gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pain at the injection site of subcutaneously administered erythropoietin: phosphate-buffered epoetin alpha compared to citrate-buffered epoetin alpha and epoetin beta. (1998)

Patients may complain of pain at the injection site after subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of erythropoietin (EPO). Local pain due to s.c. EPO into the thigh was evaluated in 60 hemodialysis patients in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Identical volumes and concentrations (2000 IU in 0.5 ml) of phosphate-buffered epoetin-alpha (EPO-alpha ph), citrate-buffered epoetin-alpha (EPO-alpha ci) and epoetin-beta (EPO-beta) were compared to 0.5 ml of 0.9% saline (SAL), used as placebo. The patients received the 4 injections at the same occasion. For pain evaluation, a verbal scale ranging from no pain (0) to extremely painful (5) and a 10 cm ungraduated visual analogue score (VAS) (0 = no pain, 10 = maximal pain) were used. Treatment acceptance was assessed (yes/no) and expressed as a percentage of the population. Ranking of the preparations from 1 to 4 according to increasing local discomfort was performed. Median verbal pain scores and interquartile ranges were 1.0 (0-2) for SAL, 0.0 (0-2) for EPO-beta, 1.5 (0-3) for EPO-alpha ph (p < or = 0.05 vs SAL and EPO-beta) and 3.0 (2-4) for EPO-alpha ci (p < or = 0.001 vs EPO-alpha ph). VAS was 0.9 (0.5-2.5) for SAL, 0.9 (0.4-2.4) for EPO-beta, 2.7 (0.8-5.7) for EPO-alpha ph (p < or = 0.001 vs SAL and EPO-beta) and 4.2 (1.7-6.4) for EPO-alpha ci (p < or = 0.001 vs EPO-alpha ph). Treatment acceptance was 73% for SAL, 78% for EPO-beta, 60% for EPO-alpha ph (p < or = 0.05 vs EPO-beta) and 32% for EPO-alpha ci (p < or = 0.05 vs EPO-alpha ph). Ranking was 2 (1-3) for SAL, 2 (1-2) for EPO-beta, 3 (1-4) for EPO-alpha ph (p < or = 0.05 vs SAL and EPO-beta) and 4 (3-4) for EPO-alpha ci (p < or = 0.05 vs SAL and EPO-beta) and 4 (3-4) for EPO-alpha ci (p < or = 0.001 vs EPO-alpha ph). In conclusion, s.c. EPO-alpha ph is better accepted than s.c. EPO-alpha ci. However, s.c. EPO-beta is less painful.
Statistical Language Learning (1994)

From the Publisher:
Eugene Charniak breaks new ground in artificial intelligence research by presenting statistical language processing from an artificial intelligence point of view in a text for researchers and scientists with a traditional computer science background.
New, exacting empirical methods are needed to break the deadlock in such areas of artificial intelligence as robotics, knowledge representation, machine learning, machine translation, and natural language processing (NLP). It is time, Charniak observes, to switch paradigms. This text introduces statistical language processing techniques -- word tagging, parsing with probabilistic context free grammars, grammar induction, syntactic disambiguation, semantic word classes, word-sense disambiguation -- along with the underlying mathematics and chapter exercises.
Charniak points out that as a method of attacking NLP problems, the statistical approach has several advantages. It is grounded in real text and therefore promises to produce usable results, and it offers an obvious way to approach learning: one simply gathers statistics.
Language, Speech, and Communication
The human interleukin-1 alpha gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 2 at band q13 (1989)

Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) are two biochemically distinct, but distantly related, polypeptidic cytokines that play a key role in inflammation, immunologic reactions, and tissue repair. Recently, it has been shown that IL-1 alpha is identical to hematopoietin 1, which was described as a hematopoietic growth factor acting on early progenitor cells in synergy with other hematopoietic growth factors. In this report we discuss our use of in situ hybridization on human prometaphase cells with a human IL-1 alpha cDNA probe to localize the human IL-1 alpha gene on the proximal part of the long arm of chromosome 2 at band q13, in the same chromosomal region as the IL-1 beta gene.
Attributes of champion female tennis players and challenges faced by aspirants (2009)

