gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory effects of chronic ethanol consumption on cellular immune responses to hepatitis C virus core protein are reversed by genetic immunizations augmented with cytokine-expressing plasmids (1997)

Chronic hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection is a major clinical problem in alcoholics with liver disease and may result from ethanol effects on the host immune response. To experimentally assess such effects, the DNA-based immunization approach was used to produce humoral and cellular immune responses against the HCV core protein in mice. Mice were fed an ethanol or isocaloric pair-fed control liquid diet followed by immunizations with HCV core DNA-expressing constructs. Chronic ethanol feeding was found to inhibit Th cell and CTL activities and substantially reduced cytokine secretion as well. In addition, a switch from Th1 to Th0 subtype was observed in proliferating CD4+ T cells derived from chronic ethanol-fed mice. These immunosuppressive effects were directly due to ethanol since crossover experiments to an isocaloric control diet restored the defects in cellular immunity. Furthermore, we determined if coadministration of an IL-2 or GM-CSF DNA expression plasmid with a plasmid expressing the HCV core protein (pHCV2-2) would reverse the inhibitory effects of chronic ethanol feeding on cellular immune responses. Coimmunization of chronic ethanol-fed mice with either IL-2 or GM-CSF expression plasmids restored cellular immunity and induced CD4+ inflammatory T cell and CD8+ CTL responses comparable with control mice immunized with pHCV2-2 alone. These studies provide evidence of how chronic ethanol feeding may effect cellular immune responses to a viral structural protein in the context of genetic immunization.
Storage Architecture for an On-chip Multi-core Processor (2009)

Modern multi-core processor architectures strive for the highest possible performance of various applications. This paper discusses a triple-based multi-core architecture which supports object-oriented methodology and applications in hardware level. However, the Memory Wall is still the bottleneck which should be resolved to decrease the disparity between how fast a CPU can operate on data and how fast it can get data. We present hierarchical shared memory system architecture (HSM) which is hierarchically constructed memory shared by multi-cores. Moreover, we propose a new approach mapping data among different levels of cache and memory, which is called partially-inclusive cache mapping policy that facilitates the coherence of shared memory. This paper focus on object-oriented systems combined with the HSM and partially-inclusive policy and presents a new objects management model. The analysis based on comparisons between our objects management and link structured object organization methods shows that our method is predominant in spatial and temporal aspects on memory parallel access efficiency and costs less storage space to organize objects.
Poststroke Upper Extremity Rehabilitation: A Review of Robotic Systems and Clinical Results (2007)

Although the use of robotic devices to address neuromuscular rehabilitative goals represents a promising technological advance in medical care, the large number of systems being developed and varying levels of clinical study of the devices make it difficult to follow and interpret the results in this new field. This article is a review of the current state-of-the-art in robotic applications in poststroke therapy for the upper extremity, written specifically to help clinicians determine the differences between various systems. We concentrate primarily on systems that have been tested clinically. Robotic systems are grouped by rehabilitation application (e.g., gross motor movement, bilateral training, etc.), and, where possible, the neurorehabilitation strategies employed by each system are described. We close with a discussion of the benefits and concerns of using robotics in rehabilitation and an indication of challenges that must be addressed for therapeutic robots to be applied practically in the clinic.
Monoaminergic innervation of the rat kidney: a quantitative study (1990)

The sympathetic innervation of the renal tubules and vasculature was characterized by measuring the overlap of accumulations of autoradiographic grains (AAGs) on these structures in autoradiograms of kidney sections from rats injected with tritiated norepinephrine. AAG overlap was used as an indirect measure of the innervation of those structures. The renal vasculature showed x 4.5 more AAG overlap than observed on renal tubules. The greatest amount of AAG overlap occurred on afferent arterioles, followed by efferent arterioles, interlobular arteries, cortical capillaries, arcuate arteries, and renal veins. High concentration of AAGs occurred along the vascular bundles of the outer stripe. In the tubular nephron the proximal tubule had the greatest amount of AAG overlap, followed by the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle, the connecting tubule, the distal convoluted tubule, and the collecting duct. It was found that afferent arterioles had significantly higher mean density of AAG overlap than efferent arterioles for the superficial, midcortical, and juxtamedullary (vascular bundles excluded) renal cortex. There was consistently more AAG perimeter facing the interstitium than overlapping the vasculature. These observations, together with the ultrastructural distribution of synaptic vesicles in varicosities, suggest that the interstitium might be an additional pathway of neurotransmitter access to the effector structures.
Proteinase Inhibitors in Severe Inflammatory Processes (Septic Shock and Experimental Endotoxaemia): Biochemical, Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Aspects (1980)

Plasma levels of antithrombin III, alpha 2-macroglobulin and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor, as well as those of various clotting, complement and other plasma factors, were significantly decreased in 18 patients suffering from hyperdynamic septic shock. A similar statistically significant reduction of the concentrations of several plasma factors (prothrombin and antithrombin III, plasminogen and alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor, complement factor C3 and clotting factor XIII) was observed in experimental endotoxaemia. In this model the reduction in the plasma levels of these factors was considerably diminished by the intravenous injection of a granulocytic elastase--cathepsin G inhibitor of lower molecular weight from soybeans. The results of both studies indicate that consumption of plasma factors in the course of Gram-negative sepsis proceeds not only via the classical routes (by activation of the clotting, fibrinolytic and complement cascades by system-specific proteinases such as thrombokinase or the plasminogen activator) but also to an appreciable degree of unspecific degradation of plasma factors by neutral proteinases such as elastase and cathepsin G. The endotoxin-induced release of both sorts of proteinases, the system-specific ones and the unspecific lysosomal proteinases from leucocytes and other cells, is likely to be mainly responsible for the consumption of antithrombin III and alpha-2-macroglobulin via complex formation (followed by elimination of the complexes) and the increased turnover of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor as observed in the clinical study. The therapeutic use of an exogenous elastase--cathepsin G inhibitor in the experimental model was stimulated by the observation that human mucous secretions contain and acid-stable inhibitor of the neutral granulocytic proteinases, called HUSI-I or antileucoproteinase. This inhibitor protects mucous membranes and soluble proteins against proteolytic attack by leucocytic proteinases released in the course of a local inflammatory response. Preliminary results indicate that HUSI-I, which is produced by the epithelial cells of mucous membranes, does not belong to any known structural type of acid-stable proteinase inhibitor. The search for other candidates suitable for medication in humans led to the discovery of a potent elastase--cathepsin G inhibitor, called eglin, in the leech Hirudo medicinalis. This acid-stable inhibitor with a molecular weight close to 8100 has an unusual structural property in that the structure of the molecule is not stabilized by any disulphide bridge.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Sulfur/Highly Porous Carbon Composites (2009)

Sulfur/highly porous carbon (HPC) composites were synthesized by thermally treating a mixture of sublimed sulfur and HPC. The microstructure of the HPC and the composite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) surface area. The specific surface area of HPC reaches up to 1472.9 m2/g, which is sharply reduced to 24.4 m2/g in the sulfur/HPC composite with 57 wt % sulfur. The electrochemical performance of the composites as cathode materials in organic electrolytes was studied by the galvanostatic method and cyclic voltammetry. The sulfur/HPC composite with 57 wt % sulfur delivers the initial high specific capacity up to 1155 mAh/g and a stable capacity of 745 mAh/g after 84 cycles at the current density of 40 mA/g. In addition, it is demonstrated that the excellent cycling stability of the sulfur/HPC composite can be obtained at different current densities. On the basis of the analysis of the microstructure and electrochemical performance, it is confirmed that HPC can effectively prevent the shuttle behavior of the lithium/sulfur battery.
IRX4204 in combination with erlotinib to target distinct pathways in lung cancer cells. (2017)

e14095 Background: IRX4204 is a Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) specific agonist (rexinoid). IRX4204 has high potency as a RXR agonist with low binding affinity to Retinoic Acid Receptors (RARs), PPAR, FXR or LXR. Our prior work with the less specific rexinoid bexarotene and erlotinib showed clinical activity in patients with lung cancer cases that harbored KRAS mutations. IRX4204 inhibits lung cancer cell proliferation and can chemoprevent carcinogen-induced lung cancers in mice. We sought to explore the underlying mechanisms engaged by the combination of IRX4204 and erlotinib. Materials and Methods: Human (H1703 and HOP62) and murine (ED1 and LKR13) lung cancer cell lines were treated with IRX4204, erlotinib, IRX4204 plus erlotinib, or vehicle. Reverse phase protein array (RPPA) and mRNA microarray analyses were performed to analyze comprehensively for differentially expressed growth regulatory proteins. Results: Combination of IRX4204 and erlotinib suppressed proliferation of both KRAS mutant (HOP62 and LKR13) and wild-type (H1703 and ED1) lung cancer cell lines. Additive effect was observed as compared to IRX4204 or erlotinib treatment alone. Combining IRX4204 with erlotinib markedly increased inhibition of specific therapeutic targets including Src, phosphorylated Akt and ribosomal S6 proteins. At the mRNA level, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of species significantly increased or decreased by the combination treatment revealed multiple pathways related to oncogenic signaling. Specifically, we found in H1703 cell line regulation of Granzyme A and AMPK signaling and in HOP62 cell line inhibition of angiogenesis was implicated by altering TSP1 expression. Notably, in ED1 cell line PPARα/RXRα activation, PTEN signaling, PI3K/AKT signaling, TGF-β signaling, and AMPK signaling were each associated with effects of IRX4204 combined with erlotinib. Conclusions: Taken together, these data highlight specific mechanisms and candidate pharmacodynamic biomarkers of response to the combination of this rexinoid and EGFR-TKI in lung cancer. Based on these findings, a clinical trial (NCT02991651) with IRX4204 in combination with erlotinib is underway to treat patients with chemotherapy-refractory non-small cell lung cancer.
Syringyl Methacrylate, a Hardwood Lignin-Based Monomer for High-Tg Polymeric Materials (2016)

As viable precursors to a diverse array of macromolecules, biomass-derived compounds must impart wide-ranging and precisely controllable properties to polymers. Herein, we report the synthesis and subsequent reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization of a new monomer, syringyl methacrylate (SM, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl methacrylate), that can facilitate widespread property manipulations in macromolecules. Homopolymers and heteropolymers synthesized from SM and related monomers have broadly tunable and highly controllable glass transition temperatures ranging from 114 to 205 °C and zero-shear viscosities ranging from ∼0.2 kPa·s to ∼17,000 kPa·s at 220 °C, with consistent thermal stabilities. The tailorability of these properties is facilitated by the controlled polymerization kinetics of SM and the fact that one vs two <i>o</i>-methoxy groups negligibly affect monomer reactivity. Moreover, syringol, the precursor to SM, is an abundant component of depolymerized hardwood (e.g., oak) and graminaceous (e.g., switchgrass) lignins, making SM a potentially sustainable and low-cost candidate for tailoring macromolecular properties.
AAV-Mediated Expression Targeting of Rod and Cone Photoreceptors with a Human Rhodopsin Kinase Promoter (2007)

The hRK promoter is active and specific for rod and cone photoreceptors. Because of its small size and proven activity in cones, it is a promoter of choice for somatic gene transfer and gene therapy targeting rods and cones.
Numerical Optimization (2018)

This chapter presents methods for numerically determining the maximum likelihood estimation (m.l.e.) and their computer implementations. The existence of a closed-form solution to the m.l.e. is far more the exception than the rule: it is often defined only implicitly, and numerical methods will be necessary to locate it. When the usual regularity conditions are satisfied, the m.l.e. can be obtained either by finding the roots of the score function, or by directly maximizing the likelihood function using numerical optimization algorithms. The chapter discusses evolutionary algorithm designation as a general approach that implies that it is suited for the optimization of possibly nonconvex, nonsmooth or even noncontinuous functions, precisely the situation in which gradient-and Hessian-based methods (two general thumb rules followed in numerical m.l.e.) are prone to fail. It explains two classes of evolutionary algorithms: genetic algorithms (differential evolution algorithm) and evolutionary strategies (Covariance Matrix Adaption Evolutionary Strategy algorithm).
Adjacent‐2 disjunction of a maternal t(9;22) leading to duplication 9pter→q22 and deficiency of 22pter→q11.2 (1990)

The proposita presented at birth with multiple congenital anomalies including craniofacial anomalies, bilateral cleft lip and palate, abnormalities of the urogenital system, talipes equinovarus, and the DiGeorge sequence. Cytogenetic investigation showed a 46,XX,-22,+der(9)t(9;22)(q22;q11.2) karyotype. The mother, maternal uncle, and maternal grandmother of the infant are carriers of a reciprocal balanced translocation involving chromosomes 9 and 22 at regions q22 and q11.2, respectively. The unbalanced karyotype seen in the proposita arose due to an adjacent-2 disjunction of the quadrivalent in the mother. Prenatal diagnosis of the second pregnancy of this woman showed a similar karyotype. Review of the literature shows that adjacent-2 disjunction may occur preferentially when certain chromosomes are involved in translocations.
Grade of deceased donor liver macrovesicular steatosis impacts graft and recipient outcomes more than the Donor Risk Index (2011)

MiS is a common finding and frequently coexists with MaS on liver allograft biopsy, while isolated MaS is uncommon. Only the presence of moderate to severe MaS is associated with inferior early allograft outcomes. The impact of severe MaS on allograft survival appears greater than other donor factors, including the calculated DRI.
Effect of Truncated Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 [Proglucagon-(78–107) amide] on Endocrine Secretion from Pig Pancreas, Antrum, and Nonantral Stomach (1988)

We studied the effect of truncated glucagon-like peptide-1 [naturally occurring GLP-1; proglucagon-(78-107) amide], a potent insulinotropic peptide from the pig ileum, on endocrine and exocrine secretion of potential gastrointestinal target organs using isolated perfused preparations of the porcine pancreas, antrum, and nonantral part of the stomach. Truncated GLP-1 significantly increased somatostatin secretion from the pancreas at 10(-10) mol/liter and more than doubled the secretion at 10(-9) mol/liter, but had no effect on either somatostatin or gastrin secretion from the antrum or on somatostatin secretion from the nonantral stomach in concentrations up to 10(-8) mol/liter. Insulin secretion from the pancreas (with 7 mmol/liter glucose in the perfusate) increased 2-fold with truncated GLP-1 at 10(-10) mol/liter and almost 5-fold at 10(-9) mol/liter. Pancreatic glucagon secretion was inhibited by 50% at 10(-10) mol/liter and by 70-80% at 10(-9) mol/liter. Full-length GLP-1 [proglucagon-(72-107)] and GLP-2 [proglucagon-(126-159)] had no effect on hormone secretion from any of the perfused organs. It is concluded that truncated GLP-1 may participate in an entero-insular control of pancreatic endocrine secretion.
Bi-directional optical flow for improving motion compensation (2010)

New method improving B-slice prediction is proposed. By combining the optical flow concept and high accuracy gradients evaluation we construct the algorithm which allows pixel-wise refinement of motion. This approach does not require any signaling for decoder. According to tests with WQVGA sequences bit-saving of 2%-6% can be achieved using this tool.
Facile Synthesis of Saponins Containing 2,3-Branched Oligosaccharides by Using Partially Protected Glycosyl Donors (2004)

Two natural saponins 1 and 2, isolated from Solanum indicum L., and containing 2,3-branched sugar moieties, have been efficiently synthesized. Partially protected monosaccharide and disaccharide donors were used to facilitate target synthesis. Stereo factors were critical in incorporating 2,3-branched sugars on steroid aglycones. Saponin 1 was synthesized in five steps and 30% overall yield, while saponin 2 was obtained using six straightforward sequential reactions in 31% overall yield. Saponin 2 shows promising cytotoxic activity toward human hepatocellular carcinoma BEL-7402 with an IC50 of <6 microg/mL.
Hemostasis and thrombosis (1985)

Even though it is written mainly by authors who do not speak English, the book is easy to read. A bonus is the thorough review of the German and Japanese literature, most of which is unfamiliar to psychiatrists in the United States. If the reader is searching for specific treatment regimens for this book wil l be disappointing. For those interested in the history and the natural course of periodic psychoses, however, this will be an appealing book.
Angiosarcoma in congenital hereditary lymphoedema (Milroy's disease)-diagnostic beacons and a review of the literature (1993)

In cases of congenital lymphoedema the finding of ulceration, violaceous nodules or papules, or apparent traumatic ecchymoses should act as a diagnostic beacon warning of dangers. A case is reported of a high-grade angiosarcoma developing in a patient with congenital hereditary lymphoedema (Milroy's disease). This is the second paper to report this complication, the third case report and the first case in which the diagnosis is substantiated by immunohistochemistry and lectin histochemistry. A review of cases of angiosarcoma complicating congenital hereditary and non-hereditary lymphoedema is also presented.
An open-label safety and drug interaction study of natalizumab (Antegren™) in combination with interferon-beta (Avonex®) in patients with multiple sclerosis (2004)

In this open-label drug-interaction trial, we studied 38 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) who received 3.0 or 6.0 mg/kg of natalizumab as a single intravenous (i.v.) infusion during stable treatment with intramuscular (i.m.) interferon beta-1a 30 microg (IFNbeta-1a; Avonex). To assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction of natalizumab and IFNbeta-1a, serum concentration-time data for both agents were collected and analysed. Biologic response markers of IFNbeta-1a activity, beta2-microglobulin and neopterin, were also assessed to determine effects of natalizumab on IFNbeta-1a pharmacodynamics (PD). Further, safety and immunogenicity were evaluated. The combination of drug therapies was well tolerated. Although natalizumab serum concentrations (and corresponding PK exposure measures) appeared to be somewhat elevated in the presence of IFNbeta-1a, when compared to the same dose (6.0 mg/kg) administered alone in a concurrent comparator study, the differences were generally small and unlikely to be clinically relevant. In general, natalizumab had no apparent clinically relevant effects on the PK or PD properties of IFNbeta-1a. The presence of antibodies to IFNbeta-1a and natalizumab was relatively low. Overall, the study provided safety, immunogenicity, PK and PD data to support a combination strategy for the use of natalizumab and IFNbeta-1a in the treatment of patients with relapsing-remitting MS. A large clinical study is currently in progress to evaluate the efficacy and long-term safety of this combination drug therapy.
Saturated Sterols (Stanols) in Unhydrogenated and Hydrogenated Edible Vegetable Oils and in Cereal Lipids* (1996)

The content of saturated sterols (stanols) was investigated in a small number of samples of hydrogenated fats and oils, and in the ‘free’ and ‘bound’ lipids of various samples of cereals. The sterols, after saponification of the total lipids, were analysed as trimethylsilyl derivatives by GC and identified by GC–MS. Among the hydrogenated fats and oils, coconut oil contained the largest amounts of sitostanol followed by soybean oil (c 80 and 20 g kg−1 of total unsaponifiables, respectively). No sitostanol could be detected in hydrogenated palm oil under the present analytical conditions. Both ‘free’ and ‘bound’ lipids in various samples of wheat, except for wheat germ, contained c 70–120 g kg−1 campestanol and 100–150 g kg−1 sitostanol in total unsaponifiables. In lipids of oats and barley, no campestanol or sitostanol could be detected. Rye total lipids contained 60–90 g kg−1 of campestanol and 100–150 g kg−1 of sitostanol of total unsaponifiables in ‘free’ and ‘bound’ lipids, respectively.