gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biological Actions of Androgens (1987)

Though unnecessary for life itself, androgens are essential for the propagation of the species and for establishment and maintenance of the quality of life of males through their support of sexual behavior and function, muscle strength, and sense of well-being. In carrying out its many functions, T acts both as hormone and prohormone. It is an outstanding example of the diverse evolutionary utilization of a primitive informational molecule both among and within species. Not only does T act through the androgen receptor both unchanged and via 5 alpha-reduction, but it acts in tissues with a high aromatase level as an estrogen via the estrogen receptor. Furthermore, DHT, binding to the estrogen receptor, can act as an inhibitor of estrogen action. The products of androgen metabolism may also play active regulatory roles in hematopoiesis and in the regulation of certain hepatic enzymes. Table 3 summarizes the actions of secreted T in males indicating the probable effector hormone. While gross hypogonadism is uncommon, mild androgen insufficiency may be much more frequent, especially in older men, and in those receiving treatment for chronic medical conditions. It is quite possible that such individuals would benefit from appropriate androgen therapy were it available, but the current forms of replacement therapy are not very satisfactory. Better approaches are required. With the exception of a small number of secreted proteins, the products of transcription induced by androgens are not, as yet, known. When the androgen receptor gene is cloned it will be possible to identify androgen-regulated genes and their products. It will then be possible to design agents selectively producing specific desired androgenic effects.
Wavelet-Based Signal Processing Method for Detecting Ice Accretion on Wind Turbines (2012)

This paper presents the performances of a new method for detecting ice accumulation on wind turbines. The presented method is based on constructing a multiresolution analysis (MRA) to extract frequency components present in the electric currents flowing out of an electric generator driven by a wind turbine. The foundations of the proposed ice detection method are established based on the fact that ice accumulation leads to a slow increase in the wind turbine inertia, which triggers pulsations in the electromagnetic torque of the electric generator. Such torque pulsations create certain frequency components that can be extracted from the direct and quadrature components of the electric generator output currents. The Daubechies basis functions are selected for constructing the desired MRA that will extract the frequency components from the electric generator output currents. The MRA-based ice detection method is implemented for simulation and experimental testing for two types of electric generators driven by wind turbines. Simulation and experimental performances demonstrate significant capabilities for fast, accurate, and consistent detection of ice accumulation on wind turbines. Furthermore, these performance results show that the responses of the proposed method are insensitive to turbine specifications, wind speed, and/or generator type.
Raman amide bands of type‐II β‐turns in cyclo‐(VPGVG)3 and poly‐(VPGVG), and implications for protein secondary‐structure analysis (1987)

Abstract The cyclopentadecapeptide, c(VPGVG) 3 , a model structure for protein type‐II β‐turns [W. J. Cook et al. (1980) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102 , 5502–5505], has been investigated by laser Raman spectroscopy. Data obtained from both normal and deuterated crystals identify amide I, III, I′, and III′ bands characteristic of the β(II)turn. The structurally related polypentapeptide poly(VPGVG) in normal and deuterated forms has also been investigated, and exhibits the same Raman amide bands as c(VPGVG) 3 . The coacervate of poly(VPGVG), obtained by heating the solution to 40°C, likewise exhibits a Raman spectrum very similar to that of the c(VPGVG) 3 crystal. Raman spectra thus indicate closely similar secondary structures for crystalline c(VPGVG) 3 and aqueous poly(VPGVG), and provide an empirical basis for interpreting the conformation sensitive amide bands of globular proteins in terms of β(II)turn structures that may be present. An important conclusion from the present findings is that the amide I Raman profile of a protein may not be sufficient in general to distinguish turns from helix and sheet secondary structures, since the major amide I peaks of the β(II)turn at 1676 and 1652 cm −1 overlap, respectively, with amide I profiles generated by β‐sheet and α‐helix conformations.
Solving the “World-to-Chip” Interface Problem with a Microfluidic Matrix (2003)

