gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional Importance of Platelet-derived Growth Factor (PDGF) Receptor Extracellular Immunoglobulin-like Domains (1997)

The biological effects of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are mediated by alpha- and beta-PDGF receptors (PDGFR), which have an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain and an extracellular region comprising five immunoglobulin-like domains (D1-D5). Using deletion mutagenesis we mapped the PDGF binding site in each PDGFR to the D2-D3 region. In the case of alpha-PDGFR, 125I-PDGF AA and 125I-PDGF BB bound to the full-length extracellular domain, D1-D5, and D2-D3 with equal affinity (Kd = 0.21-0.42 nM). Identical results were obtained for 125I-PDGF BB binding to beta-PDGFR mutants D1-D5 and D2-D3, establishing that D1, D4, and D5 do not contribute to PDGF binding. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against individual PDGFR Ig-like domains were used to extend these observations. The anti-D1 mAb 1E10E2 and anti-D5 mAb 2D4G10 had no effect on alpha- or beta-PDGFR function, respectively. In contrast, mAb 2H7C5 and 2A1E2 directed against D2 of the alpha- and beta-receptor, respectively, blocked PDGF binding, receptor autophosphorylation and mitogenic signaling with IC50 values of 0.1-3.0 nM. An anti-D4 mAb 1C7D5 blocked beta-receptor autophosphorylation and signaling without inhibiting PDGF binding consistent with the observation that D4 is essential for PDGFR dimerization (Omura, T., Heldin, C.-H., and Ostman, A. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 12676-12682). mAbs identified here act as potent PDGFR antagonists that can be used as research tools and potentially as therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases involving unwanted PDGFR signaling.
The Distribution of Abcc6 in Normal Mouse Tissues Suggests Multiple Functions for this ABC Transporter (2003)

We have studied the tissue distribution of Abcc6, a member of the ABC transmembrane transporter subfamily C, in normal C57BL/6 mice. RNase protection assays revealed that although almost all tissues studied contained detectable levels of the mRNA encoding Abcc6, the highest levels of Abcc6 mRNA were found in the liver. In situ hybridization (ISH) demonstrated abundant Abcc6 mRNA in epithelial cells from a variety of tissues, including hepatic parenchymal cells, bile duct epithelia, kidney proximal tubules, mucosa and gland cells of the stomach, intestine, and colon, squamous epithelium of the tongue, corneal epithelium of the eye, keratinocytes of the skin, and tracheal and bronchial epithelium. Furthermore, we detected Abcc6 mRNA in arterial endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells of the aorta and myocardium, in circulating leukocytes, lymphocytes in the thymus and lymph nodes, and in neurons of the brain, spinal cord, and the specialized neurons of the retina. Immunohistochemical analysis using a polyclonal Abcc6 rabbit antibody confirmed the tissue distribution of Abcc6 suggested by our ISH studies and revealed the cellular localization of Abcc6 in the basolateral plasma membrane in the epithelial cells of proximal convoluted tubules in the kidney. Although the function of Abcc6 is unknown, mutations in the human ABCC6 gene result in a heritable disorder of connective tissue called pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE). Our results demonstrating the presence of Abcc6 in epithelial and endothelial cells in a variety of tissues, including those tissues affected in PXE patients, suggest a possible role for Abcc6 in the normal assembly of extracellular matrix components. However, the presence of Abcc6 in neurons and leukocytes, two cell populations not associated with connective tissue, also suggests a more complex multifunctional role for Abcc6.
Preliminary Study of Multichannel Flexible Neural Probes Coated with Hybrid Biodegradable Polymer (2006)

Two types of intracortical multichannel flexible neural probes coated with a hybrid biodegradable polymer were designed and fabricated. The hybrid biodegradable polymer was made of polyethylene glycol and biodegradable polymeric microspheres containing nerve growth factor (NGF) and incorporated to improve the stiffness for flexible neural probe insertion, and promote regrowth of damaged neural tissues around the probe. The type-A neural probe has a groove structure designed to be seeded with a large amount of the hybrid biodegradable polymer. The type-B neural probe has a unique configuration like skeleton to minimize the volume of the flexible probe and buffer injurious micromotion between the probe and the tissues after implantation. In this preliminary study, the efficacy of the released NGF from the microspheres with the PC12 cells was examined. Further, neural probe implantation and neural signal recording with an acute experiment were studied.
Intratendinous ganglion and carpometacarpal boss. A report of two cases. (1992)

