gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Blood-Brain Barrier as a Cause of Obesity (2008)

The dramatic increase in the number of obese and overweight persons has spurred interest in control of appetite, body weight, and adiposity. Leptin is the humoral component of a negative feedback loop between adipose tissue and brain. Leptin is secreted from fat in proportion to the degree of adiposity, is transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and acts in the brain to decrease appetite and increase thermogenesis, actions that ultimately decrease adiposity. However, leptin fails as an adipostat because leptin resistance arises in obesity. The BBB transporter is the first part of the feedback loop to fail, producing the so called "peripheral resistance" to leptin. In this sense, obesity is a disease of the BBB. Failure of leptin as an adipostat raises the question of what its primary role is as does its effects on reproduction, bone, immunity, breathing, cognition, and neurogenesis. Kinetics analysis shows that the BBB transporter performs most efficiently at low serum levels of leptin, suggesting that the feedback loop evolved to operate at lower leptin levels than those seen in ideal body weight. We suggest that low levels of serum leptin inform the brain that adipose reserves are adequate to expend calories on functions other than feeding, such as reproduction and the immune system. This feedback loop is short-circuited when an animal enters starvation. Hallmarks of starvation include decreased secretion of leptin by adipose tissue and hypertriglyceridemia. Triglycerides inhibit the transport of leptin across the BBB, thus attenuating the leptin signal across the BBB and providing a mechanism for peripheral leptin resistance. Triglycerides are elevated in both starvation and obesity. We postulate that hypertriglyceridemia evolved as a starvation signal to the brain that acts in part to inhibit the transport of the leptin across the BBB. The hypertriglyceridemia of obesity invokes this aspect of the starvation response, inducing leptin resistance at the BBB. Thus, the BBB plays important roles in both obesity and starvation.
Pacemaker Mechanisms in Cardiac Tissue (1993)

Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate multiple signals, such as those from microbes, damaged tissues, and ...Read More
Underlying Genetic Models of Inheritance in Established Type 2 Diabetes Associations (2009)

For most associations of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with common diseases, the genetic model of inheritance is unknown. The authors extended and applied a Bayesian meta-analysis approach to data from 19 studies on 17 replicated associations with type 2 diabetes. For 13 SNPs, the data fitted very well to an additive model of inheritance for the diabetes risk allele; for 4 SNPs, the data were consistent with either an additive model or a dominant model; and for 2 SNPs, the data were consistent with an additive or recessive model. Results were robust to the use of different priors and after exclusion of data for which index SNPs had been examined indirectly through proxy markers. The Bayesian meta-analysis model yielded point estimates for the genetic effects that were very similar to those previously reported based on fixed- or random-effects models, but uncertainty about several of the effects was substantially larger. The authors also examined the extent of between-study heterogeneity in the genetic model and found generally small between-study deviation values for the genetic model parameter. Heterosis could not be excluded for 4 SNPs. Information on the genetic model of robustly replicated association signals derived from genome-wide association studies may be useful for predictive modeling and for designing biologic and functional experiments.
Evaluation of Flowering Ash in Wichita, Kansas (1994)

Flowering ash (Fraxinus omus L.) is native to southern Europe and western Asia. At maturity, this ash is an oval-headed tree with glossy, dark green leaves, which grows to about 50 feet (15 meters) tall. Its most notable feature appears in May: showy panicles of fragrant, cream-colored flowers, which help make this species a popular street and park tree in those regions where it is winter hardy. Dirr (1983) notes that it is hardy to -10°F (- 230C) and, similarly, it is listed for USDA Hardiness Zone 6 in Hortus Third (1976). A seedling population of flowering ash, PI 385252, from Bosnia &amp; Herzegovina was evaluated at eleven sites in USDA Hardiness Zones 3b to 6a across the northcentral United States from 1976 to 1986 (Widrlechner et al., 1992), but only one of 32 trees survived the trial and the above ground portions of the single survivor were repeatedly killed to the base.
Worsening of Seizures by Oxcarbazepine in Juvenile Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies (2004)

OXC can be added to the list of antiepileptic drugs that can exacerbate myoclonic and absence seizures in IGE.
microRNA-99b acts as a tumor suppressor in non-small cell lung cancer by directly targeting fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (2011)

microRNAs (miRNAs) play a significant role in cancer development and progression by regulating the expression of proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Our previous study using microarrays demonstrated that miR-99b was downregulated in patients with lung cancer. To assess whether or not miR-99b has a functional role in lung cancer, we determined the expression of miR-99b and fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3), which is a predicted target of miR-99b in public algorithms in human lung cancer tissues. miR-99b was downregulated and FGFR3 was upregulated in lung cancer patients. We demonstrated that the overexpression of miR-99b induced a reduction in FGFR3 expression and confirmed the target specificity between miR-99b and the FGFR3 3'-untranslated region by luciferase reporter assay. In addition, the growth rate in miR-99b precursor-treated cells was lower compared to the negative controls. Taken together, these results suggest that miR-99b may be a tumor suppressor through the downregulation of FGFR3. miR-99b may be a potent tumor suppressor and may be a potential therapeutic tool for patients with lung cancer.
The proto‐oncogene BCL‐6 in normal and malignant B cell development (2002)

BCL-6 is an important regulator of the immune system. It is required for GC formation and T cell dependent antibody responses. Mice deficient in BCL-6 fail to form GC and mount reduced levels of T cell-dependent antibody responses. BCL-6 (-/-) mice, in addition, develop a massive inflammatory response in many organs characterized by eosinophilic infiltration and hyper-IgE production, a typical Th2 hyperimmune response. This suggests a negative role of BCL-6 in Th2 pathway. The BCL-6 gene encodes a POZ/zinc finger transcription repressor highly expressed in GC B cells, but not in pre-GC B cells or in more differentiated memory or plasma cells. By functioning as a potent transcriptional repressor of various target genes, BCL-6 modulates IL-4, BCR, and CD40L signals for normal B cell development. In B cell lymphomas, structural alterations of the BCL-6 promoter region, including chromosome translocation and somatic hypermutation, represent the most frequent genetic lesions associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, especially of diffuse large cell lymphoma, a malignancy often derived from germinal centre (GC) B cells. This suggests that deregulated expression of BCL-6 may contribute to lymphomagenesis.
Linkage, evolution, and expression of the rat apolipoprotein A-I, C-III, and A-IV genes. (1986)

The genes coding for three of the proteins of the lipid transport system, apolipoproteins A-I (apoA-I), C-III (apoC-III), and A-IV (apoA-IV), are closely linked and tandemly organized as a multigene family in the human genome. The evolution of this multigene family was studied by cloning and extensive restriction mapping analysis of an approximately 20-kilobase genomic DNA fragment containing the rat apoA-I gene. Low stringency hybridization blotting analysis of this DNA fragment using human apoC-III and apoA-IV cDNA probes revealed that the apoA-I, apoC-III, and apoA-IV genes are also closely linked and tandemly organized in the rat genome. Complete characterization of the rat apoA-I, apoC-III, and apoA-IV genes showed that their relative location, size, direction of transcription, and intron-exon organization are remarkably similar to those of the corresponding human genes. The relative steady state apoA-I, apoC-III, and apoA-IV mRNA levels in various rat tissues were determined by quantitative dot blot hybridization of tissue total RNA using the corresponding gene probes. Adult liver and intestine, but not colon, brain, spleen, muscle, heart, lung, and kidney, contain apoA-I, apoC-III, and apoA-IV mRNAs. Fetal liver and intestine contain apoA-I but not apoC-III or apoA-IV mRNAs. During neonatal development the liver contains apoA-I and apoC-III but not apoA-IV while the intestine contains apoA-I, apoC-III, and substantial amounts of apoA-IV mRNAs. In adulthood and during aging both liver and intestine contain all three apoA-I, apoC-III, and apoA-IV mRNAs. These results indicate that the apolipoprotein A-I/C-III/A-IV multigene family was established before mammalian radiation and suggest that these genes are similarly organized in the genomes of all mammals. In addition, these results indicate that expression of the rat apoA-I, apoC-III, and apoA-IV genes is liver- and intestine-specific and regulated by fetal-, neonatal-, and aging-related factors.
Specific inhibition of influenza virus RNA polymerase and nucleoprotein gene expression by circular dumbbell RNA/DNA chimeric oligonucleotides containing antisense phosphodiester oligonucleotides (1998)

We have designed a new class of oligonucleotides, 'dumbbell RNA/DNA chimeric oligonucleotides', consisting of a sense RNA sequence and its complementary antisense DNA sequence, with two hairpin loop structures. The reaction of the nicked (NDRDON) and circular (CDRDON) dumbbell RNA/ DNA chimeric oligonucleotides with RNase H gave the corresponding antisense phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide together with the sense RNA cleavage products. The liberated antisense phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotide was bound to the target RNA, which gave RNA cleavage products by treatment with RNase H. The circular dumbbell RNA/DNA chimeric oligonucleotide showed more nuclease resistance than the linear antisense phosphodiester oligonucleotide (anti-ODN) and the nicked dumbbell RNA/DNA chimeric oligonucleotide. The CDRDON with four target sites (influenza virus A RNA polymerases (PB1, PB2, PA) and nucleoprotein (NP)) was synthesized and tested for inhibitory effects by a CAT-ELISA assay using the clone 76 cell line. The circular dumbbell DNA/ RNA chimeric oligonucleotide (CDRDON-PB2-as) containing an AUG initiation codon sequence as the target of PB2 showed highly inhibitory effects.
Conjunctive Bayesian networks (2007)

Conjunctive Bayesian networks (CBNs) are graphical models that describe the accumulation of events which are constrained in the order of their occurrence. A CBN is given by a partial order on a (finite) set of events. CBNs generalize the oncogenetic tree models of Desper et al. by allowing the occurrence of an event to depend on more than one predecessor event. The present paper studies the statistical and algebraic properties of CBNs. We determine the maximum likelihood parameters and present a combinatorial solution to the model selection problem. Our method performs well on two datasets where the events are HIV mutations associated with drug resistance. Concluding with a study of the algebraic properties of CBNs, we show that CBNs are toric varieties after a coordinate transformation and that their ideals possess a quadratic Gröbner basis.
Herpes simplex vaccines (2007)

Genital herpes, caused by both herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, can result in painful vesicular and ulcerative lesions on the genitalia and the genital tract, and may cause both urologic and neurologic problems. Following primary infection, HSV establishes a latent infection in the local ganglia and can reactivate on multiple occasions with manifestations ranging from asymptomatic viral shedding to painful recurrences of genital or orofacial lesions (Whitley, 2001). HSV-2 is the predominant etiologic agent of genital herpes and data from the second and third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, spanning 1976 to 1994, demonstrated that the prevalence of HSV-2 infection increased by 30% since the late 1970's with the highest rates in teenagers and young adults (Fleming et al., 1997). It is estimated that more than 1.6 million individuals are infected annually with HSV-2 in the USA (Armstrong et al., 2001). From the perspective of vaccine development, however, genital herpes caused by HSV-1 cannot be overlooked. Although genital herpes caused by HSV-1 is generally less severe than HSV-2, HSV-1 is ubiquitous, infects a larger portion of the population than HSV-2, and the percentage of HSV-1 positive cultures isolated from individuals presenting with genital herpes appears to be increasing (Ribes et al., 2001).
Analysis of sequences in domain II of Pseudomonas exotoxin A which mediate translocation (1991)

Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) contains 613 amino acids that are arranged into 3 structural domains. PE exerts its cell-killing effects in a series of steps initiated by binding to the cell surface and internalization into endocytic vesicles. The toxin is then cleaved within domain II near arginine-279, generating a C-terminal 37-kDa fragment that is translocated into the cytosol where it ADP-ribosylates elongation factor 2 and arrests protein synthesis. In this study, we have focused on the functions of PE which are encoded by domain II. We have used the chimeric toxin TGF alpha-PE40 to deliver the toxin's ADP-ribosylating activity to the cell cytosol. Deletion analysis revealed that sequences from 253 to 345 were essential for toxicity but sequences from 346 to 364 were dispensable. Additional point mutants were constructed which identified amino acids 339 and 343 as important residues while amino acids 344 and 345 could be altered without loss of cytotoxic activity. Our data support the idea that domain II functions by first allowing PE to be processed to a 37-kDa fragment and then key sequences such as those identified in this study mediate the translocation of ADP-ribosylation activity to the cytosol.
An overview of cartilage tissue engineering (2000)

Articular cartilage regeneration refers to the formation of new tissue that is indistinguishable from the native articular cartilage with respect to zonal organization, biochemical composition, and mechanical properties. Due to a limited capacity to repair cartilage, scar tissue frequently has a poorly organized structure and lacks the functional characteristics of normal cartilage. The degree of success to date achieved using a purely cell- or biological-based approach has been modest. Potentially the development of a hybrid strategy, whereby, chondrocytes or chondrogenic stem cells are combined with a matrix, making cartilage in vitro, which is then subsequently transplanted, offers a route towards a new successful treatment modality. The success of this approach depends upon the material being biocompatible, processable into a suitable three-dimensional structure and eventually biodegradable without harmful effects. In addition, the material should have a sufficient porosity to facilitate high cell loading and tissue ingrowth, and it should be able to support cell proliferation, differentiation, and function. The cell-polymer-bioreactor system provides a basis for studying the structural and functional properties of the cartilaginous matrix during its development, because tissue concentrations of glycosaminoglycan and collagen can be modulated by altering the conditions of tissue cultivation.
Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with heart failure. SOLVD Investigators. (1992)

In patients with heart failure and reduced LVEF, chronic ACE inhibition with enalapril prevents progressive LV dilatation and systolic dysfunction (increased ESV). These effects probably result from a combination of altered remodeling and sustained reduction in preload and afterload.
THE BREAKING OF TERNARY ACETATE-ALCOHOL-WATER AZEOTROPES BY EXTRACTIVE DISTILLATION (1986)

The breaking of seven ternary acetate-alcohol-water azeotropes by extractive distillation was accomplished. They are n-propyl acetate-n-propanol-water, isopropyl acetate-isopropanol-water, n-butyl acetate-n-butanol-water, 2-butyl acetate-2-butanol-water, isobutyl acetate-isobutanol-water, n-amyl acetate-n-amyl alcohol-water and n-hexyl acetate-n-hexanol-water. The acetates, usually the highest boiling constituents, are obtained as overhead product as a two-phase mixture with water. The most effective agents are glycols and dimethylsulfoxide. Solubility parameters were found to be a qualitative indication for selecting extractive distillation agents. When the formation of a chemical complex is dominant, solubility parameter does not explain solution behavior satisfactorily.
Full-field high-speed optical coherence tomography system for evaluating multilayer and random tissues (2007)

Testing the condition of art subjects plays important role in reservation of Cultural Heritage. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a promising tool for nondestructive cross-sectional evaluating internal structure of material samples like varnish layer of paintings. It is important to use high-speed OCT systems for testing subsurface structure of objects with large area. In the paper, comparison of OCT systems from viewpoint of information capacity is given to select the most appropriate OCT system variant for evaluating 3D multilayer and random tissues. The method of sub- Nyquist sampling of OCT signals is considered that is used to decrease sampling speed in a few times. To provide high noise-immunity and stability when processing OCT signals with randomly variable parameters, the Kalman filtering method has been applied for evaluating sub-Nyquist sampled OCT signals. Experimental results of evaluating materials like varnish layer of paintings are presented and discussed.
Injectable Cartilage Using Polyethylene Oxide Polymer Substrates (1996)

This study demonstrates that polyethylene oxide gels, which are biocompatible and biodegradable synthetic polymers, can be utilized for the encapsulation of isolated chondrocytes and maintenance of three-dimensional spatial support for new tissue development. Chondrocytes isolated from the glenohumeral and humeroradioulnar joints of a calf were added to a 20% polyethylene oxide solution in Ham's F-12 medium to generate a final cellular density of 10 x 10(6)/mL. The polymer-chondrocyte constructs were injected through a 22-gauge needle in 500-microliters aliquots subcutaneously in 12 nude mice and incubated for 6 and 12 weeks in vivo. Histologic and biochemical analyses including deoxyribonucleic acid and glycosaminoglycan quantitative analyses confirmed the presence of actively proliferating chondrocytes with production of a well-formed cartilaginous matrix in the transplanted samples. Control specimens from eight implantation sites consisting of chondrocytes alone or polyethylene oxide substrates did not demonstrate any gross or histologic evidence of neocartilage formation. These findings demonstrate the potential use of an injectable and moldable polymer substrate that can support cell proliferation and matrix synthesis after subcutaneous transplantation for neocartilage generation. The use of functional biologic tissue substitutes may serve as an alternative solution to current methods of augmentation or reconstruction of structural craniofacial contour deformities.
연구논문 : ABAS-T 교사용 청소년행동평가척도의 신뢰도와 타당도 (2011)

이 연구는 교사용 청소년행동평가척도(Adolescent Behavior Assessment Scales for Teacher Report, ABAS-T)를 개발하고 척도의 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하기 위한 것이다. 우선, 문헌조사, 자유기술조사, 전문가자문, 예비검사를 거쳐 문항을 선정하여 ABAS-T를 구성하였다. 연구 1에서는 ABAS-T의 구인타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하기 위해 전국 중·고등학교 담임교사 804명이 학생의 행동문제를 평가한 자료를 분석하였다. 첫째, 요인분석의 결과, 청소년 행동문제로 학업주의문제, 인터넷중독, 충동과다행동, 또래관계문제, 범죄성비행, 교사관계문제, 지위비행, 공격행동, 진로문제의 9개 요인(총 변량의 63% 설명)이 도출되었다. 둘째, 이들 9요인에 속한 문항들의 내적일치도는 .85~.96의 범위에 속하였다. 셋째, 2주간격 검사-재검사 신뢰도는 .87로 양호하였다. 연구 2에서는 ABAS-T의 변별타당도와 공인타당도를 분석하였다. 변별타당도는 규준집단(804명)과 타당도집단(505명)간 평균차 검증으로 분석되었다. ABAS-T의 모든 하위척도에서 규준집단보다 타당도집단이 행동문제 수준이 유의하게 더 높아, ABAS-T의 변별타당도가 양호하였다. 또한 공인타당도는 ABAS-T 하위척도와 KPRC 하위척도 간 상관으로 분석되었으며, 그 결과 일부 하위척도를 제외하고 두 검사의 하위척도 간 상관이 대부분 유의하여 ABAS-T의 공인타당도가 양호하였다. 마지막으로, 청소년 행동문제의 조기선별과 개입을 위해 교사용 청소년행동평가척도의 개발의 필요성 및 후속연구를 위한 제언을 논의하였다.
Linearization of CMOS Broadband Power Amplifiers Through Combined Multigated Transistors and Capacitance Compensation (2007)

We present the development of a device-level linearization technique and its applications in broadband power amplifiers (PAs). The proposed topology firstly combines derivative transconductance superposition method and gate capacitance compensation technique, and creates a "sweet region" for suppressing third-order intermodulation (IM3) without the penalty of large power consumption. The effectiveness of the proposed technique has been demonstrated through a fully integrated distributed amplifier. The experimental results in 0.18-mum RF CMOS technology show that IM3 is improved by 11 dB. The achievable power-added efficiency is up to 25%, which is the highest among the broadband CMOS PAs reported thus far. The amplifier achieves a measured 3-dB bandwidth of 3.7-8.8 GHz, and a gain of 8.24 dB. The amplifier only consumes 154-mW dc power, and the measured saturation power (P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">sat</sub> ) is 19 dBm.
Synthetic Method for Oligonucleotide Block by Using Alkyl-Chain-Soluble Support (2016)

A straightforward method for the synthesis of oligonucleotide blocks using a Cbz-type alkyl-chain-soluble support (Z-ACSS) attached to the 3'-OH group of 3'-terminal nucleosides was developed. The Z-ACSS allowed for the preparation of fully protected deoxyribo- and ribo-oligonucleotides without chromatographic purification and released dimer- to tetramer-size oligonucleotide blocks via hydrogenation using a Pd/C catalyst without significant loss or migration of protective groups such as 5'-end 4,4'-dimethoxtrityl, 2-cyanoethyl on internucleotide bonds, or 2'-TBS.