gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An optical neural interface:in vivocontrol of rodent motor cortex with integrated fiberoptic and optogenetic technology (2007)

Neural interface technology has made enormous strides in recent years but stimulating electrodes remain incapable of reliably targeting specific cell types (e.g. excitatory or inhibitory neurons) within neural tissue. This obstacle has major scientific and clinical implications. For example, there is intense debate among physicians, neuroengineers and neuroscientists regarding the relevant cell types recruited during deep brain stimulation (DBS); moreover, many debilitating side effects of DBS likely result from lack of cell-type specificity. We describe here a novel optical neural interface technology that will allow neuroengineers to optically address specific cell types in vivo with millisecond temporal precision. Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), an algal light-activated ion channel we developed for use in mammals, can give rise to safe, light-driven stimulation of CNS neurons on a timescale of milliseconds. Because ChR2 is genetically targetable, specific populations of neurons even sparsely embedded within intact circuitry can be stimulated with high temporal precision. Here we report the first in vivo behavioral demonstration of a functional optical neural interface (ONI) in intact animals, involving integrated fiberoptic and optogenetic technology. We developed a solid-state laser diode system that can be pulsed with millisecond precision, outputs 20 mW of power at 473 nm, and is coupled to a lightweight, flexible multimode optical fiber, approximately 200 microm in diameter. To capitalize on the unique advantages of this system, we specifically targeted ChR2 to excitatory cells in vivo with the CaMKIIalpha promoter. Under these conditions, the intensity of light exiting the fiber ( approximately 380 mW mm(-2)) was sufficient to drive excitatory neurons in vivo and control motor cortex function with behavioral output in intact rodents. No exogenous chemical cofactor was needed at any point, a crucial finding for in vivo work in large mammals. Achieving modulation of behavior with optical control of neuronal subtypes may give rise to fundamental network-level insights complementary to what electrode methodologies have taught us, and the emerging optogenetic toolkit may find application across a broad range of neuroscience, neuroengineering and clinical questions.
ABX-EGF monotherapy in patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): An updated analysis (2004)

3511 Background: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase expressed in mCRC. ABX-EGF is a high-affinity, fully human IgG2 monoclonal antibody directed against EGFr. Methods: This phase 2 study assessed the efficacy and safety of ABX-EGF monotherapy in pts with mCRC who previously failed therapy with a fluoropyrimidine and irinotecan or oxaliplatin or both. Tumors were tested for EGFr expression by immunohistochemistry in all pts screened; cohort A enrolled pts with EGFr expression of 2+ or 3+ in >=10% of tumor cells and cohort B enrolled pts with <10% 2+ or 3+, but 1+, 2+ or 3+ in >=10% of tumor cells. Pts received 2.5 mg/kg ABX-EGF weekly IV over 1 hr. The primary endpoint was response (RECIST) at week 8 with responses confirmed >=4 weeks later. Pharmacokinetic (PK) samples were collected before and after dose 8 of each cycle. Enrollment is complete, with treatment ongoing. Results: 148 pts (82 men/66 women; ECOG status 0 [42 pts] or 1 [106 pts]) were enrolled in cohort A (n=105) and cohort B (n=43). Of 148 pts with evaluations after 8 weeks, 15 (10.1%; 95%CI: 5.8%, 16.2%) had confirmed partial responses (12 cohort A, 3 cohort B) and 54 (36.5%) had stable disease (39 cohort A, 15 cohort B) by investigator assessment. The most frequent adverse event (AE) was skin rash (> 90%) [3.4% grade 3]. Other grade 3/4 AEs in >3 pts were fatigue (9 pts) and anemia (4 pts). One pt had a grade 3 infusion-related reaction considered possibly related to ABX-EGF and was premedicated for further treatment. PK appeared to reach steady state after 8 doses, and no unusual accumulation of ABX-EGF was observed for up to 4 cycles. Conclusions: This updated interim analysis suggests that ABX-EGF is well-tolerated, with encouraging single-agent antitumor activity in mCRC pts failing standard chemotherapy. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Amgen Amgen Amgen Amgen Amgen
A High-Density Field Reversed Configuration Plasma for Magnetized Target Fusion (2004)

