gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Placement and routing for 3D-FPGAs using reinforcement learning and support vector machines (2005)

The primary advantage of using 3D-FPGA over 2D-FPGA is that the vertical stacking of active layers reduce the Manhattan distance between the components in 3D-FPGA than when placed on 2D-FPGA. This results in a considerable reduction in total interconnect length. Reduced wire length eventually leads to reduction in delay and hence improved performance and speed. Design of an efficient placement and routing algorithm for 3D-FPGA that fully exploits the above mentioned advantage is a problem of deep research and commercial interest. In this paper, an efficient placement and routing algorithm is proposed for 3D-FPGAs which yields better results in terms of total interconnect length and channel-width. The proposed algorithm employs two important techniques, namely, reinforcement learning (RL) and support vector machines (SVMs), to perform the placement. The proposed algorithm is implemented and tested on standard benchmark circuits and the results obtained are encouraging. This is one of the very few instances where reinforcement learning is used for solving a problem in the area of VLSI.
Genome sequence of the ubiquitous hydrocarbon-degrading marine bacterium Alcanivorax borkumensis (2006)

Alcanivorax borkumensis is a cosmopolitan marine bacterium that uses oil hydrocarbons as its exclusive source of carbon and energy. Although barely detectable in unpolluted environments, A. borkumensis becomes the dominant microbe in oil-polluted waters. A. borkumensis SK2 has a streamlined genome with a paucity of mobile genetic elements and energy generation-related genes, but with a plethora of genes accounting for its wide hydrocarbon substrate range and efficient oil-degradation capabilities. The genome further specifies systems for scavenging of nutrients, particularly organic and inorganic nitrogen and oligo-elements, biofilm formation at the oil-water interface, biosurfactant production and niche-specific stress responses. The unique combination of these features provides A. borkumensis SK2 with a competitive edge in oil-polluted environments. This genome sequence provides the basis for the future design of strategies to mitigate the ecological damage caused by oil spills.
Structural characterization of mono- and di-mesogenic organosiloxanes: The impact of siloxane content on biphenyl benzoate systems (1997)

A structural characterization of two series of ferroelectric low molar mass organosiloxanes is described. X-ray and dilatometry studies have been used to determine the impact of variations in mono- or di-mesogen architecture, halogen substitution and siloxane content on the mesophase structure and thermal behaviour. All of the compounds exhibit smectic C* mesophases with high tilt angles. Bromo substituted compounds are consistently found to exhibit higher tilt angles than their fluoro analogues, and a strong odd-even effect in melting temperature is observed for the dimesogenic bromo series.
The Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase TT677 Genotype Is Associated with Venous Thrombosis Independently of the Coexistence of the FV Leiden and the Prothrombin (1998)

A polymorphism, C-->T677, in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene has been identified as a cause of mild hyperhomocysteinemia, a risk factor for venous thrombosis. We have investigated the frequency of the TT genotype in 277 consecutive patients with confirmed deep venous thrombosis and 431 healthy subjects. The TT MTHFR genotype was more frequent in patients than in controls (25.6% vs. 18.1%; p = 0.016). The risk of thrombosis among carriers of this genotype was significantly increased [odds ratio: 1.6 (95% CI: 1.1-2.3)]. The estimated risk associated with the TT genotype was 2.0 (95% CI: 1.3-3.1) in subjects with (n = 122), and 1.3 (95% CI: 0.8-2.0) in those without (n = 155) predisposing (hereditary, acquired or circumstantial) risk factors for venous thrombosis. Factor V Leiden and prothrombin G-->A20210 are known risk factors for venous thrombosis. After stratification for FV Leiden and prothrombin A20210 mutations, a significant association was also observed. After adjustment for sex, FV Leiden and prothrombin A20210 mutation, the estimated risk of venous thrombosis among carriers of the TT MTHFR genotype was 1.7 (95% CI: 1.2-2.6). The TT MTHFR genotype is independently associated with venous thrombosis, mainly among individuals with a high risk profile.
Wideband extension of telephone speech using a hidden Markov model (2002)

