gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epithelial Sodium Channel and the Control of Sodium Balance: Interaction Between Genetic and Environmental Factors (2002)

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) expressed in aldosterone-responsive epithelial cells of the kidney and colon plays a critical role in the control of sodium balance, blood volume, and blood pressure. In lung, ENaC has a distinct role in controlling the ionic composition of the air-liquid interface and thus the rate of mucociliary transport. Loss-of-function mutations in ENaC cause a severe salt-wasting syndrome in human pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (PHA-1). Gain-of-function mutations in ENaC beta and gamma subunits cause pseudoaldosteronism (Liddle's syndrome), a severe form of salt-sensitive hypertension. This review discusses genetically defined forms of a salt sensitivity and salt resistance in human monogenic diseases and in animal models mimicking PHA-1 or Liddle's syndrome. The complex interaction between genetic factors (ENaC mutations) and the risk factor (salt intake) can now be studied experimentally. The role of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in determining salt sensitivity or salt resistance in general populations is one of the main challenges of the post-genomic era.
Differential Staining of Aborted and Nonaborted Pollen (1969)

A single staining solution was made by compounding it in the following order (dyes were from British Drug Houses): ethanol, 10 ml; 1% malachite green in 95% ethanol, 1 ml; distilled water, 50 ml; glycerol 25 ml; phenol, 5 gm; chloral hydrate, 5 gm; acid fuchsin 1% in water, 5 ml; orange G, 1% in water 0.5 ml; and glacial acetic acid, 1–4 ml. For best results in differentiation to give green pollen walls and red protoplasm, the staining solution should be acidified with glacial acetic acid. The amount of acid to be added depends upon thickness of the pollen walls: for very thin-walled pollen, 1 ml; for moderately thin walls, 2 ml; and for thick-walled or spiny-walled pollen, 3 ml of acid. For pollen inside non-dehiscent anthers, 4 ml of acid should be used. Staining is hastened by flaming the slide (for loose thin-walled pollen) or by immersing thick-walled pollen or anthers for 24–48 hr at 50 C. In the typical stain, aborted pollen grains are green; nonaborted, red. The method is useful for pollen inside nondehiscent anthers if these are small and not too deeply coloured naturally. The stain is very durable, especially if the coverslips are sealed with param wax. The staining solution will keep well for about a month. It is useful both for angiosperms and gymnosperm microgametes.
Effects of drought stress on the water relations in Brassica species (1993)

The physiological responses of different species of Brassica to induced drought stress were studied by analysing the relationships between relative water content, leaf water potential and leaf osmotic potential during the onset of drought stress. These data indicate that while there was a decrease in leaf osmotic potential with the onset of drought stress, this did not result from a net increase in solutes. Therefore, these genotypes of Brassica do not appear able to osmoregulate under these drought conditions. Key words: Brassica, drought, osmoregulation, water stress
Feasibility of drug screening with panels of human tumor cell lines using a microculture tetrazolium assay. (1988)

For the past 30 years strategies for the preclinical discovery and development of potential anticancer agents have been based largely upon the testing of agents in mice bearing transplantable leukemias and solid tumors derived from a limited number of murine as well as human sources. The feasibility of implementing an alternate approach, namely combined in vitro/in vivo screening for selective cytotoxicity among panels of human tumor cell lines derived from a broad spectrum of human solid tumors is under investigation. A group of 30 cell lines acquired from a variety of sources and representing 8 lung cancer pathologies as well as 76 cell lines representing 10 other categories of human cancer (carcinomas of colon, breast, kidney, prostate, ovary, head and neck; glioma; leukemia; melanoma; and sarcoma) have exhibited acceptable growth characteristics and suitable colorimetric profiles in a single, standard culture medium. Measurements of in vitro growth in microculture wells by cell-mediated reduction of tetrazolium showed excellent correlation (0.89 less than r2 less than 0.98) with measurements of cellular protein in adherent cell line cultures as well as viable cell count in suspension cell line cultures (0.94 less than r2 less than 0.99). Since the microculture tetrazolium assay provides sensitive and reproducible indices of growth as well as drug sensitivity in individual cell lines over the course of multiple passages and several months' cultivation, it appears suitable for initial-stage in vitro drug screening.
Super-Compressible Foamlike Carbon Nanotube Films (2005)

