gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Strategies for automatic assembly of deformable objects (2002)

Strategies for automatic assembly of deformable objects are presented. A flexible beam mating with a rigid hole is taken as the target of investigation. The deflection behavior of a deformable beam is studied. The geometric and force conditions for successful assembly of rigid parts are reviewed. Based on these conditions, strategies for assembling deformable beams are proposed. The strategies are defined by the motion trajectory of the tool which handles the beam. It is found that when the clearance between the beam and the hole is loose, the desired trajectory should be the same as the curve formed by the deformed beam. When the clearance is tight, the position and orientation of the tool should be adjusted, following the involute of the deformed beam curve.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN NAEGLERIA GRUBERI (1977)

Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ...Read More
Millimeter-wave micromachined tunable filters (2003)

Novel types of MM-wave tunable filters using micromachined variable capacitors are presented. In order to demonstrate this concept, two bandpass filters, one with 2-pole lumped elements and the other with 2-pole resonators are designed at Ka-band and fabricated using MEMS technology. With applied bias, the center frequency shifts as much as 1.1 GHz (4.2%) at 26.6 GHz, and 0.8 GHz (2.5%) at 32 GHz, was measured for lumped elements and resonators filter, respectively. These results show the potentials of micromachined tunable filters for low cost, highly integrated transmitter and receiver for MM-wave multi-band communication systems.
Method choice involves many factors. (1994)

The age and health of a client, the willingness of the client's partners to participate in family planning, sexual behaviors of both partners, and a careful review of the risks and benefits of each available contraceptive method determine a client's choice of contraceptive method. Providers must have the most current scientific information on health risks and benefits of contraceptive methods and must understand how most clients perceive those risks and benefits. Most people do not take into account the small risk of death associated with any contraceptive method when making a contraceptive method choice. Providers must help each client to choose a method that is safe and that he/she can use without fear. They should address myths and ease fears even if the client does not mention such myths. Physicians' views of contraceptive methods influence family planning acceptance and use. Physicians play a contributing role in the development of national policies and delivery guidelines, educational and training curricula, and management practices. They maintain misperceptions about risks and attitudes that limit the availability of some methods, especially long acting methods, thus limiting the public's choice of methods. For example, bias against IUD use among providers is the leading reason IUD use is falling in Kenya. Providers need to be trained to counsel clients about contraceptive options, not towards specific methods. Proper counseling should result in improved continuation rates. Counseling needs to go beyond just addressing contraceptive side effects and proper use; it needs to address cultural effects of side effects (e.g., irregular bleeding), gender issues, and fears (e.g., OCs cause cancer).
Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical Durability of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (2003)

The mechanical properties of unaged and aged constituent materials for solid oxide fuel cells were evaluated using microindentation, plate tensile, four-point bend, ball on ring and pressure on ring tests. The Vickers hardness of the anode, interconnect and electrolyte was determined before and after 1000 hours aging at 1000 oC in air. The fracture toughness KIC was found for the electrolyte materials. Finite element analysis (FEA) was validated and used to calculate the stress distribution and peak stress for the biaxial strength test. A Weibull analysis was carried out on the test/FEA-predicted peak stresses, and Weibull strength, modulus and material scale parameters were found for each test methodology. The methodologies were evaluated based on the results of the Weibull analysis and the pressure on ring test is preferred one for brittle thin film fracture strength testing.\n\nHalf cell SOFCs with composite cathode (Pr0.7Sr0.3)MnO3Â±Î´ /8YSZ on the 8YSZ electrolyte were aged 1000 hours at 1000 oC in air with/without polarization and investigated using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (B.E.T.) method and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The performance of the half cell SOFCs degraded after aging with/without polarization compared to the initial state, which was ascribed to the decrease of the electrolyte conductivity. The current load was shown to have impact on the performance by slowing down the decreasing rate of the polarization resistance of the SOFCs. After aging, the microstructural properties - pore size and pore volume changed, and growth of grains was found on the (Pr0.7Sr0.3)MnO3 phases, which may have contributed to the decrease of the activation polarization by decreasing the capacitance and increasing the number of active sites. After aging the high frequency EIS arcs/peaks shifted to a lower frequency range, and the low frequency arcs/peaks became unapparent compared to before aging.\n\nA 3-D multiphysics finite element model was used to simulate the performance of the half cell SOFC. The effective exchange current density and the effective ionic conductivity of the cathodes showed much influence on the performance of the SOFC. Predicted and observed performance was compared.\n\nSuggestions were given for the further experiments on the composite cathode.
Synthesis and Stability of Novel Terminal Phosphate-Labeled Nucleotides (2008)

