gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 3T Gain Cell Embedded DRAM Utilizing Preferential Boosting for High Density and Low Power On-Die Caches (2011)

Circuit techniques for enabling a sub-0.9 V logic-compatible embedded DRAM (eDRAM) are presented. A boosted 3T gain cell utilizes Read Word-line (RWL) preferential boosting to increase read margin and improve data retention time. Read speed is enhanced with a hybrid current/voltage sense amplifier that allows the Read Bit-line (RBL) to remain close to VDD. A regulated bit-line write scheme for driving the Write Bit-line (WBL) is equipped with a steady-state storage node voltage monitor to overcome the data `1' write disturbance problem of the PMOS gain cell without introducing another boosted supply for the Write Word-line (WWL) over-drive. An adaptive and die-to-die adjustable read reference bias generator is proposed to cope with PVT variations. Monte Carlo simulations compare the 6-sigma read and write performance of proposed eDRAM against conventional designs. Measurement results from a 64 kb eDRAM test chip implemented in a 65 nm low-leakage CMOS process show a 1.25 ms data retention time with a 2 ns random cycle time at 0.9 V, 85°C, and a 91.3 μW per Mb static power dissipation at 1.0 V, 85°C.
Transverse Shear Along Myocardial Cleavage Planes Provides a Mechanism for Normal Systolic Wall Thickening (1995)

Recent studies in humans and other species show that there is substantial transverse shear strain in the left ventricular myocardium, and others have shown transverse myocardial laminae separated by cleavage planes. We proposed that cellular rearrangement based on shearing along myocardial cleavage planes could account for > 50% of normal systolic wall thickening, since < 50% can be explained by increases in myocyte diameter. To test this hypothesis, we measured strains at two sites with different cleavage-plane anatomy in eight open-chest dogs. Columns of radiopaque markers were implanted in the left ventricular anterior free wall and septum. Markers were tracked with biplane cineradiography, and strains were quantified by using finite deformation techniques. Hearts were perfusion-fixed with glutaraldehyde, and cleavage-plane orientations at the bead sites were measured in three orthogonal planes. At subendocardial sites of the anterior left ventricular wall, where the cleavage planes approach the endocardium obliquely from the apical side of the surface normal in the longitudinal-radial plane (-67 +/- 11 degrees), systolic longitudinal-radial transverse shear (E23) was positive (0.14 +/- 0.08). At the septal sites where the subendocardial cleavage planes approach the endocardium obliquely from above the surface normal (44 +/- 12 degrees), E23 was negative (-0.12 +/- 0.08). The differences in cleavage-plane angle and E23 at the two sites were each highly significant (P < .0005). At both sites, the transverse shear strain accompanied substantial systolic wall thickening at the subendocardium (anterior, E33 = 0.44 +/- 0.16; septum, E33 = 0.22 +/- 0.14). These data are not representative of the behavior in midwall and outer wall sites, where cleavage-plane orientation was not consistently different between anterior left ventricle and septum. Our data indicate that rearrangement of myocytes by slippage along myocardial cleavage planes is in the correct direction and of sufficient magnitude in the subendocardium (inner third) to account for a substantial proportion (> 50%) of systolic wall thickening. Furthermore, three-dimensional reconstruction of the myocardial laminae and local comparison with maximum strain vectors indicate that for the inner third of the ventricular wall the maximum shear deformation is a result of relative sliding between myocardial laminae.
Establishment of human prostate carcinoma skeletal metastasis models (2000)

