gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum Neuron: an elementary building block for machine learning on quantum computers (2017)

Even the most sophisticated artificial neural networks are built by aggregating substantially identical units called neurons. A neuron receives multiple signals, internally combines them, and applies a non-linear function to the resulting weighted sum. Several attempts to generalize neurons to the quantum regime have been proposed, but all proposals collided with the difficulty of implementing non-linear activation functions, which is essential for classical neurons, due to the linear nature of quantum mechanics. Here we propose a solution to this roadblock in the form of a small quantum circuit that naturally simulates neurons with threshold activation. Our quantum circuit defines a building block, the "quantum neuron", that can reproduce a variety of classical neural network constructions while maintaining the ability to process superpositions of inputs and preserve quantum coherence and entanglement. In the construction of feedforward networks of quantum neurons, we provide numerical evidence that the network not only can learn a function when trained with superposition of inputs and the corresponding output, but that this training suffices to learn the function on all individual inputs separately. When arranged to mimic Hopfield networks, quantum neural networks exhibit properties of associative memory. Patterns are encoded using the simple Hebbian rule for the weights and we demonstrate attractor dynamics from corrupted inputs. Finally, the fact that our quantum model closely captures (traditional) neural network dynamics implies that the vast body of literature and results on neural networks becomes directly relevant in the context of quantum machine learning.
Identification of Gangliosides GD1b and GT1b as Receptors for BK Virus (2006)

Gangliosides have been shown to be plasma membrane receptors for both murine polyomavirus and SV40, while JC virus uses serotonin receptors. In contrast, little is known of the membrane receptor and entry pathway for BK virus (BKV), which can cause severe disease in immunosuppressed bone marrow and renal transplant patients. Using sucrose flotation assays, we investigated BKV binding to and interaction with human erythrocyte membranes and determined that this interaction was dependent on a neuraminidase-sensitive, proteinase K-resistant molecule. BKV was found to interact with the gangliosides GT1b and GD1b. The terminal alpha2-8-linked disialic acid motif, present in both of these gangliosides, is likely to be important for this interaction. We also determined that the addition of GD1b and GT1b to LNCaP cells, which are normally resistant to BKV infection, made them susceptible to the virus. In addition, BKV interacted with membranes extracted from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and infection was blocked by the addition of brefeldin A, which interferes with transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. These data demonstrate that BKV uses the gangliosides GT1b and GD1b as receptors and passes through the ER on the way to the nucleus.
Heterogeneity of precipitating antibodies in polymyositis and dermatomyositis (1980)

Precipitating antibodies occurring in 26 "pure" polymyositis (PM) patients and 22 "pure" dermatomyositis (DM) patients were studied by double immunodiffusion using calf thymus nuclear extract and whole calf thymus extract. Seventeen of 26 (65%) PM sera and 13 of 22 (59%) DM sera showed positive reactions, and 18, 10, and 2 sera exhibited 1, 2, and 3 precipitin lines, respectively. Common specificities were established by immunodiffusion for the 11 PM and 6 DM sera with strong precipitin lines. These were classed into three groups of shared specificity and six reactions specific for individual sera. These 9 calf thymus antigens were shown to be different from the known soluble tissue antigens Sm, nuclear RNP, Ro, and La. A 600-fold purification of the most frequently appearing system designated Jo-1 was achieved and its clinical specificity for patients with PM syndromes was established.
Abstract 3193: First Preclinical Study of a New F-18 Labeled PET Tracer for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (2007)

