gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth Hormone (GH) Treatment in Short Normal Children: Absence of Influence of Time of Injection and Resistance to GH Autofeedback* (1991)

Forty prepubertal subjects (25 boys and 15 girls) with idiopathic short stature, aged 3.8-14.6 yr, were randomly allocated to receive sc injections of recombinant human GH (hGH) 6 days/week at a dose of 3 IU (1.25 mg)/m2.day either in the morning or in the evening. After 6 months of therapy, each subject was switched over to the other schedule of injection. After 12 months, treatment was stopped, and the subjects were followed for 6 months. For the whole group, regardless of the time of injection, height velocity (centimeters per yr) was 4.3 +/- 0.9 before hGH treatment, 8.3 +/- 1.9 during the first 6 months of treatment, and 6.9 +/- 1.6 during the last 6 months of treatment. Thirty-three of 38 subjects (87%) who completed 12 months of therapy presented an increase in height velocity greater than 2 cm/yr. Two patients (5%) developed antibodies to hGH and were among the nonresponders. There was no significant difference in growth response according to the schedule of injections. GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) testing was performed before and after 6 and 12 months of hGH therapy. When the last hGH injection was performed 12 h before the GHRH test, there was a 36% decrease in the maximum GH response (P less than 0.01) and a 33% decrease (P less than 0.01) in the GH secretory area compared to those before therapy. When the last hGH injection was performed 24 h or more before the GHRH test, no significant differences were observed. Insulin-like growth factor-I levels were not significantly different when measured 12 or 24 h after hGH. During the 6 months after discontinuation of hGH therapy, catch-down growth was observed in 44% of the subjects. We conclude that the schedule of injection does not influence the growth response, which wanes after 6 months; this waning effect is not related to declining insulin-like growth factor-I levels or GH autofeedback, suggesting a peripheral mechanism. Likewise, the catch-down phenomenon after hGH is discontinued is not related to a persistent diminution of pituitary responsiveness to GHRH.
Dense subgraph maintenance under streaming edge weight updates for real-time story identification (2012)

Recent years have witnessed an unprecedented proliferation of social media. People around the globe author, every day, millions of blog posts, micro-blog posts, social network status updates, etc. This rich stream of information can be used to identify, on an ongoing basis, emerging stories, and events that capture popular attention. Stories can be identified via groups of tightly-coupled real-world entities, namely the people, locations, products, etc., that are involved in the story. The sheer scale, and rapid evolution of the data involved necessitate highly efficient techniques for identifying important stories at every point of time. The main challenge in real-time story identification is the maintenance of dense subgraphs (corresponding to groups of tightly-coupled entities) under streaming edge weight updates (resulting from a stream of user-generated content). This is the first work to study the efficient maintenance of dense subgraphs under such streaming edge weight updates. For a wide range of definitions of density, we derive theoretical results regarding the magnitude of change that a single edge weight update can cause. Based on these, we propose a novel algorithm, DynDens, which outperforms adaptations of existing techniques to this setting, and yields meaningful results. Our approach is validated by a thorough experimental evaluation on large-scale real and synthetic datasets.
Surface roughness at the Si(100)-SiO2interface (1985)

We have studied the statistical properties of random surface roughness at the Si-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ interface using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The spectral properties of the HRTEM roughness on normally prepared and intentionally roughened samples appears to be well characterized as a first-order autoregressive or Markovian process which corresponds to an exponential decay in the autocovariance function rather than the usual Gaussian approximation which has been widely used. Such an exponential decay is characterized by tails in the spectrum which are directly attributable to the discrete or steplike nature of the interface roughness which is restricted to occur on crystalline atomic sites. Using a simplified model, we have estimated the effect of projecting the two-dimensional interface roughness through the cross-section thickness to form the one-dimensional boundary studied here. For an isotropic medium, we find that the statistical character of the roughness is preserved during this transformation, but that the rms fluctuation of the roughness is attenuated so that the actual interface is rougher than indicated by the HRTEM technique. After correcting for such averaging, the parameters estimated from the HRTEM are more in agreement with the same parameters used to fit the surface-roughness-limited Hall mobility in metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor devices.
Pharmacologic doses of ascorbate act as a prooxidant and decrease growth of aggressive tumor xenografts in mice (2008)

Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient commonly regarded as an antioxidant. In this study, we showed that ascorbate at pharmacologic concentrations was a prooxidant, generating hydrogen-peroxide-dependent cytotoxicity toward a variety of cancer cells in vitro without adversely affecting normal cells. To test this action in vivo, normal oral tight control was bypassed by parenteral ascorbate administration. Real-time microdialysis sampling in mice bearing glioblastoma xenografts showed that a single pharmacologic dose of ascorbate produced sustained ascorbate radical and hydrogen peroxide formation selectively within interstitial fluids of tumors but not in blood. Moreover, a regimen of daily pharmacologic ascorbate treatment significantly decreased growth rates of ovarian (P < 0.005), pancreatic (P < 0.05), and glioblastoma (P < 0.001) tumors established in mice. Similar pharmacologic concentrations were readily achieved in humans given ascorbate intravenously. These data suggest that ascorbate as a prodrug may have benefits in cancers with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options.
100 Gb/s (10 × 10 Gb/s) WDM transmission over 7200 km using distributed Raman amplification (1997)

We demonstrate for the first time high capacity (100 Gb/s) long-haul (7200 km) multi-channel (10/spl times/10 Gb/s) transmission using distributed Raman amplification. The noise performance of our 514 km Raman amplifier chain was 2 dB better than a similar amplifier chain using lumped erbium-doped fiber-amplifiers.
Question Answering from Frequently Asked Question Files: Experiences with the FAQ Finder System (1997)

This technical report describes FAQ Finder, a natural language question answering system that uses files of frequently asked questions as its knowledge base. Unlike AI question-answering systems that focus on the generation of new answers, FAQ Finder retrieves existing ones found in frequently-asked question files. Unlike information retrieval approaches that rely on a purely lexical metric of similarity between query and document, FAQ Finder uses a semantic knowledge base (WordNet) to improve its ability to match question and answer. We describe the design and the current implementation of the system and its support components, including results from an evaluation of the system''s performance against a corpus of user questions. An important finding was that a combination of semantic and statistical techniques works better than any single approach. We analyze failures of the system and discuss future research aimed at addressing them.
Phase I-II Trial of Foscarnet for Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Autologous and Allogeneic Marrow Transplant Recipients (1992)

The safety and efficacy of foscarnet for prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was evaluated in 19 CMV-seropositive bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients. All patients received intermittent intravenous (iv) foscarnet: 40 mg/kg every 8 h from 7 days before to day 30 after BMT, then 60 mg/kg once a day until day 75. The main toxicity was transient renal dysfunction, with a greater than 50 mumol/L increase in serum creatinine above baseline in 5 of the 7 autograft recipients and in 6 of the 12 allograft recipients. Only 4 allograft recipients developed CMV infection during foscarnet prophylaxis, and no patient showed evidence of CMV disease. Because 3 allograft recipients receiving concomitant iv amphotericin B showed rapid impairment of renal function, foscarnet prophylaxis should not be given to allograft recipients requiring amphotericin B; otherwise, foscarnet prophylaxis at this dose appears safe after BMT.
Vapor Pressure–Temperature Relationships Among the Branched Paraffin Hydrocarbons (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVapor Pressure–Temperature Relationships Among the Branched Paraffin HydrocarbonsHarry WienerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1948, 52, 2, 425–430Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1948https://doi.org/10.1021/j150458a014RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views273Altmetric-Citations112LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (353 KB) Get e-Alerts
Successful Prevention of Experimental Hypercholesteremia and Cholesterol Atherosclerosis in the Rabbit (1953)

Cholesterol is absorbed by rabbits while its stereoisomer, sitosterol, is not resorbed. Cholesterol and sitosterol form nonseparable crystals. When the two sterols were fed simultaneously to rabbits, cholesterol was not absorbed, or was absorbed but partly. The degree of prevention of hypercholesteremia depended upon the amount of sitosterol fed with the cholesterol. A six-fold surplus of plant sterol was required in the experiments because the product employed contained but 75 to 80 per cent of sitosterol and because the supplied sitosterol binds not only exogenous cholesterol but also endogenous cholesterol present in the intestines. In the rabbit, prevention of hypercholesteremia is tantamount to prevention of atherosclerosis induced by cholesterol feeding.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor–type O truncated (PTPROt) regulates SYK phosphorylation, proximal B-cell–receptor signaling, and cellular proliferation (2006)

The strength and duration of B-cell-receptor (BCR) signaling depends upon the balance between protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activation and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibition. BCR-dependent activation of the SYK PTK initiates downstream signaling events and amplifies the original BCR signal. Although BCR-associated SYK phosphorylation is clearly regulated by PTPs, SYK has not been identified as a direct PTP substrate. Herein, we demonstrate that SYK is a major substrate of a tissue-specific and developmentally regulated PTP, PTP receptor-type O truncated (PTPROt). PTPROt is a member of the PTPRO family (also designated GLEPP, PTP-Ø, PTP-oc, and PTPu2), a group of highly conserved receptor-type PTPs that are thought to function as tumor suppressor genes. The overexpression of PTPROt inhibited BCR-triggered SYK tyrosyl phosphorylation, activation of the associated adaptor proteins SHC and BLNK, and downstream signaling events, including calcium mobilization and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) activation. PTPROt overexpression also inhibited lymphoma cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in the absence of BCR cross-linking, suggesting that the phosphatase modulates tonic BCR signaling.
Electromigration behavior of poly‐(L‐glutamate) conformers in concentrated polyacrylamide gels (1993)

