gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of nitric oxide synthase as a protective locus against tuberculosis (1997)

Mutagenesis of the host immune system has helped identify response pathways necessary to combat tuberculosis. Several such pathways may function as activators of a common protective gene: inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2). Here we provide direct evidence for this gene controlling primary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection using mice homozygous for a disrupted NOS2 allele. NOS2(-/-) mice proved highly susceptible, resembling wild-type littermates immunosuppressed by high-dose glucocorticoids, and allowed Mycobacterium tuberculosis to replicate faster in the lungs than reported for other gene-deficient hosts. Susceptibility appeared to be independent of the only known naturally inherited antimicrobial locus, NRAMP1. Progression of chronic tuberculosis in wild-type mice was accelerated by specifically inhibiting NOS2 via administration of N6-(1-iminoethyl)-L-lysine. Together these findings identify NOS2 as a critical host gene for tuberculostasis.
Interleukin‐6 and lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein in acute appendicitis in children (2006)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) in children with acute appendicitis (AA) and to compare this with the diagnostic accuracy of routinely used C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell (WBC) count. Eighty-two consecutive children admitted to our Department because of suspected AA were enrolled in this prospective study and classified into two groups: group 1 (49 children who underwent surgery for AA) and group 2 (33 children with no surgery with diagnosis of non-specific abdominal pain or sonographic mesenteric lymphadenitis). There were no negative appendectomies during the time of the study. The patients were further classified into three subgroups: subgroup 1A (43 patients with advanced AA), subgroup 2A (11 patients with mesenteric lymphadenitis) and subgroup 2B (10 patients with non-specific abdominal pain). The perforation rate was 32.7 %. WBC count and serum CRP, IL-6 and LBP were measured on admission. Area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were evaluated. Serum IL-6 and LBP were significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2. The highest AUC for AA was that for IL-6 (0.776), followed by WBC count (0.684), CRP (0.637) and LBP (0.635). In conclusion, only IL-6, determined on admission, showed medium diagnostic accuracy, while other laboratory markers showed low diagnostic accuracy for AA in children. The new laboratory markers therefore do not significantly improve the diagnosis of AA.
IL-10 induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of tyk2 and Jak1 and the differential assembly of STAT1 α and STAT3 complexes in human T cells and monocytes (1995)

IL-10 affects monocytes and T cells by driving the progression of immune responsiveness such that Th2 lymphocyte-mediated effects predominate. In this report, we show that in monocytes and T cells IL-10 stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of the signal transducers and activators of transcription, STAT1 alpha and STAT3, in a differential manner such that the relative formation of homo- and heterodimers varies between the two cell types. Moreover, monocytes express a novel IL-10-stimulated STAT protein with an M(r) of 70 kDa that is recognized by the anti-STAT3 Ab but is not observed in T cells. IL-10 treatment of both T cells and monocytes results in the ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of tyk2 and Jak1, but not Jak2 or Jak3. Selective modulation of immune responsiveness by IL-10 in cells such as monocytes and T cells may result in part from the differential activation of STAT protein pairs.
IL-18 and IL-12 induce intestinal inflammation and fatty liver in mice in an IFN-γ dependent manner (2000)

Our study strongly indicates that IL-18 together with IL-12 induces intestinal mucosal inflammation in an IFN-gamma dependent but TNF-alpha, NO, and Fas ligand independent manner, and fatty liver is dependent on IFN-gamma and NO.
Prasugrel versus Clopidogrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes (2007)

In patients with acute coronary syndromes with scheduled percutaneous coronary intervention, prasugrel therapy was associated with significantly reduced rates of ischemic events, including stent thrombosis, but with an increased risk of major bleeding, including fatal bleeding. Overall mortality did not differ significantly between treatment groups. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00097591 [ClinicalTrials.gov].)
A decade after the generation of a negative-sense RNA virus from cloned cDNA – what have we learned? (2002)

