gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of chronic oral domperidone therapy on gastrointestinal symptoms and gastric emptying in patients with parkinson's disease (1997)

This study investigated whether domperidone could improve gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease who were receiving levodopa therapy. A total of 11 patients were studied. Following a baseline gastric emptying test, patients were treated with a starting dose of domperidone 20 mg p.o. q.i.d. A follow-up gastric emptying test was repeated at least 4 months after starting domperidone therapy. At the beginning and at each 3-month follow-up visit, symptoms of nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal bloating, heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, and constipation were evaluated and scored on a scale of 0-3. The overall mean follow-up period was 3 years. Compared with their baseline evaluation, patients experienced a significant improvement in all symptoms (p < 0.05) except dysphagia and constipation. Gastric emptying of an isotope-labeled solid meal was significantly faster, with a baseline result of 60.2 +/- 6.4% retention of isotope 2 h after the meal compared with 37.0 +/- 2.2% retention during domperidone therapy (p < 0.05). Patients' global assessment of Parkinson's disease remained stable or improved. Serum prolactin was elevated in all patients after domperidone therapy (p < 0.05). Domperidone therapy significantly reduces upper gastrointestinal symptoms and accelerates gastric emptying of a solid meal, but does not interfere with response to antiparkinsonism treatment.
Surface roughness modulates the local production of growth factors and cytokines by osteoblast-like MG-63 cells (1996)

Titanium (Ti) surface roughness affects proliferation, differentiation, and matrix production of MG-63 osteoblast-like cells. Cytokines and growth factors produced in the milieu surrounding an implant may also be influenced by its surface, thereby modulating the healing process. This study examined the effect of surface roughness on the production of two factors known to have potent effects on bone, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1). MG-63 cells were cultured on Ti disks of varying roughness. The surfaces were ranked from smoothest to roughest: electropolished (EP), pretreated with hydrofluoric acid-nitric acid (PT), fine sand-blasted, etched with HCl and H2SO4, and washed (EA), coarse sand-blasted, etched with HCl and H2SO4, and washed (CA), and Ti plasma-sprayed (TPS). Cells were cultured in 24-well polystyrene (plastic) dishes as controls and to determine when confluence was achieved. Media were collected and cell number determined 24 h postconfluence. PGE2 and TGF-beta 1 levels in the conditioned media were determined using commercial radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits, respectively. There was an inverse relationship between cell number and Ti surface roughness. Total PGE2 content in the media of cultures grown on the three roughest surfaces (FA, CA, and TPS) was significantly increased 1.5-4.0 times over that found in media of cultures grown on plastic or smooth surfaces. When PGE2 production was expressed per cell number, CA and TPS cultures exhibited six- to eightfold increases compared to cultures on plastic and smooth surfaces. There was a direct relationship between TGF-beta 1 production and surface roughness, both in terms of total TGF-beta 1 per culture and when normalized for cell number. TGF-beta 1 production on rough surfaces (CA and TPS) was three to five times higher than on plastic. These studies indicate that substrate surface roughness affects cytokine and growth factor production by MG-63 cells, suggesting that surface roughness may modulate the activity of cells interacting with an implant, and thereby affect tissue healing and implant success.
Polyoxometalates: introduction to a class of inorganic compounds and their biomedical applications (2005)

An increasing number of potential applications for polyoxometalates in human medicine have been reported in the literature. These inorganic complexes are composed of early transition metals (mainly molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium) and oxygen. The present review gives an introduction into the chemistry of these compounds, and an overview of the principal studies of their biological and biochemical effects and their therapeutic potential. The reported antitumoral and antibiotic properties of molybdates and tungstates in vitro and in vivo are compiled and discussed, as are their influences on the blood glucose level in diabetic animals. Aspects of antiviral activities and cell penetration are treated.
Unique ganglioside binding by botulinum neurotoxins C and D‐SA (2011)

The botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent protein toxins for humans. There are seven serotypes of BoNTs (A-G), based on a lack of cross-antiserum neutralization. The BoNT/C and BoNT/D serotypes include mosaic toxins that are organized as D-C and C-D toxins. One BoNT D-C mosaic toxin, BoNT/D-South Africa (BoNT/D-SA), was not fully neutralized by immunization with a vaccine composed of either prototype BoNT/C-Stockholm or BoNT/D-1873. Whereas several BoNT serotypes utilize dual receptors (gangliosides and proteins) to bind to and enter neurons, the basis for BoNT/C and BoNT/D entry into neurons is less well understood. Recent studies solved the crystal structures of the receptor-binding domains of BoNT/C, BoNT/D, and BoNT/D-SA. Comparative structural analysis showed that BoNT/C, BoNT/D and BoNT/D-SA lacked components of the ganglioside-binding pocket that exists within other BoNT serotypes. With the use of structure-based alignments, biochemical analyses, and cell-binding approaches, BoNT/C and BoNT/D-SA have been shown to possess a unique ganglioside-binding domain, the ganglioside-binding loop. Defining how BoNTs enter host cells provides insights towards understanding the evolution and extending the potential therapeutic and immunological values of the BoNT serotypes.
Well-Defined, Size-Tunable, Multifunctional Micelles for Efficient Paclitaxel Delivery for Cancer Treatment (2010)

We have developed a well-defined and biocompatible amphiphilic telodendrimer system (PEG-b-dendritic oligo-cholic acid) which can self-assemble into multifunctional micelles in aqueous solution for efficient delivery of hydrophobic drugs such as paclitaxel. In this telodendrimer system, cholic acid is essential for the formation of stable micelles with high drug loading capacity, owing to its facial amphiphilicity. A series of telodendrimers with variable length of PEG chain and number of cholic acid in the dendritic blocks were synthesized. The structure and molecular weight of each of these telodendrimers were characterized, and their critical micellization concentration (CMC), drug-loading properties, particle sizes, and cytotoxicity were examined and evaluated for further optimization for anticancer drug delivery. The sizes of the micelles, with and without paclitaxel loading, could be tuned from 11.5 to 21 nm and from 15 to 141 nm, respectively. Optical imaging studies in xenograft models demonstrated preferential uptake of the smaller paclitaxel-loaded micelles (17-60 nm) by the tumor and the larger micelles (150 nm) by the liver and lung. The toxicity and antitumor efficacy profiles of these paclitaxel-loaded micelles in xenograft models were found to be superior to those of Taxol and Abraxane.
Target-Oriented and Diversity-Oriented Organic Synthesis in Drug Discovery (2000)

Modern drug discovery often involves screening small molecules for their ability to bind to a preselected protein target. Target-oriented syntheses of these small molecules, individually or as collections (focused libraries), can be planned effectively with retrosynthetic analysis. Drug discovery can also involve screening small molecules for their ability to modulate a biological pathway in cells or organisms, without regard for any particular protein target. This process is likely to benefit in the future from an evolving forward analysis of synthetic pathways, used in diversity-oriented synthesis, that leads to structurally complex and diverse small molecules. One goal of diversity-oriented syntheses is to synthesize efficiently a collection of small molecules capable of perturbing any disease-related biological pathway, leading eventually to the identification of therapeutic protein targets capable of being modulated by small molecules. Several synthetic planning principles for diversity-oriented synthesis and their role in the drug discovery process are presented in this review.
Remote sensing and characterization of stack gases by infrared spectroscopy. An approach by using multiple-scan interferometry (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRemote sensing and characterization of stack gases by infrared spectroscopy. An approach by using multiple-scan interferometryManfred J. D. Low and F. K. ClancyCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1967, 1, 1, 73–74Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es60001a007https://doi.org/10.1021/es60001a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views94Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Key Tyrosine (Y1494) in the β4 Integrin Regulates Multiple Signaling Pathways Important for Tumor Development and Progression (2008)

Expression of the alpha6beta4 integrin is associated with poor patient prognosis and reduced survival in a variety of human cancers. In recent years, a limited number of in vivo studies have examined the contribution of this integrin receptor to cancer progression and they have revealed that the alpha6beta4 integrin plays a multifaceted role in regulating tumor development and progression. In the current study, we investigated the mechanism by which one tyrosine residue in the beta4 subunit cytoplasmic domain, Y1494, contributes to the tumor-promoting functions of the alpha6beta4 integrin in vivo. We show that Y1494 participates in the stimulation of diverse signaling pathways that promote alpha6beta4-dependent tumor growth and invasion. Mutation of Y1494 inhibits the ability of the alpha6beta4 integrin to support anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumor development and angiogenesis in vivo, a result that mimics the loss of total expression of the beta4 subunit. Our results support the hypothesis that Y1494 regulates alpha6beta4-dependent anchorage-independent growth through activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway, and invasion through the combined activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Src. Collectively, our results identify Y1494 as a major regulatory site for signaling from the alpha6beta4 integrin to promote tumor development and progression.
Ultra-low loss photonic integrated circuit with membrane-type photonic crystal waveguides (2003)

We report the design and testing of an SOI-based photonic integrated circuit containing two-dimensional membrane-type photonic crystal waveguides. The circuit comprises spot-size converters to efficiently couple light from a fiber into single-mode strip waveguides and butt-couplers to couple from strip waveguides to photonic crystal waveguides. Each optical interface was optimized to minimize back-reflections and reduce the Fabry-Perot noise. The transmission characteristics of each component are measured and record low propagation losses in photonic crystal waveguides of 24dB/cm are reported. The combination of an efficient two-stage coupling scheme and utilization of ultra-long (up to 2mm) photonic crystal waveguides reduces the uncertainty in determining the loss figure to 3dB/cm.
Preparation of monolignol γ-acetate, γ-p-hydroxycinnamate, and γ-p-hydroxybenzoate conjugates: selective deacylation of phenolic acetates with hydrazine acetate (2013)

We report here a reliable and facile synthesis of a range of monolignol γ-p-hydroxycinnamate (including p-coumarate, ferulate, and caffeate), γ-acetate, and γ-p-hydroxybenzoate conjugates, many not previously reported, that are either putative intermediates in the biosynthesis of natural lignins or new monomer-conjugates destined for upcoming designer lignins. The key was the development of a highly selective deacylation approach for phenolic acetates; i.e., a method that cleaves phenolic acetates while leaving the sensitive monolignol ester conjugates intact.
Expression of Heterologous Antigens in Commensal Neisseria spp.: Preservation of Conformational Epitopes with Vaccine Potential (2004)

Commensal neisseriae share with Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) a tendency towards overproduction of the bacterial outer envelope, leading to the formation and release during growth of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs from both meningococci and commensal neisseriae have shown promise as vaccines to protect against meningococcal disease. We report here the successful expression at high levels of heterologous proteins in commensal neisseriae and the display, in its native conformation, of one meningococcal outer membrane protein vaccine candidate, NspA, in OMVs prepared from such a recombinant Neisseria flavescens strain. These NspA-containing OMVs conferred protection against otherwise lethal intraperitoneal challenge of mice with N. meningitidis serogroup B, and sera raised against them mediated opsonophagocytosis of meningococcal strains expressing this antigen. This development promises to facilitate the design of novel vaccines containing membrane protein antigens that are otherwise difficult to present in native conformation that provide cross-protective efficacy in the prevention of meningococcal disease.
Loss of Viral Fitness Associated with Multiple Gag and Gag-Pol Processing Defects in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Selected for Resistance to Protease Inhibitors In Vivo (1998)

We examined the viral replicative capacity and protease-mediated processing of Gag and Gag-Pol precursors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) variants selected for resistance to protease inhibitors. We compared recombinant viruses carrying plasma HIV RNA protease sequences obtained from five patients before protease inhibitor therapy and after virus escape from the treatment. Paired pretherapy-postresistance reconstructed viruses were evaluated for HIV infectivity in a quantitative single-cycle titration assay and in a lymphoid cell propagation assay. We found that all reconstructed resistant viruses had a reproducible decrease in their replicative capacity relative to their parental pretherapy counterparts. The extent of this loss of infectivity was pronounced for some viruses and more limited for others, irrespective of the inhibitor used and of the level of resistance. In resistant viruses, the efficiency of Gag and Gag-Pol precursor cleavage by the protease was impaired to different extents, as shown by the accumulation of several cleavage intermediates in purified particle preparations. We conclude that protease inhibitor-resistant HIV variants selected during therapy have an impaired replicative capacity related to multiple defects in the processing of Gag and Gag-Pol polyprotein precursors by the protease.
A Comparison of thein Vitroandin VivoActivities of IgG and F(ab′)2 Fragments of a Mixture of Three Monoclonal Anti-Her-2 Antibodies (2004)

These results confirm the importance of the Fc portion of Herceptin for optimal in vivo activity and demonstrate that even a mixture of three anti-Her-2 MAbs that are highly effective at inducing cell death in vitro requires Fc-mediated effector function for optimal in vivo activity.
Immunization against rabies with plant-derived antigen (1998)

We previously demonstrated that recombinant plant virus particles containing a chimeric peptide representing two rabies virus epitopes stimulate virus neutralizing antibody synthesis in immunized mice. We show here that mice immunized intraperitoneally or orally (by gastric intubation or by feeding on virus-infected spinach leaves) with engineered plant virus particles containing rabies antigen mount a local and systemic immune response. After the third dose of antigen, given intraperitoneally, 40% of the mice were protected against challenge infection with a lethal dose of rabies virus. Oral administration of the antigen stimulated serum IgG and IgA synthesis and ameliorated the clinical signs caused by intranasal infection with an attenuated rabies virus strain.
Apoptotic blocks and chemotherapy resistance: strategies to identify Bcl-2 protein signatures (2008)

Acquired or innate resistance to chemotherapy is a major drawback of cancer therapeutics, which is frequently seen in epithelial cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying chemotherapy resistance remain poorly understood. The mitochondrial pathway is a critical death pathway common to many different types of chemotherapy. Aberrations in this pathway can result in resistance to chemotherapy. The Bcl-2 family of proteins control commitment to programmed cell death by mitochondrial apoptosis. In this review, we will summarize the strategies in determining the components of apoptotic defects responsible for chemotherapy resistance, mainly focused on Bcl-2 protein network.
Single-shot measurement of the intensity and phase of an arbitrary ultrashort pulse by using frequency-resolved optical gating (1993)

We introduce a new technique, frequency-resolved optical gating, for measuring the intensity I(t) and the phase ø(t) of an individual arbitrary ultrashort pulse. Using an instantaneous nonlinear-optical interaction of two variably delayed replicas of the pulse, frequency-resolved optical gating involves measuring the spectrum of the signal pulse versus relative delay. The resulting trace, a spectrogram, yields an intuitive full-information display of the pulse. Inversion of this trace to obtain the pulse intensity and phase is equivalent to the well-known two-dimensional phase-retrieval problem and thus yields essentially unambiguous results for I(t) and ø(t).
Indigenous opportunistic bacteria inhabit mammalian gut-associated lymphoid tissues and share a mucosal antibody-mediated symbiosis (2010)

The indigenous bacteria create natural cohabitation niches together with mucosal Abs in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Here we report that opportunistic bacteria, largely Alcaligenes species, specifically inhabit host Peyer's patches (PPs) and isolated lymphoid follicles, with the associated preferential induction of antigen-specific mucosal IgA Abs in the GI tract. Alcaligenes were identified as the dominant bacteria on the interior of PPs from naïve, specific-pathogen-free but not from germ-free mice. Oral transfer of intratissue uncultured Alcaligenes into germ-free mice resulted in the presence of Alcaligenes inside the PPs of recipients. This result was further supported by the induction of antigen-specific Ab-producing cells in the mucosal (e.g., PPs) but not systemic compartment (e.g., spleen). The preferential presence of Alcaligenes inside PPs and the associated induction of intestinal secretory IgA Abs were also observed in both monkeys and humans. Localized mucosal Ab-mediated symbiotic immune responses were supported by Alcaligenes-stimulated CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DCs) producing the Ab-enhancing cytokines TGF-beta, B-cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family, and IL-6 in PPs. These CD11c(+) DCs did not migrate beyond the draining mesenteric lymph nodes. In the absence of antigen-specific mucosal Abs, the presence of Alcaligenes in PPs was greatly diminished. Thus, indigenous opportunistic bacteria uniquely inhabit PPs, leading to PP-DCs-initiated, local antigen-specific Ab production; this may involve the creation of an optimal symbiotic environment on the interior of the PPs.
Ultrahigh light transmission through a C-shaped nanoaperture (2003)

Optical resolution beyond the diffraction limit can be achieved by use of a metallic nanoaperture in a near-field optical system. Conventional nanoapertures have very low power throughput. Using a numerical finite-difference time domain method, we discovered a unique C-shaped aperture that provides approximately 3 orders of magnitude more power throughput than a conventional square aperture with a similar near-field spot size of approximately 0.1 lambda. Microwave experiments at 6 GHz quantitatively confirmed the simulated transmission enhancement. The high transmission of the C-aperture--or one of the related shapes--is linked to both a propagation mode in the aperture and local surface plasmons.
Reconceptualizing Women's Work: A Focus on the Domestic and Eligibility Work of Women on Welfare (1996)

The types of work performed by women receiving public assistance are examined. Research on women's work often neglects the labor of poor women, reinforcing the view that women receiving welfare do not work. This perspective is challenged with focus group and interview data from welfare recipients in New Orleans, Louisiana. We conclude that within the restrictions of public assistance, poor women are engaging in three types of work: domestic work for their families, economic work for cash-both legal and illegal work, and eligibility work. Eligibility work is defined as the labor necessary to obtain and maintain public assistance.
Biofilms on indwelling vascular catheters (1992)

Direct microscopic examination of 68 vascular catheters that had been in place 1 to 14 days showed that most (81%) were colonized by bacteria growing in slime-enclosed biofilms. In many cases, this colonization of catheter surfaces could be confirmed by special biofilm culture recovery methods. Although the clinical importance of bacterial biofilms on catheter surfaces is speculative, their presence and potential to serve as a nidus for infection and bacteremia in critically ill immunocompromised hosts are cause for concern.
Finding interesting rules from large sets of discovered association rules (1994)

Association rules, introduced by Agrawal, Imielinski, and Swami, are rules of the form “for 90% of the rows of the relation, if the row has value 1 in the columns in set W, then it has 1 also in column B”. Efficient methods exist for discovering association rules from large collections of data. The number of discovered rules can, however, be so large that browsing the rule set and finding interesting rules from it can be quite difficult for the user. We show how a simple formalism of rule templates makes it possible to easily describe the structure of interesting rules. We also give examples of visualization of rules, and show how a visualization tool interfaces with rule templates.