gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SECURITY OF QUANTUM KEY DISTRIBUTION (2008)

Quantum Information Theory is an area of physics which studies both fundamental and applied issues in quantum mechanics from an information-theoretical viewpoint. The underlying techniques are, however, often restricted to the analysis of systems which satisfy a certain independence condition. For example, it is assumed that an experiment can be repeated independently many times or that a large physical system consists of many virtually independent parts. Unfortunately, such assumptions are not always justified. This is particularly the case for practical applications — e.g. in quantum cryptography — where parts of a system might have an arbitrary and unknown behavior. We propose an approach which allows us to study general physical systems for which the above mentioned independence condition does not necessarily hold. It is based on an extension of various information-theoretical notions. For example, we introduce new uncertainty measures, called smooth min- and max-entropy, which are generalizations of the von Neumann entropy. Furthermore, we develop a quantum version of de Finetti's representation theorem, as described below. Consider a physical system consisting of n parts. These might, for instance, be the outcomes of n runs of a physical experiment. Moreover, we assume that the joint state of this n-partite system can be extended to an (n + k)-partite state which is symmetric under permutations of its parts (for some k ≫ 1). The de Finetti representation theorem then says that the original n-partite state is, in a certain sense, close to a mixture of product states. Independence thus follows (approximatively) from a symmetry condition. This symmetry condition can easily be met in many natural situations. For example, it holds for the joint state of n parts, which are chosen at random from an arbitrary (n + k)-partite system. As an application of these techniques, we prove the security of quantum key distribution (QKD), i.e. secret key agreement by communication over a quantum channel. In particular, we show that, in order to analyze QKD protocols, it is generally sufficient to consider so-called collective attacks, where the adversary is restricted to applying the same operation to each particle sent over the quantum channel separately. The proof is generic and thus applies to known protocols such as BB84 and B92 (where better bounds on the secret-key rate and on the the maximum tolerated noise level of the quantum channel are obtained) as well as to continuous variable schemes (where no full security proof has been known). Furthermore, the security holds with respect to a strong so-called universally composable definition. This implies that the keys generated by a QKD protocol can safely be used in any application, e.g. for one-time pad encryption — which, remarkably, is not the case for most standard definitions.
Web Service Discovery with UDDI Based on Semantic Similarity of Service Properties (2007)

The wide adoption of web services raises the challenging problem of service discovery. UDDI has the limitation of lack of semantic inference support, and the search mechanism based on keyword and categorization information leads to a limited performance. The problem can be addressed by a semantic approach for service matching based on semantic similarity of service properties. To integrate the matching mechanism into UDDI, we propose a semantic matchmaker system. We present the architecture of the system and demonstrate the key process for service discovery.
Insomnia: Pharmacologic Therapy. (2017)

Insomnia accounts for more than 5.5 million visits to family physicians each year. Although behavioral interventions are the mainstay of treatment, pharmacologic therapy may be necessary for some patients. Understanding the risks and benefits of insomnia medications is critical. Controlled-release melatonin and doxepin are recommended as first-line agents in older adults; the so-called z-drugs (zolpidem, eszopiclone, and zaleplon) should be reserved for use if the first-line agents are ineffective. For the general population with difficulty falling asleep, controlled-release melatonin and the z-drugs can be considered. For those who have difficulty staying asleep, low-dose doxepin and the z-drugs should be considered. Benzodiazepines are not recommended because of their high abuse potential and the availability of better alternatives. Although the orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant appears to be relatively effective, it is no more effective than the z-drugs and much more expensive. Sedating antihistamines, antiepileptics, and atypical antipsychotics are not recommended unless they are used primarily to treat another condition. Persons with sleep apnea or chronic lung disease with nocturnal hypoxia should be evaluated by a sleep specialist before sedating medications are prescribed.
IMPROVED VECTORS FOR AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION OF MONOCOT PLANTS (1998)

