gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Degradation of VX and sulfur mustard by enzymatic haloperoxidation (2003)

Chloroperoxidase (CPO) isolated from Caldariomyces fumago (20 U ml(-1)) together with urea hydrogenperoxide (UPER, 0.5 mM) and sodium chloride as co-substrate (NaCl, 0.5 M) caused rapid breakdown of VX (10 microM) (t((1/2)) = 8 s, 25 C, 50 mM tartarate, pH 2.75). Glucose oxidase (GOX, Aspergillus niger) and glucose were used as an alternative source for H(2)O(2). A mixture of GOX (20 U ml(-1)), glucose (GLU 0.45 M), CPO (20 U ml(-1)) and NaCl (0.5 M) caused a 3.8-fold slower degradation of VX (10 microM) (t((1/2)) = 30 s, 25 C, 50 mM tartarate, pH 2.75). The concentrations of H(2)O(2) and chlorine produced by this enzyme/substrate mixture depended mainly on the GLU concentration. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) together with UPER (1 mM) and sodium iodide (NaI, 0.05 M) caused progressive degradation of VX that was more than 400-fold slower than with CPO (20 U ml(-1)), UPER (0.5 mM) and NaCl (0.5 M) (t((1/2)) = 55 min, 25 C, pH 8). Skin decontamination of VX by CPO was tested in pig-ear skin in vitro. The chemical agent VX (0.01 M, 100 microl) was degraded by 98% within 3 h of skin diffusion when a mixture of UPER/NaCl/CPO was applied 60 min prior to VX application. A mixture of UPER/NaCl without CPO also caused significant VX degradation (94%) during skin diffusion whereas it did not cause any VX degradation in solution. Degradation of VX in skin, obtained without exogenous CPO, may indicate involvement of endogenous intradermal haloperoxidase-like enzyme. Reagent UPER (1 mM) did not cause any degradation of VX in solution or during its skin diffusion. Furthermore, a mixture of CPO, UPER and NaCl caused rapid degradation of sulfur mustard (HD). Sulfur mustard (50 microM) incubated in the presence of CPO (4 U ml(-1)), UPER (0.05 M) and NaCl (0.5 M) at pH 2.75 and 30 C was oxidized by 97% and 99% within 5 and 10 min, respectively. The oxidation products HD sulfoxide, HD sulfone and HD sulfoxidevinyl were identified by GC/MS in the enzymatic chloroperoxidation mixture.
Effect of a Bovine Hemoglobin Preparation (Sbhs) on the Response of Two Murine Solid Tumors to Radiation Therapy or Chemotherapeutic Alkylating Agents (1992)

When tested in mice bearing the Lewis lung tumor with 2, 3, or 4 Gy daily for 5 days, SBHS produced a dose-modifying factor of 1.6 that was increased to 2.1 with carbogen. The addition of SBHS (1.32 gm protein/kg) to treatment with melphalan (MEL) resulted in a 2.2-fold increase in the tumor growth delay (TGD). The combination of SBHS with carbogen (6 h) produced a 3.6-fold increase in TGD compared with MEL alone. The addition of SBHS to treatment with cyclophosphamide (CTX) resulted in a 2-fold increase in the TGD. However, the combination of SBHS and carbogen was much more effective resulting in a 4.6-fold increase in TGD. There was a 1.3-fold increase in TGD with SBHS and CDDP compared with CDDP alone. The combination of SBHS and carbogen was a more effective addition to CDDP resulting in a 1.9-fold increase in TGD. The addition of SBHS to treatment with BCNU increased the TGD produced by BCNU by 1.5-fold. The combination of SBHS/BCNU and carbogen resulted in a 2.3-fold increase in TGD over that obtained with BCNU alone.
Cascade modulation by anti‐tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody of interferon‐γ, interleukin 3 and interleukin 6 release after triggering of the CD33/T cell receptor activation pathway (1991)

