gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PACS mini refresher course. Wide area network strategies for teleradiology systems. (1992)

Teleradiology systems require the use of wide area networks (WANs). Design and implementation of a WAN depend on the number of images to be transmitted, desired digital image throughput (based on signaling rate), and cost of the communications link. Image transmission load must be estimated before the communications link can be selected. Communications links used in WANs include T-1 carrier point-to-point service, digital service (DS)-1 dial-up service, DS-3 point-to-point service, DS-0 dial-up service, digital microwave, fiberoptic local loop carriers, and metropolitan area networks (MANs). Depending on the distance between sites, T-1 service may be less costly than DS-1 service; however, for distances more than 200 miles, DS-1 service can be less expensive and more flexible. Both of these services and DS-0 service have lower signaling rates than DS-3 service, which is the fastest and most expensive link. Microwave and fiberoptic links are less expensive but have distance limitations of 14 and 30 miles, respectively. MANs are still being developed but hold the promise of higher signaling rates at lower costs.
Current challenges in therapy of myelodysplastic syndromes (2003)

The International Prognostic Scoring System (or, more conveniently, the marrow blast percentage) can be used to divide patients with myelodysplasia into those with better (International Prognostic Scoring System low/ intermediate-1, or <10% blasts) and worse (International Prognostic Scoring System intermediate-2/high, or >10% blasts) prognoses. There is no treatment known to produce responses in the great majority of patients in either group. Hence, most patients should be considered for clinical trials. Exceptions are cases with low serum erythropoietin levels or low marrow cellularity; such cases may benefit from erythropoietin with or without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or antithymocyte globulin, respectively. A wide variety of new agents are in clinical trial. These can be grouped into biologic or targeted, therapies, acute myelogenous leukemia-type chemotherapy, and allogeneic stem cell transplants. In general, competing risk-to-benefit ratios and consideration of natural histories suggest that patients with a better prognosis should receive biologic therapies first, with transplant reserved until failure. In higher-risk patients, particularly those who are relatively young or have a normal karyotype, acute myelogenous leukemia-type chemotherapy or transplant should be considered earlier in the course. The advent of nonmyeloablative (mini) transplant protocols has extended to 70 to 75 years the age at which transplantation can be performed, although the efficacy of such protocols is unknown. Current data do not permit recommendation of specific regimens in patients with a better or worse prognosis; rather, emphasis should be placed on entry into a clinical trial Finally, because other causes of cytopenias are more treatable, the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndrome should depend on more than the presence of dysplasia, unless the dysplasia is very severe.
Chronic wound healing : clinical measurement and basic science (1999)

Chronic wounds are therapeutically challenging and account for a significant burden on healthcare systems around the world. Both clinicians and scientists need ways of measuring their successes and failures in wound healing as the range of treatment options broadens. The development of techniques allowing objective measurement of such wounds has been of great importance, as these measurements aid diagnosis and allow evaluation of the efficacy of treatments. This concise and fully illustrated book examines the range of measurement techniques available today and assesses their significance and role in the management of patients, as well as their use to the researcher in wound healing.
Wafer-Level Three-Dimensional Monolithic Integration for Intelligent Wireless Terminals (2004)

A three-dimensional (3D) IC technology platform is presented for high-performance. low-cost heterogeneous integration of silicon ICs. The platform uses dielectric adhesive bonding of fully-processed wafer-to-safer aligned ICs, followed by a three-step thinning process and copper damascene patterning to form inter-wafer interconnects. Daisy-chain inter-nafer via test structure, and compatibility of the proce.. .teps ith 130 nm CMOS SOl devices and circuits indicate the viability of the process flow. Such 3D integration with through-die vias enables high functionality in intelligent wfireless terminalss as vertical integration of processor, large memors, image sensors and RF/microwawe transceiwers can be achieved with silicon-based ICs (Si CMOS and/or SiCe BiCMOS). Two esamples of such capability are 
highlighted memory-intenshe Si CCYIOS digital 
processors with large L2 caches and SiGe BiCMS pipelined A/D converters. A comparison of wafer-level 3D integration with system-on-a-chip (SoC) and system-in-a-package (SiP) implementations is presented. 
Index Terms-3D Integration, wafer bonding, intelligent wireless terminal, memory-intensive digital processors, pipelined A/D converters
Tissue Culture of Fetal Rat Islets: Corticosterone Promotes D Cell Maintenance and Function* (1981)

