gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression of aromatase protein and messenger ribonucleic acid in tumor epithelial cells and evidence of functional significance of locally produced estrogen in human breast cancers. (1996)

The expression of aromatase by breast cancer cells and the role of locally produced estrogen in the stimulation of tumor growth has been controversial. The present study was performed to determine the site of aromatization in human breast cancers, using both immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. The functional significance of locally produced estrogens on growth of the tumor was addressed by measuring aromatase activity and a marker of proliferation (PCNA score). In addition, histocultures of some tumors were carried out to investigate whether testosterone aromatization could stimulate tumor proliferation. Of the 19 tumors investigated, 10 (52.6%) showed significant immunoreactivity to antiaromatase antibody in the cytoplasm of tumor epithelial cells and in surrounding stromal cells. The presence of aromatase mRNA detected by ISH was also located in tumor epithelial cells and stromal cell, and the pattern of expression was the same as with immunocytochemistry. In the ten tumors that showed immunoreaction to aromatase, the average aromatase activity measured in cryosections was 286.5 +/- 18.6 (SE) fmol estrogen/mg protein.h, whereas in nine tumors with weak aromatase immunoreaction, the enzyme activity was 154.7 +/- 19.3 (SE) fmol estrogen/mg protein-h (P < 0.05). The mean PCNA score was 33.8 +/- 5.1 (SE)% in strongly stained tumors and 20.8 +/- 2.0 (SE)% in weakly stained tumors (P < 0.05). Aromatase activity level and PCNA score were significantly correlated. In histoculture of four tumors, estradiol increased the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA. In two of these tumors, aromatase activity was high and [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA was also stimulated by testosterone. In the other two tumors that had low aromatase activity, no such stimulation occurred with testosterone. The results indicate that aromatase is expressed mainly in tumor epithelial cells and that sufficient amounts of estrogen are synthesized by the tumor to produce a proliferative response. It is concluded that estrogen synthesis by cancer cells could play a important role in promoting growth in a significant proportion of breast tumors.
Catalytic carboborations (2010)

Transition-metal-catalyzed carboborations, in which organic and boryl groups are introduced concomitantly to unsaturated organic molecules, have been developed. Direct carboborations, which proceed via activation of B-C bonds of cyanoboranes and alkynylboranes, and transmetalative carboborations, in which activation of B-Cl bonds is followed by transmetalation from organotin and organozirconium reagents, are overviewed. In addition, as representative results and mechanistic considerations, the scientific background and a personal view behind the study are also described.
From Passive Tool Holders to Microsurgeons: Safer, Smaller, Smarter Surgical Robots (2014)

Within only a few decades from its initial introduction, the field of surgical robotics has evolved into a dynamic and rapidly growing research area with increasing clinical uptake worldwide. Initially introduced for stereotaxic neurosurgery, surgical robots are now involved in an increasing number of procedures, demonstrating their practical clinical potential while propelling further advances in surgical innovations. Emerging platforms are also able to perform complex interventions through only a single-entry incision, and navigate through natural anatomical pathways in a tethered or wireless fashion. New devices facilitate superhuman dexterity and enable the performance of surgical steps that are otherwise impossible. They also allow seamless integration of microimaging techniques at the cellular level, significantly expanding the capabilities of surgeons. This paper provides an overview of the significant achievements in surgical robotics and identifies the current trends and future research directions of the field in making surgical robots safer, smaller, and smarter.
INTERNATIONAL ABSTRACTS OF PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY (1988)

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC SURGEONS PLASTIC & RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY PRS GLOBAL OPEN ASPS EDUCATION NETWORK AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC SURGEONS PLASTIC & RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY PRS GLOBAL OPEN ASPS EDUCATION NETWORK
Universal Camera Calibration with Automatic Distortion Model Selection (2007)

We present an optimized full scale automatic camera calibration approach which is both accurate and simple to implement. The method can be applied to a wide range of cameras equipped with normal, wide-angle, fish-eye, and telephoto lenses. The procedure does not require prior knowledge of any parameters. The method uses a simple planar calibration pattern which is observed from different positions. Closed-form estimates for the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are computed followed by nonlinear optimization. A polynomial function describes the lens projection instead of the commonly used radial model. Statistical information criteria are used to automatically determine the complexity of the lens distortion model. The proposed complete calibration method is shown to obtain lower reprojection error than some commonly used methods while maintaining a low complexity distortion model.
Expression patterns of the murine LIM class homeobox gene lim1 in the developing brain and excretory system (1994)

We report the cloning, sequence analysis, and developmental expression pattern of lim1, a member of the LIM class homeobox gene family in the mouse. lim1 cDNA encodes a predicted 406 amino acid protein that is 93% identical with the product of the Xenopus LIM class homeobox gene Xlim1. We have characterized lim1 expression from day 8.5 post coitum onward. Northern blot analysis of RNA transcripts indicates that lim1 is expressed both during embryogenesis and in the adult brain. Analysis by whole-mount and section in situ hybridization shows lim1 expression in the central nervous system from the telencephalon through the spinal cord and in the developing excretory system including pronephric region, mesonephros, nephric duct, and metanephros. In the metanephros, lim1 is strongly expressed in renal vesicles and S-shaped bodies, and transcripts are also detected in the ureteric branches.
MHC-restricted fratricide of human lymphocytes expressing survivin-specific transgenic T cell receptors (2010)

The apoptosis inhibitor protein survivin is overexpressed in many tumors, making it a candidate target molecule for various forms of immunotherapy. To explore survivin as a target antigen for adoptive T cell therapy using lymphocytes expressing survivin-specific transgenic T cell receptors (Tg-TCRs), we isolated HLA-A2-allorestricted survivin-specific T cells with high functional avidity. Lymphocytes expressing Tg-TCRs were derived from these T cells and specifically recognized HLA-A2+ survivin+ tumor cells. Surprisingly, HLA-A2+ but not HLA-A2- lymphocytes expressing Tg-TCRs underwent extensive apoptosis over time. This demise was caused by HLA-A2-restricted fratricide that occurred due to survivin expression in lymphocytes, which created ligands for Tg-TCR recognition. Therefore, survivin-specific TCR gene therapy would be limited to application in HLA-A2-mismatched stem cell transplantation. We also noted that lymphocytes that expressed survivin-specific Tg-TCRs killed T cell clones of various specificities derived from HLA-A2+ but not HLA-A2- donors. These results raise a general question regarding the development of cancer vaccines that target proteins that are also expressed in activated lymphocytes, since induction of high-avidity T cells that expand in lymph nodes following vaccination or later accumulate at tumor sites might limit themselves by self-MHC-restricted fratricide while at the same time inadvertently eliminating neighboring T cells of other specificities.
Surface modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) angioplasty balloons with a hydrophilic poly(acrylamide-co-ethylene glycol) interpenetrating polymer network coating (2000)

An interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) of poly(acrylamide-co-ethylene glycol) (p(AAm-co-EG)) hydrogel was covalently grafted to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) angioplasty balloons to increase surface hydrophilicity and improve lubricity. A 2-step graft polymerization protocol was followed to first polymerize and cross-link acrylamide onto the substrate with a photosensitizer and/or oxygen plasma pretreatment. The effects of varying photo-initiation and plasma exposure times were investigated separately and conjunctively using water contact angles to obtain optimal coating deposition parameters. A poly(ethylene glycol) network was then grafted by swelling the preexisting polyacrylamide network to allow inter-diffusion of the monomer and cross-linker, which were then polymerized by photo-initiation. When the photo-initiation time was long enough to reach near gelation, pretreatment of PET with oxygen plasma did not offer significant benefit. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of both polymer layers, and composition depth profiles supported the assessment that an interpenetrating network was formed. Tensile testing and application of Weibull statistics on unmodified and modified films indicated that the surface modification approach did not significantly alter the mechanical integrity of the material. These findings indicate that a p(AAm-co-EG) coating can be effectively deposited on PET surfaces without compromising the structural integrity of the substrate.
Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in chronic inflammatory diseases: current perspectives (2015)

