gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-isotopic gamma-ray assay system for alpha-contaminated waste (1983)

The capability of an existing segmented gamma-ray system is being expanded for the analysis of alpha-contaminated waste drums. A cursory assay of 114 transuranic waste drums of 208-l capacity has been made. Analysis of these data indicates a detection limit better than 100 nCi/g of waste for /sup 237/Np//sup 233/Pa, /sup 239/Pu, /sup 241/Am, /sup 243/Am//sup 239/Np, /sup 60/Co, /sup 125/Sb, /sup 134/ /sup 137/Cs, and /sup 154/Eu. A pending Code of Federal Regulation (10CFR61) stipulates that the nuclear industry quantify not only its transuranic waste, but also certain beta- and gamma-ray-emitting fission products. An assay system based on gamma-ray spectroscopy is the only system that can meet this requirement for the fission products.
Surface Synthesis of Zinc Sulfide Nanoparticles on Silica Microspheres:  Sonochemical Preparation, Characterization, and Optical Properties (1999)

Ultrasonic irradiation of a slurry of amorphous silica microspheres, zinc acetate, and thioacetamide in an aqueous medium for 3 h under ambient air yields zinc sulfide coated on silica. The powder X-ray diffraction of the initial zinc sulfide−silica (ZSS) powder yields diffraction peaks corresponding to the ZnS phase. The TEM image of ZSS shows that the porous ZnS nanoparticles (diameter 1−5 nm) coated the silica (SiO2) surface as thin layers or nanoclusters, depending on the reactant concentration. Infrared spectroscopy illustrates the structural changes that occurred in the siloxane network and surface silanol groups of SiO2 upon the ultrasonic deposition of ZnS. The optical absorption of porous ZnS shows a broad band at around 610 nm, ascribed to unusual surface state transition. The absorption energy of the surface state transition is lower than the band gap of the ZnS particles and probably stems from the dangling surface bonds or defects. On the other hand, the ZSS does not show the surface state transition of ZnS, probably due to the strong surface interaction with SiO2. The classical valence-conduction transition band has been observed in the optical reflectance mode, and it shows an absorption edge at around (290−310 nm), which is markedly blue-shifted compared to that of bulk ZnS (345 nm). The photoluminescence spectrum of the porous ZnS and ZSS shows a band with a maximum centered around 420 nm, which is similar to that of quantum ZnS particles. We propose that the coating process takes place via ultrasonic-cavitation-induced initial grafting of zinc acetate onto the silica surface, followed by the displacement of acetate ion by in situ generated S2- species.
Biosafety of Hybrids between Transgenic Virus-Resistant Sugar Beet and Swiss Chard (2001)

One important issue of biosafety research is whether gene flow from transgenic crops to nontransgenic relatives causes unwanted effects. We carried out field trials with hybrids between transgenic sugar beets, and a close cultivated relative, Swiss chard. This hybrid also acts as a model for "weed beet" hybrids between sugar beet and wild/weed beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima). Transgenic beets with beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) coat protein (cp), phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase (bar), and neomycin-phospho-transferase (nptII) genes were hand-crossed to Swiss chard. The resulting F1 plants and controls were grown at two different BNYVV infestation levels and three different competitive conditions with Chenopodium album. Transgenic hybrids had consistently higher biomass than controls under high background BNYVV infestation, and consistently lower biomass than controls under low background infestation. The transgenic hybrids had a significantly lower rate of bolting than controls at all sites. Competition with Ch. album always had a strong negative influence on the performance of all genotypes. We conclude that ecological implications due to the introduction and spread of virus-resistant transgenic hybrids will be observed only in those feral Swiss chard and wild beet populations where fitness is significantly influenced by high infestations of BNYVV.
A Novel Approach for Enhancing Proppant Consolidation: Laboratory Testing and Field Applications (2002)

