gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of climate change and variability on the global oceanic sink of CO2 (2010)

About one quarter of the CO 2 emitted to the atmosphere by human activities is absorbed annually by the ocean. All the processes that influence the oceanic uptake of CO 2 are controlled by climate. Hence changes in climate (both natural and human‐induced) are expected to alter the uptake of CO 2 by the ocean. However, available information that constrains the direction, magnitude, or rapidity of the response of ocean CO 2 to changes in climate is limited. We present an analysis of oceanic CO 2 trends for 1981 to 2007 from data and a model. Our analysis suggests that the global ocean responded to recent changes in climate by outgassing some preindustrial carbon, in part compensating the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO 2 . Using a model, we estimate that climate change and variability reduced the CO 2 uptake by 12% compared to a simulation where constant climate is imposed, and offset 63% of the trend in response to increasing atmospheric CO 2 alone. The response is caused by changes in wind patterns and ocean warming, with important nonlinear effects that amplify the response of oceanic CO 2 to changes in climate by &gt; 30%.
Anisotropic Decoration of Gold Nanoparticles onto Specific Crystal Faces of Organic Single Crystals (2006)

Face to face: The hexagonal {001} or {00} faces of single crystals of L-cystine were selectively decorated by dipping them into a solution of gold nanoparticles (see picture). The selectivity results from an anisotropic molecular packing of L-cystine in the single crystal.
COMPARISON OF THE FREEZE/THAW CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTARCTIC COD (DISSOSTICHUS MAWSONI) AND BLACK COD (PARANOTOTHENIA AUGUSTATA) — POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF ANTIFREEZE GLYCOPROTEINS (1994)

ABSTRACT The physical and sensory characteristics of frozen/thawed flesh from Antarctic and Black Cod were compared as a guide to the possible role of antifreeze proteins. These proteins are present in the serum of the former species, but not the latter. Thermal hysteresis and spicule formation were demonstrated in purified extracts from Antarctic Cod muscle, indicating that antifreeze glycoproteins were present. These phenomena were not observed in Black Cod extracts. Thin sections of Antarctic Cod muscle at — 10C exhibited many small ice crystals with well‐expressed prism faces and evidence of spicular growth. With Black Cod sections, no spicular growth was evident. Clearly only Antarctic Cod muscle contained significant quantities of antifreeze glycoproteins. Black Cod muscle had a greater drip loss (8.5%) than Antarctic Cod (3.5%) following freeze/thaw. After 3 weeks frozen storage, thawed Antarctic Cod had a firmer texture than Black Cod and panelists found Antarctic Cod samples to be more flaky, juicier with a greater overall acceptability. Antifreeze proteins within muscle foods may reduce damage during frozen storage by inhibiting recrystallization.
Reduction of oxidative stress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis following pramipexole treatment (2003)

Oxidative abnormalities have been identified both in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) and the more prevalent sporadic ALS (SALS). Mitochondrial dysfunction and toxic free radicals may play a role in this disease process, although the exact pathogenesis of both forms of ALS remains unknown. 2,3‐DHBA is a hydroxylated salicylate byproduct that has been shown to be a reliable marker of increased free radical activity and is reliably assayed by HPLC. Following an oral salicylate load, we found elevated serum levels of 2, 3‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,3‐DHBA) and DHBA/salicylate in SALS subjects. Pramipexole has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and be neuroprotective in cell and animal models of neurodegeneration. We studied 12 SALS patients to determine the levels of 2,3‐DHBA both before and after treatment with pramipexole. We found that pramipexole treatment up to 6 mg/day was well tolerated. The mean 2,3‐DHBA serum levels were reduced by 45% and DHBA/salicylate ratios declined by 59% following treatment with pramipexole.SALS patients show apparent increases in systemic oxygen radical production that are reduced by pramipexole treatment at conventional doses, suggesting that pramipexole or related compounds may interrupt free radical production in SALS.
Nuclear spin relaxation by intermolecular magnetic dipole coupling in the gas phase. 129Xe in oxygen (1988)

The nuclear spin relaxation times (T1) of 129Xe in xenon–O2 gas mixtures have been measured as a function of temperature and density at different magnetic fields. This system is used to characterize the intermolecular dipolar relaxation of nuclear spins in the gas phase. An empirical Boltzmann-averaged collision cross section associated with the collision-induced transitions between 129Xe nuclear spin states is obtained as a function of temperature.
Abstract CT039: Cyclin E1 (CCNE1) expression associates with benefit from palbociclib in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in the PALOMA3 trial (2018)

Abstract BACKGROUND: The CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in combination with fulvestrant (F) improved progression-free survival (PFS) vs F alone in previously-treated MBC. Prior pre-clinical research, and the NeoPalAna window study, identified high CCNE1 expression as a potential palbociclib resistance marker. We conducted large panel gene expression analysis of baseline tumor tissue to identify biomarkers (BMs) that predicted the relative benefit of palbociclib. METHODS: The PALOMA3 trial randomized 521 patients (pts) with endocrine-pretreated MBC to receive palbociclib + F or placebo (PBO) + F. All pts, except bone only or early relapse, provided FFPE tissue taken from recurrent disease. EdgeSeq Oncology BM Panel (HTG Molecular Diagnostics) was used for mRNA profiling, assessing 2534 cancer related genes. Primary objective was to evaluate the association of cell cycle pathway with palbociclib + F vs F alone treatment effect by using gene expression as a continuous variable or dichotomization by median level with Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: 302 pts had tumor tissue analyzed (194/347 [56%] palbociclib + F; 108/174 [62%] PBO+F). The BM and overall populations had similar treatment effect. Benefit from palbociclib was greater in patients with low tumor CCNE1 expression (median PFS: palbociclib + F 14.1 mo vs PBO+F 4.8 mo, HR 0.32) than high tumor CCNE1 expression (palbociclib + F 7.6 mo vs PBO+F 4.0 mo; HR 0.85) (interaction p=0.0024). Similar results were observed with CCNE1 as a continuous variable (interaction p=0.0008). Expression levels of CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D1 and RB1 did not associate with benefit from palbociclib, and both luminal A and B tumors derived benefit from palbociclib. In exploratory analysis, high E2F-regulon expression predicted for relative resistance to palbociclib. CONCLUSION: Higher expression of CCNE1 was associated with relative resistance to palbociclib, although all biomarker groups derived benefit from treatment. This data supports CDK2 as the key bypass kinase of CDK4/6 inhibition, and potential to target CDK2 to subvert resistance. Sponsor: Pfizer Citation Format: Nicholas C. Turner, Yuan Liu, Zhou Zhu, Sherene Loi, Marco Colleoni, Sibylle Loibl, Angela DeMichele, Nadia Harbeck, Fabrice André, Zhe Zhang, Carla Giorgetti, Cynthia Huang Bartlett, Massimo Cristofanilli. Cyclin E1 (CCNE1) expression associates with benefit from palbociclib in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in the PALOMA3 trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr CT039.
Analysis of the expression of critical activation/interaction markers on peripheral blood T cells in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: evidence of immune dysregulation (2001)

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) is characterized by an accumulation of clonal malignant B cells. The intrinsic characteristics that permit this accumulation have been extensively studied and described. However, it is possible that proliferation and survival of this malignant clone is facilitated by a disruption in the interaction between B and T cells that normally regulate the immune system. In this study, using flow cytometry and cell culture techniques, marked abnormalities of the expression of certain key activation and interaction molecules on the peripheral blood T cells of patients with B-CLL were demonstrated. In particular, on comparison with normal controls, there was a marked reduction in the number of circulating T cells expressing CD25 (interleukin 2 receptor) (P = 0.007), CD28 (P = 0.01) and CD152 (CTLA-4) (P = 0.001). There was also a reduction in the number of circulating T cells expressing CD4 (P = 0.03), CD5 (P = 0.05) and CD11a (P = 0.01). There was no difference in the number expressing T-cell receptor alphabeta (P = 0.1), CD8 (P = 0.4), CD54 (P = 0.4) and CD154 (P = 0.5), and the only marker expressed on a greater number of circulating T cells in B-CLL patients was HLA-DR (P = 0.05). These results suggest that there is a profound T-cell dysregulation that may contribute to the survival of the malignant B cells in patients with B-CLL and to the related autoimmune phenomena of the disease.
Identification of a Ca2+-Pectate Binding Site on an Apoplastic Peroxidase (2001)

An apoplastic isoperoxidase from zucchini (APRX) was shown to bind strongly to polygalacturonic acid in their Ca(2)+-induced conformation. By homology modeling, we were able to identify a motif of four clustered arginines (positions 117, 262, 268, and 271) that could be responsible for this binding. To verify the role of these arginine residues in the binding process, we prepared three mutants of APRX (M1, R117S; M2, R262Q/R268S; and M3, R262Q/R268S/R271Q). APRX and the three mutants were expressed as recombinant glycoproteins by the baculovirus-insect cell system. This procedure yielded four active enzymes with similar molecular masses that were tested for their ability to bind Ca(2)+-pectate. Recombinant wild-type APRX exhibited an affinity for the pectic structure comparable to that of the native plant isoperoxidase. The mutations impaired binding depending on the number of arginine residues that were replaced. M1 and M2 showed intermediate affinities, whereas M3 did not bind at all. This was demonstrated using an in vitro binding test and on cell walls of hypocotyl cross-sections. It can be concluded that APRX bears a Ca(2)+-pectate binding site formed by four clustered arginines. This site could ensure that APRX is properly positioned in cell walls, using unesterified domains of pectins as a scaffold.
The invisible helping hand: The role of communication in the health and social service professions (1984)

Communication research in the health and social service professions is delimited and discussed. Research areas include: doctor‐patient communication; nurse‐patient communication; communication with the elderly and in health organizations; health information acquisition and health campaigns; and communication concerns of social workers and family counselors. Overall, the research tends to be problem‐oriented, but simplistically conceptualized. As a result, it does not provide enough assistance to the professional. The research appears to reveal a prejudice of the researchers, as well—the blame for problematic interaction lies with the professional rather than the dyad. The small amount of research in the social services may be due to the lack of interest of communicologists in the problems facing, as Hubert Humphrey called them, those in the shadows of life.
Text compression using a 4 bit coding scheme (1981)

The most frequently used words in natural or printed English are found unexpectedly to contain only an average proportion of the most frequently used letters. This independence of the word and letter frequency distributions is used to minimise the number of bits necessary to code natural English text. It is shown that mean bit rates of less than 4 per character can be achieved for text using the full ASCII set of 96 characters, by combining a variable bit length representation of each character with a character combination dictionary of a 100 or more common words. A simple practical scheme is presented which uses, 4, 8 or 12 bits to code the characters and dictionary words. Using this scheme with a 205 word dictionary, a mean code rate of 3.87 bits per character is achieved. It is indicated how even this rate might be improved with a larger dictionary or by basing the dictionary on the more numerous word prefixes.
Modified FOLFIRINOX for Locally Advanced and Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer Patients Resistant to Gemcitabine and S-1 in Japan: A Single Institutional Experience. (2014)

mFOLFIRINOX was moderately effective in locally advanced or metastatic PC patients after the failure of both GEM and S-1.
Porous polycrystalline silicon: a new material for MEMS (1994)

A new technique for the fabrication of thin patterned layers of porous polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) and surface micromachined structures is presented. First, a multilayer structure of polysilicon between two layers of low-stress silicon nitride is prepared on a wafer of silicon. Electrochemical anodization with an external cathode takes place in an RF solution. A window in the outer nitride layer provides contact between the polysilicon and the HF solution; the polysilicon layer contacts the substrate through openings in the lower silicon nitride layer (remote from the upper windows). Porous polysilicon growth in the lateral direction is found at rates as high as 15 /spl mu/m min/sup -1/ in 12M (25%, wgt) HF to be controlled by surface-reaction kinetics. A change in morphology occurs when either the anodic potential is raised or the HF concentration is decreased, causing the polysilicon to be electropolished. The etch front advances proportionally to the square root of time as expected for a mass-transport-controlled process. Similar behavior is observed in HF anodic reactions of single-crystal silicon. Dissolution of the polysilicon layer is confirmed using profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. Enclosed cavities (chambers surrounded by porous plugs) are formed by alternating between pore formation and uniform dissolution. Porous polysilicon also forms over a broad-area layer of polycrystalline silicon that has been deposited without overcoating the silicon wafer with a thin film of silicon nitride. The resulting porous layer may be useful for gas-absorption purposes in ultrasonic sensors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
SPR for molecular interaction analysis: a review of emerging application areas (2004)

PubMed searches identified four emerging application areas for surface plasmon resonance systems. Food analysis, proteomics, immunogenicity and drug discovery. These application areas are reviewed. In connection with the review of drug discovery applications a case study is presented. This study demonstrates the value of combining results from drug-target and ADME predictive assays for compound selection.
Introduction: Special Issue on Law (2012)

Just as ensuring civil liberties for all requires eternal vigilance, so combating antisemitism is a never-ending quest. But the continuous monitoring of antisemitic incidents—a critical exercise that this journal painstakingly reflects in its “Antisemitica” feature—is merely the beginning of the everlasting effort to limit them. Bigotry comes in many guises and is a constantly evolving target, exposing the limitations of law and the frustrations of justice. Thus, even in civilized societies where equality under the law is a guiding principle, legal remedies for discrimination are insufficient in and of themselves. They must be accompanied by purposeful good-will and a firm and rational determination to triumph over humanity’s basest instincts. This issue of the JSA is devoted to how that resolve may best be nurtured.
The Relationship Between Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Asthma (2014)

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lung that is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Most infants who experience wheezing episodes also exhibit evidence of an ongoing respiratory viral infection. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children and is a common cause of wheezing in infants and young children. In the past several decades, a number of studies have demonstrated a relationship between infants with severe RSV infections and the subsequent development of asthma later during childhood. This review provides an overview of data that suggests a severe RSV infection early in childhood is linked to development of asthma later in life. In addition, the current and potential future use of various animal models to gain additional insight into the relationship between RSV and asthma is discussed.
Secretion of a soluble, chimeric gamma delta T-cell receptor-immunoglobulin heterodimer. (1992)

Soluble derivatives of T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs) should prove invaluable for studying the interaction of these receptors with antigens and major histocompatibility complex molecules, for structural studies, and for the identification of unknown ligands. We have engineered chimeric proteins, containing the extracellular domains of the mouse V gamma 1.1-C gamma 4 and V delta 6.2-C delta (V, variable; C, constant) TCR chains fused to the hinge region, CH2 (H, heavy), and CH3 domains of human IgG1 heavy chain, and expressed them by transient transfection in COS cells. We show here that TCR gamma-IgH and TCR delta-IgH chimeric chains are produced intracellularly in significant amounts, that the two chains can assemble correctly to form disulfide-linked, glycosylated heterodimers, and that a selective mechanism allows secretion of correctly paired receptor chains into the medium. Identity of the chimeric secreted TCR gamma delta-IgH heterodimer was confirmed by immunoblot analysis using V gamma 1-specific anti-peptide antiserum and immunoprecipitation analysis using the monoclonal antibody UC7, which is shown to be specific for the TCR delta chain. In addition, the soluble TCR gamma delta-IgH heterodimer can be immunoprecipitated with the anti-clonotypic monoclonal antibody F10/56, which suggests that the fusion protein likely has a structural conformation similar to that of the native TCR. The COS cell expression system may prove useful for the production of additional TCR-IgH fusion proteins.
Proteasome Inhibitors Block a Late Step in Lysosomal Transport of Selected Membrane but not Soluble Proteins (2001)

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway acts as a regulator of the endocytosis of selected membrane proteins. Recent evidence suggests that it may also function in the intracellular trafficking of membrane proteins. In this study, several models were used to address the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in sorting of internalized proteins to the lysosome. We found that lysosomal degradation of ligands, which remain bound to their receptors within the endocytic pathway, is blocked in the presence of specific proteasome inhibitors. In contrast, a ligand that dissociates from its receptor upon endosome acidification is degraded under the same conditions. Quantitative electron microscopy showed that neither the uptake nor the overall distribution of the endocytic marker bovine serum albumin-gold is substantially altered in the presence of a proteasome inhibitor. The data suggest that the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is involved in an endosomal sorting step of selected membrane proteins to lysosomes, thereby providing a mechanism for regulated degradation.
Erratum: Engineering ap+ipsuperconductor: Comparison of topological insulator and Rashba spin-orbit-coupled materials [Phys. Rev. B83, 184520 (2011)] (2011)

In this erratum, we revisit the issue of bulk-disorder on proposals to realize an effective p+ip superconductor from spin-orbit coupled materials. Contrary to the claim in [Phys. Rev. B 83, 184520 (2011)], we show that the pair breaking effects of bulk-disorder are negligible, and that bulk disorder does not suppress the induced superconductivity. This argument does not apply to our conclusions regarding impurities residing in the spin-orbit coupled material or disorder at the interface to the bulk superconductor, both of which tend to suppress superconductivity unless spin-orbit coupling is large.
Bacillus anthracis , Bacillus cereus , and Bacillus thuringiensis —One Species on the Basis of Genetic Evidence (2000)

Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis are members of the Bacillus cereus group of bacteria, demonstrating widely different phenotypes and pathological effects. B. anthracis causes the acute fatal disease anthrax and is a potential biological weapon due to its high toxicity. B. thuringiensis produces intracellular protein crystals toxic to a wide number of insect larvae and is the most commonly used biological pesticide worldwide. B. cereus is a probably ubiquitous soil bacterium and an opportunistic pathogen that is a common cause of food poisoning. In contrast to the differences in phenotypes, we show by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and by sequence analysis of nine chromosomal genes that B. anthracis should be considered a lineage of B. cereus. This determination is not only a formal matter of taxonomy but may also have consequences with respect to virulence and the potential of horizontal gene transfer within the B. cereus group.
Effect of supplementation with tomato juice, vitamin E, and vitamin C on LDL oxidation and products of inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes. (2000)

This study indicates that consumption of commercial tomato juice increases plasma lycopene levels and the intrinsic resistance of LDL to oxidation almost as effectively as supplementation with a high dose of vitamin E, which also decreases plasma levels of C-RP, a risk factor for myocardial infarction, in patients with diabetes. These findings may be relevant to strategies aimed at reducing risk of myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes.
Distribution of mRNA that codes for 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows (2004)

Relative concentrations of mRNA that code for 5-HTRs differ among locations in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. Understanding differences in the distribution of 5-HTRs in healthy cattle and cattle with gastrointestinal tract disease may lead to improved therapeutic approaches for abomasal and cecal motility disorders.
Importance of oxygen-haemoglobin binding to oxygen transport in congestive heart failure. (1993)

In patients with severe heart failure increased 2,3-DPG and reduced oxygen-haemoglobin binding may be compensatory mechanisms that maintain adequate systemic and delivery of oxygen to myocardial tissue.
Density-Induced Interchange of Anisotropy Axes at Half-Filled High Landau Levels (2002)

We observe density-induced $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ rotations of the anisotropy axes in transport measurements at half-filled high Landau levels in the two dimensional electron system, where stripe states are proposed ( $\ensuremath{\nu}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}9/2$, $11/2$, etc.). Using a field effect transistor, we find the transition density to be $2.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{11}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ at $\ensuremath{\nu}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}9/2$. Hysteresis is observed in the vicinity of the transition. We construct a phase boundary in the filling factor magnetic field plane in the regime $4.4&lt;\ensuremath{\nu}&lt;4.6$. An in-plane magnetic field applied along either anisotropy axis always stabilizes the low density orientation of the stripes.