gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PREVALENCE OF THYROID DISEASES IN PATIENTS WITH ALOPECIA AREATA (1994)

Among 152 patients with alopecia areata, 4.6% of patients had microsomal antibodies and 2.6% had a small simple goiter. Thus the prevalence of thyroid disease among these patients was 7.2%. The prevalence of positive microsomal antibodies in 4.6% of the patients was not statistically different from that of the control group.
Molecular biological methods for Bacillus (1990)

Part 1 Growth maintenance and general techniques, C.R.Harwood and A.R.Archibald: the genus Bacillus growth of Bacillus maintenance and shipping of strains cell permeabilization and breakage radiolabelling of macromolecules. Part 2 Genetic analysis, S.M.Cutting and P.B.Vander Horn: mutagenesis transformation PBSI generalized transduction protoplast techniques selection and screening of recombinants genetic mapping complementation analysis. Part 3 Plasmids, S.Bron: plasmids used in Bacillus isolation of plasmid DNA plasmid DNA transfer systems for Bacillus plasmid replication in Bacillus plasmid instability in Bacillus subtilis efficient cloning systems for Bacillus subtilis based on pTA1060 and pAMbeta1. Part 4 Gene cloning techniques, J.Errington: cloning vectors cloning systems special purpose cloning vectors special purpose hosts. Part 5 Use of transposons and integrational vectors mutagenesis and construction of gene fusionson Bacillus species, P.Youngman: insertional mutagenesis with Tn917 insertional mutagenesis with integrational vectors using transposons or integrational vectors to tag specific regions of the chromosome cloning of chromosomal sequences adjacent to transposon insertions or plasmid integrations construction of lacZ fusions using transposons, integrational vectors and temperate phages information concerning vectors, strains and protocols. Part 6 Measuring gene expression in Bacillus, C.P.Moran: transcription products translation products transcription in vitro. Part 7 DNA repair and replication in Bacillus, R.E.Yasbin et al: DNA repair mechanisms DNA repair in Bacillus DNA replication. Part 8 The Bacillus cell envelope and secretion, C.R.Harwood et al: structure and function of the cell envelope synthesis and maturation of the Bacillus cell wall protein secretion electron microscopy for bacterial cells electron microscope methodologies. Part 9 Sporulation, W.L.Nicholson and P.Setlow: induction of sporulation sporulation - specific marker events isolation and analysis of small, acid-soluble spore proteins extraction and analysis of spore coat proteins sequential gene expression compartmentalization purification of spores storage of purified spores isolation and characterization of germination mutants isolation of spore growth mutants isolation of sporulation mutants. Part 10 Bacteriophages, H.E.Hemphill: host bacteria for growing B. subtilis phages media for culturing and maintaining B. subtilis phages culturing and maintaining bacteriophage stocks titering B. subtilis phages batch culturing of bacteriophages lysogens of temperate B. subtilis bacteriophages phage isolation and purification isolation of bacteriophage bacteriophage mutants. (Part contents).
Venous stenosis in a pig arteriovenous fistula model--anatomy, mechanisms and cellular phenotypes (2007)

These studies suggest that early and aggressive intima-media thickening (which is made up primarily of myofibroblasts) plays an important role in AV fistula stenosis in a pig model of AV fistula placement. Interventions that target the mechanisms and cellular phenotypes described in this model, may be effective in reducing the very significant morbidity and economic costs currently associated with AV fistula failure.
Describing and Valuing Variations in Learning from Teaching Experiments using Standards-Based and Traditional Curricula (2006)

This report describes a teaching experiment designed to document effects on students’ understanding and other valued learning outcomes from an example of high-fidelity implementation of social-constructivist pedagogy and curriculum compared to an example of traditional behaviorist mathematics instruction. A mixed-methods analysis provides evidence of significant differences in important learning areas not documented by a state criterion-referenced test.
A Multifunctional Thin Film Au Electrode Surface Formed by Consecutive Electrochemical Reduction of Aryl Diazonium Salts (2009)

A multifunctional thin film surface capable of immobilizing two diverse molecules on a single gold electrode was prepared by consecutive electrodeposition of nitrophenyl and phenylboronic acid pinacol ester (PBA-PE) diazonium salts. Activation of the stacked film toward binding platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) and yeast cells occurred via chemical deprotection of the pinacol ester followed by electroreduction of nitro to amino groups. FTIR spectral analysis was used to study and verify film composition at each stage of preparation. The affect of electrodeposition protocol over the thickness of the nitrophenyl and PBA-PE layers was explored and had a profound impact on the film properties. Thicker nitrophenyl films led to diminished PBA-PE diazonium reduction currents during assembly and decreased phenylboronic acid (PBA) layer thickness while allowing for higher PtNP loading and catalytic currents from PtNP-mediated peroxide reduction. Multilayer PBA films could be formed over the nitrophenyl film; however, only submonlayer PBA films permitted access to the underlying layer. The sequence of functional group activation toward binding was also shown to be significant, as perchlorate used to remove pinacol ester also converted aminophenyl groups accessible to the solution to nitrophenyl groups, preventing electrostatic PtNP binding. Finally, SEM images show PtNPs immobilized in close proximity (nanometers) to captured yeast cells on the PBA-aminophenyl-Au film. Such multibinding functionality films that maintain conductivity for subsequent electrochemical measurements hold promise for the development of electrochemical and/or optical platforms for fundamental cell studies, genomic and proteomic analysis, and biosensing.
Bacterial Infections (1997)

The organisms that produce bacterial infections of the nervous system in tropical regions are similar to those existing in the rest of the world. However, because of poor socio-economic conditions in the former areas, preventing the implementation of appropriate prophylactic and therapeutic measures, the incidence and course of these diseases may vary. In this paper the neuropathological appearances of the main bacterial diseases are reviewed and the main differences between those occurring in developed and developing countries emphasized. Despite great efforts by governments and communities, tuberculosis still remains a scourge in many countries and leprosy has not been eradicated from earth. Earlier optimism that antibiotics could finally put an end to syphilis have been dashed and the disease still persists. Moreover, the explosion of AIDS not only has produced a recrudescence of many of these diseases, but has also changed their clinical and pathological presentation.
The UbcH8 ubiquitin E2 enzyme is also the E2 enzyme for ISG15, an IFN-α/β-induced ubiquitin-like protein (2004)

Ubiquitin-(Ub) like proteins (Ubls) are conjugated to their targets by an enzymatic cascade involving an E1 activating enzyme, an E2 conjugating enzyme, and in some cases an E3 ligase. ISG15 is a Ubl that is conjugated to cellular proteins after IFN-alpha/beta stimulation. Although the E1 enzyme for ISG15 (Ube1L/E1(ISG15)) has been identified, the identities of the downstream components of the ISG15 conjugation cascade have remained elusive. Here we report the purification of an E2 enzyme for ISG15 and demonstrate that it is UbcH8, an E2 that also functions in Ub conjugation. In vitro assays with purified Ub E2 enzymes and in vivo RNA interference assays indicate that UbcH8 is a major E2 enzyme for ISG15 conjugation. These results indicate that the ISG15 conjugation pathway overlaps or converges with the Ub conjugation pathway at the level of a specific E2 enzyme. Furthermore, these results raise the possibility that the ISG15 conjugation pathway might use UbcH8-competent Ub ligases in vivo. As an initial test of this hypothesis, we have shown that a UbcH8-competent Ub ligase conjugates ISG15 to a specific target in vitro. These results challenge the concept that Ub and Ubl conjugation pathways are strictly parallel and nonoverlapping and have important implications for understanding the regulation and function of ISG15 conjugation in the IFN-alpha/beta response.
Protection of Chickens Against a Lethal Challenge of Escherichia coli by a Vaccine Containing CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as an Adjuvant (2007)

