gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Course of Vasopressin and Copeptin Plasma Concentrations in a Patient with Severe Septic Shock (2006)

In this case report, the course of arginine vasopressin and copeptin, the stable C-terminal part of the arginine vasopressin precursor, is described during the period of critical illness in a septic shock patient. Arginine vasopressin and copeptin concentrations were substantially increased during the initial 36 hours of shock. Subsequently, both hormones continuously decreased, but exhibited another peak in response to stress during extubation. During restoration of cardiovascular stability, endogenous arginine vasopressin levels further decreased and obviously did not contribute to haemodynamic improvement. In contrast, the decrease in arginine vasopressin and copeptin can be at least partly explained by an improvement of cardiovascular function.
Three‐dimensional nanofibrillar surfaces covalently modified with tenascin‐C‐derived peptides enhance neuronal growth in vitro (2005)

Current methods to promote growth of cultured neurons use two-dimensional (2D) glass or polystyrene surfaces coated with a charged molecule (e.g. poly-L-lysine (PLL)) or an isolated extracellular matrix (ECM) protein (e.g. laminin-1). However, these 2D surfaces represent a poor topological approximation of the three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the assembled ECM that regulates neuronal growth in vivo. Here we report on the development of a new 3D synthetic nanofibrillar surface for the culture of neurons. This nanofibrillar surface is composed of polyamide nanofibers whose organization mimics the porosity and geometry of the ECM. Neuronal adhesion and neurite outgrowth from cerebellar granule, cerebral cortical, hippocampal, motor, and dorsal root ganglion neurons were similar on nanofibers and PLL-coated glass coverslips; however, neurite generation was increased. Moreover, covalent modification of the nanofibers with neuroactive peptides derived from human tenascin-C significantly enhanced the ability of the nanofibers to facilitate neuronal attachment, neurite generation, and neurite extension in vitro. Hence the 3D nanofibrillar surface provides a physically and chemically stabile cell culture surface for neurons and, potentially, an exciting new opportunity for the development of peptide-modified matrices for use in strategies designed to encourage axonal regrowth following central nervous system injury.
Human T lymphocytes transduced by lentiviral vectors in the absence of TCR activation maintain an intact immune competence (2003)

Gene transfer into T lymphocytes is currently being tested for the treatment of lymphohematologic disorders. We previously showed that suicide gene transfer into donor lymphocytes infused to treat leukemic relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation allowed control of graft-versus-host disease. However, the T-cell receptor (TCR) activation and sustained proliferation required for retroviral vector transduction may impair the half-life and immune competence of transduced cells and reduce graft-versus-leukemia activity. Thus, we tested lentiviral vectors (LVs) and stimulation with cytokines involved in antigen-independent T-cell homeostasis, such as interleukin 7 (IL-7), IL-2, and IL-15. Late-generation LVs transduced efficiently nonproliferating T cells that had progressed from G0 to the G1 phase of the cell cycle on cytokine treatment. Importantly, IL-2 and IL-7, but not IL-15, stimulation preserved physiologic CD4/CD8 and naive-memory ratios in transduced cells with only minor induction of some activation markers. Functional analysis of immune response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) showed that, although CMV-specific T cells were preserved by all conditions of transduction, proliferation and specific killing of autologous cells presenting a CMV epitope were higher for IL-2 and IL-7 than for IL-15. Thus, LV transduction of IL-2 or IL-7 prestimulated cells overcomes the limitations of retroviral vectors and may significantly improve the efficacy of T-cell-based gene therapy.
Development and Experimental Evaluation of a Novel Piezoresistive MEMS Strain Sensor (2011)

This paper presents the experimental evaluation of a new piezoresistive microelectromechanical systems strain sensor. The sensing chip is highly capable of measuring biaxial state of strain/stress. The sensing elements are p-type piezoresistors on (100) single crystal silicon aligned along [110] and its in-plane transverse. The concept of introducing geometric features to enhance the sensor sensitivity is investigated. The results of experimental evaluation and finite-element analysis (FEA) proved the viability of this concept to improve the sensor sensitivity. The microfabrication process utilizes five doping concentrations to explore the effect of doping level on the sensor performance. The sensor is developed considering applications under varying temperature conditions. Therefore, high doping concentration (more than 1 ×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">19</sup> atoms/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) is favorable to reduce the sensor thermal drift. As a result, the sensor sensitivity is significantly reduced. Hence, geometric features are introduced in the sensor silicon carrier to compensate for the signal loss through stress concentration effect, which magnified the strain field in the proximity of the sensing elements. In addition, the use of full-bridge configuration reduced the overall temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). At doping concentration of ~5 ×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">19</sup> atoms/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> , the measured strain sensitivity is 0.035 mV/με for input voltage of 5 volts, which corresponds to an effective gauge factor of ~7 and piezoresistive gauge factor of ~44. The effective gauge factor includes all the signal losses and the effect of bonding adhesive. Design and analysis, prototyping, and experimental evaluation are presented. Finally, guidelines to select the bonding adhesive and packaging scheme are provided.
Human Adult Marrow Cells Support Prolonged Expansion of Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Culture (2003)

