gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Specialized brain cooling in humans? (1993)

Humans, compared to other species, have exceptional capability for dissipation of heat from the entire skin surface. We can secrete more than two liters per hour of sweat, indefinitely. The corresponding potential for evaporative cooling is near a thousand watts, sufficient to compensate for the extreme high levels of heat production during exercise. Also, the blood vessels of our skin have exceptional capability to dilate and deliver heat to the body surface. These are our special adaptations for thermal stress. They allow prolonged heavy exercise with modest elevations in the temperature of the fluid that cools all the internal organs, not just the brain-arterial blood. The vascular architecture of the human head is radically different from that of animals that exhibit SBC. These species have special adaptations that reflect their dependence on respiratory evaporation, particularly the limitation imposed on capability to dispose of heat produced during exercise. The increase in blood temperature in an intense sprint would heat the well-perfused brain rapidly. But the heat exchange over the large surface area of contact between a venous plexus cooled by respiratory evaporation and the meshwork of arterial vessels in the carotid rete precools blood bound for the brain. Specialized cooling of the brain (SBC) has not been demonstrated by direct measurements in humans. Changes in tympanic temperature (Tty) are taken as evidence for SBC. This continues an unfortunate tradition of exaggeration of the significance of Tty. In the only direct measurements available, brain temperature was unaffected by fanning the face although Tty did fall. What may appear to be a remnant of the carotid rete heat exchanger in humans is the intimate association between a short segment of the internal carotid artery and the plexus of veins in the cavernous sinus. Fortunately, the brain need not rely for its cooling on countercurrent heat exchange across this small surface area of contact. In humans, SBC stands for skin: the body cooler--we use our entire skin surface for heat dissipation.
Exposure of primary rat hepatocytes in long-term DMSO culture to selected transition metals induces hepatocyte proliferation and formation of duct-like structures (1997)

We previously showed that primary rat hepatocytes plated on a rat-tail collagen coated dish and fed a chemically-defined medium supplemented with 2% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) can be maintained in a well-differentiated, non-replicating state for periods of several months. In this study, we show that the addition of copper, iron, and zinc to the DMSO-containing chemically defined medium induced DNA synthesis and cell replication during the first two months in culture without loss of hepatic differentiation. DNA synthesis occurred throughout the hepatocyte population without regard to cellular size. No changes were observed in properties indicative of well-differentiated hepatocytes, including cellular morphology, ultrastructure, albumin, or cytokeratin-8 expression. During the third month in culture, after the hepatocytes had become confluent, pseudoduct structures became apparent. Examination of cells lining the ducts by immunohistochemistry showed that these cells lost the ability to express albumin and stained more intensely for cytokeratin 19 and laminin. The ultrastructure of the cells lining the ducts was altered and became more characteristic of bile duct cells. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that connexin 43, a marker of bile-duct proliferation, was expressed in the duct-like cells. We conclude that under these specific nutritive conditions, primary rat hepatocytes proliferate and, with time, begin to form duct-like structures with altered gene expression and ultrastructural properties.
Overexpression of Natural Killer T Cells Protects Vα14-Jα281 Transgenic Nonobese Diabetic Mice against Diabetes (1998)

Progression to destructive insulitis in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice is linked to the failure of regulatory cells, possibly involving T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. Natural killer (NK) T cells might be involved in diabetes, given their deficiency in NOD mice and the prevention of diabetes by adoptive transfer of alpha/beta double-negative thymocytes. Here, we evaluated the role of NK T cells in diabetes by using transgenic NOD mice expressing the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) alpha chain Valpha14-Jalpha281 characteristic of NK T cells. Precise identification of NK1.1(+) T cells was based on out-cross with congenic NK1.1 NOD mice. All six transgenic lines showed, to various degrees, elevated numbers of NK1.1(+) T cells, enhanced production of interleukin (IL)-4, and increased levels of serum immunoglobulin E. Only the transgenic lines with the largest numbers of NK T cells and the most vigorous burst of IL-4 production were protected from diabetes. Transfer and cotransfer experiments with transgenic splenocytes demonstrated that Valpha14-Jalpha281 transgenic NOD mice, although protected from overt diabetes, developed a diabetogenic T cell repertoire, and that NK T cells actively inhibited the pathogenic action of T cells. These results indicate that the number of NK T cells strongly influences the development of diabetes.
Functional Mapping of the Human Visual Cortex by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1991)

Knowledge of regional cerebral hemodynamics has widespread application for both physiological research and clinical assessment because of the well-established interrelation between physiological function, energy metabolism, and localized blood supply. A magnetic resonance technique was developed for quantitative imaging of cerebral hemodynamics, allowing for measurement of regional cerebral blood volume during resting and activated cognitive states. This technique was used to generate the first functional magnetic resonance maps of human task activation, by using a visual stimulus paradigm. During photic stimulation, localized increases in blood volume (32 +/- 10 percent, n = 7 subjects) were detected in the primary visual cortex. Center-of-mass coordinates and linear extents of brain activation within the plane of the calcarine fissure are reported.
DNA structural variations produced by actinomycin and distamycin as revealed by DNAase I footprinting (1984)

