gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genetic interactions among floral homeotic genes of Arabidopsis (1991)

We describe allelic series for three loci, mutations in which result in homeotic conversions in two adjacent whorls in the Arabidopsis thaliana flower. Both the structure of the mature flower and its development from the initial primordium are described by scanning electron microscopy. New mutations at the APETALA2 locus, ap2-2, ap2-8 and ap2-9, cause homeotic conversions in the outer two whorls: sepals to carpels (or leaves) and petals to stamens. Two new mutations of PISTILLATA, pi-2 and pi-3, cause second and third whorl organs to differentiate incorrectly. Homeotic conversions are petals to sepals and stamens to carpels, a pattern similar to that previously described for the apetala3-1 mutation. The AGAMOUS mutations, ag-2 and ag-3, affect the third and fourth whorls and cause petals to develop instead of stamens and another flower to arise in place of the gynoecium. In addition to homeotic changes, mutations at the APETALA2, APETALA3 and PISTILLATA loci may lead to reduced numbers of organs, or even their absence, in specific whorls. The bud and flower phenotypes of doubly and triply mutant strains, constructed with these and previously described alleles, are also described. Based on these results, a model is proposed that suggests that the products of these homeotic genes are each active in fields occupying two adjacent whorls, AP2 in the two outer whorls, PI and AP3 in whorls two and three, and AG in the two inner whorls. In combination, therefore, the gene products in these three concentric, overlapping fields specify the four types of organs in the wild-type flower. Further, the phenotypes of multiple mutant lines indicate that the wild-type products of the AGAMOUS and APETALA2 genes interact antagonistically. AP2 seems to keep the AG gene inactive in the two outer whorls while the converse is likely in the two inner whorls. This field model successfully predicts the phenotypes of all the singly, doubly and triply mutant flowers described.
Melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7, MDA-7/IL-24, selectively induces growth suppression, apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 by replication-incompetent adenovirus vector (2006)

These results confirm selectively induction of apoptosis and growth suppression by the mda-7/IL-24 gene with replication-incompetent adenovirus vector in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2.
Haemodynamic reaction to exercise and increased afterload in the detection of right heart failure in pulmonary diseases. (1980)

The effect of steady-state exercise and of increased afterload by angiotensin infusion on the right ventricular function was examined in 21 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD). 15 of them were always free from cardiac failure and 6 of them have had clinical signs of failure at the time of examination. Despite significant differences in various parameters between compensated (C) and decompensated (D) subjects, only the right ventricular filling pressure during both experimental procedures was able to differentiate the majority of individual C and D patients. The authors discuss the mechanisms of haemodynamic response to both stress tests and their significance for clinical evaluation of patients with COLD and for research into right ventricular contractility.
Using model checking to find serious file system errors (2006)

This article shows how to use model checking to find serious errors in file systems. Model checking is a formal verification technique tuned for finding corner-case errors by comprehensively exploring the state spaces defined by a system. File systems have two dynamics that make them attractive for such an approach. First, their errors are some of the most serious, since they can destroy persistent data and lead to unrecoverable corruption. Second, traditional testing needs an impractical, exponential number of test cases to check that the system will recover if it crashes at any point during execution. Model checking employs a variety of state-reducing techniques that allow it to explore such vast state spaces efficiently.We built a system, FiSC, for model checking file systems. We applied it to four widely-used, heavily-tested file systems: ext3, JFS, ReiserFS and XFS. We found serious bugs in all of them, 33 in total. Most have led to patches within a day of diagnosis. For each file system, FiSC found demonstrable events leading to the unrecoverable destruction of metadata and entire directories, including the file system root directory “/”.
Mood Disorders: Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (2008)

Clinically significant premenstrual symptoms occur in 25–50% of menstruating women, and 5% of menstruating women have severe premenstrual symptoms and impairment of functioning, defined as premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It is important that women chart their symptoms prospectively for two menstrual cycles to rule out other diagnoses. The etiology of severe premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder is multifactorial and involves neurotransmitters, neurosteroids, neuroendocrine factors, and circadian rhythms. Several effective treatment options exist, including antidepressants, hormones that suppress ovulation, anxiolytics, cognitive therapy, chasteberry, and calcium.
MicroRNA-10b Promotes Migration and Invasion through KLF4 in Human Esophageal Cancer Cell Lines (2010)

Recently, microRNAs have emerged as regulators of cancer metastasis through acting on multiple signaling pathways involved in metastasis. In this study, we have analyzed the level of miR-10b and cell motility and invasiveness in several human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Our results reveal a significant correlation of miR-10b level with cell motility and invasiveness. Overexpression of miR-10b in KYSE140 cells increased cell motility and invasiveness, whereas inhibition of miR-10b in EC9706 cells reduced cell invasiveness, although it did not alter cell motility. Additionally, we identified KLF4, a known tumor suppressor gene that has been reported to suppress esophageal cancer cell migration and invasion, as a direct target of miR-10b. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-10b in KYSE140 and KYSE450 cells led to a reduction of endogenous KLF4 protein, whereas silencing of miR-10b in EC9706 cells caused up-regulation of KLF4 protein. Coexpression of miR-10b and KLF4 in KYSE140 cells and coexpression of small interfering RNA for KLF4 mRNA and miR-10b-AS in EC9706 cells partially abrogated the effect of miR-10b on cell migration and invasion. Finally, analyses of the miR-10b level in 40 human esophageal cancer samples and their paired normal adjacent tissues revealed an elevated expression of miR-10b in 95% (38 of 40) of cancer tissues, although no significant correlation of the miR-10b level with clinical metastasis status was observed in these samples.
Friction and wear behavior of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) hydrogels for articular cartilage replacement (2007)

Many hydrogels have been proposed as articular cartilage replacements as an alternative to partial or total joint replacements. In the current study, poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVA/PVP) hydrogels were investigated as potential cartilage replacements by investigating their in vitro wear and friction characteristics in a pin-on-disk setup. A three-factor variable-level experiment was designed to study the wear and friction characteristics of PVA/PVP hydrogels. The three different factors studied were (a) polymer content of PVA/PVP hydrogels, (b) load, and (c) effect of lubricant. Twelve tests were conducted, with each lasting 100,000 cycles against Co-Cr pins. The average coefficient of friction for synovial fluid lubrication was a low 0.035 compared with 0.1 for bovine serum lubrication. Frictional behavior of PVA/PVP hydrogels did not follow Amonton's law of friction. Wear of the hydrogels was quantified by measuring their dry masses before and after the tests. Higher polymer content significantly reduced the wear of hydrogel samples with 15% PVA/PVP samples, showing an average dry polymer loss of 4.74% compared with 6.05% for 10% PVA/PVP samples. A trend change was observed in both the friction and wear characteristics of PVA/PVP hydrogels at 125 N load, suggesting a transition in the lubricating mechanism at the pin-hydrogel interface at the critical 125 N load.
A Multi-Purpose CMOS Sensor Interface for Low Power Applications (1993)

A dedicated low power CMOS tranponder microchip is presented as part of a novel telemetry implant for biomedical applications. This mixed analog-digital circuit contains an identification code and collects information on physiological parameters, i.e. body temperature and physical activity. Emphasis is on a high degree of flexibility towards sensor inputs and internal data management, extreme miniaturization and low power consumption to allow implantation.
Estimating a probability using finite memory (1986)

Let <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\{X_{i}\}_{i=1}^{\infty}</tex> be a sequence of independent Bernoulli random variables with probability <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</tex> that <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X_{i} = 1</tex> and probability <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q=1-p</tex> that <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X_{i} = 0</tex> for all <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i \geq 1</tex> . Time-invariant finite-memory (i.e., finite-state) estimation procedures for the parameter p are considered which take <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X_{1}, \cdots</tex> as an input sequence. In particular, an n-state deterministic estimation procedure is described which can estimate p with mean-square error <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">O(\log n/n)</tex> and an <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> -state probabilistic estimation procedure which can estimate <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</tex> with mean-square error <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">O(1/n)</tex> . It is proved that the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">O(1/n)</tex> bound is optimal to within a constant factor. In addition, it is shown that linear estimation procedures are just as powerful (up to the measure of mean-square error) as arbitrary estimation procedures. The proofs are based on an analog of the well-known matrix tree theorem that is called the Markov chain tree theorem.
Deriving Lindblad master equations with Keldysh diagrams: Correlated gain and loss in higher order perturbation theory (2017)

Motivated by correlated decay processes producing gain, loss, and lasing in driven semiconductor quantum dots [Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 036801 (2014); Science 347, 285 (2015); Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 196802 (2015)], we develop a theoretical technique by using Keldysh diagrammatic perturbation theory to derive a Lindblad master equation that goes beyond the usual second-order perturbation theory. We demonstrate the method on the driven dissipative Rabi model, including terms up to fourth order in the interaction between the qubit and both the resonator and environment. This results in a large class of Lindblad dissipators and associated rates which go beyond the terms that have previously been proposed to describe similar systems. All of the additional terms contribute to the system behavior at the same order of perturbation theory. We then apply these results to analyze the phonon-assisted steady-state gain of a microwave field driving a double quantum dot in a resonator. We show that resonator gain and loss are substantially affected by dephasing-assisted dissipative processes in the quantum-dot system. These additional processes, which go beyond recently proposed polaronic theories, are in good quantitative agreement with experimental observations.
Impact of the Metabolic Syndrome on Mortality From Coronary Heart Disease, Cardiovascular Disease, and All Causes in United States Adults (2004)

CHD, CVD, and total mortality are significantly higher in US adults with than in those without MetS.
Reactivity of Stable Trifluoroacetaldehyde Hemiaminals. 2. Generation and Synthetic Potentialities of Fluorinated Iminiums (2002)

Under Lewis acid activation, hemiaminals of trifluoroacetaldehyde and related (fluoroalkyl)aldehydes generate iminium species that can react with various nucleophiles to provide fluorinated amines.
Transformation of Human Epithelial Cells : Molecular and Oncogenetic Mechanisms (1992)

Preface (G.E. Milo, B.C. Casto, and C.F. Shuler). In Vitro Cellular Aging and Immortalization (J.R. Smith). Detection of Growth Factor Effects and Expression in Normal and Neoplastic Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells (J.M. Siegfried, M.J. Birrer, and F.C. Cuttitta). Human Cell Metabolism and DNA Adduction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (H.H.S. Lau and W.M. Baird). Human Esophageal Epithelial Cells: Immortalization and In Vitro Transformation (G.D. Stoner, Z. Naito, and G.E. Milo). Transformation of Human Endometrial Stromal Cells In Vitro (C.A. Rinehart, C.A. Carter, L.H. Xu, L.L. Barrett, T. Butler, C.H. Laundon, and D.G. Kaufman). Factors Influencing Growth and Differentiation of Normal and Transformed Human Mammary Epithelial Cells in Culture (M.R. Stampfer and P. Yaswen). Transformation of Colon Epithelial Cells (D.P. Chopra). Multistep Carcinogenesis and Human Epithelial Cells (J.S. Rhim). Morphologic and Molecular Characterizations of Plastic Tumor Cell Phenotypes (C.F . Shuler and G.E. Milo). Oncogene and Tumor Suppressor Gene Involvement in Human Lung Carcinogenesis (T.S. Lehman and C.C. Harris). Events of Tumor Progression Associated with Carcinogen Treatment of Epithelial and Fibroblast Compared with Mutagenic Events (G.E. Milo and B.C. Casto). Progression from Pigment Cell Patterns to Melanomas in Platyfish-Swordtail Hybrids-Multiple Genetic Changes and a Theme for Tumorigenesis (J.R. Vielkind). Index.
Movements of fluorescent probes in the mechanism of cell fusion induced by poly(ethylene glycol) (1987)

