gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solid-state laser gyro using ZnS for Kerr-lens mode locking (1998)

Summary form only given. The beat note between counterpropagating beams in a ring cavity is a measure of its angular velocity. A major limitation of current laser gyros is the coupling (through scattering) between the counterpropagating waves, resulting in a zero response or dead band at low rotation rates. We have shown that the lock-in problem can be avoided with ultrashort-pulse lasers, where the two counterpropagating pulses meet in only two places (both outside the gain medium), providing minimal opportunity for coupling to occur. For practical reasons, a pure solid-state laser gyro would be preferable to a dye laser or a gas laser. Homogeneously broadened lasers tend to be unidirectional, and even the mode-locked Ti:sapphire ring laser is no exception. However, through the use of an intracavity energy limiter, we have shown that it is possible to achieve bidirectional operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser, at the expense of a very large bias beat note. We demonstrate here bias-free bidirectional operation of a Ti:sapphire laser, through the use of a ZnS crystal as Kerr-lensing element. The bidirectional operation is a result of mutual Kerr lensing in the ZnS.
Synthesis of some new thieno[3,4‐d]pyrimidines and their C‐nucleosides (1993)

Abstract The synthesis of several new thieno[3,4‐ d ]pyrimidine C ‐nucleosides 5‐8 is described. The known 5‐ribosyl‐ated methyl 4‐(formylamino)thiophene‐3‐carboxylate key intermediate 20 was obtained as a mixture of anomers in significantly improved yield by condensation of the sugar 15 with methyl 4‐(formylamino)thio‐phene‐3‐carboxylate 19 in nitromethane at 60° in the presence of stannic chloride. Attempts to prepare the C‐7 ribosylated compound 21 β by direct condensation of the bicyclic base 10 with 15 gave instead the N‐1 ribosylated nucleoside 16 . The synthesis of the corresponding and previously unknown thieno[3,4‐ d ]pyrimi‐dine bases 12 and 13 is described along with stability studies on the 4‐methylthio derivative 12 . Preliminary biological studies indicate that adenosine analogue 7 is a potent growth inhibitor of several mammalian tumor cell lines.
Control of Photobleaching in Photodynamic Therapy Using the Photodecarbonylation Reaction of Ruthenium Phthalocyanine Complexes via Stepwise Two-Photon Excitation (2008)

In this study, we have investigated the photochemical properties and photodynamic effects of ruthenium phthalocyanine (RuPc(CO)(Py)) and naphthalocyanine (RuNc(CO)(Py)) complexes. When a nanosecond-pulsed laser is used, the photodecarbonylation of our Ru complexes efficiently proceeds via stepwise two-photon excitation, while the reaction yields are negligibly small when a continuous-wave (CW) laser is employed. The pulsed laser selective photodecarbonylation decreases the Q-band absorbance, which satisfies what the photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires of the photobleaching. For RuPc(CO)(Py), the photochemical reactions including both the photodecarbonylation and just photobleaching occur in HeLa cells in vitro. Toxicity and phototoxicity tests indicate that our RuPc(CO)(Py) and RuNc(CO)(Py) complexes in concentrations of 0.3−1 μM and 1−2 μM, respectively, are applicable as PDT agents. The phototoxicity is consistent with the photochemical properties of these complexes, namely, excited triplet lifetimes (10 and 4.8 μs for the Pc and Nc complexes, respectively) and singlet oxygen yields (0.48 and 0.35 for the Pc and Nc complexes, respectively). On the basis of these results, we propose a novel concept for achieving a greater depth of necrosis in PDT as follows: (1) PDT of upper cellular layers using CW-laser irradiation; (2) efficient photobleaching in upper cellular layers using pulsed dye-laser irradiation, which results in an increase in the therapeutic depth of red light; (3) PDT directed toward deeper tumor tissues using CW laser irradiation. In addition, these Ru complexes are promising as CO release agents for investigative biochemistry.
Alkoxycarbonylation of Alcohols and Phenols by Nitrosoformates (1996)

Unstable neutral radicals [ROCONHOU . ] 2 and nitrosoformates 3 are formed by oxidation of N -hydroxycarbamates with lead dioxide. In the presence of alcohols or phenols and water they solvolyzed to mixtures of symmetrical 4 and asymmetrical 5 carbonates. The content of asymmetrical carbonates 5 increases with increasing reactivity of the nitrosoformates 3 formed, temperature, the content of water in the reaction mixture, and with decreasing reactivity of alcohol. The reactivities of individual alcohols have been evaluated with the help of competitive alcoholysis. The new method of alcohol or phenol alkoxylation has been verified experimentally by preparing six asymmetrical carbonates which were obtained in 34 to 47% yields.
Epidermal growth factor receptor immunohistochemistry (2008)

Assessment with the Dako PharmDx kit and percentage of cells with positive staining may provide more accurate prediction of differential effect on survival with gefitinib than assessment with Zymed antibody and staining index. Using higher cutpoints to define positivity does not improve test discrimination.
Model Studies for Newo-Nitrobenzyl Photolabile Linkers:  Substituent Effects on the Rates of Photochemical Cleavage (1997)

Both a model phenacyl and o-nitrobenzyl photolabile linker from the literature along with four new o-nitrobenzyl linkers were prepared and the kinetics of their photolytic cleavage examined in solution. The linkers were prepared by amidation of the carboxylic acid anchoring tether with benzylamine, and the cleavable benzylic substituent was chosen to be either acetic acid or acetamide. Irradiation of the linkers in four solvents (methanol, p-dioxane, and aqueous buffer +/- dithiothreitol) at 365 nm and analysis via HPLC afforded kinetic rates of cleavage suitable for comparative purposes. The phenacyl linker was found to cleave slowly under aqueous conditions with no detectable cleavage being observed in the organic solvents. Known o-nitrobenzyl linker 4 showed modest rates of cleavage in aqueous and organic solvents. Incorporation of two alkoxy groups in the benzene ring to generate the veratryl-based linker 13a increased the rate of cleavage dramatically, and introduction of an additional benzylic methyl group (13b) increased the rate of cleavage by an additional 5 fold. Increasing the length of the anchoring carboxylic acid tether from acetic to butyric acid (19) improved the cleavage kinetics modestly in organic media and slightly diminished the rates in water. The amide model linker 21 cleaved from 3 to 7 times faster than the corresponding ester linkage 19. An amide-generating linker 26 was prepared, and its performance to generate photolabile solid supports was briefly examined. The stability of the linker and subsequent cleavage upon photolysis from the support of an isotopically enriched 4-thiazolidinone was demonstrated by gel phase (13)C NMR.
MicroRNA-15b/16 Enhances the Induction of Regulatory T Cells by Regulating the Expression of Rictor and mTOR (2015)

CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for controlling immune responses and preventing autoimmunity. Their development requires regulation of gene expression by microRNAs (miRNAs). To understand miRNA function in Treg development, we searched for important miRNAs and their relevant target genes. Of the more abundantly expressed miRNAs in Tregs, only miR-15b/16, miR-24, and miR-29a impacted the production of in vitro-induced Tregs (iTregs) in overexpression and blocking experiments. miRNA mimics for these significantly enhanced the induction of iTregs in Dicer(-/-) CD4(+) T cells. Furthermore, the overexpression of miR-15b/16 in conventional CD4(+) T cells adoptively transferred into Rag2(-/-) mice increased the in vivo development of peripheral Tregs and diminished the severity of autoimmune colitis. In searching for targets of miR-15b/16, we observed that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway was enhanced in Dicer(-/-) CD4(+) T cells, and its pharmacological inhibition restored induction of iTregs. Suppression of mTOR signaling is essential for induction of iTregs from naive CD4(+) T cells, and the mTORC2 component, Rictor, contained a functional target site for miR-15b/16. Rictor was more abundantly expressed in Dicer(-/-) T cells as was mTOR, and their expression was downregulated by the overexpression of miR-15b/16. This led to a reduction in mTOR signaling, as measured by phosphorylation of the downstream target, ribosomal protein S6. Finally, knockdown of Rictor by small interfering RNAs enhanced Treg induction in Dicer(-/-) CD4(+) T cells. Therefore, an important mechanism of miRNA regulation of Treg development is through regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway.
On the remarkable propensity for carbon-carbon bond cleavage reactions in the C(8)-C(10) region of FK-506 (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOn the remarkable propensity for carbon-carbon bond cleavage reactions in the C(8)-C(10) region of FK-506Matthew J. Fisher, Ken Chow, Anabella Villalobos, and Samuel J. DanishefskyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 8, 2900–2907Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00008a055https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00008a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views328Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
OPTICAL STUDIES OF SINGLE MOLECULES AT ROOM TEMPERATURE (1998)

Recent developments in optical studies of single molecules at room temperature are reviewed, with an emphasis on the underlying principles and the potential of single-molecule experiments. Examples of single-molecule studies are given, including photophysics and photochemistry pertinent to single-molecule measurements, spectral fluctuations, Raman spectroscopy, diffusional motions, conformational dynamics, fluorescence resonant energy transfer, exciton dynamics, and enzymatic turnovers. These studies illustrate the information obtainable with the single-molecule approach that is hidden in ensemble-averaged measurements.
Novel mutations in DLL3, a somitogenesis gene encoding a ligand for the Notch signalling pathway, cause a consistent pattern of abnormal vertebral segmentation in spondylocostal dysostosis (2003)

The spondylocostal dysostoses (SCD) are a group of disorders characterised by multiple vertebral segmentation defects and rib anomalies. SCD can either be sporadic or familial, and can be inherited in either autosomal dominant or recessive modes. We have previously shown that recessive forms of SCD can be caused by mutations in the delta-like 3 gene, DLL3. Here, we have sequenced DLL3 in a series of SCD cases and identified 12 mutations in a further 10 families. These include 10 novel mutations in exons 4-8, comprising nonsense, missense, frameshift, splicing, and in frame insertion mutations that are predicted to result in either the truncation of the mature protein in the extracellular domain, or affect highly conserved amino acid residues in the epidermal growth factor-like repeats of the protein. The affected cases represent diverse ethnic backgrounds and six come from traditionally consanguineous communities. In all affected subjects, the radiological phenotype is abnormal segmentation throughout the entire vertebral column with smooth outlines to the vertebral bodies in childhood, for which we suggest the term "pebble beach sign". This is a very consistent phenotype-genotype correlation and we suggest the designation SCD type 1 for the AR form caused by mutations in the DLL3 gene.
Patterning with Magnetic Materials at the Micron Scale (1996)

This paper demonstrates the use of microcontact printing (μCP) and capillary filling (CF) to pattern the deposition of iron oxides on a surface with feature sizes of microns. Selective wetting of both self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates on gold and alkylsiloxanes on Si/SiO2 formed by microcontact printing limited the deposition of the iron oxides to the hydrophilic areas on the surfaces; thereby, the chemical functionality of the hydrophilic SAM had only a minor influence on the wetting behavior and the deposition. The iron oxides were deposited either as magnetite particles from colloidal solution, by precipitation of the oxide from previously deposited drops of water containing an iron(III) salt, or by ferrite plating. The size of the metal oxide patterns was limited to the size of the areas that could be patterned using μCP. Capillary filling using a colloidal solution of magnetite could also be used to fabricate continuous, interconnected structures of magnetite. The magnetic properties of the deposited iron oxides were characterized by magnetic force measurement (MFM) and by measurement of the magnetization. The magnetite particles deposited in these experiments showed superparamagnetic behavior; they were too small individually to support a permanent magnetization.
Automatically Tuned Collective Communications (2000)

The performance of the MPI's collective communications is critical in most MPI-based applications. A general algorithm for a given collective communication operation may not give good performance on all systems due to the differences in architectures, network parameters and the storage capacity of the underlying MPI implementation. In this paper we discuss an approach in which the collective communications are tuned for a given system by conducting a series of experiments on the system. We also discuss a dynamic topology method that uses the tuned static topology shape, but re-orders the logical addresses to compensate for changing run time variations. A series of experiments were conducted comparing our tuned collective communication operations to various native vendor MPI implementations. The use of the tuned collective communications resulted in about 30 percent to 650 percent improvement in performance over the native MPI implementations.
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of single doses of subcutaneous pegylated human G‐CSF mutant (Ro 25‐8315) in healthy volunteers: Comparison with single and multiple daily doses of filgrastim (2001)

Ro 25-8315 is produced by conjugation of rhG-CSF mutant with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The purpose of this study was to examine the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of Ro 25-8315 in comparison with Filgrastim (rhG-CSF). Subjects received single subcutaneous doses of Ro 25-8315 ranging from 10 to 150 microg/kg using a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. Filgrastim was administered as a single dose (5 or 10 microg/kg) and, following a 14-day washout period, daily for 7 days. Ro 25-8315 increased absolute neutrophil count (ANC) by 6- to 8-fold and CD34+ cell count more than 30-fold at the highest doses tested. Single doses (60-150 microg/kg) of Ro 25-8315 and multiple doses of Filgrastim had similar effects on ANC and CD34+, although Ro 25-8315 had a greater effect on CFU-GM. The pharmacokinetics of Ro 25-8315 were dose-dependent, with peak concentrations and area under the serum concentration-time curve (AUC) increasing 100-fold over the range of doses studied. Time to reach peak concentration (T(max)) and half-life of Ro 25-8315 averaged 20-30 hr at all doses, approximately three times longer than with Filgrastim. Adverse events were not serious and occurred with similar frequency with both products. Pegylation of rhG-CSF mutant results in more desirable pharmacokinetic properties and a longer duration of action with effective increases in ANC and measures of peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization for at least 1 week.
Diagnosis and treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in full-term newborns (2013)

To explore the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics and management strategies of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in full-term neonates. A total of 316 full-term infants with RDS were enrolled. The main characteristics of term ineonatal RDS are as following: Term neonatal RDS was more common in boys than in girls. 70.9% of the patients had an onset within 3 hours after birth, 90.2% of them within 6 hours after birth and 99.4% of them within 12 hours after birth. The main causes of ARDS was selective cesarean section, followed by males; while severe infection was the most common cause of secondary RDS, followed by severe birth asphyxia and meconium aspiration syndrome. Illness state was more severe and evolved more rapidly. And it was more likely to develop into persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn (PPHN) and multiple organ system failure (MOSF), especially myocardial injuries and acute renal failure. Most patients required prolonged mechanical ventilation. The mortality was relatively higher and the major mortality cause was severe infection with MOSF. But their prognosis improved after comprehensive treatment measures including early mechanical ventilation and broad spectrum antibiotics were implemented.


Key words: 
Respiratory distress syndrome, newborn; Signs and symptoms
The Biology of Oxygen Radicals (1978)

The reactive superoxide radical, O2-, formerly of concern only to radiation chemists and radiobiologists, is now understood to be a normal product of the biological reduction of molecular oxygen. An unusual family of enzymes, the superoxide dismutases, protect against the deleterious actions of this radical by catalyzing its dismutation to hydrogen peroxide plus oxygen.
Single Point of Failure: The 10 Essential Laws of Supply Chain Risk Management (2009)

