gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide)‐grafted polyacrylamide: A self‐coating copolymer for sieving separation of native proteins by CE (2006)

The potential of a series of newly synthesized poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) grafted polyacrylamide (PAM) copolymers (P(AM-PDMA)) as a replaceable separation medium for protein analysis was studied. A comparative study with and without copolymers was performed; the separation efficiency, analysis reproducibility and protein recovery proved that the P(AM-PDMA) copolymers were efficient in suppressing the adsorption of basic proteins onto the silica capillary wall. Furthermore, the size-dependent retardation of native proteins in a representative P(AM-PDMA) copolymer was demonstrated by Ferguson analysis. The results showed that the P(AM-PDMA) copolymers combine the good coating property of PDMA and the sieving property of PAM and could be applied as a sieving matrix for the analysis of native proteins.
Discovery of Tyrosine-Based Potent and Selective Melanocortin-1 Receptor Small-Molecule Agonists with Anti-inflammatory Properties (2003)

The melanocortin-1 receptor (MC-1R) is a G-protein-coupled receptor involved in inflammation and skin pigmentation. Compound 2 is the first highly potent and selective MC-1R small-molecule agonist reported. Compound 2 showed efficacy in an acute model of inflammation, which has demonstrated the role of MC-1R in modulation of inflammation.
Inhibition of Entry of HIV-1 in Neural Cell Lines by Antibodies Against Galactosyl Ceramide (1991)

Although the CD4 molecule is the principal cellular receptor for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), several CD4-negative cell lines are susceptible to infection with one or more HIV strains. These findings indicate that there are alternate modes of viral entry, perhaps involving one or more receptor molecules. Antibodies against galactosyl ceramide (galactocerebroside, or GalC) inhibited viral internalization and infection in two CD4-negative cell lines derived from the nervous system: U373-MG and SK-N-MC. Furthermore, recombinant HIV surface glycoprotein gp120 bound to GalC but not to other glycolipids. These results suggest a role for GalC or a highly related molecule in HIV entry into neural cells.
High‐Resolution Patterning of Graphene by Screen Printing with a Silicon Stencil for Highly Flexible Printed Electronics (2014)

High-resolution screen printing of pristine graphene is introduced for the rapid fabrication of conductive lines on flexible substrates. Well-defined silicon stencils and viscosity-controlled inks facilitate the preparation of high-quality graphene patterns as narrow as 40 μm. This strategy provides an efficient method to produce highly flexible graphene electrodes for printed electronics.
Purification and Properties of the Cathepsin D Type Proteinase from Beef and Rabbit Lung and Its Identification in Macrophages (1973)

The acid-acting proteinase, cathepsin D (EC 3.4.4.23), was purified from extracts of homogenized rabbit lung and beef lung by autolysis at acid pH, acetone and ammonium sulfate fractionation, column chromatography, and isoelectric focusing. Four isoenzymes were obtained from each source. With acid hemoglobin as the substrate, the proteinase from rabbit lung had a pH optimum of 3.0 and that from beef lung had a pH optimum of 3.6. Their activity was not affected by thiol reagents or by Fe(2+), Mn(2+), or Mg(2+). One isoenzyme from rabbit lung was used to immunize a goat, and one from beef lung was used to immunize a rabbit. In immunoelectrophoresis, each resulting antiserum formed a single precipitin line with its homologous enzyme. They cross-reacted with the other three isoenzymes from the same species, but not with any isoenzyme from the other species. At high concentrations, each antiserum completely inhibited the proteolytic activity of its homologous enzyme. The antiserum against rabbit lung cathepsin D also inhibited the proteolytic activity of rabbit peritoneal and pulmonary macrophages. In limited quantities, this antiserum has now been made commercially available and is being used with labeled antibody techniques to identify under a microscope the presence of cathepsin D in macrophages and to study its role in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
Regulation of stroke volume during submaximal and maximal upright exercise in normal man. (1986)

To characterize the hemodynamic factors that regulate stroke volume during upright exercise in normal man, 24 asymptomatic male volunteers were evaluated by simultaneous right heart catheterization, radionuclide angiography, and expired gas analysis during staged upright bicycle exercise to exhaustion. From rest to peak exercise, oxygen consumption increased from 0.33 to 2.55 liters/min (7.7-fold), cardiac index increased from 3.0 to 9.7 liters/min per m2 (3.2-fold), and arteriovenous oxygen difference increased from 5.8 to 14.1 vol% (2.5-fold). The increase in cardiac index resulted from an increase in heart rate from 73 to 167 beats/min (2.5-fold), and an increase in left ventricular stroke volume index from 41 to 58 ml/m2 (1.4-fold). During low levels of exercise, there was a linear increase in cardiac index due to an increase in both heart rate and stroke volume index; stroke volume index increased as a result of an increase in left ventricular filling pressure and end-diastolic volume index and, to a much smaller extent, a decrease in end-systolic volume index. During high levels of exercise, further increases in cardiac index resulted entirely from an increase in heart rate, since stroke volume index increased no further. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index decreased despite a linear increase in pulmonary artery wedge pressure; stroke volume index was maintained by a further decrease in end-systolic volume index. The degree to which stroke volume index increased during exercise in individuals correlated with the change in end-diastolic volume index (r = 0.66) but not with the change in end-systolic volume index (r = 0.07). Thus, the mechanism by which left ventricular stroke volume increases during upright exercise in man is dependent upon the changing relationship between heart rate, left ventricular filling, and left ventricular contractility. At low levels of exertion, an increase in left ventricular filling pressure and end-diastolic volume are important determinants of the stroke volume response through the Starling mechanism. At high levels of exertion, the exercise tachycardia is accompanied by a decrease in end-diastolic volume despite a progressive increase in filling pressure, so that stroke volume must be maintained by a decrease in end-systolic volume.
Laminin-Induced Signaling in Tumor Cells (2004)

The expression of the M(r) 67,000 laminin receptor, a nonintegrin laminin receptor, was found to be up-regulated in neoplastic cells and to directly correlate with invasion and metastatic potential. In the present study, we investigated the role of laminin receptor in mediating laminin effects and the involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) cascades and dual-specificity phosphatases in laminin signaling in human melanoma cells. Using stable transfection of A375SM melanoma cells, we established lines expressing reduced or elevated laminin receptor. The antisense-transfected cells demonstrated reduced attachment to laminin and reduced invasion through Matrigel-coated filters. In addition, both matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) mRNA expression and activity were significantly reduced in the antisense-transfected cells. Antisense-transfected cells showed a reduction in mRNA level of the alpha6B integrin subunit isoform, whereas no change in the mRNA level of the alpha6A isoform was observed. We found that exogenous laminin reduced the phosphorylated (active) form of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase, and p38 in all of the cells, irrespective of the expression of the laminin receptor. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase, and p38 was significantly higher in the cell lines expressing reduced laminin receptor, regardless of the exposure to exogenous laminin. This increase of MAPK phosphorylation was accompanied by a significant reduction in MKP-1 phosphatase mRNA level and a significant increase in PAC-1 phosphatase mRNA level. In conclusion, our results confirm the involvement of the laminin receptor in different mechanisms related to tumor dissemination and provide first evidence of the involvement of MAPK and dual-specificity phosphatases in its signal transduction pathway.
Applying hidden topics in ranking social update streams on Twitter (2013)

As the number of users using Twitter <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> increases, an user may have a lot of friends whose tweet (posting) list (also called as “social update stream” [5, 8, 18]) may overwhelm his/her homepage. This can lead to the situation where important tweets (i.e. the tweets the user is interested in) are pushed down on the list, thus, it takes time to find them. Social update stream ranking is a possible solution that puts important tweets on the top of the page, so that the user can easily read it. In this paper, we propose to apply hidden topics [1, 15, 20] in the Combined Regression Ranking algorithm [2] to rank social update streams. The proposed system works like a content based recommendation system. The experimental results show a significant improvement proving that our proposal is a suitable direction.
Inductively Coupled Pulsed Plasmas in the Presence of Synchronous Pulsed Substrate Bias for Robust, Reliable, and Fine Conductor Etching (2009)

