gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oligo-2'-fluoro-2'-deoxynucleotide N3'-->P5' phosphoramidates: synthesis and properties (1996)

Uniformly modified oligodeoxyribonucleotide N3'-->P5' phosphoramidates containing 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxy-pyrimidine nucleosides were synthesized using an efficient interphase amidite transfer reaction. The 3'-amino group of solid phase-supported 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxynucleoside was used as an acceptor and 5'-diisopropylamino phosphoramidite as a donor of a phosphoramidite group in the tetrazole-catalyzed exchange reaction. Subsequent oxidation with aqueous iodine resulted in formation of an internucleoside phosphoramidate diester. The prepared oligo-2'-fluoro-nucleotide N3'-->P5' phosphoramidates form extremely stable duplexes with complementary nucleic acids: relative to isosequential phosphodiester oligomers, the melting temperature Tm of their duplexes with DNA or RNA was increased approximately 4 or 5 degrees C per modification respectively. Moreover, these compounds are highly resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis by snake venom phosphodiesterase and they are 4-5 times more stable in acidic media (pH 2.2-5.3) than the parent oligo-2'-deoxynucleotide N3'-->P5' phosphoramidates. The described properties of the oligo-2'-fluoronucleotide N3'-->P5' phosphoramidates suggest that they may have good potential for diagnostic and antisense therapeutic applications.
Leafminer Resistance in Spinach (2008)

Leafminer ( Liriomyza spp.) is a major insect pest of many important agricultural crops, including spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ). Genetic variability in leafminer resistance has not been studied for spinach. The purposes of the present experiments were to evaluate differences in leafminer damage among spinach genotypes, to compare results obtained from insect cage and field experiments, and to study the association among different resistant traits. We screened 345 accessions of the U.S. spinach collection for leafminer resistance in an outdoor insect cage and putative resistant genotypes were further tested in the cage and in the field over 2 years. Although no genotype was immune to leafminers, significant genotypic differences were found for leafminer stings per unit leaf area, mines per plant, and mines per 100 g plant weight. PI 274065 had the lowest sting density, whereas PI 174385 showed the fewest mines per unit plant weight among genotypes in the field. Rank order of stings per square centimeter leaf area did not significantly change for the genotypes in the cage and field tests, and the sting results from different tests were also highly correlated, suggesting that a cage test could be used to screen germplasm for fewer leafminer stings, and sting density is a reliable trait for the selection of leafminer feeding nonpreference. Stings per unit leaf area were not correlated with mines per plant or per 100 g plant weight, which suggests that feeding nonpreference does not necessarily mean oviposition–nonpreference for a spinach genotype and these two traits can be improved independently. Stings per square centimeter leaf and mines per 100 g plant weight had little correlation with plant weight in cage and field tests, suggesting that leafminer sting and mine densities are not associated with plant biomass, and it is possible to improve and combine the leafminer resistance and yield traits in a spinach cultivar. From these findings, the genetic improvement of spinach for leafminer resistance seems feasible.
Rituximab: converging mechanisms of action in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma? (2003)

Rituximab, a chimeric IgG1 monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes the CD20 surface marker present on more than 80% of NHLs,[5][1] was in 1997 the first monoclonal antibody approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of human cancer [(1)][2] . The pivotal study leading to
Effect of Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate on Parent-Rated Measures in Children Aged 6 to 12 Years With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Secondary Analysis (2008)

Once-daily treatment with LDX was associated with significant improvement in parent-rated assessments of ADHD-related behavior throughout the day at approximately 10:00 AM, 2:00 PM, and 6:00 PM. Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate was effective and well tolerated in this study population of children aged 6 to 12 years with ADHD.
The Platelet Integrin αIIbβ3 Has an Endogenous Thiol Isomerase Activity (2000)