We report an effective solution to the macroscopic/microfluidic interface issue and demonstrate how microfluidics can achieve impressive economies of scale in reducing the complexity of pipetting operations. Using an N x N microfluidic matrix with N = 20, we performed N2 = 400 distinct PCR reactions with only 2N + 1 = 41 pipetting steps, compared with the 3N2 = 1200 steps required with conventional fluid handling. Each vertex of the matrix has a 3-nL reactor, and a single 2-microL aliquot of polymerase is amortized over all 400 independent reactions, thus dramatically reducing sample overhead and minimizing reagent consumption. Beyond PCR, the matrix chip provides a general method to perform chemical and biological experiments with precious reagents in a highly automated fashion.
Specific membrane receptors for atrial natriuretic factor in renal and vascular tissues. (1984)

Membranes from rabbit aorta and from rabbit and rat kidney cortex possess high-affinity (Kd = 10(-10) M) specific binding sites for atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). Similar high-affinity sites are present in an established cell line from pig kidney, LLC-PK1. Results of fractionation studies indicate that the receptors are localized in the plasma membrane of these tissues. The binding is time-dependent and saturable. An excellent quantitative correlation was found between the affinity of synthetic ANF and analogs of intermediate activity to aorta membranes and the half-maximal concentration needed for relaxation of rabbit aorta rings contracted by addition of serotonin. Furthermore, the binding affinity of the receptor in kidney membranes is consistent with the concentration required for in vivo natriuresis in the rat. Biologically inactive synthetic ANF fragments and other peptide hormones such as angiotensin II and vasopressin do not significantly inhibit binding. These data suggest that the receptors for ANF in vascular and renal tissues are responsible for mediating the physiological actions of this peptide in these target tissues.
Measurement of loss pairs in network paths (2010)

Loss-pair measurement was proposed a decade ago for discovering network path properties, such as a router's buffer size. A packet pair is regarded as a loss pair if exactly one packet is lost. Therefore, the residual packet's delay can be used to infer the lost packet's delay. Despite this unique advantage shared by no other methods, no loss-pair measurement in actual networks has ever been reported. In this paper, we further develop the loss-pair measurement and make the following contributions. First, we characterize the residual packet's delay by including other important factors (such as the impact of the first packet in the pair) which were ignored before. Second, we employ a novel TCP-based probing method to measure from a single endpoint all four possible loss pairs for a round-trip network path. Third, we conducted loss-pair measurement for 88 round-trip paths continuously for almost three weeks. Being the first set of loss-pair measurement, we obtained a number of original results, such as prevalence of loss pairs, distribution of different types of loss pairs, and effect of route change on the paths' congestion state.
New Cholesterol Reagent (1961)

Abstract A study was carried out on a new cholesterol reagent which was reported to be a saturated solution of ferrous sulfate in glacial acetic acid. This solution was shown to be unstable and it is suggested that the reactive state of the metal involved is that of the more stable trivalent ferric iron.
Further Studies on Ni/Zr-mediated One-pot Ketone Synthesis: Use of a Mixture of NiI- and NiII-catalysts Greatly Improves the Molar Ratio of Coupling Partners (2019)

Abstract A new Ni/Zr-mediated one-pot ketone synthesis is developed, with use of a mixture of (Me)3tpy·NiII- and py-(Me)imid·NiIICl2-catalysts. The NiI-catalyst selectively activates iodides, whereas the NiII-catalyst activates thio-pyridine esters. An adjustment of a relative loading of the two catalysts allows to tune the relative rate of the two activations and trap a short-lived radical intermediate(s) efficiently. Thus, the new method makes one-pot ketone synthesis highly effective even with a 1:1 mixture of the coupling partners. The synthetic value of the new method is demonstrated with the C-C bond formation at the final stage of a convergent halichondrin-synthesis.
Large Clusters of Metal Ions: The Transition from Molecular to Bulk Magnets (1994)

Clusters of metal ions are a class of compounds actively investigated for their magnetic properties, which should gradually change from those of simple paramagnets to those of bulk magnets. However, their interest lies in a number of different disciplines: chemistry, which seeks new synthetic strategies to make larger and larger clusters in a controlled manner; physics, which can test the validity of quantum mechanical approaches at the nanometer scale; and biology, which can use them as models of biomineralization of magnetic particles.
Role of pulse wave velocity for assessing autonomic nervous system activities in reference to heart rate variability (1996)

Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is related to arterial wall elasticity, which in part is regulated by sympathetic nervous system activity. The present study investigated the potential for the simultaneous use of PWV and heart rate variability using noninvasive recordings in order to provide a quantitative evaluation of the sympathovagal interaction modulating cardiovascular functions. We obtained 10 indices from the PWV and heart rate (HR) time series of 92 healthy subjects (control group) and compared the results with those of 135 patients with diabetes mellitus or vertigo. Five indices were obtained from a PWV series, that is, the mean, the coefficient of variation (CV) during supine rest, those immediately after standing up unaided, and the change of the mean PWVs before and after standing. The rest of the indices were also obtained from the instantaneous HR series. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in the change of the mean PWVs after standing, the mean and CV of resting HR, the mean and CV of standing HR, and the change of mean HRs in patients with diabetic neuropathy as compared with healthy subjects (p < 0.01). The change of the mean PWV immediately after standing allows for the assessment of peripheral vascular sympathetic functions, provided one uses HR variability indices simultaneously.
The G-Protein Linked Receptor Facts Book (1994)

Superfamily of Seven Transmembrane Proteins: Acetylcholine. Adenosine and Adenine Nucleotides. Adrenaline and Noradrenaline. Angiotensin. Bombesins. Bradykinin. C5a Anaphylatoxin. Calcitonin. Calcitonin-Gene Related Peptide and Amylin. Cannabinoid. Chemokines. Cholecystokinin (CCK) and Gastrin. Dopamine. Endothelin. Formyl-Methionyl Peptides. GABA. Galanin. Glucagon. Glucagon-like Peptide 1. Glutamate. Glycoprotein Hormones. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone. Histamine. 5-Hydroxytryptamine. Leukotrienes. Melanocortins. Melatonin. Neuropeptide Y. Neurotensin. Odorant Receptors. Opioid Peptides. Opsins. Orphan Receptors. Parathyroid Hormone. Platelet Activating Factor. Prostanoids. Somatostatin. Tachykinins. Taste Receptors. Thrombin. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide Family. Vasopressin and Oxytocin. Viral and Other Nonmammalian
PLA2G7 Genotype, Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A 2 Activity, and Coronary Heart Disease Risk in 10 494 Cases and 15 624 Controls of European Ancestry (2010)

Unlike Lp-PLA2 activity, PLA2G7 variants associated with modest effects on Lp-PLA2 activity were not associated with cardiovascular risk markers, coronary atheroma, or CHD. Larger association studies, identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms with larger effects, or randomized trials of specific Lp-PLA2 inhibitors are needed to confirm or refute a contributory role for Lp-PLA2 in CHD.
Controlled Growth of TaN, Ta3N5, and TaOxNy Thin Films by Atomic Layer Deposition (1999)

TaN, Ta3N5, and TaOxNy films were deposited by the atomic layer deposition technique. The alternate surface reactions between TaCl5 and NH3 resulted in Ta3N5 films, but when elemental zinc, serving as an additional reducing agent, was supplied on the substrates between the TaCl5 and NH3 pulses, TaN with a resistivity of 9 × 10-4 Ω cm was obtained. TaOxNy films were grown by depositing first thin Ta3N5 layers which were then partially oxidized by single water pulses. By varying the number of the Ta3N5 deposition cycles between the water pulses, the oxygen-to-nitrogen ratio of the films was controlled. The permittivity of the TaOxNy films was around 30 which is somewhat higher than that of Ta2O5.
Modification of an Adenoviral Vector with Biologically Selected Peptides: A Novel Strategy for Gene Delivery to Cells of Choice (1999)

