gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Penetration of Antibiotics into Respiratory Secretions (1981)

Successful treatment of intrabronchial infection depends upon adequate transport of antibiotics across the blood-bronchus barrier. This paper discusses the various influences on antibiotic concentrations in the lung and describes a canine model for detailed pharmacologic studies of antibiotics in bronchial secretion. A number of factors influence antibiotic penetration into bronchial secretions, including physicochemical characteristics of the drug and such host factors as bronchial inflammation and injury. The method of antibiotic administration also influences bronchial drug levels; the highest local concentrations are associated with the highest peak values in serum. In addition, each antibiotic has a characteristic pattern of penetration into bronchial secretions. Optimal methods of antibiotic therapy for lung infection may depend on the specific minimal inhibitory concentration for the infecting organism.
Electrode Grids for ITO Free Organic Photovoltaic Devices (2007)

Silver grids are utilized to exclude the expensive use of indium tin oxide (ITO) in conjugated polymer photovoltaic devices. The grids are generated by electroless deposition from elastomeric microfluidic channels onto transparent substrates. The organic photovoltaic devices demonstrated here, with minimized series resistance, are confirmed to have characteristics comparable to devices exploiting ITO.
Bovine Erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase (1974)

Abstract The complete primary structure of reduced and S-carboxy-methylated bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase has been derived through analysis of peptides from peptic, plasmin, and hydroxylamine digests of the intact polypeptide chain, and from chymotryptic, subtilisin, and dilute acid digests of derived peptides. From these data, the following unique amino acid sequence of 151 residues was deduced, corresponding to a molecular weight of 15,600, in each of the 2 apparently identical subunits of the protein molecule. (Cmc denotes S-carboxymethylcysteine.) [see PDF for equation]
Robust talker-independent audio document retrieval (2002)

The goal of the video mail retrieval (VMR) project is to integrate state-of-the-art document retrieval methods with speech recognition to yield a robust and efficient retrieval system. The work presented extends VMR towards an open-vocabulary, talker-independent system for retrieving spontaneously-spoken audio and video messages. We present results showing successful retrieval using a standard large-vocabulary (LV) recogniser, despite the lack of a matched language model and vocabulary. We further show that integrating a LV recogniser with conventional word spotting (WS) gives more robust retrieval performance than either method alone. This paper gives details of the message archive used, the speech recognition methodologies, the information retrieval methods, and experimental results.
Fundamentals and Applications of Structured Ceramic Foam Catalysts (2007)

This paper reviews the use of ceramic foams as structured catalyst supports. They are open-cell ceramic structures that may be fabricated in a variety of shapes from a wide range of materials, and they exhibit very high porosities with good interconnectivity. These characteristics result in a lower pressure drop than that observed with packed beds and high convection in the tortuous megapores, which, in turn, enhances mass and heat transfer. They are easily coated with high-surface-area catalytic components, using well-established techniques. Research in the past decade has produced a large amount of fundamental information that elucidates the desirable properties of ceramic foams. In addition, many applications involving important reactions have appeared in the open and patent literature, especially for catalytic processes that suffer certain limitations, such as those encountered in relieving high pressure drop with low-contact-time reactions at high space velocities or with narrow reactors in heat-transfer-limited systems and in controlling axial and radial temperature profiles in highly exothermic and endothermic reactions. These important contributions are discussed, and the advantages and shortcomings of using ceramic foams as structured catalyst supports to benefit commercial operations are considered.
Transactivation activity of Meq, a Marek's disease herpesvirus bZIP protein persistently expressed in latently infected transformed T cells (1995)

