gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Housing Density and Built-Form Energy Use (2010)

Since the advent of the motor vehicle, Australian urban fabric has been characterised by low-density development. Increasingly the impact of this low-density urban sprawl on native vegetation, infrastructure, pollution and transport use has led to policies aimed at encouraging urban consolidation. Consolidation of the urban fabric is seen as a means to reduce energy consumption and thus greenhouse gas emissions. However, the relationship between high-density housing and low energy use is not automatic. Although urban consolidation can lead to lower transport energy use, research shows that planners, designers and policy makers may not have sufficiently taken into account built-form energy use by different housing types. This paper looks at the need for more research into this area, to better inform urban planning policies as well as the design of individual buildings.
Testing algorithm for identification of patients with TRK fusion cancer (2019)

The neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (<i>NTRK</i>) gene family encodes three tropomyosin receptor kinases (TRKA, TRKB, TRKC) that contribute to central and peripheral nervous system development and function. <i>NTRK</i> gene fusions are oncogenic drivers of various adult and paediatric tumours. Several methods have been used to detect <i>NTRK</i> gene fusions including immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridisation, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and DNA- or RNA-based next-generation sequencing. For patients with TRK fusion cancer, TRK inhibition is an important therapeutic target. Following the FDA approval of the selective TRK inhibitor, larotrectinib, as well as the ongoing development of multi-kinase inhibitors with activity in TRK fusion cancer, testing for <i>NTRK</i> gene fusions should become part of the standard diagnostic process. In this review we discuss the biology of <i>NTRK</i> gene fusions, and we present a testing algorithm to aid detection of these gene fusions in clinical practice and guide treatment decisions.
Hypoxia Increases the Sensitivity of the L-Type Ca 2+ Current to β-Adrenergic Receptor Stimulation via a C2 Region–Containing Protein Kinase C Isoform (2000)

The effects of hypoxia on the L-type Ca(2+) current (I:(Ca-L)) in the absence and presence of the ss-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol (Iso) were examined. Exposing guinea pig ventricular myocytes to hypoxia alone resulted in a reversible inhibition of basal I:(Ca-L). When cells were exposed to Iso in the presence of hypoxia, the K:(0.5) for activation of I:(Ca-L) by Iso was significantly decreased from 5.3+/-0.7 to 1.6+/-0.1 nmol/L. The membrane-impermeant thiol-specific oxidizing compound 5, 5'-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) attenuated the inhibition of basal I:(Ca-L) by hypoxia 81.3+/-9.4% but had no effect on the increase in sensitivity of I:(Ca-L) to Iso. In addition, DTT mimicked the effects of hypoxia on basal I:(Ca-L) and the increase in sensitivity to Iso. Neither the inhibitors of guanylate cyclase LY-83583 or methylene blue nor the NO synthase inhibitor N:(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine monoacetate had any effect on the basal inhibition of I:(Ca-L) or the decrease in K:(0.5) for activation of I:(Ca-L) by Iso during hypoxia. However, the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors bisindolylmaleimide I and Gö 7874 significantly attenuated the increase in sensitivity of I:(Ca-L) to Iso. More specifically, the response was attenuated when cells were dialyzed with a peptide inhibitor of the C2 region-containing classical PKC isoforms. The same effect was not observed with the PKCepsilon peptide inhibitor. These results suggest that hypoxia regulates I:(Ca-L) through the following 2 distinct mechanisms: direct inhibition of basal I:(Ca-L) and an indirect effect on the sensitivity of the channel to ss-adrenergic receptor stimulation that is mediated through a classical PKC isoform.
The Mammalian Chitinase-like Lectin, YKL-40, Binds Specifically to Type I Collagen and Modulates the Rate of Type I Collagen Fibril Formation (2006)

