gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flash NanoPrecipitation of Organic Actives and Block Copolymers using a Confined Impinging Jets Mixer (2003)

A new technology to form nanoparticles of hydrophobic organic actives at high concentration and yield, as well as methods to characterize the process, are presented. In Flash NanoPrecipitation, an organic active and an amphiphilic diblock copolymer are molecularly dissolved in an organic phase and mixed rapidly with a miscible anti-solvent to afford precipitation of the active with a tunable, narrow submicron particle size distribution from 1 µm to 80 nm. The enabling components are a novel ‘analytical’ (quantified mixing time) confined impinging jets (CIJ) mixer for millisecond stream homogenization and amphiphilic diblock copolymers which alter the organic nucleation and growth, provide steric stabilization for the particles, and offer a functional surface for the particle. Applications in enhanced pharmaceutical delivery, dye preparation, and pesticide formulation are specifically targeted.
Supporting application-specific resolution in an optimistically replicated file system (2002)

We describe an interface to incorporate application-specific knowledge for conflict resolution in an optimistically replicated file system. Conflicts arise in such systems because replicas of an object can be modified simultaneously in different network partitions. Application-specific knowledge is made available by the application writer in specialized tools called Application-Specific Resolvers (or ASRS). The interface we describe here is used to bind ASRs to objects and to specify the conditions under which a specific ASR is invoked. This allows the system to make conflict resolution transparent to the user, thus improving the usability of optimistic replication.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Phase diagram of water between hydrophobic surfaces (2005)

Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that there are at least two classes of quasi-two-dimensional solid water into which liquid water confined between hydrophobic surfaces freezes spontaneously and whose hydrogen-bond networks are as fully connected as those of bulk ice. One of them is the monolayer ice and the other is the bilayer solid which takes either a crystalline or an amorphous form. Here we present the phase transformations among liquid, bilayer amorphous (or crystalline) ice, and monolayer ice phases at various thermodynamic conditions, then determine curves of melting, freezing, and solid-solid structural change on the isostress planes where temperature and intersurface distance are variable, and finally we propose a phase diagram of the confined water in the temperature-pressure-distance space.
Combustion characteristics of a single-cylinder spark ignition gasoline and ethanol dual-fuelled engine (2009)

The requirements of reduced emissions and improved fuel economy led to the introduction of direct-injection (DI) spark ignition (SI) engines. A dual-fuel injection system (DI and port fuel injection (PFI)) was also used to improve engine performance at high-speed high-load conditions. Ethanol is one of the several alternative transportation fuels considered for replacing fossil fuels such as gasoline and diesel. Ethanol offers high octane quality but with lower energy density than fossil fuels. This paper presents the combustion characteristics of a single-cylinder dual-fuel injection SI engine with the following fuelling cases: case A, gasoline for both PFI and DI; case B, gasoline PFI and ethanol DI; case C, ethanol PFI and gasoline DI. For this study, the DI fuelling portion varied from 0 per cent to 100 per cent of the total fuelling over different engine operational conditions while the engine air-to-fuel ratio remained at a constant level. It was shown in all cases that the indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) decreases by as much as 11 per cent as the DI fuelling percentage increases, except in case B where the IMEP increases by 2 per cent at a light load. The combustion burn duration increases significantly at a light load as the DI fuelling percentage increases, but only moderately at wide-open throttle (WOT). In addition, the percentage of the ethanol in the total fuelling plays a dominant role in affecting the combustion characteristics at a light load but, at a heavy load (WOT), the DI fuelling percentage becomes an important parameter, regardless of the percentage of ethanol content in the fuel.
Biosynthesis of L-Selectin Ligands:  Sulfation of Sialyl Lewis x-Related Oligosaccharides by a Family of GlcNAc-6-sulfotransferases (2001)

