gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wireless micromachined ceramic pressure sensor for high-temperature applications (2002)

In high-temperature applications, such as pressure sensing in turbine engines and compressors, high-temperature materials and data retrieval methods are required. The microelectronics packaging infrastructure provides high-temperature ceramic materials, fabrication tools, and well-developed processing techniques that have the potential for applicability in high-temperature sensing. Based on this infrastructure, a completely passive ceramic pressure sensor that uses a wireless telemetry scheme has been developed. The passive nature of the telemetry removes the need for electronics, power supplies, or contacts to withstand the high-temperature environment. The sensor contains a passive LC resonator comprised of a movable diaphragm capacitor and a fixed inductor, thereby causing the sensor resonant frequency to be pressure-dependent. Data is retrieved with an external loop antenna. The sensor has been fabricated and characterized and was compared with an electromechanical model. It was operated up to 400/spl deg/C in a pressure range from 0 to 7 Bar. The average sensitivity and accuracy of three typical sensors are: -141 kHz Bar/sup -1/ and 24 mbar, respectively.
The Structure and Function of Pine Forest in Central Himalaya. II Nutrient Dynamics (1987)

This paper elucidates nutrient dynamics in a pine forest, previously investigated for dry matter dynamics. The nutrient concentrations in different life forms were of the order: herb > shrub > tree whereas the standing state of nutrients were of the order: tree > shrub > herb. Soil, litter and vegetation respectively accounted for 38·1−82·2, 2·4−3·7 and 15·4−58·2 per cent of the total nutrients in the system. Considerable reductions (52–69 per cent) in concentrations of nutrient in needles occurred during senescence. The uptake of nutrients by vegetation, and also by different components with and without adjustment for internal recycling, has been calculated separately. Annual transfer of litter to the soil by vegetation was 76·21 N, 6·25 P, 57·24 Ca, 14·22 Mg, 19·92 K and 1·92 kg ha−1 Na. Turnover rate and turnover time for different nutrients ranged between 0·40−0·64 and 1·56−2·50 year, respectively. Compartment models for nutrient dynamics have been developed to represent the distribution of nutrient contents and net annual fluxes within the system.
Further examination of the effects of recombinant cytokines on the proliferation of human megakaryocyte progenitor cells (1991)

The effect of several recombinant cytokines, including interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL- 6, and IL-1 alpha, on megakaryocyte (MK) colony formation by a normal human bone marrow subpopulation (CD34+ DR+), enriched for the MK colony- forming unit (CFU-MK), was studied using a serum-depleted, fibrin clot culture system. IL-3 and GM-CSF, but not IL-6 or IL-1 alpha, stimulated MK colony formation by CD34+ DR+ cells. However, the addition of IL-1 alpha to CD34+ DR+ cultures containing IL-6 resulted in the appearance of CFU-MK-derived colonies, suggesting that IL-6 requires the presence of IL-1 alpha to exhibit its MK colony-stimulating activity (MK-CSA). Addition of neutralizing antibodies to IL-3 and GM-CSF, but not to IL-6 and IL-1 alpha, specifically inhibited the MK-CSA of IL-3 and GM-CSF, respectively. The addition of either anti-IL-6, anti-IL-1 alpha, or anti-IL-3 antisera to cultures containing both IL-6 and IL-1 alpha totally abolished the MK-CSA of the IL-6/IL-1 alpha combination. However, neither anti-IL-3 nor anti-GM-CSF antisera could totally neutralize the additive effect of the combination of IL-3 and GM-CSF on MK colony formation, indicating that these two cytokines act by affecting distinct effector pathways. These results suggest that while IL-3 and GM-CSF can directly affect CFU-MK-derived colony formation, IL- 1 alpha and IL-6 act in concert to promote de novo elaboration of IL-3 and thereby promote CFU-MK proliferative capacity.
The principles of software QRS detection (2002)

