gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cloning, sequencing, and expression of genes encoding phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 (1996)

The enzymes phosphotransacetylase (PTA) and acetate kinase (AK) catalyze the conversion of acetyl coenzyme A to acetate in the fermentation of Clostridium acetobutylicum. The acetate-producing step is an important element in the acidogenic fermentation stage and generates ATP for clostridial cell growth. The genes pta and ack, encoding PTA and AK, respectively, were cloned and sequenced. Enzyme activity assays were performed on cell extracts from Escherichia coli and C. acetobutylicum harboring the subclone, and both AK and PTA activities were shown to be elevated. DNA sequence analysis showed that the pta and ack genes are adjacent in the clostridial chromosome, with pta upstream. The pta gene encodes a protein of 333 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 36.2 kDa, and ack encodes a polypeptide of 401 residues with a molecular mass of 44.3 kDa. Primer extension analysis identified a single transcriptional start site located 70 bp upstream of the start codon for the pta gene, suggesting an operon arrangement for these tandem genes. The results from overexpression of ack and pta in C. acetobutylicum showed that the final ratios of acetate to other major products were higher and that there was a greater proportion of two- versus four-carbon-derived products.
Collagen Injections (1991)

<i>To the Editor</i>.—I wish to congratulate you for accepting and publishing this very thought-provoking and somewhat empirical observation. Yarborough<sup>1</sup>is concerned with the issue of efficacy of treatment as measured by the health and welfare of the recipients of our therapeutic actions. His study has targeted a treatment that is clearly at one extreme of the spectrum and where patient satisfaction is the strongest, if not the only, yardstick by which the benefit of treatment is measured. At the risk of being called intolerant, he questions the patients' motives for wishing to alter their appearance, and he doubts the efficacy of treatment because it does not promote health and welfare. All this is good and commendable. I certainly do not wish to fuel this fire; furthermore, I want to stay out of this particular controversy. My reason for writing is of a different nature. If Yarborough has a
Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems: An Update Review (2007)

The discovery of liposome or lipid vesicle emerged from self forming enclosed lipid bi-layer upon hydration; liposome drug delivery systems have played a significant role in formulation of potent drug to improve therapeutics. Recently the liposome formulations are targeted to reduce toxicity and increase accumulation at the target site. There are several new methods of liposome preparation based on lipid drug interaction and liposome disposition mechanism including the inhibition of rapid clearance of liposome by controlling particle size, charge and surface hydration. Most clinical applications of liposomal drug delivery are targeting to tissue with or without expression of target recognition molecules on lipid membrane. The liposomes are characterized with respect to physical, chemical and biological parameters. The sizing of liposome is also critical parameter which helps characterize the liposome which is usually performed by sequential extrusion at relatively low pressure through polycarbonate membrane (PCM). This mode of drug delivery lends more safety and efficacy to administration of several classes of drugs like antiviral, antifungal, antimicrobial, vaccines, anti-tubercular drugs and gene therapeutics. Present applications of the liposomes are in the immunology, dermatology, vaccine adjuvant, eye disorders, brain targeting, infective disease and in tumour therapy. The new developments in this field are the specific binding properties of a drug-carrying liposome to a target cell such as a tumor cell and specific molecules in the body (antibodies, proteins, peptides etc.); stealth liposomes which are especially being used as carriers for hydrophilic (water soluble) anticancer drugs like doxorubicin, mitoxantrone; and bisphosphonate-liposome mediated depletion of macrophages. This review would be a help to the researchers working in the area of liposomal drug delivery.
Purification and Characterization of Methioninase from Pseudomonas putida (1976)

Methioninase of Pseudomonas putida was purified to homogeneity, as judged by poly aery lamide gel electrophoresis, with a specific activity 270-fold higher than that of the crude extract. 1. The purified enzyme had an S20, w of 8.37, a molecular weight of 160, 000, and an isoelectric point of 5.6. 2. A break in the Arrhenius plot was observed at 40° and the activation energies below and above this temperature were 15.5 and 2.97 kcal per mole, respectively. 3. In addition to L-methionine, various S-substituted derivatives of homocysteine and cysteine could serve as substrates. D-Methionine, 2-oxo-4-methylthiobutanoate, and related non sulfur-containing amino acids were inert. Equimolar formation of α-ketobutyrate and CH3SH was observed with methionine as a substrate. 4. In addition to the protein peak at 278 nm, two absorption maxima were observed at 345 and 430 nm at pH 7.5. Hydroxylamine removed the enzyme-bound pyridoxal phosphate, resulting in almost complete resolution with the concomitant disappearance of both peaks. Reconstruction of the treated enzyme could be achieved by addition of the cofactor; the Km value was calculated to be 0.37 μM. 5. The reported purified enzyme should be designated as L-methionine methanethiol-lyase (deaminating).
Genome-Wide Insertional Mutagenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana (2003)

Over 225,000 independent Agrobacterium transferred DNA (T-DNA) insertion events in the genome of the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana have been created that represent near saturation of the gene space. The precise locations were determined for more than 88,000 T-DNA insertions, which resulted in the identification of mutations in more than 21,700 of the approximately 29,454 predicted Arabidopsis genes. Genome-wide analysis of the distribution of integration events revealed the existence of a large integration site bias at both the chromosome and gene levels. Insertion mutations were identified in genes that are regulated in response to the plant hormone ethylene.
Googlepedia: The Ultimate Google Resource (2006)

Googlepedia Third Edition The all-encompassing book about everything Google. Not only will you learn advanced search techniques, but you also will learn how to master Googles web and software tools. Its all inside!Google Chrome Googles new web browserGoogle Gadgets create your own gadgetsGoogle Gears turn web applications into desktop applicationsAndroid use Googles phoneBlogger create your own personal blogGmail Googles web-based email serviceGoogle Web Search the most popular search on the InternetGoogle AdSense put profit-making ads on their own websiteGoogle AdWords buy keyword advertising on the Google siteGoogle Product Search find hot deals without ever leaving your office chairGoogle Calendar a web-based scheduling and public calendar serviceGoogle Desktop search documents and emails on your PCs hard driveGoogle Docs create and share web-based word processing and spreadsheet documentsGoogle Earth a fun way to view 3D maps of any location on EarthYouTube view and share videos over the WebGoogle Groups a collection of user-created message forumsGoogle Maps maps, satellite images, and driving directions for any locationGOOGLE MAY BE THE INTERNETS MOST POPULAR SEARCH SITE, BUT ITS ALSO MORE THAN JUST SIMPLE WEB SEARCHES. Use Google developer tools and APIsCreate MySpace and Facebook applications with OpenSocialUse Google Gears to turn web-based applications into desktop applicationsUse Google to search for news headlines, scholarly articles, and the best prices on the WebRead and respond to blog postings and create your own blogs with BloggerView the latest viral videos with YouTubeUse Android, the new Google phoneUse Google with the Apple iPhone and iPod TouchCreate maps and driving directions with Google MapsUse Googles free web-based email service GmailCreate your own custom Google Maps mashupsand put customized Google search on your own website Michael Miller has written more than 80 nonfiction how-to books, including Ques Absolute Beginners Guide to Computer Basics, YouTube for Business, and Photopedia: The Ultimate Digital Photography Resource.Category: Internet Covers: Google User Level: Intermediate to Advanced
The Planning of the Darwin Conference (1979)

About June 1978, the Department of Health decided a National Aboriginal Health Worker Conference would be a good idea. Darwin was suggested because this is the place in the Northern Territory that Aboriginal health worker training as it is now, started. Dr Brian Reid wrote letters to the State Health Departments to ask them what they thought. They liked the idea, but some were a bit worried about the money side of things.
Imaging in ovarian cancer (2013)