The leukocyte adhesion molecule L-selectin mediates lymphocyte homing to secondary lymphoid organs and to certain sites of inflammation. The cognate ligands for L-selectin possess the unusual sulfated tetrasaccharide epitope 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis x (Siaalpha2-->3Galbeta1-->4[Fucalpha1-->3][SO(3)-->6]GlcNAc). Sulfation of GlcNAc within sialyl Lewis x is a crucial modification for L-selectin binding, and thus, the underlying sulfotransferase may be a key modulator of lymphocyte trafficking. Four recently discovered GlcNAc-6-sulfotransferases are the first candidate contributors to the biosynthesis of 6-sulfo sLex in the context of L-selectin ligands. Here we report the in vitro activity of the four GlcNAc-6-sulfotransferases on a panel of synthetic oligosaccharide substrates that comprise structural motifs derived from sialyl Lewis x. Each enzyme preferred a terminal GlcNAc residue, and was impeded by the addition of a beta1,4-linked Gal residue (i.e., terminal LacNAc). Surprisingly, for three of the enzymes, significant activity was observed with sialylated LacNAc, and two of the enzymes were capable of detectable sulfation of GlcNAc in the context of sialyl Lewis x. On the basis of these results, we propose possible pathways for 6-sulfo sialyl Lewis x biosynthesis and suggest that sulfation may be an early committed step.
An Improved Two-Stage Camera Calibration Method (2006)

An improved two-stage camera calibration method was introduced. It took the sum of distance in the world coordinate between ground truth 3D points and calculated 3D points as cost function and made distortion coefficients of two cameras to be optimized at the same time. The 3D points' coordinate were calculated by means of the triangular measure based on camera model with distortion and the imitated direct linear transformation measure respectively, two new corresponding parameters optimization algorithms were also put forward. Simulation and experiment were made for 3D reconstruction with the parameters obtained by the traditional and improved calibration methods and the results show that the improved methods have much higher calibration precision than that of the traditional ones
Novel routes of insulin delivery for patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. (2001)

Subcutaneous insulin has been used to treat diabetes since the 1920s; however, despite a number of different formulations, intensive insulin therapy with multiple daily injections has not gained widespread clinical acceptance. Attempts to find effective, well-tolerated, nonenteral routes for delivering insulin began in the 1920s, and, over the years, have included ocular, buccal, rectal, vaginal, oral, nasal and uterine delivery systems. Until recently, many researchers believed that insulin delivered noninvasively was associated with too low a bioavailability to offer a realistic clinical approach. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that inhaled insulin is an effective, well-tolerated, noninvasive alternative to subcutaneous regular insulin. Critically, inhaled insulin shows a more physiological insulin profile than that seen with conventional insulin. Further studies are needed to confirm long-term efficacy and pulmonary safety, to compare the different approaches, and to characterize better their relative places in practice. As a result of the recognition of the importance of tighter control of glycaemia and the growing number of patients with type 2 diabetes who receive insulin, inhaled insulin could become an increasingly integral part of managing diabetes.
Truth finding on the deep web (2012)

The amount of useful information available on the Web has been growing at a dramatic pace in recent years and people rely more and more on the Web to fulfill their information needs. In this paper, we study truthfulness of Deep Web data in two domains where we believed data are fairly clean and data quality is important to people's lives: Stock and Flight. To our surprise, we observed a large amount of inconsistency on data from different sources and also some sources with quite low accuracy. We further applied on these two data sets state-of-the-art data fusion methods that aim at resolving conflicts and finding the truth, analyzed their strengths and limitations, and suggested promising research directions. We wish our study can increase awareness of the seriousness of conflicting data on the Web and in turn inspire more research in our community to tackle this problem.
Glycosylation of therapeutic proteins in different production systems (2007)

For a given protein, changes in the type of host cell, composition of the culture media and fermentation conditions during process development will most likely result in changes in the site occupation and heterogeneity of glycosylation. This, of course, can influence the therapeutic profile. Therefore, the early selection of the host cell and selection of upstream parameters are key in the process development of a product.
Human Rh D monoclonal antibodies (BRAD-3 and BRAD-5) cause accelerated clearance of Rh D+ red blood cells and suppression of Rh D immunization in Rh D- volunteers (1995)

The use of prophylactic anti-D to prevent Rh D immunization in Rh D- women and subsequent hemolytic disease in Rh D+ infants is widespread, but has led to shortages of the anti-D Ig. With the aim of substituting monoclonal anti-D for Rh D prophylaxis, we have compared the abilities of monoclonal and polyclonal anti-D to clear Rh D+ red blood cells (RBCs) infused into Rh D- male volunteers and to suppress Rh D immunization. Two human monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), BRAD-3 (IgG3) and BRAD-5 (IgG1), produced from stable Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B-lymphoblastoid cell lines, were selected because of their proven in vitro activity in promoting RBC lysis in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays. RBC clearance was assessed by intravenous injection of 3 mL of 51chromium-labeled D+ RBCs into 27 volunteers 48 hours after intramuscular injection of monoclonal or polyclonal anti-D. Further 3-mL injections of unlabeled D+ cells were administered at 6 and 9 months to induce immunization. Blood samples were taken throughout the 12-month period of study for the serologic detection of anti-D. The mean half-life (t50%) of RBCs in 7 recipients of 300 micrograms BRAD-5 (5.9 hours) was similar to that in 8 recipients of 500 IU polyclonal anti-D (5.0 hours), whereas D+ cells were cleared more slowly in some of the 8 subjects injected with 300 micrograms BRAD-3 (mean t50% 12.7 hours) and in 1 individual administered 100 micrograms BRAD-3 (t50% 41.0 hours). The rate of RBC clearance in both groups administered 300 micrograms monoclonal anti-D correlated with the amount of antibody bound per cell, determined by flow cytometry. There was no evidence of primary immunization having occurred in any subject after 6 months of follow-up. Five of 24 subjects produced anti-D after one or two further injections of RBCs, confirming that they were responders who had been protected by the monoclonal or polyclonal anti-D administered initially. Four of these responders were recipients of monoclonal anti-D (3 BRAD-3, 1 BRAD-5). One individual who received BRAD-5 produced accelerated clearance of D+ RBCs at the third unprotected RBC challenge but did not seroconvert. This study shows that the human MoAbs BRAD-3 and BRAD-5 can prevent Rh D immunization, and indicates that they may be suitable replacements for the polyclonal anti-D presently used in prophylaxis of Rh D hemolytic disease of the newborn.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Risk of Acquisition of Genital Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in Sex Partners of Persons with Genital Herpes: A Prospective Couple Study (1993)

In a prospective study of factors associated with genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 transmission in couples in whom 1 partner had clinical genital HSV and the other did not, 11 (19%) of the 57 history-negative partners had HSV-2 antibody by Western blot at entry. In follow-up (mean, 16 months) of 29 HSV-2-seronegative partners, overall 4 (14%) seroconverted compared with 3 (23%) of 13 HSV-1- and -2-seronegative partners and 1 (6%) of 16 HSV-1-seropositive partners. Since all seroconverters were women, the risk of transmission may be higher in HSV-seronegative women. No significant differences were found between HSV-2-seronegative partners and seroconverters regarding duration of relationships, number of partner recurrences, intercourse frequency, or contraceptive method. However, 2 seroconverters were exposed to lesions without barrier contraception. This study suggests that infection is commonly asymptomatic and that although the overall risk of genital HSV transmission in couples is low (10%/year), the risk may be significantly increased in women and in seronegative individuals.
Inhibition of PCSK9: A powerful weapon for achieving ideal LDL cholesterol levels (2009)

lasma LDL cholesterol level is a major determinant of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.The striking results of the early large-scale statin trials showed that LDL levels can be reduced by 30-40% with comparable percentage reductions in CVD risk.More recent trials show that there is progressively greater relative risk reduction as the on-treatment level of LDL drops.In the JUPITER trial (1), rosuvastatin treatment of healthy subjects who had elevated CRP levels lowered LDL cholesterol levels Ϸ50% [from a baseline median of 108 mg/dL to 55 mg/dL (25% had values Ͻ44 mg/ dL)] and resulted in a Ϸ50% reduction in all CVD events.We recently suggested that an ''ideal'' LDL cholesterol level of 50 mg/dL should be the target goal of therapy in all high-risk subjects (2), but the Jupiter trial extends this concept to an even larger population and supports the concept that ''the lower the LDL the better'' is a reasonable position.However, achieving LDL levels of 50 mg/dL or even lower in patients with high initial values is often not possible with statins alone, even with maximum dosages.Such patients often require 2 or even 3 different drugs to reach a LDL level Ͻ100 mg/dL, much less 50 mg/dL, and such combinations increase the risk of side effects.Consequently, the search for new cholesterol-lowering interventions continues apace.In this issue of PNAS, Chan et al. (3) describe dramatic cholesterol lowering in nonhuman primates with the use of a mAb against proprotein convertase subtilisin/ kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a recently described key regulator of hepatocyte LDL receptor (LDL-R) expression.
Mineralization of the herbicide atrazine as a carbon source by a Pseudomonas strain (1994)

Strain YAYA6 was isolated from a mixed microbial community that was growing on atrazine as a sole carbon source and formed quantitative amounts of chloride and nitrate. This strain was identified as a member of the true pseudomonad group (RNA group I) and was given the designation DMS 93-99. The growth yield when atrazine was the sole carbon and nitrogen source was 80 g (dry weight) of cells per mol of atrazine, and the cell doubling time was around 11 h. Approximately 20% of [U-ring 14C]atrazine was mineralized during primary degradation of atrazine. After atrazine disappeared from the culture supernatant, mineralization continued until the level of mineralization was more than 50%. Under different experimental conditions 10% of the atrazine supplied initially was converted to cyanuric acid and < 1% was converted to other s-triazines after prolonged incubation. Degradation proceeded via dechlorination and N-dealkylation. Atrazine was degraded until the concentration was circa 0.1 milligrams/liter. We obtained evidence showing that strain YAYA6 has specific uptake mechanisms for atrazine but less specific degradation mechanisms for s-triazines.
Indium-surfactant-assisted growth of high-mobility AlN/GaN multilayer structures by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (2001)

AlN/GaN single and multilayer structures with various AlN and GaN layer thicknesses were grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Step flow growth of AlN was achieved using trimethylindium as a surfactant. Defect formation in the AlN layer could be largely prevented for AlN layers thinner than 2.9 nm. In the multiquantum-well samples, which consisted of five (AlN/GaN) periods, a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) was formed at the interface between the GaN base layer and the first AlN barrier layer. When the thickness of the AlN barrier layer in the multiquantum well was increased from 0.9 to 2.6 nm at a constant GaN well thickness of 5 nm, the sheet carrier density of the 2 DEG increased from 5×1012 to 2.1×1013 cm−2 and the electron mobility measured at 77 K decreased from 11780 to 3140 cm2/V s. The effect of the GaN well thickness was also investigated.
On the motion of a fluid-fluid interface along a solid surface (1974)

A fluid-fluid interface that joins a solid surface forms a common line. If the common line moves along the solid, a mutual displacement process is involved and is studied here. Some simple experiments motivate the formulation of the basic assumption of the analysis. The basic assumption is a formalization of the idea that the fluid-fluid interface rolls on or unrolls off the solid. This forms an axiom for the mostly kinematical analysis that follows. The predictions are tested through a series of qualitative experiments. The role of the no-slip boundary condition at the solid surface is discussed.
Essential Roles for Ankyrin Repeat and Transactivation Domains in Induction of T-Cell Leukemia by Notch1 (2000)

Notch receptors participate in a conserved signaling pathway that controls the development of diverse tissues and cell types, including lymphoid cells. Signaling is normally initiated through one or more ligand-mediated proteolytic cleavages that permit nuclear translocation of the intracellular portion of the Notch receptor (ICN), which then binds and activates transcription factors of the Su(H)/CBF1 family. Several mammalian Notch receptors are oncogenic when constitutively active, including Notch1, a gene initially identified based on its involvement in a (7;9) chromosomal translocation found in sporadic T-cell lymphoblastic leukemias and lymphomas (T-ALL). To investigate which portions of ICN1 contribute to transformation, we performed a structure-transformation analysis using a robust murine bone marrow reconstitution assay. Both the ankyrin repeat and C-terminal transactivation domains were required for T-cell leukemogenesis, whereas the N-terminal RAM domain and a C-terminal domain that includes a PEST sequence were nonessential. Induction of T-ALL correlated with the transactivation activity of each Notch1 polypeptide when fused to the DNA-binding domain of GAL4, with the exception of polypeptides deleted of the ankyrin repeats, which lacked transforming activity while retaining strong transactivation activity. Transforming polypeptides also demonstrated moderate to strong activation of the Su(H)/CBF1-sensitive HES-1 promoter, while polypeptides with weak or absent activity on this promoter failed to cause leukemia. These experiments define a minimal transforming region for Notch1 in T-cell progenitors and suggest that leukemogenic signaling involves recruitment of transcriptional coactivators to ICN1 nuclear complexes.
T-DNA and opine synthetic loci in tumors incited by Agrobacterium tumefaciens A281 on soybean and alfalfa plants (1986)

We report here the molecular characterization of transferred DNA (T-DNA) in leguminous tumors incited by Agrobacterium tumefaciens A281 harboring the tumor-inducing plasmid pTiBo542. The T-DNA is composed of two regions named TL (left portion)-DNA and TR (right portion)-DNA, in accordance with the nomenclature for the octopine strains. TL-DNA is defined by several internal HindIII restriction fragments totaling 10.8 kilobase pairs (kbp) in uncloned soybean and alfalfa tumors. Alfalfa tumor DNA may contain one more HindIII fragment at the left end of TL-DNA than does soybean tumor DNA. TR-DNA has a 5.8-kbp BamHI-EcoRI internal fragment. All borders other than the left border of TL-DNA appear to be the same within the detection limits of Southern blot hybridization experiments. The two T-DNA regions are separated by 16 to 19 kbp of DNA not stably maintained in tumors. The distance from the left border of TL-DNA to the right border of TR-DNA is approximately 40 kbp. Loci for the mannityl opines are situated in TR-DNA, based on genetic and biochemical criteria.
Fast, iterative image reconstruction for MRI in the presence of field inhomogeneities (2003)

In magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic field inhomogeneities cause distortions in images that are reconstructed by conventional fast Fourier trasform (FFT) methods. Several noniterative image reconstruction methods are used currently to compensate for field inhomogeneities, but these methods assume that the field map that characterizes the off-resonance frequencies is spatially smooth. Recently, iterative methods have been proposed that can circumvent this assumption and provide improved compensation for off-resonance effects. However, straightforward implementations of such iterative methods suffer from inconveniently long computation times. This paper describes a tool for accelerating iterative reconstruction of field-corrected MR images: a novel time-segmented approximation to the MR signal equation. We use a min-max formulation to derive the temporal interpolator. Speedups of around 60 were achieved by combining this temporal interpolator with a nonuniform fast Fourier transform with normalized root mean squared approximation errors of 0.07%. The proposed method provides fast, accurate, field-corrected image reconstruction even when the field map is not smooth.
Synthetic RNA Silencing in Bacteria ? Antimicrobial Discovery and Resistance Breaking (2011)

The increasing incidence and prevalence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria threatens the "antibiotic miracle." Conventional antimicrobial drug development has failed to replace the armamentarium needed to combat this problem, and novel solutions are urgently required. Here we review both natural and synthetic RNA silencing and its potential to provide new antibacterials through improved target selection, evaluation, and screening. Furthermore, we focus on synthetic RNA silencers as a novel class of antibacterials and review their unique properties.
Stability and in vitro DNA packaging of bacteriophages: effects of dextrans, sugars, and polyols (1983)

Attempts were made to increase the efficiency of infectious particle formation during the in vitro assembly of bacteriophage T7 from procapsids and DNA. It was found that dextrans and some smaller, related compounds (sucrose and sorbitol) increase this efficiency by a factor of 8 to 50. Dextrans also inhibited elevated temperature-induced emptying of DNA from bacteriophages T7, P22, and T4, suggesting that the stimulation of assembly is caused, at least in part, by the stabilization of packaged DNA in capsids. The data indicated that the sugars and polyols can slow DNA emptying from bacteriophages at elevated temperature whether they permeate the bacteriophage capsid or not. In contrast, the data suggested that permeation of some particle, probably a capsid, results in inhibition of in vitro T7 assembly.