gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Low-intensity laser radiation usage in dentistry</title> (1995)

Low energy laser radiation is widely used in different areas of medicine including dentistry. The main biologic laser radiation action mechanism is its multiangle influence on disease pathogenesis. In clinical practice, the most widely spread equipment is based on helium-neon laser (HNL) with the wavelength of 630 nm. HNL is able to cause different therapeutic effects depending on power flow density, i.e. antiinflammatory, microcirculation stimulation, metabolic, proliferative tissue activity, analgetic. However, considering specific features of oral cavity and parodontium disease pathogenesis, it is necessary to point to a few weak features of HNL. For example, HNL in therapeutic doses has insufficient antimicrobial and antiinflammatory effects; it just decreases microflora pathogeneity in the oral cavity. HNL radiation has poor lithic effect (for example, during the period of debridement) [Prokhonchukov, Zhizhina, Lapidus, 1985]. Regardless of the apparent positive HNL effect following extracorporal or intravascular blood irradiation in cases of generalized acute infection, this method is not used often in dentistry. Therefore, there is a necessity to search for some other more adequate laser irradiation sources which would solve prophylaxis and treatment problems for the most widely spread dental diseases such as caries, parodontosis. As far as a prior aim of laser radiation is to elicit different therapeutic effects, depending on laser beam intensity, the main principle of the treatment should be to vary this as well as wavelength values at different stages of development, duration and pathologic process profylaxis. In order to optimize efficiency of light biostimulators in dentistry it seems of importance to consider theoretical prerequisites of photobiological activation processes and specific activity of different light wavelength effects.
Scintillation Properties of CsI:Tl Crystals Codoped With ${\rm Sm}^{2+}$ (2008)

Despite the acknowledged advantages of CsI:Tl for most scintillator applications, its use for CT and other high-speed imaging has been hindered by a high degree of afterglow in its scintillation decay. We have found that a particularly effective way to suppress this afterglow is to codope the material with certain dipositive rare earth ions capable of trapping the vagrant carriers that give rise to it. We have extensively studied the manner in which one such ion, Eu <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> , alters the spectroscopic and kinetic properties of the scintillation, and have developed a coherent mathematical model consistent with the experimental results. But the beneficial effect of Eu <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> appears to be restricted only to relatively short times (say les 200 ms ) after the end of the excitation pulse. To be effective at longer times, the codopant should also provide some nonradiative means to annihilate the trapped carriers <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">before</i> their escape can enhance the low-level long-term emission. And, as predicted by the model, this is exactly what Sm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> does. In this paper we describe the experimental effort to characterize the behavior of the CsI:Tl, Sm material system. Spectroscopically, we find that the familiar broad Tl emission becomes distorted and progressively shifted to shorter wavelengths. Kinetically, we find that the afterglow of the emission is substantially reduced relative to conventional CsI:Tl (no codopant), and that this effect is always found, regardless of the conditions of excitation. And finally, we find that the material shows virtually no memory of its previous excitation history (the so-called <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">hysteresis</i> phenomenon), in stark contrast with both conventional CsI:Tl and the corresponding material codoped with Eu. Various aspects of these effects and their dependence on the concentrations of the dopants are also discussed.
The role of actin filaments and microtubules in hepatocyte spheroid self-assembly (2001)

Cultured rat hepatocytes self-assemble into three-dimensional structures or spheroids that exhibit ultrastructural characteristics of native hepatic tissue and enhanced liver-specific functions. The spheroid formation process involves cell translocation and changes in cell shape, indicative of the reorganization of the cytoskeletal elements. To elucidate the function of the cytoskeleton, hepatocytes undergoing spheroid formation were treated with drugs that disrupt the different cytoskeletal components. Cytochalasin D, which targets the actin filaments, caused inhibition of spheroid formation. The role of microtubules in this process was assessed by incubating the cells with taxol or nocodazole. Perturbation of microtubules had minimal effects on spheroid assembly. Scanning electron micrographs showed no morphological differences between spheroids formed in control cultures and those formed in the presence of taxol or nocodazole. In addition, the effects of those agents on hepatocyte functions were investigated. Albumin secretion and cytochrome P450 2B1/2 activities of hepatocytes were comparable in spheroids formed in the presence of taxol or nocodazole to those formed in control cultures. The levels of these liver-specific activities were lower in cytochalasin D--treated cultures where only dispersed cells or cell clumps were found but spheroids had not found. Thus, hepatocytes require an intact actin network to self-assemble efficiently into functional tissue-like structures. Perturbation of the microtubule lattice does not impair the formation process. Events that transpire during hepatocyte spheroid self-assembly exhibit striking similarities to processes commonly observed in tissue morphogenesis. The results provide insight into the mechanisms that cells employ to organize into tissues and can contribute to our understanding of how to control the cellular assembly in tissue engineering and clinical applications.
Failure of a subunit bovine herpesvirus 1 vaccine to protect against experimental respiratory disease in calves. (1981)

In two experiments in which 31 calves were used, a bovine herpesvirus 1 subunit vaccine previously shown to elicit a strong immunological response in adult cattle failed to do so in younger animals and failed to protect against pneumonia caused by sequential exposure to virulent bovine herpesvirus 1 and Pasteurella haemolytica aerosols. One of the experimental groups had been previously inoculated with a live commercial vaccine but even this failed to elicit a strong immunological response. These results indicate that the calves were in a refractory state when immunized and may explain why similar vaccine failures occur in the field.
Crystal structure of the hydroxylase component of methane monooxygenase fromMethylosinus trichosporiumOB3b (1997)

Methane monooxygenase (MMO), found in aerobic methanotrophic bacteria, catalyzes the O2-dependent conversion of methane to methanol. The soluble form of the enzyme (sMMO) consists of three components: a reductase, a regulatory "B" component (MMOB), and a hydroxylase component (MMOH), which contains a hydroxo-bridged dinuclear iron cluster. Two genera of methanotrophs, termed Type X and Type II, which differ markedly in cellular and metabolic characteristics, are known to produce the sMMO. The structure of MMOH from the Type X methanotroph Methylococcus capsulatus Bath (MMO Bath) has been reported recently. Two different structures were found for the essential diiron cluster, depending upon the temperature at which the diffraction data were collected. In order to extend the structural studies to the Type II methanotrophs and to determine whether one of the two known MMOH structures is generally applicable to the MMOH family, we have determined the crystal structure of the MMOH from Type II Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b (MMO OB3b) in two crystal forms to 2.0 A resolution, respectively, both determined at 18 degrees C. The crystal forms differ in that MMOB was present during crystallization of the second form. Both crystal forms, however, yielded very similar results for the structure of the MMOH. Most of the major structural features of the MMOH Bath were also maintained with high fidelity. The two irons of the active site cluster of MMOH OB3b are bridged by two OH (or one OH and one H2O), as well as both carboxylate oxygens of Glu alpha 144. This bis-mu-hydroxo-bridged "diamond core" structure, with a short Fe-Fe distance of 2.99 A, is unique for the resting state of proteins containing analogous diiron clusters, and is very similar to the structure reported for the cluster from flash frozen (-160 degrees C) crystals of MMOH Bath, suggesting a common active site structure for the soluble MMOHs. The high-resolution structure of MMOH OB3b indicates 26 consecutive amino acid sequence differences in the beta chain when compared to the previously reported sequence inferred from the cloned gene. Fifteen additional sequence differences distributed randomly over the three chains were also observed, including D alpha 209E, a ligand of one of the irons.
Kinetic Analysis of Sequential Multistep Reactions (2007)

Many processes in biology and chemistry involve multistep reactions or transitions. The kinetic data associated with these reactions are manifested by superpositions of exponential decays that are often difficult to dissect. Two major challenges have hampered the kinetic analysis of multistep chemical reactions: (1) reliable and unbiased determination of the number of reaction steps, and (2) stable reconstruction of the distribution of kinetic rate constants. Here, we introduce two numerically stable integral transformations to solve these two challenges. The first transformation enables us to deduce the number of rate-limiting steps from kinetic measurements, even when each step has arbitrarily distributed rate constants. The second transformation allows us to reconstruct the distribution of rate constants in the multistep reaction using the phase function approach, without fitting the data. We demonstrate the stability of the two integral transformations by both analytic proofs and numerical tests. These new methods will help provide robust and unbiased kinetic analysis for many complex chemical and biochemical reactions.
Pattern Recognition: Statistical, Structural and Neural Approaches (1991)

STATISTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION (StatPR). Supervised Learning (Training) Using Parametric and Nonparametric Approaches. Linear Discriminant Functions and the Discrete and Binary Feature Cases. Unsupervised Learning and Clustering. SYNTACTIC PATTERN RECOGNITION (SyntPR). Overview. Syntactic Recognition via Parsing and Other Grammars. Graphical Approaches to SyntPR. Learning via Grammatical Inference. NEURAL PATTERN RECOGNITION (NeurPR). Introduction to Neural Networks. Introduction to Neural Pattern Associators and Matrix Approaches. Feedforward Networks and Training by Backpropagation. Content Addressable Memory Approaches and Unsupervised Learning in NeurPR. Appendices. References. Permission Source Notes. Index.
Oral vaccination. Identification of classes of proteins that provoke an immune response upon oral feeding. (1988)

Oral immunization of an animal is generally hard to achieve unless large quantities of antigen are administered. In this study a number of antigens were tested for their ability to elicit a systemic immune response upon oral administration. It was found that bacterial pili, LTB, lectins, and a viral hemagglutinin were all able to elicit significant antibody titers upon oral feeding. The immune response thus generated to LTB and K99 pili could be completely abolished by cofeeding a number of sugars that have close structural homology to the terminal sugars of the GM1 and GM2 gangliosides to which these molecules are known to bind. All of the proteins that were active in oral immunization are known to possess "lectin or lectin-like" binding activities. It is therefore proposed that these molecules are able to bind to glycolipids and glycoproteins on the intestinal mucosa and to stimulate these cells to transport the proteins into the systemic circulation, thereby eliciting a systemic immune response. Molecules that did not possess this binding activity were unable to elicit significant responses at the doses tested.
Optogenetic control of epileptiform activity (2009)

The optogenetic approach to gain control over neuronal excitability both in vitro and in vivo has emerged as a fascinating scientific tool to explore neuronal networks, but it also opens possibilities for developing novel treatment strategies for neurologic conditions. We have explored whether such an optogenetic approach using the light-driven halorhodopsin chloride pump from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpHR), modified for mammalian CNS expression to hyperpolarize central neurons, may inhibit excessive hyperexcitability and epileptiform activity. We show that a lentiviral vector containing the NpHR gene under the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIalpha promoter transduces principal cells of the hippocampus and cortex and hyperpolarizes these cells, preventing generation of action potentials and epileptiform activity during optical stimulation. This study proves a principle, that selective hyperpolarization of principal cortical neurons by NpHR is sufficient to curtail paroxysmal activity in transduced neurons and can inhibit stimulation train-induced bursting in hippocampal organotypic slice cultures, which represents a model tissue of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. This study demonstrates that the optogenetic approach may prove useful for controlling epileptiform activity and opens a future perspective to develop it into a strategy to treat epilepsy.
Induction of Phytoalexin Synthesis in Plants Following Microbial Infection or Treatment with Elicitors (1984)

Plants are exposed to a large number of microorganisms in their natural environment. Although severe damages may be caused by microbial pests under unfavorable conditions, normally plants successfully resist attempted infections. Effective defence mechanisms have evolved in plants which secure their survival in the presence of these challenges. It is now evident that resistance mechanisms of plants are effective at different levels in host-parasite interactions including preformed physical and chemical defence barriers as well as defences triggered by the invader (1). These mechanisms probably often act coordinately during restriction of microbial invasion.
Design of bidirectional communication systems with optical amplifiers (1993)

The performances of four different configurations implementing bidirectional communication systems with erbium-doped fiber optical amplifiers in a 622-Mb/s IM/DD system are compared. The transmission span and the tolerance to variation in link attenuations (attenuation margin) are studied as a function of the amplifiers' position in the link. Operating the amplifiers slightly into saturation (0.4 dB) turns the configurations robust with respect to changes in link attenuations (4.0-dB improvement in the tolerable increase of attenuation, for a span of 76.9 dB).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Molecular Staging of Epithelial Maturation Using Secretory Cell–Specific Genes as Markers (2008)

Bronchiolar Clara cells undergo phenotypic changes during development and in disease. These changes are poorly described due to a paucity of molecular markers. We used chemical and transgenic approaches to ablate Clara cells, allowing identification of their unique gene expression profile. Flavin monooxygenase 3 (Fmo3), paraoxonase 1 (Pon1), aldehyde oxidase 3 (Aox3), and claudin 10 (Cldn10) were identified as novel Clara cell markers. New and existing Clara cell marker genes were categorized into three classes based on their unique developmental expression pattern. Cldn10 was uniformly expressed in the epithelium at Embryonic Day (E)14.5 and became restricted to secretory cells at E18.5. This transition was defined by induction of CCSP. Maturation of secretory cells was associated with progressive increases in the expression of Fmo3, Pon1, Aox3, and Cyp2f2 between late embryonic and postnatal periods. Messenger RNA abundance of all categories of genes was dramatically decreased after naphthalene-induced airway injury, and displayed a sequence of temporal induction during repair that suggested sequential secretory cell maturation. We have defined a broader repertoire of Clara cell-specific genes that allows staging of epithelial maturation during development and repair.
An Overview of Current Cytochrome P450 Technology for Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of New Materials (1996)

Studies of xenobiotic biotransformation by in vitro techniques are destined to play an increasingly important role in assessing the safety and efficacy of drugs and other new chemical entities. The first part of this article summarizes some of the in vitro techniques that have been developed to evaluate xenobiotics as inducers of liver microsomal cytochrome P450. The second part provides an overview of reaction phenotyping, an in vitro technology for determining which human P450 enzyme or enzymes are involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics.
Interaction of MutS Protein with the Major and Minor Grooves of a Heteroduplex DNA (1997)

Thermus aquaticus MutS protein is a DNA mismatch repair protein that recognizes and binds to heteroduplex DNAs containing mispaired or unpaired bases. Using enzymatic and chemical probe methods, we have examined the binding of Taq MutS protein to a heteroduplex DNA having a single unpaired thymidine residue. DNase I footprinting identifies a symmetrical region of protection 24-28 nucleotides long centered on the unpaired base. Methylation protection and interference studies establish that Taq MutS protein makes contacts with the major groove of the heteroduplex in the immediate vicinity of the unpaired base. Hydroxyl radical and 1, 10-phenanthroline-copper footprinting experiments indicate that MutS also interacts with the minor groove near the unpaired base. Together with the identification of key phosphate groups detected by ethylation interference, these data reveal critical contact points residing in the major and minor grooves of the heteroduplex DNA.
Antimitotic natural products and their interactions with tubulin (1996)

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Advances in thrombolytics and mechanical devices for treatment of acute ischemic stroke (2005)

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability. Recently, there have been advances in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke aimed at re-establishing blood flow to the affected area in an effort to save the ischemic penumbra surrounding the area of infarction. This is achieved by the use of thrombolytics intravenously or intra-arterially. The use of mechanical devices facilitates the function of pharmacological agents used in addition to minimizing the associated risks. In this review, we first discuss the therapeutic potentials and strategies employed in using different thrombolytics in management of acute ischemic stroke. Subsequently, we discuss the recent advances and therapeutic applications of mechanical devices in this field.
Molecular cloning of the glucoamylase gene of Aspergillus shirousami and its expression in Aspergillus oryzae. (1990)

The glucoamylase enzyme (GAase) gene from Aspergillus shirousami was cloned and sequenced from genomic and cDNA libraries. The genomic gene was located in the 5.4 kb EcoRI fragment. The deduced amino acid sequence of GAase contained 639 amino acid residues with a relative molecular mass of approximately 68,000 daltons (non-glycosylated form). The genomic gene of A. shirousami GAase was introduced into Aspergillus oryzae. These transformants had increased GAase and raw starch degradation (RSD) activity in culture media and in rice-koji extracts. Analysis by Southern, Northern, SDS-PAGE, and Western blot techniques confirmed the foreign gene was correctly transcribed, translated, and expressed in A. oryzae.
Influence of Tołpa Peat Preparation on haemostasis in rats. (1993)

The influence of Tołpa Peat Preparation (TPP) on certain parameters of haemostasis was studied. The present results indicate that TPP (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg p.o.) had no influence on the bleeding time, clotting time, thrombin time, prothrombin time, kaolin-kephalin time, euglobulin lysis time, the concentration of fibrinogen, the platelet count and ADP-induced platelet aggregation. No changes in animals after long-term treatment with TPP (100 mg/kg for two weeks) were found either. In in vitro studies TPP given in concentrations 10(-5), 10(-4), 10(-3) and 10(-2) g/cm3 was used and certain changes of the studied parameters, probably caused by the presence of high salt content in this substance, were observed.
TSH RECEPTOR ANTIBODY INDUCTION OF THYROGLOBULIN RELEASE FROM HUMAN THYROID CELL MONOLAYERS (1986)

We investigated the influence of TSH receptor antibody (TRA), as detected by inhibition of 125I-bTSH binding to detergent solubilized porcine TSH receptors, on in-vitro thyroglobulin (hTg) production using normal thyroid cells in monolayer. Secretion of hTg into the culture medium was analysed by a non-competitive enzyme immunosorbent (ELISA) technique utilizing two murine monoclonal antibodies. Basal hTg release (mean +/- SD 124 +/- 27 ng/10(5) cells/6 d, n = 5) was stimulated by bTSH (10, 10(2), 10(3) microU/ml) in a dose related manner (mean +/- SD 191 +/- 24, 587 +/- 80, 695 +/- 66 ng/10(5) cells/6 d, respectively). IgG (2 mg/ml) from seven patients with hyperthyroid Graves' disease, and known titres of TRA, similarly enhanced production of hTg, in a dose and time-dependent manner, when compared to control IgG. The degree of induction varied from a 140-230% increase in total hTg release over a 6-day incubation period. There was a direct correlation between the degree of 125I-bTSH binding inhibitory activity and the hTg response (r = 0.9, P less than 0.01). These data demonstrate that TSH receptor antibodies enhance hTg release from human thyroid cell monolayers and allow an assessment to be made of antibody-activated post receptor mechanisms.
Abnormal immune response to brain tissue antigen in the syndrome of autism (1982)

Cell-mediated immune response to human myelin basic protein was studied by the macrophage migration inhibition factor test in 17 autistic patients and a control group of 11 patients suffering from other mental diseases included in the differential diagnosis of the syndrome of autism. Of the 17 autistic patients, 13 demonstrated inhibition of macrophage migration, whereas none of the nonautistic patients showed such a response. The results indicate the existence of a cell-mediated immune response to brain tissue in the syndrome of autism.