gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human IL-10 is produced by both type 1 helper (Th1) and type 2 helper (Th2) T cell clones and inhibits their antigen-specific proliferation and cytokine production (1993)

IL-10 gene transcription and IL-10 protein production was assessed in both type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) CD4+ human T cell clones by polymerase chain reaction and ELISA, respectively. Although Th2 clones apparently showed higher IL-10 mRNA levels, IL-10 mRNA expression was consistently found in Th1 clones, as well. Likewise, measurable IL-10 levels were found in the supernatants of both Th1 and Th2 clones. The effect of human IL-10 (h-IL-10) and viral IL-10 (v-IL-10) on the proliferative response and cytokine production by Th1 and Th2 human clones was also investigated. Addition in culture of h-IL-10 and v-IL-10 significantly reduced the proliferation of both Th1 and Th2 clones in response to the specific Ag and to PHA, but it had no inhibitory effect on the proliferative response of Th1 and Th2 clones to IL-2. h-IL-10 and v-IL-10 also inhibited the Ag-induced production of gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) by Th1 clones and the production of IL-4 and IL-5 by Th2 clones, whereas they had no effect on the cytokine synthesis by the same clones stimulated with PMA plus anti-CD3 antibody. Preincubation of APC, but not of clonal T blasts, with h-IL-10 resulted in the inhibition of Ag-induced proliferation of both Th1 and Th2 clones, supporting the view that h-IL-10 primarily affects APC. These data demonstrate that, unlike the murine system where IL-10 is a product of Th2 (but not Th1) cells and seems to mainly down-regulate the Th1 response, in the human system, IL-10 is produced by, and down-regulates the function of, both Th1 and Th2 cells.
Microgel-Based Inks for Paper-Supported Biosensing Applications (2008)

As a first step for the development of biosensing inks for inexpensive paper-based biodetection, we prepared paper strips printed with carboxylic poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) microgels that were modified either with an antibody or with a DNA aptamer. We found that the antibody and the DNA aptamer retained their recognition capabilities when coupled to microgel. The printed microgel remains stationary during chromatographic elution while the microgel-supported molecular recognition elements are accessible to their intended targets present in the elution solution. Our work indicates that microgels, large enough to isolate the biosensors from the paper surface, are sufficiently hydrophilic to be wetted during chromatographic elution, exposing the gel-supported affinity probes to their targets.
Translation of hepatitis C virus RNA (1999)

The 341-nucleotide 5' non-translated region is the most conserved part of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome. It contains a highly structured internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) that mediates cap-independent initiation of translation of the viral polyprotein by a mechanism that is unprecedented in eukaryotes. The first step in translation initiation is assembly of eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 3, eIF2, GTP, initiator tRNA and a 40S ribosomal subunit into a 43S preinitiation complex. The HCV IRES recruits this complex and directs its precise attachment at the initiation codon to form a 48S complex in a process that does not involve eIFs 4A, 4B or 4F. The IRES contains sites that bind independently with the eIF3 and 40S subunit components of 43S complexes, and structural determinants that ensure the correct spatial orientation of these binding sites so that the 48S complex assembles precisely at the initiation codon.
Inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor ZD1839 (‘Iressa’) is independent of EGFR expression level (2003)

High expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in breast carcinoma confers a growth advantage to the tumor cells. The EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) ZD1839 ('Iressa') has clinical activity in a wide range of tumor types, although the mechanism(s) by which it exerts its antitumor activity effects remain unclear. We analyzed the ability of ZD1839 to induce apoptosis and/or inhibition of proliferation in breast carcinoma cell lines, as well any association between this ability and the downregulation activity of MAPK and Akt, two recently proposed markers of ZD1839 activity. Proliferation, survival, and activation of Akt and MAPK were evaluated in six human breast cancer cell lines expressing various levels of EGFR and HER2 and exposed to ZD1839. EGFR and HER2 expression levels were determined using specific monoclonal antibodies and FACS analysis. The effects of ZD1839 were independent of EGFR expression levels, but were influenced by high HER2 expression. ZD1839 significantly reduced the rate of [3H]-thymidine incorporation in the four sensitive cell lines, while apoptosis was also induced in two of these cell lines. No correlation was found between the cytostatic or cytotoxic effects of ZD1839 and its ability to downregulate MAPK and Akt activity in the tumor cell lines. Our data suggest that the antitumor activity of ZD1839 is due to a cytostatic effect, and involves apoptosis induction in a subset of sensitive cells only, and that neither MAPK nor Akt is a reliable marker of ZD1839 activity.
Gallium Arsenide Transistors: Realization Through a Molecularly Designed Insulator (1994)

A GaAs-based transistor, analogous to commercial silicon devices, has been fabricated with vapor-deposited cubic GaS as the insulator material. The n-channel, depletion mode, GaAs field-effect transistor shows, in addition to classical transistor characteristics, a channel mobility of 4665.6 square centimeters per volt per second, an interfacial trap density of 10(11) per electron volt per square centimeter, and a transconductance of 7 millisiemens for a 5-micrometer gate length at a gate voltage of 8 volts. Furthermore, the GaAs transistor shows an on-to-off resistance ratio comparable to that of commercial devices.
Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly: Nanostructures Made Easy (1999)

Simple and efficient methods of organizing materials are key to the realization of a nanotech world. These authors report on recent developments in simple evaporation-induced self-assembly processes, which enable the rapid production of patterned porous or nanocomposite materials. The Figure shows a calcined particle exhibiting vesicular mesophase, which was generated by aerosol self-assembly of the tri-block copolymer P123.
On the Use of Information Theory for Assessing Molecular Diversity (1997)

In a recent article published in Molecules, Lin presented a novel approach for assessing molecular diversity based on Shannon's information theory. In this method, a set of compounds is viewed as a static collection of microstates which can register information about their environment at some predetermined capacity. Diversity is directly related to the information conveyed by the population, as quantified by Shannon's classical entropy equation. Despite its intellectual appeal, this method is characterized by a strong tendency to oversample remote areas of the feature space and produce unbalanced designs. This paper demonstrates this limitation with some simple examples and provides a rationale for the failure of the method to produce results that are consistent with other traditional methodologies.
Limiting dilution assays for the determination of immunocompetent cell frequencies. I. Data analysis. (1981)

A statistical method was developed for the analysis of experimental data from limiting dilution assays. Formulas for the estimation of the frequency of immunocompetent cells within a test population were derived by the statistical methods of weighted averaging, likelihood maximization, and X2 minimization. Equations for the latter 2 were solved by Newton's method of iterative approximation. Estimates obtained by these methods were found to be more valid than those obtained by least squares (LS) fitting as judged by the X2 test and as established by Monte Carlo experiments. X2 minimization was chosen as the preferable estimation method with maximum accuracy and precision (minimum bias and variance) for the standard determination of frequencies; likelihood maximization was used only for the confirmation of results. When data from previously published experiments were reanalyzed, both results and conclusions were found to differ significantly from those originally obtained by LS fitting, thus demonstrating the importance of using proper data analysis methods. In conjunction with the use of available calculators or microcomputers, the method presented here provides a simple and rapid procedure for the valid determination of immunocompetent cell frequencies.
Steroid Receptor Coactivator (SRC) Family: Masters of Systems Biology (2010)

The three members of the p160 family of steroid receptor coactivators (SRC-1, SRC-2, and SRC-3) steer the functional output of numerous genetic programs and serve as pleiotropic rheostats for diverse physiological processes. Since their discovery ∼15 years ago, the extraordinary sum of examination of SRC function has shaped the foundation of our knowledge for the now 350+ coregulators that have been identified to date. In this perspective, we retrace our steps into the field of coregulators and provide a summary of selected seminal work that helped define the SRCs as masters of systems biology.
Oxymetry deep in tissues with low-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance. (1994)

We have measured the oxygen concentration in the body water of murine FSa and NFSa fibrosarcomas using a new method for quantitative oxygen concentration determination deep in the tissues of a living animal. The measurement uses unusually low-frequency electron paramagnetic spectroscopy sensitive to substrate 7 cm deep in tissue, partially deuterated spin probes (spin labels of molecular mass 195, approximating that of glucose) whose distribution compartment can be targeted with facile adduct substitution, and novel analytic techniques. We show that the water-compartment oxygen concentration of the tumors decreases as the tumor size increases and also shows a trend to decrease as radiobiologic hypoxia increases. An oxymetric spectral image of the tumor is presented. The technique will improve with larger human tissue samples. It provides the potential to quantitatively assess tissue hypoxia in ischemic or preischemic states in stroke and myocardial infarction. It will allow direct assessment of tumor hypoxia to determine the usefulness of radiation and chemotherapy adjuvants directed to hypoxic cell compartments.
Fusion Scheme for Automatic and Large-Scaled Built-up Mapping (2018)

As more and more geospatial data are produced, Big Earth data is becoming a new key to the understanding of the Earth. Such opportunity also comes with new issues and challenges related to the massive and heteregenous amount of data to process and to analyse. The present work explores the use of three types of Earth Observation (EO) data in order to automatically classify built and non-built areas in Africa using a machine learning classifier: SAR (Sentinel) and optical (Landsat) imagery, and the OpenStreetMap (OSM) database as training data. Experimental results in ten african cities show that the use of satellite data from multiple sensors improves the performance of the classifiers in these areas. They also show that using crowd-sourced geospatial databases such as OSM as training data leads to similar accuracies than when relying on field surveys or hand-digitalized datasets.
The Interaction Between Signal Regulatory Protein Alpha (SIRPα) and CD47: Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Target (2013)

CD47 is a broadly expressed membrane protein that interacts with the myeloid inhibitory immunoreceptor SIRPα (also termed CD172a or SHPS-1). SIRPα is the prototypic member of the SIRP paired receptor family of closely related SIRP proteins. Engagement of SIRPα by CD47 provides a downregulatory signal that inhibits host cell phagocytosis, and CD47 therefore functions as a "don't-eat-me" signal. Here, we discuss recent structural analysis of CD47-SIRPα interactions and implications of this for the function and evolution of SIRPα and paired receptors in general. Furthermore, we review the proposed roles of CD47-SIRPα interactions in phagocytosis, (auto)immunity, and host defense, as well as its potential significance as a therapeutic target in cancer and inflammation and for improving graft survival in xenotransplantation.
Linear-Sweep Voltammetry of Irreversible Electron Transfer in Surface-Confined Species Using the Marcus Theory (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLinear-Sweep Voltammetry of Irreversible Electron Transfer in Surface-Confined Species Using the Marcus TheoryTal M. Nahir, Rose A. Clark, and Edmond F. BowdenCite this: Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 15, 2595–2598Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00087a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00087a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1635Altmetric-Citations111LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Assessing Global Pain Severity by Self-Report in Clinical and Health Services Research (2000)

From the *Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative, and the †Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and the ‡Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tempe, Arizona. Supported by National Institutes of Health Grant P01 DE08773. Address reprint requests to Michael Von Korff, ScD Center for Health Studies Group Health Cooperative 1730 Minor Avenue, Siute 1600 Seattle, WA 98101 E-mail:[email protected] This paper is adapted from two chapters, one by MPJ and PK and the other by MVK to appear in the Handbook of Pain Assessment. 2nd ed. D. C. Turk and R. Melzack, eds. New York: Guilford Publications. In press.
Factors Which Limit the Cycle Life of Rechargeable Lithium (Metal) Batteries (2000)

Failure mechanisms due to high charging rates of rechargeable lithium batteries comprised of Li metal anodes, cathodes (tunneled structure), and electrolyte solutions based on the combination of 1,3‐dioxolane (DN), , and tributylamine (antipolymerization stabilizer) were explored with the aid of postmortem analysis. It was found that at high charging rates, lithium deposition produces small grains, which are too reactive toward the electrolyte solution, in spite of the excellent passivation of lithium in this solution. In practical batteries such as AA cells with spirally wound configurations, the amount of solution is relatively small, and the solution is spread throughout the battery in a thin layer. Therefore, upon cycling, the Li‐solution reactions deplete the amount of the solution below a critical value, so that only part of the active materials continues to function. This leads to a pronounced increase in the internal resistance of these batteries, which fail as a result of their high impedance and the decrease in the effective working electrodes area. Another failure mechanism relates to the extremely high charge‐discharge current densities developed as the active electrode area decreases. These high currents, developed after prolonged cycling, lead to the formation of dendrites that short‐circuit the battery, thus terminating its life. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Maximum-Likelihood Augmented Discrete Generative Adversarial Networks (2017)

Despite the successes in capturing continuous distributions, the application of generative adversarial networks (GANs) to discrete settings, like natural language tasks, is rather restricted. The fundamental reason is the difficulty of back-propagation through discrete random variables combined with the inherent instability of the GAN training objective. To address these problems, we propose Maximum-Likelihood Augmented Discrete Generative Adversarial Networks. Instead of directly optimizing the GAN objective, we derive a novel and low-variance objective using the discriminator's output that follows corresponds to the log-likelihood. Compared with the original, the new objective is proved to be consistent in theory and beneficial in practice. The experimental results on various discrete datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Proteomics of MUC1‐containing lipid rafts from plasma membranes and exosomes of human breast carcinoma cells MCF‐7 (2009)

Apically expressed human MUC1 is known to become endocytosed and either to re-enter the secretory pathway for recycling to the plasma membrane or to be exported by the cells via the formation of multi-vesicular bodies and the release of exosomes. By using recombinant fusion-tagged MUC1 as a bait protein we followed an anti-myc affinity-based approach for isolating subpopulations of lipid rafts from the plasma membranes and exosomes of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. MUC1(+) lipid rafts were not only found to contain genuine raft proteins (flotillin-1, prohibitin, G protein, annexin A2), but also raft-associated proteins linking these to the cytoskeleton (ezrin/villin-2, profilin II, HSP27, gamma-actin, beta-actin) or proteins in complexes with raft proteins, including the bait protein (HSP60, HSP70). Major overlaps were revealed for the subproteomes of plasma membranous and exosomal lipid raft preparations, indicating that MUC1 is sorted into subpopulations of rafts for its trafficking via flotillin-dependent pathways and export via exosomes.
Fermentable Dietary Fibre, Intestinal Microflora and Plasma Hormones in the Rat (1997)

1. Conventional and germ-free rats were fed a fibre-free elemental diet with or without the addition of fermentable dietary fibres. We have previously reported that fibre was associated with greatly increased epithelial cell proliferation, but only in the conventional group, implying that it is the breakdown of fibre by the colonic microflora that is the main determinant of mucosal proliferation in the hind gut. The relationship of these changes to various plasma hormones implicated in intestinal growth control are described in this paper. 2. The most dramatic finding was that plasma levels of enteroglucagon and peptide YY were greatly increased in the germ-free groups. The response of these rats to fibre differed in that fibre decreased levels of enteroglucagon and peptide YY in the germ-free animals, but increased them in the conventional rats. Gastrin and insulin levels were significantly lowered in the fibre-supplemented groups, but were not affected by the microflora. 3. These results corroborate our previous findings that the effects of fibre and its fermentation are dynamically complex, and demonstrate that, like proliferation, direct effects and indirect fermentation-derived effects on plasma hormones also coexist.
Joint inversion of gravity and magnetic anomalies of eastern Canada (1998)

The power spectra and degree correlation of the surface topography and free-air gravity anomalies of eastern Canada show that the gravity anomalies are subdivided into three parts. The short-wavelength components (30-170 km, shorter than 30 km are not well resolved) largely arise from density perturbations in the crust and to a lesser extent from the surface topography and Moho undulation, whereas the contribution of intracrustal sources to the intermediate-wavelength components (170-385 km) is comparable with that of the topography. The long-wavelength components (385-1536 km) are overcompensated at the Moho. We present a crustal model for the intermediate- and long-wavelength components which takes into account the surface topography, density perturbations in the crust, and Moho undulation with a certain degree of isostatic compensation. The general characteristics of this model resemble the crustal structure revealed from seismic measurements. The reduced-to-pole magnetic anomalies of eastern Canada show no pronounced correlation with the topography and with the vertical gradient of the gravity anomalies, suggesting that the source bodies are within the crust and Poisson's relationship does not hold over the entire area. Assuming that the magnetic anomalies arise from induced magnetization, lateral variations of magnetic susceptibility of the crust are determined while taking into account the effects of the surface topography and the Moho undulation of our crustal model. The intermediate- and long-wavelength components of the susceptibility contrasts delineate major collision zones as low-susceptibility regions. We interpret this in terms of thermal demagnetization of the high-magnetic crustal roots beneath the collision zones.
Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile Genotypes of the TLR4 Gene Are Associated With a Reduced Prevalence of Diabetic Neuropathy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2004)

Our data indicate that Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile genotypes of the TLR4 gene are associated with reduced prevalence of diabetic neuropathy in type 2, but not in type 1, diabetes. Thus different mechanisms may be involved in the pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Targeting tumor cellsvia EGF receptors: Selective toxicity of an HBEGF-toxin fusion protein (1998)

Over-expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a hallmark of numerous solid tumors, thus providing a means of selectively targeting therapeutic agents. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HBEGF) binds to EGFRs with high affinity and to heparan sulfate proteoglycans, resulting in increased mitogenic potential compared to other EGF family members. We have investigated the feasibility of using HBEGF to selectively deliver a cytotoxic protein into EGFR-expressing tumor cells.<0B> <0R>Recombinant fusion proteins consisting of mature human HBEGF fused to the plant ribosome-inactivating protein saporin (SAP) were expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified HBEGF-SAP chimeras inhibited protein synthesis in a cell-free assay and competed with EGF for binding to receptors on intact cells. A construct with a 22-amino-acid flexible linker (L22) between the HBEGF and SAP moieties exhibited an affinity for the EGFR that was comparable to that of HBEGF. The sensitivity to HBEGF-L22-SAP was determined for a variety of human tumor cell lines, including the 60 cell lines comprising the National Cancer Institute Anticancer Drug Screen. HBEGF-L22-SAP was cytotoxicin vitro to a variety of EGFR-bearing cell lines and inhibited growth of EGFR-over-expressing human breast carcinoma cellsin vivo. In contrast, the fusion protein had no effect on small-cell lung carcinoma cells, which are EGFR-deficient. Our results demonstrate that fusion proteins composed of HBEGF and SAP exhibit targeting specificity and cytotoxicity that may be of therapeutic value in treating a variety of EGFR-bearing malignancies. Int. J. Cancer 78:106–111, 1998.© 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.