gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Star polymers by ATRP of styrene and acrylates employing multifunctional initiators (2005)

Abstract Multifunctional initiators for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) are prepared by converting ditrimethylolpropane with four hydroxyl groups, dipentaerythritol with six hydroxyl groups, and poly(3‐ethyl‐3‐hydroxymethyl‐oxetane) with ∼11 hydroxyl groups to the corresponding 2‐bromoisobutyrates or 2‐bromopropionates as obtained by reaction with acid bromides. Star polystyrene (PS) is produced by using these macroinitiators and neat styrene in a controlled manner by ATRP at 110 °C, employing the catalytic system CuBr and bipyridine. M n up to 51,000 associated with narrow molecular weight distributions (PDI &lt; 1.1) are obtained with conversions up to 32%. Hydrolysis of the star‐PS leads to linear chains having the expected M n values. The star‐PS polymers based on dipentaerythritol degrade thermally in nitrogen in a two‐step process in which the first low‐temperature step involves scission of the ester linkages and the second step corresponds to the normal PS degradation. Star poly(methyl acrylates) with various cores are likewise prepared in a controlled manner by ATRP of methyl acrylate in bulk and in solution at 60–80 °C with the 1,1,4,7,7‐pentamethyldiethylene triamine ligand. Under these conditions, higher conversions were possible still maintaining low PDI signaling controlled star growth. Multiarm stars of poly( n ‐butyl acrylate) and poly( n ‐hexyl acrylate) with controlled characteristics have also been prepared. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3748–3759, 2005
Computed Tomography for the Detection of Coronary Artery Disease (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Computed tomography technology Conclusion References
The relationship between hyoid and laryngeal displacement and swallowing impairment (2010)

It is difficult for clinicians to make on-line appraisals of the extent to which hyoid and laryngeal movement may be contributing to functional swallowing consequences during videofluoroscopy. This study suggests that it is most important for clinicians to discern whether reduced anterior displacement of these structures is contributing to a patient's swallowing impairment. Measures of structural displacement in thin liquid swallowing should be corrected for variations in participant height. Reductions in anterior hyoid and laryngeal movement below the first-quartile boundaries are statistically associated with increased risk for penetration-aspiration and post-swallow residues.
Controlled Release of Volatiles under Mild Reaction Conditions: From Nature to Everyday Products (2007)

Volatile organic compounds serve in nature as semiochemicals for communication between species, and are often used as flavors and fragrances in our everyday life. The quite limited longevity of olfactive perception has led to the development of pro-perfumes or pro-fragrances--ideally nonvolatile and odorless fragrance precursors which release the active volatiles by bond cleavage. Only a limited amount of reaction conditions, such as hydrolysis, temperature changes, as well as the action of light, oxygen, enzymes, or microorganisms, can be used to liberate the many different chemical functionalities. This Review describes the controlled chemical release of fragrances and discusses additional challenges such as precursor stability during product storage as well as some aspects concerning toxicity and biodegradability. As the same systems can be applied in different areas of research, the scope of this Review covers fragrance delivery as well as the controlled release of volatiles in general.
Application of decision trees for mass classification in mammography (2006)

This paper discusses the effectiveness of using decision trees for mass classification in mammography. The decision tree algorithms implemented by CART (Classification and Regression Trees) and See5 were used for the experiments. Different costs for type I and type II misclassification were applied for the experiments. The results obtained using algorithms based on decision trees were compared with that produced by neural network which was reported giving the higher classification rate than statistical models, with higher standard deviation. It is concluded that the decision trees are very promising for the classification of breast masses in digital mammograms.
The envelope glycoprotein of Ebola virus contains an immunosuppressive‐like domain similar to oncogenic retroviruses (1992)

Genomic RNA of a Zaire strain of Ebola virus was cloned, and cDNA inserts specific for the glycoprotein gene were isolated and sequenced. The determined sequence has only one open reading frame encoding 318 amino acids and is part of ORF-4 on the plus RNA strand. The putative transcriptional stop site (3' AAUUCUUUUU 5') and the transcriptional start site (3' AACUACUUCUAAUU..5') were identified. Computer-assisted comparison of the amino acid sequence of the C-terminal part of protein encoded by ORF-4 of Ebola virus with sequences of the proteins present in the SWISSPROT and EMBL banks revealed significant homology with the 'immunosuppressive domain' of the p15E envelope proteins of various oncogenic retroviruses. The possible role of such a homology is discussed.
Calculation of Vibrational Spectra of Linear Tetrapyrroles. 1. Global Sets of Scaling Factors for Force Fields Derived by ab Initio and Density Functional Theory Methods (1999)

An approach has been developed for calculating the vibrational spectra of linear methine-bridged tetrapyrroles constituting the chromophoric sites of various photoreceptor proteins. Using Pulay's scaling procedure (Pulay, P.; Fogarasi, G.; Pongor, G.; Boggs, J. E.; Vargha, A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 7037), scaling factors were determined for a set of 10 training molecules which mimic structural elements of the tetrapyrrole target molecules. Geometries and force fields were calculated at three theoretical levels, i.e., by the Hartree−Fock (HF), second-order Møller−Plesset perturbation (MP2), and B3LYP density functional theory methods using 6-31G* basis sets. A global optimization yielded sets of 14, 11, and 10 scaling factors for HF, MP2, and B3LYP, respectively. B3LYP provided the best results both with regard to the geometries and the vibrational frequencies. The root-mean-square deviation for the calculated frequencies was 11 cm-1 for B3LYP as compared to 13 and 17 cm-1 for HF and MP2, respectively. On the basis of the Morse model for an anharmonic oscillator, an expression was derived for correcting scaling factors for the anharmonicity changes in (deuterio) isotopomers. The effects of hydrogen bonding interactions via N−H···OC bonds on the structures and vibrational spectra were studied in the case of maleimide. For the N−H stretching, deformation, and out-of-plane wagging vibrations, modifications of the scaling factors are required in order to reproduce the vibrational spectra of the hydrogen bonded dimer. The IR and Raman intensities calculated by the B3LYP method were found to agree well with experimental spectra. For the Raman intensities, a fourth-order differentiation formula was derived for the numerically accurate calculation of polarizability derivatives with respect to Cartesian displacements, by using the finite field method.
Binary and quadriphase sequences with optimal autocorrelation properties: a survey (2003)

Time-discrete signals with good autocorrelation properties are used in various applications in communications engineering. From an implementation point of view, usually sequences with a small phase alphabet and a maximal energy efficiency, i.e., a uniform envelope, are most favorable. For this reason, known methods as well as several new construction techniques of binary and quadriphase sequences with optimal or best known autocorrelation properties are discussed in this correspondence. In many cases, the achievable correlation properties can be improved significantly if a single zero element per sequence is accepted. These "almost" binary and "almost" quadriphase sequences are considered as well. The optimality criteria used include the maximum absolute sidelobe and the merit factor of the periodic and the odd-periodic autocorrelation function, respectively. For sequence lengths of up to 44 in the binary case and up to 32 in the quadriphase case, the best known parameters obtained by computer search are compared with the constructed results.
Fumarate-Mediated Inhibition of Erythrose Reductase, a Key Enzyme for Erythritol Production by Torula corallina (2002)

Torula corallina, a strain presently being used for the industrial production of erythritol, has the highest erythritol yield ever reported for an erythritol-producing microorganism. The increased production of erythritol by Torula corallina with trace elements such as Cu(2+) has been thoroughly reported, but the mechanism by which Cu(2+) increases the production of erythritol has not been studied. This study demonstrated that supplemental Cu(2+) enhanced the production of erythritol, while it significantly decreased the production of a major by-product that accumulates during erythritol fermentation, which was identified as fumarate by instrumental analyses. Erythrose reductase, a key enzyme that converts erythrose to erythritol in T. corallina, was purified to homogeneity by chromatographic methods, including ion-exchange and affinity chromatography. In vitro, purified erythrose reductase was significantly inhibited noncompetitively by increasing the fumarate concentration. In contrast, the enzyme activity remained almost constant regardless of Cu(2+) concentration. This suggests that supplemental Cu(2+) reduced the production of fumarate, a strong inhibitor of erythrose reductase, which led to less inhibition of erythrose reductase and a high yield of erythritol. This is the first report that suggests catabolite repression by a tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediate in T. corallina.
Persistent infection of chimpanzees with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus: a potential model for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (1986)

The lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) prototype strain of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/LAV was transmitted to juvenile chimpanzees with no prior immunostimulation by (i) intravenous injection of autologous cells infected in vitro, (ii) intravenous injection of cell-free virus, and (iii) transfusion from a previously infected chimpanzee. All five animals that received more than one 50% tissue culture infective dose were persistently infected with LAV or chimpanzee-passaged LAV for up to 18 months. During this time they developed no illnesses, but they exhibited various degrees of inguinal and axillary lymphadenopathy and significant reductions in rates of weight gain. Detailed blood chemistry and hematologic evaluations revealed no consistent abnormalities, with the exception of immunoglobulin G (IgG) hypergammaglobulinemia, which became apparent in one animal 6 months postinfection and continued at more than 1 year postinfection. Transient depressions followed by increases in the numbers of T4 cells to levels greater than normal were observed in all animals after virus inoculation. However, the number of LAV-infected peripheral blood cells decreased with time after infection. Results of enzyme immunoassays showed that all infected animals seroconverted to IgG anti-LAV within 1 month postinfection and that antibody titers remained high throughout the period of observation. In contrast, only three of the five LAV-infected chimpanzees had detectable IgM antibody responses, and these preceded IgG-specific serum antibodies by 1 to 2 weeks. Virus morphologically and serologically identical to LAV was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of all infected animals at all times tested and from bone marrow cells taken from one animal 8 months after infection. One chimpanzee that was exposed to LAV only by sharing a cage with an infected chimpanzee developed lymphadenopathy and an IgM response to LAV, both of which were transient; however, no persistent IgG antibody response to LAV developed, and no virus was recovered from peripheral blood cells during a year of follow-up. Thus, LAV readily infected chimpanzees following intravenous inoculation and persisted for extended periods despite the presence of high titers of antiviral antibodies. However, the virus was not easily transmitted from infected to uninfected chimpanzees during daily cage contact.
Enzyme-catalyzed organic synthesis: NAD(P)H cofactor regeneration by using glucose-6-phosphate and the glucose-5-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnzyme-catalyzed organic synthesis: NAD(P)H cofactor regeneration by using glucose-6-phosphate and the glucose-5-phosphate dehydrogenase from Leuconostoc mesenteroidesChi-Huey Wong and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 16, 4890–4899Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00406a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00406a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1482Altmetric-Citations223LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fluorescence Enhancement by Au Nanostructures: Nanoshells and Nanorods (2009)

Metallic nanoparticles influence the quantum yield and lifetime of adjacent fluorophores in a manner dependent on the properties of the nanostructure. Here we directly compare the fluorescence enhancement of the near-infrared fluorophore IR800 by Au nanoshells (NSs) and Au nanorods (NRs), where human serum albumin (HSA) serves as a spacer layer between the nanoparticle and the fluorophore. Our measurements reveal that the quantum yield of IR800 is enhanced from approximately 7% as an isolated fluorophore to 86% in a NSs-HSA-IR800 complex and 74% in a NRs-HSA-IR800 complex. This dramatic increase in fluorescence shows tremendous potential for contrast enhancement in fluorescence-based bioimaging.
Contact‐Mediated Quenching for RNA Imaging in Bacteria with a Fluorophore‐Binding Aptamer (2013)

Bind and shine: Sulforhodamine B was converted into a very efficient fluorescence turn-on probe exclusively by contact quenching. The fluorescence of the probe increases more than 100-fold upon binding to a sulforhodamine-binding RNA aptamer (SRB-2). The probe and the SRB-2 aptamer were used to monitor transcriptions in real-time and to image RNA in live bacteria. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
RNA‐containing adenovirus/polyethylenimine transfer complexes effectively transduce dendritic cells and induce antigen‐specific T cell responses (2004)

Ad/PEI/RNA transfection is an efficient means for generating RNA-transduced DCs and for stimulating antigen-specific T cell responses. Polyadenylation of RNA enhances CD8(+) T cell responses and is essential for CD4(+) T cell responses.
Bone morphogenetic protein 1 processes prolactin to a 17-kDa antiangiogenic factor (2007)

In addition to classical expression patterns in pituitary and placenta and functions in growth and reproduction, members of the small family of hormones that includes prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), and placental lactogen are expressed by endothelia and have angiogenic effects. In contrast, 16- to 17-kDa proteolytic fragments of these hormones have antiangiogenic effects. Here we show that PRL and GH are bound and processed by members of the bone morphogenetic protein 1 (BMP1) subgroup of extracellular metalloproteinases, previously shown to play key roles in forming extracellular matrix and in activating certain TGFbeta superfamily members. BMP1 has previously been suggested to play roles in angiogenesis, as high throughput screens have found its mRNA to be one of those induced to highest levels in tumor-associated endothelia compared with resting endothelia. PRL and GH cleavage is shown to occur in each hormone at a single site typical of sites previously characterized in known substrates of BMP1-like proteinases, and the approximately 17-kDa PRL N-terminal fragment so produced is demonstrated to have potent antiangiogenic activity. Mouse embryo fibroblasts are shown to produce both PRL and GH and to process them to approximately 17-kDa forms, whereas GH and PRL processing activity is lost in mouse embryo fibroblasts doubly null for two genes encoding BMP1-like proteinases.
Human immune responses to synthetic peptides from the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen. (1985)

