gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How Do Actuaries Use Data Containing Errors? (1997)

Information systems provide data for business processes and decision making. There is strong evidence that data items stored in organizational databases have a significant rate of errors. If undetected in use, errors in data may significantly affect business outcomes. The question examined in this paper is the extent to which business professionals are able to evaluate the quality of data in the information systems they use and the impact of their evaluations on decision-making behavior. Models of error detection and error correction processes are developed. The validity of the models is then examined through an analysis of interviews with ten actuaries. The findings show that actuaries detect errors in data using three general methods and that actuaries consider feasibility and costs when deciding whether to correct data errors.Request access from your librarian to read this article's full text.
Meeting Lot-Size Challenges of Manufacturing Adherent Cells for Therapy (2012)

Adherent cells such as adult primary cell lines and human multipotent (MSCs) and pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) present a manufacturing challenge as lot sizes increase from 109 (billions) to 1012 (trillions) cells (1). Typically, manufacturing platforms are good for one log of expansion. So new methods will be required to achieve commercially relevant lot sizes. Traditional two-dimensional culture methods have been used to grow anchorage-dependent cell types. Although such methods are reliable and well defined, they are very labor intensive and limited in scale-up production potential by the available growth surface area (Table 1). Allogeneic “off-the-shelf ” therapies based on adherent-cell platforms may require manufactured lot sizes from 100 billion to a trillion cells depending on a given indication’s market size (2). Here, we examine the three platforms available for producing adherent cells — planar technologies, packed-bed systems, and suspension platforms such as microcarriers and aggregate cultures — for their potential of meeting lot requirements at different scales. As new production methods are introduced, we propose addressing downstream processing bottlenecks before they occur and introduce some large-volume downstream process technologies.
Kiz-1, a protein with LIM zinc finger and kinase domains, is expressed mainly in neurons. (1994)

The olfactory epithelium is the only neuronal tissue capable of generating new neurons during adult life and hence must express genes responsible for this phenomenon. Therefore, we have used mRNA from immortalized olfactory epithelial cells to search for novel protein tyrosine kinases by polymerase chain reaction, using as primers conserved sequences from the catalytic domain of known kinase genes. A full-length complementary DNA clone corresponding to one such polymerase chain reaction product was isolated and sequenced. This complementary DNA, designated Kiz-1, encodes a protein containing two prominent domains; the NH2-terminal region contains a cysteine/histidine-rich moiety previously identified as a zinc-finger domain in proteins of the LIM family, while the COOH-terminus contains a kinase domain. Kiz-1 is expressed mainly in the brain of adult mice but also in a range of cultured cell lines, regardless of their tissue of origin. Immunohistochemical studies on adult mouse brain demonstrated that Kiz-1 is expressed exclusively in neurons, not in astrocytes or oligodendrocytes. In the developing embryo, however, Kiz-1 is expressed in all tissues. In COS cells transfected with Kiz-1 complementary DNA and in the immortalized olfactory epithelial cells, Kiz-1 was found mainly in the cytoplasm, but in neurons of the adult brain, it resided also in the nucleus. Two Kiz-1 mRNA species are expressed in cell lines as well as in the murine and human brain. One transcript lacks a region of 60 nucleotides, which lies within the catalytic domain of the kinase and is encoded by a separate exon. Our results suggest that Kiz-1 may play distinct roles in dividing cells and in differentiated neurons.
Evaluation of surface‐bonded polyethylene glycol and polyethylene imine in capillary electrophoresis (1992)

Abstract A procedure for bonding polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene imine (PEI) onto the capillary surface through a highly crosslinked polysiloxane layer containing epoxy groups has been developed. Systematic variation of the coatings can be used to (a) allow separations over a pH range of 3 to 9, (b) provide for adjustment of electro‐osmotic flow, and (c) reduce the adsorption of peptides and proteins. The variation of electroosmotic flow on these coated columns at different operational conditions can be explained using electrical double layer theory. Separations of substituted aromatic compounds and peptides on these coated columns were much improved over similar separations on untreated columns. The results indicate that PEI coated columns are suitable for the separation of basic proteins and PEG coated columns are suitable for acidic proteins. Separations of simple oligonucleotides which differ by only one base were also achieved.
Genome-wide transcriptional profiling of the Bacillus subtilis cold-shock response (2002)