Since the first generation of a negative-sense RNA virus entirely from cloned cDNA in 1994, similar reverse genetics systems have been established for members of most genera of the Rhabdo- and Paramyxoviridae families, as well as for Ebola virus (Filoviridae). The generation of segmented negative-sense RNA viruses was technically more challenging and has lagged behind the recovery of nonsegmented viruses, primarily because of the difficulty of providing more than one genomic RNA segment. A member of the Bunyaviridae family (whose genome is composed of three RNA segments) was first generated from cloned cDNA in 1996, followed in 1999 by the production of influenza virus, which contains eight RNA segments. Thus, reverse genetics, or the de novo synthesis of negative-sense RNA viruses from cloned cDNA, has become a reliable laboratory method that can be used to study this large group of medically and economically important viruses. It provides a powerful tool for dissecting the virus life cycle, virus assembly, the role of viral proteins in pathogenicity and the interplay of viral proteins with components of the host cell immune response. Finally, reverse genetics has opened the way to develop live attenuated virus vaccines and vaccine vectors.
Electronic Transparence of a SingleC60Molecule (1995)

We report the first study of electrical contact with an individual molecule (${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$). Using a scanning tunneling microscope tip, the electrical current $I$ flowing as a function of tip displacement $s$ towards the molecule is investigated [ $I\left(s\right)$ characteristics]. The tunneling current increases approximately exponentially with tip displacement in the tunnel regime, but this behavior changes significantly as contact is established. From the $I\left(s\right)$ data and calculations for ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ we determine an apparent electrical resistance of 54.80 M $\ensuremath{\Omega}$ for the junction at ``tip contact.'' In the Landauer formalism, this value is a measurement of the electronic transparence $2.35\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ of the molecule under the tip.
Structural Basis for Phosphotyrosine Peptide Recognition by Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (1995)

The crystal structures of a cysteine-215-->serine mutant of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B complexed with high-affinity peptide substrates corresponding to an autophosphorylation site of the epidermal growth factor receptor were determined. Peptide binding to the protein phosphatase was accompanied by a conformational change of a surface loop that created a phosphotyrosine recognition pocket and induced a catalytically competent form of the enzyme. The phosphotyrosine side chain is buried within the period and anchors the peptide substrate to its binding site. Hydrogen bonds between peptide main-chain atoms and the protein contribute to binding affinity, and specific interactions of acidic residues of the peptide with basic residues on the surface of the enzyme confer sequence specificity.
Structures, Thermodynamics, and Li+Mobility of Li10GeP2S12: A First-Principles Analysis (2014)

The first-principles and thermodynamic calculations were performed to study structural stability, thermodynamic properties, and Li+ migration mechanism of the superionic conductor Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS). Our calculations show that the zigzag and parallel arrangements of GeS44– and P(1)S43– units form three types of stable structures. Among them, zigzag-type structures with 2–4 Li+ occupied in the Li4 position were found to be the most stable. Our thermodynamic calculations show that LGPS may be stable at >276 K when configuration and vibration entropies are considered based on disordered arrangement of GeS44– and P(1)S43– units, and partially occupied Li+. Based on the calculation for minimum energy paths, we found that Li+ migration along the c axis may be more favorable than that in the ab plane, indicating a very weak anisotropy for Li+ migration of LGPS. These structural and mechanistic studies are helpful to design a novel superionic conductor with high performance.
CONTOUR APPROXIMATION FOR FASTER OBJECT BASED TRANSCODING WITH HIGHER PERCEPTUAL QUALITY (2004)

Object aware video rate transcoding can significantly improve the perceptual quality of relatively low bit-rate video. However, precise object detection in arbitrary video scenes is computationally challenging. This paper presents an interesting experimentation with a live eye-gaze tracker which suggests that object detection, particularly for perceptual encoding, may not have to be precise. Indeed, a simple approximation can not only reduce the complexity of the detection process, but also result in improved perceptual quality and yield very fast transcoding algorithms.
Cariogenic Actinomyces Identified with a β-Glucosidase-Dependent Green Color Reaction toGardenia jasminoidesExtract (2001)

