gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Different Motifs Regulate Trafficking of SorCS1 Isoforms (2008)

The type I transmembrane protein SorCS1 is a member of the Vps10p-domain receptor family comprised of Sortilin, SorLA and SorCS1, -2 and -3. Current information indicates that Sortilin and SorLA mediate intracellular protein trafficking and sorting, but little is known about the cellular functions of the SorCS subgroup. SorCS1 binds platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and is expressed in isoforms differing only in their cytoplasmic domains. Here, we identify two novel isoforms of mouse SorCS1 designated m-SorCS1c and -d. In situ hybridization revealed a combinatorial expression pattern of the variants in brain and embryonic tissues. We demonstrate that among the mouse variants, only SorCS1c mediates internalization and that the highly conserved SorCS1c is internalized through a canonical tyrosine-based motif. In contrast, human SorCS1a, whose cytoplasmic domain is completely different from mouse SorCS1a, is internalized through a DXXLL motif. We report that the human SorCS1a cytoplasmic domain interacts with the alphaC/sigma2 subunits of the adaptor protein (AP)-2 complex, and internalization of human SorCS1a and -c is mediated by AP-2. Our results suggest that the endocytic isoforms target internalized cargo to lysosomes but are not engaged in Golgi-endosomal transport to a significant degree.
Contact Angle Hysteresis. III. Study of an Idealized Heterogeneous Surface (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTContact Angle Hysteresis. III. Study of an Idealized Heterogeneous SurfaceRulon E. Johnson Jr. and Robert H. DettreCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1964, 68, 7, 1744–1750Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100789a012https://doi.org/10.1021/j100789a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5740Altmetric-Citations593LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Multi-touch RST in 2D and 3D spaces: Studying the impact of directness on user performance (2011)

The RST multi-touch technique allows one to simultaneously control Rotations, Scaling, and Translations from multi-touch gestures. We conducted a user study to better understand the impact of directness on user performance for a RST docking task, for both 2D and 3D visualization conditions. This study showed that direct-touch shortens completion times, but indirect interaction improves efficiency and precision, and this is particularly true for 3D visualizations. The study also showed that users' trajectories are comparable for all conditions (2D/3D and direct/indirect). This tends to show that indirect RST control may be valuable for interactive visualization of 3D content. To illustrate this finding, we present a demo application that allows novice users to arrange 3D objects on a 2D virtual plane in an easy and efficient way.
Expression of Interleukin (IL)-18 and Functional IL-18 Receptor on Human Vascular Endothelial Cells, Smooth Muscle Cells, and Macrophages (2002)

Although considerable evidence implicates the cytokine interferon (IFN)-gamma in atherogenesis, the proximal inducers and the range of sources of its expression remain unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that interleukin (IL)-18 regulates IFN-gamma expression during atherogenesis. Indeed, human atheroma in situ expressed IL-18 and elevated levels of its receptor subunits, IL-18Ralpha/beta, compared with nondiseased arterial tissue. IL-18 occurred predominantly as the mature, 18-kD form and colocalized with mononuclear phagocytes (MPhi), while endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and MPhi all expressed IL-18Ralpha/beta. Correspondingly in vitro, only MPhi expressed IL-18, while all three cell types displayed the IL-18Ralpha/beta complex constitutively, exhibiting enhanced expression upon stimulation with LPS, IL-1beta, or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. IL-18 signaling evoked effectors involved in atherogenesis, e.g., cytokines (IL-6), chemokines (IL-8), intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAM)-1, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1/-9/-13), demonstrating functionality of the receptor on ECs, SMCs, and MPhi. Finally, IL-18, particularly in combination with IL-12, induced the expression of IFN-gamma in cultured MPhi and, surprisingly, in SMCs (but not in ECs). The expression of functional IL-18 and IL-18 receptor on human atheroma-associated ECs, SMCs, and MPhi, and its unexpected ability to induce IFN-gamma expression in SMCs, suggests a novel paracrine proinflammatory pathway operating during atherogenesis.
In Vivo Length-Force Relationships on Muscle Fiber and Muscle Tendon Complex in the Tibialis Anterior Muscle (2005)

The present study aimed to determine the differences in the length-force relationship between muscle fiber and muscle tendon complex (MTC) and to relate the shape of the length-force relationship to the architectural changes in MTC (the elongation of tendon structures and pennation angle changes). In six male subjects, tetanic contractions (2s at 50Hz) of the tibialis anterior muscle were induced electrically. At a steady state of tetanic contraction, the muscle fiber length and pennation angle were measured from ultrasonic images, and the muscle fiber force, tendon force, MTC length and elongation of tendon structures were calculated. The measured and normalized length-force relationships were clearly different between muscle fiber and MTC, especially on the length axis. The differences could be attributed to the existence of compliant tendon structures and increment of pennation angles related to elongation of tendon structures, suggesting that compliant tendon structures in human muscles influence the length-dependent force generation in both muscle fiber and MTC.
VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA: MICROBIOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE PATTERN BY DISK-DIFFUSION AND E.TEST METHODS (2008)

