gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A critical review of controlled clinical trials for peripheral neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndromes (1997)

The purpose of this review was to identify and analyze the controlled clinical trial data for peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP) and complex regional pain syndromes (CRPS). A total of 72 articles were found, which included 92 controlled drug trials using 48 different treatments. The methods of these studies were critically reviewed and the results summarized and compared. The PNP trial literature gave consistent support (two or more trials) for the analgesic effectiveness of tricyclic antidepressants, intravenous and topical lidocaine, intravenous ketamine, carbamazepine and topical aspirin. There was limited support (one trial) for the analgesic effectiveness of oral, topical and epidural clonidine and for subcutaneous ketamine. The trial data were contradictory for mexiletine, phenytoin, topical capsaicin, oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication, and intravenous morphine. Analysis of the trial methods indicated that mexiletine and intravenous morphine were probably effective analgesics for PNP, while non-steroidals were probably ineffective. Codeine, magnesium chloride, propranolol, lorazepam, and intravenous phentolamine all failed to provide analgesia in single trials. There were no long-term data supporting the analgesic effectiveness of any drug and the etiology of the neuropathy did not predict treatment outcome. Review of the controlled trial literature for CRPS identified several potential problems with current clinical practices. The trial data only gave consistent support for analgesia with corticosteroids, which had long-term effectiveness. There was limited support for the analgesic effectiveness of topical dimethylsulfoxyde (DMSO), epidural clonidine and intravenous regional blocks (IVRBs) with bretylium and ketanserin. The trial data were contradictory for intranasal calcitonin and intravenous phentolamine and analysis of the trial methods indicated that both treatments were probably ineffective for most patients. There were consistent trial data indicating that guanethidine and reserpine IVRBs were ineffective, and limited trial data indicating that droperidol and atropine IVRBs were ineffective. No placebo controlled data were available to evaluated sympathetic ganglion blocks (SGBs) with local anesthetics, surgical sympathectomy, or physical therapy. Only the capsaicin trials presented data which allowed for meta-analysis. This meta-analysis demonstrated a significant capsaicin effect with a pooled odds ratio of 2.35 (95% confidence intervals 1.48, 3.22). The methods scores were higher (P<0.01) for the PNP trials (66.2±1.5, n=66) than the CRPS trials (57.6±2.9, n=26). The CRPS trials tended to use less subjects and were less likely to use placebo controls, double-blinding, or perform statistical tests for differences in outcome measures between groups. There was almost no overlap in the controlled trial literature between treatments for PNP and CRPS, and treatments used in both conditions (intravenous phentolamine and epidural clonidine) had similar results.
Chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes through energetic radical collisions (2000)

Classical molecular dynamics simulations are used to model the bombardment of a bundle of single walled carbon nanotubes by ${\mathrm{CH}}_{3}$ radicals impacting with incident energies of 10, 45, and 80 eV. The simulations show that there is a high probability of adhesion of either the radicals or their fragments to the nanotube walls at all the incident energies considered. They therefore predict a pathway to the chemical functionalization of the walls of carbon nanotubes. The simulations also show how at 80 eV the incident radicals can induce cross-linking between the nanotubes.
Preparation and Spectroscopic Studies of Cobalt(II) Derivatives of Blue Copper Proteins (1974)

Preparation of cobalt(II) derivatives of type 1 copper proteins has been extended to include bean plastocyanin and azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fluorescence quenching data suggest that Co(II) binds to the type 1 site of both apoplastocyanin and apoazurin. Electronic absorption spectral measurements have been made for cobalt(II)-stellacyanin, cobalt(II)-plastocyanin, and cobalt(II)-azurin. In each case two visible bands with moderate intensities and two rather strong ultraviolet absorption peaks are observed. The intensity pattern and the separation of the two ultraviolet bands in the Co(II) derivatives correspond closely to the two intense, low-lying absorption peaks in the analogous, type 1 copper proteins. The evidence suggests that the intense, two-band systems represent ligand-to-metal charge transfer transitions in both Cu(II) and Co(II) derivatives. It is proposed that the transitions in each case originate in the 3ppi and 3psigma orbitals of a cysteine sulfur ligand at the type 1 site. The visible absorption bands in the Co(II) derivatives are assigned to d-d transitions. The large (4)P splitting observed indicates that the type 1 Co(II) site is of low symmetry. The d-d band pattern suggests that the high-spin Co(II) center is either distorted tetrahedral or five-coordinate. The observed band intensities are in much closer accord with the values for Co(II) complexes known to have distorted tetrahedral structures.
Electronic Dephasing in Bimetallic Gold−Silver Nanoparticles Examined by Single Particle Spectroscopy (2005)

