gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Phenylsulfonyl Protected Furo(3,2‐b)pyrroles. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases (2016)

Gut microbiome is an integral part of the Gut-Brain axis. It is becoming increasingly recognized that the presence of a healthy and diverse gut microbiota is important to normal cognitive and emotional processing. It was known that altered emotional state and chronic stress can change the composition of gut microbiome, but it is becoming more evident that interaction between gut microbiome and central nervous system is bidirectional. Alteration in the composition of the gut microbiome can potentially lead to increased intestinal permeability and impair the function of the intestinal barrier. Subsequently, neuro-active compounds and metabolites can gain access to the areas within the central nervous system that regulate cognition and emotional responses. Deregulated inflammatory response, promoted by harmful microbiota, can activate the vagal system and impact neuropsychological functions. Some bacteria can produce peptides or short chain fatty acids that can affect gene expression and inflammation within the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the evidence supporting the role of gut microbiota in modulating neuropsychological functions of the central nervous system and exploring the potential underlying mechanisms.
Effects of ionic and non-ionic solutions on intradental nerve activity in the cat (1988)

Intradental nerve activity (INA) was recorded from cat canine teeth to determine whether solutions altering intradental nerve sensitivity were strongly correlated to the osmotic concentration of the solution or via a more direct action on intradental nerve excitability. The effects of various ionic and non-ionic solutions were tested in both deep and shallow dentinal cavities. With saline in the deep dentinal cavity a very low firing rate or resting nerve spike (action potentials) activity was recorded. When 3 M NaCl was placed in the same or similar cavity a high discharge rate of nerve spike activity was obtained. This 3 M NaCl elicited activity was utilized to determine the inhibitory or excitatory effects of various test agents on the intradental nerves. The following agents: MgCl2, MgSO4, and CaCl2 were inhibitory to the INA response elicited by 3 M NaCl. Non-ionic solutions of urea or sucrose failed to evoke INA and they were also minimally effective in altering 3 M NaCl elicited activity. Shallow cavities were utilized to maintain the tubular structure of dentin relatively intact. In the shallow cavity preparations hypertonic sucrose or urea failed to evoke INA, even when dentin was etched with 50% citric acid for 2 min. The results suggest that the osmolarity of these solutions is a poor indicator of the INA.
Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding LipL41, a surface-exposed lipoprotein of pathogenic Leptospira species (1996)

We report the cloning of the gene encoding a surface-exposed leptospiral lipoprotein, designated LipL41. In a previous study, a 41-kDa protein antigen was identified on the surface of Leptospira kirschneri (D. A. Haake, E. M. Walker, D. R. Blanco, C. A. Bolin, J. N. Miller, and M. A. Lovett, Infect. Immun. 59:1131-1140, 1991). We obtained the N-terminal amino acid sequence of a staphylococcal V8 proteolytic-digest fragment in order to design an oligonucleotide probe.A Lambda ZAP II library containing EcoRI fragments of L. kirschneri DNA was screened, and a 2.3-kb DNA fragment which contained the entire structural lipL41 gene was identified. The deduced amino acid sequence of LipL41 would encode a 355-amino-acid polypeptide with a 19-amino-acid signal peptide, followed by an L-X-Y-C lipoprotein signal peptidase cleavage site. A recombinant His6-LipL41 fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli in order to generate specific rabbit antiserum. LipL41 is solubilized by Triton X-114 extraction of L. kirschneri; phase separation results in partitioning of LipL41 exclusively into the detergent phase. At least eight proteins, including LipL41 and the other major Triton X-114 detergent phase proteins, are intrinsically labeled during incubation of L. kirschneri in media containing [3H] palmitate. Processing of LipL41 is inhibited by globomycin, a selective inhibitor of lipoprotein signal peptidase. Triton X-100 extracts of L. kirschneri contain immunoprecipitable OmpL1 (porin), LipL41, and another lipoprotein, LipL36. However, in contrast to LipL36, only LipL41 and OmpL1 were exposed on the surface of intact organisms. Immunoblot analysis of a panel of Leptospira species reveals that LipL41 expression is highly conserved among leptospiral pathogens.
Olaparib Monotherapy in Patients With Advanced Cancer and a Germline BRCA1/2 Mutation (2014)

Responses to olaparib were observed across different tumor types associated with germline BRCA1/2 mutations. Olaparib warrants further investigation in confirmatory studies.
Magnetic microparticle aggregation for viscosity determination by MR (2008)

Micron-sized magnetic particles were induced to aggregate when placed in homogeneous magnetic fields, like those of MR imagers and relaxometers, and then spontaneously returned to their dispersed state when removed from the field. Associated with the aggregation and dispersion of the magnetic particles were time-dependent increases and decreases in the spin-spin relaxation time (T2) of the water. Magnetic nanoparticles, with far smaller magnetic moments per particle, did not undergo magnetically induced aggregation and exhibited time-independent values of T2. The rate of T2 change associated with magnetic microparticle aggregation was used to determine the viscosity of liquid samples, providing a method that can be of particular advantage for determining the viscosity of small volumes of potentially biohazardous samples of blood or blood plasma.
A 58-base-pair region of the human C3 gene confers synergistic inducibility by interleukin-1 and interleukin-6. (1990)

We have cloned the promoter for the human third component of complement (C3) gene and have identified sequences involved in its regulation during the acute-phase response. A construct linking 199 bp of the C3 promoter to the firefly luciferase gene was found to be very responsive to interleukin-1 (IL-1) and modestly responsive to interleukin-6 (IL-6) by transfection analysis in the human hepatoma line Hep3B2. Simultaneous treatment with the two cytokines showed a strong synergy between the actions of the two molecules. A 58-bp fragment (-127 to -70 bp) was shown by 5' and 3' deletional mutagenesis to contain cis-acting elements that mediated both the IL-1 response and the IL-1-plus-IL-6 synergistic response of this promoter. When coupled to a heterologous promoter, this fragment enabled the synergistic induction by IL-1 plus IL-6. Sequences homologous to the palindrome ACATTGCACAATCT, which mediates the induction of the IL-6 gene by IL-1 (S. Akira, H. Isshiki, T. Sugita, O. Tanabe, S. Kinoshita, Y. Nishio, T. Nakajima, T. Hirano, and T. Kishimoto, EMBO J. 9:1897-1906, 1990), and the core sequence of the IL-6-responsive element of the rat alpha 2-macroglobulin gene (CTGGGA; M. Hattori, L. J. Abraham, W. Northemann, and G. H. Fey, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:2364-2368, 1990) are contained within this fragment in immediate juxtaposition and partially overlapping. Site-directed mutagenesis within this homology region drastically reduced the inducibility of the C3 promoter by either cytokine. DNase I footprinting analysis defined a binding site for the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP), which included the IL-1-responsive element-like sequence. No differences were seen between the footprints generated by using extracts from unstimulated and IL-1-stimulated Hep3B2 cells. However, gel retardation analyses revealed two IL-1-specific bands. The data suggest that the induction by IL-1 is mediated by a factor belonging to the family of C/EBP-related proteins.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers and Prediction of Conversion in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: 4-Year Follow-Up in a Routine Clinical Setting (2009)

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a very common syndrome in elderly people, with a high risk of conversion to dementia. Several investigations have shown the usefulness of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (Abeta42, total tau [T-tau], and phosphorylated tau [P-tau]) in predicting the progression to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We report a 4-year follow-up of MCI patients who underwent CSF evaluation for biomarker assessment, in order to further evaluate the usefulness of CSF analysis in predicting the conversion to dementia in a routine clinical setting. We identified 55 patients with MCI among the consecutive patients, referred from 2001 to 2003 to our Memory Clinic for cognitive disorders, who underwent a complete diagnostic assessment, including lumbar puncture (n = 273). At the end of the follow-up, 31 MCI patients (56%) did not progress to dementia (stable MCI), while 24 (44%) developed a dementia condition. At baseline, the mean levels of CSF Abeta42, T-tau, and P-tau were significantly altered in MCI patients who were converting to dementia with respect to those with stable MCI. All MCI patients with the three altered CSF biomarkers developed dementia within 1 year. Among the stable MCI patients, none showed all three pathological values and only one subject had the pathological value of P-tau. Early diagnosis of dementia and, specifically, a correct prediction of MCI outcome represent a primary goal. To this respect, the role of CSF biomarkers seems to be crucial in a routine clinical setting.
Type C Virus Production by a Continuous Line of Pig Oviduct Cells (PFT) (1975)

SUMMARY Late passages of the PFT porcine oviduct cell line spontaneously release a typical type C virus antigenically related to the type C virus released from the PK(15) porcine kidney cell line. The PFT virus was non-infective for a large variety of cell lines. Type C virus can also be induced by BrdU treatment from earlier passages of the PFT cell line.
The Tension-Stress Effect on the Genesis and Growth of Tissues (1989)

To assess the influence of both the rate and the frequency of distraction on osteogenesis during limb elongation, a canine tibia was used with various combinations of distraction rates (0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, or 2.0 mm per day) and distraction frequencies (one step per day, four steps per day, 60 steps per day). The distractions were performed after both open osteotomy and closed osteoclasis. Histomorphic and biochemical studies were conducted on the elongated osseous tissue, fascia, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, blood vessels, nerves, and skin. It was determined that distraction at a rate of 0.5 mm per day often led to premature consolidation of the lengthening bone, while a distraction rate of 2.0 mm per day often resulted in undesirable changes within elongating tissues. A distraction rate of 1.0 mm per day led to the best results. It was also observed that the greater the distraction frequency, the better the outcome. With optimum preservation of periosseous tissues, bone marrow, and blood supply at the time of osteotomy, stability of external fixation, and 1.0 mm per day of distraction in four steps, osteogenesis within the distraction gap of an elongating bone takes place by the formation of a physislike structure, in which new bone forms in parallel columns extending in both directions from a central growth zone. The growth plate that forms under the influence of tension-stress has features of both physeal and intramembranous ossification, yet is neither; instead, the distraction regenerated bone is unique, providing numerous applications in clinical trau-matology, orthopedics, and other medical disciplines.
Polynucleotides. I. Formation of Internucleotidic Linkage by Means of Dimethylformamide-Thionyl Chloride Complex (1965)

Using a complex derived from thionyl chloride and dimethylformamide, a method of the formation of internucleotidic linkage was investigated. From 5'-O-tritylthymidine and 3'-O-acetylthymidine 5'-monophosphate, thymidinyl (3'-5') thymidine was obtained in the yield around 40∼50%.
Antisense principle or ribozyme action? (1994)

When incorporated into long stretches of antisense RNA, the catalytic domain of the hammerhead type ribozyme significantly increases the extent of antisense-mediated inhibition in living cells. A kinetic model based on the rate constants determined for duplex formation and cleavage of target RNA in vitro is not compatible with the observed biological effects and indicates that further assumptions have to be included to explain the action of ribozymes in vivo.
Prevention of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by tumor necrosis factor (TNF): similarities between TNF-alpha and interleukin 1. (1990)

The role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes mellitus was tested in the nonobese mouse (NOD) model system. The effects of TNF-alpha were assessed on three levels: (i) insulitis development, (ii) development of overt diabetes, (iii) adoptive transfer of diabetes by splenic lymphocytes. Spontaneous diabetes mellitus was blocked in NOD mice by long-term treatment with recombinant TNF-alpha. Treatment with TNF-alpha caused a significant reduction in the lymphocytic infiltration associated with the destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells. Class II major histocompatibility complex Ia expression by islet cells was not up-regulated by TNF-alpha. Moreover, TNF-alpha was able to suppress the induction of diabetes in adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from diabetic female mice to young nondiabetic male NOD mice. These activities of TNF-alpha were shared by interleukin 1 alpha in this system. These studies have implications for the pathogenesis and therapy of autoimmune diabetes mellitus.
Far Distance Perception (1997)

Determining how people perceive distance is a central issue in the study of visual perception. Whilst near-distance perception has been extensively researched, far-distance perception has received little attention. We review the literature and illustrate key points with new data, focusing on analysis of available information/cues, degree of accuracy, measurement procedures, perceptual/cognitive influences, and geometry of perceived space. Analysis of available cues suggests that under natural viewing there is sufficient information for veridical distance perception. However, distance judgements are inaccurate and vary with mode of measurement (eg absolute vs relative judgements). Inaccuracy includes compression of distance. This has been modelled with the use of different geometries—most commonly power functions. Exponents often average 1.0 but this conceals considerable individual variation (in our data individual exponents ranged from 0.5 to over 1.0). Further, even for averaged exponents values vary between 0.8 and 1.25, as a function of viewing conditions, experimental method, and of the relative contribution of cognitive and perceptual factors. Evidence suggests that distance is encoded at an ordinal level, but for many practical tasks the final judgement must be metric (eg range finding) and this transformation is error-prone (in our data numerical estimates could be a factor of 10 out). Further, many natural judgements require perception of the full layout of the scene (including exocentric distances) rather than the more commonly investigated perception of egocentric distance. Evidence suggests that training based on practice with feedback produces some improvement in accuracy, but this is highly context-specific.
Autocrine mechanism for v-sis transformation requires cell surface localization of internally activated growth factor receptors. (1989)

v-sis represents a prototype for the class of oncogenes that encode growth factors. Whether its platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-like product functionally activates its receptors within the cell or at the cell surface has potential implications in efforts to intervene with the v-sis-transformed phenotype. We demonstrate that intracellular as well as cell surface forms of two PDGF receptor gene products are tyrosine phosphorylated in v-sis transformants. In a chemically defined medium in which cell growth was dependent on v-sis expression, proliferation was partially inhibited by PDGF neutralizing antibody but completely blocked by suramin. Suramin treatment resulted in a marked reduction in tyrosine phosphorylated cell surface PDGF receptors but had no effect on the level of tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular receptor species. All of these findings demonstrate that the v-sis-encoded mitogen can bind and activate its receptors internally but that activated receptors must achieve a cell surface location in order to functionally couple with intracellular mitogenic signaling pathways.
Kinetics of radical-chain decomposition of persulfate in aqueous solutions of organic compounds (1986)

The mechanism of the radical-chain decomposition of persulfate in an aqueous medium in the presence of organic compounds was analyzed in an inert atmosphere. It was found that with variation in the substrate or persulfate concentration over wide limits, there is a regular change in the partial orders of the reaction: The reaction order with respect to persulfate varies from 3/2 to 1, and that with respect to the substrate from 0 to 1.
Multifactorial Determinants of the Neurocognitive Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy (2014)

For many patients with neuropsychiatric illnesses, standard psychiatric treatments with mono or combination pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation are ineffective. For these patients with treatment-resistant neuropsychiatric illnesses, a main therapeutic option is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Decades of research have found ECT to be highly effective; however, it can also result in adverse neurocognitive effects. Specifically, ECT results in disorientation after each session, anterograde amnesia for recently learned information, and retrograde amnesia for previously learned information. Unfortunately, the neurocognitive effects and underlying mechanisms of action of ECT remain poorly understood. The purpose of this paper was to synthesize the multiple moderating and mediating factors that are thought to underlie the neurocognitive effects of ECT into a coherent model. Such factors include demographic and neuropsychological characteristics, neuropsychiatric symptoms, ECT technical parameters, and ECT-associated neurophysiological changes. Future research is warranted to evaluate and test this model, so that these findings may support the development of more refined clinical seizure therapy delivery approaches and efficacious cognitive remediation strategies to improve the use of this important and widely used intervention tool for neuropsychiatric diseases.
Phase 1b‐2a study to reverse platinum resistance through use of a hypomethylating agent, azacitidine, in patients with platinum‐resistant or platinum‐refractory epithelial ovarian cancer (2010)

To the authors' knowledge, the results of the current study provide the first clinical evidence that a hypomethylating agent may partially reverse platinum resistance in patients with ovarian cancer. Further clinical evaluation of hypomethylating agents in combination with carboplatin is warranted.
Characterization of formaldehyde-inactivated poliovirus preparations made from live-attenuated strains (2003)

Formaldehyde-inactivated virus samples from type 1 poliovirus live-attenuated strains were prepared in the laboratory. The effect of treatment with formaldehyde on virus infectivity and immunogenicity in mice was investigated and the results compared with those from Mahoney wild-type poliovirus strain, the common type 1 component in commercial inactivated polio vaccines (IPV). Differences in the potency and specificity between these experimental vaccines were identified in both normal mice and transgenic mice expressing the human poliovirus receptor. The possible advantages/disadvantages of using live-attenuated strains for IPV production are discussed in the context of the global polio eradication initiative. A novel transgenic mouse model to study in vivo the immune protection induced by IPV preparations is described.
Functional Measurement of Hepatitis C Virus Core-Specific CD8+T-Cell Responses in the Livers or Peripheral Blood of Patients by Using Autologous Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells as Targets or Stimulators (2001)

As is widely recognized, CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a crucial role in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, both in pathogenesis of liver injury and in clearing the virus. CTL studies with HCV-infected patients have been difficult because of the relatively low frequency of CTL precursors in the peripheral blood and because the targeted epitopes vary depending on the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types of the individuals. This study attempts to overcome these problems by assessing the feasibility of using autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) expressing viral antigens as stimulators or targets in order to monitor the CTL responses. Primary PBMCs were transduced using a retroviral vector pseudotyped with a vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein expressing the HCV core gene. Additionally, the vector-transduced PBMCs were used as targets of CTL assays to measure the HCV core-specific CTL activities from the liver-infiltrating lymphocytes of six different HLA-type patients with chronic HCV infection. The core-expressing PBMCs also served as stimulators, allowing us to measure core-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses by intracellular gamma interferon staining of the peripheral blood of hepatitis C patients who had received treatment with alpha interferon plus ribavirin. This approach provides an efficient means of measuring antigen-specific CTL responses without HLA constraints.
Multimedia thumbnails for documents (2006)

Browsing multi-page high-resolution documents on devices with small displays and limited navigational capabilities is very difficult. In this paper we demonstrate Multimedia Thumbnails, which are automatically computed guided-tours of documents. Multimedia Thumbnails utilize temporal dimension and the audio channel of the portable device in order to compensate for the limited resolution of the display area.