gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Competitive Intermolecular Pericyclic Reactions of Free and Complexed Cyclopentyne (2003)

Intermolecular competition for cyclopentyne by different alkenes supports the hypothesis that organolithium-promoted decomposition of precursors to cyclopentyne affords one or more lithium-ion-complexed species. Competition reactions with mixtures of 2,3-dihydropyran do not clearly differentiate between complexed and unencumbered (free) forms of cyclopentyne, but those involving spirodiene 2 and cyclohexene do. Remarkably, the cycloaddition reactions of free cyclopentyne are not diffusion-controlled despite its high reactivity.
Phenotype Frequencies of Autosomal Minor Histocompatibility Antigens Display Significant Differences among Populations (2007)

Minor histocompatibility (H) antigens are allogeneic target molecules having significant roles in alloimmune responses after human leukocyte antigen-matched solid organ and stem cell transplantation (SCT). Minor H antigens are instrumental in the processes of transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease, and in the curative graft-versus-tumor effect of SCT. The latter characteristic enabled the current application of selected minor H antigens in clinical immunotherapeutic SCT protocols. No information exists on the global phenotypic distribution of the currently identified minor H antigens. Therefore, an estimation of their overall impact in human leukocyte antigen-matched solid organ and SCT in the major ethnic populations is still lacking. For the first time, a worldwide phenotype frequency analysis of ten autosomal minor H antigens was executed by 31 laboratories and comprised 2,685 randomly selected individuals from six major ethnic populations. Significant differences in minor H antigen frequencies were observed between the ethnic populations, some of which appeared to be geographically correlated.
Regeneration and reprogramming compared (2010)

By comparing cells from the regeneration blastema with embryonic pluripotent reference cells we found that induced pluripotent stem and blastema cells do not share pluripotency. However, during blastema formation some of the key reprogramming factors are both expressed and are also required for regeneration to take place. We therefore propose a link between partially reprogrammed induced pluripotent stem cells and the half way state of blastema cells and suggest that a common mechanism might be regulating these two processes.
Monolithic integration of multiple-quantum-well lasers and modulators for high-speed transmission (1996)

Monolithically integrated single frequency lasers and electroabsorption modulators are attracting considerable interest as optical sources for long-haul and high-bit-rate fiber-optic links. Their frequency chirpless nature has indeed allowed nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) transmission beyond the chromatic dispersion limit. They also offer a great potential as soliton pulse generators. This paper discusses the many integration schemes devised for their realization with particular emphasis on the identical active layer (IAL) approach. Recent progress in their high-speed applications is reported.
A 0.7-V 0.6- $\mu \text{W}$ 100-kS/s Low-Power SAR ADC With Statistical Estimation-Based Noise Reduction (2017)

This paper presents a power-efficient noise reduction technique for successive approximation register analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) based on the statistical estimation theory. It suppresses both comparator noise and quantization error by accurately estimating the ADC conversion residue. It allows a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to be achieved with a noisy low-power comparator and a relatively low resolution digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The proposed technique has low hardware complexity, requiring no change to the standard ADC operation except for repeating the least significant bit (LSB) comparisons. Three estimation schemes are studied and the optimal Bayes estimator is chosen for a prototype 11-b ADC in 65-nm CMOS. The measured SNR is improved by 7 dB with the proposed noise reduction technique. Overall, it achieves 10.5-b effective number of bits while operating at 100 kS/s and consuming 0.6 μW from a 0.7-V power supply.
A soluble ATP-dependent proteolytic system responsible for the degradation of abnormal proteins in reticulocytes. (1977)

Reticulocytes, like other cells, selectively degrade certain abnormal proteins by an energy-dependent process. When isolated rabbit reticulocytes incorporate the valine analog 2-amino-3chlorobutyric acid (ClAbu) in place of valine, they produce an abnormal globin that is degraded with a half-life of 15 min. Normal hemoglobin, in contrast, undergoes little or no breakdown within these cells. Cell-free extracts from reticulocytes have been shown to rapidly hydrolyze these abnormal proteins. The degradative system is located in the 100,000 X g supernatant, has a pH optimum of 7.8, and does not appear to be of lysosomal origin. This breakdown of analog-containing protein was stimulated severalfold by ATP, and slightly by ADP. AMP and adenosine-3':5'-cyclic monophosphate had no significant effect on proteolysis. Experiments with ATP analogs suggest that the terminal high energy phosphate is important in the degradative process. Proteolysis in the cell-free system and in intact reticulocytes was inhibited by the same agents (L-l-tosylamido-2-phenyl-ethylchloromethyl ketone, N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone, N-ethylmaleimide, iodoacetamide, and o-phenanthroline). In addition, the relative rates of degradation of several polypeptides in the cell-free extracts paralleled degradatives rates within cells. Thus, a soluble nonlysosomal proteolytic system appears responsible for the energy-dependent degradation of abnormal proteins in reticulocytes.
Radiologic and histopathologic evaluation of canine artery occlusion after collagen-coated platinum microcoil delivery. (1999)

Collagen-coated platinum coils can produce rapid and stable occlusion of embolized vessels.
Interleukin-2: Inception, Impact, and Implications (1988)

Interleukin-2 (IL-2), the first of a series of lymphocytotrophic hormones to be recognized and completely characterized, is pivotal for the generation and regulation of the immune response. A T lymphocyte product, IL-2 also stimulates T cells to undergo cell cycle progression via a finite number of interactions with its specific membrane receptors. Because T cell clonal proliferation after antigen challenge is obligatory for immune responsiveness and immune memory, the IL-2-T cell system has opened the way to a molecular understanding of phenomena that are fundamental to biology, immunology, and medicine.
SIMPLE34: an improved and enhanced implementation for VAX and Sun computers of the SIMPLE algorithm for analysis of clustered repetitive motifs in nucleotide sequences (1994)

SIMPLE34 is an improved and enhanced version of SIMPLE for Vax and SunOS systems. It now provides a length-independent measure of the overall level of tri- and tetranucleotide motif clustering within nucleotide sequences and its significant deviation from random expectation. It now also provides information on tri- and tetranucleotide motifs showing higher levels of clustering than would be expected in random sequences. Sequence simplicity of test sequences can be judged with respect to random sequences generated on the basis of base composition, positional base composition or doublet frequency. These options can be used to investigate factors resulting in sequence simplicity.
Design and analysis of robust and wide operating low-power level-shifter for embedded dynamic random access memory (2014)

Level shifters (LS) are crucial components in low power design where the die is segregated in multiple voltage domains. LS are used at the voltage domain interfaces to mitigate sneak path current. Another important application of LS is in high voltage drivers for designs where voltage boosting is needed for performance and functionality. We explore one such application in embedded Dynamic Random Access Memories (eDRAM) where LS is employed in the wordline path. Our investigation reveals that leakage power of LS can pose a serious threat by lowering the wordline voltage and subsequently affecting the speed and retention time of eDRAM. Furthermore the delay of LS under worse case process corners can cause functional discrepancies. We propose low-power pulsed-LS with supply gating to circumvent these issues. Our analysis indicate that pulsed-LS can improve the worst case speed from 2.7%-43%. We also propose power-gating for LSs to improve the retention time and bandwidth with minimal power and area overhead.
Near-Infrared Light Activated Azo-BF2 Switches (2014)

Increasing the electron density in BF2-coodinated azo compounds through para-substitution leads to a bathochromic shift in their activation wavelength. When the substituent is dimethyl amine, or the like, the trans/cis isomerization process can be efficiently modulated using near infrared light. The electron donating capability of the substituent also controls the hydrolysis half-life of the switch in aqueous solution, which is drastically longer for the cis isomer, while the BF2-coodination prevents reduction by glutathione.
Cerebral network disorders after stroke: evidence from imaging‐based connectivity analyses of active and resting brain states in humans (2012)

