gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The 2.2-Kilobase Latency-Associated Transcript of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Does Not Modulate Viral Replication, Reactivation, or Establishment of Latency in Transgenic Mice (2001)

To better understand the mechanisms responsible for the observed effects of deletions in the promoter region of the latency-associated transcript (LAT) gene in impairing herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation, we generated mice transgenic for a 5.5-kb HSV type 2 (HSV-2) genomic fragment spanning the major LAT, along with the LAT promoter and flanking regions, in the C57BL/6 background. The mice expressed abundant 2.2-kb major LATs in trigeminal ganglia (TG) and other tissues. The effects of the transgene on HSV-2 infection, latency, and reactivation were assessed. When infected with wild-type (WT) HSV-2 or its LAT promoter deletion (LAT(-)) mutant, primary lung fibroblast lines established from normal C57BL/6 and transgenic mice supported virus growth equally well. The replication of these viruses in the mouse eye and their spread to TG and brains were similar. The quantities of latent viral DNA in TG of transgenic and normal mice, as determined by real-time PCR, were comparable. UV light-induced reactivation of the LAT(-) mutant from transgenic mice (0 to 7%) was no more frequent than that from normal mice (0 to 14%), while WT virus was reactivated from 13 to 54% of normal mice and 22 to 54% of transgenic mice. The cumulative data indicate that, when expressed transgenically, the HSV-2 major LAT cannot influence HSV-2 infection or latency and cannot complement the defect in reactivation of the LAT(-) mutant. These results imply that the phenotype of reduced reactivation associated with the LAT(-) mutant is related to a function encoded in the LAT promoter but not to the major LAT itself.
Planar spin imaging by NMR (1976)

A new method of spin-density imaging by NMR is described which allows simultaneous observation and differentiation of signals arising from spins distributed throughout a thin layer or plane within the specimen. The method, which is based on selective RF irradiation of the sample in switched magnetic-field gradients, can produce visual pictures considerably faster than previously described line-scan imaging methods. A simple example of a two-dimensional image obtained by the method is presented.
Effects on DNA synthesis and translocation caused by mutations in the RNase H domain of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (1995)

To determine the various roles of RNase H in reverse transcription, we generated a panel of mutations in the RNase H domain of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase based on sequence alignments and the crystal structures of Escherichia coli and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNases H (S. W. Blain and S. P. Goff, J. Biol. Chem. 268:23585-23592, 1993). These mutations were introduced into a full-length provirus, and the resulting genomes were tested for infectivity by transient transfection assays or after generation of stable producer lines. Several of the mutant viruses replicated normally, some showed significant delays in infectivity, and others were noninfectious. Virions were collected, and the products of the endogenous reverse transcription reaction were examined to determine which steps might be affected by these mutations. Some mutants left their minus-strand strong-stop DNA in RNA-DNA hybrid form, in a manner similar to that of RNase H null mutants. Some mutants showed increased polymerase pausing. Others were impaired in first-strand translocation, independently of their wild-type ability to degrade genomic RNA, suggesting a new role for RNase H in strand transfer. DNA products synthesized in vivo by the wild-type and mutant viruses were also examined. Whereas wild-type virus did not accumulate detectable levels of minus-strand strong-stop DNA, several mutants were blocked in translocation and did accumulate this intermediate. These results suggest that in vivo wild-type virus normally translocates minus-strand strong-stop DNA efficiently.
Downregulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) sensitivity via modulation of TNF binding capacity by protein kinase C activators. (1987)

The regulatory action of activators for protein kinase C on the specific binding capacity for recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) was studied on various human cell lines. Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and oleyl acetyl glycerol (OAG) both are able to rapidly downregulate TNF-binding capacity of normal and malignant cells derived from various tissues. As PMA treatment did not enhance internalization of TNF-alpha-receptor complexes at 37 degrees C, and since OAG was able to downregulate TNF-binding capacity under conditions where internalization and shedding of receptor protein are prevented, we conclude that protein kinase C controls ligand affinity of the TNF-receptor protein, possibly via direct phosphorylation. Protein kinase C triggered downregulation of TNF-alpha-binding capacity concomitantly resulted in reduction of TNF-alpha sensitivity, as revealed from decreased cytotoxic action of TNF-alpha on L 929 cells and from inhibition of TNF-alpha-mediated enhancement of HLA class II antigen expression in Colo 205 cells. Restoration of TNF-binding capacity upon abrogation of protein kinase C stimulation leads to full recovery of TNF responsiveness, further supporting the close linkage of TNF-receptor expression and TNF sensitivity. These data suggest that regulation of TNF-binding capacity by protein kinase C is one of the cellular control mechanisms of TNF responsiveness.
Condensed states of nucleic acids. II. Effects of molecular size, base composition, and presence of intercalating agents on the Ψ transition of DNA (1975)

