gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ELISA and Multiplex Technologies for Cytokine Measurement in Inflammation and Aging Research (2008)

Over the last decade there has been an enormous expansion of research focused on defining the role of inflammation in aging, age-related diseases, disability, and frailty. The availability of methods to measure cytokines and other inflammatory mediators or markers with high sensitivity and specificity is critically important. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the most widely used and best validated method, is limited by its ability to measure only a single protein in each sample. Recent developments in serum cytokine quantification technology include multiplex arrays, which offer the potential of better evaluating the complexity and dynamic nature of inflammatory responses and offer substantial cost and sample savings over traditional ELISA measurements. Despite potential advantages of this new technology, experience with these techniques is limited, and it has not emerged to date as the gold standard in inflammatory mediator measurement. This article reviews ELISA and the emerging multiplex technologies, compares the cost and effectiveness of recently developed multiplex arrays with traditional ELISA technology, and provides specific recommendations for investigators interested in measuring serum inflammatory mediators in older adults.
The Human Androgen Receptor: Complementary Deoxyribonucleic Acid Cloning, Sequence Analysis and Gene Expression in Prostate (1988)

Androgenic hormones mediate their effects on male sex differentiation and development through a high affinity receptor protein. We report here cloning of the complete coding sequence of the human androgen receptor (hAR). By sequence homology hAR is a member of the nuclear receptor family, with closest sequence identity to the progesterone, mineralocorticoid, and glucocorticoid receptors. Regions of highest homology include the DNA-binding domain and a small region within the hydrophobic ligand-binding domain. Comparison of the deduced 919 amino acid sequence of hAR (98,999 mol wt) to the 902 amino acid sequence of rat AR (98,227 mol wt) reveals identical sequences in the DNA- and hormone-binding domains, with an overall homology of 85%. In human prostate, the major androgen receptor mRNA species is 10 kilobases while a less abundant mRNA is approximately 7 kilobases. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies were raised against a synthetic peptide from the N-terminal region of hAR. Immunocytochemical analysis of human prostate tissue demonstrated that AR is localized predominantly in nuclei of glandular epithelial cells.
Time-resolved picosecond optical measurements of laser-excited graphite (1986)

A phase transformation in graphite irradiated by visible picosecond laser pulses is observed above a well-defined pump threshold. Time-resolved reflectivity measurements at different wavelengths indicate that the high-temperature phase is not metallic. At low irradiation levels, a fast decaying plasma component is observed.
A new member of the Arabidopsis WRKY transcription factor family, AtWRKY6, is associated with both senescence‐ and defence‐related processes (2001)

WRKY proteins constitute a large family of plant-specific transcription factors whose precise functions have yet to be elucidated. Here we show that expression of one representative in Arabidopsis, AtWRKY6, is influenced by several external and internal signals often involved in triggering senescence processes and plant defence responses. Progressive 5' deletions of the AtWRKY6 promoter allowed separation of defined regions responsible for the expression in distinct organs or upon pathogen challenge. Nuclear localization of AtWRKY6 was demonstrated; protein truncations and gain-of-function studies enabled delineation of a region harbouring a novel type of functional nuclear localization signal (NLS).
Haplotype-Based Banking of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells for Transplantation: Potential and Limitations (2012)

High expectations surround the area of stem cells therapeutics. However, the cells' source-adult or embryonic-and the cells' origin-patient-derived autologous or healthy donor genetically unrelated-remain subjects of debate. Autologous origins have the advantage of a theoretical absence of immune rejection by the recipient. However, this approach has several limitations with regard to the disease of the recipient and to potential problems with the generation, expansion, and manipulation of autologous induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) preparation. An alternative to using autologous cells is the establishment of a bank of well-characterized adult cells that would be used to generate iPS cells and their derivatives. In the context of transplantation, such cells would come from genetically unrelated donors and the immune system of the recipient would reject the graft without immunosuppressive therapy. To minimize the risk of rejection, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) compatibility is certainly the best option, and the establishment of an HLA-organized bank would mean having a limited number of stem cells that would be sufficient for a large number of recipients. The concept of haplobanking with HLA homozygous cell lines would also limit the number of HLA mismatches, but such an approach will not necessarily be less immunogenic in terms of selection criteria, because of the limited number of HLA-compatible loci and the level of HLA typing resolution.
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia and Cardiovascular Responses to Stress (1992)

The parasympathetic nervous system provides mechanisms that could attenuate sympathetically mediated heart rate stress responses and might have even more general antagonistic actions on stress reactivity. Individuals characterized by higher levels of parasympathetic tone might, through such mechanisms, be less reactive when stimuli elicit sympathetically mediated responses. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is considered to be a noninvasive index of cardiac parasympathetic (vagal) tone. The present study investigated whether individual differences in RSA level at rest could predict variations among individuals in the magnitude of cardiovascular responses to psychological stress. None of the measures of resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia, derived from spectral analysis of beat-to-beat changes in resting heart rate, predicted the observed variations in cardiovascular task reactivity. However, scores reflecting respiratory sinus arrhythmia as the percentage of total heart rate variability (RSAnorm) were negatively correlated with blood pressure levels, both at rest and during the task. Furthermore, subjects with higher scores for RSAnorm demonstrated a faster adaptation of heart rate responses during stress, which suggests the development of parasympathetic antagonism to ongoing sympathetic arousal. Although a simple relationship between respiratory sinus arrhythmia and reactivity was not observed, these results encourage further investigation of RSA measures as psychophysiological indices of individual differences in parasympathetic (vagal) cardiac tone, or perhaps of general parasympathetic/sympathetic balance, which could modulate the expression of potentially pathogenic stress responses.
Shielding around spallation neutron sources. (2006)

Spallation neutron sources provide more intense and harder neutron spectrum than nuclear reactors for which a substantial amount of shielding measurements have been performed. Although the main part of the cost for a spallation station is the cost of the shielding, measurements regarding shielding for the high energy neutron region are still very scarce. In this work calculation of the neutron interaction length in polyethylene moderator for different neutron energies is presented. Measurements which were carried out in Nuclotron accelerator at the Laboratory of High Energies (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna) and comparison with calculation are also presented. The measurements were performed with Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs).
Human Adipose Tissue Is a Source of Multipotent Stem Cells (2002)

Much of the work conducted on adult stem cells has focused on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) found within the bone marrow stroma. Adipose tissue, like bone marrow, is derived from the embryonic mesenchyme and contains a stroma that is easily isolated. Preliminary studies have recently identified a putative stem cell population within the adipose stromal compartment. This cell population, termed processed lipoaspirate (PLA) cells, can be isolated from human lipoaspirates and, like MSCs, differentiate toward the osteogenic, adipogenic, myogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. To confirm whether adipose tissue contains stem cells, the PLA population and multiple clonal isolates were analyzed using several molecular and biochemical approaches. PLA cells expressed multiple CD marker antigens similar to those observed on MSCs. Mesodermal lineage induction of PLA cells and clones resulted in the expression of multiple lineage-specific genes and proteins. Furthermore, biochemical analysis also confirmed lineage-specific activity. In addition to mesodermal capacity, PLA cells and clones differentiated into putative neurogenic cells, exhibiting a neuronal-like morphology and expressing several proteins consistent with the neuronal phenotype. Finally, PLA cells exhibited unique characteristics distinct from those seen in MSCs, including differences in CD marker profile and gene expression.
Asexual Blood Stages of Plasmodium falciparum Exhibit Signs of Secondary Necrosis, but not Classical Apoptosis after Exposure to Febrile Temperature (40 C) (2008)

It has been shown by others that after cultures of Plasmodium falciparum were exposed to a febrile temperature of 40 C, parasitemia was reduced in the subsequent generation, suggesting a temperature-induced inhibition of trophozoites and schizonts. In the current study, influences unique to cultivation were ruled out, demonstrating that 40 C impacted the parasites directly. Metabolic profiling of DNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and glucose utilization clearly indicated that febrile temperatures had a direct effect on parasite development, beginning 20-24 hr after erythrocyte invasion. The mechanism of parasite death was investigated for evidence of temperature-induced apoptosis. Lack of typical physiological hallmarks, namely, caspase activation, characteristic mitochondrial membrane potential changes, and DNA degradation as indicated by DNA laddering, eliminated 'classical' apoptosis as a mechanism of parasite death. Parasites dying under the influence of heat, staurosporine, and chloroquine initially appeared pyknotic by light and electron microscopy (as in apoptosis), but eventual swelling and lysis of the food vacuole membrane led to secondary necrosis. Chloroquine did induce DNA laddering, but it was later attributed to occult white blood cell contaminants. While not apoptosis, the results do not rule out other forms of temperature-induced programmed cell death.
Evaluation of Design for Reliability Techniques in Embedded Flash Memories (2007)

Nonvolatile flash memories are becoming more and more popular in systems-on-chip (SoC). Embedded flash (eFlash) memories are based on the well-known floating-gate transistor concept. The reliability of such type of technology is a growing up issue for embedded systems; endurance and retention are of course the main features to analyze. To enhance memory reliability current eFlash memories designs use techniques such as error correction code (ECC), redundancy or threshold voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T </sub> ) analysis. In this paper, a memory model to evaluate the reliability of eFlash memory arrays under distinct enhancement schemes is developed
Immunological analysis of acetyl-CoA carboxylase mass, tissue distribution and subunit composition (1990)

Changes in the mass and subunit structure of liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) accompany altered nutrition in vivo. Enzyme activity in different tissues and cell lines is also, in part, determined by variations in both total mass and ACC isoenzyme composition. ACC isoenzyme mass and hetero/homo-isoenzyme association were quantified by three sandwich e.l.i.s.a. assays, i.e. an avidin-based assay that measured total isoenzyme mass and two antibody-sandwich assays which measure polypeptide association. Results from the avidin-based assay reveal that the two major isoenzymes, of molecular mass 265 kDa (ACC 265) and 280 kDa (ACC 280), are present in markedly variable concentration in several rat and mouse tissues and in cell lines of rat and mouse origin. Hepatic ACC mass has been reported to be distributed between mitochondrial and cytosolic fractions and to undergo only a change in subcellular distribution without alteration in total mass on induction/repression of activity in vivo [Roman-Lopez, Shriver, Joseph & Alfred (1989) Biochem. J. 260, 927-930]. However, in the present study, immunoblotting and e.l.i.s.a. analysis reveals that, in rat liver, the mass of both isoenzymes is predominantly cytosolic in distribution, is markedly diminished on fasting and rises 6-8-fold on refeeding of a high-carbohydrate diet. These data support the results of several other investigations of hepatic ACC mass, and are consistent with known nutritionally altered changes in ACC mRNA content. By the two antibody-sandwich e.l.i.s.a. assays, isoenzyme complexes either composed of both ACC 280 and 265 or with multiple copies of ACC 265 are detectable in rat liver enzyme; their concentration varies independently of total ACC mass with the nutritional state of the rat, being lowest in fasting and highest on fasting/refeeding. E.l.i.s.a. analysis, applicable to crude tissue/cell extracts, provides a simple, sensitive and quantitative measurement of ACC mass and subunit composition. Its use may permit needed quantitative insight into the role of variable total ACC and isoenzyme mass and of alterations in ACC subunit composition that occur in vivo or in isolated cells in response to a variety of hormonal and nutritional influences.
New conjugate vaccines for the prevention of pneumococcal diseasein developing countries (2011)

Current pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are highly effective in preventing serotype-specific pneumococcal disease; however, they are relatively expensive and complicated to produce. Furthermore, PCVs do not cover all disease-causing pneumococcal serotypes. While current PCVs are available in industrialized countries and with external assistance in some low-income countries, alternative, more intrinsically affordable pneumococcal vaccines are essential for achieving more widespread use and coverage in resource-limited settings, where vaccines are often inaccessible and need is greatest. This review article describes a number of approaches to develop new PCVs designed to meet this urgent need.
Bone reconstruction: from bioceramics to tissue engineering (2005)

Over the past 30 years, an enormous array of biomaterials proposed as ideal scaffolds for cell growth have emerged, yet few have demonstrated clinical efficacy. Biomaterials, regardless of whether they are permanent or biodegradable, naturally occurring or synthetic, need to be biocompatible, ideally osteoinductive, osteoconductive, integrative, porous and mechanically compatible with native bone to fulfill their desired role in bone tissue engineering. These materials provide cell anchorage sites, mechanical stability and structural guidance and in vivo, provide the interface to respond to physiologic and biologic changes as well as to remodel the extracellular matrix in order to integrate with the surrounding native tissue. Calcium phosphate ceramics and bioactive glasses were introduced more than 30 years ago as bone substitutes. These materials are considered bioactive as they bond to bone and enhance bone tissue formation. The bioactivity property has been attributed to the similarity between the surface composition and structure of bioactive materials, and the mineral phase of bone. The drawback in using bioactive glasses and calcium phosphate ceramics is that close proximity to the host bone is necessary to achieve osteoconduction. Even when this is achieved, new bone growth is often strictly limited because these materials are not osteoinductive in nature. Bone has a vast capacity for regeneration from cells with stem cell characteristics. Moreover, a number of different growth factors including bone morphogenetic proteins, have been demonstrated to stimulate bone growth, collagen synthesis and fracture repair both in vitro and in vivo. Attempts to develop a tissue-engineering scaffold with both osteoconductivity and osteoinductivity have included loading osteoinductive proteins and/or osteogenic cells on the traditional bioactive materials. Yet issues that must be considered for the effective application of bioceramics in the field of tissue engineering are the degree of bioresorption and the poor mechanical strength. The synthesis of a new generation of biomaterials that can specifically serve as tissue engineering scaffolds for drug and cell delivery is needed. Nanotechnology can provide an alternative way of processing porous bioceramics with high mechanical strength and enhanced bioactivity and resorbability.
Computer programs for detecting and correcting spelling errors (1980)

With the increase in word and text processing computer systems, programs which check and correct spelling will become more and more common. Peterson investigates the basic structure of several such existing programs and their approaches to solving the problems which arise when this type of program is created. The basic framework and background necessary to write a spelling checker or corrector are provided.
Microwave‐Assisted Esterification of Methacrylic Acid and Polymer‐Analogous Esterification of Poly[ethylene‐co‐(acrylic acid)] with Dissimilar Phenols (2007)

Abstract Phenyl methacrylate and p ‐tolyl methacrylate were synthesized by starting directly from methacrylic acid and the corresponding phenols. Polymer‐analogous esterification on poly[ethylene‐ co ‐(acrylic acid)] (PEAA) was performed with phenol, p ‐methoxyphenol, and 2,4,6‐trimethylphenol. The synthesized compounds were characterized by FT‐IR and 1 H NMR measurements. The esterification reactions were performed under solvent‐free conditions using an acid catalyst under microwave irradiation and in an oil‐bath, for comparison. It was shown that MW irradiation effectively promotes the esterification especially on the polymeric system. Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to study the thermal behavior of modified and unmodified PEAA. One pot reaction and reaction time within minutes are the main advantages of the MW method. magnified image
High Expression of IL-13 Receptor α2 in Colorectal Cancer Is Associated with Invasion, Liver Metastasis, and Poor Prognosis (2012)

Autocrine secretion of cytokines by metastatic colorectal cancer cells and their role during invasion and liver homing has been poorly characterized. In this study, we used cytokine arrays to analyze the secretomes of poorly and highly metastatic colorectal cancer cells. Compared with poorly metastatic cancer cells, highly metastatic cells expressed increased levels of the immunosuppressive cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 in addition to increased surface expression of the high affinity IL-13 receptor IL-13Rα2, suggesting that IL-13Rα2 mediates IL-13 effects in colorectal cancer cells. Silencing of IL-13Rα2 in highly metastatic cells led to a decrease in adhesion capacity in vitro and a reduction in liver homing and increased survival in vivo, revealing a role for this receptor in cell adhesion, migration, invasion, and metastatic colonization. In support of this, IL-13 signaling activated the oncogenic signaling molecules phosphoinositide 3-kinase, AKT, and SRC in highly metastatic cells. Clinically, high expression of IL-13Rα2 was associated with later stages of disease progression and poor outcome in patients with colorectal cancer. Our findings therefore support a critical role for IL-13Rα2 expression in colon cancer invasion and metastasis.
Using sampling techniques in protein crystallization (1995)

The crystallization of homogeneous or highly purified macromolecules depends on many variables such as precipitant, pH, choice of buffer, protein concentration, temperature, the participation of different mono- and divalent ions, as well as the presence of minute amounts of detergent and organic molecules. Finding the best combination among these many parameters is a multi-variable optimization problem. This kind of problem can be treated mathematically by sampling techniques. We have used this technique for protein crystallization. The iterative procedure starts with random sampling, followed by quantitative evaluation and cycles with weighted sampling. A simple procedure, derived from this concept and called MON48, has been successfully applied to many protein crystallization problems.
Sodium Imidodiphosphate. Synthesis, Identification and Hydrolytic Degradation (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSodium Imidodiphosphate. Synthesis, Identification and Hydrolytic DegradationMorris L. Nielsen, Ralph R. Ferguson, and William S. CoakleyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 1, 99–102Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01462a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01462a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views173Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Clinical pharmacology (1991)

The two principal themes of clinical pharmacology, individualization of drug therapy and the scientific assessment of drugs in humans, continue to be integrated into the mainstream of medicine itself. The major development that is helping to individualize therapy is the continuing advance of pharmacogenetics and its application to clinical problems. The discovery that some people were very slow metabolizers of debrisoquin (a drug used to test a pathway of drug metabolism), because they lack the gene for the normal enzyme, has led to new interest in understanding the genetic basis of individual variation in drug response. Many drugs, including some tricyclic antidepressants (eg, desipramine, imipramine, nortriptyline, and amitriptyline) and propafenone, are metabolized by this pathway.<sup>1</sup>About 7% of the population is markedly deficient in this enzyme. Prescribing these tricyclic antidepressants for patients who have this enzyme deficiency can lead to high levels of the drugs and toxic effects at
The synergy between non-blocking synchronization and operating system structure (1996)

No abstract available.
Assessing hydration status (2002)

Although there is no 'gold standard' for assessment of hydration status, it appears that changes in body weight, along with urine osmolality, specific gravity, conductivity and colour are among the most widely used indices. Furthermore, they provide reasonable results, especially when the analysis is based on the first morning urine sample.