gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expanding the utilization of sustainable plant products in aquafeeds: a review (2007)

Continued growth and intensification of aquaculture production depends upon the development of sustainable protein sources to replace fish meal in aquafeeds. This document reviews various plant feedstuffs, which currently are or potentially may be incorporated into aquafeeds to support the sustainable production of various fish species in aquaculture. The plant feedstuffs considered include oilseeds, legumes and cereal grains, which traditionally have been used as protein or energy concentrates as well as novel products developed through various processing technologies. The nutritional composition of these various feedstuffs are considered along with the presence of any bioactive compounds that may positively or negatively affect the target organism. Lipid composition of these feedstuffs is not specifically considered although it is recognized that incorporating lipid supplements in aquafeeds to achieve proper fatty acid profiles to meet the metabolic requirements of fish and maximize human health benefits are important aspects. Specific strategies and techniques to optimize the nutritional composition of plant feedstuffs and limit potentially adverse effects of bioactive compounds are also described. Such information will provide a foundation for developing strategic research plans for increasing the use of plant feedstuffs in aquaculture to reduce dependence of animal feedstuffs and thereby enhance the sustainability of aquaculture.
Expression of Escherichia coli homoserine kinase in mouse 3T3 cells (1992)

The Escherichia coli gene for homoserine kinase (thrB) has been cloned into a simian-virus-40-based eukaryotic expression vector which also includes a neomycin-resistance gene. Mouse 3T3 cells transfected with this plasmid were selected for resistance and screened for homoserine kinase activity. It has thus been possible to isolate clones which are capable of accumulating homoserine O-phosphate when supplied with homoserine. In broken-cell preparations the kinetic constants for the production of homoserine O-phosphate were similar to those of the wild-type E. coli enzyme. These experiments demonstrate that E. coli homoserine kinase can be expressed in an animal cell and that it can successfully phosphorylate L-homoserine in the intact cell utilizing endogenous ATP.
A novel effector domain from the RNA-binding protein TLS or EWS is required for oncogenic transformation by CHOP. (1994)

In human myxoid liposarcoma, a chromosomal rearrangement leads to fusion of the growth-arresting and DNA-damage-inducible transcription factor CHOP (GADD153) to a peptide fragment encoded by the TLS gene. We have found that wild-type TLS and a closely related sarcoma-associated protein, EWS, are both abundant nuclear proteins that associate in vivo with products of RNA polymerase II transcription. This association leads to the formation of a ternary complex with other heterogeneous RNA-binding proteins (hnRNPs), such as A1 and C1/C2. An NIH-3T3-based transformation assay was used to study the oncogenic role of the sarcoma-associated domain of these RNA-binding proteins. Transduction of the TLS-CHOP oncogene into cells by means of a retroviral expression vector leads to loss of contact inhibition, acquisition of the ability to grow as colonies in soft agar, and tumor formation in nude mice. Mutations that interfere with the function of the leucine zipper dimerization domain or the adjacent basic region of CHOP abolish transformation. The essential role of the TLS component was revealed by the inability of truncated forms to fully transform cells. Domain swap between TLS- and EWS-associated oncogenes demonstrated that the component contributed by the RNA-binding proteins are functionally interchangeable, whereas the transcription factor component specifies tumor phenotype. The sarcoma-associated component of TLS and EWS contribute a strong transcriptional activation domain to the fusion proteins; however, transforming activity cannot be fully substituted by fusion of CHOP to other strong trans-activators. The juxtaposition of a novel effector domain from sarcoma-associated RNA-binding proteins to the targeting domain of transcription factors such as CHOP leads to the creation of a potent oncogene.
Immunohistochemical mapping of cellular and subcellular distribution of 5-HT1A receptors in rat and human kidneys (1993)

