gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catalytic antibody degradation of ghrelin increases whole-body metabolic rate and reduces refeeding in fasting mice (2008)

Obesity is a chronic, costly, and globally prevalent condition, with excess caloric intake a suspected etiologic factor. Nonsurgical treatments are modestly efficacious, and weight loss maintenance is hampered by anti-famine homeostatic mechanisms. Ghrelin, a gastric hormone linked to meal initiation, energy expenditure, and fuel partitioning, is hypothesized to facilitate weight gain and impede weight loss. Unique among known animal peptides, the serine-3 residue of ghrelin is posttranslationally acylated with an n-octanoic acid, a modification important for the peptide's active blood-brain transport and growth hormone secretagogue receptor-1 agonist activity. Pharmacological degradation of ghrelin would be hypothesized to reduce ghrelin's biological effects. To study endogenous ghrelin's role in appetite and energy expenditure, we generated antibodies that hydrolyze the octanoyl moiety of ghrelin to form des-acyl ghrelin. The most proficient antibody catalyst, GHR-11E11, was found to display a second-order rate constant of 18 M(-1) x s(-1) for the hydrolysis of ghrelin to des-acyl ghrelin. I.v. administration of GHR-11E11 (50 mg/kg) maintained a greater metabolic rate in fasting C57BL/6J mice as compared with mice receiving a control antibody and suppressed 6-h refeeding after 24 h of food deprivation. Indirect respiratory measures of metabolism after refeeding and relative fuel substrate utilization were unaffected. The results support the hypothesis that acylated ghrelin stimulates appetite and curbs energy expenditure during deficient energy intake, whereas des-acyl ghrelin does not potently share these functions. Catalytic anti-ghrelin antibodies might thereby adjunctively aid consolidation of caloric restriction-induced weight loss and might also be therapeutically relevant to Prader-Willi syndrome, characterized after infancy by hyperghrelinemia, hyperphagia, and obesity.
The Pharmacokinetics, Antigenicity, and Fusion-Inhibition Activity of RSHZ19, a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody to Respiratory Syncytial Virus, in Healthy Volunteers (1996)

Single ascending doses of RSHZ19 (also known as SB 209763), a humanized monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed to the fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus, were administered to healthy men to evaluate the safety, pharmacokinetics, antigenicity, and fusion inhibition (FI) activity of RSHZ19. Doses of RSHZ19 (0.025-10.0 mg/kg) or placebo were infused over 30 min, and subjects were followed for 10 weeks. Plasma concentrations of RSHZ19 and RSHZ19-specific antibodies were determined by ELISAs. FI titers were used to evaluate the ability of plasma to inhibit virus-induced fusion of VERO cells previously infected with RS Long strain virus. Twenty-six subjects, mean age 24, completed the study. RSHZ19 was safe and well tolerated, and no subject developed antibodies to RSHZ19 during follow-up. RSHZ19 had low plasma clearance and a half-life of approximately 23 days, similar to native IgG. Increases in FI titers relative to pretreatment levels were seen 24 h after MAb administration in all 4 subjects given 10 mg/kg and in 2 of 4 given 5 mg/kg.
γ-Guanidinobutyraldehyde Dehydrogenase of Vicia faba Leaves (1984)

gamma-Guanidinobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase was purified 27-fold in 40% yield from extracts of Vicia faba leaves. High specificity exist only for gamma-guanidinobutyraldehyde and gamma-aminobutyraldehyde; the K(m) value was 3.4 micromolar for gamma-guanidinobutyraldehyde, 25 micromolar for gamma-aminobutyraldehyde, and 84 micromolar (case of gamma-guanidinobutyraldehyde) for NAD, respectively. The enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 83,000. Optimal pH and temperature for activity were 9.5 and 45 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme was inhibited strongly by p-chloromercuribenzoate, N-ethylmaleimide, and zincon (2-carboxy-2'-hydroxy-5'-sulfoformazylbenzene).
High Circulating Levels of the Dengue Virus Nonstructural Protein NS1 Early in Dengue Illness Correlate with the Development of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (2002)

Infection with any 1 of 4 dengue viruses produces a spectrum of clinical illness ranging from a mild undifferentiated febrile illness to dengue fever (DF) to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), a potentially life-threatening disease. The morbidity and mortality of DHF can be reduced by early hospitalization and careful supportive care. To determine its usefulness as a predictor of DHF, plasma levels of the secreted dengue virus nonstructural protein NS1 (sNS1) were measured daily in 32 children with dengue-2 virus infections participating in a prospective, hospital-based study. Free sNS1 levels in plasma correlated with viremia levels and were higher in patients with DHF than in those with DF. An elevated free sNS1 level (> or =600 ng/mL) within 72 h of illness onset identified patients at risk for developing DHF.
The Nuclear Component of a Cytonuclear Hybrid Incompatibility in Mimulus Maps to a Cluster of Pentatricopeptide Repeat Genes (2009)

Characterizing the genetic and molecular basis of hybrid incompatibilities is a first step toward understanding their evolutionary origins. We fine mapped the nuclear restorer (Rf) of cytoplasm-dependent anther sterility in Mimulus hybrids by identifying and targeting regions of the Mimulus guttatus genome containing large numbers of candidate pentatricopeptide repeat genes (PPRs). The single Mendelian locus Rf was first isolated to a 1.3-cM region on linkage group 7 that spans the genome's largest cluster of PPRs, then split into two tightly linked loci (Rf1 and Rf2) by <10 recombination events in a large (N = 6153) fine-mapping population. Progeny testing of fertile recombinants demonstrated that a dominant M. guttatus allele at each Rf locus was sufficient to restore fertility. Each Rf locus spans a physical region containing numerous PPRs with high homology to each other, suggesting recent tandem duplication or transposition. Furthermore, these PPRs have higher homology to restorers in distantly related taxa (petunia and rice) than to PPRs elsewhere in the Mimulus genome. These results suggest that the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)-PPR interaction is highly conserved across flowering plants. In addition, given our theoretical understanding of cytonuclear coevolution, the finding that hybrid CMS results from interactions between a chimeric mitochondrial transcript that is modified by Rf loci identified as PPRs is consistent with a history of selfish mitochondrial evolution and compensatory nuclear coevolution within M. guttatus.
Mechanism of Direct Electrolytic Reduction of Solid SiO[sub 2] to Si in Molten CaCl[sub 2] (2005)

The mechanism of direct electrolytic reduction of in molten was studied. Morphological and crystallographic investigations were conducted on Si prepared by potentiostatic electrolysis of contacting electrode at (vs. ) for at . X-ray diffraction confirmed that amorphous was reduced to crystalline Si. From scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray results, it was proved that Si columns were formed perpendicular to the reaction interface between Si and and that vacant spaces were formed between the columns. It was found from field emission SEM observation that the Si column had basically a hexagonal prismatic and stacking structure. Transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction results revealed that the Si column was a single crystal having {111} twin planes perpendicular to the axis of the column. It is explained that amorphous Si is first formed by electrochemical reduction and then thermally transformed to crystalline Si. The rate-determining step of the reduction was found to be diffusion in the vacant space between the columns.
The genetic basis of systemic lupus erythematosus--knowledge of today and thoughts for tomorrow (2004)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic rheumatic disease with an autoimmune etiology. Nuclear components of the cells are the main targets of the autoimmune reaction, affecting virtually any organ in the body. SLE is also called a prototype disease due to a substantial overlap in its clinical symptoms with other autoimmune diseases. Therefore the understanding of the mechanisms underlying SLE may contribute to advances in studies and development of new treatments for several autoimmune diseases. SLE is a complex disease with both genetic factors (mutations or susceptibility alleles) and environmental factors (infections, drugs, stress, exposures, etc.) contributing to its development. In this article we will give an overview of the latest findings in genetics of SLE, concentrating on the two most interesting and promising pathways: the PD-1 and the interferon pathways.
Molecular analysis of three gain-of-function CHO mutants that add the bisecting GlcNAc to N-glycans (2004)

LEC10 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are gain-of-function mutants that express N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III (GlcNAc-TIII), the glycosyltransferase that adds the bisecting GlcNAc to complex N-glycans. LEC10 cells are useful for glycosylation engineering of recombinant glycoproteins, including antibody therapeutics, for defining lectin recognition specificities and for determining biological functions of the bisecting GlcNAc. We show that three CHO mutants, LEC10, LEC10A, and LEC10B, arose due to transcriptional activation of the quiescent CHO Mgat3 gene. They each express Mgat3 gene transcripts of approximately 4.7 kb at different levels (LEC10B > LEC10 > LEC10A). Southern analyses gave a single band in LEC10, LEC10A, and parent CHO DNA with four restriction enzymes but an additional band with three of them in LEC10B genomic DNA, indicative of a duplication event in LEC10B. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Mgat3 gene expressed in each CHO mutant and in parent CHO genomic DNA is identical. However, 5' UTR sequences differ with LEC10 and LEC10B containing a 5' UTR segment of the Atf4 gene downstream of the Mgat3 gene in human and mouse. Somatic cell hybrid analysis indicated that the LEC10B Mgat3 gene was induced by a cis mechanism. LEC10B glycoproteins bound more erythroagglutinin lectin (E-PHA) than LEC10 glycoproteins and MALDI-TOF MS revealed a broad spectrum of complex, bisected N-glycans expressed by the LEC10B mutant. LEC10B is therefore the cell line of choice for producing recombinant glycoproteins carrying bisected N-glycans and for investigating biological functions of the bisecting GlcNAc.
Acoustic cloaking in three dimensions using acoustic metamaterials (2007)

A scheme to achieve two dimensional (2D) acoustic cloaking is proposed by Cummer and Schurig [New J. Phys. 9, 45 (2007)] by mapping the acoustic equations to Maxwell’s equations of one polarization in the 2D geometry. We find that the acoustic equation can be mapped to the direct current conductivity equation in three dimensions, which then allows the design of three-dimensional acoustic cloaking using the coordinate transformation scheme. The perfect cloaking effect is confirmed by solving for the scattering problem using the spherical-Bessel function series expansion method.
Co-training with noisy perceptual observations (2009)

Many perception problems involve datasets that are naturally comprised of multiple streams or modalities for which supervised training data is only sparsely available. In cases where there is a degree of conditional independence between such views, a class of semi-supervised learning techniques that are based on maximizing view agreement over unlabeled data has been proven successful in a wide range of machine learning domains. However, these `co-training' or `multi-view' learning methods have had relatively limited application in vision, due in part to the assumption of constant per-channel noise models. In this paper we propose a probabilistic heteroscedastic approach to co-training that simultaneously discovers the amount of noise on a per-sample basis, while solving the classification task. This results in high performance in the presence of occlusion or other complex observation noise processes. We demonstrate our approach in two domains, multi-view object recognition from low-fidelity sensor networks and audio-visual classification.
Short-Range Spectroscopic Ruler Based on a Single-Molecule Optical Switch (2005)

We demonstrate a novel all-optical switch consisting of two molecules: a primary fluorophore (Cy5) that can be switched between a fluorescent and a dark state by light of different wavelengths, and a secondary chromophore (Cy3) that facilitates switching. The interaction between the two molecules exhibits a distance dependence much steeper than that of conventional Fo rster resonance energy transfer. This enables the switch to act as a ruler with the capability to probe distances difficult to access by other spectroscopic methods, thus presenting a new tool for the study of biomolecules at the single-molecule level.
The ruby and argon lasers in the treatment of naevi. (1983)

There are many kinds of abnormally coloured skin lesions, or naevi, which cannot be successfully treated by using conventional techniques. From experience gained in treating over 6,700 patients in the last 6 years, we find that the visible light ruby and argon lasers are useful in the treatment of naevi. However, to use the laser effectively and safely, both skill and knowledge are necessary so that it can become an additional and effective tool in the management of certain dermatological conditions.
Potent spinal parenchymal AAV9-mediated gene delivery by subpial injection in adult rats and pigs (2016)

Effective in vivo use of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors to achieve gene-specific silencing or upregulation in the central nervous system has been limited by the inability to provide more than limited deep parenchymal expression in adult animals using delivery routes with the most clinical relevance (intravenous or intrathecal). Here, we demonstrate that the spinal pia membrane represents the primary barrier limiting effective AAV9 penetration into the spinal parenchyma after intrathecal AAV9 delivery. We develop a novel subpial AAV9 delivery technique and AAV9-dextran formulation. We use these in adult rats and pigs to show (i) potent spinal parenchymal transgene expression in white and gray matter including neurons, glial and endothelial cells after single bolus subpial AAV9 delivery; (ii) delivery to almost all apparent descending motor axons throughout the length of the spinal cord after cervical or thoracic subpial AAV9 injection; (iii) potent retrograde transgene expression in brain motor centers (motor cortex and brain stem); and (iv) the relative safety of this approach by defining normal neurological function for up to 6 months after AAV9 delivery. Thus, subpial delivery of AAV9 enables gene-based therapies with a wide range of potential experimental and clinical utilizations in adult animals and human patients.
PDX-1 Acts as a Potential Molecular Target for Treatment of Human Pancreatic Cancer (2008)

PDX-1 regulates cell proliferation and invasion in human pancreatic cancer cells. Down-regulation of PDX-1 expression inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, implying its use as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys (1994)

Schizophrenic patients saw their parents as showing much less warmth, and the severity of currents symptoms was associated with perceived parental rearing attitudes. The hostility component of high expressed emotion may be a parental trait which exists before the illness begins.
Nature's Electric Potential: A Systematic Review of the Role of Bioelectricity in Wound Healing and Regenerative Processes in Animals, Humans, and Plants (2017)

Natural endogenous voltage gradients not only predict and correlate with growth and development but also drive wound healing and regeneration processes. This review summarizes the existing literature for the nature, sources, and transmission of information-bearing bioelectric signals involved in controlling wound healing and regeneration in animals, humans, and plants. It emerges that some bioelectric characteristics occur ubiquitously in a range of animal and plant species. However, the limits of similarities are probed to give a realistic assessment of future areas to be explored. Major gaps remain in our knowledge of the mechanistic basis for these processes, on which regenerative therapies ultimately depend. In relation to this, it is concluded that the mapping of voltage patterns and the processes generating them is a promising future research focus, to probe three aspects: the role of wound/regeneration currents in relation to morphology; the role of endogenous flux changes in driving wound healing and regeneration; and the mapping of patterns in organisms of extreme longevity, in contrast with the aberrant voltage patterns underlying impaired healing, to inform interventions aimed at restoring them.
Switching the hydrophilicity of a solute (2009)

An amidine appendage gives a solute switchable hydrophilicity. Upon the introduction of CO2 gas, a hydrophobic solute can turn into a hydrophilic solute, with the corresponding partition coefficient changed by over 2 orders of magnitude.
BEYOND ENFORCEMENT : IN-CAR VIDEO KEEPS OFFICERS ON THE STREETS (1998)

This article describes applications for in-car video systems beyond the standard speed detection uses. It describes how the systems are used for training law enforcement officers and providing video evidence of traffic occurrences.
Fractional Laser treatment for pigmentation and texture improvement. (2006)

Fractional laser treatment with the 1,550 nm erbium fiber laser (Fraxel Laser, Reliant Technologies) has bridged the gap between the ablative and nonablative laser modalities used to treat the epidermal and dermal signs of skin aging. By targeting water as its chromophore, the laser induces a dense array of microscopic, columnar thermal zones of tissue injury that do not perforate or impair the function of the epidermis. The significant skin remodeling that ensues can be used to treat, with limited downtime, epidermal pigmentation, melasma, and rhytides, as well as textural abnormalities that include acne-related and surgical scars.
Immunity to Intracellular Bacteria (1993)

Intracellular bacteria are endowed with the capacity to survive and replicate inside mononuclear phagocytes (MP) and, sometimes, within certain other host cells. MP are potent effectors cells that are able to engulf and kill many bacterial invaders. Therefore, intracellular bacteria had to exploit potent evasion mechanisms that allow their survival in this hostile environment. At the early phase, natural killer cells activate antibacterial defense mechanisms. During intracellular persistence, microbial proteins are processed and presented, thus initiating T cell activation. By secreting interleukins, CD4 alpha/beta TH1 cells activate MP, converting them from a habitat to a potent effector cell; TH2-dependent activities seem to be of minor importance. Cytolytic CD8 T cells represent a further element of protection. In the case of Listeria monocytogenes, the gene products responsible for virulence and for the introduction of antigens into the MHC class I pathway are being characterized. Increasing evidence points to a role of gamma/delta T lymphocytes in antibacterial immunity, although their precise function remains to be elucidated. Protection in the host is a local event focussed on granulomatous lesions. MP accumulate at the site of microbial growth and become activated through the CD4 T cell-interleukin-MP axis. Lysis of incapacitated MP and other host cells by CD8 T cells allows release and subsequent uptake by more efficient phagocytes, thus contributing to host protection. At the same time, lysis of host cells promotes microbial dissemination and causes tissue injury, which represent pathogenic aspects of the same mechanism. Research on the immune response against intracellular bacteria not only helps us to better understand how the immune system deals with "viable antigens" in constant trans-mutation, it also forms the basis for the rational design of control measures for major health problems.
Inertial proproceptive devices: Self-motion-sensing toys and tools (1996)

One of the current goals of technology is to redirect computation and communication capabilities from within the traditional computer and into everyday objects and devices—to make devices. one important function of smart devices is motion sensing. a proprioceptive device has a sense of its own motion and position. this ability can allow pens to remember what they have written, cameras to record their positions along with images, and baseball bats to communicate to batters information about their swing. in this paper, inertial sensing is introduced as the logical choice for unobtrusive, fully general motion sensing. example proprioceptive device applications are presented along with their sensing ranges and sensitivities. finally, the technologies used in implementing inertial sensors are described, and a survey of commercially available accelerometers and gyroscopes is presented.
Intrapatient Cetuximab Dose Escalation in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer According to the Grade of Early Skin Reactions: The Randomized EVEREST Study (2012)

Cetuximab serum concentrations increased predictably with dose. Higher dose levels were well tolerated. The possible indication for improved efficacy in the dose-escalation group warrants further investigation.
Acceleration of absolute negative mobility (2007)

Recently, the counter intuitive migration phenomenon of absolute negative mobility (ANM) has been demonstrated to occur for colloidal particles in a suitably arranged post array within a microfluidic device [1]. This effect is based on the interplay of Brownian motion, nonlinear dynamics induced through microstructuring, and nonequilibrium driving, and results in a particle movement opposite to an applied static force. Simultaneously, the migration of a different particle species along the direction of the static force is possible [19], thus providing a new tool for particle sorting in microfluidic device format. The so far demonstrated maximum velocities for micrometer-sized spheres are slow, i. e., in the order of 10 nm per second. Here, we investigate numerically, how maximum ANM velocities can be significantly accelerated by a careful adjustment of the post size and shape. Based on this numerical analysis, a post design is developed and tested in a microfluidic device made of PDMS. The experiment reveals an order of magnitude increase in velocity.
ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY OF CULTURED BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE (CYANOPHYTA)1 (1991)

ABSTRACT A large‐scale screening program was initiated to evaluate laboratory‐cultured blue‐green algae (cyanobacteria) as a source of novel antineoplastic agents. Approximately 1000 cyanophyte strains from diverse habitats were cultured to provide extracts for testing. The screening program identified the families Scytonemataceae and Stigonemataceae as prolific producers of novel cytotoxic compounds. Rates of rediscovery of known compounds were relatively low.