gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Asymmetry of Anticipatory Activity in Visual Cortex Predicts the Locus of Attention and Perception (2007)

Humans can use advance information to direct spatial attention before stimulus presentation and respond more accurately to stimuli at the attended location compared with unattended locations. Likewise, spatially directed attention is associated with anticipatory activity in the portion of visual cortex representing the attended location. It is unknown, however, whether and how anticipatory signals predict the locus of spatial attention and perception. Here, we show that prestimulus, preparatory activity is highly correlated across regions representing attended and unattended locations. Comparing activity representing attended versus unattended locations, rather than measuring activity for only one location, dramatically improves the accuracy with which preparatory signals predict the locus of attention, largely by removing this positive correlation common across locations. In V3A, moreover, only the difference in activity between attended and unattended locations predicts whether upcoming visual stimuli will be accurately perceived. These results suggest that the locus of attention is coded in visual cortex by an asymmetry of anticipatory activity between attended and unattended locations and that this asymmetry predicts the accuracy of perception. This coding strategy may bias activity in downstream brain regions to represent the stimulus at the attended location.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Oral Charcoal in Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria (1987)

GüNTHER'S disease, or congenital erythropoietic porphyria, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of heme biosynthesis characteristically associated with diminished uroporphyrinogen III cosynthetase activity.1 , 2 Disfiguring photomutilation starts in childhood. Avoidance of sunlight has been the only sure way to prevent or retard photosensitivity. The treatments that have been tried have had limited success. A partial benefit after splenectomy has been reported,3 but there is little evidence of specific, long-term improvement.4 5 6 Haining and colleagues first reported suppression of bone marrow release of porphyrins by induced polycythemia,7 supporting the notion that disease activity can be modulated by diminishing porphyrin overproduction at the source . . .
The structure of Marek disease virus DNA: the presence of unique expansion in nonpathogenic viral DNA. (1985)

DNA of Marek disease virus (MDV) consists of two unique regions UL and US flanked by long inverted repeat regions TRL and IRL, and short inverted repeat regions TRS and IRS, respectively, similar to herpes simplex virus DNA. Comparison of restriction patterns between pathogenic and nonpathogenic MDV DNA was made to identify a region of viral DNA different between these two types of MDV, as it may be responsible for the tumorigenicity of MDV in chickens. The results indicated that BamHI-D and -H, located at the long inverted repeat regions TRL and IRL, were specifically expanded in nonpathogenic viral DNA. The location of the expanded region has been determined within 1.5 kilobase pairs of the Bgl I/Pst I fragment of BamHI-D and -H, close to the junction between the inverted repeat and the unique region. The possibility that a gene responsible for tumor induction may be disrupted by such expansion has been discussed.
Clinical translation of stem cell therapy in traumatic brain injury: the potential of encapsulated mesenchymal cell biodelivery of glucagon-like peptide-1 (2011)

Traumatic brain injury remains a major cause of death and disability; it is estimated that annually 10 million people are affected. Preclinical studies have shown the potential therapeutic value of stem cell therapies. Neuroprotective as well as regenerative properties of stem cells have been suggested to be the mechanism of action in preclinical studies. However, up to now stem cell therapy has not been studied extensively in clinical trials. This article summarizes the current experimental evidence and points out hurdles for clinical application. Focusing on a cell therapy in the acute stage of head injury, the potential of encapsulated cell biodelivery as a novel cell-therapeutic approach will also be discussed.
Tuning sensitivity to IL-4 and IL-13: differential expression of IL-4Rα, IL-13Rα1, and γc regulates relative cytokine sensitivity (2008)

Interleukin (IL)-4 and -13 are related cytokines sharing functional receptors. IL-4 signals through the type I (IL-4Ralpha/common gamma-chain [gammac]) and the type II (IL-4Ralpha/-13Ralpha1) IL-4 receptors, whereas IL-13 utilizes only the type II receptor. In this study, we show that mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages and human and mouse monocytes showed a much greater sensitivity to IL-4 than to IL-13. Lack of functional gammac made these cells poorly responsive to IL-4, while retaining full responsiveness to IL-13. In mouse peritoneal macrophages, IL-4 potency exceeds that of IL-13, but lack of gammac had only a modest effect on IL-4 signaling. In contrast, IL-13 stimulated greater responses than IL-4 in fibroblasts. Using levels of receptor chain expression and known binding affinities, we modeled the assemblage of functional type I and II receptor complexes. The differential expression of IL-4Ralpha, IL-13Ralpha1, and gammac accounted for the distinct IL-4-IL-13 sensitivities of the various cell types. These findings provide an explanation for IL-13's principal function as an "effector" cytokine and IL-4's principal role as an "immunoregulatory" cytokine.
A General Monte Carlo Method for Mapping Multiple Quantitative Trait Loci (1996)

In this paper we address the mapping of multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in line crosses for which the genetic data are highly incomplete. Such complicated situations occur, for instance, when dominant markers are used or when unequally informative markers are used in experiments with outbred populations. We describe a general and flexible Monte Carlo expectation-maximization (Monte Carlo EM) algorithm for fitting multiple-QTL models to such data. Implementation of this algorithm is straightforward in standard statistical software, but computation may take much time. The method may be generalized to cope with more complex models for animal and human pedigrees. A practical example is presented, where a three-QTL model is adopted in an outbreeding situation with dominant markers. The example is concerned with the linkage between randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and QTLs for partial resistance to Fusarium oxysporum in lily.
Regulation of Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Secretion by a Serotonergic Antimigraine Drug (1999)

We have investigated the regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from trigeminal neurons by the serotonergic antimigraine drug sumatriptan. Serum levels of the neuropeptide CGRP are elevated during migraine. Treatment with the drug sumatriptan returns CGRP levels to normal coincident with the alleviation of headache. However, despite this clinical efficacy, the cellular target and mechanism of sumatriptan action are not well understood beyond the pharmacology of its recognition of the 5-HT1 class of serotonin receptors. We have used cultured trigeminal neurons to demonstrate that sumatriptan can directly repress CGRP secretion from sensory neurons. The stimulated secretion in response to depolarization or inflammatory agents was inhibited, but not the basal secretion rate. Unexpectedly, sumatriptan did not lower cAMP levels, in contrast to the classical role ascribed to the 5-HT1 receptors. Instead, activation of 5-HT1 receptors caused a slow and remarkably prolonged increase in intracellular calcium. The inhibition of CGRP secretion is attenuated by the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid, suggesting that sumatriptan action is mediated by calcium-recruited phosphatases. These results suggest that 5-HT1 agonists may block a deleterious feedback loop in migraine at the trigeminal neurons and provide a general mechanism by which this class of drugs can attenuate stimulated neuropeptide release.
Learning generative models of scene features (2005)

We present a method for learning a set of generative models which are suitable for representing variations of selected image-domain features of the scene as a function of changes in the camera viewpoint. Such models are important for robotic tasks, such as probabilistic position estimation (i.e. localization), as well as visualization. Our approach entails the selection of image-domain features, as well as the synthesis of models of their visual behavior. The model we propose is capable of generating maximum likelihood views of automatically selected features, as well as a measure of the likelihood of a particular view from a particular camera position. Training the models involves regularizing observations of the features from known camera locations. The uncertainty of the model is evaluated using cross validation. The features themselves are initially selected automatically as salient points by a measure of visual attention, and are tracked across multiple views. While the motivation for this work is for robot localization, the results have implications for image interpolation, virtual scene reconstruction and object recognition. The paper presents a formulation of the problem and illustrative experimental results.
PADS: a policy architecture for distributed storage systems (2009)

This paper presents PADS, a policy architecture for building distributed storage systems. A policy architecture has two aspects. First, a common set of mechanisms that allow new systems to be implemented simply by defining new policies. Second, a structure for how policies, themselves, should be specified. In the case of distributed storage systems, PADS defines a data plane that provides a fixed set of mechanisms for storing and transmitting data and maintaining consistency information. PADS requires a designer to define a control plane policy that specifies the system-specific policy for orchestrating flows of data among nodes. PADS then divides control plane policy into two parts: routing policy and blocking policy. The PADS prototype defines a concise interface between the data and control planes, it provides a declarative language for specifying routing policy, and it defines a simple interface for specifying blocking policy. We find that PADS greatly reduces the effort to design, implement, and modify distributed storage systems. In particular, by using PADS we were able to quickly construct a dozen significant distributed storage systems spanning a large portion of the design space using just a few dozen policy rules to define each system.
Neutral amino acid transport in epithelial cells and its malfunction in Hartnup disorder (2005)

