gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of heat shock protein 90 function down-regulates Akt kinase and sensitizes tumors to Taxol. (2003)

The phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt pathway is activated frequently in human cancer, and has been implicated in tumor proliferation, cell survival, and resistance to apoptotic stimuli. Akt forms a complex with heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 and Cdc37, and inhibitors of Hsp90 cause Akt degradation. 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AGG) is an Hsp90 inhibitor currently in Phase I clinical trial. 17-AAG inhibits Akt activation and expression in tumors, and has antitumor activity in breast cancer xenografts. The combination of 17-AAG and Taxol is synergistic, and 17-AAG sensitizes tumor cells to Taxol-induced apoptosis in a schedule-dependent manner. Transfection of membrane-bound p110 PI3k prevented 17-AAG inactivation of Akt and abrogated the enhancement of Taxol-induced apoptosis caused by the drug. 17-AAG and Taxol could be administered together at their maximally tolerated doses to tumor-bearing mice. Doses of 17-AAG that induce HER2 degradation and cause Akt inactivation but have no single agent activity were effective in sensitizing tumors to Taxol. Enhancement was schedule-dependent and maximal when Taxol and 17-AAG were administered on the same day. These results suggest that Hsp90 inhibitors can effectively suppress Akt activity in animal models of human cancer at nontoxic doses, thus sensitizing tumor cells to proapoptotic stimuli.
Mechanism of primer-template-dependent conversion of dNTP leads to dNMP by T5 DNA polymerase. (1980)

T5 DNA polymerase catalyzes both 5' leads to 3' polymerization and 3' leads to 5' hydrolysis in a processive fashion. This knowledge has been utilized to obtain evidence indicating that the enzyme has a single primer-template binding site which can function as either polymerase or exonuclease, perhaps with the cooperation of additional or different side groups. Template-dependent conversion of dNTP leads to dNMP was observed with an excess of either primer-template or enzyme. With primer-template excess, practically all the enzymes were functional as polymerase; with enzyme excess, all primer-templates were extended during the first cycle of catalysis. These observations suggest that turnover takes place at the points of chain growth. Evidence is also provided which demonstrates that the enzyme is capable of switching its direction of catalysis from 3' leads to 5' to 5' leads to 3' without leaving the primer-template. A clear correspondence between the relative amount of hydrolysis of a terminally labeled residue on the primer and the relative amount of turnover suggests that (a) the probability of hydrolysis of a given type of residue in contact with the "active site" is constant, and (b) during each turnover episode enzyme usually takes only one step in the 3' leads to 5' direction. A simple probabilistic model of turnover is discussed.
Atomic force microscopy and manipulation of living glial cells (1993)

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is capable of imaging surfaces at very high resolution. The AFM has been used to image living glial cells in culture. Typical images reveal the three-dimensional shape of the cell and often internal cellular structures are visible. In this report, it is shown that by increasing the imaging force, cells can be removed from the surface on which they are grown. Although the forces involved in this process are complex, it is possible to compare relative adhesion of different types of living cells to a particular substrate.
Efficient placement of audio data on optical disks for real-time applications (1989)

Optical disks are among the most promising secondary storage devices for data-intensive applications and database management systems. A means of optimizing the storage capacity of optical disks is presented here.
Addition of a photocrosslinking amino acid to the genetic code of Escherichia coli (2002)

Benzophenones are among the most useful photocrosslinking agents in biology. We have evolved an orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase/tRNA pair that makes possible the in vivo incorporation of p-benzoyl-l-phenylalanine into proteins in Escherichia coli in response to the amber codon, TAG. This unnatural amino acid was incorporated with high translational efficiency and fidelity into the dimeric protein glutathione S-transferase. Irradiation resulted in efficient crosslinking (>50%) of the protein subunits. This methodology may prove useful for discovering and defining protein interactions in vitro and in vivo.
T cell receptors with allo-major histocompatibility complex specificity from rat and mouse. Similarity of size, plasmin susceptibility, and localization of antigen-binding region. (1981)

Antisera specific for the constant part Ctau of T cell receptor molecules in mice and rats have been produced in rabbits by immunization with idiotype-positive rat T cell molecules. Such antisera could be shown to react with the majority of normal T lymphocytes from both rats and mice. Mixed leukocyte culture-activated T blasts displayed a higher percentage of positive cells than concanovalin A- or phytohemaglutinin-induced T blasts. Lipopolysaccharide-induced B blasts were not reactive with the antiserum. Lyt-1-,2+,3+ blasts displayed a significantly brighter straining than the corresponding Lyt-1+,2-,3- blasts. Isolation of the reactive molecules from T cells by immunosorption yielded a 70,000-dalton single chain polypeptide as the dominant group of molecules. Plasmin caused the chain to split into 45,000- and 25,000-dalton polypeptides, with the smaller fragment displaying antigen-binding capacity. Molecules identical in size and plasma degradation patterns were isolated from Lyt-1+,2-3- and 1-,2+,3+ blasts. Preliminary functional data supported the view that the antiserum is directed against the constant region Ctau relevant receptor structures on immunocompetent T lymphocytes.
Vapor—Liquid—Solid Growth of Silicon—Germanium Nanowires. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Glucose‐Limited fed‐batch cultivation of Escherichia coli with computer‐controlled fixed growth rate (1990)

Growth cessation of Escherichia coli in nondialysis fedbatch culture at biomass densities over 30-40 g/L has been shown to be the result of the accumulation of acetate, lactate, pyruvate, succinate, propionate, and isobutyrate in the culture broth.' This conclusion was supported by the fact that high cell concentrations (140 g/L) and cellular yields were achieved in dialysis fed-batch culture of E. coli.
Low-Temperature Properties of Concrete Using Low-Heat Blended Cement (1996)

Low-heat Portland cement was investigated to develop low-heat high strength concrete intended for use in low-temperature environments. Pulverized blastfurnace slag, limestone powder and silica fume were examined to improve strength at early age at low temperature. The low-temperature properties of the low-heat Portland cement were improved by using highly pulverized blastfurnace slag and increasing the calcium sulfate content. These results are due to the formation of C-S-H and ettringite at low temperature.
High-resolution tandem FT mass spectrometry above 10 kDa (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleHigh-resolution tandem FT mass spectrometry above 10 kDaFred W. McLaffertyCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1994, 27, 11, 379–386Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar00047a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00047a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views326Altmetric-Citations181LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
28‐1: Image Capture Through TFT Arrays (2020)

Images captured through displays are dim and blurred owing to attenuation and diffraction. Display structures can result in angular frequencies in the scene being completely blocked. We describe an optical method to recover these frequencies resulting in a more complete capture of the scene.
Neuroprotection through Delivery of Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor by Neural Stem Cells in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease (2001)

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been proposed as tools for treating neurodegeneration because of their capacity to give rise to cell types appropriate to the structure in which they are grafted. In the present work, we explore the ability of NSCs to stably express transgenes and locally deliver soluble molecules with neuroprotective activity, such as glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). NSCs engineered to release GDNF engrafted well in the host striatum, integrated and gave rise to neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, and maintained stable high levels of GDNF expression for at least 4 months. The therapeutic potential of intrastriatal GDNF-NSCs grafts was tested in a mouse 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. We found that GDNF-NSCs prevented the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and reduced behavioral impairment in these animals. Thus, our results demonstrate that NSCs efficiently express therapeutic levels of GDNF in vivo, suggesting a use for NSCs engineered to release neuroprotective molecules in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease.
The European corn borer and its control (1944)

In the relatively short time since the European corn borer reached the concentrated corn-growing areas of Illinois and Iowa, the population increase and rate of spread have been greatly accelerated. Its advance across Illinois and deep into Iowa has been from 50 to 100 miles a year. The spread of the borer after its discovery in Clinton County in 1942 is shown in fig. 1.\nThe last few years, which have been exceptionally good corn-growing years, likewise have been good for the borer. Thus, it appears that weather, soil conditions, farming practices and other agricultural factors most favorable for growing large acreages of high-yielding corn are also quite favorable to the borer. As the borer spread into Iowa during 1942 and 1943, its buildup has been most rapid in the counties of more intensive corn production. In general, the borer population is heaviest from Clinton and Scott Counties westward toward the central part of the state. Conversely, the population rise has been much less rapid in those infested counties along the southern and northern borders, where corn-growing conditions are less favorable and the corn acreage much smaller.
The management of acute mania (2003)

Encouraging results from clinical trials need to be replicated in practice 

Bipolar disorder is a common, severe psychiatric disorder that is characterised by recurrent manic, mixed, and depressive episodes. Cognitive, behavioural, and psychotic symptoms often occur during mood episodes, and suicide rates in bipolar disorder are among the highest of all psychiatric illnesses.1 Acute bipolar manic and mixed episodes often constitute medical emergencies, requiring admission to hospital to ensure safety and rapid recovery. However, morbidity from mania is not limited to acute episodes as full recovery of functioning often lags months behind remission of symptoms.2 Medications form the cornerstone of treatment of mania, and in the past decade randomised controlled trials of new medications for this syndrome have proliferated. These studies have addressed important questions about the short term efficacy and tolerability of new agents, alone and in combination.

The efficacy of agents for the treatment of acute mania has typically been established in three to four week, placebo controlled, randomised, parallel group, monotherapy trials in patients admitted to hospital without clinically significant medical or psychiatric comorbidity who are able to give informed consent. These …
Non-conventional therapeutics for oral infections (2015)

As our knowledge of host-microbial interactions within the oral cavity increases, future treatments are likely to be more targeted. For example, efforts to target a single species or key virulence factors that they produce, while maintaining the natural balance of the resident oral microbiota that acts to modulate the host immune response would be an advantage. Targeted approaches may be directed at the black-pigmented anaerobes, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia, associated with periodontitis. Such pigments provide an opportunity for targeted phototherapy with high-intensity monochromatic light. Functional inhibition approaches, including the use of enzyme inhibitors, are also being explored to control periodontitis. More general disruption of dental plaque through the use of enzymes and detergents, alone and in combination, shows much promise. The use of probiotics and prebiotics to improve gastrointestinal health has now led to an interest in using these approaches to control oral disease. More recently the potential of antimicrobial peptides and nanotechnology, through the application of nanoparticles with biocidal, anti-adhesive and delivery capabilities, has been explored. The aim of this review is to consider the current status as regards non-conventional treatment approaches for oral infections with particular emphasis on the plaque-related diseases.
The vaccine adjuvant alum promotes IL‐10 production that suppresses Th1 responses (2018)

The effectiveness of many vaccines licensed for clinical use relates to the induction of neutralising antibodies, facilitated by the inclusion of vaccine adjuvants, particularly alum. However, the ability of alum to preferentially promote humoral rather than cellular, particularly Th1-type responses, is not well understood. We demonstrate that alum activates immunosuppressive mechanisms following vaccination, which limit its capacity to induce Th1 responses. One of the key cytokines limiting excessive immune responses is IL-10. Injection of alum primed draining lymph node cells for enhanced IL-10 secretion ex vivo. Moreover, at the site of injection, macrophages and dendritic cells were key sources of IL-10 expression. Alum strongly enhanced the transcription and secretion of IL-10 by macrophages and dendritic cells. The absence of IL-10 signalling did not compromise alum-induced cell infiltration into the site of injection, but resulted in enhanced antigen-specific Th1 responses after vaccination. In contrast to its decisive regulatory role in regulating Th1 responses, there was no significant change in antigen-specific IgG1 antibody production following vaccination with alum in IL-10-deficient mice. Overall, these findings indicate that injection of alum promotes IL-10, which can block Th1 responses and may explain the poor efficacy of alum as an adjuvant for inducing protective Th1 immunity.
Sweat Lactate, Ammonia, and Urea in Rugby Players (2005)

The purpose of this study was to investigate sweat lactate, ammonia, and urea excretion in rugby players. Fifteen elite amateur rugby players volunteered to participate. The study was conducted during competitive matches in the official season. Plasma and sweat concentrations of lactate, ammonia, and urea were measured before and after the matches. Peak values for creatine kinase activity were observed 24 h after the match. There was no significant change between time points for blood lactate concentration but secretion rate per unit surface and time was significantly reduced after the match. Sweat ammonia concentration increased significantly during the match; values were significantly reduced after 24 h and still remained low at 72 h. Secretion rate was also reduced from 24 h. Urea concentration was significantly reduced at 48 h, while secretion rates decreased at 24 h and 48 h. Lactate in blood was significantly elevated during the match but not thereafter. Blood ammonia was significantly elevated during the match and did not differ from the resting values at 24 or 48 h. Urea in blood tended to decrease during the match, with a significant reduction at 24 h. Significant positive correlations were observed between blood and sweat concentrations for urea and ammonia but not for lactate. Sweat rate correlated positively with sweat lactate secretion. The fact that part of the ammonia formed during exercise is lost with sweat indicates the importance of the purine nucleotide cycle during rugby matches. Our data also confirm that sweat lactate concentration is not influenced by circulatory blood lactate in rugby players.
Mitochondria and Cancer: Warburg Addressed (2005)

Otto Warburg recognized that cancer cells generate excessive lactate in the presence of oxygen (aerobic glycolysis). It now appears that this phenomenon is the product of two factors: a return to the more glycolytic metabolism of the embryo and alterations in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Alterations in the Ras-PI3K-Akt signal transduction pathway can result in induction of hexokinase II and its attachment to mitochondrial porin redirecting mitochondrial ATP to phosphorylate glucose and drive glycolysis. Furthermore, partial inhibition of OXPHOS by mitochondrial gene mutations (germ-line or somatic) can reduce electron flux through the electron transport chain, increasing mitochondrial ROS production. The increased ROS mutagenizes nuclear proto-oncogenes (initiation) and drives nuclear replication (promotion), resulting in cancer. Therefore, hexokinase II and mitochondrial ROS may be useful alternate targets for cancer therapeutics.
Teletext and Viewdata Systems and Their Possible Extension to Europe and USA (1979)

In this paper it is proposed to explore the extension of the UK Viewdata and Teletext systems primarily into the USA but also to Europe. The paper is complementary to the paper by N. E. Tanton, BBC, entitled 'UK Teletext — Evolution and Potential'. In adapting and extending an existing system it is worth recognising the basic starting points. For the UK Teletext and Viewdata systems these can be summed up as follows: 1) decoder costs, 2) ease of use by the end user.
Synergistic Effects of Nell-1 and BMP-2 on the Osteogenic Differentiation of Myoblasts (2007)

These findings are important because of the confirmed osteochondral specificity of Nell-1 signaling and the potential therapeutic effects of enhanced BMP-2 action with coordinated Nell-1 delivery.
Efficient infection of cells in culture by type O foot-and-mouth disease virus requires binding to cell surface heparan sulfate (1996)

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) enters cells by attaching to cellular receptor molecules of the integrin family, one of which has been identified as the RGD-binding integrin alpha(v)beta3. Here we report that, in addition to an integrin binding site, type O strains of FMDV share with natural ligands of alpha(v)beta3 (i.e., vitronectin and fibronectin) a specific affinity for heparin and that binding to the cellular form of this sulfated glycan, heparan sulfate, is required for efficient infection of cells in culture. Binding of the virus to paraformaldehyde-fixed cells was powerfully inhibited by agents such as heparin, that compete with heparan sulfate or by agents that compete for heparan sulfate (platelet factor 4) or that inactivate it (heparinase). Neither chondroitin sulfate, a structurally related component of the extracellular matrix, nor dextran sulfate appreciably inhibited binding. The functional importance of heparan sulfate binding was demonstrated by the facts that (i) infection of live cells by FMDV could also be blocked specifically by heparin, albeit at a much higher concentration of inhibitor; (ii) pretreatment of cells with heparinase reduced the number of plaques formed compared with that for untreated cells; and (iii) mutant cell lines deficient in heparan sulfate expression were unable to support plaque formation by FMDV, even though they remained equally susceptible to another picornavirus, bovine enterovirus. The results show that entry of type O FMDV into cells is a complex process and suggest that the initial contact with the cell surface is made through heparan sulfate.
Activation-induced Cytosine Deaminase (AID) Is Actively Exported out of the Nucleus but Retained by the Induction of DNA Breaks (2004)

Activation-induced cytosine deaminase (AID) is a cytosine deaminase that is critical to immunoglobulin hypermutation, class switch recombination, and gene conversion. In the context of hypermutating B cells, AID deaminates cytosine in the DNA of immunoglobulin genes, leading to the accumulation of mutations in the variable regions. However, when AID is expressed ectopically, it is a generalized mutator of G:C base pairs. Therefore, we asked whether AID may be partially regulated by an active system of nuclear export. We found that removal of a highly conserved nuclear export signal in the C terminus of AID causes accumulation of AID in the nucleus. However, a putative nuclear localization signal in the N terminus does not appear to be functional. Finally, we found that agents that induce DNA breaks caused retention of AID in the nucleus, suggesting that DNA breaks or the repair patches initiated as a result are a substrate for AID binding.
Functional Brain Imaging, Limbic Function, and Affective Disorders (1996)

For more than a century, mesial cerebral structures have been candidate substrates for the mediation of emotional experience. Although limbic structures were originally conceived as forming a midline ring, emerging evidence suggests that emotional processes may be related more closely to anterior paralimbic (anterior limbic and nearby cortical) regions than to posterior limbic regions. In addition, basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits for various cerebral processes have been proposed, including one involving anterior paralimbic structures thought to mediate emotion. Recent brain imaging studies have advanced this thesis by demonstrating anterior paralimbic activation during affective arousal in healthy volunteers. The overwhelming majority of functional imaging studies of both primary and secondary depression has demonstrated decreased anterior paralimbic and prefrontal cortical activity, the latter of which often correlated with severity of depression and resolved with symptom remission. A few studies have noted increased activity in these same regions, which may reflect heterogeneity due to particular illness subtypes. Preliminary evidence has suggested that baseline functional abnormalities in these structures may relate to diagnostic subtypes and provide differential markers of therapeutic responses. New imaging methods with greater sensitivity, spatial and temporal resolution, and biochemical specificity promise to fuel further insights into the neurobiology of normal emotion in health, subtypes of affective disorders, and perhaps even improved targeting of therapeutic interventions.