gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transformation of dicamba in Regina heavy clay (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransformation of dicamba in Regina heavy clayAllan E. SmithCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1973, 21, 4, 708–710Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60188a050https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60188a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views64Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Simultaneous Detection of Influenza Viruses A and B Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR (2001)

Since influenza viruses can cause severe illness, timely diagnosis is important for an adequate intervention. The available rapid detection methods either lack sensitivity or require complex laboratory manipulation. This study describes a rapid, sensitive detection method that can be easily applied to routine diagnosis. This method simultaneously detects influenza viruses A and B in specimens of patients with respiratory infections using a TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay. Primers and probes were selected from highly conserved regions of the matrix protein gene of influenza virus A and the hemagglutinin gene segment of influenza virus B. The applicability of this multiplex PCR was evaluated with 27 influenza virus A and 9 influenza virus B reference strains and isolates. In addition, the specificity of the assay was assessed using eight reference strains of other respiratory viruses (parainfluenza viruses 1 to 3, respiratory syncytial virus Long strain, rhinoviruses 1A and 14, and coronaviruses OC43 and 229E) and 30 combined nose and throat swabs from asymptomatic subjects. Electron microscopy-counted stocks of influenza viruses A and B were used to develop a quantitative PCR format. Thirteen copies of viral RNA were detected for influenza virus A, and 11 copies were detected for influenza virus B, equaling 0.02 and 0.006 50% tissue culture infective doses, respectively. The diagnostic efficacy of the multiplex TaqMan-based PCR was determined by testing 98 clinical samples. This real-time PCR technique was found to be more sensitive than the combination of conventional viral culturing and shell vial culturing.
Analysis of DNA Fragments from Conventional and Microfabricated PCR Devices Using Delayed Extraction MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (1998)

Applications of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product analysis using rapid affinity capture followed by delayed extraction (DE) MALDI-TOFMS is presented. Such applications include multiplex short tandem repeat (STR) typing, which is demonstrated for STR systems from conventional and microchip-based thermal cycling instruments. Using the combination of the microfabricated PCR instrument and DE-MALDI-TOFMS, a complete genotyping assay can be performed in under 50 min with a resultant molecular weight accuracy approaching or exceeding 100 ppm through external calibration. The observed resolution and mass accuracy for a 69-base PCR product enables identification of single base substitutions by direct molecular weight determination.
Discovery of Highly Isoform Selective Thiazolopiperidine Inhibitors of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase γ (2015)

A series of high affinity second-generation thiazolopiperidine inhibitors of PI3Kγ were designed based on some general observations around lipid kinase structure. Optimization of the alkylimidazole group led to inhibitors with higher levels of PI3Kγ selectivity. Additional insights into PI3K isoform selectivity related to sequence differences in a known distal hydrophobic pocket are also described.
In vivo selection of randomly mutated retroviral genomes (1993)

Darwinian evolution, that is the outgrowth of the fittest variants in a population, usually applies to living organisms over long periods of time. Recently, in vitro selection/amplification techniques have been developed that allow for the rapid evolution of functionally active nucleic acids from a pool of randomized sequences. We now describe a modification of the nucleic acid-evolution protocol in which selection and amplification take place inside living cells by means of a retroviral-based replication system. We have generated a library of HIV-1 DNA genomes with random sequences in particular domains of the TAR element, which is the binding site for the Tat trans-activator protein. This mixture of HIV genomes was transfected into T cells and outgrowth of the fittest viruses was observed within two weeks of viral replication. The results of this in vivo selection analysis are consistent with the notion that primary sequence elements in both TAR bulge and loop domains are critical for Tat-mediated trans-activation and viral replication.
Analysis of the acoustic response of vascular tissue irradiated by an ultraviolet laser pulse (1991)

Stress waves were generated in sections of human vascular tissue by transmitting laser pulses from a XeCl laser source through a glass fiber. Needle-type polyvinylidenefluoride hydrophones were used to detect the acoustic response of the tissue samples during ablation. The experimental arrangement allowed the discrimination in vitro between calcified hard tissue and normal arterial wall immersed in normal saline solution. Atheromatous vessels exhibited a shorter rise time and a higher peak stress than normal tissue.
Regional and hemispheric determinants of language laterality: Implications for preoperative fMRI (2010)

