gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gelatin/dextran intelligent hydrogels for drug delivery: dual-stimuli-responsive degradation in relation to miscibility in interpenetrating polymer networks (1998)

Biodegradable hydrogels consisting of gelatin (Gtn) and dextran (Dex) with an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) structure were prepared by sequential cross-linking reaction below and above the solgel transition temperature (T trans ) of Gtn, and their enzymatic degradability was examined. IPN-structured hydrogels prepared below T trans showed to be homogeneous in terms of phase-contrast microscopic observation and small-angle light scattering measurements. In contrast, IPN-structured hydrogels prepared above T trans showed a phase-separated structure. The water content and compression modulus of the IPN-structured hydrogels were almost constant in contrast to the phase morphology, suggesting the existence of physical chain entanglements between Gtn and Dcx networks in the hydrogels prepared below T trans . Much more bound water was observed in the IPN-structured hydrogel prepared below T trans , presumably supporting the above suggestion. The IPN-structured hydrogels prepared below T trans exhibited a specific degradation behavior: degradation of the hydrogels by either α-chymotrypsin or dextranase alone was completely hindered whereas the hydrogel was completely degraded in the presence of both enzymes. Such a specific feature of enzymatic degradation was not observed for the IPN-structured hydrogels prepared above T trans . It is concluded that the dual-stimuli-responsiv degradation can be achieved by enhancing physical chain entanglements of Gtn and Dex networks.
Pilot‐scale process for magnetic bead purification of antibodies directly from non‐clarified CHO cell culture (2019)

High capacity magnetic protein A agarose beads, LOABeads PrtA, were used in the development of a new process for affinity purification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from non‐clarified CHO cell broth using a pilot‐scale magnetic separator. The LOABeads had a maximum binding capacity of 65 mg/mL and an adsorption capacity of 25–42 mg IgG/mL bead in suspension for an IgG concentration of 1 to 8 g/L. Pilot‐scale separation was initially tested in a mAb capture step from 26 L clarified harvest. Small‐scale experiments showed that similar mAb adsorptions were obtained in cell broth containing 40 × 10 6 cells/mL as in clarified supernatant. Two pilot‐scale purification runs were then performed on non‐clarified cell broth from fed‐batch runs of 16 L, where a rapid mAb adsorption ≥96.6% was observed after 1 h. This process using 1 L of magnetic beads had an overall mAb yield of 86% and 16 times concentration factor. After this single protein A capture step, the mAb purity was similar to the one obtained by column chromatography, while the host cell protein content was very low, &lt;10 ppm. Our results showed that this magnetic bead mAb purification process, using a dedicated pilot‐scale separation device, was a highly efficient single step, which directly connected the culture to the downstream process without cell clarification. Purification of mAb directly from non‐clarified cell broth without cell separation can provide significant savings in terms of resources, operation time, and equipment, compared to legacy procedure of cell separation followed by column chromatography step. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog ., 35: e2775, 2019.
Sovereign Immunity Abrogated in Ohio: Krause v. State (1972)

The decision thus promulgates three principal rulings: (1) that sovereign immunity does not provide a bar to bringing an action against the State of Ohio, (2) that the state is liable by virtue of the doctrine of respondeat superior for the authorized activities of its officers, employees and other agents, and (3) that freedom of individual agents from civil liability arising out of authorized activities for the state is retained. The effects of these rulings are far from obvious, in large part because of the confused prior state of the law upon which they are engrafted. Furthermore, the grounds given for abrogation of the state's immunity to suit can be subjected to severe criticism. It was to be expected that the events at Kent State in the spring of 1970 would produce litigation which would subject the judicial system as well as other parts of the established order of society to penetrating re-examination. Few could have anticipated the far-reaching changes announced by this decision, which must challenge the record for the number of controlling precedents that would have to be abandoned to sustain it in its entirety. The court was undoubtedly speaking for the people of Ohio in broadening the remedy for injuries resulting from operations of the state and its subsidiaries. The difficulties it encountered in that attempt suggest that the General Assembly would serve the people well by exercising its own more flexible authority in this field.
Triboelectric Nanogenerator Enhanced Nanofiber Air Filters for Efficient Particulate Matter Removal (2017)

