gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Protein Loads on Plasma Amino Acid Levels (1973)

1. After ingestion of up to 1–2 g of protein/kg body weight by adults, plasma concentrations of all amino acids, including glutamine and glutamic acid, rose to a maximum within 5 h. 2. The increases in concentration depended on the amount of protein ingested. 3. The changes were not due to diurnal variation in plasma amino acid levels, so, protein loading tests may be of value in the assessment of protein absorption.
18Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Studies in Presumed Alzheimer Cases, Including 13 Serial Scans (1990)

Positron emission tomographic (PET) data on local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (LCMR) are reported for 32 regions of interest (ROI)s in cross-sectional studies on 57 patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 20 neurologically normal controls, and in serial studies on 13 of the AD cases, including a familial, young-onset case where the diagnosis has been confirmed at autopsy. Extensive psychological testing was done on all the AD cases. Almost all cortical regions showed a significant decline in LCMR with age in the control subjects. There were the expected cortical metabolic deficits in AD and the serial studies showed a general increase in such deficits over time in 12 of the 13 cases. The regions showing the greatest declines with time in serial studies are the same as those showing the most severe deficiencies in cross-sectional studies. The young-onset case did not show a greater rate of metabolic decline than many of the older cases studied. Results on individual psychological tests tended to correlate with metabolic rates in multiple, rather than single, cortical regions, suggesting intact neuronal networks are required for good performance. The correlations with cortical metabolic activity found were of a sign indicating that the higher the metabolic rates and the better the left:right asymmetry index, the better was the performance.
Unravelling the pathophysiology of male pattern baldness. (1985)

The cause of male pattern baldness remains unknown. The author discusses its possible pathophysiology and its therapy. A case revealing significant points is described.
The ASK1-MAP Kinase Signaling in ER Stress and Neurodegenerative Diseases (2006)

Accumulation of unfolded and/or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen induces ER stress. ER stress triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR), which includes the attenuation of general protein synthesis and the transcriptional activation of the genes encoding ER-resident chaperones and molecules involved in the ER-associated degradation (ERAD). The UPR coordinately reduces ER stress by restoration of the protein-folding capacity of the ER. However, severe and/or prolonged ER stress eventually leads cells to apoptosis. Several lines of evidence suggest that ER stress-induced apoptosis plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), a member of the MAPKKK family that constitutes the JNK and p38 MAP kinase (MAPK) cascades, is activated by physiological and cytotoxic stresses and induces various stress responses including apoptosis. Recent studies have shown that the ASK1-MAPK cascades are involved in ER stress-induced apoptosis and in the neuronal cell death in some model systems of neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights the current understanding of regulatory mechanisms of ASK1 with a special focus on the ER stress-dependent and -independent neuronal cell death in the context of neurodegenerative diseases.
Stimulation of the PD-1/PDL-1 T-cell co-inhibitory pathway is effective in treatment of experimental autoimmune glomerulonephritis (2011)

These results demonstrate that PDL-1/Fc fusion protein is effective in treatment of glomerulonephritis and confirm the importance of the PD-1/PDL-1 T-cell co-inhibitory pathway in development of EAG. Strategies designed to stimulate this pathway may provide a novel approach to treatment of human glomerulonephritis.
The adenosine A2A receptor as an attractive target for Parkinson's disease treatment (2003)

Long-term L-dopa treatment of Parkinson's disease can lose its effectiveness and cause development of motor complications such as dyskinesia. Furthermore, L-dopa therapy does not address the fundamental pathological process of dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. This prompts a search for an alternative or complementary therapy for Parkinson's disease to overcome these limitations. During the last 5 years, the adenosine A(2A) receptor has emerged as an attractive target for Parkinson's disease therapy, primarily because of its localized expression in striatum and motor enhancement function. Recent genetic and pharmacological studies indicate that A(2A) receptor antagonists also offer neuroprotective effects and may possibly modify chronic L-dopa-induced maladaptive responses in animal models of Parkinson's disease. This review summarizes multiple potential benefits of the A(2A) receptor blockade in treating the motor symptoms as well as the underlying dopaminergic neurodegeneration of Parkinson's disease.
Tumor trapping of 5-fluorouracil: in vivo 19F NMR spectroscopic pharmacokinetics in tumor-bearing humans and rabbits. (1990)

The pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) were studied in vivo in patients with discrete tumors and in rabbits bearing VX2 tumors by using 19F NMR spectroscopy. The human studies were conducted in a 1.5-T Magnetom magnetic resonance imager (Siemens), and the rabbit studies were conducted in a 4.7-T GE/Nicolet 33-cm bore magnet. Free 5FU was detected in the tumors of four of the six patients and in all VX2 tumors but not in normal rabbit tissues. No other metabolites were seen in these tumors, contrary to the extensive catabolism we had previously documented using 19F NMR spectroscopy in both human and animal livers. The tumor pool of free 5FU in those human tumors that trapped 5FU was determined to have a half-life of 0.4-2.1 hr, much longer than expected and significantly longer than the half-life of 5FU in blood (5-15 min), whereas the half-life of trapped 5FU in the VX2 tumors ranged from 1.05 to 1.22 hr. In this initial experience, patient response to chemotherapy may correlate with extent of trapping free 5FU in the human tumors. These studies document that NMR spectroscopy is clinically feasible in vivo, allows noninvasive pharmacokinetic analyses at a drug-target tissue in real time, and may produce therapeutically important information at the time of drug administration. Demonstration of the trapping of 5FU in tumors provides both a model for studying metabolic modulation in experimental tumors (in animals) and a method for testing modulation strategies clinically (in patients).
Fungemia Caused by Candida Species and Torulopsis glabrata in the Hospitalized Patient: Frequency, Characteristics, and Evaluation of Factors Influencing Outcome (1989)

We reviewed 135 cases of candidemia occurring between 1983 and 1986 to examine oncologic and nononcologic populations and assess factors for survival. Candida albicans was the most common species (51%); Candida tropicalis occurred most frequently in leukemia patients (57%), whereas Candida parapsilosis and Torulopsis glabrata were associated with solid tumors and nononcologic diseases. Risk factors identified were: preceding surgery, antibiotics, cannulas, and steroids in solid tumor and nononcologic diseases; and chemotherapy and neutropenia with hematologic malignancies. Even transient cannula-associated candidemia was not a benign process. Intravenous cannulas were common portals of entry (39%) in debilitated patients without cancer (59%) and were associated with high mortality (55%). Overall mortality was 59%, candidemia directly contributing to death in 75% of cases. In patients with candidemia, failure to initiate therapy with amphotericin B had a negative influence on outcome, whereas analysis of the entire group identified severity of underlying illness as the dominant cofactor influencing outcome.
Health and nutritional benefits from lactic acid bacteria (1990)

There are several potential health or nutritional benefits possible from some species of lactic acid bacteria. Among these are: improved nutritional value of food, control of intestinal infections, improved digestion of lactose, control of some types of cancer, and control of serum cholesterol levels. Some potential benefits may result from growth and action of the bacteria during the manufacture of cultured foods. Some may result from growth and action of certain species of the lactic acid bacteria in the intestinal tract following ingestion of foods containing them. In selecting a culture to produce a specific benefit it is necessary to consider not only the wide variation among species of the lactic acid bacteria but also that among strains within a given species. With the possible exception of improving lactose utilization by persons who are lactose maldigestors, no specific health or nutritional claims can yet be made for the lactic acid bacteria.
Engineering and Design of Chimeric Antigen Receptors (2018)

T cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have emerged as a potent new class of therapeutics for cancer, based on their remarkable potency in blood cancers. Since the first clinical reports of their efficacy emerged 7 years ago, investigators have focused on the mechanisms and properties that make CARs effective or toxic, and their effects on T cell biology. Novel CAR designs coupled with improvements in gene transfer technology, incorporating advances in gene editing, have the potential to increase access to engineered cell therapies, as well as improve their potency in solid tumors.
Intense visible light emission from fullerene-doped silica aerogel (1995)

We report that fullerenes (C60/C70) can be uniformly encased in silica aerogel by sol-gel process together with supercritical drying technique. Intense visible light emission (2.26 eV) is observable with the naked eye from the composite under an Ar+ laser (488 nm) excitation at room temperature. The luminescent intensity is found to increase strongly with low doping of fullerenes (0.05 mol %) and then to decrease while the peak is red shifted, and finally quenched upon heavy doping (up to 2.5 mol %). This effect is consistent with the behavior of the fullerenes entrapped in the micropores linked by the silica networks resulting in the quantum confinement effect which then produce emission far above the interband gap of C60/C70.
Autocatalytic Processing of Recombinant Human Procathepsin L (1998)

The autocatalytic processing of procathepsin L was investigated in vitro using purified recombinant proenzyme expressed in Pichia pastoris. Pure intermolecular processing was studied by incubating the mutant procathepsin L (C25S), which cannot autoactivate with a small amount of mature active cathepsin L. The results clearly establish that, contrary to recent reports, intermolecular processing of procathepsin L is possible. The main cleavage sites are located at or near the N terminus of the mature enzyme, in an accessible portion of the proregion, which contains sequences corresponding to the known substrate specificity of cathepsin L. Contrary to procathepsins B, K, and S, autocatalytic processing of procathepsin L can generate the natural mature form of the enzyme. A continuous assay using the substrate benzyloxycarbonyl-Phe-Arg 4-methylcoumarinyl-7-amide hydrochloride has also been used to obtain information on the nature of the steps involved in the autocatalytic processing of wild-type procathepsin L. Processing is initiated by decreasing the pH from 8.0 to 5.3. The influence of proenzyme concentration on the rate of processing indicates the existence of both unimolecular and bimolecular steps in the mechanism of processing. The nature of the unimolecular event that triggers processing remains elusive. Circular dichroism and fluorescence measurements indicate the absence of large scale conformational change in the structure of procathepsin L on reduction of pH. However, the bimolecular reaction can be attributed to intermolecular processing of the zymogen.
Morphology-Controlled Synthesis of Magnetites with Nanoporous Structures and Excellent Magnetic Properties (2007)

Different morphological single-crystal magnetites (Fe3O4) with a nanoporous structure, which exhibit excellent magnetic properties, have been synthesized by a polyol process. Both the type of polyol and the concentration of KOH play important roles in the formation of various morphologies. Cubic, truncated-octahedral, and octahedral shapes can be prepared by changing the concentration of the KOH solution in ethylene glycol. Sequentially, a series of submicro magnetites have been successfully obtained in the shape of spheres, truncated cubes, and equilateral octahedra by incrementally adjusting the concentration of KOH in glycerol. All the samples are ferromagnetic at 2 K but nearly paramagnetic at 300 K except the cubic sample. These Fe3O4 crystals may have a potential application as magnetic carriers for drug targeting because of their excellent soft-magnetic properties.
Spectroscopy Using Quantum Logic (2005)

We present a general technique for precision spectroscopy of atoms that lack suitable transitions for efficient laser cooling, internal state preparation, and detection. In our implementation with trapped atomic ions, an auxiliary "logic" ion provides sympathetic laser cooling, state initialization, and detection for a simultaneously trapped "spectroscopy" ion. Detection is achieved by applying a mapping operation to each ion, which results in a coherent transfer of the spectroscopy ion's internal state onto the logic ion, where it is then measured with high efficiency. Experimental realization, by using 9Be+ as the logic ion and 27Al+ as the spectroscopy ion, indicates the feasibility of applying this technique to make accurate optical clocks based on single ions.
Pencil beam coded aperture x-ray scatter imaging (2012)

We use coded aperture x-ray scatter imaging to interrogate scattering targets with a pencil beam. Observations from a single x-ray exposure of a flat-panel scintillation detector are used to simultaneously determine the along-beam positions and momentum transfer profiles of two crystalline powders (NaCl and Al). The system operates with a 3 cm range resolution and a momentum transfer resolution of 0.1 nm−1. These results demonstrate that a single snapshot can be used to estimate scattering properties along an x-ray beam, and serve as a foundation for volumetric imaging of scattering objects.
Anthraquinone, Cyclopentanone, and Naphthoquinone Derivatives from the Sea Fan-Derived Fungi Fusarium spp. PSU-F14 and PSU-F135 (2010)

Five new metabolites, fusaranthraquinone (1), fusarnaphthoquinones A-C (2-4), and fusarone (5), were isolated from the sea fan-derived fungi Fusarium spp. PSU-F14 and PSU-F135 along with 18 known compounds. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Their antibacterial, antifungal, antimycobacterial, antimalarial, and cytotoxic activities were examined.
Circulating and tumor-infiltrating Tim-3 in patients with colorectal cancer (2015)

T-cell exhaustion represents a progressive loss of T-cell function. The inhibitory receptor PD-1 is known to negatively regulate CD8+ T cell responses directed against tumor antigen, but the blockades of PD-1 pathway didn't show the objective responses in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Thus, further exploring the molecular mechanism responsible for inducing T-cell dysfunction in CRC patients may reveal effective strategies for immune therapy. This study aims to characterize co-inhibitory receptors on T cells in CRC patients to identify novel targets for immunotherapy. In this study, peripheral blood samples from 20 healthy controls and 54 consented CRC patients, and tumor and matched paraneoplastic tissues from 7 patients with advanced CRC, subjected to multicolor flow cytometric analysis of the expression of PD-1 and Tim-3 receptors on CD8+ T cells. It was found that CRC patients presented with significantly higher levels of circulating Tim-3+PD-1+CD8+ T cells compared to the healthy controls (medians of 3.12% and 1.99%, respectively, p = 0.0403). A similar increase of Tim-3+PD-1+CD8+ T cells was also observed in the tumor tissues compared to paraneoplastic tussues. Tim-3+PD-1+CD8+ T cells in tumor tissues produced even less cytokine than that in paraneoplastic tissues. Functional ex vivo experiments showed that Tim-3+PD-1+CD8+ T cells produced significantly less IFN-γ than Tim-3-PD-1-CD8+ T cells, followed by Tim-3+PD-1-CD8+ T cells, and Tim-3-PD-1+CD8+ T cells, indicating a stronger inhibition of IFN-γ production of Tim-3+CD8+ T cells . It is also found in this study that Tim-3+PD-1+CD8+ T cell increase in circulation was correlated with clinical cancer stage but not histologic grade and serum concentrations of cancer biomarker CEA. Our results indicate that upregulation of the inhibitory receptor Tim-3 may restrict T cell responses in CRC patients, and therefore blockage of Tim-3 and thus restoring T cell responses may be a potential therapeutic approach for CRC patients.
Characterization of the Maize Endosperm Transcriptome and Its Comparison to the Rice Genome (2004)

The cereal endosperm is a major organ of the seed and an important component of the world's food supply. To understand the development and physiology of the endosperm of cereal seeds, we focused on the identification of genes expressed at various times during maize endosperm development. We constructed several cDNA libraries to identify full-length clones and subjected them to a twofold enrichment. A total of 23,348 high-quality sequence-reads from 5'- and 3'-ends of cDNAs were generated and assembled into a unigene set representing 5326 genes with paired sequence-reads. Additional sequencing yielded a total of 3160 (59%) completely sequenced, full-length cDNAs. From 5326 unigenes, 4139 (78%) can be aligned with 5367 predicted rice genes and by taking only the "best hit" be mapped to 3108 positions on the rice genome. The 22% unigenes not present in rice indicate a rapid change of gene content between rice and maize in only 50 million years. Differences in rice and maize gene numbers also suggest that maize has lost a large number of duplicated genes following tetraploidization. The larger number of gene copies in rice suggests that as many as 30% of its genes arose from gene amplification, which would extrapolate to a significant proportion of the estimated 44,027 candidate genes of its entire genome. Functional classification of the maize endosperm unigene set indicated that more than a fourth of the novel functionally assignable genes found in this study are involved in carbohydrate metabolism, consistent with its role as a storage organ.
Introduction to nuclear physics. (1998)

Photons for counting or imaging applications in nuclear medicine result from several processes. Gamma rays are produced from excited state transitions after beta decay and electron capture. Annihilation photons result from positron decay. The de-excitation of the atom after electron capture results in the production of characteristic x rays or Auger electrons. Metastable state transitions result in gamma ray emission or internal conversion electrons. All radiopharmaceuticals used in diagnostic nuclear medicine applications are tagged with radionuclides that emit photons as a result of one of these processes.
Role of programmed (apoptotic) cell death during the progression and therapy for prostate cancer (1996)

Cells possess within their epigenetic repertoire the ability to undergo an active process of cellular suicide termed programmed (or apoptotic) cell death. This programmed cell death process involves an epigenetic reprogramming of the cell that results in an energy-dependent cascade of biochemical and morphologic changes (also termed apoptosis) within the cell, resulting in its death and elimination. Although the final steps (i.e., DNA and cellular fragmentation) are common to cells undergoing programmed cell death, the activation of this death process is initiated either by sufficient injury to the cell induced by various exogenous damaging agents (e.g., radiation, chemicals, viruses) or by changes in the levels of a series of endogenous signals (e.g., hormones and growth/survival factors). Within the prostate, androgens are capable of both stimulating proliferation as well as inhibiting the rate of the glandular epithelial cell death. Androgen withdrawal triggers the programmed cell death pathway in both normal prostate glandular epithelia and androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. Androgen-independent prostate cancer cells do not initiate the programmed cell death pathway upon androgen ablation; however, they do retain the cellular machinery necessary to activate the programmed cell death cascade when sufficiently damaged by exogenous agents. In the normal prostate epithelium, cell proliferation is balanced by a equal rate of programmed cell death, such that neither involution nor overgrowth normal occurs. In prostatic cancer, however, this balance is lost, such that there is greater proliferation than death producing continuous net growth. Thus, an imbalance in programmed cell death must occur during prostatic cancer progression. The goal of effective therapy for prostatic cancer, therefore, is to correct this imbalance. Unfortunately, this has not been achieved and metastatic prostatic cancer is still a lethal disease for which no curative therapy is currently available. In order to develop such effective therapy, an understanding of the programmed death pathway, and what controls it, is critical. Thus, a review of the present state of knowledge concerning programmed cell death of normal and malignant prostatic cells will be presented.
Neural network architectures for robotic applications (1989)

The authors propose a ring VLSI systolic architecture for implementing artificial neural networks (ANNs) with applications to robotic processing. Key design issues concerning algorithms, applications, and architectures are examined. A variety of neural networks is considered, including single-layer feedback neural networks, competitive learning networks, and multilayer feed-forward networks. It is demonstrated that the ANNs are suitable to all three levels of robotic processing applications including task planning, path planning, and path control levels. For these applications, a programmable systolic array is developed than can exploit the strength of VLSI to provide intensive and pipelined computing. Both the retrieving and learning phases are integrated in the design. The proposed architecture, which is more versatile than other existing ANNs, can accommodate all the useful neural networks for robotic processing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>