gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Initiation and Maintenance of Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (1998)

The phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene of Nicotiana benthamiana was silenced in plants infected with potato virus X (PVX) vectors carrying PDS inserts, and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene was silenced in plants infected with PVX-GFP. This virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is post-transcriptional and cytoplasmic because it is targeted against exons rather than introns of PDS RNA and against viral RNAs. Although PDS and GFP RNAs are most likely targeted through the same mechanism, the VIGS phenotypes differed in two respects. PDS mRNA was targeted by VIGS in all green tissue of the PVX-PDS-infected plant, whereas PVX-PDS was not affected. In contrast, VIGS of the GFP was targeted against PVX-GFP. Initially, VIGS of the GFP was initiated in all green tissues, as occurred with PDS VIGS. However, after 30 days of infection, the GFP VIGS was no longer initiated in newly emerging leaves, although it was maintained in tissue in which it had already been initiated. Based on these analyses, we propose a model for VIGS in which the initiation of VIGS is dependent on the virus and maintenance of it is virus independent.
Real-Time Monitoring Primary Cardiomyocyte Adhesion Based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Electrical Cell−Substrate Impedance Sensing (2008)

The cell-substrate distance is a direct indicator of cell adhesion to extracellular matrix which is indispensable in cell culture. A real-time monitoring approach can provide a detailed profile of cell adhesion, so that enables the detecting of adhesion-related cell behavior. In this work, we report a novel real-time impedance-based method to record the adhesion profile of cardiomyocyte, overcoming its inscrutability due to the primary culture. Microfabricated biosensors are applied in cardiomyocyte culture after characterizing the cell-free system. Cyclic frequency scanning data of cell-related impedance are generated and automatically fit into the equivalent circuit model, which is established using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The data are displayed as the alteration of normalized cell-substrate distance and the essential parameters for manual electric cell-substrate impedance sensing calibration of absolute distance. The time course displays a significant decline in the equivalent cell-substrate distance, from 155.8 to 60.2 nm in the first 20 h of cardiomyocyte culture. Furthermore, the cardiomyocytes cultured in long-term medium and short-term medium (ACCT) for 10 h exhibit distinct difference in adhesion rate as well as cell-substrate distance (72 vs 68 nm).
Vulnerability to ventricular arrhythmia: assessment by mapping of body surface potential. (1986)

It is now well established that the vulnerability of the ventricular myocardium to repetitive dysrhythm increases in the presence of greater than normal disparity local recovery times. Local recovery is reflected in the electrocardiographic waveform as an area of the ventricular deflection (QRST time integral), and thus disparate ventricular recovery may be manifested in the body surface distribution of this quality. To assess this possibility, we obtained simultaneous 120-lead electrocardiograms from both the anterior and posterior torso in 140 subjects (ages 8 to 75) grouped as follows: group A, 97 normal subjects; group B, 16 patients resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation or sustained ventricular tachycardia; and group C, 27 patients 6 to 12 months after myocardial infarction but without clinically significant arrhythmia. In each subject, the QRST integral was evaluated for each lead and isointegral contour maps were plotted. A score was assigned to each map, based on the number of extrema; each maximum or minimum scored one point, with the exception of simultaneously occurring anterior and posterior minima on the right shoulder (frequently occurring in normal subjects), which scored together only one point. All but one group A subject had dipolar QRST integral maps (mean +/- SD score 2.11 +/- 0.2). Conversely, 10 of 16 (62.5%) group B patients had scores of 3 or more (mean 3.16 +/- 1.08; p less than .01 vs group A). Group C patients had intermediate values, with eight of 27 (29.6%) scoring 3 or more (mean 2.46 +/- 83); this was less than in group B (p less than .01), but more (p less than .05) than in group A.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Caged Thiophosphotyrosine Peptides (2001)

Caged but not trapped! Caged reagents are molecules from which biological effectors are released by photolysis. Here, p-hydroxyphenacyl bromide is used to derivatize a model peptide containing a thiophosphotyrosine residue in order to mimic phosphorylation at tyrosine. Upon photolysis, a biologically active peptide is released. Peptides and proteins caged on thiophosphotyrosine will be useful in signal transduction research.
Garbage Collection of Linked Data Structures (1981)

article Free Access Share on Garbage Collection of Linked Data Structures Author: Jacques Cohen Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MassachusettsView Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM Computing SurveysVolume 13Issue 3Sept. 1981 pp 341–367https://doi.org/10.1145/356850.356854Published:01 September 1981Publication History 181citation1,542DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations181Total Downloads1,542Last 12 Months237Last 6 weeks49 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Comparisons of Highly Virulent H5N1 Influenza A Viruses Isolated from Humans and Chickens from Hong Kong (1998)

