gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generation of thromboxane A2 and aorta-contracting activity from platelets stimulated with modified C-reactive protein. (1982)

The classical acute phase reactant, C-reactive protein (CRP), appears in markedly elevated concentration in the sera of individuals undergoing reactions of acute inflammation and tissue degradation. We previously demonstrated that like IgG, appropriately purified CRP could be thermally modified (H-CRP) such that it enhanced platelet activation in plasma and initiated platelet responses in isolated systems. We now report that this direct platelet activation by modified CRP results in the secretion of both platelet dense body and alpha-granule constituents, and is sensitive to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as well as the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-removing enzyme system creatine phosphate/creatine phosphokinase. Thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) analysis of prostanoate endproducts following platelet activation with H-CRP revealed the formation of thromboxane B2 (the hydrated endproduct of thromboxane A2), an important endogenous platelet activator and contractor of vascular tissue; bioassay on rabbit aorta strips of supernatants obtained from platelets undergoing challenge with H-CRP supported the TLC analysis. Complexes formed between CRP and one major ligand, the polycation, were found to share certain platelet activating properties with H-CRP, as does latex-aggregated CRP. These data imply a potential agonist role for this acute phase reactant in platelet physiology and suggest that the interaction of modified forms of CRP with the platelet at sites of vascular damage could have pathological significance.
A Spectroscopic Study of Hexadecylquinolinium Tricyanoquinodimethanide as a Monolayer and in Bulk (2002)

We have prepared Langmuir−Blodgett monolayers of hexadecylquinolinium tricyanoquinodimethanide (C16H33Q+-3CNQ-) on gold surfaces and characterized the structure by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), Raman spectroscopy, and water contact angle measurements. We compare the IR and UV−vis spectra of C16H33Q+-3CNQ- to a series of compounds that contain the key functional groups in the titled compound to help assign the spectral features. The surface spectroscopic measurements indicate that the molecules in the monolayer are aligned such that the two terminal cyano groups are adsorbed on the Au surface, and that the aliphatic chain is away from that surface. The thickness of the monolayer was measured by XPS to be ∼ 26 Å and suggests that the molecules are tilted ∼40° away from the surface normal. High-resolution XPS and spectroelectrochemical measurements of C16H33Q+-3CNQ- strongly suggest that it is a ground-state zwitterion in both the adsorbed and solvated forms.
Pharmacological characterization of VIP and PACAP receptors in the human meningeal and coronary artery (2010)

The direct vasodilatory effect of VIP and PACAP might be less relevant than the central effect of this compound in migraine pathogenesis.
Simultaneous Human Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis and Lyme Borreliosis (1997)

Infection with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis occurs in areas in which Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia microti are endemic.1–4 The most likely vector of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis is the deer tick, Ixodes scapularis, which is also the vector of Lyme disease and babesiosis.3,4 Coinfection in humans with both the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and B. burgdorferi can be anticipated because ixodes ticks infected with the two organisms have been identified in several locales.3–5 The diagnosis of simultaneous infection with B. burgdorferi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis is important because the natural history of . . .
Study of the excess noise associated with demodulation of ultra-short infrared pulses (2005)

The demodulation of ultra-short light pulses with photodetectors is accompanied by excess phase noise at the pulse repetition rate and harmonics in the spectrum of the photocurrent. The major contribution to this noise is power fluctuations of the detected pulse train that, if not compensated for, can seriously limit the stability of frequency transfer from optical to microwave domain. By making use of an infrared femtosecond laser, we measured the spectral density of the excess phase noise, as well as power-to-phase conversion for different types of InGaAs photodetectors. Noise measurements were performed with a novel type of dual-channel readout system using a fiber coupled beam splitter. Strong suppression of the excess phase noise was observed in both channels of the measurement system when the average power of the femtosecond pulse train was stabilized. The results of this study are important for the development of low-noise microwave sources derived from optical "clocks" and optical frequency synthesis.
The case for independent updates (2003)

The authors present the case for allowing independent updates on replicated databases. In autonomous, heterogeneous, or large scale systems, using two-phase commit for updates may be infeasible. Instead, the authors propose that a site may perform updates independently. Sites that are available can receive these updates immediately. But sites that are unavailable, or otherwise do not participate in the update transaction receive these updates later through propagation, rather than preventing the execution of the update transaction until sufficient sites can participate. Two or more sites come to agreement using a reconciliation procedure that uses reception vectors to determine how much of the history log should be transferred from one site to another. They also consider what events can initiate a reconciliation procedure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Human Skin in Organ Culture and Human Skin Cells (Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts) in Monolayer Culture for Assessment of Chemically Induced Skin Damage (2007)

