gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Part 7: CPR Techniques and Devices (2010)

A variety of CPR techniques and devices may improve hemodynamics or short-term survival when used by well-trained providers in selected patients. All of these techniques and devices have the potential to delay chest compressions and defibrillation. In order to prevent delays and maximize efficiency, initial training, ongoing monitoring, and retraining programs should be offered to providers on a frequent and ongoing basis. To date, no adjunct has consistently been shown to be superior to standard conventional (manual) CPR for out-of-hospital basic life support, and no device other than a defibrillator has consistently improved long-term survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.
Monoclonal antibody characterization of two distant sites required for function of the central cell-binding domain of fibronectin in cell adhesion, cell migration, and matrix assembly. (1991)

Site-directed mutagenesis studies have suggested that additional peptide information in the central cell-binding domain of fibronectin besides the minimal Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence is required for its full adhesive activity. The nature of this second, synergistic site was analyzed further by protein chemical and immunological approaches using biological assays for adhesion, migration, and matrix assembly. Fragments derived from the cell-binding domain were coupled covalently to plates, and their specific molar activities in mediating BHK cell spreading were compared with that of intact fibronectin. A 37-kD fragment purified from chymotryptic digests of human plasma fibronectin had essentially the same specific molar activity as intact fibronectin. In contrast, other fragments such as an 11.5-kD fragment lacking NH2-terminal sequences of the 37-kD fragment had only poor spreading activity on a molar basis. Furthermore, in competitive inhibition assays of fibronectin-mediated cell spreading, the 37-kD fragment was approximately 325-fold more active than the GRGDS synthetic peptide on a molar basis. mAbs were produced using the 37-kD protein as an immunogen and their epitopes were characterized. Two separate mAbs, one binding close to the RGD site and the other to a site approximately 15 kD distant from the RGD site, individually inhibited BHK cell spreading on fibronectin by greater than 90%. In contrast, an antibody that bound between these two sites had minimal inhibitory activity. The antibodies found to be inhibitory in cell spreading assays for BHK cells also inhibited both fibronectin-mediated cell spreading and migration of human HT-1080 cells, functions which were also dependent on function of the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin (fibronectin receptor). Assembly of endogenously synthesized fibronectin into an extracellular matrix was not significantly inhibited by most of the anti-37-kD mAbs, but was strongly inhibited only by the antibodies binding close to the RGD site or the putative synergy site. These results indicate that a second site distant from the RGD site on fibronectin is crucial for its full biological activity in diverse functions dependent on the alpha 5 beta 1 fibronectin receptor. This site is mapped by mAbs closer to the RGD site than previously expected.
Axon guidance molecule semaphorin3A is a novel tumor suppressor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (2016)

Semaphorin3A (SEMA3A), an axon guidance molecule in the nervous system, plays an inhibitory role in oncogenesis. Here, we investigated the expression pattern and biological roles of SEMA3A in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) by gain-of-function assays using adenovirus transfection and recombinant human SEMA3A protein. In addition, we explored the therapeutic efficacy of SEMA3A against HNSCC in vivo. We found that lower expression of SEMA3A correlated with shorter overall survival and had independent prognostic importance in patients with HNSCC. Both genetic and recombinant SEMA3A protein inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation and induced apoptosis, accompanied by decreased cyclin E, cyclin D, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 and increased P21, P27, activated caspase-5 and caspase-7. Moreover, over-expression of SEMA3A suppressed migration, invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition due in part to the inhibition of NF-κB and SNAI2 in HNSCC cell lines. Furthermore, intratumoral SEMA3A delivery significantly stagnated tumor growth in a xenograft model. Taken together, our results indicate that SEMA3A serves as a tumor suppressor during HNSCC tumorigenesis and a new target for the treatment of HNSCC.
Removal of UV light-induced pyrimidine-pyrimidone(6-4) products from Escherichia coli DNA requires the uvrA, uvrB, and urvC gene products. (1984)