We report that freestanding films of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes exhibit super-compressible foamlike behavior. Under compression, the nanotubes collectively form zigzag buckles that can fully unfold to their original length upon load release. Compared with conventional low-density flexible foams, the nanotube films show much higher compressive strength, recovery rate, and sag factor, and the open-cell nature of the nanotube arrays gives excellent breathability. The nanotube films present a class of open-cell foam structures, consisting of well-arranged one-dimensional units (nanotube struts). The lightweight, highly resilient nanotube films may be useful as compliant and energy-absorbing coatings.
In Vitro Bactericidal Effects of 625, 525, and 425 nm Wavelength (Red, Green, and Blue) Light-Emitting Diode Irradiation (2013)

Irradiation at 625 nm light was not bactericidal to S. aureus, E. coli, and P. gingivalis, whereas wavelengths of 425 and 525 nm had bactericidal effects. S. aureus was also killed at 525 nm.
The Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor ITF2357 Decreases Surface CXCR4 and CCR5 Expression on CD4+ T-Cells and Monocytes and is Superior to Valproic Acid for Latent HIV-1 Expression in Vitro (2010)

ITF2357 is superior to VPA in inducing HIV-1 from latently infected cells. Safely used in humans, ITF2357 is an attractive candidate for HIV-1 clinical purging.
Automatic Generation of Image-Retrieval Algorithm Corresponding to Query Keywords. (2000)

A method is proposed for automatically generating an image-retrieval algorithm corresponding to keywords in a quary. It uses vector quantizers and an N-out-of-M detector in the feature space. The objects corresponding to a keyword are assumed to have common features, and the background image is considered to be random noise. The parameters for the vecotor quantizers and detector are determined through training. First, all quantizers are assumed to be scalars, and the parameters are determined using the genetic algorithm. These quantizers are then grouped into vectors quantizers, and their parameters are optimized by clustering. A practical experiment showed that the proposesd method can retrieve images corresponding to keywords.
Electrical Injury Mechanisms (1987)

Electric fields are capable of damaging cells through both thermal and nonthermal mechanisms. While joule heating is generally recognized to mediate tissue injury in electrical trauma, the possible role of electrical breakdown of cell membranes has not been thoroughly considered. Evidence is presented suggestive that in many instances of electrical trauma the local electrical field is of sufficient magnitude to cause electrical breakdown of cell membranes and cell lysis. In theory, large cells such as muscle and nerve cells are more vulnerable to electrical breakdown. To illustrate the significance of cell size and orientation, a geometrically simple model of an elongated cell is analyzed.
Copper-catalyzed addition of diboron reagents to α,β-acetylenic esters: efficient synthesis of β-boryl-α,β-ethylenic esters (2008)

The efficient copper-catalyzed addition reaction of bis(pinacolato)diboron to alpha,beta-acetylenic esters has been developed, which produces the corresponding beta-borylated-alpha,beta-ethylenic esters in high yields under mild reaction conditions.
A quantitative and cytological study of oogonia and oocytes in the foetal and neonatal rat (1962)