Two cases of intratendinous ganglion which developed over the underlying carpometacarpal boss, the dorsal osteoarthritic spur at the second or third carpometacarpal joint, are presented. The intratendinous ganglion, which may predispose the affected tendon to spontaneous rupture, must be differentiated from carpometacarpal ganglion and bursitis, which are usually asymptomatic. When the intratendinous ganglion associated with underlying carpometacarpal boss is removed, this bony prominence at the carpometacarpal joint which is the cause of irritation leading to mucoid degeneration and ganglion formation should also be excised.
Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) In Dentistry (2013)

This review article on plasma therapy in dentistry is intended to provide with a summary of the current status of this emerging field, its scope, and its broad interdisciplinary approach. Matter usually includes liquids, solids, and gases. But a fourth category of matter has been discovered called plasma that's actually the most unusual and the most abundant. It could become a new and painless way to prepare cavities for restoration with improved longevity. Also it is capable of bacterial inactivation and non-inflammatory tissue modification, which makes it an attractive tool for the treatment of dental caries and for composite restorations. Plasma can also be used for tooth whitening. This review focuses on some dental applications of plasma.
Adoptive T-cell Immunotherapy of Cancer Using Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Grafted T Cells (2010)

Harnessing the power of the immune system to target cancer has long been a goal of tumor immunologists. One avenue under investigation is the modification of T cells to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR). Expression of such a receptor enables T-cell specificity to be redirected against a chosen tumor antigen. Substantial research in this field has been carried out, incorporating a wide variety of malignancies and tumor-associated antigens. Ongoing investigations will ensure this area continues to expand at a rapid pace. This review will explain the evolution of CAR technology over the last two decades in addition to detailing the associated benefits and disadvantages. The outcome of recent phase I clinical trials and the impact that these have had upon the direction of future research in this field will also be addressed.
Cloning, Expression, and Fatty Acid Regulation of the Human Δ-5 Desaturase (1999)

Arachidonic (20:4(n-6)), eicosapentaenoic (20:5(n-3)), and docosahexaenoic (22:6(n-3)) acids are major components of brain and retina phospholipids, substrates for eicosanoid production, and regulators of nuclear transcription factors. One of the two rate-limiting steps in the production of these polyenoic fatty acids is the desaturation of 20:3(n-6) and 20:4(n-3) by Delta-5 desaturase. This report describes the cloning and expression of the human Delta-5 desaturase, and it compares the structural characteristics and nutritional regulation of the Delta-5 and Delta-6 desaturases. The open reading frame of the human Delta-5 desaturase encodes a 444-amino acid peptide which is identical in size to the Delta-6 desaturase and which shares 61% identity with the human Delta-6 desaturase. The Delta-5 desaturase contains two membrane-spanning domains, three histidine-rich regions, and a cytochrome b(5) domain that all align perfectly with the same domains located in the Delta-6 desaturase. Expression of the open reading frame in Chinese hamster ovary cells instilled the ability to convert 20:3(n-6) to 20:4(n-6). Northern analysis revealed that many human tissues including skeletal muscle, lung, placenta, kidney, and pancreas expressed Delta-5 desaturase mRNA, but Delta-5 desaturase was most abundant in the liver, brain, and heart. However, in all tissues, the abundance of Delta-5 desaturase mRNA was much lower than that observed for the Delta-6 desaturase. When rats were fed a diet containing 10% safflower oil or menhaden fish oil, the level of hepatic mRNA for Delta-5 and Delta-6 desaturase was only 25% of that found in the liver of rats fed a fat-free diet or a diet containing triolein. Finally, a BLAST and Genemap search of the human genome revealed that the Delta-5 and Delta-6 desaturase genes reside in reverse orientation on chromosome 11 and that they are separated by <11,000 base pairs.
Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook (1998)

