gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of training on the GH/IGF-I axis during exercise in middle-aged men: relationship to glucose homeostasis (2002)

The aim of this study was to compare circulating levels of growth hormone (GH), IGF-I, and IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1 and IGFBP-3 in response to a long-duration endurance exercise in trained vs. sedentary middle-aged males and to determine whether a relationship with glucose homeostasis exists. Seven trained men (Tr) were compared with seven age-matched sedentary men (Sed) during two trials of 60 min of cycling exercise performed below (-VT) and above (+VT) the ventilatory threshold. Insulin sensitivity (S(I)) was higher in Tr than in Sed (P < 0.001). Basal GH, IGF-I, and IGFBP-1 and -3 were higher in Tr (P < 0.05). During +VT, Tr had a threefold higher GH response, whereas their blood glucose level was better maintained (P < 0.05). Basal IGFBP-1 was correlated with S(I) (P < 0.01). These data indicate that endurance training in middle-aged men increased the activity of the GH/IGF-I system and improved glucoregulation both at rest and during high-intensity endurance exercise.
The influence of steroid hormone metabolites on the in vitro development of erythroid colonies derived from human bone marrow. (1979)

Certain C19 and C21 steroid metabolites, when incubated with normal human bone marrow cells in culture, increased the number of erythroid colonies in the presence of erythropoietin. Among a number of pairs of C5 epimeric steroids tested, most 5beta (A:B cis) steroids stimulated the growth of both early erythroid progenitor cells (BFU-E) and late erythroid progenitor cells (CFU-E), whereas only a few 5alpha-(A:B trans) steroids stimulated the growth of CFU-E. No 5alpha-compounds of six pairs of steroids studied were found to stimulate BFU-E formation. This structure-activity relationship conforms with that previously observed in studies of steroid induction of ALA-synthase in avian embryo liver cells and hemoglobin synthesis in the cultured avian blastoderm. When human bone marrow cells were preincubated with the steroids for 2 d, followed by incubation with erythropoietin, only the 5 beta-compounds stimulated the growth of BFU-E. Similarly, when addition of steroids was delayed in relation to erythropoietin in the culture, only the 5 beta-derivative of a pair of C5 epimeric compounds displayed an enhancing effect on the growth of BFU-E. This effect required that the steroid addition be made no later than 48 h after initiation of the culture. These data demonstrate that certain natural steroid metabolites significantly stimulate erythropoiesis in normal human bone marrow cells in culture. They also indicate that 5 beta-compounds are more stimulatory than their 5 alpha-epimers, and they suggest that these 5 beta-steroids act preferentially on very primitive erythroid progenitor cells, probably on BFU-E.
Enhanced acousto-optic diffraction efficiency in a symmetric SrTiO_3/BaTiO_3/SrTiO_3 thin-film heterostructure (2000)

Guided-wave acousto-optic Bragg diffraction and surface acoustic-wave propagation in epitaxially matched SrTiO(3)/BaTiO(3)(001)/SrTiO(3) thin-film heterostructures have been theoretically studied. The optimum electromechanical coupling and Bragg diffraction efficiency have been determined at several acoustic frequencies by means of varying the thickness of the SrTiO(3) overlayer and the BaTiO(3) waveguiding layer. A strain-controlling nonpiezoelectric SrTiO(3) overlayer upon the BaTiO(3)/SrTiO(3) structure is found to enhance the coupling coefficient (k(2)) and the diffraction efficiency significantly. A comparison of asymmetric and symmetric structures shows an increase in the diffraction efficiency from 10.5% to 43.0% and a decrease in the untuned-transducer conversion efficiency from 36 to 23 dB at an operating frequency of 1 GHz with an interaction length of 1 mm and an acoustic power of 1 mW.
Resonant acoustic spectroscopy of soft tissues using embedded magnetomotive nanotransducers and optical coherence tomography (2010)

