gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IB-367, a Protegrin Peptide with In Vitro and In Vivo Activities against the Microflora Associated with Oral Mucositis (2000)

Although the microflora associated with oral mucositis initiated by cytotoxic therapy is not well characterized, several studies suggest that reduction of the microbial load in the oral cavity has some clinical benefit. The MICs of IB-367, a synthetic protegrin analog, ranged from 0.13 to 64 microgram/ml for gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus salivarius, and Staphylococcus aureus) and from 0.06 to 8 microgram/ml for gram-negative species (Klebsiella, Escherichia, and Pseudomonas). IB-367 exhibited rapid, microbicidal activity against both log- and stationary-phase cultures of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. At concentrations near the MICs for these two organisms (4 and 2 microgram/ml, respectively), IB-367 reduced viability by more than 3 logs in less than 16 min. Similarly, IB-367 effected a 4-log reduction of the endogenous microflora in pooled human saliva within 2 min at 250 microgram/ml, a concentration readily attained by local delivery. After nine serial transfers at 0.5x the MIC, the MIC of IB-367 for MRSA and P. aeruginosa increased only two to four times. In a phase I clinical study with healthy volunteers, IB-367 was well tolerated, with no detectable systemic absorption. One hour after treatment with 9 mg of IB-367, the prevalence of gram-negative bacteria and yeast was reduced, and the density of the predominant gram-positive oral flora was decreased 1,000 times. IB-367's properties (speed of killing, breadth of spectrum, and lack of resistance) make the compound a strong candidate for the prophylaxis of oral mucositis. Phase II clinical trials with IB-367 are under way for this indication in immunocompromised subjects.
Phased-MIMO Radar: A Tradeoff Between Phased-Array and MIMO Radars (2010)

We propose a new technique for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar with colocated antennas which we call phased-MIMO radar. The new technique enjoys the advantages of the MIMO radar without sacrificing the main advantage of the phased-array radar which is the coherent processing gain at the transmitting side. The essence of the proposed technique is to partition the transmit array into a number of subarrays that are allowed to overlap. Then, each subarray is used to coherently transmit a waveform which is orthogonal to the waveforms transmitted by other subarrays. Coherent processing gain can be achieved by designing a weight vector for each subarray to form a beam towards a certain direction in space. Moreover, the subarrays are combined jointly to form a MIMO radar resulting in higher angular resolution capabilities. Substantial improvements offered by the proposed phased-MIMO radar technique as compared to the phased-array and MIMO radar techniques are demonstrated analytically and by simulations through analyzing the corresponding beam patterns and the achievable output signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratios. Both analytical and simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed phased-MIMO radar.
Wavelength stabilization of broadband semiconductor light sources (1985)

A two-beam interferometric technique is described for stabilizing the wavelength of a broadband ( approximately 10-nm) semiconductor light source-a GaAs/GaAlAs superluminescence diode. Preliminary results show that the wave-length can be stabilized to better than 1 part in 10(6) for an averaging time of 1 sec.
Inhibition of wound healing in mice by local interferon alpha/beta injection. (1993)

Tumour vascular endothelium has been observed previously to be damaged by local injection of interferon alpha/beta, apparently before the onset of necrosis and regression of experimental tumours. In order to distinguish the effect of interferon alpha/beta on the vasculature from direct effects on tumour, the angiogenesis of wound healing was chosen for study. Injection of interferon alpha/beta subcutaneously adjacent to each wound at days 0 to 4 resulted in a markedly reduced rate of healing with poor edge reunion by day 3. Histologically, there was delay in the initiation of proliferation of not only capillary buds, but also fibroblasts and, to a lesser extent, epithelium across the incision. Nevertheless, no endothelial injury was seen at light or electron microscopic level. Healing subsequently resumed the normal pattern, though delayed, day 9 wounds resembling normal day 5 wounds. We conclude that interferon alpha/beta inhibits wound healing in mice by inhibition of proliferation of many cell types in addition to endothelium.
Effects of recombinant human PH20 (rHuPH20) on interstitial matrices: creating a favorable environment for the delivery of cytostatic agents (2005)

