gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ketamine produces effective and long-term pain relief in patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (2009)

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 (CRPS-1) responds poorly to standard pain treatment. We evaluated if the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist S(+)-ketamine improves pain in CRPS-1 patients. Sixty CRPS-1 patients (48 females) with severe pain participated in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled parallel-group trial. Patients were given a 4.2-day intravenous infusion of low-dose ketamine (n=30) or placebo (n=30) using an individualized stepwise tailoring of dosage based on effect (pain relief) and side effects (nausea/vomiting/psychomimetic effects). The primary outcome of the study was the pain score (numerical rating score: 0-10) during the 12-week study period. The median (range) disease duration of the patients was 7.4 (0.1-31.9) years. At the end of infusion, the ketamine dose was 22.2+/-2.0 mg/h/70 kg. Pain scores over the 12-week study period in patients receiving ketamine were significantly lower than those in patients receiving placebo (P<0.001). The lowest pain score was at the end of week 1: ketamine 2.68+/-0.51, placebo 5.45+/-0.48. In week 12, significance in pain relief between groups was lost (P=0.07). Treatment did not cause functional improvement. Patients receiving ketamine more often experienced mild to moderate psychomimetic side effects during drug infusion (76% versus 18%, P<0.001). In conclusion, in a population of mostly chronic CRPS-1 patients with severe pain at baseline, a multiple day ketamine infusion resulted in significant pain relief without functional improvement. Treatment with ketamine was safe with psychomimetic side effects that were acceptable to most patients.
A review of studies concerning treatment adherence of patients with anxiety disorders (2011)

The findings of this study suggest that it is essential to consider anxiety disorder patients' beliefs about illness and treatment strategies to increase their compliance with the therapeutic plan.
In situ expression of B7/BB1 on antigenpresenting cells and activated B cells: an immunohistochemical study (1993)

B7/BB1 is a physiological ligand for CD28, a receptor expressed on a major subset of T lymphocytes. B7/BB1 has been shown to be expressed on human blood dendritic cells and on in vitro activated (but not resting) B cells and monocytes. Ligation of CD28 with B7/BB1 up-regulates cytokine production and prevents the induction of anergy in T cells activated through TCR/CD3. We examined the in situ expression of B7/BB1 by immunohistochemistry with a novel mAb B7-24. Dendritic cells in skin (Langerhans cells), lymph node sinuses (veiled cells), and T cell zones of spleen and lymph nodes (interdigitating dendritic cells) were strongly positive for B7/BB1. B7/BB1 was also present on fetal thymus dendritic cells located at the cortico-medullar junction and the medulla, but absent in normal adult thymuses. Resident macrophages and endothelial cells did not stain, but in granulomatous inflammations B7/BB1 was found on macrophages and epitheloid cells. A subset of B immunoblasts and of germinal center B cells in lymph node and spleen was also found to express B7/BB1. Our findings on the distribution of B7/BB1 expression in tissues, in particular its expression on professional antigen-presenting cells, further substantiate the putative co-stimulatory role of B7/BB1 in T cell activation in vivo. The presence of B7/BB1 in fetal but not adult thymic medulla suggests a role for B7/BB1 in thymocyte maturation.
Modification of hemoglobin by ninhydrin (1980)

The Strecker degradation reaction was evaluated as a means of modifying hemoglobin in vitro, utilizing ninhydrin as a model compound. Ninhydrin led to modification of hemoglobin (when incubated with hemoglobin or red cells) at physiologic temperature and pH. Isoelectric focusing documented the formation of new hemoglobin bands, all with decreased (more negative) isoelectric points that hemoglobin A. Both alpha and beta chains were modified to an equal degree, although electrophoretic studies documented two modified species of alpha-chains and three modified species of beta-chains. Amino acid analysis of modified hemolysate following NaB3H4 reduction revealed peaks that coeluted with deaminated valine, epsilon-deaminated lysine, and a product with the guanidino group of arginine. The oxygen affinity of hemoglobin increased following its incubation with increasing concentrations of ninhydrin. These studies suggest that ninhydrin is representative of a class of carbonyl compounds that could be utilized to specifically modify that structure and function of hemoglobin variants.
Marginal Fisher Analysis and Its Variants for Human Gait Recognition and Content- Based Image Retrieval (2007)

