gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is associated with survival in breast carcinoma (2003)

Adjuvant therapy is one of the major advances in the treatment of breast carcinoma patients - but do all patients need it? New predictive markers, which are able to save breast carcinoma patients from the most toxic adjuvant therapies, are still needed. The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2) has been previously linked to invasiveness of carcinoma cells. In this study, we explored the role of MMP-2 as a prognostic factor in breast carcinoma in a large series to be able to show the favourable effect of MMP-2 negativity in poor prognosis subgroup of hormone receptor-negative patients. The MMP-2 immunoreactive protein was evaluated from primary adenocarcinoma of the breast in 453 cases by using a specific monoclonal antibody in immunohistochemical stainings. The MMP-2 protein found in breast carcinoma tumour cells was here shown to be associated with a shortened recurrence-free survival or relative overall survival (P=0.03). It was shown here that MMP-2 negativity is significantly linked to favourable prognosis in patients considered to be at risk due to their hormone receptor negativity. In the patient group presenting with a progesterone receptor-negative tumour, the survival rate of the MMP-2-positive cases was 58% while it was 95% in MMP-2-negative cases after 10 years of follow-up (P=0.005). The present data shows for the first time that MMP-2 negativity could serve as a marker for favourable prognosis in breast carcinoma patients with a hormone receptor-negative tumour usually associated with high risk. MMP-2 is also shown to correlate to shortened survival independent of major prognostic indicators in patients with primary breast carcinoma.
Indium incorporation and emission wavelength of polar, nonpolar and semipolar InGaN quantum wells (2012)

Art. 024014, 7 S.
Glucose Toxicity (1990)

Glucose toxicity is a well-established entity that has been shown in animal models of diabetes to contribute to development of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. In type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes in humans, a considerable body of evidence has accumulated indicating that a chronic physiological increment in the plasma glucose concentration leads to progressive impairment in insulin secretion and may contribute to insulin resistance as well. The precise biochemical mechanism(s) responsible for the hyperglycemia-induced defect in insulin secretion remains to be defined but may be related to a defect in phosphoinositide metabolism. In animal models of diabetes, development of insulin resistance is related to downregulation of the glucose-transport system, and a similar phenomenon is also likely to occur in humans. In addition, hyperglycemia in humans may lead to a defect in glycogen synthesis. In this respect, humans may be different from rats. In type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients who are poorly controlled, insulin resistance is a characteristic feature and can be ameliorated by tight glycemic control, suggesting that hyperglycemia is responsible for the insulin resistance. Evidence also has accumulated to implicate glucose toxicity in the functional impairment in insulin secretion that occurs during the initial presentation of patients with type I diabetes, and this may explain the honeymoon period so commonly observed after the institution of insulin therapy.
A systematic evaluation of nucleotide properties for CRISPR sgRNA design (2017)

Using a machine-learning approach, we proposed an accurate prediction model for sgRNA design efficiency. An R package predictSGRNA implementing the predictive model is available at http://www.ams.sunysb.edu/~pfkuan/softwares.html#predictsgrna .
Stored Program Controlled Network: Calling Card Service-Overall Description and Operational Characteristics (1982)

Conventionally, operator assistance is required for most nonsent paid telephone calls (calls that are billed to a number other than the calling number). Examples of these calls include collect, credit card, and bill-to-third-number. These three types of calls currently represent about two-thirds of all operator-handled toll calls. To reduce the need for operator assistance, a new service, Calling Card Service, enables customers to make credit card calls by dialing in the billing information without the assistance of an operator; it also provides an alternative to operator-assisted collect and bill-to-third-number calls. This new capability is made possible through changes in the Traffic Service Position System (TSPS) No. 1, and uses the Stored Program Controlled (SPC) Network. By providing customers with an alternative to operator assistance, Calling Card Service is helping the Bell Operating Companies (BOCS) and independent telephone companies stabilize operator work force requirements. This paper gives a basic description of Calling Card Service and the customer interface. It also describes the implementation in TSPS, and other areas of the SPC network, and discusses some of the effects on telephone company operations.
Genetic Epidemiology in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (1998)

Family studies of different designs have been carried out in the last few years. Five to ten percent of patients have another case of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) among their first-degree relatives, with about 75-80% concordance for the same disease within the family. About 20% of multi-affected families present both cases with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The population relative risk in first-degree relatives of patients show a 14-15 times higher prevalence of IBD. Prevalence values of 1.5-3.5% in first-degree relatives have been found, with an even higher calculated lifetime risk especially in offspring and siblings of patients with IBD. Earlier disease onset in offspring of patients with IBD have consistently been found, and genetic anticipation has been hypothesized. The phenomenon, however, may be a result of a combination of a time trend - increasing the incidence of Crohn's disease - and the fact that patients with early onset of IBD may have lower fertility and therefore may be underrepresented in the parent-child pairs studied. Twin studies have shown significantly higher concordance rates in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins. Further, the concordance rate in monozygotic twins is higher in Crohn's disease than in ulcerative colitis, indicating a stronger genetic influence in this condition. Disease course and prognosis within families have been studied without convincing concordance found in this respect among family members.
In vivo evaluation of a peripheral vascular access axial flow blood pump. (1989)

More than 80 acute and chronic calf in vivo studies were utilized to develop a 3 L/min axial flow blood pump designed for intraarterial ventricular assist. The 7 mm diameter transvalvular inlet cannula of the cable driven pump receives blood from the left ventricle. The pump then discharges blood into the descending aorta. In the calf, the pump was introduced into the renal aorta. Safety and effectiveness of the device were demonstrated in three control and 21 implanted animals. Blood chemistry results showed an average plasma free hemoglobin of 3 mg/dl for control and 6.7 mg/dl for implanted animals. Platelets were 1.04 X 10(6) and 0.65 X 10(6), respectively, for control and implanted animals. Fibrinogen, BUN, creatinine, and bilirubin were essentially the same for both groups of animals. The hardware was typically free of deposits, and histopathologic examination revealed minimal injury to intracardiac structures, aortic valve leaflets, and aortic intima. The data indicates that the device may provide full support for a failing left ventricle with minimal trauma or risk.
Computerized Adaptive Testing (2000)

This celebrated primer presents an introduction to all of the key ingredients in understanding computerized adaptive testing technology, test development, statistics, and mental test theory. Based on years of research, this accessible book educates the novice and serves as a compendium of state-of-the-art information for professionals interested in computerized testing in the areas of education, psychology, and other related social sciences. A hypothetical test taken as a prelude to employment is used as a common example throughout to highlight this book's most important features and problems. Changes in the new edition include: *a completely rewritten chapter 2 on the system considerations needed for modern computerized adaptive testing; *a revised chapter 4 to include the latest in methodology surrounding online calibration and in the modeling of testlets; and *a new chapter 10 with helpful information on how test items are really selected, usage patterns, how usage patterns influence the number of new items required, and tools for managing item pools.
Krypton Laser Photocoagulation for Neovascular Lesions of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The Macular Photocoagulation Study (MPS) Group recently reported the results of a randomized clinical trial comparing krypton red laser photocoagulation with no treatment for choroidal neovascular lesions involving the foveal avascular zone in patients with age-related macular degeneration.<sup>1</sup>Although a thorough review of the literature was not the purpose of the report, earlier work by Yassur et al<sup>2</sup>had bearing on the MPS results and should have been cited. Their results from a randomized trial involving 123 eyes with age-related macular degeneration and neovascular lesions involving the foveal avascular zone showed that 37 (67% ) of 55 untreated eyes had deterioration in visual acuity in comparison with only 22 (32% ) of 68 eyes treated with krypton laser. The MPS results for similar eyes showed that 98 (58% ) of 169 untreated eyes in comparison with 86 (49% ) of 174 treated eyes had severe visual loss (six or
MicroRNAs as Therapeutic Targets (2006)

Studies have tested the therapeutic value of small inhibitory RNAs by introducing them to an animal model of disease. A new study takes the opposite tack: a specific endogenous inhibitory RNA is ablated in the mouse, resulting in a large decrease in serum cholesterol.
Breastmilk contains primitive stem cells from the lactating breast with multi‐lineage differentiation potential (2012)

The remodelling of the mammary gland during pregnancy/lactation is fuelled by mammary stem cells. Because most of our knowledge on these cells comes from the resting gland, recent efforts have focused on the lactating gland in which these cells are activated. We non‐invasively accessed stem cells from the human lactating gland via freshly expressed breastmilk. We performed ex vivo analysis of the cell subpopulations present in breastmilk using numerous phenotypic and functional stem cell and differentiation markers for various lineages. A population displaying the phenotypic profile of mammary stem cells previously characterised in the resting gland (CD49f+/CD29+) was identified, able to self‐renew and differentiate in vitro into the two main mammary epithelial subtypes. In addition, a population expressing the pluripotency markers Oct‐4, Sox‐2, Nanog, SSEA‐4, Tra‐1–60 and Tra‐1–81 was identified. Culture of these cells in stem cell and differentiation media revealed the potential both for self‐renewal and differentiation into cells originating from the three germ layers. The identified subpopulations were also localised in paraffin‐embedded human lactating tissues. Based on these results, a new cellular hierarchy is proposed for the human mammary gland, at the top of which sits a cell population with potential pluripotency, which can be easily accessed via breastmilk. Grant Funding Source : Women and Infants Research Foundation, Medela AG
Thrombopoietin in thrombocytopenic mice: evidence against regulation at the mRNA level and for a direct regulatory role of platelets (1996)

Thrombopoietin (TPO), originally described as an activity in the serum of thrombocytopenic animals that leads to increased production of platelets, has recently been isolated and cloned. Its closest relative in the cytokine superfamily, erythropoietin (EPO), is transcriptionally regulated during anemia, and it was expected that TPO would similarly be regulated during thrombocytopenia. We induced thrombocytopenia in mice and confirmed that TPO activity was upregulated, as determined by a bioassay. Liver and kidney were found to be the major sources of TPO mRNA. Surprisingly, TPO mRNA in these tissues was not upregulated in thrombocytopenic mice. Using a sensitive RNase protection assay that can distinguish between TPO isoforms, we found no change in the profile of mRNA for these isoforms. A semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay also did not demonstrate upregulation of TPO mRNA in the spleen. Thus, the increase of TPO activity during thrombocytopenia is not caused by regulation at the level of TPO mRNA. Furthermore, isolated mouse platelets absorbed high amounts of bioactive TPO out of TPO-conditioned medium in a dose-dependent fashion. Our results are consistent with TPO protein being regulated at a posttranscriptional level and/or directly through absorption and metabolism by platelets.
Docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cells of patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. (1995)

The overwhelming majority of patients with XLRP have lower levels of DHA in RBCs compared to normally sighted control subjects. An analysis of fatty acid profiles suggests a metabolic defect in fatty acid chain elongation mechanisms. The significant association between DHA content and cone ERG response parameters is consistent with an effect of lipid abnormalities on membrane environment and physiology in retinal photoreceptors.
Monitoring liquid transport and chemical composition in lab on a chip systems using ion sensitive FET devices (2006)

A novel single silicon thin film field-effect-transistor (FET) is developed for use as a sensor to monitor transport and chemical properties of liquids in microfluidic systems. The sensor elements which are compatible with existing (bio-)chemical sensor schemes based on ion-sensitive-field-effect-transistors (ISFET) can detect capillary filling speed and level in aqueous solutions. Using a transitor based detection scheme, this approach has the potential to enable high speed flow detection on large scales with high spatial resolution. The prototype devices presented in the present study have been fabricated by using a simple cost-efficient route for circuit board lithography. The thin film FET device characteristics are discussed and a theoretical model for liquid transport detection based on FETs is developed. Typical experimental data are also presented.
Definition of the hydrogen bond (IUPAC Recommendations 2011) (2011)

A novel definition for the hydrogen bond is recommended here. It takes into account the theoretical and experimental knowledge acquired over the past century. This definition insists on some evidence. Six criteria are listed that could be used as evidence for the presence of a hydrogen bond.
Reactivity and diastereoselectivity of Grignard reagents toward the hydrazone functionality in toluene solvent (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactivity and diastereoselectivity of Grignard reagents toward the hydrazone functionality in toluene solventAlex Alexakis, Nathalie Lensen, Jean Philippe Tranchier, and Pierre MangeneyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 17, 4563–4565Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00043a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00043a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views703Altmetric-Citations57LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Application of prebiotics and probiotics in poultry production (2003)

The intestinal microbiota, epithelium, and immune system provide resistance to enteric pathogens. Recent data suggest that resistance is not solely due to the sum of the components, but that cross-talk between these components is also involved in modulating this resistance. Inhibition of pathogens by the intestinal microbiota has been called bacterial antagonism, bacterial interference, barrier effect, colonization resistance, and competitive exclusion. Mechanisms by which the indigenous intestinal bacteria inhibit pathogens include competition for colonization sites, competition for nutrients, production of toxic compounds, or stimulation of the immune system. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, and inhibition may comprise one, several, or all of these mechanisms. Consumption of fermented foods has been associated with improved health, and lactic acid bacteria (lactobacilli and bifidobacteria) have been implicated as the causative agents for this improved health. Research over the last century has shown that lactic acid bacteria and certain other microorganisms can increase resistance to disease and that lactic acid bacteria can be enriched in the intestinal tract by feeding specific carbohydrates. Increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics in humans has caused an increase in public and governmental interest in eliminating sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics in livestock. An alternative approach to sub-therapeutic antibiotics in livestock is the use of probiotic microorganisms, prebiotic substrates that enrich certain bacterial populations, or synbiotic combinations of prebiotics and probiotics. Research is focused on identifying beneficial bacterial strains and substrates along with the conditions under which they are effective.
Concerted Assembly and Cloning of Multiple DNA Segments Using In Vitro Site-Specific Recombination: Functional Analysis of Multi-Segment Expression Clones (2004)

The ability to clone and manipulate DNA segments is central to molecular methods that enable expression, screening, and functional characterization of genes, proteins, and regulatory elements. We previously described the development of a novel technology that utilizes in vitro site-specific recombination to provide a robust and flexible platform for high-throughput cloning and transfer of DNA segments. By using an expanded repertoire of recombination sites with unique specificities, we have extended the technology to enable the high-efficiency in vitro assembly and concerted cloning of multiple DNA segments into a vector backbone in a predefined order, orientation, and reading frame. The efficiency and flexibility of this approach enables collections of functional elements to be generated and mixed in a combinatorial fashion for the parallel assembly of numerous multi-segment constructs. The assembled constructs can be further manipulated by directing exchange of defined segments with alternate DNA segments. In this report, we demonstrate feasibility of the technology and application to the generation of fusion proteins, the linkage of promoters to genes, and the assembly of multiple protein domains. The technology has broad implications for cell and protein engineering, the expression of multidomain proteins, and gene function analysis.
Endocytosis at the blood–brain barrier: From basic understanding to drug delivery strategies (2006)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the central nervous system (CNS) from potentially harmful xenobiotics and endogenous molecules. Anatomically, it comprises the brain microvasculature whose functionality is nevertheless influenced by associated astrocyte, pericyte and neuronal cells. The highly restrictive paracellular pathway within brain microvasculature restricts significant CNS penetration to only those drugs whose physicochemical properties afford ready penetration into hydrophobic cell membranes or are capable of exploiting endogenous active transport processes such as solute carriers or endocytosis pathways. Endocytosis at the BBB is an essential pathway by which the brain obtains its nutrients and affords communication with the periphery. The development of strategies to exploit these endocytic pathways for the purposes of drug delivery to the CNS is still an immature field although some impressive results have been documented with the targeting of particular receptors. This current article initially provides an overview of general endocytosis processes and pathways showing evidence of their functional existence within the BBB. Subsequent sections provide, in an entity-specific manner, comprehensive reviews on BBB transport investigations of endocytosis involving: transferrin and the targeting of the transferrin receptor; hormones; cytokines; cell penetrating peptides; microorganisms and toxins, and nanoparticles aimed at more effectively delivering drugs to the CNS.
Death of the Translator and Birth of the Interpreter (1998)

Abstract In the spirit of the post-structuralist announcement of "the death of the author", this article discusses the rhetorical "death" of the translator and birth of the interpreter from three angles. I shall start with a discussion of the fluidity of meaning which results from the "death" of the author. I will then argue that the translator, as author of the translation, will also "die" and have no control over the production of meaning from the translated text. There will also be a brief discussion of translation failure, to support the notion that, technically, translation in the sense of precise reproduction of meaning is impossible. The last section of the article will announce the "birth" of the interpreter and discuss what inspiration his/her birth will provide to the profession. I am concerned with translation as a process of precise reproduction of meaning from one language to another and with interpretation as a process of presenting one's own understanding of the meaning by such means as active reading, construing, paraphrasing and explaining. Résumé Dans le même esprit que l'annonce post-structuraliste de "la mort de l'auteur", le présent article aborde, sous trois angles, la "mort" rhétorique du traducteur et la naissance de l'interprète. L'auteur aborde en premier lieu la fluidité significative qui résulte de la "mort" de l'auteur. Ensuite il argumente que le traducteur, en tant qu'auteur de la traduction, mourra à son tour et n'aura aucun contrôle sur la production de signification dans le texte traduit. L'auteur aborde aussi sommairement les échecs de la traduction pour soutenir la thèse suivant laquelle la traduction, en tant que reproduction précise de la signification est impossible du point de vue technique. Dans la dernière partie de l'article, l'auteur annonce la "naissance" de l'interprète et l'inspiration qu'elle représente pour la profession. La traduction l'intéresse surtout en tant que processus de reproduction précise de la signification d'une langue dans l'autre, et l'interprétation en tant que processus consistant à présenter sa propre compréhension de la signification au moyen des auxiliaires suivants: lecture active, construction, paraphrase et explication.