1P and FXR2P. In earlier studies, we found that Fmr1 knockout (KO) mice, which do not express Fmrp, and Fxr2 KO mice, which do not express Fxr2p, show similarities in some behavioral responses such as hyperactivity. To better understand the functional relationship between FMRP and FXR2P, we generated Fmr1 KO, Fxr2 KO, Fmr1/Fxr2 double KO and wild-type control mice as littermates on the same genetic background and examined them in several behavioral assays. Results show that Fmr1/Fxr2 double KO mice have exaggerated behavioral phenotypes in open-field activity, prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle response and contextual fear conditioning when compared with Fmr1 KO mice, Fxr2 KO mice or wild-type littermates. Our findings suggest that Fmr1 and Fxr2 genes contribute in a cooperative manner to pathways controlling locomotor activity, sensorimotor gating and cognitive processes.
The role of serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in protection against challenge infection with influenza A2 and B viruses (1972)

The intranasal inoculation of volunteers with living partially attenuated strains of influenza A and B viruses offers a new opportunity to determine the protective effect of serum haemagglutin-inhibiting antibody against a strictly homologous virus, under conditions where the time and dosage of the infective challenge can be controlled, the scoring of proven infections can be more precise and higher rates of infection can be achieved than in most natural epidemics.In 1032 adult volunteers, whose serum HI antibody titre was determined immediately before virus challenge, there was a consistent inverse quantitative relationship between the HI titre and the likelihood of infection. The PD 50 (50% protective dose) of HI antibody was 1/18-1/36, but an unusual finding was that volunteers with no detectable pre-challenge antibody often seem to be less susceptible to infection than those with pre-challenge antibody in low titre.In one group of volunteers challenged with an influenza B strain there was no evidence that pre-challenge antibody titres against viral neuraminidase had any significant protective effect against challenge infection.
How we treat Richter syndrome (2014)

Richter syndrome (RS) is defined as the transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) into an aggressive lymphoma, most commonly diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). RS occurs in approximately 2% to 10% of CLL patients during the course of their disease, with a transformation rate of 0.5% to 1% per year. A combination of germline genetic characteristics, clinical features (eg, advanced Rai stage), biologic (ζ-associated protein-70(+), CD38(+), CD49d(+)) and somatic genetic (del17p13.1 or del11q23.1) characteristics of CLL B cells, and certain CLL therapies are associated with higher risk of RS. Recent studies have also identified the crucial role of CDKN2A loss, TP53 disruption, C-MYC activation, and NOTCH1 mutations in the transformation from CLL to RS. An excisional lymph node biopsy is considered the gold standard for diagnosis of RS; a (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scan can help inform the optimal site for biopsy. Approximately 80% of DLBCL cases in patients with CLL are clonally related to the underlying CLL, and the median survival for these patients is approximately 1 year. In contrast, the remaining 20% of patients have a clonally unrelated DLBCL and have a prognosis similar to that of de novo DLBCL. For patients with clonally related DLBCL, induction therapy with either an anthracycline- or platinum-based regimen is the standard approach. Postremission stem cell transplantation should be considered for appropriate patients. This article summarizes our approach to the clinical management of CLL patients who develop RS.
Substituent effects on the rate and mechanism of the decomposition of phenyliodine dicarboxylates (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSubstituent effects on the rate and mechanism of the decomposition of phenyliodine dicarboxylatesJ. E. Leffler, D. C. Ward, and A. BurdurogluCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 15, 5339–5341Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00770a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00770a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views262Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Quinolones: from antibiotics to autoinducers (2010)

Since quinine was first isolated, animals, plants and microorganisms producing a wide variety of quinolone compounds have been discovered, several of which possess medicinally interesting properties ranging from antiallergenic and anticancer to antimicrobial activities. Over the years, these have served in the development of many synthetic drugs, including the successful fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related bacteria produce a number of 2-alkyl-4(1H)-quinolones, some of which exhibit antimicrobial activity. However, quinolones such as the Pseudomonas quinolone signal and 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline act as quorum-sensing signal molecules, controlling the expression of many virulence genes as a function of cell population density. Here, we review selectively this extensive family of bicyclic compounds, from natural and synthetic antimicrobials to signalling molecules, with a special emphasis on the biology of P. aeruginosa. In particular, we review their nomenclature and biochemistry, their multiple properties as membrane-interacting compounds, inhibitors of the cytochrome bc(1) complex and iron chelators, as well as the regulation of their biosynthesis and their integration into the intricate quorum-sensing regulatory networks governing virulence and secondary metabolite gene expression.
Polyamine-based analogues as biochemical probes and potential therapeutics (2007)

The polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are ubiquitous polycationic compounds that are found in nearly every cell type, and are required to support a wide variety of cellular functions. The existence of multiple cellular effector sites for naturally occurring polyamines implies that there are numerous targets for polyamine-based therapeutic agents. Through a programme aimed at the synthesis and evaluation of biologically active polyamine analogues, our laboratory has identified three distinct structural classes of polyamine derivatives that exhibit promising biological activity in vitro. We have synthesized more than 200 symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted alkylpolyamines that possess potent antitumour or antiparasitic activity, depending on their backbone architecture and terminal alkyl substituents. Along similar lines, we have developed novel polyamino(bis)guanidines and polyaminobiguanides that are promising antitrypanosomal agents and that interfere with biofilm formation in the pathogenic bacterium Yersinia pestis. Finally, we recently reported a series of PAHAs (polyaminohydroxamic acids) and PABAs (polyaminobenzamides) that inhibit HDACs (histone deacetylases), and in some cases are selective for individual HDAC isoforms. These studies support the hypothesis that polyamine-based small molecules can be developed for use as biochemical probes and as potential therapies for multiple diseases.
ALDH1 as a Functional Marker of Cancer Stem and Progenitor Cells (2008)

Stem cells have now been described in a variety of tissues, even in those where the cells' turn over rate is slow, such as the brain and the resting mammary gland. There is also accumulating evidence that tumors are derived from and are maintained by a rare population of dysregulated stem cells. However, discrepancies in the markers used and reported have slowed down the functional characterization of these somatic stem cells. To circumvent this challenging issue, universal stem cell markers with properties common to all stem cell types must be discovered and exploited. In line with this idea, the measurement of aldehyde dehydrogenase isoform 1 (ALDH1) activity shows promising potential as a universal marker for the identification and isolation of stem cells from multiple sources. Herein, we review the available data reporting utilization of ALDH1 activity as a means to identify and isolate stem cells and cancer stem cells, with a special focus on the mammary gland and breast cancer.