Northern blotting studies have demonstrated mRNA for the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor in human neonatal kidney (B. K. Kobilka, T. Frielle, S. Collins, T. Yang-Feng, T. S. Kobilka, U. Francke, R. J. Lefkowitz, and M. G. Caron. Nature Lond. 329: 75-79, 1987). To confirm expression of receptor protein in kidney, we raised antibodies to two peptides derived from the third intracellular loop of the human 5-HT1A receptor. Specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) was purified sequentially on protein A-Sepharose and peptide-Affigel 10 columns. Each IgG was able to: 1) quantitatively immunoprecipitate [3H]8-OH-2-(di-n-propylamino)1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene ([3H]8-OH-DPAT)-labeled human and rat receptors; 2) immunoblot a new protein in cells transfected with human 5-HT1A receptor DNA; and 3) immunoautoradiographically label areas of rat brain (frontal cortex, hippocampus, and lateral septum) in a highly characteristic pattern similar to that labeled by 125I-Bolton-Hunter-8-methoxy-2-(N-propyl-N-propylamino)Tetralin, a specific 5-HT1A receptor autoradiography ligand. By use of a light microscopic immunoperoxidase labeling technique, incubation of each IgG antibody with sections of rat and human kidney demonstrated an identical pattern of immunoreactivity. Specific labeling of basolateral plasma membranes was detected throughout medullary and cortical thick ascending limbs (TAL), in distal convoluted tubules (DCT), in connecting tubule cells of the connecting tubule, and in principal cells of the initial collecting tubule. There was no labeling in the inner medulla, glomeruli, or blood vessels. The labeling was blocked by preincubation with the corresponding peptide, but not with noncorresponding peptide or carrier protein. There was no labeling with preimmune IgG. Electron microscopic immunoperoxidase labeling confirmed the specific localization of the IgG antibody along the basolateral plasma membrane in all positively staining cells in rat kidney. Radioligand binding studies with the specific 5-HT1A receptor ligand [3H]8-OH-DPAT confirmed the presence of 5-HT1A receptor binding sites in bulk-isolated rat medullary TAL. These studies provide the first evidence that the 5-HT1A receptor is expressed on the basolateral surface of TAL and DCT cells of human and rat kidney. The specific localization to these cells suggests a possible role for the 5-HT1A receptor in the regulation of salt and water transport in mammalian kidney.
Age is no kinder to the better educated: absence of an association investigated using latent growth techniques in a community sample (2001)

Education may not protect against cognitive decline although it is associated with long-term individual differences in level of functioning. The discrepancy between our study and others may be attributable to attrition effects, follow-up length, sample age, scaling artefacts and negative publication bias. Most importantly, practice effects may favour the better educated and hence account for the supposed protective effect in many longitudinal studies of cognitive change.
Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication by Phosphonoformate- and Phosphonoacetate-2',3'-Dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine Conjugates (1994)

The synthesis of potential "combined prodrugs" where phosphonoformic acid (PFA) or phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) was attached to the 5'-O or N4 position of 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (BCH-189) is described. The anti-HIV-1 activity of 11 analogues which included carboxylic ester or phosphoric ester linkages of PFA or PAA to BCH-189 was determined in MT-4 cells. Of these compounds, the IC50 of analogues 3, 4, 6, and 7 ranged from 0.2 to 100 microM, while IC50 for BCH-189 in this system was 0.1 microM. In vitro hydrolysis of the various esters or amides in human plasma indicated that these agents were relatively stable in the presence of plasma esterases with t1/2 values of up to 120 min. Moreover, lipophilicity of these compounds (partition coefficient) was determined in order to establish correlation between lipophilicity and diffusion of BCH-189 analogues into the cells. The active compounds may exert their effects by extracellular or intracellular hydrolysis to the corresponding antiviral agent BCH-189, but intrinsic anti-HIV-1 activity of some of PAA and PFA adducts, themselves, may also be involved.
Bitcoin: Technical Background and Data Analysis (2014)

