gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influences of Maternal Care on Chicken Welfare (2016)

In domestic chickens, the provision of maternal care strongly influences the behavioural development of chicks. Mother hens play an important role in directing their chicks' behaviour and are able to buffer their chicks' response to stressors. Chicks imprint upon their mother, who is key in directing the chicks' behaviour and in allowing them to develop food preferences. Chicks reared by a mother hen are less fearful and show higher levels of behavioural synchronisation than chicks reared artificially. In a commercial setting, more fearful chicks with unsynchronised behaviour are more likely to develop behavioural problems, such as feather pecking. As well as being an inherent welfare problem, fear can also lead to panic responses, smothering, and fractured bones. Despite the beneficial effects of brooding, it is not commercially viable to allow natural brooding on farms and so chicks are hatched in large incubators and reared artificially, without a mother hen. In this review we cover the literature demonstrating the important features of maternal care in domestic chickens, the behavioural consequences of deprivation and the welfare implications on commercial farms. We finish by suggesting ways to use research in natural maternal care to improve commercial chick rearing practice.
Nucleotide sequence analysis of zein mRNAs from maize endosperm. (1985)

A comparison of the DNA and protein sequences of a group of zein cDNA clones reveals that they share extensive sequence homology and probably originated from a common ancestral gene. A comparison of clones corresponding to Mr 22,000 polypeptides shows they are 92% homologous, while five clones corresponding to the Mr 19,000 zeins vary in homology from 75 to 95%. The clones corresponding to the Mr 22,000 proteins are 60-65% homologous to clones encoding the Mr 19,000 zein proteins. A clone corresponding to the Mr 15,000 zein has little homology to either the Mr 22,000 or 19,000 zeins. Clones corresponding to both the Mr 22,000 and 19,000 zeins have two putative polyadenylation signals. S1 nuclease mapping indicates that the first polyadenylation signal following the stop codon is utilized by the Mr 22,000 sequences, while primarily the second polyadenylation signal is utilized by the Mr 19,000 sequences.
Interactions between sleep and sensory physiology (1997)

The processing of sensory information is definitely present during sleep, however, profound modifications occur. All sensory systems reviewed (visual, auditory, vestibular, somesthetic and olfactory) demonstrate some influence on sleep and, at the same time, sensory systems undergo changes that depend on the sleep or waking state of the brain. Thus, different sensory modalities encoded by their specific receptors and pathways may not only alter the sleep and waking physiology, but also the sleeping brain imposes 'rules' on the incoming information. It is suggested that the neural networks responsible for sleep and waking control are actively modulated by sensory inputs in order to enter and maintain normal sleep and wakefulness. Furthermore, both sensory stimulation and deprivation may induce changes in sleep/waking neural networks. This leads to the conclusion that the central nervous system and sensory input have reciprocal interactions, on which normal/waking cycling and behaviour depends.
Activation of Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase 1 (ASK1) by the Adapter Protein Daxx (1998)

The Fas death receptor can activate the Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway through the receptor-associated protein Daxx. Daxx was found to activate the JNK kinase kinase ASK1, and overexpression of a kinase-deficient ASK1 mutant inhibited Fas- and Daxx-induced apoptosis and JNK activation. Fas activation induced Daxx to interact with ASK1, which consequently relieved an inhibitory intramolecular interaction between the amino- and carboxyl-termini of ASK1, activating its kinase activity. The Daxx-ASK1 connection completes a signaling pathway from a cell surface death receptor to kinase cascades that modulate nuclear transcription factors.
Hands-on nurses scoop top jobs in RCN election (2002)

‘It is not about me as a person but what I said in my manifesto’, says new RCN chief
Minichromosome maintenance proteins as biological markers of dysplasia and malignancy. (1999)

Dysplasia, an intermediate stage in the progression from normal tissue to neoplasia, is defined morphologically by a loss of normal orientation between epithelial cells, with changes in cellular and nuclear shape and size. However, little is known about the functional properties of dysplastic cells, including their replicative state, largely due to a lack of available biological markers. We have used novel antibodies against minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins to examine the proliferative status of a range of histological lesions and to characterize dysplastic cells in functional terms. Immunoperoxidase staining was used to localize the MCM proteins, components of the prereplicative complex that is essential for initiating eukaryotic DNA replication. These proteins are down-regulated in cells undergoing differentiation or quiescence and, thus, serve as specific markers for proliferating cells. In normal and some reactive tissues, MCM expression was present only in restricted proliferative compartments, consistent with our published findings in the uterine cervix. In dysplastic and malignant tissues, in contrast, MCM proteins were expressed in the majority of cells, extending to surface layers of dysplastic stratified epithelia. In carcinomas, the frequency of expression of MCM proteins showed an inverse correlation with the degree of tumor differentiation. Thus, we suggest that dysplastic cells may be characterized in functional terms as remaining in cell cycle, due to deregulation of normal controls over cell proliferation. Antibodies against MCM proteins have potential clinical applications, for example, in the assessment of tumor prognosis in histological sections and the identification of proliferating cells in clinical samples using biochemical or cytological assays.
Oncolytic virotherapy as a personalized cancer vaccine (2008)

Oncolytic virotherapy has demonstrated multimodal antitumor mechanisms in both preclinical and clinical settings for cancer treatment, including antitumor immunity. Compared with conventional immunotherapy, oncolytic viruses have the advantages of simultaneous cytoreduction and conferring personalized anticancer immunity, but without the need of personalized manufacture. Additionally, oncolytic viruses can be further engineered to delete immunosuppressive viral components and to insert transgenes that enhance antitumor immunity. Finally, combination with new immunomodulating agents (e.g., cyclophosphamide) or cell therapy approaches will likely further augment specific antitumor immunity of virotherapy. Virotherapy could become a new paradigm for potent, safe and practical therapeutic vaccines for cancer.
Gene cloning, biochemical characterization and physiological role of a thermostable low‐specificity L‐threonine aldolase from Escherichia coli (1998)

The ltaE gene encoding for a thermostable low-specificity L-threonine aldolase, which catalyzes the cleavage of L-threonine/L-allo-threonine to glycine and acetaldehyde, was cloned from Escherichia coli GS245 by the polymerase chain reaction. Construction and expression of the plasmid pLTAE, which contained the ltaE gene under the control of the lac promoter, resulted in a 227-fold increase in the specific activity above the level detected in E. coli cells containing the control vector. The enzyme is thermostable: it retained its full activity upon heating at 60 degrees C for 1 h. The enzyme was thus feasibly purified to homogeneity by heat treatment and butyl-Toyopearl column chromatography, and characterized. To reveal the physiological role of the enzyme, gene disruption was performed. Knockout of the ltaE gene of wild-type E. coli did not effect the cellular growth rate, while disruption of the ltaE gene of E. coli GS245, whose serine hydroxymethyltransferase gene was knocked out, caused a significant decrease in the cellular growth rate, suggesting that the threonine aldolase is not a major source of cellular glycine in wild-type E. coli but catalyzes an alternative pathway for cellular glycine when serine hydroxymethyltransferase is inert.
Alphavirus Replicon Particles Are Highly Immunogenic in the Murine Malaria Model by Homologous or Heterologous Immunization (2008)

We evaluated the immunogenicity of virus-like replicon particles (VRP) derived from an attenuated strain of the alphavirus Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, encoding two pre-erythrocytic Plasmodium yoelii antigens, in mice. Three immunizing doses were superior to two, and the subcutaneous route was comparable to intramuscular and more immunogenic than intradermal, at doses between 5x10 5 5x10 8 IU. VRP vaccines were capable of overcoming the traditionally low immunogenicity of the PyHEP17 antigen when delivered as a DNA vaccine, particularly evident with regard to enhancing specific IgG responses. Furthermore, a heterologous VRP prime and poxvirus boost regimen induced a significant enhancement of IFN-responses as compared with homologous VRP or DNA immunization, which was equal or greater to that induced by DNA prime followed by poxvirus boost. These data demonstrate the potential of VRP as a vaccine delivery system to enhance protective immune responses to malaria.
Two different Na,K-ATPases in the optic nerve: cells of origin and axonal transport. (1984)

Two molecular forms of Na,K-ATPase can be isolated from the central nervous system. The two forms can be distinguished by their sensitivities to cardiac glycosides and by the electrophoretic mobilities of their catalytic subunits, alpha and alpha(+). Because Na,K-ATPase is a membrane-bound enzyme, it would be predicted to move in the rapid phase of axonal transport, and this was used as a means to determine which form(s) is made by a defined neuron of the central nervous system. Retinal ganglion cells were labeled in vivo by intravitreal injection of [35S]methionine; the Na,K-ATPase that was axonally transported down the optic nerve was purified, and the alpha and alpha(+) forms were separated by electrophoresis and detected by fluorography. The two forms were synthesized in the retina in approximately equal amounts. The alpha(+) form was the predominant form transported from the retinal ganglion cells to the lateral geniculate nucleus and superior colliculus. The oligodendrocytes and other sheath cells of the excised optic nerve, in contrast, synthesized only the alpha form when incubated in vitro with [35S]methionine. The labeled Na,K-ATPase found at the nerve endings always included a small amount of the alpha form in addition to the alpha(+) form. The proportions of the two forms did not change with time after transport, and the presence of labeled alpha was not affected by infusion of cycloheximide to inhibit intracranial protein synthesis. Hence, although alpha(+) is the predominant form, the evidence suggests that small amounts of the alpha form are also made and transported by retinal ganglion cells.
Sampling frequency requirements for identification and compensation of nonlinear systems (2002)

Nonlinear systems usually cause spectral spreading resulting in an output signal bandwidth that is greater than the input signal bandwidth. When identifying and compensating such systems by digital processing methods, it has been common practice to see the sampling frequency at the Nyquist rate of the output signal. The aim of this paper is to show that sampling at the Nyquist rate of the output signal is usually not necessary, and that a nonlinear system can be identified and compensated at the Nyquist rate of the input signal. We do this by invoking Zhu's (see IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems-II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing., vol.39, no.8, p.587-588, 1992) generalised sampling theorem, and by giving three examples of nonlinear system identification and compensation. The first two examples involve known nonlinearities, the first memoryless, the second with memory. The third example deals with real data from an unknown nonlinearity in a radio frequency amplifier. For each example, identification and compensation are carried out for two input signal bandwidths, one causing the distortion terms of interest to be aliased, while for the other, they are not. The results show successful identification and compensation in both cases.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Phi 29 DNA polymerase active site. Residue ASP249 of conserved amino acid motif “Dx2SLYP” is critical for synthetic activities. (1993)

phi 29 DNA polymerase shares with other alpha-like DNA polymerases several regions of amino acid sequence similarity and sensitivity to inhibitors of eukaryotic DNA polymerase alpha. In this paper, site-directed mutants in the phi 29 DNA polymerase residues Asp249, Ser252, Leu253, and Pro255 of the conserved amino acid motif "Dx2SLYP" are described. Two mutants, D249E and S252R, were drastically affected in all the synthetic activities, whereas their 3' to 5' exonuclease activity and interaction with the TP primer was normal. Mutant D249E, slightly affected in template-primer binding, was completely inactive in all conditions tested, suggesting that Asp249 could be playing a direct role in catalysis. On the other hand, mutant S252R, strongly affected in template-primer binding, showed some DNA polymerization activity in the presence of Mn2+. Mutants S252G and P255S showed a reduced template-primer binding ability; these mutants, together with mutant L253V, showed metal ion-dependent phenotypes in their synthetic activities and altered sensitivities to the PPi analog phosphonoacetic acid. All these results support the hypothesis that the Dx2SLYP motif forms part of the polymerization active site of the phi 29 DNA polymerase, being the Asp249 residue critical both for protein-primed initiation and DNA polymerization.
Electrochemical Sensor for Acetylene (1997)

The fixed potential amperometric sensing of acetylene in the gas phase on a gold−Nafion electrode was found to suffer from catalytic poisoning effects with resultant loss of sensitivity. However, by applying a potential pulse program, the sensitivity of the electrode could be restored. With suitable choice of applied potentials, electrochemical adsorption of acetylene took place, allowing an increase in sensitivity. For an adsorption time of 60 s, a 20-fold increase in sensitivity and a detection limit of 20 ppb were obtained. Compounds which, in a fixed potential amperometric mode, would be considerable interferants were found not to preadsorb along with acetylene. An increase in selectivity was, therefore, also achieved.
Allele-Specific Hybridization Using Oligonucleotide Probes of Very High Specific Activity: Discrimination of the Human β A - and β S -Globin Genes (1984)

The repair activity of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment) was used to prepare nonadecanucleotide hybridization probes which were complementary either to the normal human beta-globin (beta A) or to the sickle cell human beta-globin (beta s) gene. Template-directed polymerization of highly radiolabeled alpha[32P]deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) onto nonamer and decamer primers produced probes with specific activities ranging from 1.0 X 10(10) to 2.0 X 10(10) dpm/micrograms. The extremely high specific activities of these probes made it possible to detect the beta A and beta S single-copy gene sequences in as little as 1 microgram of total human genomic DNA as well as to discriminate between the homozygous and heterozygous states.
Selective and Localized Bonding using Induction Heating (2002)

