gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-chip mechatronic microsystem for surface imaging and force response studies (2004)

We report on a stand-alone single-chip (7 x 10 mm) atomic force microscopy unit including a fully integrated array of cantilevers, each of which has an individual actuation, detection, and control unit so that standard atomic force microscopy operations can be performed by means of the chip only without any external controller. The system offers drastically reduced overall size and costs as well as increased scanning speed and can be fabricated with standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology with some subsequent micromachining steps to form the cantilevers. Full integration of microelectronic and micromechanical components on the same chip allows for the controlling and monitoring of all system functions. The on-chip circuitry, which includes analog signal amplification and filtering stages with offset compensation, analog-to-digital converters, a powerful digital signal processor, and an on-chip digital interface for data transmission, notably improves the overall system performance. The microsystem characterization evidenced a vertical resolution of < 1 nm and a force resolution of < 1 nN as shown in the measurement results. The monolithic system represents a paradigm of a mechatronic microsystem that allows for precise and fully controlled mechanical manipulation in the nanoworld.
Polarization effects in optical coherence tomography of various biological tissues (1999)

Polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) was used to obtain spatially resolved <i>ex vivo</i> images of polarization changes in skeletal muscle, bone, skin and brain. Through coherent detection of two orthogonal polarization states of the signal formed by interference of light reflected from the biological sample and a mirror in the reference arm of a Michelson interferometer, the depth resolved change in polarization was measured. Inasmuch as any fibrous structure will influence the polarization of light, PS-OCT is a potentially powerful technique investigating tissue structural properties. In addition, the effects of single polarization state detection on OCT image formation is demonstrated.
Electron energy loss spectroscopy of plasmon resonances in titanium nitride thin films (2016)

The plasmon resonance characteristics of refractory TiN thin films were analyzed using electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). A bulk plasmon resonance was observed at 2.81 eV and a weaker surface plasmon resonance peak was detected at 2.05 eV. These findings are compared to finite-difference time-domain simulations based on measured optical data. The calculated values for both the bulk and surface resonances (2.74 eV and 2.15 eV, respectively) show reasonable agreement with those measured via EELS. The amplitude of the experimentally observed surface resonance was weaker than that typically encountered in noble metal nanostructures, and this is discussed in the context of electron density and reduced spatial confinement of the resonance mode in the thin-film geometry.
Differential expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 in primary and metastatic melanoma lesions. (1990)

Immunochemical studies have shown that the monoclonal antibody (MoAb) CL203.4, elicited with immune interferon treated cultured human melanoma cells Colo 38, recognizes intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). The determinant defined by MoAb CL203.4 is distinct and spatially distant from that defined by anti-ICAM-1 MoAb RR1/1, which had been elicited with Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-lymphocytes from a lymphocyte function associated antigen 1 deficient patient. Immunohistochemical testing with MoAb CL203.4 of surgically removed lesions of melanocyte origin has shown a markedly lower reactivity with benign than with malignant lesions. Among the latter, a higher percentage of metastatic than of primary lesions was stained by MoAb CL203.4. The higher expression of ICAM-1 in metastases than in primary lesions is unique to melanoma, since no difference was found in its distribution in primary and metastatic lesions of a variety of malignancies of different embryological origin. Reactivity with MoAb CL203.4 of primary lesions removed from patients with stage I melanoma showed a highly significant correlation with the lesion thickness and with the clinical course of the disease. The disease free interval in patients without detectable reactivity of their primary lesion with MoAb CL203.4 was significantly (P = 0.004) longer than that of patients whose primary lesion was stained with MoAb CL203.4. These results suggest that ICAM-1 may be a useful marker in the analysis of the molecular mechanism underlying the association between lesion thickness and clinical course of the disease.
Nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of melon necrotic spot virus (1990)

Cloned cDNA copies of the genomic RNA of melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) have been sequenced and the sizes and locations of predicted viral proteins have been deduced. The genome consists of at least 4262 nucleotides and the positive strand contains three to five open reading frames (ORFs) which may be expressed. The 5' proximal ORF encodes a 29K protein (p29) and terminates with an amber codon which may be read through to produce an 89K protein (p89). Two small centrally located ORFs each encode a 7K protein (p7A and p7B). As p7A is in frame with p7B, readthrough of the amber codon terminating p7A may occur, producing a 14K protein (p14). The 3' proximal ORF encodes the 42K coat protein. The genomic organization of MNSV, its probable translation strategy and the amino acid sequences of its putative proteins closely resemble those of known carmoviruses, suggesting that MNSV should be classified as a member of the carmovirus group. Unusual properties of the putative MNSV replicase (p89) suggest that MNSV should be classified in a new virus supergroup with several other viruses sharing these properties.
Phases of reprogramming (2014)