We present a new method for performing dynamic elastography of soft tissue samples. By sensing nanoscale displacements with optical coherence tomography, a chirped, modulated force is applied to acquire the mechanical spectrum of a tissue sample within a few seconds. This modulated force is applied via magnetic nanoparticles, named 'nanotransducers', which are diffused into the tissue, and which contribute negligible inertia to the soft tissue mechanical system. Using this novel system, we observed that excised tissues exhibit mechanical resonance modes which are well described by a linear damped harmonic oscillator. Results are validated by using cylindrical tissue phantoms of agarose in which resonant frequencies (30-400 Hz) are consistent with longitudinal modes and the sample boundary conditions. We furthermore show that the Young's modulus can be computed from their measured resonance frequencies, analogous to resonant ultrasound spectroscopy for stiff material analysis. Using this new technique, named magnetomotive resonant acoustic spectroscopy (MRAS), we monitored the relative stiffening of an excised rat liver during a chemical fixation process.
Down-Regulation of the Canonical Wnt β-Catenin Pathway in the Airway Epithelium of Healthy Smokers and Smokers with COPD (2011)

Smoking down-regulates the Wnt pathway in the human airway epithelium. In the context that Wnt pathway plays an important role in differentiation of epithelial tissues, the down-regulation of Wnt pathway may contribute to the dysregulation of airway epithelium differentiation observed in smoking-related airway disorders.
The influence of external factors on bacteriophages—review (2011)

The ability of bacteriophages to survive under unfavorable conditions is highly diversified. We summarize the influence of different external physical and chemical factors, such as temperature, acidity, and ions, on phage persistence. The relationships between a phage's morphology and its survival abilities suggested by some authors are also discussed. A better understanding of the complex problem of phage sensitivity to external factors may be useful not only for those interested in pharmaceutical and agricultural applications of bacteriophages, but also for others working with phages.
Systemic evening primrose oil improves the biophysical skin parameters of healthy adults (2005)

Biophysical skin parameters are indicators of age-related structural and functional changes in skin tissues. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy adults tested the effect of Efamol evening primrose oil [EPO, a gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) containing vegetable oil] on skin moisture, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), redness, firmness, elasticity, fatigue resistance and roughness. Efamol EPO was administered orally in soft gel capsules, 3 x 500 mg b.i.d. for 12 weeks. Measurements were taken at baseline and at weeks 4 and 12. The two treatment groups did not differ at baseline and at week 4. At week 12, however, all measured variables, with the exception of skin redness, were significantly different in the EPO group compared with placebo. Skin moisture, TEWL, elasticity, firmness, fatigue resistance and roughness had significantly improved by 12.9, 7.7, 4.7, 16.7, 14.2 and 21.7%, respectively. The two-sided levels of significance in favor of the EPO treatment ranged between 0.034 and 0.001. These findings lend further support to the notion that GLA is a conditionally essential fatty acid for the skin, i.e. it is unable to synthesize GLA, and therefore depends on preformed GLA for optimal structure and function.
Synthesis of the First Selective Irreversible Inhibitor of Neutral Sphingomyelinase (2000)

The sphingolipid ceramide has been discusssed for some time as a possible secondary messenger for a number of physiological and pathalogical processes, including autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis. Ceramide can be activated through the action of acid or neutral sphingomyelinases. The spiroepoxide 1 is the first selective irreversible inhibitor of neutral sphingomyelinase and will, therefore, be useful in the elucidation of the biological function of ceramide.
Reduction of Ag+on Polyacrylate Chains in Aqueous Solution (1998)

Silver ions are reduced in aqueous solutions that contain sodium polyacrylate or partly carboxylated polyacrylamide or glutaric acid. The reducing agent is the hydrated electron (generated γ-radiolytically) or hydrogen. Complexes of small silver clusters with the polyelectrolyte are formed in the early stages of reduction, the color of the solutions varying from rose to green or blue depending on the size of the complexed silver clusters. In the case of 10% carboxylated polyacrylamide, large colored complexes are not formed, which indicates that a high carboxylate density along the polymer chain is necessary for their formation. The complexes are stable toward heat (100 °C) and oxygen. In the later stages of reduction, the long-wavelength absorptions of the silver−polyacrylate complexes disappear. The UV absorption bands of a magic cluster (probably Ag9+) are present during a short time interval, until the plasmon absorption band of metallic nanoparticles develops at 380 nm. The colored clusters react with ammonia and cyanide to form large silver particles through the intermediate stage of the magic cluster.
Biological Activity of Sch 14342, an Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Coproduced in the Gentamicin Fermentation (1972)

