gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of wedge-shaped silicon field emitters with nm-scale radii (1991)

Wedge-shaped field emitters may have some advantages over conical tip emitters as electron sources in vacuum microelectronic devices. A method has been developed to make atomically sharp wedge-shaped silicon through use of dry etching and dry oxidation. Transmission electron microscopy studies show that silicon wedge emitters can be made with wedge radius and angle at 1 nm and 60°, respectively, by repeated oxidation in oxygen at 950 °C.&amp;lt;lz&amp;gt; &amp;lt;lz&amp;gt; &amp;lt;lz&amp;gt;
Overview of rivers and water resources in Japan (1988)

This paper describes the climatic and topographical characteristics of Japan. Derived from these conditions, Japan's rivers tend to be short and precipitate, and severe flooding has been common since early times. Since the end of the last century widescale river improvement works have been undertaken for various reasons. There has been a rapid increase in the productivity of farm land as a result of improved irrigation, and the industrialization and urbanization of Japan have been facilitated. Problems have arisen, however, particularly in regard to pollution and landscape degradation.
Lipophilic cationic drugs increase the permeability of lysosomal membranes in a cell culture system (2010)

Lysosomes accumulate many drugs several fold higher compared to their extracellular concentration. This mechanism is believed to be responsible for many pharmacological effects. So far, uptake and release kinetics are largely unknown and interactions between concomitantly administered drugs often provoke mutual interference. In this study, we addressed these questions in a cell culture model. The molecular mechanism for lysosomal uptake kinetics was analyzed by live cell fluorescence microscopy in SY5Y cells using four drugs (amantadine, amitriptyline, cinnarizine, flavoxate) with different physicochemical properties. Drugs with higher lipophilicity accumulated more extensively within lysosomes, whereas a higher pK(a) value was associated with a more rapid uptake. The drug-induced displacement of LysoTracker was neither caused by elevation of intra-lysosomal pH, nor by increased lysosomal volume. We extended our previously developed numerical single cell model by introducing a dynamic feedback mechanism. The empirical data were in good agreement with the results obtained from the numerical model. The experimental data and results from the numerical model lead to the conclusion that intra-lysosomal accumulation of lipophilic xenobiotics enhances lysosomal membrane permeability. Manipulation of lysosomal membrane permeability might be useful to overcome, for example, multi-drug resistance by altering subcellular drug distribution.
Genome-Wide Epigenetic Perturbation Jump-Starts Patterns of Heritable Variation Found in Nature (2011)

We extensively phenotyped 6000 Arabidopsis plants with experimentally perturbed DNA methylomes as well as a diverse panel of natural accessions in a common garden. We found that alterations in DNA methylation not only caused heritable phenotypic diversity but also produced heritability patterns closely resembling those of the natural accessions. Our findings indicate that epigenetically induced and naturally occurring variation in complex traits share part of their polygenic architecture and may offer complementary adaptation routes in ecological settings.
Congestion-oriented shortest multipath routing (2002)

We present a framework for the modeling of multipath routing in connectionless networks that dynamically adapt to network congestion. The basic routing protocol uses a short-term metric based on hop-by-hop credits to reduce congestion over a given link, and a long-term metric based on end-to-end path delay to reduce delays from a source to a given destination. A worst-case bound on the end-to-end path delay is derived under three architectural assumptions: each router adopts weighted fair queueing (or packetized generalized processor sharing) service discipline on a per destination basis, a permit-bucket filter is used at each router to regulate traffic flow on a per destination basis, and all paths are loop free. The shortest multipath routing protocol regulates the parameters of the destination-oriented permit buckets and guarantees that all portions of a multipath are loop free.
Cardiac allograft survival in mice treated with IL-2-PE40. (1989)

IL-2-PE40 is a chimeric protein composed of human interleukin 2 (IL-2) genetically fused to the amino terminus of a modified form of Pseudomonas exotoxin lacking its cell recognition domain. IL-2-PE40, which is extremely cytotoxic to IL-2 receptor-positive cells, was examined for its ability to prevent graft rejection in mice in which activation of T cells is prominent. We demonstrate that intraperitoneally administered IL-2-PE40 specifically and significantly prolongs the survival of vascularized heart allografts in mice. The chimeric toxin, IL-2-PE40, offers an alternative approach to the treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplant rejection in humans.
Trends in cardiovascular risk factors in Australia: Results from the National Heart Foundation's Risk Factor Prevalence Study, 1980‐1989 (1994)

