gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differences in the action and metabolism between retinol and retinoic acid in B lymphocytes. (1991)

We have previously reported on the dependency of activated B lymphocytes for retinol. Here we confirm and extend these findings that cells deprived of retinol perish in cell culture within days, displaying neither signs of apoptosis nor of cell cycle arrest. Cell death can be prevented by physiological concentrations of retinol and retinal, but not by retinoic acid or three synthetic retinoic acid analogues. To exclude the possibility that retinoic acid is so rapidly degraded as to escape detection, we have tested its stability in intra- and extracellular compartments. Contrary to expectation, we find that retinoic acid persists for longer (t 1/2 3 d) in cultures than retinol (t 1/2 1 d). Furthermore, despite the use of sensitive trace-labeling techniques, we cannot detect retinoic acid or 3,4-didehydroretinoic acid among retinol metabolites. However, retinol is converted into several new retinoids, one of which has the ability to sustain B cell growth in the absence of an external source of retinol, supporting the notion of a second retinol pathway. We have also determined which of the known retinoid-binding proteins are expressed in B lymphoblastoid cells. According to results obtained with polymerase chain reaction-assisted mRNA detection, they transcribe the genes for cellular retinol- and cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins, for the nuclear retinoic acid receptors, RAR-alpha, -gamma, and RXR-alpha, but not RAR-beta. Our findings that B cells do not synthesize retinoic acid or respond to exogenous retinoic acid on the one hand, but on the other hand convert retinol to a novel bioactive form of retinol, suggest the existence of a second retinoid pathway, distinct from that of retinoic acids.
Spin-transfer effects in nanoscale magnetic tunnel junctions (2004)

We report measurements of magnetic switching and steady-state magnetic precession driven by spin-polarized currents in nanoscale magnetic tunnel junctions with low-resistance, &amp;lt;5Ωμm2, barriers. The current densities required for magnetic switching are similar to values for all-metallic spin-valve devices. In the tunnel junctions, spin-transfer-driven switching can occur at voltages that are high enough to quench the tunnel magnetoresistance, demonstrating that the current remains spin polarized at these voltages.
Protection of Telomeres by the Ku Protein in Fission Yeast (2000)

Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells survive loss of telomeres by a unique pathway of chromosome circularization. Factors potentially involved in this survival mechanism include the heterodimeric Ku protein and ligase IV, both of which are involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells. Furthermore, Ku plays a role in telomere maintenance as well as in DNA double-strand break repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have identified Ku and ligase IV homologues in S. pombe and analyzed their functions during normal growth and in cells undergoing senescence. In the absence of either a Ku subunit (pku70(+)) or ligase IV (lig4(+)), nonhomologous DNA end-joining was severely reduced. Lack of functional Ku led to shorter but stable telomeres and caused striking rearrangements of telomere-associated sequences, indicating a function for Ku in inhibiting recombinational activities near chromosome ends. In contrast to S. cerevisiae, concurrent deletion of pku70(+) and the gene for the catalytic subunit of telomerase (trt1(+)) was not lethal, allowing for the first time the dissection of the roles of Ku during senescence. Our results support a model in which Ku protects chromosome termini from nucleolytic and recombinational activities but is not involved in the formation of chromosome end fusions during senescence. The conclusion that nonhomologous end-joining is not required for chromosome circularization was further supported by analysis of survivors in strains lacking the genes for both trt1(+) and lig4(+).
Arc Light Sensing of Droplet Transfer and Its Analysis in Pulsed GMAW Process. (1997)

A new method and its principle for sensing droplet transfer in GMAW of steel and aluminum alloy have been researched in this paper. A practical arc light sensing and controlling system has been developed. The reliability of the arc light characteristic signal that indicates droplet detachment and the control accuracy of the system have been verified using high-speed photography. Based on the mathematical model set up in the paper, the mechanism of the signal and relative phenomena were analyzed. The parameters which influence arc light radiation were given and the limitation of this sensing method was discussed.
Sodium butyrate in combination with insulin or dexamethasone can terminally differentiate actively proliferating Swiss 3T3 cells into adipocytes. (1990)

