gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The origin and development of nonlymphoid tissue CD103+ DCs (2009)

CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs) in nonlymphoid tissues are specialized in the cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens. However, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate the development of these cells. We show that two populations of CD11c(+)MHCII(+) cells separated on the basis of CD103 and CD11b expression coexist in most nonlymphoid tissues with the exception of the lamina propria. CD103(+) DCs are related to lymphoid organ CD8(+) DCs in that they are derived exclusively from pre-DCs under the control of fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3) ligand, inhibitor of DNA protein 2 (Id2), and IFN regulatory protein 8 (IRF8). In contrast, lamina propria CD103(+) DCs express CD11b and develop independently of Id2 and IRF8. The other population of CD11c(+)MHCII(+) cells in tissues, which is CD103(-)CD11b(+), is heterogenous and depends on both Flt3 and MCSF-R. Our results reveal that nonlymphoid tissue CD103(+) DCs and lymphoid organ CD8(+) DCs derive from the same precursor and follow a related differentiation program.
Roles of sphingosine-1-phosphate in cell growth, differentiation, and death. (1998)

Recent evidence suggests that branching pathways of sphingolipid metabolism may mediate either apoptotic or mitogenic responses depending on the cell type and the nature of the stimulus. While ceramide has been shown to be an important regulatory component of apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha and the Fas ligand, sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP), a further metabolite of ceramide, has been implicated as a second messenger in cellular proliferation and survival induced by platelet-derived growth factor, neuronal growth factor, and serum. SPP protects cells from apoptosis resulting from elevations of ceramide. Inflammatory cytokines stimulate sphingomyelinase, but not ceramidase, leading to accumulation of ceramide, whereas growth signals also stimulate ceramidase and sphingosine kinase leading to increased SPP levels. We propose that the dynamic balance between levels of sphingolipid metabolites, ceramide, and SPP and consequent regulation of different members of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (JNK versus ERK) family is an important factor that determines whether a cell survives or dies.
Inhibitory Effect of Red Koji Extracts on Mushroom Tyrosinase (2003)

Red koji has been recognized as a cholesterol-lowering diet supplement because of it contains fungi metabolites, monacolins, which reduce cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. In this study, water extracts of red koji were loaded onto a C(18) cartridge, and the acetonitrile eluate was collected as test fraction. Red koji water extracts and its C(18) cartridge acetonitrile eluent had total phenols concentrations of 5.57 and 1.89 mg/g of red koji and condensed tannins concentrations of 2.71 and 1.20 mg/g of red koji, respectively. Both exhibited an antioxidant activity and an inhibitory activity to mushroom tyrosinase. The higher antioxidant activity of the red koji acetonitrile eluent was due to the existence of a high percentage of condensed tannins. The results from the kinetic study for inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase by red koji extracts showed that the compounds in the extracts competitively inhibited the oxidation of tyrosine catalyzed by mushroom tyrosinase with an ID(50) of 5.57 mg/mL.
Purinergic mediated changes in Ca2+ mobilization and functional responses in microglia: Effects of low levels of ATP (2005)

Microglia, the immune effector cells of the brain, are stimulated by a diversity of agents to transiently increase levels of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). Changes in [Ca2+]i induced by compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) serve important roles in cellular signal transduction linking stimuli with cellular functional responses. Purinergic responses in microglia, like that in other cells, are mediated by two families of receptors classified as P2Y and P2X. Activation of metabotropic receptors (P2YR) leads to increased [Ca2+]i due to depletion of intracellular stores, a process that can trigger activation of Ca2+ entry through plasmalemmal store-operated channels (SOC). Activation of ionotropic receptors (P2XR) is associated with influx of Na+ and Ca2+ and efflux of K+ through nonselective cationic channels, leading to cellular depolarization. An intriguing property of purinergic stimulation of microglia is the dependence of cellular responses on agonist concentration. As one example, activation of the subtype P2X7R by higher levels of ATP (millimolar range), leads to a marked enhancement in microglial secretion of inflammatory mediators. Other members of the ionotropic P2XR family sensitive to lower levels of ATP, however, are also important in mediating microglial inflammatory responses in brain. At lower concentrations of ATP (100 microM), activation of SOC in human microglia is not only coupled to P2YR-dependent depletion of internal stores, but is also modulated by ATP binding to a P2XR (not P2X7R). The modulation is consistent with a P2XR-mediated influx of Na+ and inhibition of SOC by depolarization. In this review, a primary focus is placed on the effects of low concentrations of ATP (< or =100 microM) to induce changes in [Ca2+]i and modify functional processes in microglia. In essence, responses mediated by purinergic receptors other than P2X7R are considered.
Using RDMA efficiently for key-value services (2014)

