gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bioabsorbable and Biodegradable Stents in Urology (1997)

Since the early 1970s, bioabsorbable polymers have been used increasingly as suture and device materials. Bioabsorbable materials are high-molecular-weight polymers of polylactide (PLA; poly[lactic acid]) or polyglycolide (PGA; poly[glycolic acid]). The mechanical properties of self-reinforced (SR) devices (SR-PGA, SR-PLLA, and SR-PLA96 spiral stents) are acquired by special processing methods from polymer materials. As a result, the spiral stent has an expansion property of up to 70% of its original outer diameter, 50% of which may occur in 30 minutes. The stent may also have variable degradation properties in different parts of the device. The use of bioabsorbable devices in urology is novel. Today, SR-PGA spirals (Biofix) to be used for the prostatic urethra are commercially available but with restrictions. Their indications are the prevention of urinary retention after thermal therapy of prostatic hyperplasia, temporary treatment of urinary retention in patients waiting for surgery, and the early-phase resolution of bladder outlet obstruction in patients waiting for the effect of medical therapy. Stents can be also used to observe the effects of prostatic surgery on bladder function. The SR-PLLA and SR-PLA96 spiral stents are still under development for use in the anterior urethra, prostatic urethra, and ureters. Further experimental and controlled clinical studies are needed to find out the suitability of bioabsorbable devices in urology. Many efforts have been made to discover the best possible materials, models, coating materials, and additives of bioabsorbable stents in urology.
Defense-GAN: Protecting Classifiers Against Adversarial Attacks Using Generative Models (2018)

In recent years, deep neural network approaches have been widely adopted for machine learning tasks, including classification. However, they were shown to be vulnerable to adversarial perturbations: carefully crafted small perturbations can cause misclassification of legitimate images. We propose Defense-GAN, a new framework leveraging the expressive capability of generative models to defend deep neural networks against such attacks. Defense-GAN is trained to model the distribution of unperturbed images. At inference time, it finds a close output to a given image which does not contain the adversarial changes. This output is then fed to the classifier. Our proposed method can be used with any classification model and does not modify the classifier structure or training procedure. It can also be used as a defense against any attack as it does not assume knowledge of the process for generating the adversarial examples. We empirically show that Defense-GAN is consistently effective against different attack methods and improves on existing defense strategies. Our code has been made publicly available at https://github.com/kabkabm/defensegan
Depression and 18-Month Prognosis After Myocardial Infarction (1995)

Depression while in the hospital after an MI is a significant predictor of 18-month post-MI cardiac mortality. Depression also significantly improves a risk-stratification model based on traditional post-MI risks, including previous MI, Killip class, and PVCs. Furthermore, the risk associated with depression is greatest among patients with > or = 10 PVCs per hour. This result is compatible with the literature suggesting an arrhythmic mechanism as the link between psychological factors and sudden cardiac death and underscores the importance of developing screening and treatment programs for post-MI depression.
On the theory of sea-floor conductivity mapping using transient electromagnetic systems (1987)

Abstract The electrical conductivity of the sea floor is usually much less than that of the seawater above it. A theoretical study of the transient step-on responses of some common controlled-source, electromagnetic systems to adjoining conductive half-spaces shows that two systems, the horizontal, in-line, electric dipole-dipole and horizontal, coaxial, magnetic dipole-dipole, are capable of accurately measuring the relatively low conductivity of the sea floor in the presence of seawater. For these systems, the position in time of the initial transient is indicative of the conductivity of the sea floor, while at distinctly later times, a second characteristic of the transient is a measure of the seawater conductivity. The diagnostic separation in time between the two parts of the transient response does not occur for many other systems, including several systems commonly used for exploration on land. A change in the conductivity of the sea floor produces a minor perturbation in what is essentially a seawater response. Some transient responses which could be observed with a practical, deep-towed coaxial magnetic dipole-dipole system located near the sea floor are those for the half-space, the layer over a conductive or resistive basement, and the half-space with an intermediate resistive zone. The system response to two adjoining half-spaces, representing seawater and sea floor, respectively, is derived analytically. The solution is valid for all time, provided the conductivity ratio is greater than about ten, or less than about one-tenth. The analytic theory confirms the validity of numerical evaluations of closed-form solutions to these layered-earth models. A lateral conductor such as a vertical, infinite, conductive dike outcropping at the sea floor delays the arrival of the initial crustal transient response. The delay varies linearly with the conductance of the dike. This suggests that time delay could be inverted directly to give a measure of the anomalous integrated conductance of the sea floor both between and in the vicinity of the transmitter and the receiver dipoles.
Blind equalization for dual-polarization two-subcarrier coherent QPSK-OFDM signals (2014)

Dual-polarization two-subcarrier coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) transmission and reception is successfully demonstrated with blind equalization. A two-subcarrier quadrature phase shift keyed OFDM (QPSK-OFDM) signal can be equalized as a 9-ary quadrature amplitude modulation signal in the time domain with the cascaded multimodulus algorithm equalization method. The nonlinear effect resistance and transmission distance can be enhanced compared with the traditional CO-OFDM transmission system based on frequency equalization with training sequence.
(CdSe)ZnS Core−Shell Quantum Dots:  Synthesis and Characterization of a Size Series of Highly Luminescent Nanocrystallites (1997)

We report a synthesis of highly luminescent (CdSe)ZnS composite quantum dots with CdSe cores ranging in diameter from 23 to 55 Å. The narrow photoluminescence (fwhm ≤ 40 nm) from these composite dots spans most of the visible spectrum from blue through red with quantum yields of 30−50% at room temperature. We characterize these materials using a range of optical and structural techniques. Optical absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies probe the effect of ZnS passivation on the electronic structure of the dots. We use a combination of wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, small and wide angle X-ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy to analyze the composite dots and determine their chemical composition, average size, size distribution, shape, and internal structure. Using a simple effective mass theory, we model the energy shift for the first excited state for (CdSe)ZnS and (CdSe)CdS dots with varying shell thickness. Finally, we characterize the growth of ZnS on CdSe cores as locally epitaxial and determine how the structure of the ZnS shell influences the photoluminescence properties.
Detection of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus in Chickens Using a Non-Radioactive DNA Probe (1991)

A DNA hybridization assay using a non-radioactive probe has been developed for the detection of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) DNA. A 1.4-kilobase pair BamHI fragment of ILTV genomic DNA was cloned and then labeled by one of two methods; nick translation using 32P-dATP or non-radioactive labeling using a commercially available DNA labeling and detection kit. The non-radioactive DNA labeling method proved to be as sensitive as the radioactive method. Using the non-radioactive probe, ILTV DNA was readily detected in tracheal samples from acutely infected chickens and also from convalescent chickens at a time when viral antigen could no longer be detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or the virus could no longer be reisolated. This technique provides a safe and effective means of identifying field outbreaks of ILTV and also may detect latent ILTV infections relatively quickly and inexpensively.
Mutagenesis Studies of the Phosphorylation Sites of Recombinant Human Pyruvate Dehydrogenase. SITE-SPECIFIC REGULATION (1995)

Mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase (alpha 2 beta 2) (E1) is regulated by phosphorylation-dephosphorylation, catalyzed by the E1-kinase and the phospho-E1-phosphatase. Using site-directed mutagenesis of the three phosphorylation sites (sites 1, 2, and 3) on E1 alpha, several human E1 mutants were made with single, double, and triple mutations by changing Ser to Ala. Mutation at site 1 but not at sites 2 and/or 3 decreased E1 specific activity and also increased Km values for thiamin pyrophosphate and pyruvate. Sites 1, 2, and 3 in the E1 mutants were phosphorylated either individually or in the presence of the other sites by the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase-protein X-E1 kinase indicating a site-independent mechanism of phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of each site resulted in complete inactivation of the E1. However, the rates of phosphorylation and inactivation were site-specific. Sites 1, 2, and 3 were dephosphorylated either individually or in the presence of the other sites by the phospho-E1-phosphatase resulting in complete reactivation of the E1. The rates of dephosphorylation and reactivation were similar for sites 1, 2, and 3, indicating a random dephosphorylation mechanism.
γ1- and γ2-Syntrophins, Two Novel Dystrophin-binding Proteins Localized in Neuronal Cells (2000)

Dystrophin is the scaffold of a protein complex, disrupted in inherited muscular dystrophies. At the last 3' terminus of the gene, a protein domain is encoded, where syntrophins are tightly bound. These are a family of cytoplasmic peripheral membrane proteins. Three genes have been described encoding one acidic (alpha1) and two basic (beta1 and beta2) proteins of approximately 57-60 kDa. Here, we describe the characterization of two novel putative members of the syntrophin family, named gamma1- and gamma2-syntrophins. The human gamma1-syntrophin gene is composed of 19 exons and encodes a brain-specific protein of 517 amino acids. The human gamma2-syntrophin gene is composed of at least 17 exons, and its transcript is expressed in brain and, to a lesser degree, in other tissues. We mapped the gamma1-syntrophin gene to human chromosome 8q11 and the gamma2-syntrophin gene to chromosome 2p25. Yeast two-hybrid experiments and pull-down studies showed that both proteins can bind the C-terminal region of dystrophin and related proteins. We raised antibodies against these proteins and recognized expression in both rat and human central neurons, coincident with RNA in situ hybridization of adjacent sections. Our present findings suggest a differentiated role of a modified dystrophin-associated complex in the central nervous system.
Cyclic Polymers by Kinetically Controlled Step‐Growth Polymerization (2003)

Abstract The theory of step‐growth polymerizations including the cascade theory is discussed in the light of new results focussing on the role of cyclization reactions. The identification of cyclic oligomers and polymers in reaction products of step‐growth polymerizations has been eased considerably by means of MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. Experimental examples concern syntheses of polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyimides, poly(ether sulfone)s, poly(ether ketone)s and polyurethanes. It was found in all cases that the percentage and molecular weight of the cycles increases when the reaction conditions favor high molecular weights. In the absence of side reactions all reaction products will be cycles when conversion approaches 100%. Cyclization may even take place in the nematic phase but even‐numbered cycles are favored over odd‐numbered ones due to electronic interactions between mesogens aligned in parallel. In contrast to Flory's cascade theory, cyclization also plays a decisive role in polycondensations of ab n ‐type monomers, and at 100% conversion all hyperbranched polymers have a cyclic core. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that in a 2 +b 3 polycondensations intensive cyclization in the early stages of the process has the consequence that either no gelation occurs or the resulting networks consist of cyclic and bicyclic oligomers as building blocks. Finally, a comparison between cyclization of synthetic polymers and biopolymers is discussed. Schematic representation of a network structure mainly consisting of cyclic oligomers and multicyclic building blocks as derived from “a 2 ” + “b 3 ” polycondensation. magnified image Schematic representation of a network structure mainly consisting of cyclic oligomers and multicyclic building blocks as derived from “a 2 ” + “b 3 ” polycondensation.
Implied Volatility Functions: Empirical Tests (1998)

Derman and Kani (1994), Dupire (1994), and Rubinstein (1994) hypothesize that asset return volatility is a deterministic function of asset price and time, and develop a deterministic volatility function (DVF) option valuation model that has the potential of fitting the observed cross section of option prices exactly. Using S&amp;P 500 options from June 1988 through December 1993, we examine the predictive and hedging performance of the DVF option valuation model and find it is no better than an ad hoc procedure that merely smooths Black–Scholes (1973) implied volatilities across exercise prices and times to expiration.
Otitis Media in Developing Countries (1995)

International research organizations should support controlled intervention studies to document the impact of case management of otitis in developing countries. In addition, the efficacy of a conjugated pneumococcal vaccine to prevent otitis and its complications should be evaluated in a developing country site. Pending the results of studies, developing countries should develop primary care case management programs to diagnose and treat otitis and its associated complications.
스트릿댄스 용어에 대한 인식 현황과 정전화 현상 : 한국 스트릿댄스계의 제도화를 중심으로 (2019)

본 논문은 스트릿댄스 관련 용어에 대한 관계자들의 인식을 중심으로 오늘날 한국에서 급성장하고 있는 스트릿댄스계의 현황이 문화산업 및 교육시장에서 제도화되는 과정과 맞물리는 의미를 고찰한다.
본 연구는 스트릿댄스 관련 용어에 대한 좀 더 명확한 정의가 필요한 상황이 빈번히 발생한다는 연구자의 경험적 문제인식에서 출발하였으며, 스트릿댄스 용어의 실제적 사용과 인식에 초점을 맞추어 다양한 입장의 스트릿댄서들과 인터뷰를 진행하고 분석하였다. 자료 수집과 처리 과정에서 세부 장르에 대한 강조가 반복출현하는 패턴을 발견하고 핵심주제로 선택하였다. 세부 장르는 스트릿댄스계의 하위항목 분화, 분야 간 위계, 분류 보편성, 경계선 강도와 같은 예술분류체제의 차원들과 밀접하게 연관된다. 예술분류의 사회학적 의미를 조명하기 위해 본 연구는 폴 디마지오(Paul DiMaggio)의 「예술에서의 분류(Classification in Art)」(1987)를 참조하여 예술의 제도화 및 정전화가 예술을 분류하고 이름을 붙이는데 연루되는 작동방식을 살펴본다. 이러한 견지에서 인터뷰를 분석한 내용은 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다.
첫째, 스트릿댄스가 아마추어 대중춤에서 문화산업을 거쳐, 전문가 예술로 넘어가는 과정에서 분류체계의 다변화가 관찰된다. 다양한 분류체계의 이해관계에 따라 용어가 재생산되거나 유사어와 함께 사용되면서 용어가 혼재되는 양상을 보이게 되는데 오늘날 스트릿댄스가 체계화/합리화되는 과정은 이를 통제하고 정화하려는 경향을 보인다.
둘째, 스트릿댄스의 스타일화된 세부 장르들은 위계, 보편, 경계강도가 점차 높아지는 정전화 양상을 시사한다. 그러나 제도화와 정전화 현상 속에서도 스트릿댄스는 경직된 틀이나 고정된 정의에 끼워 맞춰지지 않는 복잡성을 드러낸다.
Hydroformylation Reactions Using Recyclable Rhodium-Complexed Dendrimers on Silica (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTHydroformylation Reactions Using Recyclable Rhodium-Complexed Dendrimers on SilicaS. Christine Bourque, Howard Alper, , and View Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5 DuPont Central Research & Development Experimental Station, Wilmington, Delaware 19880-0262 Steacie Institute of Molecular Sciences, NRC, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 5, 956–957Publication Date (Web):January 19, 2000Publication History Received3 September 1999Published online19 January 2000Published inissue 1 February 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja993196fhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja993196frapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views852Altmetric-Citations134LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Catalysts,Dendrons,Hydroformylation,Rhodium,Styrenes Get e-Alerts
Pharmacology, Physiology, and Mechanisms of Action of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors (2014)

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) is a widely expressed enzyme transducing actions through an anchored transmembrane molecule and a soluble circulating protein. Both membrane-associated and soluble DPP4 exert catalytic activity, cleaving proteins containing a position 2 alanine or proline. DPP4-mediated enzymatic cleavage alternatively inactivates peptides or generates new bioactive moieties that may exert competing or novel activities. The widespread use of selective DPP4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes has heightened interest in the molecular mechanisms through which DPP4 inhibitors exert their pleiotropic actions. Here we review the biology of DPP4 with a focus on: 1) identification of pharmacological vs physiological DPP4 substrates; and 2) elucidation of mechanisms of actions of DPP4 in studies employing genetic elimination or chemical reduction of DPP4 activity. We review data identifying the roles of key DPP4 substrates in transducing the glucoregulatory, anti-inflammatory, and cardiometabolic actions of DPP4 inhibitors in both preclinical and clinical studies. Finally, we highlight experimental pitfalls and technical challenges encountered in studies designed to understand the mechanisms of action and downstream targets activated by inhibition of DPP4.
Anti-inflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease: lessons from the CANTOS trial (2018)

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Differential control of the hyperpolarization‐activated current (i(f)) by cAMP gating and phosphatase inhibition in rabbit sino‐atrial node myocytes. (1997)

1. The actions of the phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A on the hyperpolarization-activated cardiac 'pacemaker' current (i(f)) were determined in single cells isolated from the sino-atrial (SA) node of the rabbit. 2. Cells were incubated for 8 min in Tyrode solution containing calyculin A (0.5 microM) and then superfused with normal Tyrode solution. The mean normalized i(f) measured in eight cells at mid-activation voltages during and after exposure to calyculin A increased maximally by 47% with a time constant of 466 s, a time much longer than that required for cAMP-mediated i(f) stimulation (about 8 s). 3. In two-pulse protocols, calyculin A treatment increased i(f) at full as well as at mid-activation voltages, indicating a higher i(f) conductance. 4. Measurement of the conductance-voltage (gf(V)) relation by voltage ramp protocols confirmed a conductance increase by calyculin A, with no significant change in the position of the activation curve on the voltage axis. Data pooled together from ramp and two-pulse protocols yielded a calyculin A-induced increase in fully activated i(f) conductance of 39.6 +/- 6.4% (n = 16 cells). 5. The positive and negative shift of i(f) voltage dependence in response to beta-adrenergic (1 microM isoprenaline) and muscarinic stimulation (1 microM acetylcholine), respectively, was preserved after the calyculin A-induced increase in conductance. The shift of the i(f) activation curve induced by 1 microM isoprenaline was significantly larger in calyculin A-treated cells (8.8 vs. 5.8 mV). 6. These data indicate that phosphatase inhibition increases i(f) in a manner distinct from the direct cAMP pathway and potentiates the beta-adrenergic-mediated i(f) modulation.
Cloning and Expression of a Single-Chain Fv Fragment Specific for the Human Interleukin 18 Receptor (1998)

We have recently reported the successful purification and characterization of the human interleukin 18 (IL-18) receptor (R) using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) of the IgM kappa class (117-10C) after immunizing mice with cells of the Hodgkin's disease-derived cell line L428. This antibody is specific for the human IL-18R and inhibits the bioactivity of IL-18. Here we report on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-assisted cloning and sequencing of cDNAs encoding the variable regions of the light and heavy chains of 117-10C. We expressed the antibody in the form of a single-chain Fv fragment (scFv) in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and purified it from culture supernatants by chromatography. The purified scFv has an affinity for IL-18R of 5.6 x 10(8) M(-1), whereas 117-10C binds to the receptor with an affinity constant of 3.6 x 10(9) M(-1). Since 117-10C is of the IgM class, it is expected to be in the pentamer form and should theoretically therefore bind IL-18R with 10 times the affinity of the single-chain fragment may explain the difference in the affinity constants for the two molecules. The inhibitory efficiency of 117-10C was found to be 6-fold that of scFv in an interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)-inducing assay on the IL-18-responsive cell line KG-1. In conclusion, we have produced a single-chain fragment of a murine anti-human IL-18R antibody that is as potent at binding IL-18 as the parent antibody, and may be useful in neutralizing the cytokine in human conditions associated with high production of IL-18.
Chemokine Receptors and Stromal Cells in the Homing and Homeostasis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia B Cells (2002)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease characterized by an accumulation, of mature, functionally incompetent B lymphocytes in the blood, secondary lymphoid tissues, and marrow. Lymphocyte trafficking and homing to specialized microenvironments is an active process that depends on the sequential engagement of adhesion molecules and activation through chemokine receptors. CLL B cells express functional CXCR3, CXCR4, and CXCR5 chemokine receptors that can direct leukemia cell chemotaxis in vitro. Marrow stromal cells, blood-derived "nurse-like cells", and extramedullary stromal cells of mesenchymal origin secrete high amounts of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and thereby can attract CLL B cells via CXCR4. In vitro, CLL cells are rescued from apoptosis by cell-cell contact with such cells. Moreover, we found that the capacity of these cells to protect leukemia cells from apoptosis in vitro is mediated, at least in part, by the SDF-1 chemokine. Taken together, these findings suggest that chemokines and their receptors on CLL B cells can govern the homing and survival of leukemia B cells in vivo and therefore may contribute to their noted resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Conceivably, CXCR4, and possibly other chemokine receptors, may represent a novel target for the development of effective treatment of this disease.