Over the past decade organizations have faced relentless customer demand for better value at less cost, individual customization, greater choice, faster delivery, higher quality, exceptional service, and more recently – increased environmental and social consciousness. The organization’s weapon of choice to address this increasing demand has been the supply chain. However, as the supply chain footprint changed (e.g. outsourcing, off-shoring and customer/vendor empowerment) so did the organization’s exposure to uncertainty. Organizations were taken by surprise since this exposure was unanticipated, complex and beyond their ability to manage. As customers become more demanding and change occurs at an even greater pace, supply chain continues to propagate like a parasite. Organizations and societies are at much greater of systemic failure because of the massive interdependency throughout global supply chains. The priority now is two-fold; play catch-up and address these massive gaps while deploying more intelligent and integrated strategies (i.e. social aware, instinctive, dynamic and predictive) for dealing with continuous change.Single Point of Failure: The 10 Essential Laws of Supply Chain Risk Management uses analogies and dozens of case histories to describe the parasite that infects all supply chains while revealing methods to neutralize that parasite. The book addresses the questions: What are the single points of failure? How exposed are customers, investors, other stakeholders and ultimately the organization? What is the measurable impact (i.e. brand, financial, strategic, and non-compliance)? Who establishes the risk paradigm? How does the organization efficiently and effectively allocate precious resources - time, people, management attention, and capital? How is success measured? 

This book is both technically powerful and effectively realistic, based on today's complex global economy.
Immunologic recognition of influenza virus-infected cells. II. Expression of influenza A matrix protein on the infected cell surface and its role in recognition by cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells (1977)

Two distinct subpopulations of cytotoxic T cells are generated in the primary or secondary response of mice to type A influenza viruses. One subpopulation is specific for the immunizing virus strain. The other subpopulation shows a high degree of cross-reactivity for heterologous type A virus of a different subtype. This report examines the possibility that distinct influenza virus antigens, expressed on the surface of the infected cell, are recognized by the different subpopulations of influenza-specific cytotoxic T cells. Data are presented which demonstrate that influenza A matrix protein, an internal virion antigen, is detectable on the surface of target cells infected with influenza A viruses of different subtypes. Since this viral antigen is type specific, i.e., serologically cross-reactive among all type A influenza viruses, it could serve as the target for cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells. To further examine the specificity of the two cytotoxic T-cell subpopulations, experiments were carried out by using the inhibitor of glycoprotein synthesis - 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose 2-DG. These experiments examine first the effect of 2-DG on the expression of influenza matrix protein and viral glycoprotein on the infected cell surface and second, the susceptibility of 2-DG-treated target cells to lysis by cytotoxic T cells. 2-DG inhibits the expression of the viral hemagglutinin glycoprotein on the cell surface but does not inhibit the expression of the nonglycosylated matrix protein. Furthermore, inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis in infected target cells abrogates the reactivity of infected target cells to lysis by virus strain-specific but not cross- reactive cytotoxic T cells. These findings suggest that the influenza glycoproteins (hemagglutinin and/or neuraminidase) and the nonglycosylated matrix protein are the targets for the virus strain- specific and cross-reactive cytotoxic T cells, respectively. These results are discussed in the light of available information on influenza virus structure and the biology of influenza infection and in terms of current models for cytotoxic T-cell recognition of virus-infected cells.
Precise selection techniques for multi-touch screens (2006)

The size of human fingers and the lack of sensing precision can make precise touch screen interactions difficult. We present a set of five techniques, called Dual Finger Selections, which leverage the recent development of multi-touch sensitive displays to help users select very small targets. These techniques facilitate pixel-accurate targeting by adjusting the control-display ratio with a secondary finger while the primary finger controls the movement of the cursor. We also contribute a "clicking" technique, called SimPress, which reduces motion errors during clicking and allows us to simulate a hover state on devices unable to sense proximity. We implemented our techniques on a multi-touch tabletop prototype that offers computer vision-based tracking. In our formal user study, we tested the performance of our three most promising techniques (Stretch, X-Menu, and Slider) against our baseline (Offset), on four target sizes and three input noise levels. All three chosen techniques outperformed the control technique in terms of error rate reduction and were preferred by our participants, with Stretch being the overall performance and preference winner.