gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Prestraining on the Natural Ageing and Artificial Ageing of an Al-Mg-Si Alloy AA6022 (2007)

The effect of prestraining on the natural ageing and artificial ageing of an aluminum alloy 6022 (Al-0.6 Mg-1.0 Si) has been investigated in this study. The precipitation behaviours of samples of the alloy were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as well as by measuring the electrical conductivity and confirmed by microstructure observation using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tensile tests and microhardness measurements were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the samples.The results indicate that the dislocations would not only suppress clustering during natural ageing but would also provide heterogeneous nucleation sites. These are particularly noteworthy results, that 2% prestraining leads to a significant reduction in the detrimental effects of 30 days of natural ageing on the artificial ageing at 170 °C for 30 minutes and provides sufficient formability to make the part and a high strength after the artificial ageing.
Prediction of Risk of Distant Recurrence Using the 21-Gene Recurrence Score in Node-Negative and Node-Positive Postmenopausal Patients With Breast Cancer Treated With Anastrozole or Tamoxifen: A TransATAC Study (2010)

PURPOSE To determine whether the Recurrence Score (RS) provided independent information on risk of distant recurrence (DR) in the tamoxifen and anastrozole arms of the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) Trial. PATIENTS AND METHODS RNA was extracted from 1,372 tumor blocks from postmenopausal patients with hormone receptor-positive primary breast cancer in the monotherapy arms of ATAC. Twenty-one genes were assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and the RS was calculated. Cox proportional hazards models assessed the value of adding RS to a model with clinical variables (age, tumor size, grade, and treatment) in node-negative (N0) and node-positive (N+) women. RESULTS Reportable scores were available from 1,231 evaluable patients (N0, n = 872; N+, n = 306; and node status unknown, n = 53); 72, 74, and six DRs occurred in N0, N+, and node status unknown patients, respectively. For both N0 and N+ patients, RS was significantly associated with time to DR in multivariate analyses (P < .001 for N0 and P = .002 for N+). RS also showed significant prognostic value beyond that provided by Adjuvant! Online (P < .001). Nine-year DR rates in low (RS < 18), intermediate (RS = 18 to 30), and high RS (RS > or = 31) groups were 4%, 12%, and 25%, respectively, in N0 patients and 17%, 28%, and 49%, respectively, in N+ patients. The prognostic value of RS was similar in anastrozole- and tamoxifen-treated patients. CONCLUSION This study confirmed the performance of RS in postmenopausal HR+ patients treated with tamoxifen in a large contemporary population and demonstrated that RS is an independent predictor of DR in N0 and N+ hormone receptor-positive patients treated with anastrozole, adding value to estimates with standard clinicopathologic features.
Clinical Activity of Pleconaril in an Experimentally Induced Coxsackievirus A21 Respiratory Infection (2000)

A randomized, double-blind study assessed the efficacy and safety of pleconaril, a novel antiviral drug with broad-spectrum activity against picornaviruses, in the treatment of 33 adults with an experimentally induced viral respiratory infection. Subjects received either pleconaril 200 mg twice daily (initial dose of 400 mg) or placebo for 7 days. Fourteen hours after receiving the initial dose of either pleconaril or placebo, subjects were inoculated intranasally with 100 plaque-forming units of coxsackievirus A21. Results revealed statistically significant reductions in viral shedding in nasal secretions (P<.001), nasal mucus production (P=.004), and total respiratory illness symptom scores (P=.013) in pleconaril-treated as compared with placebo-treated subjects. The most common adverse events were nausea and abdominal pain. These data support the safety and efficacy of pleconaril in decreasing the signs and symptoms and viral shedding associated with a viral respiratory infection.
Theoretical investigation of magnetoelectric behavior inBiFeO3 (2006)

The magnetoelectric behavior of $\mathrm{Bi}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ has been explored on the basis of accurate density functional calculations. We are able to predict structural, electronic, magnetic, and ferroelectric properties of $\mathrm{Bi}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ correctly without including any strong correlation effect in the calculation. Unlike earlier calculations, the equilibrium structural parameters are found to be in very good agreement with the experimental findings. In particular, the present calculation correctly reproduced experimentally observed elongation of cubic perovskitelike lattice along the [111] direction. At high pressure we predicted a pressure-induced structural transition from rhombohedral $(R3c)$ to an orthorhombic $(Pnma)$ structure. The total-energy calculations at expanded lattice show two lower energy ferroelectric phases (with monoclinic $Cm$ and tetragonal $P4mm$ structures), closer in energy to the ground-state phase. Spin-polarized band-structure calculations show that $\mathrm{Bi}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ will be an insulator in $A$- and $G$-type antiferromagnetic phases and a metal in $C$-type antiferromagnetic, ferromagnetic configurations, and in the nonmagnetic state. Chemical bonding in $\mathrm{Bi}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ has been analyzed using partial density of states, charge density, charge transfer, electron localization function, Born-effective-charge tensor, and crystal orbital Hamiltonian population analyses. Our electron localization function analysis shows that stereochemically active lone-pair electrons are present at the Bi sites which are responsible for displacements of the Bi atoms from the centrosymmetric to the noncentrosymmetric structure and hence the ferroelectricity. A large ferroelectric polarization of $88.7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{C}∕{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ is predicted in accordance with recent experimental findings, but differing by an order of magnitude from earlier experimental values. The strong spontaneous polarization is related to the large values of the Born-effective charges at the Bi sites along with their large displacement along the [111] direction of the cubic perovskite-type reference structure. Our polarization analysis shows that partial contributions to polarization from the Fe and O atoms almost cancel each other and the net polarization present in $\mathrm{Bi}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ mainly $(&gt;98%)$ originates from Bi atoms. We found that the large scatter in experimentally reported polarization values in $\mathrm{Bi}\mathrm{Fe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is associated with the large anisotropy in the spontaneous polarization.
Immunity in Hepatitis C Infection (1992)

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and newer serologic assays for hepatitis C virus (HCV) were used to investigate 19 HCV cross-challenge episodes in chimpanzees. In these cross-challenges, 59% showed seroconversion after challenge, 33% showed reappearance of HCV-associated hepatocellular ultrastructural changes, 5 animals not PCR-positive at the time of challenge showed return of PCR positivity, and 26% developed hepatitis after rechallenge. A total of 74% showed at least one of these signs of reinfection. The frequency of development of serologic and ultrastructural responses was, however, reduced in secondary compared with primary infections (P less than .01). In 10 animals, the cross-challenge was done with heterologous strains, and in 9 with the originally infecting virus. There was no significant difference in the responses to homologous and heterologous challenges. The data suggest relatively weak immunity in HCV infections.
Ovalbumin Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Translation (1973)

Abstract Optimum conditions for translating ovalbumin messenger RNA in a cell-free, protein-synthesizing system derived from rabbit reticulocytes were similar to those for endogenous globin messenger RNA. At suboptimal conditions the translation of ovalbumin messenger RNA was usually inhibited more than globin messenger RNA. Hemin prolonged the synthesis of both proteins, and Q, an inhibitor of initiation formed during incubation, inhibited the translation of both messengers. The rates of elongation on ovalbumin and globin messenger RNA were nearly identical at 0.86 amino acid per s at 26°, and were maintained for at least an hour. After 10 min of incubation, ovalbumin was synthesized on polysomes composed of 9 ribosomes (75% of the maximum size possible), corresponding to a rate of initiation of about 1.1 ribosomes per min at 26°. The size of ovalbumin-synthesizing polysomes gradually fell to 3 during a 70-min incubation. The rate of initiation on globin messenger RNA was about 30% faster than on ovalbumin messenger RNA, but there was a corresponding decrease in this rate during incubation. Ovalbumin messenger RNA was not degraded in the proteinsynthesizing system. These results suggest that protein synthesis stops in this system due to a failure of polypeptide initiation. The efficiency of messenger RNA translation was estimated by two independent methods. Both methods indicate that each globin messenger RNA was translated about 70 times during a 90-min incubation. Each ovalbumin messenger RNA was translated about 45 times according to one method, but only up to 18 times by the other. The ratio of the values obtained by these two methods is a means of estimating the percentage of active messenger in an RNA preparation.
Effect of the product layer on the kinetics of the CO2‐lime reaction (1983)

