gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
4-Allylanisole as an Inhibitor of Bark Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) Aggregation (1994)

To assess the extent of inhibitory activity of the host compound 4-allylanisole, we conducted field studies with three scolytid species. These species are geographically widespread and economically important. Trials were completed with Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (California), D. ponderosae Hopkins (Oregon), and Ips pini (Say) (Wisconsin) by using multiple-funnel traps with appropriate pheromone-based attractants. With the Dendroctonus species, the effects of 4-allylanisole were compared with verbenone, an aggregation inhibitor produced by beetles themselves. We also determined effects of the treatments on the most abundant coleopterous predators in each trial. Inhibition of bark beetle aggregation behavior by 4-allylanisole was demonstrated for D. ponderosae (Oregon) and I. pini (Wisconsin). In Oregon, 4-allylanisole reduced the catch of D. ponderosae at attractant-baited traps by 77%, whereas verbenone reduced the catch by 91% compared with attractant alone. Although both reductions were significant, the effect of verbenone was significantly greater than that of 4-allylanisole. In Wisconsin, addition of 4-allylanisole to attractant-baited traps resulted in a significant reduction (43%) in numbers of I. pini caught, compared with attractant alone. In the California trials, mean trap catches of D. brevicomis were reduced by both 4-allylanisole (35%) and verbenone (27%) compared with attractant alone, but neither reduction was significant. Sex ratios of target scolytids were not affected by inhibitory treatments in any trial. The predator Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Coleoptera: Trogositidae) was not affected by 4-allylanisole in California; however, verbenone significantly reduced the number caught. Although captures were low, numbers of T. chlorodia caught by traps containing 4-allylanisole in Oregon were significantly higher than those containing verbenone or attractant alone (numbers in verbenone and attractant traps were not significantly different). Numbers of the predatory beetles counted in Wisconsin-Thanasimus dubius (F.) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), Platysoma parallelum Say (Coleoptera: Histeridae), and P. (Cylistix) cylindrical (Paykull) (Coleoptera: Histeridae)-were not affected by elution of 4-allylanisole with the attractant. Implications of these results for protection of individual trees and management of bark beetle populations are discussed.
The tetrahedral intermediate from the hydration of N-methylformanilide (1993)

Heats of hydrolysis of N-methylformanilide dimethyl acetal have been measured in basic solution. The heat of formation of N-methylformanilide was obtained by determining the equilibrium constant in aqueous solution for its formation from formic acid and N-methylaniline as a function of temperature:[Formula: see text]. These data permit the calculation of the heat of formation of N-methylformanilide dimethyl acetal, [Formula: see text]. The free energy of formation of the tetrahedral intermediate in the hydrolysis of N-methylformanilide was calculated by methods we have previously reported. Consideration of the energetics of the intermediates and the known rates of reaction leads to the conclusion that the rate-determining step for alkaline hydrolysis is cleavage of the C—N bond.
Diagnostic imaging of lung cancer (2002)

Carcinoma of the bronchus is the most common malignancy in the Western world. It is also the leading cause of cancer-related death accounting for 32% of all cancer deaths in males and 25% in females. In the USA it causes more deaths than cancers of the colon, breast and prostate combined. Disappointingly, in a recent UK survey of improvements in cancer survival, carcinoma of the bronchus showed the smallest percentage reduction in the number of deaths avoided between 1981-1990 (0.2%). This compares badly with breast (11% reduction) and melanoma (32%). The overall 5-yr survival for lung cancer diagnosed between 1986-1990 was only 5.3% (against 66% for breast and 76% for melanoma). It is on this background that the radiologist remains actively employed in the detection, diagnosis, staging and review of this common malignancy.
Nanoparticles as Protein and Gene Carriers to Mucosal Surfaces (2008)

One of the most exciting and challenging applications of nanotechnology in medicine is the development of nanocarriers for the intraepithelial delivery of biomacromolecules through mucosal surfaces. These biomacromolecules represent an increasingly important segment of the therapeutic arsenal; however, their potential is still limited by their instability and inability to cross biological barriers. Nanoparticle carriers have emerged as one of the most promising technologies to overcome this limitation, owing mainly to their demonstrated capacity to interact with biological barriers. In this review, we summarize the current advances made on nanoparticles designed for transmucosal delivery. Supported by the examples of a variety of therapeutic macromolecules - peptides and proteins, gene medicines and vaccines - we review the lessons learned from the past and we offer a future perspective for this field.
Epitope mapping of human factor VIII inhibitor antibodies by deletion analysis of factor VIII fragments expressed in Escherichia coli. (1988)

Epitopes for antibodies that inhibit factor VIII procoagulant protein were analyzed by deletion mapping of factor VIII protein fragments expressed in Escherichia coli. A human factor VIII cDNA clone was used to generate E. coli expression vectors encoding fragments containing the 80-kDa factor VIII light chain (A3, C1, and C2 domains) and the 44-kDa carboxyl-terminal half of the factor VIII heavy chain (A2 domain). A series of deletions of each fragment was constructed and tested by immunoblotting for the binding of alloantibody and autoantibody inhibitors. Analysis of derivatives of the 80-kDa fragment showed that six inhibitors recognized a major epitope(s) within the carboxyl-terminal 17.3 kDa of factor VIII. These inhibitors also recognized weaker epitopes nearby and one inhibitor recognized epitopes scattered throughout the 80-kDa fragment. Deletions within the heavy chain fragment revealed one epitope-containing region confined to the amino-terminal 18.3 kDa recognized by six inhibitors. Bacterially produced factor VIII fragments containing the major epitopes were capable of neutralizing inhibitors in vitro but fragments containing weaker or no epitopes did not. These data suggest a potential therapeutic use of factor VIII fragments for neutralization of inhibitor antibodies.
Detection of rodent coronaviruses in tissues and cell cultures by using polymerase chain reaction (1991)

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for the detection of rodent coronaviruses in biological material by using reverse transcriptase and two primers which flanked an M gene sequence of 375 bp. PCR detected all of 11 different strains of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) as well as rat sialodacryoadenitis virus but not bovine coronavirus or human coronavirus strains OC43 and 229E. The M gene sequences of bovine coronavirus and human coronavirus OC43 are homologous to that of MHV, but minor differences exist in the primer regions, preventing annealing of the primers. For detecting MHV-Y in tissue samples, PCR was faster than and at least as sensitive as either of the two bioassays (infant mouse bioassay and mouse antibody production test) currently used for MHV diagnostic purposes.
A digital agenda for music (2003)

There are many issues facing musicians, the music industry, music education and music broadcasting as a result of the way music is now produced, distributed, promoted and consumed in the digital domain. This article outlines a number of these for consideration. The rights of musicians and other intellectual property holders are protected by the Copyright Amendment (Digital Agenda) Bill 1999, which covers the communication of works to the public by digital as well as more conventional means. Enforcing these rights is, however, difficult because of the way the internet and computers are being used by consumers of music and other products. The article begins with consideration of issues of music piracy, one of the most serious issues facing the economic viability of the music industry. It then considers the consumer rights that may arise from attempts to prevent piracy in a heavy-handed manner. Since the 1980s and the advent of digital music production, there has been a large impact on the way music has been produced. Do it yourself (DIY) record production facilitated by digital music systems has seen a decline in the work available for performing and recording musicians and a shift to the prominence of the composer/producer. This phenomenon is examined along with related issues such as the trend to create music by sampling already existing music. The evolution of the technology of music production and its impact on the industry is considered. One of the problems faced by music educators both in schools and universities is how to keep up with new technologies and how to fit more relevant subjects into the curriculum without letting go of treasured traditional approaches. A curriculum re-evaluation agenda is promoted in this arena. Finally from a consumer point of view, issues related to access to broadband and impending digital radio services are presented.
Detergent-enabled transport of proteins and nucleic acids through hydrophobic solvents. (1994)

It is demonstrated that proteins and nucleic acids can be transported through hydrophobic organic solvents (liquid membranes) via nonspecific complex formation with detergents, whereas no macromolecule transport is observed without the latter. A protein (or a nucleic acid) first interacts with an oppositely charged detergent due to hydrophobic ion pairing in the aqueous feed phase. The resultant hydrophobic complex readily partitions into an organic solvent and then into the aqueous receiver phase, where it dissociates. Experiments with (i) different detergent/protein molar ratios, (ii) a range of unrelated organic solvents as liquid membranes, and (iii) homologous detergents with hydrophobic tails of varying lengths indicate that the protein flux through the membrane directly correlates with the partitioning of the protein-detergent complexes from the aqueous feed into the organic phase. Very little protein transport was detected at detergent concentrations above the critical micelle concentration, suggesting that individual detergent molecules, rather than micelles, play the key role. The rate of the detergent-enabled protein transport is not a function of the protein molecular weight, provided that enough detergent molecules bind to make the complex sufficiently hydrophobic; e.g., bovine serum albumin can be transported faster than insulin, which is less than 1/10th of its size.
Raked over the coals (2005)

The use of individual trajectory-based analyses, enabled us to study advance our understanding of age and gender differences in the development of adolescent anxiety symptoms.
IFN- γ Deficiency Exerts Gender-Specific Effects on Atherogenesis in Apolipoprotein E -/- Mice (2002)

We have shown recently that administration of exogenous interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to apolipoprotein E (apoE)(-/-) mice augmented atherogenesis. In the present study, we examined whether deficiency of endogenous IFN-gamma would reduce atherosclerosis in apoE(-/-) mice. Compound-deficient mice were generated by crossing strain-matched IFN-gamma(-/-) and apoE(-/-) mice and comparing them to apoE(-/-) mice. Groups of both genders were fed either a normal or a high-fat diet. IFN-gamma deficiency did not affect serum cholesterol concentrations or lipoprotein-cholesterol distributions in any groups. IFN-gamma deficiency had no effect on serum triglyceride concentrations, except for an increase noted in males fed a normal diet. The extent of atherosclerosis was determined in tissue sections of the ascending aorta and on the surface of the aortic arch. During feeding of normal diets, IFN-gamma deficiency had no effect on the extent of atherosclerosis in female mice in either vascular bed. In contrast, in male mice fed normal diet, IFN-gamma deficiency markedly decreased lesion size in both vascular beds. During feeding of high-fat diets, IFN-gamma deficiency also had no effect on lesion size in females but profoundly decreased lesion size in the aortic root of male mice. IFN-gamma deficiency had no effect on the abundance of T lymphocytes or MHC class II-positive cells in aortic root lesions of females. By comparison, both these parameters were reduced in lesions of male mice. Therefore, IFN-gamma deficiency decreased atherogenesis, potentially by decreasing T lymphocyte presence and cell activation, without influencing serum cholesterol concentrations. However, this effect is strikingly restricted to male mice.
Web on wheels: toward Internet-enabled cars (1998)

An open system that conforms to standard Internet protocols for communication to and from automobiles could greatly enhance driving. Existing Internet resources can be leveraged to integrate a car into the Internet. Service providers will subsequently produce innovative services for drivers and passengers that will improve safety and security as well as provide infotainment.
Carbon-13 labeling for improved tracer depth profiling of organic materials using secondary ion mass spectrometry (2006)

13C labeling is introduced as an alternative to deuterium labeling for analysis of organic materials using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). A model macromolecular system composed of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) was used to compare the effects of isotopic labeling using both deuterium substitution (dPS) and 13C labeling (13C-PS). Clear evidence is shown that deuterium labeling does introduce changes in the thermodynamic properties of the system, with the observation of segregation of dPS to an hPS:dPS/hPMMA interface. This type of behavior could significantly impact many types of investigations due to the potential for improper interpretation of experimental results as a consequence of labeling-induced artifacts. 13C labeling is shown to provide a true tracer for analysis using SIMS.
Angiopoietin-Like Protein3 Regulates Plasma HDL Cholesterol Through Suppression of Endothelial Lipase (2006)

Angptl3 acts as an inhibitor of EL and may be involved in the regulation of plasma HDL cholesterol and HDL-PL levels in humans and rodents.
BMPR1B Up-Regulation via a miRNA Binding Site Variation Defines Endometriosis Susceptibility and CA125 Levels (2013)

SNPs of BMPR1B within and next to the miR-125b binding site manifested strong correlation with endometriosis development in a Taiwanese cohort. Disrupting the binding of miR-125b toward BMPR1B would increase protein expression, diminishing abnormal cell proliferation as well as serum and cellular CA125 levels. Genetic variation at the miR-125b binding site may play functional roles to protect against endometriosis progression.
Integrin signal transduction in myeloid leukocytes (1999)

Integrin-mediated adhesion serves as a powerful costimulus for neutrophil activation. Clustering of integrins at the leukocyte membrane by interaction with surface-bound ligands (extracellular matrix proteins or endothelial cell counter-receptors) leads to a number of signaling events that culminate in actin cytoskeletal rearrangement and neutrophil functional responses such as migration, degranulation, and respiratory burst. Although the signaling reactions elicited by integrin ligation are complex and the relative contribution of each pathway to neutrophil function is unclear, a large body of evidence suggests that activation of tyrosine kinases is a very proximal event in these signaling cascades. This review summarizes the role of adhesion in activating neutrophil functional properties and the contribution of leukocyte tyrosine kinases to regulation of integrin signaling in myeloid cells. Significant advances in our understanding of leukocyte integrin signaling have been afforded by studies using knockout mice lacking members of the Src-family of tyrosine kinases normally expressed in myeloid cells. These studies have demonstrated that these kinases (Hck, Fgr, and Lyn) are not required for myeloid cell development or for many of the functional properties of myeloid cells but are critical in controlling integrin-mediated signaling events. Absence of these kinases results in impaired adhesion-dependent neutrophil activation both in vivo and in vitro. These studies suggest that leukocyte-specific tyrosine kinases may be good therapeutic targets for controlling myeloid cell-dependent inflammatory disease.
Quantitative Analysis of High-Frequency Oscillations (80–500 Hz) Recorded in Human Epileptic Hippocampus and Entorhinal Cortex (2002)

High-frequency oscillations (100-200 Hz), termed ripples, have been identified in hippocampal (Hip) and entorhinal cortical (EC) areas of rodents and humans. In contrast, higher-frequency oscillations (250-500 Hz), termed fast ripples (FR), have been described in seizure-generating limbic areas of rodents made epileptic by intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid and observed in humans ipsilateral to areas of seizure initiation. However, quantitative studies supporting the existence of two spectrally distinct oscillatory events have not been carried out in humans nor has the preferential appearance of FR within seizure generating areas received statistical evaluation based on analysis of a large sample of oscillatory events. Interictal oscillations within the bandwidth of 80-500 Hz were detected in Hip and EC areas of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy using wideband EEG recorded during non-rapid eye-movement sleep from chronically implanted depth electrodes. Power spectral analysis showed that oscillations detected from Hip and EC areas were composed of two spectrally distinct groups. The lower-frequency ripple group was defined by a frequency of 96 +/- 14 Hz (median +/- width), while the higher-frequency FR group had a frequency of 262 +/- 59 Hz. FR oscillations were significantly shorter in duration compared with ripple oscillations (P < 0.0001). In regard to the occurrence of FR and ripples in epileptic Hip and EC, the mean ratio of the number of FR to ripples generated in areas ipsilateral to seizure onset was significantly higher compared with the mean ratio of FR to ripple generation from contralateral areas (P = 0.008). Furthermore, sites ipsilateral to seizure onset with hippocampal atrophy had significantly higher ratios compared with sites contralateral to both seizure onset and hippocampal atrophy (P = 0.001). These data provide compelling quantitative and statistical evidence for the existence of two spectrally distinct groups of limbic oscillations that have frequency and duration characteristics similar to those previously described in epileptic rat and human Hip and EC. The strong association between FR and regions of seizure initiation supports the view that FR reflects pathological hypersynchronous events crucially associated with seizure genesis.
Hsp90 Inhibitors Identified from a Library of Novobiocin Analogues (2005)

Novobiocin is a C-terminal inhibitor of the Hsp90 protein folding machinery, which is responsible for the conformational maturation of numerous proteins involved in cancer growth and survival. Due to novobiocin's poor inhibitory activity ( approximately 700 muM), very little attention has been paid toward the development of novobiocin analogues for Hsp90 inhibition. In this study, a parallel library of 20 novobiocin derivatives was prepared and the biological activity of each evaluated by Western blot analysis of Hsp90 client proteins. A4 was found to be a potent inhibitor of Hsp90 as determined by its ability to cause the degradation of several Hsp90 client proteins in both breast and prostate cancer cell lines. In the presence of 1 muM A4, several Hsp90 client proteins were degraded, including AKT, Her2, Hif-1alpha, and the androgen receptor.
A universal cloning method based on yeast homologous recombination that is simple, efficient, and versatile (2014)

Cloning by homologous recombination (HR) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an extremely efficient and cost-effective alternative to other methods of recombinant DNA technologies. Unfortunately, it is incompatible with all the various specialized plasmids currently used in microbiology and biomedical research laboratories, and is therefore, not widely adopted. In an effort to dramatically improve the versatility of yeast gap-repair cloning and make it compatible with any DNA plasmid, we demonstrate that by simply including a yeast-cloning cassette (YCC) that contains the 2-micron origin of replication (2μm ori) and the ura3 gene for selection, multiple DNA fragments can be assembled into any DNA vector. We show this has almost unlimited potential by building a variety of plasmid for different uses including: recombinant protein production, epitope tagging, site-directed mutagenesis, and expression of fluorescent fusion proteins. We demonstrate the use in a variety of plasmids for use in microbial systems and even demonstrate it can be used in a vertebrate model. This method is remarkably simple and extremely efficient, plus it provides a significant cost saving over commercially available kits.
Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) – A Versatile Polymer for Biomedical and Beyond Medical Applications (2015)

The high versatility of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) can be explained by its diverse properties including its solubility in water and in a broad range of liquid media, high chemical and thermal resistance, and unique wetting, binding, and film-forming properties. Thanks to biocompatibility, absence of toxicity and high capacity to form interpolymer complexes, PVP is widely used for designing materials for different applications, such as biomaterials for medical and nonmedical uses. This review summarizes a vast diversity of applicative examples showing the tremendous opportunities for future research and developments of PVP based biomaterials.
Sensitivity and Specificity of a Single Emergency Department Measurement of Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase–Associated Lipocalin for Diagnosing Acute Kidney Injury (2008)

A single measurement of urinary NGAL helps to distinguish acute injury from normal function, prerenal azotemia, and chronic kidney disease and predicts poor inpatient outcomes.
InterStim Sacral Neuromodulation and Botox Botulinum-A Toxin Intradetrusor Injections for Refractory Urge Urinary Incontinence (2011)

: Until appropriately powered randomized controlled trials are available, both InterStim and Botox are reasonable and effective strategies with similar outcomes.
PackNet-SfM: 3D Packing for Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation. (2019)

Densely estimating the depth of a scene from a single image is an ill-posed
inverse problem that is seeing exciting progress with self-supervision from
strong geometric cues, in particular from training using stereo imagery. In
this work, we investigate the more challenging structure-from-motion (SfM)
setting, learning purely from monocular videos. We propose PackNet - a novel
deep architecture that leverages new 3D packing and unpacking blocks to
effectively capture fine details in monocular depth map predictions.
Additionally, we propose a novel velocity supervision loss that allows our
model to predict metrically accurate depths, thus alleviating the need for
test-time ground-truth scaling. We show that our proposed scale-aware
architecture achieves state-of-the-art results on the KITTI benchmark,
significantly improving upon any approach trained on monocular video, and even
achieves competitive performance to stereo-trained methods.