Genes of an influenza A (H5N1) virus from a human in Hong Kong isolated in May 1997 were sequenced and found to be all avian-like (K. Subbarao et al., Science 279:393-395, 1998). Gene sequences of this human isolate were compared to those of a highly pathogenic chicken H5N1 influenza virus isolated from Hong Kong in April 1997. Sequence comparisons of all eight RNA segments from the two viruses show greater than 99% sequence identity between them. However, neither isolate's gene sequence was closely (>95% sequence identity) related to any other gene sequences found in the GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the nucleotide sequences of at least four of the eight RNA segments clustered with Eurasian origin avian influenza viruses. The hemagglutinin gene phylogenetic analysis also included the sequences from an additional three human and two chicken H5N1 virus isolates from Hong Kong, and the isolates separated into two closely related groups. However, no single amino acid change separated the chicken origin and human origin isolates, but they all contained multiple basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin cleavage site, which is associated with a highly pathogenic phenotype in poultry. In experimental intravenous inoculation studies with chickens, all seven viruses were highly pathogenic, killing most birds within 24 h. All infected chickens had virtually identical pathologic lesions, including moderate to severe diffuse edema and interstitial pneumonitis. Viral nucleoprotein was most frequently demonstrated in vascular endothelium, macrophages, heterophils, and cardiac myocytes. Asphyxiation from pulmonary edema and generalized cardiovascular collapse were the most likely pathogenic mechanisms responsible for illness and death. In summary, a small number of changes in hemagglutinin gene sequences defined two closely related subgroups, with both subgroups having human and chicken members, among the seven viruses examined from Hong Kong, and all seven viruses were highly pathogenic in chickens and caused similar lesions in experimental inoculations.
Clinical Applications of Gold And Silver Nanocolloids (2008)

Three noble metals, also called precious metals, are currently used in medicine: gold, silver, and platinum. None of these metals are considered essential, and there are no daily requirements. Nanocolloids are the metallic form of these metals finely divided with particle sizes below 10 nanometers (nm). One nanometer is one billionth of a meter. As a general rule, the ionic forms of these metals display more toxic reactions than the metallic form of these metals. The metallic form acquires new physical, chemical, and physiological properties when finely divided with particle sizes in the low nanometer range. Only the ionic, most toxic forms of these noble metals are used for medicinal purposes. Platinum is by far the most toxic 1 and vide infra and is currently used in patients with ovarian and breast cancer. 2 and vide infra Metallic (non-ionic) colloidal gold and silver have more potential clinical applications and are much safer than platinum. The purpose of this manuscript is:
Formation of H2 and H2O2 in a Water-Spray Gliding Arc Nonthermal Plasma Reactor (2013)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionFormation of H2 and H2O2 in a Water-Spray Gliding Arc Nonthermal Plasma ReactorR. Burlica, K.-Y. Shih, and B. R. Locke*Cite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2013, 52, 37, 13516Publication Date (Web):September 9, 2013Publication History Published online9 September 2013Published inissue 18 September 2013https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie402767fhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ie402767fcorrectionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2013 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views651Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (114 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Progress in fumagillin synthesis (2003)

Abstract After a brief account of the syntheses previously described in literature, several approaches of the antiangiogenic sesquiterpene fumagillin are described. Particularly, a Claisen–Ireland ring-closing metathesis strategy allowed the stereoselective preparation of several advanced intermediates in the fumagillin synthesis.
Bioluminescence imaging of Smad signaling in living mice shows correlation with excitotoxic neurodegeneration (2006)

