gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atomic Layer Deposition of Amorphous Niobium Carbide-Based Thin Film Superconductors (2011)

Niobium carbide thin films were synthesized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using trimethylaluminum (TMA), NbF5, and NbCl5 precursors. In situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements performed at 200 and 290 °C revealed controlled, linear deposition with a high growth rate of 5.7 and 4.5 Å/cycle, respectively. The chemical composition, growth rate, structure, and electronic properties of the films were studied over the deposition temperature range 125–350 °C. Varying amounts of impurities, including amorphous carbon (a-C), AlF3, NbFx, and NbClx, were found in all samples. A strong growth temperature dependence of film composition, growth rate, and room temperature DC resistivity was observed. Increasing film density, decreasing total impurity concentration, and decreasing resistivity were observed as a function of increasing deposition temperature for films grown with either NbF5 or NbCl5. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry measurements down to 1.2 K revealed a superconducting transition at Tc = 1.8 K in a 75 nm thick film grown at 350 °C with TMA and NbF5. The superconducting critical temperature could be increased up to 3.8 K with additional use of NH3 during ALD film growth.
Breast Cancer Targeting Peptide Binds Keratin 1: A New Molecular Marker for Targeted Drug Delivery to Breast Cancer (2017)

The biomarkers or receptors expressed on cancer cells and the targeting ligands with high binding affinity for biomarkers play a key role in early detection and treatment of breast cancer. The breast cancer targeting peptide p160 (12-mer) and its enzymatically stable analogue 18-4 (10-mer) showed marked potential for breast cancer drug delivery using cell studies and animal models. Herein, we used affinity purification, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and proteomics to identify keratin 1 (KRT1) as the target receptor highly expressed on breast cancer cells for p160 peptide(s). Western blot and immunocytochemistry in MCF-7 breast cancer cells confirmed the identity of KRT1. We demonstrate that the p160 or 18-4 binding to MCF-7 breast cancer cells is dependent on the expression of KRT1, and we confirm peptide-KRT1 binding specificity using SPR experiments (K<sub>d</sub> ∼ 1.1 μM and 0.98 μM for p160 and 18-4, respectively). Furthermore, we assessed the ability of peptide 18-4 to improve the cellular uptake and anticancer activity of a pro-apoptotic antimicrobial peptide, microcin J25 (MccJ25), in breast cancer cells. A covalent conjugate of peptide 18-4 with MccJ25 showed preferential cytotoxicity toward breast cancer cells with minimal cytotoxicity against normal HUVEC cells. The conjugate inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-435 MDR multidrug-resistant cells with an IC<sub>50</sub> comparable to that of nonresistant cells. Conjugation improved selective cellular uptake of MccJ25, and the conjugate triggered cancer cell death by apoptosis. Our findings establish KRT1 as a new marker for breast cancer targeting. Additionally, it pinpoints the potential use of antimicrobial lasso peptides as a novel class of anticancer therapeutics.
Differential expression of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase and its correlation with gelatinase A activation in human malignant brain tumors in vivo and in vitro. (1996)

