gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a rat gene, rMAL, encoding a protein with four hydrophobic domains in central and peripheral myelin (1995)

Wrapping and compaction of myelin sheaths around axons require specific membrane and membrane-associated proteins. Transmembrane proteins like proteolipid protein (PLP), the peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP-22) and P0 as well as myelin basic protein (MBP) are crucial for this process. We have isolated a rat cDNA, initially denominated NS 3, that is mainly expressed in the myelinating cells of the nervous system, the oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. The cDNA encodes a highly hydrophobic protein of 16.8 kDa with four putative transmembrane domains. The putative NS 3 protein lacks a N-terminal hydrophobic leader sequence and has no consensus sequence for N-linked glycosylation. In contrast to PLP and PMP-22, the first and third putative transmembrane domain of the NS 3 protein contain charged amino acids, a feature which resembles the structure of gap junction proteins. Sequence analysis showed that NS 3 is the rat homolog of a human gene called MAL that was cloned from, and is expressed in various T-cell lines. Therefore, we call this gene rMAL (rat MAL). In the nervous system, the expression of rMAL, mRNA begins after birth and is highest during myelination. In situ hybridization shows that rMAL mRNA is exclusively expressed in white and gray matter oligodendrocytes in the CNS and in myelinating Schwann cells in peripheral nerves. Immunohistochemistry using a peptide-specific antibody localized the rMAL protein in the myelinated areas of the CNS and PNS. Furthermore, we demonstrate by immunoblot analysis that rMAL is a component of myelin. Its structure and distribution suggest that the rMAL protein might play an important role in compact myelin. We propose that the name rMAL protein refers to rat Myelin And Lymphocyte protein.
Role of Integrins in Endothelial Mechanosensing of Shear Stress (2002)

The focal pattern of atherosclerotic lesions in arterial vessels suggests that local blood flow patterns are important factors in atherosclerosis. Although disturbed flows in the branches and curved regions are proatherogenic, laminar flows in the straight parts are atheroprotective. Results from in vitro studies on cultured vascular endothelial cells with the use of flow channels suggest that integrins and the associated RhoA small GTPase play important roles in the mechanotransduction mechanism by which shear stress is converted to cascades of molecular signaling to modulate gene expression. By interacting dynamically with extracellular matrix proteins, the mechanosensitive integrins activate RhoA and many signaling molecules in the focal adhesions and cytoplasm. Through such mechanotransduction mechanisms, laminar shear stress upregulates genes involved in antiapoptosis, cell cycle arrest, morphological remodeling, and NO production, thus contributing to the atheroprotective effects. This review summarizes some of the recent findings relevant to these mechanotransduction mechanisms. These studies show that integrins play an important role in mechanosensing in addition to their involvement in cell attachment and migration.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF PROSTAGLANDIN 15‐HYDROXYDEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATION TO PHARMACOLOGY (1976)

A novel double-isotope assay for prostaglandin 15-hydroxydehydrogenase (PGDH) is described. 2 The assay is simple, rapid, precise, completely specific for PGDH, and free from artefacts. The results obtained correlate well with a conventional assay. 3 The method is versatile, being applicable to estimations of enzyme activity in cell-free systems as well as perfused organs, and is well suited to the assay of PGDH inhibitors.
Avian Influenza A (H7N9) Virus in Humans and Poultry (2013)

Human illness caused by a novel avian-origin influenza A (H7N9) virus has been reported in China since February 2013. Investigators recently studied
PHAS-I as a Link Between Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Translation Initiation (1994)

PHAS-I is a heat-stable protein (relative molecular mass approximately 12,400) found in many tissues. It is rapidly phosphorylated in rat adipocytes incubated with insulin or growth factors. Nonphosphorylated PHAS-I bound to initiation factor 4E (eIF-4E) and inhibited protein synthesis. Serine-64 in PHAS-I was rapidly phosphorylated by mitogen-activated (MAP) kinase, the major insulin-stimulated PHAS-I kinase in adipocyte extracts. Results obtained with antibodies, immobilized PHAS-I, and a messenger RNA cap affinity resin indicated that PHAS-I did not bind eIF-4E when serine-64 was phosphorylated. Thus, PHAS-I may be a key mediator of the stimulation of protein synthesis by the diverse group of agents and stimuli that activate MAP kinase.
Antigenicity and immunogenicity of equine influenza vaccines containing a Carbomer adjuvant (1994)

Equine influenza vaccines containing inactivated whole virus and Carbomer adjuvant stimulated higher levels and longer lasting antibody to haemagglutinin in ponies than vaccines of equivalent antigenic content containing aluminium phosphate adjuvants. Five months after the third dose of vaccine containing Carbomer adjuvant, ponies were protected against clinical disease induced by an aerosol of virulent influenza virus (A/equine/Newmarket/79, H3N8). In contrast ponies which received vaccine containing aluminium phosphate adjuvant were susceptible to infection and disease. There was an inverse correlation between prechallenge levels of antibody detected by single radial haemolysis (SRH) and duration of virus excretion, pyrexia and coughing. All ponies with antibody levels equivalent to SRH zones of > or = 154 mm2 were protected against infection and all those with levels > or = 85 mm2 were protected from disease.
Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Subclinical Hypothyroidism (2000)

The significance of subclinical hypothyroidism in regard to ensuing hyperlipidemia remains unclear. Because an unfavorable lipid profile would provide a possible explanation for the reported association of coronary-heart disease with this syndrome, we have evaluated the relationship of thyrotropin (TSH) with total cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides in patients with normal thyroid function (n = 4886) as well as subclinical (n = 1055) and manifest (n = 92) hypothyroidism. Serum concentrations of LDL cholesterol were similar in euthyroid persons (134+/-39 mg/dL) and in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (137+/-40 mg/dL) but were higher (178+/-70 mg/dL, p < 0.01) in overt hypothyroidism. Within the group of subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism there was no apparent relationship between serum concentrations of TSH ranging from 4.0 to 49.0 microU/mL and concentrations of LDL cholesterol. Thus, there is no "threshold value" of TSH in these patients per se necessitating substitution therapy with thyroxine.
Reduced Immune Function and Malnutrition in the Elderly. (1999)

An important observation in elderly subjects is their susceptibility to infection associated with a decline in host immune function. Nutrition is also an important factor that influences host defense against infection. We, therefore, evaluated the relationship between nutritional status in 155 healthy subjects ranging in age from 20 to 99 years and various immunological parameters, including the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of neutrophils and monocytes, superoxide production and chemotaxis of neutrophils, lymphocyte subsets, blastoid transformation and serum immunoglobulins. Aging was associated with increased phagocytic activity of neutrophils but not bactericidal activity, superoxide production or chemotaxis of neutrophils. Aging was also associated with a significant decrease in the number of lymphocytes as well as a decline in mature T cells and helper/inducer T cells but with increased numbers of activated T cells, suppressor T cells and natural killer cells. In addition, blastoid transformation in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was significantly reduced in aged subjects. A poor nutritional status was noted in individuals 60 years of age or older. The nutritional status did not influence neutrophil function but correlated significantly with the number of lymphocytes and degree of blastoid formation with PHA and Con A stimulation. Our results suggest that the cell-mediated immunity in elderly subjects is reduced as a result of malnutrition, and that improvement of the nutritional status may enhance the immune function, likely contributing to their successful aging.
Successful control of Clostridium difficile infection in an elderly care unit through use of a restrictive antibiotic policy (1997)

Toxin-producing Clostridium difficile is the commonest bacterial cause of nosocomial diarrhoea and is a well recognized cause of hospital outbreaks in elderly care units. High C. difficile disease rates have been associated with the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, especially cephalosporins. An outbreak of C. difficile infection in the elderly care unit at Gloucestershire Royal NHS Trust continued despite increased ward cleaning and strict implementation of infection control measures. A restrictive antibiotic policy that would maintain colonization resistance in the gastrointestinal tract was introduced throughout this unit. Patients admitted with suspected infection were prescribed intravenous (i.v.) benzylpenicillin 1.2-1.8 g every 6 h to cover streptococcal infections and i.v. trimethoprim 200 mg twice daily to cover urinary tract pathogens and Haemophilus influenzae. If the patient had septic shock a single iv dose of gentamicin was given (120-180 mg) to cover more resistant gram-negative bacilli. The following were monitored before and after the policy change. The number of cases of C. difficile toxin-positive diarrhoea; cefuroxime and total antibiotic use on the elderly care wards; patient mortality rates; and length of hospital stay: two hundred and fifty-two and 234 patients respectively with a discharge diagnosis of infection were admitted before and after the antibiotic policy change. Mortality rates and length of hospital stay were unchanged. Cefuroxime prescribing and total antibiotic prescribing costs fell by 5150 pounds sterling and 8622 pounds sterling respectively in the 7 month period after the change. Thirty-seven cases of C. difficile diarrhoea occurred in the period before and 16 in the period after the policy change. The incidence of C. difficile diarrhoea and of cefuroxime use has remained low since then. The use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics for hospital treatment of community-acquired infections in the elderly should be encouraged. Outbreaks of C. difficile diarrhoea should be managed with the combined approach of infection control and strict antibiotic policies.
Reduced habituation to experimental pain in migraine patients: a CO2 laser evoked potential study (2003)

The habituation to sensory stimuli of different modalities is reduced in migraine patients. However, the habituation to pain has never been evaluated. Our aim was to assess the nociceptive pathway function and the habituation to experimental pain in patients with migraine. Scalp potentials were evoked by CO(2) laser stimulation (laser evoked potentials, LEPs) of the hand and facial skin in 24 patients with migraine without aura (MO), 19 patients with chronic tension-type headache (CTTH), and 28 control subjects (CS). The habituation was studied by measuring the changes of LEP amplitudes across three consecutive repetitions of 30 trials each (the repetitions lasted 5 min and were separated by 5-min intervals). The slope of the regression line between LEP amplitude and number of repetitions was taken as an index of habituation. The LEPs consisted of middle-latency, low-amplitude responses (N1, contralateral temporal region, and P1, frontal region) followed by a late, high-amplitude, negative-positive complex (N2/P2, vertex). The latency and amplitude of these responses were similar in both patients and controls. While CS and CTTH patients showed a significant habituation of the N2/P2 response, in MO patients this LEP component did not develop any habituation at all after face stimulation and showed a significantly lower habituation than in CS after hand stimulation. The habituation index of the vertex N2/P2 complex exceeded the normal limits in 13 out of the 24 MO patients and in none of the 19 CTTH patients (P<0.0001; Fisher's exact test). Moreover, while the N1-P1 amplitude showed a significant habituation in CS after hand stimulation, it did not change across repetitions in MO patients. In conclusion, no functional impairment of the nociceptive pathways, including the trigeminal pathways, was found in either MO or CTTH patients. But patients with migraine had a reduced habituation, which probably reflects an abnormal excitability of the cortical areas involved in pain processing.
Prostaglandin Metabolism in the Ovine Corpus Luteum: Catabolism of Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) Coincides with Resistance of the Corpus Luteum to PGF2α1 (2000)

To examine possible mechanisms involved in resistance of the ovine corpus luteum to the luteolytic activity of prostaglandin (PG)F(2alpha), the enzymatic activity of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) and the quantity of mRNA encoding PGDH and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) were determined in ovine corpora lutea on Days 4 and 13 of the estrous cycle and Day 13 of pregnancy. The corpus luteum is resistant to the action of PGF(2alpha) on Days 4 of the estrous cycle and 13 of pregnancy while on Day 13 of the estrous cycle the corpus luteum is sensitive to the actions PGF(2alpha). Enzymatic activity of PGDH, measured by rate of conversion of PGF(2alpha) to PGFM, was greater in corpora lutea on Day 4 of the estrous cycle (P < 0.05) and Day 13 of pregnancy (P < 0.05) than on Day 13 of the estrous cycle. Levels of mRNA encoding PGDH were also greater in corpora lutea on Day 4 of the estrous cycle (P < 0. 01) and Day 13 of pregnancy (P < 0.01) than on Day 13 of the estrous cycle. Thus, during the early estrous cycle and early pregnancy, the corpus luteum has a greater capacity to catabolize PGF, which may play a role in the resistance of the corpus luteum to the actions of this hormone. Levels of mRNA encoding COX-2 were undetectable in corpora lutea collected on Day 13 of the estrous cycle but were 11 +/- 4 and 44 +/- 28 amol/microgram poly(A)(+) RNA in corpora lutea collected on Day 4 of the estrous cycle and Day 13 of pregnancy, respectively. These data suggest that there is a greater capacity to synthesize PGF(2alpha), early in the estrous cycle and early in pregnancy than on Day 13 of the estrous cycle. In conclusion, enzymatic activity of PGDH may play an important role in the mechanism involved in luteal resistance to the luteolytic effects of PGF(2alpha).
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ligase (1973)

Abstract DNA ligase of Escherichia coli has been purified to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by analytical ultracentrifugation. The molecular weights of the native, and the denatured and reduced forms of the enzyme are 74,000 ± 3,000, hence, ligase consists of a single polypeptide chain. When the unadenylylated form of the enzyme is incubated with diphosphopyridine nucleotide, approximately 1 mole of adenosine 5'-monophosphate becomes covalently linked per 74,000 g of protein.
A relationship between humidity response, growth form and photosynthetic operating point in C3 plants (1999)

ABSTRACT Gas exchange experiments were performed with 13 plant species that differ from each other in growth‐form and natural habitat. These comprised three herbaceous species, two ferns, two temperate deciduous trees, five rainforest trees and one liana from wet tropical forest. The aims were to investigate whether plants of similar growth‐form and from similar habitats tended to respond similarly to a change in leaf‐to‐air vapour pressure difference (VPD), and to compare their ratio of intercellular to ambient partial pressures of CO 2 for given conditions. Leaves were subjected to a step change in VPD and the initial and final steady rates of transpiration were used to calculate an index of sensitivity, φ , which enabled comparison of species. The results suggest that species of similar growth‐form and habitat respond similarly to increasing VPD, with the temperate deciduous trees undergoing a greater reduction in stomatal conductance than the herbaceous plants in well‐watered soil. Also, for these experimental conditions, the ratio of leaf internal to ambient CO 2 partial pressure ( p i / p a ) was positively correlated with both CO 2 assimilation rate and stomatal insensitivity to VPD, across the 13 species. The results are discussed in terms of growth strategies and possible advantages and limitations of hydraulic systems in different plants.
Ischemia/reperfusion injury in the liver of BALB/c mice activates AP-1 and nuclear factor κB independently of IκB degradation (1998)

For many inherited and acquired hepatic diseases, liver transplantation is the only possible therapeutic strategy. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage to donor tissue is thought to be one component that may play a role in the decline of posttransplant tissue function and ultimately rejection. The transcription factors, AP-1 and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), play important roles in the acute cellular responses to tissue damage, as well as the inflammatory phase following I/R. We have found that the DNA binding activity of AP-1 was dramatically increased following warm ischemia at 1 to 3 hours postreperfusion. Induced DNA binding activity was composed of predominately c-Jun and JunD hetero- and homodimers as determined by electrophoretic mobility supershift assays. This increase in AP-1 activity occurred in the absence of significant changes in the steady-state protein levels of c-Jun and JunB. Maximal activation of Jun amino-terminal kinase ( JNK) occurred within the 25 to 30 minutes postreperfusion, just before the peak in AP-1 DNA binding. These findings suggest that phosphorylation may play an important role in regulating AP-1 transcriptional complexes. Furthermore, JunD protein levels slightly increased at 3 hours postreperfusion, concordant with changes in AP-1 DNA binding activity. The activation of NF-kappaB at 1 hour postreperfusion was independent of proteolytic degradation of IkappaB- or IkappaB-beta. This activation of NF-kappaB DNA binding activity in the nucleus was preceded by an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of IkappaB-. These studies suggest that JNK, IkappaB tyrosine kinase, and JunD are potential targets for therapeutic intervention during liver I/R injury.
Discriminative training of dynamic programming based speech recognizers (1993)

A new minimum recognition error formulation and a generalized probabilistic descent (GPD) algorithm are analyzed and used to accomplish discriminative training of a conventional dynamic-programming-based speech recognizer. The objective of discriminative training here is to directly minimize the recognition error rate. To achieve this, a formulation that allows controlled approximation of the exact error rate and renders optimization possible is used. The GPD method is implemented in a dynamic-time-warping (DTW)-based system. A linear discriminant function on the DTW distortion sequence is used to replace the conventional average DTW path distance. A series of speaker-independent recognition experiments using the highly confusible English E-set as the vocabulary showed a recognition rate of 84.4% compared to approximately 60% for traditional template training via clustering. The experimental results verified that the algorithm converges to a solution that achieves minimum error rate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Targeted Toxin Therapy for the Treatment of Cancer (1989)

Protein toxins such as Pseudomonas exotoxin, diphtheria toxin, and ricin may be useful in cancer therapy because they are among the most potent cell-killing agents. One molecule of a toxin delivered to the cytoplasm of a cancer cell will be lethal for that cell. However, to be therapeutically useful, these toxins need to be targeted to specific sites on the surface of cancer cells, then be internalized and ultimately reach the cell cytoplasm. This process is accomplished by eliminating binding to toxin receptors and redirecting the cell-killing activity of the toxin to receptors or antigens present on cancer cells. Typically, toxins are conjugated to cell-binding proteins such as monoclonal antibodies or growth factors. These conjugates bind and kill cancer cells selectively while normal cells, which don't bind the conjugates, are spared. Because the genes for many protein toxins have been cloned, it is possible to make genetic modifications to their structure. By deleting the DNA that codes for the toxin binding region and replacing it with various complementary DNA encoding other cell-binding proteins, it has been possible to make chimeric toxins that kill cells on the basis of the newly acquired binding activity. The ability to make these chimeras may be useful in designing future toxin-based anticancer therapies.
INSULIN IN ALCOHOLIC SOLUTION BY THE MOUTH (1923)

methods of treatment employed were liable to cause injury to the hepatic tissue. This we believe not to be the case, and the evidence upon which this belief is based is given above.
Purification of insulin-like growth factor I receptor from human placental membranes. (1986)

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I receptor was purified from Triton X-100-solubilized human placental membranes by wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose chromatography followed by immunoaffinity chromatography using alpha IR-3, a monoclonal antibody directed against the IGF-I receptor. Purification of 3200-fold and 2800-fold was achieved from wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose eluates with regard to IGF-I binding and kinase activities. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions revealed two major protein bands corresponding to the alpha and beta subunits of the receptor, which accounted for at least 90% of the protein content. The purified receptor bound 10-20 micrograms of IGF-I/mg of protein and was more than 95% free of contamination by insulin receptor. It sedimented in glycerol gradients as a single species with a sedimentation coefficient of 13.7 S and gave three protein bands with Mr = approximately 300,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions, indicating that alpha 2 beta 2 is an intact form of the IGF-I receptor. The purified receptor, when incubated with [gamma-32P] ATP, became phosphorylated at tyrosine residues of its beta subunit. This was stimulated 3-fold by IGF-I. It also had IGF-I-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity (5264 pmol of 32P incorporated/min/mg of protein) toward a synthetic peptide corresponding to the autophosphorylation site of pp60src. These data strongly suggest that it is a tyrosine-specific protein kinase.