gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Loss of Heterozygosity and Its Correlation with Expression Profiles in Subclasses of Invasive Breast Cancers (2004)

Gene expression array profiles identify subclasses of breast cancers with different clinical outcomes and different molecular features. The present study attempted to correlate genomic alterations (loss of heterozygosity; LOH) with subclasses of breast cancers having distinct gene expression signatures. Hierarchical clustering of expression array data from 89 invasive breast cancers identified four major expression subclasses. Thirty-four of these cases representative of the four subclasses were microdissected and allelotyped using genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism detection arrays (Affymetrix, Inc.). LOH was determined by comparing tumor and normal single nucleotide polymorphism allelotypes. A newly developed statistical tool was used to determine the chromosomal regions of frequent LOH. We found that breast cancers were highly heterogeneous, with the proportion of LOH ranging widely from 0.3% to >60% of heterozygous markers. The most common sites of LOH were on 17p, 17q, 16q, 11q, and 14q, sites reported in previous LOH studies. Signature LOH events were discovered in certain expression subclasses. Unique regions of LOH on 5q and 4p marked a subclass of breast cancers with "basal-like" expression profiles, distinct from other subclasses. LOH on 1p and 16q occurred preferentially in a subclass of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. Finding unique LOH patterns in different groups of breast cancer, in part defined by expression signatures, adds confidence to newer schemes of molecular classification. Furthermore, exclusive association between biological subclasses and restricted LOH events provides rationale to search for targeted genes.
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist, in combination with methotrexate: Results of a twenty‐four–week, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial (2002)

In patients with persistently active RA, the combination of anakinra and MTX was safe and well tolerated and provided significantly greater clinical benefit than MTX alone.
The EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) enhances B cell immortalization several thousandfold (2003)

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is one of the earliest viral proteins expressed after infection and is the only latent protein consistently expressed in viral-associated tumors. EBNA1's crucial role in viral DNA replication, episomal maintenance, and partitioning is well examined whereas its importance for the immortalization process and the tumorgenicity of EBV is unclear. To address these open questions, we generated, based on the maxi-EBV system, an EBNA1-deficient EBV mutant and used this strain to infect primary human B cells. Surprisingly, lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) emerged from these experiments, although with very low frequency. These cell lines were indistinguishable from normal LCLs with respect to proliferation and growth conditions. A detailed analysis indicated that the entire viral DNA was integrated into the cellular genome. At least 5 of the 11 latent EBV proteins were expressed, indicating the integrity of the EBV genome. EBNA1-positive and DeltaEBNA1-EBV-LCLs were injected into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice to examine their tumorgenicity in comparison. Both groups supported tumor growth, indicating that EBNA1 is not mandatory for EBV's oncogenic potential. The results shown provide genetic evidence that EBNA1 is not essential to establish LCLs but promotes the efficiency of this process significantly.
Room temperature continuous wave operation of a heterojunction bipolar transistor laser (2005)

Continuous wave laser operation at 25°C, with simultaneous electrical gain, of an InGaP–GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor laser, with AlGaAs optical confining layers and an InGaAs recombination quantum well incorporated into the p-type base region, is demonstrated. At laser threshold (IB=40mA, VCB=0, 25°C), the transistor current gain β=ΔIC∕ΔIB in common-emitter operation changes abruptly (2.3→1.2,β&amp;gt;1), with laser modes developing at wavelength λ∼1006nm. Direct three-port modulation of the transistor laser at 3GHz is demonstrated for a device with a 2.2μm emitter width and a 850μm length between cleaved Fabry–Perot facets (which is the performance of an exploratory device and not near the limits).
Nowhere to Run, Nowhere to Hide: Augusto Pinochet, Universal Jurisdiction, the ICC, and a Wake-Up Call for Former Heads of State (1999)

We have lived in a golden age of impunity, where a person stands a much better chance of being tried for taking a single life than for killing ten thousand or a million." 1 1
Thermal Energy Storage: Systems and Applications (2002)

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Basic Introductory Thermal Aspects -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Systems of Units -- 1.3 Fundamental Properties and Quantities -- 1.3.1 Mass, Time, Length, and Force -- 1.3.2 Pressure -- 1.3.3 Temperature -- 1.3.4 Specific Volume and Density -- 1.3.5 Mass and Volumetric Flow Rates -- 1.4 General Aspects of Thermodynamics -- 1.4.1 Thermodynamic Systems -- 1.4.2 Process -- 1.4.3 Cycle -- 1.4.4 Thermodynamic Property -- 1.4.5 Sensible and Latent Heats -- 1.4.6 Latent Heat of Fusion -- 1.4.7 Vapor -- 1.4.8 Thermodynamic Tables -- 1.4.9 State and Change of State -- 1.4.10 Specific Internal Energy -- 1.4.11 Specific Enthalpy -- 1.4.12 Specific Entropy -- 1.4.13 Pure Substance -- 1.4.14 Ideal Gases -- 1.4.15 Energy Transfer -- 1.4.16 Heat -- 1.4.17 Work -- 1.4.18 The First Law of Thermodynamics -- 1.4.19 The Second Law of Thermodynamics -- 1.4.20 Reversibility and Irreversibility -- 1.4.21 Exergy -- 1.5 General Aspects of Fluid Flow -- 1.5.1 Classification of Fluid Flows -- 1.5.2 Viscosity -- 1.5.3 Equations of Flow -- 1.5.4 Boundary Layer -- 1.6 General Aspects of Heat Transfer -- 1.6.1 Conduction Heat Transfer -- 1.6.2 Convection Heat Transfer -- 1.6.3 Radiation Heat Transfer -- 1.6.4 Thermal Resistance -- 1.6.5 The Composite Wall -- 1.6.6 The Cylinder -- 1.6.7 The Sphere -- 1.6.8 Conduction with Heat Generation -- 1.6.9 Natural Convection -- 1.6.10 Forced Convection -- 1.7 Concluding Remarks -- Nomenclature -- References -- Study Questions/Problems -- Chapter 2 Energy Storage Systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Energy Demand -- 2.3 Energy Storage Basics -- 2.4 Energy Storage Methods -- 2.4.1 Mechanical Energy Storage -- 2.4.2 Chemical Energy Storage -- 2.4.3 Electrochemical Energy Storage -- 2.4.4 Biological Storage -- 2.4.5 Magnetic Storage
Patellar tendon augmentation after removal of its central third limits joint tissue changes (1999)

The central third of the patellar tendon is commonly used to reconstruct the injured anterior cruciate ligament. Some studies have noted changes in joint tissues following this procedure. It has been postulated that these changes may be associated with increased stress on the remaining tendon following harvest of the graft. In our study, the central third of the patellar tendon was excised in three groups of rabbits. The central tendon defects in two of the three groups were fitted with different augmentation devices to augment the host tendon during the healing process. All rabbits followed a daily treadmill exercise regimen for 12 weeks following the operation. Biomechanical testing of the tendon revealed that in nonaugmented tendons the cross-sectional area and the length of the patellar tendon significantly increased 112 and 16%, respectively. There was histological evidence of host-tendon remodeling throughout the cross section and extensive fibrosis in the infrapatellar fat pad. Augmentation of the tendon significantly reduced these changes, with the least change noted in the group with the greatest augmentation. The rabbits with augmentation devices retained tendon dimensions similar to those of the contralateral intact tendon, and tendon remodeling occurred only in the defect area. The rabbits with augmentation devices exhibited little to no fibrosis of the fat pad. Structural properties of augmented and nonaugmented tendons were similar despite the size differences, indicating higher tissue quality in the augmented tendons. This study suggested that complications of the knee joint (i.e., tendon proliferation and fat pad fibrosis) noted after anterior cruciate-ligament reconstruction with the autogenous patellar tendon may be limited by the implantation of an augmentation device.
Screening of Cellulase and Pectinase by Using <i>Pseudomonas fluorescence</i> and <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (2014)

A study was conducted to determine the Production of cellulase and pectinase enzyme by using Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria like Pseudomonas fluorescence and Bacillus subtilis. These to micro organism are isolated by serial dilution method. One gram of soil sample was diluted in to 10 ml of sterile distilled water and 1 ml of sample solution was serially diluted in 9ml of sterile water up to 10 dilution. Each sample from dilution 10 -5 and 10 -6 were taken and streaked in to KB and NA medium and incubate at 24 hrs. After 24 hrs Pseudomonas fluorescence and Bacillus subtilis was observed in the medium of KB and NA medium. Both the culture was sub cultured and maintain in the same for the further work. CMCase medium was prepared and sterilized by autoclave for 121 °C for 15 minutes after sterilization these medium contain petriplate was streaked by bacteria and incubates for 48h after incubation period a clear halo zone was produced by these bacteria among these bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescence are able to produce high amount of cellulose compare to Bacillus subtilis. Pectin agar medium was prepared and sterilized by autoclave for 121 °C for 15 minutes after sterilization these medium contain petriplate was streaked by bacteria incubates for 48h after incubation period a clear halo zone was produced by these bacteria, among these bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescence are able to produce high amount of Pectinase compare to Bacillus subtilis . Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are beneficial bacteria that colonize plant roots and enhance plant growth by a wide variety of mechanisms.
Mechanism and catalysis for phenylhydrazone formation from aromatic heterocyclic aldehydes (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechanism and catalysis for phenylhydrazone formation from aromatic heterocyclic aldehydesR. Moscovici, J. P. Ferraz, E. A. Neves, J. O. Tognoli, M. I. El Seoud, and L. Do AmaralCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 26, 4093–4096Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00888a010https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00888a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views508Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Association of the APC Gene Product with β-Catenin (1993)

Mutations in the human APC gene are linked to familial adenomatous polyposis and to the progression of sporadic colorectal and gastric tumors. To gain insight into APC function, APC-associated proteins were identified by immunoprecipitation experiments. Antibodies to APC precipitated a 95-kilodalton protein that was purified and identified by sequencing as beta-catenin, a protein that binds to the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. An antibody specific to beta-catenin also recognized the 95-kilodalton protein in the immunoprecipitates. These results suggest that APC is involved in cell adhesion.
Manipulating simulated objects with real-world gestures using a force and position sensitive screen (1984)

A flexible interface to computing environments can be provided by gestural input. We describe a prototype system that recognizes some types of single-finger gestures and uses these gestures to manipulate displayed objects. An experimental gesture input device yields information about single finger gestures in terms of position, pressure, and shear forces on a screen. The gestures are classified by a “gesture parser” and used to control actions in a fingerpainting program, an interactive computing system designed for young children, and an interactive digital logic simulation.
The Scalable Brain Atlas: Instant Web-Based Access to Public Brain Atlases and Related Content (2015)

The Scalable Brain Atlas (SBA) is a collection of web services that provide unified access to a large collection of brain atlas templates for different species. Its main component is an atlas viewer that displays brain atlas data as a stack of slices in which stereotaxic coordinates and brain regions can be selected. These are subsequently used to launch web queries to resources that require coordinates or region names as input. It supports plugins which run inside the viewer and respond when a new slice, coordinate or region is selected. It contains 20 atlas templates in six species, and plugins to compute coordinate transformations, display anatomical connectivity and fiducial points, and retrieve properties, descriptions, definitions and 3d reconstructions of brain regions. The ambition of SBA is to provide a unified representation of all publicly available brain atlases directly in the web browser, while remaining a responsive and light weight resource that specializes in atlas comparisons, searches, coordinate transformations and interactive displays.
Candidate Vaccine against Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A Derived from a Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Vector System (2001)

A candidate vaccine against botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) was developed by using a Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus replicon vector. This vaccine vector is composed of a self-replicating RNA containing all of the VEE nonstructural genes and cis-acting elements and also a heterologous immunogen gene placed downstream of the subgenomic 26S promoter in place of the viral structural genes. In this study, the nontoxic 50-kDa carboxy-terminal fragment (H(C)) of the BoNT/A heavy chain was cloned into the replicon vector (H(C)-replicon). Cotransfection of BHK cells in vitro with the H(C)-replicon and two helper RNA molecules, the latter encoding all of the VEE structural proteins, resulted in the assembly and release of propagation-deficient, H(C) VEE replicon particles (H(C)-VRP). Cells infected with H(C)-VRP efficiently expressed this protein when analyzed by either immunofluorescence or by Western blot. To evaluate the immunogenicity of H(C)-VRP, mice were vaccinated with various doses of H(C)-VRP at different intervals. Mice inoculated subcutaneously with H(C)-VRP were protected from an intraperitoneal challenge of up to 100,000 50% lethal dose units of BoNT/A. Protection correlated directly with serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers to BoNT/A. The duration of the immunity achieved was tested at 6 months and at 1 year postvaccination, and mice challenged at these times remained refractory to challenge with BoNT/A.
Detection of Sweet and Umami Taste in the Absence of Taste Receptor T1r3 (2003)

The tastes of sugars (sweet) and glutamate (umami) are thought to be detected by T1r receptors expressed in taste cells. Molecular genetics and heterologous expression implicate T1r2 plus T1r3 as a sweet-responsive receptor,and T1r1 plus T1r3,as well as a truncated form of the type 4 metabotropic glutamate receptor (taste-mGluR4),as umami-responsive receptors. Here,we show that mice lacking T1r3 showed no preference for artificial sweeteners and had diminished but not abolished behavioral and nerve responses to sugars and umami compounds. These results indicate that T1r3-independent sweet- and umami-responsive receptors and/or pathways exist in taste cells.
Abnormal T cell signal transduction in systemic lupus erythematosus (2002)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an acute and chronic autoimmune disease of indeterminate etiology characterized by protean clinical symptoms and signs. Although this syndrome can occur in children or the elderly (1), SLE predominantly affects women in their childbearing years. Current information suggests that a complex interaction between environmental agents and disease susceptibility genes may predispose to SLE. Although many of these genes have not yet been identified, it is currently believed that the expression of such genes may predispose to aberrant cellular and humoral immune responses. Altered immune responses to autoantigens then result in pathologic autoantibody production, formation and deposition of antigen– antibody complexes, and propagation of a chronic inflammatory process that destroys organ parenchyma and results in end-stage organ failure, such as end-stage renal disease (2). At the cellular level, T lymphocytes mediate this altered immune response in SLE. Indeed, compared with normal controls in whom a balance of T cell functions exists (Figure 1A), diverse T cell dysfunctions result in an imbalance in the functions of T cell subsets in SLE (3–5) (Table 1 and Figure 1B). A pan–T cell dysfunction appears to exist that is characterized by exaggerated CD4 and diminished CD8 T cell activities. Moreover, natural killer (NK) cell functions are also defective (6). Due to the loss of effective CD8 T and NK cell feedback on B cells (7), forbidden B cell clones produce autoantibodies directed against an array of intraand extracellular autoantigens. Inquiries into the mechanism(s) causing these T cell dysfunctions have led to the identification of several new defects of signal transduction and have begun to reveal their molecular basis. It is timely, therefore, to review our progress during the 6 years since this subject was previously reviewed (8) to assess how abnormal signaling events contribute to our understanding of T cell dysfunctions in SLE. Second, we address the impact these signaling defects are likely to have on regulation and expression of IL2, a representative T cell–specific gene. Third, we summarize new signaling abnormalities that contribute to T cell apoptosis and necrosis, impaired protein translation, and altered DNA methylation. Fourth, we highlight initial genetic approaches in SLE T cells designed to bypass and to reconstitute a signaling defect and its effect on interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. Finally, we identify likely directions of future research that are anticipated to yield new information and novel insights into T cell effector dysfunctions in SLE.
Synthesis and Isolatin of a Homodimer of Cadmium Selenide Nanocrystals (1997)

By size-selective precipitation homodimeric CdSe nanocrystals could be isolated from a mixture of oligomers formed when monodisperse CdSe nanocrystals (see right) were linked by the bifunctional organic ligand, bis(acyl hydrazide). TEM images revealed a reproducible separation between CdSe particles of approximately a quarter of the particle diameter. This distance is consistent with the physical dimensions of the linker.
Cation ordering and effect of biaxial strain in double perovskite CsRbCaZnCl6 (2015)

Here, we investigate the electronic structure, energetics of cation ordering, and effect of biaxial strain on double perovskite CsRbCaZnCl6 using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. The two constituents (i.e., CsCaCl3 and RbZnCl3) forming the double perovskite exhibit a stark contrast. While CsCaCl3 is known to exist in a cubic perovskite structure and does not show any epitaxial strain induced phase transitions within an experimentally accessible range of compressive strains, RbZnCl3 is thermodynamically unstable in the perovskite phase and exhibits ultra-sensitive response at small epitaxial strains if constrained in the perovskite phase. We show that combining the two compositions in a double perovskite structure not only improves overall stability but also the strain-polarization coupling of the material. Our calculations predict a ground state with P4/nmm space group for the double perovskite, where A-site cations (i.e., Cs and Rb) are layer-ordered and B-site cations (i.e., Ca and Zn) prefer a rocksalt type ordering. The electronic structure and bandgap in this system are shown to be quite sensitive to the B-site cation ordering and is minimally affected by the ordering of A-site cations. We find that at experimentally accessible compressive strains CsRbCaZnCl6 can be phase transformed from its paraelectric ground state to an antiferroelectric state, where Zn atoms contribute predominantly to the polarization. Furthermore, both energy difference and activation barrier for a transformation between this antiferroelectric state and the corresponding ferroelectric configuration are predicted to be small. The computational approach presented here opens a new pathway towards a rational design of novel double perovskites with improved strain response and functionalities.
Optimal training for frequency-selective fading channels (2002)

Many communications systems employ training, ie, the transmission of known signals, so that the channel parameters may be learned at the receiver. This has a dual effect: too little training and the channel is improperly learned, too much training and there is no time left for data transmission before the channel changes. We use an information-theoretic approach to find the optimal amount of training for frequency selective channels described by a block-fading model. When the training and data powers are allowed to vary, we show that the optimal number of training symbols is equal to the length of the channel impulse response. When the training and data powers are instead required to be equal, the optimal number of symbols may be larger. We further show that at high SNR training-based schemes are capable of capturing most of the channel capacity, whereas at low SNR they are highly suboptimal.
Binding Properties of Two Novel Phosphane-Modified Tetrapodants and Their Bimetallic Transition Metal Complexes (1998)

Two novel phosphane ligands 3 and 4 based on the rigid diphenylglycoluril molecule have been synthesized and characterised. Binding studies with 3 and 4, using 1,3-dihydroxybenzene derivatives reveal that ligands 3 and 4 behave similarly to clip molecule 5, which has the same binding site as ligands 3 and 4. The size of the flexible spacers in the ligands has been varied and the effect of this variation on the association constant of resorcinol derivatives has been determined. These cavity-containing ligands are able to coordinate two transition metal centres, leading to bimetallic macrocycles. The metallamacrocycles formed from 4 containing platinum or rhodium bind the guest, olivetol (5-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol), almost four times as strongly as the free tetrapodant 4. Complexes of 4 having palladium centres display similar or reduced binding affinities for resorcinol derivatives, when compared to free 4. Metal complexes of ligand 3 do not form host-guest complexes, probably because of a too small a ring-size of the metallamacrocycle.