gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High expression of inducible 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (iPFK-2; PFKFB3) in human cancers. (2002)

Tumor cells maintain an especially high glycolytic rate to supply the anabolic precursors essential for de novo nucleotide synthesis. We recently cloned an inducible isozyme of 6-phosphofructo-2 kinase (iPFK-2) that bears an oncogene-like regulatory element in its mRNA and functions to produce fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, which is a powerful allosteric activator of glycolysis. Rapidly proliferating cancer cells constitutively express iPFK-2 in vitro, and inhibition of iPFK-2 expression decreases tumor growth in experimental animal models. We report herein that the expression of iPFK-2 mRNA and protein, as assessed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, is increased in many human cancers when compared with corresponding normal tissues. In particular, iPFK-2 expression was found to be markedly elevated in multiple aggressive primary neoplasms, including colon, breast, ovarian, and thyroid carcinomas. iPFK-2 mRNA and protein expression were induced by hypoxia in cultured human colon adenocarcinoma cells, and an examination of normal lung fibroblasts showed that iPFK-2 and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate levels increased specifically during the S phase of the cell cycle. These data indicate that iPFK-2 is abundantly expressed in human tumors in situ and may serve as an essential regulator of glycolysis during cell cycle progression and growth in an hypoxic microenvironment.
Left-Handed Materials Do Not Make a Perfect Lens (2002)

By means of an analysis on evanescent waves in left-handed materials (LHM), we show that within a slab of such a medium, sandwiched between two positive refraction media, there is amplification of evanescent waves in ideal lossless, dispersiveless media; however, contrary to previous claims, this is limited to a finite width of the slab so that it prevents their restoration and perfect focusing. We illustrate this by considering their coupling to propagating waves through a tunnel barrier containing a slab of LHM. Further, we show that the effect of absorption, necessarily present in such materials, may drastically change any evanescent amplifying wave into a decaying one.
Crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) from the oriented mesomorphic form (1994)

Abstract Yarns of different inherent viscosities, in the range 0.6–1.1 dL/g, spun in industrial plants, and drawn at room temperature to obtain mesomorphic samples, have been characterized. The evolution from the mesomorphic form toward the triclinic crystalline form has also been studied by combined differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA), and accurate wide angle X‐ray diffraction experiments. The DMA analysis of the mesomorphic samples allows better resolution of the glass transition and crystallization phenomena, which are superimposed in the DSC scans. The degree of molecular orientation in the mesomorphic samples, and the temperature of crystallization from the mesomorphic form (60–80°C), are essentially independent of the polymer molar mass. © 1994 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Matrix metalloproteinases: roles in cancer and metastasis (2006)

The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of extracellular proteinases play roles in normal physiological processes as well as in multiple disease settings including cancer. The link between MMP activity and cancer was considered strong enough to warrant considerable investment in pharmacological inhibitors of MMPs as a potential therapeutic modality, however, multiple large-scale clinical trials have all failed to reach their primary endpoints. This has led us to re-evaluate our thinking with respect to MMPs in cancer and shown that, most importantly, we need to understand the range of functions of these enzymes before we can effectively modulate them. The MMPs contribute to every stage of tumor progression, not just the later stages as was originally assumed. Additionally, through processing of their various substrates, MMP activity can have both pro- and anti-tumorigenic functions, thus their broad inhibition is likely to have unwanted consequences in some settings. Interactions between MMPs and proteinases of other classes are another important aspect of tumor biology and understanding these interactions is also necessary for development of effective therapeutic strategies. The aim of this article is to summarize recent findings in these areas and put them in the context of our growing understanding of how MMPs function in cancer development and progression.
Immune Activation during Measles: Interferon- and Neopterin in Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid in Complicated and Uncomplicated Disease (1990)