Abstract Circular dichroism spectroscopy has been used to investigate the influence of DNA molecular size, base composition, and the presence of intercalating agents upon the Ψ transition of DNA brought about by high concentrations of poly(ethylene oxide) and salt (Lerman (1971) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. ( U.S. ) 68 , 1886–1890). A molecular weight of 0.15–3.0 × 10 6 daltons yields maximum formation of Ψ‐DNA. Both the amplitude of the large negative CD band at 265 nm—a chief characteristic of the Ψ state—and the thermal stability of Ψ‐DNA increase linearly with increasing mole fraction of guanine plus cytosine in the DNA sample. Either ethidium or proflavine, at concentrations where approximately one dye is bound per 5–10 nucleotide residues, can prevent the transition completely. Striking similarities between the Ψ‐DNA produced by poly(ethylene oxide) + salt and the complexes formed between DNA and lysine‐rich histone f1 suggest the presence of similar nucleic acid–nucleic acid interactions in both types of condensed phase.
Piperidine-containing histamine H3-receptor antagonists of the carbamate series: variation of the spacer length. (2001)

Ten carbamate derivatives have been prepared from appropriate isocyanates and omega-piperidino-1-alkanols. All compounds belong to the new generation of non-imidazole histamine H3-receptor ligands which may have beneficial pharmacokinetic properties compared with the classical imidazole-containing H3-receptor antagonists. The carbamates were evaluated in vitro for antagonist activity at guinea-pig (gp) H3, H2, H1, and M3 receptors, respectively. They displayed moderate affinity for H3 receptors (pA2 5.8-7.0 in the gp ileum assay) as well as low to moderate selectivities vis-à-vis H2 (gp atrium), H1 (gp ileum), and M3 (gp ileum) receptors. A typical member of this series is 7-piperidino-1-heptyl N-(4-phenyl-1-butyl)carbamate (17) with pA2 values of 7.02 (H3), 5.92 (H1), and 6.38 (M3), respectively, and a pD'2 value of 5.46 (H2).
Selectins and integrins but not platelet–endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 regulate opioid inhibition of inflammatory pain (2004)

1. Control of inflammatory pain can result from activation of opioid receptors on peripheral sensory nerves by opioid peptides secreted from leukocytes in response to stress (e.g. experimental swim stress or surgery). The extravasation of immunocytes to injured tissues involves rolling, adhesion and transmigration through the vessel wall, orchestrated by various adhesion molecules. 2. Here we evaluate the relative contribution of selectins, integrins alpha(4) and beta(2), and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) to the opioid-mediated inhibition of inflammatory pain. 3. We use flow cytometry, double immunofluorescence and nociceptive (paw pressure) testing in rats with unilateral hind paw inflammation induced by complete Freund's adjuvant. 4. In inflamed tissue, 43-58% of hematopoietic cells (CD45(+)) expressed opioid peptides. L-selectin and beta(2) were coexpressed by 7 and 98% of opioid-containing leukocytes, respectively. Alpha(4) integrin was expressed in low levels by the majority of leukocytes. Opioid-containing cells, vascular P- and E-selectin and PECAM-1 were simultaneously upregulated. 5. Swim stress produced potent opioid-mediated antinociception in inflamed tissue, unaffected by blockade of PECAM-1. However, blockade of L- and P-selectins by fucoidin, or of alpha(4) and beta(2) by monoclonal antibodies completely abolished peripheral stress-induced antinociception. This coincided with a 40% decrease in the migration of opioid-containing leukocytes to inflamed tissue. 6. These findings establish selectins and integrins alpha(4) and beta(2), but not PECAM-1, as important molecules involved in stress-induced opioid-mediated antinociception in inflammation. They point to a cautious use of anti-inflammatory treatments applying anti-selectin, anti-alpha(4) and anti-beta(2) strategies because they may impair intrinsic pain inhibition.
Development and characterization of recA mutants of Campylobacter jejuni for inclusion in attenuated vaccines (1994)

