gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a controlled spray generator (1987)

A multiorifice spray generator with two different modes of operation is developed. The impulse jet operation mode covers a wide range of droplet frequencies and produces arrays of droplets with controllable spacing, but with a wide size spectrum. This ejector also operates in pressurized flow mode. In this mode, optimum disturbance frequency breaks up the liquid jets into uniform size droplets, resulting in a monosized spray. Precise control of fuel flow rate and droplet size is achieved.
Schubwandträger-Profile (1989)

Der Trend im Stahlbau zeigt generell dahin, daß man im Sinne einer noch extremeren Gewichtseinsparung von gewalzten oder stranggepreßten Profilen abgeht und zunehmend zu geschweißten Dünnblechlösungen übergeht. Im Sinne einer definierten Kraftleitung erhalten diese Profile dann meist massive Flansche und dünnwandige Stege. Bekannt sind derartige Profilformen unter dem Begriff des Schubwandträgers.
ENHANCEMENT OF EXTENDED SURFACE HEAT TRANSFER USING FRACTAL-LIKE GEOMETRIES (2013)

This work investigates a technique to improve extended surface heat transfer through the use of fractal-like geometric patterns. When fractal-like geometries are considered, significant gains in the available surface area for fins can be achieved without large increases in fin volume or mass. For certain fractal patterns, the surface area of a fin can even be increased while reducing the mass of the fin. This would provide direct benefit for situations where the extended surface volume is restricted or minimized weight is desired. Fractal-like geometries are presented to increase the effectiveness and effectiveness per unit mass of fins for natural convection heat transfer as well as increase effectiveness per mass for radiation heat transfer. Common extended surface heat transfer methods and developments were reviewed to obtain an understanding of the focus and limitations of previous work. Based on this literature review, it has been observed that the use of fractal-like geometries has been utilized for engineering applications. However, the use of fractal-like geometries for extended surface heat transfer has not been studied and therefore justified an investigation into their behavior. In an initial investigation, fractal-like fins were manufactured in the patterns of the baseline and first three iterations of the Sierpinski carpet (base width of 0.1016 m, 0.0508 m, 0.0254 m) and modified Koch snowflake (base width of 0.1016 m) in order to quantify practicality and thermal performance. It was observed that fractal-like fins could result in increased fin effectiveness per unit mass by as much as 59%. Motivated by the initial experimental results, subsequent studies utilized computational modeling with a commercially available, industry standard computational modeling program. A computational investigation of iii natural convection heat transfer from fractal-like fins was able to further support conclusions of the experimental results as well as model an additional iteration. Fin effectiveness per unit mass was increased by a minimum of 37% for the conditions tested. Finally, a computational investigation of radiation heat transfer from fractal-like fins showed that fin effectiveness per unit mass increased by a minimum of 25% for the conditions tested. (Published By University of Alabama Libraries)
Tissue Interactions and Prostatic Growth. I. Induction of Adult Mouse Prostatic Hyperplasia by Fetal Urogenital Sinus Implants1 (1984)

A homologous chimeric prostate was produced by implantation of intact fetal urogenital sinus(es) (UGS) into the ventral prostate gland (VP) of an adult athymic mouse. A 10- to 20-fold overgrowth of the chimeric lobe of ventral prostate gland, as measured by glandular wet weight and by DNA content, was observed 4 to 9 wk following UGS implantation. The overgrowth was prostate-like as indicated by histologic composition and by responses to endogenous androgen, and was composed of both host and donor cells in about equal proportions as shown by glucose phosphate isomerase isozymic profiles. Unlike the canine model for prostatic hyperplasia, the mouse prostatic overgrowth occurred in the complete absence of exogenous sex steroids. The histoarchitecture of the chimeric VP and the isozymic detection of the contribution to the overgrowth by host cells have provided strong evidence that adult prostatic cells have been recruited to respond proliferatively by cellular interactions with fetal UGS. The demonstration of cellular interactions followed by reactivation of the fetal growth potential provides direct experimental evidence in support of McNeal's hypothesis that the reactivation of fetal growth potential may account for the development of human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Biomass Oxy-Gasification Integrated into a Coal Oxy- Boiler (2011)

A biomass gasifier coupled to an oxy­combustion boiler is an attractive concept, enabling simultaneous production of syngas of medium heating value and carbon “capture” from concentrated CO2 taken from the flue­gas of an oxyboiler. Pure oxygen is available for the gasifier, because it is produced for the oxyboiler, taking advantage of the economy of scale of the coal plant. A model of the gasifier is used to study the effect of process conditions on the gas composition and efficiency. The potential use of the gas produced for various applications (co­combustion in the oxyboiler, electricity production in gas engines and synthesis of chemicals with and without CO2 separation are discussed. The capability of sequestration of green CO2 (from biomass) is discussed. A 3 MWth bubbling fluidized bed gasifier in León (Spain) has been erected to demonstrate the viability of this gasification process.
Structural Phylogenetic Analysis of Activation-Induced Deaminase Function (2006)

In mammals, activation-induced deaminase (AID) initiates somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR) of Ig genes. SHM and CSR activities require separate regions within AID. A chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1)-dependent nuclear export signal (NES) at the AID C terminus is necessary for CSR, and has been suggested to associate with CSR-specific cofactors. CSR appeared late in AID evolution, during the emergence of land vertebrates from bony fish, which only display SHM. Here, we show that AID from African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), but not pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes), can induce CSR in AID-deficient mouse B cells, although both are catalytically active in bacteria and mammalian cell systems, albeit at decreased level. Like mammalian AID, Takifugu AID is actively exported from the cell nucleus by CRM1, and the Takifugu NES can substitute for the equivalent region in human AID, indicating that all the CSR-essential NES motif functions evolutionarily predated CSR activity. We also show that fusion of the Takifugu AID catalytic domain to the entire human noncatalytic domain restores activity in mammalian cells, suggesting that AID features mapping within the noncatalytic domain, but outside the NES, influence its function.
Yeast Two-hybrid: So Many Interactions, (in) So Little Time… (1998)

Protein-protein interactions are essential to cellular mechanisms at all levels in biologically responsive systems. These interactions occur extracellularly and include ligand-receptor interactions, cell adhesion, antigen recognition, and virus-host recognition. Intracellular protein-protein interactions occur in the formation of multi-protein complexes, during the assembly of cytoskeletal elements, and between receptor-effector, as well as effector-effector, molecules of signal transduction pathways. Finally, assembly of transcriptional machinery involves protein interactions. The yeast two-hybrid method is a powerful technique for analyzing these protein-protein interactions. Since the publication of this technique in the late 1980s, the robust nature and far-reaching utility of yeast two-hybrid systems for functional expression library cloning has led to the identification of many novel proteins in all areas of biological life science research. Additionally, two-hybrid techniques provide a rapid and versatile system for the further characterization of discrete protein-protein interactions. Recent variations on the basic system have enabled application well beyond protein pairs, to investigate multi-protein complexes and protein-nucleotide interactions. Yeast two-hybrid methods necessitate expression and subsequent interaction between a "protein of interest" functional pair within the yeast cell, ultimately driving reporter gene expression and thus effectively linking protein-protein interaction(s) to a change in yeast cell phenotype. Functional protein-protein interactions using the two-hybrid techniques have been demonstrated for all levels of cellular biology; however, until recently, extracellular protein-protein interactions were excluded from investigations using this technique. Investigations from several labs have now demonstrated that extracellular proteins can be studied using two-hybrid methods, thereby enabling intense study of extracellular protein partners using the robust nature and the genetic power of yeast.
Biological Properties of 6-Gingerol: A Brief Review (2014)

Numerous studies have revealed that regular consumption of certain fruits and vegetables can reduce the risk of many diseases. The rhizome of Zingiber officinale (ginger) is consumed worldwide as a spice and herbal medicine. It contains pungent phenolic substances collectively known as gingerols. 6-Gingerol is the major pharmacologically-active component of ginger. It is known to exhibit a variety of biological activities including anticancer, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation. 6-Gingerol has been found to possess anticancer activities via its effect on a variety of biological pathways involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, cytotoxic activity, and inhibition of angiogenesis. Thus, due to its efficacy and regulation of multiple targets, as well as its safety for human use, 6-gingerol has received considerable interest as a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and/or treatment of various diseases. Taken together, this review summarizes the various in vitro and in vivo pharmacological aspects of 6-gingerol and the underlying mechanisms.
Identification of TaqI Endonuclease Active Site Residues by Fe2+-mediated Oxidative Cleavage (1998)

Metal cofactors (Mg2+ and Mn2+) modulate both specific DNA binding and strand cleavage in the TaqI endonuclease (Cao, W., Mayer, A. N., and Barany, F. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 2276-2283). This work attempts to establish the structural basis of TaqI-DNA-metal2+ interactions using an affinity cleavage technique. The protein was cleaved by localized hydroxyl radicals generated by oxidizing Fe2+ within the metal binding sites. Cleavage fragments were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and cleavage sites were determined using micropeptide sequencing. Eleven amino acid residues in the vicinity of cleavage sites were selected for site-directed mutagenesis. The negative charge at Asp137 is essential for DNA cleavage but not required for sequence specific binding. Mutations at Asp142 abolish both specific binding and catalysis, except for D142E, which converts TaqI into a completely Mn2+-dependent endonuclease. The positive charge at Lys158 appears to be important for both specific binding and catalysis. Mutations at other sites affect binding and/or catalysis to different degrees, except Trp113 and Glu135, which appear to be nonessential for the TaqI enzyme activity. The critical residues for TaqI function are distinct from the PDX14-20(E/D)XK catalytic motif elucidated from other endonucleases.
Inhibition of herpes simplex virus replication by purine deoxyribonucleosides. (1984)

The inhibition of herpes simplex virus (HSV) replication by 2'-deoxyadenosine (dAdo) is greatly potentiated by the presence of the inhibitor of adenosine deaminase, erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA). HSV replication is inhibited by dAdo [in the presence of EHNA] or by 2'-deoxyguanosine (dGuo) at concentrations slightly lower than are necessary to inhibit growth of uninfected HeLa cells. Under conditions where virus replication is inhibited by greater than 99% with dAdo and EHNA, the level of dATP increases 50-fold or more, and synthesis of HSV DNA is inhibited. However, there is no depletion of any other DNA precursor, and HSV multiplication is not restored by simultaneous provision of dGuo, deoxythymidine, deoxycytidine, or a combination of all three of these nucleosides. Thus, the inhibition of HSV replication by dAdo cannot be explained as a block of precursor provision through inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase. In contrast, dGuo treatment of HSV-infected cells leads to depletion of dCTP, and virus multiplication is partially restored by provision of deoxycytidine. HSV-infected cells may serve as a useful system for study of the toxic effects of dAdo that are unrelated to inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase by dATP.
Wideband Spectrum Sensing at Sub-Nyquist Rates [Applications Corner] (2011)

In this article, we present a mixed analog-digital spectrum sensing method that is especially suited to the typical wideband setting of CRs. The next section briefly summarizes existing approaches to CR sensing. The advantages of our system with respect to current architectures are threefold. First, our analog front end is fixed and does not involve scanning hardware. Second, both the analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) and the digital signal processing (DSP) rates are substantially below Nyquist. Finally, the sensing resources are shared with the reception path of the CR, so that the low-rate streaming samples can be used for communication purposes of the device, besides the sensing functionality they provide. Combining these advantages leads to a real-time map of the spectrum with minimal use of mobile resources. Our approach is based on the modulated wideband converter (MWC) system, which samples sparse wideband inputs at sub-Nyquist rates. We report on results of hardware experiments, conducted on an MWC prototype circuit, which affirm fast and accurate spectrum sensing in parallel to CR communication. This can help alleviate one of the current main bottlenecks in wide-spreading deployment of CRs.
Transcriptional Regulation of Nanog by OCT4 and SOX2 (2005)

Nanog, Sox2, and Oct4 are transcription factors all essential to maintaining the pluripotent embryonic stem cell phenotype. Through a cooperative interaction, Sox2 and Oct4 have previously been described to drive pluripotent-specific expression of a number of genes. We now extend the list of Sox2-Oct4 target genes to include Nanog. Within the Nanog proximal promoter, we identify a composite sox-oct cis-regulatory element essential for Nanog pluripotent transcription. This element is conserved over 250 million years of cumulative evolution within the eutherian mammals. A Nanog proximal promoter-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) reporter transgene recapitulates endogenous Nanog mRNA expression in embryonic stem cells and their differentiated derivatives. Sox2 and Oct4 interaction with the Nanog promoter was confirmed through mutagenesis and in vitro binding assays. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicate that the Sox2-Oct4 heterodimer forms more efficiently on the composite element within Nanog than the similar element within Fgf4. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that Oct4 and Sox2 bind to the Nanog promoter in living mouse and human embryonic stem cells. Furthermore, by specific knockdown of Oct4 and Sox2 mRNA by RNA interference in embryonic stem cells, we provide genetic evidence for a link between Oct4, Sox2, and the Nanog promoter. These studies extend the understanding of the pluripotent genetic regulatory network within which the Sox2-Oct4 complex are at the top of the regulatory hierarchy.
Effect of sulphasalazine and its active metabolite, 5-amino-salicylic acid, on toxic oxygen metabolite production by neutrophils. (1989)

The possibility that the mode of action of sulphasalazine and its active metabolite 5-amino-salicylic acid (5ASA) involves modification of toxic oxygen metabolite production by neutrophils has been investigated by measuring the effect of these drugs on luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, superoxide release and oxygen consumption by stimulated neutrophils in vitro. 5ASA, and to a lesser extent sulphasalazine, had profound inhibitory effects on the luminol dependent chemiluminescent response of neutrophils stimulated with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (1 microM) + cytochalasin B (5 micrograms/ml). A concentration of 50 microM 5ASA or sulphasalazine produced 93.8 (2.3)% and 65.7 (3.7)% inhibition of control responses respectively. The concentration of 5ASA and sulphasalazine producing 50% inhibition of chemiluminescence were 3.6 (1.8) microM and 16.5 (6) microM respectively. Both drugs had little effect on the chemiluminescent response of neutrophils stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (1 microgram/ml), producing only 11.4 (3.9)% and 34 (7)% inhibition respectively, at a concentration of 50 microM. Superoxide release from fMLP + CB stimulated neutrophils was also inhibited slightly by 5ASA (50 microM) by 35.6% and by sulphasalazine (50 microM) by 7.9%. Similarly, there was little inhibition in the rate of oxygen consumption by fMLP + CB stimulated neutrophils by either 5ASA or sulphasalazine at concentrations which produced near total abolition of luminol dependent chemiluminescence. These results show that sulphasalazine and 5ASA inhibit the reaction of toxic metabolites produced by stimulated neutrophils with luminol, without inhibition of the oxidase system producing these metabolites. The site of action of these drugs on neutrophils in vitro is thus extracellular, by scavenging a released metabolite, probably hypochlorite. This has important implications for their mode of action in vivo in inflammatory bowel disease.
Differential scorecards for binary and ordinal data (2015)

Generalized additive models are well-known as a powerful and palatable predictive modelling technique. Scorecards, the discretized version of generalized additive models, are a long-established method in the industry, due to its balance between simpl
Spectroscopic, Structural, and Mass Spectrometric Studies on Two Systematic Series of Dithiabismuth(III) Heterocycles:  Identification of Bismuthenium Cations and Their Solvent Complexes (1996)

General, high-yield metathesis reactions provide two related and comprehensive series of dithiabismuth heterocycles. The compounds are characterized by spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Monocycles 2-chloro-1,3-dithia-2-bismolane (1), 2-chloro-1,3-dithia-2-bismane (2), 2-chloro-1,3-dithia-2-bismepane (3), 2-chloro-1,3,6-trithia-2-bismocane (4), and 2-chloro-1,3-dithia-6-oxa-2-bismocane (5) are kinetically stable with respect to the tethered bicyclic derivatives 1,2-bis((1,3-dithia-2-bismolan-2-yl)thio)ethane (6), 1,3-bis((1,3-dithia-2-bisman-2-yl)thio)propane (7), 1,4-bis((1,3-dithia-2-bismepan-2-yl)thio)butane (8), bis((1,3,6-trithia-2-bismocan-2-yl)thio)ethyl) sulfide (9), and bis(((1,3-dithia-6-oxa-2-bismocan-2-yl)thio)ethyl) ether (10). Mass spectrometry provides an excellent means of characterization of compounds of this nature and is responsible for the identification of monocyclic bismuthenium cations as general and dominant dissociation products. In addition, the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization technique reveals solvent coordination chemistry of the bismuthenium cations.
Sub-100-nm ordered silicon hole arrays by metal-assisted chemical etching (2013)

Sub-100-nm silicon nanohole arrays were fabricated by a combination of the site-selective electroless deposition of noble metals through anodic porous alumina and the subsequent metal-assisted chemical etching. Under optimum conditions, the formation of deep straight holes with an ordered periodicity (e.g., 100 nm interval, 40 nm diameter, and high aspect ratio of 50) was successfully achieved. By using the present method, the fabrication of silicon nanohole arrays with 60-nm periodicity was also achieved.
Internal initiation of translation of hepatitis C virus RNA: the ribosome entry site is at the authentic initiation codon. (1996)

Hepatitis C viral (HCV) RNA includes an internal ribosome entry segment (IRES) that extends some 30 nt into the coding region and promotes internal initiation of translation at the authentic initiation codon at nt 342. The 5'-boundary of this IRES was mapped by in vitro translation and transfection assays and was found to lie between nt 42 and 71. Within these IRES boundaries there are, in most HCV strains, three AUG triplets upstream of the authentic initiation site. Although the first, 5'-proximal, of these is absolutely conserved, a mutational analysis showed that it is not a functional initiation codon. In particular, the G residue could be substituted provided compensatory mutations were made to maintain base pairing. The other two upstream AUGs are not absolutely conserved, and mutation of the third (5'-distal) had little effect on IRES activity. When an additional AUG codon was introduced by single-site mutation just upstream of the authentic initiation codon, it was found to be used when most of the IRES had been deleted to generate an RNA translated by the scanning ribosome mechanism, but was not used in the background of the full-length IRES when internal initiation is operative. These results argue that the IRES promotes direct ribosome entry immediately at, or indeed very close to, the authentic initiation codon, and that the upstream AUGs do not serve as ribosome entry sites.
CD47, a Ligand for the Macrophage Fusion Receptor, Participates in Macrophage Multinucleation (2000)

The macrophage fusion receptor (MFR), also called P84/BIT/SIRPalpha/SHPS-1, is a transmembrane glycoprotein that belongs to the superfamily of immunoglobulins. Previously, we showed that MFR expression is highly induced at the onset of fusion in macrophages, and that MFR appears to play a role in macrophage-macrophage adhesion/fusion leading to multinucleation. The recent finding that IAP/CD47 acts as a ligand for MFR led us to hypothesize that it interacts with CD47 at the onset of cell-cell fusion. CD47 is a transmembrane glycoprotein, which, like MFR, belongs to the superfamily of immunoglobulins. We show that macrophages express the hemopoietic form of CD47, the expression of which is induced at the onset of fusion, but to a lower level than MFR. A glutathione S-transferase CD47 fusion protein engineered to contain the extracellular domain of CD47, binds macrophages, associates with MFR, and prevents multinucleation. CD47 and MFR associate via their amino-terminal immunoglobulin variable domain. Of the nine monoclonal antibodies raised against the extracellular domain of CD47, three block fusion, as well as MFR-CD47 interaction, whereas the others have no effect. Together, these data suggest that CD47 is involved in macrophage multinucleation by virtue of interacting with MFR during adhesion/fusion.