gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exterior vs. interior rotors in robotic brushless motors (2011)

Many robotic actuators must generate high torques and accelerations. Exterior-rotor brushless motors seem better suited for these tasks than conventional interior rotor brushless motors. Models of these two motor types were used to calculate benchmarks and evaluate motor performance in simulated tasks for different motor geometries. Exterior rotor motors had higher motor constants and efficiency, but lower rated power compared with interior-rotor motors. They required less energy to perform typical robotic tasks. Four exterior-rotor motors were fabricated and compared with manufacturing data from the best existing brushless DC motors. The exterior-rotor motors had more than a 250% increase in stall torque density compared with the best known brushless DC motor (RoboDrive) and more than a 740% increase in stall torque density compared with more common motors such as those produced by MicroMo and Maxon. These exterior-rotor motors appear promising for robotic applications.
Mechanisms of Broad Cross-Protection Provided by Influenza Virus Infection and Their Application to Vaccines (2005)

Mice recovered from influenza A virus infection have been shown to be cross-protected against challenge infection with either drift viruses within a subtype (subtype-specific immunity) or different subtype viruses (heterosubtypic immunity). The mechanisms of broad-spectrum of cross-protection could be explained as follows. (i) Pre-existing S-IgA and IgG antibodies (Abs) induced by infection are involved in the elimination of challenge viruses by forming virus-Ig complexes shortly after re-infection. Due to their polymeric nature, the S-IgA Abs, existing more abundant on the mucosa than are IgG Abs, are strongly cross-reactive with challenge viruses, whereas the IgG Abs are weakly cross-reactive with challenge viruses, due to their monomeric nature. The specificity of Abs is directed mainly at hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. (ii) CD8+ memory T cells induced by infection are involved in the elimination of challenge viruses by the accelerated killing of host cells infected with different subtype viruses from day 3 onwards after re-infection. The specificity of memory T cells is directed against viral internal proteins. (iii) The accelerated IgA and IgG Ab responses, produced by B memory cells after a challenge, are also involved in cross-protection from day 4 onwards after re-infection. (iv) In the epithelial cells of infected mice, dimeric IgA that is trafficked through the epithelial cells can contribute to the prevention of viral assembly by binding to newly synthesized viral proteins. Natural infection is well known to be superior to parenteral inactivated vaccines in inducing the broad-spectrum cross-protection. To improve the efficacy of current inactivated vaccines, many trials have been conducted to mimic natural infection, including intranasal or epidermal administration of inactivated vaccine with or without an adjuvant; such studies are still ongoing. In the near future, some of these trials may provide new, safer and more effective broad-spectrum vaccines than those currently available.
Factor XIIIV34L is not an additional genetic risk factor for venous thrombosis in Factor V Leiden carriers (2001)

and the frequency at which they identify the same B-CLL cases.
Clot-bound thrombin is protected from inhibition by heparin-antithrombin III but is susceptible to inactivation by antithrombin III-independent inhibitors. (1990)

Reagents. Human a-thrombin, sp act 2,850 U/mg, was generously provided by Dr. J. Fenton II, New York State Department of
Syngas to light olefins conversion with high olefin/paraffin ratio using ZnCrOx/AlPO-18 bifunctional catalysts (2019)

Direct synthesis of light olefins from syngas (STO) using a bifunctional catalyst composed of oxide and zeolite has attracted extensive attention in both academia and industry. It is highly desirable to develop robust catalysts that could enhance the CO conversion while simultaneously maintain high selectivity to C2-C4 olefins. Herein, we report a bifunctional catalyst consisting of ZnCr binary oxide (ZnCrO<sub>x</sub>) and low-Si AlPO-18 zeolite, showing both satisfying selectivity to C2-C4 olefins of 45.0% (86.7%, CO<sub>2</sub> free) and high olefin/paraffin ratio of 29.9 at the CO conversion of 25.2% under mild reaction conditions (4.0 MPa, 390 °C). By optimizing the reaction conditions, the CO conversion could be markedly increased to 49.3% with a slight drop in selectivity. CD<sub>3</sub>CN/CO-FTIR characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that low-Si AlPO-18 zeolite has lower acid strength, and is therefore less reactive toward the hydride transfer in the STO reaction, leading to a higher olefin/paraffin ratio.
Heterologous Over-expression ofα-1,6-Fucosyltransferase fromRhizobium sp.: Application to the Synthesis of the Trisaccharideβ-D-GlcNAc(1→4)- [α-L-Fuc-(1→6)]-D-GlcNAc, Study of the Acceptor Specificity and Evaluation of Polyhydroxylated Indolizidines as Inhibitors (2001)

