gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Pacific world (1996)

Stretching from the Americas to Asia and washing Antarctica in the south, the Pacific, including such arms as the Philippine, Coral and Tasman Seas, which are part of it in all but name, covers about one-quarter of the globe. The equator traverses the ocean, and about half of it lies within the tropics. On such an expanse of water the influences of the sun and the spin of the earth are unimpeded. Within a band straddling the equator the heated tropical air rises, creating a sultry region of calms or light winds, shifting a few degrees north or south with the seasons. This equatorial band, the doldrums, is typically some 250 kilometres wide, and east of 160 west longitude lies permanently north of the equator (Figure 1.1). The rising equatorial air flows north and south and descends near the margins of the tropics to be drawn towards the equator again as a continually circulating ‘cell’ of air – the classical Hadley cell of climatology (Figure 1.2). The Coriolis force created by the west-to-east rotation of the earth deflects wind flow to the left in the southern hemisphere and to the right in the northern hemisphere. Thus are created the north-east and south-east trade winds. These dominate the tropical Pacific environment – winds from the east are recorded for over 80% of the time for many islands – as well as much of its romantic image. However there are periods when the trades do drop away and for days on end westerly winds dominate.
Affine-invariant local descriptors and neighborhood statistics for texture recognition (2003)

We present a framework for texture recognition based on local affine-invariant descriptors and their spatial layout. At modelling time, a generative model of local descriptors is learned from sample images using the EM algorithm. The EM framework allows the incorporation of unsegmented multitexture images into the training set. The second modelling step consists of gathering co-occurrence statistics of neighboring descriptors. At recognition time, initial probabilities computed from the generative model are refined using a relaxation step that incorporates co-occurrence statistics. Performance is evaluated on images of an indoor scene and pictures of wild animals.
Diversion of Flux toward Sesquiterpene Production inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeby Fusion of Host and Heterologous Enzymes (2010)

The ability to transfer metabolic pathways from the natural producer organisms to the well-characterized cell factory Saccharomyces cerevisiae is well documented. However, as many secondary metabolites are produced by collaborating enzymes assembled in complexes, metabolite production in yeast may be limited by the inability of the heterologous enzymes to collaborate with the native yeast enzymes. This may cause loss of intermediates by diffusion or degradation or due to conversion of the intermediate through competitive pathways. To bypass this problem, we have pursued a strategy in which key enzymes in the pathway are expressed as a physical fusion. As a model system, we have constructed several fusion protein variants in which farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) of yeast has been coupled to patchoulol synthase (PTS) of plant origin (Pogostemon cablin). Expression of the fusion proteins in S. cerevisiae increased the production of patchoulol, the main sesquiterpene produced by PTS, up to 2-fold. Moreover, we have demonstrated that the fusion strategy can be used in combination with traditional metabolic engineering to further increase the production of patchoulol. This simple test case of synthetic biology demonstrates that engineering the spatial organization of metabolic enzymes around a branch point has great potential for diverting flux toward a desired product.
Validating Multi-column Schema Matchings by Type (2008)

Validation of multi-column schema matchings is essential for successful database integration. This task is especially difficult when the databases to be integrated contain little overlapping data, as is often the case in practice (e.g., customer bases of different companies). Based on the intuition that values present in different columns related by a schema matching will have similar "semantic type", and that this can be captured using distributions over values ("statistical types"), we develop a method for validating 1-1 and compositional schema matchings. Our technique is based on three key technical ideas. First, we propose a generic measure for comparing two columns matched by a schema matching, based on a notion of information-theoretic discrepancy that generalizes the standard geometric discrepancy; this provides the basis for 1:1 matching. Second, we present an algorithm for "splitting" the string values in a column to identify substrings that are likely to match with the values in another column; this enables (multi-column) 1:m schema matching. Third, our technique provides an invalidation certificate if it fails to validate a schema matching. We complement our conceptual and algorithmic contributions with an experimental study that demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of our technique on a variety of database schemas and data sets.
In vivo evaluation of a collagenous membrane as an absorbable adhesion barrier (1997)

