gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A semi-static complementary gain cell technology for sub-1 V supply DRAM's (1994)

A new semi-static complementary gain cell for future low power DRAM's has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. This gain cell consists of a write-transistor and its opposite conduction type read-transistor with a heating gate as a storage node which causes a shift in the threshold voltage. This gain cell provides a two orders of magnitude larger cell signal output and higher immunity to noise on the bitlines when compared with a conventional one-transistor DRAM cell without increasing the storage capacitance even at a supply voltage of 0.8 V. The 0.87 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ cell size is achieved by using a 0.25 /spl mu/m design rule with a polysilicon thin-film transistor built in the trench and phase shifted i-line lithography.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Characterization of a Novel, Antifungal, Chitin-Binding Protein from Streptomyces tendae Tu901 That Interferes with Growth Polarity (1999)

The afp1 gene, which encodes the antifungal protein AFP1, was cloned from nikkomycin-producing Streptomyces tendae Tü901, using a nikkomycin-negative mutant as a host and screening transformants for antifungal activity against Paecilomyces variotii in agar diffusion assays. The 384-bp afp1 gene has a low G+C content (63%) and a transcription termination structure with a poly(T) region, unusual attributes for Streptomyces genes. AFP1 was purified from culture filtrate of S. tendae carrying the afp1 gene on the multicopy plasmid pIJ699. The purified protein had a molecular mass of 9,862 Da and lacked a 42-residue N-terminal peptide deduced from the nucleotide sequence. AFP1 was stable at extreme pH values and high temperatures and toward commercial proteinases. AFP1 had limited similarity to cellulose-binding domains of microbial plant cell wall hydrolases and bound to crab shell chitin, chitosan, and cell walls of P. variotii but showed no enzyme activity. The biological activity of AFP1, which represents the first chitin-binding protein from bacteria exhibiting antifungal activity, was directed against specific ascomycetes, and synergistic interaction with the chitin synthetase inhibitor nikkomycin inhibited growth of Aspergillus species. Microscopy studies revealed that fluorescein-labeled AFP1 strongly bound to the surface of germinated conidia and to tips of growing hyphae, causing severe alterations in cell morphogenesis that gave rise to large spherical conidia and/or swollen hyphae and to atypical branching.
Production of Antibacterial Peptide ‘Apidaecin’ Using the Secretory Expression System ofStreptomyces (1993)

Journal Article Production of Antibacterial Peptide 'Apidaecin' Using the Secretory Expression System of Streptomyces Get access Masafumi Maeno, Masafumi Maeno Department of Biological Science and Technology, Science University of Tokyo, Noda, Chiba 278, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Seiichi Taguchi, Seiichi Taguchi Department of Biological Science and Technology, Science University of Tokyo, Noda, Chiba 278, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Haruo Momose Haruo Momose Department of Biological Science and Technology, Science University of Tokyo, Noda, Chiba 278, Japan To whom correspondence should be addressed. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, Volume 57, Issue 7, 1 January 1993, Pages 1206–1207, https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.57.1206 Published: 01 January 1993 Article history Received: 25 December 1992 Published: 01 January 1993
Efficient targeting of a SCID gene by an engineered single-chain homing endonuclease (2009)

Sequence-specific endonucleases recognizing long target sequences are emerging as powerful tools for genome engineering. These endonucleases could be used to correct deleterious mutations or to inactivate viruses, in a new approach to molecular medicine. However, such applications are highly demanding in terms of safety. Mutations in the human RAG1 gene cause severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Using the I-CreI dimeric LAGLIDADG meganuclease as a scaffold, we describe here the engineering of a series of endonucleases cleaving the human RAG1 gene, including obligate heterodimers and single-chain molecules. We show that a novel single-chain design, in which two different monomers are linked to form a single molecule, can induce high levels of recombination while safeguarding more effectively against potential genotoxicity. We provide here the first demonstration that an engineered meganuclease can induce targeted recombination at an endogenous locus in up to 6% of transfected human cells. These properties rank this new generation of endonucleases among the best molecular scissors available for genome surgery strategies, potentially avoiding the deleterious effects of previous gene therapy approaches.
Controlled Anionic Synthesis of Polyisoprene−Poly(2-vinylpyridine) Diblock Copolymers in Hydrocarbon Solution (2001)