We developed a high-efficiency rotating triboelectric nanogenerator (R-TENG) enhanced polyimide (PI) nanofiber air filter for particulate matter (PM) removal in ambient atmosphere. The PI electrospinning nanofiber film exhibited high removal efficiency for the PM particles that have diameters larger than 0.5 μm. When the R-TENG is connected, the removal efficiency of the filter is enhanced, especially when the particle diameters of the PM are smaller than 100 nm. The highest removal efficiency is 90.6% for particles with a diameter of 33.4 nm and the highest efficiency enhancement reaches 207.8% at the diameter of 76.4 nm where the removal efficiency enhanced from 27.1% to 83.6%. This technology with zero ozone release and low pressure drop offers an approach for air cleaning and haze treatment.
Evidence for Involvement of Activin A and Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 in Mammalian Mesoderm and Hematopoietic Development (1995)

Xenopus in vitro studies have implicated both transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) families in mesoderm induction. Although members of both families are present during mouse mesoderm formation, there is little evidence for their functional role in mesoderm induction. We show that mouse embryonic stem cells, which resemble primitive ectoderm, can differentiate to mesoderm in vitro in a chemically defined medium (CDM) in the absence of fetal bovine serum. In CDM, this differentiation is responsive to TGF-beta family members in a concentration-dependent manner, with activin A mediating the formation of dorsoanterior-like mesoderm and bone morphogenetic protein 4 mediating the formation of ventral mesoderm, including hematopoietic precursors. These effects are not observed in CDM alone or when TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, or -beta 3, acid FGF, or basic FGF is added individually to CDM. In vivo, at day 6.5 of mouse development, activin beta A RNA is detectable in the decidua and bone morphogenetic protein 4 RNA is detectable in the egg cylinder. Together, our data strongly implicate the TGF-beta family in mammalian mesoderm development and hematopoietic cell formation.
Laser-assisted direct ink writing of planar and 3D metal architectures (2016)

The ability to pattern planar and freestanding 3D metallic architectures at the microscale would enable myriad applications, including flexible electronics, displays, sensors, and electrically small antennas. A 3D printing method is introduced that combines direct ink writing with a focused laser that locally anneals printed metallic features "on-the-fly." To optimize the nozzle-to-laser separation distance, the heat transfer along the printed silver wire is modeled as a function of printing speed, laser intensity, and pulse duration. Laser-assisted direct ink writing is used to pattern highly conductive, ductile metallic interconnects, springs, and freestanding spiral architectures on flexible and rigid substrates.
A Biocompatible Condensation Reaction for the Labeling of Terminal Cysteine Residues on Proteins (2009)

Going live: A protein-labeling method based on the use of a single amino acid tag—an N-terminal cysteine residue—and small-molecule probes containing a cyanobenzothiazole (CBT) unit has been used for the specific fluorescence labeling of proteins in vitro and at the surface of live cells (see scheme). This simple ligation reaction proceeds with a high degree of specificity under physiological conditions. Rd: a rhodamine dye; TEV: tobacco etch virus.
The cell attachment domain of fibronectin. Determination of the primary structure. (1982)

The complete amino acid sequence of the cell attachment domain of human plasma fibronectin (Pierschbacher, M. D., Hayman, E. G., and Ruoslahti, E. (1981) Cell 26, 259-267) has been determined by automated sequential degradation of a peptic fragment comprising this region and of peptides derived from this fragment by digestion with thermolysin, staphylococcal V8 protease, cyanogen bromide cleavage, and partial acid hydrolysis. The fragment contains 108 residues with isoleucine and methionine as the NH2- and carboxyl-terminal amino acids, respectively. No cysteines are present. The calculated molecular weight of the cell attachment fragment, based on the amino acid sequence, is 11,482, which is in good agreement with the molecular weight estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. There are no homologies in this fragment with other published sequences. The implications of the structure of the cell attachment fragment to the molecular mechanism of cell-fibronectin interaction are discussed.
ACEH/ACE2 is a novel mammalian metallocarboxypeptidase and a homologue of angiotensin-converting enzyme insensitive to ACE inhibitors (2002)

