gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Taspine is the Cicatrizant Principle in Sangre de Grado Extracted fromCroton lechleri* (1989)

Sangre de Grado extract used by Peruvian natives as a cicatrizant agent, was collected from trees of the species Croton lechleri growing in the Peruvian jungle. The Sangre de Grado was found to contain one alkaloid identified as taspine and which was shown to be the active cicatrizant principle by an in vivo test in mice. This alkaloid exhibited a dose-related cicatrizant effect and an ED50 of 0.375 mg/kg. Experiments with taspine hydrochloride in order to study its mechanism of action in cell culture systems showed that the alkaloid was non-toxic to human foreskin fibroblasts at concentrations below 150 ng/ml and that it had no effect on cell proliferation. On the other hand, taspine hydrochloride was found to increase the migration of human foreskin fibroblasts. This effect on the migration of fibroblasts is probably the mechanism by which Sangre de Grado and taspine hydrochloride accelerate the wound healing process. Using the two-stage mouse skin carcinogenesis system, we have been able to show that neither Sangre de Grado nor taspine hydrochloride had carcinogenic or tumour promoter activity after 17 months of treatment.
Curcumin inhibits lipoxygenase by binding to its central cavity: theoretical and X-ray evidence. (2000)

Many lipoxygenase inhibitors including curcumin are currently being studied for their anti-carcinogenic properties. Curcumin is a naturally occurring polyphenolic phytochemical isolated from the powdered rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa that possesses anti-inflammatory properties and inhibits cancer formation in mice. Recently it was shown that the soybean lipoxygenase L1 catalyzed the oxygenation of curcumin and that curcumin can act as a lipoxygenase substrate. In the current study, we investigated the fate of curcumin when used as a soybean lipoxygenase L3 substrate. By use of X-ray diffraction and mass spectrometry, we found an unoccupied electron mass that appears to be an unusual degradation product of curcumin (4-hydroxyperoxy-2-methoxyphenol) located near the soybean L3 catalytic site. Understanding how curcumin inhibits lipoxygenase may help in the development of novel anti-cancer drugs used for treatment where lipoxygenases are involved.
Surfactant Proteins A and D and Pulmonary Host Defense (2001)

The lung collectins, SP-A and SP-D, are important components of the innate immune response to microbial challenge and participate in other aspects of immune and inflammatory regulation within the lung. Both proteins bind to surface structures expressed by a wide variety of microorganisms and have the capacity to modulate multiple leukocyte functions, including the enhanced internalization and killing of certain microorganisms in vitro. In addition, transgenic mice with deficiencies in SP-A and SP-D show defective or altered responses to challenge with bacterial, fungal, and viral microorganisms and to bacterial lipopolysaccharides in vivo. Thus collectins could play particularly important roles in settings of inadequate or impaired specific immunity, and acquired alterations in the levels of active collectins within the airspaces and distal airways may increase susceptibility to infection.
Suppression of Fas‐FasL‐induced endothelial cell apoptosis prevents diabetic blood‐retinal barrier breakdown in a model of streptozotocin‐induced diabetes (2002)

Diabetic macular edema, resulting from increased microvascular permeability, is the most prevalent cause of vision loss in diabetes. The mechanisms underlying this complication remain poorly understood. In the current study, diabetic vascular permeability (blood-retinal barrier breakdown) is demonstrated to result from a leukocyte-mediated Fas-FasL-dependent apoptosis of the retinal vasculature. Following the onset of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, FasL expression was increased in rat neutrophils (P<0.005) and was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in Fas expression in the retinal vasculature. Static adhesion assays demonstrated that neutrophils from diabetic, but not control, rats induced endothelial cell apoptosis in vitro (P<0.005). The latter was inhibited via an antibody-based FasL blockade (P<0.005). In vivo, the inhibition of FasL potently reduced retinal vascular endothelial cell injury, apoptosis, and blood-retinal barrier breakdown (P<0.0001) but did not diminish leukocyte adhesion to the diabetic retinal vasculature. Taken together, these data are the first to identify leukocyte-mediated Fas-FasL-dependent retinal endothelial cell apoptosis as a major cause of blood-retinal barrier breakdown in early diabetes. These data imply that the targeting of the Fas-FasL pathway may prove beneficial in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
DS.13 IMPROVED ACCURACY FOR LOGARITHMIC AQDITION IN DSP APPLICATIONS (1988)

