gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Liberibacter Infection (Huanglongbing Disease) of Citrus on Orange Fruit Physiology and Fruit/Fruit Juice Quality: Chemical and Physical Analyses (2009)

More than 90% of oranges in Florida are processed, and since Huanglongbing (HLB) disease has been rumored to affect fruit flavor, chemical and physical analyses were conducted on fruit and juice from healthy (Las -) and diseased (Las +) trees on three juice processing varieties over two seasons, and in some cases several harvests. Fruit, both asymptomatic and symptomatic for the disease, were used, and fresh squeezed and processed/pasteurized juices were evaluated. Fruit and juice characteristics measured included color, size, solids, acids, sugars, aroma volatiles, ascorbic acid, secondary metabolites, pectin, pectin-demethylating enzymes, and juice cloud. Results showed that asymptomatic fruit from symptomatic trees were similar to healthy fruit for many of the quality factors measured, but that juice from asymptomatic and especially symptomatic fruits were often higher in the bitter compounds limonin and nomilin. However, values were generally below reported taste threshold levels, and only symptomatic fruit seemed likely to cause flavor problems. There was variation due to harvest date, which was often greater than that due to disease. It is likely that the detrimental flavor attributes of symptomatic fruit (which often drop off the tree) will be largely diluted in commercial juice blends that include juice from fruit of several varieties, locations, and seasons.
Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding human galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase. (1988)

We report the cloning and characterization of a cDNA that encodes a functional human galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase (GALT). The cDNA is 1400 bases in length and encodes a 43,000 Mr protein. The cloning strategy involved the identification of short peptide sequences conserved between the homologous enzymes from Escherichia coli and yeast, and the construction of oligonucleotide pools corresponding to the conserved patches. These patches of conserved amino acids tend to be conserved in humans as well.
Circadian Potency Spectrum with Extended Exposure to Polychromatic White LED Light under Workplace Conditions (2020)

Electric light has enabled humans to conquer the night, but light exposure at night can disrupt the circadian timing system and is associated with a diverse range of health disorders. To provide adequate lighting for visual tasks without disrupting the human circadian timing system, a precise definition of circadian spectral sensitivity is required. Prior attempts to define the circadian spectral sensitivity curve have used short (≤90-min) monochromatic light exposures in dark-adapted human subjects or in vitro dark-adapted isolated retina or melanopsin. Several lines of evidence suggest that these dark-adapted circadian spectral sensitivity curves, in addition to 430- to 499-nm (blue) wavelength sensitivity, may include transient 400- to 429-nm (violet) and 500- to 560-nm (green) components mediated by cone- and rod-originated extrinsic inputs to intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which decay over the first 2 h of extended light exposure. To test the hypothesis that the human circadian spectral sensitivity in light-adapted conditions may have a narrower, predominantly blue, sensitivity, we used 12-h continuous exposures of light-adapted healthy human subjects to 6 polychromatic white light-emitting diode (LED) light sources with diverse spectral power distributions at recommended workplace levels of illumination (540 lux) to determine their effect on the area under curve of the overnight (2000-0800 h) salivary melatonin. We derived a narrow steady-state human Circadian Potency spectral sensitivity curve with a peak at 477 nm and a full-width half-maximum of 438 to 493 nm. This light-adapted Circadian Potency spectral sensitivity permits the development of spectrally engineered LED light sources to minimize circadian disruption and address the health risks of light exposure at night in our 24/7 society, by alternating between daytime circadian stimulatory white light spectra and nocturnal circadian protective white light spectra.
High Affinity Binding of the Entamoeba histolytica Lectin to Polyvalent N-Acetylgalactosaminides (1995)