The TGF-beta signaling pathway is a key organizer of injury and immune responses, and recent studies suggest it fulfills critical roles in CNS function and maintenance. TGF-beta receptor activation results in phosphorylation of Smad proteins, which subsequently translocate to the nucleus to regulate gene transcription by binding to Smad binding elements (SBE). Using SBE-luciferase reporter mice, we recently discovered that the brain has the highest Smad baseline activity of any major organ in the mouse, and we now demonstrate that this signal is primarily localized to pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus. In vivo excitatory stimulation with kainic acid (KA) resulted in an increase in luciferase activity and phosphorylated Smad2 (Smad2P), and nuclear translocation of Smad2P in hippocampal CA3 neurons correlated significantly with luciferase activity. Although this activation was most prominent at 24 h after KA administration in neurons, Smad2P immunoreactivity gradually increased in astrocytes and microglial cells at 3 and 5 days, consistent with reactive gliosis. Bioluminescence measured over the skull in living mice peaked at 12-72 h and correlated with the extent of microglial activation and pathological markers of neurodegeneration 5 days after injury. Treatment with the glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801 strongly reduced bioluminescence and pathology. These results show that Smad2 signaling is a sensitive marker of neuronal activation and CNS injury that can be used to monitor KA-induced neuronal degeneration. This and related mouse models may provide valuable tools to study mechanisms and treatments for neurodegeneration.
Rate control for VBR video over ATM: simplification and implementation (2001)

Rate control is essential to ensure high-quality video transmission over asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks; both source and channel rates must not violate buffer or network traffic constraints in order to guarantee decoded video quality. To date, source and channel rate selection has been performed jointly because the rates are related through buffer and network constraints and therefore appear to be interdependent. It is shown that selection of these rates can be separated and the rate control problem is therefore simplified, allowing sequential source and channel rate selection without the need for iteration. A rate control algorithm is proposed which implements noniterative, separate sequential selection of source and channel rates in order to minimize the distortion variation between frames, subject to all buffer and network constraints. In particular, the leaky bucket is used as the traffic policing mechanism. Achieving a target rate for individual frames is facilitated by using a rate-distortion optimized video coder which allows coding to an exactly specified rate or distortion. Channel rate selection is performed following source rate selection with the goal of providing smooth traffic to the network, thereby allowing a high statistical multiplexing gain. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed noniterative rate control algorithm, when implemented using the optimized coder, achieves consistent video quality while providing smooth traffic to the network.
Ferric Carboxymaltose (2014)

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent in print and are also available on-line. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. A drug class review is now published monthly with The Formulary Monograph Service. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, call The Formulary at 800-322-4349. The January 2014 monograph topics are obinutuzumab, anti-inhibitor coagulant complex, macitentan, riociguat, and conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene. The DUE/MUE is on conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene.
Depth-aware motion deblurring (2012)

Motion deblurring from images that are captured in a scene with depth variation needs to estimate spatially-varying point spread functions (PSFs). We tackle this problemwith a stereopsis configuration, using depth information to help blur removal. We observe that the simple scheme to partition the blurred images into regions and estimate their PSFs respectively may make small-size regions lack necessary structural information to guide PSF estimation and accordingly propose region trees to hierarchically estimate them. Erroneous PSFs are rejected with a novel PSF selection scheme, based on the shock filtering invariance of natural images. Our framework also applies to general single-image spatially-varying deblurring.
Exploration of OX-2 function in tolerance induction and graft acceptance using an anti-mouse OX-2 monoclonal antibody (1999)

grantor: University of Toronto
Th1/Th2 balance alteration in the clinical course of a patient with pure red cell aplasia and thymoma (1998)

Peripheral T helper subsets in a patient with acquired pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) and thymoma were analysed by flow cytometry. Thymectomy resulted in a transient but definite improvement in anaemia. A continuous remission was attained by cyclosporin A (CsA) therapy. The changes in Th1/Th2 ratios corresponded with the haematological changes. Specifically, Th2 type lymphocytes were dominant during a haemopoietic suppression and elevation of the Th1/Th2 ratio was concomitant with haematological improvement. These observations suggest that polarization of Th subsets to Th2, induced by clonally expanded (gammadelta-type) T cells in thymoma, are involved in the pathogenesis of PRCA.
Hyaluronic Acid Synthesis Operon (has) Expression in Group A Streptococci (1995)