YKL-40 is expressed in arthritic cartilage and produced in large amounts by cultured chondrocytes, but its exact role is unclear, and the identities of its physiological ligands remain unknown. Purification of YKL-40 from resorbing bovine nasal cartilage and chondrocyte monolayers demonstrated the existence of three isoforms, a major and minor form from resorbing cartilage and a third species from chondrocytes. Affinity chromatography experiments with purified YKL-40 demonstrated specific binding of all three forms to collagen types I, II, and III, thus identifying collagens as potential YKL-40 ligands. Binding to immobilized type I collagen was inhibited by soluble native ligand, but not heat-denatured ligand, confirming a specific interaction. Binding of the chondrocyte-derived species to type I collagen was also demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance analysis, and the dissociation rate constant was calculated (3.42 x 10(-3) to 4.50 x 10(-3) s(-1)). The chondrocyte-derived species was found to prevent collagenolytic cleavage of type I collagen and to stimulate the rate of type I collagen fibril formation in a concentration-dependent manner. By contrast, the cartilage major form had an inhibitory effect on type I collagen fibrillogenesis. Digestion with N-glycosidase F, endoglycosidase H and lectin blotting did not reveal any difference in the carbohydrate component of these two YKL-40 species, indicating that this does not account for the opposing effects on fibril formation rate.
Calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, adrenomedullin and amylin: homologous peptides, separate receptors and overlapping biological actions (1995)

Calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, adrenomedullin and amylin are structurally related peptides with N-terminal 6-7 amino acid ring structures linked by a disulfide bridge and with amidated C-termini. Among the related bioactive peptides, the structures of the calcitonin receptor and subtypes thereof have been identified so far through molecular cloning. Cross-reaction between receptors of calcitonin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, adrenomedullin and amylin, as well as overlapping biological actions, anticipate that the respective receptors belong to a family of G-protein-coupled receptors that include those of parathyroid hormone, secretin and vasointestinal peptide.
Tumor-Associated Trypsin Inhibitor in Induced and Acquired Immunodeficiency. Studies on Transplanted and Hiv-Infected Patients (1991)

A new tumor marker, tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI), was studied in 5 patients who received successful kidney or pancreas grafts and in 30 subjects with antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus. Serum TATI concentrations were very high during the four first days after transplantation. Thereafter the serum levels decreased when the peptide was eliminated through the kidney. Consequently, the urine values were very high. The TATI concentrations of HIV positive subjects were compared with serum levels of HIV antigen and antibody, by Western blotting and determination of peripheral T-lymphocyte subpopulations. The occurrence of high concentrations of TATI in some HIV positive subjects and especially in AIDS patients, suggests that TATI could be useful in exploring physiopathological aspects of severe immunodeficiencies even if TATI levels were not correlated with the commonly used markers of the immune system status. The increased levels of TATI in immunological disorders suggests its possible use in assessing the immune response against cancer.
Electroless Deposition of Cu on Glass and Patterning with Microcontact Printing (2003)

Electroless-depositing a metal from solution to a substrate and patterning it using microcontact printing is an alternative to the conventional patterning of vacuum-deposited metals using photolithography. Here, we pattern Cu onto 15 × 15 sq-inch glass substrates by (i) self-assembly of a thin layer of amino-derivatized silanes to the glass, (ii) binding Pd/Sn catalytic particles to the silanes, (iii) electroless deposition of ∼120 nm of Cu on the catalytic surface, (iv) microcontact printing hexadecanethiol on the Cu film using an accurate printing tool, and (v) selectively etching the printed Cu using hexadecanethiol as a resist. This method is particularly attractive for the fabrication of metallic gates for thin-film transistor liquid-crystal displays.
Background surface and horizon effects in the perception of relative size and distance (2009)