Hartnup disorder is an autosomal recessive abnormality of renal and gastrointestinal neutral amino acid transport. A corresponding transport activity has been characterized in kidney and intestinal cells and named system B(0). The failure to resorb amino acids in this disorder is thought to be compensated by a protein-rich diet. However, in combination with a poor diet and other factors, more severe symptoms can develop in Hartnup patients, including a photosensitive pellagra-like skin rash, cerebellar ataxia and other neurological symptoms. Homozygosity mapping in a Japanese family and linkage analysis on six Australian pedigrees placed the Hartnup disorder gene at a locus on chromosome 5p15. This fine mapping facilitated a candidate gene approach within the interval, which resulted in the cloning and characterization of a novel member of the sodium-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family (B(0)AT1, SLC6A19) from mouse and human kidney, which shows all properties of system B(0). Flux experiments and electrophysiological recording showed that the transporter is Na(+) dependent and Cl(-) independent, electrogenic and actively transports most neutral amino acids. In situ hybridization showed strong expression in intestinal villi and in the proximal tubule of the kidney. Expression of B(0)AT1 was restricted to kidney, intestine and skin. A total of ten mutations have been identified in SLC6A19 that co-segregate with disease in the predicted recessive manner, with the majority of affected individuals being compound heterozygotes. These mutations lead to altered neutral amino acid transport function compared to the wild-type allele in vitro. One of the mutations occurs in members of the original Hartnup family described in 1956, thereby defining SLC6A19 as the 'Hartnup'-gene.
Determination of strain distributions from X-ray Bragg reflexion by silicon single crystals (1977)

Accurate determination of strain distributions normal to the crystal surface is attempted through best-fitting of intensity profiles recorded with a double-crystal diffractometer and corresponding theoretical curves computed within the frame of the dynamical diffraction theory. The strain distributions are assumed to be one-dimensional and their functional forms are supposed from the sample preparation process. The fits are quite satisfactory for three samples prepared by boron diffusion, phosphorus diffusion and epitaxic growth with germanium doping. For samples containing boron and phosphorus, sheet-resistivity measurements combined with anodic oxidation showed diffusant distributions which were reasonably proportional to the strain distributions assumed above. Ratios of strain to impurity concentration measured here are ca 40% larger than those defined for uniform doping; simple elasticity considerations give an interpretation of this fact and the factor can be expressed in terms of stiffness constants.
Species specificity of human and murine tumor necrosis factor. A comparative study of tumor necrosis factor receptors. (1986)

Recombinant murine and human tumor necrosis factor (mTNF and hTNF, respectively) were radioiodinated to high specific activity using a solid-phase lactoperoxidase method. A single class of high affinity receptors for 125I-TNF was identified on TNF-sensitive murine L cells and human HeLa S2 cells. Competitive radioligand binding assays were used to study the species specificity of TNF preparations. Unlabeled hTNF competed 30-fold less effectively than mTNF for binding to L cell receptors, whereas mTNF competed to approximately the same extent as hTNF for binding to HeLa cell receptors. A similar species specificity was observed in cytotoxicity assays; hTNF was more cytotoxic for HeLa cells than mTNF. Conversely, mTNF was more growth inhibitory and cytotoxic for L cells than hTNF. mTNF. and hTNF.receptor complexes were compared by gel filtration chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before and after cross-linking with bis[2-(succinimidooxycarbonyloxy)ethyl]sulfone (BSOCOES). These complexes eluted in gel filtration at a position corresponding to a globular protein of 350,000 Mr. Gel autoradiographs of the fractions containing cross-linked complexes showed bands of 95,000 and 75,000 Mr as well as small amounts of higher Mr bands. mTNF and hTNF treated with BSOCOES formed cross-linked dimers and trimers. Therefore, we were unable to determine whether the 95,000 and 75,000 Mr bands represented two distinct subunits of receptors or one subunit to which either a dimer or a monomer of TNF was cross-linked. These results demonstrate species specificity in the TNF-receptor interaction. In addition, the affinity labeling studies in two species give an identical pattern for the TNF X receptor complexes, suggesting that the receptors have similar subunit composition.
Telescopes for a lunar outpost (1992)

This paper presents an overview of lunar-based telescopes. It begins with a review of the impressive attributes of the moon for astronomy which include a hard vacuum, seismic stability, low gravitational field, large surface area, dark and radio-quiet skies on the far-side, cold craters at the poles, and an abundance of raw materials. These attributes, coupled with the availability of technicians at a lunar outpost, make the moon the most attractive site for the next generation of space-based observatories. It is argued that modest, light-weight instruments such a generic 1-m optical/UV/IR telescope and a low radio frequency phased array are well suited for early deployment on the moon. More advanced concepts such as a 16-m filled aperture telescope and an optical interferometer will make unprecedented strides in sensitivity and resolution. Although complex, such telescopes are well-suited to an evolutionary construction and deployment scheme.
Prostaglandins in the menstrual cycle of women. A review. (1987)

