gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Compression and ranking (1985)

A complexity-theoretic approach to the classical data compression problem is to define a notion of language compression by a machine in a certain complexity class, and to study language classes compressible under the above definition. Languages that can be compressed efficiently (e.g. by a probabilistic polynomial time machine) are of special interest.
Cloning and Expression of cDNA Encoding a Rat Adrenomedullin Receptor (1995)

Adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator peptide that exerts major effects on cardiovascular function. Its actions are mediated through an abundant class of specific binding sites that activate adenylyl cyclase through a G protein-coupled mechanism. We report here the identification of a cDNA clone for the adrenomedullin receptor that was originally isolated as an orphan receptor from rat lung. The cDNA encodes a polypeptide of 395 residues that contains seven transmembrane domains and has a general structural resemblance to other members of the G protein-linked receptor superfamily. When expressed in COS-7 cells, this receptor mediates a cAMP response to adrenomedullin with an EC50 of 7 x 10(-9) M, and binds 125I-adrenomedullin with a KD of 8.2 x 10(-9) M, properties that are consistent with those observed in cardiovascular and other target tissues. The receptor gene is expressed as several mRNA species of which the most prominent is a 1.8-kilobase transcript found in the lung, adrenal, heart, spleen, cerebellum, and other sites. Identification of this receptor cDNA should facilitate further investigation of the cellular actions of adrenomedullin and its regulatory effects in normal and disordered states of cardiovascular function.
Warfarin dosing and cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms (2004)

Two cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) polymorphisms, CYP2C9*2 and *3, metabolize warfarin inefficiently. We assessed the extent to which these polymorphisms explain very low warfarin dose requirements and hemorrhagic complications after excluding non-genetic determinants of warfarin dosing. In this retrospective observational study, 73 patients with stable warfarin doses for > or =1 month and International Normalized Ratios (INR) of 2.0-3.0 were enrolled from our Anticoagulation Clinic. Seventeen patients required < or =2 mg (low-dose), 41 required 4-6 mg (moderate-dose), and 15 required > or =10 mg (high-dose) of daily warfarin. CYP2C9 genotyping was assessed by PCR amplification and restriction enzyme digestion analysis of DNA isolated from circulating leukocytes. The CYP2C9 polymorphisms independently predicted low warfarin requirements after adjusting for Body Mass Index, age, acetaminophen use, and race (OR 24.80; 95% CI 3.83-160.78). At least one polymorphism was present in every patient requiring < or =1.5 mg of daily warfarin, and 88%, 37%, and 7% of the low-, moderate-, and high-dose groups, respectively. All homozygotes and compound-heterozygotes for the variant alleles were in the low-dose group. Rates of excessive (INR>6.0) anticoagulation (and bleeding) were 4.5 (6.0), 7.9 (7.9), and 14.7 (0) per 100 patient-years in the wild-types, heterozygotes, and compound heterozygotes/homozygotes, respectively. In conclusion, CYP2C9*2 or *3 compound heterozygotes and homozygotes have low warfarin requirements even after excluding liver disease, excessive alcohol or acetaminophen consumption, low body weight, advancing age, and drug interactions. These polymorphisms increase the rate of excessive anticoagulation, but this risk does not appear to be associated with higher bleeding rates when anticoagulation status is closely monitored.
Venlafaxine in the treatment of anxiety disorders (2004)

Venlafaxine extended-release (Effexor XR, Wyeth-Ayerst Co.) is a novel, dual acting serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant, which inhibits the synaptic reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine. Controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of venlafaxine in the treatment of anxiety disorders including social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Generally well-tolerated with side effects that usually abate with continued treatment, venlafaxine is an important alternative to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for patients with anxiety disorders.
Biodistribution and dosimetry of pretargeted monoclonal antibody 2D12.5 and Y-Janus-DOTA in BALB/c mice with KHJJ mouse adenocarcinoma. (2001)

