gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and evaluation of omnidirectional one-dimensional photonic crystals (2003)

We have theoretically and experimentally studied a wide range of realistic fabrication parameters for the formation of omnidirectional photonic band gaps (PBGs) in one-dimensional photonic crystals (1D PCs). Photonic band structures in 1D PCs have been analyzed for the cases with and without a defect layer. It is shown that a defect state in the defect-mode PBG behaves like an electronic impurity level in the gap with a change in thickness (i.e., optical path) of the defect layer. Three types of 1D PC structures (Te/polystyrene, Si/SiO2, and ZnS/SiO2), which are designed for applications in the infrared region (especially for the wavelength of 1.55 μm) and in the visible region, are proposed and demonstrated their high reflectance (R) properties experimentally. For example, a six-pair Si/SiO2 1D PC fabricated with a structure parameter (period=388.5 nm, filling factor=0.406) exhibits a wide range omni-PBGs in the wavelength range of 1310–1742 nm. The measured R spectra are in very good agreement with calculated results. In particular, the R spectra of a ZnS/SiO2 1D PC in the wavelength range of 190–800 nm are almost the same as those calculated using complex refractive indices. We also propose conditions to obtain omni-PBGs and band structures for a high refractive-index ambient medium (n).
Utility of B-type natriuretic peptide for the evaluation of intensive care unit shock* (2004)

B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations are frequently elevated among critically ill patients in the intensive care unit and cannot be used as a surrogate for pulmonary artery catheterization. B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations in intensive care unit shock may provide powerful information for use in mortality prediction.
Frequency of glucocorticoid resistance and dependency in Crohn's disease. (1994)

The outcome of the first steroid treatment course was prospectively studied in a regional cohort of 196 patients with Crohn's disease diagnosed 1979-1987. The immediate outcome after 30 days, and the prolonged outcome 30 days after treatment had stopped, are described. In all 109 patients treatment was analysed. Complete remission was obtained in 48%, partial remission in 32%, and no response in 20% within 30 days of treatment. Among primary responders (complete and partial remission), 55% remained in prolonged response after treatment had finished, while 45% relapsed or could not be withdrawn from treatment within one year. Localisation of disease, age, sex or clinical symptoms did not significantly correlate with outcome, which can be summarised as prolonged steroid response in 44%, steroid dependency in 36%, and steroid resistant in 20% of the patients.
Libya -- the Making of Modern Libya: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance, 1830-1932 by Ali Abdullatif Ahmida (1995)

The Making of Modern Libya: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance, 1830-1932, by Ali Abdullatif Ahmida. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994. xv + 144 pages. Appends. to p. 151. Notes to p. 188. Gloss. to p. 193. Refs. to p. 217. Index to p. 222. $49.50 cloth; $16.95 paper. In the introduction to this valuable study, Ali Abdullatif Ahmida rightly states that the study of modern North Africa in general, and Libya in particular, has been dominated by scholars mostly interested in French and Italian colonial studies, British social anthropology, and, to a lesser degree, what he terms the modernization school of the United States. One result of this generally Eurocentric focus is that the rich human history of resistance and struggle for survival in Libya has tended to be lost. This is especially true of the social and political history of Libya in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a period of intense change initiated by the expansion into the countryside of colonial powers, first Ottoman and then European. In an effort to broaden the focus of modern Libyan studies, the author follows the lead of other contemporary scholars of North Africa, like Colette Establet, in reexamining Libyan colonial society and history from the viewpoint of the colonized. Beginning with the year 1830, Ahmida explores the nature of the state and political economy of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, and the Fezzan, with an emphasis on the impact of Ottoman state centralization, the decline of the Saharan trade, and the penetration of European financial capital. His examination of the political economy of Cyrenaica challenges the image of pre-Sanusi Cyrenaican tribal structure as primitive, feuding, and anarchic. On the contrary, he suggests, Cyrenaica possessed an elaborate, well-organized tribal structure. And it was this structure that facilitated the spread of the Sanusi order among the tribes of the region. The ensuing discussion of the Libyan reaction to Italian colonialism is noteworthy, most especially the author's attempt to differentiate collaborators by social class and socioeconomic background. Drawing on sources of Libyan oral history, Ahmida suggests that many collaborators were chiefs and notables without firm religious or nationalist goals, who cooperated with the Italians largely to protect tribal or economic interests. At the same time, he rightly emphasizes that collaboration was often a very complex process with many different nuances in different parts of the country. Islam and nationalism, for example, were interpreted differently according to the socioeconomic interests of the urban classes and tribes in various parts of the country. Such diverse backgrounds were integral to factionalism in Tripolitania, which was not simply the product of personal rivalries, as some historians have argued, but instead resulted from a variety of socioeconomic forces. In contrast, the cohesion of the Cyrenaican tribes was the product of many decades of education and mobilization by the Sanusi leadership. …
Analysis and sorting of live cells according to secreted molecules, relocated to a cell-surface affinity matrix. (1995)