An efficient heterologous expression system for overproduction of the enzyme alpha-1,6-Fucosyltransferase (alpha-1,6-FucT) from Rhizobium sp. has been developed. The gene codifying for the alpha-1,6-FucT was amplified by PCR using specific primers. After purification, the gene was cloned in the plasmid pKK223-3. The resulting plasmid, pKK1,6FucT, was transformed into the E. coli strain XL1-Blue MRF'. The protein was expressed both as inclusion bodies and in soluble form. Changing the induction time a five-fold increase of enzyme expressed in soluble form was obtained. In this way five units of enzyme alpha-1,6-FucT can be obtained per liter of culture. A crude preparation of the recombinant enzyme was used for the synthesis of the branched trisaccharide alpha-D-GlcNAc-(1-->4)-[alpha-L-Fuc-(1-->6)]-D-GlcNAc (3), from chitobiose (2) and GDP-Fucose (1). After purification, the trisaccharide 3 was obtained in a 84% overall yield. In order to elucidate the structural requirements for the acceptors, the specificity of the enzyme was studied towards mono-, di- and trisaccharides, which are structurally related to chitobiose. The enzyme uses, among others, the disaccharide N-acetyl lactosamine as a good substrate; the monosaccharide GlcNAc is a weak acceptor. Finally, several racemic polyhydroxylated indolizidines have been tested as potential inhibitors of the enzyme. Indolizidine 21 was the best inhibitor with an IC50 of 4.5 x 10(-5) M. Interestingly, this compound turned out to be the best mimic for the structural features of the fucose moiety in the presumed transition state.
Healing of a crush injury in rat striated muscle. 4. Effect of early mobilization and immobilization on the tensile properties of gastrocnemius muscle. (1976)

Tensile properties of partially crushed gastrocnemius muscle were studied and compared with the uninjured control muscles of 185 rats after treatment by mobilization on the treadmill or immobilization in a softened plaster cast. Two to 42 days after a reproducible injury induced to the left calf of the rat, load-deformation curves were registered from both gastrocnemius muslce and several parameters were assessed from the curves. The rupture site was studied macroscopically as well as histologically. In injured muscles the rupture was usually observed at or near to the injury (92%) when in intact muscles the rupture most often (94%) occurred at the muscle belly. The decrease in breaking strength and energy absorption due to the injury was rather constant (20-25%) on day 2 after trauma. Thereafter in mobilized muscles these values, as well as those of elastic stiffness, returned to the level of the uninjured control muscles more rapidly than in immobilized muscles, where a decrease in tensile properties at the end of the first week was on an average 20-30% and fell still further to 30-40% towards the end of the immobilization period (21 days). Three weeks after the removal of the casts these values in the previously immobilized muscles had not yet reached the level of the controlateral control muscles.
Hormone therapy dose, formulation, route of delivery, and risk of cardiovascular events in women (2013)

In direct comparisons, various HT doses and regimens are associated with similar rates of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. However, oral estradiol may be associated with a lower risk of stroke, and transdermal estradiol may be associated with a lower risk of CHD, compared with conventional-dose oral CEE. Additional research is needed to confirm these hypotheses.
Interaction of endotoxins with Toll-like receptor 4 correlates with their endotoxic potential and may explain the proinflammatory effect of Brucella spp. LPS (2004)