Isogenic recA mutants of Campylobacter jejuni have been constructed for evaluation of their usefulness in attenuated vaccines against this major worldwide cause of diarrhea. The recA+ gene of C. jejuni 81-176 was cloned by using degenerate primers to conserved regions of other RecA proteins in a PCR. The C. jejuni recA+ gene encodes a predicted protein with an M(r) of 37,012 with high sequence similarity to other RecA proteins. The termination codon of the recA+ gene overlaps with the initiation codon of another open reading frame which encodes a predicted protein which has > 50% identity with the N terminus of the Escherichia coli enolase protein. A kanamycin resistance gene was inserted into the cloned recA+ gene in E. coli and returned to C. jejuni VC83 by natural transformation, resulting in allelic replacement of the wild-type recA gene. The resulting VC83 recA mutant displayed increased sensitivity to UV light and a defect in generalized recombination as determined by natural transformation frequencies. The mutated recA gene was amplified from VC83 recA by PCR, and the product was used to transfer the mutation by natural transformation into C. jejuni 81-176 and 81-116, resulting in isogenic recA mutants with phenotypes similar to VC83 recA. After oral feeding, strain 81-176 recA colonized rabbits at levels comparable to wild-type 81-176 and was capable of eliciting the same degree of protection as wild-type 81-176 against subsequent homologous challenge in the RITARD (removable intestinal tie adult rabbit diarrhea) model.
Application of a hydrogel sealant improves watertight closures of duraplasty onlay grafts in a canine craniotomy model (2007)

The hydrogel sealant applied to collagen-based dural grafts significantly reduced CSF leakage and functioned as an adhesion barrier. Such technology could be an important tool for cranial surgery.
Polymer optical circuits for multimode optical fiber systems (1980)

Polymer optical waveguides for multimode optical fiber systems have been formed by the selective photopolymerization method, and their waveguiding properties have been investigated. It is shown that the polymer optical waveguides match multimode optical fiber systems, with respect to guide dimensions and index differences, and have a transmission loss sufficiently low for circuit designs in the infrared region (0.19 dB/cm at 0.83 microm). In addition, effective applications of polymer optical circuits to compact optical dividers and lower loss couplers are demonstrated.
High‐solids biphasic CO2–H2O pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass (2010)

A high pressure (200 bar) CO(2)-H(2)O process was developed for pretreating lignocellulosic biomass at high-solid contents, while minimizing chemical inputs. Hardwood was pretreated at 20 and 40 (wt.%) solids. Switchgrass, corn stover, big bluestem, and mixed perennial grasses (a co-culture of big bluestem and switchgrass) were pretreated at 40 (wt.%) solids. Operating temperatures ranged from 150 to 250 degrees C, and residence times from 20 s to 60 min. At these conditions a biphasic mixture of an H(2)O-rich liquid (hydrothermal) phase and a CO(2)-rich supercritical phase coexist. Following pretreatment, samples were then enzymatically hydrolyzed. Total yields, defined as the fraction of the theoretical maximum, were determined for glucose, hemicellulose sugars, and two degradation products: furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Response surfaces of yield as a function of temperature and residence time were compared for different moisture contents and biomass species. Pretreatment at 170 degrees C for 60 min gave glucose yields of 77%, 73%, and 68% for 20 and 40 (wt.%) solids mixed hardwood and mixed perennial grasses, respectively. Pretreatment at 160 degrees C for 60 min gave glucan to glucose yields of 81% for switchgrass and 85% for corn stover.
Rescue of a Porcine Anellovirus (Torque Teno Sus Virus 2) from Cloned Genomic DNA in Pigs (2012)

