gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Systemic Effects of Shock and Resuscitation Monitored by Visible Hyperspectral Imaging (2003)

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has been useful in monitoring several medical conditions, which to date have generally involved local changes in skin oxygenation of isolated regions of interest such as skin flaps or small burns. Here, by contrast, we present a study in which HSI was used to assess the local cutaneous manifestations of significant systemic events. HSI of the ventral surface of the lower jaw was used to monitor changes in skin oxygenation during hypovolemic shock induced by hemorrhage with additional pulmonary contusion injury in a porcine model, and to monitor the subsequent recovery of oxygenation with resuscitation. Quantitative and qualitative changes were observed in the level of skin oxygenation during shock and recovery. Quantitative values were obtained by fitting reference spectra of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin to sample spectra. Qualitative changes included changes in the observed spatial distribution or pattern of skin oxygenation. A mottled pattern of oxygen saturation was observed during hemorrhagic shock, but not observed during hypovolemic shock or following resuscitation. Historically, the assessment of skin color and mottling has been an important, albeit inexact, component of resuscitation algorithms. Now, it is possible to analyze these variables during shock and resuscitation in an objective manner. The clinical utility of these advances needs to be determined.
Unsupervised CNN for Single View Depth Estimation: Geometry to the Rescue (2016)

A significant weakness of most current deep Convolutional Neural Networks is the need to train them using vast amounts of manu- ally labelled data. In this work we propose a unsupervised framework to learn a deep convolutional neural network for single view depth predic- tion, without requiring a pre-training stage or annotated ground truth depths. We achieve this by training the network in a manner analogous to an autoencoder. At training time we consider a pair of images, source and target, with small, known camera motion between the two such as a stereo pair. We train the convolutional encoder for the task of predicting the depth map for the source image. To do so, we explicitly generate an inverse warp of the target image using the predicted depth and known inter-view displacement, to reconstruct the source image; the photomet- ric error in the reconstruction is the reconstruction loss for the encoder. The acquisition of this training data is considerably simpler than for equivalent systems, requiring no manual annotation, nor calibration of depth sensor to camera. We show that our network trained on less than half of the KITTI dataset (without any further augmentation) gives com- parable performance to that of the state of art supervised methods for single view depth estimation.
Process physics determining 2-D impurity profiles in VLSI devices (1986)

Physically robust diffusion models are required to simulate two-dimensional (2D) impurity profiles in VLSI devices. The accuracy of the initial dopant profiles severely limits the predictive capability of 2D device simulators. Historically, the most successful diffusion models have been based on point defect mechanisms involving either vacancy or in terstitial assisted diffusion. It is clear that the local con centration of defects determines the local diffusion coeffi cient, so the ability to model the point defect kinetics is essential for obtaining accurate 2D dopant profiles. We de scribe a series of kinetics experiments using 2D process test structures, which, when coupled with a 2D diffusion solver enable quantitative values for the generation, diffusion and surface recombination kinetics of the point defects to be obtained. The physical insight this work provides forms the basis of the diffusion models in the new 2D process simulator SUPREM-IV [1].
Organic photoresponse materials and devices (2011)

Organic photoresponse materials and devices are critically important to organic optoelectronics and energy crises. The activities of photoresponse in organic materials can be summarized in three effects, photoconductive, photovoltaic and optical memory effects. Correspondingly, devices based on the three effects can be divided into (i) photoconductive devices such as photodetectors, photoreceptors, photoswitches and phototransistors, (ii) photovoltaic devices such as organic solar cells, and (iii) optical data storage devices. It is expected that this systematic analysis of photoresponse materials and devices could be a guide for the better understanding of structure-property relationships of organic materials and provide key clues for the fabrication of high performance organic optoelectronic devices, the integration of them in circuits and the application of them in renewable green energy strategies (critical review, 452 references).
REpeating Pattern Extraction Technique (REPET): A Simple Method for Music/Voice Separation (2012)

Repetition is a core principle in music. Many musical pieces are characterized by an underlying repeating structure over which varying elements are superimposed. This is especially true for pop songs where a singer often overlays varying vocals on a repeating accompaniment. On this basis, we present the REpeating Pattern Extraction Technique (REPET), a novel and simple approach for separating the repeating “background” from the non-repeating “foreground” in a mixture. The basic idea is to identify the periodically repeating segments in the audio, compare them to a repeating segment model derived from them, and extract the repeating patterns via time-frequency masking. Experiments on data sets of 1,000 song clips and 14 full-track real-world songs showed that this method can be successfully applied for music/voice separation, competing with two recent state-of-the-art approaches. Further experiments showed that REPET can also be used as a preprocessor to pitch detection algorithms to improve melody extraction.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Bromo‐ and Fluorodanicalipin A (2016)