The inflammasome is a molecular platform formed by activation of an innate immune pattern recognition receptor seed, such as NLRP3. Once activated, NLRP3 recruits the adapter ASC (apoptosis-related speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain), which in turn recruits procaspase-1. Procaspase-1 autocatalyzes its cleavage and activation, resulting in maturation of the precursor forms of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 into active proinflammatory cytokines and initiation of pyroptotic cell death. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases, including genetically inherited autoinflammatory conditions as well as chronic diseases in which NLRP3 is abnormally activated. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been linked to diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, metabolic syndrome, and age-related macular degeneration. In this review, we describe the NLRP3 inflammasome complex and its activation in disease, and detail the current therapies that modulate either the NLRP3 inflammasome complex itself or the two cytokines it is responsible for activating, ie, IL-1β and IL-18.
Improved Gene Transfer into Human Lymphocytes Using Retroviruses with the Gibbon Ape Leukemia Virus Envelope (1996)

Gene-modified lymphocytes have a potential role in the therapy of cancer, infectious diseases, and genetic disorders of the immune system. Current gene therapy protocols involving gene transfer into lymphocytes utilize retroviruses with amphotropic envelope proteins. However, transduction efficiencies in lymphocytes using these viruses are relatively low. A potential strategy to improve gene transfer efficiency is the utilization of alternative retroviral envelopes that target unique receptors on the cell surface. One such alternative retroviral envelope, the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) envelope, targets a distinct surface receptor (GLVR-1) that is 60% homologous but not cross-reactive to the amphotropic receptor (GLVR-2/RAM-1). Understanding the relationship between receptor expression and transduction efficiency is important for designing new strategies to improve gene transfer. Therefore, we compared GLVR-1 and GLVR-2 mRNA levels in lymphocytes and found that GLVR-1 was expressed 8- to 19-fold higher than GLVR-2. We then analyzed whether this enhanced expression of GLVR-1 correlated with increased infectivity of lymphocytes by retroviral vectors that utilize the GALV envelope compared to those that use the amphotropic envelope. We evaluated retroviral vectors packaged with either PA317 or PG13, which express the amphotropic and GALV envelopes, respectively. Lymphocyte transduction with PG13-packaged vectors was 4- to 18-fold higher than that with PA317-packaged vectors. These findings suggest that receptor expression level is an important factor in retroviral-target interactions and that gene transfer into human T lymphocytes should be performed with retroviruses that use the GALV envelope as opposed to retroviruses that use the amphotropic envelope.
Hybrid pUC vectors for addition of new restriction enzyme sites to the ends of DNA fragments (1987)

Journal Article Hybrid pUC vectors for addition of new restriction enzyme sites to the ends of DNA fragments Get access Robert Kay, Robert Kay * 1Department of Chemistry, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA 99164–4660, USA *To whom corrspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Joan Mcpherson Joan Mcpherson 2Department of Botany, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 15, Issue 6, 25 March 1987, Page 2778, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/15.6.2778 Published: 25 March 1987 Article history Received: 19 January 1987 Published: 25 March 1987
Genetics of somatic mammalian cells, VII. Induction and isolation of nutritional mutants in Chinese hamster cells. (1968)

Emotions coordinate our behavior and physiological states during survival-salient events and pleasurable interactions. Even though we are often consciously aware of our current emotional state, such as anger or happiness, the mechanisms giving ...Emotions are often felt in the body, and somatosensory feedback has been proposed to trigger conscious emotional experiences. Here we reveal maps of bodily sensations associated with different emotions using a unique topographical self-report method. In ...
Antithrombotic Effect of TRK-100, a Novel, Stable PGI2 Analogue (1987)

TRK-100, a stable PGI2 analogue structurally different from carbacyclines, was compared with other antiplatelet drugs for its effect on platelet functions using animal models. TRK-100 (10–300 nM) inhibited rat platelet aggregation induced by ADP (3 μM). collagen (12.5 μg/ml) and A23187 (10 μM), and its potency was about 1/3–1/7 that of PGI2. TRK-100 (0.3-3 mg/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently inhibited rabbit platelet adhesion (ED50: 2.2 mg/kg), and its effect lasted over at least 5 hr. In contrast, aspirin and ticlopidine (both at 300 mg/kg, p.o.) showed only a slight inhibition (4–7%). In the thrombocytopenia induced by collagen injection in rats, TRK-100 (3–300 μg/kg, i.v.; 0.1–3 mg/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently inhibited a decrease in platelet number, and its ED50 was 0.48–0.62 mg/kg orally and 13.7–16.4 μg/kg intravenously, while the inhibition by aspirin and ticlopidine (both at 1000 mg/kg, p.o.) was 40 and 37%, respectively. In the experimental thread thrombosis in rats, TRK-100 (0.03-3 mg/kg, p.o.) dose-dependently inhibited thrombus formation, and its ED50 was 0.46 mg/kg, being 21 and 87 times as potent as aspirin and ticlopidine, respectively. These results reveal that TRK-100 has a potent antiplatelet activity and is orally and intravenously effective for a variety of thrombosis models, suggesting that it may have a therapeutic value as an antithrombotic drug.
A thermal-bubble-actuated micronozzle-diffuser pump (2002)

A thermal-bubble-actuated micropump by the principles of liquid/vapor phase transition and nozzle-diffuser flow regulation is successfully demonstrated. The micropump consists of a resistive heater, a pair of nozzle-diffuser flow controller and a 1 mm in diameter, 50 /spl mu/m in depth pumping chamber. The actuation mechanism comes from periodically nucleating and collapsing thermal bubbles. A net flow is generated from the nozzle to the diffuser by the nozzle-diffuser flow controller. Two heater designs, single-bubble and dual-bubble actuation mode, have been investigated. In the single-bubble pumping mode, a maximum flow rate of 5 /spl mu/l/min is measured when the driving pulse is 250 Hz at 10% duty cycle under an average power consumption of 1 W. A similar flow rate of 4.5 /spl mu/l/min is achieved in the dual-bubble pumping mode, at the driving pulse of 5% duty cycle at 400 Hz with lower average power consumption, 0.5 W. The static pumping pressure is measured at a maximum value of 377 Pascal when the net volume flow rate is zero. As an application example in a microfluidic device, this valve-less micropump is used in a microfluidic system to enhance the fluid mixing by agitating the flows.
Persistent Infection of Vero Cells by Paramyxoviruses (1987)

Two Vero cell lines persistently infected with canine distemper virus (CDV) or with both CDV and canine parainfluenza (CPI) viruses were investigated. Cells in the CPI-CDV cell line were 90-100% positive for CPI antigen and exhibited 10-80% CPI hemadsorption. Cytoplasmic CDV antigen expressed in both singly and dually infected monolayers varied weekly from 1 to 100%. Numerous cytolytic crises were observed in both cell lines. Cell replication was severely depressed in both cell lines when compared with uninfected Vero cells. Infrequent interfering activity against lytic CPI virus was present in the CPI-CDV cell line but not between lytic CDV and progeny virus from the CDV or the CPI-CDV cell line. Ultrastructurally, Vero cells persistently infected with both paramyxoviruses contained two types of viral nucleocapsids (NC). By immunoelectron microscopy, smooth NC were identified as CPI virus and rough NC were of CDV origin. The viral NC never intermingled but rather were restricted to discrete cytoplasmic areas containing either one type of NC or the other.
Organosulfur oxoacids. Part 1. Synthesis, structure, and reactivity of dimethylaminoiminomethanesulfinic acid (DMAIMSA) (2006)