Prolonged propagation of human embryonic stem (hES) cells is currently achieved by coculture with primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) serving as feeder cells. Unlike mouse ES cells, adding growth factors such as leukemia inhibitory factor is insufficient to maintain undifferentiated hES cells without feeder cells. The presence of uncharacterized rodent cells or crude extracts imposes a risk to the clinical applications of hES cells. While others looked for a replacement of MEFs with human fetal cells, we attempted to use easily accessible postnatal human cells such as human marrow stromal cells (hMSCs). Culture-expanded hMSCs from multiple donors were used as feeder cells to support growth of the H1 hES cell line under a serum-free culture condition. Human ES cell colonies cultured on irradiated hMSCs amplified >100-fold during the 30-day continuous culture (in five passages). The longest continuous expansion of hES cells on hMSCs tested to date is 13 passages. The expanded hES cells displayed the unique morphology and molecular markers characteristic of undifferentiated hES cells as observed when they were cultured on MEFs. They expressed the transcription factor Oct-4, a membrane alkaline phosphatase, and the stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-4, but not the SSEA-1 marker. Expanded hES cells on hMSCs retained unique differentiation potentials in culture and a normal diploid karyotype. The well-studied hMSCs (and this animal cell- and serum-free system) may provide a clinically and ethically feasible method to expand hES cells for novel cell therapies. In addition, this system may help to identify cytokines and adhesion molecules that are required for the self-renewal of hES cells.
A doubly cross-linked nano-adhesive for the reliable sealing of flexible microfluidic devices (2013)

Along with the expansion of microfluidics into many areas of applications such as sensors, microreactors and analytical tools, many other materials besides poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) have been suggested such as poly(imide) (PI) or poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). However, the sealing methods for these materials are not reliable in that many of the methods are specific to the substrate materials. Here, we report a novel robust doubly cross-linked nano-adhesive (DCNA) for bonding of various heterogeneous substrates. By depositing 200 nm of epoxy-containing polymer, poly(glycidyl methacrylate), via initiated chemical vapour deposition (iCVD) onto various substrates and cross-linking them with ethylenediamine, a strong adhesion was obtained between the substrates. This adhesive system was not only able to bond various difficult-to-bond substrates, such as PET or PI, but it could also preserve the complicated morphology of the surfaces owing to the thin nature of the DCNA system. The DCNA allowed fabrication of microfluidic devices using both rigid substrates, such as silicon wafer and glass, and flexible substrates, such as PDMS, PET and PI. The burst pressure of the devices sealed with DCNA exceeded 2.5 MPa, with a maximum burst pressure of 11.7 MPa. Furthermore, the adhesive system demonstrated an exceptional chemical and thermal resistance. The adhesion strength of the adhesive sandwiched between glass substrates remained the same even after a 10 day exposure to strong organic solvents such as toluene, acetone, and tetrahydrofuran (THF). Also, exposure to 200 °C for 15 h was not able to damage the adhesion strength. Using the high adhesive strength and flexibility of DCNA, flexible microfluidic devices that can be completely folded or rolled without any delamination during the operation were fabricated. The DCNA bonding is highly versatile in the sealing of microfluidic systems, and is compatible with a wide selection of materials, including flexible and foldable substrates, even upon sealing few-μm-sized channels.
Dramatic increase of telomerase activity during dendritic cell differentiation and maturation (2003)

Telomerase, the reverse transcriptase that maintains telomere DNA, is usually undetectable in most adult tissues but is positive in embryonic tissues and in cancers. In addition, freshly islolated or in vitro-activated lymphocytes were shown to express high levels of telomerase activity, although its expression in myeloid cells including dendritic cells (DCs) is largely unknown. Here, we investigated telomerase activity during the differentiation and maturation process of DCs. In vitro culture of bone marrow (BM) cells with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and interleukin-4 induced a dramatic increase of telomerase activity accompanied with their differentiation into DCs. Furthermore, stimulation with microbial components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which triggers maturation of DCs, augmented the activity. In vivo responses of telomerase activity were also observed in splenic DCs by injection of LPS intraperitoneally. It is interesting that in old mice, telomerase activity of splenic DCs was significantly higher than young mice but rather decreased after LPS stimulation. By measuring expression of cell-surface activation markers, splenic DCs of old mice responded poorly to LPS stimulation. Such poor responses to LPS were also observed in BM-derived DCs. These different features of DCs between young and old mice may contribute to a pathogenesis to microbial infections.
A Defensin from the Model Beetle Tribolium castaneum Acts Synergistically with Telavancin and Daptomycin against Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (2015)