Although the absolute concentration of 90Y in the tumor is less using the hapten system than is achieved generally with the chelated radionuclide covalently attached to the mAb, the achievable tumor uptake of radioactivity, coupled with low radioactivity in bone, blood, and other organs, suggests that a three-step pretargeting protocol has considerable promise as a method for 90Y radioimmunotherapy.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the binding of the dopamine D2 receptor agonist11C-(R,S)-5-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin in rodents and nonhuman primate (2000)

The in vitro autoradiographic binding characteristics as well as in vivo imaging characteristics of a dopamine D2 receptor agonist, (R, S)-2-(N-propyl-N-1'-(11)C-propyl)amino-5-hydroxytetralin ((11)C-5-OH-DPAT), were studied. In (3)H-spiperone assays using rat striata, 5-OH-DPAT exhibited an affinity of IC(50) = 2.5 nM. In vitro autoradiographs in rat brain slices with (11)C-5-OH-DPAT revealed selective binding to the dopaminergic regions in the striata which was displaceable by sulpiride. Varying concentrations of dopamine displaced this selective binding of (11)C-5-OH-DPAT to the striata in rat brain slices. This selective binding to the striata was also removed in the presence of the GTP analog, 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate, indicative of the binding of (11)C-5-OH-DPAT to the high-affinity state of the D2 receptor. Ex vivo autoradiographic study in rats exhibited selective binding of (11)C-5-OH-DPAT to the striata. A PET study in a rhesus monkey showed selective localization of (11)C-5-OH-DPAT in the striata and the ratio between striata and cerebellum approached approximately 2 at 40 min postinjection.
Corrosion detection using low-frequency RFID technology (2012)

In this paper we present the novel use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology as a sensor for corrosion detection. An RFID system consists of two components: the reader and the tag/transponder. The tag is placed on a test sample surface and then measurements are made using the reader coil at a certain height above the tag. The RFID corrosion sensor operates according to the principles of electromagnetic induction. The sample set consists of coated and uncoated mild steel plates, which have rectangular regions that have been exposed to the environment for different durations (1, 3 and 6 months) to create different levels of corrosion. The results show that the RFID corrosion sensor is able to distinguish all the different levels of corrosion. Furthermore, the measurements from the corroded region are consistently different from coating thickness and conductivity/permeability variations across the sample surface.
The safety, tolerance, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of single doses of AT‐1001 in coeliac disease subjects: a proof of concept study (2007)

AT-1001 is well tolerated and appears to reduce intestinal barrier dysfunction, proinflammatory cytokine production, and gastrointestinal symptoms in coeliacs after gluten exposure.
Clinical trials of modulation of multidrug resistance pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations (1993)

A growing body of evidence indicates that expression of the mdr1 gene, which encodes the multidrug transporter, P-glycoprotein, contributes to chemotherapeutic resistance of human cancers. Expression of this protein in normal tissues such as the biliary tract, intestines, and renal tubules suggests a role in the excretion of toxins. Modulation of P-glycoprotein function in normal tissues may lead to decreased excretion of drugs and enhanced toxicities. A clinical trial of etoposide with escalating doses of cyclosporine (CsA) as a modulator of multidrug resistance was performed. CsA was delivered as a 2-hour loading dose followed by a 60-hour intravenous infusion, together with etoposide administered as a short infusion daily for 3 days. Patients received one or more courses of etoposide alone before the combined therapy to establish their clinical resistance to etoposide and to study etoposide pharmacokinetics without and then with CsA. Plasma and urinary etoposide was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and plasma CsA by a nonspecific immunoassay. Conclusions from the initial phase I trial with the use of CsA as a modulator of etoposide are: (1) Serum CsA steady-state levels of up to 4800 ng/ml (4 microM) could be achieved with acceptable toxicity. (2) Toxicities caused by the combined treatment included increased nausea and vomiting, increased myelosuppression, and hyperbilirubinemia, consistent with modulation of P-glycoprotein function in the blood-brain barrier, hematopoietic stem cell, and biliary tract. Renal toxicity was uncommon, but severe in two patients with steady-state plasma CsA levels above 6000 ng/ml. (3) CsA administration had a marked effect on the pharmacokinetics of etoposide, with a doubling of the area under the concentration-time curve as a result of both decreased renal and nonrenal clearance, necessitating a 50% dose reduction in patients with normal renal function and hepatic function. (4) The recommended dose of CsA is a 6-7 mg/kg loading dose administered as a 2-hour intravenous infusion followed by a continuous infusion of 18-21 mg/kg/day for 60 hours with adjustments in the infusion rate to maintain steady-state serum levels of 3000-4800 ng/ml (2.5-4.0 M). We are performing additional phase I trials combining CsA with single-agent doxorubicin and taxol, and the CsA analog PSC-833 with various multidrug-resistant-related cytotoxins.
Indirect mass spectrometric methods for characterizing and sequencing oligonucleotides (1996)

