gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calcitonin suppresses gastric emptying of a radiolabelled solid meal in humans. (1987)

The effects on gastric emptying of calcitonin/i.v. 1.5 i.u. kg-1 body mass bolus or 10 i.u. followed by infusion to overall 1.5 i.u. kg-1 body mass dose vs placebo were studied in four healthy volunteers and in four patients with an active peptic ulcer. Gastric emptying of a radiolabelled solid meal was surveyed. Pronounced delay in gastric emptying was observed in all studied subjects, mean transit time MTT90 calcitonin 39.2 +/- 0.85 min vs placebo 32.8 +/- 1.31 min, P less than 0.001.
Afferent and efferent connections of the rat tail flick reflex (a model used to analyze pain control mechanisms) (1982)

Abstract Although the rat tail flick reflex (TFR) is widely used to study neural mechanisms of analgesia, its underlying anatomy has not been systematically studied. In the present study axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to trace the efferent and afferent connections of the TFR. The extensor caudae medialis (ECM), extensor caudae lateralis (ECL), and abductor caudae dorsalis (ACD) were identified as tail flick muscles and injected with HRP. Labeled motor neurons were found in lumbar segments L4–L6, sacral segments S1–S4, and coccygeal segments Co1–Co2; ECL injections also labeled cells in Co3. Motor neurons were concentrated at levels L5‐S2 for ECM, at levels S2‐Co2 for ECL, and at levels L5‐Co1 for ACD. To label the terminals of tail flick afferents, the dorsolateral tail nerve (DLTN) and the ventrolateral tail nerve (VLTN) which innervate the skin of the tail were cut and exposed to HRP. Application of HRP to either DLTN or VLTN labeled afferent terminals in S4, Co1, Co2, and Co3. For DLTN, the greatest density of afferent label was observed in the lateral half of laminae I and II of the dorsal horn. In contrast, labeled afferents from VLTN were concentrated in the medial half of laminae I–II. With longer survival times afferent terminals were also labeled in S3, and in the ventral horn of segments L6‐S2. Bilateral dorsal rhizotomies at levels S3‐Co3 were necessary and sufficient to abolish the tail flick. This corroborated the results from the anatomical studies. Although tail flick motor neurons were present in ten spinal segments, L4‐Co3, tail flick afferents were concentrated caudally in segments S3‐Co3. Thus, in addition to segmental connections, the TFR requires an ascending propriospinal connection from coccygeal and caudal sacral dorsal horn to S1, S2, and to the lumbar enlargement. The intense labeling from tail afferents found in the substantia gelatinosa (SG) is consistent with pharmacological, anatomical, and physiological studies implicating the SG as an important site for inhibition of the tail flick reflex by opiates and by brainstem stimulation.
Novel properties of Escherichia coli exonuclease III. (1977)

The specificity of hydrolysis of polynucleotide termini by Escherichia coli exonuclease III was studied with the use of oligothymidylate annealed to polydeoxyadenylate. The size of the products after 3' leads to 5'-hydrolysis of 5'-labeled substrate is temperature-dependent. At 25 degrees the enzyme can hydrolyze a polynucleotide chain up to the last 5'-terminal dinucleotide. A gradation of higher 5'-terminal oligonucleotides of defined chain lengths is produced after limit digestion by the enzyme when the temperature is raised between 25 degrees to 60 degrees. When the oligothymidylate was labeled at the 3'-ends with ribonucleotides, it was observed that exonuclease III can cleave a single or two consecutive ribonucleotides regardless of whether the ribonucleotides are base-paired or mismatched.
Smoking and Lung Cancer: The Role of Inflammation (2008)

Worldwide over 1 million people die due to lung cancer each year. It is estimated that cigarette smoking explains almost 90% of lung cancer risk in men and 70 to 80% in women. Clinically evident lung cancers have multiple genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. These abnormalities may result in activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes. Chronic inflammation, which is known to promote cancer, may result both from smoking and from genetic abnormalities. These mediators in turn may be responsible for increased macrophage recruitment, delayed neutrophil clearance, and increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Thus, the pulmonary environment presents a unique milieu in which lung carcinogenesis proceeds in complicity with the host cellular network. The pulmonary diseases that are associated with the greatest risk for lung cancer are characterized by abundant and deregulated inflammation. Pulmonary disorders such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/emphysema are characterized by profound abnormalities in inflammatory and fibrotic pathways. The cytokines and growth factors aberrantly produced in COPD and the developing tumor microenvironment have been found to have deleterious properties that simultaneously pave the way for both epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and destruction of specific host cell-mediated immune responses. Full definition of these pathways will afford the opportunity to intervene in specific inflammatory events mediating lung tumorigenesis and resistance to therapy.
ANTIGEN SAMPLING ACROSS EPITHELIAL BARRIERS AND INDUCTION OF MUCOSAL IMMUNE RESPONSES (1996)

Epithelial barriers on mucosal surfaces at different sites in the body differ dramatically in their cellular organization, and antigen sampling strategies at diverse mucosal sites are adapted accordingly. In stratified and pseudostratified epithelia, dendritic cells migrate to the outer limit of the epithelium, where they sample antigens for subsequent presentation in local or distant organized lymphoid tissues. In simple epithelia, specialized epithelial M cells (a phenotype that occurs only in the epithelium over organized lymphoid follicles) deliver samples of foreign material by transepithelial transport from the lumen to organized lymphoid tissues within the mucosa. Certain pathogens exploit the M cell transport process to cross the epithelial barrier and invade the mucosa. Here we review the features of M cells that determine antigen and pathogen adherence and transport into mucosal lymphoid tissues.
Importance of the Ornibactin and Pyochelin Siderophore Transport Systems in Burkholderia cenocepacia Lung Infections (2004)

Previously, orbA, the gene encoding the outer membrane receptor for ferric-ornibactin, was identified in Burkholderia cenocepacia K56-2, a strain which produces ornibactin, salicylic acid, and negligible amounts of pyochelin. A K56-2 orbA mutant was less virulent than the parent strain in a rat agar bead infection model. In this study, an orbA mutant of B. cenocepacia Pc715j which produces pyochelin in addition to ornibactin and salicylic acid was constructed. The gene encoding the outer membrane receptor for ferric-pyochelin (fptA) was also identified. An fptA mutant was constructed in Pc715j and shown to be deficient in [(59)Fe]pyochelin uptake. A 75-kDa iron-regulated protein was identified in outer membrane preparations of Pc715j that was absent in outer membrane preparations of Pc715jfptA::tp. Pc715jfptA::tp and Pc715jorbA::tp produced smaller amounts of their corresponding siderophores. Both Pc715jorbA::tp and Pc715jfptA::tp were able to grow in iron starvation conditions in vitro. In the agar bead model, the Pc715jorbA::tp mutant was cleared from the lung, indicating that the pyochelin uptake system does not compensate for the absence of a functional ornibactin system. Pc715jfptA::tp persisted in rat lung infections in numbers similar to those of the parent strain, indicating that the ferric-ornibactin uptake system could compensate for the defect in ferric-pyochelin uptake in vivo. These studies suggest that the ornibactin uptake system is the most important siderophore-mediated iron transport system in B. cenocepacia lung infections.
The Description Logic Handbook (2007)

Description logics are embodied in several knowledge-based systems and are used to develop various real-life applications. Now in paperback, The Description Logic Handbook provides a thorough account of the subject, covering all aspects of research in this field, namely: theory, implementation, and applications. Its appeal will be broad, ranging from more theoretically oriented readers, to those with more practically oriented interests who need a sound and modern understanding of knowledge representation systems based on description logics. As well as general revision throughout the book, this new edition presents a new chapter on ontology languages for the semantic web, an area of great importance for the future development of the web. In sum, the book will serve as a unique resource for the subject, and can also be used for self-study or as a reference for knowledge representation and artificial intelligence courses.
Creating cinematic wide gamut HDR-video for the evaluation of tone mapping operators and HDR-displays (2014)

High quality video sequences are required for the evaluation of tone mapping operators and high dynamic range (HDR) displays. We provide scenic and documentary scenes with a dynamic range of up to 18 stops. The scenes are staged using professional film lighting, make-up and set design to enable the evaluation of image and material appearance. To address challenges for HDR-displays and temporal tone mapping operators, the sequences include highlights entering and leaving the image, brightness changing over time, high contrast skin tones, specular highlights and bright, saturated colors. HDR-capture is carried out using two cameras mounted on a mirror-rig. To achieve a cinematic depth of field, digital motion picture cameras with Super-35mm size sensors are used. We provide HDR-video sequences to serve as a common ground for the evaluation of temporal tone mapping operators and HDR-displays. They are available to the scientific community for further research.
Physicians' Guide to Rare Diseases (1992)

a strange symptom or sign and needs to know the diagnosis, treatment, and where to obtain help. The book is not an in-depth treatise on any disease but, rather, gives the reader a general idea of the cause of the symptom complex that a patient presents with in the office. The definition of a rare disease is that fewer than 200 000 Americans have the disorder. The text does not completely stay within this limit, as certain illnesses described, for instance, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, are
Satellite cell response in rat soleus muscle undergoing hypertrophy due to surgical ablation of synergists (1990)

Although the role of satellite cells has been confirmed during skeletal muscle growth and regeneration, their involvement during work-induced muscle growth remains uncertain. In this study, chronically overloaded rat soleus muscles were ultrastructurally monitored following surgical ablation of synergists to examine cytological adaptations of satellite cells and myofibers. The left soleus muscle of 20 female Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks of age) was induced to hypertrophy by excising the contralateral plantaris and gastrocnemius muscles under pentobarbital anesthesia. Right limbs were sham-operated and served as controls. On days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 after surgery, the soleus muscles were removed and processed for electron microscopy. Two morphologically distinct phases were noted in the surgically overloaded muscles. The first stage (week 1) was characterized by a significant increase in the number of satellite cells, and by more than half of the experimental muscle fibers displaying myofibrillar disruptions, mitochondrial alterations and glycogen pooling. The second phase (weeks 2-4) featured mostly normal, although larger appearing muscle fibers, with the satellite cell frequency remaining slightly elevated. These findings suggest that muscle fiber structural abnormalities, rather than an increase in muscle activity, may play a more significant role in the early activation of satellite cells during compensatory hypertrophy, whereas activation of satellite cells during the later stages may be in response to increased levels of muscle activity.
Augmented smartphone applications through clone cloud execution (2009)

Smartphones enable a new, rich user experience in pervasive computing, but their hardware is still very limited in terms of computation, memory, and energy reserves, thus limiting potential applications. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture that addresses these challenges via seamlessly—but partially—off-loading execution from the smartphone to a computational infrastructure hosting a cloud of smartphone clones. We outline new augmented execution opportunities for smartphones enabled by our CloneCloud architecture.
Studies of Water in Nafion Membranes: Using Deuteron and Oxygen‐17 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Dielectric Relaxation Techniques (1993)

Deuteron and oxygen‐17 nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and dielectric relaxation studies of Nafion‐117 membranes with variable water content (approximately 5–18% by weight) have been carried out. Glassy behavior of the water domains at low temperature, below ca. 200 K, is evidenced by the specific nature of the 2H NMR line shapes. Activation energies extracted from 2H spin‐lattice relaxation data on the high temperature side of the minimum exhibit a steady increase with increasing water content. In spite of a high degree of molecular mobility, angular‐dependent spectra in both as‐received and stretched samples reflect considerable anisotropy of the host polymer. A dielectric loss peak is observed which previously has been attributed to the glass transition of the aqueous domains.
Admixture mapping identifies 8q24 as a prostate cancer risk locus in African-American men (2006)

A whole-genome admixture scan in 1,597 African Americans identified a 3.8 Mb interval on chromosome 8q24 as significantly associated with susceptibility to prostate cancer [logarithm of odds (LOD) = 7.1]. The increased risk because of inheriting African ancestry is greater in men diagnosed before 72 years of age (P < 0.00032) and may contribute to the epidemiological observation that the higher risk for prostate cancer in African Americans is greatest in younger men (and attenuates with older age). The same region was recently identified through linkage analysis of prostate cancer, followed by fine-mapping. We strongly replicated this association (P < 4.2 x 10(-9)) but find that the previously described alleles do not explain more than a fraction of the admixture signal. Thus, admixture mapping indicates a major, still-unidentified risk gene for prostate cancer at 8q24, motivating intense work to find it.
Spontaneous bonding of hydrophobic silicon surfaces (1993)

The initial attraction of silicon surfaces etched in aqueous and buffered HF solutions have been studied, by observing the spontaneity and velocity of the contact wave. Also, the effect of a following water rinse was investigated. The bond strengths were determined by measuring the surface energy of the bonds at room temperature. Surfaces etched in an aqueous HF solution, with no subsequent water rinse before drying and contacting, bond spontaneously. If water rinsing is performed after the etch, the spontaneity is lost and the surfaces bond only if a pressure is applied. Surfaces etched in a buffered HF solution did not bond.
Fractionated radiation and hyperthermia: Experimental and clinical studies (1981)

The effect of fractionated radiation and hyperthermia was experimentally studied in a C3H mammary carcinoma and its surrounding skin. Simultaneous radiation and heat (42.5 C-60 minutes) with one or five fractions gave thermal enhancement ratios (TER) of approximately 2.5 in both tumor and surrounding skin, and no improved therapeutic effect was obtained. Five fractions of sequential treatment with heating four hours after radiation reduced the tumor TER to about 1.4, but when 72 hours were allowed between the fractions, no thermal enhancement of the skin was observed. Thus, an improved therapeutic ratio was observed. Clinically the combined treatment was studied in 12 patients with 49 metastases from malignant melanoma treated with different schedules of radiation and hyperthermia (approximately 43 C for 30 minutes). Simultaneous treatment with three fractions in eight days gave TER values in the skin between 1.2-1.4, but a similar effect was found in the tumor. Three fractions of sequential treatment in eight days did not produce any thermal enhancement of the skin response, but still presented an apparent gain of the tumor response, and so seemed to increase the therapeutic effect. Bases on these findings, the strategy for further clinical use of combined hyperthermia and radiation is discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS. PART 2. PROCEDURES FOR SOLID‐PHASE SYNTHESIS USING Nα‐FLUORENYLMETHOXYCARBONYL AMINO ACIDS ON POLYAMIDE SUPPORTS. SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTANCE P AND OF ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN 65‐74 DECAPEPTIDE (1981)

Abstract Die Verwendung von basenlabilen, mit der Fmoc‐Gruppe (I) N‐geschützten Aminosäuren in Verbindung mit säurelabilen tert.‐Butyl‐ oder p‐A1koxybenzyl‐Schutzgruppen (für Seitenketten oder terminale Carboxygruppen), die gleichzeitig die Verknüpfung zum Polymerharz herstellen, ermöglicht die Durchführung von Festphasenpeptidsynthesen unter außergewöhnlich milden Reaktionsbedingungen.
Antitumor x anti-CD3 bifunctional antibodies redirect T-cells activated in vivo with staphylococcal enterotoxin B to neutralize pulmonary metastases. (1994)

T-cell antitumor activities are limited by the requirement of two specific major histocompatibility complex restricted steps, T-helper cell activation and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte targeting. The aim of this study was to investigate whether bypassing these major histocompatibility complex restricted steps using nonspecific in vivo activation of T-cells with staphylococcal enterotoxin-B (SE-B) and retargeting with antitumor x anti-CD3 bifunctional antibody (BFA) could provide an effective antitumor response. C3H/HeN mice were injected i.v. with CL-62 melanoma cells, which express the human melanoma antigen p97, and were treated 10 min later with SE-B and/or anti-CD3 (500A2) x anti-p97 (96.5) BFA. Pulmonary metastases were counted 14 days following injections. SE-B alone induced a dose-dependent activation of T-cells as measured by increased interleukin-2 receptor expression and enhanced proliferative responses. SE-B doses greater than 10 micrograms significantly reduced the number of pulmonary metastases versus control (P < 0.01). Combined treatment with SE-B (50 micrograms) and BFA (5 to 50 micrograms) significantly decreased pulmonary metastases compared to treatment with SE-B alone (P < 0.05). Similar reductions in metastases were observed with the F(ab')2 BFA but not with the unconjugated antitumor component of the BFA. Combined treatments with SE-B plus BFA accomplished better tumor neutralization than adoptively transferred in vitro activated splenocytes (4 x 10(7)) retargeted with BFA (5-100 micrograms; P < 0.05). These studies demonstrate that T-cells can be activated in vivo by SE-B and retargeted with small doses of BFA. In this immunocompetent syngeneic pulmonary metastasis model, SE-B plus BFA provided a dramatic antitumor response.
Ferroelectric domain inversion in Ti-diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguide (1979)

The ferroelectric domain in Ti-diffused c-plate LiNbO3 optical waveguides were examined by chemical etching. In the Ti-diffused +c layer, a domain-inversion layer was formed where the spontaneous polarization is opposite to that of the substrate. The formation is dependent upon diffusion conditions. On the other hand, no domain inversion appeared in the diffused −c layer. It is concluded that the −c face is quite favorable for fabricating Ti-diffused c-plate optical waveguide for application in electro-optic devices. A plausible explanation for the domain inversion is considered.
Vascular Effects of Endothelin Receptor Antagonists Depends on Their Selectivity for ETA Versus ETB Receptors and on the Functionality of Endothelial ETB Receptors (2015)

Taken together, these data suggest that in pathology, dual ETA/ETB receptor antagonism can provide superior vascular effects compared with ETA-selective receptor blockade.
Pregnancy Outcomes in HIV-Infected Women Receiving Long-Term Isoniazid Prophylaxis for Tuberculosis and Antiretroviral Therapy (2013)

Long-term isoniazid prophylaxis was not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm delivery, even in the context of ART exposure.
Evoked-Potential Correlates of Stimulus Uncertainty (1965)

The average evoked-potential waveforms to sound and light stimuli recorded from scalp in awake human subjects show differences as a function of the subject's degree of uncertainty with respect to the sensory modality of the stimulus to be presented. Differences are also found in the evoked potential as a function of whether or not the sensorymodality of the stimulus was anticipated correctly. The major waveform alteration is in the amplitude of a positive-going component which reaches peak amplitude at about 300 milliseconds.
Information Technology and Screen-Based Securities Trading: Pricing the Stock and Pricing the Trade (1997)

Many major stock exchanges rely on their member firms to act as dealer intermediaries, risking their own capital to trade as dealers with investor customers. A confluence of forces will dramatically alter the role of these intermediaries and the strategies available to them. Information technology is increasing the diversity of trading strategies used by investors; these impose different costs and risks upon intermediaries. Alternative electronic trading venues—off-exchange trading systems—are increasing the competition faced by established exchanges, and have been especially effective in targeting investors who impose low risks upon intermediaries. Finally, many of the automated systems developed by existing exchanges have stripped of many of the cues that have in the past been used by intermediaries to assess the riskiness of an investor's trade and to price accordingly. We believe that competitive pressure from alternative trading venues will drive exchanges to develop mechanisms to support risk-based pricing. We explore, through a stylized model of trading, how the use of risk-based pricing can preserve the established central market. This enables intermediaries to separate pricing the shares traded from pricing the services for dealing these shares, and provides low-cost execution while preserving the benefits of intermediation. Our model uses a detailed computer simulation, in which dealers interact with order flow to produce a sequence of trades, which determine market prices, which in turn influence order flow; the model enables us to calculate trading costs for different classes of investor, various other standard measures of market quality, and market maker profitability.
Endometriosis: an inflammatory disease with a Th2 immune response component (2007)

Endometriosis is an inflammatory disease involving a possible shift towards Th2 immune response component, as demonstrated by the relative increase in cytokines characteristic of this pattern of immune response.