gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin on Osteoclast Formation in Vitro* (1980)

We have investigated hormonal interactions regulating bone resorption by measuring biochemical and morphological responses of neonatal mouse calvaria in vitro to treatment with 0.1 U/ml parathyroid hormone (PTH) without or with 100 ng/ml human calcitonin (CT). Calvaria were also labeled continuously with 0.5 microCi [3H]thymidine/bone. By 96 h, PTH stimulated the release of calcium (Ca) into the medium to 240% of control, while CT alone stimulated release of Ca to 96% of control. CT in the presence of PTH transiently inhibited the release of Ca up to 24--48 h after its addition. The subsequent loss of responsiveness to CT has been described as escape. Light microscopic analysis showed that PTH treatment markedly increased the number of osteoclast profiles in parallel with the stimulation of Ca release. Ct in the presence of PTH only transiently slowed the increase in osteoclast profiles. Fewer osteoclast profiles were observed in the presence of CT alone than in the control. Autoradiography of PTH-treated bones first showed [3H]thymidine label in osteoclast nuclei at 24 h, which increased markedly by 96 h. In PTH- plus CT-treated calvaria, significantly fewer osteoclast nuclei were labeled even at 96 h. In summary, hormonally induced changes in osteoclast profiles correlated well with changes in the stimulated release of Ca from calvaria. PTH had at least two effects on cell kinetics: 1) an early effect to increase the number of osteoclasts by fusion of preexisting mononuclear osteoclast precursors, and 2) a later effect to increase the fusion of postmitotic mononuclear cells with osteoclasts. In parallel with the observation of escape, CT only transiently inhibited PTH-stimulated osteoclast formation. The transient inhibition by CT of PTH-stimulated resorption can be explained by an early effect on osteoclast precursor cell fusions.
Algorithm design for a 30-bit integrated logarithmic processor (2003)

A description is given of the architecture of an integrated processor that is capable of performing addition and subtraction of 30-b numbers with 20 fractional bits in the logarithmic number system. Previous techniques would require 70 Mb of ROM to implement this processor, which is not feasible for a single-chip implementation. The techniques presented here use a factor of 275 less memory. The key to this is the use of a linear approximation of the nonlinear functions stored in the lookup tables. The functions involved are highly nonlinear in some regions, so variable size regions are used for the approximation. The use of linear approximation alone would still require over 565 kb of ROM. Further compression is obtained by using linear approximation with differential coding of each table. The compression is chosen to minimize ROM size and obtains a further reduction of 55%. A total of 260 kb of ROM is required to implement the processor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Chemoprevention Gene Therapy (CGT): Novel Combinatorial Approach for Preventing and Treating Pancreatic Cancer (2013)

Pancreatic cancer remains one of the deadliest of all cancers despite aggressive surgical treatment combined with adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Chemoresistance and radioresistance are the principal causes of failure of pancreatic cancer patients to respond to therapy. Conditionally replication competent adenovirus (CRCA)-based cancer gene therapy is an innovative strategy for treating cancers displaying inherent resistance to treatment. Limitations of current adenovirus (Ad)-based gene therapies for malignant tumors include lack of cancer-specificity, and effective and targeted delivery. To remedy this situation, CRCAs have been designed that express E1A, necessary for Ad replication, under the control of a cancer-specific progression elevated gene-3 promoter (PEG-Prom) with concomitant expression of an immunomodulatory cytokine, such as mda-7/IL-24 or interferon-γ (IFN-γ), under the control of a ubiquitous and strong cytomegalovirus promoter (CMV-Prom) from the E3 region. These bipartite CRCAs, when armed with a transgene, are called cancer terminator viruses (CTVs), i.e., Ad.PEG-E1A-CMV-mda-7 (CTV-M7) and Ad.PEG-E1A-CMV-IFN-γ (CTV-γ), because of their universal effectiveness in cancer treatment irrespective of p53/pRb/p16 or other genetic alterations in tumor cells. In addition to their selective oncolytic effects in tumor cells, the potent 'bystander antitumor' properties of MDA-7/IL-24 and IFN-γ embody the CTVs with expanded treatment properties for both primary and distant cancers. Pancreatic cancer cells display a "translational block" of mda-7/IL-24 mRNA, limiting production of MDA-7/IL-24 protein and cancer-specific apoptosis. Specific chemopreventive agents abrogate this "translational block" resulting in pancreatic cancer-specific killing. This novel chemoprevention gene therapy (CGT) strategy holds promise for both prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancers where all other strategies have proven ineffective.
Tumor Progression in Breast Cancer (1991)

Breast cancer is one of the leading cause of cancer-related deaths of women in North America and Europe. Progress in understanding the cellular and molecular biology of mammary tumorigenesis has been impeded by lack of suitable in vitro models. The availability of normal tissue from reduction mammoplasty, and pathological tissue samples from biopsies and mastectomies provides a unique opportunity for studying human cancer. The importance of growing normal and tumor-derived cells for comparative studies of gene expression, drug resistance, surface antigens, mechanism of cell cycle control and prognostic markers can hardly be overstated. While some information can be obtained from fixed and frozen tissues, they are not useful for indepth studies involving biochemical and molecular analyses. There are no in vivo or in vitro models of tumor progression in human breast cancer. In fact, cells from mammary carcinomas have been among the most difficult human tumor-derived cells to grow in culture (1,2) and have poorly grown as xenografts in the nude mouse model (3). Very few primary mammary tumor cell lines are available (4–6).
From relative to absolute antenna phase center corrections (2005)

These relative phase center corrections, however, are based upon the arbitrary assumption that the phase center variations (PCVs) of the reference antenna AOAD/M T are zero. Moreover, it is impossible to correctly take into account the phase center positions when processing long intercontinental baselines, or simply when the receiver antenna is tilted. Relative antenna calibrations in the field do neither permit a homogeneous distribution of observations with regard to the antenna hemisphere nor the estimation of PCVs below an elevation angle of 10◦ (at the moment). In addition, relative receiver antenna PCVs contain site-dependent multipath effects. Finally, the systematic PCVs of the different satellite blocks cannot be taken into account using relative receiver phase center corrections only.
Immunocytochemical localization of immunoglobulins in the rat brain: Relationship to the blood‐brain barrier (1994)

The central nervous system has been traditionally regarded as an immunologically privileged area. This feature has been in part attributed to the blood-brain barrier, which provides a restrictive interface to circulating immunoglobulins (IgG). Recent kinetic studies suggest that the barrier to immune proteins is not absolute, but rather may be regulated by a specific transfer mechanism. In this study, we confirm the presence of IgG in the central nervous system by immunocytochemistry and demonstrate a close anatomical relationship between the distribution of this protein and the blood-brain barrier. IgG was immunolocalized in the normal rat brain by using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to IgG and its subclasses. On the basis of an initial evaluation, the most appropriate antibodies and dilutions were selected for subsequent analyses. In the first study, IgG and albumin were immunolocalized in adjacent sections. In the second study, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was given intravenously prior to sacrifice, in order to examine artifacts related to perfusion fixation. The distribution of HRP and IgG was then examined in adjacent sections. In the third study, IgG was immunolocalized in sections of brain after mild traumatic head injury. A monoclonal antibody to IgG2a and a polyclonal antibody to IgG were selected on the basis of specificity and consistent, mutual localization. Distinct, patchy, perivascular staining, infrequently associated with labeled neurons, was noted throughout the brain. Electron microscopy confirmed the perivascular localization; IgG was localized along the basal lamina of microvasculature and within the adjacent parenchyma. Albumin and HRP did not exhibit a similar pattern of perivascular immunostaining. After head injury, prominent immunostaining for IgG was observed in the injured hemisphere. In summary, these data indicate that the normal rat brain contains IgG, which dramatically increases after head injury. The distinct perivascular distribution in the normal brain suggests local microvascular permeability. This permeability is selective for IgG, since albumin does not share a similar perivascular localization. The neuronal staining which is closely associated with perivascular label may reflect one intracellular route for extravasated IgG.
Outer-membrane PapC molecular usher discriminately recognizes periplasmic chaperone-pilus subunit complexes. (1993)

P pili are highly ordered composite structures consisting of thin fibrillar tips joined end-to-end to rigid helical rods. The production of these virulence-associated structures requires a periplasmic chaperone (PapD) and an outer membrane protein (PapC) that is the prototype member of a newly recognized class of proteins that we have named "molecular ushers." Two in vitro assays showed that the preassembly complexes that PapD forms with the three most distal tip fibrillar proteins (PapG, PapF, and PapE) bound to PapC. The relative affinity of each complex for PapC was found to correlate with the final position of the subunit type in the tip fibrillum. In contrast, the complexes PapD forms with the major component of the pilus rod, PapA, or the pilus rod initiating protein, PapK, did not recognize PapC. The in vitro data argue that differential targeting of chaperone-subunit complexes to PapC may be part of a mechanism to ensure the correctly ordered assembly of adhesive composite pili.
Molecular characterization of neurotrophin expression and the corresponding tropomyosin receptor kinases (trks) in epithelial and stromal cells of the human prostate (1997)

The prostate is one of the most abundant sources of nerve growth factor (NGF) outside of the nervous system. NGF is a member of the neurotrophin family of growth factors which in mammals also includes brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5). These neurotrophins can bind with high affinity to a family of tropomyosin receptor kinases (trks). These receptors are trkA, which binds NGF; trkB, which binds both BDNF and NT-4/5; and trkC, which binds NT-3. In order to characterize the molecular expression of the neurotrophins and their corresponding trk receptors in the prostate we performed Northern blot analysis for the neurotrophins and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) coupled with Southern blot analysis for the trk family of receptors on smooth muscle stromal cells from the prostate, the androgen responsive LNCaP prostate tumor cell line and the androgen refractory TSU-pr1 prostate tumor cell line. The results show that smooth muscle stromal cells expressed NGF, BDNF and trkC, whereas both epithelial cell lines expressed trkA, trkB and trkC to various degrees. NT-3 was not detected in either the smooth muscle stromal cells or in both epithelial cell lines. This suggests that the stromal cell derived NGF and BDNF may interact via paracrine mechanisms with trkA and trkB receptors, respectively, on the adjacent epithelial cells. Interestingly, the androgen responsive LNCaP cell line did not express any of the neurotrophins, whereas the androgen refractory TSU-pr1 cell line expressed NGF, BDNF and NT-4/5. This suggests that the autocrine expression of NGF, BDNF and NT-4/5 is up-regulated in prostate epithelial cells following their transformation to an androgen refractory pathology. Hence, the malignant transformation of prostate epithelial tumor cells may facilitate their escape from a paracrine dependence on stromal cell derived neurotrophins by the acquisition of the autocrine expression of neurotrophins. Since the pathology of malignant cell migration within the prostate is predominantly by direct extension around prostatic nerves the upregulation of autocrine neurotrophin expression within prostate epithelial tumor cells may be concomitant with transformation to a malignant phenotype capable of invasion along the perineural space and extracapsular metastasis to distant sites of tumor formation.
Asymmetric synthesis of the taxol and taxotère C-13 side chains (1994)

A practical and efficient asymmetric synthesis of the 3-benzoylamino-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionic acid derived side chain of the important anticancer agent taxol is described. The pivotal synthetic transformation relies upon the highly diastereoselective tandem lithium amide conjugate addition–electrophilic hydroxylation of tert-butyl cinnamate 4. The resultant antiβ-amino-α-hydroxy acid derivative is readily converted to the anti diastereoisomer of the taxol side chain methyl ester, from which the naturally occurring syn configuration is secured by a simple Mitsunobu inversion sequence via a dihydrooxazole intermediate. Under optimal conditions, this straightforward approach provides the taxol side chain methyl ester (–)-15(natural enantiomer) in four steps and 60% yield from tert-butyl cinnamate 4. The protocol is applied to the preparation of all four taxol side chain stereoisomers and is extended to allow for the synthesis of the side chain of taxotére, a potent taxol analogue.
High-temperature electron emission from diamond films (2003)

This work examines electron field-emission characteristics of polycrystalline diamond films at elevated temperatures. Diamond is an excellent material as a field emitter because of its exceptional mechanical hardness and chemical inertness. The motivation behind this study involves the use of field emitters in applications where high temperatures exist. Nitrogen-doped polycrystalline diamond films were grown by plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition. To investigate the effect of increased temperatures on field emission, current–voltage measurements were taken from the same diamond film at varying temperatures. Results from these measurements indicate a decrease in the turn-on voltage with increasing temperature. Further analysis of the temperature dependence of emission is achieved through parameter estimation of the effective emitting area, field enhancement factor, and work function. These results suggest that thermally excited electrons are responsible for improved emission at high temperature.
Stimulators and Activators of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase: Review and Potential Therapeutic Indications (2012)

The heme-protein soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is the intracellular receptor for nitric oxide (NO). sGC is a heterodimeric enzyme with α and β subunits and contains a heme moiety essential for binding of NO and activation of the enzyme. Stimulation of sGC mediates physiologic responses including smooth muscle relaxation, inhibition of inflammation, and thrombosis. In pathophysiologic states, NO formation and bioavailability can be impaired by oxidative stress and that tolerance to NO donors develops with continuous use. Two classes of compounds have been developed that can directly activate sGC and increase cGMP formation in pathophysiologic conditions when NO formation and bioavailability are impaired or when NO tolerance has developed. In this report, we review current information on the pharmacology of heme-dependent stimulators and heme-independent activators of sGC in animal and in early clinical studies and the potential role these compounds may have in the management of cardiovascular disease.
"Per cell" normalization method for mRNA measurement by quantitative PCR and microarrays (2006)

Percellome data can be compared directly among samples and among different studies, and between different platforms, without further normalization. Therefore, "percellome" normalization can serve as a standard method for exchanging and comparing data across different platforms and among different laboratories.
Aged mouse ovaries possess rare premeiotic germ cells that can generate oocytes following transplantation into a young host environment (2009)

Of all the major organ systems in the body, the ovaries of females are the first to exhibit impaired function with advancing age. Until recently, traditional thinking was that female mammals are provided with a non-renewable pool of oocyte-containing follicles at birth that are depleted during postnatal life to exhaustion, driving ovarian failure. However, a growing body of evidence, including the isolation of germline stem cells (GSC) from adult mouse ovaries that produce developmentally-competent oocytes, has challenged this belief. In addition, rare germline stem-like cells capable of generating oocytes in vitro that undergo parthenogenesis to form blastocyst-like structures have recently been identified in postmenopausal human ovaries. Here we show that the germline-specific meiosis-commitment genes,Stimulated by retinoic acid gene 8 (Stra8) and Deleted in azoospermia-like (Dazl), are highly expressed in aged mouse ovaries. However, histological and marker analyses fail to demonstrate the presence of oocytes, supporting that Stra8 and Dazl are expressed in premeiotic germ cells that do not undergo further differentiation. Through the use of aged germline-specific GFP-expressing transgenic mice, we further show that these germ cells can generate GFP-positive oocytes that co-express the primordial oocyte marker NOBOX and form follicles when grafted into young adult wild-type female hosts. Thus, aged mouse ovaries possess a rare population of premeiotic germ cells that retain the capacity to form oocytes if exposed to a young host environment.
Key Issues in Evaluation: Quantitative and Qualitative Methods and Research Design (2001)

A number of key issues frequently emerge in the practice of evaluation. One needs to be familiar with these issues to most effectively engage evaluation professionals in one’s program and to make appropriate inferences or interpretations from evaluation data. In this article, three of those background issues are discussed: qualitative research, quantitative research, and experimental design. Although not intended to be a comprehensive treatise on the subject, this article will cover the strengths and limitations of methodologies, what questions are possible to answer within these methodologies, and the influence of research designs on the inferences that can be drawn from data.
Norovirus Gastroenteritis, Carbohydrate Receptors, and Animal Models (2010)

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.



The authors were supported by the NIH (RO1 AI 055649, RO1 AI 037093 and PO1 HD 13021) and the Department of Defense (PR 033018) of the USA. The funders had no role in study design,data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Highly stable single-domain antibody fragments from camelids (2002)

Conference Abstract| June 01 2002 Highly stable single-domain antibody fragments from camelids M. Dumoulin; M. Dumoulin 4 1Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, Centre d'Ingénerie des Protéines, Institut de chimie B6, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar K. Conrath; K. Conrath 2Department of Ultrastructure V.U.B, B-1640 St. Genesius Rode, Belgium Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar F. Meersman; F. Meersman 3Department of Chemistry, K.U.L. B-3001 Leuven, Belgium Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar K. Heremans; K. Heremans 3Department of Chemistry, K.U.L. B-3001 Leuven, Belgium Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar S. Muyldermans; S. Muyldermans 2Department of Ultrastructure V.U.B, B-1640 St. Genesius Rode, Belgium Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar L. Wyns; L. Wyns 2Department of Ultrastructure V.U.B, B-1640 St. Genesius Rode, Belgium Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar A. Matagne A. Matagne 1Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, Centre d'Ingénerie des Protéines, Institut de chimie B6, Université de Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (2002) 30 (3): A93. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst030a093c Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation M. Dumoulin, K. Conrath, F. Meersman, K. Heremans, S. Muyldermans, L. Wyns, A. Matagne; Highly stable single-domain antibody fragments from camelids. Biochem Soc Trans 1 June 2002; 30 (3): A93. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst030a093c Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 2002 Biochemical Society2002 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Service-oriented architecture: Programming model and product architecture (2005)

IBM products increasingly implement a service-oriented architecture (SOA), in which programmers build services, use services, and develop solutions that aggregate services. IBM Software Group middleware products and tools support the development and deployment of SOA solutions, and increasingly make functional interfaces between components and products visible through a service model. Software Group components will increasingly use SOA standards for intracomponent communications. Our move to SOA encompasses both the programming model and lower-level infrastructure software, for example, systems-management and storage-management application programming interfaces and functions. This paper concisely defines the IBM SOA programming model and the product architecture that supports it. We provide the motivation for our programming-model and design decisions. This paper also focuses on the architectural concepts that underlie our programming model and product architecture.