Ultraviolet light induces the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine- pyrimidone (6-4) photoproducts in cellular DNA. In Escherichia coli, the uvrA, uvrB, and uvrC genes are necessary for excision of cyclobutane dimers. To determine whether the uvrABC gene products are required for (6-4) product removal from DNA, a sensitive HPLC assay was developed that allows the separation and quantitation of both types of photoproducts. Both the T T cyclobutane dimer and the T-C(6-4) product were completely removed from the DNA after 2 hr of repair in a wild-type strain. Both products were also removed in the wild-type strain in the presence of chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of protein synthesis. No decrease in the amount of either T T cyclobutane dimer or of T-C(6-4) products was observed in strains that were deficient in any one of the three uvr gene products under similar conditions. We conclude the uvrABC enzyme complex is required for excision of (6-4) photoproducts from E. coli DNA.
Analysis of mechanical failure of polymer microneedles by axial force (2010)

A polymeric microneedle has been developed for drug delivery applications. The ultimate goal of the polymeric microneedle is insertion into the specified region without failure for effective transdermal drug delivery. Mechanical failure of various geometries of microneedles by axial load was modeled using the Euler formula and the Johnson formula to predict the failure force of tapered-column microneedles. These formulas were compared with measured data to identify the mechanical behavior of microneedles by determining the critical factors including the actual length and end-fixed factor. The comparison of the two formulas with the data showed good agreement at the end-fixity (K) of 0.7. This value means that a microneedle column has one fixed end and one pinned end, and that part of the microneedle was overloaded by axial load. When the aspect ratio of length to equivalent diameter is 12:1 at 3 GPa of Young's modulus, there is a transition from the Euler region to the Johnson region by the decreased length and increased base diameter of the microneedle. A polymer having less than 3 GPa of stiffness would follow the Euler formula. A 12:1 aspect ratio of length to equivalent diameter of the microneedle was the mechanical indicator determining the failure mode between elastic buckling and inelastic buckling at less than 3 GPa of Young's modulus of polymer. Microneedles with below a 12:1 aspect ratio of length-to-equivalent diameter and more than 3 GPa of Young's were recommended for reducing sudden failure by buckling and for successfully inserting the microneedle into the skin.
Clostridium difficile Glucosyltransferase Toxin B-essential Amino Acids for Substrate Binding (2007)

Recently the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of Clostridium difficile toxin B was solved ( Reinert, D. J., Jank, T., Aktories, K., and Schulz, G. E. (2005) J. Mol. Biol. 351, 973-981 ). On the basis of this structure, we studied the functional role of several amino acids located in the catalytic center of toxin B. Besides the (286)DXD(288) motif and Trp(102), which were shown to be necessary for Mn(2+) and UDP binding, respectively, we identified by alanine scanning Asp(270), Arg(273), Tyr(284), Asn(384), and Trp(520) as being important for enzyme activity. The amino acids Arg(455), Asp(461), Lys(463), and Glu(472) and residues of helix alpha17 (e.g. Glu(449)) of toxin B are essential for enzyme-protein substrate recognition. Introduction of helix alpha17 of toxin B into Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin inhibited modification of Ras subfamily proteins but enabled glucosylation of RhoA, indicating that helix alpha17 is involved in RhoA recognition by toxin B. The data allow the design of a model of the interaction of the glucosyltransferase domain of toxin B with its protein substrate RhoA.
The Interface Between Dopamine Neurons and the Amygdala: Implications for Schizophrenia (1997)

A substantial amount of research has focused on the midbrain dopamine system and its role in emotional and motivational behaviors. In diseases in which dopamine function is compromised, patients exhibit a constellation of symptoms, suggesting that the dopamine system plays an important role in the integration of several functions. Subgroups of dopamine neurons receive information from limbic and association areas and project widely throughout cortex and striatum, including motor areas. A dorsal tier of dopamine neurons receive input from the ventral (limbic-related) striatum and from the amygdala and project widely throughout cortex. A more ventrally located group of dopamine cells receives input from both the limbic and association areas of striatum and projects widely throughout the striatum, including the sensorimotor regions. Through these projections, the limbic system has an enormous influence on dopamine output and can therefore affect the emotional and motivational "coloring" of a wide range of behaviors.
Thermoregulatory Responses of Runners following a Warm-Weather Road Race (2014)

Purpose: To quantify the skin temperature changes following intense exercise in warm-weather. Methods: Anterior thermal images and gastrointestinal temperature (TGI) from 20 male runners (mean±SD; 73.5 ± 10.9 kg) participating in a 11.2 km road race were collected before and immediately after the race. Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and wind speed were recorded at the finish line. Infrared thermal images were divided into 11 distinct regions, superior torso (ST), inferior torso (IT), face (F), right forearm (RF), left forearm (LF), right upper arm (RUA), left upper arm (LUA), right thigh (RT), left thigh (LT), right lower leg (RLL) and left lower leg (LLL). Mean weighted anterior skin temperature (MWST) was calculated via approximation of body surface area. Paired samples t-tests were performed to compare pre- and post-race values. Correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between MWST and TGI. Results: Mean WBGT was 27.04 ± 1.20 °C. Mean wind speed was 1.38 ± 0.87 km/h. TGI significantly increased from pre- to post-race (pre: 37.18 ± 0.37 °C, post: 39.39 ± 0.73 °C, p&lt;0.001). MWST decreased, approaching significance (pre: 30.46 ± 1.77 °C, post: 29.48 ± 0.95 °C, p=0.059). Mean skin temperature for ST (p=0.001), IT (p&lt;0.001), RUA (p=0.015) and LUA (p=0.004) significantly decreased from pre-race values. There was no relationship between Post-TGI and Post-MWST (r=0.052, p=0.848). Conclusions: Despite a significant increase in TGI, skin temperature decreased compared to pre-race measures. ST, IT, RUA and LUA may represent the areas with the greatest potential for heat loss, given the air to skin temperature gradient.
Evaluating top- k queries over web-accessible databases (2004)

A query to a web search engine usually consists of a list of keywords, to which the search engine responds with the best or "top" k pages for the query. This top- k query model is prevalent over multimedia collections in general, but also over plain relational data for certain applications. For example, consider a relation with information on available restaurants, including their location, price range for one diner, and overall food rating. A user who queries such a relation might simply specify the user's location and target price range, and expect in return the best 10 restaurants in terms of some combination of proximity to the user, closeness of match to the target price range, and overall food rating. Processing top- k queries efficiently is challenging for a number of reasons. One critical such reason is that, in many web applications, the relation attributes might not be available other than through external web-accessible form interfaces, which we will have to query repeatedly for a potentially large set of candidate objects. In this article, we study how to process top- k queries efficiently in this setting, where the attributes for which users specify target values might be handled by external, autonomous sources with a variety of access interfaces. We present a sequential algorithm for processing such queries, but observe that any sequential top- k query processing strategy is bound to require unnecessarily long query processing times, since web accesses exhibit high and variable latency. Fortunately, web sources can be probed in parallel, and each source can typically process concurrent requests, although sources may impose some restrictions on the type and number of probes that they are willing to accept. We adapt our sequential query processing technique and introduce an efficient algorithm that maximizes source-access parallelism to minimize query response time, while satisfying source-access constraints. We evaluate our techniques experimentally using both synthetic and real web-accessible data and show that parallel algorithms can be significantly more efficient than their sequential counterparts.
High Dynamic Range Imaging: Acquisition, Display, and Image-Based Lighting (The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Computer Graphics) (2005)

This landmark book is the first to describe HDRI technology in its entirety and covers a wide-range of topics, from capture devices to tone reproduction and image-based lighting. The techniques described enable you to produce images that have a dynamic range much closer to that found in the real world, leading to an unparalleled visual experience. As both an introduction to the field and an authoritative technical reference, it is essential to anyone working with images, whether in computer graphics, film, video, photography, or lighting design.



