gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Construction of a Defective Retrovirus Containing the Human Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase cDNA and its Expression in Cultured Cells and Mouse Bone Marrow (1987)

Defective ecotropic and amphotropic retroviral vectors containing the cDNA for human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) were developed for efficient gene transfer and high-level cellular expression of HPRT. Helper cell clones which produced a high viral titer were generated by a simplified method which minimizes cell culture. We used the pZIP-NeoSV(X) vector containing a human hprt cDNA. Viral titers (1 X 10(3) to 5 X 10(4)/ml) of defective SVX HPRT B, a vector containing both the hprt and neo genes, were increased 3- to 10-fold by cocultivation of the ecotropic psi 2 and amphotropic PA-12 helper cells. Higher viral titers (8 X 10(5) to 7.5 X 10(6] were obtained when nonproducer NIH 3T3 cells or psi 2 cells carrying a single copy of SVX HPRT B were either transfected or infected by Moloney leukemia virus. The SVX HPRT B defective virus partially corrected the HPRT deficiency (4 to 56% of normal) of cultured rodent and human Lesch-Nyhan cells. However, instability of HPRT expression was detected in several infected clones. In these unstable variants, both retention and loss of the SVX HPRT B sequences were observed. In the former category, cells which became HPRT- (6-thioguanine resistant [6TGr]) also became G418s, indicative of a cis-acting down regulation of expression. Both hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine resistance (HATr) and G418r could be regained by counterselection in hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine. In vitro mouse bone marrow experiments indicated low-level expression of the neo gene in in vitro CFU assays. Individual CFU were isolated and pooled, and the human hprt gene was shown to be expressed. These studies demonstrated the applicability of vectors like SVX HPRT B for high-titer production of defective retroviruses required for hematopoietic gene transfer and expression.
Expression of the multidrug resistance‐associated protein (MRP) mRNA and protein in normal peripheral blood and bone marrow haemopoietic cells (1996)

We studied the expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) in normal haemopoietic cells from peripheral blood and bone marrow. The MRP mRNA levels were estimated by RT/PCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) assay, and the protein levels by flow cytometry. 21 samples of peripheral blood and 21 samples of bone marrow (11 normal bone marrow donors, 10 patients in complete remission after chemotherapy for large cell lymphoma or acute myeloid leukaemia) were analysed. In peripheral blood the mean MRP mRNA level in CD3+ cells was statistically higher than in the other cells (3-fold by the methods used). The levels of MRP in CD3+ varied from one individual to another (4.5-34.8 units by RT/PCR and 5-23 grains/cell by ISH); however, this was proportional to the variation in all the cell lineages of same individual (r = 0.84). In bone marrow the mean MRP levels of the various cell lineages (including CD34+) were similar to the basal level in HL60 cells. Individual expression levels were again variable; however, there was no difference between untreated normal bone marrow and post chemotherapy normal bone marrow. MRP protein expression was determined by flow cytometry with the monoclonal antibody MRPm6. The CD4+ lymphocytes exhibited a higher MRP protein expression than the other cell lineages, including CD8+ cells. There was a good correlation between the three methods used (RT/PCR and ISH, P = 0.0001, r = 0.87; RT/PCR and flow cytometry, P = 0.0001, r = 0.85; ISH and flow cytometry, P = 0.002, r = 0.67).
Coherent laser addition using binary phase gratings (1987)

Binary phase diffraction gratings are shown to couple light coherently from a laser array into a single on-axis beam. The diffraction grating, designed to split a single beam into a specific number of equal intensity diffraction orders, is placed inside the cavity formed by the laser array and a common output mirror. The grating superimposes the light beams from the lasers in the array and produces a far-field pattern with the same divergence as that of a single laser. Six GaAlAs lasers from an antireflection-coated linear array were combined with a coupling efficiency of 68.4%. The far field of the combined GaAlAs lasers consisted of a single on-axis Gaussian beam.
Trichorzins HA and MA, Antibiotic Peptides from Trichoderma harzianum. I. Fermentation, Isolation and Biological Properties. (1995)