The use of mass spectrometry for the characterization and sequence determination of oligonucleotides is reviewed. This review focuses primarily on the use of mass spectrometry to analyze sequence-specific fragments of oligonucleotides that are generated via solution-phase chemical reactions. The majority of these "indirect" sequencing methods are a result of recent advances in electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization for the generation of intact gas-phase ions from oligonucleotides. Descriptions of the current indirect sequencing protocols will be presented as well as a comparison of the applicability of these procedures for analyzing "real world" samples. The applicability of indirect mass spectrometric sequencing to antisense oligonucleotides will be discussed in detail. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1/Adeno-Associated Virus Hybrid Vectors (2010)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) amplicons can accommodate foreign DNA of any size up to 150 kbp and, therefore, allow extensive combinations of genetic elements. Genomic sequences as well as cDNA, large transcriptional regulatory sequences for cell type-specific expression, multiple transgenes, and genetic elements from other viruses to create hybrid vectors may be inserted in a modular fashion. Hybrid amplicons use genetic elements from HSV-1 that allow replication and packaging of the vector DNA into HSV-1 virions, and genetic elements from other viruses that either direct integration of transgene sequences into the host genome or allow episomal maintenance of the vector. Thus, the advantages of the HSV-1 amplicon system, including large transgene capacity, broad host range, strong nuclear localization, and availability of helper virus-free packaging systems are retained and combined with those of heterologous viral elements that confer genetic stability to the vector DNA. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has the unique capability of integrating its genome into a specific site, designated AAVS1, on human chromosome 19. The AAV rep gene and the inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) that flank the AAV genome are sufficient for this process. HSV-1 amplicons have thus been designed that contain the rep gene and a transgene cassette flanked by AAV ITRs. These HSV/AAV hybrid vectors direct site-specific integration of transgene sequences into AAVS1 and support long-term transgene expression.
A Convenient Synthesis of (1H-Azol-1-yl)piperidines (2012)

A convenient preparation of 3- and 4-(1<i>H</i>-azol-1-yl)piperidines by arylation of azoles (i.e., pyrazoles, imidazoles, and triazoles) with 3- and 4-bromopyridines and subsequent reduction of the pyridine ring was developed. The method was extended to benzo analogues of the title compounds.
A multiliquid approach to the surface free energy determination of flame-treated surfaces of rubber-toughened polypropylene (1998)

In the present work, rubber-toughened polypropylenes (TPOs) with different properties of the rubbery phase, consisting in different degrees of rubber dispersion and different levels of rubber crystallinity, were considered. The flame-treated surfaces of these materials and their interfaces with a commonly used primer were studied by dynamic contact angle (DCA) analysis using seven liquids and by scanning probe microscopy (SPM). The contact angle data were analysed using the concepts and the equations of the surface free energy acid-base component theory. A new approach consisting in the use of a large number of probe liquids and of a proper mathematical method is proposed; it allows higher precision in the determination of the surface energy components and the work of adhesion, the reduction of possible artefacts, and the calculation of standard deviations of obtained quantities. It was found that: (i) the characteristics of the flame-treated surfaces were largely independent of the composition and morphology of the rubbery dispersed phase; (ii) the flaming effect was better shown by receding angles and the observed hysteresis allowed a quantitative evaluation of the surface heterogeneity induced by the flame process; and (iii) the flame treatment induced fragmentation of the macromolecules with the production of fragments, soluble in all the test liquids, depending on their surface tension and their acid-base character, as shown by repeated DCA immersions. A comparison has been made with the ASTM 2578-67 method ('swab'). The SPM analysis, both in contact and in 'force spectroscopy' modes, confirmed the surface model obtained by the DCA data.
Polyimide-waveguide-based thermal optical switch using total-internal-reflection effect (2002)