Reductions in cigarette smoking and blood pressure are likely to have contributed to the falls that have been noted in cardiovascular mortality rate. Changes in dietary behaviour were consistent with health education messages. The trend towards greater body fatness may retard the benefits of favourable trends in other cardiovascular risk factors, morbidity and mortality and requires greater attention.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif protein binds to the Pr55Gag precursor (1997)

The Vif protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is required for productive replication in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Previous reports suggest that vif-deleted viruses are limited in replication because of a defect in the late steps of the virus life cycle. One of the remaining questions is to determine whether the functional role of Vif involves a specific interaction with virus core proteins. In this study, we demonstrate a direct interaction between Vif and the Pr55Gag precursor in vitro as well as in infected cells. No interaction is observed between Vif and the mature capsid protein. The Pr55Gag-Vif interaction is detected (i) in the glutathione S-transferase system, with in vitro-translated proteins demonstrating a critical role of the NC p7 domain of the Gag precursor; (ii) with proteins expressed in infected cells; and (iii) by coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Deletion of the C-terminal 22 amino acids of Vif abolishes its interaction with the Pr55Gag precursor. Furthermore, point mutations in the C-terminal domain of Vif which have been previously shown to abolish virus infectivity and binding to cell membranes dramatically decrease the Gag-Vif interaction. These results suggest that the interaction between Vif and the pr55Gag precursor is a critical determinant of Vif function.
Minimizing the risk of cancer: tissue architecture and cellular replication limits (2013)

Normal somatic cells are capable of only a limited number of divisions, which prevents unlimited cell proliferation and the onset of tumours. Cancer cells find ways to circumvent this obstacle, typically by expressing the enzyme telomerase and less often by alternative recombination strategies. Given this fundamental link between cellular replication limits and cancer, it is important to understand how a tissue's architecture affects the replicative capacity of a cell population. We define this as the average number of remaining divisions at equilibrium. The lower the replication capacity, the lower the chances to escape the replication limit during abnormal growth when a tumour develops. In this paper, we examine how the replication capacity is influenced by defining characteristics of cell lineages, such as the number of intermediate cell compartments, self-renewal capability of cells and division rates. We describe an optimal tissue architecture that minimizes the replication capacity of dividing cells and thus the risk of cancer. Interestingly, some of the features that define an optimal tissue architecture have been documented in a variety of tissues, suggesting that they may have evolved as a cancer-protecting strategy in multicellular organisms.
Electrochemical and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of metalloporphyrins and their electrochemical oxidation products (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrochemical and electron paramagnetic resonance studies of metalloporphyrins and their electrochemical oxidation productsAlexander Wolberg and Joost ManassenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 10, 2982–2991Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00713a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00713a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2675Altmetric-Citations325LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Bayesian Data Augmentation Approach for Learning Deep Models (2017)

Data augmentation is an essential part of the training process applied to deep learning models. The motivation is that a robust training process for deep learning models depends on large annotated datasets, which are expensive to be acquired, stored and processed. Therefore a reasonable alternative is to be able to automatically generate new annotated training samples using a process known as data augmentation. The dominant data augmentation approach in the field assumes that new training samples can be obtained via random geometric or appearance transformations applied to annotated training samples, but this is a strong assumption because it is unclear if this is a reliable generative model for producing new training samples. In this paper, we provide a novel Bayesian formulation to data augmentation, where new annotated training points are treated as missing variables and generated based on the distribution learned from the training set. For learning, we introduce a theoretically sound algorithm --- generalised Monte Carlo expectation maximisation, and demonstrate one possible implementation via an extension of the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). Classification results on MNIST, CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 show the better performance of our proposed method compared to the current dominant data augmentation approach mentioned above --- the results also show that our approach produces better classification results than similar GAN models.
Practical integration of polymerase chain reaction amplification and electrophoretic analysis in microfluidic devices for genetic analysis (2003)

An integrated system of a silicon-based microfabricated polymerase chain reaction (microPCR) chamber and microfabricated electrophoretic glass chips have been developed. The PCR chamber was made of silicon and had aluminum heaters and temperature sensors integrated on the glass anodically bonded cover. Temperature uniformity in the reaction chamber was +/-0.3 degrees C using an improved novel "joint-heating" scheme. Thermal cycling was digitally controlled with a temperature accuracy of +/- 0.2 degrees C. Small operating volumes together with high thermal conductivity of silicon made the device well suited to rapid cycling; 16 s/cycle were demonstrated. For analysis of the PCR products, the chamber output was transferred to the glass microchip by pressure. Analysis time of PCR amplified genomic DNA was obtained in the microchip in less than 180 s. The analysis procedure employed was reproducible, simple and practical by using viscous sieving solutions of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and dynamically coated microchip channels with poly(vinylpyrrolidone). DNA fragments that differ in size by 18 base pairs (bp) were resolved. Analysis of genomic male and female amplified DNA by microPCR was achieved in microchip, and application of the integrated microPCR-microchip for the identification of bird sex was tested. Genomic DNA samples from several bird species such as pigeon and chicken were analyzed. Hence, the system could be used as well to determine the sex of avian species.
Data sanitization: improving the forensic utility of anomaly detection systems (2007)

Anomaly Detection (AD) sensors have become an invaluable tool for forensic analysis and intrusion detection. Unfortunately, the detection performance of all learning-based ADs depends heavily on the quality of the training data. In this paper, we extend the training phase of an AD to include a sanitization phase. This phase significantly improves the quality of unlabeled training data by making them as "attack-free"Â as possible in the absence of absolute ground truth. Our approach is agnostic to the underlying AD, boosting its performance based solely on training-data sanitization. Our approach is to generate multiple AD models for content-based AD sensors trained on small slices of the training data. These AD "micro-models"Â are used to test the training data, producing alerts for each training input. We employ voting techniques to determine which of these training items are likely attacks. Our preliminary results show that sanitization increases 0-day attack detection while in most cases reducing the false positive rate. We analyze the performance gains when we deploy sanitized versus unsanitized AD systems in combination with expensive hostbased attack-detection systems. Finally, we show that our system incurs only an initial modest cost, which can be amortized over time during online operation.
Methanol Electro‐oxidation on Unsupported Pt‐Ru Alloys at Different Temperatures (1996)

A wide compositional range of unsupported platinum‐ruthenium alloy catalysts were prepared by thermal decomposition of the chlorides and chloroacids. The electrocatalysts were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, x‐ray diffraction, and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy. The BET surface area of the electrocatalysts increases with increasing Ru content up to ∼70 atomic percent (a/o) and then reaches a plateau value. Electrodes fabricated from the electrocatalysts were also evaluated as anodes for methanol electro‐oxidation in sulfuric acid over a range of temperatures. Unlike the situation for pure Pt, Ru is inactive for methanol electro‐oxidation at 25°C but becomes active at higher temperatures. The peak current observed during an anodic potential scan gradually shifts to more cathodic potentials with increasing temperature. When a comparison is made on the basis of electrode geometric surface area, a ∼50 a/o ruthenium electrocatalyst provides the highest activity for methanol electro‐oxidation at both 25 and 60°C. The methanol electro‐oxidation rate is 0.5 orders with respect to methanol concentration (between 0.1 and 2 M) for the Pt‐Ru (∼50:50) electrode.
Transplantation of Fetal Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Utero: The Creation of Hematopoietic Chimeras (1986)

Transplantation of normal, immature, fetal hematopoietic cells into a preimmune fetal recipient with a congenital hemoglobinopathy may allow partial reconstitution of normal hemoglobin production without the complications associated with postnatal bone marrow transplantation (immunosuppression and the occurrence of graft versus host disease). In order to test this hypothesis the naturally occurring polymorphism at the beta-hemoglobin locus of the sheep was used as a marker for engraftment and hematopoietic chimerism. Intraperitoneal injection of allogeneic fetal stem cells into normal fetal lambs resulted in hematopoietic chimerism in three of four surviving recipients. This chimerism has been sustained for 6 months after birth and 9 months after engraftment, without evidence of graft versus host disease, and without the use of immunosuppressive therapy.
Genetic heterogeneity within individual bovine rotavirus isolates (1982)

The genomic RNA patterns of six different bovine rotavirus isolates were analyzed on high-percentage polyacrylamide gels (12.5, 13.6, and 17.5%). In contrast to the RNA patterns exhibited by conventional gel systems, those on the high-percentage gels showed an improvement in segment resolution which consequently aided in the detection of extensive band splitting in these patterns. The ability to clone out various electrophoretically distinct virus subpopulations from each of the six isolates provided an explanation for the band splitting detected by the high-resolution gels. The significance of the coexistence of genetically distinct rotavirus populations within a single host is discussed.
CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Are Primed for Fas-Mediated Activation-Induced Cell Death But Are Not Apoptotic In Situ (2001)

Induction of Fas-mediated activation-induced cell death in antitumor T cells has been hypothesized to permit tumor escape from immune destruction. Several laboratories have proposed that expression of Fas ligand (L) by tumor is the basis for this form of T cell tolerance. In this study, we characterized murine tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) for activation status, cell cycle status, level of apoptosis, cytokine secretion, and proliferative capacity. TILs express multiple activation markers (circa CD69, CD95L, CD122, and LFA-1) and contain IL-2 and IFN-gamma mRNAs, but are neither cycling nor apoptotic in situ. In addition, TIL are dramatically suppressed in proliferative response and do not secrete IL-2 and IFN-gamma. However, upon purification and activation in vitro, TIL secrete high levels of IL-2 and IFN-gamma, enter S phase, and then die by Fas-mediated apoptosis. Activation by injection of anti-TCR Ab or IL-2 into tumor-bearing mice induced TIL entrance into S phase preceding apoptosis, showing that TIL have functional TCR-mediated signal transduction in situ. Our data demonstrate that TIL, not tumor, express both Fas and FasL, are arrested in G(1), do not secrete cytokine in situ, and, upon activation in vitro and in vivo, rapidly die by activation-induced cell death.
Clinical Efficacy of Spinal Instrumentation in Lumbar Degenerative Disc Disease (1992)

In review of 871 lumbar fusion procedures performed during the last 8 years, the theoretical advantages of lumbar spinal instrumentation are not borne out in simple discogenic disease. Four groups of 30-35 patients without previous surgery who underwent fusion by different techniques were matched for age, sex, length of follow-up, surgeons, number of levels fused, duration of preoperative symptoms, diagnosis, and type of third party payer. At least for the diagnoses of herniated disc with segmental instability and the instrumentation systems used in this study, results were superior with no internal fixation. This is in keeping with the higher complication rates and frequent need for implant removal reported by many authors.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 affects gene transcription and messenger ribonucleic acid stability of components of the insulin secretory system in RIN 1046-38 cells. (1995)

It has been previously demonstrated that the enteric hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36 amide) (GLP-1) has acute effects on glucose-induced insulin secretion by RIN 1046-38 cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of extended exposure of RIN 1046-38 cells to GLP-1 and examine the mechanism by which GLP-1 synergizes with glucose in stimulating insulin secretion. Compared with cells cultured with glucose alone, incubation of cells with glucose plus 1 or 10 nM GLP-1 for 12 or 24 h significantly increased insulin release by about 3-fold, intracellular insulin content by 1.5-fold, and insulin messenger RNA (mRNA) by almost 2.5-fold. The insulinotropic effects of GLP-1 on RIN 1046-38 cells were accompanied by an up-regulation of both glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) and hexokinase I mRNA by about 2-fold. mRNA levels of GLUT-2 and glucokinase, which were low in controls, were unchanged by GLP-1 treatment. Treatment of cells with a transcription inhibitor, actinomycin D, demonstrated that elevated insulin mRNA levels after a GLP-1 exposure are mainly due to stabilization of the mRNA. In contrast, the elevated mRNA levels of GLUT-1 and hexokinase I are the result of increased transcription stimulated by GLP-1 exposure. Actinomycin D blunted the GLP-1 effect on insulin release but did not affect GLP-1 mediated elevation of insulin mRNA. This suggests that actinomycin D inhibits the transcription of the proteins necessary for insulin biosynthesis and insulin release, such as GLUT-1 and hexokinase I. Our study suggests that the mechanisms by which extended exposure of RIN 1046-38 cells to GLP-1 increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion include significant up-regulation of glucose-sensing elements.
Applying Thermodynamic and Kinetic Parameters to Predict the Physical Stability of Two Differently Prepared Amorphous Forms of Simvastatin (2009)

Converting drugs from the crystalline to the amorphous state has gained increasing interest in the past decades as a potential method to overcome solubility issues of poorly water soluble drugs. A variety of techniques exist to convert the crystalline state of a drug to its amorphous form, including solution based, heat based and solid - solid conversion based methods. Inherent to the amorphous state, regardless of its preparation technique, is its physical instability and tendency to recrystallize. In this study, quench-cooled and cryo-milled simvastatin were compared with regards to their configurational thermodynamic parameters (entropy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy) and mobility (relaxation times calculated using the Adam-Gibbs and Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts method). Stability studies showed quench-cooled simvastatin to be more stable than cryo-milled simvastatin. This was reflected in the calculated parameters although their absolute values did not agree with the stability behaviour. Relaxation time parameters of tau = 6.9 x 10(4) s for quench-cooled and tau = 1.7 x 10(4) s for cryo-milled simvastatin were calculated. The results from this study suggested that differences in the physical stability of amorphous forms prepared by different techniques are reflected in their mobility and thermodynamic parameters. Even though the predictive capabilities of these parameters for a set of different drugs may be limited, they can serve as a predictive tool for physical stability assessment if differently prepared amorphous forms of the same drug are investigated.