We describe a program to demonstrate the scientific basis of magnetized target fusion (MTF). MTF is a potentially low-cost path to fusion which is intermediate in plasma regime between magnetic (MFE) and inertial fusion energy (IFE). MTF involves the compression of a magnetized target plasma and pressure times volume (PdV) heating to fusion relevant conditions inside a converging flux conserving boundary. We have chosen to demonstrate MTF by using a field-reversed configuration (FRC) as our magnetized target plasma and an imploding metal liner for compression. These choices take advantage of significant past scientific and technical accomplishments in MFE and defense programs research and should yield substantial plasma performance (n/spl tau/>10/sup 13/ s-cm/sup -3/ T>5 keV) using an available pulsed-power implosion facility at modest cost. We have recently shown the density, temperature, and lifetime of this FRC to be within a factor of 2-3 of that required for use as a suitable target plasma for MTF compression for a fusion demonstration.
INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF CLONIDINE ON RESPONSES TO SYMPATHETIC NERVE STIMULATION IN THE PITHED RAT (1977)

The spinal sympathetic outflow to the eyelid, heart, splanchnic blood vessels, vas deferens and anococcygeus muscle was stimulated in pithed rats. Clonidine inhibited sympathetic outflow to all of the tissues studied. The inhibitory effects of clonidine on cardiac nerves and hypogastric nerves were antagonized by phentolamine. Clonidine produced a postsynaptic a‐adrenoceptor agonist action on the eyelid, splanchnic blood vessels and the anococcygeus muscle. These effects were also antagonized by phentolamine. The effects of clonidine, naphazoline and oxymetazoline on pre‐ and postsynaptic α‐adrenoceptors were determined. The presynaptic α‐adrenoceptors employed were situated in either the sympathetic cardiac or hypogastric nerve terminals. Increases in diastolic blood pressure were used to assess concurrent postsynaptic α‐adrenoceptor agonist activity. The presynaptic α‐adrenoceptor agonist potencies of clonidine, naphazoline and oxymetazoline were very similar on cardiac nerve terminals whereas on the hypogastric nerve terminals oxymetazoline was about 6 times more potent than either naphazoline or clonidine. The results support the view that presynaptic α‐adrenoceptors regulate transmitter release in sympathetic nerves. There appear to be subtle differences between the presynaptic α‐adrenoceptors of different sympathetic nerve endings.
Variation in MAPT is associated with cerebrospinal fluid tau levels in the presence of amyloid-beta deposition (2008)

There is substantial evidence that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of both Abeta42 and tau/ptau are promising biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We show that both Abeta and tau exhibit more than 10-fold interindividual variation in CSF levels suggesting that these biomarkers may also be effectively used as endophenotypes for genetic studies of AD. To test the role of common variation in the gene encoding microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) in influencing CSF tau/ptau levels, we genotyped 21 MAPT single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 313 individuals and tested for association with CSF tau/ptau levels. We identified alleles of several SNPs that show association with increased CSF tau/ptau levels. When CSF Abeta42 levels were used to stratify the sample into those with and without likely Abeta deposition in the brain the association was only observed in individuals with evidence of Abeta deposition. This association was replicated in an independent CSF series. When these SNPs were evaluated in a late-onset AD case control series the alleles associated with higher CSF tau/ptau were associated with an earlier age at onset but had no effect on risk for AD. In vivo gene expression studies show that these alleles are associated with increased MAPT mRNA levels in individuals with evidence of brain Abeta deposition. This endophenotype-based approach provides evidence for a gene (MAPT SNPs)-physiological environment (Abeta deposition) interaction that places changes in CSF tau after Abeta deposition and suggest that this interaction predisposes for the development of tauopathy and accelerated disease progression.
Abstract 20188: The Effect of Disclosing Genetic Risk for Coronary Heart Disease on Perceived Personal Control and Genetic Counseling Satisfaction: The MI-GENES Study (2014)