\n\t\t\t\t\tAs part of a larger study on talent development in tennis1, 10 Australian top ranked Australian female professional tennis players responded to a questionnaire about the attributes of a champion recalling the major challenges faced in pursuing a tennis career and strategies adopted to address these challenges. To analyse the data, a series of three inductive content analyses were conducted. The results highlighted the importance of psychological attributes and skills in a player&amp;rsquo;s journey to become a champion. The study&amp;rsquo;s implications for coaches and sport psychologists are also highlighted. &lt;br /&gt;\n\t\t\t\t
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Activation by the CD6 Lymphocyte Surface Receptor (2006)

CD6 is a cell surface receptor primarily expressed on immature thymocytes and mature T and B1a lymphocytes. Through its binding to activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166), CD6 is considered to play an important role in lymphocyte development and activation. Accordingly, CD6 associates with the TCR/CD3 complex and colocalizes with it at the center of the mature immunological synapse on T lymphocytes. Moreover, the CD6-ALCAM interaction has been shown to be critical for proper immunological synapse maturation and T cell proliferative responses. However, the precise biological effects of CD6 ligation and its signaling pathway are still not well understood. The present study shows that CD6 ligation with three different specific mAbs (161.8, SPV-L14.2, and MAE1-C10) induces time- and dose-dependent activation of ERK1/2 on normal and leukemic human T cells. This effect was also observed upon CD6 ligation with a chimerical ALCAM protein (ALCAM-Fc). The C-terminal cytoplasmic region of CD6, as well as Src tyrosine kinases, was critical for CD6-induced ERK1/2 activation. Synergistic effects were observed upon coligation of the TCR/CD3 complex with CD6. The ligation of CD6 induced the transcriptional activation of reporter genes under the control of the c-Fos serum responsive element and AP-1. Accordingly, CD6-mediated activation of p38 and JNK was also observed. These findings indicate that the CD6-ALCAM interaction results in activation of the three MAPK cascades, likely influencing the dynamic balance that determines whether resting or activated lymphocytes survive or undergo apoptosis.
Precision Synthesis of a Fluorinated Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane-Terminated Polymer and Surface Characterization of Its Blend Film with Poly(methyl methacrylate) (2005)

Incompletely condensed, fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane with the highly reactive group of trisodium silanolate was used for the synthesis of an initiator for atom transfer radical polymerization. The initiator was applied to solution polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of a copper complex. The polymerization proceeded in a living fashion, providing tadpole-shaped polymers with an “inorganic head” of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and an “organic tail” of well-defined PMMA. A blend film composed of the tadpole-shaped polymer and a matrix PMMA was annealed at 180 °C for 5 days and then analyzed by neutron reflectometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurement. These analyses revealed that the tadpole-shaped polymer was preferentially populated at the air/polymer interface, and the outermost layer of the film was almost completely covered by the POSS heads. This was mainly due to the low surface free energy of the fluorinated POSS moiety. Owing to this unique structure, the blend film showed strong resistance against Ar+ ion etching, despite the overall POSS content was only 2 wt %.
Knowledge representation for investment strategy selection (2003)

A hybrid knowledge representation for the problem of investment-strategy selection is described. This representation scheme is efficient in knowledge organization and inference performance. The types of knowledge required to support the selection process are identified. The interrelationships among these different types of knowledge are represented in a frame abstraction, and a frame-slot structure in clausal form is described. Knowledge acquisition, consistency, and completeness checks are shown in terms of sample Prolog rules.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Kv1.3 channels are a therapeutic target for T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases (2006)

Autoreactive memory T lymphocytes are implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Here we demonstrate that disease-associated autoreactive T cells from patients with type-1 diabetes mellitus or rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are mainly CD4+ CCR7- CD45RA- effector memory T cells (T(EM) cells) with elevated Kv1.3 potassium channel expression. In contrast, T cells with other antigen specificities from these patients, or autoreactive T cells from healthy individuals and disease controls, express low levels of Kv1.3 and are predominantly naïve or central-memory (T(CM)) cells. In T(EM) cells, Kv1.3 traffics to the immunological synapse during antigen presentation where it colocalizes with Kvbeta2, SAP97, ZIP, p56(lck), and CD4. Although Kv1.3 inhibitors [ShK(L5)-amide (SL5) and PAP1] do not prevent immunological synapse formation, they suppress Ca2+-signaling, cytokine production, and proliferation of autoantigen-specific T(EM) cells at pharmacologically relevant concentrations while sparing other classes of T cells. Kv1.3 inhibitors ameliorate pristane-induced arthritis in rats and reduce the incidence of experimental autoimmune diabetes in diabetes-prone (DP-BB/W) rats. Repeated dosing with Kv1.3 inhibitors in rats has not revealed systemic toxicity. Further development of Kv1.3 blockers for autoimmune disease therapy is warranted.
Genomic Divergence of HIV-2 from Ghana (1989)