Integrins are cysteine-rich heterodimeric cell-surface adhesion molecules that alter their affinity for ligands in response to cellular activation. The molecular mechanisms involved in this activation of integrins are not understood. Treatment with the thiol-reducing agent, dithiothreitol, can induce an activation-like state in many integrins suggesting that cysteine-cysteine dithiol bonds are important for the receptor's tertiary structure and may be involved in activation-induced conformational changes. Here we demonstrate that the platelet-specific integrin, alpha(IIb)beta(3), contains an endogenous thiol isomerase activity, predicted from the presence of the tetrapeptide motif, CXXC, in each of the cysteine-rich repeats of the beta(3) polypeptide. This motif comprises the active site in enzymes involved in disulfide exchange reactions, including protein-disulfide isomerase (EC ) and thioredoxin. Intrinsic thiol isomerase activity is also observed in the related integrin, alpha(v)beta(3), which shares a common beta-subunit. Thiol isomerase activity within alpha(IIb)beta(3) is time-dependent and saturable, and is inhibited by the protein-disulfide isomerase inhibitor, bacitracin. Furthermore, this activity is calcium-sensitive and is regulated in the EDTA-stabilized conformation of the integrin. This novel demonstration of an enzymatic activity associated with an integrin subunit suggests that altered thiol bonding within the integrin or its substrates may be locally modified during alpha(IIb)beta(3) activation.
Cross GTPase-activating protein (CrossGAP)/Vilse links the Roundabout receptor to Rac to regulate midline repulsion (2005)

The regulators of the Rho-family GTPases, GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine exchange factors (GEFs), play important roles in axon guidance. By means of a functional genomic study of the Rho-family GEFs and GAPs in Drosophila, we have identified a Rho-family GAP, CrossGAP (CrGAP), which is involved in Roundabout (Robo) receptor-mediated repulsive axon guidance. CrGAP physically associates with the Robo receptor. Too much or too little CrGAP activity leads to defects in Robo-mediated repulsion at the midline choice point. The CrGAP gain-of-function phenotype mimics the loss-of-function phenotypes of both Robo and Rac. Dosage-sensitive genetic interactions among CrGAP, Robo, and Rac support a model in which CrGAP transduces signals downstream of Robo receptor to regulate Rac-dependent cytoskeletal changes.
Light‐Emission Performance of Silicon Nanocrystals Deduced from Single Quantum Dot Spectroscopy (2008)

Abstract Spectra of individual silicon nanocrystals within porous Si grains are studied by the wide‐field imaging microspectroscopy and their ON – OFF blinking is detected by the confocal single‐photon‐counting microscopy. Observed spectral and blinking properties comprise all features reported before in differently prepared single Si nanocrystals (SiNCs). Former apparently contradictory results are shown to be due to different experimental conditions. When the effect of dark periods ( OFF switching) is removed the common ultimate photoluminescence properties of SiO 2 passivated SiNCs are found, namely the quantum efficiency (QE) of about 10–20% up to the pumping rate corresponding to one exciton average excitation per quantum dot. At higher pump rates the QE is slowly decreasing as the 0.7th power of excitation. This is most likely due to Auger recombination which, however, seems to be weakened compared with measurements of nanocrystal assemblies. We conclude that SiNCs may be pumped above one exciton occupancy to yield a higher light emission, being advantageous for applications.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Perfluoroalkanesulfinates with Allyl and Propargyl Halides. A Convenient Synthesis of 3‐(Perfluoroalkyl)prop‐1‐enes and 3‐( Perfluoroalkyl)allenes. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Phosphate Prodrugs for Amines Utilizing a Fast Intramolecular Hydroxy Amide Lactonization (1996)

A novel phosphate prodrug system for amines, amino acids, peptides, and peptide mimetics, which utilizes a fast hydroxy amide lactonization of a 3-(2‘-hydroxy-4‘,6‘-dimethylphenyl)-3,3-dimethylpropionic amide system, was developed. Prodrugs of five model amine/amino acids, including p-anisidine, GlyOMe, PheOMe, LysOMe, and Asp-α-OMe, were synthesized. The syntheses of these model phosphate prodrugs were accomplished by coupling the amine or the protected amino acids with 3-[2‘-(dibenzylphosphono)oxy-4‘,6‘-dimethylphenyl]-3,3-dimethylpropionic acid using coupling agents such as bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphinic chloride and 1-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, followed by hydrogenolysis. These phosphate prodrugs were evaluated as substrates for the human placental alkaline phosphatase (AP). The structural features of the amine/amino acids attached to the carboxylic acid group of the promoiety were not found to significantly affect the substrate activity for AP, as evidenced by the small variations observed in the Michaelis−Menten parameters (Km and Vmax) of the phosphate prodrugs. Results obtained from this study suggest that such a phosphate prodrug system may be applied to a variety of structurally diverse amine-containing drugs.
Quantitative techniques for analyzing high-resolution cardiac-mapping data (1998)

In high-resolution cardiac mapping, signals are simultaneously recorded from hundreds of electrodes in contact with the myocardium and then analyzed to reveal the underlying activation pattern. Activation mapping has a long history in both experimental and clinical cardiac electrophysiology and has also been used to study other organ systems. Much of the current emphasis in mapping technology is on data analysis-ways to extract useful information from the voluminous data stream-rather than on the acquisition of the data. Hence, in this article, the authors review the traditional method for analyzing and interpreting mapping data, isochronal mapping, and then report on additional techniques that have recently emerged. The authors focus on techniques applicable to quantifying the dynamics of complex tachyarrhythmias such as ventricular fibrillation (VF) and atrial fibrillation (AF).
Ceramic Composites of Monazite and Alumina (1995)

A new family of high‐temperature, oxidation‐resistant, ceramic composites, with (La)‐monazite (LaPO 4 ) serving as a weakly bonded interphase, is proposed. Monazite is stable and phase‐compatible with alumina at temperatures at least as high as 1750°C in air. Especially important for use in high‐toughness composites, the monazite‐alumina interface is shown to be sufficiently weak that interfacial debonding prevents cracks from growing from monazite into alumina. Observations of fracture responses of fibrous and laminar reinforcements are presented.
Increased Rate of Penetration Through Automation (2011)

Abstract Drilling lags behind other industries in the implementation of automation. One reason for this is the variability of drilling operations and uncertainty in knowing what is being drilled at any given time. A closed-loop system that continually monitors drilling parameters and drilling performance in real time and constantly adjusts weight on bit (WOB) and rotary speed (RPM) maximizes instantaneous rate of penetration (ROP). The system has been tested in more than 15 drilling operations around the world in both advise and control modes. Field tests show an improvement in ROP typically greater than 10% versus nonautomated operations. Maximum benefit is realized when automation is implemented by means of a closed-loop system, whereby the set points for WOB and RPM are directly fed to the controls of the drilling rig. The algorithm, the closed-loop system, and the performance improvement delivered by this system are currently subject to certain operational constraints, but these will be addressed by future enhancements.
Genetic Characterization of Pathogenic Leptospira Species by DNA Hybridization (1992)

A total of 66 serovars of potentially pathogenic Leptospira species were examined by slot blot hybridization, and 57 of these serovars were classified in six DNA homology groups. In cases in which common serovars were studied, the results were in general agreement with the results of previous workers, who used different DNA homology methods. However, we propose a new species, Leptospira kirschneri, comprising the following serovars: bulgarica, butembo, cynopteri, dania, grippotyphosa, kabura, kambale, ramisi, and tsaratsovo. Seven of these serovars have not had their DNAs studied by other workers.
Lubrication pumps for internal combustion engines: a review (2015)