The changes of concentrations of prostaglandins (PG) are cyclic in the uterine tissues and related to steroid ovarian hormones. The role in normal menstruation is presumably related to a local haemodynamic effect. PGF2 alpha vasoconstricts the endometrial vessels during menstruation and contracts the smooth muscle of the myometrium. PGE2 vasodilates the vessels of the endometrium, and PGI2 relaxes smooth muscle, vasodilates the vessels of the myometrium and inhibits thrombocyte aggregation. The pathological conditions dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia relates to symptoms which seem to be exaggerations of normal activities, probably due to increased PG levels. Prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors (PGSI) in women have not been able to prevent ovulation, but animal experiments have shown that the bursting of the follicle demands prostaglandins. In vitro experiments with human tissue have shown that PG is necessary for the occurrence of dissociation of connective tissue around the apex. Luteolysis is due to PG in several species, but it has not been possible to find this direct effect of PG upon luteolysis in women. However, there are indications that the PG functions as a mediator for or is mediated by catecholamines and/or oxytocin.
Inhibition of TYK2 and JAK1 Ameliorates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-like Dermatitis by Inhibiting IL-22 and the IL-23/IL-17 Axis (2014)

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the skin and characterized by aberrant keratinocyte proliferation and function. Immune cells infiltrate the skin and release proinflammatory cytokines that play important roles in psoriasis. The Th17 network, including IL-23 and IL-22, has recently emerged as a critical component in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. IL-22 and IL-23 signaling is dependent on the JAK family of protein tyrosine kinases, making JAK inhibition an appealing strategy for the treatment of psoriasis. In this study, we report the activity of SAR-20347, a small molecule inhibitor with specificity for JAK1 and tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) over other JAK family members. In cellular assays, SAR-20347 dose dependently (1 nM-10 μM) inhibited JAK1- and/or TYK2-dependent signaling from the IL-12/IL-23, IL-22, and IFN-α receptors. In vivo, TYK2 mutant mice or treatment of wild-type mice with SAR-20347 significantly reduced IL-12-induced IFN-γ production and IL-22-dependent serum amyloid A to similar extents, indicating that, in these models, SAR-20347 is probably acting through inhibition of TYK2. In an imiquimod-induced psoriasis model, the administration of SAR-20347 led to a striking decrease in disease pathology, including reduced activation of keratinocytes and proinflammatory cytokine levels compared with both TYK2 mutant mice and wild-type controls. Taken together, these data indicate that targeting both JAK1- and TYK2-mediated cytokine signaling is more effective than TYK2 inhibition alone in reducing psoriasis pathogenesis.
Security for object-oriented database systems (2003)

A design approach for a secure multilevel object-oriented database system is proposed by which a multilevel object-oriented system can be implemented on a conventional mandatory security kernel. Each object is assigned a single security level that applies to all its contents (variables and methods). The informal security policy model includes properties such as compatibility of security level assignments with the class hierarchy. After discussing the essential features of a general object system model, and then extending the object model to incorporate mandatory label-based security, it is shown how typical database security and integrity policies can be supported by this model, with special attention to inference problems and integrity constraints. The representation of integrity constraints and classification constraints are illustrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A novel approach in ECG beat recognition using adaptive neural fuzzy filter (2009)

) arrhythmia detection has been the subject of considerable research efforts in recent years. Intelligent computing tools such as artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy logic approaches are demonstrated to be competent when applied individually to a variety of problems. Recently, there has been a growing interest in combining both of these approaches, and as a result, adaptive neural fuzzy filters (ANFF) [1] have been evolved. This study presents a comparative study of the classification accuracy of ECG signals using (MLP) with back propagation training algorithm, and a new adaptive neural fuzzy filter architecture (ANFF) for early diagnosis of ECG arrhythmia. ANFF is inherently a feed forward multilayered connectionist network which can learn by itself according to numerical training data or expert knowledge represented by fuzzy if-then rules [1]. In this paper we used an adaptive neural fuzzy filter as an ECG beat classifier. We combined 3 famous wavelet transforms and used them mid 4 the order AR model coefficient as features. Our results suggest that a new proposed classifier (ANFF) with these features can generalize better than ordinary MLP architecture and also learn better and faster. The results of proposed method show high accuracy in ECG beat classification (97.6%) with 100% specificity and high sensitivity.
Self-Reporting PNA/DNA Primers for PCR Analysis (2001)

We report a new fluorogenic method for sealed-tube PCR analysis using a quencher-labeled peptide nucleic acid (Q-PNA) probe. The Q-PNA hybridizes to a complementary tag sequence located at the 5′ end of a 5′ fluorophore-labeled oligonucleotide primer, quenching the primer's fluorescence. Incorporation of the primer into a doublestranded amplicon causes displacement of the Q-PNA such that the fluorescence of the sample is a direct indication of the amplicon concentration. The Q-PNA is able to quench multiple primers bearing distinct 5′ fluorophores in a single reaction. We show realtime quantitative detection of a single-copy gene, K-ras , from human genomic DNA, as well as an endpoint multiplex assay for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae targets. Because the Q-PNA may be used to quench any primer that contains the 5′ tag sequence, it is possible to inexpensively adapt an existing primer set for use in a self-reporting fluorescent assay by including the tag sequence in one of the primers.