gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Vaccinia Virus A14.5L Gene Encodes a Hydrophobic 53-Amino-Acid Virion Membrane Protein That Enhances Virulence in Mice and Is Conserved among Vertebrate Poxviruses (2000)

A short sequence, located between the A14L and A15L open reading frames (ORFs) of vaccinia virus, was predicted to encode a hydrophobic protein of 53 amino acids that is conserved in orthopoxviruses, leporipoxviruses, yatapoxiruses, and molluscipoxviruses. We constructed a recombinant vaccinia virus with a 10-codon epitope tag appended to the C terminus of the A14.5L ORF. Synthesis of the tagged protein occurred at late times and was blocked by an inhibitor of DNA replication, consistent with regulation by a predicted late promoter just upstream of the A14.5L ORF. Hydrophobicity of the protein was demonstrated by extraction into the detergent phase of Triton X-114. The protein was associated with purified vaccinia virus particles and with membranes of immature and mature virions that were visualized by electron microscopy of infected cells. Efficient release of the protein from purified virions occurred after treatment with a nonionic detergent and reducing agent. A mutant virus, in which the A14.5L ORF was largely deleted, produced normal-size plaques in several cell lines, and the yields of infectious intra- and extracellular viruses were similar to those of the parent. In contrast, with a mouse model, mutant viruses with the A14.5L ORF largely deleted were attenuated relative to that of the parental virus or a mutant virus with a restored A14.5L gene.
Gene expression analysis suggests that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3reverses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stimulating inflammatory cell apoptosis (2004)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that develops in genetically susceptible individuals who are exposed to undefined environmental risk factors. Epidemiological, genetic, and biological evidence suggests that insufficient vitamin D may be an MS risk factor. However, little is known about how vitamin D might be protective in MS. We hypothesized that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] might regulate gene expression patterns in a manner that would resolve inflammation. To test this hypothesis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in mice, 1,25-(OH)2D3 or a placebo was administered, and 6 h later, DNA microarray hybridization was performed with spinal cord RNA to analyze the gene expression patterns. At this time, clinical, histopathological, and biological studies showed that the two groups did not differ in EAE disease, but changes in several 1,25-(OH)2D3-responsive genes indicated that the 1,25-(OH)2D3 had reached the CNS. Compared with normal mice, placebo-treated mice with EAE showed increased expression of many immune system genes, confirming the acute inflammation. When 1,25-(OH)2D3 was administered, several genes like glial fibrillary acidic protein and eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha kinase 4, whose expression increased or decreased with EAE, returned to homeostatic levels. Also, two genes with pro-apoptotic functions, calpain-2 and caspase-8-associated protein, increased significantly. A terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nicked end labeling study detected increased nuclear fragmentation in the 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated samples, confirming increased apoptosis. Together, these results suggest that sensitization of inflammatory cells to apoptotic signals may be one mechanism by which the 1,25-(OH)2D3 resolved EAE.
The Use of Lipolytic and Proteolytic Enzymes in the Manufacture of Manchego Type Cheese from Ovine and Bovine Milk (1994)

The objective was to study the effect of two fungal lipases (Palatase 200 from Mucor miehei and Palatase 750L from Aspergillus niger), alone and combined with a fungal protease from Aspergillus oryzae (MKC fungal protease), and a bacterial neutral protease from Bacillus subtilis (Neutrase) on the maturation of Manchego type cheese to determine the practical application of these enzymes in cheese manufacture. The addition of both lipases, alone or in combination with the proteases, increased lipolysis. The M. miehei lipase affected mainly the longchain fatty acids of cheese, and the A. niger lipase affected the short- and long-chain fatty acids equally. The B. subtilis protease preparation increased lipolysis significantly, either by contamination of the enzymatic solution or by a synergetic effect with the added A. niger lipase. The protease from A. oryzae had the opposite effect on lipolysis, significantly decreasing the release of fatty acids by either partial proteolytic digestion or inhibition of the lipase. The combination of proteases and lipases increased proteolysis as measured by indexes of soluble N and HPLC of free amino acids. The PAGE of the casein fractions showed the intense breakdown of ß-caseins but not of ¿s-caseins. The exclusive addition of lipases decreased proteolysis. Sensory analysis showed a slight but significant acceleration of ripening (16%) for the cheeses treated with A. niger lipase at the beginning of aging. The M. miehei lipase induced the appearance of soapy flavor in the cheeses because of the excessive release of long-chain fatty acids. The cheeses containing the B. subtilis protease developed bitterness and sticky and crumbly texture because of the intense breakdown of ß-casein.
Information overload and the NHS (2003)

