gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cell-specific posttranslational events affect functional expression at the plasma membrane but not tetrodotoxin sensitivity of the rat brain IIA sodium channel alpha-subunit expressed in mammalian cells (1992)

The rat brain IIA Na+ channel alpha-subunit was expressed and studied in mammalian cells. Cells were infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus (VV) carrying the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase gene and were transfected with cDNA encoding the IIA Na+ channel alpha-subunit under control of a T7 promoter. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording showed that functional IIA channels were expressed efficiently (approximately 10 channels/microns2 in approximately 60% of cells) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes but were expressed poorly in undifferentiated BC3H1 cells and failed to express in Ltk- cells. However, voltage-dependent Drosophila Shaker H4 K+ channels and Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase were expressed efficiently in all four cell types with VV vectors. Because RNA synthesis probably occurs without major differences in the cytoplasm of all infected cell types under the control of the T7 promoter and T7 polymerase, we conclude that cell type-specific expression of the Na+ channel probably reflects differences at posttranslational steps. The gating properties of the IIA Na+ currents expressed in cardiac myocytes differed from those expressed in CHO cells; most noticeably, the IIA Na+ currents displayed more rapid macroscopic inactivation when expressed in cardiac myocytes. These differences also suggest cell-specific posttranslational modifications. IIA channels were blocked by approximately 90% by 90 nM TTX when expressed either in CHO cells or in cardiac myocytes; the latter also continued to display endogenous TTX-resistant Na+ currents. Therefore, the TTX binding site of the channel is not affected by cell-specific modifications and is encoded by the primary amino acid sequence.
Ischemia- and reperfusion-sensitive cardiac sympathetic afferents: influence of H2O2 and hydroxyl radicals (1995)

Activation of cardiac sympathetic afferents leads to excitatory cardiovascular reflexes and pain during myocardial ischemia. We hypothesized that cardiac sympathetic afferents are activated by reactive oxygen species produced during ischemia and reperfusion. Single-unit nerve activity of 55 afferents was recorded from the left paravertebral sympathetic chain (T1-T4) in cats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose. Receptive fields of all afferents were located on the right or left ventricle. Mechanical and chemical sensitivities of each afferent ending were evaluated by von Frey hairs, cardiac distension, and local application of bradykinin (BK, 142 pmol) or H2O2 (7.5-15 mumol) to the receptive field. Thirty-one afferents (56%) were responsive to bradykinin (BK), H2O2, and ischemia (2 or 10 min). Deferoxamine (Def, 10-100 mg/kg), dimethylthiourea (DMTU, 10-100 mg/kg), or iron-loaded Def (10 mg/kg) were employed to evaluate the role of H2O2 and hydroxyl radicals (.OH) in activating these afferents (10A delta and 21C fibers) during ischemia and reperfusion. Treatment with the nonspecific scavenger DMTU (n = 10) significantly diminished the increase in discharge activity evoked by ischemia and reperfusion. Treatment with Def also significantly attenuated the responses during ischemia and reperfusion. Thus reactive oxygen species, particularly .OH, activate a group of cardiac sympathetic A delta- and C-fiber afferents during myocardial ischemia and reperfusion and may play an important role in mediating cardiovascular sympathetic reflex responses and/or pain transmission.
Lithium and Deuterium NMR Studies of Acid-Leached Layered Lithium Manganese Oxides (2002)

6Li and 2H MAS NMR in conjunction with X-ray diffraction is used to study the acid leaching of the layered Mn(IV) compound Li2MnO3 (i.e., Li[Li0.33Mn0.67]O2). Lithium NMR shows that the lithium ions are progressively removed from the lithium layers during leaching, the reduction in lithium content in the layers correlating directly with the concentration of a new local environment for lithium that contains both manganese ions and protons in the first cation coordination sphere. The composition of these samples may be written as H1-xLix[Li0.33Mn0.67]O2, indicating that H+/Li+ ion exchange has occurred. 2H MAS NMR shows unequivocally that deuterons are present in these structures, following leaching in D2SO4/D2O. X-ray diffraction confirms that leaching is associated with the shearing of the oxygen layers to form a structure with an AABBCC stacking sequence of the oxygen layers. This stacking sequence is also found in isostructural compound HCrO2. The hydrogen bonding between the oxygen layers is proposed to provide the driving force for oxygen shearing so as to minimize the O−O distances between the “AA”, “BB”, and “CC” layers to generate stronger hydrogen bonding. Li+/H+ ion exchange is also accompanied by the loss of Li2O from the structure, which is more pronounced for Li2MnO3 samples calcined for shorter times. These samples can be cycled as positive electrodes (versus Li), providing capacities of more than 150 mA h g-1.
Coexpression of Genetically Engineered 3-Ketoacyl-ACP Synthase III ( fabH ) and Polyhydroxyalkanoate Synthase ( phaC ) Genes Leads to Short-Chain-Length-Medium-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoate Copolymer Production from Glucose in Escherichia coli JM109 (2004)

