gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low cost bumping by stencil printing : Process qualification for 200 μm pitch (1998)

A key issue for the introduction of flip chip technology for automotive, telecommunication and consumer applications is the implementation of low cost bumping processes since the established methods need expensive equipment for metal sputtering and photolithography. Today there are several methods for creating bumps on the die. One new method that has the potential to be much less expensive than current technologies is stencil printing. In this paper the stencil printing method for wafer solder bumping is described using electroless nickel as a layer between the IC bond pad and the solder. Stencil printing for SMT and fine pitch BGA structures is established as a low cost standard process. Using the same equipment with modified printing parameters and materials a low cost bumping process on wafers has been transferred to serial production. This paper presents the results of ultra fine pitch stencil printing of solder paste on wafers (down to 200μm and 150μm pitch) discussing quality and yield. A software tool for designing the stencil layout was developed and the predicted bump heights are compared to the experimental results. In the first part of the paper the process flow ofthis economical bumping method for flip chip technology is described in detail. The key aspects of solder paste printing with optimized aperture size and shapes are outlined and the printing results are presented. In the second part of this paper a comparison of measured standard deviations of bump heights and the quality demands for ultra fine pitch flip chip assembly are shown as well.
[Fetal intraventricular hemorrhage caused by cerebral contusion, and with spontaneous remission. Contribution of MRI]. (1998)

We report a case of fetal ventricular hemorrhage which occurred at 27.5 weeks gestation and caused by fetal brain contusion after a maternal traumatism. Ultrasound examination evidenced ventriculomegaly and an intraventricular clot which were confirmed by MRI. We discuss the interest of combining ultrasound and MRI of the fetal brain for the investigation and follow-up of fetal brain trauma. The patient gave birth to an eutrophic normal boy. The child is normal at 12 months follow-up.
Farletuzumab, a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody against Folate Receptor α, in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: a Phase I Study (2010)

In this phase I study, farletuzumab administered as an i.v. infusion at doses of 12.5 to 400 mg/m(2) was generally safe and well tolerated in the management of heavily pretreated patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.
Dominantly Inherited Ataxias: Lessons Learned from Machado-Joseph Disease/Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 (2007)

To date, nearly 30 distinct genetic forms of dominantly inherited ataxia are known to exist. Of these, Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), also known as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), is perhaps the most common in many regions of the world including the United States. This article discusses MJD/SCA3 as a paradigm example of the dominant ataxias, which are collectively known as the spinocerebellar ataxias. Using MJD/SCA3 as a starting point, the article reviews common clinical and genetic features of the SCAs and highlights new insights into molecular mechanisms, especially of the SCAs caused by polyglutamine expansion. Also discussed are current and future therapeutic opportunities for MJD/SCA3 in particular, many of which have relevance to other SCAs.
Failure of carbon fiber-reinforced polyethylene total knee-replacement components. A report of two cases. (1988)

Wright, T M; Astion, D J; Bansal, M; Rimnac, C M; Green, T; Insall, J N; Robinson, R P Author Information
Lacticin 481: In Vitro Reconstitution of Lantibiotic Synthetase Activity (2004)

The lantibiotic lacticin 481 is synthesized on ribosomes as a prepeptide (LctA) and posttranslationally modified to its mature form. These modifications include dehydration of serines and threonines, followed by intramolecular addition of cysteines to the unsaturated amino acids, which generates cyclic thioethers. This process breaks eight chemical bonds and forms six newbonds and is catalyzed by one enzyme, LctM. We have characterized the in vitro activity of LctM, which completely processed a series of LctA mutants, displaying a permissive substrate specificity that holds promise for antibiotic engineering.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Silanolates: A Paradigm Shift in Silicon‐Based Cross‐Coupling Reactions (2006)

This paper chronicles the conceptual development, proof of principle experiments, and recent advances in the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of the conjugate bases of organosilanols. The discovery that led to the design and refinement of this process represents a classical illustration of how mechanistic studies can provide a fertile ground for the invention of new reactions. On the basis of a working hypothesis (which ultimately proved to be incorrect) and the desire to effect silicon-based cross-coupling without the agency of fluoride activation, a mild and practical palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of alkenyl-, aryl-, and heteroaryl silanolates has been developed. The mechanistic underpinnings, methodological extensions, and the successful applications of this technology to the synthesis of complex molecules are described.
Microfluidic capture and release of bacteria in a conical nanopore array (2011)