Caroline Shuldham explains how the NHS gateway has had little effect on the burden of paperwork
Identification and overexpression of ltnI, a novel gene which confers immunity to the two-component lantibiotic lacticin 3147 (2000)

Production and immunity of the two-component lantibiotic lacticin 3147 is encoded by the 60-2 kb lactococcal plasmid pMRC01. A 12.6 kb region of this plasmid, containing ten genes in two divergently arranged gene clusters, has been subcloned in Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363 and has been shown to confer both lacticin 3147 production and immunity. Further subcloning revealed that the smaller of the two clusters (ItnRIFE) confers immunity. Although the ItnF and E genes are homologous to ABC transporters which confer immunity to other lantibiotics, deletion analysis indicates that they do not play a role in the immunity exhibited by this subclone in L. lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363. Also, a deletion in ItnR (which resembles a family of transcriptional repressors) had no effect on immunity. The remaining gene, Itnl, encodes a 116 amino acid protein with a predicted membrane location which bears no homology to other bacteriocin immunity proteins. Confirmation of its role in immunity was obtained when it was observed that disruption of Itnl resulted in a complete loss of immunity. When Itnl was cloned into the expression vector pMG36e, the resulting construct conferred levels of immunity comparable to pMRC01. This confirmed that under the control of a strong promoter, the Itnl gene product alone is sufficient to confer lacticin immunity. In addition, heterologous expression of Itnl was observed in Enterococcus faecalis OG1X. On cloning Itnl behind a nisin-inducible promoter, it was observed that the level of immunity was dependent on nisin concentration. Using this construct, the authors have demonstrated a potential role for Itnl as food-grade selectable marker. Thus, Ltnl appears to represent a new class of lantibiotic immunity proteins.
Untersuchungen zur Solvatochromie (1952)

Abstract Absorptionsmessungen im sichtbaren Spektrum zeigen, daß für die Solvatochromie des Oxyphenazins I die Höhe einer bei 19000 cm −1 gelegenen Bande charakteristisch ist. Die Extinktion dieser Bande ist bei allen Lösungsmitteln mit beweglichen H‐Atomen (die zur Wasserstoffbrückenbildung neigen) relativ groß. Es besteht ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Stärke der Fluoreszenz sowie der Lichtabsorption dieses Farbstoffes in den verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln und deren Assoziationszustand.
60% Efficient 10-GHz Power Amplifier With Dynamic Drain Bias Control (2004)

This paper describes the design, implementation, and characterization of a high-efficiency 10-GHz amplifier with dynamic drain bias control that maintains high efficiency over a range of output power levels. The power amplifier (PA) operates in class-E switched mode with 67% drain efficiency at an output power of 20.3 dBm, 0.7 dB less than the specified maximum power for the device. A coupler and detector at the output of the PA provide a feedback signal to the drain-bias controller based on a 96% efficient Buck dc-dc converter. When compared with a PA with constant drain bias (4 V), the average efficiency of the PA with dynamic biasing is improved by a factor of 1.4. Over an output power between 15-20 dBm, the drain bias varies from 2 to 4 V, and the efficiency improves from 22% to 65% at the lower power level. The efficiency includes the losses in the dc-dc converter.
A special report on the SIGBDP forum "the new data base task group report" (1971)

