gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Multifactorial Analysis of Steroid Hormone Receptors in Stages I and II Breast Cancer (1985)

It has been shown that the level of estrogen receptors (ER), and to some extent progesterone receptors (PR), correlate to a high degree to the response to endocrine therapy in advanced breast cancer patients. To evaluate the prognostic value of ER/PR in early breast cancer, 80 patients with stages I and II were studied. They all underwent modified radical mastectomy. Patients with stage I disease (negative LN) received no further treatment, while those with stage II received standard adjuvant chemotherapy. All the patients were followed for 4 years. The ER and PR were measured in each primary tumor by the glycerol density gradient method. Values of 10 fmole/mgm protein or greater were considered positive (+) and less than 10 fmole/mgm were considered negative (-). The results revealed: (1) Fifty-two patients (65%) had ER+, of which 44 (85%) were also PR+; 28 patients had ER-, of which 24 were also PR- (p less than 0.0001). (2) ER/PR correlated with age as 71% of the patients over age 50 had ER+/PR+, compared to 33% of those under age 50 (p less than 0.05). (3) Postmenopausal patients had a higher incidence of ER+/PR+. (4) Primary tumors less than 2 cm in size had higher ER+; 71% in those with stage I and 80% in stage II. (5) Fifty-eight per cent (38) of patients with ductal carcinoma had ER+/PR+, compared to 67% (4) with lobular carcinoma. (6) The disease-free survival of patients with ER+ tumors was significantly longer than those with ER- tumors (p less than 0.005) both in positive and negative LN patients. The same was true for PR+ compared to PR- (p less than 0.005), but only in those with stage II disease. The overall survival rates were similarly significant in favor of ER+ and PR+ patients (p less than 0.025), but only in stage II disease. It seems that the status of steroid hormone receptors has a major prognostic factor second only to the LN status.
Use of Prolonged Hypothermia to Treat Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke (2009)

Therapeutic (induced) hypothermia (TH) has been extensively studied as a means to reduce brain injury following global and focal cerebral ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Here, we briefly review the clinical and experimental evidence supporting the use of TH in each condition. We emphasize the importance of systematically evaluating treatment parameters, especially the duration of cooling, in each condition. We contend that TH provides considerable protection after global and focal cerebral ischemia, especially when cooling is prolonged (e.g., >24 h). However, there is presently insufficient evidence to support the clinical use of TH for ICH and SAH. In any case, further animal work is needed to develop optimized protocols for treating cardiac arrest (global ischemia), and to maximize the likelihood of successful clinical translation in focal cerebral ischemia.
Stimulatory effect of melatonin on the 5′‐monodeiodinase activity in the liver, kidney, and brown adipose tissue during the early neonatal period of the rabbit (1998)

The response of type I 5'-monodeiodinase activity (5'-MD) to a s.c. injection or oral administration of melatonin was studied in 3-, 5-, and 7-day-old rabbits. Melatonin-treated animals showed higher activity of the type I 5'-MD in the liver and kidney and of type II 5'-MD in brown adipose tissue (BAT). This respond to melatonin treatment was age dependent. The stimulatory effect of melatonin on renal 5'-MD activity was observed only in 3- and 5-day-old rabbits and in the liver and BAT during the first week of life. Oral melatonin administration tended to exert a more marked effect on enzyme activity than s.c. injection of the hormone. Changes in 5'-MD activities were accompanied by an increase in serum iodothyronine (T4, T3, and rT3) concentrations. The T3 and rT3 increases may result from the deiodinating processes by the type I 5'-MD and 5-MD, respectively, whereas the rise in the serum T4 was probably due to the stimulatory effect of melatonin on the secretory activity of the thyroid gland itself. These results are the first description of the effects evoked by melatonin treatment during the early neonatal period in newborns of the altricial type.
Structure-function relationships of apolipoprotein A-I: a flexible protein with dynamic lipid associations (2003)

Significant progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling the folding of apolipoprotein A-I and its interaction with lipids and various other protein factors involved in HDL metabolism.
A specular approach to MIMO frequency-selective channel tracking and prediction (2005)

We propose a specular approach to MIMO channel tracking that yields a parsimonious channel representation where the time and space components of the channel variations are separated by singular value decomposition (SVD). We show that this separation enables simple short-term channel prediction. This is especially useful for systems using channel state information at the transmitter, since the latency necessary to the feedback process can be mitigated. We validate our approach through the use of computer simulations.
Kinetics of Interaction of Rab5 and Rab7 with Nucleotides and Magnesium Ions (1996)

We describe here the kinetics of the interaction of GTP and GDP with the small GTP-binding proteins Rab5 and Rab7. It was possible to make use of the intrinsic fluorescence of these proteins, since Rab5 contains two and Rab7 three tryptophan residues, respectively. With both enzymes, there is a significant decrease in fluorescence on binding GTP and an increase on binding GDP. As with the small GTP-binding protein Ha-Ras p21 and with EF-Tu, nucleotide binding occurs in at least two steps and is describable in terms of a relatively weak initial interaction followed by a highly irreversible isomerization of the protein-nucleotide complex, which results in a change in the fluorescence properties. Dissociation of GDP and GTP could be followed in a time-dependent manner using fluorescently labeled GDP (methylanthraniloyl GDP) as displacing agent and taking advantage of substantial fluorescent energy transfer from tryptophan to the nucleotide. Fluorescence techniques could also be used to quantitate the interaction of Mg2+ ions with the GTP and GDP forms of Rab7, and it was shown that the metal ion was bound approximately 1000-fold more strongly to the GTP than the GDP form. The rate of GTP cleavage by the two proteins differed by a factor of approximately 20 (2 x 10(-3)s-1 for Rab5 and 9 x 10(-4)s-1 for Rab7 at 37 degrees C). Both proteins showed significant discrimination against xanthosine 5'-O-diphosphate (Kd approximately 10(3)-fold higher than that of GDP) and dramatic discrimination against ADP or ATP (Kd approximately 10(6)-fold higher than that of GDP). The results demonstrate a high degree of mechanistic similarity between the Rab proteins and other GTP-binding proteins, which have been examined in detail, including Ha-Ras p21, Ran, and EF-Tu.
The Structural Basis of DNA Target Discrimination by Papillomavirus E2 Proteins (2000)

The papillomavirus E2 proteins regulate the transcription of all papillomavirus genes and are necessary for viral DNA replication. Disruption of the E2 gene is commonly associated with malignancy in cervical carcinoma, indicating that E2 has a role in regulating tumor progression. Although the E2 proteins from all characterized papillomaviruses bind specifically to the same 12-base pair DNA sequence, the cancer-associated human papillomavirus E2 proteins display a unique ability to detect DNA flexibility and intrinsic curvature. To understand the structural basis for this phenomenon, we have determined the crystal structures of the human papillomavirus-18 E2 DNA-binding domain and its complexes with high and low affinity binding sites. The E2 protein is a dimeric beta-barrel and the E2-DNA interaction is accompanied by a large deformation of the DNA as it conforms to the E2 surface. DNA conformation and E2-DNA contacts are similar in both high and low affinity complexes. The differences in affinity correlate with the flexibility of the DNA sequence. Preferences of E2 proteins from different papillomavirus strains for flexible or prevent DNA targets correlate with the distribution of positive charge on their DNA interaction surfaces, suggesting a role for electrostatic forces in the recognition of DNA deformability.
Glucose Oxidase as an Analytical Reagent (1995)

Abstract Glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) is the most widly employed enzyme as analytical reagent. This is the result of (1) its utility in the determination of glucose, an analyte of wide analytical interest, and (2) its relatively low cost and good stability that make the glucose/glucose oxidase system a very convenient model for method development (particularly in the area of biosensors). This review discusses in detail enzyme structure, biocatalysis, enzymes as analytical reagents, properties of glucose oxidase (including a historical account), and the use of glucose oxidase as an analytical reagent in homogeneous systems as well as an immobilized reagent.
Translocation of the Nuclear Auto Antigen La to cell Surface: Assembly and Disassembly with the Extracellular Matrix (1991)

La (SS-B) protein is known as one major antigenic target for autoantibodies from patients with certain autoimmune diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome or Lupus Erythematosus. La protein belongs to the so called "extractable nuclear antigens". Here we report that La antigen is not restricted to the nucleus as one might deduce from the exclusive nuclear staining pattern of patient anti-La antibodies but after stimulation of serum-starved cells with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) appears and stays for at least 45 min at the outer surface of CV-1 cells being available for binding of anti-La antibodies. In addition we found that a minor part of La antigen associates with the extracellular fibronectin network. After addition of 10% FCS to serum starved cells this extracellular autoantigen disassembled from the extracellular matrix and was taken up again by the cells. Incubation of serum starved cells with mercuric chloride, a known potent inducer of autoantibodies, also resulted in a detachment of the extracellular matrix associated La protein. From our studies it becomes likely that La protein itself is the antigen during autoimmunization. Moreover, once developed, anti-La antibodies might be able to bind to cell surface expressed La protein resulting in a damage of these cells leading to the inflammational events known to occur during disease.
POTASSIUM-MAGNESIUM CITRATE IS AN EFFECTIVE PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST RECURRENT CALCIUM OXALATE NEPHROLITHIASIS (1997)

Potassium-magnesium citrate effectively prevents recurrent calcium oxalate stones, and this treatment given for up to 3 years reduces risk of recurrence by 85%.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of N,N‘-Diarylguanidines as Potent Sodium Channel Blockers and Anticonvulsant Agents (1998)

Synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) are described for a series of N,N'-diarylguanidines related to N-acenaphth-5-yl-N'-(4-methoxynaphth-1-yl)guanidine (3) as anticonvulsants through blockade of sodium channels. SAR studies on compound 3 led to several simpler diphenylguanidines with improved in vitro and in vivo activity. Compounds were screened for blockade of sodium channels in a veratridine-induced [14C]guanidinium influx assay (type IIA sodium channels) and for anticonvulsant activity in the audiogenic DBA/2 mouse model. Results indicated that N, N'-diphenylguanidines substituted with flexible and moderate size lipophilic groups were preferred over aryl and/or hydrophilic groups for biological activity. Among the compounds studied, n-butyl- and/or n-butoxy-containing guanidines showed superior biological activity. A possible relationship between in vitro and in vivo activity of this compound series and their measured/calculated lipophilicities was investigated. Compounds of this series showed only weak NMDA ion channel-blocking activity indicating that the anticonvulsant activity of these compounds is unlikely to be mediated by NMDA ion channels but, more likely, by acting at voltage-gated sodium channels.
Variance of Quality Traits in Different Environment and Blending Effect of Bread Wheat in Xinjiang (2003)

For the further knowing the variance of quality of bread wheat in different environment, the quality property of Xinchun 9 and Y20 cultivated in three various environment (Urumqi, Shihezi and Qitai) were tested and investigated. Xinchun 9 and Y20 were high quality wheat varieties improved and introduced in Xinjiang . The results showed that index of processing quality was affected easily by environment. There was certain variance in the processing quality of the same variety planted in different locales, but different cultivars had various sensitivity to environment. The difference of quality characters of Xinchun 9 was less than that of Y20. Although the comprehensive quality traits of the two varieties were all up to the standard of first degree or second degree of bread wheat, the variance of processing quality between the two varieties was rather more and the quality of Y20 cultivated in Shihezi was the best. So the farinograph parameters, extensograph parameters and alveograph parameters of mixed flour blended different proportion between two varieties were tested. The results indicated that the quality of Xinchun 9 grown in different locales was improved by increasing proportion of Y20 grown in Shihezi. The best blending proportion between Y20 grown in Qitai and Xinchun 9 grown in Urumqi was 40% ∶ 60%.
The Lowdown on Linkage Disequilibrium (2003)

