gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bryostatin 1, an activator of protein kinase C, inhibits tumor promotion by phorbol esters in SENCAR mouse skin (1987)

Bryostatin 1, like the phorbol esters, activates protein kinase C. However, bryostatin 1 induces only some of the effects in cultured cells which result from phorbol ester treatment, whereas it blocks other responses to the phorbol esters. In mouse keratinocytes in particular, bryostatin 1 induces ornithine decarboxylase, a marker of proliferation, but blocks induction of markers of differentiation. Because of the postulated role of induction of differentiation in tumor promotion, we have now examined bryostatin 1 as a tumor promoter and as an inhibitor of phorbol ester tumor promotion in the initiation—promotion model of skin carcinogenesis. After initiation with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, weekly topical treatments of the backs of mice with 1 μg(1.1 nmol) bryostatin 1 induced epidermal hyperplasia and inflammation, although not to the extent seen after treatment with the promoter 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Treatment with bryostatin 15 min before each TPA exposure reduced the phorbol ester-induced hyperplasia. Bryostatin 1 was ineffective as a complete tumor promoter and displayed very weak activity as a second stage promoter upon treatment of initiated mice for 30 weeks. Combined exposure of mice to bryostatin 1 and TPA resulted in a substantial inhibition of promotion by TPA. Our in vivo results extend earlier in vitro findings that bryostatin 1 acts as a partial inhibitor of protein kinease C function.
Exploration on the Amino Acid Content and Morphological Structure in Chicken Feather Fiber (2012)

Converting poultry feather biomass into useful products presents a new avenue of utilization of agricultural waste material. However, not much is understood about the poultry feather structure or methods to process it. Fibers from non-traditional textile sources have the potential to offer novel properties at a reduced cost compared to traditional textile fibers. Feather constitutes over 90% protein, the main component being beta-keratin, a fibrous and insoluble structural protein extensively cross linked by disulfide bonds. An attempt has been made to analyze the amino acid content and the morphological structure of chicken feather fibers for prospective use as natural protein fibers. The study reveals that the presence of both hydrophobic and hygroscopic nature of amino acid makes the feather partially hygroscopic in nature. The presence fat content is about 1.53%. Using the cheap and plentiful feathers as protein fibers will save the cost and benefit the environment.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Observation of Oil/Wax/Water/Surfactant System (2004)

オイル/ワックス/水/界面活性剤で作られる系の硬度とワックスの結晶状態との関連性を検討するため, 走査型電子顕微鏡を用いてその内部構造を観察した。高温・溶融したワックス (水素添加ホホバ油, セレシン, ポリエチレンワックス, カルナウバロウ, マイクロクリスタリンワックス) をアルミ箔で渦巻き状に自作・成形した鋳型に流し込み, 固化した試料について電子顕微鏡観察を行った。その結果, 水素添加ホホバ油においてはフレーム状の結晶構造, いわゆるカードハウス構造が観察されたが, 他のワックスにおいては観察されなかった。水素添加ホホバ油と水との混合系において, フレーム状の構造は丸みを帯び, さらにその上に小さな粒子が存在する像が観察された。一方, 他のワックスでは水と混合しても結晶構造に全く変化は認められなかった。このことは水素添加ホホバ油は特異的に水と高い親和性を持つと考えられた。オイル/ワックス/水/界面活性剤系において, ワックスの種類を変えることにより, その内部構造, 硬度, 水粒子の分散状態は大きく変化した。セレシン/カルナウバロウの系では, カードテンションメーターで測定した硬度は高く, 内部結晶構造は細かく無定形であった。また水粒子径は水素添加ホホバ油配合系に比べ小さかった。一方, 水素添加ホホバ油配合系はカードハウス構造に似た結晶構造を示し硬度は低かった。オイル/ワックス/水/界面活性剤系においてワックスの結晶構造は系の硬さや水の分布状態に重要な役割を果たしているものと考えられた。
Conformationally constrained human calcitonin (hCt) analogues reveal a critical role of sequence 17–21 for the oligomerization state and bioactivity of hCt (2002)