The transcriptome of Bacillus subtilis was analysed at different time points (30, 60 and 90 min) after a temperature downshift from 37 to 18 degrees C using DNA macroarrays. This approach allowed the identification of around 50 genes exhibiting an increased mRNA level and around 50 genes exhibiting a decreased mRNA level under cold-shock conditions. Many of the repressed genes encode enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides and coenzymes, indicating metabolic adaptation of the cells to the decreased growth rate at the lower temperature. The strongest cold-inducible gene encodes fatty acid desaturase, which forms unsaturated fatty acids from saturated phospholipid precursors, thereby increasing membrane fluidity. The cold-shock-induced increase of mRNA levels of the classical cold-shock genes cspB, cspC and cspD could be verified. Furthermore, besides many genes encoding proteins of unknown function, some genes encoding ribosomal proteins were transcriptionally up-regulated, which points to an adaptive reprogramming of the ribosomes under cold-shock conditions. Interestingly, the amount of mRNA specified by the operon ptb-bcd-buk-lpd-bkdA1-bkdA2-bkdB, which encodes enzymes involved in degradation of branched-chain amino acids, also increases after a temperature downshift. As cells utilize the isoleucine and valine degradation intermediates alpha-methylbutyryl-CoA and isobutyryl-CoA for synthesis of branched-chain fatty acids, this finding reflects the adaptation of membrane lipid composition, ensuring the maintenance of appropriate membrane fluidity at low temperatures. The results of the DNA array analyses were verified for several selected genes by RNA slot-blot analysis and compared with two-dimensional PAGE analyses.
Analysis of Genes Expressed at the Infective Larval Stage Validates Utility of Litomosoides sigmodontis as a Murine Model for Filarial Vaccine Development (2000)

We used an expressed sequence tag approach to analyze genes expressed by the infective larvae of the rodent filarial parasite Litomosoides sigmodontis. One hundred fifty two new genes were identified, including several proposed as vaccine candidates in studies with human filarial parasites. Our findings have important implications for the use of L. sigmodontis as a model for filarial infection.
Apoptosis and carcinogenesis. (1997)

This article attempts to summarize the rapidly advancing field of apoptosis and its regulation, with particular reference to cancer. The long-recognized stereotyped morphology of apoptosis is seen to be the result of convergence of biochemical pathways on common effector mechanisms in which a major element is activation of cysteine proteases with a preference for cleavage at aspartate residues (caspases). The substrates of this reaction are widely dispersed in the nucleus, cytoplasm and cytoskeleton. Caspase activation is the end result of protean stimuli, physiological and pathological. Pathological stimuli include damage to cell membranes, mitochondrial function, DNA and possibly other critical intracellular organelles. Several, distinct agents are known that may be part of the signaling pathways that couple injury to these cellular components to apoptosis: ceramide, collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, p53 activation. Other stimuli are signaled through cytokine receptors (such as fas/APO-1/CD 95 and TNFRI and II) or transcription factors (such as p53, IRF-1 and rb). The transduction of these stimuli into caspase activation is regulated by a large family of proteins (the bcl-2 family). Cancer and apoptosis are related in many ways. In particular, this article explores the possibility that defective apoptosis may permit the persistence of damaged, mutated cells that would otherwise have been deleted. The conditions that lead to this scenario appear to be tissue-specific.
Mechanism by Which Fatty Acids Inhibit Insulin Activation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1)-associated Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Activity in Muscle (2002)

Recent studies have demonstrated that fatty acids induce insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by blocking insulin activation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase). To examine the mechanism by which fatty acids mediate this effect, rats were infused with either a lipid emulsion (consisting mostly of 18:2 fatty acids) or glycerol. Intracellular C18:2 CoA increased in a time-dependent fashion, reaching an approximately 6-fold elevation by 5 h, whereas there was no change in the concentration of any other fatty acyl-CoAs. Diacylglycerol (DAG) also increased transiently after 3-4 h of lipid infusion. In contrast there was no increase in intracellular ceramide or triglyceride concentrations during the lipid infusion. Increases in intracellular C18:2 CoA and DAG concentration were associated with protein kinase C (PKC)-theta activation and a reduction in both insulin-stimulated IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and IRS-1 associated PI3-kinase activity, which were associated with an increase in IRS-1 Ser(307) phosphorylation. These data support the hypothesis that an increase in plasma fatty acid concentration results in an increase in intracellular fatty acyl-CoA and DAG concentrations, which results in activation of PKC-theta leading to increased IRS-1 Ser(307) phosphorylation. This in turn leads to decreased IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and decreased activation of IRS-1-associated PI3-kinase activity resulting in decreased insulin-stimulated glucose transport activity.
The genomic structure of the murine ICSBP gene reveals the presence of the gamma interferon-responsive element, to which an ISGF3 alpha subunit (or similar) molecule binds. (1993)

