gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunologic Epitope, Gene, and Immunity Involved in Pneumococcal Glycoconjugate (1997)

Pneumococcal infection persists as a major cause of pneumonia, otitis media, and meningitis in infants. Children less than 2 years of age show the highest incidence of pneumococcal diseases. Production of monoclonal antibody (MAb) to polysaccharide (PS) and binding characteristics to PS epitopes were studied. Removal of the O-acetyl group from 9V PS by alkali hydrolysis resulted in a decreased binding with rabbit 9V antiserum (AS). However, the binding reaction with 9V MAb was less affected by the loss of O-acetyl content. Type 9V IgG MAb provided passive protection and enhanced the opsonophagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes to kill type 9V pneumococci. The pathogenecity of pneumococci is attributed to various virulence factors distributed on the cell surface, including capsular polysaccharide and protein antigens, for example, pneumolysin, autolysin, pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA), pneumococcal surface adhesion (PsaA), and hemin binding protein. Some of these protein antigens may be used as a component to combine with pneumococcal PS vaccine or as a carrier of conjugate vaccine. Clinical trials of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines showed that covalent linkage of capsular PS to protein carriers improved the immunogenicity of the PS. Development of glycoconjugate vaccine for selected pneumococcal types will help solve the problem of poor immunogenecity of PS vaccine in young children used for prevention of pneumococcal infection.
Influence of Ag particle size on ethanol sensing of SnO1.8:Ag nanoparticle films: A method to develop parts per billion level gas sensors (2006)

The influence of Ag particle size on ethanol sensing of SnO1.8:Ag films composed of size-selected nanoparticles with independently controlled size and concentration of Ag is reported in the present study. The study shows that Ag nanoparticles are acting as catalyst for chemical sensitization through a spillover effect. The catalyst particles are observed to be more active on decreasing their size, resulting into an improved sensor response. A response time of 2s for 1000ppm ethanol has been achieved. Detection of 100ppb ethanol in air has been demonstrated using this well-defined technique.
Selecting high-affinity binding proteins by monovalent phage display (1991)

Variants of human growth hormone (hGH) with increased affinity and specificity for the hGH receptor were isolated using an improved phage display system. Nearly one million random mutants of hGH were generated at 12 sites previously shown to modulate binding to the hGH receptor or human prolactin (hPRL) receptor. The mutant hormones were displayed in a monovalent fashion from filamentous phage particles as fusions to the gene III product of M13 packaged within each particle. After three to six cycles of enrichment for hGH-phage particles that bound to hGH receptor beads, we isolated hGH mutants that exhibited consensus binding sequences for the hGH receptor. Residues previously identified as important for hGH receptor binding by alanine-scanning mutagenesis were more highly conserved by this selection method. However, other residues nearby were not optimal, and by mutating them, hormone variants having greater affinity and selectivity for the hGH receptor were isolated. This approach should be useful for those who wish to modify and understand the energetics of protein-ligand interfaces.
Anisotropic Dissociation of π–π Stacking and Flipping‐Motion‐Induced Crystal Jumping in Alkylacridones and Their Dicyanomethylene Derivatives (2016)

Ethylacridone (1 b) and dicyanomethylenated acridones 2 a,b,d showed crystal-jumping activity upon heating. This is the first example of thermosalient behavior in a simple aromatic ketone and its derivatives. A systematic investigation of the jumping behavior of derivatives with different alkyl chains by variable-temperature X-ray crystal-structure analyses revealed the mechanism of this phenomenon. Anisotropic dissociation of π stacking in a dimer was important for inducing crystal jumping in 1 b, whereas the collective fluctuation/flipping motion of a dicyanomethylene unit induced crystal jumping in 2.
Engineering Metal Organic Frameworks for Heterogeneous Catalysis (2010)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTEngineering Metal Organic Frameworks for Heterogeneous CatalysisA. Corma*, H. García, and F. X. Llabrés i XamenaView Author Information Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 8, 4606–4655Publication Date (Web):April 1, 2010Publication History Received2 December 2009Published online1 April 2010Published inissue 11 August 2010https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr9003924https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9003924review-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2010 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views38208Altmetric-Citations3174LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Catalysts,Ligands,Materials,Metal organic frameworks,Metals Get e-Alerts
Degradation, receptor binding, insulin secreting and antihyperglycaemic actions of palmitate-derivatised native and Ala8-substituted GLP-1 analogues (2004)

The hormone glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide (GLP-1) is released in response to ingested nutrients and acts to promote glucose-dependent insulin secretion ensuring efficient postprandial glucose homeostasis. Unfortunately, the beneficial actions of GLP-1 which give this hormone many of the desirable properties of an antidiabetic drug are short lived due to degradation by dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP IV) and rapid clearance by renal filtration. In this study we have attempted to extend GLP-1 action through the attachment of palmitoyl moieties to the epsilon-amino group in the side chain of the Lys26 residue and to combine this modification with substitutions of the Ala8 residue, namely Val or amino-butyric acid (Abu). In contrast to native GLP-1, which was rapidly degraded, [Lys(pal)26]GLP-1, [Abu8, Lys(pal)26]GLP-1 and [Val8 Lys(pal)26]GLP-1 all exhibited profound stability during 12 h incubations with DPP IV and human plasma. Receptor binding affinity and the ability to increase cyclic AMP in the clonal beta-cell line BRIN-BD11 were decreased by 86- to 167-fold and 15- to 62-fold, respectively compared with native GLP-1. However, insulin secretory potency tested using BRIN-BD11 cells was similar, or in the case of [Val8,Lys(pal)26]GLP-1 enhanced. Furthermore, when administered in vivo together with glucose to diabetic (ob/ob) mice, [Lys(pal)26]GLP-1, [Abu8,Lys(pal)26]GLP-1 and [Val8,Lys(pal)26]GLP-1 did not demonstrate acute glucose-lowering or insulinotropic activity as observed with native GLP-1. These studies support the potential usefulness of fatty acid linked analogues of GLP-1 but indicate the importance of chain length for peptide kinetics and bioavailability.
DiscNice: User-level Regulation of Disk Bandwidth (2007)

A recent trend in computing has been to leverage dormant PC resources. To achieve this, background applications such as peer-to-peer applications and PC Grid run on ordinary users' PCs, sharing their computing resources. If not properly managed, the background applications obtrude on the PC user's active jobs. In particular, the contention over disk bandwidth severely degrades performance. In this paper, we present DiscNice, a novel scheme for disk bandwidth management that can host background applications unobtrusively. Its novelty lies in the fact that it throttles disk I/O completely at the user-level. The user-level approach is attractive for heterogeneous environments such as differently configured PCs over the world; portability is enhanced and deployment is easier in comparison with kernel-level approaches. Experimental results suggest that our prototype DiscNice running on Linux 2.4.27 incurs 12% or less overhead, and gracefully ensures the unobtrusiveness of background applications.
Transient and persistent effects of IL-15 on lymphocyte homeostasis in nonhuman primates (2010)

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine with potential therapeutic application in individuals with cancer or immunodeficiency to promote natural killer (NK)- and T-cell activation and proliferation or in vaccination protocols to generate long-lived memory T cells. Here we report that 10-50 μg/kg IL-15 administered intravenously daily for 12 days to rhesus macaques has both short- and long-lasting effects on T-cell homeostasis. Peripheral blood lymphopenia preceded a dramatic expansion of NK cells and memory CD8 T cells in the circulation, particularly a 4-fold expansion of central memory CD8 T cells and a 6-fold expansion of effector memory CD8 T cells. This expansion is a consequence of their activation in multiple tissues. A concomitant inverted CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio was observed throughout the body at day 13, a result of preferential CD8 expansion. Expanded T- and NK-cell populations declined in the blood soon after IL-15 was stopped, suggesting migration to extralymphoid sites. By day 48, homeostasis appears restored throughout the body, with the exception of the maintenance of an inverted CD4/CD8 ratio in lymph nodes. Thus, IL-15 generates a dramatic expansion of short-lived memory CD8 T cells and NK cells in immunocompetent macaques and has long-term effects on the balance of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells.
Bromine Compounds: Chemistry and Applications (1988)

1. Introductory Review (D. Bassett et al.). 2. Brominated Marine Natural Products (D.J. Faulkner). 3. Polybromoalkanes - Aspects of Chemistry and Reaction Mechanisms (R. Bolton). 4. Brominated Aromatic and Heteroaromatic Compounds (B. Iddon, B.J. Wakefield). 5. Bromide-Chloride Exchange Reactions in Phase-Transfer Catalysis (Y. Sasson et al.). 6. Facile Neopentyl Halide Exchange of Tribromopivalamides (M.J. Goldstein et al.). 7. Solid Support Halogenations: A Novel Method for Bromination of Heterocycles (A.G. Mistry et al.). 8. The Preparation of m-Phenoxy-Benzyl and -Benzal Bromides (J. Hermolin et al.). 9. The Use of Bromine Compounds as Flame Retardants (C.F. Cullis). 10. New Flame Retardant Additives for V-2 Polypropylene (A. Teuerstein et al.). 11. Poly(Pentabromobenzyl Acrylate), A Novel Flame Retardant Additive for Engineering Thermoplastics (A. Siegman et al.). 12. Clear Brine Fluids for Oil and Gas Wells (J. Place, R.L. Sloan). 13. The UV Spectra of Bromine, Chlorine and Bromine Chloride in Aqueous Solution (L. Raphael). 14. Bromine Chemical Industry - Retrospect and Prospect (W.R. Merriman, H.E. Arkens). Subject Index.
Going Deeper: Biomolecular Tools for Acoustic and Magnetic Imaging and Control of Cellular Function (2017)

Most cellular phenomena of interest to mammalian biology occur within the context of living tissues and organisms. However, today's most advanced tools for observing and manipulating cellular function, based on fluorescent or light-controlled proteins, work best in cultured cells, transparent model species, or small, surgically accessed anatomical regions. Their reach into deep tissues and larger animals is limited by photon scattering. To overcome this limitation, we must design biochemical tools that interface with more penetrant forms of energy. For example, sound waves and magnetic fields easily permeate most biological tissues, allowing the formation of images and delivery of energy for actuation. These capabilities are widely used in clinical techniques such as diagnostic ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, focused ultrasound ablation, and magnetic particle hyperthermia. Each of these modalities offers spatial and temporal precision that could be used to study a multitude of cellular processes in vivo. However, connecting these techniques to cellular functions such as gene expression, proliferation, migration, and signaling requires the development of new biochemical tools that can interact with sound waves and magnetic fields as optogenetic tools interact with photons. Here, we discuss the exciting challenges this poses for biomolecular engineering and provide examples of recent advances pointing the way to greater depth in in vivo cell biology.
One-Pot Annulation of Pyrimidine Ring on Azoles Under Microwave Irradiation and Solvent-Free Conditions (2003)

Azole Schiff bases 2a-f are annulated diastereoselectively with glycine and acetic anhydride, under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions, to yield 6,7-dihydro-5H-1,3,4-oxa(thia)diazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-ones 4a-f in a one-pot procedure.
Epothilones: novel microtubule-stabilising agents (1997)

