gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glycosylation affects cleavage of an H5N2 influenza virus hemagglutinin and regulates virulence. (1987)

Based on nucleotide sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene from the virulent and avirulent A/chicken/Pennsylvania/83 influenza viruses, it was previously postulated that acquisition of virulence was associated with a point mutation that resulted in loss of a glycosylation site. Since there are two potential glycosylation sites in this region of the HA molecule and since all Asn-Xaa-Thr/Ser sequences in the HAs of different strains are not necessarily glycosylated, the question remained open as to whether either one of these sites was glycosylated. We now provide direct evidence that a site-specific glycosylation affects cleavage of the influenza virus HA and thus virulence. We have identified the glycosylation sites on the HA1 subunit from the virulent and avirulent strains by direct structural analysis of the isolated proteins. Our results show that the only difference in glycosylation between the HA1s of the virulent and avirulent strains is the lack of an asparagine-linked carbohydrate on the virulent HA1 polypeptide at residue 11. Further, we show that the HA1s of both the avirulent and virulent viruses are not glycosylated at one potential site, while all other sites contain carbohydrate. Amino acid sequence analysis of the HA1 of an avirulent revertant of the virulent strain confirmed these findings.
Drug Delivery Devices: Issues in Drug Development (2004)

New techniques for delivery of drugs by inhalation are discussed in this article. Devices that promise to improve the efficiency of lung delivery are described along with some of the regulatory challenges faced by their development scientists. Although high delivery efficiencies are possible, such devices are expensive to develop and may only be feasible in the event that they are partnered with drugs whose therapeutic and economic value is truly enhanced by the effort invested in the process. Appropriate devices must also be selected after paying careful attention to the physicochemical and dosing demands associated with the drug substance to be inhaled. Even newly launched commercial products display large variations in dose delivery to the lung, in spite of increased global efforts to regulate and ensure the uniformity of delivered doses and their aerosol size distributions; this because of variations in the inspiratory maneuvers used by patients and the lack of control exercised over these maneuvers by most new inhalers. Sophisticated electromechanical techniques are discussed as possible ways of overcoming some of the common difficulties associated with ensuring reproducibility of dose and drug delivery to the lung.
The disposition of fluoxetine but not sertraline is altered in poor metabolizers of debrisoquin* (1996)

These data indicate that poor metabolizers accumulate fluoxetine but not sertraline and that CYP2D6 plays an important role in the demethylation of fluoxetine but not of sertraline.
Chemical coupling in wood-polymer composites (2003)

Chemical coupling plays an important role in improving interfacial bonding strength in wood-polymer composites. In this study, the effects of coupling agent type and structure, graft polymerization of coupling agents, interfacial wettability, coupling treatment and process, coupling agent distribution, and coupling agent performance on chemical coupling were investigated. Coupling mechanisms were established based on maleated polyethylene copolymers. For maleated wood veneer, the relationship among graft rate, concentration, and retention of coupling agent followed three-dimensional parabloid models. Wettability of maleated wood surface was related to acid number, amount of free or ungrafted maleic anhydride groups, and coupling agent concentration. Dynamic contact angle of water droplets on maleated wood followed the natural decay process, whereas the spreading process of droplets fitted the Boltzmann sigmoid model. Compared with untreated composites, maleated composites had significant shifts in most TGA, DSC, and DMA spectra because of chemical coupling at the interface. For melt-blending process, the best interfacial bonding strength was achieved at short compounding time (e.g., 10 min), appropriate mixing temperature (e.g., 180oC), and moderate rotation speed (e.g., 90 rpm). With FTIR, ESCA, and SEM analyses, the evidence of chemical bridges at the interface was proved. The interfacial morphology was illustrated with the pinwheel models. For wood-plastic laminates, interfacial adhesion followed the monolayer models, while brush, switch, and amorphous structures applied to melt-blended composites. Therefore, the interface was strengthened with covalent bonding (such as esterification and carbon-carbon bonding), strong secondary bonding (e.g., hydrogen bonding), macromolecular chain entanglement, and mechanical interblocking. Coupling agent performance for maleated copolymers was mainly related to their acid number, molecular weight, backbone structure, and concentration. Coupling agents with large molecular weight, moderate acid number, and concentration were preferred to have better performance at the interface. Based on the experimental results, 226D, 100D, and C16 were the best coupling agents among seven maleated copolymers used in this study. Compared with untreated composites, maleated composites increased interfacial bonding strength by 140% and flexural modulus by 29% at the concentration level of 3%.
High‐resolution computer simulation of electrophoretic mobilization in isoelectric focusing (2008)