Well-defined diblock copolymers of isoprene and 2-vinylpyridine (2VP) were prepared by sequential anionic polymerization at temperatures of 45 and 6−8 °C, respectively, in benzene solution using sec-BuLi as initiator in the presence of lithium chloride ([LiCl]/[PLi] = 5−11). Rapid quenching with acidic methanol 4−7 min after 2VP addition was required to obtain controlled polymerization. The polyisoprene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymers with high 1,4-polyisoprene microstructure exhibited narrow molecular weight distributions [Mw/Mn(SEC) = 1.01−1.06] and molecular weights (light scattering, universal calibration) that were in good agreement with calculated values. Molecular weights (Mn) determined by SEC with polyisoprene standards were much lower than calculated values.
Expression of WNT7A in human normal tissues and cancer, and regulation of WNT7A and WNT7B in human cancer (2002)

WNT signals are transduced through seven-transmembrane-type WNT receptors encoded by Frizzled (FZD) genes to the beta-catenin - TCF pathway, the JNK pathway or the Ca2+-releasing pathway. WNT signaling molecules are potent targets for diagnosis of cancer (susceptibility, metastasis, and prognosis), for prevention and treatment of cancer, and for regenerative medicine or tissue engineering. We have so far cloned and characterized human WNT signaling molecules WNT2B/WNT13, WNT3, WNT3A, WNT5B, WNT6, WNT7B, WNT8A, WNT8B, WNT10A, WNT10B, WNT11, WNT14, WNT14B/WNT15, FZD1, FZD2, FZD3, FZD4, FZD5, FZD6, FZD7, FZD8, FZD10, FRAT1, FRAT2, NKD1, NKD2, VANGL1/STB2, ARHU/WRCH1, ARHV/WRCH2, GIPC2, GIPC3, betaTRCP2/FBXW1B, SOX17, and TCF-3 using bioinformatics, cDNA-library screening, and cDNA-PCR. Here, expression of WNT7A in human normal tissues and cancer, and regulation of WNT7A and WNT7B in human cancer were investigated. WNT7A was highly expressed in fetal lung, adult testis, lymph node, and peripheral blood leukocytes. WNT7A was relatively highly expressed in temporal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, paracentral gyrus of cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, medulla oblongata and putamen within adult brain. WNT7A was highly expressed in SW480 (colorectal cancer), BxPC-3 and Hs766T (pancreatic cancer), and was also expressed in MKN7 and MKN45 (gastric cancer). WNT7B rather than WNT7A was expressed in MCF-7 (breast cancer) and NT2 (embryonal tumor). beta-estradiol did not affect expression levels of WNT7A and WNT7B in MCF-7 cells. WNT7B, but not WNT7A, was slightly up-regulated by all-trans retinoic acid in NT2 cells.
Integrated 2-D Interpretation of Resistivity Logging Measurements by Inversion Methods (1995)

