gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes (2003)

CONTRIBUTORS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS LICENSING CONTRACTS Part 1: Alkylation and Polymerization Part 2: Base Aromatics Production Processes Part 3: Catalytic Cracking Part 4: Catalytic Reforming Part 5: Dehydrogenation Part 6: Hydrogen Production Part 7: Hydrocracking Part 8: Hydrotreating Part 9: Isomerization Part 10: Separation Processes Part 11: Sulfur Compound Extraction and Sweetening Part 12: Visbreaking and Coking Part 13: Oxygenates Production Technologies Part 14: Hydrogen Processing Part 15: Gas to Liquids Technologies GLOSSARY ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS INDEX
Go Where the Science Leads You (2010)

This article relates how my lifelong passion for nematology evolved and the philosophy that drove my research program, including maintaining a balance between applied and basic research, and key collaborations I have had with other researchers. Although the driving force behind my basic research was to advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of nematode parasitism of plants, the underlying theme was how to apply the new basic knowledge of nematode biology to provide better control of these economically important crop pathogens in grower fields. There are high expectations that new nematode control strategies will result from science-based solutions that can be delivered through biotechnology-derived crops and provide an unprecedented opportunity for limiting nematode damage to multiple crops.
Fabrication and performance testing of a steady thermocapillary pump with no moving parts (2003)

Pumping in microdevices due to gradients in surface tension was investigated experimentally. Devices exhibiting the Marangoni effect in square channels were designed and fabricated from one silicon substrate and one quartz substrate. The two substrates were aligned, bonded and packaged for testing. Each of the devices consisted of a 100 /spl mu/m channel with three heaters along one of its sides. One heater generated a fluid-vapor interface while another controlled the temperature gradient along this interface. Flow could be generated in either direction, and could be switched on and off nearly instantaneously. Pressure was measured during device operation, and flow rate was measured indirectly through its proportionality to the time derivative of pressure in a quasi-steady flow. The devices were operated at a variety of heater settings to evaluate their performance over a range of flow rates and pressures. A minimum energy of 140 mW was required from the central heater to generate and maintain the vapor bubble, and the flow rate increased with input energy. The efficiency of the device increased with flow rate, since the overhead to create and maintain the bubble (140 mW) dwarfs the energy expended to generate the temperature gradient (15-50 mW). The devices generated a maximum pressure head of 44 Pa, and a maximum flow rate of 9.3 nL/s, although the maximum values did not occur simultaneously. In fact, the maximum pressure will always occur when the flow rate is zero, and vice versa.
Production and clinical development of nanoparticles for gene delivery (2016)

Gene therapy is a promising strategy for specific treatment of numerous gene-associated human diseases by intentionally altering the gene expression in pathological cells. A successful clinical application of gene-based therapy depends on an efficient gene delivery system. Many efforts have been attempted to improve the safety and efficiency of gene-based therapies. Nanoparticles have been proved to be the most promising vehicles for clinical gene therapy due to their tunable size, shape, surface, and biological behaviors. In this review, the clinical development of nanoparticles for gene delivery will be particularly highlighted. Several promising candidates, which are closest to clinical applications, will be briefly reviewed. Then, the recent developments of nanoparticles for clinical gene therapy will be identified and summarized. Finally, the development of nanoparticles for clinical gene delivery in future will be prospected.
MHC Class I–Associated Phosphopeptides Are the Targets of Memory-like Immunity in Leukemia (2013)

Deregulation of signaling pathways is a hallmark of malignant transformation. Signaling-associated phosphoproteins can be degraded to generate cancer-specific phosphopeptides that are presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules and recognized by T cells; however, the contribution of these phosphoprotein-specific T cells to immune surveillance is unclear. We identified 95 phosphopeptides presented on the surface of primary hematological tumors and normal tissues, including 61 that were tumor-specific. Phosphopeptides were more prevalent on more aggressive and malignant samples. CD8(+) T cell lines specific for these phosphopeptides recognized and killed both leukemia cell lines and human leukocyte antigen-matched primary leukemia cells ex vivo. Notably, healthy individuals showed robust CD8(+) T cell responses against many of these phosphopeptides within the circulating memory compartment. This immunity was significantly reduced or absent in some leukemia patients. This reduction correlated with clinical outcome; however, immunity was restored after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. These results suggest that phosphopeptides may be targets of cancer immune surveillance in humans, and point to their importance for development of vaccine-based and T cell adoptive transfer immunotherapies.
Linking Training Evaluation to Training Needs Assessment: A Conceptual Model (1990)

Abstract : A critical linkage in training systems is the translation of training evaluation information for reassessing training needs and for making training program changes. This paper presents the development of a conceptual framework for examining the job relevancy and efficiency of training and the linkage of this evaluative information to training needs reassessment. How to integrate job performance information into the existing training evaluation system for identifying over- and under- trained tasks is also described. The Aerospace Ground Equipment (AGE) (AFS 423X5) Technical Training Program is used as a case analysis for this paper. Recommendations for future research to identify the content domain of an Airman Basic-in-Resident (ABR) Training program and to integrate performance information into the evaluation system are presented.(kr)
Antifungal Susceptibility Testing: Technical Advances and Potential Clinical Applications (1997)

The clinical application of in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing has been limited by a lack of reproducibility and uncertain clinical relevance. As a result of several collaborative studies, the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) has proposed a standardized antifungal susceptibility test method, NCCLS M27-T. More convenient, user-friendly methods (microdilution broth and stable gradient technology) have been evaluated, and the potential for a similar process with a disk diffusion method is apparent. Adaptation of the standard method for susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi appears promising. The existence of a standardized method facilitates meaningful analysis of studies addressing the issue of clinical relevance of antifungal susceptibility testing. Correlation of MICs with clinical response to therapy is beginning to emerge, most notably in relation to fluconazole and itraconazole therapy for oropharyngeal candidiasis associated with infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. This accumulated experience with antifungal susceptibility testing allows us to provide several specific recommendations for antifungal susceptibility testing in the clinical laboratory. Application of this developing technology to new antifungal agents and other disease states will enhance our ability to effectively deal with the emerging problem of fungal infection.
Transgenic mice demonstrate that epithelial homing of gamma/delta T cells is determined by cell lineages independent of T cell receptor specificity. (1990)

gamma/delta T cells with different TCR repertoires are compartmentalized in different epithelia. This raises the possibility that the TCR-gamma/delta directs homing of T cells to these epithelia. Alternatively, the signals that induce TCR-gamma/delta expression in developing T cells may also induce homing properties in such cells, presumably in the form of cell surface receptors. We have examined this issue by studying the homing of gamma/delta T cells in transgenic mice constructed with specific pairs of rearranged gamma and delta genes. In such mice, most gamma/delta T cells express the transgene-encoded TCR. We find that homing to both skin and gut epithelia is a property of T cells and is not determined by the type of gamma and delta genes used to encode their TCR. We also studied the effect of TCR replacement on the expression of Thy-1 and CD8 proteins on the gamma/delta T cells associated with gut epithelia. Our results show that the expression of the appropriate type of TCR-gamma/delta is not required for the Thy-1 expression by these T cells, suggesting that Thy-1 is not an activation marker. In contrast, CD8 expression by gut gamma/delta T cells seems to depend on the expression of the appropriate type of TCR.
전통식혜 및 시판식혜의 역사적 고찰 및 정의 (1996)

전통식혜는 엿기름과 쌀만으로 만들며, 가정에서 널리 사용하는 일반적인 방법으로 1740년 이래 많은 기록이 있다. 식혜에 설탕을 가한 기록은 근래인 1924년에 나타나므로 설탕을 가한 것은 전통식혜라 할 수 없다. 전통식혜는 재료인 고두밥과 쌀을 평균 30% 정도 사용하며, 주성분은 말토오스이다. 그러나 시판 식혜는 고두밥을 3% 밖에 사용하지 않고 설탕을 10% 가하고 있으므로 성분상으로도 전통식혜라 할 수 없다. 기존의 설탕타는 식혜는 설탕을 재료의 1/3밖에 가하지 않는다. 그러므로 시판식혜는 기존의 설탕첨가 식혜와도 전혀 다른다.
Bioelectricity and microcurrent therapy for tissue healing – a narrative review (2009)

Original article can be found at: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/ptr Copyright W.S. Maney & Son Ltd.
Narcolepsy and the HLA System (2001)

To the Editor: In the second part of their review of the HLA system (Sept. 14 issue),1 Klein and Sato state that the HLA class II association in human narcolepsy is due to linkage disequilibrium wi...
Frequent expression of the cell death-inducing gene Bax in Reed- Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease (1996)

The expression of a cell death-inducing gene, Bax, was investigated in 52 cases of Hodgkin's disease in parallel with Epstein-Barr virus and was compared with the immunodetection of other apoptosis-regulating proteins, Mcl-1, Bcl-2, and Bcl-x. Bax immunostaining was found in 92% of the cases, among them 28% with a strong signal in more than 75% of the Reed-Sternberg cells. Mcl-1 was positive in 80% of the cases, whereas Bcl-2 and Bcl-x were found in 53% and 88% of the cases, respectively. Of 48 (89%) Bax-positive tumors, 43 were found to express apoptosis-inhibiting proteins such as Mcl-1 or Bcl-2. With the exception of 1 case, all Bax-positive tumors also expressed either Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Mcl-1, or combinations of these anti-apoptotic proteins. No correlation was found between Bax expression and the presence of apoptotic cells as detected by morphology and the in situ 3' OH-DNA end-labeling technique. Our findings show that the apoptosis-inducing gene Bax expression is frequently expressed in Hodgkin's disease, providing a potential explanation for the good chemoresponses generally obtained for patients with this neoplastic disorder.
MALDI−MS-Based High-Throughput Metabolite Analysis for Intracellular Metabolic Dynamics (2010)

In the present study, a high-throughput analytical method for intracellular metabolites using MALDI-MS has been developed. As an analytical tool, the quantitative performance and dynamic range of MALDI-TOF-MS was confirmed to be suitable for characterizing the trends of intracellular metabolism. The technique was tested by investigating the intracellular metabolism of Escherichia coli by analyzing whole cell samples taken consecutively before and after a perturbation of the environmental carbon source. As the result, dramatic changes of metabolite concentrations responding to the perturbation were observed. The whole analysis process (i.e., sample preparation and MALDI-MS analysis for 24 time points in triplicate) was completed within 4 hours. MALDI-FTICR-MS was used to identify the elemental compositions of detected metabolites to support the reliability of the MALDI-MS-based analysis. The MALDI-MS-based analytical method developed herein should be suitable for high-throughput analysis of dynamic intracellular metabolism events.
Lymphocytic Toxicity in Patients After Peptide-Receptor Radionuclide Therapy (PRRT) with 177 Lu-DOTATATE and 90 Y-DOTATOC (2009)

Lymphocyte toxicity in PRRT is mainly due to the selective targeting on B-cells. The relative sparing of T-lymphocytes could explain the absence of clinical side-effects in these patients, such as increased risk of infections. These findings open interesting perspectives in the treatment of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders.
Heterotopic ossification after the use of commercially available recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins in four patients (2008)

Heterotopic ossification occurring after the use of commercially available bone morphogenetic proteins has not been widely reported. We describe four cases of heterotopic ossification in patients treated with either recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2 or recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 7. We found that while some patients were asymptomatic, heterotopic ossification which had occurred around a joint often required operative excision with good results.
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis mediated by cloned T cells specific for a synthetic peptide of myelin proteolipid protein. Fine specificity and T cell receptor V beta usage (1992)