An absorbable membrane made from purified, pepsin-soluble collagen was compared to Interceed, an absorbable cellulose-based product, and to a control group for effectiveness in inhibiting the formation of adhesions between peritoneal surface injuries in adult rats. An adhesion scoring system was used to evaluate and compare the performance of the test materials with the control group in regard to the extent, tenacity, and type of any adhesions evident at 28 days following surgery. The collagen group performed significantly better (p < 0.05) than either the Interceed or control groups, showing fewer, less extensive adhesions. The collagen membranes resulted in either no or weak adhesions between the body wall and caecum. Adhesions in the Interceed group were quite variable and characterized by a marked peritoneal reaction in the caecal and body walls adjacent to adhesions. Control samples were characterized by close, dense fibrotic adhesions between the caecum and body wall. Both of the test materials showed some deficiencies in respect to their physical and handling properties that could be further improved for this indication.
DNA bending and binding factors of the human β-actin promoter (1989)

Transcription of the beta-actin gene is rapidly inducible in response to serum stimulation. To determine the regions responsible for serum inducible and basal level expression, the human beta-actin promoter was subjected to mutational analysis. Two distinct elements, the CCAAT homology and the beta-actin specific conserved sequences, were found by a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression assay and sequence comparisons, and then analyzed for possible functions. Using a DNA bend assay, it was shown that the conserved sequences included the core of a sequence-directed bend of DNA. Gel mobility shift and DNase I protection assays revealed that the conserved sequences and the CCAAT homology were recognized by binding factors in HeLa cell extracts.
Recovery of gastrointestinal motility from post‐operative ileus in dogs: effects of Leu13‐motilin (KW‐5139) and prostaglandin F2α (1995)

Cyclical motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract, normally occurring during the interdigestive period in several mammals, is disrupted in the post-operative ileus. We determined the recovery from the disappearance of cyclical motor activity, from the stomach to the colon, in dogs after laparotomy with the force transducers. Moreover, we examined the effects of Leu13-motilin (KW-5139) and prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), administered in the early post-operative period, on the gastrointestinal motility. Following laparotomy, the cyclical motor activity reappeared firstly in the ileum and the colon, then in the jejunum and the duodenum, and finally in the stomach. The reappearance time of the phase III contractions in the stomach was 105.8 +/- 10.6 h (n = 4). In the early post-operative period, KW-5139 (0.5 microgram kg-1, i.v.) induced phase-III-like contractions, whereas PGF2 alpha (50 micrograms kg-1, i.v.) induced simultaneously occurring contractions over the whole gastrointestine. The treatment with KW-5139 (0.5 microgram kg-1, i.v.) four times (twice daily on the first and the second post-operative day) significantly (P < 0.05) shortened the time required to recover the phase III contractions in the stomach (64.2 +/- 2.2 h, n = 4), whereas that with PGF2 alpha (50 micrograms kg-1, i.v.) four times did not (111.3 +/- 17.2 h, n = 4). The present results indicate that, after laparotomy, the cyclical motor activity recovers faster in the distal intestine than in the proximal intestine and the stomach, and that KW-5139, but not PGF2 alpha, shortens the reappearance time of the phase III activity in the stomach.
Localization of the Goodpasture epitope to a novel chain of basement membrane collagen. (1987)

The chain origins of subunits M1, M2*, and M3 previously described (Butkowski, R. L., Wieslander, J., Wisdom, B.J., Barr, J.F., Noelken, M.E., and Hudson, B.G. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 3739-3747) of the globular domain of basement membrane collagen were identified, by amino-terminal amino acid sequence analysis, with respect to their relationship to the chains of collagen IV. M1 comprises two polypeptides which correspond to the noncollagenous segments (NC1) of the alpha 1 ad alpha 2 chains of collagen IV. M2*, containing the Goodpasture epitope, and M3 are distinct from these two constituents and from each other but have Gly-X-Y triplets and hydroxyproline at their amino terminus, reflecting the fact that each has a collagen chain origin. These results indicate the presence of two new collagen chains in basement membrane. These new chains appear to be integral components of collagen IV molecules. Alternatively, they could represent new molecular species of basement membrane collagen containing a globular domain, comprising M2* and M3, with physicochemical properties very similar to those of collagen IV.
Silicon CMOS-integrated nano-photonics for computer and data communications beyond 100G (2012)

Five criteria that are usually considered by IEEE standards committees for development of next generation standards are broad market potential, distinct identity, and compatibility, as well as technical and economic feasibility. We consider these criteria separately and show that the new emerging large-volume markets loosely defined as Computercom will demand new standards and new technologies. We discuss how the balance between single-channel bit rate, and number of wavelength multiplexed and spatially multiplexed optical channels can help to satisfy the need for huge total bandwidth, while keeping cost low and power efficiency high. Silicon CMOS-integrated photonics holds promise to become a technology of choice for wide deployment of low-power and cost-effective optical interconnects for these new markets, and to become a single solution addressing distances spanning from just a meter to 10km.
Drug Delivery Systems: Entering the Mainstream (2004)

Drug delivery systems (DDS) such as lipid- or polymer-based nanoparticles can be designed to improve the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of drugs administered parenterally. Many of the early problems that hindered the clinical applications of particulate DDS have been overcome, with several DDS formulations of anticancer and antifungal drugs now approved for clinical use. Furthermore, there is considerable interest in exploiting the advantages of DDS for in vivo delivery of new drugs derived from proteomics or genomics research and for their use in ligand-targeted therapeutics.
Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Expression Profiling of the Complete Human ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Superfamily in Various Tissues (2003)

Our RT-PCR assay allows rapid, high-throughput transcriptional profiling of the complete ABC transporter superfamily and thus provides a new enabling tool for research, clinical diagnosis of disease, and drug testing and development.
General single phase wellbore flow model (1997)

A general wellbore flow model, which incorporates not only frictional, accelerational and gravitational pressure drops, but also the pressure drop caused by inflow, is presented in this report. The new wellbore model is readily applicable to any wellbore perforation patterns and well completions, and can be easily incorporated in reservoir simulators or analytical reservoir inflow models. Three dimensionless numbers, the accelerational to frictional pressure gradient ratio R{sub af}, the gravitational to frictional pressure gradient ratio R{sub gf}, and the inflow-directional to accelerational pressure gradient ratio R{sub da}, have been introduced to quantitatively describe the relative importance of different pressure gradient components. For fluid flow in a production well, it is expected that there may exist up to three different regions of the wellbore: the laminar flow region, the partially-developed turbulent flow region, and the fully-developed turbulent flow region. The laminar flow region is located near the well toe, the partially-turbulent flow region lies in the middle of the wellbore, while the fully-developed turbulent flow region is at the downstream end or the heel of the wellbore. Length of each region depends on fluid properties, wellbore geometry and flow rate. As the distance from the well toe increases, flow rate in the wellbore increases and the ratios R{sub af} and R{sub da} decrease. Consequently accelerational and inflow-directional pressure drops have the greatest impact in the toe region of the wellbore. Near the well heel the local wellbore flow rate becomes large and close to the total well production rate, here R{sub af} and R{sub da} are small, therefore, both the accelerational and inflow-directional pressure drops can be neglected.
Crossover isomer bias is the primary sequence-dependent property of immobilized Holliday junctions (1997)

Recombination of genes is essential to the evolution of genetic diversity, the segregation of chromosomes during cell division, and certain DNA repair processes. The Holliday junction, a four-arm, four-strand branched DNA crossover structure, is formed as a transient intermediate during genetic recombination and repair processes in the cell. The recognition and subsequent resolution of Holliday junctions into parental or recombined products appear to be critically dependent on their three-dimensional structure. Complementary NMR and time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments on immobilized four-arm DNA junctions reported here indicate that the Holliday junction cannot be viewed as a static structure but rather as an equilibrium mixture of two conformational isomers. Furthermore, the distribution between the two possible crossover isomers was found to depend on the sequence in a manner that was not anticipated on the basis of previous low-resolution experiments.
Phase III Study of Concurrent Versus Sequential Thoracic Radiotherapy in Combination With Mitomycin, Vindesine, and Cisplatin in Unresectable Stage III Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer (1999)

