gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flagellin Promotes Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88-Dependent Development of Th2-Type Response (2004)

Activation of dendritic cells (DC) by microbial products via Toll-like receptors (TLR) is instrumental in the induction of immunity. In particular, TLR signaling plays a major role in the instruction of Th1 responses. The development of Th2 responses has been proposed to be independent of the adapter molecule myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) involved in signal transduction by TLRs. In this study we show that flagellin, the bacterial stimulus for TLR5, drives MyD88-dependent Th2-type immunity in mice. Flagellin promotes the secretion of IL-4 and IL-13 by Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells as well as IgG1 responses. The Th2-biased responses are associated with the maturation of DCs, which are shown to express TLR5. Flagellin-mediated DC activation requires MyD88 and induces NF-kappaB-dependent transcription and the production of low levels of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, the flagellin-specific response is characterized by the lack of secretion of the Th1-promoting cytokine IL-12 p70. In conclusion, this study suggests that flagellin and, more generally, TLR ligands can control Th2 responses in a MyD88-dependent manner.
A Single-class Support Vector Machine Translation Algorithm To Compensate For Non-stationary Data In Heterogeneous Vision-based Sensor Networks (2008)

This paper develops a translation algorithm that adapts an existing support vector machine (SVM) to observations that have a different probability distribution than originally trained with. The primary advantage of this algorithm is that the re-training can be avoided. The support vector translation algorithm can be used in a fully distributed vision-based sensor network for target classification and tracking. Preliminary results are discussed and planned future work is briefly outlined.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Epoxidation of Olefins by Chiral Ketones (2004)

Chiral ketones have been shown to be effective organocatalysts for asymmetric epoxidation of olefins with broad substrate scope. High enantioselectivity has been obtained for a wide variety of trans and trisubstituted olefins, as well as a number of cis olefins, with encouragingly high ee's for some terminal olefins. The stereochemical outcome of the reaction can be rationalized by a spiro transition state model.
Intravenous Lidocaine for Chronic Pain: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines (2018)

The purpose of this Rapid Response is to collect, critically appraise and evaluate the current evidence on the clinical effectiveness and adverse effects of intravenous lidocaine in treating chronic pain, as well as to review recent evidence-based guidelines for its use in patients with chronic pain.
EFFECTIVE LONG‐TERM TREATMENT OF ACROMEGALY WITH A LONG‐ACTING SOMATOSTATIN ANALOGUE (SMS 201–995) (1987)

Nine acromegalic patients, six previously untreated, were studied before and after 3-15 months of treatment with a long-acting somatostatin analogue (SMS 201-995; 100 micrograms injected s.c. three times daily). During treatment, the mean (+/- SEM) 24-h GH concentration fell from 82 +/- 22 mIU/l to 33 +/- 7 mIU/l (P less than 0.001), and eight of the 9 patients showed a reduction of at least 50% in GH levels in the fasting state and/or during a glucose tolerance test. There was a significant 30% fall in serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) with SMS. All patients showed rapid clinical improvement, with diminished sweating and headaches, and reduction in skinfold thickness, hand volumes and finger size. Computer tomographic scanning of the pituitary in eight patients showed no change in the size of the pituitary tumour during treatment. The only side-effects of SMS noted were transient abdominal discomfort and loose stools in two patients on initiating therapy. Although fasting plasma glucose concentration did not change during treatment (5.4 +/- 0.3 vs 5.5 +/- 0.3 mmol/l), mean 24-h plasma glucose concentration was higher with SMS (6.6 +/- 0.5 mmol/l vs 6.0 +/- 0.4 mmol/l; P less than 0.02). Mean 24-h plasma insulin concentration fell from 87 +/- 11 mIU/l before treatment to 39 +/- 6 mIU/l during treatment (P less than 0.005). No change in other anterior pituitary hormones was observed. SMS appears to be a safe, rapidly effective, long-term treatment for certain patients with acromegaly.
Experimental probing of multipath microwave channels (1989)

It is very difficult to relate the behavior of a multipath microwave channel to its physical description. Much information, however, can be gained from radioelectrical probing of the channel, and models can be built independent of the complex underlying physical situation. In this paper we review the various experimental techniques used to investigate the channel, their successes, and their limitations. We conclude by stressing the directions in which progress has to be made.
Ruxolitinib for the treatment of lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: A cautionary tale (2019)

While treating the underlying lymphoma is a clear priority, the cytopenias and other symptoms of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis complicate the delivery of this therapy. Hence, the use of ruxolitinib as a bridge to definitive therapy was appealing. However, we are concerned about the progression of lymphoma while these patients were taking ruxolitinib. Ruxolitinib may be controlling cytokine storm associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, while other aspects of the condition are progressing. Therefore, we would advise caution in its use in lymphoma-associated-hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis until more data are available.
Cardiac Effects of Growth Hormone Treatment in Chronic Heart Failure: A Meta-Analysis (2006)

Our meta-analysis suggests that GH treatment improves several relevant cardiovascular parameters in patients with CHF. However, these results must be confirmed by a large randomized placebo-controlled trial on hemodynamic, morphological, and functional parameters during long-term high-dose GH treatment of patients with CHF.
Bacterial Type IV Secretion Systems: Versatile Virulence Machines (2012)

Many bacterial pathogens employ multicomponent protein complexes to deliver macromolecules directly into their eukaryotic host cell to promote infection. Some Gram-negative pathogens use a versatile Type IV secretion system (T4SS) that can translocate DNA or proteins into host cells. T4SSs represent major bacterial virulence determinants and have recently been the focus of intense research efforts designed to better understand and combat infectious diseases. Interestingly, although the two major classes of T4SSs function in a similar manner to secrete proteins, the translocated 'effectors' vary substantially from one organism to another. In fact, differing effector repertoires likely contribute to organism-specific host cell interactions and disease outcomes. In this review, we discuss the current state of T4SS research, with an emphasis on intracellular bacterial pathogens of humans and the diverse array of translocated effectors used to manipulate host cells.
IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-β from an Altered Peptide Ligand-Specific Th2 Cell Clone Down-Regulate Adoptive Transfer of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (2000)

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is induced in the SJL/J mouse by adoptive transfer of activated proteolipid protein peptide (PLP) 139-151-specific Th1 cells. T cells responding to altered peptide ligands (APL) of PLP, previously shown to induce Th2 differentiation and regulate disease in PLP-immunized mice, do not transfer EAE. However, the exact mechanism of disease regulation by APL-specific T cells has not been elucidated. In this report, we show that 1F1, a Th2 clone specific for an APL of PLP139-151 can prevent adoptive transfer of EAE when cocultured with PLP-encephalitogenic spleen cells (PLP-spleen). Cytokines from activated 1F1 cells were detected by hybridization of mRNA to oligonucleotide arrays (DNA chip) and by ELISA. The Th2 cytokines found to be present at the highest protein and mRNA levels were evaluated for their role in suppression of adoptive transfer of EAE from PLP-activated spleen cell cultures. Abs to individual cytokines in 1F1 PLP-spleen cocultures suggested that IL-4, IL-13, and TGF-beta played a significant role in suppressing EAE. Abs to the combination of IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-beta completely neutralized the protective effect of 1F1. Addition of Th2 cytokines to PLP-spleen cultures showed that IL-13 and TGF-beta were each individually effective and low levels of IL-4 synergized with IL-13 to inhibit disease transfer. IL-5, IL-9, and IL-10 had little or no effect whereas GM-CSF slightly enhanced EAE. Our results demonstrate that Th2 cytokines derived from APL-specific Th2 cells can effectively down-regulate the encephalitogenic potential of PLP-spleen cells if present during their reactivation in culture.
Post-operative budesonide irrigations for patients with polyposis: a blinded, randomized controlled trial (2015)

