gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glutamate 189 of the D1 Polypeptide Modulates the Magnetic and Redox Properties of the Manganese Cluster and Tyrosine YZ in Photosystem II (2000)

Recent models for water oxidation in photosystem II postulate that the tyrosine Y(Z) radical, Y(Z)(*), abstracts both an electron and a proton from the Mn cluster during one or more steps in the catalytic cycle. This coupling of proton- and electron-transfer events is postulated to provide the necessary driving force for oxidizing the Mn cluster in its higher oxidation states. The formation of Y(Z)(*) requires the deprotonation of Y(Z) by His190 of the D1 polypeptide. For Y(Z)(*) to abstract both an electron and a proton from the Mn cluster, the proton abstracted from Y(Z) must be transferred rapidly from D1-His190 to the lumenal surface via one or more proton-transfer pathways. The proton acceptor for D1-His190 has been proposed to be either Glu189 of the D1 polypeptide or a group positioned by this residue. To further define the role of D1-Glu189, 17 D1-Glu189 mutations were constructed in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Several of these mutants are of particular interest because they appear to assemble Mn clusters in 70-80% of reaction centers in vivo, but evolve no O(2). The EPR and electron-transfer properties of PSII particles isolated from the D1-E189Q, D1-E189L, D1-E189D, D1-E189N, D1-E189H, D1-E189G, and D1-E189S mutants were examined. Intact PSII particles isolated from mutants that evolved no O(2) also exhibited no S(1) or S(2) state multiline EPR signals and were unable to advance beyond an altered Y(Z)(*)S(2) state, as shown by the accumulation of narrow "split" EPR signals under multiple turnover conditions. In the D1-E189G and D1-E189S mutants, the quantum yield for oxidizing the S(1) state Mn cluster was very low, corresponding to a > or =1400-fold slowing of the rate of Mn oxidation by Y(Z)(*). In Mn-depleted D1-Glu189 mutant PSII particles, charge recombination between Q(A)(*)(-) and Y(Z)(*) in the mutants was accelerated, showing that the mutations alter the redox properties of Y(Z) in addition to those of the Mn cluster. These results are consistent with D1-Glu189 participating in a network of hydrogen bonds that modulates the properties of both Y(Z) and the Mn cluster and are consistent with proposals that D1-Glu189 positions a group that accepts a proton from D1-His190.
Sub-picture: ROI coding and unequal error protection (2003)

Region-of-interest coding and unequal error protection are two important tools in video communication systems to improve the received visual quality. One common property of the two techniques is that unequal coding or transmission is applied to improve the quality of the most important parts of images. The proposed sub-picture coding technique facilitates both region-of-interest coding and unequal error protection by partitioning images to regions of interest and separating the corresponding coded data units from each other. Simulation results show that the overall subjective quality is considerably improved compared to the conventional coding schemes.
Weighted intrinsic viscosity relationships for polysaccharide mixtures in dilute aqueous solutions (1988)

The weighted intrinsic viscosities of polysaccharide mixtures in dilute aqueous solutions have been studied. The purpose of this investigation is to demonstrate that average intrinsic viscosities would scale with the weight fraction of the individual components for polysaccharide mixtures in 0.5N NaOH(aq). The polysaccharides examined in this study were composed of polymers differing in their molecular weights, degree of branching, and bond linkages. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment was observed for the three different mixed polymer systems examined. This observation validates certain aspects of proposed theoretical treatments which employ this fundamental assumption and allows for further advances in experimental analytical developments of water-soluble polymer systems.
Total Synthesis of Everninomicin 13,384-1—Part 3: Synthesis of the DE Fragment and Completion of the Total Synthesis (2000)

The stereoselective construction of the DE fragment (2) of everninomicin 13,384-1 (1) is reported. From the two possible ways of inserting the DE fragment between the A1B(A)C and FGHA2 domains of the natural product, the sequence involving the DEFGHA2 segment was found to be the most viable. This coupling was followed by attachment of a suitably protected and activated A1B(A)C fragment which led, after orthoester construction and final deprotection to the targeted everninomicin 13,384-1 (1), completing the total synthesis of this complex naturally occurring substance.
SIRNA-Directed In Vivo Silencing of Androgen Receptor Inhibits the Growth of Castration-Resistant Prostate Carcinomas (2007)

