gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transformation and decomposition of the speech signal for coding (1994)

The speech signal is represented by an evolving characteristic waveform. The characteristic waveform is decomposed into a slowly evolving waveform and a rapidly evolving waveform, representing the quasi-periodic and other components of speech, respectively. These two evolving waveforms have fundamentally different quantization requirements. The decomposition allows efficient coding of voiced and unvoiced speech at bit rates between 2 and 8 kb/s.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Phase noise measurements of flexural plate wave ultrasonic sensors (2002)

The phase noise spectrum of a flexural plate wave (FPW) ultrasonic sensor has been directly measured. The typical phase noise of an FPW sensor was observed to vary as 1/f at frequencies below 60 Hz, with a 1-Hz intercept of between -90 dB and -107 dB (rad/sup 2//Hz). This level of noise is consistent with the frequency jitter that is observed when the FPW sensor is configured in an oscillator.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Structure of a γδ T Cell Receptor in Complex with the Nonclassical MHC T22 (2005)

Gammadelta T cell receptors (TCRs), alphabeta TCRs, and antibodies are the three lineages of somatically recombined antigen receptors. The structural basis for ligand recognition is well defined for alphabeta TCR and antibodies but is lacking for gammadelta TCRs. We present the 3.4 A structure of the murine gammadelta TCR G8 bound to its major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib ligand, T22. G8 predominantly uses germline-encoded residues of its delta chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) loop to bind T22 in an orientation substantially different from that seen in alphabeta TCR/peptide-MHC. That junctionally encoded G8 residues play an ancillary role in binding suggests a fusion of innate and adaptive recognition strategies.
Effects of Formulation and Process Variables on the Aggregation of Freeze-Dried Interleukin-6 (IL-6) After Lyophilization and on Storage (1998)

This study assessed the impact of residual moisture, Tg, and excipient physical state of different formulations on the "in-process" and shelf-life stability of freeze-dried interleukin-6 (IL-6). The effect of an annealing procedure was also evaluated. Characterization of the lyophilizates was done by Karl Fischer titration, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and x-ray measurements. Analysis of protein stability was carried out by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and turbidity measurements. During freeze-drying, the most effective protection against aggregation was provided by completely amorphous formulations consisting of trehalose or sucrose either alone or in combination with glycine or mannitol. Other amorphous formulations like those of sucrose with lysine-HCl or dextran could not provide comparable stabilization. In lyophilizates containing a crystallized excipient such as glycine or mannitol, IL-6 suffered destabilization, which was less pronounced if an additional amorphous excipient was present. For the completely amorphous formulations, aggregation was prevented during a 9-month storage at 25 and 40 degrees C as long as the storage temperature did not exceed the Tg value of the lyophilizate, otherwise severe damage occurred. Formulations containing amorphous dextran or lysine-HCl could not effectively stabilize IL-6 even when stored below Tg. Annealing helped to improve cake robustness and appearance, but for lyophilizates containing an excipient crystallized by annealing an increase of IL-6 aggregation was observed despite a storage below Tg. Thus, the amorphous state of the excipients and a high Tg can be considered necessary conditions for preventing aggregation of freeze-dried IL-6. Whether the conditions are also sufficient depends on the choice of excipients. Destabilization can occur with some excipients despite their amorphous state as well as in the presence of crystallized excipients despite a storage below Tg. Compared to sucrose, trehalose is a more favorable excipient for protein lyophilization because it exhibits a higher Tg, possesses better stabilizing properties, and can reduce protein aggregation which may have been caused by annealing.
Changes in Characters of Soybean Glycinin Groups I, IIa, and IIb Caused by Heating (2004)