Logarithmic number systems are an attractive method of implementing high speed digital signal processing systems with a word size of about 14 bits. Larger word sizes pose problems because of the address limitations of the ROMs needed for logarithmic addition. Arnold gave several interpolation techniques that can double the precision, but these techniques require the use of a fixed point multiplier. Taylor proposed a modified linear interpolation method that could increase the precision by about four bits without using a multiplier. It is shown here that an improvement can be mde in Taylor's technique by choosing a different constant. Also by combining one of Arnold's techniques with a variant of Taylor's modification, precision similar to that of Taylor's design can be obtained using a simpler circuit.
SWAT: A Spiking Neural Network Training Algorithm for Classification Problems (2010)

This paper presents a synaptic weight association training (SWAT) algorithm for spiking neural networks (SNNs). SWAT merges the Bienenstock–Cooper—Munro (BCM) learning rule with spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP). The STDP/BCM rule yields a unimodal weight distribution where the height of the plasticity window associated with STDP is modulated causing stability after a period of training. The SNN uses a single training neuron in the training phase where data associated with all classes is passed to this neuron. The rule then maps weights to the classifying output neurons to reflect similarities in the data across the classes. The SNN also includes both excitatory and inhibitory facilitating synapses which create a frequency routing capability allowing the information presented to the network to be routed to different hidden layer neurons. A variable neuron threshold level simulates the refractory period. SWAT is initially benchmarked against the nonlinearly separable Iris and Wisconsin Breast Cancer datasets. Results presented show that the proposed training algorithm exhibits a convergence accuracy of 95.5% and 96.2% for the Iris and Wisconsin training sets, respectively, and 95.3% and 96.7% for the testing sets, noise experiments show that SWAT has a good generalization capability. SWAT is also benchmarked using an isolated digit automatic speech recognition (ASR) system where a subset of the TI46 speech corpus is used. Results show that with SWAT as the classifier, the ASR system provides an accuracy of 98.875% for training and 95.25% for testing.
Isolation and characterization of a hepatitis B virus endemic in herons (1988)

A new hepadnavirus (designated heron hepatitis B virus [HHBV]) has been isolated; this virus is endemic in grey herons (Ardea cinerea) in Germany and closely related to duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) by morphology of viral particles and size of the genome and of the major viral envelope and core proteins. Despite its striking similarities to DHBV, HHBV cannot be transmitted to ducks by infection or by transfection with cloned viral DNA. After the viral genome was cloned and sequenced, a comparative sequence analysis revealed an identical genome organization of HHBV and DHBV (pre-C/C-, pre-S/S-, and pol-ORFs). An open reading frame, designated X in mammalian hepadnaviruses, is not present in DHBV. DHBV and HHBV differ by 21.6% base exchanges, and thus they are less closely related than the two known rodent hepatitis B viruses (16.4%). The nucleocapsid protein and the 17-kilodalton envelope protein sequences of DHBV and HHBV are well conserved. In contrast, the pre-S part of the 34-kilodalton envelope protein which is believed to mediate virus attachment to the cell is highly divergent (less than 50% homology). The availability of two closely related avian hepadnaviruses will now allow us to test recombinant viruses in vivo and in vitro for host specificity-determining sequences.
Genetic Variants and Family History Predict Prostate Cancer Similar to Prostate-Specific Antigen (2009)

