gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanoscale Thermal Transport. II. 2003-2012 (2016)

A diverse spectrum of technology drivers such as improved thermal barriers, higher efficiency thermoelectric energy conversion, phase-change memory, heat-assisted magnetic recording, thermal management of nanoscale electronics, and nanoparticles for thermal medical therapies are motivating studies of the applied physics of thermal transport at the nanoscale. This review emphasizes developments in experiment, theory, and computation in the past ten years and summarizes the present status of the field. Interfaces become increasingly important on small length scales. Research during the past decade has extended studies of interfaces between simple metals and inorganic crystals to interfaces with molecular materials and liquids with systematic control of interface chemistry and physics. At separations on the order of similar to 1 nm, the science of radiative transport through nanoscale gaps overlaps with thermal conduction by the coupling of electronic and vibrational excitations across weakly bonded or rough interfaces between materials. Major advances in the physics of phonons include first principles calculation of the phonon lifetimes of simple crystals and application of the predicted scattering rates in parameter-free calculations of the thermal conductivity. Progress in the control of thermal transport at the nanoscale is critical to continued advances in the density of information that can be stored in phase change memory devices and new generations of magnetic storage that will use highly localized heat sources to reduce the coercivity of magnetic media. Ultralow thermal conductivity-thermal conductivity below the conventionally predicted minimum thermal conductivity-has been observed in nanolaminates and disordered crystals with strong anisotropy. Advances in metrology by time-domain thermoreflectance have made measurements of the thermal conductivity of a thin layer with micron-scale spatial resolution relatively routine. Scanning thermal microscopy and thermal analysis using proximal probes has achieved spatial resolution of 10 nm, temperature precision of 50 mK, sensitivity to heat flows of 10 pW, and the capability for thermal analysis of sub-femtogram samples. (C) 2014 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
Regulation of human alcohol dehydrogenase genes (1992)

This review focuses upon the regulation of the three human class I alcohol dehydrogenase genes, ADH1, ADH2 and ADH3. These closely related genes are expressed at high levels in liver, and at different levels in other tissues. Multiple cis-acting sequences to which nuclear proteins bind have been mapped, and transcription factors that can bind to these sequences have been identified; these include C/EBP alpha, Sp1, USF, HNF1, CTF/NF1, the glucocorticoid receptor, and RAR alpha. There are interesting but often subtle differences in the binding to these three closely related genes, that presumably account for the differences in patterns of their expression.
Detection and Quantification of Infectious Hypodermal and Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus and White Spot Virus in Shrimp Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and SYBR Green Chemistry (2001)

A rapid and highly sensitive real-time PCR detection and quantification method for infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV), a single-stranded DNA virus, and white spot virus (WSV), a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus infecting penaeid shrimp (Penaeus sp.), was developed using the GeneAmp 5700 sequence detection system coupled with SYBR Green chemistry. The PCR mixture contains a fluorescence dye, SYBR Green, which upon binding to dsDNA exhibits fluorescence enhancement. The enhancement of fluorescence was proportional to the initial concentration of the template DNA. A linear relationship was observed between the amount of input plasmid DNA and cycle threshold (C(T)) values over a range of 1 to 10(5) copies of the viral genome. To control the variation in sampling and processing among samples, the shrimp beta-actin gene was amplified in parallel with the viral DNA. The C(T) values of IHHNV- and WSV-infected samples were used to determine absolute viral copy numbers from the standard C(T) curves of these viruses. For each virus and its beta-actin control, the specificity of amplification was monitored by using the dissociation curve of the amplified product. Using genomic DNA as a template, SYBR Green PCR was found to be 100- to 2000-fold more sensitive than conventional PCR, depending on the virus, for the samples tested. The results demonstrate that SYBR Green PCR can be used as a rapid and highly sensitive detection and quantification method for shrimp viruses and that it is amenable to high-throughout assay.
Molecular mechanisms of cell proliferation induced by low power laser irradiation (2009)

Low power laser irradiation (LPLI) promotes proliferation of multiple cells, which (especially red and near infrared light) is mainly through the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the initiation of cellular signaling. Recently, the signaling proteins involved in LPLI-induced proliferation merit special attention, some of which are regulated by mitochondrial signaling. Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), a member of tyrosine protein kinase receptors (TPKR), is phosphorylated during LPLI-induced proliferation, but tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor has not been affected. Activated TPKR could activate its downstream signaling elements, like Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/eIF4E, PI3K/Akt/eNOS and PLC-gamma/PKC pathways. Other two pathways, DeltaPsim/ATP/cAMP/JNK/AP-1 and ROS/Src, are also involved in LPLI-induced proliferation. LPLI-induced cell cycle progression can be regulated by the activation or elevated expressions of cell cycle-specific proteins. Furthermore, LPLI induces the synthesis or release of many molecules, like growth factors, interleukins, inflammatory cytokines and others, which are related to promotive effects of LPLI.
An Algorithm-Directed Two-Component Library Synthesized Via Solid-Phase Methodology Yielding Potent and Orally Bioavailable p38 MAP Kinase Inhibitors (2002)

Previously we reported the identification of RPR200765A, a potent orally bioavailable pyridine-imidazole inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase which suppressed paw swelling and joint pathology in streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis. Herein, we report the use of solid-phase combinatorial organic synthesis for the parallel processing of a related pyrimidine-imidazole-based library with two points of structural variability. We report also that the application of a computer algorithm, the Monte Carlo Monomer Selection, maximized both the combinatorial synthetic efficiency and the bioavailability of the final compounds. In conjunction with the synthetic protocols, the polymer-supported quench technique was applied to the purification of the final compounds. Through rapid evaluation of the library using a p38 kinase assay and permeability assays, it was possible to identify a number of potent and orally bioavailable p38 MAP kinase inhibitors suitable for further biological investigation.
Computed Tomography of the Pancreas: Negative Contrast Medium (1978)

The usefulness of polyunsaturated fat, an oral negative contrast material, in outlining the stomach and duodenum in computed tomography is described. Some advantages and limitations of the contrast material are discussed.
Review: Axon pathology in age‐related neurodegenerative disorders (2012)

'Dying back' axon degeneration is a prominent feature of many age-related neurodegenerative disorders and is widespread in normal ageing. Although the mechanisms of disease- and age-related losses may differ, both contribute to symptoms. Here, we review recent advances in understanding axon pathology in age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and glaucoma. In particular, we highlight the importance of axonal transport, autophagy, traumatic brain injury and mitochondrial quality control. We then place these disease mechanisms in the context of changes to axons and dendrites that occur during normal ageing. We discuss what makes ageing such an important risk factor for many neurodegenerative disorders and conclude that the processes of normal ageing and disease combine at the molecular, cellular or systems levels in a range of disorders to produce symptoms. Pathology identical to disease also occurs at the cellular level in most elderly individuals. Thus, normal ageing and age-related disease are inextricably linked and the term 'healthy ageing' downplays the important contributions of cellular pathology. For a full understanding of normal ageing or age-related disease we must study both processes.
INTRACELLULAR ANTIBODIES (INTRABODIES) FOR GENE THERAPY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (1997)

Intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) represent a new class of neutralizing molecules with a potential use in gene therapy. Intrabodies are engineered single-chain antibodies in which the variable domain of the heavy chain is joined to the variable domain of the light chain through a peptide linker, preserving the affinity of the parent antibody. Intrabodies are expressed inside cells and directed to different subcellular compartments where they can exert their function more effectively. The effects of intrabodies have been investigated using structural, regulatory, and enzymatic proteins of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) as targets. These intrabodies have demonstrated their versatility by controlling early as well as late events of the viral life cycle. In this article, we review studies of the use of intrabodies as research tools and therapeutic agents against HIV-1.
Outcome of 5-Azacitidine and Decitabine Treatment in Elderly Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome (2012)

Abstract Abstract 4959 Background: Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) are heterogenous group of hematologic disorders broadly characterized by cytopenias associated with a dysmorphic and usually cellular bone marrow, and by consequent ineffective blood cell production. For patients with MDS an epigenetic therapy with hypomethylating agents is considered standard of care. We evaluated the outcome of 5-Azacitidine and Decitabine treatment in elderly patients with myelodysplastic syndrome in our veterans hospital. Method: For analysis, patients were included if they were &gt; 60 years, had morphological evidence of MDS per bone marrow examination at the time of diagnosis and were treated with either hypomethylating agent, 5-azacitidine and decitabine. The patients received 5-azacitidine 75mg/m2, d1–7 or decitabine 20mg/m2, d1–5 at four weeks interval. The primary end point was overall response rate. Results: A total of 25 patients were analyzed. Median age was 68 years (range 61–81 years). 9(36%) patients had received 5-azacitidine and 16(64%) patients had received decitabine. The International Prognostic Scoring System risk category was Intermediate-2/High in 44%. A median of 5 courses (range 1–16) were delivered and 60%(15/25) patients were treated 4 cycles over. The overall response rate was 59%. Patients who showed response (CR+PR+HI) had significantly longer overall survival than those who did not (30 months vs 5months, p=0. 01). With a median follow-up duration of 12 months, median overall survival was 14. 7 months. The difference in overall survival was evident in the Intermediate-2/High risk group but not in the Intermediate-1 risk group. However, the difference between 5-azacitidine and decitabine group was not stastically significant. Conclusion: In our study, both 5-azacitidine and decitabine were feasible and effective in elderly patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. The overall survival was significantly longer in patients showing response. There were needed additional large-scale prospective studies. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Antivascular and antitumor activities of liposome-associated drugs. (2004)

Particulate drug carriers offer unique opportunities to improve tumor therapy through several different mechanisms. Liposomes may (1) assist in formulation of poorly-soluble therapeutic agents, (2) provide a slow-release vehicle to achieve pharmacokinetic profiles that maximize the therapeutic index, or (3) behave as long-circulating nano-particulates that can extravasate in the hyperpermeable regions of tumor vasculature. For paclitaxel, liposomes provide an aid to formulation. In the intracranial rat 9L brain tumor model, paclitaxel liposomes reduced dose-limiting toxicity and mediated a 40% increase in median survival. Free drug did not extend survival. Doxorubicin entrapped within sterically-stabilized liposomes (SSL-DXR) represents a long-circulating formulation that can extravasate within tumors and enhance drug deposition. Repetitive dosing with SSL-DXR mediated a 30% extension in median lifespan of animals bearing advanced 9L tumors. Fluorescence microscopic imaging revealed non-uniform, sporadic deposition of liposomes within the tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging showed that repetitive dosing with SSL-DXR, but not free drug, resulted in vascular collapse and microhemorrhage within tumors. Exploiting this antivascular effect may provide a new means to enhance tumor therapy, and suggests the utility of combination therapy with agents such as paclitaxel that have antiangiogenic effects on tumors.
Phosphoenolpyruvate Synthetase of Escherichia coli (1970)

A procedure for the preparation of highly purified phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase from Escherichia coli is described. The purified enzyme is markedly stabilized against inactivation by high concentrations of sucrose and is susceptible to inactivation by sulfhydryl reagents. The binding of the activating manganous ion to the dephosphoenzyme was investigated by electron spin resonance and proton relaxation rate of water. The proton relaxation rate of water was enhanced 12 times relative to the Mn2+ aquo-ion. Addition of pyruvate decreased the enhancement, indicating the formation of a dephosphoenzyme-manganese-pyruvate complex. On the basis of a molecular weight of 250,000 it was calculated that 3 to 4 moles of Mn2+ were bound per mole of enzyme with K d ≅ 30 µ m . The phosphate content of phosphoenzyme whether prepared from ATP or phosphoenolpyruvate was 1 to 2 moles of phosphate per mole of enzyme. Initial velocity studies of the forward reaction indicate that an irreversible step occurs between the binding of MgATP to the enzyme and the binding of pyruvate. MgATP and pyruvate combine with the dephospho- and the phosphoenzyme form, respectively, to form kinetically active complexes; the Michaelis constants are K m g atp = 28 µ m and Kpyruvate = 20 µ m at 5 m m free Mg2+. A requirement for free divalent metal ion (Mg2+ or Mn2+) in addition to that bound to ATP was indicated by the kinetic studies and was implicated in the binding of pyruvate to the enzyme. At high concentrations of free Mg2+ and Mn2+, the reaction is inhibited. Ca2+ is not an activator but inhibits the Mn2+-activated reaction.
Macroelectronics: Perspectives on Technology and Applications (2005)

Flexible, large area electronics - macroelectronics - using amorphous silicon, low-temperature polysilicon, or various organic and inorganic nanocrystalline semiconductor materials is beginning to show great promise. While much of the activity in macroelectronics has been display-centric, a number of applications where macroelectronics is needed to enable solutions that are otherwise not feasible are beginning to attract technical and/or commercial interest. In this paper, we discuss the application drivers and the technology needs and device performance requirements to enable high performance applications to include RF systems.
Ventilation with Lower Tidal Volumes as Compared with Traditional Tidal Volumes for Acute Lung Injury and the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (2000)

In patients with acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation with a lower tidal volume than is traditionally used results in decreased mortality and increases the number of days without ventilator use.
Annealing studies of highly doped boron superlattices (1989)

Coevaporation of B2 O3 during silicon molecular-beam epitaxy at growth temperatures (TG ) varying from 540 to 800 °C has been used to prepare superlattice structures (pipi’s) of varying boron concentration (3×1018 –3×1020 B cm−3). The superlattices were subsequently subjected to various annealing procedures and the layers were examined by secondary ion mass spectrometry, electrochemical profiling, and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. A significant redistribution of boron was observed even before annealing for TG &amp;gt;700 °C and high boron concentrations. In addition, significant oxygen was incorporated for TG ≤700 °C, with a growth rate of 0.5 nm s−1 and a B2 O3 flux of 2×1013 cm−2 s−1. After annealing, the boron diffusion coefficients were determined for the layers and found to vary significantly with TG.
Pathway Mapping Tools for Analysis of High Content Data (2006)

The complexity of human biology requires a systems approach that uses computational approaches to integrate different data types. Systems biology encompasses the complete biological system of metabolic and signaling pathways, which can be assessed by measuring global gene expression, protein content, metabolic profiles, and individual genetic, clinical, and phenotypic data. High content screening assays can also be used to generate systems biology knowledge. In this review, we will summarize the pathway databases and describe biological network tools used predominantly with this genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics data but which are equally as applicable for high content screening data analysis. We describe in detail the integrated data-mining tools applicable to building biological networks developed by GeneGo, namely, MetaCore and MetaDrug.
Nitric oxide decreases pacemaker activity in lymphatic vessels of guinea pig mesentery (2001)

Intracellular microelectrode recordings were used to determine whether nitric oxide (NO), affects the pacemaker events that initiate vasomotion in lymphatic vessels of the guinea pig mesentery. This pacemaker activity is recorded as spontaneous transient depolarizations (STDs) and is likely to arise through synchronized Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. We show here that acetylcholine-induced endothelium-derived NO and exogenous NO released by sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 100 microM) and DEA-NONOate (500 microM) reduced the frequency and amplitude of STDs. This inhibition of STD frequency and amplitude was independent of the NO-induced hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle. The SNP-induced inhibition of STD frequency and amplitude was abolished during superfusion with the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ (10 microM) and was diminished in the presence of cGMP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitors. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that NO inhibits vasomotion primarily by production of cGMP and activation of both cGMP- and cAMP-dependent protein kinases, which reduce the size and frequency of STDs, probably by acting on the underlying synchronized Ca2+ release from intracellular stores.
Response of Serum Interleukin-6 in Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery of Varying Severity (1990)

1. Recent studies have suggested that interleukin-6 is a major mediator of the acute-phase protein response in man. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between the response of serum interleukin-6 to surgery, the type of surgical procedure performed and the response of serum C-reactive protein. 2. Timed venous blood samples were taken from 26 patients in five broad surgical categories (minor surgery, cholecystectomy, hip replacement, colorectal surgery and major vascular surgery). C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 were measured in each sample. 3. Serum interleukin-6 rose within 2-4 h of incision in all patients and the magnitude of the response differed among the various surgical groups. The response of interleukin-6 correlated (r = 0.80, P less than 0.001) with the duration of surgery. In contrast, serum C-reactive protein was not detectable after minor surgery (less than 10 mg/l) and the response of C-reactive protein did not differ among the more major surgical groups. The response of interleukin-6 showed a weak, but significant, correlation with the response of C-reactive protein (r = 0.67, P less than 0.001). 4. We conclude that serum interleukin-6 is a sensitive, early marker of tissue damage. In general, the greater the surgical trauma, the greater the response of serum interleukin-6 and the greater the peak serum concentration of interleukin-6. Our results are consistent with a role for interleukin-6 in the induction of C-reactive protein synthesis.
Solution Structure of a Hexitol Nucleic Acid Duplex with Four Consecutive T⋅T Base Pairs (2000)

The structure of the hexitol nucleic acid (HNA) h(GCGCTTTTGCGC) was determined by NMR spectroscopy. This unnatural nucleic acid was developed as a mimic for A-RNA. In solution, the studied sequence is forming a symmetric double-stranded structure with four central consecutive T⋅T wobble pairs flanked by G⋅C Watson-Crick base pairs. The stem regions adopt an A-type helical structure. Discrete changes in backbone angles are altering the course of the helix axis in the internal loop region. Two H-bonds are formed in each wobble pair, and base stacking is preserved in the duplex, explaining the stability of the duplex. This structure elucidation provides information about the influence of a (T)4 fragment on local helix geometries as well as on the nature of the T⋅T mismatch base pairing in a TTTT tract.
Comparative efficacy of pilocarpine, timolol and latanoprost inexperimental models of glaucoma (2007)

Intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effects of investigational antiglaucoma drugs often need comparison with existing drugs, but detailed data showing comparative efficacy of antiglaucoma drugs with different mechanism of action has not been reported so far. This study was designed to establish baseline information of the IOP-lowering effect of three currently used antiglaucoma drugs in three experimental models in rabbits, so that they act as a benchmark for the efficacy evaluation of the future experimental antiglaucoma drugs. The IOP-lowering effect of single-drop application of pilocarpine, timolol and latanoprost was studied in normotensive, water loading and steroid-induced models of glaucoma in rabbits. The noncontact tonometer was used for the first time to estimate IOP in rabbits. The peak IOP-lowering effect of pilocarpine, timolol and latanoprost in normotensive rabbit eye was 18.23%, 20% and 22.56%, respectively. In water-loading model, the maximum protection against the rise in IOP was shown by latanoprost (40.27%), followed by timolol (31.39%) and pilocarpine (28.91%). In steroid-pretreated rabbit eyes, peak IOP-lowering effects of pilocarpine, timolol and latanoprost were 25.65%, 34.21% and 35.06%, respectively. Therefore, the latanoprost was found to be most effective in all three models followed by timolol and pilocarpine. The results of this study can be used for future preclinical investigations for the assessment of IOP-lowering activity of potential antiglaucoma drugs.