gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Efficacy of Zolmitriptan and Sumatriptan: Issues in Migraine Trial Design (2000)

In this international, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single attack study, 'triptan naive' migraine patients were randomized in an 8:8:1 ratio to receive zolmitriptan 5 mg, sumatriptan 100 mg or placebo. The all-treated analysis included 1058 patients who took study medication. The primary endpoint, complete headache response, was reported by 39%, 38% and 32% of patients treated with zolmitriptan, sumatriptan and placebo, respectively, with no significant difference between treatment groups. In patients with moderate headache at baseline, complete response was significantly greater following zolmitriptan than after placebo (48% vs. 27%; P=0.01); there was no significant difference between sumatriptan and placebo groups (40% vs. 27%). In patients with severe baseline headache (where a greater reduction in headache intensity is required for a headache response), there was no significant difference between any groups in complete headache response rates. For secondary endpoints, active treatment groups were significantly superior to placebo for: 1-, 2- and 4-h headache response (e.g. 2-h headache response rates: zolmitriptan 59%; sumatriptan 61%; placebo 44%; P < 0.01 vs. placebo); pain-free response rates at 2 and 4 h; alleviation of nausea and vomiting; use of escape medication and restoration of normal activity. The incidence of adverse events was similar between zolmitriptan and sumatriptan groups but was slightly lower in the placebo group. The lack of difference between active treatments and placebo for complete response probably reflects the high placebo response obtained, which is probably a result of deficiencies in trial design. For example, the randomization ratio may result in high expectation of active treatment. Thus, while ethically patient exposure to placebo should be minimized, this must be balanced against the scientific rationale underpinning study design.
Design and fabrication of an electrostatically actuated MEMS probe card (2004)

We have designed and fabricated a new type of MEMS probe card consisting of electrostatically-driven microprobes, which can be used for a next generation wafer probe card with the fritting-contact method. MEMS probe cards are requisite to higher pad-density and smaller pad-pitch chips, and are effective in high frequency testing. If a probe card consists of an array of actuator-integrated microprobes, it has some further advantages. Since the deflection of each probe can individually be controlled, probe-pad contact force can be uniform by compensating the probe-pad distance deviation with probe deflection. Furthermore, since contacts can directly be switched on and off, it could be suitable for a wafer-level test/burn-in probe card. To obtain a design guideline of actuator-integrated probes, we investigated the characteristics of fritting contact between electroplated Ni probes and Al electrodes. As a result, it has been found that both the contact and disconnection forces of Ni probes in fritting contact process could be as small as 10 /spl mu/N. We proposed a MEMS probe card that is composed of an array of Ni microcantilevers with a rolling-contact touch-mode electrostatic actuator and developed a micromachining process which includes electroplating deposition of two layers having different internal stress and etching of Cu sacrifice layer.
Synthesis and Cellular Studies of Nonaggregated Water-Soluble Phthalocyanines (2005)

Water-soluble phthalocyanines are promising photosensitizers for application in cancer therapy and in the photoinactivation of viruses. The water-soluble zinc(II) phthalocyanines 5 and 6 were synthesized by converting the corresponding ester derivative 4 into the sodium carboxylate and carboxylic acid species. Compound 5 can be solubilized in water as a monomeric species, as demonstrated by UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. These compounds were characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods and, in the case of 4, by X-ray crystallography. The water-soluble phthalocyanines were found to have low dark cytotoxicity toward V79 hamster fibroblasts and human HEp2 cells, to be phototoxic at low light and drug doses, to be taken up by cells in culture, and to localize intracellularly, mainly in the cell lysosomes. Conjugation of the anionic phthalocyanines with positively charged LipoGen liposomes resulted in effective delivery of these compounds into the nuclei of cells. It is concluded that these highly water-soluble phthalocyanines are promising sensitizers for the photodynamic therapy of tumors.
A novel 3D mammalian cell perfusion-culture system in microfluidic channels (2007)

Mammalian cells cultured on 2D surfaces in microfluidic channels are increasingly used in drug development and biological research applications. These systems would have more biological or clinical relevance if the cells exhibit 3D phenotypes similar to the cells in vivo. We have developed a microfluidic channel based system that allows cells to be perfusion-cultured in 3D by supporting them with adequate 3D cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. The maximal cell-cell interaction was achieved by perfusion-seeding cells through an array of micropillars; and 3D cell-matrix interactions were achieved by a polyelectrolyte complex coacervation process to form a thin layer of matrix conforming to the 3D cell shapes. Carcinoma cell lines (HepG2, MCF7), primary differentiated (hepatocytes) and primary progenitor cells (bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells) were perfusion-cultured for 72 hours to 1 week in the microfluidic channel, which preserved their 3D cyto-architecture and cell-specific functions or differentiation competence. This transparent 3D microfluidic channel-based cell culture system also allows direct optical monitoring of cellular events for a wide range of applications.
Dysfunctional KEAP1–NRF2 Interaction in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2006)

This is the first study to our knowledge to demonstrate that biallelic inactivation of KEAP1 is a frequent genetic alteration in NSCLC. Loss of KEAP1 function leading to constitutive activation of NRF2-mediated gene expression in cancer suggests that tumor cells manipulate the NRF2 pathway for their survival against chemotherapeutic agents.
Stem cell therapy for cardiac repair: benefits and barriers (2009)

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Acute ischaemic injury and chronic cardiomyopathies lead to permanent loss of cardiac tissue and ultimately heart failure. Current therapies aim largely to attenuate the pathological remodelling that occurs after injury and to reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Studies in animal models indicate that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells, bone-marrow-derived haematopoietic stem cells, skeletal myoblasts, or embryonic stem cells has the potential to improve the function of ventricular muscle after ischaemic injury. Clinical trials using primarily bone-marrow-derived cells and skeletal myoblasts have also produced some encouraging results. However, the current experimental evidence suggests that the benefits of cell therapy are modest, the generation of new cardiac tissue is low, and the predominant mechanisms of action of transplanted stem cells involve favourable paracrine effects on injured myocardium. Recent studies show that the adult heart possesses various pools of putative resident stem cells, raising the hope that these cells can be isolated for therapy or manipulated in vivo to improve the healing of cardiac muscle after injury. This article reviews the properties and potential of the various stem cell populations for cardiac repair and regeneration as well as the barriers that might lie ahead.
Revised response criteria for myelofibrosis: International Working Group-Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Research and Treatment (IWG-MRT) and European LeukemiaNet (ELN) consensus report (2013)

The current document is a revision of the International Working Group-Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Research and Treatment (IWG-MRT) criteria for treatment response in myelofibrosis (MF) and represents a collaborative effort by the IWG-MRT and the European LeukemiaNet to objectively assess the value of new drugs in inducing morphologic remission or improvement in MF-associated symptomatic burden (MF-SB). Some of the changes in the current revision include stricter definitions of red cell transfusion dependency and independency and consideration of the Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Symptom Assessment Form as a tool to quantify meaningful changes in disease-related symptoms. Six response categories are listed: complete remission (CR) and partial remission signify treatment effects that are consistent with disease modification, whereas drug-induced improvements in MF-SB were annotated as clinical improvement, anemia response, spleen response, or symptoms response. Additional criteria are provided for progressive disease, stable disease, and relapse. The document also includes recommendations for assessing cytogenetic and molecular remissions, without mandating their inclusion for CR assignment.
Maternal Immunization (1999)

Maternal immunization can enhance passive immunity of infants to pathogens that cause life-threatening illnesses. In most instances, immunization during pregnancy will provide important protection for the woman as well as for her offspring. The tetanus toxoid and influenza vaccines are examples of vaccines that provide a double benefit. Other vaccines under evaluation include those for respiratory syncytial virus, pneumococci, group B streptococci, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Although most IgG antibody crosses the placenta in the third trimester, the process is time-dependent, dictating that immunization should be accomplished ideally at least 6 weeks prior to delivery. IgG1 antibodies are transferred preferentially. Maternal immunization has not interfered with active immunization of the infant. Inactivated vaccines administered in the third trimester of pregnancy pose no known risk to the woman or to her fetus.
Distinct expression patterns in hepatitis B virus- and hepatitis C virus-infected hepatocellular carcinoma (2008)

genes in HCV-infected group included 4 genes: VIM (cell structure), ACTB (cell structure), GAPD (glycolysis) and CD58 (cell adhesion). The expression patterns of the 11 genes, identified by cDNA microarray, were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR in 32 specimens. CONCLUSION: The patterns of all identified genes were classified based on the viral factor involved in HBV-and HCV-associated HCC. Our results strongly suggest that the pattern of gene expression in HCC is closely associated with the etiologic factor. The present study indicates that HBV and HCV cause hepatocarcinogenesis by different mechanisms, and provide novel tools for the diagnosis and treatment of HBVand HCV-associated HCC.
The Affymetrix DMET platform and pharmacogenetics in drug development. (2009)

The promise of medical care in the 21st century is that of 'personalized medicine'. Using the tool of pharmacogenetics, physicians may soon be able to choose drugs and dosages tailored toward specific patients based on their genetic profile and the genetic basis of their disease. To reach this goal, pharmacogenetics needs to be better incorporated into clinical research and drug development. Historically, pharmacogenetic research has been restricted to the search for polymorphisms in one or several genes thought to be involved in a drug's disposition. However, this 'candidate gene' approach has limited pharmacogenetic discoveries. As the understanding of drug metabolism has increased, including the appreciation that drugs pass through complex metabolic pathways rather than experience a single enzymatic modification, it has become clear that pharmacogenetic research must expand beyond the candidate gene approach. Genomic microarray technology posits a solution to this need to expand clinical research applications. A new tool developed by Affymetrix Inc, termed DMET (drug metabolism enzymes and transporters) Plus, can genotype 1936 variations in 225 genes involved in drug disposition. Future clinical research that incorporates comprehensive genotyping platforms should greatly advance our knowledge of the pharmacogenetics of drug disposition, improve drug development, and usher in the era of personalized medicine.
Sparse matrix sampling: a screening method for crystallization of proteins (1991)

A set of screening conditions for initial experiments in protein crystallization has been developed, tested, and is herein presented. These solution and precipitant conditions are empirically derived based on known or published crystallization conditions of various proteins in the past, so as to sample as large a range of buffer, pH, additive and precipitant variables as possible, using small amounts of proteins. The 50 crystallization conditions have been tested on 15 previously crystallized proteins, all of which were also crystallized in at least one form by this screen. This method is also shown to be highly successful in the crystallization of proteins which had not previously been crystallized.
Cyclic Stretch, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Vascular Remodeling (2009)

Blood vessels respond to changes in mechanical load from circulating blood in the form of shear stress and mechanical strain as the result of heart propulsions by changes in intracellular signaling leading to changes in vascular tone, production of vasoactive molecules, and changes in vascular permeability, gene regulation, and vascular remodeling. In addition to hemodynamic forces, microvasculature in the lung is also exposed to stretch resulting from respiratory cycles during autonomous breathing or mechanical ventilation. Among various cell signaling pathways induced by mechanical forces and reported to date, a role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by vascular cells receives increasing attention. ROS play an essential role in signal transduction and physiologic regulation of vascular function. However, in the settings of chronic hypertension, inflammation, or acute injury, ROS may trigger signaling events that further exacerbate smooth muscle hypercontractility and vascular remodeling associated with hypertension and endothelial barrier dysfunction associated with acute lung injury and pulmonary edema. These conditions are also characterized by altered patterns of mechanical stimulation experienced by vasculature. This review will discuss signaling pathways regulated by ROS and mechanical stretch in the pulmonary and systemic vasculature and will summarize functional interactions between cyclic stretch- and ROS-induced signaling in mechanochemical regulation of vascular structure and function.
Kerman: A Hybrid Lightweight Tracking Algorithm to Enable Smart Surveillance as an Edge Service (2018)

Edge computing pushes the cloud computing boundaries beyond uncertain network resource by leveraging computational processes close to the source and target of data. Time-sensitive and data-intensive video surveillance applications benefit from on-site or near-site data mining. In recent years, many smart video surveillance approaches are proposed for object detection and tracking by using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. However, it is still hard to migrate those computing and data-intensive tasks from Cloud to Edge due to the high computational requirement. In this paper, we envision to achieve intelligent surveillance as an edge service by proposing a hybrid lightweight tracking algorithm named Kerman (Kernelized Kalman filter). Kerman is a decision tree based hybrid Kernelized Correlation Filter (KCF) algorithm proposed for human object tracking, which is coupled with a lightweight Convolutional Neural Network (L-CNN) for high performance. The proposed Kerman algorithm has been implemented on a couple of single board computers (SBC) as edge devices and validated using real-world surveillance video streams. The experimental results are promising that the Kerman algorithm is able to track the object of interest with a decent accuracy at a resource consumption affordable by edge devices.
Hyaluronan Oligosaccharides Induce Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 via Transcriptional Activation of NFκB and p38 MAP Kinase in Articular Chondrocytes (2006)

Hyaluronan exerts a variety of biological effects on cells including changes in cell migration, proliferation, and matrix metabolism. However, the signaling pathways associated with the action of hyaluronan on cells have not been clearly defined. In some cells, signaling is induced by the loss of cell-hyaluronan interactions. The goal of this study was to use hyaluronan oligosaccharides as a molecular tool to explore the effects of changes in cell-hyaluronan interactions and determine the underlying molecular events that become activated. In this study, hyaluronan oligosaccharides induced the loss of extracellular matrix proteoglycan and collagen from cultured slices of normal adult human articular cartilage. This loss was coincident with an increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13. MMP-13 expression was also induced in articular chondrocytes by hyaluronan (HA) hexasaccharides but not by HA tetrasaccharides nor high molecular weight hyaluronan. MMP-13 promoter-reporter constructs in CD44-null COS-7 cells revealed that both CD44-dependent and CD44-independent events mediate the induction of MMP-13 by hyaluronan oligosaccharides. Electromobility gel shift assays demonstrated the activation of chondrocyte NFkappaB by hyaluronan oligosaccharides. NFkappaB activation was also documented in C-28/I2 immortalized human chondrocytes by luciferase promoter assays and phosphorylation of IKK-alpha/beta. The link between activation of NFkappaB and MMP-13 induction by HA oligosaccharides was further confirmed through the use of the NFkappaB inhibitor helenalin. Inhibition of MAP kinases also demonstrated the involvement of p38 MAP kinase in the hyaluronan oligosaccharide induction of MMP-13. Our findings suggest that hyaluronan-CD44 interactions affect matrix metabolism via activation of NFkappaB and p38 MAP kinase.
Exploitation or Exclusion? (1985)

This paper demonstrates that, although exploitation is central to Marxian theory, the Marxian conception of exploitation has serious limitations. The paper shows that the appropriation of productive labour is best viewed as only one of the possible consequences of the more general process of exclusion in the Weberian sense. It argues that Weberian closure theory begins with a broader conception, exclusion, which captures the common and essential feature of forms of domination which on the surface appear quite different, and it demonstrates that closure theory provides the basis for the development of a power theory of prices and profits as an alternative to the restricted Marxian conception of exploitation and associated labour theory of value.
Electron-spin polarization by resonant tunneling (1999)

The spin-dependent electron resonant tunneling through nonmagnetic III--V semiconductor asymmetric double barriers is studied theoretically within the envelope function approximation and the Kane model for the bulk. It is shown, in particular, that an unpolarized beam of conducting electrons can be strongly polarized, at zero magnetic field, by a spin-dependent resonant tunneling, due to the Rashba mesoscopic spin-orbit interaction. The electron transmission probability is calculated as a function of the electron's energy and angle of incidence. Specific results for tunneling across lattice matched politype ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.47}{\mathrm{In}}_{0.53}\mathrm{As}$/InP/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.47}{\mathrm{In}}_{0.53}\mathrm{As}$/${\mathrm{GaAs}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{0.5}$/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.47}{\mathrm{In}}_{0.53}\mathrm{As}$ double barrier nanostructures show, for instance, sharp spin-split resonances, corresponding to resonant tunneling through spin-orbit split quasibound ground and excited electron states (quasisubbands). The calculated polarization of the transmitted beam in resonance with the second quasisubband shows that polarization bigger than 50% can be achieved with this effect.
Size-dependent optical properties of nanocrystalline CeO2 :Er obtained by combustion synthesis (2001)

Nanocrystalline Er-doped CeO2 phosphors with an average crystallite size of 18, 38, and 70 nm were prepared by glycine–nitrate solution combustion synthesis. The particle size of the resultant powders is tied up with the combustion flame temperature, which can be controlled by adjusting the ratio of glycine to nitrate. The microstructure and morphology of the CeO2 :Er materials were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM). It is found that nanocrystalline CeO2 :Er is surrounded by amorphous phase, and that the area of the amorphous phase increases with the decrease of the particle size. The photoacoustic spectra (PAS) show the particle-size dependence of the optical properties. With the decrease of the particle size, a blue shift of the PAS absorption peak and an enhancement of the exciton absorption are observed, which result from a quantum size effect. The photoluminescence of the CeO2 :Er materials was measured. When the nanoparticle size decreases, the red-to-green ratio of the Er3+ emission becomes high. This means that there is a stronger interaction and a more efficient energy transfer between the Er3+–Er3+ dopants in smaller CeO2 :Er nanocrystals.
Astrocytoma infiltrating lymphocytes include major T cell clonal expansions confined to the CD8 subset (1999)

Anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma are frequent and malignant brain tumors that are infiltrated by T lymphocytes. Whether these cells result from non-specific inflammation following blood-brain barrier disruption or an antigen-driven specific immune response is unknown. In this study, an in-depth characterization of TCR diversity in tumor and blood RNA biopsies was performed in a series of 16 patients with malignant astrocytoma. Whilst there was no obvious restriction of the AV and BV gene segment usage, complementarity-determining region 3 size analysis and sequencing of amplified TCR transcripts revealed multiple T cell oligoclonal expansions in all astrocytomas analyzed. Unique T cell clones were present in different adjacent areas of a given tumor, but never detected in the blood. Quantification of the number of TCR clonal transcripts per microg of tumor RNA indicated that certain T cell clonal expansions may represent at least 300 cells/10(6) tumor cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the in vivo expanded clones were almost exclusively confined to the CD8(+) subset. Overall, these data suggest that spontaneous antigen-driven immune responses may be elicited against human astrocytoma despite the immunosuppressive microenvironment generated by the brain and the tumor itself. However, the ultimate failure of the immune system to control tumor growth could be the consequence of a deficient CD4 T(h) component of the response. This observation could have important consequences for the development of immunotherapies for astrocytoma patients.
Effects of titanium surface topography on bone integration: a systematic review (2009)

* Surface topography influences bone response at the micrometre level. * Some indications exist that surface topography influences bone response at the nanometre level. * The majority of published papers present an inadequate surface characterization. * Measurement and evaluation techniques need to be standardized. * Not only height descriptive parameters but also spatial and hybrid ones should be used.