gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
56-ps passively Q-switched diode-pumped microchip laser (1997)

We passively Q switched a diode-pumped Nd:YVO4 microchip crystal with an antiresonant Fabry-Perot saturable absorber and achieved single-frequency pulses as short as 56 ps. We can vary the pulse width from 56 ps to 30 ns and the repetition rate from 27 kHz up to 7 MHz by changing the design parameters of the saturable absorber and the pump power.
Pravastatin: a new drug for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. (1992)

The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, adverse effects, role in lipid-lowering therapy, and dosage and administration of pravastatin are reviewed. Pravastatin sodium is a new 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Its structural formula is similar to those of lovastatin and simvastatin, but it is active in the parent form. It competitively inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, reduces hepatic cellular cholesterol synthesis, increases the expression of hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, and reduces hepatic very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) synthesis. Pravastatin has been demonstrated to reduce cholesterol in patients with familial and nonfamilial polygenic hypercholesterolemia and patients with diabetes mellitus. In doses of 10-40 mg/day, pravastatin has been shown to reduce total cholesterol by 15-30% and LDL cholesterol by 15-40%. It also increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 2-20% and reduces triglycerides. It is generally well tolerated, with few adverse effects reported in clinical trials. Pravastatin reduces LDL cholesterol and increases HDL cholesterol comparably to lovastatin but possibly with fewer adverse effects. Further studies and clinical use will be needed to confirm potential differences in adverse effect profiles between the two drugs.
Evaluating Variability in Tumor Measurements from Same-day Repeat CT Scans of Patients with Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2009)

Chest CT scans are well reproducible. Changes in unidimensional lesion size of 8% or greater exceed the measurement variability of the computer method and can be considered significant when estimating the outcome of therapy in a patient.
Iodine-123 Metaiodobenzylguanidine Imaging and Carbon-11 Hydroxyephedrine Positron Emission Tomography Compared in Patients With Left Ventricular Dysfunction (2010)

(123)I-MIBG H/M gives a reliable estimate of cardiac sympathetic innervation as measured by (11)C-HED PET. Furthermore, despite the close correlation in defect size, (11)C-HED PET appears to be more suitable for assessing regional abnormalities than does (123)I-MIBG SPECT.
The Lectin Chaperone Calnexin Utilizes Polypeptide-based Interactions to Associate with Many of Its Substrates in Vivo (2001)

Calnexin and calreticulin are molecular chaperones of the endoplasmic reticulum that bind to newly synthesized glycoproteins in part through a lectin site specific for monoglucosylated (Glc(1)Man(7-9)GlcNAc(2)) oligosaccharides. In addition to this lectin-oligosaccharide interaction, in vitro studies have demonstrated that calnexin and calreticulin can bind to polypeptide segments of both glycosylated and nonglycosylated proteins. However, the in vivo relevance of this latter interaction has been questioned. We examined whether polypeptide-based interactions occur between calnexin and its substrates in vivo using the glucosidase inhibitor castanospermine or glucosidase-deficient cells to prevent the formation of monoglucosylated oligosaccharides. We show that if care is taken to preserve weak interactions, the block in lectin-oligosaccharide binding leads to the loss of some calnexin-substrate complexes, but many others remain readily detectable. Furthermore, we demonstrate that calnexin is capable of associating in vivo with a substrate that completely lacks Asn-linked oligosaccharides. The binding of calnexin to proteins that lack monoglucosylated oligosaccharides could not be attributed to nonspecific adsorption nor to its inclusion in protein aggregates. We conclude that both lectin-oligosaccharide and polypeptide-based interactions occur between calnexin and diverse proteins in vivo and that the strength of the latter interaction varies substantially between protein substrates.
Myostatin Directly Regulates Skeletal Muscle Fibrosis (2008)

