gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation in decoherence-free subspaces with trapped ions (2014)

Implementing nonadiabatic holonomic quantum computation in decoherence-free subspaces may consolidate the advantages of both strategies and thus leads to suppression of both local and collective noises. In a recent paper, Xu et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 170501 (2012)] proposed an interesting implementation of such a scheme; however, four-body interaction, which is hard to achieve in a realistic system, is required there. In this paper we propose a simplified scheme to implement such single-qubit and two-qubit logical operations by utilizing only two-body interactions, which is much easier to realize in a trapped ion system.
Immunomodulatory agents and other medical therapies in inflammatory bowel disease (1995)

The medical armamentarium for inflammatory bowel diseases continues to expand despite the uncertain etiologies of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. To date, almost all of the medications in use have multiple sites of activity or are regarded as nonspecific suppressants of the chronic intestinal inflammatory response. Newer agents, such as cyclosporine, offer more focused, single-mediator activity, which still influence many “down-stream” cascades of inflammatory compounds. Whereas prior attempts to control these diseases have relied on corticosteroids, antibiotics, sulfasalazine, and dietary manipulations, these approaches have left many patients either resistant to, or intolerant of steroids while exposed to their long-term sequelae. The immunomodulatory agents offer new therapeutic options to many of these patients. Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclosporine, and methotrexate have all shown efficacy in Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, although in some cases the onset of action is slow, or potential side effects preclude generalized use outside of experienced centers. The success in achieving and maintaining remission in patients when other agents have failed, in reducing or eliminating steroids, and in avoiding surgery have made these agents important therapeutic alternatives. The spectrum of aminosalicylate formulations has already improved the quality of life for patients while similar advances in the site-specific delivery of novel steroids can be expected to improve the short-and long-term clinical outcomes. Novel agents continue to be applied to inflammatory bowel disease in hopes of both improving the therapeutic response and delineating pathogenic mechanisms.
Chondrocytes embedded in collagen gels maintain cartilage phenotype during long-term cultures. (1984)

Chondrocytes isolated from sterna of 13-day-old chick embryos were cultured in vitro within collagen gels for six weeks. Under these culture conditions, chondrocytes assumed a rounded morphology, accumulated metachromatic matrix, and took on the cytological characteristics of in vivo cartilage cells. Most of the glycosaminoglycans synthesized were deposited within the collagen gels, and the rate of glycosaminoglycan synthesis was maintained over five weeks. Throughout the study, the major collagen synthesized was Type II. This cell-culture system, using collagen gels, provides chondrocytes with a suitable environment in which to accumulate synthesized matrix macromolecules and preserve their differentiated phenotype in vitro.
Dye-Binding Capacities of Eleven Electrophoretically Separated Serum Proteins (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDye-Binding Capacities of Eleven Electrophoretically Separated Serum ProteinsR. D. Strickland, T. R. Podleski, F. T. Gurule, M. L. Freeman, and W. A. ChildsCite this: Anal. Chem. 1959, 31, 8, 1408–1410Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1959https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60152a053RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views22Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (359 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Nasal polyposis, eosinophil dominated inflammation, and allergy (2000)

A polyp is an oedematous mucous membrane which forms a pedunculating process with a slim or broad stalk or base. Nasal polyps originate in the upper part of the nose around the openings to the ethmoidal sinuses. The polyps extend into the nasal cavity from the middle meatus, resulting in nasal blockage and restricted airflow to the olfactory region. The polyp stroma is highly oedematous with a varying density of inflammatory cells. Nasal polyposis, consisting of recurrent, multiple polyps, is part of an inflammatory reaction involving the mucous membrane of the nose, paranasal sinuses, and often the lower airways. The polyps are easily accessible for immunological and histological studies and an increasing number of publications have appeared in recent years, including two monographs. 1 2 Nasal polyps have long been associated with rhinitis and asthma. However, the role of allergy in the aetiology and pathogenesis of nasal polyps is a controversial issue. It has been postulated that allergy is an aetiological factor for nasal polyposis. If this is so, then it can be expected that allergic patients will have polyps more often than a control population and that patients with polyps have an increased occurrence of positive allergy testing.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Gold and Thiourea in Acidic Thiourea Solutions (2001)

The dissolution of gold in acidic thiourea solutions, together with the oxidation of thiourea on gold, platinum, and glassy carbon (GC) electrodes, has been investigated using voltammetric methods. The cyclic voltammograms on platinum and GC electrodes showed a single pair of peaks for the oxidation of thiourea to formamidine disulfide and its subsequent reduction. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed. When a gold electrode was used, gold dissolution took place at a more negative potential than thiourea oxidation, with the latter reaction being shifted to a potential about 300 mV more positive than that on the platinum electrode. It was found that, at 25°C and without formamidine disulfide, gold did not dissolve when the potential was scanned rapidly. This result shows that the process of gold dissolution might include a slow surface step which can be accelerated by formamidine disulfide. It is possible that the slow surface step results from the strong adsorption of thiourea on the gold surface. The adsorption of thiourea on gold was demonstrated using the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Pattern transfer using poly(styrene-block-methyl methacrylate) copolymer films and reactive ion etching (2007)

Self-assembly block copolymers have drawn a lot of attention for its great potential on critical dimension (CD) control and line-edge roughness (LER) reduction, which become more and more crucial as the CD of transistors is only tens of nanometers nowadays. In this study, lamellar-forming poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) copolymer which fabricates line patterns was chosen for its ability to provide higher aspect ratio and vertical sidewall profile in template stage, thus more suitable for the following etching process to substrate. A dry plasma etching process using pure oxygen and pure argon plasma as example chemical etching gas and physical etching gas, respectively, was studied. Etching selectivity and lateral etch rate, which are responsible for the final template height and CD loss, had been characterized on a capacitive reactive ion etching tool. The templates formed by the proposed process had high aspect ratios, excellent pattern fidelity, and low LER values. The PS lateral etch rate was small enough to provide a wide process window for retaining the CD of the pattern during the template forming process. Subsequent silicon etching using the PS template made by dry etching process yielded a steep and smooth sidewall profile.
Natural Selection Drives Drosophila Immune System Evolution (2003)

Evidence from disparate sources suggests that natural selection may often play a role in the evolution of host immune system proteins. However, there have been few attempts to make general population genetic inferences on the basis of analysis of several immune-system-related genes from a single species. Here we present DNA polymorphism and divergence data from 34 genes thought to function in the innate immune system of Drosophila simulans and compare these data to those from 28 nonimmunity genes sequenced from the same lines. Several statistics, including average K(A)/K(S) ratio, average silent heterozygosity, and average haplotype diversity, significantly differ between the immunity and nonimmunity genes, suggesting an important role for directional selection in immune system protein evolution. In contrast to data from mammalian immunoglobulins and other proteins, we find no strong evidence for the selective maintenance of protein diversity in Drosophila immune system proteins. This may be a consequence of Drosophila's generalized innate immune response.
Performance improvements for stick-slip positioners (2004)

Stick-slip actuators are frequently used systems for micro- and nano positioning because of their high dynamics and simple design. Driving at high velocities however is restricted, as either the actuators are very stiff and have a short stroke, or they have a large deformation but low natural frequencies. Beyond a certain frequency, which is determined by the actuators' natural frequency, the masses to be moved, and the damping ratios, the system cannot be driven in a controlled manner any more, as the velocity no longer increases linearly with the driving frequency and presents a "chaotic" behavior. This behavior is a result of a vibration after one step not being completely damped out before the next step occurs. In this paper, we propose a method to actuate stick-slip actuators with low natural frequencies at comparatively high driving frequencies, which permits to increase the velocity compared to the velocity obtained with a simple saw tooth signal of the same frequency. The driving signal for the actuators is convolved with a pulse sequence that cancels occurring vibration, a method that is commonly called "input shaping". Particular aspects of signal shaping for stick-slip drives will be discussed, simulation as well as measured experimental results are given.
A radiation hybrid map of human chromosome 18 (1994)

