gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
X-ray Structure of Bacteriorhodopsin at 2.5 Angstroms from Microcrystals Grown in Lipidic Cubic Phases (1997)

Lipidic cubic phases provide a continuous three-dimensional bilayer matrix that facilitates nucleation and growth of bacteriorhodopsin microcrystals. The crystals diffract x-rays isotropically to 2.0 angstroms. The structure of this light-driven proton pump was solved at a resolution of 2.5 angstroms by molecular replacement, using previous results from electron crystallographic studies as a model. The earlier structure was generally confirmed, but several differences were found, including loop conformations and side chain residues. Eight water molecules are now identified experimentally in the proton pathway. These findings reveal the constituents of the proton translocation pathway in the ground state.
Affected Sib-Pair and Mutation Analyses of the High Affinity IgE Receptor Beta Chain Locus in Italian Families With Atopic Asthmatic Children (1996)

Previous studies reported linkage between maternally inherited atopy and the beta subunit of the high affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI-beta) located on chromosome 11q13. We have investigated 45 Italian families with atopic asthmatic children, for a total of 213 subjects, including 148 patients. Genotyping was carried out with two microsatellite DNA markers: one (Fc epsilon RI-beta CA) located inside the gene, and one (CI11-319 CA) closely linked to it. Affected sib-pair analysis in families with several affected children indicated 128 pairs in which either both markers were informative. An excess of maternal allele sharing was observed, although not significant. The allele-specific DNA amplification test for the FcRI-beta Ile181Leu mutation, described previously in 17% of atopic English families by Shirakawa and coworkers, was negative in all our families, as well as in 42 Italian children with atopic asthma and without family histories of the disease.
A vector quantization algorithm based on the nearest neighbor of the furthest color (2002)

In order to optimize the codebook used by the vector quantization compression scheme, we have developed a process based on the max-min algorithm. This process optimizes color space partitioning from vector blocks selected iteratively within the training set according to three algorithms. The partitioning algorithm is based on the nearest neighbor query. The selection algorithm searches the furthest color of the nearest vector block of the training set already computed. A centroid process generates the codebook in refining the vector block selection. In order to counterbalance cases of study for which the centroid process modifies the vector block selection, we have introduced three tests. These tests restrict the training set from which representative colors can be selected.
I-TevI, the endonuclease encoded by the mobile td intron, recognizes binding and cleavage domains on its DNA target. (1991)

Mobility of the phage T4 td intron depends on activity of an intron-encoded endonuclease (I-TevI), which cleaves a homologous intronless (delta In) target gene. The double-strand break initiates a recombination event that leads to intron transfer. We found previously that I-TevI cleaves td delta In target DNA 23-26 nucleotides upstream of the intron insertion site. DNase I-footprinting experiments and gel-shift assays indicate that I-TevI makes primary contacts around the intron insertion site. A synthetic DNA duplex spanning the insertion site but lacking the cleavage site was shown to bind I-TevI specifically, and when cloned, to direct cleavage into vector sequences. The behavior of the cloned duplex and that of deletion and insertion mutants support a primary role for sequences surrounding the insertion site in directing I-TevI binding, conferring cleavage ability, and determining cleavage polarity. On the other hand, sequences around the cleavage site were shown to influence cleavage efficiency and cut-site selection. The role of cleavage-site sequences in determining cleavage distance argues against a strict "ruler" mechanism for cleavage by I-TevI. The complex nature of the homing site recognized by this unusual type of endonuclease is considered in the context of intron spread.
Islamic Numismatics, Sections 1 and 2 (1978)

Every student of pre-modern Islamic political, social, economic, or cultural history is aware in a general way of the importance of numismatic evidence, but it has to be admitted that for the most part this awareness is evidenced more in lip service than in practice. Too many historians consider numismatics an arcane and complex study best left to specialists. All too often, historians, if they take coin evidence into account at all, suspend their normal critical judgement to accept without question the readings and interpretations of the numismatist. On the other hand, numismatists, in the past especially but to a large extent still today, are often amateurs, self-taught through practice with little or no formal historical and linguistic training. This is true even of museum professionals in charge of Islamic collections, no matter what their previous training: The need to deal with the coinage of fourteen centuries, from Morocco to the Philippines, means that the curator spends most of his time working in areas in which he is, by scholarly standards, a layman. The best qualified student of any coin series is the specialist with an expert knowledge of the historical context from which the coinage comes. Ideally, any serious research on a particular region and era should rest upon as intensive a study of the numismatic evidence as of the literary sources. In practice, of course, it is not so easy, but it is easier than many scholars believe, and certainly much easier than for a numismatist to become a fully qualified historian in every field of Islamic civilization.
Crosslinking of hyaluronic acid with glutaraldehyde (1997)

