gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Millimeter wave carrier generation based on a double-Brillouin-frequency spaced fiber laser (2012)

An all-optical generation of a millimeter wave carrier from a multiwavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser is presented. Four-channel output with spacing of about 21.5 GHz is generated from the fiber laser by controlling the gain in the cavity. A dual-wavelength signal with spacing correspondent to six orders of Brillouin frequency shift is obtained by suppressing the two channels at the middle. Heterodyning these signals at the high-speed photodetector produces a millimeter wave carrier at 64.17 GHz. Temperature dependence characteristic of Brillouin frequency shift realize the flexibility of generated millimeter wave frequency to be tuned at 6.6 MHz/ °C.
Sentinel Lymph Nodes in the Rat: Noninvasive Photoacoustic and US Imaging with a Clinical US System (2010)

In vivo photoacoustic and US mapping of SLNs was successfully demonstrated with a modified clinical US scanner. These results raise confidence that photoacoustic and US imaging can be used clinically for accurate, noninvasive imaging of SLNs for axillary lymph node staging in breast cancer patients.
Establishment and characterization of two human myeloma cell lines secreting kappa light chains. (1989)

A small number of human myelomas have been established as long term cultured cell lines. We report the characteristics of two new cell lines, designated SK-MM-1 and SK-MM-2, derived from 73 attempts to culture myeloma specimens. Both cell lines were grown from myeloma patients with hypogammaglobulinemia, kappa light chain proteinuria, and plasma cell leukemia. SK-MM-1 and SK-MM-2 had a plasmacytoid morphology, grew in RPMI complete medium with doubling times of 32 and 60 hr, respectively, and did not express Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen. Both cell lines secreted kappa light chains (0.9 and 1.1 micrograms/10(6) cells/ml per 48 hr for SK-MM-1 and SK-MM-2, respectively) but no heavy chains. SK-MM-1 and SK-MM-2 expressed the pan-B cell marker B1 and the late B cell/plasma cell marker BL3. In addition, SK-MM-2 expressed late B cell/plasma cell markers OKT10 and PCA-1. Neither cell line expressed T lymphocyte, myeloid, or early B lymphocyte markers. The presence of distinctive kappa and heavy chain gene rearrangements supported the clonal origin of both cell lines from kappa light chain-producing B cells. The two cell lines were markedly aneuploid and both carried a 14q+ marker chromosome. Human myeloma cell lines lacking heavy chain secretion may be useful to elucidate mechanisms of immunoglobulin gene regulation and to construct human-human hybridomas.
In Vitro–expanded Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Suppress Autoimmune Diabetes (2004)

The low number of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), their anergic phenotype, and diverse antigen specificity present major challenges to harnessing this potent tolerogenic population to treat autoimmunity and transplant rejection. In this study, we describe a robust method to expand antigen-specific Tregs from autoimmune-prone nonobese diabetic mice. Purified CD4+ CD25+ Tregs were expanded up to 200-fold in less than 2 wk in vitro using a combination of anti-CD3, anti-CD28, and interleukin 2. The expanded Tregs express a classical cell surface phenotype and function both in vitro and in vivo to suppress effector T cell functions. Most significantly, small numbers of antigen-specific Tregs can reverse diabetes after disease onset, suggesting a novel approach to cellular immunotherapy for autoimmunity.
IL-17 and Th17 Cells (2009)

CD4+ T cells, upon activation and expansion, develop into different T helper cell subsets with different cytokine profiles and distinct effector functions. Until recently, T cells were divided into Th1 or Th2 cells, depending on the cytokines they produce. A third subset of IL-17-producing effector T helper cells, called Th17 cells, has now been discovered and characterized. Here, we summarize the current information on the differentiation and effector functions of the Th17 lineage. Th17 cells produce IL-17, IL-17F, and IL-22, thereby inducing a massive tissue reaction owing to the broad distribution of the IL-17 and IL-22 receptors. Th17 cells also secrete IL-21 to communicate with the cells of the immune system. The differentiation factors (TGF-beta plus IL-6 or IL-21), the growth and stabilization factor (IL-23), and the transcription factors (STAT3, RORgammat, and RORalpha) involved in the development of Th17 cells have just been identified. The participation of TGF-beta in the differentiation of Th17 cells places the Th17 lineage in close relationship with CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), as TGF-beta also induces differentiation of naive T cells into Foxp3+ Tregs in the peripheral immune compartment. The investigation of the differentiation, effector function, and regulation of Th17 cells has opened up a new framework for understanding T cell differentiation. Furthermore, we now appreciate the importance of Th17 cells in clearing pathogens during host defense reactions and in inducing tissue inflammation in autoimmune disease.
Mapping of a Cellulose-Deficient Mutant Named dwarf1-1 in Sorghum bicolor to the Green Revolution Gene gibberellin20-oxidase Reveals a Positive Regulatory Association between Gibberellin and Cellulose Biosynthesis (2015)

Here, we show a mechanism for expansion regulation through mutations in the green revolution gene gibberellin20 (GA20)-oxidase and show that GAs control biosynthesis of the plants main structural polymer cellulose. Within a 12,000 mutagenized Sorghum bicolor plant population, we identified a single cellulose-deficient and male gametophyte-dysfunctional mutant named dwarf1-1 (dwf1-1). Through the Sorghum propinquum male/dwf1-1 female F2 population, we mapped dwf1-1 to a frameshift in GA20-oxidase. Assessment of GAs in dwf1-1 revealed ablation of GA. GA ablation was antagonistic to the expression of three specific cellulose synthase genes resulting in cellulose deficiency and growth dwarfism, which were complemented by exogenous bioactive gibberellic acid application. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we found that GA was positively regulating the expression of a subset of specific cellulose synthase genes. To cross reference data from our mapped Sorghum sp. allele with another monocotyledonous plant, a series of rice (Oryza sativa) mutants involved in GA biosynthesis and signaling were isolated, and these too displayed cellulose deficit. Taken together, data support a model whereby suppressed expansion in green revolution GA genes involves regulation of cellulose biosynthesis.
Interferometric Rayparameter Estimation and Applications (2009)

Modern seismic surveys accumulate large amounts of data due to the increased channel and shot counts (see Rached et al., 2006). Therefore we need to move away from the manual estimation of the first breaks, needed for the production of refraction based static corrections, and instead use more automatic methods. The novel technique described here is based on the theory of seismic interferometry to the estimation of rayparameter values as function of source and receiver offset. Seismic interferometry is the process of creating secondary seismic traces (interferograms) from pairs of genuine seismograms by cross-correlation (or spectral division). One major benefit of dealing with interferograms is that of estimating delay times by picking maxima of interferograms as opposed to picking first-break travel times from the actual seismograms. One application of the estimated rayparameter is to enhance automatic first break picking. The rayparameter is estimated in the region of the first breaks and is subsequently used in the stacking of adjacent traces. The stacked traces, with an improved signal-to-noise ratio, are analyzed in place of the original traces to provide better estimates of the first break times.
Efficacy of a Tetravalent Dengue Vaccine in Children in Latin America (2014)

The CYD-TDV dengue vaccine was efficacious against VCD and severe VCD and led to fewer hospitalizations for VCD in five Latin American countries where dengue is endemic. (Funded by Sanofi Pasteur; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01374516.).
Light Activation of Anti‐CD3 in vivo Reduces the Growth of an Aggressive Ovarian Carcinoma (2007)

A photoactivatable anti-murine CD3 antibody was constructed. When reactivated in vivo in the presence of tumour pieces it markedly reduces the growth of ovarian carcinoma. Such antibodies provide a means to target T-cells with a much higher degree of specificity to tumours, whilst minimising side effects in other non-illuminated areas of the body.
Improved IL-2 immunotherapy by selective stimulation of IL-2 receptors on lymphocytes and endothelial cells (2010)

IL-2 immunotherapy is an attractive treatment option for certain metastatic cancers. However, administration of IL-2 to patients can lead, by ill-defined mechanisms, to toxic adverse effects including severe pulmonary edema. Here, we show that IL-2-induced pulmonary edema is caused by direct interaction of IL-2 with functional IL-2 receptors (IL-2R) on lung endothelial cells in vivo. Treatment of mice with high-dose IL-2 led to efficient expansion of effector immune cells expressing high levels of IL-2Rbetagamma, including CD8(+) T cells and natural killer cells, which resulted in a considerable antitumor response against s.c. and pulmonary B16 melanoma nodules. However, high-dose IL-2 treatment also affected immune cell lineage marker-negative CD31(+) pulmonary endothelial cells via binding to functional alphabetagamma IL-2Rs, expressed at low to intermediate levels on these cells, thus causing pulmonary edema. Notably, IL-2-mediated pulmonary edema was abrogated by a blocking antibody to IL-2Ralpha (CD25), genetic disruption of CD25, or the use of IL-2Rbetagamma-directed IL-2/anti-IL-2 antibody complexes, thereby interfering with IL-2 binding to IL-2Ralphabetagamma(+) pulmonary endothelial cells. Moreover, IL-2/anti-IL-2 antibody complexes led to vigorous activation of IL-2Rbetagamma(+) effector immune cells, which generated a dramatic antitumor response. Thus, IL-2/anti-IL-2 antibody complexes might improve current strategies of IL-2-based tumor immunotherapy.
? Values of N-substituted azoles (1974)

P. Bouchet, C. Coquelet and J. Elguero, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1974, 449 DOI: 10.1039/P29740000449
Immunotherapy of Malignancy by In Vivo Gene Transfer into Tumors (1992)

The goal of immunotherapy is to stimulate the immune system by modification of tumor cells or expansion of lymphocytes which respond specifically to tumor antigens. In this study, we will apply techniques of direct gene transfer to enhance immune response against tumors in vivo. Patients with advanced cancer who have failed all effective therapy will be treated by injection of a DNA/liposome complex directly within the tumor. DNA encoding an HLA-B7 histocompatibility antigen and the neomycin-resistant gene in a eukaryotic expression vector will be used, and a safe and effective dose to introduce this recombinant gene in HLA-B7- patients will be established. HLA-B7 expression will be confirmed in vivo, and the immune response stimulated by the expression of this antigen will be characterized. We will also determine whether this treatment facilitates tumor regression alone or in combination with other treatment modalities. This gene transfer approach will be analyzed for its efficacy as an anti-cancer treatment. Finally, these studies will allow the development of other approaches, using different recombinant genes or in combination with cytokines or adoptive T cell therapy, to augment tumor immunity. This method to treat malignancy may provide the basis to establish the safety on this general approach, which could be extended to treat a variety of other human diseases.
Antitumor Activity of the TLR-5 Ligand Flagellin in Mouse Models of Cancer (2006)

Flagellin, the structural protein subunit of the bacterial flagellum, is specifically recognized by TLR-5 and has potent immunomodulatory effects. The antitumor effects of purified Salmonella typhimurium flagellin were evaluated in mice transplanted s.c. with a weakly immunogenic murine tumor or with its variant stably transfected to express the highly antigenic human HER-2 oncoprotein. Peritumoral administration of flagellin 8-10 days after tumor implantation did not affect the growth rate of the weakly immunogenic tumor but significantly inhibited growth of the antigenic variant tumor. In contrast, flagellin administered at the time of implantation of the antigenic tumor led to accelerated tumor growth. These contrasting effects of flagellin on tumor growth correlated with the type of immune response induced; i.e., late flagellin administration was associated with an increased IFN-gamma:IL-4 ratio and the decreased frequency of CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells, whereas flagellin treatment at the time of tumor implantation decreased the IFN-gamma:IL-4 ratio and increased CD4+CD25+ T cell frequency. When the early flagellin treatment was combined with administration of CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides, tumor growth was completely suppressed, indicating synergy between flagellin and CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides. Together, these data provide evidence that flagellin can have contrasting effects on tumor growth.
Dose‐dependent induction of apoptosis in human tumour cell lines by widely diverging stimuli (1991)

Cell death may occur by either of two mechanisms: apoptosis or necrosis. Necrosis, the first type of cell death to be recognized, is an uncontrolled degenerative phenomenon invariably caused by noxious stimuli and is the result of irreversible failure of membrane function. Apoptosis, on the other hand, is a death process which involves a series of well-organized events which require active cell participation, and is primarily caused by physiological stimuli. In the present study we show that cell death induced by a range of varied agents may take the form of either apoptosis or necrosis. Apoptotic cell death was found to occur at low levels of these agents, while at higher levels necrosis occurred. Hence, cells which are not killed directly, but merely injured by these agents, have the capacity to activate an internally programmed suicide death mechanism, whereas cells receiving greater injuries apparently do not. In addition, the presence of extracellular calcium was found to be necessary for the induction of apoptosis with all agents tested.
Viral Vectors in Gene Therapy (2018)

Applications of viral vectors have found an encouraging new beginning in gene therapy in recent years. Significant improvements in vector engineering, delivery, and safety have placed viral vector-based therapy at the forefront of modern medicine. Viral vectors have been employed for the treatment of various diseases such as metabolic, cardiovascular, muscular, hematologic, ophthalmologic, and infectious diseases and different types of cancer. Recent development in the area of immunotherapy has provided both preventive and therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, gene silencing generating a reversible effect has become an interesting alternative, and is well-suited for delivery by viral vectors. A number of preclinical studies have demonstrated therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy in animal models and furthermore in clinical trials. Several viral vector-based drugs have also been globally approved.
A Preprocessing Method for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems by Modifying FFT and IFFT Matrices (2007)

In this paper we propose an algorithm for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems, based on a modification in the IFFT matrix at the transmitter and using the inverse matrix at the receiver. In this method two columns of the IFFT matrix are replaced with a linear combination of them in order to reduce the PAPR. These columns correspond to the maximum and minimum in the sequence of absolute values for each OFDM symbol. It will be shown that we may choose more than one pair in order to reduce the PAPR more effectively. The proposed method entails less complexity at the transmitter in comparison with other PAPR reduction algorithms. It also requires less increase in SNR for the same BER compared to other methods. A trade-off between complexity and system performance can set the number of pairs of maximum and minimum processed. The only drawback of this method is that the modified IFFT matrix is not the same for all OFDM symbols; therefore some extra information about the modified matrix must be sent.
Potential Usefulness of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms to Identify Persons at High Cancer Risk: An Evaluation of Seven Common Cancers (2012)

Foreseeable common SNP discoveries may not permit identification of small subsets of patients that contain most cancers. Usefulness of screening could be diminished by many false positives. Additional strong risk factors are needed to improve risk discrimination.
Transactivation of the Brassica napus napin promoter by ABI3 requires interaction of the conserved B2 and B3 domains of ABI3 with different cis‐elements: B2 mediates activation through an ABRE, whereas B3 interacts with an RY/G‐box (2000)

The transcriptional activator ABI3 is a key regulator of gene expression during embryo maturation in crucifers. In monocots, the related VP1 protein regulates the Em promoter synergistically with abscisic acid (ABA). We identified cis-elements in the Brassica napus napin napA promoter mediating regulation by ABI3 and ABA, by analyzing substitution mutation constructs of napA in transgenic tobacco plantlets ectopically expressing ABI3. In transient analysis using particle bombardment of tobacco leaf sections, a tetramer of the distB ABRE (abscisic acid-responsive element) mediated transactivation by ABI3 and ABI3-dependent response to ABA, whereas a tetramer of the composite RY/G complex, containing RY repeats and a G-box, mediated only ABA-independent transactivation by ABI3. Deletion of the conserved B2 and B3 domains of ABI3 abolished transactivation of napA by ABI3. The two domains of ABI3 interact with different cis-elements: B2 is necessary for ABA-independent and ABA-dependent activations through the distB ABRE, whereas B3 interacts with the RY/G complex. Thus B2 mediates the interaction of ABI3 with the protein complex at the ABRE. The regulation of napA by ABI3 differs from Em regulation by VP1, in that the B3 domain of ABI3 is essential for the ABA-dependent regulation of napA.
Inefficient Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication in Mobile Lymphocytes (2006)

Cell-to-cell viral transfer facilitates the spread of lymphotropic retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), likely through the formation of "virological synapses" between donor and target cells. Regarding HIV replication, the importance of cell contacts has been demonstrated, but this phenomenon remains only partly characterized. In order to alter cell-to-cell HIV transmission, we have maintained cultures under continuous gentle shaking and followed viral replication in this experimental system. In lymphoid cell lines, as well as in primary lymphocytes, viral replication was dramatically reduced in shaken cultures. To document this phenomenon, we have developed an assay to assess the relative contributions of free and cell-associated virions in HIV propagation. Acutely infected donor cells were mixed with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester-labeled lymphocytes as targets, and viral production was followed by measuring HIV Gag expression at different time points by flow cytometry. We report that cellular contacts drastically enhance productive viral transfer compared to what is seen with infection with free virus. Productive cell-to-cell viral transmission required fusogenic viral envelope glycoproteins on donor cells and adequate receptors on targets. Only a few syncytia were observed in this coculture system. Virus release from donor cells was unaffected when cultures were gently shaken, whereas virus transfer to recipient cells was severely impaired. Altogether, these results indicate that cell-to-cell transfer is the predominant mode of HIV spread and help to explain why this virus replicates so efficiently in lymphoid organs.
Current Status of Immunological Adjuvants (1986)

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, ...Read More
RNA repair restores hemoglobin expression in IVS2–654 thalassemic mice (2009)

Repair of beta-globin pre-mRNA rendered defective by a thalassemia-causing splicing mutation, IVS2-654, in intron 2 of the human beta-globin gene was accomplished in vivo in a mouse model of IVS2-654 thalassemia. This was effected by a systemically delivered splice-switching oligonucleotide (SSO), a morpholino oligomer conjugated to an arginine-rich peptide. The SSO blocked the aberrant splice site in the targeted pre-mRNA and forced the splicing machinery to reselect existing correct splice sites. Repaired beta-globin mRNA restored significant amounts of hemoglobin in the peripheral blood of the IVS2-654 mouse, improving the number and quality of erythroid cells.
100-nm defect detection using an existing image acquisition system (1997)

For obvious cost reasons, semiconductor manufacturers are constantly striving to produce ever smaller wafer geometries with the current installed base of wafer steppers. Many techniques (phase shifting, optical proximity correction, etc.) have been used successfully to 'squeeze' more resolution from these steppers than was once thought possible. Wafers processed using non-aggressive k<SUB>1</SUB> factors provided a linear correlation between mask and wafer feature sizes. However, it has been shown that pushing k<SUB>1</SUB> factors to very low levels causes a nonlinear response between changes in photomask and wafer critical dimension. This non-linearity demands extremely tight photomask CD control specifications. Total CD errors 50 nm and smaller can cause unacceptable wafer CD variation. Current high end reticle manufacturers are capable of meeting a total CD uniformity specification of approximately 40 nm as measured by sampling strategies using optical metrology tools. These tools are very useful for detecting macro changes in CD; however, they will only detect a localized error if it happens to occur precisely at the point of measurement. In contrast, a pattern inspection system employing a linewidth measurement algorithm can ensure detection of all localized errors within the detection and review capability of the system. The problem with reticle CD error detection capability is that there is a large discrepancy between currently available detection of greater than or equal to 150 nm and required detection of less than or equal to 50 nm necessary for proper wafer functionality at low k<SUB>1</SUB> lithography. In this paper, defect sensitivity and false detection performance of a new advanced line measurement algorithm was tested. The test vehicles included both an industry standard and a custom designed programed defect test mask. In addition, production masks with naturally occurring localized CD errors that caused wafer pattern bridging were analyzed. This new experimental algorithm has shown localized CD error detection of less than or equal to 100 nm reticle defects.