This paper provides the necessary technical background to understand basic Bitcoin operations and documents a set of empirical regularities related to Bitcoin usage. We present the micro-structure of the Bitcoin transaction process and highlight the use of cryptography for the purposes of transaction security and distributed maintenance of a ledger. Using publicly available transaction-level data, we examine patterns of general usage together with usage by Satoshi Dice, the largest online gambling service using Bitcoin as the method of payment. Our analysis suggests that less than 50 percent of all bitcoins in circulation are used in transactions. About half of these transactions involve less than U.S.$100 equivalent, and for the period for which we have data for Satoshi Dice, most of these small-value transactions were related to the online gambling service. Relatively less frequent large value transactions drive the average transaction value to levels above U.S.$40,00 0 equivalent value, and are not likely to involve payments for goods and services. Bitcoin exchange rates exhibit somewhat complicated dynamics. In the past 24 months, the USD-BTC exchange rate increased more than 50-fold. The daily variance of the USD-BTC exchange rate remained remarkably stable for this same period, once the variance calculations account for the changing exchange rate level. We also document that the exchange rates between bitcoin and other major currencies are not well aligned. We interpret this as lack of depth of the exchange markets and as costly exchange rather than as unexploited arbitrage opportunities. Finally, we examine the economic incentives for the participants in the distributed implementation of the Bitcoin scheme.
Improving Web site design (2002)

Using quantitative measures of the informational, navigational, and graphical aspects of a Web site, a quality checker aims to help nonprofessional designers improve their Web sites. As part of the WebTango project, we explore automated approaches for helping designers improve their sites. Our goal is to create an interactive tool that helps steer occasional Web site builders away from bad designs and toward better ones - a "quality checker" tool, analogous to a grammar checker in a word processor. What distinguishes our work from most others is that this tool is based on empirically derived measures computed over thousands of Web pages. We converted these measures, which characterize the informational, navigational, and graphical aspects of a Web site, into profiles for a variety of site types. Our rudimentary design-checking tool uses these profiles to assess Web site designs; future versions will also suggest design improvements.
Participatory Visualization with Wordle (2009)

We discuss the design and usage of "Wordle," a web-based tool for visualizing text. Wordle creates tag-cloud-like displays that give careful attention to typography, color, and composition. We describe the algorithms used to balance various aesthetic criteria and create the distinctive Wordle layouts. We then present the results of a study of Wordle usage, based both on spontaneous behaviour observed in the wild, and on a large-scale survey of Wordle users. The results suggest that Wordles have become a kind of medium of expression, and that a "participatory culture" has arisen around them.
Indolocarbazole-Based Foldamers Capable of Binding Halides in Water (2008)

A series of indolocarbazole-based foldamers have been prepared which can fold into a helical array with an internal cavity encircled by multiple indole NHs, thus allowing for binding anions by hydrogen bonds. The helical folding has been confirmed by computer modeling, 1H NMR spectroscopy, 2D ROESY experiments, and binding studies. A water-soluble derivative binds small, hydrophilic anions in the order Cl- > F- > Br- but negligibly with large, diffuse anions such as I- and ClO4-. Interestingly, the relative binding affinities of the fluoride and chloride ions in water are opposite to each other in an organic medium 4:1 (v/v) DMSO/MeOH, possibly due to the difference in the competing solvation energy.
Chlorophyll Breakdown in Senescent Leaves (1996)

The biosynthetic pathway of Chl, probably the most important pigment in the biosphere, has been studied in considerable detail and is mentioned in plant physiology textbooks. Oddly enough, however, the breakdown of Chl is barely mentioned. Yet, as pointed out by Hendry et al. (1987), an estimated one billion tons of Chl are broken down every year, seemingly without leaving a trace. The only enzyme that is taught is chlorophyllase, discovered by Arthur Stoll in 1912, which cleaves Chl into phytol and Chlide, the Mg-porphyrin moiety of Chl. For most of the subsequent 80 years, chlorophyllase has been the only known part of the catabolic system. Until quite recently a11 the subsequent steps of Chlide breakdown remained undiscovered because no one was able to identify the breakdown products. We now know that the reason these products remained undetected is quite trivial: they are colorless. In mammals, the bile pigments biliverdin and bilirubin are colored breakdown products of heme; by analogy, plant biochemists may have expected the breakdown products of Chlide to be colored as well, but this is not the case, which is probably why they were overlooked for so long. The identification of the structures of these colorless catabolites has, in the last few years, led to the elucidation of the pathway of Chl catabolism in the senescing leaves of higher plants.
Diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (2009)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the commonest cancers worldwide, particularly in parts of the developing world, and is increasing in incidence. This article reviews the current modalities employed for the diagnosis of HCC, including serum markers, radiological techniques and histological evaluation, and summarises international guidelines for the diagnostic approach to HCC.
Fungicidal properties of defensin NP-1 and activity against Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro (1993)

