gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical properties of heat-stable enterotoxins produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli of different host origins (1983)

Five heat-stable enterotoxins (STs) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains of porcine, bovine, and human host origins have been purified to apparent homogeneity. The STs with biological activity in suckling mice and piglets (STaS) contained 18 amino acid residues, 10 amino acids with a high proportion of acidic amino acids, and 6 half-cystines. The carboxy-terminal and amino-terminal residues of all STaS were tyrosine and asparagine, respectively. All five STa preparations were homogeneous by several criteria: (i) a single symmetrical peak on gel filtration, (ii) a single fluorescent band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, (iii) single carboxyl-terminal and amino-terminal residues, and (iv) amino acid analysis data that indicated a stoichiometric relationship between the component amino acids. The isoelectric points of the five STaS ranged from 3.88 to 4.08. All five purified preparations were heat stable and not denatured by organic solvents, detergents, or treatment at pH 1, but were partially inactivated after incubation at pH 12.0. Biological activity was completely abolished by treatment with reducing and oxidizing agents, which suggested that one or more disulfide bonds play an important role in the mechanism of action of STaS. Antisera raised against strain 431 STa, produced by a porcine class II enterpathogen, neutralized homologous 431 STa as well as heterologous purified STa preparations. The antiserum was used as a reagent in a sensitive radioimmunoassay to detect suckling mouse-positive strains of enterotoxigenic E. coli.
Long focal length, asymmetric fan beam collimation for transmission acquisition with a triple camera SPECT system (1997)

A system design for fast sequential SPECT/transmission CT on a three-headed SPECT camera is evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. A long focal length (114 cm) asymmetric fan beam collimator is used with a stationary line source positioned at the focal line for transmission acquisition. The advantages of this system include: large field-of-view with 360 degree acquisition, high sensitivity to the transmission line source, high spatial resolution, easy transition between SPECT and transmission acquisition, and no moving line source. For transmission reconstruction an ML-EM algorithm was implemented for the asymmetric fan beam geometry. The results showed that with a 40 cm detector width, transmission reconstructions of a 38/spl times/26 cm elliptical body were effectively artifact-free. Reconstructions of a 46/spl times/31 cm body contained only minor truncation artifacts that did not substantially affect the attenuation compensated SPECT image. Contamination of the transmission data from radionuclide within the patient can be substantially reduced with this system by using a high resolution fan beam collimator. It is concluded that long focal length, asymmetric fan beam collimation, combined with iterative reconstruction, offers a promising approach for fast sequential SPECT/TCT on a three-headed SPECT camera.
Total syntheses of bioactive natural products from carbohydrates (2006)

Total syntheses of bioactive natural products recently accomplished in our laboratories are described. They are classified by structures of target molecules and are focused on our original approach to their own structures. The target molecules include nanaomycin, kalafungin, BE-54238B, tetracycline, rosmarinecine, thienamycin, luminacines C1 and C2, tetrodecamycin, cochleamycin A, and tubelactomicin A, which have been synthesized as optically pure form from carbohydrates.
Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering (1985)

Cellular Materials Cellulose Cellulose, Biosynthesis Cellulose, Graft Copolymers Cellulose, Microcrystalline Cellulose Derivatives Cellulose Esters, Inorganic Cellulose Esters, Organic Cellulose Ethers Cement Additives Chain-Reaction Polymerization Chain Transfer Characterization of Polymers Charge-Transfer Complexes Chelate- Forming Polymers Chemical Analysis Chemically Resistant Polymers Chitin Chloroprene Polymers Chlorotrifluorethylene Polymers Chromatography Classification of Polymerization Reactions Coating Methods Coatings Coatings, Electrodeposition Cold Forming.
Patterns of Polyadenylation Site Selection in Gene Constructs Containing Multiple Polyadenylation Signals (1988)

