gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Normal serum neuron specific enolase (NSE) value after the first cycle of chemotherapy (1998)

Normal serum D28-NSE is a strong, independent early predictor of both complete response to therapy and survival. This simple tool may be proposed for use in the clinic and in research, in association with an assessment of disease extension and performance status, to predict the outcome of patients with SCLC.
N-Methyl substituted 2′,4′-BNANC: a highly nuclease-resistant nucleic acid analogue with high-affinity RNA selective hybridization (2007)

Oligonucleotides modified with a novel BNA analogue, 2', 4'-BNA(NC)[N-Me], were synthesized, and in comparison to 2',4'-BNA (LNA), have similarly high RNA affinity, better RNA selectivity and much higher resistance to nuclease degradation, suggesting that the novel BNA analogue may be particularly useful for antisense approaches.
Noninvasive blood glucose measurement using multiple laser diodes (2007)

In the event of diabetes clinicians have advocated that frequent monitoring of a diabetic's blood glucose level is the key to avoid future complications (kidney failure, blindness, amputations, premature death, etc.,) associated with the disease. While the test-strip glucose meters available in current consumer markets allow for frequent monitoring, a more convenient technique that is accurate, painless and sample-free is preferable in a diabetic's daily routine. This paper presents a non-invasive blood glucose measurement technique using diffuse reflectance near infrared (NIR) signals. This technique uses a set of laser diodes, each operating at fixed wavelengths in the first overtone region. The NIR signals from the laser diodes are channeled to the measurement site viz., the nail-bed by means of optical fibers. A series of <i>in vivo</i> experiments have been performed on eight normal human subjects using a standard Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) protocol. The reflected NIR signals are inputs to a Partial Least Squares (PLS) algorithm for calibration and future predictions. The calibration models used are developed using <i>in vivo</i> datasets and are unique to a particular individual. The 1218 paired points collected from the eight test subjects plotted on the Clarke Error Grid, revealed that 87.3% of these points fall within the A zone while the remainder, within the B zone, both of which, are clinically accepted. The standard error of prediction was ±13.14mg/dL for the best calibration model. A Bland-Altman analysis of the 1218 paired points yields a 76.3% confidence level for a measurement accuracy of ±20mg/dL. These results demonstrate the initial potential of the technique for non-invasive blood glucose measurements <i>in vivo</i>.
Effects of Hyaluronidase Administration on Myocardial Ischemic Injury in Acute Infarction (1975)

The effect of hyaluronidase on myocardial ischemic injury was examined in 13 patients with acute myocardial infarction, and the results were compared with 11 patients who did not receive hyaluronidase. A 35-electrode precordial mapping method was used to assess the rate of resolution of ST segment elevations. In the 11 control patients, the sum of ST segment elevations (sigmaST) fell after 2 hours to an average of 93.5% plus or minus 17.3% (SEM) and after 24 hours to 89.6% plus or minus 7.6% of the initial values, while the number of electrodes exhibiting ST segment elevations exceeding 0.1 mV (NST) fell to 98.0% plus or minus 12.3% and 94.3% plus or minus 10.4% of the initial values respectively. In the hyaluronidase-treated group, at the same time sigmaST fell significantly more (P less than 0.05), to 54.1% plus or minus 5.0% and 51.3% plus or minus 11.8% and NST was also more markedly reduced (P less than 0.05) to 50.7% plus or minus 7.8% and 50.1% plus or minus 12.4%, thus indicating that hyaluronidase can accelerate the reduction of myocardial ischemic injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Single Amino Acid Changes in the Nipah and Hendra Virus Attachment Glycoproteins Distinguish EphrinB2 from EphrinB3 Usage (2007)

The henipaviruses, Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV), are lethal emerging paramyxoviruses. EphrinB2 and ephrinB3 have been identified as receptors for henipavirus entry. NiV and HeV share similar cellular tropisms and likely use an identical receptor set, although a quantitative comparison of receptor usage by NiV and HeV has not been reported. Here we show that (i) soluble NiV attachment protein G (sNiV-G) bound to cell surface-expressed ephrinB3 with a 30-fold higher affinity than that of sHeV-G, (ii) NiV envelope pseudotyped reporter virus (NiVpp) entered ephrinB3-expressing cells much more efficiently than did HeV pseudotyped particles (HeVpp), and (iii) NiVpp but not HeVpp entry was inhibited efficiently by soluble ephrinB3. These data underscore the finding that NiV uses ephrinB3 more efficiently than does HeV. Henipavirus G chimeric protein analysis implicated residue 507 in the G ectodomain in efficient ephrinB3 usage. Curiously, alternative versions of published HeV-G sequences show variations at residue 507 that can clearly affect ephrinB3 but not ephrinB2 usage. We further defined surrounding mutations (W504A and E505A) that diminished ephrinB3-dependent binding and viral entry without compromising ephrinB2 receptor usage and another mutation (E533Q) that abrogated both ephrinB2 and -B3 usage. Our results suggest that ephrinB2 and -B3 binding determinants on henipavirus G are distinct and dissociable. Global expression analysis showed that ephrinB3, but not ephrinB2, is expressed in the brain stem. Thus, ephrinB3-mediated viral entry and pathology may underlie the severe brain stem neuronal dysfunction seen in fatal Nipah viral encephalitis. Characterizing the determinants of ephrinB2 versus -B3 usage will further our understanding of henipavirus pathogenesis.
The Business Model of Live Streaming Entertainment Services in China and Associated Challenges for Key Stakeholders (2019)