Soybean glycinin groups I, IIa, and IIb were purified from soybeans composed of only glycinin groups I, IIa, and IIb, respectively. When these protein solutions were heated, the amount of the particulate protein formed in these solutions was greatest in the order of groups IIa, IIb, and I. The protein solubilities decreased upon the addition of magnesium chloride in the order of groups IIa, IIb, and I. It was determined by differential scanning calorimetry analysis that the denaturation temperatures of groups I, IIa, and IIb were 92.8, 96.0, and 97.9 degrees C, and that the enthalpies of their transitions were 24.2, 27.4, and 28.1 J g(-)(1), respectively. The alpha-helix rates of groups I, IIa, and IIb in aqueous solution were analyzed by circular dichroism and were 19, 16, and 15%, respectively. The beta-sheet rates of groups I, IIa, and IIb were 44, 38, and 39%, respectively. In all group proteins, the alpha-helix rates were decreased by heating and the beta-sheet rates were increased. The surface hydrophobicity of these group proteins increased as a result of heating, and those of groups IIa and IIb were larger than that of group I. The surface hydrophobicity of these protein groups increased by heating, and those of groups IIa and IIb were larger than that of group I and beta-conglycinin. Breaking stress of curds prepared from these group proteins containing more than 1 of beta-conglycinin ration showed similar values, but the order of those containing less than 1 in strength was groups I, IIb and IIa. These results suggest that the increase of particulate contents and the curd formation are related to the increase of surface hydrophobicity by heating.
Recent advances of microfluidics in Mainland China (2006)

The history and current status of research on microfluidics in China is summarized in this review. The recent representative contributions in this field by Chinese scientists are cited. A perspective on some trends in future development of this field in China is presented.
Improved numerical algorithm for exploring block copolymer mesophases (2002)

Abstract We present an improved algorithm of the self‐consistent mean‐field implementation that has been recently proposed for the calculation of block copolymer self‐assembly. Without requiring prior knowledge of the symmetry of the mesophase segregation, the algorithm is numerically stable and significantly faster than previously proposed methods. These advantages provide a valuable tool for combinatorial screening of novel stable and metastable structural phases of block copolymers. We apply the method and demonstrate complex mesophases in linear, asymmetric triblock copolymer melts. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1777–1783, 2002
Female reproductive toxicology (1993)

Use of perifusion to evaluate hormonal release in vitro and rat pituitary and hypothalamic tissue, J.M. Goldman and R.L.Cooper measuring sexual behavior in the female rat, R.L. Cooper et al monitoring of the estrous cycle in the laboratory rodent by vaginal lavage, R.L. Cooper et al assessment of toxicity to the ovary using follicle quantitation and morphometrics, D.R. Plowchalk et al ovarian target cell toxicity, B.J. Davis assessment of toxicant-induced alterations in the luteinizing hormone control of ovulation in the rat, J.M. Goldman and R.L. Cooper strategies and methods for evaluating the functional capacity of oocytes and zygotes in vitro, S.D. Perreault and S. Jeffay recovery and morphological evaluation of oocytes, zygotes and preimplantation embryos, S.D. Perreault and B.A. Mattson mouse oocytes and embryo culture, M.J. O'Brien et al isolation and culture of ovarian follicles from hamster mouse, and pig, G.S. Greenwald et al the in vitro perfused rat ovary, M. Brannstrom isolated perfused rabbit ovary preparation, A.M. Dharmarajan et al ovarian perifusion culture - a tool to assess ovarian toxicity, J.J. Peluso and A. Pappalarda assessment of implantation in the rat, A.M. Cummings pseudopregnancy and the decidual cell response in the rat, A.M. Cummings perfusion of the placenta, R. Miller trophoblast culture, R. Miller in vitro exposure of preimplantation embryos to potential toxicants with subsequent embryo transfer and evaluation, N.L. Bossert isolation and culture of rat granulosa cell cultures, K.A. Treinen human granulosa and granulosa luteal cell in culture, D.A. Magoffin porcine granulosa and theca cell culture - bioassay applications for factors modulating cell proliferation and differentiation, J.V. May rat thecal-interstitial cells in culture, D.A. Magoffin human theca interna cells in long-term culture, J.M. McAllister and E.R. Simpson dispersion, separation, and culture of the different cell populations of the rat, corpus luteum, S. Nelson and G. Gibori isolation and culture of fully differentiated bovine luteal cells, J.L. Pate isolation and culture of mouse uterine, epithelial and stroma cells, K.A. Ross et al.
Systemic Correction of Murine Glycogen Storage Disease Type IV by an AAV-Mediated Gene Therapy (2016)