We present a simple and inexpensive method for the capture and release of bacteria contained in an array of conical nanopores on a membrane inside a microfluidic device. As an example, we demonstrate that cyanobacteria can be captured, one bacterium per pore, in a defined orientation with over 500 bacteria per membrane with viabilities as high as 100%. The device can also specifically capture cyanobacteria from a mixed suspension of cyanobacteria and chlamydomonas with a selectivity as high as 90%.
Capture of Tumor Cell Membranes by Trogocytosis Facilitates Detection and Isolation of Tumor-Specific Functional CTLs (2008)

The success of adoptive cell transfer in the treatment of metastatic cancer in humans is dependent on the selection of highly active tumor-specific cytotoxic T cells. We report here that CTLs capture membrane fragments from their targets while exerting cytotoxic activity and thus gain a detectable functional signature by which they can be identified. Fluorochrome labeling or biotinylation was used to tag tumor cells. CD8(+) T cells were coincubated with the tagged targets, sorted, and functionally evaluated. Our results show that membrane capture by CD8(+) lymphocytes is T-cell receptor dependent, epitope specific, and preferentially associated with highly cytotoxic clonal subsets. CTLs that captured membranes from unmodified melanoma exhibited enhanced cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines and autologous melanoma. In a human melanoma in vivo model, adoptive transfer of membrane-capturing, peptide-specific T cells, but not noncapturing or bulk CD8(+) T cells, inhibits tumor progression. Membrane capture is therefore a signature of antigen-specific CTLs endowed with high functional avidity and may have direct relevance in the clinical application of adoptive immunotherapy.
Murine complement C4 is not required for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (2004)

In vitro studies have demonstrated that myelin and myelin-derived proteins activate both the classical and alternative complement pathways. More recently, studies have shown that mice deficient in factor B, a protein required for activation of the alternative pathway, have attenuated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for multiple sclerosis. The relative contribution of the classical pathway to the pathogenesis of EAE has remained unexplored. To address this question, we performed EAE using mice deficient in C4 (C4-/-), a protein required for full activation of the classical pathway. We found that deletion of the C4 gene does not significantly change either the time of onset or the severity and tempo of myelin oligodendrocyte-induced EAE compared with controls with a fully intact complement system. We observed similar levels of cellular infiltration (CD11b+ macrophages and CD3+ T cells) and demyelination in the two kinds of mice. Despite this, ribonuclease protection assays demonstrated a two- to fourfold increase in several pro-inflammatory cytokines in C4-/- mice with EAE, including interleukin-beta (IL-1beta), IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IP-10, and RANTES. These results support the conclusion that the contribution of murine complement to the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease is realized via the alternative pathway.
A Platform with Six Degrees of Freedom (1965)

This paper describes a mechanism which has six degrees of freedom, controlled in any combination by six motors, each having a ground abutment. It is considered that by its particular arrangement, this mechanism may form an elegant design for simulating flight conditions in the training of pilots. Unlike most simulators, it has no fixed axes relative to the ground, and therefore within the limits of amplitude of the design it can truly simulate the conditions of banking by carrying the simulation of control surfaces into the axes of the new attitude. Variations in control arrangements are described and their respective design merits considered. Other possible uses for this mechanism are mentioned, including automation of production.
Cardiac Hypertrophy by Hypertension and Exercise Training Exhibits Different Gene Expression of Enzymes in Energy Metabolism (2003)

Hypertension-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy (hypertensive heart) and exercise training-induced physiological cardiac hypertrophy (athletic heart) have differences in cardiac properties. We hypothesized that gene expression of energy metabolic enzymes differs between these two types of cardiac hypertrophy. To investigate whether mRNA expression of key enzymes in the long-chain fatty acid (FA), glucose, and lactic acid metabolic pathways differs between these two types of cardiac hypertrophy, we used the hearts of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR; 19 weeks old) as a model of the hypertensive heart, swim-trained rats (Trained; 19 weeks old, swimming training for 15 weeks) as a model of the athletic heart, and sedentary Wistar-Kyoto rats (Control; 19 weeks old). SHR developed hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy, of which cardiac function was deteriorated, whereas Trained rats developed an athletic heart, of which cardiac function was enhanced. The mRNA expression of CD36, which involved in uptake of long-chain FA, in the heart was almost never detected in the SHR group. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of key enzymes in the long-chain FA metabolic pathway (acyl CoA synthase [ACoAS], carnitine palmitoyl transferase [CPT]-I, CPT-II, and isocitrate dehydrogenase [ISCD]) in the heart was significantly higher in the SHR group compared with the Control group. The mRNA expression of ACoAS, CPT-I, ISCD, and CD36 in the heart did not differ between Trained group and Control group, whereas that of CPT-II in the Trained group was significantly higher compared with the Control group. The mRNA expression of key enzymes (phosphofructokinase and lactate dehydrogenase) in glycolytic metabolic pathway in the heart was markedly higher in the SHR group compared with the Control group, whereas these mRNA expressions did not differ between Trained group and Control group. These findings suggest that the molecular phenotypes in the energy metabolic system differ in hypertension-induced pathological and exercise training-induced physiological cardiac hypertrophy, and these differences may participate in the differences in cardiac function.
An Integrated View of Copy Number and Allelic Alterations in the Cancer Genome Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Arrays (2004)

Changes in DNA copy number contribute to cancer pathogenesis. We now show that high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays can detect copy number alterations. By hybridizing genomic representations of breast and lung carcinoma cell line and lung tumor DNA to SNP arrays, and measuring locus-specific hybridization intensity, we detected both known and novel genomic amplifications and homozygous deletions in these cancer samples. Moreover, by combining genotyping with SNP quantitation, we could distinguish loss of heterozygosity events caused by hemizygous deletion from those that occur by copy-neutral events. The simultaneous measurement of DNA copy number changes and loss of heterozygosity events by SNP arrays should strengthen our ability to discover cancer-causing genes and to refine cancer diagnosis.
Oligodeoxynucleotide-directed photo-induced cross-linking of HIV proviral DNA via triple-helix formation (1992)

The HIV proviral genome contains two copies of a 16 bp homopurine.homopyrimidine sequence which overlaps the recognition and cleavage site of the Dra I restriction enzyme. Psoralen was attached to the 16-mer homopyrimidine oligonucleotide, d5'(TTTTCT-TTTCCCCCCT)3', which forms a triple helix with this HIV proviral sequence. Two plasmids, containing part of the HIV proviral DNA, with either one (pLTR) or two (pBT1) copies of the 16-bp homopurine.homopyrimidine sequence and either 4 or 14 Dra I cleavage sites, respectively, were used as substrates for the psoralen-oligonucleotide conjugate. Following UV irradiation the two strands of the DNA targeted sequence were cross-linked at the triplex-duplex junction. The psoralen-oligonucleotide conjugate selectively inhibited Dra I enzymatic cleavage at sites overlapping the two triple helix-forming sequences. A secondary triplex-forming site of 8 contiguous base pairs was observed on the pBT1 plasmid when binding of the 16 base-long oligonucleotide was allowed to take place at high oligonucleotide concentrations. Replacement of a stretch of six cytosines in the 16-mer oligomer by a stretch of six guanines increased binding to the primary sites and abolished binding to the secondary site under physiological conditions. These results demonstrate that oligonucleotides can be designed to selectively recognize and modify specific sequences in HIV proviral DNA.
Electrical and Ionic Conductivity of Gd-Doped Ceria (2000)

Electrical conductivity of , as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure, is measured with a complex impedance method. The increase of electrical conductivity with reducing oxygen partial pressure can be described well by a model that assumes constant mobility of both oxygen vacancies and electrons, based on an ideal‐solution model of non‐stoichiometry of Gd‐doped ceria. Ionic conductivity is calculated, and its activation energy is discussed. Electronic conductivity is discussed also. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Integrative recombination of bacteriophage lambda DNA in vitro. (1975)

An in vitro system for the production of integrative recombinant DNA of bacteriophage lambda is described. The in vitro recombination mimics the in vivo integration of viral DNA into host DNA in its requirement for int gene product, for the presence of a thermolabile component, and for the limitation of the recombination to a pair of specialized sites (attachment sites) on the DNA. The enzymes are extracted from Escherichia coli containing phage lambda gene products. The substrate is the DNA from lambda-attB-attP, a phage variant that contains two attachment sites on the same chromosome. The product is a recombinant phage chromosome that has lost the DNA between the attachment sites. The parental and recombinant DNA are distinguished following transfection to mature phage in spheroplasts. The reaction requires ATP, Mg++, spermidine, and a monovalent cation. Recombination occurs preferentially between attachment sites on the same molecule. The enzymatic activity is completely inhibited by extracts containing xis gene product.
Bridging the lexical chasm (2000)

This paper investigates whether a machine can automatically learn the task of finding, within a large collection of candidate responses, the answers to questions. The learning process consists of inspecting a collection of answered questions and characterizing the relation between question and answer with a statistical model. For the purpose of learning this relation, we propose two sources of data: Usenet FAQ documents and customer service call-center dialogues from a large retail company. We will show that the task of “answer-finding” differs from both document retrieval and tradition question-answering, presenting challenges different from those found in these problems. The central aim of this work is to discover, through theoretical and empirical investigation, those statistical techniques best suited to the answer-finding problem.
Overexpression of the opioid growth factor receptor potentiates growth inhibition in human pancreatic cancer cells (2007)

The opioid growth factor (OGF), [Met5]-enkephalin, and OGF receptor (OGFr) form an inhibitory axis regulating the growth of human pancreatic cancer. This study examined whether overexpression of OGFr decreases the growth of pancreatic cells in vitro. MIA PaCa-2 cells were transfected with OGFr cDNA, and six clonal lines were examined for protein expression and function. OGFr binding assays revealed a 2.3- to 5.6-fold increase in binding capacity from wild-type (WT) and empty vector (EV) controls; binding affinity was comparable in all groups. OGFr protein expression, as measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, was enhanced in clonal cell lines compared to controls. Doubling times of OGFr clonal lines were 47-91% longer than in the WT/EV groups for all but one clonal line. DNA synthesis of cells overexpressing OGFr was diminished from the WT/EV groups by 28-52%. Addition of exogenous OGF further reduced (14-31%) the cell growth of clonal lines, and the effects of exogenous OGF were receptor-mediated. Exposure of cells overexpressing OGFr to naltrexone increased the cell number by up to 9.4-fold. OGF was identified as the only opioid peptide to depress cell replication in the transfected cell lines. Neutralization of endogenous OGF with antibodies to this peptide elevated the cell number in clonal cell lines. These data identify OGFr at the molecular level as integral to regulating the cell replication of human pancreatic cancer, and support treatment modalities that amplify OGFr in order to decrease the growth of these neoplasias.
Loss of the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase in DNA double-strand-break-repair mutant mammalian cells. (1995)

The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) consists of three polypeptide components: Ku-70, Ku-80, and an approximately 350-kDa catalytic subunit (p350). The gene encoding the Ku-80 subunit is identical to the x-ray-sensitive group 5 complementing gene XRCC5. Expression of the Ku-80 cDNA rescues both DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and V(D)J recombination in group 5 mutant cells. The involvement of Ku-80 in these processes suggests that the underlying defect in these mutant cells may be disruption of the DNA-PK holoenzyme. In this report we show that the p350 kinase subunit is deleted in cells derived from the severe combined immunodeficiency mouse and in the Chinese hamster ovary cell line V-3, both of which are defective in DSB repair and V(D)J recombination. A centromeric fragment of human chromosome 8 that complements the scid defect also restores p350 protein expression and rescues in vitro DNA-PK activity. These data suggest the scid gene may encode the p350 protein or regulate its expression and are consistent with a model whereby DNA-PK is a critical component of the DSB-repair pathway.
PNU-91325 increases fatty acid synthesis from glucose and mitochondrial long chain fatty acid degradation: a comparative tracer-based metabolomics study with rosiglitazone and pioglitazone in HepG2 cells (2006)

The mitochondrial membrane protein termed "mitoNEET," is a putative secondary target for insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione (TZD) compounds but its role in regulating metabolic flux is not known. PNU-91325 is a thiazolidinedione derivative which exhibits high binding affinity to mitoNEET and lowers cholesterol, fatty acid and blood glucose levels in animal models. In this study we report the stable isotope-based dynamic metabolic profiles (SIDMAP) of rosiglitazone, pioglitazone and PNU-91325 in a dose-matching, dose-escalating study. One and 10 μM concentrations 1 and 10 μM drug concentrations were introduced into HepG2 cells in the presence of either [1,2-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>2</sub>]-D-glucose or [U-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>18</sub>]stearate, GC/MS used to determine positional tracer incorporation (mass isotopomer analysis) into multiple metabolites produced by the Krebs and pentose cycles, <i>de novo</i> fatty acid synthesis, long chain fatty acid oxidation, chain shortening and elongation. Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone (10 μM) increased pentose synthesis from [U-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>18</sub>]stearate by 127% and 185%, respectively, while PNU-91325 rather increased glutamate synthesis in the Krebs cycle by 113% as compared to control vehicle treated cells. PNU-91325 also increased stearate chain shortening into palmitate by 59%. Glucose tracer-derived <i>de novo</i> palmitate and stearate synthesis were increased by 1 and 10 μM rosiglitazone by 41% and 83%, respectively, and by 63% and 75% by PNU-91325. Stearate uptake was also increased by 10 μM PNU-91325 by 15.8%. We conclude that the entry of acetyl Co-A derived from long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation into the mitochondria is facilitated by the mitoNEET ligand PNU-91325, which increases glucose-derived long chain fatty acid synthesis and breakdown via β-oxidation and anaplerosis in the mitochondria.