Background: Perceived personal control (PPC) represents the belief that a person can alter his/her own situation or state. Higher PPC has been associated with increased health-related quality of life and helps facilitate healthy behavioral changes. We investigated whether disclosure of coronary heart disease (CHD) genetic risk influences PPC and genetic counseling satisfaction (GCS) in the myocardial infarction genes (MI-GENES) study, a randomized controlled trial of disclosing genetic risk of CHD. Methods: Participants (40-65 year-old, at intermediate 10-year CHD risk, and not on statins) were randomized to receive estimated 10-year risk of CHD based on their Framingham Risk Score (FRS) or FRS plus a 28 SNP genetic risk score (FRS*GRS). CHD risk was disclosed in each arm by a genetic counselor during a 30-minute scripted session that included a discussion of the impact of family history on CHD risk. For FRS*GRS participants, the genetic counselor also reviewed how their genetic risk score altered their FRS. Each participant then met with a physician to engage in shared-decision making regarding the need for statin therapy. Afterwards, study participants were asked to complete validated surveys to assess PPC and GCS. The 9-item PPC questionnaire was scored 0-9, with higher scores indicating greater control beliefs. The 5-item GCS questionnaire was scored 0-10, with greater scores indicating greater satisfaction with the disclosure session. Results: 207 patients (mean age 58.8±5 years, 46.7% males) were randomized to receive either FRS or FRS*GRS. Patients randomized to receive FRS*GRS had higher PPC compared to FRS although the absolute difference was small (8.85±0.77 vs. 8.54±1.31, P=0.016). Patients randomized to receive FRS*GRS also had a higher GCS score than FRS patients (9.08±2.67 vs. 8.3±3.67, P=0.050]. Conclusions: Disclosure of genetic risk for CHD did not adversely affect PPC or GCS. In fact, patients who received CHD genetic risk information had higher PPC and GCS. Our findings suggest that disclosure of CHD genetic risk is appreciated by patients and may empower them to improve health-related behaviors.
Short-Term Tumor Cell Lines from Breast Cancer for Use as Autologous Tumor Cell Vaccines in the Treatment of Breast Cancer (2001)

We were unable to establish short-term cell lines for most patients with primary or metastatic breast cancer using this methodology. However, two long-term cell lines have been established and characterized. Treatment with the autologous irradiated cell product was not associated with acute toxicity.
Plasma Kallikrein-Kinin System in Septicemia (1983)

Plasma prekallikrein and functional kallikrein inhibition were studied in 18 surgical patients with complicating septicemia using chromogenic peptide substrate assays. Nine patients died and nine survived. In all 18 patients plasma prekallikrein values were reduced markedly when septicemia was diagnosed. During treatment gradually increasing values were found in the survivors, whereas values remained low in the fatal cases. Significantly reduced functional plasma kallikrein inhibition was associated with the development of fatal septic shock. The findings show that determination of these components of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system gives valuable information of prognostic value in patients with septicemia. Furthermore, the chromogenic peptide substrate assays used are fast and easy to perform and therefore suitable for intensive care medicine.
IL-18 Inhibits Diabetes Development in Nonobese Diabetic Mice by Counterregulation of Th1-Dependent Destructive Insulitis (1999)

The development of type 1 diabetes in animal models is T cell and macrophage dependent. Islet inflammation begins as peripheral benign Th2 type insulitis and progresses to destructive Th1 type insulitis, which is driven by the innate immune system via secretion of IL-12 and IL-18. We now report that daily application of IL-18 to diabetes-prone female nonobese diabetic mice, starting at 10 wk of age, suppresses diabetes development (p < 0.001, 65% in sham-treated animals vs 33% in IL-18-treated animals by 140 days of age). In IL-18-treated animals, we detected significantly lower intraislet infiltration (p < 0.05) and concomitantly an impaired progression from Th2 insulitis to Th1-dependent insulitis, as evidenced from IFN-gamma and IL-10 mRNA levels in tissue. The deficient progression was probably due to lesser mRNA expression of the Th1 driving cytokines IL-12 and IL-18 by the innate immune system (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase, a marker of destructive insulitis, was also not up-regulated in the IL-18-treated group. IL-18 did not exert its effect at the levels of islet cells. Cultivation of islets with IL-18 affected NO production or mitochondrial activity and did not protect from the toxicity mediated by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma. In conclusion, we show for the first time that administration of IL-18, a mediator of the innate immune system, suppresses autoimmune diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by targeting the Th1/Th2 balance of inflammatory immune reactivity in the pancreas.
Serotonin via 5‐HT7 receptors activates p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase and protein kinase C ɛ resulting in interleukin‐6 synthesis in human U373 MG astrocytoma cells (2005)

Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] is a widely distributed neurotransmitter which is involved in neuroimmunomodulatory processes. Previously, it has been demonstrated that 5-HT may induce interleukin (IL)-6 expression in primary rat hippocampal astrocytes. The present study was undertaken to investigate the molecular pathways underlying this induction of IL-6 synthesis. As a model system, we used the human astrocytoma cell line U373 MG, which synthesizes IL-6 upon stimulation with various inducers. 5-HT dose- and time-dependently induced IL-6 protein synthesis. We identified several 5-HT receptors to be expressed on U373 MG cells, including the 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptors. In this report, we show that the 5-HT-induced IL-6 release is mediated by the 5-HT7 receptor based on several agonist/antagonists that were used. 5-HT-induced IL-6 synthesis is inhibited by the partially selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, pimozide, and the selective antagonist SB269970. Furthermore, IL-6 synthesis was induced by the 5-HT7 receptor agonist carboxamidotryptamin. In addition, we found p38 MAPKs and protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon to be involved in 5-HT-induced IL-6 synthesis as specific inhibitors of these enzymes (SB202190 and RO-31-8425, respectively) blocked 5-HT-induced IL-6 synthesis. Furthermore, 5-HT mediated the phosphorylation of both p38 MAPK as well as the PKC epsilon isoform. The p42/44 MAPKs, however, were not involved in 5-HT-induced IL-6 synthesis. This study shows, for the first time, a central role of 5-HT7 receptor linked to p38 MAPK and PKC epsilon for the induction of cytokine synthesis in astrocytic cells.
The taxonomy of Enterobacter sakazakii: proposal of a new genus Cronobacter gen. nov. and descriptions of Cronobacter sakazakii comb. nov. Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. sakazakii, comb. nov., Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. malonaticus subsp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov. and Cronobacter genomospecies 1 (2007)

This study clarifies the taxonomy of E. sakazakii and proposes a reclassification of these organisms.
Native Chemical Ligation at Valine: A Contribution to Peptide and Glycopeptide Synthesis (2008)

A Val-uable link: The title transformation is achieved by a two-step ligation, radical-based desulfurization strategy (see scheme; NCL=native chemical ligation). After S→N acyl transfer, in which the acyl acceptor is a γ-thiol valine derivative, and site-specific dethiolation, a valine residue appears at the site of ligation. This method accomplishes ligations at Thr-Val and Pro-Val sites, and allows successful ligation of glycopeptide fragments. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Robust and semantic needle detection in 3D ultrasound using orthogonal-plane convolutional neural networks (2018)

Our method is able to accurately detect even very short needles, ensuring that the needle and its tip are maximally visible in the visualized plane during the entire intervention, thereby eliminating the need for advanced bi-manual coordination of the needle and transducer.
Synthesis of Disubstituted Imidazo[4,5‐b]pyridin‐2‐ones. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Application of Pattern Matching in Intrusion Detection (1994)

This report examines and classifies the characteristics of signatures used in misuse intrusion detection. Efficient algorithms to match patterns in some of these classes are described. A generalized model for matching intrusion signatures based on Colored Petri Nets is presented, and some of its properties are derived. 1 Introduction Computer break-ins and their misuse have become common features [Met87, Bos88, Sto88, Mar88, Rei87, SSH93]. The number, as well as sophistication, of attacks on computer systems is on the rise. Often, network intruders have easily overcome the password authentication mechanism designed to protect the system. With an increased understanding of how systems work, intruders have become skilled at determining their weaknesses and exploiting them to obtain unauthorized privileges. Intruders also use patterns of intrusion that are often difficult to trace and identify. They use several levels of indirection before breaking into target systems and rarely indulge ...
Targeted Muscle Reinnervation for Real-time Myoelectric Control of Multifunction Artificial Arms (2009)

These results suggest that reinnervated muscles can produce sufficient EMG information for real-time control of advanced artificial arms.
THE INFRARED SPECTRA OF SECONDARY AMINES AND THEIR SALTS (1956)

The infrared spectra of a number of secondary bases and of their salts have been examined. The spectra of the salts differ from those of the corresponding bases in containing several absorption bands that are absent from the latter. Those of the new bands occurring in the region 1620 to 1560 cm. −1 , which are due to NH 2 + deformation vibrations, are characteristic of secondary amine salts, and can be used to detect the presence of a secondary amino group in the original molecule. With aromatic bases the spectra are complicated because the ring absorption occurs in the same region, but in many cases the assignment can still be made, although with less certainty. In zwitterionic substances such as the secondary aliphatic amino acids, the function is more difficult to detect.
A common transform engine for MPEG and AC3 audio decoder (1997)

A common hardware engine that performs the frequency to time domain transform for both MPEG and Dolby AC3 audio standards is presented. An integral part of the dual mode audio decoder, the cost-effective approach taken here requires minimal computation steps with due consideration of control, address generation, data pipelining, and the overall hardware structure.
Effects of Introducing a Single Charged Residue into the Phenylalanine Clamp of Multimeric Anthrax Protective Antigen (2010)

Multimeric pores formed in the endosomal membrane by the Protective Antigen moiety of anthrax toxin translocate the enzymatic moieties of the toxin to the cytosolic compartment of mammalian cells. There is evidence that the side chains of the Phe(427) residues come into close proximity with one another in the lumen of the pore and form a structure, termed the Phe clamp, that catalyzes the translocation process. In this report we describe the effects of replacing Phe(427) in a single subunit of the predominantly heptameric pore with a basic or an acidic amino acid. Incorporating any charged residue at this position inhibited cytotoxicity >or=1,000-fold in our standard assay and caused strong inhibition of translocation in a planar phospholipid bilayer system. His and Glu were the most strongly inhibitory residues, ablating both cytotoxicity and translocation. Basic residues at position 427 prevented the Phe clamp from interacting with a translocation substrate to form a seal against the passage of ions and accelerated dissociation of the substrate from the pore. Acidic residues, in contrast, allowed the seal to form and the substrate to remain firmly bound, but blocked its passage, perhaps via electrostatic interactions with the positively charged N-terminal segment. Our findings are discussed in relation to the role of the Phe clamp in a Brownian ratchet model of translocation.
Benzylisoquinoline Biosynthesis by Cultivated Plant Cells and Isolated Enzymes (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBenzylisoquinoline Biosynthesis by Cultivated Plant Cells and Isolated EnzymesMeinhart H. Zenk, Martina Rueffer, Manfred Amann, Brigitte Deus-Neumann, and Naotaka NagakuraCite this: J. Nat. Prod. 1985, 48, 5, 725–738Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 July 2004Published inissue 1 September 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np50041a003https://doi.org/10.1021/np50041a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views301Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts