gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The involvement of macrophage‐derived tumour necrosis factor and lipoxygenase products on the neutrophil recruitment induced by Clostridium difficile toxin B (1997)

Clostridium difficile (Cd) toxins appear to mediate the inflammatory response in pseudomembranous colitis and/or colitis associated with the use of antibiotics. In contrast to Cd Toxin A (TxA), Cd Toxin B (TxB) has been reported not to promote fluid secretion or morphological damage in rabbits and hamsters and also does not induce neutrophil chemotaxis in vitro. However, TxB is about 1000 times more potent than TxA in stimulating the release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by cultured monocytes. In the present study, we investigated the ability of TxB to promote neutrophil migration into peritoneal cavities and subcutaneous air-pouches of rats. We also examined the role of resident peritoneal cells in this process as well as the inflammatory mediators involved. TxB caused a significant and dose-dependent neutrophil influx with a maximal response at 0.1 microgram/cavity after 4 hr. Depleting the peritoneal resident cell population by washing the peritoneal cavity or increasing this population by pretreating the animals with thioglycollate blocked and amplified the TxB-induced neutrophil migration, respectively. Pretreating the animals with MK886 (a lipoxygenase inhibitor), NDGA (a dual cyclo- and lipoxygenase inhibitor) or the glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, but not with indomethacin (a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor), or BN52021 (a platelet-activating factor antagonist), inhibited the neutrophil migration evoked by TxB. Pretreatment with dexamethasone or the administration of anti-TNF-alpha serum into the air-pouches also significantly reduced the TxB-induced neutrophil migration. Supernatants from TxB-stimulated macrophages induced neutrophil migration when injected into the rat peritoneal cavity. This effect was attenuated by the addition of either MK886 or dexamethasone to the macrophage monolayer and by preincubating the supernatants with anti-TNF-alpha serum. TxB also stimulated the release of TNF-alpha by macrophages. Overall, these results suggest that TxB induces an intense neutrophil migration which is mediated by macrophage-derived TNF-alpha and lipoxygenase products.
Fluorescent Antibody Studies with Agents of Varicella and Herpes Zoster Propagated in vitro. (1954)

SummaryTissue culture preparations infected with agents originally derived from the eruptive lesions of cases of varicella and herpes zoster, as well as control preparations infected with the virus of herpes simplex, were studied by a modification of the fluorescent antibody technic. Employing the infected preparations as antigen, fixation of antibody from human sera derived from cases of varicella, herpes zoster or herpes simplex was detected by the use of a fluorescent antihuman gamma globulin conjugate. Antibody reacting with the varicella and herpes zoster antigens to an almost identical degree appeared during convalescence in serum specimens derived either from cases of varicella or from cases of herpes zoster. Antibody reacting with herpes simplex virus was demonstrated uniformly only in a group of sera derived from cases of recurrent herpes simplex. Immunologic evidence was thus obtained to support the thesis that the etiologic agents of varicella and herpes zoster have been isolated and propagated in vitro.
Natural Gradient Works Efficiently in Learning (1998)

When a parameter space has a certain underlying structure, the ordinary gradient of a function does not represent its steepest direction, but the natural gradient does. Information geometry is used for calculating the natural gradients in the parameter space of perceptrons, the space of matrices (for blind source separation), and the space of linear dynamical systems (for blind source deconvolution). The dynamical behavior of natural gradient online learning is analyzed and is proved to be Fisher efficient, implying that it has asymptotically the same performance as the optimal batch estimation of parameters. This suggests that the plateau phenomenon, which appears in the backpropagation learning algorithm of multilayer perceptrons, might disappear or might not be so serious when the natural gradient is used. An adaptive method of updating the learning rate is proposed and analyzed.
Lymphocyte life-span and memory (1994)

