gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Remarkably Stable Copper(I) α-Carbonyl Carbenes: Synthesis, Structure, and Mechanistic Studies of Alkene Cyclopropanation Reactions (2009)

The reaction of [tBu2P(NSiMe3)2-κ2N]Cu(η2-C2H4) (1) with various aryl diazo esters [p-X-C6H4]C(N2)[C(O)R] allowed us to synthesize the corresponding α-carbonyl copper(I) carbene complexes [tBu2P(NSiMe3)2-κ2N]Cu═C[p-X-C6H4][C(O)R] (8), where X = OMe, NO2. The rotation barriers around the Cu−Ccarbene and Ccarbene−CAr bonds or their low limits were determined for some of these compounds by 1H-VT-NMR spectroscopy. Carbene 8g with X = OMe and R = OCH(p-Cl-C6H4)2 was isolated in analytically pure, crystalline form as the first stable representative of this important class of compounds. Its solid-state molecular structure revealed an orthogonal position of the carbene fragment relative to both the ligand plane and the ester C═O group and a remarkably short Cu−Ccarbene distance of 1.822(4) Å. Compound 8g reacted with styrene stereoselectively to give the corresponding trans-cyclopropane derivative and [tBu2P(NSiMe3)2-κ2N]Cu(η2-CH2═CHPh). The stoichiometric cyclopropanation of styrene with 8g and the previously described diarylcarbene [tBu2P(NSiMe3)2-κ2N]Cu═C[p-NO2-C6H4]2 (6) in toluene-d8 revealed that the reactions are first order in both the copper carbenes and the alkene. The activation parameters for 8g (ΔH⧧ = 51.5(9) kJ/mol and ΔS⧧ = −127.1(28) J/(mol K)] and for 6 (ΔH⧧ = 53.4(8) kJ/mol and ΔS⧧ = −152.1(23) J/(mol K)) were derived from the kinetics of the cyclopropanation processes. Thermal decomposition of carbene 8g in toluene-d8 displayed first-order kinetics until 20−25% conversion with activation parameters ΔH⧧ = 85.5(24) kJ/mol and ΔS⧧ = −49.0(76) J/(mol K). Solutions of 6 in toluene-d8 also decompose in a first-order fashion with ΔH⧧ = 66.1(20) kJ/mol and ΔS⧧ = −125.5(56) J/(mol K). A Hammett study employing 8g and para-substituted styrenes afforded ρ = −1.06(19), demonstrating the electrophilic nature of α-carbonyl copper(I) carbene (Fischer-type) complexes. The electronic structure of 8 with X = R = OMe was investigated by DFT methods.
TNM residual tumor classification revisited (2002)

The R classification is a strong indicator of prognosis and facilitates the comparison of treatment results if applied in a consistent manner. Uniform use and interpretation of this classification is essential for the standardization of posttreatment data collection.
Novel ceramic antenna filters for GSM/DECT and GSM/PCN network terminals (2002)

Dual mode/band communication networks have emerged as a step towards the true third generation communication networks UMTS and FPLMTS. In this paper, novel ceramic antenna filters for GSM/DECT and GSM/PCN network terminals are described. The performance of the GSM/DECT and GSM/PCN antenna filters is evaluated by simulation results. Furthermore, the performance of the GSM/DECT antenna filter is evaluated by measurement results. It is found out that both of the described antenna filters indicate a substantial improvement to the present state of antenna filtering design.
An Octane-Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (2005)

There are substantial barriers to the introduction of hydrogen fuel cells for transportation, including the high cost of fuel-cell systems, the current lack of a hydrogen infrastructure, and the relatively low fuel efficiency when using hydrogen produced from hydrocarbons. Here, we describe a solid oxide fuel cell that combines a catalyst layer with a conventional anode, allowing internal reforming of iso-octane without coking and yielding stable power densities of 0.3 to 0.6 watts per square centimeter. This approach is potentially the basis of a simple low-cost system that can provide substantially higher fuel efficiency by using excess fuel-cell heat for the endothermic reforming reaction.
Light-Operated Mechanized Nanoparticles (2009)

