gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of a Bulky Cycloolefin/Ethylene Copolymer and Its Tensile Properties (2009)

Regioselective partial hydrogenation of tricyclopentadiene (TCPD) was achieved with a high turnover number of 10 000 by catalysis with a N-heterocyclic carbene−palladium complex. Copolymerization of ethylene and the partially hydrogenated product, dihydrotricyclopentadiene (HTCPD), was realized using a catalytic system of [8-(η5-C5Me4)-2-Me(C9H8N)-κN]TiMe2 (C9H10NH = 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline) activated with (Ph3C)+[B(C6F5)4]−. The copolymer was unambiguously characterized through the analysis of one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra. The monomer reactivity ratios, rethylene and rHTCPD, determined through the Fineman−Ross plot, were 2.8 and 0.025, respectively, indicating negligible successive insertion of two HTCPD. A nearly alternating copolymer with a HTCPD content of 45 mol % was obtained with a satisfactory activity (4.7 × 106 g/(mol Ti h)), of which Tg was 177 °C, significantly higher than that of norbornene/ethylene copolymer at the same cycloolefin content. Tensile stress−strain curves indicated that the brittleness observed for a high-Tg norbornene/ethylene copolymer was relieved to show some ductile property for the HTCPD/ethylene copolymer of the same level of high Tg.
The Effects of Flk-2/flt3 Ligand as Compared with c-kit Ligand on Short-Term and Long-Term Proliferation of CD34+ Hematopoietic Progenitors Elicited from Human Fetal Liver, Umbilical Cord Blood, Bone Marrow, and Mobilized Peripheral Blood (1996)

The Flk-2/flt3 ligand (FL) was evaluated and compared with c-kit ligand (KL) for its in vitro proliferative effects on CD34+ cells from human fetal liver, umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, and mobilized peripheral blood. Using a 7-day liquid culture system, FL in combination with interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was comparable with KL in combination with IL-3, IL-6, and G-CSF for the expansion of hematopoietic progenitors. When FL-containing cultures were assayed after 21 or 28 days, a greater number of progenitors were generated as compared with KL-containing cultures. Using bone marrow microvascular endothelial cells as support stroma, cultures supplemented with FL generated a greater number of progenitors in both the nonadherent and adherent layers at day 35. These data suggest that FL ligand, in combination with other cytokines, can be used for short-term ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic progenitors and facilitates the preservation and possible expansion of primitive cells capable of long-term generation of progenitors.
Direct mass spectrometric sequencing of low‐picomole amounts of oligodeoxynucleotides with up to 21 bases by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (1995)

Abstract UV and IR matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (UV‐ and IR‐MALDI) have demonstrated their potential for the accurate and sensitive mass determination of oligonucleotides. Metastable molecule ion fragmentation was found to be the main limitation in both desorption schemes for the analysis of larger nucleic acid sequences. Fragment ions from additional prompt decays, observed only in IR‐MALDI, offer structural data, which allow sequence information to be derived for low‐picomole amounts of oligodeoxynucleotides with up to 21 bases from a single mass spectrum. Two examples demonstrating the feasibility of this new sequencing technique are given. A model is introduced and discussed, which proposes a reaction scheme for the observed fragment ion patterns of nucleic acids and differentiates prompt and metastable fragmentation mechanisms. The role of fragmentation in direct mass spectrometric sequencing schemes and as a limitation for the accessible mass range in nucleic acid MALDI mass spectrometry is discussed.
Subtypes Y1 and Y2 of the Neuropeptide Y Receptor Are Respectively Expressed in Pro-Opiomelanocortin- and Neuropeptide-Y-Containing Neurons of the Rat Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus (1997)

The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus houses a number of neurochemically different cell populations. Among these, a dense cluster of small neuropeptide-Y (NPY)-expressing neurons is located in its ventromedial subdivision and a pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neuron population in its ventrolateral part. Furthermore, both neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y2 receptors (Y1-Rs and Y2-Rs) are expressed in the arcuate nucleus. Here we analyse the co-expression of NPY and POMC/adrenocorticotropic hormone with the Y1-R and Y2-R in arcuate neurons using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Many, but not all, POMC neurons expressed Y1-R mRNA and protein. Conversely, several Y1-R-positive, POMC-negative neurons were found. NPY-positive nerve terminals were found in close apposition to Y1-R-like immunoreactivity localized close to the dendritic and somatic cell membranes. Y2-R mRNA was found in almost all NPY mRNA-expressing neurons, but also in a group of NPY mRNA-negative cells. These results show that the POMC neurons are targets for NPY, which is presumably present in, and released from, fibres originating in the ventromedial arcuate nucleus and which may play a role in NPY-induced feeding. Release of NPY, and possible coexisting messengers, may be controlled by presynaptic Y2-R expressed in NPY neurons. Taken together, the findings support the division of Y1-Rs and Y2-Rs into post- and presynaptic receptors, respectively.
Who's winning the information revolution. (1992)

The company of the future is already here, formed by the technological ferment that is transforming all of business. These examples are powerhouses.
EGFR protein overexpression and gene amplification in squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus (2005)

Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is observed in many cancers, sometimes accompanied by gene amplification. Recently, several clinical therapies targeting EGFR were developed, but the eligibility criteria for these therapies is not fully established. To develop such eligibility criteria for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), we sought to clarify: (i) the exact frequency of EGFR overexpression, (ii) the relationship between protein overexpression and gene amplification, (iii) the relationship between gene amplification and specific gene mutations and (iv) the correlation between the status of EGFR and clinical or pathological features. Immunohistochemistry revealed that EGFR protein is overexpressed in 53 (50%) of the 106 ESCC examined. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) indicated clear EGFR gene amplification in 15 of the 53 tumors, somewhat higher EGFR copy in 32 cases, and no increase in 6 cases. Gene amplification was significantly associated with high level overexpression. Direct sequencing of exons 19 and 21 of EGFR revealed no mutations in 15 tumors exhibiting gene amplification, and no mutations in 25 tumors not exhibiting gene amplification. Overexpression of EGFR was significantly correlated with depth of invasion of the tumor. In conclusion, anti-EGFR therapies may be appropriate for patients with ESCC. We assume that combined analyses by immunohistochemistry/FISH would clarify aberrations in protein and gene function, and could help to identify those patients who may benefit from anti-EGFR therapy.
Sperm cell mediated transgenesis: A review (1999)

Transgenesis would be greatly streamlined if sperm cells could be used as transgene vectors. Attempts to 'force' sperm cells to take up transgenes may be more worthy of further study than 'autouptake' attempts. However, thorough proof of its effectiveness will be required if sperm cell-mediated gene transfer is to be accepted, given the evolutionary implications associated with the possibility of sperm cells being able to transfer exogenous DNA.
Nucleus-Vacuole Junctions and Piecemeal Microautophagy of the Nucleus inS. cerevisiae (2007)

Various modes of autophagy conspire to degrade virtually every compartment of the eukaryotic cell. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a process called "piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus" (PMN) even pinches off and degrades nonessential portions of the nucleus. PMN is a constitutive process induced to high levels by starvation or rapamycin, an inhibitor of TOR kinase. PMN occurs at nucleus-vacuole (NV) junctions, which are Velcro-like patches formed by interactions between the vacuole membrane protein Vac8p and the outer-nuclear-membrane protein Nvj1p. In response to nutrient depletion, Nvj1p increasingly binds and sequesters two proteins with roles in lipid metabolism, Osh1p and Tsc13p. Tsc13p is required for the normal biogenesis of PMN vesicles. The sequestration of Osh1p by Nvj1p likely serves to negatively regulate the trafficking of tryptophan permease(s) to the plasma membrane. Thus, NV junctions and PMN orchestrate novel and sophisticated responses to nutrient limitation.
Current knowledge about fetal blood cells in the maternal circulation. (1998)

The aim of this review is to summarize the current status and future prospects of noninvasive prenatal genetic analysis by the isolation of fetal cells from the maternal circulation. The presence of fetal cells in maternal blood is no longer considered controversial. A variety of cell separation methods recover fetal cells from maternal blood; these differ in cost-effectiveness and required expertise. Fetal cell types that are useful for prenatal diagnosis are terminally differentiated and are unlikely to persist post-partum. Most investigators are isolating trophoblast sprouts, nucleated erythrocytes, or both from maternal blood. Advances in the understanding of cell surface and cytoplasmic protein expression have translated into better and more specific fetal cell identification. Fetal cells, once identified, are being screened for the presence of aneuploidy using chromosome-specific probes on interphase nuclei. Significant progress in single gene and single cell analysis has expanded the diagnostic possibilities for noninvasive fetal testing. Although fetal cells are generally rare in maternal blood samples, they appear to be more common when the fetus has trisomy 21. This is beneficial for clinical diagnosis. Furthermore, a large fetomaternal transfusion occurs at the time of labor and delivery in all pregnant women. This may establish fetal cell microchimerism in the mother, which may be implicated in the subsequent development of diseases such as scleroderma that are more common in women. The study of fetal cells in maternal blood, while technically challenging, provides a unique opportunity to explore the immunobiology of pregnancy.
Properties of cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the human hand related to touch sensation. (1984)

Recordings from single peripheral nerve fibres made it possible to analyse the functional properties of tactile afferent units supplying the glabrous skin of the human hand and to assess directly the relation between impulse discharge and perceptive experiences. The 17,000 tactile units in this skin area of the human hand are of four different types: two fast adapting types, FA I and FA II (formerly RA and PC), and two slowly adapting types, SA I and SA II. The receptive field characteristics and the densities in the skin of the type I units (FA I and SA I) indicate that these account for the detailed spatial resolution that is of paramount importance for the motor skill and the explorative role of the hand. The relationship between the stimulus amplitude and perceived intensity during sustained skin indentations did not match the corresponding stimulus response functions of SA units suggesting non-linear transformations within the central nervous system. These transformations, in turn, appear to vary between subjects. A single impulse in a single FA I unit may be felt when originating from the most important tactile regions of the hand, indicating that the psychophysical detection may be set by the threshold of the sense organs. Moreover, no significant noise seems to be superimposed in the respective central sensory pathways.
Type 2 Diabetes Is Associated with Altered NF-κB DNA Binding Activity, JNK Phosphorylation, and AMPK Phosphorylation in Skeletal Muscle after LPS (2011)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00412906.
Effects of growth rate on cell extract performance in cell‐free protein synthesis (2006)

Cell-free protein synthesis is a useful research tool and now stands poised to compete with in vivo expression for commercial production of proteins. However, both the extract preparation and protein synthesis procedures must be scaled up. A key challenge is producing the required amount of biomass that also results in highly active cell-free extracts. In this work, we show that the growth rate of the culture dramatically affects extract performance. Extracts prepared from cultures with a specific growth rate of 0.7/h or higher produced approximately 0.9 mg/mL of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) in a batch reaction. In contrast, when the source culture growth rate was 0.3/h, the resulting extract produced only 0.5 mg/mL CAT. Examination of the ribosome content in the extracts revealed that the growth rate of the source cells strongly influenced the final ribosome concentration. Polysome analysis of cell-free protein synthesis reactions indicated that about 22% of the total 70S ribosomes are in polysomes for all extracts regardless of growth rate. Furthermore, the overall specific production from the 70S ribosomes is about 22 CAT proteins per ribosome over the course of the reaction in all cases. It appears that rapid culture growth rates are essential for producing a productive extract. However, growth rate does not seem to influence specific ribosome activity. Rather, the increase in extract productivity is a result of a higher ribosome concentration. These results are important for cell-free technology and also suggest an assay for intrinsic in vivo protein synthesis activity.
Ultrafast Acoustic Phonon Ballistics in Semiconductor Heterostructures (1997)

Using a two-color ultrafast surface deflection spectroscopy, we demonstrate the time-resolved observation of acoustic phonon wave packets emitted from a single buried GaAs quantum well. A longitudinal acoustic phonon pulse is generated at a preselected depth within a highly confined region ( $\ensuremath{\ge}10\mathrm{nm}$ thick) through the coherent nonequilibrium deformation potential which was previously unobserved in such structures. Subsequent detection with subpicosecond resolution at the surface resolves propagating high-wave-vector ballistic phonons and quasiballistic or ``snake'' phonons which subsequently merge into a quasidiffusive phonon pulse.
Identification of a partial cDNA clone for the human receptor for complement fragments C3b/C4b. (1985)

Redundant oligonucleotides were synthesized based on amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides from the purified receptor for human complement fragments C3b/C4b (CR1). These probes were used to screen a size-selected human tonsilar cDNA library. A single positive clone was identified that hybridized to three oligonucleotide probes. The cDNA insert was 1.5 kilobases in length and contained sequences homologous to those of the oligonucleotide probes as well as nucleotide sequences corresponding to another independent CR1 tryptic peptide. Blot-hybridization analysis using fragments of the cDNA insert as probes revealed two distinct species of the CR1 message of 9 and 11 kilobases in human tonsil mRNA. The two EcoRI fragments of the CR1 cDNA insert hybridized to each other, suggesting the presence of homologous sequences. When used as probes in Southern blot analysis of human DNA, each fragment identified similar but not identical patterns of multiple restriction fragments, indicating either a series of homologous domains in a single CR1 gene or the presence of multiple CR1 genes. Furthermore, an additional BamHI fragment was found to segregate with the expression of the S allotype of the CR1 protein in a family. Thus, the molecular weight difference in the polymorphic variants of the CR1 protein is based on differences in nucleotide sequences.
Interaction of the Tumor Suppressor PTEN/MMAC with a PDZ Domain of MAGI3, a Novel Membrane-associated Guanylate Kinase (2000)

PTEN/MMAC is a phosphatase that is mutated in multiple human tumors. PTEN/MMAC dephosphorylates 3-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol phosphates that activate AKT/protein kinase B (PKB) kinase activity. AKT/PKB is implicated in the inhibition of apoptosis, and cell lines and tumors with mutated PTEN/MMAC show increased AKT/PKB kinase activity and resistance to apoptosis. PTEN/MMAC contains a PDZ domain-binding site, and we show here that the phosphatase binds to a PDZ domain ofmembrane-associated guanylate kinase with inverted orientation (MAGI) 3, a novel inverted membrane-associated guanylate kinase that localizes to epithelial cell tight junctions. Importantly, MAGI3 and PTEN/MMAC cooperate to modulate the kinase activity of AKT/PKB. These data suggest that MAGI3 allows for the juxtaposition of PTEN/MMAC to phospholipid signaling pathways involved with cell survival.
Real-time measurement of the three-axis contact force distribution using a flexible capacitive polymer tactile sensor (2011)

In this paper, we report real-time measurement results of various contact forces exerted on a new flexible capacitive three-axis tactile sensor array based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).A unit sensor consists of two thick PDMS layers with embedded copper electrodes, a spacer layer, an insulation layer and a bump layer.There are four capacitors in a unit sensor to decompose a contact force into its normal and shear components.They are separated by a wall-type spacer to improve the mechanical response time.Four capacitors are arranged in a square form.The whole sensor is an 8 × 8 array of unit sensors and each unit sensor responds to forces in all three axes.Measurement results show that the full-scale range of detectable force is around 0-20 mN (250 kPa) for all three axes.The estimated sensitivities of a unit sensor with the current setup are 1.3, 1.2 and 1.2%/mN for the x-, y-and z-axes, respectively.A simple mechanical model has been established to calculate each axial force component from the measured capacitance value.Normal and shear force distribution images are captured from the fabricated sensor using a real-time measurement system.The mechanical response time of a unit sensor has been estimated to be less than 160 ms.The flexibility of the sensor has also been demonstrated by operating the sensor on a curved surface of 4 mm radius of curvature.
SLC34A2 as a novel marker for diagnosis and targeted therapy of breast cancer. (2010)

