gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Telazol, Telazol-ketamine, Telazol-xylazine, and Telazol-ketamine-xylazine as chemical restraint and anesthetic induction combination in swine. (1993)

The use of Telazol (T, tiletamine and zolazepam, 4.4 mg T/kg) alone, Telazol-ketamine (TK, 4.4 mg T/kg and 2.2 mg K/kg), Telazol-xylazine (TX, 4.4 mg T/kg, 2.2 mg X/kg), and Telazol-ketamine-xylazine (TKX, 4.4 mg T/kg, 2.2 mg K/kg, and 2.2 mg X/kg) as chemical restraint and anesthetic induction combination was compared in pigs. Forty mixed-breed healthy pigs (24.4 +/- 5.6 kg, mean +/- SD) were randomly assigned to the four treatment groups (T, TK, TX, TKX) with 10 pigs in each group. All the anesthetics were premixed by adding sterile water, ketamine, xylazine, or xylazine and ketamine directly into the Telazol vial and given as a single intramuscular injection. All four anesthetic combinations induced a rapid onset of sternal recumbency within 1.76 +/- 1.0 minutes and lateral recumbency within 3.02 +/- 2.2 minutes in pigs after intramuscular injection; there was no significant difference among treatments. The combinations TX and TKX induced analgesia (as evident by a lack of response to needle prick in the middle portion of the pinna and flank regions) duration of 29.0 +/- 11.0 and 36.0 +/- 12.2 minutes, respectively, and ability to tolerate tracheal intubation (as evident by lack of coughing and chewing response to a laryngoscope) for a period of 34.0 +/- 8.4 and 39.0 +/- 9.9 minutes, respectively. The combinations T and TK did not induce analgesia nor conditions suitable for intubation. Duration of lateral recumbency was 29.9 +/- 10, 33.1 +/- 6.9, 52.2 +/- 6.9, and 61.5 +/- 10.7 minutes in T-, TK-, TX-, and TKX-treated pigs, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The homeobox gene BREVIPEDICELLUS is a key regulator of inflorescence architecture in Arabidopsis (2002)

Flowering plants display a remarkable range of inflorescence architecture, and pedicel characteristics are one of the key contributors to this diversity. However, very little is known about the genes or the pathways that regulate pedicel development. The brevipedicellus (bp) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana displays a unique phenotype with defects in pedicel development causing downward-pointing flowers and a compact inflorescence architecture. Cloning and molecular analysis of two independent mutant alleles revealed that BP encodes the homeodomain protein KNAT1, a member of the KNOX family. bp-1 is a null allele with deletion of the entire locus, whereas bp-2 has a point mutation that is predicted to result in a truncated protein. In both bp alleles, the pedicels and internodes were compact because of fewer cell divisions; in addition, defects in epidermal and cortical cell differentiation and elongation were found in the affected regions. The downward-pointing pedicels were produced by an asymmetric effect of the bp mutation on the abaxial vs. adaxial sides. Cell differentiation, elongation, and growth were affected more severely on the abaxial than adaxial side, causing the change in the pedicel growth angle. In addition, bp plants displayed defects in cell differentiation and radial growth of the style. Our results show that BP plays a key regulatory role in defining important aspects of the growth and cell differentiation of the inflorescence stem, pedicel, and style in Arabidopsis.
Physical activity and resting metabolic rate (2003)

The direct effects of physical activity interventions on energy expenditure are relatively small when placed in the context of total daily energy demands. Hence, the suggestion has been made that exercise produces energetic benefits in other components of the daily energy budget, thus generating a net effect on energy balance much greater than the direct energy cost of the exercise alone. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is the largest component of the daily energy budget in most human societies and, therefore, any increases in RMR in response to exercise interventions are potentially of great importance. Animal studies have generally shown that single exercise events and longer-term training produce increases in RMR. This effect is observed in longer-term interventions despite parallel decreases in body mass and fat mass. Flight is an exception, as both single flights and long-term flight training induce reductions in RMR. Studies in animals that measure the effect of voluntary exercise regimens on RMR are less commonly performed and do not show the same response as that to forced exercise. In particular, they indicate that exercise does not induce elevations in RMR. Many studies of human subjects indicate a short-term elevation in RMR in response to single exercise events (generally termed the excess post-exercise O2 consumption; EPOC). This EPOC appears to have two phases, one lasting < 2 h and a smaller much more prolonged effect lasting up to 48 h. Many studies have shown that long-term training increases RMR, but many other studies have failed to find such effects. Data concerning long-term effects of training are potentially confounded by some studies not leaving sufficient time after the last exercise bout for the termination of the long-term EPOC. Long-term effects of training include increases in RMR due to increases in lean muscle mass. Extreme interventions, however, may induce reductions in RMR, in spite of the increased lean tissue mass, similar to the changes observed in animals in response to flight.
Organization of the Haemophilus ducreyi 35000 chromosome (1996)

