gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Skeletal Muscle Total Creatine Content and Creatine Transporter Gene Expression in Vegetarians Prior to and Following Creatine Supplementation (2004)

This study examined the effect of vegetarianism on skeletal muscle total creatine (TCr) content and creatine transporter (CreaT) gene expression, prior to and during 5 d of Cr supplementation (CrS). In a double-blind, crossover design, 7 vegetarians (VEG) and nonvegetarians (NVEG) were assigned Cr or placebo supplements for 5 d and after 5 wk, received the alternative treatment. Muscle sampling occurred before, and after 1 and 5 d of treatment ingestion. Basal muscle TCr content was lower (P < 0.05) in VEG compared with NVEG. Muscle TCr increased (P < 0.05) throughout the Cr trial in both groups but was greater (P < 0.05) in VEG compared with NVEG, at days 1 and 5. CreaT gene expression was not different between VEG and NVEG. The results indicate that VEG have a lower muscle TCr content and an increased capacity to load Cr into muscle following CrS. Muscle CreaT gene expression does not appear to be affected by vegetarianism.
Protein F, a fibronectin-binding protein, is an adhesin of the group A streptococcus Streptococcus pyogenes. (1992)

Binding to fibronectin has been suggested to play an important role in adherence of the group A streptococcus Streptococcus pyrogenes to host epithelial cells; however, the identity of the streptococcal fibronectin receptor has been elusive. Here we demonstrate that the fibronectin-binding property of S. pyogenes is mediated by protein F, a bacterial surface protein that binds fibronectin at high affinity. The gene encoding protein F (prtF) produced a functional fibronectin-binding protein in Escherichia coli. Insertional mutagenesis of the cloned gene generated a mutation that resulted in the loss of fibronectin-binding activity. When this mutation was introduced into the S. pyrogenes chromosome by homologous recombination with the wild-type allele, the resulting strains no longer produced protein F and lost their ability to bind fibronectin. The mutation could be complemented by prtF introduced on a plasmid. Mutants lacking protein F had a much lower capacity to adhere to respiratory epithelial cells. These results demonstrate that protein F is an important adhesin of S. pyogenes.
Comparative in vitro evaluation of dithiane analogs of tiapamil, Ro 11-2933, Ro 44-5911 and Ro 44-5912 as multidrug resistance modulators (1996)

The analogs of tiapamil are highly active modifiers of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) in vitro. The activity of three analogs of tiapamil, Ro 11-2933, Ro 44-5911 and Ro 44-5912, was compared in K562/DXR and MCF-7/DXR cell lines, using flow cytometry for the determination of intracellular daunorubicin accumulation and MTT assays for the cytotoxic evaluation of the modulators combined or not with daunorubicin. Ro 44-5911 and Ro 44-5912 were not intrinsically more toxic than DL-verapamil and exhibited a significantly higher reversing effect. Ro 44-5912 was shown slightly more efficient than Ro 44-5911 for reversing daunorubicin cytotoxicity. Ro 11-2933 was found to be the most potent in modulating MDR but was not significantly more active than Ro 44-5912. These two compounds were able to achieve a near complete reversion (above 80%) at 5 mumol/I. However, the cytotoxicity of Ro 11-2933 was higher with an IC50 near 20 mumol/I in both K562 and MCF7 cell lines. Our results indicate that tiapamil derivatives are promising compounds for MDR modulation. Among them Ro 11-2933 and Ro 44-5912 seem to be particularly interesting for in vivo evaluations.
Expression of recombinant plasmids in mammalian cells Is enhanced by sodium butyrate (1983)

We have studied the effects of sodium butyrate on DNA-mediated gene transfer in an effort to investigate interrelationships between chromatin structure and expression of recombinant plasmids. Our results demonstrate that butyrate affects the early stages of gene activity following DNA uptake at least two levels. First, the number of cells able to express foreign DNA increases from 10% to up to 40%. Second, there is an increase in enhancer-dependent transcription, approximately 30 fold in HeLa cells, involving the SV40 early promoter. Stable transformation efficiencies increase to 4% and 10% in HeLa S3 and monkey kidney CV-1 cells, respectively. Finally, expression of integrated recombinant plasmid genes is reinducible by a second treatment five weeks after initial exposure to this agent.
Recent understanding of IBD pathogenesis: Implications for future therapies (2006)

The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are comprised of two major phenotypes, Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Research over the last couple of years has led to great advances in understanding the inflammatory bowel diseases and their underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms. From the current understanding, it is likely that chronic inflammation in IBD is due to aggressive cellular immune responses to a subset of luminal bacteria. Susceptibility to disease is thereby determined by genes encoding immune responses which are triggered by environmental stimuli. Based on extensive research over the last decade, there are several new and novel pathways and specific targets on which to focus new therapeutics. The following review summarizes the current view on the four basic tenets of the pathophysiological basis of IBD and its implications for therapies of IBD: genetics, immune dysregulation, barrier dysfunction and the role of the microbial flora.
ERK and PI3K signaling cascades induce Nrf2 activation and regulate cell viability partly through Nrf2 in human glioblastoma cells (2013)

The ERK and PI3K signaling cascades are aberrantly activated in human glioblastoma cells, resulting in the dysregulation of numerous downstream transcription factors. The dark side of the transcription factor, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in human cancer has been revealed. It has been accepted that high levels of Nrf2 promote tumor progression. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the ERK and PI3K signaling cascades on Nrf2 in human glioblastoma cells. Immunohistochemical staining for Nrf2 in clinical specimens showed that the expression and nuclear localization of Nrf2 were increased in human glioblastoma tissues when compared to peritumoral normal tissues. In addition, we detected decreased nuclear localization of Nrf2 following combined treatment with ERK and PI3K inhibitors in three human glioblastoma cell lines and selected the cell line (U251) most sensitive to the inhibitors for further study. Our data demonstrated that inhibition of ERK and PI3K not only suppressed the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 protein but also decreased the expression of the Nrf2 protein. In addition, combined inhibition of ERK and PI3K also decreased the mRNA levels of Nrf2 target genes. Finally, we found that Nrf2 overexpression partly reversed the ERK and PI3K inhibitor-induced inhibition of cell viability. Therefore, the ERK and PI3K signaling cascades regulate the expression and activation of Nrf2 and control cell viability partly through Nrf2 in U251 human glioblastoma cells. Thus, targeting the ERK and PI3K signaling cascades for Nrf2 activation may provide new methods for the treatment of glioblastoma.
Conditional Regulatory T-Cell Depletion Releases Adaptive Immunity Preventing Carcinogenesis and Suppressing Established Tumor Growth (2010)

Foxp3 is a central control element in the development and function of regulatory T cells (Treg), and mice expressing a diphtheria toxin (DT) receptor-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion protein under the control of the foxp3 gene locus (DEREG mice) allow conditional and efficient depletion of Foxp3(+) Treg by DT injection. Herein, we use DEREG mice and a mouse model of carcinogenesis to show that conditional and effective Treg depletion can both protect mice from carcinogenesis by innate control, yet permanently eradicate a proportion of de novo-established tumors in mice in a largely CD8(+) T-cell- and IFN-γ-dependent manner. Tumors displayed a heterogeneous response to Treg depletion, and suppression of established tumors was accompanied by an increase in the tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T-cell/B-cell ratio. Tumor rejection occurred in the absence of overt autoimmunity, suggesting that effective transient Treg depletion strategies may be therapeutic in at least a proportion of spontaneous tumors developing in the host.
Agonistic and Antagonistic Effects of Clomiphene Citrate and Its Isomers1 (1981)