Abstract During electrophoretic separation of anionic polyamino acids, resolution according to the number of peptide units can be achieved in capillaries filled with hydrophilic gels. While polyaspartate preparations yield single peaks for the individual oligomers at pH above 8.0, polyglutamates exhibit an anomalous behavior of peak splitting, which is attributed here to the separation of the oligopeptide conformers. An Asp‐Glu (1:1) copolymer yields single peaks under similar conditions. At pH near 4.5, where polyglutamate is expected to exist in its α‐helix form, peak splitting disappears. Upon heating to 95°C for at least 120 h (procedure described to transform the α‐helix into a β form), peak splitting disappeared, but could be reestablished after cooling for several days. When a highly charged cation spermine was added to the operational electrolyte, triple peaks appeared in the electropherogram due to the ion‐pair formation. The largest peak in every triplet has been tentatively assigned to the α‐helix form. The electrophoretic results described have been largely supported by CD spectra. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Control of Subthreshold Characteristics of Narrow-Channel Silicon-on-Insulator n-Type Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Transistor with Additional Side Gate Electrodes (2007)

A silicon-on-insulator (SOI) n-type metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) transistor with additional side gate electrodes is fabricated and its subthreshold characteristics are discussed. Since its device structure provides independent biasing to gates, flexible device-characteristic control for the respective device is expected. The key fabrication process is the formation of transistor gates. Additional side gate electrodes are formed by reactive ion etching (RIE) with a SiO2-covered top gate as an etching mask. Subthreshold characteristics are improved by negative side-gate biasing. In addition, the side-gate voltage VSG required to decrease off-leakage current by one decade is around 100 mV. Since the sidewall oxide thickness is chosen to be 5 nm, which is the same as the top-oxide thickness, rather sensitive subthreshold-characteristic control compared with that of biasing through a thick buried-oxide layer is achieved in response to performance requirement. In the viewpoint of stand-by-power suppression, these provide a certain controllability to a circuit operation.
A Novel Regulator of p21-activated Kinases (1998)

Proteins of the p21-activated kinase (Pak) family have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression, cytoskeletal architecture, and apoptosis. Although the ability of Cdc42 and Rac GTPases to activate Pak is well established, relatively little else is known about Pak regulation or the identity of Pak cellular targets. Here we report the identification of two closely related Pak3-binding proteins, possibly arising from alternative splicing, designated p50 and p85(Cool-1) (cloned out of library). Both isoforms of Cool contain a Src homology 3 domain that directly mediates interaction with Pak3 and tandem Dbl homology and pleckstrin homology domains. Despite the presence of the Dbl homology-pleckstrin homology motif, a characteristic of Rho family activators, activation of Cdc42 or Rac by Cool is not detectable. Instead binding of p50(Cool-1), but not p85(Cool-1), to Pak3 represses its activation by upstream activators such as the Dbl oncoprotein, indicating a novel mechanism of regulation of Pak signaling.
Broadcast quality video over IP (2001)

We consider the problem of designing systems for the transmission of video signals of the quality found in current television broadcasts, over high-speed segments of the public IP network. Our most important contribution is the definition of a network/coder interface for IP networks which gathers channel state information, and then sets parameters of the video coder to maximize the quality of the signal delivered to the receiver, while remaining fair to other data or video connections. This interface plays a role analogous to that of a Leaky Bucket controller, in that it specifies traffic shaping parameters which result in simultaneous good Quality-of-Service (QoS) for the source and good network performance. Since the network is not assumed to provide any form of QoS guarantee, fundamental to our construction is a hidden Markov model for the channel, based on which the interface solves a problem of optimal stochastic control, to decide how to configure the encoder. Other contributions are: a) modifications to the standard Internet transport protocol, to make it suitable for the transport of delay-constrained traffic and to gather channel state information, and b) the design of an error-resilient video coder. Experimental studies reveal that the proposed system is able to stream video signals of the quality of current TV-broadcasts, among hosts in wide-area networks connected to the experimental vBNS backbone.
Riluzole, Neuroprotection and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2010)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a universally fatal neurodegenerative disease of the human motor system. Aetiological mechanisms implicated in the development of ALS have been linked to the glutamatergic neurotransmitter system, with destruction of motor neurons triggered through excessive activation of glutamate receptors at the synaptic cleft. This 'excitotoxicity' theory of ALS gave rise to the development of therapeutic approaches and ultimately clinical trials involving riluzole, initially thought to act solely as an inhibitor of glutamate release. Subsequent effects of riluzole have been postulated to include indirect antagonism of glutamate receptors, in addition to inactivation of neuronal voltage-gated Na+ channels. Riluzole remains the only disease-modifying therapy available to patients with ALS. Despite having been clinically available since the mid-1990 s, the in vivo pharmacological targets of riluzole have been poorly defined. An improved understanding concerning the potential neuroprotective mechanisms of riluzole may unearth pathophysiological processes that mediate neurodegeneration in ALS. The present review summarises the known chemical and pharmacological properties of riluzole. The failure of other putative neuroprotective therapies to demonstrate positive treatment outcomes in this intractable disease will be reviewed. Finally, the hypothesis that Na+ conductances may be involved in the processes of neuronal and axonal degeneration in ALS will be explored.
Immunomodulatory role of opioids in the central nervous system. (1997)

