gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A retinoic acid receptor expressed in the early development of Xenopus laevis. (1991)

We have isolated cDNAs coding for a putative retinoic acid receptor (RAR) of the gamma-type from a Xenopus laevis neurula cDNA library. By transient cotransfection of COS cells with an expression vector and a reporter plasmid, this cDNA is shown to direct the synthesis of a retinoic acid-dependent transcription factor. In embryos of X. laevis, transcription of the corresponding gene is greatly enhanced during gastrulation and early neurulation. Two distinct areas with high abundance of RAR gamma mRNA are located at the anterior and at the posterior end of the neurula. The two maxima have emerged by the end of gastrulation and they become more pronounced during neurulation. At tailbud and early tadpole stages, the RAR transcripts are found mainly in the head mesenchyme and in the tailbud. The expression of this RAR is region-specific but not germ-layer-specific. The strong and stage-specific activation of zygotic transcription of this RAR gene, and the specific localization of the mRNA are consistent with the temporal and spatial pattern of retinoic acid sensitivity of X. laevis embryos. Therefore it is likely that the gene product mediates the effects of endogenous and of exogenous retinoic acid on early embryogenesis of Xenopus. The significance of these findings for the specification of the anteroposterior axis is discussed.
Basic orthopaedic biomechanics (1991)

Analysis of muscle and joint loads, Kai-Nan An, et al musculoskeletal dynamics of locomotion and clinical applications, Thomas P. Andriacchi and Richard, P. Mikosz biomechanics of cortical and trabecular bone - implications for assessment of fracture risk, Wilson C. Hayes structure and function of articular cartilage and meniscus, Van C. Mow, et al structure and function of tendons and ligaments, Savio L.-Y. Woo and Edmund P. Young lubrication and wear of diathrodial joints, Van C. Mow and Louis J. Soslowsky biomechanics of fracture fixation, Edmund Y.S. Chao and Hannu T. Aro biomechanics of the human spine, Albert B. Schultz and James A. Ashton-Miller biomechanics of artificial joint fixation, Rik Huiskes.
Proteins Binding to 5′ Untranslated Region Sites: a General Mechanism for Translational Regulation of mRNAs in Human and Yeast Cells (1994)

We demonstrate that a bacteriophage protein and a spliceosomal protein can be converted into eukaryotic translational repressor proteins. mRNAs with binding sites for the bacteriophage MS2 coat protein or the spliceosomal human U1A protein were expressed in human HeLa cells and yeast. The presence of the appropriate binding protein resulted in specific, dose-dependent translational repression when the binding sites were located in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the reporter mRNAs. Neither mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm nor mRNA stability was demonstrably affected by the binding proteins. The data thus reveal a general mechanism for translational regulation: formation of mRNA-protein complexes in the 5' UTR controls translation initiation by steric blockage of a sensitive step in the initiation pathway. Moreover, the findings establish the basis for novel strategies to study RNA-protein interactions in vivo and to clone RNA-binding proteins.
Identity of limulus amoebocyte lysate‐active root surf ace materials from periodontally involved teeth (1986)

A new approach has been developed to circumvent the problems of false positive reactions in the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in root surface materials. These LAL-reactive materials include thrombin, thromboplastin, ribonuclease, ribonucleic acid, lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan fragments. In the present study, hot phenol/water extraction of these substances followed by ultracentrifugation of the resulting aqueous phases reduced their concentrations to very low levels. Furthermore, the application of Polymyxin B/Sepharose 4B affinity chromatography to these extracts enabled their intrinsic LAL-activity to be determined. Use of these techniques to assay root surface materials has identified LPS as being the major LAL-reactive material present. The mean LPS yield for the periodontally involved teeth was 4.13 micrograms/tooth, representing 2.82 micrograms/root. In contrast, the mean yield of LPS for the periodontally uninvolved teeth was 3.12 ng/tooth.
A low molecular weight mimic of the Toll/IL-1 receptor/resistance domain inhibits IL-1 receptor-mediated responses (2003)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI) are key components of the innate immune system activated by microbial infections and inflammation. The signaling cascade from agonist-occupied TLRs and IL-1Rs involves recruitment of the small cytosolic adapter protein MyD88 that binds to IL-1RI via homotypic interactions mediated by Toll/IL-1R/resistance (TIR) domains. Dominant negative forms and null mutations of MyD88 have recently been shown to preclude bacterial product or IL-1-mediated activation of NF-κB pathways, demonstrating that MyD88 is an essential component of the Toll receptor signaling. Here, we report the synthesis and pharmacological effects of a low molecular weight MyD88 mimic, hydrocinnamoyl- l -valyl pyrrolidine (compound 4a), modeled on a tripeptide sequence of the BB-loop [(F/Y)-(V/L/I)-(P/G)] of the TIR domain. Results are presented showing that compound 4a interferes with the interactions between mouse MyD88 and IL-1RI at the TIR domains. Compound 4a inhibited IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 in EL4 thymoma cells and in freshly isolated murine lymphocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. In vivo , compound 4a produced a significant attenuation of the IL-1β-induced fever response (200 mg/kg, i.p.). Inhibition of the TIR domain-mediated MyD88/IL1-RI interaction by a low molecular weight, cell-penetrating TIR domain mimic suggests an intracellular site for antiinflammatory drug action.
N-Substituted Poly(α-amino acids). 1. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(N-methyl-γ-methyl L-glutamate) and Poly(N-methyl-γ-ethyl L-glutamate) (1978)

