gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dental care of elderly in nursing homes: perceptions of managers, nurses, and physicians (2000)

Epidemiologic studies have shown that the oral health of residents in nursing homes is poor. This can be due to their impaired ability to maintain appropriate oral hygiene or to a lack of interest in oral care among those responsible for the care. The purpose of this study was to assess the attitudes of managers, caregivers, and physicians with regard to oral health care issues of their residents. A questionnaire sent to the managers of the 65 nursing homes in Geneva was returned by 47 (69%). According to the managers, 85% of the nursing homes organized transportation for the residents to a dental office; dental care with follow-up treatment was organized in 79% of the facilities; 68% of the facilities organized treatment for dental emergencies. Another questionnaire was distributed to 169 caregivers in 13 nursing homes. A majority had received no education in oral hygiene care of the residents. The caregivers did accept responsibility for oral hygiene care, but preferred to share it with a dentist responsible for the oral health care of the residents. Only 33% of the physicians indicated that they carried out a systematic examination of the oral cavity, and 20% agreed that the oral cavity might be an integrated part of the body. The majority of the physicians were in favor of more information on oral diseases and regular visits by a dentist; however, close collaboration with a dentist on oral health issues had a low priority.
Biochemical and conformational variability of human prion strains in sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (1999)

The pathogenesis of prion (PrP) diseases is thought to be related to conformational changes of a normal cellular protein, PrPC, into a protease resistant protein called PrPSc, which is infectious by itself. A difficulty with this 'protein only' hypothesis is the existence of numerous PrP strains, that require PrPSc to have multiple conformations. Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), which accounts for nearly 80% of human prionoses, was reported to include at least two 'strains' termed types 1 and 2 which differ by electrophoretic patterns of their proteinase K (PK)-resistant fragments (PrP27-30). We have analyzed the biochemical and structural properties of PrPSc and PrP27-30 isolates from six sporadic CJD patients. Fourier transform-infra-red spectroscopy, PrP27-30 glycosylation patterns and studies of PK sensitivity revealed a striking heterogeneity. Furthermore, one isolate yielded a PrP27-30 fragment with a lower mobility clearly different from previously described sporadic CJD types. Although the average beta-sheet content was higher among type 1 isolates, there was overlap between the two types. Our study suggests that human sporadic CJD-related prions display a significant heterogeneity.
Evaluation of New Tc-99m-Labeled Arg-X-Asp-Conjugated α-Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Peptides for Melanoma Imaging (2013)

The purpose of this study was to examine the melanoma targeting and imaging properties of two new (99m)Tc-labeled Arg-X-Asp-conjugated α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) peptides. RTD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH {c[Asp-Arg-Thr-Asp-DTyr]-Lys-Cys-Cys-Glu-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Cys-Arg-Pro-Val-NH2} and RVD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH peptides were synthesized, and their melanocortin-1 (MC1) receptor binding affinities were determined in B16/F1 melanoma cells. The biodistribution and melanoma imaging properties of (99m)Tc-RTD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH and (99m)Tc-RVD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH were determined in B16/F1 melanoma-bearing C57 mice. The IC50 values of RTD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH and RVD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH were 0.7 ± 0.07 and 1.0 ± 0.3 nM in B16/F1 melanoma cells. Both (99m)Tc-RTD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH and (99m)Tc-RVD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH displayed high melanoma uptake. (99m)Tc-RTD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH exhibited the highest tumor uptake of 18.77 ± 5.13% ID/g at 2 h postinjection, whereas (99m)Tc-RVD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH reached the highest tumor uptake of 19.63 ± 4.68% ID/g at 4 h postinjection. Both (99m)Tc-RTD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH and (99m)Tc-RVD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH showed low accumulation in normal organs (<1.7% ID/g) except for the kidneys at 2 h postinjection. The renal uptake of (99m)Tc-RTD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH and (99m)Tc-RVD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH was 135.14 ± 23.62 and 94.01 ± 18.31% ID/g at 2 h postinjection, respectively. The melanoma lesions were clearly visualized by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT using either (99m)Tc-RTD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH or (99m)Tc-RVD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH as an imaging probe at 2 h postinjection. Overall, the introduction of Thr or Val residue retained high melanoma uptake of (99m)Tc-RTD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH and (99m)Tc-RVD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH. However, high renal uptake of (99m)Tc-RTD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH and (99m)Tc-RVD-Lys-(Arg(11))CCMSH need to be reduced to facilitate their future applications.
Effect of oral supplementation with D-alpha-tocopherol on the vitamin E content of human low density lipoproteins and resistance to oxidation. (1991)

Twelve clinically healthy subjects participated in a vitamin E supplementation study. Eight were given daily dosages of 150, 225, 800, or 1200 IU RRR-alpha-tocopherol for 21 days (two persons per dose) and four received placebo. Prior, during, and after the supplementation period, alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and carotenoids were determined in plasma and low density lipoprotein (LDL). The maximum levels of alpha-tocopherol were 1.7- to 2.5-times the baseline values in plasma and 1.7- to 3.1-times in LDL. A high correlation existed between alpha-tocopherol in plasma and LDL. gamma-Tocopherol significantly decreased in plasma and LDL during vitamin E supplementation. No significant influence on the lipoprotein and lipid status and carotenoid levels of the participants occurred throughout the supplementation. The resistance of LDL against copper-mediated oxidation was also measured. The oxidation resistance of LDL was significantly higher during vitamin E supplementation. However, the efficacy of vitamin E in protecting LDL varied from person to person. The statistical evaluation of all data gave a correlation of r2 = 0.51 between alpha-tocopherol in LDL and the oxidation resistance as measured by the length of the lag-phase preceding the oxidation of LDL. No association was seen between levels of carotenoids and vitamin E in plasma and LDL. The present study clearly shows that in humans the oxidation resistance of LDL can be increased by vitamin E supplementation.
Synthesis of N-Doped Graphene by Chemical Vapor Deposition and Its Electrical Properties (2009)

To realize graphene-based electronics, various types of graphene are required; thus, modulation of its electrical properties is of great importance. Theoretic studies show that intentional doping is a promising route for this goal, and the doped graphene might promise fascinating properties and widespread applications. However, there is no experimental example and electrical testing of the substitutionally doped graphene up to date. Here, we synthesize the N-doped graphene by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. We find that most of them are few-layer graphene, although single-layer graphene can be occasionally detected. As doping accompanies with the recombination of carbon atoms into graphene in the CVD process, N atoms can be substitutionally doped into the graphene lattice, which is hard to realize by other synthetic methods. Electrical measurements show that the N-doped graphene exhibits an n-type behavior, indicating substitutional doping can effectively modulate the electrical properties of graphene. Our finding provides a new experimental instance of graphene and would promote the research and applications of graphene.
Echocardiographic Imaging of Coronary Sinus Diverticula and Middle Cardiac Veins in Patients with Preexcitation Syndrome: Impact on Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of Posteroseptal Accessory Pathways (1995)

To determine the value of echocardiography for identifying coronary sinus (CS) diverticula and middle cardiac veins (MCVs) in patients with posteroseptal accessory pathways (PAPs), transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) were performed in 18 consecutive patients with PAP and in 15 control subjects with left lateral accessory pathway before CS angiography. The size, shape, and location of CS diverticula and MCV were described and compared to angiography. TEE and angiography were concordant for the identification of diverticula (n = 5) and agreed for depicting MCV in 22 of the 27 cases. TTE revealed 4 of 5 diverticula and identified 4 of 27 MCV (P < 0.001). Fourteen MCV but no diverticula were found in the control subject. There was no significant difference between transesophageal and angiographic measurements for the width (23.5 +/- 4.9 vs 26.8 +/- 6.6 mm) and height (13.5 +/- 3.8 vs 15.7 +/- 3.4 mm) of the diverticula, and the width (3.5 +/- 0.7 vs 3.7 +/- 0.6 mm) of MCV. TEE underestimated the length of the MCV (12.0 +/- 1.8 vs 27.2 +/- 6.0, P < 0.001). Delivery of radiofrequency energy within the neck of a diverticulum or within an MCV was successful in 5 of 5, and 6 of 13 cases in patients with PAPs, respectively. In conclusion, echocardiography was as reliable as angiography for detecting and describing CS diverticula and MCV in patients with preexcitation syndrome. Echocardiography is recommended prior to electrophysiological study because it may simplify radiofrequency catheter ablation.
An in vitro tumor model: analysis of angiogenic factor expression after chemotherapy. (2002)

Tumor tissues include malignant cells and a stroma made up of mainly inflammatory cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. To differentiate the effects of treatment on angiogenic cytokine secretion in tumor tissue, exponential and stationary phase human CaKi-1 renal cell carcinoma cells, human SW2 small cell lung carcinoma cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), murine NIH-3T3 fibroblasts, and murine RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed to gemcitabine, paclitaxel, carboplatin, and the protein kinase Cbeta inhibitor LY317615, and secretion (24 h) of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta was determined by a Luminex FlowMetrix assay. After 72 h of exposure, exponential RAW, 3T3, and SW2 cells were sensitive to gemcitabine; exponential and stationary SW2 and HUVECs were sensitive to paclitaxel; and exponential and stationary HUVECs were most sensitive to LY317615. None of the cells secreted detectable tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Generally, exponential cells secreted higher levels of cytokines than stationary cells (stationary cells secreted approximately 10 times less TGF-beta). Only malignant cells secreted VEGF (80-300 pg/10(6) cells). VEGF secretion by exponential SW2 cells decreased in an anticancer agent concentration-dependent manner. Every cell type secreted TGF-beta (40-700 pg/10(6) cells). Exponential 3T3, RAW, CaKi-1, and SW2 cells secreted the most TGF-beta, and levels did not decrease with treatment. Only CaKi-1, SW2, and HUVECs secreted bFGF (0.5-50 pg/10(6) cells). CaKi-1 cells increased secretion of bFGF with therapy. Although malignant cells alone secreted VEGF, stromal cells secreted TGF-beta and bFGF at levels comparable with or greater than malignant cells and thus may be important contributors to tumor growth and progression.
Tumor-Conditioned Macrophages Secrete Migration-Stimulating Factor: A New Marker for M2-Polarization, Influencing Tumor Cell Motility (2010)

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key orchestrators of the tumor microenvironment directly affecting neoplastic cell growth, neoangiogenesis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. In turn, the tumor milieu strongly influences maturation of TAMs and shapes several of their features. To address the early macrophage (M) differentiation phase in a malignant context, we mimicked a tumor microenvironment by in vitro coculturing human blood monocytes with conditioned media from different cancer cell lines. Only 2 out of 16 tumor cell lines induced M differentiation due to secreted M-CSF isoforms, including high molecular mass species. A global gene profiling of tumor-conditioned M was performed. Comparison with other datasets (polarized M1-M, M2-M, and TAMs isolated from human tumors) highlighted the upregulation of several genes also shared by TAM and M2-polarized M. The most expressed genes were selenoprotein 1, osteoactivin, osteopontin, and, interestingly, migration-stimulating factor (MSF), a poorly studied oncofoetal isoform of fibronectin. MSF (present in fetal/cancer epithelial and stromal cells but not in healthy tissues) was never identified in M. MSF production was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in human TAMs. MSF was induced by M-CSF, IL-4, and TGFbeta but not by proinflammatory stimuli. RNA and protein analysis clearly demonstrated that it is specifically associated with the M2 polarization of M. Tumor-conditioned M-derived MSFs strongly stimulated tumor cell migration, thus contributing to the motile phenotype of neoplastic cells. In conclusion, MSF is a new molecule associated with the M2 polarization of M and expressed by TAMs. Its biological function may contribute to M-mediated promotion of cancer cell invasion and metastasis.
Nonwoven Fabric Active Electrodes for Biopotential Measurement During Normal Daily Activity (2007)

Body movement is responsible for most of the interference during physiological data acquisition during normal daily activities. In this paper, we introduce nonwoven fabric active electrodes that provide the comfort required for clothing while robustly recording physiological data in the presence of body movement. The nonwoven fabric active electrodes were designed and fabricated using both hand- and screen-printing thick-film techniques. Nonstretchable nonwoven (Evolon 100) was chosen as the flexible fabric substrate and a silver filled polymer ink (Creative Materials CMI 112-15) was used to form a transducer layer and conductive lines on the nonwoven fabrics. These nonwoven fabric active electrodes can be easily integrated into clothing for wearable health monitoring applications. Test results indicate that nonwoven textile-based sensors show considerable promise for physiological data acquisition in wearable healthcare monitoring applications.
Theory of the Stark Effect for P Donors in Si (2005)

We develop an effective mass theory for substitutional donors in silicon in an inhomogeneous environment. Valley-orbit coupling is included perturbatively. We specifically consider the Stark effect in Si:P. In this case, the theory becomes more accurate at high fields, while it is designed to give correct experimental binding energies at zero field. Unexpectedly, the ground state energy for the donor electron is found to increase with electric field as a consequence of spectrum narrowing of the 1s manifold. Our results are of particular importance for the Kane quantum computer.
The Nature of a Cytopathogenic Material Present in Amebae of the genus Naegleria (1977)

The Naegleria ameba cytopathogenic material (NACM) obtained from free-living and/or pathogenic amebae has been partially isolated and characterized. The evidence indicates that the material is a protein or has a protein component, and is in the estimated molecular weight range of 50,000 daltons. The partially isolated NACM, like its counterpart in the amebic lysates, is capable of sustaining itself in tissue cultures at a temperature which otherwise would inactivate it, and in serial passages through multiple dilutions. No distinctions between the NACMs from amebae of different Naegleria species or strains have been found in the biological response to the various treatments studied.
IL-6 Trans-Signaling Modulates TLR4-Dependent Inflammatory Responses via STAT3 (2010)

Innate immune responses triggered by the prototypical inflammatory stimulus LPS are mediated by TLR4 and involve the coordinated production of a multitude of inflammatory mediators, especially IL-6, which signals via the shared IL-6 cytokine family receptor subunit gp130. However, the exact role of IL-6, which can elicit either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses, in the pathogenesis of TLR4-driven inflammatory disorders, as well as the identity of signaling pathways activated by IL-6 in a proinflammatory state, remain unclear. To define the contribution of gp130 signaling events to TLR4-driven inflammatory responses, we combined genetic and therapeutic approaches based on a series of gp130(F/F) knock-in mutant mice displaying hyperactivated IL-6-dependent JAK/STAT signaling in an experimental model of LPS/TLR4-mediated septic shock. The gp130(F/F) mice were markedly hypersensitive to LPS, which was associated with the specific upregulated production of IL-6, but not TNF-α. In gp130(F/F) mice, either genetic ablation of IL-6, Ab-mediated inhibition of IL-6R signaling or therapeutic blockade of IL-6 trans-signaling completely protected mice from LPS hypersensitivity. Furthermore, genetic reduction of STAT3 activity in gp130(F/F):Stat3(+/-) mice alleviated LPS hypersensitivity and reduced LPS-induced IL-6 production. Additional genetic approaches demonstrated that the TLR4/Mal pathway contributed to LPS hypersensitivity and increased IL-6 production in gp130(F/F) mice. Collectively, these data demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that IL-6 trans-signaling via STAT3 is a critical modulator of LPS-driven proinflammatory responses through cross-talk regulation of the TLR4/Mal signaling pathway, and potentially implicate cross-talk between JAK/STAT and TLR pathways as a broader mechanism that regulates the severity of the host inflammatory response.
Flexible Programs of Chemokine Receptor Expression on Human Polarized T Helper 1 and 2 Lymphocytes (1998)

Chemokines and their receptors are important elements for the selective attraction of various subsets of leukocytes. To better understand the selective migration of functional subsets of T cells, chemokine receptor expression was analyzed using monoclonal antibodies, RNase protection assays, and the response to distinct chemokines. Naive T cells expressed only CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR)4, whereas the majority of memory/activated T cells expressed CXCR3, and a small proportion expressed CC chemokine receptor (CCR)3 and CCR5. When polarized T cell lines were analyzed, CXCR3 was found to be expressed at high levels on T helper cell (Th)0s and Th1s and at low levels on Th2s. In contrast, CCR3 and CCR4 were found on Th2s. This was confirmed by functional responses: only Th2s responded with an increase in [Ca2+]i to the CCR3 and CCR4 agonists eotaxin and thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC), whereas only Th0s and Th1s responded to low concentrations of the CXCR3 agonists IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) and monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig). Although CCR5 was expressed on both Th1 and Th2 lines, it was absent in several Th2 clones and its expression was markedly influenced by interleukin 2. Chemokine receptor expression and association with Th1 and Th2 phenotypes was affected by other cytokines present during polarization. Transforming growth factor beta inhibited CCR3, but enhanced CCR4 and CCR7 expression, whereas interferon alpha inhibited CCR3 but upregulated CXCR3 and CCR1. These results demonstrate that chemokine receptors are markers of naive and polarized T cell subsets and suggest that flexible programs of chemokine receptor gene expression may control tissue-specific migration of effector T cells.
Design of millimeter wave microstrip reflectarrays (1997)

This paper discusses the theoretical modeling and practical design of millimeter wave reflectarrays using microstrip patch elements of variable size. A full-wave treatment of plane wave reflection from a uniform infinite array of microstrip patches is described and used to generate the required patch-design data and to calculate the radiation patterns of the reflectarray. The critical parameters of millimeter wave reflectarray design, such as aperture efficiency, phase errors, losses, and bandwidth are also discussed. Several reflectarray feeding techniques are described, and measurements from four reflectarray design examples at 28 and 77 GHz are presented.
Partial Compliance and Patient Consequences in Schizophrenia (2003)

Successful treatment of patients with schizophrenia requires acknowledgment that partial compliance will present a major barrier to achieving maximum outcomes. Ideally, all patients suspected of partial compliance should be considered suitable for treatment with a long-acting injectable atypical antipsychotic.
Measuring balance in the elderly: preliminary development of an instrument (1989)

The goal for this study was to develop a measure of balance appropriate for elderly individuals. In total, 38 patients, ranging in age from 60 to 93 years, and 32 professionals, including nurses, physicians, and physical and occupational therapists were surveyed in three distinct phases to develop the content. Reliability of the measure was assessed by having physical therapists evaulate the videotaped performances of geriatric subjects at two different points in time. The intraclass correlation coefficients measuring the inter and intra rater reliability for the test as a whole were .98 and .99 respectively. The correlation coefficients for the individual items ranged from .71 to .99. In addition, there was a high degree of internal consistency, a Cronbach's alpha of .96, which indicates the movements reflect a single underlying dimension. The scale consists of 14 movements common in everyday life. It is easy to administer and score and has measurement properties that are better than expected for a new instrument. Given the potential uses of such a measure for physical therapists and other health professionals, further development and testing of the scale are in order.
Sequential Structural Changes of Escherichia coli Thioesterase/Protease I in the Serial Formation of Michaelis and Tetrahedral Complexes with Diethyl p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate (2003)

Escherichia coli thioesterase/protease I (TEP-I) belongs to a new subclass of lipolytic enzymes of the serine hydrolase superfamily. Here we report the first direct NMR observation of the formation of the Michaelis complex (MC) between TEP-I and diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (DENP), an active site directed inhibitor of serine protease, and its subsequent conversion to the tetrahedral complex (TC). NMR, ESI-MS, and kinetic data showed that DENP binds to TEP-I in a two-step process, a fast formation of MC followed by a slow conversion to TC. NMR chemical shift perturbation further revealed that perturbations were confined mainly to four conserved segments comprising the active site. Comparable magnitudes of chemical shift perturbations were detected in both steps. The largest chemical shift perturbation occurred around the catalytic Ser(10). In MC, the conformation of the mobile Ser(10) was stabilized, and its amide resonance became observable. From the large chemical shift perturbation upon conversion from MC to TC, we propose that the amide protons of Ser(10) and Gly(44) serve as the oxyanion hole proton donors that stabilize the tetrahedral adduct. The pattern of residues perturbed in both steps suggests a sequential, stepwise structural change upon binding of DENP. The present study also demonstrates the important catalytic roles of conserved residues in the SGNH family of proteins.