In selected patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC, the concurrent approach yields a significantly increased response rate and enhanced median survival duration when compared with the sequential approach.
Nonlinear optical amplification in single-mode fibers: potential applications to optical communications systems (1984)

Various nonlinear optical processes appear in single-mode optical fibers at low-power levels due to the long interaction length. Among those processes, stimulated Raman scattering and four-photon mixing are efficient methods for the amplification of optical signals.1–3 Such direct optical amplification in fibers may become important for long-distance high-speed optical signal transmission.
Influence of Surface Absorption Characteristics on Reactively Sputtered Films Grown in the Biased and Unbiased Modes (1972)

A series of metals have been reactively sputtered in N2–Ar mixtures. The results indicate that surface adsorption characteristics greatly influence compound growth and/or gas incorporation. It will be shown that the functional relationship between the measured nitrogen concentrations and PN2 places these metals into one of three groups: (1) metals which chemisorb molecular nitrogen and form a nitride, e.g., W; (2) metals which do not chemisorb nitrogen but form a nitride, e.g., Ni; and, (3) metals which neither chemisorb nitrogen nor form a nitride, e.g., Au. It will also be shown that bias sputtering causes the nitrogen content of tungsten and nickel to decrease while it causes the nitrogen content of gold to increase. The increase for gold is caused by bombardment of the film with energetic N2+, which results in increased sorption of nitrogen. The same effect is present in tungsten and nickel but is overshadowed by resputtering of the previously sorbed nitrogen. It is suggested that the high sputtering yield found for chemisorbed gases is related to a poor mass fit between the sorbed atoms and the metal lattice.
The clinical observation of long-term insulin pump therapy on patients with type 2 diabetes (2010)

Objective To observe insulin pump and other insulin method of treatment to type 2 diabetics long-term treatment effect. Methods Each 30 type 2 diabetics separately after the insulin pump,the asparagusinsulin 30 daily two, and insulin glargine quaque nocte hypodermi injection treat for half year around, observes three group of patients to treat the fasting blood glucose,2 hours postprandial blood glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin, the C-peptide change, the insulin amount used, the hypoglycemia has the probability and possibly exists to the glycerin, the total cholesterol, the urine micro albumin level active control. Results Three group of insulin treatments can the active control blood sugar, fasting blood glucose, 2 hours postprandial blood glucose, the glycosylated hemoglobin change not obvious difference, but three groups of comparisons, the insulin pump group fasting blood glucose, 2 hours postprandial blood glucose, the glycosylated hemoglobin and the C-peptide improvement is more obvious. Also the hypoglycemia has the probability remarkable drop, the insulin application dosage reduces, the glycerin, the total cholesterol and 24 h urine micro albumin level in coordinates under other correlation medicine function more remarkable to be able to control. Conclusion Type 2 diabetic long-term application insulin pump and other insulin method of treatment can the active control blood sugar,the pancreatic B cell function have the improvement, but the insulin pump treatment to the active control blood sugar, improves the pancreatic B cell function to be more remarkable.

Key words: 
Type 2 diabetes; Insulin pump
Biology of lung cancer (1998)

