gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transepithelial transport of glutathione in vascularly perfused small intestine of rat (1987)

We used an in situ closed-loop vascular perfusion of rat small intestine to see whether intact glutathione (GSH) was transported from the lumen into the mesenteric circulation. Results using [3H] GSH showed radiolabel appearance in the perfusate, and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis confirmed that the transported radiolabeled species was intact GSH. Transepithelial transport was Na+ dependent, where Na+-free solutions on the luminal side inhibited transport but in the vasculature stimulated transport. Transport was inhibited by the GSH analogues ophthalmic acid and gamma-glutamylglutamate when added to the lumen. Probenecid caused inhibition only when added on the vascular side, suggesting that the transport systems on the two poles of the cells may be different. In vivo studies with GSH administration via stomach gavage caused marked increases in plasma GSH concentrations. These results establish that transepithelial transport of intact GSH occurs in rat small intestine. This process may allow dietary or biliary derived GSH to be utilized by various cell types that can take up intact GSH from the plasma. Moreover, the results show that oral administration of GSH may be therapeutically useful.
A New Approach of Delivering siRNA to the Cornea and its Application for Inhibiting Herpes Simplex Keratitis (2014)

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a potential agent for the treatment of ocular surface diseases. Previous studies delivered siRNA by directly injecting siRNA into cornea or conjunctiva. In the present study we sought to explore an alternative approach to deliver siRNA into mouse cornea via eye drops that contains cy3-labeled siRNA (cy3-siRNA) and different cationic complexing agents and to evaluate the effects of siRNA targeting HSV-1 ICP4 gene (ICP4-siRNA) on mouse herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). Cy3-siRNA was mixed with Lipofectamine 2000, Entranster(TM)-in vivo, polyethyleneimine (PEI) or PEO-PPO-PEO polymers at different ratios. The efficacy of delivery was analyzed after topical application of the complexes to normal, EDTA treated, and epithelial scraped cornea of BALB/c mouse eyes. Compared to the other delivery agents and schedules, PEI at 0.75 mg/ml with 20 μM cy3-siRNA complex delivered eight times daily for two days was the most efficient as revealed by its production of the greatest fluorescence in cornea epithelial cells. In mouse HSK, the application of ICP4-siRNA+PEI eye drops reduced the damage to the corneal epithelia and decreased viral VP16 expression in the corneal tissue. These results proved the idea that siRNA can be formulated into eye drops with carriers for effective delivery into the cornea and that the formulated eye drops containing ICP4-siRNA can inhibit HSV-1 replication in the mouse corneas.
Sequence analysis of the mosquitocidal toxin genes encoding 51.4- and 41.9-kilodalton proteins from Bacillus sphaericus 2362 and 2297 (1988)

The nucleotide sequences of a 3,479-base-pair HindIII DNA fragment from Bacillus sphaericus 2362 and a 2,940-base-pair fragment from strain 2297 were determined; only minor differences were detected between them. Each contained two open reading frames coding for proteins of 51.4 and 41.9 kilodaltons. Both proteins were required for toxicity to larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens.
Functional Dissection of Yeast Hir1p, a WD Repeat–Containing Transcriptional Corepressor (1998)

The HIR1 gene product is required to repress transcription of three of the four histone gene loci in Saccharomyces cerivisiae, and like its counterpart, the HIR2 protein, it functions as a transcriptional corepressor. Although Hir1p and Hir2p are physically associated in yeast, Hir1p is able to function independently of Hir2p when it is artificially recruited to the histone HTA1 promoter. A deletion analysis of HIR1 has revealed two separate repression domains: one in its N terminus, where seven copies of the beta-transducin or WD40 motif reside, and the second in the remaining C-terminal amino acids. Overexpression of the WD repeats in a hir1delta strain complemented its Hir- phenotype, while overexpression of the C terminus in a wild-type strain caused both Hir- and Spt- phenotypes. The Hir1p C terminus physically interacted in vivo with Hir2p, and both Hir1p repression domains interacted with full-length Hir1p. It was additionally found that the Hir1p WD repeats functionally interacted with the SPT4, SPT5, and SPT6 gene products, suggesting that these repeats may direct Hir1p to different protein complexes.
Calculation of the power of an iris clip lens for distant vision. (1973)