CODASYL (Conference on Data Systems Languages) is an informal and voluntary organization of interested individuals, supported by their institutions, who contribute their efforts and expenses toward the end of designing and developing techniques and languages for data systems, analysis, design, and implementation.
A New Approach to The Oxidational Theory of Mild Wear (1988)

The wear and friction of 316 stainless steel was investigated in relation to oxidation at the real area of contact. An approach describing the oxidation characteristics of mild wear in terms of linear oxidation kinetics is presented. Linear oxidation kinetics more closely approaches the physical conditions involved where oxide growth on asperities is continuously interrrupted by spalling and removal. The mild wear rate may now be described mathematically by two empirical equations in terms of the operational variables and the oxidational constants without using the critical oxide thickness (ζ) which is dependent on asperity size, shape and temperature and is difficult to measure. The resulting activation energy for oxidational wear was significantly lower than that for static oxidation governed by diffusion controlled kinetics.
Determination of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol membrane protein anchorage (2001)

A diverse range of proteins are modified by the post-translational covalent attachment of a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) membrane anchor. Hydropathy plots and other computer algorithms can be used to predict the presence of a GPI anchor attachment signal in the nascent polypeptide chain. However, the presence of a GPI anchor on the mature protein requires experimental evidence, including sensitivity of the protein to release from cells or membranes with bacterial phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, recognition by anti-cross-reacting determinant antibodies, or metabolic labelling with components of the anchor. GPI-anchored proteins are resistant to solubilisation with detergents such as Triton X-100 due to their association with cholesterol and glycosphingolipids in membrane domains known as lipid rafts. This detergent insolubility can be used to provide evidence for the presence of a GPI anchor on a protein and to isolate lipid rafts.
Phase I study of intranodal delivery of a plasmid DNA vaccine for patients with Stage IV melanoma (2003)

Abstract BACKGROUND Based on the likelihood of transfecting large numbers of local antigen‐presenting cells, a Phase I study in patients with Stage IV melanoma was conducted to determine the practicality, toxicity of, and immune responses to repeated infusions into a groin lymph node of escalating doses of a DNA plasmid encoding tyrosinase epitopes. METHODS Cohorts of 8 patients each received 200 μg, 400 μg, or 800 μg of DNA intranodally by pump over 96 hours every 14 days for 4 cycles. Blood was collected for immunologic assays and to measure plasmid in serum prior to treatment, 4 weeks later, and 8 weeks later. Scans and X‐rays were performed at baseline and after 8 weeks. RESULTS Treatment was tolerated well, with only five patients demonstrating Grade 1–2 toxicity. Vaccine delivery by 96‐hour infusions of plasmid into a groin lymph node resulted in only 1 episode of catheter leakage in 107 cannulations. Detection of plasmid in serum was rare and transient in two patients. Immune responses by peptide‐tetramer assay to tyrosinase 207–216 were detected in 11 of 26 patients. No clinical responses were seen. Survival of the heavily pretreated patients on this trial was unexpectedly long, with 16 of 26 patients alive at a median follow‐up of 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Infusion of a DNA plasmid vaccine into a groin lymph node was practical and well tolerated. Immune responses to a novel tyrosinase epitope were noted. Overall survival in this trial of heavily pretreated patients was unexpectedly long, with 16 of 26 patients alive after a follow‐up of 12 months, favoring immune responders. Cancer 2003;98:144–54. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
A Bioassay for Serum Interferon Based on Induction of 2′5′-Oligoadenylate Synthetase Activity (1998)

We have developed a bioassay for interferons (IFN) based on measuring the amounts of 2',5' oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5AS) induced in cells of the THP-1 monocyte line in response to IFN. The assay can be completed in 20 h, gives reproducible results, and is at least 50 times more sensitive to IFN-alpha than conventional cytopathic effect inhibition antiviral assays. It is, respectively, less and much less sensitive to IFN-beta and IFN-gamma. The presence of preexisting 2-5AS activity in a sample does not influence the results. We have used this assay to measure very low levels (0.1-0.5 IU/ml) of endogenously formed IFN-alpha in serum samples from patients with various diseases and also to measure the residual small amounts of IFN-alpha still present in the serum as late as 48 h after an i.m. injection of 3 million IU, which is appreciably later than in previous methods. Thus, our highly sensitive assay offers considerable advantages, not least in relation to the clinical use of IFN.
The read-copy-update mechanism for supporting real-time applications on shared-memory multiprocessor systems with Linux (2008)

Read-copy update (RCU) is a synchronization mechanism in the Linux™ kernel that provides significant improvements in multiprocessor scalability by eliminating the writer-delay problem of readers-writer locking. RCU implementations to date, however, have had the side effect of expanding non-preemptible regions of code, thereby degrading real-time response. We present here a variant of RCU that allows preemption of read-side critical sections and thus is better suited for real-time applications. We summarize priority-inversion issues with locking, present an overview of the RCU mechanism, discuss our counter-based adaptation of RCU for real-time use, describe an additional adaptation of RCU that permits general blocking in read-side critical sections, and present performance results. We also discuss an approach for replacing the readers-writer synchronization with RCU in existing implementations.
Danger and OX40 Receptor Signaling Synergize to Enhance Memory T Cell Survival by Inhibiting Peripheral Deletion (2000)

Abstract This report defines a cell surface receptor (OX40) expressed on effector CD4 T cells, which when engaged in conjunction with a danger signal, rescues Ag-stimulated effector cells from activation-induced cell death in vivo. Specifically, three signals were necessary to promote optimal generation of long-lived CD4 T cell memory in vivo: Ag, a danger signal (LPS), and OX40 engagement. Mice treated with Ag or superantigen (SAg) alone produced very few SAg-specific T cells. OX40 ligation or LPS stimulation, enhanced SAg-driven clonal expansion and the survival of responding T cells. However, when SAg was administered with a danger signal at the time of OX40 ligation, a synergistic effect was observed which led to a 60-fold increase in the number of long-lived, Ag-specific CD4 memory T cells. These data lay the foundation for the provision of increased numbers of memory T cells which should enhance the efficacy of vaccine strategies for infectious diseases, or cancer, while also providing a potential target (OX40) to limit the number of auto-Ag-specific memory T cells in autoimmune disease.
Modular Synthase-Encoding Gene Involved in α-Olefin Biosynthesis in Synechococcus sp. Strain PCC 7002 (2011)

A gene involved in the production of medium-chain α-olefins was identified in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. The gene encodes a large multidomain protein with homology to type I polyketide synthases, suggesting a route for hydrocarbon biosynthesis from fatty acids via an elongation decarboxylation mechanism.
Increased antitumor potential of the raloxifene prodrug, raloxifene diphosphate (2008)

Raloxifene (RAL) significantly reduced the incidence of breast cancer in women at high risk of developing the disease. Unlike tamoxifen (TAM), an increased incidence of endometrial cancer was not observed in women treated with RAL. However, RAL, having two hydroxyl moieties, can be conjugated rapidly through phase II metabolism and excreted, making it difficult to achieve adequate bioavailability by oral administration in humans. As a result, higher doses must be administered to obtain an efficacy equivalent to that achieved with TAM. To improve oral bioavailability and antitumor potential, RAL diphosphate was prepared as a prodrug. RAL diphosphate showed several orders of magnitude lower binding potential to both ER alpha and ER beta and weak antiproliferative potency on cultured human MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 breast cancer cells, as compared to RAL. However, RAL diphosphate has a much higher bioavailability than RAL, endowing it with higher antitumor potential than RAL against both 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinoma in rats and human MCF-7 breast cancer implanted in athymic nude mice. The RAL prodrug may provide greater clinical benefit for breast cancer therapy and prevention.
Histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of a cell line from human bone-marrow stroma (1981)

Morphological, enzymic and antigenic data are presented regarding a human bone-marrow stromal cell line maintained for 10 months and subcultured weekly. The main characteristics are a fibroblastoid morphology, diffuse growth in collagen gels, no colony formation in soft gel media, contact inhibition of growth and conversion to adipocytes when treated with hydrocortisone. The cells are non-phagocytic and membrane Fc receptors (i.e. aggregated human immunoglobulin G receptors) are absent, but they show diffuse cytoplasmic non-specific esterase activity, a strong acid phosphatase reaction, and a negative immunofluorescence (direct and indirect) against factor VIII antigen. Other cell lines also have been isolated and maintained in culture and present similar characteristics. These cell lines are thought to be derived from the acid-phosphatase-positive marrow stroma directly associated with bone trabecular matrix and probably represent a component of the haemopoietic inductive microenvironment. As such, they may provide a useful tool for studies in vitro of cell interactions and regulatory processes in the control of human bone-marrow haemopoiesis.
Trust and traceability in electronic commerce (1997)

Electronic commerce (EC) will modify some of the traditional models for the conduct of business. However, it is important that many of the long-standing elements of commerce be replicated in the electronic world. Commerce, electronic or otherwise, requires several elements: trading partners, goods and services, units of exchange (money), transaction infrastructures, and delivery and distribution mechanisms. These elements have been developed over centuries of legal, governmental, technological, and commercial practices and have resulted in a business infrastructure that people understand and trust. We explore two important elements of that infrastructure, trust and traceability, in the context of the evolving EC infrastructure. We look at a number of trust enhancers, i.e., technology or other processes that can help increase the level of confidence that people have in electronic commerce. We also examine the concept of traceability, an important trust enhancer, in detail. Finally, we discuss some specific technologies that can increase the overall level of trust in electronic commerce.
Isomerization of trans-Astaxanthin to cis-Isomers in Organic Solvents (1999)

The isomerization of trans-astaxanthin to cis-isomers in organic solvents was investigated. trans-Astaxanthin was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, dichloromethane, chloroform, acetone, methanol, acetonitrile, and a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (25:75) respectively, and heated at 35 degrees C followed by analyzing cis- and trans-astaxanthins in the solutions using HPLC. The isomerization rates of trans-astaxanthin were dependent on the solvent, and the following order was found: dichloromethane > chloroform > the mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (25:75) > methanol > acetonitrile > acetone > dimethyl sulfoxide. In different solvents, the relative contents of 9-cis- and 13-cis-astaxanthins formed during isomerization were different. In all solvents, 13-cis-isomer was the main cis-isomer from trans-astaxanthin. trans-Astaxanthin dissolved in dichloromethane or chloroform was very readily isomerized to cis-isomers, especially for dichloromethane, in which a maximum isomerization percentage was found and an equilibrium practically was reached after an appropriate time interval. Results also indicated that a higher temperature could promote markedly the isomerization of trans-astaxanthin.
Shear‐rate‐dependence modeling of polymer melt viscosity (1992)

Abstract Steady‐shear‐viscosity data sets for commercial‐grade acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene terpolymer, nylon, polycarbonate, poly(methylmethacrylate), and polystyrence are fitted in terms of a generalized Cross/Carreau modeling for the shear‐rate dependence. Based upon extensive data sets from the open literature as well as in‐house measurements, it is shown that the shear‐rate dependence can be more accurately described in terms of the Cross rather than Carreau model. Although the resulting viscosity fits based upon these two models might differ by 20% or more for the same well‐characterized data set, the resulting effect upon simulating the injection‐molding process is found to be much smaller since such predictions reflect a range of shear stresses (varying linearly from centerline to wall of cavity) over which the two models alternate in relative magnitude. This is demonstrated by detailed representative numerical predictions which are presented for both the filling and post‐filling stages.