gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vascular endothelial growth factor induces interstitial collagenase expression in human endothelial cells (1992)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a 45kDa secreted peptide that has potent mitogenic activity specific for endothelial cells in vitro and the ability to induce a strong angiogenic response in vivo. In the present study, 24 h treatment with VEGF resulted in a stimulation of expression of the metalloproteinase, interstitial collagenase, at the protein and mRNA levels 2.5-3.0-fold in human umbilical vein endothelial cells but not in human dermal fibroblasts. The dose response curve for collagenase induction was biphasic with the peak stimulatory response obtained by treatment of cells with 10-100 ng/ml (0.2-2 nM) VEGF. The dose response curve for collagenase induction overlapped with, but was not identical to, the response curve for proliferation, which showed VEGF mitogenic activity between < or = 0.1-50 ng/ml (< or = 0.002-1 nM). There was no induction seen in expression of other members of the matrix metalloproteinase family, including the 72kDa type IV collagenase, the 92kDa type V collagenase, or stromelysin. Expression of transcripts for the major metalloproteinase inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, was also unaltered by treatment with VEGF (1-200 ng/ml). These studies demonstrate that in addition to stimulating proliferation of endothelial cells, VEGF can also induce the expression of the only metalloproteinase that can initiate degradation of interstitial collagen types I-III under normal physiological conditions. Both responses are likely to contribute to the angiogenic potential of this peptide.
Comparing and Modeling the Dehydrogenation of Ethanol in a Plug-Flow Reactor and a Pd−Ag Membrane Reactor (2002)

In this study the performance of a membrane reactor was compared to that of a plug-flow reactor for the dehydrogenation of ethanol. The membrane consisted of a 2.2 μm Pd−Ag film (23 wt % Ag) deposited on the inside of an asymmetric α-alumina membrane tube (SCT). The membrane tube was packed with a 14.5 wt % Cu on SiO2 catalyst. The effects of the sweep gas flow rate, the ethanol feed flow rate, and the temperature on acetaldehyde yield and selectivity were investigated. A model was developed using measured kinetic data and membrane permeance data to predict the performance of the membrane reactor. The membrane reactor performed significantly better than the plug-flow reactor at all temperatures tested. The best results were obtained at 275 °C, where the total ethanol exit conversion increased from 45% (plug-flow reactor) to 60% at low feed flow rates and from 36% to 46% at high feed flow rates. The acetaldehyde selectivity for the membrane reactor increased from the lower 80% range to above 90% at 275 °C. The model underpredicted the total ethanol conversion, indicating that the measured reaction rate parameters for a differential reactor were lower than those for the membrane reactor.
Engineering Designer Transcription Activator‐‐Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs) by REAL or REAL‐Fast Assembly (2012)

Engineered transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) are broadly useful tools for performing targeted genome editing in a wide variety of organisms and cell types including plants, zebrafish, C. elegans, rat, human somatic cells, and human pluripotent stem cells. Here we describe detailed protocols for the serial, hierarchical assembly of TALENs that require neither PCR nor specialized multi-fragment ligations and that can be implemented by any laboratory. These restriction enzyme and ligation (REAL)-based protocols can be practiced using plasmid libraries and user-friendly, Web-based software that both identifies target sites in sequences of interest and generates printable graphical guides that facilitate assembly of TALENs. With the described platform of reagents, protocols, and software, researchers can easily engineer multiple TALENs within 2 weeks using standard cloning techniques.
Radiation inactivation of proteins: temperature-dependent inter-protomeric energy transfer in ox liver catalase (1994)

The radiation-inactivation method is widely used to determine the oligomeric structure of enzymes without need for solubilization or purification. We have used purified ox liver catalase, a tetrameric enzyme in solution, to study energy transfer between associated promoters responsible for oligomer inactivation. However, after freeze-drying the tetramer dissociates into an asymmetric dimer. In the present paper we compare both the radiation-inactivation size (obtained by following the activity decay) and the target size (obtained by measuring the amount of remaining protein by SDS/PAGE) of catalase under various states of aggregation and temperature. At -78 degrees C, only one promoter was fragmented after being hit by a gamma-ray and, as expected, this protomer was also inactivated. This result was obtained when either catalase was in tetrameric or in dimeric forms. However, at 38 degrees C, even though a single monomer was fragmented as at -78 degrees C, the whole dimer was inactivated. This result suggests that, at the higher temperature, there is a transfer of energy from the fragmented protomer to the other associated protomer, causing inactivation of the whole dimer. The inactivation of oligomeric enzymes is a two-step mechanism involving: (1) fragmentation of the hit monomer, followed by (2) temperature-dependent energy transfer from the fragmented towards the associated protomer. Thus we conclude that the radiation-inactivation size reflects the transfer of absorbed energy inside the oligomer which causes inactivation of one or several monomers.
Intrinsic connections of the rat amygdaloid complex: Projections originating in the central nucleus (1998)

