gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving performance of computer-aided detection of pulmonary embolisms by incorporating a new pulmonary vascular-tree segmentation algorithm (2012)

We developed a new pulmonary vascular tree segmentation/extraction algorithm. The purpose of this study was to assess whether adding this new algorithm to our previously developed computer-aided detection (CAD) scheme of pulmonary embolism (PE) could improve the CAD performance (in particular reducing false positive detection rates). A dataset containing 12 CT examinations with 384 verified pulmonary embolism regions associated with 24 threedimensional (3-D) PE lesions was selected in this study. Our new CAD scheme includes the following image processing and feature classification steps. (1) A 3-D based region growing process followed by a rolling-ball algorithm was utilized to segment lung areas. (2) The complete pulmonary vascular trees were extracted by combining two approaches of using an intensity-based region growing to extract the larger vessels and a vessel enhancement filtering to extract the smaller vessel structures. (3) A toboggan algorithm was implemented to identify suspicious PE candidates in segmented lung or vessel area. (4) A three layer artificial neural network (ANN) with the topology 27-10-1 was developed to reduce false positive detections. (5) A k-nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier optimized by a genetic algorithm was used to compute detection scores for the PE candidates. (6) A grouping scoring method was designed to detect the final PE lesions in three dimensions. The study showed that integrating the pulmonary vascular tree extraction algorithm into the CAD scheme reduced false positive rates by 16.2%. For the case based 3D PE lesion detecting results, the integrated CAD scheme achieved 62.5% detection sensitivity with 17.1 false-positive lesions per examination.
Reconstruction of two-dimensional permittivity distribution using the distorted Born iterative method (1990)

The distorted Born iterative method (DBIM) is used to solve two-dimensional inverse scattering problems, thereby providing another general method to solve the two-dimensional imaging problem when the Born and the Rytov approximations break down. Numerical simulations are performed using the DBIM and the method proposed previously by the authors (Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol., vol.1, no.1, p.100-8, 1989) called the Born iterative method (BIM) for several cases in which the conditions for the first-order Born approximation are not satisfied. The results show that each method has its advantages; the DBIM shows faster convergence rate compared to the BIM, while the BIM is more robust to noise contamination compared to the DBIM.
One disulfide bond in front of the second heavy chain constant region is necessary and sufficient for effector functions of human IgG3 without a genetic hinge. (1994)

We have created four IgG3 mutants without a normal hinge region: (i) m0 without a genetic hinge; (ii) m0/C131S, where Cys-131 in m0 was mutated to Ser; (iii) m0/231C232 (formerly HM-1), where a Cys residue was inserted in m0 between Ala-231 and Pro-232; (iv) m0/C131S/231C232, which is a hybrid of m0/231C232 and m0/C131S. The wild-type IgG3 and all mutants bind 5-iodo-4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenacetyl groups. The wild type and mutants, m15 (with 15 aa in the hinge), m0/231C232, and m0/C131S/231C232, were all positive for complement-mediated lysis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by peripheral blood leukocytes, and phagocytosis by U937. m0/C131S/231C232 was only weakly positive and sometimes negative for respiratory burst activity mediated by peripheral blood neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes), whereas m15, m0/231C232, and wild-type IgG3 were strongly positive. The m0 and m0/C131S mutants were mainly negative for complement-mediated lysis, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and phagocytosis by U937 and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The results indicate that a hinge spacer region is not necessary, but the correct alignment of the two second heavy chain constant regions in the IgG3 molecule by a minimum of one disulfide bond is necessary and sufficient for effector functions.
Naloxone increases water and electrolyte excretion after water loading in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. (1991)

Endogenous opioids may be involved in the pathogenesis of ascites and edema in patients with liver cirrhosis. We administered the opioid antagonist naloxone (5 mg bolus followed by a 0.06 mg/min infusion) to eight male patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and ascites and to five healthy age- and sex-matched control subjects and determined the effects of naloxone on water and electrolyte excretion after a nonsustained water load (20 ml/kg). In comparison with saline vehicle infusion carried out in the same subjects, naloxone administration resulted in a 50% increase in urine output and creatinine clearance and twofold increases in sodium and potassium excretion in patients with cirrhosis. Fractional sodium and potassium excretion, minimal urinary osmolality, plasma vasopressin and aldosterone levels, arterial blood pressure, and heart rate were not affected by naloxone treatment. The diuretic effect of naloxone was not observed in control subjects. Plasma naloxone levels were about six times higher in patients with cirrhosis than in control subjects (probably because of impaired metabolism of the drug) but only a weak correlation was found between drug levels and the degree of diuresis observed. The diuretic effect of naloxone may be related to an increase in glomerular filtration rate, possibly in conjunction with altered tubular reabsorption.
Targeted Therapy in the Treatment of Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer (2009)

The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) has evolved from being predominantly cytokine-based to being grounded in the use of drugs targeting vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. New agents including the small-molecule targeted inhibitors sunitinib, sorafenib and temsirolimus and the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab have shown anti-tumor efficacy and have become the standard of care for most patients. Sunitinib and temsirolimus have shown significant improvements in overall survival (OS), in the first-line setting, when compared with interferon. Sorafenib has demonstrated prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) in a phase III study in comparison with placebo in the second-line setting. More recently, two phase III studies have compared bevacizumab and interferon with interferon alone. Both studies showed a statistically significant improvement in PFS for the combination arm but no difference in OS. Everolimus showed prolonged PFS in the second/third-line setting. Pazopanib prolongs PFS in naïve/cytokine refractory patients. Immunotherapy confers a small but significant OS advantage but only for the minority of patients with good prognostic features. The results of these trials and ongoing efforts to improve treatment of MRCC are the focus of this review.
The Analysis of mRNA Expression of Cytokines from Skin Lesions in Churg‐Strauss Syndrome (1998)

We report our recent clinical experience with a patient suffering from Churg-Strauss syndrome and the results of our investigation into the mRNA expression of cytokines in the patient's lesions as well as in the frozen sections from a previous patient. In both cases, blood IgG was at a high level. Cytokine mRNA expression differed according to the degree of cellular infiltration. In the presence of marked infiltration, counteracting Th1 and Th2 cytokines were simultaneously detected; the former included IL-12 and IFN-gamma, and the latter, IL-6 and IL-10. The concurrence of both types of cytokine could be attributed to several factors. For example, IL-6 is involved through some mechanism in the formation of immune complexes by IgG, and IL-12 and IFN-gamma appeared to participate in the development of granuloma. These suppositions support the suggested immunological etiology of the disease. It is also inferred that the dominance of one of the two types of cytokines depends on the clinical phase of the disease.
Expression of the retinoblastoma protein is regulated in normal human tissues. (1994)

The nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the retinoblastoma gene (pRB) appears to play a central role in control of cell division and differentiation. It is generally accepted that pRB is ubiquitously expressed. We investigated the expression of pRB in normal human tissues using immunochemical techniques to determine the expression of pRB in specific cell types. Maturing cells, both proliferating and nonproliferating, rather than their progenitors possess the highest levels of pRB. Cells of stratified epithelia, such as those from cervix, display strong immunostaining in the nondividing maturing suprabasal layer, whereas basal cells showed low to undetectable levels of pRB. Similar patterns of expression were observed in simple epithelia and hematopoietic cells contained within distinguishable proliferating compartments and in germ cell development. These studies are crucial to our understanding of processes involved in control of differentiation (tumorigenesis) as well as tumor progression.
Mouse genomic variation and its effect on phenotypes and gene regulation (2011)

We report genome sequences of 17 inbred strains of laboratory mice and identify almost ten times more variants than previously known. We use these genomes to explore the phylogenetic history of the laboratory mouse and to examine the functional consequences of allele-specific variation on transcript abundance, revealing that at least 12% of transcripts show a significant tissue-specific expression bias. By identifying candidate functional variants at 718 quantitative trait loci we show that the molecular nature of functional variants and their position relative to genes vary according to the effect size of the locus. These sequences provide a starting point for a new era in the functional analysis of a key model organism.
Frequency locking of an erbium-doped fiber ring laser to an external fiber Fabry–Perot resonator (1993)

An all-fiber, single-frequency, erbium-doped ring laser has been frequency locked to a resonance peak of an external fiber Fabry–Perot resonator by the Pound–Drever technique. In addition, feedback to the mode selection filter in the laser resonator eliminates occasional mode hopping completely, resulting in frequency-locked, stable, single-frequency operation of the laser for periods of several hours.
Efficacy of potential chemopreventive agents on rat colon aberrant crypt formation and progression (2000)

