gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
2-Thiazolines in organic synthesis. Synthesis of mono-, di-, and trialkylacetaldehydes (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT2-Thiazolines in organic synthesis. Synthesis of mono-, di-, and trialkylacetaldehydesA. I. Meyers and James L. DurandettaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 14, 2021–2025Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00902a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00902a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views469Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Potential of a Dried Mycelium Formulation of an Indigenous Strain of Metarhizium anisopliae Against Subterranean Pests of Cranberry (2000)

We demonstrated that a dried mycelium formulation of an indigenous strain of Metarhizium anisopliae has good potential as an effective biopesticide against the black vine weevil (BVW), Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), and the cranberry girdler (CG), Chrysoteuchia topiaria (Zeller). The formulation was produced at moderate sized batches scales (~ 100g product per batch) using inexpensive and easily obtainable equipment (< US$1000). Levels of conidiation were consistent among production batches and storage intervals with the product remaining viable for long time periods at 4&#176;C, in one case for more than a year. Levels of contamination by yeasts and other benign fungi were also consistent. Fewer BVW and CG were found in small plots treated with the dried mycelium formulation than in untreated plots, but differences were not always significant. A waxmoth ( Galleria mellonella ) bait bioassay demonstrated the formulation remained viable in the soil over long time periods (> 7 months). Percentage of M. anisopliae infected waxmoth larvae was significantly affected by rate.
Stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers are frequently overexpressed in circulating tumor cells of metastatic breast cancer patients (2009)

Our data indicate that a major proportion of CTC of metastatic breast cancer patients shows EMT and tumor stem cell characteristics. Further studies are needed to prove whether these markers might serve as an indicator for therapy resistant tumor cell populations and, therefore, an inferior prognosis.
An internally referenced test strip immunoassay for morphine. (1983)

We describe an internally referenced immunochemical test-strip for use in the rapid detection of morphine. The method is based on the "enzyme-channelling" immunoassay technique, and a glucose oxidase-horseradish peroxidase enzyme pair is used to immunospecifically generate an insoluble, colored reaction product on the test-strip surface. Test strips are composed of two active surfaces, each of which contain co-immobilized glucose oxidase and antibody. The indicator pad contains antibody directed against the drug, and the color that develops on its surface is inhibited by the presence of drug in the sample. The reference pad contains anti-peroxidase and is used to set the assay detection limit and normalize for variations in temperature, timing, and sample interference. The 10-min assay protocol involves incubating the strip in sample, then incubating it in a developer solution containing glucose, a peroxidase chromogenic substrate, and a peroxidase conjugate of the analyte. The ratio of the color formed on the indicator pad to that formed on the reference pad is used to score the test as positive or negative for drug at a predetermined concentration.
Advances in DNA diagnostics (1998)

The key advances in DNA diagnostics during the past year are techniques which will lead to advanced throughput without sacrificing sensitivity: miniaturization of samples to reduce material cost and preparation time, and parallelization through use of measurement arrays. The most promising gains have come in the areas of DNA arrays and mass spectrometry, where differential sequencing measurements are now possible.
Stereospecific amino acid synthesis; preparation of the γ-anion derived from glutamic acid (1988)

Reaction of α-t-butyl γ-methyl N-trityl-L-glutamate (7) with lithium isopropylcyclohexylamide in hexane leads to the specific formation of the γ-ester enolate, a potential synthetic equivalent to the γ-anion synthon for stereospecific α-amino acid synthesis.
Phase I Study of Apitolisib (GDC-0980), Dual Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Kinase Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors (2016)

Apitolisib exhibited dose-proportional pharmacokinetics with target modulation at doses ≥16 mg. The RP2D was 40 mg once-daily 28/28 schedule; severe on-target toxicities were apparent at ≥40 mg, particularly pneumonitis. Apitolisib was reasonably tolerated at 30 mg, the selected dose for pleural mesothelioma patients given limited respiratory reserve. Modest but durable antitumor activity was demonstrated. Clin Cancer Res; 22(12); 2874-84. ©2016 AACR.
Comparison of the Bone-Resorbing Activity in the Supernatants from Phytohemagglutinin-Stimulated Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells with That of Cytokines Through the Use of an Antiserum to Inter leukin 1* (1987)

We compared the bone-resorbing activity in the conditioned medium from phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures with that of partially purified human monocyte-derived interleukin 1 (IL-1), human recombinant IL-1 alpha (pI 5) and IL-1 beta (pI 7), human recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), and PTH in fetal rat long bone cultures. An antiserum to the products of activated human mononuclear cells, including IL-1, completely blocked the bone-resorbing activity of all three forms of IL-1 and of unfractionated PHA-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell supernatants, but did not inhibit resorption stimulated by recombinant human TNF alpha. This antiserum also had no effect on the resorptive response to 3 nM PTH, but did decrease the response to 1 nM PTH slightly. These results imply that IL-1, but not TNF alpha, mediates the bone-resorbing activity found in the supernatants of PHA-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. It is not known whether the small inhibitory effect that the antiserum to IL-1 had on the response to 1 nM PTH resulted from a nonspecific action or an effect of PTH on local IL-1 synthesis in bone. Since cytokines are found in the circulation of normal individuals and are produced at local sites of pathology, these results suggest that they can influence both normal and abnormal skeletal metabolism.
Chronic granulomatous disease (2000)

A clinical syndrome characterized by recurrent life-threatening Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus or Pseudomonas, hypergammaglobulinaemia, and widespread chronic granulomatous infiltration was first recognized in the paediatric literature between 1954 and 1960 [1–3]. The pathological mechanisms responsible for this condition became evident when it was demonstrated that neutrophils collected from a male patient were unable to kill S. aureus in vitro, and that there was a primary abnormality of neutrophil function [4]. In the same year, it was shown that neutrophils from patients with this familial granulomatosis, now called chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), failed to exhibit a characteristic increase of oxidative metabolism, called the ‘respiratory burst’, during phagocytosis [5].
Homing endonucleases: DNA scissors on a mission (2012)

Buried within the genomes of many microorganisms are genetic elements that encode rare-cutting homing endonucleases that assist in the mobility of the elements that encode them, such as the self-splicing group I and II introns and in some cases inteins. There are several different families of homing endonucleases and their ability to initiate and target specific sequences for lateral transfers makes them attractive reagents for gene targeting. Homing endonucleases have been applied in promoting DNA modification or genome editing such as gene repair or "gene knockouts". This review examines the categories of homing endonucleases that have been described so far and their possible applications to biotechnology. Strategies to engineer homing endonucleases to alter target site specificities will also be addressed. Alternatives to homing endonucleases such as zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, triplex forming oligonucleotide nucleases, and targetrons are also briefly discussed.
Potentiation by Nitric Oxide of Cyclosporin A and FK506-Induced Apoptosis in Renal Proximal Tubule Cells (2000)

Proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) exhibit a high sensitivity to undergo apoptosis in response to proinflammatory stimuli and immunosuppressors and participate in the onset of several renal diseases. This study examined the expression of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase after challenge of PTEC with bacterial cell wall molecules and inflammatory cytokines and analyzed the pathways that lead to apoptosis in these cells by measuring changes in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential and caspase activation. The data show that the apoptotic effects of proinflammatory stimuli mainly were due to the expression of inducible NO synthase. Cyclosporin A and FK506 inhibited partially NO synthesis. However, both NO and immunosuppressors induced apoptosis, probably through a common mechanism that involved the irreversible opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Activation of caspases 3 and 7 was observed in cells treated with high doses of NO and with moderate concentrations of immunosuppressors. The conclusion is that the cooperation between NO and immunosuppressors that induce apoptosis in PTEC might contribute to the renal toxicity observed in the course of immunosuppressive therapy.
Applications of Machine Learning in Cancer Prediction and Prognosis (2006)

Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that employs a variety of statistical, probabilistic and optimization techniques that allows computers to “learn” from past examples and to detect hard-to-discern patterns from large, noisy or complex data sets. This capability is particularly well-suited to medical applications, especially those that depend on complex proteomic and genomic measurements. As a result, machine learning is frequently used in cancer diagnosis and detection. More recently machine learning has been applied to cancer prognosis and prediction. This latter approach is particularly interesting as it is part of a growing trend towards personalized, predictive medicine. In assembling this review we conducted a broad survey of the different types of machine learning methods being used, the types of data being integrated and the performance of these methods in cancer prediction and prognosis. A number of trends are noted, including a growing dependence on protein biomarkers and microarray data, a strong bias towards applications in prostate and breast cancer, and a heavy reliance on “older” technologies such artificial neural networks (ANNs) instead of more recently developed or more easily interpretable machine learning methods. A number of published studies also appear to lack an appropriate level of validation or testing. Among the better designed and validated studies it is clear that machine learning methods can be used to substantially (15–25%) improve the accuracy of predicting cancer susceptibility, recurrence and mortality. At a more fundamental level, it is also evident that machine learning is also helping to improve our basic understanding of cancer development and progression.
A fast algorithm for computing longest common subsequences (1977)

Previously published algorithms for finding the longest common subsequence of two sequences of length n have had a best-case running time of O(n 2 ). An algorithm for this problem is presented which has a running time of O((r + n) log n), where r is the total number of ordered pairs of positions at which the two sequences match. Thus in the worst case the algorithm has a running time of O(n 2 log n). However, for those applications where most positions of one sequence match relatively few positions in the other sequence, a running time of O(n log n) can be expected.
Novel therapeutic strategy for advanced prostate cancer using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeting anti‐apoptotic genes upregulated after androgen withdrawal to delay androgen‐independent progression and enhance chemosensitivity (2001)

Progression to androgen-independence remains the main obstacle to improving survival for patients with advanced prostate cancer. In this review, findings are summarized that have recently been demonstrated to establish novel therapeutic strategy targeting several genes playing functionally important roles after androgen withdrawal and during androgen-independent progression. The authors initially characterized changes in gene expression after androgen withdrawal in the androgen-dependent Shionogi and LNCaP tumor models using cDNA arrays. Based on these results, they focused on genes highly upregulated after androgen ablation (i.e. bcl-2, bcl-xL, TR.PM-2, IGFBP-5), which have anti-apoptotic or mitogenic activities, and thereby confer a resistance to androgen withdrawal as well as cytotoxic chemotherapy. The authors further demonstrated the efficacy of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) strategy for patients with advanced prostate cancer through the inhibition of target gene expression, resulting in a delay in the progression to androgen-independence by enhancing apoptotic cell death induced by androgen ablation and chemotherapy. The authors also showed the effectiveness of combined antisense ODN therapy and cytotoxic chemotherapy by achieving additive or synergistic effects. These findings provide a basic significance for the design of clinical studies using antisense ODN either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents in patients with advanced prostate cancer.
Autoacylation of myelin proteolipid protein with acyl coenzyme A. (1987)

Rat brain myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) is known to contain long chain, covalently bound fatty acids. In the course of characterizing the mechanism of acylation, we found that the isolated PLP, in the absence of any membrane fraction, was esterified after incubation with [3H]palmitoyl coenzyme A (CoA). This observation demonstrated that the protein acts as both an acylating enzyme and an acceptor. Thus, acylation occurs by an autocatalytic process. The possibility of a separate acyltransferase that copurifies with PLP was essentially excluded by adding brain subcellular fractions to the reaction mixtures and by changing the isolation procedure. After deacylation, the protein was acylated at a 4-fold greater rate, suggesting that the original sites were reacylated. The palmitoyl-CoA concentration followed Michaelis kinetics, confirming that spontaneous acylation was not occurring. Pulse-chase experiments indicated that the reaction entails net addition of acyl groups. Although fatty acids are bound via an O-ester linkage, free SH groups are required in the reaction. Denaturation of the protein by sodium dodecyl sulfate or heat inhibits the reaction, whereas cerulenin has little or no effect. PO, the major protein in peripheral nerve myelin, is also an acylated protein, but it was not labeled upon incubation of either peripheral myelin or the isolated protein with [3H]palmitoyl-CoA, demonstrating that it is acylated by a different route. Several synthetic peptides derived from PLP sequences with sites known to be acylated in vivo as well as a series of deacylated PLP tryptic peptides were not labeled, indicating that integrity of the protein is required for acylation. Limited proteolysis and peptide mapping showed that the same sites are acylated in vitro or in vivo, suggesting that the autocatalytic acylation reaction is physiological.
Monocular camera localization in 3D LiDAR maps (2016)

Localizing a camera in a given map is essential for vision-based navigation. In contrast to common methods for visual localization that use maps acquired with cameras, we propose a novel approach, which tracks the pose of monocular camera with respect to a given 3D LiDAR map. We employ a visual odometry system based on local bundle adjustment to reconstruct a sparse set of 3D points from image features. These points are continuously matched against the map to track the camera pose in an online fashion. Our approach to visual localization has several advantages. Since it only relies on matching geometry, it is robust to changes in the photometric appearance of the environment. Utilizing panoramic LiDAR maps additionally provides viewpoint invariance. Yet low-cost and lightweight camera sensors are used for tracking. We present real-world experiments demonstrating that our method accurately estimates the 6-DoF camera pose over long trajectories and under varying conditions.
Optimization of Ion Implantation Condition for Depletion-Type Silicon Optical Modulators (2010)

We study the influence of ion implantation conditions on the performance of depletion-type silicon optical modulators by a combined simulation of the process flow, the electrical characteristic, and the beam propagation. Through calculations using different implantation positions, energies, and tilt angles, this paper reveals that a gap between specific implantation windows is able to alleviate the modulation efficiency degradation due to the lateral straggling of implanted ions, while a tilt angle reduces the optical loss without harming the modulation efficiency. After an optimization of the implantation condition, the extinction ratio of the Mach-Zehnder modulator can be improved by 4.6 dB, while its optical loss falls from 3 to 2.47 dB. Finally, a simplified doping pattern that eliminates two implantation steps is discussed.
Intratumoral Myeloid Cells Regulate Responsiveness and Resistance to Antiangiogenic Therapy (2015)

Antiangiogenic therapy is commonly used in the clinic, but its beneficial effects are short-lived, leading to tumor relapse within months. Here, we found that the efficacy of angiogenic inhibitors targeting the VEGF/VEGFR pathway was dependent on induction of the angiostatic and immune-stimulatory chemokine CXCL14 in mouse models of pancreatic neuroendocrine and mammary tumors. In response, tumors reinitiated angiogenesis and immune suppression by activating PI3K signaling in all CD11b+ cells, rendering tumors nonresponsive to VEGF/VEGFR inhibition. Adaptive resistance was also associated with an increase in Gr1+CD11b+ cells, but targeting Gr1+ cells was not sufficient to further sensitize angiogenic blockade because tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) would compensate for the lack of such cells and vice versa, leading to an oscillating pattern of distinct immune-cell populations. However, PI3K inhibition in CD11b+ myeloid cells generated an enduring angiostatic and immune-stimulatory environment in which antiangiogenic therapy remained efficient.
Interaction of Sickle Erythrocytes With Endothelial Cells in the Presence of Endothelial Cell Conditioned Medium Induces Oxidant Stress Leading to Transendothelial Migration of Monocytes (1998)

The abnormal adherence of sickle red blood cells (SS RBC) to endothelial cells has been thought to contribute to vascular occlusion, a major cause of morbidity in sickle cell disease (SCD). We determined whether the interaction of SS RBC with cultured endothelial cells induced cellular oxidant stress that would culminate in expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) involved in the adhesion and diapedesis of monocytes and the adherence of SS reticulocytes. We showed that the interaction of SS RBC at 2% concentration in the presence of multimers of von Willebrand factor (vWf), derived from endothelial cell-derived conditioned medium (E-CM) with cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), resulted in a fivefold increased formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and activation of the transcription factor NF-kB, both indicators of cellular oxidant stress. Normal RBC show none of these phenomena. The oxidant stress-induced signaling resulted in an increased surface expression of a subset of CAMs, ICAM-1, E-selectin, and VCAM-1 in HUVEC. The addition of oxygen radical scavenger enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase) and antioxidant (probucol) inhibited these events. Additionally, preincubation of HUVEC with a synthetic peptide Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) that prevents vWf-mediated adhesion of SS RBC reduced the surface expression of VCAM-1 and NF-kB activation. Furthermore, SS RBC-induced oxidant stress resulted in a twofold increase in the transendothelial migration of both monocyte-like HL-60 cells and human peripheral blood monocytes, and approximately a sixfold increase in platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) phosphorylation, each of which was blocked by protein kinase C inhibitor and antioxidants. These results suggest that the adherence/contact of SS RBC to endothelial cells in large vessel can generate enhanced oxidant stress leading to increased adhesion and diapedesis of monocytes, as well as heightened adherence of SS reticulocytes, indicating that injury/activation of endothelium can contribute to vaso-occlusion in SCD.
Vascular effects of advanced glycation endproducts: Clinical effects and molecular mechanisms (2013)

The enhanced generation and accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) have been linked to increased risk for macrovascular and microvascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus. AGEs result from the nonenzymatic reaction of reducing sugars with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, potentially altering their function by disrupting molecular conformation, promoting cross-linking, altering enzyme activity, reducing their clearance, and impairing receptor recognition. AGEs may also activate specific receptors, like the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), which is present on the surface of all cells relevant to atherosclerotic processes, triggering oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of AGEs is paramount to develop strategies against diabetic and cardiovascular complications.
An approach to cardiac arrhythmia analysis using hidden Markov models (1990)

This paper describes a new approach to ECG arrhythmia analysis based on "hidden Markov modeling" (HMM), a technique successfully used since the mid-1970's to model speech waveforms for automatic speech recognition. Many ventricular arrhythmias can be classified by detecting and analyzing QRS complexes and determining R-R intervals. Classification of supraventricular arrhythmias, however, often requires detection of the P wave in addition to the QRS complex. The hidden Markov modeling approach combines structural and statistical knowledge of the ECG signal in a single parametric model. Model parameters are estimated from training data using an iterative, maximum likelihood reestimation algorithm. Initial results suggest that this approach may provide improved supraventricular arrhythmia analysis through accurate representation of the entire beat including the P wave.