Marek's disease virus (MDV) is an avian herpesvirus that induces a variety of diseases, including T-cell lymphomas, in chickens. In latently infected, transformed lymphoid cells, very few viral transcripts or proteins are detected. We previously described a gene, meq (MDV EcoQ), which is persistently expressed in MDV-transformed tumor samples and cell lines. meq codes for a 339-amino-acid protein with a basic-leucine zipper domain near its N terminus and a proline-rich domain near its C terminus. The basic-leucine zipper domain shows homology with Jun/Fos family proteins, whereas the proline-rich domain resembles that of the WT-1 tumor suppressor protein. These structural features raise the possibility that Meq functions as a transcription factor in regulating viral latency or oncogenesis. In this report, we show that the proline-rich domain is a potent transcription activator when fused to the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Gal4(1-147) DNA-binding domain. The transactivation activity maps to the C-terminal 130 amino acids, with the last 33 amino acids essential. In the absence of these 33 amino acids, a two-and-one-half proline-rich repeat structure was found to exhibit repression activity. We further show that Meq is able to dimerize not only with itself but also with c-Jun. Meq/c-Jun heterodimers bind to an AP1-like sequence in the meq promoter region with an affinity much greater than that of Meq/Meq or c-Jun/c-Jun homodimers. Cotransfection chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays suggest that the Meq/c-Jun heterodimers can up-regulate Meq expression in both chicken embryo fibroblasts and F9 cells. Our data provide the first biochemical evidence that Meq is a transcriptional factor and identify c-Jun as one of Meq's interacting partners.
A functional role for Tsix transcription in blocking Xist RNA accumulation but not in X-chromosome choice (2001)

In female mammals, up-regulation of Xist triggers X-chromosome inactivation in cis. Up-regulation is inhibited by sequences 3' to Xist contained within the antisense locus, Tsix. Inhibition could depend on transcription of Tsix and/or on DNA elements therein. Here we test the role of Tsix transcription by augmenting the duration and strength of Tsix expression. We find that Tsix hypertranscription is sufficient to block Xist RNA accumulation in a cis-limited manner. We propose that Tsix transcription is necessary to restrict Xist activity on the future active X and, conversely, that Tsix repression is required for Xist RNA accumulation on the future inactive X. We also find that Tsix hypertranscription does not affect X-chromosome choice. Thus, choice is mediated by elements within Tsix that are independent of promoter activity.
Control of Current Saturation and Threshold Voltage Shift in Indium Oxide Nanowire Transistors with Femtosecond Laser Annealing (2011)

Transistors based on various types of nonsilicon nanowires have shown great potential for a variety of applications, especially for those that require transparency and low-temperature substrates. However, critical requirements for circuit functionality, such as saturated source-drain current and matched threshold voltages of individual nanowire transistors in a way that is compatible with low temperature substrates, have not been achieved. Here we show that femtosecond laser pulses can anneal individual transistors based on In(2)O(3) nanowires, improve the saturation of the source-drain current, and permanently shift the threshold voltage to the positive direction. We applied this technique and successfully shifted the switching threshold voltages of NMOS-based inverters and improved their noise margin, in both depletion and enhancement modes. Our demonstration provides a method to trim the parameters of individual nanowire transistors, and suggests potential for large-scale integration of nanowire-based circuit blocks and systems.
Interactive Effects of Plant Growth Regulators and Fungicides on Epidemics of Dollar Spot in Creeping Bentgrass (1996)