Introduction: An F-18 based myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) tracer would increase the availability of tracers for cardiac PET/CT exams at stand-alone PET facilities. Hypothesis: F-18 labeled BMS-747158 – 02 is a promising tracer for MPI. Methods: All studies were carried out in healthy male Wistar rats (275 ± 25 g). The biodistribution of F-18 BMS-747158 – 02 was obtained 10 and 60 minutes post injection (p.i.). The first pass extraction fraction of the tracer was determined according to the Langendorff method. ECG gated microPET imaging (FOCUS F-120, Siemens Medical Imaging, USA) was performed, and the listmode data were sorted into dynamic sinograms corresponding to the diastolic phase of the heart cycle. After reorientation of the data time activity curves (TACs) were derived for the left ventricular cavity and myocardium, as well as tracer uptake polar maps two minutes p.i.. Rats were measured under MMF anesthesia, either during rest (n = 6) or during adenosine induced stress conditions (n = 6). Tracer retention two minutes p.i. was defined as tracer uptake divided through the integral under the input function. Results: The biodistribution of F-18 BMS-747158 – 02 is favorable for cardiac imaging: high myocardial uptake (3.1 %ID/g) combines with low uptake in lung and liver (0.3 %ID/g and 1.0 %ID/g, respectively, 10 minutes p.i. (n = 3)). The myocardial uptake is homogeneous (the average means equal 77.4 ± 6.0 % and 77.8 ± 7.8 % of the maximum uptake for the rest and stress groups, respectively). The tracer shows a high and flow independent myocardial first pass extraction fraction, averaging 0.94 ± 0.04 (3 flow velocities, n &gt;= 3 per group). Adenosine infusion (140 μg/kg/min) leads to a significant increase in myocardial tracer retention (1.68 ± 0.23 sec −1 to 3.21 ± 0.92 sec −1 ; P = 0.03). Conclusions: F-18 labeled BMS-747158 – 02 shows high extraction combined with excellent imaging characteristics in this first preclinical study of its applicability as a PET MPI agent.
Drosophila Rrp1 protein: an apurinic endonuclease with homologous recombination activities. (1991)

A protein previously purified from Drosophila embryo extracts by a DNA strand transfer assay, Rrp1 (recombination repair protein 1), has an N-terminal 427-amino acid region unrelated to known proteins, and a 252-amino acid C-terminal region with sequence homology to two DNA repair nucleases, Escherichia coli exonuclease III and Streptococcus pneumoniae exonuclease A, which are known to be active as apurinic endonucleases and as double-stranded DNA 3' exonucleases. We demonstrate here that purified Rrp1 has apurinic endonuclease and double-stranded DNA 3' exonuclease, activities and carries out single-stranded DNA renaturation in a Mg(2+)-dependent manner. Strand transfer, 3' exonuclease, and single-stranded DNA renaturation activities comigrate during column chromatography. The properties of Rrp1 suggest that it could promote homologous recombination at sites of DNA damage.
Focused ion beam scan routine, dwell time and dose optimizations for submicrometre period planar photonic crystal components and stamps in silicon (2007)

Focused ion beam (FIB) milling is receiving increasing attention for nanostructuring in silicon (Si). These structures can for example be used for photonic crystal structures in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) configuration or for moulds which can have various applications in combination with imprint technologies. However, FIB fabrication of submicrometre holes having perfectly vertical sidewalls is still challenging due to the redeposition effect in Si. In this study we show how the scan routine of the ion beam can be used as a sidewall optimization parameter. The experiments have been performed in Si and SOI. Furthermore, we show that sidewall angles as small as 1.5◦ are possible in Si membranes using a spiral scan method. We investigate the effect of the dose, loop number and dwell time on the sidewall angle,interhole milling and total milling depth by studying the milling of single and multiple holes into a crystal. We show that the sidewall angles can be as small as 5◦ in (bulk) Si and SOI when applying a larger dose. Finally, we found that a relatively large dwell time of 1 ms and a small loop number is favourable for obtaining vertical sidewalls. By comparing the results with those obtained by others, we conclude that the number of loops at a fixed dose per hole is the parameter that determines the sidewall angle and not the dwell time by itself.
New Ground for Organic Catalysis:  A Ring-Opening Polymerization Approach to Hydrogels (2007)

Herein, we describe an organocatalytic living polymerization approach to network and subsequent hydrogel formation. Cyclic carbonate-functionalized macromolecules were ring-opened using an alcoholic initiator in the presence of an organic catalyst, amidine 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene. A model reaction for the cross-linking identified monomer concentration-dependent reaction regimes, and enhanced kinetic control was demonstrated by introducing a co-monomer, trimethylene carbonate. The addition of the co-monomer facilitated near-quantitative conversion of monomer to polymer (>96%). Resulting poly(ethylene glycol) networks swell significantly in water, and an open co-continuous (water-gel) porous structure was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization of cyclic carbonate functional macromonomers using alcoholic initiators provides a simple, efficient, and versatile approach to hydrogel networks.
Immune System Response in Alzheimer'sDisease (1989)

Involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease was demonstrated in two ways: by the attachment of complement proteins to diseased tissue, and by the activation of cells associated with the immune system. Alzheimer brain tissue was stained immunohistochemically by antibodies to components of the classical, but not the alternative, complement pathway. Antibodies to C1q, C3d, and C4d stained senile plaques, dystrophic neurites, neuropil threads and some tangled neurons. Antibodies to a neoantigenic site on the C5b-9 membrane attack complex stained dystrophic neurites and many tangled neurons, but not senile plaques. Antibodies to Factor P and fraction Bb of Factor B, which are specific for the alternative complement pathway, did not stain Alzheimer brain tissue. The cellular immune response was evaluated by the presence of reactive microglia and by the infiltration of small numbers of T-cells into diseased brain tissue. Reactive microglia were identified by antibodies to HLA-DR, a class II major histocompatibility complex glycoprotein, and by enhanced staining with antibodies to leukocyte common antigen and the Fc gamma RI and Fc gamma RII receptors. T-cells were identified by antibodies to leukocyte common antigen, as well as the CD4 and CD8 surface proteins. Double immunostaining with antibodies to GFAP and MHC class I or class II antigens established that astrocytes, which are GFAP positive, do not express MHC antigens in Alzheimer's disease. Endothelial cells express MHC class I antigens while reactive microglia and some leukocytes express class II antigen.
Enhanced transport of nucleosides and nucleoside analogs with complementary base-pairing agents (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnhanced transport of nucleosides and nucleoside analogs with complementary base-pairing agentsHiroyuki Furuta, Kaori Furuta, and Jonathan L. SesslerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 12, 4706–4707Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00012a063https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00012a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views206Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Inactivation of the survival motor neuron gene, a candidate gene for human spinal muscular atrophy, leads to massive cell death in early mouse embryos (1997)

Proximal spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal recessive human disease of spinal motor neurons leading to muscular weakness with onset predominantly in infancy and childhood. With an estimated heterozygote frequency of 1/40 it is the most common monogenic disorder lethal to infants; milder forms represent the second most common pediatric neuromuscular disorder. Two candidate genes-survival motor neuron (SMN) and neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein have been identified on chromosome 5q13 by positional cloning. However, the functional impact of these genes and the mechanism leading to a degeneration of motor neurons remain to be defined. To analyze the role of the SMN gene product in vivo we generated SMN-deficient mice. In contrast to the human genome, which contains two copies, the mouse genome contains only one SMN gene. Mice with homozygous SMN disruption display massive cell death during early embryonic development, indicating that the SMN gene product is necessary for cellular survival and function.
Automatic detection of arguments in legal texts (2007)

This paper provides the results of experiments on the detection of arguments in texts among which are legal texts. The detection is seen as a classification problem. A classifier is trained on a set of annotated arguments. Different feature sets are evaluated involving lexical, syntactic, semantic and discourse properties of the texts. The experiments are a first step in the context of automatically classifying arguments in legal texts according to their rhetorical type and their visualization for convenient access and search.
Effect of Adenine on the Riboflavin-sensitized Photoreaction (1971)

Upon the addition of adenine, the remarkable enhancement of the riboflavinsensitized photoinactivation of yeastalcohol dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.1] was observed, and the inactivation of the enzyme was found to be a first-order reaction. The extent of the enhancement calculated from the apparent rate constants was about five times. An attempt to analyse the action spectra revealed that quantum efficiency increased approximately three times. Adenine had no effect on the photodynamic inactivation of the enzyme in the case where methylene blue, eosin yellowish or fluorescein was used as a sensitizer in place of riboflavin. The ability of adenine to enhance the inactivation was exhibited only when flavin, such as riboflavin, FMN or FAD, was employed as a sensitizer. The accelerative effect similar to that of adenine was also observed with several purine derivatives such as guanine. Of the amino acids susceptible to the riboflavin-sensitized photooxidation, only cysteine was photooxidized increasingly by the addition of adenine.The mechanism through which adenine causes the enhancement of the riboflavin-sensitized photoinactivation of the enzyme is discussed in correlation with the ability of adenine to form a molecular complex with riboflavin.
Structure and Expression in Escherichia coli of Canine Interferon-α Genes (1987)

Using a human interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) cDNA probe, several recombinant phages containing type I IFN genes were isolated from a canine genomic library. One of these phages contains two complete CaIFN-alpha genes with identical coding sequences, and a second one a slightly different IFN-alpha gene. The IFN-alpha protein sequences contain six cysteine residues as well as two or three potential N-glycosylation sites. Expression of mature CaIFN-alpha 1 in E. coli results in antiviral activity on dog cells. Genomic analysis using an equine IFN-omega probe and DNA sequencing suggests the deletion of IFN-omega genes from canine genome.
An overview of urinary incontinence (2016)

Practice nurses need to find out about all the different types of urinary incontinence and how they can be treated, before they can offer help to patients showing symptoms, writes Alison Bardsley Urinary incontinence is a common problem that is often under-reported due to the embarrassing nature and social stigma attached. Urinary incontinence can have a considerable effect on an individual's quality of life, but can be significantly improved with correct assessment, treatment and management. Conservative treatment options, including pelvic floor exercises, bladder retraining and fluid modification, are recommended before referral to secondary services. This article provides an overview of the main types of urinary incontinence, and summarises recent guidelines for the assessment, diagnosis and effective conservative treatment options for them, and when a referral to specialist care is required.
Compartmental Syndromes Following Trauma (1975)

When an ischemic contracture develops after injury it appears that the ischemia has pursued a middle course between full recovery and gangrene. The mechanism of such a pathology is difficult to understand. There appear to be two distinct types of injury that precipitate such a contracture; one where a major vessel is occluded and the ischemic tissue lies distal to the injury; and a second where the injury is a direct one and the ischemia develops at the site of the injury. The ischemic changes that develop after both types of injury appear to be remarkably similar and they develop, almost exclusively, where the tissues involved lie within unyielding osteofascial compartment. In both types, compartmental syndrome could have been precipitated; on the one hand by the ischemia of arterial interruption and on the other by direct tissue damage. Early fasciotomy is advocated after both types of injury, quite apart from any necessary arterial repair.
Additives for Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems: A Review (2012)

Abstract : The use of both fixed and portable water mist systems for fire suppression on naval vessels continues to increase. There are several reasons for this. Water mist produces no acid gases and therefore can be discharged in a space where persons are present. It consists of small water droplets (average mean diameter of 90% of the droplets less than 300&#956;m) that rapidly reduce the temperature in a space. The effectiveness of water mist in cooling a space reduces the volume of water necessary to extinguish or suppress a fire. This lessens both the chance of flooding and costs associated with cleanup arising from water damage. In this report the use and efficacy of additives in water mist systems is reviewed. In most instances, additives have been investigated to determine if they will improve the efficacy of a water mist fire suppression system. Additives that have been investigated include film forming additives for Class B fires (generally fluorinated surfactants), alkali metals salts, transition metal chlorides, sulphates, phosphates and organic compounds such as sucrose and urea. In other instances, the additives were required to depress of the freezing point of the water used in the suppression systems. These suppression systems were proposed for use in conditions where the system might be exposed to temperatures below the freezing point of pure water. The additives included compounds such as potassium acetate and propylene glycol. The subsequent testing studied the effect of the additives on the water mist systems efficacy in suppressing a fire. Where information is available, the toxicity and other concerns associated with the use of additives are discussed.
Promotion and Acceleration of Diabetic Ulcer Healing by Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic Acid (RGD) Peptide Matrix (1995)

RGD peptide matrix treatment promoted and accelerated the healing of chronic diabetic foot ulcers to a significant degree.
Characterization of Potential Antagonists of Human Interleukin 5 Demonstrates Their Cross‐Reactivity with Receptors for Interleukin 3 and Granulocyte‐Macrophage Colony‐Stimulating Factor (1997)

The ligand-binding alpha-chain of the human interleukin 5 (IL-5) receptor was expressed in its soluble form, lacking the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, from recombinant baculovirus. The soluble receptor was used in a scintillation proximity assay to identify two chemical compounds that inhibit binding of human IL-5 to the soluble receptor alpha chain with IC50 of 8 microM and 11 microM. These compounds also inhibited the interaction of human IL-5 with its membrane-bound receptor, composed of the ligand-binding alpha chain and signal-transducing beta chain, and prevented signaling through the receptor. Analysis by surface plasmon resonance and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization mass spectrometry showed that the identified compounds bound irreversibly to the receptor at a 1:1 (mol/mol) ratio, suggesting a covalent interaction with the alpha chain of the human IL-5 receptor. Both compounds also inhibited the interaction of the receptors for interleukin 3 (IL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which are involved in hematopoietic differentiation and activation of immune cells, thus eliminating them as potential therapeutic agents. The inhibition of the structurally closely related receptors for IL-5, IL-3 and GM-CSF by both compounds, while binding of interleukin-4 to its receptor was not affected, suggests that a similar reactive site exists in the ligand-binding domains of the receptors for IL-5, IL-3 and GM-CSF.