Sodium butyrate arrests the growth of actively proliferating Swiss 3T3 cells. A previous report from our laboratory describes the pattern of expression of a representative group of growth-associated genes following treatment of Swiss 3T3 cells with sodium butyrate. The results of this study suggest that sodium butyrate-induced growth arrest involves events which lead to adipocyte differentiation (Toscani, A., Soprano, D.R., and Soprano, K.J. (1988) Oncogene Res. 3, 233-238). However, while sodium butyrate by itself could apparently initiate adipogenesis, it alone was not sufficient to maintain this differentiation state. We now wish to further characterize the role of sodium butyrate in adipocyte differentiation. Subconfluent cultures of Swiss 3T3 cells were treated with sodium butyrate in combination with other agents known to induce Swiss 3T3 cell adipogenesis (e.g. 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine, insulin, and dexamethasone) and then analyzed at various times thereafter for: (a) the presence of high concentrations of intracellular lipid as detected by microscopic examination of treated cells following staining with lipid-specific dyes and (b) the expression of four genes known to be modulated during the differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes (actin, adipsin, lipoprotein lipase, and adipocyte P2). Our results show that sodium butyrate in combination with either insulin or dexamethasone can fully differentiate Swiss 3T3 cells into adipocytes, at least as determined by accumulation of high levels of intracellular lipid. Moreover, the sodium butyrate-mediated process of differentiation can occur in subconfluent, actively proliferating cells. Thus, these experiments describe a new, previously unidentified activity of sodium butyrate and also suggest that this model system may be a useful one to study the relationship between growth arrest and differentiation.
Development and Validation of Multivariable Models to Predict Mortality and Hospitalization in Patients with Heart Failure (2017)

A small number of variables, which are usually readily available in the routine clinical setting, provide useful prognostic information for patients with HF. Predictors of mortality were remarkably different from predictors of hospitalization owing to HF.
Activity‐Dependent Changes in Rat Ventral Horn Neurons in vitro; Summation of Prolonged Afferent Evoked Postsynaptic Depolarizations Produce a D‐2‐Amino‐5‐Phosphonovaleric Acid Sensitive Windup (1990)

The synaptic responses of lumbar ventral horn neurons including identified flexor motoneurons, to graded stimulation of peripheral nerves have been recorded in vitro in the young rat spinal cord-hindlimb preparation. Single shock stimulation of low threshold myelinated afferents evoked short latency (< 20 ms) short duration (< 1.0 s, 391 +/- 42 ms n=43 SEM) compositive mono- and polysynaptic potentials. Recruitment of both thinly myelinated (A delta) and unmyelinated (C) afferent fibres elicited a prolonged postsynaptic depolarization (> 1 s) in all cells. In the majority of cells (67.4%), this depolarization exceeded 4.0 s in duration (8.01 +/- 0.4 s, n=26, maximum 14 s). In the remainder, shorter responses were evoked (< 3.0 s, mean=1.74 +/- 0.4 s, n=18). In those cells where the postsynaptic response to a single A delta or C fibre strength stimulus exceeded 4 s, low frequency (0.5 - 1.0 Hz) repetitive stimulation resulted in a temporal summation of the postsynaptic depolarizations, which generated a cumulatively increasing depolarization. This incrementing depolarization was sufficient in 33% of the cells to produce a progressive increase in spike discharge (windup). On cessation of the train of stimuli the depolarization decayed slowly (65 +/- 27 s). The N-methyl d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist d-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (d-APV) reduced the duration and amplitude of the prolonged postsynaptic depolarizations elicited by a single shock stimulation of small diameter afferents by 57% and 50% respectively. A smaller effect was produced on the low threshold afferent evoked early excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) (3% decrease in amplitude and 24% decrease in duration). In the presence of d-APV the cumulatively incrementing depolarization produced by repetitive stimulation was substantially reduced and windup failed to occur. Activity-dependent amplifications of primary afferent evoked responses in spinal neurons therefore involves a temporal summation of d-APV sensitive prolonged postsynaptic depolarizations.
Animal Models of Narcolepsy (2009)

