gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrahigh speed Spectral / Fourier domain OCT ophthalmic imaging at 70,000 to 312,500 axial scans per second (2008)

We demonstrate ultrahigh speed spectral / Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) using an ultrahigh speed CMOS line scan camera at rates of 70,000 - 312,500 axial scans per second. Several design configurations are characterized to illustrate trade-offs between acquisition speed, resolution, imaging range, sensitivity and sensitivity roll-off performance. Ultrahigh resolution OCT with 2.5 - 3.0 micron axial image resolution is demonstrated at approximately 100,000 axial scans per second. A high resolution spectrometer design improves sensitivity roll-off and imaging range performance, trading off imaging speed to 70,000 axial scans per second. Ultrahigh speed imaging at >300,000 axial scans per second with standard image resolution is also demonstrated. Ophthalmic OCT imaging of the normal human retina is investigated. The high acquisition speeds enable dense raster scanning to acquire densely sampled volumetric three dimensional OCT (3D-OCT) data sets of the macula and optic disc with minimal motion artifacts. Imaging with approximately 8 - 9 micron axial resolution at 250,000 axial scans per second, a 512 x 512 x 400 voxel volumetric 3D-OCT data set can be acquired in only approximately 1.3 seconds. Orthogonal registration scans are used to register OCT raster scans and remove residual axial eye motion, resulting in 3D-OCT data sets which preserve retinal topography. Rapid repetitive imaging over small volumes can visualize small retinal features without motion induced distortions and enables volume registration to remove eye motion. Cone photoreceptors in some regions of the retina can be visualized without adaptive optics or active eye tracking. Rapid repetitive imaging of 3D volumes also provides dynamic volumetric information (4D-OCT) which is shown to enhance visualization of retinal capillaries and should enable functional imaging. Improvements in the speed and performance of 3D-OCT volumetric imaging promise to enable earlier diagnosis and improved monitoring of disease progression and response to therapy in ophthalmology, as well as have a wide range of research and clinical applications in other areas.
Selectivity of the reaction of free radicals with styrene (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelectivity of the reaction of free radicals with styreneGraeme Moad, Ezio Rizzardo, and David H. SolomonCite this: Macromolecules 1982, 15, 3, 909–914Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00231a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00231a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1665Altmetric-Citations208LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Immune Responses to Novel Pneumococcal Proteins Pneumolysin, PspA, PsaA, and CbpA in Adenoidal B Cells from Children (2002)

Studies of mice suggest that pneumococcal proteins, including PspA, pneumolysin, PsaA, and CbpA, are promising vaccine candidates. To determine whether these proteins are good mucosal immunogens in humans, adenoidal lymphocytes from 20 children who had adenoidectomies were isolated and tested by ELISpot for antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). Cells were also cultured for 7 days in the presence of a concentrated culture supernatant (CCS) from a type 14 strain of pneumococcus which contained secreted pneumococcal proteins, including PspA, pneumolysin, PsaA, and CbpA, and then tested by ELISpot. ELISpot assays done on freshly isolated cells detected ASCs to all four antigens in most children studied. However, there were differences both between antigens and between isotypes. The densities of immunoglobulin G (IgG) ASCs against both PsaA and CbpA were significantly higher than those of ASCs for PspA and PdB (pneumolysin toxoid B) (P < 0.001). For all antigens, the numbers of IgA ASCs tended to be lower than those of both IgG and IgM ASCs. The numbers of anti-CbpA and -PsaA IgA ASCs were higher than those of anti-PdB IgA ASCs (P < 0.01). Concentrations of IgA antibodies to PspA and PsaA in saliva correlated with the numbers of IgA ASCs to PspA and PsaA in freshly isolated adenoidal cells, but no such correlation was found between salivary IgG antibody concentrations and IgG ASCs to the four antigens in adenoidal cells. In cultured cells, anti-PspA, -PsaA, and -CbpA IgG ASCs proliferated significantly, but only two of eight samples showed >2-fold increases in anti-CbpA and -PspA IgA ASCs after CCS stimulation. The results suggest that CbpA, PsaA, and PspA may be good upper respiratory mucosal antigens in children. Adenoids may be important inductive sites for memory IgG responses and important sources of salivary IgA. Some protein antigens may also prime for mucosal IgA memory. These data support the effort to explore mucosal immunization against pneumococcal infection.
Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Is Associated With Reduced Pulmonary Vascular Expression of Type II Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor (2002)

The cellular localization of BMPR-II is consistent with a role in the formation of pulmonary vascular lesions in PPH, and reduced BMPR-II expression may contribute to the process of vascular obliteration in severe pulmonary hypertension.
Native-oxide stripe-geometry In0.5(AlxGa1−x)0.5P-In0.5Ga0.5P heterostructure laser diodes (1991)

Data are presented demonstrating the formation of stable, device-quality native oxides from high Al composition In0.5(AlxGa1−x)0.5P (x ∼0.9) via reaction with H2O vapor (in N2 carrier gas) at elevated temperatures (≥500 °C). The oxide exhibits excellent current-blocking characteristics and is employed to fabricate continuous room-temperature stripe-geometry In0.5(AlxGa1−x)0.5P-In0.5Ga0.5P double-heterostructure laser diodes.
Multiple myeloma: 2012 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management (2011)

Patients with indolent relapse can be treated first with two-drug or three-drug combinations. Patients with more aggressive relapse often require therapy with a combination of multiple active agents. The most promising new agents in development are pomalidomide and carfilizomib.
Discontinuous, conserved neutralization epitopes overlapping the CD4-binding region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein (1992)

Monoclonal antibodies have been isolated from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients that recognize discontinuous epitopes on the gp120 envelope glycoprotein, that block gp120 interaction with the CD4 receptor, and that neutralize a variety of HIV-1 isolates. Using a panel of HIV-1 gp120 mutants, we identified amino acids important for precipitation of the gp120 glycoprotein by three different monoclonal antibodies with these properties. These amino acids are located within seven discontinuous, conserved regions of the gp120 glycoprotein, four of which overlap those regions previously shown to be important for CD4 recognition. The pattern of sensitivity to amino acid change in these seven regions differed for each antibody and also differed from that of the CD4 glycoprotein. These results indicate that the CD4 receptor and this group of broadly neutralizing antibodies recognize distinct but overlapping gp120 determinants.
Tic21 Is an Essential Translocon Component for Protein Translocation across the Chloroplast Inner Envelope Membrane (2006)

An Arabidopsis thaliana mutant defective in chloroplast protein import was isolated and the mutant locus, cia5, identified by map-based cloning. CIA5 is a 21-kD integral membrane protein in the chloroplast inner envelope membrane with four predicted transmembrane domains, similar to another potential chloroplast inner membrane protein-conducting channel, At Tic20, and the mitochondrial inner membrane counterparts Tim17, Tim22, and Tim23. cia5 null mutants were albino and accumulated unprocessed precursor proteins. cia5 mutant chloroplasts were normal in targeting and binding of precursors to the chloroplast surface but were defective in protein translocation across the inner envelope membrane. Expression levels of CIA5 were comparable to those of major translocon components, such as At Tic110 and At Toc75, except during germination, at which stage At Tic20 was expressed at its highest level. A double mutant of cia5 At tic20-I had the same phenotype as the At tic20-I single mutant, suggesting that CIA5 and At Tic20 function similarly in chloroplast biogenesis, with At Tic20 functioning earlier in development. We renamed CIA5 as Arabidopsis Tic21 (At Tic21) and propose that it functions as part of the inner membrane protein-conducting channel and may be more important for later stages of leaf development.
Laplace field microscopy for label-free imaging of dynamic biological structures (2011)

We present Laplace field microscopy as a method for generating intrinsic contrast of transparent specimens. This technique uses a spatial light modulator to perform the Laplacian of the field in the Fourier plane of a microscope image. The resulting image incorporates phase information and thus renders high contrast images from phase objects. We demonstrate the potential of the method by imaging index-matched beads, unlabeled tissue slices, and dynamic live cells.
Double Strand Break Repair by Homologous Recombination Is Regulated by Cell Cycle-independent Signaling via ATM in Human Glioma Cells (2004)

To investigate double strand break (DSB) repair and signaling in human glioma cells, we stably transfected human U87 (ATM(+), p53(+)) glioma cells with a plasmid having a single I-SceI site within an inactive green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression cassette, allowing for the detection of homologous recombination repair (HRR) by GFP expression. HRR and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) were also determined by PCR. DSB repair was first detected at 12 h postinfection with an adenovirus expressing I-SceI with repair reaching plateau levels between 24 and 48 h. Within this time frame, NHEJ predominated over HRR in the range of 3-50-fold. To assess the involvement of ATM in DSB repair, we first examined whether ATM was associated with the DSB. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that ATM was present at the site of the DSB as early as 18 h postinfection. In cells treated with caffeine, an inhibitor of ATM, HRR was reduced, whereas NHEJ was not. In support of this finding, GFP flow cytometry demonstrated that caffeine reduced HRR by 90% under conditions when ATM kinase activity was inhibited. Dominant-negative ATM expressed from adenovirus inhibited HRR by 45%, also having little to no effect on NHEJ. Furthermore, HRR was inhibited by caffeine in serum-starved cells arrested in G(0)/G(1), suggesting that ATM is also important for HRR outside of the S and G(2) cell cycle phases. Altogether, these results demonstrate that HRR contributes substantially to DSB repair in human glioma cells, and, importantly, ATM plays a critical role in regulating HRR but not NHEJ throughout the cell cycle.
Practical Criteria for Screening Patients at High Risk for Diabetic Foot Ulceration (1998)

<h3>Background</h3> A comprehensive understanding of clinical risk factors for developing foot ulcerations would help clinicians to categorize patients by their risk status and schedule intervention resources accordingly to prevent amputation. <h3>Objective</h3> To evaluate risk factors for foot ulcerations among persons with diabetes mellitus. <h3>Method</h3> We enrolled 225 age-matched patients, 46.7% male, with a ratio of approximately 1:2 cases:controls (76 case-patients and 149 control subjects). Case-patients were defined as subjects who met the enrollment criteria and who had an existing foot ulceration or a recent history of a foot ulceration. Control subjects were defined as subjects with no history of foot ulceration. A stepwise logistic regression model was used for analysis. <h3>Results</h3> An elevated plantar pressure (&gt;65 N/cm<sup>2</sup>), history of amputation, lengthy duration of diabetes (&gt;10 years), foot deformities (hallux rigidus or hammer toes), male sex, poor diabetes control (glycosylated hemoglobin &gt;9%), 1 or more subjective symptoms of neuropathy, and an elevated vibration perception threshold (&gt;25 V) were significantly associated with foot ulceration. In addition, 59 patients (78%) with ulceration had a rigid deformity directly associated with the site of ulceration. No significant associations were noted between vascular disease, level of formal education, nephropathy, retinopathy, impaired vision, or obesity and foot ulceration on multivariate analysis. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Neuropathy, foot deformity, high plantar pressures, and a history of amputation are significantly associated with the presence of foot ulceration. Although vascular and renal disease may result in delayed wound healing and subsequent amputation, they are not significant risk factors for the development of diabetic foot ulceration.
The Effect of 5-Alkyl Modification on the Biological Activity of Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine Containing Classical and Nonclassical Antifolates as Inhibitors of Dihydrofolate Reductase and as Antitumor and/or Antiopportunistic Infection Agents (2008)

Novel classical antifolates (3 and 4) and 17 nonclassical antifolates (11-27) were synthesized as antitumor and/or antiopportunistic infection agents. Intermediates for the synthesis of 3, 4, and 11-27 were 2,4-diamino-5-alkylsubstituted-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines, 31 and 38, prepared by a ring transformation/ring annulation sequence of 2-amino-3-cyano-4-alkyl furans to which various aryl thiols were attached at the 6-position via an oxidative addition reaction using I2. The condensation of alpha-hydroxy ketones with malonodinitrile afforded the furans. For the classical analogues 3 and 4, the ester precursors were deprotected, coupled with diethyl-L-glutamate, and saponified. Compounds 3 (IC50 = 60 nM) and 4 (IC50 = 90 nM) were potent inhibitors of human DHFR. Compound 3 inhibited tumor cells in culture with GI50 <or= 10(-7) M. Nonclassical 17 (IC50 = 58 nM) was a potent inhibitor of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) DHFR with >500-fold selectivity over human DHFR. Analogue 17 was 50-fold more potent than trimethoprim and about twice as selective against T. gondii DHFR.
Purified alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor/LDL receptor-related protein binds urokinase.plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 complex. Evidence that the alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor mediates cellular degradation of urokinase receptor-bound complexes. (1992)

Complexes between 125I-labeled urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) bound to purified alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) receptor (alpha 2MR)/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP). No binding was observed when using uPA. The magnitude of uPA.PAI-1 binding was comparable with that of the alpha 2MR-associated protein (alpha 2MRAP). Binding of uPA.PAI-1 was blocked by natural and recombinant alpha 2MRAP, and about 80% inhibited by complexes between tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and PAI-1, and by a monoclonal anti-PAI-1 antibody. In human monocytes, uPA.PAI-1, like uPA and its amino-terminal fragment, bound to the urokinase receptor (uPAR). Degradation of uPAR-bound 125I-uPA.PAI-1 was 3-4-fold enhanced as compared with uncomplexed uPAR-bound uPA. The inhibitor-enhanced uPA degradation was blocked by r alpha 2MRAP and inhibited by polyclonal anti-alpha 2MR/LRP antibodies. This is taken as evidence for mediation of internalization and degradation of uPAR-bound uPA.PAI-1 by alpha 2MR/LRP.
Surface-Induced Dissociation of Multiply-Protonated Proteins (1995)

A novel surface design compatible with the open cell geometry allows nonglancing angle collisions of selected ions stored in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer. Dissociation efficiencies of 36%, 22%, and 14% are achieved for gramicidin S, melittin, and carbonic anhydrase (29 kDa), respectively. Ion neutralization by the surface, which is highly competitive for many singly-charged ions, is minimal, and dissociation products of hypervalent neutral species are not detected. Instead, the spectra are similar to those from collisionally activated and infrared multiphoton dissociation; the fragmentation pathways are relatively independent of the method of energy deposition. For carbonic anhydrase, however, the single event excitation inherent to surface-induced dissociation appears to minimize secondary fragmentation, a critical advantage for tandem mass spectrometry of such large ions. Electrically floating the open cell below ground greatly enhances the collection efficiency.
Thioaromatic monolayers on gold: a new family of self-assembling monolayers (1993)

Self-assembling (SA) monolayers of the aromatic compounds thiophenol (TP), p-biphenyl mercaptan (BPM), and p-terphenyl mercaptan (TPM) were prepared on gold electrodes. Contact angle (CA) measurements and ellipsometry indicate that TP forms poorly defined layers, while BPM and TPM form monolayers with reproducible CAs and ellipsometric thicknesses. BPM and TPM films are substantially more stable than TP layers toward various electrochemical conditions and replacement by alkanethiols as shown by the combined CAs, ellipsometric thicknesses, and the electrochemical measurements of the corresponding monolayer-covered electrodes. The surface coverages of the three monolayer systems, determined from the electrochemical responses of the respective electrodes, show that the blocking efficiency increases with the number of phenyl rings in the molecule. Three electrochemical techniques, namely gold oxide formation/removal, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and ac impedance were used to determine the monolayer surface coverage. The ac impedance technique proves to be superior for surface coverage determination, mainly due to the milder conditions applied. Molecular mechanics calculations show that BPM and TPM might form (√3 x √3)R30° overlayers on Au(llI) with the molecules nearly perpendicular to the gold surface. Such overlayers would have favorable intermolecular interactions and retain the usual structure for sulfur on Au(llI).
Modifying Professional Antigen-Presenting Cells to Enhance DNA Vaccine Potency (2006)

DNA vaccines have emerged as a potentially important form of vaccination in the control of infectious diseases and cancers. It is now clear that professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in generating humoral and cell-mediated antigen-specific immune responses by DNA vaccination. Continuing progress in our understanding of how professional APCs uptake DNA, process and present the antigens encoded by DNA vaccines to activate B- and T-cell-mediated immune responses in vaccinated individuals provides a framework from which to design more effective DNA vaccines. Advances in molecular biology technology allow DNA to be easily manipulated and make the implementation of novel DNA vaccine strategies possible. This review discusses strategies employing molecular biology technology to improve DNA vaccine potency. These approaches include strategies to increase the numbers of antigen-expressing DCs, strategies to enhance MHC class I and/or II presentation of the encoded antigen and strategies to prolong the life of antigen-expressing DCs to enhance DNA vaccine potency. We will also discuss the methodology involved in DNA vaccine development targeting human papillomavirus oncogenic protein E7.
The Effects of Cancer and Cancer Treatment: What Teachers Should Know. (1995)

High school biology textbooks feature little coverage of cancer, so that college students are not generally informed about the condition. At the same time, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of young people who survive cancer, which means that college instructors are likely to have students who have or have had cancer. Instructors must now consider: (1) the effects of cancer and cancer treatment; (2) the relevancy of cancer in the classroom; and (3) effective strategies to use when encountering students with cancer in class. Generally the effects or.side effects of cancer treatment can be divided into three categories; the physical, the cognitive, and the psychosocial. Physical side effects include hair loss, headache, nausea, skin irritation, and mouth sores. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy have also been known to cause a decrease in cognitive abilities. Problems with self-image, especially in younger children, are not uncommon. Since many students may have had some contact with cancer but still not know as much as they would like to about it, public speaking classes offer an excellent opportunity for filling in gaps in students' medical education. Informative speeches, for instance, could most aptly tak on the topic. In confronting students with cancer, teachers should ask the student what he or she needs, if anything. Alleviate general student fear with facts through presentations. Also, provide an address for students who would like to send a letter to a student in the class with cancer. (Contains a table and 16 references.) (TB) ***********************************,,i,i--**.A**AA**.%A***************Y.AA- * * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ) *A::****************AA****************************************** * The Effects of Cancer and Cancer Treatment: What Teachers Should Know Marc D. Rich Southern Illinois University PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER IERICI Cancer, p. 1 US DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 12 This document has been leproduced as received from the person or organization originating it 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinions staled in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI postfion or pol.cy Central States Communication Association Convention April 1995 Indianapolis, Indiana
Bright-Field Microscopy Visualization of Proteins and Protein Complexes by In Situ Proximity Ligation with Peroxidase Detection (2009)

The combination of in situ PLA with bright-field detection and automated image analysis allows the signals present to be counted in an automated fashion and thus provides a sensitive and specific method for quantification of proteins and protein complexes with bright-field microscopy. With this approach, in situ PLA can be used without the requirement for expensive fluorescence microscopes, thereby avoiding problems with nonspecific fluorescence while maintaining compatibility with conventional histologic staining.