gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep Brain Stimulation for Intractable Pain: A 15-Year Experience (1997)

DBS in selected patients provides long-term effective pain control with few side effects or complications.
Biological evaluation of a methanol-soluble, heat-stable Escherichia coli enterotoxin in infant mice, pigs, rabbits, and calves (1978)

Escherichia coli P16 was shown to produce two heat-stable toxins (ST) with differing biological activity. The toxins were separated by methanol extraction, and the first, STa, was methanol soluble, partially heat stable, active in neonatal piglets (1 to 3 days old) and infant mice, but inactive in weaned pigs (7 to 9 weeks old); the second, STb, was methanol insoluble, active in weaned pigs and rabbit ligated loops, but inactive in infant mice. It is therefore suggested that use of suckling mice as indicators of ST production will fail to identify certain ST-producing strains.
The Use of SCID Mice in Biotechnology and as a Model for Human Disease (1996)

The use of SCID (severe combined immunodeficient) mice in medical research and biotechnology has increased tremendously in recent years. This review outlines the major characteristics of these animals and the impediments that they pose to the engraftment of human cells and tissues. The development of our SCID mice pretreatment protocol (anti-asialo GM1 antisera and radiation) is described, and the results of xenotransplantation studies of human cells and tissues in these pretreated animals are outlined. Wherever possible, data from transplantation studies (of human tissues and cells) in pretreated and nonpretreated animals are compared. The potential of our pretreated SCID mice for medical research and biotechnology is discussed.
Factors Affecting Use of Insulin Pens by Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2008)

The physician's role in presenting the pen as an option and recommending pen use was a critical factor in patient pen use. Enhanced physician education regarding the potential benefits of pen use and encouraging physicians to discuss pen use with patients could improve diabetes outcomes.
A Demographic Study of Polish Attitudes toward Tax Evasion (2012)

A number of studies have examined the relationship between tax collection and various demographic variables. However, until recently most of those studies have involved a United States sample population. The Internal Revenue Service provides demographic data for researchers on a regular basis. The present study goes beyond those studies in several important ways. For one, it uses data on Poland taken from the World Values database. Not much work has been done on the post-communist Polish tax or public finance system. Thus, the present study expands on the very limited research done on Polish public finance. The present study expands on existing literature in at least two other ways as well. For one, it examines how various demographics interact with attitudes toward tax evasion. Secondly, we examine several demographic variables that were not examined in prior studies. One of the questions in the World Values database asked whether it would be justifiable to cheat on taxes if it were possible to do so. Respondents were asked to choose a number from 1 to 10 to indicate the extent of their support for tax evasion. This study examines those responses, both overall and through the prism of more than 20 demographic variables. A trend analysis is also done to determine whether Polish attitudes regarding tax evasion have changed in recent years. A comparison is made with other ethical issues to determine the relative seriousness of tax evasion. The study found that attitudes toward the justifiability of tax evasion often do vary by demographic variable. Tax evasion was found to be a less serious offense than wife beating, accepting a bribe or claiming government benefits to which you are not entitled and more serious than avoiding a fare on public transport or prostitution. Tax evasion has become less justifiable since the dismantling of the Berlin Wall but the trend has not been linear. Although the present study focuses on Poland, the methodology used in the present study could serve as a template for research on other countries or regions.
Four heat shock proteins of Drosophila melanogaster coded within a 12-kilobase region in chromosome subdivision 67B. (1980)

Unique coding sequences for four heat shock proteins of Drosophila melanogaster, hsp 28, hsp 26, hsp 23, and hsp 22, are clustered in a 12-kilobase interval at chromosome subdivision 67B. The four genes are not transcribed in the same direction and each gives rise to a separate messenger RNA, with no indication of intervening sequences. Including the present results, the genes for all seven major heat shock proteins of D. melanogaster are now cloned are found to exhibit a variety of patterns of organization at the five loci they occupy.
Linking translation memories with example-based machine translation (1999)