A physical and rudimentary genetic map of the Haemophilus ducreyi strain 35000 genome was constructed. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was used to separate restriction fragments of H. ducreyi DNA digested with Sfil, I-Ceul, or Sfil plus I-Ceul. The sizes of the fragments were determined, and the circular chromosome was estimated to be 1757 kbp. The six I-Ceul fragments and four Sfil fragments were ordered into macrorestriction maps using Southern blot hybridization with random H. ducreyi clones as probes. It was shown that both H. ducreyi and the distantly related Haemophilus influenzae have six rrn operons marked by the locations of the I-Ceul sites. However, the two species displayed distinct I-Ceul restriction patterns. A second H. ducreyi strain, CIP542, displayed an identical I-Ceul pattern to that of H. ducreyi 35000, but Sfil digests of teh two strains were distinct. The orientation of the six rrn operons was determined and thirteen identified H. ducreyi genes positioned on the map of strain 35000.
Sensitive detection of p53 gene mutations by a 'mutant enriched' PCR- SSCP technique (1998)

For the rapid and sensitive detection of p53 'hot spot' mutations, we combined polymerase chain reaction based single-strand conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis with sequence specific-clamping by peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) in a one-step reaction tube protocol. For this purpose, we designed two PNA molecules comprising aa 246-250 of exon 7 and aa 270-275 of exon 8, respectively, to suppress the amplification of wild-type p53 allelic variants during PCR amplification. Using this method in a survey of 20 brush cytology samples from lung cancer patients, we were able to detect five p53 point mutations occurring in codons 248, 249 and 273 which could not be retrieved by conventional PCR-SSCP. Thus, allelic suppression by PNA molecules opens a way to largely improve the sensitivity of existing PCR-SSCP protocols (approximately 10-50-fold) and could be useful in the detection of 'hot spot' oncogene lesions in histological samples containing only a small number of cancer cells.
Microbial Ecology of Activated Sludge (1964)

Over 300 bacterial strains were isolated from seven samples of activated sludge by plating on sewage agar. Gram-negative bacteria of the genera Zoogloea and Comamonas predominated. Many isolates (51%) showed sudanophilic inclusions of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid, whereas 34% accumulated iodophilic material on media containing starch. A large number required either vitamins or amino acids, or both, for growth. None of the isolates tested for their ability to bring about changes in autoclaved sewage produced an effluent comparable in quality to the activated sludge control, although the Zoogloea did produce activated sludgelike flocs. A study of 150 bacterial strains isolated from raw sewage revealed that they differed from the sludge isolates in several respects. Coliforms, which constitute nearly a quarter of the sewage isolates, were rarely encountered in sludge.
Circulating anticentromere CENP-A and CENP-B antibodies in patients with diffuse and limited systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. (2000)

In addition to IFA, ELISA tests for CENP-A and CENP-B yield results with similar sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of SSc. CENP-A and CENP-B are primarily associated with lSSc. In SSc the autoantibody response is directed simultaneously and with similar amplitude against these 2 components of the centromere structure, whereas in other autoimmune diseases the response is directed mainly against one of the 2 components.
Abnormal response to DNA crosslinking agents of Fanconi anemia fibroblasts can be corrected by transfection with normal human DNA. (1986)