Genetic variability in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been studied extensively, but the total nucleotide sequence of the HIV-2 genome has been reported only in two strains. For phylogenetic analyses of HIV, the genetic variability of HIV-2 should be investigated. This paper reports the complete nucleotide sequence of an HIV-2 isolate from Ghana, HIV-2[GH-1]. This virus showed approximately 85% homology in overall nucleotide sequence with HIV-2ROD. The amino acid sequence of the gag and pol proteins of HIV-2[GH-1] showed 90% homology with those of HIV-2ROD, but its env gene and central regions were highly variable (more than 20% divergence in amino acids), indicating the presence of extensive genetic heterogeneity in HIV-2. However, the sequences with specific functions were relatively well conserved in these HIV-2 isolates.
AutoInstall for NT: complete NT installation over the network (1998)

This paper describes how we take a bare PC and turn it into a fully functioning NT desktop machine with a standard set of applications in less than 30 minutes. In 1996 we identified OS and application loading as a significant portion of our workload. Loading NT, loading our standard suite of applications, and configuring each of them to our specifications took 4 to 8 hours. This process was prone to errors that were not detected until months later. We automated the process so that an SA with our special boot disk can do the entire process in 30 minutes (60 minutes on a slow network). We do an actual NT installation. We do not clone. With our new system, a single SA can deploy up to 20 PC's per day as opposed to just 1 or 2 per day.
The Role of c-Kit and Its Ligand, Stem Cell Factor, in Mast Cell Apoptosis (1995)

The regulation of tissue mast cell number depends both on the rate of production of mast cell precursors and the length of survival of mature mast cells within tissues. Once mast cell precursors target to tissues, their survival may largely be dependent upon the local production of stem cell factor (SCF). Withdrawal of interleukin (IL)-3 results in mast cell apoptosis. The apoptotic changes following IL-3 deprivation are prevented by the addition of SCF which exerts its rescue effect upon interaction with its c-Kit tyrosine kinase receptor. Mast cells undergo apoptosis on withdrawal of IL-3 coincident with a decrease in endogenous bcl-2 mRNA; however, SCF does not induce expression of bcl-2 when added to these cells. When overexpressed, bcl-2 prolongs survival of bcl-2-transfected mast cells following IL-3 deprivation. Transforming growth factor-beta was found to specifically prevent this SCF-mediated rescue from apoptosis, probably by down-regulating the expression of c-Kit. Thus, microenvironmental factors play an important role in regulating mast cell numbers by effecting survival in the periphery.
Dual Site Ethene/1-Hexene Copolymerization with MAO Activated (1,2,4-Me3Cp)2ZrCl2 and (Me5Cp)2ZrCl2 Catalysts. Possible Transfer of Polymer Chains between the Sites (2003)

Ethene homopolymerization and copolymerization in toluene solution with varying amounts of 1-hexene were catalyzed by the methylaluminoxane (MAO) activated zirconocene catalysts (1,2,4-Me3Cp)2ZrCl2 and (Me5Cp)2ZrCl2 and a mixture of these two in a 1:1 molar ratio. The dual site catalyst (1:1 mixture) has a homo- and copolymerization activity intermediate between the individual catalysts. Deviations from the expected average behavior taking into account the ca. 6-fold higher 1 h yield of (1,2,4-Me3Cp)2ZrCl2 are observed. The dual site system results in a copolymer with ca. 30% too low comonomer incorporation. The melting endotherm attributed to (Me5Cp)2ZrCl2 is found to be ca. 30−70% too high, and the observed molecular weights for the copolymers are higher than expected and even higher than for the two individual catalysts. Chain transfer to trimethylaluminum (TMA) is found to become less important at high comonomer concentrations concurrent with an increase of the concentration of vinyl and trans-vinylene unsaturations. Further, it is noteworthy that with the dual site system it is possible to produce ethene/1-hexene copolymers with narrow molecular weight distribution as a mixture of chains containing low and high comonomer contents. The observed discrepancies in the mixed system from the average of the (1,2,4-Me3Cp)2ZrCl2 and (Me5Cp)2ZrCl2 catalysts are provisionally explained by chain transfer between the sites coupled with an activity increase of the latter of these sites.
Insulin-induced Expression of Human Heat-shock Protein Gene hsp70 (1989)