Objective: To compare normal saline (NS) vs. NS+budesonide irrigations in post- functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with polyposis (CRSwNP). Currently, no evidence exists for NS+budesonide irrigation over NS irrigation alone. Study design: Prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Methods: Subjects were prospectively enrolled to NS or NS+budesonide arms. Patients were evaluated at pre-operative and three post-operative visits (POV): POV1 (1-2 weeks post-op), POV2 (3-8 weeks post-op), and POV3 (3-6 months post-op). Patients were evaluated by three quality of life (QOL) questionnaires (SNOT-22, RSOM-31, and RSDI) and two olfaction scores (UPSIT and the PEA test). Results: Fifty patients were randomized, with 25 patients in the NS arm and 25 patients in the NS+budesonide arm. Two patients had unexpected pathology and were excluded from the study. By POV2 and POV3, patients experienced a significant improvement in all three QOL surveys, although the degree of improvement between arms was not significant up through POV3. Neither arm experienced significant olfactory improvement up through POV3. Conclusions: While both NS and NS+budesonide treatments improve QOL for post-FESS patients, neither intervention significantly increases QOL as compared to the other. Olfaction was not significantly improved in either treatment group.
Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanocrystals Encapsulated in Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (2009)

Silver nanocrystals encapsulated in mesoporous silica nanoparticles are prepared by coating hydrophobic silver nanocrystals with amphiphilic surfactants and growing mesostructured silica around the materials. The nanoparticles can be used as antimicrobial agents for both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria through oxidative dissolution of the silver nanocrystals. The surface characteristics of the silica exterior affect the binding to the bacteria and the cytotoxicity. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
AMP‐activated protein kinase: a key regulator of energy balance with many roles in human disease (2014)

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status that regulates cellular and whole-body energy balance. A recently reported crystal structure has illuminated the complex regulatory mechanisms by which AMP and ADP cause activation of AMPK, involving phosphorylation by the upstream kinase LKB1. Once activated by falling cellular energy status, AMPK activates catabolic pathways that generate ATP whilst inhibiting anabolic pathways and other cellular processes that consume ATP. A role of AMPK is implicated in many human diseases. Mutations in the γ2 subunit cause heart disease due to excessive glycogen storage in cardiac myocytes, leading to ventricular pre-excitation. AMPK-activating drugs reverse many of the metabolic defects associated with insulin resistance, and recent findings suggest that the insulin-sensitizing effects of the widely used antidiabetic drug metformin are mediated by AMPK. The upstream kinase LKB1 is a tumour suppressor, and AMPK may exert many of its antitumour effects. AMPK activation promotes the oxidative metabolism typical of quiescent cells, rather than the aerobic glycolysis observed in tumour cells and cells involved in inflammation, explaining in part why AMPK activators have both antitumour and anti-inflammatory effects. Salicylate (the major in vivo metabolite of aspirin) activates AMPK, and this could be responsible for at least some of the anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin. In addition to metformin and salicylates, novel drugs that modulate AMPK are likely to enter clinical trials soon. Finally, AMPK may be involved in viral infection: downregulation of AMPK during hepatitis C virus infection appears to be essential for efficient viral replication.
Studies on the photo-controllable coloring fibers. Part 2. Hue analysis of the photo-controllable coloring films. (1989)