ICSBP, a member of the interferon regulatory factor family, is expressed predominantly in lymphoid tissues and is induced by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). We have studied the genomic organization of the murine ICSBP gene and its 5' upstream region. The murine ICSBP gene (Icsbp) is present as a single copy on chromosome 8 and consists of nine exons. Transcription initiates at two juxtaposed sites downstream from the TATA and CAAT boxes and produces two species of ICSBP mRNA (3.0 and 1.7 kb), presumably by differential usage of poly(A)+ signals. A sequence from -175 to -155 was identified to be an IFN response region that conferred IFN-gamma induction upon a heterologous promoter in lymphoid cell line EL4. This region includes a motif, TTCNNGGAA, designated the palindromic IFN response element (pIRE), to which an IFN-gamma-inducible, cycloheximide-sensitive factor(s) binds. A similar palindromic motif was found in the upstream region of the murine IRF-1 gene, the IFN-gamma activation site of the guanylate-binding protein gene and the IFN-gamma-responsive region of the Fc receptor type I gene, all of which competed with the pIRE for factor binding in gel mobility shift assays. We show that the pIRE binding factor reacts with the antibody against the 91-kDa subunit of ISGF3 alpha recently shown to bind to the IFN-gamma activation site. These results suggest that this factor is related to the IFN-gamma activation factor and contains the 91-kDa subunit of ISGF3 alpha. Taken together, pIRE represents an IRE that is distinct from the classical IFN-stimulated response element and that is capable of conferring IFN-gamma induction through the binding of the 91-kDa ISGF3 alpha subunit (or an antigenically similar molecule).
Cluster analysis and data visualization of large-scale gene expression data. (1998)

The discovery of any new gene requires an analysis of the expression context for that gene. Now that the cDNA and genomic sequencing projects are progressing at such a rapid rate, high throughput gene expression screening approaches are beginning to appear to take advantage of that data. We present a strategy for the analysis for large-scale quantitative gene expression measurement data from time course experiments. Our approach takes advantage of cluster analysis and graphical visualization methods to reveal correlated patterns of gene expression from time series data. The coherence of these patterns suggests an order that conforms to a notion of shared pathways and control processes that can be experimentally verified.
Data hiding in video (2003)

We propose a video data embedding scheme in which the embedded signature data is reconstructed without knowing the original host video. The proposed method enables a high rate of data embedding and is robust to motion compensated coding, such as MPEG-2. Embedding is based on texture masking and utilizes a multi-dimensional lattice structure for encoding signature information. Signature data is embedded in individual video frames using the block DCT. The embedded frames are then MPEG-2 coded. At the receiver both the host and signature images are recovered from the embedded bit stream. We present examples of embedding image and video in video.
Transfection and Transformation of Human Thyroid Epithelial Cells (2003)

High-efficiency gene transfer into mammalian fibroblasts is a routine procedure that can be performed by a variety of methods (1), but transfection of epithelial cells has been more difficult to achieve. Each of the standard techniques has associated problems; special equipment is required for electroporation (2) and also for direct microinjection (3). Protoplast fusion (4) is suitable only for cloned genes. Retroviral transduction of genes (5) is a method of high efficiency for animal cells, but again is applicable only to cloned genes of restricted size, and safety considerations are likely to restrict greatly the use of retroviral vectors suitable for human cells. Calcium phosphate coprecipitation has been used with success in several epithelial lines (6–8) and, more recently, strontium phosphate coprecipitation (9). These techniques are very simple to perform, require no special equipment, and can be applied to genomic DNA transfection.
Increased risk of multiple sclerosis after late Epstein-Barr virus infection*: A historical prospective study (1997)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between infectious mononucleosis (IM) and multiple sclerosis (MS). In a historical prospective study we used records from the Danish State Serum Institute in which heterophile antibody tests (HA) for infectious mononucleosis were performed for all Danish patients for a number of years. Included in the analysis were 6853 HA-positive people and 12,886 HA-negative people. A search for the presence of these people in the nationwide Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (DMSR) was performed. Among the HA-positive people 16 cases of MS were found. The expected number for a matched Danish population was 5.70, the risk ratio being 2.81. No cases had developed MS before contracting infectious mononucleosis. Among the HA-negative people the expected number of MS patients were found. Although Epstein-Barr virus is not suggested in itself to be the cause of multiple sclerosis, a hypothesis is put forward that it is a cofactor in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Second Sphere Coordination of Tetraammineplatinum(II) by a Macropolycyclic Crown Ether Bisamide Receptor (1987)

Second sphere coordination of two receptor molecules to a metal complex has been observed for the macropolycycle 1. [Pt(NH3)4][PF6]2 forms discrete adducts with two molecules of 1; H-bridges between carbonylO and etherO atoms on the one hand and NH3 on the other are crucial. Cisplatin does not form any adducts with 1.
Hepatoid Yolk Sac Tumors of the Mediastinum: A Clinicopathologic and Immunohistochemical Study of Four Cases (1997)