Live streaming entertainment services are a relatively recent phenomenon with an increasing market share. YY Live, which is a leading live streaming entertainment service provider in China, launched at $11.32 USD on Nasdaq in 2013 and is currently valued at $106.25 USD (as of 24th May 2018). In contrast to other popular social media platforms in the Western world, such as Facebook Live and Amazon Twitch, which rely on advertising revenue, the live streaming broadcast industry in China bases its business model on viewers buying virtual gifts. This business model has been accepted on Wall Street; thus, its success deserves further academic attention. This paper aims to reveal this industry's business model and explore the reasons for the widespread success of these streaming services. This study conducts interviews with officers from YY Live and performs a content analysis of news reports. The discussion demonstrates several challenges of current YY Live business models, especially the partnership between the host and host union and the psychological impact of the gift-giving model.
WWOX gene restoration prevents lung cancer growth in vitro and in vivo (2005)

The WWOX (WW domain containing oxidoreductase) gene at the common fragile site, FRA16D, is altered in many types of cancer, including lung cancer. We have examined the tumor suppressor function of WWOX in preclinical lung cancer models. The WWOX gene was expressed in lung cancer cell lines through recombinant adenovirus (Ad) infection (Ad-WWOX), and through a drug [ponasterone A, (ponA)]-inducible system. After WWOX restoration in vitro, endogenous Wwox protein-negative cell lines (A549, H460, and H1299) underwent apoptosis through activation of the intrinsic apoptotic caspase cascade in A549 and H460 cells. Ectopic expression of Wwox caused dramatic suppression of tumorigenicity of A549, H460, and H1299 cells in nude mice after Ad-WWOX infection and after ponA induction of Wwox expression in H1299 lung cancer cells. Tumorigenicity and in vitro growth of U2020 (Wwox-positive) lung cancer cells was unaffected by Wwox overexpression. This study confirms that WWOX is a tumor suppressor gene and is highly effective in preventing growth of lung cancer xenografts, whether introduced through viral infection or by induction of a silent WWOX transgene.
Characterizing Uncertainty in Tractography: Parametric and Nonparametric Methods (2006)

White matter tractography is a noninvasive method for estimating the white matter connectivity pathways using diffusion tensor imaging. Experimental noise may induce errors in the measured fiber directions and affect the accuracy and precision of the estimated trajectories. Both model-based (parametric) and model-free (non-parametric) probabilistic tractography methods have been proposed to account for the uncertainty in the fiber direction estimation. The non-parametric methods give an unbiased estimation of the data variability but require long imaging times and are computationally intensive. In this study we evaluate the behavior of a parametric algorithm the random vector perturbation (RAVE) in comparison with the non-parametric bootstrap tractography (BOOT-TRAC) method. The RAVE algorithm appears to generate fiber distributions similar to the BOOT-TRAC algorithm for trajectories situated in homogeneous white matter regions and might be a feasible substitute for BOOT-TRAC in cases when multiple measurements of the diffusion-weighted images are not obtainable
Maximum a Posteriori Probability Estimation for Online Surveillance Video Synopsis (2014)

To reduce human efforts in browsing long surveillance videos, synopsis videos are proposed. Traditional synopsis video generation applying optimization on video tubes is very time consuming and infeasible for real-time online generation. This dilemma significantly reduces the feasibility of synopsis video generation in practical situations. To solve this problem, the synopsis video generation problem is formulated as a maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) estimation problem in this paper, where the positions and appearing frames of video objects are chronologically rearranged in real time without the need to know their complete trajectories. Moreover, a synopsis table is employed with MAP estimation to decide the temporal locations of the incoming foreground objects in the synopsis video without needing an optimization procedure. As a result, the computational complexity of the proposed video synopsis generation method can be significantly reduced. Furthermore, as it does not require prescreening the entire video, this approach can be applied on online streaming videos.
Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulation: an emerging option in pulmonary hypertension therapy (2009)

The prognosis for patients with pulmonary hypertension remains poor despite recent treatment advances, and there is a need for therapies with new modes of action. Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous vasodilator, the levels of which are regulated throughout the lung to ensure preferential perfusion of well-ventilated regions. Drugs that act in synergy with endogenous NO would therefore promote pulmonary vasodilation while maintaining optimal gas exchange. Riociguat is an oral stimulator of the NO receptor soluble guanylate cyclase. It synergises with NO and has demonstrated vasodilatory and antiremodelling properties in preclinical studies. Riociguat has been shown to have a favourable safety profile in healthy volunteers and in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Pharmacokinetic analyses have revealed substantial interindividual variation, suggesting that individual dose titration will be required. In a proof-of-concept study of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, riociguat improved cardiopulmonary haemodynamics from baseline. It also caused systemic vasodilation, which was well tolerated but should be monitored in future studies. Dose titration of riociguat should promote pulmonary vasodilation while maintaining control of systemic effects, and has been investigated in a phase-II study of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Preliminary results indicate that phase-III trials are warranted.
Role of PKC-δ during Hypoxia in Heart-Derived H9c2 Cells (2004)

In the present study, we investigated the role of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms during hypoxia in heart-derived H9c2 cells. Hypoxia caused a rapid translocation of PKC-delta from soluble to particulate fraction and a downregulation of PKC-epsilon and PKC-zeta, whereas PKC-alpha and PKC-beta I remained unaltered. When H9c2 cells were pretreated with PKC-delta inhibitor rottlerin (3 microM), hypoxia-induced apoptotic and necrotic cell death were significantly increased. Hypoxic insult also caused an activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and p38 MAPK with no change in c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase (JNK) phosphorylation. Hypoxia-induced cell death was increased by treatment with ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10 microM), but attenuated by p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 (10 microM). Treatment with rottlerin completely blocked the hypoxia-induced ERK phosphorylation, whereas it significantly increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation. The hypoxia-induced translocation of PKC-delta was not altered by U0126 and/or SB202190. From these results, it is suggested that hypoxia causes a rapid translocation of PKC-delta and subsequently ERK activation and p38 inactivation, rendering H9c2 cells resistant to hypoxia-induced cell death.
Delayed-type hypersensitivity,in vitroT-cell responsiveness and risk of active coccidioidomycosis among HIV-infected patients living in the coccidioidal endemic area (1999)

The prognostic importance of specific and general tests of immune function were examined among a cohort of 170 subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV), living in an area endemic for the fungal infection coccidioidomycosis. Using the proportional hazards model and multivariate analysis, lack of expression of coccidioidal delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was found to be dependent on anergy in response to the non-coccidioidal antigens mumps, Trichophyton and Candida (relative hazard 4.2, 95% CI 1.8-9.8, P=0.001). Among subjects with CD4 lymphocyte counts >/=250 microl-1 on entry into the study, the in vitro lymphocyte transformation (LT) response to the coccidioidal antigen toluene spherule lysate was 4967+/-1652 (mean counts per minute (c.p.m.)+/-SEM) in subjects with coccidioidal DTH compared with 136+/-222 in those with negative DTH (P<0.001). However, amongst those whose CD4 count was <250 microl-1, LT responses were low and there was no significant difference based on coccidioidal DTH (P=0.965). Using the proportional hazards model and multivariate analysis, only a CD4 count <250 microl-1 was prognostically associated with the development of either active coccidioidomycosis or AIDS. These data indicate that immunodeficiency, particularly a CD4 lymphocyte count <250 microl-1, is the most important factor in the lack of expression of specific immunity to coccidioidomycosis and in the development of active coccidioidomycosis among HIV-infected individuals living in the coccidioidal endemic area.
Intralesional cytokine therapy in cancer: a pilot study of GM-CSF infusion in mesothelioma. (1998)

Systemic cytokine therapy in cancer has major side effects, and we reasoned that the local infusion of cytokines into tumors could induce local immunologic responses with minimal toxicity and potentially strong systemic anticancer effects. This study investigated the toxicity and effectiveness of intralesional granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) infusion in solid-tumor masses. We studied 14 patients (12 men, two women) with malignant mesothelioma (MM), aged 60 years (range, 46-70 years), with stage 2 disease, in whom the tumor was of sufficient size and accessibility for an intralesional catheter to be inserted. Recombinant human GM-CSF (Molgramostim; Schering Plough) was infused intralesionally for 8 weeks, by using a portable pump, at a dose of 2.5-10 micrograms/kg/day. One patient using GM-CSF developed histologically confirmed necrosis of tumor surrounding the distal catheter, one developed a marked lymphocytic infiltrate in the tumor and had a partial response measured by chest computed tomography (CT) scan, 10 progressed, and three had no response. Neutrophilia with morphologic evidence of neutrophil activation and clinical features suggestive of neutrophil plugging of blood vessels occurred at doses > 5 micrograms/kg/day. In vitro, GM-CSF doubled human neutrophil/CD11b/CD18 expression, suggesting that neutrophil clumping as seen in vivo might be due to integrin upregulation. Intralesional infusion of cytokines is feasible but can be associated with systemic toxicity and has considerable technical problems. It produces a localized immune reaction with tumor regression in a minority of patients.
Layout of Decoupling Capacitors in IP Blocks for 90-nm CMOS (2008)