Novel compounds consisting of a nucleotide triphosphate labeled with a PEG linker and various terminal groups attached to the gamma-phosphate of the nucleotide were constructed for use in efforts to produce a new class of DNA sequencer. The stability of these novel compounds was investigated to determine their utility as sequencing reagents. Hydrolysis rate constants were measured for both the natural nucleoside triphosphate dATP and novel dATP derivatives. The gamma-labeled dATP was approximately 20-fold more stable to hydrolysis than dATP.
Calcium Ion Regulates the Release of Lipase of Fusarium oxysporum (1991)

The lipase production of a plant pathogenic fungus, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini SUF 402, was induced by fat as the carbon source, and its release was stimulated by the infusion of intracellular free calcium ion with a calcium ionophore, A23187. N-(6-Aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W-7, a calmodulin inhibitor) and 1-[N,O-bis(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-N-methyl- L-tyrosyl]-4-phenylpiperazine (KN-62, a Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II inhibitor) reduced the extracellular release of lipase in vivo. 1-(5-Isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7, a protein kinase C inhibitor) did not have this ability. After K2H32PO4 had been incorporated into the cells, they were treated with W-7 or KN-62 and stimulated by Ca2+ ionophore. On SDS-PAGE of intracellular proteins followed by autoradiography, W-7- and KN-62-treated cells showed inhibition of the incorporation of 32Pi into the 20 kDa protein resulting from Ca2+ stimulation. F. oxysporum had calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase activity in the cytoplasmic fraction and had the ability to phosphorylate of syntide 2, a specific substrate of CaM kinase II. The partially purified CaM-dependent protein kinase was inhibited by 10 microM KN-62 in vitro. Increase of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration of F. oxysporum activated CaM and CaM-dependent protein kinase, resulting in the extracellular lipase release. These results suggest the existence of a Ca2+ signalling system in F. oxysporum like those observed in higher eucaryotes.
National health expenditures, 1990. (1991)

During 1990, health expenditures as a share of gross national product rose to 12.2 percent, up from 11.6 percent in 1989. This dramatic increase is the second largest increase in the past three decades. The national health expenditure estimates presented in this article document rapidly rising health care costs and provide a context for understanding the health care financing crisis facing the Nation today. The 1990 national health expenditures incorporate the most recently available data. They differ from historical estimates presented in the preceding article. The length of time and complicated process of producing projections required use of 1989 national health expenditures--data available prior to the completion of the 1990 estimates presented here.
Transfection of the CD20 cell surface molecule into ectopic cell types generates a Ca2+ conductance found constitutively in B lymphocytes. (1993)