One of the major metabolites of dimethylthiourea, dimethylaminoiminomethanesulfinic acid (DMAIMSA), was synthesized by controlled oxidation of dimethylthiourea using hydrogen peroxide. The crystal structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. It is a zwitterionic species in its solid form, with a positive charge delocalized around an sp 2 -hybridized carbon center and two nitrogen atoms. It crystallizes in the triclinic P[Formula: see text] space group. The CS bond, at 1.880(2) Å, is much longer than a typical CS single bond length of 1.79 Å. It is also longer than the one observed in thiourea trioxide, a comparable sulfonic acid. This CS bond is stable in acidic conditions and is easily cleaved in basic conditions or in the presence of suitable nucleophiles that can attack the positively disposed carbon center. DMAIMSA is highly reactive and easily decomposes in basic conditions to yield dithionite in the presence of oxygen, whereas in strictly anaerobic conditions it gives a mixture of sulfite and sulfide. The precursor to dithionite, SO 2 · , is formed from the one-electron oxidation of the sulfoxylate anion, SO 2 2 , which results from an initial heterolytic cleavage of the CS bond in DMAIMSA. The sulfur center is oxidized, even by mild oxidants such as aqueous iodine, to sulfate. Key words: thiourea metabolites, synthesis, structure, reactivity.
Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies related to nitric oxide (1995)

The formation of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine is now recognized as a ubiquitous biochemical pathway involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular, central, and peripheral nervous systems, as well as in other homeostatic mechanisms. The L-arginine:NO pathway comprises a substrate, L-arginine, a family of enzymes, the NO synthases, and at least one physiological effector system, the soluble guanylate cyclase. NO also inhibits enzymes in target cells and can interact with oxygen-derived radicals to produce other toxic substances. Thus, NO also plays a role in immunological host defense and in the pathophysiology of certain clinical conditions. Several steps in the L-arginine:NO pathway are amenable to manipulation. Some substances will change the concentration and/or actions of NO with consequences that, in certain cases, may be therapeutic. In addition, other agents themselves generate NO and thus mimic the actions of the endogenous mediator. This brief overview will discuss some possible interventions in the pathway and the potential benefits as well as undesirable side effects that might arise from them.
Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Healthy Adolescents (2004)

Vitamin D deficiency was present in many US adolescents in this urban clinic-based sample. The prevalence was highest in African American teenagers and during winter, although the problem seems to be common across sex, season, and ethnicity.
All-optical M-ary ASK signal demultiplexer based on a photonic analog-to-digital conversion (2007)

An all-optical M-ary amplitude shift keying (ASK) signal demultiplexer is proposed and demonstrated. It allowed us to seamlessly demultiplex a high bit-rate optical M-ary ASK signal into on-off keying (OOK) signals without O/E conversion. It is composed of multilevel thresholding using self-frequency shift and OOK signal generation using optical interconnection. A level identification signal is provided as a result of multilevel thresholding and it is fed to an optical interconnection circuit which can generate corresponding OOK signals. We demonstrate the quadrature ASK signal demultiplexing at 100 Gsymbol/s and its error free operation at 10 Gb/s.
THE DELTA E-COMMERCE CONNECTION: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS (2006)

A USDA Fund for Rural America project is creating economic opportunities for small agricultural and rural businesses in the Lower Mississippi Delta by assisting in e-commerce business development. Select rural businesses are provided technical support in web site development, marketing strategy formulation, electronic retailing services, and space on a secure server for one year. Businesses retaining web sites after this time assume responsibility for maintaining and funding the site. Characteristics of rural businesses adopting e-commerce are compared with those not adopting. Preliminary results suggest the amount of time invested in initial web site design, satisfaction with design, economic benefits from owning a web site, and number of levels traveled in the e-commerce roadmap (a measure of technological progress) a s d eterminants of success. These findings w ill assist in selecting and guiding participant involvement to maximize the likelihood of success.
Learning a spelling error model from search query logs (2005)

Applying the noisy channel model to search query spelling correction requires an error model and a language model. Typically, the error model relies on a weighted string edit distance measure. The weights can be learned from pairs of misspelled words and their corrections. This paper investigates using the Expectation Maximization algorithm to learn edit distance weights directly from search query logs, without relying on a corpus of paired words.