Proteolipid protein (PLP) is the major protein of central nervous system myelin. SJL (H-2s) mice immunized with a synthetic peptide corresponding to PLP residues 139-151 develop acute EAE. In this study, 6 IAs-restricted, CD4+, TCR alpha beta-bearing T cell clones were derived from SJL/J mice after immunization with this synthetic peptide. The clones responded in in vitro proliferative assays to the whole PLP molecule and to PLP peptide 139-151, but not to irrelevant Ag. They also responded to truncated and overlapping forms of the peptide but five distinct reactivity patterns were observed using these peptides. A panel of anti-TCR V beta mAb and TCR V beta-specific cDNA probes were used to determine the TCR V beta usage of the clones. Five clones were found to use four different V beta (V beta 2, V beta 6, V beta 10, or V beta 17a), whereas the V beta on the sixth clone could not be identified. Five of the clones induced EAE of varying severity upon adoptive transfer into naive syngeneic mice or mice pretreated with irradiation and pertussis and one clone was nonencephalitogenic. The Ag-specific proliferative response of all but the nonencephalitogenic clone could be blocked by an anti-CD4 mAb. Thus, the clones showed differences in their fine specifity, TCR V beta usage, sensitivity to antibody blocking, and encephalitogenic potency. These data demonstrate that the T cell response to the encephalitogenic PLP peptide 139-151 is heterogeneous.
Cloning and Characterization of a Ninth Member of the UDP-GalNAc:Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase Family, ppGaNTase-T9 (2001)

We have cloned, expressed and characterized the gene encoding a ninth member of the mammalian UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (ppGaNTase) family, termed ppGaNTase-T9. This type II membrane protein consists of a 9-amino acid N-terminal cytoplasmic region, a 20-amino acid hydrophobic/transmembrane region, a 94-amino acid stem region, and a 480-amino acid conserved region. Northern blot analysis revealed that the gene encoding this enzyme is expressed in a broadly distributed manner across many adult tissues. Significant levels of 5- and 4.2-kilobase transcripts were found in rat sublingual gland, testis, small intestine, colon, and ovary, with lesser amounts in heart, brain, spleen, lung, stomach, cervix, and uterus. In situ hybridization to mouse embryos (embryonic day 14.5) revealed significant hybridization in the developing mandible, maxilla, intestine, and mesencephalic ventricle. Constructs expressing this gene transiently in COS7 cells resulted in no detectable transferase activity in vitro against a panel of unmodified peptides, including MUC5AC (GTTPSPVPTTSTTSAP) and EA2 (PTTDSTTPAPTTK). However, when incubated with MUC5AC and EA2 glycopeptides (obtained by the prior action of ppGaNTase-T1), additional incorporation of GalNAc was achieved, resulting in new hydroxyamino acid modification. The activity of this glycopeptide transferase is distinguished from that of ppGaNTase-T7 in that it forms a tetra-glycopeptide species from the MUC5AC tri-glycopeptide substrate, whereas ppGaNTase-T7 forms a hexa-glycopeptide species. This isoform thus represents the second example of a glycopeptide transferase and is distinct from the previously identified form in enzymatic activity as well as expression in embryonic and adult tissues. These findings lend further support to the existence of a hierarchical network of differential enzymatic activity within the diversely regulated ppGaNTase family, which may play a role in the various processes governing development.
Notch signaling in prostate cancer: A moving target (2014)

Notch signaling can dramatically influence prostate development and disease. Determining the cellular contexts where Notch promotes or suppresses prostate growth could open opportunities for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
Age and growth factors in porcine full‐thickness wound healing (2001)

It has been recognized that the rate of cutaneous wound healing declines with age, yet the molecular processes that affect this decline remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to compare reepithelialization and contraction rates, and growth factor profiles in full-thickness wounds in swine of various ages. Multiple full-thickness excisional wounds were created on the dorsum of 24-month-old (n=2), 4-month-old (n=2), and 2-month-old (n=2) Yucatan Minipigs. The extent of reepithelialization was shown to decrease with increasing age in a manner that was statistically significant among the 2-month-old (79%), 4-month-old (48%), and 24-month-old pigs (22%). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in the 2- and 4-month-old animals peaked on day 4, reaching levels of 482 pg/ml and 420 pg/ml, respectively. In the 24-month-old pigs the vascular endothelial growth factor concentration peaked later (day 6), and was present at a lower level (229 pg/ml). On day 4 the vascular endothelial growth factor levels in the older pigs reached only 120 pg/ml, representing a four-fold decrease in concentration compared to the younger pigs. A comparison of platelet-derived growth factor-BB concentrations across the age groups showed similar patterns in the 2- and 4-month-old pigs (peaks of 77 and 91 pg/ml on days 2 and 3, respectively), and levels in the 24-month-old were below the sensitivity level (31.5 pg/ml) of the assay. Transforming growth factor-beta1 levels across the age groups did not differ in a manner that was statistically significant, and all age groups peaked on day 9. Wound contraction showed no statistical differences among the age groups from days 3 to 9. On day 11, however, wound contraction in 2-month-old pigs was about 10% faster than in 24-month-old pigs (p < 0.05). These data suggest a possible new algorithm for treating wounds in aged skin, by which exogenous growth factors can be added to the wound microenvironment in doses and at times that match the growth factor profiles observed in wounds made in younger skin.
Therapeutic faecal microbiota transplantation (2013)

Recent literature unequivocally supports the use of FMT in treating relapsing CDI. Trials are underway to determine the therapeutic potential of FMT in other conditions, particularly inflammatory bowel disease. Therapeutic FMT is a dynamic field with new and emerging indications along with ongoing developments in optimal mode of administration.
Uptake of Silica-Coated Nanoparticles by HeLa Cells (2005)

Nanoparticles have seen wide applications in cellular research and development. One major issue that is unclear is the uptake of nanoparticles by cells. In this study, we have investigated the uptake of silica-coated nanoparticles by HeLa cells, employing rhoadime 6G isothiocyanate (RITC)-doped nanoparticles as a synchronous fluorescent signal indicator. These nanoparticles were synthesized with reverse microemulsion. A few factors, such as nanoparticle concentration, incubation time and temperature, and serum and inhibitors in culture medium were assessed on the nanoparticle's cellular uptake. The experimental results demonstrated that uptake was maximum after a 6 h incubation and was higher at 37 degrees C than that at 4 degrees C. Nanoparticle uptake depended on the nanoparticle concentration and was inhibited by hyperosmolarity, K+ depletion. In addition, serum in culture medium decreased the cellular uptake of nanoparticles. The results indicated that the uptake of silica-coated nanoparticles by HeLa cells was a concentration-, time-, and energy-dependent endocytic process. Silica-coated nanoparticles could be transported into HeLa cells in part through adsorptive endocytosis and in part through fluid-phase endocytosis.
Jun N-Terminal Kinase/Stress-Activated Protein Kinase (JNK/SAPK) Is Required for Lipopolysaccharide Stimulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) Translation: Glucocorticoids Inhibit TNF-α Translation by Blocking JNK/SAPK (1997)

The adverse effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are mediated primarily by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). TNF-alpha production by LPS-stimulated macrophages is regulated at the levels of both transcription and translation. It has previously been shown that several mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are activated in response to LPS. We set out to determine which MAPK signaling pathways are activated in our system and which MAPK pathways are required for TNF-alpha gene transcription or TNF-alpha mRNA translation. We confirm activation of the MAPK family members extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1 and ERK2), p38, and Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK), as well as activation of the immediate upstream MAPK activators MAPK/ERK kinases 1 and 4 (MEK1 and MEK4). We demonstrate that LPS also activates MEK2, MEK3, and MEK6. Furthermore, we demonstrate that dexamethasone, which inhibits the production of cytokines, including TNF-alpha, significantly inhibits LPS induction of JNK/SAPK activity but not that of p38, ERK1 and ERK2, or MEK3, MEK4, or MEK6. Dexamethasone also blocks the sorbitol but not anisomycin stimulation of JNK/SAPK activity. A kinase-defective mutant of SAPKbeta, SAPKbeta K-A, blocked translation of TNF-alpha, as determined by using a TNF-alpha translational reporting system. Finally, overexpression of wild-type SAPKbeta was able to overcome the dexamethasone-induced block of TNF-alpha translation. These data confirm that three MAPK family members and their upstream activators are stimulated by LPS and demonstrate that JNK/SAPK is required for LPS-induced translation of TNF-alpha mRNA. A novel mechanism by which dexamethasone inhibits translation of TNF-alpha is also revealed.