gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Implementing the Swiss Exchange trading system (2002)

The Swiss Exchange (SWX) system is the most sophisticated, to our current knowledge, first fully computerised, stock exchange system integrating trading, clearing, settlement and member back offices. The system consists of two main components, the ES (Exchange System) and the TS (Trading System). The ES has only one instance run by SWX (Swiss Exchange) providing the core functionality allowing to trade against a central order book. The TS has at least one instance per SWX member. The paper focuses on aspects concerning the TS and its specific requirements. After a brief description of the design the paper concentrates on the difficulties encountered while solving the challenging and sometimes conflicting requirements of the project, the current solutions and their shortcomings. Other topics concern the development of tools for performance prediction, evaluation and tuning and the final testing and deployment of the system.
Photooxidation of polypropylene under natural and accelerated weathering conditions (1997)

The environmental and accelerated photodegradation of two polypropylene (PP) films (high and low crystallinity) were investigated. FT-IR measurements coupled with derivatization reactions (NO and SF4), elongation at break tests and gel permeation chromatography technique were used to monitor the degree of oxidation during the UV exposure. No stoichiometry changes were observed under both UV conditions for the PP films. The dominant photoproduct, i.e., ketone, was suggested to be produced from peroxy radicals. The low concentration of tert-alcohol detected questioned the validity of its formation from hydroperoxide decomposition as suggested by several authors. Under natural exposure, the effect of degradation on mechanical property was different for high and low PP. High PP was useless after a short exposure time; low PP retained its physical property for a longer period of time. In the latter case, the analysis of the changes in elongation at break, the polydispersity P = Mw/Mn, the number of chain scissions Nt, and the kinetic accumulation of photoproducts provided strong indications on the mechanisms of acid and ester production and shed some light on the competition between crosslinking and chain scission reactions. The estimated acceleration factors were 7.5 and 8.5 for high and low PP, respectively, values that were much lower than those obtained for linear low-density polyethylene. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 2497–2503, 1997
Increased Na(+)-K+ pump number and decreased pump activity in soleus muscles in SHR (1994)

We have previously demonstrated electrophysiological and contractile abnormalities in soleus muscles of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). The age-related decrease in force and fatigue resistance observed in SHR muscles may be produced by alterations in sarcolemmal ion conductance and/or Na+ pump function. The experiments reported in the present paper were designed to assess the functional capacity of the Na+ pump in 6- to 8- and 24- to 28-wk-old SHR and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) soleus muscles and to correlate pump activity with Na+ pump number and binding affinity ([3H]ouabain binding). Functional capacity was determined by measuring the change in resting membrane potential (RMP) of soleus muscle fibers in response to agents that stimulate (epinephrine and insulin) or inhibit (ouabain) the pump and by measuring maximum ouabain-suppressible 86Rb+ uptake in Na(+)-loaded muscles. Na+ pump number and affinity were quantified by determining the specific binding of [3H]ouabain in soleus muscle slices. SHR soleus muscles contain a greater number of Na+ pump sites (ouabain binding sites) than are present in age-matched WKY muscles but also experience a significant decrease in pump activity with age. SHR may upregulate pump number in response to the significantly higher intracellular Na+ concentration found in soleus muscles at all the ages examined. The apparent reduction in pump capacity with age may play a major role in the observed age-related decrease in SHR soleus force and fatigue resistance.
Protein kinase C activates chloride conductance in C127 cells stably expressing the cystic fibrosis gene (1993)

The regulatory domain (R domain) of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is phosphorylated by protein kinase A and protein kinase C (PKC) in vivo (Picciotto, M. R., Cohn, J. A., Bertuzzi, G., Greengard, P., and Nairn, A. C. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 12742-12752), but so far the functional effect of the PKC-dependent phosphorylation has not been clarified. We investigated the effect of PKC on the CFTR-mediated Cl- transport by treating with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), the cell line C127i stably expressing CFTR wild type (C127 CFTRw/t), or CFTR bearing the most common mutation deltaF508 (C127 CFTRdF508). We show that PMA activates Cl- efflux in C127 CFTRw/t, but not in C127 CFTRdF508 and C127i. The PMA-dependent activation of CFTR is not mediated by increase of intracellular [cAMP] and is not the result of a primary activation of a K+ conductive pathway. These results strongly suggest that PKC activates directly CFTR-mediated Cl- transport.
The impact of skeletal unloading on bone formation. (2003)

Skeletal unloading leads to decreased bone formation and decreased bone mass. Bone resorption is uncoupled from bone formation, contributing to the bone loss. During space flight bone is lost principally from the bones most loaded in the 1 g environment. Determining the mechanism(s) by which loading of bone is sensed and translated into a signal(s) controlling bone formation remains the holy grail in this field. It seems likely that matrix/cell interactions will underlie much of the mechanocoupling. Integrins are a prime mediator of such interactions. The role for systemic hormones such as PTH, GH and 1,25(OH)2D compared to locally produced factors such as IGF-I, PTHrP, BMPs and TGF beta in modulating the cellular response to load remains unclear. Our studies demonstrate that skeletal unloading leads to resistance to the anabolic actions of IGF-I on bone as a result of failure of IGF-I to activate its own signaling pathways. This is associated with a reduction in integrin expression, suggesting crosstalk between these two pathways. As the mechanism(s) by which bone responds to changes in mechanical load with changes in bone formation is further elucidated, applications of this knowledge to other etiologies of osteoporosis are likely to develop. Skeletal unloading provides a perturbation in bone mineral homeostasis that can be used to understand the mechanisms by which bone mineral homeostasis is maintained, and that such understanding will lead to effective treatment for disuse osteoporosis in addition to preventive measures for the bone loss that accompanies space travel.
The tobermorite supergroup: a new nomenclature (2015)

Abstract The name 'tobermorites' includes a number of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) phases differing in their hydration state and sub-cell symmetry. Based on their basal spacing, closely related to the degree of hydration, 14, 11 and 9 Å compounds have been described. In this paper a new nomenclature scheme for these mineral species is reported. The tobermorite supergroup is defined. It is formed by the tobermorite group and the unclassified minerals plombièrite, clinotobermorite and riversideite. Plombièrite ('14 Å tobermorite') is redefined as a crystalline mineral having chemical composition Ca 5 Si 6 O 16 (OH) 2 ·7H 2 O. Its type locality is Crestmore, Riverside County, California, USA. The tobermorite group consists of species having a basal spacing of ∼11 Å and an orthorhombic sub-cell symmetry. Its general formula is Ca 4+ x (Al y Si 6– y )O 15+2 x – y ·5H 2 O. Its endmember compositions correspond to tobermorite Ca 5 Si 6 O 17 ·5H 2 O ( x = 1 and y = 0) and the new species kenotobermorite, Ca 4 Si 6 O 15 (OH) 2 ·5H 2 O ( x = 0 and y = 0). The type locality of kenotobermorite is the N'Chwaning II mine, Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa. Within the tobermorite group, tobermorite and kenotobermorite form a complete solid solution. Al-rich samples do not warrant a new name, because Al can only achieve a maximum content of 1/6 of the tetrahedral sites ( y = 1). Clinotobermorite, Ca 5 Si 6 O 17 ·5H 2 O, is a dimorph of tobermorite having a monoclinic sub-cell symmetry. Finally, the compound with a ∼9 Å basal spacing is known as riversideite. Its natural occurrence is not demonstrated unequivocally and its status should be considered as “questionable”. The chemical composition of its synthetic counterpart, obtained through partial dehydration of tobermorite, is Ca 5 Si 6 O 16 (OH) 2 . All these mineral species present an order-disorder character and several polytypes are known. This report has been approved by the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification.
Prospects forin vivoRaman spectroscopy (2000)

Raman spectroscopy is a potentially important clinical tool for real-time diagnosis of disease and in situ evaluation of living tissue. The purpose of this article is to review the biological and physical basis of Raman spectroscopy of tissue, to assess the current status of the field and to explore future directions. The principles of Raman spectroscopy and the molecular level information it provides are explained. An overview of the evolution of Raman spectroscopic techniques in biology and medicine, from early investigations using visible laser excitation to present-day technology based on near-infrared laser excitation and charge-coupled device array detection, is presented. State-of-the-art Raman spectrometer systems for research laboratory and clinical settings are described. Modern methods of multivariate spectral analysis for extracting diagnostic, chemical and morphological information are reviewed. Several in-depth applications are presented to illustrate the methods of collecting, processing and analysing data, as well as the range of medical applications under study. Finally, the issues to be addressed in implementing Raman spectroscopy in various clinical applications, as well as some long-term directions for future study, are discussed.
Changes in molecular species of triacylglycerols in developing cotton seeds under salt stress (2000)

Cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. S4) were grown and irrigated with increasing salt concentrations: 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl. Lipids from developing seeds, at stages of 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks after anthesis, were analysed. High salt dose (150 mM NaCl) affected triacylglycerol levels drastically at the end of ripening. HPLC analysis of triacylglycerols in control seeds showed ten molecular species. Palmitodilinolein (PLL) is the major fraction, representing about 25% of total triacylglycerols. The levels of trilinolein (LLL), palmitolinoleo-olein (PLO) and oleodilinolein (OLL) molecules varied between 13 and 16% of the total. The other molecular species: triolein (OOO), dioleopalmitin (POO) and dipalmito-olein (POP) are minor and do not exceed 5%. Moreover, the composition of triacylglycerol molecular species was almost constant during developing stages of control seeds. However, amounts of triacylglycerol species LLL, OLL and palmitodilinolein (PLL), as expressed on a dry-matter basis (mg/g), decreased severely under the highest NaCl concentration, while contents of triacylglycerol species OOO, POO, POP were unchanged. These findings confirm our previous results, which indicated that the amount of linoleic acid in cotton seeds was reduced by salt stress and that the amount of oleic acid remained unchanged.
Single-cell analysis of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells: molecular heterogeneity of gene expression and p53 mutations (1993)

We have used a single-cell based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification technique to examine the gene expression pattern in single Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg (H&amp;RS) cells from seven patients with Hodgkin's disease. Single cells were isolated from lymph nodes obtained at diagnosis (5 of 7 patients) or in first or second relapse (2 of 7 patients). Gene expression was examined by hybridization to a panel of 22 cDNA probes. Forty-nine H&amp;RS cells (and 23 CD3+ or CD20+ lymphocytes as controls) from four patients with nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's disease (HD) and one patient each with lymphocyte predominant and mixed-cellularity HD were successfully analyzed by PCR. This analysis provides evidence that single H&amp;RS cells can coexpress genes characteristic of several hematopoietic lineages (monocytes and lymphocytes). Genes characteristic of activated lymphoid cells are expressed in most H&amp;RS cells. Heterogeneity of expression for certain genes between different cases was found and may eventually define molecular subgroups of HD. These findings indicate that H&amp;RS cells of HD resemble activated hematopoietic cells. Phenotypically similar cells from different cases exhibit characteristic molecular differences. In one patient, 5 of 7 single RS cells showed identical p53 cDNA mutations at codon 246 on specific reverse transcriptase [RT]-PCR and sequencing of exons 5 through 8. The novel experimental approach may provide a valuable tool for understanding the molecular events in newly diagnosed Hodgkin's disease and progression of the disease.
Minoxidil: mechanisms of action on hair growth (2004)

We have known for over 30 years that minoxidil stimulates hair growth, yet our understanding of its mechanism of action on the hair follicle is very limited. In animal studies, topical minoxidil shortens telogen, causing premature entry of resting hair follicles into anagen, and it probably has a similar action in humans. Minoxidil may also cause prolongation of anagen and increases hair follicle size. Orally administered minoxidil lowers blood pressure by relaxing vascular smooth muscle through the action of its sulphated metabolite, minoxidil sulphate, as an opener of sarcolemmal KATP channels. There is some evidence that the stimulatory effect of minoxidil on hair growth is also due to the opening of potassium channels by minoxidil sulphate, but this idea has been difficult to prove and to date there has been no clear demonstration that KATP channels are expressed in the hair follicle. A number of in vitro effects of minoxidil have been described in monocultures of various skin and hair follicle cell types including stimulation of cell proliferation, inhibition of collagen synthesis, and stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and prostaglandin synthesis. Some or all of these effects may be relevant to hair growth, but the application of results obtained in cell culture studies to the complex biology of the hair follicle is uncertain. In this article we review the current state of knowledge on the mode of action of minoxidil on hair growth and indicate lines of future research.
Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Comb Block Copolymers and Their Assembly into Ordered Morphologies in the Solid State (2007)

This Article describes a simple two-step synthesis of comb block copolymers with molecular weights exceeding 1,000,000 g mol(-1) and their assembly into ordered morphologies in the solid state. This work is exciting because these polymers assembled into morphologies with domain sizes exceeding 100 nm and, in some examples, 200 nm without the use of additives. These materials reflected selected wavelengths of visible light, and these wavelengths could be affected by swelling with methylene chloride vapor. A comparison between the structures of comb block copolymers and linear block copolymers is presented with a discussion of important parameters affecting their assembly in the solid state. This Article will first describe the synthesis of comb block copolymers using ring opening metathesis polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization and their subsequent characterization. The comb block copolymers, backbone polymers, and polystyrene arms were all characterized independent of each other and had low polydispersities. The comb block copolymers were assembled by dissolving in methylene chloride and allowing the solvent to evaporate. After thermal annealing, the polymers were characterized by scanning electron and optical microscopy. These polymers assembled into spherical, lamellar, and cylindrical arrays with domain sizes from 132 to 258 nm. This work extends the molecular architectures of polymers that can be assembled in the solid state, the molecular weights of block copolymers that were assembled, and the domain sizes that can be realized without the use of additives.
Insulin-induced redistribution of the insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor in intact rat liver (2000)

The ability of acute insulin treatment to elicit a redistribution of the liver insulin-like growth factor-II/ mannose 6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor has been studied in rats, using cell fractionation. Injection of insulin (0.4-50 microg) led to a time- and dose-dependent decrease in IGF-II binding activity in Golgi-endosomal (GE) fractions, along with an increase in activity in the plasma membrane (PM) fraction; only receptor number was affected. Quantitative subfractionation of the microsomal fraction on sucrose density gradients showed that IGF-II binding activity distributed similarly to galactosyltransferase (a Golgi marker), at slightly higher densities than in vivo internalized (125)I-insulin, and at lower densities than 5' nucleotidase and alkaline phosphodiesterase (two plasma membrane markers). Insulin treatment led to a slight time-dependent and reversible shift of IGF-II binding activity toward higher densities. Subfractionation of the GE fraction on Percoll gradients showed that IGF-II binding activity was broadly distributed, with about 60% at low densities coinciding with galactosyltransferase and early internalized (125)I-insulin and with 40% at high densities in the region of late internalized (125)I-insulin. Insulin treatment caused a time-dependent and reversible shift of the distribution of IGF-II binding activity toward low densities. On SDS-PAGE, the size of the affinity-labeled IGF-II/M6P receptor was comparable in GE and PM fractions (about 255 kDa), but on Western blots receptor size was slightly lower in the latter (245 kDa) than in the former (255 kDa). Insulin treatment did not affect the size, but modified the abundance of the IGF-II/M6P receptor in a manner similar to that of IGF-II binding. In vivo chloroquine treatment fully suppressed the changes in IGF-II binding activity in liver GE and PM fractions observed in insulin-treated rats. We conclude that insulin elicits a time-dependent and reversible redistribution of liver IGF-II receptors from Golgi elements and endosomes to the plasma membrane, presumably via early endosomes.
The use of phosphate bioisosteres in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology (2012)

Phosphate and pyrophosphate groups play a central role in cellular signalling and consequently are of great interest to both medicinal chemists and chemical biologists. However, the design of molecules that can interfere with phosphate-based processes is recognised as a significant challenge, especially when the resulting compounds must show good cellular penetration and stability. Herein, we have reviewed the full range of phosphate bioisosteres currently reported and provided the context of their deployment. We aim to provide a useful reference for medicinal chemists and chemical biologists who are engaged in the design of molecules that target phosphate-binding proteins.
The multimodel, multilingual approach to interoperability of multidatabase systems (2002)

Overviews the architecture of a new kind of database management system (DBMS) that facilitates data sharing and resource consolidation in heterogeneous database environments without compromising the autonomy of the individual databases. The architecture of the DBMS is based on the multimodel multilingual approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Linear Time Erasure Codes with Nearly Optimal Recovery (Extended Abstract). (1995)

An (n, c, `, r)-erasure code consists of an encoding algorithm and a decoding algorithm with the following properties. The encoding algorithm produces a set of `-bit packets of total length cn from an n-bit message. The decoding algorithm is able to recover the message from any set of packets whose total length is r, i.e., from any set of r/` packets. We describe erasure codes where both the encoding and decoding algorithms run in linear time and where r is only slightly larger than n.
Digital local network systems: The impact of signal processing (2005)

There is an increasing need for digital transmission systems which can operate over existing subscriber lines in the telephone local network. The design of a digital 1+1 system is described and the importance of signal processing to the design and realisation of systems is discussed. Some examples of signal processing in the 1+1 system are given; in particular an echo-canceller with sign-bit adaptation of its coefficients is described.
Protection of MP-12-Vaccinated Rhesus Macaques Against Parenteral and Aerosol Challenge With Virulent Rift Valley Fever Virus (2011)

To test safety and efficacy of the Rift Valley fever MP-12 (RVF MP-12) vaccine, 9 healthy adult Rhesus macaques, weighing 5-10 kg, were inoculated intramuscularly with 6 × 10(3) plaque forming units (PFUs) of MP-12 vaccine. The monkeys developed neutralizing antibody responses with no adverse effects other than a transient, low-titer viremia in 3 monkeys. Four vaccinated animals challenged intravenously with 3 × 10(6) PFUs of virulent Rift Valley fever virus strain ZH-501 (RVFV ZH-501) at 126 days after vaccination were protected against infection. The remaining 5 vaccinated monkeys along with 2 monkeys that had been vaccinated 6 years prior were completely protected against a small particle aerosol challenge of 5 × 10(5) PFUs of RVFV ZH-501. The mutagen-attenuated RVF MP-12 vaccine was determined to be protective against intravenous and aerosol challenge with virulent RVFV in these macaques, which suggests further development as a vaccine for humans is warranted.
Micro-chemical synthesis of molecular probes on an electronic microfluidic device (2011)

We have developed an all-electronic digital microfluidic device for microscale chemical synthesis in organic solvents, operated by electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD). As an example of the principles, we demonstrate the multistep synthesis of [(18)F]FDG, the most common radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET), with high and reliable radio-fluorination efficiency of [(18)F]FTAG (88 ± 7%, n = 11) and quantitative hydrolysis to [(18)F]FDG (> 95%, n = 11). We furthermore show that batches of purified [(18)F]FDG can successfully be used for PET imaging in mice and that they pass typical quality control requirements for human use (including radiochemical purity, residual solvents, Kryptofix, chemical purity, and pH). We report statistical repeatability of the radiosynthesis rather than best-case results, demonstrating the robustness of the EWOD microfluidic platform. Exhibiting high compatibility with organic solvents and the ability to carry out sophisticated actuation and sensing of reaction droplets, EWOD is a unique platform for performing diverse microscale chemical syntheses in small volumes, including multistep processes with intermediate solvent-exchange steps.
A New Convenient Route for the Synthesis of DOPA Peptides (1994)

Abstract The tert ‐butyldimethylsilyl group as the catechol protective group of DOPA (compound 1a ), Boc‐DOPA (compound 1b ) and DOPA esters (compounds 2a–c ) is introduced. The compounds 2a–c and 1b are used as the starting substrates for the synthesis of the protected N ‐terminal DOPA and C ‐terminal DOPA dipeptides, 3a–d and 4a–f , respectively. Optimal conditions for deprotection are presented. Acidolysis of the fully protected DOPA peptides 3a–d and 4a–f gives quantitatively the pure DOPA dipeptides in one step.