gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fullerenes : chemistry, physics, and technology (2000)

Electrochemistry of Fullerenes (L. Echegoyen, et al.). Solubility of the Fullerenes (M. Korobov & A. Smith). Organic Chemistry of Fullerenes (S. Wilson, et al.). Structural Inorganic Chemistry of Fullerenes and Fullerene--Like Compounds (A. Balch). Photophysical Properties of Pristine Fullerenes, Functionalized Fullerenes, and Fullerene--Containing Donor--Bridge Acceptor Systems (D. Guldi & P. Kamat). Calculations of Higher Fullerenes and Quasi--Fullerenes (Z. Slanina, et al.). Polymer Derivatives of Fullerenes (L. Chiang & L. Wang). Endohedral Metallofullerenes: Production, Separation, and Structural Properties (H. Shinohara). Endohedral Metallofullerenes: Theory, Electrochemistry, and Chemical Reactions (S. Nagase, et al.). Biological Aspects of Fullerenes (S. Wilson). Carboxyfullerenes as Neuroprotective Antioxidants (L. Dugan, et al.). Fullerenes and Fullerene Ions in the Gas Phase (D. Bohme, et al.). Fullerene--Surface Interactions (A. Hamza). Structures of Fullerene--Based Solids ( K. Prassides & S. Margadonna). Fullerenes Under High Pressure (B. Sundqvist). Superconductivity in Fullerenes (V. Buntar). Boron Nitride--Containing Nanotubes (N. Chopra & A. Zettl). Synthesis and Characterization of Materials Incorporated within Carbon Nanotubes (J. Sloan & M. Green). Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Carbon Encapsulated Metal Nanoparticles (M. McHenry & S. Subramoney). Molecular and Solid C 36 (J. Grossman, et al.). Index.
Mutations in the human homologue of the Drosophila patched gene in Caucasian and African-American nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome patients. (1996)

The nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), or Gorlin syndrome, is a multisystem autosomal dominant disorder. The salient features of this syndrome include multiple basal cell carcinomas, palmar and/or plantar pits, odontogenic keratocysts, skeletal and developmental anomalies, and ectopic calcification. Other features include such tumors as ovarian fibromas and medulloblastomas. There is extensive interfamilial as well as intrafamilial variability with respect to the manifestation and severity of the phenotype. Alterations in the human homologue (PTCH) of the Drosophila segment polarity gene patched have been identified in NBCCS patients as well as tumors associated with this syndrome. We report several mutations in this gene in NBCCS patients and present the clinical phenotypes of the individuals in whom these mutations were identified.
Proinflammatory cytokines induce RANTES and MCP-1 synthesis in human corneal keratocytes but not in corneal epithelial cells. Beta-chemokine synthesis in corneal cells. (1996)

These results suggest that RANTES and MCP-1 gene expression in human keratocytes differs markedly from their expression in human corneal epithelial cells and that the stroma of the cornea may be more important than the epithelium in recruitment of mononuclear leukocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity.
Felipe II: Medio Siglo de Oro (1999)

Mangrove forest is an important ecosystem that provides many services, but in Panama, as in other countries, they are under threat due to a variety of human activities. Nowadays, large areas of mangroves continue to be lost without been described and lack of management strategies. This study focused on the mangrove structure in the two largest islands, Isla del Rey and Isla San Jose, of Las Perlas Archipelago (LPA), Pacific Panama. Assessment of Landsat satellite imagery revealed loss of mangroves in the LPA of 965ha in the period 1974-1986, and 248ha in the period 1986-2000. The majority of the loss (>77%) from the two study islands was due to timber extraction and agricultural development. In May 2006, permanent plots following the CARICOMP protocol were established at two sites on Isla del Rey (R1 and R2) and one site on Isla San Jose (SJ) where standardized metrics such as species, height and diameter at breast height of adult trees and seedlings were recorded. Forest structure differed at the three sites, although R1 and R2 were most similar. At R1, Laguncularia racemosa was the important species and R2 was dominated by Pelliciera rhizophorae. Examination of the forest structure and classified imagery indicated that these sites are spatially dynamic and appear to be rejuvenating. The forest structure would indicate that the sites have been growth-limited previously by human activities and possibly by other factors. SJ was dominated by Rhizophora mangle and appears to have a mature forest with large adult trees and few seedlings. It does not appear to have shown the same extent of spatial regrowth as the other two sites between 1986 and 2000 and is relatively static. The establishment of permanent plots and monitoring will be useful as part of the management plan, as the LPA shows a variety of mangrove structures and could be subject to further coastal development.
Suppression of Ras-Induced Apoptosis by the Rac GTPase (1999)