Primary skin fibroblast cell lines from patients with Fanconi anemia were cotransfected with UV-irradiated pSV2neo plasmids and high molecular weight DNA from normal human cells. Restoration of a normal cellular resistance to mitomycin C (MMC) was observed provided that a Fanconi anemia cell line is selected for DNA-mediated transformation (neo gene) and that at least two successive rounds of transfection are performed. Cells were selected by taking advantage of the higher proliferation rate and plating efficiency of the MMC resistant transformants. As estimated from reconstruction experiments, the frequency of transfer of MMC resistance lies between 1 and 30 X 10(-7). The MMC resistance phenotype was maintained for at least 10 generations following transfection. Evidence for DNA-mediated transformation also includes the recovery of a normal pattern of DNA semiconservative synthesis after treatment with 8-methoxypsoralen and 365-nm UV irradiation, and the presence of exogenous pSV2neo DNA sequences was shown by Southern blot analysis. The acquired MMC resistance is probably due to the presence of DNA from normal cells. Indeed, sensitivity to MMC was maintained when Fanconi anemia cells were cotransfected with the UV-irradiated pSV2neo plasmid mixed with their own DNA or with yeast or salmon sperm DNA. These negative results also render unlikely the selection of spontaneous MMC resistant revertants in transfection of Fanconi anemia cells with normal DNA. These experiments establish the prerequisites for the isolation of the gene(s) involved in the response to DNA crosslinking lesions in human cells.
Laser flash photolysis and product studies of the photoionization of N-methylacridan in aqueous solution (1991)

Peer reviewed: Yes
Rapamune (Sirolimus, Rapamycin): An Overview and Mechanism of Action (1995)

Rapamycin (Sirolimus, Rapamune), a potent immunosuppressive agent, has been demonstrated to have remarkable activity in inhibiting allograft rejection in animal models of transplantation. It is currently in phase II clinical trials. Rapamycin belongs to the class of macrocyclic immunosuppressive drugs that are bioactive only when bound to immunophilins. Cyclosporin A and FK506, two other members of this class, selectively block the transcriptional activation of several cytokine genes, thereby inhibiting cytokine production. Although rapamycin and its structural analog FK506 bind to the same immunophilin (FKBP), rapamycin acts at a later stage in T-cell cycle progression by blocking cytokine-mediated signal transduction pathways. This inhibition is the consequence of modulation of activity of a target protein by the rapamycin: FKBP complex [sirolimus effector protein (SEP)]. Although the identification of SEP has recently been reported, its function in cell-cycle progression is not known. The biochemical events that rapamycin has been shown to inhibit are (a) activation of p70S6 kinase, (b) activation of cdk2/cyclin E complex, (c) phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein, and (d) suppression of cdc2 and cyclin A transcription.
A Second-Order Achievable Rate Region for Gaussian Multi-Access Channels via a Central Limit Theorem for Functions (2015)

Motivated by the growing application of multi-access networks with stringent delay constraints, we investigate the Gaussian multiple-access channel (MAC) in the finite blocklength regime. By applying central limit theorem (CLT) approximations to non-asymptotic information-spectrum inner bounds, we obtain second-order achievable rate regions for the Gaussian MAC with a positive average error probability and per-codeword power constraints. Our achievability results use spherical inputs uniformly distributed on the power shells, which lead to summations of dependent information random variables. However, we conduct the analysis through a convenient yet powerful form of the CLT, called the CLT for functions.
Identification of New Small Molecule Inhibitors of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Protein: In Vitro and in Vivo Studies (2007)

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein is a cAMP-regulated chloride channel that has been proposed as a pharmacological target to reduce intestinal fluid loss in cholera. The aim of this study was to identify new CFTR inhibitors by high-throughput screening. Screening of 50,000 drug-like small molecules was performed using a cell-based assay of iodide influx in Fisher rat thyroid (FRT) cells co-expressing human CFTR and halide-sensitive yellow fluorescent protein (YFP-H148Q). Two new CFTR inhibitors, 2-[N-(3-hydroxy-4-carboxyphenyl) amino]-4-(4-methylphenyl)-thiazole (INH 1) and 1-acetyl-5-bromo-2,3-dihydro-N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-1H-Indole-7-sulfonamide (INH 2), were identified. They were then determined for potency, reversibility and specificity by electrophysiological methods, and for in vivo efficacy in mouse model of cholera toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion. INH 1 and INH 2 reversibly inhibited cAMP-activated apical chloride current in FRT cells with Kis of 15 and 20 microM, respectively. Similarly, in short-circuit current analysis in human colonic epithelial cell lines (T84 cells), cAMP-activated chloride secretion was inhibited by INH 1 and INH 2 with Kis of 24.5 and 25.3 microM, respectively. Calcium-activated chloride secretion in the T84 cells was markedly inhibited by 100 microM of INH 1, but was unaffected by 100 microM of INH 2. In vivo studies in mice showed that a single intraperitoneal injection of INH 1 (3 mg/kg) reduced cholera toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion by 40%, whereas INH 2 produced no effect. Our results indicate that INH 1 could be a new class candidate for a blocker of cholera toxin-induced intestinal fluid secretion as well as a CFTR inhibitor.
Roles for ?1 connexin in morphogenesis of chick embryos revealed using a novel antisense approach (1999)

Gap junctional communication has been implicated in embryonic development and pattern formation. The gap junction protein, alpha 1 connexin (Cx43) is expressed in dynamic and spatially restricted patterns in the developing chick embryo and its expression correlates with many specific developmental events. High levels of expression are found in regions of budding, which leads to shaping and appears to be a necessary prelude for tissue fusions. In order to investigate the role of alpha 1 connexin in these morphogenetic events, we developed a novel method of applying unmodified antisense deoxyoligonucleotides (ODNs) to chick embryos. The use of pluronic gel to deliver antisense ODNs has allowed us to regulate the expression of alpha 1 connexin protein, both spatially and temporally. This "knockdown" results in some striking developmental defects that mimic some common congenital abnormalities, such as spina bifida, anencephaly, myeloschisis, limb malformation, cleft palate, failure of hematopoiesis, and cardiovascular deformity. The results imply a major role for alpha 1 connexin communication in the integration of signaling required for pattern formation during embryonic development. This novel antisense technique may also be widely applicable.
Retroviral-mediated gene expression in human myelomonocytic cells: a comparison of hematopoietic cell promoters to viral promoters (1995)

Gene transfer into human hematopoietic stem cells with expression targeted to the maturing myelomonocytic progeny has applications for gene therapy of genetic diseases affecting granulocytes and macrophages. We hypothesized that promoters of myeloid-specific genes that are upregulated with myelomonocytic differentiation would also upregulate expression of an exogenous gene in a retroviral vector. Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV)-based retroviral vectors using promoters from hematopoietic genes (CD11b, CD18, and CD34) were compared with vectors with viral promoters (MoMuLV long terminal repeat [LTR], cytomegalovirus [CMV], and simian virus 40 [SV40]). Human glucocerebrosidase (GC) cDNA was the reporter gene. HL60 cells were transduced with these vectors and vector-derived GC activity was compared in undifferentiated HL-60 cells and the same cells differentiated into granulocytes using dimethyl sulfoxide or monocyte/macrophages using phorbol myristate acetate. In undifferentiated HL-60 cells, vector-derived GC activity was the highest when it was controlled by the MoMuLV LTR. In HL-60 cells differentiated into granulocytes, vector-derived GC activity transcribed from the CD11b, MoMuLV LTR, and CMV promoters was equivalent to 1.7, 1.5, and 1.5 times the normal endogenous GC activity, respectively, and 0.8, 2.0, and 3.6 times the normal GC activity, respectively, in those differentiated into macrophages. With granulocytic differentiation, the CD11b promoter showed maximal induction in GC activity (8-fold); with macrophage differentiation, the CD11b promoter showed a fourfold induction in GC expression. The CD11b promoter also generated significant levels of GC activity in the myelomonocytic progeny of transduced CD34+ cells. Expression from the CD11b promoter, unlike that from the CMV or the MoMuLV LTR promoters, was relatively myelomonocyte-specific, with minimal expression observed in Jurkat T cells or HeLa carcinoma cells. The induction of expression from the CD11b promoter with differentiation in HL-60 cells correlates with the developmental regulation of the CD11b gene. Retroviral vectors using the CD11b promoter have potential utility for gene therapy of disorders affecting the myelomonocytic lineage.
Rapid Structure Elucidation of Drug Metabolites by Use of Stable Isotopes (1973)