Cationic and anionic electrophoretic mobilization for focusing of hemoglobins (Hb's) in the presence of 100 carrier ampholytes covering a pI range of 6.00-7.98 was studied by computer simulation at a constant current density of 300 A/m(2). Electropherograms that would be produced by whole column imaging and by single detectors placed at different locations along the focusing column are presented. Upon mobilization, peak heights of the Hb zones decrease, but the zones retain a relatively sharp constant profile and are migrating at a constant velocity. A further peak decrease occurs during readjustment at the locations of the original buffer/column interfaces, indicating that detection sensitivity is the lowest at these locations. An anionic carrier ampholyte mobility smaller than that of its cationic species produces a cathodic drift which is smaller than the transport rate used for electrophoretic mobilization. Compared to the case with equal mobilities of carrier ampholyte species, a small increase (decrease) is predicted for the cationic (anionic) mobilization rate within the focusing column. Simulation data suggest that electrophoretic mobilization after focusing and focusing with concurrent electrophoretic mobilization are comparable isotachophoretic processes that occur when there is an uninterrupted flux of an ion through the focusing column. Cathodic drift caused by unequal mobilities of the species of carrier ampholytes, electrophoretic mobilization, and decomposition occurring at the pH gradient edges are related electrophoretic processes.
Towards construction of a high resolution map of the mouse genome using PCR-analysed microsatellites (1990)

Fifty sequences from the mouse genome database containing simple sequence repeats or microsatellites have been analysed for size variation using the polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis. 88% of the sequences, most of which contain the dinucleotide repeat, CA/GT, showed size variations between different inbred strains of mice and the wild mouse, Mus spretus. 62% of sequences had 3 or more alleles. GA/CT and AT/TA-containing sequences were also variable. About half of these size variants were detectable by agarose gel electrophoresis. This simple approach is extremely useful in linkage and genome mapping studies and will facilitate construction of high resolution maps of both the mouse and human genomes.
CXCR1 blockade selectively targets human breast cancer stem cells in vitro and in xenografts (2010)

Recent evidence suggests that breast cancer and other solid tumors possess a rare population of cells capable of extensive self-renewal that contribute to metastasis and treatment resistance. We report here the development of a strategy to target these breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) through blockade of the IL-8 receptor CXCR1. CXCR1 blockade using either a CXCR1-specific blocking antibody or repertaxin, a small-molecule CXCR1 inhibitor, selectively depleted the CSC population in 2 human breast cancer cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, this was followed by the induction of massive apoptosis in the bulk tumor population via FASL/FAS signaling. The effects of CXCR1 blockade on CSC viability and on FASL production were mediated by the FAK/AKT/FOXO3A pathway. In addition, repertaxin was able to specifically target the CSC population in human breast cancer xenografts, retarding tumor growth and reducing metastasis. Our data therefore suggest that CXCR1 blockade may provide a novel means of targeting and eliminating breast CSCs.
Introduction to Bluetooth, 2nd Edition (2009)