The predictive performance for prostate cancer using genetic variants and family history is similar to that of PSA. The utility of genetic testing, alone and in combination with PSA levels, should be evaluated in large studies such as the European Randomized Study for Prostate Cancer trial and Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial.
Accent type recognition and syntactic boundary detection of Japanese using statistical modeling of moraic transitions of fundamental frequency contours (2002)

Experiments on accent type recognition and syntactic boundary detection of Japanese speech were conducted based on the statistical modeling of voice fundamental frequency contours formerly proposed by the authors. In the proposed modeling, fundamental frequency contours are segmented into moraic units to generate moraic contours, which are further represented by discrete codes. After modeling the accent types and syntactic boundaries, their recognition/detection was done for ATR speech corpus. For the accent type recognition, 4-mora words were used for the training and testing, and recognition rates of around 74% were obtained for speaker open experiments. For syntactic boundary detection, the detectability of accent phrase boundaries was tested for sentence speech. Although the experiments were conducted only for the closed condition due to the availability of speech corpus, the result indicated the usefulness of separating the boundary model into two depending on whether the boundary is accompanied by a pause or not.
Distinct microRNA Expression Profiles in Prostate Cancer Stem/Progenitor Cells and Tumor-Suppressive Functions of let-7 (2012)

MiRNAs regulate cancer cells, but their potential effects on cancer stem/progenitor cells are still being explored. In this study, we used quantitative real-time-PCR to define miRNA expression patterns in various stem/progenitor cell populations in prostate cancer, including CD44+, CD133+, integrin α2β1+, and side population cells. We identified distinct and common patterns in these different tumorigenic cell subsets. Multiple tumor-suppressive miRNAs were downregulated coordinately in several prostate cancer stem/progenitor cell populations, namely, miR-34a, let-7b, miR-106a, and miR-141, whereas miR-301 and miR-452 were commonly overexpressed. The let-7 overexpression inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation and clonal expansion in vitro and tumor regeneration in vivo. In addition, let-7 and miR-34a exerted differential inhibitory effects in prostate cancer cells, with miR-34a inducing G1 phase cell-cycle arrest accompanied by cell senescence and let-7 inducing G2-M phase cell-cycle arrest without senescence. Taken together, our findings define distinct miRNA expression patterns that coordinately regulate the tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cells.
Carbon Electrodes for Double-Layer Capacitors I. Relations Between Ion and Pore Dimensions (2000)

We characterized activated carbon electrodes for electrical double‐layer capacitor (EDLC) systems. High‐surface‐area carbons were prepared by carbonization of cotton cloth at elevated temperatures (up to 1050°C), followed by activation at 900°C by oxidation with during different time periods. Specific surface areas and characteristic pore sizes obtained from gas adsorption isotherms were correlated with those obtained from ion electroadsorption at the electrical double layer. Electrolytes studied included aqueous LiCl, NaCl, and KCl solutions and nonaqueous propylene carbonate solutions with and salts. We found clear evidence that the porous carbons thus formed exhibit ion sieving properties, and that increasing activation time systematically increases the average pore sizes of these carbons. The electric double layer (EDL) capacity of these samples (calculated from voltammetric measurements) depends strongly on the adsorption interaction of the ions in the pores, and hence the relationship between the average pore size and the effective ion size determines the specific EDL capacitance of these samples. The following order of dimension of adsorbed species was found, based on the ion sieving of the various synthesized carbons of different average pore size
The Lamina Adventitia Is the Major Site of Immune Cell Accumulation in Standard Chow-Fed Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice (2005)

Adventitial lymphocyte infiltration and formation of inflammatory follicle-like structures in the abdominal aorta of old apoE(-/-) mice point to the adventitia as a site of local adaptive immune reactions during atherogenesis in hyperlipidemic mice.
Vasculogenesis in the day 6.5 to 9.5 mouse embryo (2000)