Anelloviruses are a group of single-stranded circular DNA viruses infecting humans and other animal species. Animal models combined with reverse genetic systems of anellovirus have not been developed. We report here the construction and initial characterization of full-length DNA clones of a porcine anellovirus, torque teno sus virus 2 (TTSuV2), in vitro and in vivo. We first demonstrated that five cell lines, including PK-15 cells, are free of TTSuV1 or TTSuV2 contamination, as determined by a real-time PCR and an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using anti-TTSuV antibodies. Recombinant plasmids harboring monomeric or tandem-dimerized genomic DNA of TTSuV2 from the United States and Germany were constructed. Circular TTSuV2 genomic DNA with or without introduced genetic markers and tandem-dimerized TTSuV2 plasmids were transfected into PK-15 cells, respectively. Splicing of viral mRNAs was identified in transfected cells. Expression of TTSuV2-specific open reading frame 1 (ORF1) in cell nuclei, especially in nucleoli, was detected by IFA. However, evidence of productive TTSuV2 infection was not observed in 12 different cell lines transfected with the TTSuV2 DNA clones. Transfection with circular DNA from a TTSuV2 deletion mutant did not produce ORF1 protein, suggesting that the observed ORF1 expression is driven by TTSuV2 DNA replication in cells. Pigs inoculated with either the tandem-dimerized clones or circular genomic DNA of U.S. TTSuV2 developed viremia, and the introduced genetic markers were retained in viral DNA recovered from the sera of infected pigs. The availability of an infectious DNA clone of TTSuV2 will facilitate future study of porcine anellovirus pathogenesis and biology.
Platform Technologies for Minimally Invasive Physiological Monitoring (2006)

Two critical problems exist in the engineering design of minimally invasive implantable devices: power supply and communication. Without solving these two problems, implantable devices will not be able to exchange information with the outside world and operate for extended periods of time. Currently, there exist only limited approaches to these problems. Inspired by the power delivery mechanisms of electric fish, we have developed a bio-mimetic approach using the volume conduction property of biological tissue as a natural cable to pass both information and power. A miniature device, called an energy pad, is designed. This device can be easily attached to the exterior of the skin for the purposes of communication and recharging of an implanted battery within the human body. The volume conduction system is analyzed by a linear network model and experimentally evaluated using samples of pig skin.
Identification of Δ12‐fatty acid desaturase from arachidonic acid‐producing Mortierella fungus by heterologous expression in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the fungus Aspergillus oryzae (1999)

Based on the sequence information for the omega3-desaturase genes (from Brassica napus and Caenorhabditis elegans), which are involved in the desaturation of linoleic acid (Delta9, Delta12-18 : 2) to alpha-linolenic acid (Delta9, Delta12, Delta15-18 : 3), a cDNA was cloned from the filamentous fungal strain, Mortierella alpina 1S-4, which is used industrially to produce arachidonic acid. Homology analysis with protein databases revealed that the amino acid sequence showed 43.7% identity as the highest match with the microsomal omega6-desaturase (from Glycine max, soybean), whereas it exhibited 38.9% identity with the microsomal omega3-desaturase (from soybean). The evolutionary implications of these enzymes will be discussed. The cloned cDNA was confirmed to encode a Delta12-desaturase, which was involved in the desaturation of oleic acid (Delta9-18 : 1) to linoleic acid, by its expression in both the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of yeast and fungus transformants demonstrated that linoleic acid (which was not contained in the control strain of S. cerevisiae) was accumulated in the yeast transformant and that the fungal transformant contained a large amount of linoleic acid (71.9%). Genomic Southern blot analysis of the transformants with the Mortierella Delta12-desaturase gene as a probe confirmed integration of this gene into the genome of A. oryzae. The M. alpina 1S-4 Delta12-desaturase is the first example of a cloned nonplant Delta12-desaturase.
[X-ray morphological characteristics of the traumatic bone injuries and wounds of the inhabitants of the ancient Baltic region]. (1980)

Altogether 4492 skeletons of the people who inhabited the Baltic region during various epochs--from the end of the mesolithic period up to the XVIII century A. D. were examined. A total of 30 injuries, 15 wounds, 10 cranial trepanations and 78 bone fractures were revealed. Most of the injuries and wounds showed signs of regeneration, knitting consolidation was quite adequate that is partially accounted for by proficiency of people's doctors. It was established that lances and arrows of ancient inhabitants of the Baltic region were of great penetrative strength.
A Practical and Safe Preparation of 3,5‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)acetophenone (2005)

Abstract 3,5‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)bromobenzene 3,5‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)‐acetophenone Isopropylmagnesium chloride Acetic anhydride
Biological response of chondrocytes cultured in three‐dimensional nanofibrous poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) scaffolds (2003)