Human skin cells (epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts) in monolayer culture and human skin in organ culture were exposed to agents that are known to produce irritation (redness, dryness, edema and scaly crusts) when applied topically to skin. Among the agents used were three well accepted contact irritants (i.e., all-trans retinoic acid [RA], sodium lauryl sulfate [SLS] and benzalkonium chloride) as well as the corrosive organic mercury compound, aminophenyl mercuric acetate (APMA), and 5 contact sensitizers (oxazolone, nickel sulfate, eugenol, isoeugenol and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate [EGDM]). As a group, the contact irritants (including the corrosive mercuric compound) were cytotoxic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts and suppressed growth at lower concentrations than the contact sensitizers. The contact irritants also produced histological changes (hyperplasia, incomplete keratinization, loss of the granular layer, acantholysis and necrosis) in organ-cultured skin at dose levels at which the contact sensitizers appeared to be inert. Finally, the profile of secreted molecules from organ-cultured skin was different in the presence of contact irritants versus contact sensitizers. Taken together, these data suggest that the use of organ-cultured skin in conjunction with cells derived from the skin in monolayer culture may provide an initial approach to screening agents for deleterious changes in skin.
Anabolic effect of human parathyroid hormone fragment on trabecular bone in involutional osteoporosis: a multicentre trial. (1980)

After baseline studies, 21 patients with osteoporosis were treated with human parathyroid hormone fragment (PTH 1-34) given as once-daily subcutaneous injections for 6-24 months. The dose used did not cause hypercalcaemia even in the first few hours after injection. Calcium and phosphate balances improved in some patients, but there was no significant improvement in the group values. There were, however, substantial increases in iliac trabecular bone volume: the mean increase, confirmed by repeat blind measurements, was 70% above mean baseline volume. The new bone was histologically normal. Those patients who had the largest increases in 47Ca-kinetic and histomorphometric indices of new bone formation showed the greatest increases in trabecular bone volume, suggesting that treatment with human parathyroid hormone fragment caused a dissociation between formation and resorption rates that was confined to trabecular bone. Since vertebrae are four-fifths composed of trabecular bone, this hormone fragment may prove useful in treating patients with the crush fracture syndrome.
Direct Evidence for Endothelial Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 Function in Nitric Oxide–Mediated Angiogenesis (2006)

Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) is critical for angiogenesis but fails to induce neovascularization in ischemic tissue lesions in mice lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) is critical for angiogenesis, although little is known about the precise role of endothelial VEGFR-1 and its downstream effectors in this process. Here we have used a chimeric receptor approach in which the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor was substituted for that of VEGFR-1 (EGLT) or VEGFR-2 (EGDR) and transduced into primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) using a retroviral system. Activation of HUVECs expressing EGLT or EGDR induced rapid phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser1177, release of NO, and formation of capillary networks, similar to VEGF. Activation of eNOS by VEGFR-1 was dependent on Tyr794 and was mediated via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, whereas VEGFR-2 Tyr951 was involved in eNOS activation via phospholipase Cgamma1. Consistent with these findings, the VEGFR-1-specific ligand placenta growth factor-1 activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and VEGF-E, which is selective for VEGFR-2-activated phospholipase Cgamma1. Both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 signal pathways converged on Akt, as dominant-negative Akt inhibited the NO release and in vitro tube formation induced following activation of EGLT and EGDR. The identification Tyr794 of VEGFR-1 as a key residue in this process provides direct evidence of endothelial VEGFR-1 in NO-driven in vitro angiogenesis. These studies provide new sites of modulation in VEGF-mediated vascular morphogenesis and highlight new therapeutic targets for management of vascular diseases.
Solvent and Other Effects on the Stereoselectivity of Thioglycoside Glycosidations (1997)

Iodonium-ion mediated glycosidation of thioglycosides in toluene/1,4-dioxane gives much higher α-selectivities than the use of conventional glycosylation solvents. Furthermore, it is shown that the iodonium-ion source, concentration and presence of molecular sieves have also a major effect on the stereochemical outcome of a glycosylation.
Geographic distributions of homosporous ferns: does dispersal obscure evidence of vicariance? (2001)