We assessed the effects of 78 potential chemopreventive agents in the F344 rat using two assays in which the inhibition of carcinogen-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the colon was the measure of efficacy. In both assays ACF were induced by the carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) in F344 rats by two sequential weekly injections at a dose of 15 mg/kg. Two weeks after the last AOM injection, animals were evaluated for the number of aberrant crypts detected in methylene blue stained whole mounts of rat colon. In the initiation phase protocol agents were given during the period of AOM administration, whereas in the post-initiation assay the chemopreventive agent was introduced during the last 4 weeks of an 8 week assay, a time when ACF had progressed to multiple crypt clusters. The agents were derived from a priority listing based on reports of chemopreventive activity in the literature and/or efficacy data from in vitro models of carcinogenesis. During the initiation phase carboxyl amidoimidazole, p- chlorphenylacetate, chlorpheniramine maleate, D609, diclofenac, etoperidone, eicosatetraynoic acid, farnesol, ferulic acid, lycopene, meclizine, methionine, phenylhexylisothiocyanate, phenylbutyrate, piroxicam, 9- cis -retinoic acid, S -allylcysteine, taurine, tetracycline and verapamil were strong inhibitors of ACF. During the post-initiation phase aspirin, calcium glucarate, ketoprofen, piroxicam, 9- cis -retinoic acid, retinol and rutin inhibited the outgrowth of ACF into multiple crypt clusters. Based on these data, certain phytochemicals, antihistamines, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and retinoids show unique preclinical promise for chemoprevention of colon cancer, with the latter two drug classes particularly effective in the post-initiation phase of carcinogenesis.
Oxpentifylline and cetiedil citrate improve deformability of dehydrated sickle cells. (1987)

Erythrocytes from 14 patients with homozygous sickle cell anaemia were treated with the calcium ionophore A23187 to induce loss of cellular potassium and water. The dehydrated cells showed a decrease in filterability (loss of deformability) through pores of 5 micron diameter. Oxpentifylline and cetiedil citrate, which preserve erythrocyte cation and water content, had a significant (p less than 0.01) protective effect against loss of deformability at a concentration of 1 mumol/l. Oxpentifylline showed no adverse effect on the rheology, morphology, or haemolysis of sickle cells at concentrations up to 500 mumol/l. Drugs that act on the erythrocyte membrane to maintain cell hydration are of potential rheological benefit in sickle cell anaemia.
Craters on silicon surfaces created by gas cluster ion impacts (2002)

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) cross section imaging of individual gas cluster ion impact craters on Si(100) and Si(111) substrate surfaces is examined. The comparison between 3 and 24 kV cluster impacts from Ar and O2 gas sources is shown. Results for low fluence (1010 ions/cm2) 24 kV Ar individual cluster impacts onto a Si(100) and Si(111) substrate surfaces are compared with hybrid molecular dynamics (HMD) simulations. A HMD method is used for modeling impacts of Arn (n=135, 225) clusters, with energies of 24–50 eV/atom, on Si(100) and Si(111) surfaces. On a Si(100), craters are nearly triangular in cross section, with the facets directed along the close-packed (111) planes. The Si(100) craters exhibit four-fold symmetry as imaged by cross-sectional HRTEM, and AFM top view, in agreement with modeling. In contrast, the shape of craters on a Si(111) shows a complicated six-pointed shape in the modeling, while AFM indicates three-fold symmetry of the impact. The lower energy 3 kV individual cluster impacts reveal the same crater shape in HRTEM cross section for both Ar and O2 gas clusters, but with shallower crater depth than for the higher-energy impacts. The kinetics of the Ar and O2 crater impacts may explain the successful use of higher-energy cluster impacts for etching material of higher initial surface roughness followed by the lower-energy impacts as an effective finishing step to achieve smoother surfaces.
Nanobodies Targeting the Hepatocyte Growth Factor: Potential New Drugs for Molecular Cancer Therapy (2012)

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor c-Met are associated with increased aggressiveness of tumors and poor prognostic outcome of patients with cancer. Here, we report the development and characterization of therapeutic anti-HGF (αHGF)-Nanobodies and their potential for positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging to assess HGF expression in vivo. Two αHGF-Nanobodies designated 1E2 and 6E10 were identified, characterized, and molecularly fused to an albumin-binding Nanobody unit (Alb8) to obtain serum half-life extension. The resulting Nanobody formats were radiolabeled with the positron emitter zirconium-89 ((89)Zr, t(1/2;) = 78 hours), administered to nude mice bearing U87 MG glioblastoma xenografts, and their biodistribution was assessed. In addition, their therapeutic effect was evaluated in the same animal model at doses of 10, 30, or 100 μg per mouse. The (89)Zr-Nanobodies showed similar biodistribution with selective tumor targeting. For example, 1E2-Alb8 showed decreased blood levels of 12.6%ID/g ± 0.6%ID/g, 7.2%ID/g ± 1.0%ID/g, 3.4%ID/g ± 0.3%ID/g, and 0.3%ID/g ± 0.1%ID/g at 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after injection, whereas tumor uptake levels remained relatively stable at these time points: 7.8%ID/g ± 1.1%ID/g, 8.9%ID/g ± 1.0%ID/g, 8.7%ID/g ± 1.5%ID/g, and 7.2%ID/g ±1.6%ID/g. Uptake in normal tissues was lower than in tumor, except for kidneys. In a therapy study, all Nanobody-treated mice showed tumor growth delay compared with the control saline group. In the 100-μg group, four of six mice were cured after treatment with 1E2-Alb8 and 73 days follow-up, and three of six mice when treated with 6E10-Alb8. These results provide evidence that Nanobodies 1E2-Alb8 and 6E10-Alb8 have potential for therapy and PET imaging of HGF-expressing tumors.
Preparation and lithiation of N-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyrrole: a useful reagent for the preparation of 2-acylpyrroles (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and lithiation of N-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyrrole: a useful reagent for the preparation of 2-acylpyrrolesGregory R. Martinez, Paul A. Grieco, and Chidambaram V. SrinivasanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 18, 3760–3761Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00331a047https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00331a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views371Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Photoemission from GaN (1974)

Photoemissive yield measurements were performed on degenerate n-type and semi-insulating GaN for heat-cleaned and for cesiated surfaces. The photoemissive threshold for heat-cleaned n-type material occurs at 4.1 eV, while that for semi-insulating material is beyond 5.5 eV, the experimental spectral range. From these measurements an upper and a lower limit of the electron affinity of heat-cleaned GaN is derived, namely 4.1 &amp;gt; χ &amp;gt; 2.1 eV. The threshold for cesiated surfaces on both materials is lowered to 1.5 eV, and the photoyield curve exhibits a second threshold at about 3.4 eV. The occurrence of negative electron affinity is suggested for cesiated semi-insulating GaN.
Distributed control for a modular, reconfigurable cliff robot (2003)

We have developed a cliff robot that is capable of descending a cliff and autonomously navigating to way-points on the cliff wall. This aggressive mobility system consists of an ensemble of three tethered robots, which cooperate under tight coordinated control and collective state estimation. The distributed task is described as a behavior network, which consists of a network of controllers spread across the robots and which interact through communication links to achieve a collective control objective. Fielded experimental results show that the cliff robot is capable of navigating to designated way-points on a cliff wall using the proposed control scheme.
The Thermal and Structural Properties of a Hanna Basin Coal (1984)

In an effort to understand the cavity growth mechanisms occurring during an Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) test, a study of the thermomechanical effects has been initiated at Sandia National Laboratories. The first phase of this study has been the determination of the intrinsic thermal and structural properties of the Hanna Basin Coal that was utilized in a series of four UCG tests near the town of Hanna, Wyoming. The result of this study is a consistent set of thermal and structural properties of a Hanna Basin coal. This set has been used in a model that successfully simulated the growth of the cavity observed during the Hanna II UCG test.
Pyridine analogs inhibit the glucosyltransferase of Streptococcus mutans (1982)

Soluble glucan synthesis catalyzed by dextransucrase preparations from Streptococcus mutans 6715 were inhibited by pyridoxal-5-phosphate and several other pyridine analogs, including pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxamine-5-phosphate, pyridoxal, and 4-pyridoxic acid. Pyridine and pyridine-4-carboxaldehyde were not effective inhibitors of the enzyme. Kinetic analyses suggested that pyridoxal-5-phosphate is a noncompetitive inhibitor of dextransucrase. The inactivation was dependent on time, pyridoxal-5-phosphate concentration, and hydrogen ion concentration. Apparent Ki values were 4.9 mM at pH 7.0 and 4.2 mM at pH 5.5. Dextransucrase activity could be restored by dialysis to remove the inhibitors. Maximum inhibition was observed after a 120-min incubation of the enzyme with pyridoxal-5-phosphate. The pH optima for inhibition by pyridoxal-5-phosphate were 4 and 7. The sucrose-dependent adherence of S. mutans cells to saliva-coated hydroxylapatite beads was also inhibited by pyridoxal-5-phosphate but only marginally by the other pyridine anatogs. In addition, pyridoxal-5-phosphate markedly reduced the rate of acid production by intact S. mutans cells from sucrose or glucose substrates. Another pyridoxal-5-phosphate analog, 2-methyl-5-hydroxypyridine, was also effective in preventing the production of acid by S. mutans from sucrose or glucose. When S. mutans cells were preincubated with pyridoxal-5-phosphate or pyridine analogs, significant reductions in the rate of D-glucose uptake were observed. It is suggested that the inhibition of dextransucrase occurs because of a change iun enzyme conformation which results from the binding of the pyridine derivatives. The results suggest that pyridoxal-5-phosphate or structural analogs may ultimately be useful in reducing the incidence of dental caries.
Dynamic adaptation of hypertext structure (1991)

Article Free Access Share on Dynamic adaptation of hypertext structure Authors: P. David Stotts Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FLView Profile , Richard Furuta Department of Computer Science and Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Department of Computer Science and Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MDView Profile Authors Info & Claims HYPERTEXT '91: Proceedings of the third annual ACM conference on HypertextSeptember 1991 Pages 219–231https://doi.org/10.1145/122974.122996Published:01 September 1991Publication History 32citation425DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations32Total Downloads425Last 12 Months9Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF