gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physical Exercise-Induced Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia Is an Autosomal-Dominant Trait Characterized by Abnormal Pyruvate-Induced Insulin Release (2003)

We have identified patients in whom strenuous physical exercise leads to hypoglycemia caused by inappropriate insulin release (exercise-induced hyperinsulinism [EIHI]). The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the increased levels of lactate and/or pyruvate during anaerobic exercise would trigger the aberrant insulin secretion in these patients. A total of 12 patients (8 women and 4 men from two families) were diagnosed with EIHI, based on hypoglycemia and a more than threefold increase in plasma insulin induced by a 10-min bicycle exercise test. The mode of inheritance was autosomal dominant in these families. The acute response of insulin release to a bolus of intravenous pyruvate (13.9 mmol/1.73 m2) was studied in the patients and eight healthy control subjects. Insulin secretion did not respond to the pyruvate bolus in healthy control subjects. However, all EIHI patients responded to pyruvate, displaying a brisk increase in plasma insulin. The 1 + 3-min peak response was 5.6-fold in the patients and 0.9-fold in the control subjects (P &amp;lt; 0.001). To test the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of EIHI would involve monocarboxylate transport or metabolism in the β-cell, we sequenced the genes encoding the known monocarboxylate transporter proteins and tested the transport of pyruvate into patient fibroblasts. The results revealed normal coding sequences and pyruvate transport. In conclusion, EIHI represents a new autosomal-dominant hyperinsulinemia syndrome that may be more common than has been realized. The pyruvate test provides a simple, safe, and specific diagnostic test for this condition.
A novel class of evolutionarily conserved genes defined by piwi are essential for stem cell self-renewal (1998)

Germ-line stem cells (GSCs) serve as the source for gametogenesis in diverse organisms. We cloned and characterized the Drosophila piwi gene and showed that it is required for the asymmetric division of GSCs to produce and maintain a daughter GSC but is not essential for the further differentiation of the committed daughter cell. Genetic mosaic and RNA in situ analyses suggest that piwi expression in adjacent somatic cells regulates GSC division. piwi encodes a highly basic novel protein, well conserved during evolution. We isolated piwi homologs in Caenorhabditis elegans and humans and also identified Arabidopsis piwi-like genes known to be required for meristem cell maintenance. Decreasing C. elegans piwi expression reduces the proliferation of GSC-equivalent cells. Thus, piwi represents a novel class of genes required for GSC division in diverse organisms.
Spectrophotometric Assay Using o-Phthaldialdehyde for Determination of Proteolysis in Milk and Isolated Milk Proteins (1983)

A rapid, sensitive, and convenient spectrophotometric assay was developed and characterized for measurement of proteolysis of milk proteins in buffered solutions or in milk. a-Amino groups released by hydrolysis react with o-phthaldialdehyde and /3-mercaptoethanol to form an adduct that absorbs strongly at 340 nm. The absorptivity (e = 6000 M -1 cm -1) is similar for all oe-amino groups.
Efficient Rescue of Recombinant Lassa Virus Reveals the Influence of S Segment Noncoding Regions on Virus Replication and Virulence (2011)

Lassa virus (LASV), is a significant cause of severe, often fatal, hemorrhagic fever in humans throughout western Africa, with an estimated 100,000 infections each year. No vaccines are commercially available. We report the development of an efficient reverse genetics system to rescue recombinant LASV and to investigate the contributions of the long 5' and 3' noncoding regions (NCRs) of the S genomic segment to in vitro growth and in vivo virulence. This work demonstrates that deletions of large portions of these NCRs confer an attenuated phenotype and are a first step toward further insights into the high virulence of LASV.
Self-assembled nanodielectrics and silicon nanomembranes for low voltage, flexible transistors, and logic gates on plastic substrates (2009)

This letter reports the fabrication and electrical characterization of mechanically flexible and low operating voltage transistors and logic gates (NOT, NAND, and NOR gates) using printed silicon nanomembranes and self-assembled nanodielectrics on thin plastic substrates. The transistors exhibit effective linear mobilities of ∼680 cm2/V s, on/off ratios &amp;gt;107, gate leakage current densities &amp;lt;2.8×10−7 A/cm2, and subthreshold slopes ∼120 mV/decade. The inverters show voltage gains as high as 4.8. Simple digital logic gates (NAND and NOR gates) demonstrate the possible application of this materials combination in digital integrated circuits.
Interpretation of Well-Block Pressures in Numerical Reservoir Simulation With Nonsquare Grid Blocks and Anisotropic Permeability (1983)

Abstract Previous work on the interpretation of well-block pressure (WBP) for a single isolated well is extended to the case of nonsquare grid blocks (∆x ≠ ∆y). Numerical solutions for the single-phase five-spot problem, involving various grid sizes, show that the effective well-block radius (where the actual flowing pressure equals the numerically calculated WBP) is given by ro=0.14 (Δx2+Δy2)½. This relationship is verified by a mathematical derivation for a single well in an infinite grid. The exact value of the constant is shown to be eγ/4, where γ is Euler's constant. Finally, the analysis is extended to include anisotropic permeability, and an expression for the effective well-block radius in terms of Δx, Δy, kx, and ky is derived.
Overview of HEVC extensions on screen content coding (2015)

Technologies for coding non-camera-captured video contents have received great interests lately due to the rapid growth of application areas such as wireless display and screen sharing, etc. In response to the market demands, the ITU-T Video Coding Expert Group and ISO/IEC Motion Picture Expert Group have jointly launched a new standardization project, i.e. the High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) extensions on screen content coding (HEVC SCC). Several new video coding tools, including intra block copy, palette coding, adaptive color transform, and adaptive motion resolution, have been developed and adopted into HEVC SCC draft standard. This paper reviews the main features and coding technologies in the current HEVC SCC draft standard, with discussions about the performance and complexity aspects compared with prior arts.
Laserablation des Nucleus pulposus: Optische Eigenschaften von degeneriertem Bandscheibengewebe im Wellenlängenbereich von 200 bis 2200 nm (1989)

Percutaneous ablation of degenerative disk material by laser has been introduced recently as an alternative to enzymatic or mechanical discectomy. The optical properties of degenerative disk material were evaluated in the range from 200 to 2200 nm, which includes most of the laser wavelengths used for medical purposes. Remittance rate was determined in 16 post-mortem disks using a spectrophotometric unit and rate of absorption and scatter were calculated. High rates of diffuse remittance were found for classical laser wavelengths such as the argon or the Nd:YAG II laser indicating only low rates of absorption. In contrast, much higher rates of absorption were determined for excimer or mid-infrared lasers as well as for the Nd:YAG I (1320 nm), which appear more appropriate for laser discectomy than the Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser.
Celebrating the past: financial management in the third sectore (2000)

The centrality of the mission, as opposed to the importance of fmancial outcomes, created many problems in the early financial management of third sector organisations. Thus, it is important to celebrate the contribution made by these early managers as they struggled to guide their organisation in a fiscally responsible manner. This paper has two parts. First, it considers the need for accountability from an internal organisational perspective and also as a response to the external demand for accountability. Secondly, it provides a case study of an eighty year old organisation whose early leaders were responsible for putting in place procedures which have allowed it to develop into a service organisation with a multimillion dollar turnover. The study presents incidents which demonstrate the development of fmancial management strategies, by providing a micro view of the evolution of a number of these processes, the factors which influenced their development, and the opposition their proponents encountered to their introduction.
The arylation of allylic alcohols with organopalladium compounds. A new synthesis of 3-aryl aldehydes and ketones (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe arylation of allylic alcohols with organopalladium compounds. A new synthesis of 3-aryl aldehydes and ketonesRichard F. HeckCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 20, 5526–5531Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01022a035https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01022a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1855Altmetric-Citations143LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Oxidative damage to DNA: relation to species metabolic rate and life span. (1988)

Oxidative damage to DNA is caused by reactive by-products of normal metabolism, as well as by radiation. Oxidized DNA bases excised by DNA repair enzymes and excreted in urine were measured in four different species to determine the relation between specific metabolic rate (ml of O2 consumed per gram of body weight per hr) and oxidative DNA damage. An average of 6.04 nmol of thymine glycol per kg/day and 2.58 nmol of thymidine glycol per kg/day were found in mouse urine and 1.12 nmol of thymine glycol per kg/day and 0.95 nmol of thymidine glycol per kg/day were found in monkey urine. On a body weight basis, mice excrete 18 times more thymine glycol plus thymidine glycol than do humans, and monkeys excrete 4 times more thymine glycol plus thymidine glycol than do humans. When results among mice, rats, monkeys, and humans are compared, specific metabolic rate correlates highly with oxidative DNA damage. These findings are consistent with the theory that free radical-induced DNA damage may play a central role in the aging process.
Linewidth broadening due to longitudinal spatial hole burning in a long distributed feedback laser (1988)

The spectral linewidth of a long distributed feedback (DFB) laser above threshold at high output power is investigated theoretically. Longitudinal spatial hole burning (LSHB) is shown to have important effects on the lasing characteristics and the broadening of linewidth. A four-wave coupled mode equation is developed to describe the LSHB phenomenon. The threshold gain and the carrier distribution are solved self-consistently above threshold at various output powers. The simulation results show that the power-linewidth product can increase by a factor greater than 2 due to LSHB for long DFB lasers. This theory has important implications on the limits of linewidth reduction by increasing the length of DFB lasers and on possible future device design for coherent optical system.
Contextual in-image advertising (2008)

The community-contributed media contents over the Internet have become one of the primary sources for online advertising. However, conventional ad-networks such as Google AdSense treat image and video advertising as general text advertising without considering the inherent characteristics of visual contents. In this work, we propose an innovative contextual advertising system driven by images, which automatically associates relevant ads with an image rather than the entire text in a Web page and seamlessly inserts the ads in the nonintrusive areas within each individual image. The proposed system, called ImageSense, represents the first attempt towards contextual in-image advertising. The relevant ads are selected based on not only textual relevance but also visual similarity so that the ads yield contextual relevance to both the text in the Web page and the image content. The ad insertion positions are detected based on image saliency to minimize intrusiveness to the user. We evaluate ImageSense on three photo-sharing sites with around one million images and 100 Web pages collected from several major sites, and demonstrate the effectiveness of ImageSense.
Expression of a site-specific endonuclease stimulates homologous recombination in mammalian cells. (1994)

Double-strand breaks introduced into DNA in vivo have been shown to enhance homologous recombination in a variety of chromosomal and extrachromosomal loci in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To introduce double-strand breaks in DNA at defined locations in mammalian cells, we have constructed a mammalian expression vector for a modified form of I-Sce I, a yeast mitochondrial intron-encoded endonuclease with an 18-bp recognition sequence. Expression of the modified I-Sce I endonuclease in COS1 cells results in cleavage of model recombination substrates and enhanced extrachromosomal recombination, as assayed by chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity and Southern blot analysis. Constitutive expression of the endonuclease in mouse 3T3 cells is not lethal, possibly due to either the lack of I-Sce I sites in the genome or sufficient repair of them. Expression of an endonuclease with such a long recognition sequence will provide a powerful approach to studying a number of molecular processes in mammalian cells, including homologous recombination.
The Immunoevasive Function Encoded by the Mouse Cytomegalovirus Gene m152 Protects the Virus against T Cell Control in Vivo (1999)

Cytomegaloviruses encode numerous functions that inhibit antigen presentation in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway in vitro. One example is the mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) glycoprotein gp40, encoded by the m152 gene, which selectively retains murine but not human MHC class I complexes in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment/cis-Golgi compartment (Ziegler, H., R. Thäle, P. Lucin, W. Muranyi, T. Flohr, H. Hengel, H. Farrell, W. Rawlinson, and U.H. Koszinowski. 1997. Immunity. 6:57-66). To investigate the in vivo significance of this gene function during MCMV infection of the natural host, we constructed recombinants of MCMV in which the m152 gene was deleted, as were the corresponding virus revertants. We report on the following findings: Deletion of the m152 gene has no effect on virus replication in cell culture, whereas after infection of mice, the m152-deficient virus replicates to significantly lower virus titers. This attenuating effect is lifted by reinsertion of the gene into the mutant. Mutants and revertants grow to the same titer in animals deprived of the function targeted by the viral gene function, namely in mice deficient in beta2-microglobulin, mice deficient in the CD8 molecule, and mice depleted of T cells. Upon adoptive transfer of naive lymphocytes into infected mice, the absence of the m152 gene function sensitizes the virus to primary lymphocyte control. These results prove that MHC-reactive functions protect CMVs against attack by CD8(+) T lymphocytes in vivo.
Factors affecting flow karyotype resolution (2006)

Optimization of buffer pH and the length of staining improved karyotype resolution particularly for larger chromosomes and reduced the presence of chromosome fragments (debris). However, the most interesting and surprising finding was that the exclusion of NaCl in PAB buffer improved the yield and resolution of larger chromosomes.
Disrupted Effective Connectivity Between the Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex in Social Anxiety Disorder During Emotion Discrimination Revealed by Dynamic Causal Modeling for fMRI (2013)

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by over-reactivity of fear-related circuits in social or performance situations and associated with marked social impairment. We used dynamic causal modeling (DCM), a method to evaluate effective connectivity, to test our hypothesis that SAD patients would exhibit dysfunctions in the amygdala-prefrontal emotion regulation network. Thirteen unmedicated SAD patients and 13 matched healthy controls performed a series of facial emotion and object discrimination tasks while undergoing fMRI. The emotion-processing network was identified by a task-related contrast and motivated the selection of the right amygdala, OFC, and DLPFC for DCM analysis. Bayesian model averaging for DCM revealed abnormal connectivity between the OFC and the amygdala in SAD patients. In healthy controls, this network represents a negative feedback loop. In patients, however, positive connectivity from OFC to amygdala was observed, indicating an excitatory connection. As we did not observe a group difference of the modulatory influence of the FACE condition on the OFC to amygdala connection, we assume a context-independent reduction of prefrontal control over amygdalar activation in SAD patients. Using DCM, it was possible to highlight not only the neuronal dysfunction of isolated brain regions, but also the dysbalance of a distributed functional network.
Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT) - A comparative treatment planning study (2007)

Purpose: To study Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT) with a new treatment planning optimization software. The aim was also to make a comparative study between existing conventional photon plans, Intensity Modulated X-ray Therapy (IMXT) plans and IMPT plans for three different cancer diagnoses. Materials and methods: The conventional photon plans and the IMXT plans were optimized in Oncentra MasterPlan (OMP) version 1.5 by Nucletron (Nucletron B.V., The Netherlands). The IMPT plans were optimized using Orbit Workstation version 1.0 developed by RaySearch (RaySearch Laboratories, Sweden). The IMPT software in Orbit was at the time of this study not clinically released.Three different cancer diagnoses with a total number of seven patients were used, three patients with mammary carcinoma, two with prostate cancer and two with cancer of the parotid. The optimization parameters such as number of beams and beam angles were based on trial and error attempts guided by different publications. Other settings such as number of segments and iterations had already been clinically evaluated and were therefore kept within these limits. The evaluation and comparison of the treatment plans were performed in terms of physical quantities based on Dose Volume Histograms (DVH), target dose uniformity, Radiation Conformity Index (RCI) and Equivalent Uniform Dose (EUD) for both targets and Organs At Risk (OARs) and the Irradiated Volume (IV). Results: In the left sided mammary carcinoma cases, with the ipsilateral lung and the heart as the primary OARs, the IMPT technique rendered the best treatment plans with improved target dose uniformity and RCI. The EUD-values for the left lung and the heart was decreased and the irradiated volume was reduced on average by 24 % compared with the conventional plans and 28 % compared with the IMXT plans.In both prostate cases the doses to the primary OARs, the rectum and the bladder, revealed only small differences between the three treatment techniques. The EUD-values for both targets and OARs, target dose uniformity, RCI and irradiated volume differed only slightly.In the third diagnose, cancer of the parotid, the IMPT plans were superior to both photon techniques. Target dose uniformity, RCI and irradiated volume were improved with the IMPT technique. Furthermore, all delineated OARs received a significantly lower dose and hence a lower EUD than obtained with any of the photon plans. Conclusions: All treatment plans produced with intensity modulated protons resulted in equal or better target dose uniformity with smaller irradiated volumes compared with both the conventional and the IMXT technique. Dose reductions with the IMPT plans were clearly seen in structures located at a distance from the target and not in the primary beam track. Results from this study suggest that the IMPT technique is most suitable for tumors of the head and neck, a region with many critical structures, even though the treatment plans in the mammary carcinoma cases also were improved considerably with the IMPT technique.
Transmission electron microscopy observations of fracture of single-wall carbon nanotubes under axial tension (1998)

Well-aligned bundles of single-wall carbon nanotubes under tensile stresses were observed to fracture in real-time by transmission electron microscopy. The expansion of elliptical holes in the polymer matrix results in a tensile force in bridging nanotubes. The polymer matrix at both ends of the bundles deforms extensively under the tension force, and fracture of the nanotubes occurs in tension within the polymer hole region rather than in shear within the gripping polymer region at the ends of the bundles. This provides evidence of significant polymer-nanotube wetting and interfacial adhesion.
A New Type of Bacterial Sulfatase Reveals a Novel Maturation Pathway in Prokaryotes (2006)

Sulfatases are a highly conserved family of enzymes found in all three domains of life. To be active, sulfatases undergo a unique post-translational modification leading to the conversion of either a critical cysteine ("Cys-type" sulfatases) or a serine ("Ser-type" sulfatases) into a Calpha-formylglycine (FGly). This conversion depends on a strictly conserved sequence called "sulfatase signature" (C/S)XPXR. In a search for new enzymes from the human microbiota, we identified the first sulfatase from Firmicutes. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight analysis revealed that this enzyme undergoes conversion of its critical cysteine residue into FGly, even though it has a modified (C/S)XAXR sulfatase signature. Examination of the bacterial and archaeal genomes sequenced to date has identified many genes bearing this new motif, suggesting that the definition of the sulfatase signature should be expanded. Furthermore, we have also identified a new Cys-type sulfatase-maturating enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cysteine into FGly, in anaerobic conditions, whereas the only enzyme reported so far to be able to catalyze this reaction is oxygen-dependent. The new enzyme belongs to the radical S-adenosyl-l-methionine enzyme superfamily and is related to the Ser-type sulfatase-maturating enzymes. This finding leads to the definition of a new enzyme family of sulfatase-maturating enzymes that we have named anSME (anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme). This family includes enzymes able to maturate Cys-type as well as Ser-type sulfatases in anaerobic conditions. In conclusion, our results lead to a new scheme for the biochemistry of sulfatases maturation and suggest that the number of genes and bacterial species encoding sulfatase enzymes is currently underestimated.