Trichorzins HA and MA, original 18-residue peptides, were isolated from two strains of the widespread soil fungus Trichoderma harzianum which have been shown to exhibit antibiotic activity against phytopathogenic fungi. These linear peptides belonging to the peptaibol class are biosynthesized as a complex of closely related analogues. Nine major pure peptides, six trichorzins HA and three trichorzins MA, were isolated by reversed-phase HPLC. The isolated peptides exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus and increased the membrane permeability of egg phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol (7/3) liposomes, as measured by monitoring leakage kinetics of a fluorescent probe. Structure-activity relationships were deduced from the antibiotic and membrane-modifying properties.
Protein Conformational Misfolding and Amyloid Formation: Characteristics of a New Class of Disorders that Include Alzheimers and Prion Diseases (2002)

The accumulation of proteinaceous deposits has been recognised to occur in several neurodegenerative conditions including Prion diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Over the last two decades interest in these conditions has increased markedly, fueled partially by an increasing prevalence of these diseases in the Western world. Evidence indicates that anomalous protein misfolding and aggregation, with an accompanying "toxic gain of function" is central to the neuropathogenesis of these diseases. An increased understanding of the similarities and differences in the production, aggregation and accumulation of the respective proteins involved in these diseases, and the associated mechanisms of neurodegeneration, should aid in the development of new therapeutic agents to treat this group of related disorders.
Nanoneedle: A multifunctional tool for biological studies in living cells (2009)

Studying biology in living cells is methodologically challenging but highly beneficial. Recent advances in nanobiotechnology offer exciting new opportunities to address this challenge. The nanoneedle technology, as an emerging technology that uses a cell membrane-penetrating nanoneedle to probe and manipulate biological processes in living cells, is expected to play an important role in this endeavor. Here we review the recent development and future direction of the nanoneedle technology for biological studies in living cells. The nanoneedle technology is shown to be powerful and versatile, and can offer numerous new ways to explore biological processes and biophysical properties of living cells with high spatial and temporal precision potentially reaching molecular resolution.
Daptomycin compared with teicoplanin and vancomycin for therapy of experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis (1990)

The efficacies of daptomycin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin were compared in the therapy of experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Rabbits infected with either of two methicillin-susceptible strains (SA-12871 or its moderately teicoplanin-resistant derivative SA-12873) or a methicillin-resistant S. aureus strain (MRSA-494) were treated with daptomycin, 8 mg/kg of body weight, every 8 h; teicoplanin, 12.5 mg/kg (low-dose teicoplanin [teicoplanin-LD], excluding MRSA-494) or 40 mg/kg (high-dose teicoplanin [teicoplanin-HD]) every 12 h; or vancomycin, 17.5 mg/kg every 6 h, for 4 days. Compared with no treatment daptomycin, teicoplamin-HD, and vancomycin significantly reduced bacterial counts of all test strains in vegetations and renal and splenic tissues (P less than 0.001). Teicoplanin-LD was equally effective against SA-12871 but failed against SA-12873, with three of six animals still being bacteremic at the end of therapy. For SA-12871, daptomycin was as effective as teicoplanin-HD and was superior to teicoplanin-LD and vancomycin (P = 0.02) in lowering vegetation bacterial counts. There were no differences between daptomycin, teicoplanin-HD, or vancomycin in the reduction of bacterial counts in tissues for any of the test strains. In rabbits infected with SA-12871, vegetations from 33% of teicoplanin-LD-treated, 6% of teicoplanin-HD-treated, and 13% of daptomycin-treated animals yielded organisms for which there were up to eightfold increases in the MICs. Resistance may have contributed to early death in one daptomycin-treated animal. No increases in the MICs for the test strain were detected in animals infected with SA-12873 or MRSA-494. We conclude that in this model and against these strains of S. aureus, daptomycin and teicoplanin-HD are as efficacious as vancomycin, but diminished susceptibility to both can develop during therapy.
Characterization of the stable maintenance properties of the par region of broad-host-range plasmid RK2 (1996)

