gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of the Feasibility of Subsolidus Sintering of Radwaste-Containing SYNROC-B Composition (1980)

Technically dense ceramic forms of Ringwood’s SYNROC-B, with and without 10 wt% simulated radwaste additions, have been produced on a laboratory scale by ceramic processing, including powder preparationcompactionprecalcinationsolid-state sintering.This silica-free, three-phase mineral assemblage had hitherto been known only in coarse-grained, hot-pressed form; for prepared compacts having D0 ≈ 0.62, sintering was complete (D > 0.95) at ~1200 to 1220°C, i.e., more than 100°C below the temperature reported for hot pressing. Under sintering conditions, no loss of radwaste volatiles (e.g., oxides of cesium, strontium, and molybdenum) was discernable gravimetrically; the immobilizing phases (hollandite, perovskite, zirconolite) were well formed in a heterogeneous but very fine-grained (~1 to 3 µm) crystalline microstructure.
Detection of driver's drowsiness by means of HRV analysis (2011)

It is estimated that 10–30% of road fatalities are related to drowsy driving or driver fatigue. Driver's drowsiness detection based on biological and vehicle signals is being studied in preventive car safety. Autonomous Nervous System (ANS) activity, which can be measured non-invasively from the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) signal obtained from surface ECG, presents alterations during stress, ex-trem fatigue and drowsiness episodes. Our hypothesis is that these alterations manifest on HRV. In this work we de-velope an on-line detector of driver's drowsiness based on HRV analysis. Two databases have been analyzed: one of driving simulation in which subjects were sleep deprived, and the other of real situation with no sleep deprivation. An external observer annotated each minute of the recordings as drowsy or awake, and constitutes our reference. The proposed detector classified drowsy minutes with a sensitivity of 0.85 and a predictive positive value of 0.93, using 25 features.
Emerging LDL therapies: Using human genetics to discover new therapeutic targets for plasma lipids (2013)

In humans, genetic variation occurs through different types of alleles that vary in frequency and severity of effect. Mendelian mutations, such as those in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) that result in familial hypercholesterolemia, are rare and have powerful phenotypic effects. Conversely, alleles that are common in the population (such that homozygotes for the minor allele are present even in modest sample sizes) typically have very modest phenotypic effects. In the middle of the spectrum are "Goldilocks" alleles such as mutations in the gene for proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). Loss-of-function mutations in PCSK9 result in significantly decreased LDL-cholesterol levels and a disproportionately large reduction in coronary heart disease risk by reducing the exposure to LDL-cholesterol throughout life. Several agents to inhibit PCSK9 are currently in development, demonstrating the potential utility of translating genetics into clinical therapeutics. To date, most investigations aimed at identifying the genes responsible for hypercholesterolemia have used linkage analysis, which requires samples collected from multiple families with defects in the same gene, or common variant analysis which requires thousands of samples from the population. However, case studies have shown that with advances in whole genome sequencing or exome sequencing (targeted exome capture), the process of discovering causal genetic mutations can be significantly streamlined. Astute clinical observation of individual patients and their families with atypical lipid profiles, followed by sequencing of the affected individual, has the potential to lead to important findings regarding the genetic mutations that cause lipid abnormalities.
Synthesis of Specific Bivalent Probes That Functionally Interact with 5-HT4 Receptor Dimers (2007)

G-protein-coupled receptor dimerization directs the design of new drugs that specifically bind to receptor dimers. Here, we generated a targeted series of homobivalent ligands for serotonin 5-HT(4) receptor (5-HT(4)R) dimers composed of two 5-HT(4)R-specific ML10302 units linked by a spacer. The design of spacers was assisted by molecular modeling using our previously described 5-HT(4)R dimer model. Their syntheses were based on Sonogashira-Linstrumelle coupling methods. All compounds retained high-affinity binding to 5-HT(4)R but lost the agonistic character of the monomeric ML10302 compound. Direct evidence for the functional interaction of both pharmacophores of bivalent ligands with the 5-HT(4)R was obtained using a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) based assay that monitors conformational changes within 5-HT(4) dimers. Whereas the monovalent ML10302 was inactive in this assay, several bivalent derivatives dose-dependently increased the BRET signal, indicating that both pharmacophores functionally interact with the 5-HT(4) dimer. These bivalent ligands may serve as a new basis for the synthesis of potential drugs for 5-HT(4)-associated disorders.
Chemical vapour deposition of the oxides of titanium, zirconium and hafnium for use as high‐k materials in microelectronic devices. A carbon‐free precursor for the synthesis of hafnium dioxide (2000)