This book provides a simplified description of Bluetooth technology, services, and profiles. You will find out how Bluetooth devices automatically locate nearby Bluetooth devices, authenticate them, discover their capabilities, and the processes that are used to setup connections with them. Discover how Bluetooth's spread spectrum technology allows it to operate with other devices including wireless LAN, microwave ovens, cordless telephones, and wireless video cameras. You'll discover how the Bluetooth specification now allows devices to adapt their frequency transmissions to avoid interfering with these devices. You will learn about the discovery (inquiry) phase and the connection (paging) process that devices use to find and connect to other devices. The modulation types and packet structures are explained along with how the use of multislot RF packets can dramatically increase the data throughput between devices. Learn how enhanced data rate (EDR) can increase the data transmission rate from 1 Mbps to 3 Mbps. The protocol layers are explained including the RF baseband (physical), link manager, L2CAP (transport), and upper session and application layers. You will learn about the many Bluetooth profiles that define the services and applications that Bluetooth can provide. Bluetooth security processes such as pairing (authentication), privacy (encryption), and the new simple pairing processes are described. Discover that Bluetooth has evolved and continues to evolve from basic 1 Mbps Piconet services to the proposed Bluetooth 480 Mbps UWB services.
N-Terminal Pro–B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and Long-Term Mortality in Stable Coronary Heart Disease (2005)

NT-pro-BNP is a marker of long-term mortality in patients with stable coronary disease and provides prognostic information above and beyond that provided by conventional cardiovascular risk factors and the degree of left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
Structural requirements for the interaction of human IgM and IgA with the human Fcα/μ receptor (2009)

Here we unravel the structural features of human IgM and IgA that govern their interaction with the human Fcalpha/mu receptor (hFcalpha/muR). Ligand polymerization status was crucial for the interaction, because hFcalpha/muR binding did not occur with monomeric Ab of either class. hFcalpha/muR bound IgM with an affinity in the nanomolar range, whereas the affinity for dimeric IgA (dIgA) was tenfold lower. Panels of mutant IgM and dIgA were used to identify regions critical for hFcalpha/muR binding. IgM binding required contributions from both Cmu3 and Cmu4 Fc domains, whereas for dIgA, an exposed loop in the Calpha3 domain was crucial. This loop, comprising residues Pro440-Phe443, lies at the Fc domain interface and has been implicated in the binding of host receptors FcalphaRI and polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), as well as IgA-binding proteins produced by certain pathogenic bacteria. Substitutions within the Pro440-Phe443 loop resulted in loss of hFcalpha/muR binding. Furthermore, secretory component (SC, the extracellular portion of pIgR) and bacterial IgA-binding proteins were shown to inhibit the dIgA-hFcalpha/muR interaction. Therefore, we have identified a motif in the IgA-Fc inter-domain region critical for hFcalpha/muR interaction, and highlighted the multi-functional nature of a key site for protein-protein interaction at the IgA Fc domain interface.
Overexpression of the opioid growth factor receptor downregulates cell proliferation of human squamous carcinoma cells of the head and neck (2007)

The opioid growth factor (OGF) is a constitutively expressed negative growth regulator whose action is mediated by the OGF receptor (OGFr). The OGF-OGFr axis tonically regulates the growth of human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). To examine the repercussions of amplifying OGFr in SCCHN, constructs were prepared to overexpress OGFr in SCC-1 cells; six clonal lines were examined. OGFr binding assays of clonal cells revealed a 2.4- to 8.4-fold increase in binding capacity compared to wild-type (WT) and empty vector (EV) controls; binding affinity was comparable in all groups. OGFr protein expression, as measured by quantitative immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, was increased in clonal cell lines compared to controls. Under standard growth conditions the cell number of the OGFr clonal lines was reduced by 11 to 68% from the WT group, and doubling times were 7 to 67% longer. Addition of exogenous OGF further reduced (8 to 37%) cell growth of the clonal lines. Depletion of endogenous OGF with antibodies to this peptide increased growth 2-fold in cells amplifying OGFr relative to increases of 32 and 34% for the WT and EV groups, respectively. DNA synthesis of cells overexpressing OGFr was reduced from the WT group by 46 to 75%. These data indicate that the OGF receptor is integral to cell replication of SCCHN, and support treatment modalities that amplify OGFr in order to decrease the growth of these neoplasias.
Signaling Storm Problems in 3GPP Mobile Broadband Networks, Causes and Possible Solutions: A Review (2018)