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites initiate pathogenic colonization by adherence to host glycoconjugates via an amebic surface lectin which binds to galactose (Gal) and N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) residues. Monovalent and multivalent carbohydrate ligands were screened for inhibition of E. histolytica lectin-mediated human red cell hemagglutination, revealing that: (i) the synthetic multivalent neoglycoprotein GalNAc39BSA (having an average of 39 GalNAc residues linked to bovine serum albumin) was 140,000-fold more potent an inhibitor than monovalent GalNAc and 500,000-fold more potent than monovalent Gal; and (ii) small synthetic multivalent ligands which bind with high affinity to the mammalian hepatic Gal/GalNAc lectin do not bind with high affinity to the E. histolytica lectin. Radioligand binding studies revealed saturable binding of 125I-GalNAc39BSA to E. histolytica membranes (KD = 10 +/- 3 nM, Bmax = 0.9 +/- 0.08 pmol/mg membrane protein). Maximal binding required the presence of calcium chloride (300 microM) or sodium chloride (50 mM), and had a broad pH maximum (pH 6-9). GalNAc39BSA was 200,000-fold more potent than monovalent GalNAc in blocking radio-ligand binding. Among synthetic saccharide-derivatized linear polymers, the GalNAc beta and GalNAc alpha 3Gal beta derivatives were the most potent, with GalNAc alpha and GalNAc alpha 3(Fuc alpha 2)Gal beta derivatives much weaker. The data support a model in which a unique pattern of spaced multiple GalNAc residues are the highest affinity targets for the E. histolytica lectin.
Inhibitory effects of intestinal electrical stimulation on food intake, weight loss and gastric emptying in rats (2007)

The aim was to investigate the effects of intestinal electrical stimulation (IES) on food intake, body weight, and gastric emptying in rats. An experiment on food intake and weight change was performed in 22 rats on a control diet and 10 diet-induced obese (DIO) rats for 4 wk with IES or sham IES. The effect of IES on gastric emptying was performed in another 20 rats in the control group. We found that 1) in control rats, 4-wk IES resulted in a reduction of 18.2% in the total amount of food intake compared with sham-IES (P = 0.02); the rats treated with IES had a weight change of -1 +/- 7.8g (P = 0.03), which was equivalent to a weight loss of 6.2% due to IES when adjusted for normal growing. 2) Acute IES delayed gastric emptying by 20% in the control rats (P < 0.01). 3) In the DIO rats, 1-wk IES with the same parameters as those used in the control rats resulted in a significant reduction in the total amount of food intake (126.6 +/- 6.3 g vs. 116.9 +/- 3.2 g, P < 0.01). More reduction in food intake was noted, and a significant weight change was also observed when stimulation energy was increased. 4) No adverse events were observed in any of the experiments. In conclusion, IES delays gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and decreases weight gain in control growing rats. These data suggest that it is worthy to explore therapeutic potentials of IES for obesity.
Investigating the Perception of University Entrepreneurship Education (2017)

This study focused on a university-wide entrepreneurship education program. The program sought to expand the outcomes of entrepreneurship education to social and political contexts where the goals are not necessarily economic. Data revealed that university faculty and student community held many varied, often competing views of the program. For instance, business major students’ views were limited to the business sphere whereas non-business students and instructors asserted that entrepreneurship could be applied to both business and non-business endeavors. As presented in discussing the findings of this research, this difference suggests that the implementation of the program adopted a broader perspective of entrepreneurship but implicitly involved a consideration of economic ends (e.g., acquiring funds). Such instrumental orientation was also found to cause the possibility that popular notions of entrepreneurship and indeed the views of faculty and students may hinder the implementation of the program. Further, the university’s policy implementation was found to influence the research participants unequally, thus fueling competing views of the program.
A finite-interval constant modulus algorithm (2002)

A finite-interval constant modulus algorithm is developed which is vastly simpler than the Analytic Constant Modulus Algorithm and, unlike that algorithm, can claim to minimize a constant modulus criterion. It requires one QR decomposition of a data matrix, followed by a power iteration. Step size bounds which ensure monotonic convergence are obtained in analytic form, and proper tuning leads to an algorithm which converges typically within a few iterations. The algorithm thus gives a computationally feasible method for implementing constant modulus signal restoration in packet-based transmission systems.
The Binding of Human Immunoglobulin G1 Monomer and Small, Covalently Cross-Linked Polymers of Immunoglobulin G1 to Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes and Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (1982)