This paper describes the design and implementation of HERD, a key-value system designed to make the best use of an RDMA network. Unlike prior RDMA-based key-value systems, HERD focuses its design on reducing network round trips while using efficient RDMA primitives; the result is substantially lower latency, and throughput that saturates modern, commodity RDMA hardware.
Selective enhancement of metastatic capacity in mouse bladder carcinoma cells after transfection with dna from liver metastases of human colon carcinoma (1988)

To identify sequences associated with a metastatic phenotype, DNA fragments isolated from 2 separate human colon carcinoma metastases were transfected into a mouse bladder carcinoma cell line together with the neoR gene as selectable marker. It was found that bulk populations of neomycin resistant cells carrying these human sequences caused more metastases in syngeneic mice than did control cells transfected with calf thymus DNA. Cells isolated from metastases retained the highly metastatic phenotype when transferred to secondary hosts.
Chondrocyte biosynthesis correlates with local tissue strain in statically compressed adult articular cartilage (1997)

In this study, we investigated the depth-dependent metabolic and structural responses of adult articular cartilage to large-strain, static, unconfined compression. Changes in cell biosynthetic activity and several morphometry-based structural parameters (cell density, cell volume fraction, cell surface-area density, mean cell surface area, and mean cell volume) were measured at eight sites representing different depth-zones between the articular surface and the cartilage/bone border. In addition, local axial strain in the superficial, transitional, upper radial, and lower radial zones was estimated on the basis of the change in cell density values. Static compression of articular cartilage revealed a highly heterogeneous deformation profile through the depth of the sample as well as zone-specific changes in biosynthetic activity, as reflected by incorporation of [3H]proline. The axial strains in the top layers were greater than the applied surface-to-surface strain, whereas axial strains adjacent to the cartilage/bone border were significantly less than the applied strain. Zonal changes in cell density and axial strain that occurred during static compression correlated well with alterations in metabolic activity. These coordinated changes between cell biosynthesis and cartilage structure suggest that zone-specific variations in mechanical stimuli could be responsible for spatially varied patterns of cartilage metabolic activity under load.
Rheumatoid Arthritis–Interstitial Lung Disease–associated Mortality (2010)

Clinically significant RA-ILD occurs in nearly 10% of the RA population, and is associated with shortened survival and more severe underlying disease. Whereas overall mortality rates for RA have fallen, those associated with RA-ILD have increased significantly in older age groups.
Microglia: Activation and Their Significance in the Central Nervous System (2001)

Microglia are resident monocyte-lineaged cells in the brain. Their characteristic feature is that they react to injury and diseases of the brain and become morphologically and functionally activated. Although some trigger molecules which activate microglia are predicted to be released from injured or affected cells, such molecules have not yet been identified. The main role of activated microglia is believed to be in brain defense, as scavengers of dead cells, and as immune or immunoeffector cells. Recent biochemical and neurobiological studies have further indicated that they significantly affect the pathological state and/or regulate the regenerative state and remodeling of the brain by producing a variety of biologically active molecules including cytotoxic and neurotrophic molecules.
A combination of alpha lipoic acid and calcium hydroxycitrate is efficient against mouse cancer models: Preliminary results (2010)

