gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a gadolinium-tagged modular contrast agent by element and molecular mass spectrometry (2004)

A modular gadolinium-tagged contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging has been characterized by mass spectrometry. The synthetic construct exhibits a molecular weight of about 8 kDa and is composed of three modules, (i) a diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) module for complexation of Gd3+, (ii) a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) sequence for hybridisation with a complementary nucleic acid sequence, and (iii) a peptide transmembrane transport module. Electrospray mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS) was used for determination of the molecular weight of the intact functional peptide and of a synthetic intermediate. In general, signals were observed for both the Gd-complexed and uncomplexed forms. For measurement of the Gd saturation size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was coupled on-line to high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and 32S, 34S and 157Gd were simultaneously monitored. The monitoring of sulfur as a marker element for the organic part of the molecule is possible due to the presence of a disulfide bridge and a methionine residue. The molar Gd/S ratio provides a measure of the Gd saturation, which was found to be in the range of 55% to 85% in the samples investigated. Moreover, a small amount of iron tightly complexed to the contrast agent constructs was detected and was probably taken up during synthesis or purification. Thus, the combined application of SEC-ICP-MS and nanoESI-MS delivers the complementary element and molecular information required for a reliable characterization of metal-tagged contrast agents of complex, modular design.
Purification and sequence of rat oxyntomodulin. (1994)

Structural information about rat enteroglucagon, intestinal peptides containing the pancreatic glucagon sequence, has been based previously on cDNA, immunologic, and chromatographic data. Our interests in testing the physiological actions of synthetic enteroglucagon peptides in rats required that we identify precisely the forms present in vivo. From knowledge of the proglucagon gene sequence, we synthesized an enteroglucagon C-terminal octapeptide common to both proposed enteroglucagon forms, glicentin and oxyntomodulin, but sharing no sequence overlap with glucagon. We then developed a radioimmunoassay using antibodies raised against the octapeptide that was specific for enteroglucagon peptides without cross-reacting with glucagon. Rat intestine was extracted, and one presumptive enteroglucagon form was purified by following the enteroglucagon C-terminal octapeptide-like immunoreactivity through several HPLC purification steps. Structural characterization of the material by amino acid composition, microsequence, and mass spectral analyses identified the peptide as rat oxyntomodulin. The 37-residue peptide consists of pancreatic glucagon plus the C-terminal extension, Lys-Arg-Asn-Arg-Asn-Asn-Ile-Ala. This now permits synthesis of an unambiguous duplicate of endogenous rat oxyntomodulin for physiological studies.
Murine interferon lambdas (type III interferons) exhibit potent antiviral activity in vivo in a poxvirus infection model (2005)

Human interferon lambdas (IFN-lambdas) (type III IFNs) exhibit antiviral activity in vitro by binding to a receptor complex distinct from that used by type I and type II IFNs, and subsequent signalling through the Janus kinase signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway. However, evidence for a function of type III IFNs during virus infection in vivo is lacking. Here, the expression of murine IFN-lambdas by recombinant vaccinia virus (VACV) is described and these proteins are shown to have potent antiviral activity in vivo. VACV expressing murine IFN-lambda2 (vIFN-lambda2) and IFN-lambda3 (vIFN-lambda3) showed normal growth in tissue culture and expressed N-glycosylated IFN-lambda in infected cell extracts and culture supernatants. The role that murine IFN-lambdas play during virus infection was assessed in two different mouse models. vIFN-lambda2 and vIFN-lambda3 were avirulent for mice infected intranasally and induced no signs of illness or weight loss, in contrast to control viruses. Attenuation of vIFN-lambda2 was associated with increases in lymphocytes in bronchial alveolar lavages and CD4+ T cells in total-lung lymphocyte preparations. In addition, vIFN-lambda2 was cleared more rapidly from infected lungs and, in contrast to control viruses, did not disseminate to the brain. Expression of IFN-lambda2 also attenuated VACV in an intradermal-infection model, characterized by a delay in lesion onset and reduced lesion size. Thus, by characterizing murine IFN-lambdas within a mouse infection model, the potent antiviral and immunostimulatory activity of IFN-lambdas in response to poxvirus infection has been demonstrated.
Measuring Large Optical Transmission Matrices of Disordered Media (2013)

We report a measurement of the large optical transmission matrix (TM) of a complex turbid medium. The TM is acquired using polarization-sensitive, full-field interferometric microscopy equipped with a rotating galvanometer mirror. It is represented with respect to input and output bases of optical modes, which correspond to plane wave components of the respective illumination and transmitted waves. The modes are sampled so finely in angular spectrum space that their number exceeds the total number of resolvable modes for the illuminated area of the sample. As such, we investigate the singular value spectrum of the TM in order to detect evidence of open transmission channels, predicted by random-matrix theory. Our results comport with theoretical expectations, given the experimental limitations of the system. We consider the impact of these limitations on the usefulness of transmission matrices in optical measurements.
One-Dimensional Arrangements of Metal Nanoclusters (2002)

A promising route to strictly one-dimensional arrangements of Au55(PPh3)12Cl6 clusters is described. On the basis of the successful generation of ordered two-dimensional cluster architectures by self-assembly processes at the phase boundary between water and dichloromethane, the formation of single cluster rows could be initiated by dilution effects. Concentrations of 0.5 μg/L of isooctyl-substituted poly(paraphenylenethinylen) (PPE-i-octyl) in CH2Cl2 lead to thin bundles of the polymer molecules that are partially decorated with a few, but also with single, rows of the [Au55] quantum dots and that can be collected from the water surface after evaporation of the dichloromethane. TEM investigations have been applied to characterize the hybrid systems.
Pharmspresso: a text mining tool for extraction of pharmacogenomic concepts and relationships from full text (2009)

Pharmspresso is a text analysis tool that extracts pharmacogenomic concepts from the literature automatically and thus captures our current understanding of gene-drug interactions in a computable form. We have made Pharmspresso available at http://pharmspresso.stanford.edu.
Optical Transceiver Chips Based on Co-Integration of Capacitively Coupled Proximity Interconnects and VCSELs (2007)

Combining the strengths of both proximity communication and optical communication, a new hybrid input-output (I/O) platform delivers on-chip bandwidth off-chip and over distance. We demonstrate, for the first time, a four-channel hybrid I/O interface by integrating proximity communication and vertical-cavity surface-emitting-laser-based parallel optical interconnects on the same commercial 90-nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor platform. The optical I/O can operate at 5 Gb/s per channel, and the complete hybrid I/O interface achieved 2.5 Gb/s per channel. We characterize the I/O link performance for various data rates and chip separations, and show 10-mum chip separation tolerance for proximity communication
129Xe NMR in Polymers (1993)

Abstract Through the efforts of many researchers, 129 Xe NMR has shown to be a sensitive probe of phase morphology in polymers, providing a unique means of investigating the amorphous phase of bulk polymers. Recently developed models of the 129 Xe chemical shift in polymers open the possibility of measuring van der Waals' interaction energies and chain dimensions from xenon spectra. In most cases, the information obtained from 129 Xe NMR pertains only to the amorphous phase of the polymer, even in semicrystalline systems. The use of spin-polarized xenon has opened the possibility of probing the surface and near surface regions of polymers.
The CMU TransTac 2007 Eyes-free and Hands-free Two-way Speech-to-Speech Translation System (2007)

The paper describes our portable two-way speech-tospeech translation system using a completely eyesfree/hands-free user interface. This system translates between the language pair English and Iraqi Arabic as well as between English and Farsi, and was built within the framework of the DARPA TransTac program. The Farsi language support was developed within a 90-day period, testing our ability to rapidly support new languages. The paper gives an overview of the system’s components along with the individual component objective measures and a discussion of issues relevant for the overall usage of the system. We found that usability, flexibility, and robustness serve as severe constraints on system architecture and design. 1.
Evaluation of articular cartilage: radiographic and cross-sectional imaging techniques. (1992)

Many diagnostic modalities may be used to evaluate articular cartilage. Plain radiography remains the preferred initial study for cartilage evaluation, although even specialized views such as weight-bearing, tunnel, and flexion lateral projections are insensitive in the detection of early cartilage loss. Compared with newer modalities, conventional arthrography has limited capacity for the assessment of cartilage. Computed tomography performed after intraarticular injection of contrast material (ie, CT arthrography) has improved accuracy but is essentially limited to the axial plane. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, with its superb soft-tissue contrast and multiplanar capabilities, has shown promise in depicting articular cartilage. Cartilage is best depicted when an "arthrogram effect" is present, achieved with T2-weighted spin-echo imaging, with some gradient-echo pulse sequences, and when intraarticular contrast material is used. If performed with such techniques, MR imaging is the method of choice for evaluating specific cartilage loss, osteochondritis dissecans, and other osteochondral abnormalities.
Electromechanical Wave Imaging of Normal and Ischemic HeartsIn Vivo (2009)

Electromechanical wave imaging (EWI) has recently been introduced as a noninvasive, ultrasound-based imaging modality, which could map the electrical activation of the heart in various echocardiographic planes in mice, dogs, and humans in vivo. By acquiring radio-frequency (RF) frames at very high frame rates (390-520 Hz), the onset of small, localized, transient deformations resulting from the electrical activation of the heart, i.e., generating the electromechanical wave (EMW), can be mapped. The correlation between the EMW and the electrical activation speed and pacing scheme has previously been reported. In this study, we pursue the development of EWI using both displacements and strains and analysis of the EMW properties in dogs in vivo for early detection of ischemia. EWI was performed in normal and ischemic open-chest dogs during sinus rhythm. Ischemia of increasing severity was obtained by gradually obstructing the left-anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery flow. We also introduce the novel method of motion-matching that achieves the reconstruction of the full EWI ciné-loop at very high frame rates even when the ECG may be irregular or unavailable. Incremental displacements were previously used by our group to map the EMW. This paper focuses on the associated incremental strains, which facilitate the interpretation of the EMW by relating it directly to contraction. Moreover, we define the onset of the EMW as the time, at which the incremental strains change sign after the onset of the QRS complex of the ECG. Based on this definition, isochronal representations of the EMW were generated using a semi-automated method. The isochronal representation of the EMW during sinus rhythm was reproducible and shown similar to electrical activation maps previously reported in the literature. After segmentation using a contour-tracking method, the two- and four-chamber views were imaged and displayed in bi-plane views, allowing a 3-D interpretation of the EMW. EWI was shown to be sensitive to the presence of intermediate ischemia. EWI localized the ischemic region when the LAD flow was obstructed at 60% and beyond and was capable of mapping the increase of the ischemic region size as the LAD occlusion level increased. In conclusion, the activation maps and wave patterns obtained with EWI were similar to the electrical equivalents previously reported in the literature. Moreover, EWI was found to be sensitive enough to detect and map intermediate ischemia. Those results indicate that EWI could be used to assess the conduction properties of the myocardium, and detect its ischemic onset and disease progression entirely noninvasively.
A Convenient Synthesis of a Selective Gelatinase Inhibitor as an Antimetastatic Agent (2004)

Compound 1, 2-(4-phenoxyphenylsulfonylmethyl)thiirane, is a potent and selective inhibitor for human gelatinases (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 6799-6800), enzymes implicated in a number of diseases, including cancer. This compound is showing excellent promise in animal trials in a number of disease models. Large quantities of this compound were necessary for these studies. A convenient four-step synthetic route for compound 1 is described herein. The synthesis is amenable to scale-up to tens of grams and gives an overall yield of 57% for this important compound.
A novel amplifier linearization technique using an anti-parallel reconfigurable transistor (art) pair (2004)

A new amplifier linearization methodology using an anti-parallel reconfigurable transistor (ART) pair is proposed. Unlike conventional linearization methods in which only one technique is employed, our ART method utilizes all terminals of an additional transistor and provides a unified pre-, post- and cubic-polynomial distortion technique for performance enhancement. Experimental results reveal a 42 dB reduction for the third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) and 15 dB for the fifth-order (IMD5) at 2.1 GHz operation band. The input 1-dB gain compression point and phase distortion have been improved effectively up to 8 dB and 15/spl deg/, respectively, under a 5-V operation voltage. Meanwhile, the proposed approach demonstrates a peak power added efficiency (PAE) of 61% with 16 dB transducer gain and 21 dBm output power for a single stage low-power SiGe BJT transistor. The adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) is maintained over -45 and -60 dBc for a W-CDMA and PHS modulated signal, respectively, under a wide range of output power.
Acute appendicitis is characterised by local invasion with Fusobacterium nucleatum / necrophorum (2009)

Local infection with Fusobacterium nucleatum/necrophorum is responsible for the majority of cases of acute appendicitis.
CD40L - A Multipotent Molecule for Tumor Therapy (2007)

CD40L-based therapy is currently under intensive investigation for its potent anti-tumor effects in experimental animal models of cancer as well as in Phase I clinical trials. CD40L is one of the strongest inducers of Th1 responses although it stimulates both innate and adaptive immunity. The molecule is normally expressed by activated immune cells such as T helper cells that act on dendritic cells to induce their maturation and capability of activating tumor-reactive T cells. Moreover, recent findings implicate that CD40L stimulation abrogates the suppressive effect of T regulatory cells. Interestingly, while being an activator of immune cells, CD40L has been shown to directly induce apoptosis in tumor cells by mechanisms only beginning to emerge. These two major effector mechanisms synergize to combat tumor growth. Optimal use of this multipotent molecule might therefore result in effective immunotherapy of cancer. CD40L can be administered to patients as soluble protein trimers. To achieve membrane-bound expression, viral vectors can be used to transfer CD40L cDNA into 1) tumor cells ex vivo for creating CD40L-expressing tumor vaccines, 2) ex vivo cultured dendritic cells for cell therapy, and 3) tumor nodules in situ. CD40L substitutes such as CD40-directed agonistic antibodies have been evaluated with interesting results in experimental models. In this survey, different types and mechanisms of CD40L-based therapy will be discussed from bench to bedside.
Adverse drug reactions in a paediatric intensive care unit (1995)

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were prospectively studied in critically ill infants and children. Seventy-six ADRs were reported in 63 patients out of a study group of 899 patients. The majority of the ADRs were mild (49), although 19 were of moderate severity and 8 were severe. Thirty-five ADRs required treatment or alteration in treatment. Midazolam, morphine, salbutamol, vecuronium, hydrocortisone and theophylline were the drugs most likely to cause an ADR. One-third of the ADRs were due to drugs used outside their product licence. The majority of the ADRs were reported by nurses (36) and pharmacists (30). We believe that it is possible to prospectively study drug toxicity in critically ill infants and children.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: Aromatic Sulfonamides and Disulfonamides Act as Efficient Tumor Growth Inhibitors (2000)

Aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides generally act as strong inhibitors of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). Here we report the unexpected finding that potent aromatic sulfonamide inhibitors of CA, possessing inhibition constants in the range of 10(-8)-10(-9) M (against all the isozymes), also act as efficient in vitro tumor cell growth inhibitors, with GI50 (molarity of inhibitor producing a 50% inhibition of tumor cell growth) values of 10 nM-35 microM against several leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, ovarian, melanoma, colon, CNS, renal, prostate and breast cancer cell lines. The investigated compounds were sulfanilyl-sulfanilamide-, 4-thioureido-benzenesulfonamide- and benzene-1,3-disulfonamide-derivatives. The mechanism of antitumor action with these sulfonamides is unknown, but it might involve either inhibition of several CA isozymes (such as CA IX, CA XII, CA XIV) predominantly present in tumor cells, a reduced provision of bicarbonate for the nucleotide synthesis (mediated by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II), the acidification of the intracellular milieu as a consequence of CA inhibition or uncoupling of mitochondria and potent CA V inhibition among others. A combination of several such mechanisms is also plausible. Optimization of such derivatives from the SAR point of view, might lead to the development of effective novel types of anticancer agents/therapies.
The role of mast cells in inflammatory responses in the lung. (1993)

Human lung mast cells (HLMC), by virtue of their anatomic localization and release of potent chemical mediators, are well suited to produce characteristic pathophysiological inflammatory reactions in the lung. Much has been learned about the nature of these cells over the past 10 years, following the development of techniques to disperse them from lung tissue and ultimately purify them to near homogeneity. Recent work focusing on the origin, ultrastructure, proliferation, differentiation, heterogeneity, biochemistry of release, mediators, and pharmacological control of HLMC secretion is reviewed. Current knowledge of HLMC involvement in asthma and interstitial lung diseases, characterized by fibrosis, is summarized with an emphasis on potential areas of therapeutic intervention.
Substrate degradation by the anaphase promoting complex occurs during mitotic slippage (2010)

Microtubule targeting drugs are successful in chemotherapy because they indefinitely activate the spindle assembly checkpoint. The spindle assembly checkpoint monitors proper attachment of all kinetochores to microtubules and tension between the kinetochores of sister chromatids to prevent premature anaphase entry. To this end, the activated spindle assembly checkpoint suppresses the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). In the continued presence of conditions that activate the spindle assembly checkpoint, cells eventually escape from mitosis by "slippage". It has not been directly tested whether APC activation accompanies slippage. Using cells blocked in mitosis with the microtubule assembly inhibitor nocodazole, we show that mitotic APC substrates are degraded upon mitotic slippage. To confirm that APC is normally activated upon mitotic slippage we have found that knockdown of Cdc20 and Cdh1, two mitotic activators of APC, prevents the degradation of APC substrates during mitotic slippage. We provide the first direct demonstration that despite conditions that activate the spindle checkpoint, APC is indeed activated upon mitotic slippage of cells to interphase cells. Activation of the spindle checkpoint by microtubule targeting drugs used in chemotherapy may not indefinitely prevent APC activation.
T Cells Coactivated with Immobilized Anti-CD3 and Anti-CD28 as Potential Immunotherapy for Cancer (1999)

This report describes the generation of T cells with characteristics that may prove useful for the immunotherapy of cancer. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from healthy donors were cultured in the presence of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 mAb-coated beads (3/28 beads) at a 3:1 bead to cell ratio. The 3/28 beads were removed after 14 days of culture. Optimal growth conditions for CD3/CD28 coactivated T cells (COACTS) were determined to be X-VIVO 15 containing 5% human AB serum and 100 IU/ml of interleukin-2. The median fold expansion after 14 days was 84-fold. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that all cultures were > 90% CD3+ with an increase in the proportion of CD8+ cells. CD28 expression was maintained at very high levels on CD4+ cells and augmented on CD8+ cells. COACTS were induced to secrete high levels of Th1-type cytokines (IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha) after a 24-h restimulation with fresh 3/28 beads and displayed nonmajor histocompatibility complex-restricted lytic activity against a variety of human tumor cell lines in standard 51Cr-release assays. Bead removal from COACT cultures before day 14 greatly enhanced the cell growth and cytokine production without significantly affecting the lytic potential. In summary, large numbers of T cells can be generated by coactivation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28-coated beads for 14 days. This method may provide an advantage over current forms of cellular immunotherapy for cancer because of the ability of COACTS to secrete tumoricidal cytokines and generate antitumor cytotoxicity.