gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Through the Pruneyard Coherently: Resolving the Collision of Private Property Rights and Nonemployee Union Access Claims (1994)

Since the enactment of the NLRA, courts, legislatures, the National Labor Relations Board, and commentators have all confronted the issue of nonemployee union access to private property. While some United States Supreme Court decisions have stated that Babcock & Wilcox and its progeny have struck the right balance, many commentators argue and some NLRB decisions imply-that courts have too frequently engaged in constrained decisionmaking that eviscerates the goals of collective bargaining, workplace democracy, egalitarianism and solidarity. 

Since the Pruneyard case, states increasingly have been called upon to confront poignant claims for enlarged access to private property based on freedom of expression rights. Unsurprisingly, many labor commentators, state courts, and some NLRB decisions have seized upon putative freedom of expression rights as a vehicle 1) to restrict property owners' right to exclude and 2) to enhance the To the contrary, public choice analysis indicates that the common good and the larger interest are not served by uncompensated expansions of nonemployee access. Public choice examination suggests that, as our laws and legal institutions embrace expanded nonemployee access, the likelihood of error, confusion, and incoherence rise. 

Moreover, since exclusive possession increases efficiency and productivity, restricting the right to exclude has a negative effect on the larger interest while, assuredly, regressively redistributing benefits in favor of a small, relatively affluent special interest group at the expense of groups such as nonunion workers, unemployed workers, consumers, and taxpayers who are relatively less affluent. This, of course, reaffirms the quintessential public choice conclusion that the relevant difference between markets and politics does not lie in the kinds of values/interests that persons pursue but in the conditions under which they pursue their various interests.' Accordingly, restricting property owners' rights to exclude can be seen as a blatant injustice.

While it is perhaps chimerical to believe that advocates of expanded access will be concerned by this injustice, the United States Supreme Court, by deploying a principled conception of private property rights precluding uncompensated takings of the right to exclude, can return justice, equity, and coherence to the Pruneyard, and thereby enhance the common good.
The Safety and Efficacy of Adefovir Dipivoxil, a Novel Anti‐Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Therapy, in HIV‐Infected Adults: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial (1997)

Adefovir dipivoxil is a novel nucleotide analogue with several promising in vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) characteristics. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was initiated involving 72 subjects with moderately advanced HIV disease. Subjects were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive adefovir dipivoxil or placebo as a once-daily oral dose for 6 weeks, followed by 6 weeks of open-label adefovir dipivoxil. Two dose levels were studied (125 mg and 250 mg). Adefovir dipivoxil was determined to be safe and well-tolerated when administered for 12 weeks. At week 6, changes in absolute CD4 T cell levels and HIV-1 RNA levels were significantly greater with adefovir dipivoxil than with placebo. These effects were sustained through 12 weeks of treatment. As determined by standard RNA sequencing techniques, only 1 of the 24 subjects who received adefovir dipivoxil (125 mg/day) developed any genotypic change from baseline.
Ultra-Low Thermal Conductivity in Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 (2014)

We report on the temperature dependence of thermal conductivity of single crystalline and polycrystalline organometallic perovskite CH3NH3PbI3. The comparable absolute values and temperature dependence of the two samples' morphologies indicate the minor role of the grain boundaries on the heat transport. Theoretical modeling demonstrates the importance of the resonant scattering in both specimens. The interaction between phonon waves and rotational degrees of freedom of CH3NH3(+) sublattice emerges as the dominant mechanism for attenuation of heat transport and for ultralow thermal conductivity of 0.5 W/(Km) at room temperature.
Real‐time reconstruction of endocardial potential maps in non‐contact cardiac mapping (2009)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe a numerical inversion technology developed to reconstruct endocardial electric potential maps on the internal surface of heart chambers utilizing intracavitary multi‐electrode catheter measurements. The objective is to perform the reconstruction real time with high accuracy, thereby allowing the incorporation of the technology into medical imaging systems. Design/methodology/approach Electrode potential points from several beats are merged in order to maximize the information extracted from the catheter measurements. To solve the ill‐posed inverse problem fast, numerically stable solution algorithms based on generalized Tikhonov regularization and bidiagonalization are developed. The latter algorithm also provides an efficient framework for choosing the regularization parameter optimally. Findings Results of three examples are presented to thoroughly illustrate the performance of the algorithm: one with synthetic data generated in a computational electromagnetics (virtual lab) environment, thereby allowing exact error analysis; another with measured data from a phantom‐bench human heart model where the effect of measurement errors can be investigated in a controlled environment; and a third example that illustrates how the algorithm performs when the catheter data are collected in vivo in a swine heart. Practical implications The speed and accuracy in the three examples successfully prove that the inversion technology can be a key component of medical imaging systems. Originality/value While some elements of these computational models and techniques presented have been used for decades, the authors achieve speed and accuracy that have not been reported before by combining multi‐beat catheter measurements, the generalized Tikhonov regularization technique, a bidiagonalization algorithm and other top‐notch linear algebra techniques.
Joanna Waley-Cohen, Exile in Mid-Qing China: Banishment to Xinjiang, 1758-1820, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. Pp. xv, 267. $32.50 (ISBN: 0-300-04827-0). (1992)