A brief survey of the precursors used for the chemical vapour deposition of the dioxides of titanium, zirconium and hafnium is presented. The review covers precursors used for the closely related process known as atomic layer chemical vapour deposition (ALCVD or ALD). Precursors delivered by standard carrier gas transport and by direct liquid injection (DLI) methods are included. The complexes fall into four classes based upon the ligands: halides, alkoxides, acetylacetonates (acac) and nitrates. Compounds bearing a mixture of ligand types have also found application in this area. The impact of the ligand on the microstructure of the metal oxide film is greatest at lower temperatures where the deposition rate is limited by the surface reactivity. The first use of anhydrous hafnium nitrate, Hf(NO3)4, to deposit films of hafnium oxide on silicon is reported. The films are characterized by Rutherford backscattering and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries (2011)

Lithium-ion batteries are well-suited for fully electric and hybrid electric vehicles due to their high specific energy and energy density relative to other rechargeable cell chemistries. However, these batteries have not been widely deployed commercially in these vehicles yet due to safety, cost, and poor low temperature performance, which are all challenges related to battery thermal management. In this paper, a critical review of the available literature on the major thermal issues for lithium-ion batteries is presented. Specific attention is paid to the effects of temperature and thermal management on capacity/power fade, thermal runaway, and pack electrical imbalance and to the performance of lithium-ion cells at cold temperatures. Furthermore, insights gained from previous experimental and modeling investigations are elucidated. These include the need for more accurate heat generation measurements, improved modeling of the heat generation rate, and clarity in the relative magnitudes of the various thermal effects observed at high charge and discharge rates seen in electric vehicle applications. From an analysis of the literature, the requirements for lithium-ion thermal management systems for optimal performance in these applications are suggested, and it is clear that no existing thermal management strategy or technology meets all these requirements.
Peripheral B cell maturation. I. Immature peripheral B cells in adults are heat-stable antigenhi and exhibit unique signaling characteristics (1992)

Whether recently generated peripheral B cells in adults are functionally equivalent to immature B cells in the neonatal spleen is unknown. We have identified a splenic B cell subpopulation in adults whose phenotypic and in vitro characteristics closely resemble those of neonatal B cells. These cells are defined by the cell surface phenotype heat-stable Aghi (HSAhi), and make up 10 to 15% of the adult splenic B cell pool. HSAhi B cells in adults bear the immature phenotype B220lo sIgMhi, and are 50% sIgD+. Furthermore, after sublethal irradiation, the initial wave of newly generated splenic B cells in self-reconstituting adults express a similar phenotype. In keeping with previous data on neonatal B cells, HSAhi cells from either normal or self-reconstituting mice are refractory to stimulation with anti-IgM antibodies, yet proliferate upon LPS stimulation, and generate primary antibody responses if given appropriate T cell help. In contrast to neonatal cells, HSAhi adult B cells are refractory to stimulation with PMA plus ionomycin. Together, these data suggest that peripheral HSAhi B cells in adults correspond to recently generated B cells, whose signaling characteristics are distinct from previously described B cell subsets.
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the multifaceted IL‐10‐mediated anti‐inflammatory response: Lessons from neutrophils (2010)

Analysis of the molecular mechanisms governing the ability of IL-10 to keep inflammation under control has highlighted the existence of a great degree of plasticity and specificity with regard to innate immune cells. In this respect, neutrophils represent a perfect example of innate immune cells conditioned by external signals (for instance, by LPS), as well as by intracellular regulatory pathways, that render them optimally responsive to IL-10 only when required. The focus of this review are the recent experimental findings that have uncovered the sophisticated and complex molecular mechanisms responsible for the modulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production by IL-10 in neutrophils and other innate immune cells. Understanding how IL-10 exerts its anti-inflammatory response, particularly in the case of neutrophils, will provide novel clues leading, hopefully, to the therapeutic control of neutrophil-driven inflammatory reactions, such as septic infections, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Compact test sets for industrial circuits (2002)

Industrial circuits contain, in addition to the binary logic elements [n] and, [n] or and [n] xor gates, other logic elements such as three-state elements, busses and bidirectionals. Previous published work on automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) can not handle all of the above mentioned circuit elements, generates too large test sets, or generates test patterns which can cause circuit damage. A new fast ATPG system for industrial circuits is introduced capable of coping with all of the above mentioned circuit elements, will not cause circuit damage and generates compact test sets using new heuristics for compaction oriented decision making. Experimental results show that the compact test sets are much smaller than in [vdL94b] (on average 60%). The extra ATPG time required for generating these compact test sets is a relatively small penalty compared to the decrease in test set size.
Validation of the Neuroinflammation Cycle as a Drug Discovery Target Using Integrative Chemical Biology and Lead Compound Development with an Alzheimers Disease-Related Mouse Model (2005)

The neuroinflammation cycle has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target in the development of new approaches to altering Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. However, the efficacy and toxicological profile of compounds that focus only on classical NSAID targets have been disappointing to date. Therefore, we recently initiated an unbiased, integrative chemical biology approach that used a hierarchal set of cell-based screens, followed by efficacy analysis in a new AD-relevant animal model that more closely resembles human pathology endpoints in terms of neuroinflammation and neuronal loss. The prior investigations provided a proof of concept that targeting the neuroinflammation cycle may be a viable drug discovery approach for AD. However, recent informatics analyses of the high attrition rate in drug development have identified the need for starting drug development with lead compounds that are well below cut off values in computed molecular properties in order to facilitate late stage medicinal chemistry refinement to improve in vivo functions. We describe here how we are leveraging our novel, unbiased, integrative chemical biology approach for the rapid discovery of potential lead compounds for AD drug discovery. Specifically, we show that orally bioavailable compounds with the desired physical properties and in vivo functions can be identified in focused synthetic libraries composed of chemical diversifications of the inactive but privileged pyridazine molecular fragment.
Identity Theft: Making the Known Unknowns Known (2007)

There is widespread agreement that identity theft causes financial damage to consumers, lending institutions, retail establishments, and the economy as a whole. Surprisingly, there is little good public information available about the scope of the crime and the actual damages it inflicts. The publicly available data on identity theft come mainly from survey research. Methodologically, these survey polls of the public suffer from being both under and overinclusive in measuring the problem. As a result, low estimates attribute tens of billions of dollars in costs to the economy and consumers, the highest estimates place losses in the hundreds of billions.To identify proper interventions and appropriately allocate resources we need comprehensive, hard data on the scope and effect of identity theft. One way to provide concrete data is to require lending institutions to publicly report figures on identity theft. Such public reporting will help identify the relative need for intervention and the likely efficacy of interventions. These disclosures are necessary to provide a sound baseline for investment by businesses and action by regulators. They are also warranted because the public pays the price of identity theft directly when they are the victim, and indirectly through higher fees, interest rates, and because the losses are tax subsidized.The author hypothesizes that if lending institutions reported limited information about identity theft, it would reveal that identity theft is both more prevalent and economically damaging than currently acknowledged, in part because of the rise of "synthetic identity theft," a form that cannot be measured by victim surveys because they are unaware of the crime. Furthermore, the disclosure requirement would birth an anti-identity theft market, and the prevalence and severity of the crime would decrease dramatically as institutions compete to offer the safest financial products to consumers.
Emerging Roles of Cysteine Cathepsins in Disease and their Potential as Drug Targets (2007)

The general view on cysteine cathepsins, which were long believed to be primarily involved in intracellular protein turnover, has dramatically changed in last 10 to 15 years. The discovery of new cathepsins, such as cathepsins K, V, X, F and O, and their tissue distribution suggested that at least some of them are involved in very specific cellular processes. Moreover, gene ablation experiments revealed that cathepsins play a vital role in numerous physiological processes, such as antigen processing and presentation, bone remodelling, prohormone processing and wound healing. Their involvement in several pathologies, including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, bronchial asthma and cancer have also been confirmed and today several of them have been validated as relevant targets for therapies. Compounds targeting cathepsins S and K are already in clinical evaluation, whereas others are in experimental phases. The cathepsin K inhibitor AAE-581 (balicatib) as the most advanced of them passed Phase II clinical trials in 2005. In this review, we discuss the current view on cathepsins as an emerging group of targets for several diseases and the development of cathepsin K and S inhibitors for treatment of osteoporosis and various immune disorders.
Synchronization of mobile XML databases by utilizing deferred views (2005)

In today fast pace, technologically based world, people need access to information on the go, anywhere at anytime. Because of this, mobile databases are greatly increasing in popularity. Using mobile devices, users can access and modify information without a network connection, and can then synchronize any updates when they get connected. This synchronization process must not only be able to perform updates on data from multiple users, but must also be able to detect and resolve conflicts. This process can sometimes be expensive and the synchronization algorithm must not only be robust, but also efficient. Motivated by this, we present DeferredSync as a new efficient XML based synchronization technique. DeferredSync converts relational data into XML tree structure and then makes use of deferred views in order to minimize bandwidth and storage space for the client. Finally, a conflict detection and resolution algorithm using priority selection to synchronize the data is outlined.
Multivariate curve resolution for hyperspectral image analysis: applications to microarray technology (2003)

Multivariate curve resolution (MCR) using constrained alternating least squares algorithms represents a powerful analysis capability for a quantitative analysis of hyperspectral image data. We will demonstrate the application of MCR using data from a new hyperspectral fluorescence imaging microarray scanner for monitoring gene expression in cells from thousands of genes on the array. The new scanner collects the entire fluorescence spectrum from each pixel of the scanned microarray. Application of MCR with nonnegativity and equality constraints reveals several sources of undesired fluorescence that emit in the same wavelength range as the reporter fluorphores. MCR analysis of the hyperspectral images confirms that one of the sources of fluorescence is due to contaminant fluorescence under the printed DNA spots that is spot localized. Thus, traditional background subtraction methods used with data collected from the current commercial microarray scanners will lead to errors in determining the relative expression of low-expressed genes. With the new scanner and MCR analysis, we generate relative concentration maps of the background, impurity, and fluroescent labels over the entire image. Since the concentration maps of the fluorescent labels are relativly uaffected by the presence of background and impurity emissions, the accuracy and useful dynamic range of the gene expression data are both greatly improved over those obtained by commercial microarray scanners.
Optimal number of reagents required to evaluate hematolymphoid neoplasias: Results of an international consensus meeting (2001)

At the ISAC 2000 Congress, the Clinical Cytometry Society organized a meeting of international experts to reach consensus on the minimum number of antibodies required for a full evaluation of hematologic and lymphoid neoplasias. A questionnaire was distributed prior to the meeting to numerous experts from US and European institutions and 13 responses were received. At the meeting, 25 individuals, including most of those who returned responses, participated in the discussions and voted on the issues presented. In chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (CLD), 9 antibodies (anti-CD5, CD19, kappa, lambda, CD3, CD20, CD23, CD10, and CD45) were deemed essential for initial evaluation by 75% of the participants. There was near unanimity that additional markers (selected from CD22, FMC7, CD11c, CD103, CD38, CD25, CD79b and heavy chains for B-cell disorders, and CD4, CD7, CD8, CD2, CD56, CD16, TCRa/b, and TCRg/d for T-cell disorders) would be needed to fully characterize CLD, although not every marker would be useful in all cases. Tissue lymphomas were believed to be similar to CLD, needing a minimum of 12--16 markers. However, for some cases, CD30, bcl-2, TdT, CD71, CD1a, and CD34 were cited as useful by the participants. Markers mentioned for plasma cell disorders included kappa, lambda, CD38, CD45, CD56, CD19, CD20, CD138, and heavy chains. Of 17 voting participants, 16 agreed that between 5 to 8 markers would be essential reagents for plasma cell disorders. For acute leukemia (AL), 10 markers (CD10, CD19, CD13, CD33, CD34, CD45, CD7, CD14, CD3, and HLADR) were considered essential by 75% of participants for initial characterization of the leukemia lineage. Most (>75%) agreed that at least one more B (CD20, CD22, CD79a, IgM), T (CD1a, CD2, CD4, CD5, CD8), myeloid (CD11b, CD15, CD64, CD117, myeloperoxidase), erythroid (CD36, CD71, glycophorin A), and megakaryocytic (CD41, CD61) reagents should be included in the essential panel. However, there was no agreement as to which was optimal. Thus, approximately 13--15 of those reagents would be considered essential in all cases of AL, whereas others (CD16, CD56, CDw65, TdT, and cytoplasmic CD3) were mentioned as useful in some cases. Almost all voting participants believed that the appropriate number of markers for complete characterization of AL would average 20--24. The majority of the responders (11 of 13) indicated that fewer reagents could be used in monitoring or staging patients with previously characterized disease, but not all ventured a specific number of reagents. From the above results, we conclude that the phenotypic analysis of hematologic and lymphoid neoplasia requires a rather extensive panel of reagents. Supplementary reagents might even be necessary if they prove to become relevant for diagnostic purposes. Reducing the number of antibodies could significantly compromise the diagnostic accuracy, appropriate monitoring, or therapy of these disorders.
Fully X-tolerant combinational scan compression (2007)

Traditional scan and, more recently, scan compression are increasingly accepted for reducing test cost and improving quality in ever more complex designs. Combinational scan compression techniques are attractive for their low impact on area, timing and design flow, but are best suited for designs with a limited number of unknowns (Xs). However, recent design performance and cost tradeoffs create a much higher density of Xs than previously expected. We present a combinational scan compression method that preserves the low-impact advantages, while also allowing any number and distribution of Xs with virtually no loss of test quality. Results on industrial designs with a varied density of Xs demonstrate consistent data and test time compressions with negligible impact on all design parameters.