The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum is a common insect pest and has been established as a model beetle to study insect development and immunity. This study demonstrates that defensin 1 from T. castaneum displays in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity against drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of defensin 1 against 11 reference and clinical staphylococcal isolates was between 16-64 μg/ml. The putative mode of action of the defensin peptide is disruption of the bacterial cell membrane. The antibacterial activity of defensin 1 was attenuated by salt concentrations of 1.56 mM and 25 mM for NaCl and CaCl2 respectively. Treatment of defensin 1 with the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) at concentrations 1.56 to 3.13 mM abolished the antimicrobial activity of the peptide. In the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics that also target the bacterial cell envelope such as telavancin and daptomycin, the MIC of the peptide was as low as 1 μg/ml. Moreover, when tested against an S. aureus strain that was defective in D-alanylation of the cell wall, the MIC of the peptide was 0.5 μg/ml. Defensin 1 exhibited no toxicity against human erythrocytes even at 400 μg/ml. The in vivo activity of the peptide was validated in a Caenorhabditis elegans-MRSA liquid infection assay. These results suggest that defensin 1 behaves similarly to other cationic AMPs in its mode of action against S. aureus and that the activity of the peptide can be enhanced in combination with other antibiotics with similar modes of action or with compounds that have the ability to decrease D-alanylation of the bacterial cell wall.
Initial 17β-Estradiol dose for treating vasomotor symptoms (2000)

Oral micronized 17beta-E2 showed a dose-response effect for reducing moderate and severe hot flushes in menopausal women. 17beta-E2 1 mg appeared to be the most useful initial dose.
Methylsulfonylethyloxycarbonyl Group as a Protection for the Guanidino Function in Arginine (1994)

The side chain of arginine can be protected with two urethane methylsulfonylethyloxycarbonyl (Msc) groups, the removal of which proceeds readily and quantitatively with sodium hydroxide. The usefulness of the Msc-concept is exemplified by solution synthesis of H-Arg-Ala-OH and H-Phe-Arg-Ala-OH employing Boc-Arg(Msc)2-OH as a building unit.
Image sequence geolocation with human travel priors (2009)

This paper presents a method for estimating geographic location for sequences of time-stamped photographs. A prior distribution over travel describes the likelihood of traveling from one location to another during a given time interval. This distribution is based on a training database of 6 million photographs from Flickr.com. An image likelihood for each location is defined by matching a test photograph against the training database. Inferring location for images in a test sequence is then performed using the Forward-Backward algorithm, and the model can be adapted to individual users as well. Using temporal constraints allows our method to geolocate images without recognizable landmarks, and images with no geographic cues whatsoever. This method achieves a substantial performance improvement over the best-available baseline, and geolocates some users' images with near-perfect accuracy.
Characteristics of step-graded separate confinement quantum well lasers with direct and indirect barriers (1990)

Data are presented on step-graded separate confinement quantum well lasers with Al0.85Ga0.15As outer confining layers, AlxGa1−xAs barriers and a 50-Å GaAs quantum well grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. By varying xb from 0.15 to 0.60, we show that, given an adequate optical waveguide confinement factor and sufficient cavity length, the collection of electrons in thin quantum wells with either direct or indirect barriers can be highly efficient, transfer of electrons from indirect barriers to thin direct wells does not degrade laser performance, and electron confinement in the separate confinement region plays no role in the operation of the laser.
Series Introduction: The transcription factor NF-κB and human disease (2001)

Beginning with its discovery in 1986 and continuing through the present, the transcription factor NF-κB has attracted widespread interest based on its unusual regulation, the variety of stimuli that activate it, the diverse genes and biological responses that it controls, the striking evolutionary conservation of structure and function among family members, and its apparent involvement in a variety of human diseases (Table ​(Table1).1). Importantly, and consistent with the last point, NF-κB has been shown to be the target of several anti-inflammatory and anticancer drugs.
GUS protocols: using the GUS gene as a reporter of gene expression. (1992)

The GUS Reporter Gene System. The GUS Assay. Histochemical Detection of GUS. Histochemical Detection of GUS. Applications of GUS to Plant Genetic Analysis. Applications of GUS to Animal Genetic Analysis.
Discovery of Potent and Highly Selective Thienopyridine Janus Kinase 2 Inhibitors (2011)

