gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic analysis of Th1/Th2 cytokine concentration during antiretroviral therapy of HIV-1/HCV co-infected Patients (2012)

There was no significant evidence showing co-infected with HCV had negative effect on HIV related diseases. However, co-infected with HCV can decrease Th1/Th2 ratio by affecting Th1 cytokine level, especially the secretion of IFN-γ. With the initiation of HAART, Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels were progressively reduced. HIV was the main stimulating factor of T cells in HIV/HCV co-infection group.
LIPID–POLYMER HYBRID NANOPARTICLES: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS (2010)

Nanotechnology has been extensively explored in the past decade to develop a myriad of functional nanostructures to facilitate the delivery of therapeutic and imaging agents for various medical applications. Liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles represent two primary delivery vehicles that are currently under investigation. While many advantages of these two particle platforms have been disclosed, some intrinsic limitations remain to limit their applications at certain extent. Recently, a new type of nanoparticle platform, named lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticle, has been developed that combines the positive attributes of both liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles while excluding some of their shortages. This new nanoparticle consists of a hydrophobic polymeric core, a lipid shell surrounding the polymeric core, and a hydrophilic polymer stealth layer outside the lipid shell. In this review, we first introduce the synthesis and surface functionalization techniques of the lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticle, followed by a review of typical characterization of the particles. We then summarize the current and potential medical applications of this new nanoparticle as a delivery vehicle of therapeutic and imaging agents. Finally we highlight some challenges faced in further developing this robust delivery platform.
Re-annotation of the genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (2002)

Original genome annotations need to be regularly updated if the information they contain is to remain accurate and relevant. Here the complete re-annotation of the genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv is presented almost 4 years after the first submission. Eighty-two new protein-coding sequences (CDS) have been included and 22 of these have a predicted function. The majority were identified by manual or automated re-analysis of the genome and most of them were shorter than the 100 codon cut-off used in the initial genome analysis. The functional classification of 643 CDS has been changed based principally on recent sequence comparisons and new experimental data from the literature. More than 300 gene names and over 1000 targeted citations have been added and the lengths of 60 genes have been modified. Presently, it is possible to assign a function to 2058 proteins (52% of the 3995 proteins predicted) and only 376 putative proteins share no homology with known proteins and thus could be unique to M. tuberculosis.
Prostate cancer in the African American: is this a different disease? (1998)

Age-adjusted mortality rates from prostate cancer between 1991 and 1995 are approximately two times worse among African-American men than Caucasian men. Age-specific mortality rates from prostate cancer are reported to be three times greater among African-American men compared with Caucasian men between the ages of 40 and 60 years. These statistics lead one to ask whether the difference in outcome is secondary to a more rapidly growing prostate cancer among African-American men compared with Caucasian men, or is it a result of delayed diagnosis among African-American men, which would account for there being more advanced prostate cancer at presentation? This report demonstrates many histological and biological differences that may account for clinical outcome differences.
Plasma electron density measurements from the JET 2 mm wave interferometer (1987)

A simple, single-channel 2 mm microwave interferometer has been developed for plasma electron density measurements on the Joint European Torus (JET) experiment. A long (76 m) plasma-probing beam path in an oversized waveguide enables all sensitive components to be located outside JETs biological shield. A high sensitivity liquid-helium-cooled InSb detector compensates for the high waveguide attenuation ( approximately 65 dB). Detection and digitisation noise limit the minimum resolvable phase change with the interferometer to +or-1/50th of a fringe. Since the instrument measures the electron density integral, integral ne dL, along a nearly central vertical chord through the plasma, this corresponds to an average electron density change along the chord of only +or-76*1015 m-3 for a typical plasma with a 3 m vertical diameter. The maximum measurable electron density is expected to be limited by refraction to approximately 8*1019 m-3 ( approximately 230 fringes in the interferometer).
From virus to inflammation, how influenza promotes lung damage (2020)

Despite seasonal vaccines, influenza-related hospitalization and death rates have remained unchanged over the past 5 years. Influenza pathogenesis has 2 crucial clinical components; first, influenza causes acute lung injury that may require hospitalization. Second, acute injury promotes secondary bacterial pneumonia, a leading cause of hospitalization and disease burden in the United States and globally. Therefore, developing an effective therapeutic regimen against influenza requires a comprehensive understanding of the damage-associated immune-mechanisms to identify therapeutic targets for interventions to mitigate inflammation/tissue-damage, improve antiviral immunity, and prevent influenza-associated secondary bacterial diseases. In this review, the pathogenic immune mechanisms implicated in acute lung injury and the possibility of using lung inflammation and barrier crosstalk for developing therapeutics against influenza are highlighted.
A New Calculus for the Treatment of Optical SystemsII Proof of Three General Equivalence Theorems (1941)