In human hepatoma cell line Hep3B/T2, the human heat-shock-inducible gene hsp70 could be induced by insulin. The dose-dependent insulin effect correlates very well with the dissociation constant of the insulin receptor, indicating that the insulin effect is mediated by the insulin receptor. The expression of hsp70 gene was neither significantly induced by growth factors of epidermal and platelet-derived growth factors, nor by tumor promoter, calcium ionophore, cAMP, and glucocorticoids. These results indicate that the induction of expression of hsp70 gene by insulin is very specific and not cell cycle-related. Furthermore, the insulin-induced expression of hsp70 gene is transient, occurring specifically from 4 to 8 h after insulin addition.
Injectability and Tissue Compatibility of Poly-(N-Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidone) in the Skin of Rats: A Pilot Study (2000)

Poly-(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) is easy to inject intracutaneously and is well tolerated in the rat model. Short-term volume retention is good. Histopathology suggests a subclinical inflammatory reaction expected with implantation of a synthetic substance into the skin. Additional studies are necessary to investigate the continued persistence of the hydrogel and its long-term effects on surrounding tissue.
Cytokeratins 7 and 20 in Primary and Secondary Mucinous Tumors of the Ovary: Analysis of Coordinate Immunohistochemical Expression Profiles and Staining Distribution in 179 Cases (2006)

Coordinate expression profiles for cytokeratins 7 and 20 (CK7 and CK20) are useful for distinguishing certain types of adenocarcinomas but use for distinction of primary and secondary mucinous tumors in the ovary is limited due to the existence of a number of tumor types exhibiting overlapping CK7/CK20 immunoprofiles; the use of staining distribution patterns in the distinction of tumors with shared profiles has not been evaluated in detail. We report analysis of both coordinate expression profiles and staining distribution in 179 rigorously classified mucinous tumors in the ovary, including 53 primary tumors [35 atypical proliferative (borderline) mucinous tumors of gastrointestinal type and 18 invasive mucinous carcinomas] and 126 secondary tumors [28 colorectal adenocarcinomas, 54 appendiceal tumors (23 adenocarcinomas, 31 low-grade adenomatous mucinous tumors associated with pseudomyxoma peritonei), 14 pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 8 endocervical adenocarcinomas, 5 gastric adenocarcinomas, 4 gallbladder/biliary tract adenocarcinomas, and 13 adenocarcinomas of unknown primary sites). A CK7+/CK20+ immunoprofile was the most common profile in primary ovarian tumors (74%), upper gastrointestinal tract tumors (78%), and endocervical tumors (88%) but was occasionally observed in lower intestinal tract tumors (colorectal: 11%; appendiceal: 13% of low-grade tumors, 35% of carcinomas). A CK7-/CK20+ immunoprofile was the most common profile in lower intestinal tract tumors (79%) and was uncommon in upper gastrointestinal tract tumors (9%), rarely seen in primary ovarian tumors (4%), and not seen in endocervical tumors. A CK7+/CK20- profile was observed in some primary ovarian (23%), upper gastrointestinal tract (13%), and endocervical tumors (13%) but not in lower intestinal tract tumors. For CK7+ tumors, staining distribution was very frequently diffuse (>50% of tumors cells positive) in primary ovarian, upper gastrointestinal tract, and endocervical tumors, whereas staining distribution was often focal (<50% of tumors cells positive) when present in colorectal and appendiceal carcinomas but not in low-grade appendiceal tumors. For CK20+ tumors, staining distribution was variable but often focal in primary ovarian tumors and nonlower intestinal tract tumors, whereas the pattern was almost always diffuse in lower intestinal tract tumors. Immunohistochemical staining distribution can supplement CK7/CK20 coordinate expression profiles to distinguish subsets of primary ovarian and metastatic lower intestinal tract mucinous tumors having overlapping immunoprofiles but neither coordinate expression profiles nor staining distribution distinguishes primary ovarian tumors from the nonlower intestinal tract metastases.
Tuning as Ranking (2011)