Selective and localized bonding using induction heating has been successfully demonstrated for MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems) packaging and fabrication applications. Eddy current is generated when a closed metal bonding ring is placed under an alternating magnetic field. The metal bonding rings function both as the heating source and bonding solder. Both Pyrex-to-Pyrex and Pyrex-to-polycarbonate bonding processes have been achieved. The heating cycle needed to complete the bonding process is 100ms and 60 seconds for the polymer and Pyrex bonding processes respectively. The low thermal budget allows water to be encapsulated inside a cavity without evaporating. Experimentally, Pyrex substrates can be hermetically bonded using gold bonding rings. The gold bonding ring can be used as a solder that bonds the substrates, or it can be used as a heat source to locally meld the glass and facilitates direct Pyrex-to-Pyrex bonding. In either case, the bond was very strong and managed to maintain a hermetically sealed cavity.
Photosensitized formation of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine) in DNA by riboflavin: a nonsinglet oxygen-mediated reaction (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotosensitized formation of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine) in DNA by riboflavin: a nonsinglet oxygen-mediated reactionHiroshi Kasai, Ziro Yamaizumi, Maurice Berger, and Jean CadetCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 24, 9692–9694Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00050a078https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00050a078research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views668Altmetric-Citations264LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Structural basis of peptide–carbohydrate mimicry in an antibody-combining site (2003)

The structure of a complex between the Fab fragment of the antibody (SYA/J6) specific for the cell surface O-antigen polysaccharide of the pathogen Shigella flexneri Y and an octapeptide (Met-Asp-Trp-Asn-Met-His-Ala-Ala), a functional mimic of the O-antigen, has been determined at 1.8-A resolution. Comparison of the structure with that of the complex with the pentasaccharide antigen [-->2)-alpha-L-Rha-(1-->2)-alpha-L-Rha-(1-->3)-alpha-L-Rha-(1-->3)-beta-D-GlcNAc-(1-->2)-alpha-L-Rha-(1-->] reveals the molecular recognition process by which a peptide mimics a carbohydrate in binding to an antibody. The binding modes of the two ligands differ considerably. Octapeptide binding complements the shape of the combining site groove much better than pentasaccharide binding. Moreover, the peptide makes a much greater number of contacts (126), which are mostly van der Waals interactions, with the Fab than the saccharide (74). An unusual feature is also the involvement of 12 water molecules in mediating hydrogen bonds between residues within the peptide or of the peptide and Fab. Despite better shape complementarity and greater number of contacts, the octapeptide binds with an affinity (KA = 2.5 x 10(5) M-1, measured by calorimetry) only approximately 2-fold tighter than the pentasaccharide. The structural results are relevant to the design of peptide mimetics with improved affinity for use as vaccines.
A model of human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis in scid mice. (1993)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated dementia complex is a common and devastating manifestation of the late phases of HIV infection. The pathogenesis of dementia complex is poorly understood and effective treatments have not been developed, in part because of the lack of an appropriate animal model. Mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (scid mice), which accept xenografts without rejection, were intracerebrally inoculated with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and HIV. One to 4 weeks after inoculation, the brains of these mice contained human macrophages (some of which were HIV p24 antigen positive), occasional multinucleated cells, and striking gliosis by immunocytochemical staining. Human macrophages also were frequently positive for tumor necrosis factor type alpha and occasionally for interleukin 1 and VLA-4. Cultures of these brains for HIV were positive. Generally, human macrophages were not present in the brains of control mice, nor was significant gliosis, and HIV was not recovered from mice that received HIV only intracerebrally. Pathologically, this model of HIV encephalitis in scid mice resembles HIV encephalitis in humans and the data suggest that the activation of macrophages by infection with HIV results in their accumulation and persistence in brain and in the development of gliosis. This model of HIV encephalitis should provide insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of this disorder.
Towards a unified framework for rapid 3D computed tomography on commodity GPUs (2004)

The task of reconstructing an object from its projections via tomographic methods is a time-consuming process due to the vast complexity of the data. For this reason, manufacturers of equipment for computed tomography (CT), both medical and industrial, rely mostly on special ASICs to obtain the fast reconstruction times required in clinical, industrial, and security settings. Although modern CPUs have gained enough power in recent years to be competitive for 2D reconstruction, this is not the case for 3D reconstructions, especially not when iterative algorithms must be applied. Incidentally, this has prevented some very effective algorithms to be used in clinical practice, and the need for proprietary reconstruction hardware has also hampered new equipment manufacturers in their effort on entering the market. However, the recent evolution of GPUs has changed the picture in a very dramatic way. We will show how floating point GPUs can be exploited to perform both analytical and iterative reconstruction from X-ray and functional imaging data at clinical rates and good quality. For this purpose, we derive a decomposition of three popular 3D reconstruction algorithms into a common set of base modules. All of these base modules can be executed on the GPU and their output linked internally. The data never leaves the GPU, which eliminates the previous GPU-CPU bottlenecks. Visualization of the reconstructed object is also easily done since the object already resides in the graphics hardware, and one can simply run a visualization module at any time to view the reconstruction results. Our implementation allows speedups at a factor of 20, compared to software implementations, at comparable image quality.