gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity in Lymphokine Profiles of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells and Clones Activated in vivo and in vitro (1991)

Analysis of lymphokine mRNA expression and protein secretion by about 100 short-term alloreactive T-cell clones revealed marked heterogeneity in the combinations of lymphokines synthesized. This finding argues against a simple model in which T cells express either an unrestricted (Th0) or a restricted (Th1 or Th2) lymphokine profile. Lymphokine titers appeared to be normally distributed, with the percentage of positive clones for any one product determined by the threshold of detection. Accordingly, the observation that CD4+ clones on average produced higher titers of most lymphokines than CD8+ clones indicated that apparent differences between the lymphokine profiles of these two subsets were quantitative rather than qualitative. Patterns of lymphokine gene expression detected in whole tissues or by analysis of single cells and clones were markedly influenced by in vivo priming. Relative levels of expression of IL-4, IFN-gamma and GM-CSF in lymphoid tissues differed in mice undergoing a GvHR or following contact sensitization with OX or immunization with KLH in adjuvant. Consistent with the finding that IL-4 was the major lymphokine mRNA detected in lymph nodes of KLH-primed mice, most short-term KLH-specific clones derived from such mice also expressed IL-4. A similar approach to the detection of lymphokine-secreting T-cell precursors activated late in L. major infection showed that most clones from the L. major-resistant strain, C57BL/6, secreted IFN-gamma without IL-4 whereas most clones from the susceptible strain, BALB/c, secreted IL-4 without IFN-gamma. Differences were also noted in anti-CD3-induced IL-3 production at the single-cell level between CD8+ cells activated in the GvHR or against a tumor allograft. Con A-induced, filler cell-dependent cloning of CD4+ T cells from unprimed mice gave rise both to IFN-gamma-producing and to IL-4-producing clones. A requirement for an undefined, filler cell-dependent signal for development of IL-4-secreting clones was suggested by the finding that clones of normal CD4+ and CD8+ T cells activated in an anti-CD3-induced, filler cell-free system exclusively produced IFN-gamma and IL-3 without detectable IL-4 or IL-6. With a view to developing a single-cell approach to the analysis of lymphokine profiles of in vivo-activated T cells, sensitive assays for IL-3 and other lymphokines were used to measure secreting cells activated in the GvHR or against a tumor allograft.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Dendronized supramolecular polymers self‐assembled from dendritic ionic liquids (2009)

Abstract The synthesis, structural, and retrostructural analysis of a library of self‐assembling dendrons containing triethyl and tripropyl ammonium, pyridinium and 3‐methylimidazolium chloride, tetrafluoroborate, and hexafluorophosphate at their apex are reported. These dendritic ionic liquids self‐assemble into supramolecular columns or spheres which self‐organize into 2D hexagonal or rectangular and 3D cubic or tetragonal liquid crystalline and crystalline lattices. Structural analysis by X‐ray diffraction experiments demonstrated the self‐assembly of supramolecular dendrimers containing columnar and spherical nanoscale ionic liquid reactors segregated in their core. Both in the supramolecular columns and spheres the noncovalent interactions mediated by the ionic liquid provide a supramolecular polymer and therefore, these assemblies represent a new class of dendronized supramolecular polymers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4165–4193, 2009
Performance analysis of parallel programs via message-passing graph traversal (2006)

The ability to understand the factors contributing to parallel program performance are vital for understanding the impact of machine parameters on the performance of specific applications. We propose a methodology for analyzing the performance characteristics of parallel programs based, on message-passing traces of their execution on a set of processors. Using this methodology, we explore how perturbations in both single processor performance and the messaging layer impact the performance of the traced run. This analysis provides a quantitative description of the sensitivity of applications to a variety of performance parameters to better understand the range of systems upon which an application can be expected to perform well. These performance parameters include operating system, interference and variability in message latencies within the interconnection network layer.
PARTICIPATION OF THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM IN THE ROD OUTER SEGMENT RENEWAL PROCESS (1969)

The disposal phase of the retinal rod outer segment renewal process has been studied by radioautography in adult frogs injected with tritiated amino acids. Shortly after injection, newly formed radioactive protein is incorporated into disc membranes which are assembled at the base of the rod outer segment. During the following 2 months, these labeled discs are progressively displaced along the outer segment owing to the repeated formation of newer discs. When the labeled membranes reach the end of the outer segment, they are detached from it. They subsequently may be identified in inclusion bodies within the pigment epithelium by virtue of their content of radioactivity. These inclusions have been termed phagosomes. Disc membrane formation is a continuous process, but the detachment of groups of discs occurs intermittently. The detached outer segment fragments become deformed, compacted, undergo chemical changes, and are displaced within the pigment epithelium. Ultimately, the material contained in the phagosomes is eliminated from the cell. In this manner the pigment epithelium participates actively in the disposal phase of the rod outer segment renewal process.
Microcontact Printing of Alkanephosphonic Acids on Aluminum:  Pattern Transfer by Wet Chemical Etching (1999)

Microcontact printing (μCP) has been used to pattern octadecanephosphonic acid on the native oxide surface film of aluminum supported on silicon or on silicon nitride-coated silicon wafers. The patterned alkanephosphonic acid protects the Al2O3/Al film from etching in a solution containing phosphoric, acetic, and nitric acids and water in a ratio of 16:1:1:2 and allows the nonpatterned film to be removed selectively. The patterned Al2O3/Al structures resulting from etching are continuous and electrically conductive within each pattern, and separated patterns are electrically isolated. Resistance measurements of the patterned structures are presented. Using μCP, Schottky diodes of aluminum have been prepared on p-type Si(100). The Schottky diodes exhibit rectifying behavior, and the forward-bias current−voltage (I−V) and reverse-bias capacitance−voltage (C−V) characteristics are presented.
Binding in the growth hormone receptor complex. (1996)

Binding reactions between human growth hormone (hGH) and its receptor provide a detailed account of how a polypeptide hormone activates its receptor and more generally how proteins interact. Through high-resolution structural and functional studies it is seen that hGH uses two different sites (site 1 and site 2) to bind two identical receptor molecules. This sequential dimerization reaction activates the receptor, presumably by bringing the intracellular domains into close proximity so they may activate cytosolic components. As a consequence of this mechanism it is possible to build antagonists to the receptor by introducing mutations in hGH that block binding at site 2 and to build even more potent antagonists by combining these with mutants that enhance binding at site 1. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis of all contact residues at the site 1 interface shows that only a small and complementary set of side chains clustered near the center of the interface affects binding. The most important contacts are hydrophobic, and these are surrounded by polar and charged interactions of lesser importance. Kinetic analysis shows for the most part that the important side chains function to maintain the complex, not to guide the hormone to the receptor. Hormone-induced homodimerization or heterodimerization reactions are turning out to be pervasive mechanisms for signal transduction. Moreover, the molecular recognition principles seen in the hGH-receptor complex are likely to generalize to other protein-protein complexes.
Polythioamide and poly(1,3,4-thiadiazole) synthesis from dimethyl tetrathioterephthalate (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolythioamide and poly(1,3,4-thiadiazole) synthesis from dimethyl tetrathioterephthalateIsabelle Delfanne and Guy LevesqueCite this: Macromolecules 1989, 22, 6, 2589–2592Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00196a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00196a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views310Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ueber sulfonirte Buttersäuren (1899)

R. Otto') hat durch Einwirkung von sulfinsauren Salzen auf halogensubstituirte Fettsauren Sulfonderivate von der Essigsaure und der Propionsaure dargestellt und dieselben eingehender untersucht.D a derartige sulfonirte Verbindungen von
The economic impact of ophthalmic services for persons with diabetes in the Canadian Province of Nova Scotia: 1993–1996 (2001)

Over the period reviewed, ophthalmic costs rose by a factor 3.2 greater than that observed for goods and services captured by the Canadian Consumer Price Index. Further analyses over a longer follow-up period are required to definitively establish whether or not there is a long-term upward trend in ophthalmic costs.
A 1.9 M-pixel poly-Si TFT-LCD for HD and computer-data projectors (1995)

A 3.3-inch 1.9 M-pixel poly-Si TFT-LCD for high-definition and computer-data projectors has been developed. This LCD is able to display both full-band HD signals and computer data. This unique applicability is realized by adapting novel CMOS decoder circuits integrated on the substrate. By arranging these decoder circuits on both sides of the panel, effective redundancy is also realized. An oxidation thinning process and a low-resistance tungsten-polycide gate electrode are used in fabricating the poly-Si TFTs, and n-channel MOS-TFT mobility of 160 cm/sup 2//Vs was realized. A horizontal resolution of 1000 TV lines mid a contrast ratio of 200:1 is achieved.
WF/sup 2/Q: worst-case fair weighted fair queueing (2002)

The generalized processor sharing (GPS) discipline is proven to have two desirable properties: (a) it can provide an end-to-end bounded-delay service to a session whose traffic is constrained by a leaky bucket; (b) it can ensure fair allocation of bandwidth among all back logged sessions regardless of whether or not their traffic is constrained. The former property is the basis for supporting guaranteed service traffic while the later property is important for supporting best-effort service traffic. Since GPS uses an idealized fluid model which cannot be realized in the real world, various packet approximation algorithms of the GPS have been proposed. Among these, weighted fair queueing (WFQ) also known as packet generalized processor sharing (PGPS) has been considered to be the best one in terms of accuracy. In particular, it has been proven that the delay bound provided by WFQ is within one packet transmission time of that provided by GPS. We show that, contrary to popular belief there could be large discrepancies between the services provided by the packet WFQ system and the fluid GPS system. We argue that such a discrepancy will adversely effect many congestion control algorithms that rely on services similar to those provided by GPS. A new packet approximation algorithm of GPS called worst-case fair weighted fair queueing (WF/sup 2/Q) is proposed. The service provided by WF/sup 2/Q is almost identical to that of GPS, differing no more than one maximum size packet.
Camilla Peretti, Sixtus V, and the Construction of Peretti Family Identity in Counter-Reformation Rome (2012)

Camilla Peretti (1519-1605), sister of Pope Sixtus V (r. 1585-90), was one of an influential group of Roman noblewomen who supported the Counter Reformation through their patronage of architecture. Peretti's projects included collaboration with her brother to develop the sprawling Villa Montalto complex on the Esquiline Hill and renovation of the ancient church of S. Susanna al Quirinale, where she commissioned a chapel dedicated to St. Lawrence and built a convent for a group of radically reformed Cistercian nuns. Although Sixtus V is usually characterized as a solitary urban genius who worked only with his architect, Domenico Fontana, study of Camilla Peretti's patronage reveals that the pope's sister played a key role in the implementation of the famous Sistine plan for Rome. In fact, Camilla Peretti's two projects are demonstrated to form a previously unrecognized nucleus of the Sistine plan, which has traditionally been understood as having no central core.
Audio coding with signal adaptive filterbanks (2002)

In this paper we present a high quality audio coding system based on a novel nonuniform modulated filterbank coupled with time-varying cosine modulated filterbanks in a cascade architecture. The system makes use of psychoacoustic thresholds in a natural way to adapt the resolution of the filterbank to achieve high coding gain on a wide range of signal types. Results show that the system provides excellent quality at 64 kb/s and good quality at 48 kb/s for monophonic coding.
Leishmania donovani Ornithine Decarboxylase Is Indispensable for Parasite Survival in the Mammalian Host (2008)

Mutations within the polyamine biosynthetic pathway of Leishmania donovani, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis, confer polyamine auxotrophy to the insect vector or promastigote form of the parasite. However, whether the infectious or amastigote form of the parasite requires an intact polyamine pathway has remained an open question. To address this issue, conditionally lethal Deltaodc mutants lacking ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, were created by double targeted gene replacement within a virulent strain of L. donovani. ODC-deficient promastigotes and axenic amastigotes were auxotrophic for polyamines and capable of robust growth only when exogenous putrescine was supplied in the culture medium, confirming that polyamine biosynthesis is an essential nutritional pathway for L. donovani promastigotes. To assess whether the Deltaodc lesion also affected the ability of amastigotes to sustain a robust infection, macrophage and mouse infectivity experiments were performed. Parasite loads in murine macrophages infected with each of two independent Deltaodc knockout lines were decreased approximately 80% compared to their wild-type counterpart. Furthermore, alpha-difluoromethylornithine, a suicide inhibitor of ODC, inhibited growth of wild-type L. donovani amastigotes and effectively cured macrophages of parasites, thereby preventing host cell destruction. Strikingly, however, parasitemias of both Deltaodc null mutants were reduced by 6 and 3 orders of magnitude, respectively, in livers and spleens of BALB/c mice. The compromised infectivity phenotypes of the Deltaodc knockouts in both macrophages and mice were rescued by episomal complementation of the genetic lesion. These genetic and pharmacological studies strongly implicate ODC as an essential cellular determinant that is necessary for the viability and growth of both L. donovani promastigotes and amastigotes and intimate that pharmacological inhibition of ODC is a promising therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of visceral and perhaps other forms of leishmaniasis.
Pharmacokinetics of oral all-trans retinoic acid in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. (1991)

It has been shown that patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (AML3 subtype) treated with all-trans retinoic acid (all-trans RA), 45 mg/m2/day, achieve complete remission through differentiation of the leukemic clone to mature myeloid cells, which die spontaneously. The pharmacokinetics of all-trans RA given by mouth were studied in 15 AML3 patients. Blood samples were drawn for 24 h following a single oral dose of 45 mg/m2 and assayed for all-trans RA and 13-cis retinoic acid (13-cis RA) plasma concentrations by specific high-performance liquid chromatography. In one patient all-trans RA and 13-cis RA levels were below the detection limits at all times. In the other patients, the time to peak concentration of all-trans RA was between 60 and 210 min (median 90 min) after ingestion, with maximum concentrations between 0.03 and 2.5 micrograms/ml (median 0.4 micrograms/ml). These concentrations were within the in vitro differentiating concentration range of all-trans RA for these patients' cells. In nine patients, enterohepatic cycling was suggested by the presence on the concentration versus time curve of a secondary peak that occurred at meal times. The apparent plasma elimination half-life was between 16.8 and 77.4 min (median 30 min). Detectable plasma levels of 13-cis RA in 12 patients indicated in vivo isomerization of all-trans RA. Despite the high inter-individual variability of all-trans RA pharmacokinetics in these patients, high blast cell counts and failure to respond to differentiation treatment tended to be associated with low all-trans RA Cmax values and high clearance estimates.
Lightweight Proppants: Solution for Gravel Packing Horizontal Wells Under Extreme Conditions (2006)

Abstract When gravel packing horizontal wells, operators usually deploy conventional, and commercially available gravel pack proppants in the industry. Several jobs have been successfully completed up to date with no considerable concerns. However, under certain unfavorable conditions, a better option to gravel pack these wells is ultra-lightweight proppants. Deepwater well, extended reach horizontals, low fracture gradients, washed out zones, and insufficient fluid returns to circulate conventional proppant in place are good examples where lighter weight proppant is needed to assure the complete packing of the open hole. This paper summarizes the development and application of the ultra-lightweight media and associated technologies for horizontal well gravel packing. Pioneering case histories will also be reviewed from the initial wells treated. The wells were completed on a field in the Campos Basin, offshore Brazil, where the reservoirs are sandstones, highly unconsolidated and therefore require a method of sand control.
Interspecies conservation and differential expression of mouse desmoglein gene family (2002)

Epithelial cell adhesion is mediated by intercellular junctions, called desmosomes. Desmogleins (Dsg; Dsg1, Dsg2 and Dsg3) are calcium-dependent transmembrane adhesion components of the desmosomes. While Dsg1 and Dsg3 are mainly restricted to stratified squamous epithelia, Dsg2 is expressed in essentially all desmosome-containing epithelia. In the epidermis, Dsg2 and Dsg3 are expressed in the basal keratinocytes while Dsg1 is expressed throughout the upper differentiating cell layers. To date, in mouse, only Dsg3 has been characterized by molecular cloning. In this study, we have cloned and characterized the mouse Dsg1 and Dsg2 genes. The full-length mouse Dsg1 cDNA (5.5 kb) contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 3171 bp encoding a precursor protein of 1057 amino acids. The Dsg2 cDNA (6.3 kb) has an ORF of 3366 bp coding for a precursor protein of 1122 amino acids. Mouse Dsg2 protein shares 76% identity with human DSG2 but only 26% and 33% identity with mouse Dsg1 and Dsg3, respectively. Analysis of intron/exon organization of the desmoglein genes revealed significant conservation. However, the mRNA expression patterns of these desmogleins during mouse embryonic development and in various adult tissues are variable. While Dsg2 and Dsg3 are expressed in all developmental stages, Dsg1 expression is delayed until day 15 of mouse embryos. In adult mouse tissues, Dsg2 is widely expressed while the expression of Dsg1 and Dsg3 is restricted to select tissues. In summary, while desmogleins share high homology at both the gene and protein level, their expression is spatially and temporally regulated, potentially contributing to their significant role in cell-cell adhesion during development.
Activation of NF-kappa B requires proteolysis of the inhibitor I kappa B-alpha: signal-induced phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha alone does not release active NF-kappa B. (1995)

The transcription factor NF-kappa B is retained in the cytoplasm by its inhibitor I kappa B-alpha. Upon cellular stimulation with a variety of pathogen- or stress-related agents, I kappa B-alpha is functionally inactivated and NF-kappa B translocates to the nucleus to trigger transcription of a large array of genes, many of which encode proteins critical for immune or stress responses. Here, we demonstrate that signal-induced proteolysis of I kappa B-alpha is an obligatory step for activation of NF-kappa B: calpain inhibitors I and II, which inhibit cysteine proteases, block activation of NF-kappa B by blocking degradation of I kappa B-alpha without affecting signal-induced phosphorylation of this inhibitor. This contrasts with previous models in which phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha was postulated to be sufficient for activation. We demonstrate further that signal-induced phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha does not by itself lead to dissociation of the inhibitor from NF-kappa B, providing a rationale for and confirmation of the need to proteolyze I kappa B-alpha in order to activate NF-kappa B. Signal-controlled, target-specific proteolysis is an unexpected, yet likely more general, mechanism for regulating transcription factors.
Brief Intervention Strategies for the Prevention of Youth Suicide (2002)

Suicide prevention has not been adequately addressed since the global mortality rate for suicide for the year 2000 was 16 per 100,000, which averages one death every 40 seconds somewhere in the world. This article examines brief clinical and community-based interventions for the prevention of youth suicide. Among the more commonly advocated clinical methods for at-risk adolescents are cognitive behavioral treatments, interpersonal psychotherapy, and psychopharmacological interventions. Community-based prevention methods consist of 24-hour crisis centers and hotlines, method restriction, indirect case-finding, direct case-finding, media communications, postvention programs, parenting programs, and cultural programs for minority groups. It is concluded that a number of promising primary and secondary prevention interventions now exist but that there is a need for more carefully controlled evaluations into their effectiveness.