gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression of HSP70 in human colon carcinoma cells (2000)

Objective To study tile synthesis of HSP70 In human colon carcinoma cells and prepare the ground for the investigation into the role of HSP70 in the apoptosis of colon carcinoma cells. Methods Human colon carcinoma cells were stressed at 42℃ for 30 min, and were then cultured for 2, 5, 8, 11h respectively. The synthesis and distribuion of HSP70 were examined by means of immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Results The synthesis of HSP70 began to increase2 h after heat shock and reached the maximum after 5-8 h; it decreased markedly 11 h after the heat shock, and more HSP70 was observed in the karyon than in the cytoplasm. Conclusion The experiment indicated that human colon carcinoma cells (LoVo) synthesize low level of HSP70 in normal, but more HSP70 is synthesized and reaches the maximum at 5 8 h after the hest shock and gradually decreased afterwards.
Rapid Hydrolysis of Organophosphorous Esters Induced by Nanostructured, Fluorine‐Doped Titania Replicas of Diatom Frustules (2007)

Three‐dimensional microscale assemblies of fluorine‐doped titania nanoparticles were synthesized from silica‐based diatom microshells (frustules) via a shape‐preserving reactive conversion process (as per the method of Unocic et al .). The nanostructured F‐doped titania frustules were found to induce rapid hydrolysis of the organophosphorous esters, methyl paraoxon, and methyl parathion (insecticides and nerve agent mimics), under mild conditions (pH 4.5–7.9, 22°C) and in the absence of light. Fluorine doping of the titania frustules, which altered the surface Lewis acidity, was found to have a strong impact on the rate of hydrolysis.
Specificity and kinetics of norovirus binding to magnetic bead-conjugated histo-blood group antigens (2010)

These results facilitated development of a prototype method for sensitive detection of NoV in samples requiring larger volumes.
Concentration gradient generation methods based on microfluidic systems (2017)

Various concentration gradient generation methods based on microfluidic systems are summarized in this paper.
Small Molecule Inhibitors of Aggregation Indicate That Amyloid β Oligomerization and Fibrillization Pathways Are Independent and Distinct (2007)

Alzheimer disease is characterized by the abnormal aggregation of amyloid beta peptide into extracellular fibrillar deposits known as amyloid plaques. Soluble oligomers have been observed at early time points preceding fibril formation, and these oligomers have been implicated as the primary pathological species rather than the mature fibrils. A significant issue that remains to be resolved is whether amyloid oligomers are an obligate intermediate on the pathway to fibril formation or represent an alternate assembly pathway that may or may not lead to fiber formation. To determine whether amyloid beta oligomers are obligate intermediates in the fibrillization pathway, we characterized the mechanism of action of amyloid beta aggregation inhibitors in terms of oligomer and fibril formation. Based on their effects, the small molecules segregated into three distinct classes: compounds that inhibit oligomerization but not fibrillization, compounds that inhibit fibrillization but not oligomerization, and compounds that inhibit both. Several compounds selectively inhibited oligomerization at substoichiometric concentrations relative to amyloid beta monomer, with some active in the low nanomolar range. These results indicate that oligomers are not an obligate intermediate in the fibril formation pathway. In addition, these data suggest that small molecule inhibitors are useful for clarifying the mechanisms underlying protein aggregation and may represent potential therapeutic agents that target fundamental disease mechanisms.
부자와 순례자들: 중국 제일 부촌에서의 탈사회주의 모더니티 관광 (2007)

