gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physical Understanding of SANOS Disturbs and VARIOT Engineered Barrier as a Solution (2007)

Both read and program disturb sensitivity are identified to be major drawbacks for nitride-based NAND Flash arrays. The crucial aspects to understand the disturbs are the injection of electrons at low fields through the bottom oxide, and the tunneling through the top oxide during programming. These results are exploited to identify possible improvements of the device. A VARIOT engineered barrier is proposed to replace the bottom oxide layer in order to significantly reduce the disturb problem.
<title>Dual Energy Radiography: A Preliminary Study</title> (1981)

A preliminary study was used to test the strengths and weaknesses of our dual energy radiography system as applied to study of chest lesions. Six patients had a pulmonary nodule or pulmonary nodules known to be present on the basis of prior chest films substantiated by full lung tomograms or CT scans of the chest. The results of the dual energy studies as compared to the chest film findings and the other special studies are reported.
Issues in secure distributed operating system design (2003)

Recent advances in the design of secure distributed operating systems are discussed. The two major design approaches for building a secure distributed operating system are outlined. Issues pertaining to the selection of the security model, design of mandatory access checks, design of discretionary access checks, and network security are discussed. Finally, examples of projects in the area of secure distributed operating systems are surveyed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
DNA mutation detection and analysis using miniaturized microfluidic systems (2005)

Identification of genetic sequence variations occurring on a population-wide scale is key to unraveling the complex interactions that are the underlying cause of many medical disorders and diseases. A critical need exists, however, for advanced technology to enable DNA mutation analysis to be performed with significantly higher throughput and at significantly lower cost than is currently attainable. Microfluidic systems offer an attractive platform to address these needs by combining the ability to perform rapid analysis with a simplified device format that can be inexpensively mass-produced. This paper will review recent progress toward developing these next-generation systems and discuss challenges associated with adapting these technologies for routine laboratory use.
Two- and Three-Component Hantzsch Reaction Using C-Glycosylated Reagents. Approach to the Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,4-Diyhydropyridines (2002)

Two- and three-component Hantzsch-type cyclocondensation reactions were carried out under thermal conditions using C-glycosylated reagents, namely sugar aldehydes, ketoesters, and enamines. Two different series of 1,4-dihydropyridines bearing C-glycosyl moieties at C4 and C6 were obtained in good to excellent overall yields (61-90%). The asymmetric induction due to carbohydrate residues was also investigated.
In vivo cellular imaging of lymphocyte trafficking by MRI: A tumor model approach to cell‐based anticancer therapy (2006)

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo cell tracking to monitor anticancer cell therapy by means of a high-resolution noninvasive MRI method. Ovalbumin-specific splenocytes (OT-1) labeled with anionic gamma-Fe2O3 superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles were adoptively transferred into C57BL/6 mice with growing ovalbumin-expressing tumors. OT-1 cells were tracked in vivo by 7 T MRI 24, 48, and 72 hr after they were injected. The results showed significant negative enhancement of the spleen at 24 hr, and of the tumor at 48 and 72 hr, after labeled cell injection. This suggests that the lymphocytes initially homed toward the spleen and were then recruited by the tumor. The presence of labeled cells was confirmed in ex vivo by 9.4 T microimaging of tumors and magnetic sorting of spleen cells. These results confirm that MR tracking of lymphocytes is feasible in vivo. This high-resolution imaging method could be used to improve the monitoring of immune cell therapy.
Fluorine‐19 NMR studies of the thermal unfolding of 5‐fluorouracil‐substituted Escherichia coli valine transfer RNA (1991)

19F NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the thermal unfolding of E. coli tRNAVal labeled by incorporation of 5-fluorouracil (FUra). With rising temperatures, resonances in the 19F NMR spectrum of (FUra)tRNAVal gradually shift towards the central region of the spectrum and merge into a single broad peak above 85 degrees C. FU55 and FU12 are the first to shift, beginning at temperatures below 40 degrees C, which suggests that the initial steps of thermal denaturation of tRNAVal involve disruption of the tertiary interactions between the D- and T-arms. The acceptor stem and the FU64-G50 wobble base pair in the T-stem are particularly stable to thermal denaturation. A temperature-dependent splitting of the 19F resonance assigned to FU64, at temperatures above 40 degrees C, suggests that the T-arm of (FUra)tRNAVal exists in two conformations in slow exchange on the NMR time scale.
Lyophilization of Poliomyelitis Virus. Heat Inactivation of Dry MEF1 Virus. (1954)