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) can be divided into three main types based on the sizes of the monomers incorporated into the polymer. Short-chain-length (SCL) PHAs consist of monomer units of C3 to C5, medium-chain-length (MCL) PHAs consist of monomer units of C6 to C14, and SCL-MCL PHAs consist of monomers ranging in size from C4 to C14. Although previous studies using recombinant Escherichia coli have shown that either SCL or MCL PHA polymers could be produced from glucose, this study presents the first evidence that an SCL-MCL PHA copolymer can be made from glucose in recombinant E. coli. The 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III gene (fabH) from E. coli was modified by saturation point mutagenesis at the codon encoding amino acid 87 of the FabH protein sequence, and the resulting plasmids were cotransformed with either the pAPAC plasmid, which harbors the Aeromonas caviae PHA synthase gene (phaC), or the pPPAC plasmid, which harbors the Pseudomonas sp. strain 61-3 PHA synthase gene (phaC1), and the abilities of these strains to accumulate PHA from glucose were assessed. It was found that overexpression of several of the mutant fabH genes enabled recombinant E. coli to induce the production of monomers of C4 to C10 and subsequently to produce unusual PHA copolymers containing SCL and MCL units. The results indicate that the composition of PHA copolymers may be controlled by the monomer-supplying enzyme and further reinforce the idea that fatty acid biosynthesis may be used to supply monomers for PHA production.
637. The stability of transition-metal complexes (1953)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
Expression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence Genes Requires Cell-to-Cell Communication (1993)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that causes a variety of infections in immunocompromised hosts and individuals with cystic fibrosis. Expression of elastase, one of the virulence factors produced by this organism, requires the transcriptional activator LasR. Experiments with gene fusions show that gene lasl is essential for high expression of elastase. The lasl gene is involved in the synthesis of a diffusible molecule termed Pseudomonas autoinducer (PAI). PAI provides P. aeruginosa with a means of cell-to-cell communication that is required for the expression of virulence genes and may provide a target for therapeutic approaches.
Scandium‐Catalyzed Silylation of Aromatic CH Bonds (2011)

Regioselective, hydrogen-acceptor-free CH bond silylation of anisoles or alkoxy-substituted benzenes with hydrosilanes was achieved by use of a half-sandwich scandium catalyst. The reaction proceeds through ortho-CH activation of an anisole compound by a scandium hydride species followed by the silylation of the resulting scandium 2-anisyl species with a hydrosilane (see scheme). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Antibody-Targeted Immunoliposomes for Cancer Treatment (2013)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or their derivatives are often used as the targeted ligands in the ligand targeted liposomes (LTLs). LTLs modified with mAbs or their derivatives are defined as immunoliposomes. Immunoliposomes can be designed to improve the pharmacological properties of conventional drugs. The development of immunoliposomes, which perfectly combines antibody engineering and liposomes, is becoming a possible state-of-the-art in liposome research. This review discusses the recent characterization and therapeutic effects of immunoliposomes in cancer therapy. The recent advances in the field of immunoliposomes for the treatment of cancer are summarized as follows: antibody engineering, current antibody conjugation strategies, characterization and therapeutic effects of immunoliposomes and the future perspective of immunoliposomes. Although antibody targeted immunoliposomes are being developed rapidly, there has been still a number of hot spots in research that require sustained effort for success. It is reasonable to predict that immunoliposomes will be approved for clinic use, and patients will benefit much from this cancer targeted therapy.
Über die Reduktion substituierter Cyanessigsäure‐äthylester (Reduktionen mit LiALH4 VIII. Mitteil. (1954)

Abstract Es wird die Reduktion einiger mono‐ bzw. disubstituierter Cyanessigsäure‐äthylester zu den entsprechenden Aminoalkoholen beschrieben und dargelegt, daβ auch die aliphatisch gebundene Carbäthoxy‐Gruppe wie die Keto‐Gruppe bei einigen der angeführten Derivate einer vollständigen Reduktion zu der Methyl‐ bzw. Methylen‐Gruppe unter relativ einfachen Bedingungen unterliegen kann, und daβ bei der Reduktion aliphatischer Nitrile auch sekundäre Amine entstehen können.
Neural Mechanisms of Tactual form and Texture Perception (1992)

