gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thalamic Relay Nuclei of the Basal Ganglia Form Both Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Cortical Connections, Linking Multiple Frontal Cortical Areas (2002)

Thalamic relay nuclei transmit basal ganglia output to the frontal cortex, forming the last link in corticobasal ganglia circuitry. The thalamus regulates cortical activity through differential laminar connections, providing not only feedback, but also initiating "feedforward" loops, via nonreciprocal projections, that influence higher cortical areas. This study examines the organization of thalamic connections with cortex from basal ganglia relay nuclei, including ventral anterior (VA), ventral lateral (VL), and mediodorsal (MD) nuclei, in the Macaque monkey. Anterograde and bidirectional tracer injections ([3H]-amino acids, dextran conjugates of Fluorescein, Lucifer Yellow or FluoroRuby, or wheat germ agglutinin) into discrete VA/VL, MD, and frontal cortical sites demonstrate specific thalamocortical connections. VL projections target caudal motor areas (primary, supplementary, and caudal premotor areas), whereas VA projections target more rostral premotor areas (including cingulate and presupplementary motor areas) and MD projects to dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortices. Thalamocortical projections innervate cortical layers I and III, and to a lesser extent, layer V. In motor areas layer I projections are more extensive than those to layer III (and V). The complex laminar organization of projections from specific thalamic sites suggests differential regulation of cortical function. Injections of bidirectional tracers into thalamic and frontal cortical sites also show that in comparison to thalamocortical projections, corticothalamic projections to VA-VL and MD are more widespread. These findings demonstrate both reciprocal and nonreciprocal components to the thalamo-cortico-thalamic relay. Together, these experiments indicate a dual role for VA-VL and MD nuclei: (1) to relay basal ganglia output within specific cortical circuits and (2) to mediate information flow between cortical circuits.
24.3: Active‐Matrix Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Display Implemented Using Metal‐Induced Unilaterally Crystallized Polycrystalline Silicon Thin‐Film Transistors (2001)

Abstract Video displays based on active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been designed and fabricated. The pixel switches are implemented using low‐temperature metal‐induced unilaterally crystallized polycrystalline silicon thin‐film transistors (TFTs). Issues relating to transistor optimization and OLED/TFT integration are addressed. Display defects are analyzed and remedies suggested.
Environmental management plan for Gatsibo eight sub project (2010)

The objective of the Land Husbandry Water Harvesting, and Hillside Irrigation (LWH) Project for Rwanda is to increase the commercialization and productivity of hillside agriculture targeted for development. Negative impacts include: loss of soil and vegetation (including loss of productive soils due to borrowing of earth), soil contamination due to disposal of spoil soils, spread of waste during drains repair, cropland degradation (due to soil erosion and reduction of soil fertility), siltation of water bodies, water quality, natural habitat destruction or degradation, loss of biodiversity, and soil salinity. Mitigation measures include: 1) institution of soil control measures during construction is necessary; 2) the irrigation canal that conveys water from the dam serves primarily areas just downstream of the dam; 3) in less than a 100m from the dam toe, branching valleys from the main dam valley contribute water for downstream users; 4) LWH should support the introduction of fish in the dam as a strategy for reducing the breeding of mosquitoes in order to contain malaria spread; 5) measurement of rainfall will be helpful for interpretation of pore measurement and seepage development in earth dam; and 6) LWH should fence the reservoir area, erect warning signs and employ a security guard to ensure that children do not access the dam reservoir for swimming.
Estimation of Systemic Complement C3 Activity in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2007)

The results of this study may be relevant to aiming new treatment strategies toward reducing systemic low-grade inflammation.
Engineering the Extracellular Matrix:  A Novel Approach to Polymeric Biomaterials. I. Control of the Physical Properties of Artificial Protein Matrices Designed to Support Adhesion of Vascular Endothelial Cells (2000)

Methods of genetic engineering were applied to the design and biosynthesis of three extracellular matrix protein analogues constructed from identical elastin- and fibronectin-derived repeating units but characterized by different molecular weights in the range of 14 000 to 59 000. Expression levels were enhanced by the serendipitous choice of an N-terminal fusion sequence such that gram-scale syntheses were achieved for each protein. Purification protocols were developed that resulted in proteins of high purity and correct sequence, as determined by amino acid analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Glutaraldehyde was shown to insolubilize the otherwise soluble proteins in a concentration-dependent manner. Tensile moduli of cross-linked protein films were measured and found to be inversely related to the molecular weights of the engineered proteins, which in each case corresponds to the theoretical molecular weight between cross-links. At the highest cross-link density (lowest molecular weight) the elastic modulus was similar to that of native elastin.
Detection and Typing of Human Papillomavirus in Archival Cervical Cancer Specimens by DNA Amplification With Consensus Primers (1990)

We developed a polymerase chain reaction DNA amplification system using two distinct consensus oligonucleotide primer sets for the improved detection and typing of a broad spectrum of human genital papillomavirus (HPV) sequences, including those of novel viruses. The system incorporates one primer set designed to amplify a highly conserved L1 domain and a second primer set designed to amplify a domain within the E6 gene. We used this system to analyze 48 fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections (41 specimens from 33 cervical carcinomas, four normal cervical tissues, and several control tissues) for the presence of HPV DNA. HPV sequences were detected in all carcinoma samples and none of the control samples. Hybridization analyses showed that the results obtained with the two amplification schemes concurred completely. This approach allowed rapid confirmation of typing results and may improve the likelihood of detecting a wide variety of HPV sequences, including those of novel HPVs.
The Src family kinase, Lyn, suppresses osteoclastogenesis in vitro and in vivo (2009)

c-Src kinase is a rate-limiting activator of osteoclast (OC) function and Src inhibitors are therefore candidate antiosteoporosis drugs. By affecting alphavbeta3 and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)-induced signaling, c-Src is central to osteoclast activity, but not differentiation. We find Lyn, another member of Src family kinases (SFK) is, in contrast, a negative regulator of osteoclastic bone resorption. The absence of Lyn enhances receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-mediated differentiation of osteoclast precursors without affecting proliferation and survival, while its overexpression decreases osteoclast formation. In further contrast to c-Src, Lyn deficiency does not impact the activity of the mature cell. Reflecting increased osteoclast development in vitro, Lyn-/- mice undergo accelerated osteoclastogenesis and bone loss, in vivo, in response to RANKL. Mechanistically, Lyn forms a complex with receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK), the tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-1, and the adapter protein, Grb2-associated binder 2 (Gab2). Upon RANKL exposure, Gab2 phosphorylation, JNK, and NF-kappaB activation are enhanced in Lyn-/- osteoclasts, all critical events in osteoclast development. We therefore establish that Lyn regulates osteoclast formation and does it in a manner antithetical to that of c-Src. The most pragmatic aspect of our findings is that successful therapeutic inhibition of c-Src, in the context of the osteoclast, will require its stringent targeting.
Genetic Variation of the Content of Sinapoyl Esters in Seeds of Rape, B. napus (1991)

Abstract A broad spectrum of rapeseed (rape) lines as well as resynthesized (resyn) genotypes of B. napus were analyzed for their contents of sinapoyl esters. In the rape material the concentrations varied between 17.8 and 71.9 μol/g defatted seed meal and exhibited a heritability of h 2 = 0.6. The resyn genotypes showed an even smaller variation but had a similar heritability. Therefore, no additional, immediately usable, genotypes with low sinapoyl ester concentrations could be created by a resynthesis.
Determination of interferometer phase distributions by use of wavelets (1999)

A new technique for directly extracting phase gradients from two-dimensional (2-D) interferometer fringe data is presented. One finds the gradients by tracking the maximum modulus of the continuous wavelet transform of the fringe data and the phase distribution that is obtained, with a small error, by integration. Problems associated with phase unwrapping are thereby avoided. The technique is compared with standard methods, and excellent agreement is found. In common with Fourier-transform methods, the technique is capable of extracting the full 2-D phase distribution from a single image.
Micronucleus Assay in Lymphocytes as a Tool to Biomonitor Human Exposure to Aneuploidogens and Clastogens (1993)

Hannu Norppa, Sirpa Luomahaara, Hannele Heikanen, Stina Roth, Marja Sorsa, Luigina Renzi, Carita Lindholm, Micronucleus Assay in Lymphocytes as a Tool to Biomonitor Human Exposure to Aneuploidogens and Clastogens, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 101, Supplement 3: Environmental Mutagenesis in Human Populations at Risk (Oct., 1993), pp. 139-143
Desmethyl Macrolides: Synthesis and Evaluation of 4,8-Didesmethyl Telithromycin (2012)

There is an urgent need for novel sources of antibiotics to address the incessant and inevitable onset of bacterial resistance. To this end, we have initiated a structure-based drug design program that features a desmethylation strategy (i.e., replacing methyl groups with hydrogens). Herein we report the total synthesis, molecular modeling and biological evaluation of 4,8-didesmethyl telithromycin (<b>5</b>), a novel desmethyl analogue of the third-generation ketolide antibiotic telithromycin (<b>2</b>), which is an FDA-approved semisynthetic derivative of erythromycin (<b>1</b>). We found 4,8-didesmethyl telithromycin (<b>5</b>) to be <i>eight times</i> more active than previously prepared 4,8,10-tridesmethyl congener (<b>3</b>) and <i>two times</i> more active than 4,10-didesmethyl regioisomer (<b>4</b>) in MIC assays. While less potent than telithromycin (<b>2</b>) and paralleling the observations made in the previous study of 4,10-didesmethyl analogue (<b>4</b>), the inclusion of a single methyl group improves biological activity thus supporting its role in antibiotic activity.
Numerical Simulation of Friction Welding Processes Based on ABAQUS Environment (2012)

Friction welding (FW) is a collection of a series of friction-based solid state joining processes which can produce high quality welds of different components with either similar or dissimilar materials and has been attracting increasing attention. Due to the extreme condition encountered during FW and the highly thermomechanical coupled nature of FW, finite element methods have been widely developed to study the FW process. In the light of reasonable simplification, we developed several effective methods based on the ABAQUS environment. Initially 2D models were developed to investigate the complete FW process, where an implicit method with remeshing and map solution techniques and an explicit method with the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) adaptive mesh controls were proposed to effectively overcome the excessive element distortion by using the ABAQUS Standard and Explicit packages, respectively. In addition, a 3D model was also developed to obtain better simulation results with the help of the ALE adaptive mesh controls in the ABAQUS/Explicit package and the map solution technique in the ABAQUS/Standard package combined with the HYPERWORKS software. The experiments validate the feasibility and accuracy of the developed models.
The extraction and transport of metal ions by 6,6′-diamino-2,2′-bipyridine derivatives (1985)

6,6′-Disubstituted-2,2′-bipyridines were studied as to their ability to extract and transport transition- and heavy-metal ions. 6-Amino-6′-dodecyiamino-2,2′-bipyridine (3) has been found to be an excellent synthetic carrier for the specific transport of CuII and CdII ions through a liquid membrane. The effective transport of CdII ion by (3), in spite of its less effective extraction into the organic phase than CuII or ZnII ion, is notable. Moreover, (3) has been shown to have the ability to undergo up-hill transport of both CuII or CdII ions when the proton gradient is available.
Global gene expression profiling of multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and normal bone marrow plasma cells (2002)

Bone marrow plasma cells (PCs) from 74 patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM), 5 with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), and 31 healthy volunteers (normal PCs) were purified by CD138(+) selection. Gene expression of purified PCs and 7 MM cell lines were profiled using high-density oligonucleotide microarrays interrogating about 6800 genes. On hierarchical clustering analysis, normal and MM PCs were differentiated and 4 distinct subgroups of MM (MM1, MM2, MM3, and MM4) were identified. The expression pattern of MM1 was similar to normal PCs and MGUS, whereas MM4 was similar to MM cell lines. Clinical parameters linked to poor prognosis, abnormal karyotype (P =.002) and high serum beta(2)-microglobulin levels (P =.0005), were most prevalent in MM4. Also, genes involved in DNA metabolism and cell cycle control were overexpressed in a comparison of MM1 and MM4. In addition, using chi(2) and Wilcoxon rank sum tests, 120 novel candidate disease genes were identified that discriminate normal and malignant PCs (P <.0001); many are involved in adhesion, apoptosis, cell cycle, drug resistance, growth arrest, oncogenesis, signaling, and transcription. A total of 156 genes, including FGFR3 and CCND1, exhibited highly elevated ("spiked") expression in at least 4 of the 74 MM cases (range, 4-25 spikes). Elevated expression of these 2 genes was caused by the translocation t(4;14)(p16;q32) or t(11;14)(q13;q32). Thus, novel candidate MM disease genes have been identified using gene expression profiling and this profiling has led to the development of a gene-based classification system for MM.
Evaluation of the relative contributions of various structures in chronic low back pain. (2001)

An attempt was made to determine the relative contribution of various structures to chronic low back pain, including facet joint(s), disc(s), and sacroiliac joint(s) in a prospective evaluation. Precision diagnostic blocks, including disc injections, facet joint blocks, and sacroiliac joint injections, are frequently used. In contrast, selective nerve root blocks or transforaminal epidural injections are used occasionally to evaluate persistent or recurrent low back pain in patients without appropriate radiologic or neurophysiologic diagnosis. One hundred and twenty patients with a chief complaint of low back pain were evaluated with precision diagnostic injections, which included medial branch blocks, provocative discography and sacroiliac joint injections. In 40% (95% CL, 31%, 49%), of the patients, facet joint pain was diagnosed; and in 26% (95% CL, 18%, 34%) of the patients discogenic pain was diagnosed; and 2% of the patients were diagnosed with sacroiliac joint pain.
The Systematic Functional Analysis of Plasmodium Protein Kinases Identifies Essential Regulators of Mosquito Transmission (2010)

Although eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs) contribute to many cellular processes, only three Plasmodium falciparum ePKs have thus far been identified as essential for parasite asexual blood stage development. To identify pathways essential for parasite transmission between their mammalian host and mosquito vector, we undertook a systematic functional analysis of ePKs in the genetically tractable rodent parasite Plasmodium berghei. Modeling domain signatures of conventional ePKs identified 66 putative Plasmodium ePKs. Kinomes are highly conserved between Plasmodium species. Using reverse genetics, we show that 23 ePKs are redundant for asexual erythrocytic parasite development in mice. Phenotyping mutants at four life cycle stages in Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes revealed functional clusters of kinases required for sexual development and sporogony. Roles for a putative SR protein kinase (SRPK) in microgamete formation, a conserved regulator of clathrin uncoating (GAK) in ookinete formation, and a likely regulator of energy metabolism (SNF1/KIN) in sporozoite development were identified.
Effects of Vitamin D3-Binding Protein-Derived Macrophage Activating Factor (GcMAF) on Angiogenesis (2002)

In addition to its ability to activate tumoricidal macrophages, GcMAF has direct antiangiogenic effects on endothelial cells independent of tissue origin. The antiangiogenic effects of GcMAF may be mediated through the CD36 receptor.
Lipophagy: Connecting Autophagy and Lipid Metabolism (2012)

Lipid droplets (LDs), initially considered "inert" lipid deposits, have gained during the last decade the classification of cytosolic organelles due to their defined composition and the multiplicity of specific cellular functions in which they are involved. The classification of LD as organelles brings along the need for their regulated turnover and recent findings support the direct contribution of autophagy to this turnover through a process now described as lipophagy. This paper focuses on the characteristics of this new type of selective autophagy and the cellular consequences of the mobilization of intracellular lipids through this process. Lipophagy impacts the cellular energetic balance directly, through lipid breakdown and, indirectly, by regulating food intake. Defective lipophagy has been already linked to important metabolic disorders such as fatty liver, obesity and atherosclerosis, and the age-dependent decrease in autophagy could underline the basis for the metabolic syndrome of aging.
New Enzymatic Assay for Glycohemoglobin (2003)

The values measured by the new enzymatic assay are sufficiently correlated with those of the conventional HPLC method and immunoassay, but the proposed assay for GHb is rapid and has high precision.
A Controlled Clinical Trial of Cathodal DC Polarization in Patients with Refractory Epilepsy (2006)

This randomized, controlled study shows that cathodal DC polarization does not induce seizures and is well tolerated in patients with refractory epilepsy and MCDs. Furthermore, the results suggest that this technique might have an antiepileptic effect based on clinical and electrophysiological criteria.
280. Some dipyridylalkanes (1962)

D. E. Ames and J. L. Archibald, J. Chem. Soc., 1962, 1475 DOI: 10.1039/JR9620001475
Incidence of diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Service for Wales: retrospective analysis (2012)

Our analysis supports the extension of the screening interval for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus beyond the currently recommended 12 months, with the possible exception of those with diabetes duration of 10 years or more and on insulin treatment.
Diagnostic clinical relevance of developmental pluripotency-associated 2 (DPPA2) in colorectal cancer (2014)

DPPA2 protein expression is correlated with different indices of poor prognosis and may be introduced as a new therapeutic marker in adjuvant therapy of colorectal cancer.
Advanced MEMS Pressure Sensors Operating in Fluids (2012)

Today’s MEMS technology allows manufacturing of miniaturized, low power sensors that sometimes exceeds the performance of conventional sensors. The pressure sensor market today is dominated by MEMS pressure sensors. In this thesis two different pressure sensor techniques are studied. The first concerns ways to improve the sensitivity in the most commonly occurring pressure sensor, namely such based on the piezoresistive technique. Since the giant piezoresistive effect was observed in silicon nanowires, it was assumed that a similar effect could be expected in nano-thin silicon films. However, it turned out that the conductivity was extremely sensitive to substrate bias and could therefore be controlled by varying the backside potential. Another important parameter was the resistivity time drift. Long time measurements showed a drastic variation in the resistance. Not even after several hours of measurement was steady state reached. The drift is explained by hole injection into the buried oxide as well as existence of mobile charges. The piezoresistive effect was studied and shown to be of the same magnitude as in bulk silicon. Later research has shown the existence of such an effect where the film thickness has to be less than around 20 nm. The second area that has been studied is the pressure sensitivity of in acoustic resonators. Aluminium nitride thin film plate acoustic resonators (FPAR) operating at the lowest-order symmetric (S0), the first-order asymmetric (A1) as well as the first-order symmetric (S1) Lamb modes have been theoretically and experimentally studied in a comparative manner. The S0 Lamb mode is identified as the most pressure sensitive FPAR mode. The theoretical predictions were found to be in good agreement with the experiments. Additionally, the Lamb modes have been tested for their sensitivities to mass loading and their ability to operate in liquids, where the S0 mode showed good results. Finally, the pressure sensitivity in aluminium nitride thin film bulk wave resonators employing c- and tilted c-axis texture has been studied. The c-axis tilted FBAR demonstrates a substantially higher pressure sensitivity compared to its c-axis oriented counterpart.
Purification and characterization of two xylanases from Chaetomium thermophile var. coprophile (1989)

Two xylanases (I and II) out of several extracellular xylanases produced by the thermophilic fungus Chaetomium thermophile var. coprophile were purified to homogeneity by a combination of ion exchange and gel filtration chromatographic procedures. They had molecular weights of 26 000 (xylanase I) and 7000 (xylanase II). The temperature optima for xylanase I and II were 70 and 60 °C, and they were optimally active at pH 4.8–6.4 and 5.4–6.0, respectively. Xylanase I was found to be comparatively more stable than xylanase II at higher temperatures. Amino acid composition indicated that xylanase I contained high amounts of glycine, threonine, and low amounts of histidine and sulphur-containing amino acids. Each enzyme released different hydrolysis products from larch wood xylan. Xylanase I produced mainly xylobiose and xylotriose whereas xylanase II produced mainly xylobiose.Key words: Xylanase, enzyme purification, characterization, Chaetomium thermophile.