gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 55 ns 16 Mb DRAM (2003)

The authors describe a 16-Mb CMOS DRAM (dynamic RAM) with 55-ns access time and 130-mm/sup 2/ chip area. It features a high-speed latched sensing (LS) scheme and a built-in self-test (BIST) function with a microprogrammable ROM in which automatic test pattern generation procedures are stored by microcoded programs. To achieve 55-ns access time, the DRAM combines the LS scheme with conventional double-Al-layer wiring and 5-V peripheral circuits. The bit-line sense circuits, driven at 3.3 V from an internal voltage converter to ensure 0.6 mu m MOS memory cell reliability, are shown. Both sensing speed and signal voltage are lower at 3.3 V operation than at 5 V operation. However, the LS scheme compensates for these drawbacks and achieves fast access time and high sensitivity. Operational waveforms for 55-ns row-address-strobe access time for a typical chip under normal conditions are shown, and chip characteristics are summarized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Saponins of Japnaese Dioscoreaceae. VI. The Structure of Gracillin.(1) (1956)

Gracillin, a new diosgenin glycoside which was present together with dioscin in the water-insoluble saponins obtained from the rhizome of Dioscorea gracillima Miq., was proved to be composed of one mole each of diosgenin and of L-rhamnose and two of D-glucose. It afforded two prosapogenins C and A on partial hydrolysis, both of which were isolated and proved to be trillin (diosgenin monoglucoside) and glucosidoglucoside, respectively. Two possible formulae (I) and (II) were proposed for gracillin.
355. Minicircles Show Improved Hepatic Expression of Their Transgene from a Natural Endogenous Promoter and Are Lost Upon Partial Hepatectomy Due to the Episomal Nature of the Vector (2016)

We have previously showed the successful treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU) in the PKU mouse model (C57Bl/6-Pahenu2) by using non-viral naked DNA minicircle (MC) vectors, which are devoid of any viral or bacterial sequences, upon liver-directed phenylalanine hydroxylase (Pah) gene transfer via hydrodynamic vein injection (Viecelli et al., Hepatology 2014). Here we improved the efficacy of transgene expression and investigated the fate of MC vectors in mouse liver. We found that the therapeutic doses of MCs could be significantly lowered by using a codon-optimized murine Pah cDNA in combination with a truncated 5’-intron. Moreover, when using the natural or endogenous 3.6 kb murine Pah-promoter to drive the Pah transgene, vector doses could again be lowered compared to two other “minimal” liver-specific promoters, a synthetic hybrid enhancer/promoter (P3) or the classical CBA (modified cytomegalovirus enhancer/chicken β-actin) promoter. Following 70% partial hepatectomy, MC-vector-treated PKU mice showed normal liver regeneration and blood L-Phe concentration increased to pretreatment levels, indicating that treated PKU mice had lost therapeutic MC vectors during liver regeneration. These results corroborate previous observations that MC-DNA do not integrate - or only at a very low frequency that cannot be detected by our assays - and thus express their transgene as episomal vectors. In conclusion, MC-vectors which do not have a defined size-limitation, offer a favorable safety profile due to their non-integrating behavior in combination with a (large) natural or endogenous promoter, and at the same time have the potential for long-term gene-therapy of liver defects.
The pathologist, and investigation of fatal automobile accidents (1960)