Four cases of primary hepatoid yolk sac tumors of the anterior mediastinum are described. The patients were all men between the ages of 26 and 40 years (median 33). Clinically, they all presented with a history of shortness of breath and chest pain of several weeks' duration. None of the patients had a history of germ cell tumor elsewhere or evidence of any hepatic abnormality. Grossly, all the tumors were described as large mediastinal masses that impinged on adjacent structures. Histologically, they were characterized by sheets of medium-sized, round to polygonal neoplastic cells with moderate amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm and round to oval nuclei with prominent nucleoli. The cellular proliferation was homogeneous and displayed moderate cellular atypia and scattered mitotic activity. All the tumors showed focally the presence of more conventional areas of yolk sac tumor, with islands of tumor cells showing a reticular pattern of growth admixed with scattered intra- and extracellular hyaline globules and occasional Schiller-Duval bodies. Immunohistochemical studies showed strong positivity of the tumor cells for alpha-fetoprotein in both components of the lesions. Follow-up information was available in three patients, all of whom developed lung metastases within a year after initial diagnosis. Two of these patients died of tumor within the same period, whereas a third patient has been lost to follow-up. The present cases illustrate an unusual histologic pattern of yolk sac tumor in the mediastinum and highlight the importance of considering this tumor in the differential diagnosis of lesions showing a hepatoid pattern of growth in the mediastinal area.
Epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor .alpha. bind differently to the epidermal growth factor receptor (1989)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) compete with each other for binding to the EGF receptor. These two growth factors have similar actions, but there are distinguishable differences in their biological activities. It has never been clear how this one receptor can mediate different responses. A monoclonal antibody to the EGF receptor (13A9) has been identified which has only small effects on the binding of EGF to the EGF receptor, but which has very large effects on the binding of TGF alpha to the EGF receptor; 5 micrograms/mL antibody has been shown to totally block 0.87 microM TGF alpha from binding to purified EGF receptor and to lower both the high- and low-affinity binding constants of TGF alpha binding to EGF receptor on A431 cells by about 10-fold. The 13A9 antibody causes a 2.5-fold stimulation of the tyrosine kinase activity of partially purified EGF receptor, compared to a 4.0-fold stimulation of the tyrosine kinase activity by EGF under the same conditions. The data suggest either that the antibody stabilizes a conformation of the EGF receptor which is not favorable for TGF alpha binding or that it blocks a part of the surface of the receptor which is necessary for TGF alpha binding but not EGF binding.
Synthesis of 5-azaoxindole (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of 5-azaoxindoleRalph P. Robinson and Kathleen M. DonahueCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 15, 4805–4806Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00015a046https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00015a046research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views571Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Vascular Growth Factors and Lymphangiogenesis (2002)

Blood and lymphatic vessels develop in a parallel, but independent manner, and together form the circulatory system allowing the passage of fluid and delivering molecules within the body. Although the lymphatic vessels were discovered already 300 years ago, at the same time as the blood circulation was described, the lymphatic system has remained relatively neglected until recently. This is in part due to the difficulties in recognizing these vessels in tissues because of a lack of specific markers. Over the past few years, several molecules expressed specifically in the lymphatic endothelial cells have been characterized, and knowledge about the lymphatic system has started to accumulate again. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of growth factors and receptors is involved in the development and growth of the vascular endothelial system. Two of its family members, VEGF-C and VEGF-D, regulate the lymphatic endothelial cells via their receptor VEGFR-3. With the aid of these molecules, lymphatic endothelial cells can be isolated and cultured, allowing detailed studies of the molecular properties of these cells. Also the role of the lymphatic endothelium in immune responses and certain pathological conditions can be studied in more detail, as the blood and lymphatic vessels seem to be involved in many diseases in a coordinated manner. Discoveries made so far will be helpful in the diagnosis of certain vascular tumors, in the design of specific treatments for lymphedema, and in the prevention of metastatic tumor spread via the lymphatic system.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Ligand-Receptor Interactions and Molecular Assemblies (2002)

Flow cytometers make homogeneous real-time measurements of ligand-receptor interactions and, simultaneously, the physiological responses of cells. Their multiparameter capabilities are also useful in resolving multicomponent assemblies or in developing multiplexed assays. Recent advances suggest that these approaches can be extended in several important ways. Sample delivery in the millisecond time domain is applicable to the analysis of complex binding kinetics and reaction mechanisms. The homogeneous discrimination of free components and particle-based assemblies can be extended into the micromolar concentration range. Measurements can be made of molecular assemblies among proteins, DNA, RNA, lipids, and carbohydrates on beads. The topography and assembly of components within cells can be evaluated with resonance energy transfer. Temperature dependence can be evaluated with Peltier temperature control. Many assembly endpoints can be assessed through new tools for high-throughput flow cytometry using plate-based assay formats and small volume samples.