In this paper we propose an algorithm to recover wideband speech from lowpass-bandlimited speech. The narrowband input signal is classified into a limited number of speech sounds for which the information about the wideband spectral envelope is taken from a pre-trained codebook. For the codebook search algorithm a statistical approach based on a hidden Markov model is used, which takes different features of the bandlimited speech into account, and minimizes a mean squared error criterion. The new algorithm needs only one single wideband codebook and inherently guarantees the transparency of the system in the base-band. The enhanced speech exhibits a significantly larger bandwidth than the input speech without introducing objectionable artifacts.
Steroid Hormone Profiles of Urban and Tidal Rivers Using LC/MS/MS Equipped with Electrospray Ionization and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Sources (2006)

A highly sensitive and uncomplicated method of analyzing steroidal hormones in river and estuarine water samples was developed using a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) source. Steroidal hormones included not only estrogen but also androgen and conjugates of these two. APPI displayed greater sensitivity than ESI for most of the unconjugated steroids examined, with very high sensitivity for testosterone and 4-androstene-3,17-dione in particular. For conjugated hormones, in contrast, ESI was more effective. The method developed was applied to the determination of hormones in the rivers of Osaka City and their estuaries, where the hormones detected were affected by the effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and hormone concentration values were comparable to those reported in previous studies of such effluent. Because of the two-way flow and stagnancy of streams and watercourses, continuous input of steroidal hormones from WWTPs seems to bring about local accumulation. Levels of androgen were 1 order of magnitude lower than those of estrogen. Estrone, estrone 3-sulfate, and 4-androstene-3,17-dione were detected in almost all water samples, with maxima of 51, 5.1, and 6.4 ng L(-1), respectively.
Photoreceptor‐mediated kin recognition in plants (2014)

Although cooperative interactions among kin have been established in a variety of biological systems, their occurrence in plants remains controversial. Plants of Arabidopsis thaliana were grown in rows of either a single or multiple accessions. Plants recognized kin neighbours and horizontally reoriented leaf growth, a response not observed when plants were grown with nonkin. Plant kin recognition involved the perception of the vertical red/far-red light and blue light profiles. Disruption of the light profiles, mutations at the PHYTOCHROME B, CRYPTOCHROME 1 or 2, or PHOTOTROPIN 1 or 2 photoreceptor genes or mutations at the TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS1 gene required for auxin (growth hormone) synthesis impaired the response. The leaf-position response increases plant self-shading, decreases mutual shading between neighbours and increases fitness. Light signals from neighbours are known to shape a more competitive plant body. Here we show that photosensory receptors mediate cooperative rather than competitive interactions among kin neighbours by reducing the competition for local pools of resources.
BABELOMICS: a systems biology perspective in the functional annotation of genome-scale experiments (2006)

We present a new version of Babelomics, a complete suite of web tools for functional analysis of genome-scale experiments, with new and improved tools. New functionally relevant terms have been included such as CisRed motifs or bioentities obtained by text-mining procedures. An improved indexing has considerably speeded up several of the modules. An improved version of the FatiScan method for studying the coordinate behaviour of groups of functionally related genes is presented, along with a similar tool, the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Babelomics is now more oriented to test systems biology inspired hypotheses. Babelomics can be found at http://www.babelomics.org.
Microencapsulation : methods and industrial applications (1996)

Methods of Encapsulation and Advances in Production Technology A Survey of Microencapsulation Processes, Curt Thies Microencapsulation of Oil-in-Water Emulsions by Proteins, Shlomo Magdassi and Yelena Vinetsky Biodegradable Microspheres: Advances in Production Technology, Jean-Pierre Benoit, Herve Marchais, Herve Rollard, and Vincent Vande Velde Advances in the Technology of Controlled-Release Pesticide Formulations, Arie Markus The Use and Design in the Development of Nanoparticulate Dosage Forms, Baruch Magenheim, Pascal Wehrle, and Simon Benita Evaluation and Characterization of Micro-and Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems Microsphere Morphology, Jean-Pierre Benoit and Curt Thies Drug Release from Microparticulate Systems, Clive Washington Nanoparticles: Preparation and Characterization, Patrick Couvreur, Guy Couarraze, Jean-Philippe Devissaguet, and Francis Puisieux Biodegradable Colloidal Drug Carrier Systems Based on Solid Lipids, Kirsten Westesen and Britta Siekmann Pharmaceutical Aspects of Liposomes: Perspectives in, and Integration of, Academic and Industrial R & D, Rimona Margalit and Noga Yerushalmi Stealth Liposomes, Danilo D. Lasic Nonionic Surfactant Vesicles (NSVs) Containing Estradoil for Topical Application, Don A. van Hal, Joke A. Bouwstra, and Hans E. Junginger Applications of Particulate Delivery Systems Microcapsules: Preparation by Interfacial Polymerization and Interfacial Complexation and Their Applications, Tony L. Whateley Lipospheres for Controlled Delivery of Substances, Abraham J. Domb, Lev Bergelson, and Shimon Amselem Pharmaceutical Emulsions, Double Emulsions, and Microemulsions, Nissim Garti and Abraham Aserin The Use of Drug-Loaded Nanoparticles in Cancer Chemotherapy, Jean-Christophe Leroux, Eric Doelker, and Robert Gurny Cosmetic Applications of Liposomes, Gerard Redziniak and Pierre Perrier Cosmetic Applications of Vesicular Delivery Systems, Monique Seiller, Marie-Claude Martini, and Simon Benita
The reactivity of the disulphide bonds of wool (1974)

1. Fully reduced and S-carboxymethylated wool samples were prepared in which either the readily reducible cystine bonds or those that could only be reduced with difficulty were specifically labelled with iodo[2-(14)C]acetate; these two cystine fractions correspond to the (A+B) and (C+D) cystine fractions respectively, of Middlebrook & Phillips (1942). 2. Radioactively labelled peptides were isolated from partial acid hydrolysates of these wool samples. 3. It appears that the (A+B) cystine residues probably owe their increased reactivity to being in a more polar environment. 4. The implication of these results for the problem of characterizing the disulphide bonds of wool is briefly discussed.
Apatite‐Forming Ability of Sodium‐Containing Titania Gels in a Simulated Body Fluid (2001)

An essential condition for an artificial material to bond to living bone is the formation of bonelike apatite on its surface in the living body. The bonelike apatite can be reproduced on the bone‐bonding material even in an acellular simulated body fluid (SBF) with ion concentrations almost equal to those of human blood plasma. In the present study, the dependence of the apatite‐forming abilities of sodium‐containing titania gels in a SBF on composition and structure is examined. The sodium‐containing titania gels are model substances produced on the surface layer of bioactive titanium metal prepared by sodium hydroxide solution and heat treatments. When sodium‐containing titania gels are immersed in the SBF, Na + ions incorporated in the gels are exchanged with the H 3 O + ions in the SBF. This ion exchange causes an accompanying increase in the pH of the SBF and increases its ionic activity product, thus providing favorable conditions for apatite nucleation on the surfaces of the gels. Nevertheless, sodium‐containing titania gels that do not contain anatase do not form apatite on their surfaces. Independent of the composition, the gels form apatite on their surfaces in the SBF, specifically when they contain anatase. These results imply that the Ti‐OH groups on titania, which have been proposed to be responsible for the apatite formation, are effective for apatite nucleation when they are arranged in a specific structural unit based on the anatase structure.
Design and implementation of a control algorithm for an autonomous lawnmower (2005)

This paper presents the design and implementation of a GPS-aided autonomous lawn mower. The lawn mower is an integrated system of sensors, motors, processors, and control software. A key position sensor is a unique custom designed and implemented differential GPS (DGPS) system that utilizes low-cost off-the-shelf stand alone GPS receivers. The DGPS system provides the platform position and orientation information with an update rate of 10 Hz. A set of Hall sensor-based odometer provide additional position and vehicle orientation inputs to the system in between the GPS data updates. The lawn mower chassis was custom designed and implemented by a team of undergraduate students at Miami University. The control software was written in Java and executed on a Systronix Saje microcontroller. Multilayered ND controls were implemented in the control software to keep the lawn mower moving in a pre-planned path with optimum path overlaps. In addition to these components that are necessary for the autonomous operations of the lawn mower, an extended remote monitoring/control program has also been implemented. The remote station communicates with the lawn mower through an 802.11b wireless router. Lawn mower status and process logs were continuously monitored at the base station. Detailed design and implementations of the overall integrated systems were discussed in the paper
A carboxy-terminal deletion mutant of Notch1accelerates lymphoid oncogenesis in E2A-PBX1transgenic mice (2000)

PBX1 is a proto-oncogene that plays important roles in pattern formation during development. It was discovered as a fusion with the E2A gene after chromosomal translocations in a subset of acute leukemias. The resulting E2a-Pbx1 chimeric proteins display potent oncogenic properties that appear to require dimerization with Hox DNA binding partners. To define molecular pathways that may be impacted by E2a-Pbx1, a genetic screen consisting of neonatal retroviral infection was used to identify genes that accelerate development of T-cell tumors in E2A-PBX1 transgenic mice. Retroviral insertions in the Notch1 gene were observed in 88% of tumors arising with a shortened latency. Among these, approximately half created a Notch(IC) allele, encoding the intracellular, signaling portion of Notch1, suggesting a synergistic interaction between the Notch and E2a-Pbx1 pathways in oncogenesis. The remaining proviral insertions involving Notch1 occurred in a more 3' exon, resulting in truncating mutations that deleted the carboxy-terminal region of Notch1 containing negative regulatory sequences (Notch1(DeltaC)). In contrast to Notch(IC), forced expression of Notch1(DeltaC) in transgenic mice did not perturb thymocyte growth or differentiation. However, mice transgenic for both the E2A-PBX1 and Notch1(DeltaC) genes displayed a substantially shortened latency for tumor development compared with E2A-PBX1 single transgenic mice. These studies reveal a novel mechanism for oncogenic activation of Notch1 and demonstrate a collaborative relationship between 2 cellular oncogenes that also contribute to cell fate determination during embryonic development. (Blood. 2000;96:1906-1913)
Ultrastructure processing of advanced ceramics (1988)

Experimental investigations and applications of advanced ceramics are discussed in reviews and reports presented at the Third International Conference on Ultrastructure Processing of Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites held in San Diego in February 1987. Sections are devoted to precursors and chemistry for ultrastructure processing; sol-gel science and technology; powders and colloids; advanced ceramics; and composites, new materials, and techniques. Particular attention is given to silicon oxynitride and sialon ceramics from organosilicon powders, fluoropolymer-modified silicate glasses, Raman and FTIR spectroscopy of rapid sol-gel processes, a low-temperature route to high-purity Ti/Zr/Hf diboride powders and films, and sol-gel methods for SiO2 optical-fiber coatings. Diagrams, drawings, graphs, micrographs, and tables of numerical data are included.
Creation of a Prolog Fact Base from the Collins English Dictionary (1988)

Machine readable dictionaries may be invaluable components of future in-formation retrieval systems. The Virginia Tech department of Computer Science is fortunate to have available for research purposes machine readable versions of the Collins English Dictionary (CED) [HANK 79] and of the Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English (OALDCE) [HORN 74] among others. McIllroy [MCIL 84] and Mitton [MIlT 85] have put forth separate efforts in cleaning up the OALDCE. The CED is only available in its original typesetting form, and it required a great deal of effort and patience to transform this into a relational lexicon. A number of recent efforts have been made to generate relational lexicons from dictionaries (e.g., [AHLS 81], [AHLS 83], [AHLS 85], [WHIT 83], [EVEN 78] ). The lexicon that will be discussed in this paper consists of a large set of relations in the form of PROLOG facts. This knowledge base will become a very important entity in the analysis and retrieval sub-systems of the CODER project [FOXE 86].
Opioids in Neuropathic Pain (2005)

Opiates lack potent analgesic efficacy in neuropathic pain although it is now generally accepted that the poor effect of these drugs reflects a reduction in their potency. Reduction of morphine antinociceptive potency was postulated to be due to the fact that nerve injury altered the activity of opioid systems or opioid specific signaling. Endogenous opioid systems were found to be represented in the regions involved in the nociception and are implicated in chronic pain. Opioid peptides biosynthesis and opioid receptors density in the nociceptive pathways and their functions change under various conditions associated with neuropathic pain following damage to the spinal cord and injury of peripheral nerves. Identification of a role of opioid systems in neuropathic pain and molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these processes are of importance to understanding of the opioid action in neuropathic pain that will hopefully facilitate development of therapeutic strategies in which effectiveness of opioids in alleviation neuropathic pain is increased.
High-throughput immunoglobulin repertoire analysis distinguishes between human IgM memory and switched memory B-cell populations (2010)

B-cell receptor (BCR) diversity is achieved centrally by rearrangement of Variable, Diversity, and Joining genes, and peripherally by somatic hypermutation and class-switching of the rearranged genes. Peripheral B-cell populations are subject to both negative and positive selection events in the course of their development that have the potential to shape the BCR repertoire. The origin of IgM(+)IgD(+)CD27(+) (IgM memory) cells is controversial. It has been suggested that they may be a prediversified, antigen-independent, population of cells or that they are a population of cells that develop in response to T-independent antigens. Most recently, it was suggested that the majority of IgM memory cells are directly related to switched memory cells and are early emigrants from the germinal center reaction. Advances in sequencing technology have enabled us to undertake large scale IGH repertoire analysis of transitional, naive, IgM memory and switched memory B-cell populations. We find that the memory B-cell repertoires differ from the transitional and naive repertoires, and that the IgM memory repertoire is distinct from that of class-switched memory. Thus we conclude that a large proportion of IgM memory cells develop in response to different stimuli than for class-switched memory cell development.
The Evidence Supporting the Use of Honey as a Wound Dressing (2006)

Some clinicians are under the impression that there is little or no evidence to support the use of honey as a wound dressing. To allow sound decisions to be made, this seminar article has covered the various reports that have been published on the clinical usage of honey. Positive findings on honey in wound care have been reported from 17 randomized controlled trials involving a total of 1965 participants, and 5 clinical trials of other forms involving 97 participants treated with honey. The effectiveness of honey in assisting wound healing has also been demonstrated in 16 trials on a total of 533 wounds on experimental animals. There is also a large amount of evidence in the form of case studies that have been reported. It has been shown to give good results on a very wide range of types of wound. It is therefore mystifying that there appears to be a lack of universal acceptance of honey as a wound dressing. It is recommended that clinicians should look for the clinical evidence that exists to support the use of other wound care products to compare with the evidence that exists for honey.
Band-gap shift in CdS semiconductor by photoacoustic spectroscopy: Evidence of a cubic to hexagonal lattice transition (1994)

The band-gap energies of the CdS semiconductor are obtained by a photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) technique over a range of temperature of thermal annealing (TTA), in which the evolution of the sample structure is characterized by x-ray diffraction patterns. The PAS experiment gives a set of data for the band-gap shift in the region of the fundamental absorption edge. With increasing TTA the band-gap shift increases up to a critical TTA when its slope decreases in a roughly symmetrical way. It is suggested that at this temperature a cubic to hexagonal-lattice transition occurs.
Potentiation of Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation–Induced Neuronal Death After Induction of iNOS (1996)

These results support the idea that nitric oxide production mediated by induced astrocytic iNOS can potentiate NMDA receptor-mediated neuronal death consequent to hypoxic-ischemic insults.
Axially Dissymmetric Bis(aminophosphine)s Derived from 2,2′-Diamino-1,1′-binaphthyl. Synthesis and Application to Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenations (1984)

Abstract Axially dissymmetric bisphosphine ligands, (R)- and (S)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphinoamino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (BDPAB) and (R)-2,2′-bis[N-(diphenylphosphino)methylamino]-1,1′-binaphthyl (Me-BDPAB) were conveniently prepared from 2,2′-diamino-1,1′-binaphthyl. The rhodium(I)-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of α-acylamidoacrylic acids and esters gave the corresponding amino acids of up to 95% optical purity. The sign of the centro-chirality of the product amino acids was always the same to that of the axial chirality of the ligand in both cases of BDPAB and Me-BDPAB.
Aspergillus Galactomannan Antigen in the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid for the Diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis in Lung Transplant Recipients (2007)

A Platelia EIA index cut-off > or =1.0 in the BAL fluid in a lung transplant recipient with a compatible clinical illness may be considered as suggestive of IA.