Covalently cross-linked dimers and oligomers composed of 2-4 subunits of monoclonal human IgG1 were prepared by incubation of purified monomeric IgG1 with glutaraldehyde followed by gelfiltration chromatography. Monomers, dimers, and oligomers then were labeled with (125)I and used to compare the binding properties of IgG Fc receptors on human peripheral blood monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Binding of IgG1 to monocytes at 37 degrees C and of IgG1 polymers to PMN at 4 degrees C could be readily measured and were found to be reversible and saturable. Scatchard plots of binding were linear in each instance. Monocytes bound a mean of 20,200+/-6,800 molecules/cell of IgG1 monomer at saturation and comparable amounts of dimer or oligomer. The mean association constant (Ka) for binding of IgG1 monomer to monocytes was 8.6 x 10(8)M(-1) and the Ka for binding of dimer and oligomer were three-to fivefold greater.In contrast, PMN bound a mean of 460,000+/-130,000 molecules of IgG1 dimer at saturation and comparable amounts of oligomer. The Ka of binding in both cases was 100-1,000-fold lower than the Ka for binding of the same preparations to monocytes. Binding of labeled IgG1 to both cell types was more potently inhibited by unlabeled IgG1 and IgG3 than by IgG4 or IgG2. Binding of labeled polymers of IgG1 to monocytes was 10-100-fold more easily inhibited by monomeric IgG1 than was binding to PMN. Thus, there are significant quantitative and qualitative differences between the binding properties of Fc receptors present on monocytes and PMN.
Quantum Algorithm for Linear Systems of Equations (2009)

Solving linear systems of equations is a common problem that arises both on its own and as a subroutine in more complex problems: given a matrix A and a vector b(-->), find a vector x(-->) such that Ax(-->) = b(-->). We consider the case where one does not need to know the solution x(-->) itself, but rather an approximation of the expectation value of some operator associated with x(-->), e.g., x(-->)(dagger) Mx(-->) for some matrix M. In this case, when A is sparse, N x N and has condition number kappa, the fastest known classical algorithms can find x(-->) and estimate x(-->)(dagger) Mx(-->) in time scaling roughly as N square root(kappa). Here, we exhibit a quantum algorithm for estimating x(-->)(dagger) Mx(-->) whose runtime is a polynomial of log(N) and kappa. Indeed, for small values of kappa [i.e., poly log(N)], we prove (using some common complexity-theoretic assumptions) that any classical algorithm for this problem generically requires exponentially more time than our quantum algorithm.
Polyethylene Chain Growth on Zinc Catalyzed by Olefin Polymerization Catalysts:  A Comparative Investigation of Highly Active Catalyst Systems across the Transition Series (2005)

Highly active transition metal ethylene polymerization catalysts across the transition series have been investigated for their ability to catalyze chain growth on zinc. In reactions of various catalysts with ZnEt(2), product distributions range from Schulz-Flory to Poisson, with several catalysts showing intermediate behavior. A statistical modeling program is introduced to correlate product distributions with the relative rates of propagation, chain transfer to zinc, and beta-H transfer. Six regimes have been identified, ranging from Schulz-Flory to pure Poisson where chain transfer to metal is the only termination process, through to combined alkane/alkene distributions where beta-H transfer is competitive with chain transfer to metal. It is concluded that, while catalyzed chain growth (CCG) is favored by a reasonable match between the bond dissociation energies of both the main group and transition metal alkyl species, the M-C bond energies of the bridging alkyl species, and hence the stabilities of any hetero-bimetallic intermediates or transition states, are key. The latter are strongly influenced by the steric environment around the participating metal centers, more bulky ligands leading to a weakening of the bonds to the bridging alkyl groups; CCG is thus usually more favored for sterically hindered catalysts.
Hierarchical geometric models for visible surface algorithms (1976)