Flowering time varies among Arabidopsis accessions. Some of the genes that contribute to this polygenic trait have been localized using quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, eventually leading to the identification of genetic variants that contribute to observed differences in flowering time ([El-
Quantitative measurement of HIV RNA: techniques & clinical applications. (1996)

The development of newer molecular techniques designed to detect circulating HIV RNA levels has provided an opportunity to study the dynamics of HIV infection and provide insight into its pathogenesis. Three specific measurement vehicles for quantifying HIV RNA are discussed: polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, branched-chain DNA assay, and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assay (NASBA). Two major approaches to the development of sensitive probe methods for the detection of HIV RNA, i.e., target amplification and signal amplification, are also discussed. Studies report that bDNA (signal amplification technology) has a higher degree of internal consistency than PCR (target amplification technology). Unlike PCR, bDNA is simple to perform and unaffected by different subtypes of the target virus. Comparisons of bDNA and PCR show that the techniques have different attributes and performance characteristics to consider. PCR accuracy depends on genotypic variation in study groups. HIV RNA levels can also be affected by routine immunization and opportunistic infections, consideration of these variables is important when interpreting assay values, and determining the timing of baseline and follow-up testing. At present, there is no general consensus regarding the role of HIV RNA monitoring in clinical practice.
A nanopore machine promotes the vectorial transport of DNA across membranes (2013)

The transport of nucleic acids through membrane pores is a fundamental biological process that occurs in all living organisms. It occurs, for example, during the import of viral DNA into the host cell or during the nuclear pore complex-mediated transport of mRNA in and out the cell nucleus and has implications in nucleic acid drug delivery and gene therapy. Here we describe an engineered DNA transporter that is able to recognize and chaperone a specific DNA molecule across a biological membrane under a fixed transmembrane potential. The transported DNA strand is then released by a simple mechanism based on DNA strand displacement. This nanopore machine might be used to separate or concentrate nucleic acids or to transport genetic information across biological membranes.
Two dimensional loop shaping controller design for paper machine cross-directional processes (2009)

The objective of this work is the development of a practical technique for the design of feedback controllers for the cross-directional control of paper machines. An industrial paper machine produces a wide sheet of paper which is required to be of uniform quality in terms of the weight, moisture content, and caliper (thickness). Modern machines produce a paper sheet which is up to 11 metres in width and is properly described as a two dimensional system. The direction perpendicular to the sheet travel is known as the cross-direction, and cross-directional control is implemented by arrays of up to 300 identical actuators evenly distributed across the sheet width. The sheet properties are measured by a scanning sensor at up to 2000 locations evenly spaced across the width of the moving paper sheet. A constructive, computationally inexpensive, graphical controller design technique is developed for dynamical systems that are distributed in one spatial dimension and controlled by an array of identical actuators. The feedback controller is designed using a two dimensional loop shaping technique with reference to the process model and the model uncertainty such that the spatial and dynamical bandwidth limitations of the physical system are respected. The two dimensional loop shaping design technique is then applied to the design of cross-directional feedback controllers for the paper making process. The two dimensional loop shaping approach is well-suited to address the wide variety of processes and conditions for which a cross-directional controller must perform well. The design technique is demonstrated by successfully tuning an industrial crossdirectional controller. The tuning results are confirmed by experiments with a real paper machine in a working mill.
Role of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor signalling in cancer (2005)