Deficiency of glycogen branching enzyme (GBE) causes glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD IV), which is characterized by the accumulation of a less branched, poorly soluble form of glycogen called polyglucosan (PG) in multiple tissues. This study evaluates the efficacy of gene therapy with an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector in a mouse model of adult form of GSD IV (Gbe1<sup>ys/ys</sup>). An AAV serotype 9 (AAV9) vector containing a human GBE expression cassette (AAV-GBE) was intravenously injected into 14-day-old Gbe1<sup>ys/ys</sup> mice at a dose of 5 × 10<sup>11</sup> vector genomes per mouse. Mice were euthanized at 3 and 9 months of age. In the AAV-treated mice at 3 months of age, GBE enzyme activity was highly elevated in heart, which is consistent with the high copy number of the viral vector genome detected. GBE activity also increased significantly in skeletal muscles and the brain, but not in the liver. The glycogen content was reduced to wild-type levels in muscles and significantly reduced in the liver and brain. At 9 months of age, though GBE activity was only significantly elevated in the heart, glycogen levels were significantly reduced in the liver, brain, and skeletal muscles of the AAV-treated mice. In addition, the AAV treatment resulted in an overall decrease in plasma activities of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and creatine kinase, and a significant increase in fasting plasma glucose concentration at 9 months of age. This suggests an alleviation of damage and improvement of function in the liver and muscles by the AAV treatment. This study demonstrated a long-term benefit of a systemic injection of an AAV-GBE vector in Gbe1<sup>ys/ys</sup> mice.
Detection and Analysis of Lung Cancer Cells from Body Fluids Using a Rare Event Imaging System (2003)

Present diagnostic techniques do not allow the detection of early metastatic spread of tumor cells, although this spread largely determines the clinical course of patients with small primary cancers, especially lung cancer. To improve the diagnosis of this occult stage of early metastasis, sensitive techniques have been developed that facilitate the detection of isolated lung carcinoma cells in hematopoietic tissues (peripheral blood or bone marrow), or lymph nodes (, , , , , , ). It is to be noted that the circulating lung cancer cells from the primary tumor tissue may potentially have different characteristics as compared to the original tumor.
Molecular events in cells transformed by Rous Sarcoma virus. (1980)

The Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) transforming gene product has been identified and characterized as a phosphoprotein with a molecular weight of 60,000, denoted pp60src. Partially purified pp60src displays a closely associated phosphotransferase activity with the unusual specificity of phosphorylating tyrosine residues in a variety of proteins. That the enzymatic activity observed is actually encoded by the RSV-transforming gene is indicated by the comparison of the pp60src-protein kinase isolated from cells tranformed by a wild-type RSV or by a RSV temperature-sensitive transformation mutant; these experiments revealed that the latter enzyme had a half-life of 3 min at 41 degrees C, whereas that of the wild-type enzyme was 20 min. Evidence is now beginning to accumulate showing that viral pp60src expresses its protein kinase activity in transformed cells as well as in vitro because at least one cellular protein has been identified as a substrate for this activity of pp60src. Although the protein kinase activity associated with pp60src is itself cyclic AMP (cAMP) independent, the molecule contains at least one serine residue that is directly phosphorylated by the cellular cAMP-dependent protein kinase, thus suggesting that the viral transforming gene product may be regulated indirectly by the level of cAMP. The significance of this latter observation must be regarded from the point of view that the RSV src gene is apparently derived from a normal cellular gene that seemingly expresses in normal uninfected cells a phosphoprotein structurally and functionally closely related to pp60src. This celluar protein, found in all vertebrate species tested, also is a substrate for a cAMP-dependent protein kinase of normal cells, and, therefore, may be evolved to function in a regulatory circuit involving cAMP.
The C7N aminocyclitol family of natural products (2002)

This review covers microbial secondary metabolites classified in the family of C7N aminocyclitols, a relatively new class of natural products that is increasingly gaining recognition due to their significant biomedical and agricultural uses. Their discovery and structure determinations, their biosynthetic origin, biological properties, chemical synthesis, as well as their further development for pharmaceutical uses are described. The literature from 1970 to July 2002 is reviewed, with 269 references cited.
Characterization of Na+ exclusion mechanisms of salt‐tolerant reed plants in comparison with salt‐sensitive rice plants (1991)