Focusing on the ethnic composition of each nation of the world and organized by country, this book lists the population, location and origins of each ethnic group, as well as its relations with other ethnic groups within that nation. It also covers major subgroups within each ethnic group, including their characteristics, occupation, social status, religions, and languages. Information relevant to courses on world history, geography, multicultural awareness, anthropology and ethnic relations is reported.
Fine and gross motor ability in males with ADHD (2003)

In the this study, both fine and gross motor ability of males with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were compared with a group of control children. Three groups of males with the following ADHD subtypes: predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI; n = 50), hyperactive/impulsive (ADHD-HI; n = 16), or combined (ADHD-C; n = 38) were compared with 39 control males. Mean ages for the control group were 10 years 4 months (SD 1 year 4 months, range 7 years 8 months to 12 years 11 months); for the ADHD-PI group, 10 years (SD 1 year 2 months, range 7 years 10 months to 13 years); for the ADHD-HI group, 9 years 11 months (SD 1 year 2 months), range 7 years 11 months to 12 years 6 months); and for the ADHD-C group 10 years 2 months (SD 1 year 4 months, range 8 to 13 years). The Australian Disruptive Behaviours Scale and Connors' Parent Rating Scale-Revised were used to assess ADHD symptomatology. Verbal IQ was estimated using two verbal subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, and movement ability was assessed using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) and the Purdue Pegboard test. Findings demonstrated that the children with ADHD had significantly poorer movement ability than control children. A high percentage of these children displayed movement difficulties consistent with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). In addition, the current study found that the type and degree of movement difficulty differed between subtypes. The Total Impairment score, as derived from the MABC, was less severe for the ADHD-HI group than the other two ADHD groups, but more severe than for the control group. Males with ADHD-PI and ADHD-C had significantly poorer fine motor ability (p < 0.001) than control males, whereas the ADHD-HI group did not differ significantly from any of the other groups. As children with ADHD only and the control group did not differ significantly on fine motor ability but were significantly better than children categorized with both ADHD and DCD, it was argued that poorer fine motor ability found in children with ADHD could not be attributed to deficits in attention and concentration, but rather to factors relating to their motor ability.
Complement Activation Selectively Potentiates the Pathogenicity of the IgG2b and IgG3 Isotypes of a High Affinity Anti-Erythrocyte Autoantibody (2002)

By generating four IgG isotype-switch variants of the high affinity 34-3C anti-erythrocyte autoantibody, and comparing them to the IgG variants of the low affinity 4C8 anti-erythrocyte autoantibody that we have previously studied, we evaluated in this study how high affinity binding to erythrocytes influences the pathogenicity of each IgG isotype in relation to the respective contributions of Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaR) and complement. The 34-3C autoantibody opsonizing extensively circulating erythrocytes efficiently activated complement in vivo (IgG2a = IgG2b > IgG3), except for the IgG1 isotype, while the 4C8 IgG autoantibody failed to activate complement. The pathogenicity of the 34-3C autoantibody of IgG2b and IgG3 isotypes was dramatically higher (>200-fold) than that of the corresponding isotypes of the 4C8 antibody. This enhanced activity was highly (IgG2b) or totally (IgG3) dependent on complement. In contrast, erythrocyte-binding affinities only played a minor role in in vivo hemolytic activities of the IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes of 34-3C and 4C8 antibodies, where complement was not or only partially involved, respectively. The remarkably different capacities of four different IgG isotypes of low and high affinity anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies to activate FcgammaR-bearing effector cells and complement in vivo demonstrate the role of autoantibody affinity maturation and of IgG isotype switching in autoantibody-mediated pathology.
Simian Sarcoma Virus onc Gene, v- sis , Is Derived from the Gene (or Genes) Encoding a Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (1983)

The transforming protein of a primate sarcoma virus and a platelet-derived growth factor are derived from the same or closely related cellular genes. This conclusion is based on the demonstration of extensive sequence similarity between the transforming protein derived from the simian sarcoma virus onc gene, v-sis, and a human platelet-derived growth factor. The mechanism by which v-sis transforms cells could involve the constitutive expression of a protein with functions similar or identical to those of a factor active transiently during normal cell growth.
Vaccine-induced plasma IgA specific for the C1 region of the HIV-1 envelope blocks binding and effector function of IgG (2013)