Endotoxins displaying differences in the chemical structure of their lipid A were used to induce the expression of chemokines in the human monocytic THP-1 cell line. LPS from two enterobacterial species such as Escherichia coli and Yersinia enterocolitica induced mRNA expression of IFN-gamma-inducible protein (IP)-10, macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and IL-8. LPS from the non-enterobacterial genera Brucella and Ochrobactrum induced the expression of these chemokines to a lower extent. Attempts to address the signaling routes involved in these responses were carried out in transiently transfected HEK293 cells. Induction of kappaB-driven transcriptional activity by enterobacterial LPS was observed in cells transfected with TLR-4 alone, although co-transfection of TLR-4, MD-2 and CD14 provided optimal induction. The response to Brucella spp. and Ochrobactrum anthropi LPS was only significant at the concentration of 10 microg/ml. These data indicate that LPS from Brucella spp. and O. anthropi, which contain lipid A moieties with structural features different from those of Enterobacteriaceae elicit biochemical signaling via TLR-4 only at high concentrations. Neither TLR-1, TLR-2 and TLR-6 nor heterodimeric combinations of these receptor molecules are involved. Conversely, the ability of LPS to activate the TLR-4 route is a reliable molecular biomarker for endotoxicity.
The cricket compass for context-aware mobile applications (2001)

The ability to determine the orientation of a device is of fundamental importance in context aware and location-dependent mobile computing. By analogy to a traditional compass, knowledge of orientation through the Cricket compass attached to a mobile device enhances various applications, including efficient way-finding and navigation, directional service discovery, and “augmented-reality” displays. Our compass infrastructure enhances the spatial inference capability of the Cric ketindoor location system [20], and enables new pervasive computing applications.
Brain metabolism and brain disease: Is metabolic deficiency the proximate cause of Alzheimer dementia? (2001)

The potential of impairments in oxidative/energy metabolism to cause diseases of the brain had been proposed even before the major pathways of oxidative/energy metabolism were described. Deficiencies associated with disease are known in all the pathways of oxidative/energy metabolism and are associated with some of the most common disorders of the nervous system, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease. A common mechanism in these conditions appears to be a downward mitochondrial spiral, involving abnormalities in energy metabolism, calcium metabolism, and free radicals (reactive oxygen and nitrogen species). In AD, the spiral appears to interact with abnormalities in the metabolism of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its Abeta fragment. Several lines of evidence indicate that the mitochondrial spiral may be a proximate cause of the clinical disabilities in AD. Decreases in cerebral metabolic rate (CMR) characteristically occur in AD and in other dementias. Inducing decreases in CMR leads to clinical disabilities characteristically associated with AD and with analogous problems in experimental animals. Treatments directed toward normalizing CMR appear to help at least some patients. Further studies of this possibility and of treatments designed to ameliorate the mitochondrial spiral may prove useful for treating AD and perhaps some other dementing disorders.
Cancer Gene Therapy Using Plasmid DNA: Safety Evaluation in Rodents and Non-Human Primates (1995)

To evaluate the safety of a plasmid DNA-lipid complex, a series of good laboratory practice (GLP) safety studies were conducted with VCL-1005, a plasmid DNA expression vector containing both the human class I MHC HLA-B7 heavy-chain and the beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) light-chain genes formulated with the cationic lipid, DMRIE/DOPE. In mice, the repeated intravenous injection of VCL-1005 at plasmid DNA doses of 0.1, 1.0, or 10 micrograms for 14 days had only incidental effects on clinical chemistry and hematology, and did not result in any organ pathology. Repeated intrahepatic injections of VCL-1005 in mice did not result in significant liver histopathology or significant alterations in liver enzymes. In cynomolgus monkeys, the repeated intravenous administration of VCL-1005 at a cumulative dose of 720 micrograms of DNA had no effects on clinical chemistry, hematology, or organ pathology. Thus, systemic administration of a plasmid DNA expression vector containing the coding sequence for a foreign MHC class I molecule did not result in significant toxicity or a pathological immune response in animals. These results suggest that the direct transfer of VCL-1005, a plasmid DNA-lipid complex, could be used for the safe in vivo delivery of recombinant DNA for a cancer gene therapy trial.
Combining active learning and semi-supervised learning using Gaussian fields and harmonic functions (2003)

Active and semi-supervised learning are important techniques when labeled data are scarce. We combine the two under a Gaussian random field model. Labeled and unlabeled data are represented as vertices in a weighted graph, with edge weights encoding the similarity between instances. The semi-supervised learning problem is then formulated in terms of a Gaussian random field on this graph, the mean of which is characterized in terms of harmonic functions. Active learning is performed on top of the semisupervised learning scheme by greedily selecting queries from the unlabeled data to minimize the estimated expected classification error (risk); in the case of Gaussian fields the risk is efficiently computed using matrix methods. We present experimental results on synthetic data, handwritten digit recognition, and text classification tasks. The active learning scheme requires a much smaller number of queries to achieve high accuracy compared with random query selection. 1.
Why are Secondary Metabolites Biosynthesized? Sophistication in the Inhibition of Cell Wall Biosynthesis by Vancomycin Group Antibiotics (2007)

The evidence that secondary metabolites serve sophisticated roles in the survival strategy of the producer is briefly reviewed. This evidence stems from the common involvement of tens of kilobases of DNA in the programming of their synthesis, of up to several tens of discrete enzymic conversions in their biosynthesis, and of the existence of sophisticated mechanisms in the producers for resistance against their physiological effects. It also stems from a study of the molecular basis for these physiological effects. The molecular basis for the antibacterial action of the vancomycin group antibiotics is presented, and demonstrates that essentially every portion of these molecules appears to be finely honed to promote efficient antibacterial action.
Alterations of haemostatic markers in various subtypes and phases of stroke. (1993)

The purpose of this study was to clarify differences in coagulation and fibrinolytic activation between the various subtypes and phases of ischaemic stroke. Haemostatic activation markers were measured in 52 patients with cardioembolic stroke, 32 with atherothrombotic stroke and 54 with lacunar stroke and compared with 23 age-matched controls. Data were obtained in the acute (< or = 7 days after onset), subacute (8-28 days) and chronic (> or = 29 days) phases of stroke. In patients with cardioembolic stroke, D-dimer and alpha 2-antiplasmin-plasmin complex levels were higher during the acute and subacute phases, while thrombin-antithrombin III complex levels were higher during the acute phase than in patients with lacunar stroke and controls. In cardioembolic stroke, fibrinopeptide A was increased during the acute and subacute phases, thrombin-antithrombin III complexes were higher during the subacute phase and D-dimer levels were higher during the chronic phase. Protein C activity was lower during the acute phase than in atherothrombotic stroke, lacunar stroke and controls. Protein C antigen was lower during the acute phase than in lacunar stroke and controls and during the chronic phase than in lacunar stroke. In contrast, only D-dimer levels were higher in atherothrombotic stroke patients than controls during the acute and chronic phases and no significant alterations in these markers were observed in the patients with lacunar stroke. These findings suggest that measurement of molecular markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis may be useful for detecting intracardiac thrombin and plasmin generation in patients with cardioembolic stroke.
CMAS: fully integrated portable centrifugal microfluidic analysis system for on-site colorimetric analysis (2013)

A portable, wireless system capable of in situ reagent-based colorimetric analysis is demonstrated. The system is based on a reconfigurable low cost optical detection method employing a paired emitter detector diode device, which allows a wide range of centrifugal microfluidic layouts to be implemented. Due to the wireless communication, acquisition parameters can be controlled remotely and results can be downloaded in distant locations and displayed in real time. The stand-alone capabilities of the system, combined with the portability and wireless communication, provide the flexibility crucial for on-site water monitoring. The centrifugal microfluidic disc presented here is designed for nitrite detection in water samples, as a proof of principle. A limit of detection of 9.31 ppb, along with similar coefficients of correlation and precision, were obtained from the Centrifugal Microfluidic Analysis System compared with the same parameters measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
Elastic stress relaxation in SiGe epilayers on patterned Si substrates (1994)

A two-dimensional analysis of the in-plane misfit stress and its elastic relaxation in rectangular patterned heteroepitaxial SiGe/Si multilayer structures on Si substrate is presented. Based on the model of relaxing film stress the distribution of the misfit stress versus distance from the free surface of a multilayered mesa edge is calculated. By superposition of the isolated stress fields of the mesa edges, the biaxial misfit stress distribution in a finite heteroepitaxial thin-film structure on thick substrate is obtained. The formalism developed permits the determination of the variation of misfit stress values as a function of material and size characteristics of the patterned multilayer-substrate system. An elementary application of the theoretical analysis of the biaxial state of stress existing in the structured layer system is discussed briefly.
Tn5 Transposase Active Site Mutations Suggest Position of Donor Backbone DNA in Synaptic Complex (2003)

Tn5 transposase (Tnp), a 53.3-kDa protein, enables the movement of transposon Tn5 by a conservative mechanism. Within the context of a protein and DNA synaptic complex, a single Tnp molecule catalyzes four sequential DNA breaking and joining reactions at the end of a single transposon. The three amino acids of the DDE motif (Asp-97, Asp-188, and Glu-326), which are conserved among transposases and retroviral integrases, have been shown previously to be absolutely required for all catalytic steps. To probe the effect of active site geometry on the ability to form synaptic complexes and perform catalysis, single mutations at each position of the DDE motif were constructed. The aspartates were changed to glutamates, and the glutamate was changed to an aspartate. These mutants were studied by performing in vitro binding assays using short oligonucleotide substrates simulating the natural substrates for the synaptic complex formation and subsequent transposition steps. The results indicate that the aspartate to glutamate mutations restrict synaptic complex formation with substrates resembling the natural transposon prior to transferred strand nicking. This suggests a structural model in which the donor backbone DNA, prior to nicking, occupies the same space that is invaded by the longer side chains present in the aspartate to glutamate mutants. Additionally, catalytic assays support the previous proposal that the active site coordinates two divalent metal ions.
A Rapid and Sensitive PCR-Based Assay for Concurrent Detection of Bacteria Causing Common and Halo Blights in Bean Seed (1996)

A quick polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based procedure was developed for concurrent detection of the causal agents of bean common blight, Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli, and bean halo blight, Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, in bean seed. A rapid DNA extraction procedure, consisting of briefly wetting intact or crushed seeds with a solution of sodium hydroxide, was used to extract bacterial DNA from externally and internally blight-contaminated seeds. G+C-rich oligonucleotide primers were designed from the phaseolotoxin gene cluster of P syringae pv. phaseolicola and tested under high-stringency conditions in PCR assays. The HB14 primers specifically directed the amplification of a 1.4-kb fragment from DNA of 19 P syringae pv. phaseolicola isolates, whereas templates from 62 other bacterial strains, including the bean pathogens P syringae pv. syringae and X. campestris pv. phaseoli, and plant-pathogenic species of Agrobacterium, Clavibacter, Erwinia, and Xanthomonas did not produce any discrete bands upon amplification. The HB14 primers for P. syringae pv. phaseolicola, and the previously reported G+C-rich X4 primers, specific for X. campestris pv. phaseoli, amplified discrete DNA fragments by soaking extracts of white bean seeds contaminated with halo and common blights, respectively. DNA extracts from blight-infested colored seeds were recalcitrant to PCR-amplification unless polyvinylpyrrolidone was added to the extraction buffer. In combination, X4 and HB14 primers successfully detected individual and mixed infections of bean common and halo blights and yielded distinctive DNA fragments from batches containing as few as 1 infected seed in 10,000 seeds.
Effect of Thickness on the Piezoelectric Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Films Fabricated by Aerosol Deposition Method (2002)

Dense lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films in the thickness range of 2–100 µm were fabricated by the aerosol deposition method (ADM) to study the thickness dependence of the ferroelectric characteristics. The recovery of ferroelectricity by annealing is uniform inside a thick PZT film. Breakdown electrical field increased with decreasing thickness of the film and was over 1 MV/cm for a 4-µm-thick PZT film. Increase of the internal stress for thinner PZT films led to the increase of the coercive field and breakdown electrical strength.