New material includes chapters on High Dynamic Range Video Encoding, High Dynamic Range Image Encoding, and High Dynammic Range Display Devices
Written by the inventors and initial implementors of High Dynamic Range Imaging
Covers the basic concepts (including just enough about human vision to explain why HDR images are necessary), image capture, image encoding, file formats, display techniques, tone mapping for lower dynamic range display, and the use of HDR images and calculations in 3D rendering
Range and depth of coverage is good for the knowledgeable researcher as well as those who are just starting to learn about High Dynamic Range imaging


Table of Contents

Introduction; Light and Color; HDR Image Encodings; HDR Video Encodings; HDR Image and Video Capture; Display Devices; The Human Visual System and HDR Tone Mapping; Spatial Tone Reproduction; Frequency Domain and Gradient Domain Tone Reproduction; Inverse Tone Reproduction; Visible Difference Predictors; Image-Based Lighting.
Chemokine Receptor-Specific Antibodies in Cancer Immunotherapy: Achievements and Challenges (2015)

The 1990s brought a burst of information regarding the structure, expression pattern, and role in leukocyte migration and adhesion of chemokines and their receptors. At that time, the FDA approved the first therapeutic antibodies for cancer treatment. A few years later, it was reported that the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 were involved on directing metastases to liver, lung, bone marrow, or lymph nodes, and the over-expression of CCR4, CCR6, and CCR9 by certain tumors. The possibility of inhibiting the interaction of chemokine receptors present on the surface of tumor cells with their ligands emerged as a new therapeutic approach. Therefore, many research groups and companies began to develop small molecule antagonists and specific antibodies, aiming to neutralize signaling from these receptors. Despite great expectations, so far, only one anti-chemokine receptor antibody has been approved for its clinical use, mogamulizumab, an anti-CCR4 antibody, granted in Japan to treat refractory adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Here, we review the main achievements obtained with anti-chemokine receptor antibodies for cancer immunotherapy, including discovery and clinical studies, proposed mechanisms of action, and therapeutic applications.
Headache types and panic disorder (2001)

Comorbidity of panic disorder is not specific to migraine and applies also to other severe headaches. The influence is primarily from headaches to panic disorders, with a weaker influence in the reverse direction. The bidirectional associations, despite the difference in the strength of the associations, suggest that shared environmental or genetic factors might be involved in the comorbidity of panic disorder with migraine and other severe headaches.
Conversion of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide to phosphoramide mustard and acrolein mediated by bifunctional catalysis. (1982)

The rates at which 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide are converted to phosphoramide mustard and acrolein were determined as a function of buffer composition, buffer concentration, and pH. Conversion of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide to 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide in 0.5 M Tris buffer, pH 7.4, 37 degrees, was first-order (k = 0.016 min-1), but subsequent conversion of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide to phosphoramide mustard and acrolein under these conditions was negligible. Phosphoramide mustard and acrolein were readily generated from 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide or 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide when either of these agents was placed in phosphate buffer. Conversion of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide to phosphoramide mustard and acrolein was first-order with respect to 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (k = 0.126 min-1 in 0.5 M phosphate buffer, pH 8, 37 degrees) as well as first-order with respect to phosphate serving as a catalyst. The rate-determining step in the reaction was pH dependent only insofar as the hydrogen ion concentration governed the relative amounts of monobasic and dibasic phosphate present. Pseudo-first-order rate constants were 0.045 M-1 min-1 for monobasic phosphate and 0.256 M-1 min-1 for dibasic phosphate. The role of phosphate in this reaction was as that of a bifunctional catalyst. The reaction was not subject to specific or general, acid or base, catalysis. Other bifunctional catalysts such as glucose-6-phosphate and bicarbonate also catalyzed the reaction, albeit less efficiently. Aldophosphamide apparently exists only transiently; its presence could not be established by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We conclude that, in the reaction sequence 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide leads to aldophosphamide leads to phosphoramide mustard + acrolein, the conversion of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide to aldophosphamide is rate limiting and is subject to bifunctional catalysis; this reaction can proceed efficiently only in the presence of a bifunctional catalyst. Assuming that the oncotoxic specificity of cyclophosphamide resides with 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and that its cytotoxic effect at therapeutic doses is largely mediated by phosphoramide mustard released within cells, these observations offer the possibility that the intracellular concentration of bifunctional catalysts, whether in the form of inorganic phosphates, organic phosphates, enzymes, or other species, serve as important determinants with regard to the oncotoxic potential and specificity of cyclophosphamide. Similarly, the concentration of bifunctional catalysis in the urine as well as the pH of the urine may be important with regard to the potential of cyclophosphamide to induce, via acrolein, hemorrhagic cystitis.
Long-Term Effect of Xylitol Gum Use on Mutans Streptococci in Adults (2007)