The agonistic and antagonistic properties of clomiphene citrate (CL) and its isomers were examined in the rat uterus. Immature rats (21 days old) were injected with various doses of estradiol benzoate (EB), CL, zuclomiphene (ZUC, cis isomer), and enclomiphene (ENC, trans isomer), and uterine weight or epithelial cell height was measured. EB treatment produced a typical dose-response curve for uterine weight with a steep slope, while the curves resulting from treatment with CL, ZUC, or ENC were attenuated with a very shallow slope. These differences in shapes of the dose-response curves render the determination of relative potency estimates inaccurate and misleading. In contrast, the shapes of the dose-response curves for epithelial cell hypertrophy were similar for all four compounds. EB was more potent than any form of clomiphene; however, the maximum extent of cellular hypertrophy was not as great. The half maximal dose for each compound was EB, 0.35 ± 0.04 µg; ENC, 25.0 ± 2.0 µg; CL, 35.0 ± 3.1 µg; and ZUC, 65.0 ± 7.1 µg. The ability of these drugs to antagonize the action of EB was examined by injecting EB plus CL, ZUC, or ENC and measuring the uterine weight or epithelial cell hypertrophy 72 h later. All three forms of the drug were antagonistic to EB-induced uterine weight gain over the same dose ranges in which they were agonistic by themselves. No antagonistic effects were observed on estradiol stimulation of epithelial cell hypertrophy.
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (2003)

Advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the constitutive and regulated expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA expression present a new level of complexity to the study of endothelial gene regulation in health and disease. Recent studies highlight the contribution of both transcription and RNA stability to net steady-state mRNA levels of eNOS in vascular endothelium, introducing a new paradigm to gene regulation in the injured blood vessel. Constitutive eNOS expression is dependent on basal transcription machinery in the core promoter, involving positive and negative protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. Chromatin-based mechanisms and epigenetic events also regulate expression of eNOS at the transcriptional level in a cell-restricted fashion. Although constitutively active, important physiological and pathophysiologic stimuli alter eNOS gene transcription rates. For instance, eNOS transcription rates increase in response to lysophosphatidylcholine, shear stress, and TGF-beta, among others. Under basal conditions, eNOS mRNA is extremely stable. Surprisingly, posttranscriptional mechanisms have emerged as important regulatory pathways in the observed decreases in eNOS expression in some settings. In models of inflammation, proliferation/injury, oxidized low-density lipoprotein treatment, and hypoxia, eNOS mRNA destabilization plays a significant role in the rapid downregulation of eNOS mRNA levels.
Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation. Analysis and implications (1995)

The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) is related to age. Anticoagulation is highly effective in preventing stroke in patients with AF, but the risk of hemorrhage may be increased in older patients. We reviewed the available epidemiologic data to define the age and sex distribution of people with AF. From four large recent population-based surveys, we estimated the overall age- and gender-specific prevalence of AF. These estimates were applied to the recent US census data to calculate the number of men and women with AF in each age group. There are an estimated 2.2 million people in the United States with AF, with a median age of about 75 years. The prevalence of AF is 2.3% in people older than 40 years and 5.9% in those older than 65 years. Approximately 70% of individuals with AF are between 65 and 85 years of age. The absolute number of men and women with AF is about equal. After age 75 years, about 60% of the people with AF are women. In contrast to people with AF in the general population, patients with AF in recent anticoagulation trials had a mean age of 69 years, and only 20% were older than 75 years. The risks and benefits of antithrombotic therapy in older individuals are important considerations in stroke prevention in AF. (Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:469-473)
The concurrent validity of the N -back task as a working memory measure (2010)

The N-back task is used extensively in literature as a working memory (WM) paradigm and it is increasingly used as a measure of individual differences. However, not much is known about the psychometric properties of this task and the current study aims to shed more light on this issue. We first review the current literature on the psychometric properties of the N-back task. With three experiments using task variants with different stimuli and load levels, we then investigate the nature of the N-back task by investigating its relationship to WM, and its role as an inter-individual difference measure. Consistent with previous literature, our data suggest that the N-back task is not a useful measure of individual differences in WM, partly because of its insufficient reliability. Nevertheless, the task seems to be useful for experimental research in WM and also well predicts inter-individual differences in other higher cognitive functions, such as fluid intelligence, especially when used at higher levels of load.
Antigen‐Ia interaction and the proteolytic processing of antigen: the structure of the antigen determines its restriction to the A or E molecule of the major histocompatibility complex (1986)

The effect of a protease inhibitor, leupeptin, on the presentation of hen egg lysozyme (HEL) to cloned T cells was investigated. We found that leupeptin-sensitive thiol proteases are apparently less involved when HEL is presented by the I-Ad molecule, than when it is presented by the I-Ed molecule. This selectivity was more of a function of the antigen than that of the Ia molecule because presentation of denatured or fragmented HEL was not sensitive to leupeptin whereas antigen presentation to a number of I-A-restricted T cell clones specific to other antigens was sensitive to leupeptin. These data demonstrate that the particular combination of major histocompatibility complex/nominal antigen recognized by a certain T cell clone may require processing of the antigen molecule through a certain group of proteases and that other combinations are independent of that particular processing pathway. Furthermore, there is a preference for a certain type of processing depending on the Ia molecule involved.
Lineage Tracing of Cardiac Explant Derived Cells (2008)

This study highlights that positive identification based upon one parameter alone such as morphology or immunofluorescene is not adequate to identify the source, fate and function of adult cardiac explant derived cells.
A Peptide That Ameliorates Lupus Up-Regulates the Diminished Expression of Early Growth Response Factors 2 and 3 (2008)

Expansion of autoreactive T cells and their resistance to anergy was demonstrated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A pair of transcription factors, early growth response 2 (Egr-2) and 3 (Egr-3), are negative regulators of T cell activation that were shown to be important in anergy. A peptide (designated hCDR1 for human CDR1) based on the CDR-1 of an anti-DNA Ab ameliorated SLE in both induced and spontaneous lupus models. Our objectives were to determine the expression levels of Egr-2 and Egr-3 in autoreactive T cells following immunization with the lupus-inducing anti-DNA Ab that bears a common Id designated 16/6Id and also in a full-blown SLE and to determine the effect of hCDR1 on these transcription factors. We demonstrated diminished expression levels of Egr-2 and Egr-3 mRNA both early after immunization with the 16/6Id and in SLE-afflicted (NZB x NZW)F1 (New Zealand Black and New Zealand White) mice. Furthermore, by down-regulating Akt phosphorylation and up-regulating TGFbeta secretion, treatment with hCDR1 significantly up-regulated Egr-2 and Egr-3 expression. This was associated with an increased expression of the E3 ligase Cbl-b. Inhibition of Akt in T cells of immunized mice decreased, whereas silencing of the Egr-2 and Egr-3 in T cells of hCDR1-treated mice increased IFN-gamma secretion. Thus, hCDR1 down-regulates Akt phosphorylation, which leads to up-regulated expression of T cell Egr-2 and Egr-3, resulting in the inhibition of IFN-gamma secretion that is required for the maintenance of SLE.
Using deep neural networks for synthetic aperture radar image registration (2016)

At present, the performance of image registration mainly depends on the extracted features in feature-based image registration. However, due to the speckle noise, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image registration will have a lower accuracy and less robustness. For this purpose, we design a deep neural network (DNN) for SAR image registration, using the DNN to learn the image features, automatically. The deep learning could learn the more essential features of the images, which are make the image registration to achieve more robust features and accurate matching. Moreover, this paper proposed a new strategy to remove the wrong matching points based on the RANSAC. The experimental results on SAR image registration show that this image registration method based on DNN have a better performance, and the new RANSAC strategy could eliminate many wrong matching points and get a good transformational model.
<title>Flat-panel-detector-based cone beam volume CT imaging: detector evaluation</title> (1999)

Recent development of large area flat panel solid state detector arrays indicates that flat panel image sensors have some common potential advantages: compactness, absence of geometric distortion and veiling glare with the benefits of high resolution, high DQE, high frame rate and high dynamic range, small image lag (less than 1%) and excellent linearity (approximately 1%). The advantages of the new flat-panel detector make it a promising candidate for cone beam volume CT imaging. The purpose of this study is to characterize an amorphous silicon thin film transistor (STFT) flat panel detector-based imaging system for cone beam volume CT applications. A prototype STFT detector-based cone beam volume CT imaging system has been designed and constructed based on the modification of a GE 8800 CT scanner. This system is evaluated using two phantoms: a low contrast phantom, and a GE CT quality assurance phantom. The results indicate that the flat panel detector-based volume cone beam can achieve a better spatial resolution than that of a standard fan beam CT and a low contrast resolution approaching that of a standard fan beam CT. The results also suggest that to use a flat panel detector for cone beam Volume CT, the design and construction of the detector should be optimized for tomographic acquisition and reconstruction.
Analysis of models for extracellular fiber stimulation (1989)

This paper presents the mathematical basis for analysis as well as for the computer simulation of the stimulus/response characteristics of nerve or muscle fibers. The results follow from the extracellular potential along the fiber as a function of electrode geometry. The theory is of a general nature but special investigations are made on monopolar, bipolar, and ring electrodes. Stimulations with monopolar electrodes show better recruitment characteristics than ring electrodes.
A metabolic labeling approach toward proteomic analysis of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation (2003)

Mucin-type O-linked glycoproteins are involved in a variety of biological interactions in higher eukaryotes. The biosynthesis of these glycoproteins is initiated by a family of polypeptide N-acetyl-alpha-galactosaminyltransferases (ppGalNAcTs) that modify proteins in the secretory pathway. The lack of a defined consensus sequence for the ppGalNAcTs makes the prediction of mucin-type O-linked glycosylation difficult based on primary sequence alone. Herein we present a method for labeling mucin-type O-linked glycoproteins with a unique chemical tag, the azide, which permits their selective covalent modification from complex cell lysates. From a panel of synthetic derivatives, we identified an azido GalNAc analog (N-azidoacetylgalactosamine, GalNAz) that is metabolized by numerous cell types and installed on mucin-type O-linked glycoproteins by the ppGalNAcTs. The azide serves as a bioorthogonal chemical handle for selective modification with biochemical or biophysical probes using the Staudinger ligation. The approach was validated by labeling a recombinant glycoprotein that is known to possess O-linked glycans with GalNAz. In addition, GalNAz efficiently labeled mucin-type O-linked glycoproteins expressed at endogenous levels. The ability to label mucin-type O-linked glycoproteins with chemical tags should facilitate their identification by proteomic strategies.
Adsorption of silane coupling agents onto kaolinite surfaces (1999)

Abstract The adsorption of the silane coupling agents N -(2-amino-ethyl)-3-aminopropyl- trimethoxysilane (Z-6020), N -(2-(vinylbenzyl-amino)-ethyl)-3-amino-propyl-trimethoxysilane (Z-6032) and 3-glycidoxy-propyl-trimethoxysilane (Z-6040) onto the surface of kaolinite has been studied using the solvents water and ethanol. The adsorbed silanes were analysed using diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopy and FT-Raman spectroscopy. When the silane coupling agents are dissolved in water, silanol groups are formed. Raman spectra of aqueous solutions of the silanes show that condensation of the silanols into oligomers occurred. The peak at 1000 cm -1 assigned to Si–O–Si vibrations indicates that polymerization has occurred. A similar behaviour is observed when the silanes are dissolved in ethanol. The DRIFT spectra show that the silane coupling agents adsorb onto the surface of kaolinite. It is proposed that the oligomers are bonded to the kaolinite surface only by hydrogen bondings with no covalent bonds formed.
A contact-type linear sensor with a GD a-Si:H photodetector array (1981)

A 512-element contact-type linear sensor using glow discharge-produced a-Si: H as a photo-sensor material has been developed. The sensor, comprised of a sensor plate and a compact optical system, measures 80mm × 46mm × 20mm. The sensor plate is a pyrex glass substrate on which a-Si:H photodetector array is formed and 4 MOS IC chips are mounted. Elastomer connectors were used to connect the electrodes of the photodetectors to the corresponding pads on the IC chips, allowing us to make the linear sensor very compact. The optical system has a rod lens array and two tungsten lamps as a light source. This new linear sensor provides a satisfactory image with a resolution of 7 lines/mm and an S/N ratio of at least 20 dB on a memory scope or on a printer.