gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of Data Augmentation in Image Classification using Deep Learning (2017)

In this paper, we explore and compare multiple solutions to the problem of data augmentation in image classification. Previous work has demonstrated the effectiveness of data augmentation through simple techniques, such as cropping, rotating, and flipping input images. We artificially constrain our access to data to a small subset of the ImageNet dataset, and compare each data augmentation technique in turn. One of the more successful data augmentations strategies is the traditional transformations mentioned above. We also experiment with GANs to generate images of different styles. Finally, we propose a method to allow a neural net to learn augmentations that best improve the classifier, which we call neural augmentation. We discuss the successes and shortcomings of this method on various datasets.
Improving spreadsheet test practices (2013)

Current testing practices for spreadsheets are<br>ad hoc in nature: spreadsheet users put 'test<br>formulas' in their spreadsheets to validate out-comes. In this paper we show that this practice<br>is common, by analyzing a large set of spread-sheets from practice to investigate if spread-sheet users are currently testing. In a follow up<br>analysis, we study the test practices found in<br>this set to deeply understand the way in which<br>spreadsheet users test, in lack of formal testing<br>methods. Subsequently, we describe the Ex-pector approach to extract formulas that are<br>already present in a spreadsheet, presenting<br>these formulas to the user and suggesting im-provements, both on the level of individual test<br>formulas as on the spreadsheet as a whole by<br>increasing the coverage of the test formulas. Fi-nally, we o er support to understand why a test<br>formula is breaking. We end the paper with<br>an example underlining the applicability of our<br>approach.
New method for rapid separation of berkelium(IV) from cerium(IV) by anion exchange (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew method for rapid separation of berkelium(IV) from cerium(IV) by anion exchangeFletcher Langley. MooreCite this: Anal. Chem. 1967, 39, 14, 1874–1876Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50157a066https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50157a066research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views54Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Global Stereo Reconstruction under Second-Order Smoothness Priors (2009)

Second-order priors on the smoothness of 3D surfaces are a better model of typical scenes than first-order priors. However, stereo reconstruction using global inference algorithms, such as graph cuts, has not been able to incorporate second-order priors because the triple cliques needed to express them yield intractable (nonsubmodular) optimization problems. This paper shows that inference with triple cliques can be effectively performed. Our optimization strategy is a development of recent extensions to alpha-expansion, based on the ldquo QPBOrdquo algorithm. The strategy is to repeatedly merge proposal depth maps using a novel extension of QPBO. Proposal depth maps can come from any source, for example, frontoparallel planes as in alpha-expansion, or indeed any existing stereo algorithm, with arbitrary parameter settings.
BRAF mutations in colon cancer are not likely attributable to defective DNA mismatch repair. (2003)

Frequent BRAF mutations were reported recently in a variety of human malignancies, including colorectal cancer. In this study, we screened 293 colorectal cancers for mutations in exons 11 and 15, two regions containing hotspots for BRAF mutation. Of the 293 cancers, 170 had normal mismatch repair, and 123 had defective mismatch repair (originating from both somatic as well as germ-line mutations in several of the mismatch repair genes). A total of 63 exonic mutations (22%) were detected, 60 of which were V599E, and one each of D593G, G468E, and D586A. Of the tumors with defective mismatch repair, 34% (42 of 123) had a mutation in BRAF, whereas only 12% (21 of 170) of tumors with proficient mismatch repair demonstrated a mutation (P < 0.0001). Interestingly, BRAF mutations were found most often in cases with an hMHL1 abnormality (35 of 60) and rarely in cases with an hMSH2 abnormality (1 of 39; P < 0.0001). More interestingly, of the 31 hMLH1 cases with a BRAF mutation, 30 occurred in tumors known to have hypermethylation of hMLH1 promoter. Only 1 of the 15 cases with a germ-line mutation in hMLH1 had a mutation in BRAF. In this series, BRAF mutations occurred rarely in tumors with defective mismatch repair attributable to the presence of germ-line mutation in either hMLH1 or hMSH2. Furthermore, BRAF mutations were strongly associated with the epigenetic alteration of hMLH1. Overall, these data suggest that BRAF mutations are not a consequence of defective mismatch repair per se.
Shear stress effects on human embryonic kidney cells in Vitro (1985)

Human embryonic kidney cells grown as an attached, confluent monolayer on a flat substrate were subjected to steady, uniform laminar flow of medium in a specially designed chamber in which flow patterns and shear stress are accurately defined and controlled. Experiments were performed for shear stress levels ranging from 0.2 to 6.0 N/m(2) with times of exposure to the shear stress ranging from 2 to 24 h. The influence of the shear field was slight at low shear stress (0.26 N/m(2)). Higher stress levels (0.65 N/m(2) and higher) had significant effects on cell morphology, and on the post-shear release of urokinase enzyme. Still higher stress levels (2.6 N/m(2) and higher) caused marked reduction in cell viability. These results may be of interest in addressing practical problems in developing commercial biosynthesis reactors.
THE SWALLOWING MECHANISM OF THE NEONATE I. ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC MOTILITY (1965)

Patterns of esophageal motility are presented from 30 infants who were studied before and after the initiation of feeding and from 15 premature infants who were studied only after they had fed several days. Sucking occurs in only small bursts of 3 to 4 sucks in the neonate who has never fed, but in longer efficient bursts of 10 to 30 sucks in the neonate who has taken feedings for several days. The infant under 12 hours old and the premature infant have frequent simultaneous contractions of the esophagus and many biphasic peristaltic waves which probably represent an incoordination of the esophageal response to deglutition and neuronal immaturity. These abnormalities occur less frequently in the 3-day-old infant. In the majority of term and premature infants the inferior esophageal sphincter mechanism is located at or above the effective diaphragmatic hiatus and its tone is poor.
A new methodology to preserve the original proportion and integrity of cell‐free fetal DNA in maternal plasma during sample processing and storage (2010)

Using Streck's Cell-free DNA BCT tubes, it is possible to preserve the original proportion of fetal cell-free DNA for extended times as well as minimize the post-sampling maternal cell-free DNA background. Preserved in this way, fetal cell-free DNA can be amplified by WGA technology to be used in prenatal diagnostic tests.
Treatment of hairy cell leukemia with recombinant alpha-interferon (1986)

Thirty patients with hairy cell leukemia were treated with recombinant interferon alpha-A (rIFN alpha A; Roferon-A); seven were previously untreated. Nine complete and 17 partial remissions were documented by bone marrow core biopsies. All patients' peripheral blood hematologic indexes either improved or normalized. Twelve of 13 patients with retroperitoneal or mediastinal adenopathy obtained remissions of tumor masses. All seven patients with splenomegaly showed prompt reduction in the size of the spleen to normal size. The incidence of complete remissions was significantly higher (P = .02) in previously untreated patients (5 of 7) than in those in whom splenectomy had been performed (4 of 23), a result presumed to be related to the pretreatment tumor burden. rIFN alpha A was well tolerated; mild fatigue was the most frequent complaint. In most patients, tumor remissions resulted in an improved quality of life: they eliminated the need for transfusing blood products and reduced the incidence of infections, and immune deficits were apparently restored in some of the patients. We conclude that rIFN alpha A is an effective therapy for all stages of hairy cell leukemia including previously untreated or newly diagnosed patients.
Modular Architecture of the STING C-Terminal Tail Allows Interferon and NF-κB Signaling Adaptation (2019)

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a key regulator of type I interferon and pro-inflammatory responses during infection, cellular stress, and cancer. Here, we reveal a mechanism for how STING balances activation of IRF3- and NF-κB-dependent transcription and discover that acquisition of discrete signaling modules in the vertebrate STING C-terminal tail (CTT) shapes downstream immunity. As a defining example, we identify a motif appended to the CTT of zebrafish STING that inverts the typical vertebrate signaling response and results in dramatic NF-κB activation and weak IRF3-interferon signaling. We determine a co-crystal structure that explains how this CTT sequence recruits TRAF6 as a new binding partner and demonstrate that the minimal motif is sufficient to reprogram human STING and immune activation in macrophage cells. Together, our results define the STING CTT as a linear signaling hub that can acquire modular motifs to readily adapt downstream immunity.
Antimicrobial Tolerance in Biofilms (2015)

The tolerance of microorganisms in biofilms to antimicrobial agents is examined through a meta-analysis of literature data. A numerical tolerance factor comparing the rates of killing in the planktonic and biofilm states is defined to provide a quantitative basis for the analysis. Tolerance factors for biocides and antibiotics range over three orders of magnitude. This variation is not explained by taking into account the molecular weight of the agent, the chemistry of the agent, the substratum material, or the speciation of the microorganisms. Tolerance factors do depend on the areal cell density of the biofilm at the time of treatment and on the age of the biofilm as grown in a particular experimental system. This suggests that there is something that happens during biofilm maturation, either physical or physiological, that is essential for full biofilm tolerance. Experimental measurements of antimicrobial penetration times in biofilms range over orders of magnitude, with slower penetration (>12 min) observed for reactive oxidants and cationic molecules. These agents are retarded through the interaction of reaction, sorption, and diffusion. The specific physiological status of microbial cells in a biofilm contributes to antimicrobial tolerance. A conceptual framework for categorizing physiological cell states is discussed in the context of antimicrobial susceptibility. It is likely that biofilms harbor cells in multiple states simultaneously (e.g., growing, stress-adapted, dormant, inactive) and that this physiological heterogeneity is an important factor in the tolerance of the biofilm state.
Regulation of Notch1 and Dll4 by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Arterial Endothelial Cells: Implications for Modulating Arteriogenesis and Angiogenesis (2002)

Notch and its ligands play critical roles in cell fate determination. Expression of Notch and ligand in vascular endothelium and defects in vascular phenotypes of targeted mutants in the Notch pathway have suggested a critical role for Notch signaling in vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. However, the angiogenic signaling that controls Notch and ligand gene expression is unknown. We show here that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) but not basic fibroblast growth factor can induce gene expression of Notch1 and its ligand, Delta-like 4 (Dll4), in human arterial endothelial cells. The VEGF-induced specific signaling is mediated through VEGF receptors 1 and 2 and is transmitted via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway but is independent of mitogen-activated protein kinase and Src tyrosine kinase. Constitutive activation of Notch signaling stabilizes network formation of endothelial cells on Matrigel and enhances formation of vessel-like structures in a three-dimensional angiogenesis model, whereas blocking Notch signaling can partially inhibit network formation. This study provides the first evidence for regulation of Notch/Delta gene expression by an angiogenic growth factor and insight into the critical role of Notch signaling in arteriogenesis and angiogenesis.
Pharmacological screening of some quinoline derivatives in canine vascular smooth muscle. (1994)

In order to develop drugs which can discriminate vascular 5-HT1-like receptors, this study analyzed the agonist/antagonist interactions of several quinoline derivatives in vascular tissues containing these receptors. 5-HT and several substituted quinolines were evaluated and compared in canine basilar artery rings and saphenous vein helical strips which were mounted in organ baths for monitoring isometric tension changes. Based upon the molecular features of quipazine, the main assayed variations included some substitutions at the 4-position of piperazine and miscellaneous substitutions at the 2-position of the quinoline nucleus. The results, in terms of agonist-induced contraction and/or antagonism of 5-HT-induced contraction revealed that: a) 4-alkylation of the piperazinyl moiety moderately increases the agonist efficacy; b) halogenation or methylation at 5- or 6-position of both 1-piperazinyl- and 4-methyl-1-piperazinyl quinolines completely abolishes agonist activity; c) introduction of larger substituents (i.e., alkyl, carbethoxy, acethoxyalkyl, aromatic and non-aromatic rings) at the 4-position of the piperazinyl moiety, notably decreases or even abolishes the agonist activity; d) replacement of the piperazinyl group by an amino-ethyl moiety importantly increases potency (more than threefold) and efficacy (more than twofold). These findings represent leads which may aid the subsequent design of vascular 5-HT1-like-selective agents.
Rennet-induced aggregation of homogenized milk: Impact of the presence of fat globules on the structure of casein gels (2010)

The present study investigated the renneting behaviour of casein micelles as influenced by the presence of fat globules. The gelation of skim milk, homogenized milk and homogenized milk with Tween 20 added was observed using diffusing wave spectroscopy and rheology. By adding Tween 20 to homogenized milk, it was possible to displace most of the milk protein from the oil/water interface and create a system with the same colloidal attributes as homogenized milk but with oil droplets with a very different interfacial composition, and relatively inert during rennet-induced aggregation. The primary phase of gelation was faster in homogenized milk compared to skim milk. Casein micelles were altered by the homogenization process which spreads them at the interface, making κ-casein more readily available. The addition of Tween 20 did not further affect the enzymatic activity on the micelles. However, the onset of gelation occurred earlier in homogenized milk with Tween 20 added, as the micelles aggregated at a lower level of proteolysis compared to homogenized milk. This work clearly showed that the gels formed in homogenized milk with and without Tween 20 have different physico-chemical properties, because of the different colloidal state of the filler particles.
MR imaging of Ho:YAG laser diskectomy with histologic correlation (1993)

Twelve cadaveric vertebral specimens were imaged after holmium yttrium aluminum garnet (Ho:YAG) laser diskectomy to determine the usefulness of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in evaluating treatment outcome. The Ho:YAG laser was operated at 1.0-2.0 J per pulse, 5 Hz, and 250-microseconds pulse width. The total energy varied between 600 and 2,700 J. Two distinct patterns emerged on MR images. Tissue ablation at higher power (1.5 and 2.0 J per pulse) produced discrete signal voids that correlated with areas of laser-induced ablation identified at gross inspection. More subtle changes, characterized by a high-signal-intensity ring, were seen in the specimens lased at 1.0 J per pulse. The latter appearance corresponded to incomplete vaporization of diskal tissue, a broader zone of minimal thermal injury, and sparing of adjacent vertebral endplates. Total mass loss did not appear to be affected by the choice of power setting (1.0 vs 1.5 J per pulse), with total laser energy held constant.
Protection and Polyfunctional T Cells Induced by Ag85B-TB10.4/IC31® against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Highly Dependent on the Antigen Dose (2009)

Small changes in the antigen dose can greatly influence the induction of specific T cell subpopulations and the dose is therefore a crucial factor when testing new vaccines. However, the adjuvant IC31 can, with the optimal dose of Ag85B-TB10.4, induce strong protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This vaccine has now entered clinical trials.
Skew detection and compensation for Internet audio applications (2002)

Long lived audio streams, such as music broadcasts, and small differences in clock rates lead to buffer underflow or overflow events in receiving applications that manifest themselves as audible interruptions. We present a low complexity algorithm for detecting clock skew in network audio applications that function with local clocks and in the absence of a synchronization mechanism. A companion algorithm to perform skew compensation is also presented. The compensation algorithm utilises the temporal redundancy inherent in audio streams to make inaudible playout adjustments. Both algorithms have been implemented in a simulator and in a network audio application. They perform effectively over the range of observed clock rate differences and beyond.
Survival and cell kinetics effects of adriamycin on mammalian cells. (1973)

Adriamycin is extremely toxic to Chinese hamster ovary cells in relatively low drug concentrations. The survival response of asynchronous populations of cells is biphasic ( n = 1, D = 0.2 μg/ml for 1 hr in the most sensitive population; D = 9.4 μg/ml for 1 hr in the more resistant population). Cells in mitosis and early S phase are most sensitive to the drug; G1 and late-S-phase cells exhibited the least sensitivity. Progression delay was observed in all phases of the cell cycle except mitosis. The length of delay appears to be dose dependent.
Factor XI–dependence of surface- and tissue factor–initiated thrombus propagation in primates (2003)

Thrombin, generated through activation of factor XI (FXI) and/or tissue factor (TF)-factor VIIa, is essential for thrombosis and hemostasis. We investigated the role of FXI-dependent thrombus propagation under arterial flow conditions producing rapid thrombus growth that, after the initiation phase, could limit the availability of TF at the blood/thrombus interface. Thrombosis was initiated by knitted dacron or TF-presenting teflon grafts deployed into arteriovenous shunts in baboons treated with antihuman FXI antibody (aFXI). Although aFXI did not prevent thrombus initiation, it markedly reduced intraluminal thrombus growth on both surfaces. The antithrombotic effect of aFXI was comparable with that of heparin at doses that significantly prolonged the partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and bleeding time (BT). aFXI also prolonged the APTT, but the PT and BT were unaffected. Thus, antithrombotic targeting of FXI might inhibit thrombosis with relatively modest hemostatic impairment versus strategies targeting other coagulation factors.
Prostaglandin E2 and the increase of intracellular cAMP inhibit the expression of interleukin 2 receptors in human T cells (1988)

We have analyzed the effect mediated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and different reagents that increase intracellular cAMP on the expression of the p55 subunit (CD25) of interleukin 2 receptors (IL 2R), on the levels of CD25-specific mRNA and on the expression of high affinity IL 2R. In purified T cells, activated either by an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody or phytohemagglutinin, the addition of PGE2 (10(-6) M), forskolin (5 X 10(-5) M), cholera toxin (0.2 microgram/ml) or dibutyryl cAMP (dBcAMP) (10(-4) M) decreased the cell surface expression of IL 2R by reducing (40%-78% inhibition) the proportions of CD25+ cells as well as the expression of high affinity IL 2R, detectable after 24 h. Furthermore, it was observed that PGE2 reduced the concentration of IL 2R-specific mRNA after a 6-h period of activation, indicating that its regulatory activity takes place at a pretranslational level. The addition of exogenous recombinant IL 2 only partially reversed the inhibition, thus suggesting that PGE2 and increased intracellular concentration of cAMP directly interfered with CD25 expression and that their effect could not be merely attributed to a lack of IL 2-dependent positive feedback. Cells cultured under the same conditions in the presence of phorbol myristate acetate, that activates protein kinase C, were refractory to the cAMP-mediated regulation. Finally, we demonstrate that both PGE2 and dBcAMP inhibit the generation of inositol metabolites after T cell activation, thus indicating that these reagents interfere with early signal transduction mechanisms which precede the synthesis of IL 2R.