The technique of DNAase I footprinting has been used to investigate preferred binding sites for actinomycin D and distamycin on a 160-base-pair DNA fragment from E. coli containing the tyr T promoter sequence. Only sites containing the dinucleotide step GpC are protected by binding of actinomycin, and all such sites are protected. Distamycin recognizes four major regions rich in A + T residues. Both antibiotics induce enhanced rates of cleavage at certain regions flanking their binding sites. These effects are not restricted to any particular base sequence since they are produced in runs of A and T by actinomycin and in GC-rich sequences by distamycin. The observed increases in susceptibility to nuclease attack are attributed to DNA structural variations induced in the vicinity of the ligand binding site, most probably involving changes in the width of the helical minor groove.
Peptide aptamers: Tools for biology and drug discovery (2003)

Peptide aptamer technology is relatively youthful. It has the advantage over existing techniques that the reagents identified are designed for expression in eukaryotic cells. This allows the construction of molecular tools that allow the logic of genetics, from knockouts to extragenic suppressors, to be applied to studies of proteins in tissue culture cells. Until recently, the available tools have limited our understanding of cell biology. The same limitation restricts out ability to validate the numerous candidate drug targets emerging from genome-wide approaches to cellular biology. Peptide aptamers represent a stride forwards in the evolution of a modular, molecular tool kit for cell biology and for drug target validation. The authors predict that they will also play a role in the transition from genomic to proteomic microarray technology.
Immunological evaluation of the multiple antigen peptide (MAP) system using the major immunogenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus. (1991)

The multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) system for presenting epitopes to the immune system has been studied with an immunogenic foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) peptide comprising amino acids 141-160 of protein VP1. Neutralizing antibody responses known to protect guinea-pigs against challenge infection were obtained with a single inoculation of 0.8-4 micrograms of peptide, presented as an octamer or a tetramer, whereas 20 micrograms of a dimer were required to evoke a similar level of antibody. A monomeric preparation did not elicit measurable levels of neutralizing antibody at doses up to 20 micrograms. The octameric MAP was also immunogenic using an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. Antibodies elicited by the octameric, tetrameric and dimeric constructs differed qualitatively in their reaction with sequences within the 141-160 peptide. Those against the octamer reacted poorly with peptides within the 141-160 sequence, whereas those elicited by the tetramer and dimer reacted preferentially with the peptides covering the N-terminal region. The levels of neutralizing antibody obtained with the octamer and tetramer compare favourably with those obtained when the FMDV peptide is attached to carrier proteins but are lower than those obtained when it is presented as part of a peptide-hepatitis B virus core particle. Nevertheless, the ability to elicit protective levels of neutralizing antibody without the use of a carrier protein would be a distinct advantage in the development of synthetic peptide vaccines.
Automated generation of category-specific thesauri for interactivequery expansion (1998)

The categorisation of documents into subject-specific categories is a useful enhancement for large document collections addressed by information retrieval systems, as a user can first browse a category tree in search of the category that best matches her interests, and then issue a query for more specific documents &amp;quot;from within the category&amp;quot;. This approach combines two modalities in information seeking that are most popular in Web-based search engines, i.e. category-based site browsing (as exemplified by e.g. Yahoo TM ) and keyword-based document querying (as exemplified by e.g. AltaVista TM ). Appropriate query expansion tools need to be provided, though, in order to allow the user to incrementally refine her query through further retrieval passes, thus allowing the system to produce a series of subsequent document rankings that hopefully converge to the user&amp;apos;s expected ranking. In this work we propose that automatically generated, category-specific &amp;quot;associative&amp;quot; thesauri be used for such purpose. We discuss a method for their generation, and discuss how the thesaurus specific to a given category may usefully be endowed with &amp;quot;gateways&amp;quot; to the thesauri specific to its parent and children categories.
Liability and the Hydrogen Economy (2003)

Hydrogen fuel cell technologies are being championed as a way to further environmental and national security policy objectives. However, hydrogen's physical properties differ significantly from other fuels and require special handling procedures that are rarely discussed. The gas and its flame are
Nitrate, nitrite and nitric oxide in gastric mucosal defense. (2008)