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) signalling is highly implicated in cancer. In this signalling the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) is unquestionable, the predominating single factor. IGF-1R is crucial for tumour transformation and survival of malignant cell, but is only partially involved in normal cell growth. This is in part due to the interactions with oncogenes. Recent findings suggest a close interplay with the p53/MDM2 pathway. Disturbances in components in the p53/MDM2/IGF-1R network may cause IGF-1R upregulation and growth advantage for the cancer cell. Targeting of IGF-1R is more and more seen as a promising option for future cancer therapy. Single chain antibodies and small molecules with selective effects on IGF-1R dependent malignant growth are of particular interest. Forthcoming clinical trials are welcome and will indeed be the only way to evaluate the impact of IGF-1R targeting in human cancer.
T regulatory cells lacking CD25 are increased in MS during relapse (2010)

Dysregulation of inflammatory responses is considered to be a key element in autoreactive immune responses. T regulatory cells (Tregs) are important to maintain self-tolerance and the role of CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) Tregs in autoimmunity has been extensively investigated. Recently, it was shown that Tregs in systemic lupus erythematosus lacked CD25 but were biologically functional. These data warrants for further investigation of CD25(- ) Tregs in human autoimmunity. We analyzed relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) patients by multicolor flow cytometry for the expression of CD3, CD4, IL2R (CD25), FoxP3, and the IL7R (CD127). Further, the level of Tregs was compared in remitting and relapsing patients and correlated with disease duration. Patients in relapse exhibited higher levels of FoxP3-positive Tregs lacking CD25 compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05), indicating that Tregs attempt to restrain immune activity during relapse. The proportion of Tregs tended to be decreased with disease duration, while CD25(+)CD4(+) and CD25(+)CD8(+) effector T-cell proportions were elevated and positively correlated with overall disease duration (p < 0.05). In conclusion, while MS patients in remission have normal levels of Tregs of different phenotype, relapsing patients show an increased proportion of systemic CD25(-)FoxP3(+) Tregs. With time, the proportion of Tregs decrease while effector T cells expand.
Tetrahydrogestrinone induces a genomic signature typical of a potent anabolic steroid (2005)

Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) is a recently identified compound having the greatest impact in the world of sports. In order to obtain a highly accurate and sensitive assessment of the potential anabolic/androgenic activity of THG, we have used microarrays to identify its effect on the expression of practically all the 30,000 genes in the mouse genome and compared it with the effect of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), the most potent natural androgen. Quite remarkably, we found that 671 of the genes modulated by THG in the mouse muscle levator ani are modulated in a similar fashion by DHT, while in the gastrocnemius muscle and prostate, 95 and 939 genes respectively, are modulated in common by the two steroids. On the other hand, THG is more potent than DHT in binding to the androgen receptor, while, under in vivo conditions, THG possesses 20% of the potency of DHT in stimulating prostate, seminal vesicle and levator ani muscle weight in the mouse. The present microarray data provide an extremely precise and unquestionable signature of the androgenic/anabolic activity of THG, an approach which should apply to the analysis of the activity of any anabolic steroid.
Prognostic Model for Predicting Survival in Men With Hormone-Refractory Metastatic Prostate Cancer (2003)

This model could be used to predict individual survival probabilities and to stratify metastatic HRPC patients in randomized phase III trials.
Design of the PromoPad: an Automated Augmented Reality Shopping Assistant (2008)

Abstract: Augmented reality technologies as a new way of human computer interaction make possible real-time modification of our perception of reality without active user interference. This paper introduces the prototype of an augmented reality shopping assistant device, the PromoPad, based on a hand-held Tablet PC allowing see-through vision with augmentations. While this new interaction utilizing augmented reality that places products into contextual settings can enhance shopping experience and suggest complementary products, it also has challenges and issues to be used in a public environment such as a store setting. This paper discusses the design and implementation of the PromoPad, and addresses the issues and possible solutions. The concept of dynamic contextualization is further investigated in this setting with a list of possible context modifications and their relation to advertising and the psychology of consumer purchasing.