Overview of the Biology of Lung Cancer, Madeleine A. Kane and Paul A. Bunn, Jr. Epidemiology of Lung Cancer, Anthony J. Alberg and Jonathan M. Samet Genetics of Lung Cancer, Joan E. Bailey-Wilson, Jonathan S. Wiest, Geno Saccomanno, and Marshall W. Anderson Carcinogenesis and Lung Cancer Prevention, Gail L. Shaw New Pharmacological Treatments for Lung Cancer, Karen Kelly Gene Therapy of Lung Cancer, David S. Schrump and Jack A. Roth Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Lung Cancer, N. H. Mulder, R. C. A. M. van Waardenburg, and E. G. E. de Vries Preclinical Models of Lung Cancer: Cultured Cells and Organ Culture, Ming-Sound Tsao and Jean Viallet Preclinical Models of Lung Cancer, John R. Benfield, Hildegard M. Schuller, Alvin M. Malkinson, and Mary E. Sunday Alterations in Cell Cycle Control in Lung Cancer, Robert A. Sclafani, Irene E. Schauer, and Thomas A. Langan Growth Factors and Receptors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Jill M. Siegfried, Autumn Gaither Davis, Christopher T. Gubish, Mary Ann A. Demichele, and Praveena Singh-Kaw Growth Factors and Receptors in Small Cell Lung Cancer, Terry W. Moody Signal Transduction Abnormalities in Lung Cancer, Lynn E. Heasley and Gary L. Johnson Activating Oncogenes in Lung Cancer, Mack Mabry Protein Kinase C Modulation by Tobacco Tumor Promoters, Rayudu Gopalakrishna, Usha Gundimeda, and Zhen-hai Chen Effects of Tobacco Smoke Constituents on Lung Cells, Hildegard M. Schuller Chromosome 3p Loss in Lung Cancer, Robert M. Gemmill and Harry A. Drabkin Topography of Preneoplasia: Morphology and Markers, Ilona Linnoila New Molecular and Cellular Approaches to Lung Cancer Detection, Wilbur A. Franklin Perspectives on Lung Cancer for the Twenty-First Century: Impact of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Madeleine A. Kane and Paul A. Bunn, Jr.
Gamma Interferon Influences Intestinal Epithelial Hyperplasia Caused byLawsonia intracellularisInfection in Mice (2000)

Lawsonia intracellularis is a recently identified bacterial pathogen which causes disease in a broad range of animals. Invasion of intestinal epithelial cells and the resultant hyperplasia of infected cells are central processes in disease pathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to establish whether immunocompetent mice were susceptible to infection and whether gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) contributed to the pathogenesis of infection. Wild-type 129-Sv-Ev mice (129 mice) and IFN-gamma receptor knockout mice based on the 129 background (IFN-gammaR(-)) were challenged orally with approximately 5.5 x 10(7) L. intracellularis cells. Both 129 and IFN-gammaR(-) mice became infected, although the extent of infection (as determined by the proportion of infected crypts) was substantially lower in 129 mice than in IFN-gammaR(-) mice. Despite these differences, infected crypts showed characteristics typical of proliferative enteropathies of other animals, i.e., intracellular colonization of epithelial cells by L. intracellularis with resultant epithelial hyperplasia. Infection in 129 mice was cleared between days 21 and 28 postchallenge, whereas infection in IFN-gammaR(-) mice was evident in 100% of animals from day 21 onward. Additionally, in IFN-gammaR(-) mice the infection was so extensive that fatalities resulted. IFN-gamma therefore plays a significant role in limiting intracellular infection and increased cellular proliferation associated with L. intracellularis. L. intracellularis infection is generally associated with modest cellular infiltration; therefore, further comparative examinations will be necessary to determine pathogenicity factors and define the role of IFN-gamma in controlling this infection.
Isolation of subtilisin pro-sequence mutations that affect formation of active protease by localized random polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis (1990)

In order to analyze the role of the pro-sequence in folding of the alkaline serine protease subtilisin, localized random mutagenesis using the polymerase chain reaction with Taq DNA polymerase was employed to obtain mutations in the pro-sequence which prevent production of active protease. The unique aspect of this procedure is that random mutations can be easily generated in vitro over large but defined regions of a specific gene. The method was applied to a 458-base pair fragment encompassing the coding region of the pro-sequence of subtilisin, a region of the protein which has been shown to be required for proper folding. Protease-deficient mutants containing a variety of amino acid substitutions were isolated with a frequency of 4.3%. From analysis of these mutants, four independent amino acid substitution mutations in the pro-sequence were identified. The present results demonstrate that polymerase chain reaction is an efficient and simple method for obtaining random mutations within a localized region of a given gene.