The purpose of this study was to estimate the role of the SLC34A2 gene in breast cancer. A total of 146 samples were collected from breast cancer tissues and their adjacent normal breast tissues. Reverse transcription and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to estimate gene expression levels. There was a significantly increased gene expression of SLC34A2 (normal tissues: 6.71±0.77; tumour tissues: 10.29±0.80) among breast cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. However, there was no significant association between overall survival and the gene expression level of SLC34A2. Moreover, a significant overexpression of CA125 (normal tissues: 7.26±0.62; tumour tissues: 10.51±0.58) in breast cancer tissues and a significant correlation between SLC34A2 and CA125 gene expressions were found. Our results suggested SLC34A2 to be involved in the development of breast cancer; this gene may therefore be a novel marker for the detection of breast cancer and act as a target gene in therapeutic strategies.
Human Neural Stem Cell Grafts Ameliorate Motor Neuron Disease in SOD-1 Transgenic Rats (2006)

NSC grafts can survive well in a neurodegenerative environment and exert powerful clinical effects; at least a portion of these effects may be related to the ability of these grafts to express and release motor neuron growth factors delivered to host motor neurons via graft-host connections.
The lipid handbook (1994)

Fatty acid structure. Lipid structure. Occurrence and characteristics of oils and fats. Separation and isolation procedures. Processing of fats and oils. Analytical methods. Synthesis. Physical properties - structural and physical characteristics. Physical properties - optical and spectral characteristics. Chemical properties. Lipid metabolism. Medical and agricultural aspects of lipids. Dictionary section. Compound name index. Formula index.
A proposed architecture for lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT): Identification of the catalytic triad and molecular modeling (1998)

The enzyme cholesterol lecithin acyl transferase (LCAT) shares the Ser/Asp-Glu/His triad with lipases, esterases and proteases, but the low level of sequence homology between LCAT and these enzymes did not allow for the LCAT fold to be identified yet. We, therefore, relied upon structural homology calculations using threading methods based on alignment of the sequence against a library of solved three-dimensional protein structures, for prediction of the LCAT fold. We propose that LCAT, like lipases, belongs to the alpha/beta hydrolase fold family, and that the central domain of LCAT consists of seven conserved parallel beta-strands connected by four alpha-helices and separated by loops. We used the conserved features of this protein fold for the prediction of functional domains in LCAT, and carried out site-directed mutagenesis for the localization of the active site residues. The wild-type enzyme and mutants were expressed in Cos-1 cells. LCAT mass was measured by ELISA, and enzymatic activity was measured on recombinant HDL, on LDL and on a monomeric substrate. We identified D345 and H377 as the catalytic residues of LCAT, together with F103 and L182 as the oxyanion hole residues. In analogy with lipases, we further propose that a potential "lid" domain at residues 50-74 of LCAT might be involved in the enzyme-substrate interaction. Molecular modeling of human LCAT was carried out using human pancreatic and Candida antarctica lipases as templates. The three-dimensional model proposed here is compatible with the position of natural mutants for either LCAT deficiency or Fish-eye disease. It enables moreover prediction of the LCAT domains involved in the interaction with the phospholipid and cholesterol substrates.
Photodynamic therapy of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (2012)

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the main pancreatic duct is usually treated by surgical excision of the affected pancreas. Nonoperative ablative therapies have not been described. We treated IPMN of the pancreatic duct with photodynamic therapy (PDT) in a patient who was a poor operative candidate. Porfimer sodium was administered intravenously, and laser light was delivered by a diffusing catheter placed in the pancreatic duct during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Imaging and biopsy findings of IPMN resolved after PDT, and symptoms also resolved. Metastatic cancer was diagnosed 2 years after PDT had been initiated. Pancreatic PDT was well tolerated in this case, and may be a therapeutic option for selected patients with IPMN of the main pancreatic duct.
9.2 A scalable 0.1-to-1.7GHz spatio-spectral-filtering 4-element MIMO receiver array with spatial notch suppression enabling digital beamforming (2016)

Multiple-antenna receivers offer numerous advantages over single-antenna receivers, including sensitivity improvement, ability to reject interferers spatially and enhancement of data-rate or link reliability via MIMO. In the recent past, RF/analog phased-array receivers have been investigated [1-4]. On the other hand, digital beamforming offers far greater flexibility, including ability to form multiple simultaneous beams, ease of digital array calibration and support for MIMO. However, ADC dynamic range is challenged due to the absence of spatial interference rejection at RF/analog.