gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance Measurements of Distributed Simulation Strategies. (1987)

Abstract : Although many distributed simulation strategies have been developed, to data, little empirical data is available to evaluate their performance. A multiprocessor-based, distributed simulation testbed is described that was designed to facilitate controlled experimentation with distributed simulation algorithms. Using this testbed, the performance of simulation strategies using deadlock avoidance and deadlock detection and recovery techniques was examined under various synthetic workloads. The distributed simulators were compared with a uniprocessor-based event list implementation. Results of a series of experiments are reported that demonstrate that message population and the degree to which processes can look ahead in simulated time play critical roles in the performance of distributed simulators using these algorithms. An avalanche phenomenon was observed in the deadlock detection and recovery simulators as message population was increased, and was found to be a necessary condition for achieving good performance. It is demonstrated that these distributed simulation algorithms can provide significant speedups over sequential event list implementations for some workloads, even in the presence of only a moderate amount of parallelism and many feedback loops. However, a moderate to high degree of parallelism was not sufficient to guarantee good performance for all workloads that were tested.
A Phase II study of the polyamine analog N1,N11-diethylnorspermine (DENSpm) daily for five days every 21 days in patients with previously treated metastatic breast cancer. (2003)

Although this dose and administration schedule of DENSpm was quite tolerable, no evidence of clinical activity was detected. Encouraging preclinical activity of polyamine analogs alone and in combination with cytotoxic drugs supports the continued evaluation of newer-generation polyamine analogs for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer.
Correlation analysis of particle clusters on integrated circuit wafers (1987)

Defect clustering results in correlations between the numbers of defects or faults that occur on integrated circuit chips located adjacent to one another on semiconductor wafers. Until now, it has been believed that correlations of this type were not accounted for in existing yield models. It is shown in this paper that such correlations are present in yield models based on mixed or compound Poisson statistics. A quadrat analysis of particle distributions on semiconductor wafers is used to compare data and theory. The results show that the theoretical correlation coefficients are in agreement with the experimental ones. It was also determined from the particle data how these correlation coefficients vary as the distance between quadrats is increased. This variation provides a convenient method for determining the cluster dimensions.
Apoptotic disseminated tumor cells reflect response to primary chemotherapy in breast cancer (2006)

654 Background: Primary chemotherapy (pCHT) is an established method to reduce tumor size (downstaging) in breast cancer patients before performing breast conserving therapy. The consequences of pCHT on tumor cell dissemination in these patients are not known. The aim of this study was to investigate (1) the incidence of disseminated tumor cells (DTC) including apoptotic DTC in patients with breast cancer after primary chemotherapy and (2) its correlation with pathological therapy response. Methods: Bone marrow aspiration was performed in 157 patients after primary chemotherapy. Cytokeratin-positive cells were detected by immunocytochemistry using the AB45-B/B3 anti-cytokeratin antibody. For detection of apoptotic tumor cells the antibody M30 (Roche Diagnostics, Germany) was used. M30 reacts with a neo-epitope expressed only after caspase cleavage of CK 18 during early apoptosis. Results: The incidence of disseminated tumor cells in breast cancer patients was 57% (84 of 157 pts) after completion of primary systemic therapy. Tumor dissemination was observed more frequently in patients with no change/progressive disease (NC+PD: 63%) than in those who showed partial (PR) or complete remission (CR) of the primary tumor (PR+CR: 43%) (p&lt;0.05). However, 9 of 23 (40%) patients with complete response were still bone marrow positive. Apoptotic tumor cells were present in 36 of 157 (23%) breast cancer patients. The positivity rate of apoptotic cells was higher in bone marrow positive patients with PR or CR (42%) compared to those with stable disease (SD) (26%). No apoptotic tumor cells were detected in patients with tumor progression (n=5). Conclusions: The pathological therapy response is reflected by the presence of apoptotic tumor cells in the bone marrow of breast cancer patients. However, patients with complete response may still have non apoptotic disseminated tumor cells. Patients with tumor cell dissemination after primary systemic therapy may be benefit from additional secondary adjuvant treatment (e.g. bisphosphonates, antibody based strategies). No significant financial relationships to disclose.
The pimelyl-CoA synthetase responsible for the first step in biotin biosynthesis by microorganisms. (1974)

