gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the temperature dependence of different types of Bragg gratings (2005)

Abstract We investigate and compare the thermal stability and sensitivity of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) obtained from different growth mechanisms, including the well‐known types I, IA, IIA and a new abnormal regime, written in high‐Germanium‐doped optical fiber. The highest stability and sensitivity values are achieved for the type IIA grating. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 305–307, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20804
A comprehensive design for high power density common mode EMI inductor (2011)

this paper initiated a discussion on the design methodology and scaling of high power density common mode inductors and proposed a comprehensive step-by-step design procedure for common mode (CM) chokes. In additional to conventional design method, this paper proposed to include CM volt-second impacts on the saturation and CM core-loss in design considerations. Moreover, this paper explored the scaling of CM chokes with different design constraints, which are determined by different material and geometry. This study formulates a comprehensive design procedure of common mode choke for high-density power converters.
Vimentin induces changes in cell shape, motility, and adhesion during the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (2010)

Vimentin is used widely as a marker of the epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) that take place during embryogenesis and metastasis, yet the functional implications of the expression of this type III intermediate filament (IF) protein are poorly understood. Using form factor analysis and quantitative Western blotting of normal, metastatic, and vimentin-null cell lines, we show that the level of expression of vimentin IFs (VIFs) correlates with mesenchymal cell shape and motile behavior. The reorganization of VIFs caused by expressing a dominant-negative mutant or by silencing vimentin with shRNA (neither of which alter microtubule or microfilament assembly) causes mesenchymal cells to adopt epithelial shapes. Following the microinjection of vimentin or transfection with vimentin cDNA, epithelial cells rapidly adopt mesenchymal shapes coincident with VIF assembly. These shape transitions are accompanied by a loss of desmosomal contacts, an increase in cell motility, and a significant increase in focal adhesion dynamics. Our results demonstrate that VIFs play a predominant role in the changes in shape, adhesion, and motility that occur during the EMT.
Using complex lexical types to model the polysemy of collective nouns within the Generative Lexicon (2002)

This paper proposes a formal treatment of collective nouns (e.g. police, orchestra, and forest) drawing on the rich lexical typing of the Generative Lexicon. Collectives can be alternatively interpreted as collections in the sense of Link (1983), or as individuals, depending on contextual factors. They are therefore polysemous. Their semantics includes a meronymic (part/whole) relation which may or may not be accessible, depending on which interpretation they receive. The polysemy of collectives will be modelled using dot objects nominal types (dot objects being the Cartesian product of simple lexical types within a hierarchical lexicon) and qualia roles, capturing the constraints observed on their meronymic structure and complex lexical typing.
Interference rejection techniques in spread spectrum communications (1988)

It is argued that the ability of a spread-spectrum system to withstand interference, both intentional and unintentional, is probably its greatest asset. Any spread spectrum receiver can only suppress a given amount of interference; if the level of interference becomes too great, the system will not function properly. Even under these latter circumstances, however, other techniques, which enhance the performance of the system over and above the performance improvement that comes automatically to systems from using spread spectrum, are available for use. These techniques typically involve some type of additional signal processing and are examined here. Two general types of narrowband interference suppression schemes are discussed and an overview is presented for several other techniques. The two classes of rejection schemes emphasized are (1) those based on least-mean-square estimation techniques, and (2) those based on transform-domain processing structures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Amplification of protein expression in a cell free system (1992)

Large quantities of a catalytically active protein have been produced in a cell free system. More than 10(9) copies of protein were produced from each DNA plasmid containing DNAfol, the bacterial gene encoding dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). The strategy employed, denoted gene amplification with transcription/translation (GATT), involves sequential coupling of (i) DNA amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and (ii) in vitro RNA transcription by T7 RNA polymerase, followed by (iii) translation of the run-off transcripts in a rabbit reticulocyte system. The protein product had the expected size (18 kDa) and catalyzed the NADPH-dependent reduction of 7,8-dihydrofolic acid to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid as efficiently as authentic DHFR. Potential applications of the strategy include large scale production of enzymes containing synthetic amino acids and facilitation of the characterization of the function of genes encountered in genomic mapping studies.
Removal of dangling bonds and surface states on silicon (001) with a monolayer of selenium (2003)