Salt‐tolerant reed plants ( Phragmites communis Trinius) and salt‐sensitive rice plants ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Kinmaze) were grown in salinized nutrient solutions up to 50 m M NaCl, and growth, Na + contents and kinetics of 22 Na + uptake and translocation were compared between the species to characterize the salt tolerance mechanisms operating in reed plants. When both plants were grown under the same salinity, Na + contents of the shoots were lower in reed plants, although those of the roots were quite similar. The shoot base region of both species accumulated Na + more than the leaf blades did. Sodium‐22 uptake and pulse‐chase experiments suggested that the lower Na + transport rate from root to shoot could limit excessive Na + accumulation in the reed shoot. There was a possibility that the apparently lower 22 Na + transport rate to the shoot of reed plants was due to net downward Na + transport from shoot base to root.
Protective efficacy of a SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccine in wild-type and immunosuppressed Syrian hamsters (2021)

A worldwide effort to counter the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in hundreds of candidate vaccines moving through various stages of research and development, including several vaccines in phase 1, 2 and 3 clinical trials. A relatively small number of these vaccines have been evaluated in SARS-CoV-2 disease models, and fewer in a severe disease model. Here, a SARS-CoV-2 DNA targeting the spike protein and delivered by jet injection, nCoV-S(JET), elicited neutralizing antibodies in hamsters and was protective in both wild-type and transiently immunosuppressed hamster models. This study highlights the DNA vaccine, nCoV-S(JET), we developed has a great potential to move to next stage of preclinical studies, and it also demonstrates that the transiently-immunosuppressed Syrian hamsters, which recapitulate severe and prolonged COVID-19 disease, can be used for preclinical evaluation of the protective efficacy of spike-based COVID-19 vaccines.
The potential of social-aware multimedia prefetching on mobile devices (2015)

The access to Online Social Networks (OSN) and to media shared over these platforms account for around 20% of today's mobile Internet traffic. For mobile device users, the access to media content and specifically videos is still challenging and costly. Mobile contracts usually have a data cap and connection qualities can vary greatly, depending on the cellular network coverage. Prefetching mechanisms that fetch content items beforehand, in times when the mobile device is connected to a WiFi network, have a high potential to address these problems. Yet, such a mechanism can only be effective if relevant content can be predicted with a high accuracy. Therefore, in this paper, an analysis of content properties and their potential for prediction are presented. An initial user study with 14 Facebook users running an app on their mobile device was conducted. The results show that video consumption is very diverse across the users. This work discusses the evaluation setup, the data analysis, and their potential to define an effective prefetching algorithm.
Bile acids activate fibroblast growth factor 19 signaling in human hepatocytes to inhibit cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase gene expression† (2008)

The hepatic FGF19/FGFR4/Erk1/2 pathway may inhibit CYP7A1 independent of SHP. In addition to inducing FGF19 in the intestine, bile acids in hepatocytes may activate the liver FGF19/FGFR4 signaling pathway to inhibit bile acid synthesis and prevent accumulation of toxic bile acid in human livers.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of certain 4‐alkylamino and 4‐arylalkylamino derivatives of the imidazo[4,5‐d]pyridazine and v‐triazolo[4,5‐d]pyridazine ring systems (1982)

