gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sequentially controlled distributed solar-array power system with maximum power tracking (2004)

Presented herein is the sequentially controlled distributed solar-array power system with maximum power tracking (MPT). The power system controller sequentially activates sufficient solar-array sourced dc-dc converter power-processing channels, of which paralleled-outputs supply power to a common load. A "shared-bus" current-sharing method utilizing distributed MPT control is employed to regulate parallel-connected current-mode converters dedicated to each power channel. Among the activated solar-array power channels, the most recently activated channel provides output bus voltage regulation while the previously activated channels are operated in MPT mode. The remaining inactive power channels consume negligible power resulting in lower component temperatures and improved overall long-term system reliability. Through modeling and simulation of a three-channel MPT power system, the sequentially controlled architecture and control concept are validated.
Using granulometries in processing images of malarial blood (2002)

The mathematical morphology technique, granulometry, is used to create the pattern spectrum of a malarial blood slide image. From this, the red blood cell size can be evaluated, making subsequent processing scale-invariant.
Regulation of lipogenic enzyme gene expression by nutrients and hormones (1994)

In vivo and in vitro experiments strongly support the view that marked increases in the levels of mRNA and in the activities of lipogenic enzymes that occur in liver and white adipose tissue of the rat after weaning to a high-carbohydrate diet are dependent on an increase in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. An increased glucose metabolism is necessary for the expression of insulin effects on fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) mRNA accumulation in white adipose tissue, as insulin is ineffective in vitro in the absence of glucose. It is suggested that intracellular glucose-6-phosphate could play an important role in the effect of insulin on lipogenic enzyme gene expression in white adipose tissue. Other hormones and substrates could also play a role in the surge of lipogenesis after weaning. The fall in plasma glucagon after weaning to a high-carbohydrate diet could reinforce the insulin-induced accumulation of FAS and ACC mRNA, as this hormone inhibits the accumulation of lipogenic enzyme mRNA in liver and white adipose tissue. The decrease in the dietary supply of fat after weaning to a high-carbohydrate diet could also potentiate the accumulation of FAS and ACC mRNA in liver because long-chain poly-unsaturated fatty acids are potent inhibitors of the expression of the genes encoding liver lipogenic enzymes. A direct effect of fatty acids on a cis-acting element of the lipogenic enzyme genes could be involved, as the regulatory region of FAS gene contains a polyunsaturated fatty acid response element that shares some similarity with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor recently described.
Generation of antibody activity from immunoglobulin polypeptide chains produced in Escherichia coli. (1984)

Plasmids have been constructed that direct the synthesis in Escherichia coli of heavy chains and/or light chains of an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody. Another plasmid was constructed for expression of a truncated form of heavy chain (Fd' fragment) in E. coli. Functional CEA-binding activity was obtained by in vitro reconstitution in E. coli extracts of heavy chain or Fd' fragment mixed with extracts containing light chain.
Translations do affect vestibular stabilization performance (2002)

We investigated the usability of vestibular translatory motion cues in self stabilization. Six blindfolded observers were asked to control the pitch or roll axis of a Stewart motion platform which followed the movements of a virtual inverse pendulum. Specifically, we varied the turning point of the pendulum with respect to the observer's head. Shifting the turning point along the body axis leaves the vestibular rotational cues identical while changing only the translatory component of the motion. We started with three hypotheses: I) If the translatory components do not affect stabilization, performance should be equal for all conditions. II) If translation does affect stabilization, then increasing the distance between head and turning point should systematically alter performance. III) In posture control, humans always rotate (tilt) around points below the head and therefore those conditions should result in better performance. Subjects controlled the pendulum with a virtual force proportional to the deflection of a joystick (acceleration based control). Five different turning point heights with respect to the head (h=0.0m, ±0.6m, and ±1.2m) were tested in trials that lasted 120 seconds each. To exclude learning artifacts, observers were trained in random order at all heights four times. Observers typically reached a stable performance after three of the four blocks (i.e., after about 30 minutes of training). Surprisingly, the final performance (absolute error and variability) was best for the condition where the turning point was 0.6m above the head. Performance decreased with increasing distance from this optimum. Therefore, none of our hypotheses seem to be true. These results might have important implications for training in helicopter simulators.
Zero-mode waveguides for single molecule analysis and fast DNA sequencing (2003)