The oral bacteria Actinomyces naeslundii and Actinomyces viscosus are known to contribute to the initiation and progression of human dental caries, especially root caries. We report that both A. naeslundii and A. viscosus react with a component in the Gardenia jasminoides extract to produce a distinct green product. This green color reaction was found to be dependent on the bacterial beta-glucosidase. The reaction is specific for cariogenic actinomyces, and it can detect as few as 10(4) cells of A. naeslundii and A. viscosus per ml.
Preparation and Assay of Myristoyl-CoA:Protein N-Myristoyltransferase (2003)

Myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) catalyzes the cotranslational transfer of myristate from myristoyl-CoA to the amino-terminal glycine residue of a number of cellular, viral, fungal, and oncoproteins (1–5). These proteins include the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, various tyrosine kinases (including pp60src, pp60yes, pp56lck, pp59fyn/syn, and cAbl), the β-subunit of calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase (calcineurin), the myristoylated alanine rich C kinase substrate, the α-subunit of several G-proteins, and several ARF proteins involved in ADP ribosylation (1–5). A significant problem with the purification and characterization of NMT concerns the available assay procedures. The wide availability and use of peptides allow for convenient substrates. However, the existing procedures to isolate and analyze the reaction products of myristoylation, such as reverse-phase HPLC, are expensive and time-consuming (6,7). Ion-exchange column chromatography, differential solubilization, adsorption of myristoyl-CoA to acidic alumina, and ion-exchange exclusion of [3H]myristoyl peptides have been utilized as assay methods are faster and more convenient than reverse-phase HPLC (8–10). However, these procedures are still limited with respect to the number of assays that can conveniently be performed. Here we described a new rapid, reliable, and inexpensive NMT assay based on the binding of [3H]myristoyl-peptide to a P81 phosphocellulose paper matrix (11).
Profiling Aquatic Diffusion Process Using Robotic Sensor Networks (2013)

Water resources and aquatic ecosystems are facing increasing threats from climate change, improper waste disposal, and oil spill incidents. It is of great interest to deploy mobile sensors to detect and monitor certain diffusion processes (e.g., chemical pollutants) that are harmful to aquatic environments. In this paper, we propose an accuracy-aware diffusion process profiling approach using smart aquatic mobile sensors such as robotic fish. In our approach, the robotic sensors collaboratively profile the characteristics of a diffusion process including source location, discharged substance amount, and its evolution over time. In particular, the robotic sensors reposition themselves to progressively improve the profiling accuracy. We formulate a novel movement scheduling problem that aims to maximize the profiling accuracy subject to the limited sensor mobility and energy budget. We develop an efficient greedy algorithm and a more complex near-optimal radial algorithm to solve the problem. We conduct extensive simulations based on real data traces of GPS localization errors, robotic fish movement, and wireless communication. The results show that our approach can accurately profile dynamic diffusion processes under tight energy budgets. Moreover, a preliminary evaluation based on the implementation on TelosB motes validates the feasibility of deploying our profiling algorithms on mote-class robotic sensor platforms.
Haplotype of multiple polymorphisms resolved by enzymatic amplification of single DNA molecules. (1990)

We have developed a reliable method for the direct resolution of haplotypes or linkage phase from individuals who are multiply heterozygous in a given genomic region. The method is based on single-molecule dilution (SMD) of genomic template and amplification via biphasic polymerase chain reaction (booster PCR). We have verified the feasibility of the SMD method for a highly polymorphic region within the beta-globin cluster by analysis of triply heterozygous individuals of known haplotype. This approach should be useful in many studies in population or evolutionary genetics and in a variety of clinical settings.
Towards an open architecture for LDL (1989)

