gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toxicity, Uptake Kinetics and Efficacy of New Transfection Reagents: Increase of Oligonucleotide Uptake (2000)

Human arterial smooth muscle cell (haSMC) proliferation is stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) release of human arterial endothelial cells (haEC) whereas transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) secretion by haSMC promotes extracellular matrix formation. Inhibitory concepts with antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) against those growth factors might be promising, requiring, however, sufficient transfection efficacy. Thus, toxicity and efficacy of new transfection reagents were examined. MTT tests showed that high doses >1.6 microg/ml of the liposome Cytofectin GSV((R)) (CF) and the dendrimer SuperFect (SF) reduced mitochondrial activity of haEC after > or =4 h transfection whereas viability of haSMC was not influenced. DAC-30((R)) showed significant toxic effects on haEC and haSMC at each dose after > or =4 h and Lipofectin((R)) (LF) caused complete detachment of haEC and haSMC in medium containing 10% serum. Uptake studies demonstrated that 'naked' ASO were not incorporated intracellularly whereas transfection within CF or SF resulted in a strong cytoplasmic and nuclear labeling after 2-5 h. With DAC-30, only a slight cytoplasmic fluorescence was found. SF caused an unexpected stimulation of endothelial PDGF-AB synthesis. Thus, CF was favored for inhibition studies. ELISA, Western and Northern blotting showed a significant inhibition of endothelial PDGF-B and smooth muscle TGF-beta(1) mRNA expression and synthesis after transfection for 3-5 h using 0.1-1.0 microM ASO versus control oligonucleotides. We conclude that Cytofectin GSV is superior to the other transfection reagents, predominantly at haEC, showing an improved efficacy and less toxicity than the classical liposome Lipofectin. Cytofectin GSV might offer a promising tool for antisense strategies in the treatment of vascular disorders.
The History and Some Applications of Coulometry. (1999)

To measure amounts of electricity, Faraday devised the hydrogen-oxygen 'gas' or 'water' voltameter in 1834. Developments of this type of device continued into the present century. Based on the electrodeposition of metal, the silver voltameter appeared in 1835. This developed into a form so precise that Theodore Richards could use it to check chemically determined relative atomic masses. He proposed the replacement of 'voltameter' by the generic term 'coulometer'; the coulomb is the unit of quantity of electricity. Later developments were other forms of chemical coulometers, electromechanical versions and those involving electronics. The introduction of the integrated circuit voltage-to-frequency converter led to the development of digital coulometers in the early 1960s.
Altered Drug Sensitivity, Fitness, and Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 withpolGene Mutations Conferring Multi‐Dideoxynucleoside Resistance (1998)

Investigations were done to determine whether the replication kinetics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 were altered when the virus acquired a set or subsets of five mutations (A62V, V75I, F77L, F116Y, and Q151M) in the pol gene conferring resistance to multiple dideoxynucleosides. In the absence of drugs, the replication rate of all infectious clones generated was comparable to that of wild type HIV-1. However, in the presence of zidovudine or didanosine, the comparative order for replication was HIV-1(62/75/77/116/151) > HIV-1(77/116/151) > HIV-1(75/77/116/151) approximately HIV-1(151), whereas that for drug resistance was HIV-1(75/77/116/151) > HIV-1(62/75/77/116/151) > or = HIV-1(77/116/151) > HIV-1(151). The virologic features of these infectious mutants suggest that HIV-1 develops drug resistance through one or more mutations, which, however, sacrifice replicative capability; then it finally acquires optimal replication competence by additional mutations when the multi-dideoxynucleoside-resistant mutant emerges.
Optical glucose sensing in biological fluids: an overview (2000)

Recent technological advancements in the photonics industry have led to a resurgence of interest in optical glucose sensing and to realistic progress toward the development of an optical glucose sensor. Such a sensor has the potential to significantly improve the quality of life for the estimated 16 million diabetics in this country by making routine glucose measurements more convenient. Currently over 100 small companies and universities are working to develop noninvasive or minimally invasive glucose sensing technologies, and optical methods play a large role in these efforts. This article reviews many of the recent advances in optical glucose sensing including optical absorption spectroscopy, polarimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and fluorescent glucose sensing. In addition a review of calibration and data processing methods useful for optical techniques is presented.
Banking Services and Customer Satisfaction – A Study of Banks in Campus of University of Rajasthan (2013)

Retail banks serving ethnically diverse customer bases are challenged to measure up to differing perceptions of service quality. While there is existing research about customer satisfaction and service quality in the banking industry around the world, there are no clear conclusions as to the most important service quality dimensions for satisfying bank customers. Moreover, there is little published work about the similarities or differences with which ethnically diverse customers view the service aspect of retail banking. This study examines the perceptions of four specific ethnic groups about how service quality dimensions contribute to their satisfaction with retail banking in university of Rajasthan Jaipur campus. University of Rajasthan Jaipur campus was a logical research location given the large number of expatriates living and working there as well as its own ethnically diverse citizenry. The research has been carried out through secondary research and primary research. Survey method has been used for primary research. Personal contact approach through questionnaire has been introduced to conduct the survey. The findings concludes that there is significant impact of personnel behaviour on customer satisfaction and result also shows that there is a positive impact on customer satisfaction of the perceived service quality which leads to the not only customer satisfaction but increases loyalty and commitment toward bank.
Chemopreventive activities of C-glucuronide/glycoside analogs of retinoid-O-glucuronides against breast cancer development and growth. (1996)

The O-glucuronide analog of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPROG) has shown a greater chemopreventive activity than the parent N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR). However, this compound is relatively unstable. In order to improve stability and efficacy, we have prepared a number of stable C-linked analogs of 4-HPROG (C-phenyl and C-benzyl glucuronosyl, glucosyl, and xylosyl analogs). These analogs are stable toward acid hydrolysis and the glucuronosyl analogs resist the actions of beta-glucuronidase. The analogs were prescreened for their antiproliferative potential in vitro using cultured human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Selected analogs were then evaluated for their ability to inhibit the development and growth of tumors in the 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene-induced rat mammary tumor model. Although the stable C-linked analogs bound poorly to the nuclear retinoic acid receptors, many showed more potency than the less stable 4-HPROG in inhibiting tumor incidence and multiplicity in vivo. The glucuronide/glucoside analogs are more potent than the xylosides, and the C-benzyl more effective than the C-phenyl analogs. The higher potency of at least two C-linked analogs (retinamidobenzyl glucuronide and retinamidobenzyl glucose) suggests that these analogs may have a chemopreventive advantage over the parent retinamide and its natural O-glucuronide.
Neurochemical and Cellular Reorganization of the Spinal Cord in a Murine Model of Bone Cancer Pain (1999)

The cancer-related event that is most disruptive to the cancer patient's quality of life is pain. To begin to define the mechanisms that give rise to cancer pain, we examined the neurochemical changes that occur in the spinal cord and associated dorsal root ganglia in a murine model of bone cancer. Twenty-one days after intramedullary injection of osteolytic sarcoma cells into the femur, there was extensive bone destruction and invasion of the tumor into the periosteum, similar to that found in patients with osteolytic bone cancer. In the spinal cord, ipsilateral to the cancerous bone, there was a massive astrocyte hypertrophy without neuronal loss, an expression of dynorphin and c-Fos protein in neurons in the deep laminae of the dorsal horn. Additionally, normally non-noxious palpation of the bone with cancer induced behaviors indicative of pain, the internalization of the substance P receptor, and c-Fos expression in lamina I neurons. The alterations in the neurochemistry of the spinal cord and the sensitization of primary afferents were positively correlated with the extent of bone destruction and the growth of the tumor. This "neurochemical signature" of bone cancer pain appears unique when compared to changes that occur in persistent inflammatory or neuropathic pain states. Understanding the mechanisms by which the cancer cells induce this neurochemical reorganization may provide insight into peripheral factors that drive spinal cord plasticity and in the development of more effective treatments for cancer pain.
Linkage Disequilibrium and Recombination in Hominid Mitochondrial DNA (1999)

The assumption that human mitochondrial DNA is inherited from one parent only and therefore does not recombine is questionable. Linkage disequilibrium in human and chimpanzee mitochondrial DNA declines as a function of the distance between sites. This pattern can be attributed to one mechanism only: recombination.
Sorafenib in Advanced Clear-Cell Renal-Cell Carcinoma (2007)

As compared with placebo, treatment with sorafenib prolongs progression-free survival in patients with advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma in whom previous therapy has failed; however, treatment is associated with increased toxic effects. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00073307 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
Analysis and Quantitation of Glycated Hemoglobin by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (2016)

Measurement of glycated hemoglobin is widely used for the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus. Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of patient samples is used to demonstrate a method for quantitation of total glycation on the β-subunit of hemoglobin. The approach is accurate and calibrated with commercially available reference materials. Measurements were linear (R(2) > 0.99) across the clinically relevant range of 4% to 20% glycation with coefficients of variation of ≤ 2.5%. Additional and independent measurements of glycation of the α-subunit of hemoglobin are used to validate β-subunit glycation measurements and distinguish hemoglobin variants. Results obtained by MALDI-TOF MS were compared with those obtained in a clinical laboratory using validated HPLC methodology. MALDI-TOF MS sample preparation was minimal and analysis times were rapid making the method an attractive alternative to methodologies currently in practice.
Development of Echogenic, Plasmid-Incorporated, Tissue-Targeted Cationic Liposomes that Can Be Used for Directed Gene Delivery (2000)

Novel acoustic cationic liposomes have been developed that can be antibody conjugated for site-specific adherence and directed cell modification. This presents exciting potential for a vector that allows tissue enhancement and targeted gene delivery.
Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2015)

Pembrolizumab had an acceptable side-effect profile and showed antitumor activity in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. PD-L1 expression in at least 50% of tumor cells correlated with improved efficacy of pembrolizumab. (Funded by Merck; KEYNOTE-001 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01295827.).
Bipolar and Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes: Outcomes Across the Psychosis Continuum (2014)

Bipolar and schizophrenia network for intermediate phenotypes is a network of investigator-driven laboratories focused on developing phenotypes, genotypes, and biomarkers for psychosis. Over the last 5 years, the consortium has accomplished a dense phenotyping protocol using probands with a lifetime history of psychosis, their relatives, and healthy controls. This has established a library of biomarker information on individuals with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder with psychosis. The founding goal of establishing disease biomarkers for current psychotic diagnoses has been poorly met, because the cognitive, electrophysiologic, eye movement, and brain imaging biomarkers did not regularly discriminate individuals with different DSM psychosis diagnoses. In future, we will use this biomarker information to establish a pathway to biomarker-based classification in psychoses.
Structure of Annelid High Molecular Weight Hemoglobins (Erythrocruorins) (1980)

The extracellular vascular hemoglobins (erythrocruorins) of annelids are polymeric oxygen carriers with molecular weights of approximately 3 × 106 or about 46 times the molecular weight of a vertebrate hemoglobin tetramer. The molecule appears as a dodecamer of 12 large submultiples arranged at the vertices of two regular hexagons one on top of the other in electron micrographs. The dimensions are about 250 Å across the face of the hexagon and about 170 Å in height. The molecular weight of a one-twelfth submultiple is approximately 250 000. Biochemical studies suggest that each submultiple contains 16 to 18 subunits and that the intact hemoglobin molecule contains approximately 200 subunits. Unlike vertebrate hemoglobin which contains one heme moiety for each polypeptide chain the annelid hemoglobins apparently contain one heme per 15 to 20 chains. The reasons for this lack of a 11 heme chain stoichiometry are not known at present. One possibility may be that it is the result of insufficient purification of the hemoglobin. Alternatively, more than one globin chain might share a heme certain globin chains might lack the heme moiety and have a non hemoglobin function, or certain globin chains may lose their heme during purification of the hemoglobin. We are presently determining the amino acid sequence of one globin chain of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin. This information should be helpful in understanding the structure of these interesting polymers.
Single Nonblinking CdTe Quantum Dots Synthesized in Aqueous Thiopropionic Acid (2006)

Blinking marvelous! In contrast to quantum dots (QDs) synthesized in organic solutions, CdTe QDs synthesized in aqueous solutions containing thiopropionic acid do not blink. The fluorescence of these QDs is steady under continuous laser excitation (see picture, the gray line is the background intensity). The presence of thio groups on the surface of the QDs is key to their antiblinking behavior. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2006/z602758_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
IL-5 promotes induction of antigen-specific CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells that suppress autoimmunity (2012)

Immune responses to foreign and self-Ags can be controlled by regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressing CD4 and IL-2Rα chain (CD25). Defects in Tregs lead to autoimmunity, whereas induction of Ag-specific CD4+CD25+ Tregs restores tolerance. Ag-specific CD4+CD25+ FOXP3+Tregs activated by the T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine, IL-4, and specific alloantigen promote allograft tolerance. These Tregs expressed the specific IL-5Rα and in the presence of IL-5 proliferate to specific but not third-party Ag. These findings suggest that recombinant IL-5 (rIL-5) therapy may promote Ag-specific Tregs to mediate tolerance. This study showed normal CD4+CD25+ Tregs cultured with IL-4 and an autoantigen expressed Il-5rα. Treatment of experimental autoimmune neuritis with rIL-5 markedly reduced clinical paralysis, weight loss, demyelination, and infiltration of CD4+ (Th1 and Th17) CD8+ T cells and macrophages in nerves. Clinical improvement was associated with expansion of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Tregs that expressed Il-5rα and proliferated only to specific autoantigen that was enhanced by rIL-5. Depletion of CD25+ Tregs or blocking of IL-4 abolished the benefits of rIL-5. Thus, rIL-5 promoted Ag-specific Tregs, activated by autoantigen and IL-4, to control autoimmunity. These findings may explain how Th2 responses, especially to parasitic infestation, induce immune tolerance. rIL-5 therapy may be able to induce Ag-specific tolerance in autoimmunity.
Molecular basis of very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency in three Israeli patients: Identification of a complex mutant allele with P65L and K247Q mutations, the former being an exonic mutation causing exon 3 skipping (2000)

Very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (VLCAD) deficiency is a life-threatening disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. We identified four novel mutations in three unrelated patients. All patients had the severe childhood form of VLCAD deficiency with early onset and high mortality. Immunoblot analysis revealed that VLCAD protein was undetectable in patients 2 and 3, whereas normal-size VLCAD protein and an aberrant form of VLCAD (4kDa smaller) were detected in patient 1. As expected, null mutations were found in patients 2 and 3: patient 2 is homozygous for a frameshift mutation, del 4 bp at 798-801, and patient 3 is homozygous for a nonsense mutation 65C>A(S22X). Patient 1 was homozygous for a complex mutant allele containing two alterations, including a 194C>T transition (P65L) and 739A>C transversion (K247Q); in the case of P65L, the amino acid change does not reduce enzyme activity. However, the nucleotide change resulted in exon 3 skipping, whereas the latter K247Q mutation had a drastic effect on enzyme activity. We verified these events by in vivo splicing experiments and transient expression analysis of mutant cDNAs. The P65L mutation locates 11 bases upstream of a splice donor site of intron 3. This is an example of an exonic mutation which affects exon-splicing. Hum Mutat 15:430–438, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differences in human papillomavirus type distribution in high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical cancer in Europe (2012)

Knowledge of differences in human papillomavirus (HPV)-type prevalence between high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-CIN) and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) is crucial for understanding the natural history of HPV-infected cervical lesions and the potential impact of HPV vaccination on cervical cancer prevention. More than 6,000 women diagnosed with HG-CIN or ICC from 17 European countries were enrolled in two parallel cross-sectional studies (108288/108290). Centralised histopathology review and standardised HPV-DNA typing were applied to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cervical specimens dated 2001-2008. The pooled prevalence of individual HPV types was estimated using meta-analytic methods. A total of 3,103 women were diagnosed with HG-CIN and a total of 3,162 with ICC (median ages: 34 and 49 years, respectively), of which 98.5 and 91.8% were HPV-positive, respectively. The most common HPV types in women with HG-CIN were HPV16/33/31 (59.9/10.5/9.0%) and in ICC were HPV16/18/45 (63.3/15.2/5.3%). In squamous cell carcinomas, HPV16/18/33 were most frequent (66.2/10.8/5.3%), and in adenocarcinomas, HPV16/18/45 (54.2/40.4/8.3%). The prevalence of HPV16/18/45 was 1.1/3.5/2.5 times higher in ICC than in HG-CIN. The difference in age at diagnosis between CIN3 and squamous cervical cancer for HPV18 (9 years) was significantly less compared to HPV31/33/'other' (23/20/17 years), and for HPV45 (1 year) than HPV16/31/33/'other' (15/23/20/17 years). In Europe, HPV16 predominates in both HG-CIN and ICC, whereas HPV18/45 are associated with a low median age of ICC. HPV18/45 are more frequent in ICC than HG-CIN and associated with a high median age of HG-CIN, with a narrow age interval between HG-CIN and ICC detection. These findings support the need for primary prevention of HPV16/18/45-related cervical lesions.
Analysis and evaluation of topological and application characteristics of unreliable mobile wireless ad-hoc network (2004)

We present a study of topological characteristics of mobile wireless ad-hoc networks. The characteristics studied are connectivity, coverage, and diameter. Knowledge of topological characteristics of a network aids in the design and performance prediction of network protocols. We introduce intelligent goal-directed mobility algorithms for achieving desired topological characteristics. A simulation-based study shows that to achieve low, medium and high network QoS defined in terms of combined requirements of the three metrics, the network needs respectively 8, 16, and 40 nodes. If nodes can fail, the requirements increase to 8, 36 and 60 nodes respectively. We present a theoretical derivation of the improvement due to the mobility models and the sufficient condition for 100% connectivity and coverage. Next, we show the effect of improved topological characteristics in enhancing QoS of an application level protocol, namely, a location determination protocol called Hop-Terrain. The study shows that the error in location estimation is reduced by up to 68% with goal-directed mobility.
Porous Silicon Microcavities for Biosensing Applications (2000)

Porous silicon microcavity resonators possess the unique characteristics of line narrowing and luminescence enhancement. The emission peak position is completely tunable by changing the properties of the central layer. Increasing the thickness of the central active layer introduces multiple narrow peaks in the luminescence spectrum. Narrow and visible luminescence peaks are observed with a full width at half the maximum (FWHM) value of 3 nm. The microcavity structure is highly sensitive and any slight change in the effective optical thickness modifies the reflectivity spectra, causing a spectral shift in the interference peaks. This makes porous silicon microcavities an ideal host for sensor applications. We demonstrate the usefulness of this microcavity resonator structure as a biosensor. A DNA biosensor has been fabricated based on a porous silicon multiple peak microcavity structure. Shifts in the luminescence spectra are observed and detected for various DNA concentrations. When exposed to a non-complementary DNA strand, no shifts are observed. An extension of the DNA biosensor has been made to include the detection of viral DNA. Both sensor fabrication and results of extensive testing are presented in this report.