BACKGROUND Prostate carcinoma progression from an androgen dependent (AD) state to an androgen independent (AI) state occurs clinically in patients who undergo hormonal therapy. In their laboratory, the authors developed two human prostate carcinoma skeletal metastasis models, the LNCaP progression model and the ARCaP model, to investigate phenotypic and genotypic changes of prostate carcinoma cells during disease progression and to understand molecular pathways for potential therapeutic targeting. METHODS LNCaP or ARCaP cells were inoculated in athymic mice and were exposed to selective hormonal conditions both in vivo and in vitro. The effects of various hormonal treatment regimens on tumor volumes and distant metastasis and the effects of bone stromal cells on prostate specific antigen (PSA) expression by prostate carcinoma cells were evaluated. RESULTS The authors propose that prostate carcinoma progression from the AD state to the AI state assumes three AI phenotypes: AI that remains androgen responsive, AI that is unresponsive to androgen stimulation, and AI that is suppressed by or hypersensitive to androgen. AI prostate carcinoma cells interacted reciprocally with osteoblasts to produce enhanced tumor growth and osteoblastic reaction when they are deposited in bone. Bone stromal cell conditioned media stimulated prostate carcinoma cell growth and suppressed its PSA expression, as also evidenced by androgen receptor-mediated transactivation of PSA promoter reporter activity. Conditioned media obtained from prostate carcinoma cells also stimulated osteoblastic cell growth in vitro. A novel gene therapy strategy is being developed to target prostatic tumor epithelium and its supporting stroma using tissue specific and tumor-restricted, promoter-directed toxic gene expression in both cellular compartments. In addition, new strategies are being designed to target the tumor endothelial system in the stroma and tumor cell-extracellular matrix interaction mediated by isotype specific integrins. CONCLUSIONS Prostate carcinoma skeletal metastasis models may prove useful in developing a new targeting strategy for the prevention and treatment of patients with prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2000;88:2995–3001. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Cooperative Role of Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 and p91 (STAT1) Response Elements in Interferon-γ-inducible Expression of Human Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Gene (1996)

Interferon (IFN)-gamma induces the expression of the indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (INDO) gene in human cells, which plays a role in the inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma on intracellular pathogens and on cell proliferation. Earlier studies established that the IFN-gamma-inducible expression of the INDO gene was dependent on two upstream elements: (i) a 14-base pair sequence homologous to an interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) sequence found in IFN-alpha-inducible genes and (ii) a 9-base pair palindromic sequence (palindromic element (PE) II) homologous to an interferon-gamma-activated site (GAS) element found in IFN-gamma-inducible genes. A second GAS element (PE I), between ISRE and PE II, was ineffective in supporting a response to IFN-gamma. Studies were carried out to determine the distinction between the two GAS elements and the relative role of the two elements (ISRE and PE II) required for a response to IFN-gamma. The PE I element was able to form a complex with IFN-gamma-activated p91 (STAT1) factor but with lower efficiency than the complex formed with PE II sequence. However, switching the positions of PE I and II sequences in reporter plasmid constructs (containing chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene) showed that both PE I and PE II were able to support a response to IFN-gamma if located at the position of PE II but not at the position of PE I. Increasing the distance between the ISRE and PE II also affected the level of response, suggesting that the relative position of the two elements is important for optimal stimulus. To explore whether an interaction between the IFN-gamma-regulated factors (IRF-1 and p91) binding to the ISRE and PE II might be important, we tested whether the ISRE sequence could be replaced by another response element, NF-kappaB. The plasmid construct with NF-kappaB element in place of the ISRE was responsive to IFN-gamma, indicating that an interaction between the IRF-1 and p91 factors was not required. The results indicate that the response of INDO gene to IFN-gamma depends on a cooperative role of IFN-gamma-responsive factors binding to the ISRE and GAS elements.
Pinpointing beta adrenergic receptor in ageing pathophysiology: victim or executioner? Evidence from crime scenes (2013)

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a key role in cellular communication, allowing human cells to sense external cues or to talk each other through hormones or neurotransmitters. Research in this field has been recently awarded with the Nobel Prize in chemistry to Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka, for their pioneering work on beta adrenergic receptors (βARs), a prototype GPCR. Such receptors, and β2AR in particular, which is extensively distributed throughout the body, are involved in a number of pathophysiological processes. Moreover, a large amount of studies has demonstrated their participation in ageing process. Reciprocally, age-related changes in regulation of receptor responses have been observed in numerous tissues and include modifications of βAR responses. Impaired sympathetic nervous system function has been indeed evoked as at least a partial explanation for several modifications that occur with ageing. This article represents an updated presentation of the current knowledge in the field, summarizing in a systematic way the major findings of research on ageing in several organs and tissues (crime scenes) expressing βARs: heart, vessels, skeletal muscle, respiratory system, brain, immune system, pancreatic islets, liver, kidney and bone.
Electronic Structure of Vertically Aligned Mn-Doped CoFe2O4 Nanowires and Their Application as Humidity Sensors and Photodetectors (2009)

