gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective Aerobic Oxidation of 5‐HMF into 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid with Pt Catalysts Supported on TiO2‐ and ZrO2‐Based Supports (2015)

Pt catalysts prepared over different metallic oxide supports were investigated in the oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) in alkaline aqueous solutions with air, to examine the combined effect of the support and base addition. The base (nature and amount) played a significant role in the degradation or oxidation of HMF. Increasing amounts of the weak NaHCO3 base improved significantly the overall catalytic activity of Pt/TiO2 and Pt/ZrO2 by accelerating the oxidation steps, especially for the aldehyde group. This was highlighted by a proposed kinetic model that gave very good concentration-time fittings. Moreover, the promotion of the catalyst with bismuth yielded a PtBi/TiO2 catalytic system with improved activity and stability. Y2 O3  and La2 O3 ZrO2 -supported catalysts exhibited lower activity than Pt/ZrO2 , which suggests no cooperative effect of the weakly basic properties introduced and the homogeneous base. Quantitative oxidation of HMF (0.1 M) and high yields of FDCA (>99 %) were obtained in less than 5 h by using an HMF/Pt molar ratio of 100 and Na2 CO3 as a weak base over PtBi/TiO2 (Bi/Pt=0.22).
Studies in the protection of pyrrole and indole derivatives (1986)

Treatment of pyrrole (1a), 2,5-dimethylpyrrole (1b), indole (3a), 2-methylindole (3b), 3-methylindole (3c), 2,3-dimethylindole (3d), 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9H-carbazole (5a), 5,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydro-cyclohept[b]indole (5b), and 6,7,8,9,10,11-hexahydro-5H-cyclo-oct[b]indole (5c) with sodium hydride in tetrahydrofuran, followed by phenyl t-butyl carbonate (8) gives the corresponding N-t-butoxycarbonyl (t-BOC) derivatives [(2a), (2b), (4a), (4b), (4c), (4d), (6a), (6b), and (6c), respectively] in satisfactory yields. By using chlorodimethyl-t-butylsilane instead of (8), N-dimethyl-t- butylsilyl derivatives [(10a), (10b), (11a), (11b), (11c), (11d), (12a), and (12b)] are obtained, also in satisfactory yields. The use of the 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl (TEOC) group for the N-protection of the indole system, and the pivaloyloxymethyl (POM) group for the N-protection of the pyrrole and indole systems is also described.
Epidemiological Approach to Identifying Genetic Predispositions for Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (2009)

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is caused by several susceptibility genes. A registry including analyses of susceptibility genes, familial occurrence and genotype-phenotype correlation should provide classification insights. Registry data of 187 unrelated index patients included age at onset, gender, family history, relapse of aHUS and potentially triggering conditions. Mutation analyses were performed in the genes CFH, CD46 and CFI and in the six potential susceptibility genes, FHR1 to FHR5 and C4BP. Germline mutations were identified in 17% of the index cases; 12% in CFH, 3% in CD46 and 2% in CFI. Twenty-nine patients had heterozygous mutations and one each had a homozygous and compound heterozygous mutation. Mutations were not found in the genes FHR1-5 and C4BP. In 40% of the patients with familial HUS a mutation was found. Penetrance by age 45 was 50% among carriers of any mutation including results of relatives of mutation-positive index cases. The only risk factor for a mutation was family history of HUS (p = 0.02). Penetrance of aHUS in carriers of mutations is not complete. Occurrence of homo- and heterozygous mutations in the same gene suggests that the number of necessary DNA variants remains unclear. Among clinical information only familial occurrence predicts a mutation.
A Gene Coding for a Monomeric Form of Cucumber Mosaic Virus Satellite RNA Confers Tolerance to CMV (1988)

A gene whose transcript bears a monomeric form of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) satellite RNA was introduced into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum 'Xanthi' nc) plants by using an Ri plasmid-based vector system. On CMV infection, the transcript of the satellite RNA gene was used as a template to yield unit-length satellite RNA, which was efficiently amplified by the virus. Plants bearing the satellite RNA gene displayed long-term tolerance to CMV infection and were also tolerant to CMV infection by aphids, the natural vector of CMV. Implications of these results concerning the mechanism of satellite RNA replication are discussed.
Intragastric administration of capsiate, a transient receptor potential channel agonist, triggers thermogenic sympathetic responses (2010)

The sympathetic thermoregulatory system controls the magnitude of adaptive thermogenesis in correspondence with the environmental temperature or the state of energy intake and plays a key role in determining the resultant energy storage. However, the nature of the trigger initiating this reflex arc remains to be determined. Here, using capsiate, a digestion-vulnerable capsaicin analog, we examined the involvement of specific activation of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels within the gastrointestinal tract in the thermogenic sympathetic system by measuring the efferent activity of the postganglionic sympathetic nerve innervating brown adipose tissue (BAT) in anesthetized rats. Intragastric administration of capsiate resulted in a time- and dose-dependent increase in integrated BAT sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) over 180 min, which was characterized by an emergence of sporadic high-activity phases composed of low-frequency bursts. This increase in BAT SNA was abolished by blockade of TRP channels as well as of sympathetic ganglionic transmission and was inhibited by ablation of the gastrointestinal vagus nerve. The activation of SNA was delimited to BAT and did not occur in the heart or pancreas. These results point to a neural pathway enabling the selective activation of the central network regulating the BAT SNA in response to a specific stimulation of gastrointestinal TRP channels and offer important implications for understanding the dietary-dependent regulation of energy metabolism and control of obesity.
Adaptive multimedia stream presentation in mobile computing environment (2003)

We present a mechanism of multimedia synchronization for smooth play back of streams in a mobile environment. This mechanism contains an effective buffering method and playout control not only to provide seamless playback of a media stream, but also to minimize the effect of wireless network characteristics. To implement this in a mobile computing environment, we adopted a proxy concept for separating wireless and wired networks. This proxy puts the streams into the buffers from a server and sends them to mobile hosts. It does QoS negotiation with user applications if the network cannot support the required QoS. The proposed buffering method keeps the continuous play of a media stream using a feedback mechanism and playout control provides more natural multimedia presentation by adjusting the frame duration on-screen. Experimental results show that our synchronization scheme provides a constant playback rate even in the frequent short time disconnection and some buffering control parameters affect playback performance by some degree.
Functionally Distinct LAG-3 and PD-1 Subsets on Activated and Chronically Stimulated CD8 T Cells (2009)

Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3) is a transmembrane protein that binds MHC class II, enhances regulatory T cell activity, and negatively regulates cellular proliferation, activation, and homeostasis of T cells. Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) also negatively regulates T cell function. LAG-3 and PD-1 are both transiently expressed on CD8 T cells that have been stimulated during acute activation. However, both LAG-3 and PD-1 remain on CD8 T cells at high levels after stimulation within tolerizing environments. Our previous data demonstrated that blockade of either LAG-3 or PD-1 using mAb therapy in combination with vaccination restores the function of tolerized Ag-specific CD8 T cells in models of self and tumor tolerance. It is unclear whether tolerized CD8 T cells coexpress PD-1 and LAG-3 or whether PD-1 and LAG-3 mark functionally distinct populations of CD8 T cells. In this study, we describe three populations of CD8 T cells activated under tolerizing conditions based on LAG-3 and PD-1 staining, each with distinct phenotypic and functional characteristics. From a mechanistic perspective, both Ag concentration and proinflammatory signals control the expression of LAG-3 and PD-1 phenotypes on CD8 T cells under activating and tolerizing conditions. These results imply that signaling through the PD-1 and LAG-3 pathways have distinct functional consequences to CD8 T cells under tolerizing conditions and manipulation of both Ag and cytokine signaling can influence CD8 tolerance through LAG-3 and PD-1.
The UNLV Guitar Quartet (2009)

The US biomedical research community has long debated how to bill different types of animal research costs. Specifically, which aspects of animal research should be charged as direct costs, and which should be charged as indirect (or facilities and administrative) costs? In this paper, the author describes why the community has yet to clearly define what constitutes indirect costs. He then suggests how researchers, administrators and government officials can categorize different aspects of animal research as direct or indirect costs.
Screening of Receptor Antagonists Using Agonist-Activated Patch Clamp Detection in Chemical Separations (1998)

We present a capillary electrophoresis-patch clamp detection system optimized for screening of antagonists and inhibitors of ligand-gated ion channels. In this system, highly selective receptor agonists are delivered through the electrophoresis capillary to the cell surface where they continuously activate a receptor, resulting in increased steady-state transmembrane currents. Thus, receptor selection and biosensor functionality is simply achieved by selection of an appropriate agonist. The antagonists are fractionated in the same electrophoresis capillary and inhibit the agonist-evoked response, resulting in transiently decreased steady-state transmembrane currents. Specifically, a mixture containing 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione, that reversibly blocks alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate and kainate receptors, and 6,7-dichloro-3-hydroxy-2-quinoxaline-carboxylate, a broad-spectrum glutamate receptor antagonist, were separated and detected by kainate-activated patch-clamped interneurons freshly dissociated from rat brain olfactory bulb. In addition, Mg2+ that reversibly blocks the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in a voltage-dependent way was detected using the same cell detector system when activated by N-methyl-D-aspartate and the co-agonist glycine. The presented method offers new possibilities for drug screening and for identifying endogenous receptor antagonists and to determine their mode of action on any ionotropic receptor system of interest.
Isolation and characterization of the orchid cytokinin oxidase DSCKX1 promoter (2002)

The orchid DSCKX1 is a new member of the cytokinin oxidase gene family, which catalyses the degradation of cytokinins bearing unsaturated isoprenoid side chains. A 3.7 kb fragment upstream of the DSCKX1 coding region was isolated, sequenced and characterized by deletion analysis of DSCKX1::beta-glucuronidase gene fusions using transient orchid and stable Arabidopsis transformation systems. Functional analysis of 5' deletions defined the 5'-upstream region that directs the expression in distinct tissues. Regulatory elements affecting the cytokinin induction of the DSCKX1 gene have also been delineated
Follicle-stimulating hormone regulation of A-kinase anchoring proteins in granulosa cells. (1993)

It has been well established that the biochemical and morphological changes during maturation of granulosa cells that are induced by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) occur through the elevation of intracellular cAMP and consequent activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). In this report we show that FSH action alters the expression of A-Kinase Anchoring Proteins (AKAPs), which function to target the subcellular distribution of the type II PKA. Exposure of granulosa cells grown in primary culture with FSH and estradiol for 72 h resulted in the up-regulation of an 80-kDa AKAP and the RII beta subunit of PKA, whereas cells grown in control medium containing only estradiol produced a time-dependent increase of a 140-kDa AKAP. RII overlays performed with [32P]RII alpha preferentially detected RII-binding bands of 80 and 95 kDa compared to blots probed with [32P]RII beta, suggesting that FSH may alter the subcellular location of PKA in an isoform-specific manner. FSH treatment causes a translocation of RII alpha from the particulate to the cytosolic fraction coincident with the induction of the 80-kDa AKAP, which is also predominately cytosolic. These data suggest that FSH promotes a redistribution of the type II PKA holoenzyme through the selective induction of an RII isoform-specific AKAP.
The actin gene family: Function follows isoform (2010)

Although actin is often thought of as a single protein, in mammals it actually consists of six different isoforms encoded by separate genes. Each isoform is remarkably similar to every other isoform, with only slight variations in amino acid sequence. Nevertheless, recent work indicates that actin isoforms carry out unique cellular functions. Here, we review evidence drawn from localization studies, mouse models, and biochemical characterization to suggest a model for how in vivo mixing of actin isoforms may influence cytoskeletal function in cells.
A nontumorigenic variant of FGF19 treats cholestatic liver diseases (2014)

Hepatic accumulation of bile acids is central to the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver diseases. Endocrine hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) may reduce hepatic bile acid levels through modulation of bile acid synthesis and prevent subsequent liver damage. However, FGF19 has also been implicated in hepatocellular carcinogenesis, and consequently, the potential risk from prolonged exposure to supraphysiological levels of the hormone represents a major hurdle for developing an FGF19-based therapy. We describe a nontumorigenic FGF19 variant, M70, which regulates bile acid metabolism and, through inhibition of bile acid synthesis and reduction of excess hepatic bile acid accumulation, protects mice from liver injury induced by either extrahepatic or intrahepatic cholestasis. Administration of M70 in healthy human volunteers potently reduces serum levels of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, a surrogate marker for the hepatic activity of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first and rate-limiting step in the classical bile acid synthetic pathway. This study provides direct evidence for the regulation of bile acid metabolism by FGF19 pathway in humans. On the basis of these results, the development of nontumorigenic FGF19 variants capable of modulating CYP7A1 expression represents an effective approach for the prevention and treatment of cholestatic liver diseases as well as potentially for other disorders associated with bile acid dysregulation.
GENETIC EVIDENCE FOR A PLEISTOCENE POPULATION EXPLOSION (1995)

Expansions of population size leave characteristic signatures in mitochondrial "mismatch distributions." Consequently, these distributions can inform us about the history of changes in population size. Here, I study a simple model of population history that assumes that, t generations before the present, a population grows (or shrinks) suddenly from female size N<sub>0</sub> to female size N<sub>1</sub> . Although this model is simple, it often provides an accurate description of data generated by complex population histories. I develop statistical methods that estimate θ<sub>0</sub> = 2uN<sub>0</sub> , θ<sub>1</sub> = 2uN<sub>1</sub> , and τ = 2ut (where u is the mutation rate), and place a confidence region around these estimates. These estimators are well behaved, and insensitive to simplifying assumptions. Finally, I apply these methods to published mitochondrial data, and infer that a major expansion of the human population occurred during the late Pleistocene.
Overview of SHVC: Scalable Extensions of the High Efficiency Video Coding Standard (2015)

This paper provides an overview of Scalable High efficiency Video Coding (SHVC), the scalable extensions of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, published in the second version of HEVC. In addition to the temporal scalability already provided by the first version of HEVC, SHVC further provides spatial, signal-to-noise ratio, bit depth, and color gamut scalability functionalities, as well as combinations of any of these. The SHVC architecture design enables SHVC implementations to be built using multiple repurposed single-layer HEVC codec cores, with the addition of interlayer reference picture processing modules. The general multilayer high-level syntax design common to all multilayer HEVC extensions, including SHVC, MV-HEVC, and 3D HEVC, is described. The interlayer reference picture processing modules, including texture and motion resampling and color mapping, are also described. Performance comparisons are provided for SHVC versus simulcast HEVC and versus the scalable video coding extension to H.264/advanced video coding.
Specific Chemopreventive Agents Trigger Proteasomal Degradation of G1 Cyclins: Implications for Combination Therapy (2004)

Specific chemopreventive agents activate cyclin proteolysis. Yet, broad resistance did not occur after acquired resistance to a single agent. This provides a therapeutic rationale for combination chemoprevention with agents activating non-cross-resistant pathways.
Progress in Vaccines Against Typhoid Fever (1989)

The widely available heat-phenol-inactivated whole cell typhoid vaccine, which provides approximately 65% protection, has limited usefulness because of the adverse reactions it evokes. In contrast, several new typhoid vaccines promise protection without reactogenicity. Attenuated oral vaccine Ty21a has been evaluated in three field trials of efficacy in Santiago, Chile, involving 530,000 schoolchildren. Three doses of Ty21a in an enteric-coated formulation given within one week provided 69% efficacy for at least four years. Fewer doses conferred less protection, while adding a fourth dose significantly enhanced protection; increasing the interval between doses did not improve protection. Large-scale vaccination with Ty21a appeared to cause a herd-immunity effect. Ty21a has reached the stage of being a practical tool for public health. With respect to other vaccines, the safety and immunogenicity of an auxotrophic (Aro-,Pur-) Salmonella typhi mutant (strain 541Ty) has recently been evaluated. Lastly, parenteral purified Vi polysaccharide of S. typhi was safe and immunogenic and provided 64%-72% protection (for at least 17-21 months) in controlled field trials in Nepal and South Africa.
Opiates, opioids and addiction. (1996)

Increasing our knowledge about the major addictive diseases, opiate and cocaine addiction and alcoholism, is of great importance from a public, as well as personal health perspective. Each disease is associated with profound and negative impacts on physical and mental health and also each has devastating social and economic consequences. Each of these addictive diseases has been associated with major infectious diseases including AIDS, hepatitis B, C, D and G, either through parenteral or sexual transmission. Since 1967, we have addressed the research question related to our early hypotheses on the development of an addiction, that atypical responsitivity to stress and stressors may play a central role in the acquisition and persistence of, and relapse to, drug abuse. We have been conducting studies both in humans and in animal models focused on the role of disruption of the stress responsive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in opiate addiction, cocaine dependency and alcoholism. We also have conducted studies of the role of the endogenous opioid system in modulation of this axis, as well as the interaction of the endogenous opioid system with the dopaminergic system and other neurotransmitter and neuropeptides related to the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse.
Putting Electrowetting to Work (2008)

Voltage pulses that cause changes in fluid shape or movement can be used to drive optical components and miniaturized assays.
A Nonparametric Approach to Pricing and Hedging Derivative Securities Via Learning Networks (1994)

Abstract We propose a nonparametric method for estimating the pricing formula of a derivative asset using learning networks. Although not a substitute for the more traditional arbitrage‐based pricing formulas, network‐pricing formulas may be more accurate and computationally more efficient alternatives when the underlying asset's price dynamics are unknown, or when the pricing equation associated with the no‐arbitrage condition cannot be solved analytically. To assess the potential value of network pricing formulas, we simulate Black‐Scholes option prices and show that learning networks can recover the Black‐Scholes formula from a two‐year training set of daily options prices, and that the resulting network formula can be used successfully to both price and delta‐hedge options out‐of‐sample. For comparison, we estimate models using four popular methods: ordinary least squares, radial basis function networks, multilayer perceptron networks, and projection pursuit. To illustrate the practical relevance of our network pricing approach, we apply it to the pricing and delta‐hedging of S&amp;P 500 futures options from 1987 to 1991.
ATP regulates the differentiation of mammalian skeletal muscle by activation of a P2X5 receptor on satellite cells (2002)

ATP is well known for its role as an intracellular energy source. However, there is increasing awareness of its role as an extracellular messenger molecule (Burnstock, 1997). Although evidence for the presence of receptors for extracellular ATP on skeletal myoblasts was first published in 1983 (Kolb and Wakelam), their physiological function has remained unclear. In this paper we used primary cultures of rat skeletal muscle satellite cells to investigate the role of purinergic signaling in muscle formation. Using immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR, and electrophysiology, we demonstrate that the ionotropic P2X5 receptor is present on satellite cells and that activation of a P2X receptor inhibits proliferation, stimulates expression of markers of muscle cell differentiation, including myogenin, p21, and myosin heavy chain, and increases the rate of myotube formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ATP application results in a significant and rapid increase in the phosphorylation of MAPKs, particularly p38, and that inhibition of p38 activity can prevent the effect of ATP on cell number. These results not only demonstrate the existence of a novel regulator of skeletal muscle differentiation, namely ATP, but also a new role for ionotropic P2X receptors in the control of cell fate.