1. Data are presented showing that the MEF1 (Type 2) baby mouse adapted strain of poliomyelitis virus can be lyophilized with little loss of infectious activity. The same appears to be true of the Leon (Type 3) mouse adapted strain. 2. Heating the dry MEF1 virus indicates that, although part of the viral population appears to be relatively heat labile, a measurable proportion of the virus particles is quite resistant to heat. 3. The epidemiological implications of the possible presence of dry poliomyelitis virus in nature are discussed.
Identification of variable domains of the attachment (G) protein of subgroup A respiratory syncytial viruses (1991)

We have previously classified isolates from a respiratory syncytial (RS) virus epidemic into distinct lineages by restriction mapping and nucleotide sequencing of parts of the nucleocapsid protein and small hydrophobic protein genes, which are areas of the genome not considered to be under immunological pressure. This study has now been extended by the determination of the nucleotide sequences of the attachment (G) protein genes of isolates from each subgroup A lineage. Deduced amino acid identities of the G proteins ranged between 80% and 99%, corresponding closely to the previously determined relatedness of the lineages. The amino acid variability was not evenly distributed; in the extracellular part of the protein there was a sharply defined hypervariable domain which was separated from a more extended variable domain by a highly conserved region. Most nucleotide changes in the variable domains were in the first and second positions of the codon triplets. These results suggest that there may be considerable immunological pressure for change in certain areas of the G protein and this may account for the ability of this virus to reinfect individuals repeatedly. The results presented here reflect the pattern of published data comparing prototype strains of the A and B subgroups.
Integrated external cavity laser composed of spot-sizeconvertedLD and UV written grating in silica waveguide on Si (1996)

The authors report for the first time an external cavity laser composed of a spot-size converted LD and a UV written waveguide grating, both integrated on Si. The laser operates in a singlemode with a side-mode suppression of 37 dB. The threshold current is 12 mA and the average thermal coefficient is as low as –1.7 GHz/°.
Contamination control and pilot manufacturing of commercial grade carbon nanotube colloidal formulations (2013)

As an intermediate between discrete molecules and bulk materials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) require a prescribed mix of processing tactics to scalably transform them from a heterogeneous blend of metal catalysts, amorphous carbons and CNTs into a robust colloidal formulation suitable for spin-on semiconductor applications such as non-volatile memory. In this manuscript, we will show historical quality control (QC) data collected over a four year period on three sequential generations of a single formulation. Results from this data will show that using our controlled processing methods, we can reproducibly prepare liter-scale quantities of spin-on CNTs formulations, meeting quality specifications expected for other electronics-grade thin-film precursors. Presented QC data will highlight our continuous improvement efforts in trace-metal (TM) control which has ultimately allowed us to reduce our process mean from ~40 ppbw total TM to less than 3 ppbw. QC defectivity data gathered from electron and optical microscopy will also be presented on each formulation generation, along with a description of the defect taxonomy developed which has help reduce defectivity in future formulations.
Testosterone Treatment for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Postmenopausal Women (2007)

Both INTIMATE 1 and 2 showed a significant increase in total satisfying sexual activity, via the SAL in those women receiving testosterone, compared with those women in the placebo group. Total satisfying sexual activity increased by 74% and 51% for INTIMATE 1 and 2, respectively. The PFSF instrument demonstrated significant improvements in INTIMATE 1 and 2 in all domains of sexual function in testosterone-treated women compared with the placebo patients. In both studies, personal distress decreased in those patients receiving testosterone, compared with the placebo group. The most commonly reported adverse events were application site reactions. Eight-five percent of patients said they would probably or definitely continue treatment. Conclusions. The transdermal testosterone patch is an effective treatment for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in surgically postmenopausal women receiving concomitant estrogen therapy. The treatment has a favorable safety profile.
Frequency domain structural system identification by observability range space extraction (2005)