To study T cell and macrophage activity during measles, levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and neopterin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured. Plasma levels of IFN-gamma were elevated in measles (1.17 +/- 0.27) compared with healthy adults (0.13 +/- 0.06, P less than .05) and children (0.14 +/- 0.06, P less than .01). Plasma levels of neopterin were elevated in measles (32.5 +/- 2.7) compared with healthy adults (5.3 +/- 2.9, P less than .0001), healthy children (12.1 +/- 4.0, P less than .001), and children with other infectious diseases (20.6 +/- 4.0, P less than .02). IFN-gamma was increased in measles primarily during rash; neopterin remained elevated for several weeks. Levels of neopterin showed a significant positive correlation with plasma levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor and soluble CD8, two other parameters of T cell activation. Children with measles complicated by pneumonia had higher levels of neopterin in serum than those with uncomplicated disease. Children with measles complicated by autoimmune encephalomyelitis had higher levels of neopterin in CSF than those with noninflammatory neurologic disease but lower than those with central nervous system infections. Thus, IFN-gamma seems to be produced in vivo during acute measles virus infection; deficiency of this lymphokine does not appear to correlate with increased susceptibility to secondary infections.
Lack of efficacy of ‘naked’ small interfering RNA applied directly to rat brain (2003)

The results suggest that synthetic siRNA, when applied directly to rat brain, is not capable of inducing RNA interference.
Large-scale analysis of the human and mouse transcriptomes (2002)

High-throughput gene expression profiling has become an important tool for investigating transcriptional activity in a variety of biological samples. To date, the vast majority of these experiments have focused on specific biological processes and perturbations. Here, we have generated and analyzed gene expression from a set of samples spanning a broad range of biological conditions. Specifically, we profiled gene expression from 91 human and mouse samples across a diverse array of tissues, organs, and cell lines. Because these samples predominantly come from the normal physiological state in the human and mouse, this dataset represents a preliminary, but substantial, description of the normal mammalian transcriptome. We have used this dataset to illustrate methods of mining these data, and to reveal insights into molecular and physiological gene function, mechanisms of transcriptional regulation, disease etiology, and comparative genomics. Finally, to allow the scientific community to use this resource, we have built a free and publicly accessible website (http://expression.gnf.org) that integrates data visualization and curation of current gene annotations.
Discussion of School and Educational Reform. Secondary Education in Renascent GDR Society (1991)

We must concede that secondary school education obviously passes life by regarding a rather broad, effective range of activity, and, hence, rather than promoting the development of the personality, impairs it. This is so despite protestations to the contrary and, of course, good intentions. What is at stake beneath the surface is the attempt—inept and, moreover, profoundly contrary to the very nature of a Marxist conception of education—to interpret social processes in accordance with the school model, rather than to modify secondary school education in accordance with the requirements and realities of social development. This has had bitter consequences. For many young people, conflict with life is preprogrammed; for others, there is a dual adaptive behavior, which is in opposition to self-fulfillment and to the development of the inherent driving forces of our social system.
Synthesis and biological activity of a series of aryl tropanyl esters and amides chemically related to 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid endo 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl ester. Development of a 5-HT4 agonist endowed with potent antinociceptive activity. (1993)

A series of aryl tropanyl esters and amides related to 1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid endo 8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl ester (ICS 205930, CAS 89565-68-4) were synthesized and evaluated for antinociceptive activity using the hot-plate test. Of these, the benzofurane-3-carboxylic ester of tropine (1) was found powerfully to increase the pain threshold, with a cholinergic mechanism of action. Despite the structural similarity with ICS 205930, the analgesia induced by 1 seems not to be due to 5-HT3 receptor interaction, and there is evidence of involvement of the central 5-HT4 receptor.
Efficiency of binding the retinoblastoma protein correlates with the transforming capacity of the E7 oncoproteins of the human papillomaviruses. (1992)

