gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient Synthesis of 4-, 5-, and 6-Methyl-2,2‘-bipyridine by a Negishi Cross-Coupling Strategy Followed by High-Yield Conversion to Bromo- and Chloromethyl-2,2‘-bipyridines (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTEfficient Synthesis of 4-, 5-, and 6-Methyl-2,2'-bipyridine by a Negishi Cross-Coupling Strategy Followed by High-Yield Conversion to Bromo- and Chloromethyl-2,2'-bipyridinesScott A. Savage, Adam P. Smith, and Cassandra L. FraserView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1998, 63, 26, 10048–10051Publication Date (Web):December 10, 1998Publication History Received29 July 1998Published online10 December 1998Published inissue 1 December 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo981505zhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo981505zbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6326Altmetric-Citations101LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Alkyls,Anions,Bipyridine,Reaction products,Reagents Get e-Alerts
The biological role of interleukin 5 (1990)

Eosinophilia can be a specific cellular response, but the mechanisms of its control are not yet fully understood. Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is a lineage-specific eosinophil differentiation and activation factor. It can be detected in the serum of mice with eosinophilia, and antibody to IL-5 blocks the development of parasite-induced eosinophilia. The role of other cytokines in the production of eosinophil precursors is not clear, and may be in vitro artifacts. The biological significance of the B cell growth factor (BCGF) activity of murine IL-5 remains a puzzle. Although eosinophilia is often associated with high levels of IgE antibody, IL-5 appears not to be involved in this response, where interleukin 4 appears to be the main controlling factor. Understanding this activity has been made more difficult, since human IL-5 has no activity in analogous human BCGF assays. A better understanding of the role of these activities will probably come from studies in vivo rather than from cell culture.
Computer Analysis of Sequence Data (2003)

DNA sequencing methodology was developed in the late 1970s (1,2) and has become one of the most widely used techniques in molecular biology. The amount of DNA sequencing performed worldwide has increased exponentially each year and this trend will almost certainly continue for the next few years at least. The importance of this technique is underlined by the volume of research funds now being channelled into genome sequencing projects, and by the large sums of money being invested in the development of automated sequencers and sequence analysis systems.
Vasodilator Action of Angiotensin-(1-7) on Isolated Rabbit Afferent Arterioles (2002)

Recent studies have shown that angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-[1-7]), which is generated endogenously from both Ang I and II, is a bioactive component of the renin-angiotensin system and may play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure. However, little is known about its role in regulating the reactivity of the afferent arteriole or the mechanism(s) involved. We hypothesized that Ang-(1-7), acting on specific receptors, participates in the control of afferent arteriole tone. We first examined the direct effect of Ang-(1-7) on rabbit afferent arterioles microperfused in vitro, and we tested whether endothelium-derived relaxing factor/NO and cyclooxygenase products are involved in its actions. To assess the vasodilator effect of Ang-(1-7), afferent arterioles were preconstricted with norepinephrine, and increasing concentrations of Ang-(1-7) were added to the lumen. We found that 10(-10) to 10(-6) mol/L Ang-(1-7) produced dose-dependent vasodilatation, increasing luminal diameter from 8.9+/-1.0 to 16.3+/-1.1 microm (P<0.006). Indomethacin had no effect on Ang-(1-7)-induced dilatation. N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a NO synthesis inhibitor, abolished the dilatation induced by Ang-(1-7). We attempted to determine which angiotensin receptor subtype is involved in this process. We found that 10(-6) mol/L [d-Ala7]-Ang-(1-7), a potent and selective Ang-(1-7) antagonist, abolished the dilatation induced by Ang-(1-7). An angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist (L158809) and an angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagonist (PD 123319) at 10(-6) mol/L had no effect on Ang-(1-7)-induced dilatation. Our results show that Ang-(1-7) causes afferent arteriole dilatation. This effect may be due to production of NO, but not the action of cyclooxygenase products. Ang-(1-7) has a receptor-mediated vasodilator effect on the rabbit afferent arteriole. This effect may be mediated by Ang-(1-7) receptors, because angiotensin type 1 and type 2 receptor antagonists could not block Ang-(1-7)-induced dilatation. Thus, our data suggest that Ang-(1-7)opposes the action of Ang II and plays an important role in the regulation of renal hemodynamics.
A segmented polyurethane composite prosthetic anterior cruciate ligament in vivo study (1985)

A segmented polyurethane prosthetic anterior cruciate ligament prototype has been developed and its in vivo integrity assessed in canine subjects. Prosthetic ligaments surgically implanted for 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16 months were assessed clinically in living subjects, at time of autopsy, and microscopically postautopsy. It was found that the ligaments were adequate in strength to provide stability and last for periods up to 16 months. Notching of the ligaments was observed at two designated friction points.
Test City metaphor as support for visual testcase analysis within integration test domain (2013)

