gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The fascia lata sling procedure for treating recurrent genuine stress incontinence of urine. (1988)

The fascia lata sling procedure has been used over the past 22 years in our unit for treating recurrent urinary stress incontinence when irreparably poor local support tissues were suspected. Sixty-nine patients had undergone one previous operation to correct urinary stress incontinence. One hundred one patients had two or more previous operations. The cure rate for the condition of genuine stress incontinence has been 100% in the last 148 cases and 98.2% overall. However, the cure rate for the symptom of urinary stress incontinence was 92.4%. There were only three sling failures in the entire series, occurring in the first 22 cases. Ten other patients had urinary incontinence with stress because of motor urge incontinence. The most troublesome postoperative problem has been delayed voiding.
Cell Specific Aptamer–Photosensitizer Conjugates as a Molecular Tool in Photodynamic Therapy (2007)

Photodynamic therapy for tumors. This paper describes the application of a molecular construct of a photosensitizer and an aptamer for phototherapeutically targeting tumor cells. Coupled with the advantages of the cell-SELEX in generating multiple effective aptamers for diseased cell recognition, we will be able to develop highly efficient photosensitizer-based therapeutic reagents for clinical applications. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2452/2008/z700260_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Studies of nucleosides and nucleotides. LXXXII. Cyclonucleosides. (39). Synthesis and properties of 2'-halogeno-2'-deoxyadenosines. (1978)

9-(2'-O-Methanesulfonyl- or trifluoromethanesulfonyl-3', 5'-di-O-tetrahydropyranyl-β-D-arabinofuranosyl) adenine (Ia, b) were reacted with lithium chloride or tetrabutylammonium halide to yield 2'-halogeno-2'-deoxy compounds (IIa-d). These halogeno compounds were deprotected with 80% acetic acid to give 2'-chloro-, 2'-bromo-, 2'-fluoro and 2'-iodo-2'-deoxyadenosine (IVa-d) in overall yields of 12-25% from the compound I. Ultraviolet absorption properties, 1H and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectral properties were recorded on the compounds IVa-d.
Physics-based motion capture imitation with deep reinforcement learning (2018)

We introduce a deep reinforcement learning method that learns to control articulated humanoid bodies to imitate given target motions closely when simulated in a physics simulator. The target motion, which may not have been seen by the agent and can be noisy, is supplied at runtime. Our method can recover balance from moderate external disturbances and keep imitating the target motion. When subjected to large disturbances that cause the humanoid to fall down, our method can control the character to get up and recover to track the motion. Our method is trained to imitate the mocap clips from the CMU motion capture database and a number of other publicly available databases. We use a state-of-the-art deep reinforcement learning algorithm to learn to dynamically control the gain of PD controllers, whose target angles are derived from the mocap clip and to apply corrective torques with the goal of imitating the provided motion clip as closely as possible. Both the simulation and the learning algorithms are parallelized and run on the GPU. We demonstrate that the proposed method can control the character to imitate a wide variety of motions such as running, walking, dancing, jumping, kicking, punching, standing up, and so on.
연구논문 : BrdU Elisa 측정법을 이용한 비방사선 국소림프절 시험법의 소개 (2009)

The murine local Iymph node assay(LLNA) using H3-thymidine has been developed to detect chemical allergens, replacing the traditional guinea pig maximization test. Recently, non-radioisotopic local lymph node assay employing 5-bromo-2`-deoxyuridine(BrdU) incorporation has been developed to extend its utility further. This method adopts an alternative non-radioisotopic endpoint for the LLNA by using BrdU in place of radioisotopes, 3H-thymidine, employed in the traditional method. International validation studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance of the LLNA by BrdU incorporation using ELISA and OECD presented a guideline. In this study, we evaluated the performance of the guideline with 7 reference chemicals. BrdU was given as a administration at 2 mg/mouse after 2 days following three consecutive day applications of material. BrdU incorporation into draining lymph node cells was measured using ELISA. In this study, 2,4-Dinitrochiorobenzene(DNCB), 4-Phenylenediamine(PPD), Isoeugenol, Hexylcinnamic aldehyde(HCA), Eugenol, Isopropanol(IS) and Sodium lauryl sulfate were used as reference chemicals. When the 3 or greater SI values were defined as sensitizer, DNCB, PPD and Isoeugenol, which are classified as extreme to moderate sensitizers in the traditional LLNA, were also found positive. In contrast, HCA, Eugenol and IS were concluded to be negative. At this SI threshold values(3 or greater), for LLNA:BrdU-ELISA, sensitivity and specificity were determined to be 60% and 100%, respectively. When the 1.5 or greater SI values were defined as sensitizer according to ICCVAM guideline, the all chemicals were evaluated sensitizer suggesting the low specificity. These results suggest that the non-radioactive LLNA by BrdU incorporation using ELISA is a simple and useful method for evaluating sensitivity although the issue of sensitivity and specificity should be resolved in the future.
Conjugative Plasmid Transfer in Gram-Positive Bacteria (2003)

Conjugative transfer of bacterial plasmids is the most efficient way of horizontal gene spread, and it is therefore considered one of the major reasons for the increase in the number of bacteria exhibiting multiple-antibiotic resistance. Thus, conjugation and spread of antibiotic resistance represents a severe problem in antibiotic treatment, especially of immunosuppressed patients and in intensive care units. While conjugation in gram-negative bacteria has been studied in great detail over the last decades, the transfer mechanisms of antibiotic resistance plasmids in gram-positive bacteria remained obscure. In the last few years, the entire nucleotide sequences of several large conjugative plasmids from gram-positive bacteria have been determined. Sequence analyses and data bank comparisons of their putative transfer (tra) regions have revealed significant similarities to tra regions of plasmids from gram-negative bacteria with regard to the respective DNA relaxases and their targets, the origins of transfer (oriT), and putative nucleoside triphosphatases NTP-ases with homologies to type IV secretion systems. In contrast, a single gene encoding a septal DNA translocator protein is involved in plasmid transfer between micelle-forming streptomycetes. Based on these clues, we propose the existence of two fundamentally different plasmid-mediated conjugative mechanisms in gram-positive microorganisms, namely, the mechanism taking place in unicellular gram-positive bacteria, which is functionally similar to that in gram-negative bacteria, and a second type that occurs in multicellular gram-positive bacteria, which seems to be characterized by double-stranded DNA transfer.
Transmucosal triglyceride transport rates in proximal and distal rat intestine in vivo (1975)

Transmucosal transport rates for triolein in proximal and distal intestine were compared in unanesthetized rats. Emulsified [1-14-C] triolein together with bile and pancreatic juice from donor rats was infused for 6 hr into either the duodenum or the midpoint of the small intestine at such a rate that absorption was essentially complete in both regions of the intestine. Lymph was collected from the thoracic duct during triolein infusion and for an additional 6-hr period. The decrease in the rate of lymphatic output of labeled fat was found to follow a simple exponential function in all animals. This rate of decrease (decay rate) was used to calculate the half-times of lipid turnover through the intestinal wall and the fractional output rates. Distal intestine transported lipid 40% more slowly than proximal intestine, and the difference was associated with a greater accumulation of triglyceride in the distal intestinal wall. Chylomicron synthesis and/or release is the rate-limiting step for distal lymphatic fat transport in vivo, whereas fat uptake from the lumen is rate limiting for proximal intestine.
HIV, the Clustering of Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Sex Risk Among African American Women Who Use Drugs (2008)

Several STIs, including HIV, seem to be endemic among black women who use drugs in this community. In addition to the known geographical clustering of HIV and STIs, STIs were also found to cluster at the individual level. Multiply STI infected individuals may unknowingly, but efficiently, contribute to high STI and HIV rates.
Healing of canine articular cartilage defects treated with microfracture, a type‐II collagen matrix, or cultured autologous chondrocytes (2000)