Our results demonstrate that carcinomas resistant to hormonal manipulations still depend on the expression of the androgen receptor for their development in vivo. The siRNA-directed silencing of AR, which allows targeting overexpressed as well as mutated isoforms, triggers a strong antitumoral and antiangiogenic effect. siRNA-directed silencing of this key gene in advanced and resistant prostate tumors opens promising new therapeutic perspectives and tools.
An outbreak of West Nile virus-associated disease in domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) upon initial introduction to a geographic region, with evidence of bird to bird transmission. (2004)

West Nile virus activity in Manitoba was documented for the first time by the collection of an infected crow found on July 8, 2002, in Winnipeg. West Nile virus was identified as the cause of death for a large number of domestic geese at a single farm in southern Manitoba in August. Of the 5 differently aged cohorts on the affected farm, which included 2 breeding flocks and 3 growing flocks, the 6-week-old cohort was most severely affected with 692 of 2731 goslings dying within a 10-day period. Seroprevalence of West Nile virus in 2 clinically affected and recovered juvenile cohorts was 98% and 100%. In breeding geese without clinical disease, seroprevalence was 90% for 15-month-old birds and 10% for 5-year-old birds. Seroreaction in 3 of 4 cohorts tested exceeded what would be expected by mosquito transmission alone.
Localized in vivo13C NMR spectroscopy of the brain (2003)

Localized (13)C NMR spectroscopy provides a new investigative tool for studying cerebral metabolism. The application of (13)C NMR spectroscopy to living intact humans and animals presents the investigator with a number of unique challenges. This review provides in the first part a tutorial insight into the ingredients required for achieving a successful implementation of localized (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The difficulties in establishing (13)C NMR are the need for decoupling of the one-bond (13)C-(1)H heteronuclear J coupling, the large chemical shift range, the low sensitivity and the need for localization of the signals. The methodological consequences of these technical problems are discussed, particularly with respect to (a) RF front-end considerations, (b) localization methods, (c) the low sensitivity, and (d) quantification methods. Lastly, some achievements of in vivo localized (13)C NMR spectroscopy of the brain are reviewed, such as: (a) the measurement of brain glutamine synthesis and the feasibility of quantifying glutamatergic action in the brain; (b) the demonstration of significant anaplerotic fluxes in the brain; (c) the demonstration of a highly regulated malate-aspartate shuttle in brain energy metabolism and isotope flux; (d) quantification of neuronal and glial energy metabolism; and (e) brain glycogen metabolism in hypoglycemia in rats and humans. We conclude that the unique and novel insights provided by (13)C NMR spectroscopy have opened many new research areas that are likely to improve the understanding of brain carbohydrate metabolism in health and disease.
Adaptive color quantization using the “baker’s transformation” (2006)

We propose an original technique to reduce the number of colors contained in an image. This method uses the "baker's transformation," which obtains a statistically suitable mixture of the pixels of the image. From this mixture, we can extract several samples, which present the same characteristics as the initial image. The concept we imagine is to consider these samples as potential pallets of colors. These pallets make it possible to do an adaptive quantization of the effective number of colors. We consider, and we put in competition, three methods to obtain a single pallet. We present the baker's transformation and we present methods to have a single pallet. The results illustrate the good visual quality reached by the quantized images. Finally, we present a comparison between our method and three classical methods of quantization.
The vascular Ca2+-sensing receptor regulates blood vessel tone and blood pressure (2015)

The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor CaSR is expressed in blood vessels where its role is not completely understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the CaSR expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is directly involved in regulation of blood pressure and blood vessel tone. Mice with targeted CaSR gene ablation from vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) were generated by breeding exon 7 LoxP-CaSR mice with animals in which Cre recombinase is driven by a SM22α promoter (SM22α-Cre). Wire myography performed on Cre-negative [wild-type (WT)] and Cre-positive (SM22α)CaSR(Δflox/Δflox) [knockout (KO)] mice showed an endothelium-independent reduction in aorta and mesenteric artery contractility of KO compared with WT mice in response to KCl and to phenylephrine. Increasing extracellular calcium ion (Ca(2+)) concentrations (1-5 mM) evoked contraction in WT but only relaxation in KO aortas. Accordingly, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures of KO animals were significantly reduced compared with WT, as measured by both tail cuff and radiotelemetry. This hypotension was mostly pronounced during the animals' active phase and was not rescued by either nitric oxide-synthase inhibition with nitro-l-arginine methyl ester or by a high-salt-supplemented diet. KO animals also exhibited cardiac remodeling, bradycardia, and reduced spontaneous activity in isolated hearts and cardiomyocyte-like cells. Our findings demonstrate a role for CaSR in the cardiovascular system and suggest that physiologically relevant changes in extracellular Ca(2+) concentrations could contribute to setting blood vessel tone levels and heart rate by directly acting on the cardiovascular CaSR.
Developmentally‐faithful and effective human erythropoiesis in immunodeficient and Kit mutant mice (2017)

Immunodeficient mouse models have been valuable for studies of human hematopoiesis, but high-fidelity recapitulation of erythropoiesis in most xenograft recipients remains elusive. Recently developed immunodeficient and Kit mutant mice, however, have provided a suitable background to achieve higher-level human erythropoiesis after long-term hematopoietic engraftment. While there has been some characterization of human erythropoiesis in these models, a comprehensive analysis from various human developmental stages has not yet been reported. Here, we have utilized cell surface phenotypes, morphologic analyses, and molecular studies to fully characterize human erythropoiesis from multiple developmental stages in immunodeficient and Kit mutant mouse models following long-term hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell engraftment. We show that human erythropoiesis in such models demonstrates complete maturation and enucleation, as well as developmentally appropriate globin gene expression. These results provide a framework for future studies to utilize this model system for interrogating disorders affecting human erythropoiesis and for developing improved therapeutic approaches.
Hyperammonemia following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (1991)

Hyperammonemia is a rare and serious complication of intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy. We report the case of a patient who developed profound idiopathic hyperammonemia following bone marrow transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia. Despite rapid institution of hemodialysis, sodium benzoate, and the experimental agent sodium phenylacetate, the patient ultimately succumbed to complications of this metabolic derangement. The literature is reviewed, and recommendations for an approach to this complication of marrow transplantation are proposed.
Utilization of Tetrabutylammonium Triphenylsilyldifluoride as a Fluoride Source for Nucleophilic Fluorination (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUtilization of Tetrabutylammonium Triphenylsilyldifluoride as a Fluoride Source for Nucleophilic FluorinationAnthony S. Pilcher, Herman L. Ammon, and Philip DeShongCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 18, 5166–5167Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00123a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00123a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4438Altmetric-Citations205LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Expression and function of 4‐1BB during CD4 versus CD8 T cell responses in vivo (2004)

4-1BBL(-/-) mice have a defect in recall CD8+ T cell responses to viruses, whereas CD4+ T cell responses to virus are unimpaired in these mice. In contrast, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells respond to 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) in vitro. To clarify the role of 4-1BB/4-1BBL in CD4+ versus CD8+ T cell responses in vivo, we compared CD4 (OT-II) and CD8 (OT-I) TCR transgenic T cells responding to the same antigen in an in vivo adoptive transfer model in 4-1BBL(+/+) versus 4-1BBL(-/-) mice. During primary and secondary responses, expression of 4-1BB on in vivo-activated TCR transgenic T cells was earlier and more transient than previously observed in vitro, correlating with expression of the early activation antigen CD69 and preceding the transition to the CD44hi state. Although 4-1BB is expressed early in the primary response, there was no effect of 4-1BBL deficiency on initial CD8 T cell expansion and only a minor effect on initial CD4 T cell expansion. The major effect of 4-1BB/4-1BBL interaction is on the T cell recall response. This is due to effects of 4-1BBL on maintenance of T cell numbers at the end of the primary response with additional effects of 4-1BBL on secondary expansion of T cells.
Hydrolytic Stability of Organic Monolayers Supported on TiO2 and ZrO2 (2004)

The hydrolytic stability of C18 monolayers supported on TiO2 and ZrO2 was studied. Three types of monolayers were prepared from the following octadecyl modifiers: (1) octadecyldimethylchlorosilane (C18H37Si(CH3)2Cl); (2) octadecylsilane (C18H37SiH3); and (3) octadecylphosphonic acid (C18H37P(O)(OH)2). The hydrolysis of the surfaces prepared was studied under static conditions at 25 and 65 degrees C at pH 1-10. On the basis of the loss of grafted material, the stability of the monolayers fall in the following range: C18H37P(O)(OH)2 > or = C18H37SiH3 >> C18H37Si(CH3)2Cl. At 25 degrees C, monolayers from C18H37P(O)(OH)2 showed only approximately 2-5% loss in grafting density after one week at pH 1-10. The high stability of these monolayers was explained because of the strong interactions of the phosphonic acids with the substrates. Monolayers from C18H37Si(CH3)2Cl showed poor hydrolytic stability at any pH, which was explained because of the low stability of Ti-O-Si and Zr-O-Si bonds. Unlike monofunctional silanes, trifunctional silane (C18H37SiH3) yielded surfaces that showed good hydrolytic stability. This suggests that the stability of the monolayers from trifunctional silanes is primarily due to "horizontal" bonding (Si-O-Si or Si-OH...HO-Si) rather than due to bondingwith the matrix (M-O-Si). At 65 degrees C, all C18 surfaces become more susceptible to hydrolysis; however, the trend observed for 25 degrees C remained unchanged. Low-temperature nitrogen adsorption was used to study the adsorption properties of the monolayers as a function of their grafting density. The energy of adsorption interactions showed a significant increase as the grafting density of the monolayers decreased. The order of the alkyl groups in the monolayers, as assessed from CH2 stretching, decreased as the grafting density of the monolayers decreased.
Effect of testosterone on muscle mass and muscle protein synthesis (1989)

We have studied the effect of a pharmacological dose of testosterone enanthate (3 mg.kg-1.wk-1 for 12 wk) on muscle mass and total-body potassium and on whole-body and muscle protein synthesis in normal male subjects. Muscle mass estimated by creatinine excretion increased in all nine subjects (20% mean increase, P less than 0.02); total body potassium mass estimated by 40K counting increased in all subjects (12% mean increase, P less than 0.0001). In four subjects, a primed continuous infusion protocol with L-[1-13C]leucine was used to determine whole-body leucine flux and oxidation. Whole-body protein synthesis was estimated from nonoxidative flux. Muscle protein synthesis rate was determined by measuring [13C]leucine incorporation into muscle samples obtained by needle biopsy. Testosterone increased muscle protein synthesis in all subjects (27% mean increase, P less than 0.05). Leucine oxidation decreased slightly (17% mean decrease, P less than 0.01), but whole-body protein synthesis did not change significantly. Muscle morphometry showed no significant increase in muscle fiber diameter. These studies suggest that testosterone increases muscle mass by increasing muscle protein synthesis.
Techniques used to Enhance Bioavailability of BCS Class II Drugs: AReview (2015)

Traditionally, nearly 40% of the new chemical entities (NCEs) identified by pharmaceutical industry screening programs have failed to be developed because of poor water-solubility, which makes their formulation difficult or even impossible. The solubility issues complicating the delivery of these new drugs also affect the delivery of many existing drugs. The various traditional and novel techniques that that can be used for solubility enhancement of BCS Class II drugs are briefly discussed in this article. The Traditional techniques that has been discussed in this article includes use of co-solvents, Hydrotropy, Micronization, change in dielectric constant of solvent, amorphous forms, chemical modification of drug, use of surfactants, inclusion complex, alteration of pH of solvent, use of hydrates or solvates, use of soluble prodrugs, application of ultrasonic waves, functional polymer technology, controlled precipitation technology, evaporative precipitation in aqueous solution, use of precipitation inhibitors, solvent deposition, precipitation, selective adsorption on insoluble carriers. Novel drug delivery technologies developed in recent years for solubility enhancement of insoluble drugs are size reduction technologies, lipid based delivery system, micellar technologies, porous micro particle technology. Solid Dispersion Technique and various types of solid dispersion systems have also been explained briefly.
Effects of Ankle-to-Knee External Pressures on Skin Blood Perfusion Under and Distal to Compression (2003)

The present findings and considerable related evidence indicate that lower extremity external compression, within the range of commonly used therapeutic levels, reduces SBF by an amount that depends on the magnitude of the compression pressures. The quantitative difference between the effect of compression on SBF within the compression area, and distal to it, is likely a result of the way that the compression affects arteriolar and venous resistance to blood flow at the 2 sites. From a clinical perspective, it would seem prudent to anticipate that sub-bandage and distal SBF would be negatively affected by compression, with greater effects likely in tissue distal to compression.
Effects of Injection Schemes and Column Geometry on the Performance of Microchip Electrophoresis Devices (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffects of Injection Schemes and Column Geometry on the Performance of Microchip Electrophoresis DevicesStephen C. Jacobson, Roland. Hergenroder, Lance B. Koutny, R. J. Warmack, and J. Michael. RamseyCite this: Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 7, 1107–1113Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00079a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00079a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2675Altmetric-Citations537LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts