gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship between surface antigens of two variants of influenza A (H3N2) virus, as revealed by hemagglutination inhibition, kinetic neutralization, and neuraminidase inhibition (1980)

Rabbit antisera were raised against plaque-purified influenza virus strains of A/Victoria/75 and A/Texas/77 isolated from Seattle influenza patients. The antigenic specificity of hemagglutinins was compared by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and kinetic neutralization tests. Anti-A/Victoria/75 had equally high HI titers and neutralization rate constants (kappa values) for A/Victoria/75 and A/Texas/77. In contrast, anti-A/Texas/77 had a high HI titer and kappa value to A/Texas/77 and a low HI titer and kappa value to A/Victoria/75. Similar results were obtained with antisera to recombinants with hemagglutinin specific for A/Victoria/3/75 or A/Texas/1/77 and with irrelevant neuraminidase. Seven wild-type isolates, three each of A/Texas and A/Victoria, and one strain characterized as a bridging strain were tested by HI and kinetic neutralization. Characterization as A/Texas or A/Victoria was confirmed by the results. No significant difference in neuraminidase specific for A/Victoria/75 or A/Texas/77 was hown when recombinants with an irrelevant hemagglutinin were compared by the neuraminidase inhibition test. These results suggest that A/Victoria/75 strains are "senior" to A/Texas/77 strains. The epidemiological implications of this observation are discussed.
<title>Perceptual image similarity experiments</title> (1998)

In this paper, we study how human observers judge image similarity. To do so, we have conducted two psychophysical scaling experiments and have compared the results to two algorithmic image similarity metrics. For these experiments, we selected a set of 97 digitized photographic images which represent a range of semantic categories, viewing distances, and colors. We then used the two perceptual and the two algorithmic methods to measure the similarity of each image to every other image in the data set, producing four similarity matrices. These matrices were analyzed using multidimensional scaling techniques to gain insight into the dimensions human observers use for judging image similarity, and how these dimensions differ from the results of algorithmic methods. This paper also describes and validates a new technique for collecting similarity judgments which can provide meaningful results with a factor of four fewer judgments, as compared with the paired comparisons method.
The Probability of Fixation in Populations of Changing Size (1997)

The rate of adaptive evolution of a population ultimately depends on the rate of incorporation of beneficial mutations. Even beneficial mutations may, however, be lost from a population since mutant individuals may, by chance, fail to reproduce. In this paper, we calculate the probability of fixation of beneficial mutations that occur in populations of changing size. We examine a number of demographic models, including a population whose size changes once, a population experiencing exponential growth or decline, one that is experiencing logistic growth or decline, and a population that fluctuates in size. The results are based on a branching process model but are shown to be approximate solutions to the diffusion equation describing changes in the probability of fixation over time. Using the diffusion equation, the probability of fixation of deleterious alleles can also be determined for populations that are changing in size. The results developed in this paper can be used to estimate the fixation flux, defined as the rate at which beneficial alleles fix within a population. The fixation flux measures the rate of adaptive evolution of a population and, as we shall see, depends strongly on changes that occur in population size.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma (2005)

According to the WHO classification, Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is subdivided into a classical variant and a nodular lymphocyte predominant variant which are characterized by the presence of Hodgkin's and Reed-Sternberg (H-RS) cells or lymphocytic and histiocytic (L&H) cells, respectively. This article reviews genetic characteristics and transcriptional changes of H-RS and L&H cells, including recent knowledge about transforming mechanisms and signaling pathways that contribute to the antiapoptotic phenotype displayed by H-RS and L&H cells. We also discuss major cellular and molecular mediators contributing to the establishment and maintenance of a reactive background in HL-affected tissues. We believe that an in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of HL will eventually lead to the development of novel biologically based therapeutic strategies in the near future.
Growth Hormone and Somatostatin Gene Expression in Adult and Aging Rats as Measured by Quantitative in situ Hybridization (1991)

We have investigated the variations in growth hormone (GH) and somatostatin (SOM) mRNAs in adult, middle-aged and aging rats of both sexes using quantitative in situ hybridization. cDNA probes complementary to GH mRNA and SOM mRNA were used on fixed pituitary and hypothalamic sections, respectively. A clear sexual dimorphism in GH gene expression was observed in all age groups examined, mRNA levels always being higher in males than in females. In male rats, GH mRNA levels reached a maximum at 7 months of age and then dramatically decreased in middle-aged and aging animals. In female animals, the highest expression of GH was observed at 9 months of age followed by a gradual and constant decline during the aging period. SOM mRNA levels in the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus also showed a sexual dimorphism in adult rats, being higher in males than females. A gradual decline in SOM mRNA was observed in middle-aged and aging rats of both sexes. These results suggest that middle age and aging are critical periods for the control of GH and SOM gene expression and that the decrease in GH mRNA levels observed during aging is probably not a consequence of an increase of SOM activity.
Silica-based integrated optic Mach-Zehnder multi/demultiplexer family with channel spacing of 0.01-250 nm (1990)

A Mach-Zehnder (MZ) interferometer design is presented for application to wavelength-division multiplexed/frequency division multiplexed (WDM/FDM) systems. A variety of integrated-optic devices with low loss and low crosstalk, using silica-based waveguides, are demonstrated. MZ interferometers operate as multi/demultiplexers or frequency-selection switches. The channel spacing is determined by the waveguide arm length difference, and a spacing range of 1 GHz to 36 THz, corresponding to a wavelength spacing of 0.008-250 nm, is achieved. The devices for the WDM region have low fiber-to-fiber loss of 0.5 dB, and the devices for the FDM region have higher losses of 2-5 dB. Crosstalk of less than -15 dB was obtained for all the devices. A 5-GHz-spaced 16-channel frequency selection switch and a 10-GHz-spaced eight-channel multi/demultiplexer were also fabricated with a total loss of 5 dB and total crosstalk of -10 dB or less.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Enzymes and Reactions at the Eukaryotic DNA Replication Fork (1997)

Many recent reviews of eukaryotic DNA replication have emphasized our current understanding of either the initiation and regulation of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication (1, 2), the DNA polymerases and other proteins involved (3–11), or the entire range of knowledge of the replication process (12–17). Here, we will focus on recent findings concerning specific enzymatic reactions necessary for the growth of the eukaryotic replication fork.
Single-shot, repetitive, and lifetime high-voltage testing of capacitors (2002)

Four different types of capacitors have been tested to determine the maximum usable high voltage. Ceramic, drop-dipped film, molded-mylar tubulars, and polyester/foil capacitors of different values and different nominal voltages were tested in four modes: the single-shot mode, the repetitive mode, the lifetime dc voltage mode, and the group mode. Experiments have shown that the breakdown voltage for all types of the capacitors tested is ten to seventeen times higher than the nominal voltage. The energy stored in the capacitors for a short time under overstress conditions is from 100 to 250 times higher their normal energy. Data are given for the limitations for single capacitors, and for two, three, and four capacitors connected in parallel.
Coherent and Incoherent States of the Radiation Field (1963)

Methods are developed for discussing the photon statistics of arbitrary fields in fully quantum-mechanical terms. In order to keep the classical limit of quantum electrodynamics plainly in view, extensive use is made of the coherent states of the field. These states, which reduce the field correlation functions to factorized forms, are shown to offer a convenient basis for the description of fields of all types. Although they are not orthogonal to one another, the coherent states form a complete set. It is shown that any quantum state of the field may be expanded in terms of them in a unique way. Expansions are also developed for arbitrary operators in terms of products of the coherent state vectors. These expansions are discussed as a general method of representing the density operator for the field. A particular form is exhibited for the density operator which makes it possible to carry out many quantum-mechanical calculations by methods resembling those of classical theory. This representation permits clear insights into the essential distinction between the quantum and classical descriptions of the field. It leads, in addition, to a simple formulation of a superposition law for photon fields. Detailed discussions are given of the incoherent fields which are generated by superposing the outputs of many stationary sources. These fields are all shown to have intimately related properties, some of which have been known for the particular case of blackbody radiation.
In Situ Raman Spectroscopy on an Operating AA Zn-MnO[sub 2] Battery under High Discharge Currents (1999)

Structural aspects of the passive film on electrodes in an actual battery environment have been examined in situ using Raman spectroscopy. These measurements were performed on a modified AA size Energizer battery with one of its ends replaced by an optical window but otherwise using the same components found in commercial devices. Data collected at various stages during high discharge rate provided evidence for the presence of crystalline toward the last stages of discharge with no evidence for at any stage during the entire discharge process. ©2000 The Electrochemical Society
Identification and Characterization of Binding Sites on S100A7, a Participant in Cancer and Inflammation Pathways (2009)

S100A7 (psoriasin) is a member of the S100 family of signaling proteins. It is implicated in and considered a therapeutic target for inflammation and cancer, yet no small molecule ligands for S100A7 have been identified. To begin the development of specific small molecule inhibitors of S100A7 function, we have used a series of surface binding fluorescent dyes to probe the surface hydrophobic sites. Two naphthalene-based dyes (2,6-ANS and 1,8-ANS) were found to bind S100A7 in a distinct cleft. We characterized the binding interaction by determining both the structure of S100A7 bound to 2,6-ANS and the structure of S100A7 bound to 1,8-ANS to 1.6 A. In both cases, two molecules of dye were docked such that the naphthalene groups were positioned in two symmetry-related grooves that are formed by the N-terminal helices of each monomer. We observed that Met12 acts as a gatekeeper to the binding cleft, adopting an "open" conformation for the more elongated 2,6-ANS while remaining in a "closed" conformation for the more compact 1,8-ANS. Steady-state fluorescence experiments revealed that S100A7 binds two copies of 2,6-ANS, each with a K(d) of 125 muM. Time-resolved fluorescence lifetime measurements indicated that the two molecules of 2,6-ANS bind in two independent binding sites with different fluorescence lifetimes, suggesting that the S100A7 homodimer is not perfectly symmetric in solution. Isothermal titration calorimetry studies demonstrate that S100A7 has a higher affinity for 2,6-ANS than 1,8-ANS. Yeast two-hybrid studies were also used to probe contributions of individual residues of an S100A7 triple mutant with respect to Jab1 binding. Mutation of Leu78, which forms part of the Met12 cleft occupied by 2,6-ANS, reduced the level of Jab1 binding, suggesting a potentially important role for the Met12 hydrophobic pocket in defining a Jab1 interface. Additional Y2H studies also delineate contributions of Gln88 and in particular Asp56 that shows the most significant abrogated binding to Jab1. Collectively, these data suggest a complex interaction between S100A7 and the much larger Jab1. These studies form the basis for the development of small molecule reporters and modifiers of S100A7 form and function.
A Stereoselective Access to Functional Dienes Containing a Trifluoromethyl Group via Stille Cross Coupling of Ethyl 4,4,4-Trifluoro-3-iodobutenoate (1998)

Stereoselective construction of 3-trifluoromethyl conjugated dienoates or enynoates was achieved from ethyl (Z)-4,4,4-trifluoro-3-iodobutenoate and alkenyltin or alkynyltin reagents through the Stille reaction. Reduction of ethyl 3-trifluoromethyldienoates using DIBAL-H selectively afforded allylic alcohols.
Interaction between the Components of the Interferon γ Receptor Complex (1995)

Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) signals through a multimeric receptor complex consisting of two different chains: the IFN-gamma receptor binding subunit (IFN-gamma R, IFN-gamma R1), and a transmembrane accessory factor (AF-1, IFN-gamma R2) necessary for signal transduction. Using cell lines expressing different cloned components of the IFN-gamma receptor complex, we examined the function of the receptor components in signal transduction upon IFN-gamma treatment. A specific IFN-gamma R2:IFN-gamma cross-linked complex was observed in cells expressing both IFN-gamma R1 and IFN-gamma R2 indicating that IFN-gamma R2 (AF-1) interacts with IFN-gamma and is closely associated with IFN-gamma R1. We show that the intracellular domain of IFN-gamma R2 is necessary for signaling. Cells coexpressing IFN-gamma R1 and truncated IFN-gamma R2, lacking the COOH-terminal 51 amino acids (residues 286-337), or cells expressing IFN-gamma R1 alone were unresponsive to IFN-gamma treatment as measured by MHC class I antigen induction. Jak1, Jak2, and Stat1 alpha were activated, and IFN-gamma R1 was phosphorylated only in cells expressing both IFN-gamma R1 and IFN-gamma R2. Jak2 kinase was shown to associate with the intracellular domain of the IFN-gamma R2.
The valyl-tRNA synthetase from Bacillus stearothermophilus has considerable sequence homology with the isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli (1987)

We report the DNA sequence of the valS gene from Bacillus stearothermophilus and the predicted amino acid sequence of the valyl-tRNA synthetase encoded by the gene. The predicted primary structure is for a protein of 880 amino acids with a molecular mass of 102,036. The molecular mass and amino acid composition of the expressed enzyme are in close agreement with those values deduced from the DNA sequence. Comparison of the predicted protein sequence with known protein sequences revealed a considerable homology with the isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli. The two enzymes are identical in some 20-25% of their amino acid residues, and the homology is distributed approximately evenly from N-terminus to C-terminus. There are several regions which are highly conservative between the valyl- and isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases. In one of these regions, 15 of 20 amino acids are identical, and in another, 10 of 14 are identical. The valyl-tRNA synthetase also contains a region HLGH (His-Leu-Gly-His) near its N-terminus equivalent to the consensus HIGH (His-Ile-Gly-His) sequence known to participate in the binding of ATP in the tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. This is the first example of extensive homology found between two different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
Product classification integration for E-commerce (2004)

A marketplace is the place where the demand and supply of buyers and vendors participating in a business process may meet. Therefore, electronic marketplaces are virtual communities in which buyers may meet proposals of several suppliers and make the best choice. In the electronic commerce world, the comparison between different products is blocked due to the lack of standards (on the contrary, the proliferation of standards) describing and classifying them. Therefore, the need for B2B and B2C marketplaces is to reclassify products and goods according to different standardization models. This paper aims to face this problem by suggesting the use of a semi-automatic methodology to define a mapping among different E-commerce product classification standards. This methodology is an extension of the MOMIS system, a mediator system developed within the intelligent integration of information research area.
Self-Aligned, Vertical-Channel, Polymer Field-Effect Transistors (2003)

The manufacture of high-performance, conjugated polymer transistor circuits on flexible plastic substrates requires patterning techniques that are capable of defining critical features with submicrometer resolution. We used solid-state embossing to produce polymer field-effect transistors with submicrometer critical features in planar and vertical configurations. Embossing is used for the controlled microcutting of vertical sidewalls into polymer multilayer structures without smearing. Vertical-channel polymer field-effect transistors on flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrates were fabricated, in which the critical channel length of 0.7 to 0.9 micrometers was defined by the thickness of a spin-coated insulator layer. Gate electrodes were self-aligned to minimize overlap capacitance by inkjet printing that used the embossed grooves to define a surface-energy pattern.
On the Role of Dihydrotestosterone in Regulating Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in Man* (1980)

The effect of dihydrotestosterone [17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androstone-3-one (DHT) in the negative regulation of LH was studied throughout 3 months of percutaneous administration of this steroid to six normal male volunteers and six patients with primary testicular hypogonadism. In addition, testosterone (T) was administered according to the same protocol to the six hypogonadal patients. Plasma T, DHT, estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin, and LH levels were measured by RIA before and weekly during treatment. In normal men, plasma DHT rose regularly from 0.5 +/- 0.2 to 3.3 +/- 0.9 ng/ml after 3 months of treatment. Concurrently, T decreased from 5.5 +/- 2.0 to 2.9 +/- 0.3 ng/ml, and sex hormone-binding globulin levels decreased from 1.2 +/- 0.1 to 0.9 +/- 0.05 mg/liter. Mean basal LH levels remained stable between 1.9 +/- 1.3 and 3.1 +/- 1.1 mIU MRC, LH 68/40 per ml throughout treatment. In hypogonadal men after DHT treatment, basal LH levels were not suppressed. In contrast, after T administration, plasma LH decreased from 19.8 +/- 5.4 mIU/ml to normal levels (3.4 +/- 2.7 mIU/ml). From these studies, we conclude that 1) high levels of plasma DHT, maintained over a long period, were unable to lower plasma LH in either normal or hypogonadal patients, and 2) in contrast, during the same length of time, high levels of plasma T were perfectly capable of achieving feedback regulation of LH secretion. From these data, it seems unlikely that circulating DHT plays an important role in the physiological regulation of LH secretion.
Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting the “Achilles' Heel” of Androgen Receptor Activity (2011)

Androgen ablation therapy remains the gold standard for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, but unfortunately, it is not curative, and eventually the disease will return as lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Mounting evidence supports the concept that development of CRPC is causally related to continued transactivation of androgen receptor (AR). All current therapies that target the AR are dependent on the presence of its C-terminal ligand-binding domain (LBD). However, it is the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the AR that is the "Achilles' heel" of AR activity, with AF-1 being essential for AR activity regardless of androgen. Recent efforts to develop drugs to the AR NTD have yielded EPI-001, a small molecule, sintokamide peptides, and decoys to the AR NTD with EPI-001, the best characterized and most promising for clinical development based upon specificity, low toxicity, and cytoreductive antitumor activity.
Scheduling Power Consumption With Price Uncertainty (2011)

The problem of causally scheduling power consumption to minimize the expected cost at the consumer side is considered. The price of electricity is assumed to be time-varying. The scheduler has access to past and current prices, but only statistical knowledge about future prices, which it uses to make an optimal decision in each time period. The scheduling problem is naturally cast as a Markov decision process. Algorithms to find decision thresholds for both noninterruptible and interruptible loads under a deadline constraint are then developed. Numerical results suggest that incorporating the statistical knowledge into the scheduling policies can result in significant savings, especially for short tasks. It is demonstrated with real price data from Commonwealth Edison that scheduling with mismatched modeling and online parameter estimation can still provide significant economic advantages to consumers.
Molecular Alterations in Prostate Carcinomas that Associate with In vivo Exposure to Chemotherapy: Identification of a Cytoprotective Mechanism Involving Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (2007)

Consistent molecular alterations were identified in prostate cancer cells exposed to docetaxel and mitoxantrone chemotherapy. These alterations include transcripts encoding cytokines known to be regulated through the nuclear factor-kappaB pathway. Chemotherapy-induced cytokines and growth factors, such as GDF15, contribute to tumor cell therapy resistance and may serve as targets to improve responses.