gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coda: a highly available file system for a distributed workstation environment (1990)

The design and implementation of Coda, a file system for a large-scale distributed computing environment composed of Unix workstations, is described. It provides resiliency to server and network failures through the use of two distinct but complementary mechanisms. One mechanism, server replication, stores copies of a file at multiple servers. The other mechanism, disconnected operation, is a mode of execution in which a caching site temporarily assumes the role of a replication site. The design of Coda optimizes for availability and performance and strives to provide the highest degree of consistency attainable in the light of these objectives. Measurements from a prototype show that the performance cost of providing high availability in Coda is reasonable.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
CD26 inhibition and hematopoiesis: a novel approach to enhance transplantation (2007)

Dipeptidylpeptidase IV/CD26 is expressed on the surface of various cell types. Through its enzymatic activity, its major function is to cleave the N-terminal dipeptide from diverse molecules including members of the chemokine family of cytokines. The N-terminus of these chemokines is important for activation of and binding to seven-transmembrane G-protein linked chemokine receptors, and early studies showed truncation by CD26 physiologically alters these properties of select chemokines resulting in diverse functional outcomes. Stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), a chemokine involved in hematopoietic cell chemotaxis, homing, mobilization and survival, is cleaved by CD26 producing a form that is inactive in CXCR4 signaling and has some antagonistic properties in vitro. Recent studies have shown that the inhibition of cell-surface CD26 peptidase activity on hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSC/HPC) populations increases their SDF-1/CXCL12 directed chemotaxis in vitro, and in vivo homing and engraftment. CD26 inhibition may, therefore, represent a novel approach to increasing the efficacy and success of HSC/HPC transplantation, especially under conditions of limiting donor cell yield.
DNS Extensions to Support IPv6 Address Aggregation and Renumbering (2000)

This document defines changes to the Domain Name System to support renumberable and aggregatable IPv6 addressing.The changes include a new resource record type to store an IPv6 address in a manner which expedites network renumbering and updated definitions of existing query types that return Internet addresses as part of additional section processing.For lookups keyed on IPv6 addresses (often called reverse lookups), this document defines a new zone structure which allows a zone to be used without modification for parallel copies of an address space (as for a multihomed provider or site) and across network renumbering events.
A technique for computer detection and correction of spelling errors (1964)

The method described assumes that a word which cannot be found in a dictionary has at most one error, which might be a wrong, missing or extra letter or a single transposition. The unidentified input word is compared to the dictionary again, testing each time to see if the words match—assuming one of these errors occurred. During a test run on garbled text, correct identifications were made for over 95 percent of these error types.
Treatment of post-partum depression: a review of clinical, psychological and pharmacological options (2010)

Abstract: Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common complication of childbearing, and has increasingly been identified as a major public health problem. Untreated maternal depression has multiple potential negative effects on maternal-infant attachment and child development. Screening for depression in the perinatal period is feasible in multiple primary care or obstetric settings, and can help identify depressed mothers earlier. However, there are multiple barriers to appropriate treatment, including concerns about medication effects in breastfeeding infants. This article reviews the literature and recommendations for the treatment of postpartum depression, with a focus on the range of pharmacological, psychotherapeutic, and other non-pharmacologic interventions. Keywords: postpartum depression, postnatal depression, lactation, antidepressant, hormone therapy, psychotherapy, bright light therapy, omega-3
IDEC-114 (IDEC). (2001)

IDEC is developing a PRIMATIZED-anti-B7 antibody (IDEC-114) for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is currently undergoing phase II trials in patients with psoriasis [395813]. A randomized, blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-dose phase II study was initiated in January 2001 to evaluate the potential clinical activity and safety of IDEC-114 in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis [395813]. The antibody targets the B7 antigen on the surface of antigen-presenting cells that normally interact with T-cells to initiate an immune response. Antibodies directed at B7 may be useful in preventing unwanted immune responses in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura as well as transplant rejection [178382], [178929]. PRIMATIZED antibodies, genetically engineered from cynomolgus macaque monkey and human components, are structurally indistinguishable from human antibodies. They may, therefore, be less likely to cause adverse reactions in humans, making them potentially suited for long-term, chronic treatment [244805]. IDEC has signed an antibody humanization patent licensing agreement with Protein Design Labs [240591]. IDEC is also collaborating with Mitsubishi-Tokyo (formerly Mitsubishi Kasei) on the development of this antibody [178382].
What Are We Looking for in New Antipsychotics? (2011)

Antipsychotics are the cornerstone of treatment for psychotic and some nonpsychotic disorders. However, despite pharmacologic advances, considerable areas of need remain. This article reviews desirable properties for future antipsychotics and considers how far current agents have come in achieving those objectives. Preferably, new antipsychotics should have a "balanced" pharmacodynamic profile that addresses the need for efficacy without compromising psychiatric or physical well-being; a safe, fast, and convenient pharmacokinetic profile; a definable therapeutic window, and availability in multiple formulations. Compared with available agents, new antipsychotics should ideally have at least similar efficacy for positive symptoms, agitation, and aggression and better efficacy for negative or cognitive symptoms, relapse prevention, treatment-resistant illness, and associated problems such as depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Improved tolerability and subjective acceptability to patients are also important in promoting adherence and continued treatment. Finally, they should have improved effectiveness in facilitating functioning, subjective well-being, quality of life, and, ultimately, recovery. Given the complexity of schizophrenia, its unknown etiology and pathophysiology, and challenges in clinical trial design and conduct, it is not surprising that it has remained difficult to develop antipsychotics with novel mechanisms. To achieve true breakthroughs, we need greater insight into the pathophysiology underlying specific disease processes and therapeutic and adverse responses. It is hoped that research on drug-specific biomarkers that can predict response in specific patient groups will advance personalized psychiatric care and improve patient outcomes.
Creative cooking: Temperature (2012)

In her final article of the series, Hilary White suggests how to introduce the concept of temperature to your children, through a range of cooking activities.
On the Theory of Shifts and Broadening of Electronic Spectra of Polar Solutes in Polar Media (1965)

When a polar-solute molecule undergoes an electronic transition and forms a state of different polarity, the Franck—Condon principle shows that the new system is first formed in a nonequilibrium thermodynamic state. An expression for the spectral shift and broadening by a series of solvents of differing polarity is derived in the present paper in terms of thermodynamic properties of certain equilibrium distribution systems. For this purpose use is made of a recent particle description of nonequilibrium and equilibrium polar media, which emphasizes functional dependence and avoids, thereby, the usual more specific assumptions. A relation between the broadening and the shift is then deduced under certain conditions. Expressions are also derived for the effect of pressure and temperature on the shift, in terms of the polar contribution to the volume and entropy of solvation, respectively, and for the influence of applied electrical fields. An expression is obtained for the solvent-reversal shift of Brooker in terms of the polarizability difference of the initial and final states of the solute. Introduction of more specific assumptions is then made for purposes of comparison with earlier works, which constitute special cases of the present one, and for estimation of dipole moments and polarizabilities of excited states from spectral and electrical shifts.
An in vitro examination of an extracellular matrix scaffold for use in wound healing (2002)

This paper describes evidence that an extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) assembled on gelatin coated plates overlaid by a mixed matrix secreted by human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) and human dermal fibroblasts provides a viable acellular scaffold for use in wound healing. Trypsinized epidermal keratinocytes or colonies from Dispase-digested fresh and cadaver skin tissue adhered and proliferated on either HUVECs ECM/gelatin or mixed matrix overlaid on HUVECs ECM/gelatin. An epithelial-mesenchymal interaction, previously thought to be tissue-specific, was exposed as well as concomitant integrin versatility. Furthermore, heterologous HDMECs and dermal fibroblasts attached and proliferated on the mixed matrix as well as HUVECs ECM. The conditioned medium from HUVECs (HUVECs CM) was found to neutralize the lingering after effects of Dispase, and could be used for the tissue culture of epidermal keratinocytes, HDMECs and dermal fibroblasts, which share related extracellular secretions. Taken together, these results indicate that cultured epithelial autografts can be redesigned to include both epithelial and dermal elements, and advances the acellular 'sandwich' ECM scaffold as a possible structural replacement for the lamina densa and lamina lucida, damaged or completely missing in some wounds and burns.
Light Chain Usage in Anti–double-stranded DNA B Cell Subsets: Role in Cell Fate Determination (1997)

Two major mechanisms for the regulation of autoreactive B cells that arise in the bone marrow are functional silencing (anergy) and deletion. Studies to date suggest that low avidity interactions between B cells and autoantigen lead to B cell silencing, whereas high avidity interactions lead to deletion. Anti-double stranded (ds) DNA antibodies represent a pathogenic autospecificity in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). An understanding of their regulation is critical to an understanding of SLE. We now demonstrate in a transgenic model in which mice express the heavy chain of a potentially pathogenic anti-DNA antibody that antibody affinity for dsDNA does not alone determine the fate of anti-dsDNA B cells. B cells making antibodies with similar affinities for dsDNA are regulated differently, depending on light chain usage. A major implication of this observation is that dsDNA may not be the self antigen responsible for cell fate determinations of anti-dsDNA B cells. Light chain usage may determine antigenic cross-reactivity, and cross-reactive antigens may regulate B cells that also bind dsDNA.
Tocolytic effect of magnesium sulfate and/or urinary trypsin inhibitor against lipopolysaccharide‐induced preterm delivery in mice (1998)

Combination therapy with magnesium plus UTI may possibly be helpful for preventing preterm delivery in humans without the severe side effects induced by hypermagnesemia.
Developing Cross-Platform Library Using Intel Multi-OS Engine (2022)

Mobile application development services have reached a higher level with APIs. Developers create and develop applications for mobile devices, and they often rely on APIs for connectivity. An API is the functions and methods in a library that a programmer can call to ask it to do things for you; it's the interface to the library. A library is a set of classes that a programmer can use to solve a certain problem, but it doesn’t change your code at a structural or architectural level. The significance of libraries in the creation of mobile applications cannot be overstated. Others can use the programmer's library, created, and shared with the rest of the world, in their own projects as a result of his efforts. In this paper, the programmer uses Java Object-Oriented Programming to provide a way to share code across platforms and gives the possibility to develop native cross-platform mobile applications. The purpose of this work is to create a taxi service library for developers using both Android and iOS using Java programming with the help of Intel’s Multi-OS Engine Framework, Retrofit, and GSON utilities, which were also used in this project. In developing a Java open-source project, the common conclusion the programmer always ends up with is to share the produced outcomes with the developer community, which should be the least objective in the Java world.
Ac transposition from a T-DNA can generate linked and unlinked clusters of insertions in the tomato genome. (1991)

We have investigated the distribution of transposed Acs in the tomato genome. Our approach has been to clone the regions flanking the T-DNAs and transposed Acs from two transgenic lines of tomato and place these sequences on the tomato restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) map. The distribution of transposed Acs around the T-DNA and at locations unlinked to the T-DNA indicates that Ac transposes to linked and unlinked sites in tomato as it does in maize. The structure and terminal sequence of these cloned elements shows that Ac remains intact after transposition. We discuss these results and their bearing on gene tagging strategies using Ac and Ds.
Tumor-Derived GM-CSF Promotes Inflammatory Colon Carcinogenesis via Stimulating Epithelial Release of VEGF (2013)

Chronic inflammation is a major driving force for the development of colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Elevated production of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been observed in mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Its actions in the progression from colitis to cancer, however, remain poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrated that colonic epithelial cells (CEC) were a major cellular source of GM-CSF and its production was significantly augmented when CAC model was established by administration of azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium. Furthermore, we showed that GM-CSF was a driver for VEGF release by CEC in autocrine and/or paracrine manners through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent pathway. Blocking GM-CSF activity in vivo significantly decreased epithelial release of VEGF, thereby abrogating CAC formation. In vitro treatment of transformed CEC with recombinant GM-CSF dramatically augmented its invasive potentials, largely in VEGF-dependent fashion. Furthermore, commensal microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharides were identified as a trigger for GM-CSF expression in CEC, as antibiotics treatment or Toll-like receptor 4 ablation considerably impaired its epithelial expression. Overall, these findings may have important implications for the understanding of mechanisms underlying CAC pathogenesis and the therapeutic potentials of regimens targeting GM-CSF or VEGF in clinic.
Expression and Activity of Phosphodiesterase Isoforms during Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition: The Role of Phosphodiesterase 4 (2009)

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has emerged as a critical event in the pathogenesis of organ fibrosis and cancer and is typically induced by the multifunctional cytokine transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential role of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in TGF-beta1-induced EMT in the human alveolar epithelial type II cell line A549. Stimulation of A549 with TGF-beta1 induced EMT by morphological alterations and by expression changes of the epithelial phenotype markers E-cadherin, cytokeratin-18, zona occludens-1, and the mesenchymal phenotype markers, collagen I, fibronectin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Interestingly, TGF-beta1 stimulation caused twofold increase in total cAMP-PDE activity, contributed mostly by PDE4. Furthermore, mRNA and protein expression demonstrated up-regulation of PDE4A and PDE4D isoforms in TGF-beta1-stimulated cells. Most importantly, treatment of TGF-beta1 stimulated epithelial cells with the PDE4-selective inhibitor rolipram or PDE4 small interfering RNA potently inhibited EMT changes in a Smad-independent manner by decreasing reactive oxygen species, p38, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. In contrast, the ectopic overexpression of PDE4A and/or PDE4D resulted in a significant loss of epithelial marker E-cadherin but did not result in changes of mesenchymal markers. In addition, Rho kinase signaling activated by TGF-beta1 during EMT demonstrated to be a positive regulator of PDE4. Collectively, the findings presented herein suggest that TGF-beta1 mediated up-regulation of PDE4 promotes EMT in alveolar epithelial cells. Thus, targeting PDE4 isoforms may be a novel approach to attenuate EMT-associated lung diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis and lung cancer.
Autophosphorylation of Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase IV from Rat Cerebral Cortex1 (1993)

Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV from rat cerebral cortex undergoes autophosphorylation in response to Ca2+ and calmodulin, resulting in its marked enzymatic activation. Autophosphorylation occurred at several sites on CaM-kinase IV, depending upon the enzyme concentration. Among them, Ser437 was almost exclusively phosphorylated at enzyme concentrations lower than 10 micrograms/ml, and autophosphorylation at Ser437 was responsible for marked activation of the enzyme through decreases in the Km values for its substrates and an increase in the Vmax value. The Ca2+/calmodulin-independent activity of CaM-kinase IV was also markedly stimulated by autophosphorylation, but even after autophosphorylation it amounted only about 17% of the total enzyme activity detected in the presence of Ca2+/calmodulin.
Synthesis and Catalytic Properties of Soluble Platinum Nanoparticles Protected by a Thiol Monolayer (2004)

Several new platinum monolayer protected clusters (MPCs) have been synthesized and characterized. Two methods of platinum reduction were used depending on the solubility of the thiol: sodium borohydride for the water-soluble thiols and lithium triethylborohydride for the organic soluble thiols. In general, reactant solutions containing a 1:1 thiol/Pt ratio yielded the best particles in a single-phase reaction. Higher thiol/Pt ratios produced lower yields of MPCs, while much lower ratios produced gray-black precipitates. The Pt MPCs were used as catalysts to hydrogenate allyl alcohol to propanol by reducing the carbon-carbon double bond. The Pt-mercaptoammonium MPCs were also used as catalysts in the hydrogenation of maleic acid to succinic acid. Differences in the catalytic hydrogenation rates among the various monolayer coatings for MPCs are attributed to the variations in ligand chain length, branching, charged functional groups, packing density, and core size.
Development of new incretin drugs: Promising therapies (2006)

New agents are being added to the armamentarium of drugs used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Today, extensive research is being conducted on incretin hormones. Important among them are, Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). The gastrointestinal tract secretes these hormones in response to the ingestion of nutrients. These hormones increase secretion of insulin, decrease secretion of glucagon, decrease gastric emptying time (only by GLP-1). In addition, they decrease body weight and prevent development of resistance to insulin. They are rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-IV) enzyme. Analogs of GLP-1 and GIP and inhibitors of DPP-IV are being synthesised. Exenatide, a synthetic analog of GLP-1, has recently been approved by the FDA, USA for use in patients with type 2 diabetes who have sub optimal control despite treatment with metformin and / or a sulfonylurea. Other GLP-1 analogs under clinical trial are: NN2211, CJC1131, and Albugon. No analog of GIP and inhibitor of DPP-IV have been approved by the FDA for clinical use till now. Vildagliptin, an inhibitor of DPP-IV, is under phase 2 clinical trials. The incidence of hypoglycemia is less with these incretin mimetics and inhibitors of DPP-IV. Minimal gastrointestinal side effects are seen. Analogs of GLP-1 have to be given subcutaneously, while inhibitors of DPP-IV can be given orally. There is a need to synthesise long acting analogs of GLP-1 and selective inhibitors of DPP-IV.
Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity: A critical review (2015)

Herein we will review the role of glycans in the immune system. Specific topics covered include: the glycosylation sites of IgE, IgM, IgD, IgE, IgA, and IgG; how glycans can encode "self" identity by functioning as either danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or self-associated molecular patterns (SAMPs); the role of glycans as markers of protein integrity and age; how the glycocalyx can dictate the migration pattern of immune cells; and how the combination of Fc N-glycans and Ig isotype dictate the effector function of immunoglobulins. We speculate that the latter may be responsible for the well-documented association between alterations of the serum glycome and autoimmunity. Due to technological limitations, the extent of these autoimmune-associated glycan alterations and their role in disease pathophysiology has not been fully elucidated. Thus, we also review the current technologies available for glycan analysis, placing an emphasis on Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM), a rapid high-throughput technology that has great potential for glycan biomarker research. Finally, we put forth The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity, which states that each autoimmune disease will have a unique glycan signature characterized by the site-specific relative abundances of individual glycan structures on immune cells and extracellular proteins, especially the site-specific glycosylation patterns of the different immunoglobulin(Ig) classes and subclasses.
Daubert's Significance (1993)

The authors review and note the limited reach of Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals. They also address its implications for concerned non-lawyers.