gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Growth by Wild-Type p53 (1990)

Mutations of the p53 gene occur commonly in colorectal carcinomas and the wild-type p53 allele is often concomitantly deleted. These findings suggest that the wild-type gene may act as a suppressor of colorectal carcinoma cell growth. To test this hypothesis, wild-type or mutant human p53 genes were transfected into human colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Cells transfected with the wild-type gene formed colonies five- to tenfold less efficiently than those transfected with a mutant p53 gene. In those colonies that did form after wild-type gene transfection, the p53 sequences were found to be deleted or rearranged, or both, and no exogenous p53 messenger RNA expression was observed. In contrast, transfection with the wild-type gene had no apparent effect on the growth of epithelial cells derived from a benign colorectal tumor that had only wild-type p53 alleles. Immunocytochemical techniques demonstrated that carcinoma cells expressing the wild-type gene did not progress through the cell cycle, as evidenced by their failure to incorporate thymidine into DNA. These studies show that the wild-type gene can specifically suppress the growth of human colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro and that an in vivo-derived mutation resulting in a single conservative amino acid substitution in the p53 gene product abrogates this suppressive ability.
A study of fracture callus material properties: Relationship to the torsional strength of bone (1990)

This study was designed to quantitate the local material properties of fracture callus during gap healing and to relate these local properties to the torsional strength of bone in a canine model under external fixation. Bilateral tibial transverse osteotomies were performed in 32 dogs and stabilized using unilateral external skeletal fixators with a 2-mm gap. Dogs were divided into four equal groups and euthanized at either 2, 4, 8, or 12 weeks. The torsional properties of one bone of each pair were determined. In both bones of each pair, the indentation stiffness, calcium content, and histomorphometric properties of six sites of periosteal callus, six sites of endosteal callus, four sites of cortical bone, and two sites of gap tissue were determined. Each of the four types of tissue had a specific structural or material property change during the study period. The indentation stiffness of periosteal callus increased up to 8 weeks and then plateaued. Endosteal callus stiffness peaked at 8 weeks and then decreased by 12 weeks. Gap tissue stiffness increased linearly over time. Cortical bone stiffness decreased over time. Indentation stiffness was significantly associated with the calcium content of periosteal callus (R2 = 0.50, p less than 0.0001) and gap tissue (R2 = 0.66, p less than 0.0001). The local stiffnesses of gap tissue and periosteal callus were significantly associated with the maximum torque (gap, R2 = 0.50, p less than 0.0001; periosteal, R2 = 0.34, p less than 0.05) and the torsional stiffness (gap, R2 = 0.44, p less than 0.0001; periosteal, R2 = 0.65, p less than 0.0001) of the bone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Increased primary cell-mediated immunity in culture subsequent to adriamycin or daunorubicin treatment of spleen donor mice. (1977)

Spleen cell populations from mice treated with Adriamycin or daunorubicin were found to develop a greater complement-independent cellular cytotoxic immune response during culture with allogeneic tumor cells than spleen cells from untreated or cyclophosphamide-treated animals. A temporal and drug dose dependence of this effect was demonstrated. The changes in spleen cell population occurring in the donor mice consequent to drug treatment were evident in the nylon woll-adherent fraction of the spleen cells. The results are consistent with the possibility that the concentration of specific progenitor or accessory cells in the spleen is increased consequent to drug treatment.
Low-Cost Mobile Phone Microscopy with a Reversed Mobile Phone Camera Lens (2014)

The increasing capabilities and ubiquity of mobile phones and their associated digital cameras offer the possibility of extending low-cost, portable diagnostic microscopy to underserved and low-resource areas. However, mobile phone microscopes created by adding magnifying optics to the phone's camera module have been unable to make use of the full image sensor due to the specialized design of the embedded camera lens, exacerbating the tradeoff between resolution and field of view inherent to optical systems. This tradeoff is acutely felt for diagnostic applications, where the speed and cost of image-based diagnosis is related to the area of the sample that can be viewed at sufficient resolution. Here we present a simple and low-cost approach to mobile phone microscopy that uses a reversed mobile phone camera lens added to an intact mobile phone to enable high quality imaging over a significantly larger field of view than standard microscopy. We demonstrate use of the reversed lens mobile phone microscope to identify red and white blood cells in blood smears and soil-transmitted helminth eggs in stool samples.
Role of Akt Signaling in Vascular Homeostasis and Angiogenesis (2002)