The majority of formal description for software testing in the industry is conducted at the system or acceptance level, however most formal research has been focused on the unit level. This paper shows formal test selection and analyzes criteria for system or integration test based on visualization analysis for low level test cases. Visual analysis for low level test case selection is to be based on inputs from available Test Management system. The paper presents a use case for visual metaphor as a base for analysis testware for a test project in the industry.
DNA-Functionalized MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, or Mn) Nanoparticles and Their Hybridization to DNA-Functionalized Surfaces (2005)

Magnetic MFe2O4 (M = Fe, Co, or Mn) nanoparticles with uniform diameters in the 4-20 nm range and with excellent material properties, reported previously, can be rendered soluble in water or aqueous buffers using a combination of alkylphosphonate surfactants and other surfactants such as ethoxylated fatty alcohols or phospholipids. Surfactant-modified oligonucleotides can be incorporated into the particles' organic shell. The particles can withstand salt concentrations up to 0.3 M, temperatures up to 90 degrees C, and various operations such as concentration to dryness, column or membrane separations, and electrophoresis. The particles can be selectively hybridized to DNA-functionalized gold surfaces with high coverages using a two-story monolayer structure. These particles may find valuable applications involving the magnetic detection of small numbers of biomolecules using spin valves, magnetic tunnel junctions, or other sensors.
Structural and Configurational Dependence of the Sensory Process in Steroids (1983)

Structural modifications of testosterone and 19‐nortestosterone have led to the synthesis of over 60 androstane and estrane derivatives whose sensory evaluation has allowed molecular parameters to be established for release of a ‘steroid‐type’ scent. Odor perception with O‐containing compounds in both classes has been found to be regioselective . Osmophoric groups at C(3) were found to be the most active and specific. Functionality at C(2) is accompanied to a large extent by anosmic defects, and O‐containing substituents at C(1) and C(4) appear to affect the receptor membrane in exceptional cases. A further characteristic of the ‘steroid‐type’ scent is diastereoselectivity . The odor intensity of axial 2‐ and 3‐hydroxysteroids is far greater than that of the equatorial epimers, and epimeric hydroxy‐groups in the 1‐, 4‐, and 5‐positions lead to almost complete absence of odor. In addition, only steroids with ‘normal’ ring junctions and configuration were found to be odorants, whereas compounds with cis ‐junctions between rings A and B, or C and D, were found to be practically inactive, Steroids therefore folow the ‘triaxial rule of odor sensation’. The most remarkable feature of our findings with steroid odorants is enantioselectivity The term ‘regioselective’ is currently used for a reaction in which formation of one structural (or positional) isomer is favored over another. For convenience we use ‘regioselective’, ‘diastereoselective’ or ‘enantioselective’ for substrate‐receptor interactions in which one positional isomer, diastereoisomer or enantiomer leads to a different sensory response (in quality and/or intensity) than another. . Whereas with C 19 ‐steroids of the ‘natural’ enantiomeric series the perception threshold is extremely low (&lt;6 ppb), the corresponding ‘unnatural’ enantiomers have been found essentially odorless by a panel of 30 persons. This appears to be the first reported instance of a total enantioselective response to an odorant.
Origin of Enhancement in Open-Circuit Voltage by Adding ZnO to Nanocrystalline SnO2 in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2005)

SnO2 + ZnO working electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells were made by mixing a nanocrystalline SnO2 colloidal dispersion with ZnO or Zn(CH3COO)2. Addition of ZnO or Zn(CH3COO)2 enhanced the open-circuit voltage (V(oc)) of the cells with respect to cells containing only SnO2. Dependence of the electron lifetime in the electrodes on short-circuit photocurrent density (J(sc)) gave evidence against the assumption that the suppression of back electron transfer to the electrolyte is the origin for the V(oc) enhancement by addition of Zn. V(oc) dependence on temperatures indicated a decrease in the combined capacitance of the mixed electrode. The slope of the V(oc) dependence versus the logarithm of J(sc) indicated that the contribution of unpinning of the band to the enhancement of V(oc) could be neglected. From the cyclic voltammograms of the electrodes, the combined capacitance of the mixed electrode was 1 order of magnitude smaller than that of SnO2. The decrease in the combined capacitance in the mixed electrode could be explained by the decrease in the chemical capacitance of SnO2, thus the shift of the conduction band position toward the vacuum level. X-ray photoelectron spectra of Sn 3d(5/2) peaks showed a shift toward lower binding energy with an increasing amount of added Zn. This was attributed to an increase in the surface potential toward the negative direction, which might have resulted from a dipole moment formed by Zn on the surface of SnO2.
Femtosecond transillumination tomography in thick tissues (1993)