The central problem in biogeography is that interactions between different processes result in the formation of historical patterns, such that it is difficult to discriminate the relative roles of vicariance and dispersal. Ferns are distributed by small wind‐dispersed propagules that are produced in very large numbers and capable of dispersing thousands of kilometers. Thus, most taxon distributions in ferns are assumed to be a function of dispersal rather than vicariance. Here, we review some case examples that provide good evidence for vicariance and dispersal in ferns. We then ask whether dispersal is so extensive in ferns that vicariance is no longer detectable in most cases. Although we think that too few studies have been carried out to make generalizations at this stage, we outline the criteria for an effective research programme that can address this issue. Phylogenetic and distributional data are needed, not only because they are lacking in an evolutionarily important group of organisms, but also because data from ferns and other cryptogams are likely to be crucial in making broad biogeographic statements.
The productivity of (non-)productive morphology: 1554 (2003)

Those of us who work with morphological productivity have fundamental principle which we apply in such discussions: some morphological processes are available, others are not. Those that are available may be used in the creation of neologisms, they are found (relatively) frequently in nonce-formations, they are in some sense psychologically salient, since the processes can be done and un-done (in the sense of comprehended) on-line in real time, and this leads to a relatively high number of types being found in corpora, with a relatively low number of tokens for each type. Those that are not available cannot be used in the creation of neologisms which will gain widespread acceptance in the language community. The result is that all words created with that process are already known (in some societal sense – they may not all be familiar to a given individual). All this being the case, we expect neologisms to be analysable in terms of existing processes, and we do not expect large numbers of neologisms or nonce words to arise which are formed in contravention of the known morphological rules. But what actually happens? In this paper I consider data from dictionaries of neologisms and my own files of observed words, to see how far the expectations are met. I focus on the creation of adjectives in English. The results are surprisingly uniform. 1. Preliminaries Those of us who work with morphological productivity have fundamental principle which we apply in such discussions: not all morphology is productive. Perhaps it would be better, since I am here talking about ‘productivity ’ in a sense where I am disregarding degrees of productivity and looking merely at whether or not a morphological process has the potential to be used in the creation of new words, to use the term ‘available ’ (Carstairs-McCarthy’s translation of Corbin’s term). Some morphological processes are available, others are not. Those that are available may be used in the creation of neologisms, they are found (relatively) frequently in nonce-formations, they are in some sense psychologically salient, since the processes can be done and un-done (in the sense of comprehended) on-line in real time, and this leads to a relatively high number of types being found in corpora, with a relatively low number of tokens for each type.
Multi-degree of freedom hydraulic pressure driven safety active catheter (2006)

We aimed to develop an active catheter that could be used safely in human blood vessels. We proposed and developed a new type of micro valve and incorporated this into a hydraulic pressure drive system with multi-degree of freedom, to produce an active catheter that was compact and required no electrical power for operation. We experimentally verified the good operational performance of a prototype of this active catheter
One weird trick for parallelizing convolutional neural networks (2014)

I present a new way to parallelize the training of convolutional neural networks across multiple GPUs. The method scales significantly better than all alternatives when applied to modern convolutional neural networks.
Optical feeder links for high throughput satellites (2015)

Optical feeders for geostationary High Throughput Satellites (HTS) systems based on 1.55μm wavelength technology are expected to enable to transmit up to several terabits over one active link. A desirable option of transmission architecture is an optical feeder link transparent with respect to the user air interface. This can be implemented using either a digital or an analog modulation of the optical carrier. The digital option increases the optical bandwidth to be transmitted, however it benefits from error correcting codes, interleaving and framing which are efficient against atmospheric turbulence impairments. The analog option is more efficient concerning the optical bandwidth; however the atmospheric turbulence impairments can only be mitigated by a more complex optical ground terminal. Both analog and digital options could be feasible in the 2025-2030 time-frames but the digital option is more mature with respect to the atmosphere impairments mitigation techniques.
Extraction de caractéristiques non linéaire et discriminante : application à la classification de phonèmes (2007)

In this article, we propose to study a speech coding method applied to the recognition of phonemes. The proposed&#13;\nmodel (the Neural Predictive Coding, NPC) and its two declinations (NPC-2 and DFE-NPC) is a connectionist model&#13;\n(multilayer perceptron) based on the non linear prediction of the speech signal. We show that it is possible to improve&#13;\nthe discriminant capacities of such an encoder with the introduction of signal membership class information as from the&#13;\ncoding stage. As such, it fits in with the category of DFE encoders (Discriminant Features Extraction) already proposed in&#13;\nliterature. In this study we present a theoretical validation of the model in the hypothesis of unnoised signals and&#13;\ngaussian noised signals. NPC performances are compared to that obtained with traditional methods used to process&#13;\nspeech on the Darpa Timit an Ntimit speech bases. Simulations presented here show that the classification rates are&#13;\nclearly improved compared to usual methods, in particular regarding phonemes considered difficult to process. A small&#13;\nvocabulary word recognition experiment is provided to show how NPC features can be used in a more conventional&#13;\nspeech ANN-HMM based system approach.
The mouse waved-2 phenotype results from a point mutation in the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase. (1994)

Mice harboring the waved-1 (wa-1) and waved-2 (wa-2) mutations exhibit skin and eye abnormalities that are strikingly similar to those of TGF-alpha-deficient mice, and wa-1 and TGF-alpha were recently shown to be allelic. Because the wa-2 mutation was mapped previously to the vicinity of the EGF/TGF-alpha receptor (EGFR) gene on mouse chromosome 11, we hypothesized that the wa-2 phenotype might result from a defect in either the expression or activity of EGFR, or both. In the present report, we show that EGFR mRNA and protein of normal size are expressed in wa-2 liver and skin at levels that are comparable to those in the corresponding normal tissues, and that the ability of wa-2 EGFR to bind ligand is unaltered. However, ligand-dependent autophosphorylation of wa-2 EGFR is diminished 5- to 10-fold in vitro, and the ability of wa-2 EGFR to phosphorylate an exogenous substrate is reduced by > 90% compared with that of the control receptor. EGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation, including that of EGFR itself, is also diminished in skin, particularly at lower dose of exogenous EGF. To establish the nature of the wa-2 mutation, we determined the nucleotide sequence of the coding region of normal and wa-2 murine EGFR cDNAs. A comparison of these sequences revealed a single-nucleotide transversion resulting in the substitution of a glycine for a conserved valine residue near the amino terminus of the tyrosine kinase domain. The importance of this mutation was confirmed by showing that its introduction into an otherwise normal EGFR markedly reduced the receptor's tyrosine kinase activity in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Finally, in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated expression of EGFR predominantly in the outer root sheath of active hair follicles in neonatal mice. As we previously localized TGF-alpha mRNA to the inner root sheath, this pattern of EGFR expression is consistent with the effect of the wa-2 mutation on hair structure, and together with our previous characterization of TGF-alpha-deficient mice, reveals a critical role for signaling by this ligand/receptor system in skin.
Inhibition of Staphylococcal Wound Infection and Potentiation of Antibiotic Prophylaxis by a Recombinant Fragment of the Fibronectin‐Binding Protein ofStaphylococcus aureus (2002)

Adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to host tissues is a critical step for colonization and initiation of infection. The fibronectin-binding proteins (FnBPs) of S. aureus have been implicated in adherence and internalization in nonprofessional phagocytes. A recombinant fragment of the fibronectin-binding domains (rFnBF) that potently inhibits S. aureus entry into host cells was generated. To test the hypothesis that rFnBF may attenuate the establishment of infection, the ability of intermuscularly administered rFnBF to prevent abscess formation was determined in a guinea pig model of wound infection. rFnBF exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of abscess formation and, at a 100-microg dose, raised the median infective dose approximately 170-fold, compared with the control. In addition, rFnBF potentiated the benefit of prophylaxis with cefazolin. Thus, exogenous administration of the fibronectin-binding domain of FnBP reduces the risk of staphylococcal abscess formation and should be investigated further as a novel agent for prevention of wound infection.
Efficacy of Human Lyme Disease Vaccine Formulations in a Mouse Model (1995)

Although immunization with recombinant outer surface protein A (OspA) appears to protect mice against infection by the agent of Lyme disease, all reported experiments have involved formulations that would not be suitable for use in humans or have not used realistic challenges. This study was designed to determine whether vaccines prepared and used in a phase I human trial, including one currently being used for a phase II trial in sites with endemic Borrelia burgdorferi, conferred protection in the C3H/HeJ mouse model. The challenge was ticks collected from a major site of the trial. None of the vaccinated mice became infected or developed disease, whereas 60% of unvaccinated mice became infected. Spirochetes were destroyed within the guts of virtually all recovered challenge ticks. These preparations of recombinant OspA effectively induced immunity to protect mice from Lyme disease when bitten by ticks collected from a field trial site.
Impact of segments aggregation on TCP Reno flows in optical burst switching networks (2003)

We study the optical burst switching (OBS) paradigm for the support of the TCP flows in an all optical network (AON). We analyze the TCP send rate, i.e. the amount of data sent per time unit, taking into account of: (i) the burst assembly mechanism, called burstification process; (ii) the burst loss events inside the OBS network. The goals of the paper are to investigate the effect of the variation of the burstification period and to derive some general guidelines about the dimensioning of the burstification period. With respect to the case in which any assembly mechanism is missing, the results show that an accurate dimensioning of the burstification period yields negligible penalties with regard to the low speed sources and significant benefits with regard to the high speed sources.