The projected height of an object in a scene relative to a ground surface influences its perceived size and distance, but the effect of height should change when the object is moved above the horizon. In four experiments, observers judged relative size or relative distance for pairs of objects varying in height with respect to the horizon. Higher objects equal in projected size were judged larger below the horizon, but the relative size effect was reversed either when one object was on the horizon and one was above the horizon or when both objects were above the horizon. With the real horizon not explicitly present in the display, relative size judgments were affected both by the boundary of the visible surface and the vanishing point implied by the converging lines. For relative distance judgments, the higher object was judged more distant regardless of the height of the objects relative to the perceptual horizon, resulting in a reversal of the relation between size and distance judgments for objects above the horizon.
Sensitive, Nonintrusive,In-SituMeasurement of Temporally and Spatially Resolved Plasma Electric Fields (1984)

A new technique is reported for in-situ, nonintrusive, and sensitive measurement of plasma electric fields with high spatial resolution (\ensuremath{\lesssim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$). Fields as small as 40 V/cm are measured by spectral resolution of laser-induced fluorescence from Stark-mixed parity levels. The technique is demonstrated by excitation of the $A^{1}\ensuremath{\Pi}\ensuremath{-}X^{1}\ensuremath{\Sigma}^{+}$ band system of BCl, produced in an rf discharge through B${\mathrm{Cl}}_{3}$. The absolute measurement of sheath fields, which has been elusive, is now possible.
Characterization of a disulphide‐bound Pir‐cell wall protein (Pir‐CWP) of Yarrowia lipolytica (2003)

In this work we have studied the disulphide-bound group of cell wall mannoproteins of Yarrowia lipolytica and Candida albicans. In the case of Y. lipolytica, SDS-PAGE analysis of the beta-mercaptoethanol-extracted material from the purified cell walls of the yeast form, showed the presence of a main polypeptide of 45 kDa and some minor bands in the 100-200 kDa range. This pattern of bands is similar to that obtained in identical extracts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Moukadiri et al., 1999), and besides, all these bands cross-react with an antibody raised against beta-mercaptoethanol-extracted material from the purified cell walls of S. cerevisiae, suggesting that the 45 kDa band could be the homologue of Pir4 of S. cerevisiae in Y. lipolytica. To confirm this possibility, the amino-terminal sequences of two internal regions of the 45 kDa protein were determined, and degenerate oligonucleotides were used to clone the gene. The gene isolated in this way codes a 286 amino acid polypeptide that shows homology with the Pir family of proteins of S. cerevisiae (Russo et al., 1992; Toh-e et al., 1993), accordingly we have named this gene YlPIR1. Disruption of YlPIR1 led to a slight increase in the resistance of the cells to calcofluor white, Congo red and zymolyase, but did not cause changes in cell morphology, growth rate or morphological transition.
Gasoline Vapor Pressure Reduction-an Option for Cleaner Air (1985)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Information from the literature and from on-going test programs (government and industry) was analyzed with regard to the effect of gasoline Reid vapor pressure (RVP) on total vehicle hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, including evaporative, refueling, and exhaust emissions. A reduction in the average RVP of summer gasolines from present commercial levels to 9 psi was estimated to decrease total vehicle hydrocarbon emissions by 9-25 percent. With such reductions, hydrocarbon emission inventories for three major cities (Detroit, New York, and Dallas) would be decreased by 3-7 percent and, consequently, local ambient ozone levels would be reduced as much as 9 ppb. Accordingly, in many areas of the country, RVP reduction could make an important contribution toward achievement of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 120 ppb ozone.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Gasoline vapor pressure reduction to 9 RVP would provide slightly greater control of total vehicle HC emissions than would service station (Stage II) or on-board control of refueling emissions. More importantly, RVP control would provide immediate emissions reductions for the entire vehicle population (rather than a gradual phase-in of that benefit tied either to new vehicle sales and scrapping of old cars or to installation of Stage II equipment). Although low RVP gasoline might cost about 1 percent more than present summer gasoline, RVP control would be competitive with on-board or Stage II control on a cost-effectiveness basis.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;New data confirm that cold driveability at intermediate temperatures would not be impaired by control of summer-gasoline RVP to 9 psi.&lt;/div&gt;
Performing remote operations efficiently on a local computer network (1982)

