gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrates: Synthetic Methods and Applications in Antisense Therapeutics (1994)

This book presents a review of recent developments and progress in the carbohydrate-related chemistry of novel nucleic acid mimics and their applications in antisense therapeutics. In recent years, significant advances have been made in understanding the essential elements of designing more effective antisense molecules. One of the main focal points has been on the modifications of the carbohydrate portion of an oligonucleotide to achieve stability towards nuclease degradation and to enhance the binding affinity for a given target. The successes and failures of this research in our laboratory and others are discussed. The possible future directions of research in carbohydrate-related modifications of antisense molecules are projected. The focus on potential improvements in stability against cellular nucleases, affinity towards designated targets, and cellular uptake of these novel oligomers remains a high priority.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ plays a critical role in bleomycin-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mice (2010)

PI3Kγ is central in signaling diverse arrays of cellular functions and inflammation. Pulmonary fibrosis is associated with pulmonary inflammation, angiogenesis, and deposition of collagen and is modeled by instillation of bleomycin. The role of PI3Kγ in mediating bleomycin-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mice and potential mechanisms involved was investigated here. WT or PI3Kγ KO mice were instilled with bleomycin and leukocyte subtype influx, cytokine and chemokine levels, and angiogenesis and tissue fibrosis evaluated. The activation of lung-derived leukocytes and fibroblasts was evaluated in vitro. The relevance of PI3Kγ for endothelial cell function was evaluated in HUVECs. PI3Kγ KO mice had greater survival and weight recovery and less fibrosis than WT mice after bleomycin instillation. This was associated with decreased production of TGF-β(1) and CCL2 and increased production of IFN-γ and IL-10. There was reduced expression of collagen, fibronectin, α-SMA, and von Willebrand factor and decreased numbers and activation of leukocytes and phosphorylation of AKT and IκB-α. PI3Kγ KO mice had a reduced number and area of blood vessels in the lungs. In vitro, treatment of human endothelial cells with the PI3Kγ inhibitor AS605240 decreased proliferation, migration, and formation of capillary-like structures. AS605240 also decreased production of collagen by murine lung-derived fibroblasts. PI3Kγ deficiency confers protection against bleomycin-induced pulmonary injury, angiogenesis, and fibrosis through the modulation of leukocyte, fibroblast, and endothelial cell functions. Inhibitors of PI3Kγ may be beneficial for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
Treatment with Actovegin improves spatial learning and memory in rats following transient forebrain ischaemia (2014)

This study aimed to investigate whether Actovegin, which is a deproteinized ultrafiltrate derived from calf blood, demonstrates neuroprotective effects in a rat model of transient global cerebral ischaemia. Forty Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to four-vessel occlusion to induce transient global cerebral ischaemia followed by either saline or Actovegin treatment. Sham operations were performed on 15 rats. Actovegin (200 mg/kg) or saline was administered 6 hrs after carotid artery occlusion and then daily until Day 40. Learning and memory were evaluated using the Morris water maze test over two different 5-day periods, and grip strength testing was also performed to control for potential motor impairments. Rat brains were harvested for histological analysis on Day 68. In comparison to controls, Actovegin-treated rats exhibited a decreased latency to reach the hidden platform on the second learning trial of water maze testing (46.82 ± 6.18 versus 27.64 ± 4.53 sec., P < 0.05; 38.3 ± 8.23 versus 13.37 ± 2.73 sec., P < 0.01 for the first and second 5-day testing periods, respectively). In addition, Actovegin-treated rats spent more time in the platform quadrant than saline-treated rats during memory trials (P < 0.05). No differences in grip strength were detected. Histological analyses demonstrated increased cell survival in the CA1 region of the hippocampus following Actovegin treatment (left hemisphere, 166 ± 50 versus 332 ± 27 cells, P < 0.05; right hemisphere, 170 ± 45 versus 307 ± 28 cells, P < 0.05, in saline- versus Actovegin-treated rats, respectively). In rats, Actovegin treatment improves spatial learning and memory following cerebral ischaemia, which may be related to hippocampal CA1 neuroprotection.
Two-Component Direct Fluorescent-Antibody Assay for Rapid Identification ofBacillus anthracis (2002)