Abstract Curable resins have been used to coat onto proppant for controlling proppant flowback after hydraulic fracturing treatments as well as in screenless, frac pack completions. As more wells are drilled into deeper reservoirs, severe conditions including high temperatures and high production flow rates impose more constraint requirements on the use of curable resin systems. This paper presents the results of an extensive study, both laboratory and field testing, of a new liquid resin coating system that is particularly useful in controlling proppant flowback in high-temperature, high-flow rate wells. Additives included in the liquid resin system eliminate fracturing fluid interference and permit good consolidation properties to be achieved without any formation closure stress. Results of this work demonstrate the difficulty in designing fracturing treatments such that the curing of resin does not occur too fast relative to fracture treatment time and the time for formation closure to achieve good consolidation, but fast enough to prevent flowback upon fluid recovery operations. The useful window for resin-coated proppants has been greatly expanded by the incorporation of simple chemical additives into the resin that react with fracturing fluids, rendering them noninterfering to the consolidation process. These additives permit resin-coated proppant to achieve good consolidation properties without closure stress. This study provides new answers as to why resin-precoated proppant (RCP) consolidations sometimes fail in the field. Operators can use the information presented to help them select the appropriate curable resin systems for their applications where consolidations are expected to withstand production conditions of high temperatures, high flow rates, and stress loading.
Activity of intravenous immune globulins against Klebsiella. (1986)

Seven commercial intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) preparations and an experimental hyperimmune globulin (Klebsiella immune-IVIG) were analyzed for antibody levels to Klebsiella capsular polysaccharides, opsonic activity, and protective capacity against Klebsiella. With one exception, all IVIGs reacted immunologically with the various capsular antigens, although titers between the preparations varied considerably. Klebsiella immune-IVIG possessed substantially higher titers (32-fold to 128-fold) than the commercial preparations. Only the hyperimmune globulin was capable of promoting the phagocytosis and killing of six Klebsiella test strains. When prophylactically administered, a commercial IVIG afforded significant protection (P less than 0.01) against fatal experimental Klebsiella sepsis only at a dose of 500 mg/kg. Klebsiella immune-IVIG provided a similar level of protection at a dose of 5 mg/kg. Whereas the commercial IVIG was ineffective when used therapeutically, the hyperimmune globulin was highly protective. Combined antibiotic-immunoglobulin therapy was most effective at reducing mortality.
Intelligent multimedia information retrieval (1997)

Foreword by Karen Sparck Jones Intelligent multimedia information retrieval lies at the intersection of artificial intelligence, information retrieval, human-computer interaction, and multimedia computing. Its systems enable users to create, process, summarize, present, interact with, and organize information within and across different media such as text, speech, graphics, imagery, and video. These systems go beyond traditional hypermedia and hypertext environments to analyze and generate media, and support intelligent interaction with or via multiple media.The chapters of this volume, which grew out of the 1995 International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence Workshop on Intelligent Multimedia Information Retrieval, span a broad range of topics. The book is organized into seven sections: Content-Based Retrieval of Imagery, Content-Based Retrieval of Graphics and Audio, Content-Based Retrieval of Video, Speech and Language Processing for Video Retrieval, Architectures and Tools, Intelligent Hypermedia Retrieval, and Empirical Evaluations.Contributors : Robert Adams, Phillipe Aigrain, Jonathan Ashley, Thom Blum, Shih-Fu Chang, Mei C. Chuah, W. Bruce Croft, Byron Dom, Ann Doubleday, Florence Dubois, Josef Fink, Myron Flickner, Jonathan Foote, Brian Frew, Monika Gorkani, Morgan Green, James Griffioen, Jon Alte Gulla, Jim Hafner, Qian Hang, Matt Hare, Alexander G. Hauptman, Stacie Hibino, Helmut Horacek, David House, Takafumi Inoue, Philippe Joly, Gareth Jones, Karen Sparck Jones, Douglas Keislaer, Stephen Kerpedjiev, Alfred Kobsa, Denis Lee, Veronique Longueville, Chien Yong Low, R. Manmatha, Inderjeet Mani, Mark T. Maybury, Bernard Merialdo, Adrian Muller, Wayne Niblac, Andreas Nill, Alex Pentland, Dragutin Petkovic, Steven F. Roth, Neil C. Rowe, Elke A. Rundensteiner, Harpreet Sawhney, John R. Smith, Stephen W. Smoliar, David Steele, Adelheit Stein, Oliviero Stock, Carlo Strapparava, Alistair Sutcliffe, Atshushi Takeshita, Kazuo Tanaka, Ulrich Thiel, Michele Ryan, Julita Vassileva, James Wheaton, Michael J. Witbrock, Erling Wold, JianHua Wu, Peter Yanker, Rajendra Yavatkar, Steven J. Young, Massimo Zancanaro, HongJiang Zhang
Direct patterning of coplanar polyethylene glycol alkylsilane monolayers by deep-ultraviolet photolithography as a general method for high fidelity, long-term cell patterning and culture (2011)

