gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Opinion integration through semi-supervised topic modeling (2008)

Web 2.0 technology has enabled more and more people to freely express their opinions on the Web, making the Web an extremely valuable source for mining user opinions about all kinds of topics. In this paper we study how to automatically integrate opinions expressed in a well-written expert review with lots of opinions scattering in various sources such as blogspaces and forums. We formally define this new integration problem and propose to use semi-supervised topic models to solve the problem in a principled way. Experiments on integrating opinions about two quite different topics (a product and a political figure) show that the proposed method is effective for both topics and can generate useful aligned integrated opinion summaries. The proposed method is quite general. It can be used to integrate a well written review with opinions in an arbitrary text collection about any topic to potentially support many interesting applications in multiple domains.
Binding Studies with Antibodies Having Phosphorylcholine Specificity and Fragments Derived from Their Homologous Streptococcus Pneumoniae Type 27 Capsular Polysaccharide (1979)

Abstract The capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 27 (S-27) has been fragmented into oligosaccharides by controlled degradations. Binding of these derived small ligands with heterogeneous rabbit anti-S-27 antibody of selected phosphorylcholine affinity indicates that a major immunodeterminant of S-27 is the phosphorylcholine moiety, but that these anti-P.C. antibodies are also capable of binding to the polysaccharide backbone from which the P.C. has been removed.
Study and Reduction of the Mutual Coupling Between Two Mobile Phone PIFAs Operating in the DCS1800 and UMTS Bands (2006)

Several solutions are presented to reduce the mutual coupling between two planar inverted-F antennas (PIFAs) working in close radiocommunication standards and positioned on a finite-sized ground plane modeling the printed circuit board (PCB) of a typical mobile phone. First, the two PIFAs are designed on separate PCBs to, respectively, operate in the DCS1800 and UMTS bands. In a second step, they are associated on the top edge of the same PCB. Realistic arrangements are then theoretically and experimentally studied. Finally, several solutions are investigated to maximize the isolation. They consist in inserting a suspended line between the PIFAs' feedings and/or shorting points. All along this paper, several prototypes are fabricated and their performances measured to validate the obtained IE3D moment method-based simulation results
Hypoxia, hyperoxia, ischemia, and brain necrosis (2000)

Hypoxia without ischemia does not cause brain necrosis but hypoxia exacerbates ischemic necrosis. Hyperoxia potently mitigates brain damage in this MCA occlusion model, especially in neocortex.
Cell-specific expression of tubby gene family members (tub, Tulp1,2, and 3) in the retina. (1999)

Although all tubby gene family members are expressed in the retina, they each have different cell-specific expression patterns, which may account in part for their inability to compensate for the loss of one family member. The photoreceptor cell death in tubby mice occurs through an apoptotic mechanism, which is known to be the common final outcome of other forms of retinal degeneration.
Dictyostelium transposable element DIRS-1 has 350-base-pair inverted terminal repeats that contain a heat shock promoter. (1984)

DIRS-1 is a 4.7-kilobase-pair repetitive and apparently transposable Dictyostelium genetic element that is transcribed during differentiation or after heat shock. The terminal regions of DIRS-1 are inverted repeats of 330 base pairs. The repeats are highly conserved both within a given element as well as between different members of the family (less than 10% divergence). At the distal end of all left repeats is a 32-nucleotide sequence composed almost entirely of A and T residues. In addition to this 32-base A + T sequence, the distal region of all right repeats is extended by a 28-base-pair A + T-rich sequence that is identical in all copies. The sequences flanking each DIRS-1 sequence are completely dissimilar, and there appears to be no duplication of the genomic DNA sequence at the presumed point of DIRS-1 insertion. The terminal repeats can also be found interspersed in the genome independently of the complete element. In addition, the terminal repeats carry a 15-nucleotide sequence that greatly resembles the Drosophila consensus heat shock promoter and may be involved in the transcriptional induction of the DIRS-1 sequences.
Clinical trials of antiangiogenic agents (1995)

Complete inhibition of angiogenesis should be well tolerated in most adults because under physiologic conditions angiogenesis is required only for wound healing and reproduction. However, angiogenesis is required for malignant solid tumor growth beyond 1 to 2 cubic millimeters, and microvessel counts in tumor specimens have been correlated with prognosis in patients with malignancies of the breast, prostate, and central nervous system. Antiangiogenic agents that bind to heparin-binding growth factors, inactivate matrix metalloproteinases, or inhibit endothelial cell proliferation are currently being tested as single agents in clinical trials. Recombinant proteins such as interferon alfa and platelet factor 4 may also have antiangiogenic activity through mechanisms that are not yet completely defined. Because they act through diverse mechanisms of action, antiangiogenic agents may achieve maximum biologic effect when administered together. These agents are particularly attractive in the surgical adjuvant setting because the risk for development of drug resistance and induction of second malignancies is low.
Creating a False Memory in the Hippocampus (2013)

Memories can be unreliable. We created a false memory in mice by optogenetically manipulating memory engram-bearing cells in the hippocampus. Dentate gyrus (DG) or CA1 neurons activated by exposure to a particular context were labeled with channelrhodopsin-2. These neurons were later optically reactivated during fear conditioning in a different context. The DG experimental group showed increased freezing in the original context, in which a foot shock was never delivered. The recall of this false memory was context-specific, activated similar downstream regions engaged during natural fear memory recall, and was also capable of driving an active fear response. Our data demonstrate that it is possible to generate an internally represented and behaviorally expressed fear memory via artificial means.
Fabrication of Gear Having Functionally Graded Properties by Direct Laser Melting Process (2014)

Functionally graded properties are characterized by the variation in composition and structure gradually over volume, resulting in corresponding changes in the properties of the material. Direct laser melting (DLM) process is a kind of prototyping process whereby a 3D part is built layerwise by melting the metal powder with laser scanning. DLM can directly build full-density and high-performance complex metal parts from CAD solid model without using any molds and tools. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the possibility to produce functionally graded properties in gear through the direct laser melting of compositionally selected metallic powders. Properties of manufactured parts depend strongly on each single laser-melted track. Therefore, effects of the processing parameters such as scanning speed and laser power on single tracks formation are explored. For the fabrication of gear, building direction and hatch angle have been precisely controlled. Hardness test and EDX analysis were carried out on cross-section of fabricated gear to characterize functionally graded properties. From the analysis, functionally graded properties can be successfully obtained by DLM of selected metallic powders having different compositions.
Apolipoprotein A-I inhibits the production of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α by blocking contact-mediated activation of monocytes by T lymphocytes (2001)

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), essential components in the pathogenesis of immunoinflammatory diseases, are strongly induced in monocytes by direct contact with stimulated T lymphocytes. This study demonstrates that adult human serum (HS) but not fetal calf or cord blood serum displays inhibitory activity toward the contact-mediated activation of monocytes by stimulated T cells, decreasing the production of both TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. Fractionation of HS and N-terminal microsequencing as well as electroelution of material subjected to preparative electrophoresis revealed that apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I), a "negative" acute-phase protein, was the inhibitory factor. Functional assays and flow cytometry analyses show that high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated apo A-I inhibits contact-mediated activation of monocytes by binding to stimulated T cells, thus inhibiting TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production at both protein and messenger RNA levels. Furthermore, apo A-I inhibits monocyte inflammatory functions in peripheral blood mononuclear cells activated by either specific antigens or lectins without affecting cell proliferation. These results demonstrate a new anti-inflammatory activity of HDL-associated apo A-I that might have modulating functions in nonseptic conditions. Therefore, because HDL has been shown to bind and neutralize lipopolysaccharide, HDL appears to play an important part in modulating both acute and chronic inflammation. The novel anti-inflammatory function of apo A-I reported here might lead to new therapeutic approaches in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and atherosclerosis.
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Their role in renal fibrosis and renal function (2003)

Recently, a protein has emerged as a potential renotrophic factor: bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7). In a preventive protocol, BMP-7 treatment was found to significantly decrease renal injury in a rat model of ureteral obstruction (UUO), when treatment was initiated at the time of injury. Subsequent studies suggested that BMP-7 treatment also attenuated renal fibrosis when administered after renal fibrosis had begun. This treatment protocol was also found to increase significantly renal function from the levels measured in the vehicle-treated group. BMP-7 also partially reversed the diabetic nephropathy induced in rats by a single dose of streptozotocin. It restored glomerular filtration rate (GFR), decreased the excretion of protein, and restored histology towards normal. These studies also highlight the value of histological parameters as indicators of renal function and the potential of renal homeostatic factors in the treatment of kidney disease.
Mosaic Structure of Plasmids From Natural Populations of Escherichia coli (1996)

The distribution of plasmids related to the fertility factor F was examined in the ECOR reference collection of Escherichia coli. Probes specific for four F-related genes were isolated and used to survey the collection by DNA hybridization. To estimate the genetic diversity of genes in F-like plasmids, DNA sequences were obtained for four plasmid genes. The phylogenetic relationships among the plasmids in the ECOR strains is very different from that of the strains themselves. This finding supports the view that plasmid transfer has been frequent within and between the major groups of ECOR. Furthermore, the sequences indicate that recombination between genes in plasmids takes place at a considerably higher frequency than that observed for chromosomal genes. The plasmid genes, and by inference the plasmids themselves, are mosaic in structure with different regions acquired from different sources. Comparison of gene sequences from a variety of naturally occurring plasmids suggested a plausible donor of some of the recombinant regions as well as implicating a chi site in the mechanism of genetic exchange. The relatively high rate of recombination in F-plasmid genes suggests that conjugational gene transfer may play a greater role in bacterial population structure than previously appreciated.
Human motion analysis: a review (2002)

Human motion analysis is receiving increasing attention from computer vision researchers. This interest is motivated by a wide spectrum of applications, such as athletic performance analysis, surveillance, man-machine interfaces, content-based image storage and retrieval, and video conferencing. The paper gives an overview of the various tasks involved in motion analysis of the human body. The authors focus on three major areas related to interpreting human motion: 1) motion analysis involving human body parts, 2) tracking of human motion using single or multiple cameras, and 3) recognizing human activities from image sequences. Motion analysis of human body parts involves the low-level segmentation of the human body into segments connected by joints, and recovers the 3D structure of the human body using its 2D projections over a sequence of images. Tracking human motion using a single or multiple camera focuses on higher-level processing, in which moving humans are tracked without identifying specific parts of the body structure. After successfully matching the moving human image from one frame to another in image sequences, understanding the human movements or activities comes naturally, which leads to a discussion of recognizing human activities. The review is illustrated by examples.
Production and in-situ Metal Filling of Carbon Nanotubes in Water (2001)

Growing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by arcing from graphite electrodes does not demand a noble gas atmosphere: water will do! CO and H2 bubbles generated by reaction of C vapor with water provide a quasi-inert atmosphere in which multiwalled carbon nanotubes grow from the cathode. Using cobalt salt solutions instead of plain water, the authors obtained CNTs filled with metallic cobalt and elemental sulfur (see Figure), potentially useful as nanoprobes for magnetic force microscopy.
Ovarian carcinoma spheroids demonstrate an invasive potential (2004)

4917 Ovarian carcinoma patients frequently develop a malignant peritoneal ascites fluid containing single and aggregated tumor cells, or spheroids. Spheroids have been used as models of tumor microenvironments, and have been shown to be resistant to many therapies, but their potential to contribute to ovarian cancer dissemination has not been determined. We have previously shown that spheroids recovered from eleven stage III ovarian carcinoma patients could adhere to laminin, fibronectin, type I collagen, and type IV collagen, partially through β1 integrin subunit interactions. Patient ascites spheroids also adhered to live mesothelial cell monolayers via β1 integrin subunits. In the present study, we assessed the ability of spheroids to disseminate and invade in vitro. To determine their ability to disaggregate, spheroids generated from the human ovarian carcinoma cell line NIH:OVCAR5 were placed on a variety of extracellular matrix components for 24 hours. While laminin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen stimulated minor cell migration out of the spheroid, type I collagen caused complete spheroid disaggregation. A blocking antibody against the β1 integrin subunit significantly inhibited outgrowth on all extracellular matrix components. We next tested the ability of NIH:OVCAR5 spheroids to invade human mesothelial cells monolayers. NIH:OVCAR5 spheroids were added to confluent monolayers of live or methanol-fixed human LP9 mesothelial cells. Within 24 hours, the NIH:OVCAR5 spheroids adhered and disseminated on the mesothelial cell monolayers, and rapidly established foci of invasion, resulting in a 200-fold change in surface area within a week. Addition of a blocking antibody against the β1 integrin subunit almost completely inhibited NIH:OVCAR5 spheroid invasion into live and fixed mesothelial monolayers. To assess the contribution of proteases to this invasion, GM 6001, a broad-scale matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, was added to the assays. The addition of GM 6001 caused nearly complete inhibition of spheroid invasion into live mesothelial monolayers, and reduced invasion into fixed mesothelial cell monolayers by about 70%. Addition of e-amino-N-caproic acid, a serine protease inhibitor, reduced NIH:OVCAR5 spheroid invasion into live monolayers by about 30%, and reduced invasion into fixed monolayers by about 50%. Interestingly, while both of the protease inhibitors significantly blocked spheroid cell invasion into the monolayers, considerable cell attachment and migration on top of the fixed monolayers still occurred. In summary, ovarian carcinoma spheroids demonstrate the ability to attach to and invade mesothelial cell monolayers via β1 integrin subunit interactions and by the production of proteases. Thus, spheroids should be regarded as a potential source of dissemination in ovarian cancer.
Preparation of Ester Derivatives of fatty acids for chromatographic analysis (1993)

A. Introduction B. Acid-Catalysed Esterification and Transesterification 1. General mechanism 2. Methanolic hydrogen chloride 3. Methanolic sulfuric acid 4. Boron trifluoride-methanol 5. Other acidic catalysts C. Base-Catalysed Transesterification 1. General mechanism 2. Sodium and potassium methoxide catalysts 3. Organic base catalysis D. Diazomethane and Related Reagents 1. Diazomethane and methyl ester preparation 2. Preparation of UV-absorbing and other derivatives E. Pyrolysis of Tetramethylammonium Salts of Fatty acids for the Preparation of Methyl Esters F. Preparation of Esters and Amides via Activated Fatty Acids 1. Acid halides 2. Fatty acid anhydrides 3. Imidazolides 4. Other coupling reagents G. Reaction of Alkyl or Aryl Halides with a Base 1. Derivatives for gas chromatography 2. Phenacyl esters and other derivatives for high-performance liquid chromatography H. Alternative Methods for the Preparation of Esters, Amides and Other Fatty Acid Derivatives 1. Dimethylsulfate with dicyclohexylamine 2. Preparation of esters with alkyl formamide derivatives 3. Trimethylsilyl esters 4. Preparation of pyrrolidides from esters 5. Preparation of hydroxamic acid and related derivatives 6. Reaction with Grignard reagents I. Special Cases 1. Short-chain fatty acids 2. Fatty acids with unusual structures 3. Sphingolipids and other N-acyl lipids 4. Sterol esters 5. Selective esterification of free fatty acids in the presence of other lipids J. Preparation of Esters in the Presence of Adsorbents for Thin-Layer Chromatography K. Simultaneous Extraction from Tissues and Transesterification L. Artefacts of Esterification Procedures M. The Choice of Reagents a Summary
Regional accumulations of T cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in the human atherosclerotic plaque. (1986)

The cellular composition of human atherosclerotic plaques was analyzed by immunologic techniques. Plaques were removed from the internal carotid artery during surgery, and a panel of monoclonal antibodies was used to identify cell types. Macrophages stained by Anti-Leu-M3 were found throughout the plaque, particularly in the lipid core region, where 60% of the cells reacted with this antibody. T cells expressing the T3 antigen were most abundant in the fibrous cap, where they constituted 20% of the cell population. T cells were also isolated from the plaque and detected by a rosetting test; many of these T cells were activated, as indicated by the expression of HLA-DR. Other types of leukocytes were uncommon in the plaque. An antibody to the intermediate filament protein, desmin, was used as a marker for smooth muscle cells since some, but not all, vascular smooth muscle cells contain this protein. The desmin-positive cells were uncommon in the nonatherosclerotic intima but were more numerous in the plaque. In conclusion, atherosclerotic plaques are heterogeneous with respect to cellular composition. The smooth muscle cell dominates in the fibrous cap, which also contains many T cells; the lipid core is dominated by macrophages. We suggest that interactions between smooth muscle cells and blood-borne cells are important in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Iron overload in the Asian community (2009)

Hereditary hemochromatosis is an iron overload disorder that can lead to the impairment of multiple organs and is caused by mutations in one or more different genes. Type 1 hemochromatosis is the most common form of the disease and results from mutations in the HFE gene. Juvenile hemochromatosis (JH) is the most severe form, usually caused by mutations in hemojuvelin (HJV) or hepcidin (HAMP). The autosomal dominant form of the disease, type 4, is due to mutations in the SLC40A1 gene, which encodes for ferroportin (FPN). Hereditary hemochromatosis is commonly found in populations of European origin. By contrast, hemochromatosis in Asia is rare and less well understood and can be masked by the presence of iron deficiency and secondary iron overload from thalassemia. Here, we provide a comprehensive report of hemochromatosis in a group of patients of Asian origin. We have identified novel mutations in HJV, HAMP, and SLC40A1 in countries not normally associated with hereditary hemochromatosis (Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Thailand). Our family studies show a high degree of consanguinity, highlighting the increased risk of iron overload in many countries of the developing world and in countries in which there are large immigrant populations from these regions.
Spermatozoal nuclear chromatin decondensation in vitro: a test for sperm immaturity. Comparison with results of human in vitro fertilisation. (1987)

Human sperm immaturity was tested by nuclear chromatin decondensation (NCD) in 1% sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) of spermatozoa used in 74 consecutive IVF treatments. NCD was significantly higher in the presence of 2 mmol/l dithiothreitol (DTT) and after washing sperm from semen with 6 mmol/l ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). NCD was significantly less in insemination suspensions prepared by the swim-up technique than in the original semen. NCD with DTT was inversely correlated with sperm motility and motility index but there were no significant relationships between NCD and other semen analysis variables. There was no significant correlation between any NCD test and the proportion of oocytes fertilised in vitro. The only factors being significantly correlated with the fertilisation rate were proportion of sperm with normal morphology (Kendall correlation, tau = 0.36, P less than 0.001) and sperm concentration (tau = 0.14, P less than 0.05). Logistic regression analysis of fertilisation rates showed that only percentage normal sperm morphology was significant. It is concluded that NCD does not provide additional useful clinical information about sperm fertilising ability in vitro.