gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identifying safety strategies for on-farm grain bins using risk analysis (2002)

The potential for grain bin accidents exists each year on Arkansas farms and farms across the nation. The trend toward increasing utilization of on-farm grain drying and storage could lead to an increase in grain bin accidents. The sharp contrast between a safe, efficient operation and one that leads to injury or death can be represented as sets of farmer-decisions and subsequent chance events. A model was constructed to define the risk associated with grain bin entry and inbin activity so that safety interventions could be identified and implemented to reduce the probability of injury and death. A survey was distributed to Arkansas grain farmers to gather data on the level of safety education, storage techniques, operations management, and other parameters. The data collected from the survey provided quantitative input of many of the model’s probability-distribution functions. Using a fault tree (with parallel modes of failure) in conjunction with a Monte Carlo simulation technique, we evaluated six safety intervention strategies and identified the one with the greatest potential for reducing the risk of serous injury or death. As part of senior design in biological engineering, plans are underway to design and test a probe that can locate and break bridged grain (a common risk factor in grain bin management) while working outside the bin on the ground.
Turbine Airfoil Manufacturing Technology (1997)

The Department of Energy’s Turbine Airfoil Manufacturing Technology Program was initiated at PCC Airfoils, Inc./General Electric Power Generation Group. The specific program goal is to define manufacturing methods for single crystal (SX) technology to be applied to airfoil components for power generation applications. A number of technical issues are being addressed and these form the task structure of the program and will be discussed including: • Alloy Melt Practice to Reduce Sulfur Content in Alloys • Modification/Improvement of SX Casting Process • Core Materials and Design • Grain Orientation Control Melt desulfurization has successfully reduced sulfur to below 1 part/million with accompanying improvements in oxidation resistance compared to undesulfurized material. Casting variables have been identified which can optimize casting quality. Core material evaluations to date indicate the initial core compositions need to be optimized to eliminate core break during processing operations. Grain orientation control addresses the formation of a database to enable decisions to be made concerning the establishment of grain limit defect criteria. Liberalizing the defect criteria will have a positive effect on the producibility and yields associated with the SX castings. The planned testing has been formulated.
Conditional ablation of neurones in transgenic mice (2001)

Conditional targeted ablation of specific cell populations in living transgenic animals is a very powerful strategy to determine cell functions in vivo. This approach would be of particular value to study the functions of distinct neuronal populations; however, the transgene of choice for conditional cell ablation studies in mice, the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene, cannot be used to ablate neurones as its principal mode of action relies on cell proliferation. Here we report that expression of the E.coli nitroreductase gene (Ntr) and metabolism of the prodrug CB1954 (5-aziridin-1-yl-2-4-dinitrobenzamide) to its cytotoxic derivative can be used to conditionally and acutely ablate specific neuronal populations in vivo. As proof of principal, we have ablated olfactory and vomeronasal receptor neurones by expressing Ntr under the control of the olfactory marker protein (OMP) gene promoter. We demonstrate that following CB1954 administration, olfactory and vomeronasal receptor neurones expressing the transgene were selectively eliminated from the olfactory epithelium (OE), and projections to the olfactory bulb (OB) were lost. The functional efficacy of cell ablation was demonstrated using a highly sensitive behavioural test to show that ablated mice had lost the olfactory ability to discriminate distinct odors and were consequently rendered anosmic. Targeted expression of Ntr to specific neuronal populations using conventional transgenes, as described here, or by "knock-in" gene targeting using embryonic stem cells may be of significant value to address the functions of distinct neuronal populations in vivo.
Preparing and closing the burn wound. (1974)

Several methods for eschar removal, debridement, temporary wound closure, and wound resurfacing are presented. Techniques utilized at the Burn and Trauma Unit of the Bernalillo County Medical Center and the University of New Mexico School of Medicine are described in detail.
Use of Human Engineering Standards in Design (1977)

Recently, an increased emphasis has been placed on product quality and compatibility with the human user. As a result, there is growing recognition of the need for man/machine design standards. Do present standards meet this need? In the present study, the impact of human engineering standards on product designs was evaluated by: (1) a comparison of two display panels designed to the same standards, (2) an analytical evaluation of two existing standards, and (3) a survey of standard users. Existing standards appear to have little effect on product design. The apparent reasons are complex, probably involving deficiencies in the standards themselves, education, and interdisciplinary communication, as well as designer preference.
The sterility of platelet and granulocyte concentrates collected by discontinuous flow centrifugation (1980)

Platelet concentrates prepared by a discontinuous flow centrifugal technique (Haemonetics) were examined for evidence of bacterial contamination and subsequent growth from 3 to 11 days after collection. Of the 126 platelet concentrates examined, 4 revealed bacterial growth. However, the growth patterns indicated contamination during the microbiologic manipulations rather than contamination of the units during preparation. These studies indicate that platelet concentrates prepared using the Haemonetics Blood Processor can be safely transfused for up to three days after collection if stored at 4 to 6 C.
Mucoadhesive Microspheres: A Promising Tool in Drug Delivery (2008)

Mucoadhesive polymers have recently gained interest among pharmaceutical scientists as a means of improving drug delivery by promoting the residence time and contact time of the dosage form with the mucous membranes. Mucoadhesion is the process whereby synthetic and natural polymers adhere to mucosal surfaces in the body. If these materials are then incorporated into pharmaceutical formulations, drug absorption by mucosal cells may be enhanced or the drug will be released at the site for an extended period of time. Microspheres, in general, have the potential to be used for targeted and controlled release drug delivery; however, coupling of mucoadhesive properties to microspheres has additional advantages like, a much more intimate contact with the mucus layer, efficient absorption and enhanced bioavailability of the drugs due to a high surface to volume ratio. The present review describes the potential applications of mucoadhesive microspheres as a novel carrier system to improve drug delivery by various routes of administration like buccal, oral, nasal, ocular, vaginal and rectal, either for systemic or for local effects. The mucoadhesive polymers, methods of preparation of microspheres and their in vitro and in vivo evaluation are also described.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of a Fifth Type of α2,8-Sialyltransferase (ST8Sia V) (1996)

The cDNAs encoding a new alpha2,8-sialyltransferase (ST8Sia V) were cloned from a mouse brain cDNA library by means of a polymerase chain reaction-based method using the nucleotide sequence information on mouse ST8Sia I (GD3 synthase) and mouse ST8Sia III (Siaalpha2,3Galbeta1,4GlcNAcalpha2,8-sialyltransferase ), both of which exhibit activity toward glycolipids. The predicted amino acid sequence of ST8Sia V shows 36.1% and 15.0% identity to those of mouse ST8Sia I and III, respectively. The recombinant protein A-fused ST8Sia V expressed in COS-7 cells exhibited an alpha2, 8-sialyltransferase activity toward GM1b, GD1a, GT1b, and GD3, and synthesized GD1c, GT1a, GQ1b, and GT3, respectively. The apparent Km values for GM1b, GD1a, GT1b and GD3 were 1.1, 0.082, 0.070, and 0.28 mM, respectively. However, ST8Sia V did not exhibit activity toward GM3. Thus, the substrate specificity of ST8Sia V is different from those of ST8Sia I and III, both of which exhibit activity toward GM3. Transfection of the ST8Sia V gene into COS-7 cells, which express GD1a as a major glycolipid, led to the expression of determinants for monoclonal antibody 4F10, which recognizes GT1a and GQ1b, suggesting that ST8Sia V exhibits activity toward gangliosides GD1a and/or GT1b in vivo. The expression of the ST8Sia V gene was tissue- and developmental stage-specific, and was clearly different from those of other alpha2,8-sialyltransferase genes. The ST8Sia V gene was strongly expressed in the brain and weakly in other tissues such as the liver. In addition, its expression was greater in the adult than fetal brain. These results strongly indicate that ST8Sia V is a candidate for SAT-V, the alpha2,8-sialyltransferase involved in GD1c, GT1a, GQ1b, and GT3 synthesis.
A perspective on anti-cytokine and anti-T cell-directed therapies in rheumatoid arthritis. (1996)

Clinical trials have provided a unique opportunity to test the consequences of specific interactions between biologically therapeutic modalities--mainly monoclonal antibodies (mabs) and recombinant proteins--and molecular targets in RA. Biological agents directed against T cell surface markers effectively deplete CD4+ lymphocytes, in some instances for prolonged periods. To date such therapies have shown promising results in 'open label' trials, but in those instances in which randomized placebo-controlled trials have been undertaken, there has been a failure to demonstrate significant benefit over placebo. In contrast, randomized clinical trials with a single cycle of neutralizing anti-TNF alpha mabs have shown substantial benefit in the majority of patients, with marked reduction in CRP lasting several weeks. IL-1 blockade with IL-1 ra and soluble IL-1 R showed possible efficacy in early trials but their performance is much less striking when compared with anti-TNF alpha therapy. Overall the results of trials with anti-T cell and cytokine blockade may reflect on the biological properties of the agents chosen for trial, rather than giving a conclusive answer on the relative merits of targeting these molecules in RA. Nevertheless, promising new directions for therapy and concepts of disease pathogenesis are emerging from the new era of hypothesis testing by specific biological therapies.
A Prospective, Randomized Study of Lumbar Fusion (1993)

One hundred, twenty-four patients undergoing lumbar or lumbosacral fusion for degenerative conditions were entered into a prospective study. The patients were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups. Group I underwent posterolateral fusion using autogenous bone graft. Group II had autogenous posterolateral fusions supplemented by a semi-rigid pedicle screw/plate fixation system (Luque II; Danek Medical, Memphis, Tennessee). Group III patients underwent posterolateral autogenous fusion with a rigid pedicle screw/rod fixation system (Texas Scottish Rite Hospital [TSRH]-Danek Medical, Memphis, Tennessee). All the patients were operated on by the same surgeon, identical bone grafting technique was used in all, and all were treated in an identical fashion postoperatively. Fusion status was determined from the anteroposterior, oblique, and flexion-extension radiographs obtained at 1 year. Clinical results were rated as excellent if the patients were pain-free and had returned to work; good if the patients had mild backache requiring non-narcotic analgesics and had returned to work; fair if continuing back pain prevented a return to work; or poor if the pain was worse than that which the patient experienced preoperatively or the patient required revision surgery. Nine patients who were originally assigned to Group II or Group III were placed in Group I intraoperatively. This change was due to the identification of severe osteopenia and the determination that pedicle screw purchase was poor. One patient was lost to follow-up. Thus, 51 patients were in Group I, 35 in Group II, and 37 in Group III. Follow-up ranged from 9 to 28 months, averaging 16 months.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Point Defect Dynamics and the Oxidation‐Induced Stacking‐Fault Ring in Czochralski‐Grown Silicon Crystals (1998)

A model is presented and analyzed for the dynamics of intrinsic point defects, vacancies, and self‐interstitials, in single‐crystal silicon. Computations and asymptotic analysis are used to describe the appearance of the oxidation‐induced stacking‐fault ring (OSF ring) created during the cooling of silicon crystals in the Czochralski growth process. The model predicts that the OSF ring separates an inner region supersaturated with vacancies from a self‐interstitial rich outer region. The OSF ring corresponds to a region of no net excess of either point defect. Simulations of the dynamics of the OSF ring with changes in the crystal growth rate (V) and the axial temperature gradient at the melt/crystal interface (G) accurately predict experimental data for a wide range of growth conditions when point defect thermophysical properties (equilibrium concentrations and diffusivities) are fit to a single set of experimental data. The point defect properties determined this way are within the range of values reported in the literature. Asymptotic analysis of the point defect dynamics model gives a simple mechanistic picture for the development of the point defect supersaturations and yields a closed‐form expression for the critical value of (V/G) for the location of the OSF ring. This expression is in excellent agreement with the predictions of simulation and with the empirical correlation determined from experiments.
Task support in an office system (1984)

The tools in current office systems are designed to carry out simple tasks that are common to most offices. For example, tasks such as communication, time management and document production are supported by the electronic mail, calendar and text editor tools. It has been pointed out that this level of task support is only of limited effectiveness in addressing the problem of office productivity [HAMM79,HAMM80]. A more effective system would support higher-level tasks that are directly related to the goals or functions of the office. This type of task often involves decision-making, complex sequences of actions, and interaction with a number of other people. The crucial feature of these tasks is that, unlike the simple tasks mentioned previously, tasks that more closely implement a particular office's functions must be very office-specific. It will not be possible to provide a generic set of tools to directly support all office tasks. However, it should be possible to “customize” an office system by providing a means of describing the high-level tasks and how they can be supported with the existing set of tools. Descriptions of office tasks are usually called office procedures. Although the name implies that the activities described are very routine and structured, office procedures can also be used to describe more unstructured, management-level tasks. Office procedure formalisms have been used to define and analyse offices [ELLI80,BAIL83], and to automate office tasks [ZISM77]. A description of a task using a procedure formalism is subject to change and represents only a standard or typical way of carrying out that task. A system that uses office procedures to support tasks must provide mechanisms to deal with these limitations of procedures [FIKE80].
Rapid Fabrication of Uniformly Sized Nanopores and Nanopore Arrays for Parallel DNA Analysis (2006)

Rapid fabrication of uniform nanopores and nanopore arrays in Si3N4 membranes (see figure) is achieved using a high-intensity electron beam. Expansion or contraction of the pores under electron-beam irradiation is observed and utilized for the controlled fabrication of highly uniform nanopores in the size range 2–20 nm. Our nanopores exhibit a truncated double-cone structure, as revealed by 3D-TEM tomography.
Plant surface lipid biosynthetic pathways and their utility for metabolic engineering of waxes and hydrocarbon biofuels (2008)

Due to their unique physical properties, waxes are high-value materials that are used in a variety of industrial applications. They are generated by chemical synthesis, extracted from fossil sources, or harvested from a small number of plant and animal species. As a result, the diversity of chemical structures in commercial waxes is low and so are their yields. These limitations can be overcome by engineering of wax biosynthetic pathways in the seeds of high-yielding oil crops to produce designer waxes for specific industrial end uses. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge regarding the genes and enzymes generating the chemical diversity of cuticular waxes that accumulate at the surfaces of primary plant organs. We then consider the potential of cuticle biosynthetic genes for biotechnological wax production, focusing on selected examples of wax ester chain lengths and isomers. Finally, we discuss the genes/enzymes of cuticular alkane biosynthesis and their potential in future metabolic engineering of plants for the production of renewable hydrocarbon fuels.
iCLIP Predicts the Dual Splicing Effects of TIA-RNA Interactions (2010)

The regulation of alternative splicing involves interactions between RNA-binding proteins and pre-mRNA positions close to the splice sites. T-cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA1) and TIA1-like 1 (TIAL1) locally enhance exon inclusion by recruiting U1 snRNP to 5' splice sites. However, effects of TIA proteins on splicing of distal exons have not yet been explored. We used UV-crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP) to find that TIA1 and TIAL1 bind at the same positions on human RNAs. Binding downstream of 5' splice sites was used to predict the effects of TIA proteins in enhancing inclusion of proximal exons and silencing inclusion of distal exons. The predictions were validated in an unbiased manner using splice-junction microarrays, RT-PCR, and minigene constructs, which showed that TIA proteins maintain splicing fidelity and regulate alternative splicing by binding exclusively downstream of 5' splice sites. Surprisingly, TIA binding at 5' splice sites silenced distal cassette and variable-length exons without binding in proximity to the regulated alternative 3' splice sites. Using transcriptome-wide high-resolution mapping of TIA-RNA interactions we evaluated the distal splicing effects of TIA proteins. These data are consistent with a model where TIA proteins shorten the time available for definition of an alternative exon by enhancing recognition of the preceding 5' splice site. Thus, our findings indicate that changes in splicing kinetics could mediate the distal regulation of alternative splicing.
Organoleptic characteristics of flavor materials (2007)

Liste de pres de 40 composes chimiques (exemple: anethol, eugenol, citronelle). Leur localisation dans la nature, leurs caracteristiques organoleptiques (odeur et gout), leurs utilisations possibles
A Wide Variety of Mutations in the Parkin Gene Are Responsible for Autosomal Recessive Parkinsonism in Europe (1999)

Autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP, PARK2; OMIM 602544), one of the monogenic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD), was initially described in Japan. It is characterized by early onset (before age 40), marked response to levodopa treatment and levodopa-induced dyskinesias. The gene responsible for AR-JP was recently identified and designated parkin. We have analysed the 12 coding exons of the parkin gene in 35 mostly European families with early onset autosomal recessive parkinsonism. In one family, a homozygous deletion of exon 4 could be demonstrated. By direct sequencing of the exons in the index patients of the remaining 34 families, eight previously undescribed point mutations (homozygous or heterozygous) were detected in eight families that included 20 patients. The mutations segregated with the disease in the families and were not detected on 110-166 control chromosomes. Four mutations caused truncation of the parkin protein. Three were frameshifts (202-203delAG, 255delA and 321-322insGT) and one a nonsense mutation (Trp453Stop). The other four were missense mutations (Lys161Asn, Arg256Cys, Arg275Trp and Thr415Asn) that probably affect amino acids that are important for the function of the parkin protein, since they result in the same phenotype as truncating mutations or homozygous exon deletions. Mean age at onset was 38 +/- 12 years, but onset up to age 58 was observed. Mutations in the parkin gene are therefore not invariably associated with early onset parkinsonism. In many patients, the phenotype is indistinguishable from that of idiopathic PD. This study has shown that a wide variety of different mutations in the parkin gene are a common cause of autosomal recessive parkinsonism in Europe and that different types of point mutations seem to be more frequently responsible for the disease phenotype than are deletions.
Estimation of plasma insulin from plasma glucose (2002)

Two plasma insulin estimators are derived and evaluated in this paper. The estimators use continuously monitored plasma glucose, and they are based on a simple mathematical model of glucose-insulin metabolism. The first estimator (Estimator 1) was obtained from the glucose subsystem of the simplified model, which includes plasma glucose and interstitial insulin compartments. The second estimator (Estimator 2) was developed from the insulin kinetics subsystem of the simplified model. The performances of the estimators were compared using computer simulations and data from clinical intravenous glucose tolerance test procedures and from animal experiments.
Automated clinical data collection for national quality measurement reporting. (2007)

Collecting data for the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) ORYX Core Measurement Reporting can be automated using an object-oriented, client-developed program that extracts data from a clinical data repository and utilizes an MHA vendor upload process. The process eliminated 39% of the manual data collection efforts.
Combination of azelaic acid 5% and clindamycin 2% for the treatment of acne vulgaris (2011)

The profound reduction in lesion count and ASI by combination therapy with AA-Clin gel in comparison to individual treatment with 5% AA or Clin 2% suggested the combination formula as an effective alternative in treatment of acne vulgaris.