gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Soft Magnetic Properties of Obliquely Deposited Co–Zr–O Films (2007)

We have studied obliquely sputtered Co-Zr-O films. We found that oblique deposition gives rise to the formation of columnar morphology and thus higher perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in the films, which finally results in the occurrence of stripe domains and degradation of soft magnetic properties. Applying substrate bias during Co-Zr-O film deposition gave some improvement in magnetic softness with small slope angles, but did not provide any improvement for large angles. Using a multilayer structure Co-Zr-O/ZrO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> effectively eliminates the columnar structure and helps the films regain favorable soft magnetic properties.
The PDA Fails to Deliver: Why Nalco and Wallace Cannot Coexist, and a New Standard for Defining “Related Medical Condition” (2010)

this Comment argues courts must look to the intent of the Pregnacy Discrimination Act and adopt a more comprehensive standard in defining a “related medical condition.”
Airborne Communication Networks for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (2008)

This paper explores the role of meshed airborne communication networks in the operational performance of small unmanned aircraft systems. Small unmanned aircraft systems have the potential to create new applications and markets in civil domains, enable many disruptive technologies, and put considerable stress on air traffic control systems. We argue that of the existing networked communication architectures, only meshed ad hoc networking can meet the communication demands for the large number of small aircraft expected to be deployed in future. Experimental results using the heterogeneous unmanned aircraft system are presented to show that meshed airborne communication is feasible, that it extends the operational envelope of small unmanned aircraft at the expense of increased communication variability, and that net-centric operation of multiple cooperating aircraft is possible. Additionally, the ability of airborne networks of small unmanned aircraft to exploit controlled mobility to improve performance is discussed.
Energy spectrum control for modulated proton beams (2009)

In proton therapy delivered with range modulated beams, the energy spectrum of protons entering the delivery nozzle can affect the dose uniformity within the target region and the dose gradient around its periphery. For a cyclotron with a fixed extraction energy, a rangeshifter is used to change the energy but this produces increasing energy spreads for decreasing energies. This study investigated the magnitude of the effects of different energy spreads on dose uniformity and distal edge dose gradient and determined the limits for controlling the incident spectrum. A multilayer Faraday cup (MLFC) was calibrated against depth dose curves measured in water for nonmodulated beams with various incident spectra. Depth dose curves were measured in a water phantom and in a multilayer ionization chamber detector for modulated beams using different incident energy spreads. Some nozzle entrance energy spectra can produce unacceptable dose nonuniformities of up to +/-21% over the modulated region. For modulated beams and small beam ranges, the width of the distal penumbra can vary by a factor of 2.5. When the energy spread was controlled within the defined limits, the dose nonuniformity was less than +/-3%. To facilitate understanding of the results, the data were compared to the measured and Monte Carlo calculated data from a variable extraction energy synchrotron which has a narrow spectrum for all energies. Dose uniformity is only maintained within prescription limits when the energy spread is controlled. At low energies, a large spread can be beneficial for extending the energy range at which a single range modulator device can be used. An MLFC can be used as part of a feedback to provide specified energy spreads for different energies.
Reductive alkylation of 9-amino-xanthen-3-yloxymethylpoly(styrene): a novel procedure for the synthesis of peptidyl N-alkyl amides by Fmoc/But chemistry (1995)

Reductive N-alkylation of the ‘amide’ anchor resin, 9-amino-xanthen-3-yloxymethyl poly(styrene)1, by sequential treatment with alkyl aldehydes under mild acidic conditions followed by NaBH4 in MeOH–DMF, and then followed by optimised Fmoc/But solid-phase peptide synthetic procedures afforded an unique class of peptidyl N-alkyl amides in excellent yields.
Identification of uhp polypeptides and evidence for their role in exogenous induction of the sugar phosphate transport system of Escherichia coli K-12 (1987)

Cells of Escherichia coli possess a transport system that catalyzes the accumulation, in unaltered form, of a variety of sugar phosphates. Induction of the transport activity occurs in response to external glucose 6-phosphate and does not require detectable entry of this inducer. To define the genes that encode the Uhp transport system and those that mediate its exogenous induction, transposon insertions were isolated and mapped within a 6.5-kilobase HindIII-BamHI fragment that carries the entire uhp region. The transposon insertions were transferred by homologous recombination onto the chromosome to test their effect on Uhp expression when all genes were present in single copy number. The complementation behavior of plasmids carrying the insertions or subcloned fragments of the region was compared with their polypeptide coding capacity in maxicells. These studies defined three uhp regulatory genes (uhpABC), all of which are necessary for expression of the uhpT gene, which encodes the transporter. The products of uhpB and uhpC are not required when uhpA is present on a multicopy plasmid. The four genes, uhpA, uhpB, uhpC, and uhpT, are transcribed in the same direction, and their products have apparent molecular weights of 25,000, 48,000, 20,000, and 38,000, respectively. The UhpB and UhpT polypeptides are associated with the membrane fraction. These results led to a model of regulation in which the UhpB and UhpC regulatory proteins prevent the ability of UhpA to activate transcription of the uhpT gene under noninducing conditions.
Multisegmented Au-MnO2/Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Coaxial Arrays for High-Power Supercapacitor Applications (2009)

The present work reports on synthesis and supercapacitor applications of multisegmented Au-MnO2/carbon nanotube (CNT) coaxial arrays. Multisegmented Au-MnO2/CNT coaxial arrays are fabricated inside porous alumina templates using a combination of electrodeposition, infiltration, and chemical vapor deposition methods. CNTs serve as an alternative additive for improving the electrical conductivity of the manganese oxide electrodes, in addition to its active electrode characteristics. The well-adhered interface between Au and MnO2/CNT hybrid segments leads to nanoscale electrical contacts between the electrode and current collectors. Electrochemical studies have been performed using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge−discharge, and impedance spectroscopy measurements. The results demonstrate that MnO2/CNT hybrid coaxial arrays are efficient electrodes for supercapacitor applications. Au-segmented MnO2/CNT hybrid coaxial electrodes showed further improvement in specific capacitance, energy, and power densities of a supercapacitor.
Oxidative Heck‐Type Reaction Involving Cleavage of a Carbon—Phosphorus Bond of Arylphosphonic Acids. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Genetic variation at a single locus and age of onset for Alzheimer's disease (2010)

This perspective article provides an opportunity to explain a new genetic finding for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). It is specifically written for physicians and scientists who are interested in LOAD, but it may be relevant to those interested in identifying susceptibility variants for other complex diseases. The significant finding discussed here is that a variable-length, deoxythymidine homopolymer (poly-T) within intron 6 of the TOMM40 gene is associated with the age of onset of LOAD [Roses AD, Lutz MW, Amrine-Madsen H, Saunders AM, Crenshaw DG, Sundseth SS, et al. A TOMM40 variable-length polymorphism predicts the age of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Pharmacogenomics J 2009 December 22;[Epublication ahead of print]. This result was obtained with a phylogenetic study of the genetic polymorphisms that reside within the linkage disequilibrium (LD) block that contains the TOMM40, APOE, and APOC1 genes from patients with LOAD and age-matched subjects without disease. Although the data will have diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategy implications, this perspective is meant to place the inheritance pattern for this "complex" human disease into context, and to highlight the potential utility of applying phylogenetic tools to the study of the genetics of complex diseases.
HPV‐mediated cervical carcinogenesis: concepts and clinical implications (2005)

Persistent infection with a high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) is generally accepted as a necessary cause of cervical cancer. However, cervical cancer is a rare complication of an hrHPV infection since most such infections are transient, not even giving rise to cervical lesions. On average, it takes 12-15 years before a persistent hrHPV infection may ultimately, via consecutive premalignant stages (ie CIN lesions), lead to an overt cervical carcinoma. This argues that HPV-induced cervical carcinogenesis is multi-step in nature. In this review, the data from hrHPV-mediated in vitro transformation studies and those obtained from analysis of clinical specimens have been merged into a cervical cancer progression model. According to this model, a crucial decision maker in the early stages following infection involves individual susceptibility for certain HPV types depending on the genetic make-up of immune surveillance determinants. Once a CIN lesion has developed, altered transcriptional regulation of the viral E6/E7 oncogenes, resulting in genomic instability and distinguishing the process of cell transformation from a productive viral infection, probably provides the subsequent important step towards malignancy. The additional (epi)genetic alterations that subsequently accumulate in high-grade CIN lesions may result in overt malignancy via immortality and growth conditions that gradually become less sensitive to growth-modulating influences mediated by cytokines and cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. The potential implications of hrHPV testing and some other biomarkers deduced from this model for cervical screening and the clinical management of CIN disease are also discussed.
Stimulation of Homologous Recombination through Targeted Cleavage by Chimeric Nucleases (2001)

Chimeric nucleases that are hybrids between a nonspecific DNA cleavage domain and a zinc finger DNA recognition domain were tested for their ability to find and cleave their target sites in living cells. Both engineered DNA substrates and the nucleases were injected into Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclei, in which DNA cleavage and subsequent homologous recombination were observed. Specific cleavage required two inverted copies of the zinc finger recognition site in close proximity, reflecting the need for dimerization of the cleavage domain. Cleaved DNA molecules were activated for homologous recombination; in optimum conditions, essentially 100% of the substrate recombined, even though the DNA was assembled into chromatin. The original nuclease has an 18-amino-acid linker between the zinc finger and cleavage domains, and this enzyme cleaved in oocytes at paired sites separated by spacers in the range of 6 to 18 bp, with a rather sharp optimum at 8 bp. By shortening the linker, we found that the range of effective site separations could be narrowed significantly. With no intentional linker between the binding and cleavage domains, only binding sites exactly 6 bp apart supported efficient cleavage in oocytes. We also showed that two chimeric enzymes with different binding specificities could collaborate to stimulate recombination when their individual sites were appropriately placed. Because the recognition specificity of zinc fingers can be altered experimentally, this approach holds great promise for inducing targeted recombination in a variety of organisms.
Biochemical characterization of the binding of echistatin to integrin alphavbeta3 receptor. (1997)

Echistatin is a 49-amino-acid peptide belonging to the family of disintegrins that are derived from snake venoms and are potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation and cell adhesion. Integrin alphavbeta3 receptor plays a critical role in several physiological processes such as tumor-induced angiogenesis, tumor cell metastasis, osteoporosis and wound repair. In this study, we have characterized the binding of echistatin to purified integrin alphavbeta3 receptor and the form expressed on human embryonic kidney 293 cells. We show that both purified and membrane-bound integrin alphavbeta3 binds to echistatin with a high affinity, which can be competed efficiently by linear and cyclic peptides containing the RGD sequence. Previous studies have shown that alphavbeta3 binds to vitronectin in a nondissociable manner, whereas an RGD-containing peptide derived from vitronectin binds in a dissociable manner with a Kd of 9.4 x 10(-7) M. Our studies indicate that radiolabeled echistatin binds to alphavbeta3 in a nondissociable manner, similar to native echistatin. However, echistatin does not support the adhesion of 293 cells expressing alphavbeta3 receptor because of poor binding to plastic dishes and is a potent antagonist of the adhesion of these cells to vitronectin. These studies demonstrate that echistatin binding to alphavbeta3 is of high affinity and irreversible similar to vitronectin and provides an alternate ligand for high-throughput screening for alphavbeta3 antagonists.
Virulence Factors of Gram-Negative Bacteria in Sepsis with a Focus on <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> (2011)

Gram-negative bacterial pathogens of humans have evolved a range of virulence factors to promote motility, attach to epithelial or endothelial cell surfaces, avoid host immune responses, activate or inactivate host cellular pathways and ultimately cause clinical disease. Gram-negative sepsis is a life-threatening complication of these events. This review discusses the virulence factors of common Gram-negative bacteria causing human sepsis with a focus on Neisseria meningitidis. Adherence, motility, colonization and cell entry involve bacterial pili, flagella and outer membrane proteins. Endotoxin (lipopoly-or lipo-oligosaccharide), other membrane components or exotoxins can be potent inducers of the host inflammatory cascade via innate receptor pathways. Capsular polysaccharides and outer membrane proteins can help the bacterium evade immune defenses. The role in pathogenesis of iron acquisition, bacterial secretion systems, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation is also reviewed. Through multiple genetic mechanisms leading to phase variation, Gram-negative bacteria can adapt to changing host and environmental conditions and selective pressures. Further, the antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacteria driven by antibiotic use will continue to influence the clinical outcomes of Gram-negative sepsis in the coming years.
AR-PDA: A Personal Digital Assistant for VR/AR Content (2002)

This paper describes the development of an AR-based hard- and software system for a mobile digital assistant (AR-PDA). Target group for using this system is the large group of consumers. Here the AR-PDA uses AR technology to efficiently support users during their daily tasks. The technical realization of the system is based on 3rd generation video supported mobile phones. The user visualizes real objects with the AR-PDA. An integrated camera takes the pictures and the AR-PDA sends the video stream by mobile radiocommunication (e.g. UMTS) to the AR server. The server recognizes the objects by analyzing the image and establishes the relevant context-sensitive information, which is added to the video stream as multimedia elements (e.g. sound, video, text, images or virtual objects) and then sent back to the AR-PDA. The function validity is shown on the basis of close to practice application scenarios in the scope of household appliances.
Functional Regions of the Mouse Interleukin-10 Receptor Cytoplasmic Domain (1995)

The functions of wild-type and mutant mouse interleukin-10 receptors (mIL-10R) expressed in murine Ba/F3 cells were studied. As observed previously, IL-10 stimulates proliferation of IL-10R-expressing Ba/F3 cells. Accumulation of viable cells in the proliferation assay is to a significant extent balanced by concomitant cell death. Moreover, growth in IL-10 also induces a previously unrecognized response, differentiation of the cells, as evidenced both by formation of large clusters of cells in cultures with IL-10 and by induction or enhancement of expression of several cell surface antigens, including CD32/16, CD2, LECAM-1 (v-selectin), and heat-stable antigen. Two distinct functional regions near the C terminus of the mIL-10R cytoplasmic domain which mediate proliferation were identified; one of these regions also mediates the differentiation response. A third region proximal to the transmembrane domain was identified; removal of this region renders the cell 10- to 100-fold more sensitive to IL-10 in the proliferation assay. In cells expressing both wild-type and mutant IL-10R, stimulation with IL-10 leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of the kinases JAK1 and TYK2 but not JAK2 or JAK3 under the conditions tested.
Carbon monoxide ameliorates chronic murine colitis through a heme oxygenase 1–dependent pathway (2005)

Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and its metabolic product carbon monoxide (CO) play regulatory roles in acute inflammatory states. In this study, we demonstrate that CO administration is effective as a therapeutic modality in mice with established chronic colitis. CO administration ameliorates chronic intestinal inflammation in a T helper (Th)1-mediated model of murine colitis, interleukin (IL)-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) mice. In Th1-mediated inflammation, CO abrogates the synergistic effect of interferon (IFN)-gamma on lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-12 p40 in murine macrophages and alters IFN-gamma signaling by inhibiting a member of the IFN regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors, IRF-8. A specific signaling pathway, not previously identified, is delineated that involves an obligatory role for HO-1 induction in the protection afforded by CO. Moreover, CO antagonizes the inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma on HO-1 expression in macrophages. In macrophages and in Th1-mediated colitis, pharmacologic induction of HO-1 recapitulates the immunosuppressive effects of CO. In conclusion, this study begins to elucidate potential etiologic and therapeutic implications of CO and the HO-1 pathway in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.
Central and Peripheral Circadian Clocks in Mammals (2012)

The circadian system of mammals is composed of a hierarchy of oscillators that function at the cellular, tissue, and systems levels. A common molecular mechanism underlies the cell-autonomous circadian oscillator throughout the body, yet this clock system is adapted to different functional contexts. In the central suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus, a coupled population of neuronal circadian oscillators acts as a master pacemaker for the organism to drive rhythms in activity and rest, feeding, body temperature, and hormones. Coupling within the SCN network confers robustness to the SCN pacemaker, which in turn provides stability to the overall temporal architecture of the organism. Throughout the majority of the cells in the body, cell-autonomous circadian clocks are intimately enmeshed within metabolic pathways. Thus, an emerging view for the adaptive significance of circadian clocks is their fundamental role in orchestrating metabolism.
Topical negative pressure for pressure ulcer management (2002)

The use of negative pressure therapy has been reported previously in a variety of care settings, but not in spinal cord-injured (SCI) patients. These individuals are at greatly increased risk of pressure ulcer development because of many factors associated with their neurological deficit and the incidence of pressure ulcers is high among them. This small case series employed objective measures to evaluate the effectiveness of negative pressure therapy when used to prepare pressure ulcers for surgical closure. The treated wounds demonstrated increased granulation tissue development and reduced wound colonization, and the reduced frequency of dressing changes compared with other treatment options may reduce the nursing workload. These case studies highlight the benefits of negative pressure therapy to SCI patients and emphasise the need for further work to compare the technique with other treatment options and determine the optimal application parameters of negative therapy in this patient group.
Exploring optimal cost-performance designs for Raw microprocessors (2002)

The semiconductor industry roadmap projects that advance in VLSI technology will permit more than one billion transistors on a chip by the year 2010. The MIT Raw microprocessor is a proposed architecture that strives to exploit these chip-level resources by implementing thousands of tiles, each comprising a processing element and a small amount of memory, coupled by a static two-dimensional interconnect. A compiler partitions fine-grain instruction-level parallelism across the tiles and statically schedules inter-tile communication over the interconnect. Because Raw microprocessors fully expose their internal hardware structure to the software, they can be viewed as a gigantic FPGA with coarse-grained tiles, in which software orchestrates communication over static interconnections. One open challenge in Raw architectures is to determine their optimal grain size and balance. The grain size is the area of each tile, and the balance is the proportion of area in each tile devoted to memory, processing, communication, and I/O. If the total chip area is fixed, more area devoted to processing will result in a higher processing power per node, but will lead to a fewer number of tiles. This paper presents an analytical framework using which designers can reason about the design space of Raw microprocessors. Based on an architectural model and a VLSI cost analysis, the framework computes the performance of applications, and uses an optimization process to identify designs that will execute these applications most cost-effectively.
Testing embedded-core based system chips (2002)

Advances in semiconductor process and design technology enable the design of complex system chips. Traditional IC design in which every circuit is designed from scratch and reuse is limited to standard-cell libraries, is more and more replaced by a design style based on embedding large reusable modules, the so-called cores. This core-based design poses a series of new challenges, especially in the domains of manufacturing test and design validation and debug. This paper provides an overview of current industrial practices as well as academic research in these areas. We also discuss industry-wide efforts by VSIA and IEEE P1500 and describe the challenges for future research.