In the last decade or so, there has been rapid movement toward the use of more complex stimuli in the study of perceptual function related to the hand. This review has focused on the neural mechanisms of form and texture perception. Evidence from neurophysiological and psychophysical studies in which static touch, scanning touch, and the Optacon were used indicate that the spatial acuity of the RA system may be as much as three times poorer than the SAI system, evidence that suggests that form perception is dominated by the SAI system. Pattern recognition behavior in a tactual letter recognition task appears to be directly related to the response properties of SAI afferent fibers. Psychophysical studies of roughness perception show that roughness magnitude is related to surface structure in an orderly manner. Because roughness varies along an intensive continuum, mean impulse rate in one or more of the afferent systems is the most obvious coding possibility. No satisfactory relationship between mean impulse rate and roughness has been observed, however. The strongest hypothesis is that tactual roughness perception is based on spatial variation in the SAI population response. The combined evidence from studies reviewed here suggests complementary roles for each of the afferent systems, which are presented as working hypotheses: The SAI system is the primary spatial system and is responsible for tactual form and roughness perception when the fingers contact a surface directly and for the perception of external events through the distribution of forces across the skin surface. The PC system is responsible for the perception of external events that are manifested through transmitted high-frequency vibrations of the kind that are critical in the use of objects as tools. The RA system is responsible for the detection and representation of localized movement between skin and a surface as well as for surface form and texture when surface variation is too small to activate the SAI afferents effectively.
Neurostimulation for Primary Headache Disorders, Part 1: Pathophysiology and Anatomy, History of Neuromodulation in Headache Treatment, and Review of Peripheral Neuromodulation in Primary Headaches (2011)

Neurostimulation for primary headaches is being increasingly utilized as a treatment modality. Use of neuromoduation has generated multiple case reports as well as some controlled studies. This article is the first of 2 systematic reviews of available data regarding neurostimulation for primary headache conditions. The pathophysiology, relative anatomy, theoretical mechanisms, and history of neurostimulation for primary headache are covered in this section, Part 1 of 2. The literature regarding peripheral neurostimulatory targets is also reviewed in Part 1. These peripheral targets include: percutaneous nerves, transcranial holocephalic, occipital nerves, auriculotemporal nerves, supraorbital nerves, cervical epidural, and sphenopalatine ganglia. Part 2 will focus on central stimulation, covering vagus nerve, and deep brain stimulation. Part 2 also contains an overall analysis of efficacy, safety, cost, patient selection, and suggestions for further study based on available evidence.
Molecular aspects of legume seed storage protein synthesis (1982)

The seed proteins of crop plants will provide an ever‐increasing proportion of protein in the human diet in the future. Research is currently under way with a variety of crop plants to try to identify the molecular mechanisms that regulate the production of seed proteins. This review, however, will be limited to studies of soybean (Glycine max) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). The accumulation of storage proteins during seed maturation, the characteristics of the different proteins, and the results of studies of the messenger RNAs encoding the seed proteins have revealed a number of similarities as well as differences between common beans and soybeans. Ongoing research in the isolation and characterization of the genes encoding the seed proteins will provide the much needed background to further explore the molecular mechanisms that regulate the synthesis of these proteins.
Plant Body Weight-Induced Secondary Growth in Arabidopsis and Its Transcription Phenotype Revealed by Whole-Transcriptome Profiling (2004)

Wood is an important raw material and environmentally cost-effective renewable source of energy. However, the molecular biology of wood formation (i.e. secondary growth) is surprisingly understudied. A novel experimental system was employed to study the molecular regulation of secondary xylem formation in Arabidopsis. First, we demonstrate that the weight carried by the stem is a primary signal for the induction of cambium differentiation and the plant hormone, auxin, is a downstream carrier of the signal for this process. We used Arabidopsis whole-transcriptome (23 K) GeneChip analysis to examine gene expression profile changes in the inflorescent stems treated for wood formation by cultural manipulation or artificial weight application. Many of the genes up-regulated in wood-forming stems had auxin responsive cis-acting elements in their promoter region, indicating auxin-mediated regulation of secondary growth. We identified 700 genes that were differentially expressed during the transition from primary growth to secondary growth. More than 40% of the genes that were up-regulated (>5x) were associated with signal transduction and transcriptional regulation. Biological significance of these regulatory genes is discussed in light of the induction and development of secondary xylem.
Selection of chemically defined media for CHO cell fed-batch culture processes (2016)

Two CHO cell clones derived from the same parental CHO<sup>BC®</sup> cell line and producing the same monoclonal antibody (BC-G, a low producing clone; BC-P, a high producing clone) were tested in four basal media in all possible combinations with three feeds (=12 conditions) in fed-batch cultures. Higher amino acid feeding did not always lead to higher mAb production. The two clones showed differences in cell physiology, metabolism and optimal medium-feed combinations. During the phase transitions of all cultures, cell metabolism showed a shift represented by lower specific consumption and production rates, except for the specific glucose consumption rate in cultures fed by Actifeed A/B. The BC-P clone fed by Actifeed A/B showed a threefold cell volume increase and an increase of the specific consumption rate of glucose in the stationary phase. Since feeding was based on glucose this resulted in accumulation of amino acids for this feed, while this did not occur for the poorer feed (EFA/B). The same feed also led to an increase of cell size for the BC-G clone, but to a lesser extent.
Combined Use of the JAK3 Inhibitor CP-690,550 with Mycophenolate Mofetil to Prevent Kidney Allograft Rejection in Nonhuman Primates (2005)

