gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factorizations of Cunningham numbers with bases 13 to 99: millenium edition (2001)

This Report updates the tables of factorizations of $a^n pm 1$ for $13 le a < 100$, previously published as CWI Report NM-R9212 (June 1992) and updated in CWI Report NM-R9419 (Update~1, September 1994) and CWI Report NM-9609 (Update~2, March 1996). A total of 951 this is an improvement by Tom Hill of an earlier new entries in the tables are given here. The factorizations are now complete for $n < 76$, was $n < 67$, and there are no composite cofactors smaller than $10^{102}$. This ``Millennium edition'' gives internet pointers to electronic versions of the complete tables incorporating all updates. A file containing only the new updates, a file containing factorizations for an extended table range, and a file of factors, are also available on the internet.
STUDIES OF THE CHEMISTRY OF HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR CATALYTIC CONVERSIONS (1961)

CONTENTS I. Introduction 237 II. Catalytic hydrogenation of cyclic hydrocarbons 238 III. Catalytic conversions of geminal-disubstituted cyclohexanes using platinum and aluminium silicate catalysts 241 IV. Catalytic conversions of seven- to ten-membered cyclanes over platinised charcoal 241 V. Hydrocarbon dehydrocyclisation reactions 242 VI. Some hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions 244 VII. Catalytic polymerisation reactions 246 VIII. High-pressure reactions 246 IX. Synthesis of hydrocarbons 247 X. Investigation of the composition of petroleum 247
Mucin Multilayers Assembled through Sugar–Lectin Interactions (2012)

Multilayer films of biopolymers are attractive tools to exploit the extraordinary properties of certain biomacromolecules and introduce new functionalities to surfaces. Mucins, the gel-forming constituents of mucus, are versatile glycoproteins that have potential as new building blocks for biomaterial surface coatings. Multilayer films have mostly been assembled through the electrostatic pairing of polyelectrolytes, which results in limited pH and salt stability and screens charges otherwise available for useful payload binding. Here, we aim at assembling mucin multilayer films that differ from conventional paired polyelectrolyte assemblies to obtain highly stable and functional surface modifications. Using the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) to cross-link mucin-bound sugar residues, we show that (Mucin/WGA) films can grow into hydrated films and sustain exceptional resistance to extreme salt conditions and a large range of pH. Furthermore, we show that the addition of soluble N-acetyl-d-glucosamine can induce the controlled release of WGA from (Mucin/WGA) films. Last, we show that (Mucin/WGA) films can repeatedly incorporate and release a positively charged model cargo. The lubricating, hydration, barrier, and antimicrobial properties of mucins open multiple applicative perspectives for these highly stable mucin-based multilayer films.
Life Cycle Inventory of Biodiesel and Petroleum Diesel for Use in an Urban Bus (1998)

This report presents the findings from a study of the life cycle inventories (LCIs) for petroleum diesel and biodiesel. An LCI is a comprehensive quantification of all the energy and environmental flows associated with a product from “cradle to grave.” It provides information on raw materials extracted from the environment; energy resources consumed; air, water, and solid waste emissions generated.
The NFkappaBb/IkappaB system in acute inflammation. (2000)

The transcription factor NFkappaB is a primary regulator of a wide variety of proinflammatory mediators. Under normal conditions, NFkappaB is retained in the cytoplasm bound to inhibitory proteins of the IkappaB family. Following cell activation, a number of signal transduction pathways lead to degradation of IkappaB proteins which results in nuclear translocation of NFkappaB and the ensuing transcriptional activation of proinflammatory genes. Several endogenous regulatory mediators, which function to prevent uncontrolled inflammation, exert their effects by blocking the activation of NFkappaB. Thus, NFkappaB appears to be at the heart of the acute inflammatory response. The present review discusses the role of NFkappaB in the induction and propagation of the acute inflammatory response as well as the regulation and resolution of this process.
Primary structure of the alpha 1 chain of mouse type XVIII collagen, partial structure of the corresponding gene, and comparison of the alpha 1(XVIII) chain with its homologue, the alpha 1(XV) collagen chain. (1994)

We have isolated cDNAs that complete the elucidation of the primary structure of the mouse alpha 1(XVIII) collagen chain, a polypeptide homologous to the alpha 1(XV) collagen chain. The 1315-residue alpha 1(XVIII) chain includes a 25-residue signal peptide, a 301-residue NH2-terminal non-collagenous domain (NC1), a 674-residue collagenous sequence with nine interruptions of 10-24 residues, and a 315-residue COOH-terminal noncollagenous domain (NC11). Seven of the collagenous domains and both flanking noncollagenous domains share homology with the alpha 1(XV) chain. The COOH-terminal noncollagenous domains are unique to the alpha 1(XVIII) and alpha 1(XV) chains, and they contain a homologous beginning, a variable portion, and a highly homologous COOH-terminal half with 4 conserved cysteines. The differences in the collagenous sequences probably preclude the existence of the two chains in the same molecule, however. A 12.5-kilobase pair genomic sequence was found to contain the 12 extreme 3'-exons of the alpha 1(XVIII) gene, covering 40% of the coding sequences. Exons start with either a complete codon or a split codon for the glycines of Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeats, and seven exons completely cover the NC11 domain. Comparison of the sequences encoded by these seven exons with the corresponding region of the alpha 1(XV) gene indicated conserved exon-intron organization, suggesting that the two genes derive from a common ancestor.
Research Toward Malaria Vaccines (1986)

Malaria exacts a toll of disease to people in the Tropics that seems incomprehensible to those only familiar with medicine and human health in the developed world. The methods of molecular biology, immunology, and cell biology are now being used to develop an antimalarial vaccine. The Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria have many stages in their life cycle. Each stage is antigenically distinct and potentially could be interrupted by different vaccines. However, achieving complete protection by vaccination may require a better understanding of the complexities of B- and T-cell priming in natural infections and the development of an appropriate adjuvant for use in humans.
Study on the Compensation of Reactive Power of Power System Connected with Wind Farms (2012)

In order to solve the voltage stability problem of the grid-connected wind farm,various calculation methods for the capacity of the reactive compensation capacitor were proposed through studying on the var-voltage characteristics of the wind turbine generator.Considering the reactive power demand features of the wind power,the working principle and characteristics of the TCR with FC(SVC) were identif ied and analyzed,furthermore,a simulation model of the power system connected with wind farm was established by the Matlab/Simulink software.Against the fact that short circuit on the line to grid and wind speed disturb occurred frequently in the wind generated electricity system,the simulation results showed that SVC was able to provide dynamic voltage support,improve the transient stability of wind power system,reduce the impact of wind power ? uctuation on the grid voltage and improve the running capability of the grid-connected wind farm.
Human Leishmaniasis: Clinical, Diagnostic, and Chemotherapeutic Developments in the Last 10 Years (1997)

The current interest in leishmaniasis stems from the importance of this disease with respect to travel medicine, veterans of Operation Desert Storm, humanitarian concerns, and infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Herein, I review aspects of leishmaniasis that are of practical value to practitioners, including presentation, diagnosis, and chemotherapy; I will emphasize advances in chemotherapy over the last 10 years. Amphotericin B and its new lipid formulations are now competitive with pentavalent antimony as primary therapy for visceral leishmaniasis. Pentamidine, paromomycin, and adjunctive therapy with interferon-γ are secondary regimens for the treatment of this condition. High-dose long-term regimens of antimony have been shown to be highly effective for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Preliminary evidence of efficacy has been observed with short courses of pentamidine for the treatment of Leishmania braziliensis complex disease and topical paromomycin/methylbenzethonium chloride for the treatment of Leishmania major disease.
Poly(2,7-dibenzosilole):  A Blue Light Emitting Polymer (2005)

2,7-Disubstituted dibenzosilole monomers have been prepared by the selective trans-lithiation of 4,4'-dibromo-2,2'-diiodobiphenyl followed by silylation with dichlorodihexylsilane. Suzuki copolymerization of dibromo and bis(boronate) monomers afforded poly(9,9-dihexyl-2,7-dibenzosilole) which showed better efficiency than the corresponding polyfluorene in a single layer light emitting device. Preliminary studies demonstrated this to be a promising blue light emitting polymer.
Paclitaxel (Taxol) (1995)

