gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE STUDY OF VIBRATIONALLY EXCITED N2 MOLECULES WITH THE AID OF AN ISOTHERMAL CALORIMETER (1963)

Vibrationally excited nitrogen molecules produced both by a microwave discharge in nitrogen and also by the reaction[Formula: see text]have been examined using an isothermal calorimetric probe.In the first case the energy associated with an 'active' nitrogen stream, due to vibrationally excited N 2 , was found to be 6.03 kcal mole −1 of total nitrogen. The subsequent relaxation of this species was found to occur almost entirely on the walls of the reaction vessel, with a collision efficiency of 4.5 × 10 −4 . The addition of other gases greatly accelerated the homogeneous relaxation rate. Collisional efficiencies of N 2 O, CO 2 , and Ar were found to be 0.8 × l0 −4 , 2.3 × 10 −5 , and 1.0 × 10 −6 respectively.The vibrationally excited nitrogen produced by the N/NO reaction was found to possess 20 ± 4 kcal mole −1 of energy compared with the maximum of 75 kcal mole −1 allowed by the exothermicity of the reaction.
Lipoprotein (a) and coronary heart disease (1995)

The role of lipoprotein (a) in the atherosclerotic process is continually being unraveled, and many of its potential proatherogenic and prothrombotic features have already been elucidated. Whereas most studies have demonstrated a strong association between lipoprotein (a) and the presence and severity of coronary heart disease, other groups have failed to observe such a relationship, which does question the importance of this particle in promoting atherosclerosis. Evidence from a study of human coronary atherosclerosis appears to demonstrate that the pathogenicity of lipoprotein (a) is modulated by concomitant LDL-cholesterol levels. Such a modulation of the pathogenicity of lipoprotein (a) may underlie the conflicting results regarding its association with coronary heart disease. This article will examine this possibility, and will also outline the potential mechanisms through which lipoprotein (a) may interact with LDL to exert its adverse effects. As a consequence of its interaction with LDL, alternative strategies for treating high levels of lipoprotein (a) will be discussed.
Immunohistochemical analysis of c-kit (CD117) expression in solid tumors (2004)

9642 Background: c-kit functions as a tyrosine kinase receptor which becomes activated upon binding of its ligand SCF (stem-cell factor). Imatinib (Gleevec) is a small molecule known to inhibit the c-kit proto-oncogene, BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor. Imatinib has gained therapeutic relevance in the treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Because functions of Imatinib rely on the presence of mutated and activated c-kit, we studied the expression pattern for c-kit in a panel of different primary solid tumor sample. Methods: Paraffin-embedded tumor tissues from 295 patients were analyzed, including 51 breast cancer samples, 49 colorectal cancer, 21 renal cell carcinoma, 19 ovarian cancer, 18 sarcoma and 137 others. On these tumor samples c-kit expression was immunohistochemically evaluated using a polyclonal rabbit anti-human c-kit antibody (DAKO®). Staining results for each sample were scored from 0 (negative), + (weak), ++ (medium), +++ (strong). Results: c-kit immunopositivity was found in 37/295 (13%) cases, whereas 258/295 (87%) cases were negative. A strong expression of c-kit was found in 1 sarcoma, 1 GIST (gastrointestinal stromal tumor), 1 seminoma and 1 carcinoid. Of all 37 cases positive for c-kit, a strong expression was found in 4/37 (11%), c-kit medium expression in 11/37 (30%) and c-kit low reactivity was found in 22/37 (59%). Conclusions: Expression of c-kit was found in tumor samples with varying intensities. Out of 295 samples tested, 4 tumor samples (namely GIST, sarcoma, seminoma and carcinoid) showed high expression of c-kit. Analysis of the immunohistological results for c-kit expression lead to the definition of a scoring system in our hands: negative to strong c-kit expressing tumor samples. Further validation and correlation with clinical outcomes should lead to the definition of the relevance of this immunohistological classification. In addition, molecular analysis of c-kit mutations and activation status of the receptor should further help to predict the therapeutic implication of Imatinib in tumor patients. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
The improvement of the atmospheric-pressure glow plasma method and the deposition of organic films (1990)