Dangling bonds and surface states are inherent to semiconductor surfaces. By passivating dangling bonds on the silicon (001) surface with a monolayer of selenium, surface states are removed from the band gap. Magnesium contacts on selenium-passivated silicon (001) behave ohmically, as expected from the work function of magnesium and the electron affinity of silicon. After rapid thermal annealing and hot-plate annealing, magnesium contacts on selenium-passivated silicon (001) show better thermal stability than on hydrogen-passivated silicon (001), which is attributed to the suppression of silicide formation by selenium passivation.
Induction of angiotensin converting enzyme in neointima after intravascular stent placement. (2002)

ACE was induced in the neointima after stent placement of the canine aorta. Considering its multiple biological actions, ACE may be associated with the pathogenesis of neointimal hyperplasia after stent placement.
Sub-types of serotonin receptors (1992)

Thirty-three years ago, Gaddum and Picarelli classified the serotonin receptors in the guinea pig ileum into D and M types based on the activity of dibenzyline and morphine to block contractions of intestinal smooth muscle caused by serotonin. The subsequent location of specific ligand binding sites for serotonin in the brain has led to the identification of at least eight serotonin receptor sub-types in rat brain. While there is some controversy over the functional importance of many of these receptor sub-types, there is evidence that they fall into two major groups according to the nature of their coupling to secondary messengers or ion channels. Thus the 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors appear to occupy the G protein receptor sub-family which may be coupled either to adenylate cyclase (most 5-HT1 sub-types) or phosphatidyl inositol (5-HT2 sub-types). The central "M" receptors (now termed 5-HT3) appear to occupy a ligand gated ion channel super-family. The cloning of three of the serotonin receptor sub-types in 1989 (5-HT1A, 5-HT1C and 5-HT2) has been of importance in enabling the receptor sub-types to be classified as specific protein molecules encoded by specific genes. The problem now arises with regard to the linking of the changes in the cellular activity of the various receptor sub-types with the plethora of behavioural changes that arise as a consequence of the actions of serotonin in the brain. The present review summarizes the evidence implicating the role of specific serotonin receptor sub-types in eating disorders, sleep, sexual activity, anxiety states, aggression, schizophrenia and depression. A summary of the relationship between these receptor sub-types and their possible involvement in the aetiology of these diseases is shown in Table 2.
Structural, optical, and surface acoustic wave properties of epitaxial ZnO films grown on (0112) sapphire by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (1999)

High-quality ZnO films are receiving increased interest for use in low-loss high-frequency surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, acousto-optic and optical modulators, as buffer layers for III-nitride growth, and as the active material in ultraviolet solid state lasers. In this work, high quality epitaxial ZnO films were grown on R-plane sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The structural, piezoelectric, and optical properties of the ZnO films on R sapphire have been investigated. The epitaxial relationship between ZnO and R-Al2O3 was found to be (112̄0) ZnO∥(011̄2) Al2O3, and [0001] ZnO∥[01̄11] Al2O3. The interface between as-grown ZnO and R sapphire was atomically sharp and semicoherent, as evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. On annealing the films at temperatures above 850 °C, a solid state reaction occurred between ZnO and Al2O3, resulting in the formation of ZnAl2O4 (spinel) at the interface. A 15–20 nm spinel layer formed when the ZnO film was annealed at 850 °C for 30 min, whereas a 150 nm layer formed when the film was annealed at 1000 °C for 150 min. To prevent this reaction from occurring, the maximum process temperature should be below 750 °C. The surface acoustic wave properties of the piezoelectric ZnO were evaluated by fabricating SAW devices on (112̄0) ZnO/(011̄2) Al2O3. An effective electromechanical coupling coefficient, keff2, of 6% was achieved for a 1.5 μm thick ZnO film, which is close to the value for bulk single-crystal ZnO. The photoluminescence spectra were obtained both at room temperature and at 11 K. The full width at half maximum of the 3.363 eV band edge emission photoluminescence peak measured at 11 K was 6 meV, which is close to that for single-crystal ZnO. We also evaluated the anisotropic absorption characteristics of the (112̄0) ZnO film, which can be used for a high contrast ultraviolet light modulator.
Antibody-Based Protein Multiplex Platforms: Technical and Operational Challenges (2009)

Technical and operational challenges have hindered implementation of multiplexed assays in clinical settings. Formal procedures that guide multiplex assay configuration, analytical validation, and quality control are needed before broad application of multiplexed arrays can occur in the in vitro diagnostic market.
Lymphangiogenesis and tumor metastasis: myth or reality? (2001)

The metastatic spread of tumor cells is responsible for the majority of cancer deaths, and with few exceptions, all cancers can metastasize. Clinical findings have long suggested that by providing a pathway for tumor cell dissemination, tumor-associated lymphatics are a key component of metastatic spread. It is not known, however, whether pre-existing vessels are sufficient to serve this function, or whether tumor cell dissemination requires de novo lymphatic formation (lymphangiogenesis) or an increase in lymphatic size. Lymphangiogenesis has traditionally been overshadowed by the greater emphasis placed on the blood vascular system (angiogenesis). This is due in part to the lack of identification of lymphangiogenic factors, as well as suitable markers that distinguish blood from lymphatic vascular endothelium. This scenario is changing rapidly after the identification of the first lymphangiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). Increased expression of VEGF-C in primary tumors correlates with increased dissemination of tumor cells to regional lymph nodes in a variety of human carcinomas. Here I will review what is known about the mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis, particularly in the context of metastatic tumor spread, and will critically examine the role of VEGF-C in this process. However, despite recent progress in this field, it remains to be determined whether inhibition of lymphangiogenesis is a realistic therapeutic strategy for inhibiting tumor cell dissemination and the formation of metastasis.
Selective enhancement of pentamidine uptake in the lung by aerosolization and delivery in liposomes. (1987)

We examined the tissue distribution of pentamidine, both as free drug and encapsulated in liposomes, after intravenous (iv) and aerosol administration in healthy rodents. After iv injection, drug levels in the lung were increased as much as 34-fold by administration in liposomes. Concurrently, peak liver uptake was increased 4-fold and renal deposition reduced 3-fold. Liposome-mediated lung delivery was highly dependent on liposome size. Decreasing liposome mean diameter from 2.5 to 0.4 micron reduced lung uptake of pentamidine 90-fold while affecting extrapulmonary organ deposition to a much lesser degree. Aerosol delivery of pentamidine produced high, sustained lung levels, with no evidence of drug clearance from the lung between 1 and 48 h after administration. Extrapulmonary drug levels produced by aerosol delivery were negligible throughout this period. There were no significant differences in the organ distribution of aerosolized free versus liposome-encapsulated drug, apparently because of sequestration of pentamidine within the lung. Comparison of drug levels in material recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage suggests that aerosol delivery of pentamidine produces substantially higher deposition in the alveolar space than does iv drug injection. Light and electron microscopic (EM) examination of lung, kidney, and liver after iv or aerosol administration of liposomes revealed no tissue abnormalities, although isolated platelet clumps were noted in pulmonary capillaries by EM examination.
Preparation of Starch Carbamates in Homogeneous Phase using Different Mixing Conditions (2001)

The preparation of starch carbamates of wrinkled pea starch in homogeneous phase catalysed by dibutyltin dilaurate in DMSO as solvent is described. The empfloyed isocyanates have linear alkyl chains with 7, 9, 11, 15 or 18 carbon atoms. Starch carbamates with equal degrees of substitution and different alkyl chains lengths were synthesised in a reaction flask. The preparation of carbamates with equal alkyl chain length and different degrees of substitution was also possible. The structures of the polymers were characterised by elemental analysis, IR- and 1H-NMR-spectroscopy. The behaviour of the prepared starch carbamates under thermal loading was investigated by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and a hot press. In addition, for 1-undecyl isocyanate the starch carbamate was prepared both in a kneader and an extruder. The differences in reaction conditions and the results were discussed.
Matching Algorithms within a Duplicate Detection System. (2000)

Detecting database records that are approximate duplicates, but not exact duplicates, is an important task. Databases may contain duplicate records concerning the same real-world entity because of data entry errors, unstandardized abbreviations, or differences in the detailed schemas of records from multiple databases – such as what happens in data warehousing where records from multiple data sources are integrated into a single source of information – among other reasons. In this paper we review a system to detect approximate duplicate records in a database and provide properties that a pair-wise record matching algorithm must have in order to have a successful duplicate detection system. 1
Upconversion-induced delayed fluorescence in multicomponent organic systems: Role of Dexter energy transfer (2008)

The efficiency of the upconversion-induced delayed fluorescence in a solution of multicomponent organic systems is limited by two steps of the overall process: (i) a triplet-triplet energy transfer between a phosphorescent donor and an emitting acceptor, and (ii) a bimolecular acceptor triplet-triplet annihilation generating acceptor singlet excited states from which the high-energy emission takes place. In this work, the energy transfer process has been investigated in a model system constituted by solutions of Pt(II)octaethylporphyrin, which acts as a donor, and 9,10 diphenylanthracene, which acts as an acceptor. At low temperature, the experimental data have been interpreted in the frame of a pure Dexter energy transfer by using the Perrin approximation. A Dexter radius as large as 26.5 \AA{} has been found. At room temperature, the fast diffusion of the molecules in the solution is no longer negligible, which gives rise to a strong increase in the energy transfer rates.
Immunoglobulin and cytokine expression in mixed lymphocyte cultures is reduced by disruption of gap junction intercellular communication (2001)