Summary form only given. Zero-mode waveguides enable the observation of which fluorescent nucleotide analog is being added to the double stranded product in the active site of the enzyme while excluding signal from freely diffusing fluorescent species. The effectiveness of zero-mode waveguides is demonstrated by real-time observation of single molecules of DNA polymerase immobilized inside zero-mode waveguides, using micromolar concentrations of fluorescently labeled nucleotide analogs.
Increased resistance to anticancer therapy of mouse cells lacking the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase attributable to up-regulation of the multidrug resistance gene product P-glycoprotein. (2000)

Mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 express a barely detectable level of wild-type (wt) p53 protein. Doxorubicin at concentrations activating wt p53 in normal mouse embryo fibroblasts failed to induce it in mutant cells. wt p53 was only activated in response to a 10-fold higher doxorubicin dose. Treatment with higher doxorubicin concentrations was cytotoxic for normal but not for PARP-1 -/- cells. The latter was also resistant to other anticancer agents. The increased resistance of mutant cells to drugs resembled a unique phenomenon known as multidrug resistance (MDR). Interestingly, the MDR gene product P-glycoprotein was clearly up-regulated in PARP-1-deficient cells as compared with normal counterparts. Pretreatment with verapamil reversed the MDR phenotype.
Detection of Promoter Hypermethylation of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Urine from Kidney Cancer Patients (2004)

Kidney cancer is curable by surgical resection and therapy, if detected at an early stage. Using sensitive methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, we screened matched tumor DNA and preoperative urine DNA from 50 kidney cancer patients, for hypermethylation of a panel of six normally unmethylated tumor suppressor genes: VHL, p16/CDKN2a, p14ARF, APC, RASSF1A, and Timp-3. When compared to the tumor DNA, an identical pattern of gene hypermethylation was found in the matched urine DNA from 44 of 50 patients (88% sensitivity) including 27 of 30 cases of stage I disease. By contrast, hypermethylation was not observed in normal and benign disease controls (100% specificity). We conclude that promoter hypermethylation is a common and early event in kidney tumorigenesis and can be detected in the urine DNA from patients with organ-confined renal cancer of all histologic types.
The Receptor Complex Associated with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 3 (HTLV-3) Env-Mediated Binding and Entry Is Distinct from, but Overlaps with, the Receptor Complexes of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 (2009)

Little is known about the transmission or tropism of the newly discovered human retrovirus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3 (HTLV-3). Here, we examine the entry requirements of HTLV-3 using independently expressed Env proteins. We observed that HTLV-3 surface glycoprotein (SU) binds efficiently to both activated CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. This contrasts with both HTLV-1 SU, which primarily binds to activated CD4(+) T cells, and HTLV-2 SU, which primarily binds to activated CD8(+) T cells. Binding studies with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), two molecules important for HTLV-1 entry, revealed that these molecules also enhance HTLV-3 SU binding. However, unlike HTLV-1 SU, HTLV-3 SU can bind efficiently in the absence of both HSPGs and NRP-1. Studies of entry performed with HTLV-3 Env-pseudotyped viruses together with SU binding studies revealed that, for HTLV-1, glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) functions at a postbinding step during HTLV-3 Env-mediated entry. Further studies revealed that HTLV-3 SU binds efficiently to naive CD4(+) T cells, which do not bind either HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 SU and do not express detectable levels of HSPGs, NRP-1, and GLUT-1. These results indicate that the complex of receptor molecules used by HTLV-3 to bind to primary T lymphocytes differs from that of both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2.
Activity of novel adenine nucleotide derivatives as agonists and antagonists at recombinant rat P2X receptors (2000)

The effects of structural modifications of adenine nucleotides previously shown to enhance either agonist (2-thioether groups) or antagonist (additional phosphate moieties at the 3′- or 2′-position) properties at P2Y1 receptors were examined at recombinant rat P2X1, P2X2, P2X3, and P2X4 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The potency of P2Y1 agonists HT-AMP (2-(hexylthio)adenosine-5′-monophosphate) and PAPET (2-[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethylthio]adenosine-5′-triphosphate) was examined at P2X receptors. Both nucleotides showed a preference for the Group I (α,β-meATP-sensitive, fast-inactivating) P2X subunits. HT-AMP was 5-fold more potent than ATP at P2X3 receptors and a partial agonist at all except P2X2 receptors, at which it was a full agonist. The efficacy of HT-AMP was as low as 23% at P2X4 receptors. PAPET was a weak partial agonist at rat P2X4 receptors and a nearly full agonist at the other subtypes. At rat P2X3 receptors, PAPET was more potent than any other known agonist (EC50 = 17 ± 3 nM). MRS 2179 (N6-methyl-2′-deoxyadenosine 3′, 5-bisphosphate, a potent P2Y1 receptor antagonist) inhibited ATP-evoked responses at rat P2X1 receptors with an IC50 value of 1.15 ± 0.21 μM. MRS 2179 was a weak antagonist at rat P2X3 receptors, with an IC50 value of 12.9 ± 0.1 μM, and was inactive at rat P2X2 and P2X4 receptors. Thus, MRS 2179 was 11-fold and 130-fold selective for P2Y1 receptors vs. P2X1 and P2X3 receptors, respectively. MRS 2209, the corresponding 3′-deoxy-2′-phosphate isomer, was inactive at rat P2X1 receptors, thus demonstrating its greater selectivity as a P2Y1 receptor antagonist. Various adenine bisphosphates in the family of MRS 2179 containing modifications of either the adenine (P2Y1 antagonists with 2- and 6-substitutions), the phosphate (a 3′,5′-cyclic diphosphate, inactive at P2Y1 receptors), or the ribose moieties (antagonist carbocyclic analogue), were inactive at both rat P2X1 and P2X3 receptors. An anhydrohexitol derivative (MRS 2269) and an acyclic derivative (MRS 2286), proved to be selective antagonists at P2Y1 receptors, since they were inactive as agonist or antagonist at P2X1 and P2X3 receptors. Drug Dev. Res. 49:253–259, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Detection of Mammalian Reovirus RNA by Using Reverse Transcription-PCR: Sequence Diversity within the λ3-Encoding L1 Gene (2002)

Reoviruses infect virtually all mammalian species, and infection of humans is associated with mild gastrointestinal or upper respiratory illnesses. To improve reovirus detection strategies, we developed a reverse transcription-PCR technique to amplify a fragment of the reovirus L1 gene segment. This assay was capable of detecting 44 of 44 reovirus field isolate strains and was sufficiently sensitive to detect nearly a single viral particle (1.16 +/- 0.13) per PCR of prototype strain type 3 Dearing. Pairwise comparisons of the 44 partial L1 gene sequences revealed that nucleotide variability ranged from 0 to 24.7%, with most of the nucleotide polymorphism occurring at synonymous positions. Phylogenetic trees generated from amplified L1 gene sequences suggest that multiple alleles of the L1 gene cocirculate in nature and that genetic diversity of the L1 gene is largely independent of the host species, geographic locale, or date of isolation. Phylogenetic trees constructed from the L1 gene sequences are distinct from those constructed from the four reovirus S-class gene segments, which supports the hypothesis that reovirus gene segments reassort in nature. This study establishes a new sensitive and specific technique for the identification of mammalian reoviruses and enhances our understanding of reovirus evolution.
Density-of-States Modeling of Solution-Processed InGaZnO Thin-Film Transistors (2010)

The effects of Ga composition on the performance of InGaZnO (IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) prepared by a sol-gel method are investigated, and the density of states (DOS) is characterized by the device modeling. The TFT mode is changed from a depletion type to an enhancement type, and the extracted DOS parameters are reduced with the increase of Ga contents. The extracted DOS distribution has a higher peak value than that of an IGZO TFT prepared by physical vapor deposition.
Acceleration effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on the regeneration of peripheral nerve through a 15‐mm gap (2003)