We have developed a technology for analysis and sorting of live cells according to secreted molecules. An artificial affinity matrix, specific for the secreted product of interest, is created on the cell surface, and the cells are allowed to secrete for a defined time period. The secreted molecules bind to the affinity matrix on the secreting cell and are subsequently labeled with specific fluorescent or magnetic staining reagents for cytometric analysis and cell sorting. Crossfeeding of the secreted products to other cells is prevented by decreasing the permeability of the incubation medium. This approach will have a wide range of applications in biotechnology and biomedical research. Here, we describe analysis and sorting of hybridoma cells, according to secreted antibodies, and of activated T lymphocytes, according to secreted cytokines.
<title>Micromirror device with tilt and piston motions</title> (1999)

A newly developed micromirror device that possesses two rotational and one displacement degrees of freedom has been designed and fabricated by using surface micromachining technology. The device consists of a micromirror, four vertical thermal-actuator arrays and four torsion bars that connect the mirror and the actuator. The vertical thermal actuator has the capability to elevate from its origin position. To demonstrate the feasibility of the vertical thermal actuator, various layouts and sizes has been designed. The present device was fabricated through the Multi-User MEMS process. When the controlled signal is applied to any two adjacent thermal-actuator arrays of the device, the remaining two thermal actuator arrays and torsion bars will act as the supporting beams that allow the micromirror to experience rolling or pitching motion. On the other hand, by applying controlled signals to all four thermal-actuator arrays synchronously , the micromirror would elevate vertically. Note that different rolling or pitching angle of the micromirror can be archived by designing the locations of the torsion bars with vertical thermal actuators. Through the process, a compact, extremely light in weight, potentially low cost, and operating in very low voltage micromirror device with various applications can be obtained.
Two-faced Fcab prevents polymerization with VEGF and reveals thermodynamics and the 2.15 Å crystal structure of the complex (2017)

Fcabs (Fc domain with antigen-binding sites) are promising novel therapeutics. By engineering of the C-terminal loops of the CH3 domains, 2 antigen binding sites can be inserted in close proximity. To elucidate the binding mode(s) between homodimeric Fcabs and small homodimeric antigens, the interaction between the Fcabs 448 and CT6 (having the AB, CD and EF loops and the C-termini engineered) with homodimeric VEGF was investigated. The crystal structures of these Fcabs, which form polymers with the antigen VEGF in solution, were determined. However, construction of heterodimeric Fcabs (JanusFcabs: one chain Fc-wt, one chain VEGF-binding) results in formation of distinct JanusFcab-VEGF complexes (2:1), which allowed elucidation of the crystal structure of the JanusCT6-VEGF complex at 2.15 Å resolution. VEGF binding to Janus448 and JanusCT6 is shown to be entropically unfavorable, but enthalpically favorable. Structure-function relationships are discussed with respect to Fcab design and engineering strategies.
Pore-scale contact angle measurements at reservoir conditions using X-ray microtomography (2014)

Contact angle is a principal control of the flow of multiple fluid phases through porous media; however its measurement on other than flat surfaces remains a challenge. A new method is presented for the measurement of the contact angle between immiscible fluids at the pore scale at reservoir conditions (10 MPa and 50 °C) inside a quarry limestone through the use of X-ray microtomography. It is applied to a super-critical CO2–brine–carbonate system by resampling the micro-CT data onto planes orthogonal to the contact lines, allowing for vectors to be traced along the grain surface and the CO2–brine interface. A distribution of contact angles ranging from 35° to 55° is observed, indicating that the CO2–brine–carbonate system is weakly water-wet. This range of contact angles can be understood as the result of contact angle hysteresis and surface heterogeneity on a range of length scales. Surface heterogeneity is examined by comparison of micro-CT results with optical thin sections and SEM images.
XBP1 (2004)

When the protein folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is challenged, the unfolded protein response (UPR) maintains ER homeostasis by regulating protein synthesis and enhancing expression of resident ER proteins that facilitate protein maturation and degradation. Here, we report that enforced expression of XBP1(S), the active form of the XBP1 transcription factor generated by UPR-mediated splicing of XBP1 mRNA, is sufficient to induce synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, the primary phospholipid of the ER membrane. Cells overexpressing XBP1(S) exhibit elevated levels of membrane phospholipids, increased surface area and volume of rough ER, and enhanced activity of the cytidine diphosphocholine pathway of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. These data suggest that XBP1(S) links the mammalian UPR to phospholipid biosynthesis and ER biogenesis.
Amino acid residues of the kringle-4 and kringle-5 domains of human plasminogen that stabilize their interactions with omega-amino acid ligands. (1994)

Regions of the human plasminogen (Pg) cDNA containing its kringle 4 (K4) and K5 domains have been expressed in Escherichia coli, and binding constants of omega-amino acid ligands for recombinant (r)-[K4Pg] and r-[K5Pg] have been obtained. In each case, the results showed that of a series of aliphatic alpha, omega-amino acid analogues, 6-aminohexanoic acid showed maximal affinity for these modules, and all ligands interacted more strongly with r-[K4Pg] than with r-[K5Pg]. Site-directed mutagenesis investigations demonstrated that the major amino acid side chain contributors to ligand binding were similar for each of these kringles. Ligand binding was stabilized by charged groups at Asp56 of r-[K4Pg] and Asp57 of r-[K5Pg] as well as by Arg69 of both r-[K4Pg] and r-[K5Pg]. Some hydrophobic amino acids that contributed significantly to the binding strength of the ligands were identified. These were provided by homologous residues in each of the domains, viz. Trp60 and Trp70 of r-[K4Pg] and Trp62 and Tyr72 of r-[K5Pg]. Tyr74 of r-[K5Pg] also substantially contributed to its ligand binding energy.
CTLA-4 blockade decreases TGF-beta, IDO, and viral RNA expression in tissues of SIVmac251-infected macaques (2006)

Regulatory T (T(reg)) cells are a subset of CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells that constitutively express high levels of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and suppress T-cell activation and effector functions. T(reg) cells are increased in tissues of individuals infected with HIV-1 and macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV(mac251)). In HIV-1 infection, T(reg) cells could exert contrasting effects: they may limit viral replication by decreasing immune activation, or they may increase viral replication by suppressing virusspecific immune response. Thus, the outcome of blocking T(reg) function in HIV/SIV should be empirically tested. Here, we demonstrate that CD25(+) T cells inhibit virus-specific T-cell responses in cultured T cells from blood and lymph nodes of SIV-infected macaques. We investigated the impact of CTLA-4 blockade using the anti-CTLA-4 human antibody MDX-010 in SIV-infected macaques treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). CTLA-4 blockade decreased expression of the tryptophan-depleting enzyme IDO and the level of the suppressive cytokine transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in tissues. CTLA-4 blockade was associated with decreased viral RNA levels in lymph nodes and an increase in the effector function of both SIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Therefore, blunting T(reg) function in macaques infected with SIV did not have detrimental virologic effects and may provide a valuable approach to complement ART and therapeutic vaccination in the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Uniform Silver Nanowires Synthesis by Reducing AgNO3 with Ethylene Glycol in the Presence of Seeds and Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) (2002)

A solution-phase approach has been demonstrated for the large-scale synthesis of silver nanowires with diameters in the range of 30−40 nm, and lengths up to ∼50 μm. The first step of this process involved the formation of Pt (or Ag) nanoparticles by reducing PtCl2 (or AgNO3) with ethylene glycol (EG) heated to ∼160 °C. These Pt (or Ag) nanoparticles could serve as seeds for the heterogeneous nucleation and growth of silver (formed by reducing AgNO3 with EG) because of their close match in crystal structure and lattice constants. In the presence of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), the growth of silver could be directed into a highly anisotropic mode to form uniform nanowires with aspect ratios as high as ∼1000. UV−visible spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, XRD, and electron diffraction were used to characterize these silver nanowires, indicating the formation of a highly pure phase, as well as a uniform diameter and bicrystalline structure. Both morphology and aspect ratios of these silver nanostructures could be varied from nanoparticles and nanorods to long nanowires by adjusting the reaction conditions, including the ratio of PVP to silver nitrate, reaction temperature, and seeding conditions. Measurements of the transport properties at room temperature indicated that these silver nanowires were electrically continuous with a conductivity (∼0.8 × 105 S/cm) approaching that of bulk silver.
Inhibition of heat shock protein 90 prolongs survival of mice with BCR-ABL-T315I–induced leukemia and suppresses leukemic stem cells (2007)

Development of kinase domain mutations is a major drug-resistance mechanism for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in cancer therapy. A particularly challenging example is found in Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) where all available kinase inhibitors in clinic are ineffective against the BCR-ABL mutant, T315I. As an alternative approach to kinase inhibition, an orally administered heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor, IPI-504, was evaluated in a murine model of CML. Treatment with IPI-504 resulted in BCR-ABL protein degradation, decreased numbers of leukemia stem cells, and prolonged survival of leukemic mice bearing the T315I mutation. Hsp90 inhibition more potently suppressed T315I-expressing leukemia clones relative to the wild-type (WT) clones in mice. Combination treatment with IPI-504 and imatinib was more effective than either treatment alone in prolonging survival of mice simultaneously bearing both WT and T315I leukemic cells. These results provide a rationale for use of an Hsp90 inhibitor as a first-line treatment in CML by inhibiting leukemia stem cells and preventing the emergence of imatinib-resistant clones in patients. Rather than inhibiting kinase activity, elimination of mutant kinases provides a new therapeutic strategy for treating BCR-ABL-induced leukemia as well as other cancers resistant to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
In vitro maturation of fresh and frozen-thawed mouse round spermatids (2004)

Both initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis are hormonally regulated by follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) and testosterone. Co-culture systems also have important roles in the maintenance of spermatogenic cells. In this study, the effects of FSH and testosterone, co-culture system with Vero cells and co-culture supplemented with the hormones for maturation of frozen-thawed spermatids were determined. Testicular cells were suspended from the testis of National Medical Research Institute (NMRI) male mice and divided into two parts. The first aliquot of suspension was allocated for using as fresh and the rest was quickly cryopreserved. The frozen specimens were thawed and washed using Dulbecco modified Eagle's minimum essential medium (DMEM) medium. The fresh specimens were cultured in four groups: control (cultured on DMEM with 10% FBS), hormone (cultured on a medium supplemented with rFSH and testosterone), co-culture (cultured on Vero cells) and co-culture + hormone (cultured on Vero cells combined with rFSH and testosterone). The frozen-thawed specimens were cultured accordingly. The number of spermatids was recorded daily and the survival rates of each group were evaluated using Trypan blue test. The results showed that the number of the elongating spermatids was increased during the first day of the culture of fresh hormone, co-culture and co-culture + hormone groups. Viability rates of all kinds of the spermatid reduced during the 96 h of culturing. Our findings showed that the addition of hormone could support cell viability better than the co-culture. They also confirmed that the fresh round spermatid cells can progress into elongating and elongated spermatid only within the first 2 days of the culture in hormone, co-culture and co-culture + hormone groups. In the frozen-thawed specimens no extra significant increase in the number of cells was observed.
Tone Reproduction for Interactive Walkthroughs (2000)

When a rendering algorithm has created a pixel array of radiance values the task of producing an image is not yet completed. In fact, to visualize the result the radiance values still have to be mapped to luminances, which can be reproduced by the used display. This step is performed with the help of tone reproduction operators. These tools have mainly been applied to still images, but of course they are just as necessary for walkthrough applications, in which several images are created per second. In this paper we illuminate the physiological aspects of tone reproduction for interactive applications. It is shown how tone reproduction can also be introduced into interactive radiosity viewers, where the tone reproduction continuously adjusts to the current view of the user. The overall performance is decreased only moderately, still allowing walkthroughs of large scenes.
Beta 2-microglobulin-deficient mice are protected from hypergammaglobulinemia and have defective antibody responses because of increased IgG catabolism (1997)

The goal of this study was to determine whether class I proteins play an important role in the regulation of Ig and to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved. We analyzed the phenotype imposed by a null allele of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m). Serum Ig levels of several mouse strains showed a beta 2m dependence that was most evident in mice genetically predisposed to develop chronic systemic lupus erythematosus, was preferential to IgG isotypes, and was greatly exaggerated in aging mice that normally develop hypergammaglobulinemia. Beta 2m-deficient mice, regardless of genetic background, also displayed a substantial reduction of specific Ab in response to a prototypic T cell-dependent Ag and a prototypic T cell-independent 2 Ag. This reduction could be accounted for by a selective diminution of Abs of the IgG class. Therefore, class I proteins play a considerable role in the regulation of Ig. The beta 2m dependence could not be explained by class I-dependent immunoregulatory cells (CD8+ cells, NK1.1+ T cells, or conventional NK+ cells) or by the transfer of maternal IgG into the prenatal/neonatal mouse made possible by the beta 2m-dependent Fc receptor (FcRn). However, a beta 2m-dependent increase in the half-lives of IgG, presumably conferred by lifelong FcRn expression, was observed in all mice regardless of genetic background and age. We conclude that FcRn-mediated protection of IgG from catabolism is a generic mechanism that best explains the lifelong beta 2m dependence of Ig in both normal and pathologic situations.
Synthetic Vaccines of Tumor‐Associated Glycopeptide Antigens by Immune‐Compatible Thioether Linkage to Bovine Serum Albumin (2007)

Immunologically noninterfering thioether linkages between a carrier protein (bovine serum albumin) and synthetic tumor-associated glycopeptide antigens from MUC1 (as in A) are important prerequisites for the development of synthetic vaccines useful for active immunization. These thioether linkages are formed by photochemically induced addition of thiol to vinyl groups. None of the sensitive structural elements are affected.
Matching to gantries for medical synchrotrons (2002)

Treatment of tumours by hadron-therapy is greatly improved if the patient can be irradiated from different directions. This task is performed by a gantry, i.e. a section of beam line that can be rotated around the patient. The gantry optics have to be designed in such a way that the beam at the patient is independent of the rotation angle. The various matching techniques are briefly reviewed in the light of the current development in medical synchrotrons towards active scanning, which requires a small, high-precision beam spot at the patient. In particular, beam delivery systems with rotators are discussed.