gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of C1-C4 alkanes by ion mobility spectrometry (1991)

Flight instrumentation for the analyses of extraterrestrial environments must often perform under severely restricted conditions. Often, the detection and identification of a multitude of chemical species is required to fulfill the scientific objectives of the mission. It is therefore important that the analytical instrumentation have universal response. The gas chromatograph-ion mobility spectrometer (GC-IMS) has the potential to provide the sample separation, identification and sensitivity necessary for a successful analysis. However, the IMS has poor sensitivity for the C1-C4 alkanes. The abundance of these molecules at various extraterrestrial sites is often of great importance to exobiologists. This study focuses on optimizing IMS sample ionization mechanisms for the C1-C4 alkanes and other hydrocarbons of interest to exobiology.
Mast Cells Migrate from Blood to Brain (2000)

It is well established that mast cells (MCs) occur within the CNS of many species. Furthermore, their numbers can increase rapidly in adults in response to altered physiological conditions. In this study we found that early postpartum rats had significantly more mast cells in the thalamus than virgin controls. Evidence from semithin sections from these females suggested that mast cells were transiting across the medium-sized blood vessels. We hypothesized that the increases in mast cell number were caused by their migration into the neural parenchyma. To this end, we purified rat peritoneal mast cells, labeled them with the vital dyes PKH26 or CellTracker Green, and injected them into host animals. One hour after injection, dye-filled cells, containing either histamine or serotonin (mediators stored in mast cells), were located close to thalamic blood vessels. Injected cells represented approximately 2-20% of the total mast cell population in this brain region. Scanning confocal microscopy confirmed that the biogenic amine and the vital dye occurred in the same cell. To determine whether the donor mast cells were within the blood-brain barrier, we studied the localization of dye-marked donor cells and either Factor VIII, a component of endothelial basal laminae, or glial fibrillary acidic protein, the intermediate filament found in astrocytes. Serial section reconstructions of confocal images demonstrated that the mast cells were deep to the basal lamina, in nests of glial processes. This is the first demonstration that mast cells can rapidly penetrate brain blood vessels, and this may account for the rapid increases in mast cell populations after physiological manipulations.
Relating cell and tissue mechanics: Implications and applications (2008)

The Differential Adhesion Hypothesis (DAH) posits that differences in adhesion provide the driving force for morphogenetic processes. A manifestation of differential adhesion is tissue liquidity and a measure for it is tissue surface tension. In terms of this property, DAH correctly predicts global developmental tissue patterns. However, it provides little information on how these patterns arise from the movement and shape changes of cells. We provide strong qualitative and quantitative support for tissue liquidity both in true developmental context and in vitro assays. We follow the movement and characteristic shape changes of individual cells in the course of specific tissue rearrangements leading to liquid-like configurations. Finally, we relate the measurable tissue-liquid properties to molecular entities, whose direct determination under realistic three-dimensional culture conditions is not possible. Our findings confirm the usefulness of tissue liquidity and provide the scientific underpinning for a novel tissue engineering technology.
Isolation and Extraction of Circulating Tumor DNA from Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer (2008)

There is no consensus on the optimal protocol for isolation of circulating tumor DNA. We report our comparison of several extraction methods and variables that may affect yield, quality, and contamination of tumor DNA. DNA was extracted from the plasma and serum of five healthy volunteers by means of four different commercially available kits and DNA yield was quantified by real-time PCR. DNA was extracted using the optimum kit from the plasma and serum of an additional 10 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) to compare yield and DNA fragment size in plasma versus serum and in those with SCLC versus controls. Time to sample processing was also examined. We found that DNA yield was greatest using the QIAamp Viral Spin Kit. Delayed time to processing led to increased DNA concentrations in serum, but not plasma. The plasma DNA concentration in SCLC patients was significantly higher than in healthy volunteers (24.5 ng/mL versus 5.1 ng/mL, P= 0.002). In contrast, there was no significant difference in serum DNA concentrations between controls and patients that may be explained by the wide variability and range of DNA concentrations in serum. A significantly higher proportion of longer fragments (272 bp/60 bp) was observed in the plasma DNA extracted from patients with SCLC than in healthy controls (13% versus 8%, P= 0.04). There was absence of DNA fragments of 512 bp in healthy control plasma, but faint bands were observed in serum, which is thought to be due to cellular contamination. We conclude that plasma is a more reliable source of tumor DNA then serum and have optimized a robust procedure for plasma tumor DNA isolation that can be applied to translational research studies.
Oxidation of phenols by molecular oxygen catalysed by transition metal complexes. Comparison between the activity of various cobalt and manganese complexes and the role of peroxy intermediates (1984)

The oxidation reactions of hindered phenols by molecular oxygen catalysed by monomeric and polymeric cobalt–Schiff base complexes, cobalt and manganese porphyrins, and (pyridine)cobaloxime are described; the rate and selectivity of these reactions are very dependent on the catalyst and on the solvent.A new product has been isolated, 1,3,5-tri-t-butyl-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dienylperoxy(pyridine)co-baloxime, and was fully characterised by its elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods. The reactivity of peroxy compounds derived from 2,4,6-tri-t-butylphenol which are postulated as intermediates in the oxidation of this phenol has been studied. Thermal decomposition of 1,3,5-tri-t-butyl-4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dienyl(pyridine)cobaloxime indicates that the formation of this complex from the phenol, O2, and (pyridine)cobaloxime(II) is reversible and that it is converted into 2,6-di-t-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone only in the presence of a proton source. The corresponding hydroperoxide is probably an intermediate in this transformation as its decomposition in the presence of the cobalt(II) or manganese(III) complexes yields the same final products as the overall oxidations.
Organization of the beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase gene. Evidence for the transcriptional regulation of terminal glycosylation. (1990)

Little is currently known about the mechanisms by which the cellular glycosylation machinery is regulated to produce cell type-specific glycosylation sequences on glycoprotein and glycolipid sugar chains. Previously, we have shown that one enzyme involved in terminal glycosylation, beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase, is expressed in a tissue-specific fashion, with the highest enzyme activity as well as mRNA levels being found in the liver. In addition, the liver mRNA was found to be 4.3 kilobases (kb) in size as compared to a larger message of 4.7 kb in other tissues. To understand the cellular regulation of expression of this sialyltransferase, we have cloned the rat gene encoding the 4.3-kb liver mRNA and found that it spans 40 kb of genomic DNA and contains 6 exons. The gene was found to be very similar in size and exon organization to the murine beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase gene, even though this enzyme has no sequence homology to alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase. The promoter responsible for the production of the liver alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase mRNA is approximately 50-fold more active in a hepatoma cell line known to express this enzyme (HepG2) than in a cell line shown not to express this enzyme (Chinese hamster ovary) and contains consensus binding sites for the liver restricted transcription factors HNF-1 and DBP as well as the transcription factors AP-1 and AP-2. These observations are in accord with the restricted expression of the 4.3-kb mRNA, and provides evidence for the cellular regulation of glycosylation at the level of transcription.
Synthesis of cRNA probes from PCR-generated DNA. (1992)

We have compared RNA polymerase promoter activities in PCR-generated DNA fragments for use in the in vitro transcription of cRNA probes. Sense oligonucleotide primers, specific for the mouse acidic fibroblast growth factor gene, were synthesized with 5' extensions containing promoter sequences for the T7, T3 and SP6 RNA polymerase promoters. A common antisense primer was used with each of the promoter/aFGF primers to prepare PCR-generated DNA fragments (minigenes). In vitro transcription efficiency for each of these constructs was evaluated by incorporation of radioactivity into the cRNA products. We find that both the T7 and T3 promoters can direct the synthesis of cRNA probes of high specific activity from a PCR-generated DNA fragment, but that SP6 cannot. No detectable cRNA product was obtained using either T7 polymerase on the T3/minigene or T3 on the T7/minigene. Antisense cRNA probes, transcribed from minigene constructs were used for both Northern and in situ hybridization studies. A PCR-generated DNA fragment with RNA polymerase promoter sequences at each end provides a single template for synthesis in vitro of either sense or antisense cRNA probes.
Immobilization of Notch ligand, Delta-1, is required for induction of Notch signaling (2000)

Cell-cell interactions mediated by Notch and its ligands are known to effect many cell fate decisions in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, the mechanisms involved in ligand induced Notch activation are unknown. Recently it was shown that, in at least some cases, endocytosis of the extracellular domain of Notch and ligand by the signaling cell is required for signal induction in the receptive cell. These results imply that soluble ligands (ligand extracellular domains) although capable of binding Notch would be unlikely to activate it. To test the potential activity of soluble Notch ligands, we generated monomeric and dimeric forms of the Notch ligand Delta-1 by fusing the extracellular domain to either a series of myc epitopes (Delta-1(ext-myc)) or to the Fc portion of human IgG-1 (Delta-1(ext-IgG)), respectively. Notch activation, assayed by inhibition of differentiation in C2 myoblasts and by HES1 transactivation in U20S cells, occurred when either Delta-1(ext-myc) or Delta-1(ext-IgG) were first immobilized on the plastic surface. However, Notch was not activated by either monomeric or dimeric ligand in solution (non-immobilized). Furthermore, both non-immobilized Delta-1(ext-myc) and Delta-1(ext-IgG) blocked the effect of immobilized Delta. These results indicate that Delta-1 extracellular domain must be immobilized to induce Notch activation in C2 or U20S cells and that non-immobilized Delta-1 extracellular domain is inhibitory to Notch function. These results imply that ligand stabilization may be essential for Notch activation.
Treatment of Multiple Myeloma: ASCO and CCO Joint Clinical Practice Guideline (2019)

Evidence-based recommendations were developed for patients with multiple myeloma who are transplantation eligible and those who are ineligible and for patients with relapsed or refractory disease.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,4‐BIS(ARYLAMINO)‐6‐METHYLPYRIMIDINES AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS (1981)

Abstract Aus den Dichlorpyrimidinen (I) werden durch Umsetzung mit Arylaminen (II) die Bis‐(arylamino)‐ pyrimidine (III) hergestellt.
Direct transfer of antigen-specific cytolytic activity to noncytolytic cells upon fusion with liposomes derived from cytolytic T cell clones. (1984)

Murine cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) clones were solubilized in Nonidet P-40 detergent, and the matrix and membrane proteins separated from the nuclear constituents. These proteins, in combination with exogenous lipids and Sendai virus envelope proteins, were used to construct liposomes that were then fused with noncytolytic cloned T cell recipients. The resultant fusion products were found to be highly cytolytic and appeared to express the same specificity as the original donor clone. Further analysis showed that the liposomal transfer process was extremely efficient. Moreover, in addition to noncytolytic T cell clones, three transformed T cell lines and one B cell line were found to express specific cytolytic activity after fusion with appropriate liposomes. Inhibition experiments using monoclonal antibodies against target cell antigens, as well as analysis of the lytic reactivity pattern of the fusion products, confirmed the high degree of specificity conferred to the recipient cells. This study thus indicates that the two characteristics typically associated with CTL, namely antigen-specific recognition and cytolytic activity, can be solubilized from CTL and transferred to recipient cells that do not express these characteristics.
Resveratrol inhibits transforming growth factor-β–induced proliferation and differentiation of ex vivo human lung fibroblasts into myofibroblasts through ERK/Akt inhibition and PTEN restoration (2011)

The authors investigated the role of resveratrol (RV), a natural poliphenolic molecule with several biological activities, in transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced proliferation and differentiation of ex vivo human pulmonary fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. The effects of RV treatment were evaluated by analyzing TGF-β-induced α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and collagen production, as well as cell proliferation of both normal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lung fibroblasts. Results demonstrate that RV inhibits TGF-β-induced cell proliferation of both normal and pathological lung fibroblasts, attenuates α-SMA expression at both the mRNA and protein levels, and also inhibits intracellular collagen deposition. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms, the authors also investigated the effects of RV treatment on signaling pathways involved in TGF-β-induced fibrosis. The authors show that RV inhibited TGF-β-induced phosphorylation of both extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and the serine/threonine kinase, Akt. Moreover, RV treatment blocked the TGF-β-induced decrease in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression levels.
Vascular stenting in normal and atherosclerotic rabbits. Studies of the intravascular endoprosthesis of titanium-nickel-alloy. (1990)

Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty would be more effective if the rate of recurrent stenosis were reduced. To evaluate the prevention of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, intravascular endoprosthetic stents of titanium-nickel-alloy were implanted transluminally in seven normal and 21 atherosclerotic rabbits. In normal rabbits, a 3.5-mm diameter stent was implanted in the aorta and a 2.5-mm diameter stent in the right iliac artery, which were followed with serial angiograms from 6 weeks (n = 7) to 8 months (n = 4). There was a mean stenosis of 13.1% in the 2.5-mm and 13.6% in the 3.5-mm stent. There was no significant narrowing compared with the adjacent control segments of artery; histopathology showed a thin, fibrous neointima with smooth muscle cells. Each atherosclerotic rabbit was balloon dilated at two separate stenotic sites; each site was 2.0 cm in length. The aortic site (with 28.8 +/- 13.8% mean stenosis [+/- SD]) was dilated with a 3.5-mm balloon, and the iliac site (with 36.5 +/- 14.2% stenosis) was dilated with a 2.5-mm balloon. In each site, an intravascular stent of corresponding diameter and 7-mm length was implanted in one half of the dilated segment, assigned randomly, and the other half served as the angioplasty control. Angiographically observed restenosis rates and the corresponding histopathology were similar in the atherosclerotic segments that had angioplasty alone versus the atherosclerotic segments that had angioplasty plus stenting. The mean neointimal thickness in the aortas and iliac arteries, respectively, measured 247 +/- 181 microns (+/- SD) and 218 +/- 77 microns after 6 weeks (n = 8) versus 321 +/- 168 and 308 +/- 189 microns after 20 weeks (n = 5, p = NS). At 20 weeks follow-up, there was 29.1 +/- 29.8% (median, 16.4%) stenosis in the aortic stent versus 38.9 +/- 24.1% (median, 34.0%) stenosis in the percutaneous transluminal angioplasty control segment of aorta (n = 5, p = NS) and 81.4 +/- 25.5% stenosis in the iliac artery stent versus 89.3 +/- 15.3% stenosis in the PTA control segment of the right iliac artery (n = 5, p = NS). Comparing stenotic arterial segments treated with angioplasty alone with angioplasty plus intravascular stenting in the atherosclerotic rabbits showed that there was no significant difference in either the histopathologic changes or the restenosis rates.
The Potential for Gut Organoid Derived Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Replacement Therapy (2017)

Effective digestion requires propagation of food along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract. This process involves coordinated waves of peristalsis produced by enteric neural cell types, including different categories of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Impaired food transport along the gastrointestinal tract, either too fast or too slow, causes a range of gut motility disorders that affect millions of people worldwide. Notably, loss of ICC has been shown to affect gut motility. Patients that suffer from gut motility disorders regularly experience diarrhoea and/or constipation, insomnia, anxiety, attention lapses, irritability, dizziness, and headaches that greatly affect both physical and mental health. Limited treatment options are available for these patients, due to the scarcity of human gut tissue for research and transplantation. Recent advances in stem cell technology suggest that large amounts of rudimentary, yet functional, human gut tissue can be generated in vitro for research applications. Intriguingly, these stem cell-derived gut organoids appear to contain functional ICC, although their frequency and functional properties are yet to be fully characterised. By reviewing methods of gut organoid generation, together with what is known of the molecular and functional characteristics of ICC, this article highlights short- and long-term goals that need to be overcome in order to develop ICC-based therapies for gut motility disorders.
Judicial Courage and Judicial Independence (1996)

BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor that has been found to be involved DNA synthesis during cell replication. In a recent study, the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs799917, in BRCA1 was found to be associated with the development and progression of various types of tumor. In the present study, the association between rs799917 and susceptibility to lung cancer was evaluated in a Han Chinese population in the Liaoning Province of China. The BRCA1 rs799917 genotypes (C/C, C/T and T/T) were analyzed using TaqMan quantitative PCR in 682 patients with lung cancer and 694 healthy controls, and the results were analyzed using a Student's t-test, a χ<sup>2</sup> test and logistic regression analysis. Individuals carrying the C/T or T/T genotype had a lower risk of lung cancer compared with those carrying the C/C genotype [odds ratio (OR), 0.741; P=0.021; and OR, 0.610; P=0.011, respectively). The C/T + T/T genotype group had an even lower risk (OR, 0.709; P=0.005) compared with that in the C/C genotype group. In the stratified analyses of non-smokers, individuals with the C/T or T/T genotype had a lower risk of developing lung cancer compared with that in those carrying the C/C genotype (OR, 0.681; P=0.013; and OR, 0.569; P=0.021, respectively). The stratified analyses of the BRCA1 rs799917 polymorphism based on pathological type, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, showed that in the squamous cell carcinoma, non-chemotherapy and non-radiotherapy subgroups, individuals with the T/T genotype had a lower risk of lung cancer compared with that in those carrying the C/C genotype (OR, 0.454; P=0.007; OR, 0.485; P=0.002; and OR, 0.599; P=0.020, respectively). In conclusion, the T allele of the rs799917 SNP in BRCA1 was associated with a lower risk of lung cancer in the ethnic Han Chinese population in Liaoning Province and may represent a protective factor against lung cancer.
Left Ventricular Volume in Patients with Heart Failure and Cheyne-Stokes Respiration during Sleep (1997)

In patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), elevated, left ventricular (LV) volume might lead to pulmonary congestion and hypocapnia, which would create a predisposition to the development of Cheyne-Stokes respiration with central sleep apnea (CSR-CSA). In addition, because LV volume affects cardiac output, it should influence the lengths of hyperpneas. We therefore evaluated LV volumes and transcutaneous PCO2 (PtcCO2) during wakefulness and stage 2 sleep in 16 patients with CHF due to nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDC). Data were then compared between those with (n = 7) and those without CSR-CSA (n = 9). LV end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) was significantly higher in patients with than those without CSR-CSA (585 +/- 118 versus 312 +/- 41 ml, p < 0.05). Compared with patients without CSR-CSA, those with CSR-CSA had lower mean stage 2 sleep PtcCO2 (36.3 +/- 2.2 versus 41.2 +/- 1.2 mm Hg, p < 0.05) and a lesser change in PtcCO2 from wakefulness to stage 2 sleep (-0.4 +/- 0.3 versus 2.0 +/- 0.4 mm Hg, p < 0.001). Among patients with CSR-CSA, hyperpnea length was inversely related to LVEDV (R = 0.769, p = 0.043) owing to the direct relationship of cardiac output to LVEDV (R = 0.791, p = 0.034). We conclude that CSR-CSA in patients with CHF due to NIDC is associated with increased LV volumes possibly through the direct or indirect influence of LV volume on PaCO2 and cardiac output.
Docetaxel. (1995)

Multicenter and single-institution studies have demonstrated docetaxel's consistent significant activity in various cancers. Phase III and combination therapy trials are ongoing. Work is in progress to understand and prevent/resolve some of this drug's side effects.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & LIFE SCIENCES Study of plant diversity of Karnal District, Haryana, India (2013)

This paper presents the result of a study on the di versity of different plant species along with their vernacular names, habit and their occurrence found in Karnal district of Haryana in India. This study is first of its ki nd conducted in the district showing current status of the plant divers ity. In present study, a total of 277 plant species belonging to the 72 families have been recorded from this area. The st udy also acknowledge the ecological balance is bein g disturbed due to the very quickly rise in the human populatio n and their increased demand for more utilization o f natural resources. Therefore the proper knowledge of plant diversity could play important role in planning fo r conservation and sustainable use of available resources.