Inductively coupled pulsed plasmas in the presence of synchronous pulsed substrate bias are characterized in a commercial plasma etching reactor for conductor etching. The synchronous pulsed plasma characteristics are evaluated through the following: 1) Ar-based Langmuir probe diagnostics; 2) Ar/Cl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> plasma modeling utilizing the hybrid plasma equipment model and the Monte Carlo feature model for the investigation of feature profile evolutions; 3) basic etching characteristics such as average etch rate and uniformity; 4) sub-50-nm Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) basic etching performance and profile control; and 5) charge damage evaluation. It is demonstrated that one can control the etching uniformity and profile in advanced gate etching, and reduce the leakage current by varying the synchronous pulsed plasma parameters. Moreover, it is shown that synchronous pulsing has the promise of significantly reducing the electron shading effects compared with source pulsing mode and continuous-wave mode. The synchronous pulsed plasma paves the way to a wider window of operating conditions, which allows new plasma etching processes to address the large number of challenges emerging in the 45-nm and below technologies.
Synthetic Biocompatible Cyclodextrin-Based Constructs for Local Gene Delivery to Improve Cutaneous Wound Healing (2004)

The localized, sustained delivery of growth factors for wound healing therapy is actively being explored by gene transfer to the wound site. Biocompatible matrices such as bovine collagen have demonstrated usefulness in sustaining gene therapy vectors that express growth factors in local sites for tissue repair. Here, new synthetic biocompatible materials are prepared and shown to deliver a protein to cultured cells via the use of an adenoviral delivery vector. The synthetic construct consists of a linear, beta-cyclodextrin-containing polymer and an adamantane-based cross-linking polymer. When the two polymers are combined, they create an extended network by the formation of inclusion complexes between the cyclodextrins and adamantanes. The properties of the network are altered by controlling the polymer molecular weights and the number of adamantanes on the cross-linking polymer, and these modifications and others such as replacement of the beta-cyclodextrin (host) and adamantane (guest) with other cyclodextrins (hosts such as alpha, gamma, and substituted members) and inclusion complex forming molecules (guests) provide the ability to rationally design network characteristics. Fibroblasts exposed to these synthetic constructs show proliferation rates and migration patterns similar to those obtained with collagen. Gene delivery (green fluorescent protein) to fibroblasts via the inclusion of adenoviral vectors in the synthetic construct is equivalent to levels observed with collagen. These in vitro results suggest that the synthetic constructs are suitable for in vivo tissue repair applications.
XXII.—The constitution of the disaccharides. Part V. Cellobiose (cellose) (1921)

W. N. Haworth and E. L. Hirst, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1921, 119, 193 DOI: 10.1039/CT9211900193
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in the Aqueous Humor of Patients With and Without Glaucoma (2005)

Reducing the production or activity of PAI-1 in the eye could constitute a new target for the design of drugs to treat glaucoma.
Identification of Pseudomonas syringae Pathogens of Arabidopsis and a Bacterial Locus Determining Avirulence on Both Arabidopsis and Soybean (1991)

Maureen C. Whalen, Roger W. Innes, Andrew F. Bent, Brian J. Staskawicz, Identification of Pseudomonas syringae Pathogens of Arabidopsis and a Bacterial Locus Determining Avirulence on Both Arabidopsis and Soybean, The Plant Cell, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Jan., 1991), pp. 49-59
ArF step-and-scan exposure system for 0.15-μm and 0.13-μm technology nodes (1999)

This paper presents an evaluation on the 0.15 micrometers and 0.13 micrometers lithographic patterning alternatives for semiconductor devices. Baseline for the evaluation is a first generation ArF step and scan exposure system with 0.63 NA projection optics. The system layout is discussed and main performance data on imaging, overlay and throughput are presented. Binary masks, and various advanced 193 nm resist system are used to evalute process latitudes of dense lines, isolated lines and contact holes. The manufacturing economics, expressed in Cost Of Ownership, are evaluated for an ArF based production technology, and compared to critical layer KrF.
Cloning and recombinant expression of a novel human low molecular weight Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipase A2. (1994)