We disclose the syntheses of (+)-bromodanicalipin A as well as (±)-fluorodanicalipin A. The relative configuration and ground-state conformation in solution of both molecules was secured by J-based configuration analysis which revealed that these are identical to natural danicalipin A. Furthermore, preliminary toxicological investigations suggest that the adverse effect of danicalipin A may be due to the lipophilicity of the halogens.
Preventing and controlling iron deficiency anaemia through primary health care: A guide for health administrators and programme managers (1989)

Many millions of people worldwide have iron deficiency anemia. Pregnant women and young children comprise the greatest proportion of those afflicted with iron deficiency anemia (51% and 43% respectively) especially those in developing countries. Supplementing their diet with medicinal iron prevents iron deficiency anemia. As cost benefit studies demonstrate iron supplementation yields an immediate increase in physical work output and lower morbidity and mortality. A 10% and 25% increase in hemoglobin levels brought about by iron supplementation yield annual per capita benefits of respectively $7 and $18 in Indonesia and $57 and $142 in Mexico (1980 data). This World Health Organization publication provides information on iron deficiency anemia that allows program managers to develop a sound strategy for the control of iron deficiency anemia. It examines the mechanism by which the body absorbs iron and the daily iron requirements of different population groups. The book also explains how relatively simple dietary changes could prevent anemia. Improved feeding of ill children distribution of iron tablets and control of microbial infections are other valuable interventions. The book describes current laboratory methods for detecting anemia and iron deficiency. It emphasizes that pregnant women almost always require medicinal iron so routine laboratory confirmation of iron deficiency anemia is unwarranted for them. The last section of the book presents guidelines on designing a proper control strategy and assigning responsibility for the various tasks involved.
Photo‐Crosslinkable Unnatural Amino Acids Enable Facile Synthesis of Thermoresponsive Nano‐ to Microgels of Intrinsically Disordered Polypeptides (2017)

Hydrogel particles are versatile materials that provide exquisite, tunable control over the sequestration and delivery of materials in pharmaceutics, tissue engineering, and photonics. The favorable properties of hydrogel particles depend largely on their size, and particles ranging from nanometers to micrometers are used in different applications. Previous studies have only successfully fabricated these particles in one specific size regime and required a variety of materials and fabrication methods. A simple yet powerful system is developed to easily tune the size of polypeptide-based, thermoresponsive hydrogel particles, from the nano- to microscale, using a single starting material. Particle size is controlled by the self-assembly and unique phase transition behavior of elastin-like polypeptides in bulk and within microfluidic-generated droplets. These particles are then stabilized through ultraviolet irradiation of a photo-crosslinkable unnatural amino acid (UAA) cotranslationally incorporated into the parent polypeptide. The thermoresponsive property of these particles provides an active mechanism for actuation and a dynamic responsive to the environment. This work represents a fundamental advance in the generation of crosslinked biomaterials, especially in the form of soft matter colloids, and is one of the first demonstrations of successful use of UAAs in generating a novel material.
IL-15 enhances survival and function of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells (2003)

HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells are prone to undergo apoptosis, and this may affect their ability to control HIV infection. Because CD8-mediated immune responses play a key role in controlling HIV infection, enhancing the survival and effector function of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells may augment their ability to control HIV virus. We show here that interleukin 15 (IL-15) potently inhibits spontaneous and CD95/Fas-induced apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells. IL-15 inhibits apoptosis in both CD45RA(-)CD62L(-) and CD45RA(+)CD62L(-) effector memory subpopulations of these cells. Furthermore, IL-15 greatly enhances the survival of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells in long-term cultures. Finally, IL-15 directly enhances activation, interferon gamma (IFNgamma) production, and direct ex vivo cytotoxicity of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Thus, IL-15 potently enhances the survival and effector function of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells and, therefore, may prove useful in augmenting the antiviral function of these cells.
16. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010 (2011)

This chapter summarises the results of the preceding sections, which estimate the fraction of cancers occurring in the UK in 2010 that can be attributed to sub-optimal, past exposures of 14 lifestyle and environmental risk factors. For each of 18 cancer types, we present the percentage of cases attributable to one or all of the risk factors considered (tobacco, alcohol, four elements of diet (consumption of meat, fruit and vegetables, fibre, and salt), overweight, lack of physical exercise, occupation, infections, radiation (ionising and solar), use of hormones, and reproductive history (breast feeding)). Exposure to less than optimum levels of the 14 factors was responsible for 42.7% of cancers in the UK in 2010 (45.3% in men, 40.1% in women) – a total of about 134 000 cases. Tobacco smoking is by far the most important risk factor for cancer in the UK, responsible for 60 000 cases (19.4% of all new cancer cases) in 2010. The relative importance of other exposures differs by sex. In men, deficient intake of fruits and vegetables (6.1%), occupational exposures (4.9%) and alcohol consumption (4.6%) are next in importance, while in women, it is overweight and obesity (because of the effect on breast cancer) – responsible for 6.9% of cancers, followed by infectious agents (3.7%). Population-attributable fractions provide a valuable quantitative appraisal of the impact of different factors in cancer causation, and are thus helpful in prioritising cancer control strategies. However, quantifying the likely impact of preventive interventions requires rather complex scenario modelling, including specification of realistically achievable population distributions of risk factors, and the timescale of change, as well as the latent periods between exposure and outcome, and the rate of change following modification in exposure level.
Thiol-Derivatized Nanocrystalline Arrays of Gold, Silver, and Platinum (1997)

A simple procedure has been developed to prepare thiol-derivatized nanoparticles of metals. The procedure involves the transfer of well-characterized metal hydrosols to a hydrocarbon medium containing the thiol. Thiol-derivatized nanoparticles Au, Ag, and Pt of near spherical shape forming nanocrystalline arrays have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and other techniques. Thiol-derivatized Au particles of mean diameters of 1.0, 2.1, and 4.2 nm from nanocrystalline arrays show characteristic X-ray diffraction patterns. The nanoparticles exhibit Moiré fringes when deposited on a flake of MoSe2, showing that each particle is in itself crystalline. Besides spherical nanoparticles, thiol-derivatized particles of other shapes have been prepared, hexagonal Pt nanoparticles being particularly novel. Scanning tunneling microscopy images not only confirm the size and shape of nanoparticles revealed by TEM, but also show evidence for thiol molecules on the surface.
Somnogenic activities of synthetic lipid A (1989)

Bacterial infections and various immune response modifiers, including endotoxin and its lipid A moiety, alter sleep duration. The purpose of this study is to amplify our understanding of lipid A structure-somnogenic-pyrogenic activity relationships. Four synthetic disaccharide analogs of lipid A (LA-15-PP, LA-15-PH, LA-16-PH, and LA-18-PP) and a biosynthetic monosaccharide analog of lipid A (lipid X) were tested in rabbits for their effects on slow-wave sleep, rapid-eye-movement sleep, electroencephalographic slow-wave (0.5- to 4.0-Hz) amplitudes, and brain-colonic temperatures. Substances were injected intravenously and intracerebroventricularly. Compound LA-15-PP was the most potent; it significantly increased slow-wave sleep, delta electroencephalographic amplitudes, and brain-colonic temperatures while reducing rapid-eye-movement sleep. Compound LA-15-PH (monophosphoryl analog of LA-15-PP) induced effects similar to those of LA-15-PP, although the responses were weaker. Compound LA-18-PP induced increases in slow-wave sleep and delta amplitudes only after high doses, whereas compound LA-16-PH was devoid of these activities at the doses tested. Intracerebroventricular, but not intravenous, injections of lipid X induced small but significant increases in both slow-wave sleep and rapid-eye-movement sleep without affecting delta amplitudes or brain-colonic temperatures. These data suggest that the somnogenic actions of these lipid A analogs depend on the acylation or phosphorylation pattern and backbone structures of the molecules. Their soporific activities parallel their relative behaviors in other biological assays.
Metabolism of Rotenone in vitro by Tissue Homogenates from Mammals and Insects (1967)

Hydroxylation of rotenone in vitro in the enzyme system composed of microsomes and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and in living mice and houseflies, yields products tentatively identified as rotenolone I; rotenolone II; 8'-hydroxyrotenone; 6',7'-dihydro-6',7'-dihydroxyrotenone; two rotenolones of each of the last-mentioned two compounds; and uncharacterized polar materials. The toxicity of certain of these rotenoids to mice is of the same order as that of rotenone.
Indoor Positioning System Using Accelerometry and High Accuracy Heading Sensors (2003)

The current GPS signal structure and signal power levels are barely sufficient for indoor applications. Recent developments in high sensitivity receiver technology are promising for indoor positioning inside light structures such as wooden frame houses but generally not for concrete high rise buildings. Errors due to multipath and noise associated with weak indoor signals limit the accuracy and availability of GNSS in difficult indoor environments. An alternate approach makes use of inertial technologies. However, the use of a strapdown inertial navigation system (INS) system and its traditional mechanization as a personal indoor positioning system is rather unrealistic due to the rapidly growing positioning errors caused by gyro drifts. Even a high performance INS will cause hundreds of metres of positioning error in 30 minutes without GPS updates. The majority of previously proposed personal positioning systems utilize the Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) approach. These systems use accelerometers for step detection and step length estimation and magnetic compasses or low cost gyros for heading determination. In such systems, the error sources are the step length estimation error and the heading error. Assuming no heading error, the positioning error is directly proportional to the number of steps and, thus, to the distance traveled. However, the critical component of these systems is heading. Indoor, apart from measuring the Earth's magnetic field, magnetic sensors will be subject to other local electromagnetic fields. Over time, low cost gyros will drift in a significant and unpredictable manner which makes them unsuitable for obtaining adequate heading information. In this paper, the heading problem is resolved by using one deg/hour ring laser gyros. A tactical-grade IMU is used to provide accurate heading information, and accelerometers are used only for step occurrence detection. A special study is carried out to examine errors in heading, if only one gyro is used instead of three. In this case, the three-gyro solution is used as a reference. To test the concept, several long period tests were performed, carrying the IMU in a backpack. Both DGPS and stand-alone receivers were included to compare two different level initialization sources. 3D-gyro heading solutions initialized with DGPS are promising. However, if only one gyro is used or DGPS is not available, heading solution accuracy degrades significantly. Size restrictions on current ring laser gyros limit the application of the proposed system. However, as gyro technology evolves, such a system may be beneficial for applications such as the positioning of rescue workers, police squads, and other indoor location and navigation applications.
miR-221/222 promote malignant progression of glioma through activation of the Akt pathway (2010)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short regulatory RNAs that negatively modulate protein expression at a post-transcriptional level. Emerging evidence suggests that miRNAs play important roles in the pathogenesis of several types of cancers. However, the further mechanisms of miRNA remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the coordinated function of miR-221/222 in glioma by bioinformatics and experiment methods. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that miR-221/222 had the potential to regulate about 70 common target genes and may exert a cooperative effect on regulation and function via Akt signaling pathway. Overexpression of miR-221/222 increased glioma cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and induced glioma growth in a subcutaneous mouse model. Furthermore, miR-221/222 overexpression resulted in an obvious activation of p-Akt and significant changes of Akt-related gene expression in glioma cells. Our results suggest that miR-221/222 co-enhance the glioma malignant phenotype via activation of the Akt pathway mediated by regulation of common gene expression.
Complementation of the interferon alpha response in resistant cells by expression of the cloned subunit of the interferon alpha receptor. A central role of this subunit in interferon alpha signaling (1994)

A subunit of the interferon alpha receptor (IFN alpha R) that confers biologic response to and specific "binding" for IFN alpha 8 has recently been cloned. We have explored the biological consequences of expressing the cloned IFN alpha R subunit in human cells resistant to IFN alpha and in mouse cell lines nonresponsive to human IFN alpha. The expression of the cloned IFN alpha R subunit in the human IFN alpha-resistant K-562 cell line restored sensitivity to the antiviral effect of not only IFN alpha 8 but also IFN alpha 2 and IFN alpha Con1. In mouse L-929 cells the expression of the cloned receptor subunit markedly increased antiviral sensitivity to human type I IFNs. In either human K-562 or mouse L-929 cells these effects were observed without a detectable increase in the binding for any of the subtypes of IFN alpha tested. We propose that the cloned IFN alpha R subunit functions as a transducer subunit for the IFN alpha R. This concept is supported by the finding that the cloned receptor protein, when it is expressed in Cos cells, has an M(r) of 75 kDa, which is different from the main IFN alpha-binding proteins, the alpha and beta subunits of the IFN alpha R. This report also suggests that alterations at the receptor level could be involved in IFN alpha resistance in some cell lines.
Oncogene-specific formation of chemoresistant murine hepatic cancer stem cells (2012)

The oncogenotype of a tumor can promote a specific mechanism of chemoresistance that can contribute to the survival of hepatic CSCs. Under circumstances that promote differentiation of CSCs into more mature tumor cells, the chemoresistance can be quickly lost. Elucidation of the mechanisms that govern chemoresistance in these mouse models may illuminate the genesis of chemoresistance in human liver cancer.
Iodo-bridged complexes of platinum(II) and synthesis of cis mixed-amine platinum(II) compounds (1986)

Iodo-bridged platinum(II) dimers, [Pt(L)I 2 ]2 with ligands (L) containing nitrogen as the donor atom, have been synthesized from the reactions of cis-[Pt(L) 2 I 2 ] with perchloric acid. The dimers can be cleaved in aqueous media by a second nitrogen ligand to produce isometrically pure cis-[Pt(L)(L′)I 2 ].These compounds can finally be converted to the chloro or carboxylato compounds by precipitating the iodo ligands with a silver salt and adding KCl or a carboxylate salt. Several compounds of the types cis-[Pt(L)(L′)Cl 2 ] and cis-[Pt(L)(L′)(dicarboxylate)] were thus prepared. A few dimers of the type [(L)(L′)Pt(tetra-carboxylate)Pt(L)(L′)] were also synthesized.