gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The theory of thermodynamic-acoustoelastic stress gauge (1996)

Combining the thermodynamics at finite deformation with the acoustoelasticity of a specimen, which is initially stressed in three principal directions and subsequently subjected to finite uniaxial loading, we present the methods of constructing an absolute stress (or force) gauge that may be used to determine residual stresses and serve as an alternative to dead weight for calibration of load cells. Formulas for the effective Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, both evaluated at a current stress level, are derived in terms of thermodynamic elastic coefficients and stresses, which are generally equal to the initial stresses plus applied stresses. It is shown that the effective adiabatic Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio can be obtained from relevant wave speeds measured in various directions. The true principal stress under uniaxial loading can be calculated, if one measures directly the dimensional changes in three principal directions and relevant wave speeds in various directions and makes use of the adiabatic-isothermal conversion of the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. If the applied stress is measured the initial or residual stress can be calculated. One the other hand, if the initial stresses are zero and the applied stress is unknown, one can calculate the applied stress, which may be used to calibrate a load cell in a wide range of forces exceeding 1000 tons.
A vesicle bioreactor as a step toward an artificial cell assembly (2004)

An Escherichia coli cell-free expression system is encapsulated in a phospholipid vesicle to build a cell-like bioreactor. Large unilamellar vesicles containing extracts are produced in an oil-extract emulsion. To form a bilayer the vesicles are transferred into a feeding solution that contains ribonucleotides and amino acids. Transcription-translation of plasmid genes is isolated in the vesicles. Whereas in bulk solution expression of enhanced GFP stops after 2 h, inside the vesicle permeability of the membrane to the feeding solution prolongs the expression for up to 5 h. To solve the energy and material limitations and increase the capacity of the reactor, the alpha-hemolysin pore protein from Staphylococcus aureus is expressed inside the vesicle to create a selective permeability for nutrients. The reactor can then sustain expression for up to 4 days with a protein production of 30 muM after 4 days. Oxygen diffusion and osmotic pressure are critical parameters to maintain expression and avoid vesicle burst.
Unbiased Examination of Changes in Plasma Membrane Proteins in Drug Resistant Cancer Cells (2005)

In this study, an unbiased examination is made of the abundance changes between proteins found in the basolateral plasma membranes of a drug susceptible parental MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and a cell line selected from the parent line for resistance to the anticancer drug mitoxantrone. Plasma membrane proteins were differentially labeled metabolically, enriched using the colloidal silica pellicle method, and characterized by tandem mass spectrometry. Fifteen proteins were identified with significant (>2) changes, including receptors, adhesion proteins, proteins involved in amino acid uptake, and proteins involved in glucose uptake. From 40 mug of membrane proteins, 3227 unique peptides and 540 proteins were identified.
Sensitivity of grating couplers as integrated-optical chemical sensors (1989)

Grating couplers on planar waveguides can be used as integrated-optical sensors responding to (1) changes in the refractive index of a liquid sample covering the waveguide (differential refractometer) and (2) the adsorption and desorption, respectively, of molecules out of a gaseous or liquid sample on the waveguide (gas or chemical sensor). A theory of the sensor sensitivities is developed; conditions for the waveguide parameters in order to obtain high sensitivities are derived. It is shown that effects (1) and (2) can be distinguished by measurements of the effective index changes of both the TE0 and the TM0 modes. In the analysis both nonporous and microporous waveguiding films are considered.
BDNF enhances the differentiation but not the survival of CNS stem cell- derived neuronal precursors (1995)

