gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reaction of ethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate with base (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction of ethyl cyclopropanecarboxylate with baseHarold W. Pinnick, Yeong-Ho Chang, Scott C. Foster, and Meledath GovindanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 22, 4505–4507Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1980https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01310a050RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views281Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (467 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Vibrio vulnificus Biotype 3 Multifunctional Autoprocessing RTX Toxin Is an Adenylate Cyclase Toxin Essential for Virulence in Mice (2014)

Vibrio vulnificus is an environmental organism that causes both food-borne and wound infections with high morbidity and mortality in humans. The annual incidence and global distribution of infections associated with this pathogen are increasing with climate change. In the late 1990s, an outbreak of tilapia-associated wound infections in Israel was linked to a previously unrecognized variant of V. vulnificus designated biotype 3. The sudden emergence and clonality of the outbreak suggest that this strain may be a true newly emergent pathogen with novel virulence properties compared to those of other V. vulnificus strains. In a subcutaneous infection model to mimic wound infection, the multifunctional autoprocessing RTX (MARTX) toxin of biotype 3 strains was shown to be an essential virulence factor contributing to highly inflammatory skin wounds with severe damage affecting every tissue layer. We conducted a sequencing-based analysis of the MARTX toxin and found that biotype 3 MARTX toxin has an effector domain structure distinct from that of either biotype 1 or biotype 2. Of the two new domains identified, a domain similar to Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoY was shown to confer adenylate cyclase activity on the MARTX toxin. This is the first demonstration that the biotype 3 MARTX toxin is essential for virulence and that the ExoY-like MARTX effector domain is a catalytically active adenylate cyclase.
Control of transgene expression using local hyperthermia in combination with a heat-sensitive promoter (2000)

Local hyperthermia, in combination with a heat sensitive promoter, represents a method for the spatial and temporal control of transgene expression.
The Treatment of Spinal Stenosis (1976)

Decompression usually relieves leg pain and enables the patient to walk normal distances. Some back pain may remain. This is often helped by a light elastic support. If there was loss of sensation and motor power before operation, return may be considerable. The operation is only a small part of the total treatment of spinal stenosis. By relieving the pressure on nerves and blood vessels, it paves the way for the postoperative measures previously outlined. These are aimed at rebuilding atrophied muscles and restoring movement to stiff joints. We emphasize the importance of dealing not only with central stenosis involving the central canal, but also of making certain that there is no compression of the spinal nerves in their canals as they pass out through the foramina.
An improved sigma-delta modulator architecture (2002)

The performance of multibit sigma-delta coders is analyzed and compared with that which can be obtained from single-bit implementations. It is demonstrated that the fundamental difficulty with multi-bit designs is the requirement for a high-accuracy digital-to-analog converter (DAC) in the feedback loop. A general expression for the reduction of in-band noise power as a function of coder order, quantizer resolution, and oversampling ratio is derived, together with a subsidiary condition imposed by the use of multibit DACs in the network. A coder topology is proposed which uses multibit quantization with single-bit feedback, overcoming the manufacturing of calibration difficulties inherent in the use of high resolution DACs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Plasma exosomes can deliver exogenous short interfering RNA to monocytes and lymphocytes (2012)

Despite the promise of RNA interference (RNAi) and its potential, e.g. for use in cancer therapy, several technical obstacles must first be overcome. The major hurdle of RNAi-based therapeutics is to deliver nucleic acids across the cell's plasma membrane. This study demonstrates that exosome vesicles derived from humans can deliver short interfering RNA (siRNA) to human mononuclear blood cells. Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles of endocytic origin that are involved in cell-to-cell communication, i.e. antigen presentation, tolerance development and shuttle RNA (mainly mRNA and microRNA). Having tested different strategies, an optimized method (electroporation) was used to introduce siRNA into human exosomes of various origins. Plasma exosomes (exosomes from peripheral blood) were used as gene delivery vector (GDV) to transport exogenous siRNA to human blood cells. The vesicles effectively delivered the administered siRNA into monocytes and lymphocytes, causing selective gene silencing of mitogen-activated protein kinase 1. These data suggest that human exosomes can be used as a GDV to provide cells with heterologous nucleic acids such as therapeutic siRNAs.
Cloning and expression of murine CD27: comparison with 4‐1BB, another lymphocyte‐specific member of the nerve growth factor receptor family (1993)

CD27 is a member of the nerve growth factor receptor family, that includes two types of tumor necrosis factor receptor, CD40 and Fas/Apo-1. Human CD27 has been found only on lymphocytes. In T cells, its expression strongly increases in a transient fashion upon antigenic stimulation, suggesting that CD27 plays a role during T cell activation. To analyze the function of CD27, we have identified the murine CD27 at the cDNA and protein level. Murine CD27 shows an identity of 65% compared with human CD27. The amino-terminal cysteine-rich region, i.e. the putative ligand-binding domain, and the carboxy-terminal part of the cytoplasmic domain are approximately 80% identical in man and mouse. Murine CD27 has 29% identity to 4-1BB, another lymphocyte-specific member of the receptor family defined only at the cDNA level. Murine CD27 and 4-1BB have 39% homology in the cysteine-rich domain and share a conserved region in the cytoplasmic tail. Expression studies identified murine CD27 mRNA in thymus and spleen, but not in non-lymphoid tissues, while 4-1BB mRNA was not detected in any tissue tested. In resting T cells, only murine CD27 mRNA was found, while in activated T cells murine CD27 as well as 4-1BB were present at high levels. Murine CD27 and 4-1BB mRNA are expressed with different kinetics during T cell activation, suggesting that these molecules play different roles in this process. Peptide antisera identified murine CD27 as a 45-kDa protein on thymocytes and activated T cells, while 4-1BB was precipitated as a 35-40-kDa protein from activated T cells.
The Epidemiology and Impact of Traumatic Brain Injury (2006)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important public health problem in the United States and worldwide. The estimated 5.3 million Americans living with TBI-related disability face numerous challenges in their efforts to return to a full and productive life. This article presents an overview of the epidemiology and impact of TBI.
Reduction in Glucagon Receptor Expression by an Antisense Oligonucleotide Ameliorates Diabetic Syndrome indb/dbMice (2004)

Excess glucagon levels contribute to the hyperglycemia associated with type 2 diabetes. Reducing glucagon receptor expression may thus ameliorate the consequences of hyperglucagonemia and improve blood glucose control in diabetic patients. This study describes the antidiabetic effects of a specific glucagon receptor antisense oligonucleotide (GR-ASO) in db/db mice. The ability of GR-ASOs to inhibit glucagon receptor mRNA expression was demonstrated in primary mouse hepatocytes by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. Intraperitoneal administration of GR-ASO at a dosage of 25 mg/kg twice a week in db/db mice for 3 weeks resulted in 1) decreased glucagon receptor mRNA expression in liver; 2) decreased glucagon-stimulated cAMP production in hepatocytes isolated from GR-ASO-treated db/db mice; 3) significantly reduced blood levels of glucose, triglyceride, and free fatty acids; 4) improved glucose tolerance; and 5) a diminished hyperglycemic response to glucagon challenge. Neither lean nor db/db mice treated with GR-ASO exhibited hypoglycemia. Suppression of GR expression was also associated with increased ( approximately 10-fold) levels of plasma glucagon. No changes were observed in pancreatic islet cytoarchitecture, islet size, or alpha-cell number. However, alpha-cell glucagon levels were increased significantly. Our studies support the concept that antagonism of glucagon receptors could be an effective approach for controlling blood glucose in diabetes.
Cross-linking of cold-insoluble globulin by fibrin-stabilizing factor (1975)

Cold-insoluble globulin (CI globulin) was purified from human plasma and identified on the basis of its sedimentation coefficient, electrophoretic mobility, and concentration in normal plasma. CI globulin was distinguished from antihemophilic factor (AHF) by amino acid analysis, position of elution from 4% agarose, and electrophoretic migration in polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate without prior reduction. CI globulin and AHF could not be distinguished by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate after reduction and probably have very similar subunit molecular weights. CI globulin apparently consists of two polypeptide chains, each of molecular weight 2.0 x 10(5), held together by disulfide bonds. CI globulin was a substrate for activated fibrin-stabilizing factor (FSF, blood coagulation factor XIII). FSF catalyzed the incorporation of a fluorescent primary amine, N-(5-aminopentyl)-5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide, into CI globulin and also catalyzed the cross-linking of CI globulin into multimers, as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate after reduction. In the presence of fibrin, cross-linking of CI globulin by FSF occurred without the formation of CI globulin multimers. Instead, polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 2.6 x 10(5) and 3.0 x 10(5) were seen. The formation of these polypeptides coincided with the loss of the alpha chain of fibrin and CI globulin. The polypeptides were not seen when fibrin alone was cross-linked. The formation of the polypeptides was greater in fine clots than in coarse clots, and greater in clots incubated at 0 degrees than in clots incubated at 37 degrees. In clots made from purified fibrinogen, CI globulin, and FSF, the concentration of CI globulin in the clot liquor was greater if either FSF or calcium ion was omitted and cross-linking did not take place. These observations suggest that CI globulin is enzymically cross-linked to one of the chains of fibrin, most likely the alpha chain, and is thus covalently incorporated into the fibrin clot. CI globulin is very similar to a protein in the plasma membrane of fibroblasts. The cross-linking of CI globulin to itself and to fibrin may typify reactions also involving the fibroblast membrane protein.
Distribution of the mRNAs encoding torsinA and torsinB in the normal adult human brain (1999)