The general theory developed in Part I is used to prove three equivalence theorems about optical systems of the type under discussion. We prove that any optical system which contains only retardation plates and rotators is optically equivalent to a system containing only two plates—one a retardation plate, and the other a rotator. We then prove an exactly analogous theorem for systems containing only partial polarizers and rotators. Finally, it is proved that the most general optical system which contains any number of all three types of plates is optically equivalent to a system containing at most four plates—two retardation plates, one partial polarizer, and one rotator.
Spray Coatable Electrochromic Dioxythiophene Polymers with High Coloration Efficiencies (2004)

Four new disubstituted propylenedioxythiophene polymers have been synthesized by Grignard metathesis on the 1−5 g scale. All polymers were found to be soluble in chloroform, methylene chloride, toluene, and tetrahydrofuran and were fully structurally characterized having GPC determined number-average molecular weights ranging from 33000 to 47000 g mol-1. Dilute polymer solutions in toluene exhibited strong red fluorescence with moderate quantum efficiencies from 0.38 to 0.50. Homogeneous thin films were formed by electropolymerization and spray casting polymer solutions onto ITO coated glass slides at thicknesses of ca. 150 nm. The films were electroactive, switching from a dark blue-purple to a transmissive sky blue upon p-doping, often with subsecond switching times, and high electrochromic contrast luminance changes (% ΔY) of 40−70%. These studies revealed that the branched derivatives, [poly(3,3-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine)] and [poly(6,8-dibromo-3,3-bis(2-ethylhexyloxymethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine)], gave an electrochemical response and associated color change over a much smaller voltage range in comparison to the linear chain substituted derivatives, [poly(3,3-dihexyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine)] and [poly(3,3-bis(octadecyloxymethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxepine)]. Composite coloration efficiency values were found up to 1365 cm2/C; this was considerably larger than values obtained from previously studied alkylenedioxythiophene based polymers (∼375 cm2/C).
Distributed-feedback single heterojunction GaAs diode laser (1974)

Laser operation utilizing distributed feedback (DFB) in single heterojunction (SH) GaAs/GaAlAs diodes is reported. Laser wavelengths ranging from 8430 to 8560 Å were observed in various samples depending on grating period. The threshold current densities required were comparable to those of normal SH diodes.
Inhibition of intracellular tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐6 production in human monocytes by iloprost (2003)

Apart from the vasodilatory and antithrombotic effects, iloprost may also down-regulate the intracellular expression of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in human monocytes.
Blood-Brain Barrier P-Glycoprotein Function in Neurodegenerative Disease (2011)

Protection of the brain is strengthened by active transport and ABC transporters. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) functions as an active efflux pump by extruding a substrate from the brain, which is important for maintaining loco-regional homeostasis in the brain and protection against toxic compounds. Importantly, dysfunctional BBB P-gp transport is postulated as an important factor contributing to accumulation of aggregated protein in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Furthermore, P-gp is a major factor in mediating resistance to brain entry of numerous exogenous compounds, including toxins that can be involved in PD pathogenesis. This review highlights the role of altered P-gp function in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative disease. Also the implications of alterations in P-gp function for the treatment of these diseases are discussed.
A new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily that has a cytoplasmic region homologous to the leukocyte common antigen. (1988)

A human gene (LAR) that hybridizes to mouse leukocyte common antigen cDNA under relaxed hybridization conditions was isolated. The LAR gene is expressed in a broad range of cells, including T lymphocytes, kidney, and prostate cells. The structure of the protein encoded by the LAR gene was deduced by determining the nucleotide sequences of a 7.7-kb LAR cDNA. The putative LAR protein is composed of a 1,234 amino acid extracellular region, a 24 amino acid transmembrane segment, and a 623 amino acid cytoplasmic region. The cytoplasmic region contains two homologous domains that have extensive sequence similarity to the cytoplasmic region of the leukocyte common antigens. The NH2-terminal region of the extracellular segment of the LAR protein contains three tandem Ig-like domains and nine non-Ig-like domains. Among the known Ig-like proteins, the LAR protein has the highest degree of similarity to neural-cell adhesion molecule. The non-Ig-like domains of the LAR protein are also similar to the non-Ig-like domains of neural-cell adhesion molecule.
Electric field stimulation of excitable tissue (1995)

This paper examines the transmembrane voltage response of an unmyelinated fiber to a stimulating electric field from a point current source. For subthreshold conditions, analytic expressions for the transmembrane potential, vm, are developed that include the specific effects of fiber-source distance, h, and time from the onset of the stimulus, T. Suprathreshold effects are determined for two examples by extending the analytical results with a numerical model. The vm response is a complex evolution in time, especially for small h, that differs markedly from the "activating function." In general, the subthreshold response is a good predictor of the wave shape of the suprathreshold vm, but a poor predictor of its magnitude. The subthreshold response also is a good (but not a precise) predictor of the region where excitation begins.
Sustained Phenotypic Correction of Murine Hemophilia A by In Vivo Gene Therapy (1998)

Hemophilia A is caused by a deficiency of blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) and has been widely discussed as a candidate for gene therapy. While the natural canine model of hemophilia A has been valuable for the development of FVIII pharmaceutical products, the use of hemophiliac dogs for gene therapy studies has several limitations such as expense and the long canine generation time. The recent creation of two strains of FVIII-deficient mice provides the first small animal model of hemophilia A. Treatment of hemophiliac mice of both genotypes with potent, human FVIII-encoding adenoviral vectors resulted in expression of biologically active human FVIII at levels, which declined, but remained above the human therapeutic range for over 9 months. The duration of expression and FVIII plasma levels achieved were similar in both hemophiliac mouse strains. Treated mice readily survived tail clipping with minimal blood loss, thus showing phenotypic correction of murine hemophilia A by in vivo gene therapy.
Study of Inlet Materials for Sampling Atmospheric Nitric Acid (1999)

The adsorption of nitric acid (HNO3) from a flowing gas stream is studied for a variety of wall materials to determine their suitability for use in atmospheric sampling instruments. Parts per billion level mixtures of HNO3 in synthetic air flow through tubes of different materials such that >80% of the molecules interact with the walls. A chemical ionization mass spectrometer with a fast time response and high sensitivity detects HNO3 that is not adsorbed on the tube walls. Less than 5% of available HNO3 is adsorbed on Teflon fluoropolymer tubing after 1 min of HNO3 exposure, whereas >70% is lost on walls made of stainless steel, glass, fused silica, aluminum, nylon, silica-steel, and silane-coated glass. Glass tubes exposed to HNO3 on the order of hours passivate with HNO3 adsorption dropping to zero. The adsorption of HNO3 on PFA Teflon tubing (PFA) is nearly temperature-independent from 10 to 80 °C, but below −10 °C nearly all HNO3 that interacts with PFA is reversibly adsorbed. In ambient and synthetic air, humidity increases HNO3 adsorption. The results suggest that Teflon at temperatures above 10 °C is an optimal choice for inlet surfaces used for in situ measurements of HNO3 in the ambient atmosphere.
Synthesis, Luminescence, Electrochemistry, and Ion-Binding Studies of Platinum(II) Terpyridyl Acetylide Complexes (2001)

A series of platinum(II) terpyridyl acetylide complexes, [Pt(trpy)(C≡CR)]PF 6 (R = C 6H 5, C 6H 4Cl-4, C 6H 4CH 3-4, C 6H 4OCH 3-4, C 6H 4NO 2-4, benzo-15-crown-5, C 6H 3-(OCH 3) 2-3,4), have been synthesized and characterized. Their luminescence and electrochemical behaviors have been studied. The ion-binding properties of [Pt(trpy)(C≡C-benzo-15-crown-5)]PF 6 and the X-ray crystal structure of [Pt(trpy)(C≡CC 6H 5)]PF 6 are also reported.
The Synthesis of Tryptamines Related to Serotonin (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of Tryptamines Related to SerotoninElliott ShawCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 16, 4319–4324Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01621a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01621a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views534Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Natural killer cell lymphoma/leukemia: pathology and treatment (1997)

Malignancies arising from cells of putative natural killer (NK) cell origin have increasingly been recognized as distinct clinicopathological entities. These malignancies are marked by tumour cells with NK cell characteristics, including the immunophenotype of CD2+, surface CD3−, cytoplasmic CD3ϵ+, CD7±, and CD56+, and the genotype of germline T cell receptor gene. A consistent association with monoclonal Epstein–Barr virus infection in the tumour cell has been observed. These tumours are now regarded as putative NK cell lymphoma/leukemia. Pathologically, tumour cells show variable cytological appearances, with frequent angiocentricity and angioinvasion, associated with zonal necrosis. Clinically, most cases occur in the nasal area and upper aerodigestive tract. However, occurrence in non-nasal sites such as the skin, gastrointestinal tract and testis is also observed. A particularly aggressive form of NK lymphoma/leukemia presents fulminantly as disseminated disease sometimes with a leukemic phase. All types of NK lymphoma/leukemia have an extremely poor prognosis with a median survival of less than a year. New modalities of treatment, including the use of high dose chemotherapy and stem cell rescue may be needed to improve treatment outcome. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sobre la nacionalidad española de los naturales del Sahara (2009)