Recently the authors developed an atmospheric-pressure glow discharge plasma method which can be applied to surface treatment and deposition on insulating surfaces for purposes of large-scale system treatment. However, this method was not able to treat metallic substrates. Consequently, they have improved the upper electrode to enable metal substrates to be treated. Some organic films were polymerised by the atmospheric-pressure method. Comparison of results from the atmospheric-pressure glow plasma method with those obtained by the low-pressure glow plasma method showed no differences in the chemical structures of plasma-polymerised films.
From Biomass to a Renewable LiXC6O6 Organic Electrode for Sustainable Li‐Ion Batteries (2008)

Li-ion batteries presently operate on inorganic insertion compounds. The abundance and materials life-cycle costs of such batteries may present issues in the long term with foreseeable large-scale applications. To address the issue of sustainability of electrode materials, a radically different approach from the conventional route has been adopted to develop new organic electrode materials. The oxocarbon salt Li2C6O6 is synthesized through potentially low-cost processes free of toxic solvents and by enlisting the use of natural organic sources (CO2-harvesting entities). It contains carbonyl groups as redox centres and can electrochemically react with four Li ions per formula unit. Such battery processing comes close to both sustainable and green chemistry concepts, which are not currently present in Li-ion cell technology. The consideration of renewable resources in designing electrode materials could potentially enable the realization of green and sustainable batteries within the next decade.
Magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation to assess diaphragm function in children following liver transplantation (2001)

BACKGROUND: An accurate and practical test of diaphragm function in children in the intensive care unit is desirable. Diaphragm dysfunction can occur after liver transplantation and may be a contributory factor in the respiratory complications after the procedure. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess if magnetic stimulation (MS) of the phrenic nerves could be used to assess diaphragm strength in children receiving intensive care. SETTING: Pediatric intensive care unit. PATIENTS: Eight supine, ventilated, sedated children (mean age, 7.3; range, 0.6-15 yrs) were studied within 12 hrs of liver transplantation. INTERVENTIONS: MS was performed using either 90-mm double circular coils or 43-mm figure of eight coils placed over the phrenic nerves on the anterior aspect of the neck. Measurements: The produced diaphragm force was assessed by measuring the transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) with balloons in the mid-esophagus and stomach. During MS, the endotracheal tube was briefly occluded by using a pneumatic valve. MAIN RESULTS: Supramaximal diaphragm force responses were obtained in all subjects; mean Pdi, 7.8 (sd, 3.1) cmH(2)O for left, 5.2 (sd, 3.4) cmH(2)O for right, and 14.8 (sd, 9.2) cmH(2)O for bilateral stimulation. Bland and Altman analysis indicated close agreement between esophageal and airway pressure during MS (mean difference, -0.76 [sd, 0.99] cmH(2)O for left stimulation, 0.81 [sd, 1.25] cmH(2)O for right stimulation, and -0.63 [sd, 1.55] cmH(2)O for bilateral stimulation). In three children, there was a >50% difference between the Pdi generated after left and right unilateral MS and the results of MS indicated complete right hemidiaphragm paralysis in one child. CONCLUSION: MS of the phrenic nerves provides a practical technique for assessing diaphragm function in children receiving intensive care. Measurement of airway pressure during MS may provide a noninvasive technique for assessing diaphragm strength when the use of balloon catheters is contraindicated.
Preclinical pharmacokinetics of the radiomitigator KZ-41 in rats (2011)

KZ-41, a quinic acid derivative, significantly reduces mortality in a murine model of hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the systemic pharmacokinetics, elimination, and oral bioavailability of KZ-41 in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 6 per group) received a single dose (10 mg/kg) of KZ-41 administered either intravenously via the jugular vein or orally via gavage. In vitro stability was determined using both rat liver microsomes and the bacteria Gluconobacter oxydans. KZ-41 concentrations were determined using LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography tandom mass spectrometry). Half-life of KZ-41 was ≈3 hr after either intravenous or oral administration. Mean volume of distribution was 3.3 L/kg. Extent of absorption (F) after oral administration was estimated to be ~100%, which was consistent with the finding that KZ-41 was stable to liver microsomal and bacterial degradation. Following intravenous administration, KZ-41 demonstrated a medium clearance and volume of distribution with a terminal half-life of ≈3 hr. KZ-41 was rapidly and completely absorbed (F ≅ 1), which was consistent with the findings that KZ-41 is resistant to presystemic elimination mechanisms (i.e. enteric bacterial degradation and hepatic metabolism). Thus, KZ-41 represents an excellent candidate for further development as an orally available agent for the mitigation of radiation injury.
Systematic gain-of-function genetics in Drosophila (1998)

A modular misexpression system was used to carry out systematic gain-of-function genetic screens in Drosophila. The system is based on inducible expression of genes tagged by insertion of a P-element vector carrying a GAL4-regulated promoter oriented to transcribe flanking genomic sequences. To identify genes involved in eye and wing development, the 2300 independent lines were screened for dominant phenotypes. Among many novel genes, the screen identified known genes, including hedgehog and decapentaplegic, implicated in these processes. A genetic interaction screen for suppressors of a cell migration defect in a hypomorphic slow border cells mutant identified known genes with likely roles in tyrosine kinase signaling and control of actin cytoskeleton, among many novel genes. These studies demonstrate the ability of the modular misexpression system to identify developmentally important genes and suggest that it will be generally useful for genetic interaction screens.
Effect of huperzine A, a new cholinesterase inhibitor, on the central cholinergic system of the rat (1989)

The present study represents the first comprehensive investigation of the effect of huperzine A (HUP-A), a new cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) isolated from a Lycopodium species, upon acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, acetylcholine (ACh) levels and release, and cholinergic receptors in rat brain following acute i.m. or i.p. administration. The study shows that HUP-A can produce a long-term inhibition of AChE activity in brain (up to 360 min) and an increase in the ACh levels up to 40% at 60 min. There is considerable regional variation in the degree of ACh elevation after HUP-A with maximal values seen in frontal (125%) and parietal (105%) cortex and smaller increases (22-65%) in other brain regions. HUP-A at concentrations of 10(-6) to 10(-4) M does not significantly alter the electrically evoked release of 3H-ACh from cortical slices. With the exception of the highest concentrations (6 X 10(-4) M) the displacement effect of HUP-A for cholinergic ligands is stronger for 3H-(-)nicotine than for 3H-QNB. A parallel autoradiographic study in the mouse shows that 60 min after i.v. injection (183 micrograms/kg) the drug is present in all brain regions, but it is particularly concentrated in certain areas such as frontoparietal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampal, and striatal cortex. Radio-activity is practically absent in the whole body at 12 hr. Our study suggests that this new ChEI has interesting cholinomimetic properties, and its effects satisfy more closely established criteria for an ideal ChEI for therapeutic use than previously tested compounds.
Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Epilepsy and Neurological Disease (1994)

Recent discoveries in mitochondrial clinical genetics have revealed that a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes are associated with mutations in mitochondrial DNA. Diseases caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA are by nature quantitative. Myoclonic epilepsy and ragged-red fiber disease are caused by a mutation in the transfer RNA gene lysine. Although everyone in a maternal lineage will harbor the same mutation, the nature and severity of the symptoms vary markedly among individuals. This variability correlates with the inherited percentage of mutations in the individual's mitochondrial DNA and the individual's age. Age-related expression of mitochondrial disease has also been demonstrated for mitochondrial DNA deletions. Although deletions that retain both origins of replication result in late-onset disease because of the progressive enrichment of the deleted mitochondrial DNA, a 10.4-kb deletion that lacks the light-strand replication origin and maintains a stable mutant percentage in both tissues and cultured cells has been discovered. This deletion is associated with adult-onset diabetes and deafness, but not with ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, or mitochondrial myopathy. Biochemically, it causes a generalized defect in mitochondrial protein synthesis and oxidative phosphorylation. The age-related decline in oxidative phosphorylation could reflect the accumulation of somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations. Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation stimulates this accumulation. The general paradigm for mitochondrial DNA diseases may be that inherited mutations inhibit the electron transport chain. This damages the mitochondrial DNA, further reducing oxidative phosphorylation. Ultimately, oxidative phosphorylation drops below the expression threshold of cells and tissues, and clinical symptoms appear.
PATH Investigations in Vehicle-Roadside Cooperation and Safety: A Foundation for Safety and Vehicle-Infrastructure Integration Research (2006)

The California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) has been active in researching vehicle-roadside cooperation since 1988. Through the years PATH's work in automation has spawned a considerable body of research in related topics of safety and vehicle-infrastructure cooperation. These topics are summarized by exemplar projects in areas of heavy vehicle driver assistance, cooperative forward collision avoidance, intersection safety and vehicle-infrastructure integration. While this review is by no means comprehensive, it illustrates the past, present and future of PATH and underscores our contribution toward and vision for future research in these topics
Handbook of Ternary Alloy Phase Diagrams (1995)

The largest collection of ternary phase diagrams and related crystal structure data ever assembled can be found in this 10 volume set. Some features of the reference set: 18,000 published diagrams Exhaustive bibliographies by Dr. Prince Includes diagrams from the compilations from the International Programme for Alloy Phase Diagrams 7,380 ternary systems ternary phase diagrams for 3,317 alloy systems Crystallographic data on 7,050 systems Includes liquidus projections, isotherms, isopleths, and pseudobinaries All diagrams were redrawn to uniform standards for easy use and comparison Temperatures given in degrees C and all compositions given in atomic relative orientation of elements is standardized (no rotating or mirroring needed) Angle between composition scales in all horizontal views (projections and isothermal sections) standardized at 60 degrees More than 43,000 citations of included literature most composition scales are identical within a diagram Boundary regions adjusted to critically evaluated binary diagrams
Identification of false positives in “HTS hits to lead”: The application of Bayesian models in HTS triage to rapidly deliver a series of selective TRPV4 antagonists (2012)

The use of computational techniques to remove frequent hitters and enable the identification of a number of TRPV4 series from an HTS campaign will be described. The hit-to-lead efforts in one such series will also be discussed.
Robust text-independent speaker identification using Gaussian mixture speaker models (1995)

This paper introduces and motivates the use of Gaussian mixture models (GMM) for robust text-independent speaker identification. The individual Gaussian components of a GMM are shown to represent some general speaker-dependent spectral shapes that are effective for modeling speaker identity. The focus of this work is on applications which require high identification rates using short utterance from unconstrained conversational speech and robustness to degradations produced by transmission over a telephone channel. A complete experimental evaluation of the Gaussian mixture speaker model is conducted on a 49 speaker, conversational telephone speech database. The experiments examine algorithmic issues (initialization, variance limiting, model order selection), spectral variability robustness techniques, large population performance, and comparisons to other speaker modeling techniques (uni-modal Gaussian, VQ codebook, tied Gaussian mixture, and radial basis functions). The Gaussian mixture speaker model attains 96.8% identification accuracy using 5 second clean speech utterances and 80.8% accuracy using 15 second telephone speech utterances with a 49 speaker population and is shown to outperform the other speaker modeling techniques on an identical 16 speaker telephone speech task.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Ballistocardiography and seismocardiography detection of hemodynamic changes during simulated obstructive apnea (2020)

Simulated obstructive apnea elicits large rotational i K swings, which are related to the intensity of the inspiratory effort and, as such, to the intensity of the left ventricular afterload. Computation of cardiac kinetic energy through BCG and SCG may shed further light on the impact of obstructive respiratory events on the cardiovascular system.
Evaluation of farnesyl:protein transferase and geranylgeranyl:protein transferase inhibitor combinations in preclinical models. (2001)

Farnesyl:protein transferase (FPTase) inhibitors (FTIs) were originally developed as potential anticancer agents targeting the ras oncogene and are currently in clinical trials. Whereas FTIs inhibit the farnesylation of Ha-Ras, they do not completely inhibit the prenylation of Ki-Ras, the allele most frequently mutated in human cancers. Whereas farnesylation of Ki-Ras is blocked by FTIs, Ki-Ras remains prenylated in FTI-treated cells because of its modification by the related prenyltransferase, geranylgeranyl:protein transferase type I (GGPTase-I). Hence, cells transformed with Ki-ras tend to be more resistant to FTIs than Ha-ras-transformed cells. To determine whether Ki-ras-transformed cells can be targeted by combining an FTI with a GGPTase-I inhibitor (GGTI), we evaluated potent, selective FTIs, GGTIs, and dual prenylation inhibitors (DPIs) that have both FTI and GGTI activity. We find that in human PSN-1 pancreatic tumor cells, which harbor oncogenic Ki-ras, and in other tumor lines having either wild-type or oncogenic Ki-ras, treatment with an FTI/GGTI combination or with a DPI blocks Ki-Ras prenylation and induces markedly higher levels of apoptosis relative to FTI or GGTI alone. We demonstrate that these compounds can inhibit their enzyme targets in mice by monitoring pancreatic and tumor tissues from treated animals for inhibition of prenylation of Ki-Ras, HDJ2, a substrate specific for FPTase, and Rap1A, a substrate specific for GGPTase-I. Continuous infusion (72 h) of varying doses of GGTI in conjunction with a high, fixed dose of FTI causes a dose-dependent inhibition of Ki-Ras prenylation. However, a 72-h infusion of a GGTI, at a dose sufficient to inhibit Ki-Ras prenylation in the presence of an FTI, causes death within 2 weeks of the infusion when administered either as monotherapy or in combination with an FTI. DPIs are also lethal after a 72-h infusion at doses that inhibit Ki-Ras prenylation. Because 24 h infusion of a high dose of DPI is tolerated and inhibits Ki-Ras prenylation, we compared the antitumor efficacy from a 24-h FTI infusion to that of a DPI in a nude mouse/PSN-1 tumor cell xenograft model and in Ki-ras transgenic mice with mammary tumors. The FTI and DPI were dosed at a level that provided comparable inhibition of FPTase. The FTI and the DPI displayed comparable efficacy, causing a decrease in growth rate of the PSN-1 xenograft tumors and tumor regression in the transgenic model, but neither treatment regimen induced a statistically significant increase in tumor cell apoptosis. Although FTI/GGTI combinations elicit a greater apoptotic response than either agent alone in vitro, the toxicity associated with GGTI treatment in vivo limits the duration of treatment and, thus, may limit the therapeutic benefit that might be gained by inhibiting oncogenic Ki-Ras through dual prenyltransferase inhibitor therapy.
Endothelial cell precursors are normal components of human umbilical cord blood (1997)

Endothelial cells are part of the normal bone marrow stroma. We have previously shown human umbilical cord blood (UCB) does not produce stroma in standard long-term cultures. Highly enriched (93-98%) UCB CD34+ cells were cultured for 6 weeks with interleukin-2 and conditioned medium from the 5637 carcinoma cell line (n = 4). The resulting 'fibroblast like' cells were shown to be endothelial by expression of von Willebrand factor (VWF), ICAM-1 (CD54), E-selectin (CD62E) and PECAM (CD31). Endothelial monolayers seeded with CD34+ UCB cells supported expansion of colony forming cells and CD34+ cells. We conclude that endothelial cell precursors circulate in UCB, and may be derived from the CD34+ cell fraction.
ChemInform Abstract: Small Neutral Pn Molecules (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Purification and properties of bovine pituitary follitropin (1976)

A reproducible procedure was developed for the purification of follitropin from frozen bovine pituitary glands. The method involved precipitation with (NH4)2SO4 and acetone, followed by ion-exchange column chromatography on CM-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. A specific radioligand-receptor assay for follitropin was used to locate the activity in eluates after column chromatography and gel filtration. The potency of the highly purified bovine follitropin as measured by Steelman-Pohley bioassay was 164 times that of NIH-FSH-S1 standard preparation. They yield of bovine follitropin was 2.9 mg/kg of frozen pituitary glands. Electrophoretically, bovine follitropin was more acidic in nature and migrated further towards the anode than lutropin and thyrotropin. The elution volume of bovine follitropin by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 was very similar to that of bovine lutropin. The amino acid composition of bovine follitropin was similar to that of sheep and human follitropin, being rich in lysine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid and half-cystine.