To gain insight into the neural pathways involved in the pathogenesis of DYT1 dystonia, we have mapped the cellular expression of the mRNA encoding torsinA and the closely related family member, torsinB, in normal adult human brain. Here, we report an intense expression of torsinA mRNA in the substantia nigra pars compacta dopamine neurons, the locus ceruleus, the cerebellar dentate nucleus, Purkinje cells, the basis pontis, numerous thalamic nuclei, the pedunculopontine nucleus, the oculomotor nucleus, the hippocampal formation, and the frontal cortex. Within the caudateputamen, the cellular expression of torsinA mRNA was heterogeneous; a moderate signal was found overlying large cholinergic neurons, and most striatal neurons exhibited only a very weak signal. A moderate signal was detected in numerous midbrain and hindbrain nuclei. A weak cellular signal was detected in neurons of the globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus. In marked contrast to torsinA, no specific mRNA signal was detected for torsinB. That torsinA mRNA is enriched in several basal ganglia nuclei, including the dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, is intriguing since it suggests that DYT1 dystonia may be associated with a dysfunction in dopamine transmission.
Adenoviral modulation of the tumor‐associated system L amino acid transporter, LAT1, alters amino acid transport, cell growth and 4F2/CD98 expressionwith cell‐type specific effects in cultured hepatic cells (2005)

Altered expression of metabolite transporters is observed frequently in tumor cell lines and primary neoplasms. The extent to which these may to contribute to the growth autonomy associated with cancer is not clear. LAT1 is a major L-type amino acid transporter over-expressed in a variety of cancer types and a light chain component of the CD98 heterodimer. We utilized an adenoviral expression system to modulate the level of LAT1 in a hepatic in vitro model to examine phenotypic changes associated with short-term exogenous and blocked expression. LAT1 levels were increased three fold and resulted in increased L-type amino acid transport as a result of adenoviral expression in murine hepatocytes. The protein was expressed on the cell surface and complexed with the CD98 heavy chain known as 4F2. Surprisingly, levels of the total CD98 protein complex were increased 2.4-fold as a result of adenoviral expression of light chain only, suggesting coordinate regulation. Exogenous overexpression was less effective in normal rat liver cells relative to mouse. LAT1 antisense expression in hepatic tumor cells resulted in a modest though statistically significant decrease in cell number, viability and S-phase cells over a 5-day period relative to controls despite the absence of a significant decrease in L-type transport over this period. These studies are preparatory to in vivo efforts focusing on LAT1/CD98 as a potential therapeutic target.
Dominant-Negative Receptor Uncovers Redundancy in the Arabidopsis ERECTA Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor–Like Kinase Signaling Pathway That Regulates Organ Shape (2003)

Arabidopsis ERECTA, a Leu-rich repeat receptor-like Ser/Thr kinase (LRR-RLK), regulates organ shape and inflorescence architecture. Here, we show that a truncated ERECTA protein that lacks the cytoplasmic kinase domain (DeltaKinase) confers dominant-negative effects when expressed under the control of the native ERECTA promoter and terminator. Transgenic plants expressing DeltaKinase displayed phenotypes, including compact inflorescence and short, blunt siliques, that are characteristic of loss-of-function erecta mutant plants. The DeltaKinase fragment migrated as a stable approximately 400-kD protein complex in the complete absence of the endogenous ERECTA protein and significantly exaggerated the growth defects of the null erecta plants. A functional LRR domain of DeltaKinase was required for dominant-negative effects. Accumulation of DeltaKinase did not interfere with another LRR-RLK signaling pathway (CLAVATA1), which operates in the same cells as ERECTA but has a distinct biological function. Both the erecta mutation and DeltaKinase expression conferred a lesser number of large, disorganized, and expanded cortex cells, which are associated with an increased level of somatic endoploidy. These findings suggest that functionally redundant RLK signaling pathways, including ERECTA, are required to fine-tune the proliferation and growth of cells in the same tissue type during Arabidopsis organogenesis.
Targeting the efficacy of a dendrimer-based nanotherapeutic in heterogeneous xenograft tumors in vivo (2009)

Our earlier studies have shown the in vitro and in vivo targeting of a generation 5 (G5) dendrimer-based multifunctional conjugate that contained folic acid (FA) as the targeting agent and methotrexate (MTX) as the chemotherapeutic drug. To clinically apply the synthesized G5-FA-MTX nanotherapeutic, it is important that the anticancer conjugate elicits cytotoxicity specifically and consistently. Toward this objective, we evaluated the large-scale synthesis of a G5-FA-MTX conjugate (Lot # 123-34) for its cytotoxic potential and specificity in vitro and in vivo. The cytotoxicity and specificity were tested by using a coculture assay in which FA receptor-expressing and nonexpressing cells (KB and SK-BR-3 cells, respectively) were cultured together and preferential killing was examined. The in-vitro data were compared with the in-vivo data obtained from a heterogeneous xenograft tumor model. The animal model of the artificial heterogeneous xenograft tumor showed that the nanotherapeutic was preferentially cytotoxic to KB cells.
Photophysical properties of hexanuclear copper(I) and silver(I) clusters (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotophysical properties of hexanuclear copper(I) and silver(I) clustersF. Sabin, C. K. Ryu, P. C. Ford, and A. VoglerCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1992, 31, 10, 1941–1945Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00036a040https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00036a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views694Altmetric-Citations136LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Elimination of Male Germ Cells in Transgenic Mice by the Diphtheria Toxin A Chain Gene Directed by the Histone H1t Promoter1 (2000)

Expression of the diphtheria toxin A-chain gene was directed to the male germ line by fusion to 1 kilobase of the 5'-flanking DNA of the rat histone H1t gene. Two independent lines of mice were established that expressed the toxic transgene. Female carriers were fertile; males were sterile although otherwise apparently normal. Adult transgenic males had very small testes that were virtually devoid of germ cells. A developmental study showed that germ cells survived until late fetal life but that testes of 3-day-old transgenic mice were severely depleted of prospermatogonia. During postnatal development of transgenic animals, remaining germ cells progressed to the pachytene stage of meiosis in 10% to 30% of tubular cross sections but degenerated before the completion of meiosis. By 3 mo of age the residual germ cells had almost completely disappeared. These transgenic lines demonstrate the complete tissue specificity of the H1t promoter and reveal a period of its activity just prior to formation of the definitive adult spermatogonial stem cell population. Whereas full expression of H1t occurs only in mid to late pachytene spermatocytes, one or more of the factors that impart tissue specificity to its expression must be transiently activated in the neonatal germ line. This report discusses the possibility that this genetic technique for eliminating germ cells may have practical application in making recipients for spermatogonial stem cell transplantation.
Mutagenesis of the aspartic acid ligands in human serum transferrin: lobe–lobe interaction and conformation as revealed by antibody, receptor-binding and iron-release studies (1998)

Recombinant non-glycosylated human serum transferrin and mutants in which the liganding aspartic acid (D) in one or both lobes was changed to a serine residue (S) were produced in a mammalian cell system and purified from the tissue culture media. Significant downfield shifts of 20, 30, and 45 nm in the absorption maxima were found for the D63S-hTF, D392S-hTF and the double mutant, D63S/D392S-hTF when compared to wild-type hTF. A monoclonal antibody to a sequential epitope in the C-lobe of hTF reported affinity differences between the apo- and iron-forms of each mutant and the control. Cell-binding studies performed under the same buffer conditions used for the antibody work clearly showed that the mutated lobe(s) had an open cleft. It is not clear whether the receptor itself may play a role in promoting the open conformation or whether the iron remains in the cleft.
Synthesis of bi- and tri-cyclic tetrazepinones (1991)

Diazotization of N,N′-dialkyl-N-(o-aminophenyl) ureas 7,13 and 17 gave 3,5-dimethyl-3H-1,2,3,5-benzotetrazepin-4(5H)-one 8, 3-methyl-6,7-dihydro-1,2,3,5-tetrazepino[7,6,5-ij]quinolin-4(3H) one 14 and 3-methyl -6,7-dihydro[1,4]oxazino[4,3,2,5-ef]-1,2,3,5-benzotetrazepin-4-one 19. The structures of these bi- and tri-cyclic systems were confirmed by 1H, 13C and 15N NMR data. X-Ray diffraction of compound 14 shows that the tetrazepinone ring is nonplanar.