In this study, we investigated the expression of activated gelatinase A and membrane-type metalloproteinase (MT-MMP) induced by concanavalin A (ConA) in four highly invasive glioma cell lines (UWR2, UWR3, U251MG, and SNB-19). We also examined gelatinase A and MT-MMP expression in human brain tumor tissues in vivo. Gelatin zymography showed that all four cell lines expressed latent progelatinase A (M(r) 66,000). Activated gelatinase A (M(r) 62,000) was induced by ConA in only UWR2 or UWR3 cells. MT-MMP mRNA was present in all four cell lines prior to ConA treatment, and the relative hybridization signals were 1, 0.80, 0.25, and 0.15 in UWR2, UWR3, U251MG, and SNB-19 cells, respectively. These mRNA signals were dramatically increased (2,8-, 5.4-, and 2.2-fold in UWR2, UWR3, and U251MG cells, respectively) following ConA treatment; however, MT-MMP mRNA expression was unchanged in SNB-19 cells. MT-MMP protein was detected in various amounts in the four cell lines, but only after ConA pretreatment. The amount of MT-MMP mRNA was unchanged in SNB-19 after ConA treatment, and the MT-MMP mRNA level in ConA-treated U251MG was lower than in UWR2 and UWR3 without ConA treatment. MT-MMP protein was detected in SNB-19 and U251 cell lines only after ConA treatment. Gelatin zymography of human brain tumor tissues revealed that almost all samples examined contained a latent form of gelatinase A, whereas the activated form of gelatinase A was only seen in metastatic lung adenocarcinomas and malignant astrocytomas, and especially in glioblastomas. MT-MMP mRNA levels were significantly higher in malignant astrocytomas than in low-grade gliomas and normal brain tissues. These results were confirmed by PCR analysis, which showed that MT-MMP mRNA was absent or barely detectable in normal brain white matter but was easily detectable in malignant astrocytomas. Immunohistochemistry of MT-MMP in frozen sections showed that MT-MMP was localized in neoplastic astrocytes of malignant astrocytomas but was undetectable in normal white brain matter. The data indicate that MT-MMP is present in malignant human glial tumors and that MT-MMP expression correlates with expression and activation of gelatinase A during malignant progression in vivo. A direct correlation between the levels of MT-MMP protein and its transcripts was not found in vitro, suggesting that MT-MMP expression in glioma cell lines might be regulated either at the level of transcription message stability or at posttranscription. Altered MT-MMP expression might contribute, in part, to gelatinase A activation, which in turn facilitates invasion of these tumors.
A deterministic approach to stochastic computation (2016)

Stochastic logic performs computation on data represented by random bit streams. The representation allows complex arithmetic to be performed with very simple logic, but it suffers from high latency and poor precision. Furthermore, the results are always somewhat inaccurate due to random fluctuations. The random or pseudorandom sources required to generate the representation are costly, consuming a majority of the circuit area (and diminishing the overall gains in area). In this paper, we show that randomness is not a requirement for this computational paradigm. If properly structured, the same arithmetical constructs can operate on deterministic bit streams, with the data represented uniformly by the fraction of 1's versus 0's. This paper presents three approaches for the computation: relatively prime stream lengths, rotation, and clock division. The three methods are evaluated on a collection of arithmetical functions. Unlike stochastic methods, all three of our deterministic methods produce completely accurate results. The cost of generating the deterministic streams is a small fraction of the cost of generating streams from random/pseudorandom sources. Most importantly, the latency is reduced by a factor of 1/2<sup>n</sup>, where n is the equivalent number of bits of precision.
Evaluation of Position Sensing Techniques for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (2006)

The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has rapidly increased over the last years. This has been possible mainly due to the increased computing power of microcontrollers and computers. An UAV can be used in both civilian and military areas, for example surveillance and intelligence. The UAV concerned in this master's thesis is a prototype and is currently being developed at DST Control AB in Linköping. With the use of UAVs, the need for a positioning and navigation system arises. Inertial sensors can often give a good position estimation, however, they need continuous calibration due to error build-up and drift in gyros. An external reference is needed to correct for this drift and other errors. The positioning system investigated in this master's thesis is supposed to work in an area defined by an inverted cone with the height of 25m and a diameter of 10m. A comparison of different techniques suitable for position sensing has been performed. These techniques include the following: a radio method based on the Instrument Landing System (ILS), an optical method using a Position Sensing Detector (PSD), an optical method using the Indoor GPS system, a distance measurement method with ultrasound and also a discussion of the Global Positioning System (GPS). An evaluation system has been built using the PSD sensor and tests have been performed to evaluate its possibilities for positioning. Accuracy in the order of a few millimetres has been achieved in position estimation with the evaluation system.
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity on Sensitive and Doxorubicin-Resistant Cell Lines of New Pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepines Related to Anthramycin (2001)

A new 7,8-methylenedioxy analogue (4) of (+)-porothramycin B (2) and its water-soluble sodium bisulfite derivative (15) have been synthesized in high yields and have been shown to exhibit high cytotoxic activities against several tumor cell lines. The new pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine 4 was as effective against the resistant cell lines as against the doxorubicin-sensitive cell lines tested.
德黑兰——雅尔塔——波茨坦:关于苏联参加对日作战的问题 (1995)

太平洋战争爆发后,苏联参加对日作战成为美英盟国之所望。经过德黑兰——雅尔塔——波茨坦,在权衡得失,讨取条件后,斯大林宣布苏对日开战。苏联对日作战加速了战争的结束,使更多的生灵免遭战争涂炭。然而令人遗憾和深思的是,美英大国允诺出让给苏联的不仅是战败后日本的利益,还不惜搭上了作为盟国一方——中国的主权利益。历史学博士、俄罗斯自然科学院院士、俄联邦国防军军史研究所副所长B·济莫宁发表的文章对这一问题有所披露。
Hemagglutinin sequence clusters and the antigenic evolution of influenza A virus (2002)

Continual mutations to the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza A virus generate novel antigenic strains that cause annual epidemics. Using a database of 560 viral RNA sequences, we study the structure and tempo of HA evolution over the past two decades. We detect a critical length scale, in amino acid space, at which HA sequences aggregate into clusters, or swarms. We investigate the spatio-temporal distribution of viral swarms and compare it to the time series of the influenza vaccines recommended by the World Health Organization. We introduce a method for predicting future dominant HA amino acid sequences and discuss its potential relevance to vaccine choice. We also investigate the relationship between cluster structure and the primary antibody-combining regions of the HA protein.
Novel SLM Scheme with Low-Complexity for PAPR Reduction in OFDM System (2008)

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is an attractive transmission technique for high-bit-rate communication systems. One major drawback of OFDM is the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signal. This study introduces a low-complexity selected mapping (SLM) OFDM scheme based on discrete Fourier transform (DFT) constellation-shaping. The DFT-based constellation-shaping algorithm applied with conventional SLM scheme usually requires a bank of DFT-shaping matrices to generate low-correlation constellation sequences and a bank of inverse fast Fourier transforms (IFFTs) to generate a set of candidate transmission signals, and this process usually results in high computational complexity. Therefore, a sparse matrix algorithm with low-complexity is proposed to replace the IFFT blocks and the DFT-shaping blocks in the proposed DFT constellation-shaping SLM scheme. By using the proposed sparse matrix, the candidate transmission signal with the lowest PAPR can be achieved with lower complexity than that of the conventional SLM scheme. The complexity analysis of the proposed algorithm shows great an improvement in the reduction of the number of multiplications. Moreover, this new low-complexity technique offers a PAPR that is significantly lower than that of the conventional SLM without any loss in terms of energy and spectral efficiency.
The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS): A Simple Method for the Assessment of Palliative Care Patients (1991)

We describe a simple method for the assessment of symptoms twice a day in patients admitted to a palliative care unit. Eight visual analog scales (VAS) 0-100 mm are completed either by the patient alone, by the patient with nurse's assistance, or by the nurses or relatives at 10:00 and 18:00 hours, in order to indicate the levels of pain, activity, nausea, depression, anxiety, drowsiness, appetite, and sensation of well-being. The information is then transferred to a graph that contains the assessments of up to 21 days on each page. The sum of the scores for all symptoms is defined as the symptom distress score. The Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) was carried out for 101 consecutive patients for the length of their admission to our unit. Of these, 84% were able to make their own assessment sometime during their admission. However, before death 83% of assessments were completed by a nurse or relative. Mean symptom distress score was 410 +/- 95 during day 1 of the admission, versus 362 +/- 83 during day 5 (p less than 0.01). Mean symptom distress scores throughout the hospitalization were 359 +/- 105, 374 +/- 93, 359 +/- 91 and 406 +/- 81 when the ESAS was completed by the patient alone, patient with nurse's assistance (p = N.S.), nurse alone (p = N.S.), or relative (p less than 0.01) respectively. We conclude that this is a simple and useful method for the regular assessment of symptom distress in the palliative care setting.
Inhibitory effects of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin on rat hepatocyte proliferation induced by 2/3 partial hepatectomy (1995)

To better understand the mode of action of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced alterations in hepatic cell proliferation and the potential link to tumour-promoting activity, we investigated the effects of TCDD on the expression of certain key genes involved in liver cell growth and the effects of TCDD on induced hepatocyte cell proliferation. Gene expression analysis was conducted, by Northern blot hybridization, using RNA isolated from female Sprague-Dawley rat livers collected at various times during a 14-day dosing period with TCDD known to produce alterations in cell proliferation. No major changes were observed in the expression of the transforming growth factors TGF-alpha and TGF-beta or in oncogenes ras, src and myc. However, the expression of the transcription factors C/EBP, HNF-1 alpha and HNF-4 decreased after 14 days of TCDD treatment. To investigate how TCDD affects hepatic growth, cell proliferation analysis was conducted in rats stimulated to undergo hepatocyte proliferation following either 2/3 partial hepatectomy or lead nitrate treatment. Cell proliferation was quantified by means of immunocytochemical detection of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA). Fourteen days of pretreatment with TCDD caused an overall inhibition of hepatocytes in the growth fraction (G1, S, G2 and M) from 61 +/- 3% in the control-partial hepatectomy group to 41 +/- 3% in the TCDD-partial hepatectomy group. A periportal pattern of cell proliferation was observed in the TCDD-partial hepatectomy group as compared to the panlobular pattern of cell proliferation in the control-partial hepatectomy group. TCDD pretreatment also produced an inhibition of cell proliferation induced by the liver mitogen lead nitrate. TCDD-induced inhibition of hepatocyte proliferation could play a role in TCDD tumour promotion and hepatocarcinogenesis through the creation of a environment whereby preneoplastic cells continue to expand while normal hepatocyte proliferation is inhibited.
Granzyme B-induced apoptosis in cancer cells and its regulation (Review) (2010)

The granzyme B-induced cell death has been traditionally viewed as a primary mechanism that is used by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells to eliminate harmful target cells including allogeneic, virally infected and tumour cells. Granzyme B (GrB) is the most abundant serine protease which is stored in secretory granules of CTLs and NK cells. After recognition of the target cell, the engaged CTLs and NK cells vectorially secrete GrB along with other granule proteins including perforin into the immunological synapse. From this submicroscopic intercellular cleft GrB translocates into the cytoplasm of the target cell. Although several models have been proposed to explain the GrB delivery mechanism, conclusive understanding of this process remains still elusive. Once in the cytoplasm, GrB cleaves and activates, or inactivates, multiple protein substrates, resulting eventually into apoptotic demise of the target cell. This review is focused on the gene structure and expression of GrB, its biosynthesis and activation, delivery mechanisms into the target cell cytoplasm, direct proteolytic involvement in activation of several pro-apoptotic pathways, and on regulation of its activity in cancer cells. Moreover, emphasis is given to the GrB-mediated anticancer effects and future clinical applications of the GrB-based and tumour-targeted recombinant fusion constructs.
[Analgesic effect and side-effects of buprenorphine in acute coronary heart disease. A randomized double-blind comparison with morphine]. (1988)

The analgetic effect and the side effects of buprenorphine (Temgesic) and morphine were compared in a double blind randomised study in 76 patients with suspected acute coronary heart disease. In 68 patients the acute coronary heart disease could be proven, in 61 patients the protocols could be entirely analysed. In 7 of 30 patients on buprenorphine and in 10 of 31 on morphine the analgetic effect was not sufficient (n.s.). The observed side effects were hypotension, bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, reduction in respiratory rate and sedation. There were no significant differences in the rate of these side effects in the two groups. The average reduction in respiratory rate was more prominent in the buprenorphine group (-8 vs. -3/min. p less than 0.001) but we found no significant difference in both groups in the number of patient with a respiratory rate less than 12/min. We conclude that buprenorphine is safe for use in the pain therapy of patients with acute coronary heart disease and has a similar analgetic effect and profile of side effects as morphine. It can be used as an alternative to morphine in acute coronary heart disease.
Mimicry of Annonaceous Acetogenins:  Enantioselective Synthesis of a (4R)-Hydroxy Analogue Having Potent Antitumor Activity (2002)

The (4R)-hydroxylated analogues of annonaceous acetogenin mimicking compound 2 were designed and synthesized structurally on the basis of the naturally occurring annonaceous acetogenin bullatacin, which was discovered as a typical member of the novel family of polyketides with potent cytotoxicity, antitumoral, and other biological activities. The preliminary screenings show that the IC(50) values of 2 were 1.6 x 10(-3) and 8 x 10(-2) microg/mL against HT-29 and HCT-8, respectively. A remarkable enhancement effect was observed by the activity comparison of 1c and its (4R)-hydroxylated analogue 2.
Size-Selective Microcavity Array for Rapid and Efficient Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells (2010)

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells circulating in the peripheral blood of patients with metastatic cancer. Detection of CTCs has clinical significance in cancer therapy because it would enable earlier diagnosis of metastasis. In this research, a microfluidic device equipped with a size-selective microcavity array for highly efficient and rapid detection of tumor cells from whole blood was developed. The microcavity array can specifically separate tumor cells from whole blood on the basis of differences in the size and deformability between tumor and hematologic cells. Furthermore, the cells recovered on the microcavity array were continuously processed for image-based immunophenotypic analysis using a fluorescence microscope. Our device successfully detected approximately 97% of lung carcinoma NCI-H358 cells in 1 mL whole blood spiked with 10-100 NCI-H358 cells. In addition, breast, gastric, and colon tumor cells lines that include EpCAM-negative tumor cells, which cannot be isolated by conventional immunomagnetic separation, were successfully recovered on the microcavity array with high efficiency (more than 80%). On an average, approximately 98% of recovered cells were viable. Our microfluidic device has high potential as a tool for the rapid detection of CTCs and can be used to study CTCs in detail.
Mammographic screening and mortality from breast cancer: the Malmö mammographic screening trial. (1988)

Invitation to mammographic screening may lead to reduced mortality from breast cancer, at least in women aged 55 or over.
Evidence-based data on pain relief with antidepressants (2000)

This structured review addresses the issue of whether antidepressants have an antinociceptive (analgesic) effect for chronic pain independent of their antidepressant effect. In order to answer this question, human acute pain studies, individual placebo-controlled studies for the treatment of specific chronic pain syndromes, and metaanalytic studies were reviewed and placed into table format. Analysis of this evidence led to the following conclusions: The evidence was consistent in indicating that overall antidepressants may have an antinociceptive effect in chronic pain, and that these drugs were effective for neuropathic pain. There was also some evidence that these drugs could be effective for psychogenic or somatoform disorder-associated pain. This evidence also strongly suggested that serotonergic-noradrenergic antidepressants may have a more consistent antinociceptive effect than the serotonergic antidepressants. Finally, this evidence indicated that antidepressants could be effective for pain associated with some specific pain syndromes, such as chronic low back pain, osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, fibrositis or fibromyalgia, and ulcer healing. Possible reasons for the conflicting results of studies in this area are presented, and problems that could limit the validity of the conclusions of this review are discussed.
Synthesis and secretion of thrombospondin by cultured human endothelial cells. (1982)

Thrombospondin, the major glycoprotein released from alpha-granules of thrombin-stimulated platelets, is a disulfide-bonded trimer of 160 kilodalton subunits and apparently functions as a platelet lectin. Because cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells synthesize and secrete a glycoprotein (GP-160) which is a disulfide-bonded multimer of 160 kdalton subunits, the possibility that GP-160 is thrombospondin was investigated. Tritiated GP-160 could be immunoisolated from [3H]leucine-labeled endothelial cell postculture medium using a rabbit antiserum to human platelet thrombospondin. Thrombospondin and GP-160 comigrated in two different two-dimensional electrophoretic systems. Both proteins are disulfide-bonded trimers of acidic 160-kdalton subunits. A competitive radioimmunoassay for binding of 125I-thrombospondin to the rabbit antibodies indicated that 49 micrograms of thrombospondin antigen per 10(6) confluent endothelial cells accumulated in postculture medium over 24 h. Thus, endothelial cells secrete large amounts of a glycoprotein that is identical or very similar to platelet thrombospondin.
Recanalization after coil embolotherapy of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: study of long-term outcome and mechanism for recanalization. (1998)

We found a high incidence (57%; 8/14) of recanalization in PAVMs embolized with steel coils. Contrast-enhanced CT is useful for detection of recanalized PAVMs. Half of the recanalized PAVMs were fed by bronchial artery branches. Thus, coil embolization should be performed as close as possible to the PAVM to avoid future development of bronchial artery-to-pulmonary artery anastomoses that may cause recanalization.