gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Artemisinin triggers induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in Leishmania donovani promastigotes (2007)

A major impediment to effective anti-leishmanial chemotherapy is the emergence of drug resistance, especially to sodium antimony gluconate, the first-line treatment for leishmaniasis. Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Artemisia annua, is an established anti-malarial compound that showed anti-leishmanial activity in both promastigotes and amastigotes, with IC(50) values of 160 and 22 microM, respectively, and, importantly, was accompanied by a high safety index (>22-fold). The leishmanicidal activity of artemisinin was mediated via apoptosis as evidenced by externalization of phosphatidylserine, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, in situ labelling of DNA fragments by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) and cell-cycle arrest at the sub-G(0)/G(1) phase. Taken together, these data indicate that artemisinin has promising anti-leishmanial activity that is mediated by programmed cell death and, accordingly, merits consideration and further investigation as a therapeutic option for the treatment of leishmaniasis.
Growth and metastasis of surgical specimens of human breast carcinomas in SCID mice. (2006)

Further examination of the heterogeneous properties of primary human breast carcinomas within SCID mice may provide a simple yet valuable new approach for the long-term study of human breast cancer biology. Importantly, use of the protocol described here can often permit the isolation of substantial quantities of human breast cancer cells for biochemical and molecular analyses. The ability to passage patients' breast tumors into large numbers of mice will permit the preclinical testing of new therapies for the treatment and prevention of this disease.
Expression of the target receptor CD33 in CD34+/CD38−/CD123+ AML stem cells (2006)

Leukaemic stem cells in patients with CD33(+) AML express CD33. This observation is in favour of novel treatment concepts employing CD33-targeting antibodies in AML.
Antiphlogistische 2.3‐Dihydro‐1H‐pyrrolizine, 9. Mitt.1). Synthese und Oxidation von 6.7‐Diphenyl‐2.3‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrrolizin‐5‐yl‐acetaldehyd (DADHP‐5‐acetaldehyd) (1986)

Abstract Über die pyrrolizinylsubstituierten Oxalsäurederivate 1a bzw. 1b wird das Diol 2 zugänglich, das unter Säurekatalyse zur Titelverbindung 3 dehydratisiert wird. Bei der PDC‐Oxidation von 3 erfolgt Abbau der C‐5‐Seitenkette zum Aldehyd 5 und zum Lactam 6. Das Diol 2 besitzt schwache antiphlogistische Aktivität.
Transparent conducting ZnO thin films prepared by XeCl excimer laser ablation (1998)

Highly conductive and transparent aluminum- and gallium-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Al and ZnO:Ga) thin films in place of indium tin oxide films have been prepared by using XeCl excimer laser ablation at relatively low temperatures. The impurity content of Al or Ga in the ZnO target was optimized on the basis of the measurements of resistivity, carrier concentration, and Hall mobility of the deposited transparent conducting ZnO films. The effects of substrate temperature on the properties of ZnO films were investigated. The crystalline, electrical and optical properties of the films were found to depend directly on substrate temperature during deposition. The minimum resistivity of 1.4×10−4 Ω cm was obtained for the ZnO:Al film prepared at a substrate temperature of 300 °C using a ZnO target with an Al2O3 content of 1% by weight (wt %). Moreover, the ZnO:Al film prepared at a substrate temperature of 100 °C showed a low resistivity value of 2.5×10−4 Ω cm. As for the ZnO:Ga film, on the other hand, the minimum resistivity value was 2.7×10−4 Ω cm for the film deposited at 300 °C using a ZnO target with a Ga2O3 content of 7 wt %. Furthermore, plasma etching of ZnO films employing a mixture of CH4 and H2 was carried out, and it was found that a small amount of CH4 gas enhanced the etching of ZnO films.
Preparation and Testing of Monoclonal Antibodies to Recombinant Proteins (2003)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are useful, often essential, reagents for the isolation, identification, and cellular localization of specific gene products and for the determination of macromolecular structure. The ability to clone and sequence specific genes has revolutionized our understanding of cellular structure and function, and the ability to prepare recombinant proteins or to synthesize peptides based on protein sequences derived from cDNA clones provides sufficient material for generating specific antibodies. The recombinant proteins may be derived from prokaryotic systems, such as E. coli, or from eukaryotic expression systems, such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) or insect cells expressing constructs in baculovirus. The eucary-otic systems are being used increasingly for expression of glycoproteins because the recombinant material is glycosylated. A number of protocols will be described here that we have used successfully with both rat (Y3 and IR983F) and mouse (SP2/0) myelomas to generate MAbs to recombinant material or peptides based on cDNA sequences.
Small‐molecule modulators of the OX40–OX40 ligand co‐stimulatory protein–protein interaction (2014)