5075 Many tumors are associated with elevated levels of hyaluronan (HA). Through interaction with other extracellular matrix molecules, HA perturbs the delivery of cytostatic agents. Bovine forms of hyaluronidase, an HA degrading enzyme, have shown promise clinically as a chemosensitizing agent in a number of malignancies, but suffered immunologic and pharmacokinetic limitations. We therefore engineered a recombinant soluble form of human hyaluronidase (rHuPH20). The highly purified rHuPH20 enzyme lacked any gross or histologic toxicity across a very broad therapeutic range, and failed to elicit neutralizing antibodies in non human primates. rHuPH20 enhanced the dispersion of molecules up to 200nm in diameter in a dose dependent fashion, and increased hydraulic conductivity over 10 fold. These effects were fully reversible within 24 hours post injection. The enzyme itself was also systemically bioavailable, facilitating the dispersion of indicator dyes injected at distal sites without altering vascular permeability. Application of rHuPH20 to tumor cells in vitro effectively removed pericellular hyaluronan, which rapidly regenerated upon its removal from the culture media. Application of rHuPH20 to human xenograft models resulted in a significant reduction in tumor interstitial fluid pressure within 1 hour of administration. As increased interstitial fluid pressure is a key factor limiting bulk fluid flow in solid tumors, we conclude that recombinant human PH20 warrants testing as an adjunct to increase the therapeutic index of cytostatic regimens.
Mechanism of 4-aminopyridine action on voltage-gated potassium channels in lymphocytes. (1992)

The mechanism by which 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) blocks the delayed rectifier type potassium (K+) channels present on lipopolysaccharide-activated murine B lymphocytes was investigated using whole-cell and single channel patch-clamp recordings. 4-AP (1 microM-5 mM) was superfused for 3-4 min before applying depolarizing pulses to activate the channel. During the first pulse after application of 4-AP above 50 microM, the current inactivated faster, as compared with the control, but its peak was only reduced at high concentrations of 4-AP (Kd = 3.1 mM). During subsequent pulses, the peak current was decreased (Kd = 120 microM), but the inactivation rate was slower than in the control, a feature that could be explained by a slow unblocking process. After washing out the drug, the current elicited by the first voltage step was still markedly reduced, as compared with the control one, and displayed very slow activation and inactivation kinetics; this suggests that the K+ channels move from a blocked to an unblocked state slowly during the depolarizing pulse. These results show that 4-AP blocks K+ channels in their open state and that the drug remains trapped in the channel once it is closed. On the basis of the analysis of the current kinetics during unblocking, we suggest that two pathways lead from the blocked to the unblocked states. Computer simulations were used to investigate the mechanism of action of 4-AP. The simulations suggest that 4-AP must bind to both an open and a nonconducting state of the channel. It is postulated that the latter is either the inactivated channel or a site on closed channels only accessible to the drug once the cell has been depolarized. Using inside- and outside-out patch recordings, we found that 4-AP only blocks channels from the intracellular side of the membrane and acts by reducing the mean burst time. 4-AP is a weak base (pK = 9), and thus exists in ionized or nonionized form. Since the Kd of channel block depends on both internal and external pH, we suggest that 4-AP crosses the membrane in its nonionized form and acts from inside the cell in its ionized form.
Past, present, and future of simultaneous localization and mapping: Toward the robust-perception age (2016)

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) consists in the concurrent construction of a model of the environment (the map), and the estimation of the state of the robot moving within it. The SLAM community has made astonishing progress over the last 30 years, enabling large-scale real-world applications and witnessing a steady transition of this technology to industry. We survey the current state of SLAM and consider future directions. We start by presenting what is now the de-facto standard formulation for SLAM. We then review related work, covering a broad set of topics including robustness and scalability in long-term mapping, metric and semantic representations for mapping, theoretical performance guarantees, active SLAM and exploration, and other new frontiers. This paper simultaneously serves as a position paper and tutorial to those who are users of SLAM. By looking at the published research with a critical eye, we delineate open challenges and new research issues, that still deserve careful scientific investigation. The paper also contains the authors' take on two questions that often animate discussions during robotics conferences: Do robots need SLAM? and Is SLAM solved?
Immunolocalization of cathepsin B in human glioma: implications for tumor invasion and angiogenesis (1995)

The poor prognosis of patients with malignant gliomas is at least partially due to the invasive nature of these tumors. In this study, the authors investigated the possibility that the cysteine protease cathepsin B (CB) is a participant in the process of glial tumor cell invasion. To accomplish this, an immunohistochemical analysis was made of the localization of antibodies to CB in biopsies of five specimens of normal brain, 16 astrocytomas, 33 anaplastic astrocytomas, and 33 glioblastomas multiforme. Staining was scored according to the percentage of positive cells and the intensity of the stain, graded from 0 to 3+. Staining for CB was not seen in any of five samples of normal brain except for occasional neuronal cell bodies and microglia. Only five (31%) of 16 astrocytomas showed a small percentage of positive cells (0.01%-3%) that were stained in a light, diffuse cytoplasmic pattern (1+). Twenty-nine (87.8%) of 33 anaplastic astrocytomas showed positive light, granular staining in 2% to 40% of cells. In anaplastic astrocytoma, the staining within a tumor was heterogeneous with intensities of 1+ (17%), 1+ to 2+ (29%), or 2+ (55%). In contrast, all 33 (100%) glioblastomas were positive in 10% to 90% of cells. The staining was present in a coarse, granular pattern with an intensity of 2+ (12%) or 3+ (88%). Tumor cells infiltrating into brain adjacent to malignant gliomas stained positively in 26 cases that could be evaluated for glioblastoma multiforme; these invading cells frequently followed penetrating blood vessels as typical "secondary structures of Scherer." Moderate to intense CB staining associated with endothelial proliferation in high-grade tumors was also observed, especially in regions of tumor infiltration into adjacent normal brain. These results provide evidence consistent with the hypothesis that CB is functionally significant in the process of tumor invasion and angiogenesis in the clinical progression of the malignant phenotype in astrocytes.
Antagonism of ghrelin receptor reduces food intake and body weight gain in mice (2003)

Ghrelin appears to be closely related to excess weight gain, adiposity, and insulin resistance, particularly under a high fat diet and in the dynamic stage. Gastric peptide ghrelin and GHS-R may be promising therapeutic targets not only for anorexia-cachexia but also for obesity and type 2 diabetes, which are becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide.
Medical Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections (2004)

Diabetic foot infections frequently cause morbidity, hospitalization, and amputations. Gram-positive cocci, especially staphylococci and also streptococci, are the predominant pathogens. Chronic or previously treated wounds often yield several microbes on culture, including gram-negative bacilli and anaerobes. Optimal culture specimens are wound tissue taken after debridement. Infection of a wound is defined clinically by the presence of purulent discharge or inflammation; systemic signs and symptoms are often lacking. Only infected wounds require antibiotic therapy, and the agents, route, and duration are predicated on the severity of infection. Mild to moderate infections can usually be treated in the outpatient setting with oral agents; severe infections require hospitalization and parenteral therapy. Empirical therapy must cover gram-positive cocci and should be broad spectrum for severe infections. Definitive therapy depends on culture results and the clinical response. Bone infection is particularly difficult to treat and often requires surgery. Several adjuvant agents may be beneficial in some cases.
Regulation of Rransendothelial Neutrophil Migration by Endogenous Interleukin-8 (1991)

Movement of neutrophils from the bloodstream to inflamed tissue depends on the activation of both the neutrophil and the endothelial cell. Endothelial cells lining the postcapillary venule respond to proinflammatory mediators by expressing adhesion molecules and synthesizing a variety of neutrophil-activating factors. Endothelial cell production of a 77-amino acid variant of interleukin-8 (IL-8) was found to be a requirement for the invasion of neutrophils through a vessel wall model. IL-8 secreted by cytokine- or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated endothelial cells induced the rapid shedding of neutrophil lectin adhesion molecule-1, the up-regulation of leukocyte beta 2 integrins, and the attachment and transmigration of the neutrophils. Thus, endogenous endothelial IL-8 regulates transvenular traffic during acute inflammatory responses.
Antisense peptide-phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer conjugate: dose-response in mice infected with Escherichia coli (2006)

