gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Administration of Interleukin 12 With Pulse Interleukin 2 and the Rapid and Complete Eradication of Murine Renal Carcinoma (1996)

IL-12 administered in combination with pulse IL-2 induced rapid and complete regression of primary and metastatic Renca tumors and displayed greater antitumor activity than that observed with either IL-12 or IL-2 alone.
Si Nanowires Grown via the Vapour–Liquid–Solid Reaction (1998)

Si nanowires as thin as 10 nm have been grown using silane gas as the source gas in the Vapour–Liquid–Solid (VLS) reaction. This paper describes the nucleation, growth and oxidation of the wires and a technique developed to control the wire diameter and position. A very thin layer of Au is deposited onto a Si(111) surface at room temperature. Silane gas is then introduced into the chamber as the VLS Si source gas and the temperature is raised to 300 to 700 °C. Initially a catalytically active Au surface phase which coats the surface leads to the growth of a defective epitaxial Si layer. As Au/Si molten alloy balls nucleate and grow in size to approach the threshold size for VLS wire growth, which is determined by the Gibbs-Thomson effect, the epitaxial layer growth rate decreases and a transition to Si nanowire growth occurs. The morphology and width of the wires is strongly dependent on the growth temperature and pressure. At low pressure and high temperature relatively thick well-formed wires grow straight up from the substrate surface along the [111] direction. As the temperature is decreased and the pressure is increased thinner wires grow which tend to exhibit growth defects. The Si nanowires can be thinned down by oxidation. A light oxidation yields Si cores which are of the order of 5 nm in diameter. A method to control the position of the Si wires which exploits the difference in Au sticking coefficient on Si and SiO2 surfaces at elevated temperature (T > 540 °C) has recently been developed. Using thermally oxidized Si(111) as a starting substrate, circular holes ≈︂1.5 μm in diameter were etched through the SiO2 to expose the Si. The sample was heated to 700 °C and exposed to a flux of Au atoms. For low Au fluxes (≈︂1×1014 atoms cm—2 s—1) the Au sticking coefficient on the SiO2 surface is negligible at 700 °C but remains unity on the exposed Si surface in the holes. The liquid alloy which forms in the holes during Au deposition is able to agglomerate to form a single ball in each hole. The quantity of Au which contributes to each ball can be controlled because it is determined by the hole size and the total Au dose. When silane gas is then introduced into the chamber each alloy ball grows to form a Si wire of controlled diameter whose position is quasi-controlled by the initial patterning. No wire growth occurs on the SiO2 surface due to the absence of Au. This ability to control the size and position of the Si wires should make it possible to conduct optical and transport measurements on a single wire of known dimensions.
Effect of Hypercapnia on Maximal Voluntary Ventilation and Diaphragm Fatigue in Normal Humans (1999)

Relatively little is known about the combined effects of hypercapnia and fatigue on the human diaphragm. We examined the effects of acute hypercapnia and fatigue in seven subjects by measuring changes in transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) elicited by cervical magnetic stimulation after 2 min maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) while breathing air and also with the inspired PCO(2) increased to 8% for 12 min before and during the MVV. Diaphragm strength was assessed before and at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 90 min after the MVV in both studies with the subjects breathing air. There was no difference in the level of ventilation for each run. Mean (+/- SD) twitch Pdi (TwPdi) fell significantly (p < 0.01) at 20 min after the control and hypercapnic MVV; (30.4 [7.8] to 27.0 [8.1] cm H(2)O control and 30.3 [4.1] to 27.3 [5.0] cm H(2)O CO(2)) and remained significantly (p < 0.01) below baseline. The changes in TwPdi at 20 to 90 min were not significantly different between the control and CO(2) runs. The decrease in TwPdi at 0 min after MVV, however, was greater (15%) in the hypercapnic run than in the control run (8.1%) (p < 0.05) when compared with baseline valves. Hypercapnia does not intensify long lasting fatigue but may reduce diaphragm contractility immediately after MVV.
Inducible antisense RNA targeting amino acid transporter ATB0/ASCT2 elicits apoptosis in human hepatoma cells (2004)