Vertically aligned CoFe2O4 and 10% Mn-doped CoFe2O4 nanowires were synthesized by the gas-phase reduction/substitution reaction of pregrown α-Fe2O3 nanowires. They consisted of perfect single-crystalline cubic structures grown along the [110] direction. The increase of the lattice constant provides evidence for the effective Mn substitution. We investigated their electronic structures using X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism. The results suggest that as the Mn substitutes, Mn2+/Mn3+ ions would occupy the octahedral (Oh) sites, Mn4+ ions form at the tetrahedral (Td) sites, and a fraction of the Co2+ ions migrate from the Oh sites to the Td sites. The effective Mn substitution can increase the hole concentration, which makes it possible to develop humidity sensors operating at room temperature. Furthermore, it induces high photocurrents upon irradiation of visible light.
Investigation on the Antibacterial Micro-Porous Titanium with Silver Nano-Particles (2013)

Micro-porous titanium is coated with silver nanoparticles by using a simple chemical reduction method that exhibits excellent antibacterial ability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that the silver nanoparticles with average sizes of about 100 nm are formed homogeneously on the micro-porous titanium surface. After the micro-porous Ti coated with silver nano particles is treated by heating, the average size of the silver nano particles is slightly increased, but the nano particles are more uniformly dispersed on the surface of the micro-porous titanium. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that those nanoparticles are metallic silver produced on the micro-porous titanium surface. The samples of micro-porous titanium coated with silver nanoparticles inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli. Our results show that the electrical double layer of the samples play an important role in the antibiosis and this study opens a new window for antibacterial mechanism which may be suitable for the other antibacterial metallic materials.
ChemInform Abstract: HALOGENATED PYRIDINES. IV. NUCLEAR CHLORINATED PYRIDINE‐3‐CARBOXYLIC ACIDS (1976)

Abstract Die durch Kupfersulfat/Quecksilbernitrat katalysierte HNO 3 ‐Oxidation der halogenierten 3‐Chlormethyl‐pyridine (Ia) bzw. (Ib) führt zu den Nicotinsäuren (IIa) bzw. (IIb), die in 66 bzw. 34%iger Ausbeute auch durch Oxidation von (Ia) bzw. (Ib) mit wäßrigem KMnO 4 bei 95°C zugänglich sind; weiterhin lassen sich (II) auch durch Hydrolyse der Pyridine (III) mit konz. H 2 SO 4 fast quantitativ gewinnen.
Studies on Biologically Active Pteridines. II. Synthesis of Some 2-Pyrimidinyl- and 2-Pteridinyl-amino Acids (1979)

Abstract Synthesis of some pyrimidines and pteridines with an amino acid residue at the 2-position was investigated. 4-Ammo-6-hydroxy-2-methylthio-5-nitrosopyrimidine, on heating with amino acids in water, underwent aminolysis at the 2-position to give the corresponding N-(4-amino-6-hydroxy-5-nitroso-2-pyrimidinyl) amino acids. These (5-nitroso-2-pyrimidinyl)amino acids, after reduction of the nitroso group to an amino group, condensed with biacetyl or a pentose phenylhydrazone to give N-(4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-2-pteridinyl) amino acids and N-(4-hydroxy-6-polyhydroxypropyl-2-pteridinyl) amino acids, respectively.
Novel Functional Hyperbranched Polyether Polyols as Prospective Drug Delivery Systems (2006)

Multifunctional hyperbranched polyether polyols bearing protective poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains with or without the folate targeting ligand at their end have been prepared. Solubilization in these polymers of a fluorescent probe, pyrene, and an anticancer drug, tamoxifen, was physicochemically investigated. It was found that PEG chains attached at the surface of these hyperbranched polymers, in addition to their well-established protective role, enhance the encapsulation efficiency of the polymers. The release of pyrene and tamoxifen observed upon addition of sodium chloride is, in most of the cases, significant only at concentrations exceeding the physiological extracellular concentration. Thus, a significant amount of the probe or drug remains solubilized inside the carriers, which is an encouraging result if the polymers are to be used for drug delivery.
A System for Automatic Face Analysis Based on Statistical Shape and Texture Models (2008)

This thesis introduces the architecture, the scientific algorithms, and evaluation results of a software system for the automatic analysis of human faces. The analysis addresses a precise re-synthesis of unknown faces as well as the extraction of abstract information, like e.g. the gender, age, and facial expression of a face in an image. The different implemented and investigated approaches base on the idea of Active Appearance Models which strive for a source separation and thus for a variance reduction in the appearance of objects via statistical methods. Hereby, the research concentrates on the optimization of the execution time and quality of the analysis. The results of the comparative evaluations impressively confirm the success of the described advancements.
Finding Intensional Knowledge of Distance-Based Outliers (1999)

Existing studies on outliers focus only on the identification aspect; none provides any intensional knowledge of the outliers---by which we mean a description or an explanation of why an identified outlier is exceptional. For many applications, a description or explanation is at least as vital to the user as the identification aspect. Specifically, intensional knowledge helps the user to: (i) evaluate the validity of the identified outliers, and (ii) improve one&amp;apos;s understanding of the data. The two main issues addressed in this paper are: what kinds of intensional knowledge to provide, and how to optimize the computation of such knowledge. With respect to the first issue, we propose finding strongest and weak outliers and their corresponding structural intensional knowledge. With respect to the second issue, we first present a naive and a semi-naive algorithm. Then, by means of what we call path and semi-lattice sharing of I/O processing, we develop two optimized approaches. We provi...
Sequence of an influenza virus hemagglutinin determined directly from a clinical sample. (1990)

The sequence of the HA1 region of the hemagglutinin gene of an influenza virus has been determined without growing the virus in eggs or in cultured cells. The virus used was an H1 strain of influenza A from a clinical specimen taken from a patient in 1987. RNA was extracted directly from virus that had been sedimented out of the transport medium in which the sample had been stored. DNA copies of the hemagglutinin gene, obtained by reverse transcription, were then amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and were sequenced by the dideoxy termination method. The deduced amino acid sequence is highly similar to that of other H1 viruses that had been isolated at about the same time and cultured for a limited number of passages in eggs. Furthermore, the HA1 sequence of progeny virus from this isolate obtained after one passage in chicken embryos is identical to that of the virus obtained directly from the nasopharynx. The results suggest that H1 isolates that have been grown for a limited number of passages in embryonated eggs have HA1 subunits that faithfully represent the virus population in the clinical samples from which they were derived.
Characterization of the binding site for nevirapine (BI-RG-587), a nonnucleoside inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase (1991)

Nevirapine (BI-RG-587) is a potent and specific non-nucleoside inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcriptase. The compound is non-competitive with respect to template, primer, and nucleoside triphosphates indicating that BI-RG-587 does not act directly at the catalytic site. The binding site for this inhibitor was investigated by employing an azido photoaffinity analogue, BI-RJ-70, to covalently label the enzyme. The resulting photoadduct was subjected to enzymatic digestion by trypsin and endoproteinase lys-C and a single, highly labeled peptide was identified as residues 174-199. Sequencing of this peptide identified Tyr-181 and Tyr-188 as labeled residues.
Copper(ii)-catalysed addition of O–H bonds to norbornene (2005)

Cu(OTf)2 is an inexpensive, air- and moisture-stable catalyst for the O-H addition of aliphatic and aromatic acids and alcohols to norbornene.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: Biochemical Properties and Biological Action (1984)

The review will cover the chemistry and biochemistry of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors with emphasis on data published since the publication of previous reviews. The relative merits of each contribution will be evaluated, as well as their potential for leading to new discoveries. The biology of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors will be brought up-to-date to give the reader an appreciation of the medical implications of this new type of antihypertensive agent.
Laser-based guidance of multiple mobile robots (2002)

This paper describes our research work towards the development of an optical guidance system for multiple mobile robots in an indoor environment. The guidance system operates with an environmental model, communicates with mobile robots and indicates their target positions by means of a light projection from a laser pointer onto the ground. Processing the image data from a CCD color camera mounted on the mobile robot allows it to detect the laser light beacon on the ground and estimate its relative coordinates. The robot's control system ensures the accurate motion of the robot to the indicated target position. The guidance system subsequently indicates target positions corresponding to a desired route for a specified mobile robot in the fleet. The concept of the optical guidance system, its implementation and experimental results are discussed.
Alteration of the intestinal microbiome characterizes preclinical inflammatory arthritis in mice and its modulation attenuates established arthritis (2017)

Perturbations of the intestinal microbiome have been observed in patients with new-onset and chronic autoimmune inflammatory arthritis. However, it is currently unknown whether these alterations precede the development of arthritis or are rather a consequence of disease. Modulation of intestinal microbiota by oral antibiotics or germ-free condition can prevent arthritis in mice. Yet, the therapeutic potential of modulation of the microbiota after the onset of arthritis is not well characterized. We here show that the intestinal microbial community undergoes marked changes in the preclinical phase of collagen induced arthritis (CIA). The abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes, specifically families S24-7 and Bacteroidaceae was reduced, whereas Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae and Desulfovibrinocaceae, were expanded during the immune-priming phase of arthritis. In addition, we found that the abundance of lamina propria Th17, but not Th1, cells is highly correlated with the severity of arthritis. Elimination of the intestinal microbiota during established arthritis specifically reduced intestinal Th17 cells and attenuated arthritis. These effects were associated with reduced serum amyloid A expression in ileum and synovial tissue. Our observations suggest that intestinal microbiota perturbations precede arthritis, and that modulation of the intestinal microbiota after the onset of arthritis may offer therapeutic opportunities.
mRNA transcripts of several plant genes are polyadenylated at multiple sitesin vivo (1986)

We have analyzed the polyadenylation sites for the small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and chlorophyll a/b binding protein genes of Petunia (Mitchell) and the bronze gene of Zea mays. Sequence analysis of multiple cDNA clones revealed that polyadenylation of the transcripts occurred at either 2 or 3 sites for all three groups of genes. In the examples where 3 polyadenylation sites were detected, the middle site was the one predominantly used. Putative polyadenylation signals preceding the poly A tails diverged significantly from the animal consensus sequence AATAAA. In all the genes examined the first A residue in the poly A tail of the cDNA clones corresponded to an A residue in the homologous genomic sequence.
Gold nanoparticles in nanomedicine: preparations, imaging, diagnostics, therapies and toxicity (2009)

This critical review provides an overall survey of the basic concepts and up-to-date literature results concerning the very promising use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for medicinal applications. It includes AuNP synthesis, assembly and conjugation with biological and biocompatible ligands, plasmon-based labeling and imaging, optical and electrochemical sensing, diagnostics, therapy (drug vectorization and DNA/gene delivery) for various diseases, in particular cancer (also Alzheimer, HIV, hepatitis, tuberculosis, arthritis, diabetes) and the essential in vitro and in vivo toxicity. It will interest the medicine, chemistry, spectroscopy, biochemistry, biophysics and nanoscience communities (211 references).
Low-Density Lipoprotein and High-Density Lipoprotein Particle Subclasses Predict Coronary Events and Are Favorably Changed by Gemfibrozil Therapy in the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial (2006)

The effects of gemfibrozil on NMR-measured LDL and HDL particle subclasses, which are not reflected by conventional lipoprotein cholesterol measures, help to explain the demonstrated benefit of this therapy in patients with low HDL cholesterol.