gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Infrared studies of apatites. I. Vibrational assignments for calcium, strontium, and barium hydroxyapatites utilizing isotopic substitution (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfrared studies of apatites. I. Vibrational assignments for calcium, strontium, and barium hydroxyapatites utilizing isotopic substitutionB. O. FowlerCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1974, 13, 1, 194–207Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50131a039https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50131a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1637Altmetric-Citations538LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization for short tandem repeat loci (1998)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization was used for the detection of four base short tandem repeats (STR) for clinical samples using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Since STR plays an important role in genetic disease and human identification, this work indicates that laser desorption mass spectrometry has the potential to achieve rapid DNA typing for both forensic applications and genetic disease diagnosis.
A Convenient one-pot synthesis of n-arylmalonamic acid via in-situ generation of malonyl monoacyl chloride (1996)

Abstract A convenient one-pot synthesis of N-arylmalonamic acid has been demonstrated based on the in-situ generation ofmalonyl monoacyl chloride, followed by reaction with aniline.
Warum Pentose‐ und nicht Hexose‐Nucleinsäuren?? Teil I. Einleitung und Problemstellung, Konformationsanalyse für Oligonucleotid‐Ketten aus 2′,3′‐Dideoxyglucopyranosyl‐Bausteinen (‘Homo‐DNS’) sowie Betrachtungen zur Konformation von A‐ und B‐DNS (1992)

Why Pentose and Not Hexose Nucleic Acids? Part I . Introduction to the Problem, Conformational Analysis of Oligonucleotide Single Strands Containing 2′,3′‐Dideoxyglucopyranosyl Building Blocks (‘Homo‐DNA’), and Reflections on the Conformation of A‐ and B‐DNA Summary in collaboration with Prof. Dr. C.E. Wintner , Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041‐1392; academic guest, ETH, March and June/July, 1991. Chemical rationalization of the structure of a biomolecule can be sought through consideration of two criteria: first, the relationship between the structure and its biological function; and second, the structure's potential for constitutional self assembly. The latter criterion convers the judgment, by chemical reasoning, of the chance of its preformation, that is, a synthetic event which must have been undergone by any molecular structure in order to have been selected (or to have selected itself) to become a biomolecule. One way to further the task of rationalizing a biomolecule's structure by experimental means is the design, synthesis, and study of structural alternatives which might have become biomolecules on the basis of either criterion, but which do not, in fact, appear in Nature today. In the formation of sugar phosphates from glycolaldehyde phosphate under basic conditions, straightforward and selective formation of rac ‐hexose 2,4,6‐triphosphates is observed in the absence of formaldehyde, while rac ‐pentose 2,4‐diphosphates are dominant, when (0.5 equiv.) formaldehyde is present [1]. This and other observations indicate that hexose sugars should be regarded to have had a chance of preformation comparable with that of pentose sugars. Why, then, did Nature choose pentoses and not hexoses as the sugar building blocks of nucleic acids? The reason must be functional; it must be the case that pentose nucleic acids are biologically superior to potential hexose alternatives. To the extent that biological function is a consequence of molecular structure and reactivity, the origin of this superiority should be decipherable through chemical experiment, that is, through synthesis of hexose nucleic acids, systematic study of their chemical properties, and comparison of these properties with those of their natural counterparts. This has been the object of the present investigation, initiated in 1986. The paper introduces a series of papers which will describe the results of a model study, namely, the synthesis, pairing properties and structure of homo‐DNA oligonucleotides.
ChemInform Abstract: Rational Synthesis of meso‐Substituted Chlorin Building Blocks. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Reactions of 2,3-dibromoindole derivatives with bromine and other oxidizing agents. 2,3-Dibromoindole .far. 3,3-dibromooxindole transformation (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of 2,3-dibromoindole derivatives with bromine and other oxidizing agents. 2,3-Dibromoindole .far. 3,3-dibromooxindole transformationAntonio Da Settimo, Claudio Menicagli, and Enrico NannipieriCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 14, 1995–1998Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00928a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00928a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views163Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
The Terminal Complement Inhibitor Eculizumab Reduces Thrombosis in Patients with Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria. (2006)