Dimensionality reduction algorithms, which aim to select a small set of efficient and discriminant features, have attracted great attention for human gait recognition and content-based image retrieval (CBIR). In this paper, we present extensions of our recently proposed marginal Fisher analysis (MFA) to address these problems. For human gait recognition, we first present a direct application of MFA, then inspired by recent advances in matrix and tensor-based dimensionality reduction algorithms, we present matrix-based MFA for directly handling 2-D input in the form of gray-level averaged images. For CBIR, we deal with the relevance feedback problem by extending MFA to marginal biased analysis, in which within-class compactness is characterized only by the distances between each positive sample and its neighboring positive samples. In addition, we present a new technique to acquire a direct optimal solution for MFA without resorting to objective function modification as done in many previous algorithms. We conduct comprehensive experiments on the USF HumanID gait database and the Corel image retrieval database. Experimental results demonstrate that MFA and its extensions outperform related algorithms in both applications.
Protection of Pyruvate,Pi Dikinase from Maize against Cold Lability by Compatible Solutes (1989)

Most C(4) species are chilling sensitive and certain enzymes like pyruvate,Pi dikinase of the C(4) pathway are also cold labile. The ability of cations and compatible solutes to protect maize (Zea mays) dikinase against cold lability was examined. The enzyme in desalted extracts at pH 8 from preilluminated leaves could be protected against cold lability (at 0 degrees C) by the divalent cations Mn(2+), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+). There was substantial protection by sulfate based salts but little protection by chloride based salts of potassium or ammonium (concentration 250 millimolar). The degree of protection against cold lability under limiting MgCl(2) (5 millimolar) was pH sensitive (maximum protection at pH 8), but independent of ionic strength (up to 250 millimolar by addition of KCl). In catalysis Mg(2+) is required and Mn(2+) could not substitute as a cofactor. Several compatible solutes reduced or prevented the cold inactivation of dikinase (in desalted extracts and the partially purified enzyme), including glycerol, proline, glycinebetaine and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). TMAO and Mg(2+) had an additive effect in protecting dikinase against cold inactivation. TMAO could largely substitute for the divalent cation and addition of TMAO during cold treatment prevented further inactivation. Cold inactivation was partially reversed by incubation at room temperature; with addition of TMAO reversal was complete. The temperature dependence of inactivation at pH 8 and 3 millimolar MgCl(2) was evaluated by incubation at 2 to 17 degrees C for 45 minutes, followed by assay at room temperature. At preincubation temperatures below 11 degrees C there was a progressive inactivation which could be prevented by TMAO (450 millimolar). The results are discussed relative to possible effects of the solutes on the quaternary structure of this enzyme, which is known to dissociate at low temperatures.
Automated Concept Extraction From Plain Text (1998)

We investigate the dynamics of two identical artificial active particles suspended in a free-standing fluid film with a trap of finite radius in an acoustic tweezer. In the two dimensional Oseen approximation, their hydrodynamic coupling is long ranged, which naturally raises the question as under what conditions they can simultaneously reside in the trap. We determine a critical value of the hydrodynamic coupling below which that happens and study the ensuing active pair dynamics inside the trap. For larger couplings, only one particle sits in the trap, while the other diffuses freely until it eventually replaces the particle in the trap. Such a mechanism repeats itself with a characteristic noise-dependent mean residence-retrapping time.
Explaining and Harnessing Adversarial Examples (2014)

Several machine learning models, including neural networks, consistently misclassify adversarial examples---inputs formed by applying small but intentionally worst-case perturbations to examples from the dataset, such that the perturbed input results in the model outputting an incorrect answer with high confidence. Early attempts at explaining this phenomenon focused on nonlinearity and overfitting. We argue instead that the primary cause of neural networks' vulnerability to adversarial perturbation is their linear nature. This explanation is supported by new quantitative results while giving the first explanation of the most intriguing fact about them: their generalization across architectures and training sets. Moreover, this view yields a simple and fast method of generating adversarial examples. Using this approach to provide examples for adversarial training, we reduce the test set error of a maxout network on the MNIST dataset.
Growth Factor Function in the Development and Maintenance of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons: Concepts, Facts and Prospects for TGF‐β (2007)

Dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system are important in the control of motor performance and degenerate in Parkinson's disease. Therefore, in order to design novel strategies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, it is important for us to understand their development, function, trophic factor requirements, plasticity and susceptibility to toxic influences. A large and still increasing number of growth factors have been implicated in the regulation of the survival and differentiation of dopaminergic neurons. These factors may also protect against a variety of toxic influences. On the basis of their localization, putative sources and mechanisms of actions, such growth factors fall into several categories: (i) local factors within the midbrain influencing proliferation, transmitter phenotype, migration, positioning and neurite growth of stem cells and early neurons; (ii) factors acting retrogradely from the striatum, which are responsible for intrastriatal sprouting and navigation of newly arrived axons as well as life-long maintenance of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal connection; (iii) factors coming into play when the system is toxically impaired; (iv) factors directly acting on dopaminergic neurons; and (v) factors provided by cytokinestimulated astroglia, microglia and neurons affecting dopaminergic neurons anterogradely. This article reviews actions of growth factors on dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo, with a focus on members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily. TGF-beta s may be particularly relevant to dopaminergic neurons, since they are expressed in the nigrostriatal system from early embryonic stages to adulthood and are significantly up-regulated in response to lesions.
Growth-related gene product α. A chemotactic cytokine for neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis (1995)

Leukocyte recruitment is critical in the inflammation seen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To determine whether the chemokine growth-related gene product alpha (gro alpha) plays a role in this process, we examined synovial tissue (ST), synovial fluid (SF), and plasma samples from 102 patients with arthritis. RA SF contained more antigenic gro alpha (mean 5.3 +/- 1.9 ng/ml) than did SFs from either osteoarthritis (OA) or other forms of arthritis (mean 0.1 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). RA plasma contained more gro alpha (mean 4.3 +/- 1.8 ng/ml) than normal plasma (mean 0.1 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). RA ST fibroblasts (1.2 x 10(5)/cells/mI RPMI 1640/24 h) produced antigenic gro alpha (mean 0.2 +/- 0.1 ng/ml), and this production was increased significantly upon incubation with TNF-alpha (mean 1.3 +/- 0.3 ng/ml) or IL-1 beta (mean 2.3 +/- 0.6 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). Cells from RA SF also produced gro alpha: neutrophils (PMNs) (10(7) cells/mI/24 h) produced 3.7 +/- 0.7 ng/ml. RA SF mononuclear cells produced gro alpha, particularly upon incubation with LPS or PHA. Immunoreactive ST gro alpha was found in greater numbers of RA compared with either OA or normal lining cells, as well as in RA compared with OA subsynovial macrophages (p < 0.05). IL-8 accounted for a mean of 36% of the RA SF chemotactic activity for PMNs, while epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78 accounted for 34%, and gro alpha for 28%, of this activity. Combined neutralization of all three chemokines in RA SFs resulted in a mean decrease of 50% of the chemotactic activity for PMNs present in the RA SFs. These results indicate that gro alpha plays an important role in the ingress of PMNs into the RA joint.
Convenient, room-temperature, amine-assisted routes to metal sulfides, selenides and tellurides † (1997)

The reaction of elemental powders of Ag, Pb and Hg with S, Se or Te in n-butylamine for 12–72 h produced crystalline metal chalcogenides ME (M = Pb or Hg; E = S, Se or Te) and Ag2E in good yield (>90%). The reactions of Cu with Se or Te in n-butylamine gave crystalline Cu2–xSe and Cu0.64Te0.36, whilst the reaction of Cu or Ni with sulfur under similar conditions produced an amorphous material that on heating to 250–300 °C for 2 h yielded crystalline NiS and Cu2S. Products were analysed by Fourier-transform IR, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis by X-rays, powder X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The elemental reactions were also investigated in n-hexylamine, ethane-1,2-diamine, cyclohexane and aqueous ammonia solution.
Drug evaluation: STA-4783--enhancing taxane efficacy by induction of Hsp70. (2006)

The apoptosis stimulator STA-4783 acts by inducing expression of heat shock protein (Hsp)70 on tumor cell surfaces and disrupting the cytoskeletal network. Currently in development by Synta Pharmaceuticals for the potential treatment of solid tumors, phase II clinical trials in non-small-cell lung cancer, melanoma and sarcoma have been initiated.
The organization and performance of a TREAT-based production system compiler (1991)

An ensemble of techniques that compile OPS5 production system programs to executable machine code is described and an increase in the execution speed of production system programs by two orders of magnitude over the commonly used list processing (LISP)-based OPS5 system is demonstrated. The computer is based on the TREAT incremental match algorithm. A version of the TREAT algorithm, formulated in relational algebra, is presented. The compiler employs optimization techniques derived from relational database system. The combination of the TREAT algorithm and the compiling techniques reduces the proportion of time spent in the match phase below the 'greater than 90%' figure often cited by developers of other production system environments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Pronunciation modeling for improved spelling correction (2001)

This paper presents a method for incorporating word pronunciation information in a noisy channel model for spelling correction. The proposed method builds an explicit error model for word pronunciations. By modeling pronunciation similarities between words we achieve a substantial performance improvement over the previous best performing models for spelling correction.
Iterative least squares and compression based estimations for a four-parameter linear global motion model and global motion compensation (1999)

In this paper, a four-parameter model for global motion in image sequences is proposed. The model is generalized and can accommodate global object motions besides the motions due to the camera movements. Only the pan and the zoom global motions are considered because of their relatively more frequent occurrences in real video sequences. Besides the traditional least-squares estimation scheme, two more estimation schemes based on the minimization of the motion field bit rate and the global prediction error energy are proposed. Among the three estimation schemes, the iterative least-squares estimation is observed to be the best because of the least computational complexity, accuracy of the estimated parameters, and similar performance as with the other schemes. Four global motion compensation schemes including the existing pixel-based forward compensation are proposed. It is observed that backward compensation schemes perform similarly to the corresponding forward schemes except for having one frame delay degradation. The pixel based forward compensation is observed to have the best performance. A new motion vector coding scheme is proposed which has similar performance as the two-dimensional entropy coding but needs much less computation. Using the proposed coding scheme with the pixel-based forward compensation, we obtain 61.85% savings in motion field bit rate over the conventional motion compensation for the Tennis sequence.
Estradiol Decreases IGF-1 and IGF-1 Receptor Expression in Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells (2000)

