gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gene Therapy for Metastatic Malignant Melanoma: Evaluation of Tolerance to Intratumoral Injection of Cells Producing Recombinant Retroviruses Carrying the Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase Gene, to be Followed by Ganciclovir Administration. Laboratoire Immunologie B, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris Cedex, France (1996)

This protocol presents a new therapeutic approach to the treatment of patients with otherwise incurable malignant metastatic melanoma. Its objective is to define the safety of escalating doses of an anti-cancer treatment involving intratumoral injections of cells that produce recombinant retroviruses. The experimental treatment is based on the introduction into tumoral cells of a suicide gene coding for the herpes simple virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-TK). Cells that express HSV1-TK become sensitive to ganciclovir (GCV). GCV has no toxicity for normal cells, but kills cells expressing the HSV1-TK enzyme. Such toxicity is restricted to cells undergoing division. Introduction of the gene into tumoral cells is obtained through the intratumoral injection of murine fibroblasts modified by genetic engineering (M11 cells). These cells continuously produce recombinant defective retroviruses containing the HSV1-TK gene. Retroviruses can integrate their genes only when the cells they infect are undergoing division. Thus, after intratumoral injection of M11 cells, the tumoral cells, but not the quiescent cells of the healthy tissue surrounding them, express the HSV1-TK gene and can be destroyed by GCV. In addition, tumoral cells that do not express the gene, but which are located in the immediate vicinity of the transduced cells, are also destroyed through a "bystander effect," also restricted to cells undergoing division. It is therefore not necessary for all the tumoral cells to express HSV1-TK for all of them to be destroyed. Finally, preliminary data suggest that this localized tumoricidal activity may trigger a more general antineoplastic action, by facilitating a specific antitumoral immune response. The efficacy of the above therapeutic approach has been evidenced with animals in the treatment of brain tumors, of colic adenocarcinoma hepatic metastases and of malignant melanoma. A therapeutic trial on recurrent brain tumors or metastases has begun in the USA, using a similar approach. We propose a phase I-II clinical study of the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma. The patients enrolled in the study must present a metastatic malignant melanoma that is no longer treatable by conventional therapy (life expectancy of patients < 12 months). Progressively increased doses of M11 cells (1 x 10(8), 2 x 10(8), 3 x 10(8) cells/cm3 of tumor) will be injected transcutaneously in the cutaneous, sub-cutaneous or ganglionary tumoral nodules. For a given dosage, four patients receiving the treatment will be studied. Four additional patients will be enrolled at the higher tolerated dosage. We will study the safety and the tumoricidal effect of the direct intratumoral injection of M11 cells followed by treatment with GCV at a constant, intravenous dosage of 10 mg/kg/d x 14 days.
Fluorescence spectra from cancerous and normal human breast and lung tissues (1987)

The fluorescence spectra have been measured from native chromophores in malignant and normal human breast and lung tissues. The spectra profiles were found to be different in both species. In addition, one normal breast tissue exhibited Raman spectra.
The evolution of gene collectives: How natural selection drives chemical innovation (2008)

DNA sequencing has become central to the study of evolution. Comparing the sequences of individual genes from a variety of organisms has revolutionized our understanding of how single genes evolve, but the challenge of analyzing polygenic phenotypes has complicated efforts to study how genes evolve when they are part of a group that functions collectively. We suggest that biosynthetic gene clusters from microbes are ideal candidates for the evolutionary study of gene collectives; these selfish genetic elements evolve rapidly, they usually comprise a complete pathway, and they have a phenotype-a small molecule-that is easy to identify and assay. Because these elements are transferred horizontally as well as vertically, they also provide an opportunity to study the effects of horizontal transmission on gene evolution. We discuss known examples to begin addressing two fundamental questions about the evolution of biosynthetic gene clusters: How do they propagate by horizontal transfer? How do they change to create new molecules?
A Near Field Propagation Law & A Novel Fundamental Limit to Antenna Gain Versus Size (2005)

