gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factor XI Activation in a Revised Model of Blood Coagulation (1991)

Coagulation factor XI is activated in vitro by factor XIIa in the presence of high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) and a negatively charged surface. Factor XII deficiency is not associated with bleeding, which suggests that another mechanism for factor XI activation exists in vivo. A revised model of coagulation is proposed in which factor XI is activated by thrombin. In the absence of cofactors, thrombin is more effective (kcat/Km = 1.6 x 10(5)) than factor XIIa (1.7 x 10(4)) in activating factor XI. Dextran sulfate enhances activation of factor XI by thrombin 2000-fold; part of this effect is due to autoactivation of factor XI by activated factor XI.
Use of Corticosteroids in a Population-Based Cohort of Boys With Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy (2010)

The use of corticosteroids for treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy in clinical practice from 1991 through 2005 was reviewed in a large population-based cohort (MD STARnet) of boys in 4 regional sites and 6 clinics of the United States. Corticosteroid use increased from 20% (11 of 56 individuals) in 1991 to 44% (93 of 218 individuals) in 2005. Average use varied by site and ranged from 15% to 49%. The median age of corticosteroid initiation was 6.9 years (range, 3.7-17.4 years). Dosage and growth information was available for 102 participants and showed a median dose as 0.729 mg/kg for prednisone and 0.831 mg/kg for deflazacort. T. The most common reasons that corticosteroids were discontinued included weight gain, behavioral side effects, and loss of ambulation, resulting in full-time wheelchair use. Substantial variations in clinical practice were identified among study sites.
Synthesis of Titanium(IV) Guanidinate Complexes and the Formation of Titanium Carbonitride via Low-Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (2005)

The mono(guanidinato) complex [Ti(NMe2)2Cl{i-PrNC[N(SiMe3)2]N-i-Pr}] (1) was prepared by reaction of [Ti(NMe2)2Cl2] with 1 or 2 equiv of the lithium guanidinate salt [Li{i-PrNC[N(SiMe3)2]N-i-Pr}]. Compound 1 has been characterized by X-ray crystallography. Treatment of TiCl4 with 2 equiv of [Li{i-PrNC[N(SiMe3)2]N-i-Pr}] resulted in the formation of dark red crystals. X-ray crystallography showed that these crystals consist of a 70:30 mixture of two bis(guanidinato) complexes, namely, [TiCl2{i-PrNC[N(SiMe3)2]N-i-Pr}{i-PrNC(N=CMe2)N-i-Pr}] (2) and [TiCl2{i-PrNC[N(SiMe3)2]N-i-Pr}{i-PrNC[N(H)-i-Pr]N-i-Pr}] (3). Both compounds 2 and 3 possess a transformed guanidinate ligand. Low-pressure chemical vapor deposition of either compound 1 or [TiCl2{i-PrNC(NMe2)N-i-Pr}] (4) at 600 degrees C results in thin films of titanium carbonitride.
Numerical and Optimization Techniques Applied to Surface Waves for Backcalculation of Layer Moduli (1989)

This paper eontains two methods of determining the pavement moduli and thicknesses using a computer prograrri written in FORTRAN 77. The first method, a simple finite difference technique, is developed for the analysis of generalized Rayleigh waves in multilayered elastic media. The method, which leads to an eigenvalue problem, is very effective in determining theoretical dispersion curves for pavement systems modeled as layered composite plates with free surfaces at both top and bottom or free surface of the top and rigid base at the bottom. Backcalculation of moduli and thicknesses is done by an optimization routine developed by Powell [1] based on least squares criterion. The second method determines a theoretical dispersion curve based on Knopoff s technique [2]. Since phase velocities of the waves observed experimentally on pavement structures are complex, suitable modification of Knopoff's algorithm for the geologic model has been made by the authors to account for this effect. For optimization, the same technique is used as mentioned above. Numerical results obtained in the two cases show excellent agreement with previously published solutions obtained by other theories.
Threshold optimization for rate adaptation algorithms in IEEE 802.11 WLANs (2010)

Rate adaptation algorithms play a crucial role in IEEE 802.11 WLANs. While the network performance depends greatly on the rate adaptation algorithms, the detailed implementation is left to vendors. Due to its simplicity and practicality, threshold-based rate adaptation algorithms are widely adopted in commercial IEEE 802.11 devices. Taking the popular ARF algorithm for example, the data rate is increased when ten consecutive transmissions are successful and a date rate downshift is triggered by two consecutive failed transmissions. Although widely deployed, the optimal selection of the up/down thresholds for the rate adaptation algorithms remains an open problem. In this paper, we first investigate the threshold-based rate adaptation algorithm via a reverse engineering approach where the implicit objective function is revealed. Next, we propose a threshold optimization algorithm which can dynamically adjust the up/down thresholds and converge to the stochastic optimum solution in arbitrary stationary random channel environment. The performance enhancement by tuning the thresholds optimally is validated by simulations.
Selective Positioning and Density Control of Nanotubes within a Polymer Thin Film (2003)

We introduce a completely new and innovative method of producing polymer/nanotube composites where the density and position of the nanotubes within the composite can be controlled. Carbon nanotubes are grown from organometallic micropatterns. These periodic nanotube arrays are then incorporated into a polymer matrix by depositing a curable polymer film on the as-grown tubes. This controlled method of producing free-standing nanotube/polymer composite films represents a more efficient method of combining these materials for potential flexible electronic applications in an inexpensive and scalable manner.
Unloading Java classes that contain static fields (1998)

In Java, the definition of a "program" is a bit fuzzy. A Java applet is essentially a Java application (i.e. program) that can be executed by a Java enabled Web browser (i.e. an OS). An applet running inside of a browser was intended to be analogous to a conventional application running under on OS, hence the netcentric "browser is your OS" model. However, as currently implemented, this analogy breaks down with regard to the system resources allocated for classes and in particular for static fields in classes (i.e. class variables) when the class was loaded as part of an applet.Without class unloading, a long running Java application such as a browser is like an OS that does not release memory resources allocated for application code space when the application terminates. With class unloading, as currently implemented, the semantics of static fields in classes are broken. In this paper we detail the problem and provide a solution. The solution combines restricting when classes can be unloaded, with a greater use of non-default class loaders.
A catalogue of imprinted genes and parent-of-origin effects in humans and animals (1998)

Parent-of-origin effects were first recorded >3000 years ago by mule breeders in Asia Minor. There are now several different types of evidence suggesting the presence of a large number of imprinted genes, many of which have not yet been identified. Here, we catalogue a wide range of evidence and phenomena which indicate or suggest the presence of genomic imprinting in animals. This evidence includes: the direct documentation of parent-of-origin-specific gene transcription; human disease inheritance patterns which suggest the involvement of imprinted genes; and older, less well studied animal models which may show parent-of-origin effects.
C-reactive protein does not opsonize early apoptotic human neutrophils, but binds only membrane-permeable late apoptotic cells and has no effect on their phagocytosis by macrophages. (2005)

Potential apoptotic cell opsonins such as CRP may bind only to intracellular structures in cells with leaky membranes that have progressed to a late stage of apoptosis.
Miniaturized iPS-Cell-Derived Cardiac Muscles for Physiologically Relevant Drug Response Analyses (2016)

Tissue engineering approaches have the potential to increase the physiologic relevance of human iPS-derived cells, such as cardiomyocytes (iPS-CM). However, forming Engineered Heart Muscle (EHM) typically requires >1 million cells per tissue. Existing miniaturization strategies involve complex approaches not amenable to mass production, limiting the ability to use EHM for iPS-based disease modeling and drug screening. Micro-scale cardiospheres are easily produced, but do not facilitate assembly of elongated muscle or direct force measurements. Here we describe an approach that combines features of EHM and cardiospheres: Micro-Heart Muscle (μHM) arrays, in which elongated muscle fibers are formed in an easily fabricated template, with as few as 2,000 iPS-CM per individual tissue. Within μHM, iPS-CM exhibit uniaxial contractility and alignment, robust sarcomere assembly, and reduced variability and hypersensitivity in drug responsiveness, compared to monolayers with the same cellular composition. μHM mounted onto standard force measurement apparatus exhibited a robust Frank-Starling response to external stretch, and a dose-dependent inotropic response to the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. Based on the ease of fabrication, the potential for mass production and the small number of cells required to form μHM, this system provides a potentially powerful tool to study cardiomyocyte maturation, disease and cardiotoxicology in vitro.
Evidence of person-to-person transmission within a family cluster of novel coronavirus infections, United Kingdom, February 2013 (2013)

In February 2013, novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection was diagnosed in an adult male in the United Kingdom with severe respiratory illness, who had travelled to Pakistan and Saudi Arabia 10 days before symptom onset. Contact tracing identified two secondary cases among family members without recent travel: one developed severe respiratory illness and died, the other an influenza-like illness. No other severe cases were identified or nCoV detected in respiratory samples among 135 contacts followed for 10 days.
Molecular analysis of the Corynebacterium glutamicum gene involved in lysine uptake (1991)

Two Corynebacterium glutamicum mutants defective in lysine uptake were identified by analysing mutants resistant to S-(2-aminoethyl)-cysteine (AEC). A 5.6 kb genomic DNA fragment restoring AEC sensitivity and lysine uptake was isolated. A 4.2 kb subfragment was sequenced and three open reading frames were identified. Subcloning and gene disruption experiments showed that only the first open reading frame, termed lysl, is involved in lysine uptake. Lysl consists of 501 amino acids with a Mr of 53600. The hydrophobicity profile suggests that the lysl gene product is an integral membrane protein with 13 transmembrane segments. The amino acid sequence of lysl displays strong homology to that of the arcD gene product of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is proposed to act as an arginine-ornithine antiporter. Investigation of the influence of the lysl gene on lysine secretion suggests the existence of a separate lysine efflux system in C. glutamicum.
Biosynthetic site-specific incorporation of a non-natural amino acid into a polypeptide (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBiosynthetic site-specific incorporation of a non-natural amino acid into a polypeptideJ. D. Bain, Edward S. Diala, Charles G. Glabe, Thomas A. Dix, and A. Richard ChamberlinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 20, 8013–8014Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00202a052https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00202a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1377Altmetric-Citations216LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Preparation of Optical-Fiber Ends for Low-Loss Tape Splices (1975)

We describe a reliable method of preparing planar fiber tape ends by fiber fracture. Using this technique, with suitable precautions to preserve cleanliness during splice preparation, we have measured a splice loss of less than 0.25 dB in 99 percent of all attempts.
Ligand-promoted dimerization of oligonucleotides binding cooperatively to DNA (1992)

In biological systems, specific protein-DNA interactions are often modulated by ligands as in the regulation of gene expression. Many transcription factors arc active as dimers, but inactive as monomes. In at least one case, dimerization is regulated by an additional protein cofactor. We recently described the design of a triple helical complex compnsmg two oligonucleotides which bind adjacent sites on DNA cooperatively through dimerization. If dimerizat1on could be controlled by additional ligands such an artificial nucleic acid system would be analogous to the naturally occurring inducible protein systems. We now report that the stability of the dimerization domain can be enhanced by a small molecule, echinomycin (E). The strengths of ligand-promoted control of oligonucleotides binding cooperatively to DNA are quantitated by affinity cleaving.
Gallic Acid Inhibits Histamine Release and Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Production in Mast Cells (2005)

The discovery of drugs for the treatment of inflammatory allergic diseases such as, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and sinusitis is a very important subject in human health. Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid), a polyphenyl natural products from gallnut and green tea, is known to have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and radical scavenging activities. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether gallic acid modulates the inflammatory allergic reaction and to study its possible mechanisms of action. Gallic acid attenuated compound 48/80- or immunoglobulin E (IgE)-induced histamine release from mast cells. The inhibitory effect of gallic acid on the histamine release was mediated by the modulation of cAMP and intracellular calcium. Gallic acid decreased the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and production such as TNF-alpha and IL-6 in human mast cells. The inhibitory effect of gallic acid on the pro-inflammatory cytokine was nuclear factor-kappaB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase dependent. In addition, gallic acid inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic allergic reaction and IgE-mediated local allergic reaction. The inhibitory activity of gallic acid on the allergic reaction and histamine release was found to be similar with disodium cromoglycate. Our findings provide evidence that gallic acid inhibits mast cell-derived inflammatory allergic reactions by blocking histamine release and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and suggest the mechanisms of action. Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro anti-allergic effect of gallic acid suggests a possible therapeutic application of this agent in inflammatory allergic diseases.
Surface‐Mediated Release of a Small‐Molecule Modulator of Bacterial Biofilm Formation: A Non‐Bactericidal Approach to Inhibiting Biofilm Formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2013)

We report an approach to preventing bacterial biofilm formation that is based on the surface-mediated release of 5,6-dimethyl-2-aminobenzimidazole (DMABI), a potent and non-bactericidal small-molecule inhibitor of bacterial biofilm growth. Our results demonstrate that DMABI can be encapsulated in thin films of a model biocompatible polymer [poly(lactide-co-glycolide), PLG] and be released in quantities that inhibit the formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by up to 75-90% on surfaces that otherwise support robust biofilm growth. This approach enables the release of this new anti-biofilm agent for over one month, and it can be used to inhibit biofilm growth on both film-coated surfaces and other adjacent surfaces (e.g., on other uncoated surfaces and at air/water interfaces). Our results demonstrate a non-bactericidal approach to the prevention of biofilm growth and provide proof of concept using a clinically relevant human pathogen. In contrast to coatings designed to kill bacteria on contact, this approach should also permit the design of strategically placed depots that disseminate DMABI more broadly and exert inhibitory effects over larger areas. In a broader context, the non-bactericidal nature of DMABI could also provide opportunities to address concerns related to evolved resistance that currently face approaches based on the release of traditional microbicidal agents (e.g., antibiotics). Finally, the results of initial in vitro mammalian cell culture studies indicate that DMABI is not toxic to cells at concentrations required for strong anti-biofilm activity, suggesting that this new agent is well suited for further investigation in biomedical and personal care contexts.
Members of the VAMP family of synaptic vesicle proteins are components of glucose transporter-containing vesicles from rat adipocytes. (1992)

Existing data support the hypothesis that insulin triggers the exocytosis of small vesicles containing the GluT4 isoform of the glucose transporter. The data also suggest that these vesicles reform through endocytosis of GluT4. These processes resemble those described for synaptic vesicles after depolarization of nerve cells. To determine whether GluT4 vesicles are related to synaptic vesicles, rat adipocyte low density microsomes (LDM), which are rich in GluT4 vesicles, were screened for the synaptic vesicle proteins synaptotagmin, synaptophysin, SV2, p29, rab3, and VAMP (synaptobrevin) by immunoblotting. Two polypeptides that reacted with antibodies against the VAMPs were identified, one with the same apparent size as the two isoforms of VAMP in the brain (18 kDa) and one that was slightly smaller (17 kDa). These members of the VAMP family were highly enriched in GluT4 vesicles isolated by immunoadsorption and translocated from the LDM to the plasma membrane in response to insulin. With the exception of rab3, which was observed in the LDM but was not localized in the GluT4 vesicles, the other synaptic vesicle proteins were not detected. The presence of the VAMPs in both GluT4 and synaptic vesicles suggests that the genesis and/or exocytosis of these two types of vesicles involve shared processes.
Is abdominal aortic aneurysm familial? (1989)

to aflatoxin B1; one consequence of this might be suppression of cell mediated immunity.Aflatoxins were detected more commonly in urine from users in The Netherlands than from those in ,Merseyside.Aflatoxin B1, the most toxic aflatoxin, was detected in eight specimens from The Netherlands but only one from Merseyside; the most common aflatoxin detected in the specimens from Merseyside was aflatoxin MI, a less toxic derivative of B1.These variations may be due to differences in the quantity or quality, or both, of heroin or to a difference in the timing of the urine collection after the last heroin injection.Another possibility is that heroin addicts in The Netherlands have greater dietary exposure to aflatoxins than their counterparts in Merseyside.Control urine specimens were not available from The Netherlands.
Requirement for Glycine in Activation of NMDA-Receptors Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes (1988)

Receptors for N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) are involved in many plastic and pathological processes in the brain. Glycine has been reported to potentiate NMDA responses in neurons and in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain messenger RNA. Glycine is now shown to be absolutely required for activation of NMDA receptors in oocytes. In voltage-clamped oocytes, neither perfusion nor rapid pressure application of NMDA onto messenger RNA-injected oocytes caused a distinct ionic current without added glycine. When glycine was added, however, NMDA evoked large inward currents. The concentration of glycine required to produce a half-maximal response was 670 nanomolar, and the glycine dose-response curve extrapolated to zero in the absence of glycine. Several analogs of glycine could substitute for glycine, among which D-serine and D-alanine were the most effective. The observation that D-amino acids are effective will be important in developing drugs targeted at the glycine site.
2,4-Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane 2,4-Disulfide (2001)

[19172-47-5] C14H14O2P2S4 (MW 404.45) (reagent for the conversion of carbonyl into thiocarbonyl groups1) Alternate Name: Lawesson’s reagent. Physical Data: mp 228–229 °C. Solubility: modestly sol boiling organic solvents such as toluene, chlorobenzene, anisole, dimethoxyethane. Form Supplied in: yellowish evil-smelling crystals; typical impurity is P4S10. Analysis of Reagent Purity: FTIR spectrum.1c Preparative Methods: reaction of P4S10 with anisole in excess refluxing anisole.2 Purification: recrystallization from boiling toluene. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: can be stored for months at rt if moisture is excluded. Prolonged heating in solution causes decomposition (polymerization). It is toxic and should be handled under a fume hood since hazardous H2S is easily liberated with moisture.