gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The endocannabinoid system and cancer: therapeutic implication (2011)

The endocannabinoid system is implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological conditions (inflammation, immunomodulation, analgesia, cancer and others). The main active ingredient of cannabis, Δ(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9) -THC), produces its effects through activation of CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. CB(1) receptors are expressed at high levels in the central nervous system (CNS), whereas CB(2) receptors are concentrated predominantly, although not exclusively, in cells of the immune system. Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipid-signalling molecules that are generated in the cell membrane from phospholipid precursors. The two best characterized endocannabinoids identified to date are anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Here we review the relationship between the endocannabinoid system and anti-tumour actions (inhibition of cell proliferation and migration, induction of apoptosis, reduction of tumour growth) of the cannabinoids in different types of cancer. This review will focus on examining how activation of the endocannabinoid system impacts breast, prostate and bone cancers in both in vitro and in vivo systems. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for cancer, as identified in clinical trials, is also discussed. Identification of safe and effective treatments to manage and improve cancer therapy is critical to improve quality of life and reduce unnecessary suffering in cancer patients. In this regard, cannabis-like compounds offer therapeutic potential for the treatment of breast, prostate and bone cancer in patients. Further basic research on anti-cancer properties of cannabinoids as well as clinical trials of cannabinoid therapeutic efficacy in breast, prostate and bone cancer is therefore warranted.
The Tissue Matrix: Cell Dynamics and Hormone Action* (1990)

THE SPECIFIC response of individual tissues to a single steroid receptor cannot be explained simply by DNA sequence alone. For example, in the same animal a given steroid receptor is capable of interacting with the nucleus of two different cell types, resulting in unique gene expressions despite the presence of a similar genome. Historically, these differences in response to a single type of steroid receptor within target tissues in the same animal have been suggested to occur through different alterations in chromatin structure. However, the molecular mechanisms of this tissue specificity remain unexplained. It is possible that in different cell types the specific three-dimensional organization of the genome and cell skeletal elements interplay may vary to accomplish the hormonal regulation of specific gene expression. It is the purpose of this review to address the potential role of cell structure as a central component of hormone action.
Double patterning for 32nm and below: an update (2008)

Double patterning lithography - either with two litho and etch steps or through the use of a sacrificial spacer layer, have equal complexity and particularly tight requirements on CDU and Overlay. Both techniques pose difficult challenges to process control, metrology and integration, but seem feasible for the 32nm node. In this paper, we report results in exploring CDU and overlay performance at 32nm 1/2 pitch resolution of two double patterning technology options, Dual Photo Etch, LELE and sidewall spacer with sacrificial layer. We discuss specific aspects of CD control present in any double patterning lithography, the existence of multiple populations of lines and spaces, with overlay becoming part of CDU budget. The existence of multiple and generally uncorrelated CD populations, demands utilization of full field and full wafer corrections to bring together the CDU of these multiple populations in order to meet comparable 10% CDU as in single exposure. We present experimental results of interfield and intrafield CD and overlay statistical and spatial distributions confirming capability to improve these distributions to meet dimensional and overlay control levels required by 32nm node. After compensation, we achieved a CDU control for each population, of 2nm or better and 3nm overlay on multiple wafers and multiple state of art, hyper NA immersion scanners. Results confirmed our assumptions for existence of multiple CDU populations entangled overlay into CDU.
Antitumor Polyether Macrolides:  New and Hemisynthetic Halichondrins from the New Zealand Deep-Water Sponge Lissodendoryx sp. (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTAntitumor Polyether Macrolides: New and Hemisynthetic Halichondrins from the New Zealand Deep-Water Sponge Lissodendoryx sp.Marc Litaudon, Sarah J. H. Hickford, Rachel E. Lill, Robin J. Lake, John W. Blunt, and Murray H. G. MunroView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1997, 62, 6, 1868–1871Publication Date (Web):March 21, 1997Publication History Received2 December 1996Published online21 March 1997Published inissue 1 March 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo962231nhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo962231nbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views511Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Assays,Chromatography,Reaction products,Resonance structures,Stereochemistry Get e-Alerts
Urea Cycle Enzyme Adaptation to Dietary Protein in Primates (1971)

Activities of the five hepatic enzymes of the urea cycle increased two- to threefold in monkeys on a 60 percent protein diet compared with levels in monkeys on an isocaloric 6 percent protein diet. Equal adaptation occurred in rats on the same diets. These enzyme activities in adult humans approximate those of monkeys on a similar protein intake.
Autophagy and tumorigenesis (2009)

Autophagy, or cellular self-digestion, is activated in cancer cells in response to multiple stresses and has been demonstrated to promote tumor cell survival and drug resistance. Nonetheless, genetic evidence supports that autophagy functions as a tumor suppressor mechanism. Hence, the precise role of autophagy during cancer progression and treatment is both tissue and context dependent. Here, we discuss our current understanding of the biological functions of autophagy during cancer development, overview how autophagy is regulated by cancer-associated signaling pathways, and review how autophagy inhibition is being exploited to improve clinical outcomes.
Single small-interfering RNA expression vector for silencing multiple transforming growth factor- pathway components (2005)

Although RNA interference (RNAi) is a popular technique, no method for simultaneous silencing of multiple targets by small-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-expressing RNAi vectors has yet been established. Although gene silencing can be achieved by synthetic small-interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes, the approach is transient and largely dependent on the transfection efficiency of the host cell. We offer a solution: a simple, restriction enzyme-generated stable RNAi technique that can efficiently silence multiple targets with a single RNAi vector and a single selection marker. In this study, we succeeded in simultaneous stable knockdown of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) pathway-related Smads--Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4--at the cellular level. We observed distinct phenotypic changes in TGF-beta-dependent cellular functions such as invasion, wound healing and apoptosis. This method is best suited for an analysis of complex signal transduction pathways in which silencing of a single gene cannot account for the whole process.
Transmission through barriers and resonant tunneling in an interacting one-dimensional electron gas (1992)

We study theoretically transport of a one-dimensional single-channel interacting electron gas through barriers or constrictions. We find that electrons with repulsive interactions, incident upon a single barrier, are completely reflected at zero temperature. At finite temperature (T), the conductance is shown to vanish as a power of T, and at zero temperature, power-law current-voltage characteristics are predicted. For attractive interactions, we predict perfect transmission at zero temperature, with similar power-law corrections. We also study resonant tunneling through a double-barrier structure and related effects associated with the Coulomb blockade. Resonant peaks in the transmission are possible, provided the interactions are not too strongly repulsive. However, in contrast to resonant tunneling in a noninteracting electron gas, we find that in the presence of interactions the width of the resonance vanishes, as a power of temperature, in the zero-temperature limit. Moreover, the resonance line shapes are shown to be described by a universal scaling function, which has power law, but non-Lorentzian tails. For a particular choice of interaction strengths, we present an exact solution of our model, which verifies the scaling assumptions and provides an explicit expression for the scaling function. We also consider the role played by the electron-spin degree of freedom in modifying the trasnsmission through barriers. With spin, there are four possible phases corresponding to perfect transmission or perfect reflection of charge and spin. We present phase diagrams for these different behaviors and analyze the nontrivial transitions between them. At these transitions we find that the conductance or transmission is universal---depending only on the dimensionless conductance of the leads and not on the details of the barriers. In the case of resonant tunneling with spin, we discuss the ``Kondo'' resonance, which occurs when there is a spin degeneracy for electrons between the two barriers. Many of the predictions should be directly testable in gated GaAs wires.
Discovery of a novel putative atypical porcine pestivirus in pigs in the USA (2015)

Pestiviruses are some of the most significant pathogens affecting ruminants and swine. Here, we assembled a 11 276 bp contig encoding a predicted 3635 aa polyprotein from porcine serum with 68 % pairwise identity to that of a recently partially characterized Rhinolophus affinis pestivirus (RaPV) and approximately 25-28 % pairwise identity to those of other pestiviruses. The virus was provisionally named atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV). Metagenomic sequencing of 182 serum samples identified four additional APPV-positive samples. Positive samples originated from five states and ELISAs using recombinant APPV Erns found cross-reactive antibodies in 94 % of a collection of porcine serum samples, suggesting widespread distribution of APPV in the US swine herd. The molecular and serological results suggest that APPV is a novel, highly divergent porcine pestivirus widely distributed in US pigs.
Characterization of humoral immune responses against p16 in HPV-associated and non HPV-associated disease (2008)

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA

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Introduction: The cellular tumor suppressor p16INK4a is strongly and constantly overexpressed in cervical cancers and their precursor lesions, while in normal tissue, barely any p16INK4a expression is detected. The aberrant p16INK4a expression results from the HPV E7 mediated disruption of pRb binding to E2F. We have previously demonstrated that infiltrating T lymphozytes reactive against p16INK4a can be found in cervical cancer patients and that T cells from healthy donors can be stimulated with p16INK4a peptides and are able to lyse cervical cancer cell lines. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that p16INK4a might induce humoral immune responses in cervical cancer patients. Methods: In this study, sera of 360 cervical cancer patients, 64 colorectal cancer patients, 35 patients with HPV related head and neck cancer, 92 patients with autoimmune diseases and 236 healthy controls were analyzed using Western blot, peptide ELISA and a Luminex based assay with recombinant GST-tagged p16INK4a. In addition sera were analyzed for antibodies against p53 and the viral antigens HPV16-E6 and HPV16-E7. Results: In all series only low p16INK4a antibody reactivity was observed. No significant difference in p16INK4a antibody frequency could be found between patients and healthy controls in the cervical cancer case control study (OR=0.86; CI 0.56, 1.31). Anti-p53 reactivity was found in all series at slightly higher levels than anti-p16. Antibodies against the HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 were detected at much higher frequency and titer in HPV related diseases (E6 OR=27.78, E7 OR=2.36). Conclusion: This is the first study evaluating humoral immune responses against p16INK4a. Only weak antibody responses against the strongly overexpressed p16INK4a in HPV related tumors were observed. The slightly higher percentage of responses in healthy controls might be related to a protective effect of p16INK4a autoantibodies but needs to be analyzed in a series of women with regressing dysplastic cervical lesions.
Inactivation of Gating Currents of L-Type Calcium Channels (1998)

In studies of gating currents of rabbit cardiac Ca channels expressed as alpha 1C/beta 2a or alpha 1C/beta 2a/alpha 2 delta subunit combinations in tsA201 cells, we found that long-lasting depolarization shifted the distribution of mobile charge to very negative potentials. The phenomenon has been termed charge interconversion in native skeletal muscle (Brum, G., and E. Ríos. 1987. J. Physiol. (Camb.). 387:489-517) and cardiac Ca channels (Shirokov, R., R. Levis, N. Shirokova, and E. Ríos. 1992. J. Gen. Physiol. 99:863-895). Charge 1 (voltage of half-maximal transfer, V1/2 approximately 0 mV) gates noninactivated channels, while charge 2 (V1/2 approximately -90 mV) is generated in inactivated channels. In alpha 1C/beta 2a cells, the available charge 1 decreased upon inactivating depolarization with a time constant tau approximately 8, while the available charge 2 decreased upon recovery from inactivation (at -200 mV) with tau approximately 0.3 s. These processes therefore are much slower than charge movement, which takes <50 ms. This separation between the time scale of measurable charge movement and that of changes in their availability, which was even wider in the presence of alpha 2 delta, implies that charges 1 and 2 originate from separate channel modes. Because clear modal separation characterizes slow (C-type) inactivation of Na and K channels, this observation establishes the nature of voltage-dependent inactivation of L-type Ca channels as slow or C-type. The presence of the alpha 2 delta subunit did not change the V1/2 of charge 2, but sped up the reduction of charge 1 upon inactivation at 40 mV (to tau approximately 2 s), while slowing the reduction of charge 2 upon recovery (tau approximately 2 s). The observations were well simulated with a model that describes activation as continuous electrodiffusion (Levitt, D. 1989. Biophys. J. 55:489-498) and inactivation as discrete modal change. The effects of alpha 2 delta are reproduced assuming that the subunit lowers the free energy of the inactivated mode.
Eighth Major Clade for Hepatitis Delta Virus (2006)

Hepatitis delta virus is the only representative of the Deltavirus genus, which consists of 7 differentiated major clades. In this study, an eighth clade was identified from 3 distinct strains. Deltavirus genetic variability should be considered for diagnostic purposes. Clinical consequences of the diversity have yet to be evaluated.
Evaluation of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Clary Sage (Salvia sclarea L.) (2004)

The present work evaluates the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of clary sage (CS) Salvia sclarea L. Antimicrobial, total antioxidant, DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and metal chelating activities, reducing power, and total contents of phenolic compounds of dried herb samples extracted with chloroform and acetone were studied. The chloroform extract had stronger total antioxidant activity than the acetone extract and exhibited 93 and 68% inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, respectively. a-Tocopherol, quercetin, butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene were used as standard antioxidants. Antimicrobial activities of both CS extracts were examined by means of disk-diffusion methods with 11 microbial species (Bacillus megaterium NRS, Proteus vulgaris FMC 1, Listeria monocytogenes BRIE 1, Bacillus cereus FMC 19, Staphylococcus aureus FÜ, Bacillus brevis FMC 3, Klebsiella pneumoniae FMC 5, Micrococcus luteus LA 2971, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 50071, Escherichia coli DM and Mycobacterium smegmatis CCM 2067) and 4 fungal species (Penicillum frequentans, Fusarium equiseti, Aspergillus candidus and Byssochlamys fulves). Both CS extracts were effective in inhibiting the growth of the organisms except for Escherichia coli DM. The antifungal activity of each of the above extracts is lower than the antimicrobial activity.
Function of glycoprotein B homologues of the family herpesviridae. (1994)