Despite advances in the field of somatic cell reprogramming, an understanding and exploration of the underlying mechanisms governing this process are only recently emerging. It is now increasingly apparent that key sequential events correlate with the reprogramming process; a process previously thought to be random and unpredictable is now looking, to a greater extent, defined and controlled. Herein, we will review the key cellular and molecular events associated with the reprogramming process, giving an integrative and conciliatory view of the different studies addressing the mechanism of nuclear reprogramming.
A novel, disruptive vaccination technology (2013)

Nucleotide based vaccines represent an enticing, novel approach to vaccination. We have developed a novel immunization technology, RNActive(®) vaccines, that have two important characteristics: mRNA molecules are used whose protein expression capacity has been enhanced by 4 to 5 orders of magnitude by modifications of the nucleotide sequence with the naturally occurring nucleotides A (adenosine), G (guanosine), C (cytosine), U (uridine) that do not affect the primary amino acid sequence. Second, they are complexed with protamine and thus activate the immune system by involvement of toll-like receptor (TLR) 7. Essentially, this bestows self-adjuvant activity on RNActive(®) vaccines. RNActive(®) vaccines induce strong, balanced immune responses comprising humoral and cellular responses, effector and memory responses as well as activation of important subpopulations of immune cells, such as Th1 and Th2 cells. Pre-germinal center and germinal center B cells were detected in human patients upon vaccination. RNActive(®) vaccines successfully protect against lethal challenges with a variety of different influenza strains in preclinical models. Anti-tumor activity was observed preclinically under therapeutic as well as prophylactic conditions. Initial clinical experiences suggest that the preclinical immunogenicity of RNActive(®) could be successfully translated to humans.
Identification and Characterization of Mefloquine Efficacy against JC Virus In Vitro (2009)

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare but frequently fatal disease caused by the uncontrolled replication of JC virus (JCV), a polyomavirus, in the brains of some immunocompromised individuals. Currently, no effective antiviral treatment for this disease has been identified. As a first step in the identification of such therapy, we screened the Spectrum collection of 2,000 approved drugs and biologically active molecules for their anti-JCV activities in an in vitro infection assay. We identified a number of different drugs and compounds that had significant anti-JCV activities at micromolar concentrations and lacked cellular toxicity. Of the compounds with anti-JCV activities, only mefloquine, an antimalarial agent, has been reported to show sufficiently high penetration into the central nervous system such that it would be predicted to achieve efficacious concentrations in the brain. Additional in vitro experiments demonstrated that mefloquine inhibits the viral infection rates of three different JCV isolates, JCV(Mad1), JCV(Mad4), and JCV(M1/SVEDelta), and does so in three different cell types, transformed human glial (SVG-A) cells, primary human fetal glial cells, and primary human astrocytes. Using quantitative PCR to quantify the number of viral copies in cultured cells, we have also shown that mefloquine inhibits viral DNA replication. Finally, we demonstrated that mefloquine does not block viral cell entry; rather, it inhibits viral replication in cells after viral entry. Although no suitable animal model of PML or JCV infection is available for the testing of mefloquine in vivo, our in vitro results, combined with biodistribution data published in the literature, suggest that mefloquine could be an effective therapy for PML.
Viral vector-mediated gene therapies (2015)

The work during the past year has increased our understanding of AAV vector-mediated therapy and has also validated new approaches to treat DMD. The results will aid in the design of both preclinical and clinical trials.
Radial versus tangential migration of neuronal clones in the developing cerebral cortex. (1995)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Comparative analysis of neuroectodermal differentiation capacity of human bone marrow stromal cells using various conversion protocols (2006)