Nanofibrous materials, by virtue of their morphological similarities to natural extracellular matrix, have been considered as candidate scaffolds for cell delivery in tissue-engineering applications. In this study, we have evaluated a novel, three-dimensional, nanofibrous poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold composed of electrospun nanofibers for its ability to maintain chondrocytes in a mature functional state. Fetal bovine chondrocytes (FBCs), maintained in vitro between passages 2 to 6, were seeded onto three-dimensional biodegradable PCL nanofibrous scaffolds or as monolayers on standard tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) as a control substrate. Gene expression analysis by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that chondrocytes seeded on the nanofibrous scaffold and maintained in serum-free medium supplemented with ITS+, ascorbate, and dexamethasone continuously maintained their chondrocytic phenotype by expressing cartilage-specific extracellular matrix genes, including collagen types II and IX, aggrecan, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. Specifically, expression of the collagen type IIB splice variant transcript, which is indicative of the mature chondrocyte phenotype, was up-regulated. FBCs exhibited either a spindle or round shape on the nanofibrous scaffolds, in contrast to a flat, well-spread morphology seen in monolayer cultures on TCPS. Organized actin stress fibers were only observed in the cytoplasm of cells cultured on TCPS. Histologically, nanofibrous cultures maintained in the supplemented serum-free medium produced more sulfated proteoglycan-rich, cartilaginous matrix than monolayer cultures. In addition to promoting phenotypic differentiation, the nanofibrous scaffold also supported cellular proliferation as evidenced by a 21-fold increase in cell growth over 21 days when the cultures were maintained in serum-containing medium. These results indicate that the biological activities of FBCs are crucially dependent on the architecture of the extracellular scaffolds as well as the composition of the culture medium, and that nanofibrous PCL acts as a biologically preferred scaffold/substrate for proliferation and maintenance of the chondrocytic phenotype. We propose that the PCL nanofibrous structure may be a suitable candidate scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Nucleobases with Arylboronic Acids: An Efficient Access to N‐Arylnucleobases (2005)

Abstract An efficient avenue for the direct N ‐arylation of nucleobases with arylboronic acids that is catalyzed by simple copper salts was discovered. The N ‐arylnucleobases were obtained in excellent yields at room temperature within 45 min when methanol and water were used as a mixed solvent. Under these conditions, the coupling reaction tolerates both electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing substituents at the o ‐, m ‐, or p ‐positions of phenylboronic acid and gives the corresponding coupling products in moderate to excellent yields. Experimental results show that this route is the most efficient, facile, and mild method for the synthesis of N ‐arylnucleobases. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Retroviral-Mediated Gene Transfer of gp91phox Into Bone Marrow Cells Rescues Defect in Host Defense Against Aspergillus fumigatus in Murine X-Linked Chronic Granulomatous Disease (1997)

The X-linked form of chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD), an inherited deficiency of the respiratory burst oxidase, results from mutations in the X-linked gene for gp91phox, the larger subunit of the oxidase cytochrome b. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of retroviral-mediated gene transfer of gp91phox on host defense against Aspergillus fumigatus in a murine model of X-CGD. Retrovirus vectors constructed using the murine stem cell virus (MSCV) backbone were used for gene transfer of the gp91phox cDNA into murine X-CGD bone marrow cells. Transduced cells were transplanted into lethally irradiated syngeneic X-CGD mice. After hematologic recovery, superoxide production, as monitored by the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test, was detected in up to approximately 80% of peripheral blood neutrophils for at least 28 to 35 weeks after transplantation. Neutrophil expression of recombinant gp91phox and superoxide production were significantly less than wild-type neutrophils. However, 9 of 9 mice with approximately 50% to 80% NBT+ neutrophils after gene transfer did not develop lung disease after respiratory challenge with 150 to 500 A fumigatus spores, doses that produced disease in 16 of 16 control X-CGD mice. In X-CGD mice transplanted with mixtures of wild-type and X-CGD bone marrow, > or = 5% wild-type neutrophils were required for protection against A fumigatus challenge. These data suggest that expression of even low levels of recombinant gp91phox can substantially improve phagocyte function in X-CGD, although correction of very small percentage of phagocytes may not be sufficient for protection against A fumigatus.