Recombinant adenoviruses are currently being used as vectors for gene delivery to a wide variety of cells and tissues. Although generally efficacious for gene transfer in vitro, improvement in the efficiency of vector delivery in vivo may aid several gene therapy applications. One major obstacle is the lack of high-affinity viral receptors on the surface of certain cells that are targets for gene therapy. In principle, incorporation of avid, cell-specific ligands into the virion could markedly improve vector entry into the desired tissues. We have developed a strategy for addressing this issue in the lung by biopanning differentiated, ciliated airway epithelial cells against a phage display library. The peptide with the most effective binding was coupled to the surface of an adenovirus using bifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules. The chemically modified adenoviral vector was able to effect gene transfer to well-differentiated human airway epithelial cells by an alternative pathway dependent on the incorporated peptide. Coupling of PEG to the surface of the virus also served to partially protect the virus from neutralizing antibodies in vitro. These experiments will aid in the design of improved adenoviral vectors with the capacity for more specific and efficient delivery of therapeutic genes to desired target tissues. We have used a novel method for enhancing gene delivery to target cells by coupling a biologically selected peptide to the surface of an adenovirus with bifunctional PEG molecules. Modification of the viral capsid by the addition of a peptide with binding preference for differentiated ciliated airway epithelia allowed gene delivery to those cells by a novel entry pathway. Incorporation of the CFTR gene in a similarly modified vector resulted in correction of defective Cl- transport in well-differentiated epithelial cultures established from human cystic fibrosis (CF) donors. The presence of PEG molecules on the surface of the virus served, in addition, to reduce antibody neutralization. Modification of adenoviruses with PEG/peptide complexes can serve to partially overcome the barrier of inefficient gene transfer in some cell types and some of the adverse immunological responses associated with gene delivery by these vectors.
Sonic Hedgehog Promotes Desmoplasia in Pancreatic Cancer (2008)

These data suggest that SHH contributes to the formation of desmoplasia in pancreatic cancer, an important component of the tumor microenvironment.
Feasibility ofin vivointravascular photoacoustic imaging using integrated ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging catheter (2012)

Pilot studies of in vivo combined intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and intravascular photoacoustic (IVPA) imaging are reported. A recently introduced prototype of an integrated IVUS/IVPA imaging catheter consisting of a single-element ultrasound transducer and a light delivery system based on a single optical fiber was adapted and used for in vivo imaging of a coronary stent deployed in a rabbit's thoracic aorta in the presence of luminal blood. The results suggest that in vivo IVUS/IVPA imaging is feasible using the integrated IVUS/IVPA imaging catheter. The challenges of in vivo combined IVUS/IVPA imaging are discussed, and further improvements on the design of the catheter and the clinical imaging system are proposed.
The role of the intestinal microbiota in enteric infection (2009)

The consortia of microorganisms inhabiting the length of the gastrointestinal tract, the gastrointestinal microbiota, are vital to many aspects of normal host physiology. In addition, they are an active participant in the progression of many diseases, among them enteric infections. Healthy intestinal microbiota contribute to host resistance to infection through their involvement in the development of the host immune system and provision of colonization resistance. It is not surprising then that disruptions of the microbial community translate into alterations of host susceptibility to infection. Additionally, the process of the infection itself results in a disturbance to the microbiota. This disturbance is often mediated by the host inflammatory response, allowing the pathogen to benefit from the inflammation at the intestinal mucosa. Uncovering the mechanisms underlying the host-pathogen-microbiota interactions will facilitate our understanding of the infection process and promote design of more effective and focused prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.
Recent Advances in Face Recognition (2008)

The main idea and the driver of further research in the area of face recognition are security applications and human-computer interaction. Face recognition represents an intuitive and non-intrusive method of recognizing people and this is why it became one of three identification methods used in e-passports and a biometric of choice for many other security applications. This goal of this book is to provide the reader with the most up to date research performed in automatic face recognition. The chapters presented use innovative approaches to deal with a wide variety of unsolved issues.
Origin and quantification of circulating DNA in mice with human colorectal cancer xenografts (2010)

