gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Strain relaxation in AlGaN multilayer structures by inclined dislocations (2009)

To examine further the strain relaxation produced by inclined threading dislocations in AlGaN, a heterostructure with three AlGaN layers having successively increasing Ga contents and compressive strains was grown on an AlN template layer by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy. The strain state of the layers was determined by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and the dislocation microstructure was characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As the GaN mole fraction of the heterostructure increased from 0.15 to 0.48, the increased epitaxial strain produced inclined dislocations with successively greater bend angles. Using the observed bend angles, which ranged from 6.7° to 17.8°, the measured strain relaxation within each layer was modeled and found to be accounted for by threading-dislocation densities of 6–7×109/cm2, in reasonable agreement with densities determined by TEM and XRD. In addition to the influence of lattice-mismatch strain on the average bend angle, we found evidence that local strain inhomogeneities due to neighboring dislocations influence the specific bend angles of individual dislocations. This interaction with local strain fields may contribute to the large spread in the bend angles observed within each layer. A detailed TEM examination found that the initial bending of threading dislocations away from vertical often occurs at positions within &amp;lt;15 nm of the AlGaN/AlN heterointerface. Under the assumption that dislocation climb mediated by bulk-defect diffusion is effectively suppressed at the growth temperature, this result implies that inclination is established by processes occurring at the dynamic growth surface. We describe a mechanism where dislocation bending occurs by means of dislocation-line jogs created when surface steps overgrow vacancies that attach to threading-dislocation cores at their intersection with the growth surface.
Adult stem cells in the treatment of autoimmune diseases (2006)

During the past 10 yrs, over 700 patients suffering from severe autoimmune disease (AD) have received an autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplant as treatment of their disorder with durable remission being obtained in around one-third. The most commonly transplanted ADs have been systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. A fewer number of patients have received an allogeneic transplant. The initially reported overall treatment-related mortality of 7% has since fallen, with no further cases being reported in systemic sclerosis or multiple sclerosis in the past 3 yrs. This is thought to be due to more careful patient selection. The phase I/II data has led to currently running prospective randomised trials in systemic sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus in Europe and North America. Immune reconstitution data suggests a 'resetting' of autoimmunity in those patients achieving stable remission, rather than simply prolonged immunosuppression. Recent results from in vitro experiments, animal models and early human experience in severe acute graft vs host disease suggest that multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells obtained from the bone marrow and expanded ex vivo, may exert a clinically useful immunomodulatory effect. Such cells are immune privileged and apparently of low toxicity. Further characterization of these cells and consideration of their possible clinical application in AD is underway.
Paracrine Mechanisms in Adult Stem Cell Signaling and Therapy (2008)

Animal and preliminary human studies of adult cell therapy following acute myocardial infarction have shown an overall improvement of cardiac function. Myocardial and vascular regeneration have been initially proposed as mechanisms of stem cell action. However, in many cases, the frequency of stem cell engraftment and the number of newly generated cardiomyocytes and vascular cells, either by transdifferentiation or cell fusion, appear too low to explain the significant cardiac improvement described. Accordingly, we and others have advanced an alternative hypothesis: the transplanted stem cells release soluble factors that, acting in a paracrine fashion, contribute to cardiac repair and regeneration. Indeed, cytokines and growth factors can induce cytoprotection and neovascularization. It has also been postulated that paracrine factors may mediate endogenous regeneration via activation of resident cardiac stem cells. Furthermore, cardiac remodeling, contractility, and metabolism may also be influenced in a paracrine fashion. This article reviews the potential paracrine mechanisms involved in adult stem cell signaling and therapy.
Genetic Determinants of Rous Sarcoma Virus Particle Size (1998)

The Gag proteins of retroviruses are the only viral products required for the release of membrane-enclosed particles by budding from the host cell. Particles released when these proteins are expressed alone are identical to authentic virions in their rates of budding, proteolytic processing, and core morphology, as well as density and size. We have previously mapped three very small, modular regions of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) Gag protein that are necessary for budding. These assembly domains constitute only 20% of RSV Gag, and alterations within them block or severely impair particle formation. Regions outside of these domains can be deleted without any effect on the density of the particles that are released. However, since density and size are independent parameters for retroviral particles, we employed rate-zonal gradients and electron microscopy in an exhaustive study of mutants lacking the various dispensable segments of Gag to determine which regions would be required to constrain or define the particle dimensions. The only sequence found to be absolutely critical for determining particle size was that of the initial capsid cleavage product, CA-SP, which contains all of the CA sequence plus the spacer peptides located between CA and NC. Some regions of CA-SP appear to be more important than others. In particular, the major homology region does not contribute to defining particle size. Further evidence for interactions among CA-SP domains was obtained from genetic complementation experiments using mutant deltaNC, which lacks the RNA interaction domains in the NC sequence but retains a complete CA-SP sequence. This mutant produces low-density particles heterogeneous in size. It was rescued into particles of normal size and density, but only when the complementing Gag molecules contained the complete CA-SP sequence. We conclude that CA-SP functions during budding in a manner that is independent of the other assembly domains.
Inversion-independent phase variation of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli (1993)

