gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elastomers for Biomedical Applications (1994)

Abstract Over 11 percent of the gross national product of the U.S.A. is currently being spent in areas related to health care. Medical applications of polymers account for about six percent of the dollar sales of processed polymer products, or over three billion dollars annually. Medical devices, consumables, and their packaging are estimated to have used 2.3 billion pounds of polymers in 1992. This paper describes research and development within the biomedical elastomer and rubber segments of this market. Elastomers used in biomedical applications can be roughly divided into three groups; the commodity elastomers that happen to be used in the biomedical field, medical grades of elastomers that are certified for food contact or for short-term physiological contact, and a small group of elastomers that are suitable for longer-term physiological contact or implantation. Although significant from a national perspective, the many uses of commodity elastomers in the medical field will not be discussed in this paper. Some of the additional material requirements that occur when elastomers are employed in contact with biological systems include: more stringent quality control, higher purity, more controlled and cleaner manufacturing facilities, and much more additional paperwork—including information so that traceability is maintained. In most cases, the elastomers must have a degree of biocompatibility. Other specific features may also be needed, such as the ability to be sterilized by gamma irradiation or steam autoclave. Materials that are manufactured with these ends in mind are often called “medical grade.” The number of candidate materials for the high profile, implantable speciality elastomers market is considerably smaller. These elastomers must survive much more rigorous biocompatibility testing and are sometimes optimized for specific properties such as blood compatibility, extraordinary fatigue strength, or controlled biodegradability. Because there are relatively few rubbers or elastomers that are suitable for use in vivo , it is particularly significant that several of the most important of these have been withdrawn from the market because of perceived product liability issues.
Russian Electrical Stimulation: The Early Experiments (2002)

Russian forms of electrical stimulation became popular to a large extent as a result of the activities of Kots, who claimed force gains of up to 40% in elite athletes as a result of what was then a new form of stimulation. He did not provide details of his published work, nor did he give references. Russian electrical stimulation became popular despite the lack of research in the English-language literature. No studies published in English examined whether the "10/50/10" treatment regimen (10 seconds of stimulation followed by 50 seconds rest, repeated for 10 minutes) advocated by Kots is optimal, and only one study addressed whether maximum muscle torque was produced at an alternating current frequency of 2.5 kHz. The few studies that compared low-frequency monophasic pulsed current and Russian electrical stimulation are inconclusive. This article reviews and provides details of the original studies by Kots and co-workers. The authors contend that these studies laid the foundations for the use of Russian forms of electrical stimulation in physical therapy. The authors conclude that there are data in the Russian-language literature that support the use of Russian electrical stimulation but that some questions remain unanswered.
Diameter Command Code Registration for the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Evolved Packet System (EPS) (2009)

This document registers a set of IANA Diameter Command Codes to be
used in new vendor-specific Diameter applications defined for the
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Evolved Packet System
(EPS). These new Diameter applications are defined for MME and SGSN
related interfaces in the Release 8 architecture.
Molecular beam epitaxy of phase pure cubic InN (2006)

Cubic InN layers were grown by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy on 3C-SiC (001) substrates at growth temperatures from 419to490°C. X-ray diffraction investigations show that the layers have zinc blende structure with only a small fraction of wurtzite phase inclusions on the (111) facets of the cubic layer. The full width at half maximum of the c-InN (002) x-ray rocking curve is less than 50arcmin. The lattice constant is 5.01±0.01Å. Low temperature photoluminescence measurements yield a c-InN band gap of 0.61eV. At room temperature the band gap is about 0.56eV and the free electron concentration is about n∼1.7×1019cm−3.
A 1M synapse self-learning digital neural network chip (2002)

New neural network chip architectures that can process neural networks with large-capacity synapse weight in real time are needed to solve real-world problems. Conventional digital neurochips achieve high-speed operation by parallelizing processing on the premise that synapse weights are stored in on-chip memory and can be accessed at high speed. This premise restricts the size of a network and therefore the size of the problem that the chip can handle. To solve this problem, this digital neural network chip uses sparse memory-access (SMA) architecture to eliminate unnecessary external memory access. The chip, together with sixteen 1 Mb external SRAMs, handles a 1M synapse network, 50 times larger than a conventional on-chip memory-based neural network chip can handle. An external RAM access mechanism enables high-speed calculation using data stored in external memory. High-speed on-chip learning using SMA is implemented, another major advantage over previous chips.
Neurotransmitter‐mediated calcium signalling in oligodendrocyte physiology and pathology (2006)

The function of oligodendrocytes is to myelinate CNS axons. Oligodendrocytes and the axons they myelinate are functional units, and neurotransmitters released by axons can influence all stages of oligodendrocyte development via calcium dependent mechanisms. Some of the clearest functional evidence is for adenosine, ATP, and glutamate, which are released by electrically active axons and regulate the migration and proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and their differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes. Glutamate and ATP, released by both axons and astrocytes, continue to mediate Ca(2+) signaling in mature oligodendrocytes, acting via AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors, and heterogeneous P2X and P2Y purinoceptors. Physiological signalling between axons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes is likely to play an important role in myelin maintenance throughout life. Significantly, ATP- and glutamate-mediated Ca(2+) signaling are also major components of oligodendrocyte and myelin damage in numerous pathologies, most notably ischemia, injury, periventricular leukomalacia, and multiple sclerosis. In addition, NG2-expressing glia (synantocytes) in the adult CNS are highly reactive cells that respond rapidly to any CNS insult by a characteristic gliosis, and are able to regenerate oligodendrocytes and possibly neurons. Glutamate and ATP released by neurons and astrocytes evoke Ca(2+) signaling in NG2-glia (synantocytes), and it is proposed these regulate their differentiation capacity and response to injury. In summary, clear roles have been demonstrated for neurotransmitter-mediated Ca(2+) signaling in oligodendrocyte development and pathology. A key issue for future studies is to determine the physiological roles of neurotransmitters in mature oligodendrocytes and NG2-glia (synantocytes).
Hormonoresistance in advanced breast cancer: a new revolution in endocrine therapy (2017)

Endocrine therapy is the mainstay of treatment of estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer with an overall survival benefit. However, some adaptive mechanisms in the tumor emerge leading to the development of a resistance to this therapy. A better characterization of this process is needed to overcome this resistance and to develop new tailored therapies. Mechanisms of resistance to hormone therapy result in activation of transduction signal pathways, including the cell cycle regulation with cyclin D/CDK4/6/Rb pathway. The strategy of combined hormone therapy with targeted agents has shown an improvement of progression-free survival (PFS) in several phase II or III trials, including three different classes of drugs: mTOR inhibitors, PI3K and CDK4/6 inhibitors. A recent phase III trial has shown that fulvestrant combined with a CDK 4/6 inhibitor doubles PFS in aromatase inhibitor-pretreated postmenopausal ER+ breast cancer. Other combinations are ongoing to disrupt the interaction between PI3K/AKT/mTOR and cyclin D/CDK4/6/Rb pathways. Despite these successful strategies, reliable and reproducible biomarkers are needed. Tumor genomics are dynamic over time, and blood-based biomarkers such as circulating tumor DNA represent a major hope to elucidate the adaptive mechanisms of endocrine resistance. The optimal combinations and biomarkers to guide this strategy need to be determined.
Lysosomal Acidification Mechanisms (2011)

Lysosomes, the terminal organelles on the endocytic pathway, digest macromolecules and make their components available to the cell as nutrients. Hydrolytic enzymes specific to a wide range of targets reside within the lysosome; these enzymes are activated by the highly acidic pH (between 4.5 and 5.0) in the organelles' interior. Lysosomes generate and maintain their pH gradients by using the activity of a proton-pumping V-type ATPase, which uses metabolic energy in the form of ATP to pump protons into the lysosome lumen. Because this activity separates electric charge and generates a transmembrane voltage, another ion must move to dissipate this voltage for net pumping to occur. This so-called counterion may be either a cation (moving out of the lysosome) or an anion (moving into the lysosome). Recent data support the involvement of ClC-7, a Cl(-)/H(+) antiporter, in this process, although many open questions remain as to this transporter's involvement. Although functional results also point to a cation transporter, its molecular identity remains uncertain. Both the V-ATPase and the counterion transporter are likely to be important players in the mechanisms determining the steady-state pH of the lysosome interior. Exciting new results suggest that lysosomal pH may be dynamically regulated in some cell types.
Mean-field modeling of thalamocortical dynamics and a model-driven approach to EEG analysis (2011)

Higher brain function depends on task-dependent information flow between cortical regions. Converging lines of evidence suggest that interactions between cortical regions and the central thalamus play a key role in establishing the dynamic patterns of functional connectivity that normally support these processes. In patients with chronic disturbances of cognitive function due to severe brain injury, dysfunction of this circuitry likely plays a crucial role in pathogenesis. However, assaying thalamocortical interactions is challenging even in healthy subjects and more so in severely impaired patients. To approach this problem, we apply a dynamical-systems approach to motivate an analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG). We begin with a model for a single thalamocortical module [Robinson PA, Rennie CJ, Rowe DL (2002) Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 65:041924; Robinson PA, Rennie CJ, Wright JJ, Bourke PD (1998) Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 58:3557-3571]. When two such modules interact via shared thalamic inhibition, multistable behavior emerges; each mode is characterized by a different pattern of coherence between cortical regions. This observation suggests that changing patterns of cortical coherence are a hallmark of normal thalamocortical dynamics. In a preliminary study, we test this idea by analyzing the EEG of a patient with chronic brain injury, who has a marked improvement in behavior and frontal brain metabolism in response to zolpidem. The analysis shows that following zolpidem administration, changing patterns of coherence are identified between the frontal lobes and between frontal and distant brain regions. These observations support the role of the central thalamus in the organization of patterns of cortical interactions and suggest how indexes of thalamocortical dynamics can be extracted from the EEG.
Selection of peptides and synthesis of pentameric peptabody molecules reacting specifically with ErbB-2 receptor (2001)

The HER-2/ErbB-2 oncoprotein is overexpressed in human breast and ovarian adenocarcinomas and is clearly associated with the malignant phenotype. Although no specific ligand for this receptor has been positively identified, ErbB-2 was shown to play a central role in a network of interactions with the related ErbB-1, ErbB-3 and ErbB-4 receptors. We have selected new peptides binding to ErbB-2 extracellular domain protein (ECD) by screening 2 newly developed constrained and unconstrained random hexapeptide phage libraries. Out of 37 phage clones, which bound specifically to ErbB-2 ECD, we found 6 constrained and 10 linear different hexapeptide sequences. Among the latter, 5 consensus motifs, all with a common methionine and a positively charged residue at positions 1 and 3, respectively, were identified. Furthermore, 3 representative hexapeptides were fused to a coiled-coil pentameric recombinant protein to form the so-called peptabodies recently developed in our laboratory. The 3 peptabodies bound specifically to the ErbB-2 ECD, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and BIAcore analysis and to tumor cells overexpressing ErbB-2, as shown by flow cytometry. Interestingly, one of the free selected linear peptides and all 3 peptabodies inhibited the proliferation of tumor cells overexpressing ErbB-2. In conclusion, a novel type of ErbB-2-specific ligand is described that might complement presently available monoclonal antibodies.
Implementation issues in spectrum sensing for cognitive radios (2005)

There are new system implementation challenges involved in the design of cognitive radios, which have both the ability to sense the spectral environment and the flexibility to adapt transmission parameters to maximize system capacity while coexisting with legacy wireless networks. The critical design problem is the need to process multigigahertz wide bandwidth and reliably detect presence of primary users. This places severe requirements on sensitivity, linearity and dynamic range of the circuitry in the RF front-end. To improve radio sensitivity of the sensing function through processing gain we investigated three digital signal processing techniques: matched filtering, energy detection and cyclostationary feature detection. Our analysis shows that cyclostationary feature detection has advantages due to its ability to differentiate modulated signals, interference and noise in low signal to noise ratios. In addition, to further improve the sensing reliability, the advantage of a MAC protocol that exploits cooperation among many cognitive users is investigated.
Activation and inhibition of calcium‐dependent histamine secretion by ATP ions applied to rat mast cells. (1979)

1. The concentration dependence on ATP of mast cell histamine secretion in the presence of various concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+ confirms that the agonist form of ATP is the free form of ATP (ATP(free) not bound to divalent cations, i.e. ATP4-. It induces 50% activation at about 1.2 microM, maximal secretion at about 2.7 microM and 50% self-inhibition at about 4.4 microM. 2. The divalent cations Mg2+ and Ca2+ were used to buffer ATP(tree) in the range 1-8 microM in the presence of much higher concentrations of ATP(total). In addition to its effect as a buffer for ATP, Ca2+ is required for secretion. 3. With ATP(free) at 1 microM, the time-course of histamine secretion is characterized by a delay of about 10 min before secretion commences. With increasing concentration of ATP(free) the delay becomes shorter (less than 5 min with ATP(free) at 2 microM). 4. Secretion commences promptly on addition of Ca2+ to cells which have been pretreated with low concentrations of ATP(free) (less than 2 microM). This observation suggests that the delay normally observed represents the time taken for Ca2+ sensitivity to develop (i.e. probably the time taken for Ca2+ channels to open). 5. Late addition of Ca2+ to cells pretreated with higher concentrations of ATP(free) (greater than 2 microM) results in a reduced amount of histamine secretion compared with that which normally occurs. This reduction (which increases with time of exposure to ATP) and the self-inhibition due to higher concentrations of ATP(free) may be two facets of a common inhibitory mechanism. 6. These results are discussed in the light of other experiments which show that mast cells treated with ATP(free) at self-inhibitory concentrations become permeable to phosphorylated metabolites and nucleotides.
Impact of cryopreservation on serum concentration of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-7, TIMP-1, vascular growth factors (VEGF) and VEGF-R2 in Biobank samples (2010)

The stability of MMP-7, TIMP-1, VEGF or VEGF-receptor in biobanking is highly variable, and this should be taken into account in the interpretation of results. A temperature -20°C is unsuitable for prolonged storage of the biomarkers investigated, and repeated thawing of sera is not recommended. VEGF is especially unstable and should be quantitated using serum that has never been frozen.
U. Magnus, Wiener Un-Kaufrecht (CISG). Red. H. Honsell. Monograph part of J. von Staudingers Kommentar zum Burgerlichen Gesetzbuch mit Einfuhrungsgesetz und Nebengesetzen - 13 Bearb. 1994, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 1994, XVII + 781 p., ISBN 3-8059-0840-7. (1996)

U. Magnus, Wiener Un-Kaufrecht (CISG). Red. H. Honsell. Monograph part of J. von Staudingers Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch mit Einführungsgesetz und Nebengesetzen – 13 Bearb. 1994, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 1994, XVII + 781 p., ISBN 3-8059-0840-7. Get access U. Magnus, Wiener Un-Kaufrecht (CISG). Red. H. Honsell. Monograph part of J. von Staudingers Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch mit Einführungsgesetz und Nebengesetzen – 13 Bearb. 1994, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 1994, XVII + 781 p., ISBN 3-8059-0840-7. Lena Peters Lena Peters Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Uniform Law Review, Volume 1, Issue 1, January 1996, Page 192, https://doi.org/10.1093/ulr/1.1.192 Published: 01 January 1996
ADP-ribosyl cyclase: an enzyme that cyclizes NAD+ into a calcium-mobilizing metabolite. (1991)

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a metabolite of NAD+ that is as active as inositol trisphosphate (IP3) in mobilizing intracellular Ca2+ in sea urchin eggs. The activity of the enzyme responsible for synthesizing cADPR is found not only in sea urchin eggs but also in various mammalian tissue extracts, suggesting that cADPR may be a general messenger for Ca2+ mobilization in cells. An aqueous soluble enzyme, thought to be an NADase, has been purified recently from the ovotestis of Aplysia californica (Hellmich and Strumwasser, 1991). This paper shows that the Aplysia enzyme catalyzes the conversion of NAD+ to cADPR and nicotinamide. The Aplysia enzyme was purified by fractionating the soluble extract of Aplysia ovotestis on a Spectra/gel CM column. The purified enzyme appeared as a single band of approximately 29,000 Da on SDS-PAGE but could be further separated into multiple peaks by high-resolution, cation-exchange chromatography. All of the protein peaks had enzymatic activity, indicating that the enzyme had multiple forms differing by charge. Analysis of the reaction products of the enzyme by anion-exchange high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated no ADP-ribose was produced; instead, each mole of NAD+ was converted to equimolar of cADPR and nicotinamide. The identification of the product as cADPR was further substantiated by proton NMR and also by its Ca(2+)-mobilizing activity. Addition of the product to sea urchin egg homogenates induced Ca2+ release and desensitized the homogenate to authentic cADPR but not to IP3. Microinjection of the product into sea urchin eggs elicited Ca2+ transients as well as the cortical exocytosis reaction. Therefore, by the criteria of HPLC, NMR, and calcium-mobilizing activity, the product was identical to cADPR. To distinguish the Aplysia enzyme from the conventional NADases that produce ADP-ribose, we propose to name it ADP-ribosyl cyclase.
Clinical Scale Zinc Finger Nuclease-mediated Gene Editing of PD-1 in Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes for the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma (2015)

Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is expressed on activated T cells and represents an attractive target for gene-editing of tumor targeted T cells prior to adoptive cell transfer (ACT). We used zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) directed against the gene encoding human PD-1 (PDCD-1) to gene-edit melanoma tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). We show that our clinical scale TIL production process yielded efficient modification of the PD-1 gene locus, with an average modification frequency of 74.8% (n = 3, range 69.9-84.1%) of the alleles in a bulk TIL population, which resulted in a 76% reduction in PD-1 surface-expression. Forty to 48% of PD-1 gene-edited cells had biallelic PD-1 modification. Importantly, the PD-1 gene-edited TIL product showed improved in vitro effector function and a significantly increased polyfunctional cytokine profile (TNFα, GM-CSF, and IFNγ) compared to unmodified TIL in two of the three donors tested. In addition, all donor cells displayed an effector memory phenotype and expanded approximately 500-2,000-fold in vitro. Thus, further study to determine the efficiency and safety of adoptive cell transfer using PD-1 gene-edited TIL for the treatment of metastatic melanoma is warranted.
Fundamental of Sequence System (2013)

It is a most advantage international level discovery for physics and technology. It solve many problems based on several field of life such as physical education, science, corporate world, engineering, industrial state, space science, mathematics, nuclear science, administration field, pre-planning, management and computer science etc. It is more easy and its representation is so more easy. We can easly provided this system in calculator, computer and many other technology based product.