This paper presents the frequency domain observability range space extraction (FORSE) identification algorithm. FORSE is a singular value decomposition based identification algorithm which constructs a state space model directly from frequency domain data. It is numerically well behaved when applied to multivariable and high dimensional structural systems. It can achieve high modeling accuracy by properly overparametering the model. Its effectiveness for structural systems is demonstrated using the MIT Middeck Active Control Experiment (MACE). MACE is an active structural control experiment to be conducted in the Space Shuttle middeck.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1–Dependent Induction of Intestinal Trefoil Factor Protects Barrier Function during Hypoxia (2001)

Mucosal organs such as the intestine are supported by a rich and complex underlying vasculature. For this reason, the intestine, and particularly barrier-protective epithelial cells, are susceptible to damage related to diminished blood flow and concomitant tissue hypoxia. We sought to identify compensatory mechanisms that protect epithelial barrier during episodes of intestinal hypoxia. Initial studies examining T84 colonic epithelial cells revealed that barrier function is uniquely resistant to changes elicited by hypoxia. A search for intestinal-specific, barrier-protective factors revealed that the human intestinal trefoil factor (ITF) gene promoter bears a previously unappreciated binding site for hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1. Hypoxia resulted in parallel induction of ITF mRNA and protein. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis using ITF-specific, HIF-1 consensus motifs resulted in a hypoxia-inducible DNA binding activity, and loading cells with antisense oligonucleotides directed against the alpha chain of HIF-1 resulted in a loss of ITF hypoxia inducibility. Moreover, addition of anti-ITF antibody resulted in a loss of barrier function in epithelial cells exposed to hypoxia, and the addition of recombinant human ITF to vascular endothelial cells partially protected endothelial cells from hypoxia-elicited barrier disruption. Extensions of these studies in vivo revealed prominent hypoxia-elicited increases in intestinal permeability in ITF null mice. HIF-1-dependent induction of ITF may provide an adaptive link for maintenance of barrier function during hypoxia.
Structure of everninomicin-2 (1976)

A. K. Ganguly, S. Szmulewicz, O. Z. Sarre and V. M. Girijavallabhan, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1976, 609 DOI: 10.1039/C39760000609
Electrical Stimulation to Conductive Scaffold Promotes Axonal Regeneration and Remyelination in a Rat Model of Large Nerve Defect (2012)

Establishing an electrical environment with ES localized at the conductive scaffold is capable of accelerating nerve regeneration and promoting functional recovery in a 15 mm nerve defect in rats. The findings provide new directions for exploring regenerative approaches to achieve better functional recovery in the treatment of large nerve defect.
Enzymology of the Acetyl-CoA Pathway of CO2Fixation (1991)

We know of three routes that organisms have evolved to synthesize complex organic molecules from CO2: the Calvin cycle, the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the reductive acetyl-CoA pathway. This review describes the enzymatic steps involved in the acetyl-CoA pathway, also called the Wood pathway, which is the major mechanism of CO2 fixation under anaerobic conditions. The acetyl-CoA pathway is also able to form acetyl-CoA from carbon monoxide. There are two parts to the acetyl-CoA pathway: (1) reduction of CO2 to methyltetrahydrofolate (methyl-H4folate) and (2) synthesis of acetyl-CoA from methyl-H4folate, a carboxyl donor such as CO or CO2, and CoA. This pathway is unique in that the major intermediates are enzyme-bound and are often organometallic complexes. Our current understanding of the pathway is based on radioactive and stable isotope tracer studies, purification of the component enzymes (some extremely oxygen sensitive), and identification of the enzyme-bound intermediates by chromatographic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical techniques. This review describes the remarkable series of enzymatic steps involved in acetyl-CoA formation by this pathway that is a key component of the global carbon cycle.
Adult bone marrow-derived cells recruited during angiogenesis comprise precursors for periendothelial vascular mural cells (2004)