A two-component direct fluorescent-antibody (DFA) assay, using fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibodies specific to the Bacillus anthracis cell wall (CW-DFA) and capsule (CAP-DFA) antigens, was evaluated and validated for rapid identification of B. anthracis. We analyzed 230 B. anthracis isolates; 228 and 229 were positive by CW-DFA and CAP-DFA assays, respectively. We also tested 56 non-B. anthracis strains; 10 B. cereus and 2 B. thuringiensis were positive by the CW-DFA assay, and 1 B. megaterium strain was positive by CAP-DFA. Analysis of the combined DFA results identified 227 of 230 B. anthracis isolates; all 56 strains of the other Bacillus spp. were negative. Both DFA assays tested positive on 14 of 26 aging clinical specimens from the 2001 anthrax outbreak investigation. The two-component DFA assay is a sensitive, specific, and rapid confirmatory test for B. anthracis in cultures and may be useful directly on clinical specimens.
Queue management with multiple delay and loss priorities for ATM switches (2002)

The asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technique has been widely accepted as a flexible and effective scheme to transport various traffic over the future broadband network. To fully utilize network resources while still providing satisfactory quality of service (QOS) to all network users, prioritizing users' traffic according to their service requirements becomes necessary. During the call setup, each service can be assigned a service class determined by a delay priority and a loss priority. A queue manager in ATM network nodes will schedule ATM cells' departing and discarding sequence based on their delay and loss priorities. Most queue management schemes that have been proposed so far only consider either one of these two priority types. The present authors' queue manager treats multiple delay and loss priorities simultaneously. Moreover, a cell discarding strategy, called push out which allows the buffer to be completely shared by all service classes, has been adopted in the queue manager. the authors propose a practical architecture to implement the queue manager, facilitated by a new VLSI chip, an enhanced version of the existing sequencer VLSI chip.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effect of Rat Age on Blood Levels of Somatomedin-like Growth Factors (1980)

Age-related changes in serum levels of somatomedin-like growth factors were measured using a bioassay based on myoblast proliferation in culture. The correspondence of this assay to thymidine incorporation and sulfation factor assays for somatomedins was demonstrated. Comparisons involved individual serum samples from a total of 28 rats at each of three age ranges (young = 2 to 6 month, middle-aged = 12 to 16 month, and old = 24 to 28 month) in five separate experiments. A small (10%) decrease in levels of somatomedin-like activity was observed between young and middle-aged animals, with a greater (20 to 40%) subsequent decrease in old rats. Assays of mixed samples indicated that the age-related decreases in somatomedin-like activity could not be attributed to increases in circulating levels of a dissociable inhibitor of this activity. Paired comparisons of amino acid uptake by isolated omohyoideus muscles from rats of the specified ages suggested that there were no significant age-related changes in response of these muscles to a somatomedin analog.
Physiological aspects of cardiac tissue engineering (2012)

Cardiac tissue engineering aims at repairing the diseased heart and developing cardiac tissues for basic research and predictive toxicology applications. Since the first description of engineered heart tissue 15 years ago, major development steps were directed toward these three goals. Technical innovations led to improved three-dimensional cardiac tissue structure and near physiological contractile force development. Automation and standardization allow medium throughput screening. Larger constructs composed of many small engineered heart tissues or stacked cell sheet tissues were tested for cardiac repair and were associated with functional improvements in rats. Whether these approaches can be simply transferred to larger animals or the human patients remains to be tested. The availability of an unrestricted human cardiac myocyte cell source from human embryonic stem cells or human-induced pluripotent stem cells is a major breakthrough. This review summarizes current tissue engineering techniques with their strengths and limitations and possible future applications.
High yield of self-catalyzed GaAs nanowire arrays grown on silicon via gallium droplet positioning (2011)

We report and detail a method to achieve growth of vertical self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires directly on Si(111) with a near-perfect vertical yield, using electron-beam-defined arrays of holes in a dielectric layer and molecular beam epitaxy. In our conditions, GaAs nanowires are grown along a vapor-liquid-solid mechanism, using in situ self-forming Ga droplets. The focus of this paper is to understand the role of the substrate preparation and of the pre-growth conditioning. Without changing temperature or the V/III ratio, the yield of vertical nanowires is increased incrementally up to 95%. The possibility to achieve very dense arrays, with center-to-center inter-wire distances less than 100 nm, is demonstrated.
Succinic half‐esters of poly(ethylene glycol)s and their benzotriazole and imidazole derivatives as oligomeric drug‐binding matrices (1981)

Abstract α‐Hydroxysuccinyl‐ω‐hydroxysuccinyloxypoly(oxyethylene)s (succinic half‐esters of poly‐(ethylene glycol)s) ( 2 ) of different molecular weights were prepared, and transformed into the corresponding benzotriazole and imidazole derivatives 3 and 4 . The benzotriazolyl or the imidazolyl residues in these polymers can easily be exchanged. This was proved with model compounds bearing hydroxyl or amino groups. Polymers of this type may be considered as potential oligomeric drug‐binding matrices.
Enzymes from thermophilic archaebacteria: current and future applications in biotechnology. (1992)

The one guaranteed property of enzymes isolated from extremely thermophilic micro-organisms is their thermostability. Most significantly, almost any such enzyme will be more thermostable than the functionally similar enzyme from a lower temperature source. Thermostability is not an isolated property: resistance to heat denaturation imparts stability to a number of other denaturing influences (detergents, organic solvents, etc). These characteristics of hyperthermophilic enzymes are the most likely basis for the development of new biotechnological applications. A limited number of hyperthermophilic enzymes have found application in specialist biotechnological applications; others have visible potential in growing areas of biotechnology. Existing and potential applications are discussed using DNA manipulation enzymes, dehydrogenases, and esterases as examples.
A preliminary crystallographic investigation of avidin (1970)

Avidin was crystallized in various forms from 3m-ammonium sulphate or sodium phosphate at pH5.2. X-ray-crystallographic analysis of crystals from phosphate showed them to be orthorhombic, space group C222, containing two molecules per unit cell and with a single subunit as the asymmetric unit. The formation of the complex with biotin did not affect the morphology of the crystals.
Effects of inorganic adsorbents and cyclopiazonic acid in broiler chickens (1997)

Previous studies with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) have indicated that this mycotoxin strongly adsorbs onto the surface of a naturally acidic phyllosilicate clay (AC). The objective of this study was to determine whether AC (and similar adsorbents) could protect against the toxicity of CPA in vivo. Acidic phyllosilicate clay, neutral phyllosilicate clay (NC, or hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate), and a common zeolite (CZ, or clinoptilolite) were evaluated. One-day-old broiler chicks consumed diets containing 0 or 45 mg/kg CPA alone or in combination with 1% AC, NC, or CZ ad libitum from Day 1 to 21. Body weight, feed consumption, feed:gain, hematology, serum biochemical values, and enzyme activities were evaluated. Compared to controls, CPA alone reduced body weight at Day 21 by a total of 26% and resulted in a significantly higher feed:gain ratio. Toxicity of CPA was also expressed through increased relative weights of kidney, proventriculus, and gizzard. Also, there were some alterations in hematology, serum biochemical values, and enzyme activities. Treatment with inorganic adsorbents did not effectively diminish the growth-inhibitory effects of CPA or the increased weights of organs, although there was some protection from hematological, serum biochemical, and enzymatic changes produced by CPA. The results of this study suggest that in vitro binding of CPA to clay does not accurately forecast its efficacy in vivo; the reasons for this discrepancy are not clear, but they may be related to differences in clay binding capacity and ligand selectivity for CPA in vitro vs in vivo. Predictions about the ability of inorganic adsorbents to protect chickens from the adverse effects of mycotoxins should be approached with caution and should be confirmed in vivo, paying particular attention to the potential for nutrient interactions.
Supports for Solid‐Phase Organic Synthesis (2002)

This chapter contains sections titled: Polystyrene Poly(ethylene glycol)-Polystyrene Graft Polymers Poly(ethylene glycol) Polyacrylamides Polyacrylamide-PEG Copolymers Silica Polysaccharides Miscellaneous Supports
Resistance Gene Candidates Identified by PCR with Degenerate Oligonucleotide Primers Map to Clusters of Resistance Genes in Lettuce (1998)

The recent cloning of genes for resistance against diverse pathogens from a variety of plants has revealed that many share conserved sequence motifs. This provides the possibility of isolating numerous additional resistance genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate oligonucleotide primers. We amplified resistance gene candidates (RGCs) from lettuce with multiple combinations of primers with low degeneracy designed from motifs in the nucleotide binding sites (NBSs) of RPS2 of Arabidopsis thaliana and N of tobacco. Genomic DNA, cDNA, and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones were successfully used as templates. Four families of sequences were identified that had the same similarity to each other as to resistance genes from other species. The relationship of the amplified products to resistance genes was evaluated by several sequence and genetic criteria. The amplified products contained open reading frames with additional sequences characteristic of NBSs. Hybridization of RGCs to genomic DNA and to BAC clones revealed large numbers of related sequences. Genetic analysis demonstrated the existence of clustered multigene families for each of the four RGC sequences. This parallels classical genetic data on clustering of disease resistance genes. Two of the four families mapped to known clusters of resistance genes; these two families were therefore studied in greater detail. Additional evidence that these RGCs could be resistance genes was gained by the identification of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) regions in sequences adjoining the NBS similar to those in RPM1 and RPS2 of A. thaliana. Fluorescent in situ hybridization confirmed the clustered genomic distribution of these sequences. The use of PCR with degenerate oligonucleotide primers is therefore an efficient method to identify numerous RGCs in plants.
Lineage-specific requirements of β-catenin in neural crest development (2002)

Beta-catenin plays a pivotal role in cadherin-mediated cell adhesion. Moreover, it is a downstream signaling component of Wnt that controls multiple developmental processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and fate decisions. To study the role of beta-catenin in neural crest development, we used the Cre/loxP system to ablate beta-catenin specifically in neural crest stem cells. Although several neural crest-derived structures develop normally, mutant animals lack melanocytes and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). In vivo and in vitro analyses revealed that mutant neural crest cells emigrate but fail to generate an early wave of sensory neurogenesis that is normally marked by the transcription factor neurogenin (ngn) 2. This indicates a role of beta-catenin in premigratory or early migratory neural crest and points to heterogeneity of neural crest cells at the earliest stages of crest development. In addition, migratory neural crest cells lateral to the neural tube do not aggregate to form DRG and are unable to produce a later wave of sensory neurogenesis usually marked by the transcription factor ngn1. We propose that the requirement of beta-catenin for the specification of melanocytes and sensory neuronal lineages reflects roles of beta-catenin both in Wnt signaling and in mediating cell-cell interactions.
Auditory N1-P2 Cortical Event Related Potentials in Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder Patients (2014)

Abstract OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a group of patients with auditory neuropathy have abnormal changes in auditory N1-P2 and to analyze the results in those patients and compare them with matched group of normal subjects. MATERIALS and METHODS: Cortical auditory evoked potentials were obtained from nine female and seven male patients with auditory neuropathy, ranging in age from 19 to 48 years. The control group comprised 15 (9 males and 6 females) age-matched, normally hearing adults. Cortical auditory evoked potentials were recorded in both groups. Audiological assessments were performed in both groups, which included pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, tympanometry, acoustic reflex, distortion products otoacoustic emissions, as well as auditory brainstem potential testing. RESULTS: N1-P2 amplitudes were reduced and latencies were prolonged in the study group, and these parameters were found to be statistically significant when compared to normal subjects (p&lt;0.05). CONCLUSION: The neurophysiologic measures of auditory processing-i.e., N1-P2 response to tonal frequency stimuli-in auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder patients are found to be different. Hence, arguing a doubt on the affection of hypothesize origin of the N1-P2 potential in ANSD patients.
Elevated serum endostatin levels are associated with favorable outcome in acute myeloid leukemia (2008)

Elevated endostatin levels at AML diagnosis is a good prognostic marker for patients' outcome. Wide scale study is recommended in order to establish the clinical value of this study.
Femtosecond Real-Time Probing of Reactions. 23. Studies of Temporal, Velocity, Angular, and State Dynamics from Transition States to Final Products by Femtosecond-Resolved Mass Spectrometry (1998)

In this contribution, we give a full account of the approach of femtosecond, time-resolved mass spectrometry in molecular beams for the studies of the elementary steps of complex reactions and the application to different systems. The level of complexity varies from diatomics to polyatomics, from direct-mode to complex-mode, from one-center, to two-center, to four-center, and from uni- to bimolecular reactions. The systems studied are iodine, cyanogen iodide, methyl iodide, iodobenzene, 1,2-diiodotetrafluoroethane, mercury iodide, benzene· iodine complexes, and methyl iodide dimers. By resolving the femtosecond dynamics and simultaneously observing the evolution of velocity, angular, and state distribution(s) of the reaction, we are able to study multiple reaction paths, the nature of transition-state geometry and dynamics, coherent wave-packet motion, evolution of energy disposal, and the nonconcerted motion in multicenter reactions. These phenomena and concepts are elucidated in dissociation, elimination, and charge-transfer reactions and in the inelastic and reactive pathways of bimolecular reactions. Theoretical phenomenology, using frontier orbitals and molecular dynamics, are invoked to provide a relationship between the observed dynamics and molecular structures.
Defect reduction of selective Ge epitaxy in trenches on Si(001) substrates using aspect ratio trapping (2007)

Defect-free germanium has been demonstrated in SiO2 trenches on silicon via Aspect Ratio Trapping, whereby defects arising from lattice mismatch are trapped by laterally confining sidewalls. Results were achieved through a combination of conventional photolithography, reactive ion etching of SiO2, and selective growth of Ge as thin as 450nm. Full trapping of dislocations originating at the Ge∕Si interface has been demonstrated for trenches up to 400nm wide without the additional formation of defects at the sidewalls. This approach shows great promise for the integration of Ge and/or III-V materials, sufficiently large for key device applications, onto silicon substrates.
Potential of Intestinal Electrical Stimulation for Obesity: A Preliminary Canine Study (2007)

IES reduces food intake and inhibits gastric tone in the fasting state. The inhibitory effect of IES on gastric tone is mediated by both vagal and nitrergic pathway.
/sup 13/C isotope separation by laser excitation of CO (1979)

A CO laser is used to excite the vibrational mode of CO in a CO/Ar mixture flowing through an absorption cell. The CO reacts to form CO/sub 2/, C/sub 2/, and C/sub 3/O/sub 2/. The products are isotopically enriched in /sup 13/C.
Fractionation of Polymeric Procyanidins from Lowbush Blueberry and Quantification of Procyanidins in Selected Foods with an Optimized Normal-Phase HPLC−MS Fluorescent Detection Method (2002)

The polymeric procyanidins were fractionated from lowbush blueberry on a Sephadex LH-20 column. The degree of polymerization (DP) for the polymers was determined by thiolysis to be in a range of 19.9 to 114.1. Normal-phase HPLC analysis indicated that the polymeric procyanidins did not contain oligomeric procyanidins with DP < 10. The polymers eluted as a single peak at the end of the chromatogram. The normal-phase HPLC gradient was modified to improve the separation of procyanidin monomers through decamers and to elute all the polymers beyond those as a distinct peak. Monomers through decamers were quantified individually. All the polymers (DP > 10) were quantified using a mixture of purified polymers as an external standard. Polymers were found to be the dominant procyanidins in brown sorghum bran, cranberry, and blueberry. Thiolysis of the polymer peaks indicated that epicatechin was present as extension units in these foods, however, the composition of terminal units varied considerably between catechin and epicatechin, or an A-type dimer linkage in the case of cranberry.