gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural Control of the Kidney - are there Reno-Renal Reflexes? (1984)

Circulatory, secretory (renin release) and excretory (tubular sodium and water reabsorption) renal functions are known to be under neural control exerted by sympathetic fibers. Influences on circulatory and secretory functions are modulated by vagally mediated reflexes originated from low pressure (or volume) receptors in the cardiopulmonary area. The possibility that reno-renal reflexes may also exist has raised interest recently. Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors have been described in the kidney, and electrophysiological evidence of reno-renal reflexes is available. However, electrical stimulation of afferent renal nerves has failed to reflexly influence circulatory, secretory and excretory functions of the contralateral kidney. Deafferentation studies have been more successful, however. Transient denervation of one kidney by renal nerve cooling is accompanied by reduction of sodium and water excretion from the contralateral kidney with negligible changes in blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. The contralateral antidiuretic activity is prevented either by denervation of the contralateral kidney or by interruption of the afferent fibers running in the spinal dorsal roots. This definitely shows that a reno-renal reflex exists, consisting in a tonic inhibition of contralateral sympathetic activity controlling tubular reabsorption of sodium and water, and renin release.
Protection circuit of normally-on SiC JFET using an inrush current (2009)

A protection circuit for the normally-on SiC JFET is proposed in this paper. The protection circuit uses an inrush current that charges DC link capacitor in the initial time. Most of all, the normally-on SiC JFET can be protected using this current. But the inrush current is not generated under the special condition when the line voltage starts at zero magnitude of voltage. Another protection circuit is added to doubly protect SiC JFET under the condition. The experimental result shows that the proposed protection circuit has good performances.
Syntheses of Acyliridium Porphyrins by Aldehydic Carbon−Hydrogen Bond Activation with Iridium(III) Porphyrin Chloride and Methyl (2007)

Acyliridium porphyrins were synthesized by the reactions of aryl aldehydes with iridium(III) porphyrin chloride and methyl under solvent-free conditions with high yields. Selective aldehydic carbon hydrogen bond activation (CHA) was observed without any aromatic CHA in all the cases. Mechanistic investigation on the reactions with Ir(ttp)Cl(CO) suggested that (ttp)Ir cation was a likely intermediate of aldehydic CHA, whereas the CHA with Ir(ttp)Me underwent an oxidative addition or σ bond metathesis pathway. These reactions provided a facile synthesis of (arylacyl)iridium porphyrins.
The effects of a new tissue plasminogen activator analogue, Fb‐Fb‐CF, on cerebral reperfusion in a rabbit embolic stroke model (1989)

Early fibrinolytic therapy with full molecular tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) has been observed to be both angiographically and clinically effective when employed in animal stroke models. Preliminary clinical trials with t-PA are in progress. It is possible to refine t-PA by developing fragments or analogues of the drug. Using recombinant DNA technology in the Escherichia coli system, a t-PA analogue consisting of the catalytic fragment of t-PA and a dimer of the B fragment of staphylococcal protein A (Fb-Fb-CF) has been produced. Because this analogue has a long serum half-life of 90 minutes, we employed Fb-Fb-CF in a rabbit cerebral embolic stroke model to assess its efficacy as a reperfusion agent. When given as a bolus to 10 animals 15 minutes after embolization, Fb-Fb-CF produced angiographic cerebral reperfusion in 48 +/- 21 minutes (+/- SD), while in 8 saline-treated controls, reperfusion was not observed at 180 minutes in any animal (p less than 0.01). In another experiment reperfusion was demonstrated at 66 +/- 32 minutes in 11 animals treated with Fb-Fb-CF 90 minutes after embolization as compared with 100 +/- 25 minutes in 12 saline-treated controls (p less than 0.01). A small macroscopic hemorrhage within an infarct was seen in 1 Fb-Fb-CF-treated animal in the 15-minute experiment and in none of the controls. In the 90-minute experiment, macroscopic hemorrhagic infarction was seen in 4 Fb-Fb-CF-treated animals and in 3 controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Codon usage and gene expression (1986)

The hypothesis that codon usage regulates gene expression at the level of translation is tested. Codon usage of Escherichia coli and phage lambda is compared by correspondence analysis, and the basis of this hypothesis is examined by connecting codon and tRNA distributions to polypeptide elongation kinetics. Both approaches indicate that if codon usage was random tRNA limitation would only affect the rarest tRNA species. General discrimination against their cognate codons indicates that polypeptide elongation rates are maintained constant. Thus, differences in expression of E. coli genes are not a consequence of their variable codon usage. The preference of codons recognized by the most abundant tRNAs in E. coli genes encoding abundant proteins is explained by a constraint on the cost of proof-reading.
Relations between the statistics of natural images and the response properties of cortical cells (1987)

