gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymers from renewable resources: Bulk ATRP of fatty alcohol‐derived methacrylates (2008)

Abstract Copper‐mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of lauryl methacrylate (LMA) and other long‐chain methacrylates was investigated in bulk at 35 °C by using CuCl/ N , N , N′ , N′ , N′′ ‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)/tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat®336) as the catalyst system and ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate (EBIB) as the initiator. The investigated monomers can be derived from fatty alcohols and are therefore an important renewable resource for a sustainable development of our future. The amounts of ligand, Aliquat®336 and CuCl were optimized and the effect of their concentrations on the control of the polymerization and the observed conversions were investigated. It was found that a molar ratio of EBIB/CuCl/Ligand/Aliquat®336 of 1 : 1 : 3 : 1 provided the highest conversions of LMA and the best controlled polymerizations. These optimized conditions allowed for the synthesis of poly(lauryl methcarylate)s with different targeted DP (25, 50, 75, 100, 120, 240, and 500), including high‐molecular‐weight polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions. In addition, methacrylate monomers were prepared from fatty alcohols (capric, myristic, palmitic, stearic) and polymerized using the developed procedure to obtain polymers with the same DP and different chain lengths (C 10 , C 12 , C 14 , C 16 , and C 18 ) of pending alkyl groups. Finally, the thermal properties of these polymers were examined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis.
Computational Modeling and Psvchophysics in Low- and Mid-Level Vision (2014)

This thesis addresses a series of topics related to the question of how people find the foreground objects from complex scenes. With both computer vision modeling, as well as psychophysical analyses, we explore the computational principles for low- and mid-level vision. We first explore the computational methods of generating saliency maps from images and image sequences. We propose an extremely fast algorithm called Image Signature that detects the locations in the image that attract human eye gazes. With a series of experimental validations based on human behavioral data collected from various psychophysical experiments, we conclude that the Image Signature and its spatial-temporal extension, the Phase Discrepancy, are among the most accurate algorithms for saliency detection under various conditions. In the second part, we bridge the gap between fixation prediction and salient object segmentation with two efforts. First, we propose a new dataset that contains both fixation and object segmentation information. By simultaneously presenting the two types of human data in the same dataset, we are able to analyze their intrinsic connection, as well as understanding the drawbacks of today’s “standard” but inappropriately labeled salient object segmentation dataset. Second, we also propose an algorithm of salient object segmentation. Based on our novel discoveries on the connections of fixation data and salient object segmentation data, our model significantly outperforms all existing models on all 3 datasets with large margins. In the third part of the thesis, we discuss topics around the human factors of boundary analysis. Closely related to salient object segmentation, boundary analysis focuses on delimiting the local contours of an object. We identify the potential pitfalls of algorithm evaluation for the problem of boundary detection. Our analysis indicates that today’s popular boundary detection datasets contain significant level of noise, which may severely influence the benchmarking results. To give further insights on the labeling process, we propose a model to characterize the principles of the human factors during the labeling process. The analyses reported in this thesis offer new perspectives to a series of interrelating issues in low- and mid-level vision. It gives warning signs to some of today’s “standard” procedures, while proposing new directions to encourage future research.
Does the Immune System Naturally Protect Against Cancer? (2014)

The importance of the immune system in conferring protection against pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and parasitic worms is well established. In contrast, there is a long-lasting debate on whether cancer prevention is a primary function of the immune system. The concept of immunological surveillance of cancer was developed by Lewis Thomas and Frank Macfarlane Burnet more than fifty years ago. We are still lacking convincing data illustrating immunological eradication of precancerous lesions in vivo. Here, I present eight types of evidence in support of the cancer immunosurveillance hypothesis. First, primary immunodeficiency in mice and humans is associated with increased cancer risk. Second, organ transplant recipients, who are treated with immunosuppressive drugs, are more prone to cancer development. Third, acquired immunodeficiency due to infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) leads to elevated risk of cancer. Fourth, the quantity and quality of the immune cell infiltrate found in human primary tumors represent an independent prognostic factor for patient survival. Fifth, cancer cells harbor mutations in protein-coding genes that are specifically recognized by the adaptive immune system. Sixth, cancer cells selectively accumulate mutations to evade immune destruction (“immunoediting”). Seventh, lymphocytes bearing the NKG2D receptor are able to recognize and eliminate stressed premalignant cells. Eighth, a promising strategy to treat cancer consists in potentiating the naturally occurring immune response of the patient, through blockade of the immune checkpoint molecules CTLA-4, PD-1, or PD-L1. Thus, there are compelling pieces of evidence that a primary function of the immune system is to confer protection against cancer.
The physics of radiology (1974)