This manuscript details a general method for patterning coplanar alkylsilane monolayers using deep-ultraviolet photolithography that has broad application for high fidelity patterning of cells of varying phenotype in long-term cultures. A polyethylene glycol monolayer was formed on a silica substrate and then patterned using 193 nm light from an ArF excimer laser. The regions of photoablation were then rederivatized with (3-trimethoxysilyl propyl) diethyltriamine (DETA), yielding high contrast cytophilic islands that promoted cell adhesion and growth. Rat hippocampal neurons, motoneurons, and myoblasts were then cultured in a defined, serum-free medium on the patterned surfaces for periods in excess of 40 days. This approach has been shown to be useful as a general method for the long-term culture of multiple cell types in highly defined spatial patterns and can be used for supporting complex cocultures for creating in vitro models for biological systems.
Is Anticancer Drug Development Heading in the Right Direction? (2009)

The success of molecularly targeted agents, such as imatinib, has led to expectations of a new era in anticancer drug development, and to a greatly increased focus on targeting as a strategy. However, the number of successes to date is small, and recent results suggest that the success of imatinib, for instance, in treating chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumor may be the exception rather than the rule. Here, we argue that the search for new anticancer agents needs to continue on as many fronts as possible, and not be focused on one strategy alone.
Methods for assessing the statistical significance of molecular sequence features by using general scoring schemes. (1990)

An unusual pattern in a nucleic acid or protein sequence or a region of strong similarity shared by two or more sequences may have biological significance. It is therefore desirable to know whether such a pattern can have arisen simply by chance. To identify interesting sequence patterns, appropriate scoring values can be assigned to the individual residues of a single sequence or to sets of residues when several sequences are compared. For single sequences, such scores can reflect biophysical properties such as charge, volume, hydrophobicity, or secondary structure potential; for multiple sequences, they can reflect nucleotide or amino acid similarity measured in a wide variety of ways. Using an appropriate random model, we present a theory that provides precise numerical formulas for assessing the statistical significance of any region with high aggregate score. A second class of results describes the composition of high-scoring segments. In certain contexts, these permit the choice of scoring systems which are "optimal" for distinguishing biologically relevant patterns. Examples are given of applications of the theory to a variety of protein sequences, highlighting segments with unusual biological features. These include distinctive charge regions in transcription factors and protooncogene products, pronounced hydrophobic segments in various receptor and transport proteins, and statistically significant subalignments involving the recently characterized cystic fibrosis gene.
B Cells Are Required for Generation of Protective Effector and Memory CD4 Cells in Response to Pneumocystis Lung Infection (2006)

B cell-deficient mice are susceptible to infection by Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. muris (PC). To determine whether this susceptibility is due to a requirement for B cells to prime T cells, we compared CD4 T cell responses to PC in bone marrow chimeric mice that express MHC class II (MHCII) on all APCs (wild-type (WT) chimeras) and in bone marrow chimeric mice that express MHCII on all APCs except B cells (MHCII(-/-) chimeras). Although PC was rapidly cleared by WT chimeric mice, PC levels remained high in chimeric mice that lacked MHCII on B cells. In addition, although T cells were primed in the draining lymph nodes of MHCII(-/-) chimeric mice, the number of activated CD4 T cells infiltrating the lungs of these mice was reduced relative to the number in the lungs of WT chimeras. We also adoptively transferred purified CD4 T cells from the draining lymph nodes of PC-infected normal or B cell-deficient mice into SCID mice. Mice that received CD4 cells from normal mice were able to mount a response to infection in the lungs and clear PC. However, mice that received CD4 cells from B cell-deficient mice had a delayed T cell response in the lungs and failed to control the infection. These data indicate that B cells play a vital role in generation of CD4(+) memory T cells in response to PC infection in the lungs.
The System MgO‐ZnO‐SiO 2 (1965)

The system MgO‐ZnO‐Sio 2 was studied by the quenching technique. No ternary compounds were found in the system, but extensive solid solution relations occurred in the magnesiumand zinc‐bearing compounds. Two ternary eutectics and one reaction point were located; the minimum melting point in the system was 1370°± 5°C at a composition of 15.5 wt% MgO, 37.0 wt% ZnO, and 47.5 wt% SiO 2 .
Developmental Kinetics of Bovine Nuclear Transfer and Parthenogenetic Embryos (2003)

Early developmental kinetics of nuclear transfer (NT) embryos reconstituted with blastomeres and parthenogenones produced by ionophore activation followed by either dimethylaminopurine (DMAP) or cycloheximide (CHX) treatment was studied. In vitro produced (IVP) embryos served as controls. Embryos were cultured to the hatched blastocyst stage, and images were recorded every 0.5 h throughout the culture period. The longest cell cycle shifted from 4th to 5th cycle (26 +/- 4 and 44 +/- 5 h) in NT-embryos compared to IVP-embryos (41 +/- 2 and 20 +/- 3 h) and showed greater asynchrony between blastomeres than any other embryo category. Compared to DMAP, CHX prolonged the 1(st) (23 +/- 1 vs. 33 +/- 1 h) and shortened the 3(rd) cell cycle (17 +/- 2 vs. 13 +/- 1 h). Moreover, though cytoskeleton activity was initialised, a larger proportion of CHX embryos was unable to accomplish first cleavage. The parthegenones differed from IVP embryos with respect to the lengths of the 1st, 3rd, and 4th cell cycles and time of hatching. The findings are discussed in relation to known ultrastructural, chromosomal and genomic aberrations found in NT embryos and parthenogenones. We hypothesize that the shift of the longest cell cycle in NT embryos is associated with a shift in the time of major genomic transition.
A Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Nipah Virus Envelope Protein-Mediated Membrane Fusion (2009)

Nipah virus (NiV), a highly pathogenic paramyxovirus, causes respiratory disease in pigs and severe febrile encephalitis in humans with high mortality rates. On the basis of the structural similarity of viral fusion (F) proteins within the family Paramyxoviridae, we designed and tested 18 quinolone derivatives in a NiV and measles virus (MV) envelope protein-based fusion assay beside evaluation of cytotoxicity. We found five compounds successfully inhibiting NiV envelope protein-induced cell fusion. The most active molecules (19 and 20), which also inhibit the syncytium formation induced by infectious NiV and show a low cytotoxicity in Vero cells, represent a promising lead quinolone-type compound structure. Molecular modeling indicated that compound 19 fits well into a particular protein cavity present on the NiV F protein that is important for the fusion process.
Thermal and mechanical properties of blended polyimide and amine‐functionalized poly(orthosiloxane) composites (2008)

Abstract Nanocomposite films were prepared through the blending of polyimide (PI) with octaphenyl silsesquioxane (OPS) and an amino‐functionalized analogue, octaaminophenyl silsesquioxane (OAPS), with a solution‐casting method. Although the PI–OPS composites showed visible phase separation at 5 wt %, the PI–OAPS composites were transparent with visible phase separation occurring only at 50 wt % OAPS. The interfacial interactions and homogeneity of the composites were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis. SEM analysis showed a uniform fracture surface for OAPS composites at concentrations up to 20 wt %. Interestingly, OAPS‐rich particles with sizes of less than 1 μm were formed within the PI matrix for the 50 wt % composite. The PI–OAPS composites showed higher glass‐transition temperatures ( T g 's) than the pure PI. The PI–OPS composites showed a T g lower than that of the pure PI, and this suggested poor interfacial interactions. The slightly enhanced thermal stability of PI–OAPS composites (up to 20 wt %) was attributed to the inherent thermal stability of OAPS at higher temperatures. There were small increases in the modulus and strength for the composites with respect to the base polymer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Metabolism of Diethyl Ether and Cometabolism of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether by a Filamentous Fungus, a Graphium sp (1997)

In this study, evidence for two novel metabolic processes catalyzed by a filamentous fungus, Graphium sp. strain ATCC 58400, is presented. First, our results indicate that this Graphium sp. can utilize the widely used solvent diethyl ether (DEE) as the sole source of carbon and energy for growth. The kinetics of biomass accumulation and DEE consumption closely followed each other, and the molar growth yield on DEE was indistinguishable from that with n-butane. n-Butane-grown mycelia also immediately oxidized DEE without the extracellular accumulation of organic oxidation products. This suggests a common pathway for the oxidation of both compounds. Acetylene, ethylene, and other unsaturated gaseous hydrocarbons completely inhibited the growth of this Graphium sp. on DEE and DEE oxidation by n-butane-grown mycelia. Second, our results indicate that gaseous n-alkane-grown Graphium mycelia can cometabolically degrade the gasoline oxygenate methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). The degradation of MTBE was also completely inhibited by acetylene, ethylene, and other unsaturated hydrocarbons and was strongly influenced by n-butane. Two products of MTBE degradation, tert-butyl formate (TBF) and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), were detected. The kinetics of product formation suggest that TBF production temporally precedes TBA accumulation and that TBF is hydrolyzed both biotically and abiotically to yield TBA. Extracellular accumulation of TBA accounted for only a maximum of 25% of the total MTBE consumed. Our results suggest that both DEE oxidation and MTBE oxidation are initiated by cytochrome P-450-catalyzed reactions which lead to scission of the ether bonds in these compounds. Our findings also suggest a potential role for gaseous n-alkane-oxidizing fungi in the remediation of MTBE contamination.
The pathological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Crohn's disease. (1990)

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are distinct entities, but in 5 to 10% of patients and resected specimens, a clear separation may not be possible. The pathological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Crohn's disease, including ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis and other diseases that may mimic Crohn's disease are discussed in this review, with particular emphasis on the biopsy diagnosis. It is often difficult or impossible to distinguish diversion colitis and pouchitis from recurrence of Crohn's disease; special measures need to be taken for their identification. The predisposition to cancer, and the presence of dysplasia in Crohn's disease in relation to surveillance, are also discussed.
A novel sublimable mask lift-off method for patterning thin films (2011)

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.
Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents (1997)

The mechanisms behind the development and spread of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs are reviewed. The chief mechanisms by which antimicrobials act are interference with nucleic acid synthesis, binding to ribosomes, and inhibition of cell-wall synthesis and folate metabolism. Bacteria have evolved genetic and biochemical ways of resisting these antimicrobial actions. Genetic mechanisms include mutation and acquisition of new DNA. Bacteria resist antimicrobials biochemically by inactivating the drugs with beta-lactamases, acetylases, adenylases, and phosphorylases; reducing drug access sites of action by virtue of membrane characteristics; altering the drug target so that the antimicrobial no longer binds to it; bypassing the drug's metabolism; and developing tolerance. Enterococcal and staphylococcal resistance mechanisms are of particular importance clinically. There are three types of enterococcal resistance: (1) intrinsic resistance to aminoglycosides, aztreonam, cephalosporins, clindamycin, imipenem, penicillin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, (2) tolerance to all cell-wall-active antimicrobials, and (3) acquired resistance to penicillin, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin. Staphylococcal resistance to penicillins is expressed as beta-lactamase production, secretion of novel beta-lactamases, expression of novel penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) to which penicillins bind poorly, and increased production of or altered affinity to existing PBPs. Of great concern is whether newly described glycopeptide resistance can be transferred clinically from enterococci to staphylococci. Vancomycin use is discouraged to limit the spread of glycopeptide resistance. Many mechanisms are responsible for the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance.