gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Some New Tracers for Soil Water Studies (1984)

Abstract Six anions which showed potential as tracers of soil water movement were evaluated in laboratory and field experiments. The anions included iodide (I ‐ ), thiocyanate (SCN ‐ ), and four fluorobenzoates: m ‐(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid ( m ‐TFMBA), o ‐(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid ( o ‐TFMBA), pentafluorobenzoic acid (PFBA) and 2,6‐difluorobenzoic acid (2,6‐DFBA). The sorption and mobility characteristics of the six potential tracers were compared to those of bromide (Br ‐ ), which served as an index tracer in all experiments. Initial tracer concentrations ranged from 20 to 100 mg L −1 . The anions were quantified simultaneously in sub‐mL samples of soil solution using a high performance liquid chromatography technique. Batch equilibrations (28 d), and breakthrough curves (7 to 10 d) in a 2.5‐m column of loamy sand, under both ponded and trickle‐irrigated conditions, indicated that all the tracers except SCN ‐ were conservative and were not sorbed. SCN ‐ was not retarded in the column studies but did show a negative mass balance, most likely due to chemical and/or biological transformation. Distribution of a tracer solution applied to a field soil was monitored for 69 d in soil water from suction samplers (1.0‐ and 1.8‐m depth) and in extracts from core samples. SCN ‐ , I ‐ , and m ‐TFMBA showed reduced concentrations relative to Br ‐ at all sampling times and depths; o ‐TFMBA, PFBA, and 2,6‐DFBA had distributions similar to that of Br ‐ . These latter three fluorobenzoates show promise as laboratory and field tracers of soil water, particularly where multiple tracing tests or totally exotic tracers are required.
In Vitro Activities of the β-Lactamase Inhibitors Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam, and Tazobactam Alone or in Combination with β-Lactams against Epidemiologically Characterized Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Strains (2004)

Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen usually in the context of serious underlying disease. Multidrug resistance in these organisms is frequent. The beta-lactamase inhibitors clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam have intrinsic activity against Acinetobacter strains. To evaluate their potential therapeutic usefulness, we determined the in vitro activity of ampicillin, sulbactam, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefoperazone, cefoperazone-sulbactam, piperacillin, piperacillin-sulbactam, tazobactam, piperacillin-tazobactam, amoxicillin, clavulanic acid, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ticarcillin, and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii. All isolates were epidemiologically characterized by RAPD [random(ly) amplified polymorphic DNA] analysis and/or pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and represented different strain types, including sporadic strains, as well as outbreak-related strains. The MICs were determined by agar dilution on Mueller-Hinton agar (using fixed concentrations, as well as fixed ratios for beta-lactamase inhibitors) and the E-test. The majority of E-test results were within two dilutions of those recorded by agar dilution, with the exception of piperacillin-tazobactam. Sulbactam was superior to clavulanic acid and tazobactam and may represent an alternative treatment option for infections due to multiresistant A. baumannii strains. beta-Lactamase inhibitors have intrinsic activity but do not enhance activity of beta-lactams against A. baumannii. Testing with the inhibitor added at a fixed concentration as recommended for piperacillin-tazobactam and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards may falsely suggest high activity or gives uninterpretable results due to trailing. If combinations are used for testing, fixed ratios may give more useful results.
Solvent-free, direct printing of organic semiconductors in atmosphere (2010)

Additive, solvent-free printing of molecular organic semiconductors in ambient atmosphere is demonstrated, by evaporating organic source material into nitrogen carrier gas, collimating and impinging it onto a substrate where the organic molecules condense. A surrounding annular guard flow focuses the primary jet and shields it from contact with the ambient oxygen and moisture, enabling device-quality deposits. As an example, electroluminescence efficiency of organic light emitting devices (OLEDS) with emissive layers printed in air is shown to increase with guard flow rate, attaining parity with all-vacuum thermally evaporated OLEDs.
Application of negative ion MS/MS to the identification of N‐glycans released from carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) (2008)

