gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chromosome abnormalities in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (1994)

Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas is the fifth most common cause of cancer deaths in the United States, yet few cytogenetic studies of this tumor have been reported. We analyzed 26 primary tumors to identify which chromosome abnormalities occur most frequently in this neoplasm. One carcinoma was well differentiated and mucin producing, 18 were moderately well differentiated, and seven were poorly differentiated. Only normal karyotypes were obtained from nine carcinomas. The remaining 17 carcinomas frequently had normal metaphase cells in addition to simple to highly complex karyotypes. The modal chromosome number in 20 carcinomas was diploid or near-diploid; four carcinomas had both a major near-diploid and near-triploid or near-tetraploid component, and two were near-tetraploid. Numerical abnormalities included loss of whole copies of chromosomes 6, 17, and 18, and gains of chromosome 20. Structural abnormalities were frequent, with 1p, 2p, 3p, 4q, 6q, 7q, 11q, and 17p recurrently involved. Results of this study were combined with karyotypes of 19 other primary adenocarcinomas of the pancreas reported in the literature. The combined data involving 117 breakpoints suggest that careful analysis of chromosome 20, proximal 1q, 6q, proximal 8p, and proximal 17p could be productive in defining genes involved in adenocarcinoma of the pancreas.
Transplantation of Cryopreserved Human Embryonal Carcinoma-Derived Neurons (NT2N Cells) Promotes Functional Recovery in Ischemic Rats (1998)

This study was designed to explore the efficacy of a human clone cell line as an alternative neural graft source and to validate the practice of cryopreservation and xenografting as logistical approaches toward conducting neural transplantation. We investigated the biological effects of transplanting cultured human neurons (NT2N cells) derived from a well-characterized embryonal carcinoma cell line into the brains of rats subjected to transient, focal cerebral ischemia induced by embolic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. At 1 month and extending throughout the 6-month posttransplantation test period, ischemic animals that were transplanted with NT2N cells and treated with an immunosuppressive drug displayed a significant improvement in a passive avoidance task as well as a normalization of asymmetrical motor behavior compared to ischemic animals that received rat fetal cerebellar cell grafts or vehicle alone. Remarkably, cryopreserved NT2N cell grafts compared with fresh NT2N cell grafts, remained viable in the immunosuppressed rat brain and effective in producing behavioral recovery in immunosuppressed ischemic animals. The long-term viability of cryopreserved NT2N cell xenografts in vivo and their sustained effectiveness in promoting behavioral recovery suggest potential utilization of xenografting and cryopreservation as useful protocols for establishing clone cell lines as graft source in neural transplantation therapies for central nervous system disorders.
The effects of the antibiotic, primycin, on spontaneous transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction (1984)

The effects of primycin, a potent ionophore in biological membranes, have been studied at the neuromuscular junction of the garter snake. Primycin in concentrations greater than 2 X 10(-7)M produced a time- and concentration-dependent depolarization of twitch muscle fibres. Primycin (10(-7)-5 X 10(-7)M) produced an increased rate of quantal release of acetylcholine, which was not maintained, and a slight reduction in quantal size. Time to onset and to peak effect of primycin were concentration-dependent whereas maximum frequency was not. Absence of extracellular Ca2+ produced a significant delay in the time to onset and to peak effect of primycin, but did not affect the peak miniature endplate potential (m.e.p.p.) frequency. Following 60 min exposure to primycin (5 X 10(-7)M), introduction of a high concentration of potassium (20 mM) produced no further increase in spontaneous release. In cut muscle preparations, exposure to primycin (10(-7)-5 X 10(-7)M) reduced peak endplate current (e.p.c.) amplitude until nerve stimulation resulted in failures or the release of one or two quanta. E.p.c. amplitude was not restored with prolonged washing. The effects of primycin on the nerve terminal are considered to be consistent with its ability to increase the permeability of membranes to calcium ions resulting in an influx of extracellular calcium, an efflux of mitochondrial calcium and eventual depletion of synaptic vesicles.
Improved palette index map coding on HEVC SCC (2016)

Palette mode is the new coding tool that has been adopted in the Screen Content Coding Extensions of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC SCC). Palette mode can represent colour clusters for screen content efficiently and can be summarized into two parts: palette coding tools and colour index map coding tools. This paper proposes two techniques to improve colour index map coding: transition copy and prediction across coding unit boundary. The former is for exploring the correlation between an index and all of the previously coded indices; the latter for utilizing the correlation between the content along the coding unit boundary. Experimental results reportedly show that, compared with HEVC SCC, the proposed techniques can achieve 3.2%, 2.2%, and 1.7% BD-rate savings compared with HEVC SCC for “YUV, text & graphics with motion, 1080p & 720p sequences” under all intra, random access, and low-delay B common test conditions, respectively.
Adaptive Residual Interpolation for Color and Multispectral Image Demosaicking (2017)

Color image demosaicking for the Bayer color filter array is an essential image processing operation for acquiring high-quality color images. Recently, residual interpolation (RI)-based algorithms have demonstrated superior demosaicking performance over conventional color difference interpolation-based algorithms. In this paper, we propose adaptive residual interpolation (ARI) that improves existing RI-based algorithms by adaptively combining two RI-based algorithms and selecting a suitable iteration number at each pixel. These are performed based on a unified criterion that evaluates the validity of an RI-based algorithm. Experimental comparisons using standard color image datasets demonstrate that ARI can improve existing RI-based algorithms by more than 0.6 dB in the color peak signal-to-noise ratio and can outperform state-of-the-art algorithms based on training images. We further extend ARI for a multispectral filter array, in which more than three spectral bands are arrayed, and demonstrate that ARI can achieve state-of-the-art performance also for the task of multispectral image demosaicking.
CD40 and the Effect of Anti-CD40-Binding on Human Multiple Myeloma Clonogenicity (1996)

CD40 is a 48 kDa glycosylated phospoprotein that is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNF-R) superfamily. CD40 was originally identified in B lymphocytes, and is found on monocytes, dendritic cells, some carcinoma cell lines, and the thymic epithelium. CD40 is expressed on normal pre-B through mature B stages of differentiation. For normal B cells, the cross-linking of CD40 induces cell cycle progression, long-term proliferation in vitro, IgE secretion, increased adhesion molecule (LFA-1) expression, and low level IL-6 secretion. The natural ligand of CD40 (CD40L, gp39, or T-BAM, for T-B cell activating molecule) was recently identified as an inducible molecule expressed transitionally on activated T cells. Although originally believed to be absent in normal and malignant plasma cells, CD40 has been demonstrated on the majority of myeloma cell lines and myeloma cells from plasma cell dyscrasia (PCD) patient specimens tested. CD40 activation modulated myeloma cell proliferation and clonogenicity in vitro, suggesting that the CD40 pathway is active in myeloma cell growth. For the IL-6 dependent cell line ANBL-6, CD40 activation was associated with autocrine IL-6 production. However, the IL-6 pathway does not appear to play a predominant role in CD40 activation of non-IL-6-dependent MM cell lines and patient primary bone marrow cultures. The possible pathophysiologic role of the CD40 receptor in human multiple myeloma is discussed.
Effective non‐viral leader for cap‐independent translation in a eukaryotic cell‐free system (2004)

The 61 nt 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of mRNA encoding for a light-emitting protein of hydroid polyp Obelia longissima, obelin, is shown to provide a high level of cap-independent translation of heterologous mRNAs in cell-free translation systems based on wheat germ extracts. The inhibition of translation typically observed when excess mRNA is present or produced in a eukaryotic system (the so-called self-inhibition phenomenon) is found abated with mRNA constructs carrying the obelin mRNA leader. The role of the sequestration of a limiting initiation factor, probably eIF4F, in the self-inhibition phenomenon and the possible independence of the obelin mRNA leader from eIF4F are discussed. We propose the obelin mRNA leader be used for effective cap-independent translation in eukaryotic cell-free systems, including combined transcription-translation systems with uncontrolled phage polymerase-catalyzed accumulation of mRNA.
Effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Therapy on Bone Turnover Markers and PTH Levels in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women Treated with Alendronate (2012)

Administration of 25OHD(3) is not an indispensable requirement for bisphosphonates to develop their bone antiresorptive effect. In fact, in patients with vitamin D sufficiency, no benefit is observed when the vitamin is added. However, in patients with vitamin D deficiency, an approximately 25% greater fall in the bone resorption marker CTX is seen with its administration.
A Low Cost Hierarchical System for VLSI Layout and Verification (1981)

With IC complexity and the manhour effort required for design doubling every two years, new approaches to layout and mask verification are required. A low-cost VLSI layout and verification system was developed to produce cost effective designs using present resources. The system is IC technology independent, makes effective use of present design skills while maintaining density, and includes structured and behavioral intelligence to aid design verification. In addition, it is easy to learn to use since it provides a simplified design methodology for layout.
Urban prevalence of epilepsy: populational study in São José do Rio Preto, a medium-sized city in Brazil (2004)

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of epilepsy in the urban population of São José do Rio Preto. This is a medium-sized city of 336000 inhabitants, located in the northwest of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHOD: A crosssectional epidemiological investigation with a randomized sample was performed in two phases, a screening phase and a confirmation of the diagnosis phase. The gold standard was a clinical investigation and neurological examination. The chi-square test was used in analysis of the results and p-value value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. Prevalence was calculated with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: The study sample size was 17293 individuals, with distributions of gender, age, and race similar to the general population. The prevalence per 1000 inhabitants of epilepsy was 18.6, of these 8.2 were active, defined as at least one seizure within the last two years. The prevalence per 1000 inhabitants for the age groups (years) was 4.9 (04), 11.7 (514), 20.3 (1564) and 32.8 (65 or over). CONCLUSION: Prevalence of both accumulated and active epilepsy was elevated, comparable to other developing nations, in particular those of Latin America. However, the prevalence of epilepsy in childhood was low, whilst in aged individuals it was high similar to industrialized nations.
Tetrahydrobiopterin depletion and NOS2 uncoupling contribute to heart failure-induced alterations in atrial electrophysiology (2011)

Chronic non-ischaemic heart failure results in atrial oxidative stress and electrophysiologic abnormalities by depletion of BH(4) and uncoupling of NOS2. Modulation of NOS2 activity by repletion of BH(4) may be a safe and effective approach to reduce the frequency of atrial arrhythmias during heart failure.
Higher-Alcohols Biorefinery (2004)

The concept of a biorefinery for higher-alcohol production is to integrate ethanol and methanol formation via fermentation and biomass gasification, respectively, with conversion of these simple alcohol intermediates into higher alcohols via the Guerbet reaction. 1-Butanol results from the selfcondensation of ethanol in this multistep reaction occurring on a single catalytic bed. Combining methanol with ethanol gives a mixture of propanol, isobutanol, and 2-methyl-1-butanol. All of these higher alcohols are useful as solvents, chemical intermediates, and fuel additives and, consequently, have higher market values than the simple alcohol intermediates. Several new catalysts for the condensation of ethanol and alcohol mixtures to higher alcohols were designed and tested under a variety of conditions. Reactions of methanol-ethanol mixtures gave as high as 100% conversion of the ethanol to form high yields of isobutanol with smaller amounts of 1-propanol, the amounts in the mixture depending on the starting mixture. The most successful catalysts are multifunctional with basic and hydrogen transfer components.
Human Embryonic Stem Cells: The Real Challenge for Research as well as for Bioethics Is Still ahead of Us (2008)

Research on human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) has aroused a lot of controversy for years. Stimulated by recent work on mammalian embryology and new developments in stem cell research, an International Symposium entitled 'Stem Cell Research: A Challenge for Embryology, Regenerative Medicine and Bioethics' was held in Bonn (Germany) in 2006, bringing together embryologists, stem cell researchers and ethicists interested in human ESC research and the ensuing ethical debate. Two contributions to this Symposium are being published in Cells Tissues Organs, and the present paper aims to provide an introduction to these as well as personal impressions of the author about the perspectives that surfaced at the meeting, confronting them with relevant reports about stem cell research published recently. This paper highlights discussions about the mechanisms of specification of the main body axes during development, the role of extrinsic or intrinsic signals, and about the remarkable potential of ESCs to develop a basic body plan (individuation capacity) resembling properties of early embryonic cells (as shown by the formation of embryoid bodies and entire embryos if tetraploid complementation is performed). Another topic is 'alternative sources for human ESCs' recently proposed by the US President's Council on Bioethics ('organismically dead embryos', biopsied blastomeres or 'biological artifacts', e.g. created by 'altered nuclear transfer' and reprogramming of somatic cells). The possibility to rescue such (epi)genetically handicapped cells shows that this is not a way leading out of the ethical cul-de-sac. Recent reports about reprogramming somatic cells (fibroblasts) to gain ES-like potential highlight again the importance of focusing on the developmental potentiality as the major challenge for ethical considerations. Such a change of focus may be the only way out of the ethical impasse.
Ancylostoma caninum Anticoagulant Peptide Blocks Metastasis In Vivo and Inhibits Factor Xa Binding to Melanoma Cells In Vitro (1998)

We evaluated the in vivo anti-metastatic activity of recombinant Ancylostoma caninum Anticoagulant Peptide (rAcAP), a potent (Ki = 265 pM) and specific active site inhibitor of human coagulation factor Xa originally isolated from bloodfeeding hookworms. Subcutaneous injection of SCID mice with rAcAP (0.01-0.2 mg/mouse) prior to tail vein injection of LOX human melanoma cells resulted in a dose dependent reduction in pulmonary metastases. In order to elucidate potential mechanisms of rAcAP's anti-metastatic activity, experiments were carried out to identify specific interactions between factor Xa and LOX. Binding of biotinylated factor Xa to LOX monolayers was both specific and saturable (Kd = 15 nM). Competition experiments using antibodies to previously identified factor Xa binding proteins, including factor V/Va, effector cell protease receptor-1, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor failed to implicate any of these molecules as significant binding sites for Factor Xa. Functional prothrombinase activity was also supported by LOX, with a half maximal rate of thrombin generation detected at a factor Xa concentration of 2.4 nM. Additional competition experiments using an excess of either rAcAP or active site blocked factor Xa (EGR-Xa) revealed that most of the total factor Xa binding to LOX is mediated via interaction with the enzyme's active site, predicting that the vast majority of cell-associated factor Xa does not participate directly in thrombin generation. In addition to establishing two distinct mechanisms of factor Xa binding to melanoma, these data raise the possibility that rAcAP's antimetastatic effect in vivo might involve novel non-coagulant pathways, perhaps via inhibition of active-site mediated interactions between factor Xa and tumor cells.
Increased expression of protein kinase C alpha plays a key role in retinoic acid-induced melanoma differentiation. (1992)

Differentiation of B16 mouse melanoma cells induced by retinoic acid (RA) is preceded by a large increase in protein kinase C alpha (PKC alpha) mRNA and protein. To determine the role of PKC alpha in the differentiation program, we stably transfected B16-F1 cells with a plasmid containing the full length PKC alpha cDNA driven by an SV40 promoter. Two out of thirty-two colonies screened were determined to overexpress PKC by 2-4-fold according to Western blot analysis and PKC enzyme activity. When compared to control cells (wild-type cells and cells transfected only with the neomycin resistance gene), PKC alpha overexpressing clones displayed longer doubling times, diminished anchorage-independent growth, and increased melanin production. RA treatment of control cells mimicked these phenotypic characteristics. When injected subcutaneously into syngeneic mice, PKC alpha overexpressing clones produced smaller tumors and had longer latencies than control cells. These findings, combined with the fact that phorbol esters down-regulate PKC and antagonize RA action suggest that PKC alpha plays a key role in the RA-induced melanoma differentiation.
Synthesis of the farnesyl ether 2,3,5-trifluoro-6-hydroxy-4-[(E,E )-3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-yloxy]nitrobenzene, and related compounds containing a substituted hydroxytrifluorophenyl residue: novel inhibitors of protein farnesyltransferase, geranylgeranyltransferase I and squalene synthase (2000)

Pentafluoronitrobenzene was converted via two successive phase-transfer catalysed SNAr reactions with (E,E)-farnesol or geraniol followed by hydroxide ion into the 2,3,6-trifluoro-5-hydroxy-4-nitrophenyl farnesyl ether 3a and the geranyl ether 3b. Analogues containing a cyano (3c) or carbamoyl (3d) group in place of nitro or an epoxygeranyl (3e) group as the prenyl (3-methylbut-2-enyl) containing residue were similarly prepared. Those containing a sulfonic acid (35a, 35b) or a methyl sulfone (41) group were made by modifications of this approach involving the use of protecting groups. The synthesis of carboxy analogues (27a, 27b) involved the alkylation of a protected fluorinated ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid derivative (25) with (E,E)-farnesyl or geranyl bromide. The non-fluorinated compound 18 was analogously prepared via compound 17a. Mitsunobu reactions were used in the synthesis of 15, a dihydroxylated analogue of 3b, and of 8, the non-fluorinated analogue of 3a. The nitro compounds 3a and 3b were moderate inhibitors of both farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase I, the geranyl carboxy derivative 27b of the latter enzyme and the farnesyl sulfonic acid derivative 35a of squalene synthase.
A comparison of model and transform-based visual features for audio-visual LVCSR (2001)

Four different visual speech parameterisation methods are compared on a large vocabulary, continuous, audio-visual speech recognition task using the IBM ViaVoice TM audio-visual speech database. Three are direct mouth image region based transforms; discrete cosine and wavelet transforms, and principal component analysis. The fourth uses a statistical model of shape and appearance called an active appearance model, to track and obtain model parameters describing the entire face. All parameterisations are compared experimentally using hidden Markov models (HMM’s) in a speaker independent test. Visualonly HMM’s are used to rescore lattices obtained from audio models trained in noisy conditions.
Measurement of neutrophil activation and epidermal cell toxicity by palytoxin and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (1992)

Palytoxin is a human and mouse skin irritant and complete mouse skin tumor promoter that differs from the well-studied phorbol ester class of tumor promoters in many respects. In this study, we have found palytoxin to stimulate the production of superoxide by isolated human neutrophils using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy with the spin-trap DMPO. This stimulation of oxyradical production by palytoxin is relatively weak, however, when compared to that by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The maximal amount of oxyradicals produced by palytoxin-stimulated neutrophils is 10(-4) mumols/10(6) neutrophils, and this stimulation requires nanomolar concentrations of palytoxin, with half maximal stimulation at concentrations of approximately 30 nM. In contrast, the tumor promoter TPA causes human neutrophils to generate in excess of 10(-3) mumols oxyradicals/10(6) neutrophils with concentrations as low as 1 nM. Toxicity to cultured human epidermal cells was observed at very low concentrations of palytoxin, with 50% loss of colony-forming efficiency observed at approximately 3 x 10(-13) M. For TPA, 50% loss of colony-forming efficiency for cultured epidermal cells requires approximately 5 nM. Thus, although palytoxin stimulates superoxide production in isolated neutrophils, epidermal cells are sensitive at much lower concentrations and are likely to be the important target cell in vivo. This is in contrast to TPA, where neutrophils are stimulated at concentrations less than those required to produce pathological effects on epidermal cells, suggesting that neutrophils may be an important target cell for TPA in vivo.
Quantitative Assessment of the Heterogeneity of PD-L1 Expression in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2015)

Objective determination of PD-L1 protein levels in NSCLC reveals heterogeneity within tumors and prominent interassay variability or discordance. This could be due to different antibody affinities, limited specificity, or distinct target epitopes. Efforts to determine the clinical value of these observations are under way.
Expansion of cyclophosphamide-resistant cytotoxic precursors in vitro and in vivo by purified human interleukin 2. (1983)

Precursors of cytotoxic lymphoid cells obtained from mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CY) can be expanded in culture by alloantigens in the presence of purified human interleukin 2 (IL 2). Similarly, IL 2 delivered in vivo in a rate-controlled manner enhances cytotoxic activity in mice that are immunosuppressed by high doses of CY. The effector cells are Thy-1.2+ and are not elicited in the absence of antigen.