gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Update on the management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (2008)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is familiar to paediatricians as the most common childhood muscular dystrophy and leads to severe disability and early death in the late teenage years if untreated. Improvements in general care, glucocorticoid corticosteroid treatment, non-invasive ventilatory support, and cardiomyopathy and scoliosis management have significantly changed the course of DMD in treated individuals, so that survival into adulthood is now a realistic possibility for most patients. This has important implications for the medical and social sectors involved in the transition to adult medical services and the provision of suitable employment and social care. Multidisciplinary team working for optimal management of DMD-specific multisystem complications is essential, and collaboration in disease specific national clinical networks is recommended. Several curative therapeutic strategies including cell and gene therapy are being pursued but are still at an experimental stage.
Role of subunit interfaces in the allosteric mechanism of hemoglobin. (1976)

We calculate the surface area buried in subunit interfaces of human deoxyhemoglobin and of horse methemoglobin. A larger surface area is buried in deoxy- than in methemoglobin as a result of tertiary and quaternary structure changes. In both molecules the dimer-dimer interface is closepacked. This implies that hydrophobicity stabilizes the deoxystructure, the free energy spent in keeping the subunits in a low-affinity conformation being compensated by hydrophobic free energy due to the smaller surface area accessible to solvent.
Generalized inference with multiple semantic role labeling systems (2005)

We present an approach to semantic role labeling (SRL) that takes the output of multiple argument classifiers and combines them into a coherent predicate-argument output by solving an optimization problem. The optimization stage, which is solved via integer linear programming, takes into account both the recommendation of the classifiers and a set of problem specific constraints, and is thus used both to clean the classification results and to ensure structural integrity of the final role labeling. We illustrate a significant improvement in overall SRL performance through this inference.
Oral immunization of mice with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium aroA expressing a recombinant Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae antigen (NrdF) (1997)

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine enzootic pneumonia, a commercially expensive respiratory disease of swine. Salmonella typhimurium SL3261 was used as a live carrier of plasmid pKF1, which encodes a 15-kDa recombinant M. hyopneumoniae protein. This expressed recombinant protein consists of the carboxy-terminal 11 kDa of a 42-kDa M. hyopneumoniae NrdF ribonucleotide reductase R2 subunit protein. Rabbit anti-15-kDa serum was able to inhibit the growth of viable M. hyopneumoniae J in vitro. When used as a live oral vaccine, S. typhimurium SL3261(pKF1) induced a significant secretory immunoglobulin A immune response in the lungs of mice orally immunized against the M. hyopneumoniae antigen. Utilization of live oral vaccines expressing potentially protective M. hyopneumoniae proteins, such as the NrdF antigen, which can stimulate a lung mucosal response against surface-accessible proteins may provide a cost-effective alternative to the present control strategies used for porcine enzootic pneumonia.
Handover prediction strategy for 3G-WLAN overlay networks (2008)

In 3G-WLAN overlay network environments, a UE is apt to lose the WLAN signal without any notice by moving while it connects to WLAN because it can be apart from the WLAN coverage suddenly. In this case the on-going services are disrupted by unexpected link corruption. Hence, it needs to execute quickly the handover to 3G network as soon as it detects the lost of WLAN signal. However, as the 3G access has many network signaling operations additionally including IP mobility operations for service continuity, it requests more enough processing time for the operations, which increases the handover latency causing the service interruption. Therefore it is important to predict the time when the UE will get out of the WLAN coverage. By the handover prediction, the UE can prepare the connection to 3G network before breaking off the WLAN connection. This paper shows several handover prediction algorithms to reduce the handover latency by fast handover triggering. The correctness of the algorithms is compared by simulation.
Encoding of Spatial Location by Posterior Parietal Neurons (1985)

The cortex of the inferior parietal lobule in primates is important for spatial perception and spatially oriented behavior. Recordings of single neurons in this area in behaving monkeys showed that the visual sensitivity of the retinotopic receptive fields changes systematically with the angle of gaze. The activity of many of the neurons can be largely described by the product of a gain factor that is a function of the eye position and the response profile of the visual receptive field. This operation produces an eye position-dependent tuning for locations in head-centered coordinate space.
Invasive Group A Streptococcus Infections (1992)

The late 1980s have witnessed the emergence of severe group A streptococcus (GAS) infection; shock, bacteremia, and acute respiratory distress syndrome are common features, and death has been associated with this infection in 30% of patients. Such infections have now been described in all parts of the United States, Europe, and Australia and have occurred predominantly in otherwise healthy adolescents and adults. The characteristic clinical and laboratory features of the streptococcal toxic shock syndrome include deep-seated infection associated with shock and multiorgan failure. Strains of GAS isolated from patients with invasive disease have been predominantly M types 1 and 3, which produce pyrogenic exotoxin A or B or both. In this report, the clinical and demographic features of streptococcal bacteremia, myositis, and necrotizing fasciitis will be presented and compared with those of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of invasive streptococcal infection will also be presented in terms of the interaction between virulence factors of GAS and host defense mechanisms. Finally, new concepts for future treatment of serious streptococcal infections will be proposed.
Local restoration algorithm for link-state routing protocols (2003)