Amino acid transporter B(0)/ASC transporter 2 (ATB(0)/ASCT2) is responsible for most glutamine uptake in human hepatoma cells. Because this transporter is not expressed in normal hepatocytes, we hypothesized that its expression is necessary for growth of human liver cancer cells. To test this hypothesis, Sloan Kettering hepatoma (SK-Hep) cells were stably transfected with an inducible 1.3-kb ATB(0)/ASCT2 antisense RNA expression plasmid under the transcriptional control of mifepristone, a synthetic steroid. Induced antisense RNA expression in monolayer cultures decreased ATB(0)/ASCT2 mRNA levels by 73% and glutamine transport rates by 65% compared with controls after 24 h, leading to a 98% decrease in cell number after 48 h. Cellular death was attributable to apoptosis based on cellular blebbing, caspase-3 activation, vital dye and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining, and poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Transporter knockdown also markedly increased activities of caspases-2 and -9, marginally enhanced caspase-8 activity, and dramatically increased ASCT1 mRNA levels, presumably as a futile compensatory response. Apoptosis elicited via transporter silencing was not attributable to the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) pathway. For comparison, glutamine deprivation also caused apoptotic cell death but with slower temporal kinetics, stimulated caspases-2 and -3 but not caspases-8 or -9 activities, and led to considerable PARP cleavage. Thus ASCT2 suppression exerts proapoptotic effects transcending those of glutamine starvation alone. We conclude that ATB(0)/ASCT2 expression is necessary for SK-Hep cell growth and viability and suggest that it be further explored as a selective target for human hepatocellular carcinoma.
Retrospective study of the correlation between the DNA repair protein alkyltransferase and survival of brain tumor patients treated with carmustine. (1996)

We tested the hypothesis that the level of the DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase in brain tumors was correlated with resistance to carmustine (BCNU) chemotherapy. Alkyltransferase levels in individual cells in sections from 167 primary brain tumors treated with BCNU were quantitated with an immunofluorescence assay using monoclonal antibodies against human alkyltransferase. Patients with high levels of alkyltransferase had shorter time to treatment failure (P = 0.05) and death (P = 0.004) and a death rate 1.7 times greater than patients with low alkyltransferase levels. Furthermore, the size of the subpopulation of cells with high levels of alkyltransferase was correlated directly with drug resistance. For all tumors the variables most closely correlated with survival, in order of importance, were age, tumor grade, and alkyltransferase levels. For glioblastoma multiforme, survival was more strongly correlated with alkyltransferase levels than with age. These results should encourage prospective studies to evaluate alkyltransferase levels as a method, for identifying brain tumor patients with the best likelihood of response to BCNU chemotherapy.
Distinct Expression Pattern of Two Related Human Proteins Containing Multiple Types of Protease-Inhibitory Modules (2002)

We have recently identified a gene (the WFIKKN gene) on human chromosome 16 (16p13.3) that encodes a secreted protein containing WAP-type, Follistatin/ Kazal type, Kunitz-type and NTR-type protease-inhibitory modules and an Immunoglobulin domain [Trexler et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98 (2001), 3705 - 3709]. In the present work we show that a gene on chromosome 17 encodes a WFIKKN-related protein (WFIKKNRP) that has the same domain organization as the WFIKKN protein. The exon-intron structure of the two genes is also similar as both genes have a single phase 0 intron that splits their WAP domains in equivalent positions. In view of the presence of several protease inhibitory modules in these proteins it seems likely that they serve to control the action of multiple types of proteases. The tissue expression pattern of the two proteins, however, is markedly different suggesting that they have distinct biological roles. Whereas the WFIKKN gene is expressed primarily in adult pancreas, liver and thymus but not in brain and ovary, significant expression of the WFIKKNRP gene is observed in ovary, testis and brain, but not in liver. Pronounced differences could also be seen in the case of fetal tissues: expression of the WFIKKN gene was highest in the lung, skeletal muscle and liver, whereas the WFIKKNRP gene was expressed primarily in brain, skeletal muscle, thymus and kidney.
A Whole-Organ Regenerative Medicine Approach for Liver Replacement (2011)

Whole-organ liver decellularization is possible with maintenance of structure and composition suitable to support functional hepatocytes.
The Effects of Cannabidiol and Prognostic Role of TRPV2 in Human Endometrial Cancer (2020)

