gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Trace Element Nutrition and Bone Metabolism (1992)

Many of the trace elements which have essential roles in animals, such as zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and copper (Cu), are required for the growth, development and maintenance of healthy bones Of the remaining trace or ultratrace elements, which by definition are normally present at low concentrations in animal tissues, some have a toxic effect on bone such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), and others have either low toxicity or have not been studied in any detail. At high concentrations, essential trace elements can also affect bone metabolism with harmful consequences but, rarely, a trace element can induce apparently beneficial effects at pharmacological doses. For example, fluoride (F) therapy increases bone density in patients with advanced osteoporosis. For some trace elements such as boron (B) and molybdenum (Mo), the evidence for a direct effect on bone, be it essential or toxic, is not conclusive at this time.
Indoor Tracking for Large Area Industrial Mixed Reality (2012)

For mixed reality (MR) applications the tracking of a video camera in a rapidly changing large environment with several hundred square meters still represents a challenging task. In contrast to an installation in a laboratory, industrial scenarios like a running factory, require minimal setup, calibration or training times of a tracking system and merely minimal changes of the environment. This paper presents a tracking system to compute the pose of a video camera mounted on a mobile carriage like device in very large indoor environments, consisting of several hundred square meters. The carriage is equipped with a touch sensitive monitor to display a live augmentation. The tracking system is based on an infrared laser device, that detects at least three out of a few retroreflective targets in the environment and compares actual target measurements with a precalibrated 2D target map. The device passes a 2D position and orientation. To obtain a six degree of freedom (DOF) pose a coordinate system adjustment method is presented, that determines the transformation between the 2D laser tracker and the image sensor of a camera. To analyse the different error sources leading to the overall error the accuracy of the system is evaluated in a controlled laboratory setup. Beyond that, an evaluation of the system in a large factory building is shown, as well as the application of the system for industrial MR discrepancy checks of complete factory buildings. Finally, the utility of the 2D scanning capabilities of the laser in conjuction with a virtually generated 2D map of the 3D model of a factory is demonstrated for MR discrepancy checks.
The Unfolded Protein Response Regulator GRP78/BiP as a Novel Target for Increasing Chemosensitivity in Malignant Gliomas (2007)

Poor chemosensitivity and the development of chemoresistance remain major obstacles to successful chemotherapy of malignant gliomas. GRP78 is a key regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR). As a Ca2+-binding molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), GRP78 maintains ER homeostasis, suppresses stress-induced apoptosis, and controls UPR signaling. We report here that GRP78 is expressed at low levels in normal adult brain, but is significantly elevated in malignant glioma specimens and human malignant glioma cell lines, correlating with their rate of proliferation. Down-regulation of GRP78 by small interfering RNA leads to a slowdown in glioma cell growth. Our studies further reveal that temozolomide, the chemotherapeutic agent of choice for treatment of malignant gliomas, leads to induction of CHOP, a major proapoptotic arm of the UPR. Knockdown of GRP78 in glioblastoma cell lines induces CHOP and activates caspase-7 in temozolomide-treated cells. Colony survival assays further establish that knockdown of GRP78 lowers resistance of glioma cells to temozolomide, and, conversely, overexpression of GRP78 confers higher resistance. Knockdown of GRP78 also sensitizes glioma cells to 5-fluorouracil and CPT-11. Treatment of glioma cells with (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, which targets the ATP-binding domain of GRP78 and blocks its protective function, sensitizes glioma cells to temozolomide. These results identify a novel chemoresistance mechanism in malignant gliomas and show that combination of drugs capable of suppressing GRP78 with conventional agents such as temozolomide might represent a novel approach to eliminate residual tumor cells after surgery and increase the effectiveness of malignant glioma chemotherapy.
Insulin binding leads to the formation of covalent (-S-S-) hormone receptor complexes. (1982)

The recent finding that the lymphocyte insulin receptor is covalently labeled after '261-insulin binding (Sa-
American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update on Chemotherapy for Stage IV Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2009)