The geometric structure inherent in the definition of the shapes of three-dimensional objects and environments is used not just to define their relative motion and placement, but also to assist in solving many other problems of systems for producing pictures by computer. By using an extension of traditional structure information, or a geometric hierarchy, five significant improvements to current techniques are possible. First, the range of complexity of an environment is greatly increased while the visible complexity of any given scene is kept within a fixed upper limit. Second, a meaningful way is provided to vary the amount of detail presented in a scene. Third, “clipping” becomes a very fast logarithmic search for the resolvable parts of the environment within the field of view. Fourth, frame to frame coherence and clipping define a graphical “working set,” or fraction of the total structure that should be present in primary store for immediate access by the visible surface algorithm. Finally, the geometric structure suggests a recursive descent, visible surface algorithm in which the computation time potentially grows linearly with the visible complexity of the scene.
Dynamic Voltage Scaling and the Design of a Low-Power Microprocessor System (1998)

This paper describes the design of a low-power microprocessor system that can run between 8Mhz at 1.1V and 100MHz at 3.3V. The ramifications of Dynamic Voltage Scaling, which allows the processor to dynamically alter its operating voltage at run-time, will be presented along with a description of the system design and an approach to benchmarking. In addition, a more in-depth discussion of the cache memory system will be given. 1. Introduction Our design goal is the implementation of a lowpower microprocessor for embedded systems. It is estimated that the processor will consume 1.8mW at 1.1V/ 8MHz and 220mW at 3.3V/100MHz using a 0.6 µm CMOS process. This paper discusses the system design, cache optimization, and the processor&amp;apos;s Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) ability. In CMOS design, the energy-per-operation is given by the equation where C is the switched capacitance and V is the operating voltage [2]. To minimize , we use aggressive low-power design techniques to reduce C and DVS to...
The use of Huygens' equivalence principle for solving 3D volume integral equation of scattering (2002)

Presents an integral equation solver using the nested equivalence principle algorithm (NEPAL) which has been successfully applied previously to 2D problems. It is known that in solving an integral equation, one can first replace the volume scatterer by small subscatterers where the size of a subscatterer is much smaller than a wavelength. The unknown function to be sought is expanded in terms of basis functions which usually have their supports on the subscatterers. By matching the field on the subscatterers, a set of linear equations are formed. The number of unknowns is proportional to the number of subscatterers in this case. Physically, each subscatterer can be considered a scattering center. The interaction of a subscatterer with the other subscatterers can be described by interaction matrices. If there are N subscatterers, then there will be N/sup 2/ interaction matrices since each subscatterer will interact with all the other subscatterers including itself. The N/sup 2/ interaction matrices can be found with N/sup 3/ operations. The idea of NEPAL is to reduce the number of scattering centers, and hence to reduce the CPU time required for the solution, and essentially find the inverse of the integral operator with computational complexity less than O(N/sup 3/).
HOW REALISTIC IS THE GOAL OF PREVENTING PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH TEENAGE SEXUAL ACTIVITY (1982)

Testimony to the United States Senate Labor, Health and Human Services, Education Appropriations Subcomittee, May 5 1982.
Length-dependent recognition of double-stranded ribonucleic acids by retinoic acid–inducible gene-I and melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (2008)

The ribonucleic acid (RNA) helicases retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) recognize distinct viral and synthetic RNAs, leading to the production of interferons. Although 5'-triphosphate single-stranded RNA is a RIG-I ligand, the role of RIG-I and MDA5 in double-stranded (ds) RNA recognition remains to be characterized. In this study, we show that the length of dsRNA is important for differential recognition by RIG-I and MDA5. The MDA5 ligand, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, was converted to a RIG-I ligand after shortening of the dsRNA length. In addition, viral dsRNAs differentially activated RIG-I and MDA5, depending on their length. Vesicular stomatitis virus infection generated dsRNA, which is responsible for RIG-I-mediated recognition. Collectively, RIG-I detects dsRNAs without a 5'-triphosphate end, and RIG-I and MDA5 selectively recognize short and long dsRNAs, respectively.
Evidence that cutaneous antigen-presenting cells migrate to regional lymph nodes during contact sensitization. (1990)