A human x Chinese hamster (CH) somatic cell hybrid subclone deficient in HPRT and containing only human chromosome 18 was irradiated with 7000 rad and fused to a thymidine kinase deficient CH cell line. Radiation-rescued hybrid cell lines, selected in HAT medium, were analyzed for human DNA with human interspersed-repeat sequence primers. Size and number of human chromosome fragments retained in a subset of hybrids were determined by FISH. A panel of 98 radiation hybrids (RH) was selected and analyzed for 90 chromosome 18-specific STSs by PCR, and for the D18Z1 centromeric marker by Southern blotting. STSs were developed from previously mapped RFLP loci and from published sequences. In addition, 32 novel STSs were generated from an 18-specific lambda library and from 18-specific YACs previously localized to chromosome bands by FISH. Marker retention frequency varied from 8-65% with an average of 24%. In selected RH the STS typing data were correlated with the chromosome 18 regions retained using 'reverse FISH' of IRS-PCR products from the RH to normal metaphase chromosomes. The order and intermarker distances of loci were determined using two-point and multipoint maximum likelihood methods. The resulting RH map covers most of chromosome 18 with four groups of tightly linked markers and three regions of loosely linked markers, one around the centromere and two on the long arm. More than a third of the markers are polymorphic and allow integration with the linkage map. This RH map provides a framework for establishing a clone contig of the entire chromosome 18.
Mitochondrial metabolism of 3-mercaptopropionic acid. Chemical synthesis of 3-mercaptopropionyl coenzyme A and some of its S-acyl derivatives. (1985)

The metabolism of 3-mercaptopropionic acid in mitochondria was studied by use of purified mitochondrial enzymes and rat heart mitochondria. Metabolites of 3-mercaptopropionic acid were separated by high performance liquid chromatography and identified by comparing them with chemically synthesized derivatives of 3-mercaptopropionic acid. The initial step in the metabolism of 3-mercaptopropionic acid is its conversion to a CoA thioester, most likely catalyzed by medium-chain acyl-CoA synthetase. The resulting 3-mercaptopropionyl-CoA is a poor substrate of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase but substitutes effectively for CoASH in reactions catalyzed by 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase. S-Acyl-3-mercaptopropionyl-CoA thioesters formed in the thiolase-catalyzed reactions are not at all or only poorly acted upon by acyl-CoA dehydrogenases. However, they are hydrolyzed by thioesterase(s) to CoASH and S-acyl-3-mercaptopropionic acid. The hydrolysis of S-acyl-3-mercaptopropionyl-CoA thioesters proceeds more rapidly than the hydrolysis of fatty acyl-CoA thioesters of comparable chain lengths. Free CoASH is also regenerated from S-acetyl-3-mercaptopropionyl-CoA and more rapidly from 3-mercaptopropionyl-CoA as a result of their reactions with carnitine catalyzed by carnitine acetyltransferase. These findings lead to the suggestion that the major mitochondrial CoA-containing metabolites of 3-mercaptopropionic acid are S-acyl-3-mercaptopropionyl-CoA thioesters.
Biologically Active Triterpenoid Saponins from Ardisia japonica (2007)

Eleven new triterpenoid saponins, ardisianosides A (1), B (2), C (4), D (5), E (6), F (7), G (15), H (16), I (17), J (18), and K (19), together with 10 known saponins, were isolated from the whole plants of Ardisia japonica. The structures of the new saponins were established on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR and MS studies coupled with chemical degradations. The cytotoxic activities of saponins 1-21 are reported against three human cancer cell lines, namely, HL-60 myeloid leukemia, KATO-III stomach adenocarcinoma, and A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells.
Extracellular matrix of the human aortic media: An ultrastructural histochemical and immunohistochemical study of the adult aortic media (2000)

Aortic distensability is the key to normal aortic function and relates to the lamellar unit in the media. However, the organization of the extracellular matrix components in these lamellar units, which are largely responsible for the distensability, is insufficiently known, especially in the human. We therefore performed a detailed ultrastructural analysis of these components. Thoracic aortas of 56 individuals (age 45-74 years), none of whom suffered from aortic disease, were studied by immunoelectron microscopy of elastin, collagen types I, III, IV, V, and VI, fibronectin, and fibrillin-1, and by ultrastructural histochemistry of proteoglycans, which were further characterized by enzymatic digestion. The elastic lamellae were closely associated with thick collagen fibers containing types I, III, and V collagen. Between these collagen fibers, numerous complex, circumferentially oriented streaks of elastin protruded from the lamellae. In contrast to what is usually reported in the aortas of experimental animals, the smooth muscle cells preferentially adhered to these ill-defined streaks rather than directly to the solid lamellae. Fibrillin-1- and type VI collagen-containing bundles of microfibrils (oxytalan fibers) were also involved in the smooth muscle cell-elastin contact. The smooth muscle cells were invested by basal lamina-like layers connecting them to each other as well as to the oxytalan fibers. Unexpectedly, these layers were abundantly labeled by anti-fibronectin, whereas type IV collagen, a specific basement membrane component, was mainly found in larger, flocculent deposits. The proteoglycans present were collagen-associated dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, cell-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and interstitial chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan. Our observations demonstrate that the extracellular matrix in the human aorta is extremely complex and therefore differs from most descriptions based on experimental animals. They serve as reference for future studies on aortic diseases, such as aneurysmas and dissections.
Extracting reputation in multi agent systems by means of social network topology (2002)

The problem of calculating a degree of reputation for agents acting as assistants to the members of an electronic community is discussed and a solution presented. Usual reputation mechanisms rely on feedback after interaction between agents. An alternative way to establish reputation is related with the position of each member of a community within the corresponding social network. We propose a method based on this idea, which is also used by well-known ranking algorithms, discuss its properties as well as experimental results and compare them to other reputation mechanisms for electronic communities supported by agents. The method proposed uses only local information in order to extract reputation and it is able to adapt automatically to the topology of the network or graph.
The Dimeric State of Cyanine Dyes (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Dimeric State of Cyanine DyesW. West and Sandra PearceCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1965, 69, 6, 1894–1903Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100890a019https://doi.org/10.1021/j100890a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3667Altmetric-Citations457LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Increasing Achievable Information Rates via Geometric Shaping (2018)

Achievable information rates are used as a metric to design novel modulation formats via geometric shaping. The proposed geometrically shaped 256-ary constellation achieves SNR gains of up to 1.18 dB.
Regulation of inter- and intramolecular ligation with T4 DNA ligase in the presence of polyethylene glycol (1986)

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) stimulates ligation with T4 DNA ligase. In 10% (w/v) PEG 6,000 solutions, only intermolecular ligation is enhanced by monovalent cations, while both inter- and intramolecular ligation occur without their presence. Similar stimulation was also caused by divalent cations or polyamines in the PEG 6,000 solutions. Such properties of the ligase could be applied to control the extent of inter- and intramolecular ligation. Ligation with cations or polyamines in 10% PEG 6,000 solutions was effective for intermolecular ligation. Ligation without cations or polyamines in 6.0% to 10% PEG 6,000 solutions was effective for intramolecular ligation.
Density Estimation Using Real NVP (2016)

Unsupervised learning of probabilistic models is a central yet challenging problem in machine learning. Specifically, designing models with tractable learning, sampling, inference and evaluation is crucial in solving this task. We extend the space of such models using real-valued non-volume preserving (real NVP) transformations, a set of powerful invertible and learnable transformations, resulting in an unsupervised learning algorithm with exact log-likelihood computation, exact sampling, exact inference of latent variables, and an interpretable latent space. We demonstrate its ability to model natural images on four datasets through sampling, log-likelihood evaluation and latent variable manipulations.
Best Arm Identification: A Unified Approach to Fixed Budget and Fixed Confidence (2012)

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et a ̀ la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
Machine-learned solutions for three stages of clinical information extraction: the state of the art at i2b2 2010 (2011)

For all tasks, we found that the introduction of a wide range of features was crucial to success. Importantly, our choice of machine learning algorithms allowed us to be versatile in our feature design, and to introduce a large number of features without overfitting and without encountering computing-resource bottlenecks.
Arbitrary dispersion control of ultrashort optical pulses with acoustic waves (2000)

Acousto-optic programmable dispersive filters (AOPDF) can compensate in real time for large amounts of group-delay dispersion. This feature can be used in chirped-pulse amplification femtosecond laser chains to compensate adaptively for dispersion. An analytical expression relating the group delay at the output of the AOPDF to the input acoustic signal is obtained with coupled-wave theory in the case of collinear and quasi-collinear bulk acousto-optic interactions and also in the case of planar waveguides and optical fibers. With this relation, the acoustic signal that will induce an arbitrary group-delay variation with frequency can be easily obtained. Numerical simulations are shown to support the principle of arbitrary group-delay control with an AOPDF.
Synergism—a patent view (1987)

Abstract Novel combinations of pesticides and herbicides are patentable only if they are not obvious. Proof of a synergistic effect produced by the combination is a widely accepted and important defence against an allegation of obviousness. The paper reviews various mathematical approaches to establishing this proof to the satisfaction of Patent Offices and Patent Courts.