Abstract The ovaries of foetal and neonatal rats (14·5 days post coitum to 2 days post partum) have been studied in order to correlate morphological changes in oogonia and developing oocytes with fluctuations in their numbers. The chromosomal configurations of germ cells at different developmental stages were examined in squash preparations. A volumetric method was devised for the separate estimation of the populations of normal and degenerating germ cells. Counts were made of the numbers of mitoses in germinal and somatic cells up to 19·5 days p. c. Oogonia are mitotically active up to 17·5 days p. c. The onset of the leptotene phase of meiosis in the majority of oocytes (17·5 to 18·5 days p. c.) coincides with a sharp decline in the number of normal oogonial divisions. The duration of the zygotene phase appears to be considerably shorter (19·5 to 20·5 days p. c.) than that of pachytene (range 20·5 days p. c. to 2 days p. p.). Oocytes in the diplotene phase are typically seen at 2 days p. p. The number of germ cells attaining the dictyate or resting phase is small on the first day after birth, but increases on the second. Four different ‘waves’ of degeneration of germ cells were observed. The first, affecting a small number of oogonia, occurs before the onset of meiosis, and is characterized by pyknosis. The second is characterized by degeneration of dividing oogonia which probably sets in before or at mitotic prophase. Such ‘atretic divisions’ reach their peak at 18·5 days p. c., when the frequency of normal mitotic divisions is relatively low. The third affects germ cells after they have entered meiotic prophase (particularly at the pachytene stage); the chromosomes condense and the cytoplasm becomes eosinophil (referred to as ‘Z’ cells). The fourth affects germ cells at the diplotene phase. Oogonial mitoses are associated with an increase in the population of germ cells from 12000 on day 14·5 to 71000 on day 17·5 p. c. The appearance of ‘atretic divisions’ is largely responsible for the reduction of about 3000 in the number of normal germ cells between days 17·5 and 18·5. Successful mitotic divisions, on the other hand, account for the increase of about 4000 in the total number of germ cells during the same interval. From day 18·5 onwards, both the total number and the number of normal germ cells decreases steadily, first due to the occurrence of ‘atretic divisions’ and later to degeneration of 'Z' cells and atretic cells at diplotene. Thus by 2 days after birth, the peak number of normal germ cells (64000 at 17·5 days p. c.) has fallen to 19000, the total population (peak 75000 at 18·5 days p. c.) being reduced to 27000. The majority of germ cells appear to be eliminated from the ovary within 24 h of the onset of degeneration.
Stability of Boreholes Drilled Through Salt Formations Displaying Plastic Behavior (1989)

Summary This paper presents a mathematical and laboratory analysis that provides solutions to the problem of plastic flow of salt formations into wellbores. The paper predicts how the salt will flow and what type of mud might be used to control such flow for various well conditions. In the mathematical analysis, it is assumed that the incipience of plasticity in the formation is regulated by the level of octahedral shear stress and that the formation is neither permeable nor porous, but homogeneous and isotropic. The stress distribution in the neighborhood of the borehole is studied, and conditions under which this distribution is elastic, elastoplastic, or plastic are determined. Equations are derived that, in terms of two constants of the formation material, yield, and the limit of elasticity. Factors calculated include the radius of the plastic front and the percent of the borehole-diameter shrinkage as a function of mud weight used. This study was prompted by past failures in drilling through the Louann salt formation at depths of 12,500 to 14,000 ft [3810 to 4270 m], a formation that exhibits rapid plastic flow at low mud weights and at the temperatures and pressures encountered. The techniques presented were applied to subsequent drilling of this salt section, and the zone was penetrated without the problem of plastic flow. Salt-property constants were developed at elevated temperatures and pressures for the Louann salt formation by use of the triaxial test cell. Data are presented for elastic, plastic, and creep deformation of salt for pressures to 13,200 psi [91 MPa] and temperatures to 350°F [177°C]. Nomographs are also presented to facilitate the rapid determination of salt behavior. For a given depth and temperature, it is possible to specify a mud weight so that the salt will behave either elastically, in creep flow, or plastically. If plastic flow is predicted, the amount of borehole-diameter reduction is specified. Although this study focuses on the Louann salt section, we believe that the results apply equally well to any other salt section with physical constants similar to those in the Louann salt.
Localization of Protein Kinase C Isozymes in Cardiac Myocytes (1994)