Until now most eyes treated with a clip lens have had inserted a device of the following specification: Diameter 4-8 mm. Thickness (t) o065-075 mmn. Radius of anterior surface 7-95 mm. Radius of posterior surface plaine Refractive index (n2) I 491 Refractive power in water 20 5 diopters ni FLI P/L2 PIL
The cerebrospinal fluid production rate is reduced in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (2002)

Noninvasive Calculation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Production Using Phase-Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging: First Implementation in Augusta, Georgia,
Risk–benefit and cost–benefit ratio in headache treatment (2005)

The cost-benefit and the risk-benefit ratios are two of the most relevant items in ongoing health organisation procedures. The choice of a new or an old therapeutic treatment depends on a number of factors and the evaluation of the cost, in terms of economics, but also in terms of quality of life and type of facilities necessary for one treatment are crucial criteria. Therefore, we have to consider in evaluating treatment strategies not only the activity of a drug in reaching the main end-points, (i.e., pain free or headache relief) but also the safety and perception of safety by patients, and the cost effectiveness, including indirect costs compared with personal and social benefits. Because it is reasonable that a subgroup of migraine patients may have a clinically progressive disorder, studies should be necessary to assess strategies for migraine treatments.
A novel family of amorphous molecular materials containing an oligothiophene moiety as color‐tunable emitting materials for organic electroluminescent devices (1997)

The color of light emitted by organic electroluminescent devices can be tuned between light blue and orange in the family of materials presented here simply by varying the conjugation length ( n = 1 to 4, see Figure) of the oligothiophene moiety. The synthesis of the amorphous molecular materials and the optical behavior of single‐layer electroluminescent devices based on them—see also the cover—are described. magnified image
在法国,我变成“吝啬新一族” (2012)

正在我的想象中,法国是一个浪漫奢华的国家,可是当我踏上这片土地并且试图融入这里的时候,我发现这里开始流行清贫。当然,这是社会财富积累到一定程度后,对物质享受懈怠的清贫,一种悠闲的清贫。捡易拉罐卖钱的名律师
Amelioration of autoimmune nephritis by imatinib in MRL/lpr mice (2005)

These findings indicate that imatinib has a pleiotropic therapeutic effect, namely, the inhibition of PDGF signaling and immunosuppression, on the glomerulonephritis of MRL/lpr mice, which suggests a potential application of this drug in the treatment of human lupus nephritis.
Inhibitors of serotonin synthesis and antagonists of serotonin 1A receptors inhibit T lymphocyte function in vitro and cell-mediated immunity in vivo. (1994)

The serotonin (5HT1A) receptor subtype is one member of the 5HT1 receptor family and is constitutively expressed on Jurkat cells and is elevated on human T lymphocytes after mitogenic activation. Published reports show that human T lymphocytes and monocytes also release 5HT after stimulation with PHA or IFN-gamma. In lymphocytes and the central nervous system, the 5HT1A receptor is coupled to regulation of adenylate cyclase. The 5HT1A receptor agonists inhibit activation of adenylate cyclase. The purpose of the experiments reported here was to investigate further the role 5HT and the 5HT1A receptor may play in the regulation of human and murine T cell activity. For this purpose, human PBMC or murine spleen cells were used for experimental purposes rather than Jurkat cells. The results show that inhibition of 5HT synthesis inhibits IL-2-stimulated human T cell proliferation and that addition of 5-hydroxytryptophan, a precursor of 5HT, reverses inhibition of T cell proliferation. The 5HT1 receptor antagonist, metitepine, and the 5HT1A selective antagonist, pindobind-5HT1A, also block T cell proliferation. Inhibition by metitepine is reversed by 5HT and by the selective 5HT1A receptor agonist, 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) (8-OH-DPAT). Selective 5HT1A receptor antagonists cause elevation of cAMP in human T cells. In a murine model, selective 5HT1A receptor antagonists inhibit contact sensitivity responses but not Ab responses to oxazalone in vivo. Inhibition is reversed by 8-OH-DPAT. In addition, production of Th1 cytokines, such as IL-2 and IFN-gamma, by Ag-stimulated, immune murine spleen cells is inhibited by 5HT1A receptor antagonists in vitro but not by 5HT1C/2 receptor antagonists.
Sagittal plane characterization of normal human ankle function across a range of walking gait speeds (2002)