We have constructed a series of plasmids containing multiple polyadenylation signals downstream of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) thymidine kinase (tk)-coding region. The signals used were from the simian virus 40 (SV40) late gene, the HSV tk gene, and an AATAAA-containing segment of the SV40 early region. This last fragment signals polyadenylation poorly in our constructs and not at all during SV40 infection. All plasmids contained the SV40 origin of replication. Plasmids were transfected into Cos-1 cells; after 48 h, cytoplasmic RNA was isolated and the quantity and 3'-end structure of tk mRNAs was analyzed by using S1 nuclease protection assays. In all constructs, all polyadenylation signals were used. Increasing the number of poly(A) signals 3' to the tk-coding region did not affect the total amount of polyadenylated RNA produced, even with the weakest signal. Increasing the distance between two signals caused an increase in the use of the 5' signal and a decrease in the use of the 3' signal. Changing the distance between the 5' cap and first signal did not affect signal use. Analyses of cytoplasmic mRNA stability, nuclear RNA distribution, and transcription in the polyadenylation signal region indicated that the distribution of tk RNAs ending at different poly(A) sites was the result of poly(A) signal choice, not other aspects of RNA metabolism. Four possible mechanisms of polyadenylation signal recognition are discussed.
Recent progress on the VOYAGER system (1990)

The VOYAGER speech recognition system, which was described in some detail at the last DARPA meeting [9], is an urban exploration system which provides the user with help in locating various sites in the area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. The system has a limited database of objects such as banks, restaurants, and post offices and can provide information about these objects (e.g., phone numbers, type of cuisine served) as well as providing navigational assistance between them. VOYAGER accepts both spoken and typed input and responds in the form of text, graphics, and synthesized speech. Since the last meeting, we have made developments to VOYAGER that have had an impact on the usability of the system.
Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor-Like Kinase1 Is a Key Membrane-Bound Regulator of Abscisic Acid Early Signaling in Arabidopsis (2005)

Abscisic acid (ABA) is important in seed maturation, seed dormancy, stomatal closure, and stress response. Many genes that function in ABA signal transduction pathways have been identified. However, most important signaling molecules involved in the perception of the ABA signal or with ABA receptors have not been identified yet. Receptor-like kinase1 (RPK1), a Leu-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinase in the plasma membrane, is upregulated by ABA in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we show the phenotypes of T-DNA insertion mutants and RPK1-antisense plants. Repression of RPK1 expression in Arabidopsis decreased sensitivity to ABA during germination, growth, and stomatal closure; microarray and RNA gel analysis showed that many ABA-inducible genes are downregulated in these plants. Furthermore, overexpression of the RPK1 LRR domain alone or fused with the Brassinosteroid-insensitive1 kinase domain in plants resulted in phenotypes indicating ABA sensitivity. RPK1 is involved in the main ABA signaling pathway and in early ABA perception in Arabidopsis.
The effects of temperature and pressure on membrane electrode assemblies for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (2013)

The performance of membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) at different fabrication condition with hot pressing method was investigated. At various temperature and pressure conditions of the contact area between the electrolyte and electrode effects were studied. Conditions affected by the fuel cell station and AC electrical analysis methods were evaluated. According to the study, the temperature of 80°C and the pressure of 200kg/cm were in the best condition.
Positive selection and lineage commitment during peripheral B‐lymphocyte development (2004)

Although it is appreciated that the antigen receptor on B cells is required for peripheral B-lymphocyte development and survival, it has been unclear whether this receptor interacts with self-antigens during development or if it signals constitutively in an antigen-independent fashion. The analysis of mutant mice in which antigen receptor signaling in B cells is either attenuated or enhanced has revealed the existence of a follicular versus marginal zone B-lymphocyte cell-fate decision. These analyses indicate that weak antigen receptor-derived signals favor marginal zone B-cell generation, and relatively strong signals favor the development of mature follicular B cells. Even stronger signals derived from the antigen receptor favor the generation of B1 B cells. This signal strength model for B-cell development supports the notion that self-antigens of varying affinity may mediate positive selection and lineage commitment. Direct evidence supporting such a view has been obtained from the analysis of antigen receptor knockin mice. Specific antigen receptors guide B cells to develop into specific lineages. Although Notch-2, nuclear factor-kappaBp50, and other genes are essential for marginal zone B-cell development, instructive signals delivered by the antigen receptor represent the primary force driving positive selection and lineage commitment in B lymphocytes.
Structural requirements for recognition of the HLA-Dw14 class II epitope: a key HLA determinant associated with rheumatoid arthritis. (1990)

Although HLA genes have been shown to be associated with certain diseases, the basis for this association is unknown. Recent studies, however, have documented patterns of nucleotide sequence variation among some HLA genes associated with a particular disease. For rheumatoid arthritis, HLA genes in most patients have a shared nucleotide sequence encoding a key structural element of an HLA class II polypeptide; this sequence element is critical for the interaction of the HLA molecule with antigenic peptides and with responding T cells, suggestive of a direct role for this sequence element in disease susceptibility. We describe the serological and cellular immunologic characteristics encoded by this rheumatoid arthritis-associated sequence element. Site-directed mutagenesis of the DRB1 gene was used to define amino acids critical for antibody and T-cell recognition of this structural element, focusing on residues that distinguish the rheumatoid arthritis-associated alleles Dw4 and Dw14 from a closely related allele, Dw10, not associated with disease. Both the gain and loss of rheumatoid arthritis-associated epitopes were highly dependent on three residues within a discrete domain of the HLA-DR molecule. Recognition was most strongly influenced by the following amino acids (in order): 70 greater than 71 greater than 67. Some alloreactive T-cell clones were also influenced by amino acid variation in portions of the DR molecule lying outside the shared sequence element.
Soil electromagnetic parameters as functions of frequency, soil density, and soil moisture (1974)

Measurements are made to determine the conductivity and dielectric constants of a gray clay loam and a reddish-brown clay loam. The measurements are made as a function of soil density (from 1.2 g/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> to 1.8 g/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ), soil moisture (from 0 percent to 20 percent of the dry soil weight), and excitation frequency (from 30 MHz to 4 GHz), using standard transmission line techniques. A correction term is presented to allow the effective open-circuit and short-circuit connections to be placed at any convenient location with respect to the soil-air interface.
Regulation of Monoclonal Antibody Immunotherapy by FcγRIIB (2016)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are revolutionising the treatment of many different diseases. Given their differing mode of action compared to most conventional chemotherapeutics and small molecule inhibitors, they possess the potential to be independent of common modes of treatment resistance and can typically be combined readily with existing treatments without dose-limiting toxicity. However, treatments with mAb rarely result in cure and so a full understanding of how these reagents work and can be optimised is key for their subsequent improvement. Here we review how an understanding of the biology of the inhibitory Fc receptor, FcγRIIB (CD32B), is leading to the development of improved mAb treatments.
Variance for The PPP Compression Control Protocol and The PPP Encryption Control Protocol (1996)

The PPP Working group has developed two protocols, one to control
compression on PPP links; the Compression Control Protocol (CCP),
documented in draft-ietf-pppext-compression-04.txt. The second is the
Encryption Control Protocol (ECP), used to control encryption on
serial links, documented in draft-ietf-pppext-encryption-03.txt. This
document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet
Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND ASSET PRICING (2002)

This paper presents a unified treatment of the production and financial decisions available to a firm facing frictionless financial markets and a stochastic production technology under minimal assumptions on the firm's stochastic technology and objective function. The key concept is that of a 'derivative-cost function', which gives the minimal cost (maximal buying price) of constructing an asset by combining financial and real production activities.
Electric poling-assisted additive manufacturing process for PVDF polymer-based piezoelectric device applications (2014)

This paper presents a new additive manufacturing (AM) process to directly and continuously print piezoelectric devices from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymeric filament rods under a strong electric field. This process, called 'electric poling-assisted additive manufacturing or EPAM, combines AM and electric poling processes and is able to fabricate free-form shape piezoelectric devices continuously. In this process, the PVDF polymer dipoles remain well-aligned and uniform over a large area in a single design, production and fabrication step. During EPAM process, molten PVDF polymer is simultaneously mechanically stresses in-situ by the leading nozzle and electrically poled by applying high electric field under high temperature. The EPAM system was constructed to directly print piezoelectric structures from PVDF polymeric filament while applying high electric field between nozzle tip and printing bed in AM machine. Piezoelectric devices were successfully fabricated using the EPAM process. The crystalline phase transitions that occurred from the process were identified by using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscope. The results indicate that devices printed under a strong electric field become piezoelectric during the EPAM process and that stronger electric fields result in greater piezoelectricity as marked by the electrical response and the formation of sharper peaks at the polar β crystalline wavenumber of the PVDF polymer. Performing this process in the absence of an electric field does not result in dipole alignment of PVDF polymer. The EPAM process is expected to lead to the widespread use of AM to fabricate a variety of piezoelectric PVDF polymer-based devices for sensing, actuation and energy harvesting applications with simple, low cost, single processing and fabrication step.
Massive Hydraulic Fracturing of High-Temperature Wells with Stable Frac Foams (1981)

ABSTRACT Recent studies under downhole conditions show the relationship between foam texture, i.e., bubble size and foam rheology. They also show that under the low shear conditions that exist in a fracture during treatment, foams behave as power law fluids. Dynamic fluid-loss testing indicates stabilized foams are some of the more efficient fracturing fluids available. Formation damage results help explain why foam-fractured wells clean up so well. As a result of our better understanding of the properties of foam under downhole conditions, we have developed new, highly stable foam systems. These systems are 100 to 1000 times more stable than conventional foams and, therefore, greatly broaden the downhole conditions under which foams can be used. Field results demonstrate the successful placement of large amounts of proppants with stable foams in both oil and gas wells at temperatures up to 300°F. In addition, foam-fractured wells clean up better and, therefore, pay out faster than wells fraced with conventional fluids.
Thin-film, flat-panel, composite imagers for projection and tomographic imaging (1994)

The recent development of large-area, flat-panel a-Si:H imaging arrays is generally expected to lead to real-time diagnostic and megavoltage X-ray projection imagers with film-cassette-like profiles. While such flat-panel imagers offer numerous advantages over existing fluoroscopic and radiographic imaging devices, the unique properties of the arrays also offer the prospect of detector configurations not previously possible with other real-time technologies. The thin, highly uniform profile of the arrays allows the creation of composite imaging devices in which a flat-panel detector overlies a second imaging detector. A dual-energy (diagnostic and megavoltage) composite imager consisting of a pair of stacked, flat-panel imagers would provide unique information helping to resolve the patient localization and verification problem in megavoltage radiotherapy. In PET or SPECT, attenuation corrections could be obtained by placing a flat-panel array for transmission measurements directly in front of the main emission detector. In this article, the concept of such real-time flat-panel composite imagers is proposed. Specific embodiments of this concept applied toward the resolution of outstanding problems in radiotherapy, PET and SPECT are outlined and calculations and data supporting the feasibility of the concept are presented.
Erythroblastic islands: niches for erythropoiesis (2008)