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes is associated with their translocation from the cell-soluble fraction to the cell-particulate fraction, presumably near their protein substrates. Therefore, identifying the subcellular localization of each activated PKC isozyme may help to elucidate its role in cardiac functions. In the present work, we have determined the subcellular localization of six PKC isozymes (alpha, beta I, beta II, delta, epsilon, and zeta) in nonstimulated cardiac myocytes and in myocytes stimulated by norepinephrine (2 microM) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (100 nM). Activated PKC isozymes were localized in various subcellular compartments such as inside the nucleus and on myofibrils. The presence of serum in the growth medium also caused a redistribution of PKC isozymes in the cells distinct from that obtained with cells cultured in defined medium. We suggest that isozyme-specific localization may determine phosphorylation of different protein substrates present at these respective translocation sites and the resulting PKC-mediated cellular responses.
Molecular and clinical aspects of factor VII deficiency. (1998)

Factor VII (FVII) plays an important role in the initiation of blood coagulation, forming a complex with tissue factor (TF) which activates FIX and FX and FVII zymogen. FVII deficiency displays considerable phenotypic and molecular heterogeneity and there are inconsistencies between the clinical picture observed and the underlying clotting and molecular defects. We have reviewed the data available in the literature on FVII-deficient patients. Clinically, cases range from asymptomatic to patients with severe haemorrhagic tendencies. Asymptomatic patients typically have FVII activity levels of >20% and are heterozygotes, double heterozygotes or homozygotes. Mild FVII-deficient patients, with FVII activity levels >2%, may be double heterozygotes or homozygotes for FVII gene missense mutations. Undetectable FVII levels in severely affected patients are often due to severe gene defects such as frameshifts or mutations affecting the splice sites. The analysis of structure-function relationships in FVII deficiency is difficult due to the complexity of the interactions involving FVII. Also, assays using different reagents may give different results with a given plasma sample, and are not very accurate at low levels of FVII which, although relatively low, may be clinically significant, adding complexity to the analysis of FVII deficiency. The sensitivity of our methods for phenotypic evaluation of FVII deficiency remains inadequate.
Effect of surface finish and sheet thickness on isostatic diffusion bonding of superplastic Ti-6Al-4V (1997)

The aim of the present work was to determine the process conditions of pressure, temperature, and time required to produce high quality isostatic diffusion bonds in Ti-6Al-4Vfor two surface finishes. In addition, the conditions to produce a sound bond between two sheets or plates of Ti-6Al-4V having different thicknesses were investigated. An assessment of the quality of bonds produced was made on the basis of metallographic examination, lap shear strength measurements, and SEM examination of the shear fracture surfaces. Sound bonds were produced in the as received and pickled 1.6 mm thick sheet in under 1 h with an applied pressure of 2.1 MPa at both 940 and 920°C and for the P60 ground surface finish at 940°C, but the time increased to 1.5 h at 920°C for the coarser surface finish. Variations in sheet thickness from 1.6 to 10 mm were found to have no effect on the bonding time. These results were compared with the predictions of a model of isostatic diffusion bonding.
Hemoglobin Tetraners Stabilized with Polyaspirins (1992)

Organic acids activated by esterification with 3,5-dibromosalicylate react preferentially either with the beta 82 lysines or the alpha 99 lysines of hemoglobin. The versatility and site specificity of these polysapirins and the usage of both human and bovine hemoglobins allowed the construction of a family of oxygen carriers with various P50 ranging from 10 to 50 mmHg. These derivatives are obtained in pure homogeneous form by column chromatography. They are stabilized tetramers where the dissociation into dimers is inhibited. The latest addition is Tri-(3,5,dibromosalicyl)-benzenetricarboxylate, which crosslinks both human and bovine hemoglobin across the beta subunits, decreasing the oxygen affinity of both proteins. The crosslinked hemoglobins have a normal Bohr effect, more expanded in the alkaline region, and are sensitive to chlorides but not to polyphosphates. Solutions of stabilized tetramers, infused into rats or cats up to 25-50% blood replacement, do not produce altered renal and cardiac function. In the cat isovolemic hemodilution increases cerebral flow in controls treated with albumin solutions, when an oxygen carrier is used the cerebral flow remains normal.
Re-evaluation of Fibrogenic Cytokines in Lung Fibrosis (2003)