Abstract Life-threatening thromboembolism (TE) is the most feared complication in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). Thrombophilia in PNH likely involves a hypercoagulable state, possibly due to intravascular hemolysis with scavenging of the coagulation regulator nitric oxide, and platelet activation. Approximately 45% of PNH deaths result from TE. Thrombosis is more frequent in patients with larger PNH clones, but can occur in patients with smaller clones. Primary prophylactic anti-coagulation may reduce the thrombotic risk in PNH patients, although controlled studies have not been performed and there is a known serious hemorrhage risk. A randomized, placebo-controlled, 26-week phase 3 study of the terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab in 87 PNH patients (TRIUMPH) recently demonstrated dramatic reductions in intravascular hemolysis and RBC transfusions; 1 TE was reported with placebo and 0 with eculizumab. This single study was not powered to examine the effect of eculizumab on TE, and we prospectively examined the aggregate TE event rate in eculizumab-treated patients from TRIUMPH, the two other PNH trials, and the subsequent phase 3 extension study as compared to each patient’s pre-treatment event rate. Before receiving eculizumab, examination of patient records identified 126 TE events in 195 patients, and 103 were on anticoagulants. While pre-treatment TE event rates were variable in the 3 individual PNH studies, eculizumab reduced TE in each study. The TE event rate with eculizumab treatment was 1.22 per 100 patient years, compared to 7.49 (p&amp;lt;0.001) in the same patients before eculizumab treatment, corresponding to a reduction of 84% (2 events with eculizumab vs. 12.3 events expected). Sensitivity analyses showed the effect to be robust. With restriction of the pre-treatment observation period to the 12-months immediately before initiation of the trials, the TE event rate with eculizumab was reduced 93% from 17.21 to 1.22, respectively (p=0.013). The TE event rate was reduced from 21.95 pre-treatment in patients with TE prior to the trials (n=63) to 3.42 during eculizumab treatment (p&amp;lt;0.001). Most TE events prior to eculizumab treatment occurred in patients receiving anti-coagulants, indicating that this therapy may be insufficient to prevent thrombosis. Of 103 patients on anticoagulants, there were 54 TE events in 30 patients over 385.73 patient years (14.00/100 patient years) pre-eculizumab compared to no TE events with eculizumab in 101 patient years (0.0/100 patient years; p&amp;lt;0.001), demonstrating that eculizumab reduces the risk of thrombosis in anticoagulated, highly thrombophilic PNH patients. These data show that long-term eculizumab treatment results in a clinically and statistically significant reduction in thrombosis in patients with PNH.
The metabolome 18 years on: a concept comes of age (2016)

To mark its 18-year-old 'coming of age', two of the co-authors of that paper review the genesis of metabolomics, whence it has come and where it may be going.
Carbon partitioning between oil and carbohydrates in developing oat (Avena sativa L.) seeds (2008)

Cereals accumulate starch in the endosperm as their major energy reserve in the grain. In most cereals the embryo, scutellum, and aleurone layer are high in oil, but these tissues constitute a very small part of the total seed weight. However, in oat (Avena sativa L.) most of the oil in kernels is deposited in the same endosperm cells that accumulate starch. Thus oat endosperm is a desirable model system to study the metabolic switches responsible for carbon partitioning between oil and starch synthesis. A prerequisite for such investigations is the development of an experimental system for oat that allows for metabolic flux analysis using stable and radioactive isotope labelling. An in vitro liquid culture system, developed for detached oat panicles and optimized to mimic kernel composition during different developmental stages in planta, is presented here. This system was subsequently used in analyses of carbon partitioning between lipids and carbohydrates by the administration of 14C-labelled sucrose to two cultivars having different amounts of kernel oil. The data presented in this study clearly show that a higher amount of oil in the high-oil cultivar compared with the medium-oil cultivar was due to a higher proportion of carbon partitioning into oil during seed filling, predominantly at the earlier stages of kernel development.
Severe Congenital Generalized Exfoliative Erythroderma in Newborns and Infants: A Possible Sign of Netherton Syndrome (1996)