A 3.2-kb fragment encoding five genes, parCBA/DE, in two divergently transcribed operons promotes stable maintenance of the replicon of the broad-host-range plasmid RK2 in a vector-independent manner in Escherichia coli. The parDE operon has been shown to contribute to stabilization through the postsegregational killing of plasmid-free daughter cells, while the parCBA operon encodes a resolvase, ParA, that mediates the resolution of plasmid multimers through site-specific recombination. To date, evidence indicates that multimer resolution alone does not play a significant role in RK2 stable maintenance by the parCBA operon in E. coli. It has been proposed, instead, that the parCBA region encodes an additional stability mechanism, a partition system, that ensures that each daughter cell receives a plasmid copy at cell division. However, studies carried out to date have not directly determined the plasmid stabilization activity of the parCBA operon alone. An assessment was made of the relative contributions of postsegregational killing (parDE) and the putative partitioning system (parCBA) to the stabilization of mini-RK2 replicons in E. coli. Mini-RK2 replicons carrying either the entire 3.2-kb (parCBA/DE) fragment or the 2.3-kb parCBA region alone were found to be stably maintained in two E. coli strains tested. The stabilization found is not due to resolution of multimers. The stabilizing effectiveness of parCBA was substantially reduced when the plasmid copy number was lowered, as in the case of E. coli cells carrying a temperature-sensitive mini-RK2 replicon grown at a nonpermissive temperature. The presence of the entire 3.2-kb region effectively stabilized the replicon, however, under both low- and high-copy-number-conditions. In those instances of decreased plasmid copy number, the postsegregational killing activity, encoded by parDE, either as part of the 3.2-kb fragment or alone played the major role in the stabilization of mini-RK2 replicons within the growing bacterial population. Our findings indicate that the parCBA operon functions to stabilize by a mechanism other than cell killing and resolution of plasmid multimers, while the parDE operon functions solely to stabilize plasmids by cell killing. The relative contribution of each system to stabilization depends on plasmid copy number and the particular E. coli host.
Anti‐idiotypic protein domains selected from protein A‐based affibody libraries (2002)

Three pairs of small protein domains showing binding behavior in analogy with anti-idiotypic antibodies have been selected using phage display technology. From an affibody protein library constructed by combinatorial variegation of the Fc binding surface of the 58 residue staphylococcal protein A (SPA)-derived domain Z, affibody variants have been selected to the parental SPA scaffold and to two earlier identified SPA-derived affibodies. One selected affibody (Z(SPA-1)) was shown to recognize each of the five domains of wild-type SPA with dissociation constants (K(D)) in the micromolar range. The binding of the Z(SPA-1) affibody to its parental structure was shown to involve the Fc binding site of SPA, while the Fab-binding site was not involved. Similarly, affibodies showing anti-idiotypic binding characteristics were also obtained when affibodies previously selected for binding to Taq DNA polymerase and human IgA, respectively, were used as targets for selections. The potential applications for these types of affinity pairs were exemplified by one-step protein recovery using affinity chromatography employing the specific interactions between the respective protein pair members. These experiments included the purification of the Z(SPA-1) affibody from a total Escherichia coli cell lysate using protein A-Sepharose, suggesting that this protein A/antiprotein A affinity pair could provide a basis for novel affinity gene fusion systems. The use of this type of small, robust, and easily expressed anti-idiotypic affibody pair for affinity technology applications, including self-assembled protein networks, is discussed.
SYNTHETIC MELANOTROPIC PEPTIDE INITIATES ERECTIONS IN MEN WITH PSYCHOGENIC ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION: DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO CONTROLLED CROSSOVER STUDY (1998)

Melanotan-II is a potent initiator of erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction and has manageable side effects at a dose of 0.025 mg./kg.
STFT Phase Retrieval: Uniqueness Guarantees and Recovery Algorithms (2016)

The problem of recovering a signal from its Fourier magnitude is of paramount importance in various fields of engineering and applied physics. Due to the absence of Fourier phase information, some form of additional information is required in order to be able to uniquely, efficiently, and robustly identify the underlying signal. Inspired by practical methods in optical imaging, we consider the problem of signal reconstruction from the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) magnitude. We first develop conditions under, which the STFT magnitude is an almost surely unique signal representation. We then consider a semidefinite relaxation-based algorithm (STliFT) and provide recovery guarantees. Numerical simulations complement our theoretical analysis and provide directions for future work.
Effect of neuraminidase treatment of cells and effect of soluble glycoproteins on type 3 reovirus attachment to murine L cells (1985)