Abstract The kinetics of reaction between CO 2 and lime is investigated in the range of 673 to 998 K with a view to examining the effects of product layer deposition and variations in the limestone calcination atmosphere. The reaction is initially rapid and chemically controlled and goes through a sudden transition to a much slower regime controlled by diffusion in the product CaCO 3 layer. The magnitude of the estimated product layer diffusivity is in the range of 10 −18 to 10 −21 m 2 /s, the corresponding activation energy is 88.9 ± 3.7 kJ/mol below 688 K and 179.2 ± 7.0 kJ/mol above that temperature, suggestive of solid state diffusion. Plausible mechanisms are discussed.
Electrically Induced Optical Emission from a Carbon Nanotube FET (2003)

Polarized infrared optical emission was observed from a carbon nanotube ambipolar field-effect transistor (FET). An effective forward-biased p-n junction, without chemical dopants, was created in the nanotube by appropriately biasing the nanotube device. Electrical measurements show that the observed optical emission originates from radiative recombination of electrons and holes that are simultaneously injected into the undoped nanotube. These observations are consistent with a nanotube FET model in which thin Schottky barriers form at the source and drain contacts. This arrangement is a novel optical recombination radiation source in which the electrons and holes are injected into a nearly field-free region. Sucha source may form the basis for ultrasmall integrated photonic devices.
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mediates neuroprotection by estrogen in cultured cortical neurons (2000)

It has been shown that estrogen replacement in menopausal women is effective in slowing down the progression of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Although recent studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of estrogen, the precise mechanism of neuroprotection has not been elucidated. In the present study, we show that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) cascade is involved in the neuroprotective mechanism stimulated by estrogen. Exposure to glutamate reduced the viability of rat primary cortical neurons. Pretreatment with 10 nM 17β-estradiol significantly attenuated the glutamate-induced toxicity. This neuroprotective effect of 17β-estradiol was blocked by co-administration with LY294002, a selective PI3-K inhibitor, but not by co-administration with PD98059, a selective mitogen activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor. Pretreatment with ICI182780, a specific estrogen receptor antagonist, also blocked the neuroprotection. Immunoblotting assay revealed that treatment with 17β-estradiol induced the phosphorylation of Akt/PKB, an effector immediately downstream of PI3-K. These results suggest that PI3-K mediates the neuroprotective effect of 17β-estradiol against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. J. Neurosci. Res. 60:321–327, 2000 © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Liposomes, lipid A, and aluminum hydroxide enhance the immune response to a synthetic malaria sporozoite antigen (1988)

A liposome-encapsulated cloned protein (R32tet32) containing sequences from the tetrapeptide repeat region of the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites was examined for immunogenicity with rabbits and monkeys. Effects of adjuvants were tested by encapsulation of the antigen in liposomes either lacking or containing lipid A and adsorption with aluminum hydroxide (ALUM). When rabbits were immunized with R32tet32 alone, a primary antibody response was not seen and a secondary response did not appear until 32 to 36 weeks after boosting. Immunization with ALUM-adsorbed R32tet32 resulted in a minimal primary antibody response. A moderate secondary antibody response was detected within 2 weeks after boosting, but antibody levels decreased to preimmunization levels 8 weeks after boosting. When R32tet32 was encapsulated in liposomes containing lipid A, strong primary and secondary antibody responses were observed. Strong primary and secondary responses also were obtained when R32tet32 was encapsulated in liposomes either containing or lacking lipid A and the liposomes were adsorbed with ALUM. The strongest antibody response was obtained by immunization with ALUM-adsorbed liposomes containing lipid A and R32tet32, suggesting that the adjuvant effects of liposomes, lipid A, and ALUM were additive or synergistic.
An Evaluation of the Maximum Tag Burden for Implantation of Acoustic Transmitters in Juvenile Chinook Salmon (2010)