Defensin NP-1, derived from the neutrophils of rabbits, was tested for its fungistatic and fungicidal activity against strains of Cryptococcus neoformans. The MICs for the encapsulated strains tested ranged from 3.75 to 15.0 micrograms of NP-1 per ml. The minimum fungicidal concentrations for these strains were similar to the MICs. An acapsular strain, however, had a lower MIC of 0.93 and minimum fungicidal concentration of 1.88 micrograms/ml. NP-1 demonstrated time-dependent and concentration-dependent killing of C. neoformans. Killing occurred rapidly in the first 20 min of exposure to NP-1 and was maximum at 90 to 120 min. Killing of C. neoformans by NP-1 was concentration dependent with 31% +/- 9% survival at 25 micrograms/ml, 13% +/- 4% survival at 50 micrograms/ml, 9% +/- 5% survival at 75 micrograms/ml, and 5% +/- 3% survival at 100 micrograms/ml. NP-1's fungicidal effect on C. neoformans was also inoculum dependent, with increased activity observed at 10(4) versus 10(5) or 10(6) cells per ml. In addition, stationary-phase C. neoformans was less susceptible to NP-1 killing than yeast cells in the logarithmic phase. Subinhibitory concentrations of both NP-1 (0.25 x MIC) and fluconazole (0.25 x MIC) acted synergistically in inhibiting growth of C. neoformans. Similar combinations of NP-1 and amphotericin B, however, did not yield synergy.
Giant Kerr nonlinearities obtained by electromagnetically induced transparency (1996)

We analyze a cross-phase modulation (XPM) scheme that exhibits a giant, resonantly enhanced nonlinearity, along with vanishing linear susceptibilities. The proposed atomic system uses an electromagnetically induced transparency and is limited only by two-photon absorption. We predict dramatic improvement by several orders of magnitude for conditional phase shifts in XPM, and the system has possible applications in quantum nondemolition measurements and for quantum logic gates.
Memory Activity of LIP Neurons for Sequential Eye Movements Simulated With Neural Networks (2000)

Many neurons in macaque lateral intraparietal cortex (LIP) maintain elevated activity induced by visual or auditory targets during tasks in which monkeys are required to withhold one or more planned eye movements. We studied the mechanisms for such memory activity with neural network modeling. Recurrent connections among simulated LIP neurons were used to model memory responses of LIP neurons. The connection weights were computed using an optimization procedure to produce desired outputs in memory-saccade tasks. One constraint for the training process is the "single-purpose" rule, which mimics the fact that once LIP neurons hold the memory activity of a saccade, they are insensitive to further stimuli until the motor action is completed. After training, excitatory connections were developed between units with similar preferred saccade directions, while inhibitory connections were formed between units with dissimilar directions. This "push-pull" mechanism enables the network to encode the next intended eye movement and is essential for programming sequential saccades. In simulating double saccades, the push-pull connections locked the on-going activity in the network for the first saccade until the saccade was made, then a new population of units became active to prepare for the second saccade. The simulated LIP neurons exhibited sensory responses and memory activities similar to those recorded in LIP neurons. We propose that push-pull recurrent connections might be the basic structure mediating the memory activity of area LIP in planning sequential eye movements.
Fludarabine-Based Nonmyeloablative Stem Cell Transplantation for Sickle Cell Disease with and without Renal Failure: Clinical Outcome and Pharmacokinetics (2007)