A total-internal-reflection waveguide switch with an X junction was designed and fabricated by using the thermo-optic effect of polyimide materials. Experimental results show that the crosstalk is below −28 dB at the wavelength of 1.55 μm. The switching power with the current electrode is 132 mW, which can be reduced to 20–30 mW with an optimized design together with electroplating to form a thick conducting path.
Differential Effects ofDunceMutations on Associative Learning and Memory inDrosophila (1993)

Initial learning, 30- and 180-min memory retention after Pavlovian conditioning of an odor avoidance response was quantified in dnc1, dnc2, dncM11 and Canton-S (wild-type) homozygotes and in dnc1/FM7, dnc2/FM7, dncM11/FM7, dncM11/Can-S, Can-S/FM7, dnc1/dncM11 and dnc2/dncM11 heterozygotes. Our results consistently showed that a) the dunce mutations are semi-dominant for initial learning and b) genetic variants carrying the enzymatically hypomorphic dnc2 mutation produce learning scores lower than those of the amorphic dncM11. Analysis of this particular set of retention intervals, using a modified statistical model designed to evaluate decay rates, revealed no discernable effects of the dunce mutations on memory formation 30 to 180 min after training. These results are consistent with a model of memory formation, in which dunce is hypothesized to disrupt acquisition and/or short-term memory.
Simultaneous switch noise and power plane bounce for CMOS technology (2003)

The simultaneous switch noise (SSN) problem has traditionally been thought of as an inductance problem. When many drivers on a Si chip switch at the same time, current crowds into the chip ground or V/sub dd/ inductance. Ground bounce occurs proportional to the inductance in the ground or V/sub dd/ lead and the rate of change of current. This line of thinking has been effective at solving SSN problems for lead frame packages. However, packaging has progressed to packages with power and ground planes. Package traces behave more like transmission lines with impedance and delay rather than lumped inductors. The signal waveform rise and fall times are so fast that an edge may fit within the package. Wire bonds have been replaced by solder bumps and peripheral leads have been replaced by solder balls. The new structures may have less than 1% of the inductance of the packages in use just a few years ago. Capacitive and resistive elements have been added to inductance matrices to account for the package time delay and losses, but the number of circuit elements in an SSN analysis and the increased number of simultaneously switching drivers have resulted in large, complex simulation runs that require much CPU time and computer resources. It has become harder to find meaningful model to hardware correlation for large SSN problems. It is time to consider a radically new approach to simulating the SSN problem. This paper looks at treatment of the SSN problem as a power plane bounce problem.
GROWTH REQUIREMENTS OF 94 STRAINS OF THERMOPHILIC BACILL (1960)

The minimal nutritional requirements of 94 thermophilic strains of the species Bacillus stearothermophilus and B. coagulans, grown at 55 °C, were determined. Most strains had an absolute methionine requirement. Some strains synthesized methionine by means of a methyl donor (choline, betaine), a methyl acceptor (homocystine), and a methyl activator (vitamin B 12 ). The effects of temperature as inducing variations in nutritional requirements are briefly discussed.
Scalable expansion of multipotent adult progenitor cells as three‐dimensional cell aggregates (2010)