The impact of metabolic dysregulation on tumor development has long been established. We have targeted two enzymes that are altered during carcinogenesis: pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which is down-regulated, and ATP citrate lyase, which is overexpressed in cancer cells. Alpha lipoic acid is a cofactor of PDH, while hydroxycitrate is a known inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase. Our hypothesis is that a combination of these drugs may have antitumoral potential. The efficacy of these molecules was screened in vitro by treatment of different human cancer and murine cell lines. Lipoic acid reduced the cell number by 10-50% depending on concentrations (0.1-10 microM) and cell types. Calcium hydroxycitrate reduced the cell number by 5-60% at different concentrations (10-500 microM). When hydroxycitrate and lipoic acid were used together, there was a major cytotoxic effect: complete cell death was seen following 8 microM lipoic acid and 300 microM hydroxycitrate treatment for 72 h. The combination of alpha lipoic acid and hydroxycitrate was administered to healthy mice, at doses currently utilized for other indications than cancer; no demonstrable toxicity was observed. The combination was used to treat mouse syngenic cancer models: MBT-2 bladder transitional cell carcinoma, B16-F10 melanoma and LL/2 Lewis lung carcinoma. The efficacy of this combination appears similar to conventional chemotherapy (cisplatin or 5-fluorouracil) as it resulted in significant tumor growth retardation and enhanced survival. This preliminary study suggests that this combination of drugs is efficient against cancer cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. A clinical trial is warranted.
Characteristics of urinary and serum soluble Klotho protein in patients with different degrees of chronic kidney disease (2012)

The amount of urinary Klotho, rather than the serum Klotho levels, should be linked to the magnitude of the functioning nephrons in CKD patients. The use of random urine Klotho/Cr as a surrogate for the amount of 24-hr urinary excreted Klotho needs to be evaluated more carefully.
Bacterial Hitch-Hikers (1971)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Jul 1971Bacterial Hitch-Hikers T. Leon Howard T. Leon HowardT. Leon Howard More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)61232-1AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Bacterial Hitch-Hikers." The Journal of Urology, 106(1), p. 94 © 1971 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 106Issue 1July 1971Page: 94 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1971 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information T. Leon Howard More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...
Genetic Polymorphisms and Cancer Susceptibility of Breast Cancer in Korean Women (2003)

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women in Western countries, and its prevalence is also increasing in Asia. The major risk factor for breast cancer can be traced to reproductive events that influence the lifetime levels of hormones. However, a large percentage of breast cancer cases cannot, be explained by these risk factors. The identification of susceptibility factors that predispose individuals to breast cancer (for instance, if they are exposed to particular environmental agents) could possibly give further insight into the etiology of this malignancy and provide targets for the future development of therapeutics. The most interesting candidate genes include those that mediate a range of functions. These include carcinogen metabolism, DNA repair, steroid hormone metabolism, signal transduction, and cell cycle control. we conducted a hospital-based case-control study on South Korea to evaluate the potential modifying role of the genetic pollymprphisms of selected low penetrance gens that are involved carcinogen metabolisms (i.e., CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTM1/T1/P1, NAT1/2, etc.), estrogen synthesis and metabolism (i.e., CYP19, CYP17, CYP1B1, COMT, ER-alpha, etc.), DNA repair (i.e., XRCC1/3, ERCC2/4, ATM, AGT, etc.), and signal transduction as well as others (i.e., TGF- beta, IGF-1, TNF- beta, IL-1B, IL-1RN, etc.). We also took into account the potential interaction between these and the known risk factors of breast cancer. The results of selected genes will be presented in this mini-review.
Identification, cDNA Cloning, and Gene Expression of Soluble Starch Synthase in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Immature Seeds (1993)