This article examines how today`s Chinese people negotiate postsocialist Chinese modernity when they engage in tourism in Huaxi, a village known as China`s richest village. Huaxi is a rural village in Jiangsu and has accumulated enormous wealth by producing various commodities in its village enterprises. Because of its successful adaptation to the market economy in the early years of Chinese reform, the village came to be regarded as a model for rural development. As its reputation grew, Huaxi began to attract a large number of tourists nationwide who sought to learn from its experience of success. Displaying modern consumer goods and images of globalization to tourists, Huaxi offers fascinating examples of postsocialist Chinese discourses of modernity. In Huaxi, wealth is celebrated unabashedly in public speeches and other staged performances. At the same time, the village has not yet completely dissolved the socialist collective ownership system. Therefore, Huaxi still represents itself as a socialist rural village. However, the meaning of socialism in Huaxi is inherently different from Maoist socialism, because it is material wealth that has become the primary focus of Huaxi`s tourism and which is the central value emphasized in Huaxi`s representation of postsocialist Chinese modernity. My analysis of Huaxi`s tourism draws upon theoretical conceptualizations of power in the anthropology of tourism. To analyze the issue of power, this paper distinguishes between tourism and pilgrimage, with tourism conceptualized as a journey to the margins of power, while is defined as a journey toward the center of power, whether it is religious, political or cultural. In this sense, this paper regards Huaxi tourism as a secular pilgrimage in which tourists from margins of modernity visit a center of modernity. This paper also shows that tourists from poor areas and those from wealthy areas interpret Huaxi in different ways. Tourists from poor rural China visit Huaxi with the aspiration of emulating the success of Huaxi. They are pilgrims of modernity. For them, Huaxi is a center of modernity. Thus, they tend to be impressed with Huaxi`s display of material wealth and the village`s public celebration of its achievements. On the other hand, tourists from urban centers tend to have much less interest in the wealth of Huaxi. Instead, advocating privatization and neoliberal reform, they even criticize Huaxi for its anachronistic collectivism. All in all, Huaxi is now a model village that has passed the high point of its success. It is still honored and emulated by Chinese peasants, but at the same time it is denounced by urban elites.
The bacterial pathogenesis and treatment of pouchitis (2010)

Restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the operation of choice for patients with ulcerative colitis. Pouchitis is the most common cause of pouch dysfunction. Although the pathogenesis of this disease is not well understood, bacteria have been implicated in the disease process. Numerous bacterial studies have been reported over the last 25 years with few unifying findings. In addition, many different treatments for pouchitis have been reported with varying results. Antibiotic treatment remains the most studied and is the mainstay of treatment. In this article we review the aetiology of pouchitis and the evidenced-based treatment options.
Single-wavelength anomalous diffraction phasing revisited (2000)

Multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) phasing has become a routinely used tool for determining new macromolecular structures. The MAD method has stringent data-collection requirements, typically necessitating radiation-resistant crystals and access to a tunable synchrotron beamline. In cases where synchrotron time, monochromator tunability or radiation damage is a concern or where high-throughput structure determination is desired, phasing methods capable of producing interpretable electron-density maps from less data become attractive alternatives to MAD. The increasing availability of tunable synchrotron data-collection facilities prompted the authors to revisit single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) phasing used in conjunction with a phase-ambiguity resolving method such as solvent flattening. The anomalous diffraction from seven different selenomethionine-labelled protein crystals has been analysed and it is shown that in conjunction with solvent flattening, diffraction data from the peak anomalous wavelength alone can produce interpretable electron-density maps of comparable quality to those resulting from full MAD phasing. Single-wavelength anomalous diffraction (SAD) phasing can therefore be a time-efficient alternative to MAD. The data also show that radiation damage can have a significant effect on the quality of SAD/MAD diffraction data. These results may be useful in the design of optimal strategies for collection of the diffraction data.
State of the art in the production of transgenic goats. (2004)

This review summarises recent advances in the field of transgenic goats for the purpose of producing recombinant proteins in their milk. Production of transgenic goats via pronuclear microinjection of DNA expression vectors has been the traditional method, but this results in low efficiencies. Somatic cell nuclear transfer has dramatically improved efficiencies in rates of transgenesis. Characterisation of transfected cells in vitro before use in nuclear transfer guarantees that kids born are transgenic and of predetermined gender. Using these platform technologies, several recombinant proteins of commercial interest have been produced, although none of them has yet gained marketing approval. Before these technologies are implemented in goat improvement programmes, efficiencies must be improved, costs reduced, and regulatory approval obtained for the marketing of food products derived from such animals.
Surprises in Simple Packages (2001)

Giardia lamblia is familiar to hikers and campers as an intestinal parasite best avoided by filtering one's drinking water. To biologists, Giardia is of interest because it lacks mitochondria and has been thought to be representative of simple, modern-day eukaryotes (others of which lack peroxisomes or the Golgi apparatus) that are descended from early branches of the eukaryotic limb of the “tree of life.”
Blood Supply in Melanoma Xenografts Is Governed by the Morphology of the Supplying Arteries (2009)

Tumor blood supply was related to the morphology of the tumor microvasculature and the supplying arteries (SAs) of A-07-GFP and D-12-GFP melanoma xenografts growing in window chamber preparations in BALB/c nu/nu mice. Blood supply and morphologic parameters were determined from first-pass imaging movies and vascular maps recorded after a bolus of 155-kDa tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-labeled dextran had been administered intravenously. Poorly supplied tumors showed microvascular networks that did not differ from those of well-supplied tumors in vessel tortuosity, diameter, and density. Conversely, the SAs of poorly supplied tumors were more tortuous and had a smaller diameter than those of well-supplied tumors, resulting in lower plasma velocities in the downstream tumor vessels. Consequently, the blood supply of A-07-GFP and D-12-GFP tumors was governed by the geometric resistance of the SAs rather than by the geometric resistance or the vessel density of the tumor microvasculature. The present study suggests that the SAs may represent an important target for physiological interventions of tumors and that it may be beneficial to focus on the tumor SAs rather than the tumor microvasculature when searching for novel therapeutic strategies for modifying tumor blood supply.
Temperature dependence of the noise amplitude in graphene and graphene oxide (2009)

Abstract Graphene and related materials such as carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide are promising materials for future applications in chemical sensing and electronics. Electronic noise in these materials is typically very high due to the low number of carriers and the inverse dependence of 1/ f noise on the number of carriers. We have investigated the changes in 1/ f noise amplitude with temperature in exfoliated graphene and reduced graphene oxide devices. We show that using reduced graphene oxide results in an intriguing environmental coupling to noise amplitude. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Paclitaxel plus carboplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase II trial. (1996)

Paclitaxel plus carboplatin is a moderately active regimen in patients with advanced NSCLC and warrants comparison with existing cisplatin-based regimens in a prospective randomized trial. The toxicities of this regimen are well tolerated in patients with a good PS.
TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE-3 IS UP-REGULATED BY TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-β1 IN VITRO AND EXPRESSED IN FIBROBLASTIC FOCI IN VIVO IN IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS (2006)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by fibroblast expansion and extracellular matrix accumulation. However, the mechanisms involved in matrix remodeling have not been elucidated. In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate the expression of the tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in human fibroblasts and whole tissues from IPF and normal lungs. They also determined the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in TIMP3 expression. TIMP1, TIMP2, and TIMP3 were highly expressed in lung fibroblasts. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, a profibrotic mediator, induced strong up-regulation of TIMP3 at the mRNA and protein levels. The authors examined whether the MAPK pathway was involved in TGF-beta1-induced TIMP3 expression. TGF-beta1 induced the phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. Biochemical blockade of p38 by SB203580, but not of the ERK MAPK pathway, inhibited the effect of this factor. The effect was also blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein and by antagonizing TGF-beta1 receptor type I (activin-linked kinase [ALK5]). In IPF tissues TIMP3 gene expression was significantly increased and the protein was localized to fibroblastic foci and extracellular matrix. Our findings suggest that TGF-beta1-induced TIMP3 may be an important mediator in lung fibrogenesis.
Sequence Analysis of the Genome of the Unicellular Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC6803. II. Sequence Determination of the Entire Genome and Assignment of Potential Protein-coding Regions (1996)

The sequence determination of the entire genome of the Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 was completed. The total length of the genome finally confirmed was 3,573,470 bp, including the previously reported sequence of 1,003,450 bp from map position 64% to 92% of the genome. The entire sequence was assembled from the sequences of the physical map-based contigs of cosmid clones and of λ clones and long PCR products which were used for gap-filling. The accuracy of the sequence was guaranteed by analysis of both strands of DNA through the entire genome. The authenticity of the assembled sequence was supported by restriction analysis of long PCR products, which were directly amplified from the genomic DNA using the assembled sequence data. To predict the potential protein-coding regions, analysis of open reading frames (ORFs), analysis by the GeneMark program and similarity search to databases were performed. As a result, a total of 3,168 potential protein genes were assigned on the genome, in which 145 (4.6%) were identical to reported genes and 1,257 (39.6%) and 340 (10.8%) showed similarity to reported and hypothetical genes, respectively. The remaining 1,426 (45.0%) had no apparent similarity to any genes in databases. Among the potential protein genes assigned, 128 were related to the genes participating in photosynthetic reactions. The sum of the sequences coding for potential protein genes occupies 87% of the genome length. By adding rRNA and tRNA genes, therefore, the genome has a very compact arrangement of protein- and RNA-coding regions. A notable feature on the gene organization of the genome was that 99 ORFs, which showed similarity to transposase genes and could be classified into 6 groups, were found spread all over the genome, and at least 26 of them appeared to remain intact. The result implies that rearrangement of the genome occurred frequently during and after establishment of this species.
NICOTINE ADDICTION AND TREATMENT (1996)

The persistence of cigarette smoking despite widespread awareness of adverse health effects results from an underlying addiction to nicotine. Unaided attempts to quit smoking are generally unsuccessful. This article discusses nicotine addition and therapeutic techniques that have been or are being developed to relieve smoking withdrawal symptoms and promote abstinence from smoking. These techniques include nicotine chewing gum, skin patches, nasal sprays, and inhalers, as well as pharmacotherapies such as mecamylamine and clonidine, serotonergic treatments such as buspirone, and antidepressants such as buproprion. A nondrug approach using cigarette substitutes that mimic the airway sensations produced by cigarette smoke is also discussed.
The Consumer Electronic Bus infrared system (1991)

The Infrared (IR) Physical Layer definition for the Electronic Industries Association's (EIAs) Consumer Electronic Bus (CEBus) standard was circulated for comment and vote in the early part of 1990 and was approved after alteration to reflect some of the comments. The author describes the IR Physical Layer specification and some of the network implications of using IR. It is noted that the CEBus IR system represents an effective method of achieving single-room remote control and access to the housewide network. No new technology is used; the standard simply extends current product development trends to provide a method of IR communication which is orthogonal to existing systems. The multiple levels of complexity allow the most cost-effective implementation for the application.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Normal human immunoglobulin G4 is bispecific: it has two different antigen‐combining sites (1999)

Unlike other immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses, IgG4 antibodies in plasma have been reported to be functionally monovalent. In this paper we show that the apparent monovalency of circulating IgG4 is caused by asymmetry of plasma IgG4. A large fraction of plasma IgG4 molecules have two different antigen-binding sites, resulting in bispecificity. Sera from patients with IgG4 antibodies to both house dust mite and grass pollen induced cross-linking of Sepharose-bound grass pollen antigen to radiolabelled house dust mite allergen Der p I. This bispecific binding activity was not observed in sera with IgG4 antibodies to either grass pollen or house dust mite exclusively. Depletion of IgG4 antibodies resulted in disappearance of the bispecific activity. By size exclusion chromatography we excluded the possibility that bispecific activity was caused by aggregation of IgG4 antibodies. These results indicate that circulating (polyclonal) IgG4 antibodies have two different antigen-binding sites and therefore are functionally monovalent antibodies.
Mammalian Notch1 Is Modified with Two Unusual Forms ofO-Linked Glycosylation Found on Epidermal Growth Factor-like Modules (2000)

Notch is a large cell-surface receptor known to be an essential player in a wide variety of developmental cascades. Here we show that Notch1 endogenously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells is modified with O-linked fucose and O-linked glucose saccharides, two unusual forms of O-linked glycosylation found on epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) modules. Interestingly, both modifications occur as monosaccharide and oligosaccharide species. Through exoglycosidase digestions we determined that the O-linked fucose oligosaccharide is a tetrasaccharide with a structure identical to that found on human clotting factor IX: Sia-alpha2,3-Gal-beta1, 4-GlcNAc-beta1,3-Fuc-alpha1-O-Ser/Thr. The elongated form of O-linked glucose appears to be a trisaccharide. Notch1 is the first membrane-associated protein identified with either O-linked fucose or O-linked glucose modifications. It also represents the second protein discovered with an elongated form of O-linked fucose. The sites of glycosylation, which fall within the multiple EGF modules of Notch, are highly conserved across species and within Notch homologs. Since Notch is known to interact with its ligands through subsets of EGF modules, these results suggest that the O-linked carbohydrate modifications of these modules may influence receptor-ligand interactions.
Sorting Fluorescent Nanocrystals with DNA (2002)

Semiconductor nanocrystals with narrow and tunable fluorescence are covalently linked to oligonucleotides. These biocompounds retain the properties of both nanocrystals and DNA. Therefore, different sequences of DNA can be coded with nanocrystals and still preserve their ability to hybridize to their complements. We report the case where four different sequences of DNA are linked to four nanocrystal samples having different colors of emission in the range of 530-640 nm. When the DNA-nanocrystal conjugates are mixed together, it is possible to sort each type of nanoparticle by using hybridization on a defined micrometer-size surface containing the complementary oligonucleotide. Detection of sorting requires only a single excitation source and an epifluorescence microscope. The possibility of directing fluorescent nanocrystals toward specific biological targets and detecting them, combined with their superior photostability compared to organic dyes, opens the way to improved biolabeling experiments, such as gene mapping on a nanometer scale or multicolor microarray analysis.
The Endo[PA]R system for minimally invasive robotic surgery (2005)

Minimally invasive robotic surgery systems has entered daily practice in dedicated clinical centers. Especially heart surgery profits from this new technique, due to a higher accuracy compared to conventional endoscopic interventions. Nevertheless some drawbacks have restricted a broader acceptance of these devices. The most urgent issues are lack of haptic feedback and prolonged operation time. Our research project tackles both topics, on the one hand by adding high fidelity force-feedback, on the other hand by automating recurrent manipulation tasks. These features have been integrated into the Endo[PA]R (endoscopic partially-autonomous robot) system, an open evaluation platform for robotic surgery. The setup comprises two low-payload robots equipped with sensorized surgical instruments and a third robot carrying a stereo camera system. Trocar kinematics, enabling surgical manipulation through small incisions, has been implemented for all robotic arms. In order to ensure operation close to reality, a thorax and heart phantom for surgical training was used in the experiments. Stereo vision is provided via a head-mounted display and force-reflective input devices are employed for user interaction. The system was evaluated by surgeons and it was capable of performing autonomous knot-tying.
Error-based and entropy-based discretization of continuous features (1996)

We present a comparison of error-based and entropybased methods for discretization of continuous features. Our study includes both an extensive empirical comparison as well as an analysis of scenarios where error minimization may be an inappropriate discretization criterion. We present a discretization method based on the C4.5 decision tree algorithm and compare it to an existing entropy-based discretization algorithm, which employs the Minimum Description Length Principle, and a recently proposed error-based technique. We evaluate these discretization methods with respect to C4.5 and Naive-Bayesian classifiers on datasets from the UCI repository and analyze the computational complexity of each method. Our results indicate that the entropy-based MDL heuristic outperforms error minimization on average. We then analyze the shortcomings of error-based approaches in comparison to entropy-based methods. Introduction Although real-world classification and data mining tasks often involve con...