Analysis of correlates of risk of infection in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial demonstrated that plasma IgG against the HIV-1 envelope (Env) variable region 1 and 2 inversely correlated with risk, whereas HIV-1 Env-specific plasma IgA responses directly correlated with risk. In the secondary analysis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was another inverse correlate of risk, but only in the presence of low plasma IgA Env-specific antibodies. Thus, we investigated the hypothesis that IgA could attenuate the protective effect of IgG responses through competition for the same Env binding sites. We report that Env-specific plasma IgA/IgG ratios are higher in infected than in uninfected vaccine recipients in RV144. Moreover, Env-specific IgA antibodies from RV144 vaccinees blocked the binding of ADCC-mediating mAb to HIV-1 Env glycoprotein 120 (gp120). An Env-specific monomeric IgA mAb isolated from an RV144 vaccinee also inhibited the ability of natural killer cells to kill HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells coated with RV144-induced IgG antibodies. We show that monomeric Env-specific IgA, as part of postvaccination polyclonal antibody response, may modulate vaccine-induced immunity by diminishing ADCC effector function.
Commercial, Synthetic Nonnutritive Sweeteners (1998)

Aspartame (1), saccharin (2), and acesulfam-K (3) are sweeteners that are in everyday use. The market for these nonnutritive sweeteners is therefore large. The properties and large-scale syntheses of these commercial products and others that are in advanced stages of development are reviewed.
Monodisperse, Air-Stable PbS Nanocrystals via Precursor Stoichiometry Control (2014)

Despite their technological importance, lead sulfide (PbS) nanocrystals have lagged behind nanocrystals of cadmium selenide (CdSe) and lead selenide (PbSe) in terms of size and energy homogeneity. Here, we show that the ratio of lead to sulfur precursor available during nucleation is a critical parameter affecting subsequent growth and monodispersity of PbS nanocrystal ensembles. Applying this knowledge, we synthesize highly monodisperse (size dispersity <5%) PbS nanocrystals over a wide range of sizes (exciton energies from 0.70 to 1.25 eV, or 1000-1800 nm) without the use of size-selective precipitations. This degree of monodispersity results in absorption peak half width at half max (HWHM) values as small as 20 meV, indicating an ensemble that is close to the homogeneous limit. Photoluminescence emission is correspondingly narrow and exhibits small Stokes shifts and quantum efficiencies of 30-60%. The nanocrystals readily self-assemble into ordered superlattices and exhibit exceptional air stability over several months.
A survey of logical models for OLAP databases (1999)

In this paper, we present different proposals for multidimensional data cubes, which are the basic logical model for OLAP applications. We have grouped the work in the field in two categories: commercial tools (presented along with terminology and standards) and academic efforts. We further divide the academic efforts in two subcategories: the relational model extensions and the cube-oriented approaches. Finally, we attempt a comparative analysis of the various efforts.
Mechanisms of signaling crosstalk between brassinosteroids and gibberellins (2013)

Brassinosteroids (BRs) and Gibberellins (GAs) are two principal groups of growth-promoting phytohormones. Accumulating evidence supports that there are crosstalks between BR and GA signaling pathways. However, a molecular mechanism for direct signaling crosstalk between BRs and GAs was not revealed until recently. Works from three different groups demonstrated that an interaction between BZR1/BES1 and DELLAs, two groups of key transcriptional regulators from the BR and GA signaling pathways, respectively, mediates the direct signaling crosstalk between BRs and GAs in controlling cell elongation in Arabidopsis. It was shown that DELLA proteins not only affect the protein stability but also inhibit the transcriptional activity of BZR1. Thus, GAs promote cell elongation, at least in part, through releasing DELLA-mediated inhibition of BZR1. This review aims to introduce these recent advances in our understanding of how BRs and GAs coordinate to regulate plant growth and development at the molecular level.
Chemotaxis of Nonbiological Colloidal Rods (2007)

Chemotaxis is the movement of organisms toward or away from a chemical attractant or toxin by a biased random walk process. Here we describe the first experimental example of chemotaxis outside biological systems. Platinum-gold rods 2.0 microm long exhibit directed movement toward higher hydrogen peroxide concentrations through "active diffusion." Brownian dynamics simulations reveal that no "temporal sensing" algorithm, commonly attributed to bacteria, is necessary; rather, the observed chemotaxis can be explained by random walk physics in a gradient of the active diffusion coefficient.
Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α(MIP-1α), MIP-1β, and RANTES mRNA semiquantification and protein expression in active demyelinating multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions (2000)

MS is a demyelinating disease characterized by infiltration of monocytes and lymphocytes into the brain parenchyma, destruction of oligodendrocytes and loss of myelin. Since chemokines play a major role in the migration of monocytes and T cells, we here investigated the expression of the CC chemokines MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES in brain tissue from MS patients using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction techniques. Both MIP-1beta as well as RANTES were found to be significantly elevated in brain tissue of MS patients. In addition, MIP-1alpha was also increased, although not significantly. Immunohistochemistry revealed that, whereas RANTES was mainly localized in reactive astrocytes, MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta immunoreactivity was predominantly found in perivascular and parenchymal macrophages, containing myelin degradation products. Thus, chemokines appear to be associated with MS and an increased chemokine expression may further enhance disease progression by attracting more leucocytes into the brain parenchyma and by activation of effector functions of astrocytes and microglial cells.
Reproduction without sex: conidiation in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma (2010)

Trichoderma spp. have served as models for asexual reproduction in filamentous fungi for over 50 years. Physical stimuli, such as light exposure and mechanical injury to the mycelium, trigger conidiation; however, conidiogenesis itself is a holistic response determined by the cell's metabolic state, as influenced by the environment and endogenous biological rhythms. Key environmental parameters are the carbon and nitrogen status and the C : N ratio, the ambient pH and the level of calcium ions. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of this fungus have revealed a conserved mechanism of environmental perception through the White Collar orthologues BLR-1 and BLR-2. Also implicated in the molecular regulation are the PacC pathways and the conidial regulator VELVET. Signal transduction cascades which link environmental signals to physiological outputs have also been revealed.
Randomized phase III trial of the Raf kinase and VEGFR inhibitor sorafenib (BAY 43–9006) in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (2005)

LBA4510 Background: BAY 43–9006 (BAY), a dual-action Raf kinase and VEGFR inhibitor, inhibits tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis. In Phase II trials, BAY has demonstrated activity in patients (pts) with metastatic RCC. The primary aim of this Phase III, double-blind trial was to assess overall survival (OS) in pts with confirmed advanced clear-cell RCC randomized to BAY vs best supportive care (BSC). Results of a planned analysis on the secondary endpoint, progression free survival (PFS) will be presented in this report. Methods: Pts (ECOG 0–1) who had received one prior systemic therapy for advanced RCC were stratified into intermediate- (1–2 risk factors) or low-risk (no risk factors) groups, according to the MSKCC prognostic index. Pts were randomized to receive continuous BAY 400 mg bid or matched placebo with BSC. Pts were withdrawn from the study if they met any of the following criteria: AEs requiring study drug termination; progressive disease (unless continued treatment was considered appropriate by the investigator); patient/sponsor request; pt lost to follow-up; or death. The primary efficacy endpoint is OS, for which an overall two-sided alpha of 0.04 will be used. Final analysis of OS will be performed after 540 events, required to detect 33% improvement with 90% power. Provided interim monitoring boundaries are not crossed, 884 pts (442 per treatment arm) will be randomized. PFS will be compared at a two-sided alpha level of 0.01 using a log-rank test stratified by prognostic group and country. Adverse events will be tabulated by NCI CTC version 3.0. Results: To date, 611 out of 884 pts have been randomized and 229 PFS events have occurred. PFS analysis will be performed after 363 progressive events have occurred. The results of the PFS analysis and the safety experience will be presented. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Bayer Healthcare Antigenics, Bayer, CFSB, Deutsche Bank, Genentech, Medacorp, Pfizer, Roche AstraZeneca, Bayer AG Antigenics, Bayer, Centocor, Genentech, Pfizer, Roche, Wyeth Amgen, Antigenics, Bayer, Celgene, Genentech, Pfizer, Wyeth