The effect of pretreatment of murine L cells with bacterial neuraminidases on type 3 reovirus attachment was examined. We observed that such treatments resulted in a 60 to 80% decrease of subsequent attachment of 35S-labeled type 3 reovirus in a time- and dose-dependent manner. This result was specific for removal of cell surface sialic acid residues since the specific neuraminidase inhibitor 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-n-acetyl neuraminic acid completely prevented the observed effect. Although the total amount of radiolabeled virus bound to neuraminidase-treated cells was greatly reduced, unlabeled reovirus competed only slightly less efficiently for the attachment of 35S-labeled reovirus to neuraminidase-treated versus mock-treated L cells, suggesting that the specificity of the virus interaction with cellular receptor sites was only slightly diminished. Saturation experiments with mock-treated cells or with cells treated with Vibrio cholerae or with V. cholerae plus Arthrobacter ureafaciens neuraminidases indicated that the number of specific cellular receptor sites for type 3 reovirus were reduced by about 47%. We determined that under the neuraminidase digestion conditions used in this experiment we were able to remove a maximum 75% of the total N-acetylneuraminic acid of L cells. Our results also demonstrated that glycoproteins bearing a large amount of sialic acid containing oligosaccharides as well as purified N-acetylneuraminic acid, N-glycolylneuraminic acid, and N-acetylneuraminyl lactose were inhibitors of attachment, while proteins containing no sialic acid or negligible amounts of sialic acid did not inhibit attachment. High concentrations of various monosaccharides and lactose had no effect on reovirus attachment, in agreement with the recent results of Armstrong and his collaborators (Armstrong et al., Virology, 138:37-48, 1984). These data are also supported by the observation that gangliosides are inhibitors of viral attachment (Armstrong et al., Virology, 138:37-48, 1984). Taken together, our results suggest that cell surface sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates are involved in type 3 reovirus binding to murine L cells.
Trade-offs in routing private multicast traffic (2002)

Multicast is a convenient and important mode of communication in internetworks, and there has been a number of studies on efficient routing of multicast traffic. In particular, simulation has been performed to evaluate the tradeoffs between source-specific trees and shared trees, and between various routing algorithms. We show that the consideration of security brings a new set of tradeoffs in routing private multicast traffic. We describe these trade-offs between security, trust, knowledge of group membership and of topology, types of multicast tree, bandwidth consumption, and latency. We propose four methods to improve efficiency: message pruning, message reprocessing, hot-start authentication, and continuous authentication. This study of new trade-offs helps in choosing the appropriate multicast strategies for specific applications.
Effectiveness of Antipsychotic Drugs in Patients with Chronic Schizophrenia (2005)

The majority of patients in each group discontinued their assigned treatment owing to inefficacy or intolerable side effects or for other reasons. Olanzapine was the most effective in terms of the rates of discontinuation, and the efficacy of the conventional antipsychotic agent perphenazine appeared similar to that of quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone. Olanzapine was associated with greater weight gain and increases in measures of glucose and lipid metabolism.
Identification of pl85 neu Sequences Required for Monoclonal Antibody- or Ligand-Mediated Receptor Signal Attenuation (1997)

Anti-p185neu antibodies downmodulate constitutively active p185neu receptors from the cell surface, which is associated with a reduction in the transformed phenotype. We have analyzed a group of mutant p185neu forms with carboxyl (C)-terminal truncations and/or an internal deletion of amino acids 1008-1057. Receptor endocytosis and degradation were examined by flow cytometric analysis and pulse-chase assays following anti-p185neu monoclonal antibody (MAb) treatment. Deletion of a sequence within the distal carboxyl terminus, including three known autophosphorylation sites, did not affect MAb-mediated receptor surface downmodulation and degradation of surface receptor. However, kinase-active deletion mutants with elimination of the putative internalization sequence (Tint delta), or Tint delta mutants also containing a large C-terminal truncation, displayed markedly impaired receptor endocytosis in response to MAb treatment. Cells expressing endocytosis-defective mutant proteins became insensitive to anti-p185neu MAb-mediated inhibition of anchorage-independent growth and were more oncogenic in vivo. Cells expressing endocytosis-defective mutant EGFR/neu chimeric proteins were more transforming upon EGF addition when compared to cells expressing wild-type EGFR/neu receptors. Taken together, these data suggest that, in addition to kinase activity, p185neu receptor endocytosis requires a functional modular structure, i.e., an internalization sequence, possibly to serve as target for endocytotic adapter proteins. Unattenuated signaling from oncogenic p185neu forms resulting from prolonged surface localization may result in enhanced cellular transformation and desensitization to MAb-mediated downregulation and phenotypic reversion.
Ab initiostudy of native defects in SiC nanotubes (2006)

Spin-polarized density functional theory is used to investigate the electronic and structural properties of vacancies and antisites in zigzag, armchair, and chiral SiC nanotubes. Antisites present lower formation energies compared to vacancies, introducing an empty electronic level close to the bottom of the conduction band for both cases ${\mathrm{Si}}_{\mathrm{C}}$ and ${\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{Si}}$. A carbon vacancy introduces a pair of electronic levels (bonding and antibonding) within the band gap. A silicon vacancy presents the highest formation energy and introduces one occupied level (spin up) resonant within the valence band and three nearly degenerate spin-polarized levels, one for spin up and two for spin down, within the nanotube band gap.
Pulsatile growth hormone secretion in normal man during a continuous 24-hour infusion of human growth hormone releasing factor (1-40). Evidence for intermittent somatostatin secretion. (1985)

Growth hormone (GH) secretory patterns were studied in a patient with ectopic growth hormone releasing factor (GRF) secretion and in normal men given continuous infusions of human growth hormone releasing factor (1-40)-OH (hGRF-40). In the patient with ectopic GRF secretion, GH secretion was pulsatile despite continuously elevated immunoreactive GRF levels. To determine if pulsatile GH secretion is maintained in normal subjects, we administered to six healthy young men vehicle or hGRF-40, 2 ng/kg per min, for 24 h and gave a supramaximal intravenous bolus dose of hGRF-40, 3.3 micrograms/kg, after 23.5 h of infusion. hGRF-40 infusion resulted in greater GH secretion than did vehicle infusion and pulsatile GH secretion was maintained throughout hGRF-40 infusion. During the 23.5 h of vehicle infusion, total GH secretion (microgram; mean +/- SEM) was 634 +/- 151 compared with 1,576 +/- 284 during hGRF-40 infusion (P = 0.042). The GH response to the intravenous bolus of hGRF-40 was greater after vehicle infusion than after hGRF-40 infusion; 877 +/- 170 and 386 +/- 125 micrograms of GH was secreted after the bolus on vehicle and hGRF-40 days, respectively (P = 0.015). The total amount of GH secreted during the 25.5 h of the two study days was not different; 1,504 +/- 260 and 1,952 +/- 383 micrograms were secreted during vehicle and hGRF-40 days, respectively (P = 0.36). Not only was pulsatile GH secretion maintained during hGRF-40 infusion, but there was augmentation of naturally occurring GH pulses, which is in contrast to the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone on gonadotropin secretion. We suggest that GH pulses are a result of GRF secretion that is associated with a diminution or withdrawal of somatostatin secretion.
Microfluidic platforms for lab-on-a-chip applications (2007)

We review microfluidic platforms that enable the miniaturization, integration and automation of biochemical assays. Nowadays nearly an unmanageable variety of alternative approaches exists that can do this in principle. Here we focus on those kinds of platforms only that allow performance of a set of microfluidic functions--defined as microfluidic unit operations-which can be easily combined within a well defined and consistent fabrication technology to implement application specific biochemical assays in an easy, flexible and ideally monolithically way. The microfluidic platforms discussed in the following are capillary test strips, also known as lateral flow assays, the "microfluidic large scale integration" approach, centrifugal microfluidics, the electrokinetic platform, pressure driven droplet based microfluidics, electrowetting based microfluidics, SAW driven microfluidics and, last but not least, "free scalable non-contact dispensing". The microfluidic unit operations discussed within those platforms are fluid transport, metering, mixing, switching, incubation, separation, droplet formation, droplet splitting, nL and pL dispensing, and detection.