The human stomach normally contains high levels of bioactive nitric oxide (NO). This NO derives from salivary nitrate (NO3-) that is converted to nitrite (NO2-) by oral bacteria and thereafter non-enzymatically reduced in the acidic gastric lumen to NO. Nitrate is a common component in vegetables, and after ingestion it is absorbed in the small intestine. Interestingly, circulating nitrate is then concentrated by the salivary glands. Hence, intake of nitrate-rich vegetables results in high levels of NO in the stomach. The physiological effects of the high concentration of NO gas normally present in the gastric lumen have been hitherto unknown, and the present investigations were therefore conducted to address this issue. NO produced in the gastric lumen after nitrate ingestion increased gastric mucosal blood flow and the thickness of the firmly adherent mucus layer in the stomach. The blood flow and mucus layer are essential defense mechanisms that protect the mucosa from luminal acid and noxious agents. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) are commonly prescribed and effective drugs for treating pain and inflammation, but are associated with severe gastrointestinal side effects. We demonstrated that a nitrate-rich diet protects against NSAID-induced gastric damage, as a result of the increased formation of NO in the stomach. We also showed that the gastroprotective effect attributed to nitrate depended completely on conversion of nitrate to nitrite by the bacterial flora colonizing the tongue, and that the oral microflora is therefore important in regulating physiological conditions in the stomach. In summary, this thesis challenges the current dogma that nitrate intake is hazardous, and on the contrary suggests that dietary nitrate plays a direct role in regulating gastric homeostasis. It is likely that a sufficient supply of nitrate in the diet together with the oral microflora is essential for preventing pathological conditions in the gastrointestinal tract.
Visible-Light Photocatalysis in Nitrogen-Doped Titanium Oxides (2001)

To use solar irradiation or interior lighting efficiently, we sought a photocatalyst with high reactivity under visible light. Films and powders of TiO(2-x)N(x) have revealed an improvement over titanium dioxide (TiO2) under visible light (wavelength < 500 nanometers) in optical absorption and photocatalytic activity such as photodegradations of methylene blue and gaseous acetaldehyde and hydrophilicity of the film surface. Nitrogen doped into substitutional sites of TiO2 has proven to be indispensable for band-gap narrowing and photocatalytic activity, as assessed by first-principles calculations and x-ray photoemission spectroscopy.
Adaptive photodichroic matched spatial filter (1976)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text David Casasent and Frank Caimi, "Adaptive photodichroic matched spatial filter," Appl. Opt. 15, 2631-2632 (1976) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Microencapsulation of proteins by rapid expansion of supercritical solution with a nonsolvent (2000)

Abstract A new method—rapid expansion from supercritical solution with a nonsolvent (RESS‐N)—is reported for forming polymer microparticles containing proteins such as lysozyme (from chicken egg white) and lipase (from Pseudomonas cepacia). A suspension of protein in CO 2 containing a cosolvent and dissolved polymer is sprayed through a nozzle to atmospheric pressure. The polymers are poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG4000; MW = 3,000, PEG6000; MW = 7,500, PEG20000; MW = 20,000), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA; MW = 15,000), poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLA; MW = 5,000), poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PGLA; MW = 5,000) and PEG–poly(propylene glycol) (PPG)–PEG triblock copolymer (MW = 13,000). The solubilities of these polymers in CO 2 increase significantly with low‐molecular‐weight alcohols as cosolvents. The particles do not tend to agglomerate after expansion, since the pure cosolvent is a nonsolvent for the polymer. The structure and morphology of the microcapsules were investigated by TEM, SEM, and optical microscopy. The thickness of the polymer coating about the protein, as well as the mean particle diameter and particle‐size distribution, could be controlled by changing the feed composition of the polymer.
Cycle Slip Detection and Fixing by MEMS-IMU/GPS Integration for Mobile Environment RTK-GPS (2008)

in the research and development of precise positioning algorithms with GPS/GNSS, including PPP, RTK-GPS and INS/GPS integration.
Randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of ADS‐5102 (amantadine) extended‐release capsules for levodopa‐induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease (EASE LID 3) (2017)

ADS-5102 274 mg is an oral pharmacotherapy demonstrating a significant decrease in levodopa-induced dyskinesia and improving OFF time. © 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
A New Type of High Performance Device for VLSI Digital System (1987)

This paper presents a high performance Complementary Buried Channel FET device isolated by high quality silicon dioxide layer using Silicon wafer Direct Bonding technology (SDB/CBCFET). The structure and operational principle of this device is discussed. The properties of an improved SDB process is investigated. By means of 2D numerical simulation, effects of interface charge density of bonding interface and SOI layer-SiO2 interface on threshold voltage and the threshold voltage shift in submicron geometry are analysed. The performance of submicron SDB/CBECET device and circuits is evaluated. The results indicate that SDB/CBCFET device is superior to bulk CMOS and SOI/CMOS in speed, switching energy, complexity, reliability and small size effects as device size decreases into submicron dimension.
ONLINE AND MANUAL SEARCHING IN A NOT-FOR-PROFIT SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FIRM (1982)

Online services in library operations in the MITRE Corporation's Washington Center, introduced in 1977, have steadily gained in popularity and frequency of use over manual operations. Library staff and the users of information alike perfer online searching for its economy, convenience, and effectiveness. Library management appreciate online services in reference and technical services because they increase staff productivity. Manual services today have smaller place in library operations, as online services affect many aspects of library mangement.
Functional limits of conformation, hydrophobicity, and steric constraints in prokaryotic signal peptide cleavage regions. Wild type transport by a simple polymeric signal sequence. (1991)

These experiments examine the role of conformation, hydrophobicity, and steric constraints in the function of the prokaryotic signal peptide cleavage region. The experimental strategy involves replacement of the wild type Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase signal peptide cleavage region with a series of idealized model sequences designed to epitomize the particular structural and physical variables under study. By analyzing model sequences whose conformations have been determined by physical studies, we have demonstrated that efficient transport does not depend on the structural preference of the cleavage region. Although previous studies based on Chou-Fasman analysis have suggested that the cleavage region forms a beta-turn which is required for transport, our results demonstrate that either a beta-turn- or alpha-helix-fostering sequence in the cleavage region functions indistinguishably from wild type. Furthermore, the presence of a proline residue between the core and cleavage region, although common in natural sequences, is not essential for export. Cleavage regions of varying hydrophobicities can support translocation across the inner membrane, but the placement of bulky residues at positions -1 and -3 upstream of the cleavage site abolishes processing and transport to the periplasm. By reducing the signal peptide to simplified, idealized segments, this study has identified a largely polymeric sequence, MKQST(L10)-(A6), that functions equivalently to the wild type alkaline phosphatase signal peptide. This work starts to provide a basis for the design of a universal prokaryotic signal peptide that incorporates all the critical physical and structural characteristics required for transport function.
A fiber optic biosensor for fluorimetric detection of triple-helical DNA (1997)

A fiber optic biosensor was used for the fluorimetric detection of T/AT triple-helical DNA formation. The surfaces of two sets of fused silica optical fibers were functionalized with hexaethylene oxide linkers from which decaadenylic acid oligonucleotides were grown in the 3'to 5'and 5'to 3'direction, respectively, using a DNA synthesizer. Fluorescence studies of hybridization showed unequivocal hybridization between oligomers immobilized on the fibers and complementary oligonucleotides from the solution phase, as detected by fluorescence from intercalated ethidium bromide. The complementary oligonucleotide, dT10, which was expected to Watson-Crick hybridize upon cooling the system below the duplex melting temperature ( T m), provided a fluorescence intensity with a negative temperature coefficient. Upon further cooling, to the point where the pyrimidine motif T*AT triple-helix formation occurred, a fluorescence intensity change with a positive temperature coefficient was observed. The reverse-Hoogsteen T.AT triplex, which is known to form with branched nucleic acids, provided a corresponding decrease in fluorescence intensity with decreasing temperature. Full analytical signal evolution was attainable in minutes.
The science and engineering challenge: An innovative and effective approach to promoting vocations in engineering (2004)

There has been a consistent decline in the number and interest of young people in Australia in studying the enabling sciences and engineering. In response, the University of Newcastle has developed the Science and Engineering Challenge, an outreach program conducted in cooperation with the community aimed at providing secondary school students with a better insight into the world of engineering, science and technology. The program commenced in 2001, and encouraged by widespread community support it has grown strongly, so that in 2004 it will involve over 5,000 students from around 200 schools in four of Australia's seven states. It attracts the enthusiastic support of over 500 volunteers who offer their assistance year after year and about a third of the Challenge's operating budget comes from donations by local communities and businesses. More importantly, statistics show that the schools participating in the Challenge have experienced a significant increase in the number of students electing to do physics, advanced mathematics and chemistry in their senior years. This paper explains what the Challenge is, why it has been so effective and why it attracts such great support from so many different people. To understand this, one must look at all the dimensions of the Challenge in order to build an appreciation of the entire program. The Challenge has many dimensions, all of which contribute in an important and complimentary way to the overall success of the project. The Challenge has received significant recognition culminating in November 2003, winning the Sir William Hudson Award for the 'best Engineering Project in Australia in 2003'. The judging panel for this award included a number of Australia's leading engineers, including several past presidents of Engineers Australia. The Challenge defeated over 45 other nominated finalists, all of which had already been judged winners of regional engineering excellence awards.
Bacterial Antigen Expression Is an Important Component in Inducing an Immune Response to Orally Administered Salmonella-Delivered DNA Vaccines (2009)

These findings suggest that prokaryotic expression of the antigen and co-delivery of this protein by Salmonella are at least partially responsible for the successful oral delivery of C-fragment DNA vaccines containing the CMV promoter by S. typhimurium.