gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anatomy and relationships of the suprascapular nerve (1992)

Thirty-one shoulders in eighteen cadavera were dissected to allow study of the neurovascular anatomy of the rotator cuff and to help determine the limits of mobilization of the cuff for the repair of chronic massive retracted tears. The dissection demonstrated the diameter, length, and relationships of the suprascapular nerve and its branches and made clear the dangers of extensive mobilization and advancement of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles. The suprascapular nerve ran an oblique course across the supraspinatus fossa, was relatively fixed on the floor of the fossa, and was tethered underneath the transverse scapular ligament. In twenty-six (84 per cent) of the thirty-one shoulders, there were no more than two motor branches to the supraspinatus muscle, and the first was always the larger of the two. In twenty-six (84 per cent) of the thirty-one shoulders, the first motor branch originated underneath the transverse scapular ligament or just distal to it. In one shoulder (3 per cent), the first motor branch passed over the ligament. The average distance from the origin of the long tendon of the biceps to the motor branches of the supraspinatus was three centimeters. In fifteen (48 per cent) of the thirty-one shoulders, the infraspinatus muscle had three or four motor branches of the same size. The average distance from the posterior rim of the glenoid to the motor branches of the infraspinatus muscle was two centimeters. The motor branches to the supraspinatus muscle were fewer, usually smaller, and significantly shorter than those to the infraspinatus muscle. The standard anterosuperior approach allowed only one centimeter of lateral advancement of either tendon and limited the ability of the surgeon to dissect safely beyond the neurovascular pedicle. The advancement technique of Debeyre et al., or a modification of that technique, permitted lateral advancement of each muscle of as much as three centimeters and was limited by tension in the motor branches of the suprascapular nerve. In some situations, the safe limit of advancement may be even less. We concluded that lateral advancement of the rotator cuff is limited anatomically and may place the neurovascular structures at risk.
The Interferons: 50 Years after Their Discovery, There Is Much More to Learn (2007)

The interferons (IFNs) and their receptors represent a subset of the class 2 alpha-helical cytokines that have been in chordates for millions of years. This brief review focuses on the discovery and purification of interferons, cloning of human IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, interferon receptors, activities and therapeutic uses of interferons, and the side effects of interferons.
Nanoparticles for gene delivery to retinal pigment epithelial cells. (2005)

The ability of PLGA NPs to sequester plasmids, their nontoxic characteristics, and rapid internalization enables gene transfer and expression in RPE cells. These findings may be of potential use when designing future gene therapy strategies for ocular diseases of the posterior segment.
Crystal tilting in the epitaxial laterally overgrown GaN films on sapphire substrate by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (2005)

Crystal tilts in the lateral overgrowth of GaN over SiO/sub 2/ mask on Sapphire Substrate by HVPE away from the opening region are demonstrated and characterized by scanning electron (SEM) and high resolve x-ray diffraction (HRXRD). The tilts and stripe morphologies are directly related to the mask width and "fill factors" (ratio of stripe opening width to stripe period). It is found that the growth condition, such as the introduction HCl, C/sub 3/H/sub 8//H/sub 2/ and the growth rate also have a significant effect on the wing tilt. The mechanisms of these factors affecting the wing tilts and stripe morphologies are discussed respectively.
Metallized plastics 1 : fundamental and applied aspects (1989)

Proceedings of the symposium held in Phoenix, Arizona in October, 1991. Contains 28 edited papers covering four broad areas: metallization techniques and properties of metal deposits; investigation of interfacial interactions; plastic surface modifications; and the adhesion aspects of metallization
Contactless Torque Sensor Development (2012)

This paper presents the development of a contactless torque sensor, which operates on a new principle. The used method is based on the birefringence effect of optically anisotropic materials. Experiments made are similar to the reflective photoelasticity. Instead of conventional photoelastic coating a Perspex tube of thin wall thickness was used. When torque was applied, stress had arisen in the tube, which could be measured optically. The main goal of this study was to create a torque sensor, which could be used in industry too. The paper deals with the theoretical basics, it gives an overview of the development up to now, presents measurement results, shows possible practical realizations for small and large torques, and also proposes possibilities for further developments.
Echocardiography: principles of interpretation. (1989)

Doppler echocardiography allows the serial, noninvasive collection of quantitative hemodynamic information. When coupled with the results of physical examination, thoracic radiographs, ECG, and routine cross-sectional and M-mode echocardiogram, DE helps identify the nature as well as the severity of cardiac disease. As more experience is gained with DE, more applications will be discovered and the indications for more invasive diagnostic tests including cardiac catheterization will diminish.
Defect reduction effects in GaAs on Si substrates by thermal annealing (1988)

High quality GaAs films with dislocation densities of 2–3×106 cm−2 on (100) Si substrates have been obtained by thermal cycle growth using the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition method. Significant reduction effects of dislocation density in the GaAs layers on Si have been analyzed by a simple model, in which annihilation and coalescence of dislocations are assumed to be caused by dislocation movement under thermal stress. Relaxation of thermal stress in the GaAs films on Si during thermal annealing has also been observed.
Learning structured output representation using deep conditional generative models (2015)

Supervised deep learning has been successfully applied to many recognition problems. Although it can approximate a complex many-to-one function well when a large amount of training data is provided, it is still challenging to model complex structured output representations that effectively perform probabilistic inference and make diverse predictions. In this work, we develop a deep conditional generative model for structured output prediction using Gaussian latent variables. The model is trained efficiently in the framework of stochastic gradient variational Bayes, and allows for fast prediction using stochastic feed-forward inference. In addition, we provide novel strategies to build robust structured prediction algorithms, such as input noise-injection and multi-scale prediction objective at training. In experiments, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm in comparison to the deterministic deep neural network counterparts in generating diverse but realistic structured output predictions using stochastic inference. Furthermore, the proposed training methods are complimentary, which leads to strong pixel-level object segmentation and semantic labeling performance on Caltech-UCSD Birds 200 and the subset of Labeled Faces in the Wild dataset.
Expression of human papillomavirus type 16 E6 protein by recombinant baculovirus and use for detection of anti-E6 antibodies in human sera (1992)

Existing assays to detect antibodies to human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) proteins in sera from cervical carcinoma patients rely primarily on bacterially produced recombinant proteins or synthetic peptides for use as target antigens. These methods have had limited success in the detection of antibodies against the E6 protein. To produce more authentic E6 protein for use in serological assays, we have employed a recombinant baculovirus vector to synthesize the protein in insect cells. Cells infected with the vector containing E6 gene sequences expressed a stable protein doublet comprising 18.5K and 19.1K bands. This protein reacted in Western blots with an antiserum raised against a purified E6 fusion protein produced in Escherichia coli. This antiserum, and several others raised against E. coli-derived E6 fusion proteins, were unable to recognize the baculovirus E6 protein in radioimmunoprecipitation assays (RIPAs). However, serum from a cervical carcinoma patient readily immunoprecipitated the baculovirus E6 protein, suggesting that the baculovirus-derived protein represented a realistic antigenic target. A RIPA was developed for the detection of anti-E6 protein antibodies in human sera. The assay was tested on a selected group of sera from carcinoma patients and controls, in comparison with a Western blotting method using bacterial fusion proteins. The baculovirus E6 protein-based RIPA showed a marked increase in detection rate over the Western blotting method. These findings suggest that serum antibodies to HPV-16 E6 protein may be more prevalent than has previously been shown.
Experimental Investigation of Oscillating Motions in a Flat Plate Pulsating Heat Pipe (2007)

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the motion of vapor bubbles and liquid plugs within a flat plate pulsating heat pipe to determine the effects of working fluids (water, ethanol, Flutec PP2, and Flourinert), power input, filling ratio, and angle of orientation on the pulsating fluid flow. Experimental investigations quantify the position and velocity of the liquid-vapor interface for various conditions. Through the use of a Photron high speed camera, precise locations of the liquid-vapor interface were tracked and analyzed. Experimental data show that both the macromovement and oscillating motion of vapor bubbles and liquid plugs exist for a functional pulsating heat pipe. The amplitude of these oscillations was increased as more power was inputted into the pulsating heat pipe. The pulsating heat pipe investigated here would not function when charged with 50% high performance liquid chromatography grade water and positioned horizontally. On the other hand, the experimental results show that when the heat pipe was charged with ethanol, it created the largest amplitudes and velocities. The oscillating motion of vapor bubbles and liquid plugs including the macromovement is very sensitive to the tilted angle, and large increases in amplitude were observed when the angle was increased (bottom heating mode) from horizontal.
Enteritis in sheep and goats due to Yersinia enterocolitica infection (1990)

Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 5, serotype 02,3 was isolated from the intestine of 38 sheep and 8 goats submitted to the laboratory for disease diagnosis. Infected animals were usually young, had diarrhoea and were in poor condition or emaciated. A number were moribund or dead when submitted. Characteristic microabscesses were demonstrated in the intestine of 5 of 38 sheep and 3 of 8 goats and no alternative cause of morbidity or mortality was established in these animals. Of the 33 sheep and 5 goats infected with Y. enterocolitica in which microabscesses were not demonstrated, a number of other diagnoses were made, including internal parasitism (18), selenium deficiency or white muscle disease (6) and cobalt deficiency (2), so that morbidity and mortality were possibly unrelated to Y. enterocolitica infection. Five of 6 sheep exposed experimentally by mouth to Y. enterocolitica biotype 5, serotype 02,3 developed an intestinal infection. Although infected sheep showed no clinical evidence of disease and haematological and biochemical indices remained normal, multiple intestinal microabscesses typical of yersiniosis were demonstrated in 3 of 5 infected sheep. It is concluded that Y. enterocolitica biotype 5, serotype 02,3 is an enteropathogen of sheep and goats. Since sheep and goats may be the specific hosts of this bacterium, its virulence for these species is apparently low. Morbidity and mortality may, therefore, be unusual manifestations of infection.
Improvement and simplification of low‐background silver staining of proteins by using sodium dithionite (1988)

High sensitivity and low background, the attractive characteristics of the procedure of Blum et al., Electrophoresis 1987, 8, 93-99, for silver staining of proteins in polyacrylamide gels have been improved by sensitizing the gels with sodium dithionite instead of sodium thiosulfate and by equilibration in water after fixation and prior to sensitization. These modifications decrease the background and allow for a longer development period, which in turn increases sensitivity and color contrast. In addition, the colors of the spots are shifted toward colder tones when compared with the original method.
ECOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF INSECT HYDROCARBONS (2004)

This review covers selected literature from 1982 to the present on some of the ecological, behavioral, and biochemical aspects of hydrocarbon use by insects and other arthropods. Major ecological and behavioral topics are species- and gender-recognition, nestmate recognition, task-specific cues, dominance and fertility cues, chemical mimicry, and primer pheromones. Major biochemical topics include chain length regulation, mechanism of hydrocarbon formation, timing of hydrocarbon synthesis and transport, and biosynthesis of volatile hydrocarbon pheromones of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. In addition, a section is devoted to future research needs in this rapidly growing area of science.
Immobilized iminodiacetic acid metal peptide complexes. Identification of chelating peptide purification handles for recombinant proteins (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTImmobilized iminodiacetic acid metal peptide complexes. Identification of chelating peptide purification handles for recombinant proteinsMichele C. Smith, Thomas C. Furman, and Charles PidgeonCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1987, 26, 12, 1965–1969Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1987https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00259a030RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views476Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (687 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
A vector space model for automatic indexing (1975)

In a document retrieval, or other pattern matching environment where stored entities (documents) are compared with each other or with incoming patterns (search requests), it appears that the best indexing (property) space is one where each entity lies as far away from the others as possible; in these circumstances the value of an indexing system may be expressible as a function of the density of the object space; in particular, retrieval performance may correlate inversely with space density. An approach based on space density computations is used to choose an optimum indexing vocabulary for a collection of documents. Typical evaluation results are shown, demonstating the usefulness of the model.
Apoptotic and behavioral sequelae of mild brain trauma in mice (2007)

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a not uncommon event in adolescents and young adults. Although it does not result in clear morphological brain defects, it is associated with long-term cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems. Herein, we characterized the biochemical and behavioral changes associated with experimental mTBI in mice that may act as either targets or surrogate markers for interventional therapy. Specifically, mTBI was induced by 30-g and 50-g weight drop, and at 8 and 72 hr thereafter markers of cellular apoptosis-caspase-3, Bax, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and cytochrome-c (Cyt-c)-were quantified by Western blot analysis in hippocampus ipsilateral to the impact. Levels of amyloid-beta precursor protein (APP) were also measured, and specific behavioral tests-passive avoidance, open field, and forced swimming (Porsolt) paradigms-were undertaken to assess learning, emotionality, and emotional memory. In the absence of hemorrhage or infarcts, as assessed by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, procaspase-3 and Bax levels were markedly altered following mTBI at both times. No cleaved caspase-3 was detected, and levels of AIF and Cyt-c, but not APP, were significantly changed at 72 hr. Mice subjected to mTBI were indistinguishable from controls by neurological examination at 1 and 24 hr, and by passive avoidance/open field at 72 hr, but could be differentiated in the forced swimming paradigm. In general, this model mimics the diffuse effects of mTBI on brain function associated with the human condition and highlights specific apoptotic proteins and a behavioral paradigm as potential markers for prospective interventional strategies.
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors Differentially Regulate Stress-Induced Tau Phosphorylation (2007)

Hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau is a key event in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology. Acute stress can induce hippocampal tau phosphorylation (tau-P) in rodents, but the mechanisms and pathogenic relevance of this response are unclear. Here, we find that hippocampal tau-P elicited by an acute emotional stressor, restraint, was not affected by preventing the stress-induced rise in glucocorticoids but was blocked by genetic or pharmacologic disruption of signaling through the type 1 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRFR1). Conversely, these responses were exaggerated in CRFR2-deficient mice. Parallel CRFR dependence was seen in the stress-induced activation of specific tau kinases. Repeated stress exposure elicited cumulative effects on tau-P and its sequestration in an insoluble, and potentially pathogenic, form. These findings support differential regulatory roles for CRFRs in an AD-relevant form of neuronal plasticity and may link datasets documenting alterations in the CRF signaling system in AD and implicating chronic stress as a risk factor in age-related neurological disorders.
Engineering of peptide β-sheet nanotapes (1997)

A set of principles are outlined for the design of short oligopeptides which will self-assemble in appropriate solvents into long, semi-flexible, polymericβ-sheet nanotapes. Their validity is demonstrated by experimental studies of an 11-residue peptide (DN1) which forms nanotapes in water, and a 24-residue peptide (K24) which forms nanotapes in non-aqueous solvents such as methanol. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy studies of the self-assembly behaviour in very dilute solutions (µm) reveal a simple transition from a random coil-to-β-sheet conformation in the case of DN1, but a more complex situation for K24. Association of DN1 is very weak up to a concentration of 40 µm at which there is a sudden increase in the fraction of peptide in the β-sheet structure, indicative of an apparent ‘critical tape concentration’. This is shown to arise from a two-step self-assembly process: the first step being a transition from a random coil to an extended β-strand conformation, and the second the addition of this β-strand to a growing β-sheet. Both peptides are shown to gel their solvents at concentrations above 2×10 -3 volume fraction: these gels are stable up to the boiling point of the solvents. Rheology measurements on gels of the 24-residue peptide in 2-chloroethanol reveal that the tapes form an entangled network with a mesh size of 10–100 nm for peptide volume fractions 0.03–0.003; the persistence length of the tape is 13 nm or greater, indicative of a moderately rigid polymer; the tapes are about a single molecule in thickness. The mechanical properties of the gels in many respects are comparable to those of natural biopolymers such as gelatin, actin, amylose and agarose.
Combination Therapies With Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes (2001)

The U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) demonstrated that intensive glucose control with insulin or sulfonylureas markedly reduces the risk of microvascular complications (1). For myocardial infarction, the reduction in risk (16% for a 0.9% decrease in HbA1c) was of borderline significance but corresponded closely to epidemiological predictions (14% decrease for a 1% drop in HbA1c) (2). These data demonstrated that neither insulin nor sulfonylureas, despite causing hyperinsulinemia and weight gain, have adverse effects on cardiovascular outcome. Glycemic control deteriorated continuously, however, even in intensively treated patients in the UKPDS (1).

In the UKPDS, the worsening of glycemic control has been attributed to the natural course of type 2 diabetes and lack of efficacy of current antihyperglycemic therapies (1). Insulin therapy consisted of a single injection of ultralente or isophane insulin. If the daily dose exceeded 14 U, regular insulin was added and home-glucose monitoring was encouraged (1). Combination therapy regimens with insulin and oral agents were not used. We now know that 14 U of long-acting insulin is insufficient to control fasting glycemia in most type 2 diabetic patients (3). Since 1977, when the UKPDS was started, several studies have tried to define the optimal insulin treatment regimen for type 2 diabetic patients. These studies are the focus of this review and include studies comparing insulin alone to combination therapy with insulin and sulfonylureas (subject to meta-analyses in 1991 and 1992) (4,5) and more recent trials using metformin, glitazones, or acarbose in insulin combination therapy regimens. They do not contain data on cardiovascular end points but only on surrogate markers of risk of micro- and macrovascular complications, mostly data on glycemia, body weight, insulin doses, lipids, and in a few studies, also accurate data on the frequency of hypoglycemias.

According to a Medline search (1966–2000), …