Addition of CP-690,550 to MMF significantly improved allograft survival. The observed side effects appear amenable to improvements upon alteration of dosing strategies. Efficacy of this combination regimen suggests that it could become the backbone of calcineurin inhibitor-free regimens.
On the existence and physical meaning of the Zenneck wave (2009)

The physical meaning of the Zenneck wave is discussed. It is pointed out that the full spectra of the modal basis functions that we know to exist do not feature such a wave. Aspects concerning setup requirements for proof-of-concept experiments are addressed.
Guest Editorial: Interactive Picture Information Systems Where From? Where To? (1983)

The system concept and technology threads which are being woven together to yield the interactive picture information systems of today have evolved over many years. The first part of this paper looks at the current systems called, generically, TELETEXT and VIDEOTEX. It then traces major threads in the evolution of these and some extended systems and presents some interesting, and, undoubtedly in some instances, some surprising historical background. The final part gives an overview of the contributed papers of this special issue and some editorial comments.
Versatile Assays for High Throughput Screening for Activators or Inhibitors of Intracellular Proteases and Their Cellular Regulators (2009)

Altogether, the yeast-based systems described here for monitoring activity of ectopically expressed mammalian proteases provide a fascile platform for functional genomics and chemical library screening.
Evidence-Based Approach to Management of Fever in Patients with End-Stage Dementia (2003)

Alzheimer's dementia and related dementias are incurable illnesses for which curative treatment currently does not exist, and the efficacy of remittive treatment is extremely limited. Persons with advanced dementia commonly develop fever and are at high risk for death. We preformed a systematic review of outcome following fever in patients with advanced Alzheimer's dementia and developed evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of fever in this population of patients. We use a case example to illustrate our discussion.
Mechanisms of neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (2001)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common variant of motor neurone disease affecting adults that usually strikes during mid to late life. Its aetiology is still poorly understood, although a major breakthrough came with the discovery that mutations in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene affect approximately 20% of patients with familial ALS. Experiments using both transgenic mice and ALS tissues have been useful in delineating other genetic defects in ALS. However, because only a subset of cases can be attributed to one particular molecular defect (such as mutation of SOD1 or the gene encoding neurofilament H), the aetiology of ALS is likely to be multifactorial. This review discusses the major mechanisms of neurodegeneration in ALS, such as oxidative stress, glutaminergic excitotoxicity, damage to vital organelles, and aberrant protein aggregation.
Distribution of Tight Junction Proteins in Adult Human Salivary Glands (2008)

Tight junctions (TJs) are an essential structure of fluid-secreting cells, such as those in salivary glands. Three major families of integral membrane proteins have been identified as components of the TJ: claudins, occludin, and junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs), plus the cytosolic protein zonula occludens (ZO). We have been working to develop an orally implantable artificial salivary gland that would be suitable for treating patients lacking salivary parenchymal tissue. To date, little is known about the distribution of TJ proteins in adult human salivary cells and thus what key molecular components might be desirable for the cellular component of an artificial salivary gland device. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the distribution of TJ proteins in human salivary glands. Salivary gland samples were obtained from 10 patients. Frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections were stained using IHC methods. Claudin-1 was expressed in ductal, endothelial, and approximately 25% of serous cells. Claudins-2, -3, and -4 and JAM-A were expressed in both ductal and acinar cells, whereas claudin-5 was expressed only in endothelial cells. Occludin and ZO-1 were expressed in acinar, ductal, and endothelial cells. These results provide new information on TJ proteins in two major human salivary glands and should serve as a reference for future studies to assess the presence of appropriate TJ proteins in a tissue-engineered human salivary gland.
Biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis: Making it personal (2010)

Effective treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been hampered by the heterogeneity of the disease. Although early intervention can result in disease remission, it requires early diagnosis - and current diagnostic tests are not sufficiently accurate or sensitive in the early stages of RA. As a result, RA is typically diagnosed only once damage to the joints has already begun, a time at which the window for optimal treatment may have been missed. Furthermore, a significant proportion of RA patients do not respond to any given therapeutic. Research efforts are increasingly focused on discovery of biomarkers that enable early diagnosis and stratification of RA, and thus the implementation of timely, targeted therapy. Biomarkers have the potential to transform the management of RA by enabling not only early diagnosis, but also assessment and prediction of disease severity, selection of therapy, and monitoring of response to therapy. In this mini review, we discuss the development of molecular biomarkers for RA.