Abstract A substantial percentage of the Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss smolts that emigrate to the ocean each year are smaller than 110 mm (fork length). However, relatively few researchers have implanted acoustic transmitters in fish of this size, and none have reported minimum fish lengths below 110 mm for which the tag burden did not negatively influence growth or survival. The influence of a surgically implanted acoustic microtransmitter and a passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag on the growth and survival of hatchery-reared juvenile Chinook salmon was examined over a period of 30 d. Growth and survival were compared between treatment (tagged) and control (untagged) fish within three size-groups (80–89, 90–99, and 100–109 mm). The acoustic microtransmitter and PIT tag implanted in our study had a combined weight of 0.74 g; the combined tag burden for implanted fish ranged from 4.5% to 15.7%. The results indicated that growth and survival among implanted juvenile Chinook salmon were size dependent. Significant differences in growth rate and survival were observed between treatment and control fish in the 80–89-mm group. The survival of implanted fish smaller than 11.1 g (tag burden, &amp;gt;6.7%) and the growth of fish smaller than 9.0 g (tag burden, &amp;gt;8.2%) were negatively affected by the implantation or presence of an acoustic microtransmitter and PIT tag. The results of this study will aid researchers in determining the minimum fish size suitable for use in acoustic telemetry studies that estimate the short-term (30-d) survival and growth of juvenile salmonids.
Humanin: A Novel Central Regulator of Peripheral Insulin Action (2009)

We conclude that the decline in HN with age could play a role in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases including AD and T2DM. HN represents a novel link between T2DM and neurodegeneration and along with its analogues offers a potential therapeutic tool to improve insulin action and treat T2DM.
PCNA function in the activation and strand direction of MutLα endonuclease in mismatch repair (2010)

MutLα (MLH1-PMS2) is a latent endonuclease that is activated in a mismatch-, MutSα-, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-, replication factor C (RFC)-, and ATP-dependent manner, with nuclease action directed to the heteroduplex strand that contains a preexisting break. RFC depletion experiments and use of linear DNAs indicate that RFC function in endonuclease activation is limited to PCNA loading. Whereas nicked circular heteroduplex DNA is a good substrate for PCNA loading and for endonuclease activation on the incised strand, covalently closed, relaxed circular DNA is a poor substrate for both reactions. However, covalently closed supercoiled or bubble-containing relaxed heteroduplexes, which do support PCNA loading, also support MutLα activation, but in this case cleavage strand bias is largely abolished. Based on these findings we suggest that PCNA has two roles in MutLα function: The clamp is required for endonuclease activation, an effect that apparently involves interaction of the two proteins, and by virtue of its loading orientation, PCNA determines the strand direction of MutLα incision. These results also provide a potential mechanism for activation of mismatch repair on nonreplicating DNA, an effect that may have implications for the somatic phase of triplet repeat expansion.
Frequency tracking in power networks in the presence of harmonics (1993)

Three new techniques for frequency measurement are proposed. The first is a modified zero-crossing method using curve fitting of voltage samples. The second method is based on polynomial fitting of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) quasi-stationary phasor data for calculation of the rate of change of the positive sequence phase angle. The third method operates on a complex signal obtained by the standard technique of quadrature demodulation. All three methods are characterized by immunity to reasonable amounts of noise and harmonics in power systems. The performance of the proposed techniques is illustrated for several scenarios by computer simulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Histological studies of whisker regeneration in the hooded rat (1966)