Humans infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis, develop antibodies against a nuclear antigen (EBNA) that is present in virally transformed B lymphocytes. The EBNA protein contains a unique glycine-alanine repeating sequence. We have synthesized peptides corresponding to various regions of the EBNA molecule within and near this sequence. Rabbit antibodies against the peptides within the sequence reacted directly with the EBNA protein, as detected by Western blotting. The sera of individuals with antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus contained abundant antibodies also reactive with one or several of the synthetic peptides within the sequence. Moreover, human antibodies against these simple peptides were induced specifically early in the course of infectious mononucleosis. When compared with normal controls, antibody levels to the glycine-alanine peptides were significantly higher in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and progressive systemic sclerosis, but not in patients with two other autoimmune diseases. These results document that i) antibodies against the peptides detect the EBNA protein, ii) humans infected with EBV produce high titers of antibodies reactive with these synthetic antigens, and iii) antibody titers against the peptides are abnormally elevated in certain autoimmune diseases.
Reduction of Factor VIII Inhibitor Titers During Immune Tolerance Induction With Recombinant Factor VIII-Fc Fusion Protein (2016)

The development of inhibitors toward factor VIII (FVIII) is a common and serious complication of hemophilia A (HA) therapy. Patients with hemophilia who develop inhibitors often undergo time- and resource-intensive immune tolerance induction (ITI) protocols. We report a 15-month-old male with severe HA and a high-titer inhibitor that occurred while receiving prophylactic treatment with recombinant FVIII (rFVIII), in whom significant inhibitor titer reduction was achieved with thrice weekly infusions of a new, prolonged half-life rFVIII-Fc fusion protein product (trade name Eloctate). Further studies are warranted to explore the potential of Eloctate in ITI protocols.
Colocalization of adeno-associated virus Rep and capsid proteins in the nuclei of infected cells (1992)

The mechanism of adeno-associated virus (AAV) DNA replication was characterized both genetically and biochemically. In this study, we used monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to examine the AAV p5 (Rep78 and Rep68) and p19 (Rep52 and Rep40) proteins in infected cells. By overexpressing a truncated Rep78 protein in Escherichia coli, we obtained monoclonal antibody anti-78/68, which is specific for the p5 Rep proteins, and monoclonal antibody anti-52/40, which recognized both the p5 and p19 Rep proteins. In single-fluorochrome indirect immunofluorescence labeling experiments, the viral Rep proteins were localized in distinct intranuclear foci. Analysis of AAV proteins by double-fluorochrome indirect immunofluorescence experiments demonstrated that (i) all four AAV Rep proteins occupied the same intranuclear compartments and (ii) the Rep and capsid proteins colocalized in the nuclei of infected cells. These results suggest that replication centers similar to those established by other viruses exist for AAV. These reagents should provide a useful tool for further delineation of the mechanism of AAV replication in vitro.
Attachment of TiO2 Powders to Hollow Glass Microbeads: Activity of the TiO2 ‐ Coated Beads in the Photoassisted Oxidation of Ethanol to Acetaldehyde (1991)

Methods for attaching particles to hollow microbeads of 80–100 μm average diam and 0.4–0.7 g cm−3 density are discussed. The floating photoactive microbeads were designed for use in solar‐assisted oxidative dissolution of oil films on water. Photoactive beads caused the oxidation of ethanol molecules by dissolved dioxygen to acetaldehyde when exposed to >3 eV incident photons. Particularly photoactive beads were obtained by attaching Degussa P25 particles to aluminosilicate glass microbeads of ∼10 μm wall thickness by physisorbing the particles and bonding thermally at 300°C. The thermally bonded to aluminosilicate beads was stable in water and UV light, producing 0.7 mol of acetaldehyde per einstein. Acetaldehyde was produced at an efficiency of 0.5 mol/einstein in the photoassisted oxidation of ethanol on borosilicate microbeads, which were made by a process where triethoxysilane was used as binder and ethanol was eliminated in the reaction with surface groups. One week of exposure to water caused the borosilicate glass microbeads to dissolve. The aluminosilicate glass was, however, not water‐soluble, and the bound particles did not detach from the bead.
Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the brnQ gene, the structural gene for a membrane-associated component of the LIV-II transport system for branched-chain amino acids in Salmonella typhimurium. (1988)

The genetically defined gleR-brnQ region responsible for the branched-chain amino acid transport in Salmonella typhimurium was mapped in the 3.3-kilobase SalI-PstI segment of plasmid pOH56 by complementation analysis. By subcloning and genetic recombination analysis, the gleR and brnQ3 mutational sites were localized within the 0.85-kilobase SalI-EcoRV segment, and brnQ4 within the 0.8-kilobase EcoRV-HindIII segment. The nucleotide sequence of the brnQ gene and its flanking regions was determined. The brnQ gene is encoded by the sequence starting 24 base pairs upstream from the EcoRV site. Transcription of the brnQ gene starts at three sites separated by 171, 173 and 174 nucleotides, respectively, from the initiation codon. The promoter sequences can be seen in the immediate upstream region of the transcription initiation sites. There is a long silent region between the transcription initiation sites and a potential Shine-Dalgarno nucleotide sequence. The coding sequence of the brnQ gene, which is 1317 base pairs long, specifies a very hydrophobic protein of 439 amino acid residues.