The purpose of this article is to provide updated recommendations for the treatment of patients with stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer. A literature search identified relevant randomized trials published since 2002. The scope of the guideline was narrowed to chemotherapy and biologic therapy. An Update Committee reviewed the literature and made updated recommendations. One hundred sixty-two publications met the inclusion criteria. Recommendations were based on treatment strategies that improve overall survival. Treatments that improve only progression-free survival prompted scrutiny of toxicity and quality of life. For first-line therapy in patients with performance status of 0 or 1, a platinum-based two-drug combination of cytotoxic drugs is recommended. Nonplatinum cytotoxic doublets are acceptable for patients with contraindications to platinum therapy. For patients with performance status of 2, a single cytotoxic drug is sufficient. Stop first-line cytotoxic chemotherapy at disease progression or after four cycles in patients who are not responding to treatment. Stop two-drug cytotoxic chemotherapy at six cycles even in patients who are responding to therapy. The first-line use of gefitinib may be recommended for patients with known epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation; for negative or unknown EGFR mutation status, cytotoxic chemotherapy is preferred. Bevacizumab is recommended with carboplatin-paclitaxel, except for patients with certain clinical characteristics. Cetuximab is recommended with cisplatin-vinorelbine for patients with EGFR-positive tumors by immunohistochemistry. Docetaxel, erlotinib, gefitinib, or pemetrexed is recommended as second-line therapy. Erlotinib is recommended as third-line therapy for patients who have not received prior erlotinib or gefitinib. Data are insufficient to recommend the routine third-line use of cytotoxic drugs. Data are insufficient to recommend routine use of molecular markers to select chemotherapy.
Omega‐Functionalized Fatty Acids, Alcohols, and Ethers via Olefin Metathesis (2012)

Abstract Methyl 17‐hydroxy stearate was converted to methyl octadec‐16‐enoate using copper sulfate adsorbed on silica gel. This compound served as a useful substrate for the olefin metathesis reaction. As a result, several fatty acids with novel functional groups at the ω‐end were prepared: a glyceryl ether attached at the 18‐carbon, an aromatic fatty acid from eugenol, and a ferrocenyl fatty acid. By employing the unsaturated fatty alcohol, other groups were introduced, namely the terminal fluoride, bromide, and iodide were prepared, as was a thiol derivative. The penultimate and omega olefins reported here should serve as building blocks that allow fatty acids to make a greater contribution to a range of emerging technological areas.
Antisense oligonucleotides made of 2'‐O‐alkylRNA: their properties and applications in RNA biochemistry (1993)

Oligo(2'-O-alkylribonucleotides) have been developed recently as novel oligonucleotide analogues with properties that enhance their use as antisense probes. They possess high chemical stability and are resistant to hydrolysis by DNA- or RNA-specific nucleases. Many forms of oligo(2'-O-alkylribonucleotides) hybridise specifically and efficiently to complementary RNA sequences, forming stable duplexes that are not substrates for cleavage by RNAse H. In combination with prosthetic reporter groups, such as biotin, DNP or fluorophores, oligo(2'-O-alkylribonucleotides) have important applications in a wide range of biochemical studies on RNA function and structure.
The UDP N -Acetylgalactosamine 4-Epimerase Gene Is Essential for Mesophilic Aeromonas hydrophila Serotype O34 Virulence (2005)

Mesophilic Aeromonas hydrophila strains of serotype O34 typically express smooth lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on their surface. A single mutation in the gene that codes for UDP N-acetylgalactosamine 4-epimerase (gne) confers the O(-) phenotype (LPS without O-antigen molecules) on a strain in serotypes O18 and O34, but not in serotypes O1 and O2. The gne gene is present in all the mesophilic Aeromonas strains tested. No changes were observed for the LPS core in a gne mutant from A. hydrophila strain AH-3 (serotype O34). O34 antigen LPS contains N-acetylgalactosamine, while no such sugar residue forms part of the LPS core from A. hydrophila AH-3. Some of the pathogenic features of A. hydrophila AH-3 gne mutants are drastically reduced (serum resistance or adhesion to Hep-2 cells), and the gne mutants are less virulent for fish and mice compared to the wild-type strain. Strain AH-3, like other mesophilic Aeromonas strains, possess two kinds of flagella, and the absence of O34 antigen molecules by gne mutation in this strain reduced motility without any effect on the biogenesis of both polar and lateral flagella. The reintroduction of the single wild-type gne gene in the corresponding mutants completely restored the wild-type phenotype (presence of smooth LPS) independently of the O wild-type serotype, restored the virulence of the wild-type strain, and restored motility (either swimming or swarming).
Using Population-Based Data to Enhance Clinical Practice Guideline Development (1999)