The paper presents a theoretical analysis of the near field channel in free space. The theoretical model is then validated by comparison to data measured in an open field. The results are important for low frequency RF systems, such as those operating at short range in the AM broadcast band (525-1715 kHz). Finally, the paper establishes a novel fundamental limit for antenna gain versus size.
CD30 expression in normal and neoplastic lymphoid tissue: biological aspects and clinical implications. (1995)

CD30 expression is found on Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells, anaplastic large cell lymphoma cells and on activated B or T lymphocytes. Recently CD30 was shown to be a transmembrane receptor that is significantly homologous to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family. Ligands for most members of this family, including CD30, have now been identified. This review summarizes the role of the different TNFR family members in lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation in an attempt to understand more clearly the role of CD30 expression in the pathogenesis and clinical behavior of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. We state that CD30 expression is of prognostic relevance in primary cutaneous and nodal T cell lymphomas in contrast to the absence of clinical relevance of CD30 expression in B cell lymphomas.
Physiological Basis for Potassium ( 39 K) Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Heart (1999)

The potassium cation (K+) is fundamentally involved in myocyte metabolism. To explore the potential utility of direct MRI of the most abundant natural isotope of potassium, 39K, we compared 39K magnetic resonance (MR) image intensity with regional myocardial K+ concentrations after irreversible injury. Rabbits were subjected either to 40 minutes of in situ coronary artery occlusion and 1 hour of reperfusion (n=26) or to 24 hours of permanent occlusion (n=4). The hearts were then isolated and imaged by 39K MRI (n=10), or tissue samples were analyzed for regional 39K content by MR spectroscopy (n=9), K+ and Na+ concentrations by atomic emission spectroscopy (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy; n=5), or intracellular K+ content by electron probe x-ray microanalysis (n=6). Three-dimensional 39K MR images of the isolated hearts were acquired in 44 minutes with 3 x 3 x 3-mm resolution. 39K MR image intensity was reduced in infarcted regions (51.7+/-4. 8% of remote; P<0.001). The circumferential extent and location of regions of reduced 39K image intensity were correlated with those of infarcted regions defined histologically (r=0.97 and r=0.98, respectively). Compared with remote regions, tissue analysis revealed that infarcted regions had reduced 39K concentration (by MR spectroscopy, 40.5+/-9.3% of remote; P<0.001), reduced potassium-to-sodium ratio (by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, 20.7+/-2.1% of remote; P<0.01), and reduced intracellular potassium (by electron probe x-ray microanalysis, K+ peak-to-background ratio 0.95+/-0.32 versus 2.86+/-1.10, respectively; P<0.01). We acquired the first 39K MR images of hearts subjected to infarction. In the pathophysiologies examined, potassium (39K) MR image intensity primarily reflects regional intracellular K+ concentrations.
A Robust Narrowband to Wideband Extension System Featuring Enhanced Codebook Mapping (2006)

It is well-known that wideband speech (0-7 kHz) provides better quality and intelligibility than narrowband speech (300-3400 Hz), but typically only narrowband speech information is available in current wireless communication systems. Narrowband to wideband extension technology has been recently investigated to artificially generate wideband speech from narrowband speech for better speech quality and intelligibility. This paper presents a robust split-band narrowband to wideband extension system based on algorithmic enhancements to the codebook mapping technique for high-band parameter estimation. Numerical measurements confirm the performance improvements of the codebook mapping process, and informal listening evaluations show the potential of the system and its robustness to input distortions and non-speech input signals.
Comparison of intron-dependent and intron-independent gene expression. (1988)

Recombinant simian virus 40 viruses carrying rabbit beta-globin cDNA failed to express the beta-globin sequence unless an intron was included in the transcription unit. The addition of either beta-globin IVS1 or IVS2 caused a 400-fold increase in RNA production. Stable beta-globin RNA production required sequences in IVS2 that were very close to the splice sites and that coincided with those needed for mRNA splicing. In addition to the recombinant viruses, intron-dependent expression was observed with both replicating and nonreplicating plasmid vectors in short-term transfections of cultured animal cells. Unlike transcriptional enhancer elements, IVS2 failed to increase stable RNA production when it was placed downstream of the polyadenylation site. Using a plasmid vector system to survey different inserted sequences for their dependence on introns for expression, we found that the presence of IVS2 stimulated the expression of these sequences 2- to 500-fold. Sequences from the transcribed region of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene, a gene that lacks an intervening sequence, permitted substantial intron-independent expression (greater than 100-fold increase) in the plasmid vector system.
Inborn errors of interferon (IFN)‐mediated immunity in humans: insights into the respective roles of IFN‐α/β, IFN‐γ, and IFN‐λ in host defense (2008)

Interferon (IFN) was originally identified as a substance 'interfering' with viral replication in vitro. The first IFNs to be identified were classified as type I IFNs (IFN-alpha/beta and related molecules), two other types have since been identified: type II IFN (IFN-gamma) and type III IFNs (IFN-lambda). Each IFN binds to one of three type-specific receptors. In the mouse model of experimental infections in vivo, IFN-alpha/beta are essential for immunity to most viruses tested, whereas IFN-gamma is important for immunity to a smaller number of viruses, together with bacteria, fungi, and parasites, consistent with IFN-gamma acting as the 'macrophage activating factor.' The precise role of IFN-lambda remains unclear. In recent years, inborn errors affecting the production of, or the response to, IFNs have been reported in human patients, shedding light onto the function of IFNs in natura. Disorders of IFN-gamma production, caused by IL12B, IL12RB1, and specific NEMO mutations, or of IFN-gamma responses, caused by IFNGR1, IFNGR2, and dominant STAT1 mutations, confer predisposition to mycobacterial disease in patients resistant to most viruses. By contrast, disorders of IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-lambda production, caused by UNC93B1 and TLR3 mutations, confer predisposition to herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in otherwise healthy patients. Consistently, patients with impaired responses to IFN-alpha/beta, IFN-gamma, and presumably IFN-lambda (carrying recessive mutations in STAT1), or with impaired responses to IFN-alpha/beta and impaired IFN-gamma production (carrying mutations in TYK2), or with impaired production of IFN-alpha/beta, IFN-gamma, and IFN-lambda (carrying specific mutations in NEMO), are vulnerable to mycobacterial and viral infections, including HSE. These experiments of nature suggest that the three types of IFNs play at least two different roles in host defense. IFN-gamma is essential for anti-mycobacterial immunity, whereas IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-lambda are essential for anti-viral immunity. Future studies in humans aim to define the specific roles of IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-lambda types and individual molecules in host defense in natura.
Serum Lipoproteins in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Intervention and Complications Cohort (2003)

Male gender and poor glycemia are associated with a potentially more atherogenic NMR lipoprotein profile. Neither gender nor glycemia influence LDL oxidation in vitro.
DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS OF THE 2C-D REGION OF THE DROSOPHILA X CHROMOSOME (1985)

We have conducted a genetic and developmental analysis of genes within the 2C-D area of the X chromosome. Phenotypes of 33 mutations representing nine adjacent complementation groups including eight recessive lethals and one visible homeotic mutation (polyhomeotic) are described. Germline clonal analysis of the eight zygotic lethals has revealed three types of gene requirements: normal activity at two pupal lethal loci (corkscrew and C204) and one larval lethal locus (ultraspiracle) is required for normal embryogenesis; normal activity at three larval lethal loci (DF967, VE651 and Pgd) is required for normal oogenesis; and activity at only one locus (EA82), a larval lethal, appears to have no maternal requirement. Ambiguous results were obtained for the GF316 lethal complementation group. Analysis of mitotic figures of the pupal lethals indicates that C204 disrupts an essential mitotic function. This result correlates with the preblastoderm arrest observed among embryos derived from germline clones of C204. Embryos derived from germline clones of corkscrew (csw) exhibit a "twisted" phenotype. The recessive lethal ultraspiracle (usp) disrupts the organization of the posterior tip of the larval both zygotically and maternally: second instar usp/Y larvae derived from heterozygous usp/+ mothers possess an extra set of spiracles, whereas usp/Y embryos derived from females possessing a germline clone (usp/usp) exhibit a localized ventral defect in the ninth or posterior eighth abdominal segment. Analysis of the phenotypes of deficiency-hemizygous embryos indicates the presence of an embryonic zygotic lethal locus, as yet unidentified, which produces central nervous system and ventral hypoderm degeneration. Additional information on the genetic organization of loci within the adjacent 2E area are also described.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Posterior probability decoding, confidence estimation and system combination (2000)

In this paper the estimation of word posterior probabilities is discussed and their application in the CU-HTK system used in the March 2000 Hub5 Conversational Telephone Speech evaluation is described. The word lattices produced by the Viterbi decoder were used to generate confusion networks, which provide a compact representation of the most likely word hypotheses and their associated word posterior probabilities. These confusion networks were used in a number of post-processing steps. The 1-best sentence hypotheses extracted directly from the networks are shown to be significantly more accurate than the baseline decoding results. The posterior probability estimates were used as the basis for the estimation of word-level confidence scores. A new system combination technique is presented that uses these confidence scores and the confusion networks and performs better than the well-known ROVER technique. 1 INTRODUCTION Most HMM-based speech recognition systems use the sentencelevel max...
Patterns and Trends in Food Portion Sizes, 1977-1998 (2003)

Portion sizes and energy intake for specific food types have increased markedly with greatest increases for food consumed at fast food establishments and in the home.
Systolic Heart Failure (2010)

A 74-year-old man with a history of hypertension and myocardial infarction that had occurred in the remote past presents with breathlessness on exertion. On examination, his pulse is 76 beats per minute and his blood pressure is 121/74 mm Hg. There is jugular venous distention and edema in the lower limbs; the lungs are clear. An echocardiogram shows left ventricular dilatation and an ejection fraction of 33%. How should his case be managed?
Dynamic Modelling for Planar Extensible Continuum Robot Manipulators (2007)

In this paper, a new dynamic model for continuum robot manipulators is derived. The dynamic model is developed based on the geometric model of extensible continuum robot manipulators with no torsional effects. The development presented in this paper is an extension of the dynamic model proposed by Mochiyama and Suzuki (2002) to include a class of extensible continuum robot manipulators. Numerical simulation results are presented for a planar 3-link extensible continuum robot manipulator.
On Equilibrium Probabilities for the Delays in Deterministic Flow Lines With Random Arrivals (2014)

While flow line models have been studied for decades, excepting some cases with three servers or less, their equilibrium probabilities remain elusive. As such, approximations based on aggregation or decomposition methods are generally employed. In this paper, by focusing on flow lines with deterministic service durations and a renewal arrival process, we develop exact methods for steady-state analysis. Our starting point is the investigation of recursions for customer delay based on exact decomposition methods. We demonstrate that the delay a customer faces in each server possesses a Markovian property. For discrete-time flow lines, we obtain a multidimensional discrete-time time-homogeneous Markov chain for the delays; there are an infinite number of balance equations for the equilibrium probabilities. Exploiting a similarity between our system and the GI/D/1 queue allows us to reduce these to a finite number of balance equations that can be solved numerically. We also investigate the implications for continuous-time flow lines and consider an example inspired by production time windows in semiconductor manufacturing. To our knowledge, these are the first results that allow one to exactly obtain the equilibrium probabilities in flow lines consisting of more than three servers.
Optical Detection of Mercury(II) in Aqueous Solutions by Using Conjugated Polymers and Label‐Free Oligonucleotides (2007)

A conjugated-polymer-based “mix-and-detect” optical sensor for mercury ions is fabricated by using a water-soluble poly[3-(3′-N,N,N-triethylamino-1′-propyloxy)-4-methyl-2,5-thiophene hydrochloride] (PMNT) and a label-free, mercury-specific oligonucleotide (MSO) probe. PMNT binds to the Hg2+-free MSO and the Hg2+–MSO complex in different ways, and exhibits distinguishable and specific optical responses to the target-induced conformation change. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2007/c2578_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The transcriptional regulation of Podocin (NPHS2) by Lmx1b and a promoter single nucleotide polymorphism (2009)

Podocin (NPHS2) is a component of the glomerular slit membrane with major regulatory functions in the renal permeability of proteins. A loss of podocin and a decrease in its resynthesis can influence the outcome of renal diseases with nephrotic syndrome, such as minimal change glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and membranous nephropathy. The transcriptional regulation of podocin may play a major role in these processes. We defined the transcriptional regulation of the human podocin gene and the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within its promoter region in the podocytes using reporter gene constructs and gel shift analysis. In addition, we took genomic DNA from healthy Caucasian blood donors and from biopsies of kidneys with defined renal diseases and screened it for podocin promoter SNPs. Our data shows that the transcription of podocin is mainly regulated by the transcription factor Lmx1b, which binds to a FLAT-F element and displays enhancer function. With the SNP variant -116T, there was a significant reduction in luciferase activity, and nuclear protein binding was observed, while the SNP -670C/T did not display functionality. The allelic distribution of -116C/T in patients with kidney diseases leading to nephrotic syndrome was not significantly different from that in the control group. Our data indicates that among other factors, podocin is specifically regulated by the transcription factor Lmx1b and by the functional polymorphism -116C/T. However, there is no association between -116C/T and susceptibility to minimal change glomerulonephritis, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis or membranous nephropathy.
Explore-exploit in top-N recommender systems via Gaussian processes (2014)

We address the challenge of ranking recommendation lists based on click feedback by efficiently encoding similarities among users and among items. The key challenges are threefold: (1) combinatorial number of lists; (2) sparse feedback and (3) context dependent recommendations. We propose the CGPRank algorithm, which exploits prior information specified in terms of a Gaussian process kernel function, which allows to share feedback in three ways: Between positions in a list, between items, and between contexts. Under our model, we provide strong performance guarantees and empirically evaluate our algorithm on data from two large scale recommendation tasks: Yahoo! news article recommendation, and Google books. In our experiments, CGPRank significantly outperforms state-of-the-art multi-armed bandit and learning-to-rank methods, with an 18% increase in clicks.
Evaluation of Post-Cardiopulmonary Bypass Coagulation Disorders by Differential Diagnosis with a Multichannel Modified Thromboelastogram: A Pilot Investigation (2001)

We assessed a modified multichannel thromboelastogram for differentiation of the causes of coagulopathy after cardiopulmonary bypass and its suitability as a therapy guide. Thirty adult patients undergoing surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, who revealed a coagulopathy as observed by a prolonged activated clotting time of >150 sec after the application of protamine, were enrolled. Therapy was based on the results obtained by the computerized four-channel thromboelastogram with baseline, heparinase (2 IU/mL), heparinase/abciximab (5 microg/mL), and heparinase/fresh frozen plasma (25%) channels. The mean activated clotting time before therapy was 162.2+/-7.8 sec. Based on differential diagnosis with the modified multichannel thromboelastogram, two patients received protamine (30 mg), five desmopressin (0.4 microg/kg), 19 patients three units of fresh frozen plasma, two patients platelet transfusions, and two patients both protamine (30 mg) and three units of fresh frozen plasma. After therapy, there was a significant (p < .01) decrease of the activated clotting time to a mean value of 127+/-8.3 sec. Therapy based on the synoptic modified multichannel thromboelastogram analysis provides a guide for effective therapy of coagulopathy. However, elaboration is desirable, and larger clinical trials are necessary for a final evaluation of the protocol.