CD20 is a plasma membrane phosphoprotein expressed exclusively by B lymphocytes. mAb binding to CD20 alters cell cycle progression and differentiation, indicating that CD20 plays an essential role in B lymphocyte function. Whole-cell patch clamp and fluorescence microscopy measurements of plasma membrane ionic conductance and cytosolic-free Ca2+ activity, respectively, were used to directly examine CD20 function. Transfection of human T and mouse pre-B lymphoblastoid cell lines with CD20 cDNA and subsequent stable expression of CD20 specifically increased transmembrane Ca2+ conductance. Transfection of CD20 cDNA and subsequent expression of CD20 in nonlymphoid cells (human K562 erythroleukemia cells and mouse NIH-3T3 fibroblasts) also induced the expression of an identical transmembrane Ca2+ conductance. The binding of a CD20-specific mAb to CD20+ lymphoblastoid cells also enhanced the transmembrane Ca2+ conductance. The mAb-enhanced Ca2+ currents had the same conductance characteristics as the CD20-associated Ca2+ currents in CD20 cDNA-transfected cells. C20 is structurally similar to several ion channels; each CD20 monomer possesses four membrane spanning domains, and both the amino and carboxy termini reside within the cytoplasm. Biochemical cross-linking of cell-surface molecules with subsequent immunoprecipitation analysis of CD20 suggests that CD20 may be present as a multimeric oligomer within the membrane, as occurs with several known membrane channels. Taken together, these findings indicate that CD20 directly regulates transmembrane Ca2+ conductance in B lymphocytes, and suggest that multimeric complexes of CD20 may form Ca2+ conductive ion channels in the plasma membrane of B lymphoid cells.
Structure-Based Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase Mutants with Altered Intracellular Direct-Repeat Deletion Frequencies (2000)

Template switching rates of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase mutants were tested using a retroviral vector-based direct-repeat deletion assay. The reverse transcriptase mutants contained alterations in residues that modeling of substrates into the catalytic core had suggested might affect interactions with primer and/or template strands. As assessed by the frequency of functional lacZ gene generation from vectors in which lacZ was disrupted by insertion of a sequence duplication, the frequency of template switching varied more than threefold among fully replication-competent mutants. Some mutants displayed deletion rates that were lower and others displayed rates that were higher than that of wild-type virus. Replication for the mutants with the most significant alterations in template switching frequencies was similar to that of the wild type. These data suggest that reverse transcriptase template switching rates can be altered significantly without destroying normal replication functions.
An optimal control model for analyzing human postural balance (1995)

The question posed in this study is whether optimal control and state estimation can explain selection of control strategies used by humans, in response to small perturbations to stable upright balance. To answer this question, a human sensorimotor control model, compatible with previous work by others, was assembled. This model incorporates linearized equations and full-state feedback with provision for state estimation. A form of gain-scheduling is employed to account for nonlinearities caused by control and biomechanical constraints. By decoupling the mechanics and transforming the controls into the space of experimentally observed strategies, the model is made amenable to the study of a number of possible control objectives. The objectives studied include cost functions on the state deviations, so as to control the center of mass, provide a stable platform for the head, or maintain upright stance, along with a cost function on control effort. Also studied was the effect of time delay on the stability of controls produced using various control strategies. An objective function weighting excursion of the center of mass and deviations from the upright stable position, while taking advantage of fast modes of the system, as dictated by inertial parameters and musculoskeletal geometry, produces a control that reasonably matches experimental data. Given estimates of sensor performance, the model is also suited for prediction of uncertainty in the response.
Streptococcal Scl1 and Scl2 Proteins Form Collagen-like Triple Helices (2002)

The collagens are a family of animal proteins containing segments of repeated Gly-Xaa-Yaa (GXY) motifs that form a characteristic triple-helical structure. Genes encoding proteins with repeated GXY motifs have also been reported in bacteria and phages; however, it is unclear whether these prokaryotic proteins can form a collagen-like triple-helical structure. Here we used two recently identified streptococcal proteins, Scl1 and Scl2, containing extended GXY sequence repeats as model proteins. First we observed that prior to heat denaturation recombinant Scl proteins migrated as homotrimers in gel electrophoresis with and without SDS. We next showed that the collagen-like domain of Scl is resistant to proteolysis by trypsin. We further showed that circular dichroism spectra of the Scl proteins contained features characteristic of collagen triple helices, including a positive maximum of ellipticity at 220 nm. Furthermore the triple helices of Scl1 and Scl2 showed a temperature-dependent unfolding with melting temperatures of 36.4 and 37.6 degrees C, respectively, which resembles those seen for collagens. We finally demonstrated by electron microscopy that the Scl proteins are organized into "lollipop-like" structures, similar to those seen in human proteins with collagenous domains. This implies that the repeated GXY tripeptide motif is a structural indicator of collagen-like triple helices in proteins from such phylogenetically distant sources as bacteria and humans.
Comparison of the solution and X-ray structures of barley serine proteinase inhibitor 2 (1987)

A comparison of the solution n.m.r. structures of barley serine protease inhibitor 2 (BSPI-2) with the X-ray structures of both subtilisin complexed and native BSPI-2 is presented. It is shown that the n.m.r. and X-ray structures are very similar in terms of overall shape, size, polypeptide fold and secondary structure. The average atomic rms difference between the 11 restrained dynamics structures on the one hand and the two X-ray structures on the other is 1.9±0.2 Å for the backbone atoms and 3.0±0.3 Å for all atoms. The cor responding values for the restrained energy minimized mean dynamics structure are 1.5 and 2.4 Å, respectively.
Abstract P5-08-08: A human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3)-binding nanoparticle targets and kills Herceptin®-resistant human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer (2013)

Abstract The human epidermal growth factor receptor subunit (HER2), or ErbB2, is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is amplified in approximately 20-25% of invasive breast cancers. Anti-HER2 therapies such as trastuzumab (Herceptin®) have become important in the management of aggressive and metastatic breast cancer. Although many patients with HER2-positive breast cancer initially respond to anti-HER2 treatments, such as Herceptin, a significant portion of them develop resistance to these therapies. Consequently, there is a great need to develop therapies that will treat these tumors once they become resistant. Recently it has been shown that another member of the HER family, HER3, is commonly upregulated in these tumors. This led us to develop a unique drug delivery protein (HerPBK10) that specifically targets the cell surface receptor, HER3. HerPBK10, once it has bound to the HER3 receptor, triggers rapid endocytosis and endosomal penetration, enabling it to deliver a toxic payload to the cell, resulting in cell death. We hypothesized that cytotoxic drugs delivered by HerPBK10 would induce significant targeted cell death in Herceptin-resistant, HER2+ breast cancers and would provide an effective treatment for patients whose tumors have become resistant to traditional therapies. We have demonstrated that HerPBK10 binds to the cell surface of three different HER2+ breast cancer cell lines and that this binding can be competitively inhibited by free HER3 ligand, indicating that HerPBK10 binds specifically to HER3. Next, we showed in multiple Herceptin-resistant cell lines that HER3 receptor levels are significantly increased in drug-resistant cells, confirming the results of other researchers. We then assembled our targeted molecule, HerPBK10 with the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin. The resulting nanoparticle, called HerDox, was used to treat two different HER2+ breast cancer cell lines that are susceptible to Herceptin treatment and two that had acquired Herceptin resistance. We demonstrated that HerDox caused cell death in all cell lines, but at a greater level and at a lower dosage in the drug-resistant lines. We also compared the effect of the HerDox nanoparticle to Herceptin and showed that it caused greater overall cell death. In addition, we combined our nanoparticle with Herceptin, and showed that together, they induced even greater cell death. These results indicate that our HER3 targeting nanoparticle, HerDox, efficiently targets and kills cancer cells that have become resistant to Herceptin, and has the potential to be used either as a single drug or as part of a combinatorial therapy in eliminating drug-resistant HER2+ breast cancers. We are in the process of verifying these findings in vivo in order to demonstrate the potential of HerDox as a treatment for patients who have become non-responsive to traditional anti-HER2 therapies. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-08-08.
WIF1, a component of the Wnt pathway, is down‐regulated in prostate, breast, lung, and bladder cancer (2003)