The has operon is composed of three genes, hasA, hasB, and hasC that encode hyaluronate synthase, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, and presumptively UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, respectively. Expression of the has operon was shown to be required for the synthesis of the hyaluronic acid capsule in group A streptococci. Previous studies indicated that some group A and group C streptococcal strains produce the hyaluronic acid capsule, while others do not. In addition, it was observed that encapsulated strains cultured in stationary phase of growth lose the hyaluronic acid capsule. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms controlling the expression of the hyaluronic acid capsule in group A streptococci was investigated. In this study, it was determined that all encapsulated and unencapsulated strains of group A streptococci as well as encapsulated group C streptococci analyzed possess the has operon locus. The acapsular phenotype was accounted for by the absence of hyaluronate synthase activity in the membrane and not the production of extracellular hyaluronidase. A has operon mRNA transcript was not expressed by unencapsulated strains of group A streptococci, whereas encapsulated strains of group A streptococci grown to mid to late exponential phase produced the hyaluronate capsule, as well as has operon mRNA. However, as the streptococci entered the stationary phase of growth, they became acapsular and this was concomitant with the loss of has operon mRNA transcript. These results were confirmed by primer extension analyses of RNA isolated from encapsulated and unencapsulated strains of group A streptococci as well as RNA prepared from encapsulated strains cultured in exponential and stationary phases of growth. Thus, the loss of has operon mRNA in unencapsulated group A streptococci, as well as growth phase regulation occurs at the previously mapped has operon promoter. These data suggested that the synthesis of the hyaluronic acid capsule for group A streptococci may be controlled by transcriptional mechanisms.
Human immunodeficiency virus in bone marrow: still more questions than answers [editorial; comment] (1991)

T (HIV-1) infection in bone marrow cells continues to loom as a controversial topic with important implications for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), physicians, and researchers. Basic concepts of in vivo viral reservoirs, infected cell trafficking, and cytokine regulation of HIV expression and hematopoiesis directly affect practical and serious decisions on the use of hematopoietic growth factors as therapeutic regimens in the treatment of AIDS patients. In particular, two issues have received considerable attention: (1) direct infection of hematopoietic precursors (cells that possess morphologically recognizable lineage) by HIV-1, and (2) the adverse effects of cytokine therapy to enhance hematopoiesis in AIDS patients.
The Escherichia coli NadR Regulator Is Endowed with Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase Activity (1999)

The first identification and characterization of a catalytic activity associated with NadR protein is reported. A computer-aided search for sequence similarity revealed the presence in NadR of a 29-residue region highly conserved among known nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases. The Escherichia coli nadR gene was cloned into a T7-based vector and overexpressed. In addition to functionally specific DNA binding properties, the homogeneous recombinant protein catalyzes NAD synthesis from nicotinamide mononucleotide and ATP.
Atrial Fibrillation Begets Atrial Fibrillation (1995)

Artificial maintenance of AF leads to a marked shortening of AERP, a reversion of its physiological rate adaptation, and an increase in rate, inducibility and stability of AF. All these changes were completely reversible within 1 week of sinus rhythm.
Subcutaneous Delivery of High-Dose/Volume Biologics: Current Status and Prospect for Future Advancements (2021)

Abstract: Subcutaneous (SC) delivery of biologics has traditionally been limited to fluid volumes of 1– 2 mL, with recent increases to volumes of about 3 mL. This injection volume limitation poses challenges for high-dose biologics, as these formulations may also require increased solution concentration in many cases, resulting in high viscosities which can affect the stability, manufacturability, and delivery/administration of therapeutic drugs. Currently, there are technologies that can help to overcome these challenges and facilitate the delivery of larger amounts of drug through the SC route. This can be achieved either by enabling biologic molecules to be formulated or delivered as high-concentration injectables (> 100 mg/mL for antibodies) or through facilitating the delivery of larger volumes of fluid (> 3 mL). The SC Drug Delivery and Development Consortium, which was established in 2018, aims to identify and address critical gaps and issues in the SC delivery of high-dose/volume products to help expand this delivery landscape. Identified as a high priority out of the Consortium’s eight problem statements, it highlights the need to shift perceptions of the capabilities of technologies that enable the SC delivery of large-volume (> 3 mL) and/or high-dose biologics. The Consortium emphasizes a patient-focused approach towards the adoption of SC delivery of large-volume/high-concentration dosing products to facilitate the continued expansion of the capabilities of novel SC technologies. To raise awareness of the critical issues and gaps in high-dose/volume SC drug development, this review article provides a generalized overview of currently available and emerging technologies and devices that could facilitate SC delivery of high-dose/volume drug formulations. In addition, it discusses the challenges, gaps, and future outlook in high-dose/volume SC delivery as well as potential solutions to exploit the full value of the SC route of administration. Keywords: high-dose biologic, drug delivery technologies, subcutaneous drug delivery, intravenous drug delivery, patient preference, large-volume subcutaneous delivery