gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silencing Hardware Backdoors (2011)

Hardware components can contain hidden backdoors, which can be enabled with catastrophic effects or for ill-gotten profit. These backdoors can be inserted by a malicious insider on the design team or a third-party IP provider. In this paper, we propose techniques that allow us to build trustworthy hardware systems from components designed by untrusted designers or procured from untrusted third-party IP providers. We present the first solution for disabling digital, design-level hardware backdoors. The principle is that rather than try to discover the malicious logic in the design -- an extremely hard problem -- we make the backdoor design problem itself intractable to the attacker. The key idea is to scramble inputs that are supplied to the hardware units at runtime, making it infeasible for malicious components to acquire the information they need to perform malicious actions. We show that the proposed techniques cover the attack space of deterministic, digital HDL backdoors, provide probabilistic security guarantees, and can be applied to a wide variety of hardware components. Our evaluation with the SPEC 2006 benchmarks shows negligible performance loss (less than 1% on average) and that our techniques can be integrated into contemporary microprocessor designs.
Multiple Object Tracking Using K-Shortest Paths Optimization (2011)

Multi-object tracking can be achieved by detecting objects in individual frames and then linking detections across frames. Such an approach can be made very robust to the occasional detection failure: If an object is not detected in a frame but is in previous and following ones, a correct trajectory will nevertheless be produced. By contrast, a false-positive detection in a few frames will be ignored. However, when dealing with a multiple target problem, the linking step results in a difficult optimization problem in the space of all possible families of trajectories. This is usually dealt with by sampling or greedy search based on variants of Dynamic Programming which can easily miss the global optimum. In this paper, we show that reformulating that step as a constrained flow optimization results in a convex problem. We take advantage of its particular structure to solve it using the k-shortest paths algorithm, which is very fast. This new approach is far simpler formally and algorithmically than existing techniques and lets us demonstrate excellent performance in two very different contexts.
Keeping Signals Straight in Phosphorelay Signal Transduction (2001)

Bacteria are highly adaptable organisms capable of growth on countless carbon and nitrogen sources and of occupying an inexhaustible variety of ecological niches. Any particular bacterium possesses a subset of these capabilities that are encoded by a repertoire of genes normally kept unexpressed
Treatment Strategies for Resistant Arterial Hypertension (2011)

The treatment of resistant hypertension is interdisciplinary and multimodal. The new and promising option of interventional renal sympathetic denervation can be considered for patients whose high blood pressure is inadequately controlled with medication.
Checkpoint processing and recovery: towards scalable large instruction window processors (2004)

Large instruction window processors achieve high performance by exposing large amounts of instruction level parallelism. However, accessing large hardware structures typically required to buffer and process such instruction window sizes significantly degrade the cycle time. This paper proposes a checkpoint processing and recovery (CPR) microarchitecture, and shows how to implement a large instruction window processor without requiring large structures thus permitting a high clock frequency. We focus of four critical aspects of a microarchitecture: 1) scheduling instructions; 2) recovering from branch mispredicts; 3) buffering a large number of stores and forwarding data from stores to any dependent load; and 4) reclaiming physical registers. While scheduling window size is important, we show the performance of large instruction windows to be more sensitive to the other three design issues. Our CPR proposal incorporates novel microarchitecture scheme for addressing these design issues-a selective checkpoint mechanism for recovering from mispredicts, a hierarchical store queue organization for fast store-load forwarding, and an effective algorithm for aggressive physical register reclamation. Our proposals allow a processor to realize performance gains due to instruction windows of thousands of instructions without requiring large cycle-critical hardware structures.
Holocaust Archaeology: Archaeological Approaches to Landscapes of Nazi Genocide and Persecution (2012)

Debate concerning the events of the Holocaust is well embedded in the historical discourse and, thus, clearly defined narratives of this period exist. However, in most European countries the Holocaust has only recently begun to be considered in terms of its surviving archaeological remains and landscapes, and the majority of known sites are still ill-defined and only partially understood from both spatial structural points of view. Additionally, thousands of sites across Europe remain unmarked, whilst the locations of others have been forgotten altogether. Such a situation has arisen as a result of a number of political, social, ethical, and religious factors which, coupled with the scale of the crimes, has often inhibited systematic search. This paper details the subsequent development and application of a non-invasive archaeological methodology aimed at rectifying this situation and presents a case for the establishment of Holocaust archaeology as a sub-discipline of conflict studies. In particular, the importance of moving away from the notion that the presence of historical sources precludes the need for the collection of physical evidence is stressed, and the humanitarian, scientific, academic, and commemorative value of exploring this period is considered.
2‐Phenylethylamine: A Modulator of Catecholamine Transmission in the Mammalian Central Nervous System? (1990)