Extensive biochemical studies of phospholipase A2s (PLA2s) over the last two decades indicate that there are likely to be several distinct PLA2 genes in mammals. Here we report the cloning of a 1-kilobase pair cDNA encoding a novel human low molecular weight PLA2. The cDNA appears to encode a 118-amino acid mature peptide (M(r) = 13,592) preceded by a 20-residue prepeptide. The deduced amino acid sequence encodes a protein that lacks one of the seven disulfide bridges found in similar PLA2s and, therefore, represents a class of enzymes distinct from the mammalian group I and group II enzymes. An RNA blot hybridized with the cDNA exhibited a putative 1.2-kilobase pair transcript in heart and, less abundantly, in lung, as well as multiple putative transcripts in placenta. When the cDNA was expressed using an Epstein-Barr virus-based vector in human 293s cells, PLA2 activity accumulated in the culture medium. Conditioned medium optimally hydrolyzed the phospholipids of [1-14C]oleate-labeled Escherichia coli at neutral to alkaline pH with 10 mM or greater Ca2+. In assays done with individual substrates, L-alpha-1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine was more efficiently hydrolyzed than L-alpha-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl phosphatidylcholine, L-alpha-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl phosphatidylethanolamine, or L-alpha-1-stearoyl-2-arachidonyl phosphatidylinositol.
A Surface Protease and the Invasive Character of Plague (1992)

A 9.5-kilobase plasmid of Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is required for high virulence when mice are inoculated with the bacterium by subcutaneous injection. Inactivation of the plasmid gene pla, which encodes a surface protease, increased the median lethal dose of the bacteria for mice by a millionfold. Moreover, cloned pla was sufficient to restore segregants lacking the entire pla-bearing plasmid to full virulence. Both pla+ strains injected subcutaneously and pla- mutants injected intravenously reached high titers in liver and spleen of infected mice, whereas pla- mutants injected subcutaneously failed to do so even though they establish a sustained local infection at the injection site. More inflammatory cells accumulated in lesions caused by the pla- mutants than in lesions produced by the pla+ parent. The Pla protease was shown to be a plasminogen activator with unusual kinetic properties. It can also cleave complement C3 at a specific site.
DR. ROBERT B. OSGOOD (1943)

The people of the United States are under great obligation to that small northeastern corner of the country which is called New England. The men and institutions of New England have had an immeasurable influence on thought and progress in this land. In the field of medical education the contributions have been large. In the more recent past, continuing this New England tradition, Dr. Robert Bayley Osgood played no small part in the teaching of orthopedic surgery and in the training of young men for the practice of this branch of medicine. Born in Salem, Mass., of sea-faring forebears, he decided as a youth to become a physician. After graduating from Amherst College in 1895, he entered the Harvard Medical School and received his doctorate in medicine in 1899. Good fortune led him to become a student house officer at the House of the Good Samaritan, where the treatment of
Probing the Ground State Structure of the Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore Using Raman Spectroscopy (2000)

We present Raman spectra, obtained using 752 nm excitation, on wild-type GFP and the S65T mutant of this intrinsically fluorescent protein together with data on a model chromophore, ethyl 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene-2-methyl-5-oxoimidazolacetate . In the pH range 1-14, the model compound has two macroscopic pK(a)s of 1.8 and 8.2 attributed to ionization of the imidazolinone ring nitrogen and the phenolic hydroxyl group, respectively. Comparison of the model chromophore with the chromophore in wild-type GFP and the S65T mutant reveals that the cationic form, with both the imidazolinone ring nitrogen and the phenolic oxygen protonated, is not present in these particular GFP proteins. Our results do not provide any evidence for the zwitterionic form of the chromophore, with the phenolic group deprotonated and the imidazolinone ring nitrogen protonated, being present in the GFP proteins. In addition, since the position of the Raman bands is a property exclusively of the ground state structure, the data enable us to investigate how protein-chromophore interactions affect the ground state structure of the chromophore without contributions from excited state effects. It is found that the ground state structure of the anionic form of the chromophore, which is most relevant to the fluorescent properties, is strongly dependent on the chromophore environment whereas the neutral form seems to be insensitive. A linear correlation between the absorption properties and the ground state structure is demonstrated by plotting the absorption maxima versus the wavenumber of a Raman band found in the range 1610-1655 cm(-1).
Inhibition of HIV protease activity by heterodimer formation (1991)

The dimeric nature of the HIV protease has been exploited to devise a novel mode of inhibiting the enzyme. The use of defective monomers or nonidentical subunits to exchange with wild-type homodimers produces catalytically defective heterodimers. Incubation of the HIV1 or HIV2 protease with a 4-fold molar excess of an inactive mutant of HIV1 leads to 80 and 95% inhibition of enzyme activity, respectively. Incubating HIV1 and HIV2 proteases at a 1:5 ratio results in a 50% reduction of activity of the mixed enzymes. The HIV1/HIV2 heterodimer was identified by ion-exchange HPLC. The heterodimer may display a disordered dimer interface, thereby affecting the catalytic potential of the enzyme. This mechanism of inactivation is an example of a dominant negative mutation that can obliterate the activity of a naturally occurring multisubunit enzyme. Furthermore, it provides an alternative to active-site-directed inhibitors for the development of antiviral agents that target the dimeric interface of the HIV protease.
Arterial Endothelium-Specific Activin Receptor-Like Kinase 1 Expression Suggests Its Role in Arterialization and Vascular Remodeling (2003)

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant vascular disorder characterized by epistaxis, mucocutaneous telangiectases, and arteriovenous malformations (AVM). Two genes are linked to HHT: endoglin (ENG) in HHT1 and activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ACVRL1; ALK1) in HHT2. Although both genes are involved in the transforming growth factor beta signaling pathways, the pathogenetic mechanisms for HHT remain elusive. It was shown that mutations in the Alk1 gene in mice and zebrafish resulted in an embryonic lethal phenotype due to severe dilation of blood vessels. We created a novel null mutant mouse line for Alk1 (Alk1lacZ) by replacing its exons, including the one that encodes the transmembrane domain, with the beta-galactosidase gene. Using Alk1lacZ mice, we show that Alk1 is predominantly expressed in developing arterial endothelium. Alk1 expression is greatly diminished in adult arteries, but is induced in preexisting feeding arteries and newly forming arterial vessels during wound healing and tumor angiogenesis. We also show that hemodynamic changes, which require vascular remodeling, may regulate Alk1 expression. Our studies suggest the role of Alk1 signaling in arterialization and remodeling of arteries. Contrary to the current view of HHT as venous disease, our findings suggest that the arterioles rather than the venules are the primary vessels affected by the loss of an Alk1 allele, and that blood vessels with reduction in Alk1 expression may harbor defects in responding to demands for vascular remodeling.
Correlation between GABA release from rat islet β-cells and their metabolic state (2002)

Pancreatic beta-cells express glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), which is responsible for the production and release of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Over a 24-h culture period, total GABA release by purified rat beta-cells is eightfold higher than the cellular GABA content and can thus be used as an index of cellular GAD activity. GABA release is 40% reduced by glucose (58 pmol/10(3) cells at 10 mM glucose vs. 94 pmol at 3 mM glucose, P < 0.05). This suppressive effect of glucose was not observed when glucose metabolism was blocked by mannoheptulose or 2,4-dinitrophenol; it was amplified when ATP-dependent beta-cell activities were inhibited by addition of diazoxide, verapamil, or cycloheximide or by reduction of extracellular calcium levels; it was counteracted when beta-cell functions were activated by nonmetabolized agents, such as glibenclamide, IBMX, glucagon, or glucacon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which are known to stimulate calcium-dependent activities, such as hormone release and calcium-dependent ATPases. These observations suggest that GABA release from beta-cells varies with the balance between ATP-producing and ATP-consuming activities in the cells. Less GABA is released in conditions of elevated glucose metabolism, and hence ATP production, but this effect is counteracted by ATP-dependent activities. The notion that increased cytoplasmic ATP levels can suppress GAD activity in beta-cells, and hence GABA production and release, is compatible with previous findings on ATP suppression of brain GAD activity.