A series of improved vectors have been constructed that are suitable for use in Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated monocot transformation. These binary vectors have several useful features, including the selectable marker genes bar (phosphinothricin resistance) or hph (hygromycin resistance) driven by either the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter or the maize ubiquitin promoter, a high-copy-number replication origin that allows reliable mini-prep DNA isolation from Escherichia coli, and a polylinker sequence into which target genes can be easily inserted. A significant improvement has been made to the hph gene by the introduction of an intron into its coding region. The presence of the intron abolishes hph expression in A. tumefaciens, rendering the bacterium susceptible to the selective agent hygromycin B. The use of such an intron-hph vector thus enables the antibiotic in plant culture media to function as both a selective agent for transformed tissue and as a contraselective agent for A. tumefaciens growth, thus minimising the overgrowth of A. tumefaciens on plant tissues during transformation. Furthermore, the intron appears to be correctly spliced in plant cells and significantly enhances hph expression in transformed rice tissue. In our experiments, the use of the intron-hph vector increased the frequency of rice transformation and has enabled the production of transgenic barley.
Demonstrating Quantum Speed-Up with a Two-Transmon Quantum Processor (2012)

Cette thèse a pour sujet la caractérisation d un processeur quantique utilisant deux qubits supraconducteurs de type Transmon couplés capacitivement. Chacun des deux qubits peut être manipulé individuellement et lu en une seule fois de façon non destructive. Avec ce système, il est possible de réaliser une porte quantique universelle en utilisant l interaction entre les deux qubits. Ce système possède donc toutes les caractéristiques d un processeur quantique universel à deux qubits. On se sert de ce processeur pour implémenter la porte quantique universelle sqrt(iSWAP), qu on caractérise en utilisant une methode de tomographie du processus quantique. On obtient une fidélité de porte de 90 %. On utilise cette porte universelle pour réaliser des états intriqués à deux qubits afin d effectuer un test de l inégalité de Bell. On observe une violation de la limite classique de l équation par 22 écart-types après avoir corrigé les erreurs de lecture. En utilisant la porte iSWAP, on implémente l algorithme de Grover pour deux qubits. Cet algorithme de recherche trouve parmi quatre états x {00,01,10,11}, l état y qui satisfait f(y)=1, où f est une fonction de recherche telle que f(x y)=0. L'implémentation de cet algorithme permet de trouver la réponse au problème de recherche avec une probabilité comprise entre 52 % et 67 %, dépassant en performance les algorithmes classiques, dont les probabilités de succès sont limitées à 25 %. En conséquence, cette expérience est une preuve du concept d'accélération quantique. Enfin, nous proposons une architecture scalable qui pourrait résoudre certains problèmes des architectures courantes de qubits supraconducteurs
Shape transformation of nanoporous GaN by annealing: From buried cavities to nanomembranes (2011)

Gallium nitride is considered a chemically inert, ceramic-like semiconductor with no effective etchants available at room temperature. In this letter, we study the shape transformation of nanoporous GaN prepared by an electrochemical process. It is found that the curvature-driven mass transport process at typical growth temperatures is effective in shaping GaN on both the nanoscale and microscale into useful configurations such as buried cavities or semiconductor-on-air structures. This process of “micromachining” GaN adds flexibilities to epitaxy and device designs. A monocrystalline GaN nanomembrane, extending millimeters in width, is reported as a proof-of-concept demonstration.
Longitudinal Phenotypic Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes: Correlation with Disease Progression (1999)

Few studies have examined longitudinal changes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). To more closely define the natural history of HIV-specific CTL, we used HLA-peptide tetrameric complexes to study the longitudinal CD8(+) T-cell response evolution in 16 A*0201-positive untreated individuals followed clinically for up to 14 years. As early as 1 to 2 years after seroconversion, we found a significant association between high frequencies of A*0201-restricted p17(Gag/Pol) tetramer-binding cells and slower disease progression (P < 0.01). We observed that responses could remain stable over many months, but any longitudinal changes that occurred were typically accompanied by reciprocal changes in RNA viral load. Phenotypic analysis with markers CD45RO, CD45RA, and CD27 identified distinct subsets of antigen-specific cells and the preferential loss of CD27(+) CD45RO(+) cells during periods of rapid decline in the frequency of tetramer-binding cells. In addition we were unable to confirm previous studies showing a consistent selective loss of HIV-specific cells in the context of sustained Epstein-Barr virus-specific cell frequencies. Overall, these data support a role of HIV-specific CTL in the control of disease progression and suggest that the ultimate loss of such CTL may be preferentially from the CD27(+) CD45RO(+) subset.
Measuring Sesamoid Position in Hallux Valgus (2014)

Diagnostic, Level IV: Case series.
Diabetes Mellitus is Associated with a Decrease in Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Content of Gastrointestinal Tract of Rat (2001)

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is an inhibitory non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic transmitter, which mediate in the relaxation of sphincters of the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a change in the pattern of innervation and tissue content of VIP in the rat gastroduodenum after the onset of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg Kg(-1)). Four weeks after the induction of diabetes mellitus, the rats were anaethetised and the pancreata were removed for further processing. VIP was localized and measured in normal and diabetic rat gastroduodenal tissues by immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay, respectively. VIP immunoreactivity was stronger in the ganglion cells of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of the gastric antrum and duodenum of normal rats (n = 6) when compared to that of diabetic rats (n = 6). Moreover, the number of VIP-positive neurons was significantly lower in the gastrointestinal tract of diabetic rats compared to normal. The VIP content of the gastric antrum and duodenum of diabetic rat was significantly lower (p< 0.05) than that of normal rat. In contrast to the lower tissue levels of VIP in the gastroduodenal segment of diabetic rats, the plasma level of VIP was significantly higher (p< 0.04) in diabetic rat compared to normal. The plasma level of VIP in normal rats was comparable to that measured in normal human beings. A low tissue level of VIP in the gastroduodenal tract of diabetic rat may contribute in part to the abnormal gut motility observed in diabetic patients.
Differential costimulatory effects of adhesion molecules B7, ICAM-1, LFA-3, and VCAM-1 on resting and antigen-primed CD4+ T lymphocytes (1992)

Optimal proliferation of T cells although initiated via ligation of the CD3/TCR complex requires additional stimulation resulting from adhesive interactions between costimulatory receptors (R) on T cells and their counter-R on APC. At least four distinct adhesion molecules (counter-R) present on APC, B7, ICAM-1 (CD54), LFA-3 (CD58), and VCAM-1 have been individually shown to costimulate T cell activation. Because some of these molecules may be expressed simultaneously on APC, it has been difficult to examine relative contributions of individual counter-R during the induction of T cell proliferation. We have produced soluble IgC gamma 1 fusion chimeras (receptor globulins or Rg) of B7, ICAM-1, LFA-3, and VCAM-1 and compared their relative abilities to costimulate proliferation of resting or Ag-primed CD4+ T cells. When co-immobilized with mAb directed at TCR alpha beta or CD3 but not CD2 or CD28, each Rg induced proliferation of both resting and Ag-primed CD4+ cells. In contrast, similarly co-immobilized CD7 Rg or ELAM-1 Rg were ineffective. Resting CD4+ T cells produced more IL-2, expressed significantly higher levels of IL-2R alpha, and proliferated more efficiently when costimulated with either ICAM-1 Rg or VCAM-1 Rg than with B7 Rg or LFA-3 Rg. CD4+ CD45RO+ memory T cells proliferated more vigorously in response to the costimulation by each of the four Rg than CD4+ CD45RA+ naive T cells. In contrast with the behavior of resting CD4+ T cells, proliferation of Ag-preactivated CD4+ T cells was most efficient when costimulated by B7 Rg. The costimulatory effect of LFA-3 Rg on Ag-primed CD4+ T cells was weaker than that of B7 Rg but was significantly greater than that of either ICAM-1 Rg or VCAM-1 Rg. These results suggest that resting and Ag-primed CD4+ T cells preferentially respond by proliferation to different costimulatory counter-R. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 may be involved in the initiation of proliferation of Ag-responsive T cells, and B7 and LFA-3 may facilitate sustained proliferation of Ag-primed T cells. The cumulative costimulation by the above counter-R may facilitate optimal expression of various regulatory and effector functions of T cells.
Innate Immune Homeostasis by the Homeobox Gene Caudal and Commensal-Gut Mutualism in Drosophila (2008)

Although commensalism with gut microbiota exists in all metazoans, the host factors that maintain this homeostatic relationship remain largely unknown. We show that the intestinal homeobox gene Caudal regulates the commensal-gut mutualism by repressing nuclear factor kappa B–dependent antimicrobial peptide genes. Inhibition of Caudal expression in flies via RNA interference led to overexpression of antimicrobial peptides, which in turn altered the commensal population within the intestine. In particular, the dominance of one gut microbe, Gluconobacter sp. strain EW707, eventually led to gut cell apoptosis and host mortality. However, restoration of a healthy microbiota community and normal host survival in the Caudal-RNAi flies was achieved by reintroduction of the Caudal gene. These results reveal that a specific genetic deficiency within a host can profoundly influence the gut commensal microbial community and host physiology.
[Neurochemical analysis and pharmacological regulation of the corticofugal control of the nociceptive signals in the afferent pathways]. (2003)

Experimental and clinical data indicate that the cerebral cortex plays an important role in pain perception and endogenous antinociceptive system function. Moreover, the enhancement of descending inhibitory cortical control may be involved in the mechanisms of analgesic effect of some agents. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of cortical electrical stimulation (as a model of descending inhibitory control) on the behavioral and electrophysiological signs of nociceptive response, elucidate the mechanisms involved therein and evaluate the action of central analgesics (both opioid and non-opioid) on descending cortical control. In acute experiments on cats, the inhibitor y cortical influence upon neuronal activity produced by nociceptive stimuli (electrical stimulation of tooth pulp, C-fibers of afferent somatic nerves, afferent cardiac structures) was most marked after stimulation of the first and second sensory and fron-to-orbital areas. In chronic experiments on rats, cortical stimulation reduced behavioral signs of visceral pain (writhing test) and also delayed the development of neuropathic pain syndrome along with lowering its intensity. mu-Opioid receptor agonists (morphine, fentanyl) potentiated the inhibitory cortical effect on the evoked neuronal activity. Pentazocine, which has pronounced kappa-receptor agonist activity, was less effective. Naloxone eliminated the effects of both cortical stimulation and opioid analgesics. Serotonin receptor antagonist methysergide, as well as p-chlorophenylalanine significantly decreased inhibitory cortical control and the effect of opioids. Monoamine re-uptake inhibitors with analgesic properties (imipramine, fluoxetine) potentiated the inhibitory effect of cortical stimulation. Adreno-, dopamine-, acetylcholine-, GABA-receptor agents and antagonists of NMDA receptors had minor or no effect. Among non-narcotic analgesics, the cyclooxygenase inhibitors metamysole and ketorolak increased only moderately the descending cortical control of nociception. Thus, the cerebral cortex is able to control the nociceptive processing in different pain syndromes (somatic, visceral or neuropathic pain). Opioidergic and serotonergic systems play the key role in this control. Action through the cortical descending control is likely to be one of the components of the analgesic effect exerted by opioids and some other central analgesics.
P4–416: Evidence–based memory preservation diet™ ©2005 to reduce risk and slow progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (2006)