A human zinc metalloprotease (termed ACEH or ACE2) with considerable homology to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (EC 3.4.15.1) has been identified and subsequently cloned and functionally expressed. The translated protein contains an N-terminal signal sequence, a single catalytic domain with zinc-binding motif (HEMGH), a transmembrane region, and a small C-terminal cytosolic domain. Unlike somatic ACE, ACEH functions as a carboxypeptidase when acting on angiotensin I and angiotensin II or other peptide substrates. ACEH may function in conjunction with ACE and neprilysin in novel pathways of angiotensin metabolism of physiological significance. In contrast with ACE, ACEH does not hydrolyse bradykinin and is not inhibited by typical ACE inhibitors. ACEH is unique among mammalian carboxypeptidases in containing an HEXXH zinc motif but, in this respect, resembles a bacterial enzyme, Thermus aquaticus (Taq) carboxypeptidase (EC 3.4.17.19). Collectrin, a developmentally regulated renal protein, is homologous with the C-terminal region of ACEH but has no similarity with ACE and no catalytic domain. Thus, the ACEH protein may have evolved as a chimera of a single ACE-like domain and a collectrin domain. The collectrin domain may regulate tissue response to injury whereas the catalytic domain is involved in peptide processing events.
Abnormal intracellular kinetics of cell-cycle-dependent proteins in lymphocytes from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a novel biologic link between immune activation, accelerated T-cell turnover, and high levels of apoptosis (2001)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infection is characterized by loss of CD4+ T cells associated with high levels of immune activation, T-cell proliferation, and lymphocyte apoptosis. To investigate the role of intrinsic perturbations of cell-cycle control in the immunopathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), we studied the expression of cell-cycle-dependent proteins in lymphocytes from HIV-infected patients. Cyclin B1 expression, Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs) number, and NORs area of distribution were all consistently increased in HIV-infected patients, but returned to normal after effective antiretroviral therapy, suggesting that viral replication is directly implicated in the genesis of the observed changes. Analysis of cyclin B1 intracellular turnover showed that the increased cyclin B1 expression is (1) caused by defective degradation in the presence of normal rates of synthesis, and (2) is temporally associated with decreased levels of ubiquitination. After in vitro activation of lymphocytes from healthy individuals, cyclin B1 and cdc25 expression and ubiquitination, p34 cdc2 activity, NORs morphology, and C23/nucleolin localization showed a 72- to 96-hour cyclic pattern that led to a biologic state similar to baseline. On the contrary, complex but consistent changes of the same indices followed activation of T lymphocytes from HIV-infected patients, resulting in a 5-fold increase in apoptosis. Overall, our data indicate that a profound dysregulation of cell-cycle control is present in lymphocytes from HIV-infected patients. This finding may provide a novel biologic link between immune activation, accelerated lymphocyte turnover, and increased apoptosis during HIV infection.
The fibrinogen-binding protein (FgBP) of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi additionally binds IgG and contributes to virulence in a mouse model (2001)

The major cell-wall-associated protein of the equine pathogen Streptococcus equi subsp. equi is an M-like fibrinogen-binding protein (FgBP) which binds equine fibrinogen (Fg) avidly, through residues located at the extreme N-terminus of the molecule. In this study, it is shown that FgBP additionally binds equine IgG-Fc. When tested against polyclonal IgG from ten other animal species, it was found that FgBP binds human, rabbit, pig and cat IgG, but does not bind mouse, rat, goat, sheep, cow or chicken IgG. Through the use of a panel of recombinant FgBP truncates containing defined deletions of sequence, it was shown that residues in the central regions of FgBP are important in IgG binding. An fbp knockout mutant which does not express FgBP on the cell surface was also constructed. Mutant cells failed to autoaggregate, bound no detectable equine Fg or IgG-Fc, were rapidly killed in horse blood, and showed greatly decreased virulence in a mouse model. Results suggest that FgBP is the major surface structure responsible for binding either Fg or IgG, that the molecule has pronounced antiphagocytic properties, and that it is a likely factor contributing to the virulence of wild-type S. equi subsp. equi.
Identification of Differentially Expressed Proteins in Murine Embryonic and Postnatal Cortical Neural Progenitors (2010)

There are fundamental differences between the continuously self-renewing and more limited progenitors of the developing cortex. We identified a subset of differentially expressed proteins that serve not only as a set of functionally important proteins, but as a useful set of markers for the subsequent analysis of NSPC. Neogenin is associated with the continuously self-renewing and neurogenic cells present in E11.5 cortical and adult SVZ NS, and the Neogenin/RGMa receptor/ligand pair may regulate cell survival during development.
Powering an Inorganic Nanodevice with a Biomolecular Motor (2000)