Narcolepsy is a debilitating sleep disorder with excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy as its two major symptoms. Although this disease was first described about one century ago, an animal model was not available until the 1970s. With the establishment of the Stanford canine narcolepsy colony, researchers were able to conduct multiple neurochemical studies to explore the pathophysiology of this disease. It was concluded that there was an imbalance between monoaminergic and cholinergic systems in canine narcolepsy. In 1999, two independent studies revealed that orexin neurotransmission deficiency was pivotal to the development of narcolepsy with cataplexy. This scientific leap fueled the generation of several genetically engineered mouse and rat models of narcolepsy. To facilitate further research, it is imperative that researchers reach a consensus concerning the evaluation of narcoleptic behavioral and EEG phenomenology in these models.
Mobile display backlight light guide plates based on slanted grating arrays (2012)

Modern mobile communication devices have user interfaces that are dominated by high-quality displays. Increased multimedia use imposes high demands on the design of display modules, as the content available for mobile use becomes visually richer. Especially the power dissipation of the display can limit the amount of time available for multimedia consumption and interaction. In the mobile liquid-crystal display (LCD), the energy efficiency is determined by the backlight design. State-of-the-art backlights direct white light through a display subpixel array, with high uniformity and up to 90% efficiency in white light output. Therefore, it is difficult to obtain system-level energy savings by improving the backlight design alone. Diffractive backlights have recently been proposed to reduce the power dissipation of the display module, and slanted grating arrays are among the enabling optical features that allow for reduction in power dissipation beyond what is available in the state of the art. By the use of diffractive grating arrays, the required primary color (red, green, or blue) is directed through the LCD subpixel array with geometrical registration, instead of flooding the whole LCD with white light and filtering the primary colors through the subpixel color filter array. We present a study on grating structures based on slanted grating arrays fabricated in high refractive index materials. The grating design principles and grating outcoupling results are provided, and an outline of a new embedded system design is given. Emphasis is on grating array design aspects for future energy-efficient display system design. The results show that savings in power consumption can be expected with advanced display system design based on embedded slanted grating array backlight light guide plates.
MIPgen: optimized modeling and design of molecular inversion probes for targeted resequencing (2014)

MIPgen is implemented in C++. Source code and accompanying Python scripts are available at http://shendurelab.github.io/MIPGEN/.
Anti-Inflammatory Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes with Indomethacin. Synthesis, Magnetism and EPR Spectroscopy. Crystal Structure of the N,N-Dimethylformamide Adduct (1999)

Veterinary anti-inflammatory Cu(II) complexes of indomethacin (1-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-5-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-indole-3-acetic acid = IndoH), of the general formula [Cu(2)(Indo)(4)L(2)] (L = N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and water), were studied by zero-field and X-band EPR spectroscopies, electronic spectroscopy, magnetic measurements, and X-ray powder diffraction. The complexes are similar to Cu(II) acetate monohydrate, with a strong antiferromagnetic exchange interaction, J, ranging from -141 to -152 cm(-)(1). Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility data for all of the complexes are similar, with the exception of a [Cu(2)(Indo)(4)(H(2)O)(2)] complex, which displays an unusual increase in magnetic moment with decreasing temperature from 50 to 10 K. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the DMF and DMA dimers show that they are isostructural. Two isostructural H(2)O complexes were synthesized from different methods yet displayed different variable temperature magnetic susceptibity data. All of the [Cu(2)(Indo)(4)L(2)] complexes crystallize in the triclinic space group P&onemacr;. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the DMF complex, [Cu(2)(Indo)(4)(DMF)(2)].1.6(DMF), shows that it is similar to the previously reported [Cu(2)(Indo)(4)(DMSO)(2)] with a Cu-Cu bond length of 2.630(1) Å, Cu-O(RCOO) of 1.960(4)-1.967(4) Å, and Cu-O(DMF) of 2.143(5) Å and crystal parameters a = 10.848(3) Å, b = 13.336(6) Å, c = 16.457(4) Å, alpha = 104.67(3) degrees, beta = 100.94(2) degrees, and gamma = 107.16(3) degrees. The X-ray structure of the DMF dimer does not exhibit strong intermolecular interactions due to the hydrophobic nature of the exterior. This may be important in facilitating its dissolution in micelles and transport through membranes.
Crucial Role of Donor‐Derived Stromal Cells in Successful Treatment for Intractable Autoimmune Diseases in MRL/lpr Mice by BMT Via Portal Vein (2001)