Three forms of soluble starch synthase were resolved by anion-exchange chromatography of soluble extracts from immature rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds, and each of these forms was further purified by affinity chromatography. The 55-, 57-, and 57-kD proteins in the three preparations were identified as candidates for soluble starch synthase by western blot analysis using an antiserum against rice granule-bound starch synthase. It is interesting that the amino-terminal amino acid sequence was identical among the three proteins, except that the 55-kD protein lacked eight amino acids at the amino terminus. Thus, these three proteins are products of the same gene. The cDNA clones coding for this protein have been isolated from an immature rice seed library in [lambda]gt11 using synthetic oligonucleotides as probes. The deduced amino acid sequence of this protein contains a lysine-X-glycine-glycine consensus sequence for the ADP-glucose-binding site of starch and glycogen synthases. Therefore, we conclude that this protein corresponds to a form of soluble starch synthase in immature rice seeds. The precursor of the enzyme contains 626 amino acids, including a 113-residue transit peptide at the amino terminus. The mature form of soluble starch synthase shares a significant but low sequence identity with rice granule-bound starch synthase and Escherichia coli glycogen synthase. However, several regions, including the substrate-binding site, are highly conserved among these three enzymes. Blot hybridization analysis demonstrates that the gene encoding soluble starch synthase is a single-copy gene in the rice genome and is expressed in both leaves and immature seeds. These results suggest that soluble and granule-bound starch synthases play distinct roles in starch biosynthesis of plant.
QUANTITATIVE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION AND DETERMINATION OF mRNA CONTENT (1986)

The determination of mRNA levels by in situ hybridization in brain tissue is a prominent topic of concern of workers in this field. Two degrees of quantitation are theoretically possible. The ability to provide a minimum estimate of mRNA amounts for comparing conditions is the easier of the two. The ability to measure absolute amounts of mRNA by in situ hybridization is a much less certain and more contentious proposition, as discussed below. In both cases, it is necessary to convert grain densities to tissue radioactivity to, finally, mRNA levels. The first conversion is discussed in the second portion of this chapter. Briefly, for isotopes with higher energy than tritium, emulsions of uniform thickness are required to eliminate variability in grain density due to variations in emulsion thickness. For this purpose, one can use x-ray film or emulsion-coated coverslips (1). In addition, one must simultaneously expose standards containing known amounts of the isotope used in the experimental sections (2). Once the autoradiograms are developed, one must decide on the appropriate approach to gathering the raw data. The choices among grain densities, grain reflectances, or optical densi ties are a critical part of the analysis as discussed in detail in Rogers' excellent text on autoradiography (3). A radioactive isotope has a spectrum of energetic emissions. A point source produces a bell-shaped distribution of grain densities. An extended uniform source produces a plateau with a decline in grain density beginning within the perimeter of emulsion over the source. The latter situation more closely approximates the case in tissue where a cell or cluster of cells may represent the uniform source. There are a number of factors which may influence the resolution and the spread of grains beyond the edge of the source. Isotopic emission energy, source and emulsion thickness, and distance between source and emulsion are the most important factors in light microscopic autoradiography. To insure an accurate measurement over a uniform source, the diameter of the source should exceed that of the central measuring area by twice the track length of the highest energy particle emitted. However, since most particles do not follow a straight path, such a stringent requirement may not be followed in practice. By measuring grain densities over a source in this way, one can compare radioactivity concentrations.
INFLUENCE OF IRRADIANCE ON CELL VOLUME AND CARBON QUOTA FOR TEN SPECIES OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1 (1991)