The roles of fimB and fimE in the phase-variable expression of type 1 fimbriae in Escherichia coli were examined. A method was developed to study the effects of fimB and fimE on both recombination of the fim invertible element and fimbrial expression. The method used an allelic exchange procedure consisting of two steps. The first step, construction of intermediate strains, deleted fimB and fimE. This step locked the invertible element in either the on or the off orientation. The second step of the exchange procedure introduced either wild-type or mutant alleles of fimB and/or fimE into the chromosome of the intermediate strains. Analysis of the resulting strains supported the current, plasmid-based model of recombination. Unexpectedly, strains in which the invertible element was locked in the on orientation (either by mutation of both fimB and fimE or, in a control strain, by mutation of the left inverted repeat sequence of the invertible element) continued to exhibit phase-variable expression of type 1 fimbriae. A strain in which fimA was transcribed from the tac promoter continued to exhibit phase-variable fimbrial expression, suggesting that inversion-independent phase variation cannot be explained by variable transcription initiation of fimA.
Porous materials show superhydrophobic to superhydrophilic switching (2005)

Switching between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity in porous materials was predicted theoretically and demonstrated experimentally with the example of thermally induced contact angle change; tunability of this system was also demonstrated.
Stabilization of O–Mn–O clusters (Mn5) in three dimensionally extended MOF structures: synthesis, structure and properties (2012)

Four new three-dimensional Mn2+ ion-containing compounds have been prepared by employing a hydrothermal reaction between Mn(CH3COO)2·4H2O, sulfodibenzoic acid (H2SDBA), imidazole, alkali hydroxide and water at 220 °C for 1 day. The compounds have Mn5 (1–4) clusters connected by SDBA, forming the three-dimensional structure. A time and temperature dependent study on the synthesis mixture revealed the formation of a one-dimensional compound, Mn(SDBA)(H2O)2, at lower temperatures (T ≤ 180 °C). The stabilization of the fcu related topology in the compounds is noteworthy. Magnetic studies indicate strong anti-ferromagnetic interactions between the Mn2+ ions within the clusters in the temperature range 75–300 K. The rare participation of a sulfonyl group in the bonding is important and can pave way for the design of new structures.
Chemically modified electrodes (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemically modified electrodesRoyce W. MurrayCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1980, 13, 5, 135–141Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar50149a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50149a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2896Altmetric-Citations587LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Intrinsic Dacron graft failure 19 years post-implantation (1997)

Intrinsic failure of a knitted Dacron aortic bifurcation graft 19 years after implantation is reported. Failure was due to inability of the dilated and deteriorated left graft limb to hold anastomotic sutures. Numerous transverse cracks and breaks were detected in the Dacron filaments, in addition to small holes throughout the fabric structure, and a severe reduction in the yarn's tensile strength. Criteria are defined for establishing a correct diagnosis, and causative factors, incidence, and clinical management are discussed.
Engraftment Syndrome following Hematopoietic stem cell transplant: A retrospective review of 70cases. (2015)

e18010 Background: Engraftment syndrome (ES) is increasingly observed in patients who receive auto--‐SCT. To investigate clinical criteria for ES diagnosis and analyze the risk factors for this complication, we reviewed 70 consecutive peripheral blood Autologous‐SCT (Lymphoma and Myeloma) performed during the past 6 years at a single tertiary care centre in Mumbai. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 70 cases of HDCT and ASCT from Single center in Mumbai was performed as per Maiolino and Spitzer criteria for ES. Results: A total of 15 patients presented with clinical symptoms and signs suggestive of ES with an incidence of 21.4%. Out of 15 patients, 8 were males and the median age was 30 years (range 18- 54). 7 patients were in early phase(complete response), 6 were in intermediate phase(partial response) and 2 were in the advanced phase prior to transplant. PBSCs were obtained after mobilization with GCSF (n = 5, 33%) or chemotherapy and GCSF (n = 3, 20%) or with Plerixafor and GCSF (n = 7, 47%) patients. 13 (86%) and 4 (26 %) could be diagnosed with ES using the Maiolino criteria(MC) and the Spitzer criteria (SC), respectively. The SC were less sensitive. The median duration of antibiotic in patients with ES was 10days (5‐19) and median duration of hospital stay was 19 days (11‐29). All patients improved after treatment with corticosteroids. We did not have any mortality or long term morbidity. Conclusions: Our study shows that engraftment syndrome is common in Autologous transplant setting. Maiolino criteria to diagnose ES is more sensitive in our setting. If detected and treated early there is not much morbidity or mortality related to ES.
Quantification and assessment of carotid artery lesions: Degree of stenosis and plaque volume (1995)