Many studies have shown the effects of chewing xylitol gum on mutans streptococci (MS) over short- and long-term periods in children; however, few studies have addressed long-term periods in adults. The objective of this investigation was to examine for 6 months the effects of chewing xylitol gum on MS in saliva and plaque in 127 adults (mean age 28.0 years). The participants were assigned to three groups according to gum type, in part taking preference for flavor into account and in part at random: xylitol (XYL), maltitol (MAL) and control (CR); 33, 34 and 27 subjects in each group, respectively, completed the trial. Daily gum use of the XYL and MAL groups was 7.9 and 7.1 g, respectively. MS levels, which declined significantly in saliva (p < 0.05) and plaque (p < 0.001) in the XYL group after 6 months, exhibited a significant increase in plaque in the MAL group (p < 0.001). Differences in relative changes of MS levels in plaque during the experimental period were significant between the XYL group and the CR (p < 0.05) and MAL groups (p < 0.001). Differences in relative change of amount of plaque during the experimental period were not statistically significant between the groups. The present study demonstrated that chewing xylitol gum for 6 months continued to inhibit the growth of mutans streptococci in adults.
Constitutive activation of the Wnt signaling pathway byCTNNB1 (?-catenin) mutations in a subset of human lung adenocarcinoma (2001)

Constitutive activation of the Wnt signaling pathway as a result of genetic alterations of APC, AXIN1, and CTNNB1 has been found in various human cancers, including those of the colon, liver, endometrium, ovary, prostate, and stomach. To investigate the pathogenetic significance of constitutive activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in human lung carcinogenesis, CTNNB1 alterations in exon 3, a region known to represent a mutation hot spot, were screened in 46 lung cancer cell lines and 47 primary lung cancers. Missense mutations causing substitutions of Ser/Thr residues critical for regulation by GSK-3beta were detected in one (2%) of the cell lines, A427, and two (4%) of the surgical specimens. The three lung cancers with CTNNB1 mutations were adenocarcinomas. To explore the prevalence of constitutive activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in human lung cancer, we assessed 15 lung cancer cell lines representing major histological subtypes of lung cancers for constitutive Tcf transcriptional activity (CTTA). CTTA was observed only in the A427 adenocarcinoma cell line, but not in the remaining 14 cell lines. The data indicate that constitutive activation of the Wnt signaling pathway caused by CTNNB1 mutation is involved in the development and/or progression of a subset of lung carcinoma, preferentially in adenocarcinoma.
Monte Carlo Methods for Tempo Tracking and Rhythm Quantization (2003)

We present a probabilistic generative model for timing deviations in expressive music performance. The structure of the proposed model is equivalent to a switching state space model. The switch variables correspond to discrete note locations as in a musical score. The continuous hidden variables denote the tempo. We formulate two well known music recognition problems, namely tempo tracking and automatic transcription (rhythm quantization) as filtering and maximum a posteriori (MAP) state estimation tasks. Exact computation of posterior features such as the MAP state is intractable in this model class, so we introduce Monte Carlo methods for integration and optimization. We compare Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods (such as Gibbs sampling, simulated annealing and iterative improvement) and sequential Monte Carlo methods (particle filters). Our simulation results suggest better results with sequential methods. The methods can be applied in both online and batch scenarios such as tempo tracking and transcription and are thus potentially useful in a number of music applications such as adaptive automatic accompaniment, score typesetting and music information retrieval.