The process of vasculogenesis was characterized in the 6.5- to 9.5-day mouse embryo and in allantoic culture by analysis of spatial and temporal expression patterns of the endothelial or hematopoietic lineage-associated proteins, TAL1, Flk1, platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM), CD34, VE-cadherin, and Tie2. The study establishes that: (1) TAL1 and Flk1 are coexpressed in isolated mesodermal cells that give rise to endothelial cells and thus can be defined as angioblasts; (2) hematopoietic cells of blood islands express TAL1, but not Flk1; (3) vasculogenesis in the embryo proper is initiated by mesoderm fated to give rise to the endocardium; (4) the maturation/morphogenesis of blood vessels can be defined in terms of a sequential pattern of expression in which TAL1 and Flk1 are expressed first followed by PECAM, CD34, VE-cadherin, and later Tie2; and (5) TAL1 expression is down-regulated in endothelial cells of mature vessels. (Blood. 2000;95:1671-1679)
Calcineurin activity is required for depolarization‐induced, CREB‐dependent gene transcription in cortical neurons (2007)

Cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) functions as an activity-dependent transcription factor in the nervous system. Increases in intracellular Ca(2+) due to neuronal activity lead to the phosphorylation and subsequent activation of CREB. Although phosphorylation of CREB at Ser-133 is necessary for the stimulation of transcriptional activity, it is not sufficient. Here we demonstrate that in mouse cortical neurons, inhibition of the Ca(2+)-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin by FK506 or cyclosporine A blocks CREB-dependent gene expression induced by depolarization without inhibiting depolarization-induced Ca(2+) influx or CREB Ser-133 phosphorylation. Over-expression of a constitutively-active allele of the transducer of regulated CREB activity could not bypass the requirement for calcineurin activity. Stimulation of a CRE-luciferase reporter gene by depolarization was sensitive to FK506 throughout the entire time course of the transcriptional response, revealing that calcineurin activity is required to maintain CREB-dependent transcription. Stimulation of CRE-luciferase expression by forskolin and 8-Br-cAMP also required calcineurin activity. These results suggest that calcineurin functions as a critical determinant in shaping genome responses to CREB activation in cortical neurons.
A monoclonal antibody as an effective therapeutic agent in breast cancer: trastuzumab (2005)

Trastuzumab (Herceptin; Genentech, Inc., CA, USA) is a humanized monoclonal antibody developed to target the HER-2/neu receptor, which is overexpressed in 20 - 25% of breast carcinomas. Clinical studies showed that trastuzumab is effective as single-agent therapy and that it has greater antitumour activity in combination with chemotherapy than chemotherapy alone in metastatic breast cancer. The indication for trastuzumab monotherapy and the combination with various chemotherapy agents is country-specific and is largely based on trials of efficacy and safety. Patients with a HER-2/neu overexpression level of 3+, determined by immunohistochemical assay or amplification using fluorescence in situ hybridisation, derive most clinical benefit from trastuzumab. Trastuzumab is generally well-tolerated. Cardiotoxicity is the main concern; thus, monitoring of cardiac function is recommended. Ongoing trials investigate the role of trastuzumab in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings.
A Stable Prostacyclin Analogue Reduces High Serum TNF-α Levels in Diabetic Patients (2004)

Stable prostacyclin analogue administration for a short term period reduced increased TNF-alpha levels in diabetic patients, not through the improved hyperglycemic condition but another pathway, probably a cAMP system. These results imply that treatment with the prostacyclin analogue may contribute to the prevention of progression in diabetic complications.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Improves Cardiovascular Function and Suppresses Apoptosis of Cardiomyocytes in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (1999)

To investigate how insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) modulates cardiovascular function and myocardial apoptosis in heart failure, the therapeutic effects of IGF-I were determined in a canine model of dilated cardiomyopathy. The animals were paced at 220 beats/min, and the left ventricular (LV) chamber became dilated after 2 weeks. A subset of paced dogs was treated with sc injections of IGF-I from week 3 to week 4. After 4 weeks of pacing, untreated paced dogs developed significant ventricular dysfunction. IGF-I-treated paced dogs showed better cardiac output, stroke volume, LV end-systolic pressure, and LV end-diastolic pressure. Moreover, pulmonary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance were increased in the un-treated group and decreased in the IGF-I-treated group. IGF-I treatment was associated with less thinning of the ventricular wall. Compared with the controls, untreated paced dogs showed increased apoptosis of cardiac muscle cells, which was partially suppressed by IGF-I treatment. The myocardial apoptotic index was negatively related to the thickness of the ventricular wall and to cardiac output, suggesting that ventricular remodeling/dysfunction involves the occurrence of myocardial apoptosis. Due to the close resemblance between this experimental model of dilated cardiomyopathy and human heart failure, the results of this study provide evidence that IGF-I may be a potential therapeutic agent for the failing human heart. (Endo-
Low sputum MMP-9/TIMP ratio is associated with airway narrowing in smokers with asthma (2014)

Asthmatic smokers have poor symptom control and accelerated decline in lung function. A reduced ratio of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9/tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in nonsmokers with asthma has been implicated in airway remodelling. We tested the hypothesis that sputum MMP-9 activity/TIMPs ratios are reduced in smokers compared with never-smokers with asthma and are associated with reduced lung function and altered computed tomography (CT) measures of airway wall dimensions. Lung function, airway dimensions by CT, and induced sputum concentrations (and activity) of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 and -2 were measured in 81 asthmatics and 43 healthy subjects (smokers and never-smokers). Respiratory epithelial MMP9 and TIMP mRNA was quantified in 31 severe asthmatics and 32 healthy controls. Sputum MMP-9 activity/TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 ratios, and nasal epithelial MMP9/TIMP1 and MMP9/TIMP2 expression ratios were reduced in smokers with asthma compared with never-smokers with asthma. Low sputum ratios in asthmatic smokers were associated with reduced post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/forced vital capacity ratio and segmental airway lumen area. The association of a low sputum MMP-9 activity/TIMP-1 ratio with persistent airflow obstruction and reduced CT airway lumen area in smokers with asthma may indicate that an imbalance of MMP-9 and TIMPs contributes to structural changes to the airways in this group.
Non-invasive antidromic neurostimulation: A simple effective method for improving bladder storage (2000)

Patients with intractably diminished bladder storage function are encountered frequently by neurourologists, occasionally requiring reconstructive surgery for appropriate resolution. Although sacral neuromodulation is a recognized effective therapeutic modality, present techniques are technically demanding, invasive, and expensive. This study investigated the effect of non-invasive third sacral nerve (S3) stimulation on bladder activity during filling cystometry. One hundred forty-six patients underwent standard urodynamic filling cystometry that was then immediately repeated. Patients in the study group (n = 74) received antidromic transcutaneous sacral neurostimulation during the second fill and the control group (n = 72) underwent a second fill without neurostimulation. A statistically significant increase in bladder storage capacity without a corresponding rise in detrusor pressure was observed in the neurostimulated patients. This improvement in functional capacity is an encouraging finding that further supports the use of this non-invasive treatment modality in clinical practice.
[The characteristics of PSCL32.5 protein from Physarum polycephalum and the variation of the content through cell cycle]. (2004)

Crude fraction of Arg/Ser-rich proteins (SR proteins) were isolated from plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum and immunoassayed by western blot with a monoclonal antibody against SC35 protein from HeLa cell. Two polypeptides were detected by the antibody, suggesting that they were SCL(SC35-like) proteins. The SCL proteins have their mass weight of 32.5 kD and 82.5 kD, respectively, and so were termed PSCL32.5 and PSCL82.5 in this paper. The PI of PSCI32.5 was ascertained as 6.19 by IEF after a further purification of the protein with SDS-PAGE. The densitometric scanning of the western blot bands of PSCI32.5 isolated at different phases of cell cycle of P. polycephalum demonstrated that the relative content of the protein varied through the cell cycle: it appeared as the lowest at early S phase, showed increases from S phase to G2 phase, and peaked at late G2 phase.