End-organ damage is common in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) thereby limiting the use of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). We report the outcome of 2 adult SCD patients, 1 with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), who underwent fludarabine-based nonmyeloablative SCT from HLA-identical matched siblings. To prevent fludarabine toxicity, the patient with ESRD underwent aggressive dialysis following adjusted fludarabine dosing. Pharmacokinetics of the fludarabine metabolite F-Ara-A was studied on the patient with ESRD and 2 additional patients with normal renal function. Both patients with SCD achieved full donor erythroid chimerism, have normal blood counts, and are on no immunosuppressive medications. With a 20% dose reduction followed by daily dialysis, we achieved fludarabine drug exposure that is nearly identical to that achieved in patients with normal renal function. We conclude that fludarabine-based nonmyeloablative allogeneic SCT for adult patients with SCD is feasible, even in the setting of ESRD.
Monochromatic‐red‐light emission of novel copolymers containing carbazole units and europium–acrylate complexes (2000)

Nearly monochromatic-red-light-emitting polymers with pendant carbazole and europium (Eu) complex were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared, elemental analysis (EA), 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV, and gel permeation chromatography. The photoluminescence and electroluminescence (EL) properties of these polymers were investigated. A single-layer light-emitting-diode device of the structure (indium tin oxide/polymer P4/Al) was fabricated, showing the characteristic bright-red EL of the Eu3+ complex at 614 nm at a turn-on voltage of about 17 V. The EL spectrum, current–voltage, and emission-intensity–voltage characteristics of the device were measured. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 3405–3411, 2000
Mericitabine and ritonavir‐boosted danoprevir with or without ribavirin in treatment‐naive HCV genotype 1 patients: INFORM ‐ SVR study (2014)

Mericitabine, danoprevir/r plus ribavirin for 24 weeks were safe and well tolerated. However, SVR rates were poor, achieving rates of only 25.0% in G1a and 63.6% in G1b patients.
Roles for Secondary Metabolites in Plants (2007)

More than about 20,000 secondary metabolites have now been identified and their isolation and characterization continues at an undiminishing rate. Although the production of most secondary metabolites is under genetic control, in relatively few cases have convincing arguments been put forward to rationalize their occurrence in terms of primary metabolic functions. Whatever the initial reason for their evolution, secondary metabolites are now an essential part of the armamentaria used by plants in the battle to survive and propagate, to the extent where the expenditure of energy, photosynthate and nutrients for their production can be demonstrated to be 'cost effective' for that. Their role may centre on defence of the producer against predators (herbivores), pathogens or competitors, on aid to pollination or seed dispersal, or on protection against or adaptation to extrinsic abiotic factors, or on combinations of these functions. Various examples are given in support of this argument.
The economic feasibility of modifying six conventional harvesting systems to recover logging residues for fuel and fiber (1979)

This analysis provides a relative ranking of six Southern harvesting systems in terms of the costs, capitalization, and operational feasibility of incorporating a Trelan Model C-14 portable chipper or a residue baler to recover logging residues for fuel and fiber on three Southern stand types. The six systems were also considered under six cutting regimes to allow for the varying management objectives employed by woods managers in the South. The Harvesting Systems Simulator was used to perform the analyses. Data was collected from members of the American Pulpwood Association and equipment manufacturers in the South to use as input for the simulations. Each combination of system, stand, and regime was considered in terms of eight factors designed to express system performance. Results of the analysis indicated that logging residue recovery was economically feasible in many Southern harvesting systems. As long as conventional products are merchandized and the flow of those products through the harvesting system is not interrupted, residue recovery will be profitable on most southern stand types. Clearcutting fqr energy and thinning for energy were not economical on any stand due to the loss of revenues from conventional products. As woody fuel prices go up, this situation will change. Results· showed that the machine energy required to produce the residue energy was minimal for all systems on all stands and in all regimes. This indicates that residue recovery is not only economically feasible but energy efficient as well.