Mesoporous silica (MCM-41) nanoparticles modified by azobenzene derivatives, capable of storing small molecules and releasing them following light irradiation, have been fabricated and characterized. In the presence of the beta-cyclodextrin and/or pyrene-modified beta-cyclodextrin rings, the beta-cyclodextrin and/or pyrene-modified beta-cyclodextrin rings will thread onto the azobenzene-containing stalks and bind to trans-azobenzene units to form the pseudorotaxanes, thus sealing the nanopores and stopping release of the cargo. Upon irradiation, the isomerization of trans-to-cis azobenzene units leads to the dissociation of the beta-cyclodextrin and/or pyrene-modified beta-cyclodextrin rings from the stalks, thus opening the gates to the nanopores and releasing the cargo.
Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Last 25 Years (2007)

This review is an updated and expanded version of two prior reviews that were published in this journal in 1997 and 2003. In the case of all approved agents the time frame has been extended to include the 251/2 years from 01/1981 to 06/2006 for all diseases worldwide and from 1950 (earliest so far identified) to 06/2006 for all approved antitumor drugs worldwide. We have continued to utilize our secondary subdivision of a "natural product mimic" or "NM" to join the original primary divisions. From the data presented, the utility of natural products as sources of novel structures, but not necessarily the final drug entity, is still alive and well. Thus, in the area of cancer, over the time frame from around the 1940s to date, of the 155 small molecules, 73% are other than "S" (synthetic), with 47% actually being either natural products or directly derived therefrom. In other areas, the influence of natural product structures is quite marked, with, as expected from prior information, the antiinfective area being dependent on natural products and their structures. Although combinatorial chemistry techniques have succeeded as methods of optimizing structures and have, in fact, been used in the optimization of many recently approved agents, we are able to identify only one de novo combinatorial compound approved as a drug in this 25 plus year time frame. We wish to draw the attention of readers to the rapidly evolving recognition that a significant number of natural product drugs/leads are actually produced by microbes and/or microbial interactions with the "host from whence it was isolated", and therefore we consider that this area of natural product research should be expanded significantly.
Thymic Senescence (2019)

Thymic senescence develops in every person, although at different pace. Thymic senescence significantly lowers the production of naive T cells, leading to increased incidence of infections, cancer and autoimmune diseases. Certain external factors can accelerate thymic senescence. These include chemicals (copper-chelators), hormones (androgens), infections (viruses, fungi, protozoa). Others may slow the aging process of the thymus including perturbations to the hormonal (sex-steroid) system, genetic alterations (PPARgamma deficiency) or chemical compounds (PPARgamma antagonists). Thymic senescence research may provide insight to underlying molecular events and potentially appoint novel therapeutic targets for senescence intervention strategies. These hold promise to postpone thymus senescence and enhance T cell production. That would result in a decreased incidence of infections, cancer and autoimmune diseases, currently affecting the elderly. The attributed drop in healthcare costs and gain in quality of life share tremendous economic and social interest.
The CD47-SIRP signalling system: its physiological roles and therapeutic application (2014)

Signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), also known as SHPS-1/BIT/ CD172a, is an immunoglobulin superfamily protein that binds to the protein tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 through its cytoplasmic region. CD47, another immunoglobulin superfamily protein, is a ligand for SIRPα, with the two proteins constituting a cell-cell communication system (the CD47-SIRPα signalling system). SIRPα is particularly abundant in the myeloid-lineage hematopoietic cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs), whereas CD47 is expressed ubiquitously. Interaction of CD47 (on red blood cells) with SIRPα (on macrophages) is thought to prevent the phagocytosis by the latter cells of the former cells, determining the lifespan of red blood cells. Recent studies further indicate that this signalling system plays important roles in engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells as well as in tumour immune surveillance through regulation of the phagocytic activity of macrophages. In the immune system, the CD47-SIRPα interaction is also important for the development of a subset of CD11c(+)DCs as well as organization of secondary lymphoid organs. Finally, the CD47-SIRPα signalling system likely regulates bone homeostasis by osteoclast development. Newly emerged functions of the CD47-SIRPα signalling system thus provide multiple therapeutic strategies for cancer, autoimmune diseases and bone disorders.
Influences of Linezolid, Penicillin, and Clindamycin, Alone and in Combination, on Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A Release (2003)