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Crystal structure of glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase from Escherichia coli (1998)

Crystal structures of glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) amidotransferase from Escherichia coli have been determined to 2.0-A resolution in the absence of ligands, and to 2.5-A resolution with the feedback inhibitor AMP bound to the PRPP catalytic site. Glutamine PRPP amidotransferase (GPATase) employs separate catalytic domains to abstract nitrogen from the amide of glutamine and to transfer nitrogen to the acceptor substrate PRPP. The unliganded and AMP-bound structures, which are essentially identical, are interpreted as the inhibited form of the enzyme because the two active sites are disconnected and the PRPP active site is solvent exposed. The structures were compared with a previously reported 3.0-A structure of the homologous Bacillus subtilis enzyme (Smith JL et al., 1994, Science 264:1427-1433). The comparison indicates a pattern of conservation of peptide structures involved with catalysis and variability in enzyme regulatory functions. Control of glutaminase activity, communication between the active sites, and regulation by feedback inhibitors are addressed differently by E. coli and B. subtilis GPATases. The E. coli enzyme is a prototype for the metal-free GPATases, whereas the B. subtilis enzyme represents the metal-containing enzymes. The structure of the E. coli enzyme suggests that a common ancestor of the two enzyme subfamilies may have included an Fe-S cluster.
A Miniature Biofuel Cell (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTA Miniature Biofuel CellTing Chen, Scott Calabrese Barton, Gary Binyamin, Zhiqiang Gao, Yongchao Zhang, Hyug-Han Kim, and Adam HellerView Author Information Department of Chemical Engineering and the Texas Materials Institute The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 35, 8630–8631Publication Date (Web):August 11, 2001Publication History Received30 May 2001Revised18 July 2001Published online11 August 2001Published inissue 1 September 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja0163164https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0163164rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5623Altmetric-Citations357LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Electrodes,Fuel cells,Peptides and proteins,Power,Redox reactions Get e-Alerts
Trace Metals and Fluoride in Bones and Teeth (2024)

Introduction. Microanalytical Methods for the Localization of Trace Metals in Bone. The Detection of Radioactive Trace Elements in Bone Sections by Autoradiography. Aluminium Accumulation in Bone. The Distribution and Behavior of Metals in the Skeleton and Body: Studies with Radionuclides. The Metabolism and Effects of Fluoride. A History of Heavy Metal Contamination of Human Bones. Lead in Human Bones and Teeth. Cadmium in Human Bones and Teeth. Metabolism of Trace Metals in Animals (Non-Essential Pollutant Metals). Metabolism of Trace Metals in Animals (Essential Trace Elements). Interaction of Chelating Agents with Bone. The In Vitro Uptake of Trace Elements by Hydroxyapatite. Trace Metal Complexing Organic Molecules in Bone and Teeth. The Accumulation of Trace Metals in Bone During Fossilization. Index,
ATP-stimulated tetraethylammonium transport by rabbit renal brush border membrane vesicles. (1993)

These studies examined the ability of ATP to stimulate transport of the organic cation tetraethylammonium (TEA) into proximal tubular brush border membrane vesicles. ATP markedly enhanced TEA uptake for 1 h or more to values severalfold above those observed in the absence of ATP. The poorly hydrolyzable analogue of ATP, AMP-PNP (adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate), reduced the effect of ATP but alone did not stimulate TEA uptake. GTP and ITP also stimulated TEA uptake, whereas other nucleotides did not. ATP-stimulated TEA uptake was saturable, temperature-dependent, and markedly reduced by the organic cations amiloride, quinidine, cimetidine, and verapamil, but only modestly reduced by the organic cations N'-methylnicotinamide and choline. Some inhibitors of other transport ATPases, including N-ethylmaleimide, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and oligomycin, reduced the effect of ATP, whereas ouabain, vanadate, and azide did not. 4,4'-Diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid also reduced TEA uptake in the presence of ATP. Vinblastine, but not actinomycin D and colchicine (all inhibitors of P-glycoprotein-mediated transport), reduced TEA uptake. The reduction of TEA transport by amiloride and cimetidine was most consistent with competitive inhibition, whereas the inhibition produced by N-ethylmaleimide and vinblastine evidently was not. ATP also stimulated uptake of N'-methylnicotinamide but not that of vinblastine. These studies have identified a previously unrecognized process by which ATP hydrolysis may directly energize the reabsorption of organic cations from the renal tubule lumen.
Structure, Assembly, and Function of the Spore Surface Layers (2007)

Endospores formed by Bacillus, Clostridia, and related genera are encased in a protein shell called the coat. In many species, including B. subtilis, the coat is the outermost spore structure, and in other species, such as the pathogenic organisms B. anthracis and B. cereus, the spore is encased in an additional layer called the exosporium. Both the coat and the exosporium have roles in protection of the spore and in its environmental interactions. Assembly of both structures is a function of the mother cell, one of two cellular compartments of the developing sporangium. Studies in B. subtilis have revealed that the timing of coat protein production, the guiding role of a small group of morphogenetic proteins, and several types of posttranslational modifications are essential for the fidelity of the assembly process. Assembly of the exosporium requires a set of novel proteins as well as homologues of proteins found in the outermost layers of the coat and of some of the coat morphogenetic factors, suggesting that the exosporium is a more specialized structure of a multifunctional coat. These and other insights into the molecular details of spore surface morphogenesis provide avenues for exploitation of the spore surface layers in applications for biotechnology and medicine.
A Robust Iterative Method for Born Inversion (2004)

We present a robust iterative method to solve the inverse scattering problem in cases where the Born approximation is valid. We formulate this linearized inverse problem in terms of the unknown material contrast and the unknown contrast sources and we solve the problem by minimizing a cost functional consisting of two terms. The first term represents the differences between the actual data and the modeled data, while the second term represents the misfit in the constitutive relations between the contrast sources and the incident fields. In each iteration, the contrast sources and the contrast are reconstructed alternatingly, using subsequently a conjugate gradient step for the contrast source updates and a direct inversion of a diagonal matrix for the contrast. A further regularization with a multiplicative regularization factor is discussed. In this regularization procedure the relative variation of the contrast is minimized as well. As a test case we consider the two-dimensional (2-D) transverse magnetic polarization problem. Synthetic numerical examples are presented in order to compare the presented algorithm to the traditional Born algorithm. Results with respect to the inversion of experimental data are presented as well. In addition, some inversion results for the subsurface sensing problem, both in two and three dimensions, are presented.
Fidelity ofThermococcus litoralisDNA polymerase (VentTM) in PCR determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (1991)

DNA synthesis fidelities of two thermostable DNA polymerases, Thermus aquaticus (Taq) and Thermococcus litoralis (Tli, also known as Vent), and a non-thermostable enzyme, a modified T7 DNA polymerase (Sequenase), were determined by analyzing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The error rates were 4.4, 8.9, and 2.4 x 10(-5) errors/bp for modified T7, Taq, and Tli polymerase, respectively. Reducing the nucleotide triphosphate concentration for Tli polymerase during PCR did not alter the fidelity. The ability of DGGE to detect a mutant present at several percent in a wild type population is related to the polymerase fidelity. To examine the sensitivity of mutant detection, human genomic DNA containing a 1% fraction of a known base pair substitution mutant was PCR-amplified with the three enzymes using primers that flank the mutant sequence. The PCR products were analyzed by DGGE. The signal from the mutant present at 1% was visible in the samples amplified with modified T7 and Tli polymerase, but the higher error rate of Taq polymerase did not permit visualization of the signal in DNA amplified with Taq polymerase.
Requirement of pro-sequence for the production of active subtilisin E in Escherichia coli. (1987)