Since the identification of 2‐phenylethylamine (β‐phenylethylamine; PE) as a biogenic amine, there has been much discussion about what role, if any, it may have in the CNS. Indeed, the low endogenous concentration of PE in the brain and its relatively low potency in behavioral and pharmacological experiments have led some researchers to conclude that perhaps PE possessed no physiological role at all but that it was merely a metabolic by‐product. Our findings have caused us to conclude otherwise, and in this article we review the neurochemical, neuropharmacological, and neurophysiological findings that lead us to propose that PE is a neuromodulator of catecholamine neurotransmission in the CNS.
Fabrication of Einzel lens array with one-mask RIE process for electron micro-optics (2009)

This paper reports the fabrication technique of electron micro-optics using silicon deep reactive ion etching. Stacked 120-mum-thick three silicon wafers stacked with cavities using patterned glass substrates are etched by ldquoa direct cavity through etching techniquerdquo. An array of the electron micro-optics consisted of three electrodes can be fabricated by one-mask process without alignment. The etched profiles of this cavity through etching are also investigated. This fabrication technology of electron lens is useful for making future multi-electron beam devices with electron optics.
Effects and Interactions of Natural Cannabinoids on the Isolated Heart (1985)

A Langendorff perfused rat heart preparation was designed to process dose-response effects of cardioactive drugs on rate, coronary flow, and supraaortic differential pressure (delta P; an index of cardiac performance). In this preparation, delta 9- -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 2 X 10(-6) M to 10(-5) M induces in the isolated perfused rat heart a biphasic increase in rate (maximal at 8 X 10(-6) M). Tachycardia is associated with decreases in (delta P) and no change or decreased coronary flow. Cardiac toxicity is observed with 3 X 10(-5) M. Cannabidiol (CBD) at concentrations of 9 X 10(-6) M to 10(-4) M has limited effect on rate while increasing delta P and coronary flow. Cannabinol (CBN) 8 X 10(-6) M to 3 X 10(-4) M depresses rate and delta P while coronary flow remains constant. Simultaneous equimolar administration of THC with CBD antagonizes or mitigates the cardiac effects of THC on rate, delta P, and coronary flow.
Photocatalytic oxidation of H2S in the gas phase over TiO2-coated glass fiber filter (2016)

To promote the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the gas phase, TiO2-coated glass fiber filters were packed in an annular photoreactor. Glass fibers coated with TiO2 thin films were characterized structurally and morphologically by field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Flow rate and H2S inlet concentration were evaluated to determine the performance of the reactor. Removal efficiencies up to 99% were achieved for flow rate of 25 L h(-1) (residence time of 121 s) and H2S inlet concentration from 12 to 14 ppmv. The long-term experiment presented H2S removal of 89% for 16 h. After 28 h of continuous use, H2S degradation was observed at 64%, which suggests that the photocatalyst was losing activity due to deactivation. Moreover, the kinetics of the PCO of H2S according to the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) approach along with the mass balance of a plug-flow reactor was modeled. The reaction constant (k) was calculated at approximately 10.5 μmol m(-3) s(-1) and the adsorption constant (K) of approximately 5263 m(-3) mol with linearity (R2) of 0.98.
Low-Energy Ionic Collisions at Molecular Solids (2012)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTLow-Energy Ionic Collisions at Molecular SolidsJobin Cyriac†‡, T. Pradeep*†, H. Kang§, R. Souda∥, and R. G. Cooks*‡View Author Information† DST Unit of Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, India‡ Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States§ Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea∥ International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan*E-mail: [email protected] (T.P.); [email protected] (R.G.C.).Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 10, 5356–5411Publication Date (Web):August 22, 2012Publication History Received5 October 2011Published online22 August 2012Published inissue 10 October 2012https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr200384khttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr200384kreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2012 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3215Altmetric-Citations103LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Collisions,Deposition,Energy,Ions,Molecules Get e-Alerts
Protein tyrosine kinases as therapeutic targets in cancer chemotherapy and recent advances in the development of new inhibitors (1994)

Future approaches to cancer chemotherapy will inevitably include ways to modulate the function of oncogenes, suppressor genes or components of mitogenic or cell cycle signal transduction. One set of likely targets for therapeutic intervention are tyrosine kinases. Over the past decade, tyrosine phosphorylation/dephosphorylation has irrefutably been shown to be intimately involved in growth regulation, mitogenesis and cell cycle progression. Many of the known tyrosine kinases are encoded for by proto-oncogenes, and transforming mutations or uncontrolled activity of these enzymes have been observed in tumours. Certain growth factors known or suspected to participate in autocrine mechanisms of tumour propagation bind to receptors having tyrosine kinase activity and there now exists a significant amount of clinical data to implicate a role for many of these enzymes in the development or progression of disease in cancer patients. Throughout the last decade many inhibitors of tyrosine kinases have been discovered both as natural products and by rational synthetic chemistry. In recent years, considerable progress has been made to increase inhibitory potency and specificity of inhibitors toward tyrosine kinases as well as to attain specific inhibition of these enzymes in viable cells. One dubious aspect of this area of research has been the lack of experimental results to demonstrate a clear antitumour effect in vivo by these inhibitors. This may indeed reflect the newness of the area as well as perhaps an ignorance of how to properly utilise such novel potential drugs. Clearly, major advances have been made in the area of developing inhibitors of tyrosine kinases but the next essential objective is a firm demonstration of in vivo antitumour activity.
Detection of α-fetoprotein mRNA, an indicator of hematogenous spreading hepatocellular carcinoma, in the circulation: A possible predictor of metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (1994)

We attempted to detect circulating hepatocellular carcinoma by demonstrating hepatocyte-associated mRNA in the nuclear cell component of peripheral blood using nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction because of the extremely small number of tumor cells in the circulation. Albumin mRNA was demonstrated not only in the liver tissue (hepatocytes) and HepG2 cells but also in nuclear cells of the blood from normal healthy volunteers (neutrophils and lymphocytes) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In contrast, alpha-fetoprotein mRNA was demonstrated in the liver tissue, as well as in HepG2 cells, but not in peripheral blood of normal healthy volunteers, indicating the possibility of using alpha-fetoprotein mRNA for detection of benign and malignant hepatocytes among the population of neutrophils and lymphocytes. alpha-Fetoprotein mRNA in peripheral blood was detected in 17 of 33 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (52%), 2 of 13 cases of cirrhosis (15%) and 2 of 17 cases of chronic hepatitis (12%). alpha-Fetoprotein mRNA was not demonstrated in 26 cases of normal healthy volunteers (0%). Among the patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, total volume of tumor tissue, maximum size of tumor and serum alpha-fetoprotein level were markedly increased in the patients with alpha-fetoprotein mRNA in blood. In addition, alpha-fetoprotein mRNA was detected in the blood of all 6 patients showing metastasis at extrahepatic organs (100%), in contrast to 11 of 27 cases without metastasis (41%). From these results, we conclude that the presence of alpha-fetoprotein mRNA in peripheral blood may be an indicator of circulating malignant or benign hepatocytes, which might predict hematogenous spreading metastasis of tumor cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Monoclonal Antibodies by Somatic Cell Fusion (1995)

medicine. Pp. 287-313 in The Theory and Practical Application of Adjuvants, D. E. S. Stewart-Tull, ed. New York: Wiley. Sanchex, Y., I. Ionescu-Matiu, G. R. Dreesman, et al., 1980. Humoral and cellular immunity to hepatitis B virus-derived antigens: Comparative activity of Freund's Complete Adjuvant, alum and liposomes. Infect. Immun. 30:728-733. Smith, D. E., M. E. O'Brien, V. J. Palmer, and J. A. Sadowski. 1992. The selection of an adjuvant emulsion for polyclonal antibody production using a low-molecular-weight antigen in rabbits. Lab. Anim. Sci. 42:599-601. Stewart-Tull, D. E. S. 1995. Freund-type mineral oil adjuvant emulsions. Pp. 1-19 in the Theory and Practical Application of Adjuvants, D. E. S. Stewart-Tull, ed. New York: Wiley. Suter, E., and R. G. White. 1954. Response of reticulo-endothelial system to injection of 'purified wax' and lipopolysaccharide of tubercle bacilli: Histologic and immunologic study. Am. Rev. Tuber. 70:793-805. Takada H., and S. Kotani. 1989. Structural requirements of lipid A for endotoxicity and other biological activities. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 16: 477-523. Takahashi, H., T. Takeshita, B. Morein, S. Putney, R. N. German, and J. A. Berzofsky. 1990. Induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells by immunization with purified HIV-1 envelope protein in ISCOMS. Nature 344:873-875. Unanue, E. R., and P. M. Allen. 1987. The basis for the immunoregulatory role of macrophages and other accessory cells. Science 236:551-557. van-de-Wijgert, J. H., A. F. Verheul, H. Snippe, I. J. Check, and R. L. Hunter. 1991. Immunogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 capsular polysaccharide: Influence of carriers and adjuvants on isotype distribution. Infect. Immun. 59:2750-2757. Vosika, G. J. 1983. Clinical immunotherapy trials of bacterial components derived from Mycobacteria and Nocardia. J. Biol. Resp. Modif. 2:321342. Waksman, B. H. 1979. Adjuvants and immune regulation by lymphoid cells. Springer Semin. Immunopathol. 2:5-9. Waksman, B. H., C. M. Pearson, and J. T. Sharp. 1960. Studies of arthritis and others lesions induced in rats by injection of mycobacterial adjuvants. II. Evidence that the disease is a disseminated immunologic response to exogenous antigen. J.Immunol. 85:403-417. Warren, H. S., F. R. Vogel, and L. A. Chedid. 1986. Current status of immunological adjuvants. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 4:369-388. Webster, M. E.,J. F. Sagin, M. Landy, and A. G.Johnson. 1955. Studies on the O antigen of Salmonella typhosa. I. Isolation and purification of the antigen. J. Immunol. 74:455-465.
NMR structure of the water soluble Aβ17–34 peptide (2014)

Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder in the world. Its most significant symptoms are memory loss and decrease in cognition. Alzheimer's disease is characterized by aggregation of two proteins in the brain namely Aβ (amyloid β) and tau. Recent evidence suggests that the interaction of soluble Aβ with nAChR (nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) contributes to disease progression. In this study, we determine the NMR structure of an Aβ17-34 peptide solubilized by the addition of two glutamic acids at each terminus. Our results indicate that the Aβ peptide adopts an α-helical structure for residues 19-26 and 28-33. The α-helical structure is broken around residues S26, N27 and K28, which form a kink in the helical conformation. This α-helix was not described earlier in an aqueous solution without organic solvents, and at physiological conditions (pH 7). These data are in agreement with Aβ adopting an α-helical conformation in the membrane before polymerizing into amyloid β-sheets and provide insight into the intermediate state of Aβ in Alzheimer's disease.
Signal reconstruction from modified auditory wavelet transform (1993)

The authors propose a new method for signal modification in auditory peripheral representation: an auditory wavelet transform and algorithms for reconstructing a signal from a modified wavelet transform. They present the characteristics of signal analysis, synthesis, and reconstruction and also the data reduction criteria for signal modification.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Influenza Virus–induced Dendritic Cell Maturation Is Associated with the Induction of Strong T Cell Immunity to a Coadministered, Normally Nonimmunogenic Protein (2003)

We evaluated the proposal that during microbial infection, dendritic cells (DCs) undergo maturation and present a mixture of peptides derived from the microbe as well as harmless environmental antigens. Mice were exposed to an aerosol of endotoxin free ovalbumin (OVA) in the absence or presence of influenza virus. In its absence, OVA failed to induce B and T cell responses and even tolerized, but with influenza, OVA-specific antibodies and CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes developed. With or without infection, OVA was presented selectively in the draining mediastinal lymph nodes, as assessed by the comparable proliferation of infused, CD8+ and CD4+, TCR transgenic T cells. In the absence of influenza, these OVA-specific T cells produced little IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-gamma, but with infection, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells made high levels of IL-2 and IFN-gamma. The OVA plus influenza-treated mice also showed accelerated recovery to a challenge with recombinant vaccinia OVA virus. CD11c+ DCs from the mediastinal lymph nodes of infected mice selectively stimulated both OVA- and influenza-specific T cells and underwent maturation, with higher levels of MHC class II, CD80, and CD86 molecules. The relatively slow (2-3 d) kinetics of maturation correlated closely to the time at which OVA inhalation elicited specific antibodies. Therefore respiratory infection can induce DC maturation and simultaneously B and T cell immunity to an innocuous antigen inhaled concurrently.
Cellular Uptake of Clostridium botulinum C2 Toxin Requires Oligomerization and Acidification (2000)

The actin-ADP-ribosylating binary Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin consists of two individual proteins, the binding/translocation component C2II and the enzyme component C2I. To elicit its cytotoxic action, C2II binds to a receptor on the cell surface and mediates cell entry of C2I via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Here we report that binding of C2II to the surface of target cells requires cleavage of C2II by trypsin. Trypsin cleavage causes oligomerization of the activated C2II (C2IIa) to give SDS-stable heptameric structures, which exhibit a characteristic annular or horseshoe shape and form channels in lipid bilayer membranes. Cytosolic delivery of the enzyme component C2I is blocked by bafilomycin but not by brefeldin A or nocodazole, indicating uptake from an endosomal compartment and requirement of endosomal acidification for cell entry. In the presence of C2IIa and C2I, short term acidification of the extracellular medium (pH 5.4) allows C2I to enter the cytosol directly. Our data indicate that entry of C2 toxin into cells involves (i) activation of C2II by trypsin-cleavage, (ii) oligomerization of cleaved C2IIa to heptamers, (iii) binding of the C2IIa oligomers to the carbohydrate receptor on the cell surface and assembly with C2I, (iv) receptor-mediated endocytosis of both C2 components into endosomes, and finally (v) translocation and release of C2I into the cytosol after acidification of the endosomal compartment.