A communication model is described that can serve as a basis for a highly efficient communication subsystem for local networks. The model contains a taxonomy of communication instructions that can be implemented efficiently and can be a good basis for interprocessor communication. These communication instructions, called remote references, cause an operation to be performed by a remote process and, optionally, cause a value to be returned. This paper also presents implementation considerations for a communication system based upon the model and describes an experimental communication subsystem that provides one class of remote references. These remote references take about 150 microseconds or 50 average instruction times to perform on Xerox Alto computers connected by a 2.94 megabit Ethernet.
Toxicity of dioxin to developing teeth and salivary glands : an experimental study (2006)

Dioxins are ubiquitous environmental poisons having unequivocal adverse health effects on various species. The majority of their effects are thought to be mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Developing human teeth may be sensitive to dioxins and the most toxic dioxin congener, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), is developmentally toxic to rodent teeth. Mechanisms of TCDD toxicity can be studied only experimentally. &#13;\n&#13;\nThe aim of the present thesis work was to delineate morphological end points of developmental toxicity of TCDD in rat and mouse teeth and salivary glands in vivo and in vitro and to characterize their cellular and molecular background.&#13;\n&#13;\n Mouse embryonic teeth and submandibular gland explants were grown in organ culture without/with TCDD at various concentrations, examined stereomicroscopically and processed for histological examination. The effects of TCDD on cellular mechanisms essential for organogenesis were investigated. The expression of various genes eliciting the response to TCDD exposure or involved in tooth and salivary gland development was studied at the mRNA and/or protein levels by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Association of the dental effects of TCDD with the resistance of a rat strain to TCDD acute lethality was analyzed in two lactationally exposed rat strains. The effect of TCDD on rat molar tooth mineralization was studied in tissue sections. &#13;\n&#13;\nTCDD dose- and developmental stage-dependently interfered with tooth formation. TCDD prevented early mouse molar tooth morphogenesis and altered cuspal morphology by enhancing programmend cell death, or apoptosis, in dental epithelial cells programmed to undergo apotosis. Cell proliferation was not affected. TCDD impaired mineralization of rat molar dental matrices, possibly by specifically reducing the expression of the mineralization-related dentin sialophosphoprotein gene shown in cultured mouse teeth. The impaired mineralization of rat teeth was accompanied by decreased expression of AhR and the TCDD-inducible xenobiotic-metabolozing enzyme P4501 A1 (CYP1A1), suggesting mediation of the TCDD effect by the AhR pathway. The severe interference by TCDD with rat incisor formation was independent of the genotypic variation of AhR determining the resistance of a rat strain to TCDD acute lethality. The impairment by TCDD of mouse submandibular gland branching morphogenesis was associated with CYP1A1 induction and involved blockage of EGF receptor signalling. &#13;\n&#13;\nIn conclusion, TCDD exposure is likely to have activated the AhR pathway in target organs with the consequent activation of other signalling pathways involving developmentally regulated genes. The resultant phenotype is organ specific and modified by epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and dependent on dose as well as the stage of organogenesis at the time of TCDD exposure. Teeth appear to be responsive to TCDD exposure throughout their development.
Two Patients with Cystic Fibrosis, Nonsense Mutations in Each Cystic Fibrosis Gene, and Mild Pulmonary Disease (1990)

CYSTIC fibrosis is the most common lethal inherited disorder in the white population. It is manifested by viscous secretions in the lungs and pancreas and abnormal electrolyte composition of sweat.1 Epithelial cells from patients with cystic fibrosis have abnormal conductance of chloride ions across apical membranes due to defective regulation of a particular chloride channel.2 3 4 Inadequate secretion of chloride is believed to cause the insufficient hydration of mucus in the airways and pancreatic ducts.1 The cystic fibrosis gene has recently been identified, and it is predicted to encode a 1480-amino-acid protein termed the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).5 , 6 The . . .
A Novel Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted 3H-Quinazoline-4-one Derivatives (2007)

