gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using publicly visible social media to build detailed forecasts of civil unrest (2014)

We demonstrate how one can generate predictions for several thousand incidents of Latin American civil unrest, often many days in advance, by surfacing informative public posts available on Twitter and Tumblr. The data mining system presented here runs daily and requires no manual intervention. Identification of informative posts is accomplished by applying multiple textual and geographic filters to a high-volume data feed consisting of tens of millions of posts per day which have been flagged as public by their authors. Predictions are built by annotating the filtered posts, typically a few dozen per day, with demographic, spatial, and temporal information. Key to our textual filters is the fact that social media posts are necessarily short, making it possible to easily infer topic by simply searching for comentions of typically unrelated terms within the same post (e.g. a future date comentioned with an unrest keyword). Additional textual filters then proceed by applying a logistic regression classifier trained to recognize accounts belonging to organizations who are likely to announce civil unrest. Geographic filtering is accomplished despite sparsely available GPS information and without relying on sophisticated natural language processing. A geocoding technique which infers non-GPS-known user locations via the locations of their GPS-known friends provides us with location estimates for 91,984,163 Twitter users at a median error of 6.65km. We show that announcements of upcoming events tend to localize within a small geographic region, allowing us to forecast event locations which are not explicitly mentioned in text. We annotate our forecasts with demographic information by searching the collected posts for demographic specific keywords generated by hand as well as with the aid of DBpedia. Our system has been in production since December 2012 and, at the time of this writing, has produced 4,771 distinct forecasts for events across ten Latin American nations. Manual examination of 2,859 posts surfaced by our method revealed that only 108 were discussing topics unrelated to civil unrest. Examination of 2,596 forecasts generated between 2013-07-01 and 2013-11-30 found 1,192 (45.9<i>%</i>) matched exactly the date and within a 100 km radius of a civil unrest event reported in traditional news media.
Hepatitis B Virus Adaptation to the CD8+ T Cell Response: Consequences for Host and Pathogen (2018)

Chronic viral hepatitis infections are a major public health concern, with an estimated 290 million individuals infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) globally. This virus has been a passenger in human populations for >30,000 years, and remains highly prevalent in some settings. In order for this endemic pathogen to persist, viral adaptation to host immune responses is pre-requisite. Here, we focus on the interplay between HBV infection and the CD8+ T cell response. We present the evidence that CD8+ T cells play an important role in control of chronic HBV infection and that the selective pressure imposed on HBV through evasion of these immune responses can potentially influence viral diversity, chronicity, and the outcome of infection, and highlight where there are gaps in current knowledge. Understanding the nature and mechanisms of HBV evolution and persistence could shed light on differential disease outcomes, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and help reach the goal of global HBV elimination by guiding the design of new strategies, including vaccines and therapeutics.
Clonogenic multipotent stem cells in human adipose tissue differentiate into functional smooth muscle cells (2006)

Smooth muscle is a major component of human tissues and is essential for the normal function of a multitude of organs including the intestine, urinary tract and the vascular system. The use of stem cells for cell-based tissue engineering and regeneration strategies represents a promising alternative for smooth muscle repair. For such strategies to succeed, a reliable source of smooth muscle precursor cells must be identified. Adipose tissue provides an abundant source of multipotent cells. In this study, the capacity of processed lipoaspirate (PLA) and adipose-derived stem cells to differentiate into phenotypic and functional smooth muscle cells was evaluated. To induce differentiation, PLA cells were cultured in smooth muscle differentiation medium. Smooth muscle differentiation of PLA cells induced genetic expression of all smooth muscle markers and further confirmed by increased protein expression of smooth muscle cell-specific alpha actin (ASMA), calponin, caldesmon, SM22, myosin heavy chain (MHC), and smoothelin. Clonal studies of adipose derived multipotent cells demonstrated differentiation of these cells into smooth muscle cells in addition to trilineage differentiation capacity. Importantly, smooth muscle-differentiated cells, but not their precursors, exhibit the functional ability to contract and relax in direct response to pharmacologic agents. In conclusion, adipose-derived cells have the potential to differentiate into functional smooth muscle cells and, thus, adipose tissue can be a useful source of cells for treatment of injured tissues where smooth muscle plays an important role.
Self-Inhibition of Synthesis and Antigen Presentation by Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded EBNA1 (2003)

The glycine-alanine repeat domain (GAr) of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) prevents major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted presentation of EBNA1 epitopes to cytotoxic T cells. This effect has previously been attributed to the ability of GAr to inhibit its own proteasomal degradation. Here we show, both in vitro and in vivo, that GAr also inhibits messenger RNA translation of EBNA1 in cis and that this effect can be distinguished from its effect on proteasomal degradation. Hence, inhibition of messenger RNA translation, but not protein degradation, is essential to prevent antigen presentation on MHC class I molecules. Thus, by minimizing translation of the EBNA1 transcript, cells expressing EBNA1 avoid cytotoxic T cell recognition. At the same time, blocking degradation maintains the EBNA1 expression level.
[Relationship of physical work capacity, blood pressure and other hypertension risk factors with the rate of erythrocyte Na/Li countertransport]. (1992)

The relationship of physical working capacity (PWC), blood pressure and other arterial hypertension risk factors to the rate of red blood cell Na+/Li+ countertransport was examined in a representative sample comprising 60 individuals (22 males and 38 females) whose age was 35-54 years. Regression analyses demonstrated that there was no significant relationship between PWC and the rate of red blood cell Na+/Li+ countertransport, but a significant correlation was found between the rate of Na+/Li+ countertransport and "double product" (DP) as an indirect indicator of PWC and heart rate. Thus, there is a heart rate- and DP-mediated correlation between the rate of red blood cell Na+/Li+ countertransport and the level of PWC. The magnitude of a decrease in the rate of red blood cell Na+/Li+ countertransport depends inversely on the dynamics of heart rate in males and females and directly on the dynamics of DP in females. Hence, there is a direct relationship between the magnitude of a reduction in the rate of red blood cell Na+/Li+ countertransport and that of PWC increment during exercise.
White Matter Extracellular Matrix Chondroitin Sulfate/Dermatan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Multiple Sclerosis (2001)

Extracellular matrix (ECM) alterations in the central nervous system (CNS) of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients result from blood-brain barrier breakdown, release and activation of proteases, and synthesis of ECM components. To elucidate their potential pathophysiologic roles, we analyzed expression of major CNS ECM proteoglycans (PGs) in MS and control CNS tissues. In active MS plaque edges, 3 CNS lecticans (versican, aggrecan, and neurocan) and dermatan sulfate PG were increased in association with astrocytosis; in active plaque centers they were decreased in the ECM and accumulated in foamy macrophages, suggesting that these ECM PGs are injured and phagocytosed along with myelin. In inactive lesions they were diminished and in normal-appearing white matter they showed heretofore-unappreciated abnormal heterogeneous aggregation. Phosphacan, an ECM PG abundant in both gray and white matter, was less markedly altered. Since in development the spaciotemporal expression of ECM PGs influences neurite outgrowth, cell migration, axon guidance, and myelination, these data suggest that 1) enhanced white matter lectican and dermatan sulfate PG expression in the pro-inflammatory milieu of expanding lesion edges contributes to their sharp boundaries and the failure of neuronal ingrowth; 2) decreases in plaque centers may preclude regeneration and repair; and 3) diffuse ECM PG damage relates to axon degeneration outside of overt lesions. Thus, ECM PG alterations are specific, temporally dynamic, and widespread in MS patients and may play critical roles in lesion pathogenesis and CNS dysfunction.
Identifying process window marginalities of reticle designs for 0.15/0.13-μm technologies (2003)

The complexity of Resolution Enhancements Techniques (RET) will increase dramatically in the next four generations of optical lithography, requiring careful qualification of new reticle designs when they arrive at the wafer fab and before commiting them to printing product. Low k<sub>1</sub> and high MEF lithography increase the printability and frequency of yield impacting repeating defects from reticle defects and RET layout errors. Therefore, reticle qualification must include qualifying the reticles for mask processing errors as well as for RET design rule violations. The former is performed on a reticle inspection tool and the latter on a wafer inspection tool after printing wafers with a specific layout using the reticles of interest. The output from the wafer inspection tool followed by detailed analysis provides information on the regions of marginality within the reticle field or features within the die which have smaller process window than expected. We call this the Process Window Qualification Output, <i>PWQ Output</i> and it can be applied to single and multi-die reticle designs. Once these locations are identified by PWQ and the features are determined to be critical to the functionality of the device, further process window analysis on the CD SEM is performed to identify if sufficient process window overlap exists between these features and all other critical features in the device. If the process window overlap of the marginal features with other critical features is acceptable, the reticle can be used to print product. These marginal regions are then carefully monitored on product by CD Metrology. If insufficient overlap in the process windows is found, the <i>PWQ Output</i> features are overlayed with the CAD design and a design fix might be required, followed by the manufacturing of a new reticle. In this paper we describe how we used the PWQ methodology to identify RET design errors for three different reticle designs; in the first example, the marginal feature is an OPC sizing error causing the below design rule spacing in a 0.13&mu;m Gate reticle design to bridge within the process window and the second example is that of a marginal feature associated with improper biasing and a phase error for an Attenuated PSM reticle. The final example shows how PWQ was used to verify the printing of an assist feature within the process window for a Gate 0.13&mu;m reticle.
Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy with the T268G Mutant of Human Carboxypeptidase A1:  In Vitro and in Vivo Studies with Prodrugs of Methotrexate and the Thymidylate Synthase Inhibitors GW1031 and GW1843 (1999)

Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) is a technique to increase antitumor selectivity in cancer chemotherapy. Our approach to this technology has been to design a mutant of human carboxypeptidase A (hCPA1-T268G) which is capable of hydrolyzing in vivo stable prodrugs of MTX and targeting this enzyme to tumors on an Ep-CAM1-specific antibody, ING1. Through the use of this >99% human enzyme which is capable of catalyzing a completely nonhuman reaction, we hope to increase ADEPT selectivity while decreasing overall immunogenicity of the enzyme-antibody conjugate. In the current report, prodrugs of the thymidylate synthase inhibitors GW1031 and GW1843 and the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor methotrexate were studied for their wild-type and mutant hCPA enzyme hydrolysis, their in vivo stability, and their use in therapy. Prodrugs with high kcat/Km ratios for mutated versus wild-type hCPA1 were examined in vitro for their stability in human pancreatic juice, and in vivo for their stability in mouse plasma and tissues. In addition, targeting and in vivo enzyme activity studies were performed with an ING1 antibody conjugate of the mutant enzyme (ING1-hCPA1-T268G). Finally, in vivo therapy studies were performed with LS174T tumors to demonstrate proof of principle. Results indicate that prodrugs can be synthesized that are selective and efficient substrates of hCPA1-T268G and not substrates of the endogenous CPA activities; this leads to excellent in vivo stability for these compounds. In vivo conjugate targeting studies showed that the antibody-enzyme conjugate was targeted to the tumor and enzyme was initially active in vivo at the site. Unfortunately therapeutic studies did not demonstrate tumor reduction. Experiments to determine reasons for the lack of antitumor activity showed that the enzyme activity decreased as a result of enzyme instability. The results offer encouragement for additional novel mutant enzyme improvements and additional in vivo studies on this unique approach to ADEPT.
Ixabepilone Plus Capecitabine for Metastatic Breast Cancer Progressing After Anthracycline and Taxane Treatment (2007)

Ixabepilone plus capecitabine demonstrates superior efficacy to capecitabine alone in patients with metastatic breast cancer pretreated or resistant to anthracyclines and resistant to taxanes.
Schizophrenia and obesity: impact of antipsychotic medications. (2004)

Obesity is an epidemic in this country and much of the rest of the developed world. It is a major contributor to a range of metabolic disorders responsible for much of the medical morbidity and mortality that burden our society. The combination of the costs to society of the chronic illness of schizophrenia with the costs of obesity and the chronic illnesses associated with it, e.g., metabolic disorders, diabetes, dyslipidemias, and cardiovascular disease, represents a major public health problem. Obesity in schizophrenia is accentuated even further largely through illness-related factors, like poor dietary conditions and more sedentary lifestyles, and particularly because many of the psychiatric medications (antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and antidepressants) used to combat this devastating illness themselves result in weight gain that, if untreated, may result in the usual obesity-associated morbidity and mortality. This article is intended to review some of the physiology of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders, the risks to schizophrenia patients engendered by obesity, the evidence for weight gain associated with the antipsychotic drugs, and the possible mechanisms involved in antipsychotic medication-associated weight gain.
Unscrambling light—automatically undoing strong mixing between modes (2017)

Propagation of light beams through scattering or multimode systems may lead to the randomization of the spatial coherence of the light. Although information is not lost, its recovery requires a coherent interferometric reconstruction of the original signals, which have been scrambled into the modes of the scattering system. Here we show that we can automatically unscramble optical beams that have been arbitrarily mixed in a multimode waveguide, undoing the scattering and mixing between the spatial modes through a mesh of silicon photonics tuneable beam splitters. Transparent light detectors integrated in a photonic chip are used to directly monitor the evolution of each mode along the mesh, allowing sequential tuning and adaptive individual feedback control of each beam splitter. The entire mesh self-configures automatically through a progressive tuning algorithm and resets itself after significantly perturbing the mixing, without turning off the beams. We demonstrate information recovery by the simultaneous unscrambling, sorting and tracking of four mixed modes, with residual cross-talk of -20 dB between the beams. Circuit partitioning assisted by transparent detectors enables scalability to meshes with a higher port count and to a higher number of modes without a proportionate increase in the control complexity. The principle of self-configuring and self-resetting in optical systems should be applicable in a wide range of optical applications.
Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm (1987)

We present a new algorithm, called marching cubes, that creates triangle models of constant density surfaces from 3D medical data. Using a divide-and-conquer approach to generate inter-slice connectivity, we create a case table that defines triangle topology. The algorithm processes the 3D medical data in scan-line order and calculates triangle vertices using linear interpolation. We find the gradient of the original data, normalize it, and use it as a basis for shading the models. The detail in images produced from the generated surface models is the result of maintaining the inter-slice connectivity, surface data, and gradient information present in the original 3D data. Results from computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) illustrate the quality and functionality of marching cubes. We also discuss improvements that decrease processing time and add solid modeling capabilities.
Electrical, Thermal, and Mechanical Characterization of Silicon Microcantilever Heaters (2006)

Silicon atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilevers having integrated solid-state heaters were originally developed for application to data storage, but have since been applied to metrology, thermophysical property measurements, and nanoscale manufacturing. These applications beyond data storage have strict requirements for mechanical characterization and precise temperature calibration of the cantilever. This paper describes detailed mechanical, electrical, and thermal characterization and calibration of AFM cantilevers having integrated solid-state heaters. Analysis of the cantilever response to electrical excitation in both time and frequency domains aids in resolving heat transfer mechanisms in the cantilever. Raman spectroscopy provides local temperature measurement along the cantilever with resolution near 1 mum and 5degC and also provides local surface stress measurements. Observation of the cantilever mechanical thermal noise spectrum at room temperature and while heated provides insight into cantilever mechanical behavior and compares well with finite-element analysis. The characterization and calibration methodology reported here expands the use of heated AFM cantilevers, particularly the uses for nanomanufacturing and sensing
Pioglitazone versus Rosiglitazone: Effects on Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins in Head‐to‐Head Randomized Clinical Studies (2008)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) play an important role in regulating both glucose and lipid metabolism. Agonists for both PPARgamma and PPARgamma have been used to treat dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia, respectively. In addition to affecting glucose metabolism, PPARgamma agonists also regulate lipid metabolism. In this review, we will focus on the randomized clinical trials that directly compared the lipid effects of the thiazolidinedione class of PPARgamma agonists, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, head-to-head either as monotherapy or in combination with other lipid-altering or glucose-lowering agents.
Treating cocaine addiction with viruses (2004)

Cocaine addiction continues to be a major health and social problem in the United States and other countries. Currently used pharmacological agents for treating cocaine abuse have proved inadequate, leaving few treatment options. An alternative is to use protein-based therapeutics that can eliminate the load of cocaine, thereby attenuating its effects. This approach is especially attractive because the therapeutic agents exert no pharmacodynamic action of their own and therefore have little potential for side effects. The effectiveness of these agents, however, is limited by their inability to act directly within the CNS. Bacteriophage have the capacity to penetrate the CNS when administered intranasally. Here, a method is presented for engineering filamentous bacteriophage to display cocaine-binding proteins on its surface that sequester cocaine in the brain. These antibody-displaying constructs were examined by using a locomotor activity rodent model to assess the ability of the phage-displayed proteins to block the psychoactive effects of cocaine. Results presented demonstrate a strategy in the continuing efforts to find effective treatments for cocaine addiction and suggest the application of this protein-based treatment for other drug abuse syndromes.
Synthesis of Ternary Metal Nitride Nanoparticles Using Mesoporous Carbon Nitride as Reactive Template (2008)

Mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride was used as both a nanoreactor and a reactant for the synthesis of ternary metal nitride nanoparticles. By infiltration of a mixture of two metal precursors into mesoporous carbon nitride, the pores act first as a nanoconfinement, generating amorphous mixed oxide nanoparticles. During heating and decomposition, the carbon nitride second acts as reactant or, more precisely, as a nitrogen source, which converts the preformed mixed oxide nanoparticles into the corresponding nitride (reactive templating). Using this approach, ternary metal nitride particles with diameters smaller 10 nm composed of aluminum gallium nitride (Al-Ga-N) and titanium vanadium nitride (Ti-V-N) were synthesized. Due to the confinement effect of the carbon nitride matrix, the composition of the resulting metal nitride can be easily adjusted by changing the concentration of the preceding precursor solution. Thus, ternary metal nitride nanoparticles with continuously adjustable metal composition can be produced.
Can We Prevent Falls in Older Adults (2004)

Risk for falling increases with advancing age. These investigators performed a multivariate meta-analysis to determine the relative effectiveness of