We have previously reported the isolation of an EGF-responsive precursor from the embryonic and adult mouse striatum. This precursor exhibits self renewal and the ability to produce a sphere of undifferentiated cells which can be induced to differentiate into neurons and glia. RT-PCR analysis of these spheres of undifferentiated cells revealed the expression of mRNA for the trkB neurotrophin receptor, both with and without the catalytic domain, and little or no expression of trkA or trkC. We examined the actions of BDNF on the fate of EGF-generated neural precursors. Ten days after a one-time exposure to BDNF, single EGF-generated spheres showed a twofold increase in neuron number and a marked enhancement in neurite outgrowth. Examination of neuronal nuclei with immunochemical probes for c-fos and bromodeoxyuridine revealed that the actions of BDNF were directly upon neuronal cells and did not involve division of neuronal precursors. The twofold increase in neuronal number due to BDNF, observed after 10 d in vitro, was significantly reduced after 21 d in vitro and was not apparent at 27 d in vitro. Quantitative analyses revealed that while repeated application of BDNF did not prevent the loss of neuron number over time, it did result in a significant increase in neurite numbers. Moreover, delayed addition of BDNF mimicked the increase in neuronal numbers seen when BDNF was present throughout. These BDNF actions did not appear to involve the enhancement of a novel neuronal phenotype, with all effects being due to increase in the numbers and neurite outgrowth of neurons that colocalize GABA and substance P. These findings suggest that BDNF markedly enhances the antigenic and morphologic differentiation of EGF-generated neuronal precursors. BDNF alone does not appear to act as a survival factor for neuronal precursors nor is it sufficient for preventing their death over time.
The Requirement of the Glutamic Acid Residue at the Third Position from the Carboxyl Termini of the Laminin γ Chains in Integrin Binding by Laminins (2007)

Laminins are the major cell-adhesive proteins in the basement membrane, consisting of three subunits termed alpha, beta, and gamma. The putative binding site for integrins has been mapped to the G domain of the alpha chain, although trimerization with beta and gamma chains is necessary for the G domain to exert its integrin binding activity. The mechanism underlying the requirement of beta and gamma chains in integrin binding by laminins remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the C-terminal region of the gamma chain is involved in modulation of the integrin binding activity of laminins. We found that deletion of the C-terminal three but not two amino acids within the gamma1 chain completely abrogated the integrin binding activity of laminin-511. Furthermore, substitution of Gln for Glu-1607, the amino acid residue at the third position from the C terminus of the gamma1 chain, also abolished the integrin binding activity, underscoring the role of Glu-1607 in integrin binding by the laminin. We also found that the conserved Glu residue of the gamma2 chain is necessary for integrin binding by laminin-332, suggesting that the same mechanism operates in the modulation of the integrin binding activity of laminins containing either gamma1 or gamma2 chains. However, the peptide segment modeled after the C-terminal region of gamma1 chain was incapable of either binding to integrin or inhibiting integrin binding by laminin-511, making it unlikely that the Glu residue is directly recognized by integrin. These results, together, indicate a novel mechanism operating in ligand recognition by laminin binding integrins.
Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor and Psychiatric Disorders: Functional and Behavioral Effects of Nicotine (2002)

Both retrospective and prospective clinical studies have demonstrated positive associations of smoking with psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, depression and anxiety. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) belong to a family of ligand-gated ion channels that are widely distributed in the brain. The pre-synaptically located nAChR, which are composed of alpha3 or alpha4 subunits in combination with beta2 subunit on axon terminals, modulate the multiple transmission release. Several studies indicated which individual nicotinic receptor subtype is responsible for mediating each of the behavioral effects of nicotine. A reduced number of alpha7 nicotinic receptor subtypes in the hippocampus were reported in schizophrenic patients. In addition, it was assumed that nicotine provided useful therapeutic treatment for a variety of cognitive impairments including those found in Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactive disorder. Both alpha7 and alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptors in the hippocampus are involved in these phenomena. In the genetic depressive rats, nicotine showed antidepressant-like effects in forced swim models of depression, suggesting the involvement of alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor in this phenomenon. Thus, it appears likely that pre-synaptic nAChR on monoaminergic fibers are composed of alpha3 or alpha4 subunits in combination with the beta2 subunit, and these subunit compositions mediate dopaminergic and noradrenergic release, and glutamate is mainly controlled by the alpha7 subunit. All these findings suggest that nicotine and other nicotinic drugs warrant further study for possible clinical prescription to psychiatric disorders.
Benzene‐Free Synthesis of Adipic Acid (2002)

Strains of Escherichia coli were constructed and evaluated that synthesized cis,cis-muconic acid from D-glucose under fed-batch fermentor conditions. Chemical hydrogenation of the cis,cis-muconic acid in the resulting fermentation broth has also been examined. Biocatalytic synthesis of adipic acid from glucose eliminates two environmental concerns characteristic of industrial adipic acid manufacture: use of carcinogenic benzene and benzene-derived chemicals as feedstocks and generation of nitrous oxide as a byproduct of a nitric acid catalyzed oxidation. While alternative catalytic syntheses that eliminate the use of nitric acid have been developed, most continue to rely on petroleum-derived benzene as the ultimate feedstock. In this study, E. coli WN1/pWN2.248 was developed that synthesized 36.8 g/L of cis,cis-muconic acid in 22% (mol/mol) yield from glucose after 48 h of culturing under fed-batch fermentor conditions. Optimization of microbial cis,cis-muconic acid synthesis required expression of three enzymes not typically found in E. coli. Two copies of the Klebsiella pneumoniae aroZ gene encoding DHS dehydratase were inserted into the E. coli chromosome, while the K. pneumoniae aroY gene encoding PCA decarboxylase and the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus catA gene encoding catechol 1,2-dioxygenase were expressed from an extrachromosomal plasmid. After fed-batch culturing of WN1/pWN2.248 was complete, the cells were removed from the broth, which was treated with activated charcoal and subsequently filtered to remove soluble protein. Hydrogenation of the resulting solution with 10% Pt on carbon (5% mol/mol) at 3400 kPa of H2 pressure for 2.5 h at ambient temperature afforded a 97% (mol/mol) conversion of cis,cis-muconic acid into adipic acid.
Cell Receptor Specific Targeted Toxins: Genetic Construction and Characterization of an Interleukin 2 Diphtheria Toxin-Related Fusion Protein (1988)

We have genetically replaced the diphtheria toxin receptor binding domain with a DNA insert encoding the T-cell growth factor interleukin-2 (IL-2). The toxin-related IL-2 fusion gene encodes a 70,586 dalton protein, pro-IL-2-toxin. The mature form of IL-2-toxin is exported to the periplasmic space of recombinant Escherichia coli and has a molecular weight of 68,086. IL-2-toxin has been partially purified from periplasmic extracts of recombinant E. coli, and it is shown to contain immunologic determinants intrinsic to both its diphtheria toxin and IL-2 components. The chimeric toxin is targeted toward IL-2 receptor bearing T-cells in vitro.
The bHLH GeneHes1as a Repressor of the Neuronal Commitment of CNS Stem Cells (2000)

Hes1 is one of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that regulate mammalian CNS development, and its loss- and gain-of-function phenotypes indicate that it negatively regulates neuronal differentiation. Here we report that Hes1(-/-) mice expressed both early (TuJ1 and Hu) and late (MAP2 and Neurofilament) neuronal markers prematurely, and that there were approximately twice the normal number of neurons in the Hes1(-/-) brain during early neural development. However, immunochemical analyses of sections and dissociated cells using neural progenitor markers, including nestin, failed to detect any changes in Hes1(-/-) progenitor population. Therefore, further characterization of neural progenitor cells that discriminated between multipotent and monopotent cells was performed using two culture methods, low-density culture, and a neurosphere assay. We demonstrate that the self-renewal activity of multipotent progenitor cells was reduced in the Hes1(-/-) brain, and that their subsequent commitment to the neuronal lineage was accelerated. The Hes1(-/-) neuronal progenitor cells were functionally abnormal, in that they divided, on average, only once, and then generated two neurons, (instead of one progenitor cell and one neuron), whereas wild-type progenitor cells divided more. In addition, some Hes1(-/-) progenitors followed an apoptotic fate. The overproduction of neurons in the early Hes1(-/-) brains may reflect this premature and immediate generation of neurons as well as a net increase in the number of neuronal progenitor cells. Taken together, we conclude that Hes1 is important for maintaining the self-renewing ability of progenitors and for repressing the commitment of multipotent progenitor cells to a neuronal fate, which is critical for the correct number of neurons to be produced and for the establishment of normal neuronal function.
Robust, object-based high-resolution image reconstruction from low-resolution video (1997)

