gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Web with reconnaissance agents (2001)

article Exploring the Web with reconnaissance agents Authors: Henry Lieberman Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab, Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab, CambridgeView Profile , Christopher Fry Glueworks, Lexington, MA Glueworks, Lexington, MAView Profile , Louis Weitzman IBM Internet Technology Group, Cambridge, MA IBM Internet Technology Group, Cambridge, MAView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 44Issue 8Aug. 2001 pp 69–75https://doi.org/10.1145/381641.381661Published:01 August 2001Publication History 69citation1,182DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations69Total Downloads1,182Last 12 Months48Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Contribution of serotype-specific IgG concentration, IgG subclasses and relative antibody avidity to opsonophagocytic activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae (1999)

The contribution of serotype-specific IgG concentration, subclasses, and avidity to opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) against Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc) was evaluated in sera of adults and infants immunized with different pneumococcal vaccines. Antibody concentrations and avidities were measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and OPAs by killing assay of Pnc. The most important factor contributing positively to OPA was the specific IgG level. In infants, a tendency to negative correlation was found between the concentration needed for killing of bacteria and avidity, suggesting that less antibodies of high rather than low avidity were required for killing. No such correlation was seen in adults. However, in adults the avidity was high already before vaccination and the variation was narrow. Thus, avidity was probably not a limiting factor influencing OPA. The effect of IgG2/IgG1 ratio on OPA was mostly negative but insignificant.
Stathmin 1: a novel therapeutic target for anticancer activity (2008)

Stathmin 1 (STMN1), also known as p17, p18, p19, 19K, metablastin, oncoprotein 18, LAP 18 and Op18, is a 19 kDa cytosolic protein. It was the first discovered member of a family of phylogenetically related microtubule-destabilizing phosphoproteins critically involved in the construction and function of the mitotic spindle. A threshold level of STMN1 is required for orderly progression through mitosis in a variety of cell types. STMN1 is overexpressed across a broad range of human malignancies (leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma; ovarian, prostatic, breast and lung cancers and mesothelioma). It is also upregulated in normally proliferating cell lines but is only rarely upregulated in nonproliferating cell lines with the exception of neurons, anterior pituitary cells and glial cells. Its expression is also upregulated in hepatocytes during regeneration and in lymphoid cells when they are signaled to proliferate. In this review, we summarize available data as rationale for the therapeutic manipulation of STMN1 in cancer patients.
Statistical dialect classification based on mean phonetic features (2002)

Describes work done on a text-dependent method for automatic utterance classification and dialect model selection using mean cepstral and duration features on a per-phoneme basis. From transcribed dialect data, we build a linear discriminant to separate the dialects in feature space. This method is potentially much faster than our previous selection algorithm. We have been able to achieve error rates of 8% for distinguishing Northern US speakers from Southern US speakers, and average error rates of 13% on a variety of finer pairwise dialect discriminations. We also present a description of the training and test corpora collected for this work.
Eukaryotic initiation factors-4E and -4F stimulate 5' cap-dependent as well as internal initiation of protein synthesis. (1992)

Two mechanisms of initiation of protein synthesis are known. The 5' cap-dependent model requires the activity of cap-binding eukaryotic initiation factors (eIF)1-4E and -4F, inducing unwinding of mRNA secondary structures. The internal initiation model is 5' cap-independent and requires a ribosomal entry site formed by higher order structures of the mRNA. It has been proposed that this mechanism does not need eIF-4E and eIF-4F. We prepared bicistronic transcripts on which both mechanisms of initiation occur, allowing the determination of the initiation factor dependence of these two mechanisms simultaneously. The unwinding factors eIF-4A, eIF-4B, and eIF-4F were found to be necessary for 5' cap-dependent initiation as well as for internal initiation. Surprisingly, efficient translation of both cistrons on the bicistronic mRNA required eIF-4E. A model is presented in which assembly of eIF-4E into a functional eIF-4F complex is a prerequisite for both types of initiation.
Prevention of colon carcinogenesis and carcinoma metastasis by orally administered bovine lactoferrin in animals (2000)

Bovine lactoferrin (bLF), a milk protein known to have bacteriostatic properties was examined for its preventive effects on colon and other organ carcinogenesis and experimental metastasis. (Experiment 1) The influence on colon carcinogenesis was investigated in male rats treated with azoxymethane (AOM), then received 2 or 0.2% bLF for 36 weeks. Significant reduction in the incidence (27% and 46% of the control, respectively) and number of adenocarcinomas of the large intestine was observed. (Experiment 2) In BALB/c mice bearing subcutaneous (s.c.) implants of colon carcinoma 26 (Co 26Lu). bLF demonstrated significant inhibition of spontaneous lung metastasis (approximately 43% of the control). Number of cytotoxic asialoGM1+ and CD8+ cells in white blood cells increased (171% and 122% of control, respectively) after treatment. Results of those experiments indicate that bLF remarkably prevents colon carcinogenesis and lung metastasis of colon carcinoma cells, possibly due to increasing cytotoxic cells in the peripheral blood.
RET and NTRK1 proto‐oncogenes in human diseases (2003)

RET and NTRK1 are receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) proteins which play a role in the development and maturation of specific component of the nervous system. Their alterations have been associated to several human diseases, including some forms of cancer and developmental abnormalities. These features have contributed to the concept that one gene can be responsible for more than one disease. Moreover, both genes encoding for the two RTKs show genetic alterations that belong to either "gain of function" or "loss of function" class of mutations. In fact, receptor rearrangements or point mutations convert RET and NTRK1 in dominantly acting transforming genes leading to thyroid tumors, whereas inactivating mutations, associated with Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) and congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA), impair RET and NTRK1 functions, respectively. In this review we have summarized the main features of the two receptors, their physiological and pathological roles. In addition, we attempted to identify the correlations between the different genetic alterations and the related pathogenetic mechanisms.
Encapsidation of poliovirus replicons encoding the complete human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag gene by using a complementation system which provides the P1 capsid protein in trans (1995)

Poliovirus genomes which contain small regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gag, pol, and env genes substituted in frame for the P1 capsid region replicate and express HIV-1 proteins as fusion proteins with the P1 capsid precursor protein upon transfection into cells (W. S. Choi, R. Pal-Ghosh, and C. D. Morrow, J. Virol. 65:2875-2883, 1991). Since these genomes, referred to as replicons, do not express capsid proteins, a complementation system was developed to encapsidate the genomes by providing P1 capsid proteins in trans from a recombinant vaccinia virus, VV-P1. Virus stocks of encapsidated replicons were generated after serial passage of the replicon genomes into cells previously infected with VV-P1 (D. C. Porter, D. C. Ansardi, W. S. Choi, and C. D. Morrow, J. Virol. 67:3712-3719, 1993). Using this system, we have further defined the role of the P1 region in viral protein expression and RNA encapsidation. In the present study, we constructed poliovirus replicons which contain the complete 1,492-bp gag gene of HIV-1 substituted for the entire P1 region of poliovirus. To investigate whether the VP4 coding region was required for the replication and encapsidation of poliovirus RNA, a second replicon in which the complete gag gene was substituted for the VP2, VP3, and VP1 capsid sequences was constructed. Transfection of replicon RNA with and without the VP4 coding region into cells resulted in similar levels of expression of the HIV-1 Gag protein and poliovirus 3CD protein, as indicated by immunoprecipitation using specific antibodies. Northern (RNA) blot analysis of RNA from transfected cells demonstrated comparable levels of RNA replication for each replicon. Transfection of the replicon genomes into cells infected with VV-P1 resulted in the encapsidation of the genomes; serial passage in the presence of VV-P1 resulted in the generation of virus stocks of encapsidated replicons. Analysis of the levels of protein expression and encapsidated replicon RNA from virus stocks after 21 serial passages of the replicon genomes with VV-P1 indicated that the replicon which contained the VP4 coding region was present at a higher level than the replicon which contained a complete substitution of the P1 capsid sequences. These differences in encapsidation, though, were not detected after only two serial passages of the replicons with VV-P1 or upon coinfection and serial passage with type 1 Sabin poliovirus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
One-Pot Synthesis of 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles Mediated by Microwave Irradiation under Solvent-Free Condition (2003)

Microwave-assisted synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles of amidoximes under solvent free conditions was found to be an efficient method for one-pot synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives from amidoximes and acyl chlorides.This method is an easy, rapid, and high-yielding reaction for the synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles.The oxadiazole 1 nucleus is a well-studied traditional pharmacophoric scaffold that has emerged as a core structural unit of various muscarinic agonists, 2 benzodiazepine receptor partial agonists, 3 dopamine transporters, 4 antirhinovirals, 5 growth hormone secretagogous, 6 and 5-HT agonists. 7Among the oxadiazoles, 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives are gaining in interest in medicinal chemistry. 80][11][12][13][14][15] In general, synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles involves first the O-acylation step of an amidoxime by an activated carboxylic acid derivatives, followed by cyclodehydration. 16It has found that cyclization could be effected by treating an O-acylamidoxime with NaH or NaOEt 17a-c at room temperature, pyridine with heating, 17d,e tetrabutylammonium fluoride as catalyst 18 and using of solid support techniques 19 for the preparation of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles.The application of microwave energy to accelerate organic reactions is of increasing interest and offers several advantages over conventional techniques. 20As a part of our efforts to explore the novel utilities of microwave-assisted and surface-mediated reactions for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds 21,22 we describe here a new method for one-pot synthesis 1,2,4-oxadiazoles from amidoximes and acyl chlorides under solvent free condition.It is found that magnesia under solvent-free conditions was capable of producing high yields of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles by reaction from amidoximes with acyl chloride under mild reaction conditions in 67-91% yields under microwave irradiation (Scheme 1, Table 1).
Autoradiography and correlative imaging (1995)

Part 1 Foundations: autoradiography biomedical research, W.E. Stumpf and C. Pilgrim history and development of autoradiography, B. Maurer-Schultz and I.D. Bassukas history of nuclear particle recording, E.J. Hahn photographic emulsions and processing, D.C. Bundy qualitative resolution light microscopic autoradiography, G.E. Duncan artifacts autoradiography, W.E. Stumpf and C. Pilgrim. Part 2 In vivo autoradiography: localization of steroid receptor ligands with thaw-mount and dry-mount autoradiography, W.E. Stumpf localization of specific high affinity binding sites (receptors) for ecdysteroids invertebrates, H.-J. Bidmon and W.E. Stumpf autoradiographic in vivo and in vitro studies with different radiolabelled estrogens, H.-J. Rohle et al rapid high resolution steroid autoradiography, P.J. Shugrue and W.E. Stumpf in vivo and in vitro autoradiographic analysis of specific hormone binding sites rat hippocampus, L. Jennes distribution of [3H] alendronate rat femora as examined by reflected polarized light microscopy, W.A. Grasser and M. Sato whole-body autoradiography - applications radiopharmaceutical and drug research, P. Som et al. Part 3 In vitro receptor autoradiography: in vitro labelling autoradiography - development and perspectives, M.J. Kuhar autoradiographic visualization of neurotransmitter binding sites and mRNAs human brain, J.M. Palacios et al mismatches between receptor and transmitter localizations the opiate system - implications for nonsynaptic opioid actions, M. Herkenhaum autoradiographic localization of nonreceptor proteins brain, N. Appel and E.B. De Souza correlative imaging of transmitter receptor distributions human cortex, K. Zilles and A. Schleicher axonal transport of receptors - emphasis on alpha 2 adrenergic binding sites, M.A. Zarbin et al. Part 4 In situ hybridization autoradiography: measurement of gene expression individual neurons by in situ hybridization, D.E. Millhorn et al detection of mRNA neurons identified by projector or neurochemical content - in situ hybridization combined with retrograde tract-tracing immunohistochemistry, D.A. Bayliss et al developmental transcience of neuropeptide gene expression rat brainstem as determined by in situ hybridization, K.B. Seroogy et al in situ hybridization - a sensitive measure of activity-dependent changes neuronal gene expression, C. Gall et al. Part 5 Autoradiographic imaging of brain activity. Part 6 Correlative imaging. (Part contents).
Framework for Abstractive Summarization using Text-to-Text Generation (2011)

We propose a new, ambitious framework for abstractive summarization, which aims at selecting the content of a summary not from sentences, but from an abstract representation of the source documents. This abstract representation relies on the concept of Information Items (INIT), which we define as the smallest element of coherent information in a text or a sentence. Our framework differs from previous abstractive summarization models in requiring a semantic analysis of the text. We present a first attempt made at developing a system from this framework, along with evaluation results for it from TAC 2010. We also present related work, both from within and outside of the automatic summarization domain. 1
Streptococcal erythrogenic toxin genes: detection by polymerase chain reaction and association with disease in strains isolated in Canada from 1940 to 1991 (1992)

The presence of genes encoding pyrogenic exotoxins type A (speA), B (speB), and C (speC) and streptolysin O (slo) was determined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to target specific sequences in 152 strains of group A streptococci. These included reference strains, representative M and T type strains, and strains associated with scarlet fever and pharyngitis collected between 1940 to 1991 and included strains from patients with severe invasive streptococcal infections. PCR amplicons were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis, and specificity was established by restriction fragment analysis. The frequency of occurrence for each target gene among all strains tested was 33.6% for speA, 99.3% for speB, 28.9% for speC, and 100% for slo. Strains of non-group A streptococci, recognized toxigenic bacterial pathogens, and pneumolysin-producing Streptococcus pneumoniae strains were negative for all targeted gene sequences. Detection limits in the PCR were found to be 100 pg of total nucleic acids for the speB and speC genes and 1 ng for the speA and slo genes. Isolates associated with scarlet fever, pharyngitis, and severe invasive infections showed statistically significant differences in the presence of speA, with scarlet fever strains having the highest association (81.3%), severe infections the next highest association (42.9%), and pharyngitis the lowest association (18.4%). Although no significant differences were observed in speC frequencies in isolated associated with the three disease categories, a genotype of speB slo was significantly higher in isolates associated with pharyngitis (54.1%) than in strains associated with scarlet fever (18.8%) or severe invasive disease (23.8%). Streptolysin O targets were present in all the isolates tested, and only a single strain (T-11-M-11) was devoid of targeted speB sequences, thereby demonstrating that neither speB nor slo is associated with any particular clinical presentation.
Health related quality of life in sickle cell patients: The PiSCES project (2005)

SCD patients experience health related quality of life worse than the general population, and in general, their scores were most similar to patients undergoing hemodialysis. Practitioners should regard their HRQOL as severely compromised. Interventions in SCD should consider improvements in health related quality of life as important outcomes.
Interleukin-3 in vivo: kinetic of response of target cells (1993)

Human recombinant interleukin-3 (IL-3; Sandoz AG, Basel, Switzerland) was administered for 7 days to patients with neoplastic disease and normal hematopoiesis. The purpose of the study was to assess IL-3 toxicity, to identify target cells, to define their kinetics of response at different dose levels, and to determine if IL-3 in vivo increased the sensitivity of bone marrow (BM) progenitors to the action of other hematopoietic growth factors. A total of 21 patients entered the study; the dosage ranged from 0.25 to 10 micrograms/kg/d. The effect on peripheral blood cells during treatment showed no significant changes in the number of platelets, erythrocytes, neutrophils, or lymphocytes (and their subsets). A mild monocytosis and basophilia occurred. Eosinopenia, present in the first hours of treatment, was followed by a dose-and time-dependent eosinophilia. IL-3 treatment affected BM cell proliferation by increasing the percentage of BM progenitors engaged in the S-phase of the cell cycle. The effect was dose dependent, with the various progenitors showing different degrees of sensitivity. The most sensitive progenitors were the megakaryocyte progenitors (colony-forming unit-megakaryocyte), then the erythroid progenitors (burst-forming unit-erythroid), and finally the granulo- monocyte progenitors (colony-forming unit-granulocyte-macrophage) whose proliferative activity was stimulated at the higher doses of IL-3. Only a slight increase in the proliferative activity of myeloblasts, promyelocytes, and myelocytes was observed, whereas the activity of erythroblasts was unchanged. The priming effect was such that BM progenitors, purified from patients treated with IL-3, produced more colonies in vitro in the presence of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; granulocyte colonies), IL-5 (eosinophil colonies), and granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF; predominantly eosinophil colonies). These data indicate that even in vivo IL-3 acts essentially as a primer for the action of other cytokines. Therefore, optimum stimulus of myelopoiesis will require either endogenous or exogenous late-acting cytokines such as G-CSF, erythropoietin, GM-CSF, and IL-6 for achieving fully mature cells in peripheral blood. If exogenous cytokines are used with IL-3, it is likely that G-CSF will yield more neutrophils, whereas GM-CSF may enhance eosinophils, monocytes, and neutrophils. Attention to the clinical relevance of each cell type will be necessary and should determine the selection of the combination of cytokines.
Large-Scale Identification of Virulence Genes from Streptococcus pneumoniae (1998)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the major cause of bacterial pneumonia, and it is also responsible for otitis media and meningitis in children. Apart from the capsule, the virulence factors of this pathogen are not completely understood. Recent technical advances in the field of bacterial pathogenesis (in vivo expression technology and signature-tagged mutagenesis [STM]) have allowed a large-scale identification of virulence genes. We have adapted to S. pneumoniae the STM technique, originally used for the discovery of Salmonella genes involved in pathogenicity. A library of pneumococcal chromosomal fragments (400 to 600 bp) was constructed in a suicide plasmid vector carrying unique DNA sequence tags and a chloramphenicol resistance marker. The recent clinical isolate G54 was transformed with this library. Chloramphenicol-resistant mutants were obtained by homologous recombination, resulting in genes inactivated by insertion of the suicide vector carrying a unique tag. In a mouse pneumonia model, 1.250 candidate clones were screened; 200 of these were not recovered from the lungs were therefore considered virulence-attenuated mutants. The regions flanking the chloramphenicol gene of the attenuated mutants were amplified by inverse PCR and sequenced. The sequence analysis showed that the 200 mutants had insertions in 126 different genes that could be grouped in six classes: (i) known pneumococcal virulence genes; (ii) genes involved in metabolic pathways; (iii) genes encoding proteases; (iv) genes coding for ATP binding cassette transporters; (v) genes encoding proteins involved in DNA recombination/repair; and (vi) DNA sequences that showed similarity to hypothetical genes with unknown function. To evaluate the virulence attenuation for each mutant, all 126 clones were individually analyzed in a mouse septicemia model. Not all mutants selected in the pneumonia model were confirmed in septicemia, thus indicating the existence of virulence factors specific for pneumonia.