gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proteolysis: A Biological Process Adapted in Drug Delivery, Therapy, and Imaging (2009)

In many diseases, protease expressions are found deregulated when compared with them at the healthy states. The unique ability to hydrolyze protein amide bonds has made those deregulated proteases attractive biological triggers in drug development. Proteolysis has been widely applied in pro-drug design to achieve favorable pharmacokinetics. Controlled drug delivery systems are also reported by incorporating protease-sensitive motifs onto bio-, inorganic-, or organic- materials. In addition, protease responsive molecular probes are developed for in vitro bioanalysis and in vivo diagnostic imaging. This review focuses on various proteolysis-dependent approaches to drug delivery, therapy, and imaging. References are selected to illustrate the concepts and demonstrate the potentials of these enzyme-responsive strategies.
Sex-specific and race-specific hip fracture rates. (1990)

Sex-, race- and age-specific hip fracture rates were determined using Health Care Financing Administration data for Medicare-reimbursed hip fracture hospitalizations from 1980 to 1982. Rates were highest in White women, lowest in Black men, and intermediate in White men and Black women. Proportions of hip fracture patients dying during hospitalization and those discharged to nursing homes, respectively, were: White men (10.5%; 49%); Black men (9.3%; 32%); White women (5.0%; 54%); and Black women (8.2%; 30%).
A biomarker panel for peripheral arterial disease (2008)

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is common, but often not diagnosed. A biomarker index would be useful to raise suspicion of PAD, so as to trigger appropriate vascular testing and management. The study comprised 540 individuals: 197 individuals with both coronary artery disease and peripheral arterial disease (CAD + PAD); 81 with CAD only; and 262 with no hemodynamically significant disease (NHSD) of the coronary or peripheral arteries. Multiple linear regression was performed to generate a biomarker panel score that could predict ankle-brachial index (ABI). Logistic regression was used to investigate the relationship between disease status and the panel score as well as other risk factors (e.g. age, diabetes status, smoking status). ROC analysis was performed to test the prediction power of the biomarker panel score. Among the plasma markers tested, beta 2 microglobulin (beta2M) and cystatin C had the highest correlation with ABI, and higher than any of the conventional risk factors of age, smoking status, and diabetes status. A biomarker panel score derived from beta2M, cystatin C, hsCRP, and glucose had an increased association with PAD status (OR = 12.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.6-23.5 for highest vs lowest quartile), which was still significant after adjusting for known risk factors (OR = 7.3, 95% CI 3.6-14.9 for highest vs lowest quartile). In conclusion, after taking into account the traditional risk factors for PAD, a biomarker panel comprising beta2M, cystatin C, hsCRP, and glucose adds useful information to assess the risk of disease.
Generation and Characterization of Erythroid Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: An Overview (2011)

Because of the imbalance in the supply and demand of red blood cells (RBCs), especially for alloimmunized patients or patients with rare blood phenotypes, extensive research has been done to generate therapeutic quantities of mature RBCs from hematopoietic stem cells of various sources, such as bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood. Since human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be maintained indefinitely in vitro, they represent potentially inexhaustible sources of donor-free RBCs. In contrast to other ex vivo stem-cell-derived cellular therapeutics, tumorigenesis is not a concern, as RBCs can be irradiated without marked adverse effects on in vivo function. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the recent publications relevant to the generation and characterization of hESC- and iPSC-derived erythroid cells and discuss challenges to be met before the eventual realization of clinical usage of these cells.
Change aware distributed file system for a distributed search engine (2005)

Intranet information retrieval is very important for discovering useful knowledge. In this process, the search engine is useful. However, conventional search engines, which are based on a centralized architecture, are not suited for intranet information retrieval because intranet information is frequently updated. Centralized search engines take a long time to collect Web pages by robots. So, we have developed a distributed search engine, the cooperative search engine (CSE), to retrieve fresh information. In CSE, a local search engine located in each Web server makes an index of local pages. And, a meta search server integrates these local search engines to realize a global search engine. CSE takes a few minutes to update the index because each local search engine scans all files in its own disk. We propose a notification mechanism using a change aware distributed file system. As a result, we realize real-time information retrieval.
Review of Phosphodiesterases in the Urogenital System: New Directions for Therapeutic Intervention (2004)

Drug selectivity and differential PDE tissue distribution allow for potential targeted intervention for numerous disorders related to the urogenital tract.
8-Anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate is a fluorescent probe of conformational changes in the D-galactose-H+ symport protein of Escherichia coli. (1994)

The binding of sugars and antibiotics to the overexpressed D-galactose-H+ symport protein (GalP) can be monitored from changes in the fluorescence of 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) equilibrated with inside-out vesicles. Transported sugars, such as D-glucose and D-galactose, cause an enhancement in the ANS fluorescence of up to 13%. Nontransported sugars that have little, if any, affinity for GalP, such as L-galactose and L-glucose, have no effect upon the ANS fluorescence. Cytochalasin B and forskolin, which are potent inhibitors of the transporter, produce little change in the fluorescence, but are capable of reversing the D-galactose/D-glucose enhancement in fluorescence. Sugars that bind to GalP but are not transported, such as methyl-beta-D-glucose, produce only a slight quench in the ANS fluorescence, but again reverse the enhancement in fluorescence induced by transported sugars. A simple interpretation is that the increase in ANS fluorescence is attributable to the sugar-induced reorientation of the transporter from an inward- to an outward-facing conformation. Nontransported sugars and antibiotics, which are thought to bind at the inner membrane face of the transporter, are able to reverse the fluorescence enhancement by binding to the inward-facing conformation. The postulated reorientation process was sufficiently slow to follow its progress by stopped-flow fluorometry. The Kd for the binding of D-galactose to the inward-facing site was 7.22 (+/- 1.49) mM, and the rate constants for outward and inward reorientation of the transporter were 4.06 (+/- 0.16) s-1 and 1.36 (+/- 0.18) s-1, respectively. The overall Kd values for a range of sugars and antibiotics have been determined, and the involvement of each sugar hydroxyl group in the recognition and translocation processes has been assessed.
Strategies for Systematic Synthesis of Compliant MEMS (1994)

Abstract A class of devices called compliant micromechanisms is the focus of this study. Compliant mechanisms are flexible structures that generate a wide variety of mechanical motions through elastic deformation. Here, the concept of compliant mechanisms is applied to the micro regime. Frictionless, backlash-free and easily manufacturable compliant micromechanisms are clearly more advantageous than rigid-link and rigid-joint micromechanisms, and are also more versatile than simple cantilevers and diaphragms that also depend on the flexural capability. For a given task, the suitability of a compliant mechanism is determined by the configuration (or form) of its structure. Specifically, the topology, shape and size together provide the ability to deform in the desired manner. The design of compliant mechanisms would then involve generating suitable topology, shape and size for a given application. As yet, there is no systematic method to synthesize compliant mechanisms of the kind we consider here. In this research, we explore various strategies to formulate a systematic method to the design of such mechanisms using the structural optimization approach. An emerging topology optimization technique, called homogenization method, is also being investigated to solve the synthesis problem with least dependence on designer’s intervention, using the formulations proposed here. The paper highlights various issues involved in the compliant mechanism synthesis and reports some intermediate results of the investigation that is still in progress. Based on the feasibility studies conducted using the proposed method, it can be said that this method shows promise to become a valuable synthesis tool for automating the design of optimal micromechanical devices. The concept of compliant mechanisms and the proposed design methodology are both illustrated with a microcompliant crimping mechanism that has been fabricated and tested.
Preparation of Optically Active 8,8’-Disubstituted 1,1’-Biisoquinoline (1996)