Stroke causes a sudden disruption of physiological brain function which leads to impairments of functional brain networks involved in voluntary movements. In some cases, the brain has the intrinsic capacity to reorganize itself, thereby compensating for the disruption of motor networks. In humans, such reorganization can be investigated in vivo using neuroimaging. Recent developments in connectivity analyses based on functional neuroimaging data have provided new insights into the network pathophysiology underlying neurological symptoms. Here we review recent neuroimaging studies using functional resting-state correlations, effective connectivity models or graph theoretical analyses to investigate changes in neural motor networks and recovery after stroke. The data demonstrate that network disturbances after stroke occur not only in the vicinity of the lesion but also between remote cortical areas in the affected and unaffected hemisphere. The reorganization of motor networks encompasses a restoration of interhemispheric functional coherence in the resting state, particularly between the primary motor cortices. Furthermore, reorganized neural networks feature strong excitatory interactions between fronto-parietal areas and primary motor cortex in the affected hemisphere, suggesting that greater top-down control over primary motor areas facilitates motor execution in the lesioned brain. In addition, there is evidence that motor recovery is accompanied by a more random network topology with reduced local information processing. In conclusion, Stroke induces changes in functional and effective connectivity within and across hemispheres which relate to motor impairments and recovery thereof. Connectivity analyses may hence provide new insights into the pathophysiology underlying neurological deficits and may be further used to develop novel, neurobiologically informed treatment strategies.
Enhanced Reversible Adhesion of Dopamine Methacrylamide-Coated Elastomer Microfibrillar Structures under Wet Conditions (2009)

In this work, we take previously developed gecko-foot-hair-inspired elastomer microfiber arrays with film-terminated and mushroom-shaped tips that have demonstrated enhanced adhesion with respect to unpatterned materials under dry conditions and coat them with synthetic DOPA-containing mussel-inspired polymers to enhance adhesion repeatedly in fully submerged wet environments. A new protocol for the development of this hybrid patterned, coated adhesive, which is suitable for use in contact with both wet and dry nonflat surfaces, is described. The experimental evaluation of repeatable adhesion under both wet and dry conditions for these materials is described and compared with unpatterned and/or uncoated materials. Macroscale reversible fibrillar adhesion enhancement on a nonflat, smooth glass surface when compared with unpatterned materials under fully submerged conditions is demonstrated with no suction effect.
Thresholds for visible lesions in the primate eye produced by ultrashort near-infrared laser pulses. (1999)

Laser pulse widths less than 1 nsec in the near-IR are capable of producing visible lesions in rhesus monkey eyes with pulse energies between 5 and 1 microJ. Also, the near-IR thresholds for these pulse widths are much higher than for the visible wavelengths. As with visible wavelengths, FA is not as sensitive in determining threshold levels as is visually observing the retina through a fundus camera.
[Isolation and sequencing of glucoamylase gene from a glucoamylase over producing strain]. (1994)

Chromosomal DNA was isolated from the mycelia of Aspergillus niger T21, a strain producing glucoamylase at a high level. Southern blot analysis indicated that the glucoamylase gene is situated on a 2.5kb EcoR I -EcoR V fragment. Chromosomal DNA was digested completely with EcoR I, EcoR V. The fragments in the range of 2.0-3.0kb were isolated through electrophoresis in agarose gel. The pooled fragments were ligated onto pBR322 vector prior to transformation into E. coli DH5. Four glucoamylase-specific recombinants were screened by in situ hybridization from the transformants. Restriction mapping and sequencing for one of the four were performed. Data show that the glucoamylase gene from A. niger T21 is a 2.3kb fragment containing four intervening sequences in the coding region.
Vanilloid Receptors in Hearing: Altered Cochlear Sensitivity by Vanilloids and Expression of TRPV1 in the Organ of Corti (2003)