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2002.
The genome sequence and structure of rice chromosome 1 (2002)

The rice species Oryza sativa is considered to be a model plant because of its small genome size, extensive genetic map, relative ease of transformation and synteny with other cereal crops. Here we report the essentially complete sequence of chromosome 1, the longest chromosome in the rice genome. We summarize characteristics of the chromosome structure and the biological insight gained from the sequence. The analysis of 43.3 megabases (Mb) of non-overlapping sequence reveals 6,756 protein coding genes, of which 3,161 show homology to proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana, another model plant. About 30% (2,073) of the genes have been functionally categorized. Rice chromosome 1 is (G + C)-rich, especially in its coding regions, and is characterized by several gene families that are dispersed or arranged in tandem repeats. Comparison with a draft sequence indicates the importance of a high-quality finished sequence.
Prevention of vaginal SHIV transmission in macaques by a live recombinant Lactobacillus (2011)

Most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmissions in women occur through the cervicovaginal mucosa, which is coated by a bacterial biofilm including Lactobacillus. This commensal bacterium has a role in maintaining a healthy mucosa and can be genetically engineered to produce antiviral peptides. Here, we report a 63% reduction in transmission of a chimeric simian/HIV (SHIV(SF162P3)) after repeated vaginal challenges of macaques treated with Lactobacillus jensenii expressing the HIV-1 entry inhibitor cyanovirin-N. Furthermore, peak viral loads in colonized macaques with breakthrough infection were reduced sixfold. Colonization and prolonged antiviral protein secretion by the genetically engineered lactobacilli did not cause any increase in proinflammatory markers. These findings lay the foundation for an accessible and durable approach to reduce heterosexual transmission of HIV in women, which is coitally independent, inexpensive, and enhances the natural protective effects of the vaginal microflora.
Deficient DNA mismatch repair: a common etiologic factor for colon cancer (2001)

Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), the most common form of hereditary colon cancer, is a syndrome of deficient DNA mismatch repair (MMR). Five, possibly six, human MMR genes have been identified that, when mutated in the germline, cause susceptibility to this syndrome. To date, more than 300 different predisposing mutations are known, mainly affecting the MMR genes MLH1 ( approximately 50%), MSH2 ( approximately 40%) and MSH6 ( approximately 10%). Genetically predisposed individuals carry a defective copy of an MMR gene in every cell. Somatic inactivation of the remaining wild-type copy in a target tissue, typically colon, gives rise to a profound repair defect, progressive accumulation of mutations and cancer. Instability at short tandem repeat sequences, microsatellites, is a typical manifestation of MMR deficiency and apart from HNPCC tumors, occurs in approximately 15% of sporadic colon and other tumors. The majority of the latter cases are attributable to one particular MMR gene, MLH1, and unlike HNPCC, an epigenetic rather than a genetic mechanism plays an important role in the inactivation of this gene. The present review provides an update of the genetics of HNPCC and more generally, of cancer development driven by deficient MMR. Recent discoveries suggest that apart from post-replication repair, MMR proteins have several other functions that are highly relevant to carcinogenesis. Knowledge of the complex interplay between the MMR system and other cellular pathways allows us to better understand the phenotypic manifestations of HNPCC and other cancers with deficient MMR.
Development of Highly Sensitive Photoreactive Materials Utilizing Photobase-generating Reactions and Base Proliferation Reactions (2012)

Only a few articles have mentioned photoreactive materials relying on base-catalyzed transformations have been reported. This is probably due to relatively low quantum yields for photobase generation and weaker basicity of photogenerated bases, leading to low photosensitivity of photoreactive materials sensitized with photobase generators (PBGs). We report here novel PBGs to release organic strong bases with high quantum yields and a novel concept of base proliferation to improve the photosensitivity of the photoreactive materials. The concept involves the base-catalyzed decomposition of an organic compound termed a base amplifier (BA) which produces a newborn base molecule, leading to its autocatalytic decomposition. The addition of BAs to the photoreactive materials resulted in the marked improvement of photosensitivity because the number of photogenerated base molecules increases markedly as a result of the base proliferation reaction of the doped BA.
Effects of ethyl-3-nitrooxy propionate and 3-nitrooxypropanol on ruminal fermentation, microbial abundance, and methane emissions in sheep (2014)