Synthesis of 1.1'-biisoquinolines having substituents in the 8.8'positions and their resolution by hplc on a chiral column on a preparative scale are described.Studies of stereoisomers which share an enantiomeric relationship constitute a large and fundamentally significant part of stereochemisay.Though the presence of a center of chirality is a necessary condition for the HETEROCYCLES, Vol.42.No. 1,1996 aromatic amines without racemization are now in progress.11.This is the first example of the resolution of chiral 1.1'-biisoquinoline nucleus.Recently, optical resolution of 1.1'-biisoquinoline-NY-dioxide was reported (M.Fujii and A. Honda,
Affinity maturation of antibodies assisted by in silico modeling (2008)

Rational engineering methods can be applied with reasonable success to optimize physicochemical characteristics of proteins, in particular, antibodies. Here, we describe a combined CDR3 walking randomization and rational design-based approach to enhance the affinity of the human anti-gastrin TA4 scFv. The application of this methodology to TA4 scFv, displaying only a weak overall affinity for gastrin17 (K(D) = 6 microM), resulted in a set of nine affinity-matured scFv variants with near-nanomolar affinity (K(D) = 13.2 nM for scFv TA4.112). First, CDR-H3 and CDR-L3 randomization resulted in three scFvs with an overall affinity improvement of 15- to 35-fold over the parental. Then, the modeling of two scFv constructs selected from the previous step (TA4.11 and TA4.13) was followed by a combination of manual and molecular dynamics-based docking of gastrin17 into the respective binding sites, analysis of apparent packing defects, and selection of residues for mutagenesis through phage display. Nine scFv mutants were obtained from the second maturation step. A final 454-fold improvement in affinity compared with TA4 was obtained. These scFvs showed an enhanced potency to inhibit gastrin-induced proliferation in Colo 320 WT and BxPc3 tumoral cells. In conclusion, we propose a structure-based rational method to accelerate the development of affinity-matured antibody constructs with enhanced potential for therapeutic use.
Purification of a factor inducing differentiation in murine myelomonocytic leukemia cells. Identification as granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. (1983)

A naturally occurring inducer of terminal differentiation in a murine myelomonocytic leukemia cell line (WEHI-3B) was purified to apparent homogeneity from medium conditioned by lungs from mice injected with bacterial endotoxin. The factor was purified over 400,000-fold by sequential fractionation using salting out chromatography, chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose, gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-60 in 1 M acetic acid, reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography on a phenyl-silica column, and high performance liquid chromatography on a gel filtration column. During the first two steps, the differentiation-inducing factor was separated completely from a known proliferative regulator for normal myeloid cells, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but it co-purified through all remaining steps with a distinct granulocyte-specific colony-stimulating factor. The purified factor showed a single protein band of Mr = 24,000-25,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels coincident with both differentiation-inducing and granulocyte colony-stimulating activity. The granulocyte-specific colony-stimulating factor was active on WEHI-3B cells and normal granulocytic progenitor cells in vitro at the same half-maximally active concentration of 3 X 10(-12) M.
Role of IgA versus IgG in the Control of Influenza Viral Infection in the Murine Respiratory Tract (2004)

The roles of IgG and secretory IgA in the protection of the respiratory tract (RT) against influenza infection remain unclear. Passive immunization with Ab doses resulting in serum IgG anti-influenza virus Ab titers far in excess of those observed in immune mice has compounded the problem. We compared the effects of i.v. anti-influenza virus IgG and i.v. anti-influenza virus polymeric IgA (pIgA) mAb administered in amounts designed to replicate murine convalescent serum or nasal Ab titers, respectively. A serum anti-influenza virus IgG titer 2.5 times the normal convalescent serum anti-influenza virus IgG titer was required for detectible Ab transudation into nasal secretions, and a serum IgG titer 7 times normal was needed to lower nasal viral shedding by 98%. Anti-influenza virus pIgA at a nasal Ab titer comparable to that seen in convalescent mice eliminated nasal viral shedding. The RT of influenza-infected pIgA- or IgG-protected mice were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Only pIgA was found to prevent virally induced pathology in the upper RT, suggesting that IgG did not prevent viral infection of the nose, but neutralized newly replicated virus after infection had been initiated. In contrast, IgG, but not pIgA, was found to prevent viral pathology in the murine lung. Our results help to resolve the controversy of IgA- vs IgG-mediated protection of the RT; both Abs are important, with plasma IgG Ab serving as the back-up for secretory IgA-mediated protection in the nasal compartment, and IgG being the dominant Ab in protection of the lung.
High-Performance Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors with a Thin Gate Dielectric Based on a Self-Assembled Monolayer (2006)