Although circulating DNA (ctDNA) could be an attractive tool for early cancer detection, diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring or prediction of response to therapies, knowledge on its origin, form and rate of release is poor and often contradictory. Here, we describe an experimental system to systematically examine these aspects. Nude mice were xenografted with human HT29 or SW620 colorectal carcinoma (CRC) cells and ctDNA was analyzed by Q-PCR with highly specific and sensitive primer sets at different times post-graft. We could discriminate ctDNA from normal (murine) cells and from mutated and non-mutated tumor (human) cells by using species-specific KRAS or PSAT1 primers and by assessing the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation. The concentration of human (mutated and non-mutated) ctDNA increased significantly with tumor growth. Conversely, and differently from previous studies, low, constant level of mouse ctDNA was observed, thus facilitating the study of mutated and non-mutated tumor derived ctDNA. Finally, analysis of ctDNA fragmentation confirmed the predominance of low-size fragments among tumor ctDNA from mice with bigger tumors. Higher ctDNA fragmentation was also observed in plasma samples from three metastatic CRC patients in comparison to healthy individuals. Our data confirm the predominance of mononucleosome-derived fragments in plasma from xenografted animals and, as a consequence, of apoptosis as a source of ctDNA, in particular for tumor-derived ctDNA. Altogether, our results suggest that ctDNA features vary during CRC tumor development and our experimental system might be a useful tool to follow such variations.
Evaluation of Critical Structural Elements of UDP-Sugar Substrates and Certain Cysteine Residues of a Vertebrate Hyaluronan Synthase (2002)

The hyaluronan (HA) synthases catalyze the addition of two different monosaccharides from UDP-sugar substrates to the linear heteropolysaccharide chain. To accomplish this task, the HA synthases must be able to bind and to transfer from both UDP-sugar substrates. Until now, it has been impossible to distinguish between these two abilities. We have created a mutant of xlHAS1, a HA synthase from Xenopus laevis, that allows for the examination of the enzyme's ability to bind substrate only. The ability of different compounds to protect the xlHAS1(C337S) mutant enzyme from loss of activity due to treatment with N-ethylmaleimide, a cysteine-modifying reagent, yields information on the relative affinity of a variety of nucleotides and nucleotide-sugars. We have observed that the substrate binding selectivity is more relaxed than the specificity of catalytic transfer. The only attribute that appears to be absolutely required for binding is a nucleotide containing two phosphates complexed with magnesium ion. The role of certain cysteine residues in catalysis was also evaluated. Cys307 of xlHAS1 may play a role in catalysis or in maintaining structure. Mutation of Cys337 raises the UDP-GlcUA Michaelis constant (K(m)), suggesting that this residue participates in UDP-GlcUA substrate binding or in catalytic complex formation.
TYK2 Promoter Variant and Diabetes Mellitus in the Japanese (2015)

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan.
The Salmonella typhimurium tyrosine phosphatase SptP is translocated into host cells and disrupts the actin cytoskeleton (1998)

The Salmonella typhimurium protein tyrosine phosphatase SptP is a target of the centisome 63 type III protein secrtion system. This system is essential for the interaction of these bacteria with host cells. We have shown here by a combination of biochemical and microscopy techniques that S. typhimurium directs the translocation of SptP into cultured epithelial cells. Translocation requires the function of the secreted proteins, SipB, SipC and SipD, as strains carrying mutations in any of the genes encoding these proteins fail to translocate SptP. Microinjection of purified GST-SptP into cultured cells results in the disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and the disappearance of stress fibres. These changes are reversible, as microinjected cells regain the normal appearance of their actin cytoskeleton upon prolonged incubation. Microinjection of the catalytically active GST-SptP(C481S) protein results in changes similar to those induced by the wild-type toxin. Furthermore, microinjection of a fusion protein between GST and the first 285 amino acids of SptP also leads to identical disruption of the host cell actin cytoskeleton, indicating that the amino-terminal half of SptP is sufficient to mediate this effect. However, microinjection of a fusion protein between GST and the last 259 amino acids of SptP also disrupted the normal appearance of the cytoskeleton. These results support the hypothesis that SptP is an effector protein arranged in modular domains that may co-operate with each other to exert relate functions.