We describe diffuse-light time-gated imaging with transillumination optical coherence tomography. Submillimeter-resolution imaging of objects hidden in thick biological tissue is achieved in cases in which ballistic light is absent by selecting only the early-arriving coherent portion of the diffuse transmitted light. By using a femtosecond laser as a high-power low-coherence light source, we perform high-sensitivity (130-dB dynamic range) optical gating with interferometric heterodyne detection. The dependence of image resolution on coherent photon arrival time is investigated in model scattering media.
Association of ketamine-induced psychosis with focal activation of the prefrontal cortex in healthy volunteers (1997)

These data suggest that the prefrontal cortex may be involved in mediating NMDA receptor-induced psychosis.
Physiology of a Microgravity Environment Invited Review: Microgravity and skeletal muscle (2000)

Spaceflight (SF) has been shown to cause skeletal muscle atrophy; a loss in force and power; and, in the first few weeks, a preferential atrophy of extensors over flexors. The atrophy primarily results from a reduced protein synthesis that is likely triggered by the removal of the antigravity load. Contractile proteins are lost out of proportion to other cellular proteins, and the actin thin filament is lost disproportionately to the myosin thick filament. The decline in contractile protein explains the decrease in force per cross-sectional area, whereas the thin-filament loss may explain the observed postflight increase in the maximal velocity of shortening in the type I and IIa fiber types. Importantly, the microgravity-induced decline in peak power is partially offset by the increased fiber velocity. Muscle velocity is further increased by the microgravity-induced expression of fast-type myosin isozymes in slow fibers (hybrid I/II fibers) and by the increased expression of fast type II fiber types. SF increases the susceptibility of skeletal muscle to damage, with the actual damage elicited during postflight reloading. Evidence in rats indicates that SF increases fatigability and reduces the capacity for fat oxidation in skeletal muscles. Future studies will be required to establish the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the SF-induced muscle atrophy and functional loss and to develop effective exercise countermeasures.
Direct Hybridization of Large-Insert Genomic Clones on High-Density Gridded cDNA Filter Arrays (1997)

A major challenge to positional cloning approaches is the identification of coding sequences within a region of interest. Hybridization of genomic fragments that represent a cloned contig of a defined genomic region in appropriate cDNA libraries theoretically represents a direct solution to this problem. However, this is technically difficult and in general, success with this approach has been limited to the use of small fragments, such as those cloned in cosmids and phages. Since most physical maps are composed of genomic DNA cloned in vectors with significantly greater insert size capacity, there is a need to develop efficient methods to use these clones directly as hybridization probes. Here we describe a highly sensitive protocol for hybridization of P1-derived artificial chromosomes (PACs; average insert size, 120 kb) on a composite, normalized cDNA library comprised of 200000 clones spotted at high density on nylon filters. Because limited sequence information on more than 150000 of these clones is now available in the public domain, positive hybridization results can be rapidly converted to cDNA sequence information without recourse to any clone manipulation in the initial phases of a project. Using these protocols, we have been able to reproducibly detect coding exons that constitute as little as 0.2% of the total PAC insert.
Survival, Classifications, and Desmosomal Plaque Genes in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (2013)

Novel biomarkers are required to improve prognostic predictions obtained with lung cancer staging systems. This study of 62 surgically-treated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) patients had two objectives: i) to compare the predictive value of T-stage classifications between the 6(th) and 7(th) editions of the Tumor, Node, and Metastasis staging system (TNM); and ii) to examine the association of Pkp1 and/or Krt15 gene expression with survival and outcomes. Multivariate and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses were performed, examining the relationship of survival with T-stage, recurrence, and TNM-stage (by each TNM edition) and with the single/combined expression of Pkp1 and/or Krt15 genes. Five-year survival rates only significantly differed as a function of T-stage in patients without recurrence when estimated using the 6(th) edition of the TNM classification and only in patients in pathologic TNM-stage IA using the 7(th). Overall survival for patients with elevated expression of both genes was 13.5 months in those with adenocarcinoma and 34.6 months in those with squamous cell carcinoma. Overall survival was 30.4 months in patients with Pkp1 gene upregulation and 30.9 months in those with Krt15 gene upregulation. In conclusion, survival estimations as a function of T-staging differed between the 6(th) and 7(th) editions of TNM. Overall survival differed according to the expression of Pkp1 and/or Krt15 genes, although this relationship did not reach statistical significance.
Reference standards for flow cytometry and application in comparative studies of nuclear DNA content (1989)

Nuclear DNA mass in cells from a reference species can be used to obtain high-resolution estimates of DNA mass from a target species. In our study of DNA mass in cells from 45 selected species, representing each of the major vertebrate classes, we have obtained values of from 1.5 to 110.0 pg of DNA. Because values in or near this range would be expected in the study of nuclear DNA mass in vertebrates and other organisms, the species in this report can provide a useful catalogue of references for comparative studies of DNA.
Chromatin differences between active and inactive X chromosomes revealed by genomic footprinting of permeabilized cells using DNase I and ligation-mediated PCR. (1991)

Ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LMPCR) provides adequate sensitivity for nucleotide-level analysis of single-copy genes. Here, we report that chromatin structure can be studied by enzyme treatment of permeabilized cells followed by LMPCR. DNase I treatment of lysolecithin-permeabilized cells was found to give very clear footprints and to show differences between active and inactive X chromosomes (Xa and Xi, respectively) at the human X-linked phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK-1) locus. Beginning 380 bp upstream and continuing 70 bp downstream of the major transcription start site of PGK-1, we analyzed both strands of this promoter and CpG island and discovered the following: (1) The transcriptionally active Xa in permeabilized cells has several upstream regions that are almost completely protected on both strands from DNase I nicking. (2) Nuclei isolated in polyamine-containing buffers lack these footprints, suggesting that data from isolated nuclei can be flawed; other buffers are less disruptive. (3) The Xa has no detectable footprints at the transcription start and HIP1 consensus sequence. (4) The heterochromatic and transcriptionally inactive Xi has no footprints but has two regions showing increased DNase I sensitivity at 10-bp intervals, suggesting that the DNA is wrapped on the surface of a particle; one nucleosome-sized particle seems to be positioned over the transcription start site and another is centered approximately 260 bp upstream. (5) Potassium permanganate and micrococcal nuclease (MNase) studies indicate no melted or otherwise unusual DNA structures in the region analyzed, and MNase, unlike restriction endonuclease MspI, does cut within the positioned particles on the Xi. Results are discussed in the context of X chromosome inactivation and the maintenance of protein and DNA methylation differences between euchromatin and facultative heterochromatin at CpG islands.
Open mobility management platform with directory-based architecture and signalling protocols (2002)

The introduction of user and terminal mobility into private communication networks requires the provision of mobility management services. They handle the dynamic locations of mobile users and terminals and maintain the allocation of personal service profiles. The author is developing an open mobility management platform that contains a set of support functions and APIs on which mobility management services can be easily built. The platform performs location and profile handling based on distributed X.500 directory services and implements the required mobility management signalling protocols based on X.500 and LDAP directory access protocols. Additionally the platform offers three mobility abstraction levels that he uses to build mobile and location-aware multimedia applications. He developed a multi-master replication protocol for the directory servers inside the platform to fulfil the demanding performance and availability requirements of corporate networks. The mobility management services built on this platform can be easily customised to changing and evolving requirements and the platform functionality can be extended due to the generic directory service approach.
Construction and Characterization of Vaccinia Direct Ligation Vectors (1997)

Poxvirus vectors are extensively used as expression vehicles for protein and antigen expression in eukaryotic cells. Customarily, the foreign DNA is introduced into the poxvirus genome by homologous recombination. An alternative method using direct ligation vectors has been used to efficiently construct chimeric genomes in situations not readily amenable for homologous recombination. We describe the construction and characterization of a new set of direct ligation vectors designed to be universally applicable for the generation of chimeric vaccinia genomes. These vectors contain the pair of unique restriction sites NotI and ApaI to eliminate religation of poxvirus arms and fix the orientation of the insert DNA behind strongly expressing constitutive vaccinia promoters. The insertion cassette has been placed at the beginning of the thymidine kinase gene in vaccinia to use drug selection in the isolation of recombinants. These viruses provide a set of universally applicable direct ligation poxvirus cloning vectors, extending the utility of poxvirus vectors for construction and expression of complex libraries.
Neuroexcitatory plasma amino acids are elevated in migraine (1990)

To investigate the role of glutamic (Glu) and aspartic acid (Asp) in migraine, we measured the plasma amino acids in migraine patients with and without aura, between and during attacks, and compared the profiles with the plasma amino acid profiles of tension headache patients and healthy controls. Between attacks, migraineurs (notably with aura) had substantially higher plasma Glu and Asp levels than did controls and tension headache patients. In addition, patients with migraine without aura showed low plasma histidine levels. During migraine attacks, Glu (and to a lesser extent Asp) levels were even further increased. The results suggest a defective cellular reuptake mechanism for Glu and Asp in migraineurs, and we hypothesize a similar defect at the neuronal/glial cell level, predisposing the brain of migraineurs to develop spreading depression.