An in vitro model was used to compare the effects of linezolid, clindamycin, and penicillin, alone and in combination, on streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SPE A) release against virulent group A streptococci (GAS). All regimens exhibited lower (P < 0.05) SPE A release at 1 h than those with penicillin alone. Linezolid and clindamycin, alone or in combination with penicillin, may optimize the treatment of GAS infections by reducing bacterial burden and exotoxin release.
Mechanism of Fluconazole Resistance in Candida krusei (1998)

The mechanisms of fluconazole resistance in three clinical isolates of Candida krusei were investigated. Analysis of sterols of organisms grown in the absence and presence of fluconazole demonstrated that the predominant sterol of C. krusei is ergosterol and that fluconazole inhibits 14alpha-demethylase in this organism. The 14alpha-demethylase activity in cell extracts of C. krusei was 16- to 46-fold more resistant to inhibition by fluconazole than was 14alpha-demethylase activity in cell extracts of two fluconazole-susceptible strains of Candida albicans. Comparing the carbon monoxide difference spectra of microsomes from C. krusei with those of microsomes from C. albicans indicated that the total cytochrome P-450 content of C. krusei is similar to that of C. albicans. The Soret absorption maximum in these spectra was located at 448 nm for C. krusei and at 450 nm for C. albicans. Finally, the fluconazole accumulation of two of the C. krusei isolates was similar to if not greater than that of C. albicans. Thus, there are significant qualitative differences between the 14alpha-demethylase of C. albicans and C. krusei. In addition, fluconazole resistance in these strains of C. krusei appears to be mediated predominantly by a reduced susceptibility of 14alpha-demethylase to inhibition by this drug.
Geomechanics Field and Laboratory Characterization of Woodford Shale: The Next Gas Play (2007)

Abstract Woodford shale is emerging as one of the major gas formations in the US Midwest. Despite its tremendous potential, existing data on the Woodford shale geomechanics characterization are limited at best. In this work, a well in the Woodford shale formation, 200 feet deep, was cored and logged in Oklahoma, USA. The resulting retrieved preserved cores were lab tested using standard acoustic techniques and triaxial testing for shale mechanical and poromechanical characterization in terms of compressibility, strength, pore pressure coefficient, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, etc. In addition, shale mechanical parameters alteration when in contact with drilling muds and fracturing fluids were measured using Brazilian tests and the innovative Inclined Direct Shear Testing Device (IDSTD™). Finally, mechanical Woodford shale parameters were also measured and correlated with field log results, using samples a tiny as drill cuttings (a few millimeters in size) with the newly emerging nano-indentation rock characterization techniques developed in the GeoGenome™ Industry Consortium. This newly developed methodology for rock testing and shale chracterization, part of the nanotechnology wave, showed excellent results when compared with shale acoustic laboratory measurements and log data and results. Despite a relatively high quartz content as shown by XRD and Elemental Capture Spectroscopy (ECS) log results, the Woodford shale does exhibit clear transversely isotropic mechanical characteristics, from Young's moduli to Poisson's ratios and other mechanical parameters. Moreover, IDSTD™ and Brazilian tensile tests on the preserved Woodford samples exposed to different drilling and hydraulic fracturing fluids showed that fluid effects play an important role on both compressive strength and tensile strength of the shale despite the fact that the Woodford clay content mainly composes of illite and chlorite. The mechanical and poromechanical properties of Woodford shale were measured at four different scales, from field well logs to standard rock testing to the penny-size samples of IDSTD™ and down to drill cuttings scales using the nano-indentation. Furthermore, the innovative nano-indentation techniques for rock testing have allowed the construction of a GeoGenome™ simulation model which can estimate and determine macroscopic rock properties based on porosity, packing density, and mineralogy. The simulated moduli and parameters using this model showed excellent agreement when compared to both lab and field log results.
<title>Solution-based analysis of multiple analytes by a sensor array: toward the development of an electronic tongue</title> (1998)