We identified, to our knowledge, the first small-molecule compounds able to interfere with OX40-OX40L binding and, more importantly, to act as partial agonists of OX40. This is particularly interesting, as small-molecule agonism or activation of PPIs is considered unusually challenging and there are only few known examples. These results provide proof-of-principle evidence for the feasibility of small-molecule modulation of the OX40-OX40L interaction and for the existence of partial agonists for TNFRSF-PPIs.
Self-Consistent Results for a GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs Heterojunction. I. Subband Structure and Light-Scattering Spectra (1982)

The subband structure of a two-dimensional electron system at a GaAs/Al x Ga 1- x As heterojunction interface is calculated. Many-body exchange and correlation effects are taken into account in the local density-functional approximation. They are shown to be unimportant but not negligibly small. Spectra of light scatterings are also calculated. Results are in reasonable agreement with existing experiments.
Strongly Enhanced Antitumor Activity of Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab Combination Treatment on HER2-Positive Human Xenograft Tumor Models (2009)

The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family plays an important role in cell survival and proliferation, and is implicated in oncogenesis. Overexpression of HER2 is associated with aggressive disease and poor prognosis. Trastuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting HER2 and has proven survival benefit for women with HER2-positive early and metastatic breast cancer. Pertuzumab, another monoclonal antibody, is a HER2 dimerization inhibitor that binds to a different epitope on HER2 than trastuzumab and inhibits HER2 dimer formation with other HER family members such as HER3 and HER1. We investigated the antitumor activity of these agents alone and in combination in HER2-positive breast and non-small cell lung cancer xenografts. Our data show that the combination of trastuzumab and pertuzumab has a strongly enhanced antitumor effect and induces tumor regression in both xenograft models, something that cannot be achieved by either monotherapy. The enhanced efficacy of the combination was also observed after tumor progression during trastuzumab monotherapy. Near-IR fluorescence imaging experiments confirm that pertuzumab binding to tumors is not impaired by trastuzumab pretreatment. Furthermore, we show by in vitro assay that both trastuzumab and pertuzumab potently activate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. However, our data suggest that the strongly enhanced antitumor activity is mainly due to the differing but complementary mechanisms of action of trastuzumab and pertuzumab, namely inhibition of HER2 dimerization and prevention of p95HER2 formation.
PACAPand its receptors in migraine pathophysiology: Commentary on Walkeret al., Br J Pharmacol 171: 1521–1533 (2014)

Linked Article This article is a Commentary on Walker CS, Sundrum T and Hay DL (2014). PACAP receptor pharmacology and agonist bias: analysis in primary neurons and glia from the trigeminal ganglia and transfected cells. Br J Pharmacol 171: 1521–1553. doi: 10.1111/bph.12541
Fabrication and characterization of integrated uncooled infrared sensor arrays using a-Si thin-film transistors as active elements (2005)

In this paper, we report on the first realization and characterization of monolithic uncooled 8/spl times/8 infrared sensor arrays, based on amorphous silicon thin-film transistors (a-Si TFT). The a-Si TFT is employed as the active element of the sensor, because it possesses a high temperature coefficient of its drain current of 1.5%-6.5% K/sup -1/ at room temperature. The improved porous silicon micromachining techniques described here enable the integration of the a-Si TFT-based sensor array with the MOS readout circuitry. The sacrificial material of porous silicon is prepared in the first step. It is then well protected all the time during the fabrication of MOSFETs and sensors before being released. Optical tests are performed to characterize the sensor. The influences of the gate voltage of a-Si TFT (V/sub g/) and the voltage source of the circuitry (V/sub dd/) on the sensor performance are investigated. The measurement indicates that the sensor has a maximum detectivity of 8.67/spl times/10/sup 8/ cm Hz/sup 1/2/W/sup -1/ at V/sub g/=-15 V, V/sub dd/=-12 V and a chopping frequency of 30 Hz. The noise equivalent power (NEP) of the sensor is less than 10/sup -10/ W Hz/sup -1/2/, and the noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) is as low as 67 mK at room temperature, which compares well with the recent results of some uncooled IR sensors developed by other groups. Primary imaging tests indicate that the 8/spl times/8 sensor array has potential for high performance imaging applications.
Fibroblasts from cancer patients display a mixture of both foetal and adult-like phenotypic characteristics (1988)

We have previously reported that foetal and adult fibroblasts display distinctive migratory phenotypes when cultured on three-dimensional collagen gels. Both skin and tumour-derived fibroblasts from a significant proportion of patients with breast cancer were subsequently observed to display foetal-like migratory behaviour. In the accompanying paper concerned with the biochemical basis of these observations, we presented evidence that foetal fibroblasts and the foetal-like fibroblasts of cancer patients produce a soluble migration-stimulating factor (MSF) not made by normal adult cells. Data are presented here indicating that: (1) the spontaneous foetal-to-adult transition in migratory phenotype that foetal fibroblasts undergo after approximately 50-55 population doublings in vitro is correlated with a cessation of MSF production; (2) breast cancer patient fibroblasts do not undergo such a phenotypic transition and continue to produce MSF for their entire in vitro lifespan. These foetal-like cancer patient fibroblasts do, however, resemble normal adult cells by a number of other criteria, including population doubling potential, enhanced migration in the presence of serum compared to platelet-poor plasma, saturation cell density and morphology in confluent culture. These data indicate that the fibroblasts of breast cancer patients express a mixture of both foetal and adult phenotypic characteristics. Such a finding is consistent with published information indicating that foetal-to-adult transitions in various fibroblast phenotypic characteristics occur in a temporally disparate fashion during normal development, and further imply that cancer patient fibroblasts have undergone only certain of these transitions.
Discovery and Study of New Reaction Chemistry; Applications in Complex Molecule Assembly (2001)

The catalytic, in situ generation of metal alkynilides under conditions compatible with electrophilic reaction partners provides fresh avenues for the development of new efficient asymmetric processes leading to C–C bond-formation. We have documented that terminal acetylenes undergo stereoselective additions to aldehydes in the presence of catalytic Zn(II), amine, and (+)-or (-)-N-methyl ephedrine to give adducts in useful yields and excellent enantio-induction. The application of this method to natural products syntheses, as exemplified in the epothilone total synthesis, underscores the versatility of the process.
Oral Ketamine for Sickle Cell Crisis Pain Refractory to Opioids (2013)

There is literature demonstrating that the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine has analgesic properties that can be used as an adjuvant to opiates for pain relief in multiple various conditions and pain states. However, there is a lack of published information on ketamine used in persons with sickle cell disease in acute pain crises. The Virginia Commonwealth University Palliative Care team was consulted on a 38-year-old African American female with sickle cell thalassemia in severe acute pain crisis overlying chronic pain related to her disease. Pain control was unable to be achieved with escalating doses of opiates and other adjuvant medications. The patient responded well to an intravenous test dose of ketamine and was subsequently placed on an oral regimen of ketamine in addition to opiates. In the 24-hour period following ketamine initiation, the patient's pain was able to be controlled on decreased amounts of opiates. She was eventually transitioned to an oral opiate and ketamine regimen, which allowed her to be discharged home with pain levels close to her baseline and the ability to function and perform all activities of daily living.
The Major Histocompatibility Complex in Transplantation (2012)