Differentiation of immature T and B cells in the primary lymphoid organs gives rise to a pool of long-lived lymphocytes that recirculate through the secondary lymphoid tissues. On the basis of their surface markers, T and B cells comprise a mixture of naïve and memory cells with differing life-spans. Immunization (and vaccination) causes naïve lymphocytes to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells and memory cells. Whether the survival of memory cells is innate or requires persistent contact with residual antigen is controversial. Resolving this issue may be crucial for designing optimal vaccines.
High-performance double-layer epitaxial-channel PMOSFET compatible with a single gate CMOSFET (2002)

High-performance double-layer epitaxial-channel PMOSFET compatible with a single-gate CMOSFET have been demonstrated. The thin epitaxial-Si channel is composed of a lower highly boron-doped (1.2-2.4/spl times/10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/) layer and an upper nondoped layer, and is applicable to NMOSFET. This PMOS achieves the highest g/sub m/ with acceptable short-channel effects among PMOSs having various types of channels. The minimum gate delay of CMOS is 15.9 ps at 2.5 V for a CMOS ring oscillator with 10 /spl mu/m gate width.
Phosphodiesterase DosP increases persistence by reducing cAMP which reduces the signal indole (2014)

Persisters are bacteria that are highly tolerant to antibiotics due to their dormant state and are of clinical significance owing to their role in infections. Given that the population of persisters increases in biofilms and that cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is an intracellular signal that increases biofilm formation, we sought to determine whether c-di-GMP has a role in bacterial persistence. By examining the effect of 30 genes from Escherichia coli, including diguanylate cyclases that synthesize c-di-GMP and phosphodiesterases that breakdown c-di-GMP, we determined that DosP (direct oxygen sensing phosphodiesterase) increases persistence by over a thousand fold. Using both transcriptomic and proteomic approaches, we determined that DosP increases persistence by decreasing tryptophanase activity and thus indole. Corroborating this effect, addition of indole reduced persistence. Despite the role of DosP as a c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, the decrease in tryptophanase activity was found to be a result of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase activity. Corroborating this result, the reduction of cAMP via CpdA, a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase, increased persistence and reduced indole levels similarly to DosP. Therefore, phosphodiesterase DosP increases persistence by reducing the interkingdom signal indole via reduction of the global regulator cAMP.
Follicular dendritic cells are a major reservoir for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in lymphoid tissues facilitating infection of CD4+ T-helper cells. (1992)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection causes progressive depletion of CD4/HIV-receptor-positive T helper lymphocytes, ultimately leading to AIDS. The major HIV reservoir and site of T-helper cell infection in lymphoid tissues, however, has remained poorly defined. The authors used in situ hybridization in combination with immunohistologic labeling techniques to identify the phenotype of HIV-infected cells in lymph nodes from patients at different stages of HIV-infection. The number of HIV-infected macrophages, widely considered the major site of HIV replication, was extremely low. There was no evidence for HIV-infection of endothelial and interdigitating reticulum cells. However, HIV RNA was found in small but consistent proportions of CD45RO-positive T cells and in the vast majority of follicular dendritic cells (FDC) in a pattern suggestive of active infection in addition to HIV-immunocomplex trapping on cell membranes. FDC may therefore be a major HIV reservoir and since T-helper cells travel through the FDC meshwork during their migration within lymphoreticular tissues, it appears likely that HIV-replicating T cells may infect FDC, which then infect new T cells, thus causing a gradual dissemination of the virus to all FDC and thereby a steadily increasing infection of T-helper/memory cells within germinal centers. This results in CD4+ T cell depletion, and ultimately, in immunodeficiency.
ChemInform Abstract: PHARMAKOLOGISCH AKTIVE POLYMERE. 9. MITT. DEPOTFORMEN EINES MORPHINANTAGONISTEN (1978)

Abstract (VI) werden mit wechselnden Mengen Acrylamid, Methacrylamid, 2‐(Methylsulfinyl)ether‐methacrylat, 2‐Methyl‐5‐vinyl‐pyridin‐N‐oxid und N‐Vinylpyrrolidon zu Produkten mit mittleren Molekulargewichten von 32000 und 10000 copolymerisiert.
Clusters, distritos industriais e cooperação interfirmas: uma revisão da literatura (2008)