We extend LDL to allow programs to call external procedures and vice versa. This extension allows the modularization of LDL, since external predicates are equivalent to external procedures written in LDL. External predicates are viewed as infinite relations so that the traditional semantics of logic programs remain applicable. To avoid computing infinite relations, wellformedness conditions for programs in extended LDL are given. The traditional optimization framework can still be used; it is only necessary to define a new set of cost functions capable of handling the infinite relations. The problem of interfacing LDL programs with external procedures---exchanging complex objects and returning multiple solutions---is discussed. Thus, we provide a general framework to allow logic programs to interact with external procedures without sacrificing amenities such as optimization, safety, etc. This approach forms the basis for the implementation of externals and modules in the LDL ...
Reduction of intraocular pressure in normal and glaucomatous primate (Aotus trivirgatus) eyes by topically applied prostaglandin F2α (1981)

Topical application of a single dose of 1.0 mg prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) onto the cornea of five trained owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) caused a prolonged and highly significant ocular hypotony. The intraocular pressure (IOP) of the treated eye was 4.7 +/- 0.9 mm Hg below that of the control eye 18 to 24 hr after PGF2 alpha application and remained significantly reduced for over 72 hr. Miosis, aqueous flare, and accumulation of cells in the anterior chamber were minimal in extent. The hypotensive effect of PGF2 alpha was even more pronounced when applied to a glaucomatous owl monkey eye with angle recession, which had IOPs consistently in the 45 to 55 mm Hg range (mean: 47.2 +/- 0.7) as measured periodically over a one-year period. The application of a single dose of 1.0 mg of PGF2 alpha to this hypertensive eye reduced IOP by over 25 mm Hg within 4 hr, with a relative hypotony lasting for at least 6 days. These results show that topical application of certain PGs to normotensive or hypertensive primate eyes can cause a long lasting and highly significant decrease in IOP, and suggest that prostaglandins or their analogues may aid in the therapeutic control of ocular hypertension and glaucoma.
Endothelial dysfunction: a comprehensive appraisal. (2006)

The endothelium is a thin monocellular layer that covers all the inner surface of the blood vessels, separating the circulating blood from the tissues. It is not an inactive organ, quite the opposite. It works as a receptor-efector organ and responds to each physical or chemical stimulus with the release of the correct substance with which it may maintain vasomotor balance and vascular-tissue homeostasis. It has the property of producing, independently, both agonistic and antagonistic substances that help to keep homeostasis and its function is not only autocrine, but also paracrine and endocrine. In this way it modulates the vascular smooth muscle cells producing relaxation or contraction, and therefore vasodilatation or vasoconstriction. The endothelium regulating homeostasis by controlling the production of prothrombotic and antithrombotic components, and fibrynolitics and antifibrynolitics. Also intervenes in cell proliferation and migration, in leukocyte adhesion and activation and in immunological and inflammatory processes. Cardiovascular risk factors cause oxidative stress that alters the endothelial cells capacity and leads to the so called endothelial "dysfunction" reducing its capacity to maintain homeostasis and leads to the development of pathological inflammatory processes and vascular disease. There are different techniques to evaluate the endothelium functional capacity, that depend on the amount of NO produced and the vasodilatation effect. The percentage of vasodilatation with respect to the basal value represents the endothelial functional capacity. Taking into account that shear stress is one of the most important stimulants for the synthesis and release of NO, the non-invasive technique most often used is the transient flow-modulate "endothelium-dependent" post-ischemic vasodilatation, performed on conductance arteries such as the brachial, radial or femoral arteries. This vasodilatation is compared with the vasodilatation produced by drugs that are NO donors, such as nitroglycerine, called "endothelium independent". The vasodilatation is quantified by measuring the arterial diameter with high resolution ultrasonography. Laser-Doppler techniques are now starting to be used that also consider tissue perfusion. There is so much proof about endothelial dysfunction that it is reasonable to believe that there is diagnostic and prognostic value in its evaluation for the late outcome. There is no doubt that endothelial dysfunction contributes to the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic disease and could be considered an independent vascular risk factor. Although prolonged randomized clinical trials are needed for unequivocal evidence, the data already obtained allows the methods of evaluation of endothelial dysfunction to be considered useful in clinical practice and have overcome the experimental step, being non-invasive increases its value making it use full for follow-up of the progression of the disease and the effects of different treatments.
IFN-gamma-inducing factor/IL-18 administration mediates IFN-gamma- and IL-12-independent antitumor effects. (1998)

