gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hepatic glucose balance in response to direct stimulation of sympathetic nerves in the intact liver of cats (1978)

Changes in hepatic glucose balance in response to direct stimulation of the hepatic nerves were measured in cats. Simultaneous measurements were made of glucose concentrations entering and leaving the intact liver; this, combined with measured blood flows, allows calculation of hepatic glucose balance. Stimulation of the hepatic sympathetic nerves (8 Hz, 15 V, 1 ms) produced a rapid increase in hepatic glucose output that was statistically significant after 1 min and reached a peak 3--5 min after onset of stimulation, after which time the output declined somewhat. The half time for deactivation of the response was 1.8--2 min. Variability in the responses was largely accounted for by the variable control base lines measured immediately prior to stimulation. Those animals showing the highest basal output showed the least increase in output in response to the nerves. The response to stimulation of the mixed nerve trunk in the presence and absence of atropine (1 mg/kg, intraportal) was similar. Simultaneous activation of hepatic sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves therefore produces a purely sympathetic type of effect on net glucose balance across the liver. It was also shown that changes in net splanchnic output or simply in arterial--hepatic venous glucose differences are an adequate reflection of liver glucose balance under the currently tested responses.
DNA vaccines expressing conserved elements provide potent and broad immune responses (2012)

Background Immunodominance and sequence diversity are major hurdles in the development of effective HIV vaccines. We tested the hypothesis that a vaccine candidate composed of strictly Conserved Elements (CE) of the HIV proteome excluding the variable regions would help overcome problems of viral sequence diversity and potential negative effects of immunodominance. Seven CE were identified in p24. Vaccination of macaques with p55DNA failed to elicit cellular or humoral immune responses to the CE, while epitopes outside of the CE were immunogenic.
Retrovirally Transduced Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells Require CD4+ T Cell Help to Elicit Protective and Therapeutic Antitumor Immunity (1999)

It has been extensively documented that murine dendritic cells loaded with tumor-associated Ag (TAA)-derived peptides or protein can prime Ag-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in vivo and can elicit Ag-specific immunity. Optimal presentation of TAA might be achieved by retroviral transduction of DCs allowing long term and stable expression of the TAA-peptides as well as the presentation of multiple epitopes in the context of MHC class I and/or class II molecules. Here we show that retroviral transduction of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) with chicken OVA cDNA or the reporter gene green fluorescent protein retained their potent stimulatory capacity and that the transduced DCs could process and present the endogenously expressed OVA protein. The DCs transduced with cDNA encoding native OVA protein presented OVA-derived peptides in the context of MHC class I as well as MHC class II and induced a strong Ag-specific CTL response. DCs expressing a cytosolic form of OVA presented OVA peptides only in the context of MHC class I and failed to induce an OVA-specific CTL response in vivo when they had been cultured in the absence of exogenous protein. Immunization with retrovirally transduced DCs resulted in an Ag-specific immunity and rejection of a tumor cell challenge and a significant survival advantage in tumor-bearing mice. These results obtained in this rapidly lethal tumor model suggest that DCs transduced with TAA may be useful for tumor immunotherapy and underscore the importance of the simultaneous delivery of T cell help in the development of Ag-specific cytotoxic T-cells.
Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomics implicate bioenergetic adaptation as a neural mechanism regulating shifts in cognitive states of HIV-infected patients (2015)

These CSF metabolic results suggest that worsening cognitive status in HIV-infected patients is associated with increased aerobic glycolysis, and improvements in cognitive status are associated with a shift to anaerobic glycolysis. Dietary, lifestyle and pharmacologic interventions that promote anaerobic glycolysis could protect the brain in setting of HIV infection with combined antiretroviral therapy.
Molecular cytogenetic and rapid aneuploidy detection methods in prenatal diagnosis (2007)

Cytogenetic analysis is an important component of prenatal diagnosis. The ability to rapidly detect aneuploidy and identify small structural abnormalities of fetal chromosomes has been greatly enhanced by the use of molecular cytogenetic technologies. In this review, we will present some of the molecular cytogenetic techniques available to the clinical cytogenetics laboratory. These include fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), quantitative fluorescence PCR (QF-PCR), multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). The benefits and limitations of each technology will be discussed in the context of prenatal diagnosis.
Study of structural phase transformation and hysteresis behavior of inverse-spinel α-ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation method (2017)

Substitution of cobalt (Co2+) ions in cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) with copper (Cu2+) and aluminum (Al3+) ions allows variations in their electric and magnetic properties which can be optimized for specific applications. In this article, synthesis of inverse-spinel Co1−xCuxFe2−xAlxO4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) nanoparticles by substituting Cu2+ and Al3+ ions in CoFe2O4 via co-precipitation method is reported. By controlling copper and aluminum (Cu-Al) substituent ratio, the magnetic moment and coercivity of synthesized cobalt ferrite nanoparticles is optimized. The role of substituents on the structure, particle size, morphology, and magnetic properties of nano-crystalline ferrite is investigated. The Co1−xCuxFe2−xAlxO4 (0.0 ≤ x≤ 0.8) nanoparticles with crystallite size in the range of 23.1–26.5 nm are observed, 26.5 nm for x = 0.0–23.1 nm for x = 0.8. The inverse-spinel structure of synthesized Co1−xCuxFe2−xAlxO4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) nano-particles is confirmed by characteristic vibrational bands at tetrahedral and octahedral sites using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A decreases in coercive field and magnetic moment is observed as Cu-Al contents are increased (x = 0.0–0.8). The positive anisotropy of synthesized particles Co1−xCuxFe2−xAlxO4 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) is obtained in the range 1.96 × 105 J/m3 for x = 0.0 to 0.29 × 105 J/m3 for x = 0.8. Keywords: Co-precipitation method, XRD, Spinel ferrites, VSM, TEM
Nitric oxide (NO), a new test gas for study of alveolar-capillary diffusion (1989)

In a previous issue a paper by BoRLAND and HlGENBOTIAM [1) explores the potential of a new test gas for assessment of alveolar-capillary diffusion, nitric oxide (NO). This editorial is intended to provide a background and a discussion of this remarkable new development.
The Differentiation of Pseudo-Inverses and Nonlinear Least Squares Problems Whose Variables Separate (1973)

For given data $(t_i ,y_i ),i = 1, \cdots ,m$, we consider the least squares fit of nonlinear models of the form \[ \eta ({\bf a},{\boldsymbol \alpha} ;t) = \sum _{j = 1}^n {a_j \varphi _j ({\boldsymbol \alpha} ;t),\qquad {\bf a} \in \mathcal{R}^n ,\qquad {\boldsymbol \alpha} \in \mathcal{R}^k .} \] For this purpose we study the minimization of the nonlinear functional \[ r({\bf a},{\boldsymbol \alpha} ) = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {\left( {y_i - \eta \left( {{\bf a},{\boldsymbol \alpha} ,t_i } \right)} \right)^2 } . \] It is shown that by defining the matrix $\{ {\bf \Phi} ({\boldsymbol \alpha} )\} _{i,j} = \varphi _j ({\boldsymbol \alpha} ;t_i )$, and the modified functional $r_2 ({\boldsymbol \alpha} ) = \| {\bf y} - {\bf \Phi} ({\boldsymbol \alpha} ){\bf \Phi} ^ + ({\boldsymbol \alpha} ){\bf y} \|_2^2 $, it is possible to optimize first with respect to the parameters ${\boldsymbol \alpha} $, and then to obtain, a posteriors, the optimal parameters $\bf {\hat a}$. The matrix ${\bf \Phi} ^ + ({\boldsymbol{\alpha}} )$ is the Moore–Penrose generalized inverse of ${\bf \Phi} ({\boldsymbol{\alpha}} )$. We develop formulas for the Frechet derivative of orthogonal projectors associated with ${\bf \Phi} ({\boldsymbol{\alpha}} )$ and also for ${\bf \Phi} ^ + ({\boldsymbol{\alpha}} )$, under the hypothesis that ${\bf \Phi} ({\boldsymbol{\alpha}} )$ is of constant (though not necessarily full) rank. Detailed algorithms are presented which make extensive use of well-known reliable linear least squares techniques, and numerical results and comparisons are given. These results are generalizations of those of H. D. Scolnik [20] and Guttman, Pereyra and Scolnik [9].
Genetic analysis of atopy in three large kindreds: no evidence of linkage to D11S97 (1992)

Both genetic and environmental influences have been implicated in the pathogenesis of atopic disease. A recent report suggested that a major gene providing susceptibility to atopy was transmitted in a pattern consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance and evidence was presented that places the disease locus near the D11S97 marker on human chromosome 11q. In this report, we present three large, highly characterized pedigrees in which atopy is transmitted in a pattern consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. Genotypes at the D11S97 and HLA loci were evaluated using both lod score and sib pair methods of analysis. In these pedigrees, we reject close moderate linkage (up to 10 cM) of atopy with both D11S97 and HLA.
Induction of membrane-type-1 matrix metalloproteinase by epidermal growthfactor-mediated signaling in gliomas (2004)

Increased expression of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) has previously been reported to correlate with increasing grade of malignancy in gliomas, a relationship shared with alterations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. To investigate the possibility of a causative role for EGFR signaling in increasing MT-MMP expression and subsequent peritumoral proteolysis, we characterized glioma cell lines for expression of MT1-MMP, MT2-MMP, MT3-MMP, and MT5-MMP by Western blotting and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, and for MMP-2 activity following epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. EGF stimulation of glioma cell lines resulted in a 2- to 4-fold increase in MT1-MMP mRNA levels. Although there were slight differences in MT2-, MT3-, and MT5-MMP mRNA expression following EGF stimulation, none of these demonstrated an increase similar to that of MT1-MMP expression. Treatment of high-grade glioma cell lines U251MG and IPSB-18 with EGF for 24 h resulted in a several-fold increase in MT1-MMP protein (2.5- and 5.1-fold, respectively) and in cyclin D1 (2.9-fold), as compared to untreated controls. No significant increase was detected in other MT-MMPs at the protein level. Although there was no detectable increase in proMMP-2 protein, there was an increase in MMP-2 activity. Furthermore, the MT1-MMP induction by EGF was prevented by pretreatment with the EGFR-specific tyrphostin inhibitor AG1478. Similarly, treatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 prevented the induction of MT1-MMP protein by EGF stimulation. These compounds additionally inhibited EGF-stimulated invasion in Matrigel Transwell assays. Our results indicate that one mechanism of EGFR-mediated invasiveness in gliomas may involve the induction of MT1-MMP.
CWSP Certified Wireless Security Professional Official Study Guide: Exam PW0-204 (2010)

Sybex is now the official publisher for Certified Wireless Network Professional, the certifying vendor for the CWSP program. This guide covers all exam objectives, including WLAN discovery techniques, intrusion and attack techniques, 802.11 protocol analysis. Wireless intrusion-prevention systems implementation, layer 2 and 3 VPNs used over 802.11 networks, and managed endpoint security systems. It also covers enterprise/SMB/SOHO/Public-Network Security design models and security solution implementation, building robust security networks, wireless LAN management systems, and much more.
How to Strengthen Co‐operation among Developing Countries (1976)

J. Cocoa, coffee, tea, sugar, hard fibres, jute and maoufocturers
Insulating electrodes: a review on biopotential front ends for dielectric skin–electrode interfaces (2010)

Insulating electrodes, also known as capacitive electrodes, allow acquiring biopotentials without galvanic contact with the body. They operate with displacement currents instead of real charge currents, and the electrolytic electrode-skin interface is replaced by a dielectric film. The use of insulating electrodes is not the end of electrode interface problems but the beginning of new ones: coupling capacitances are of the order of pF calling for ultra-high input impedance amplifiers and careful biasing, guarding and shielding techniques. In this work, the general requirements of front ends for capacitive electrodes are presented and the different contributions to the overall noise are discussed and estimated. This analysis yields that noise bounds depend on features of the available devices as current and voltage noise, but the final noise level also depends on parasitic capacitances, requiring a careful shield and printed circuit design. When the dielectric layer is placed on the skin, the present-day amplifiers allow achieving noise levels similar to those provided by wet electrodes. Furthermore, capacitive electrode technology allows acquiring high quality ECG signals through thin clothes. A prototype front end for capacitive electrodes was built and tested. ECG signals were acquired with these electrodes in direct contact with the skin and also through cotton clothes 350 µm thick. They were compared with simultaneously acquired signals by means of wet electrodes and no significant differences were observed between both output signals.
Photoinduced electron transfer in DNA matrix from intercalated ethidium to condensed methylviologen (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotoinduced electron transfer in DNA matrix from intercalated ethidium to condensed methylviologenPeter. Fromherz and Bernhard. RiegerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 17, 5361–5362Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00277a060https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00277a060research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views378Altmetric-Citations139LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Methylocella Species Are Facultatively Methanotrophic (2005)

All aerobic methanotrophic bacteria described to date are unable to grow on substrates containing carbon-carbon bonds. Here we demonstrate that members of the recently discovered genus Methylocella are an exception to this. These bacteria are able to use as their sole energy source the one-carbon compounds methane and methanol, as well as the multicarbon compounds acetate, pyruvate, succinate, malate, and ethanol. To conclusively verify facultative growth, acetate and methane were used as model substrates in growth experiments with the type strain Methylocella silvestris BL2. Quantitative real-time PCR targeting the mmoX gene, which encodes a subunit of soluble methane monooxygenase, showed that copies of this gene increased in parallel with cell counts during growth on either acetate or methane as the sole substrate. This verified that cells possessing the genetic basis of methane oxidation grew on acetate as well as methane. Cloning of 16S rRNA genes and fluorescence in situ hybridization with strain-specific and genus-specific oligonucleotide probes detected no contaminants in cultures. The growth rate and carbon conversion efficiency were higher on acetate than on methane, and when both substrates were provided in excess, acetate was preferably used and methane oxidation was shut down. Our data demonstrate that not all methanotrophic bacteria are limited to growing on one-carbon compounds. This could have major implications for understanding the factors controlling methane fluxes in the environment.
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy. Techniques and results. (1992)

Intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has become an important adjunct in the management of patients with stages Ta and T1 transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder and carcinoma in situ (CIS). For BCG to be effective, patients should be assigned to the appropriate protocol. With proper treatment, tumor recurrences can be prevented in as many as 80% of patients, residual tumor eradicated in 60%, and CIS eliminated in 70% of appropriately selected patients.
Nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity in the nonhuman primate (Cebus apella): Distribution, morphology, and colocalization with cholinergic enzymes (1988)

A monoclonal antibody raised against the receptor for nerve growth factor (NGF) was used to examine the distribution and morphology of NGF receptor-containing neurons within the central nervous system of Cebus apella monkeys. Most somata demonstrating positive immunoreactivity were localized within the Ch1-4 regions of the basal forebrain. Neurons in the Ch1 region displayed morphological features typical of cholinergic medial septal neurons. These perikarya were primarily vertically oriented (40-50 micron along the vertical axis) with both apical and basal neuritic processes. Magnocellular (40-50 micron) neurons within the Ch2 (vertical limb of the diagonal band), Ch3 (horizontal limb of the diagonal band) and Ch4 (nucleus basalis of Meynert) regions were multipolar and had rounded perikarya that often displayed an eccentric nucleus. Fibers presumably originating from the Ch1-2 regions were observed throughout the fimbria-fornix system and were found to terminate preferentially within the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampal formation and within the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. An intense fiber network was also observed in the olfactory tubercle and other rhinencephalic structures, presumably originating from the Ch3 region of the basal forebrain. Beaded processes emanating from the Ch4 region primarily coursed within the external capsule and terminated preferentially within layers I, II, and IV of the cerebral cortex. In a pattern similar to that of cortical acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining, NGF receptor immunopositive fibers were oriented in a tangential plane within the molecular layer of the cortex and in both a radial and tangential fashion within the cortical granular cell layers. In addition to neural innervation, there was an extensive vascular apposition by NGF receptor-containing neurites on both large caliber vessels and microcapillaries. NGF receptor immunoreactivity was extensively, but not exclusively, colocalized with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and AChE in the basal forebrain. A small population of cholinergic neurons were observed that were not NGF receptor-immunoreactive. Conversely, a few NGF receptor-containing neurons that were noncholinergic were also observed in this brain region. NGF receptor-containing somata were also identified in the putamen. The number of immunoreactive neurons observed in this structure, however, would not appear to be sufficient to account for the homologous NGF receptor binding densities described in rodents.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
G Protein–Coupled Receptor Rhodopsin (2006)

The rhodopsin crystal structure provides a structural basis for understanding the function of this and other G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The major structural motifs observed for rhodopsin are expected to carry over to other GPCRs, and the mechanism of transformation of the receptor from inactive to active forms is thus likely conserved. Moreover, the high expression level of rhodopsin in the retina, its specific localization in the internal disks of the photoreceptor structures [termed rod outer segments (ROS)], and the lack of other highly abundant membrane proteins allow rhodopsin to be examined in the native disk membranes by a number of methods. The results of these investigations provide evidence of the propensity of rhodopsin and, most likely, other GPCRs to dimerize, a property that may be pertinent to their function.
Sodium Channel Variants in Heart Disease: Expanding Horizons (2006)

Inherited arrhythmia syndromes have advanced our understanding of cardiac sodium (Na) channel function in health and disease. Long QT syndrome (LQT3) is consistently caused by increased net Na current secondary to inactivation defects, which give rise to persistent Na current. Conversely, various gating changes that ultimately result in reduced Na current may elicit Brugada syndrome, conduction disease, atrial standstill, and sinus node disease. Emerging insights now also link these gating defects to enhanced arrhythmia susceptibility in common, acquired, disease. For instance, action potential prolongation in congestive heart failure may be explained by increased persistent Na current. Of note, recent studies have also linked Na current reduction to structural cardiac defects, notably cardiac fibrosis, dilated cardiomyopathy and, possibly, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. These structural changes may also be conducive to (reentrant) arrhythmias. Clearly, these observations highlight the cardiac Na channel as an interesting target for novel therapy strategies.
Novel smart connector for modular robotics (2002)

This paper presents the concept, design, analytical modeling and experimental prototype for a new "smart connector", which provides electrical and mechanical connection between components of a system, specifically robotic modules. The connector includes plug and receptacle components. The plug has a central pin surrounded by a plurality of lamellae. The lamellae have an end connected to the base and a free end. A shape memory alloy (SMA) actuator is positioned about the lamellae of the plug for controlling the movement of the free end of the lamellae. The receptacle, which includes an SMA actuator, has a pin housing corresponding to the central pin of the plug. In another configuration, the plug and receptacle are positioned side by side to provide a universal connector. The connector can transmit axial force through the lamellae, shear force through the receptacle and plug housings, and torque in the case of universal configuration. The disconnection can be controlled from plug and/or receptacle side(s).