Este artigo analisa os conceitos de cluster, distrito industrial e cooperação interfirmas centrado principalmente nos trabalhos de pesquisadores ligados ao Institute of Development Studies (IDS) da Universidade de Sussex (Reino Unido). A análise é feita tendo como perspectiva as mudanças em curso na economia mundial e o crescente interesse tanto de acadêmicos quanto de formuladores de políticas públicas nos países em desenvolvimento, pela situação de empresas aglomeradas.
Differential response to primary chemotherapy and long-term survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (2007)

10519 Objective. Triple-negative breast cancer is defined as a subtype of invasive breast cancer which lacks estrogen and progesterone receptor expression as well as HER2/neu expression and is highly similar to the basal-like subtype defined by gene expression profiling. Method. 1,143 patients treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center in neoadjuvant trials were included in a retrospective comparative analysis between triple-negative tumors and non-triple-negative tumors for response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy as well as long- term survival. Results. 827/1,143 (72%) patients had received taxanes, either as a single-agent (n=60) or in combination with anthracycline (n=767), whereas the remainder patients received an anthracycline-only chemotherapy. Overall 258/1,143 (23%) tumors were triple- negative. Complete pathological response (pCR) was achieved in 63/257 (25%) patients with triple-negative tumors compared to 99/888 (11%) in patients with non-triple-negative tumors (odds ratio [OR] 1.14, 95%CI: 1.09–1.20, p=.0082). Triple-negative status correlated significantly with high nuclear grade (p&lt;.0001), whereas no significant correlation with any established clinicopathologic parameter was observed. However, 5-year overall survival (5yrOS) was 66% in the triple-negative group compared to 83% in the non-triple-negative control group (OR 2.1, 95%CI: 1.6–2.8, p&lt;.0001). In multivariate analyses, triple-negative status (hazard ratio [HR] 2.0, 95%CI: 1.4–2.8, p&lt;.0001), high nuclear grade, increased tumor size (HR 1.5, 95%CI: 1.3–1.8, p&lt;.0001), positive nodal status (HR 1.4, 95%CI: 1.2–1.7, p=.0002) and high nuclear grade (HR 1.7, 95%CI: 1.1- 2.4, p=.0089) were significantly associated with decreased 5yrOS. When survival was analyzed according to both response rate and triple negative status, achievement of pCR was a stronger predictor of survival compared to triple-negative status. Conclusion. Triple- negative expression status among patients with breast cancer constitutes an independent unfavorable prognostic factor with regards to overall survival unless achieving pCR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Synthesis of New Channeled Structures in Supercritical Amines: Preparation and Structure of RbAg5S3 and CsAg7S4 (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of New Channeled Structures in Supercritical Amines: Preparation and Structure of RbAg5S3 and CsAg7S4Paul T. Wood, William T. Pennington, and Joseph W. KolisCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1994, 33, 7, 1556–1558Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00085a055https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00085a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views158Altmetric-Citations48LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
CD34+ Cell Selection from Frozen Cord Blood Products Using the Isolex 300i and CliniMACS CD34 Selection Devices (1998)