Inputs from the amygdaloid and extraamygdaloid areas terminate in various divisions of the central nucleus. To elucidate the interconnections between the different regions of the central nucleus and its connectivity with the other amygdaloid areas, we injected the anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the capsular, lateral, intermediate, and medial divisions of the central nucleus in rat. There were a number of labeled terminals near the injection site within each division. The intrinsic connections between the various divisions of the central nucleus were organized topographically and originated primarily in the lateral division, which projected to the capsular and medial divisions. Most of the connections were unidirectional, except in the capsular division, which received a light reciprocal projection from its efferent target, the medial division. The intermediate division did not project to any of the other divisions of the central nucleus. Extrinsic projections from the central nucleus to the other amygdaloid nuclei were meager. Light projections were observed in the parvicellular division of the basal nucleus, the anterior cortical nucleus, the amygdalohippocampal area, and the anterior amygdaloid area. No projections to the contralateral amygdala were found. These data show that the central nucleus has a dense network of topographically organized intradivisional and interdivisional connections that may integrate the intraamygdaloid and extraamygdaloid information entering the different regions of the central nucleus. The sparse reciprocal connections to the other amygdaloid nuclei suggest that the central nucleus does not regulate the other amygdaloid regions but, rather, executes the responses evoked by the other amygdaloid nuclei that innervate the central nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 395:53–72, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comprehensive coordination chemistry : the synthesis, reactions, properties & applications of coordination compounds (1987)

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease with a poor prognosis that is characterized by inflammatory optic neuritis and myelitis. Although it is commonly misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis (MS), distinguishing NMO from MS is important, as therapeutic approaches approved for MS are ineffective in patients with NMO. The aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody is a pathogenic and diagnostic biomarker for NMO. We report an AQP4 antibody-positive 9-year-old female with intractable hiccups and nausea (IHN). Brain imaging revealed lesions in the brainstem, thalami, and hypothalamus. Nevertheless, she had no clinical or radiological signs referable to the optic nerve or spinal cord. We propose that in patients with characteristic IHN associated lesions involving the brainstem or hypothalamus, measurement of AQP4 antibody should be considered for selectivity of treatment, even if the patient has no optic nerve or spinal cord lesions.
Global perspective of herbicide‐resistant weeds (2013)

Two hundred and twenty weed species have evolved resistance to one or more herbicides, and there are now 404 unique cases (species × site of action) of herbicide-resistant weeds globally. ALS inhibitor-resistant weeds account for about a third of all cases (133/404) and are particularly troublesome in rice and cereals. Although 71 weed species have been identified with triazine resistance, their importance has dwindled with the shift towards Roundup Ready® crops in the USA and the reduction of triazine usage in Europe. Forty-three grasses have evolved resistance to ACCase inhibitors, with the most serious cases being Avena spp., Lolium spp., Phalaris spp., Setaria spp. and Alopecurus myosuroides, infesting more than 25 million hectares of cereal production globally. Of the 24 weed species with glyphosate resistance, 16 have been found in Roundup Ready® cropping systems. Although Conyza canadensis is the most widespread glyphosate-resistant weed, Amaranthus palmeri and Amaranthus tuberculartus are the two most economically important glyphosate-resistant weeds because of the area they infest and the fact that these species have evolved resistance to numerous other herbicide sites of action, leaving growers with few herbicidal options for their control. The agricultural chemical industry has not brought any new herbicides with novel sites of action to market in over 30 years, making growers reliant on using existing herbicides in new ways. In addition, tougher registration and environmental regulations on herbicides have resulted in a loss of some herbicides, particularly in Europe. The lack of novel herbicide chemistries being brought to market combined with the rapid increase in multiple resistance in weeds threatens crop production worldwide.
Abnormal fatty alcohol metabolism in cultured keratinocytes from patients with Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (2007)

Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is an inherited neurocutaneous disorder characterized by ichthyosis, mental retardation, spasticity, and deficient activity of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH). FALDH is an enzyme component of fatty alcohol:NAD oxidoreductase (FAO), which is necessary for fatty alcohol metabolism. To better understand the biochemical basis for the cutaneous symptoms in this disease, we investigated lipid metabolism in cultured keratinocytes from SLS patients. Enzyme activities of FALDH and FAO in SLS cells were <10% of normal. SLS keratinocytes accumulated 45-fold more fatty alcohol (hexadecanol, octadecanol, and octadecenol) than normal, whereas wax esters and 1-O-alkyl-2,3-diacylglycerols were increased by 5.6-fold and 7.5-fold, respectively. SLS keratinocytes showed a reduced incorporation of radioactive octadecanol into fatty acid (24% of normal) and triglyceride (13% of normal), but incorporation into wax esters and 1-O-alkyl-2,3-diacylglycerol was increased by 2.5-fold and 2.8-fold, respectively. Our results indicate that FALDH deficiency in SLS keratinocytes causes the accumulation and diversion of fatty alcohol into alternative biosynthetic pathways. The striking lipid abnormalities in cultured SLS keratinocytes are distinct from those seen in fibroblasts and may be related to the stratum corneum dysfunction and ichthyosis in SLS.
Comparison of Metabolic Pathways between Cancer Cells and Stromal Cells in Colorectal Carcinomas: a Metabolic Survival Role for Tumor-Associated Stroma (2006)

Understanding tumor metabolism is important for the development of anticancer therapies. Immunohistochemical evaluation of colorectal adenocarcinomas showed that cancer cells share common enzyme/transporter activities suggestive of an anaerobic metabolism [high lactate dehydrogenase 5 (LDH5)/hypoxia-inducible factor alphas (HIFalphas)] with high ability for glucose absorption and lactate extrusion [high glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1)/monocarboxylate transporter (MCT1)]. The tumor-associated fibroblasts expressed proteins involved in lactate absorption (high MCT1/MCT2), lactate oxidation (high LDH1 and low HIFalphas/LDH5), and reduced glucose absorption (low GLUT1). The expression profile of the tumor-associated endothelium indicated aerobic metabolism (high LDH1 and low HIFalphas/LDH5), high glucose absorption (high GLUT1), and resistance to lactate intake (lack of MCT1). It is suggested that the newly formed stroma and vasculature express complementary metabolic pathways, buffering and recycling products of anaerobic metabolism to sustain cancer cell survival. Tumors survive and grow because they are capable of organizing the regional fibroblasts and endothelial cells into a harmoniously collaborating metabolic domain.
Service and network management strategies for ATM in wireless networks (2002)

Backhaul facilities collectively represent a major expense item for a wireless service provider. Today, backhaul facilities based on time division multiplexing (TDM) are the most common way to connect base stations and mobile switching centers (MSCs) to transport bearer traffic, signaling, and maintenance data. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology makes it possible for wireless networks to integrate voice and data transmission, to offer fast, simplified multiservice provisioning, and to consolidate facilities efficiently. However, because of its logical and physical characteristics, ATM can make network management significantly more complex. Therefore, a service provider may want to consider outsourcing ATM service to a separate wide area network (WAN) business unit or to an outside carrier. This paper describes a non-disruptive approach to managing ATM services for wireless equipment, using a wireless element management system (EMS) as the control point in a market domain. ATM services are represented in the EMS as virtual clouds within each market domain.
A facile synthesis of trinaphtho[3.3.3]propellane and its π-extension and the formation of a two-dimensional honeycomb molecular assembly (2015)

The multi-gram-scale synthesis of trinaphtho[3.3.3]propellane (TNP) and its π-extension were achieved. X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that charge transfer complexes of the π-extended TNP with F4-TCNQ form a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice.
Decreased levels of the potent regulator of monocyte/macrophage activation, interleukin-13, in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis (1997)

Endometriosis is characterized by an increase in the number, activation and secretory activity of peritoneal fluid macrophages. Factors regulating the activation of these cells may be important in the pathophysiology of this disease. In this study we measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay the concentrations of the macrophage inhibitory factor interleukin (IL)-13 in the peritoneal fluid of women with and without endometriosis. It was found that women with endometriosis had significantly lower amounts of IL-13 (95 +/- 9.8 pg/ml) in peritoneal fluid, compared with women without endometriosis (115 +/- 30 pg/ml) (P < 0.01). No cycle-specific variation was evident for either group. Another macrophage inhibitory interleukin (IL-10) was also measured, but no differences between women with (16.1 +/- 13.2 pg/ml) or without (10.3 +/- 5.6 pg/ml) endometriosis were seen. The immunolocalization of IL-13 was assessed in eutopic and ectopic endometrium and in isolated peritoneal fluid cells. Glandular epithelial cells and stromal cells in both eutopic and ectopic endometrium were immunopositive for IL-13. No cycle-specific differences in the immunolocalization of IL-13 were seen. In conclusion, the reduced amounts of IL-13 in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis may lead to a lack of suppression of macrophage activation, thereby contributing to the overall pathogenesis of this disease.
BRET and Time-resolved FRET strategy to study GPCR oligomerization: from cell lines toward native tissues (2012)

The concept of oligomerization of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) opens new perspectives regarding physiological function regulation. The capacity of one GPCR to modify its binding and coupling properties by interacting with a second one can be at the origin of regulations unsuspected two decades ago. Although the concept is interesting, its validation at a physiological level is challenging and probably explains why receptor oligomerization is still controversial. Demonstrating direct interactions between two proteins is not trivial since few techniques present a spatial resolution allowing this precision. Resonance energy transfer (RET) strategies are actually the most convenient ones. During the last two decades, bioluminescent resonance energy transfer and time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) have been widely used since they exhibit high signal-to-noise ratio. Most of the experiments based on GPCR labeling have been performed in cell lines and it has been shown that all GPCRs have the propensity to form homo- or hetero-oligomers. However, whether these data can be extrapolated to GPCRs expressed in native tissues and explain receptor functioning in real life, remains an open question. Native tissues impose different constraints since GPCR sequences cannot be modified. Recently, a fluorescent ligand-based GPCR labeling strategy combined to a TR-FRET approach has been successfully used to prove the existence of GPCR oligomerization in native tissues. Although the RET-based strategies are generally quite simple to implement, precautions have to be taken before concluding to the absence or the existence of specific interactions between receptors. For example, one should exclude the possibility of collision of receptors diffusing throughout the membrane leading to a specific FRET signal. The advantages and the limits of different approaches will be reviewed and the consequent perspectives discussed.
Pharmacologic interactions between the resistance‐modifying cyclosporine sdz psc 833 and etoposide (VP 16–213) enhance In Vivo cytostatic activity and toxicity (1992)

Cyclosporin A reverses multidrug resistance (MDR) and increases the in vivo cytostatic activity and toxicity of the anticancer agent etoposide (VP 16-213). SDZ PSC 833 (PSC 833), a non-immunosuppressive, non-toxic cyclosporin and very active modifier of P-gp 170-mediated MDR, elicits similar effects when administered with adriamycin. The underlying mechanisms, however, are not yet understood. The present pharmacological interaction study with PSC 833 and VP 16-213 was carried out to reveal the nature of this enhancement of cytostatic activity and toxicity. Rats pre-treated with either PSC-833 or solvent received a single dose of VP 16-213. Plasma levels of VP 16-213 were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The resulting increase in cytostatic activity and toxicity of VP 16-213 mediated by PSC 833 was paralleled by marked changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of VP 16-213 in vivo. Bioavailability and blood levels of VP 16-213 were significantly increased 30 min after administration if PSC 833 had been given before. The disappearance rate of VP 16-213 from the intravascular compartment was considerably slowed down by PSC 833. In drug-sensitive xenografts of human colon carcinoma, the PSC-833-induced pharmacologic changes in vivo could be counteracted by dose reduction of VP 16-213 while a full therapeutic potential was maintained. Doses of VP 16-213, 1.5 to 2 times smaller, combined with PSC 833, were as effective in terms of tumor-growth inhibition as the maximum tolerated dose of VP 16-213 alone. Thus, pharmacologic interactions between PSC 833 or other resistance modifiers and VP 16-213 and other cytostatic agents require careful attention if they are to be used in humans to overcome MDR.
Exploring the Use of Ray Tracing for Future Games (2006)

Rasterization hardware and computer games have always been\ntightly connected: The hardware implementation of\nrasterization has made complex interactive 3D games possible\nwhile requirements for future games drive the development of\nincreasingly parallel GPUs and CPUs. Interestingly, this\ndevelopment -- together with important algorithmic\nimprovements -- also enabled \\emph{ray tracing\\/} to achieve\nrealtime performance recently.\n\nIn this paper we explore the opportunities offered by ray\ntracing based game technology in the context of current and\nexpected future performance levels. In particular, we are\ninterested in simulation-based graphics that avoids\npre-computations and thus enables the interactive production\nof advanced visual effects and increased realism necessary\nfor future games. In this context we analyze the advantages\nof ray tracing and demonstrate first results from several\nray tracing based game projects. We also discuss ray\ntracing API issues and present recent developments that\nsupport interactions and dynamic scene content. We end with\nan outlook on the different options for hardware\nacceleration of ray tracing.
Laser Beam Combining Technology (1987)

Single laser elements will always have an upper limit of power. Progress in technology continuously demands higher power. This could be satisfied by developing a parallel but generic technology of laser beam combiner. Current state of technology is summarized from this &quot;generic&quot; point of view, categorizing the specific approaches that exploit the various parameters (or properties) of light beam and/or laser cavities.
Selective induction of an immune response in human external secretions by ingestion of bacterial antigen. (1978)

Ingestion of capsules which contained killed Streptococcus mutans by four healthy human subjects led to the appearance of specific antibodies in external secretions. Salivary and lacrymal antibodies were detected within 1 wk of ingestion and continued to increase throughout a 14-day immunization period, with a gradual decline during the 2 ensuing months. A second period of immunization resulted in a pronounced increase of specific antibody levels which occurred earlier than in the primary immunization period and reached peak levels by day 10. No change was detected in serum antibody levels throughout either immunization period. The antibody activity in all secretions was associated with the immunoglobulin A class, as determined by immunochemical analyses. These data indicate that ingestion of bacterial antigens selectively stimulates the immune response in secretions.