The effects of three different treatments on the healing of articular cartilage defects were compared with use of a previously developed canine model. In the articular surface of the trochlear grooves of 12 adult mongrel dogs, two 4-mm-diameter defects were made to the depth of the tidemark. Four dogs were assigned to each treatment group: (a) microfracture treatment, (b) microfracture with a type-II collagen matrix placed in the defect, and (c) type-II matrix seeded with cultured autologous chondrocytes. After 15 weeks, the defects were studied histologically. Data quantified on histological cross sections included areal or linear percentages of specific tissue types filling the defect, integration of reparative tissue with the calcified and the adjacent cartilage, and integrity of the subchondral plate. Total defect filling (i.e., the percentage of the cross-sectional area of the original defect filled with any type of reparative tissue) averaged 56-86%, with the greatest amount found in the dogs in the microfracture group implanted with a type-II collagen matrix. The profiles of tissue types for the dogs in each treatment group were similar: the tissue filling the defect was predominantly fibrocartilage, with the balance being fibrous tissue. There were no significant differences in the percentages of the various tissue types among dogs in the three groups.
Cross‐protection between attenuated Plasmodium berghei and P. yoelii sporozoites (2007)

An attenuated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite (PfSPZ) vaccine is under development, in part, based on studies in mice with P. berghei. We used P. berghei and P. yoelii to study vaccine-induced protection against challenge with a species of parasite different from the immunizing parasite in BALB/c mice. One-hundred percent of mice were protected against homologous challenge. Seventy-nine percent immunized with attenuated P. berghei sporozoite (PbSPZ) (six experiments) were protected against challenge with P. yoelii sporozoite (PySPZ), and 63% immunized with attenuated PySPZ (three experiments) were protected against challenge with PbSPZ. Antibodies in sera of immunized mice only recognized homologous sporozoites and could not have mediated protection against heterologous challenge. Immunization with attenuated PySPZ or PbSPZ induced CD8+ T cell-dependent protection against heterologous challenge. Immunization with attenuated PySPZ induced CD8+ T cell-dependent protection against homologous challenge. However, homologous protection induced by attenuated PbSPZ was not dependent on CD8+ or CD4+ T cells, and depletion of both populations only reduced protection by 36%. Immunization of C57BL/10 mice with PbSPZ induced CD8+ T cell-dependent protection against P. berghei, but no protection against P. yoelii. The cross-protection data in BALB/c mice support testing a human vaccine based on attenuated PfSPZ for its efficacy against P. vivax.
CRISPR-Cas system and coevolution of bacteria and phages (2011)

In response to the challenge from phages, bacteria evolve a number of defense systems against phage invasion. Meanwhile, the phages evolve multiple counter-defense mechanism as well under the selection pressure from bacteria. The evolution relationship between bacteria and phages, as well as the functional mechanism, still remains to be uncovered. A novel immune system, CRISPR-Cas system, has been found in bacteria and archaea recently. With deeply research of the function and mechanism of CRISPR-Cas system, the coevolution relationship between bacteria and phages is becoming clear. In this review, the mechanism of CRISPR-Cas system-mediated immunity in prokaryotes is introduced. In particular, the progress on the role of CRISPR in the coevolution of bacteria and phage is reviewed.
Analgesics (2002)

Preface.A View from Grunenthal.PART I: INTRODUCTION. What is Pain? (H. Buschmann). PART II: PAIN THERAPY TODAY. Cyclooxygenase Inhibition: From NSAIDS to Selective COX 2 Inhibitors (T. Christoph & H. Buschmann). Opioids. NA and 5 HT Reuptake Inhibitors and alpha2 Agonists (T. Tzschentke). PART III: NEW APPROACHES IN PAIN THERAPY. Gabapentin and Gabapentinoids (C. Maul, et al.). Voltage gated Ion Channels. Glutamate Receptors. Acetylcholine Receptors. Further Opioid Receptors. Adenosine (C. Maul, et al.). P2 Receptors (H. Hennies, et al.). Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids (C. Maul & B. Sundermann). Vanilloids and the VR1 Receptor (R. Frank). Substance P/NK1 Receptors (G. Bahrenberg & C. Maul). CGRP1 Receptor Antagonists (C. Gillen). Nitric Oxide (C. Maul, et al.). PART IV: OUTLOOK. Outlook The Future of Pain Management (U. Jahnel & C. Gillen). Glossary.
Generation of a Potent Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein 1 (LRP1) Antagonist by Engineering a Stable Form of the Receptor-associated Protein (RAP) D3 Domain (2015)

The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a member of the low density lipoprotein receptor family and plays important roles in a number of physiological and pathological processes. Expression of LRP1 requires the receptor-associated protein (RAP), a molecular chaperone that binds LRP1 and other low density lipoprotein receptor family members in the endoplasmic reticulum and traffics with them to the Golgi where the acidic environment causes its dissociation. Exogenously added RAP is a potent LRP1 antagonist and binds to LRP1 on the cell surface, preventing ligands from binding. Following endocytosis, RAP dissociates in the acidic endosome, allowing LRP1 to recycle back to the cell surface. The acid-induced dissociation of RAP is mediated by its D3 domain, a relatively unstable three-helical bundle that denatures at pH <6.2 due to protonation of key histidine residues on helices 2 and 3. To develop an LRP1 inhibitor that does not dissociate at low pH, we introduced a disulfide bond between the second and third helices in the RAP D3 domain. By combining this disulfide bond with elimination of key histidine residues, we generated a stable RAP molecule that is resistant to both pH- and heat-induced denaturation. This molecule bound to LRP1 with high affinity at both neutral and acidic pH and proved to be a potent inhibitor of LRP1 function both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that our stable RAP molecule may be useful in multiple pathological settings where LRP1 blockade has been shown to be effective.
Evaluation of Computed Tomography Angiography Plaque Thickness Measurements in High-Grade Carotid Artery Stenosis (2014)

Increasing maximum soft plaque thickness measurements are strongly associated with symptomatic disease status in carotid artery stenosis. Prospective validation of these results may translate into a widely accessible stroke risk stratification tool in high-grade carotid artery atherosclerotic disease.
Abstract 4175: Anticancer effects of heparin in the experimental metastasis of the pancreatic cancer model with enhanced potency of gemcitabine (2010)

Abstract Preclinical evidence has suggested that anticoagulants, including the unfractionated heparin (UFH), exert an anti-tumor effect, whereas the role of anticoagulants in tumor development and metastatic processes has not been fully elucidated yet. Heparin is the major inhibitor of heparanase, which cleaves heparan sulfate and hence participates in degradation of the extracellular matrix. This enzyme also releases a lot of biologically active substance including some growth factors, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and angiogenic factors. Thus, heparin can affect proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells. Moreover, heparin can interfere with adherence of cancer cells to vascular endothelium. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of UFH in the inhibition of liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer. We made a clinical liver metastasis-simulating mouse model, in which cancer cells were intra-portal injected via small laparotomy. Moreover, synergistic effect of combination therapy with UFH and gemcitabine was investigated. Male BALB/c nude mice were xenografted with intra-portal vein injection of AsPC-1, a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line. Mice were divided randomly into four groups; 1) positive control (PC) without any treatment, 2) gemcitabine treated group (GEM), 3) UFH treated group, and 4) combined treatment group (GEM+UFH). All mice were sacrificed on 28th day after transplantation of cells. The liver weight, the number of liver metastases, induction angiogenesis in metastasis foci were investigated. Heparan degrading enzyme, heparanase, were activated in liver metastasis, in which activity were measured by using the Heparan Degrading Enzyme Assay Kit. Gemcitabine inhibited tumor proliferation, whereas UFH little inhibited in vitro (WST assay). The number of liver metastases decreased significantly in the GEM (17.2±11.5) group, UFH (18.3±3.8) group and GEM+UFH (9.3±2.5) group when compared with the PC group (23.3±7.0). Liver/body weight ratio was lower in the GEM (7.44±1.36 %) group, UFH (7.56±1.47 %) group and GEM+UFH (6.98±0.63 %) group when compared with the PC group (7.99±0.94 %). Tumor vessels were identified by immunohistochemical staining of tumor metastasis sections with antibody against CD31. There was a large reduction in the number of CD31-positive vessels in the tumor of UFH or/and GEM-treated mice as compared with control group. UFH exhibited anti-tumor effect by inhibiting angiogenesis, and invasiveness of tumor cells. Furthermore, when UFH and gemcitabine were administered simultaneously, our results suggested the possibility of a synergistic effect. Thus UFH might be a potent drug for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4175.
Crystal structure of the human CD4 N-terminal two-domain fragment complexed to a class II MHC molecule (2001)

The structural basis of the interaction between the CD4 coreceptor and a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is described. The crystal structure of a complex containing the human CD4 N-terminal two-domain fragment and the murine I-A(k) class II MHC molecule with associated peptide (pMHCII) shows that only the "top corner" of the CD4 molecule directly contacts pMHCII. The CD4 Phe-43 side chain extends into a hydrophobic concavity formed by MHC residues from both alpha 2 and beta 2 domains. A ternary model of the CD4-pMHCII-T-cell receptor (TCR) reveals that the complex appears V-shaped with the membrane-proximal pMHCII at the apex. This configuration excludes a direct TCR-CD4 interaction and suggests how TCR and CD4 signaling is coordinated around the antigenic pMHCII complex. Human CD4 binds to HIV gp120 in a manner strikingly similar to the way in which CD4 interacts with pMHCII. Additional contacts between gp120 and CD4 give the CD4-gp120 complex a greater affinity. Thus, ligation of the viral envelope glycoprotein to CD4 occludes the pMHCII-binding site on CD4, contributing to immunodeficiency.
Editors' Introduction (1976)

Each year a national conference is held in the Soviet Union on the teaching of Russian as a second language. These conferences are attended by schoolteachers and teacher training instructors, Russian language scholars and teaching methodologists, and Communist Party and government officials. They are convened, on a rotating basis, in the capital and major cities of the fifteen Soviet republics. The 1975 conference was held in Tashkent, the capital of Soviet Uzbekistan, and this month's issue of Soviet Education is made up largely of papers from that meeting.
Bulk and On-stream Analysis in the Mineral and Coal Industry (1989)

Nuclear radiation-based ore and coal analysers and nuclear electronics recently developed at the Port Melbourne laboratories of the CSIRO Division of Mineral and Process Engineering are reviewed. The pair-production technique has been used in the development of an on-stream iron ore analyser and the thermal neutron capture gamma-ray technique has been used in a static bulk analyser for the simultaneous measurement of Ca, Si and Fe in raw feed limestone. A novel method based on natural gamma-ray activity has been used in the development of an analyser for the on-stream determination of ash in coal. To meet the electronic requirements of the analysers, a gain-stabilised multichannel analyser system has been developed for the spectrometric analysis of the radiation signals. All these instruments have been extensively field tested prior to licensing various Australian companies for manufacture and marketing.
Gene Targeting in <I>Drosophila</I> (2004)

DNA double-strand breaks provide a powerful means to modify the genome. This chapter describes how to generate and use these breaks to target specific sequences, or other modifications to the Drosophila genome. Both P element dependent gene conversion, in which the chromosomal DNA is broken, and the Rong and Golic gene-targeting technique, in which the targeting vector contains the DNA break are explained. The strengths and limitations of both methods are presented so that the user can choose the appropriate method for their particular situation. The efficiency of both methods depends upon the genomic location being modified, although few, if any, genomic locations are refractory to either method. It cannot be emphasized strongly enough that the investigator should be prepared to invest sufficient time into setting up and running these experiments properly.
Near-Field Coupling Communication Technology For Human-Area Networking (2012)

We propose a human-area networking technology that uses the surface of the human body as a data transmission path and uses near-field coupling TRXs. This technology aims to achieve a "touch and connect" form of communication and a new concept of "touch the world" by using a quasi-electrostatic field signal that propagates along the surface of the human body. This paper explains the principles underlying near-field coupling communication. Special attention has been paid to common-mode noise since our communication system is strongly susceptible to this. We designed and made a common-mode choke coil and a transformer to act as common-mode noise filters to suppress common-mode noise. Moreover, we describe how we evaluated the quality of communication using a phantom model with the same electrical properties as the human body and present the experimental results for the packet error rate (PER) as a function of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) both with the common-mode choke coil or the transformer and without them. Finally, we found that our system achieved a PER of less than 10-2 in general office rooms using raised floors, which corresponded to the quality of communication demanded by communication services in ordinary office spaces.