gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Aqueous Extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel‐Champ. with Glyburide in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Mice (2007)

Mushrooms are low calorie food with very little fat and are highly suitable for obese persons. With no starch and very low sugars, they are the 'delight of the diabetics'. Combination of herbal drugs (or isolated phytochemicals) is found to be beneficial in certain diseases when given along with conventional drugs. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Lentinaceae) (called as PP-aqu) and its interaction with glyburide in alloxan induced diabetic mice. The diabetic mice treated were with PP-aqu (500 mg/kg, p.o.) alone or combination with glyburide (10 mg/kg, p.o.) for 28 days. Blood samples were collected by orbital sinus puncture using heparinized capillary glass tubes and were analyzed for serum glucose on 0, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days. Body weights and mortality were noted during the study period. In oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), glucose (2.5 g/kg, p.o.) was administered with either vehicle, PP-aqu alone or in combination with glyburide and serum glucose level analyzed at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min after drug administration. Administration of PP-aqu (500 mg/kg) and its combination with glyburide (10 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.001) decreased serum glucose level in diabetic mice. In OGTT, glyburide or PP-aqu treatment alone or their combination produced significant (P < 0.001) increase in glucose threshold. Thus we suggest that P. pulmonarius showed potent and synergistic antihyperglycemic effect in combination with glyburide.
Functional comparisons of three glutamate transporter subtypes cloned from human motor cortex (1994)

Reuptake plays an important role in regulating synaptic and extracellular concentrations of glutamate. Three glutamate transporters expressed in human motor cortex, termed EAAT1, EAAT2, and EAAT3 (for excitatory amino acid transporter), have been characterized by their molecular cloning and functional expression. Each EAAT subtype mRNA was found in all human brain regions analyzed. The most prominent regional variation in message content was in cerebellum where EAAT1 expression predominated. EAAT1 and EAAT3 mRNAs were also expressed in various non-nervous tissues, whereas expression of EAAT2 was largely restricted to brain. The kinetic parameters and pharmacological characteristics of transport mediated by each EAAT subtype were determined in transfected mammalian cells by radio-label uptake and in microinjected oocytes by voltage-clamp measurements. The affinities of the EAAT subtypes for L-glutamate were similar, with Km determinations varying from 48 to 97 microM in the mammalian cell assay and from 18 to 28 microM in oocytes. Glutamate uptake inhibitors were used to compare the pharmacologies of the EAAT subtypes. The EAAT2 subtype was distinguishable from the EAAT1/EAAT3 subtypes by the potency of several inhibitors, but most notably by sensitivity to kainic acid (KA) and dihydrokainic acid (DHK). KA and DHK potently inhibited EAAT2 transport, but did not significantly affect transport by EAAT1/EAAT3. Using voltage-clamp measurements, most inhibitors were found to be substrates that elicited transport currents. In contrast, KA and DHK did not evoke currents and they were found to block EAAT2-mediated transport competitively. This selective interaction with the EAAT2 subtype could be a significant factor in KA neurotoxicity. These studies provide a foundation for understanding the role of glutamate transporters in human excitatory neurotransmission and in neuropathology.
Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Peptides and Proteins with Particle Suspension Matrixes (1998)

Systematic investigations of particle suspensions for the laser desorption/ionization of peptides and proteins are presented. The performance and suitability for time-of-flight mass spectrometry of different particle materials and sizes, suspended in a variety of different liquids, are described. Performance characteristics such as accessible mass range, achievable mass resolution, analytical sensitivity, and fragmentation are reported. For the desorption of peptides and small proteins, nanoparticle suspensions in glycerol were found to perform comparably to UV-MALDI-MS with common “chemical” matrixes. For proteins in the mass range of ∼12−30 kDa, mass resolution and analytical sensitivity decrease sizeably; for proteins with masses in excess of ∼30 kDa, no spectra could be recorded with any of the tested particle/liquid combinations. The results were found to be largely independent of the laser wavelength in the range from the near-UV to the near-IR because of the strong particle absorption throughout this wavelength range. Ions are shown to originate predominantly from analyte molecules adsorbed at the particle surface. Nanoparticles with a diameter of a few nanometers were found to be superior to microparticles of ∼1 μm diameter or above. Thermodynamic modeling suggests that this different behavior is caused by the different achieved peak temperatures of the two particle sizes.
Cost of Medical Care in a Practice of Internal Medicine (1974)

Ambulatory and hospital charges generated in 1972 by a group of seven internists rendering comprehensive primary care to more than 17 000 patients are presented. Gross billings for ambulatory services in 1972 totaled $889 801. Charges for 970 patients admitted to the hospital were $771 204. Services by extended-care facilities increased the cost by $40 378. The mean total health care cost generated by each physician was $243 054. The cost generated by each physician-patient encounter averaged $40 and varied among the physicians from $34 to $43. Gross annual per-capita cost of hospital and office care for their patients varied among the physicians from $69 to $137—a difference of almost 100%. The problems that might be encountered by such a group in changing from a fee-for-service to a prepayment reimbursement plan are considered.
Interpretable & Explorable Approximations of Black Box Models (2017)

We propose Black Box Explanations through Transparent Approximations (BETA), a novel model agnostic framework for explaining the behavior of any black-box classifier by simultaneously optimizing for fidelity to the original model and interpretability of the explanation. To this end, we develop a novel objective function which allows us to learn (with optimality guarantees), a small number of compact decision sets each of which explains the behavior of the black box model in unambiguous, well-defined regions of feature space. Furthermore, our framework also is capable of accepting user input when generating these approximations, thus allowing users to interactively explore how the black-box model behaves in different subspaces that are of interest to the user. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first approach which can produce global explanations of the behavior of any given black box model through joint optimization of unambiguity, fidelity, and interpretability, while also allowing users to explore model behavior based on their preferences. Experimental evaluation with real-world datasets and user studies demonstrates that our approach can generate highly compact, easy-to-understand, yet accurate approximations of various kinds of predictive models compared to state-of-the-art baselines.
Osteopontin C mRNA expression is associated with a poor clinical outcome in human breast cancer (2008)

We have read with great interest the recent article by Mirza et al.,1 in which the authors reported that osteopontin c could be a selective diagnostic and prognostic marker in human breast cancer. Our recent previously unpublished data support the Mirza et al., observations and conclusions regarding the potential prognostic value of osteopontin c. We have recently analyzed 127 breast cancer tissues and 33 normal tissues using RT-PCR technology. Levels of transcription of osteopontin c were determined using real-time quantitative PCR. The mRNA expression of this gene was normalized against CK19 and was then analyzed against the pathological parameters and clinical outcome over a 10 year follow up period. The mRNA expression was higher in tumor samples compared to normal breast tissue (12 vs. 6.2, p = 0.45) and increased with increasing tumor's stage and grade. Grade 3 tumors expressed significantly higher levels than grade 1 and 2 tumors (p = 0.0091, p = 0.0577 respectively). The association with tumor's stage did not reach statistical significance. However levels of mRNA expression significantly predicted local recurrence (p = 0.03) and disease-free survival (p = 0.0051). Figure 1 shows the survival function of our cohort in relation to osteopontic c levels (p = 0.016). Furthermore in patients with ductal carcinoma, high osteopontin c levels were associated with bone metastases (p = 0.0262). Therefore we conclude that osteopontin c as a prognostic marker should be included in future validation studies. Survival function. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at www.interscience.wiley.com.] Yours sincerely, N. Patani, W. Jiang, K. Mokbel.
A new method to improve accuracy of leakage current estimation for transistors with non-rectangular gates due to sub-wavelength lithography effects (2008)

Non-ideal pattern transfer from drawn circuit layout to manufactured nanometer transistors can severely affect electrical characteristics such as drive current, leakage current, and threshold voltage. Obtaining accurate electrical models of non-rectangular transistors due to sub-wavelength lithography effects is indispensable for DFM-aware nanometer IC design. In this paper, TCAD device simulations are utilized to quantify the accuracy of a standard equivalent gate length extraction approach for non-rectangular transistors. It is verified that threshold voltage and current density are non-uniform along the channel width due to narrow-width related edge effects, leading to significant inaccuracy in the sub-threshold region. A new EGL extraction method utilizing location-dependent weighting factors and convex parameter extraction techniques is proposed to account for the current density non-uniformity. Preliminary results verified by TCAD simulations indicate that the accuracy of leakage current estimation for non-rectangular transistors can be significantly improved. The method is readily applicable to calibration with real silicon data.
Ordered structure in block polymer solutions. 4. Scaling rules on size of fluctuations with block molecular weight, concentration, and temperature in segregation and homogeneous regimes (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrdered structure in block polymer solutions. 4. Scaling rules on size of fluctuations with block molecular weight, concentration, and temperature in segregation and homogeneous regimesTakeji Hashimoto, Mitsuhiro Shibayama, and Hiromichi KawaiCite this: Macromolecules 1983, 16, 7, 1093–1101Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00241a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00241a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1153Altmetric-Citations210LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A subdivision algorithm for computer display of curved surfaces. (1974)

Abstract : This report presents a method for producing computer shaded pictures of curved surfaces. Three-dimensional curved patches are used, as contrasted with conventional methods using polygons. The method subdivides a patch into successively smaller subpatches until a subpatch is as small as a raster- element, at which time it can be displayed. In general this method could be very time consuming because of the great number of subdivisions that must take place; however, there is at least one very useful class of patches - the bicubic patch - that can be subdivided very quickly. Pitures produced with the method accurately portray the shading and silhouette of curved surfaces. In addition, photographs can be 'mapped' onto patches thus providing a means for putting texture on computer-generated pictures.
Physicochemical Evaluation of the Hot‐Injection Method, a Synthesis Route for Monodisperse Nanocrystals (2005)

The quintessence of the hot-injection method, a synthesis route for monodisperse, highly luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals, is reviewed. The separate stages of nucleation and growth of the nanocrystals are discussed in the framework of classical nucleation theory and an equilibrium model proposed by Debye. We also review the numerous adaptations of the original synthesis that currently provide colloidal nanocrystals with well-defined, size-dependent optical, electrical, and magnetic properties. The availability of these remarkable materials is one of the most promising developments in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
An L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation. (1990)

Aggregation of human washed platelets with collagen is accompanied by a concentration-dependent increase in cyclic GMP but not cyclic AMP. NG-Monomethyl-L-arginine (L-MeArg), a selective inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis from L-arginine, reduces this increase and enhances aggregation. L-Arginine, which has no effect on the basal levels of cyclic GMP, augments the increase in this nucleotide induced by collagen and also inhibits aggregation. Both of these effects of L-arginine are attenuated by L-MeArg. The anti-aggregatory action of L-arginine is potentiated by prostacyclin and by M&B22948, a selective inhibitor of the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase, but not by HL725, a selective inhibitor of the cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. L-Arginine also inhibits platelet aggregation in whole blood in a similar manner, although the concentrations required are considerably higher. L-Arginine stimulates the soluble guanylate cyclase and increases cyclic GMP in platelet cytosol. This stimulation is dependent on NADPH and Ca2+ and is associated with the formation of NO. Both the formation of NO and the stimulation of the soluble guanylate cyclase induced by L-arginine are enantiomer specific and abolished by L-MeArg. Thus, human platelets contain an NO synthase which is activated when platelets are stimulated. The consequent generation of NO modulates platelet reactivity by increasing cyclic GMP. Changes in the activity of this pathway in platelets may have physiological, pathophysiological, and therapeutic significance.
Video-Rate Molecular Imaging in Vivo with Stimulated Raman Scattering (2010)

Optical imaging in vivo with molecular specificity is important in biomedicine because of its high spatial resolution and sensitivity compared with magnetic resonance imaging. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy allows highly sensitive optical imaging based on vibrational spectroscopy without adding toxic or perturbative labels. However, SRS imaging in living animals and humans has not been feasible because light cannot be collected through thick tissues, and motion-blur arises from slow imaging based on backscattered light. In this work, we enable in vivo SRS imaging by substantially enhancing the collection of the backscattered signal and increasing the imaging speed by three orders of magnitude to video rate. This approach allows label-free in vivo imaging of water, lipid, and protein in skin and mapping of penetration pathways of topically applied drugs in mice and humans.
A Small-Scale Method for Screening of Lignin-Degrading Microorganisms (1998)

A new method to facilitate rapid screening of lignin-degrading microorganisms was developed. Fungal strains are cultivated in tissue culture plates containing C-ring-labeled dehydrogenation polymerizate (DHP) (synthetic lignin). Evolved CO(2) is trapped in barium-saturated filter paper and is detected by exposing the paper to X-ray film. Analysis of the autoradiograms, carried out by density measurement with an image analysis program, allows for a semiquantitative estimation of the amount of CO(2) evolved. The method is especially useful for screening for new, powerful lignin-degrading strains in both man-made and natural environments. It eliminates the need for special equipment for their cultivation and trapping of CO(2) as well as laborious sample analysis. The method has in this study been used to test three novel fungal isolates and a laccaseless mutant of the basidiomycete Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. Their ligninolytic capacities were compared with those of the potent lignin degrader Ceriporiopsis subvermispora.
Structural organization of the bovine cathelicidin gene family and identification of a novel member1 (1997)

Cathelicidins are a group of myeloid antimicrobial peptide precursors found in a variety of mammalian species. Transcripts of this family show a highly conserved 5' region corresponding to the 5' untranslated region, signal peptide and propiece, and diverse 3' regions encoding structurally varied C-terminal sequences that correspond to mature antimicrobial peptides after proteolytic release from the precursors. To establish the size of the bovine gene family encoding these proteins, lambda genomic clones were isolated by screening a bovine library with a probe based on the conserved cDNA region of bovine members. Restriction mapping, hybridization studies and sequence analysis identified 11 distinct genes that based on the intergenic distances of contiguous genes appear to be in close physical proximity. Among these, a novel gene encoding the precursor of a putative alpha-helical antimicrobial peptide was recognized and sequenced. The novel gene appears to be expressed in bovine bone marrow myeloid cells, spleen and testis.
Novel base-induced reactions of substituted (1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)acetates (1988)

The reactions of substituted (1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl) acetates with strong bases are described. The esters (1) and (2) having electron-donating and dialkylamino substituents undergo novel ring transformations on treatment with NaH, ButOK, or MeONa in DMF to afford the 2H-azirines (8) and the 3-iminobenzofurans (18), respectively, while under similar conditions the halogeno esters (3) dimerize to give the ethylenedicarboxylate (24). Treatment of the esters (4)–(7) having electron-withdrawing substituents with NaH in DMF results in the recovery of the starting esters. However, on treatment of the sulphinyl esters (6) with MeONa in methanol, C-S bond cleavage occurs to afford methyl arylsulphinates (27).
Peroxy-acid oxidation of NN-disubstituted aminotetrafluoro-, amino-3-chlorotrifluoro-, and amino-3,5-dichlorodifluoro-pyridines (1969)

Peroxy-acid oxidation of NN-disubstituted 4-aminotetrafluoropyridines occurred with rearrangement of the expected intermediate N-oxide to give the NNO-trisubstituted hydroxylamines. The 2,4-bis-(NN-disubstituted amino)trifluoropyridines gave the 2-mono-N-oxide only. The oxidation of NN-dialkylamino-3-chlorotrifluoro and -3,5-dichlorodifluoropyridines was also studied and the influence of the amino- and methoxy-groups and of the different halogens on the result is discussed. The observed behaviour is compared and contrasted with that of the analogous derivatives of pentachloropyridine, and the differences in the behaviours of the polyhalogenated pyridines are rationally explained.
Chronic Ethanol Exposure Impairs Phosphorylation of CREB and CRE-Binding Activity in Rat Striatum (1998)

This study examined influences of ethanol exposure on phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and CRE-binding activity in the striatum of rats. The phosphorylated form of CREB increased 180% during acute intoxication, compared to sham conditions. After chronic ethanol exposure, induction of CREB phosphorylation by an acute ethanol challenge was markedly attenuated (50%) compared with acute ethanol exposure in the pair-fed condition. Gel retardation assays with oligomers encoding the rat proen-kephalin CRE-1 and CRE-2 were performed to determine the effects of ethanol on CRE-binding activity. Super-shift experiments demonstrated that striatal nuclear protein contains CREB and CEBP/3 (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein) and that both transcription factors are involved in specifically binding to the DNA sequence. Re-challenging rats that had been chronically exposed to ethanol with an acute ethanol challenge reduced the CRE/nuclear protein complexes. However, supershift analyses did not show that chronic ethanol exposure altered the dimerization patterns of CREB and CEBPβ within the complexes. Associated with these impairments in CREB binding and CREB phosphorylation was a significant reduction in two CREB-modulated factors, proenkephalin and c-fos expression. In summary, acute ethanol exposure activates the phosphorylation of CREB. Neuroadaptation to chronic ethanol exposure includes alterations in CREB physiology that may impair genes that are dependent upon CREB for transcriptional activation.
Production of highly conductive textile viscose yarns by chemical vapor deposition technique: a route to continuous process (2010)

Abstract An oxidative chemical vapor deposition (OCVD) process was used to coat flexible textile fiber (viscose) with highly conductive polymer, poly (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in presence of ferric (III) chloride (FeCl 3 ) oxidant. OCVD is a solvent free process used to get uniform, thin, and highly conductive polymer layer on different substrates. In this paper, PEDOT coated viscose fibers, prepared under specific conditions, exhibited high conductivity 14.2 S/cm. The effects of polymerization conditions, such as polymerization time, oxidant concentration, dipping time of viscose fiber in oxidant solution, and drying time of oxidant treated viscose fiber, were carefully investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FT‐IR analysis revealed that polymerization of PEDOT on surface of viscose fiber has been taken place and structural analysis showed strong interactions between PEDOT and viscose fiber. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was employed to investigate the amount of PEDOT in PEDOT coated viscose fiber and interaction of PEDOT with viscose fiber. The effect of PEDOT coating on the mechanical properties of the viscose fiber was evaluated by tensile strength testing of the coated fibers. The obtained PEDOT coated viscose fiber having high conductivity, could be used in smart clothing for medical and military applications, heat generation, and solar cell demonstrators. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.