We evaluated the mechanism of the antitumor effects of mouse rIFN-gamma-inducing factor/IL-18 protein on the growth of mouse tumor cell lines in vivo. Mice received IL-18 before or after challenge with CL8-1, a mouse melanoma cell line. Both regimens significantly suppressed tumor growth and reduced the number of mice with growth of tumor from 60% (3/5) to 20% (1/5). Furthermore, IL-18 administered before and after tumor inoculation completely abrogated the establishment of CL8-1 in all animals. IL-18 administration also significantly suppressed the growth of MCA205, a sarcoma cell line, even when treatment was delayed to 7 days following tumor inoculation. Although IL-18/IL-12 combination therapy had the most significant and immediate antitumor effects, many mice so treated succumbed with markedly elevated serum IFN-gamma levels. The antitumor effects of IL-18 were abrogated almost completely when NK cells were eliminated using anti-asialo GM1 Ab administration, but only marginally impaired in IFN-gamma or IL-12 gene-disrupted mice. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the number of the CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, found at the tumor site was reduced in animals treated with IL-18. These results indicate that IL-18 has potent antitumor effects mediated by CD4+ T cells and NK cells, but in IFN-gamma- and IL-12-independent pathways.
Trabecular meshwork cellularity. Differences between fellow eyes. (1990)

The difference in trabecular meshwork cellularity between fellow eyes was determined in a series of seven pairs of normal human eyes. Variations in cellularity between different quadrants of individual eyes also were determined. Characterization of these differences and development of appropriate sampling techniques to determine trabecular cellularity has become important in light of recent studies that find a decrease in trabecular cell numbers with age and with primary open-angle glaucoma, and the apparent stimulation of trabecular cell division by laser trabeculoplasty. The difference in absolute cell numbers (nuclei per section) between fellow eyes was 12.8% +/- 4.3% (standard error of the mean, SEM). The difference in cellularity (nuclei per solid tissue area) was 9.4% +/- 4.5% (SEM) in a subgroup of five pairs of these eyes. The coefficient of variation between different quadrants of an eye was 18.4% for absolute cell numbers and 17.3% for cellularity for the entire group of eyes. Sample size calculations indicate that for future studies, four pairs of eyes would be needed to detect a 20% difference in absolute cell numbers between fellow eyes and three pairs needed for detecting a similar difference in cellularity (alpha = 0.05, beta = 0.1). At least two quadrants per eye should be examined.
Speaker adaptation of tied-mixture-based phoneme models for text-prompted speaker recognition (2002)

Speaker adaptation methods for tied-mixture-based phoneme models are investigated for text-prompted speaker recognition. For this type of speaker recognition, speaker-specific phoneme models are essential for verifying both the key text and the speaker. This paper proposes a new method of creating speaker-specific phoneme models. This uses speaker-independent (universal) phoneme models consisting of tied-mixture HMMs and adapts the feature space of the tied-mixtures to that of the speaker through phoneme-dependent/independent iterative training. Therefore, it can adapt models of phonemes that have a small amount of training data to the speaker. The proposed method was tested using 15 speakers' voices recorded over 10 months and achieved a speaker and text verification rate of 99.4% even when both the voices of different speakers and different texts uttered by the true speaker were to be rejected.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>