These studies address the hypothesis that Ag-bearing epidermal Langerhans cells migrate to the regional lymph node during contact sensitization and function as APC. Skin from C3H mice was grafted onto BALB/c nude mice, and 7 or 14 days later, the recipients were sensitized with FITC through the grafts. APC from lymph nodes draining the site of sensitization were capable of sensitizing C3H recipients to FITC. Because sensitization is MHC restricted, only cells reaching the lymph node from the grafted skin could have induced contact hypersensitivity in C3H mice. Examination of the FITC+ draining lymph node cells by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that all were Ia+, most were F4/80+, and some contained Birbeck granules. These studies demonstrate that Ia+, FITC+ cells from the skin, at least some of which are Langerhans cells, leave the skin after epicutaneous sensitization with FITC and participate in the initiation of the contact hypersensitivity response within the regional lymph node.
Mangostin Inhibits the Oxidative Modification of Human Low Density Lipoprotein (1995)

The oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) may play an important role in atherosclerosis. We investigated the possible antioxidant effects of mangostin, isolated from Garcinia mangostana, on metal ion dependent (Cu2+) and independent (aqueous peroxyl radicals) oxidation of human LDL. Mangostin prolonged the lagtime to both metal ion dependent and independent oxidation of LDL in a dose dependent manner over 5 to 50 microM as monitored by the formation of conjugated dienes at 234 nm (P < 0.001). There was no significant effect of mangostin on the rate at which conjugated dienes were formed in the uninhibited phase of oxidation. Levels of thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) generated in LDL were measured 4 and 24 hours after oxidation with 5 microM Cu2+ in the presence or absence of 50 microM or 100 microM mangostin. We observed an inhibition of TBARS formation with 100 microM mangostin at 4 hours (P = 0.027) but not at 24 hours (P = 0.163). Similar results were observed in the presence of 50 microM mangostin. Mangostin, at 100 microM, retarded the relative electrophoretic mobility of LDL at both 4 and 24 hours after Cu2+ induced oxidation. Mangostin (100 microM) significantly inhibited the consumption of alpha-tocopherol in the LDL during Cu2+ initiated oxidation over a 75 minute period (P < 0.001). From these results, we conclude that mangostin is acting as a free radical scavenger to protect the LDL from oxidative damage in this in vitro system.
Changes in joint cartilage aggrecan after knee injury and in osteoarthritis (1999)

The observed differences in 846 epitope reactivity in synovial fluid, and its concentration in relation to aggrecan and other markers of matrix turnover, were consistent with marked ongoing changes in aggrecan turnover after joint injury and in the development of OA. OA is thus a disease characterized by dynamic changes in tissue macromolecule turnover, which is reflected by measurable changes in aggrecan epitopes in the synovial fluid.
Visuwell Reagin, a non-treponemal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of syphilis (1989)

A urease-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the detection of reagin antibodies in serum. Visuwell Reagin (ADI Diagnostics Inc., Rexdale, Ontario, Canada) is a non-treponemal screening test for the serodiagnosis of syphilis which has the benefits of large batch testing, automatability, and objective interpretation of results. Unheated, undiluted sera are incubated in 96-well microtiter plates coated with a modified cardiolipin-lecithin-cholesterol antigen. Antibody bound to the plate is detected by an anti-human immunoglobulin G-urease conjugate. The procedure consists of three steps, with a total test time of 60 min. Visuwell Reagin ELISA was compared with the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) test and the reagin screening test (RST) with the following results. For ELISA versus the VDRL test, the sensitivities for untreated syphilis (n = 37) were 97.3% for both ELISA and the VDRL test, the confirmatory positive values (n = 79) were 84.8% for ELISA and 72.2% for the VDRL test, and the specificities for normal samples (n = 1,327) were 98.8% for ELISA and 99.5% for the VDRL test. For ELISA versus RST, the sensitivities for untreated syphilis (n = 57) were 94.7% for ELISA and 87.7% for RST, the confirmatory positive values (n = 26) were 96.2% for ELISA and 92.3% for RST, and the specificities for normal samples (n = 1,891) were 99.6% for ELISA and 99.3% for RST. The overall concordance values of ELISA with VDRL test and RST were 96.7 and 97.9%, respectively. The specificity of ELISA compared with that of RST may be underestimated, since confirmatory data were not available for all apparent false-positive samples. Visuwell Reagin had increased sensitivity and similar specificity compared with flocculation tests.