Abstract Certain 4‐alkylamino and 4‐arylalkylamino derivatives of the imidazo‐ and v ‐triazolo[4,5‐ d ]pyridazine ring systems were prepared and evaluated against two human colon carcinomas (DLD‐1 and HCT‐15) and one human lung carcinoma (LX‐1), in vitro. 4‐Methylthioimidazo[4,5‐ d ]pyridazine ( 1 ) and 4‐methylthio‐ v ‐triazolo‐[4,5‐ d ]pyridazine ( 9 ) served as precursors to the title compounds. Treatment of these heterocycles with the appropriate amine (ammonia, methylamine, dimethylamine, benzylamine and hydrazine) provided the desired derivatives of that ring system. 4‐AIP ( 2 ) and 2‐aza‐4‐AIP ( 10 ) served as precursors to the 4‐dimethylaminomethyleneamino derivatives 6 and 14 , respectively. Likewise, the 4‐hydrazino analogs ( 7 and 15 ) served as intermediates in the syntheses of benzaldehyde‐ p ‐[bis(2‐chloroethyl)amino]amino[4,5‐ d ]‐pyridazin‐4‐yl‐hydrazone ( 8 ) and benzaldehyde‐ p ‐[bis(2‐chloroethyl)amino]amino‐ v ‐triazolo[4,5‐ d ]pyridazin‐4‐yl‐hydrazone ( 16 ), respectively.
A Genome-Wide Screen for Promoter Methylation in Lung Cancer Identifies Novel Methylation Markers for Multiple Malignancies (2006)

By using a systematic biological screen we identified multiple genes that are methylated with high penetrance in primary lung, breast, colon, and prostate cancers. The cross-tumor methylation pattern we observed for these novel markers suggests that we have identified a partial promoter hypermethylation signature for these common malignancies. These data suggest that while tumors in different tissues vary substantially with respect to gene expression, there may be commonalities in their promoter methylation profiles that represent targets for early detection screening or therapeutic intervention.
Functional outcome measures as clinical trial endpoints in ALS (2004)

The topiramate study was a 12-month randomized placebo-controlled trial in patients with ALS. Follow-up evaluation of the placebo group (n = 97) constituted a well-described cohort of patients with ALS, in whom multiple outcome measures were assessed at 3-month intervals. During the 12-month study period, the decline of forced vital capacity (FVC%) and ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS) was linear, whereas the decline of maximum voluntary isometric contraction-arm (MVIC-arm) and MVIC-grip Z scores was curvilinear. Rates of FVC% and ALFRS decline, but not of MVIC-arm or MVIC-grip, were independent predictors of survival.
Neutrophil-mediated vascular leakage is not suppressed by leukocyte elastase inhibitors (1990)

Application of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) to hamster cheek pouches induces neutrophil-dependent vascular leakage of macromolecules as well as leukocyte intravascular adherence and emigration. The effect of inhibitors of neutrophil elastase on these reactions was studied with intravital microscopy. Anesthetized hamsters were pretreated with the elastase inhibitors L 658,758, Eglin C, or dextran sulfate, and LTB4 (10 nM) was superfused over the cheek pouches. Neither Eglin C nor L 658,758 had any effect on the resulting vascular leakage of a macromolecular marker; in contrast, dextran sulfate suppressed this leakage by 85%. None of the compounds affected LTB4-induced leukocyte adherence or neutrophil diapedesis. The inhibitors were able to inhibit both hamster and human neutrophil elastase as estimated in crude neutrophil extracts. These results suggest that neutrophils extravasate and generate vascular leakage without the use of their elastase activity. The inhibitory effect of dextran sulfate on macromolecular leakage may be due to interaction with cationic proteins released from the neutrophils.
The Arabidopsis cax1 Mutant Exhibits Impaired Ion Homeostasis, Development, and Hormonal Responses and Reveals Interplay among Vacuolar Transporters (2003)

The Arabidopsis Ca(2+)/H(+) transporter CAX1 (Cation Exchanger1) may be an important regulator of intracellular Ca(2+) levels. Here, we describe the preliminary localization of CAX1 to the tonoplast and the molecular and biochemical characterization of cax1 mutants. We show that these mutants exhibit a 50% reduction in tonoplast Ca(2+)/H(+) antiport activity, a 40% reduction in tonoplast V-type H(+)-translocating ATPase activity, a 36% increase in tonoplast Ca(2+)-ATPase activity, and increased expression of the putative vacuolar Ca(2+)/H(+) antiporters CAX3 and CAX4. Enhanced growth was displayed by the cax1 lines under Mn(2+) and Mg(2+) stress conditions. The mutants exhibited altered plant development, perturbed hormone sensitivities, and altered expression of an auxin-regulated promoter-reporter gene fusion. We propose that CAX1 regulates myriad plant processes and discuss the observed phenotypes with regard to the compensatory alterations in other transporters.