Ex vivo expansion of cord blood (CB) cells requires CD34+ cell selection before expansion to obtain optimal numbers of progenitor cells. As a preliminary step to preclinical development of CB expansion, we have evaluated two clinical scale selection devices, the Isolex 300i (Baxter Healthcare, Immunotherapy Division) and the CliniMACS (Miltenyi Biotech Inc.), for CD34+ cell selection from frozen CB products. As expansion of CB results in differentiation of cells, there may be a depletion of stem cells. Therefore, only a fraction of the CB should be expanded while a portion of the CB is maintained unmanipulated for infusion. After thawing of 40% fractions of each CB product, we observed >95% viable cells, with a median total WBC count of 1.8 x 10(8) cells. Use of the Isolex 300i resulted in a median purity of 51% CD34+ cells (n=8) and a median recovery of 34% CD34+ cells. Use of the CliniMACS resulted in a median purity of 54% CD34+ cells (n=10) and a median recovery of 80% CD34+ cells. The absolute number of CD34+ cells recovered after selection varied with samples from 6.7 x 10(4) to 3.2 x 10(6) CD34+ cells. Expansion of CD34+ cells from both systems resulted in >20-fold expansion of CFU-GM, with a median of 44-fold expansion. These data demonstrate the feasibility of selecting small fractions of frozen CB products using clinical scale CD34+ cell selection devices.
Purine Salvage Pathways in the Apicomplexan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii (2004)

We have exploited a variety of molecular genetic, biochemical, and genomic techniques to investigate the roles of purine salvage enzymes in the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The ability to generate defined genetic knockouts and target transgenes to specific loci demonstrates that T. gondii uses two (and only two) pathways for purine salvage, defined by the enzymes hypoxanthine-xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HXGPRT) and adenosine kinase (AK). Both HXGPRT and AK are single-copy genes, and either one can be deleted, indicating that either one of these pathways is sufficient to meet parasite purine requirements. Fitness defects suggest both pathways are important for the parasite, however, and that the salvage of adenosine is more important than salvage of hypoxanthine and other purine nucleobases. HXGPRT and AK cannot be deleted simultaneously unless one of these enzymes is provided in trans, indicating that alternative routes of functionally significant purine salvage are lacking. Despite previous reports to the contrary, we found no evidence of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) activity when parasites were propagated in APRT-deficient host cells, and no APRT ortholog is evident in the T. gondii genome. Expression of Leishmania donovani APRT in transgenic T. gondii parasites yielded low levels of activity but did not permit genetic deletion of both HXGPRT and AK. A detailed comparative genomic study of the purine salvage pathway in various apicomplexan species highlights important differences among these parasites.
Cloning and sequence analysis of the protein kinase of pseudorabies virus GB strain (2004)

The protein kinase (PK) gene in US region of pseudorabies virus (PRV) GB strain was amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and cloned in pcDNA3,its nucleotide sequence was determined by sanger's sequencing technique.The DNA fragment is 1 396 base pairs long,encode a protein of 334 amino acids. The homology of PK gene nucleotide sequence of PRV GB strain with PRV NIA-3 strain and Ka strain is 98.4% and 97.5%,the homology of deduced amino acids among them is 98.2% and 96.4% .The amino acids of PRV GB strain PK contain most of the conserved motifs of a eukaryotic serine/threonine protein kinase .The PK among α-herpesvirus has some featured common amino acids sequence. This result laid foundation to study function of PRV PK gene and development of genetically engineered PK-deleted PRV vaccine.
Primary structure of nitrile hydratase deduced from the nucleotide sequence of a Rhodococcus species and its expression in Escherichia coli (1989)

The nitrile hydratase (NHase) of Rhodococcus species N-774, which is composed of two subunits, alpha and beta, catalyzes the hydration of various nitrile compounds to the corresponding amides. The amino acid sequences of the NH2 termini and the fragments obtained by digesting each of the two subunits with lysyl endopeptidase were determined for preparation of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes. A 4.4-kb SphI fragment which contained DNA sequences hybridizing to several of the probes was cloned in pBR322 in Escherichia coli. The nucleotide sequences together with the determined amino acid sequences indicated that the alpha and beta subunits of NHase consisted of 207 amino acids (Mr, 22918) and 212 amino acids (Mr, 23428), respectively. The open reading frame for the alpha subunit includes that for the beta subunit with a short interval of only 26 base pairs; the two genes are probably translated in a polycistronic manner. Although large amounts of the alpha- and beta-subunit proteins were produced as insoluble forms in E. coli when the cloned genes were placed under the control of the lac promoter, no enzymatic activity was detected. The activity of the enzyme was restored, to some extent, by solubilization of the proteins with 8 M urea and subsequent dialysis for refolding at pH 10 in the presence of Fe2+ and pyrroloquinoline quinone.
Mathematical analysis of isotope labeling in the citric acid cycle with applications to 13C NMR studies in perfused rat hearts. (1983)