Biomolecular motors such as F 1 –adenosine triphosphate synthase (F 1 -ATPase) and myosin are similar in size, and they generate forces compatible with currently producible nanoengineered structures. We have engineered individual biomolecular motors and nanoscale inorganic systems, and we describe their integration in a hybrid nanomechanical device powered by a biomolecular motor. The device consisted of three components: an engineered substrate, an F 1 -ATPase biomolecular motor, and fabricated nanopropellers. Rotation of the nanopropeller was initiated with 2 mM adenosine triphosphate and inhibited by sodium azide.
Probing the Molecular Mechanisms of Quartz-Binding Peptides (2010)

Understanding the mechanisms of biomineralization and the realization of biology-inspired inorganic materials formation largely depends on our ability to manipulate peptide/solid interfacial interactions. Material interfaces and biointerfaces are critical sites for bioinorganic synthesis, surface diffusion, and molecular recognition. Recently adapted biocombinatorial techniques permit the isolation of peptides recognizing inorganic solids that are used as molecular building blocks, for example, as synthesizers, linkers, and assemblers. Despite their ubiquitous utility in nanotechnology, biotechnology, and medicine, the fundamental mechanisms of molecular recognition of engineered peptides binding to inorganic surfaces remain largely unknown. To explore propensity rules connecting sequence, structure, and function that play key roles in peptide/solid interactions, we combine two different approaches: a statistical analysis that searches for highly enriched motifs among de novo designed peptides, and, atomistic simulations of three experimentally validated peptides. The two strong and one weak quartz-binding peptides were chosen for the simulations at the quartz (100) surface under aqueous conditions. Solution-based peptide structures were analyzed by circular dichroism measurements. Small and hydrophobic residues, such as Pro, play a key role at the interface by making close contact with the solid and hindering formation of intrapeptide hydrogen bonds. The high binding affinity of a peptide may be driven by a combination of favorable enthalpic and entropic effects, that is, a strong binder may possess a large number of possible binding configurations, many of which having relatively high binding energies. The results signify the role of the local molecular environment among the critical residues that participate in solid binding. The work herein describes molecular conformations inherent in material-specific peptides and provides fundamental insight into the atomistic understanding of peptide/solid interfaces.
Blood lactate accumulation and muscle deoxygenation during incremental exercise (1999)

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) could allow insights into controversial issues related to blood lactate concentration ([La] b ) increases at submaximal workloads (w˙). We combined, on five well-trained subjects [mountain climbers; peak O 2 consumption (V˙o 2peak ), 51.0 ± 4.2 (SD) ml ⋅ kg −1 ⋅ min −1 ] performing incremental exercise on a cycle ergometer (30 W added every 4 min up to voluntary exhaustion), measurements of pulmonary gas exchange and earlobe [La] b with determinations of concentration changes of oxygenated Hb (Δ[O 2 Hb]) and deoxygenated Hb (Δ[HHb]) in the vastus lateralis muscle, by continuous-wave NIRS. A “point of inflection” of [La] b vs.w˙ was arbitrarily identified at the lowest [La] b value which was &gt;0.5 mM lower than that obtained at the following w˙. Total Hb volume (Δ[O 2 Hb + HHb]) in the muscle region of interest increased as a function ofw˙ up to 60–65% ofV˙o 2 peak , after which it remained unchanged. The oxygenation index (Δ[O 2 Hb − HHb]) showed an accelerated decrease from 60– 65% ofV˙o 2 peak . In the presence of a constant total Hb volume, the observed Δ[O 2 Hb − HHb] decrease indicates muscle deoxygenation (i.e., mainly capillary-venular Hb desaturation). The onset of muscle deoxygenation was significantly correlated ( r 2 = 0.95; P &lt; 0.01) with the point of inflection of [La] b vs. w˙, i.e., with the onset of blood lactate accumulation. Previous studies showed relatively constant femoral venous[Formula: see text] levels at w˙ higher than ∼60% of maximal O 2 consumption. Thus muscle deoxygenation observed in the present study from 60–65% ofV˙o 2 peak could be attributed to capillary-venular Hb desaturation in the presence of relatively constant capillary-venular[Formula: see text] levels, as a consequence of a rightward shift of the O 2 Hb dissociation curve determined by the onset of lactic acidosis.
Alterations in the Fatty Acid Composition of Rat Brain Cells (Neurons, Astrocytes, and Oligodendrocytes) and of Subcellular Fractions (Myelin and Synaptosomes) Induced by a Diet Devoid of n‐3 Fatty Acids (1984)

