gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A photoactivatable synthetic transit peptide labels 30 kDa and 52 kDa polypeptides of the chloroplast inner envelope membrane (1988)

A 24‐residue transit peptide based on the sequence of a precursor of the small subunit of wheat ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) was synthesized. The transit peptide was converted into a radioactive azido derivatised analogue. Photoactivation of the radiolabelled transit peptide analogue with isolated inner and outer membranes of the chloroplast envelope intensely labelled two proteins of 30 kDa and 52 kDa. In the outer membrane only the 52 kDa polypeptide was labelled. These findings are consistent with a recent report on the identification of the 30 kDa receptor protein for protein import in the chloroplast envelope contact zones [(1988) Nature 331, 232–237].
A hierarchical database for visual surveillance applications (2005)

This paper presents a framework for event detection and video content analysis for visual surveillance applications. The system is able to coordinate the tracking of objects between multiple camera views, which may be overlapping or non-overlapping. The key novelty of our approach is that we can automatically learn a semantic scene model for a surveillance region, and have defined data models to support the storage of different layers of abstraction of tracking data into a surveillance database. The surveillance database provides a mechanism to generate video content summaries of objects detected by the system across the entire surveillance region in terms of the semantic scene model. In addition, the surveillance database supports spatio-temporal queries, which can be applied for event detection and notification applications
Comparative Detection of Measles Specific IgM Antibody in Serum and Saliva by an Antibody-Capture IgM Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). (2003)

Laboratory diagnosis of acute measles is usually achieved by serology assays for measle-specific IgM antibody. For comparison of measle-specific IgM antibody in saliva and serum, 95 paired blood and saliva samples were collected 1-14 days after the onset of rash. The specimens were tested for specific IgM antibody by an IgM antibody-capture Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA). Measles IgM antibody was detected in 89 (93.7%) of serum samples and in 85(89.5%) of saliva specimens. Of the 6(6.3%) serum samples that were IgM antibody-negative, 2 (2.1%) of the paired saliva samples were IgM antibody-positive. The sensitivity and specificity of saliva testing compared with serum was 95.5% and 66.7% respectively. Positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of saliva testing were 97.7% and 50.0% respectively and the accuracy of saliva testing was 93.7%. Our results indicate that saliva samples provided Enzyme Immunoassay results that were in good agreement with results from serum samples. Salivary IgM antibody detection is a suitable non-invasive method for diagnosing recent measles infections and epidemiological studies, especially in children.
The Response of the Blood-sucking Bug Triatoma infestans to Carbon Dioxide and other Host Odours (2004)

Behavioural responses of Triatoma infestans larvae to carbon dioxide and other odours of vertebrate origin were investigated in a locomotion compensator. T. infestans oriented towards airstreams enriched with carbon dioxide exhibiting a threshold response between 300 and 400 p.p.m. above the ambient CO(2) background. The accuracy of the oriented response to carbon dioxide improved with stimulus intensity. Remarkably, insects did not show any change in their sensitivity threshold to carbon dioxide with the starvation time. The attractiveness to carbon dioxide depended on the time of the day, i.e. these nocturnal bugs only oriented towards carbon dioxide-loaded airstreams during the first hours of the scotophase. L-lactic acid did not evoke oriented responses when it was presented as a single stimulus in a wide range of intensities. However, a marked synergism was evident when L-lactic acid was combined with a sub-threshold concentration of carbon dioxide. Under this condition, the threshold response to carbon dioxide decreased to 75-150 p.p.m. above ambient CO(2) background. The isomer D-lactic acid evoked no response, either alone or in combination with carbon dioxide. When insects were stimulated with 1-octen-3-ol a significant positive orientation was found. This response was not modified by the addition of carbon dioxide.
Optical Characterization Of SnO2 thin Films, Prepared by Sol Gel Method, for "Honeycomb" Textured Silicon Solar Cells (2006)

This paper presents a new silicon solar cell structure obtained by texturisation of the front surface using silicon micromachining technologies. The textured surface of the solar cell reduces frontal reflectivity, in order to consequently obtain the lowest possible reflectance. Heterojunction SnO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> :In/n silicon substrate (''honeycomb" textured) solar cells were manufactured by the sol gel method over textured p and n-type single CZ crystal silicon substrate wafers, with <100> orientation., rejected from the MOS integrated technology process. The obtained textured structures were studied by SEM and by optical and spectrophotometric measurements
Interface synthesis in heterogeneous system-level DSP design tools (2002)

We describe a framework that constructs interfaces between simulation tools and real-time prototyping hardware in a high-level DSP synthesis environment. A goal of this work is to abstract the concept of the interface so that customized links are not required between each simulation and hardware engine. To support a new engine, the DSP system designer must define two pairs of communication primitives between the new tool and host workstation. The interface construction mechanism provides incremental compilation of subsystems in a system specification into the high-level DSP synthesis environment. We illustrate this framework with practical examples that have been constructed in Ptolemy.
Information technology and securities markets: feasibility and desirability of alternative electronic trading systems (1991)

Valuing the benefits and forecasting the impact of strategic systems is difficult. Uncertainties include the likelihood and the pace of adoption, and the magnitude of the actual advantages to be realized through automation. The thesis examines the possibility that today's securities markets will be displaced by lower-cost electronic trading systems, and demonstrates two experimental methodologies for evaluating the prospects for an important strategic system. Information technology (IT) currently exists that could support global 24-hour trading via linked trader workstations. Yet for an electronic trading system to form a liquid and widely used market, traders would need to make a coordinated transition to this alternative way of trading. Furthermore, electronically-mediated markets represent a vastly different market architecture from that currently in place. The changed design may not be favorable under all trading conditions. Using two methodologies--experimental economics and computer simulation--we test necessary conditions for an automated trading system to become adopted. Traders in a series of experiments demonstrate an ability to make a transition to a more attractive market. The simulation results indicate that the role of designated market maker (such as the New York Stock Exchange specialist), which is generally eliminated in electronic trading systems, provides significant market quality benefits. The thesis calls into question the maintained belief that the dominance and historic liquidity advantage of established exchanges protects those markets from the competitive threat of potentially superior electronic trading alternatives. Furthermore the thesis challenges the notion that screen-based electronic markets with no formal dealer-intermediary roles provide a superior market mechanism to the specialist-auction market in place on the floor-based exchanges in the U.S. The results yield policy implications for regulators, new market designers, and exchange officials. Principally, improved designs for trading systems are needed, and regulatory intervention regarding market design choices is not called for; when sufficiently attractive trading systems are available, they will be capable of attracting trading volume away from established exchanges. The results enable a sound forecast to be made of a strategic IT innovation, and help to explain the durability of manual trading practices.
BIM-51077, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV-resistant glucagon-like peptide-1 analog. (2007)

F Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Teijin Ltd and Chugai Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, under license from Ipsen, are developing the glucagon-like peptide 1 analog BIM-51077, for the potential treatment of type 2 diabetes. Phase II clinical trials are underway, including a phase II trial evaluating a slow release formulation.
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-6 define two molecularly distinct pathways of B-cell differentiation. (1993)

Interleukin-5 (IL-5) and IL-6 have both been reported to act as B-cell differentiation factors by stimulating activated B cells to secrete antibody. However, it has not been possible to directly compare the effects of these two lymphokines because of the lack of a suitable B-cell line capable of responding to both. We have identified a clonal, inducible B-cell lymphoma, CH12, that has this property. Both IL-5 and IL-6 can independently stimulate increases in steady-state levels of immunoglobulin and J-chain mRNA and proteins, and they both induce the differentiation of CH12 into high-rate antibody-secreting cells. Nevertheless, there are significant differences in the activities of these two lymphokines. First, while IL-6 acts only as a differentiation factor, IL-5 also augments the proliferation of CH12 cells. Second, the differentiation stimulated by IL-5 but not by IL-6 is partially inhibited by IL-4. Inhibition of IL-5-induced differentiation was not at the level of IL-5 receptor expression, since IL-4 did not inhibit IL-5-induced proliferation. Third, IL-5 but not IL-6 stimulated increased mouse mammary tumor proviral gene expression in CH12 cells. These results demonstrate that while both IL-5 and IL-6 may act as differentiation factors for B cells, they induce differentiation by using at least partially distinct molecular pathways. Our results also establish that B cells characteristic of a single stage of development can independently respond to IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6.
Orthogonal matching pursuit: recursive function approximation with applications to wavelet decomposition (2002)

We describe a recursive algorithm to compute representations of functions with respect to nonorthogonal and possibly overcomplete dictionaries of elementary building blocks e.g. affine (wavelet) frames. We propose a modification to the matching pursuit algorithm of Mallat and Zhang (1992) that maintains full backward orthogonality of the residual (error) at every step and thereby leads to improved convergence. We refer to this modified algorithm as orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP). It is shown that all additional computation required for the OMP algorithm may be performed recursively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Nitric oxide release: Part II. Therapeutic applications (2012)

A wide range of nitric oxide (NO)-releasing materials has emerged as potential therapeutics that exploit NO's vast biological roles. Macromolecular NO-releasing scaffolds are particularly promising due to their ability to store and deliver larger NO payloads in a more controlled and effective manner compared to low molecular weight NO donors. While a variety of scaffolds (e.g., particles, dendrimers, and polymers/films) have been cleverly designed, the ultimate clinical utility of most NO-releasing macromolecules remains unrealized. Although not wholly predictive of clinical success, in vitro and in vivo investigations have enabled a preliminary evaluation of the therapeutic potential of such materials. In this tutorial review, we review the application of macromolecular NO therapies for cardiovascular disease, cancer, bacterial infections, and wound healing.
Laboratory study of potential induced degradation of silicon photovoltaic modules (2011)

The standard system architecture of PV installations exposes solar modules to bias voltages of several hundred volts. Recently it became apparent that high bias voltages can have negative effects on the long-term performance of standard screen-printed crystalline silicon solar cells. This paper focuses on the study of this potential induced degradation effect (PID) under laboratory conditions. A corona-discharge assembly was used to polarize mini modules as well as a setup to expose 60-cell modules to high bias under wet conditions. Different encapsulation setups and cell process variations are studied to identify the necessary components leading to PID. I-V measurements, electroluminescence imaging and dark lock-in thermography are employed to obtain detailed characteristics of PID. A correlation between local current loss and shunt conductivity was found. Options to prevent PID on module and cell levels were found and verified experimentally.
Growth Cone Guidance in Insects: Fasciclin II Is a Member of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily (1988)

The cellular cues that guide neuronal growth cones toward their targets are highly conserved in such diverse organisms as insects and vertebrates. Evidence presented here suggests that the molecular mechanisms underlying these events may be equally conserved. This article describes the structure and function of fasciclin II, a glycoprotein expressed on a subset of fasciculating axons in the grasshopper embryo. Antibody perturbation experiments suggest that fasciclin II functions in mediating one form of neuronal recognition: selective fasciculation. Fasciclin II is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily and is homologous in structure and function to the neural cell adhesion molecule N-CAM and to several other vertebrate cell adhesion molecules.
<em>Ex Vivo</em> Assessment of Contractility, Fatigability and Alternans in Isolated Skeletal Muscles (2012)

Described here is a method to measure contractility of isolated skeletal muscles. Parameters such as muscle force, muscle power, contractile kinetics, fatigability, and recovery after fatigue can be obtained to assess specific aspects of the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) process such as excitability, contractile machinery and Ca(2+) handling ability. This method removes the nerve and blood supply and focuses on the isolated skeletal muscle itself. We routinely use this method to identify genetic components that alter the contractile property of skeletal muscle though modulating Ca(2+) signaling pathways. Here, we describe a newly identified skeletal muscle phenotype, i.e., mechanic alternans, as an example of the various and rich information that can be obtained using the in vitro muscle contractility assay. Combination of this assay with single cell assays, genetic approaches and biochemistry assays can provide important insights into the mechanisms of ECC in skeletal muscle.
Hepatitis B virus with antigenically altered hepatitis B surface antigen is selected by high-dose hepatitis B immune globulin after liver transplantation (1998)

"Escape" variants of hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause infection despite previous immunization. These viruses show alterations of the immunogenic major hydrophilic loop of the HBV small surface protein (s-protein). We studied whether HBV "escape" variants were selected in patients with graft infection after liver transplantation for HBV-related diseases who received passive immunoprophylaxis with high-dose polyclonal hepatitis B hyperimmune globulin (HBIG). For that, pre- and posttransplantation sera of 34 patients were analyzed for the occurence of HBV S-gene variants. In addition, binding of in vitro-translated variant s-proteins to HBIG was studied. Variants with exchanges of amino acid (aa) 144 (s144) in HBV genotype A and 145 in genotype D (s145) were found to emerge, persist, and predominate during HBIG, and thus fulfilled criteria of "escape" variants selected. In addition to already-known variants sG145R/K/E, we could demonstrate that newly described variants sX144G and sG145A were antigenically altered and showed impaired recognition by polyclonal HBIG in vitro. Diminished recognition of variant s-proteins correlated with the failure of HBIG to prevent infection of the liver graft with antigenically altered variant HBV Patients infected with "escape" variants s144 or s145 showed a worse clinical outcome compared with the other patients on high-dose, long-term HBIG prophylaxis (44% vs. 23% graft failure caused by HBV infection). Our results suggest that antigenically altered HBV variants s144 and s145 can be selected by HBIG and can influence clinical outcome after liver transplantation.
Clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (2012)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease in central nervous system. The etiology is still unknown. The pathogenesis may be related to autoimmune response. Clinical features are dissemination in time (multiple attacks) and dissemination in space (multifocal episode). The common used examinations including brain or spinal MRI, CSF analysis and evoked potentials. The latest diagnostic criteria is McDonald criteria published in 2010. It is now accepted that neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is different from MS in clinical, pathology, imaging and so on. Due to the diversity in clinical manifestation and the lack of specific biological parameters, the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is still challenging. DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1672⁃6731.2012.02.005
A species of human alpha interferon that lacks the ability to boost human natural killer activity. (1984)

Most species of recombinant leukocyte interferons (IFN-alpha A, -alpha B, -alpha C, -alpha D, -alpha F, -alpha I, and -alpha K) were capable of boosting human natural killer (NK) activity after a 2-hr treatment of cells at a concentration of 1-80 units/ml. In contrast, recombinant human IFN-alpha J was found to be incapable of augmenting NK activity after exposure of cells for 2 hr to concentrations as high as 10,000 units/ml. This inability of IFN-alpha J to boost NK activity was not complete because, after exposure of cells to a high concentration of IFN-alpha J (10,000 units/ml) for 18 hr, boosting of cytolysis was observed. IFN-alpha J appeared to interact with receptors for IFN on NK cells since it was found to interfere with the boosting of NK activity by other species of IFN-alpha. In contrast to its deficient ability to augment NK activity, IFN-alpha J has potent antiviral and antiproliferative activities. Such extensive dissociation of these biological activities has not been observed previously with any other natural or recombinant IFN species. Thus, this IFN species may be useful for evaluating the relative importance of various biological activities on the therapeutic effects of IFN, for understanding structure-function relationships, and for determining the biochemical pathways related to the various biological effects of IFN.
Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2RγnullMice Transplanted with Hematopoietic Stem Cells under Nonmyeloablative Conditions Show Prolonged Life Spans and Allow Detailed Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Pathogenesis (2007)

In a previous study, we demonstrated that humanized NOD/SCID/IL2Rgamma(null) (hNOG) mice constructed with human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) allow efficient human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. However, HIV-1 infection could be monitored for only 43 days in the animals due to their short life spans. By transplanting HSCs without any myeloablation methods, the mice successfully survived longer than 300 days with stable engraftment of human cells. The mice showed high viremia state for more than the 3 months examined, with systemic HIV-1 infection and gradual decrease of CD4+ T cells analogous to that in humans. These capacities of the hNOG mice are very attractive for modeling mechanisms of AIDS progression and therapeutic strategy.
Autoimmune disease of the ovary induced by a ZP3 peptide from the mouse zona pellucida. (1992)

We describe a novel experimental system in mice for the study of ovarian autoimmune disease, a condition encountered in women with premature ovarian failure. The ovarian autoimmune disease is induced in B6AF1 mice by a 15-amino acid peptide (Cys-Ser-Asn-Ser-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gln-Phe-Gln-Ile-His-Gly-Pro-Arg) from mouse ZP3, the sperm-binding component of the zona pellucida that surrounds growing and mature oocytes. Whereas the peptide induces both T cell and antibody responses, adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cell lines derived from affected animals causes oophoritis without observable antibodies to the zona pellucida peptide. The primacy of the T cell response in the pathogenesis of disease is further substantiated by defining oophoritogenic peptides as small as eight amino acids (Asn-Ser-Ser-Ser-Ser-Gln-Phe-Gln) that do not elicit an antibody response to the full-length ZP3 peptide. The identification of a well characterized peptide as a causative agent of autoimmune oophoritis should facilitate understanding of the pathogenesis of this T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Because the proteins of the zona pellucida are conserved among mammals (the mouse and human ZP3 proteins are 67% identical), this murine model may lead to better understanding of the pathogenesis of human autoimmune oophoritis.
Imp3 expression in urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder (2011)

The detection of IMP3 only in invasive carcinomas although some of them were low grade showed that the expression of IMP3 may be related to aggressive behavior of urothelial carcinomas.
Mucoadhesive Vaginal Drug Delivery Systems (2009)

Vaginal delivery is an important route of drug administration for both local and systemic diseases. The vaginal route has some advantages due to its large surface area, rich blood supply, avoidance of the first-pass effect, relatively high permeability to many drugs and self-insertion. The traditional commercial preparations, such as creams, foams, gels, irrigations and tablets, are known to reside in the vaginal cavity for a relatively short period of time owing to the self-cleaning action of the vaginal tract, and often require multiple daily doses to ensure the desired therapeutic effect. The vaginal route appears to be highly appropriate for bioadhesive drug delivery systems in order to retain drugs for treating largely local conditions, or for use in contraception. In particular, protection against sexually-transmitted diseases is critical. To prolong the residence time in the vaginal cavity, bioadhesive therapeutic systems have been developed in the form of semi-solid and solid dosage forms. The most commonly used mucoadhesive polymers that are capable of forming hydrogels are synthetic polyacrylates, polycarbophil, chitosan, cellulose derivatives (hydroxyethycellulose, hydroxy-propylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), hyaluronic acid derivatives, pectin, tragacanth, carrageenan and sodium alginate. The present article is a comprehensive review of the patents related to mucoadhesive vaginal drug delivery systems.