gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New plant disease record in New Zealand (1976)

This covered smut of ryegrass was detected at the Seed Testing Station in a seed sample from a certified ryegrass crop grown at Timaru. Only one infected seed was found in the sample. Superficially, there was little to distinguish between the infected and sound seed. The infected seed appeared to have a slightly shorter and swollen caryopsis and was softer than normal. When viewed over transmitted light, the caryopsis was darker in colour than that of uninfected seed. The spore mass, which replaced the caryopsis, was light cinnamon brown, pulverulent to semi‐indurate.
Optimal Contrast Application for Cardiac 4-Detector-Row Computed Tomography (2003)

The injection of approximately 1 g iodine/s resulted in an optimal (250-300 HU) contrast enhancement for cardiac 4-detector-row computed tomography.
Fermi level depinning and contact resistivity reduction using a reduced titania interlayer in n-silicon metal-insulator-semiconductor ohmic contacts (2014)

Experimental evidence of reduction of ultrathin TiO2 by Ti is presented and its effect on Fermi level depinning and contact resistivity reduction to Si is experimentally studied. A low effective barrier height of 0.15 V was measured with a Ti/10 Å TiO2−x/n-Si MIS device, indicating 55% reduction compared to a metal/n-Si control contact. Ultra-low contact resistivity of 9.1 × 10−9 Ω-cm2 was obtained using Ti/10 Å TiO2−x/n+ Si, which is a dramatic 13X reduction from conventional unannealed contacts on heavily doped Si. Transport through the MIS device incorporating the effect of barrier height reduction and insulator conductivity as a function of insulator thickness is comprehensively analyzed and correlated with change in contact resistivity. Low effective barrier height, high substrate doping, and high conductivity interfacial layer are identified as key requirements to obtain low contact resistivity using MIS contacts.
Comparison of Microbiological, Histological, and Immunomodulatory Parameters in Response to Treatment with Either Combination Therapy with Prednisone and Metronidazole or Probiotic VSL#3 Strains in Dogs with Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2014)

A protective effect of VSL#3 strains was observed in dogs with IBD, with a significant decrease in clinical and histological scores and a decrease in CD3+ T-cell infiltration. Protection was associated with an enhancement of regulatory T-cell markers (FoxP3+ and TGF-β+), specifically observed in the probiotic-treated group and not in animals receiving combination therapy. A normalization of dysbiosis after long-term therapy was observed in the probiotic group. Larger scale studies are warranted to evaluate the clinical efficacy of VSL#3 in canine IBD.
Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: Consensus Statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society (2013)

Owing to severe underdiagnosis and undertreatment of FH, there is an urgent worldwide need for diagnostic screening together with early and aggressive treatment of this extremely high-risk condition.
Excessive Proliferation Matched by Excessive Apoptosis in Myelodysplastic Syndromes: The Cause-Effect Relationship (1997)

The paradox of pancytopenia despite cellular bone marrows (BM) was investigated in 120 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Detailed cell cycle kinetics were examined following in vivo infusions of iodo--and/or bromodeoxyuridine (IUdR/BrdU), while the incidence of apoptosis was measured by in situ end labeling (ISEL) of fragmented DNA. Results showed that MDS are highly proliferative disorders with an equally high incidence of apoptotic intramedullary cell death accounting for the paradox of cellularity/cytopenia. By double-labeling BM biopsy sections for ISEL/BrdU we found the peculiar situation of "signal antonymy" where S-phase cells were frequently apoptotic, a phenomenon so far only seen in MDS biopsies. The cause-effect relationship of this excessive proliferation/apoptosis is discussed at length.
Highly Variable Microbiota Development in the Chicken Gastrointestinal Tract (2013)

Studies investigating the role that complex microbiotas associated with animals and humans play in health and wellbeing have been greatly facilitated by advances in DNA sequencing technology. Due to the still relatively high sequencing costs and the expense of establishing and running animal trials and collecting clinical samples, most of the studies reported in the literature are limited to a single trial and relatively small numbers of samples. Results from different laboratories, investigating similar trials and samples, have often produced quite different pictures of microbiota composition. This study investigated batch to batch variations in chicken cecal microbiota across three similar trials, represented by individually analysed samples from 207 birds. Very different microbiota profiles were found across the three flocks. The flocks also differed in the efficiency of nutrient use as indicated by feed conversion ratios. In addition, large variations in the microbiota of birds within a single trial were noted. It is postulated that the large variability in microbiota composition is due, at least in part, to the lack of colonisation of the chicks by maternally derived bacteria. The high hygiene levels maintained in modern commercial hatcheries, although effective in reducing the burden of specific diseases, may have the undesirable effect of causing highly variable bacterial colonization of the gut. Studies in humans and other animals have previously demonstrated large variations in microbiota composition when comparing individuals from different populations and from different environments but this study shows that even under carefully controlled conditions large variations in microbiota composition still occur.
JUNCTION LASERS WHICH OPERATE CONTINUOUSLY AT ROOM TEMPERATURE (1970)

Double-heterostructure GaAs–Alx Ga1−x As injection lasers which operate continuously at heat-sink temperatures as high as 311°K have been fabricated by liquid-phase epitaxy. Thresh-olds for square diodes as low as 100 A/cm2 and for Fabry-Perot diodes as low as 1600 A/cm2 have been obtained. Some details of preparation and properties are given.
Listeria monocytogenesas a vector for tumor-associated antigens for cancer immunotherapy (2006)

As a facultative intracellular bacterium, Listeria monocytogenes has adapted to live within the cytosol of the host cell. It is actively taken up by antigen-presenting cells through phagocytosis, and as Listeria survive within these cells, it is an ideal vector for the delivery of antigens to be processed and presented through both the class I and II antigen-processing pathways. Once phagocytosed, Listeria produces virulence factors within the phagolysosome of the host cell, which allows it to break out of this organelle and live in the host cytosol. It is possible that these virulence factors can enhance the immunogenicity of tumor-associated antigens, which are poorly immunogenic. Recent progress in the development of this bacterium as a vaccine vector for tumor-associated antigens is discussed in the context of bacterial vectors in general. In several mouse models, Listeria-based vaccines have been demonstrated to be an effective method of influencing tumor growth and eliciting potent antitumor immune responses. Safety issues and the transition of Listeria into human clinical trials will also be discussed in this review.
Diagnosis and Management of Smallpox (2002)

The last case of endemic smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977, and eradication of the disease was declared in 1980. With no natural reservoir, variola virus, which causes smallpox, has existed only in laboratories; indeed, the last case of smallpox was due to infection acquired in a laboratory in the United Kingdom in 1978. During the global program of smallpox eradication, the World Health Organization (WHO) made concerted efforts to decrease the number of laboratories retaining variola virus. On the basis of contacts with all countries and a total of 823 microbiology institutions, 76 such laboratories had been identified by . . .
Parametric Testing of Chevrons on Single Flow Hot Jets (2004)

A parametric family of chevron nozzles have been studied, looking for relationships between chevron geometric parameters, flow characteristics, and far-field noise. Both cold and hot conditions have been run at acoustic Mach number 0.9. Ten models have been tested, varying chevron count, penetration, length, and chevron symmetry. Four comparative studies were defined from these datasets which show: that chevron length is not a major impact on either flow or sound; that chevron penetration increases noise at high frequency and lowers it at low frequency, especially for low chevron counts; that chevron count is a strong player with good low frequency reductions being achieved with high chevron count without strong high frequency penalty; and that chevron asymmetry slightly reduces the impact of the chevron. Finally, it is shown that although the hot jets differ systematically from the cold one, the overall trends with chevron parameters is the same.
Glucose Metabolism Attenuates p53 and Puma-dependent Cell Death upon Growth Factor Deprivation (2008)

