gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interest of &#945;2-Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists in Clinical Practice: Background, Facts and Perspectives (2006)

The family of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors (alpha(2)-ARs) comprises three subtypes which are each endowed with specific functions. alpha(2)-agonists and alpha(2)-antagonists are part of the clinician armamentarium since several decades; however, none of the compounds so far available is subtype selective. For long, clonidine and yohimbine have been used for the treatment of hypertension and impotence respectively, but both have been superseded by newer drugs. This review attempts, by a comprehensive analysis of the literature, to cover the present clinical use and the potential therapeutic interest of alpha(2)-agonists or antagonists. From the clinical data, it is concluded that, with the exception of a few particular situations, alpha(2)-agonists are only of limited utility as a monotherapy. By contrast, they offer several powerful advantages when used in adjunctive therapy. In perioperative settings, alpha(2)-agonists are extremely valuable adjuncts to anesthetics and analgesics for the induction of anxiolysis, maintenance of sedation, management of pain and prevention of shivering. In the ophthalmic clinic, they are used to lower intra-ocular pressure during laser surgery of the eye. As a daily medication, alpha(2)-agonists are also of interest for the treatment of glaucoma, muscle spasticity, opiate withdrawal, and behavior disorders. The alpha(2)-antagonists are useful antidotes for reversing the threatening effects of agonist overdose, but currently there are very few indications. New applications are under investigation, and new molecules with more refined subtype-selectivity may emerge, so the clinical utility of both alpha(2)-agonists and antagonists will undoubtedly expand in the future.
女性、战争、和平缔造与战后重建 (2006)

战争和冲突状态下的女性保护问题，以及女性在预防冲突、维持和缔造和平过程中的中心作用，是国际社会的根本关注所在。但是，对妇女和少女的残杀以及性虐待这些现象所反映的蓄意伤害行为在当代武装冲突中依然势头不减。
Isothermal Discrimination of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms via Real-Time Kinetic Desorption and Label-Free Detection of DNA Using Silicon Photonic Microring Resonator Arrays (2011)

We report a sensitive, label-free method for detecting single-stranded DNA and discriminating between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using arrays of silicon photonic microring resonators. In only a 10 min assay, DNA is detected at subpicomole levels with a dynamic range of 3 orders of magnitude. Following quantitation, sequence discrimination with single nucleotide resolution is achieved isothermally by monitoring the dissociation kinetics of the duplex in real-time using an array of SNP-specific capture probes. By leveraging the capabilities of the microring resonator platform, we successfully generate multiplexed arrays to quickly screen for the presence and identity of SNPs and show the robustness of this methodology by analyzing multiple target sequences of varying GC content. Furthermore, we show that this technique can be used to distinguish both homozygote and heterozygote alleles.
Data structures for quadtree approximation and compression (1985)

A number of data structures for representing images by quadtrees without pointers are discussed. The image is treated as a collection of leaf nodes. Each leaf node is represented by use of a locational code corresponding to a sequence of directional codes that locate the leaf along a path from the root of the tree. Somewhat related is the concept of a forest which is a representation that consists of a collection of maximal blocks. It is reviewed and refined to enable the representation of a quadtree as a sequence of approximations. In essence, all BLACK and WHITE nodes are said to be of type GB and GW, respectively. GRAY nodes are of type GB if at least two of their sons are of type GB; otherwise, they are of type GW. Sequences of approximations using various combinations of locational codes of GB and GW nodes are proposed and shown to be superior to approximation methods based on truncation of nodes below a certain level in the tree. These approximations have two important properties. First, they are progressive in the sense that as more of the image is transmitted, the receiving device can construct a better approximation (contrast with facsimile methods which transmit the image one line at a time). Second, they are proved to lead to compression in the sense that they never require more than MIN(B, W) nodes where B and W correspond to the number of BLACK and WHITE nodes in the original quadtree. Algorithms are given for constructing the approximation sequences as well as decoding them to rebuild the original quadtree.
Design and Characterization of a Multisource Hand-Held Tandem Mass Spectrometer (2008)

A wireless-controlled miniature rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer system, total weight with batteries 5.0 kg, consuming less than 35 W of power, and having dimensions of 22 cm in length by 12 cm in width by 18 cm in height, is characterized. The design and construction of the mass spectrometer including mass analyzer, vacuum system, electronics system, and data acquisition and processing systems, is detailed. The mass spectrometer is compatible with various types of ionization sources including a glow discharge electron impact ionization source used in the internal ionization mode, and various atmospheric pressure ionization sources, including electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and desorption electrospray ionization, which are employed for external, atmospheric pressure ionization. These external sources are coupled to the miniature mass spectrometer via a capillary interface that is operated in a discontinuous fashion (discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface) to maximize ion transport. The performance of the mass spectrometer for large and small molecules is characterized. Limits of detection in the parts-per-billion range were obtained for selected compounds examined using both the internal ionization and external ionization modes. Tandem mass spectrometry and fast in situ analysis capabilities are also demonstrated using a variety of compounds and ionization sources. Protein molecules are analyzed as the multiply protonated molecules with mass/charge ratios up to 1500 Da/charge.
[The use of direct current in the local destruction of cancer tissues]. (1989)

Two platinum electrodes were inserted into malignant cancer tissue. One electrode was positive or anode, and the other was negative or cathode. Five to thirty milliamperes were employed between two electrodes. The tissue impedance was initially 600 ohms and decreased to 300 ohms in 30 minutes following the start. Marked acidosis was obtained around the anode, while strong alkalosis was created around the cathode. Cancer tissues of 2cm in diameter around the electrode became necrotic in 60 min. This principle was applied for the local destruction of cancer tissues. Repeated use of direct current seemed to be effective in decreasing the cancer volume around electrodes. For more complete destruction of the cancer tissues, bleomycin was injected intravenously in experimental animals. Since the agent was positively charged, it was easily drawn toward the negative electrode. Direct current was applied following the bleomycin injection, and animal tissues around electrodes were examined. The drug was found to accumulate around the cathode in 6 out of eleven cases. The use of direct current might be helpful in accumulating anti-cancer drugs in malignant tissue.
Two Phases of Nitrergic Neuropathy in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats (2003)

The distinction between metabolic and structural changes occurring in autonomic neurons during diabetes has not been fully clarified. Here we demonstrate that nitric oxide synthase-containing (nitrergic) neurons innervating the penis and gastric pylorus of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats undergo a selective degenerative process in two phases. In the first phase, nitrergic nerve fibers lose some of their neuronal nitric oxide synthase content and function. In the second phase, nitrergic degeneration takes place in the cell bodies in the ganglia, leading to complete loss of nitrergic function. The changes in the first phase are reversible with insulin replacement; however, the neurodegeneration in the second phase is irreversible. Neurodegeneration is due to apoptotic cell death in the ganglia, which is selective for the nitrergic neurones.
Molluscum Contagiosum Virus Interleukin-18 (IL-18) Binding Protein Is Secreted as a Full-Length Form That Binds Cell Surface Glycosaminoglycans through the C-Terminal Tail and a Furin-Cleaved Form with Only the IL-18 Binding Domain (2003)

Some poxviruses and their mammalian hosts encode homologous proteins that bind interleukin-18 (IL-18) with high affinity and inhibit IL-18-mediated immune responses. MC54L, the IL-18 binding protein of the human poxvirus that causes molluscum contagiosum, is unique in having a C-terminal tail of nearly 100 amino acids that is dispensable for IL-18 binding. When recombinant MC54L was expressed and purified via a C-terminal six-histidine tag, a shorter fragment was detected in addition to the full-length protein. This C-terminal fragment resulted from the cleavage of MC54L by cellular furin, as it was greatly diminished when furin was specifically inhibited or when a furin-deficient cell line was used for expression. Furthermore, the N- and C-terminal fragments of MC54L were generated by cleavage of the recombinant protein with furin in vitro. The furin cleavage site was mapped within a 32-amino-acid segment that is C terminal to the IL-18 binding domain. Full-length MC54L, but not the N-terminal IL-18 binding fragment, bound to cells and to purified heparin and other glycosaminoglycans that are commonly found on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. MC54L bound to heparin with a nanomolar K(d) and could simultaneously bind to IL-18. Their different glycosaminoglycan and cell binding properties may allow the long and short forms of MC54L to inactivate IL-18 near the site of infection and at more distal locations, respectively.
The anaerobic filter for waste treatment. (1969)

An entirely new treatment process has been found to be particu larly effective for the treatment of low strength soluble organic wastes. This process, termed the anaerobic filter, is basically a rock-filled bed similar in appearance to an aerobic trickling fil ter. However, the waste is distributed across the bottom of the fil ter. Flow is upward through the bed of rocks so that the filter is submerged completely. Anaerobic microorgan isms accumulate in the void spaces be tween the rocks so that the waste comes in contact with a large active biological mass as it passes through the filter. A high degree of treatment re sults even at nominal waste tempera tures, and the effluent essentially is free of biological solids. Historically, systems have been used to stabilize high strength wastes, primarily composed of the solids produced by aerobic processes and removed from settling tanks. Con ventional processes have re quired long detention times for good waste stabilization and usually have been uneconomical for the treatment of waste containing less than approxi
EHD surface waves of diesel oil thin films generated by wire-plate barrier discharges (2002)

An experimental investigation has been conducted to study electrohydrodynamically (EHD) induced surface wave phenomena on the surface of dielectric diesel oil thin films under wire-plate barrier discharges. Experimental arrangements used in the present investigation consisted of a corona wire, air gaps, thin oil film, mylor sheet and conducting transparent sheet placed on the lucite plate. Positive dc (on/off) high voltage was imposed on the corona wires and the conducting sheet was grounded. Diesel oil is used as a working fluid (/spl epsi//sub s/=2.2 and /spl sigma/5/spl times/10/sup -/5 /spl mu/S/m). The experimental results show that: (1) Thin oil film started to deform immediately when dc voltage is imposed and a small elongated ring shape hydraulic jump expanding wave is formed; (2) after thin oil film becomes significantly charged, a formation of depressing expanding elongated ring-shaped waves are observed and relatively uniform oil thin films formed below corona wires; (3) after voltage is off, a formation of depression expanding waves is observed and the surface waves keep forming and decay until all the electric charges at the surface of the diesel oils are relaxed.
Changes in body composition and morphology of young‐of‐the‐year gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus Goode, in Fourleague Bay, Louisiana (1986)

Body composition (lipid, water, protein, energy content) and metamorphosis of young‐of‐the‐year gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus Goode, were examined over a yearly cycle in Fourleague Bay, Louisiana. Metamorphosis from larvae to juveniles, as indicated by the body depth to length ratio, was completed by 30 mm S.L. Analysis of the length/weight relationship indicated separate equations for larvae/postlarvae (&lt; 30 mm S.L.) and juvenile/subadults (30–100 mm S.L.). Major body composition changes from larvae to subadult included an increase in lipid content, a corresponding increase in energy content, and a decrease in nitrogen content. Young‐of‐the‐year gulf menhaden did not exhibit the seasonal pattern of condition factors typical of adult clupeids. There may be a shift in energy allocation away from protein growth to lipid storage associated with attainment of a larger size. Initiation of emigration may be related to lipid storage and temperature change, with higher lipid content fish migrating first. End‐of‐year variations in fish size and lipid storage may be related to environmental conditions, such as water temperature and salinity.
Can small molecules provide truly effective enhancement of cognition? Current achievements and future directions (2011)

The existing efficacy readouts addressing cognition in preclinical research offer little translational validity to the clinical situation. In order to identify truly efficacious drug candidates, biomarkers need to be developed that directly address conserved mechanisms underlying cognitive performances. To this end, technologies such as neuroimaging or electroencephalography constitute promising entry points for identifying both the cognitive domain and the patient population most responsive to drug treatment.
Domestic Terrorism With Chemical or Biological Agents: Psychiatric Aspects (1999)

Psychiatrists have an important role in the management of a chemical or biological terrorist incident and, along with their other medical colleagues, should train and prepare for it.
Lentiviral vector transduction of NOD/SCID repopulating cells results in multiple vector integrations per transduced cell: risk of insertional mutagenesis (2002)

Efficient vector transduction of hematopoietic stem cells is a requirement for successful gene therapy of hematologic disorders. We asked whether human umbilical cord blood CD34(+)CD38(lo) nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) repopulating cells (SRCs) could be efficiently transduced using lentiviral vectors, with a particular focus on the average number of vector copies integrating into these primitive progenitor cells. Mouse bone marrow was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell-sorter scanner and by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the transduction efficiency into SRCs. Lentiviral vector transduction resulted in an average of 22% (range, 3%-90%) of the human cells expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), however, multiple vector copies were present in human hematopoietic cells, with an average of 5.6 +/- 3.3 (n = 12) copies per transduced cell. To confirm the ability of lentiviral vectors to integrate multiple vector copies into SRCs, linear amplification mediated (LAM)-PCR was used to analyze the integration site profile of a selected mouse showing low-level engraftment and virtually all human cells expressing GFP. Individually picked granulocyte macrophage colony-forming unit colonies derived from the bone marrow of this mouse were analyzed and shown to have the same 5 vector integrants within each colony. Interestingly, one integration site of the 5 that were sequenced in this mouse was located in a known tumor-suppressor gene, BRCA1. Therefore, these findings demonstrate the ability of lentiviral vectors to transduce multiple copies into a subset of NOD/SCID repopulating cells. While this is efficient in terms of transduction and transgene expression, it may increase the risk of insertional mutagenesis.
Does B cell depletion have a role to play in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus? (2004)

B cell dysfunction and pathogenic autoantibody formation are thought to be critical in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this review we will summarize the results of attempts to utilize B cell depletion, based on the use of a chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for human CD20, rituximab, for the treatment of patients with SLE.
HTML Tables (1996)

The HyperText Markup Language (HTML) is a simple markup language used to create hypertext documents that are portable from one platform to another. HTML documents are SGML documents with generic semantics that are appropriate for representing information from a wide range of applications. This specification extends HTML to support a wide variety of tables. The model is designed to work well with associated style sheets, but does not require them. It also supports rendering to braille, or speech, and exchange of tabular data with databases and spreadsheets. The HTML table model embodies certain aspects of the CALS table model, e.g. the ability to group table rows into thead, tbody and tfoot sections, plus the ability to specify cell alignment compactly for sets of cells according to the context.
Live updating operating systems using virtualization (2006)

Many critical IT infrastructures require non-disruptive operations. However, the operating systems thereon are far from perfect that patches and upgrades are frequently applied, in order to close vulnerabilities, add new features and enhance performance. To mitigate the loss of availability, such operating systems need to provide features such as live update through which patches and upgrades can be applied without having to stop and reboot the operating system. Unfortunately, most current live updating approaches cannot be easily applied to existing operating systems: some are tightly bound to specific design approaches (e.g. object-oriented); others can only be used under particular circumstances (e.g. quiescence states).In this paper, we propose using virtualization to provide the live update capability. The proposed approach allows a broad range of patches and upgrades to be applied at any time without the requirement of a quiescence state. Moreover, such approach shares good portability for its OS-transparency and is suitable for inclusion in general virtualization systems. We present a working prototype, LUCOS, which supports live update capability on Linux running on Xen virtual machine monitor. To demonstrate the applicability of our approach, we use real-life kernel patches from Linux kernel 2.6.10 to Linux kernel 2.6.11, and apply some of those kernel patches on the fly. Performance measurements show that our implementation incurs negligible performance overhead: a less than 1% performance degradation compared to a Xen-Linux. The time to apply a patch is also very minimal.
A calcium-activated protease from Alzheimer's disease brain cleaves at the N-terminus of the amyloid β-protein (1991)

Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, and to a far lesser extent, normal aged brains exhibit abnormal extracellular deposits of amyloid. The major component of brain amyloid is the beta-protein, a 4Kd fragment of the larger beta-protein precursor. The finding of the abnormally processed beta-protein and a protease inhibitor (alpha 1-antichymotrypsin) in the amyloid deposits prompted us to search for proteases which may generate the beta-protein from its precursor. We now report on the presence and partial purification of one such proteolytic activity from Alzheimer's brain. Normal physiologic C-terminal cleavage of the secreted form of the beta-protein precursor occurs in the middle of the beta-protein suggesting that the beta-protein accumulates due to an alternative degradation pathway. We propose here that the protease activity we describe participates in this abnormal pathway.
Effect of surface texture on the soft tissue response to polymer implants (1983)

The ion beam etching process produces micro hairlike filaments on PTFE without causing any chemical or physiochemical alterations to the material. Implantation of this textured material subcutaneously, altered the interfacial cells and the kinetics of fibrous capsule development. Interfacial cells associated with textured interfaces (shown to be monocytic phagocytes) display increases in adhesion, vacuolization, filopodia formation, cytoplasmic-to-nuclear ratio, metabolism, acid phosphatase activity, and increased FBGC formation. The fibrous capsule associated with textured implants is reduced in thickness at 8 weeks but is similar to smooth controls at later time periods. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the surface texture of an implant is a critical variable in determining the soft tissue response to a material.
IMMUNOLOGICAL PROFILE OF PATIENTS WITH OVARIAN-CANCER UNDER IMMUNOSTIMULATION WITH MURINE MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES (1995)

The longer survival of ovarian cancer patients after immunostimulation has been connected with the induction of an anti-tumor activity triggered by cellular and humoral immune responses. Our interest was to study the long-term influence on the immune system in relation to the various levels of the HAMA response and the disease stage. The immunological profile was evaluated by regularly performing phenotyping and functional analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). We report the statistical analysis of immunological data obtained in a study with 77 ovarian cancer patients examined over a period of up to 28 months. The results demonstrate that these immunological data are important for monitoring cancer patients under immunotherapy whereas they provide no prognostic significance.
Inhibition of platelet-dependent thrombosis by low molecular weight heparin (CY222): comparison with standard heparin. (1989)

We have compared the relative antithrombotic and antihemostatic effects of the very low molecular weight heparin CY222 with standard unfractionated heparin (SH) in a baboon model of platelet-dependent thrombosis. Thrombus formation was induced by placement of a thrombogenic device in an exteriorized femoral arteriovenous shunt under conditions of intermediate-shear blood flow. The device consisted of a collagen-coated cannular segment positioned proximal to two regions of expanded diameter exhibiting disturbed flow and stasis. Thrombus formation was measured in real time by indium 111-labeled platelet imaging. The collagen-coated surface accumulated thrombi composed largely of platelets, and the regions of disturbed flow were morphologically rich in fibrin and red cells. SH and CY222 were administered by continuous infusion for 1 hour. Although both heparin preparations abolished thrombus formation in the low-shear fibrin-rich regions at plasma levels less than 0.5 anti-Xa U/ml, platelet deposition onto the collagen surface was not reduced by either SH or CY222 at that dosage. These findings were consistent with previously observed therapeutic benefits of this level of anti-Xa activity in venous, but not arterial, thrombosis. Platelet deposition on the collagen was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by both SH and CY222 administered at doses between 1 and 5 anti-Xa U/ml. It is important to note that although heparin preparations produced profound and equivalent antithrombotic effects for platelet-dependent thrombus formation at comparable levels of anti-Xa activity, SH prolonged both the coagulation time and the bleeding time substantially more than did CY222.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)