The herpesviruses of humans and animals are large, enveloped virions with complex genetic organization that cause either lytic or latent infections. Of the many glycoproteins encoded by these viruses and incorporated into the virion envelope, glycoprotein B (gB) is the most highly conserved. Homologues of gB are encoded by the genomes of all the herpesviruses. gB is required for infectivity and functions in penetration of cells by promoting fusion of the virion and plasma membranes. Syncytium formation, a manifestation of fusion activity in virus-infected cells, results from mutations in gB or in certain other genes encoding glycoproteins and integral membrane proteins. The paradox that mutations in gB and other proteins cause the formation of syncytia can be explained by the hypothesis that gB normally participates in a multisubunit protein complex that controls fusion following a cascade of interactions with cell-surface receptors. Syncytium formation by altered forms of the components of this complex would be the result of less well-regulated events. Recent findings on the control of fusion in other virus systems, and on vesicle fusion in the normal cellular secretory pathway, support a model in which gB functions together with other viral proteins to form a hydrophobic fusion pore.
Physics of solitons (2006)

List of Portraits Preface Part I. Different Classes of Solitons: Introduction 1. Nontopological solitons: the Korteweg-de Vries equation 2. Topological soltitons: sine-Gordon equation 3. Envelope solitons and nonlinear localisation: the nonlinear Schroedinger equation 4. The modelling process: ion acoustic waves in a plasma Part II. Mathematical Methods for the Study of Solitons: Introduction 5. Linearisation around the soliton solution 6. Collective coordinate method 7. The inverse-scattering transform Part III. Examples in Solid State and Atomic Physics: Introduction 8. The Ferm-Pasta-Ulam problem 9. A simple model for dislocations in crystals 10. Ferroelectric domain walls 11. Incommensurate phases 12. Solitons in magnetic systems 13. Solitons in Conducting polymers 14. Solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates Part IV. Nonlinear Excitations in Biological Molecules: Introduction 15. Energy localisation and transfer in proteins 16. Nonlinear dynamics and statistical physics of DNA Conclusion: Physical solitons: do they exist? Part V. Appendices: A. Derivation of the KdV equation for surface hydrodynamic waves B. Mechanics of a continuous medium C. Coherent states of an harmonic oscillator References Index.
Phase II study of intraperitoneal recombinant interleukin-12 (rhIL-12) in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (residual disease < 1 cm) associated with ovarian cancer or primary peritoneal carcinoma (2007)

IP IL-12 can safely be administered at this dose and schedule to patients after first line chemotherapy for ovarian/peritoneal carcinoma. The maximum response was stable disease. Future IP therapies with rhIL-12 will require better understanding and control of pleiotropic effects of IL-12.
Parallel Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)-dependent and Src-dependent Pathways Lead to CXCL8-mediated Rac2 Activation and Chemotaxis (2008)

The requirement for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in the establishment of cell polarity and motility in a number of cell types has recently come into question. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of PI3K by wortmannin in neutrophil-like differentiated HL60 cells expressing CXCR2 resulted in reduced cell motility but normal chemotaxis in response to a gradient of CXCL8. However, wortmannin inhibition of PI3K did impair the ability of cells to re-orient their polarity and respond quickly to a change in the direction of the CXCL8 gradient. We hypothesized that Src-regulated ELMO-Dock2-Rac2 activation mediates chemotaxis in the absence of PI3K activity. Inhibition of Src with the small molecule inhibitor, PP2, or inhibition of Dock2 by shRNA knockdown confirmed the functional role of Src and Dock2 in regulating chemotaxis when PI3K was inhibited. Moreover, neutrophils isolated from bone marrow of hck(-/-)fgr(-/-)lyn(-/-) mice exhibited much more severe inhibition of chemotaxis when PI3K was blocked with wortmannin as compared with neutrophils isolated from bone marrow of wild-type mice. Thus, PI3K and Src-ELMO-Dock2 pathways work in parallel to activate Rac2 and modulate chemotaxis in response to a CXCL8 gradient in neutrophils.
Automatic calibration of fish-eye cameras from automotive video sequences (2010)

A technique for calibrating a lens in the automotive environment to compensate for radial distortion introduced by wide-angle or fish-eye lenses, without the need for a dedicated calibration environment, is proposed. At present, car manufacturers are endeavouring to introduce systems that provide the driver with views of the car&apos;s surroundings that are not directly visible (blind zones). To achieve this, wide-angle/fish-eye lens cameras are fitted to many modern vehicles to maximise the field of view. However, fish-eye lenses introduce undesirable radial distortion to the resulting images that can be compensated for by post-processing the images. Calibration of the camera is important for fish-eye compensation, because each camera has different intrinsic properties. However, in some situations, calibration via specific calibration set-up can be undesirable. For example, in automotive mass production, where time and space on a production line have a direct impact on cost, even minutes spent on calibration is costly. In these situations, automatic calibration can reduce production time and alleviate the associated costs. It is proposed that the radial distortion introduced by fish-eye lenses can be calibrated using video normally captured by the camera on a vehicle. Here, it is proposed to heuristically extract real-world straight lines from image frames captured in an automotive environment and use these to calibrate the fish-eye camera for radial distortion.