The determination of residual and movable hydrocarbons in oil and gas reservoirs requires that the formation resistivities are accurately estimated. For this purpose the log analyst can use several resistivity measurements with different measuring principles providing varying vertical and radial resolutions. Integrating these measurements into a uniform algorithm that solves for the formation resistivities can improve the interpretation. Conventional interpretation methods of electromagnetic measurements use approximate and independent techniques for laterolog and induction logging measurements. These techniques do not necessarily provide the same results for the parameter estimates. Using a joint inversion algorithm that simultaneously solves for all measurements provides an earth model consistent with all measurements. In addition, the ability to resolve is enhanced due to the fact that galvanic and induction tools have different response characteristics in conductive or resistive formations. The laterolog is more sensitive to resistive formations; whereas, the induction tool is more sensitive to conductive formations. The combination of both measurements in a joint inversion process, therefore, increases the overall resolution. The inversion technique not only provides the formation parameter results, but gives the log analyst useful statistical information that can be used as quality control.In contrast with the standard interpretations, which are normally based on a 1-D interpretation, the 2-D inversion can simultaneously solve for a resistivity distribution in the radial and vertical directions. When the resistivity contrast is high, the shoulder bed effects can be very strong. This can be the case if a reservoir is delineated by conductive shales. The different vertical resolutions between deep induction and focussed log measurements appear as an offset between the two curves which could be interpreted as invasion. The 2-D inversion is able to distinguish between shoulder bed and invasion effects and provides more reliable results than a standard 1-D interpretation. Shoulder bed effects may result in underestimating the amount of oil in place if the reservoir is embedded in a conductive formation. The problem of delineating the reservoir and determining the vertical boundaries of the reservoir (and subsequently its thickness, which can be used together with the resistivity to estimate the total amount of hydrocarbon) can be solved using a 2-D inversion.This work demonstrates how the borehole, invasion and shoulder bed effects influence the data and subsequently the results of a standard interpretation. This is shown using synthetic and real field data.Introduction. The estimation of accurate formation resistivities requires not only accurate measurements, but also an interpretation process to derive the true formation resistivities from apparent resistivity values.P. 577
Common micro‐RNA signature in skeletal muscle damage and regeneration induced by Duchenne muscular dystrophy and acute ischemia (2009)

The aim of this work was to identify micro-RNAs (miRNAs) involved in the pathological pathways activated in skeletal muscle damage and regeneration by both dystrophin absence and acute ischemia. Eleven miRNAs were deregulated both in MDX mice and in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients (DMD signature). Therapeutic interventions ameliorating the mdx-phenotype rescued DMD-signature alterations. The significance of DMD-signature changes was characterized using a damage/regeneration mouse model of hind-limb ischemia and newborn mice. According to their expression, DMD-signature miRNAs were divided into 3 classes. 1) Regeneration miRNAs, miR-31, miR-34c, miR-206, miR-335, miR-449, and miR-494, which were induced in MDX mice and in DMD patients, but also in newborn mice and in newly formed myofibers during postischemic regeneration. Notably, miR-206, miR-34c, and miR-335 were up-regulated following myoblast differentiation in vitro. 2) Degenerative-miRNAs, miR-1, miR-29c, and miR-135a, that were down-modulated in MDX mice, in DMD patients, in the degenerative phase of the ischemia response, and in newborn mice. Their down-modulation was linked to myofiber loss and fibrosis. 3) Inflammatory miRNAs, miR-222 and miR-223, which were expressed in damaged muscle areas, and their expression correlated with the presence of infiltrating inflammatory cells. These findings show an important role of miRNAs in physiopathological pathways regulating muscle response to damage and regeneration.
Relationship Between Plasma LDL Concentrations During Treatment With Pravastatin and Recurrent Coronary Events in the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial (1998)

The LDL concentrations achieved during treatment with pravastatin or placebo were associated with reduction in coronary events down to an LDL concentration of approximately 125 mg/dL. LDL concentrations <125 mg/dL during treatment were not associated with further benefit. Absolute or percentage reduction in LDL had little relationship to coronary events.
Teacher Reports of Social Behaviour and Peer Acceptance in Early Childhood: Sex and Social Status Differences (2004)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between sex, social status and social behaviour in a sample of Australian preschool-aged children. Social behaviour has emerged as an important predictor of social status for children in middle childhood however, although early childhood may be an optimum period for implementation of intervention programs, little is known about the correlates of social status in the preschool years. Additionally, relatively little research has addressed the issue of sex differences in the factors that are associated with peer social status. Sociometric interviews were conducted with 182 children (92 boys and 90 girls) four to five years of age (mean age 62.4 months). Status groups of popular, rejected, neglected, controversial and average children were identified according to criteria established in previous research. Teachers provided an assessment of children’s social behaviour, peer group entry skills and conflict resolution skills. Results indicated that rejected children were less likely to engage in prosocial cooperative behaviour than any other status group. Rejected children were also rated as less successful overall than other groups in their group entry attempts, but were not more likely to display aggressive or disruptive behaviour. Teachers rated boys as more aggressive than girls and more likely to use aggressive or disruptive strategies in group entry and conflict resolution. Results are discussed in terms of the relevance of particular behavioural characteristics and social skills to successful social functioning for preschool-aged boys and girls.
Delivery of low bit rate isochronous streams over the DOCSIS 1.0 cable television protocol (1999)

