gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Covalent surface modification of a metal–organic framework: selective surface engineering via CuI-catalyzed Huisgen cycloaddition (2008)

A Zn-cornered, mixed-ligand, metal-organic framework (MOF) bearing TMS-protected acetylenes has been constructed and its surface decorated with organic molecules via'click chemistry', in a demonstration of selective post-synthesis functionalization.
Candidate Reference Method for the Quantification of Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2004)

Quantification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-hydroxycholecalciferol) in serum is the best-established indicator of vitamin D status (1). Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is absorbed from the diet, and, given sufficient ultraviolet irradiation, nutritionally adequate amounts of vitamin D3 are formed in the skin from its precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol. In the liver, vitamin D3 undergoes hydroxylation to 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, which is further metabolized in the kidney to form the active metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) is derived solely from plant sources; relevant serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 are observed only after ingestion of vitamin D2 drug preparations, and biological equivalence to vitamin D3 has never been demonstrated conclusively.

The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D has been recognized as substantial (2)(3), even in regions with high sun exposure (4), contributing not only to osteoporosis (5)(6) but possibly to a loss of muscle strength in aging as well (7).

Various assays are used for the quantification of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 that incorporate either vitamin D-binding globulin or anti-vitamin D antibodies for analyte recognition (8)(9)(10). Fully automated tests have become available during recent years (11). Several HPLC methods with ultraviolet detection have been described as well (12)(13), but their routine use is limited by complex sample preparation requirements.

A key problem for the quantification of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is the strong binding of the molecule to vitamin D-binding globulin. Precipitation of serum constituents by use of organic solvents or acids can lead to variable coprecipitation of the analyte. Release of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 from its bonds to the binding protein is technically challenging in automated assays in particular. In light of these analytical problems, a reference method for the quantification of 25-hydroxyvitamin D …
Effect of Screening on Thermonuclear Fusion in Stellar and Laboratory Plasmas (2000)

The fusion enhancement factor due to screening in the solar plasma is calculated. We use the finite temperature Green’s function method and a self consistent mean field approximation. We reduce this to one center problems, because in the collision of two fusing ions, the turning point where tunneling may occur lies far inside the screening radius. The numerical results given by this method indicate that screening may be slightly weaker than that obtained in the most recent previous calculations. – 3 – 1.
Noninvasive photoacoustic angiography of animal brains in vivo with near-infrared light and an optical contrast agent (2004)

Optical contrast agents have been widely applied to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of optical imaging with near-infrared (NIR) light. However, because of the overwhelming scattering of light in biological tissues, the spatial resolution of traditional optical imaging degrades drastically as the imaging depth increases. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we present noninvasive photoacoustic angiography of animal brains in vivo with NIR light and an optical contrast agent. When indocyanine green polyethylene glycol, a novel absorption dye with prolonged clearance, is injected into the circulatory system of a rat, it obviously enhances the absorption contrast between the blood vessels and the background tissues. Because NIR light can penetrate deep into the brain tissues through the skin and skull, we are able to successfully reconstruct the vascular distribution in the rat brain from the photoacoustic signals. On the basis of differential optical absorption with and without contrast enhancement, a photoacoustic angiograph of a rat brain is acquired that matches the anatomical photograph well and exhibits high spatial resolution and a much-reduced background. This new technology demonstrates the potential for dynamic and molecular biomedical imaging.
Chemically Labeled Nucleotides and Oligonucleotides Encode DNA for Sensing with Nanopores (2009)

The labeling of nucleotides and oligonucleotides with reporter groups is an important tool in the sequence-specific sensing of DNA, as exemplified by fluorescence tags. Here we show that chemical tags can encode sequence information for electrical nanopore recordings. In nanopore recordings, individual DNA strands are electrophoretically driven through a nanoscale pore leading to detectable blockades of ionic current. The tags cause characteristic electrical signatures in the current blockades of translocating DNA strands and thereby encode sequence information. The viability of the strategy is demonstrated by discriminating between drug resistance-conferring point mutations. By being independent of pore engineering, the new approach can potentially enhance the sensing repertoire of durable solid-state nanopores for which alternative sensing strategies developed for protein pores are not easily accessible.
Structure−Activity Relationship for Enhancement of Paracellular Permeability across Caco-2 Cell Monolayers by 3-Alkylamido-2-alkoxypropylphosphocholines (2002)

Paracellular permeability enhancers have been used to improve the oral bioavailability of hydrophilic drugs; however, the mechanism of action of many enhancers is poorly understood. In this study, highly potent enhancers of paracellular permeability were identified in the 3-alkylamido-2-alkoxypropylphosphocholine series, and a structure-activity relationship was developed for enhancement of paracellular permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Compounds with short (<5 carbons) hydrocarbon chains at both C-2 and C-3 were generally inactive. The potency exhibited a parabolic relationship with respect to the chain length at either C-2 or C-3. Linear molecules (i.e., compounds with a short hydrocarbon chain at C-2 or C-3 and a long hydrocarbon chain on C-3 or C-2, respectively) were more potent than the corresponding branched molecules with the same carbon load. The efficacy of 3-alkylamido-2-alkoxypropylphosphocholines as enhancers of paracellular permeability was not dependent on their existence in micellar form or their ability to alter the fluidity of cell membrane. Previously, a correlation between the potency of alkylphosphocholines as enhancers of paracellular permeability and the inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC) was established in Madine Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell monolayers. The potencies of selected 3-alkylamido-2-alkoxypropylphosphocholines as inhibitors of PLC and enhancers of paracellular permeability fit well into this correlation. Therefore, phosphocholines are likely to increase paracellular permeability by modulating the signal transduction pathway initiated by a PLC-catalyzed reaction rather than by physically altering the cell membrane.
Recombinant Adenovirus Coexpressing Covalent Peptide/MHC Class II Complex and B7-1: In Vitro and In Vivo Activation of Myelin Basic Protein-Specific T Cells (2001)

Previous studies have demonstrated that an MHC class II molecule with an antigenic peptide genetically fused to its beta-chain is capable of presenting this peptide to CD4(+) T cells. We hypothesized that covalent peptide/class II complex may direct the accessory molecules to exert their function specifically onto T cells in a TCR-guided fashion. To test this hypothesis, we generated several recombinant adenoviruses expressing covalent myelin basic protein peptide/I-A(u) complex (MBP(1-11)/I-A(u)) and the costimulatory molecule B7-1. Functional studies demonstrated that adenovirus-infected cells are capable of activating an MBP(1-11)-specific T cell hybridoma. Coexpression of the B7-1 molecule and MBP(1-11)/I-A(u) by the same adenovirus leads to synergy in T cell activation elicited by virus-infected cells. Furthermore, studies in syngeneic mice infected with the various adenoviruses revealed that MBP(1-11)-specific T cells are specifically activated by the coexpression of B7-1 and MBP(1-11)/I-A(u) in vivo. In conclusion, the coexpression of the covalent peptide/class II complex and accessory molecules by the same adenovirus provides a unique strategy to modulate the epitope-specific T cell response in a TCR-guided fashion. This approach may be applicable to investigate the roles of other accessory molecules in the engagement of the TCR class II molecule by substituting B7-1 with other accessory molecules in the recombinant adenovirus.
Speckle Reduction Using Multiple Tones of Illumination (1973)

The occurrence and smoothing of speckle are studied as a function of the line width for a highly collimated illuminating source. A general theory is presented for speckling in the image of a partially diffuse, phase type of object, which has a variable number of random scattering centers per resolution element. Then, an expression is derived for the wavelength spacing required to decouple the speckle patterns arising from two monochromatic tones in an imaging system, thereby establishing that it is feasible to smooth speckle using multicolor illumination. This theory is verified in a series of experiments using both laser illumination and band-limited light from a carbon arc. With highly collimated sources, we show that speckle appears laserlike for an imaged diffuser even up to line widths of 5 A. Then, smoothing of speckle is demonstrated in the imaging of a diffuser and for a section of an optic nerve when the illumination is provided by six narrow lines spread over 1500 A. Since with color-blind, panchromatic viewing the speckle smooths, a direct extension of this method to holographic microscopy, using a multitone laser, should permit one to record and reconstruct holograms of diffraction-limited resolution that are essentially speckle-free.
Granulin and Granulin Repeats Interact with the Tat·P-TEFb Complex and Inhibit Tat Transactivation (2005)

The cellular positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), containing cyclin T1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), interacts with the human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) regulatory protein Tat to enable viral transcription and replication. Cyclin T1 is an unusually long cyclin and is engaged by cellular regulatory proteins. Previous studies showed that the granulin/epithelin precursor (GEP) binds the histidine-rich region of cyclin T1 and inhibits P-TEFb function. GEP is composed of repeats that vary in sequence and properties. GEP also binds directly to Tat. Here we show that GEP and some of its constituent granulin repeats can inhibit HIV-1 transcription via Tat without directly binding to cyclin T1. The interactions of granulins with Tat and cyclin T1 differ with respect to their binding sites and divalent cation requirements, and we identified granulin repeats that bind differentially to Tat and cyclin T1. Granulins DE and E bind Tat but do not interact directly with cyclin T1. These granulins are present in complexes with Tat and P-TEFb in which Tat forms a bridge between the cellular proteins. Granulins DE and E repress transcription from the HIV-1 LTR and gene expression from the viral genome, raising the possibility of developing granulin-based inhibitors of viral infection.
Tailoring the Framework and Textural Mesopores of HMS Molecular Sieves through an Electrically Neutral (S°I°) Assembly Pathway (1997)

Water:ethanol solvent mixtures of differing polarity have been used to tailor the framework and textural mesopores of HMS molecular sieve silicas through an electrically neutral (S°I°) assembly pathway (S° = dodecyl- or tetradecylamine; I° = tetraethyl orthosilicate). Mesostructure assembly from a water-rich solvent mixture, water:ethanol = 90:10 (v/v), afforded wormhole-like framework structures with a complementary textural pore volume equal in magnitude to the framework pore volume. An ethanol-rich mixture, water:ethanol = 35:65 (v/v), also formed wormhole-like frameworks, but the textural porosity was less than 20% of the framework pore volume. HMS derivatives with high textural porosity were composed of mesoscale fundamental particles that aggregate into larger particles. In contrast, HMS mesostructures with low textural porosity were assembled into much larger aggregates of macroscale spheroid to disk-shaped fundamental particles. The differences in particle textures were attributed to differences in I° hydrolysis rates and S°I° nucleation and growth rates in the two solvent systems. The presence of mesitylene in the reaction mixtures resulted in an expansion of the framework pores under water-rich conditions. Pore contraction, however, was observed with mesitylene present under ethanol-rich conditions. This versatile structure-modifying property of mesitylene in S°I° assembly is explained by the solvent-dependent binding of the aromatic molecules to two structurally distinct and size-altering “dissolved” and “adsorbed” states at the centers and interfacial surfaces of the surfactant micelle, respectively. Thus, both the framework and the textural pores of HMS silica can be readily tailored to the needs of a particular materials application through S°I° assembly by a judicious choice of an appropriate solvent and an auxiliary structure modifier.
Th2 cytokines and asthma The role of interleukin-5 in allergic eosinophilic disease (2001)

Interleukin-5 is produced by a number of cell types, and is responsible for the maturation and release of eosinophils in the bone marrow. In humans, interleukin-5 is a very selective cytokine as a result of the restricted expression of the interleukin-5 receptor on eosinophils and basophils. Eosinophils are a prominent feature in the pulmonary inflammation that is associated with allergic airway diseases, suggesting that inhibition of interleukin-5 is a viable treatment. The present review addresses the data that relate interleukin-5 to pulmonary inflammation and function in animal models, and the use of neutralizing anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of asthma in humans.
Side-Chain Determinants of .beta.-Sheet Stability (1995)

beta-Sheet propensities of different amino acids depend on the context of both secondary and tertiary structure. In an attempt to establish general empirical relationships that determine this context dependence, we have determined the free energy of unfolding of a series of mutants at six positions in the beta-sheet of chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 (CI2). We have generated the series Val-->Ala-->Gly and Val<==>Thr at five positions, as well as the side-chain deletion Ile-->Val at residue 49 and Ala-->Gly at residue 77. In the series Val-->Ala-->Gly, the ranking order in terms of stability is Val > Ala > Gly at all positions. However, the change in free energy on deletion of methylene groups varies greatly. When Val and Thr are interchanged, the wild-type residue is always the more stable, but by a different amount at each position. We have attempted to rationalize the data by relating it to changes in solvent-accessible surface area, packing density, and statistically derived pseudo-energy functions that depend on phi, psi angles. There is no significant correlation of the energies with any of the variables except with the pseudo-energy function, but the deviations from these values are large. We conclude that thermodynamic scales for beta-sheet propensity are currently of insufficient precision for general design purposes, although they may be useful in special cases.
Four genes affecting seed traits in soybeans map to linkage group F (1998)

To map members of a family of genes affecting seed traits, the genotype T311 and cultivars Raiden and Keburi were used to develop two F2 populations; Raiden x T311 and Keburi x T311. T311 is a shriveled seed mutant and progeny of the cross between breeding lines AP2 and P2180. Raiden contains a null allele in the Gy4 gene, and thus lacks the glycinin subunit A5A4B3. Keburi contains a null allele in the Cyg1 gene, and thus lacks the α′ subunit of β-conglycinin. The objectives of this research were to genetically map the location of the genes conferring the shriveled seed phenotypes of T311 and the α′ subunit of β-conglycinin from Keburi and to confirm the genetic location of Gy4. Genetic analysis showed that the shriveled seed trait is inherited as a single recessive gene with maternal effect. Linkage analysis mapped the shriveled seed gene (Shr) and the Cyg1 gene to linkage group F. Other seed trait genes, Gy5 (glycinin subunit) and B1 (seed coat bloom), were previously mapped to this linkage group. The significance of the cluster of these seed genes were discussed. This research also confirmed the previous mapping of Gy4.
High-Performance Wide-Area Optical Tracking: The HiBall Tracking System (2001)

Since the early 1980s, the Tracker Project at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill has been working on wide-area head tracking for virtual and augmented environments. Our long-term goal has been to achieve the high performance required for accurate visual simulation throughout our entire laboratory, beyond into the hallways, and eventually even outdoors. In this article, we present results and a complete description of our most recent electro-optical system, the HiBall Tracking System. In particular, we discuss motivation for the geometric configuration and describe the novel optical, mechanical, electronic, and algorithmic aspects that enable unprecedented speed, resolution, accuracy, robustness, and flexibility.
Design Considerations for Continuum Robot Actuation Units Enabling Dexterous Transurethral Bladder Cancer Resection (2016)

The last decade has seen rapid growth in exploring the potential of continuum robots for a variety of surgical applications. The design of these robots requires unique electro-mechanical architectures of actuation units that satisfy operational requirements of precision, workspace, and payload capabilities. This paper presents the task-based design process of a compact nine degrees of freedom actuation unit for transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). This actuation unit has a unique modular architecture allowing partial decoupling of actuation, force and position sensing in a compact modular format. The derivation of task specifications based on kinematic simulations takes into account workspace, accuracy and force application capabilities for TURBT. Design considerations for supporting modularity, serviceability, sterilization, and compactness are presented. The detailed exposition of the design process serves as a case study that will be helpful for other groups interested in the development and integration of surgical continuum robots.
Adaptive MIMO Transmission for Exploiting the Capacity of Spatially Correlated Channels (2007)

We consider a novel low-complexity adaptive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission technique. The approach is based on switching between low-complexity transmission schemes, including statistical beamforming, double space-time transmit diversity, and spatial multiplexing, depending on the changing channel statistics, as a practical means of approaching the spatially correlated MIMO channel capacity. We first derive new ergodic capacity expressions for each MIMO transmission scheme in spatially correlated channels. Based on these results, we demonstrate that adaptive switching between MIMO schemes yields significant capacity gains over fixed transmission schemes. We also derive accurate analytical approximations for the optimal signal-to-noise-ratio switching thresholds, which correspond to the crossing-points of the capacity curves. These thresholds are shown to vary, depending on the spatial correlation, and are used to identify key switching parameters. Finally, we propose a practical switching algorithm that is shown to yield significant spectral efficiency improvements over nonadaptive schemes for typical channel scenarios
Fine serotyping of human immunodeficiency virus serotype 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 infections by using synthetic oligopeptides representing an immunodominant domain of HIV-1 and HIV-2/simian immunodeficiency virus (1991)

In this study, enzyme immunoassays for detection of type-specific antibodies to human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) were developed by using short peptides corresponding to sequences located within the immunodominant domain of the transmembrane glycoproteins of both HIV-1 and HIV-2-simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The assays were highly sensitive with currently available sera from various geographical areas. Furthermore, they appeared to be more specific in HIV serotyping than the Western blot (immunoblot) assay, since all of the sera were clearly discriminated as one or the other type. It was also shown that in contrast to HIV-1, the C-terminal cysteine residue (amino acid 620, SIV from captive macaques, Mm142 strain) of the HIV-2-SIV peptide is not necessary for recognition of the peptide by antibody to HIV-2.
An Efficient Synthesis of cis- and trans-Methyl-3-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone- 5-carboxylates, Key Intermediates for the Synthesis of γ-Substituted Glutamic Acid Analogs (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTAn Efficient Synthesis of cis- and trans-Methyl-3-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone- 5-carboxylates, Key Intermediates for the Synthesis of γ-Substituted Glutamic Acid AnalogsLawrence J. Heinz, W. H. W. Lunn, R. E. Murff, Jonathan W. Paschal, and Larry A. SpangleView Author Information Lilly Research Laboratories, A Division Of Eli Lilly And Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 14, 4838–4841Publication Date (Web):July 12, 1996Publication History Received6 February 1996Published online12 July 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo960241ihttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo960241ibrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views609Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Molecular properties,Molecular structure,Monomers,Peptides and proteins,Receptors Get e-Alerts
AN ANALYTICAL SOLUTION TO REASONABLE ROYALTY RATE CALCULATIONS (2001)

This paper reflects the opinions of the authors and not those of InteCap, Inc. The concepts and theories covered by this presentation are not intended to be allinclusive on the topic of reasonable royalties. The concepts are for illustrative purposes and may not represent approaches that the authors or InteCap would recommend in a particular matter. The reader should keep in mind that each case should be evaluated in light of its own facts and circumstances.