It has been stated that the aims of written and spoken communication are (a) to inform and educate by presenting new material, or old material in a new light, (b) to stimulate intellectual interest, and (c) to challenge the audience or reader to individual thought based on aroused curiosity. The purpose of this presentation encompasses in part all of these features. There occur at present approximately 40,000 deaths and from 1.5 to 2.0 million injuries per year attributed to automobile accidents (peak fatalities were in 1941, a total of 39,969). Federal, state and local health agencies, including the National Safety Council, National Institutes of Health, American Medical Association, U.S. Public Health Service, Medical Society of the State of New York and others have concerned themselves with the problems of epidemiology, and effect, and ultimately the reduction or prevention of this monumental waste of human resources. Other private research organizations, including the Crash Injury Research Group at Cornell Medical College, The Harvard School of Public Health and the Engineering and Research Staff of the Ford Motor Company have worked along similar lines. A relative newcomer to the scene is the American Association for Automotive Medicine, formed about 2 1/2 years ago by a group of physicians in many phases of medical practice, particularly interested in these problems. What is the pathologist's relationship to all of this? At present, from the contributory viewpoint, it is all too frequently non-existent. The preliminary, and often only investigation of fatal automobile accidents (in New York State) is by the police agency concerned and the coroner, who may or may not be a physician, and only most rarely a pathologist. It is usually considered adequate to state that death is accidental, due to automobile injury or vehicular homicide, without further (autopsy) investigation, and frequently without even appearing at the scene of the event. It is my opinion that the interested pathologist (after all, most of us do drive automobiles) is in a better position to determine cause and effect in automotive fatalities than is the general physician, policeman or non-medical investigator. Most pathologists have had some forensic training or experience, and this may be transposed almost without alteration to the investigation of fatal automobile accidents.
Thalidomide a promising new treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (1984)

In an open study, oral administration of thalidomide to 7 female patients with classic or definite rheumatoid arthritis, in doses ranging from 6.9 to 15 mg/kg/day, led to clinical improvement within several weeks. In 4 women, remission lasted long after discontinuation of the drug. All patients showed normalization or marked reduction of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and several showed a significant decrease in rheumatoid factor titer. Adverse side effects included drowsiness, constipation, and edema of the lower limbs, which disappeared after discontinuation of the drug.
Oligonucleotide-directed construction of mutations: a gapped duplex DNA procedure without enzymatic reactionsin vitro (1988)

The gapped duplex DNA approach to oligonucleotide-directed construction of mutations (Kramer et al. 1984, Nucl. Acids Res. 12, 9441-9456) has been developed further. A procedure is described that makes in vitro DNA polymerase/DNA ligase reactions dispensable. Direct transfection of host bacteria with gdDNA molecules of recombinant phage M13 plus mutagenic oligonucleotide results in marker yields in excess of 50% (gap size 1640 nucleotides). An important feature incorporated into the mutagenic oligonucleotide is the presence of one or two internucleotidic phosphorothioate linkages immediately adjacent to the 5'-terminus. Automated preparation and biochemical properties of such compounds are described as well as their performance in oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. A systematic study of the following parameters influencing marker yield is reported: Gap size, length of oligonucleotide, chemical nature of oligonucleotide termini and heatshock temperature during transformation.
Vascular endothelial cell differentiation: organ-specificity and selective affinities as the basis for developing anti-cancer strategies (1991)

(1991). Vascular endothelial cell differentiation: organ-specificity and selective affinities as the basis for developing anti-cancer strategies. International Journal of Radiation Biology: Vol. 60, No. 1-2, pp. 1-10.
Synthesis of Heterocyclic α-Aminophosphonic Acids (1994)

Abstract Heterocyclic α-aminophosphonic acids derivatives were easily obtained by 1,3 dipolar cycloaddition of acetylenic compounds on azido α-aminophosphonic esters.
Significance of surface charge and shell material of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) based core/shell nanoparticles on the composition of the protein corona (2014)

As nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in many applications their safety and efficient applications in nanomedicine have become concerns. Protein coronas on nanomaterials' surfaces can influence how the cell "recognizes" nanoparticles, as well as the in vitro and in vivo NPs' behaviors. The SuperParamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle (SPION) is one of the most prominent agents because of its superparamagnetic properties, which is useful for separation applications. To mimic surface properties of different types of NPs, a core-shell SPION library was prepared by coating with different surfaces: polyvinyl alcohol polymer (PVA) (positive, neutral and negative), SiO2 (positive and negative), titanium dioxide and metal gold. The SPIONs with different surfaces were incubated at a fixed serum : nanoparticle surface ratio, magnetically trapped and washed. The tightly bound proteins were quantified and identified. The surface charge has a great impact on protein adsorption, especially on PVA and silica where proteins preferred binding to the neutral and positively charged surfaces. The importance of surface material on protein adsorption was also revealed by preferential binding on TiO2 and gold coated SPION, even negatively charged. There is no correlation between the protein net charge and the nanoparticle surface charge on protein binding, nor direct correlation between the serum proteins' concentration and the proteins detected in the coronas.
Prognostic and Chemotherapy Predictive Value of Gene-Expression Phenotypes in Primary Lung Adenocarcinoma (2015)