Both AcpP peptide-PMO and AcpP PMO significantly reduced bacteraemia and promoted survival of mice infected with E. coli W3110. The conjugate was about 50-100 times more potent than the PMO without attached peptide. The L-isomeric peptide-PMO was 10 times more potent than the D-isomeric equivalent. The conjugate apparently was toxic at doses > or = 2 x 300 microg/mouse (30 mg/kg). PMOs produced a sequence-specific antibiotic effect and the conjugate had a therapeutic index (toxic dose/effective dose) approximately equal to 10 in a mouse model of infection.
Dinosaur assemblages from the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation and Chuanjie Formation in the Sichuan-Yunnan Basin, China (2011)

The Shaximiao Formation (Sichuan Basin, China), and the corresponding Chuanjie Formation of the neighboring Yunnan Basin (Sichuan-Yunnan Basin), representing continental Mesozoic strata, are distinguished from other Chinese Mesozoic units because of the large area over which they are distributed, their lithological characteristics and their abundant vertebrate fossils. This paper analyses and sum- marizes the dinosaur fossils from the Shaximiao Formation and compares them to other vertebrate groups of the same or similar ages, both in China and abroad. For the first time, this paper presents the viewpoint that the upper member of the Shaximiao Formation is of Middle Jurassic age (Bathonian-Callovian). Furthermore, we claim that the entire Shaximiao Formation is of Bajocian-Callovian age (middle-late part of Middle Jurassic). This conclusion is supported by the age inferred from invertebrate fossils and radiometric dating (165-178 Ma). The composition, evolution and geological age of the vertebrate fauna (particularly dinosaur fossils), as well as their comparison to the dinosaur fauna from the other parts of the Sichuan-Yunnan Basin (Chuanjie Fm.) is discussed. Middle Jurassic dinosaur assemblages from China show marked differences compared with other dinosaur assemblages in the world, and this is explained by geographical isolation.
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells reduce systemic inflammation and attenuate LPS-induced acute lung injury in rats (2012)

UC-MSCs noticeably increased the survival rate of rats suffering from LPS-induced lung injury and significantly reduced systemic and pulmonary inflammation. Promoting anti-inflammatory homeostasis and reducing oxidative stress might be the therapeutic basis of UC-MSCs.
Molecular biology of the feline immunodeficiency virus auxiliary genes (1996)

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) causes a slowly progressive multiorgan disease in infected cats and shows considerable pathogenic similarities to the human immuno-deficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of AIDS (Miyazawa &amp; Mikami, 1993; Pedersen et al., 1987; Yamamoto et al., 1988). It is therefore considered a useful small-animal model for HIV-1-induced AIDS studies. FIV belongs to the family Retroviridae, a group of small, enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses. These viruses have an enzyme, reverse transcriptase, which enables them to replicate their RNA genome through a DNA intermediate (Coffin, 1992). FIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus and is closely related in biological characteristics and genome organization to other mammalian lentiviruses, including HIV, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV), equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV), visna virus and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) (Narayan &amp; Clements, 1990).
Document image mosaicing (2002)

If it is impossible to capture all the image in one scan with the available equipment, a montage can be made from separately scanned pieces. We describe an automatic mosaicing process for document images. The image shifts are found by a correlation technique, using an image pyramid and sequential similarity to reduce computation time. Image placement and overlap is used to reject incorrect solutions. We present results for binarised document images with data captured using a digital camera.
Adenoviral endoplasmic reticulum–targeted mda-7/interleukin-24 vector enhances human cancer cell killing (2008)

We developed several adenoviral vectors designed to target MDA-7 expression to different subcellular compartments [endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, nucleus, and cytosol] and evaluated their ability to enhance apoptosis. Adenoviral ER-targeted mda-7/interleukin-24 vector (Ad-ER-mda7) selectively and effectively inhibited the growth and proliferation of lung (A549 and H1299) and esophageal (Seg1 and Bic1) cancer cells by enhancing cell killing. Both Ad-mda7 and Ad-ER-mda7 activated a novel pathway of ER stress-induced apoptosis characterized by unregulated expression of phosphorylated JNK, phosphorylated c-Jun, and phosphorylated RNA-dependent protein kinase. Caspase-4 activation mediated Ad-mda7- and Ad-ER-mda7-induced cell death. In addition, Ad-mda7- and Ad-ER-mda7-mediated growth inhibition correlated with activation of ER molecular markers RNA-dependent protein kinase and JNK both in vitro (in Ad-mda7- or Ad-ER-mda7-treated lung cancer cells) and in vivo. These findings suggest that vectors targeting the ER (Ad-ER-mda7) may be more effective in cancer gene therapy possibly through more effective induction or ER stress pathways.
Rate and mode of death during five years of follow‐up among patients with acute chest pain with and without a history of diabetes mellitus (1998)

In order to determine the effect of diabetes on the mortality rate and mode of death during 5 years of follow-up among patients who came to the emergency department with acute chest pain or other symptoms suggestive of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), all patients thus presenting to one single hospital during a period of 21 months were followed for 5 years. In total 5230 patients were included, of whom 402 (8 %) had a history of diabetes. Patients with diabetes differed from those without by being older, having a higher prevalence of previously diagnosed cardiovascular diseases, having less symptoms of chest pain and more symptoms of acute severe heart failure, and more electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities on admission. Diabetic patients had a 5-year mortality of 53.5 % as compared with 23.3 % among non-diabetic patients (p < 0.001; adjusted risk ratio 1.60; 95% confidence limits 1.35–1.90). Among diabetic patients the following appeared as independent predictors of death: age (p < 0.001), ST-segment elevation on admission (p < 0.001), a history of myocardial infarction (p < 0.05), and a non-pathological ECG on admission (p < 0.001). We conclude that among diabetic patients admitted to the emergency department with acute chest pain or other symptoms suggestive of AMI more than 50 % are dead 5 years later. Future research should focus on interventions in order to reduce their mortality. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Parameters of Electron Transport in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (2006)

The same equation was derived from two different impedance models based on the quite different physical descriptions proposed by Kern et al.(1) and by Bisquert.(2,3) Reliable values of the parameters relating to electron transport in dye-sensitized solar cells can be determined from measured spectra by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy when careful analysis of the measured spectra is done based on the classification and clarification of the same impedance equation consequent from the two models. The requisites for making highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells were proposed.
Both diet and gene mutation induced obesity affect oocyte quality in mice (2016)

Obesity was shown to cause reproductive dysfunctions such as reduced conception, infertility and early pregnancy loss. However, the possible effects of obesity on oocyte quality are still not fully understood. In this study we investigated the effects of both diet and gene mutation induced obesity on impairments in mouse oocyte polarization, oxidative stress, and epigenetic modifications. Our results showed that high-fat diet induced obesity (HFD) and gene mutation induced obesity (ob/ob) could both impair oocyte meiotic maturation, disrupt spindle morphology, and reduce oocyte polarity. Oocytes from obese mice underwent oxidative stress, as shown by high DHE and ROS levels. Abnormal mitochondrial distributions and structures were observed in oocytes from obese groups of mice and early apoptosis signals were detected, which suggesting that oxidative stress had impaired mitochondrial function and resulted in oocyte apoptosis. Our results also showed that 5 mC levels and H3K9 and H3K27 methylation levels were altered in oocytes from obese mice, which indicated that DNA methylation and histone methylation had been affected. Our results showed that both HFD and ob/ob induced obesity affected oocyte maturation and that oxidative stress-induced early apoptosis and altered epigenetic modifications may be the reasons for reduced oocyte quality in obese mice.