Control signaling is mandatory for the operation and management of all types of communication networks, including the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) mobile broadband networks. It has been widely reported in white papers and technical reports, published in the Telecom industry, that as 3GPP wireless broadband networks evolve to an all IP architecture to meet growing data access demands, control signaling also keeps growing alarmingly. When the intensity of these control signals goes beyond the network can handle, they turn in to signaling storms. This may in turn compromise smooth network operations and valuable customer satisfaction while bringing Telecom operators big financial losses. These signaling storms might bring a 3G/4G network to a standstill. Such incidents have already been reported by different network operators around the globe. Therefore the signaling storm problem poses a serious threat to the smooth operations of the modern day 3GPP mobile broadband networks. There are several factors for signaling storms including mobile broadband network architecture evolution, unprecedented increase in data demands, increased use of smart phones and chatty or polling nature of social network applications, to name some. This paper presents a survey of the causes, of the signaling storm problems in 3GPP mobile broadband networks and also discusses their possible solutions.
Mesoporous Ferrihydrite‐Based Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Highly Promising Materials for Ozone Removal (2011)

Ironing out ozone: Mesoporous two-line ferrihydrite is highly active for O3 removal owing to its abundance of surface unsaturated Fe sites. O3 can adsorb to both tricoordinate (see picture of charge transfer from blue to orange regions, left) and tetracoordinate sites (right). The less dense packing of oxygen around Fe sites with electrons more localized to the well-structured Fe 3d states of these mesoporous iron oxides obviously is advantageous for good O3 interaction. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Drug Resistance and Apoptosis in Cancer Treatment: Development of New Apoptosis-Inducing Agents Active in Drug Resistant Malignancies (2002)

Modulation of multidrug resistance (MDR) has been extensively studied in vitro and in vivo. However, several clinical trials have failed to show any important benefits in terms of response to chemotherapy or the length of survival using MDR reversing agents. This may be due to the expression or co-expression of other drug resistance mechanisms in malignant cells. Several studies have shown that most, if not all, chemotherapeutic agents exert their anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis; therefore, resistance to apoptosis may be a major factor limiting the effectiveness of anticancer therapy. In the last few years, effort has been made to understand the biochemical alterations of apoptotic pathways in cancer. Many of these alterations confer a multidrug resistant phenotype to malignant cells. In this context, the new recently developed anticancer therapies based on drugs that modulate apoptosis may have importance for the treatment of tumors that are scarcely responsive to the conventional anticancer chemotherapy. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about drug resistance, apoptosis and cancer and report the recently developed apoptosis modulating strategies that have potential therapeutic implications for the drug resistant tumors.
On the Optimality of the Binary Reflected Gray Code (2004)

This paper concerns the problem of selecting a binary labeling for the signal constellation in M-PSK, M-PAM, and M-QAM communication systems. Gray labelings are discussed and the original work by Frank Gray is analyzed. As is noted, the number of distinct Gray labelings that result in different bit-error probability grows rapidly with increasing constellation size. By introducing a recursive Gray labeling construction method called expansion, the paper answers the natural question of what labeling, among all possible constellation labelings, will give the lowest possible average probability of bit errors for the considered constellations. Under certain assumptions on the channel, the answer is that the labeling proposed by Gray, the binary reflected Gray code, is the optimal labeling for all three constellations, which has, surprisingly, never been proved before.
Electrochemical Stability of Nanometer-Scale Pt Particles in Acidic Environments (2009)