In a large-scale evaluation, we show that GEPs add prognostic value to standard clinicopathologic variables in lung adenocarcinoma. Subject to classifier refinement and confirmation in prospective cohorts, GEPs have potential to affect the prognostication of adenocarcinoma patients through a molecularly driven disease stratification.
Influence of Liposomes on Tryptic Digestion of Insulin. (1993)

The influence of phosphatidylcholine liposomes on the tryptic digestion of insulin was studied to obtain basic information on the interaction between liposomes and peptides or proteins. Protection of insulin from tryptic digestion by liposomes depended on the encapsulation efficiency and the method of preparation of liposomes. REV (reverse phase evaporation vesicles) were most effective for the protection of insulin from tryptic digestion. Tryptic digestion of insulin was accelerated by negatively-charged liposomes (containing 10% phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, or phosphatidic acid) or by neutral empty liposomes, this digestion being enhanced by progressively smaller liposome size (from 2 to 0.1 microns) in the case of neutral empty liposomes. These results suggest that this enhancement had occurred on the surface of the empty neutral or negatively-charged liposomes. Positively-charged empty liposomes (containing 10% of stearylamine) weakly suppressed the tryptic digestion of insulin. The size of the positively-charged liposomes increased after the addition of insulin, this size increase suggesting that these liposomes were fused by insulin. Presumably, insulin was protected by the lipids around the insulin molecule after the insulin-induced fusion or aggregation of positively-charged liposomes.
Handbook of Metathesis (2003)

Preface.CATALYST DEVELOPMENTS.Introduction.The Role of the Tebbe in Olefin Metathesis.The Discovery and Development of High Oxidation State Mo and W Imido Alkylidene Complexes for Alkene Metathesis.From ill-defined to well-defined W alkylidene complexes.Discovery of Well-defined Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts.Synthesis of Ruthenium Carbene Complexes.ynthesis of Rhodium and Ruthenium Carbene Complexes with a 16-Electron Count.Mechanism of Ruthenium-Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis Reactions.Intrinsic Reactivity of Ruthenium Carbenes.The Discovery and Development of High Oxidation State Alkylidyne Complexes for Alkyne Metathesis.Well-defined Metallocarbenes and Metallocarbynes Supported on Oxide Support prepared via Surface Organometallic Chemistry.APPLICATIONS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS.Introduction.General Ring-Closing Metathesis.Catalytic Asymmetric Olefin Metathesis.Tandem RCM.Ene-Yne Metathesis.Ring Opening Cross Metathesis.Ring Expansion Metathesis Reactions.Olefin Cross-Metathesis.The Olefin Metathesis Reaction in Complex Molecule Construction.Applications of Ring Closing Metathesis to Alkaloid Synthesis.Radicicol and the Epothilones: Total Synthesis of Novel Anti Cancer Agents Using Ring Closing Metathesis.The Use of Olefin Metathesis in Combinatorial Chemistry: Supported and Chromatography-Free Syntheses.Metal-Catalyzed Olefin Metathesis in Metal Coordination Spheres.Alkyne Metathesis.Metathesis of silicon-containing olefins.Commercial Applications of Ruthenium Metathesis Processes.POLYMER SYNTHESIS.Introduction.Living Ring-Opening Olefin Metathesis Polymerization.Synthesis of Copolymers.Conjugated polymers.Stereochemistry of ROMP.Syntheses and Applications of Bioactive Polymers Generated by the Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP).Metathesis Polymerization: A Versatile Tool for the Synthesis of Surface-Functionalized Supports and Monolithic Materials.Telechelic Polymers from Olefin Metathesis Methodologies.ADMET Polymerization.Acyclic Diyne Metathesis Utilizing in Situ Transition Metal Catalysts: An Efficient Access to Alkyne-Bridged Polymers.Polymerization of Substituted Acetylenes.Commercial Applications.
Enhancing the detection of barcoded reads in high throughput DNA sequencing data by controlling the false discovery rate (2014)