Calcitonin (Ct) is a 32-residue peptide hormone that is mainly known for its hypocalcemic effect and the inhibition of bone resorption. Our previous studies have led to potent, side-chain lactam-bridged human Ct (hCt) analogues [Kapurniotu, A. Kayed, R., Taylor, J.W. & Voelter W. (1999) Eur. J. Biochem. 265, 606-618; Kapurniotu, A. & Taylor, J.W. (1995) J. Med. Chem. 38, 836-847]. We have hypothesized that a possibly type I beta turn/beta sheet conformation in the region 17-21 may play an important role in hCt bioactivity. To investigate this hypothesis, analogues of the potent hCt agonist cyclo17,21-[Asp17,Lys21]hCt (1) bearing type I (and II') or II beta turn-promoting substituents at positions 18 and 19 were designed, synthesized and their solution conformations, human Ct receptor binding affinities and in vivo hypocalcemic potencies were assessed. The novel analogues include cyclo17,21-[Asp17,D-Phe19, Lys21]hCt (2), cyclo17,21-[Asp17,Aib18,Lys21]hCt (3), cyclo17,21-[Asp17,D-Lys18,Lys21]hCt (4), corresponding partial sequence peptides containing the lactam-bridged region 16-22, and nonbridged control peptides. Only 1 showed a higher Ct receptor binding affinity than hCt, whereas analogues 2-4 had similar receptor affinities to hCt. In the in vivo hypocalcemic assay, 3 and 4 were as potent as 1, whereas 2 completely lost the high potency of 1, suggesting that type I (and II') beta turn-promoting substituents are fully compatible with in vivo bioactivity. CD spectroscopy showed that analogues 1-4 were markedly beta sheet-stabilized compared to hCt and indicated the presence of distinct beta turn conformeric populations in each of the analogues. Unexpectedly, the D-amino acid- or Aib-containing cyclic analogues 2-4 but not 1 or hCt self-associated into SDS denaturation-stable dimers. Our results demonstrate a crucial role of the conformational and topological features of the residues in sequence 17-21 and in particular of residues 18 and 19 for human Ct receptor binding and in vivo bioactivity and also for the self association state of hCt. These results may assist to delineate the structure-function relationships of hCt and to design novel hCt agonists for the treatment of osteoporosis and other bone-disorder-related diseases.
Four-year follow-up study in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteriograms ("syndrome X") (1989)

In patients with typical stress-induced anginal pain, normal coronary arteries, and unimpaired left ventricular performance at rest ("syndrome X"), a reduced coronary dilatory capacity, abnormal lactate metabolism during stress, and reduction of left ventricular functional reserve have been described. A group of 40 patients with syndrome X was followed for several years to determine their long-term prognosis. In 27 patients pulmonary artery pressure and in 19 patients left ventricular ejection fraction were reassessed during rest and exercise approximately 4 years after the initial examination. In patients with stress-induced ST-segment depression, these variables did not change during the observation period. In patients with constant or rate-dependent left bundle branch block, however, there was significant deterioration of left ventricular performance during rest (pulmonary artery mean pressure, 16 +/- 3 vs. 17 +/- 4 mm Hg, p = NS; left ventricular ejection fraction, 62 +/- 5% vs. 55 +/- 5%, p less than 0.05) and exercise (pulmonary artery, 30 +/- 6 vs. 39 +/- 10 mm Hg, p less than 0.005; left ventricular ejection fraction, 59 +/- 6% vs. 49 +/- 5%, p less than 0.01). These findings suggest that in syndrome X two subgroups with distinctly different prognoses may be defined: In patients with stress-induced ST-segment depression during exercise, left ventricular performance remains well preserved; however, in patients with either constant or rate-dependent left bundle branch block, there is significant deterioration of left ventricular function within several years.
Prototyping of diamond machined optics for the KMOS and JWST NIRSpec integral field units (2006)

Durham University's Centre for Advanced Instrumentation (CfAI) are currently prototyping key components for the KMOS and JWST NIRSpec Integral Field Units (IFUs). These next-generation IFUs will make extensive use of complex monolithic multi-faceted metal mirror arrays, which are fabricated by means of freeform diamond machining. Using this technique, the inherent accuracy of the diamond machining equipment is exploited to achieve the required relative alignment accuracy of the facets, as well as obtain the necessary optical surface quality for each individual facet, thus facilitating the integration and subsequent testing of these complex systems. The CfAI have pioneered the use of such arrays in the IFU for the Gemini Near-InfraRed Spectrograph (GNIRS IFU), which was installed at Gemini South in April, 2004. The requirements for the next generation of IFUs, however, demand a considerable improvement in the optical performance of these components, e.g. alignment accuracy of the facets, surface form accuracy and roughness. In our paper we briefly discuss the optical designs of KMOS and JWST NIRSpec IFU, and summarise the requirements on the optical components. We then present details of the diamond machining techniques employed to fabricate these highquality components and discuss the latest results from our prototyping activities, which demonstrate our capability of producing optical components that meet the demanding specifications.
RadioActive : enabling large-scale asynchronous audio discussions on mobile devices (2006)

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2006.
Nanoparticle Interaction with Biological Membranes: Does Nanotechnology Present a Janus Face? (2007)

Polycationic organic nanoparticles are shown to disrupt model biological membranes and living cell membranes at nanomolar concentrations. The degree of disruption is shown to be related to nanoparticle size and charge, as well as to the phase-fluid, liquid crystalline, or gel-of the biological membrane. Disruption events on model membranes have been directly imaged using scanning probe microscopy, whereas disruption events on living cells have been analyzed using cytosolic enzyme leakage assays, dye diffusion assays, and fluorescence microscopy.
Epidemiology of NSAID-Related Gastrointestinal Side Effects (1989)

Finding the true incidence of gastrointestinal side effects due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is extremely difficult. Included in every clinical trial is the spontaneous and NSAID-unrelated occurrence of gastrointestinal problems. On the basis of several different clinical studies (cohort, case control, case review, and double-blind studies) we feel that the following frequency estimate adequately describes the clinical situation: one-third of all patients using NSAIDs will experience gastrointestinal symptoms during a 3-month course of therapy. When specifically asked for, all kinds of unspecific gastrointestinal symptoms will be encountered, ranging from vague complaints about intestinal distension to typical duodenal ulcer symptoms. In approximately half of the symptomatic patients these symptoms can be classified as dyspeptic. Serious gastrointestinal hemorrhage or perforation can be expected in 1%, and less than half of these patients will have experienced dyspeptic symptoms before the serious incident. More than 10% of all patients will withdraw from the planned treatment owing to intolerable symptoms.
Prokaryotic Gene Fusion Expression Systems and their Use in Structural and Functional Studies of Proteins (1999)

The ability to express and purify large quantity of proteins in bacteria has greatly impacted many aspects of biological research. These include their use as a source of reagent for biochemical and biophysical studies as well as a source of antigen for antibody production. Currently many different expression systems are available and new ones are being developed. These systems allow inducible expression of a desired protein as a fusion with an affinity tag for simple purification. The affinity tags can generally be removed by specific proteases which recognize cleavage sites engineered between the affinity tag and the desired protein. Presence of tags that encode epitopes of specific antibodies provide additional means for identification of recombinant proteins. This review provides an overview of some of the most commonly utilized expression systems and examples of the use of these proteins in biochemical and biophysical studies. I will also describe other available systems which may provide suitable alternative for expression of recombinant proteins.
Tumor angiogenesis factors reduce leukocyte adhesion in vivo (2000)

Leukocyte-endothelium interactions are diminished in tumors. It is reported here that, in a tumor-free in vivo model, angiogenic factors can down-regulate leukocyte adhesion to endothelium. Slow releasing pellets were loaded with either basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) or vehicle alone and were placed in the scrotum of mice. After 3 days, a single intrascrotal injection of 1 microg/kg IL-1beta was given 4 h before vessels of the cremaster muscle were investigated for leukocyte rolling and adhesion by means of intravital microscopy. Exposure of normal tissue to either bFGF or VEGF resulted in markedly decreased levels of cytokine-induced leukocyte adhesion. Suppression of leukocyte rolling was not observed. Instead a moderate enhancement of rolling by VEGF was found. The observed differences could not be explained by differences in fluid dynamic parameters or systemic leukocyte counts. In conclusion, evidence is presented that, in vivo, angiogenic factors significantly reduce leukocyte adhesion, the final step preceding leukocyte infiltration. This observation may explain why tumors escape from immune surveillance.
Notification for shared annotation of digital documents (2002)

Notification and shared annotations go hand-in-hand. Notification of activity in a shared document system is known to support awareness and improve asynchronous collaboration, but few studies have examined user needs and explored design tradeoffs. We examined large-scale use of notifications in a commercial system and found it lacking. We designed and deployed enhancements to the system, then conducted a field study to gauge their effect. We found that providing more information in notification messages, supporting multiple communication channels through which notifications can be received, and allowing customization of notification messages are particularly important. Overall awareness of annotation activity on software specifications increased with our enhancements
Directly diode-pumped millijoule subpicosecond Yb:glass regenerative amplifier (2003)

Summary form only given. Ytterbium-doped laser materials have recently received a great deal of interest. The low pump saturation intensity of Yb:glass at 975 nm (/spl sim/4 kW/cm/sup 2/) can benefit from diode pumping and the fluorescence bandwidth is broad enough to support subpicosecond pulses. By using a regenerative amplifier, the challenge of efficiently extracting energy from a low emission cross-section material can be met. Such advantages make it possible for Yb:glass lasers to be compact and cost-efficient, and thus, great candidates for applications such as surgery and micro-machining. We have demonstrated, for the first time, millijoule, subpicosecond pulses from a directly diode-pumped laser system. The gain medium was a 400-/spl mu/m thick, Kigre QX phosphate glass doped with 15% wt. Yb/sub 2/O/sub 3/, shaped in a keystone slab geometry. The initial cavity was composed of 2 spherical mirrors and 2 plane mirrors: a regular X cavity. Cylindric optics were then used to improve the mode matching between the pump and the lasing beams and to generate a TEM/sub 00/-like output beam. By replacing spherical optics with cylindrical optics, we improved the tangential M/sup 2/ value of the output beam of the bare cavity from 114 to 1.7, while maintaining the sagittal M/sup 2/ value at 1.3. The free running output power of the regenerative amplifier shows more obvious thermal effects than does that of the bare cavity at higher average pump powers because the combination of thermal birefringence and polarization sensitive optics, such as thin film polarizers, results in higher cavity losses.
The oncogene c-Myc coordinates regulation of metabolic networks to enable rapid cell cycle entry (2008)

The c-myc proto-oncogene is rapidly activated by serum and regulates genes involved in metabolism and cell cycle progression. This gene is thereby uniquely poised to coordinate both the metabolic and cell cycle regulatory events required for cell cycle entry. However, this function of Myc has not been evaluated. Using a rat fibroblast model of isogenic cell lines, myc(-/-), myc(+/-), myc(+/+) and myc(-/-) cells with an inducible c-myc transgene (mycER), we show that the Myc protein programs cells to utilize both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis to drive cell cycle progression. We demonstrate this coordinate regulation of metabolic networks is essential, as specific inhibitors of these pathways block Myc-induced proliferation. Metabolic events temporally correlated with cell cycle entry include increased oxygen consumption, mitochondrial function, pyruvate and lactate production, and ATP generation. Treatment of normal cells with inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation recapitulates the myc(-/-) phenotype, resulting in impaired cell cycle entry and reduced metabolism. Combined with a kinetic expression profiling analysis of genes linked to mitochondrial function, our study indicates that Myc's ability to coordinately regulate the mitochondrial metabolic network transcriptome is required for rapid cell cycle entry. This function of Myc may underlie the pervasive presence of Myc in many human cancers.
Calculation of bit-error probability for a lightwave system with optical amplifiers and post-detection Gaussian noise (1991)

The author's previously published results (ibid., vol.8, p.1816-23, 1990) which dealt with the bit-error probability of a lightwave communication system whose noise contribution was exclusively attributed to spontaneous emission noise of optical amplifiers are extended. The earlier theory was based on an NRZ (nonreturn-to-zero) modulation format with zero signal power assigned to logical zeros. The extension is based on the same mathematical technique but includes Gaussian noise originating after the signal has been converted to an electrical current. This noise could be thermal noise, shot noise, or a combination of both. It is no longer assumed that the pulse representing a logical one fills its time slot completely. Now, the optical pulses can be much shorter than the bit period (solitons), the power level of logical zeros need not vanish, and the thermal noise of the postdetection electronic circuit is taken into account.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Endogenous ligands of Toll-like receptors (2004)

Extensive work has suggested that a number of endogenous molecules such as heat shock proteins (hsp) may be potent activators of the innate immune system capable of inducing proinflammatory cytokine production by the monocyte-macrophage system and the activation and maturation of dendritic cells. The cytokine-like effects of these endogenous molecules are mediated via the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signal-transduction pathways in a manner similar to lipopolysaccharide (LPS; via TLR4) and bacterial lipoproteins (via TLR2). However, recent evidence suggests that the reported cytokine effects of hsp may be a result of the contaminating LPS and LPS-associated molecules. The reasons for previous failure to recognize the contaminant(s) being responsible for the putative TLR ligands of hsp include failure to use highly purified hsp free of LPS contamination; failure to recognize the heat sensitivity of LPS; and failure to consider contaminant(s) other than LPS. Whether other reported putative endogenous ligands of TLR2 and TLR4 are a result of contamination of pathogen-associated molecular patterns is not clear. It is essential that efforts should be directed to conclusively determine whether the reported putative endogenous ligands of TLRs are a result of the endogenous molecules or of contaminant(s), before exploring further the implication and therapeutic potential of these putative TLR ligands.
110 GHz CMOS compatible thin film LiNbO3 modulator on silicon (2016)

In this paper we address a significant limitation of silicon as an optical material, namely, the upper bound of its potential modulation frequency. This arises due to finite carrier mobility, which fundamentally limits the frequency response of all-silicon modulators to about 60 GHz. To overcome this limitation, another material must be integrated with silicon to provide increased operational bandwidths. Accordingly, this paper proposes and demonstrates the integration of a thin LiNbO<sub>3</sub> device layer with silicon and a novel tuning process that matches the propagation velocities between the propagating radio-frequency (RF) and optical waves. The resulting lithium niobate on silicon (LiNOS) modulator is demonstrated to operate from DC to 110 GHz.
B7-H4 Treatment of T Cells Inhibits ERK, JNK, p38, and AKT Activation (2012)

B7-H4 is a newly identified B7 homolog that plays an important role in maintaining T-cell homeostasis by inhibiting T-cell proliferation and lymphokine-secretion. In this study, we investigated the signal transduction pathways inhibited by B7-H4 engagement in mouse T cells. We found that treatment of CD3(+) T cells with a B7-H4.Ig fusion protein inhibits anti-CD3 elicited T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD28 signaling events, including phosphorylation of the MAP kinases, ERK, p38, and JNK. B7-H4.Ig treatment also inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT kinase and impaired its kinase activity as assessed by the phosphorylation of its endogenous substrate GSK-3. Expression of IL-2 is also reduced by B7-H4. In contrast, the phosphorylation state of the TCR proximal tyrosine kinases ZAP70 and lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) are not affected by B7-H4 ligation. These results indicate that B7-H4 inhibits T-cell proliferation and IL-2 production through interfering with activation of ERK, JNK, and AKT, but not of ZAP70 or LCK.
Initial Stages in Infection with Animal Viruses (1982)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
The cytoplasmic tail peptide sequence of membrane type‐1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1‐MMP) directly binds to gC1qR, a compartment‐specific chaperone‐like regulatory protein (2002)

Membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), a key enzyme in cell locomotion, is known to be primarily recruited to the leading edge of migrating cells. This raises a possibility that the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of MT1-MMP interacts with intracellular regulatory proteins, which modulate translocations of the protease across the cell. Here, we demonstrated that MT1-MMP via its cytoplasmic tail directly associates with a chaperone-like compartment-specific regulator gC1qR. Although a direct functional link between these two proteins remains uncertain, our observations suggest that the transient associations of gC1qR with the cytoplasmic tail of MT1-MMP are likely to be involved in the mechanisms regulating presentation of the protease at the tumor cell surface.