The QRS complex is the most striking waveform within the electrocardiogram (ECG). Since it reflects the electrical activity within the heart during the ventricular contraction, the time of its occurrence as well as its shape provide much information about the current state of the heart. Due to its characteristic shape it serves as the basis for the automated determination of the heart rate, as an entry point for classification schemes of the cardiac cycle, and often it is also used in ECG data compression algorithms. In that sense, QRS detection provides the fundamentals for almost all automated ECG analysis algorithms. Software QRS detection has been a research topic for more than 30 years. The evolution of these algorithms clearly reflects the great advances in computer technology. Within the last decade many new approaches to QRS detection have been proposed; for example, algorithms from the field of artificial neural networks genetic algorithms wavelet transforms, filter banks as well as heuristic methods mostly based on nonlinear transforms. The authors provide an overview of these recent developments as well as of formerly proposed algorithms.
Adaptation of humoral memory (2006)

Immunological memory, as provided by antibodies, depends on the continued presence of antibody-secreting cells, such as long-lived plasma cells of the bone marrow. Survival niches for these memory plasma cells are limited in number. In an established immune system, acquisition of new plasma cells, generated in response to recent pathogenic challenges, requires elimination of old memory plasma cells. Here, we review the adaptation of plasma cell memory to new pathogens. This adaptation is dependent upon the influx of plasmablasts, generated in a secondary systemic immune reaction, into the pool of memory plasma cells, the efficiency of competition of new plasmablasts with old plasma cells, and the frequency of infection with novel pathogens. To maintain old plasma cells at frequencies high enough to provide protection and to accommodate as many specificities as possible, an optimal influx rate per infection exists. This optimal rate is approximately three times higher than the minimal number of plasma cells providing protection. Influx rates of plasmablasts generated by vaccination approximately match this optimum level. Furthermore, the observed stability of serum concentrations of vaccine-specific antibodies implies that the influxing plasmablasts mobilize a similar number of plasma cells and that competitive infectious challenges are not more frequent than once per month.
Vector Green'S function for S-parameter measurements of the electromagnetic volume integral equation (2011)

We present a variation of the electric field volume integral equation (VIE) for inhomogeneous media that is tailored for microwave S-parameter measurements. The kernel of the standard VIE is a dyadic Green's function which can relate fields in the object domain to observed scattered fields outside the object domain. Here, we derive a kernel we call a vector Green's function which gives, instead of observed fields, observed S-parameter measurements that would be obtained in a bistatic antenna setup. This formulation directly links the object properties to microwave measurements in a way that is useful to many microwave applications. This derivation uses an antenna model based on the source-scattering matrix formulation. We show how this vector Green's function can be obtained from simulation and validate this model with an experiment.
Kinetics of silica particle formation in nonionic W/O microemulsions from TEOS (1996)

Abstract The kinetics of silica particle formation by the ammonia‐catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in water‐in‐oil (W/O) microemulsions containing a nonionic surfactant was investigated using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and light‐scattering techniques. The results show that TEOS hydrolysis and silica‐particle growth occur at the same rate, indicating the growth of silica particles is rate‐controlled by the hydrolysis of TEOS. The rate of TEOS hydrolysis in microemulsions is first order with respect to the concentration of aqueous ammonia (29 wt. % NH 3 ), but depends weakly on the concentration of water. Based on the fact that TEOS hydrolysis follows a nucleophilic (S N 2) substitution of the TEOS's ethoxy group with hydroxyl ion, the kinetic data suggest that both water and ammonia remain predominately in W/O microemulsion droplets. The rate of TEOS hydrolysis also depends on the surfactant concentration that controls the molecular contact between hydroxyl ions and TEOS in the solution. Due to the reaction‐controlled growth mechanism, the silica‐particle size distribution retains virtually the same shape over the growth period. The final average size of silica particles can be varied from 26 to 43 nm by adjusting concentrations of water and surfactant. Increasing the water concentration decreases the average size and uniformity of silica particles. For a given water concentration, the smallest and most uniform silica particles are produced at intermediate water‐to‐surfactant molar ratios (about 1.9). The results are discussed in terms of the effect of water concentration on the stability of the hydrolyzed silica reacting species during the nucleation of particles and of the water‐to‐surfactant molar ratio on the compartmentalization of silica species in microemulsions.
IDO Is a Nodal Pathogenic Driver of Lung Cancer and Metastasis Development (2012)

This study provides preclinical, genetic proof-of-concept that the immunoregulatory enzyme IDO contributes to autochthonous carcinoma progression and to the creation of a metastatic niche. IDO deficiency in vivo negatively impacted both vascularization and IL-6–dependent, MDSC-driven immune escape, establishing IDO as an overarching factor directing the establishment of a protumorigenic environment.
To begin at the beginning: the science of bio-stimulation in cells and tissues (2006)

There have been numerous reports describing the phenomena of low-level light therapy (LLLT) within the clinic and its broad application to alleviate pain, enhance the rate of wound healing, including spinal cord injury, reduce inflammation, improve learning, bolster immunity and combat disease. Yet, despite the breadth of potential applications for which bio-stimulation may prove beneficial, there persists a dramatic ignorance in our understanding of the signal pathways that govern these effects. At the cellular level, there exist a variety of endogenous chromophores such as cytochrome C oxidase, NADPH, FAD, FMN and other factors intrinsic to the electron transport chain in mitochondria that absorb light of specific wavelength and will undoubtedly have their role in bio-stimulation, however the dose dependency of effect with regard to total light fluence and fluence rate, as well as the importance of specific subcellular targeting, remains elusive. Furthermore, the translation of cellular response(s) in vitro to in vivo needs to be expounded. Clearly, a rigorous examination of bio-stimulatory parameters as a function of cellular and tissue response is necessary if we are to attain optimized, reproducible protocols based on a true scientific rationale for using bio-stimulation as a therapeutic modality in clinic. This paper introduces a number of the challenges we now face for advancing the bio-stimulation phenomena into the scientific mainstream by highlighting our current knowledge in this field as well as some of the research that we are conducting using LLLT in combination with photodynamic therapy.
Efferent Vagal Innervation of the Canine Atria and Sinus and Atrioventricular Nodes (1997)

The newly described SVC-Ao fat pad receives most of the vagal fibers to the atria and sinus and AV nodes. Elimination of the fat pads with RFCA selectively vagally denervated the atria and sinus and AV nodes.
NONDEPLETING ANTI-CD4 ANTIBODIES IN TRANSPLANTATION (1994)

CD4+ T cells are obvious targets for immunotherapy since they appear to be pivotal in rejection responses. Current interest in clinical transplantation is focused on the potential use of nondepleting anti-CD4 antibodies largely because depletion of CD4+ T cells may lead to prolonged periods of nonspecific immunosuppression. We have examined the efficacy of two nondepleting antibodies, KT6 and YTS 177.9, in a mouse cardiac allograft model. KT6 causes abrupt and prolonged occupation of CD4 molecules in vivo, while YTS 177.9 results in rapid and almost complete modulation of CD4 from the cell surface. In identical perioperative two-dose protocols, equivalent doses of KT6 were more effective than YTS 177.9 (MST 58 days and 24 days, respectively). When the treatment protocols were redesigned to include one or two additional doses of antibody, given as CD4 molecules were either released from blockade (KT6) or re-expressed following modulation (YTS177.9), the YTS 177.9 protocol led only to a slight improvement in graft survival (MST 51 days), whereas the modified KT6 regimen gave indefinite survival in 100% of the recipients. These data clearly show that modulating anti-CD4 antibodies may be far less effective than antibodies that effect prolonged CD4 occupation, a significant observation especially in relation to the proposed clinical use of the antibody OKT4A, which appears to cause modulation rather than CD4 blockade.
In Vitro Effect of Weak Direct Current on Staphylococcus Aureus (1974)

Barranco, S. D. M.D.; Spadaro, J. A. PH.D.; Berger, T. J. Ph.D.; Becker, R. O. M.D. Author Information
Efficient Green-Light-Emitting Diodes from Silole-Containing Copolymers (2003)

Two random copolymers based on poly(di-n-hexylfluorene-co-4,4-diphenyldithienosilole) (PF-DTS) were synthesized by Suzuki coupling reaction. The presence of a small portion (10 mol% for PF9-DTS, 5 mol% for PF19-DTS) of electron-deficient dithienosilole moiety in the copolymers increases their electron affinity and facilitates charge recombination through its function as a charge-trapping site for both holes and electrons. Photoluminescence (PL) studies show that color tuning through efficient Förster energy transfer from the higher-energy fluorene segments to the lower-energy dithienosilole-containing segments can be achieved as well. A double-layer device using PF9-DTS as the emitting layer and an in-situ polymerized bis-tetraphenylenebiphenyldiamine-perfluorocyclobutane (BTPD-PFCB) as the hole-transporting layer demonstrates a low turn-on voltage at 4.6 V, a brightness greater than 25 900 cd/m2, and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 1.64%, which could be attributed to both the improved charge injection and charge recombination in this polymer.
Laser Hair Transplantation III (1995)

1 In Private practice. Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Walter P. Unger, MD, 66 Avenue Road, Suite 3C, Toronto, Ontario M5R 3N8, Canada.
The topography and age relationship of lipofuscin concentration in the retinal pigment epithelium. (1978)

Lipofuscin pigment granules (LPG) have been implicated as a marker of cellular aging. We have quantitated the content of LPG in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) as a function of age. Furthermore, topographic distribution of LPG within individual eyes was measured. Microspectrofluorometric determination of the distribution of LPG in human RPE cells revealed a progressive accumulation of LPG with increasing age. LPG first appeared in the basilar portions of RPE cells of young eyes. In older eyes, LPG formed into clumps and were noted to fill the entire RPE cell. The RPE topographic distribution of LPG revealed an increased accumulation in the posterior pole, with a consistent dip at the fovea. The ratio of lipofusion accumulation at the posterior pole, to the total RPE, remained constant throughout life.
A VLSI fuzzy logic controller with reconfigurable, cascadable architecture (1990)

A general-purpose fuzzy logic inference engine for real-time control applications, designed and fabricated in a 1.1- μm, 3.3-V, double-level-metal CMOS technology, is discussed. Up to 102 rules are processed in parallel with a single 688 K transistor device. Features include a dynamically reconfigurable and cascadable architecture, TTL-compatible host interface, laser-programmable redundancy, a special mode for testability, RAM rule storage, and on-chip fuzzification and defuzzification.
Electrochemical Genosensor Based on Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles for the Detection of Factor V Leiden Mutation Using Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrodes (2003)

Electrochemical genosensors for the detection of the Factor V Leiden mutation from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons using the oxidation signal of colloidal gold (Au) is described. A pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified with target DNA, when hybridized with complementary probes conjugated to Au nanoparticles, responded with the appearance of a Au oxide wave at approximately +1.20 V. Specific probes were immobilized onto the Au nanoparticles in two different modes: (a) Inosine-substituted probes were covalently attached from their amino groups at the 5' end using N-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-N'-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHS) as a coupling agent onto a carboxylate-terminated l-cysteine self-assembled monolayer (SAM) preformed on the Au nanoparticles, and (b) probes with a hexanethiol group at their 5' phosphate end formed a SAM on Au nanoparticles. The genosensor relies on the hybridization of the probes with their complementary targets, which are covalently immobilized at the PGE surface. Au-tagged 23-mer capture probes were challenged with the synthetic 23-mer target, 131-base single-stranded DNA or denatured 256-base polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicon. The appearance of the Au oxidation signal shortened the assay time and simplified the detection of the Factor V Leiden mutation from PCR amplified real samples. The discrimination between the homozygous and heterozygous mutations was also established by comparing the peak currents of the Au signals. Numerous factors affecting the hybridization and nonspecific binding events were optimized. The detection limit for the PCR amplicons was found to be as low as 0.78 fmol; thus, it is suitable for point-of-care applications.
New insights into the metastasis-associated 67 kD laminin receptor (1997)

The interactions between tumor cells and laminin or other components of the extracellular matrix have been shown to play an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis. These interactions are mediated by different cell surface molecules, including the monomeric 67 kD laminin receptor. This molecule appears to be very peculiar since so, far only a full-length gene encoding a 37 kD precursor protein has been isolated and the mechanism by which the precursor reaches the mature form is not understood. Based on clinical data, which clearly demonstrate the importance of the receptor in tumor progression, studies were conducted to define the structure, expression, and function of this laminin receptor as a step toward developing therapeutic strategies that target this molecule. The data suggest that acylation of the precursor is the key mechanism in maturation of the 67 kD form. The function of the membrane receptor is to stabilize the binding of laminin to cell surface integrins, acting as an integrin-accessory molecule, although homology of the gene encoding the receptor precursor with other genes suggests additional functions. Downregulation of the receptor expression on tumor cells might open new therapeutic approaches to decrease tumor aggressiveness.
Spleen tyrosine kinase: a novel target for therapeutic intervention of rheumatoid arthritis (2008)

We propose Syk inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of RA.
Prodrug activation via catalytic antibodies. (1993)

Prodrug activation via antibodies was examined by using the antibiotic chloramphenicol as a model drug. Based on the conformational change between substrate and product, this antibody-catalyzed reaction was designed to prevent product inhibition, thus enhancing turnover. Antibodies elicited against a phosphonate transition-state analogue were found to catalyze hydrolysis of a nonbioactive chloramphenicol monoester as a prodrug at a significantly higher rate above the uncatalyzed background reaction to regenerate chloramphenicol as a parent molecule. The antibody-catalyzed prodrug activation was tested by the paper-disc diffusion method using Bacillus subtilis as an indicator strain. The antibody 6D9 catalyzes the reaction with multiple turnover to generate enough chloramphenicol to inhibit bacterial growth, as indicated by a clear inhibitory zone after incubation with monoester. Using the same method, no inhibition was detected by incubation of either the monoester or the antibody alone. This result reveals that only the antibody hydrolytically activates the monoester, which can be expected to be a suitable prodrug, as it is resistant to the action of bacterial hydrolytic enzymes. The approach in this study demonstrates the use of catalytic antibody technology in medicine and may be applicable to drugs with undesirable effects, particularly in the field of cancer therapy.
Therapeutic Efficiency and Safety of a Second-Generation Replication-Conditional HSV1 Vector for Brain Tumor Gene Therapy (1997)

A second-generation replication-conditional herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) vector defective for both ribonucleotide reductase (RR) and the neurovirulence factor gamma34.5 was generated and tested for therapeutic safety and efficiency in two different experimental brain tumor models. In culture, cytotoxic activity of this double mutant HSV vector, MGH-1, for 9L gliosarcoma cells was similar to that of the HSV mutant, R3616, which is defective only for gamma34.5, but was significantly weaker than that of the HSV mutant hrR3, which is defective only for RR. The diminished tumoricidal effect of the gamma34.5 mutants could be accounted for by their reduced ability to replicate in 9L cells. The MGH-1 vector did not achieve significant prolongation of survival in vivo in the syngeneic 9L rat gliosarcoma model for either single brain tumor focus or multiple intracerebral and leptomeningeal tumors, when the vector was applied intratumorally or intrathecally, respectively, and with or without subsequent ganciclovir (GCV) treatment. In identical 9L brain tumor models with single and multiple foci, application of hrR3 with or without GCV was previously shown to result in marked long-term survival. Contrary to the findings with intrathecal injection of hrR3, no vector-related mortality was observed in any animals treated with MGH-1. Thus, in these rat brain tumor models, the double mutant, replication-conditional HSV vector MGH-1 showed a higher therapeutic safety than the RR-minus vector, hrR3, but had clearly decreased therapeutic efficiency compared to hrR3. The development of new HSV vectors for brain tumor gene therapy will require a balance between maximizing therapeutic efficacy and minimizing toxicity to the brain. Standardized application in brain tumor models as presented here will help to screen new HSV vectors for these requirements.