Capsaicin, the vanilloid that selectively activates vanilloid receptors (VRs) on sensory neurons for noxious perception, has been reported to increase cochlear blood flow (CBF). VR-related receptors have also been found in the inner ear. This study aims to address the question as to whether VRs exist in the organ of Corti and play a role in cochlear physiology. Capsaicin or the more potent VR agonist, resiniferatoxin (RTX), was infused into the scala tympani of guinea pig cochlea, and their effects on cochlear sensitivity were investigated. Capsaicin (20 microM) elevated the threshold of auditory nerve compound action potential and reduced the magnitude of cochlear microphonic and electrically evoked otoacoustic emissions. These effects were reversible and could be blocked by a competitive antagonist, capsazepine. Application of 2 microM RTX resulted in cochlear sensitivity alterations similar to that by capsaicin, which could also be blocked by capsazepine. A desensitization phenomenon was observed in the case of prolonged perfusion with either capsaicin or RTX. Brief increase of CBF by capsaicin was confirmed, and the endocochlear potential was not decreased. Basilar membrane velocity (BM) growth functions near the best frequency and BM tuning were altered by capsaicin. Immunohistochemistry study revealed the presence of vanilloid receptor type 1 of the transient receptor potential channel family in the hair cells and supporting cells of the organ of Corti and the spiral ganglion cells of the cochlea. The results indicate that the main action of capsaicin is on outer hair cells and suggest that VRs in the cochlea play a role in cochlear homeostasis.
Interferon-β1a in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (1999)

Reported herein are the results of interferon-β1a (IFN-β1a) therapy in four patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) who failed to achieve a prolonged response to conventional therapy.

Patients. Three women and one man with a mean age of 57.25 years (range, 52 to 64 years) and a mean duration of symptoms of 8.3 years (range, 1.5 to 13 years) participated in the study. All had a sensorimotor polyneuropathy that fulfilled clinical and electrodiagnostic criteria for CIDP. None had monoclonal gammopathy. All had a relapsing or progressive course after treatment with prednisone, plasma exchange (PE), IV immunoglobulin (IVIg), azathioprine, or cyclophosphamide. All required cyclic therapy, but after their initial response they no longer improved. None had been treated with prednisone, PE, or IVIg for at least 8 weeks before starting IFN-β1a. During this period, no one reported clinical deterioration.

### Study design.

The study was planned to be a 6-month pilot, open-label therapeutic trial, with the right to …
Characterization and Optical Properties of the Single Crystalline SnS Nanowire Arrays (2009)

The SnS nanowire arrays have been successfully synthesized by the template-assisted pulsed electrochemical deposition in the porous anodized aluminum oxide template. The investigation results showed that the as-synthesized nanowires are single crystalline structures and they have a highly preferential orientation. The ordered SnS nanowire arrays are uniform with a diameter of 50 nm and a length up to several tens of micrometers. The synthesized SnS nanowires exhibit strong absorption in visible and near-infrared spectral region and the direct energy gap E(g) of SnS nanowires is 1.59 eV.
A Handbook of the People's Health. Walter Moore Coleman (1914)

problems is not more used is not due so much to a lack of its appreciation by teachers as to the limitation of time and of assistants under which most instructors labor.
On the Emergence of Invariance and Disentangling in Deep Representations. (2017)

Using classical notions of statistical decision and information theory, we show that invariance in a deep neural network is equivalent to minimality of the representation it computes, and can be achieved by stacking layers and injecting noise in the computation, under realistic and empirically validated assumptions. We use an Information Decomposition of the empirical loss to show that overfitting can be reduced by limiting the information content stored in the weights. We then present a sharp inequality that relates the information content in the weights -- which are a representation of the training set and inferred by generic optimization agnostic of invariance and disentanglement -- and the minimality and total correlation of the activation functions, which are a representation of the test datum. This allows us to tackle recent puzzles concerning the generalization properties of deep networks and their relation to the geometry of the optimization residual.
Protection against daunorubicin cytotoxicity by expression of a cloned human carbonyl reductase cDNA in K562 leukemia cells. (1995)

Carbonyl reductase (CBR) catalyzes the reduction of daunorubicin (DN) to its corresponding alcohol, daunorubicinol (DNOL), and changes the pharmacological properties of this cancer chemotherapeutic drug. The DN reductase associated with CBR reduces the C13 methyl ketone group and does not metabolize the quinone ring of DN. Reports comparing DN and DNOL toxicity have resulted in various conclusions depending on the cells tested. Differences in toxicity could be due to variations in several enzymes involved in DN metabolism. In this report, the effects of CBR expression on DN metabolism and cell toxicity were determined by cloning and expressing a human CBR cDNA in DN reductase-deficient myeloid erythroleukemia K562 cells. CBR activity increased 83-fold in the K562-transfected cells and was associated with a 2-3-fold reduction in DN toxicity. Maximum protection occurred at 30 nM DN where 94% of the intracellular DN was converted to DNOL within 2 h. The reduced toxicity was specific for DN. Other CBR substrates such as menadione, phenanthrenequinone, and doxorubicin were equally toxic to both the CBR expresser cells and the control cells under the conditions tested. Our results suggest that high levels of CBR in tumor cells could contribute to drug resistance. The results also suggest that reduction of DN to DNOL protects against DN toxicity by altering interaction of the drug at one or more of the many target sites.
Distressing side-effects of minocycline hydrochloride (1976)

Minocycline hydrochloride is a tetracycline derivative that has been advocated as the drug of choice in the treatment of meningococcal carriers. Recently, we studied a group of 30 patients who experienced a large number of sideeffects after receiving minocycline for treatment of meningococcal meningitis. Twenty-seven of 30 (90%) suffered from dizziness, vertigo, ataxia, weakness, nausea, and vomiting. These symptoms appeared within the first 72 hours of taking minocycline, and disappeared within 48 hours of stopping the medication. (<i>Arch Intern Med</i>136:761-762, 1976)
Activation of the N-Ras–PI3K–Akt-mTOR Pathway by Hepatitis C Virus: Control of Cell Survival and Viral Replication (2005)

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication complex is localized within detergent-resistant membranes or lipid rafts. We analyzed the protein contents of detergent-resistant fractions isolated from Huh7 cells expressing a self-replicating full-length HCV-1b genome. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by mass spectrometry, we identified N-Ras as one of the proteins in which expression was increased in the detergent-resistant fractions from HCV genomic replicon clones compared to control cells. N-Ras is an activator of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway. We found that the activities of PI3K and Akt, as well as the activity of their downstream target, mTOR, in the HCV-replicating cells were increased. Both PI3K-Akt- and mTOR-dependent pathways have been shown to promote cell survival. In agreement with this, HCV replicon cells were resistant to serum starvation-induced apoptosis. We also characterized the role of this pathway in HCV replication. Reduction of N-Ras expression by transfection of N-Ras small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in increased replication of HCV. We observed a similar increase in HCV replication in cells treated with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and in cells transfected with mTOR siRNA. Taken together, these data suggest that increased N-Ras levels in subcellular sites of HCV replication and stimulation of the prosurvival PI3K-Akt pathway and mTOR by HCV not only protect cells against apoptosis but also contribute to the maintenance of steady-state levels of HCV replication. These effects may contribute to the establishment of persistent infection by HCV.
<title>Fabrication of two-dimensional x-ray antiscatter grids for mammography</title> (2001)

Anti-scatter grids are used in mammography to improve the contrast and signal-to-noise ratio by minimizing scattered x- rays. Most commercially available mammographic anti-scatter grids are one-dimensional, focused arrays of lead lamellae, sandwiched between more x-ray transparent spacer materials such as fiber or wood. Two-dimensional (2D), air-core, focused, anti-scatter grids are expected to be able to significantly reduce scatter-to-primary ratio and increase primary transmission in mammography. Two prototype unfocused, 2D, air-core nickel (Ni) anti-scatter grids were fabricated. The fabrication method uses x-ray lithography and electroplating, LIGA, which allows the fabrication of high aspect ratio metal parts. The metal parts are released from substrate. The grids have 20 micrometer thick walls and 300 micrometer period. This geometry permits 87.1% transmission of primary radiation. Each layer of the grid is assembled from nine smaller grid pieces. The assembly technique allows construction of larger grids. Grids of a desired grid height are obtained by stacking the appropriate number of layers, each layer approximately 250 - 350 micrometer thick. The first prototype is 1.48 cm X 1.48 cm and 2.00 mm high and the second prototype is 1.32 cm X 1.44 cm and 1.78 mm high. Electroplating with lead/tin will also be reported.