We offer a simple, effective, and scalable method for statistical machine translation pa-rameter tuning based on the pairwise approach to ranking (Herbrich et al., 1999). Unlike the popular MERT algorithm (Och, 2003), our pairwise ranking optimization (PRO) method is not limited to a handful of parameters and can easily handle systems with thousands of features. Moreover, unlike recent approaches built upon the MIRA algorithm of Crammer and Singer (2003) (Watanabe et al., 2007; Chi-ang et al., 2008b), PRO is easy to imple-ment. It uses off-the-shelf linear binary classi-fier software and can be built on top of an ex-isting MERT framework in a matter of hours. We establish PRO’s scalability and effective-ness by comparing it to MERT and MIRA and demonstrate parity on both phrase-based and syntax-based systems in a variety of language pairs, using large scale data scenarios. 1
Parathyroid hormone-related protein maintains mammary epithelial fate and triggers nipple skin differentiation during embryonic breast development (2001)

Prior reports have demonstrated that both parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and the type I PTH/PTHrP receptor are necessary for the proper development of the embryonic mammary gland in mice. Using a combination of loss-of-function and gain-of-function models, we now report that PTHrP regulates a series of cell fate decisions that are central to the survival and morphogenesis of the mammary epithelium and the formation of the nipple. PTHrP is made in the epithelial cells of the mammary bud and, during embryonic mammary development, it interacts with the surrounding mesenchymal cells to induce the formation of the dense mammary mesenchyme. In response, these mammary-specific mesenchymal cells support the maintenance of mammary epithelial cell fate, trigger epithelial morphogenesis and induce the overlying epidermis to form the nipple. In the absence of PTHrP signaling, the mammary epithelial cells revert to an epidermal fate, no mammary ducts are formed and the nipple does not form. In the presence of diffuse epidermal PTHrP signaling, the ventral dermis is transformed into mammary mesenchyme and the entire ventral epidermis becomes nipple skin. These alterations in cell fate require that PTHrP be expressed during development and they require the presence of the PTH/PTHrP receptor. Finally, PTHrP signaling regulates the epidermal and mesenchymal expression of LEF1 and (&bgr;)-catenin, suggesting that these changes in cell fate involve an interaction between the PTHrP and Wnt signaling pathways.
Practical, Large-Scale Synthesis of 2,2-Dimethyl-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-benzo-1,4-dioxin (1994)

Abstract Modification of a known procedure employing the interaction of thionyl chloride, acetone, and 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid was found, to provide the title compound in multikilogram quantities of acceptable yield and purity.
Increased Levels of FoxA1 Transcription Factor in Pluripotent P19 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells Stimulate Neural Differentiation (2009)

Transcription factor FoxA1 plays a critical role during embryonic development and is activated during retinoic acid (RA)-induced neural differentiation of pluripotent P19 embryonal carcinoma cells at the early stage, which is marked by decreased expression of Nanog and increased expression of neural stem cell marker Nestin. To further understand how FoxA1 mediates neural differentiation, we have overexpressed FoxA1 through an adenovirus vector in P19 cells and identified that early neurogenesis-related sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene is activated directly by FoxA1. Knockdown of FoxA1 expression during P19 cell neural differentiation results in prevention of Shh and Nestin induction. FoxA1 binds to Shh promoter at -486 to -462 bp region and activates the promoter in cotransfection assays. Furthermore, overexpression of FoxA1 alone in P19 cells stimulates expression of Nestin and results in decreased protein levels of Nanog. During RA-induced P19 cell differentiation, elevated levels of FoxA1 increase the population of neurons, evidenced by stimulated expression of neuron-specific Neurofilament-1 and Tubulin betaIII. Together, our results suggest a critical involvement of FoxA1 in stimulating neural differentiation of pluripotent stem cells at early stages.
Excretion of the penicillinase of an alkalophilic Bacillus sp. through the Escherichia coli outer membrane is caused by insertional activation of the kil gene in plasmid pMB9 (1986)

Most of the cloned penicillinase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain 170 and alkaline phosphatase were released into the culture medium by Escherichia coli strains bearing plasmid pEAP1 or pEAP2 (T. Kudo, C. Kato, and K. Horikoshi, J. Bacteriol. 156:949-951, 1983). We analyzed the basis for excretion of periplasmic enzymes in the cells bearing these plasmids. Several experiments such as subcloning, insertion of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase cartridge, and DNA sequencing were done. A dormant kil gene in plasmid pMB9 was expressed by a promoter of the inserted DNA fragment of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain 170, and as a result, the outer membrane of E. coli became permeable, allowing the proteins to be excreted without cell lysis.