Fetal pancreatic islets were cultured using a recently described technique (1). After 1 day in culture, half of the plates were continued in control medium and half were grown in identical medium supplemented with corticosterone (0.1 microgram/ml). Media were renewed daily, and culture was continued for a total of 8 days. Insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin contents in the media were determined daily. These hormones were also estimated in the tissue at the time of plating, and after 1 and 8 days in culture. Islets were fixed on day 8, and the cells containing each of these hormones were identified by immunocytochemical staining. Corticosterone supplementation of the medium resulted in a 3-fold increase in the somatostatin concentration of the medium. The insulin and glucagon contents of the supplemented medium were slightly reduced. On day 8, there was no difference in the insulin content of the cultured tissue regardless of medium. The glucagon and somatostatin contents of the tissue grown in the steroid-supplemented medium were greater (1.8- and 3.1-fold, respectively) than those of the tissue grown in control medium. D cells were rare in the islets grown in control medium volume density, 0.4%, but were more numerous in the islets maintained in supplemented medium (2.2%). Islets grown in corticosterone-supplemented medium lacked an insulin secretory response to 22 mM glucose. These findings indicate that the volume densities of the cells within the islets can be altered during an 8-day period in culture, suggesting that nutritional and other requirements of the individual subpopulations of islet cells may be different. In addition, corticosterone may prevent the maturation of the secretory responsiveness of cultured B cells to glucose.
Genome-wide identification of spliced introns using a tiling microarray (2007)

The prediction of gene models from genome sequence remains an unsolved problem. One hallmark of eukaryotic gene structure is the presence of introns, which are spliced out of pre-mRNAs prior to translation. The excised introns are released in the form of lariats, which must be debranched prior to their turnover. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the absence of the debranching enzyme causes these lariat RNAs to accumulate. This accumulation allows a comparison of tiling array signals of RNA from the debranching mutant to the wild-type parent strain, and thus the identification of lariats on a genome-wide scale. This approach identified 141 of 272 known introns, confirmed three previously predicted introns, predicted four novel introns (of which two were experimentally confirmed), and led to the reannotation of four others. In many instances, signals from the tiling array delineated the 5' splice site and branchpoint site, confirming predicted gene structures. Nearly all introns that went undetected are present in mRNAs expressed at low levels. Overall, 97% of the significant probes could be attributed either to spliced introns or to genes up-regulated by deletion of the debranching enzyme. Because the debranching enzyme is conserved among eukaryotes, this approach could be generally applicable for the annotation of eukaryotic genes and the detection of novel and alternative splice forms.
Synthesis and Gelation of DOPA-Modified Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels (2002)

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) residues are known for their ability to impart adhesive and curing properties to mussel adhesive proteins. In this paper, we report the preparation of linear and branched DOPA-modified poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEG-DOPAs) containing one to four DOPA endgroups. Gel permeation chromatography-multiple-angle laser light scattering analysis of methoxy-PEG-DOPA in the presence of oxidizing reagents (sodium periodate, horseradish peroxidase, and mushroom tyrosinase) revealed the formation of oligomers of methoxy-PEG-DOPA, presumably resulting from oxidative polymerization of DOPA endgroups. In the case of PEG-DOPAs containing two or more DOPA endgroups, oxidative polymerization resulted in polymer network formation and rapid gelation. The amount of time required for gelation of aqueous PEG-DOPA solutions was found to be as little as 1 min and was dependent on the polymer architecture as well as the type and concentration of oxidizing reagent used. Analysis of reaction mixtures by UV-vis spectroscopy allowed the identification of reaction intermediates and the elucidation of reaction pathways. On the basis of the observed reaction intermediates, oxidation of the catechol side chain of DOPA resulted in the formation of highly reactive DOPA-quinone, which further reacted to form cross-linked products via one of several pathways, depending on the presence or absence of N-terminal protecting groups on the PEG-DOPA. N-Boc protected PEG-DOPA cross-linked via phenol coupling and quinone methide tanning pathways, whereas PEG-DOPA containing a free amino group cross-linked via a pathway that resembled melanogenesis. Similar differences were observed for the rate of gel formation as well as the molecular weight between cross-links ((-)M(c)), calculated using equilibrium swelling and the Flory-Rehner equation.
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome in children (1992)

There is increasing awareness that hemolytic-uremic syndrome is an important cause of acute renal failure in children, and there have also been suggestions that the incidence of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and even the severity of the condition, may be increasing in some regions. In recent years, it has become abundantly clear that the commonest type of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (D+, typical, classic, postdiarrheal) is often associated with evidence of infection by a Shiga-like toxin-producing organism. Recent advances have included attempts to characterize this type of hemolytic-uremic syndrome more precisely in terms of diagnosis and pathogenesis. It is also becoming clearer that although hemolytic-uremic syndrome may recur after renal transplantation, recurrence is not found very often in Shiga-like toxin-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
Single-Molecule Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Crystal Violet Isotopologues: Theory and Experiment (2011)

Single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SMSERS) of crystal violet (CV) has been reported since 1997, yet others have offered alternative explanations that do not necessarily imply SMSERS. Recently, the isotopologue approach, a statistically significant method to establish SMSERS, has been implemented for members of the rhodamine dye family. We provide the first demonstration of SMSERS of a triphenylmethane dye using the isotopologue approach. Two isotopologues of CV are employed to create chemically identical yet vibrationally distinct probe molecules. Experimental spectra were compared extensively with computational simulations to assign changes in mode frequencies upon deuteration. More than 90 silver nanoparticle clusters dosed with a 50:50 mixture of CV isotopologues were spectroscopically characterized, and the vibrational signature of only deuterated or undeuterated CV was observed 79 times, demonstrating that the isotopologue approach for proving SMSERS is applicable to both the CV and the rhodamine systems. The use of CV, a minimally fluorescent dye, allowed direct evaluation of enhancement factors (EF), which are reported herein. Through experiment and theory, we show that molecular electronic resonance Raman (RR) and surface-enhanced Raman effects combine synergistically in SMSERS. Excluding RR effects, the EF(SERS) is ∼10(9). Variations and relationships between substrate morphology and optical properties are further characterized by correlated SMSERS-localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) studies. We did not observe SMSERS from individual nanoparticles; further, SMSERS-supporting dimers are heterodimers of two disparately sized particles, with no subnanometer gaps. We present the largest collection to date of HRTEM images of SMSERS-supporting nanoparticle assemblies.
Problems and pitfalls in thyroid cytology. (1997)

When performing fine-needle aspiration of the thyroid, the limitations of the technique must be considered and one must keep an open mind when examining the cytologic specimen. It is also important to develop a philosophy for handling the occasional difficult "gray zone" case. Some cases will be at the border of normal and abnormal and a philosophical approach concerning how to handle these problem cases is useful. One approach is to "play it safe" and classify as "suspicious" any lesion that clearly does not fit into a benign category. Sometimes, a discussion with clinicians about the degree of suspicion is appropriate, and minimally suspicious lesions might be followed up unless clinical indications point toward surgery. An intermediate to strong degree of cytologic suspicion usually mandates surgical exploration. Undoubtedly, we will continue to refine our diagnostic abilities in fine-needle aspiration cytology of the thyroid. The above discussion reflects the experience of one institution, represents the state of the art as of 1996 and may have to be revised in the near future.
Gastric emptying and release of incretin hormones after glucose ingestion in humans. (1996)

This study investigated in eight healthy male volunteers (a) the gastric emptying pattern of 50 and 100 grams of glucose; (b) its relation to the phase of interdigestive motility (phase I or II) existing when glucose was ingested; and (c) the interplay between gastric emptying or duodenal perfusion of glucose (1.1 and 2.2 kcal/min; identical total glucose loads as orally given) and release of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide (GLP-1), C-peptide, insulin, and plasma glucose. The phase of interdigestive motility existing at the time of glucose ingestion did not affect gastric emptying or any metabolic parameter. Gastric emptying of glucose displayed a power exponential pattern with a short initial lag period. Duodenal delivery of glucose was not constant but exponentially declined over time. Increasing the glucose load reduced the rate of gastric emptying by 27.5% (P < 0.05) but increased the fractional duodenal delivery of glucose. Both glucose loads induced a fed motor pattern which was terminated by an antral phase III when approximately 95% of the meal had emptied. Plasma GLP-1 rose from basal levels of approximately 1 pmol/liter of peaks of 3.2 +/- 0.6 pmol/liter with 50 grams of glucose and of 7.2 +/- 1.6 pmol/liter with 100 grams of glucose. These peaks occurred 20 min after glucose intake irrespective of the load. A duodenal delivery of glucose exceeding 1.4 kcal/min was required to maintain GLP-1 release in contrast to ongoing GIP release with negligibly low emptying of glucose. Oral administration of glucose yielded higher GLP-1 and insulin releases but an equal GIP release compared with the isocaloric duodenal perfusion. We conclude that (a) gastric emptying of glucose displays a power exponential pattern with duodenal delivery exponentially declining over time and (b) a threshold rate of gastric emptying of glucose must be exceeded to release GLP-1, whereas GIP release is not controlled by gastric emptying.
The role of the α7 nicotinic receptor in cognitive processing of persons with schizophrenia (2012)

Improvements in cognitive functioning within preclinical and clinical studies of schizophrenia are evident through the use of α7 nAChR agonists, while positive allosteric modulators may gain increased attention in the future.
The early effect of high molecular weight hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) on anterior cruciate ligament healing: An experimental study in rabbits (1990)

The purpose of this study was to assess, morphologically and biochemically, the effect of hyaluronan (HA) on the early repair process of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Following partial bilateral laceration in the midsubstance of the cruciate ligament, a single dose of HA (MW of 3.6 x 10(6] was injected in one knee and saline in the contralateral knee. Postsurgery, the rabbits were allowed normal (nonimmobilized) cage activity, and were killed after 4 (n = 11) and 12 (n = 10) weeks. The ligaments were evaluated by gross morphology and graded according to the degree of repair. We used grades 1,2, and 3 for uncovered, partially covered, and totally covered lacerations, respectively. Five of the HA-treated ligaments at each time studied were completely covered, compared to 0 at 4 weeks, and 1 at 12 weeks in the saline group. Paired evaluations of the lacerated ACLs showed that the HA-treated ligaments received a healing grade higher than the ligaments exposed to saline in 14 of the 21 animals. In the remaining animals, there was no difference between the sides. The repaired tissue of the ACLs was also examined by light and electron microscopy. When compared qualitatively with saline controls, HA-treated ligaments exhibited a more pronounced repair, with an increased angiogenesis and less inflammatory response. Biochemical analysis demonstrated a mean higher value of type III collagen in the HA-treated injured ACL than in saline-treated injured ACL (13.4 +/- 1.1% and 11.0 +/- 0.8%, respectively). This increased synthesis of type III collagen in the HA-treated injured ACL was statistically higher (p less than 0.05) when compared to the saline-treated injured ACL.
TLX1/HOX11 transcription factor inhibits differentiation and promotes a non‐haemopoietic phenotype in murine bone marrow cells (2007)

The TLX/HOX11 subfamily of divergent homeobox genes are involved in various aspects of embryogenesis and, in the case of TLX1/HOX11 and TLX3/HOX11L2, feature prominently as oncogenes in human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. TLX1 possesses immortalising activity in a wide variety of blood cell lineages, however, the effect of this oncogene on haemopoietic cell differentiation has not been fully investigated. We therefore constitutively expressed TLX1 in murine bone marrow or fetal liver cells using retroviral transfer followed by transplantation and/or in vitro culture. TLX1 was found to dramatically alter haemopoiesis, promoting the emergence of a non-haemopoietic CD45(-) CD31(+) cell population while markedly inhibiting erythroid and granulocytic cell differentiation. To identify genetic programs perturbed by TLX1, a comparison of transcript profiles from J2E erythroid cells with and without enforced TLX1 expression was undertaken. This revealed a pattern of gene expression indicative of enhanced proliferation coupled to differentiation arrest. Of the genes identified, two, KIT and VEGFC, were found to be potential TLX1 targets based on transcriptional assays. These results demonstrate that TLX1 can act broadly to impair haemopoiesis and divert differentiation to an alternative fate. This may account for its ability to promote the pre-leukaemic state via perturbation of specific gene expression programs.
High-performance liquid chromatography for routine analysis of hepatitis C virus cDNA/PCR products. (1994)

Ion-pair reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on alkylated nonporous polystyrene-divinylbenzene particles with a mean diameter of 2.1 microns was used to analyze PCR products according to their chain length within a few minutes. The simple and reliable procedure allows the simultaneous separation and isolation of DNA fragments differing in chain length by 1%-5% up to a size of 500 base pairs with recovery rates exceeding 97%. A greater than 70-fold increase in sensitivity could be achieved through the use of a fluorescein-labeled primer, which allowed the determination of a 127-bp hepatitis C virus cDNA/PCR product with a lower mass detection limit of 2 fmol. Calibration curves showed excellent linearity over a range of at least 4 magnitudes. Finally, the stationary phase allowed the routine analysis of hundreds of PCR products with high reproducibility of both retention times and peak areas.
Efficient and reliable data transmission for cellular-and-GPS-based mayday systems (2002)

As automotive mayday systems continue their momentum to reach the worldwide market, more and more people begin to be aware the benefit of these systems. A mayday system could significantly improve the safety of the vehicle and its occupants as well as provide a variety of valuable assistance to its users. Some popular systems integrate a cellular phone with a GPS (Global Positioning System) receiver as their in-vehicle equipment. When activated by a user or an emergency event, the system connects its user instantly to an operator in a 24-hour service center over the wireless cellular network. Meanwhile, the current vehicle position along with other important vehicle information are also transmitted to the center for immediate attention and further process. It becomes very important for mayday system designers to make sure that these data are transmitted efficiently and reliably. In the paper, we discuss a solution that provides such efficiency and reliability.
Consistency and correctness of duplicate database systems (1977)

Solutions to the duplicate database update problem are considered, and a formal validation technique using the theory of L systems is developed and applied to the problem. The paper shows some particular solutions but is primarily concerned with general properties of the problem, convenient representational techniques, and formal proof procedures which are general enough to apply to this and to a number of other problems in parallel processing and synchronization.