Language is typically a function of the left hemisphere but the right hemisphere is also essential in some healthy individuals and patients. This inter-subject variability necessitates the localization of language function, at the individual level, prior to neurosurgical intervention. Such assessments are typically made by comparing left and right hemisphere language function to determine "language lateralization" using clinical tests or fMRI. Here, we show that language function needs to be assessed at the region and hemisphere specific level, because laterality measures can be misleading. Using fMRI data from 82 healthy participants, we investigated the degree to which activation for a semantic word matching task was lateralized in 50 different brain regions and across the entire cortex. This revealed two novel findings. First, the degree to which language is lateralized across brain regions and between subjects was primarily driven by differences in right hemisphere activation rather than differences in left hemisphere activation. Second, we found that healthy subjects who have relatively high left lateralization in the angular gyrus also have relatively low left lateralization in the ventral precentral gyrus. These findings illustrate spatial heterogeneity in language lateralization that is lost when global laterality measures are considered. It is likely that the complex spatial variability we observed in healthy controls is more exaggerated in patients with brain damage. We therefore highlight the importance of investigating within hemisphere regional variations in fMRI activation, prior to neuro-surgical intervention, to determine how each hemisphere and each region contributes to language processing.
Comparing sequenced segments of the tomato and Arabidopsis genomes: Large-scale duplication followed by selective gene loss creates a network of synteny (2000)

A 105-kilobase bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone from the ovate-containing region of tomato chromosome 2 was sequenced and annotated. The tomato BAC sequence was then compared, gene by gene, with the sequenced portions of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Rather than matching a single portion of the Arabidopsis genome, the tomato clone shows conservation of gene content and order with four different segments of Arabidopsis chromosomes 2-5. The gene order and content of these individual Arabidopsis segments indicate that they derived from a common ancestral segment through two or more rounds of large-scale genome duplication events-possibly polyploidy. One of these duplication events is ancient and may predate the divergence of the Arabidopsis and tomato lineages. The other is more recent and is estimated to have occurred after the divergence of tomato and Arabidopsis approximately 112 million years ago. Together, these data suggest that, on the scale of BAC-sized segments of DNA, chromosomal rearrangements (e.g., inversions and translocations) have been only a minor factor in the divergence of genome organization among plants. Rather, the dominating factors have been repeated rounds of large-scale genome duplication followed by selective gene loss. We hypothesize that these processes have led to the network of synteny revealed between tomato and Arabidopsis and predict that such networks of synteny will be common when making comparisons among higher plant taxa (e.g., families).
Expression of the cellular adhesion molecule E-cadherin is reduced or absent in high-grade prostate cancer. (1992)

E-cadherin is a Ca(2+)-dependent cell adhesion molecule which plays an important role in normal growth and development via mediation of homotypic, homophilic cell-cell interaction. Recent studies suggest that E-cadherin may be important in neoplastic progression as well, particularly as a suppressor of invasion. We have previously demonstrated that the invasive phenotype of rat prostate cancer cells is associated with the decreased expression of E-cadherin (M. J. G. Bussemakers, R. J. A. Van Moorselaar, L. A. Giroldi, T. Ichikawa, J. T. Isaacs, F. M. J. Debruyne, and J. A. Schalken, Cancer Res., 52:2916-2922, 1992). This is of particular interest, since the locus to which the human E-cadherin gene is mapped is frequently involved in allelic loss in prostate cancer (B. S. Carter, C. M. Ewing, W. S. Ward, B. F. Treiger, T. W. Aalders, J. A. Schalken, J. I. Epstein, and W. B. Isaacs, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87:8751-8755, 1990; U. S. Bergerheim, K. Kunimi, V. P. Collins, and P. Ekman, Genes, Chromosomes Cancer, 3: 215-220, 1991). Impaired E-cadherin function is likely to be associated with aberrant expression of the protein. We therefore analyzed E-cadherin expression in situ by immunohistochemistry in nonmalignant and malignant specimens of human prostatic tissue. Of 92 tumor samples of either primary or metastatic deposits of prostate cancer, 46 had reduced or absent E-cadherin staining when compared to nomalignant prostate, which uniformly stained strongly positive. There was a statistically significant correlation between the decreased expression of E-cadherin and loss of tumor differentiation. Additionally, certain tumors within a histologically similar group could be distinguished by the presence of mixed populations of E-cadherin-negative and -positive cells. The percentage of tumors with aberrant E-cadherin staining increased when clinically localized tumors were compared to either tumors with extensive local progression or metastatic deposits of prostate cancer, suggesting a correlation between loss of E-cadherin and tumor progression. Taken together, these findings suggest that further exploration of E-cadherin as a candidate invasion suppressor molecule in human prostate cancer is warranted.
Segmentation-based optimized tone mapping for high dynamic range image and video coding (2013)