Our method offers a proper quantitative treatment of the problem of detecting barcoded reads in a noisy sequencing environment. It is based on the false discovery rate statistics that allows a proper trade-off between sensitivity and precision to be chosen.
A priority-based MAC scheduling algorithm for enhancing QoS support in Bluetooth piconet (2003)

Bluetooth is a personal wireless communication technology and is being applied in many scenarios. Current existing MAC (medium access control) scheduling schemes only provide best-effort service for all master-slave connections. It is very challenging to provide QoS (quality of service) support for different connections due to the feature of master driven TDD (time division duplex). This paper addresses the issue of how to enhance QoS support in a Bluetooth piconet. We propose a MAC scheduling algorithm which can provide different QoS for different connections based on priorities. Considering the feature of master driven TDD, we define token counters to estimate the traffic of real-time slaves. To increase bandwidth utilization, a backoff mechanism is then presented for best-effort slaves to decrease the frequency of polling idle slaves. Simulation results demonstrate that our scheme achieves better performance than existing schemes.
Characterization of friction and speed effects and methods for detection of cochlear implant electrode tip fold-over (2013)

Perimodiolar electrode arrays for cochlear implant surgery present surgeons with challenges during their insertion into the cochlea. These challenges stem from the inherent flexibility of these arrays and the fragile intracochlear anatomy and has opened opportunities for high precision robotic systems. This paper investigates effects of insertion speed on insertion forces using perimodiolar electrode arrays in human temporal bones and complements previously published results on insertion force and speed relationships when using straight outer-wall electrode arrays. The paper presents a custom-made parallel robot equipped with a high resolution force/moment sensor as an insertion platform. Experimental results using 42 insertions in 8 temporal bones are analyzed and grouped by insertion speed. Our results show a reduction in insertion forces up to insertion speeds of 1 mm/s. The second aspect of this paper is the investigation of the feasibility of using insertion force and speed data to sense conditions predicting the onset of electrode tip fold over, a complication resulting in poor placement of electrode contacts. It is shown that tip folding can be detected by features taken from insertion force data when employing a support vector machine classifier. The capability to detect such errors in a procedure is a critical component to the development of a practical surgical tool.
Radical Reactivity in the Condensed Phase: Intermolecular versus Intramolecular Reactions of Alkoxy Radicals (2015)

Condensed-phase alkoxy (RO) radicals can undergo unimolecular (e.g., intramolecular H atom abstraction) reactions as well as bimolecular (intermolecular H atom abstraction) reactions, though the competition between these two channels is not well constrained. Here, we examine this branching by generating RO radicals from the photolysis of a large alkyl nitrite (C20H41ONO) in hexanes and nebulizing the mixture into an aerosol mass spectrometer for analysis. Product ions associated with unimolecular (isomerization) reactions were observed to increase upon photolysis. However, no formation of the C20 alcohol (C20H41OH, the expected product from RO + RH reactions) was observed, suggesting that bimolecular reactions are at most a minor channel for this condensed-phase system (involving saturated hydrocarbons). This result, combined with previous studies of liquid-phase RO radicals carried out at higher concentrations, suggests that when 1,5-H atom abstraction reactions are facile (i.e., in which a 1,5-H atom shift from a secondary or tertiary carbon can occur), this channel will dominate over bimolecular reactions.
SomeF-Band Optical Oscillator Strengths in Additively Colored Alkali Halides (1957)

The number of magnetic centers in alkali halides additively colored in the alkali vapor has been determined by measuring the static magnetic susceptibility. Curie's law is followed, and the measurements have been extended to liquid helium temperatures to increase the sensitivity. The number of centers is compared with the optical absorption of the $F$ band. Under the assumptions that the $F$-center electron wave function depends parametrically upon the coordinates of the surrounding nuclei, the electric dipole matrix element is independent of the nuclear coordinates, and the electric field at the electron is the Lorentz local field, the optical oscillator strengths for a Lorentz, Gaussian, and observed line shape are determined. The average for a series of experiments yield ${f}_{L}=0.66$ for KCl, ${f}_{L}=0.71$ for KBr, and ${f}_{L}=0.46$ for KI. Values for CsBr and NaCl are discussed.
Dendrimers in drug research (2003)

Dendrimers are versatile, derivatisable, well-defined, compartmentalised chemical polymers with sizes and physicochemical properties resembling those of biomolecules e.g. proteins. The present critical review (citing 158 references) briefly describes dendrimer design, nomenclature and divergent/convergent dendrimer synthesis. The characteristic physicochemical features of dendrimers are highlighted, showing the effect of solvent pH and polarity on their spatial structure. The use of dendrimers in biological systems are reviewed, with emphasis on the biocompatibility of dendrimers, such as in vitro and in vivo cytotoxicity, as well as biopermeability, biostability and immunogenicity. The review deals with numerous applications of dendrimers as tools for efficient multivalent presentation of biological ligands in biospecific recognition, inhibition and targeting. Dendrimers may be used as drugs for antibacterial and antiviral treatment and have found use as antitumor agents. The review highlights the use of dendrimers as drug or gene delivery devices in e.g. anticancer therapy, and the design of different host-guest binding motifs directed towards medical applications is described. Other specific examples are the use of dendrimers as 'glycocarriers' for the controlled multimeric presentation of biologically relevant carbohydrate moieties which are useful for targeting modified tissue in malignant diseases for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Finally, the use of specific types of dendrimers as scaffolds for presenting vaccine antigens, especially peptides, for use in vaccines is presented.
Optical Kerr effect in fiber gyroscopes: effects of nonmonochromatic sources (1983)

The effects of source bandwidth on the optical Kerr effect are calculated. We show that the nonreciprocal Kerr bias error in fiber gyroscopes may be substantially reduced by using broadband sources.
Stigmatic RNase in Self-Compatible Peach (Prunus persica) (1995)

In peach, which is self-compatible, the stigma was found to actively secrete RNase. This stigmatic RNase was developmentally regulated, reaching maximum activity at the beginning of anthesis. A major 21-kD stigmatic RNase was detected by SDS-PAGE. Both this 21-kD stigmatic RNase and pancreatic RNaseA significantly inhibited pollen germination and pollen tube length in vitro. Pollen tube length was fully recovered in the presence of RNA as a competitive inhibitor of the 21-kD stigmatic RNase. These in vitro studies appear to indicate that in peach, the 21-kD RNase plays a role in the pollination process.
Maximum-likelihood methods in cryo-EM. Part II: application to experimental data (2010)

With the advent of computationally feasible approaches to maximum likelihood image processing for cryo-electron microscopy, these methods have proven particularly useful in the classification of structurally heterogeneous single-particle data. A growing number of experimental studies have applied these algorithms to study macromolecular complexes with a wide range of structural variability, including non-stoichiometric complex formation, large conformational changes and combinations of both. This chapter aims to share the practical experience that has been gained from the application of these novel approaches. Current insights on how to prepare the data and how to perform two- or three-dimensional classifications are discussed together with aspects related to high-performance computing. Thereby, this chapter will hopefully be of practical use for those microscopists wanting to apply maximum likelihood methods in their own investigations.
Removal of Leukocytes from Whole Bloodand Erythrocyte Suspensions by Filtration through Cotton Wool (1972)

(1) Sterile filtration of whole blood or blood cell suspensions in saline through columns of tightly packed cotton wool results in removal of over 95% of the leukocytes. (2) From whole blood, thrombocytes are inefficiently removed by the filtration procedure; filtration of blood cell suspensions in saline results in a better removal. (3) A system is designed by which filtration of 500 ml portions can be performed in less than 1 h at room temperature. (4) Red cell recovery with this system is over 90%. (5) Neither pyrogen tests nor toxicity tests did reveal the elution of harmful substances from properly prepared columns.
Small-molecule CRTH2 antagonists for the treatment of allergic inflammation: an overview (2005)

The discovery of a second receptor for prostaglandin D2, chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on T helper type 2 (CRTH2), has revived significant efforts into the development of small-molecule antagonists for allergic diseases as the receptor is predominantly expressed on cells such as eosinophils, TH2 cells and basophils, which are major pro-inflammatory cells in diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. This brief review serves to illustrate current patent literature focusing on the similarities and differences of an ever-growing number of CRTH2 antagonists emerging from corporate laboratories.