Structures of N-glycans released from rat CEACAM1 expressed in human embryonic kidney cells were determined by MALDI and negative ion nanospray MS/MS techniques. The major carbohydrates were bi-, tri- and tetra-antennary complex glycans with and without sialic acid, fucose and bisecting GlcNAc residues. High-mannose glycans, predominantly Man(5)GlcNAc(2), were also found. The negative ion fragmentation technique easily identified the branching pattern of the triantennary glycans (mainly branched on the 6-antenna) and the presence of 'bisecting' GlcNAc residues (attached to the 4-position of the core mannose), features that are difficult to determine by traditional techniques. Sialic acids were in both alpha2-3 and alpha2-6 linkage as determined by MALDI-TOF MS following linkage-specific derivatization.
Ionic Electrets:  Electrostatic Charging of Surfaces by Transferring Mobile Ions upon Contact (2007)

This paper describes the fabrication and characterization of ionic electrets-materials that bear a long-lived electrostatic charge because of an imbalance between the number of cationic and anionic charges in the material. Crosslinked polystyrene microspheres that contain covalently bound ions and mobile counterions transfer some of their mobile ions in air, in the absence of bulk liquid, to another material upon contact. According to the ion-transfer model of contact electrification, this selective transfer of mobile ions yields microspheres that have a net electrostatic charge. A tool that operates on the principle of electrostatic induction measures the charge on individual microspheres (50-450 microm in diameter). Microspheres with a variety of covalently bound ionic functional groups (tetraalkylammonium, alkyltriphenylphosphonium, alkylsulfonate, and arylsulfonate) acquire charges consistent with this ion-transfer mechanism. The charge on a microsphere is proportional to its surface area (ca. 1 elementary charge per 2000 nm2) and close to the theoretical limit imposed by the dielectric breakdown of air. The charge density in an atmosphere of SF6 is more than twice that in an atmosphere of N2. These observations suggest that the charge density of these ionic electret microspheres is limited by the dielectric breakdown of the surrounding gas. Functionalizing the surfaces of glass or silicon with covalently bound ions and mobile counterions generates ionic electrets from these inorganic substrates. Soft lithography can pattern charge on a planar silicon surface (with oxide) and on the surface of 250-mum glass microspheres.
Wie wird der Kunde informiert? (1989)

Damit der Kunde, der sich für den Kauf von Investmentanteilen interessiert, möglichst viele kaufbeeinflussende Informationen bekommt, hat die Investmentgesellschaft — im Hinblick auf den Anlegerschutz — sehr weitreichende Publizitätspflichten zu erfüllen. So muß der Kunde beim Kauf von Investmentanteilen nachfolgende Unterlagen erhalten:
Mutational Analysis of Centromere DNA from Chromosome VI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1988)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae centromeres have a characteristic 120-base-pair region consisting of three distinct centromere DNA sequence elements (CDEI, CDEII, and CDEIII). We have generated a series of 26 CEN mutations in vitro (including 22 point mutations, 3 insertions, and 1 deletion) and tested their effects on mitotic chromosome segregation by using a new vector system. The yeast transformation vector pYCF5 was constructed to introduce wild-type and mutant CEN DNAs onto large, linear chromosome fragments which are mitotically stable and nonessential. Six point mutations in CDEI show increased rates of chromosome loss events per cell division of 2- to 10-fold. Twenty mutations in CDEIII exhibit chromosome loss rates that vary from wild type (10(-4)) to nonfunctional (greater than 10(-1)). These results directly identify nucleotides within CDEI and CDEIII that are required for the specification of a functional centromere and show that the degree of conservation of an individual base does not necessarily reflect its importance in mitotic CEN function.
The Development and Successful Field Use of Viscoelastic Surfactant-based Diverting Agents for Acid Stimulation (2003)

Abstract The success of a stimulation treatment or gravel packed completion is often dependent on the ability of the diverting agent to force the acid treatment into different portions of the reservoir. Diversion of acid treatments in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) have been predominately accomplished by using either foam, HEC, or particulate matters to "temporarily" block off the zones and force the acid elsewhere. Recently, viscoelastic surfactant based diverting agent has been successfully used in acid stimulation in GOM. The fluid generated its viscosity through the densely packed surfactant aggregations, called vesicles. Normally, densely packed conventional surfactant vesicles require high concentration of surfactant to generate adequate viscosity. A new fluid was developed by incorporating a polyelectrolyte with the surfactant to facilitate the vesicle formation, to reduce surfactant concentration and to enhance thermal stability of the fluid. The rheological properties of the fluid can be adjusted by fluid pH, surfactant concentration, and properties of polyelectrolyte and temperature. An internal breaker package was developed to break the surfactant gel and reduce the fluid viscosity to that of water at the desired time and temperature. This system does not require contact with formation fluids, brines, or acids for clean up to provide optimum production. The Core tests were performed and the results demonstrated that there is no formation damage observed in treated core. This paper describes the fluid properties at various pH's, surfactant and polyelectrolyte concentrations, temperatures, internal breaker loading, and salt concentrations along with two successful case histories.
Carboxy‐terminal truncated rhuIFN‐γ with a substitution of Gln133 or Ser132 to leucine leads to higher biological activity than in the wild type (1991)

The biological function of the 20 C-terminal amino acids of human interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was examined by recombinant DNA methodology. Six truncated IFN-gamma analogues were produced by modification of the 3' end of the coding sequence of the cloned gene, insertion into a vector with the trc promoter and expression of the recombinant IFN-gamma analogue genes in Escherichia coli strain JM 105. The IFN-gamma analogue proteins were shortened by 10 (C-10L), 11 (C-11, C-11L), 14 (C-14L), 19 (C-19L) and 20 (C-20) amino acid. Four of these constructs were modified to have a C-terminal leucine. The expression rates of precipitating IFN-gamma variants in E. coli cells (wild type, C-10L, C-11, C-11L) amount to 35-40% of the total protein, in contrast to 14-21% for the mainly soluble ones (C-14L, C-20). The variant C-19L has an exceptional position in its solubility behaviour with a nearly 1:1 distribution between its soluble and insoluble form by an expression rate of 8%. The purification protocol of the insoluble variants contains a denaturing and a renaturation step. The characteristic step for purification soluble IFN-gamma is HPLC cation-exchange chromatography. The antiviral activities of the variants lacking 14 or more amino acids are less than 2% of the wild-type activity. The variants C-10L, C-11 and C-11L show higher biological activities than wild-type IFN-gamma. The most active variant, C-10L, with leucine as the last C-terminal amino acid, has a fourfold higher specific antiviral activity (A549 cells, encephalomyocarditis virus). Removal, but not replacement of the leucine, represented by the variant C-11, reduces the biological activity compared with variant C-10L. The activity of C-11 is, nevertheless, higher than in the wild type. Comparing the secondary structures, as judged by CD analyses, no significant differences for C-10L, C-14L and C-20, compared with wild type, are observed. Also, all molecules, including the wild-type protein, exist as dimers under physiological conditions. There is a correlation between the grade of truncation and the pI values, which range from pI = 10.4 (wild type) to pI = 8.0 (C-20). The variant C-10L demonstrates a higher temperature stability (tm = 55 degrees C) compared with wild type (tm = 53 degrees C). Perhaps this higher stability will result in a longer half-life in vivo.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Thiazolidine-diones. Biochemical and biological activity of a novel class of tyrosine protein kinase inhibitors. (1990)

Various derivatives of thiazolidine-diones have been identified as tyrosine protein kinase inhibitors. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor kinase and c-src kinase were inhibited in vitro with IC50 values in the range of 1-7 microM. The v-abl tyrosine protein kinase was not inhibited by thiazolidine-diones. Inhibition was found to be specific for tyrosine protein kinases. Inhibition of serine/threonine protein kinases was not observed. The active derivatives were shown to inhibit EGF-induced receptor autophosphorylation, either in vitro or in intact cells, and were also found to inhibit growth of the EGF-dependent BALB/MK and A431 cell lines (IC50 1-3 microM). Growth of the interleukin-3-dependent myeloid cell line FDC-P1 was inhibited with equal efficiency. Thus, in these cell lines, members of the c-src kinase family are also potential targets for inhibition by the compounds.
Xwnt11is a target ofXenopusBrachyury: regulation of gastrulation movements via Dishevelled, but not through the canonical Wnt pathway (2000)

Gastrulation in the amphibian embryo is driven by cells of the mesoderm. One of the genes that confers mesodermal identity in Xenopus is Brachyury (Xbra), which is required for normal gastrulation movements and ultimately for posterior mesoderm and notochord differentiation in the development of all vertebrates. Xbra is a transcription activator, and interference with transcription activation leads to an inhibition of morphogenetic movements during gastrulation. To understand this process, we have screened for downstream target genes of Brachyury (Tada, M., Casey, E., Fairclough, L. and Smith, J. C. (1998) Development 125, 3997-4006). This approach has now allowed us to isolate Xwnt11, whose expression pattern is almost identical to that of Xbra at gastrula and early neurula stages. Activation of Xwnt11 is induced in an immediate-early fashion by Xbra and its expression in vivo is abolished by a dominant-interfering form of Xbra, Xbra-En(R). Overexpression of a dominant-negative form of Xwnt11, like overexpression of Xbra-En(R), inhibits convergent extension movements. This inhibition can be rescued by Dsh, a component of the Wnt signalling pathway and also by a truncated form of Dsh which cannot signal through the canonical Wnt pathway involving GSK-3 and (beta)-catenin. Together, our results suggest that the regulation of morphogenetic movements by Xwnt11 occurs through a pathway similar to that involved in planar polarity signalling in Drosophila.
A mm-Sized Implantable Medical Device (IMD) With Ultrasonic Power Transfer and a Hybrid Bi-Directional Data Link (2015)

A first proof-of-concept mm-sized implantable device using ultrasonic power transfer and a hybrid bi-directional data communication link is presented. Ultrasonic power transfer enables miniaturization of the implant and operation deep inside the body, while still achieving safe and high power levels (100 μW to a few mWs) required for most implant applications. The current implant prototype measures 4 mm ×7.8 mm and is comprised of a piezoelectric receiver, an IC designed in 65 nm CMOS process and an off-chip antenna. The IC can support a maximum DC load of 100 μW for an incident acoustic intensity that is ~ 5% of the FDA diagnostic limit. This demonstrates the feasibility of providing further higher available DC power, potentially opening up new implant applications. The proposed hybrid bi-directional data link consists of ultrasonic downlink and RF uplink. Falling edge of the ultrasound input is detected as downlink data. The implant transmits an ultra-wideband (UWB) pulse sequence as uplink data, demonstrating capability of implementing an energy-efficient M-ary PPM transmitter in the future.
Pharmacokinetics of diclofenac sodium in normal man. (2005)

Diclofenac sodium was administered as 50 mg tablets to four healthy male volunteers in a two-way randomized crossover study in which volunteers were either fasted or were given a standard breakfast immediately prior to dosing. Blood samples were obtained upto 9 hours period and drug concentration were determined by HPLC method. Besides a significantly delayed (at p > 0.1) peak in fed state; an increase in absorption rate constant was observed as the only significant (at p > 0.05) effect of food on biopharmaceutic characteristic of diclofenac sodium. However, the intrinsic absorption of diclofenac sodium is also fast and it is not being the rate limiting factor in the bioavailability of diclofenac sodium, its decrease upto about 18 minutes (0.31 +/- 0.05 hr) from 11 minutes (0.19 +/- 0.02 hr) produces a null difference as the net effect on bioavailability, particularly when the drug is to be used in multiple dosage regimen.
Vascular endothelial growth factor production by human luteinized granulosa cells in vitro (1997)

Vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) originating from the follicle or corpus luteum may be a physiological regulator of ovulation and neovascularization of luteinizing tissue, as well as a pathological factor in the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). The objective of this study was to quantify VEGF production by human luteinized granulosa cells in vitro and to determine if gonadotrophin stimulates VEGF production directly and/or indirectly via enhanced synthesis of progesterone. In study 1, luteinized granulosa cells collected from women undergoing ovarian stimulation for in-vitro fertilization were cultured in the presence and absence of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG; 100 ng/ml) and/or low density lipoprotein (LDL; 100 microg protein/ml). In study 2, the progesterone synthesis inhibitor trilostane (250 ng/ml) and/or a progesterone receptor antagonist ZK137.316 (3.2 microM) were also added. Medium was harvested on days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 of culture and assayed for VEGF and progesterone. Results of study 1 were divided into two categories based on control concentrations of VEGF on day 1: 'low producers' (n = 6; <750 pg VEGF/ml) and 'high producers' (n = 5; >1000 pg VEGF/ml; P < 0.01). VEGF concentrations in cultures of both low and high producers increased (P < 0.01) from day 1 to maximal values on day 3, then steadily declined through to day 9. Chronic exposure to LDL or HCG increased (P < 0.05) VEGF concentrations in cultures of low producers by day 3 and day 5 respectively. In contrast, LDL did not alter VEGF concentrations in cultures of high producers and HCG did not increase VEGF concentrations until day 7. Nevertheless, acute exposure to HCG beginning on day 7 increased (P < 0.05) VEGF concentrations 3-fold in cultures of low or high producers. In study 2, trilostane treatment decreased (P < 0.05) progesterone concentrations by 91% on day 1 of culture but had no effect on VEGF concentrations on any day. ZK137.316 alone or with trilostane did not affect VEGF synthesis. These results suggest that VEGF production by luteinized granulosa cells is enhanced by gonadotrophin (HCG) independent of gonadotrophin-stimulated progesterone synthesis. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the exacerbation of OHSS in early pregnancy is mediated by the CG stimulation of luteal VEGF production.
Increased Level of both CD4+FOXP3+ Regulatory T Cells and CD14+HLA-DR−/low Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Decreased Level of Dendritic Cells in Patients with Multiple Myeloma (2010)

Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) suffer from a general impaired immunity comprising deficiencies in humoral responses, T-cell responses as well as dendritic cell (DC) function. Thus, to achieve control of tumour growth through immune therapy constitutes a challenge. Careful evaluation of the immune status in patients with MM seems crucial prior to active immune therapy. We evaluated the proportion of both, DC, Treg cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in peripheral blood from patients with MM at diagnosis and in remission as well as patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). We found that the proportion of both myeloid (m) DC and plasmacytoid (p) DC in patients at diagnosis was lowered compared to control donors, while only the proportion of pDC in patients in remission and with MGUS was significantly lower than in controls. The proportion of CD4+FOXP3+ Treg cells was increased in patients at diagnosis and not in patients in remission or with MGUS. Also, Treg cells from patients with MM were functionally intact as they were able to inhibit proliferation of both CD4 and CD8 T cells. Finally, we observed an increase in the proportion of CD14+HLA-DR⁻/low MDSC in patients with MM at diagnosis, illustrating that this cell fraction is also distorted in patients with MM. Taken together, our results illustrate that, both mDC, pDC, Treg cells and MDSC are affected in patients with MM underlining the fact that the immune system is dysregulated as a consequence of the disease.
The COG database: an updated version includes eukaryotes (2003)

The updated collection of orthologous protein sets for prokaryotes and eukaryotes is expected to be a useful platform for functional annotation of newly sequenced genomes, including those of complex eukaryotes, and genome-wide evolutionary studies.
Transcription is associated with Z-DNA formation in metabolically active permeabilized mammalian cell nuclei. (1991)

Mammalian cells have been encapsulated in agarose microbeads, and from these cells metabolically active permeabilized nuclei were prepared. Previously, we showed that biotin-labeled monoclonal antibodies against Z-DNA can be diffused into the nuclei and, over a specific concentration range, they will bind to Z-DNA within the nucleus in a concentration-independent manner. By using radiolabeled streptavidin, we showed that the amount of Z-DNA antibody bound is related to the torsional strain of the DNA in the nucleus. Relaxation of the DNA results in a decrease of Z-DNA formation, whereas increasing torsional strain through inhibiting topoisomerase I results in increased Z-DNA formation. Here we measure the influence of RNA transcription and DNA replication. Transcription is associated with a substantial increase in the binding of anti-Z-DNA antibodies, paralleling the increased level of RNA synthesized as the level of ribonucleoside triphosphate in the medium is increased. DNA replication yields smaller increases in the binding of Z-DNA antibodies. Stopping RNA transcription with inhibitors results in a large loss of Z-DNA antibody binding, whereas only a small decrease is associated with inhibition of DNA replication.