Akt is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is activated by a number of growth factors and cytokines in a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-dependent manner. Although antiapoptotic activity of Akt is well known, it also regulates other aspects of cellular functions, including migration, glucose metabolism, and protein synthesis. In this review, Akt signaling in endothelial cells and its critical roles in the regulation of vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis will be discussed.
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (1997)

Electromagnetically induced transparency is a technique for eliminating the effect of a medium on a propagating beam of electromagnetic radiation. EIT may also be used, but under more limited conditions, to eliminate optical self-focusing and defocusing and to improve the transmission of laser beams through inhomogeneous refracting gases and metal vapors, as figure 1 illustrates. The technique may be used to create large populations of coherently driven uniformly phased atoms, thereby making possible new types of optoelectronic devices.
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) as a Tool for the Synthesis of Well- Defined Functional Polymeric Materials (2008)

ATRP is one of the most powerful synthetic techniques that allows the synthesis of polymeric materials with predetermined molecular weight, composition, and molecular architecture derived from substituted styrenes, (meth)acrylates, or acrylonitrile. The polymers prepared by ATRP are chain end-functionalized and can be used as macroinitiators in chain extension reactions that yield block copolymers with excellent control over the segment size and nanophase separation. Well-defined polymers with various molecular architectures such as star- or brush-like molecules can be synthesized by ATRP, and systematic libraries are accessible, where the number and size of side chains, core functionality (in stars) or backbone length (in brushes) can be varied. Recently, new ATRP initiation techniques were developed that allow the process to be conducted using very low concentrations of Cu-based catalyst - often single-digit ppm amounts. For many applications, the polymers synthesized can be directly used and do not require further purification. A variety of previously inaccessible functional polymeric materials have been prepared by ATRP by the direct polymerization of functional monomers, the use of functional initiators, or by postpolymerization modifications. Using “universal” polymeric precursors derived from monomers containing epoxide or azide functional groups, libraries of polymers with numerous functional groups have been successfully prepared.
Activation of Transforming Growth Factor- by the Integrin v8 Delays Epithelial Wound Closure (2006)

Department of Medicine, and Department of Pathology, Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, CaliforniaTransforming growth factor(TGF)- familymembers regulate mul-tiple aspects of wound repair through effects on cell proliferation,matrixproduction,andtissueinflammation,buttheeffectsofTGF-on wound closure itself have been controversial. We found thatblocking antibodies to TGF- enhanced the degree of closure ofscratchwoundsinprimaryairwayepithelialmonolayers,whileaddi-tion of exogenous TGF- 1 inhibited the degree of closure, sug-gesting that endogenous activation of TGF- normally serves as abrakeonthedegreeofwoundclosure.Althoughthesecellssecretedlarge amounts of TGF- 2 and small amounts of TGF- 1, blockadeof TGF- 1 enhanced the degree of wound closure, whereas block-ade of TGF- 2 had no effect. TGF- 1 (but not TGF- 2) can beactivated by two members of the integrin family, v 6 and v 8,which are both expressed on airway epithelial cells. Wounding in-duced activation of TGF- through effects of both integrins, butantibodies against v 8 enhanced the degree of wound closure,whereas antibodies against v 6 did not.Keywords: airway epithelium; integrin v 6; integrin v 8; TGF- ;wound closure
Multiple active forms of thrombin. IV. Relative activities of meizothrombins. (1990)

The prothrombin activation intermediates meizothrombin and meizothrombin(desF1) (meizothrombin that has been autoproteolyzed to remove fragment 1) have been obtained in a relatively pure, active form with minimal autolysis, making them suitable for enzymatic characterization. When compared at equimolar concentrations, alpha-thrombin, fragment 1.2+ alpha-thrombin, meizothrombin(desF1), and meizothrombin have approximately 100, 100, 10, and 1% activity, respectively, toward the macromolecular substrates factor V, fibrinogen, and platelets. The difference in activity of these four enzymes cannot be attributed to alterations in the catalytic triad, as all four enzymes have nearly identical catalytic efficiency toward the chromogenic substrate S2238. Further, the ability of meizothrombin and meizothrombin(desF1) to activate protein C was 75% of the activity exhibited by alpha-thrombin or fragment 1.2+ alpha-thrombin. All four enzymes bind to thrombomodulin, as judged by the enhanced rate of protein C activation upon preincubation of the enzymes with thrombomodulin. The extent of rate enhancement varied, with meizothrombin/thrombomodulin exhibiting only 50% of the alpha-thrombin/thrombomodulin rate. This difference in rate is not due to a decreased affinity of the meizothrombin for thrombomodulin since the apparent dissociation constants for the alpha-thrombin-thrombomodulin complex and the meizothrombin-thrombomodulin complex are virtually identical. The difference in the observed rate is due in part to the higher Km for protein C exhibited by the meizothrombin-thrombomodulin complex. Incubation of the thrombomodulin-enzyme complex with phospholipid vesicles caused an increase in the protein C activation rates. The kinetic constants for protein C activation in the presence of phospholipid are virtually identical for these enzyme-thrombomodulin complexes. These results suggest meizothrombin generation is targeted toward anticoagulant function such as protein C activation, whereas alpha-thrombin generation is targeted toward procoagulant functions, such as fibrinogen clotting, factor V activation, and platelet aggregation.
TMPRSS3 is a novel poor prognostic factor for breast cancer. (2015)

It has recently been reported that transmembrane protease, serine 3 (TMPRSS3) is overexpressed in cancer. However, TMPRSS3 expression and its biological roles in breast cancer (BC) have not been reported. This study aims to investigate the TMPRSS3 expression in BC and its relation with the outcome of the BC. This study involves a total of 149 BC tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues that were diagnosed between 2004 and 2007. Immunohistochemistry is used to compare the pattern of TMPRSS3 expression in BC and in adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses were used to assess the prognostic significance of TMPRSS3 expression among BC patients. The results are as follow: TMPRSS3 expression is significantly in BC compared to adjacent non-cancerous tissues. High TMPRSS3 expression was related to TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and Ki-67 expression. Furthermore, the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in BC patients with high TMPRSS3 expression were lower than those in patients with low TMPRSS3 expression. Based on multivariate analysis, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage and TMPRSS3 expression are independent prognostic factors for OS in BC, while lymph node metastasis and TMPRSS3 expression are independent prognostic factors for DFS in BC. This study proves that TMPRSS3 expression is an independent prognostic factor for BC patients. Bioinformatic analysis of potential TMPRSS3 binding proteins revealed that TMPRSS3 could be a key regulator of cancer pathways. This study helps us better understand the function of TMPRSS3 in cancer.
Using resource balancing to configure modular systems (1998)

Resource balancing avoids the knowledge-base maintenance bottlenecks inherent in many rule-based configuration approaches. Domain knowledge is based directly on technical relationships. Control knowledge is needed only to fine-tune the configuration process.
Identification and characterization of cellular binding proteins (receptors) for recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2B, an initiator of bone differentiation cascade. (1991)

Bone morphogenetic protein 2B (BMP 2B), is a heparin-binding bone differentiation factor that initiates endochondral bone formation in rats when implanted subcutaneously. The molecular mechanism of action of this differentiation factor is not known, and as a first step we have examined BMP 2B-responsive cells for the presence of specific cellular binding proteins. Using 125I-labeled BMP 2B, specific high-affinity binding sites for recombinant human BMP 2B on MC3T3 E1 osteoblast-like cells as well as on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts were identified. Platelet-derived growth factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, and transforming growth factor beta did not compete for the binding of radiolabeled BMP 2B. The binding of BMP 2B is a time- and temperature-dependent process. Chemical crosslinking of radiolabeled BMP showed two components (apparent size, 200 and 70 kDa in MC3T3 E1 cells and 200 and 90 kDa in NIH 3T3 cells). A minor component at 60 kDa was also detected in both cell lines. Scatchard analysis of the binding data showed a high-affinity receptor with an apparent dissociation constant of 128 +/- 40 pM in MC3T3 E1 cells. These data demonstrate specific, high-affinity cell-surface binding proteins for BMP 2B.
Catalytic activity of systems based on coordination cyanides of copper, iron, ruthenium, and osmium in the reaction of ammonia synthesis (1980)

The purpose of the present investigation was to study the catalytic activity of systems based on cyano complexes of iron and its electronic analogs (ruthenium and osmium), and on coordination copper cyanides of the composition K/sub 2/Fe(Cu(CN)/sub 3/)/sub 2/ and KFe(Cu(CN)/sub 4/). The catalyst activities under 200 atm pressure were determined in an apparatus at space velocity of 15,000 h/sup -1/ in the temperature range 250 to 550/sup 0/C, and in an experimental plant under 300 atm pressure at 30,000 h/sup -1/ space velocity. For comparison of catalytic activity, samples of the industrial fused catalyst SA-1 and of a catalyst of the Uhde type Al/sub 4/(Fe(CN/sub 6/))/sub 3/, KAl(Fe(CN)/sub 6/) were tested at the same time. The results of the tests led to the following conclusions regarding the catalytic properties of systems based on copper cyanides. At temperatures of 325 to 400/sup 0/C the test systems had higher catalytic activity than the fused catalyst SA-1 used at present in industry. Operation at temperatures above 375/sup 0/C led to sintering of the salts tested, which caused decrease of the catalyst activity. Results show that the catalytic systems, based on potassium hexacyanoferrates, -ruthenates, and -osmates, are more active than the well-known industrialmore » catalyst over the entire temperature range studied. The drawbacks include the presence of ballast salts, removal of which involves considerable difficulties, as the finely crystalline catalyst precipitate is a gel amorphous to x-ray diffraction, in which the individual components are distributed with a high degree of homogeneity. Moreover, preparation of the catalytic mass is complicated by its instability to oxidation by atmospheric oxygen. Catalytic systems based on hexacyanoferrates and containing ruthenium or osmium, and also ruthenium and osmium together, can be classed as catalysts of the low-temperature type.« less
Changes in glucose transport and transporter isoforms during the activation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin. (1994)

We have explored the mechanism of stimulation of glucose transport during PHA stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBT) enriched in T cells. Equilibrium exchange flux of 3-O-methyl glucose (3-O-MG) was stimulated two- and fourfold at 24 and 48 h after PHA stimulation, respectively. The increase was transient in that the flux rate returned to control (unstimulated) levels by 96 h. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation using specific Abs revealed that resting HPBT expresses glucose transporter isoforms GLUT-2 and GLUT-3 but not GLUT-1. After PHA stimulation, GLUT-1 expression was induced predominantly in the plasma membrane, whereas GLUT-3 expression was simultaneously down-regulated. GLUT-1 expression was detectable at 24 h, peaked at 48 h, and disappeared at 96 h. The total number of glucose transporters per cell measured as the total capacity of D-glucose displaceable cytochalasin B binding did not change significantly at any time after PHA stimulation. PHA stimulation also caused expression of high affinity IL-2R and secretion of IL-2. The IL-2 secretion was transient, which peaked at 24 h, slightly preceding the GLUT-1 expression peak and disappeared at 72 h. In PHA-activated HPBT cells synchronized at G0-G1, GLUT-1 was not expressed but was rapidly induced by exposure to IL-2. This induction did not occur in the presence of cyclosporin A, which inhibits IL-2 secretion. Based on these observations, we conclude that PHA stimulation increases glucose transport partly by inducing the expression of GLUT-1 instead of GLUT-3 and that GLUT-1 expression is induced by signals generated by IL-2 binding to its high affinity receptors.
Dynamic light scattering measurements of the diffusion of probes in filamentous actin solutions (1989)

The diffusion coefficients of monodisperse polystyrene latex spheres in solutions of polymerized actin were measured using dynamic light scattering. Four different probes with radii R, ranging from 50 to 500 nm, were separately used in actin solutions with concentrations c, ranging from 1.5 to 21 microM, which had been polymerized with either 1 mM MgCl2, 1 mM CaCl2, or 100 mM KCl. Under all conditions, and at four different scattering angles in the range of 30 degrees-90 degrees, the measured average diffusion coefficients D of the probes were systematically smaller for samples of increased actin concentration or of increased probe radius. Control experiments indicated that the probes did not bind to the actin. These data for Mg2+- and Ca2+-polymerized actin agree and were found to be quite well summarized by the scaling relation D/D0 = exp[-alpha R delta c nu], where D0 is the measured diffusion coefficient of the probes in water (and, as also measured, in the starting actin solutions prior to polymerization with added salt), with values of delta = 0.73 +/- 0.05, nu = 1.08 +/- 0.09, and alpha = (1.1 +/- 0.6) x 10(-3) (with c in microM and R in nm). Data for KCl-polymerized actin show much more restricted diffusivities of the probes at comparable actin concentrations. Inhomogeneities in the solution are reflected in the "effective polydispersity" of the probe diffusion coefficients, which depend on local microviscosity differences.
Purification of Pox Viruses by Density Gradient Centrifugation (1962)

SUMMARY: Rabbit pox virus grown in tissue culture cells and vaccinia virus grown on rabbit skin have been purified as follows. The virus was sedimented and washed once by centrifugation to provide a tenfold virus concentrate. This semi-purified material was layered on top of a sucrose density gradient and centrifuged to produce a zone of virus separated from zones of urgenty. Sucrose was removed from the purified virus suspension by through washing in the centrifuge. About 40% of the original infectivity was recovered in the purified material which consisted almost entirely of virus particles when examined in the electron microscope. Control experiments indicated a maximum of 5% protein impurity. Almost complete seperation of vaccinia haemagglutinin and virus was obtained.
Phase-Controlled Growth of Metastable Fe5Si3 Nanowires by a Vapor Transport Method (2007)

We report the synthesis of single-crystalline nanowires (NWs) of metastable Fe5Si3 phase via an iodide vapor transport method. Free-standing Fe5Si3 NWs are grown on a sapphire substrate placed on a Si wafer without the use of any catalyst. The typical size of the Fe5Si3 nanowires is 5-15 microm in length and 100-300 nm in diameter. Synthesis of the metastable phase is induced by composition-dependent nucleation from the gas-phase reaction. Depending on the concentration ratio of FeI2(g) to SiI4(g), different phases of iron silicides are formed. The growth of nanowires is facilitated by the initial nucleation of silicide particles on the substrate and further self-seeded growth of the NWs. The present work not only provides a method for the synthesis of metastable Fe5Si3 nanowires but also suggests that the phase controlled synthesis can be further optimized to produce other metal-rich silicide nanostructures for future spintronic devices.
Enzymatic Properties of Phage‐Displayed Fragments of Human Plasminogen (1997)

Two low-molecular-mass forms of human plasminogen, plasminogen-(543-791)-peptide (micro-plasminogen), comprising the serine protease domain, and plasminogen-(444-791)-peptide (mini-plasminogen), which in addition contains kringle 5, were displayed on filamentous phage by fusion to the N-terminus of the minor coat protein pIII, to levels of 0.5 molecules micro-plasminogen-pIII/phage particle and 0.1 molecules mini-plasminogen-pIII/phage particle. The proenzymes, quantitatively activated by urokinase, showed catalytic efficiencies that were virtually identical to their soluble counterparts, and activity remained associated with the phage as demonstrated by phage ELISA and biopanning with human alpha2-antiplasmin or the inhibitor Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl. Micro-plasminogen-pIII was activated by streptokinase and staphylokinase, two non-enzymatic plasminogen activators, to the same extent as by urokinase. Activated forms of mini-plasminogen-pIII micro-plasminogen-pIII and mini-plasminogen dissolved 125I-labelled fibrin films in a dose-dependent time-dependent manner, with 50% lysis in 20 h requiring 0.52, 3.2 and 0.46 nM active plasmin, respectively. Thus, proenzyme moieties derived from plasminogen can be successfully displayed on phage with maintenance of their enzymatic properties. The micro-plasminogen and mini-plasminogen phage-display systems may be useful to study mechanisms of plasminogen activation.