Hyaluronic acid (HA) was chemically crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to produce water-insoluble films having low water contents when brought into contact with water. The crosslinking reaction was performed using uncrosslinked HA films in acetone–water mixtures. This method could produce water-insoluble HA films with water contents as low as 60 wt % when subjected to swelling with phosphate-buffered saline of pH 7.4 at 37°C. This 60 wt % water content was lower than any values for HA ever reported. There was an optimal HCl concentration around 0.01N for the HA crosslinking with GA in acetone—water mixtures. To get information on the crosslinking mechanism, alginic acid, which possesses hydroxyl and carboxyl groups in one molecule, similar to HA, and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and amylopectin, which possess only hydroxyl groups, were subjected to crosslinking with GA. PVA and amylopectin were also found to become water-insoluble after reaction with GA. On the basis of the infrared spectra of these crosslinked films, it was concluded that intermolecular formation of hemiacetal bonds with GA between the hydroxyl groups belonging to different HA molecules led to crosslinking. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 3553–3559, 1997
SPAD-based flash LiDAR sensor with high ambient light rejection for automotive applications (2018)

LiDAR is a key sensor technology for future driving. For autonomous vehicles a fast and reliable three dimensional monitoring of the environment is essential for managing a wide variety of common traffic situations. Since these kinds of systems use typically light in the near infrared range, ambient light of the sun is a serious problem due to its high intensity compared to the laser source. Therefore, reducing the influence of ambient light on the distance measurement is very important. In this paper we present a 2 × 192 pixel SPAD-based direct time-of-flight line sensor for flash LiDAR applications with high ambient light rejection integrated in standard CMOS technology. Two commercially available 905 nm laser diodes emitting short pulses are employed for scene illumination. For time measurement an in-pixel timeto- digital-converter with a resolution of 312.5 ps and full range of 1.28 &mu;s has been implemented. Each pixel uses four vertically arranged single SPADs for background light rejection based on the detection of temporal correlated photons. This technique allows the discrimination of the received laser pulse buried in the superimposed background light and, hence, to improve the measurement quality. Additionally, different parameters of the coincidence detection circuit, such as coincidence depth and time, can be varied during operation to enable a real time adjustment to the present ambient light condition, which is measured between each laser shot by operating the sensor in photon counting mode. By using this technique the sensor allows a reliable distance measurement at various ambient and target conditions.
Repopulation of Macrophages in Popliteal Lymph Nodes of Mice After Liposome-Mediated Depletion (1990)

Macrophages lining the subcapsular sinus (SCS) and those located in the medulla of popliteal lymph nodes (PLN) of mice were eliminated after subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP)-containing liposomes. No effect of liposome-entrapped Cl2MDP could be seen on nonphagocytic cells, e.g., interdigitating cells (IDC) and B- and T-lymphocytes. One month after injection the eliminated subsets of macrophages were still absent. After 2 mo a small number of macrophages had reappeared along the SCS and in the medulla of the PLN of a few animals. Complete repopulation of the PLN with macrophages was observed only after 5 mo. This extremely long repopulation time could be shortened drastically by local administration of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). A small number of macrophages reappeared along the SCS and in the medulla 1 wk after FCA and after 3 wk the repopulation of the PLN with macrophages was complete. Such rapid repopulation of macrophages was not achieved after s.c. injection of paraffin oil or paratyphoid vaccine. These results indicate that the normal rate of influx of mononuclear phagocytes into the PLN is low, but that it can be sped up after administration of FCA.
The spatial distributions of odorant sensitivity and odorant‐induced currents in salamander olfactory receptor cells. (1991)

1. Suction electrode and whole-cell recording were used to record membrane currents from defined regions of solitary olfactory receptor cells from Ambystoma tigrinum. 2. Under whole-cell current clamp, stimulation of cells with odorants activated an inward current in the cilia, an outward current in the soma, and induced a membrane depolarization. Clamping the membrane potential at its resting value of -70 mV increased the inward ciliary current 5- to 10-fold and abolished the outward somatic current. 3. Local odorant stimulation was accomplished by ejecting an odorant solution into a steady flow of Ringer solution. A suction electrode was used to immobilize a cell in the flow and to record the odorant-induced somatic current. The amplitude of the odorant response increased approximately linearly with the length of cilia exposed to the stimulus, but was independent of the length of dendrite exposed to the stimulus, indicating that odorant sensitivity is predominantly localized to the cilia. 4. The latencies of responses recorded under flow did not vary with the region of the cilia which was exposed to the stimulus. Also, the magnitude of the inward ciliary current activated by odorants was equal to that of the whole-cell current recorded under voltage clamp. These observations indicate that the odorant-induced inward current is predominantly localized to the ciliary membrane. 5. Under whole-cell current clamp, local application of a high-K+ solution generated an outward somatic current when applied to the dendrite, but had no effect when applied to the cilia. This indicates that the density of the resting K+ conductance is lower in the ciliary membrane than in the dendritic membrane. 6. The results above are consistent with the hypothesis that all components of the transduction mechanism are uniformly distributed within the cilia, and that the cilia are electrotonically compact, even during an odorant-induced conductance increase.
Current progress towards the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as anticancer agents (1998)