Skeletal muscle fibrosis is a major pathological hallmark of chronic myopathies in which myofibers are replaced by progressive deposition of collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins produced by muscle fibroblasts. Recent studies have shown that in the absence of the endogenous muscle growth regulator myostatin, regeneration of muscle is enhanced, and muscle fibrosis is correspondingly reduced. We now demonstrate that myostatin not only regulates the growth of myocytes but also directly regulates muscle fibroblasts. Our results show that myostatin stimulates the proliferation of muscle fibroblasts and the production of extracellular matrix proteins both in vitro and in vivo. Further, muscle fibroblasts express myostatin and its putative receptor activin receptor IIB. Proliferation of muscle fibroblasts, induced by myostatin, involves the activation of Smad, p38 MAPK and Akt pathways. These results expand our understanding of the function of myostatin in muscle tissue and provide a potential target for anti-fibrotic therapies.
Combinational Targeting Offsets Antigen Escape and Enhances Effector Functions of Adoptively Transferred T Cells in Glioblastoma (2013)

Preclinical and early clinical studies have demonstrated that chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T cells are highly promising in cancer therapy. We observed that targeting HER2 in a glioblastoma (GBM) cell line results in the emergence of HER2-null tumor cells that maintain the expression of nontargeted tumor-associated antigens. Combinational targeting of these tumor-associated antigens could therefore offset this escape mechanism. We studied the single-cell coexpression patterns of HER2, IL-13Rα2, and EphA2 in primary GBM samples using multicolor flow cytometry and immunofluorescence, and applied a binomial routine to the permutations of antigen expression and the related odds of complete tumor elimination. This mathematical model demonstrated that cotargeting HER2 and IL-13Rα2 could maximally expand the therapeutic reach of the T cell product in all primary tumors studied. Targeting a third antigen did not predict an added advantage in the tumor cohort studied. We therefore generated bispecific T cell products from healthy donors and from GBM patients by pooling T cells individually expressing HER2 and IL-13Rα2-specific CARs and by making individual T cells to coexpress both molecules. Both HER2/IL-13Rα2-bispecific T cell products offset antigen escape, producing enhanced effector activity in vitro immunoassays (against autologous glioma cells in the case of GBM patient products) and in an orthotopic xenogeneic murine model. Further, T cells coexpressing HER2 and IL-13Rα2-CARs exhibited accentuated yet antigen-dependent downstream signaling and a particularly enhanced antitumor activity.
UGT75L6 and UGT94E5 mediate sequential glucosylation of crocetin to crocin in Gardenia jasminoides (2012)

Crocin is an apocarotenoid glycosyl ester accumulating in fruits of Gardenia jasminoides and used as a food coloring and nutraceutical. For the first time, the two glucosyltransferases UGT75L6 and UGT94E5 that sequentially mediate the final glucosylation steps in crocin biosynthesis in G. jasminoides have been identified and functionally characterized. UGT75L6 preferentially glucosylates the carboxyl group of crocetin yielding crocetin glucosyl esters, while UGT94E5 glucosylates the 6' hydroxyl group of the glucose moiety of crocetin glucosyl esters. The expression pattern of neither UGT75L6 nor UGT94E5 correlated with the pattern of crocin accumulation in G. jasminoides.
Query by humming (1995)

The emergence of audio and video data types in databases will require new information retrieval methods adapted to the specific characteristics and needs of these data types. An effective and natural way of querying a musical audio database is by humming the tune of a song. In this paper, a system for querying an audio database by humming is described along with a scheme for representing the melodic information in a song as relative pitch changes. Relevant difficulties involved with tracking pitch are enumerated, along with the approach we followed, and the performance results of system indicating its effectiveness are presented.
Platinum Metal Catalysts of High-Index Surfaces: From Single-Crystal Planes to Electrochemically Shape-Controlled Nanoparticles (2008)

Nanoparticles of platinum group metals (PGM) supported on diverse substrate materials are widely used catalysts in many important fields such as modern chemical industry, petrochemical industry, automobile exhaust purification, and fuel cells. Due to the extremely high cost and rare reserve of the PGM on the earth, to further improve the catalytic activity, stability, and utility efficiency of PGM nanoparticles is the key issue in relevant industrial development as well as the challenge of basic research of science and technology. This feature article summarizes at first the relationship between surface structure and catalytic functionality gained by using metal single-crystal planes as model electrocatalysts, which reveals that high-index planes, i.e., the planes denoted by a set of Miller indices (hkl) with at least one index being larger than unit, with high density of atomic steps and kinks, exhibit generally high catalytic reactivity and stability. Next, guided by the knowledge acquired in model electrocatalysis, we put emphasis upon the electrochemically shape-controlled synthesis of Pt and Pd nanocrystals (NCs) bounded by high-index facets, including tetrahexahedral NCs with 24 {hk0} facets, trapezohedral NCs with 24 {hkk} facets, concave hexoctahedral NCs with 48 {hkl} facets, and multiple twinned nanorods with {hk0} facets. Finally, challenging issues and future prospects in this exciting field are outlined.
Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Vitamin D in Milk (1994)

Vitamin D in milk is determined by a slight modification of the method of Sliva et al. [J. AOAC Int. (1992) 75, 566-571] for infant formula and enteral nutritional products. The sample is saponified for 30 min at 60 degrees C and extracted overnight into 60 mL of hexane. The hexane layer is washed, neutralized, and taken to dryness with a rotary evaporator. The sample is reconstituted in hexane and applied to 500 mg of Florisil in a solid-phase extraction column. Vitamin D is eluted with isopropyl alcohol. The eluate is evaporated to dryness under N2, and the sample is reconstituted in 1.0 mL of acetonitrile. The extract is analyzed on a C18 liquid chromatographic column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 microns particle size) with UV detection at 265 nm. Milk samples of various fat content (i.e., skim, low fat, and whole milk) were analyzed. Spiked recoveries gave means of 81-96%; recoveries were inversely related to fat content. Assay precision ranged from 3.2 to 8.6%. The method can measure vitamins D2 and D3 individually, and no difference in the recoveries of the 2 vitamins was observed. Thus, vitamin D2 can be used as an internal standard for quantitating vitamin D3, and vice versa. The method is satisfactory for use in screening of milk for vitamin D content.
<title>Mechanism of photodynamic therapy (PDT): investigation of sensitizer dose and light dose-rate effects</title> (1994)

The thresholds in sensitizer concentration and in light dose rate for PDT effects have been examined on the basis of a chemical reaction. The examination revealed that there exists basically no thresholds of drug and light dose-rate effects in PDT, but apparently there does. Also it was suggested that PDT effects depend largely on peak power of laser and not so largely on the total joule. And for PDT the use of pulse laser with relatively high peak power is better than the use of the lower one, especially cw laser.
Studies of safe maximal daily dietary Se-intake in a seleniferous area in China. Part II: Relation between Se-intake and the manifestation of clinical signs and certain biochemical alterations in blood and urine. (1989)

Selenosis occurs in areas of Enshi county because of the high Se content of the food. Morphological changes in finger-nails were used as the main criterion for clinical diagnosis of selenosis. Pathological nails were observed to occur almost only in adults, not at all in young children and very seldom in teenagers. Symptoms of selenosis in susceptible patients were found at or above an Se-intake of 910 micrograms/d, corresponding to a blood Se level of 1.05 mg/L. There was no evidence for an increased susceptibility to dental caries due to high Se consumption, and an increase in Se-intake seems unlikely to reduce the beneficial effects of fluoride on caries. No abnormalities of liver or heart were seen by supersonic B or electrocardiographic examinations. The biochemical investigations showed that with increasing whole blood Se the ratio of plasma Se to erythrocyte Se tended to decrease. As Se-intake increases to over 750 micrograms daily, the ratio decreases to near a minimal level. Reduced glutathione in whole blood decreases within a blood Se range of 1.01 to 2.28 micrograms in the high Se area. The amount of trimethylselenonium ion excreted in urine increased with the increase of urinary Se. Cases with prolonged prothrombin time occurred as blood Se increased to a level above 1 mg/L. The white blood cell count also increased significantly. Quantitative values were obtained only for ratio of plasma-Se to erythrocyte-Se for prothrombin time and for maintenance of nail Symptoms of susceptible patients. The overall results indicated that a daily Se-intake of 750-850 micrograms [corrected] might be the marginal level of safe intake. When other variable factors are also taken into consideration a daily Se-intake of 400 micrograms [corrected] is suggested as the maximum daily safe intake. At this level of Se-intake the corresponding approximate tissue Se levels are: whole blood 0.559 mg/L, plasma 0.327 mg/L, urine excretion 173 micrograms/d, hair 3.60 mg/kg, toe-nails 4.25 mg/kg, and finger-nails 4.70 mg/kg.
Speech detection using microphone array (2000)

A new method for speech detection using a microphone array is proposed. An explicit expression is first deduced for representing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of each signal segment. A constant SNR threshold is then used to discriminate between speech and nonspeech signals. Simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional energy detection method.
Surface Modification and Characterization of PMMA Used in the Construction of Microelectromechanical Systems. (2001)

Poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, is a standard photoresist and is also a popular material out of which microelectromechanical systems are made. Described within is the characterization of the bulk and surface properties of commercial PMMA sheets and their relevance to PMMA as a photoresist. The surface chemical modification and characterization of commercial PMMA sheets is discussed; these modifications and their chemical properties have direct pertinence to the use of PMMA as a substrate for the fabrication of microelectromechanical devices. The molecular masses of pristine and irradiated PMMAs were determined by means of gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) and it was found that the molecular mass of irradiated PMMA is less than that of pristine PMMA. In addition, the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of pristine and annealed PMMA were determined and compared. The surface topography of commercial PMMA sheets was assessed using scanning force microscopy (SFM) and related to the adhesive properties of sheet PMMA to metal surfaces. It was determined that thermally treated PMMA sheets displayed a higher surface area than those sheets not thermally treated, which is due to defects on the surface of the PMMA. The pits were determined, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), to be due to the expulsion of MMA monomer from the matrix of the PMMA during annealing. The surface chemical modification of PMMA sheets to yield primary amine-terminated PMMA surfaces is described. Characterizations of amine-terminated PMMA sheets conclude that the amines are covalently linked to the surface of PMMA and are accessible for further surface reactions; in addition, the amines are present at a surface density of 5 nmol cm-2. Amine-terminated PMMA sheets were used in reactions with isothiocyanates, isocyanates and carboxylic acids. Such functionalized PMMA surfaces can be used to manipulate the electroosmotic flow (EOF) of microcapillary electrophoresis devices and will be used as stationary phases in microcapillary electrophoresis. Amine-terminated PMMA surfaces have been used in the electroless deposition of several metals and for the fabrication of colloidal metal films. Finally, a photopatterning technique was developed that allows for the selective deposition of various organic moieties or metals with micrometer-level resolution.
Synergistic activities of combinations of beta-lactams, fosfomycin, and tobramycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1984)

The effects of antibiotic combinations against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections frequently found in hospitalized patients were investigated. By means of an agar plate dilution checkerboard method, combinations of piperacillin-fosfomycin, cefoperazone-fosfomycin, and cefsulodin-fosfomycin were synergistic against 80.0, 85.0, and 82.6% of the strains tested. The mean fractional inhibitory concentration indices of piperacillin-fosfomycin, cefoperazone-fosfomycin, and cefsulodin-fosfomycin were 0.48, 0.42, and 0.46, respectively. The synergistic activities of these combinations were enhanced by the addition of a small amount of tobramycin, 0.25 micrograms/ml.
Precise measurements of oxygen content: Oxygen vacancies in transparent conducting indium oxide films (1991)

High precision electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) has been used to measure the correlation of oxygen deficiency with carrier concentration in thin films of amorphous indium oxide. This has shown that there are ten times as many oxygen vacancies as would be expected from the carrier concentration measurements, giving a doping efficiency of 0.1. It is therefore clear that the doping mechanism is more complex than the usual picture of every oxygen vacancy producing two free electrons.
STRATEGIES FOR SELECTIVE CANCER PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY: ANTIBODY‐TARGETED and SELECTIVE CARCINOMA CELL PHOTOLYSIS* (1987)

A principle objective in chemotherapy is the development of modalities capable of selectively destroying malignant cells while sparing normal tissues. One new approach to selective photochemotherapy, antibody-targeted photolysis (ATPL) uses photosensitizers (PS) coupled to monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which bind to cell surface antigens on malignant cells. Selective destruction of human T leukemia cells (HBP-ALL) was accomplished by coupling the efficient PS chlorin e(6) to an anti-T cell MAb using dextran carriers. Conjugates with chlorin: MAb ratios of 30:1 retained > 85% MA b binding activity, and had a quantum yield for singlet oxygen production of 0.7 +/- 0.1, the same as that of free chlorin e(6). Cell killing was dependent on the doses of both MAb-PS and 630-670 nm light and occurred only in target cell populations which bound the MAb. On the order of 10(10) singlet oxygen molecules were necessary to kill a cell. A second approach to specific photochemotherapy, selective carcinoma cell photolysis (SCCP), relies on preferential accumulation of certain cationic PS by carcinoma cell mitochondria. We have evaluated several classes of cationic dyes, and in the case of N,N'-bis-(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane)-kryptocyanine (EDKC) and some of its analogs, have demonstrated highly selective killing of human squamous cell, bladder and colon carcinoma cells in vitro. In isolated mitochondria, EDKC uptake and fluorescence depended on membrane potential, and the dye specifically photosensitized damage to Complex I in the electron transport chain. N,N'-bis-(2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane)-kryptocyanine and some of its analogs accumulated within subcutaneous xenografts of human tumors in nude mice with tumor:skin ratios > 8. Photoirradiation caused significant inhibition of tumor growth, without cutaneous phototoxicity.
New Control of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and ROS Formation A Hypothesis (2001)

A new control of mitochondrial membrane potential delta(psi)m and formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is presented, based on allosteric ATP-inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase at high intramitochondrial ATP/ADP ratios. Since the rate of ATP synthesis by the ATP synthase is already maximal at low membrane potentials (100-120 mV), the ATP/ADP ratio will also be maximal at this delta(psi)m (at constant rate of ATP consumption). Therefore the control of respiration by the ATP/ADP-ratio keeps delta(psi)m low. In contrast, the known 'respiratory control' leads to an inhibition of respiration only at high delta(psi)m values (150-200 mV) which cause ROS formation. ATP-inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase is switched on and off by reversible phosphorylation (via cAMP and calcium, respectively). We propose that 'stress hormones' which increase intracellular [Ca2+] also increase delta(psi)m and ROS formation, which promote degenerative diseases and accelerate aging.
The regulation of the murineHox-2.5gene expression during cell differentiation (1992)

The mouse Hox-2.5 gene containing a Drosophila Antennapedia-type homeobox sequence is expressed in a spatially and temporally restricted manner during embryogenesis. We found that the mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line P19 expresses Hox-2.5 during differentiation by the treatment with retinoic acid (RA). Expression of the Hox-2.5 gene was not detected in undifferentiated P19 cells, but detected 72 hours after treatment with RA. In order to analyze this inductive response, we first identified the Hox-2.5 transcription initiation site and a possible promoter region. Subsequently, we prepared constructs containing various Hox-2.5 DNA fragments fused to a firefly luciferase reporter gene and transfected these into undifferentiated or differentiating P19 cells. These studies have demonstrated that a region -279 to +15 with respect to the transcription initiation site has a differentiation-responsive promoter activity. Deletion analysis suggests that the sequences responsible for this induction are located in several distinct domains within the 294 bp promoter region. Two of the possible differentiation-responsive elements were identified by analysis of DNA-protein interactions, and in vivo competition assays lend support to the notion that these regions are involved in the differential expression of Hox-2.5 promoter activity.
Harry G. Carlson, Genom inferno. Bildens magi och Strindbergs förnyelse. Övers. Gun R. Bengtsson. Carlssons. Stockholm 1995 (1995)

Harry G. Carlson, Genom inferno. Bildens magi och Strindbergs fornyelse. Overs. Gun R. Bengtsson. Carlssons. Stockholm 1995