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of feeding ethyl-3-nitrooxy propionate (E3NP) and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3 NP), 2 recently developed compounds with potential antimethanogenic activity, in vitro and in vivo in nonlactating sheep on ruminal methane production, fermentation pattern, the abundance of major microbial groups, and feed degradability. Three experiments were conducted, 1 in vitro and 2 in vivo. The in vitro batch culture trial (experiment 1) tested 2 doses of E3NP and 3 NP (40 and 80 μL/L), which showed a substantial reduction of methane production (up to 95%) without affecting concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA). The 2 in vivo trials were conducted over 16 d (experiment 2) and 30 d (experiment 3) to study their effects in sheep. In experiment 2, 6 adult nonpregnant sheep, with permanent rumen cannula and fed alfalfa hay and oats (60:40), were treated with E3NP at 2 doses (50 and 500 mg/animal per day). After 7, 14, and 15 d of treatment, methane emissions were recorded in respiration chambers and rumen fluid samples were collected for VFA analysis and quantification of bacterial, protozoal, and archaeal numbers by real-time PCR. Methane production decreased by 29% compared with the control with the higher dose of E3NP on d 14 to 15. A decrease in the acetate:propionate ratio was observed without detrimental effects on dry matter intake. In experiment 3, 9 adult nonpregnant sheep, with permanent rumen cannula and fed with alfalfa hay and oats (60:40), were treated with E3NP or 3 NP at one dose (100mg/animal per day) over 30 d. On d 14 and d 29 to 30, methane emissions were recorded in respiration chambers. Rumen fluid samples were collected on d 29 and 30 for VFA analysis and quantification of bacterial, protozoal, and archaeal numbers by real-time PCR. In addition, on d 22 and 23, samples of oats and alfalfa hay were incubated in the rumen of sheep to determine dry matter ruminal degradation over 24 and 48 h, respectively; no effect was observed (78.6, 78.3, and 78.8% of alfalfa and 74.2, 74.0, and 70.6% of oats in control, E3NP, and 3 NP groups, respectively). A reduction in methane production was observed for both additives at d 14 and d 29 to 30. In both treatments, the acetate:propionate ratio was significantly decreased. Likewise, total concentrations of the analyzed microbial groups in the rumen showed no difference among treatments and doses for both experiments. Both tested compounds showed promise as methane inhibitors in the rumen, with no detrimental effects on fermentation or intake, which would need to be confirmed in lactating animals.
Meckel's diverticulum: A review (2011)

Meckel's diverticulum is the most prevalent congenital abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract. This anomaly is due to the incomplete obliteration of the omphalomesenteric duct during the 7th week of gestation and is classically located 2 feet proximal to the ileocecal valve. Variations of this congenital malformation have been recorded based on location, size, and form. While most of the population may be asymptomatic, clinical manifestation, including gastrointestinal bleed and intestinal obstruction, can emerge. Despite the frequency of Meckel's diverticulum, it is commonly misdiagnosed due to its mimicry of appendicitis. This article aimed to review this derailment of embryological development.
Kinetics of Antigen Binding to Arrays of Antibodies in Different Sized Spots (2001)

A fluorescence-based array biosensor has been developed which can measure the binding kinetics of an antigen to an immobilized antibody in real time. A patterned array of antibodies immobilized on the surface of a planar waveguide was used to capture a Cy5-labeled antigen present in a solution that was continuously flowed over the surface. The CCD image of the waveguide was monitored continuously for 25 min. The resulting exponential rise in fluorescence signal was determined by image analysis software and fitted to a reaction-limited kinetics model, giving a kf of 3.6 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1). Different spot sizes were then patterned on the surface of the waveguide using either a PDMS flow cell or laser exposure, producing width sizes ranging from 80 to 1145 microm. It was demonstrated that under flow conditions, the reduction of spot size did not alter the association rate of the antigen with immobilized antibody; however, as the spot width decreased to < 200 nm, the signal intensity also decreased.
Rapid Hematopoietic Recovery After Coinfusion of Autologous-Blood Stem Cells and Culture-Expanded Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Advanced Breast Cancer Patients Receiving High-Dose Chemotherapy (2000)

This report is the first describing infusion of autologous MSCs with therapeutic intent. We found that autologous MSC infusion at the time of PBPC transplantation is feasible and safe. The observed rapid hematopoietic recovery suggests that MSC infusion after myeloablative therapy may have a positive impact on hematopoiesis and should be tested in randomized trials.
Sperm preparation: state-of-the-art—physiological aspects and application of advanced sperm preparation methods (2011)