•. Ovarian cancer affects mainly post-menopausal women but is not uncommon in pre-menopausal women. •. The presentation of ovarian cancer is usually delayed, and therefore early detection of disease is important. •. Imaging has an important role in the detection and characterisation of adnexal masses with the primary imaging modality being transvaginal ultrasound. •. Cross-sectional imaging is useful to assess the extent of disease prior to surgery, for monitoring treatment response and for detecting recurrence. Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cancer affecting women in the UK and is associated with a worse prognosis than other forms of gynaecological malignancy. There are increasing numbers of women presenting with ovarian cancer over the age of 65 years. The diagnosis of ovarian cancer is often delayed, owing to the lack of symptoms and the non-specific nature of the disease, particularly in the early stages. The prognosis of advanced ovarian cancer is poor in the later stages, making early detection of malignancy important. On current classification systems, the staging of ovarian cancer remains surgical but the role of imaging is contributory throughout the management of ovarian cancer which defines disease burden. The primary imaging modality for detection of ovarian disease is transvaginal ultrasound, and CT imaging is predominantly used in the staging of ovarian cancer with MRI being reserved as a problem-solving technique, especially in younger women where benign disease is more likely. Newer modalities such as positron emission tomography CT are increasingly being recognised in ovarian cancer where recurrent disease can be diagnosed more quickly with subsequent treatment. The role of imaging is discussed with reference to the different imaging modalities available in the assessment of ovarian malignancy.
Quantum‐Dot/Organic Semiconductor Composites for Radiation Detection (2005)

Improved radiation detection using quantum-dot/organic semiconductor composites is demonstrated. Electron scintillation results (see Figure) demonstrate more than a doubling of photon generation efficiency with quantum-dot volume fraction. Simple estimates suggest that an ionization energy of about 3 eV/photon may be achieved. These composites are promising for low cost and high energy resolution gamma-ray, neutron, and charged-particle detection.
Synthesis, Structure, and Antibiotic Activity of Aryl-Substituted LpxC Inhibitors (2013)

The zinc-dependent deacetylase LpxC catalyzes the committed step of lipid A biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacteria and is a validated target for the development of novel antibiotics to combat multidrug-resistant Gram-negative infections. Many potent LpxC inhibitors contain an essential threonyl-hydroxamate headgroup for high-affinity interaction with LpxC. We report the synthesis, antibiotic activity, and structural and enzymatic characterization of novel LpxC inhibitors containing an additional aryl group in the threonyl-hydroxamate moiety, which expands the inhibitor-binding surface in LpxC. These compounds display enhanced potency against LpxC in enzymatic assays and superior antibiotic activity against Francisella novicida in cell culture. The comparison of the antibiotic activities of these compounds against a leaky Escherichia coli strain and the wild-type strain reveals the contribution of the formidable outer-membrane permeability barrier that reduces the compounds efficacy in cell culture and emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balanced hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity profile in developing effective LpxC-targeting antibiotics.
A phase III double-blind placebo-controlled trial of methylnaltrexone (MNTX) for opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in advanced medical illness (AMI) (2005)

LBA8003 Background: Constipation is a common and distressing side effect of opioid treatment. Patients with AMI commonly experience severe OIC unresponsive to laxatives which can significantly complicate pain management. MNTX is a quaternary derivative of the pure opioid antagonist naltrexone formed by the addition of a methyl group to the ring nitrogen. MNTX does not cross the blood-brain barrier; hence it has the potential to antagonize the peripheral effects of opioids while sparing centrally mediated analgesia. MNTX has been shown to reverse OIC in chronic methadone users and we have previously reported positive results of a phase II trial of MNTX for relief of OIC in hospice patients without evidence of withdrawal or worsened pain (Thomas, et al. ProcASCO, 2003). The present phase III study was initiated to confirm the findings of phase II and assess the safety and efficacy of MNTX in treating OIC in patients with AMI. Methods: This is a multi-center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of subcutaneous MNTX for OIC in AMI patients in hospice or palliative care programs. Patients must have a life expectancy of 1 to 6 months, no laxation for 48 hours, on stable opioids for pain and stable laxatives. Patients are randomized to either placebo, MNTX 0.15 mg/kg, or MNTX 0.30 mg/kg. 24 hours after a single subcutaneous dose of study drug, patients may receive open label MNTX, as needed over the next 4 weeks, titrated to effect and tolerability. Total accrual will be approximately 150 patients (50 per group). The primary endpoint is the efficacy of single-dose MNTX (0.15 mg/kg or 0.30 mg/kg vs. placebo) to induce laxation within 4 hours of dosing. We will also measure laxation over 24 hours and adverse events, pain scores, and opioid withdrawal symptoms. The primary analysis will be intent-to-treat and include all randomized patients using a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test of placebo against each MNTX dose level. Results: 150 patients have been enrolled as of 12/2/04 and enrollment will be closed on 12/15/04. Analysis of the primary and secondary endpoints and a summary of the demographics will be presented for all patients. Conclusions: To be reached after data becomes available. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Progenics Progenics Progenics
Microscopic structure of the hydrogen-boron complex in crystalline silicon (1989)

The microscopic structure of hydrogen-boron complexes in silicon, which result from the passivation of boron-doped silicon by hydrogen, has been extensively debated in the literature. Most of the debate has focussed on the equilibrium site for the H atom. Here we study the microscopic structure of the complexes using parameter-free total-energy calculations and an exploration of the entire energy surface for H in Si:B. We conclusively show that the global energy minimum occurs for H at a site close to the center of a Si-B bond (BM site), but that there is a barrier of only 0.2 eV for movement of the H atom between four equivalent BM sites. This low energy barrier implies that at room temperature H is able to move around the B atom. Other sites for H proposed by others as the equilibrium sites are shown to be saddle points considerably higher in energy. The vibrational frequency of the H stretching mode at the BM site is calculated and found to be in agreement with experiment. Calculations of the dissociation energy of the complex are discussed.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus G and/or SH Protein Alters Th1 Cytokines, Natural Killer Cells, and Neutrophils Responding to Pulmonary Infection in BALB/c Mice (1999)

BALB/c mice sensitized to vaccinia virus expressed G protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) develop a Th2-type cytokine response and pulmonary eosinophilia when challenged with live RSV. In this study, BALB/c mice were immunized or challenged with an RSV mutant lacking the G and SH proteins or with DNA vaccines coding for RSV G or F protein. F or G protein DNA vaccines were capable of sensitizing for pulmonary eosinophilia. The absence of the G and/or SH protein in the infecting virus resulted in a consistent increase both in pulmonary natural killer cells and in gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor expression, as well as, with primary infection, a variable increase in neutrophils and CD11b(+) cells. The development of pulmonary eosinophilia in formalin-inactivated RSV-vaccinated mice required the presence of the G and/or SH protein in the challenge virus. These data show that G and/or SH protein has a marked impact on the inflammatory and innate immune response to RSV infection.
Advanced feedback methods in information retrieval (1985)

Abstract Automatic feedback methods may be used in online information retrieval to generate improved query statements based on information contained in previously retrieved documents. In this study automatic relevance feedback techniques are applied to Boolean query statements. The feedback operations are carried out using both the conventional Boolean logic, as well as an extended logic producing improved retrieval effectiveness. Experimental output is included to evaluate the automatic feedback operations.
ALTERNATIVECANDIDA ALBICANSLIFESTYLES: Growth on Surfaces (2005)

Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, causes a wide variety of human diseases such as oral thrush and disseminated candidiasis. Many aspects of C. albicans physiology have been studied during liquid growth, but in its natural environment, the gastrointestinal tract of a mammalian host, the organism associates with surfaces. Growth on a surface triggers several behaviors, such as biofilm formation, invasion, and thigmotropism, that are important for infection. Recent discoveries have identified factors that regulate these behaviors and revealed the importance of these behaviors for pathogenesis.
Corrosion Behavior of High-Nickel and Chromium Alloys in Natural Baltic Seawater (1999)

Effect of Cl– ion concentration (0 M sodium chloride [NaCl] to 2 M NaCl) and temperature (25°C to 75°C) on stability of the passive state of high-Ni and Cr alloys: NI-1 (~ 16% Mo), CR-2 (~ 6.2% Mo), and NI-3 (3.5% Mo) were investigated in acidic and neutral electrolytes in strictly controlled electrochemical conditions. The anodic behavior of the alloys appeared to depend mostly upon Mo content in the alloy. Thus, the NI-1 was the most stable alloy under the applied experimental conditions. The other alloys were also quite resistant, undergoing pitting only at elevated temperatures, at high anodic potentials, and at a chloride concentration not lower than 1 M. In natural Baltic seawater, these alloys did not exhibit any tendency to pitting, in qualitative agreement with the accelerated electrochemical tests. Complementary microscopic and surface analytical (AES) investigations were carried out to correlate the anodic and corrosion behavior of these materials with their composition and structure, and the composition of the passivating films formed at their surfaces.
Connectionist models of recognition memory: Constraints imposed by learning and forgetting functions. (1990)

Multilayer connectionist models of memory based on the encoder model using the backpropagation learning rule are evaluated. The models are applied to standard recognition memory procedures in which items are studied sequentially and then tested for retention. Sequential learning in these models leads to 2 major problems. First, well-learned information is forgotten rapidly as new information is learned. Second, discrimination between studied items and new items either decreases or is nonmonotonic as a function of learning. To address these problems, manipulations of the network within the multilayer model and several variants of the multilayer model were examined, including a model with prelearned memory and a context model, but none solved the problems. The problems discussed provide limitations on connectionist models applied to human memory and in tasks where information to be learned is not all available during learning.
MIMO techniques in WiMAX and LTE: a feature overview (2010)

IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced are the two evolving standards targeting 4G wireless systems. In both standards, multiple-input multiple-output antenna technologies play an essential role in meeting the 4G requirements. The application of MIMO technologies is one of the most crucial distinctions between 3G and 4G. It not only enhances the conventional point-to-point link, but also enables new types of links such as downlink multiuser MIMO. A large family of MIMO techniques has been developed for various links and with various amounts of available channel state information in both IEEE 802.16e/m and 3GPP LTE/LTE-Advanced. In this article we provide a survey of the MIMO techniques in the two standards. The MIMO features of the two are compared, and the engineering considerations are depicted.
Rat liver canalicular membrane vesicles contain an ATP-dependent bile acid transport system. (1991)

The secretion of bile by the liver is primarily determined by the ability of the hepatocyte to transport bile acids into the bile canaliculus. A carrier-mediated process for the transport of taurocholate, the major bile acid in humans and rats, was previously demonstrated in canalicular membrane vesicles from rat liver. This process is driven by an outside-positive membrane potential that is, however, insufficient to explain the large bile acid concentration gradient between the hepatocyte and bile. In this study, we describe an ATP-dependent transport system for taurocholate in inside-out canalicular membrane vesicles from rat liver. The transport system is saturable, temperature-dependent, osmotically sensitive, specifically requires ATP, and does not function in sinusoidal membrane vesicles and right side-out canalicular membrane vesicles. Transport was inhibited by other bile acids but not by substrates for the previously demonstrated ATP-dependent canalicular transport systems for organic cations or nonbile acid organic anions. Defects in ATP-dependent canalicular transport of bile acids may contribute to reduced bile secretion (cholestasis) in various developmental, inheritable, and acquired disorders.