The scattering spectra of single gold, silver, and bimetallic gold-silver particles (both core-shell and alloyed) have been examined using dark-field microscopy. The results show that the plasmon resonances for the bimetallic particles are broader than those of the pure silver or pure gold particles. However, plots of the width of the plasmon resonance vs resonance frequency for the core-shell and alloyed samples are very similar. This implies that the broadening is due to the frequency dependence of the dielectric constants of the particles. For the core-shell particles, scattering at the interface between the two metals does not seem to be a significant effect.
Discovery and Development of Ketolides as a New Generation of Macrolide Antimicrobial Agents (2002)

The rapid development of antibiotic resistance among the major respiratory pathogens has created a serious problem for the effective management of respiratory tract infections. There is a great medical need for new antibiotics which address the problem of antibiotic resistance. Under these circumstances, several novel series of macrolides with a common C-3 ketone group were recently introduced. The information in this area has grown rapidly during the past several years, that has allowed us to deduce some important conclusions regarding structure-activity relationships. The C-3 cladinose sugar attached to the 14-membered ring macrolides is believed to be responsible for the inducibility of macrolide resistance. This moiety also appears to be responsible for efflux resistance. Removing the cladinose and introducing a ketone group at the C-3 position can effectively prevent induction of resistance. This modification can also improve activity against efflux resistance. However, introduction of the C-3 k etone group cannot independently address the resistance problems caused by methylation of ribosome (MLSB resistance). In order to overcome such resistance, an anchor group must be properly attached to the macrolide skeleton. This anchor group can be introduced at several positions of the macrolide ring. Two successful examples are the 6-O-substituted ketolide ABT-773 and the 11,12-carbamate ketolide telithromycin. Both compounds are currently under clinical development for the treatment of respiratory tract infections.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Stimulates the Migration and Proliferation of Kaposi's Sarcoma Cells (1999)

Recent evidence suggesting vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), which is a regulator of lymphatic and vascular endothelial development, raised the question whether this molecule could be involved in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), a strongly angiogenic and inflammatory tumor often associated with infection by human immunodeficiency virus-1. This disease is characterized by the presence of a core constituted of three main populations of "spindle" cells, having the features of lymphatic/vascular endothelial cells, macrophagic/dendritic cells, and of a mixed macrophage-endothelial phenotype. In this study we evaluated the biological response of KS cells to VEGF-C, using an immortal cell line derived from a KS lesion (KS IMM), which retains most features of the parental tumor and can induce KS-like sarcomas when injected subcutaneously in nude mice. We show that VEGFR-3, the specific receptor for VEGF-C, is expressed by KS IMM cells grown in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, VEGF-C induces the tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGFR-2, a receptor also for VEGF-A, as well as that of VEGFR-3. The activation of these two receptors in KS IMM cells is followed by a dose-responsive mitogenic and motogenic response. The stimulation of KS IMM cells with a mutant VEGF-C unable to bind and activate VEFGR-2 resulted in no proliferative response and in a weak motogenic stimulation, suggesting that VEGFR-2 is essential in transducing a proliferative signal and cooperates with VEGFR-3 in inducing cell migration. Our data add new insights on the pathogenesis of KS, suggesting that the involvement of endothelial growth factors may not only determine KS-associated angiogenesis, but also play a critical role in controlling KS cell growth and/or migration and invasion.
Cyclometalated Platinum Complexes with Luminescent Quantum Yields Approaching 100% (2013)

A new class of cyclometalated tetradentate platinum complexes of the type Pt[N(/\)C-O-LL'] was synthesized and characterized. N(/\)C is a cyclometalating ligand such as phenyl-pyrazole (ppz), phenyl-methylimidazole (pmi), or phenyl-pyridine (ppy), and LL' is an ancillary ligand such as phenoxyl-pyridine (popy). The complexes in this series are highly luminescent, emitting blue to green light in solution with quantum efficiencies ranging from 0.39 to 0.64 and luminescent lifetimes from 2 to 9 μs. When doped in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin film, measured quantum efficiencies increase to 0.81-0.97 with lifetimes ranging from 4.5-10.4 μs. One notable example, the metal complex PtOO3, emits green light with a luminescent quantum efficiency approaching 100% and achieves approximately 100% electron-to-photon conversion efficiency in device settings.
Aberrant interchain disulfide bridge of tissue‐nonspecific alkaline phosphatase with an Arg433→Cys substitution associated with severe hypophosphatasia (2006)

Various mutations in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) gene are responsible for hypophosphatasia characterized by defective bone and tooth mineralization; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely to be elucidated. Substitution of an arginine at position 433 with a histidine [TNSALP(R433H)] or a cysteine [TNSALP(R433C)] was reported in patients diagnosed with the mild or severe form of hypophosphatasia, respectively. To define the molecular phenotype of the two TNSALP mutants, we sought to examine them in transient (COS-1) and conditional (CHO-K1 Tet-On) heterologous expression systems. In contrast to an 80 kDa mature form of the wild-type and TNSALP(R433H), a unique disulfide-bonded 160 kDa molecular species appeared on the cell surface of the cells expressing TNSALP(R433C). Sucrose density gradient centrifugation demonstrated that TNSALP(R433C) forms a disulfide-bonded dimer, instead of being noncovalently assembled like the wild-type. Of the five cysteine residues per subunit of the wild-type, only Cys102 is thought to be present in a free form. Replacement of Cys102 with serine did not affect the dimerization state of TNSALP(R433C), implying that TNSALP(R433C) forms a disulfide bridge between the cysteine residues at position 433 on each subunit. Although the cross-linking did not significantly interfere with the intracellular transport and cell surface expression of TNSALP(R433C), it strongly inhibited its alkaline phosphatase activity. This is in contrast to TNSALP(R433H), which shows enzyme activity comparable to that of the wild-type. Importantly, addition of dithiothreitol to the culture medium was found to partially reduce the amount of the cross-linked form in the cells expressing TNSALP(R433C), concomitantly with a significant increase in enzyme activity, suggesting that the cross-link between two subunits distorts the overall structure of the enzyme such that it no longer efficiently carries out its catalytic function. Increased susceptibility to proteases confirmed a gross conformational change of TNSALP(R433C) compared with the wild-type. Thus, loss of function resulting from the interchain disulfide bridge is the molecular basis for the lethal hypophosphatasia associated with TNSALP(R433C).
Folding and Dimerization of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Envelope Proteins prM and E in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (2002)

Flavivirus envelope proteins are synthesized as part of large polyproteins that are co- and posttranslationally cleaved into their individual chains. To investigate whether the interaction of neighboring proteins within the precursor protein is required to ensure proper maturation of the individual components, we have analyzed the folding of the flavivirus tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus envelope glycoproteins prM and E by using a recombinant plasmid expression system and virus-infected cells. When expressed in their polyprotein context, prM and E achieved their native folded structures with half-times of approximately 4 min for prM and about 15 min for E. They formed heterodimeric complexes within a few minutes after synthesis that were required for the final folding of E but not for that of prM. Heterodimers could also be formed in trans when these proteins were coexpressed from separate constructs. When expressed without prM, E could form disulfide bonds but did not express a specific conformational epitope and remained sensitive to reduction by dithiothreitol. This is consistent with a chaperone-like role for prM in the folding of E. PrM was able to achieve its native folded structure without coexpression of E, but signal sequence cleavage at the N terminus was delayed. Our results show that prM is an especially rapidly folding viral glycoprotein, that polyprotein cleavage and folding of the TBE virus envelope proteins occurs in a coordinated sequence of processing steps, and that proper and efficient maturation of prM and E can only be achieved by cosynthesis of these two proteins.
Avian Adenoviruses: Effect on Egg Production, Shell Quality, and Feed Consumption (1978)

Four avian adenovirus isolants (Indiana C, DPI-2, IBH-2, and B-3)were examined for pathogenicity in laying birds. None affected shell quality, and only one (IBH-2) had even a minimal effect on egg production (faster decline). Of three isolants tested (Indiana C, DPI-2, and IBH-2), only IBH-2 caused feed intake to be reduced. No other clinical signs were observed during these experiments. Egg transmission, virus excretion, and antibody production were found to mimic patterns reported for serotype-1 avian adenoviruses.
The biosynthetic potential of myxobacteria and their impact in drug discovery. (2009)

Myxobacteria produce an immense variety of natural products with useful biological activities. This review highlights recent advances to evaluate and further explore their biosynthetic potential for drug discovery, with particular focus on polyketide synthase and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase-derived secondary metabolites.
Analysis of the subsets of Leu-7<sup>+</sup> cells in myeloma and their effects on NK cell activity and Ig synthesis by B cells (1986)

The subsets and function of Leu-7+ cells in the peripheral blood were investigated in 26 patients with myeloma and 20 age-matched normal controls to elucidate the pathogenesis of humoral immunodeficiency in myeloma.The subsets of Leu-7+ cells were analyzed by two-color immunofluorescence assays using mouse monoclonal antibodies. The NK cell activity of lymphocytes was measured against 51Cr-labeled cell line K562 (E/T: 25). The isolated Leu-7+ cells were co-cultured with the mononuclear cells from healthy subjects in the presence of pokeweed mitogen for 7 days and the secreted IgG, IgA and IgM into medium from the lymphocytes were measured by ELISA to investigate the effect of Leu-7+ cells on Ig synthesis by B cells.The proportion of Leu-7+ cells in the peripheral blood was higher in myeloma patients (33.4±11.0%, mean±SD) than in healthy subjects (20.5±4.9%). The percentage of cells co-expressing Leu-2a marker in Leu-7+ cells was increased in myeloma patients compared with healthy subjects (52.6±13.1% vs 29.5±12.3%) and showed a positive correlation with monoclonal Ig levels in the serum of the patients with myeloma. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from myeloma patients and healthy subjects had similar NK cell activity (48.6±22.9%, 53.1±15.0%, respectively). The Leu-7+ cells from myeloma patients suppressed IgG, IgA, and IgM synthesis by B cells more strongly than those from healthy subjects.These results indicate that the Leu-7+ Leu-2a+ cells are significantly increased in myeloma patients, having low NK cell activity and suppress the production of polyclonal Ig by B cells. In addition, it is suggested that the Leu-7+ Leu-2a+ cells in myeloma are induced by myeloma cells. Accordingly, it is considered that the Leu-7+ Leu-2a+ cells may have a role of immunosuppression in humoral immunodeficiency in myeloma.
All-fiber add/drop multiplexing of 6/spl times/10 Gbit/s using a photo-induced Bragg grating filter for WDM networks (1996)

Summary form only given. In conclusion, the Mach Zehnder grating fiber filter was successfully applied to add/drop multiplexing experiments used in a 6 x 10 Gbit/s WDM network demonstration. The wavelength offset scheme was useful for avoiding interference cross talk.
Transfection of primary tumor cells and tumor cell lines with plasmid DNA/lipid complexes. (1998)

Cancer vaccines that utilize genetically modified tumor cells require gene transfer methods capable of producing immunostimulatory doses of transgenes from fresh or short-term cultures of human tumor cells. Our studies optimize in vitro transfection of primary tumor cells using cationic lipids and a plasmid encoding the gene for human interleukin-2 (IL-2). Established tumor cell lines produced 10- to 100-fold more IL-2 than did fresh or short-term tumor cultures as measured by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent analysis. Importantly, transfection of primary tumor cells produced immunostimulatory levels of IL-2 as determined by increased thymidine incorporation by autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymphokine-activated killer cell activity. IL-2 secretion by tumor cells persisted for at least 30 days post-transfection and was unaffected by freeze thawing or irradiation to 8000 rads. Multiple solid tumor types were successfully transfected, but normal blood mononuclear cells and leukemic blasts were resistant to transfection. Enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent analysis of the amount of IL-2 secreted into the medium by transfected tumor cells correlated with the percentage of tumor cells expressing intracellular IL-2 as measured by flow cytometry. Plasmids utilizing a cytomegalovirus promoter yielded superior transfection efficiencies compared with plasmids containing a Rous sarcoma virus promoter. These results suggest that a clinical vaccine trial using autologous tumor cells genetically modified to secrete IL-2 is feasible in patients with solid tumors.
Structure, Function, and Modulation of GABAA Receptors (2012)

The GABA(A) receptors are the major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in mammalian brain. Each isoform consists of five homologous or identical subunits surrounding a central chloride ion-selective channel gated by GABA. How many isoforms of the receptor exist is far from clear. GABA(A) receptors located in the postsynaptic membrane mediate neuronal inhibition that occurs in the millisecond time range; those located in the extrasynaptic membrane respond to ambient GABA and confer long-term inhibition. GABA(A) receptors are responsive to a wide variety of drugs, e.g. benzodiazepines, which are often used for their sedative/hypnotic and anxiolytic effects.
Using Maps of Microseismic Events to Define Reservoir Discontinuities (2010)

Abstract Multidirectional linear trends are commonly observed in maps of microseismic events recorded during fracture stimulation. Since Fisher drew lines through an animated map of microseismic events (Fisher et al. 2002), the industry has recognized that complex-fracture patterns can develop during hydraulic fracturing. Consequently, several new complex-fracture propagation models have been introduced to "match" the stimulated reservoir volume observed in maps of microseismic events recorded during hydraulic fracturing. Every complex-fracture propagation model requires geometric input, including a pattern of discontinuities in the rock that can dilate or propagate during hydraulic fracturing; however, defining a pattern of discontinuities is a challenging task in a subsurface rock formation that cannot be observed directly. We present a new method for defining a geometric model for input into a complex-fracture model using microseismic events recorded during fracturing. Events are animated and planar trends are identified to define natural fracture orientation, trace length, dip angle, and natural fracture density within the stimulated reservoir volume. Statistical analysis of the natural fracture properties allows probability distributions to be defined for each fracture property, which are then used to generate stochastic natural fracture patterns for input into a complex-fracture model.
[The use of an immunohistochemical method for detecting N7-methylguanine in human cells]. (1992)

An immunohistochemical method, followed by silvering (Ag-treatment) of the final product of peroxidase reaction for N7-methylguanine detection, was first employed for human cells treated in vitro with N-methylnitrosourea. This method appeared to be highly specific and sensitive, compared to the routine immunohistochemical technique. Evidence has been provided on the application of Ag-treatment for detecting N7-methylguanine in the esophagus epithelium of patients with a high risk of cancer with this particular locality.
SuBSENSE: A Universal Change Detection Method With Local Adaptive Sensitivity (2014)

Foreground/background segmentation via change detection in video sequences is often used as a stepping stone in high-level analytics and applications. Despite the wide variety of methods that have been proposed for this problem, none has been able to fully address the complex nature of dynamic scenes in real surveillance tasks. In this paper, we present a universal pixel-level segmentation method that relies on spatiotemporal binary features as well as color information to detect changes. This allows camouflaged foreground objects to be detected more easily while most illumination variations are ignored. Besides, instead of using manually set, frame-wide constants to dictate model sensitivity and adaptation speed, we use pixel-level feedback loops to dynamically adjust our method's internal parameters without user intervention. These adjustments are based on the continuous monitoring of model fidelity and local segmentation noise levels. This new approach enables us to outperform all 32 previously tested state-of-the-art methods on the 2012 and 2014 versions of the ChangeDetection.net dataset in terms of overall F-Measure. The use of local binary image descriptors for pixel-level modeling also facilitates high-speed parallel implementations: our own version, which used no low-level or architecture-specific instruction, reached real-time processing speed on a midlevel desktop CPU. A complete C++ implementation based on OpenCV is available online.