The taxanes are an important new class of anticancer agents that exert their cytotoxic effects through a unique mechanism. Paclitaxel (Taxol), the first taxane in clinical trials, is active against a broad range of cancers that are generally considered to be refractory to conventional chemotherapy. This has led to the regulatory approval of paclitaxel in the United States and many other countries for use in the palliative therapy of patients with ovarian and breast cancers resistant to chemotherapy. The challenge now is to develop strategies using paclitaxel in the initial therapy of cancers in which cure or improved survival may . . .
Similarities and differences in peripheral blood gene‐expression signatures of individuals with schizophrenia and their first‐degree biological relatives (2011)

Several studies have evaluated the potential utility of blood-based whole-transcriptome signatures as a source of biomarkers for schizophrenia. This endeavor has been complicated by the fact that individuals with schizophrenia typically differ from appropriate comparison subjects on more than just the presence of the disorder; for example, individuals with schizophrenia typically receive antipsychotic medications, and have been dealing with the sequelae of this chronic illness for years. The inability to control such factors introduces a considerable degree of uncertainty in the results to date. To overcome this, we performed a blood-based gene-expression profiling study of schizophrenia patients (n = 9) as well as their unmedicated, nonpsychotic, biological siblings (n = 9) and unaffected comparison subjects (n = 12). The unaffected biological siblings, who may harbor some of the genetic predisposition to schizophrenia, exhibited a host of gene-expression differences from unaffected comparison subjects, many of which were shared by their schizophrenic siblings, perhaps indicative of underlying risk factors for the disorder. Several genes that were dysregulated in both individuals with schizophrenia and their siblings related to nucleosome and histone structure and function, suggesting a potential epigenetic mechanism underlying the risk state for the disorder. Nonpsychotic siblings also displayed some differences from comparison subjects that were not found in their affected siblings, suggesting that the dysregulation of some genes in peripheral blood may be indicative of underlying protective factors. This study, while exploratory, illustrated the potential utility and increased informativeness of including unaffected first-degree relatives in research in pursuit of peripheral biomarkers for schizophrenia.
Temperature-Dependent Photoluminescence of CdSe-Core CdS/CdZnS/ZnS-Multishell Quantum Dots (2009)

The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of CdSe-core CdS/CdZnS/ZnS-multishell quantum dots (QDs) were studied to understand the radiative and nonradiative relaxation processes in the temperature range from 80 to 360 K. The mechanism of temperature-dependent nonradiative relaxation processes in the CdSe QDs with changing the shell structures was found to evolve from thermal activation of carrier trapping by surface defects/traps in CdSe core QDs to the multiple longitudinal-optical (LO) phonon-assisted thermal escape of carriers in the core/shell QDs. An increase in PL intensity with increasing temperature was clearly observed in the core/shell QDs with a thick CdS monoshell and a CdS/ZnCdS/ZnS multishell. The PL enhancement was considered to come from delocalization of charge carriers localized at the CdSe/CdS interface with the potential depth of ∼30 meV. The experimental results indicated that the improvement of PL quantum efficiency in CdSe-core CdS/CdZnS/ZnS-multishell QDs could be understood in terms of the reduction of nonradiative recombination centers at the interfaces and on the surface of the multishell, as well as the confinement of electrons and holes into the QDs by an outer ZnS shell.
Hemagglutinin 1-Specific Immunoglobulin G and Fab Molecules Mediate Postattachment Neutralization of Influenza A Virus by Inhibition of an Early Fusion Event (2001)

In standard neutralization (STAN), virus and antibody are reacted together before inoculation of target cells, and inhibition of almost any of the processes concerned in the early interaction of virus and cell, including inhibition of virus attachment to cell receptors, can be the cause of neutralization by a particular monoclonal antibody (MAb). To simplify the interpretation of antibody action, we carried out a study of postattachment neutralization (PAN), where virus is allowed to attach to target cells before neutralizing antibody is introduced. We used influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) and monoclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules and their Fabs specific to antigenic sites Sb (tip), Ca2 (loop), and Cb (hinge) of the hemagglutinin 1 (HA1) protein. All IgGs and Fabs gave PAN, although with reduced efficiency compared with STAN. Thus, bivalent binding of antibody was not essential for PAN. By definition, none of these MAbs gave PAN by inhibiting virus attachment, and they did not elute attached virus from the target cell or inhibit endocytosis of virus. However, virus-cell fusion, as demonstrated by R18 fluorescence dequenching or hemolysis of red blood cells, was inhibited in direct proportion to neutralization and in a dose-dependent manner and was thus likely to be responsible for the observed neutralization. However, to get PAN, it was necessary to inhibit the activation of the prefusion intermediate, the earliest known form on the fusion pathway that is created when virus is incubated at pH 5 and 4 degrees C. PAN antibodies may act by binding HA trimers in contact with the cell and/or trimers in the immediate vicinity of the virus-cell contact point and so inhibit the recruitment of additional receptor-HA complexes.
Chemicals Reacting with Various Forms of Hemoglobin: Biological Significance, Mechanisms, and Determination (1991)

The clinical chemistry of various forms of hemoglobin occupies a large fraction of the total activities of hospital and forensic science laboratories. Some of the potential pitfalls are reviewed here along with an account of the accidental discovery of two novel chemical forms. Human or mouse red blood cells were exposed to excess sodium nitrite to convert the intracellular pigment to methemoglobin. When these were subsequently incubated in Krebs-Ringer-phosphate-glucose medium, pH 7.4 at 37 degrees C under nitrogen and in the presence of various concentrations of methylene blue, a blood pigment was generated in high yield which had unique properties. In lysates, the pigment was stable in air, and it could be maintained in liquid nitrogen for as long as a year without deterioration. The pigment had properties different from those of oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, methemoglobin, or carboxyhemoglobin. After separation by isoelectric focusing, the pigment gave a strong signal on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The other forms of hemoglobin given above are EPR-silent. The pigment was eventually identified as the nitrosylated valency hybrid species, (alpha 2+ beta 3+)2(NO)2. The corresponding species, (alpha 3+ beta 2+)2(NO)2, has similar properties. These species apparently owe their unusual stability in air to the presence of the oxidized subunits in the same tetramer.
Foundations of direct methods for power system transient stability analysis (1987)

Considerable progress has been made in recent years in the application of direct methods to power system transient stability analysis. The methods are derived largely based on heuristics and simulations. In this paper, a theoretical foundation for the direct methods is presented. A complete topological characterization of the stability boundary of a stable equilibrium point is derived. The closest u.e.p. method and the controlling u.e.p. method are interpreted and justified in terms of this result. Improvements of these methods are proposed. Characterizations of the closest u.e.p. and the controlling u.e.p. are provided. The stability region is shown to be unbounded.
Leukemia-associated Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor, a Dbl Family Protein Found Mutated in Leukemia, Causes Transformation by Activation of RhoA (2001)

Leukemia-associated Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (LARG) was originally identified as a fusion partner with mixed-lineage leukemia in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. LARG possesses a tandem Dbl homology and pleckstrin homology domain structure and, consequently, may function as an activator of Rho GTPases. In this study, we demonstrate that LARG is a functional Dbl protein. Expression of LARG in cells caused activation of the serum response factor, a known downstream target of Rho-mediated signaling pathways. Transient overexpression of LARG did not activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinase or c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, suggesting LARG is not an activator of Ras, Rac, or Cdc42. We performed in vitro exchange assays where the isolated Dbl homology (DH) or DH/pleckstrin homology domains of LARG functioned as a strong activator of RhoA, but exhibited no activity toward Rac1 or Cdc42. We found that LARG could complex with RhoA, but not Rac or Cdc42, in vitro, and that expression of LARG caused an increase in the levels of the activated GTP-bound form of RhoA, but not Rac1 or Cdc42, in vivo. Thus, we conclude that LARG is a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Finally, like activated RhoA, we determined that LARG cooperated with activated Raf-1 to transform NIH3T3 cells. These data demonstrate that LARG is the first functional Dbl protein mutated in cancer and indicate LARG-mediated activation of RhoA may play a role in the development of human leukemias.
Ligand-induced IFN gamma receptor tyrosine phosphorylation couples the receptor to its signal transduction system (p91). (1994)

Herein we report that interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) induces the rapid and reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of the IFN gamma receptor. Using a panel of receptor intracellular domain mutants, we show that a membrane-proximal LPKS sequence (residues 266-269) is required for ligand-induced tyrosine kinase activation and/or kinase-receptor association and biological responsiveness, and a functionally critical membrane-distal tyrosine residue (Y440) is a target of the activated enzyme. The biological significance of Y440 phosphorylation was demonstrated by showing that a receptor-derived nonapeptide corresponding to receptor residues 436-444 and containing phosphorylated Y440 bound specifically to p91, blocked p91 phosphorylation and inhibited the generation of an active p91-containing transcription factor complex. In contrast, nonphosphorylated wild-type, phosphorylated mutant, or phosphorylated irrelevant peptides did not. Moreover, the phosphorylated Y440-containing peptide did not interact with a related but distinct latent transcription factor (p113) which is activatible by IFN alpha but not IFN gamma. These results thus document the specific and inducible association of p91 with the phosphorylated IFN gamma receptor and thereby elucidate the mechanism by which ligand couples the IFN gamma receptor to its signal transduction system.
Regulation of specific DNA binding by p53: evidence for a role for O-glycosylation and charged residues at the carboxy-terminus. (1996)

The carboxy-terminus of p53 contains a basic region which represses DNA binding, and this repression can be relieved by PAb421, an antibody against the basic region. The EB-1 human cell line contains wild type p53 protein which fails to express the PAb421 epitope and is highly active both in biological assays and in DNA binding assays. We show by wheat germ agglutinin chromatography and galactosyl-transferase labelling that this p53 is O-glycosylated, and that at least one of the sugar residues masks the PAb421 epitope, as demonstrated by recovery of reactivity with PAb421 after digestion of Western blots of EB-1 cell extract with hexosaminidase. A minor population of p53 molecules in EB-1 cells lacks the modification, and there is a correlation between the ability to bind DNA with high affinity and masking of the PAb421 epitope. We also show that strongly positively charged peptides, including short peptides from the basic region of p53, can derepress DNA binding, probably by disruption of an intramolecular interaction involving the basic region. We propose that any intervention which prevents this intramolecular interaction, including addition of bulky residues such as sugar groups, can activate DNA binding by p53.
Growth of the adult goldfish eye. III. Source of the new retinal cells (1977)

Abstract The manner in which new cells are added to the growing adult goldfish retina was examined using 3 H‐thymidine radioutography. Cell proliferation leading to the formation of neurons is restricted to the retinal margin at the ora terminalis . New retina is added in concentric rings, with slightly more growth dorsonasally. The rate of cell addition is variable, averaging 12,000 cells/ day. These new cells account for about 20% of the total increase in retinal area; the remaining 80% is due to hypertrophy, or expansin, of the retina. In contrast to all of the other retinal cells, the rods do not appear to participate in the retinal expansion. This hypothesized immobility of the rods would create a shearing strain between the retinal layers resulting in a shift in their position relative to the other cells. Were they to maintain synaptic contacts with the same horizontal and bipolar cells, the rod axons would have to be elongated peripherally or the post‐synaptic cell dendrites displaced centrally. Since neurons with this morphology have not been found in the goldfish retina, these observations suggest that the rods must be changing their synaptic connections as the retina grows.
<p>Cytokine Release Syndrome: Current Perspectives</p> (2019)

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CART) therapy represents a novel and a paradigm-shifting approach to treating cancer. Recent clinical successes have widened the applicability of CD19 CART cells for the treatment of relapsed/refractory B-cell NHL, namely tisagenleclucel and axicabtagene ciloleucel. Tisagenleclucel is also approved for relapsed and/or refractory B-ALL up to age 25. CART therapy is associated with unique and potentially life-threatening toxicities, notably cytokine release syndrome (CRS). A better understanding of the pathogenesis of CRS is crucial to ensure proper management. In this review, CRS definitions, profiles, risk factors and grading systems are discussed. Finally, current and novel investigational approaches and therapies for CRS are summarized.