目的 本報は, 分子配向異方性高分子フィルムと2枚の偏光フィルムとの積層によって作製した光干渉発色性フィルムに発現した色相の解析について論ずる.解析法は, まず国際照明委員会で設定されているCIE-XYZ表色系とCIE-L*a*b*表色系の両方の表示法によった.次に, 新規な解析法を提案し, これについてもまた検討する.成果 積層フィルムによって発現した色相を3っの方法で解析して, 次の結果を得た. (1) その色相の概略は, 分子配向異方性高分子フィルムのレターデーションによって一義的に決定される. (2) その色相は, 高分子フィルムの種類にはほとんど関係しない. (3) 平行位の2枚の偏光フィルムの間で発現した色相は, 直交位のそれと補色関係にある. (4) 新規な方法は, CIE法に比べて比較的容易に色相の解析ができ, かつ, この方法の妥当性が認められた. (5) この方法によって, 光干渉発色性フィルムの色相の設計が比較的容易にできる. (6) 積層フィルムに発現する玉虫色は, 分子配向異方性フィルム内の光路長の変化に起因する.
Pumping iron: mechanisms for iron uptake by Campylobacter (2009)

Campylobacter requires iron for successful colonization of the host. In the last 7 years, a wealth of data has been generated allowing detailed molecular characterization of Campylobacter iron-uptake systems. Several exogenous siderophores have been identified as sources of ferric iron for Campylobacter. Ferri-enterochelin uptake requires both the outer-membrane receptor protein CfrA and the inner-membrane ABC transporter system CeuBCDE. Ferrichrome has been shown to support growth of some Campylobacter jejuni strains and the presence of homologues of Escherichia coli fhuABD genes was proposed; the Cj1658-Cj1663 system appears to be involved in the uptake of ferri-rhodotorulic acid. In addition to siderophores, the importance of host iron sources was highlighted by recent studies demonstrating that C. jejuni can exploit haem compounds and the transferrins using ChuABCDZ and Cj0173c-Cj0178, respectively. An additional putative receptor, Cj0444, present in some, but not all, strains has not yet been characterized. Following diffusion through the outer membrane, inner-membrane transport of ferrous iron can occur via the FeoB protein. While it may be assumed that all systems are not essential, there is growing evidence supporting the need for multiple iron-uptake systems for successful host colonization by Campylobacter. In light of this, comparative molecular characterization of iron systems in all Campylobacter strains is necessary to gain further insight into the pathogenesis of members of this genus.
THE ACCURATE LOCATION OF MOBILE TELEPHONES (1996)

Positioning systems are a key enabling technology for Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS). This is because most advanced applications require accurate location of vehicles. Much of the work to date on positioning has focused on the Global Positioning System (GPS). However, GPS has a number of deficiencies, including the cost of a GPS receiver and degraded performance in urban areas. An alternative that could overcome these deficiencies is to accurately locate a mobile telephone, based simply on the signals emitted by the mobile communications system. This is becoming practicable with the new mobile systems, such as Global System Mobile (GSM), which operate on a much wider bandwidth than the earlier analog systems. The location of mobile telephones can be done with no additional hardware in the handset, so reducing the cost of adding a positioning capability. As well, the large number of base stations that are normally installed in an urban area promise much more robust performance than GPS. This paper will identify suitable applications for mobile telephone positioning, describe the prospects for this technology, and present actual measurement results derived from GSM.
Successful therapy of tardive dyskinesia in a 71-year-old woman with a combination of tetrabenazine, olanzapine and tiapride. (2003)

There is no generally accepted treatment for tardive dyskinesia following intake of neuroleptics. Many compounds with effects on serotonine, GABA, cholinergic or dopamine receptors have been clinically useful. We report on a 71-year-old female patient suffering from orofacial tardive dyskinesia after treatment with haloperidol, which did not respond to monotherapy with antidyskinetic drugs. The syndrome disappeared almost completely within two weeks after a multidrug approach consisting of tetrabenazine, olanzapine and tiapride. A combination of antidyskinetic drugs should be considered in patients with severe tardive dyskinesia.
A Direct Interaction Between EXT Proteins and Glycosyltransferases is Defective in Hereditary Multiple Exostoses (1999)

Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is an autosomal dominant condition in which bony outgrowths occur from the juxtaepiphyseal regions of the long bones. In a few percent of cases these exostoses undergo malignant transformation to chondrosarcomas. HME results from mutations in one of two homologous genes, EXT1 and EXT2. These are members of a new gene family that is conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans to higher vertebrates. In humans this family comprises five genes which are most conserved at their C-termini, but they do not contain any discernible functional motifs and their function(s) is unclear. Indirect evidence suggests that EXT proteins are involved in glycosaminoglycan synthesis, act as tumor suppressors and affect hedgehog signaling. One recent study has also reported that these proteins co-purify with glycosyltransferase (GlcA and GlcNAc transferase) activity and on that basis it has been postulated that they are themselves glycosyl-transferases. We performed two-hybrid screens with a fragment of EXT2 from the region that is most highly conserved in the gene family and identified two interacting proteins: the tumor necrosis factor type 1 associated protein and a novel UDP-GalNAc:poly-peptide N -acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Significantly, both these interactions were abrogated by a disease-causing EXT mutation, indicating that they are important in the etiology of HME. The EXT2-GalNAc-T5 interaction provides the first direct physical link between EXT proteins and known components of glycosamino-glycan synthesis.
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with humanized anti–interleukin‐6 receptor antibody: A multicenter, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial (2004)

Treatment with MRA was generally well tolerated and significantly reduced the disease activity of RA.
Transient Neurological Attack (2007)

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Working Supramolecular Machines Trapped in Glass and Mounted on a Film Surface We thank the National Science Foundation and the Sandia National Laboratories for supporting this research. (2001)

Two surface-tethered nanomachines have been constructed at a supramolecular level by employing cylinders of the π-electron deficient tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) (blue), inside which polyether pistons incorporating π-electron rich dioxynaphthalene units (red and pink) can be induced to move when reductants are supplied either by chemicals or from a light source with 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid (yellow) as the photosensitizer and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (green) as a sacrificial reagent.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor as a Target for Anticancer Therapy (2004)

The development of a vascular supply is a critical factor in the growth and metastatic spread of malignant tumors. Of the multitude of growth factors that regulate physiological and pathological angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is believed to be the most important. There is evidence that overexpression of VEGF is correlated with an adverse prognosis, at least in some tumors. Tumor-expressed VEGF is particularly attractive as a target for anticancer therapy because its angiogenesis-promoting activity is at the level of the endothelial cell and, compared with agents that directly target tumor cells, tumor penetration is less critical for VEGF inhibitors. Moreover, recent work has shown that inhibiting tumor angiogenesis increases the effectiveness of coadministered chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This suggests that drugs that target VEGF or its receptors can be combined with traditional treatment modalities to ensure maximum effectiveness. A variety of agents aimed at blocking VEGF or its receptor-signaling system are currently being developed for the treatment of cancer. Of these, bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed at VEGF, is the most advanced in clinical development and has shown promising results in clinical trials.
Is There a Place for Patellofemoral Arthroplasty ? (1995)

Indications for patellofemoral arthroplasty were studied based on a 2- to 10-year followup review. Of 183 patellofemoral prostheses implanted between 1980 and 1990, 104 were associated with unicompartmental arthroplasty, and 79 were implanted alone. Thirteen patients were lost to followup. The results of 66 patellofemoral arthroplasties are reported at an average followup of 66 months. The mean age of the patients at surgery was 57 years. Underlying causes of the osteoarthritis included patellar dislocation or dysplasia (22), patellar fracture (20), and primary osteoarthritis (24). A metallic femoral groove was associated with a polyethylene patella with no metal backing. Two (9%) prostheses were revised in the dysplasia group, 1 (5%) in the posttraumatic group, and 7 (29%) in the primary osteoarthritis group. In this latter group, the indications of patellofemoral arthroplasty must be restricted to lesions of the patellofemoral joint in a knee in neutral axis evaluated preoperatively on full standing and stress radiographs. The best results of patellofemoral arthroplasty were obtained in osteoarthritis after patellar dislocation or patellar fracture.