gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal vortex formation as an index of cardiac health (2006)

Heart disease remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Previous research has indicated that the dynamics of the cardiac left ventricle (LV) during diastolic filling may play a critical role in dictating overall cardiac health. Hence, numerous studies have aimed to predict and evaluate global cardiac health based on quantitative parameters describing LV function. However, the inherent complexity of LV diastole, in its electrical, muscular, and hemodynamic processes, has prevented the development of tools to accurately predict and diagnose heart failure at early stages, when corrective measures are most effective. In this work, it is demonstrated that major aspects of cardiac function are reflected uniquely and sensitively in the optimization of vortex formation in the blood flow during early diastole, as measured by a dimensionless numerical index. This index of optimal vortex formation correlates well with existing measures of cardiac health such as the LV ejection fraction. However, unlike existing measures, this previously undescribed index does not require patient-specific information to determine numerical index values corresponding to normal function. A study of normal and pathological cardiac health in human subjects demonstrates the ability of this global index to distinguish disease states by a straightforward analysis of noninvasive LV measurements.
Phosphorylated H2Ax is not an unambiguous marker for DNA double-strand breaks (2011)

Comment on: Revet I, et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011; 108:8663-7.
Entrainment of the Human Circadian System by Light (2005)

The periodic light-dark cycle is the dominant environmental synchronizer used by humans to entrain to the geophysical 24-h day. Entrainment is a fundamental property of circadian systems by which the period of the internal clock (tau) is synchronized to the period of the entraining stimuli (T cycle). An important aspect of entrainment in humans is the maintenance of an appropriate phase relationship between the circadian system, the timing of sleep and wakefulness, and environmental time (a.k.a. the phase angle of entrainment) to maintain wakefulness throughout the day and consolidated sleep at night. In this article, we review these concepts and the methods for assessing circadian phase and period in humans, as well as discuss findings on the phase angle of entrainment in healthy adults. We review findings from studies that examine how the phase, intensity, duration, and spectral characteristics of light affect the response of the human biological clock and discuss studies on entrainment in humans, including recent studies of the minimum light intensity required for entrainment. We briefly review conditions and disorders in which failure of entrainment occurs. We provide an integrated perspective on circadian entrainment in humans with respect to recent advances in our knowledge of circadian period and of the effects of light on the biological clock in humans.
THE CHEMICAL MECHANISM and EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT OF BEETLE BIOLUMINESCENCE (1995)

Abstract— Bioluminescence, as a phenotype, has many evolutionary origins, and thus is an example of natural reinvention many times over. Although peculiar, it arises from the same biochemical principles and evolutionary mechanisms as other biochemical reactions. Of these many different bioluminescent systems, that of the luminous beetles is one of the best understood, having been extensively studied for over 50 years. The luminescence ensues from oxidation of a molecule unique to luminous beetles, beetle luciferin, through a catalytic mechanism evolved from ancestral coenzyme A synthetases. Thus, the character of this bioluminescent reaction is in part a consequence of that evolutionary history. Beetle bioluminescence is furthermore unusual in having a range of luminescent colors found among different beetle species and sometimes even within individual beetles. Structural features of the luciferases are responsible for these color differences, although the underlying mechanism is not yet clear.
Alzheimer's Disease-Like Tau Neuropathology Leads to Memory Deficits and Loss of Functional Synapses in a Novel Mutated Tau Transgenic Mouse without Any Motor Deficits (2006)

Tau transgenic mice are valuable models to investigate the role of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. However, motor dysfunction and dystonic posture interfering with behavioral testing are the most common undesirable effects of tau transgenic mice. Therefore, we have generated a novel mouse model (THY-Tau22) that expresses human 4-repeat tau mutated at sites G272V and P301S under a Thy1.2-promotor, displaying tau pathology in the absence of any motor dysfunction. THY-Tau22 shows hyperphosphorylation of tau on several Alzheimer's disease-relevant tau epitopes (AT8, AT100, AT180, AT270, 12E8, tau-pSer396, and AP422), neurofibrillary tangle-like inclusions (Gallyas and MC1-positive) with rare ghost tangles and PHF-like filaments, as well as mild astrogliosis. These mice also display deficits in hippocampal synaptic transmission and impaired behavior characterized by increased anxiety, delayed learning from 3 months, and reduced spatial memory at 10 months. There are no signs of motor deficits or changes in motor activity at any age investigated. This mouse model therefore displays the main features of tau pathology and several of the pathophysiological disturbances observed during neurofibrillary degeneration. This model will serve as an experimental tool in future studies to investigate mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits during pathogenic tau aggregation.
Modeling Cache Sharing on Chip Multiprocessor Architectures (2006)

As CMPs are emerging as the dominant architecture for a wide range of platforms (from embedded systems and game consoles, to PCs, and to servers) the need to manage on-chip resources, such as shared caches, becomes a necessity. In this paper we propose a new statistical model of a CMP shared cache which not only describes cache sharing but also its management via a novel fine-grain mechanism. Our model, called StatShare, accurately describes the behavior of the sharing threads using run-time information (reuse-distance information for memory accesses) and helps us understand how effectively each thread uses its space. The mechanism to manage the cache at the cache-line granularity is inspired by cache decay, but contains important differences. Decayed cache-lines are not turned-off to save leakage but are rather "available for replacement." Decay modifies the underlying replacement policy (random, LRU) to control sharing but in a very flexible and non-strict way which makes it superior to strict cache partitioning schemes (both fine and coarse grained). The statistical model allows us to assess a thread's cache behavior under decay. Detailed CMP simulations show that: i) StatShare accurately predicts the thread behavior in a shared cache, ii) managing sharing via decay (in combination with the StatShare run time information) can be used to enforce external QoS requirements or various high-level fairness policies
A New Respiratory Tract Pathogen: Chlamydia pneumoniae Strain TWAR (1990)

Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR, the new third species of Chlamydia, is a common cause of pneumonia and other acute respiratory tract infections. About 10% of hospitalized and outpatient pneumonia cases have been associated with TWAR infection. TWAR is among the four or five most commonly identified causes of all pneumonia. Most TWAR infections are mild or asymptomatic, but occasionally severe pneumonia with death has been observed. Laboratory diagnosis is not generally available. Vigorous treatment with tetracycline or erythromycin is recommended. Both epidemic and endemic infections have been described in North America and the Nordic Countries. Population prevalence antibody studies suggest that TWAR infection is wide-spread throughout the world, that nearly everyone is infected and reinfected during their life-time, and that infection is common in all ages except those less than 5 years in temperate zone countries. The infection is transmitted from person to person, apparently with a long incubation period.
Lactoferrin specifically inhibits endocytosis of chylomicron remnants but not alpha-macroglobulin. (1992)

Our recently found nonlipoprotein inhibitor of chylomicron remnant uptake, lactoferrin, has been investigated in vivo and in vitro. Lipoprotein lipase extracted triglycerides from chylomicrons, doubly labeled with [3H]retinol/[14C]oleate, in the presence of lactoferrin normally. The subsequent uptake of remnants into liver was retarded considerably. In the intact rat, chylomicron remnants (CRs), predominantly labeled in the apoB48 moiety by 125I, were excluded from the hepatic endosomal compartment in the presence of lactoferrin as shown in subcellular fractionation studies of rat livers. In tissue culture, internalization of [125I]chylomicron remnants was inhibited in the presence of 14 pM lactoferrin by 70%. Upon removal of lactoferrin, internalization was rapidly restored. Protease digestion eliminated the inhibitory effect completely. Modification of arginine residues with cyclohexanedione reversibly removed the inhibitory potency of lactoferrin. We located by molecular modeling an alpha-helical segment in lactoferrin on the exposed surface of the molecule containing the sequence Arg-X-X-Arg-Lys-X-Arg, which resembles the receptor recognition structure in apolipoprotein E (apoE). This firmly established ligand correspondence with apoE, the candidate ligand for CR recognition by the receptor. Finally, the postulated second function of low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein, uptake of alpha-2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) was found to be distinct from lipoprotein binding, since lactoferrin inhibited CR but not alpha 2M internalization. In addition, CR uptake was not affected by alpha 2M. We conclude that if a bifunctional receptor were to operate, its diverse functions were exerted by independently operating substructures. The results of our in vivo and cell culture experiments are, however, entirely compatible with the existence of two receptors as well.
Asian traditional medicine for erectile dysfunction (2007)

Abstract Asian cultures have different belief systems and health seeking behaviors and they believe strongly in the holistic approach to medicine and health. Asian traditional medicine emphasizes the importance of prevention of illnesses and development of natural resistance to disease, and thus believes in the promotion of general well-being. Asian traditional medicine predominates in the Asian countries, and it is used for the treatment of various physical and mental illnesses. It has also been used for the treatment of sexual dysfunction, namely erectile dysfunction (ED) in men. However, the majority of research into the safety and efficacy of medicinal plants or herbs are mainly based on animal models and very limited studies on humans, probably due to negative clinical trial results, drug interactions or toxic reactions. It is generally very difficult to identify the actual ingredient of a herbal medication that is effective for the treatment of ED. Various traditional medicines, such as herbal medicine or animal products, which are used for the treatment of ED are discussed in this paper. It is important for physicians treating ED to know about the various traditional medicines and the perception and beliefs of ED sufferers regarding traditional therapies. Physicians should understand the potential associated health risks of various traditional medicines because of possible adverse events, drug interactions, contamination or adulteration of the medicine. Finally, practitioners treating ED should recognize and emulate the emphatic and approachable qualities of traditional therapists.
A paradigm shift in pulmonary arterial hypertension management (2013)

he reviews in this issue of the European Respiratory Review highlight the continued evolution of the PAH field. Within the next few years drugs will be available that have a demonstrated effect on the clinically relevant outcomes of morbidity and mortality, with new pathways emerging as potential targets for continuing pre-clinical research. Such progress must continue if PAH is to eventually become a curable disease.
Apoptotic death of neurons exhibiting peripherin aggregates is mediated by the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (2001)

Peripherin, a neuronal intermediate filament protein associated with axonal spheroids in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), induces the selective degeneration of motor neurons when overexpressed in transgenic mice. To further clarify the selectivity and mechanism of peripherin-induced neuronal death, we analyzed the effects of peripherin overexpression in primary neuronal cultures. Peripherin overexpression led to the formation of cytoplasmic protein aggregates and caused the death not only of motor neurons, but also of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that were cultured from dissociated spinal cords of peripherin transgenic embryos. Apoptosis of DRG neurons containing peripherin aggregates was dependent on the proinflammatory central nervous system environment of spinal cultures, rich in activated microglia, and required TNF-alpha. This synergistic proapoptotic effect may contribute to neuronal selectivity in ALS.
Fixing the embarrassing slowness of OpenDHT on PlanetLab (2005)

The distributed hash table, or DHT, is a distributed system that provides a traditional hash table’s simple put/get in-terface using a peer-to-peer overlay network. To echo the prevailing hype, DHTs deliver incremental scalability in
MRI thermometry: Fast mapping of RF‐induced heating along conductive wires (2008)

Conductive implants are in most cases a strict contraindication for MRI examinations, as RF pulses applied during the MRI measurement can lead to severe heating of the surrounding tissue. Understanding and mapping of these heating effects is therefore crucial for determining the circumstances under which patient examinations are safe. The use of fluoroptic probes is the standard procedure for monitoring these heating effects. However, the observed temperature increase is highly dependent on the positioning of such a probe, as it can only determine the temperature locally. Temperature mapping with MRI after RF heating can be used, but cooling effects during imaging lead to a significant underestimation of the heating effect. In this work, an MRI thermometry method was combined with an MRI heating sequence, allowing for temperature mapping during RF heating. This technique may provide new opportunities for implant safety investigations.
Correction for vol. 104, p. e9051 (2002)

In the Cardiovascular News article, “American Heart Association 2001 Scientific Sessions: Late-Breaking Science,” by Robin Fox that appeared in the November 20, 2001, issue of the journal ( Circulation . 2001;104:e9051), an error appeared. The fourth …
Calmodulin activates prokaryotic adenylate cyclase. (1980)

The adenylate cyclase of Bordetella pertussis is stimulated 100- to 1000-fold in a dose-dependent manner by calf brain calmodulin. The system has the following properties. (i) The activation is prevented by ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid and restored by Ca2+. (ii) Oxidation of the methionine residues of calmodulin abolishes the ability to activate the cyclase. (iii) Trifluoperazine inhibits calmodulin-activated cyclase. (iv) A troponin C preparation stimulates the B. pertussis cyclase with < 0.01 the potency of calmodulin. Although calmodulin has not been demonstrated in prokaryotes, this is an example of a (eukaryotic) calmodulin effect in a prokaryote.
Toxicity of pneumolysin to pulmonary endothelial cells in vitro (1992)

Pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia are associated with appreciable mortality, most of which occurs very early in the course of infection. An initial step in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia may include disruption of the pulmonary endothelial barrier with subsequent alveolar hemorrhage. We sought to determine whether soluble factors from Streptococcus pneumoniae can directly injure pulmonary endothelial cells in vitro and to identify pneumococcal toxins that may be involved in endothelial cell injury. Suspensions of S. pneumoniae (10(8) organisms per ml) caused significant injury to cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells in a time-dependent manner. The degree of endothelial cell cytotoxicity differed among S. pneumoniae strains; among the strains tested, a type 14 strain was the most cytotoxic and a type 3 strain was the least cytotoxic. During autolysis, type 14 S. pneumoniae released a soluble endothelial cell cytotoxin that was distinct from S. pneumoniae capsular and cell wall polysaccharides. The soluble cytotoxin was further characterized as a thiol-activated, heat-sensitive protein that coeluted with purified pneumolysin during gel filtration. The identity of the S. pneumoniae endothelial cell cytotoxin as pneumolysin was further supported by the ability of purified pneumolysin and the inability of S. pneumoniae mutants which lack pneumolysin to injure endothelial cells, as well as by the inhibition of the soluble S. pneumoniae cytotoxin by a neutralizing antibody to pneumolysin. Pneumolysin appears to be the major S. pneumoniae soluble cytotoxin for pulmonary endothelial cells in vitro and may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of alveolar hemorrhages in S. pneumoniae infections.
Quantitative structure-in vivo half-life relationships of perfluorochemicals for use as oxygen transporters. (1985)

Quantitative structure-activity relationships of a series of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) for use as oxygen transporters were investigated in terms of their in vivo half-lives (t1/2). The logt1/2 values can be correlated by a linear combination of lipophilic (e.g., critical solution temperature (CST)), physicochemical (e.g., molecular weight and vapor pressure (Pv)) and topological (e.g., number of fluorines (NOF)) parameters on regression analyses. The most important excretion-rate-determining factor was the CST. The Pv alone of PFCs did not correlate well with logt1/2. However, a combination of CST and Pv produced the most meaningful and important correlation, indicating that Pv plays a pivotal role in the excretion and can be considered a kind of correction factor to the CST. The t1/2 can thus be predicted from the combination of CST and Pv. It can also be predicted from structural information : the smaller the NOF, the shorter the t1/2. The incorporation of hetero atom (s) such as nitrogen and oxygen in the PFC molecule, which has been considered to produce better emulsion stability but results in persistence in the body, had relatively little effect in terms of t1/2. These results suggested that, taking the emulsifiability of hetero atom-containing PFCs into consideration, a cyclic F-ether and F-tertiary amine with fused ring (s), containing fewer fluorines than acyclic analogues, might be a good candidate compound as an oxygen transporter.
Consequences of weld undermatching and overmatching: Non-uniform hydrogen distribution (1996)

In the past ten years, welding scientists have discussed extensively the concept of overmatching and undermatching of the weld metal with respect to the strength of the base metal. Important knowledge related to the propagation behavior of an existing crack and fracture control in a weld joint has been gained by these studies. For a given set of base metal and welding consumables, predictive models have been developed to describe the fracture behavior of the weld joint, the effect of applied loading conditions, chemical composition, welding conditions, and hydrogen level. An aspect that has not been thoroughly investigated is the effect of non-uniform hydrogen distribution in the weld joint. Depending on the hardenability of the base metal (heat affected zone) and the weld metal, these two regions may undergo austenite decomposition, more specifically martensitic transformation, at different temperatures and times during cooling. As a result of the earlier or later transformation of the weld metal (compared with the heat affected zone), hydrogen may accumulate in the heat affected zone or in the weld metal. Therefore, the amount of hydrogen and its distribution in the weld joint can magnify the mechanical effects of overmatching and undermatching on weld cracking.
Fc-mediated immune precipitation. II. Analysis of precipitating immune complexes by rate-zonal ultracentrifugation. (1979)

The formation of immune complexes was studied by analytical rate-zonal ultracentrifugation using isomolar solutions of rabbit anti-human serum albumin IgG and of the corresponding F(ab')2 fragments. The F(ab')2 fragments retained full ability to react with the antigenic determinants and to form genuine antigen-antibody complexes. Thus, the difference between the IgG and the F(ab')2 systems was supposed solely to reflect the lack of the Fc portion. The complexes formed with F(ab')2 fragments in the zone of low and moderate antigen excess were found to be distinctively mor soluble than those formed with intact IgG. The data indicated that there were two kinds of precipitating immune complexes, namely antibody-rich and antigen-rich complexes. In the antibody-excess zone and the first part of the equivalence zone the immune complexes precipitated due to their antibody richness. Antigen-rich complexes formed in the zone of low antigen excess precipitate only in the presence of antibody-rich insoluble complexes. It is believed that this type of precipitation was due to an Fc-Fc interaction. This new function of the Fc portion of IgG was designated Fc-mediated immune precipitation.
Tilt displays (2012)

We present a new type of actuatable display, called Tilt Displays, that provide visual feedback combined with multi-axis tilting and vertical actuation. Their ability to physically mutate provides users with an additional information channel that facilitates a range of new applications including collaboration and tangible entertainment while enhancing familiar applications such as terrain modelling by allowing 3D scenes to be rendered in a physical-3D manner. Through a mobile 3x3 custom built prototype, we examine the design space around Tilt Displays, categorise output modalities and conduct two user studies. The first, an exploratory study examines users' initial impressions of Tilt Displays and probes potential interactions and uses. The second takes a quantitative approach to understand interaction possibilities with such displays, resulting in the production of two user-defined gesture sets: one for manipulating the surface of the Tilt Display, the second for conducting everyday interactions.