Link-state protocols such as OSPF are the dominant routing technology in today's Internet. Despite their many advantages, these protocols require the flooding of new information across the entire routing area after changes in any link state (e.g., link failures). As the routing area grows or the frequency of link-state changes increases, the overhead (in terms of bandwidth and processing cost) of flooding becomes prohibitive. Furthermore, such flooding over a large area will cause temporary inconsistency of link states among many routers, potentially creating many transient routing loops that can last for a long time. This limits the scalability of the routing protocols to large routing areas. To overcome such problems, we present in this paper a novel algorithm that minimizes the amount of information distributed by link-state routing protocols. Upon a link failure, our algorithm will distribute the link-state changes to the minimum number of routers that are needed to ensure loop-free routing. Moreover, implementing our algorithm requires only a simple extension to any existing link-state protocol.
<title>Polarization-Optical Time Domain Reflectometry</title> (1981)

Consideration is given to a new optical-fibre technique for the measurement of the spatial distribution of physical fields (e.g. magnetic field, electric field, temperature, mechanical stress, etc.). The technique relies upon the time-resolution of light backscattered from a pulse propagating in a monomode optical fibre to measure the spatial distribution of the fibre&apos;s polarization properties. These properties are modified by the field under investigation.
Wetting on Hydrophobic Rough Surfaces:  To Be Heterogeneous or Not To Be? (2003)

Equilibrium wetting on rough surfaces is discussed in terms of the “competition” between complete liquid penetration into the roughness grooves and entrapment of air bubbles inside the grooves underneath the liquid. The former is the homogeneous wetting regime, usually described by the Wenzel equation. The latter is the heterogeneous wetting regime that is described by the Cassie−Baxter equation. Understanding this “competition” is essential for the design of ultrahydrophobic surfaces. The present discussion puts the Wenzel and Cassie−Baxter equations into proper mathematical−thermodynamic perspective and defines the conditions for determining the transition between the homogeneous and heterogeneous wetting regimes. In particular, a new condition that is necessary for the existence of the heterogeneous wetting regime is added. It is demonstrated that when this condition is violated, the homogeneous wetting regime is in effect, even though the Cassie−Baxter equation may be satisfied.
The Impact of Retained Third Molars on the Deployed Airman (2008)

Dental emergencies can significantly affect the mission of the deployed unit. As many as 22% of all emergency department visits at a deployed Expeditionary Medical Support facility can be attributed to dental problems and many of these problems are caused by impacted third molar teeth. Currently, there is no reliable method of predicting when asymptomatic, partially erupted third molar teeth will become painful. Therefore, it is imperative that Air Force dental providers carefully consider the consequences of giving patients a clean bill of health when asymptomatic, partially erupted third molar teeth are present in the oral cavity. Recommendations for future study are presented.
Artificially glycosylated α‐chymotrypsin in reversed micelles of Aerosol OT in octane (1993)

A comparative study of native and artificially glycosylated alpha-chymotrypsin in reversed micelles of Aerosol OT in octane was carried out. D-Glucosamine and 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide were used as modifying agents to yield glycosylated enzyme. Unlike the native alpha-chymotrypsin, the modified protein tended to form reversible oligomeric structures, revealed by the appearance of an additional maximum (characteristic of dimeric forms of protein functioning) as a result of the enzyme catalytic activity being dependent on the AOT hydration degree. Dependence of the enzyme catalytic activity on the surfactant concentration in the case of the modified enzyme was similar to that of glycoproteins, and suggests its membrane affinity. The role of carbohydrate moieties in the functioning of glycoproteins is discussed.
ANTI‐CD3 therapy expands the numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ treg cells and induces sustained amelioration of collagen‐induced arthritis (2009)

These results show that anti-CD3 mAb treatment has important therapeutic potential for rheumatoid arthritis and has the capacity to generate antiarthritic CD8+ Treg cells and expand the relative numbers of CD4+ Treg cells.
Synthesis of 10-methyl-Δ4-octalins by Diels–Alder reactions of 2H-thiopyran surrogates for 1-ethenyl-2-methylcyclohexene (1997)

Diels–Alder reactions of 1-ethenyl-2-methylcyclohexene derivatives could be a versatile route to a variety of natural product skeletons that possess a 10-methyldecalin substructure with additional substitution at C-8 and C-9. These dienes are unreactive due (in part) to the presence of the vinyl methyl group, which destabilizes the necessary s-cis conformation. The use of 2H-thiopyran diene surrogates for 1-ethenyl-2-methylcyclohexene is investigated. The desired Diels–Alder adducts were not obtained by reaction of 6,7,8,8a-tetrahydro-5,5-dimethyl-3-tris(1-methylethyl)silyloxy-1H-2-benzothiopyran (7c) or 1,5,7,8-tetrahydrospiro[6H-2-benzothiopyran-6,2′-[1,3]dioxolane] (17) with N-phenylmaleimide. Reactions of 3-[2-(2-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)ethyl]-4-[(tris(1-methylethyl)silyl)oxy]-2H-thiopyran (19) with maleimide, N-methylmaleimide, and N-phenylmaleimide under thermal conditions and with N-methylmaleimide, N-phenylmaleimide, 3-(propenoyl)-2-oxazolidinone, and methyl acrylate under Lewis acid mediated conditions (EtAlCl 2 , TiCl 4 ) gave Diels–Alder adducts in moderate to good yields. In each case, those adducts were readily converted into products that are synthetically equivalent to Diels–Alder adducts of 17 with the same dienophiles. Desulfurization of those products gives 10-methyl-Δ 4 -octalins (2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8-octahydro-4a-methylnapthalenes) that are synthetically equivalent to hypothetical Diels–Alder adducts of 1-ethenyl-2-methylcyclohexene-5-one. Keywords: Diels–Alder, 2H-thiopyran, cis-substituted 1,3-diene surrogate, 1-ethenyl-2-methylcyclohexene, octahydro-4a-methylnapthalene derivatives.
Fgf10 -positive cells represent a progenitor cell population during lung development and postnatally (2013)

The lung mesenchyme consists of a widely heterogeneous population of cells that play crucial roles during development and homeostasis after birth. These cells belong to myogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, neuronal and other lineages. Yet, no clear hierarchy for these lineages has been established. We have previously generated a novel Fgf10(iCre) knock-in mouse line that allows lineage tracing of Fgf10-positive cells during development and postnatally. Using these mice, we hereby demonstrate the presence of two waves of Fgf10 expression during embryonic lung development: the first wave, comprising Fgf10-positive cells residing in the submesothelial mesenchyme at early pseudoglandular stage (as well as their descendants); and the second wave, comprising Fgf10-positive cells from late pseudoglandular stage (as well as their descendants). Our lineage-tracing data reveal that the first wave contributes to the formation of parabronchial and vascular smooth muscle cells as well as lipofibroblasts at later developmental stages, whereas the second wave does not give rise to smooth muscle cells but to lipofibroblasts as well as an Nkx2.1(-) E-Cad(-) Epcam(+) Pro-Spc(+) lineage that requires further in-depth analysis. During alveologenesis, Fgf10-positive cells give rise to lipofibroblasts rather than alveolar myofibroblasts, and during adult life, a subpopulation of Fgf10-expressing cells represents a pool of resident mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells (MSCs) (Cd45(-) Cd31(-) Sca-1(+)). Taken together, we show for the first time that Fgf10-expressing cells represent a pool of mesenchymal progenitors in the embryonic and postnatal lung. Our findings suggest that Fgf10-positive cells could be useful for developing stem cell-based therapies for treating interstitial lung diseases.
Evolution of Stroke Diagnosis in the Emergency Room – A Prospective Observational Study (2009)

The uncertainties in interpreting stroke symptoms and the lack of facilities for treating emergency stroke in nonurban areas may be outweighed by offering access to a specialized neurological emergency room, thus rectifying any misinterpretation of stroke symptoms and shortening in-hospital time windows for treatment. Still, the rate of misdiagnosis is high, requiring expensive resources, despite the constant flow of information to the public. Therefore, more prospective data comparing different emergency room settings are needed which focus in particular on patients with the admission diagnosis 'stroke'.
CO2 absorption by aqueous NH3 solutions: speciation of ammonium carbamate, bicarbonate and carbonate by a 13C NMR study (2006)

The absorption of CO2 in aqueous NH3 solutions occurs with high efficiency and loading capacity at room temperature and atmospheric pressure producing the ammonium salts of bicarbonate (HCO3−), carbonate (CO32−), and carbamate (NH2CO2−) anions. 13C NMR spectroscopy at room temperature has been proven to be a simple and reliable method to investigate the speciation in solution of these three ionic species. Fast equilibration of HCO3−/CO32− anions results in a single NMR peak whose chemical shift depends on the relative concentration of the two species. A method has been developed to correlate the chemical shift of this carbon resonance to the ratio of the two anionic species. Integration of the carbamate carbon peak provided the relative amount of this species with respect to HCO3−/CO32− pair. No other species was detected in solution by 13C NMR, and no solid compounds separated out under our experimental conditions. Finally, the relative amount of HCO3−, CO32−, and NH2CO2− in solution have been correlated to the molar ratio between free ammonia in solution and absorbed CO2.
Propulsion System Modeling and Takeoff Distance Calculations for a Powered-Lift Aircraft With Circulation-Control Wing Aerodynamics (2009)

The computation of takeoff distance for powered-lift aircraft is complicated because of the coupling of aerodynamic performance (lift, drag and moment coefficients) with forward speed. Cal Poly has developed an analysis procedure to capture this coupling, and the development of this procedure is continuing. In the past year, Cal Poly has completed a Phase I NRA contract from the NASA for the configuration development and modeling of CESTOL aircraft. The primary objective of this contract was to identify an aircraft configuration in enough detail to proceed into a Phase II contract to design and construct a large scale wind tunnel model followed by a wind tunnel test to measure both aerodynamic performance and noise. Four aircraft configurations have been developed, and all but one of the configurations use circulation control wing aerodynamics (CCW) to produce powered-lift aerodynamic effect for the wing. The aircraft configuration selected for the Phase II contract makes extensive use of CCW to develop high lift aerodynamics for takeoff and initial climb and again for final descent and landing. An additional goal for the Phase I project was the CFD modeling of the aerodynamics of a CESTOL aircraft, and to use the CFD results to develop a new aerodynamic meta-model. In addition, a meta-model for propulsion performance was to be developed and the two meta-models were to be integrated into an upgraded takeoff code written in MATLAB. These models all combined were to demonstrate an up-graded version of the Cal Poly takeoff performance procedure. However, at present, the aerodynamics meta-model is not yet complete and work will continue on into Phase II. Thus, no specific takeoff performance is demonstrated in this paper. However, in this paper details of the aircraft configurations are presented, the options available to proceed high pressure air to the wing slots to produce CCW aerodynamics are discussed, the propulsion metamodel is defined, the analysis procedure for the aerodynamics meta-model is discussed and the up-graded takeoff program is discussed.
Microfluidic Western blotting (2012)

Rapid, quantitative Western blotting is a long-sought bioanalytical goal in the life sciences. To this end, we describe a Western blotting assay conducted in a single glass microchannel under purely electronic control. The μWestern blot is comprised of multiple steps: sample enrichment, protein sizing, protein immobilization (blotting), and in situ antibody probing. To validate the microfluidic assay, we apply the μWestern blot to analyses of human sera (HIV immunoreactivity) and cell lysate (NFκB). Analytical performance advances are achieved, including: short durations of 10-60 min, multiplexed analyte detection, mass sensitivity at the femtogram level, high-sensitivity 50-pM detection limits, and quantitation capability over a 3.6-log dynamic range. Performance gains are attributed to favorable transport and reaction conditions on the microscale. The multistep assay design relies on a photopatternable (blue light) and photoreactive (UV light) polyacrylamide gel. This hydrophilic polymer constitutes both a separation matrix for protein sizing and, after brief UV exposure, a protein immobilization scaffold for subsequent antibody probing of immobilized protein bands. We observe protein capture efficiencies exceeding 75% under sizing conditions. This compact microfluidic design supports demonstration of a 48-plex μWestern blot in a standard microscope slide form factor. Taken together, the μWestern blot establishes a foundation for rapid, targeted proteomics by merging exceptional specificity with the throughput advantages of multiplexing, as is relevant to a broad range of biological inquiry.
A novel data distribution technique for host-client type parallel applications (2002)

This paper considers an analytic data distribution for improving the performance of host-client type parallel applications which exhibit serialized communication patterns. The technique involves assuming the serialized communications is enforced, which simplifies data analysis and can provide the basis for real-time dynamic load balancing. This distribution has been tested using a parallel matrix multiplication implementation and a parallel MPEG compression implementation. The key results of this paper are that analytic distribution can reduce execution time and increase scalability of certain parallel applications over typical equal data distributions.
Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions (2009)

Many human genes have adapted to the constant threat of exposure to infectious agents; according to the "hygiene hypothesis," lack of exposure to parasites in modern settings results in immune imbalances, augmenting susceptibility to the development of autoimmune and allergic conditions. Here, by estimating the number of pathogen species/genera in a specific geographic location (pathogen richness) for 52 human populations and analyzing 91 interleukin (IL)/IL receptor genes (IL genes), we show that helminths have been a major selective force on a subset of these genes. A population genetics analysis revealed that five IL genes, including IL7R and IL18RAP, have been a target of balancing selection, a selection process that maintains genetic variability within a population. Previous identification of polymorphisms in some of these loci, and their association with autoimmune conditions, prompted us to investigate the relationship between adaptation and disease. By searching for variants in IL genes identified in genome-wide association studies, we verified that six risk alleles for inflammatory bowel (IBD) or celiac disease are significantly correlated with micropathogen richness. These data support the hygiene hypothesis for IBD and provide a large set of putative targets for susceptibility to helminth infections.