In this study, nerve guides composed of poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA) were fabricated and used in the repair of transected sciatic nerves (15-mm gaps) of rats. Nerve guides with a two-ply structure (inner layer dense, outer layer microporous) were prepared by controlling the solvent evaporation rate. Then basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was embedded in the inner layer of the nerve guides. Thus the inner dense layer not only could prevent the ingrowth of fibroblast and avoid the outgrowing nerve cable, but it also could retain the released bFGF in the guide lumen. The outer porous layer allowed vascular ingrowth and the diffusion of essential nutrients into the guide lumen. The data show that by using this nerve guide, the transected 15-mm sciatic nerve was regenerated successfully within 4 months. The recovery of function of the regenerated nerves was significantly accelerated by bFGF, as indicated by an electrostimulation test and histologic assays. In addition, the bFGF retained its bioactivity during embedding and continuously was released from the matrix, as confirmed by the results of both the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and the Schwann cell culture in the presence of PDLLA matrix containing bFGF. The released bFGF enhanced the ability of the nerve fibers to sprout from dorsal root ganglia, and it accelerated the proliferation of Schwann cells.
The Galactic Environment of the Sun: Interstellar Material Inside and Outside of the Heliosphere (2009)

Interstellar material (ISMa) is observed both inside and outside of the heliosphere. Relating these diverse sets of ISMa data provides a richer understanding of both the interstellar medium and the heliosphere. The galactic environment of the Sun is dominated by warm, low-density, partially ionized interstellar material consisting of atoms and dust grains. The properties of the heliosphere are dependent on the pressure, composition, radiation field, ionization, and magnetic field of ambient ISMa. The very low-density interior of the Local Bubble, combined with an expanding superbubble shell associated with star formation in the Scorpius-Centaurus Association, dominate the properties of the local interstellar medium (LISM). Once the heliosphere boundaries and interaction mechanisms are understood, interstellar gas, dust, pickup ions, and anomalous cosmic rays inside of the heliosphere can be directly compared to ISMa outside of the heliosphere. Our understanding of ISMa at the Sun is further enriched when the circumheliospheric interstellar material is compared to observations of other nearby ISMa and the overall context of our galactic environment. The IBEX mission will map the interaction region between the heliosphere and ISMa, and improve the accuracy of comparisons between ISMa inside and outside the heliosphere.
A model of peripheral mononeuropathy in the rat (1990)

Hirata, H.1; Pataky, A.1; Kajander, K.a; LaMotte, R. H.1; Collins, J. G.∗ Author Information
Long-Chain Polyphosphate Causes Cell Lysis and Inhibits Bacillus cereus Septum Formation, Which Is Dependent on Divalent Cations (1999)

We investigated the cellular mechanisms that led to growth inhibition, morphological changes, and lysis of Bacillus cereus WSBC 10030 when it was challenged with a long-chain polyphosphate (polyP). At a concentration of 0.1% or higher, polyP had a bacteriocidal effect on log-phase cells, in which it induced rapid lysis and reductions in viable cell counts of up to 3 log units. The cellular debris consisted of empty cell wall cylinders and polar caps, suggesting that polyP-induced lysis was spatially specific. This activity was strictly dependent on active growth and cell division, since polyP failed to induce lysis in cells treated with chloramphenicol and in stationary-phase cells, which were, however, bacteriostatically inhibited by polyP. Similar observations were made with B. cereus spores; 0.1% polyP inhibited spore germination and outgrowth, and a higher concentration (1.0%) was even sporocidal. Supplemental divalent metal ions (Mg(2+) and Ca(2+)) could almost completely block and reverse the antimicrobial activity of polyP; i. e., they could immediately stop lysis and reinitiate rapid cell division and multiplication. Interestingly, a sublethal polyP concentration (0.05%) led to the formation of elongated cells (average length, 70 microm) after 4 h of incubation. While DNA replication and chromosome segregation were undisturbed, electron microscopy revealed a complete lack of septum formation within the filaments. Exposure to divalent cations resulted in instantaneous formation and growth of ring-shaped edges of invaginating septal walls. After approximately 30 min, septation was complete, and cell division resumed. We frequently observed a minicell-like phenotype and other septation defects, which were probably due to hyperdivision activity after cation supplementation. We propose that polyP may have an effect on the ubiquitous bacterial cell division protein FtsZ, whose GTPase activity is known to be strictly dependent on divalent metal ions. It is tempting to speculate that polyP, because of its metal ion-chelating nature, indirectly blocks the dynamic formation (polymerization) of the Z ring, which would explain the aseptate phenotype.
Evidence of a role for cyclic ADP‐ribose in calcium signalling and neurotransmitter release in cultured astrocytes (2001)