Subtilisin E, an alkaline serine protease of Bacillus subtilis 168, is first produced as a precursor, pre-pro-subtilisin, which consists of a signal peptide for protein secretion (pre-sequence) and a peptide extension of 77 amino acid residues (pro-sequence) between the signal peptide and mature subtilisin. When the entire coding region for pre-pro-subtilisin E was cloned into an Escherichia coli expression vector, active mature subtilisin E was secreted into the periplasmic space. When the pre-sequence was replaced with the E. coli OmpA signal peptide, active subtilisin E was also produced. When the OmpA signal peptide was directly fused to the mature subtilisin sequence, no protease activity was detected, although this product had the identical primary structure as subtilisin E as a result of cleavage of the OmpA signal peptide and was produced at a level of approximately 10% of total cellular protein. When the OmpA signal peptide was fused to the 15th or 44th amino acid residue from the amino terminus of the pro-sequence, active subtilisin was also not produced. These results indicate that the pro-sequence of pre-pro-subtilisin plays an important role in the formation of enzymatically active subtilisin. It is proposed that the pro-sequence is essential for guiding appropriate folding of the enzymatically active conformation of subtilisin E.
A new approach to bioconjugates for proteins and peptides (“pegylation”) utilising living radical polymerisation (2004)

The synthesis of protein-polymer bioconjugates is reported using N-succinimidyl ester functionalised polymers from transition metal mediated living radical polymerisation.
Survey of the 1998 optical biosensor literature (1999)

The utilization of optical biosensors to study molecular interactions continues to expand. In 1998, 384 articles relating to the use of commercial biosensors were published in 130 different journals. While significant strides in new applications and methodology were made, a majority of the biosensor literature is of rather poor quality. Basic information about experimental conditions is often not presented and many publications fail to display the experimental data, bringing into question the credibility of the results. This review provides suggestions on how to collect, analyze and report biosensor data.
Possible role of charge-transfer complexes in cationic polar cycloaddition (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPossible role of charge-transfer complexes in cationic polar cycloadditionC. K. Bradsher, G. L. B. Carlson, N. A. Porter, I. J. Westerman, and T. G. WallisCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 5, 822–827Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1978https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00399a007RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views102Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (780 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Anti‐CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy (1996)

Because they can be selected to target only cells which are crucial for rejection, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) offer enormous potential for specific manipulation of the immune response. Interest in the clinical potential of anti-CD4 mAbs has been heightened by the demonstration, in experimental models, that such therapy can produce long-term donor-specific non-responsiveness. Early clinical trials using two murine anti-CD4 mAbs (BL4 and mT-151) were discouraging, with over 50% of recipients suffering early rejection episodes. Another murine preparation, OKT4A, was initially found to prolong allograft survival in non-human primates. Limited clinical trials revealed that this mAb was well tolerated, that most recipients produced an antimurine response, and that only 26% of patients suffered rejection episodes during the first 3 post-operative months. Another murine preparation, Max. 16H5, has been reported to reverse late onset acute rejection episodes as effectively as, but more safely than, conventional immunosuppression. More recent interest has focused upon humanized recombinants of these earlier murine anti-CD4 preparations. cMT-412, has been studied in recipients of heart or heart-lung allografts. These patients were observed to have less frequent and markedly delayed rejection episodes, fewer infectious complications, and better overall survival than that observed in an ATG-treated control group. Further studies are thus being undertaken. A CDR grafted IgG4 preparation of OKT4A has also been studied. This molecule (OKTcdr4a) contains only 8% of the parent murine sequence while retaining the binding affinity of OKT4A for the human CD4 antigen. In a pilot trial, biopsy-proven reversible rejection episodes were observed in 2/11 (18%) of renal allograft recipients. There were no allograft failures and no antibody response to the mAb. These and other trials emphasize the intense interest in immunosuppressive regimens incorporating anti-CD4 mAbs as well as the difficulties encountered in defining optimal protocols. Nevertheless, the impressive results observed in rodent and non-human primate models suggest that these agents are likely to play an important role in future immunosuppressive protocols, particularly those designed to induce tolerance.
Secure remote updating of bitstream in partial reconfigurable embedded systems based on FPGA (2013)

Intellectual Property protection on FPGAs is a major challenge for FPGA manufacturers. Adding security features to the FPGA is not difficult but there is no consistency among the different manufacturers. Meanwhile, more features will increase resource costs and product prices, forcing users to pay for all these features even if they do not use them. As a result, decoders are often not integrated inside low-cost FPGAs. To protect an FPGA-based system of this kind, we must build separate security solutions. This paper presents the importance of bit stream security, including a number of attack scenarios and FPGA bitstream security methods. We introduced bitstream encryption and authentication solutions in partial reconfigurable embedded systems based on the MicroBlaze soft-core processor aimed at improving the flexibility of the system. The highlight of our solution is that it can be applied to systems that use embedded processor. This is most practical when using shared resources (soft-core processors, memory...) for different target applications.