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic interstitial lung disease which results in end-stage fibrosis. The pathogenesis is believed to be related to a dysregulation in cross-talk between inflammatory and structural cells, mediated by various cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which are responsible for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and which coordinate the response to injury. The large number of mediators involved and the complexity of their interaction makes it difficult to identify the factors responsible for initiation of fibrogenesis and progression to chronicity. Whether a mediator's presence in fibrotic lung is as a result of tissue injury or if it playsan active role in disease onset and progression has been partly answered by the use of transient and/or permanent transgenic and gene knock-out approaches to over-express single factors at a time. Chemokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8), RANTES, IP-10, MIG or lymphotactin, do not appear to induce fibrosis when over-expressed in rodent lung. Amongst many tested, four cytokines and growth factors have been found to be pro-fibrotic; IL-1beta, which demonstrates marked inflammation, tissue damage and chronic fibrosis, TNF-alpha, which induces inflammation and mild fibrosis, and GM-CSF, which induces moderate inflammation and fibrosis. A common finding with these cytokines are increased lung TGF-beta levels, proportionate to the degree of fibrosis generated, while TGF-beta itself causes minor inflammation but marked progressive chronic fibrosis. A growth factor 'downstream' from the pro-fibrotic effects of TGF-beta, CTGF, is a likely critical mediator. However, over-expression of CTGF produces only mild and reversible fibrosis.
Direct imaging of nucleic acid conformation in water by scanning tunneling microscopy (1989)

We have developed methods for imaging biopolymers under water by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The STM gives fairly high resolution images of small biopolymers. Larger polymers may be imaged with the atomic force microscope. Both techniques allow biological processes to be studied as they occur. Both suffer limits on resolution which are a consequence of the distortion of soft biological molecules by the contact force of the probe. The chemical sensitivity of the STM can be exploited to overcome this limitation, and we will discuss methods for nucleic acid sequencing. A number of images of nucleic acids in various configurations are displayed on the following page. All are perspective projections looking into the substrate at an angle of about 45° with respect to the axes. (A) shows a random-sequence fragment of double helical DNA. The 36Å helix repeat is clearly visible. (B) shows a single strand of poly (rU). (C) Shows (left side) three complete 146 base-pair fragments of DNA from the nucleosome. (D) shows a kinked nucleosome fragment.
Transition-metal complexes of crown ether benzodithiolenes. Part 2. The effects of alkali-metal cation binding (1993)

The binding of Li+, Na+ and K+ cations to the crown ether rings of a series of transition-metal complexes with crown ether benzodithiolene ligands has been monitored. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and UV/VIS spectroscopy have been used to demonstrate the binding of the cations to the complexes, and cyclic voltammetric studies provide a quantitative measure of the perturbations which result upon cation binding. The results support the view that the electronic transitions arise primarily from sulfur-to-metal charge-transfer transitions, provide information concerning the dithiolate(2–) or dithioketonic form of the dithiolene ligand, and indicate whether a particular redox process is primarily metal- or ligand-based. Some selectivity within the series Li+, Na+ K+ is observed, with the benzo-15-crown-5 ring showing a preference for the first two and the benzo-18-crown-6 ring preferring K+. Tris(crown ether benzodithiolene) complexes of molybdenum and tungsten show the most promise as sensors for alkali-metal cations.
Sub-60-nm quasi-planar FinFETs fabricated using a simplified process (2001)

N-channel double-gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) FinFETs with gate and fin dimensions as small as 30 nm have been fabricated using a new, simplified process. Short channel effects are effectively suppressed when the Si fin width is less than two-thirds of the gate length. The drive current for typical devices is found to be above 500 μA/μm (or 1 mA/μm, depending on the definition of the width of the double-gate device) for V/sub g/-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> =V/sub d/=1 V. The electrical gate oxide thickness in these devices is 21 /spl Aring/, determined from the first FinFET capacitance-versus-voltage characteristics obtained to date. These results indicate that the FinFET is a promising structure for the future manufacturing of integrated circuits with sub-60-nm feature size, and that double-gate MOSFETs can meet international technology roadmap for semiconductors performance specifications without aggressive scaling of the gate-oxide thickness.