To detect novel Wnt-pathway genes involved in tumourigenesis, this study analysed the RNA expression levels of 40 genes of the Wnt pathway by chip hybridization of microdissected matched pairs of 54 primary prostate carcinomas. Eleven genes showed greater than two-fold differential expression in at least 10% of prostate cancers. Three of these genes encode extracellular components of the Wnt pathway (WNT2, WIF1, SFRP4); two are receptors (FZD4, FZD6); two belong to the intracellular signal cascade (DVL1, PPP2CB); one regulates transcription (TCF4); and three represent genes regulated by this pathway (CCND2, CD44, MYC). While SFRP4, FZD4, FZD6, DVL1, TCF4, and MYC are up-regulated, WIF1, WNT2, PPP2CB, CCND2, and CD44 are down-regulated in certain prostate cancer patients. Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) and secreted frizzled related protein (SFRP4) showed the most significant aberrant expression at the RNA level. WIF1 was down-regulated in 64% of primary prostate cancers, while SFRP4 was up-regulated in 81% of the patients. Immunohistochemical analysis using a polyclonal antibody revealed strong cytoplasmic perinuclear WIF1 expression in normal epithelial cells of the prostate, breast, lung, and urinary bladder. Strong reduction of WIF1 protein expression was found in 23% of prostate carcinomas, but also in 60% of breast, 75% of non-small cell lung (NSCLC), and 26% of bladder cancers analysed. No significant association between WIF1 down-regulation and tumour stage or grade was observed for prostate, breast or non-small cell lung carcinomas, indicating that loss of WIF1 expression may be an early event in tumourigenesis in these tissues. However, down-regulation of WIF1 correlated with higher tumour stage in urinary bladder tumours (pTa versus pT1-pT4; p = 0.038).
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Provide Stromal Support for Efficient CD34 + Transduction (1999)

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC)-nonhematopoietic cells within the bone marrow microenvironment that can be culture expanded to a uniform population of fibroblastic cells-have been shown to support long-term hematopoiesis of CD34+ cells. Because direct contact between stromal elements and CD34+ cells enhances long-term engraftment, we postulated that hMSC would be a good alternative to the more heterogeneous stroma currently used in gene transfer studies. We used hMSC to support retroviral gene transfer of the G156A MGMT (deltaMGMT) gene encoding an alkyltransferase (AGT), which confers drug resistance to a combination of O6-benzylguanine (BG) plus the alkylating agents BCNU and temozolomide (TMZ) in human hematopoietic progenitors. In the presence of IL-3, IL-6, SCF, or leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Flt-3 ligand, hMSC facilitated expansion and retroviral transduction of human peripheral blood-mobilized CD34+ cells. Furthermore, the transduced cells expressed AGT in 29% of hematopoietic cells and were 5-fold more resistant to BCNU and TMZ than were untransduced cells. Unirradiated hMSC present as support cells were simultaneously transduced and expressed AGT in 26% of the cells. Thus, the homogeneous nature of hMSC, and their ability to support gene transfer and be transduced themselves suggest they may be useful in clinical gene transfer protocols and have broad therapeutic applications.
The UL25 Gene Product of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Is Involved in Uncoating of the Viral Genome (2008)

Studies on the herpes simplex virus type 1 UL25-null mutant KUL25NS have shown that the capsid-associated UL25 protein is required at a late stage in the encapsidation of viral DNA. Our previous work on UL25 with the UL25 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant ts1204 also implicated UL25 in a role at very early times in the virus growth cycle, possibly at the stage of penetration of the host cell. We have reexamined this mutant and discovered that it had an additional ts mutation elsewhere in the genome. The ts1204 UL25 mutation was transferred into wild-type (wt) virus DNA, and the UL25 mutant ts1249 was isolated and characterized to clarify the function of UL25 at the initial stages of virus infection. Indirect immunofluorescence assays and in situ hybridization analysis of virus-infected cells revealed that the mutant ts1249 was not impaired in penetration of the host cell but had an uncoating defect at the nonpermissive temperature. When ts1249-infected cells were incubated initially at the permissive temperature to allow uncoating of the viral genome and subsequently transferred to the restrictive temperature, a DNA-packaging defect was evident. The results suggested that ts1249, like KUL25NS, had a block at a late stage of DNA packaging and that the packaged genome was shorter than the full-length genome. Examination of ts1249 capsids produced at the nonpermissive temperature revealed that, in comparison with wt capsids, they contained reduced amounts of UL25 protein, thereby providing a possible explanation for the failure of ts1249 to package full-length viral DNA.