Many applications of stem cell technologies require a large quantity of cells for which scalable processes of cell expansion and differentiation are essential. Multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) are adult stem cells isolated from the bone marrow with extensive self-renewal and broad differentiation capabilities. MAPCs are typically cultured surface adherent (2D) and at low cell density, making the large surface required for cell expansion a hindrance for many applications. This study demonstrates that MAPCs can be cultivated as aggregates in an undifferentiated state for at least 16 days, as levels of a number of transcripts, including Oct4, remained similar, Oct4 protein was unchanged, and differentiation to neural progenitor, endothelial cell and hepatocyte like cells was retained. Cultivation of these aggregates in stirred bioreactor lead to a 70-fold expansion in 6 days with final cell densities of close to 10⁶/mL. Importantly, the MAPC aggregates recovered from stirred bioreactors could be differentiated to hepatocyte-like cells that expressed albumin, alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), and tyrosine amino transferase (TAT) transcripts and also secreted albumin and urea. This method of scalable expansion combined with differentiation of MAPCs can potentially be used for generating large numbers of MAPC and MAPC-derived differentiated cells.
Mutations of Voltage‐gated Sodium Channels in Movement Disorders and Epilepsy (2001)

Spontaneous and induced mutations of neuronal Na+ channels in human patients and mutant mice result in a broad range of neurological-disease. Epilepsy, a disorder of neuronal hyperexcitability, has been associated with delayed inactivation of SCN2A in mice, and with altered kinetics of SCN1A in human patients. Movement disorders including tremor, ataxia, dystonia and paralysis have been observed in mice with mutations of SCN8A. Electrophysiological recordings from neurons isolated from mice with mutations in individual channels reveal the contributions of each channel to in vivo firing patterns. In addition to monogenic disease, Na+ channel mutations are likely to contribute to polygenic disease susceptibility and to normal variation in neuronal function. Advances in molecular methods coupled with genomic sequences from the Human Genome Project will permit identification of many new patient mutations and generation of animal models to dissect their physiological and cellular consequences.
Chronopharmacological study of interferon-alpha in mice. (1997)

The influence of dosing time on the pharmacological effects (fever and antiviral activity) and the pharmacokinetics of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) was investigated in ICR male mice under light-dark (12:12) cycle. There was a significant circadian rhythm in rectal temperature, as an index of fever, at 0.5 hr after IFN-alpha (10.0 MIU/kg i.v.) injection. The rhythmic pattern resembled overall the rhythm that occurs in the nondrugged state. However, the percent change from basal level of rectal temperature varied according to the dosing time. The rhythmicity corresponded to the dosing time-dependent difference of PGE2 levels in thalamus after IFN-alpha injection, but it did not correspond to that of plasma IFN-alpha concentrations. A significant dosing time-dependent difference was also demonstrated for 2'-5'oligoadenylate synthetase activities, as an index of antiviral activity, in plasma and liver at 24 hr after IFN-alpha injection. It was related to the rhythmicity in plasma IFN-alpha concentrations that was caused by the rhythmicity in clearance of IFN-alpha. The choice of the most appropriate time of day for drug administration may help to achieve rational chronotherapeutics of IFN-alpha in certain experimental and clinical situations.
Multiple myeloma bone disease: pathophysiology of osteoblast inhibition (2006)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy characterized by a high capacity to induce osteolytic bone lesions. Bone destruction in MM results from increased osteoclast formation and activity that occur in close proximity to myeloma cells. However, histomorphometric studies have demonstrated that MM patients with osteolytic bone lesions have lower numbers of osteoblasts and decreased bone formation. This impaired bone formation plays a critical role in the bone-destructive process. Recently, the biologic mechanisms involved in the osteoblast inhibition induced by MM cells have begun to be elucidated. In this article, the pathophysiology underlying osteoblast inhibition in MM is reviewed.
Management strategies for the prevention of preterm birth. Part I: Update on progesterone supplementation (2009)

Predefined treatment strategies guiding the decision on when to proceed with medical or surgical PTB prophylaxis are still lacking. On the basis of the available evidence, we suggest a differential approach giving preferential consideration to either progesterone or cerclage based on obstetrical history, cervical surveillance, and biochemical markers of inflammation.