gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photodynamic Therapy Of Cancer (1989)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been used experimentally in cancer patients since 1976, with an estimated 3,000-4,000 patients treated world-wide, most since 1982. Phase III, comparative randomized clinical trials are under way for regulatory approval of Photofrin® II, a purified version of hematoporphyrin derivative (Hpd). Several recent advances in both the clinical application of PDT and basic understanding of mechanisms are noteworthy. For example, it is now recognized that the photosensitizer undergoes photobleaching during treatment which may provide a therapeutic advantage in treatment. Clinical trials using lower drug doses seem to be consistent with this expectation. Advances in light delivery systems and dosimetry have also been achieved. It is now clear that in at least some experimental animal tumors, destruction of the vasculature system in both the tumor and surrounding normal tissue is necessary for &apos;cure&apos;, a process which may involve release of inflammatory and other factors. It is unclear if this is relevant to humans. Because of the problem of cutaneous photosensitivity and other factors, a search for other photo-sensitizers is being carried out by several groups, with early encouraging results being reported for certain phthalocyanines, purpurins and others.
Two-dimensional Analysis of Interleukin 2-Regulated Tyrosine Kinase Activation Mediated by the p70-75 β Subunit of the Interleukin 2 Receptor (1989)

The proliferation of activated T lymphocytes is dependent on the interaction of the polypeptide growth factor interleukin 2 (IL 2) with its heterodimeric receptor, which consists of a p55 alpha subunit and a p70-75 beta subunit. Previously, it was shown that IL 2 stimulates rapid serine phosphorylation of several membrane and cytysolic proteins. Here, using anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies to purify phosphotyrosyl proteins and two-dimensional gel analysis, we show that IL 2 stimulates rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of a variety of cellular proteins, including pp180, pp92, and pp42 in activated human T lymphocytes. In addition, we have examined IL 2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation in the human cell line YT2C2 which expresses mostly the beta subunit of the IL 2 receptor and the gibbon cell line MLA-144 which expresses only the beta subunit. In both of these cell lines, IL 2 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the same proteins phosphorylated in normal human T lymphocytes in response to IL 2. We conclude that the beta subunit is sufficient to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of the normal cellular target substrates involved in signal transduction.
Structure-Function Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus Envelope-CD81 Binding (2000)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen causing chronic liver disease. We have recently found that the large extracellular loop (LEL) of human CD81 binds HCV. This finding prompted us to assess the structure-function features of HCV-CD81 interaction by using recombinant E2 protein and a recombinant soluble form of CD81 LEL. We have found that HCV-E2 binds CD81 LEL with a K(d) of 1.8 nM; CD81 can mediate attachment of E2 on hepatocytes; engagement of CD81 mediates internalization of only 30% of CD81 molecules even after 12 h; and the four cysteines of CD81 LEL form two disulfide bridges, the integrity of which is necessary for CD81-HCV interaction. Altogether our data suggest that neutralizing antibodies aimed at interfering with HCV binding to human cells should have an affinity higher than 10(-9) M, that HCV binding to hepatocytes may not entirely depend on CD81, that CD81 is an attachment receptor with poor capacity to mediate virus entry, and that reducing environments do not favor CD81-HCV interaction. These studies provide a better understanding of the CD81-HCV interaction and should thus help to elucidate the viral life cycle and to develop new strategies aimed at interfering with HCV binding to human cells.
Independent-component analysis of skin color image (1999)

The spatial distributions of melanin and hemoglobin in human skin are separated by independent-component analysis of a skin color image. The analysis is based on the skin color model with three assumptions: (1) Spatial variation of color in the skin is caused by two pigments, melanin and hemoglobin; (2) the quantities of the two pigments are mutually independent spatially; and (3) linearity holds among the quantities and the observed color signals in the optical density domain. The results of the separation agree well with physiological knowledge. The separated components are synthesized to simulate the various facial color images by changing the quantities of the two separated pigments.
Ligand-Mediated Immunofunctional Assay for Quantitation of Growth Hormone-Binding Protein in Human Blood (1991)

Human serum contains a high affinity GH-binding protein (GHBP) whose amino-terminal sequence is identical to the extracellular domain of the GH receptor. Current methods that measure GHBP are laborious, require size or charcoal separation of the GH/GHBP complex, and may be influenced by ambient GH concentrations. We have developed a novel assay method that allows quantitation of the total amount of functional GHBP in serum or plasma. The assay can also be used to measure the concentration of the circulating GH/GHBP complex. An anti-GHBP monoclonal antibody, which recognizes both free GHBP and GH-bound GHBP, is used to capture the GHBP on a microtiter plate. Recombinant human GH is added to saturate all binding sites, and an anti-GH antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase is used to detect the amount of GH (endogenous and exogenous) bound to the GHBP. The same procedure, but without incubation with GH, allows measurement of the endogenous GH/GHBP complex. The assay is sensitive (detection range, 31-2000 pmol/L), with average inter- and intraassay precisions of 11.3% and 7.3%, respectively. Measurements in random blood samples from 16 healthy adults showed that all subjects had clearly detectable GHBP concentrations (range, 65.8-305.6 pmol/L). In contrast, GHBP levels were undetectable in samples from 2 patients with Laron-type dwarfism. We believe that this ligand-mediated immunofunctional assay, which combines the simplicity and specificity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the ability to detect only biochemically active binding protein, will be useful for studies of the role of the GHBP in health and disease.
Concept analysis for module restructuring (2001)

Low coupling between modules and high cohesion inside each module are the key features of good software design. This paper proposes a new approach to using concept analysis for module restructuring, based on the computation of extended concept subpartitions. Alternative modularizations, characterized by high cohesion around the internal structures that are being manipulated, can be determined by such a method. To assess the quality of the restructured modules, the trade-off between encapsulation violations and decomposition is considered, and proper measures for both factors are defined. Furthermore, the cost of restructuring is evaluated through a measure of distance between the original and the new modularizations. Concept subpartitions were determined for a test suite of 20 programs of variable size: 10 public-domain and 10 industrial applications. The trade-off between encapsulation and decomposition was measured on the resulting module candidates, together with an estimate of the cost of restructuring. Moreover, the ability of concept analysis to determine meaningful modularizations was assessed in two ways. First, programs without encapsulation violations were used as oracles, assuming the absence of violations as an indicator of careful decomposition. Second, the suggested restructuring interventions were actually implemented in some case studies to evaluate the feasibility of restructuring and to deeply investigate the code organization before and after the intervention. Concept analysis was experienced to be a powerful tool supporting module restructuring.
Synthesis and physical properties of cuphea‐oleic estolides and esters (2004)

Abstract Cuphea‐oleic estolides and esters were synthesized from cuphea and oleic FA with various amounts of perchloric acid (0.01 to 0.40 equiv) at 60°C. Estolide yields ranged from 30 to 65% after Kugelrohr distillation. Estolide number (EN), the average number of FA units added to a base FA, varied with reaction conditions. Cuphea‐oleic estolides were esterified with 2‐ethylhexanol to obtain high yields of the corresponding ester. A streamlined, one‐pot process was used to synthesize the estolide and its ester with 0.05 equiv of HClO 4 , with, esterification incorporated into an in situ second step to provide a functional fluid at a very reasonable cost. The physical properties of the cuphea‐oleic estolides and estolide esters, including their viscosities, pour points, and cloud points, were related directly to the amount of oligomerization (EN), i.e., viscosity increased with higher oligomerization. The viscosity index ranged from 132 to 166 cSt for the free‐acid estolides, whereas the complex estolide 2‐ethylhexyl esters had slightly high viscosity indices that ranged from 165 to 181 cSt. These new cuphea‐oleic estolide esters displayed good low‐temperature properties (pour point −42°C and cloud point −41°C).
Current Developments in Cancer Vaccines and Cellular Immunotherapy (2003)

This article reviews the immunologic basis of clinical trials that test means of tumor antigen recognition and immune activation, with the goal to provide the clinician with a mechanistic understanding of ongoing cancer vaccine and cellular immunotherapy clinical trials. Multiple novel immunotherapy strategies have reached the stage of testing in clinical trials that were accelerated by recent advances in the characterization of tumor antigens and by a more precise knowledge of the regulation of cell-mediated immune responses. The key steps in the generation of an immune response to cancer cells include loading of tumor antigens onto antigen-presenting cells in vitro or in vivo, presenting antigen in the appropriate immune stimulatory environment, activating cytotoxic lymphocytes, and blocking autoregulatory control mechanisms. This knowledge has opened the door to antigen-specific immunization for cancer using tumor-derived proteins or RNA, or synthetically generated peptide epitopes, RNA, or DNA. The critical step of antigen presentation has been facilitated by the coadministration of powerful immunologic adjuvants, the provision of costimulatory molecules and immune stimulatory cytokines, and the ability to culture dendritic cells. Advances in the understanding of the nature of tumor antigens and their optimal presentation, and in the regulatory mechanisms that govern the immune system, have provided multiple novel immunotherapy intervention strategies that are being tested in clinical trials.
Evidence for linkage disequilibrium between D16S94 and the adult onset polycystic kidney disease (PKD1) gene. (1992)

Genetic mapping of the PKD1 gene in chro- mosomal region 16pl3.3 has depended on the identification of closely linked markers and rare recombinants that suggest the order of loci in relation to meiotic crossover points.'2 This has led to the proposal that the PKD1 gene lies in an approximately 750 kb region close to marker loci D16S84, D16S125, and D16S94, and proximal to the hypervariable probe D16S85 that first detected linkage to PKD1.34 However, genetic (meiotic) mapping
Synthesis and physicochemical properties of oligonucleotides built with eitherα-L orβ-L nucleotides units and covalently linked to an acridine derivative (1991)

Modified deoxynucleosides 2′-deoxy- β-L-uridine, β-L-thymidine, α-L-thymidine, 2′-deoxy-β-L-adenosine and 2′-deoxy-α-L-adenosine were synthesized and assembled as homooligomers, respectively: octa-β-L-deoxyuridylates, octa β-L and α-L-thymidylates and tetra β-L and α-L-deoxyadenylates. These unnatural oligomers were then substituted with an acridine derivative. The binding studies of these modified oligonucleotides with D-ribo- and D-deoxyribopoly nucleotides were carried out by absorption spectros copy. While β-L-d(Up)8m5Acr, β-L-d(Tp)8m5Acr, α;-L- (Tp)8m5Acr, did not interact with poly(rA) and poly(dA), β-L-d(Up)4m5Acr, and α-L-d(Ap)4m5Acr, did form double and triple helices with poly(rU) and poly(dT), respectively. Their stability towards nuclease digestion was studied through comparison with that of octa-β-D thymidylate and tetra β-D-deoxyadenylate covalently linked to an acridine derivative. One endonuclease (nuclease P1 from Penicillium citrinum) and two exonucleases (a 3′-exonuclease from Crotalus durissus venom and a 5′-exonuclease extracted from calf thymus) were employed. β-L- and α-L-oligomers demonstrate a high resistance toward nuclease digestion.
Mutant immunoglobulin genes have repetitive DNA elements inserted into their intervening sequences. (1982)

The kappa light chain genes from two mutant hybridoma cell lines defective in kappa light chain synthesis were isolated and compared to the wild-type kappa light chain gene. In each case, the mutant kappa light chain genes were found to contain repetitive DNA elements in their intervening sequences that were not present in the intervening sequences of the wild-type kappa light chain gene. These elements were found to be related to the genes of intracisternal A particles. These results suggest that the decreased production of kappa light chain in the mutant cell lines is due to the presence of the intracisternal A particle-related genes.
Novel wavelength-division-multiplexed ring network architecture using optical path technology for multiple services and simple media access control procedure (1997)

Abstract A novel WDM ring network architecture that employs an attractive integrated-optic arrayed-waveguide grating (AWG) add-drop multiplexer (ADM) is proposed that fully uses a variety of optical path technologies. Single-hopped multiwavelength looped-bus optical paths establish multipoint-to-multipoint (M-M) communication, while conventional ringtype optical paths realize point-to-point and broadcast communication. Optical paths for OAM & C can also be established on a multihop basis with no additional wavelengths. All these optical paths can be established by a simple AWG-ADM in a node. A simple MAC procedure for M-M communication is proposed, and its performance is simulated. This procedure switches between the random with minimum slot distance limitation scheme and the slot assignment scheme. Simulation results confirm its fairness as evaluated by the metric of delay variance and its small delay. Network survivability is realized by the optical loop-back (LB) method. Keywords: ADMAWGMACoptical pathring networkWDM
Intercom Ontario: a community experiment in media affordances (2002)

Intercom Ontario is a four-year study with the objective of determining what services Ontarians want, need, and will use on the information superhighway-and how to deliver them. Now in its second phase, the trial is moving to Newmarket, Ontario, a residential community where detailed usage data regarding which appliance is used in which location to perform which application will be captured. Each trial defines a media space whose possibilities for action are more or less rich. A longitudinal study exploring individuals' behavior within each media space is proposed. The motivation behind the study, underlying theory, and research methodology are described.
A survey of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students (1988)

Since 1971, the Baltimore County Health Department has conducted nine biannual surveys of school nurses in all of the county's public and private schools to determine the prevalence of medication treatment for hyperactivity/inattentiveness among students. The results reveal a consistent doubling of the rate of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students every four to seven years such that in 1987,5.96% of all public elementary school students were receiving such treatment. Related trends from 1971 to 1987 have been that stimulants increased from 76% to 99% of the medication prescribed; methylphenidate hydrochloride rose from 40% to 93% of the total; the male-female ratio dropped from an average of 8:1 to 5:1; the rate of medication treatment for hyperactive/inattentive students rose faster in secondary than in elementary schools; and 25% of students receiving stimulant medication in 1987 were in special education classes or schools. (<i>JAMA</i>1988;260:2256-2258)
Use of MEDUSA-Based Data Analysis and Capillary HPLC−Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometry To Examine Complex Immunoaffinity Extracts of RbAp48 (2002)

To examine the Jurkat cell interaction partners of RbAp48, we digested entire immunoaffinity extracts with trypsin and identified potential interacting proteins using one- and two-dimensional microcapillary HPLC-ion-trap mass spectrometry. An Oracle-based automated data analysis system (MEDUSA) was used to compare quadruplicate anti-RbAp48 antibody affinity extracts with two sets of quadruplicate control extracts. The anti-RbAp48 extracts contained over 40 difference 1D gel bands. We identified all known proteins of the NuRD/Mi-2 complex including human p66. Three potential homologues of members of this complex were also found, suggesting that there may be more than one variant of this complex. Eleven proteins associated with RNA binding or pre-mRNA splicing were observed. Four other proteins, including a putative tumor suppressor, were identified, as were 18 ribosomal proteins. There was little overlap with RbAp48-interacting proteins defined by yeast two-hybrid methods. These results demonstrate the analysis of a complex immunoaffinity extract and suggest a more complex cellular role for RbAp48 than previously documented.
Prognostic Significance of CD169+ Lymph Node Sinus Macrophages in Patients with Malignant Melanoma (2015)

CD169 (sialoadhesin) is a sialic acid receptor that is specifically expressed on macrophages, including lymph node sinus macrophages. Animal studies suggest that CD169(+) macrophages in lymph nodes have properties in preventing cancers. In order to determine the significance of CD169(+) macrophages in patients with malignant melanoma, we evaluated tissue samples from 93 patients to investigate CD169 expression in regional lymph nodes (RLN) and determine the relationship of this expression with overall survival and various clinicopathologic factors. Higher densities of CD169(+) cells were significantly associated with longer overall survival (P = 0.001). A multivariate analysis showed that the density of CD169(+) cells was an independent prognostic factor, with higher densities correlating with higher density of CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells within tumor sites. High CD169 expression in macrophages could be stimulated by IFNα in vitro, and in RLNs, IFNα-producing macrophages and CD303(+) plasmacytoid dendritic cells were identified surrounding CD169(+) macrophages. These data suggest that IFNα-stimulated CD169(+) macrophages in RLNs are closely involved in T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity and may be a useful marker for assessing the clinical prognosis and monitoring antitumor immunity in patients with malignant melanoma.
Murine Recombinant Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (2012)

A newly produced murine recombinant angiotensin (Ang)-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was characterized in vivo and in vitro. The effects of available ACE2 inhibitors (MLN-4760 and 2 conformational variants of DX600, linear and cyclic) were also examined. When murine ACE2 was given to mice for 4 weeks, a marked increase in serum ACE2 activity was sustainable. In acute studies, mouse ACE2 (1 mg/kg) obliterated hypertension induced by Ang II infusion by rapidly decreasing plasma Ang II. These effects were blocked by MLN-4760 but not by either form of DX600. In vitro, conversion from Ang II to Ang-(1-7) by mouse ACE2 was blocked by MLN-4760 (10(-6) m) but not by either form of DX600 (10(-5) m). Quantitative analysis of multiple Ang peptides in plasma ex vivo revealed formation of Ang-(1-9) from Ang I by human but not by mouse ACE2. Both human and mouse ACE2 led to the dissipation of Ang II with formation of Ang (1-7). By contrast, mouse ACE2-driven Ang-(1-7) formation from Ang II was blocked by MLN-4760 but not by either linear or cyclic DX600. In conclusion, sustained elevations in serum ACE2 activity can be accomplished with murine ACE2 administration, thereby providing a strategy for ACE2 amplification in chronic studies using rodent models of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Human but not mouse ACE2 degrades Ang I to form Ang-(1-9). There are also species differences regarding rodent and human ACE2 inhibition by known inhibitors such that MLN-4760 inhibits both human and mouse ACE2, whereas DX600 only blocks human ACE2 activity.
Eculizumab and Renal Transplantation in a Patient with CAPS (2010)

To the Editor: The catastrophic antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (CAPS) is an episodic, diffuse thrombotic microangiopathy observed in less than 1% of patients with antiphospholipid antibodies and is characterized by vascular occlusions involving three or more organ systems.1 Typically preceded by triggering events, such as infection, trauma, or surgery, CAPS culminates in multiorgan system failure and is fatal in half of those in whom it develops. Although renal failure is common in CAPS survivors, kidney transplantation has traditionally not been considered in these patients because of the lack of specific therapies for preventing recurrent CAPS and a surgical risk of death . . .
Enzymatic Degradation of Polygalacturonic Acid by Yersinia and Klebsiella Species in Relation to Clinical Laboratory Procedures (1977)

As scored by several specified plating procedures, clinical and environmental strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae "Oxytocum" showed detectable, albeit generally weak, ability to digest polygalacturonic (pectic) acid. None of these bacterial strains had the vigorous and rapid pectolytic activity on these polygalacturonic acid-containing media that is typical of soft-rot Erwinia species, although some of the Oxytocum strains came fairly close. Analyses of the pectolytic enzyme contents of the cells and culture supernatants of the Yersinia and Klebsiella species revealed that readily detectable quantities of cell-bound polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase and hydrolytic polygalacturonase were formed by the Yersinia and Klebsiella species; however, the total units of enzyme activity produced by these bacteria were, in general, lower than were produced by soft-rot Erwinia species. Furthermore, unlike the situation in soft-rot Erwinia cultures, these pectolytic enzymes of Yersinia and Klebsiella species were not excreted rapidly and massively into the growth medium. Cultures of other enterobacteria (Citrobacter species, Enterobacter species, Erwinia amylovora, Erwinia herbicola, Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Salmonella typhimurium, and Serratia marcescens) showed no pectolytic ability whatsoever by any of the plating procedures used and (to the extent they were so examined) produced no pectolytic enzymes detectable either in their cells or culture supernatants. This slow or weak release of pectolytic enzymes by Yersinia and Klebsiella species has a bearing on clinical laboratory procedures suitable for detecting their pectolytic activity; methods adequate for this purpose are detailed.