gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Validation of a Model for the Study of Multiple Wounds in the Diabetic Mouse (db/db) (2004)

The genetically diabetic db/db mouse exhibits symptoms that resemble human type 2 diabetes mellitus, demonstrates delayed wound healing, and has been used extensively as a model to study the role of therapeutic topical reagents in wound healing. The purpose of the authors' study was to validate an excisional wound model using a 6-mm biopsy punch to create four full-thickness dorsal wounds on a single db/db mouse. Factors considered in developing the db/db wound model include reproducibility of size and shape of wounds, the effect of semiocclusive dressings, comparison with littermate controls (db/-), clinical versus histologic evidence of wound closure, and cross-contamination of wounds with topically applied reagents. The size of wounds was larger, with less variation in the db/db mice (31.11 +/- 3.76 mm2) versus db/- mice (23.64 +/- 4.78 mm2). Wounds on db/db mice that were covered with a semiocclusive dressing healed significantly more slowly (mean, 27.75 days) than wounds not covered with the dressing (mean, 13 days; p < 0.001), suggesting the dressings may splint the wounds open. As expected, wounds healed more slowly on db/db mice than db/- mice (covered wounds, 27.75 days versus 11.86 days, p < 0.001; wounds not covered, 13 days versus 11.75 days, p = 0.39). Covered wounds, thought to be closed by clinical examination, were confirmed closed by histology only 62 percent of the time in the db/db and 100 percent of the time in the db/- mice. Topical application of blue histologic dye or soluble biotinylated laminin 5 to one of the four wounds did not spread locally and contaminate adjacent wounds. Multiple, uniform, 6-mm wounds in db/db mice heal in a relatively short time, decrease the number of animals needed for each study, and allow each animal to serve as its own control. The db/db diabetic mouse appears to be an excellent model of delayed wound healing, particularly for studying factors related to epithelial migration.
Painting style transfer for head portraits using convolutional neural networks (2016)

Head portraits are popular in traditional painting. Automating portrait painting is challenging as the human visual system is sensitive to the slightest irregularities in human faces. Applying generic painting techniques often deforms facial structures. On the other hand portrait painting techniques are mainly designed for the graphite style and/or are based on image analogies; an example painting as well as its original unpainted version are required. This limits their domain of applicability. We present a new technique for transferring the painting from a head portrait onto another. Unlike previous work our technique only requires the example painting and is not restricted to a specific style. We impose novel spatial constraints by locally transferring the color distributions of the example painting. This better captures the painting texture and maintains the integrity of facial structures. We generate a solution through Convolutional Neural Networks and we present an extension to video. Here motion is exploited in a way to reduce temporal inconsistencies and the shower-door effect. Our approach transfers the painting style while maintaining the input photograph identity. In addition it significantly reduces facial deformations over state of the art.
Control of Gene Expression by Oligodeoxynucleotides Covalently Linked to Intercalating Agents and Nucleic Acid-cleaving Reagents (1989)

Gene expression in all living organisms is controlled at different steps of information processing: transcription of DNA into premessenger RNAs; splicing of mRNA precursors; post-transcriptional modifications of mRNAs (capping, polyadenylation); transfer of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; translation of mRNA; mRNA stability …. In most cases this regulation is achieved by proteins that bind to specific regions of DNA or RNA and either block or stimulate the enzymatic processes (see Hélène and Lancelot, 1982, for a review). Recently it has been shown that small RNAs could play a role similar to that of regulatory proteins. Upon hybridization with a messenger RNA, these regulatory RNAs may alter the translation process or induce premature termination of transcription (see Green et al., 1986, for a review). These regulatory processes have been originally observed in bacteria (Green et al., 1986) but they might also occur in eukaryotes (Heywood, 1986). The discovery of regulatory RNAs has been the starting point for the design of ‘antisense’ RNAs. By inserting a gene fragment close to a strong promoter in the reverse orientation as compared with that of the gene itself, the non-template strand of the gene fragment is now used as a template by RNA polymerase. As a consequence this ‘antisense’ transcript is fully complementary to the mRNA. This might block mRNA translation or other post-transcriptional processes such as splicing or mRNA migration from the nucleus to the cytoplasm (Kim and Wold, 1985; Green et al., 1986).
Comparative Law of Privacy (1963)

At this time there is little doubt that the right of privacy is well established in most American jurisdictions. In Europe the situation is much the same. There the concept of "Fault"and "Moral Injury" affords the proper climate for its further development and continued protection. The fact that Continental countries have difficulty in tacking down the concept to a particular category of right, and even, sometimes, to a particular article in their Code, is, after all, inconsequential. Only in England is the right slow to come into its own, but the increasing awareness of the English Bench and Bar that there should be such a right would appear to be the harbinger for future recognition and protection. However, due to a certain traditional reluctance on the part of the English judges to blaze new trails in this area, it is more likely that the firs tbreakthrough of this right will come from Parliament.
The Blood‐Brain‐Barrier in Some Freshwater Teleosts (1942)

Summary. By paraneural injection of Trypanblue the presence of a blood‐brain‐barrier has been demonstrated in some common freshwater teleosts.
Apolipoprotein A-IMilano. Correlation between high density lipoprotein subclass distribution and triglyceridemia. (1987)

Carriers of the apolipoprotein A-IMilano (apo A-IM) variant represent a selected group of subjects showing low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), variable hypertriglyceridemia, and low prevalence of atherosclerotic vascular disease. The distribution of HDL subfractions and the correlation with abnormalities in triglyceride transport were determined in these subjects. Sera from 24 apo A-IM carriers (A-IM+ and from age- and sex-matched normolipidemic controls (A-IM-) were analyzed by rate zonal ultracentrifugation. The A-IM+ subjects showed a marked decrease of HDL3 mass with reduced flotation rates and major compositional alterations; the HDL2 were nearly absent. The HDL subclasses from 10 A-IM+ subjects were resolved according to particle size by gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE). The HDL patterns detected in the carriers were unique in exhibiting a distinct peak in the (HDL3b)gge interval, undetectable in the controls. Three patterns reflecting the relative contributions of smaller (HDL3b)gge and larger (HDL3a)gge particles could be distinguished in the carriers, and these were clearly related to different triglyceride and HDL cholesterol levels in plasma. These findings in a highly selected group of subjects with generally low HDL levels and quite variable triglyceridemia confirmed the existence of relationships between alterations in triglyceride transport and abnormalities in the HDL subclass distribution, possibly reflecting the variable atherosclerotic risk in hypertriglyceridemic subjects.
Self-assembly of (sub-)micron particles into supermaterials (2010)

We review aspects of static self-assembly with regard to the synthesizing of new types of three-dimensional materials made of specifically designed particles in the 100 nm to 10 µm range. Mechanical interconnection technologies based on static friction used in the assembly of macroscopic systems (such as screws and nails) are unsuitable for self-assembly. An analogy of self-assembly with first-order phase transitions is used to argue that self-assembly is a process requiring interfaces separating assembled and disordered regions. Available types of interaction are reviewed with emphasis on scaling. We discuss at some length how interaction and dynamic properties scale with respect to the particle size. Chains of particles seem to be of particular importance as they might form three-dimensional structures similar to proteins. These structures are constrained by the sequence of the particles and by their interactions between themselves and with the solvent. Using chains might provide a viable route to complex, inhomogeneous, supermaterials and systems. Kinetic processes, specifically nucleation and the relationship between self-assembly and thermodynamic phase transitions form a major part of this paper. Finally we review some applications of self-assembly, notably in MEMS, and put forward some ideas for the assembly of new types of (smart) supermaterials with interesting optical, mechanical, electrical and magnetic properties and describe some of the technological challenges we face when attempting to realize these materials and systems thereof.
Effect of Orvus ES Paste on Acrosome Morphology, Motility and Fertilizing Capacity of Frozen-Thawed Boar Sperm1 (1978)

In four experiments the surfactant, Orvus ES Paste (OEP) was incorporated in semen extender to determine its effects on acrosome morphology, motility and fertilizing capacity of frozen-thawed boar sperm. In experiment 1, the effects of 0, .5, 1, 1.5 and 2% OEP in the Beltsville F5 (BF5) extender containing 20% egg yolk were compared. Maximum post-thaw results for percentage of acrosomes with a normal apical ridge (NAR) were obtained with 1 to 1.5% OEP. In experiment 2, incubation of boar sperm for 1 hr with as little as .1% OEP in an extender devoid of egg yolk had a marked deleterious effect on acrosome morphology and sperm motility. In experiment 3, the beneficial effect of OEP on acrosomes of boar sperm was more pronounced after the 2-hr cooling rate than after the 6- or 12-hr cooling rates. In contrast, the beneficial effect of OEP on sperm motility was independent of cooling rate. In experiment 4, the competitive fertilizing capacity of boar sperm frozen in BF5 containing 0 or .5% OEP was compared. Number of ova fertilized by sperm frozen with 0 or .5% OEP (43 vs 81) differed from a 50:50 ratio (P<.01). These results indicate that OEP was a beneficial component of the extender and significantly enhanced cryopreservation of boar sperm under conditions employed.
Plasma-borne indicators of inflammasome activity in Parkinson’s disease patients (2021)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms and loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Inflammation and cell death are recognized aspects of PD suggesting that strategies to monitor and modify these processes may improve the management of the disease. Inflammasomes are pro-inflammatory intracellular pattern recognition complexes that couple these processes. The NLRP3 inflammasome responds to sterile triggers to initiate pro-inflammatory processes characterized by maturation of inflammatory cytokines, cytoplasmic membrane pore formation, vesicular shedding, and if unresolved, pyroptotic cell death. Histologic analysis of tissues from PD patients and individuals with nigral cell loss but no diagnosis of PD identified elevated expression of inflammasome-related proteins and activation-related "speck" formation in degenerating mesencephalic tissues compared with controls. Based on previous reports of circulating inflammasome proteins in patients suffering from heritable syndromes caused by hyper-activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, we evaluated PD patient plasma for evidence of inflammasome activity. Multiple circulating inflammasome proteins were detected almost exclusively in extracellular vesicles indicative of ongoing inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. Analysis of plasma obtained from a multi-center cohort identified elevated plasma-borne NLRP3 associated with PD status. Our findings are consistent with others indicating inflammasome activity in neurodegenerative disorders. Findings suggest mesencephalic inflammasome protein expression as a histopathologic marker of early-stage nigral degeneration and suggest plasma-borne inflammasome-related proteins as a potentially useful class of biomarkers for patient stratification and the detection and monitoring of inflammation in PD.
The separate roles of calcium and mechanical forces in mediating cell death in mechanically injured neurons (2003)

In this study, we examine the response of cultured hippocampal neurons to mechanical stretch. To measure the immediate response, we measured the response of a calcium sensitive fluorescent dye (Fura-2AM) prior to and for five minutes following stretch. In separate experiments, we measured the viability of the cells using propidium iodide labeling at 24 hours following a single stretch. Results show that cytosolic calcium increases immediately following stretch to levels much higher than those associated with maximal chemical agonist (NMDA) stimulation. Moreover, the calcium response data indicate a loss in calcium regulation in the neurons at the most severe level of stretch. Finally, at the highest levels of stretch, the cell survivability decreases at 24 hrs following the stretch injury. These data show the association between loss in calcium regulation and early signs of neuronal cell death.
Targeting the endocannabinoid system in treating brain disorders (2006)

Recent cannabinoid research has a primary focus on developing therapeutics against human diseases. Many studies on cannabinoids indicate important progress for protection against several neurodegenerative disorders. Agonists of cannabinoid receptors activate signalling pathways in the brain that are linked to neuronal repair and cell maintenance, and endogenous ligands can also activate neuroprotective responses. These endocannabinoids are bioactive fatty acid amides and esters that are synthesised in the brain and include arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol. Endocannabinoids are released in response to pathogenic events, thus representing a potential compensatory repair mechanism. Enhancing this on-demand action of endocannabinoids is a strategy with which to promote endogenous repair signalling. For such enhancement, considerable work has gone into modulating the availability of endocannabinoids by blocking the processes of their deactivation. The targets include the anandamide-hydrolysing enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase, the carrier-mediated anandamide transport system and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol-deactivating enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase. The activity of endocannabinoids is terminated through transport and degradation and, accordingly, selective inhibitors of these processes effectively exploit the protective nature of cannabinergic responses. This review highlights recent studies implicating the endocannabinoid system in neuroprotection against different disorders of the CNS.
The molecular specificity of action of the tetrapeptide acetyl‐n‐ser‐asp‐lys‐pro (AcSDKP) in the control of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation (1993)

The hemoregulatory tetrapeptide Acetyl-N-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro (AcSDKP, M(r) = 487 amu) prevents the recruitment of hematopoietic stem cells into S phase. AcSDKP does not possess inherent inhibitory activity against hematopoietic stem cells, rather it appears to act by "blocking" the action of a hematopoietic stem cell proliferation stimulator present in extracts of regenerating hematopoietic tissue. The molecular specificity of this action was investigated using a number of peptide analogues of AcSDKP and evaluating their ability to "block" the recruitment of a primitive murine hematopoietic precursor (high proliferative potential colony forming cell HPP-CFC) into S phase following incubation with a hematopoietic stem cell proliferation stimulator. The capacity of AcSDKP to compromise the action of the hematopoietic stem cell proliferation stimulator was not evident for either AcSDDKP or AcSD beta KP, two structurally distinct forms of the molecule; similar no stimulator-"blocking" activity was observed for the tripeptide Ala-Asp-Lys (ADK, M(r) = 332 amu), while the tripeptide Ser-Asp-Lys (SDK, M(r) = 348 amu) was active. It would appear that the hemoregulatory action of AcSDKP is specific and that the tripeptide sequence SDK may be a significant component of the molecule.
Complications after Autologous Fat Injection to the Breast (2008)

Autologous fat grafting to the breast is not a simple procedure and should be performed by well-trained and skilled surgeons. Patients should be informed that it is associated with a risk of calcification, multiple cyst formation, and indurations, and that breast cancer screens will always detect abnormalities. Patients should also be followed up over the long-term and imaging analyses (e.g., mammography, echography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging) should be performed.
Charge Controlled Swelling of Microgel Particles (2000)

The swelling of cationic microgel particles has been studied experimentally, in the weak screening regime. The solution pH was selected as the external variable triggering the swelling, which was followed by dynamic light scattering. The particle charge was determined by conductometric and potentiometric titrations, leading to a good correlation between the charge of the microgel network and its size. This leads to the conclusion that the swelling is mainly charge controlled. The Flory−Huggins thermodynamic theory for gels, including a term accounting for the counterion distribution within the microgel, has been used to interpret the experimental data. The osmotic term associated with the counterions explains fairly well the observed behavior, and additional contributions due to the internal microgel microscopic structure are not necessary, as Pincus et al. have suggested.
Cy3-Cy5 Covalent Heterodimers for Single-Molecule Photoswitching (2008)

Covalent heterodimers of the Cy3 and Cy5 fluorophores have been prepared from commercially available starting materials and characterized at the single-molecule level. This system behaves as a discrete molecular photoswitch, in which photoexcitation of the Cy5 results in fluorescence emission or, with a much lower probability, causes the Cy5 to enter into a long-lived, but metastable, dark state. Photoinduced recovery of the emissive Cy5 is achieved by very low intensity excitation (5 W cm(-2)) of the Cy3 fluorophore at a shorter wavelength. A similar system consisting of proximal, but not covalently linked, Cy3 and Cy5 has found application in stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), a single-molecule localization-based technique for super-resolution imaging that requires photoswitching. The covalent Cy3-Cy5 heterodimers described herein eliminate the need for probabilistic methods of situating the Cy3 and Cy5 in close proximity to enable photoswitching. As proof of principle, these heterodimers have been applied to super-resolution imaging of the tubular stalk structures of live Caulobacter crescentus bacterial cells.
Spatial mode multiplexer/demultiplexer based on tapered hollow waveguide (2011)

A spatial-mode multiplexer/demultiplexer using a Bragg reflector tapered hollow waveguide is proposed. Depending on each spatial mode, vertical radiation takes place at a cut-off condition while the radiation position is dependent on the order of each spatial mode. Modeling of our structure is carried out by using a mode-matching method. The result shows low wavelength dependence and no noticeable polarization dependence while a low insertion loss is expected. Also a tapered hollow waveguide consisting of highly reflective multilayer mirrors with a wafer bonding process is fabricated. Clear vertical radiation could be observed, depending on the order of spatial modes. Our proposed device enables us to integrate surface-normal optical devices such as photo-detectors and VCSELs. The device will be useful for ultra-high capacity optical interconnects using spatial mode multiplexing.
Information Theoretical Estimators Toolbox (2014)

We present ITE (information theoretical estimators) a free and open source, multi-platform, Matlab/Octave toolbox that is capable of estimating many different variants of entropy, mutual information, divergence, association measures, cross quantities, and kernels on distributions. Thanks to its highly modular design, ITE supports additionally (i) the combinations of the estimation techniques, (ii) the easy construction and embedding of novel information theoretical estimators, and (iii) their immediate application in information theoretical optimization problems. ITE also includes a prototype application in a central problem class of signal processing, independent subspace analysis and its extensions.
Characterization of a Thermophilic ATP-Dependent DNA Ligase from the Euryarchaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii (2005)

Archaea encode a DNA ligase composed of a C-terminal catalytic domain typical of ATP-dependent ligases plus an N-terminal domain similar to that found in eukaryotic cellular and poxvirus DNA ligases. All archaeal DNA ligases characterized to date have ATP-dependent adenylyltransferase and nick-joining activities. However, recent reports of dual-specificity ATP/NAD+ ligases in two Thermococcus species and Pyrococcus abyssi and an ATP/ADP ligase in Aeropyrum pernix raise the prospect that certain archaeal enzymes might exemplify an undifferentiated ancestral stage in the evolution of ligase substrate specificity. Here we analyze the biochemical properties of Pyrococcus horikoshii DNA ligase. P. horikoshii ligase catalyzes auto-adenylylation and nick sealing in the presence of a divalent cation and ATP; it is unable to utilize NAD+ or ADP to promote ligation in lieu of ATP. P. horikoshii ligase is thermophilic in vitro, with optimal adenylyltransferase activity at 90 degrees C and nick-joining activity at 70 to 90 degrees C. P. horikoshii ligase resembles the ligases of Methanobacterium thermautotrophicum and Sulfolobus shibatae in its strict specificity for ATP.