gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemokines and diseases. (2003)

Chemokines are a group of small, pro-inflammatory molecules first described for their pivotal role in the mobilization of specific leukocyte subsets towards sites of inflammation and their activation once they arrive. They have now emerged as key regulators in the development, differentiation and anatomic distribution of inflammatory cells. Chemokines also orchestrate both the innate immune response and antigen specific immunity through their coordination of dendritic cells and lymphocytes. Due to their vast functional responsibilities, they are linked to the pathogenesis of many seemingly unrelated diseases that include HIV infection, cancer, atherosclerosis, autoimmune diseases, graft rejection and dermatological disorders. This review focuses on the physiology of chemokines and their significant roles in the pathogenesis and progression of major diseases.
Indications for third molar surgery. (1998)

Recent reports have suggested that the practice of prophylactic lower third molar surgery is widespread, possibly account for up to 50% of all patients treated. An objective effort to refute the findings of the previously published data was undertaken by the Maxillofacial Unit of a large district general hospital trust. A prospective study of 454 consecutive patients referred for third molar surgery demonstrated that in 96% of the patients, at least one nationally defined criteria for surgery was present. A concurrent retrospective audit of patients already on the waiting list for surgery identified that 97% had at least one valid criterion for surgery. Of those patients who presented with unilateral symptoms, over half had only the troublesome side removed. Only 11 out of 454 patients were accepted for treatment without a defined criterion, all of whom had partially erupted teeth. The evidence presented in the current study is compared with previously reported data and possible reasons for the variance are discussed.
Interstitial Flow and Its Effects in Soft Tissues (2007)

Interstitial flow plays important roles in the morphogenesis, function, and pathogenesis of tissues. To investigate these roles and exploit them for tissue engineering or to overcome barriers to drug delivery, a comprehensive consideration of the interstitial space and how it controls and affects such processes is critical. Here we attempt to review the many physical and mathematical correlations that describe fluid and mass transport in the tissue interstitium; the factors that control and affect them; and the importance of interstitial transport on cell biology, tissue morphogenesis, and tissue engineering. Finally, we end with some discussion of interstitial transport issues in drug delivery, cell mechanobiology, and cell homing toward draining lymphatics.
Blood Levels of Long-Chain n–3 Fatty Acids and the Risk of Sudden Death (2002)

The n-3 fatty acids found in fish are strongly associated with a reduced risk of sudden death among men without evidence of prior cardiovascular disease.
Fluorescently Labeled Methyl-Beta-Cyclodextrin Enters Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells by Fluid-Phase Endocytosis (2014)

Cyclodextrins are widely used excipients for increasing the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Their effect on drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract is explained by their solubility- and permeability-enhancement. The aims of this study were to investigate penetration properties of fluorescently labeled randomly methylated-beta-cyclodextrin (FITC-RAMEB) on Caco-2 cell layer and examine the cellular entry of cyclodextrins on intestinal cells. The permeability of FITC-RAMEB through Caco-2 monolayers was very limited. Using this compound in 0.05 mM concentration the permeability coefficient was 3.35±1.29×10(-8) cm/s and its permeability did not change in the presence of 5 mM randomly methylated-beta-cyclodextrin. Despite of the low permeability, cellular accumulation of FITC-RAMEB in cytoplasmic vesicles was significant and showed strong time and concentration dependence, similar to the characteristics of the macropinocytosis marker Lucifer Yellow. The internalization process was fully inhibited at 0°C and it was drastically reduced at 37°C applying rottlerin, an inhibitor of macropinocytosis. Notably, FITC-RAMEB colocalized with the early endosome organizer Rab5a. These results have revealed that FITC-RAMEB is able to enter intestinal epithelial cells by fluid-phase endocytosis from the apical side. This mechanism can be an additional process which helps to overcome the intestinal barrier and contributes to the bioavailability enhancement of cyclodextrins.
A maize cDNA encoding a member of the retinoblastoma protein family: involvement in endoreduplication. (1996)

Retinoblastoma (RB-1) is a tumor suppressor gene that encodes a 105-kDa nuclear phosphoprotein. To date, RB genes have been isolated only from metazoans. We have isolated a cDNA from maize endosperm whose predicted protein product (ZmRb) shows homology to the "pocket" A and B domains of the Rb protein family. We found ZmRb behaves as a pocket protein based on its ability to specifically interact with oncoproteins encoded by DNA tumor viruses (E7, T-Ag, E1A). ZmRb can interact in vitro and in vivo with the replication-associated protein, RepA, encoded by the wheat dwarf virus. The maize Rb-related protein undergoes changes in level and phosphorylation state concomitant with endoreduplication, and it is phosphorylated in vitro by an S-phase kinase from endoreduplicating endosperm cells. Together, our results suggest that ZmRb is a representative of the pocket protein family and may play a role in cell cycle progression. Moreover, certain plant monopartite geminiviruses may operate similarly to mammalian DNA viruses, by targeting and inactivating the retinoblastoma protein, which otherwise induces G1 arrest.
Release of leukotrienes C4 and B4 and prostaglandin E2 from human monocytes stimulated with aggregated IgG, IgA, and IgE. (1986)

Purified human peripheral blood monocytes were stimulated with aggregated human myeloma proteins of different classes or the calcium ionophore A23187 and the release of leukotrienes C4 and B4 (LTC4, LTB4), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) into the supernatant was determined. The ionophore induced release of 10 +/- 5 ng LTC4/10(6) cells and 25 +/- 8 ng LTB4/10(6) cells. Aggregated IgG, IgA, and IgE, but not IgM or monomeric immunoglobulins (Ig), induced release of LTC4 and LTB4 that was approximately 10 to 20% of that induced by ionophore. In addition, IgG, IgA, and IgE, but not IgM, induced release of PGE2 (range 0.015 to 0.22 ng/10(6) cells). Aggregated Ig induced LTC4, LTB4, and PGE2 release in a dose-dependent manner; maximal leukotriene (LT) release was observed by 30 min, in contrast to PG release, which continued to increase up to 2.5 hr. Both ionophore- and Ig-induced LTC4 and LTB4 release were completely inhibited by removal of calcium from the media and by preincubation of cells with nordihydroguaiaretic acid. Indomethacin inhibited Ig-induced PGE2 release by 80%. Phagocytosis of the Ig aggregates was not required for LT or PGE2 release, since release was not inhibited by cytochalasin B. Release of LTC4, LTB4, and PGE2 induced by IgG, IgA, and IgE, but not IgM, correlated with the presence or absence of monocyte Fc receptors (FcR) as determined by rosette assays. The data suggest that IgG, IgA, and IgE immune complexes mostly likely induce monocyte arachidonic acid metabolism via cross-linking of FcR. The ability of monocytes to release eicosanoids in the absence of phagocytosis suggests that interaction of monocytes with immobilized immune complexes, such as those deposited in blood vessel walls or glomerular basement membranes, could initiate metabolism of arachidonic acid by monocytes. Such a mechanism could contribute to inflammatory reactions characterized by mononuclear cell infiltrates.
Hydroxyldaunomycin (adriamycin) combination chemotherapy in malignant lymphoma (1976)

Combination chemotherapy with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, vincristine, and prednisone) and HOP (Adrimycin, vincristine, and prednisone, was used as treatment for patients with pathologically staged, advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Among 204 evaluable patients treated on CHOP there were 71% complete remissions with 92% overall responses. Among the 216 evaluable patients on HOP there were 61% complete remissions and 88% responses. Complete remission rates among patients with histiocytic lymphoma were comparable to those of patients with lymphocytic disease. Patients with nodular lymphoma had higher rates of complete remission than their counterparts with diffuse lymphoma. This was noted with both CHOP (78% vs. 67%) and HOP (67% vs. 60%) induction therapy. Rapid responses were common, as more than 14% of complete remissions and 66% of overall responses were achieved with the first course of treatment. Patients in complete remission have been maintained with either cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone (COP) or arabinosyl cytosine, vincristine, and prednisone (OAP). After 1 year, 86% of patients on COP and 80% on OAP are projected to be free of disease.
The amino acid sequence of a type I copper protein with an unusual serine‐ and hydroxyproline‐rich C‐terminal domain isolated from cucumber peelings (1992)

We have determined the amino acid sequence of a small copper protein isolated from cucumber peelings. This cupredoxin contains 137 amino acids including a pyroglutamate as the first residue. The N-terminal 110 amino acid-long domain shows 30-37% identity to 2 other cupredoxins, stellacyanin and cucumber basic blue protein. A unique feature of this protein is a 27 amino acid-long C-terminal domain rich in 4-hydroxyproline and serine and resembling certain plant cell wall proteins. The prolines in this domain are hydroxylated to a different extent depending on the surrounding sequence.
Myogenic capacity of muscle progenitor cells from head and limb muscles (2012)

The restoration of muscles in the soft palate of patients with cleft lip and/or palate is accompanied by fibrosis, which leads to speech and feeding problems. Treatment strategies that improve muscle regeneration have only been tested in limb muscles. Therefore, in the present study the myogenic potential of muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) isolated from head muscles was compared with that of limb muscles. Muscle progenitor cells were isolated from the head muscles and limb muscles of rats and cultured. The proliferation of MPCs was analysed by DNA quantification. The differentiation capacity was analysed by quantifying the numbers of fused cells, and by measuring the mRNA levels of differentiation markers. Muscle progenitor cells were stained to quantify the expression of paired box protein Pax 7 (Pax-7), myoblast determination protein 1 (MyoD), and myogenin. Proliferation was similar in the head MPCs and the limb MPCs. Differentiating head and limb MPCs showed a comparable number of fused cells and mRNA expression levels of myosin-1 (Myh1), myosin-3 (Myh3), and myosin-4 (Myh4). During proliferation and differentiation, the number of Pax-7(+), MyoD(+), and myogenin(+) cells in head and limb MPCs was equal. It was concluded that head and limb MPCs show similar myogenic capacities in vitro. Therefore, in vivo myogenic differences between those muscles might rely on the local microenvironment. Thus, regenerative strategies for limb muscles might also be used for head muscles.
Cloning and sequence analysis of the mouse genomic locus encoding the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II. (1987)

The genomic locus (RPII215) encoding the largest subunit of mouse RNA polymerase II has been cloned by low stringency hybridization to a Drosophila RPII215 probe. The mouse gene consists of 28 exons which span 30 kilobases. Analysis of the nucleotide and predicted protein sequences indicates that the protein is comprised of two domains. There is a 1500 residue amino-terminal domain which contains seven regions strikingly similar to those in the beta' subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, and a carboxyl-terminal domain comprised of 52 repeats of a 7-amino-acid consensus sequence Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser. Among the seven highly conserved regions are a strongly basic domain consistent with a DNA-binding site and a consensus sequence characteristic of a potential zinc-binding domain. The 5' upstream region contains three tandem sequences similar to binding sites for the transcription factor SP1. Two of the introns in this gene splice at donor GC dinucleotides as opposed to previously described invariant GT sites. The identification of regions which are highly conserved as compared with bacterial and yeast RNA polymerase and other regions which are unique to the mouse protein suggests which domains of RNA polymerase large subunits are involved in aspects of transcription common to both procaryotes and eucaryotes and which are characteristic of transcription in higher organisms.
Multifunctional Nanoparticles: Cost Versus Benefit of Adding Targeting and Imaging Capabilities (2012)

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have been developed to improve the efficacy and reduce the systemic toxicity of a wide range of drugs. Although clinically approved nanoparticles have consistently shown value in reducing drug toxicity, their use has not always translated into improved clinical outcomes. This has led to the development of "multifunctional" nanoparticles, where additional capabilities like targeting and image contrast enhancement are added to the nanoparticles. However, additional functionality means additional synthetic steps and costs, more convoluted behavior and effects in vivo, and also greater regulatory hurdles. The trade-off between additional functionality and complexity is the subject of ongoing debate and the focus of this Review.
Septicemia due to coagulase-negative staphylococci in a neonatal intensive care unit (1983)

During the years 1979 to 1981 we experienced an increasing incidence of septicemia due to coagulase-negative staphylococci in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). A detailed analysis was performed for the 1981 NICU population. More than 90% of cases occurred in premature infants of low birth weight (less than 2500 g). All septicemic infants were receiving intravenous therapy and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions had been administered to nearly 80% just before or during the septic episode. A case-control study performed for the 1981 NICU population, which included 26 proved cases of coagulase-negative staphylococcal septicemia and 26 matched controls, did not uncover any differences in underlying diseases or modes of treatment between cases and controls. However, the infusion of contaminated TPN fluids was identified as a significant risk factor. Random bacteriological checks of TPN fluids revealed that nearly 20% of these solutions were contaminated, mainly with coagulase-negative staphylococci. The incidence of staphylococcal septicemia in infants who had received contaminated TPN fluids was 10-fold higher than in infants who had received sterile solutions (P less than 0.0005). The majority of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from the blood cultures from the NICU were multiply resistant to antibiotics although all isolates were susceptible to cephalothin. Treatment, consisting of removal or replacement of the intravenous devices and the administration of cephalothin and fresh plasma, was universally successful.
Asymmetric Direct Aldol Reaction Assisted by Water and a Proline‐Derived Tetrazole Catalyst (2004)

Just add water to improve the performance of direct aldol reactions like that shown. Previously, aldehydes with high water-affinity or -solubility were considered unsuitable for asymmetric synthesis.
Blood Cannabinoids. I. Absorption of THC and Formation of 11-OH-THC and THCCOOH During and After Smoking Marijuana* (1992)

delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of marijuana, is rapidly transferred from lungs to blood during smoking. Oxidative metabolism of THC yields the active metabolite, 11-hydroxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC), and the inactive metabolite, 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH). Characterization of THC's absorption phase is important because of the rapidity with which THC penetrates the central nervous system to produce psychoactive effects. This study incorporated a highly automated procedure to sample blood and to capture rapid drug level changes during and following smoking. Human subjects smoked one marijuana cigarette (placebo, 1.75%, or 3.55% THC) once a week according to a randomized, crossover, double-blind Latin square design. Samples were analyzed by GC/MS for THC, 11-OH THC, and THCCOOH. THC levels increased rapidly, peaked prior to the end of smoking, and quickly dissipated. Mean peak 11-OH-THC levels were substantially lower than THC levels and occurred immediately after the end of smoking. THCCOOH levels increased slowly and plateaued for an extended period. The mean peak time for THCCOOH was 113 min and a correspondingly longer time course of detection was observed. This study provides the first complete pharmacokinetic profile of the absorption of THC and appearance of metabolites during marijuana smoking. These findings have implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying the performance-impairing effects of marijuana, as well as for aiding forensic interpretation of cannabinoid blood levels.
Ataxia‐telangiectasia, cancer and the pathobiology of the ATM gene (1999)

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a pleiotropic inherited disease characterized by neurodegeneration, cancer, immunodeficiencies, radiation sensitivity, and genetic instability. Although A-T homozygotes are rare, the A-T gene may play a role in sporadic breast cancer and leukemia. ATM, the gene responsible for A-T, is homologous to several cell cycle checkpoint genes from other organisms. ATM is thought to play a crucial role in a signal transduction network that modulates cell cycle checkpoints, genetic recombination, apoptosis, and other cellular responses to DNA damage. New insights into the pathobiology of A-T have been provided by the creation of Atm-/- mice and by in vitro studies of ATM function. Analyses of ATM mutations in A-T patients and in sporadic tumors suggest the existence of two classes of ATM mutation: null mutations that lead to A-T and dominant negative missense mutations that may predispose to cancer in the heterozygous state.
Cloning, sequencing and expression of the gene encoding the cell-envelope-associated proteinase from Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NCDO 151 (1992)

The gene encoding the cell-envelope-associated proteinase of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NCDO 151 (formerly Lactobacillus casei NCDO 151) was cloned and sequenced. The gene was located on the chromosome and encoded a polypeptide of 1902 amino acids. The proteinase is N-terminally cleaved upon maturation. It shows extensive homology to the Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris Wg2 proteinase. Similar to the situation in Lactococcus, a maturation gene was found upstream of the proteinase gene. The cloned proteinase gene was expressed in Lactobacillus plantarum. However, no expression was observed when the gene was cloned in Lactococcus lactis.
Porcine Circoviruses: A Review (2000)

Porcine circoviruses (PCV) are small nonenveloped DNA viruses containing a unique single-stranded circular genome. Previously, no recognized link was found between PCV infection of pigs and disease, and PCV was considered a nonpathogenic agent. Over the last 5 years, a "novel" PCV, designated PCV2, has been associated with various disease syndromes in pigs, primarily postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Pigs with PMWS have a variety of clinical signs, including debility, dyspnea, palpable lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, and pallor or icterus. Lesions associated with the presence of PCV2 in a variety of cell types include lymphohistiocytic to granulomatous interstitial pneumonia, hepatitis, nephritis, myocarditis, enteritis, and pancreatitis. The lesions of PMWS have been reproduced experimentally after inoculation of piglets with PCV2 cell culture isolates, although the full expression of the disease syndrome may require the presence of other agents such as porcine parvovirus or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus. Recent reports have linked PCV2 to other disorders in pigs, ranging from abortion and reproductive failure to "atypical" PRRS. Available data indicate high seroprevalence of antibodies to PCV2 worldwide. The diagnosis of PCV2-associated disease is based on the direct demonstration of PCV2 antigens or nucleic acid in affected tissues. PCV2 is now regarded as an important emerging pathogen. Although vertical transmission has been documented, the epidemiology of PCV2 infections is poorly understood, as is the role of the immune response in controlling or augmenting disease.
Clinical Presentation, Etiology, and Outcome of Infective Endocarditis in the 21st Century (2009)

In the early 21st century, IE is more often an acute disease, characterized by a high rate of S aureus infection. Mortality remains relatively high.
Age-related changes in the distribution of Kv1.1 and Kv3.1 in rat cochlear nuclei (2005)

This study may provide useful data to compare age-related changes in Kv1.1 and Kv3.1 with known physiological properties of auditory neurons.
LDMOS implementation in a 0.35 μm BCD technology (BCD6) (2002)

This paper presents the integration approach followed to implement power LDMOS' up to 60 V into a 0.35 /spl mu/m process technology (BCD6) based on a CMOS plus Flash-Memory platform of equivalent lithography generation, built on a P-over P+ substrate. Experimental results on LDMOS' in terms of on-state specific resistance, off and on-state breakdown voltage, frequency behavior will be described analyzing the interactions between low voltage ULSI platform and high voltage power elements.
Effect to colonic anastomosis in postoperative TPN with monoacetoacetin as new synthetic energy source in rats. (1987)

雄ラットの低栄養状態下で, 結腸を切除, 吻合し, 種々の濃度 (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) でモノアセトアセチン (Ma群) およびブドウ糖 (G群) を用いたTPNの効果を比較検討した.術後5日目の体重はG群, Ma群で, 投与カロリー量が同じ群ではほぼ同様の値を示した.血清Acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrateは5%Maを用いたM5群を除いてMa群で高値を示した, NバランスはMa群が全体的に良好な傾向を示し, 特にM5群と5%Gを用いたG5群で統計的に有意差がみられた.吻合部腸管耐圧力はMa群ではほぼ一定の値を示し, M5群とG5群の比較ではM5群が有意に高値を示した.以上の成績から, Maは低栄養, ストレス下のラットにおいては, 有効なエネルギー源であることが示唆された.
Patents, software, and hardware for PID control: an overview and analysis of the current art (2006)

The wide application of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control has stimulated and sustained the development and patenting of various tuning and associated system identification techniques. However, to achieve optimal transient performance, tuning methods vary, and at present there exists no standardization of PID structures. This article provides an overview and analysis of PID patents, commercial software packages, and hardware modules. It also highlights the differences between academic research and industrial practice so as to motivate new research directions in PID technology.