gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Broad-Band Lightwave Synthesized Frequency Sweeper Using Synchronous Filtering (2004)

We describe a broad-band lightwave synthesized frequency sweeper (LSFS) that uses synchronous filtering. We control the center frequency of the bandpass filter (BPF) in the LSFS so that it tracks the frequency of the circulating pulse. In the first half of this paper, we numerically simulate the accumulation of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise in the LSFS and confirm the effectiveness of synchronous filtering in suppressing the noise. We show that the frequency sweep span can be enlarged to cover the erbium-doped fiber amplifier gain bandwidth completely if ideal synchronous filtering is realized. We also describe the way in which the fluctuation of the BPF center frequency severely limits the number of pulse circulations and we estimate the accuracy required for the BPF center frequency control. In the second half, we report our experimental results. We confirmed the completion of more than 10 000 pulse circulations, which corresponded to a frequency sweep span of >1.2 THz. We also estimated the accuracy of the BPF center frequency control experimentally. As a result, the relationship between the accuracy and the number of pulse circulations was in good agreement with that obtained in the simulation.
Human embryonic stem cells : the practical handbook (2007)

Foreword. Davor Solter Preface. Section 1: Obtaining and culturing human embryonic stem cells. 1 Organization and good aseptic technique in the human embryonic stem cell laboratory. Minal J Patel, Emma L Stephenson, and Stephen L Minger 2 Sourcing human embryonic stem cell lines. Glyn Stacey 3 Human embryo culture for human embryonic stem cell derivation. R. Douglas Powers and Jeannine Witmyer 4 Derivation of human embryonic stem cell lines. Stephen Sullivan, Dieter Egli, Hidenori Akutsu, Douglas A. Melton, Kevin Eggan and Chad A. Cowan 5 Standard culture of human embryonic stem cells. Jeremy M. Crook, Rachel Horne, and Alan Colman 6 Culture of human embryonic stem cells in chemically defined conditions. Julie Hsu Clark and Sheng Ding Section 2: Characterization of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. 7 Phenotypic analysis of human embryonic stem cells. Jonathan S. Draper, Cheryle A. Seguin and Peter W. Andrews 8 Genetic and epigenetic analysis of human embryonic stem cells. Laurie A. Boyer, Rudolf Jaenisch, and Maisam Mitalipova Section 3: Manipulation of human embryonic stem cells. 9 In vivo differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Scott A. Noggle, Francesca M. Spagnoli, Ali H. Brivanlou 10 In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. A. Henry Sathananthan and Alan Trounson 11 Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into extraembryonic cell types. Cheryle A. Seguin and Jonathan S. Draper 12 Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into: (a) Early endoderm cells. Kenji Osafune, Alice E. Chen and Douglas A. Melton (b) Hepatic cells. Neta Lavon and Nissim Benvenisty (c) Pancreatic cells. Hiram Chipperfield 13 Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into: (a) Cardiomyocytes. Christine Mummery, Robert Passier and Chris Denning (b) Endothelial cells. Carrie Soukup, Shulamit Levenberg and Ondine Cleaver (c) Osteogenic cells. Jeffrey M. Karp, Alborz Mahdavi, Lino S. Ferreira, Ali Khademhosseini and Robert Langer (d) Hematopoietic in vivo repopulating cells. Shannon McKinney-Freeman, Thorsten M. Schlaeger and George Q. Daley (e) Lymphocytes. Petter S. Woll and Dan S. Kaufman (f) Myeloid cells. Chantal Cerdan and Mickie Bhatia 14 Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into: (a) Forebrain neurons. Emily A. Davis and Lawrence S.B. Goldstein (b) Dopaminergic neuron. Jan Pruszak and Ole Isacson (c) Spinal motor neurons. Bao-Yang Hu and Su-Chun Zhang 15 (a) Gene targeting: knock out and knock in by homologous recombination. Thomas P. Zwaka (b) RNA interference in human embryonic stem cells. M. William Lensch, Asmin Tulpule and Holm Zaehres (c) Generation of gene reporters using bacterial artificial chromosome recombineering. Andrew J. Washkowitz and David A. Shaywitz Afterword. Azim Surani Index.
Treatment of neoplastic meningeal xenografts by intraventricular administration of an antiganglioside monoclonal antibody, 3F8 (1999)

Leptomeningeal (LM) neoplastic metastases are painful, debilitating and inevitably lethal. Intrathecal (IT) anti-tumor antibodies may have therapeutic potential. We evaluated 3F8, an anti-GD2 murine IgG3 monoclonal antibody (MAb) in the treatment of human melanoma (SKMEL-1) and neuroblastoma (NMB7) xenografts in athymic rats. Both tumors were lysed efficiently in vitro by 3F8 in the presence of rat neutrophils or rat complement. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was not augmented by recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF), rhG-CSF, recombinant rat MIP-2 (rrMIP-2) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In vivo, continuous intraventricular administration of 3F8 and LPS prevented tumor engraftment, retarded tumor growth and eradicated 3-day-old established xenografts whereas 3F8 alone, LPS alone or F(ab)'2 plus LPS had no or only marginal effects. Tumor establishment in brain was completely prevented in 36% of animals implanted with SKMEL-1 and 65% of animals implanted with NMB7. Twenty percent of established xenografts around the brain were eradicated but all animals had persistent tumor in the lumbosacral meninges despite treatment. Continuous intraventricular infusion of LPS produced a variable polymorphonuclear (PMN) pleocytosis that was dose-dependent. Continuous intraventricular infusion of 3F8 produced immunohistochemically detectable attachment to 86% of persistent brain deposits of tumor but <1% of spinal lumbosacral deposits. We conclude that regional therapy with anti-GD2 MAb could target neutrophils to inhibit LM tumor growth. However, optimal activation and mobilization of neutrophils into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and improved penetration of MAb to tumor sites remain critical variables. Int. J. Cancer 82:538–548, 1998. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
ALGODYSTROPHY: AN UNDER-RECOGNIZED COMPLICATION OF MINOR TRAUMA (1994)

Algodystrophy is a poorly recognized condition of uncertain aetiology which presents with pain and tenderness, vascular instability, swelling and stiffness of an affected limb. It is most commonly seen after trauma. In order to ascertain its incidence, natural history and the degree of morbidity induced we studied prospectively 274 patients with Colles' fracture. Algodystrophy, as judged by the presence of bone pain or tenderness, vasomotor symptoms, swelling and stiffness of the hand was noted in 28% of patients. There was a significant association between the presence of these features (P < 0.0001). The degree of trauma sustained was identified as a predisposing factor. Actuarial analysis showed a gradual resolution of symptoms. Six months after injury, the proportion of patients complaining of pain and swelling had fallen to 20-30%, vascular instability and tenderness to 50% and stiffness to 80%. Failure to improve was associated with a significant loss of hand function (P < 0.0001). By 1 yr, pain and tenderness, vascular instability and swelling had decreased still further but stiffness was still apparent in 50%. We believe that algodystrophy is a neglected disorder and is far more common than formerly appreciated. Although it often resolves spontaneously, it is associated with a significant increase in short-term morbidity in the majority of patients and persistent dysfunction in a minority.
The Annual Meeting (1951)

The annual meeting of the Saskatchewan Natural History Society will be held at the Provincial Museum, Regina, on Friday, October 26.Registra¬ tion will be from 9.30 to 10 a.m.Plan to take a day or two off and attend this meeting.Those who came last year were enthusiastic about the success of the three sessions.The Executive is arranging a full and interesting program.Illustrated and other lectures, as well as special exhibits, will be the chief feature of the sessions, morning, afternoon and evening.The business meeting and election of officers will take place from 2 to 4.30 in the afternoon.
Controlling the Phase Front of Optical Fiber Beams using High Contrast Metastructures (2014)

The phase of optical beams can be modified by high contrast sub-wavelength periodic structures with gradually varying geometrical features. We present design, simulation, fabrication and characterization of planar micro-lenses shaping the beam of optical fibers.
A High-Quality Speech and Audio Codec With Less Than 10-ms Delay (2009)

With increasing quality requirements for multimedia communications, audio codecs must maintain both high quality and low delay. Typically, audio codecs offer either low delay or high quality, but rarely both. We propose a codec that simultaneously addresses both these requirements, with a delay of only 8.7 ms at 44.1 kHz. It uses gain-shape algebraic vector quantization in the frequency domain with time-domain pitch prediction. We demonstrate that the proposed codec operating at 48 kb/s and 64 kb/s out-performs both G.722.1C and MP3 and has quality comparable to AAC-LD, despite having less than one fourth of the algorithmic delay of these codecs.
Efficient and Specific Trypsin Digestion of Microgram to Nanogram Quantities of Proteins in Organic−Aqueous Solvent Systems (2005)

Mass spectrometry-based identification of the components of multiprotein complexes often involves solution-phase proteolytic digestion of the complex. The affinity purification of individual protein complexes often yields nanogram to low-microgram amounts of protein, which poses several challenges for enzymatic digestion and protein identification. We tested different solvent systems to optimize trypsin digestions of samples containing limited amounts of protein for subsequent analysis by LC-MS-MS. Data collected from digestion of 10-, 2-, 1-, and 0.2-microg portions of a protein standard mixture indicated that an organic-aqueous solvent system containing 80% acetonitrile consistently provided the most complete digestion, producing more peptide identifications than the other solvent systems tested. For example, a 1-h digestion in 80% acetonitrile yielded over 52% more peptides than the overnight digestion of 1 microg of a protein mixture in purely aqueous buffer. This trend was also observed for peptides from digested ribosomal proteins isolated from Rhodopseudomonas palustris. In addition to improved digestion efficiency, the shorter digestion times possible with the organic solvent also improved trypsin specificity, resulting in smaller numbers of semitryptic peptides than an overnight digestion protocol using an aqueous solvent. The technique was also demonstrated for an affinity-isolated protein complex, GroEL. To our knowledge, this report is the first using mass spectrometry data to show a linkage between digestion solvent and trypsin specificity.
Adversarial Feature Learning (2016)

The ability of the Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) framework to learn generative models mapping from simple latent distributions to arbitrarily complex data distributions has been demonstrated empirically, with compelling results showing that the latent space of such generators captures semantic variation in the data distribution. Intuitively, models trained to predict these semantic latent representations given data may serve as useful feature representations for auxiliary problems where semantics are relevant. However, in their existing form, GANs have no means of learning the inverse mapping -- projecting data back into the latent space. We propose Bidirectional Generative Adversarial Networks (BiGANs) as a means of learning this inverse mapping, and demonstrate that the resulting learned feature representation is useful for auxiliary supervised discrimination tasks, competitive with contemporary approaches to unsupervised and self-supervised feature learning.
Intensity Stereo Coding (1994)

Applying joint stereo coding techniques for the low bitrate coding of audio signals can lead to significant improvements in the perceived sound quality. Nevertheless, some pitfalls for the use of these techniques should be taken into account in order to avoid coding artifacts. The implementation of intensity stereo coding techniques will be described with respect to Layer Ill of the ISO/MPEG/AUDIO coder and its backward compatible multi-channel extension under MPEG-2.
The Isolation and Characterization of a Hyaluronidase Produced by a Capsulated Strain of Group C Streptococcus (1956)

Summary: A hyaluronidase preparation was isolated by the methods of protein precipitation from the culture fluid of a capsulated group C streptococcus cultivated in a serum-free medium. The preparation was active in the mucin clot prevention and turbidimetric tests for hyaluronidase and rapidly destroyed the capsules of group A and group C streptococci. The enzyme resembled other streptococcal hyaluronidases in its reaction to pH changes but differed from these both in its thermolability and antigenic specificity.
An in vitro model for sequential study of shiftdown of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through two stages of nonreplicating persistence (1996)

It was demonstrated previously that abrupt transfer of vigorously aerated cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to anaerobic conditions resulted in their rapid death, but gradual depletion of available O2 permitted expression of increased tolerance to anaerobiosis. Those studies used a model based on adaptation of unagitated bacilli as they settled through a self-generated O2 gradient, but the model did not permit examination of homogeneous populations of bacilli during discrete stages in that adaptation. The present report describes a model based on culture of tubercle bacilli in deep liquid medium with very gentle stirring that keeps them in uniform dispersion while controlling the rate at which O2 is depleted. In this model, at least two stages of nonreplicating persistence were seen. The shift into first stage, designated NRP stage 1, occurred abruptly at a point when the declining dissolved O2 level approached 1% saturation. This microaerophilic stage was characterized by a slow rate of increase in turbidity without a corresponding increase in numbers of CFU or synthesis of DNA. However, a high rate of production of glycine dehydrogenase was initiated and sustained while the bacilli were in this state, and a steady ATP concentration was maintained. When the dissolved O2 content of the culture dropped below about 0.06% saturation, the bacilli shifted down abruptly to an anaerobic stage, designated NRP stage 2, in which no further increase in turbidity was seen and the concentration of glycine dehydrogenase declined markedly. The ability of bacilli in NRP stage 2 to survive anaerobically was dependent in part on having spent sufficient transit time in NRP stage 1. The effects of four antimicrobial agents on the bacilli depended on which of the different physiologic stages the bacilli occupied at a given time and reflected the recognized modes of action of these agents. It is suggested that the ability to shift down into one or both of the two nonreplicating stages, corresponding to microaerophilic and anaerobic persistence, is responsible for the ability of tubercle bacilli to lie dormant in the host for long periods of time, with the capacity to revive and activate disease at a later time. The model described here holds promise as a tool to help clarify events at the molecular level that permit the bacilli to persist under adverse conditions and to resume growth when conditions become favorable. The culture model presented here is also useful for screening drugs for the ability to kill tubercle bacilli in their different stages of nonreplicating persistence.
Covid-19 and Kidney Transplantation (2020)

Kidney-Transplant Recipients with Covid-19 A cohort of 36 consecutive kidney-transplant recipients had less fever, lower CD3, CD4, and CD8 cell counts, more rapid clinical deterioration, and a high...
Regiochemical Aspects in the Ring Opening-Cross Metathesis of Bicyclic Alkenes (2000)

Control of the regioselectivity in the ring opening-cross metathesis of unsymmetric bicyclic alkenes with acyclic olefins in the presence of ruthenium or molybdenum catalysts has been considered.
Low-voltage field emitter array cathode for high frequency applications (1993)

The composite-based low voltage field emitter cathode offers distinct advantages for high-frequency applications. It is based on a directionally solidified ZrO2⋅Y2O3–W eutectic composite containing aligned, single-crystal tungsten fibers, ≊500 nm in diameter, with spatial densities of 2–50×106/cm2. The composite can be etched to form fibers of virtually any length with tip radii of 5–10 nm. A gridded structure can be formed around the fibers using a line-of-sight vapor deposition process. Because of the thickness of the composite chips used as the substrate (0.5 mm) and the high resistivity of the oxide matrix, the insulator film can be made extremely thin, thereby reducing the extractor aperture radius. Emission tests have verified this configuration results in measurably higher field enhancement values for the arrays.
Effect of epinephrine on amino acid and energy metabolism in humans (1990)

Epinephrine was infused for 8.5 h into five normal, healthy, young adult men on four different occasions at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 micrograms/min to elevate circulating levels of epinephrine into the high physiological range as seen in stress and trauma. Energy expenditure, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured at hourly intervals. [1-13C]leucine, [ring-2H5]phenylalanine, and [2-15N]glutamine were infused during the last 3.5 h to follow essential amino acid and glutamine kinetics. This design was adapted to study the effects of epinephrine on energy and protein metabolism after acute and temporary metabolic responses to epinephrine had occurred. Plasma glucose was significantly increased by approximately 20 mg/dl from 83 mg/dl (saline infusion) at all levels of epinephrine infusion. Amino acid levels were depressed with epinephrine infusion, with the largest drop occurring for the essential amino acids (-27% at the 2.0-micrograms/min dose). Energy expenditure was increased with epinephrine infusion in a dose-dependent fashion (+17% increase at 2.0 micrograms/min infusion). These effects were sustained for the duration of 8.5 h epinephrine infusion. There was no significant change in leucine or phenylalanine flux, indicative of protein breakdown, or in leucine oxidation. Glutamine flux was significantly (but modestly, +7%) increased at only the 2.0-micrograms/min infusion rate. Changes in kinetics that altered amino acid levels were not apparent by 7 h of epinephrine infusion (the beginning of the plateau period for the tracer infusion study). Although epinephrine can produce long-term elevations of metabolic rate, its effects on protein metabolism are minimal beyond acute changes affecting amino acid levels.
Review of control strategies for robotic movement training after neurologic injury (2009)

There is increasing interest in using robotic devices to assist in movement training following neurologic injuries such as stroke and spinal cord injury. This paper reviews control strategies for robotic therapy devices. Several categories of strategies have been proposed, including, assistive, challenge-based, haptic simulation, and coaching. The greatest amount of work has been done on developing assistive strategies, and thus the majority of this review summarizes techniques for implementing assistive strategies, including impedance-, counterbalance-, and EMG- based controllers, as well as adaptive controllers that modify control parameters based on ongoing participant performance. Clinical evidence regarding the relative effectiveness of different types of robotic therapy controllers is limited, but there is initial evidence that some control strategies are more effective than others. It is also now apparent there may be mechanisms by which some robotic control approaches might actually decrease the recovery possible with comparable, non-robotic forms of training. In future research, there is a need for head-to-head comparison of control algorithms in randomized, controlled clinical trials, and for improved models of human motor recovery to provide a more rational framework for designing robotic therapy control strategies.
Improved Sensitivity of Infrared Spectroscopy by the Application of Least Squares Methods (1980)

Improved sensitivity and precision in the quantitative analysis of trace gases by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy have been achieved by the application of new spectral least squares methods. By relating all of the spectral information present in the reference spectrum of a trace gas to that of the unknown sample and by appropriately fitting the baseline, detections of trace gases can be obtained even though the individual spectral features may lie well below the noise level. Four least squares methods incorporating different baseline assumptions were investigated and compared using calibrated gases of CO, N 2 O, and CO 2 in dry air. These methods include: (I) baseline known, (II) baseline linear over the spectral region of interest, (III) baseline linear over each spectral peak, and (IV) negligible baseline shift between successive data points. Methods III and IV were found to be most reliable for the gases studied. When method III is applied to the spectra of these trace gases, detection limits improved by factors of 5 to 7 over conventional methods applied to the same data. “Three sigma” detection limits are equal to 0.6, 0.2, and 0.08 ppm for CO, N 2 O, and CO 2 , respectively, when a 10-cm pathlength at a total pressure of 640 Torr is used with a ∼35 min measurement time at 0.06 cm −1 resolution.
Data-driven exploration of care plans for patients (2013)

CareFlow is a novel visual analytics tool designed to help doctors devise a care plan for their patient. Using historical outcomes from clinically similar patients, CareFlow allows doctors to analyze which treatments have been effective for patients like theirs.
Predicting internal exons by oligonucleotide composition and discriminant analysis of spliceable open reading frames (1994)

A new method which predicts internal exon sequences in human DNA has been developed. The method is based on a splice site prediction algorithm that uses the linear discriminant function to combine information about significant triplet frequencies of various functional parts of splice site regions and preferences of oligonucleotides in protein coding and intron regions. The accuracy of our splice site recognition function is 97% for donor splice sites and 96% for acceptor splice sites. For exon prediction, we combine in a discriminant function the characteristics describing the 5'-intron region, donor splice site, coding region, acceptor splice site and 3'-intron region for each open reading frame flanked by GT and AG base pairs. The accuracy of precise internal exon recognition on a test set of 451 exon and 246693 pseudoexon sequences is 77% with a specificity of 79%. The recognition quality computed at the level of individual nucleotides is 89% for exon sequences and 98% for intron sequences. This corresponds to a correlation coefficient for exon prediction of 0.87. The precision of this approach is better than other methods and has been tested on a larger data set. We have also developed a means for predicting exon-exon junctions in cDNA sequences, which can be useful for selecting optimal PCR primers.