The paper presents the evolution of the lubrication pumps for internal combustion engines in the last two decades. After the description of the traditional fixed displacement gear units, the interaction with the circuit is evaluated to determine their operating points. The analysis brings to evidence a mismatch in terms of flow rate and pressure between the engine requirements and the pump characteristic. Such difference has a negative effect on the overall efficiency of the flow-generating unit, leading to a significant waste of fuel. For this reason, several innovations aimed at reducing the power absorbed by the lubrication pump have been developed in recent years. The solutions presented in this paper range from variable displacement to variable timing to electric pumps. Moreover, different methods for controlling the circuit pressure, such as thermostatic and electrical devices, discrete and continuous, are also discussed. From this extensive analysis, it is evident that the most recent innovations can lead to a reduction of the fuel consumption from 2 to 4%.
Correlation between inhibin secretion and damage of seminiferous tubules in a model of experimental autoimmune orchitis (2001)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate inhibin secretion in rats with autoimmune orchitis. As we have previously described, experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) induced in rats by active immunization with testis homogenate and adjuvants is characterized by an interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate and sloughing of the germinal epithelium. At 120 days after the first immunization 60% of the rats exhibited a severe orchitis with large areas of aspermatogenic seminiferous tubules in which only spermatogonia and Sertoli cells with cytoplasmic vacuolization remained attached to the tubular wall. None of the untreated (N) or control (C) rats revealed pathological alterations. Sixty percent decrease in testis weight was observed in rats with EAO compared with N or C groups. A 3-fold increase in serum FSH levels was observed in rats with EAO compared with N or C groups (19.8+/-3.7 vs 5.6+/-0.3 and 5.9+/-0.1 ng/ml respectively). A significant decrease in inhibin B levels was observed in rats with EAO when compared with N or C groups (40+/-4.6 vs 207+/-38.8 and 221.4+/-28.6 pg/ml respectively). An inverse correlation between inhibin B and FSH serum levels and a direct correlation between inhibin B and testis weight were found. Strong expression of the inhibin alpha-subunit in Sertoli cells of untreated and control rats was observed; this subunit was undetectable or poorly detectable in rats with orchitis. Positive staining for the inhibin alpha-subunit was also observed in Leydig cells of all groups studied. In conclusion, using a model of autoimmune orchitis our results show that circulating inhibin B levels and inhibin alpha-subunit expression in Sertoli cell cytoplasm closely correlate with the degree of damage of the germinal epithelium.
Evidence that glicentin contains the entire sequence of glucagon (1980)

Glicentin (a highly purified 100-amino acid peptide with glucagon-like immunoreactivity from porcine gut) was subjected to limited digestion with trypsin and carboxypeptidase B, and the resulting peptides were studied by gel filtration and region-specific glucagon radioimmunoassays. Similar digests of glucagon and purified fragments of glucagon were studied in parallel. Glicentin gave rise to peptides that corresponded closely to the 1-17 and 19-29 fragments of glucagon. Also, 125I-labelled glicentin and 125I-labelled glucagon gave rise to identical fragments after trypsin treatment. On the basis of this and other evidence [Jacobsen, Demandt, Moody & Sundby (1977) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 493, 452-459] it is concluded that glicentin contains the entire glucagon sequence at residues number 64-92 and thus fulfills one of the requirements for being a 'proglucagon'.
Activation of the IκB Kinases by RIP via IKKγ/NEMO-mediated Oligomerization (2000)

To understand the mechanism of activation of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 pathway, we examined the possibility that oligomerization of the IKK complex triggered by ligand-induced trimerization of the TNF receptor 1 complex is responsible for activation of the IKKs. Gel filtration analysis of the IKK complex revealed that TNFalpha stimulation induces a large increase in the size of this complex, suggesting oligomerization. Substitution of the C-terminal region of IKKgamma, which interacts with RIP, with a truncated DR4 lacking its cytoplasmic death domain, produced a molecule that could induce IKK and NF-kappaB activation in cells in response to TRAIL. Enforced oligomerization of the N terminus of IKKgamma or truncated IKKalpha or IKKbeta lacking their serine-cluster domains can also induce IKK and NF-kappaB activation. These data suggest that IKKgamma functions as a signaling adaptor between the upstream regulators such as RIP and the IKKs and that oligomerization of the IKK complex by upstream regulators is a critical step in activation of this complex.
PREDICTION OF SUCCESSFUL ALLOGRAFT REJECTION RETREATMENT WITH OKT31,2 (1992)

OKT3 is considered to be effective in the prophylaxis and treatment of rejection. However, anti-OKT3 immunization is still a major side-effect. Only the IgG antiidiotypic component of the response is responsible for neutralization of OKT3 therapeutic activity by inhibiting OKT3's binding to T cells (i.e., blocking antibodies). It has recently been reported that successful OKT3 retreatment could be performed in patients showing circulating anti-OKT3 antibodies assessed by ELISA, which does not distinguish between blocking and nonblocking antibodies. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of these two types of anti-OKT3 antibodies for their capacity to interfere with effective OKT3 retreatment. Twelve cadaver renal allograft recipients who received OKT3 inducing therapy, were given a second 10 day-course of OKT3 for treatment of rejection. Circulating CD3+ cells were sequentially monitored. Anti-OKT3 antibodies were detected by using both conventional ELISA and an immunofluorescence inhibition test specifically detecting blocking antibodies. OKT3 and the patient's serum were incubated for 30 min at 4 degrees C, and 2 x 10(5) normal T cells were added (30 min at 4 degrees C). After washing, the cells were incubated with FITC goat antimouse antiserum. Fluorescent cells were counted using a FACS analyzer. In 10 patients, at the end of the 10-day second course, less than 10% circulating CD3+ cells were detected. None of these patients had detectable antibodies in the IF inhibition assay at the beginning of retreatment, irrespective of anti-OKT3 antibody titers detected by ELISA. In contrast, in two patients, OKT3 therapy was ineffective: more than 50% circulating CD3+ cells were detected and OKT3 treatment had to be interrupted soon after it was initiated. In both of them, blocking antibodies were detected by the IF-inhibition assay. These results suggest that specific detection of blocking antiidiotypic antibodies by the IF inhibition assay is a reliable parameter for predicting the feasibility of OKT3 retreatment, avoiding misuse of this expensive therapy.
Progestational Agents to Prevent Preterm Birth: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2005)

The use of progestational agents and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate reduced the incidence of preterm birth and low birth weight newborns.
Peripheral and spinal mechanisms of nociception. (1987)

Due to the combination of multidisciplinary studies, the last fifteen years have seen a major step forward in our knowledge of nociception. At the peripheral level the role of A delta and C polymodal cutaneous nociceptors is relatively well demonstrated in animal as well as in man. The activation of these nociceptors probably results from both direct effects of the stimulus and indirect effects, mediated by the release of various chemicals. The specific roles of articular, muscular and visceral fine afferent fibers in nociception, is less well understood. Cutaneous A delta and/or C fibers terminate mainly in the superficial zones (laminae I and II outer) of the dorsal horn. The nature of the transmitter (s) released by nociceptive afferents is still unknown. Substance P has long been a candidate but the multiplicity of peptides revealed by immunohistochemical techniques and their coexistence on occasions in the same dorsal root ganglion cells question a unequivocal role of substance P. At the level of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, nociceptive specific and nociceptive non-specific units have been described in laminae I, II, IV to VI. It is generally held that nociceptive specific neurons are mainly found in the superficial laminae which also contains nociceptive non specific cells. Convergence of cutaneous, muscular and visceral inputs on these neurons is indicative of a role of both cell types in referred pain where consideration must also be given to the possibility of dichotomizing afferent fibers serving cutaneous and visceral territories. The involvement of contralateral ascending pathways (spinothalamic and spinoreticular tracts) in the transmission of nociceptive messages toward supraspinal structures is well established while the role of ipsilateral ascending systems (spino-cervical and dorsal columns post-synaptic fibers) is still questioned. Both segmental and descending modulating controls are exerted at the spinal level. At segmental levels, the inhibitory action of large diameter cutaneous fibers is now well established. The action of fine fibers seems also to be inhibitory. Descending influences are exerted from the periaqueductal gray matter and the ventromedial medulla (mainly the nucleus raphe magnus). They are sustained by serotoninergic and noradrenergic mechanisms and they involve to a lesser extent the endogenous opioids. The physiological function of these descending systems is still sharply discussed.