It has been claimed that purified poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is able only to aggregate cells and not to fuse them. In our hands, purified PEG 6000 (recrystallized/dialysed) induces both aggregation and fusion of human erythrocytes, and the mechanism of fusion by the purified polymer has been investigated with fluorescent probes. No movement of a carbocyanine probe or of octadecyl rhodamine B chloride from labelled to unlabelled cells occurred in the absence of PEG or with cells treated with concanavalin A, protamine or spermine. With 40% PEG, however, both probes immediately started to diffuse into the membranes of unlabelled cells. This indicates that continuity between the phospholipid bilayer membranes of adjacent erythrocytes (i.e. membrane fusion) is established within seconds in concentrated solutions of the polymer, and precedes the cell fusion event that is induced by purified PEG. These observations are consistent with the idea that micro-regions of shared phospholipid bilayer may be formed in the membranes of cells when they are forced together as a consequence of the dehydrating action of PEG. Intact erythrocytes were cytoplasmically labelled with 6-carboxyfluorescein to avoid the possibility that loading the cells with a cytoplasmic marker by hypotonic haemolysis might modify their response to PEG. Unlike the lipid probes, carboxyfluorescein did not diffuse from labelled to unlabelled cells in the presence of 40% PEG, and there was little diffusion on subsequent dilution of the polymer solution to 13%. However, after the PEG solution had been replaced by an isotonic buffer, a rapid transfer of the cytoplasmic fluorophore to unlabelled cells often occurred. This is considered to be more consistent with the osmotic rupture of a membranous barrier, such as a shared bilayer, between the labelled and unlabelled cells than with the return of cytoplasmic viscosity to normal when the PEG is removed. Possible reasons are discussed for the reported inability of purified PEG to fuse fibroblasts with hypotonically loaded human erythrocytes.
Protein Immobilization Strategies for Protein Biochips (2007)

In the past few years, protein biochips have emerged as promising proteomic and diagnostic tools for obtaining information about protein functions and interactions. Important technological innovations have been made. However, considerable development is still required, especially regarding protein immobilization, in order to fully realize the potential of protein biochips. In fact, protein immobilization is the key to the success of microarray technology. Proteins need to be immobilized onto surfaces with high density in order to allow the usage of small amount of sample solution. Nonspecific protein adsorption needs to be avoided or at least minimized in order to improve detection performances. Moreover, full retention of protein conformation and activity is a challenging task to be accomplished. Although a large number of review papers on protein biochips have been published in recent years, few have focused on protein immobilization technology. In this review, current protein immobilization strategies, including physical, covalent, and bioaffinity immobilization for the fabrication of protein biochips, are described. Particular consideration has been given to oriented immobilization, also referred to as site-specific immobilization, which is believed will improve homogeneous surface covering and accessibility of the active site.
Different genetic susceptibility to aberrant crypts and colon adenomas in mice. (1996)

Aberrant crypt foci (ACFs) are the earliest identifiable epithelial lesions thought to precede the development of a subset of colon tumors. To assess their predictive value to adenoma development, we have tested in mice whether the development of ACFs and adenomas is controlled by the same genes. Therefore we used the CcS/Dem series of recombinant congenic strains, in which the effect of multiple susceptibility genes might be studied separately. We investigated susceptibility to ACFs in nine CcS/Dem strains and their parental strains, BALB/cHeA and STS/A, 4 weeks after s.c. injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (20 mg/kg body weight). For the strains BALB/cHeA, STS/A, and CcS-19, we also examined the number of ACFs 2, 8, and 12 weeks after treatment. Susceptibility to adenomas was measured as the number of adenomas 6 weeks after 26 weekly s.c. injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (15 mg/kg body weight). The nine CcS/Dem strains, the BALB/ cHeA strain, and the STS/A strain exhibited different patterns of susceptibility to ACFs and adenomas, demonstrating that different subsets of susceptibility genes are involved. Therefore, in evaluating the role of ACFs as a predictive marker for adenoma development, genetic factors must be taken into account.
B(C6F5)3 Activation of Oxo Tungsten Complexes That Are Relevant to Olefin Metathesis (2013)

We have found that coordination of B(C6F5)3 to an oxo ligand in tungsten oxo alkylidene bis(aryloxide) complexes, where the aryloxide is O-2,6-(mesityl)2C6H3 (HMTO) or 2,6-diadamantyl-4-methylphenoxide (dAdPO), accelerates the formation of metallacyclobutane complexes from alkylidenes as well as the rearrangement of metallacyclobutane complexes. In contrast, a tungstacyclopentane complex, W(O)(C4H8)(OHMT)2, is relatively stable toward rearrangement in the presence of B(C6F5)3. A careful balance of steric factors allows a single isomer of W(O)(trans-4,4-dimethylpent-2-ene)(dAdPO)2 to be formed from W(O)(CH-t-Bu)(dAdPO)2 in the presence of both ethylene and B(C6F5)3.
Alternatively spliced type II procollagen mRNAs define distinct populations of cells during vertebral development: differential expression of the amino-propeptide. (1991)

Type II collagen is a major component of cartilage providing structural integrity to the tissue. Type II procollagen can be expressed in two forms by differential splicing of the primary gene transcript. The two mRNAs either include (type IIA) or exclude (type IIB) an exon (exon 2) encoding the major portion of the amino (NH2)-propeptide (Ryan, M. C., and L. J. Sandell. 1990. J. Biol. Chem. 265:10334-10339). The expression of the two procollagens was examined in order to establish a potential functional significance for the two type II procollagen mRNAs. First, to establish whether the two mRNAs are functional, we showed that both mRNAs can be translated and the proteins secreted into the extracellular environment. Both proteins were identified as type II procollagens. Secondly, to test the hypothesis that differential expression of type II procollagens may be a marker for a distinct population of cells, specific procollagen mRNAs were localized in tissue by in situ hybridization to oligonucleotides spanning the exon junctions. Embryonic vertebral column was chosen as a source of tissue undergoing rapid chondrogenesis, allowing the examination of a variety of cell types related to cartilage. In this issue, each procollagen mRNA had a distinct tissue distribution during chondrogenesis with type IIB expressed in chondrocytes and type IIA expressed in cells surrounding cartilage in prechondrocytes. The morphology of the cells expressing the two collagen types was distinct: the cells expressing type IIA are narrow, elongated, and "fibroblastic" in appearance while the cells expressing type IIB are large and round. The expression of type IIB appears to be correlated with abundant synthesis and accumulation of cartilagenous extracellular matrix. The expression of type IIB is spatially correlated with the high level expression of the cartilage proteoglycan, aggrecan, establishing type IIB procollagen and aggrecan as markers for the chondrocyte phenotype. Transcripts of type II collagen, primarily type IIA, are also expressed in embryonic spinal ganglion. While small amounts of type II collagen have been previously detected in noncartilagenous tissues, the detection of this new form of the collagen in relatively high abundance in embryonic nerve tissue is unique. Taken together, these findings imply a potential functional difference between type IIA and type IIB procollagens and indicate that the removal of exon 2 from the pre-mRNA, and consequently the NH2-propeptide from the collagen molecule, may be an important step in chondrogenesis. In addition, type II procollagen, specifically type IIA, may function in noncartilage tissues, particularly during development.
Diastereoselective Reductive Ring Expansion of Spiroketal Dihydropyranones to cis-Fused Bicyclic Ethers (2012)

A novel double cascade synthetic strategy was developed for the diastereoselective syntheses of cis-fused bicyclic ethers, featuring cascade Achmatowicz rearrangement/spiroketalization and cascade spiroketal reduction/oxa-Michael cyclization. Especially, the chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselective reduction of densely functionalized spiroketal dihydropyranones, followed by oxa-Michael cyclization in a one-pot fashion, was achieved.