gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The tripartite immunity system of phages P1 and P7 (1995)

Prophages P1 and P7 exist as unit copy DNA plasmids in the bacterial cell. Maintenance of the prophage state requires the continuous expression of two repressors: (i) C1 is a protein which negatively regulates the expression of lytic genes including the C1 inactivator gene coi, and (ii) C4 is an antisense RNA which specifically inhibits the synthesis of an anti-repressor Ant. In addition, C1 repression is strengthened by lxc encoding an auxiliary repressor protein. The repressors C1, C4 and Lxc are components of a tripartite immunity system of the two phages. Here, the mode of action of these regulatory components including their antagonists Coi and Ant is described.
Neuropsychological perspectives on delinquency (1988)

Abstract Neuropsychological studies of delinquents have revealed characteristic deficits in skills that require verbal mediation, conceptual integration, impulse control, anticipation of consequences of actions, and the utilization of feedback from behavior to modify maladaptive response patterns. Formulations of this impairment pattern in terms of frontal lobe and left hemisphere dysfunction are reviewed. The role of verbal mediation in the development of a stable personality and the capacity for self‐control is discussed. It is proposed that the neuropsychodynamic profile of the delinquent is dominated by an inability to form a self‐referential conceptual classification system and that this predisposes to behavioral disinhibition under conditions of stress or interpersonal conflict. The relationship between language development, moral cognition, and social behavior is examined and therapeutic and dispositional implications are discussed. Finally, the general role of neuropsychological models in personality and social theory is addressed.
Generalization and learning in Volterra and radial basis function networks: a theoretical analysis (1992)

The pattern classification and generalization ability of the class of generalized single-layer networks (GSLNs) using techniques from computational learning theory is analyzed. The authors derive necessary and sufficient conditions on the number of training examples required in order to guarantee a particular generalization performance and compare the bounds obtained to those available for (multilayer) feedforward networks of linear threshold elements (LTEs). This allows one to show that, on the basis of currently available bounds, the sufficient number of training examples for GSLNs tends to be considerably less than for feedforward networks of LTEs with the same number of weights. It is also shown that the use of self-structuring techniques for GSLNs may reduce the number of training examples sufficient for good generalization. An explanation for the fact that GSLNs can require a relatively large number of weights is given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Attenuating Mutations of the Matrix Gene of Influenza A/WSN/33 Virus (2005)

The matrix protein (M1) of influenza virus plays an essential role in viral replication. Our previous studies have shown that basic amino acids 101RKLKR105 of M1 are involved in RNP binding and nuclear localization. For the present work, the functions of 101RKLKR105 were studied by introducing mutations into the M gene of influenza virus A/WSN/33 by reverse genetic methods. Individual substitution, R101S or R105S, had a minimal effect on viral replication. In contrast, the double mutation R101S-R105S was synergistic and resulted in temperature sensitivity reflected by reduced viral replication at a restrictive temperature. To investigate the in vivo effect on infection, BALB/c mice were infected with either A/WSN/33 wild-type (Wt) or mutant viruses and assessed for signs of illness, viral replication in the lungs, and survival rates. The results from mouse studies indicated that the R101S-R105S double mutant virus was strongly attenuated, while single mutant viruses R101S and R105S were minimally attenuated compared to A/WSN33 Wt under the same conditions. In challenge studies, mice immunized by infection with R101S-R105S were fully protected from lethal challenge with A/WSN/33. The replication and attenuating properties of R101S-R105S suggest its potential in development of live influenza virus vaccines.
Diterpene Glycosides from Stevia rebaudiana (2011)

Three novel diterpene glycosides were isolated for the first time from the commercial extract of the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, along with several known steviol glycosides, namely stevioside, rebaudiosides A-F, rubusoside and dulcoside A. The new compounds were identified as 13-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-15-en-19-oic acid, 13-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-16β-hydroxy-ent-kauran-19-oic acid and 13-methyl-16-oxo-17-nor-ent-kauran-19-oic acid-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester on the basis of extensive 2D NMR and MS spectroscopic data as well as chemical studies.
Relative accessibility of N-acetylglucosamine in trimers of the adenovirus types 2 and 5 fiber proteins (1990)

Fiber is an adenovirus capsid protein responsible for virus attachment to the cell surface and contains O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Results of both amino acid analysis and Dionex chromatography indicated that 3 to 4 and 1.7 to 2.5 mol of GlcNAc are attached per mol of affinity-purified adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) and Ad5 fibers, respectively. Fiber shares an epitope with nuclear pore proteins containing O-linked GlcNAc, as shown by reactivity to monoclonal antibody RL2 directed against these pore proteins. GlcNAc on fiber was found to serve as an acceptor for the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose by 4 beta-galactosyl-transferase in Ad2 and Ad5 but not in Ad7; quantitation by labeling with UDP-[U-14C]galactose in this reaction gave a 100-fold-lower estimate of the GlcNAc content of fiber, suggesting that these monosaccharides are buried within fiber trimers and are not accessible to the transferase. Affinity chromatography on lectin-bound Sepharose beads showed that Ad2 and Ad5 fibers bound weakly to wheat germ agglutinin and did not bind to ricin or concanavalin A; weak binding to wheat germ agglutinin suggests either that GlcNAc is not easily accessible or that there are not sufficient GlcNAcs for efficient binding. These data suggest that O-linked GlcNAc might be important for Ad2 and Ad5 fiber assembly or stabilization.
Chemokines in inflammatory bowel disease (2005)

hemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are small (7-10 kDa) heparin binding proteins that govern the migration of circulating leucocytes to the sites of inflammation. 1 Chemokines, currently numbering more than 50, are classified into four supergene families based on cysteine residues: CXC, CC, C, and CX3C chemokines (table hemokines are classified into constitutively secreted and inducible. hose that are constitutively secreted are homeostatic chemokines directing basal leucocyte trafficking and the organisation of the lymphoid tissue. Inducible chemokines are inflammatory molecules responsible for mediating the recruitment of leucocyte effector populations to the sites of immune reaction and tissue injury.
Phase 1 study of picoplatin (pico) in combination with 5-fluorouracil (FU) and leucovorin (LV) as initial therapy in subjects with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) (2007)

14510 Background: Pico is a platinum analogue designed to overcome platinum resistance with improved safety and efficacy compared with conventional platinum agents. FOLFOX (FU, LV, oxaliplatin) has emerged as the standard of care in first and second-line therapy of advanced -stage CRC but significant neurotoxicity limits long-term use of oxaliplatin in this regimen. Pico has been well tolerated in &gt;600 patients with rare clinically significant nephro-, oto-, or neurotoxicity (∼2% grade 3 and 0% grade 4), even in platinum pretreated patients. Pico has demonstrated synergy with FU in vitro and is thus an attractive candidate to replace oxaliplatin in the FOLFOX regimen. The objective of this Phase 1 study is to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of pico administered either every 2 wks or every 4 wks with FU and LV administered every 2 wks. Methods: Each patient receives q 2 wk FU and LV: LV, 400 mg/m 2 , 2-hr infusion, followed by 5- FU bolus, 400 mg/m 2 and then 5-FU, 2,400 mg/m 2 , 46 hr continuous infusion. Subjects are randomized to pico administered either every 2 or every 4 wks. Starting dose of pico for q 2 weekly regimen was 45 mg/m 2 and in subsequent cohorts pico increases by 15 mg/m 2 . Starting dose of pico for q 4 wk regimen was 60 mg/m 2 and in subsequent cohorts pico increases by 30 mg/m 2 until dose limiting toxicity (DLT) establishes the MTD. Results: 23 pts have been treated to date, the first have received 32 wks of therapy. Therapy has been well tolerated, with infrequent dose delays from non-cumulative platelet and ANC toxicity and 1 episode of mild diarrhea. No DLT has been seen through the first 3 cohorts, i.e. with picoplatin, 75 mg/m 2 with every dose of FU-LV or120 mg/m 2 with every other dose of FU-LV. Dose escalation continues. Response assessments for 12 patients in the first 2 cohorts (6 on each pico schedule, all below the MTD) after 16 wks show 4 partial responses, 5 stable disease and 3 progressive disease. Conclusions: Picoplatin can be safely administered with 5FU and LV. A phase 2 study of FU, LV and pico will begin as soon as the MTD is identified and a safe dose and schedule are defined. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Epidemic optic neuropathy in primary school children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (1998)

The results of this rapid assessment indicate this epidemic is a major public health problem. The prevalence of the disease in the community is likely to be far higher than found in this survey because children with the disease may have withdrawn from school. As the disease predominantly affects young adults, resulting in impaired vision and hearing, the economic and social consequences are enormous.
Elucidation of the Role of Arg 110 of Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase in the Catalytic Mechanism:  Biochemical Characterization of Its Mutant Enzymes (1996)

Based on the projected three-dimensional equivalence of conserved amino acids in the catalytic domains of DNA polymerases, we propose Arg 110 of MuLV RT to be an important participant in the catalytic mechanism of MuLV RT. In order to obtain evidence to support this proposition and to assess the functional importance of Arg 110, we carried out site directed mutagenesis of Arg 110 and replaced it with Lys, Ala, and Glu. The mutant enzymes were characterized with respect to their kinetic parameters, ability to bind template-primers, and the mode of DNA synthesis. All the three substitutions at 110 position resulted in severe loss of polymerase activity without any significant effect on the RNase H function. In spite of an approximately 1000-fold reduction in kcat of polymerase activity with three mutant enzymes, no significant reduction in the affinities for either template-primer or dNTP substrates was apparent. Mutant enzymes also did not exhibit significant sulfur elemental effect, implying that the chemical step, i.e., phosphodiester bond formation, was not defective. Examination of the mode of DNA synthesis by the mutant enzymes indicated a shift from processive to the distributive mode of synthesis. The mutants of R110 also displayed significant loss of pyrophosphorolysis activity. Furthermore, the time course of primer extension with mutant enzymes indicated severe reduction in the rates of addition of the first nucleotide and even further reduction in the addition of the second nucleotide. These results suggest that the rate limiting step for the mutant enzymes may be before and after the phosphodiester bond formation. Based on these results, we propose that Arg 110 of MuLV RT participates in the conformational change steps prior to and after the chemical step of polymerase reaction.
Partial diversion of a mutant proinsulin (B10 aspartic acid) from the regulated to the constitutive secretory pathway in transfected AtT-20 cells. (1989)

A patient with type II diabetes associated with hyperproinsulinemia has been shown to have a point mutation in one insulin gene allele, resulting in replacement of histidine with aspartic acid at position 10 of the B-chain. To investigate the basis of the proinsulin processing defect, we introduced an identical mutation in the rat insulin II gene and expressed both the normal and the mutant genes in the AtT-20 pituitary corticotroph cell line. Cells expressing the mutant gene showed increased secretion of proinsulin relative to insulin and rapid release of newly synthesized proinsulin. Moreover, the mutant cell lines did not store the prohormone nor did they release it upon stimulation with secretagogues. These data indicate that a significant fraction of the mutant prohormone is released via the constitutive secretory pathway rather than the regulated pathway, thereby bypassing granule-related processing and regulated release.
Effects of 630-, 660-, 810-, and 905-nm Laser Irradiation Delivering Radiant Exposure of 1-50 J/cm 2 on Three Species of Bacteria in Vitro (2002)

LILT applied to wounds, delivering commonly used wavelengths and radiant exposures in the range of 1-20 J/cm(2), could produce changes in bacterial growth of considerable importance for wound healing. A wavelength of 630 nm appeared to be most commonly associated with bacterial inhibition. The findings of this study might be useful as a basis for selecting LILT for infected wounds.
Widows Waiting to Wed? (2004)

Michael J. Brien, Stacy Dickert-Conlin and David A. Weaver
Multifunctional polymer particles with distinct compartments (2011)

Polymer particles with controlled internal architecture are currently under development for a number of emerging applications. In compartmentalized particles, well-defined pockets of distinct materials can be designed that can give rise to a set of orthogonal (i.e., dissimilar) properties within the same particle. While this aspect appears crucial, when multifunctional particles for sensing, imaging or drug delivery are sought after, their experimental realization has only recently been explored in broader terms. In this review, we highlight current progress related to the design and fabrication of multicompartmental particles and discuss potential benefits and experimental challenges associated with different synthetic routes.
Securing a global village and its resources: Baseline security for interconnected Signaling System #7 telecommunications networks (1993)

The authors describes recent experience in countering the growing problem of network integrity security threats. He outlines the need for a security baseline standard for all SS7 (Signaling System #7) networked service providers. In describing the evolving intrusion threats to the global public network, he defines and comments on the seriousness of the problem. The important concept emphasized is that all service providers on the SS7 network may be placed at risk by the absence of effective security mechanisms in any one service provider's SS7 domain. The focus of the present work is to help define a baseline standard of due care on security applicable to any interconnectd SS7 service provider's or customer network to create a global industry equivalent to national and international trusted computer security evaluation criteria.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Zonula occludens toxin modulates tight junctions through protein kinase C-dependent actin reorganization, in vitro. (1995)

The intracellular signaling involved in the mechanism of action of zonula occludens toxin (ZOT) was studied using several in vitro and ex vivo models. ZOT showed a selective effect among various cell lines tested, suggesting that it may interact with a specific receptor, whose surface expression on various cells differs. When tested in IEC6 cell monolayers, ZOT-containing supernatants induced a redistribution of the F-actin cytoskeleton. Similar results were obtained with rabbit ileal mucosa, where the reorganization of F-actin paralleled the increase in tissue permeability. In endothelial cells, the cytoskeletal rearrangement involved a decrease of the soluble G-actin pool (-27%) and a reciprocal increase in the filamentous F-actin pool (+22%). This actin polymerization was time- and dose-dependent, and was reversible. Pretreatment with a specific protein kinase C inhibitor, CGP41251, completely abolished the ZOT effects on both tissue permeability and actin polymerization. In IEC6 cells ZOT induced a peak increment of the PKC-alpha isoform after 3 min incubation. Taken together, these results suggest that ZOT activates a complex intracellular cascade of events that regulate tight junction permeability, probably mimicking the effect of physiologic modulator(s) of epithelial barrier function.
Assaying genome-wide recombination and centromere functions with Arabidopsis  tetrads (1998)

During meiosis, crossover events generate new allelic combinations, yet the abundance of these genetic exchanges in individual cells has not been measured previously on a genomic level. To perform a genome-wide analysis of recombination, we monitored the assortment of genetic markers in meiotic tetrads from Arabidopsis. By determining the number and distribution of crossovers in individual meiotic cells, we demonstrated (i) surprisingly precise regulation of crossover number in each meiosis, (ii) considerably reduced recombination along chromosomes carrying ribosomal DNA arrays, and (iii) an inversely proportional relationship between recombination frequencies and chromosome size. This use of tetrad analysis also achieved precise mapping of all five Arabidopsis centromeres, localizing centromere functions in the intact chromosomes of a higher eukaryote.
Heavy chain genes of rabbit IgG: isolation of a cDNA encoding gamma heavy chain and identification of two genomic C gamma genes. (1982)

A cDNA library was constructed by using rabbit spleen poly(A)+RNA as template, and from this library was isolated a cDNA clone, p2a2, that encodes 179 amino acids of the heavy chain of rabbit IgG. The nucleotide sequence of p2a2 showed that it encodes the COOH-terminal eight amino acids of the CH1 domain, the hinge region, the CH2 domain, and the NH2-terminal half of the CH3 domain of C gamma. Southern blot hybridization analysis of rabbit sperm DNA showed that two EcoRI fragments hybridized strongly with the C gamma cDNA. The p2a2 cDNA was used as a probe to isolate recombinant Charon 4A phage clones containing C gamma sequences from a genomic library of rabbit liver DNA. Two distinct DNA segments were identified by restriction mapping and hybridization analysis, suggesting that the haploid rabbit genome may contain two different C gamma genes.
Novel STATCOM Controller for Mitigating SSR and Damping Power System Oscillations in a Series Compensated Wind Park (2009)

This paper addresses implementation issues associated with a novel damping control algorithm for a STATCOM in a series compensated wind park for mitigating SSR and damping power system oscillations. The IEEE first benchmark model on SSR is adopted with integrating aggregated self-excited induction generator-based wind turbine to perform the studies. The potential occurrence and mitigation of the SSR caused by induction generator effects as well as torsional interactions, in a series compensated wind park, are investigated. The auxiliary subsynchronous damping control loop for the STATCOM based on a novel design procedure of nonlinear optimization is developed to meet the damping torque in the range of critical torsional frequencies. The intelligent shaft monitor (ISM) scheme with synthesized special indicator signals is developed and examined in the STATCOM control structure. The performances of the controllers are tested in steady-state operation and in response to system contingencies, taking into account the impact of SCRs. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the capability of the controllers for mitigating the SSR, damping the power system oscillation, and enhancing the transient stability margin in response to different SCRs.
Peptide synthesis. Part 2. Procedures for solid-phase synthesis using Nα-fluorenylmethoxycarbonylamino-acids on polyamide supports. Synthesis of substance P and of acyl carrier protein 65–74 decapeptide (1981)

Use of base-labile Nα-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonylamino-acids in combination with acid-labile t-butyl or p-alkoxybenzyl side-chain or carboxy-terminal (resin-linkage) protecting groups enables solid-phase peptide synthesis to be carried out under exceptionally mild reaction conditions. The repetitive and vigorous acidic treatments required in conventional synthesis are avoided. High-yield syntheses of a decapeptide and of an undecapeptide amide (Substance P) are described using this new combination of protecting groups on polyamide supports.
IL-4 enhances IFN-λ1 (IL-29) production by plasmacytoid DCs via monocyte secretion of IL-1Ra (2010)

The type-III interferon (IFN) family is composed of 3 molecules in humans: IFN-lambda1 (interleukin-29 [IL-29]), IFN-lambda2 (IL-28A), and IFN-lambda3 (IL-28B), each of which signals through the same receptor complex. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are major IFN-lambda producers among peripheral lymphocytes. Recently, it has been shown that IFN-lambda1 exerts a powerful inhibitory effect over the T-helper 2 (Th2) response by antagonizing the effect of IL-4 on CD4(+) T cells and inhibiting the production of Th2-associated cytokines. Here, we asked whether Th2 cytokines exert reciprocal control over IFN-lambda production. IL-4 treatment during stimulation of human peripheral lymphocytes significantly elevated IFN-lambda1 transcription and secretion. However, pDCs were not directly responsive to IL-4. Using depletion and reconstitution experiments, we showed that IL-4-responsive monocytes are an intermediary cell, responding to IL-4 by elevating their secretion of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-Ra); this IL-1Ra acts on pDCs to elevate their IFN-lambda1 output. Thus, our experiments revealed a novel mechanism for regulation of both IFN-lambda1 production and pDC function, and suggests an expanded immunomodulatory role for Th2-associated cytokines.