Individual single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) field effect transistors (FETs) with a 2 nm thick silane-based organic self-assembled monolayer (SAM) gate dielectric have been manufactured. The FETs exhibit a unique combination of excellent device performance parameters. In particular, they operate with a gate-source voltage of only -1 V and exhibit good saturation, large transconductance, and small hysteresis (<or=100 mV), as well as a very low subthreshold swing (60 mV/dec) under ambient conditions. The SAM-based gate dielectric opens the possibility of fabricating transistors operating at low voltages and constitutes a major step toward nanotube-based flexible electronics.
Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Brodalumab, a Human Anti–IL-17 Receptor Monoclonal Antibody, in Moderate to Severe Asthma (2013)

Inhibition of IL-17 receptor A did not produce a treatment effect in subjects with asthma. The results of the high-reversibility subgroup analysis are of uncertain significance, requiring further study of brodalumab in this asthma subpopulation. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01199289).
High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Ketoprofen in Pharmaceutical Dosage forms and Plasma (1992)

Abstract A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for determining ketoprofen in dosage forms and plasma is developed. The drug was chromatographed in a C18 column, using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 1 % acetic acid aqueous solution with ratio 40 : 60, and detected at 254 nm. The linear detector response to the concentration was confirmed. Recoveries from standard addition to tablets and nonaqueous solution were 100.43 and 100.15, for humans and for rabbit plasmas 82.4 and 82.7, respectively. The procedure showed excellent reproduction inside of two days. It is suggested that this HPLC method could be used for routine assay of ketoprofen in pharmaceutic dosage forms and plasma.
Theoretical analysis of the turbulent flow of non‐newtonian slurries in pipes (1971)

Abstract A theoretical model is derived which permits the analytical calculation of the friction factor‐Reynolds number curves for non‐Newtonian slurries flowing isothermally in smooth pipes. This model is based upon the Bingham plastic rheological equation of state. A change of mechanism in the transition phenomenon is observed to occur for N He = 5 (10 5 ), where N He is the familiar Hedstrom number. Below this value turbulence is suppressed relative to Newtonian flow, while above this value the transition is delayed but turbulence is enhanced relative to Newtonian flow. A set of theoretical design curves of friction factor versus Reynolds number covering laminar, transitional, and turbulent flows is calculated and presented for a range of N He values from 10 3 to 10 9 .
Alternatives for processing of soapstock (1983)

Abstract Soapstock is a valuable byproduct from the alkali refining of edible oils. Methods of processing at the refinery to make it suitable for use as an animal feed ingredient or for further industrial processing are discussed. Utilization as a feed fat and as an industrial raw material are reviewed.
Perceptually Layered Scalable Codec (2006)

Fine-grain scalable audio coding approaches, such as PLEAC, are flexible, can scale from low rates to lossless, and can allow the perceptual model to be updated in the decoder as additional bits are provided. They provide good perceptual quality at mid to high perceptual rates; however, they can not establish the perceptual model rapidly enough to provide good quality at very low bit rates. In this work, we combine a fine grain scalable audio codec with a good base layer audio codec. We use Windows Media Audio 10 Professional (WMA 10 Pro) as the base layer coder, and use the PLEAC codec as the fine grain enhancement codec. The key to this method is to use a base layer codec that provides a very good approximation to the necessary perceptual codec, and then allows the fine grain scalable audio coder to use a simple loudness model on the difference signal. The combined codec can provide continuous scalability from the base layer codec rate all the way to lossless.
Roles of adjuvant and route of vaccination in antibody response and protection engendered by a synthetic matrix protein 2-based influenza A virus vaccine in the mouse (2007)