The human papillomaviruses (HPVs) associated with genital tract lesions can be classified as either "high risk" or "low risk" based on their association with human anogenital cancer. The E7 proteins of the high-risk and the low-risk viruses are quite similar in their amino acid composition and structural organization yet differ in their transforming potential and in a number of biochemical properties. A series of chimeric proteins consisting of segments of the high-risk HPV-16 and the low-risk HPV-6 E7 proteins were constructed in order to define which domains within the amino-terminal half of E7 were responsible for the different biological and biochemical properties. The E7 oncogenic capacity, which was determined by assaying transformation of baby rat kidney cells in cooperation with an activated ras oncogene, segregated with the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRB) binding domain of the HPV-16 E7 protein. A comparison of the pRB binding sites of the sequenced genital tract HPVs revealed a consistent amino acid difference (aspartic acid/glycine) between the high-risk and low-risk viruses. Single amino acid substitution mutations were generated at this position in the HPV-6 and HPV-16 E7 proteins, and this single amino acid residue was shown to be the principal determinant responsible for the differences in the apparent pRB binding affinity and transformation capacity distinguishing the HPV E7 proteins of the high-risk and low-risk HPVs.
A review of algorithms for audio fingerprinting (2004)

An audio fingerprint is a content-based compact signature that summarizes an audio recording. Audio fingerprinting technologies have recently attracted attention since they allow the monitoring of audio independently of its format and without the need of meta-data or watermark embedding. The different approaches to fingerprinting are usually described with different rationales and terminology depending on the background: pattern matching, multimedia (music) information retrieval or cryptography (robust hashing). In this paper, we review different techniques mapping functional parts to blocks of a unified framework.
Current trends in connectionism : proceedings of the Swedish Conference on Connectionism-1995 (1995)

Contents: Preface. D.S. Touretzky, A.D. Redish, Landmark Arrays and the Hippocampal Cognitive Map. M. Hasselmo, Physiological Constraints on Models of Behavior. E. Fransen, A. Lansner, Recurrent Attractor Neural Networks in Model of Cortical Associative Memory Function. J.R. Gobbel, A Biophysically-Based Model of the Neostriatum as Dynamically Reconfigurable Network. M. Garzon, F. Botelho, Dynamical Approximation by Neural Nets. M. Osterberg, R. Lenz, On Parallel Selective Principal Component Analysis. M. Garzon, A. Jagota, Efficient Neural Net Isomorphism Testing. S.P. SikstrOm, A. Lansner, The TECO Theory - Simulation of Recognition Failure. N. Sharkey, J. Neary, A. Sharkey, Searching Weight Space for Backpropagation Solution Types. M. Boden, L. Niklasson, Features of Distributed Representations for Tree-structures: A Study of RAAM. N.B. Szirbik, G.L. Somlo, D.L. Buliga, Using the Conceptual Graph Model as Intermediate Representation for Knowledge Translation in Hybrid Systems. S.A. Jackson, N.E. Sharkey, Adaptive Generalization in Dynamic Neural Networks. A.J.C. Sharkey, N.E. Sharkey, O.C. Gopinath, Diversity, Neural Nets and Safety Critical Applications. O. Gallmo, J. CarlstrOm, Some Experiments Using Extra Output Learning to Hint Multi Layer Perceptrons. J. CarlstrOm, Minimization of Quantization Errors in Digital Implementations of Multi Layer Perceptrons. C. Balkenius, Multimodal Sensing for Motor Control. T. van Gelder, Modeling, Connectionist and Otherwise. R. Reilly, A Connectionist Exploration of the Computational Implications of Embodiment. T. Landelius, H. Knutsson, Behaviorism and Reinforcement Learning. E. Prem, Symbol Grounding and Transcedental Logic. R. Chrisley, A. Holland, Connectionist Synthetic Epistemology: Requirements for the Development of Objectivity. O.B. Coelho, Are Representations Still Necessary for Understanding Cognition? P. PylkkO, Indeterminacy and Experience. T. Vaden, The Symbolic-Subsymbolic Relation: From Limitivism to Correspondence. B. Bartell, G.W. Cottrell, R. Belew, Learning to Retrieve Information. T. Ziemke, F. Athley, Connectionist Models for the Detection of Oil Spills from Doppler Radar Imagery. M.C. Mozer, R.H. Dodier, M. Anderson, L. Vidmar, R.F. Cruickshank III, D. Miller, The Neural Network House: An Overview.
Learning to classify text from labeled and unlabeled documents (1998)

. This paper shows that the accuracy of learned text classifiers can be improved by augmenting a small number of labeled training documents with a large pool of unlabeled documents. This is significant because in many important text classification problems obtaining classification labels is expensive, while large quantities of unlabeled documents are readily available. We present a theoretical argument showing that, under common assumptions, unlabeled data contain information about the target function. We then introduce an algorithm for learning from labeled and unlabeled text, based on the combination of Expectation-Maximization with a naive Bayes classifier. The algorithm first trains a classifier using the available labeled documents, and probabilistically labels the unlabeled documents. It then trains a new classifier using the labels for all the documents, and iterates. Experimental results, obtained using text from three different real-world tasks, show that the use of unlabeled...
Handbook of microstrip antennas (1989)

Analysis and design of circular microstrip elements microstrip patch antennas circular polarization and bandwidth electromagnetically coupled dipoles multilayer configurations large bandwidth hybrid flat dipoles and arrays numerical analysis of microstrip patch antennas segmentation and desegmentation methods for microstrip antenna design transmission line model of microstrip antennas design and technology of low cost printed antennas analysis and design considerations of printed array antennas circularly polarized array antennas microstrip antenna feeds advances in substrate technology special measurement techniques for printed antennas CAD of microstrip and triplate systems resonant microstrip antenna elements and arrays applications of microstrip antennas monolithic conical conformal microstrip tracking antenna extensions and variations of the microstrip antenna concept.
A sulfate polysaccharide/TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) complex for the long-term delivery of TRAIL in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres (2012)

From the results, we concluded that TC-loaded PLGA MSs have the potential for long-term delivery of TRAIL without side effects.
A critical role for the host mediator macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the pathogenesis of malarial anemia (2006)

The pathogenesis of malarial anemia is multifactorial, and the mechanisms responsible for its high mortality are poorly understood. Studies indicate that host mediators produced during malaria infection may suppress erythroid progenitor development (Miller, K.L., J.C. Schooley, K.L. Smith, B. Kullgren, L.J. Mahlmann, and P.H. Silverman. 1989. Exp. Hematol. 17:379-385; Yap, G.S., and M.M. Stevenson. 1991. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 628:279-281). We describe an intrinsic role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the development of the anemic complications and bone marrow suppression that are associated with malaria infection. At concentrations found in the circulation of malaria-infected patients, MIF suppressed erythropoietin-dependent erythroid colony formation. MIF synergized with tumor necrosis factor and gamma interferon, which are known antagonists of hematopoiesis, even when these cytokines were present in subinhibitory concentrations. MIF inhibited erythroid differentiation and hemoglobin production, and it antagonized the pattern of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation that normally occurs during erythroid progenitor differentiation. Infection of MIF knockout mice with Plasmodium chabaudi resulted in less severe anemia, improved erythroid progenitor development, and increased survival compared with wild-type controls. We also found that human mononuclear cells carrying highly expressed MIF alleles produced more MIF when stimulated with the malarial product hemozoin compared with cells carrying low expression MIF alleles. These data suggest that polymorphisms at the MIF locus may influence the levels of MIF produced in the innate response to malaria infection and the likelihood of anemic complications.
Differential apoptotic susceptibility to anti-Fas IgM and anticancer drugs in a human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line HHUA on laminin and type I collagen. (1998)