El autor viene a afirmar que la reciente jurisprudencia del Tribunal Supremo afirmando la apatridia de los naturales del Sahara, hace que con la actual doctrina de la Direccion General de los Registros y el Notariado, los nacidos en el Sahara Occidental con anterioridad al abandono de su territorio por Espana, tengan derecho a que se declare su nacionalidad espanola de origen por aplicacion del articulo 17.1 c) del Codigo Civil.
Characterization of lipid bilayer phases by confocal microscopy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (1999)

We report the application of confocal imaging and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to characterize chemically well-defined lipid bilayer models for biomembranes. Giant unilamellar vesicles of dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine/dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DLPC/DPPC)/cholesterol were imaged by confocal fluorescence microscopy with two fluorescent probes, 1, 1'-dieicosanyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI-C(20)) and 2-(4,4-difluoro-5,7-dimethyl-4-bora-3a, 4a-diaza-s-indacene-3-pentanoyl)-1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3 -phosphoc holine (Bodipy-PC). Phase separation was visualized by differential probe partition into the coexisting phases. Three-dimensional image reconstructions of confocal z-scans through giant unilamellar vesicles reveal the anisotropic morphology of coexisting phase domains on the surface of these vesicles with full two-dimensional resolution. This method demonstrates by direct visualization the exact superposition of like phase domains in apposing monolayers, thus answering a long-standing open question. Cholesterol was found to induce a marked change in the phase boundary shapes of the coexisting phase domains. To further characterize the phases, the translational diffusion coefficient, D(T), of the DiI-C(20) was measured by FCS. D(T) values at approximately 25 degrees C ranged from approximately 3 x 10(-8) cm(2)/s in the fluid phase, to approximately 2 x 10(-9) cm(2)/s in high-cholesterol-content phases, to approximately 2 x 10(-10) cm(2)/s in the spatially ordered phases that coexist with fluid phases. In favorable cases, FCS could distinguish two different values of D(T) in a region of two-phase coexistence on a single vesicle.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Is Necessary for Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Demonstrates Distinct Actions of Epidermal Growth Factor and Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (2001)

Neural stem cells (NSCs), when stimulated with epidermal growth factor (EGF) or fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), have the capacity to renew, expand, and produce precursors for neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. We postulated that the early appearance of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) receptors during mouse striatum development implies a role in NSC regulation. Thus, we tested in vitro the action of IGF-I on the proliferation of striatal NSCs. In the absence of IGF-I, neither EGF nor FGF-2 was able to induce the proliferation of E14 mouse striatal cells. However, addition of IGF-I generated large proliferative clusters, termed spheres, in a dose-dependent manner. The newly generated spheres were multipotent, and clonal analysis revealed that EGF or FGF-2, in the presence of IGF-I, acted directly on NSCs. The actions of IGF-I suggest distinct modes of action of EGF or FGF-2 on NSCs. First, continuous versus delayed administration of these neurotrophic factors showed that neither IGF-I nor EGF had an effect on NSC survival, whereas FGF-2 promoted the survival or maintenance of the stem cell state of 50% of NSCs for 6 d. Second, short-term exposure to IGF-I induced the proliferation of NSCs in the presence of EGF, but not of FGF-2, through an autocrine secretion of IGF-I. These findings suggest that IGF-I is a key factor in the regulation of NSC activation and that EGF and FGF-2 control striatal NSC proliferation, in part, through distinct intracellular mechanisms.
Use of regulated secretion in protein production from animal cells: An evaluation with the AtT‐20 model cell line (1990)

Regulated secretion, i.e., the ability of certain specialized animal cells to store secretory proteins intracellularly and release them upon stimulation, may be used to realize production schemes that facilitate downstream processing of protein products. Mouse AtT-20 cells expressing recombinant human insulin and human growth hormone (hGH) were found to secrete the proteins at relatively low and constant rates when exposed to media with no secretion agonists: basal rates were 1.0-1.6 microU insulin-related peptides and 0.38 ng hGH/10(5) cells-h. When induced with 8 brorno-cyclic AMP (BrcAMP), the cells secreted recombinant proteins at initial rates 3.5-9-fold higher. A cycling secretion experiment was conducted with the insulin-producing cells in which the cells were exposed alternately to complete growth medium and to secretion medium with BrcAMP. During the first three cycles, the cells secreted immunoreactive insulin at the foregoing high induced rates when they were exposed to BrcAMP. The cells then started to detach from the culture surface, leading to a reduction of BrcAMP-induced secretion. Operational modifications that may result in improved system performance are discussed.