The synthesis of high molecular weight poly(N-methyl-γ-methyl L-glutamate) and poly(N-methyl-γ-ethyl L-glutamate) has been performed by permethylation of poly(γ-methyl- and γ-ethyl L-glutamate). Among the various techniques known for low molecular weight materials, only the procedure introduced by Lederer's group2a proved workable in the case of high molecular weight substrates. The degree of methylation was always higher than 95% as shown by elemental analysis, amino acid analysis, and IR techniques. Attempts to obtain polymers starting from N-substituted NCAs other than proline NCA, sarcosine NCA, and N-methylalanine NCA failed in all cases. The N-methylated polymers are readily soluble in dimethylformamide, 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethanol, tetrahydrofurane, and methylene chloride, while they sparingly dissolve in water and methanol. Preliminary CD measurements suggest that the above N-methylated polypeptides adopt an all-trans conformation in solvents such as TFE, methanol, and water. © 1978, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
Development and application of rodent models for type 2 diabetes (2004)

The increasing worldwide incidence of diabetes in adults constitutes a global public health burden. It is predicted that by 2025, India, China and the United States will have the largest number of people with diabetes. According to the 2003 estimates of the International Diabetes Federation, the diabetes mellitus prevalence in the USA is 8.0% and approximately 90-95% of diabetic Americans have type 2 diabetes - about 16 million people. Type 2 diabetes is a complex, heterogeneous, polygenic disease characterized mainly by insulin resistance and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. Appropriate experimental models are essential tools for understanding the molecular basis, pathogenesis of the vascular and neural lesions, actions of therapeutic agents and genetic or environmental influences that increase the risks of type 2 diabetes. Among the animal models available, those developed in rodents have been studied most thoroughly for reasons such as short generation time, inherited hyperglycaemia and/or obesity in certain strains and economic considerations. In this article, we review the current status of most commonly used rodent diabetic models developed spontaneously, through means of genetic engineering or artificial manipulation. In addition to these models, the Psammomys obesus, rhesus monkeys and many other species are studied intensively and reviewed by Shafrir, Bailey and Flatt and Hansen.
Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication: performance criteria (2002)

We consider the design of channel codes for improving the data rate and/or the reliability of communications over fading channels using multiple transmit antennas. Here, data is encoded by a channel code and the encoded data is split into n streams that are simultaneously transmitted using n transmit antennas. The received signal at each receive antenna is a linear superposition of the n transmitted signals. We derive performance criteria for designing channel codes under the assumption that the fading is slow and frequency non-selective. Performance is shown to be determined by diversity gain quantified by ranks and coding gain quantified by determinants of certain matrices that are constructed from the code sequences.
Formal properties of recursive Virtual Machine architectures. (1975)

A formal model of hardware/software architectures is developed and applied to Virtual Machine Systems. Results are derived on the sufficient conditions that a machine architecture must verify in order to support VM systems. The model deals explicitly with resource mappings (protection) and with I/O devices. Some already published results are retrieved and other ones, more general, are obtained.
Local infrared microspectroscopy with subwavelength spatial resolution with an atomic force microscope tip used as a photothermal sensor (2005)

We describe a new method of infrared microspectroscopy. It is intended for performing chemical mapping of various objects with subwavelength lateral resolution by using the infrared vibrational signature characterizing different molecular species. We use the photothermal expansion effect, detected by an atomic force microscope tip, probing the local transient deformation induced by an infrared pulsed laser tuned at a sample absorbing wavelength. We show that this new tool opens the way for measuring and identifying spectroscopic contrasts not accessible by far-field or near-field optical methods and with a subwavelength lateral resolution.
Temperature Sculpting in Yoctoliter Volumes (2013)

The ability to perturb large ensembles of molecules from equilibrium led to major advances in understanding reaction mechanisms in chemistry and biology. Here, we demonstrate the ability to control, measure, and make use of rapid temperature changes in fluid volumes that are commensurate with the size of single molecules. The method is based on attaching gold nanoparticles to a single nanometer-scale pore formed by a protein ion channel. Visible laser light incident on the nanoparticles causes a rapid and large increase of the adjacent solution temperature, which is estimated from the change in the nanopore ionic conductance. The temperature shift also affects the ability of individual molecules to enter into and interact with the nanopore. This technique could significantly improve sensor systems and force measurements based on single nanopores, thereby enabling a method for single molecule thermodynamics and kinetics.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces apoptosis of enterocytes in mice with fulminant hepatic failure (2005)

TNFalpha can induce apoptosis of enterocytes in mice with FHF. Anti-TNFalpha IgG can inhibit this role.
Two conserved tryptophan residues of tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin are not involved in the biological activity (1988)

Each of the two highly conserved tryptophan residues in hTNF (positions 28 and 114) was converted into phenylalanine by site-directed mutagenesis and the mutant proteins were partially purified. A cytotoxicity assay on mouse L929 cells showed only a slight reduction in biological activity, strongly suggesting that neither of the two amino acids is involved in the active site.
Synthetic Strategies, Structure Patterns, and Emerging Properties in the Chemistry of Modular Porous Solids (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthetic Strategies, Structure Patterns, and Emerging Properties in the Chemistry of Modular Porous Solids†Omar M. Yaghi, Hailian Li, Charles Davis, David Richardson, and Thomas L. GroyView Author Information Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Goldwater Center for Science and Engineering, Arizona State University, Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604 Cite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 8, 474–484Publication Date (Web):July 1, 1998Publication History Received4 December 1997Published online1 July 1998Published inissue 1 August 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar970151fhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ar970151fresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views8776Altmetric-Citations1912LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Anions,Crystal structure,Ions,Materials,Metals Get e-Alerts
New Ways to Look at the Architecture of Plant Cell Walls (1989)

We report the use of Ni(2+) and Co(2+) on free-hand sections of soybean (Glycine max L.) and Bidens sp to localize polygalacturonates. In soybean only the hourglass cells of the seedcoat stain intensely. In the pod the epidermis of the outer pod wall and a few layers of subepidermal cells stain lightly, while that part of the funiculus adjacent to the seedcoat palisade epidermal cells stains heavily and the neck of the funiculus close to the pod also stains. In Bidens stem sections, the walls of the collenchyma stain most intensely.
Nearly all single base substitutions in DNA fragments joined to a GC-clamp can be detected by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (1985)

Duplex DNA fragments differing by single base substitutions can be separated by electrophoresis in denaturing gradient polyacrylamide gels, but only substitutions in a restricted part of the molecule lead to a separation (1). In an effort to circumvent this problem, we demonstrated that the melting properties and electrophoretic behavior of a 135 base pair DNA fragment containing a beta-globin promoter are changed by attaching a GC-rich sequence, called a 'GC-clamp' (2). We predicted that these changes should make it possible to resolve most, if not all, single base substitutions within fragments attached to the clamp. To test this possibility we examined the effect of several different single base substitutions on the electrophoretic behavior of the beta-globin promoter fragment in denaturing gradient gels. We find that the GC-clamp allows the separation of fragments containing substitutions throughout the promoter fragment. Many of these substitutions do not lead to a separation when the fragment is not attached to the clamp. Theoretical calculations and analysis of a large number of different mutations indicate that approximately 95% of all possible single base substitutions should be separable when attached to a GC-clamp.
Botulinum Toxin a for Chronic Daily Headache: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Design Study (2003)

Sixty patients with headaches of more than 15 days per month were recruited for this double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study of botulinum toxin type A (BTX) for chronic tension type and chronic migraine headaches. The primary efficacy point was the number of headache-free days as assessed by diary for 12 weeks after BTX injection. Secondary efficacy points included global impressions, the use of abortive headache medications, and palpation. After recruitment, subjects kept diaries for 4 weeks prior to randomization, at which time they received either 200 U of BTX or matching placebo and were followed. After the week-12 evaluation, patients were offered 200 U of BTX (open label), and were similarly followed for another 12 weeks. The mean days with headache of the 60 subjects (49 female, mean age 47 +/- 11 years) was 23 +/- 7 out of 30. Both groups were demographically similar (58 completed). Over a 12-week period after injections, headache-free days had improved in the BTX group from week 8 to 12 (P < 0.05), and strongly tended to improve over the entire 12-week period, 33 +/- 23 vs. 24 +/- 16 days without headache (P = 0.07), but did not meet the a priori significance criteria. The subject global impressions (P < 0.05), subject change in headache impressions (P < 0.005), and investigator global impressions (P < 0.001) all improved in the BTX group compared with placebo. Adverse events were mild and did not differ between groups. At week 24 (open label), headache-free days were less in the twice BTX injected group compared with the once injected group, 40 +/- 26 vs. 26 +/- 19 (P < 0.05). BTX may help chronic daily headache and appears to have a cumulative effect with subsequent injections. The treatment was very well tolerated.
Microfluidic CD4+ T-Cell Counting Device Using Chemiluminescence-Based Detection (2009)

This letter demonstrates a microfluidic platform for enumerating CD4+ T-lymphocytes from whole blood using chemiluminescence as a detection method. We microfabricated traps in a chamber and coated them with anti-CD4 antibody to isolate CD4+ T-cells. Based on cell surface-bound CD3 antibodies conjugated with horseradish peroxidase, incubation with chemiluminescent substrate produced a current in the photodetector that was proportional to the number of captured CD4+ T-cells. Analyzing 3 microL of whole blood, the platform exhibited high cell-capture efficiency and produced cell counts with high correlation to results obtained from flow cytometry. Compared to other lab-on-a-chip methods for CD4 counting, this method uses an instrument that requires no external light source and no image processing to produce a digitally displayed result only seconds after running the test.
Transfer-matrix formalism for the calculation of optical response in multilayer systems: from coherent to incoherent interference (2010)

We present a novel way to account for partially coherent interference in multilayer systems via the transfer-matrix method. The novel feature is that there is no need to use modified Fresnel coefficients or the square of their amplitudes to work in the incoherent limit. The transition from coherent to incoherent interference is achieved by introducing a random phase of increasing intensity in the propagating media. This random phase can simulate the effect of defects or impurities. This method provides a general way of dealing with optical multilayer systems, in which coherent and incoherent interference are treated on equal footing.
A grid application service framework for extracted sub-ontology update (2010)

Sub-ontology extraction provides a solution in dealing with large ontology. As time progresses, new discoveries and new ontology emerges making the ontology data much larger. Updating the sub-extracted ontology becomes a crucial task. Updating extracted sub-ontology can be done by performing the whole extraction process repeatedly from the base ontology. In contrast, our proposed approach is to develop an incremental update mechanism which can minimize the large communication and processing overhead in the former method. In this paper, we construct and describe a grid application service framework for updating extracted sub-ontology using the incremental update mechanism. The service can be accessed through a web portal. Functional verification and analysis provides viability of the framework.
Population Genomic Analysis of a Bacterial Plant Pathogen: Novel Insight into the Origin of Pierce's Disease of Grapevine in the U.S. (2010)

Invasive diseases present an increasing problem worldwide; however, genomic techniques are now available to investigate the timing and geographical origin of such introductions. We employed genomic techniques to demonstrate that the bacterial pathogen causing Pierce's disease of grapevine (PD) is not native to the US as previously assumed, but descended from a single genotype introduced from Central America. PD has posed a serious threat to the US wine industry ever since its first outbreak in Anaheim, California in the 1880s and continues to inhibit grape cultivation in a large area of the country. It is caused by infection of xylem vessels by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa, a genetically distinct subspecies at least 15,000 years old. We present five independent kinds of evidence that strongly support our invasion hypothesis: 1) a genome-wide lack of genetic variability in X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa found in the US, consistent with a recent common ancestor; 2) evidence for historical allopatry of the North American subspecies X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex and X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa; 3) evidence that X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa evolved in a more tropical climate than X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex; 4) much greater genetic variability in the proposed source population in Central America, variation within which the US genotypes are phylogenetically nested; and 5) the circumstantial evidence of importation of known hosts (coffee plants) from Central America directly into southern California just prior to the first known outbreak of the disease. The lack of genetic variation in X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa in the US suggests that preventing additional introductions is important since new genetic variation may undermine PD control measures, or may lead to infection of other crop plants through the creation of novel genotypes via inter-subspecific recombination. In general, geographically mixing of previously isolated subspecies should be avoided.
Multiple fluorescence in situ hybridization (1990)

A method for multiple fluorescence in situ hybridization is described allowing the simultaneous detection of more than three target sequences with only three fluorescent dyes (FITC, TRITC, AMCA), respectively emitting in the green, red, and blue. This procedure is based on the labeling of (DNA) probes with more than one hapten and visualisation in multiple colors. The possibility to detect multiple targets simultaneously is important for prenatal diagnosis and the detection of numerical and/or structural chromosome aberrations in tumor diagnosis. It may form the basis for an in situ hybridization based chromosome banding technique.