Studies were conducted to assess interactions among gibberellin inhibitor plant growth regulators (PGRs) and fungicides on dollar spot of creeping bentgrass caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. The PGRs paclobutrazol and flurprimidol were fungistatic to S. homoeocarpa in vitro at significantly lower concentrations (EC 50 15 μg/ml). In the field, paclobutrazol, flurprimidol, and trinexapac-ethyl were applied to creeping bentgrass at the respective rates of 0.16, 0.33, and 0.19 kg a.i./ha either alone or as pretreatments 4 days prior to applications of the fungicides chlorothalonil, iprodione, propiconazole, and thiophanate-methyl at 9.6, 3.1, 0.4, and 3.1 kg a.i./ha, respectively. In plots treated with the PGRs alone, rates of dollar spot epidemics (dy/dt, where y = amount of disease and t = time) were significantly lower in bentgrass treated with flurprimidol in 1993 and 1994 or with paclobutrazol in 1994 compared to nontreated turf and turf treated with trinexapac-ethyl. Similar effects were detected from analysis of areas under disease progress curves (AUDPC). The trinexapac-ethyl treatment had no significant effect on epidemic rates or values of AUDPC compared to nontreated controls in 1993 and 1994. Based on values of AUDPC and/or time to reach 5% disease severity, pretreatment of turf with flurprimidol significantly enhanced the efficacy of chlorothalonil, iprodione, and propiconazole in 1994 and each of the four fungicides tested in 1995. Pretreatment with paclobutrazol resulted in effects similar to those observed with the flurprimidol pretreatment in 1994, but paclobutrazol did not enhance the efficacy of chlorothalonil or thiophanate-methyl in 1995. Pretreatment with trinexapac-ethyl significantly enhanced the efficacy of chlorothalonil, iprodione, and propiconazole in 1994, but had no effect on fungicide efficacy in 1995. Foliar clipping weights were significantly greater in plots treated with any of the PGRs 28 days after treatment in 1993 compared to nontreated controls. In 1994, canopy heights of bentgrass were significantly lower in PGR-treated plots 10 and 18 days after treatment compared to nontreated controls.
Polyvalent cation receptor proteins (CaRs) are salinity sensors in fish (2002)

To determine whether calcium polyvalent cation-sensing receptors (CaRs) are salinity sensors in fish, we used a homology-based cloning strategy to isolate a 4.1-kb cDNA encoding a 1,027-aa dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) kidney CaR. Expression studies in human embryonic kidney cells reveal that shark kidney senses combinations of Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Na(+) ions at concentrations present in seawater and kidney tubules. Shark kidney is expressed in multiple shark osmoregulatory organs, including specific tubules of the kidney, rectal gland, stomach, intestine, olfactory lamellae, gill, and brain. Reverse transcriptase-PCR amplification using specific primers in two teleost fish, winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), reveals a similar pattern of CaR tissue expression. Exposure of the lumen of winter flounder urinary bladder to the CaR agonists, Gd(3+) and neomycin, reversibly inhibit volume transport, which is important for euryhaline teleost survival in seawater. Within 24-72 hr after transfer of freshwater-adapted Atlantic salmon to seawater, there are increases in their plasma Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Na(+) that likely serve as a signal for internal CaRs, i.e., brain, to sense alterations in salinity in the surrounding water. We conclude that CaRs act as salinity sensors in both teleost and elasmobranch fish. Their tissue expression patterns in fish provide insights into CaR functions in terrestrial animals including humans.
Construction Vehicle Navigation and Automation (1995)

The U.S. Army Topographic Engineering Center (TEC) and Caterpillar Inc. have cooperated in the joint research and development of a system to position, track, and maneuver construction and other equipment during their normal construction activities. The two main components of this research focus are the positioning system needed for navigation and the Computer Aided Drafting and Design (CADD) interface for automation. The positioning system is based on software developed by TEC that utilizes the Global Positioning System (GPS). It is called the On-the-Fly (OTF) Differential GPS system. Several repeatability tests were conducted to test the accuracy and precision of the OTF software. The results proved that the OTF system can provide an accuracy of 3 centimeters in a robust manner. The positioning system software has been integrated with Caterpillar developed software tools to automate construction activities and increase productivity and safety in the project area. This software allows the construction vehicle to perform its operations and provide real time as-built drawings in the process. This joint effort has produced an autonomous construction vehicle navigation and automation system that has been demonstrated on a Track-Type Tractor (dozer) and will be adapted to various other construction vehicle platforms, which include an off-highway truck and a motor grader. CADD tools based on the envisioned vehicle navigation system have been integrated, offering the user highly accurate and responsive production, planning and monitoring tools that were previously unavailable.
Comparison of imaging geometries for diffuse optical tomography of tissue (1999)