Understanding and controlling the electrochemical stability or corrosion behavior of nanometer-scale solids is vitally important in a variety of applications such as nanoscale electronics, sensing, and catalysis. For many applications, the increased surface to volume ratio achieved by particle size reduction leads to lower materials cost and higher efficiency, but there are questions as to whether the intrinsic stability of materials also decreases with particle size. An important example of this relates to the stability of Pt catalysts in, for example, proton exchange fuel cells. In this Article, we use electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy to, for the first time, directly examine the stability of individual Pt nanoparticles as a function of applied potential. We combine this experimental study with ab initio computations to determine the stability, passivation, and dissolution behavior of Pt as a function of particle size and potential. Both approaches clearly show that smaller Pt particles dissolve well below the bulk dissolution potential and through a different mechanism. Pt dissolution from a nanoparticle occurs by direct electro-oxidation of Pt to soluble Pt(2+) cations, unlike bulk Pt, which dissolves from the oxide. These results have important implications for understanding the stability of Pt and Pt alloy catalysts in fuel cell architectures, and for the stability of nanoparticles in general.
Increased frequency of the k-ras G12C mutation in MYH polyposis colorectal adenomas (2004)

Colorectal tumours from MYH polyposis patients display an excess of somatic G : C --> T : A transversions in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene. Here, we identify k-ras mutations in nine out of 54 (16.7%) MYH polyposis tumours. Their presence was associated with increased dysplasia and tubulovillous morphology (P=0.005). G : C --> T : A transversions in k-ras were significantly more frequent in MYH polyposis adenomas than in sporadic or familial adenomatous polyposis-associated tumours (P<or=0.002), and all resulted in a glycine-to-cysteine substitution at codon 12.
Bioactivity of eugenol, a major component of essential oil of Ocimum suave (Wild.) against four species of stored-product Coleoptera (1997)

Toxicity and protectant potential of eugenol against Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus zeamais, Tribolium castaneum and Prostephanus truncatus was investigated in the laboratory using contact toxicity, grain treatment and repellency assays. Eugenol applied topically, impregnated on filter papers, whole grains or glass pebbles was highly toxic to all the four species. Beetle mortality was dosage-dependent. Eugenol was more effective on grain than on filter paper discs since the lowest dosage of 1 mul/kg of grain killed all the beetles within 24 h. The effectiveness of eugenol was significantly reduced by the length of storage after application. For grains bioassayed after 10 days of storage following treatment mortality decresed to less than 30% even with the highest dose of 10mul/kg. Eugenol was also highly repellent to the four beetle species tested with overall repellency in the range of 80- 100%. Development of eggs and immature stages inside grain kernels was completely inhibited by eugenol treatment. Keywords: ColeopteraSitophilus GranariusSitophilus ZeamaisTribolium CastaneumProstephanus TruncatusToxicityRepellencyOcimum SuaveEugenol Essential Oil
A cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding transcriptional activator in Drosophila melanogaster, dCREB-A, is a member of the leucine zipper family. (1992)

In this report, we describe the isolation and initial characterization of a Drosophila protein, dCREB-A, that can bind the somatostatin cyclic AMP (cAMP)-responsive element and is capable of activating transcription in cell culture. Sequence analysis demonstrates that this protein is a member of the leucine zipper family of transcription factors. dCREB-A is unusual in that it contains six hydrophobic residue iterations in the zipper domain rather than the four or five commonly found in this group of proteins. The DNA-binding domain is more closely related to mammalian CREB than to the AP-1 factors in both sequence homology and specificity of cAMP-responsive element binding. In embryos, dCREB-A is expressed in the developing salivary gland. A more complex pattern of expression is detected in the adult; transcripts are found in the brain and optic lobe cell bodies, salivary gland, and midgut epithelial cells of the cardia. In females, dCREB-A is expressed in the ovarian columnar follicle cells, and in males, dCREB-A RNA is seen in the seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, and ejaculatory bulb. These results suggest that the dCREB-A transcription factor may be involved in fertility and neurological functions.