Ras is an essential component of signal transduction pathways that control cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In this study we have examined the cellular responses to high-intensity Ras signaling. Expression of increasing amounts of the oncogenic form of human HRas, HRasV12, results in a dose-dependent induction of apoptosis in both primary and immortalized cells. The induction of apoptosis by HRasV12 is blocked by activated Rac and potentiated by dominant interfering Rac. The ability of Rac to suppress Ras-induced apoptosis is dependent on effector pathway(s) controlled by the insert region and is linked to the activation of NF-kappaB. The apoptotic effect of HRasV12 requires the activation of both the ERK and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and is independent of p53. These results demonstrate a role for Rac in controlling signals that are necessary for cell survival, and suggest a mechanism by which Rac activity can confer growth advantage to cells transformed by the ras oncogene.
Phenotype and function of protective T cell immune responses in HIV (2008)

Polyfunctional and phenotypic assessment of T cell responses have clearly advanced our understanding of HIV specific immune responses. Critical questions remain, however, especially whether polyfunctional T cell responses control, or are controlled by, HIV replication.
Creating and preserving locality of java applications at allocation and garbage collection times (2002)

The growing gap between processor and memory speeds is motivating the need for optimization strategies that improve data locality. A major challenge is to devise techniques suitable for pointer-intensive applications. This paper presents two techniques aimed at improving the memory behavior of pointer-intensive applications with dynamic memory allocation, such as those written in Java. First, we present an allocation time object placement technique based on the recently introduced notion of prolific (frequently instantiated) types. We attempt to co-locate, at allocation time, objects of prolific types that are connected via object references. Then, we present a novel locality based graph traversal technique. The benefits of this technique, when applied to garbage collection (GC), are twofold: (i) it improves the performance of GC due to better locality during a heap traversal and (ii) it restructures surviving objects in a way that enhances locality. On multiprocessors, this technique can further reduce overhead due to synchronization and false sharing. The experimental results, on a well-known suite of Java benchmarks (SPECjvm98 [26], SPECjbb2000 [27], and jOlden [4]), from an implementation of these techniques in the Jikes RVM [1], are very encouraging. The object co-allocation technique improves application performance by up to 21% (10% on average) in the Jikes RVM configured with a non-copying mark-and-sweep collector. The locality-based traversal technique reduces GC times by up to 20% (10% on average) and improves the performance of applications by up to 14% (6% on average) in the Jikes RVM configured with a copying semi-space collector. Both techniques combined can improve application performance by up to 22% (10% on average) in the Jikes RVM configured with a non-copying mark-and-sweep collector.
Multimode Multiband Antenna (2003)

Consideration is given to the Multimode Multiband Antenna program, a joint Army/Air Force/Navy program to build an antenna system for the 'Speakeasy' Multimode Multiband Digital Radio. The requirements are for a multiplatform, extremely wideband antenna system that is capable of supporting simultaneous operation of up to four different waveforms. The authors describe the results of three four-month studies by three separate teams. The results suggest that although the perfect solution (the one that not only has acceptable electrical characteristics, but is also of unobtrusive geometry) has not been found, many of the concepts represent a significant improvement and have wide-ranging applications. The use of personal computers and low-cost workstations for detailed analysis and modeling is of a special interest, since until recently this was only feasible on mainframes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Feedback of Speech Muscle Activity during Silent Reading: Rapid Extinction (1966)