A core part of the state-of-the art high dynamic range (HDR) image and video compression methods is the tone mapping operation to convert the visible luminance range into the finite bit depths that can be supported by the current video codecs. These conversions are until now optimized to provide backward compatibility to the existing low dynamic range (LDR) displays. However, a direct application of these methods for the emerging HDR displays can result in a loss of details in the bright and dark regions of the HDR content. In this paper, we overcome this limitation by designing a tone mapping operation which handles the bright and dark regions separately. The proposed method first finds the optimal segmentation of the HDR image into two parts, namely dark and bright regions, and then designs the optimal tone mapping for each region in terms of the mean square error between the logarithm of the luminance values of the original and reconstructed HDR content (HDR-MSE). The results indicate the superiority of the proposed method over the state-of-the art HDR coding methods.
Effect of defocus on on-axis wave aberration of a centered optical system (2006)

We derive equations for defocus and primary spherical wave aberration coefficients caused by a shift in image plane of a perfect optical system. The spherical aberration equation is accurate at describing changes in the spherical aberration of an aberrated schematic eye.
Combined Mass and Structural Kinetic Analysis of Multistate Antimicrobial Peptide–Membrane Interactions (2013)

Kinetic analysis of peptide-membrane interactions generally involves a curve fitting process with no information about what the different curves may physically correspond to. Given the multistep process of peptide-membrane interactions, a computational method that utilizes physical parameters that relate to both peptide binding and membrane structure would provide new insight into this complex process. In this study, kinetic models accounting for two-state and three-state mechanisms were fitted to our previously reported simultaneous real-time measurements of mass and birefringence during the binding and dissociation of the peptide HPA3 (Hirst, D.; Lee, T.-H.; Swann, M.; Unabia, S.; Park, Y.; Hahm, K.-S.; Aguilar, M. Eur. Biophys. J. 2011, 40, 503-514); significantly, the mass and birefringence are constrained by the same set of kinetic constants, allowing the unification of peptide binding patterns with membrane structure changes. For the saturated phospholipid dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) the two-state model was sufficient to account for the observed changes in mass and birefringence, whereas for the unsaturated phospholipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) the two-state model was found to be inadequate and a three-state model gave a significantly better fit. The third state of interaction for POPC was found to disrupt the bilayer much more than the previous two states. We propose a hypothesis for the mechanism of membrane permeabilization based on the results featuring a loosely bound first state, a tightly bound second state, and a highly membrane-disrupting third state. The results demonstrate the importance of the difference in membrane fluidity between the gel phase DMPC and the liquid crystal phase POPC for peptide-membrane interactions and establish the combination of DPI and kinetic modeling as a powerful tool for revealing features of peptide-membrane interaction mechanisms, including intermediate states between initial binding and full membrane disruption.
Broad-bandwidth and low-loss metamaterials: Theory, design and realization (2005)

In this paper, we summarize some recent activities in the field of metamaterial research at the National University of Singapore (NUS). Integral equations are applied for electromagnetic modelling of supernatural materials. Some special characteristics of the metamaterials are shown. Moreover, quasi-static Lorentz theory and numerical method (i.e., the method of moments for solving the electric field integral equation) and the transmission line theory are both presented to obtain the effective constitutive relations of metamaterials, respectively. Finally, feasibility of fabricating metamaterials based on analysis of equivalent transmission line model in the microwave spectrum and even higher is also shown and correspondingly some broad-bandwidth and low-loss metamaterial structures are designed and synthesized.
A 32x32-pixel array with in-pixel photon counting and arrival time measurement in the analog domain (2009)