Rats were fed through four generations with a semisynthetic diet containing 1.0% sunflower oil (6.7 mg/g n-6 fatty acids, 0.04 mg/g n-3 fatty acids). Ten days before mating, half of the animals received a diet in which sunflower was replaced by soya oil (6.6 mg/g n-6 fatty acids, 0.8 mg/g n-3 fatty acids) and analyses were performed on their pups. Fatty acid analysis in isolated cellular and subcellular material from sunflower-fed animals showed that the total amount of unsaturated fatty acids was not reduced in any cellular or subcellular fraction (except in 60-day-old rat neurons). All material from animals fed with sunflower oil showed an important reduction in the docosahexaenoic acid content, compensated (except in 60-day-old rat neurons) by an increase in the n-6 fatty acids (mainly C22:5 n-6). When comparing 60-day-old animals fed with soya oil or sunflower oil, the n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio was reduced 16-fold in oligodendrocytes, 12-fold in myelin, twofold in neurons, sixfold in synaptosomes, and threefold in astrocytes. No trienes were detected. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were hardly affected. This study provides data on the fatty acid composition of isolated brain cells.
IL-6 receptors and sensitivity to growth inhibition by IL-6 in clones of human breast carcinoma cells. (1992)

Pure recombinant human IL-6 inhibits growth of T47D, MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 human breast carcinoma and OVCAR-3 ovarian carcinoma cells in cultures. Subcloning of the breast ductal carcinoma T47D cells yields clones with high and low sensitivity to the growth inhibitory effect of IL-6. The subclones vary 40 fold in their sensitivity for inhibition of colony formation in sparse cultures and 200 fold for inhibition of thymidine incorporation in subconfluent cultures. Binding studies with 125I-rIL6 show that T47D cells and their subclones, as well as SK-BR-3 and MCF-7 cells, express high-affinity receptors for IL-6. The number and affinity constant of these receptors are comparable to those on lymphocytic and myeloid cells, and show no correlation with the high or low sensitivity phenotype. Proliferation of the breast cancer cells is inhibited by IL-6 in a cell density dependent manner, and is not due to a cytotoxic effect. In addition, IL-6 induces a morphological change with loss of epithelial characteristics and of cell-cell adhesion. Sensitivity to growth inhibition by IL-6 is independent from that of IFN-beta 1, IFN-gamma or TNF.
Insulin receptor substrate 1 mediates the stimulatory effect of insulin on GLUT4 translocation in transfected rat adipose cells. (1994)

Insulin signaling is initiated at least in part by activation of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and subsequent phosphorylation of cellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1). Previous studies have focused on the role of IRS-1 in the mitogenic actions of insulin. We have now investigated the possible role of IRS-1 in mediating the effect of insulin to stimulate glucose transport in a physiologically relevant insulin target tissue. In this study, we transfected rat adipose cells in primary culture with an antisense ribozyme directed against rat IRS-1. Expression of the ribozyme in these cells caused a 4.4-fold increase in the concentration of insulin required to achieve half-maximal stimulation of the translocation of cotransfected epitope-tagged GLUT4 without changing the maximal insulin response. Overexpression of human IRS-1 increased the basal cell surface GLUT4 to nearly the maximal level in the absence of insulin. When the ribozyme (specific to rat IRS-1) was cotransfected along with human IRS-1, the insulin dose-response curve was shifted to the left when compared with cells transfected with the ribozyme alone. These data provide strong support for the hypothesis that IRS-1 plays a role in insulin-stimulated glucose transport in insulin-responsive cells.
La espectacularización de la política (2014)

In this brief article we address the relationship between the political arena and the media field, relationship that turns politics into a spectacular space where the representation of events and seductive media artifacts outweighs rational debate about public affairs.