Surface electromyograms of the laryngeal muscles were made while subjects read silently. Those who showed an increase in electrical activity over that at relaxation were provided with auditory feedback of the muscle activity. This treatment resulted in immediate and long-lasting cessation of the subvocalazation. This method should prove valuable in treating some reading problems.
[Analysis of expression of a series of lymphoma-specific genes in human fibroblasts immortalized by SV40 virus]. (2004)

Subtraction hybridization was earlier used to obtain cDNA clones corresponding to human genes upregulated in HIV-associated centroblast lymphoma (CL) as compared with HIV-associated immunoblast lymphoma (IL). With inverse subtraction hybridization, clones were isolated that correspond to genes upregulated in IL compared with CL. In addition to cDNAs characterized earlier, the resulting clones contained several (seven CL-specific and three IL-specific) sequences with unknown functions. To identify the lymphoma-specific genes that are overexpressed in early carcinogenesis, Northern blotting was used to assess the level of gene transcription in two human fibroblast lines and in their derivatives immortalized with either a temperature-sensitive mutant of SV-40 or with pSV3neo carrying the SV-40 A gene, considering the latter as a model of early cell malignant transformation. Increased expression in at least one immortalized line compared with normal fibroblasts was observed for set, a-myb, ND1, ND2, ND4 (NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1, 2, and 4), COX2, COX3 (cytochrome-c-oxidase subunits 2 and 3), KIAA0129, and the gene corresponding to cDNA hss2-1-7-10. High expression of these genes was assumed to be associated not only with lymphomogenesis, but also with early transformation (immortalization) of other, nonlymphoid cells. Expression of the calpain gene and the gene corresponding to cDNA hss2-2-9-5 proved to be lower in immortalized than in normal fibroblasts. This was considered indicative of an alternative mechanism of fibroblast transformation or of different processes regulating the expression of these genes in early and late carcinogenesis.
A repressor heterodimer binds to a chimeric operator. (1988)

Replacement of the solvent-exposed residues of the DNA recognition helix of the 434 repressor with the corresponding residues of the P22 repressor generates a hybrid protein, 434R[alpha 3(P22R)], which binds specifically to P22 operators. We show here that a new DNA-binding specificity is generated by combining 434 and 434R[alpha 3(P22R)] repressor monomers to form a heterodimer. The heterodimer specifically recognizes a chimeric P22/434 operator that lacks two-fold rotational symmetry.
Effect of Methotrexate Treatment on Expression Levels of Organic Anion Transporter Polypeptide 2, P-Glycoprotein and Bile Salt Export Pump in Rats (2009)

High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) chemotherapy with leucovorin (LV) rescue has been used as a therapeutic strategy in oncology since the 1970s. Adverse reactions following extension of methotrexate (MTX) elimination are a crucial problem in HDMTX chemotherapy. MTX is a substrate for drug transporters, which are multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mrp2), organic anion transporter polypeptide 2 (Oatp2) and other transporters. We previously reported that MTX treatment downregulated the expression level of Mrp2 in rats. Here we examined the effect of MTX treatment on the expression of Oatp2, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and bile salt export pump (Bsep) in rats. MTX was single-injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 150 mg/kg, and Western blot analysis was performed. The levels of Oatp2, P-gp and Bsep in the liver on day 4 after treatment were downregulated to 36.3 +/- 6.9%, 51.5 +/- 5.2% and 61.8 +/- 5.5% (mean +/- S.E.M.) of controls, respectively. Expression levels of P-gp in the kidney and ileum were also downregulated to 38.5 +/- 1.6% and 16.2 +/- 1.6% of controls, respectively. These effects of MTX were partially recovered by LV, which rescues normal cells from MTX toxicity. In conclusion, the result indicates that MTX treatment downregulates expression levels of Oatp2, P-gp and Bsep.
Endogenous Vertebrate Antibiotics (1996)