We propose a robust, object-based approach to high-resolution image reconstruction from video using the projections onto convex sets (POCS) framework. The proposed method employs a validity map and/or a segmentation map. The validity map disables projections based on observations with inaccurate motion information for robust reconstruction in the presence of motion estimation errors; while the segmentation map enables object-based processing where more accurate motion models can be utilized to improve the quality of the reconstructed image. Procedures for the computation of the validity map and segmentation map are presented. Experimental results demonstrate the improvement in image quality that can be achieved by the proposed methods.
Novel Thermosensitive Hydrogel Injection Inhibits Post-Infarct Ventricle Remodelling (2009)

These results suggest that injection of thermosensitive Dex-PCL-HEMA/PNIPAAm hydrogel is an effective strategy that prevents adverse cardiac remodelling and dysfunction in MI rabbits.
Production of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (human). (1990)

A method for large scale isolation of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1-PI) is described. This method employs waste Cohn Fraction IV-1 as the starting material and involves fractional precipitation with polyethylene glycol followed by ion exchange chromatography on diethylaminoethanol (DEAE)-Sepharose. The process also incorporates a ten hour, at 60 degrees C, heat-treatment step to reduce or eliminate the risk of transmission of viral disease. The final product, having a purity of approximately 60%, is freeze-dried. This preparation behaves almost identically to the alpha 1-PI in plasma and is suitable for replacement therapy in hereditary emphysema.
중국경제의 급부상과 한국 중소기업의 경쟁력 변화: 경기도 사례를 중심으로 (2007)

중국의 급부상과 함께 중국시장의 급격한 확대로 한국의 대중국 수출은 물론 무역수지흑자규모가 커지는 등 기회적인 요인이 확대되고 있는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 그러나 중국 제품의 경쟁력이 빠르게 향상되고 글로벌화가 가속화되면서 중국변수가 한국에 지속적으로 기회적인 요인으로 작용할 것인지 아니면 위협적인 요인이 될 것인지에 대한 논란이 일고 있다. 본문에서는 거시적인 측면에서의 분석과 경기도 중소기업만을 대상으로 한 사례분석을 통하여 중국의 급부상이 한국기업의 양극화를 촉진시키는지에 대한 분석을 하였다. 분석결과 중국의 급부상은 거시적인 측면에서 여전히 한국에 기회적인 요인이 크게 나타나고 있지만, 중소기업에게는 상당부분 위협적인 요인으로 작용하고 있으며, 이는 한국 기업의 양극화를 촉진시키고 요인 가운데 하나로 대두되고 있다.
Expression of vanilloid receptor subtype 1 in cutaneous sensory nerve fibers, mast cells, and epithelial cells of appendage structures (2004)

The vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1)/(TRPV1), binding capsaicin, is a non-selective cation channel that recently has been shown in human keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo. However, a description of VR1 localization in other cutaneous compartments in particular cutaneous nerve fibers is still lacking. We therefore investigated VR1 immunoreactivity as well as mRNA and protein expression in a series (n = 26) of normal (n = 7), diseased (n = 13) [prurigo nodularis (PN) (n = 10), generalized pruritus (n = 1), and mastocytosis (n = 2)], and capsaicin-treated human skin (n = 6). VR1 immunoreactivity could be observed in cutaneous sensory nerve fibers, mast cells, epidermal keratinocytes, dermal blood vessels, the inner root sheet and the infundibulum of hair follicles, differentiated sebocytes, sweat gland ducts, and the secretory portion of eccrine sweat glands. Upon reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, VR1 was detected in mast cells and keratinocytes from human skin. In pruritic skin of PN, VR1 expression was highly increased in epidermal keratinocytes and nerve fibers, which was normalized after capsaicin application. During capsaicin therapy, a reduction of neuropeptides (substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide) was observed. After cessation of capsaicin therapy, neuropeptides re-accumulated in skin nerves. In conclusion, VR1 is widely distributed in the skin, suggesting a major role for this receptor, e.g. in nociception and neurogenic inflammation.
Quantum cryptographic network based on quantum memories (1996)

