gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Capillary Electrophoresis for the Analysis of Biopolymers (2002)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTCapillary Electrophoresis for the Analysis of BiopolymersShen Hu and Norman J. DovichiView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700 Cite this: Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 12, 2833–2850Publication Date (Web):May 3, 2002Publication History Published online3 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 2002https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac0202379https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0202379review-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2002 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1133Altmetric-Citations85LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Capillary electrophoresis,Fluorescence,Genetics,Peptides and proteins,Polymers Get e-Alerts
Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C−H Functionalization Reactions (2010)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTPalladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C−H Functionalization ReactionsThomas W. Lyons and Melanie S. Sanford*View Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 2, 1147–1169Publication Date (Web):January 15, 2010Publication History Received8 May 2009Published online15 January 2010Published inissue 10 February 2010https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr900184ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr900184ereview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2010 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views81864Altmetric-Citations5606LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Chemical reactions,Functionalization,Halogenation,Palladium,Reagents Get e-Alerts
Effect of inhomogeneous stress and temperature distribution in a laser diode on the pulsation properties (1990)

The effect of inhomogeneous stress and temperature distribution in GaAlAs/GaAs stripe laser diodes at the pulsation properties was investigated. Under operation, the laser diode is heated. A stronger heating is found in the mirror region causing a shift of the absorption edge of GaAs. The absorption rise up to 1000–2000 cm−1. The parameters of the mechanical stress are also changed. The gain changes as a result of the change of the state of deformation and temperature rise. These effects influence the pulsation properties. The larger the heating in the active region, the lower is the onset current for self-sustained pulsations (SSP).
Combination therapy of inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (AEE788) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (RAD001) offers improved glioblastoma tumor growth inhibition (2005)

Malignant gliomas are highly lethal tumors that display striking genetic heterogeneity. Novel therapies that inhibit a single molecular target may slow tumor progression, but tumors are likely not dependent on a signal transduction pathway. Rather, malignant gliomas exhibit sustained mitogenesis and cell growth mediated in part through the effects of receptor tyrosine kinases and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). AEE788 is a novel orally active tyrosine kinase inhibitor that decreases the kinase activity associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor and, at higher concentrations, the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (kinase domain region). RAD001 (everolimus) is an orally available mTOR inhibitor structurally related to rapamycin. We hypothesized that combined inhibition of upstream epidermal growth factor receptor and kinase domain region receptors with AEE788 and inhibition of the downstream mTOR pathway with RAD001 would result in increased efficacy against gliomas compared with single-agent therapy. In vitro experiments showed that the combination of AEE788 and RAD001 resulted in increased rates of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and reduced proliferation more than either agent alone. Combined AEE788 and RAD001 given orally to athymic mice bearing established human malignant glioma tumor xenografts resulted in greater tumor growth inhibition and greater increases in median survival than monotherapy. These studies suggest that simultaneous inhibition of growth factor receptor and mTOR pathways offer increased benefit in glioma therapy.
Epstein-Barr virus infection precedes clonal expansion in Burkitt's and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated lymphoma [see comments] (1991)

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with distinct forms of human lymphoid malignancies, including the endemic (eBL) and sporadic forms of Burkitt's lymphoma (sBL) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma (AIDS-NHL). However, whether EBV has a pathogenetic role in these tumors or is a passenger virus has not been conclusively demonstrated. One element to distinguish between these two possibilities is to determine whether EBV infection has preceded and, thus, possibly contributed to clonal expansion, or whether infection has occurred after clonal expansion and thus is unlikely to contribute to pathogenesis. Toward this end we analyzed the structure of the heterogeneous genomic termini of EBV as markers of clonal infection in a panel of eBL (11 cases), sBL (9 cases), and AIDS-NHL (10 cases) biopsies. We show that EBV termini are uniformly clonal in sBL, eBL, and AIDS-NHL, strongly suggesting that EBV infection has preceded and, thus, most likely contributed to clonal expansion in these malignancies.
Continuous Monitoring of the Effect of Changing Solvent Conditions on Polyelectrolyte Conformations and Interactions (2002)

This work introduces a technique for the continuous, automatic determination of the response of polyelectrolytes to changing solution conditions. Using a ternary pump to automatically change the solvent character for polyelectrolyte solutions, it is possible to continuously measure the changes in polyelectrolyte conformations and interactions. Detection is accomplished with a series of detectors, including multiangle light scattering, a single-capillary viscometer and a refractive index detector. The technique is applied to the ionic strength behavior of stiff, semiflexible and flexible polyelectrolytes. The effects of possible ion specificity and a quantitative comparison to current polyelectrolyte theories is left to future work.
High-efficiency, point-contact silicon solar cells for Fresnel lens concentrator modules (2002)

Point-contact silicon solar cells have been developed for Fresnel lens concentrator modules. The cells have an area of 1.21 cm/sup 2/ on a 12/spl times/12 mm die. The design incident flux on the cell is 22.3 W/cm/sup 2/. A new cell design and process have been developed to insure a high efficiency and a large fabrication yield, and to eliminate hazardous materials and pyrophoric gases. The new process is very safe and benign to the environment. Also, a new passivation technique for the front surface has been discovered which makes the point-contact cell fully stable under steady-state concentrated sunlight. No degradation has been observed so far after more than 200 days of exposure behind Fresnel lenses providing an incident power density of 36 W/cm/sup 2/. An improved anti-reflection coating and an improved light trapping, giving an average effective number of passes of the infra-red light greater than 25, are part of the developments. The best cell shows an efficiency of 26% under 100 suns (AM1.5D, 25/spl deg/C). The typical cell efficiency is greater than 25% at 200 suns. The cells are easily solderable due to a double-level metallization and three large copper pads. The cells are now produced in large quantities in a pilot line located in a Class 100 clean room which has a capacity of 7.5 MW per year of concentrator solar cells.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Ganglioside structures and distribution: Are they localized at the nerve ending? (1978)

Gangliosides generally provide a small portion of the complex carbohydrate content of cell surfaces. An exception is the central nervous system where they comprise up to 5--10% of the total lipid of some membranes. This tissue is unique in that the quantity of lipid-bound sialic acid exceeds that of the protein-bound fraction. Over 30 different molecular species have been characterized to date. These range in complexity from sialosylgalactosyl ceramide with 2 sugars to the pentasialoganglioside of fish brain with 9 carbohydrate units. Virtually all cellular and subcellular fractions of brain that have been carefully examined contain gangliosides to one degree or another, but the majority of brain ganglioside is located in the neurons. Their mode of distribution within the neuron has not been entirely clarified by subcellular studies. Calculations based on reported values for axon terminal density and synaptosomal ganglioside concentration in the rat reveal that nerve endings contribute less than 12% of total cerebral cortical ganglioside. It is concluded that the plasma membranes of neuronal processes contain most of the neuronal ganglioside. These and other considerations suggest the possibility that gangliosides may be distributed over the entire neuronal surface.
Physiology of blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. A transesophageal echocardiographic study. (1993)

Transesophageal echocardiography performed during actual cardiopulmonary resuscitation showing mitral valve opening during cardiac release, reduction of ventricular cavity size with compression, and atrioventricular regurgitation support the cardiac pump theory of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. This study demonstrates the feasibility and usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Covalent control of 6‐phosphofructo‐2‐kinase/fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphatase: Insights into autoregulation of a bifunctional enzyme (1995)

The hepatic bifunctional enzyme, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (6PF-2-K/Fru-2,6-P2ase), E.C. 2.7-1-105/E.C. 3-1-3-46, is one member of a family of unique bifunctional proteins that catalyze the synthesis and degradation of the regulatory metabolite fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2). Fru-2,6-P2 is a potent activator of the glycolytic enzyme 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase and an inhibitor of the gluconeogenic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and provides a switching mechanism between these two opposing pathways of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism. The activities of the hepatic 6PF-2-K/Fru-2,6-P2ase isoform are reciprocally regulated by a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK)-catalyzed phosphorylation at a single NH2-terminal residue, Ser-32. Phosphorylation at Ser-32 inhibits the kinase and activates the bisphosphatase, in part through an electrostatic mechanism. Substitution of Asp for Ser-32 mimics the effects of cAPK-catalyzed phosphorylation. In the dephosphorylated homodimer, the NH2- and COOH-terminal tail regions also have an interaction with their respective active sites on the same subunit to produce an autoregulatory inhibition of the bisphosphatase and activation of the kinase. In support of this hypothesis, deletion of either the NH2- or COOH-terminal tail region, or both regions, leads to a disruption of these interactions with a maximal activation of the bisphosphatase. Inhibition of the kinase is observed with the NH2-truncated forms, in which there is also a diminution of cAPK phosphorylation to decrease the Km for Fru-6-P. Phosphorylation of the bifunctional enzyme by cAPK disrupts these autoregulatory interactions, resulting in inhibition of the kinase and activation of the bisphosphatase. Therefore, effects of cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation are mediated by a combination of electrostatic and autoregulatory control mechanisms.
Hyperinsulinemia produces both sympathetic neural activation and vasodilation in normal humans. (1991)

Hyperinsulinemia may contribute to hypertension by increasing sympathetic activity and vascular resistance. We sought to determine if insulin increases central sympathetic neural outflow and vascular resistance in humans. We recorded muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA; microneurography, peroneal nerve), forearm blood flow (plethysmography), heart rate, and blood pressure in 14 normotensive males during 1-h infusions of low (38 mU/m2/min) and high (76 mU/m2/min) doses of insulin while holding blood glucose constant. Plasma insulin rose from 8 +/- 1 microU/ml during control, to 72 +/- 8 and 144 +/- 13 microU/ml during the low and high insulin doses, respectively, and fell to 15 +/- 6 microU/ml 1 h after insulin infusion was stopped. MSNA, which averaged 21.5 +/- 1.5 bursts/min in control, increased significantly (P less than 0.001) during both the low and high doses of insulin (+/- 5.4 and +/- 9.3 bursts/min, respectively) and further increased during 1-h recovery (+15.2 bursts/min). Plasma norepinephrine levels (119 +/- 19 pg/ml during control) rose during both low (258 +/- 25; P less than 0.02) and high (285 +/- 95; P less than 0.01) doses of insulin and recovery (316 +/- 23; P less than 0.01). Plasma epinephrine levels did not change during insulin infusion. Despite the increased MSNA and plasma norepinephrine, there were significant (P less than 0.001) increases in forearm blood flow and decreases in forearm vascular resistance during both doses of insulin. Systolic pressure did not change significantly during infusion of insulin and diastolic pressure fell approximately 4-5 mmHg (P less than 0.01). This study suggests that acute increases in plasma insulin within the physiological range elevate sympathetic neural outflow but produce forearm vasodilation and do not elevate arterial pressure in normal humans.
Free fatty acids in obesity and type 2 diabetes: defining their role in the development of insulin resistance and β‐cell dysfunction (2002)

Plasma free fatty acids (FFA) play important physiological roles in skeletal muscle, heart, liver and pancreas. However, chronically elevated plasma FFA appear to have pathophysiological consequences. Elevated FFA concentrations are linked with the onset of peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance and, while the precise action in the liver remains unclear, a model to explain the role of raised FFA in the development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance has recently been put forward. Over 30 years ago, Randle proposed that FFA compete with glucose as the major energy substrate in cardiac muscle, leading to decreased glucose oxidation when FFA are elevated. Recent data indicate that high plasma FFA also have a significant role in contributing to insulin resistance. Elevated FFA and intracellular lipid appear to inhibit insulin signalling, leading to a reduction in insulin-stimulated muscle glucose transport that may be mediated by a decrease in GLUT-4 translocation. The resulting suppression of muscle glucose transport leads to reduced muscle glycogen synthesis and glycolysis. In the liver, elevated FFA may contribute to hyperglycaemia by antagonizing the effects of insulin on endogenous glucose production. FFA also affect insulin secretion, although the nature of this relationship remains a subject for debate. Finally, evidence is discussed that FFA represent a crucial link between insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction and, as such, a reduction in elevated plasma FFA should be an important therapeutic target in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Rapid, reversible internalization of cell surface insulin receptors. Correlation with insulin-induced down-regulation. (1983)

Chronic treatment of 3T3-C2 fibroblasts with insulin causes the slow (t1/2 = 3-4 h) down-regulation of cellular insulin receptor to a new steady state level by accelerating receptor decay (Knutson, V.P., Ronnett, G.V., and Lane, M.D. (1982) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 2822-2826). In the present investigation, the synthesis and turnover of the receptor during the transition to the down-regulated state was examined by the heavy isotope density-shift method. It was observed that within two h after insulin addition, receptor decay increased abruptly for several hours then gradually declined until the "down-regulated" rate was achieved. The abrupt increase in receptor decay induced by insulin was preceded by a more rapid (t1/2 less than or equal to 10 min) translocation of cell surface receptor to an "intracellular" trypsin-resistant compartment. Thus, upon exposure to ligand, insulin receptor rapidly redistributes from the cell surface to an intracellular compartment, without an initial net loss of cellular receptors. The translocation process was rapidly reversed (t1/2 less than or equal to 20 min) upon removal of insulin. With prolonged exposure to insulin, the initial rapid translocation of receptor was followed by a slower inactivation of receptor apparently in the intracellular compartment. Cycloheximide, which lengthens receptor half-life by blocking a step in receptor inactivation, had no effect on receptor internalization. Internalization of insulin receptor and its bound ligand were, however, rapidly (less than 10 min) blocked by phenylarsine oxide. These results support the following sequence of events. Upon exposure to ligand, insulin receptors are translocated from the cell surface to an intracellular site which results in accelerated receptor decay and ultimately to a lower steady state cellular receptor level.
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Intravesical Docetaxel Loaded Hydrophobically Derivatized Hyperbranched Polyglycerols in an Orthotopic Model of Bladder Cancer (2011)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerability, to establish a dosing regimen, and to evaluate the efficacy of intravesical docetaxel (DTX) formulations in a mouse model of bladder cancer. DTX in commercial formulation (Taxotere, DTX in Tween 80) or loaded in hyperbranched polyglycerols (HPGs) was evaluated. The synthesis and characterization of HPGs with hydrophobic cores and derivatized with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) in the shell and further functionalized with amine groups (HPG-C(8/10)-MePEG and HPG-C(8/10)-MePEG-NH(2)) is described. Intravesical DTX in either commercial or HPGs formulations (up to 1.0 mg/mL) was instilled in mice with orthotopic bladder cancer xenografts and was well tolerated with no apparent signs of local or systemic toxicities. Furthermore, a single dose of intravesical DTX (0.5 mg/mL) loaded in HPGs was significantly more effective in reducing the tumor growth in an orthotopic model of bladder cancer than the commercial formulation of Taxotere. In addition, DTX-loaded HPG-C(8/10)-MePEG-NH(2) was found to be more effective at lower instillation dose than DTX (0.2 mg/mL)-loaded HPG-C(8/10)-MePEG. Overall, our data show promising antitumor efficacy and safety in a recently validated orthotopic model of bladder cancer. Further research is warranted to evaluate its safety and efficacy in early phase clinical trials in patients refractory to standard intravesical therapy.
Design of low actuation voltage RF MEMS switch (2002)

Low-loss microwave microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) shunt switches are reported that utilize highly compliant serpentine spring folded suspensions together with large area capacitive actuators to achieve low actuation voltages while maintaining sufficient off-state isolation. The RF MEMS switches were fabricated via a surface micromachining process using P12545 polyimide as the sacrificial layer. The switch structure was composed of electroplated nickel and the serpentine folded suspensions had a varying number of meanders from 1 to 5. DC measurements indicate actuation voltages as low as 9 V with an on-to-off capacitance ratio of 48. Power handling measurement results showed no "self-biasing" or failure of the MEMS switches for power levels up to 6.6 W. RF measurements demonstrate an isolation of -26 dB at 40 GHz.
Primary localized amyloidosis of the genitourinary tract: immunohistochemical study on eleven cases. (1981)

Eleven cases of primary localized amyloidosis of the genitourinary tract were studied using the unlabeled immunoperoxidase method in combination with specific antisera against different chemical types of amyloid fibril proteins (AA,A lambda, and A kappa). Nine of these were shown to have A lambda antigenic fibril determinants, suggesting that the fibrils of most, if not all, of these cases are of immunocytic origin.
Model estimates of the burden of outpatient visits attributable to influenza in the United States (2016)

ClinicalTrial.gov, NCT02019732 .