M2e-MAP is an effective immunogen as approximately 15% of the total M2e-MAP-induced Ab response is of desired specificity. While M2e(pep-nat)-specific serum Abs have an important role in restricting virus replication in trachea and lung, M2e-specific T cells and/or locally produced Abs contribute to protection in upper airways. Intranasal vaccination is preferable to parenteral vaccination, presumably because of induction of local protective immunity by the former route. Intranasal coadministration of M2e-MAP with infectious IAV merits further investigation in view of its potential applicability to human vaccination with live attenuated IAV.
Position trackers for Head Mounted Display systems: A survey (1993)

The paper is a survey of existing position tracker technologies for Head Mounted Display (HMD) systems. The four major categories of position trackers, magnetic, acoustic, optical and mechanical, are discussed. The chief characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and examples of each cat-egory are described. A set of metrics for comparing the performance of position trackers is identi ed. The expected future trends in the eld are also discussed. 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Applications of Functionalized Organozinc Reagents (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Flood Hydrology and the Floodplain (1994)

The floods of 1993 offer a list of subjects for detailed study. These involve both the separate actions and the interactions of forces and parameters in geomorphology, hydraulics, hydrology, physical geography, economics, engineering and planning. Whether the pressures for recov-ery and rebuilding will permit the possible and needed study of these inter-relationships remains to be seen. There is the perceived need to”do something”and the well-known decay of attention and interest as flood becomes memory. There has already been a considerable fortune spent to help individuals, businesses, and communities recover from direct and indirect losses. It is certain that much more will be spent in reconstruction. It is moot whether this investment will take advantage of what might be learned from this bad experience or be directed to
Randomized search trees (1989)

A randomized strategy for maintaining balance in dynamically changing search trees that has optimal expected behavior is presented. In particular, in the expected case an update takes logarithmic time and requires fewer than two rotations. Moreover, the update time remains logarithmic, even if the cost of a rotation is taken to be proportional to the size of the rotated subtree. The approach generalizes naturally to weighted trees, where the expected time bounds for accesses and updates again match the worst case time bounds of the best deterministic methods. The balancing strategy and algorithms are exceedingly simple and should be fast in practice.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Activation Peptide of Human Factor IX Has Oligosaccharides O-Glycosidically Linked to Threonine Residues at 159 and 169 (1994)

O-Linked oligosaccharide chains were identified in the activation peptide (AP) of human blood coagulation factor IX. The peptide obtained from human factor IX was separated into three molecular species (AP alpha, AP beta, and AP gamma) by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Amino acid analysis showed that AP alpha, but not AP beta and AP gamma, contained galactosamine in addition to glucosamine, thereby suggesting the presence of an O-linked sugar chain(s) in the molecule of AP alpha. A nonapeptide (AP alpha-D4, residues 157-165) and an undecapeptide (AP alpha-D5, 166-176) derived from AP alpha contained Thr-159 and Thr-169, neither of which could be identified using a gas-phase protein sequencer. All other serine and threonine residues present in AP alpha were identified by peptide sequencing. Component sugar and sialic acid analyses of AP alpha-D4 and AP alpha-D5 revealed that they contained 1 mol each of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc), D-galactose (Gal), and sialic acid. Fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometric analysis of AP alpha-D4 suggested the existence of Gal-GalNAc-Thr, NeuNAc-(Gal-)GalNAc-Thr, and NeuNAc-Gal-GalNAc-Thr structures. On the basis of amino acid analysis after the isolation of AP alpha, it accounted for approximately 35% of the total activation peptide obtained. From these results, it was concluded that a part of the activation peptide of human factor IX in circulating blood has tri- and tetrasaccharides O-glycosidically linked to the threonine residues at 159 and 169.