gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formulating a Sulfonated Antiviral Dendrimer in a Vaginal Microbicidal Gel Having Dual Mechanisms of Action (2008)

SPL7013 is the sodium salt of a sulfonated dendrimer that has potent antiviral properties. VivaGel, a topical gel containing 3% (wt/wt) SPL7013, is in development as a vaginal microbicide. BufferGel is a Carbopol-based acidic buffering gel that enhances the natural protective action of the vagina to produce a broad-spectrum microbicidal environment. The positive attributes of both gels were combined into a combination vaginal microbicidal gel having dual mechanisms of action. A 3% (wt/wt) SPL7013 combination gel, pH 3.7, was developed and fully characterized and was shown to have more than twofold greater acidic buffering capacity than BufferGel. Ultracentrifugation experiments demonstrated that SPL7013 was not sequestered or entropically trapped in the viscous gel, thereby confirming, along with viral challenge studies, that SPL7013 has sufficient mobility in the viscous gel to exert antiviral properties.
Training a network of mobile neurons (2011)

We introduce a new paradigm of neural networks where neurons autonomously search for the best reciprocal position in a topological space so as to exchange information more profitably. The idea that elementary processors move within a network to get a proper position is borne out by biological neurons in brain morphogenesis. The basic rule we state for this dynamics is that a neuron is attracted by the mates which are most informative and repelled by ones which are most similar to it. By embedding this rule into a Newtonian dynamics, we obtain a network which autonomously organizes its layout. Thanks to this further adaptation, the network proves to be robustly trainable through an extended version of the back-propagation algorithm even in the case of deep architectures. We test this network on two classic benchmarks and thereby get many insights on how the network behaves, and when and why it succeeds.
Potentiation of carbon monoxide-induced relaxation of rat aorta by YC-1 [3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole] (2000)

The hypothesis that endogenous carbon monoxide (CO), produced during the oxidation of heme catalyzed by heme oxygenase (HO), plays a role similar to that of nitric oxide (NO) in the regulation of cardiovascular tone has been criticized because of the low potency of CO compared with NO in relaxing blood vessels and stimulating soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC). This criticism has been muted by the demonstration that, in the presence of YC-1 [3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole], CO has similar potency to NO in stimulating sGC activity. In this study, we determined that YC-1 potentiated CO-induced relaxation of rat aortic strips (RtAS) by approximately ten-fold. Furthermore, CO-induced relaxation of RtAS was shown to be mediated through stimulation of sGC because vasorelaxation was inhibited by ODQ (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one), a selective sGC inhibitor, in the absence and presence of YC-1. A gas chromatographic-headspace method was used to measure CO concentration in Krebs' solution following the addition of CO-saturated saline solution to the tissue bath, in order to provide an accurate determination of RtAS exposure to CO. The tissue bath concentration of CO was shown to be approximately one-half of that calculated to be present. We conclude that should an endogenous compound exist with properties similar to that of YC-1, then the potency of CO as a vasorelaxant in the presence of this factor would be increased. As a consequence, CO could play a role in the regulation of cardiovascular tone, comparable to that of NO.
Hyperplane approximation for template matching (2002)

Hager and Belhumeur (1998) proposed a general framework for object tracking in video images. It consists of low-order parametric models for the image motion of a target region. These models are used to predict movement and to track the target. The difference in intensity between the pixels belonging to the current region and the pixels of the selected target (learned during an offline stage) allows a straightforward prediction of the region position in the current image. The main aim of the article is to propose an important improvement within this framework, making the convergence faster with the same amount of online computation.
The nucleotide sequence of replication and maintenance functions encoded by plasmid PSCl0l (1983)

The nucleotide sequence of 1100bp around the origin of replication of the pSC101 plasmid has been determined. This segment of DNA is capable of replication in the presence of a helper plasmid. The sequence data reveal similarities between pSC101 and several other replicons. The origin of replication contains three direct repeats of an 18bp sequence associated with a segment exceptionally rich in A-T base pairs. A promotor that probably directs transcription of a gene encoding an essential plasmid replication function is associated with a region of extensive potential secondary structure. The sequence presented here includes the sequence of the par region involved in partitioning of plasmids at cell division.
Cell factory applications of the yeastKluyveromyces marxianusfor the biotechnological production of natural flavour and fragrance molecules (2014)

Kluyveromyces marxianus is emerging as a new platform organism for the production of flavour and fragrance (F&F) compounds. This food-grade yeast has advantageous traits, such as thermotolerance and rapid growth, that make it attractive for cell factory applications. The major impediment to its development has been limited fundamental knowledge of its genetics and physiology, but this is rapidly changing. K. marxianus produces a wide array of volatile molecules and contributes to the flavour of a range of different fermented beverages. Advantage is now being taken of this to develop strains for the production of metabolites such as 2-phenylethanol and ethyl acetate. Strains that were selected from initial screens were used to optimize processes for production of these F&F molecules. Most developments have focused on optimizing growth conditions and the fermentation process, including product removal, with future advancement likely to involve development of new strains through the application of evolutionary or rational engineering strategies. This is being facilitated by new genomic and molecular tools. Furthermore, synthetic biology offers a route to introduce new biosynthetic pathways into this yeast for F&F production. Consumer demand for biologically-synthesized molecules for use in foods and other products creates an opportunity to exploit the unique potential of K. marxianus for this cell factory application.
Polyelectrolyte complex formation at the interface of solutions (2007)

The reaction between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes at the interface between their aqueous solutions, being the basis for the formation of flat membranes or microcapsules, has been studied with sodium cellulose sulphate and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) as reaction components. By supplemental monitoring of the kinetics of membrane formation at thin ring layers additional informattion was obtained supporting the proposed mechanism of the process. In the very beginning at the boundary a semipermeable primary membrane is formed, which controls further membrane growth by its diffusion resistance. Osmotic pressure differences resulting from difference counterion concentrations inside and outside the capsule additionally remarkably affect the process. Capsule properties depend directly and indirectly on the polymerchemical features of the used polyelectrolytes and vary in a wide range. For each specific combination the capsule properties can be additionally controlled by the main process variables as reaction time, polyer concentrations and presence of low molecular electrolytes.
E-Type Delayed Fluorescence of a Phosphine-Supported Cu2(μ-NAr2)2 Diamond Core: Harvesting Singlet and Triplet Excitons in OLEDs (2010)

A highly emissive bis(phosphine)diarylamido dinuclear copper(I) complex (quantum yield = 57%) was shown to exhibit E-type delayed fluorescence by variable temperature emission spectroscopy and photoluminescence decay measurement of doped vapor-deposited films. The lowest energy singlet and triplet excited states were assigned as charge transfer states on the basis of theoretical calculations and the small observed S(1)-T(1) energy gap. Vapor-deposited OLEDs doped with the complex in the emissive layer gave a maximum external quantum efficiency of 16.1%, demonstrating that triplet excitons can be harvested very efficiently through the delayed fluorescence channel. The function of the emissive dopant in OLEDs was further probed by several physical methods, including electrically detected EPR, cyclic voltammetry, and photoluminescence in the presence of applied current.
Cyanine dye labeling reagents for sulfhydryl groups (1989)

Cyanine and merocyanine dyes are introduced as new fluorescent reagents for covalently labeling proteins and other biomolecules. These dyes, which contain iodoacetamide functional groups, have high extinction coefficients and moderate quantum yields. A major advantage of these polymethine dyes is the easy manipulation of their spectral properties during synthesis. Cyanines containing reactive functional groups can be made with absorption maxima ranging from less than 500 nm to greater than 750 nm. This property opens additional regions of the spectrum for experiments involving the simultaneous multicolor analysis of different fluorescent probes. The cyanines, which are relatively insensitive to solvent property changes, are complemented by the merocyanines, which are keen indicators of solvent polarity.
Chemically Reducible Lipid Bilayer Coated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Demonstrating Controlled Release and HeLa and Normal Mouse Liver Cell Biocompatibility and Cellular Internalization (2012)

A controlled release system composed of mesoporous silica nanoparticles with covalently bound dipalmitoyl moieties supporting phosphorylated lipids has been successfully synthesized and characterized. This MSN system demonstrates controlled release of fluorescein molecules under disulfide reducing conditions. Flow cytometry analyses confirm increased biocompatibility of the resulting lipid bilayer MSNs (LB-MSNs) from nonfunctional MSNs. Fluorescently labeled LB-MSNs are examined via confocal fluorescent microscopy ex vivo and were found to enter both normal and cancer cell lines. The LB-MSNs presented here have potential to be used as rapid and diverse functionalized, stable liposome analogues for drug delivery.
Immunotherapies for bladder cancer (2015)

Combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with other treatment modalities may lead to the development of new treatment strategies in advanced bladder cancer; however, identifying predictive biomarkers is essential for appropriate patient selection.
Bmp, Fgf and Wnt signalling in programmed cell death and chondrogenesis during vertebrate limb development: the role of Dickkopf-1 (2002)

Dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) is a potent head inducer in Xenopus. This effect can be attributed to its capability to specifically inhibit Wnt/beta-catenin signalling. Recent data point to a crucial role for Dkk-1 in the control of programmed cell death during vertebrate limb development. In this paper, we present a comparative expression analysis of Dkk-1, Bmp-4 and Sox-9 as well as data on the regulation of Dkk-1 by Wnt. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge of its potential function in the developing limb and present a model how the interplay of the Bmp, Fgf and Wnt signalling pathways might differentially regulate programmed cell death versus chondrogenic differentiation in limb mesodermal cells.
Polarized photomodulated reflectivity and photoluminescence studies of ordered InGaP2 under pressure (1994)

Abstract Spontaneous ordering of ternary alloys grown on misoriented substrates has been of recent interest. Ordering induced band gap reduction, and valence band splittings exhibiting novel polarization properties have been investigated by theory and experiment. In this paper, we discuss polarized photomodulated reflectivity (PR) and photoluminescence studies of MOCVD grown InGaP 2 epilayers lattice-matched to a GaAs substrate. These structures were grown on a (001) face with a misorientation of two degrees along 〈110〉. The high degree of ordering has enabled us to measure accurately the crystal field splitting and additional structure not reported in the PR spectra. For the electric field E parallel to [110] two features in the PR spectra are seen; for E ∥ [110], however, additional features are observed. A comparison with the spectra of disordered samples of the same alloy composition has enabled a determination of the band gap reduction due to ordering. The linewidths of the PR peaks are approximately 5–10 meV which has enabled us to study them in detail as a function of hydrostatic pressure at cryogenic temperatures. The pressure dependence is slightly sublinear with the first order term of 8–9 meV/kbar for pressures well below the Γ-X crossover. Also observed is the indirect level crossing which occurs under pressure at about 40 kbar. A comparison of PR lineshapes at 1 bar is also presented at several commonly used experimental temperatures. The data indicate a substantial change in PR lineshapes, showing that interpretation of reflectivity data for these samples must be carried out carefully.
An Experimental Study of Embolic Effect According to Infusion Rate and Concentration of Suspension in Transarterial Particulate Embolization (1997)

In transarterial particulate embolization, slower infusion of more diluted suspension provides for a more distal arterial occlusion.
Pharmacological and Molecular Biological (RT-PCR) Characterization of Functional TP Prostanoid Receptors in Immortalized Human Non-Pigmented Ciliary Epithelial Cells (2002)

Immortalized human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial (NPE) cells (ODM-2) were shown to express the mRNA for the prostanoid TPalpha but not the TPbeta receptor using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). These TPalpha receptors were coupled to phospholipase C (PLC) and, thus, promoted phosphoinositide (PI) turnover. TP receptor agonists yielded the following potencies (EC50S) in the PI turnover assays: I-BOP = 8.2 +/- 1.1 nM; carbocyclic TA2 = 87.5 +/- 25.3 nM; U-44069 = 1.16 +/- 0.32 microM; U-46619 = 1.2 +/- 0.2 microM (n = 4-17). Agonists selective for other prostanoid receptor subtypes (e.g., fluprostenol and sulprostone) were inactive. The agonist effects of U-44619 and I-BOP were potently blocked, in an apparent non-competitive manner (ki = 53.9 +/- 12 nM; pA2s = 7.6-7.8; pKbs = 7.38), by the TP receptor-selective antagonist, SQ29,548, but were unaffected by other prostanoid receptor antagonists (e.g., AH6809, AL-8810). The PLC inhibitor (U73122) inhibited U-46619-induced PI turnover (IC50 = 4.3 +/- 0.6 microM). The functional potencies of the compounds stimulating or inhibiting the TP receptor-mediated PI turnover in the NPE cells correlated well with the TP receptor binding affinities of these compounds at human platelet TP receptors (r = 0.98). These studies have shown the presence of the mRNA for and the expression of functional TPalpha receptors coupled to PLC in human NPE cells. The TPalpha receptors on NPE cells may be responsible for inhibiting aqueous humor production and may help explain the intraocular pressure-lowering effects of certain TP agonists.
A spectrum efficient combined speech and channel coding method providing high voice quality for land mobile radio systems (1991)

A novel technique which combines a speech waveform encoding process with multi-level modulation to realise a robust, spectrally efficient land mobile radio channel is described. The speech coding method is based upon a variant of adaptive bit allocation sub-band coding in which samples of the most energetic of eleven sub-bands are transmitted as discrete, multi-level symbols, together with some binary and additional multi-level symbols representing the overheads needed for reconstruction. Using this method, excellent audio quality has been achieved at symbol rates lower than 3 kS/sec under both simulated and real land mobile channel conditions. Description of how the method was used to provide a 4:1 spectrum efficiency over a 25 kHz spaced radio channel using TDMA in conjunction with multi-level (constant envelope) FSK, or more than 10:1 using linear modulation, are presented. At 4:1 with FM, the speech quality under strong signal conditions is very similar to standard FM and the coverage about 3 dB better for the same channel power.
Electrooptical switching in thin film waveguides for a computer communication bus (1979)

A new crossing multimode channel waveguide electrooptical switch is described here. It has a 21-dB ONstate/OFF-state difference at 10 V of applied voltage, 0.4-dB insertion loss, 2.2-pF capacitance, and a total length less than 1.5 mm. It will be useful for providing a switching network for realizing an integrated optical computer communication data bus where electric signals from computers are converted into optical signals, switched by these switches, and then received and reconverted into electrical signals by a detector array.
Oligonucleotides antisense to the interleukin 1 receptor mRNA block the effects of interleukin 1 in cultured murine and human fibroblasts and in mice. (1991)

Phosphodiester and phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides (18 mers) were constructed antisense to sequences of the recently cloned murine and human IL-1 receptors. Murine antisense oligonucleotides inhibited IL-1-stimulated PGE2 synthesis by murine fibroblasts in culture in a time (days) and concentration-dependent (3 microM-30 microM) fashion. Murine sense oligonucleotide and an oligonucleotide antisense to human IL-1 receptor were without effect. Moreover, murine antisense oligonucleotides did not affect tumor necrosis factor- or bradykinin-stimulated PGE2 synthesis by murine fibroblasts. Similarly, antisense oligonucleotides to the human, but not the murine, IL-1 receptor inhibited IL-1-stimulated PGE2 synthesis by cultured human fibroblasts. The attenuation of the cellular response to IL-1 caused by the antisense oligonucleotides correlated with a loss in cell surface receptors for IL-1, without any change in the number of bradykinin receptors on these cells. When antisense oligonucleotides were encapsulated in liposomes, they blocked completely the appearance of newly synthesized IL-1 receptors and IL-1-stimulated PGE2 synthesis. In mice, subcutaneous injection with an oligonucleotide antisense to the murine IL-1 receptor markedly inhibited the infiltration of neutrophils in response to subsequent injection of IL-1. These data suggest that antisense oligodeoxynucleotides may share a role in the design of antiinflammatory therapeutics.
Degradation of Ornithine Decarboxylase in Reticulocyte Lysate Is ATP-dependent but Ubiquitin-independent (1989)

Reticulocyte lysate contains all the components of the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic system. Several proteins are degraded in reticulocyte lysate in a ubiquitin-dependent manner. However, none of the proteins studied has a short intracellular half-life. We have investigated the degradation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), one of the most labile proteins in mammalian cells. ODC is efficiently degraded in reticulocyte lysate depleted of the ubiquitin activating enzyme, E1, in fraction II of reticulocyte lysate completely lacking ubiquitin, and in fraction II depleted of the entire complex of enzymes responsible for the ligation of ubiquitin to target proteins. The degradation of ODC is ATP dependent. Therefore, our results demonstrate that in addition to the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic pathway, reticulocyte lysate contains at least one additional ATP-dependent proteolytic pathway. In vitro synthesized ODC served as a substrate in the present degradation study. Its successful utilization establishes a general strategy for investigating the degradation of short-lived proteins (for which a corresponding cDNA is available), that constitute a very small fraction of cellular proteins and for which purification is difficult or impossible. In contrast to ODC synthesized in vitro, that isolated from cells was not degraded by the reticulocyte lysate degradation system, suggesting that post-translational modifications may be involved in regulating ODC degradation.
Microtubule and Chromatin Configurations during Rhesus Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection: Successes and Failures1 (1996)

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was performed on rhesus monkey oocytes, and the resultant microtubule and DNA configurations were imaged by laser-scanning confocal microscopy. In addition, polyspermic oocytes fertilized by ICSI were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Successful rhesus fertilization by ICSI revealed microtubule and DNA configurations similar to those observed during in vitro fertilization of human and rhesus monkey oocytes, including sperm aster formation, pronuclei decondensation, spindle formation, and cell division. Several abnormalities, however, were also observed: 1) inability to complete meiosis; 2) inability to undergo male or female pronucleus formation; 3) separation of the sperm tail from the sperm nucleus; 4) premature chromosome condensation with the formation of a paternal meiotic spindle; and 5) formation of multiple female pronuclei (karyomeres) during chromosome decondensation. TEM analysis revealed that sperm can undergo decondensation in the presence of an intact acrosome at least 18 h after sperm injection. These results demonstrate the utility of rhesus ICSI in pre-clinical applications as well as with endangered species. However, the different types of fertilization failures observed here indicate that although ICSI may be a readily accepted means of fertilization of human oocytes in many clinics, we should further characterize the cellular and genetic abnormalities associated with ICSI in both human and nonhuman primates.
Ternary static latch circuit (2001)

A new voltage-mode ternary CMOS static latch circuit is presented. Realized in a standard digital CMOS fabrication technology, this latch uses only enhancementmode NMOS and PMOS transistors with single threshold voltage values. No special transistor threshold voltages or depletion-mode devices are required. Experimental data verify the ternary latch's operation. Fastest and slowest onchip setup and hold times are simulated to be approximately 1.9 ns and 3.4 ns, respectively, using data for standard 2 micron digital CMOS fabrication technologies.
The Molecular Biology of Secreted Enzyme Production by Fungi (1997)

Enzymes from filamentous fungi are already widely exploited, but new applications for known enzymes and new enzymic activities continue to be found. In addition, enzymes from less amenable non-fungal sources require heterologous production and fungi are being used as the production hosts. In each case there is a need to improve production and to ensure quality of product. While conventional, mutagenesis-based, strain improvement methods will continue to be applied to enzyme production from filamentous fungi the application of recombinant DNA techniques is beginning to reveal important information on the molecular basis of fungal enzyme production and this knowledge is now being applied both in the laboratory and commercially. We review the current state of knowledge on the molecular basis of enzyme production by filamentous fungi. We focus on transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of protein production, the transit of proteins through the secretory pathway and the structure of the proteins produced including glycosylation.