We have recently established a new bone marrow transplantation (BMT) method for the treatment of intractable autoimmune diseases in MRL/lpr mice; the method consists of fractionated irradiation (5.5 Gy x 2), followed by BMT of whole bone marrow cells (BMCs) from allogeneic C57BL/6 mice via the portal vein (abbreviated as 5.5 Gy x 2 + PV). In the present study, we investigate the mechanisms underlying the early engraftment of donor-derived cells in MRL/lpr mice by this method. In the mice treated with this method, the number of donor-derived cells possessing the mature lineage (Lin) markers rapidly increased in the BM, spleen, and liver; almost 100% were donor-derived cells by 14 days after the treatment. The number of donor-derived hemopoietic progenitor cells (defined as c-kit(+)/Lin(-) cells) increased in the BMCs, hepatic mononuclear cells, and especially spleen cells by 14 days after the treatment. Simultaneously, hemopoietic foci adjoining donor-derived stromal cells were observed in the liver when injected via the PV, but not via the peripheral vein (i.v.). When adherent cell-depleted BMCs were injected via the PV, recipients showed a marked reduction in the survival rate. However, when mice were transplanted with adherent cell-depleted BMCs with cultured stromal cells, all the recipients survived. These findings suggest that not only donor hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) but also donor stromal cells administered via the PV were trapped in the liver, resulting in the early engraftment of donor HSCs in cooperation with donor-derived stromal cells. This new strategy to facilitate the early recovery of hemopoiesis would therefore be of great advantage in human application.
Zinc and the Special Senses (1983)

There is evidence that zinc is important for maintenance of the special senses: vision, taste, and smell. Rod function is impaired in zinc deficiency due partly to its role in vitamin A metabolism. However, optic nerve function may also be affected by zinc status. Microophthalmia, anophthalmia, and optic nerve abnormalities have all been found in the offspring of female rats fed zinc-deficient diets. Zinc deficiency clearly decreases taste acuity in both animals and humans. However, other nutritional and non-nutritional conditions also produce hypogeusia. There is limited evidence that zinc deficiency impairs olfactory acuity in humans. New approaches to the assessment of taste and smell abnormalities may provide reliable and reproducible associations between zinc deficiency and taste and smell defects.
ADAM10‐mediated cleavage of L1 adhesion molecule at the cell surface and in released membrane vesicles (2002)

Cells can release membrane components in a soluble form and as membrane vesicles. L1, an important molecule for cell migration of neural and tumor cells, is released by membrane-proximal cleavage, and soluble L1 promotes cell migration. Release of L1 is enhanced by shedding inducers such as phorbol ester and pervanadate, but it is also enhanced by depletion of cellular cholesterol with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD). How such different compounds can induce shedding is presently unknown. We show here that ADAM10 is involved in L1 cleavage, which occurs at the cell surface and in the Golgi apparatus. MCD and pervanadate treatment induced the release of microvesicles containing full-length L1 and the active form of ADAM10. L1 cleavage occurred in isolated vesicles. L1-containing microvesicles could trigger haptotactic cell migration. Only the neural L1 form carrying the RSLE signal for clathrin-dependent endocytosis was recruited and cleaved in vesicles. Phorbol ester treatment activated L1 cleavage predominantly at the cell surface. Our results provide evidence for two pathways of L1 cleavage, based on ADAM10 localization, that can be activated differentially: 1) direct cleavage at the cell surface, and 2) release and cleavage in secretory vesicles most likely derived from the Golgi apparatus. The findings establish a novel role for ADAM10 as a vesicle-based protease.
Training Design for Multipath Channel and Frequency-Offset Estimation in MIMO Systems (2006)

This paper addresses the problem of training design for frequency-selective channel and carrier frequency-offset (CFO) estimation in single- and multiple-antenna systems under different energy-distribution constraints. The performance metric used here is the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB). The paper first addresses the CFO-free case and then generalizes the results to include CFO-corrupted scenarios. Training sequences are designed that render the CRB for the CFO independent of the channel zeros. The proposed training designs also facilitate simple implementation of the maximum-likelihood CFO and channel estimators. Simulation results illustrate the merits of the proposed training designs
Small‐Molecule Screening Made Simple for a Difficult Target with a Signaling Nucleic Acid Aptamer that Reports on Deaminase Activity (2006)

Problem child: The application of signaling DNA-aptamer technology to the development and execution of a high-throughput screen for an otherwise problematic target, adenosine deaminase (ADA), is reported. The approach employed a signaling DNA aptamer that reports on adenosine concentration (see scheme). The assay was robust in a screen of more than 44 000 molecules and revealed a new competitive inhibitor of the deaminase.
Similarity Searching in Large Image DataBases (1994)

We propose a method to handle approximate searching by image content in large image databases. Image content is represented by attributed relational graphs holding features of objects and relationships between objects. The method relies on the assumption that a fixed number of &amp;quot;labeled&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;expected&amp;quot; objects (e.g., &amp;quot;heart&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;lungs&amp;quot; etc.) are common in all images of a given application domain in addition to a variable number of &amp;quot;unexpected&amp;quot; or &amp;quot;unlabeled&amp;quot; objects (e.g., &amp;quot;tumor&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;hematoma&amp;quot; etc.). The method can answer queries by example such as &amp;quot;find all X-rays that are similar to Smith&amp;apos;s X-ray&amp;quot;. The stored images are mapped to points in a multidimensional space and are indexed using state-of-the-art database methods (R-trees). The proposed method has several desirable properties: (a) Database search is approximate so that all images up to a pre-specified degree of similarity (tolerance) are retrieved, (b) it has no &amp;quot;false dismissals&amp;quot; (i.e., all images qualifying query selection criteri...
The Effectiveness of Sodium 2-Mercaptoethane Sulfonate (Mesna) in Reducing Capsular Formation around Implants in a Rabbit Model (2003)

The development of capsular contracture is the most common complication associated with the insertion of breast implants. The authors studied the role of sodium 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (mesna) in reduction of capsular formation in a rabbit model. Two 40-cc textured saline implants were placed dorsally into each of the 20 rabbits in the study. At the time of insertion of the implants, 10 ml of a 10% solution of mesna was instilled into one of the pockets and normal saline was instilled into the other. The implants were removed and a capsulectomy was performed at 5 months. The capsules were examined histologically for qualitative differences between the two groups. Quantitative analysis of the thickness of the capsule and the myofibroblast populations was also performed and compared between the two groups. The mean total thickness of the capsule around the implants was 496.8 microm in the mesna-treated group compared with 973.7 microm in the saline-treated group (p < 0.001). Likewise, the thickness of the myofibroblast layer was reduced in the mesna-treated group at 283.2 microm versus 555 microm in the saline-treated group (p < 0.0001). The capsules were also relatively less vascular in the mesna-treated group. Because of its ability to reduce the extent of capsular formation and to diminish development of myofibroblasts in the capsules, mesna would appear to be a useful adjunct in the prevention of capsular contracture formation.
PSMA as a target for radiolabelled small molecules (2013)

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men in Europe. When detected early, and when the disease is localized to the prostate gland, the 5-year survival rate is nearly 100 %. However, once the cancer has spread beyond the prostate, survival rates fall dramatically [1]. In recent years there has been a significant decrease in mortality mainly due to early detection. However, this early detection has led to overdiagnosis and overtreatment with resultant impact on the quality of life of men with PCa [2]. These problems are due to the variability of the clinical course of the disease and the high prevalence of microscopic disease [3, 4]. Therefore, a risk-adapted strategy is needed to choose among a wide variety of treatment options, from active surveillance to aggressive treatment. In the face of such broadly differing options that impact survival and quality of life it follows that patient-specific staging is essential for optimizing individual outcomes. Patient-specific staging drives the demand for sensitive and specific imaging of PCa including intraprostatic disease as well as local and distant metastases. Furthermore, as active surveillance becomes a more widely considered management option in low-grade disease, a sensitive method for monitoring changes in tumour volume and location would potentially eliminate the need for repetitive biopsies and enable a more advanced temporal evaluation.