gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Studies of Ceria as Electrode Material for Sensing and Biosensing Applications (2008)

This work presents electrochemical studies of ceria as an electrode material and describes new possibilities of exploring the unique catalytic and redox properties of this material for the development of a simple enzymeless sensor for the determination of and for biosensor manufacturing. The investigation of the electrocatalytic activity of ceria toward the oxidation and reduction of hydrogen peroxide was first carried out using cyclic voltammetry in alkaline and neutral conditions. A possible reaction mechanism was suggested involving different cerium oxidation states and reactive species. The ceria-based sensor resulted in rapid, sensitive, and accurate measurement of , with a response time of less than 10 s, a detection limit of 98 nM, and a sensitivity of . This material provided a biocompatible matrix for the immobilization of glucose oxidase and facilitated direct electron transfer between its active center and the electrode surface, with an electron-transfer rate constant of and a surface coverage of . This study introduces ceria as electrode material for sensing and biosensing applications.
Scientific thought and victorian fiction (2013)

It is no gainsaying the truth that science has since time immemorial been influencing man's thought and literature immensely in various ways. Right from the sixteenth century and from the earlier ages, when science surreptitiously stamped its first impact on literature, to the nineteenth century and beyond, while science was steadily endeavouring to reach its ne plus ultra, human thinking has tremendously been vitalized, even to the extent of a volte face, by scientific achievements. But its impact during the sixteenth century onward up to the present is more clearly discernible than during the fifteenth century and earlier periods. Literature in all its branches, especially the fiction, is more influenced by science during the Victorian era than during the preceding ages, and with the involvement of history of religion, metaphysics, ethics, traditional orthodoxies, mechanical and industrial civilization, , to a significant extent, during this epoch, the fictional and poetical recalcitrance alike succumbs to scientific curiosity and temper as reverently as innocent tyro used to do to an old pedagogue.. Consequently, the Victorian fiction, especially of the sixties, seventies and eighties, has a direct scientific bearing on tone and temperament, leaving ample traces of a marked drift in theme, technique and diction from the preceding ages.
Repair of degraded duplex DNA from prehistoric samples using Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and T4 DNA ligase (1998)

The most notable feature of DNA extracted from prehistoric material is that it is of poor quality. Amplification of PCR products from such DNA is consequently an exception. Here we present a simple method for the repair of degraded duplex DNA using the enzymes Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I and T4 DNA ligase. Adjacent sequences separated by nicks do not split up into intact strands during the denaturation step of PCR. Thus the target DNA is refractory to amplification. The proposed repair of nicked, fragmented ancient DNA results in an increase of amplification efficiency, such that the correct base order of the respective nuclear DNA segment can be obtained.
The therapeutic effects of sodium cromoglycate against influenza A virus H5N1 in mice (2015)

These results suggest that SCG has therapeutic roles in H5N1 virus-infected mice by alleviating the inflammatory response rather than inhibition of viral replication in the lungs.
Cortisol Inhibits the Synthesis of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in Skeletal Cells* (1990)

Supraphysiological levels of cortisol inhibit bone cell replication and matrix synthesis, but its mechanism of action is unknown and could be secondary to an inhibition of local growth factor synthesis. These inhibitory effects of cortisol are the converse of the observed anabolic influences of the endogenously produced insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I); therefore, cortisol was examined for its effect on the production of IGF-I in osteoblast (Ob)- and fibroblast/preosteoblast-enriched cell cultures prepared from fetal rat parietal bone. Synthesis of IGF-I was monitored by Northern blot analysis to determine steady state IGF-I mRNA levels and by an IGF-I-specific RIA to quantitate polypeptide levels in acidified and fractionated culture medium. Cortisol at 100 nM decreased IGF-I transcript levels by 60% or more in Ob cultures within 6 h of treatment, and the concentration of immunoreactive IGF-I by 50% after 24 h; these effects were observed in the absence of a change in cellular DNA content. In Ob cultures, PTH at 10 nM increased IGF-I transcripts at 6 h and polypeptide levels at 24 h by 2.5- and 4.1-fold, respectively, and cortisol opposed this effect. The inhibitory effect of cortisol was not specific for the Ob cell population, since at 100 nM it also decreased IGF-I transcript and immunoreactive IGF-I levels in fibroblast/preosteoblast cultures and opposed the stimulation of IGF-I synthesis after treatment with 100 ng/ml GH. In conclusion, high levels of cortisol decrease skeletal IGF-I synthesis by reducing IGF-I transcript levels, and this effect probably contributes to the inhibitory influence of cortisol on bone formation.
Synthesis of loop-free programs (2011)

We consider the problem of synthesizing loop-free programs that implement a desired functionality using components from a given library. Specifications of the desired functionality and the library components are provided as logical relations between their respective input and output variables. The library components can be used at most once, and hence the library is required to contain a reasonable overapproximation of the multiset of the components required. We solve the above component-based synthesis problem using a constraint-based approach that involves first generating a synthesis constraint, and then solving the constraint. The synthesis constraint is a first-order ∃∀ logic formula whose size is quadratic in the number of components. We present a novel algorithm for solving such constraints. Our algorithm is based on counterexample guided iterative synthesis paradigm and uses off-the-shelf SMT solvers. We present experimental results that show that our tool Brahma can efficiently synthesize highly nontrivial 10-20 line loop-free bitvector programs. These programs represent a state space of approximately 20 10 programs, and are beyond the reach of the other tools based on sketching and superoptimization.
Monosize polystyrene latices carrying functional groups on their surfaces (1994)

Abstract In this study, monosized polystyrene (PS) latices were prepared by dispersion polymerization of styrene in isopropanol‐water media using poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as a steric stabilizer and 2,2′‐azobisizobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The effects of initiator and stabilizer concentrations, alcohol/water and monomer/dispersion medium ratio on the polymerization kinetics, and the size and monodispersity of PS latices were experimented with in a stirred reactor system. Monosize PS beads in the size range of 1.0–3.0 μm were obtained. The PS latex obtained in the first step having a diameter of 2.3 μm were used as the seed latex, and styrene/acrylate monomers, acrylic acid (AA), 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) were copolymerized onto the PS latex particles. The incorporation of functional groups to the surface and bulk structure of PS was confirmed by IR, FTIR, XPS, and zeta potential measurements. © 1994 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Therapeutic targeting of c-KIT in cancer (2012)

Analysis of KIT mutations in individual patients is an essential prerequisite to the use of kinase inhibitors for therapy, and monitoring for development of secondary mutations that confer drug resistance is necessary. However, it is unlikely that KIT inhibitors alone can lead to cure. KIT mutations alone do not seem to be sufficient for transformation; thus identification and co-targeting of synergistic oncogenic pathways should lead to improved outcomes.
Universally immunogenic T cell epitopes: promiscuous binding to human MHC class II and promiscuous recognition by T cells (1989)

To understand the effect of human MHC class II polymorphism on antigen recognition, we analyzed the memory T cell response to three tetanus toxin epitopes defined by three short synthetic peptides (p2, p4 and p30). We found that p2 and p30 are universally immunogenic, since they are recognized by all primed donors, irrespective of their MHC haplotypes. The analysis of specific clones indicates that both peptides are very promiscuous in their capacity to bind to class II. p30 can be recognized in association with DRw11(5), 7, 9 and with DPw2 and DPw4, while p2 can be recognized in association with DR1, DRw15(2), DRw18 (3), DR4Dw4, DRw11(5), DRw13(w6), DR7, DRw8, DR9, DRw52a and DRw52b. On the contrary, the third peptide, p4, can be recognized by only half of the donors in association with only DRw52a and DRw52c. Analysis of truncated peptides shows that p30 contains three distinct epitopes, each recognized in association with different class II molecules. Therefore, the restriction specificity is already set at the level of the peptide-MHC complex and, in all cases, T cells discriminate p30 bound to different class II molecules. On the contrary, p2 contains only one epitope, which is recognized in association with all DR molecules. In this case we found two different restriction patterns. Some clones are monogamous, since they recognize the peptide in association with one DR allele, while others are promiscuous, since they recognize by peptide in association with several different DR molecules. Thus, in this case, the restriction specificity is also set at the level of the T cell receptor. We suggest that both the promiscuous binding of peptides and the promiscuous recognition by T cells are dependent on the particular structure of the DR molecules, having a monomorphic alpha chain associated with a polymorphic beta chain.
Camera/Mobile Phone Source Identification for Digital Forensics (2007)

Digital forensics has lately become one of the very important applications to identify the characteristics and the originality of the digital devices. This study has focused on analyzing the relationship between digital cameras and the photographs by using the support vector machine (SVM). Based on the fact that the internal imaging formation algorithms of the cameras are different from one manufacturer to another, our approach first calculates the characteristic values of the images taken by different cameras in conjunction with image processing techniques and data exploration methods. The training and categorization procedures of the image characteristic values are further conducted through SVM to identify the source camera of the images. Based on SVM's ability to distinguish cameras of different brands, this study also examines whether the method can differentiate cameras of the same brand, or even the popular mobile phones with camera. The experiment results demonstrate that our approach can achieve higher identification rate for camera and mobile phone sources than the results from other literatures.
A type system for an object-oriented database system (2002)

A type system is presented with strong typing and static type checking that is not yet well supported in most existing object-oriented database systems. A subtyping rule is defined for correctly structuring the inheritance hierarchy of the types. Based on the subtyping, a number of type inference rules are defined. They can be used by the type system to statically determine the types of the query results and whether a given application program is type correct.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
An Antiparallel α-Helical Coiled-Coil Model System for Rapid Assessment of Side-Chain Recognition at the Hydrophobic Interface (2006)

Both parallel and antiparallel alpha-helical coiled-coil dimers are common among proteins; however, biophysical scrutiny has focused almost entirely on parallel dimers. We describe the development of a model system that enables efficient and systematic analysis of hydrophobic packing between antiparallel alpha-helices. Our findings reveal significant differences in packing preferences between parallel and antiparallel coiled-coils.
Vascular Permeability, Blood Pressure, and Organ Damage in Primary Hypertension (2008)

Sub-clinical organ damage is a strong independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in primary hypertension, and its changes over time parallel those in risk of cardiovascular events. A better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the development of target organ damage may help us devise more effective therapeutic strategies. We therefore investigated the relationship between the presence of organ damage and some of its potential determinants, such as blood pressure severity and early atherosclerotic abnormalities. Thirty-seven untreated, non-diabetic hypertensive patients were enrolled. Target organ damage was assessed by albuminuria and left ventricular mass index; systemic vascular permeability was evaluated by transcapillary escape rate of albumin (TERalb); and blood pressure was measured by 24h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The albumin-to-creatinine ratio and left ventricular mass index were directly related to TERalb (r = 0.48, p = 0.003 and r = 0.39, p < 0.020, respectively) and 24-h systolic blood pressure values (r = 0.54, p < 0.001; r = 0.60, p < 0.001). The simultaneous occurrence of increased blood pressure load and TERalb was associated with higher left ventricular mass index values (p = 0.012) and entailed an increased risk of having at least one sign of damage (chi2 = 17.4; p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of presenting at least one sign of organ damage increased more than ten-fold when TERalb was above the median and more than five-fold with each 10 mmHg increase in 24-h systolic blood pressure. Blood pressure load and vascular permeability are potentially modifiable factors that are independently associated with the occurrence of sub-clinical signs of renal and cardiac damage in hypertensive patients.
Genetic and Environmental Variation in β‐Glucan Content and Quality Parameters of Barley for Food (1996)

High β‐glucan content is desirable in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) for many food uses. The effects of environment, head type, and starch‐hull type on total β‐glucan and protein content, extract viscosity, and seed color in barley were tested. Barley cultivars varying in head (two row and six row), starch (normal, waxy, high‐amylose, and fractured), and hull (covered and hull‐less) phenotypes were grown in single‐row plots at one location front 1989 to 1991. Higher mean β‐glucan content and extract viscosity occurred in 1989, a low‐moisture, hot year. Cultivars with the two‐row and six‐row head type did not differ for any of the traits analyzed. Waxy hull‐less cultivars had the highest mean β‐glucan content (69.3 g/kg) and extract viscosity (29.1 cP) compared with the normal covered cultivars (38.0 g/kg and 4.6 cP, respectively). Single degree‐of‐freedom contrasts found differences between normal starch and waxy starch isotypes consistent among the background genotypes (‘Azhul’, ‘Betzes’, ‘Bowman’, ‘Robust’). Dietary fiber analysis of selected samples grown in 1990 found the highest soluble fiber content in cultivars having waxy or high amylose starch and hull‐less seed. In a separate experiment, ‘Wanubet’, a waxy hull‐less cultivar, was grown in 42 commercial fields from 1989 to 1991. β‐Glucan content varied from 45.5 to 94.6 g/kg, extract viscosity from 8.9 to 108.2 cP, and protein content from 98.0 to 186.0 g/kg. Seed color varied but was unrelated to these components. The significant effect of environment on all of the characteristics indicates the need for food barley quality standards and tests.
Tregitope Peptides: The Ac tive Pharmaceutical Ingredient of IVIG? (2013)

Five years ago, we reported the identification and characterization of several regulatory T-cell epitopes (now called Tregitopes) that were discovered in the heavy and light chains of IgG (De Groot et al. Blood, 2008). When added ex vivo to human PBMCs, these Tregitopes activated regulatory T cells (Tregs), increased expression of the transcription factor FoxP3, and induced IL- 10 expression in CD4+ T cells. We have now shown that coadministration of the Tregitopes in vivo, in a number of different murine models of autoimmune disease, can suppress immune responses to antigen in an antigen-specific manner, and that this response is mediated by Tregs. In addition we have shown that, although these are generally promiscuous epitopes, the activity of individual Tregitope peptides is restricted by HLA. In this brief report, we provide an overview of the effects of Tregitopes in vivo, discuss potential applications, and suggest that Tregitopes may represent one of the “active pharmaceutical ingredients” of IVIg. Tregitope applications may include any of the autoimmune diseases that are currently treated almost exclusively with intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG), such as Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) and Multifocal Motor Neuropathy (MMN), as well as gene therapy and allergy where Tregitopes may provide ameans of inducing antigen-specific tolerance.
Sequence Analysis of the actA Gene of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Human (1998)

The region encoding proline-rich units of actA genes was amplified from 24 strains of Listeria monocytogenes using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products of 13 strains showed the expected size of 623 bp, whereas those of 11 strains showed a short size of 518 bp. The shortening of these PCR products resulted from the deletion of one proline-rich unit. These results indicate that ActA proteins are divided into at least two different types which are unrelated to bacterial serotypes.
Control of Endothelial Targeting and Intracellular Delivery of Therapeutic Enzymes by Modulating the Size and Shape of ICAM-1-targeted Carriers (2008)

Endocytosis in endothelial cells (ECs) is important for many biomedical applications, including drug delivery by nano- and microscale carriers. However, little is known about how carrier geometry influences endothelial drug targeting, intracellular trafficking, and effects. We studied this using prototype polymer carriers of various sizes (0.1-10 mum) and shapes (spheres versus elliptical disks). Carriers were targeted to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), a transmembrane glycoprotein that is upregulated in many pathologies and used as a target for intraendothelial drug delivery. ECs internalized anti-ICAM-coated carriers of up to several microns in size via cell adhesion molecule-mediated endocytosis. This pathway is distinct from caveolar and clathrin endocytosis that operate for submicron-size objects. Carrier geometry was found to influence endothelial targeting in the vasculature, and the rate of endocytosis and lysosomal transport within ECs. Disks had longer half-lives in circulation and higher targeting specificity in mice, whereas spheres were endocytosed more rapidly. Micron-size carriers had prolonged residency in prelysosomal compartments, beneficial for endothelial antioxidant protection by delivered catalase. Submicron carriers trafficked to lysosomes more readily, optimizing effects of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) enzyme replacement in a model of lysosomal storage disease. Therefore, rational design of carrier geometry will help optimize endothelium-targeted therapeutics.
Functional expression and RNA binding analysis of the interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated, 68,000-Mr protein kinase in a cell-free system. (1991)

Eukaryotic viruses have devised numerous strategies to downregulate activity of the interferon-induced, double-stranded (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (referred to as p68 on the basis of its Mr of 68,000 in human cells). Viruses must exert this control to avoid extensive phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) by p68 and the resultant negative effects on protein synthesis initiation. To begin to define the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation, we optimized expression of p68 in an in vitro transcription-translation system utilizing the full-length cDNA clone. The in vitro-expressed kinase was autophosphorylated in response to dsRNAs and heparin in a manner similar to that for the native p68 provided that the kinase inhibitor, 2-aminopurine, was present during the in vitro translation reaction. Further, the activated kinase efficiently phosphorylated its natural substrate, the alpha subunit of eIF-2. Binding experiments revealed that the expressed kinase complexed with the dsRNA activator, reovirus dsRNA, as well as the adenovirus-encoded inhibitor, VAI RNA. Interestingly, both the reovirus RNAs and VAI RNA also complexed with protein kinase molecules that lacked the carboxyl terminus and all catalytic domains. Deletion analysis confirmed that the p68 amino terminus contained critical determinants for reovirus dsRNA and VAI RNA binding. Further, reovirus dsRNA efficiently bound to, but failed to activate, p68 kinase molecules containing a single amino acid substitution in the invariant lysine 295 present in catalytic domain II. Taken together, these data demonstrate that this expression system permits a detailed mutagenic analysis of the regions of p68 required for interaction with virus-encoded activators and repressors.
Bandwidth scaling for fading multipath channels (2002)

We show that very large bandwidths on fading multipath channels cannot be effectively utilized by spread-spectrum systems that (in a particular sense) spread the available power uniformly over both time and frequency. The approach is to express the input process as an expansion in an orthonormal set of functions each localized in time and frequency. The fourth moment of each coefficient in this expansion is then uniformly constrained. We show that such a constraint forces the mutual information to 0 inversely with increasing bandwidth. Simply constraining the second moment of these coefficients does not achieve this effect. The results suggest strongly that conventional direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems do not scale well to extremely large bandwidths. To illustrate how the interplay between channel estimation and symbol detection affects capacity, we present results for a specific channel and CDMA signaling scheme.
Defect Formation during High Pressure, Low Temperature Steam Oxidation of Silicon (1978)

A series of experiments have been carried out to characterize the perfection of silicon wafers oxidized in an accelerated manner at 700°C and 20 atm steam, All experiments were performed using 3 in. diam wafers. High pressure steam oxidations of (100) and (111) oriented silicon, both n and p type, resulted in suppression of oxidation‐induced stacking faults for all thicknesses studied (up to 5 μm oxide). Some wafers were subjected to normal 1 atm steam oxidations to produce stacking faults and subsequently steam oxidized at high pressure to study the behavior of these preexisting stacking faults. Results showed some shrinkage, but less than might be expected based solely on the consumption of silicon. Capacitance transient measurements have been made on the high pressure steam‐oxidized samples and compared to wafers treated at higher temperatures at 1 atm. The defect‐state concentration after high pressure steam oxidation was found to be nearly identical to the preoxidation condition.