The transplant of organs is one of the greatest therapeutic achievements of the twentieth century. In organ transplantation, the adaptive immunity is considered the main response exerted to the transplanted tissue, since the principal target of the immune response is the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules expressed on the surface of donor cells. However, we should not forget that the innate and adaptive immunities are closely interrelated and should be viewed as complementary and cooperating. When a human transplant is performed, HLA (human leukocyte antigens) molecules from a donor are recognized by the recipient's immune system triggering an alloimmune response Matching of donor and recipient for MHC antigens has been shown to have a significant positive effect on graft acceptance. This paper will present MHC, the innate and adaptive immunities, and clinical HLA testing.
Protective immunity evoked by locally administered group A streptococcal vaccines in mice. (1988)

The present studies were undertaken to determine the pathogenicity of group A streptococci introduced intranasally (i.n.) into mice in an attempt to mimic mucosal infections in humans and to determine the efficacy of streptococcal vaccines administered via the mucosal route. The LD50 of type 24 streptococci (M24 strep) administered i.n. was 3 x 10(4) CFU. Throat cultures were performed in M24 strep-inoculated mice. Of 11 mice that died, 9 had positive throat cultures 3 or 4 days after i.n. challenge, and of 9 mice that survived, only 1 had a positive throat culture, indicating an association between mucosal infection and death. Postmortem examination performed on 35 mice that died after i.n. challenge showed that all had evidence of disseminated infections, and group A streptococci were recovered from the cervical lymph nodes, blood, spleen, liver, and brain. To determine vaccine efficacy, heat-killed M24 strep or pep M24 were administered i.n. to groups of mice. Whole, heat-killed streptococci and pep M24 administered locally protected mice against death from i.n. challenge infections with homologous M24 strep. The whole cell vaccine also protected against i.n. challenge infections with heterologous type 6 streptococci. Our data suggest that streptococcal vaccines administered locally evoke protective immunity against streptococcal infections.
Ceremonia y memoria en Tuntún de Pasa y Grifería de Luis Palés Matos. Una lectura desde las teorías del rito, la memoria y la teatralidad (2008)

En este ensayo se analiza la poesía negrista del libro Tuntún de Pasa y Griferia (1937) del escritor puertorriqueño Luis Palés Matós. Para hacerlo, se recurre a tres perspectivas analíticas: la del análisis del rito, la del estudio del drama social y la memoria colectiva, y la del performance y la teatralidad. El estudio está siguiendo la estructura del libro analizado: “Tronco”, “Rama”, “Flor” y “Poemas Nuevos”. Así, comienza cuestionando por qué en la forma en que fue estructurado el libro parece faltar un elemento. Luego, se estudian los poemas de la sección “Tronco” intentando dilucidar y explicar el ritual contenido en sus versos. Después, se examinan los poemas de la sección “Rama “desde las teorías del drama social y la memoria colectiva. Finalmente, estudia los poemas de “Flor” y, en menor medida, los “Poemas Nuevos” como un resultado del proceso ritual iniciado en la primera parte del libro. Los resultados de este trabajo dan la visión del texto de Palés Matos como un proceso de transformación constante que inicia en un sitio geográfico y termina en otro, que comienza con un individuo de una etnia y acaba con otro, que empieza con un hombre y termina con una mujer. Así, este análisis brinda nuevas pautas para entender la poesía negrista caribeña de la década de 1930.
Normal microRNA Maturation and Germ-Line Stem Cell Maintenance Requires Loquacious, a Double-Stranded RNA-Binding Domain Protein (2005)

microRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded, 21- to 23-nucleotide cellular RNAs that control the expression of cognate target genes. Primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) transcripts are transformed to mature miRNA by the successive actions of two RNase III endonucleases. Drosha converts pri-miRNA transcripts to precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA); Dicer, in turn, converts pre-miRNA to mature miRNA. Here, we show that normal processing of Drosophila pre-miRNAs by Dicer-1 requires the double-stranded RNA-binding domain (dsRBD) protein Loquacious (Loqs), a homolog of human TRBP, a protein first identified as binding the HIV trans-activator RNA (TAR). Efficient miRNA-directed silencing of a reporter transgene, complete repression of white by a dsRNA trigger, and silencing of the endogenous Stellate locus by Suppressor of Stellate, all require Loqs. In loqs(f00791) mutant ovaries, germ-line stem cells are not appropriately maintained. Loqs associates with Dcr-1, the Drosophila RNase III enzyme that processes pre-miRNA into mature miRNA. Thus, every known Drosophila RNase-III endonuclease is paired with a dsRBD protein that facilitates its function in small RNA biogenesis.
Analysis of the complete DNA sequence of murine cytomegalovirus (1996)

The complete DNA sequence of the Smith strain of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) was determined from virion DNA by using a whole-genome shotgun approach. The genome has an overall G+C content of 58.7%, consists of 230,278 bp, and is arranged as a single unique sequence with short (31-bp) terminal direct repeats and several short internal repeats. Significant similarity to the genome of the sequenced human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strain AD169 is evident, particularly for 78 open reading frames encoded by the central part of the genome. There is a very similar distribution of G+C content across the two genomes. Sequences toward the ends of the MCMV genome encode tandem arrays of homologous glycoproteins (gps) arranged as two gene families. The left end encodes 15 gps that represent one family, and the right end encodes a different family of 11 gps. A homolog (m144) of cellular major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes is located at the end of the genome opposite the HCMV MHC class I homolog (UL18). G protein-coupled receptor (GCR) homologs (M33 and M78) occur in positions congruent with two (UL33 and UL78) of the four putative HCMV GCR homologs. Counterparts of all of the known enzyme homologs in HCMV are present in the MCMV genome, including the phosphotransferase gene (M97), whose product phosphorylates ganciclovir in HCMV-infected cells, and the assembly protein (M80).
Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) at Snohomish County PUD (1991)

Results of field tests conducted on the Snohomish PUD's distribution system to measure changes in energy consumption resulting from service voltage reduction are presented. The economic evaluation of the effects of voltage reduction is also examined. In addition, recommendations on continued research and development in conservation voltage reduction (CVR) application are discussed. Field tests to date have indicated a definite energy savings associated with voltage reduction and that these savings are extremely economical to capture. A combination of line drop compensation along with capacitor application is seen as a practical method to achieve CVR. Snohomish PUD has implemented a full scale CVR program in which the generated savings are transferred to neighboring utilities as a part of a conservation transfer agreement.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
High-Power High-Efficiency Class-E-Like Stacked mmWave PAs in SOI and Bulk CMOS: Theory and Implementation (2014)

<?Pub Dtl=""?> Series stacking of multiple devices is a promising technique that can help overcome some of the fundamental limitations of CMOS technology in order to improve the output power and efficiency of CMOS power amplifiers (PAs), particularly at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies. This paper investigates the concept of device stacking in the context of the Class-E family of nonlinear switching PAs at mmWave frequencies. Fundamental limits on achievable performance of a stacked configuration are presented along with design guidelines for a practical implementation. In order to demonstrate the utility of stacking, three prototypes have been implemented: two fully integrated 45-GHz single-ended Class-E-like PAs with two- and four-stacked devices in IBM's 45-nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS technology, and a 45-GHz differential Class-E-like PA with two devices stacked in IBM's 65-nm low-power CMOS process. Measurement results yield a peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 34.6% for the two-stacked 45-nm SOI CMOS PA with a saturated output power of 17.6 dBm. The measurement results also indicate true Class-E-like switching PA behavior. A peak PAE of 19.4% is measured for the four-stacked PA with a saturated output power of 20.3 dBm. The two-stacked PA exhibits the highest PAE reported for CMOS mmWave PAs, and the four-stacked PA achieves the highest output power from a fully integrated CMOS mmWave PA including those that employ power combining. The 65-nm CMOS differential two-stacked PA exhibits a peak PAE of 28.3% with a saturated differential output power of 18.2 dBm, despite the poor ON-resistance of the 65-nm low-power nMOS devices. This paper also describes the modeling of active devices for mmWave CMOS PAs for good model-hardware correlation.