Sch 14342 is an aminoglycoside antibiotic coproduced as a minor component in the gentamicin fermentation. Sch 14342 was found to have the same antibacterial spectrum as gentamicin in vitro and in vivo, and was approximately one-third as active in mouse protection tests. Sch 14342 relative to gentamicin was one-third as toxic in acute tests in mice, one-eighth as toxic in renal toxicity tests in dogs, and an estimated one-tenth as toxic in cat ataxia tests. Sch 14342 possesses a significantly improved therapeutic index relative to gentamicin with reference to ataxia potential and renal toxicity.
Transfer and Expression of Foreign Genes in Mammalian Cells (2000)

The transfer of foreign genes into eukaryotic cells, in particular mammalian cells, has been essential to our understanding of the functional significance of genes and regulatory sequences as well as the development of gene therapy strategies. To this end, different mammalian expression vector systems have been designed. The choice of a particular expression system depends on the nature and purpose of the study and will involve selecting particular parameters of expression systems such as the type of promoter/enhancer sequences, the type of expression (transient versus stable) and the level of desired expression. In addition, the success of the study depends on efficient gene transfer. The purification of the expression vectors, as well as the transfer method, affects transfection efficiency. Numerous approaches have been developed to facilitate the transfer of genes into cells via physical, chemical or viral strategies. While these systems have all been effective in vitro they need to be optimized for individual cell types and, in particular, for in vivo transfection.
Cell Cycle Regulation by MicroRNAs in Embryonic Stem Cells (2009)

The cell cycle is tightly orchestrated during normal development. Embryonic stem (ES) cells have a unique cell cycle structure, in which the G1/S restriction is largely absent, enabling cells to rapidly move through the G1 phase and enter the S phase. This hastened cell cycle allows the early embryo to rapidly grow. Recent experiments suggest that small noncoding RNAs, the microRNAs (miRNAs), play a central role in achieving this unique cell cycle structure. The responsible miRNAs function by suppressing multiple inhibitors of the G1/S transition. Expression of these miRNAs drops dramatically as the ES cells differentiate and as the G1 phase extends. Some of the same miRNAs are overexpressed in cancers, in which they can promote tumor growth, suggesting common mechanisms of miRNA-regulated cell cycle control in ES cells and cancers. This review discusses these recent findings in the context of broader knowledge of cell cycle control in normal and abnormal development.
Peptide‐N4‐(N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase F cannot release glycans with fucose attached α1 → 3 to the asparagine‐linked N‐acetylglucosamine residue (1991)

The ability of peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminyl)asparagine amidase F (PNGase F) from Flavobacterium meningosepticum and PNGase A from sweet almonds to deglycosylate N-glycopeptides and N-glycoproteins from plants was compared. Bromelain glycopeptide and horseradish peroxidase-C glycoprotein, which contain xylose linked beta 1----2 to beta-mannose and fucose linked alpha 1----3 to the innermost N-acetylglucosamine, were used as substrates. In contrast to PNGase A, the enzyme from F. meningosepticum did not act upon these substrates even at concentrations 100-fold higher than required for complete deglycosylation of commonly used standard substrates. After removal of alpha 1----3-linked fucose from the plant glycopeptide and glycoprotein by mild acid hydrolysis, they were readily degraded by PNGase F at moderate enzyme concentrations. Hence we conclude that alpha 1----3 fucosylation of the inner N-acetylglucosamine impedes the enzymatic action of PNGase F. Knowledge of this limitation of the deglycosylation potential of PNGase F may turn it from a pitfall into a useful experimental tool.
A dynamic intron retention program enriched in RNA processing genes regulates gene expression during terminal erythropoiesis (2015)

Differentiating erythroblasts execute a dynamic alternative splicing program shown here to include extensive and diverse intron retention (IR) events. Cluster analysis revealed hundreds of developmentally-dynamic introns that exhibit increased IR in mature erythroblasts, and are enriched in functions related to RNA processing such as SF3B1 spliceosomal factor. Distinct, developmentally-stable IR clusters are enriched in metal-ion binding functions and include mitoferrin genes SLC25A37 and SLC25A28 that are critical for iron homeostasis. Some IR transcripts are abundant, e.g. comprising ∼50% of highly-expressed SLC25A37 and SF3B1 transcripts in late erythroblasts, and thereby limiting functional mRNA levels. IR transcripts tested were predominantly nuclear-localized. Splice site strength correlated with IR among stable but not dynamic intron clusters, indicating distinct regulation of dynamically-increased IR in late erythroblasts. Retained introns were preferentially associated with alternative exons with premature termination codons (PTCs). High IR was observed in disease-causing genes including SF3B1 and the RNA binding protein FUS. Comparative studies demonstrated that the intron retention program in erythroblasts shares features with other tissues but ultimately is unique to erythropoiesis. We conclude that IR is a multi-dimensional set of processes that post-transcriptionally regulate diverse gene groups during normal erythropoiesis, misregulation of which could be responsible for human disease.
Central insulin action in energy and glucose homeostasis (2006)

Insulin has pleiotropic biological effects in virtually all tissues. However, the relevance of insulin signaling in peripheral tissues has been studied far more extensively than its role in the brain. An evolving body of evidence indicates that in the brain, insulin is involved in multiple regulatory mechanisms including neuronal survival, learning, and memory, as well as in regulation of energy homeostasis and reproductive endocrinology. Here we review insulin's role as a central homeostatic signal with regard to energy and glucose homeostasis and discuss the mechanisms by which insulin communicates information about the body's energy status to the brain. Particular emphasis is placed on the controversial current debate about the similarities and differences between hypothalamic insulin and leptin signaling at the molecular level.
Software engineering with Ada (1983)

From the Publisher:
Grady Booch, a renowned authority in software development, and Doug Bryan combined their Ada programming and software engineering expertise for the new edition of this best-selling book. Their up-to-date introduction to Ada programming provides a foundation for using the language with software engineering and object-oriented design. Programmers will find Software Engineering with Ada, Third Edition to be a complete reference for creating large-scale Ada systems and understanding the software engineering aspects of these systems. Features of the third edition include techniques for combining object-oriented design principles and software engineering to maximize the potential of Ada; extensive examples of small-sized code that will benefit new Ada programmers; six chapters devoted to design; five new large-scale programming exercises that build upon the software engineering principles developed in the design chapters; design projects on topics such as environment monitoring, database systems, and generic tree packages; an introduction to up-to-date object-oriented design methodology; and a new appendix on the Ada 9X program.
On supporting mission-critical multimedia applications (2002)

Mission-critical multimedia applications such as advanced command and control are dynamic and criticality-driven. Taking into consideration the application criticality as well as media quality-of-service (QoS) and timing requirements, we develop a multiresource management system that enables criticality-based resource preemption and QoS-based dynamic resource negotiation and adaptation. Our performance study indicates that our approximation solution is near optimal and that it outperforms a criticality-cognitive baseline algorithm. We also show that the dynamic QoS adjustment technique largely improves the quality of service for video streams. The criticality and QoS-based multiresource management system is part of the Presto multimedia system environment prototyped at Honeywell for mission-critical applications.
INDUCTION OF A CELL-TRANSFERABLE SUPPRESSION OF ALLOREACTIVITY BY PHOTODAMAGED LYMPHOCYTES (1992)

We have reported previously that splenocytes from BALB/c mice acutely rejecting CBA/j skin allografts were exposed to 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and ultraviolet A light and infused several times intravenously into naive BALB/c recipients; the recipients were hyporesponsive to CBA/j alloantigens in skin graft and delayed-type hypersensitivity assays, as well as in mixed leukocyte culture and cytotoxicity assays. We currently expand on this work by showing that donor-specific tolerance can be transferred adoptively to naive syngeneic animals via unfractionated splenocytes from mice rendered tolerant by the previous protocol. This suppressed response to alloantigen was transferred optimally with splenocytes taken from mice on the sixth day after the final treatment with PET cells. We further demonstrate that the cells that are adoptively transferring suppression are radiosensitive, Thy-1+, Lyt-2+, L3T4- T lymphocytes.
The Loop-Loosening Procedure for Urination Difficulties after Stamey Suspension of the Vesical Neck (1990)

A main complication of an anti-stress urinary incontinence operation in women is postoperative urinary retention or difficulty in urination caused by the urethrovesical junction being suspended too tightly. A total of 7 women who complained of the complication after a modified Stamey operation underwent our procedure in which the suspension loops were loosened to an adequate tension with the patient under local anesthesia. All patients recovered normal voiding without incontinence immediately after the procedure. The Stamey operation uses a nylon loop for suspension of the urethrovesical junction. Therefore, the tightness of the suspension loop can easily be readjusted postoperatively by the procedure, even though initially the suspension of the urethrovesical junction was too tight or too loose. We believe the procedure will enhance the value of the Stamey operation.
Concepts and mechanisms underlying chemotherapy induced immunogenic cell death: impact on clinical studies and considerations for combined therapies (2015)

Chemotherapy has historically been thought to induce cancer cell death in an immunogenically silent manner. However, recent studies have demonstrated that therapeutic outcomes with specific chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. anthracyclines) correlate strongly with their ability to induce a process of immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer cells. This process generates a series of signals that stimulate the immune system to recognize and clear tumor cells. Extensive studies have revealed that chemotherapy-induced ICD occurs via the exposure/release of calreticulin (CALR), ATP, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). This review provides an in-depth look into the concepts and mechanisms underlying CALR exposure, activation of the Toll-like receptor 3/IFN/CXCL10 axis, and the release of ATP and HMGB1 from dying cancer cells. Factors that influence the impact of ICD in clinical studies and the design of therapies combining chemotherapy with immunotherapy are also discussed.
Acute regional cerebral blood flow changes caused by severe head injuries (1991)

To evaluate the changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) that occur immediately after head injury and the effects of different posttraumatic lesions on CBF, 61 CBF studies were obtained using the xenon-computerized tomography method in 32 severely head-injured adults (Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) less than or equal to 7). The measurements were made within 7 days after injury, 43% in the first 24 hours. During the 1st day, patients with an initial GCS score of 3 or 4 and no surgical mass had significantly lower flows than did those with a higher GCS score or mass lesions (p less than 0.05): in the first 1 to 4 hours, those without surgical mass lesions had a mean CBF of 27 cc/100 gm/min, which rose to 44 cc/100 gm/min by 24 hours. Patients without surgical mass lesions who died tended to have a lower global CBF than did those with better outcomes. Mass lesions were associated with a high global CBF and bihemispheric contusions with the lowest flows. By 24 hours after injury, global blood flow increased in groups that originally had low flows and decreased in those with very high initial flows, such that by 36 to 48 hours, most patients had CBF values between 32 and 55 cc/100 gm/min. Lobar, basal ganglion, and brain-stem blood flow values frequently differed by 25% or more from global averages. Brain-stem CBF varied the most but did not correlate with clinical signs of brain-stem dysfunction. Double studies were performed at two different pCO2 values in 10 patients with various posttraumatic lesions, and the CO2 vasoresponsivity was calculated. Abnormal CO2 vasoresponsivity was found with acute subdural hematomas and defuse cerebral swelling but not with epidural hematomas. In patients without surgical mass lesions, the findings suggest that CBF in the first few hours after injury is often low, followed by a hyperemic phase that peaks at 24 hours. Global CBF values vary widely depending on the type of traumatic brain injury, and brain-stem flow is often not accurately reflected by global CBF values. These findings underscore the need to define regional CBF abnormalities in victims of severe head injury if treatment is intended to prevent regional ischemia.