Quantum correlations between two particles show nonclassical properties that can be used for providing secure transmission of information. We present a quantum cryptographic system in which users store particles in a transmission center, where their quantum states are preserved using quantum memories. Correlations between the particles stored by two users are created upon request by projecting their product state onto a fully entangled state. Our system allows for secure communication between any pair of users who have particles in the same center. Unlike other quantum cryptographic systems, it can work without quantum channels and it is suitable for building a quantum cryptographic network. We also present a modified system with many centers. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Hypoxic Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor through the Induction of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Rho/ROCK and c-Myc (2006)

The induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an essential feature of tumor angiogenesis. Hypoxia is a potent stimulator of VEGF expression, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is considered to be critical for this induction. However, we have previously demonstrated that induction of VEGF by hypoxia was preserved when HIF-1alpha was silenced. We sought to better define the molecular basis of this HIF-1-independent regulation. In colon cancer cells, hypoxia stimulated multiple K-ras effector pathways including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. VEGF promoter deletion studies identified a novel promoter region between -418 and -223 bp that was responsive to hypoxia in a PI3K/Rho/ROCK-dependent manner. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays identified a fragment between -300 and -251 bp that demonstrated a unique shift only in hypoxic conditions. Inhibition of PI3K or ROCK blocked the formation of this complex. A binding site for c-Myc, a target of ROCK, was identified at -271 bp. A role for c-Myc in the hypoxic induction of VEGF was demonstrated by site-directed mutagenesis of the VEGF promoter and silencing of c-Myc by small interfering RNA. Collectively, these findings suggest an alternative mechanism for the hypoxic induction of VEGF in colon cancer that does not depend upon HIF-1alpha but instead requires the activation of PI3K/Rho/ROCK and c-Myc.
Pulmonary Fibrosis (2005)

Substantial challenges remain in our understanding of fibrotic lung diseases. Nowhere is this more true than in the elucidation and verification of the pathogenetic basis upon which they develop. Scientific progress, most recently in the field of experimental therapy, has relied closely on interpreting data derived from animal modeling. Such models are used to identify the cellular interactions and molecular pathways involved in lung tissue repair and fibrosis. Over the coming years, the significance of new discoveries will continue to be evaluated using the in vivo analysis of animal models substituting for patients with actual pulmonary fibrosis. The commonest strategy to induce experimental pulmonary fibrosis is by directly administering a profibrotic agent to either wild-type animals or those that bear a specific genetic modification. The creation of new models has been greatly enhanced by the availability of stem cell lines and methods for introducing genetic mutations into these cells. Despite an increasing choice of models, there are still good reasons to continue adapting and using one of its earliest examples, the bleomycin model, in post-genomic pulmonary fibrosis research. A brief review of the exacting requirements of such research will place the strengths of this particular model in perspective.
A distributed surveillance system for detection of abandoned objects in unmanned railway environments (2000)

In this paper, a distributed video-surveillance system for the detection of dangerous situations related to the presence of abandoned objects in the waiting rooms of unattended railway stations is presented. The image sequences, acquired with a monochromatic camera placed in each guarded room, are processed by a local PC-based image-processing system, devoted to detecting the presence of abandoned objects. When an abandoned object is recognized, an alarm issue is transmitted to a remote control center located a few miles from the guarded stations. A multimedia communication system based on direct sequence code-division multiple-access (DS/CDMA) techniques aims at ensuring secure and noise-robust wireless transmission links between the guarded stations and the remote control center where the processing results are displayed to the human operator. Results concern: 1) the performances of each local image processing system in terms of false-alarm and misdetection probabilities, and 2) the performances of the CDMA multimedia transmission system in terms of bit error rates (BERs) and quality of service (QoS).