Growth factor stimulation and oncogenic transformation lead to increased glucose metabolism that may provide resistance to cell death. We have previously demonstrated that elevated glucose metabolism characteristic of stimulated or cancerous cells can stabilize the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Mcl-1 through inhibition of GSK-3. Here we show that the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein, Puma, is also metabolically regulated. Growth factor deprivation led to the loss of glucose uptake and induction of Puma. Maintenance of glucose uptake after growth factor withdrawal by expression of the glucose transporter, Glut1, however, suppressed Puma up-regulation and attenuated growth factor withdrawal-induced activation of Bax, DNA fragmentation, and cell death. Conversely, glucose deprivation led to Puma induction even in the presence of growth factor. This regulation of Puma expression was a central component in cell death as a consequence of growth factor or glucose deprivation because Puma deficiency suppressed both of these cell death pathways. Puma induction in growth factor or glucose withdrawal was dependent on p53 in cell lines and in activated primary T lymphocytes because p53 deficiency suppressed Puma induction and delayed Bax and caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and loss of clonogenic survival. Importantly, although p53 levels did not change or were slightly reduced, p53 activity was suppressed by elevated glucose metabolism to inhibit Puma induction after growth factor withdrawal. These data show that p53 is metabolically regulated and that glucose metabolism initiates a signaling mechanism to inhibit p53 activation and suppress Puma induction, thus promoting an anti-apoptotic balance to Bcl-2 family protein expression that supports cell survival.
Analysis of the cDNA for phospholipase A2 from honeybee venom glands (1989)

A cDNA expression library was constructed from worker bee venom glands and screened with an antibody against phospho lipase A2. The nucleotide sequence of a positive clone with the largest insert showed an open reading frame that codes for part of the signal peptide, the pro-region and the entire mature enzyme of the bee venom phospholipase A2 precursor. This sequence differs in the central region from the one determined by Shipolini et al. [FEBS Lett. 17, 39-40 (1971)] in showing, among other exchanges, two additional cysteines. The revised sequence of bee venom phospholipase is similar to the pancreatic enzyme in the spacing of cysteines and the presence of several amino acids known to be part of the active site or the Ca2+-binding region in identical positions. Moreover, these parts of the bee protein can be fitted into the three-dimensional structure determined for the bovine pancreatic phospholipase A2 [Dijkstra et al. (1981) Nature 289, 604-606]. Contrary to earlier suggestions, we therefore conclude that the bee venom enzyme shows some homology to phospholipases from mammalian pancreas and snake venoms.
Texture Profile of Tofu as Affected by Instron Parameters and Sample Preparation, and Correlations of Instron Hardness and Springiness with Sensory Scores (2007)

Our objective was to characterize the variations of tofu textural profiles as affected by physical parameters and to correlate the data with that of the sensory method. The textural profiles of 13 selected tofu types were characterized using various crosshead speeds and 2 degrees of penetration using an Instron universal textural machine. Hardness (firmness) and springiness (elasticity) were also analyzed by a descriptive sensory analysis. The results showed that the degree of plunger penetration had a significant impact on textural properties. Hardness values obtained by both levels of penetration correlated significantly (r= 0.94 to 0.95) with the sensory hardness. Springiness obtained by the 50% penetration method did not correlate significantly with the sensory data, whereas 75% penetration had a significant correlation (r= 0.98). Hardness values obtained using tofu specimens without skin correlated better with sensory data than that obtained with skin, which typically results from a pressing step in traditional tofu-making process. The findings were the first in the literature to show linear correlations between instrumental and sensory tofu textural characteristics, and provided a basis for the selection of physical parameters for determining tofu textural properties using an Instron machine.
Antigen conformation determines processing requirements for T-cell activation. (1984)

We studied the difference in requirements for processing and presentation to a single T-cell clone of four different forms of the same epitope of sperm whale myoglobin--namely, on the native protein, on two conformationally altered forms of the protein, or as a 22-residue antigenic peptide fragment. The T-cell clone was I-Ed-restricted and specific for an epitope on the CNBr fragment 132-153 involving Lys-140. As inhibitors of macrophage processing of antigen, we used several agents that inhibit lysosomal function: the weak bases chloroquine and NH4Cl, the cationic ionophore monensin, and the competitive protease inhibitor leupeptin. When these agents were used to inhibit processing of antigen by presenting cells and then washed out before T cells were added to culture, they inhibited the presentation of native antigen but not of fragment 132-153. To our surprise, the intact but denatured form, S-methylmyoglobin, behaved like the fragment not like the native protein. Apomyoglobin was intermediate in susceptibility to inhibition. Thus, native myoglobin requires a processing step that appears to involve lysosomal proteolysis, which is not required by fragment 132-153 or the denatured unfolded forms. For an antigen the size of myoglobin (Mr 17,800), it appears that unfolding of the native conformation, rather than further reduction in size, is the critical parameter determining the need for processing. Since a major difference between native myoglobin and the other forms is the greater accessibility in the latter of sites, such as hydrophobic residues, buried in the native protein, we propose that processing may be necessary to expose these sites, perhaps for interaction with the cell membrane or the Ia of the antigen-presenting cell.
Genetic alteration and expression of the phosphoinositol‐3‐kinase/Akt pathway genes PIK3CA and PIKE in human glioblastomas (2005)

Glioblastomas frequently carry genetic alterations resulting in an aberrant activation of the phosphoinositol-3-kinase (Pi3k)/protein kinase B (Akt) signalling pathway, including most notably phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutation, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification and rearrangement, as well as carboxyl-terminal modulator protein (CTMP) hypermethylation [Knobbe et al., (2004) Hypermethylation and transcriptional downregulation of the carboxyl-terminal modulator protein gene in glioblastomas. J Natl Cancer Institute, 96, 483-486]. Here, we investigated two further Pi3k/Akt pathway genes, namely PIK3CA (3q26.3) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase enhancer (PIKE) (CENTG1, 12q14), for genetic alteration and aberrant expression in a series of 97 primary glioblastomas. Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of PIK3CA revealed somatic mutations in five tumours (5%). Twelve glioblastomas (12%) showed amplification of PIKE with invariable co-amplification of the adjacent CDK4 gene. All tumours with PIKE amplification as well as the vast majority of glioblastomas without amplification demonstrated increased expression of PIKE-A but not PIKE-S/L transcripts as compared with non-neoplastic brain tissue. Taken together, our data support an important role of PIK3CA and PIKE gene aberrations in the molecular pathogenesis of primary glioblastomas.
Different susceptibility of cytotoxic T cells to CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) ligand-mediated cell death after activation in vitro versus in vivo (1996)

To address the question of whether cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTL) activated in vivo are susceptible to cell death mediated by CD95 (Fas/Apo-1) ligand, a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing murine CD95L (vacc CD95L) was constructed, which drives CD95L expression to infected cells. T cells contacting virus-infected cells during priming, killing, or restimulation therefore encounter CD95L on the same cells. CD95L expression in vivo after infection with the vaccinia recombinant was sufficient to induce extensive necrosis in the liver of normal but not of CD95 mutant lpr mice. Fibroblast cell lines infected with this virus specifically killed CD95-transfected target cells and in vitro activated T cells. In contrast, when T cells were activated by a viral infection in vivo, they were not susceptible to CD95L-mediated cell death during the induction, effector, or memory phase in vitro or in vivo. These results suggest no direct role for CD95L in regulating CTL responses in vivo.
USE OF TIME/TEMPERATURE INTEGRATORS, PREDICTIVE MICROBIOLOGY, AND RELATED TECHNOLOGIES FOR ASSESSING THE EXTENT AND IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE ABUSE ON MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS (1995)

ABSTRACT Temperature abuse is a main concern for chilled and/or MAP meat and poultry products since it will not only cause economic loss, but may also lead to a foodborne illness hazard. A major question for such products is whether organoleptic spoilage due to microbial or chemical action will occur before pathogen numbers or toxin levels become a risk when a product undergoes abuse temperatures. Time‐temperature integrators (TTI) have shown potential to indicate or estimate temperature abuse. However knowledge of predictive food microbiology is needed for each food to employ a TTI tag. The simple Monod and the nonlinear Gompertz function can be used to obtain growth parameters (i.e., lag time, exponential growth rate) from kinetic studies of microbial spoilage. The temperature dependence of these parameters is best evaluated by the Arrhenius or the square root model. Effects of temperature on other deteriorative processes can also be described similarly. Three approaches are presented to evaluate the extent and impact of temperature abuse on meat and poultry by use of TTI tags, which include the effective temperature, the equivalent time and the equivalent point approach. Other technologies to evaluate or to reduce the impact of temperature abuse are also discussed .
Targeted delivery of antibody-based therapeutic and imaging agents to CNS tumors: crossing the blood–brain barrier divide (2013)

Preclinical and clinical studies highlight the potential of several approaches in increasing brain tumor delivery across the BBB divide. However, each carries its own risks and challenges. There is tremendous potential in using neuroimaging strategies to assist in understanding and defining the challenges to translating and optimizing molecularly targeted antibody delivery to CNS tumors to improve clinical outcomes.
Some model calculations of carbon cluster growth kinetics (1990)

Simple kinetic mechanisms are used to model the features of ionic carbon clusters that have been observed by laser vaporization mass spectrometry. The basis of the mechanism involves only stepwise addition of small species (C to C3) followed by collisional quenching. The model is used to examine experimental observations including the variation of cluster size distributions with plasma density, the formation of ‘‘magic’’ numbers, the formation of predominantly even clusters, the loss of hydrogen from the clusters in the presence of a hydrogen-containing plasma, and the effect of isomerization of n&amp;gt;31 on the high mass distribution. Substantial agreement between experimental observations and the kinetic model are obtained, and the effect of more complicated processes are discussed.
Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Engineering and Preparation (2011)

Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus that has been used with modification as an oncolytic virus against a number of tumor types. Modifications that make HSV-1 replication--conditional, i.e., selectively divide in replicating cells make it fulfill a prerequisite criteria for oncolytic viruses. Other appealing features of HSV-1 as an oncolytic virus include its large, modifiable genome; its sensitivity to antiviral agents, such as ganciclovir; and its lack of host cell integration. Here, we review the methods of HSV-1 engineering, through traditional recombination techniques as well as through bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) technology. We then describe protocols for titering, amplification, and purification of engineered HSV-1-derived oncolytic viruses.
Robot-assisted urologic surgery in 2010 - Advancements and future outlook (2011)

Robotic surgery is a cutting edge and minimally invasive procedure, which has generated a great deal of excitement in the urologic community. While there has been much advancement in this emerging technology, it is safe to say that robotic urologic surgery holds tremendous potential for progress in the near future. Hence, it is paramount that urologists stay up-to-date regarding new developments in the realm of robotics with respect to novel applications, limitations and opportunities for incorporation into their practice. Robot-assisted surgery provides an enhanced 3D view, increased magnification of the surgical field, better manual dexterity, relatively bloodless field, elimination of surgeon's tremor, reduction in a surgeon's fatigue and mitigation of scattered light. All these factors translate into greater precision of surgical dissection, which is imperative in providing better intraoperative and postoperative outcomes. Pioneering work assessing the feasibility of robotic surgery in urology began in the early 2000's with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy and has since expanded to procedures such as robot-assisted radical cystectomy, robot-assisted partial nephrectomy, robot-assisted nephroureterectomy and robot-assisted pyeloplasty. A MEDLINE search was used to identify recent articles (within the last two years) and publications of specific importance, which highlighted the recent developments and future direction of robotics. This review will use the aforementioned urologic surgeries as vehicles to evaluate the current status and future role of robotics in the advancement of the field of urology.