Developing Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) inhibitors has become a significant focus for small molecule drug discovery programs in recent years due to the identification of a Jak2 gain-of-function mutation in the majority of patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). Here, we describe the discovery of a thienopyridine series of Jak2 inhibitors that culminates with compounds showing 100- to >500-fold selectivity over the related Jak family kinases in enzyme assays. Selectivity for Jak2 was also observed in TEL-Jak cellular assays, as well as in cytokine-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and whole blood assays. X-ray cocrystal structures of 8 and 19 bound to the Jak2 kinase domain aided structure-activity relationship efforts and, along with a previously reported small molecule X-ray cocrystal structure of the Jak1 kinase domain, provided structural rationale for the observed high levels of Jak2 selectivity.
The cellular environment of lightweight handheld portables (1989)

The European cellular environment is described, and the types of cellular environments that are able to support lightweight handheld portables are addressed. Microcellular structures are considered, covering propagation measurements, rapid handover, interfacing with local area networks, and highway microcells with an overlaying macrocell. Narrowband transmission of subband-coded speech by 16-level QAM and high-bit-rate transmission are discussed. Picocells, i.e., very small areas or volumes that might encompass an office, a house and its immediate environment, or a hot spot that provides high-capacity communication, are considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cbfa2 is required for the formation of intra-aortic hematopoietic clusters (1999)

Cbfa2 (AML1) encodes the DNA-binding subunit of a transcription factor in the small family of core-binding factors (CBFs). Cbfa2 is required for the differentiation of all definitive hematopoietic cells, but not for primitive erythropoiesis. Here we show that Cbfa2 is expressed in definitive hematopoietic progenitor cells, and in endothelial cells in sites from which these hematopoietic cells are thought to emerge. Endothelial cells expressing Cbfa2 are in the yolk sac, the vitelline and umbilical arteries, and in the ventral aspect of the dorsal aorta in the aorta/genital ridge/mesonephros (AGM) region. Endothelial cells lining the dorsal aspect of the aorta, and elsewhere in the embryo, do not express Cbfa2. Cbfa2 appears to be required for maintenance of Cbfa2 expression in the endothelium, and for the formation of intra-aortic hematopoietic clusters from the endothelium.
Molecular mediators of tumor angiogenesis: Enhanced expression and activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor KDR in primary breast cancer (1999)

The progression of breast cancer growth and its ability to metastasize are associated with the process of angiogenesis. In this study, we examined the protein expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its specific and functional receptor KDR in human breast tissue. We investigated a total of 13 mammary carcinomas, 3 fibroadenomas, 5 specimens with fibrocystic breast disease as well as normal (adjacent to malignant) breast tissue using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. In all carcinomas examined, functional KDR protein was present independent of tumor type, tumor stage and histological grade as demonstrated by tyrosine phosphorylation analysis of KDR. When malignant tissues were compared with their neighboring non-neoplastic regions, activated KDR was found to be expressed to a much higher extent within the malignant tissue samples. In fibroadenomas, KDR was barely detectable, whereas in fibrocystic breast disease KDR expression was variable. Immunostaining of KDR was localized to endothelium and epithelium of mammary ducts in malignant and benign breast tissue, while VEGF immunoreactivity was primarily found in the endothelium and also in tumor cells and macrophages. Our data demonstrate that KDR activation is enhanced in breast cancer in vivo and emphasize the functional role of VEGF and KDR in the development of malignant breast disease.
Stille Reaction: An Important Tool in the Synthesis of Complex Natural Products (2006)

Nowadays, palladium-catalysed coupling reactions are one of the most efficient procedures for the construction of C-C bonds. In this context, a reaction that is known as Stille reaction, published in 1978 by J. K. Stille and D. Milstein, is a powerful tool in the modern total synthesis. This reaction is based in organotin compounds and catalytic amount of palladium complexes, which in high yields and mild conditions allowed the synthesis of different complex natural and non-natural biologically active compounds, as well synthetic key intermediates. The aim of this review is to highlight the Stille reaction as a very important procedure in the synthesis of some complex natural products accomplished between 2000 and 2004. Keywords: Stille reaction, palladium, natural products
Biosimilars: current status and future directions (2010)

Hopefully biosimilar medicines will allow more widespread availability of expensive biopharmaceutical products. Clinicians need to be wary of non-transparent promotion of innovator/biosimilar products.
Mid‐infrared in vivo depth‐profiling of topical chemicals on skin (2004)

This work shows the feasibility of the TED-FTIR technique to detect the presence of chemicals on human SC in vivo and without contact, and for a wide range of other applications, such as detection of toxic chemicals used as warfare (vesicant agents like sulphur mustard and organophosphate nerve agents), pesticides, and other toxins on fruit and vegetable skins, water, or even other contaminated surfaces.