Human adult bone marrow-derived mesodermal stromal cells (hMSCs) are able to differentiate into multiple mesodermal tissues, including bone and cartilage. There is evidence that these cells are able to break germ layer commitment and differentiate into cells expressing neuroectodermal properties. There is still debate about whether this results from cell fusion, aberrant marker gene expression or real neuroectodermal differentiation. Here we extend our work on neuroectodermal conversion of adult hMSCs in vitro by evaluating various epigenetic conversion protocols using quantitative RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. Undifferentiated hMSCs expressed high levels of fibronectin as well as several neuroectodermal genes commonly used to characterize neural cell types, such as nestin, beta-tubulin III, and GFAP, suggesting that hMSCs retain the ability to differentiate into neuroectodermal cell types. Protocols using a direct differentiation of hMSCs into a neural phenotype failed to induce significant changes in morphology and/or expression of markers of early and mature glial/neuronal cells types. In contrast, a multistep protocol with conversion of hMSCs into a neural stem cell-like population and subsequent terminal differentiation in mature glia and neurons generated relevant morphological changes as well as significant increase of expression levels of marker genes for early and late neural cell types, such as nestin, neurogenin2, MBP, and MAP2ab, accompanied by a loss of their mesenchymal properties. Our data provide an impetus for differentiating hMSCs in vitro into mature neuroectodermal cells. Neuroectodermally converted hMSCs may therefore ultimately help in treating acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases. Analysis of marker gene expression for characterization of neural cells derived from MSCs has to take into account that several early and late neuroectodermal genes are already expressed in undifferentiated MSCs.
Swine flu vaccine and multiple sclerosis. (1984)

Using age-specific rates for multiple sclerosis (MS) based on a national survey, the number of "naturally occurring" new cases of MS among the 45 million swine flu vaccine recipients in the United States is estimated as 1,624 during the year after vaccination, or 31 cases per week. Information from available reports and publications indicates no excess over the expected frequencies. Analyses of admissions for MS before, during, and after the immunization program showed no increase to the US Army hospitals or to the Mayo Clinic. Three independent controlled clinical investigations performed on patients with MS showed no increase in the frequency of exacerbations among those receiving swine flu vaccine as compared with those receiving placebo. Epidemiologic features of MS do not implicate killed virus vaccine as an etiologic factor in onset or exacerbations of the disease. There is no indication from these analyses of any association or cause-and-effect relationship between swine flu vaccine and MS.
Gateway-Based Destination Vectors for Functional Analyses of Bacterial ORFeomes: Application to the Min System inBrucella abortus (2006)

Twenty Gateway-compatible destination vectors were constructed. The vectors comprise fluorescent and epitope fusion tags, various drug markers, and replication origins that should make them useful for exploring existing microbial ORFeomes. In an attempt to validate several of these vectors, we observed polar and oscillating localization of MinD in Brucella abortus.
Polyfluorinated Electrolyte for Fully Printed Carbon Nanotube Electronics (2016)

Flexible electronics with highly thermal stability and mechanical strength are highly needed in advanced transportation systems. Semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes are one of the leading active materials for such thin film transistors because they are printable, flexible, thermally stable, and mechanically strong. Dielectrics with large capacitance are another major component, and polymer electrolytes are printed for flexible electronics, but they suffer from poor mechanical strength and low operating temperature. Here, a transparent, mechanically flexible, and thermally stable polyfluorinated electrolyte (PFE) is developed with high capacitance by curing printed polyfluorinated resin (PFR) and ionic liquid composite at high temperature. PFE inherits the mechanical flexibility and thermal stability from PFR. The immobilized ionic liquid inside the porous structures of PFE accounts for the high capacitance. With top‐gated PFE, fully printed electronically pure single‐chirality (6,5) single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) exhibit air stable, consistent, and reliable ambipolar characteristics with high transconductance (1 mS) and small subthreshold swing (&lt;0.15 V dec −1 ) at low voltage in ambient air for p‐type and n‐type carriers, and &gt;10 5 ON/OFF current ratio for both carriers under low operation voltage.
Determination of laser‐induced temperature distributions using echo‐shifted turboflash (1997)

An echo-shifted TurboFLASH sequence implemented on a clinical whole body MR scanner was used to determine thermal changes in tissue. With this snapshot-like data acquisition, temperature-related phase shifts were measured with a temporal resolution of 1.3 s. For different types of tissue (postmortem porcine brain, liver, and muscle) the temperature coefficients of the proton chemical shift were recorded during uniform heating of the specimen in a water bath. The specific temperature-dependent frequency shifts appeared similar to the proton chemical shift of free water (-0.01 ppm/degrees C). With this method, laser-induced ablation in postmortem porcine brain was monitored by temperature mapping. Comparison of the induced temperature profiles measured with NiCrNi-thermocouples with the MR calculated profiles demonstrated excellent temperature sensitivity and accuracy for this method of MR thermometry, with a maximum deviation of the determined temperatures of only 1.8 degrees C. This investigation was designed as a feasibility study for this rapid version of the phase mapping method, and no in vivo studies were performed.
Face Recognition System Using Multiple Face Model of Hybrid Fourier Feature Under Uncontrolled Illumination Variation (2010)

The authors present a robust face recognition system for large-scale data sets taken under uncontrolled illumination variations. The proposed face recognition system consists of a novel illumination-insensitive preprocessing method, a hybrid Fourier-based facial feature extraction, and a score fusion scheme. First, in the preprocessing stage, a face image is transformed into an illumination-insensitive image, called an "integral normalized gradient image," by normalizing and integrating the smoothed gradients of a facial image. Then, for feature extraction of complementary classifiers, multiple face models based upon hybrid Fourier features are applied. The hybrid Fourier features are extracted from different Fourier domains in different frequency bandwidths, and then each feature is individually classified by linear discriminant analysis. In addition, multiple face models are generated by plural normalized face images that have different eye distances. Finally, to combine scores from multiple complementary classifiers, a log likelihood ratio-based score fusion scheme is applied. The proposed system using the face recognition grand challenge (FRGC) experimental protocols is evaluated; FRGC is a large available data set. Experimental results on the FRGC version 2.0 data sets have shown that the proposed method shows an average of 81.49% verification rate on 2-D face images under various environmental variations such as illumination changes, expression changes, and time elapses.
The effects of cryopreservation on red blood cell microvesiculation, phosphatidylserine externalization, and CD47 expression (2008)

High-glycerol cryopreservation does not induce microvesiculation, PS exposure, and loss of CD47 expression in RBC membranes. Since prolonged prefreeze storage can result in RBC membrane injury during the postdeglycerolization storage period, more defined criteria for this variable should be adopted.
Politique des déplacements et développement touristique ; contraintes et innovations dans les vallées touristiques alpines (2002)

Abstract: Transport planning and tourism: specific constraints and innovations in an alpine tourist context. This paper deals with mobility within a mountain tourist area (Chamonix Valley, France). In this area, there are marked seasonal variations in traffic which have led to serious traffic management problems and to an original management response for public transport. In addition, there is considerable diversity in mobility behaviour, which can be linked to various social representations of mobility. Social representations of public transport seem to distinguish several groups of tourists and residents. Social representations of mobility also tend to structure transport planning and management, creating links between transport and local tourism development stakes.
Adsorption of genetically engineered proteins studied by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS). Part A: data acquisition and principal component analysis (PCA) (2007)

Abstract Recent progress in the adaptation of combinatorial biology selection protocols to materials science has created a new class of polypeptides with specific affinity to inorganics. Here, we use one of the genetically engineered proteins, a gold binding protein (GBP‐1), to assess quantitatively its binding specificity to Au, Ag and Pd surfaces by using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (TOF‐SIMS). The GBP‐1, originally selected using cell‐surface display techniques, consisting of 14 amino acids with a sequence of MHGKTQATSGTIQS, was used in this study. Three‐repeat and single‐repeat forms of GBP‐1 were prepared. In earlier studies, GBP‐1 was shown to bind to Au particles and self‐assemble on flat Au surfaces. Through the fingerprint analysis of these specific peptides, their role in binding can be investigated in terms of their contribution to surface interaction possibly forming the right molecular architecture for binding. To achieve this purpose, a large‐sized data matrix produced by TOF‐SIMS must be properly treated for analysis. In Part A, we use principal component analysis (PCA) to visualize the spectral variations for a variety of adsorption conditions and suggest possible contribution of the specific types of amino acids (binding site) to the interactions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Reciprocal Control of T Helper Cell and Dendritic Cell Differentiation (1999)

It is not known whether subsets of dendritic cells provide different cytokine microenvironments that determine the differentiation of either type-1 T helper (TH1) or TH2 cells. Human monocyte (pDC1)-derived dendritic cells (DC1) were found to induce TH1 differentiation, whereas dendritic cells (DC2) derived from CD4+CD3-CD11c- plasmacytoid cells (pDC2) induced TH2 differentiation by use of a mechanism unaffected by interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-12. The TH2 cytokine IL-4 enhanced DC1 maturation and killed pDC2, an effect potentiated by IL-10 but blocked by CD40 ligand and interferon-gamma. Thus, a negative feedback loop from the mature T helper cells may selectively inhibit prolonged TH1 or TH2 responses by regulating survival of the appropriate dendritic cell subset.
[Changes of RANTES levels in livers of patients with chronic hepatitis B: the clinical significance and the possible mechanisms]. (2007)

RANTES may have an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B. The elevation of hepatic RANTES may be caused by hepatitis B virus and TNFa.