A micromachined sensor array has been developed for the rapid characterization of multi-component mixtures in aqueous media. The sensor functions in a manner analogous to that of the mammalian tongue, using an array composed of individually immobilized polystyrene-polyethylene glycol composite microspheres selectively arranged in micromachined etch cavities localized o n silicon wafers. Sensing occurs via colorimetric or fluorometric changes to indicator molecules that are covalently bound to amine termination sites on the polymeric microspheres. The hybrid micromachined structure has been interfaced directly to a charged-coupled-device that is used for the simultaneous acquisition of the optical data from the individually addressable `taste bud' elements. With the miniature sensor array, acquisition of data streams composed of red, green, and blue color patterns distinctive for the analytes in the solution are rapidly acquired. The unique combination of carefully chosen reporter molecules with water permeable microspheres allows for the simultaneous detection and quantification of a variety of analytes. The fabrication of the sensor structures and the initial colorimetric and fluorescent responses for pH, Ca<SUP>+2</SUP>, Ce<SUP>+3</SUP>, and sugar are reported. Interface to microfluidic components should also be possible, producing a complete sampling/sensing system.
An experimental study of rotating stall in a two-stage axial compressor (1959)

The stalling behaviour of an Orenda CT-100, experimental, two-stage axial compressor was studied at the constant operating speed of 3000 r.p.m. Rotating stall was observed to commence at a mass flow coefficient of 0.435 and as the mass flow was reduced several different patterns of rotating stall were observed. In two ranges of operation steady patterns consisting or three rotating stalls were observed, in two other ranges of operation rotating stall was observed but the stall patterns were continually changing, while for very low mass flow operation the flow over the whole of the annulus appeared to be stalled. Reversed flow within the stalls was found to be an important feature of rotating stall.
Architectural tradeoffs in field-programmable-device-based computing systems (2002)

Reprogrammable Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) have enabled the realization of high-performance and affordable reconfigurable computing engines. The authors examine the architectural tradeoffs involved in designing general purpose FPGA-based computing systems with field-programmable gate arrays and field-programmable interconnects. The fact that FPGAs provide both programmable logic and programmable interconnects raises numerous design issues that need to be considered with care. Factors that influence the tradeoffs are routability, rearrangeability and speed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Clonal analysis reveals multiple functional defects of aged murine hematopoietic stem cells (2011)

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) populations change with aging, but the extent to which this is caused by qualitative versus quantitative alterations in HSC subtypes is unclear. Using clonal assays, in this study we show that the aging HSC compartment undergoes both quantitative and qualitative changes. We observed a variable increase of HSC pool size with age, accompanied by the accumulation of predominantly myeloid-biased HSCs that regenerate substantially fewer mature progeny than young myeloid-biased HSCs and exhibit reduced self-renewal activity as measured by long-term secondary transplantation. Old HSCs had a twofold reduction in marrow-homing efficiency and a similar decrease in functional frequency as measured using long-term transplantation assays. Similarly, old HSCs had a twofold reduced seeding efficiency and a significantly delayed proliferative response compared with young HSCs in long-term stromal cell co-cultures but were indistinguishable in suspension cultures. We show that these functional defects are characteristics of most or all old HSCs and are not indicative of a nonfunctional subset of cells that express HSC markers. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cells with functional properties of old HSCs can be generated directly from young HSCs by extended serial transplantation, which is consistent with the possibility that they arise through a process of cellular aging.
Prognostic microRNA/mRNA signature from the integrated analysis of patients with invasive breast cancer (2013)

The optimal management of breast cancer (BC) presents challenges due to the heterogeneous molecular classification of the disease. We performed survival analysis on a cohort of 466 patients with primary invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), the most frequent type of BC, by integrating mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), and DNA methylation next-generation sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Expression data from eight other BC cohorts were used for validation. The prognostic value of the resulting miRNA/mRNA signature was compared with that of other prognostic BC signatures. Thirty mRNAs and seven miRNAs were associated with overall survival across different clinical and molecular subclasses of a 466-patient IDC cohort from TCGA. The prognostic RNAs included PIK3CA, one of the two most frequently mutated genes in IDC, and miRNAs such as hsa-miR-328, hsa-miR-484, and hsa-miR-874. The area under the curve of the receiver-operator characteristic for the IDC risk predictor in the TCGA cohort was 0.74 at 60 mo of overall survival (P < 0.001). Most relevant for clinical application, the integrated signature had the highest prognostic value in early stage I and II tumors (receiver-operator characteristic area under the curve = 0.77, P value < 0.001). The genes in the RNA risk predictor had an independent prognostic value compared with the clinical covariates, as shown by multivariate analysis. The integrated RNA signature was successfully validated on eight BC cohorts, comprising a total of 2,399 patients, and it had superior performance for risk stratification with respect to other RNA predictors, including the mRNAs used in MammaPrint and Oncotype DX assays.
Redundant cyclin overexpression and gene amplification in breast cancer cells. (1993)

Cyclins are prime cell cycle regulators and are central to the control of major check points in eukaryotic cells. The aberrant expressions of two cyclins (i.e., cyclins A and D1) have been observed in some cancers, suggesting they may be involved in loss of growth control. However, in spite of these occasional changes involving only two cyclins, there are no clear connections between general derangements of other cyclins or their dependent kinases in a single tumor type. We detected general cyclin overexpression in 3 of 3 breast tumor tissue samples. In addition, using proliferating normal vs. human tumor breast cells as a model system, we observed a number of alterations in cyclin expression: (i) an 8-fold amplification of cyclin E gene in one tumor line, a 64-fold overexpression of its mRNA, and altered expression of its protein; (ii) deranged expression of cyclin E protein in all (10 of 10) tumor cell lines studied; (iii) increased cyclin mRNA stability, resulting in (iv) general overexpression of RNAs and proteins for cyclins A and B and CDC2 in 9 of 10 tumor lines and (v) deranged order of appearance of cyclins in synchronized tumor vs. normal cells, with mitotic cyclins appearing prior to G1 cyclins. These multiple general derangements in cyclin expression in human breast cancer cells provide evidence linking aberrant cyclin expression to tumorigenesis.
Test vector encoding using partial LFSR reseeding (2002)

A new form of LFSR reseeding that provides higher encoding efficiency and hence greater reduction in test data storage requirements is described. Previous forms of LFSR reseeding have been static (i.e. test generation is stopped and the seed is loaded at one time) and have required full reseeding (i.e. n=r bits are used for an r-bit LFSR). The new form of LFSR reseeding proposed here is dynamic (i.e. the seed is incrementally modified while test generation proceeds) and allows partial reseeding (i.e. n<r bits can be used). Full static forms of LFSR reseeding are shown to be a special case of the new partial dynamic form of LFSR reseeding. In addition to providing better encoding efficiency, partial dynamic LFSR reseeding has a simpler hardware implementation than previous schemes based on multiple-polynomial LFSRs, and can generate each test vector in fewer clock cycles. Experimental results demonstrate the advantages of the new partial dynamic LFSR reseeding approach.