gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interactive deduplication using active learning (2002)

Deduplication is a key operation in integrating data from multiple sources. The main challenge in this task is designing a function that can resolve when a pair of records refer to the same entity in spite of various data inconsistencies. Most existing systems use hand-coded functions. One way to overcome the tedium of hand-coding is to train a classifier to distinguish between duplicates and non-duplicates. The success of this method critically hinges on being able to provide a covering and challenging set of training pairs that bring out the subtlety of deduplication function. This is non-trivial because it requires manually searching for various data inconsistencies between any two records spread apart in large lists.We present our design of a learning-based deduplication system that uses a novel method of interactively discovering challenging training pairs using active learning. Our experiments on real-life datasets show that active learning significantly reduces the number of instances needed to achieve high accuracy. We investigate various design issues that arise in building a system to provide interactive response, fast convergence, and interpretable output.
Why not resurface the patella? (1983)

The results of resurfacing or not resurfacing the articular cartilage of the patella were reviewed in 71 knees--47 with rheumatoid arthritis and 24 with osteoarthritis--which had been replaced with the ICLH prosthesis. Two rheumatoid and osteoporotic patellae developed transverse fractures with separation and were excluded from the review. The results showed that resurfacing the patella greatly reduced peripatellar pain with no counter-balancing disadvantage.
Optimizing the instruction cache performance of the operating system (1998)

High instruction cache hit rates are key to high performance. One known technique to improve the hit rate of caches is to minimize cache interference by improving the layout of the basic blocks of the code. However, the performance impact of this technique has been reported for application code only, even though there is evidence that the operating system often uses the cache heavily and with less uniform patterns than applications. It is unknown how well existing optimizations perform for systems code acid whether better optimizations can be found. We address this problem in this paper. This paper characterizes, in detail, the locality patterns of the operating system code and shows that there is substantial locality Unfortunately, caches are not able to extract much of it: Rarely-executed special-case code disrupts spatial locality loops with few iterations that call routines make loop locality hard to exploit, and plenty of loop-less code hampers temporal locality. Based on our observations, we propose an algorithm to expose these localities and reduce interference in the cache. For a range of cache sizes, associativities, lines sizes, and organizations, we show that we reduce total instruction miss rates by 31-86 percent, or up to 2.9 absolute points. Using a simple model, this corresponds to execution time reductions of the order of 10-25 percent. In addition, our optimized operating system combines well with optimized and unoptimized applications.
Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor gene: functional analysis and glucocorticoid regulation of its promoter. (1988)

Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 is an important component of the fibrinolytic system and its biosynthesis is subject to complex regulation. To study this regulation at the level of transcription, we have identified and sequenced the promoter of the human plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 gene. Nuclease protection experiments were performed by using endothelial cell mRNA and the transcription initiation (cap) site was established. Sequence analysis of the 5' flanking region of the gene revealed a perfect "TATA box" at position -28 to position -23, the conserved distance from the cap site. Comparative functional studies with the firefly luciferase gene as a reporter gene showed that fragments derived from this 5' flanking region exhibited high promoter activity when transfected into bovine aortic endothelial cells and mouse Ltk- fibroblasts but were inactive when introduced into HeLa cells. These studies indicate that the fragments contain the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 promoter and that it is expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Although the fragments were also silent in rat FTO2B hepatoma cells, their promoter activity could be induced up to 40-fold with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Promoter deletion mapping experiments and studies involving the fusion of promoter fragments to a heterologous gene indicated that dexamethasone induction is mediated by a glucocorticoid responsive element with enhancer-like properties located within the region between nucleotides -305 and +75 of the plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 gene.
Sustained increases in heart rate induced by timed repetition of vagal stimulation in dogs (1985)

We determined the influence of the "free-running cycle length" (tau FR) on chronotropic responses to one burst of right vagal stimuli per cardiac cycle in anesthetized dogs (tau FR, cycle length that prevailed in absence of right vagal stimulation). We varied tau FR by the following methods: 1) tonic left vagal stimulation in pentobarbital-anesthetized animals; 2) tonic left vagal stimulation plus sinus node cooling in pentobarbital-anesthetized animals; and 3) anesthesia with fentanyl, droperidol, and pentobarbital. When tau FR was less than a critical value [1,019 +/- 60 (SE) ms], right vagal stimulus bursts always had the expected negative chronotropic effect. However, when the tau FR was increased beyond critical value, right vagal stimulus bursts delivered within a specific portion of cardiac cycle actually had a positive chronotropic effect; i.e., cycle lengths diminished to values below tau FR. As tau FR was progressively increased beyond critical value, positive chronotropic response became greater and could be evoked by stimulus bursts delivered within a greater fraction of cardiac cycle. The right vagal stimuli that elicited the maximum positive chronotropic effect were those that were given approximately 235 ms prior to beginning of next atrial depolarization. This critical time probably occurs near the end of the period of phase 4 depolarization of sinus node automatic cells.
Change Detection in XML Documents for Fixed Structures using Exclusive-Or (XOR) (2004)

XML is an emerging standard for the representation and exchange of Internet data. The characteristics of XML, tree-structured (i.e. a collection of nodes) and self-descriptive, facilitate the detection of changes in an XML document in minute detail and at a finer grain than obtainable at the document level. Furthermore, for a fixed schema (structure) changes may frequently happen in the content or data values of XML documents in the Web. We wish to propose a method that effectively detects this content or data value changes. Rather than inspecting all nodes between two versions of XML documents, we propose an effective algorithm, called top-down, which will detect changes in XML documents by exploring a subset of nodes in the tree. We would like to be certain that if a leaf node changes the algorithm will detect these changes, not only by inspecting the node itself, but also its parent node, grand parent node, and so on. For this, a signature for each node will be constructed which is basically an abstraction of the information stored in a node. There are several ways we can construct such a signature. We will choose exclusive-or (XOR) to construct node signatures which will prevent a user from getting irrelevant information/change and make certain that the user does not miss relevant information. Note that for the web, along with being able to access huge quantities of information, the relevancy of information/change is more important than missing of relevant information/change. For this, in this paper we propose an automatic change detection algorithm which will identify changes between two versions of an XML document based on these signatures using XOR. Our proposed algorithm will traverse the least number of nodes necessary to detect these changes. We demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms the traditional algorithm which exhaustively searches the entire space. We will also demonstrate analytically and empirically that the miss of relevant change is within tolerable range.
Controlled synthesis of core/shell magnetic iron oxide/carbon systems via a self-template method (2009)

A sol-gel assembly process was developed for the synthesis of magnetic core/carbon shell materials with porous networks. Fe(CO)5 was assembled into the pore channels of mesoporous silicavia a sol-gel method at 18 °C, by using the block copolymer F127 as the template and Fe(CO)5 as an additional precursor. At this temperature, the magnetic precursor Fe(CO)5 was pre-organized into hydrophobic cores of micelles by self-assembly of F127. In the subsequent carbonization of the assembly under an Ar atmosphere, Fe(CO)5 transformed into magnetic nanoparticles and surfactant F127 transferred into carbon shells enveloping the magnetic nanoparticles, forming magnetic iron oxide core/carbon shell structures. The removal of the silica with 5% HF acid resulted in the core/shell nanoporous composite. The obtained system demonstrates a saturation magnetic value of 3 emu g−1 as well as a high surface area (98 cm2 g−1) and pore volume (0.21 m3 g−1), which would benefit its potential applications as adsorbents and catalysts, or applications in targeted drug delivery systems. This facile strategy would provide an efficient approach for tailoring core/shell porous materials with desired functionalities and structures by adjusting precursors and structure-directing agents.
Analysis of antigens recognized on human melanoma cells by A2‐restricted cytolytic t lymphocytes (CTL) (1993)

We have pursued our analysis of potential tumor-rejection antigens recognized on human melanoma by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). We reported previously that 3 distinct antigens (A,B,C) were recognized on melanoma cell line SK29-MEL in association with HLA-A2. Selection for melanoma-cell variants resistant to anti-A CTL revealed that antigen A consists of at least 2 determinants (Aa, Ab) which can be lost separately. Genetic linkage between Aa and Ab was suggested by concomitant loss of Aa and Ab in an immunoselected tumor-cell variant. This variant was also resistant to an autologous CTL clone restricted by HLA-B45, indicating that this CTL may also recognize a determinant of antigen A. Of 11 allogeneic HLA-A2 melanoma cell lines that were tested, 5 expressed both Aa and Ab, 1 expressed only Aa, and 1 only Ab. None of them was lysed by anti-B or anti-C CTL clones. A CTL clone derived from another HLA-A2-melanoma patient was found to have exactly the same lytic pattern as the anti-Ab CTL of the first patient. This suggested that it may be possible to elicit an anti-Ab response in many HLA-A2 patients. We conclude that there are at least 2 distinct antigens presented in association with HLA-A2 that are common to many melanomas and therefore constitute promising targets for specific immunotherapy.
The Sensing of Membrane Microdomains Based on Pore-Forming Toxins (2013)

Membrane rafts are transient and unstable membrane microdomains that are enriched in sphingolipids, cholesterol, and specific proteins. They are involved in intracellular trafficking, signal transduction, pathogen entry, and attachment of various ligands. Increasing experimental evidence on the crucial biological roles of membrane rafts under normal and pathological conditions require new techniques for their structural and functional characterization. In particular, fluorescence-labeled cytolytic proteins that interact specifically with molecules enriched in rafts are of increasing interest. Cholera toxin subunit B interacts specifically with raft-residing ganglioside G(M1), and it has long been the lipid probe of choice for membrane rafts. Recently, four new pore-forming toxins have been proposed as selective raft markers: (i) equinatoxin II, a cytolysin from the sea anemone Actinia equina, which specifically recognizes free and membrane-embedded sphingomyelin; (ii) a truncated non-toxic mutant of a cytolytic protein, lysenin, from the earthworm Eisenia foetida, which specifically recognizes sphingomyelin-enriched membrane domains; (iii) a non-toxic derivative of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin perfringolysin O, from the bacterium Clostridium perfringens, which selectively binds to membrane domains enriched in cholesterol; and (iv) ostreolysin, from the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, which does not bind to a single raft-enriched lipid component, but requires a specific combination of two of the most important raft-residing lipids: sphingomyelin and cholesterol. Nontoxic, raft-binding derivatives of cytolytic proteins have already been successfully used to explore both the structure and function of membrane rafts, and of raft-associated molecules. Here, we review these four new derivatives of pore-forming toxins as new putative markers of these membrane microdomains.
Augmentation by anti-T3 antibody of the lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. (1988)

This study showed that a mAb (145-2C11) against the T3 epsilon-chain of the TCR complex augmented the cytotoxic activity of the lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) effectors. The LAK cells were induced by culturing normal spleen cells with purified human rIL-2. Adding alpha T3 at the effector phase of the cytotoxic reactions augmented the LAK-mediated cytotoxicity. The alpha T3-augmented LAK killing was seen only with tumor targets, and there was no increase of killing against Con A-induced lymphoblasts. The augmentation effect was dose dependent on both the amounts of alpha T3 and the number of LAK cells added. A very low concentration of alpha T3 (1/10,000 dilution of culture supernatants) was sufficient to induce alpha T3-augmented LAK-mediated cytotoxicity. Human rIL-2 at 10 to 30 U/ml was sufficient to generate LAK cells for maximal alpha T3 augmentation, whereas 300 to 1000 U/ml of IL-2 were needed to generate maximal LAK activity when tested in the absence of alpha T3. LAK cells generated for longer periods of time showed a progressive increase of alpha T3-augmented cytotoxicity. For some targets, the alpha T3-augmented LAK killing was FcR dependent as evidenced by the ability of alpha FcR mAb 2.4G2 to inhibit, and for others it was not inhibited. The alpha T3-augmented killing did not correlate with the FcR expression on target cells as defined by 2.4G2. The LAK cells were both Lyt-2+ and Lyt-2-, but the LAK cells involved in alpha T3-augmented killing were exclusively Lyt-2+. Preincubation of LAK cells with alpha T3, but not preincubation of targets with alpha T3, resulted in augmented killing suggesting that the alpha T3 effect was unrelated to an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Our findings indicate that alpha T3 is a potent reagent to augment the cytotoxic reaction of LAK cells. These results suggested that a relationship might exist between the T3 complex and the cytotoxic activity of a subpopulation of Lyt-2+ LAK cells.
Genetic Markers at the Leptin ( OB ) Locus Are Not Significantly Linked to Hypertension in African Americans (1998)

Increased body mass index (BMI) has been correlated with increased blood pressure in human populations. To examine the role of the leptin gene (OB) in essential hypertension in African Americans, we performed affected sib pair analysis on a set of 103 hypertensive African American sibships using four highly polymorphic markers at the human leptin locus. No evidence of linkage was detected between these markers and the phenotype of essential hypertension either in these sibships or in a severely obese subset of 46 sibships in which each sibling had a BMI > or = 85th percentile for the US population. Using BMI rather than hypertension as a quantitative trait, we found significant linkage for the marker D7S504 (P=0.029) but not for the other markers. Significance strengthened in the overweight subset of sibships for this marker (P=0.001), and there was a trend of lower P values for the other three markers. However, multipoint analysis with the use of all four markers simultaneously to estimate linkage between BMI and the leptin locus did not demonstrate a statistically significant relationship. Analysis of the coding region of the leptin gene (exons 2 and 3) by single-strand conformational polymorphism revealed a rare Ile-Val polymorphism at amino acid 45 but revealed no other alterations. These results suggest that the OB gene is not a major contributor to the phenotype of essential hypertension in African Americans, although a minor contribution to the phenotype of extreme obesity in this group cannot be ruled out.
Evidence from total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy for calcium-independent binding of prothrombin to negatively charged planar phospholipid membranes (1991)

Measurements to test for a proposed Ca2+-independent interaction of prothrombin with membranes containing acidic phospholipids are described. Fluorescein-labeled bovine prothrombin and its amino- and carboxy-terminal peptides, prothrombin fragment 1 and prethrombin 1, were added at various concentrations in the presence or absence of Ca2+ to the aqueous space bathing substrate-supported planar membranes composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (POPC), POPC/bovine brain phosphatidylserine (bovPS) (70:30 mol/mol), or POPC/1,2-dioleoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) (70:30 mol/mol). Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) at the membrane-solution interface showed a significant enhancement by acidic lipids of prothrombin and prothrombin fragment 1 binding in the presence of 5 mM Ca2+, with apparent dissociation constants of 0.4 and 1 microM, respectively. TIRFM measurements indicated that bovPS and DOPG also significantly enhanced the binding of fluorescein-labeled prothrombin to the planar membranes in the absence of Ca2+, with apparent dissociation constants (13-30 microM) at least an order of magnitude larger than the Ca(2+)-dependent constant for prothrombin binding. Association of prethrombin 1 but not prothrombin fragment 1 with membranes in the absence of Ca2+ was enhanced by the presence of bovPS in the membranes, which suggests that the Ca(2+)-independent binding site(s) is (are) in the prethrombin 1 but not the fragment 1 portion of prothrombin.
Adenoviral gene transfer of Caenorhabditis elegans n −3 fatty acid desaturase optimizes fatty acid composition in mammalian cells (2001)

Omega--3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential components required for normal cellular function and have been shown to exert many preventive and therapeutic actions. The amount of n--3 PUFAs is insufficient in most Western people, whereas the level of n--6 PUFAs is relatively too high, with an n--6/n--3 ratio of >18. These two classes of PUFAs are metabolically and functionally distinct and often have important opposing physiological functions; their balance is important for homeostasis and normal development. Elevating tissue concentrations of n--3 PUFAs in mammals relies on chronic dietary intake of fat rich in n--3 PUFAs, because mammalian cells lack enzymatic activities necessary either to synthesize the precursor of n--3 PUFAs or to convert n--6 to n--3 PUFAs. Here we report that adenovirus-mediated introduction of the Caenorhabditis elegans fat-1 gene encoding an n--3 fatty acid desaturase into mammalian cells can quickly and effectively elevate the cellular n--3 PUFA contents and dramatically balance the ratio of n--6/n--3 PUFAs. Heterologous expression of the fat-1 gene in rat cardiac myocytes rendered cells capable of converting various n--6 PUFAs to the corresponding n--3 PUFAs, and changed the n--6/n--3 ratio from about 15:1 to 1:1. In addition, an eicosanoid derived from n--6 PUFA (i.e., arachidonic acid) was reduced significantly in the transgenic cells. This study demonstrates an effective approach to modifying fatty acid composition of mammalian cells and also provides a basis for potential applications of this gene transfer in experimental and clinical settings.
DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS OVER ALUMINA (1925)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS OVER ALUMINAHomer Adkins and Philip P. PerkinsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1925, 47, 4, 1163–1167Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1925Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1925https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01681a036RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views767Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (346 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Hyperplasia of Lymphatic Vessels in VEGF-C Transgenic Mice (1997)

No growth factors specific for the lymphatic vascular system have yet been described. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) regulates vascular permeability and angiogenesis, but does not promote lymphangiogenesis. Overexpression of VEGF-C, a ligand of the VEGF receptors VEGFR-3 and VEGFR-2, in the skin of transgenic mice resulted in lymphatic, but not vascular, endothelial proliferation and vessel enlargement. Thus, VEGF-C induces selective hyperplasia of the lymphatic vasculature, which is involved in the draining of interstitial fluid and in immune function, inflammation, and tumor metastasis. VEGF-C may play a role in disorders involving the lymphatic system and may be of potential use in therapeutic lymphangiogenesis.
Photoluminescence spectra of undoped GaAs grown by molecular-beam epitaxy at very high and low substrate temperatures (1986)

The incorporation mechanisms of residual impurities in GaAs layers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy has been investigated by high-resolution photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy at 2 K. A systematic study of near-band-edge emissions of undoped GaAs layers grown at a wide range of growth temperatures (Tg), 470–750 °C, demonstrates that PL spectra related with residual impurities are significantly dependent upon Tg. It was found that maximum emission intensity of free exciton is obtained at Tg ∼550 °C, and the minimum impurity incorporation is established at Tg of 550–650 °C.