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing cytosine-phosphodiester-guanine (CpG) motifs (CpG-ODN) have been shown to be effective immunoprotective agents and vaccine adjuvants in a variety of bacterial, viral, and protozoan diseases in different animal species. The objective of this study was to compare the immune response of chickens to a killed Escherichia coli vaccine combined with oil in water emulsion or with CpG-ODN. Birds were vaccinated with killed E. coli antigens with either 10 or 50 microg of CpG-ODN on days 10 and 20 of age. At day 30, a virulent isolate of homologous E. coli was applied on a scratch site on the caudal abdominal region. Birds were examined for 10 days post-E. coli challenge, and pathologic and bacteriologic assessments were conducted on all birds that were either found dead or euthanized. The E. coli vaccine group that received no CpG-ODN had a survival rate of 65%. In contrast, groups that received the vaccine with CpG-ODN adjuvant had significantly higher survival rate of 92% (P < 0.01) with isolation of low numbers of E. coli from internal organs. Total IgG against E. coli antigens was highest in groups that received CpG-ODN as an adjuvant. Birds that received vaccine containing CpG-ODN had minimal inflammatory reaction without tissue necrosis at the injection site. Severe tissue necrosis was present in birds that received vaccine containing oil in water emulsion adjuvant. This study demonstrated that CpG-ODN is an effective vaccine adjuvant in chickens and results in minimal tissue destruction. This study is the first study in which CpG-ODN has been demonstrated to produce an adaptive immune response, at a significant level, against an extracellular bacterial infection in chickens.
Genomic landscape of the individual host response and outcomes in sepsis: a prospective cohort study (2016)

European Commission, Medical Research Council (UK), and the Wellcome Trust.
Pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipose tissue (2001)

Cytokines appear to be major regulators of adipose tissue metabolism. Therapeutic modulation of cytokine systems offers the possibility of major changes in adipose tissue behaviour. Cytokines within adipose tissue originate from adipocyte, preadipocyte and other cell types. mRNA expression studies show that adipocytes can synthesise both tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and several interleukins (IL), notably IL-1beta and IL-6. Other adipocyte products with 'immunological' actions include complement system products and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Cytokine secretion within adipocytes appears similar to that of other cells. There is general agreement that circulating TNF-alpha and IL-6 concentrations are mildly elevated in obesity. Most studies suggest increased TNF-alpha mRNA expression or secretion in vitro in adipose tissue from obese subjects. The factors regulating cytokine release within adipose tissue appear to include usual 'inflammatory' stimuli such as lipopolysaccaride, but also the size of the fat cells per se and catecholamines. There is conflicting data about whether insulin and cortisol regulate TNF-alpha. The effects of cytokines within adipose tissue include some actions that might be characterised as metabolic. TNF-alpha and IL-6 inhibit lipoprotein lipase, and TNF-alpha additionally stimulates hormone-sensitive lipase and induces uncoupling protein expression. TNF-alpha also down regulates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake via effects on glucose transporter 4, insulin receptor autophosphorylation and insulin receptor substrate-1. All these effects will tend to reduce lipid accumulation within adipose tissue. Other effects appear more 'trophic', and include the induction of apoptosis, regulation of cell size and induction of de-differentiation (the latter involving reduced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma). Cytokines are important stimulators and repressors of other cytokines. In addition, cytokines appear to modulate other regulatory systems. Examples of the latter include effects on leptin secretion (probably stimulation followed by inhibition) and reduction of beta3-adrenoceptor expression. There seems to be no clear agreement as to which cytokines derived from adipose tissue act as remote regulators, i.e. hormones. Leptin, which is structurally a cytokine, is also a hormone. IL-6 appears to be released systemically by adipose tissue, but TNF-alpha is probably not. Both leptin and IL-6 appear to act on the hypothalamus, IL-6 acts on the liver, while leptin may have actions on the pancreas. The importance of the immune system in whole-body energy balance provides a rationale for the links between cytokines and adipose tissue. It seems clear that TNF-alpha is a powerful autocrine and paracrine regulator of adipose tissue. Other cytokines, notably leptin, and possibly IL-6, have lesser actions on adipose tissue. These cytokines act as hormones, reporting the state of adipose tissue stores throughout the body.
The roles played by highly truncated splice variants of G protein-coupled receptors (2012)

Alternative splicing of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes greatly increases the total number of receptor isoforms which may be expressed in a cell-dependent and time-dependent manner. This increased diversity of cell signaling options caused by the generation of splice variants is further enhanced by receptor dimerization. When alternative splicing generates highly truncated GPCRs with less than seven transmembrane (TM) domains, the predominant effect in vitro is that of a dominant-negative mutation associated with the retention of the wild-type receptor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). For constitutively active (agonist-independent) GPCRs, their attenuated expression on the cell surface, and consequent decreased basal activity due to the dominant-negative effect of truncated splice variants, has pathological consequences. Truncated splice variants may conversely offer protection from disease when expression of co-receptors for binding of infectious agents to cells is attenuated due to ER retention of the wild-type co-receptor. In this review, we will see that GPCRs retained in the ER can still be functionally active but also that highly truncated GPCRs may also be functionally active. Although rare, some truncated splice variants still bind ligand and activate cell signaling responses. More importantly, by forming heterodimers with full-length GPCRs, some truncated splice variants also provide opportunities to generate receptor complexes with unique pharmacological properties. So, instead of assuming that highly truncated GPCRs are associated with faulty transcription processes, it is time to reassess their potential benefit to the host organism.
<title>Hologram recording in du Pont's new photopolymer materials</title> (1990)

New families of transmission and reflection holographic photopolymer materials and their performance are described. The materials are composed of polymeric binders, monomers, initiation system, and sensitizing dyes. The physical and holographic properties may be controlled by choice of components. Photopolymerization and diffusion of monomers is the proposed mechanism for recording of refractive index modulation. The materials are sensitized from the Uv to the red with typical exposure energies form 10 to 100 mJ/cm2. Hologram recording consists of exposure, UV cure, and heat processing. Significant refractive index modulation occurs during exposure. Processed holograms are insensitive to humidity and temperature. Holographic properties and performance of various formulations are discussed, as well as applications of these materials.
Synthesis of Biocompatible Polymers. 1. Homopolymerization of 2-Methacryloyloxyethyl Phosphorylcholine via ATRP in Protic Solvents:  An Optimization Study (2002)

Biocompatible polymers based on 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) have delivered clinically proven benefits in various biomedical applications. In a recent communication [Lobb, E. J.; et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7913−7914], we reported that MPC can be polymerized to high conversions in both water and methanol at ambient temperature via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Low polydispersities were obtained, but the living character of this polymerization was not thoroughly explored. In the present paper we report a more detailed optimization study of the ATRP of MPC. Excellent yields, first-order monomer kinetics, linear Mn vs conversion plots, and relatively narrow polydispersities (Mw/Mn = 1.15−1.35) were obtained in both aqueous and alcoholic media at 20 °C. However, slower polymerizations and narrower polydispersities were always obtained in alcoholic solution, and chain extension experiments indicated significantly greater living character (i.e., greater self-blocking efficiency) under these conditions. The rate of ATRP was significantly slower in 2-propanol (IPA) than methanol due to the reduced polarity of the former solvent. However, acceptable rates of polymerization and reasonable control were obtained at elevated temperature in IPA. Alternatively, the addition of a relatively small amount of water to the IPA led to a significantly faster polymerization at ambient temperature. The effect of varying the ligand type and target DPn was also investigated. The best results were obtained using 2,2‘-bipyridine for target DPn's of 20−200, with two alternative ligands giving either inferior control or slower rates of polymerization. Higher target DPn's resulted in significantly higher polydispersities even when using the 2,2‘-bipyridine ligand. The spent ATRP catalyst was conveniently removed by treating aqueous solutions of MPC homopolymer with silica. This produced residual catalyst levels of less than 2 ppm, as measured by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, which may be sufficiently low for some biomedical applications. This synthetic advance is expected to allow the preparation of a wide range of novel biocompatible diblock and triblock copolymers for various biomedical applications.
Does This Child Have Appendicitis? (2007)

Although the clinical examination does not establish a diagnosis of appendicitis with certainty, it is useful in determining which children with abdominal pain warrant immediate surgical evaluation for consideration of appendectomy and which children may warrant further diagnostic evaluation. More child-specific, age-stratified data are needed to improve the utility of the clinical examination for diagnosing appendicitis in children.
Management of Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn Infant 35 or More Weeks of Gestation (2004)

Jaundice occurs in most newborn infants. Most jaundice is benign, but because of the potential toxicity of bilirubin, newborn infants must be monitored to identify those who might develop severe hyperbilirubinemia and, in rare cases, acute bilirubin encephalopathy or kernicterus. The focus of this guideline is to reduce the incidence of severe hyperbilirubinemia and bilirubin encephalopathy while minimizing the risks of unintended harm such as maternal anxiety, decreased breastfeeding, and unnecessary costs or treatment. Although kernicterus should almost always be preventable, cases continue to occur. These guidelines provide a framework for the prevention and management of hyperbilirubinemia in newborn infants of 35 or more weeks of gestation. In every infant, we recommend that clinicians 1) promote and support successful breastfeeding; 2) perform a systematic assessment before discharge for the risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia; 3) provide early and focused follow-up based on the risk assessment; and 4) when indicated, treat newborns with phototherapy or exchange transfusion to prevent the development of severe hyperbilirubinemia and, possibly, bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus).
Tactical military communications (1992)

The evolution of Army tactical communications systems, starting with the formation of the Signal Corps in 1856, is outlined. The use of mobile subscriber equipment (MSE), the single channel ground and airborne radio system (SINCGARS), and the maneuver control system (MCS), among others, to support American troops in Operation Desert Storm is described, and a representative sample of signal unit employment is presented. The fundamental goals of near-term efforts at the Army Signal Center to complete the planned Army tactical command and control (ATCCS) architecture, to enhance the integration of the systems composing that architecture, to prepare for and maintain compatibility with developments in the strategic environment, sustaining base, and tactical user community are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Medical costs of keeping the US economy open during COVID-19 (2020)

We use an individual based model and national level epidemic simulations to estimate the medical costs of keeping the US economy open during COVID-19 pandemic under different counterfactual scenarios. We model an unmitigated scenario and 12 mitigation scenarios which differ in compliance behavior to social distancing strategies and in the duration of the stay-home order. Under each scenario we estimate the number of people who are likely to get infected and require medical attention, hospitalization, and ventilators. Given the per capita medical cost for each of these health states, we compute the total medical costs for each scenario and show the tradeoffs between deaths, costs, infections, compliance and the duration of stay-home order. We also consider the hospital bed capacity of each Hospital Referral Region (HRR) in the US to estimate the deficit in beds each HRR will likely encounter given the demand for hospital beds. We consider a case where HRRs share hospital beds among the neighboring HRRs during a surge in demand beyond the available beds and the impact it has in controlling additional deaths.
Labelled compounds of interest as antitumour agents. Part 41. Deuteration and tritiation of a nitroimidazole‐carborane designed for BNCT (1994)

Abstract Quenching the anion generated from a 2‐(ω‐carboranylalkyl)dithiane with 2 H 2 O at −78°C and at 0°C introduced deuterium exclusively at C‐2 of the carborane. Extension of this model reaction to a bioreductively‐targetted carborane allowed the synthesis of 2‐[ 2 H]‐ and 2‐[ 3 H]‐isotopomers of a nitroimidazole‐carborane which is of interest in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of cancer.
A cloned MCGF cDNA encodes a multilineage hematopoietic growth factor: multiple activities of interleukin 3. (1985)

We recently isolated from a mouse T cell cDNA library a full-length clone that encodes a mast cell growth factor (1). On the basis of sequence homologies, this cloned factor must be similar if not identical to purified interleukin 3 (IL 3) (2, 3). Here, we report the first biologic characterization of the cloned gene product expressed in COS-7 monkey cells. Our results establish that a single molecular species promotes the growth and differentiation of a wide spectrum of hematopoietic cell types, including multipotential stem cells and various committed progenitor cells. The relationship of cloned IL 3 to other colony-stimulating factors is discussed.