Images produced in six different geometries with diffuse optical tomography simulations of tissue have been compared using a finite element-based algorithm with iterative refinement provided by the Newton-Raphson approach. The source-detector arrangements studied include (i) fan-beam tomography, (ii) full reflectance and transmittance tomography, as well as (iii) sub-surface imaging, where each of these three were examined in a circular and a flat slab geometry. The algorithm can provide quantitatively accurate results for all of the tomographic geometries investigated under certain circumstances. For example, quantitatively accurate results occur with sub-surface imaging only when the object to be imaged is fully contained within the diffuse projections. In general the diffuse projections must sample all regions around the target to be characterized in order for the algorithm to recover quantitatively accurate results. Not only is it important to sample the whole space, but maximal angular sampling is required for optimal image reconstruction. Geometries which do not maximize the possible sampling angles cause more noise artifact in the reconstructed images. Preliminary simulations using a mesh of the human brain confirm that optimal images are produced from circularly symmetric source-detector distributions, but that quantitatively accurate images can be reconstructed even with a sub-surface imaging, although spatial resolution is modest.
A Polyamidoamine Dendrimer-Capped Mesoporous Silica Nanosphere-Based Gene Transfection Reagent (2004)

We synthesized a MCM-41-type mesoporous silica nanosphere (MSN)-based gene transfection system, where second generation (G2) polyamidoamines (PAMAMs) were covalently attached to the surface of MSN. The G2-PAMAM-capped MSN material (G2-MSN) was used to complex with a plasmid DNA (pEGFP-C1) that encodes for an enhanced green fluorescence protein. The gene transfection efficacy, uptake mechanism, and biocompatibility of the G2-MSN system with various cell types, such as neural glia (astrocytes), human cervical cancer (HeLa), and Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells, were investigated. The mesoporous structure of the MSN material allows membrane-impermeable molecules, such as pharmaceutical drugs and fluorescent dyes, to be encapsulated inside the MSN channels. The system renders the possibility to serve as a universal transmembrane carrier for intracellular drug delivery and imaging applications.
Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom prospective diabetes study (UKPDS: 23) (1998)

A quintet of potentially modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease exists in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These risk factors are increased concentrations of low density lipoprotein cholesterol, decreased concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, raised blood pressure, hyperglycaemia, and smoking.
Methodology of Clinical Trials of Sumatriptan in Migraine and Cluster Headache (1991)

The clinical development of sumatriptan has involved large international multicentre trials. To allow comparison of results obtained in a variety of clinical settings, great emphasis was placed on the use of consistent methodology across the programme. This applied to selection of patients, trial design, symptom evaluation and statistical analysis. Patients were selected for the major trials if they fulfilled the International Headache Society's diagnostic criteria for migraine or cluster headache. Relief of the headache was used as the main efficacy measure and this was assessed using standardized self-rating scales. All major controlled trials in migraine employed a parallel group design to avoid carryover effects and to ensure blinding was not compromised; however, because of the rarity of cluster headache, a crossover trial was performed in this indication. Appropriate statistical analyses were then performed on the data. The rationale for the methodology adopted is discussed. Strict adherence to these principles has allowed us to compare the results of sumatriptan treatment across a wide range of countries and treatment settings, and a selection of different administration routes.
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in a program of intensive sequential chemotherapy for children and young adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in first remission. (1990)

Eighty-seven consecutive children and young adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) were treated uniformly with induction chemotherapy based on daunorubicin and cytarabine (ara-C), with the addition of etoposide (VP-16) and azacytidine (5-Az) for refractory patients. Of the 65 patients who entered complete remission, 42 were eligible for assessment of response to intensive chemotherapy consisting of four pairs of drugs administered in sequential fashion. Nineteen others with available histocompatibility locus antigen (HLA)-compatible donors were assigned to receive allogeneic bone marrow transplants within 16 weeks from their dates of complete remission. Durations of continuous complete remission (CCR) in the two groups were not significantly different at a median follow-up time of 6 years (P = .30 by log-rank analysis). Kaplan-Meier estimates of CCR probabilities (+/- SE) at 6 years were 43% +/- 13% (transplantation) and 31% +/- 7% (sequential chemotherapy). Postremission failures in the sequential chemotherapy group resulted from bone marrow relapse in 23 of 29 patients (79%), whereas in the transplantation group, failures were equally divided between marrow relapse and transplantation-related complications of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) or infection due to the immunosuppressive effects of ablative chemotherapy. Comparison of hematologic remission curves indicated a significant advantage for marrow transplantation in terms of systemic leukemia control (P = .06). Thus, in programs of intensive chemotherapy of the type described here, allogeneic marrow transplantation should be seriously considered as alternative therapy for patients in first remission who have an HLA-matched sibling donor, provided that effective methods for control of transplant-related complications are available.
Functional Characterization of Two Human Olfactory Receptors Expressed in the Baculovirus Sf9 Insect Cell System (2005)

Olfactory receptors (ORs) are the largest member of the G-protein-coupled receptors which mediate early olfactory perception in discriminating among thousands of odorant molecules. Assigning odorous ligands to ORs is a prerequisite to gaining an understanding of the mechanisms of odorant recognition. The functional expression of ORs represents a critical step in addressing this issue. Due to limitations in heterologous expression, very few mammal ORs have been characterized, and so far only one is from human origin. Consequently, OR function still remains poorly understood, especially in humans, whose genome encodes a restricted chemosensory repertoire compared with most mammal species. In this study, we have designed cassette baculovirus vectors to coexpress human OR 17-209 or OR 17-210 with either G(alpha olf) or G(alpha16) proteins in Sf9 cells. Each OR was found to be expressed at the cell surface and colocalized with both G(alpha) proteins. Using Ca2+ imaging, we showed that OR 17-209 and OR 17-210 proteins are activated by esters and ketones respectively. Odorant-induced calcium response was increased when ORs were coexpressed with G(alpha16) protein, whereas coexpression with G(alpha olf) abolished calcium signaling. This strategy has been found to overcome most of the limitations encountered when expressing an OR protein and has permitted odorant screening of functional ORs. Our approach could thus be of interest for further expression and ligand assignment of other orphan receptor proteins.
Switched Systems Reduction Framework Based on Convex Combination of Generalized Gramians (2009)

A general method for model‐order reduction of switched linear dynamical systems is presented. The proposed technique uses convex generalized gramian which is a convex combination of the generalized gramians. It is shown that different classical reduction methods can be developed into the generalized gramian framework for model reduction of linear systems and further for the reduction of switched systems by construction of the convex generalized gramian. Balanced reduction within specified frequency bound is taken as an example which is developed within this framework. In order to avoid numerical instability and also to increase the numerical efficiency, convex generalized gramian‐based Petrov‐Galerkin projection is constructed instead of the similarity transform approach for reduction. It is proven that the method preserves the stability of the original switched system at least for stabilizing switching signal and it is also less conservative than the method which is based on the common generalized gramian. Some discussions on the coefficient of the vertices of the convex variables are presented. The performance of the proposed method is illustrated by numerical examples.
Rapid Response of Marginal Zone B Cells to Viral Particles (2004)

Marginal zone (MZ) B cells are thought to be responsible for the first wave of Abs against bacterial Ags. In this study, we assessed the in vivo response of MZ B cells in mice immunized with viral particles derived from the RNA phage Qbeta. We found that both follicular (FO) and MZ B cells responded to immunization with viral particles. MZ B cells responded with slightly faster kinetics, but numerically, FO B cells dominated the response. B1 B cells responded similarly to MZ B cells. Both MZ and FO B cells underwent isotype switching, with MZ B cells again exhibiting faster kinetics. In fact, almost all Qbeta-specific MZ B cells expressed surface IgG by day 5. Histological analysis demonstrated that a population of activated B cells remain associated with the MZ, probably due to the elevated integrin levels expressed by these cells. Thus, both MZ and FO B cells respond with rapid proliferation to viral infection and both populations undergo isotype switching, but MZ B cells remain in the MZ and may be responsible for local Ab production, opsonizing pathogens entering the spleen.