Persons with AD tend to have low B12 levels and are often deficient in B1, B2, B6, B12, E, C and Omega ‘3's. The nutritionally rich Memory Preservation Diet (MPD) was developed by a multidisciplinary, multi–university team to reduce risk, delay onset, slow the progression of AD, and reduce conversion from progressive Mild Cognitive Impairment to AD. Evidence suggests that the proposed dietary program could produce stronger effects on cognition than current pharmacological treatments for early AD. MPD will reduce risk for stroke, heart disease, diabetes and insulin resistance, important risk factors in the pathogenesis of AD. Foods were chosen based on the evidence for both their individual contributions and synergistic interactions. The MPD is an evidence–based comprehensive diet whose 6 primary objectives are to 1) increase intake of anti–oxidants including vitamins E & C; 2) achieve a higher ratio of Omega–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to Omega–6 PUFAs to approach a 1: 4 ratio 3) achieve adequate amounts of folates, S–adenosyl methionine & B–vitamins, especially B–12; 4) increase insulin sensitivity 5) increase foods that are anti–inflammatory 6) reduce LDL cholesterol, saturated and trans fats, and substitute healthier fats. The MPD diet can be effective because it influences AD pathogenesis (A–beta and tau) and decreases the risk factors caused by other diseases. AD pathogenesis is multifactorial including both genetic and environmental factors. Approaches seeking a single pharmacological or nutritional agent may be insufficient to prevent, delay the onset, or slow its progression. Individual or groups of nutrients can modify several mechanisms thought to affect etiology of AD including oxidative stress, homocysteine levels, excess LDL cholesterol and other fat imbalances, impaired brain cell membrane repair and function, impaired synaptic function, microgliosis, excess C–Reactive protein and other aspects of inflammation, impaired insulin signaling, impaired blood flow or blood pressure, damage to mitochondria, disturbed metal ion homeostasis, Ca(2+) dysregulation. These mechanisms may affect, or be affected by, production, degradation, deposition and oligeramization of beta amyloid, amyloid plaques and/or affect phosphorylation of tau and development of neurofibrillary tangles characteristic of AD, and the rate of neurodegeneration and cell death.
Interleukin-10 inhibits tumor metastasis through an NK cell-dependent mechanism. (1996)

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a recently described pleiotropic cytokine secreted mainly by type 2 helper T cells. Previous studies have shown that IL-10 suppresses cytokine expression by natural killer (NK) and type 1 T cells, thus down-regulating cell-mediated immunity and stimulating humoral responses. We here report that injected IL-10 protein is an efficient inhibitor of tumor metastasis in experimental (B16-F10) and spontaneous (M27 and Lox human melanoma) metastasis models in vivo at doses that do not have toxic effects on normal or cancer cells. Histological characterization after IL-10 treatment confirmed the absence of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and macrophages at the sites of tumor growth, but abundant NK cells were localized at these sites. This unexpected finding was confirmed by showing that IL-10 inhibits most B16-F10 and Lox metastases in mice deficient in T or B cells (SCID and nu/nu mice), but not in those deficient in NK cells (beige mice or NK cell-depleted mice). However, IL-10 downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and/or recruitment of additional effector cells may also be involved in the anti-tumor effect at higher local concentrations of IL-10, since transfected B16 tumor cells expressing high amounts of IL-10 were rejected by normal, nu/nu, or SCID mice at the primary tumor stage, and there was still a 33% inhibition of tumor metastasis in beige mice.
Human adipose stem cells maintain proliferative, synthetic and multipotential properties when suspension cultured as self-assembling spheroids (2012)

Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) have been gaining recognition as an extremely versatile cell source for tissue engineering. The usefulness of ASCs in biofabrication is further enhanced by our demonstration of the unique properties of these cells when they are cultured as three-dimensional cellular aggregates or spheroids. As described herein, three-dimensional formulations, or self-assembling ASC spheroids develop their own extracellular matrix that serves to increase the robustness of the cells to mechanical stresses. The composition of the extracellular matrix can be altered based on the external environment of the spheroids and these constructs can be grown in a reproducible manner and to a consistent size. The spheroid formulation helps preserve the viability and developmental plasticity of ASCs even under defined, serum-free media conditions. For the first time, we show that multiple generations of adherent ASCs produced from these spheroids retain their ability to differentiate into multiple cell/tissue types. These demonstrated properties support the idea that culture-expanded ASCs are an excellent candidate cellular material for 'organ printing'-the approach of developing complex tissue structures from a standardized cell 'ink' or cell formulation.