Astrocytes possess different, efficient ways to generate complex changes in intracellular calcium concentrations, which allow them to communicate with each other and to interact with adjacent neuronal cells. Here we show that cultured hippocampal astrocytes coexpress the ectoenzyme CD38, directly involved in the metabolism of the calcium mobilizer cyclic ADP-ribose, and the NAD+ transporter connexin 43. We also demonstrate that hippocampal astrocytes can release NAD+ and respond to extracellular NAD+ or cyclic ADP-ribose with intracellular calcium increases, suggesting the existence of an autocrine cyclic ADP-ribose-mediated signalling. Cyclic ADP-ribose-induced calcium changes are in turn responsible for an increased glutamate and GABA release, this effect being completely inhibited by the cyclic ADP-ribose specific antagonist 8-NH2-cADPR. Furthermore, addition of NAD+ to astrocyte-neuron co-cultures results in a delayed intracellular calcium transient in neuronal cells, which is strongly but not completely inhibited by glutamate receptor blockers. These data indicate that an astrocyte-to-neuron calcium signalling can be triggered by the CD38/cADPR system, which, through the activation of intracellular calcium responses in astrocytes, is in turn responsible for the increased release of neuromodulators from glial cells.
MOLECULAR-GENETIC ANALYSIS OF PLANT CYTOCHROME P450-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASES (1998)

Cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases are a large group of heme-containing enzymes, most of which catalyze NADPH- and O2-dependent hydroxylation reactions. The cloning of plant P450s has been hampered because these membrane-localized proteins are typically present in low abundance and are often unstable to purification. Since the cloning of the first plant P450 gene in 1990, there has been an explosion in the rate at which genes encoding plant P450s have been identified. These successes have largely been the result of advances in purification techniques, as well as the application of alternative methods such as mutant- and PCR-based cloning strategies. The availability of these cloned genes has made possible the analysis of P450 gene regulation and may soon reveal aspects of the evolution of P450s in plants. This new knowledge will significantly improve our understanding of many metabolic pathways and may permit their manipulation in the near future.
Cancer detection using infrared hyperspectral imaging (2011)

During the last few decades, many studies have been performed on the early detection of cancer using noninvasive or minimally invasive techniques in lieu of traditional excisional biopsy. Early detection can make an immense difference because cancer treatment is often simpler and more effective when diagnosed at an early stage. Cancer detecting methods may help physicians to diagnose cancer, to dissect the malignant region with a safe margin, and to evaluate the tumor bed after resection. In this paper, the advanced hyperspectral imaging system has been assessed using infrared wavelengths region for tumor detection. We were able to identify an appropriate wavelength region for cancer detection, spatially resolved images, and highlight the differences in reflectance properties of cancerous versus non-cancerous tissues. The capability of this instrument was demonstrated by observing gastric tumors in 10 human subjects. The spectral signatures were extracted and evaluated in cancerous and non-cancerous tissues. Processing means with the standard deviation of the spectral diagram, support vector machine, and first derivatives and integral of in spectral diagram were proposed to enhance and detect the cancerous regions. The first derivatives in spectral region between 1226-1251 nm and 1288-1370 nm were proposed as criteria that successfully distinguish between non-cancerous and cancerous tissue. The results of this study will lead to advances in the optical diagnosis of cancer.
Double excitations within time-dependent density functional theory linear response (2004)

Within the adiabatic approximation, time-dependent density functional theory yields only single excitations. Near states of double excitation character, the exact exchange–correlation kernel has a strong dependence on frequency. We derive the exact frequency-dependent kernel when a double excitation mixes with a single excitation, well separated from the other excitations, in the limit that the electron–electron interaction is weak. Building on this, we construct a nonempirical approximation for the general case, and illustrate our results on a simple model.