Rat hearts have been perfused in vitro with 5 mM glucose and either 5 mM acetate or 1 mM pyruvate to achieve steady state conditions, followed by replacement of the acetate with 90% enriched [2-13C]acetate or pyruvate with 90% enriched [3-13C]pyruvate. The hearts were frozen different times after addition of 13C-substrate and neutralized perchloric acid extracts from three pooled hearts per time point were used to obtain high resolution proton-decoupled 13C NMR spectra at 90.55 MHz. The 13C fractional enrichment of individual carbons of different metabolites was calculated from the area of the resolved resonances after correction for nuclear Overhauser enhancement and saturation effects. A mathematical flux model of the citric acid cycle and ancillary transamination reactions was constructed with the FACSIMILE program, and used to solve unknown flux parameters with constant pool sizes by nonlinear least squares analysis of the approximately 200 simultaneous differential equations required to describe the reactions. With [2-13C] acetate as substrate, resonances and line splittings due to 13C-13C spin coupling of the C-2, C-3, and C-4 carbons of glutamate were well resolved. The half-times to reach maximum 13C enrichment were 2.6 min for glutamate C-4 and 8 min for glutamate C-2 and C-3. From these data, a well determined citric acid cycle flux of 8.3 mumol/g dry weight X min was calculated for an observed oxygen consumption of 31 mumol/g dry weight X min. With [3-13C]pyruvate as substrate, resonances of aspartate C-2 and C-3 and of alanine C-3 were well resolved in addition to those of glutamate C-2, C-3, and C-4. Nonlinear least squares fitting of these data to the model gave nonrandomly distributed residuals for the 13C fractional enrichments of glutamate C-4, suggesting an incomplete model, but a well determined cycle flux of 11.9 mumol/g dry weight X min for an oxygen uptake of 35 mumol/g dry weight X min. Our studies demonstrate the practicality of 13C NMR, used in conjunction with mathematical modeling, for the measurement of metabolic flux parameters in living systems.
Extracellular matrix-associated molecules collaborate with ciliary neurotrophic factor to induce type-2 astrocyte development. (1990)

O-2A progenitor cells give rise to both oligodendrocytes and type-2 astrocytes in vitro. Whereas oligodendrocyte differentiation occurs constitutively, type-2 astrocyte differentiation requires extracellular signals, one of which is thought to be ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). CNTF, however, is insufficient by itself to induce the development of stable type-2 astrocytes. In this report we show the following: (a) that molecules associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM) cooperate with CNTF to induce stable type-2 astrocyte differentiation in serum-free cultures. The combination of CNTF and the ECM-associated molecules thus mimics the effect of FCS, which has been shown previously to induce stable type-2 astrocyte differentiation in vitro. (b) Both the ECM-associated molecules and CNTF act directly on O-2A progenitor cells and can induce them to differentiate prematurely into type-2 astrocytes. (c) ECM-associated molecules also inhibit oligodendrocyte differentiation, even in the absence of CNTF, but this inhibition is not sufficient on its own to induce type-2 astrocyte differentiation. (d) Whereas the effect of ECM on oligodendrocyte differentiation is mimicked by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), the effect of ECM on type-2 astrocyte differentiation is not. (e) The ECM-associated molecules that are responsible for inhibiting oligodendrocyte differentiation and for cooperating with CNTF to induce type-2 astrocyte differentiation are made by non-glial cells in vitro. (f) Molecules that have these activities and bind to ECM are present in the optic nerve at the time type-2 astrocytes are thought to be developing.