Apoptotic susceptibility of epithelial cells is known to be regulated by cell adhesions to basement membranes. In this study differences in anticancer drug-sensitivities of early and advanced endometrial adenocarcinomas were examined by using highly-differentiated human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line, HHUA, whose apoptotic susceptibility was hypothesized to be modulated by extracellular matrices. The cells express high levels of laminin receptors and laminin suppressed Fas-mediated apoptosis of the cells. However laminin did not show any effect on apoptotic susceptibility to 4 anticancer drugs. These results suggest that there is little variation in drug-sensitivity associated with disruption of endometrial stromal tissue, and that pathological staging of endometrial carcinoma is not likely to have any relation to drug sensitivity.
Relationship Between the Size and Margin Status of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast and Residual Disease (1997)

The size and margin status of DCIS each were found to be independent predictors of residual disease.
On the bit error rate of lightwave systems with optical amplifiers (1991)

The problem of evaluating the performances of communication systems with optical amplifiers and a wideband optical filter is addressed. Exact probability of error expressions for optical signals in presence of amplifier spontaneous noise and photodetector shot noise are given and compared with those predicted by Gaussian approximations for amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), or differential phase shift keying (DPSK) modulations, both for ideal photodetectors and for the case where shot noise is significant.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
HER2-amplified breast cancer: mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance and novel targeted therapies (2011)

HER2 amplification is seen in up to 20% of breast cancers and is associated with an aggressive phenotype. Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody to HER2, accrues significant clinical benefit in the metastatic and adjuvant settings. However, some patients suffer disease recurrence despite adjuvant trastuzumab therapy, and many patients with metastatic disease do not respond to therapy or develop refractory disease within 1 year of treatment. Given the increased recognition of de novo and acquired resistance to therapy, considerable research has been dedicated to understanding the molecular mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance. Here, we highlight putative models of resistance, including activation of the downstream PI3K-signaling pathway, accumulation of a constitutively active form of HER2, and crosstalk of HER2 with other growth factor receptors. The identification of these specific mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance has provided a rationale for the development of several novel HER2-targeted agents as the mechanisms have largely suggested a continued tumor dependence on HER2 signaling. We explore the emerging data for the treatment of trastuzumab-refractory disease with novel agents including lapatinib, neratinib, pertuzumab, trastuzumab-DM1, HSP90 and PI3K pathway inhibitors, and the future potential for these inhibitors which, if combined with reliable biomarkers of resistance, may ultimately usher in a new era of personalized medicine for this disease.
Rapid and Transient Activation of Transcription of the ERF3 Gene by Wounding in Tobacco Leaves (2004)

This study investigated the regulatory mechanism of rapid and transient induction of a transcriptional repressor ERF3 gene by wounding in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves. Deletion and mutation analysis of the promoter region have suggested that the proximal W boxes (TGAC(C/T)) and a GCC box, respectively, may be involved in the positive and negative regulation of wound-induced expression of the ERF3 gene. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that wounding enhanced the specific binding activity of nuclear factors to the W boxes. NtWRKY1, -2, and -4, which are tobacco group I WRKYs, interacted specifically with the W boxes and activated transcription via the W boxes. On the other hand, deletion of the GCC box from NsERF3 promoter-GUS reporter gene caused a delay in down-regulation of transcription after wound induction. In addition, ERF3 repressed transcription via the NsERF3 promoter activated by NtWRKYs. These results suggest the possible involvement of NtWRKYs and autorepression in the rapid and transient expression of the ERF3 gene by wounding.
Nondestructive evaluation of potential quality of creosote-treated piles removed from service. (2001)

Stress-wave-based nondestructive evaluation methods were used to evaluate the potential quality and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of wood from creosote-treated Douglas-fir and southern pine piles removed from service. Stress-wave measurements were conducted on each pile section. Stress-wave propagation speeds were obtained to estimate the MOE of the wood. Tests were then conducted on octagonal cants, boards, and small clear specimens obtained from piles and cants. Regression analyses gave a reasonably useful correlation between the stress-wave-based MOE of piles and cants and the corresponding flexural properties of boards and small clear specimens determined by transverse vibration and static bending techniques, respectively. The results show that wood from creosote-treated piles removed from service has the potential for use in exterior structural applications.