On-chip decoupling capacitors (decaps) in the form of MOS transistors are widely used to reduce power supply noise. This paper provides guidelines for standard cell layouts of decaps for use within Intellectual Property (IP) blocks in application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designs. At 90-nm CMOS technology and below, a tradeoff exists between high-frequency effects and electrostatic discharge (ESD) reliability when designing the layout of such decaps. In this paper, the high-frequency effects are modeled using simple equations. A metric is developed to determine the optimal number of fingers based on the frequency response. Then, a cross-coupled design is described that has been recently introduced by cell library developers to handle ESD problems. Unfortunately, it suffers from poor response times due the large resistance inherent in its design. Improved cross-coupled designs are presented that properly balance issues of frequency response with ESD performance, while greatly reducing thin-oxide gate leakage.
Actions of heparin that may affect the malignant process (1999)

These various heparin actions justify clinical investigation of its possible beneficial effect on malignant disease.
Mechanisms of tumour invasion and metastasis: emerging targets for therapy (2002)

The progression of a tumour from one of benign and delimited growth to one that is invasive and metastatic is the major cause of poor clinical outcome in cancer patients. The invasion and metastasis of tumours is a highly complex and multistep process that requires a tumour cell to modulate its ability to adhere, degrade the surrounding extracellular matrix, migrate, proliferate at a secondary site and stimulate angiogenesis. Knowledge of the process has greatly increased and this has resulted in the identification of a number of molecules that are fundamental to the process. The involvement of these molecules has been shown to relate not only to the survival and proliferation of the tumour cell but, also to the processes of tumour cell adhesion, migration, and the tumour cells ability to degrade and escape the primary site as well as play a role in angiogenesis. These molecules may provide important therapeutic targets that represent the ability to target specific steps in the process of invasion and metastasis and provide additional therapies. The review focuses on representative key targets in each of these processes and summarises the state of play in each case.
Pulsatile shear stress leads to DNA fragmentation in human SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line (1999)

1. Using an in vitro model of shear stress-induced cell injury we demonstrate that application of shear to differentiated human SH-SY5Y cells leads to cell death characterized by DNA fragmentation. Controlled shear stress was applied to cells via a modified cone and plate viscometer. 2. We show that pulsatile shear stress leads to DNA fragmentation, as determined via flow cytometry of fluorescein-12-dUTP nick-end labelled cells, in 45 +/- 4 % of cells. No lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was observed immediately after injury; however, 24 h after injury significant LDH release was observed. 3. Nitric oxide production by cells subjected to pulsatile shear increased two- to threefold over that in unsheared control cells. 4. Inhibition of protein synthesis, nitric oxide production, Ca2+ entry into cells, and pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein activation attenuated the shear stress-induced cell injury. 5. Our results show for the first time that application of pulsatile shear stress to a neuron-like cell in vitro leads to nitric oxide-dependent cell death.
Lymphoma stem cells: enough evidence to support their existence? (2010)

While leukemia-originating stem cells are critical in the initiation and maintenance of leukemias, the existence of similar cell populations that may generate B-cell lymphoma upon mutation remains uncertain. Here we propose that committed lymphoid progenitor/precursor cells with an active V-D-J recombination program are the initiating cells of follicular lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma when targeted by immunoglobulin (IG)- gene translocations in the bone marrow. However, these pre-malignant lymphoma-initiating cells cannot drive complete malignant transformation, requiring additional cooperating mutations in specific stem-cell programs to be converted into the lymphoma-originating cells able to generate and sustain lymphoma development. Conversely, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and sporadic Burkitt's lymphoma derive from B lymphocytes that acquire translocations through IG-hyper-mutation or class-switching errors within the germinal center. Although secondary reprogramming mutations are generally required, some cells such as centroblasts or memory B cells that have certain stem cell-like features, or lymphocytes with MYC rearrangements that deregulate self-renewal pathways, may bypass this need and directly function as the lymphoma-originating cells. An alternative model supports an aberrant epigenetic modification of gene sets as the first occurring hit, which either leads to retaining stem-cell features in hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells, or reprograms stemness into more committed lymphocytes, followed by secondary chromosomal translocations that eventually drive lymphoma development. Isolation and characterization of the cells that are at the origin of the different B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas will provide critical insights into the disease pathogenesis and will represent a step towards the development of more effective therapies.