gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional quasi‐linear electromagnetic inversion (1996)

One of the most challenging problems of electromagnetic (EM) geophysical methods is developing three‐dimensional (3‐D) EM inversion techniques. This problem is of utmost importance in practical applications because of the 3‐D nature of the geological structures. The main difficulties in 3‐D inversion are related to (1) limitations of 3‐D forward modeling codes available and (2) ill‐posedness of the inversion procedures in general. The multidimensional EM inversion techniques existing today can handle only simple models and typically are very time consuming. We developed a new approach to a rapid 3‐D EM inversion. The forward scattering problem is solved using a new quasi linear (QL) approximation of the existing integral equation algorithms, developed for various sources of excitation. The QL approximation for forward modeling is based on the assumption that the anomalous field is linearly related to the normal field in the inhomogeneous domain by an electrical reflectivity tensor. We introduce also a modified material property tensor which is linearly proportional to the reflectivity tensor and the complex anomalous conductivity. The QL approximation generates a linear equation with respect to the modified material property tensor. The solution of this equation is called “a quasi‐Born inversion”. We apply the Tikhonov regularization for the stable solution of this problem. The next step of the inversion includes correction of the results of the quasi Born inversion: after determining a modified material property tensor, we use the electrical reflectivity tensor to evaluate the anomalous conductivity. Thus the developed inversion scheme reduces the original nonlinear inverse problem to a set of linear inverse problems, which is why we call this approach “a QL inversion”. Synthetic examples (with and without random noise) of inversion demonstrate that the algorithm for inverting 3‐D EM data is fast and stable.
Presence of heparan sulfate in the glomerular basement membrane (1979)

The glomerular basement membrane was subjected to digestion with specific enzymes to determine the chemical nature (sialoglycoproteins, collagenous peptides, or glycosaminoglycans) of the anionic sites previously demonstrated in the laminae rarae. Enzyme digestion was carried out both in situ and in vitro. Kidneys were perfused in situ with enzyme solutions followed by perfusion with fixative containing the cationic dye, ruthenium red, to detect the anionic sites. Glomerular basement membranes were isolated by detergent treatment of glomeruli and incubated with enzyme solutions, followed by incubation with cationized ferritin (pI 7.3-7.5) to label the anionic sites. Only highly purified enzymes free of proteolytic activity were used. The findings were the same both in situ and in vitro. The anionic sites were unaffected by treatment with neuraminidase, chondroitinase ABC, and testicular or leech hyaluronidase. However, they could no longer be demonstrated after digestion with crude heparinase, purified heparitinase, or Pronase or after nitrous acid oxidation. The results demonstrate that the sites contain heparan sulfate since they are removed by treatment with heparitinase and by nitrous acid oxidation-procedures specific for heparan sulfate; and that sialoglycoproteins or other glycosaminoglycans do not represent major components of these sites since the latter are not affected by digestion with neuraminidase and other glycosaminoglycan-specific enzymes. Identical findings were obtained on basement membranes in other locations (Bowman's capsule, tubule epithelium, and endothelium of peritubular capillaries). The presence of heparan sulfate in the glomerular basement membrane is discussed in relation to the charge-selective properties of the glomerular filter and in relation to its potential involvement in various types of glomerular injury.
New Transparent Methylsilsesquioxane Aerogels and Xerogels with Improved Mechanical Properties (2007)

Transparent organic–inorganic hybrid aerogels and xerogels are prepared by using a sol–gel synthesis from a single trifunctional precursor, methyltrimethoxysilane (see figure). Obtained aerogels show a reversible shrinkage–recovery response against uniaxial compression. Aerogel-like xerogels are successfully obtained by evaporation drying under ambient pressure because the gels recover from the temporal shrinkage caused by the capillary force of a drying solvent. Pore properties and nanotextures are well-preserved in the resultant xerogels.
Asymmetric Cell Kinetics Genes: The Key to Expansion of Adult Stem Cells in Culture (2002)

A singular challenge in stem cell research today is the expansion and propagation of functional adult stem cells. Unlike embryonic stem cells, which are immortal in culture, adult stem cells are notorious for the difficulty encountered when attempts are made to expand them in culture. One overlooked reason for this difficulty may be the inherent asymmetric cell kinetics of stem cells in postnatal somatic tissues. Senescence is the expected fate of a culture whose growth depends on adult stem cells that divide with asymmetric cell kinetics. Therefore, the bioengineering of strategies to expand adult stem cells in culture requires knowledge of cellular mechanisms that control asymmetric cell kinetics. The properties of several genes recently implicated to function in a cellular pathway(s) that regulates asymmetric cell kinetics are discussed. Understanding the function of these genes in asymmetric cell kinetics mechanisms may be the key that unlocks the adult stem cell expansion problem.
Oxidation of olefins to aldehydes using a palladium–copper catalyst (1993)

Wacker-like catalysts using tert-butyl alcohol as the solvent oxidize terminal olefihs to give unusually high selectivities for aldehydes and also provide some insight into the role of copper and oxygen in Wacker-like reactions.
A validated mouse model for orthotopic bladder cancer using transurethral tumour inoculation and bioluminescence imaging (2007)

We have established and validated a reliable model of orthotopic bladder cancer that can be used to evaluate various methods of intravesical therapy. BLI allows excellent longitudinal surveillance and quantification of tumour burden.
Randomized Double-Blind Study of the Nutritional Efficacy and Bifidogenicity of a New Infant Formula Containing Partially Hydrolyzed Protein, a High β-Palmitic Acid Level, and Nondigestible Oligosaccharides (2003)

When compared with a standard infant formula, the new formula supported satisfactory growth, led to higher counts of bifidobacteria in the feces, produced blood bio-chemical values typical of formula-fed infants, and was well tolerated.
Plastic Transformation of PET Images (1991)

A theory and technique are presented that allow nonlinear resampling of positron emission tomography data to remove nonlinear differences in brain shape. The resampling is determined empirically by a function relating the observed image and a desired template. The validity, reliability, and precision of the plastic transformation are compared with linear rescaling alone, within, and between subjects.
Progression-free survival: An important end point in evaluating therapy for recurrent high-grade gliomas (2008)

The North American Brain Tumor Consortium (NABTC) uses 6-month progression-free survival (6moPFS) as the efficacy end point of therapy trials for adult patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas. In this study, we investigated whether progression status at 6 months predicts survival from that time, implying the potential for prolonged survival if progression could be delayed. We also evaluated earlier time points to determine whether the time of progression assessment alters the strength of the prediction. Data were from 596 patient enrollments (159 with grade III gliomas and 437 with grade IV tumors) in NABTC phase II protocols between February 1998 and December 2002. Outcome was assessed statistically using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models. Median survivals were 39 and 30 weeks for patients with grade III and grade IV tumors, respectively. Twenty-eight percent of patients with grade III and 16% of patients with grade IV tumors had progression-free survival of >26 weeks. Progression status at 9, 18, and 26 weeks predicted survival from those times for patients with grade III or grade IV tumors (p < 0.001 and hazard ratios < 0.5 in all cases). Including KPS, age, number of prior chemotherapies, and response in a multivariate model did not substantively change the results. Progression status at 6 months is a strong predictor of survival, and 6moPFS is a valid end point for trials of therapy for recurrent malignant glioma. Earlier assessments of progression status also predicted survival and may be incorporated in the design of future clinical trials.
ACTION OF PROSTAGLANDIN DEHYDROGENASE INHIBITORS ON PROSTAGLANDIN UPTAKE IN RAT ISOLATED LUNG (1979)

1. The effects of some inhibitors of 15-hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) have been studied on the inactivation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 16, 16-dimethyl PGE2 in rat isolated lung. 2. Bioassay was used to show that the inactivation of PGE2 and its methyl analogue, was inhibited by frusemide (10(-3) M), N-ethyl maleimide (10(-5) M) and 5,5'-dithio-bis-2-nitro-benzoic acid (10(-2) M), but not by caffeine (2.5 x 10(-3) M). 3. The efflux of radioactivity from lung following injection of [14C]-PGE2 was faster in lungs treated with frusemide, N-ethyl maleimide or bromcresol green, than in untreated lungs. 4. Caffeine (10(-3), 10(-2) M) did not change the rate of 14C-efflux from lungs following injection of [14C]-PGE2. 5. From these results it is concluded that those PGDH inhibitors that prevented prostaglandin inactivation in isolated lungs did so by inhibiting uptake of prostaglandin rather than by inhibiting PGDH.
Mutants of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Designed to Inhibit Neutrophil Elastase and Cathepsin G Are More Effective in Vivo than Their Endogenous Inhibitors (2004)

Neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G are abundant intracellular neutrophil proteinases that have an important role in destroying ingested particles. However, when neutrophils degranulate, these proteinases are released and can cause irreparable damage by degrading host connective tissue proteins. Despite abundant endogenous inhibitors, these proteinases are protected from inhibition because of their ability to bind to anionic surfaces. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), which is not an inhibitor of these proteinases, possesses properties that could make it an effective inhibitor of neutrophil proteinases if its specificity could be redirected. PAI-1 efficiently inhibits surface-sequestered proteinases, and it efficiently mediates rapid cellular clearance of PAI-1-proteinase complexes. Therefore, we examined whether PAI-1 could be engineered to inhibit and clear neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G. By introducing specific mutations in the reactive center loop of wild-type PAI-1, we generated PAI-1 mutants that are effective inhibitors of both proteinases. Kinetic analysis shows that the inhibition of neutrophil proteinases by these PAI-1 mutants is not affected by the sequestration of neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G onto surfaces. In addition, complexes of these proteinases and PAI-1 mutants are endocytosed and degraded by lung epithelial cells more efficiently than either the neutrophil proteinases alone or in complex with their physiological inhibitors, alpha1-proteinase inhibitor and alpha1-antichymotrypsin. Finally, the PAI-1 mutants were more effective in reducing the neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G activities in an in vivo model of lung inflammation than were their physiological inhibitors.
Algorithm for Phase-Shift Mask Design with Priority on Shifter Placement (1993)

A systematic approach to assigning aperture phases for the alternate-type phase-shift mask is proposed. Since the alternate-type phase-shift mask requires a 180° phase difference between adjacent apertures, there is the possibility that phase conflicts will arise, thus requiring pattern design modification. As a way to make pattern modification easier, this paper proposes a novel algorithm for successively assigning phases to apertures which are arranged in descending order of pattern design modification difficulty. Relative difficulty can be input by the pattern designer and/or calculated by the system from the pattern features. The system's successive shifter arrangement and phase conflict display is demonstrated on a test pattern.
Dual-beam interference from a lensed multicore fiber and its application to optical trapping (2012)

A multicore all-fiber probe is demonstrated that has been fabricated using an electric arc fusion splicer. Interference of the fiber output when coherent light is coupled into two cores is investigated. The properties of the fringes created when the fiber is probing different media were found to be in general agreement with a beam propagation method simulation. Optical manipulation of microspheres near to the end of the probe is examined and the potential for controlled trapping explored. Polymer microspheres with diameters of 2 microns were formed into regular patterns due to the presence of the interference fringes.
TIMIT Acoustic-Phonetic Continuous Speech Corpus (2020)

<h3>Introduction</h3><br> The TIMIT corpus of read speech is designed to provide speech data for acoustic-phonetic studies and for the development and evaluation of automatic speech recognition systems. TIMIT contains broadband recordings of 630 speakers of eight major dialects of American English, each reading ten phonetically rich sentences. The TIMIT corpus includes time-aligned orthographic, phonetic and word transcriptions as well as a 16-bit, 16kHz speech waveform file for each utterance. Corpus design was a joint effort among the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), SRI International (SRI) and Texas Instruments, Inc. (TI). The speech was recorded at TI, transcribed at MIT and verified and prepared for CD-ROM production by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). <br> The TIMIT corpus transcriptions have been hand verified. Test and training subsets, balanced for phonetic and dialectal coverage, are specified. Tabular computer-searchable information is included as well as written documentation. <br> <h3>Samples</h3><br> <ul><br> <li><a href="desc/addenda/LDC93S1.phn" rel="nofollow">phonemes</a></li><br> <li><a href="desc/addenda/LDC93S1.txt" rel="nofollow">transcripts</a></li><br> <li><a href="desc/addenda/LDC93S1.wav" rel="nofollow">audio</a></li><br> <li><a href="desc/addenda/LDC93S1.wrd" rel="nofollow">word list</a></li><br> </ul></br> Portions © 1993 Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania
Differential tumorigenicity of two autologous human breast carcinoma cell lines, HMT-3909S1 and HMT-3909S8, established in serum-free medium. (1990)

In a serum-free medium we have established two new human breast carcinoma cell lines from a single primary tumor. Cultures were maintained on chemically defined medium CDM3 or on minor modifications of this medium, Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium-Ham's F12 supplemented with epidermal growth factor, insulin, transferrin, estradiol, hydrocortisone, triiodothyronine, cyclic AMP, phosphoethanolamine, ethanolamine, fibronectin, fetuin, ascorbic acid, bovine serum albumin, and trace element salts including selenite (Petersen and van Deurs, Cancer Res., 47: 856-866, 1987). Primary cultures comprised both NADPH-neotetrazolium reductase-positive carcinoma cells and NADPH-neotetrazolium reductase-negative cells of stromal appearance, as well as normal epithelial cells (Petersen and van Deurs, Cancer Res., 46: 2013-2020, 1986). In subsequent passages the cells were monitored exclusively using the tumorigenicity assay on nude mice. Two cell lines, one nontumorigenic, HMT-3909S1, and one tumorigenic, HMT-3909S8, were selected from the primary cultures. Selection of S8 through subline S4 required transient supplementation of CDM3 with fetal calf serum. Permanent lines S1 and S8 were maintained on serum-free medium. Further characterization of the two cell lines in terms of normal breast gland differentiation (Petersen and van Deurs, Differentiation, 39: 197-215, 1988) was carried out using immunocytochemistry, immunochemistry, electron microscopy, and cytogenetics. S8 appeared to be identical with the NADPH-neotetrazolium reductase-positive carcinoma cells of the primary cultures, with a particular subpopulation of carcinoma cells in the tumor of origin, and with the tumorigenic cells of the nude mice. This subline was aneuploid, typically epithelial in morphology, and expressed keratins K8 and K18 and the glycoprotein MAM-6, typical of luminal epithelial cells in the normal breast gland. Subline S1 appeared more like the elongated cells in the primary cultures and like a second subpopulation of cells in the carcinoma of origin. However, S1 cells were in fact epithelial, since they expressed keratins. Also, S1 cells seemed to be a triploidation of a cell with close resemblance to S4, while only few cytogenetic differences were found between S4 and S8, suggesting an origin of S1 and S8 via S4 from a single hypothetical stem cell.
The latrophilin family: multiply spliced G protein‐coupled receptors with differential tissue distribution (1999)

Latrophilin is a brain-specific Ca2+-independent receptor of alpha-latrotoxin, a potent presynaptic neurotoxin. We now report the finding of two novel latrophilin homologues. All three latrophilins are unusual G protein-coupled receptors. They exhibit strong similarities within their lectin, olfactomedin and transmembrane domains but possess variable C-termini. Latrophilins have up to seven sites of alternative splicing; some splice variants contain an altered third cytoplasmic loop or a truncated cytoplasmic tail. Only latrophilin-1 binds alpha-latrotoxin; it is abundant in brain and is present in endocrine cells. Latrophilin-3 is also brain-specific, whereas latrophilin-2 is ubiquitous. Together, latrophilins form a novel family of heterogeneous G protein-coupled receptors with distinct tissue distribution and functions.
Recognition of Streptococcus pneumoniae by the innate immune system (2011)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is both a frequent colonizer of the upper respiratory tract and a leading cause of life-threatening infections such as pneumonia, meningitis and sepsis. The innate immune system is critical for the control of colonization and for defence during invasive disease. Initially, pneumococci are recognized by different sensors of the innate immune system called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which control most subsequent host defence pathways. These PRRs include the transmembrane Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as well as the cytosolic NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and DNA sensors. Recognition of S. pneumoniae by members of these PRR families regulates the production of inflammatory mediators that orchestrate the following immune response of infected as well as neighbouring non-infected cells, stimulates the recruitment of immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages, and shapes the adaptive immunity. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the function of different PRRs in S. pneumoniae infection.
Use of a Viscoelastic Carrier Fluid in Frac-Pack Applications (1996)

Abstract The fluids commonly used in frac-pack treatments were initially designed for either fractruing low permeability formations or for conventional gravel pack operations. These fluids do not address the unique problems found when fracturing higher permeability formations. Conventional frac-pack fluids (borate crosslinked guars and HEC) undergo whole polymer leakoff, and create a deep invasion bank of concentrated polymer that is very difficult to break and can lead to high formation damage. Viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fracturing fluids have been developed which exhibit excellent rheological properties and still maintain low formation damage characteristics even in high permeability formations. These fluids are completely polymer free and do not rely on internal chemical breakers to degrade the fluid viscosity. This paper will detail the results of recent laboratory studies on viscoelasitic surfactant fracturing fluids, and will compare the rheological and formation damage properties to other conventional fracturing fluids. The laboratory findings will be substantiated by several field case studies.
Multidimensional Compressed Sensing MRI Using Tensor Decomposition-Based Sparsifying Transform (2014)

Compressed Sensing (CS) has been applied in dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to accelerate the data acquisition without noticeably degrading the spatial-temporal resolution. A suitable sparsity basis is one of the key components to successful CS applications. Conventionally, a multidimensional dataset in dynamic MRI is treated as a series of two-dimensional matrices, and then various matrix/vector transforms are used to explore the image sparsity. Traditional methods typically sparsify the spatial and temporal information independently. In this work, we propose a novel concept of tensor sparsity for the application of CS in dynamic MRI, and present the Higher-order Singular Value Decomposition (HOSVD) as a practical example. Applications presented in the three- and four-dimensional MRI data demonstrate that HOSVD simultaneously exploited the correlations within spatial and temporal dimensions. Validations based on cardiac datasets indicate that the proposed method achieved comparable reconstruction accuracy with the low-rank matrix recovery methods and, outperformed the conventional sparse recovery methods.
Determination of the composition and thickness of semi-polar and non-polar III-nitride films and quantum wells using X-ray scattering (2012)

There is increasing interest in III-nitride films and multiple quantum well structures grown in non-polar or semi-polar orientations for application in light-emitting devices. We describe a method to obtain the compositions and the thicknesses of layers within III-nitride quantum well or superlattice structures grown in non-polar or semi-polar orientations, based on X-ray scattering. For each new crystallographic orientation considered, new axes were obtained and both the lengths and angles of these new axes calculated relative to the original conventional reference axes. These angles provide the coefficients of the matrix to transform the elastic constants published in the conventional setting (as used for polar c-plane oriented III-nitrides) into the appropriate new values. The new characteristic lengths and new elastic constants are then put into the general equation that relates the composition of a fully strained layer to the experimentally measured out-of-plane alloy d-spacing. Thus we have (a) determined the alloy composition from the difference between the experimentally measured alloy d-spacing and that of the substrate and (b) calculated the strained d-spacing for a given alloy composition for input to simple kinematical simulation software. In addition for quantum well structures the thickness ratio of well-to-barrier must be determined. Here we use the minima in the low angle reflectivity data. The repeat thickness and thus the thicknesses of the well and barrier layers, can be obtained from either the low or the high-angle data. We then cross-check by comparing the experimental and the simulated high-angle diffraction data. This method has been applied successfully to heteroepitaxial non-polar and semi-polar GaN/AlGaN and InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well structures and may also be used to find the composition of epilayers. The method works even in the presence of tilt between the superlattice and the GaN “template’, although in this case additional high-angle diffraction data at different settings must be collected.