Abstract Various methods were developed for the quantification of the degree of stenosis: B‐mode imaging, CW Doppler with spectral analysis, PW‐duplex, and colorflow imaging. The degree of stenosis can be evaluated using transverse views of the carotid in conventional B‐mode imaging. The diameters of the residual lumen (Ds) and the external diameter (De) of the artery at the same level are measured and the degree of stenosis (in area) is calculated. Two different Doppler methods have been designed and validated for the quantification of the stenosis degree. The first one is based on the determination of the maximal velocity inside the stenosis and requires the use of a duplex device. The second one, based on the quantification of the hemodynamic disturbances at the outlet of the stenosis, can be used either with a duplex system or with a continuous‐wave Doppler system (pencil probe). The color display mode facilitates the determination of the residual lumen and therefore contributes to making the B‐mode method more accurate. Moreover, it provides a visualization of the blood flow which avoids most of the misinterpretations of B‐mode or Doppler data. Several classification systems based on subjective or semi‐quantitative criteria (morphological or hemodynamic) were used to identify different grades of stenosis (&lt;40%, 40% to 60%, 60% to 90%, etc.) These classifications provide an evaluation of the degree of stenosis accurate enough to discuss the possibility of performing an endarterectomy on a symptomatic patient. When the surgical treatment seems to be inappropriate, the patient is treated medically; the follow‐up of the lesion (ie, every 6 months) requires a more precise evaluation of the plaque changes than does stenosis classification. Several parameters have been designed and validated for the quantification of the degree of stenosis by ultrasound. These parameters, whether measured with the B‐mode and color image or with the Doppler spectrum, allow quantification of the stenosis degree in percentage of lumen reduction with a precision of approximately ± 10%. Such a quantitative assessment of carotid lesions for a long period of time may be very helpful in evaluating the beneficial effects of medical treatment or in detecting any significant increase of the stenosis that could lead to surgical treatment. A new method for the plaque volume assessment has been recently validated. The plaque volume index expressed in mm 3 is calculated from logitudinal and transversal B mode views of the bifurcation. © 1995 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Biochemical mechanisms of tumor invasion and metastases. (1988)

Cancer invasion and metastases is a complex multistep process. In order for a tumor cell to successfully traverse all the steps of this process and initiate a metastatic colony, it must express the right combination of gene products. Such gene products may include proteins which regulate cell interaction with the basement membrane and cell motility. Tumor cells attach to the basement membrane glycoprotein laminin via the cell surface laminin receptor. The human laminin receptor was purified and molecularly cloned. The level of laminin receptor mRNA is a variety of human carcinoma cells correlated with the number of laminin receptors on the cell surface of these cells. Following attachment to the basement membrane, the tumor cell next secretes proteases which may degrade type IV collagen. A genetic linkage between type IV collagenase secretion and metastases was studied using our new genetic system for inducing metastases employing the ras oncogene. Following attachment and local proteolysis, the third step of invasion is tumor cell motility. We have isolated a tumor cell autocrine motility factor (AMF). This factor is secreted by the tumor cells and binds to a cell surface receptor resulting in a profound (greater than 100x) stimulation of cell locomotion. AMF may play a major role in the autonomous invasive behavior of tumor cells.
Properties of hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferators in the lymphocyte [3H]thymidine and Salmonella mutagenesis assays. (1980)