Authority, comprehensivity and a consummate manner of presentation have been hallmarks of The Physics of Radiology since it first saw publication some three decades past. This Fourth Edition adheres to that tradition but again updates the context. It thoroughly integrates ideas recently advanced and practices lately effected. Students and professionals alike will continue to view it, in essence, as the bible of radiological physics.
Anti‐microbial peptides: from invertebrates to vertebrates (2004)

Gene-encoded anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) are widespread in nature, as they are synthesized by microorganisms as well as by multicellular organisms from both the vegetal and the animal kingdoms. These naturally occurring AMPs form a first line of host defense against pathogens and are involved in innate immunity. Depending on their tissue distribution, AMPs ensure either a systemic or a local protection of the organism against environmental pathogens. They are classified into three major groups: (i) peptides with an alpha-helical conformation (insect cecropins, magainins, etc.), (ii) cyclic and open-ended cyclic peptides with pairs of cysteine residues (defensins, protegrin, etc.), and (iii) peptides with an over-representation of some amino acids (proline rich, histidine rich, etc.). Most AMPs display hydrophobic and cationic properties, have a molecular mass below 25-30 kDa, and adopt an amphipathic structure (alpha-helix, beta-hairpin-like beta-sheet, beta-sheet, or alpha-helix/beta-sheet mixed structures) that is believed to be essential to their anti-microbial action. Interestingly, in recent years, a series of novel AMPs have been discovered as processed forms of large proteins. Despite the extreme diversity in their primary and secondary structures, all natural AMPs have the in vitro particularity to affect a large number of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, yeast, virus, etc.) with identical or complementary activity spectra. This review focuses on AMPs forming alpha-helices, beta-hairpin-like beta-sheets, beta-sheets, or alpha-helix/beta-sheet mixed structures from invertebrate and vertebrate origins. These molecules show some promise for therapeutic use.
Plagiarism in Philosophy (2004)

[Introduction]
Plagiarism more common than thought in student essays’ would
make a good headline. Recent research suggests that students
admit to much more plagiarism and other forms of cheating than
teachers generally suspect, and it is widely believed that the problem is
increasing as a result of the internet. The solution is to use a range of
techniques to get the thought back into student essay writing, and to take
more active steps to spot when this has not happened.
Factor XDebrecen: Gly204Arg mutation in factor X causes the synthesis of a non-secretable protein and severe factor X deficiency (2008)

Due to a homozygous Gly204Arg mutation in the factor X (FX) gene no detectable FX antigen was found in the plasma of a one-year old patient with severe bleeding diathesis. The amino acid replacement destabilized the disulfide bond that holds the two FX chains together, decreasing the interaction between the Cys201-Cys206 loop region and the region connecting the EGF2 and serine protease domains. Both Gly204 FX and Arg204 FX were synthesized in transfected cells, but only the wild type protein became secreted. The mutant protein was diverted from the normal secretory pathway and retained at the trans Golgi-late endosome level.
Abatement of NOx Emitted from Stationary Sources by Selective Catalytic Redaction (SCR) Processes (1993)

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) process is recognized as the most effective method to control NOx emissions from stationary power plants and utility boilers. Effect of reaction temperature, catalyst loading, MH{3}, O{2}, and SO{2} concentration, space velocity, sulfate ions, and alkali metals on the catalytic activity of NO reduction with NH{3}, are thoroughly investigated in this paper.
Gene knockout mice establish a primary protective role for major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted responses in Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection (1995)

Mice with disrupted beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m-/-), I-A (class II-/-), or CD4 (CD4-/-) genes were examined for their capacity to resolve Chlamydia trachomatis genital tract infection. C57BL/6 and beta 2m-/- mice resolved infection similarly and were culture negative by 4 to 5 weeks following infection. Conversely, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-/- mice failed to resolve infection, and CD4-/- mice showed a significant delay (2 weeks). Secondary challenge of C57BL/6, beta 2m-/-, and CD4-/- mice established that acquired protective immunity, which was characterized by an infection of shortened duration and reduced shedding of infectious organisms, developed. Serological analysis of C57BL/6 and beta 2m-/- mice by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays revealed no striking differences in the immunoglobulin subclass specificity of the anti-Chlamydia response, although some differences were observed in the magnitude of the immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) and IgG2b responses. Class II-/- mice produced lower-titered serum anti-Chlamydia antibodies of all isotypes. The serum antibody responses of CD4-/- mice were similar to those of C57BL/6 mice, except that the anti-Chlamydia IgA response was delayed by approximately 3 weeks. Analysis of vaginal washes for Chlamydia-reactive antibodies revealed the presence of IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgA in C57BL/6 and beta 2m-/- mice and primarily of IgA in CD4-/- mice. Vaginal washes from class II-/- mice were consistently antibody negative. Interestingly, the Chlamydia-specific IgA response in the vaginal washes of CD4-/- mice was delayed, but its appearance coincided with decreased shedding of infectious organisms and resolution of infection. Our results demonstrate that MHC class II-restricted T-cell responses are necessary for the development of protective immunity to Chlamydia genital tract infection and that local (vaginal) anti-Chlamydia IgA antibody coincides with the resolution of infection. A substantive role for MHC class I-restricted T-cell responses in protective immunity to Chlamydia genital tract infection was not confirmed.
The study of the wheeled anti-lock hydraulic brake (2010)

Adopting the mechanism of transient working system, the article studies the brake and steady installment of the mine belt conveyor - the wheeled anti-lock hydraulic brake. Using the PLC, software and switch sensor, the installment can make the loose brake process safe and controllable, the supervisory system consisted of the speed sensor and PLC can make the brake control the band brake time automatically according to the belt conveyor's motor speed, and so can brake reliably when belt speed closes to zero, this control mode reduces the mechanical impact of the brake process and cann't make the brake process appearance smoke and spark. The results of the experiment study shows that the wheeled anti-lock hydraulic brake can achieve the functions of on-line real-time loose braking and steady band brake with high reliability.
A Boost of BMP4 Accelerates the Commitment of Human Embryonic Stem Cells to the Endothelial Lineage (2009)

Embryoid bodies (EBs) generated during differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) contain vascular-like structures, suggesting that commitment of mesoderm progenitors into endothelial cells occurs spontaneously. We showed that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), an inducer of mesoderm, accelerates the peak expression of CD133/kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) and CD144/KDR. Because the CD133(+)KDR(+) population could represent endothelial progenitors, we sorted them at day 7 and cultured them in endothelial medium. These cells were, however, unable to differentiate into endothelial cells. Under standard conditions, the CD144(+)KDR(+) population represents up to 10% of the total cells at day 12. In culture, these cells, if sorted, give rise to a homogeneous population with a morphology typical of endothelial cells and express endothelial markers. These endothelial cells derived from the day 12 sorted population were functional, as assessed by different in vitro assays. When EBs were stimulated by BMP4, the CD144(+)KDR(+) peak was shifted to day 7. Most of these cells, however, were CD31(-), becoming CD31(+) in culture. They then expressed von Willebrand factor and were functional. This suggests that, initially, the BMP4-boosted day 7, CD144(+)KDR(+)CD31(-) population represents immature endothelial cells that differentiate into mature endothelial cells in culture. The expression of OCT3/4, a marker of immaturity for hESCs decreases during EB differentiation, decreasing faster following BMP4 induction. We also show that BMP4 inhibits the global expression of GATA2 and RUNX1, two transcription factors involved in hemangioblast formation, at day 7 and day 12.
Effects of video information on preoperative anxiety level and tolerability of joint lavage in knee osteoarthritis (2002)

This prospective, controlled, randomized study confirms the usefulness of video information prior to an invasive rheumatology procedure.
A new locus for non-syndromal, autosomal recessive, sensorineural hearing loss (DFNB16) maps to human chromosome 15q21-q22. (1997)

Non-syndromal, recessive deafness (NSRD) is the most common form of inherited deafness or hearing impairment in humans. NSRD is genetically heterogeneous and it has been estimated that as many as 35 different loci may be involved. We report the mapping of a novel locus for autosomal recessive, non-syndromal deafness (DFNB16) in three consanguineous families originating from Pakistan and the Middle East. Using multipoint analysis (HOMOZ/MAPMAKER) a maximum combined lod score of 6.5 was obtained for the interval D15S1039-D15S123. Recombination events and haplotype analysis define a 12-14 cM critical region between the markers D15S1039 and D15S155 on chromosome 15q15-q21.
Negative pH Does Exist (2006)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetterNEXTNegative pH Does ExistKieran F. Lim View Author Information School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, AustraliaCite this: J. Chem. Educ. 2006, 83, 10, 1465Publication Date (Web):October 1, 2006Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 October 2006Published inissue 1 October 2006https://doi.org/10.1021/ed083p1465RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views66717Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (84 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Laser Linewidth Limitations for Optical Systems with High-Order Modulation Employing Feed Forward Digital Carrier Phase Estimation (2008)

Laser linewidth requirements for optical systems with homodyne detection and feed forward digital phase estimation are determined by extensive Monte Carlo simulations, and shown to be a stringent limitation for high-order modulation formats.
Eugene – A Domain Specific Language for Specifying and Constraining Synthetic Biological Parts, Devices, and Systems (2011)

Eugene is intended for forward engineering of DNA-based devices, and through its data types and execution semantics, reflects the desired abstraction hierarchy in synthetic biology. Eugene provides a powerful constraint system which can be used to drive the creation of new devices at runtime. It accomplishes all of this while being part of a larger tool chain which includes support for design, simulation, and physical device assembly.
Gastrointestinal endoscopy in a low budget context: delegating EGD to non-physician clinicians in Malawi can be feasible and safe (2011)

Gastrointestinal endoscopy is rarely performed in low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa. One reason is the lack of available medical doctors and specialists in these countries. At Zomba Central Hospital in Malawi, clinical officers (non-physician clinicians with 4 years of formal training) were trained in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Prospectively recorded details of 1732 consecutive esophagogastroduodenoscopies (EGDs) performed between September 2001 and August 2010 were analyzed to evaluate whether upper gastrointestinal endoscopy can be performed safely and accurately by clinical officers. A total of 1059 (61.1%) EGDs were performed by clinical officers alone and 673 (38.9%) were carried out with a medical doctor present who performed or assisted in the procedure. Failure and complication rates were similar in both groups (P=0.105). Endoscopic diagnoses for frequent indications were generally evenly distributed across the two groups. The main difference was a higher proportion of normal findings and a lower proportion of esophagitis in the group with a doctor present, although this was significant only in patients who had presented with epigastric/abdominal pain (P<0.001). In conclusion, delegating upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to clinical officers can be feasible and safe in a setting with a shortage of medical doctors when adequate training and supervision are provided.
A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study of Lamotrigine Monotherapy in Outpatients With Bipolar I Depression (1999)

Lamotrigine monotherapy is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for bipolar depression.
Functional molecular complexes of human N-formyl chemoattractant receptors and actin. (1993)

When human neutrophils become desensitized to formyl peptide chemoattractants, the receptors (FPR) for these peptides are converted to a high affinity, GTP-insensitive form that is associated with the Triton X-100-insoluble membrane skeleton from surface membrane domains. These domains are actin and fodrin-rich, but G protein-depleted suggesting that FPR shuttling between G protein-enriched and depleted domains may control signal transduction. To determine the molecular basis for FPR interaction with the membrane skeleton, neutrophil subcellular fractions were screened for molecules that could bind photoaffinity-radioiodinated FPR solubilized in Triton X-100. These receptors showed a propensity to bind to a 41- to 43-kDa protein band on nitrocellulose overlays of SDS-PAGE-separated cytosol and plasma membrane fractions of neutrophils. This binding, as well as FPR binding to purified neutrophil actin, was inhibited 50% by 0.6 microM free neutrophil cytosolic actin. Addition of greater than 1 microM G-actin to crude or lectin-purified Triton X-100 extracts of FPR from neutrophil membranes increased the sedimentation rate of a significant fraction of FPR two to three fold as measured by velocity sedimentation in Triton X-100-containing linear sucrose density gradients. Addition of anti-actin antibodies to FPR extracts caused a concentration-dependent immunoprecipitation of at least 65% of the FPR. More than 40% of the immunoprecipitated FPR was specifically retained on protein A affinity matrices. Membrane actin was stabilized to alkaline washing when membranes were photoaffinity labeled. Conversely, when purified neutrophil cytosolic actin was added to membranes or their digitonin extracts, after prior depletion of actin by an alkaline membrane wash, photoaffinity labeling of FPR was increased two- to fourfold with an EC50 of approximately 0.1 microM actin. We conclude that FPR from human neutrophils may interact with actin in membranes to form Triton X-100-stable physical complexes. These complexes can accept additional G-actin monomers to form higher order molecular complexes. Formation of FPR-actin complexes in the neutrophil may play a role in the regulation of chemoattractant-induced activation or actin polymerization.
Molecular recognition by circular oligonucleotides. Strong binding of single-stranded DNA and RNA (1991)

Pyrimidine-rich circular DNA oligonucleotides <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> display very high binding affinities for complementary DNA and RNA oligomers by forming bimolecular triple helical complexes.
A Combined Approach of Sensor Data Fusion and Multivariate Geostatistics for Delineation of Homogeneous Zones in an Agricultural Field (2017)

To assess spatial variability at the very fine scale required by Precision Agriculture, different proximal and remote sensors have been used. They provide large amounts and different types of data which need to be combined. An integrated approach, using multivariate geostatistical data-fusion techniques and multi-source geophysical sensor data to determine simple summary scale-dependent indices, is described here. These indices can be used to delineate management zones to be submitted to differential management. Such a data fusion approach with geophysical sensors was applied in a soil of an agronomic field cropped with tomato. The synthetic regionalized factors determined, contributed to split the 3D edaphic environment into two main horizontal structures with different hydraulic properties and to disclose two main horizons in the 0-1.0-m depth with a discontinuity probably occurring between 0.40 m and 0.70 m. Comparing this partition with the soil properties measured with a shallow sampling, it was possible to verify the coherence in the topsoil between the dielectric properties and other properties more directly related to agronomic management. These results confirm the advantages of using proximal sensing as a preliminary step in the application of site-specific management. Combining disparate spatial data (data fusion) is not at all a naive problem and novel and powerful methods need to be developed.