1. An improved method for identification of the structure of drug metabolites by mass spectrometry is described.2. By labelling the drug with a stable isotope the metabolites can be easily identified by the isotope distribution of their fragment ions. The isolation procedure can therefore be reduced to a single 2-dimensional thin-layer chromatogram.3. Metabolism of 4-morpholino-2-piperazino-thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine (V-K 774), labelled with 13C, was studied in the rat by this method. Significant metabolic transformations of both the piperazine and morpholine substituents were demonstrated.
The respiratory burst of phagocytes. (1984)

The Respiratory Burst of Phagocytes hen exposed to certain stimuli, phagocytes (neu- trophils, eosinophils, and mononuclear phagocytes) undergo marked changes in the way they handle oxygen (1). Their rates of oxygen uptake increase greatly, sometimes more than 50- fold; they begin to produce large amounts of superoxide (O-) and hydrogen peroxide (H202); and they start metabolizing large quantities ofglucose by way ofthe hexose monophosphate shunt. Because of the sharp increase in oxygen uptake, this series of changes has come to be known as the "respiratory burst." The "respiration" associated with this burst, however, has nothing to do with energy production; rather, its purpose is to generate powerful microbicidal agents by the partial reduction ofoxygen.
Prognostic significance of survivin expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. (2000)

Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptosis overexpressed in various human cancers but undetectable in normal differentiated tissues. A potential expression and prognostic significance of survivin was studied in 222 patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (centroblastic, 96%; immunoblastic, 4%). All patients were enrolled between 1987 and 1993 (median follow-up, 7 years) in the LNH87 protocol of the Groupe d'Etudes des Lymphomes de l'Adulte (GELA) and treated either with the reference ACVBP arm (doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vindesine, bleomycin, and prednisone)[AU3A] (n = 79) or other experimental anthracycline-containing regimens (n = 143). The characteristics of these patients were median age of 56 years; serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) greater than 1N, 60%; stage III-IV, 55%; performance status, according to the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scale, more than 1, 23%; extranodal sites more than 1, 29%; mass more than 10 cm, 44%; bone marrow involvement, 15%. Of the 222 patients studied, 134 (60%) revealed survivin expression in virtually all tumor cells by immunohistochemistry. The overall 5-year survival rate was significantly lower in patients with survivin expression than in those without (40% vs 54%, P =.02). Multivariate analysis incorporating prognostic factors from the International Prognostic Index (IPI) identified survivin expression as an independent predictive parameter on survival (P =.03, relative risk [RR] = 1.6) in addition to LDH (P =.02, RR = 1.6), stage (P =.03, RR = 1.7), and ECOG scale (P =.05, RR = 1.6). A second analysis incorporating IPI as a unique parameter demonstrated that survivin expression (P =.02, RR = 1.6) remained a prognostic factor for survival independently of IPI (P =.001, RR = 1.5). Survivin expression may be considered a new unfavorable prognostic factor of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. (Blood. 2000;96:1921-1925)
Rasburicase for tophaceous gout not treatable with allopurinol: an exploratory study. (2007)

Monthly infusions of rasburicase appear to be a possible therapy for severe gout not treatable by other means. Tolerance of rasburicase in gout appears to be diminished by frequent triggering of gout attacks, and hypersensitivity reactions might be an important limitation to longterm therapy.
HLA-F and MHC Class I Open Conformers Are Ligands for NK Cell Ig-like Receptors (2013)

Killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) are innate immune receptors expressed by NK and T cells classically associated with the detection of missing self through loss of their respective MHC ligand. Some KIR specificities for allelic classical class I MHC (MHC-I) have been described, whereas other KIR receptor-ligand relationships, including those associated with nonclassical MHC-I, have yet to be clearly defined. We report in this article that KIR3DL2 and KIR2DS4 and the nonclassical Ag HLA-F, expressed as a free form devoid of peptide, physically and functionally interact. These interactions extend to include classical MHC-I open conformers as ligands, defining new relationships between KIR receptors and MHC-I. The data collectively suggest a broader, previously unrecognized interaction between MHC-I open conformers--including prototypical HLA-F--and KIR receptors, acting in an immunoregulatory capacity centered on the inflammatory response.