In addition to being potent immunosuppressants, anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are powerful mitogens in both humans and mice. The first antibody injection consistently induced an initial monocyte-dependent T cell activation with subsequent release of both monocyte- and T cell-derived cytokines [mainly tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL) 2, IL 3 and IL 6) into the circulation. This cytokine release is associated with a self-limiting, often severe, acute physical reaction in both patients and mice. We report here that a single injection of anti-TNF mAb prior to anti-CD3 administration not only neutralizes the biological activity of TNF but also strongly affects the release of other cytokines, with notably an up-regulation of IFN-gamma release and a down-regulation of IL 3 and IL 6 release. Conversely, pretreatment with anti-IFN-gamma mAb increases IL 3 and IL 6 production but does not affect TNF levels. Taken together, these data point to a pivotal role of IFN-gamma in the anti-CD3-induced cytokine cascade and reveal new regulatory pathways between TNF and IFN-gamma. With regard to the clinical implications of these findings, as anti-TNF mAb prevents anti-CD3-induced sickness in mice, whereas anti-IFN-gamma does not, such a therapeutic approach might be of value in OKT3-treated patients.
An organic self-regulating microfluidic system (2001)

In this paper we present an organic feedback scheme that merges microfluidics and responsive materials to address several limitations of current microfluidic systems. By using in situ fabrication and by taking advantage of microscale phenomena (e.g., laminar flow, short diffusion times), we have demonstrated feedback control of the output pH in a completely organic system. The system autonomously regulates an output stream at pH 7 under a range of input flow conditions. A single responsive hydrogel component performs the functionality of traditional feedback system components. Vertically stacked laminar flow is used to improve the time response of the hydrogel actuator. A star shaped orifice is utilized to improve the flow characteristics of the membrane/orifice valve. By changing the chemistry of the hydrogel component, the system can be altered to regulate flow based on hydrogels sensitive to temperature, light, biological/molecular, and others.
Conjunctive enhancement of enzymatic thrombolysis and prevention of thrombotic reocclusion with the selective factor Xa inhibitor, tick anticoagulant peptide. Comparison to hirudin and heparin in a canine model of acute coronary artery thrombosis. (1992)

BACKGROUNDEffective thrombolytic recanalization of an occluded coronary vessel is often limited by acute thrombotic reocclusion, which has galvanized the search for effective adjunctive or conjunctive antithrombotic agents.METHODS AND RESULTSRecombinant versions of tick anticoagulant peptide (rTAP) and hirudin (rHIR) are highly selective and potent polypeptide inhibitors of factor Xa and thrombin, respectively. The comparative antithrombotic efficacies of rTAP, rHIR, and heparin, administered conjunctively with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA), on thrombolytic reperfusion and reocclusion, were determined in a canine model of occlusive coronary artery thrombosis with a superimposed critical stenosis. In this model, a platelet-rich occlusive thrombus was formed after damage to the intimal surface of the left circumflex coronary artery induced by electrolytic injury. Fifteen minutes after occlusion, the dogs received a systemic intravenous administration of either saline (control), hepar...
Positive/Negative Mid Uv Resists With High Thermal Stability (1987)

New mid UV resist systems based on poly(p-vinylbenzoates) sensitized with diphenyl-4-thiophenoxyphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate are described. t-Butyl, cyclohexenyl, a-methylbenzyl, and a-methylallyl esters are converted upon postbake to poly(p-vinylbenzoic acid) through thermolysis reaction catalyzed by the photochemically generated Bronsted acid, inducing a large change in the polarity of the repeating units. Thus, development in aqueous base such as MF312/water or alcohol provides a positive tone image of the mask, while the use of a nonpolar organic developer allows a negative tone imaging. Because the glass transition temperature of poly(p-vinylbenzoic acid) is ca. 250° C, the negative image is devoid of thermal flow to this temperature even without any hardening processes. Another interesting feature of the benzoate resists is their high opacity in the deep UV region. The optical density of a 1&mu; thick film of poly(p-vinylbenzoic acid) is 3.5 at 254 nm and the benzoate polymers are as absorbing as the acid polymer. This high deep UV absorption of the resin necessitates the imaging above 300 nm for good light penetration (or by e-beam or X-ray) and makes the use of this resist as an imaging layer in the PCM scheme very attractive. This imaging layer is especially useful when employed in conjunction with a planarizing layer absorbing above 240 nm (for example, PMGI) as addition of a dye is not required.
Investigations of Bivalent Antibody Binding on Fluid-Supported Phospholipid Membranes:  The Effect of Hapten Density (2003)

Investigations of ligand-receptor binding between bivalent antibodies and membrane-bound ligands are presented. The purpose of these studies was to explore binding as a function of hapten density in a two-dimensionally fluid environment. A novel microfluidic strategy in conjunction with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy was designed to achieve this. The method allowed binding curves to be acquired with excellent signal-to-noise ratios while using only minute quantities of protein solution. The specific system investigated was the interaction between anti-DNP antibodies and phospholipid membranes containing DNP-conjugated lipids. Binding curves for ligand densities ranging from 0.1 to 5.0 mol % were obtained. Two individual dissociation constants could be extracted from the data corresponding to the two sequential binding events. The first dissociation constant, K(D1), was 2.46 x 10(-)(5) M, while the second was K(D2) = 1.37 x 10(-)(8) mol/m(2). This corresponded to a positively cooperative binding effect with an entropic difference between the two events of 62.3 +/- 2.7 J/(mol.K). Furthermore, the percentage of monovalently and bivalently bound protein was determined at each ligand density.
Clinical Trial Designs for Demonstrating Disease-Course-Altering Effects in Dementia (1998)

Advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) now permit responsible discussion of therapies that may go beyond relief of cognitive and behavioral symptoms and actually slow progression of disease. The mechanisms of neuronal death and the pathologic role of glia are being elucidated, and epidemiologic studies have suggested potential protective value for anti-inflammatory drugs, estrogen, and free-radical scavengers. However, demonstrating disease-modifying drug effects for progressive conditions such as dementia can be a daunting task, fraught with clinical, statistical, and ethical dilemmas. To evaluate trial designs for demonstrating such effects, the International Working Group on Harmonization of Dementia Drug Guidelines (IWG) conducted a symposium at the Sixth International Congress on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, held July 1998 in Amsterdam. The presentations at the IWG symposium covered the two basic designs currently being used in clinical trials, survival analysis and staggered-start/withdrawal, in addition to clinical data generated from the National Institute on Aging Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study vitamin E/selegiline trial in patients with AD and the phase III clinical studies of propentofylline in patients with AD and VaD. It is hoped that this article will open a dialogue among investigators and regulatory authorities regarding appropriate trial designs to support a regulatory claim for disease-modifying effects.
Menú de rarezas (2007)

Sois demasiado raros para mi. Y os lo dice alguien que colecciona dibujos de patos con paraguas, decia Chris Petterson en un episodio de Buscate la vida que enfrentaba al inmortal personaje con una madura pareja bastante mas bizarre que el mismo. Lo mismo podria decirse de los creadores aqui reunidos: una autentica parrillada de celacantos para empezar el verano.
Loss of FLOWERING LOCUS C Activity Eliminates the Late-Flowering Phenotype of FRIGIDA and Autonomous Pathway Mutations but Not Responsiveness to Vernalization (2001)

The MADS domain--containing transcription factor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) acts as an inhibitor of flowering and is a convergence point for several pathways that regulate flowering time in Arabidopsis. In naturally occurring late-flowering ecotypes, the FRIGIDA (FRI) gene acts to increase FLC levels, whereas the autonomous floral promotion pathway and vernalization act to reduce FLC expression. Previous work has shown that the Landsberg erecta allele of FLC, which is not a null allele, is able to partially suppress the late-flowering phenotype of FRIGIDA and mutations in the autonomous pathway. In this study, using a null allele of FLC, we show that the late-flowering phenotype of FRIGIDA and autonomous pathway mutants are eliminated in the absence of FLC activity. In addition, we have found that the downregulation of SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 by FRI and autonomous pathway mutants also is mediated by FLC. Complete loss of FLC function, however, does not eliminate the effect of vernalization. Thus, FRI and the autonomous pathway may act solely to regulate FLC expression, whereas vernalization is able to promote flowering via FLC-dependent and FLC-independent mechanisms.
Some recombinant human cytokines stimulate glycosaminoglycan synthesis in human synovial fibroblast cultures and inhibit it in human articular cartilage cultures (1989)

Recombinant human cytokines were compared for their effects on glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis in human synovial fibroblast cultures and human articular cartilage explant cultures. In fibroblast cultures, recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha (rHuIL-1 alpha), rHuIL-1 beta, and recombinant human tumor necrosis factor alpha (rHuTNF alpha) stimulated hyaluronic acid (HA) production and, to a lesser extent, sulfated GAG production, while recombinant human gamma-interferon did not have a significant effect. Half-maximal stimulation of HA by rHuIL-1 beta was 0.14 pM, while stimulation for rHuIL-1 alpha and rHuTNF alpha was 1.6 pM and 32 pM, respectively. Indomethacin (10 micrograms/ml) had no influence on HA stimulation by cytokines, while hydrocortisone (2-10 micrograms/ml) caused a significant reduction. In articular cartilage cultures, the cytokines inhibited production of sulfated GAGs. The activity of rHuIL-1 beta was greater than that of rHuIL-1 alpha (half-maximal inhibition at 0.71 pM and 4.7 pM, respectively) and both were considerably more active than rHuTNF alpha; gamma-interferon again had no significant effect. Neither indomethacin nor hydrocortisone influenced cytokine-induced inhibition by either rHuIL-1 preparation. These studies indicate that cytokines released during an inflammatory process may affect GAG synthesis in human joint tissues and may have opposite effects on GAG synthesis in different types of connective tissues.
Synthese vonN-tert-Alkylglyoxylsäureamiden (1993)

Synthesis of N-tert-Alkylglyoxylic Acid Amides The synthesis of N-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)glyoxamide (3) and N-tert-butylglyoxylamide (7) by Swern oxidation of hydroxyacetamide 2, and cleavage of tartaric acid diamide 5 and fumaric acid diamide 6 is reported.
A diagnostic approach in Alzheimer's disease using three-dimensional stereotactic surface projections of fluorine-18-FDG PET. (1995)

3D-SSP enables quantitative data extraction and reliable localization of metabolic abnormalities by means of stereotactic coordinates. The proposed method is a promising approach for interpreting functional brain PET scans.
New Solvothermal Routes for GaN Nanocrystals (2004)

GaN nanocrystals (see Figure) of hexagonal structure and varying diameters have been prepared by the reaction of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) with gallium cupferron or GaCl 3 under solvothermal conditions. The nanocrystals show a size‐dependent photoluminescence band in the 260–320 nm region, characteristic of quantum confinement.
A biomechanical investigation of blood flow occlusion achieved with the use of surgical pneumatic tourniquets (2010)

The use of the modern pneumatic surgical tourniquet has greatly facilitated orthopaedic limb surgery since its introduction. Overly high inflation pressures and improper application procedures have, however, resulted in occasional cutaneous, vascular and neuromuscular injuries. The present research models the mechanism of blood flow occlusion produced by a pneumatic cuff to determine safer inflation pressures and efficacious application procedures. A computerized data acquisition system using a biomedical pneumatic pressure sensor was utilized to measure surface and internal soft tissue pressures. Minimal occlusive cuff inflation pressures were determined by a series of pressure measurements on exsanguinated and non-exsanguinated limbs of normotensive subjects and patients. It was found that occlusion was achievable near patient diastolic pressure providing the cuff width was equal to or greater than the limb circumference. Analytical models were developed to understand the mechanism causing arrest of blood flow. To illustrate the application of the model and analytic techniques, two commercial tourniquet cuffs were analysed and tested to improve their design. Wider, thinner, softer and shape-matching cuff designs were suggested for future manufacture.
Service-Oriented Computing (2006)

Service-oriented computing using Web services has emerged as a major research topic in recent years. Strong support from major computer companies including IBM, Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, Oracle, and SAP has accelerated the acceptance and adoption of SOC using Web services. With SOC, enterprises can define and execute transactions across multiple business. Companies can use SOC's plug-and-play interoperability to compose business processes and integrate different information systems on the fly to enable ad hoc cooperation between new partners. Thus, SOC reinvents the way enterprises work together: common tasks in a business process or supply chain can be easily outsourced to external service providers for both performance and cost reasons.
A Mn Bipyrimidine Catalyst Predicted To Reduce CO2 at Lower Overpotential (2015)

Experimentally, [(L)Mn(CO)3]− (where L = bis-alkyl-substituted bipyridine) has been observed to catalyze the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO in the presence of trifluoroethanol (TFEH). Here we report the atomistic level mechanism of complete catalytic cycles for this reaction, on the basis of DFT calculations (B3LYP-D3 with continuum solvation) of the free energies of reaction and activation, as well as reduction potentials for all catalytically relevant elementary steps. The highly exergonic homoconjugation and carbonation of TFE– play critical roles in reaction thermodynamics and kinetics, the overall half-reaction being 3CO2 + 2TFEH + 2e– → CO + H2O + 2[F3CCH2OCO2]− (calculated standard reduction potential: −1.49 V vs SCE). In the catalytic cycle for CO formation, CO2 coordinates to [(L)Mn(CO)3]− (1a, L = bpy), and the adduct is then protonated to form [(L)Mn(CO)3(CO2H)] (3a). 3a subsequently reacts to form [(L)Mn(CO)4]0 (5a) via one of two pathways: (a) TFEH-mediated dehydroxylation to [(L)Mn(CO)4]+ (4a), followed by one-electron reduction to 5a, or (b) under more reducing potentials, one-electron reduction to [(L)Mn(CO)3(CO2H)]− (3′a), followed by dehydroxylation to 5a. Pathway b has a lower activation energy by 2.2 kcal mol–1. Consequently, the maximum catalytic turnover frequency (TOFmax) is achieved at ∼−1.75 V vs SCE (∼0.25 V overpotential). For the analogous bipyrimidine compound (not yet studied experimentally), reduction of 3b to 3′b occurs at a potential 0.5 V more positive than that of 3a, and the overpotential required to achieve TOFmax is predicted to be lower by ∼0.25 V. This improvement is, however, achieved at the price of a lower TOFmax, and we predict that 1b has superior TOF at potentials above ∼−1.6 V vs SCE. In addition, the various factors contributing to product selectivity (CO over H2) are discussed.
Artificial Organs versus Regenerative Medicine: Is It True? (2003)

Individuals engaged in the fields of artificial kidney and artificial heart have often mistakenly stated that "the era of artificial organs is over; regenerative medicine is the future." Contrarily, we do not believe artificial organs and regenerative medicine are different medical technologies. As a matter of fact, artificial organs developed during the last 50 years have been used as a bridge to regeneration. The only difference between regenerative medicine and artificial organs is that artificial organs for the bridge to regeneration promote tissue regeneration in situ, instead of outside the body (for example, vascular prostheses, neuroprostheses, bladder substitutes, skin prostheses, bone prostheses, cartilage prostheses, ligament prostheses, etc.). All of these artificial organs are successful because tissue regeneration over a man-made prosthesis is established inside the patient's body (artificial organs to support regeneration). Another usage of the group of artificial organs for the bridge to regeneration is to sustain the functions of the patient's diseased organs during the regeneration process of the body's healthy tissues and/or organs. This particular group includes artificial kidney, hepatic assist, respiratory assist, and circulatory assist. Proof of regeneration of these healthy tissues and/or organs is demonstrated in the short-term recovery of end-stage organ failure patients (artificial organs for bridge to regeneration). A third group of artificial organs for the bridge to regeneration accelerates the regenerating process of the patient's healthy tissues and organs. This group includes neurostimulators, artificial blood (red cells) blood oxygenators, and plasmapheresis devices, including hemodiafiltrators. So-called "therapeutic artificial organs" fall into this category (artificial organs to accelerate regeneration). Thus, almost all of today's artificial organs are useful in the bridge to regeneration of healthy natural tissues and organs. It does not matter whether these tissues are cultivated inside or outside the patient's body. Thus, we strongly believe in the need for joint development programs between artificial organ technologies and regenerative medicine technologies. In particular, the importance of using both man-made substitute organ technologies and natural tissue-derived substitute organ technologies is stressed for improved medical care in the future.