This project demonstrated that data analysis can provide a powerful adjunct to the development and implementation of clinical practice guidelines.
Expression profile of transcripts in Alzheimer's disease tangle-bearing CA1 neurons (2000)

The pathogenesis of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is poorly understood, but changes in the expression of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) may reflect mechanisms underlying the formation of NFTs and their consequences in affected neurons. For these reasons, we compared the relative abundance of multiple mRNAs in tangle-bearing versus normal CA1 neurons aspirated from sections of AD and control brains. Amplified antisense RNA expression profiling was performed on individual isolated neurons for analysis of greater than 18,000 expressed sequence tagged complementary DNAs (cDNAs) with cDNA microarrays, and further quantitative analyses were performed by reverse Northern blot analysis on 120 selected mRNAs on custom cDNA arrays. Relative to normal CA1 neurons, those harboring NFTs in AD brains showed significant reductions in several classes of mRNAs that are known to encode proteins implicated in AD neuropathology, including phosphatases/kinases, cytoskeletal proteins, synaptic proteins, glutamate receptors, and dopamine receptors. Because cathepsin D mRNA was upregulated in NFT-bearing CA1 neurons in AD brains, we performed immunohistochemical studies that demonstrated abundant cathepsin D immunoreactivity in the same population of tangle-bearing CA1 neurons. In addition, levels of mRNAs encoding proteins not previously implicated in AD were reduced in CA1 tangle-bearing neurons, suggesting that these proteins (eg, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein, focal adhesion kinase, glutaredoxin, utrophin) may be novel mediators of NFT formation or degeneration in affected neurons. Thus, the profile of mRNAs differentially expressed by tangle-bearing CA1 neurons may represent a "molecular fingerprint" of these neurons, and we speculate that mRNA expression profiles of diseased neurons in AD may suggest new directions for AD research or identify novel targets for developing more effective AD therapies.
Herbicide Resistance in Transgenic Plants Expressing a Bacterial Detoxification Gene (1988)

The herbicide bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) is a photosynthetic (photosystem II) inhibitor in plants. A gene, bxn , encoding a specific nitrilase that converts bromoxynil to its primary metabolite 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, was cloned from the natural soil bacterium Klebsiella ozaenae. For expression in plants, the bxn gene was placed under control of a light-regulated tissue-specific promoter, the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit. Transfer of this chimeric gene and expression of a bromoxynil-specific nitrilase in leaves of transgenic tobacco plants conferred resistance to high levels of a commercial formulation of bromoxynil. The results presented indicate a successful approach to obtain herbicide resistance by introducing a novel catabolic detoxification gene in plants.
Carbon nanotube reinforced ceramics (2001)

Silicon dioxide glass rods of micrometer sizes were synthesized by using surfactant–carbon nanotube co-micelles as templates. These glass rods were used as additives to reinforce inorganic ceramics. The mechanical strength of the silicon dioxide ceramic is enhanced by ∼100% in the presence of ∼6 wt% of CNTs.
Detection of immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene rearrangements by Southern blot analysis: recommendations for optimal results. (1993)

Southern blot analysis of immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor genes has proven to be important for detection of clonal rearrangements in patients with lymphoproliferative diseases. To improve the detection of clonal Ig heavy-chain (IgH) gene rearrangements, we carefully determined the precise restriction map of the joining (J)H and constant (C)mu region of the IgH locus, and evaluated relevant combinations of restriction enzymes with JH and C mu probes. Our extensive Southern blot analyses revealed that rearrangements in the JH region are optimally detectable by use of a JH probe in combination with at least two restriction enzyme digests which are not affected by polymorphisms, and which produce small germline bands (e.g. BglII and BamHI/HindIII), thereby reducing the chance of comigration of germline and/or rearranged bands. Application of a JH or a C mu probe in combination with BamHI or EcoRI digests should be avoided, because of the large size of the restriction fragments and the occurrence of polymorphisms. Comparison of different types of JH probes demonstrated that optimally reproducible signals, independent of the rearranged JH gene segment, are only obtained if the JH probe is complementary to the 3' flanking sequences of the JH gene region, such as our IGHJ6 probe.
Short Communication (1998)