AbstractTyrosine kinases (TKs) are a large subfamily of the largest known gene family, the kinases, of which the human genome is now estimated to contain in excess of 2,000 [1]. TKs catalyse the phosphorylation of the phenolic hydroxyl of tyrosine. Phosphorylation of proteins is the commonest form of reversible post-translational modification, and is the predominant way of transducing signals within the cell. TK activity appears to be the predominant way that proliferative signalling is passed through the cell membrane and into cells. One might expect overactivity of TKs to cause abnormal proliferation, and indeed kinases are the majority of all known oncogenes, and overphosphorylation is a hallmark of all cancer cells. Inhibitors of oncogenic TKs of great potency and selectivity have been developed, along with many, at least superficially, inferior agents, and excellent in vivo activity has been revealed for some of these compounds. Currently, several agents are in clinical trials and initial results should be forthcoming before the next review in this series is written.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages of pirarubicin over adriamycin after intraarterial hepatic administration in the rabbit VX2 tumor model. (1993)

Intraarterial chemotherapy with Adriamycin (ADM) has shown limited advantages over i.v. administration, with no reduction in systemic toxicities and modest decrease in peripheral plasma levels. In an effort to improve the selectivity of i.a. anthracycline chemotherapy, we compared pirarubicin (4'-O-tetrahydropyranyladriamycin, THP) and ADM in the surgically implanted VX2 rabbit tumor model. Both drugs were administered at the same dose (0.5 mg/kg) either by the intraarterial hepatic route (i.a.h.) or by the i.v. route. Anthracycline plasma and tissue levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. ADM peak plasma concentration and area under the curve were not significantly reduced after i.a.h. administration compared to the i.v. route; however, ADM tumor concentration was 1.9-fold higher following i.a.h. administration compared to the i.v. infusion. After THP administration by the i.a.h. route, systemic exposure (area under the curve) was markedly reduced (8-fold) compared to the same dose administered i.v. These findings correlated well with the very low concentration of the drug in heart tissue following i.a.h. infusion. After i.a.h. administration, tumor THP concentrations were 10.5 times higher compared to the i.v. route. The pharmacokinetic advantage of i.a.h. administration of THP also led to a better antitumoral effect, as shown by a significantly lower tumor growth rate [3 +/- 2% (SD)] in the i.a.h.-treated animals compared to the i.v.-treated groups (58 +/- 9%). Administration of ADM by the i.a.h. route was also inferior to i.a.h. THP. Taken together, our results suggest a clear-cut advantage of THP over ADM for i.a.h. locoregional chemotherapy, because of higher local tumor concentrations, greater antitumoral effect, and lower systemic exposure following the i.a.h. administration of THP. This anthracycline analogue could also be of therapeutic advantage in tumors partially resistant to anthracyclines that would become vulnerable to the high local concentrations achieved with i.a.h. administration. Based on these encouraging results, clinical trials using THP administered by the i.a.h. route were initiated.
Reply to Soto-Pantoja et al. and Zhao et al.: Targeting CD47 on human solid tumors (2012)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Real-time tracking of metallic treatment probe in interstitial thermal therapy (2017)

In this paper, we propose an inverse scattering method with compressive sensing to image and track the metallic ablation probe during the interstitial thermal therapy. The contrast source inversion (CSI) method is used to solve the inverse scattering problem, which determines the location of the probe by utilizing the scattered field data produced by the contrast source current at the probe surface. A fast spectral gradient-projection method is used to solve the linear inverse problem with sparsity constraints and reconstructs the surface profile of the metallic probe. The proposed method will first be validated numerically by imaging a PEC probe in a realistic interstitial thermal therapy model, and then be validated experimentally with a vector network analyzer based inverse scattering measurement system.
Characterization of the indirect antitumor effect of gamma-interferon using ascites-associated macrophages in a human tumor clonogenic assay. (1987)

The indirect antitumor effects of recombinant gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) were investigated using an in vitro tumor clonogenic assay modified to include ascites-associated macrophages (AAM). Untreated AAM stimulated tumor colony growth; conversely, AAM treated with IFN-gamma at clinically achievable doses demonstrate a significant growth-inhibiting effect. The indirect antiproliferative activity was dependent on the density of AAM. Supernatants from IFN-gamma-pretreated AAM cultures derived from 11 different ovarian cancer patients significantly inhibited the colony growth of ovarian cancer cell line BG-1, as well as five of six other cell lines. Physicochemical characteristics of the supernatant indicated that a significant part of the antiproliferative activity is heat sensitive, destroyed by proteolytic enzymes, and is dependent on RNA and protein synthesis for production. Neutralizing antiserum against tumor necrosis factor significantly reduced the antiproliferative activity of the supernatants. Production of this factor by AAM was induced by exposure to 1000 units/ml of IFN-gamma for 15 min, although activity in the supernatants was not detected until 8 h after exposure to IFN-gamma. Potency of the supernatants reached a peak 12 h after priming and ceased by 22 h. Production of antiproliferative activity was maintained over 5 days by intermittent treatment of AAM with IFN-gamma. Combinations of IFN-gamma and supernatant from IFN-gamma-treated AAM showed potentiated antiproliferative activity against BG-1 in an additive to synergistic manner. Antitumor effects of IFN-gamma may be dependent on tumor-associated macrophages and treatment scheduling.
Hopfield like networks for pattern recognition with application to face recognition (2003)

This work will discuss the use of a robust Hopfield like structure for pattern recognition and face recognition. The design of the energy function and the mapping of the recognition problem to the realm of graph matching have led to the robustness of the algorithm detailed here. Examples of the success obtained from this network using various local feature spaces will be examined. This will include examples associated with recognition in a multicontext environment and face recognition under pose rotation in depth. The Hopfield neural network (HNN) utilized in this work is the annealed Hopfield neural network (AHNN). The marriage of the HNN and mean field annealing (MFA) has led to a robust near optimal algorithm for combinatorial optimization. We will discuss the formulation of a recognition algorithm based on the optimizing energy function of the Hopfield neural network and thus the AHNN We will also present the use of the AHNN for face recognition (FR) by developing a novel feature space termed anthropometric face features.
Synthesis and Applications of β-Aminocarboxylic Acids Containing a Cyclopropane Ring (2003)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and Applications of β-Aminocarboxylic Acids Containing a Cyclopropane RingFrieder Gnad and Oliver ReiserView Author Information Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 4, 1603–1624Publication Date (Web):April 9, 2003Publication History Received21 August 2002Published online9 April 2003Published inissue 1 April 2003https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr010015vhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr010015vresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2003 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3547Altmetric-Citations289LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Cyclopropanation,Hydrocarbons,Organic compounds,Peptides and proteins,Reaction products Get e-Alerts
Nanoscale ultrathin body PMOSFETs with raised selective germanium source/drain (2001)

Nanoscale ultrathin body (UTB) p-channel MOSFETs with body thickness down to 4 nm and raised source and drain (S/D) using selectively deposited Ge are demonstrated for the first time. Devices with gate length down to 30 nm show high drive current, low off current, and excellent short-channel behavior. Mobility enhancement and threshold-voltage shift due to the quantum confinement of inversion charge in the ultrathin body are investigated.
GDF11 Controls the Timing of Progenitor Cell Competence in Developing Retina (2005)

The orderly generation of cell types in the developing retina is thought to be regulated by changes in the competence of multipotent progenitors. Here, we show that a secreted factor, growth and differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), controls the numbers of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), as well as amacrine and photoreceptor cells, that form during development. GDF11 does not affect proliferation of progenitors-a major mode of GDF11 action in other tissues-but instead controls duration of expression of Math5, a gene that confers competence for RGC genesis, in progenitor cells. Thus, GDF11 governs the temporal windows during which multipotent progenitors retain competence to produce distinct neural progeny.
Some Aspects of the Pharmacology of Diphenyleneiodonium, a Bivalent Iodine Compound (1979)

1. Previous studies have established that diphenyleneiodonium binds to and inhibits the respiratory enzyme NADH dehydrogenase and also catalyses an exchange of Cl- for OH- across membranes. 2. The hypoglycaemia produced by diphenyleneiodonium was confirmed and shown to be reversible at a dose of 4 mg/kg in starved rats. 3. The lethality of diphenyleneiodonium in mice was cumulative. 4. Presumably as a result of the Cl-/OH- exchange, diphenyleneiodonium-treated rats excreted less Cl- than controls in the first 12 h after administration. However, the swelling of erythrocytes observed in vitro did not occur in vivo. 5. When [125I]diphenyleneiodonium was administered to rats and rabbits, its distribution did not appear to be governed by its binding to NADH dehydrogenase. Reasons for this are discussed. 6 Over 90% of the radioactivity excreted in the faeces of rabbits could not be extracted with boiling water or with dil. HNO3.