Bone marrow (BM)-derived cells are thought to participate in the growth of blood vessels during postnatal vascular regeneration and tumor growth, a process previously attributed to stem and precursor cells differentiating to endothelial cells. We used multichannel laser scanning confocal microscopy of whole-mounted tissues to study angiogenesis in chimeric mice created by reconstituting C57BL mice with genetically marked syngeneic BM. We show that BM-derived endothelial cells do not significantly contribute to tumor- or cytokine-induced neoangiogenesis. Instead, BM-derived periendothelial vascular mural cells were persistently detected at sites of tumor- or vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis. Subpopulations of these cells expressed the pericyte-specific NG2 proteoglycan, or the hematopoietic markers CD11b and CD45, but did not detectably express the smooth muscle markers smooth muscle alpha-actin or desmin. Thus, the major contribution of the BM to angiogenic processes is not endothelial, but may come from progenitors for periendothelial vascular mural and hematopoietic effector cells.
Purification and Characterization of a Neutral Ceramidase from Mouse Liver (2000)

We report here a novel ceramidase that was purified more than 150, 000-fold from the membrane fraction of mouse liver. The enzyme was a monomeric polypeptide having a molecular mass of 94 kDa and was highly glycosylated with N-glycans. The amino acid sequence of a fragment obtained from the purified enzyme was homologous to those deduced from the genes encoding an alkaline ceramidase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a hypotheical protein of the slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. However, no significant sequence similarities were found in other known functional proteins including acid ceramidases of humans and mice. The enzyme hydrolyzed various N-acylsphingosines but not galactosylceramide, sulfatide, GM1a, or sphingomyelin. The enzyme exhibited the highest activity around pH 7.5 and was thus identified as a type of neutral ceramidase. The apparent K(m) and V(max) values for C12-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1, 3-diazole-ceramide and C16-(14)C-ceramide were 22.3 microM and 29.1 micromol/min/mg and 72.4 microM and 3.6 micromol/min/mg, respectively. This study also clearly demonstrated that the purified 94-kDa ceramidase catalyzed the condensation of fatty acid to sphingosine to generate ceramide, but did not catalyze acyl-CoA-dependent acyl-transfer reaction.
A Study of Recycle of Waste Wood After Cultivating Oak Mushroom (II) - On the Structure of Cellulose Crystal Transformation of the Waste Wood - (1995)

The crystal transformation from cellulose I to cellulose II during alkaline swelling of waste wood, which has been used for cultivating oak mushroom(Cortinellus edodes (Berk.) Ito et Imai), was investigated and compared to that of normal wood by a series of X-ray diffraction analysis. When the sapwood of cultivated wood was treated with 20% NaOH solution for 2 hours, the cellulose I can be easily transformed into Na-cellulose I than normal wood or heartwood of cultivated wood. Certainly the formation of Na-cellulose in wood is proportional to alkali swelling duration, and the formation of cultivated sapwood was faster than that of the other woods. Cellulose I in the sapwood of cultivated wood was easily transformed into cellulose II during mercerization, but the sapwood of normal wood and the heartwood of cultivated wood hardly converted to cellulose II. Namely, most of Na-cellulose I in normal wood can be reconverted to cellulose I in the process of washing and drying. Therefore, it can be concluded from this study that in cell wall lignin and hemicellulose can prevent the alkaline swelling of cellulose in wood and the transformation from cellulose I to cellulose II as well.
Disulfide Bond Structure of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (1998)

The extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (sEGFR) consists of 621 amino acid residues, including 50 cysteines. The connections of the 25 disulfide bonds in the recombinant sEGFR protein, obtained from Chinese hamster ovary cells, have been determined using N-terminal sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy. We identified a basic repeat of eight cysteines with a 1-3, 2-4, 5-6, and 7-8 disulfide pairing pattern in the two cysteine-rich regions of sEGFR. By comparison to other cysteine-rich motifs, it was concluded that the cysteine-rich repeat of sEGFR belongs to the laminin-type EGR-like (LE) structural motif. Three-dimensional structure models of the two cysteine-rich regions have been built, based on the three-dimensional structures of the LE domains from the laminin gamma1 chain and secondary structure predictions for the EGF receptor.
High‐Yielding Synthesis of the Anti‐Influenza Neuramidase Inhibitor (−)‐Oseltamivir by Three “One‐Pot” Operations (2009)