Endogenous opioid peptides play a variety of roles in the central nervous system (CNS) from development to immune modulation. These functions are mediated mostly via specific opioid receptors uniquely localized in different brain regions and cells. Exogenous opioids can influence and modulate neuronal and glial cell function via an opioid receptor mediated mechanism, leading to either protection or damage of the brain. Mechanisms underlying CNS opioid effects may be mediated via immune mediators, such as cytokines, beta-chemokines, and free radicals (i.e. reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and nitric oxide (NO)) produced by activated glial cells (microglia and astrocytes). In the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection in drug addicts, opiates such as morphine have been postulated to promote the progression of this virus and the development of secondary opportunistic infections. Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) ligands, on the other hand, may play a neuroprotective role. Differences in species, age, sex, cell culture system, stimuli, opioid administration route, concentrations used, strain of infectious agents, and treatment regimes have contributed to many conflicting results in the field of opioid research. More studies are needed to delineate how opioids exert their effects on glial cells as well as neurons with the goal of finding new therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases, such as AIDS dementia.
Why Knot?: An Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Knots (2003)

Preface. Section 1: Introduction. Section 2: Mathematical Knots: What Are They? A. The Basic Idea. B. Composition. C. Crossing Number. D. Reidemeister Moves. E. Links. F. Unknotting Number. G. How Many Knots Are There? H. Denoting Pictures of Knots. Section 3: Knots, What Good Are They? A. History. B. Knotted DNA. C. Knotted Molecules. D. Random Knotting. Section 4: The Future. Extra Fun. Appendix 1. Appendix 2. Further Reading. Some Answers to the Experiments.
A Perpetual Code for Network Coding (2014)

Random Linear Network Coding (RLNC) provides a theoretically efficient method for coding. The drawbacks associated with it are the complexity of the decoding and the overhead resulting from the coding vector. This adds to the overall energy consumption and is problematic for computational limited and battery driven platforms. In this work we present an approach to RLNC where the code is sparse and non-uniform. The sparsity allow for fast encoding and decoding, and the non- uniform protection of symbols enables recoding where the produced symbols are indistinguishable from those encoded at the source. The results show that the approach presented here provides a better trade- off between coding throughput and code overhead. In particular it can provide a coding overhead identical to RLNC but at significantly reduced computational complexity. It also allow for easy adjustment of this trade-off, which make it suitable for a broad range of platforms and applications. Finally it is easy to perform recoding and coding vectors can be efficiently represented.
Implant Surface Roughness and Bone Healing: a Systematic Review (2006)

A systematic review was performed on studies investigating the effects of implant surface roughness on bone response and implant fixation. We searched the literature using MEDLINE from 1953 to 2003. Inclusion criteria were: (1) abstracts of animal studies investigating implant surface roughness and bone healing; (2) observations of three-month bone healing, surface topography measurements, and biomechanical tests; (3) provision of data on surface roughness, bone-to-implant contact, and biomechanical test values. The literature search revealed 5966 abstracts. There were 470, 23, and 14 articles included in the first, second, and third selection steps, respectively. Almost all papers showed an enhanced bone-to-implant contact with increasing surface roughness. Six comparisons were significantly positive for the relationship of bone-to-implant contact and surface roughness. Also, a significant relation was found between push-out strength and surface roughness. Unfortunately, the eventually selected studies were too heterogeneous for inference of data. Nevertheless, the statistical analysis on the available data provided supportive evidence for a positive relationship between bone-to-implant contact and surface roughness.