ABSTRACT A histological study has been made of the follicular changes which occur in vibrissa follicles both after the removal of the dermal papilla alone and the removal of various lengths of follicle root (‘root ends’). The dermal papilla of the vibrissa follicle is not always a discrete and permanent entity, as it has been suggested to be in the feather follicle, since it can be regenerated. No whisker is produced from a follicle or follicle remnant unless a dermal papilla is first regenerated. Dermal papillae regenerate by tissue reorganization at, or just above, the puncture in the base of, or the cut across, the capsule. After removal of the dermal papilla alone, a new papilla of apparently normal size is regenerated, but dermal papillae which regenerate after removal of root ends are smaller than normal. Examination of follicles after the removal of root ends demonstrates that the regeneration of dermal papillae and then whiskers occurs only within the lower third of the vibrissa follicle; there is little or no permanent lengthening, or shortening, of the follicle remnant—whether whiskers are regenerated or not. However, lengths of follicle remaining after removing root ends from within the upper two-thirds of the follicle persist—even though dermal papillae do not regenerate and no fibre production occurs. The histological evidence strongly suggests that cells from the mesenchymal layer contribute to and possibly become the new dermal papilla. After removal of the dermal papilla or root end the outer root sheath cells coalesce to form a column or rod. Basophilia arises within the proximal end of this rod, over which the mesenchymal cells aggregate. These cells form the dermal papilla, first as a small indentation which then increases in size whilst acquiring a strongly basophilic ectodermal matrix.
BRIDGE LAWS IN HYPERTEXT: A LOGIC MODELING APPROACH (1991)

Increasingly, computerized systems tend to delegate certain portions of their functionality to other systems. This is routinely done by systems that use Data Base Management Systems (DBMS) to manage their data. The DBMS is in charge of all data related operations. A similar phenomena is emerging in the area of graphical user-interfaces. As more of these delegation phenomena occur, the establishment of flexible communication channels for the different applications becomes increasingly important. We propose to achieve this communication by establishing a set of relationships between the applications. These relationships will be specified by bridge laws, i.e. laws that establish bridges between different domains. We concentrate on a particular example: coupling arbitrary applications to a hypertext user interface. In terms of the discussion above, one of the systems in consideration is fixed. We study the elements that are needed in order to establish effective bridge laws. We do this by defining a general framework and providing two examples. The first example deals with a Data Base Management System, and the second one with a model management system. The examples show that in order to achieve effective interaction between a system and a hypertext interface, some meta-knowledge is required. We extrapolate from our experiments to conclude the type of general properties of bridge laws that are necessary to achieve this high level type of process communication.
Cyclin E expression is correlated with tumor progression and predicts a poor prognosis in patients with ovarian carcinoma (2006)

Cyclin E was identified as an independent prognostic factor in patients with ovarian carcinoma. The accumulation of cyclin E protein may be a late event in tumorigenesis and may contribute to disease progression in these patients.
Professional development for heads: the role of mentoring (1995)

Mentoring is an important mode of professional development in many countries. It involves an experienced colleague supporting the development of a new principal. Reports the findings of one aspect of a major national research project on mentoring and teacher education in England and Wales. Considers the nature and purpose of mentoring and examines the “match” between mentor and the new headteacher. Reports on the benefits of mentoring for new principals, mentors and the educational system, and discusses certain limitations of this approach to professional development. Presents several conceptual models of the mentor relationship and reports that the dominant normative conception is that of peer support. Concludes that mentoring is valuable in supporting principals as they adapt to their new role but it may lack the rigour to be a really effective mode of professional development.
Phase II prostate cancer vaccine trial: Report of a study involving 37 patients with disease recurrence following primary treatment (1999)

About 30% of study participants in this group showed a positive response at the conclusion of the trial. This study suggests that DC-based cancer vaccines may provide an alternative therapy for prostate cancer patients whose primary treatment failed.