Several studies support, both in vitro and in vivo, the anti-cancer effects of cannabidiol (CBD), a transient receptor potential vanilloid 2 (TRPV2) ligand. TRPV2, often dysregulated in tumors, is associated with altered cell proliferation and aggressiveness. Endometrial cancer (EC) is historically divided in type I endometrioid EC and type II non-endometrioid EC, associated with poor prognosis. Treatment options with chemotherapy and combinations with radiation showed only limited efficacy. Since no data are reported concerning TRPV2 expression as well as CBD potential effects in EC, the aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of TRPV2 in biopsies and cell lines as well as the effects of CBD in in vitro models. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), cell viability, migration, and chemo-resistance have been evaluated. Results show that TRPV2 expression increased with the malignancy of the cancer tissue and correlated with shorter PFS (<i>p</i> = 0.0224). Moreover, in vitro TRPV2 over-expression in Ishikawa cell line increased migratory ability and response to cisplatin. CBD reduced cell viability, activating predominantly apoptosis in type I cells and autophagy in mixed type EC cells. The CBD improved chemotherapeutic drugs cytotoxic effects, enhanced by TRPV2 over-expression. Hence, TRPV2 could be considered as a marker for optimizing the therapy and CBD might be a useful therapeutic option as adjuvant therapy.
Preclinical update on BOTOX® (botulinum toxin type A)‐purified neurotoxin complex relative to other botulinurn neurotoxin preparations (1999)

Ongoing investigations evaluated clinically relevant properties of BOTOX® (botulinum toxin type A) relative to other botulinum neurotoxin preparations based on the same (type A) or different (types B, C, E and F) serotypes. The mouse Digit Abduction Scoring (DAS) assay was used to compare muscle weakening efficacy, the antigenic potential of two BOTOX® preparations was measured in rabbits, and the presence of antibodies to serotypes A and B was analysed in humans. BOTOX® and new BOTOX® produced similar degrees of dose‐related muscle weakness in mice. Both preparations of BOTOX® were approximately four times more potent than Dysport®. Preparations of serotypes B, C, and F also demonstrated lower potency than BOTOX®, with serotype F also having a shorter duration of action. Neutralising antibodies were found in rabbits 3 months post‐treatment with BOTOX®, but were undetected 8 months post‐treatment with new BOTOX®. A high incidence of antibodies to type B was observed in individuals with no known exposure to type B toxin: highest in groups with the highest incidence of type A antibodies. The safety margin for BOTOX®, calculated using DAS median effective dose (ED,) and the minimum dose producing a 10% reduction in body weight, was more than twice that of Dysport®. In conclusion, each botulinum toxin serotype tested exhibited a different muscle weakening efficacy; BOTOX® consistently exhibited the greatest eficacy. Importantly, BOTOX® and Dysport® exhibited markedly different efficacy and safety profiles, and should not be considered interchangeable. Antibody distribution in humans suggests that there may be immunological cross‐reactivity between serotypes A and B.
Synthesis and Structure of the Marine Ascidian 8-Oxoadenine Aplidiamine. (1999)

Alkylation of 8-oxoadenosine (13) with 4-benzyloxy-3, 5-dibromobenzyl bromide (20), followed by Dimroth rearrangement and acid hydrolysis, provided N-(3, 5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzyl)-8-oxoadenosine (15). The 2'-deoxy version of this reaction sequence accomplished the first synthesis of N-(3, 5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzyl)-8-oxodenine (16), which is the correct expression for marine ascidian purine aplidiamine.
A Bisphosphepine Ligand with Stereogenic Phosphorus Centers for the Practical Synthesis of β‐Aryl‐β‐Amino Acids by Asymmetric Hydrogenation (2003)

Excellent enantioselectivities and reactivities were observed in the hydrogenation of a variety of methyl (Z)-β-aryl-β-(acetylamino)acrylates in the presence of a rhodium catalyst with the chiral ligand binapine (see scheme). This bisbinaphthophosphepine ligand has stereogenic phosphorus centers and shows promise as a powerful ligand for application in the synthesis of chiral β-aryl-β-amino acids by asymmetric hydrogenation.
A Way Memoization Technique for Reducing Power Consumption of Caches in Application Specific Integrated Processors (2005)