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) is a potent mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells. Both IGF-1 and its receptor have been shown to be highly expressed in atherosclerotic lesions. Here we investigated whether part of the vasculoprotective properties of E(2) may be mediated by its negative regulation of the IGF-1 system. HeLa cells, which do not contain endogenous estrogen receptors (ER), were transiently transfected with IGF-1R promoter constructs with or without a plasmid encoding human ERalpha or ERbeta and treated with 100 nm 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) for 24 h. E(2) treatment decreased basal luciferase activity by 51%, and this effect was dependent on co-expression of ERalpha, whereas no repression was observed with ERbeta. A mutation within the DNA binding domain of the ERalpha abolished the repressor function of the ER receptor. Similarly, E(2) decreased IGF-1R transcription by 21% in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMC), which express endogenous ER. This effect was specific for E(2), because it was inhibited by an antiestrogen and because progesterone did not have any effect on IGF-1R expression in HeLa or RASMC transfected with progesterone receptor. Accordingly, E(2) decreased IGF-1R and IGF-1 mRNA in RASMC by 47% and 33%. Western blot analysis and radioligand binding studies showed that E(2) also dose-dependently decreased IGF-1R protein expression in RASMC by 40% and 30%, respectively, and that IGF-1 protein was reduced by 43%. Repression of IGF-1R promoter activity by a combination of ERalpha and E(2) did not appear to be mediated via direct binding of ER to the IGF-1R promoter but rather by inhibition of SP1 binding to the IGF-1R promoter. Thus, E(2) down-regulates IGF-1R and IGF-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. This may have important implications for the understanding of the beneficial effects of estrogen in the cardiovascular system.
Spread Spectrum Multiple Access Communications Experiment Through a Satellite (1977)

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that spread spectrum performance characteristics under different conditions of limiting and audio channel SNR degradation with close separation of carrier frequencies are similar to that of sinusoidal signals. Experiments also show that simultaneous transmission of acceptable spread spectrum and TV signals are feasible.
Greater Epoetin alfa Responsiveness Is Associated With Improved Survival in Hemodialysis Patients (2008)

Lower erythropoietin responsiveness is a strong, independent predictor of mortality risk and should be considered when evaluating associations between clinical outcomes and potential prognostic indicators, such as Epoetin alfa dose and achieved hemoglobin values.
A synergistic approach to protein crystallization: Combination of a fixed‐arm carrier with surface entropy reduction (2010)

Protein crystallographers are often confronted with recalcitrant proteins not readily crystallizable, or which crystallize in problematic forms. A variety of techniques have been used to surmount such obstacles: crystallization using carrier proteins or antibody complexes, chemical modification, surface entropy reduction, proteolytic digestion, and additive screening. Here we present a synergistic approach for successful crystallization of proteins that do not form diffraction quality crystals using conventional methods. This approach combines favorable aspects of carrier-driven crystallization with surface entropy reduction. We have generated a series of maltose binding protein (MBP) fusion constructs containing different surface mutations designed to reduce surface entropy and encourage crystal lattice formation. The MBP advantageously increases protein expression and solubility, and provides a streamlined purification protocol. Using this technique, we have successfully solved the structures of three unrelated proteins that were previously unattainable. This crystallization technique represents a valuable rescue strategy for protein structure solution when conventional methods fail.
Therapeutic potential of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by Fasudil, a Rho kinase inhibitor (2010)

The migration of aberrant inflammatory cells into the central nervous system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases potentially through the Rho/Rho-kinase (Rock) pathway, but direct evidence from human and animal models remains inadequate. Here we further confirm that Fasudil, a selective Rock inhibitor, has therapeutic potential in a mouse model of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The results show that Fasudil decreased the development of EAE in C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry disclosed that expression of Rock-II in the perivascular spaces and vascular endothelial cells of spleens, spinal cords, and brains was elevated in EAE and was inhibited in the Fasudil-treated group. T-cell proliferation specific to MOG(35-55) was markedly reduced, together with a significant down-regulation of interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6, and MCP-1. In contrast, secretion of IL-4 was increased, and IL-10 was slightly elevated. There were no differences in the percentages of CD4(+)CD25(+), CD8(+)CD28(-), and CD8(+)CD122(+) in mononuclear cells. Histological staining disclosed a marked decrease of inflammatory cells in spinal cord and brain of Fasudil-treated mice. These results, together with previous studies showing the inhibitory effect of Fasudil on T-cell migration, might expand its clinical application as a new therapy for multiple sclerosis by decreasing cell migration and regulating immune balance.