gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel alkali and alkaline earth hydrides for high voltage and high energy density batteries (2003)

BlackLight Power, Inc. (BLP) of Cranbury, New Jersey, is developing a revolutionary technology based on novel hydrogen chemistry. More explicitly, energy is catalytically released as the electrons of atomic hydrogen are induced to undergo transitions to lower energy levels corresponding to fractional quantum numbers with the production of plasma, light, and novel hydrogen compounds (1-35). The Company uses a chemically generated or assisted plasma to form atomic hydrogen and a catalyst which react through a nonradiative energy transfer to form lower-energy hydrogen atoms called hydrinos. Since hydrinos have energy levels much lower than uncatalyzed hydrogen atoms, the energy release is intermediate between chemical and nuclear energies. The net enthalpy released may be over several hundred times that of combustion. Thus, the catalysis of atomic hydrogen represents a new source of energy with H/sub 2/O as the source of hydrogen fuel obtained by diverting a fraction of the output energy of the process to split water into its elemental constituents. Moreover, rather than air pollutants or radioactive waste, the products are novel compounds having hydride ions with increased binding energies that may be the basis of a high voltage battery. Such a high voltage battery would have the advantages of much greater power and much higher energy density where the limitations of battery chemistry attributed to the binding energy of the anion of the oxidant are addressed. The concept of our novel hydride battery and some preliminary results are discussed during the presentation.
Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes and apoptosis are independent features in colorectal cancer stratified according to microsatellite instability status (2001)

While TILs might be expected to explain the increased apoptotic rate and improved prognosis of MSI-H cancers, it is likely that TILs and apoptosis are independent characteristics of MSI-H cancers.
A New Highly Efficient Ruthenium Metathesis Catalyst (2002)

Olefinmetathese bei 0°C möglich! Ein Phenylsubstituent im Ruthenium-Katalysator 2 führt zu einer wesentlich rascheren Initiierung und damit zu schnelleren Umsetzungen bei einer Reihe von Metathesereaktionen (z. B. der Cyclisierung von 1 zu 3).
Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays Formed by Cutting a Polymer Resin—Nanotube Composite (1994)

A simple technique is described here that produces aligned arrays of carbon nanotubes. The alignment method is based on cutting thin slices (50 to 200 nanometers) of a nanotube-polymer composite. With this parallel and well-separated configuration of nanotubes it should be possible to measure individual tube properties and to demonstrate applications. The results demonstrate the nature of rheology, on nanometer scales, in composite media and flow-induced anisotropy produced by the cutting process. The fact that nanotubes do not break and are straightened after the cutting process also suggests that they have excellent mechanical properties.
Specific Association of the β Isoform of the p85 Subunit of Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase with the Proto-oncogene c-cbl (1995)

Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3 kinase) has been implicated in cellular events such as mitogenic signaling, actin organization, and receptor sorting. The p85 subunit of PI-3 kinase contains multiple domains capable of protein-protein interactions that may contribute to mediate the multiple physiological functions of this enzyme. Here, we demonstrate that antibodies raised against the p85 subunit of PI-3 kinase immunoprecipitate a single tyrosine-phosphorylated protein of 120 kDa (pp120) from lysates of activated Jurkat T cells and A20 B cells. This protein is the only significant phosphotyrosine-containing protein in p85 immunoprecipitates from these cells, and it cannot be detected in immunoprecipitates of other signaling proteins such as PLC gamma. Furthermore, antibodies specific for the beta isoform of p85 but not antibodies specific for the alpha isoform immunoprecipitate this tyrosine-phosphorylated protein. pp120 completely comigrates with the proto-oncogene c-cbl, which is a 120 kDa protein product abundant in lymphoid cells. Furthermore, immunoblots of p85 immunoprecipitates using antibodies raised against c-cbl detect a band at exactly the position of pp120. In addition, p85 can be detected in immunoblots of c-cbl immunoprecipitates. Thus, pp120 appears to correspond to c-cbl. A direct association between c-cbl and p85 can be observed in vitro using a fusion protein comprising the Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of p85, and this binding is abolished by phenyl phosphate, suggesting that the interaction is mediated through phosphotyrosine-SH2 domain interactions. Thus, these results show important functional differences between the alpha and beta isoforms of p85 in vivo and point to c-cbl as a potentially important mediator of some of the functions of PI-3 kinase in intact cells.
RNA interference mediated silencing of SPINK reduces invasion and proliferation of prostate cancer cells (2006)

3507 Serine protease inhibitors (SPI) regulate the activity of proteases that are known to promote tumor invasion and metastasis. The expression of protease inhibitors has been generally considered to be an anti-malignant phenotype. However, recent studies indicate that certain SPI are linked to a worse prognosis for cancer patients, thus adding a new dimension to their functions in Tumor Biology. Recently, a SPI belonging to the Kazal type family, known as Serine Protease Inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK) has been shown to be overexpressed in various malignancies (1-4). In prostate cancer, SPINK is overexpressed by more than 100-fold compared to normal prostate according to Serial Analysis of Gene Expression.. We aimed to investigate the biological significance of the increase in SPINK and its mode of action in prostate cancers based on the hypothesis that downregulation of SPINK mRNA levels could affect cell proliferation and invasion. We transfected human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC3 and DU145) with short interfering RNA (siRNA) against SPINK and verified the gene knockdown effect (68%) with real-time RT-PCR. Using Matrigel invasion and colorimetric cell viability (MTS) assays, we found that the knockdown of SPINK caused >34% decrease (*P
Catalytic Conversion of Cellulose to Levulinic Acid by Metal Chlorides (2010)

The catalytic performance of various metal chlorides in the conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid in liquid water at high temperatures was investigated. The effects of reaction parameters on the yield of levulinic acid were also explored. The results showed that alkali and alkaline earth metal chlorides were not effective in conversion of cellulose, while transition metal chlorides, especially CrCl(3), FeCl(3) and CuCl(2) and a group IIIA metal chloride (AlCl(3)), exhibited high catalytic activity. The catalytic performance was correlated with the acidity of the reaction system due to the addition of the metal chlorides, but more dependent on the type of metal chloride. Among those metal chlorides, chromium chloride was found to be exceptionally effective for the conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid, affording an optimum yield of 67 mol % after a reaction time of 180 min, at 200 degrees C, with a catalyst dosage of 0.02 M and substrate concentration of 50 wt %. Chromium metal, most of which was present in its oxide form in the solid sample and only a small part in solution as Cr3+ ion, can be easily separated from the resulting product mixture and recycled. Finally, a plausible reaction scheme for the chromium chloride catalyzed conversion of cellulose in water was proposed.
Aerobic Asymmetric Dehydrogenative Cross‐Coupling between Two CH Groups Catalyzed by a Chiral‐at‐Metal Rhodium Complex (2015)

A sustainable C-C bond formation is merged with the catalytic asymmetric generation of one or two stereocenters. The introduced catalytic asymmetric cross-coupling of two C(sp3)-H groups with molecular oxygen as the oxidant profits from the oxidative robustness of a chiral-at-metal rhodium(III) catalyst and exploits an autoxidation mechanism or visible-light photosensitized oxidation. In the latter case, the catalyst serves a dual function, namely as a chiral Lewis acid for catalyzing enantioselective enolate chemistry and at the same time as a visible-light-driven photoredox catalyst.
Value of the <sup>14</sup>C-<i>D</i>-Xylose Breath Test in Patients with Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (1985)

18 control subjects and 18 patients, with a variety of gastrointestinal conditions were investigated using a 10-muCi 14C-D-xylose breath test. The latter also underwent quantitative bacterial studies of fluid obtained by intestinal intubation. In 14 patients a smaller dose of 3 muCi 14C-D-xylose was compared to the standard dose and there was a good correlation between the two doses. The peak value of the 14C-D-xylose test provided the best discrimination between patients with and without bacterial overgrowth. The 14C-glycocholic acid test performed in 15 patients, although as sensitive, was less discriminating. The 14C-D-xylose breath test is reliable and more specific in confirming the diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth without having to resort to direct bacterial studies.
Wavelength-Tunable Short-Cavity DBR Laser Array With Active Distributed Bragg Reflector (2006)

With the aim of developing a fast wavelength-tunable laser for advanced dynamic network reconfigurations or optical burst switching, a short-cavity (SC) distributed-Bragg-reflector (DBR) laser array with an active-DBR (ADBR) structure (SC-ADBR laser) was fabricated. First, it was experimentally confirmed that the ADBR structure compensates for optical loss and achieves stable single-mode operation during wavelength tuning. An artificial-laser-phase-adjustment technique in the SC-ADBR laser by precise adjustment of a DBR mirror was then proposed. By applying this technique to a six-channel SC-ADBR laser array, perfect wavelength accessibility across a 21-nm range was attained
CD44 variants but not CD44s cooperate with beta1-containing integrins to permit cells to bind to osteopontin independently of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid, thereby stimulating cell motility and chemotaxis. (1999)

The expression of osteopontin (OPN), CD44 variants, and integrins has been correlated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. Here we show that these proteins cooperate to enhance cell motility. First, we demonstrate that several different CD44 variants bind to OPN in an arginine-glycineaspartic acid-independent manner, but that the standard form of CD44 does not. These CD44 variants bind to both the amino- and COOH-terminal portions of OPN independently of the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid sequence, suggesting that multiple domains on OPN can be bound by the CD44 variants. Antibodies directed against the integrin beta1 subunit are able to inhibit this binding. The binding of CD44 variants to OPN is significantly augmented by both anti-CD44s and anti-CD44v antibodies. This augmentation by anti-CD44 antibodies is OPN specific and, again, can be blocked by anti-beta1 antibodies. Finally, we show that OPN binding by CD44 variants/beta1-containing integrins promotes cell spreading, motility, and chemotactic behavior.
Single-strand conformation polymorphism for detection of mutations and base substitutions in phenylketonuria. (1991)

In the past few years, more than 20 different mutations have been reported in hyperphenylalaninemias. In southwestern Europe and Mediterranean countries, however, the mutant genotypes reported account for only a fraction (27%) of all mutant alleles at the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) locus, and most of the mutations causing the disease remain unknown. In order to develop a strategy for rapid detection of mutation-containing exons, we applied the single-strand conformation-polymorphism (SSCP) technique to exons 3, 5, 7, and 12 of the PAH gene. We observed five abnormal patterns of migration in mutant PAH genes, and we consistently found base substitutions in the corresponding exons, with no false-positive results. By this procedure, two novel putative mutations were detected in the seventh exon of the PAH gene, (A259V and Y277D) and we were able to demonstrate that the delta I94, R158Q, R408W, and E280K mutations were easily detectable by the SSCP technique. This procedure is therefore of particular interest for rapid detection of mutation-containing exons and for determination of further genotype-phenotype correlations in hyperphenylalaninemias.
Immunochemical Confirmation of the Primary Structure of Streptococcal Hyaluronan Synthase and Synthesis of High Molecular Weight Product by the Recombinant Enzyme (1994)

We have recently identified and cloned the gene for hyaluronan (HA) synthase, hasA, from group A Streptococci [DeAngelis, P.L., Papaconstantinou, J., & Weigel, P.H. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 19181-19184]. We have now generated two polyclonal monospecific antibodies against synthetic peptides corresponding to portions of the deduced protein. Both antibodies recognize a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 42,000 either from wild-type Streptococcus pyogenes or from Escherichia coli containing the cloned gene on a plasmid. Immobilized affinity-purified antibody depleted HA synthase activity from functional detergent extracts of streptococcal membranes in a specific fashion. The immobilized protein displayed HA synthase activity, and HasA was the major bound polypeptide. The recombinant HA synthase behaves identically to that from Streptococci, with respect to sugar nucleotide specificity and polysaccharide production. Only the authentic sugar nucleotides UDP-glucuronic acid and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine support HA polymerization. The recombinant enzyme elongates HA in a processive manner and rapidly produces polymers on the order of > or = 5 x 10(6) Da at rates of about 10-30 monosaccharides/s at three times the apparent Km of substrates.
The chemokine SLC is expressed in T cell areas of lymph nodes and mucosal lymphoid tissues and attracts activated T cells via CCR7 (1998)

Secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine, SLC, also known as exodus-2 and 6Ckine, is a novel CC chemokine with selectivity for T lymphocytes and preferential expression in lymphoid tissues. We have studied its production, receptor usage and biological activities. High levels of SLC mRNA were detected in lymph nodes, the gastrointestinal tract and several gland tissues, but no expression was found by Northern blot analysis in freshly isolated or stimulated blood monocytes and lymphocytes, or neutrophils and eosinophils. In situ hybridization revealed constitutive expression of SLC in the T cell areas and the marginal zone of follicles in lymph nodes and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, but not in B cell areas or sinuses. Comparison with immunocytochemical staining showed similarity between the in situ expression of SLC and the distribution of interdigitating dendritic cells but not with sinus-lining dendritic cells, macrophages or T lymphocytes. SLC induced chemotaxis of T lymphocytes and its activity increased considerably when the cells were conditioned with IL-2 or phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Under optimal conditions SLC had unusually high efficacy and induced the migration of up to 50 % of input T lymphocytes. SLC also induced Ca2+ mobilization in these cells. Similar responses were obtained with EBI1 ligand chemokine (ELC), and sequential stimulation with both chemokines led to cross-desensitization, suggesting that SLC acts via the ELC receptor, CCR7. This was confirmed using murine pre-B cells stably transfected with CCR7 which bound SLC with high affinity and showed chemotaxis and Ca2+ mobilization in response to both SLC and ELC. In T lymphocytes PHA and IL-2, which enhanced chemotactic responsiveness, also markedly enhanced CCR7 expression. In contrast to all known chemokine receptors, up-regulation of CCR7 by IL-2 was transient. A maximum was reached in 2-3 days and expression returned to initial levels within 8-10 days. The present study shows that SLC is constitutively produced within the T cell areas of secondary lymphoid organs and attracts T lymphocytes via CCR7.
IAPV, a bee‐affecting virus associated with Colony Collapse Disorder can be silenced by dsRNA ingestion (2009)

Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) has been associated with Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV). CCD poses a serious threat to apiculture and agriculture as a whole, due to the consequent inability to provide the necessary amount of bees for pollination of critical crops. Here we report on RNAi-silencing of IAPV infection by feeding bees with double-stranded RNA, as an efficient and feasible way of controlling this viral disease. The association of CCD with IAPV is discussed, as well as the potential of controlling CCD.
Novel Approach to Construction of Human "Myeloma Analogues" for Production of Human Monoclonal Antibodies (1983)

The production of human monoclonal antibodies has been impeded by the lack of human myeloma cell lines which grow easily, fuse efficiently, clone readily, and continuously secrete large amounts of antibody. A cell line, HM 2.0, was constructed by fusing a HAT-sensitive, nonsecreting, human myeloma cell line, LSM 1.2, with cells from a patient with plasma cell leukemia. In marked contrast to LSM 1.2, which could not support the secretion of immunoglobulin, fusion of HM 2.0 with cells from spleen or peripheral blood routinely resulted in the secretion of antibody to pneumococcal polysaccharides and tetanus toxoid. The fusion efficiency of HM 2.0, as measured by growth of colonies, was greater than 1 per 1.2 X 10(3) peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the number of hybrids secreting specific antibody was greater than 1 per 1.1 X 10(5) mononuclear cells from immunized individuals. This is an improvement over our previously described human "myeloma analogue" LSM 2.7, derived by fusion of a HAT-sensitive, nonsecreting human myeloma cell line, LSM 1.1, with cells from a normal donor, as well as all previously described human lymphoblastoid and myeloma cell lines. These results demonstrate that somatic cell hybridization can be used to modify an existing cell line in such a manner as to yield a "new" cell line with the attributes necessary for the production of human monoclonal antibodies.
Bioavailability of Curcumin: Problems and Promises (2007)

Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from dietary spice turmeric, possesses diverse pharmacologic effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities. Phase I clinical trials have shown that curcumin is safe even at high doses (12 g/day) in humans but exhibit poor bioavailability. Major reasons contributing to the low plasma and tissue levels of curcumin appear to be due to poor absorption, rapid metabolism, and rapid systemic elimination. To improve the bioavailability of curcumin, numerous approaches have been undertaken. These approaches involve, first, the use of adjuvant like piperine that interferes with glucuronidation; second, the use of liposomal curcumin; third, curcumin nanoparticles; fourth, the use of curcumin phospholipid complex; and fifth, the use of structural analogues of curcumin (e.g., EF-24). The latter has been reported to have a rapid absorption with a peak plasma half-life. Despite the lower bioavailability, therapeutic efficacy of curcumin against various human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, arthritis, neurological diseases and Crohn's disease, has been documented. Enhanced bioavailability of curcumin in the near future is likely to bring this promising natural product to the forefront of therapeutic agents for treatment of human disease.
The Pichia pastoris dihydroxyacetone kinase is a PTS1‐containing, but cytosolic, protein that is essential for growth on methanol (1998)

Dihydroxyacetone kinase (DAK) is essential for methanol assimilation in methylotrophic yeasts. We have cloned the DAK gene from Pichia pastoris by functional complementation of a mutant that was unable to grow on methanol. An open reading frame of 1824 bp was identified that encodes a 65·3 kDa protein with high homology to DAK from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although DAK from P. pastoris contained a C-terminal tripeptide, TKL, which we showed can act as a peroxisomal targeting signal when fused to the green fluorescent protein, the enzyme was primarily cytosolic. The TKL tripeptide was not required for the biochemical function of DAK because a deletion construct lacking the DNA encoding this tripeptide was able to complement the P. pastoris dakΔ mutant. Peroxisomes, which are essential for growth of P. pastoris on methanol, were present in the dakΔ mutant and the import of peroxisomal proteins was not disturbed. The dakΔ mutant grew at normal rates on glycerol and oleate media. However, unlike the wild-type cells, the dakΔ mutant was unable to grow on methanol as the sole carbon source but was able to grow on dihydroxyacetone at a much slower rate. The metabolic pathway explaining the reduced growth rate of the dakΔ mutant on dihydroxyacetone is discussed. The nucleotide sequence reported in this paper has been submitted to GenBank with Accession Number AF019198. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ionic Conductivity of Low Molecular Weight Block Copolymer Electrolytes (2013)

The ionic conductivity and glass transition temperatures of nanostructured block copolymer electrolytes composed of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (SEO) doped with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfone)imide (LiTFSI) were studied in the small molecular weight limit (between 2.7 and 13.7 kg mol–1). In this range, the annealed conductivity exhibits a nonmonotonic dependence on molecular weight, decreasing with increasing molecular weight in the small molecular weight limit before increasing when molecular weight exceeds about 10 kg mol–1. We show that annealed electrolyte conductivity is affected by two competing factors: the glass transition temperature of the insulating polystyrene (PS) block and the width of the conducting poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) channel. In the low molecular weight limit, all ions are in contact with both PS and PEO segments. The intermixing between PS and PEO segments is restricted to an interfacial zone of width, λ. Our experiments suggest that λ is about 5 nm. The fraction of ions affected by the interfacial zone decreases as the conducting channel width increases. We also study the effect of thermal history on the conductivity of the block copolymer electrolytes. Our data suggest that long-range order impedes ion transport.
Fluorescent Virions: Dynamic Tracking of the Pathway of Adenoviral Gene Transfer Vectors in Living Cells (1998)

The pathogenic agent, adenovirus (Ad), has taken on a new role as a vector for gene transfer in both laboratory and clinical settings. To help understand the intracellular pathways and fate of Ad gene transfer vectors, we covalently conjugated fluorophores to E1-, E3- Ad vectors and used quantitative fluorescence microscopy to assess essential steps of Ad vector gene transfer to the A549 human epithelial lung cell line including binding, internalization, escape from endosomes, translocation to the nucleus, dissociation of capsids and gene expression. The data demonstrate that Ad internalizes with a t1/2 2.5 min, breaks out of endosomes early, likely prior to endosome-endosome fusion, exhibits sustained, intracellular velocities averaging 0.58 microm/sec, and translocates to the nucleus with >80% of internalized fluorophore demonstrating nuclear localization within 60 min of infection. Interestingly, 24 hr after infection, half of the initially internalized fluorescence was detected but lacked nuclear localization, suggesting that the capsid is released from the nucleus and is likely degraded. Fluorescent labeling of virions provides a novel quantitative, morphological strategy to characterize the interaction of gene transfer vectors with the intracellular environment.