We examined skin biopsy specimens from 17 of 19 newborns or infants with generalized ichthyosiform, exfoliative, seborrheic, or psoriasiform erythroderma. The specimens showed similar characteristic but nonspecific and therefore, at first sight, uninformative histologic features. Morphologically, the skin was affected overall with a persistent outbreak of eczema-like eruptions of subacute or chronic dermatitis. Pronounced dermal inflammatory processes were obvious by their perivascular and interstitial presence as well as exocytosis of lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. Epidermal barrier function was Impaired by the highly suppressed terminal differentiation, with thin or in part completely absent stratum corneum, decrease of keratin filaments, decrease or lack of keratohyalin granules, and of keratinosomes containing stacks of lipid membranes. As a result, the formation and discharge of epidermal barrier lipids from the keratinosomes that normally provide intercellular lamellar sheets at the granular-horny layer interface contributing to the epidermal barrier, was highly disturbed. The concomitant loss of water, electrolytes, and proteins by fluid exudation caused the patients severe metabolic problems and recurrent infections. The suspicion of Netherton syndrome was eventually confirmed in 18 patients by light microscopic demonstration of bamboo hairs (trichorrhexis invaginata), mostly from the scalp, but also in vellus hairs and eyelashes. Atopy actually belongs to the symptom triad defining Netherton syndrome and is, in our opinion, primarily responsible for the pathologic events within the skin and of the keratinizing parts of the growing hair shafts. Differential expression of the atopic condition determines the appearance of the keratinization disorder of the skin, namely, severe, generalized, exfoliative erythroderma or milder forms of ichthyosis linearis circumflexa Comèl. Retinold treatment seems to be contraindicated in these conditions since their biopharmacologic effects involve suppression of terminal differentiation, which is the proper pathognomonic event. In six patients the condition had a fatal course within months because of hypernatremia, recurrent infections, failure to thrive, and sepsis. Our aim is to call attention to and reaffirm that in congenital or early infantile cases of generalized exfoliative erythroderma. Netherton syndrome should be suspected as the underlying disease.
All‐in‐One Target‐Cell‐Specific Magnetic Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Molecular Imaging and siRNA Delivery (2009)

Cancer-cell-targeted gene silencing was observed with a magnetic-nanoparticle platform (MEIO, magnetism-engineered iron oxide) on which a fluorescent dye, siRNA, and a RGD-peptide targeting moiety were attached (see picture). The different functionalities enable the macroscopic (magnetic resonance) and microscopic (fluorescence) imaging of target cells. This system may be suitable for concurrent diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Molecular cloning of an alcohol (butanol) dehydrogenase gene cluster from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 (1991)

In Clostridium acetobutylicum, conversion of butyraldehyde to butanol is enzymatically achieved by butanol dehydrogenase (BDH). A C. acetobutylicum gene that encodes this protein was identified by using an oligonucleotide designed on the basis of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of purified C. acetobutylicum NADH-dependent BDH. Enzyme assays of cell extracts of Escherichia coli harboring the clostridial gene demonstrated 15-fold-higher NADH-dependent BDH activity than untransformed E. coli, as well as an additional NADPH-dependent BDH activity. Kinetic, sequence, and isoelectric focusing analyses suggest that the cloned clostridial DNA contains two or more distinct C. acetobutylicum enzymes with BDH activity.
Bacterial peptidoglycan in rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis (2000)

The human body is always in close contact with billions of bacteria located at all mucosal\\nsites and prominently in the gut. This bacterial population, commonly referred to as the\\nmicroflora, is established early following birth, remains constant in a given individual over\\nhis or her life span and is of great importance to the host. The bacteria degrade and ferment\\nmany of the food components that are not absorbed in the small intestine. Furthermore, the\\nintestinal flora acts as a barrier against food-borne pathogenic bacteria. The mucosal flora\\nalso represents a large amount of potent immunostimulatory structures like lipopolysaccharides\\n(LPS) in gram-negative bacteria and peptidoglycan (PG) in both gram-negative and\\ngram-positive bacteria. These structures are important in the resistance to infections but it is\\ncOlrunonly believed that these structures are the major cause of bacterially induced sepsis.\\nIt has also been suggested that PG is involved in the persistence of chronic inflammation.\\nIn this thesis the role of PG in the pathogenesis of the chronic inflammatory diseases rheumatoid\\narthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS) is studied. In this chapter an introduction\\nwill be given about PG and its biological activities, and about the pathogenesis ofRA and MS.
Inducibility of β-Glucuronidase in Wild-Type and Hexuronate-Negative Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 (1974)

In strain K-12 of Escherichia coli, beta-glucuronidase synthesis was induced only by beta-glucuronides: all intermediates of the hexuronate pathway able to enter the cells failed to induce the enzyme significantly. The induction pattern of beta-glucuronidase clearly differentiates the mode of regulation of its synthesis from those of the subsequent enzymes of the pathway, which are induced by fructuronate and/or tagaturonate. In mutant strains blocked in glucuronate metabolism after the isomerase step, beta-glucuronidase synthesis was still induced by a beta-glucuronide. Glucuronate and fructuronate, which are accumulated and mutually interconverted within the cells, become good inducers of beta-glucuronidase: they induce up to a level one-half that obtained in the wild-type strain in the presence of beta-glucuronide alone. In an isomerase-negative strain where fructuronate is not produced, beta-glucuronidase was no longer induced by beta-glucuronide unless supplemented with fructuronate. In this strain, glucuronate alone or fructuronate alone exhibited greater inducing ability than in the wild-type strain. Moreover, fructuronate could also enhance glucuronate-induced synthesis of beta-glucuronidase. Glucuronate was not able to activate beta-glucuronideinduced synthesis of beta-glucuronidase. Therefore, the induction of beta-glucuronidase synthesis depends upon two factors which, when acting separately, are both poor inducers but can act cooperatively; one factor is beta-glucuronide or glucuronate and the second is fructuronate. The specific inducing capacity of each of these three compounds as well as the hypothetical mechanism(s) of the action of fructuronate are discussed.
Antibody Responses in the Lower Respiratory Tract and Male Urogenital Tract in Humans after Nasal and Oral Vaccination with Cholera Toxin B Subunit (1999)

Nasal vaccine delivery is superior to oral delivery in inducing specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG antibody responses in the upper respiratory tract. Although an antibody response in the nasal passages is important in protecting against primary colonization with lung pathogens, antibodies in the lungs are usually required as well. We immunized 15 male volunteers twice nasally or orally with cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and determined the specific antibody levels in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and urine before and 2 weeks after immunization. Nasal immunization induced fivefold increases in the levels of specific IgA antibodies in BAL fluid of most volunteers, whereas there were no significant specific IgA responses after oral immunization. The specific IgG antibody level increased eightfold in BAL fluid in the nasally vaccinated subjects, and the major part of IgG had most probably been transferred from serum. Since the specific IgG response in serum was lower in the individuals vaccinated orally, the IgG response in BAL fluid in this group was also lower and not significant. In conclusion, nasal immunization is also preferable to the oral route when vaccinating against lower respiratory tract infections, and a systemic immune response is considerably more important in the lower than in the upper respiratory tract. Moreover, both nasal and oral immunizations were able to stimulate 6- to 10-fold specific IgA and IgG responses in urine in about half of the individuals, which indicates that distant mucosal vaccination might be used to prevent adhesion of pathogens to the urogenital tract.
Shock compressibility and spallation strength of cubic modification of polycrystalline boron nitride (2009)

Methods of shock-wave physics are used to perform experimental investigations of the elastoplastic and strength properties of cubic modification of polycrystalline boron nitride. The samples are prepared by pressing to a pressure of 7–8 GPa at a temperature of 1700–1800 °C and rank just a little below diamond in hardness. The measurements are performed under conditions of the samples being acted upon by plane shock waves with the pressure behind the front of up to 85 GPa and duration of ∼10−6 s. It is demonstrated that a two-wave configuration consisting of an elastic precursor and a plastic compression wave is formed at the amplitude of shock compression of over 60 GPa. The dynamic yield strength, determined by the amplitude of elastic precursor, depends on the structure of samples and varies in the range from 31 to 49 GPa. The dynamic strength, measured under conditions of pulsed tension in expansion waves, is likewise defined by the structure of samples and, in the elastic region of deformation, lies in the range from 0.7 to 1.6 GPa.
Characterization of G-protein alpha subunits in the Gq class: expression in murine tissues and in stromal and hematopoietic cell lines. (1991)

Murine G alpha 14 and G alpha 15 cDNAs encode distinct alpha subunits of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). These alpha subunits are related to members of the Gq class and share certain sequence characteristics with G alpha q, G alpha 11, and G alpha 16, such as the absence of a pertussis toxin ADP-ribosylation site. G alpha 11 and G alpha q are ubiquitously expressed among murine tissues but G alpha 14 is predominantly expressed in spleen, lung, kidney, and testis whereas G alpha 15 is primarily restricted to hematopoietic lineages. Among hematopoietic cell lines, G alpha 11 mRNA is found in all cell lines tested, G alpha q is expressed widely but is not found in most T-cell lines, G alpha 15 is predominantly expressed in myeloid and B-cell lineages, and G alpha 14 is expressed in bone marrow adherent (stromal) cells, certain early myeloid cells, and progenitor B cells. Polyclonal antisera produced from synthetic peptides that correspond to two regions of G alpha 15 react with a protein of 42 kDa expressed in B-cell membranes and in Escherichia coli transformed with G alpha 15 cDNA. The expression patterns that were observed in mouse tissues and cell lines indicate that each of the alpha subunits in the Gq class may be involved in pertussis toxin-insensitive signal-transduction pathways that are fundamental to hematopoietic cell differentiation and function.