This paper presents a technique for eliminating redundant cache-tag and cache-way accesses to reduce power consumption. The basic idea is to keep a small number of most recently used (MRU) addresses in a memory address buffer (MAB) and to omit redundant tag and way accesses when there is a MAB-hit. Since the approach keeps only tag and set-index values in the MAB, the energy and area overheads are relatively small even for a MAB with a large number of entries. Furthermore, the approach does not sacrifice the performance. In other words, neither the cycle time nor the number of executed cycles increases. The proposed technique has been applied to the Fujitsu VLIW processor (FR-V) and its power saving has been estimated using NanoSim. Experiments for 32 kB 2-way set associative caches show the power consumption of I-cache and D-cache can be reduced by 40% and 50%, respectively.
Significance of C-terminal cysteine modifications to the biological activity of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae a-factor mating pheromone. (1991)

We have undertaken total synthesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae a-factor (NH2-YIIKGVFWDPAC[S-farnesyl]-COOCH3) and several Cys-12 analogs to determine the significance of S-farnesylation and carboxy-terminal methyl esterification to the biological activity of this lipopeptide mating pheromone. Replacement of either the farnesyl group or the carboxy-terminal methyl ester by a hydrogen atom resulted in marked reduction but not total loss of bioactivity as measured by a variety of assays. Moreover, both the farnesyl and methyl ester groups could be replaced by other substituents to produce biologically active analogs. The bioactivity of a-factor decreased as the number of prenyl units on the cysteine sulfur decreased from three to one, and an a-factor analog having the S-farnesyl group replaced by an S-hexadecanyl group was more active than an S-methyl a-factor analog. Thus, with two types of modifications, a-factor activity increased as the S-alkyl group became bulkier and more hydrophobic. MATa cells having deletions of the a-factor structural genes (mfal1 mfa2 mutants) were capable of mating with either sst2 or wild-type MAT alpha cells in the presence of exogenous a-factor, indicating that it is not absolutely essential for MATa cells to actively produce a-factor in order to mate. Various a-factor analogs were found to partially restore mating to these strains as well, and their relative activities in the mating restoration assay were similar to their activities in the other assays used in this study. Mating was not restored by addition of exogenous a-factor to a cross of a wild-type MAT alpha strain and a MATaste6 mutant, indicating a role of the STE6 gene product in mating in addition to its secretion of a-factor.
Pattern Formation in a Tunable Medium: The Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction in an Aerosol OT Microemulsion (2001)

Turing structures, standing waves, oscillatory clusters, and accelerating waves have been found in the spatially extended Belousov-Zhabotinsky system dispersed in water droplets of a reverse AOT microemulsion. The variety of patterns is determined by the tunable microstructure of the medium, i.e., by the concentration and size of water droplets. We propose a simple model to describe this system.
MacNOTIS user interface development and test (1994)

The MacNOTIS interface development and test used the Apple Macintosh, HyperCard, and MitemView communications software to develop and test an intuitive interface to NOTIS systems. While the concept and design were viewed favorably by the users, technical and speed issues made the interface too slow for widespread use. MacNOTIS pointed the way to several interface enhancements that should be incorporated in future NOTIS user interfaces.
HENet:A Highly Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks Optimized for Accuracy, Speed and Storage (2018)

In order to enhance the real-time performance of convolutional neural networks(CNNs), more and more researchers are focusing on improving the efficiency of CNN. Based on the analysis of some CNN architectures, such as ResNet, DenseNet, ShuffleNet and so on, we combined their advantages and proposed a very efficient model called Highly Efficient Networks(HENet). The new architecture uses an unusual way to combine group convolution and channel shuffle which was mentioned in ShuffleNet. Inspired by ResNet and DenseNet, we also proposed a new way to use element-wise addition and concatenation connection with each block. In order to make greater use of feature maps, pooling operations are removed from HENet. The experiments show that our model's efficiency is more than 1 times higher than ShuffleNet on many open source datasets, such as CIFAR-10/100 and SVHN.
An immunodominant 90-kilodalton Aspergillus fumigatus antigen is the subunit of a catalase (1995)

We have identified, purified, and characterized structurally and functionally a 90-kDa immunodominant antigen associated with the water-soluble fraction of Aspergillus fumigatus. This antigen is recognized by 90.3% of serum samples from patients with aspergilloma and should be considered either by itself or better in combination with other purified antigens as a candidate for developing a standardized immunoassay for the detection of aspergilloma. p90 is a glycoprotein containing at least two two N-linked sugar chains of 2 and 5 kDa, respectively, which are not necessary for its reactivity with aspergilloma serum samples. Using specific anti-p90 rabbit serum, we have demonstrated that under native conditions, p90 exists in oligomeric form and has associated catalase activity. This activity is resistant to extreme temperatures (> 60 degrees C), reducing agents (40 mM dithiothreitol), high concentrations of denaturing agents such as 8 M urea and 8% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and treatments with ethanol-chloroform-water (5:3:10 [vol/vol]) mixtures.
Comparison of glycolipids in various human leukemia cells. (1987)

Glycolipids from human leukemia cells were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography, enzymatic hydrolysis and high-performance thin-layer chromatography with immunostaining by the use of mouse monoclonal antibody. Glucosylceramide, lactosylceramide, and ganglioside GM3 were found in various leukemia cases. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells contained little or none of the glycolipids with lacto-series structures such as neolactotetraosylceramide (nLc4Cer), NeuAc alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-Cer, or NeuAc alpha 2-6Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc beta 1-Cer (IV6NeuAc-nLc4Cer), which were found in every case of various myeloid leukemias. GM3 was a major ganglioside (45-100%) in acute leukemia cells, whereas IV6NeuAc-nLc4Cer was a major one (37%) in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.
Pti4 Is Induced by Ethylene and Salicylic Acid, and Its Product Is Phosphorylated by the Pto Kinase (2000)

The tomato Pti4 gene encodes a transcription factor that was identified on the basis of its specific interaction with the product of the Pto disease resistance gene in a yeast two-hybrid system. We show here that the Pti4 protein specifically binds the GCC-box cis element, which is present in the promoter region of many pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. Expression of the Pti4 gene in tomato leaves was rapidly induced by ethylene and by infection with Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato, and this induction preceded expression of GCC-box-containing PR genes. Although salicylic acid also induced Pti4 gene expression, it did not induce GCC-box PR genes. Rather, salicylic acid antagonized ethylene-mediated expression of GCC-box PR genes. We demonstrate that the Pti4 protein is specifically phosphorylated by the Pto kinase and that this phosphorylation enhances binding of Pti4 to the GCC box. In addition, induced overexpression of Pto and Pti4 in tomato leaves resulted in a concomitant increase in GCC-box PR genes. Our results support a model in which phosphorylation of the Pti4 protein by the Pto kinase enhances the ability of Pti4 to activate expression of GCC-box PR genes in tomato.
Antinociceptive potency of aminoglycoside antibiotics and magnesium chloride: a comparative study on models of phasic and incisional pain in rats (2002)

A close relationship exists between calcium concentration in the central nervous system and nociceptive processing. Aminoglycoside antibiotics and magnesium interact with N- and P/Q-type voltage-operated calcium channels. In the present study we compare the antinociceptive potency of intrathecal administration of aminoglycoside antibiotics and magnesium chloride in the tail-flick test and on incisional pain in rats, taken as models of phasic and persistent post-surgical pain, respectively. The order of potency in the tail-flick test was gentamicin (ED50 = 3.34 microg; confidence limits 2.65 and 4.2) > streptomycin (5.68 microg; 3.76 and 8.57) = neomycin (9.22 microg; 6.98 and 12.17) > magnesium (19.49 microg; 11.46 and 33.13). The order of potency to reduce incisional pain was gentamicin (ED50 = 2.06 microg; confidence limits 1.46 and 2.9) > streptomycin (47.86 microg; 26.3 and 87.1) = neomycin (83.17 microg; 51.6 and 133.9). The dose-response curves for each test did not deviate significantly from parallelism. We conclude that neomycin and streptomycin are more potent against phasic pain than against persistent pain, whereas gentamicin is equipotent against both types of pain. Magnesium was less potent than the antibiotics and effective in the tail-flick test only.