The Data Over Cable Systems Interface Specification (DOCSIS) 1.0 protocol enables the delivery of Internet Protocol (IP) traffic over cable TV networks with significantly higher data rates when compared to analogue modems and integrated services digital network (ISDN) links. The availability of greater bandwidth enables the delivery of high quality audio and video services. Such services require bounded delay characteristics. This paper evaluates the capacity and performance characteristics of the DOCSIS 1.0 protocol for the delivery of isochronous streams given the limited quality of service (QOS) features of the protocol and a modem population of up to 500 nodes. Stream rates of up to 64 Kbps with different packet size were considered, suitable for compressed audio, voice and low quality video. Packet concatenation for upstream traffic was also considered. Simulation results indicated that such streams, within the given protocol limitations, can be supported for a particular system population with tradeoffs in terms of system throughput and channel utilisation of up to 50%. The network capacity, in terms of the number of simultaneous streams supported and link utilisation, is significantly affected by packet size. Support for concatenation has limited advantages. Performance benefits from concatenation are more evident when delivering higher rate bitstreams.
Helicobacter pylori activates protein kinase C delta to control Raf in MAP kinase signalling: Role in AGS epithelial cell scattering and elongation (2009)

Helicobacter pylori is a major etiological agent in the development of chronic gastritis, duodenal ulcer and gastric carcinoma in humans. Virulent H. pylori strains harbor a type IV secretion system (T4SS) encoded by the cag pathogenicity island. This T4SS injects the CagA protein into gastric epithelial cells leading to actin-cytoskeletal rearrangements followed by cell elongation and scattering. Here we report that PMA (4beta-phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate), a well-known cell-permeable activator of protein kinase C (PKC), induces a remarkably similar cellular phenotype as compared to infection with H. pylori. PKCs comprise a large family of serine/threonine kinases which are important for multiple physiological processes of host cells. We therefore investigated the role of individual PKC members and the signalling pathways involved in phenotypical outcome. Using isoform-specific silencing RNAs and pharmacological inhibitors we found that two isoforms, PKC-alpha and PKC-delta, were essential for both PMA- and H. pylori-induced elongation phenotype. Furthermore, we provide evidence that PKC-delta activity is profoundly stimulated during the course of infection using activation-specific antibodies against PKC phosphorylated at threonine residue 505 or serine residue 660. Infection with H. pylori wild-type and mutants showed that at least two bacterial factors activate PKC-delta in a time-dependent manner, one of which is CagA. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies further demonstrated that phosphorylated PKC-delta is accumulated and recruited to dynamic actin-structures at the cell membrane. Finally, we show that PKC-delta specifically targets Raf kinase to stimulate the Erk1/2 kinase pathway, which is also crucial for phenotypical outcome. Thus, PKC-delta is another important mediator of H. pylori-induced pathogenesis.
A complex interaction between glycine/NMDA receptors and serotonergic/noradrenergic antidepressants in the forced swim test in mice (2011)

Both clinical and preclinical studies demonstrate the antidepressant activity of the functional NMDA receptor antagonists. In this study, we assessed the effects of two glycine/NMDA receptor ligands, namely L-701,324 (antagonist) and D: -cycloserine (a partial agonist) on the action of antidepressant drugs with different pharmacological profiles in the forced swim test in mice. Swim sessions were conducted by placing mice individually in glass cylinders filled with warmed water for 6 min. The duration of behavioral immobility during the last 4 min of the test was evaluated. The locomotor activity of mice was measured with photoresistor actimeters. L-701,324 and D: -cycloserine given with reboxetine (administered in subeffective doses) did not change the behavior of animals in the forced swim test. A potentiating effect was seen when both tested glycine site ligands were given concomitantly with imipramine or fluoxetine in this test. The lesion of noradrenaline nerve terminals produced by DSP-4 neither altered the baseline activity nor influenced the antidepressant-like action of L-701,324 or D: -cycloserine. The depletion of serotonin by p-CPA did not alter baseline activity in the forced swim test. However, it completely antagonized the antidepressant-like action produced by L-701,324 and D: -cycloserine. Moreover, the antidepressant-like effects of imipramine, fluoxetine and reboxetine were abolished by D: -serine, a full agonist of glycine/NMDA receptors. The present study demonstrates that glycine/NMDA receptor functional antagonists enhance the antidepressant-like action of serotonin, but not noradrenaline-based antidepressants and such their activity seems to depend on serotonin rather than noradrenaline pathway.
Role of Glutamine 151 of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Reverse Transcriptase in Substrate Selection As Assessed by Site-Directed Mutagenesis (2000)

A natural mutation at codon 151 (Gln --> Met; Q151M) of HIV-1 RT has been shown to confer resistance to the virus against dideoxy nucleoside analogues [Shirasaka, T., et al. (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 2398], suggesting that Gln 151 may be involved in conferring sensitivity to nucleoside analogues. To understand its functional implication, we generated two mutant derivatives of this residue (Q151M and Q151N) and examined their sensitivities to ddNTPs and their ability to discriminate against rNTPs versus dNTP substrates on natural U5-PBS HIV-1 RNA template. We found that Q151M was highly discriminatory against all four ddNTPs but was able to incorporate rNTPs as efficiently as the wild type enzyme. In contrast, the Q151N mutant was only moderately resistant to ddNTPs but exhibited a higher level of discrimination against rNTPs. The fidelity of misinsertion was found to be highest for the Q151N mutant followed by Q151M and the wild type enzyme. These results point toward the importance of the amino acid side chain at position 151 in influencing the ability of the enzyme in recognition and discrimination against the sugar moieties of nucleotide substrates.
Field desorption microscopy of the 〈111〉 trihedral angle of a reconstructed tungsten tip (2006)

The surface structure near the 〈111〉 trihedral angle, which forms in an electric-field-heated tungsten tip, is studied by field electron microscopy, continuous-mode field desorption microscopy, and high-temperature field evaporation microscopy. The shape and structure of the surface depend on the temperature, field, and time. The angle is formed by three {011} planes, with the (111) plane at its vertex being retained in the form of a triangle or a hexagon with randomly arranged atomic clusters. The edges between {011} faces represent long and narrow {112} planes having longitudinal or transverse steps. In the absence of field evaporation, the edges and angle sharpen, becoming monoatomic. Field evaporation from the angle or microprotrusions on the edges extends these edges and causes transverse steps to appear on them. The explanation of the changes in the shape and structure of the surface is based on considering the competition of surface diffusion, crystal growth in an electric field, and field evaporation.
Role of Alterations in the Apoptotic Machinery in Sensitivity of Cancer Cells to Treatment (2006)

Apoptosis is a genetically controlled and evolutionarily conserved form of cell death of critical importance for normal embryonic development and for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis in the adult organism. The malfunction of the death machinery may play a primary or secondary role in various diseases, with essentially too little or too much apoptosis leading to proliferative or degenerative diseases, respectively. The machinery responsible for killing and degradation of the cell via apoptosis is expressed constitutively and become activated through various stimuli. Apoptotic mechanisms are operating during spontaneous regression of tumors as well as in response to treatment with anti-neoplastic drugs. The therapeutic goal in cancer treatment is to trigger tumor-selective cell death. However, resistance to treatment is a concern for many types of cancer. Since many anti-neoplastic agents induce an apoptotic type of death in susceptible cells, it is likely that defects or dysregulation of different steps of the apoptotic pathways might be an important determinant of resistance to anticancer drugs. These defects might appear at the initiation and/or execution stages of apoptosis and result in the insufficient elimination of tumor cells, which might lead either to acquired resistance to treatment, or to uncontrolled migration of cancer cells and metastasis. Hence, identification and targeting of the disabled pathway, which is most efficiently inactivated in a particular type of tumor might be the most successful approach in the future. Here we review current knowledge concerning function of apoptotic machinery in cancer cells, and how this information can be used to increase the efficiency of tumor treatment.