gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Detection, location, and imaging of fast moving targets using multifrequency antenna array SAR</title> (2000)

Detection, location and SAR imaging of moving targets in clutter have attracted much attention. Locations of moving targets in the SAR image are determined not only by their geometric locations but also by their velocities that cause their SAR images de-focused, smeared, and mis-located in the azimuth dimension. Furthermore, the clutters may cause the detection of moving targets more difficult. Several antenna array based algorithms have been proposed to re-locate the moving targets in the SAR image. With a linear antenna array, the clutters may be suppressed using multiple phase centers. However, there are only two parameters involved in a linear antenna array, i.e., number of receiving antennas and the distance between two adjacent antennas. These two parameters physically limit the capability to detect the accurate locations of fast moving targets and such as vehicles, and only slowly moving targets, such as walking people, can be correctly re-located. In this paper, we propose an antenna array approach where transmitting single wavelength signals are generalized to transmitting multiple wavelength signals (called multi-frequency antenna array SAR). We show that, using multi-frequency antenna array SAR, not only the clutters can be suppressed but also locations of both slow and fast moving targets can be accurately estimated. For example, using two-frequency antenna array SAR system with wavelengths (lambda) <SUB>1</SUB> equals 0.03 m and (lambda) <SUB>2</SUB> equals 0.05 m, the maximal moving target velocity in the range direction is 1 5 m/s while using single frequency antenna array SAR system with wave length (lambda) <SUB>1</SUB> equals 0.03 m or (lambda) <SUB>2</SUB> equals 0.05 m, the maximal moving target velocity in the range direction are 3 m/s or 5 m/s, respectively. A robust Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) is developed and used for the location of fast and slowly moving targets. Simulations of SAR imaging of ground moving targets are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the multi-frequency antenna array SAR imaging algorithm.
Alkylation of Isobutane with Butenes Catalyzed by a Cesium Hydrogen Salt of 12-Tungstophosphoric Acid (1994)

Abstract A solid superacid, Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40, catalyzed the alkylation of isobutane with butenes at room temperature. Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 was much more active than SO42−/ZrO2, a well-known solid superacid, and was highly selective.
High numerical aperture imaging by using multimode fibers with micro-fabricated optics (2014)

Controlling light propagation into multimode optical fibers through spatial light modulators provides highly miniaturized endoscopes and optical micromanipulation probes. We increase the numerical aperture up to nearly 1 by micro-optics fabricated on the fiber-end.
Arterially transplanted mesenchymal stem cells in a mouse reversible unilateral ureteral obstruction model: in vivo bioluminescence imaging and effects on renal fibrosis (2013)

IVIS enables fast, noninvasive, and intuitive tracking of MSC homing in vivo. MSCs can be taken home to kidney tissues of the diseased side in R-UUO model, and renal interstitial fibrosis can be improved as well.
Hypoglycemia-induced c-Jun Phosphorylation Is Mediated by c-Jun N-terminal Kinase 1 and Lyn Kinase in Drug-resistant Human Breast Carcinoma MCF-7/ADR Cells (1997)

We studied the signal transduction mechanism that is involved in c-Jun phosphorylation evident after glucose deprivation in MCF-7/ADR cells. Glucose deprivation caused an immediate increase in tyrosine phosphorylation in MCF-7/ADR cells and specifically activated Lyn kinase, a src family tyrosine kinase. In addition, hypoglycemic treatment strongly activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), leading to the phosphorylation and activation of c-Jun. Experiments with Lyn antisense oligonucleotides demonstrated that Lyn kinase activation was responsible for the activation of JNK1 but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase. We also observed glucose deprivation-induced Ras activation in MCF-7/ADR cells. These results indicate a possible Ras-dependent signaling pathway involving Lyn kinase and JNK1, which leads to the glucose deprivation-induced responses in MCF-7/ADR cells.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Biosci. 5/2006 (2006)

Cover: Semi‐interpenetrated networks with calcium alginate and poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAM) were produced in order to prepare hydrogel beads with simultaneous pH and temperature responsive capability. The picture presents the release profile of indomethacin at pH 2.1 and 7.4 and at temperatures of 25 and 37°C. Further details can be found in the article by J. Shi, N. M. Alves, and J. F. Mano * on page 358.
Site-Directed Fluorescence Labeling of P-Glycoprotein on Cysteine Residues in the Nucleotide Binding Domains (1996)

P-Glycoprotein is a member of the ABC superfamily of membrane transporters, and functions as an ATP-driven active efflux pump for natural products and chemotherapeutic drugs. Overexpression of P-glycoprotein is a major cause of multidrug resistance in human cancers. Sulfhydryl modification agents are known to inactivate both P-glycoprotein ATPase activity and transport function. In the present study, P-glycoprotein purified from CHRB30 cells was covalently labeled at two conserved Cys residues, one within each of the nucleotide binding domains, using 2-(4-maleimidoanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (MIANS). MIANS modification inactivated P-glycoprotein ATPase function, in a concentration-dependent fashion. Increasing concentrations of ATP blocked MIANS labeling with an IC50 of 0.37 mM (similar to the KM for ATP hydrolysis), which suggests that the label is located close to the site of ATP binding within the nucleotide binding domain. A blue shift in the fluorescence spectrum of MIANS bound to P-glycoprotein indicated that the labeled Cys residues are situated in a nonpolar environment. MIANS-labeled P-glycoprotein was still able to bind ATP, as demonstrated by quenching of the fluorescence, with a Kd of 0.46 mM. Addition of a variety of drugs and chemosensitizers to MIANS-labeled P-glycoprotein led to substantial quenching of the probe fluorescence within the nucleotide binding domains. Dissociation constants for drug binding measured by fluorescence quenching were in the range of 0.77 microM for vinblastine to 158 microM for colchicine. Quenching by ATP and drugs was independent and additive, suggesting that each produces a defined change in the protein. The rate of MIANS labeling of Pgp was reduced in the presence of drugs and chemosensitizers, implying that a long-range conformational change arises from drug binding which alters the accessibility of the nucleotide binding domains to MIANS. These results suggest that there is conformational communication between the drug binding site(s) of P-glycoprotein and the ATPase catalytic sites within the nucleotide binding domains.
Experimental models of developmental programming: consequences of exposure to an energy rich diet during development (2005)

Studies in both humans and experimental animals addressing the 'Fetal Origins of Adult Disease' hypothesis have established a relationship between an adverse intrauterine environment and offspring disease in adult life. This phenomenon, termed 'fetal programming' describes a process whereby a stimulus in utero establishes a permanent response in the fetus leading to enhanced susceptibility to later disease. However, the environment, during periods of developmental plasticity in postnatal life, can also 'programme' function. Thus, the terms 'developmental programming' and the 'Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease' are preferentially utilized. The 'Thrifty Phenotype' hypothesis explained the association between insufficient in utero nutrition and the later development of Type 2 diabetes. Most recently the 'Predictive Adaptive Response' hypothesis proposes that the degree of mismatch between the pre- and postnatal environments is an important determinant of subsequent disease. Epidemiological studies have indicated that fetal growth restriction correlates with later disease, implying that fetal nutritional deprivation is a strong programming stimulus. This prompted the development of experimental animal models using controlled maternal calorie, protein or macronutrient deficiency during key periods of gestation. However, in many societies, maternal and postnatal nutrition are either sufficient or excessive. Here, we examine findings from a range of nutritional studies examining maternal and/or postnatal nutritional excess. There is supportive evidence from a limited number of studies to test the 'Predictive Adaptive Response' hypothesis. These suggest that maternal over-nutrition is deleterious to the health of offspring and can result in a phenotype of the offspring that is characteristic of metabolic syndrome.
Fast-Fourier-domain delay line for in vivo optical coherence tomography with a polygonal scanner (2003)

We demonstrate in vivo optical coherence tomography using a Fourier-domain optical delay line constructed with a commercially available polygonal scanner. The 20-faceted polygonal mirror array, capable of scanning at rates up to 15 kHz, is implemented at 4 kHz to acquire 500 x 500 pixel images at 8 frames/s with a signal-to-noise ratio of 80 dB. Features of this delay line include scalability to high repetition rates, 98.6% linearity in group delay over 2 mm, and bandwidth support exceeding 150 nm. Images are obtained in an animal model (Xenopus laevis), and limitations due to phase-delay nonlinearity and polygon asymmetry are discussed.
Predicting prognosis using molecular profiling in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer treated with tamoxifen (2008)

We have developed a gene classifier that can predict clinical outcome in tamoxifen-treated ER+ BC patients. Whilst our study emphasizes the important role of proliferation genes in prognosis, our approach proposes other genes and pathways that may elucidate further mechanisms that influence clinical outcome and prediction of response to tamoxifen.
Autonomous and stable tracking of endoscope instrument tools with monocular camera (2012)

With an autonomous tool tracking system, surgeons do not need to handle the endoscope during surgery. This paper aims to develop an image tracking system with a stable view for minimally invasive surgery (MIS) by using monocular endoscope. In order to provide a stable view for the surgery, we propose to set a buffer zone in the center of image frame for the robotic camera holder to track the endoscope instruments. If endoscope instruments are inside the buffer zone, the endoscope robot will keep still. However, if one or both of them move away from the buffer zone, the robot will start to track the instrument. Furthermore, by calculating the distance between two instruments in the image plane, the robotic camera holder can track the depth to the instruments. The robot will therefore zoom in if the distance is too short. A safe distance from the camera lens to instrument tools can therefore be maintained during the image tracking. Preliminary experimental results show that the proposed design achieves satisfactory tracking accuracy in real time and provides a stable view simultaneously.
Estrogen receptor alpha somatic mutations Y537S and D538G confer breast cancer endocrine resistance by stabilizing the activating function-2 binding conformation (2016)

Somatic mutations in the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) gene (ESR1), especially Y537S and D538G, have been linked to acquired resistance to endocrine therapies. Cell-based studies demonstrated that these mutants confer ERα constitutive activity and antiestrogen resistance and suggest that ligand-binding domain dysfunction leads to endocrine therapy resistance. Here, we integrate biophysical and structural biology data to reveal how these mutations lead to a constitutively active and antiestrogen-resistant ERα. We show that these mutant ERs recruit coactivator in the absence of hormone while their affinities for estrogen agonist (estradiol) and antagonist (4-hydroxytamoxifen) are reduced. Further, they confer antiestrogen resistance by altering the conformational dynamics of the loop connecting Helix 11 and Helix 12 in the ligand-binding domain of ERα, which leads to a stabilized agonist state and an altered antagonist state that resists inhibition.
Nuclear pore complexes form immobile networks and have a very low turnover in live mammalian cells (2001)

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) and its relationship to the nuclear envelope (NE) was characterized in living cells using POM121-green fluorescent protein (GFP) and GFP-Nup153, and GFP-lamin B1. No independent movement of single pore complexes was found within the plane of the NE in interphase. Only large arrays of NPCs moved slowly and synchronously during global changes in nuclear shape, strongly suggesting mechanical connections which form an NPC network. The nuclear lamina exhibited identical movements. NPC turnover measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching of POM121 was less than once per cell cycle. Nup153 association with NPCs was dynamic and turnover of this nucleoporin was three orders of magnitude faster. Overexpression of both nucleoporins induced the formation of annulate lamellae (AL) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Turnover of AL pore complexes was much higher than in the NE (once every 2.5 min). During mitosis, POM121 and Nup153 were completely dispersed and mobile in the ER (POM121) or cytosol (Nup153) in metaphase, and rapidly redistributed to an immobilized pool around chromatin in late anaphase. Assembly and immobilization of both nucleoporins occurred before detectable recruitment of lamin B1, which is thus unlikely to mediate initiation of NPC assembly at the end of mitosis.
Multispectral magnetic resonance image analysis. (1987)

Multiecho magnetic resonance (MR) scanning produces tomographic images with approximately equal morphologic information but varying gray scales at the same anatomic level. Multispectral image classification techniques, originally developed for satellite imaging, have recently been applied to MR tissue characterization. Statistical assessment of multispectral tissue classification techniques has been used to select the most promising of several alternative methods. MR examinations of the head and body, obtained with a 0.35, 0.5, or 1.5T imager, comprised data sets with at least two pulse sequences yielding three images at each anatomical level: (1) TR = 0.3 sec, TE = 30 msec, (2) TR = 1.5, TE = 30, (3) TR = 1.5, TE = 120. Normal and pathological images have been analyzed using multispectral analysis and image classification. MR image data are first subjected to radiometric and geometric corrections to reduce error resulting from (1) instrumental variations in data acquisition, (2) image noise, and (3) misregistration. Training regions of interest (ROI) are outlined in areas of normal (gray and white matter, CSF) and pathological tissue. Statistics are extracted from these ROIs and classification maps generated using table lookup, minimum distance to means, maximum likelihood, and cluster analysis. These synthetic maps are then compared pixel by pixel with manually prepared classification maps of the same MR images. Using these methods, the authors have found that: (1) both supervised and unsupervised classification techniques yielded theme maps (class maps) which demonstrated tissue characteristic signatures and (2) tissue classification errors found in computer-generated theme maps were due to subtle gray scale changes present in the original MR data sets arising from radiometric inhomogeneity and spatial nonuniformity.
Evaluation of Wind Farm Layouts (2006)

In this paper, layouts of various large-scale wind farms, using either AC or DC to transfer the generated power, are investigated. The criterion used to evaluate the different layouts is the energy production cost, which is defined as the total investment divided with the total energy production of the wind farm. To determine the energy production and the total investment, loss and cost models for the components in the wind farm are used and the most important ones are presented in this paper.The investigation shows that a wind farm with series connected DC wind turbines seems to have the best potential to give the lowest energy production cost, if the transmission distance is longer than 10–20 km.
Selection of ozone-safe, nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures for capacity modulation in residential heat pumps (1989)

Presentation de la methodologie de selection de refrigerants peu aptes a composer un melange binaire non azeotrope et de selection des melanges composes presentant un potentiel eleve d'amelioration des performances d'une pompe a chaleur en adaptant sa capacite aux besoins
Diazonium-Functionalized Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilized via Addressable Electrodeposition:  Direct Electron Transfer and Electrochemical Detection (2006)

A simple one-step procedure is introduced for the preparation of diazonium-enzyme adducts. The direct electrically addressable deposition of diazonium-modified enzymes is examined for electrochemical sensor applications. The deposition of diazonium-horseradish peroxidase leads to the direct electron transfer between the enzyme and electrode exhibiting a heterogeneous rate constant, ks, of 10.3 +/- 0.7 s-1 and a DeltaEp of 8 mV (v = 150 mV/s). The large ks and low DeltaEp are attributed to the intimate contact between enzyme and electrode attached by one to three phenyl molecules. Such an electrode shows high nonmediated catalytic activity toward H2O2 reduction. Future generations of arrayed electrochemical sensors and studies of direct electron transfer of enzymes can benefit from protein electrodes prepared by this method.
Investigation of some methods for increasing the digestibility in vitro of microalgae (1969)

Abstract In order to increase the availability of the cell bound protein in Scenedesmus algae, mechanical, enzymatic, and chemical methods of degrading the cell wall structure were investigated. Mechanical treatment involved the use of a ball‐mill. The algae suspension together with glass beads was milled in a water‐cooled chamber equipped with rotating disks. The enzyme tested was a cellulolytic enzyme (Meicelase) and the chemical employed was hydrogen peroxide. In the ball‐mill experiments a complete disintegration was achieved ina disintegrator, working with batches. Trails wwere also performed with a continuous disintegrator and the depedence of disintegration on bead size and flow rate was studied. The disintegration determined by microscropic cell count was compared to the increase of the pepsin digestibility. The meicelase treatment caused a slight increase of the pepsin digestibility, as measured after 3 hr pepsin incubation. No increase of the pepsin disgestibility could be detected with hydrogen peroxide treatment. After the ball‐mill disintegration 95% of contaminating bacteria were killed and yields of extractable proteins were higher. The capacity of availble continuous ball‐mills is such that they could be used on a pilot‐plant scale and the energy cost of disintegration would be of the same magnitude as that of separation.
Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (1999)

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may present with increased hepatic fibrosis progressing to end-stage liver disease. No factors that determine increasing fibrosis and histologically advanced disease have been recognized, thus, liver biopsy is recommended in all patients for diagnosis and prognosis. Our aim was to identify independent predictors of severe hepatic fibrosis in patients with NASH. One hundred and forty-four patients were studied. All patients underwent liver biopsy. Clinical and biochemical variables were examined with univariate and multivariate analysis. Thirty-seven (26%) patients had no abnormal fibrosis, 53 (37%) had mild fibrosis, 15 (10%) had moderate fibrosis, 14 (10%) had bridging fibrosis, and 25 (17%) had cirrhosis. In multivariate analysis, older age (P =. 001), obesity (P =.002), diabetes mellitus (P =.009), and aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase (AST/ALT) ratio greater than 1 (P =.03) were significant predictors of severe liver fibrosis (bridging/cirrhosis). Body mass index (P =.003) was the only independent predictor of the degree of fat infiltration. Increased transferrin saturation correlated positively with the severity of fibrosis (P =.02) in univariate analysis, and there was a trend for more female patients among those with more advanced fibrosis (P =. 09). However, iron studies or gender were not significant when controlled for age, obesity, diabetes, and AST/ALT ratio. In conclusion, older age, obesity, and presence of diabetes mellitus help identify those NASH patients who might have severe liver fibrosis. This is the subgroup of patients with NASH who would be expected to derive the most benefit from having a liver biopsy and considering investigational therapies.
The toxicity of deglycosylated ricin A chain-containing immunotoxins in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is exacerbated by prior radiotherapy: a retrospective analysis of patients in five clinical trials. (2001)

A retrospective analysis of 102 patients with relapsed, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with two different ricin A chain-containing immunotoxins (ITs) in five Phase I clinical trials indicates that the dose-limiting toxicity, vascular leak syndrome, was more frequent and more severe in patients who had undergone prior radiotherapy (RT). Excluding patients with prior RT from the calculations of the maximum tolerated dose indicates that the maximum tolerated doses of these ITs had not been reached in any trial and are clearly higher than reported previously. Excluding patients with prior RT from future clinical trials may increase the dose of ITs that can be given in the absence of severe vascular leak syndrome.
Myosin light chain enhancer activates muscle-specific, developmentally regulated gene expression in transgenic mice. (1989)

The rat myosin light chain (MLC)1/3 gene locus contains a potent muscle-specific enhancer, located downstream of the coding region, greater than 24 kilobases away from the MLC1 transcription start site. To assess the role of this enhancer in the activation of MLC expression during development, transgenic mice were generated carrying multiple copies of a MLC1 promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) transcription unit linked to a genomic fragment including the enhancer. CAT expression was detected in four mouse lines, up to 1000-fold higher in skeletal muscles than in other tissues. Activation of endogenous MLC1 transcription in these animals 4 days before birth was reflected in the onset of CAT transgene expression. This study identifies the transcriptional control elements necessary to activate the 21-kilobase MLC1/3 locus at the appropriate fetal stage and indicates that the MLC enhancer is sufficient to induce developmentally regulated expression from the MLC1 promoter exclusively in skeletal muscle cells.
CMP Solutions for the Integration of High-K Metal Gate Technologies (2010)

In order to enable high-k metal gate technology, new CMP steps and slurries are needed to meet the stringent planarity and defect requirements for device performance. This paper will describe several of these slurry technologies in detail, including poly-open-polish, Aluminum CMP, and improvements required in Tungsten polishing. The keys to these technologies are outlined and polishing performance given in detail. The critical mechanisms involved in the material polishing for each of these steps are also introduced. All of these new technologies are needed in order to build a successful high-k metal gate device for advanced node integration via a replacement gate build strategy.