ABSTRACT Ten species of marine phytoplankton were grown under a range of photosynthetic photon flux densities (PFDs) and examined for variation in cell volume and carbon quota. Results suggest that in response to low PFDs phytoplankton generally reduce their cell volume and frequently reduce their carbon quota. A significant linear relationship between the log of PFD (I) and cell volume (in nine of ten species) and log I and carbon quota (four of ten species) was demonstrated. When exposed, to a transient in light intensity, Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hustedt, clone 3H) Hasle and Heimdal underwent a rapid adaptation in cell volume and carbon quota. Cells going from low light to high light reached maximum mean cell volume within 5 h, and cells going from high light to low light reached a minimum mean cell volume within 12 h. The resulting kinetic constant (k; a measure of the rate of adaptation) was considerably larger than previously reported k values. Ditylum brightwellii (West) Grunow increased in length but did not increase in width during a transient to increased irradiance. Nutrient limitation was shown to override PFD in determining cell volume and carbon quota for Heterosigma akashiwo Hada. Cells grown at equivalent irradiances but N‐limited, were smaller than light‐limited and nutrient‐saturated cells. Therefore, cell volume and carbon quota do not have the same relationship with PFD when factors other than PFD control growth rate. The ecological implications of reduced cell volumes and carbon quotas with decreasing PFD include possible impacts on CO 2 budgets, an influence on sinking rates, potential changes in predation rates, and surface area/cell volume benefits.
Immunomodulation of Intradermal Mammary Carcinoma Using Staphage Lysate in a Rat Model (1988)

Staphage lysate (SPL), a preparation of Staphylococcus aureus obtained by bacteriophage lysis, is an interferon-inducer and stimulator of T and B lymphocytes. Does SPL, as an immunopotentiator, have an effect on the growth and metastases of an intradermal mammary carcinoma? To answer this question, a study using SPL in female Fischer rats injected with 7 x 10(6) viable 13762 mammary tumor cells on the midback were used. Four groups were created with 10 animals in each group. Group I was the control group. They received no treatment. Group II received 0.3 ml of medium in which SPL was carried on alternate days. Group III received 0.3 ml SPL on alternate days. Group IV were sensitized with dead staphylococcal organisms prior to SPL treatment as in Group III. Tumor diameters were recorded on days 10, 13, 17, and 21, and autopsies were performed to determine the extent of metastases. Histologic examination and serum antibody measurements were performed. The mean tumor diameters on day 21 were: Group I: 4.1 +/- 0.2 cm; Group II: 3.80 +/- 0.19 cm; Group III: 3.04 +/- 0.13 cm; and Group IV: 2.97 +/- 0.14 cm. Rats receiving SPL treatment in Groups III and IV had significantly smaller tumors (P less than .001). The incidence of axillary lymph node involvement was: Group I: 100%; Group II: 87.5%; Group III: 62.5%; and Group IV: 40%. Lung metastases were seen in all groups. Groups I and II had 100% incidence of grossly visible nodules, whereas Groups III and IV had 75% and 70% involvement. Gross findings were confirmed by microscopic examination.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Broad-spectrum biofilm inhibition by a secreted bacterial polysaccharide (2006)

The development of surface-attached biofilm bacterial communities is considered an important source of nosocomial infections. Recently, bacterial interference via signaling molecules and surface active compounds was shown to antagonize biofilm formation, suggesting that nonantibiotic molecules produced during competitive interactions between bacteria could be used for biofilm reduction. Hence, a better understanding of commensal/pathogen interactions within bacterial community could lead to an improved control of exogenous pathogens. To reveal adhesion or growth-related bacterial interference, we investigated interactions between uropathogenic and commensal Escherichia coli in mixed in vitro biofilms. We demonstrate here that the uropathogenic strain CFT073 and all E. coli expressing group II capsules release into their environment a soluble polysaccharide that induces physicochemical surface alterations, which prevent biofilm formation by a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We show that the treatment of abiotic surfaces with group II capsular polysaccharides drastically reduces both initial adhesion and biofilm development by important nosocomial pathogens. These findings identify capsular polymers as antiadhesion bacterial interference molecules, which may prove to be of significance in the design of new strategies to limit biofilm formation on medical in dwelling devices.
Analysis of genes and chromosomes by nonisotopic in situ hybridization (1991)

Nonisotopic in situ hybridization is a powerful tool to analyze the organization of complex genomes. Current approaches utilizing this technique for the analysis of linear and spatial genome organizations are presented. Clinical applications of these approaches, which open new avenues for diagnosis of disease-related chromosomal changes, are also discussed.