Abstract Several hypolipidemic peroxisome proliferators have demonstrated carcinogenic activity in rodent species. Six of these hypolipidemic drugs have now been examined for their ability to induce damage in cellular DNA. Damage to DNA was evaluated by alteration in rates of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into replicating DNA of in vitro cultures of proliferating lymphocytes and by mutagenic activity in the Salmonella /microsome assay. Both in the absence and presence of liver S-9 microsomal preparation, the hypolipidemic drugs ethyl-α- p -chlorophenoxyisobutyrate (clofibrate), 2-methyl-2-[ p -(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthyl)phenoxy]propionic acid (nafenopin), 1-methyl-4-piperidylbis( p -chlorophenoxy)acetate (SaH-42-348), 2-chloro-5-(3,5-dimethylpiperidinosulfonyl)benzoic acid (tibric acid), [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio]acetic acid (Wy-14,643), and [4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio( N -β-hydroxyethyl)acetamide] (BR-931) suppressed the rate of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into replicating DNA in primary cultures of concanavalin A-stimulated C57BL/6J splenic lymphocytes. However, inhibition by hypolipidemic drugs of [ 3 H]-thymidine incorporation into replicating DNA was reversed by incubation of drug-treated lymphocytes for 3 hr in fresh culture medium without hypolipidemic drug. This was in contrast to lymphocytes treated with the known DNA-damaging carcinogens methylnitrosourea or benzo( a )pyrene, in which the rate of [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into replicating DNA was increasingly suppressed during 3-hr incubation of treated lymphocytes without carcinogen. Furthermore, no mutagenic activity was detected in the Salmonella /microsome assay using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538 for the drugs clofibrate, nafenopin, SaH 42-348, Wy-14,643, or BR-931 either in the absence or presence of liver S-9 microsomal preparation. Results obtained with the lymphocyte [ 3 H]thymidine and the Salmonella mutagenesis assays therefore suggest that the hypolipidemic drugs either in the absence or presence of liver microsomes do not interact with and damage cellular DNA. Whether mutagenic metabolites are generated by hypolipidemic drug-induced liver peroxisomes remains to be elucidated.
Mutually exclusive exon use and reactive center diversity in insect serpins. (1994)

We have isolated 38 cDNA clones for serpins from a lepidopteran insect, Manduca sexta, and have found that they are identical in sequence, except for a region encoding the carboxyl-terminal 40-45 residues, which includes the reactive center. Among these clones, there are 11 variants of the reactive center region, each encoded by a different version of the ninth exon in the serpin gene. Thus, evolution of this insect serpin gene has resulted from duplication and sequence divergence of only the exon encoding the reactive site. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing then generates inhibitor diversity and the potential to regulate a variety of proteinases, using the same protein framework joined to different reactive site region cassettes.
Achieving color point stability in RGB multi-chip LED modules using various color control loops (2005)

The continuing research effort in high power LEDs will allow their use in high quality lighting systems in the (near) future. There are still a number of issues to tackle, for instance the LED's (strong) temperature dependence. This dependence will change the emitted flux and the spectral distribution of the LED. In addition, these parameters will also change as the LED ages. When creating white light by mixing red, green and blue LEDs, the temperature effects described above will already result in a visible color difference after a small rise in temperature. To overcome this issue, a number of LED color control loops have been developed. These loops can be based on: the heat sink temperature, flux measurements of each primary color, a combination of these last two and an integrated color point. For this purpose, an RGB test set up has been built, equipped with a temperature sensor and various photo-sensors. The appropriate color control loops have been implemented and tested in software. Some control loops use empirically determined LED parameters (d&#955;/dT or T<sub>0</sub>), the value of these parameters has been determined for a different set of LEDs. In addition, initial optical LED (and sensor) calibration has been performed at a single temperature only. The color stability of the various color control loops has been measured for a temperature increase of about 50 degrees Centigrade. In this range, we find that, on short term, all color control loops show a significant improvement in the color error, except for the color control loop based on flux measurements of each primary color, which performs nearly as mediocre as open loop. However, the color control loop based on the heat sink temperature cannot offer color stability when the LED ages, which is expected to be significant. The color control loop based on an integrated color point seems the most expensive one.
The future of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid therapy (2016)

Although outcome trials are underway, subgroup analyses of data from previous randomized controlled trials are suggestive of a reduction in coronary artery disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease event rates with triglyceride and TRL-C lowering therapies, particularly if accompanied by low HDL-C. Although the limitations of such data are acknowledged, clinicians must make treatment decisions while awaiting more definitive results from well-designed large-scale randomized controlled trials.
Optimization of DUV Negative Resists for 0.15 .MU.m Lithography. (1998)

Recent performance improvements of a negative tone chemically amplified DUV resist consisting of a hydroxystyrene based copolymer, a melamine crosslinker, a photoacid generator (PAG) and certain amine additives are described. The general trends of formulation and process changes on the lithographic performance were investigated using a response surface method. PAG concentration variations and optimization of the prebake conditions allowed for the elimination of microbridging in the subquarter micron region. The pattern profiles were improved by the optimization of the polymer properties and the selection of a specific amine/ammonium hydroxide combination. The effects of certain polymer properties and of individual amine components are discussed in more detail and a correlation with their structures is given based on dissolution rate measurements. The optimized resist material has a resolution potential below 0.15μm (NA=0.55) combined with a large depth of focus (>1.0μm @ 0.15μm iso lines), acceptable iso-dense bias, and small sensitivity towards changes in the post exposure bake conditions.