[structure: see text]. An efficient three-step synthesis of chiral 3H-quinazoline-4-one derivatives from commercial materials is disclosed. The Mumm reaction of imidoyl chloride with alpha-amino acids followed by reductive cyclization affords enantiomerically pure (ee >93%) quinazoline-4-ones in good overall yield. A comparison with existing approaches indicates that this method is superior for hindered substrates.
Field and Laboratory Experience in Closed Fracture Acidizing the Lisburne Field, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska (1992)

ABSTRACT This paper describes the laboratory and field work performed to understand and improve the stimulation of the fractured carbonate formation producing in the Lisburne Field, Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Within the producing formations, the lower Wahoo intervals are low permeability, fractured dolomitic zones that produce poorly when compared to the higher permeability upper intervals. Past attempts to stimulate these intervals have included propped fracture techniques and standard acid fracture techniques. A laboratory study evaluated the effects that various acid systems have on Wahoo rock properties, the degree of permeability enhancement, and stability of acid fracture conductivity. Various acid fracturing techniques were also investigated to determine which technique and acid system created long-term fracture conductivity. The laboratory study indicated the optimal treatment would be obtained by using emulsified acid in a fracture acidizing treatment followed by a closed fracture acidizing stage using emulsified acid. The unique combination of this particular acidizing technique and acid system has increased productivity in the Lisburne Field. Complete documentation of the field work optimization program is included in this paper. Pressure buildup (PBU) analysis has indicated fracture half lengths are from 25–100 feet long and production spinner surveys have determined that lower intervals are contributing to production. To date, over 40 new and old wells have been stimulated using emulsified acid with the closed fracture acidizing technique. Significant increases in production and reserves are currently being seen from this program.
Neurons derived from reprogrammed fibroblasts functionally integrate into the fetal brain and improve symptoms of rats with Parkinson's disease (2008)

The long-term goal of nuclear transfer or alternative reprogramming approaches is to create patient-specific donor cells for transplantation therapy, avoiding immunorejection, a major complication in current transplantation medicine. It was recently shown that the four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc induce pluripotency in mouse fibroblasts. However, the therapeutic potential of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells for neural cell replacement strategies remained unexplored. Here, we show that iPS cells can be efficiently differentiated into neural precursor cells, giving rise to neuronal and glial cell types in culture. Upon transplantation into the fetal mouse brain, the cells migrate into various brain regions and differentiate into glia and neurons, including glutamatergic, GABAergic, and catecholaminergic subtypes. Electrophysiological recordings and morphological analysis demonstrated that the grafted neurons had mature neuronal activity and were functionally integrated in the host brain. Furthermore, iPS cells were induced to differentiate into dopamine neurons of midbrain character and were able to improve behavior in a rat model of Parkinson's disease upon transplantation into the adult brain. We minimized the risk of tumor formation from the grafted cells by separating contaminating pluripotent cells and committed neural cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Our results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of directly reprogrammed fibroblasts for neuronal cell replacement in the animal model.
Structural and Mechanistic Studies of Measles Virus Illuminate Paramyxovirus Entry (2011)

Measles virus (MeV), a member of the paramyxovirus family of enveloped RNA viruses and one of the most infectious viral pathogens identified, accounts for major pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide although coordinated efforts to achieve global measles control are in place. Target cell entry is mediated by two viral envelope glycoproteins, the attachment (H) and fusion (F) proteins, which form a complex that achieves merger of the envelope with target cell membranes. Despite continually expanding knowledge of the entry strategies employed by enveloped viruses, our molecular insight into the organization of functional paramyxovirus fusion complexes and the mechanisms by which the receptor binding by the attachment protein triggers the required conformational rearrangements of the fusion protein remain incomplete. Recently reported crystal structures of the MeV attachment protein in complex with its cellular receptors CD46 or SLAM and newly developed functional assays have now illuminated some of the fundamental principles that govern cell entry by this archetype member of the paramyxovirus family. Here, we review these advances in our molecular understanding of MeV entry in the context of diverse entry strategies employed by other members of the paramyxovirus family.