A Time-to-Amplitude Converter (TAC) with embedded analog-to-digital conversion is implemented in a 130-nm CMOS imaging technology. The proposed module is conceived for Single-Photon Avalanche Diode imagers and can operate both as a TAC or as an analog counter, thus allowing both time-correlated or time-uncorrelated imaging operation. A single-ramp, 8-bit ADC with two memory banks to allow high-speed, time-interleaved operation is also included within each module. A 32times32-TACs array has been fabricated with a 50-mum pitch in order prove the highly parallel operation and to test uniformity and power consumption issues. The measured time resolution (LSB) is of 160 ps on a 20-ns time range with a uniformity across the array within plusmn2 LSBs, while DNL and INL are 0.7 LSB and 1.9 LSB respectively. The average power consumption is below 300 muW/pixel when running at 500 k measurements per second.
Epitaxial Growth of CaF2/Si/CaF2 on Si(111) (1994)

High quality CaF 2 /Si/CaF 2 /Si(111) structures have been grown epitaxially by molecular beam epitaxy and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. High crystalline quality CaF 2 layers are achieved when the thickness of the middle Si layer is small. The films degrade if the thickness of the Si layer exceeds 10 nm. The epitaxial orientations of the two CaF 2 layers can be identical or azimuthally rotated 180 degrees with respect to each other, depending on how the middle Si film is deposited.
影像中的历史／语词中的历史——反思历史真正进入电影的可能性 (2003)

历史真的能够被放入电影吗? 30年前,电影和历史理论家齐格弗里德@克拉考尔(Sigfried Kracauer)拒绝承认历史故事片,部分原因是当代演员身着古装看上去不可信,不过他更重要的理由则是:尽人皆知,银幕上呈现的并非过去,而只是对过去的模拟.
Characterization of primary rabbit kidney cultures that express proximal tubule functions in a hormonally defined medium. (1982)

Primary cultures of rabbit-kidney epithelial cells derived from purified proximal tubules were maintained without fibroblast overgrowth in a hormone-supplemented serum-free medium (Medium RK-1). A hormone-deletion study indicated that the primary cultures derived from purified rabbit proximal tubules required all of the three supplements in Medium RK-1 (insulin, transferrin, and hydrocortisone) for optimal growth but did not grow in response to EGF and T3. In contrast, the epithelial cells in primary cultures derived from an unpurified preparation of rabbit kidney tubules and glomeruli grew in response to EGF and T3, as well as insulin, transferrin, and hydrocortisone. These observations suggest that kidney epithelial cells derived from different segments of the nephron grow differently in response to hormones and growth factors. Differentiated functions of the primary cultures derived from proximal tubules were examined. Multicellular domes were observed, indicative of transepithelial solute transport by the monolayers. The proximal tubule cultures also accumulated alpha-methylglucoside (alpha-MG) against a concentration gradient. However, little or no alpha-MG accumulation was observed in the absence of Na+. Metabolic inhibitor studies also indicated that alpha-MG uptake by the primaries is an energy-dependent process, and depends upon the activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase. Phlorizin at 0.1 mM significantly inhibited 1 mM alpha-MG uptake whereas 0.1 mM phloretin did not have a significant inhibitory effect. Similar observations have been made concerning the Na+-dependent sugar-transport system located on the lumenal side of the proximal tubule, whereas the Na+-independent sugar transporter on the peritubular side is more sensitive to inhibition by phloretin than phlorizin. The cultures also exhibited PTH-sensitive cyclic AMP synthesis and brush-border enzymes typical of proximal cells. However, the activities of the enzymes leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase were lower in the cultures than in purified proximal-tubule preparations from which they are derived.
Radical Enzymes in Anaerobes (2006)

This review describes enzymes that contain radicals and/or catalyze reactions with radical intermediates. Because radicals irreversibly react with dioxygen, most of these enzymes occur in anaerobic bacteria and archaea. Exceptions are the families of coenzyme B(12)- and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent radical enzymes, of which some members also occur in aerobes. Especially oxygen-sensitive radical enzymes are the glycyl radical enzymes and 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratases. The latter are activated by an ATP-dependent one-electron transfer and act via a ketyl radical anion mechanism. Related enzymes are the ATP-dependent benzoyl-CoA reductase and the ATP-independent 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA reductase. Ketyl radical anions may also be generated by one-electron oxidation as shown by the flavin-adenine-dinucleotide (FAD)- and [4Fe-4S]-containing 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase. Finally, two radical enzymes are discussed, pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase and methane-forming methyl-CoM reductase, which catalyze their main reaction in two-electron steps, but subsequent electron transfers proceed via radicals.