Although newly recognized, endogenous cystine-stabilized beta-sheet antimicrobial peptides have ancient origins. These peptides can arm circulating phagocytes and cells of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts to resist invasion by bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. Defensins and protegrin-like peptides are likely to play a considerable role in innate immunity and may provide molecular templates that can be used to generate novel antibiotics for topical and systemic use.
A Review of Water Mist Fire Suppression Technology: Part II-Application Studies (2001)

The progress on the research and application of water mist technology in fire suppression has been substantial over the last decade. This paper, following our previous review on water mist fundamental studies, reviews recent water mist applications for: the extinguishment of Class B spray and pool fires in machinery spaces, gas turbine enclosures, combat vehicles, and flammable liquid storage rooms; the extinguishment of ClassA fires in residential occupancies, marine accommodations and public spaces, heritage buildings and libraries; the extinguishment of Class C fires in electronic equipment and computer rooms; and the protection of aircraft onboard cabin and cargo compartments. Some new applications, such as the use of water mist for the extinguishment of Class K fires in commercial cooking areas; and the use of water mist as a possible total-ship protection method, as well as the use of water mist for the protection of heavy goods vehicle shuttle trains, are also reviewed. Up-to-date development of corresponding test and design criteria for the installation of water mist fire protection systems and for the evaluation of the capabilities and limitations of watermist for fire suppression in some application areas, such as machinery spaces, ship’s cabins and corridors, and turbine enclosures, are discussed.
Hierarchical network routing (2002)

A disadvantage of Link State routing schemes is that exact shortest path calculations require a complete topology, which can overload the capacity of small nodes in a large network. Area routing schemes (when destination names are structured corresponding to the network topology) allow nodes to reduce the size of routing tables, by recording only one entry for an entire region rather than one for each node in the region. A description is presented of a general hierarchical routing scheme that allows all nodes to participate in a distributed routing network, using close to optimal paths, with short routing tables, and a reduction of topology information for minor nodes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cellular localization of the multidrug-resistance gene product P-glycoprotein in normal human tissues. (1987)

Monoclonal antibody MRK16 was used to determine the location of P-glycoprotein, the product of the multidrug-resistance gene (MDR1), in normal human tissues. The protein was found to be concentrated in a small number of specific sites. Most tissues examined revealed very little P-glycoprotein. However, certain cell types in liver, pancreas, kidney, colon, and jejunum showed specific localization of P-glycoprotein. In liver, P-glycoprotein was found exclusively on the biliary canalicular front of hepatocytes and on the apical surface of epithelial cells in small biliary ductules. In pancreas, P-glycoprotein was found on the apical surface of the epithelial cells of small ductules but not larger pancreatic ducts. In kidney, P-glycoprotein was found concentrated on the apical surface of epithelial cells of the proximal tubules. Colon and jejunum both showed high levels of P-glycoprotein on the apical surfaces of superficial columnar epithelial cells. Adrenal gland showed high levels of P-glycoprotein diffusely distributed on the surface of cells in both the cortex and medulla. These results suggest that the protein has a role in the normal secretion of metabolites and certain anti-cancer drugs into bile, urine, and directly into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.
Refining of Plant Oils to Chemicals by Olefin Metathesis (2012)

Plant oils are attractive substrates for the chemical industry. Their scope for the production of chemicals can be expanded by sophisticated catalytic conversions. Olefin metathesis is an example, which also illustrates generic issues of "biorefining" to chemicals. Utilization on a large scale requires high catalyst activities, which influences the choice of the metathesis reaction. The mixture of different fatty acids composing a technical-grade plant oil substrate gives rise to a range of products. This decisively determines possible process schemes, and potentially provides novel chemicals and intermediates not employed to date.
Targeting of erbB3 receptor to overcome resistance in cancer treatment (2014)

The erbB receptors, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), erbB2 (also known as HER2/neu), erbB3 (or HER3), and erbB4 (or HER4), are often aberrantly activated in a wide variety of human cancers. They are excellent targets for selective anti-cancer therapies because of their transmembrane location and pro-oncogenic activity. While several therapeutic agents against erbB2 and/or EGFR have been used in the treatment of human cancers with efficacy, there has been relatively less emphasis on erbB3 as a molecular target. Elevated expression of erbB3 is frequently observed in various malignancies, where it promotes tumor progression via interactions with other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) due to its lack of or weak intrinsic kinase activity. Studies on the underlying mechanisms implicate erbB3 as a major cause of treatment failure in cancer therapy, mainly through activation of the PI-3 K/Akt, MEK/MAPK, and Jak/Stat signaling pathways as well as Src kinase. It is believed that inhibition of erbB3 signaling may be required to overcome therapeutic resistance and effectively treat cancers. To date, no erbB3-targeted therapy has been approved for cancer treatment. Targeting of erbB3 receptor with a monoclonal antibody (Ab) is the only strategy currently under preclinical study and clinical evaluation. In this review, we focus on the role of erbB3-initiated signaling in the development of cancer drug resistance and discuss the latest advances in identifying therapeutic strategies inactivating erbB3 to overcome the resistance and enhance efficacy of cancer therapeutics.
Physical and Dynamic Characteristics of DC Ablation in Relation to the Type of Energy Delivery and Catheter Design (1991)

We evaluated and compared the in vitro characteristics of direct current ablation using high energy ablation (Hewlett-Packard defibrillator) and a new form of low energy ablation (low energy ablation power supply, Cardiac Recorders, UK). Two new catheters with a large distal electrode have been recently introduced for catheter ablation: a low energy 7F bipolar catheter (Bard) with a contoured distal electrode, and a 7F deflectable catheter with a 4-mm tip (Mansfield). In vitro studies were carried out in a large tank filled with physiological saline while recording voltage, current, and pressure. High speed cinematography at 32,000 frames per second (Cordin, Utah) was done to assess the dynamic behavior of the vapor globe with both systems of energy delivery. We evaluated shocks of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 joules with the conventional system, and shocks of 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 joules with the new system, and also compared the effects of varying catheter design with both systems of energy delivery. The conventional system using high energy showed significant arcing and increases in pressure. Low energy direct current ablation produces nonarcing shocks with 20 joules or less, and significantly less vapor globe and gas formation during arcing shocks, with a shorter duration of increase in pressure. This new system using low energy direct current may reduce the risk and complications reported with high energy ablations.
Antimicrobial Effects of Biosurfactants (1989)

Abstract Some biosurfactants possess antimicrobial properties. Gram‐positive bacteria were more sensitive against the detergents than gram‐negative bacteria, which were weakly or not inhibited. Especially sophoro‐ and rhamnolipids prevented the growth of Gram‐positive bacteria; the conidia germination of the fungus Glomerella cingulata was influenced by sophoro‐, rhamno‐, trehalose‐ and cellobiose‐lipids, resp. In the case of the Gram‐ negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa not inhibited by those surfactants, our studies indicated that the glycolipids are hydrolyzed by enzymatic reactions.
Human T‐lymphotropic virus type II and neurological disease (2004)

Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and type II (HTLV-II) are closely related retroviruses with similar biological properties and common modes of transmission. HTLV-I infection is endemic in well-defined geographic regions, and it is estimated that some 20 million individuals are infected worldwide. Although most infected individuals are asymptomatic carriers, some 2 to 5% will develop a chronic encephalomyelopathy, HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). In contrast with HTLV-I, the role of HTLV-II in the development of neurological disorders is much less clear. HTLV-II is endemic in many native Amerindian groups and epidemic in injecting drug users (IDUs) worldwide. To evaluate the role of HTLV-II in neurological disease, we have critically reviewed all reported cases of HTLV-II-associated disorders. This has confirmed that although rare infection is associated with a disorder clinically similar or identical to HAM/TSP. However, most reports that have attributed infection to a range of other neurological disorders are difficult to evaluate in that in many cases either the association appears to be fortuitous or the presentations were confounded by a background of concomitant human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection and/or active IDU. In view of the many HTLV-II-infected individuals in urban areas of North America and Europe, neurologists should be aware of the potential clinical consequences of this infection.