Taking shortcuts: A remarkably short and high-yielding asymmetric total synthesis of (-)-oseltamivir takes advantage of organocatalysis and single-pot domino operations. The target, known as the drug Tamiflu, is prepared efficiently in a short time, and also its derivatives can be synthesized effectively.
A facile one‐pot synthesis of 2,5‐disubstituted oxazoles using iodobenzene diacetate (1998)

Abstract A facile one‐pot synthesis of oxazoles 1a‐h is described that utilizes readily available aromatic α‐methyl ketones and a safe hypervalent iodine reagent, iodobenzene diacetate.
Neuroactive steroids after estrogen exposure in depressed postmenopausal women treated with sertraline and asymptomatic postmenopausal women (2009)

Neuroactive steroids (NAS) allopregnanolone (ALLO), Allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are important in the regulation of mood and behavior. Knowledge about these steroids in postmenopausal depression and the effect of estrogen on NAS is lacking. We elected to determine if there were differences in NAS between postmenopausal depressed women and age matched controls. We also investigated the effect of estradiol on NAS in post menopausal depressed women receiving a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), and in non-depressed postmenopausal controls. As part of a previously published double blind study on estrogen acceleration of antidepressant action, post menopausal women with major depression receiving sertraline and healthy non depressed controls were randomized to transdermal estrogen patch 0.1 mg or placebo. NAS were measured at baseline and after 10 weeks of treatment. Depressed subjects were treated with sertraline 50 mg/day to 100 mg/day for 9 weeks. At the baseline and after treatment ALLO and DHEA were significantly lower in depressed women compared to controls. Although all depressed subjects experienced a positive clinical response, estrogen administration was not associated with changes in NAS in either the depressed or the asymptomatic postmenopausal women. The lower ALLO and DHEA in postmenopausal depressed women suggests that symptoms of depression may be influenced by the synthesis or fluctuation of these NAS. Estradiol exposure did not alter ALLO, DHEA, or THDOC, implying these NAS are unlikely to play a role in any mood changes in post menopausal women given estrogen therapy.
Skimming newspaper stories by computer (1977)

Program) is a system being developed at Yale to skim newspaper stories. The United Press International news service has recently been connected
Chemical Optimization of Self-Assembled Carbon Nanotube Transistors (2005)

We present the improvement of carbon nanotube field effects transistors (CNTFETs) performances by chemical tuning of the nanotube/substrate and nanotube/electrode interfaces. Our work is based on a method of selective placement of individual single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by patterned aminosilane monolayer and its use for the fabrication of self-assembled nanotube transistors. This method brings a relevant solution to the problem of systematic connection of self-organized nanotubes. The aminosilane monolayer reactivity can be used to improve carrier injection and doping level of the SWNT. We show that the Schottky barrier height at the nanotube/metal interface can be diminished in a continuous fashion down to an almost ohmic contact through these chemical treatments. Moreover, sensitivity to 20 ppb of triethylamine is demonstrated for self-assembled CNTFETs, thus opening new prospects for gas sensors taking advantages of the chemical functionality of the aminosilane used for assembling the CNTFETs.
Synthesis of 6‐fatty acid esters ofl‐ascorbic acid (1977)

Abstract and Summary High yields (85%) of 6‐fatty acid esters of l ‐ascorbic acid were obtained by reacting l ‐ascorbic acid (1.2 M) in 98~99% sulfuric acid for 36 hr at 20 C with 36% excess fatty acid. In concentrated sulfuric acid, l ‐ascorbic acid was rapidly sulfated to produce mainly l ‐ascorbyl 6‐sulfate, which slowly reacted with fatty acid to produce l ‐ascorbyl 6‐acylate.