We have cloned two human putative steroid binding membrane proteins, termed Hpr6.6 and Dg6. Hpr6.6 is the human homolog of a previously cloned porcine progesterone binding protein. Both proteins contain a putative transmembrane domain and a highly conserved stretch of 58 amino acids. Hpr6.6 mRNA is expressed predominantly in liver and kidney, whereas Dg6 mRNA is preferentially expressed in placenta. Hpr6.6 is located on the X chromosome and dg6 on chromosome 4. The two proteins are the first putative steroid membrane receptors cloned from man.
Functionalizing Multiple-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Aminopolymers (2002)

Multiple-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) produced using the chemical vapor deposition method were functionalized via attaching aminopolymer poly(propionylethylenimine-co-ethylenimine) to the nanotubes. Two different reaction conditions based on acylating the nanotube-bound carboxylic acids and on directly heating nanotubes in the polymer melt were used and compared. Both methods were effective in the nanotube functionalization, and the polymer-attached MWNTs were found to be soluble in many common organic solvents and in water. Results from the characterization of the functionalized nanotube samples using electron microscopy, optical spectroscopy, NMR, and thermal analysis techniques are presented and discussed.
Control of Inflammation, Cytokine Expression, and Germinal Center Formation by BCL-6 (1997)

The gene encoding the BCL-6 transcriptional repressor is frequently translocated and mutated in diffuse large cell lymphoma. Mice with a disrupted BCL-6 gene developed myocarditis and pulmonary vasculitis, had no germinal centers, and had increased expression of T helper cell type 2 cytokines. The BCL-6 DNA recognition motif resembled sites bound by the STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) transcription factors, which mediate cytokine signaling. BCL-6 could repress interleukin-4 (IL-4)-induced transcription when bound to a site recognized by the IL-4-responsive transcription factor Stat6. Thus, dysregulation of STAT-responsive genes may underlie the inflammatory disease in BCL-6-deficient mice and participate in lymphoid malignancies.
Effect of High‐Dose Cysteine Supplementation on Erythrocyte Glutathione (2014)

When compared with isonitrogenous noncysteine supplementation, high-dose cysteine supplementation for at least 1 week in critically ill neonates resulted in a larger and more positive individual change in GSH. Smaller infants and those who received transfused blood demonstrated less effective change in GSH with cysteine supplementation. The benefit of cysteine remains promising and deserves further investigation.
Postischemic administration of an anti-Mac-1 antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. (1994)

Postischemic cerebral inflammation may contribute to ischemic cell damage. The CD11b/18 (Mac-1) integrin mediates stimulated neutrophil binding to endothelia. We therefore investigated the effect of administration of an anti-Mac-1 monoclonal antibody on cerebral ischemic cell damage in the rat.Rats (n = 10) were subjected to 2 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion; the anti-Mac-1 antibody was administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg i.v. at 1 hour of reperfusion and 1 mg/kg i.v. at 22 hours of reperfusion or an isotype-matched control antibody (n = 10) was administered using the same experimental protocol. Rats were killed at 46 hours of reperfusion, and brain sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological evaluation. In a separate population of rats given either vehicle (n = 8) or anti-Mac-1 antibodies (n = 9), intraparenchymal neutrophils were measured by means of a myeloperoxidase assay.The lesion volume was significantly smaller (28%) in the anti-Mac-1 antibody group compared with the ...
Disaster-resilient virtual-network mapping and adaptation in optical networks (2013)

Abstract—Today’s Internet applications include grid- and cloud-computing services which can be implemented by mapping virtual networks (VNs) over physical infrastructure such as an optical network. VN mapping is a resource-allocation problem where fractions of the resources (e.g., bandwidth and processing) in the physical infrastructure (e.g., optical network and servers/data-centers) are provisioned for specific applications. Researchers have been studying the survivable VN mapping (SVNM) problem against physical-infrastructure failures (typically by deterministic failure models), because this type of failure may disconnect one or more VNs, and/or reduce their capacities. However, disasters can cause multiple link/node failures which may disconnect many VNs and dramatically increase the postdisaster vulnerability to correlated cascading failures. Hence, we investigate the disaster-resilient and post-disaster-survivable VN mapping problem using a probabilistic model to reduce the expected VN disconnections and capacity loss, while providing an adaptation to minimize VN disconnections by any postdisaster single-physical-link failure. We model the problem as an integer linear program (ILP). Numerical examples show that our approach reduces VN disconnections and the expected capacity loss after a disaster. Index Terms—optical network, disaster resiliency, post-disaster survivability, virtual-network mapping I.
In vivo administration of MKT-077 causes partial yet reversible impairment of mitochondrial function. (1996)

The effects of in vivo administration of a pharmacologically toxic dose of the lipophilic cationic compound, MKT-077, were investigated in selected vital organs of the rat. MKT-077 (15 mg/kg body weight), administered by bolus i.v. injection every day for 5 days, did not detectably influence rat heart and kidney mitochondrial respiration. Although the same dosage of MKT-077 significantly decreased respiratory rates in rat liver mitochondria relative to untreated controls, complete recovery was evident within 3 days following drug withdrawal. Whereas the mitochondrial DNA of rat kidney and liver appeared to be unaffected by MKT-077 treatment, levels of heart mtDNA were noticeably less than control levels in the immediate interval following drug administration. However, this latter effect was partially reversed as early as 10 days following treatment and completely reversed within a 30-day posttreatment period. These results strongly suggest that a pharmacologically toxic dose of MKT-077 minimally affects the overall functional integrity of mitochondria in such critical, although highly vulnerable, tissues as the heart, liver, and kidney.
Metabolic Therapy: Lessons from Liver Diseases (2011)

Fatty liver disease is one of most prevalent metabolic liver diseases, which includes alcoholic (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Its initial stage is characterized by fat accumulation in the liver, that can progress to steatohepatitis, a stage of the disease in which steatosis is accompanied by inflammation, hepatocellular death, oxidative stress and fibrosis. Recent evidence in experimental models as well as in patients with steatohepatitis have uncovered a role for cholesterol and sphingolipids, particularly ceramide, in the transition from steatosis to steatohepatitis, insulin resistance and hence disease progression. Cholesterol accumulation and its trafficking to mitochondria sensitizes fatty liver to subsequent hits including inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF/Fas, in a pathway involving ceramide generation by acidic sphingomyelinase (ASMase). Thus, targeting both cholesterol and/or ASMase may represent a novel therapeutic approach of relevance in ASH and NASH, two of the most common forms of liver diseases worldwide.
Application-driven statistical paraphrase generation (2009)

Paraphrase generation (PG) is important in plenty of NLP applications. However, the research of PG is far from enough. In this paper, we propose a novel method for statistical paraphrase generation (SPG), which can (1) achieve various applications based on a uniform statistical model, and (2) naturally combine multiple resources to enhance the PG performance. In our experiments, we use the proposed method to generate paraphrases for three different applications. The results show that the method can be easily transformed from one application to another and generate valuable and interesting paraphrases.
Silylative Coupling of Terminal Alkynes with Iodosilanes: New Catalytic Activation of sp-Hybridized Carbon−Hydrogen Bonds (2011)

The [{Ir(μ-Cl)(CO)2}2] (I)-catalyzed reaction of terminal alkynes and diynes with Me3SiI with the aid of NEt(i-Pr)2 occurs smoothly, leading to the formation of mono- and bis-silyl-functionalized alkynyl derivatives. This new reaction, which occurs via direct activation of the Csp−H bond in the starting alkyne, is a very efficient and easy tool for the synthesis of unique silylated alkynes. Separate experiments of the equimolar reactions of the precursor (I) with selected reaction substrates provided the evidence for the sequence reactions as well as for the real catalyst to be [IrI(CO)(NEt(i-Pr)2)2].