Background: ventilator- associated pneumonia (VAP) continues to complicate the course of 8-28 % patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The mortality rate for VAP is high, ranges from 24-50% and can reach 76% in some specific settings or when lung infection is caused by high risk pathogens. The etiologic agents widely differ according to the population of patients in an intensive care unit, duration of hospital stay, and prior antimicrobial therapy. Because appropriate antimicrobial treatment of patients with VAP significantly improves outcome, more rapid identification of infected patients and selection of antimicrobial agents represent important clinical goals. Our goal was determination of the VAP incidence, identification of common pathogenic causes and determination of antimicrobial resistance pattern by disk-diffusion and E.Test methods. Materials and methods: In an observational study we evaluated the microbiology and antimicrobial resistance pattern of VAP in medical Intensive Care Units (ICUs) of 2 teaching hospitals from January 2005 to January 2006. Diagnostic criteria for VAP were the radiographic appearance of a new or progressive and persistent pulmonary infiltrate in conjunction with at least 2 of the following criteria: purulent respiratory secretions, temperature > 38.5 ° c or < 35° c
Antisense artifacts in transcriptome microarray experiments are resolved by actinomycin D (2007)

Recent transcription profiling studies have revealed an unanticipatedly large proportion of antisense transcription across eukaryotic and bacterial genomes. However, the extent and significance of antisense transcripts is controversial partly because experimental artifacts are suspected. Here, we present a method to generate clean genome-wide transcriptome profiles, using actinomycin D (ActD) during reverse transcription. We show that antisense artifacts appear to be triggered by spurious synthesis of second-strand cDNA during reverse transcription reactions. Strand-specific hybridization signals obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae tiling arrays were compared between samples prepared with and without ActD. Use of ActD removed about half of the detectable antisense transcripts, consistent with their being artifacts, while sense expression levels and about 200 antisense transcripts were not affected. Our findings thus facilitate a more accurate assessment of the extent and position of antisense transcription, towards a better understanding of its role in cells.
Inhibition of Posthemorrhagic Transfusion-Induced Gastric Injury by a Long-Acting Superoxide Dismutase Derivative (1991)

Although oxygen-free radicals have been postulated to play an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal injury induced by posthemorrhagic blood transfusion, direct evidence supporting this hypothesis is lacking. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) has been shown to inhibit oxygen toxicity in vitro in various types of cell injury. However, in some cases, oxidative tissue injury cannot be decreased efficiency predominantly due to its rapid elimination by renal glomerular filtration. To overcome such frustrating situations, we have synthesized a SOD derivative that circulates bound to albumin with a half-life of 6 hr. When blood was withdrawn from the rat (22 ml/kg) for 30 min followed by transfusion of the extracted blood, marked gastric mucosal lesions occurred within 30 min after transfusion. Intravenously injected SOD derivative markedly decreased gastric mucosal injury. Kinetic analysis using 125I-labeled albumin revealed that the vascular permeability of the stomach increased significantly after transfusion by a SOD derivative inhibitable mechanism. Thus, superoxide radical and/or its metabolite(s) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of posthemorrhagic transfusion-induced gastric injury.
Results of a phase II trial testing interferon‐alpha 2b and cytarabine in children and adolescents with chronic myelogenous leukemia (2005)

The combination of IFN and cytarabine provides hematologic and cytogenetic responses in children and adolescents with CML. In the imatinib mesylate era, the role of this combination as second line therapy in children with CML remains to be determined.
Characterization of Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats and Pharmacodynamics of Insulin Formulations (2003)

Morphological and functional changes of rat pancreatic islets caused by administration of streptozotocin (STZ) and the bioavailability of insulin formulations administered to STZ-induced diabetic rats with fasting (12 h) or non-fasting were investigated. Islets isolated from normal rats maintained a good three-dimensional structure and the islet yield was 962.5+/-86.5 islet equivalent number (IEQ, islets converted to an average diameter of 150 microm). In the diabetic group (>500 mg/ml blood glucose), the islet yield was only 44.4+/-8.3 IEQ and the islet was severely damaged. The minimum reduction of blood glucose of each formulation, such as insulin solution, microcrystal, and insulin microcrystal capsule, was shown to be 11.3, 11.0, and 16.3 mg/dl, respectively, at 6 h in fasting with diabetic rats. These results indicated that the administration of insulin formulations to the fasting groups increased the severe hypoglycemic effect of insulin action more than in non-fasting diabetic rats. The diabetic rat with fasting has a regulatory disorder in maintaining the blood glucose level. Accordingly, the validity of pharmacological availability as an optimal modeling of insulin formulations is best in non-fasting STZ-induced diabetic rats.
X-ray Crystal Structure of the Novel Enhanced-Affinity Glucocorticoid Agonist Fluticasone Furoate in the Glucocorticoid Receptor−Ligand Binding Domain (2008)

An X-ray crystal structure is reported for the novel enhanced-affinity glucocorticoid agonist fluticasone furoate (FF) in the ligand binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor. Comparison of this structure with those of dexamethasone and fluticasone propionate shows the 17 alpha furoate ester to occupy more fully the lipophilic 17 alpha pocket on the receptor, which may account for the enhanced glucocorticoid receptor binding of FF.
Isolation of Pristine Electronics Grade Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes by Switching the Rigidity of the Wrapping Polymer Backbone on Demand (2015)

Conjugated polymers are among the most selective carbon nanotube sorting agents discovered and enable the isolation of ultrahigh purity semiconducting singled-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) from heterogeneous mixtures that contain problematic metallic nanotubes. The strong selectivity though highly desirable for sorting, also leads to irreversible adsorption of the polymer on the s-SWCNTs, limiting their electronic and optoelectronic properties. We demonstrate how changes in polymer backbone rigidity can trigger its release from the nanotube surface. To do so, we choose a model polymer, namely poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(6,60-(2,20-bipyridine))] (PFO-BPy), which provides ultrahigh selectivity for s-SWCNTs, which are useful specifically for FETs, and has the chemical functionality (BPy) to alter the rigidity using mild chemistry. Upon addition of Re(CO)5Cl to the solution of PFO-BPy wrapped s-SWCNTs, selective chelation with the BPy unit in the copolymer leads to the unwrapping of PFO-BPy. UV-vis, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy studies show that binding of the metal ligand complex to BPy triggers up to 85% removal of the PFO-BPy from arc-discharge s-SWCNTs (diameter = 1.3-1.7 nm) and up to 72% from CoMoCAT s-SWCNTs (diameter = 0.7-0.8 nm). Importantly, Raman studies show that the electronic structure of the s-SWCNTs is preserved through this process. The generalizability of this method is demonstrated with two other transition metal salts. Molecular dynamics simulations support our experimental findings that the complexation of BPy with Re(CO)5Cl in the PFO-BPy backbone induces a dramatic conformational change that leads to a dynamic unwrapping of the polymer off the nanotube yielding pristine s-SWCNTs.
First observation of an extremely large-dipole infrared transition within the conduction band of a GaAs quantum well (1985)

A new type of optical transition in GaAs quantum wells has been observed. The dipole occurs between two envelope states of the conduction-band electron wave function, and is called a quantum well envelope state transition (QWEST). The QWEST is observed by infrared absorption for two structures with 65-Å-thick- and 82-Å-thick wells. The transitions exhibit resonant energies of 152 and 121 meV respectively, full width at half-maximum linewidths as narrow as 10 meV at room temperature, and an oscillator strength of 12.2. The material is anticipated to have subpicosecond relaxation times and be ideal for low-power optical digital logic.
A network architecture for building applications that use speech recognition and/or synthesis (1999)

This paper proposes a simple versatile architecture for sharing speech recognition and synthesis resources in a heterogeneous networked environment. Using a unified application programming interface and the concept of proxies allows many clients to gain access to services that would normally be reserved to specific computers. This helps reducing the total cost of ownership while providing sophisticated service through simple approaches. At the same time, multi-speaker data collecting will be simplified. We show that using this architecture for speech activated software reduces the requirements of client computers while adding a negligible latency compared to a powerful workstation.
Hot Carrier Relaxation by Extreme Electron-LO Phonon Scattering in GaN (1999)

Hot carrier relaxation has been investigated in GaN using non-resonant femtosecond excitation where electrons are excited above and below the LO phonon energy. We observe remarkably rapid electron relaxation; the electron distribution is non-thermal, with a “cut-off” occurring near ELO. In a preliminary Monte Carlo study we have simulations which reproduce the major experimental observations, confirming the development of a non-thermal electron distribution near ELO due to the strong electron–LO phonon interaction. Hot phonon effects are pronounced at high carrier densities.
Ex vivo accommodation simulator II: concept and preliminary results (2004)

A new instrument was developed to simulate the accommodation of excised human and animal crystalline lenses. The sclera is attached to 8 radially arranged translation stages and dissected into 8 segments. Change in accommodation is simulated by pulling and releasing the scleral segments, varying the load on the zonules and the capsular bag. Each translation stage is equipped with a sensitive force transducer for simultaneous recording of load and displacement. Additionally, changes in optical power, lens diameter, lens thickness and lens shape can be observed and quantified while the lens is stretched and released. The sensitivity and accuracy of the instrument was verified using steel springs and elastic bands. Preliminary results from sensitivity testing and instrument calibration are presented.
SV40 Large Tumor Antigen Nuclear Import Is Regulated by the Double-stranded DNA-dependent Protein Kinase Site (Serine 120) Flanking the Nuclear Localization Sequence (1997)

Nuclear localization sequence (NLS)-dependent nuclear import of SV40 large tumor antigen (T-Ag) fusion proteins is regulated by phosphorylation sites for casein kinase II (CKII) and the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc2 amino-terminal to the NLS (amino acids 126-132). Between the T-Ag CKII and Cdc2 sites is a site (Ser120) for the double-stranded DNA-dependent protein kinase (dsDNA-PK), which we show here for the first time to play a role in regulating T-Ag nuclear import. We replaced Ser120 by aspartic acid or alanine using site-directed mutagenesis and assessed the effects on nuclear transport kinetics both in vivo (microinjected cells) and in vitro (mechanically perforated cells) in HTC rat hepatoma cells. Maximal nuclear accumulation of the Asp120 and Ala120 protein derivatives was approximately 40% and 70% reduced in vivo, respectively, compared with that of the wild type protein, and similarly reduced in vitro, although to a lesser extent. This implies that the dsDNA-PK site regulates the maximal level of nuclear accumulation, normally functioning to enhance T-Ag nuclear transport; the higher accumulation of the Asp120 protein compared with the Ala120 protein indicates that negative charge at the dsDNA-PK site is mechanistically important in regulating nuclear import. The Asp120 protein accumulated in the nucleus at a faster rate than the wild type protein, implying that phosphorylation at Ser120 may also regulate the nuclear import rate. CKII phosphorylation of the Asp120 protein in cytosol or by purified CKII was approximately 30% higher than that of the Ser120 and Ala120 proteins, while negative charge at the CKII site increased dsDNA-PK phosphorylation of Ser120 by approximately 80% compared with wild type, implying physical and functional interactions between the two phosphorylation sites. Quantitation of NLS recognition by the importin 58/97 subunits using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that while the Ala120 protein derivative had a binding affinity very similar to that of wild type, the Asp120 derivative showed 40% higher affinity. In vitro CKII phosphorylation increased importin binding by about 30% in all cases. These results imply that negative charge at the dsDNA-PK site may enhance nuclear import through increasing both NLS recognition by importin subunits, and phosphorylation at the CKII site, which itself also facilitates NLS recognition by importin 58/97.
Experiences using cooperative interactive storyboard prototyping (1993)

The interfaces of computer systems embedded in certain types of consumer electronic products are frequently targets of criticism. PerhaPS the most frequently cited examples of poor user interfaces (UIS) are those associated with videocassette recorders (VCRS).
Function-blocking Integrin αvβ6 Monoclonal Antibodies (2004)

We have generated a panel of potent, selective monoclonal antibodies that bind human and mouse alpha(v)beta(6) integrin with high affinity (up to 15 pm). A subset of these antibodies blocked the binding of alpha(v)beta(6) to the transforming growth factor-beta1 latency-associated peptide with IC(50) values as low as 18 pm, and prevented the subsequent alpha(v)beta(6)-mediated activation of transforming growth factor-beta1. The antibodies also inhibited alpha(v)beta(6) binding to fibronectin. The blocking antibodies form two biochemical classes. One class, exemplified by the ligand-mimetic antibody 6.8G6, bound to the integrin in a divalent cation-dependent manner, contained an RGD motif or a related sequence in CDR3 of the heavy chain, was blocked by RGD-containing peptides, and was internalized by alpha(v)beta(6)-expressing cells. Despite containing an RGD sequence, 6.8G6 was specific for alpha(v)beta(6) and showed no cross-reactivity with the RGD-binding integrins alpha(v)beta(3), alpha(v)beta(8),or alpha(IIb)beta(3). The nonligand-mimetic blocking antibodies, exemplified by 6.3G9, were cation-independent, were not blocked by RGD-containing peptides, were not internalized, and did not contain RGD or related sequences. These two classes of antibody were unable to bind simultaneously to alpha(v)beta(6), suggesting that they may bind overlapping epitopes. The "ligand-mimetic" antibodies are the first to be described for alpha(v)beta(6) and resemble those described for alpha(IIb)beta(3). We also report for the first time the relative abilities of divalent cations to promote alpha(v)beta(6) binding to latency-associated peptide and to the ligand-mimetic antibodies. These antibodies should provide valuable tools to study the ligand-receptor interactions of alpha(v)beta(6) as well as the role of alpha(v)beta(6) in vivo.