gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Modular, Automated Laparoscopic Grasper with Three-Dimensional Force Measurement Capability (2007)

The introduction of robot-assisted surgery into the operating room has led to significant improvements in surgical procedures. However, the lack of haptic feedback in these robotic systems using long teleoperated instruments has negatively affected the surgeon's ability to palpate tissue and diagnose it as healthy or unhealthy. This paper describes our design of a modular, automated laparoscopic grasper with tri-directional force measurement capability. The grasper can measure normal grasping forces, as well as, sideways manipulation forces during grasping and palpation tasks. Additionally, a modular design allows for easy conversion between surgical modalities (e.g., grasping, cutting, and dissecting). Calibration of the force sensors and initial testing of the prototype has shown its ability to accurately measure tool-tissue interaction forces.
Clinical Genetics and Genetic Counseling in Alzheimer Disease (1991)

Because of growing evidence for genetic causes of Alzheimer disease, clinicians are often asked about risks for this disorder among relatives of patients. This paper briefly reviews the evidence for genetic and other causes of Alzheimer disease, including specifically its typical late-onset variant. Several recent developments in the molecular genetics of early-onset Alzheimer disease are described briefly. These findings, however, may not apply to more typical, late-onset Alzheimer disease. Genetic studies of the latter disorder are complicated by the censorship of any inherited predisposition to disease by death from other causes. Hence, heritable disease may be apparent only in families with large numbers of elderly relatives at risk. Relying on empiric observations of risk among relatives from several recent studies of pooled Alzheimer families, curves are presented describing theoretic age-specific risks in relatives of patients and unaffected controls. Real (current) lifetime risks of Alzheimer disease are then estimated by modification of the theoretic figures with corresponding current age-specific mortality characteristics of the U.S. population. The lifetime incidence among relatives of patients with Alzheimer disease is estimated to be 19%, or three to four times the risk among control relatives. Because both mortality of and risk for Alzheimer disease change rapidly with advancing age, it may be possible to reduce the current morbidity from Alzheimer disease by 50% if onset can be postponed by only 5 years.
Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxins (2002)

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) typically consist of a hydrophobic domain known as lipid A (or endotoxin), a nonrepeating "core" oligosaccharide, and a distal polysaccharide (or O-antigen). Recent genomic data have facilitated study of LPS assembly in diverse Gram-negative bacteria, many of which are human or plant pathogens, and have established the importance of lateral gene transfer in generating structural diversity of O-antigens. Many enzymes of lipid A biosynthesis like LpxC have been validated as targets for development of new antibiotics. Key genes for lipid A biosynthesis have unexpectedly also been found in higher plants, indicating that eukaryotic lipid A-like molecules may exist. Most significant has been the identification of the plasma membrane protein TLR4 as the lipid A signaling receptor of animal cells. TLR4 belongs to a family of innate immunity receptors that possess a large extracellular domain of leucine-rich repeats, a single trans-membrane segment, and a smaller cytoplasmic signaling region that engages the adaptor protein MyD88. The expanding knowledge of TLR4 specificity and its downstream signaling pathways should provide new opportunities for blocking inflammation associated with infection.
Morphology of Crystalline Diacetylene Monolayers Polymerized at the Gas-Water Interface (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMorphology of Crystalline Diacetylene Monolayers Polymerized at the Gas-Water InterfaceDavid Day and J. B. LandoCite this: Macromolecules 1980, 13, 6, 1478–1483Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60078a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60078a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views276Altmetric-Citations100LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthetic mammalian riboswitches based on guanine aptazyme (2012)

Allosteric hammerhead ribozymes (aptazymes) that are activated by guanine were used to control mammalian gene expression in cis and in trans. Coexpression of the two mechanistically distinct riboswitches resulted in an improved dynamic range of gene expression.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Rituximab (Anti‐CD20 Monoclonal Antibody) in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients During a Phase II Clinical Trial (2005)

Rituximab is a B cell-depleting anti-CD20 chimeric IgGkappa monoclonal antibody being investigated for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The purpose of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model in rheumatoid arthritis patients. In addition, the final pharmacokinetic model was used to assess the variability in drug exposure (AUC0-infinity) for fixed versus body surface area-based dosing. A total of 102 patients were included in this population pharmacokinetic analysis. A 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model described the data reasonably well. Body surface area and gender were the most significant covariates for both CL and Vc. Body surface area alone only explained about 19.7% of the total interindividual variability of CL. In a simulation study, body surface area-based dosing normalized drug exposure over a wide range of body surface area but did not seem to improve the predictability of rituximab AUC0-infinity in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Therefore, no rationale for body surface area-based dosing for rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis patients was found.
Self-Similar Nanocavity Design with Ultrasmall Mode Volume for Single-Photon Nonlinearities (2017)

We propose a photonic crystal nanocavity design with self-similar electromagnetic boundary conditions, achieving ultrasmall mode volume (V_{eff}). The electric energy density of a cavity mode can be maximized in the air or dielectric region, depending on the choice of boundary conditions. We illustrate the design concept with a silicon-air one-dimensional photon crystal cavity that reaches an ultrasmall mode volume of V_{eff}∼7.01×10^{-5}λ^{3} at λ∼1550 nm. We show that the extreme light concentration in our design can enable ultrastrong Kerr nonlinearities, even at the single-photon level. These features open new directions in cavity quantum electrodynamics, spectroscopy, and quantum nonlinear optics.
Effect of 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibition on Bronchoconstriction and Airway Inflammation in Nocturnal Asthma (1995)

To investigate the contribution of leukotrienes (LTs) to inflammation and bronchoconstriction in nocturnal asthma, we performed a randomized trial in 12 asthmatic patients and 6 normal control subjects. This study involved pulmonary function testing, methacholine challenge, bronchoscopy for cell counts, LT and thromboxane (TX) levels in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and collection of urine for LTs at 4:00 P.M. and 4:00 A.M. At 4:00 P.M. BAL fluid LTB4 and sulfidopeptide LT levels in asthmatic and control subjects were not statistically different. At 4:00 A.M. alone, LTB4 and cysteinyl LT levels increased to become significantly greater in asthmatic than in control subjects, LTB4 levels correlating significantly (r = -0.66, p < 0.0001) with nocturnal fall in FEV1. Nocturnal asthmatic urinary LTE4 levels were also significantly higher than those of control subjects. The 4:00 A.M. testing was repeated during treatment with a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, zileuton. In asthmatic subjects, zileuton decreased BAL fluid LTB4 (p = 0.01) and urinary LTE4 (p = 0.01) while showing a trend for improving nocturnal FEV1 (p = 0.086). These decreases in LTB4 levels and improvement in FVE1 were associated with significant reductions in 4 A.M. BAL fluid and blood eosinophil percentages on zileuton compared with placebo administration. These findings demonstrate the importance of LTs in both the inflammation and the physiology of nocturnal asthma.
Temperature Dependence of Inorganic Nitrogen Uptake: Reduced Affinity for Nitrate at Suboptimal Temperatures in Both Algae and Bacteria (1999)

Nitrate utilization and ammonium utilization were studied by using three algal isolates, six bacterial isolates, and a range of temperatures in chemostat and batch cultures. We quantified affinities for both substrates by determining specific affinities (specific affinity = maximum growth rate/half-saturation constant) based on estimates of kinetic parameters obtained from chemostat experiments. At suboptimal temperatures, the residual concentrations of nitrate in batch cultures and the steady-state concentrations of nitrate in chemostat cultures both increased. The specific affinity for nitrate was strongly dependent on temperature (Q10 approximately 3, where Q10 is the proportional change with a 10 degrees C temperature increase) and consistently decreased at temperatures below the optimum temperature. In contrast, the steady-state concentrations of ammonium remained relatively constant over the same temperature range, and the specific affinity for ammonium exhibited no clear temperature dependence. This is the first time that a consistent effect of low temperature on affinity for nitrate has been identified for psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic bacteria and algae. The different responses of nitrate uptake and ammonium uptake to temperature imply that there is increasing dependence on ammonium as an inorganic nitrogen source at low temperatures.
The amount of linearization by barber-poles (1984)

Barber-poles are well known means for linearization of the quadratic characteristic of the magnetoresistive effect. The paper reminds causes for incomplete linearization and introduces a model of a resistor with a linear and a quadratic term. The latter one is cancelled in the output of a bridge-type sensor, but is found in the resistance of the bridge. The quadratic part shows a marked dependence on geometry but there is also a contribution from the finite conductivity of the barber-poles. Measurement of the linear as well of the quadratic part of the magnetoresistive effect allows comparison of different barber-pole technologies.
Overactive bladder syndrome: Current pathophysiological concepts and therapeutic approaches (2013)

Objectives:The overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is a highly prevalent and bothersome symptom complex. We review contemporary reports to provide an update of the key aspects of its pathogenesis and the therapeutic approaches.Methods:The PUBMED database was searched for relevant publications in the period from 1 January 1985 to 1 May 2013, using the keywords ‘overactive bladder’, ‘anti-muscarinics’, ‘β-3 agonists’, ‘intravesical botulinum toxin’, ‘tibial nerve stimulation and ‘sacral neuromodulation’.Results:In all, 33 articles were selected for this review. OAB is very common, affecting 10–20% of the population. It is often bothersome and frequently affects the quality of life. The current definition of OAB remains a source of controversy. Anti-muscarinic agents remain the mainstay of pharmacotherapy. The new β-3 agonists have some efficacy whilst avoiding anti-cholinergic effects, and so might benefit patients who are unable to tolerate anti-muscarinic agents. Intravesical botulinum toxin is recommended for patients in whom oral pharmacotherapy fails, although the optimal parameters in terms of dosing, number of injections and injection site are yet to be fully established. Sacral neuromodulation is another option that has a good response in about half of patients.Conclusions:OAB remains an incompletely understood problem that presents a significant management challenge. A range of therapeutic options is now available for clinicians managing this problem.
The metabolic pathway collection from EMP: the enzymes and metabolic pathways database (1996)

The Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways database (EMP) is an encoding of the contents of over 10 000 original publications on the topics of enzymology and metabolism. This large body of information has been transformed into a queryable database. An extraction of over 1800 pictorial representations of metabolic pathways from this collection is freely available on the World Wide Web. We believe that this collection will play an important role in the interpretation of genetic sequence data, as well as offering a meaningful framework for the integration of many other forms of biological data.
Diversity of CRISPR loci in Escherichia coli (2010)

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) and CAS (CRISPR-associated sequence) proteins are constituents of a novel genetic barrier that limits horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes by means of an uncharacterized mechanism. The fundamental discovery of small RNAs as the guides of the defence apparatus arose as a result of Escherichia coli studies. However, a survey of the system diversity in this species in order to further contribute to the understanding of the CRISPR mode of action has not yet been performed. Here we describe two CRISPR/CAS systems found in E. coli, following the analysis of 100 strains representative of the species' diversity. Our results substantiate different levels of activity between loci of both CRISPR types, as well as different target preferences and CRISPR relevances for particular groups of strains. Interestingly, the data suggest that the degeneration of one CRISPR/CAS system in E. coli ancestors could have been brought about by self-interference.
Analysis of Categorical Data by Linear Models (1969)

Assume there are ni., i = 1, 2, *--, s, samples from s multinomial distributions each having r categories of response. Then define any u functions of the unknown true cell probabilities {7rij: i = 1, 2, * , s; j = 1, 2, * , r, where E jrij l 1 } that have derivatives up to the second order with respect to 7rij, and for which the matrix of first derivatives is of rank u. A general noniterative procedure is described for fitting these functions to a linear model, for testing the goodness-of-fit of the model, and for testing hypotheses about the parameters in the linear model. The special cases of linear functions and logarithmic functions of the 7rin are developed in detail, and some examples of how the general approach can be used to analyze various types of categorical data are presented.
Phase I study with pharmacokinetics of S-1 on an oral daily schedule for 28 days in patients with solid tumors. (2003)

The recommended S-1 dose for future studies is 30 mg/m(2) twice daily, and diarrhea is the most frequent toxic effect. Additional trials of S-1 in the treatment of patients with solid tumors are warranted.
Development of a hydrogen and deuterium polarized gas target for application in storage rings (1991)

The present report contains the progress report for the second year of the 3-year budget period, and proposes work for the third year. Progress has been made on the two major components of the project, the tests of storage cells for polarized atoms under various operating conditions, and the construction of a new atomic beam source which conforms to the high vacuum requirements of storage rings.
Lineage analysis in the vertebrate nervous system by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. (1987)

We describe a cell-lineage marking system applicable to the vertebrate nervous system. The basis of the technique is gene transfer using the retroviral vector system. We used Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase as a marker gene and demonstrate a high level of expression of this marker from the viral long terminal repeat promoter, with simultaneous expression of the Tn5 neo gene from the simian virus 40 early promoter. This expression has allowed us to detect individual infected cells histochemically. We applied this marking technique to the study of lineage relationships in the developing vertebrate nervous system, both in vivo and in culture. In the rat retina, we injected virus in vivo and histochemically identified clones of marked neural cells. In addition, we used this virus to infect cultures of rat cerebral cortex and have analyzed the clonal relationships of morphologically different neural cell types. The host range of the marking system extends to avian as well as mammalian species. Thus, this system should have broad applicability as a means of gene transfer and expression in the nervous system.
S100A8 is a Novel Therapeutic Target for Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma (2014)

These findings establish a novel role for S100A8 in the promoting and enhancing of ATC progression. They further suggest that the inhibition of S100A8 could represent a relevant therapeutic target, with the potential of enabling a more effective treatment path for this deadly disease.
Oryza sativa PSK gene encodes a precursor of phytosulfokine-α, a sulfated peptide growth factor found in plants (1999)

Phytosulfokine-alpha [PSK-alpha, Tyr(SO(3)H)-Ile-Tyr(SO(3)H)-Thr-Gln], a sulfated mitogenic peptide found in plants, strongly promotes proliferation of plant cells in culture at very low concentrations. Oryza sativa PSK (OsPSK) cDNA encoding a PSK-alpha precursor has been isolated. The cDNA is 725 base pairs long, and the 89-aa product, preprophytosulfokine, has a 22-aa hydrophobic region that resembles a cleavable leader peptide at its NH(2) terminus. The PSK-alpha sequence occurs only once within the precursor, close to the COOH terminus. [Ser(4)]PSK-alpha was secreted by transgenic rice Oc cells harboring a mutated OsPSK cDNA, suggesting proteolytic processing from the larger precursor, a feature commonly found in animal systems. Whereas PSK-alpha in conditioned medium with sense transgenic Oc cells was 1.6 times as concentrated as in the control case, antisense transgenic Oc cells produced less than 60% of the control level. Preprophytosulfokine mRNA was detected at an elevated constitutive level in rice Oc culture cells on RNA blot analysis. Although PSK-alpha molecules have never been identified in any intact plant, reverse transcription-PCR analysis demonstrated that OsPSK is expressed in rice seedlings, indicating that PSK-alpha may be important for plant cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. DNA blot analysis demonstrated that OsPSK homologs may occur in dicot as well as monocot plants.
IBM's S/390 G5 microprocessor design (1999)

The IBM S/390 G5 microprocessor in IBM's newest CMOS mainframe system provides more than twice the performance of the previous generation, the G4. The G5 system offers improved reliability and availability, along with new architectural features such as support for IEEE floating-point arithmetic and a redesigned L2 cache and processor interconnect. The G5 system implements the ESA/390 instruction-set architecture, which is based on and compatible with the original S/360 architecture. Therefore, it has no RISC (reduced-instruction-set computing) concepts and is one of the most complex of all CISC (complex-instruction-set computing) architectures. Designers had to meet a unique set of challenges to achieve the G5's level of performance-for example, achieving a very high frequency given the complexity of the architecture.
The design of a TDMA system for passive optical networks (1990)

The authors describe the design methodology and implementation details of a time-division multiple access (TDMA) system which has been developed to allow point to multipoint operation of passive optical networks. This TDMA bit transport system transparently handles the multiplexing and control functions required for passive splitting optical networks. The system is generic and, with relatively simple interfacing, applicable to switching systems worldwide. The design has been implemented in ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) technology for a forthcoming UK field trial of fiber in the subscriber loop.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS OF SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER PROMOTER GENE POLYMORPHISM WITH ADHD AND RELATED SYMPTOMATOLOGY (2005)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood behavioral disorders. Genetic factors contribute to the underlying liability to develop attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Several investigations have reported associations between ADHD and serotonin transporter promoter polymorphisms, but the results have been inconsistent. The present study did not find significant association between ADHD and serotonin transporter promoter polymorphisms, but did find an effect of serotonin transporter promoter polymorphisms on some ADHD symptomatology. Patients homozygous for the short allele showed more Withdrawn or Somatic complaint scores than subjects with the long allele.
Pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine balance in strenuous exercise in humans (1999)

1. The present study investigates to what extent and by which time course prolonged strenuous exercise influences the plasma concentration of pro-inflammatory and inflammation responsive cytokines as well as cytokine inhibitors and anti-inflammatory cytokines. 2. Ten male subjects (median age 27.5 years, range 24-37) completed the Copenhagen Marathon 1997 (median running time 3 : 26 (h : min), range 2 : 40-4 : 20). Blood samples were obtained before, immediately after and then every 30 min in a 4 h post-exercise recovery period. 3. The plasma concentrations of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-1ra, sTNF-r1, sTNF-r2 and IL-10 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The highest concentration of IL-6 was found immediately after the race, whereas IL-1ra peaked 1 h post exercise (128-fold and 39-fold increase, respectively, as compared with the pre-exercise values). The plasma level of IL-1beta, TNFalpha, sTNF-r1 and sTNF-r2 peaked in the first hour after the exercise (2. 1-, 2.3-, 2.7- and 1.6-fold, respectively). The plasma level of IL-10 showed a 27-fold increase immediately post exercise. 4. In conclusion, strenuous exercise induces an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFalpha and IL-1beta and a dramatic increase in the inflammation responsive cytokine IL-6. This is balanced by the release of cytokine inhibitors (IL-1ra, sTNF-r1 and sTNF-r2) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The study suggests that cytokine inhibitors and anti-inflammatory cytokines restrict the magnitude and duration of the inflammatory response to exercise.