The relative efficiency of any particular image-coding scheme should be defined only in relation to the class of images that the code is likely to encounter. To understand the representation of images by the mammalian visual system, it might therefore be useful to consider the statistics of images from the natural environment (i.e., images with trees, rocks, bushes, etc). In this study, various coding schemes are compared in relation to how they represent the information in such natural images. The coefficients of such codes are represented by arrays of mechanisms that respond to local regions of space, spatial frequency, and orientation (Gabor-like transforms). For many classes of image, such codes will not be an efficient means of representing information. However, the results obtained with six natural images suggest that the orientation and the spatial-frequency tuning of mammalian simple cells are well suited for coding the information in such images if the goal of the code is to convert higher-order redundancy (e.g., correlation between the intensities of neighboring pixels) into first-order redundancy (i.e., the response distribution of the coefficients). Such coding produces a relatively high signal-to-noise ratio and permits information to be transmitted with only a subset of the total number of cells. These results support Barlow's theory that the goal of natural vision is to represent the information in the natural environment with minimal redundancy.
Oxidative damage to human lens enzymes (1987)

The activities of human lens aldehyde dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase, polyol dehydrogenase, triosephosphate isomerase and glutathione reductase were measured prior to and following their exposure to oxidation. Active oxygen species were generated by the reaction of either methylene blue or riboflavin with light over a 60 minute time interval. It was found that oxidants generated by both photosensitizers rapidly diminish the activities of glutathione reductase and glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase but do not alter the activity of triosephosphate isomerase. After an initial time delay, PD activity likewise was abolished and 50% ADH activity remained at the end of the reaction sequence. All enzyme activities affected declined at a faster rate in the presence of methylene blue than riboflavin, and methylene blue itself served as an enzyme inhibitor to the catalytic function of glutathione reductase and glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase. These findings suggest that singlet oxygen formation not only alters the properties of the crystallin components of the human lens but also damages several of their enzyme associated counterparts.
Recent advances in antireflective surfaces based on nanostructure arrays (2014)

This review summarizes recent advances in the fabrication, performance, and applications of antireflective surfaces based on nanostructure arrays (NSAs) of silicon and non-silicon materials. The remaining challenges in NSA-based antireflective surfaces are also discussed.
The binding of vascular endothelial growth factor to its receptors is dependent on cell surface-associated heparin-like molecules. (1992)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces the proliferation of endothelial cells and is a potent angiogenic factor that binds to heparin. We have therefore studied the effect of heparin upon the interaction of VEGF with its receptors. Heparin, at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 micrograms/ml, strongly potentiated the binding of 125I-VEGF to its receptors on endothelial cells. Scatchard analysis of 125I-VEGF binding indicates that 1 microgram/ml heparin induces an 8-fold increase in the apparent density of high affinity binding sites for VEGF, but does not significantly affect the dissociation constant of VEGF. Cross-linking experiments showed that heparin strongly potentiates the formation of the 170-, 195- and 225-kDa 125I-VEGF-receptor complexes on endothelial cells. At high 125I-VEGF concentrations (4 ng/ml), heparin preferentially enhanced the formation of the 170- and 195-kDa complexes. Preincubation of the cells with heparin, followed by extensive washes, produced a similar enhancement of subsequent 125I-VEGF binding. The binding of 125I-VEGF was completely inhibited following digestion of endothelial cells with heparinase and could be restored by the addition of exogenous heparin to the digested cells. The enhancing effect of heparin facilitated the detection of VEGF receptors on cell types that were not known previously to express such receptors. Our results suggest that cell surface-associated heparin-like molecules are required for the interaction of VEGF with its cell surface receptors.
Prostanoids receptors signaling in different diseases/cancers progression (2013)

Prostanoids, that is, prostaglandins (PGs) PGE(2), PGF(2α), PGI(2), PGD(2) and thromboxane A(2)(TXA(2)), are the oldest members of the eicosanoid family. The PGs are a family of lipid mediators formed in response to various stimuli. They are transported into the extracellular microenvironment by specific multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) after synthesis. Once exported to the microenvironment, prostanoids bind to G-protein coupled receptors that contain seven transmembrane spanning domains. There are eight types of the prostanoid receptors conserved in mammals from mouse to human. They are the PGD receptor (DP), four subtypes of the PGE receptor (EP(1), EP(2), EP(3) and EP(4)), the PGF receptor (FP), PGI receptor (IP) and TXA receptor (TP). Recently, several studies have revealed the roles of PG receptor signaling in various pathological conditions, and suggest that selective manipulation of the prostanoid receptors may be beneficial in treatment of the pathological conditions. Here we review these recent findings of roles of prostanoid receptor signaling and their therapeutic implications.
Liposome-Encapsulated CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as a Potent Adjuvant for Inducing Type 1 Innate Immunity (2004)