Erythroblastic islands, the specialized niches in which erythroid precursors proliferate, differentiate, and enucleate, were first described 50 years ago by analysis of transmission electron micrographs of bone marrow. These hematopoietic subcompartments are composed of erythroblasts surrounding a central macrophage. A hiatus of several decades followed, during which the importance of erythroblastic islands remained unrecognized as erythroid progenitors were shown to possess an autonomous differentiation program with a capacity to complete terminal differentiation in vitro in the presence of erythropoietin but without macrophages. However, as the extent of proliferation, differentiation, and enucleation efficiency documented in vivo could not be recapitulated in vitro, a resurgence of interest in erythroid niches has emerged. We now have an increased molecular understanding of processes operating within erythroid niches, including cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion, positive and negative regulatory feedback, and central macrophage function. These features of erythroblast islands represent important contributors to normal erythroid development, as well as altered erythropoiesis found in such diverse diseases as anemia of inflammation and chronic disease, myelodysplasia, thalassemia, and malarial anemia. Coupling of historical, current, and future insights will be essential to understand the tightly regulated production of red cells both in steady state and stress erythropoiesis.
The Base Substitution and Frameshift Fidelity of Escherichia coli DNA Polymerase III Holoenzyme in Vitro (1998)

We have investigated the in vitro fidelity of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme from a wild-type and a proofreading-impaired mutD5 strain. Exonuclease assays showed the mutD5 holoenzyme to have a 30-50-fold reduced 3'-->5'-exonuclease activity. Fidelity was assayed during gap-filling synthesis across the lacId forward mutational target. The error rate for both enzymes was lowest at low dNTP concentrations (10-50 microM) and highest at high dNTP concentration (1000 microM). The mutD5 proofreading defect increased the error rate by only 3-5-fold. Both enzymes produced a high level of (-1)-frameshift mutations in addition to base substitutions. The base substitutions were mainly C-->T, G-->T, and G-->C, but dNTP pool imbalances suggested that these may reflect misincorporations opposite damaged template bases and that, instead, T-->C, G-->A, and C-->T transitions represent the normal polymerase III-mediated base.base mispairs. The frequent (-1)-frameshift mutations do not result from direct slippage but may be generated via a mechanism involving "misincorporation plus slippage." Measurements of the fidelity of wild-type and mutD5 holoenzyme during M13 in vivo replication revealed significant differences between the in vivo and in vitro fidelity with regard to both the frequency of frameshift errors and the extent of proofreading.
Patterned Films of Nanotubes Using Microcontact Printing of Catalysts (1999)

Nanotube assemblies constrained to predetermined geometric patterns form the topic of the research presented here (see also the cover). It is demonstrated that microcontact printing can be used to pattern silicon wafers with catalysts upon which multiwalled carbon nanotubes are selectively grown. The Figure is a scanning electron microscopy image of a surface thus patterned with carbon nanotubes.
Definition of Two Angiogenic Pathways by Distinct α v Integrins (1995)

Angiogenesis depends on cytokines and vascular cell adhesion events. Two cytokine-dependent pathways of angiogenesis were shown to exist and were defined by their dependency on distinct vascular cell integrins. In vivo angiogenesis in corneal or chorioallantoic membrane models induced by basic fibroblast growth factor or by tumor necrosis factor-alpha depended on alpha v beta 3, whereas angiogenesis initiated by vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-alpha, or phorbol ester depended on alpha v beta 5. Antibody to each integrin selectively blocked one of these pathways, and a cyclic peptide antagonist of both integrins blocked angiogenesis stimulated by each cytokine tested. These pathways are further distinguished by their sensitivity to calphostin C, an inhibitor of protein kinase C that blocked angiogenesis potentiated by alpha v beta 5 but not by alpha v beta 3.
FRED—a framework for T-cell epitope detection (2009)

FRED is freely available for download at http://www-bs.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/Software/FRED.
Chemotherapy-evoked Painful Peripheral Neuropathy (2001)

Vincristine and paclitaxel, two of the most effective drugs in the battle against cancer, produce a dose-limiting neurotoxicity that sometimes presents as a painful peripheral neuropathy. For the first time, investigators have been able to produce these chemotherapy-evoked painful peripheral neuropathies in the laboratory rat. These new models have already begun to elucidate the causes of the neuropathic pain associated with these antineoplastic drugs, which will now make it possible to search for effective ways to prevent and treat it.