The paper reports on experiments which compare the translation outcome of three corpus-based MT systems, a string-based translation memory (STM), a lexeme-based translation memory (LTM) and the example-based machine translation (EBMT) sys-tem EDGAR. We use a fully automatic evaluation method to compare the outcome of each MT system and discuss the results. We investigate the benefits for the link-age of different MT strategies such as TM-systems and EBMT systems. 1
Inhibition and down-regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase results in a marked resistance of HL-60 cells to various apoptosis-inducers. (1995)

In a previous report we described that adenosine-induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells was blocked by the pretreatment of cells with a potent inhibitor (3-aminobenzamide) of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). The pretreatment of the cells with nicotinamide, another inhibitor of the enzyme, also suppressed most effectively the adenosine-induced apoptosis. This inhibition was reversible and observed during apoptosis mediated by other known apoptosis inducers such as actinomycin D and staurosporine (group I inducers), but nicotinamide was ineffective on the apoptosis mediated by VM 26, camptothecin and A23187 (group II inhibitors). In addition to the enzyme inhibition, a down-regulation of the enzyme level caused by the pretreatments of cells with differentiation-inducing agents, retinoic acid (RA) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) also resulted in a marked resistance of the cells to the apoptosis inducers. A pretreatment of the cells for a limited time of 24 hrs. by these agents decreased the PARP level to 66-75% of the untreated cells and the cells showed a quite similar resistance to the group I apoptosis inducers like the cells treated with the enzyme inhibitors, whereas they were still sensitive to the group II inhibitors. A more prolonged treatment for 48 hrs. of the cells with RA and DMSO resulted in further down-regulation of the cellular PARP reaching respectively 50 and 43% of control cells and at this stage, the cells became resistant to all the inducers of both groups. These results suggest that the pathway, by which both groups of the inducers initiate and progress apoptosis, is not identical but include at least two different processes which are differently affected by PARP-inhibition or by different levels of cellular PARP.
Viral Immune Evasion Due to Persistence of Activated T Cells Without Effector Function (1998)

We examined the regulation of virus-specific CD8 T cell responses during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice. Our study shows that within the same persistently infected host, different mechanisms can operate to silence antiviral T cell responses; CD8 T cells specific to one dominant viral epitope were deleted, whereas CD8 T cells responding to another dominant epitope persisted indefinitely. These virus-specific CD8 T cells expressed activation markers (CD69(hi), CD44(hi), CD62Llo) and proliferated in vivo but were unable to elaborate any antiviral effector functions. This unresponsive phenotype was more pronounced under conditions of CD4 T cell deficiency, highlighting the importance of CD8- CD4 T cell collaboration in controlling persistent infections. Importantly, in the presence of CD4 T cell help, adequate CD8 effector activity was maintained and the chronic viral infection eventually resolved. The persistence of activated virus-specific CD8 T cells without effector function reveals a novel mechanism for silencing antiviral immune responses and also offers new possibilities for enhancing CD8 T cell immunity in chronically infected hosts.
Rapid F508del and F508C Assay Using Fluorescent Hybridization Probes (1999)

Amplification and fluorescent genotyping of the cystic fibrosis F508del locus was achieved from human genomic DNA in less than 30 min. The hybridization of adjacent fluorescent probes at the mutation site was monitored by resonance energy transfer between fluorescein and Cy5 during heating or cooling. Characteristic curves were obtained for each genotype; the first derivative of these fluorescent curves has a maximum at an apparent hybridization temperature (Tm) that is specific for each probe/allele duplex. The direction and rate of temperature change determines the difference between the apparent Tm and the true equilibrium Tm. One hundred and five sample were genotyped for the F508del cystic fibrosis mutation by heating and cooling curve profiles. These genotypes were validated by allele-specific amplification. Two fluorescein hybridization probes were designed to match the wild-type sequence perfectly from either codons 502 to 513 or from 504 to 511 on the cystic fibrosis transconductance regulator gene of chromosome 7. While genotyping for the F508del, an allele with the F508C base change was detected. For both F508del and F508C variants, the Tm shift from wild type was greater with a 24-mer probe than with a 35-mer probe. Fluorescent monitoring of hybridization probes is a versatile technique that can detect unexpected sequence alterations.
Amphibian neural crest cell migration on purified extracellular matrix components: a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan inhibits locomotion on fibronectin substrates. (1987)

The ability of purified extracellular matrix components to promote the initial migration of amphibian neural crest (NC) cells was quantitatively investigated in vitro. NC cells migrated avidly on fibronectin (FN), displaying progressively more extensive dispersion at increasing amounts of material incorporated in the substrate. In contrast, dispersion on laminin substrates was optimal at low protein concentrations but strongly reduced at high concentrations. NC cells were unable to migrate on substrates containing a high molecular mass chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (ChSP). When proteolytic peptides, representing isolated functional domains of the FN molecule, were tested as potential migration substrates, the cell binding region of the molecule (105 kD) was found to be as active as the intact FN. A 31-kD heparin-binding fragment also stimulated NC cell migration, whereas NC cells dispersed to a markedly lower extent on the isolated collagen-binding domain (40 kD), or the latter domain linked to the NH2-terminal part of the FN molecule. Migration on the intact FN was partially inhibited by antibodies directed against the 105- and 31-kD fragments, respectively; dispersion was further decreased when the antibodies were used in combination. Addition of the ChSP to the culture medium dramatically perturbed NC cell migration on substrates of FN, as well as of 105- or 31-kD fragments. However, preincubation of isolated cells or substrates with ChSP followed by washing did not affect NC cell movement. The use of substrates consisting of different relative amounts of ChSP and the 105-kD peptide revealed that ChSP counteracted the motility-promoting activity of the 105-kD FN fragment in a concentration-dependent manner also when bound to the substrate. Our results indicate that NC cell migration on FN involves two separate domains of the molecule, and that ChSP can modulate the migratory behavior of NC cells moving along FN-rich pathways and may therefore influence directionally and subsequent localization of NC cells in the embryo.
Protograph-Based Raptor-Like LDPC Codes (2014)

This paper proposes a class of rate-compatible LDPC codes, called protograph-based Raptor-like (PBRL) codes. The construction is focused on binary codes for BI-AWGN channels. As with the Raptor codes, additional parity bits are produced by exclusive-OR operations on the precoded bits, providing extensive rate compatibility. Unlike Raptor codes, the structure of each additional parity bit in the protograph is explicitly designed through density evolution. The construction method provides low iterative decoding thresholds and the lifted codes result in excellent error rate performance for long-blocklength PBRL codes. For short-blocklength PBRL codes the protograph design and lifting must avoid undesired graphical structures such as trapping sets and absorbing sets while also seeking to minimize the density evolution threshold. Simulation results are shown in information block sizes of $k=192$, $16368$ and $16384$. Comparing at the same information block size of $k=16368$ bits, the PBRL codes outperform the best known standardized code, the AR4JA codes in the waterfall region. The PBRL codes also perform comparably to DVB-S2 codes even though the DVB-S2 codes use LDPC codes with longer blocklengths and are concatenated with outer BCH codes.
Identification of a Region of p53 That Confers Lability (1996)

Degradation provides one means for controlling the cellular level of the p53 tumor suppressor. Here we have determined a structural element of p53 required for degradation. To create a substrate amenable to in vitro analysis of proteolysis, we appended to p53 the N terminus of antizyme, a protein that binds to and induces degradation of mammalian ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). We found using deletion analysis that an element within amino acids 100-150 is required for degradation of the fusion protein. A monoclonal antibody (PAb246) that binds close to this region prevents the degradation induced by human papillomavirus 16 E6 protein. Furthermore, we found that amino acids 100-150 of p53 can function as an independent domain to induce Trypanosoma brucei ODC, a stable protein, to be degraded in vivo or, by cooperating with an antizyme binding domain of ODC, to confer polyamine-dependent regulation.
Temperature effects on high-gain photoconductive detectors (1984)

In the letter we report gain measurements on N-type GaAs planar photoresistors which have been performed against temperature, for various light powers. A strong dependence of gain on temperature has been shown and interpreted in terms of trapping effects.
Synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotide N3′→P5′ phosphoramidates (1995)

An efficient synthesis of the novel nucleic acid analogs oligodeoxyribonucleotide N3'-->P5' phosphoramidates, where the 3'-oxygen is substituted by a 3'-nitrogen, is described. Synthesis of the title compounds was accomplished by the following synthetic steps. First, 5'-O-DMT base-protected-3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxynucleosides were prepared. The 3'-aminopyrimidines were obtained via the corresponding 2,3'-anhydronucleosides, whereas 3'-aminopurines were derived via 2'-deoxyxylo precursors. Second, using the prepared 3'-aminonucleosides, oligonucleotide N3'-->P5' phosphoramidates were synthesized on a solid support. Oligonucleotide chain assembly was based upon a carbon tetrachloride-driven oxidative coupling of the appropriately protected 3'-aminonucleosides with the 5'-H-phosphonate diester group, resulting in the formation of an internucleoside phosphoramidate link. Fully deprotected oligonucleotide N3'-->P5' phosphoramidates were characterized by ion exchange and reversed phase HPLC, capillary and slab gel electrophoresis and by 31P NMR analysis. Oligonucleotide N3'-->P5' phosphoramidates form remarkably stable duplexes with complementary RNA strands and also with themselves, where the melting temperature of the complexes exceeded that for the parent phosphodiester compounds by 26-33 degrees C. Additionally, duplexes formed by oligonucleotide phosphoramidates with single-stranded DNA were also more thermally stable than those formed by phosphodiesters. The described properties indicate that these compounds may have great potential in oligonucleotide-based diagnostics and therapeutic applications.
Molecular characterization of two host–guest associating hyaluronan derivatives (2003)

Molecular characteristics were determined of two high-molecular-weight water-soluble hyaluronan derivatives, namely beta-cyclodextrin (HA-beta-CD) and N-acylurea (EDC-HA). The weight-average molecular weight (M(w)) of HA-beta-CD and of EDC-HA, determined with a multi-angle light scattering detector connected on-line to a size exclusion chromatographic system, was respectively 185.3 and 86.8 kDa. However the M(w) value determined for the equimolar mixture of the two HA derivatives equaled 556.0 kDa. Similarly, the gyration radius of the above equimolar mixture, Rg = 80.6 nm, was significantly greater than the values found for the single HA derivative, i.e. 40.2 nm for HA-beta-CD and 23.8 nm for EDC-HA. These data indicate that the two kinds of substituents, bound to the polymeric chains, form host-guest/inclusion complexes resulting in polymacromolecular associates/aggregates.
Cell-type-specific and regulated expression of a human gamma 1 heavy-chain immunoglobulin gene in transgenic mice. (1986)

A functionally rearranged human gamma 1 heavy-chain immunoglobulin gene was cloned from a human plasma cell leukemia cell line, ARH-77, into the phage lambda Charon 4A. The recombinant phage DNA was introduced into fertilized mouse eggs (about 200 copies of the human gene per egg). A total of 30 mice were born and were screened for the presence of the human gamma 1 gene by dot hybridization. Two of these 30 mice had integrated one or two copies of the gene. The gamma 1 mRNAs were detected only in spleen. Levels of gamma 1 mRNA and the percentage of spleen cells producing human gamma chain increased up to 50-fold after treatment with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (a B-cell mitogen) but not with concanavalin A (a T-cell mitogen), suggesting B-cell-specific and regulated expression of the human gamma 1 heavy-chain gene. Human gamma chain-producing cells were found only in the periphery of the germinal center of the white pulp in histological sections of the spleen but not in sections of other tissues. Human gamma chains appeared to be coupled with mouse light chains to form a complete IgG molecule and were secreted into the cell supernatant. The production and secretion of endogenous immunoglobulin heavy and light chains in transgenic mice appeared to be the same as in normal mice. About one-seventh of the spleen cells that produced endogenous mouse heavy chains also produced human gamma chains, but no cells that produced only human gamma chain were observed.
Heat‐Aggregated Immunoglobulins Increase In Vivo Immunogenicity of Mouse Hapten (TNP)‐Derivatized Macrophages by Upregulation of Interleukin‐12 Secretion and Expression of B7–1 and B7–2 Costimulatory Molecules (2000)

Antigen-antibody complexes (IC) can up or down regulate immune responses by induction of immunoregulatory cells. We have studied the effect of mouse heat-aggregated immunoglobulin (Ig) (HA) which have many biological activities similar to IC on immunogenicity of TNP-substituted macrophages (TNP-Mphi). Our results show that: (1) mouse oil-induced peritoneal macrophages treated with HA produce in vitro significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IL-6, IL-10 and particularly IL-12 and express more B7-1 and B7-2 and ICAM-1 cell surface costimulatory molecules than Mphi treated with monomeric Ig (MM); (2) Mphi derivatized with TNP, treated or not with MM, induce in vivo antigen-specific unresponsiveness. In contrast TNP-Mphi treated with HA induce significant contact sensitivity reaction even when injected into previously tolerized recipient animals. Treatment of recipients with anti-IL-12 Ab prevents immunization by TNP-Mphi-HA. These results indicate that bypass of tolerance by treatment of TNP-Mphi with HA is a result of an increased production of IL-12 by these cells and an enhanced expression of costimulatory molecules important in T cell-Mphi interactions. We suggest that a similar overcoming of tolerance through the action of IC may be responsible for the generation of autoantibodies of heterologous specificity in pathological conditions in which such complexes are formed.
Gene expression profiling in treatment-naive schizophrenia patients identifies abnormalities in biological pathways involving AKT1 that are corrected by antipsychotic medication (2013)

Distinct gene expression profiles can be detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with schizophrenia; however, little is known about the effects of antipsychotic medication. This study compared gene expression profiles in PMBCs from treatment-naive patients with schizophrenia before and after antipsychotic drug treatment. PBMCs were obtained from 10 treatment-naive schizophrenia patients before and 6 wk after initiating antipsychotic drug treatment and compared to PMBCs collected from 11 healthy community volunteers. Genome-wide expression profiling was conducted using Illumina HumanHT-12 expression bead arrays and analysed using significance analysis of microarrays. This analysis identified 624 genes with altered expression (208 up-regulated, 416 down-regulated) prior to antipsychotic treatment (p < 0.05) including schizophrenia-associated genes AKT1, DISC1 and DGCR6. After 6-8 wk treatment of patients with risperidone or risperidone in combination with haloperidol, only 106 genes were altered, suggesting that the treatment corrected the expression of a large proportion of genes back to control levels. However, 67 genes continued to show the same directional change in expression after treatment. Ingenuity® pathway analysis and gene set enrichment analysis implicated dysregulation of biological functions and pathways related to inflammation and immunity in patients with schizophrenia. A number of the top canonical pathways dysregulated in treatment-naive patients signal through AKT1 that was up-regulated. After treatment, AKT1 returned to control levels and less dysregulation of these canonical pathways was observed. This study supports immune dysfunction and pathways involving AKT1 in the aetiopathophysiology of schizophrenia and their response to antipsychotic medication.
Acid Labile Cross-Linked Units: A Concept for Improved Positive Deep-UV Photoresists (1998)

The transacetalization during the acid catalyzed reaction of vinyl ethers with aliphatic hydroxyl groups leads to a new polymer type which is useful in chemical amplified resist systems. With the transacetalization reaction it is possible to increase the molecular weight through a polymer analogous synthesis via acetal bridges. First, the principle is evaluated with polymers with aliphatic alcohol units attached to the backbone, and then applied to polyhydroxystyrene. In the second case bifunctional alcohols are used for the crosslinking units. Two-component resists containing polymers with acid labile crosslinking units and a photo acid generator show higher thermal flow stability and increased resolution depending on their increased molecular weight distribution. Gel permeation chromatography shows that the crosslinked units are completely cleaved in the exposed area, like the monofunctional acetal blocking groups. The resists exhibit good stability against air borne and substrate borne contamination.
Unlabeled uses of botulinum toxins: A review, part 1 (2006)

Clinical studies support the use of botulinum toxins for certain conditions, although more studies are needed to establish the role of the drug relative to conventional therapies and to determine patient predictors of response. Although botulinum toxins are generally well tolerated, a patient-specific risk-benefit assessment should precede any decision to use them for unlabeled indications.