For assisted reproduction technologies (ART), numerous techniques were developed to isolate spermatozoa capable of fertilizing oocytes. While early methodologies only focused on isolating viable, motile spermatozoa, with progress of ART, particularly intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), it became clear that these parameters are insufficient for the identification of the most suitable spermatozoon for fertilization. Conventional sperm preparation techniques, namely, swim-up, density gradient centrifugation and glass wool filtration, are not efficient enough to produce sperm populations free of DNA damage, because these techniques are not physiological and not modeled on the stringent sperm selection processes taking place in the female genital tract. These processes only allow one male germ cell out of tens of millions to fuse with the oocyte. Sites of sperm selection in the female genital tract are the cervix, uterus, uterotubal junction, oviduct, cumulus oophorus and the zona pellucida. Newer strategies of sperm preparation are founded on: (i) morphological assessment by means of 'motile sperm organelle morphological examination (MSOME)'; (ii) electrical charge; and (iii) molecular binding characteristics of the sperm cell. Whereas separation methods based on electrical charge take advantage of the sperm's adherence to a test tube surface or separate in an electrophoresis, molecular binding techniques use Annexin V or hyaluronic acid (HA) as substrates. Techniques in this category are magnet-activated cell sorting, Annexin V-activated glass wool filtration, flow cytometry and picked spermatozoa for ICSI (PICSI) from HA-coated dishes and HA-containing media. Future developments may include Raman microspectrometry, confocal light absorption and scattering spectroscopic microscopy and polarization microscopy.
Genetic instability of a MoMLV-based antisense double-copy retroviral vector designed for HIV-1 gene therapy. (1995)

We constructed a retroviral vector encoding a mutant tRNA(imet) gene followed by a HIV-1 rev-specific antisense sequence in the U3 region of the 3' long terminal repeat (LTR). This Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV)-based double-copy retroviral vector was used to transduce human lymphoblastoid T-cell lines (CEM, Jurkat). In some clonal cell lines the expected short transcript initiated either from the 5' or 3' LTR tRNA-alpha rev gene was not detectable by Northern blot analyses of transduced, G418-resistant cells with an alpha rev-specific oligonucleotide probe. In other clonal cells, neither the short polymerase III transcript nor the full-length genomic polymerase II transcript (containing the 3' LTR tRNA-alpha rev gene) was detectable when compared with the transduced cell pool. Southern blot and DNA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses specific for the tRNA-alpha rev cassette in the 5' or 3' LTR of the retroviral vector suggested that the transfer of the 3' LTR U3 region to the 5' LTR was incorrect in most proviruses. These data were confirmed by DNA sequence analyses of several clonal lines demonstrating deletions and insertions. In summary, our results indicate that this retroviral vector design with direct repeats flanking the polymerase III transcription unit plus the alpha rev insert is prone to genetic rearrangements and consequently not useful for the development of gene therapy protocols.
Distribution of the Serine Protease HtrA1 in Normal Human Tissues (2003)

The human HtrA family of proteases consists of three members: HtrA1, HtrA2, and HtrA3. In bacteria, the chief role of HtrA is recognition and degradation of misfolded proteins in the periplasm, combining a dual activity of chaperone and protease. In humans, the three HtrA homologues appear to be involved in diverse functions such as cell growth, apoptosis, allergic reactions, fertilization, control of blood pressure, and blood clotting. Previous studies using RNA blot hybridization have shown that the expression of HtrA1 is ubiquitous in normal human tissues. Here we show by immunohistochemistry (IHC) that HtrA1 is widely expressed, although different tissue distributions and/or levels of expression were detected in the different tissues examined. In particular, high to medium HtrA1 expression was detected in mature layers of epidermis, in secretory breast epithelium, in liver, and in kidney tubules of cortex, in concordance with its secretory properties. Furthermore, we show a higher protein expression level in the epithelium of proliferative endometrium, in contrast to epithelium of secretory endometrium, which is almost completely negative for this protein. This suggests a possible role for HtrA1 in the modulation of tissue activity in this organ. The various expression levels in human tissues indicate several possible roles for HtrA1 in different cell types.