The past few years have witnessed the regulatory approvals of the anticancer microtubule stabilising taxane drugs, Taxol and Taxotere, which are rapidly gaining acceptance as important antineoplastic agents with potential against numerous solid tumour malignancies. Despite a basic understanding of the biochemical target of taxanes dating back nearly 20 years, new classes of tubulin-binding microtubule polymerisation enhancers were only reported in the last two years. Epothilones and discodermolide are newly discovered compounds, which are structurally distinct from the taxanes, but which possess similar tubulin polymerising and cell biological effects. In the first studies reported, these compounds displayed similar or greater potencies than taxanes, and the epothilones may represent an advance over the taxanes in retaining toxicity against various taxane-resistant cell lines. This review summarises the data published on epothilones and discodermolide and proposes further steps that could establish these new classes of compounds as potential second generation microtubule polymerisation enhancers.
High-field fMRI unveils orientation columns in humans (2008)

Functional (f)MRI has revolutionized the field of human brain research. fMRI can noninvasively map the spatial architecture of brain function via localized increases in blood flow after sensory or cognitive stimulation. Recent advances in fMRI have led to enhanced sensitivity and spatial accuracy of the measured signals, indicating the possibility of detecting small neuronal ensembles that constitute fundamental computational units in the brain, such as cortical columns. Orientation columns in visual cortex are perhaps the best known example of such a functional organization in the brain. They cannot be discerned via anatomical characteristics, as with ocular dominance columns. Instead, the elucidation of their organization requires functional imaging methods. However, because of insufficient sensitivity, spatial accuracy, and image resolution of the available mapping techniques, thus far, they have not been detected in humans. Here, we demonstrate, by using high-field (7-T) fMRI, the existence and spatial features of orientation- selective columns in humans. Striking similarities were found with the known spatial features of these columns in monkeys. In addition, we found that a larger number of orientation columns are devoted to processing orientations around 90 degrees (vertical stimuli with horizontal motion), whereas relatively similar fMRI signal changes were observed across any given active column. With the current proliferation of high-field MRI systems and constant evolution of fMRI techniques, this study heralds the exciting prospect of exploring unmapped and/or unknown columnar level functional organizations in the human brain.
Determination of lubricant film thickness on a particulate disk surface by atomic force microscopy (1990)

The ability of the atomic force microscope (AFM) to measure the lubricant film thickness on the surface of particulate disks is demonstrated, and experimental results are presented. AFM measure the thickness of the lubricant film at a particular location on the disk surface with a lateral resolution of the order of the AFM tip radius, approximately 1000 AA. For an unused disk, 50-70 AA of lubricant thickness is found. After the disk has been in use for several years, the lubricant thickness decreases to 35-55 AA. In both cases, the lubricant is uniformly distributed on the disk surface, although somewhat more uniformly on the used disk. For all types of disks studied, most of the lubricant resides below the disk surface, presumably in the medium's porosity, with only a molecular thin film of lubricant on the surface.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Myeloperoxidase Functions as a Major Enzymatic Catalyst for Initiation of Lipid Peroxidation at Sites of Inflammation (2002)

Initiation of lipid peroxidation and the formation of bioactive eicosanoids are pivotal processes in inflammation and atherosclerosis. Currently, lipoxygenases, cyclooxygenases, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are considered the primary enzymatic participants in these events. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme protein secreted by activated leukocytes, generates reactive intermediates that promote lipid peroxidation in vitro. For example, MPO catalyzes oxidation of tyrosine and nitrite to form tyrosyl radical and nitrogen dioxide ((.)NO(2)), respectively, reactive intermediates capable of initiating oxidation of lipids in plasma. Neither the ability of MPO to initiate lipid peroxidation in vivo nor its role in generating bioactive eicosanoids during inflammation has been reported. Using a model of inflammation (peritonitis) with MPO knockout mice (MPO(-/-)), we examined the role for MPO in the formation of bioactive lipid oxidation products and promoting oxidant stress in vivo. Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was used to simultaneously quantify individual molecular species of hydroxy- and hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (H(P)ETEs), F(2)-isoprostanes, hydroxy- and hydroperoxy-octadecadienoic acids (H(P)ODEs), and their precursors, arachidonic acid and linoleic acid. Peritonitis-triggered formation of F(2)-isoprostanes, a marker of oxidant stress in vivo, was reduced by 85% in the MPO(-/-) mice. Similarly, formation of all molecular species of H(P)ETEs and H(P)ODEs monitored were significantly reduced (by at least 50%) in the MPO(-/-) group during inflammation. Parallel analyses of peritoneal lavage proteins for protein dityrosine and nitrotyrosine, molecular markers for oxidative modification by tyrosyl radical and (.)NO(2), respectively, revealed marked reductions in the content of nitrotyrosine, but not dityrosine, in MPO(-/-) samples. Thus, MPO serves as a major enzymatic catalyst of lipid peroxidation at sites of inflammation. Moreover, MPO-dependent formation of (.)NO-derived oxidants, and not tyrosyl radical, appears to serve as a preferred pathway for initiating lipid peroxidation and promoting oxidant stress in vivo.
Evolving toward a human-cell based and multiscale approach to drug discovery for CNS disorders (2014)

A disruptive approach to therapeutic discovery and development is required in order to significantly improve the success rate of drug discovery for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In this review, we first assess the key factors contributing to the frequent clinical failures for novel drugs. Second, we discuss cancer translational research paradigms that addressed key issues in drug discovery and development and have resulted in delivering drugs with significantly improved outcomes for patients. Finally, we discuss two emerging technologies that could improve the success rate of CNS therapies: human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based studies and multiscale biology models. Coincident with advances in cellular technologies that enable the generation of hiPSCs directly from patient blood or skin cells, together with methods to differentiate these hiPSC lines into specific neural cell types relevant to neurological disease, it is also now possible to combine data from large-scale forward genetics and post-mortem global epigenetic and expression studies in order to generate novel predictive models. The application of systems biology approaches to account for the multiscale nature of different data types, from genetic to molecular and cellular to clinical, can lead to new insights into human diseases that are emergent properties of biological networks, not the result of changes to single genes. Such studies have demonstrated the heterogeneity in etiological pathways and the need for studies on model systems that are patient-derived and thereby recapitulate neurological disease pathways with higher fidelity. In the context of two common and presumably representative neurological diseases, the neurodegenerative disease Alzheimer's Disease, and the psychiatric disorder schizophrenia, we propose the need for, and exemplify the impact of, a multiscale biology approach that can integrate panomic, clinical, imaging, and literature data in order to construct predictive disease network models that can (i) elucidate subtypes of syndromic diseases, (ii) provide insights into disease networks and targets and (iii) facilitate a novel drug screening strategy using patient-derived hiPSCs to discover novel therapeutics for CNS disorders.
J Integral measurements of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (1988)

Abstract Fracture of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) contributes to damage modes occurring on the articulating surfaces of total joint replacement components. To minimize damage through the optimization of component design requires an understanding of the fracture behavior of UHMWPE. A fracture/mechanics approach was taken in which J integral tests were performed on three‐point bend specimens of two thicknesses. J IC was determined to be 99.5 kJ/m 2 and was independent of specimen thickness. The fracture surfaces for both specimen thicknesses showed extensive orientation and failure through multiple layers of material, suggesting that UHMWPE experiences plane stress conditions at the crack tip, regardless of thickness.
A Versatile and Highly Selective Hypervalent Iodine (III)/2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl-Mediated Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds (1997)

Catalytic amounts of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl (TEMPO) are used in combination with [bis(acetoxy)iodo]benzene (BAIB) as a stoichiometric oxidant in the conversion of primary and secondary alcohols to carbonyl compounds. This procedure works efficiently at room temperature in almost all common solvents and neat in some cases. This process exhibits a very high degree of selectivity for the oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes, without any noticeable overoxidation to carboxyl compounds, and a high chemoselectivity in the presence of either secondary alcohols or of other oxidizable moieties. This procedure allows an easy, convenient, high-yielding method for the oxidation of alcohols starting from commercially available compounds.