Cell-free extracts of various bacteria were active in catalyzing the synthesis of pimelylCoA from pimelic acid and CoA. The pimelyl-CoA formed was determined in a reaction coupled with the 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid (KAPA) synthetase system, which is required to convert pimely-CoA to KAPA, and by microbiologically assaying the amount of KAPA formed. The enzyme synthesizing pimelyl-CoA was named pimely-CoA synthetase and should belong to EC 6. 2. 1. The pimelyl-CoA synthetase reaction required pimelic acid, CoA, ATP and Mg2+ The enzyme was partially purified from a cell-free extract of Bacillus megaterium. Using purified enzyme, characterization of the enzyme was performed. The enzyme reaction was remarkably inhibited by typical metal-chelating agents. Mn2+ and ADP could replace Mg2+ and ATP, respectively. No feedback repression was observed even with the addition of 1.0μg per ml of biotin to the culture medium.
Role of Ascospores in Further Spread of QoI-Resistant Cytochrome b Alleles (G143A) in Field Populations of Mycosphaerella graminicola (2005)

ABSTRACT Strobilurin fungicides or quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs) have been used successfully to control Septoria leaf blotch in the United Kingdom since 1997. However, QoI-resistant isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola were reported for the first time at Rothamsted during the summer of 2002. Sequence analysis of the cytochrome b gene revealed that all resistant isolates carried a mutation resulting in the replacement of glycine by alanine at codon 143 (G143A). Extensive monitoring using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing revealed that fungicide treatments based on QoIs rapidly selected for isolates carrying resistant A143 (R) alleles within field populations. This selection is driven mainly by polycyclic dispersal of abundantly produced asexual conidia over short distances. In order to investigate the role of sexually produced airborne ascospores in the further spread of R alleles, a method integrating spore trapping with real-time PCR assays was developed. This method enabled us to both quantify the number of M. graminicola ascospores in air samples as well as estimate the frequency of R alleles in ascospore populations. As expected, most ascospores were produced at the end of the growing season during senescence of the wheat crop. However, a rapid increase in R-allele frequency, from 35 to 80%, was measured immediately in airborne ascospore populations sampled in a wheat plot after the first QoI application at growth stage 32. After the second QoI application, most R-allele frequencies measured for M. graminicola populations present in leaves and aerosols sampled from the treated plot exceeded 90%. Spatial sampling and testing of M. graminicola flag leaf populations derived from ascospores in the surrounding crop showed that ascospores carrying R alleles can spread readily within the crop at distances of up to 85 m. After harvest, fewer ascospores were detected in air samples and the R-allele frequencies measured were influenced by ascospores originating from nearby wheat fields.
Managing complex documents over the WWW: a case study for XML (1999)

The use of the World Wide Web as a communication medium for knowledge engineers and software designers is limited by the lack of tools for writing, sharing, and verifying documents written with design notations. For instance, the Z language has a rich set of mathematical characters, and requires graphic-rich boxes and schemas for structuring a specification document. It is difficult to integrate Z specifications and text on WWW pages written with HTML, and traditional tools are not suited for the task. On the other hand, a newly proposed standard for markup languages, namely XML, allows one to define any set of markup elements; hence, it is suitable for describing any kind of notation. Unfortunately, the proposed standard for rendering XML documents, namely XSL, provides for text-only (although sophisticated) rendering of XML documents, and thus it cannot be used for more complex notations. We present a Java-based tool for applying any notation to elements of XML documents. These XML documents can thus be shown on current-generation WWW browsers with Java capabilities. A complete package for displaying Z specifications has been implemented and integrated with standard text parts. Being a complete rendering engine, text parts and Z specifications can be freely intermixed, and all the standard features of XML (including HTML links and form elements) are available outside and inside Z specifications. Furthermore, the extensibility of our engine allows any additional notations to be supported and integrated with the ones we describe.
Tactile interfaces for small touch screens (2003)

We present the design, implementation, and informal evaluation of tactile interfaces for small touch screens used in mobile devices. We embedded a tactile apparatus in a Sony PDA touch screen and enhanced its basic GUI elements with tactile feedback. Instead of observing the response of interface controls, users can feel it with their fingers as they press the screen. In informal evaluations, tactile feedback was greeted with enthusiasm. We believe that tactile feedback will become the next step in touch screen interface design and a standard feature of future mobile devices.
Regulation of the expression of the human vimentin gene: application to cellular immortalization. (1998)

Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein mainly specific of the mesoderm in vivo. In vitro vimentin synthesis is characteristic of proliferating cells, regardless of their embryonal origin, and is switched off upon differentiation of certain precursor cells. Vimentin gene expression is upregulated in some metastatic tumour cells, appearing as a marker of oncogenic progression. The vimentin network has been suggested to participate in several steps of viral infections. The promoter of the vimentin gene is comprised of multiple elements responsible for its complex transcriptional regulation. Among them, an NF-kappa B- and two AP1-binding sites mediate growth factor responsiveness. Two negative elements are present, one of which is deregulated by the HTLV-1 activator protein Tax. Transcription factor PEA3, encoded by a member of the ets oncogene family, activates the vimentin promoter in mammary tumour cells. In vitro, 878 base pairs of the vimentin 5'-regulatory region are sufficient to give high levels of transcription. These sequences were coupled to the SV40 large T antigen-encoding gene to achieve immortalization of new cell lines, either by transfection of primary cultures, or by derivation of cell explants from transgenic mice expressing the vimentin-SV40 construct. This allowed us, for instance, to immortalize endothelial, myogenic or renal epithelial cells, otherwise difficult to maintain in culture without loss of their differentiated phenotypes.
Processing of Pseudomonas exotoxin by a cellular protease results in the generation of a 37,000-Da toxin fragment that is translocated to the cytosol (1990)

Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) was incubated with cells and extracts analyzed for processed fragments. PE was proteolytically cleaved to produce a N-terminal 28-kDa and a C-terminal 37-kDa fragment, the latter being composed of a portion of domain II and all of domain III (the ADP-ribosylating domain). Cleavage was evident at 10 min after toxin addition and endosome preparations contained the processed fragments. Initially, the two fragments were linked by a disulfide bond. Subsequently, the 37-kDa fragment was reduced and translocated to the cytosol where it inactivated protein synthesis. Cytosol from toxin-treated cells was greatly enriched in the 37-kDa fragment. The 37-kDa fragment appears to be essential for toxicity since mutant PE molecules that do not produce this fragment, or cannot deliver it to the cytosol, fail to kill cells.
Agrin-induced acetylcholine receptor clustering in mammalian muscle requires tyrosine phosphorylation. (1996)

Agrin is thought to be the nerve-derived factor that initiates acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering at the developing neuromuscularjunction. We have investigated the signaling pathway in mouse C2 myotubes and report that agrin induces a rapid but transient tyrosine phosphorylation of the AChR beta subunit. As the beta-subunit tyrosine phosphorylation occurs before the formation of AChR clusters, it may serve as a precursor step in the clustering mechanism. Consistent with this, we observed that tyrosine phosphorylation of the beta subunit correlated precisely with the presence or absence of clustering under several experimental conditions. Moreover, two tyrosine kinase inhibitors, herbimycin and staurosporine, that blocked beta-subunit phosphorylation also blocked agrin-induced clustering. Surprisingly, the inhibitors also dispersed preformed AChR clusters, suggesting that the tyrosine phosphorylation of other proteins may be required for the maintenance of receptor clusters. These findings indicate that in mammalian muscle, agrin-induced AChR clustering occurs through a mechanism that requires tyrosine phosphorylation and may involve tyrosine phosphorylation of the AChR itself.
The lung amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel: biophysical properties, pharmacology, ontogenesis, and molecular cloning. (1994)

Water balance in the lung is controlled via active Na+ and Cl- transport. Electrophysiological measurements on lung epithelial cells demonstrated the presence of a Na+ channel that is inhibited by amiloride (K0.5 = 90 nM) and some of its derivatives such as phenamil (K0.5 = 19 nM) and benzamil (K0.5 = 14 nM) but not by ethylisopropylamiloride. An amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel of 4 pS was recorded from outside-out patches excised from the apical membrane. This channel is highly selective for Na+ (PNa+/PK+ > or = to 10). Isolation of a human lung cDNA led to the primary structure of the lung Na+ channel. The corresponding protein is 669 residues long and has two large hydrophobic domains. An amiloride-sensitive Na(+)-selective current apparently identical to the one observed in lung epithelial cells was recorded after expression of the cloned channel in oocytes. The level of the mRNA for the Na+ channel was highly increased from fetal to newborn and adult stages. This observation indicates that the increased Na+ reabsorption that occurs at birth as a necessary event to pass to an air-breathing environment is probably associated with control of transcription of this Na+ channel. The human gene for the lung Na+ channel was mapped on chromosome 12p13.
Linagliptin Lowers Albuminuria on Top of Recommended Standard Treatment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Renal Dysfunction (2013)

Linagliptin administered in addition to stable RAAS inhibitors led to a significant reduction in albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal dysfunction. This observation was independent of changes in glucose level or SBP. Further research to prospectively investigate the renal effects of linagliptin is underway.
Instantaneously adaptive delta sigma modulator (1986)

An instantaneously adaptive delta sigma modulator, where the pulse amplitude is increased or decreased by a constant value, is proposed. Its performances for sinusoidal signals and speech are studied. While an adaptive delta modulator operating at similar bit rates will perform better, the delta sigma modulator is useful in signal processing applications.
Overexpression of the steroid receptor coactivator AIB1 in breast cancer correlates with the absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors and positivity for p53 and HER2/neu. (2001)

The gene for the steroid receptor coactivator amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIBI), located on chromosome 20q12, is overexpressed at the mRNA level in up to 60% of primary breast carcinomas; however, only 5% of these tumors show DNA amplification. The transcription factors and signaling pathways relevant to breast cancer, which in the absence of DNA amplification are responsible for and targeted by elevated levels of AIBI mRNA, are unknown. In the present study, in situ hybridization was used to examine AIB1 mRNA expression in 93 breast carcinomas of varying histological grade and immunohistochemical profile. AIB1 mRNA was overexpressed relative to normal breast tissue in 26 of 83 (31%) invasive tumors. This was found to associate with high tumor grade (P = 0.0006), lack of immunohistochemical staining for the steroid receptors estrogen receptor (P = 0.002) and progesterone receptor (P = 0.002), and strong protein staining for p53 (P = 0.01) and HER2/neu (P = 0.002). These findings suggest that AIB1 overexpression may impact on breast cancer by a mechanism not wholly dependent on steroid receptor coexpression and which may involve other oncogenic events, such as p53 protein stabilization and HER2/neu overexpression.
Therapeutic aspects of cannabis and cannabinoids (2001)

Cannabis and some cannabinoids are effective anti-emetics and analgesics and reduce intra-ocular pressure. There is evidence of symptom relief and improved well-being in selected neurological conditions, AIDS and certain cancers. Cannabinoids may reduce anxiety and improve sleep. Anticonvulsant activity requires clarification. Other properties identified by basic research await evaluation. Standard treatments for many relevant disorders are unsatisfactory. Cannabis is safe in overdose but often produces unwanted effects, typically sedation, intoxication, clumsiness, dizziness, dry mouth, lowered blood pressure or increased heart rate. The discovery of specific receptors and natural ligands may lead to drug developments. Research is needed to optimise dose and route of administration, quantify therapeutic and adverse effects, and examine interactions.
A Newly Defined Property of Somatotropin: Priming of Macrophages for Production of Superoxide Anion (1988)

Macrophages can be activated to produce reactive oxygen intermediates, such as superoxide anion (O2-), which are responsible for intracellular killing of pathogenic microbes. Treatment with either native or recombinant somatotropin augmented the production of O2- by both peripheral blood-derived and alveolar macrophages stimulated with opsonized zymosan in vitro. This effect was abolished by prior treatment with an antibody specific for somatotropin. When either native or recombinant porcine somatotropin or native rat somatotropin was administered to hypophysectomized rats in vivo, activation of peritoneal macrophages, as measured by release of O2- in response to opsonized zymosan, was equivalent to that of macrophages from rats primed with the macrophage-activating factor interferon-gamma. Priming of macrophages in vivo was observed at physiologically relevant doses of somatotropin that caused a 10 to 40 percent increase in growth rate. Priming of mononuclear phagocytes for augmented production of reactive oxygen metabolites is a newly defined property of somatotropin.
Vertical junction silicon microdisk modulators and switches (2011)

Vertical junction resonant microdisk modulators and switches have been demonstrated with exceptionally low power consumption, low-voltage operation, high-speed, and compact size. This paper reviews the progress of vertical junction microdisk modulators, provides detailed design data, and compares vertical junction performance to lateral junction performance. The use of a vertical junction maximizes the overlap of the depletion region with the optical mode thereby minimizing both the drive voltage and power consumption of a depletion-mode modulator. Further, the vertical junction enables contact to be made from the interior of the resonator and therein a hard outer wall to be formed that minimizes radiation in small diameter resonators, further reducing the capacitance and drive power of the modulator. Initial simple vertical junction modulators using depletion-mode operation demonstrated the first sub-100 fJ/bit silicon modulators. With more intricate doping schemes and through the use of AC-coupled drive signals, 3.5 μm diameter vertical junction microdisk modulators have recently achieved a communications efficiency of 3 fJ/bit, making these modulators the smallest and lowest power modulators demonstrated to date, in any material system. Additionally, the demonstration was performed at 12.5 Gb/s, required a peak-to-peak signal level of only 1 V, and achieved bit-error-rates below 10(-12) without requiring signal pre-emphasis. As an additional benefit to the use of interior contacts, higher-order active filters can be constructed from multiple vertical-junction modulators without interference of the electrodes. Doing so, we demonstrated second-order active high-speed bandpass switches with ~2.5 ns switching speeds, and power penalties of only 0.4 dB. Through the use of vertical junctions in resonant modulators, we have achieved the lowest power consumption, lowest voltage, and smallest silicon modulators demonstrated to date.
PbTiO3 thin films grown by organometallic chemical vapour deposition (1992)

Abstract We have used organometallic chemical vapour deposition (OMCVD) to deposit ferroelectric PbTiO3 films on both single crystalline (001)SrTiO3 and oxidized Si substrates provided with a platinum electrode, using the precursors titanium-iso-propoxide and tetra-ethyl-lead. Epitaxial PbTiO3 layers were grown on (001)SrTiO3 at temperatures around 700°C. The epitaxial nature of the c-axis oriented PbTiO3 is confirmed by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry including channeling, x-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution electron microscopy. A minimum channeling backscatter yield of ∼ 3 % is obtained under optimal conditions. Polycrystalline PbTiO3 films have been deposited on the platinized Si substrates at temperatures between 400°C and 550°C. XRD shows that the films are of a single-phase perovskite-type structure. For a layer deposited at 400°C followed by an anneal at 700°C we measured an Ec of ∼ 100 kV/cm, an Pr of ∼ 55 μC/cm2, and a switching time < 50 ns. This latter value was limited by the instrumental set-up.