Unmethylated cytosine-phosphorothioate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) exhibit potent immunostimulating activity by binding with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) expressed on antigen-presenting cells. Here, we show that CpG-ODN encapsulated in cationic liposomes (CpG-liposomes) improves its incorporation into CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DCs) and induces enhanced serum interleukin (IL)-12 levels compared with unmodified CpG-ODN. CpG-liposome potently activated natural killer (NK) cells (84.3%) and NKT cells (48.3%) to produce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), whereas the same dose of unmodified CpG-ODN induced only low numbers of IFN-gamma-producing NK cells (12.7%) and NKT cells (1.6%) to produce IFN-gamma. In contrast with the NKT cell agonist alpha-galactosylceramide, which induces both IFN-gamma and IL-4 production by NKT cells, CpG-liposome only induced IFN-gamma production by NKT cells. Such potent adjuvant activities of CpG-liposome were absent in TLR9-deficient mice, indicating that CpG-liposome was as effective as CpG-ODN in stimulating type 1 innate immunity through TLR9. In addition to TLR9, at least two other factors, IL-12 production by DCs and direct contact between DCs and NK or NKT cells, were essential for inducing type 1 innate immunity by CpG-liposome. Furthermore, ligation of TLR9 by CpG-liposome coencapsulated with ovalbumin (OVA) caused the induction of OVA-specific CTLs, which exhibited potent cytotoxicity against OVA-expressing tumor cells. These results indicate that CpG-liposome alone or combined with tumor antigen protein provides a promising approach for the prevention or therapy of tumors.
Clinical Benefit of Islet Xenotransplantation for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes (2016)

The clinical benefit of islet xenotransplantation with microencapsulation has been shown.
Elevated Intramuscular Compartment Pressures Do Not Influence Outcome after Tibial Fracture (2003)

Provided Delta P remains satisfactory, patients with elevated intramuscular pressures after tibial fracture do not have a greater incidence of complications than those with low pressures. These patients can therefore be observed safely.
A Novel Fermentation Pathway in an Escherichia coli Mutant Producing Succinic Acid, Acetic Acid, and Ethanol (1998)

Escherichia coli strain NZN111, which is unable to grow fermentatively because of insertional inactivation of the genes encoding pyruvate: formate lyase and the fermentative lactate dehydrogenase, gave rise spontaneously to a chromosomal mutation that restored its ability to ferment glucose. The mutant strain, named AFP111, fermented glucose more slowly than did its wild-type ancestor, strain W1485, and generated a very different spectrum of products. AFP111 produced succinic acid, acetic acid, and ethanol in proportions of approx 2:1:1. Calculations of carbon and electron balances accounted fully for the observed products; 1 mol of glucose was converted to 1 mol of succinic acid and 0.5 mol each of acetic acid and ethanol. The data support the emergence in E. coli of a novel succinic acid:acetic acid:ethanol fermentation pathway.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Thioether-Linked Glycopeptide Mimics for Application to Glycoprotein Semisynthesis (2002)

[reaction: see text]. Glycoproteins are particularly suited to protein semisynthesis since homogeneous samples for biological analyses are not readily available using traditional recombinant techniques. Here we apply glycosyl iodoacetamides, normally used for the modification of bacterially derived proteins, to solid-phase glycopeptide synthesis. This provides access to glycopeptide alpha-thioesters, which may lend themselves to the semisynthesis of homogeneous N-linked glycoprotein mimics and novel glycopeptide libraries.
Walking Speed: Reference Values and Correlates for Older Adults (1996)

Speed is established as an important aspect of gait. This research was performed to establish reference values for comfortable and maximal gait speed and to describe the relationship of selected variables with speed. Apparently healthy men (N = 77) and women (N = 79), age 50–79 years, participated. Their gait speeds were determined using a stopwatch. The static strength of five lower extremity muscle actions was measured with a hand-held dynamometer. As gait speed was found to correlate significantly with gender, separate reference values are presented for men and women. Muscle strength correlated more highly with maximal gait speed than with comfortable gait speed. Correlations of maximal speed with strength (except ankle dorsiflexion) were all significant at p < .001. Multiple regression analysis selected gender, body weight, and hip flexion strength as the best set of predictors of both speeds. The speed data presented here may be useful for patient comparisons. The correlations provide limited support for measuring and treating muscle strength deficits among the elderly with walking speed limitations.
In vivo regulation of the β-myosin heavy chain gene in hypertensive rodent heart (2001)

The main goal of this study was to examine the transcriptional activity of different-length beta-myosin heavy chain (beta-MHC) promoters in the hypertensive rodent heart using the direct gene transfer approach. A hypertensive state was induced by abdominal aortic constriction (AbCon) sufficient to elevate mean arterial pressure by approximately 45% relative to control. Results show that beta-MHC promoter activity of all tested wild-type constructs, i.e., -3500, -408, -299, -215, -171, and -71 bp, was significantly increased in AbCon hearts. In the normal control hearts, expression of the -71-bp construct was comparable to that of the promoterless vector, but its induction by AbCon was comparable to that of the other constructs. Additional results, based on mutation analysis and DNA gel mobility shift assays targeting betae1, betae2, GATA, and betae3 elements, show that these previously defined cis-elements in the proximal promoter are indeed involved in maintaining basal promoter activity; however, none of these elements, either individually or collectively, appear to be major players in mediating the hypertension response of the beta-MHC gene. Collectively, these results indicate that three separate regions on the beta-MHC promoter are involved in the induction of the gene in response to hypertension: 1) a distal region between -408 and -3500 bp, 2) a proximal region between -299 and -215 bp, and 3) a basal region within -71 bp of the transcription start site. Future research needs to further characterize these responsive regions to more fully delineate beta-MHC transcriptional regulation in response to pressure overload.
Variable Corticosteroid Sensitivity of Thymic Cortex and Medullary Peripheral-type Lymphoid Tissue in Myasthenia Gravis Patients: Structural and Functional Effects (1989)

The thymus has been studied in myasthenia gravis patients to assess the effects of previous immunosuppression on total yields of cell suspension, immunohistology and culture responses. The reduction in cell yields by pretreatment with corticosteroid was very variable. In 16 of 32 cases, cortical, medullary and total cell numbers were all greatly reduced ('depleted cases'), whereas in the others, they were within or near the typical range for untreated myasthenics. Cortical thymocytes were even more depleted than precursor thymic blasts. Thus the interpatient differences in sensitivity to corticosteroid recently described for mature T cells also affected immature cortical thymocytes and their differentiating medullary progeny. In the medulla, mature (CD3+) T lymphocytes and germinal centres were enriched by the loss of cortex and appeared relatively healthy, but somewhat depopulated. Concomitantly, in-vitro T-cell responses to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and production of anti-AChR antibody and total IgG by thymic cells were usually well within the typical range (assessed per 10(6) cells). Moreover, the total productivity of the entire thymus was reduced almost entirely by the cellular depopulation rather than by decreased function per surviving cell. Thus the main actions of this alternate day therapy with corticosteroids were apparently on total peripheral cell numbers, and perhaps on activated cells and effector mechanisms too, and its thymic effects were inessential.
Superconducting cyclotrons (1975)

The use of high field superconducting d.c. magnets in cyclotron design makes possible accelerators that are small and consequently have a significant cost advantage over comparable iron-magnet cyclotrons. A general description of superconducting isochronous cyclotrons is given, with emphasis on the magnet design requirements. Saturated iron poles to provide flutter focussing are described. A conceptual design for a heavy ion energy booster cyclotron for a tandem Van de Graaff is described, similar cyclotrons for production of proton or deuteron primary beams and π mesons or neutron secondary beams can, in view of the low cost, be considered for dedicated applications such as activation analysis or cancer therapy.
A case for mobility support with temporary home agents (2002)

The Mobile IP standard for mobility management on the Internet enables transparent communication between mobile hosts (MHs) and their correspondent hosts (CHs). However, it suffers from triangular routing and prolonged handoff latency problems. Solutions such as route optimization and micro-mobility protocols either solve these problems partially or require costly modifications to the CHs. In this paper, we propose to use temporary home agent (TA) to address both problems without requiring any special support on CHs. TA exploits the locality of user movement observed in recent studies for PCS and wireless data networks. It does so by dynamically selecting a Mobile IP home agent based on the location of the user. The TA allocates a temporary home address, THAddr to the MH, which the MH may use as its source address. The underlying objective is to shorten the distance between a MH and its home agent, which is a critical factor in reducing handoff latency and improving routing efficiency. Our scheme is shown to outperform Mobile IP and is comparable to route optimization (RO) through both quantitative analysis and ns simulations. While our approach focus on improving the performance for sessions that are initiated by the MH, methods for optimizing traffic handling for sessions initiated by CHs are discussed.
Efficient computation of sum-products on GPUs through software-managed cache (2008)

We present a technique for designing memory-bound algorithms with high data reuse on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) equipped with close-to-ALU software-managed memory. The approach is based on the efficient use of this memory through the implementation of a software-managed cache. We also present an analytical model for performance analysis of such algorithms.
A predicted operon map for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2007)

The prediction of operons in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is a first step toward understanding the regulatory network of this pathogen. Here we apply a statistical model using logistic regression to predict operons in MTB. As predictors, our model incorporates intergenic distance and the correlation of gene expression calculated for adjacent gene pairs from over 474 microarray experiments with MTB RNA. We validate our findings with known examples from the literature and experimentation. From this model, we rank each potential operon pair by the strength of evidence for cotranscription, choose a classification threshold with a true positive rate of over 90% at a false positive rate of 9.1%, and use it to construct an operon map for the MTB genome.