Connexins (Cx), the protein subunits assembled into gap junction intercellular communication channels, are expressed in primary lymphoid organs and by circulating leukocytes. Human tonsil-derived T and B lymphocytes express Cx40 and 43; circulating human T, B, and NK lymphocytes express Cx43 and directly transfer between each other a low molecular dye indicative that functional gap junctions exist. We now identify specific properties in the immune system underwritten by gap junctions. Mixed lymphocytes cultured in the presence of two reagents with independent inhibitory action on gap junction communication, a connexin mimetic peptide and 18-alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid, markedly reduced the secretion of IgM, IgG, and IgA. The secretion of these immunoglobulins by purified B cells was also reduced by the two classes of gap junction inhibitors. Complex temporal inhibitory effects on the expression of mRNA encoding interleukins, especially IL-10, were also observed. The results indicate that intercellular signaling across gap junctions is an important component of the mechanisms underlying metabolic cooperation in the immune system.
Characterization of MRI contrast agent‐loaded polymeric nanocapsules as versatile vehicle for targeted imaging (2010)

Various contrast agents (Magnevist, Gadovist and Multihance) loaded into polymeric nanocapsules were synthesized by the inverse miniemulsion technique. The relaxivity of the resultant contrast agents was assessed at 1.5 T magnetic field strength. The ionic relaxivity of the contrast agents could at least be maintained after their encapsulation in different polymer capsules. The chemical composition of the nanocapsules was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The distribution of the contrast agent in the nanocapsules could be identified by energy filtered transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results indicate entrapment of the gadolinium complex into the inner shell of the polymeric nanocapsules. The payload of contrast agent per nanocapsule resulted in some 2.5 x 10(6) Gd(3+) complexes yielding a particle-based relaxivity of 10.75 x 10(6) mM(-1) s(-1). Maintained or even slightly increased ionic relaxivity of the different contrast agents after encapsulation in combination with high payloads and the possibility of functionalization of the capsules' surface facilitate the application of the nanocapsules as promising targeted contrast agents for MRI.
Functional identification of distinct sets of antitumor activities mediated by the FKBP gene family (2003)

Assigning biologic function to the many sequenced but still uncharacterized genes remains the greatest obstacle confronting the human genome project. Differential gene expression profiling routinely detects uncharacterized genes aberrantly expressed in conditions such as cancer but cannot determine which genes are functionally involved in such complex phenotypes. Integrating gene expression profiling with specific modulation of gene expression in relevant disease models can identify complex biologic functions controlled by currently uncharacterized genes. Here, we used systemic gene transfer in tumor-bearing mice to identify novel antiinvasive and antimetastatic functions for Fkbp8, and subsequently for Fkbp1a. Fkbp8 is a previously uncharacterized member of the FK-506-binding protein (FKBP) gene family down-regulated in aggressive tumors. Antitumor effects produced by Fkbp1a gene expression are mediated by cellular pathways entirely distinct from those responsible for antitumor effects produced by Fkbp1a binding to its bacterially derived ligand, rapamycin. We then used gene expression profiling to identify syndecan 1 (Sdc1) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) as genes directly regulated by Fkbp1a and Fkbp8. FKBP gene expression coordinately induces the expression of the antiinvasive Sdc1 gene and suppresses the proinvasive MMP9 gene. Conversely, short interfering RNA-mediated suppression of Fkbp1a increases tumor cell invasion and MMP9 levels, while down-regulating Sdc1. Thus, syndecan 1 and MMP9 appear to mediate the antiinvasive and antimetastatic effects produced by FKBP gene expression. These studies show that uncharacterized genes differentially expressed in metastatic cancers can play important functional roles in the metastatic phenotype. Furthermore, identifying gene regulatory networks that function to control tumor progression may permit more accurate modeling of the complex molecular mechanisms of this disease.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and race or ethnicity: black US populations fare worse (2012)

Our work highlights the significant discrepancy in OOHCA characteristics and patient survival in relation to the patient's race, with the black population faring less well across all stages. Most studies compared black and white populations within the US, so research elsewhere and with other ethnic groups is needed. This review exposes an inequality that demands urgent action.
Prodomain-dependent Nuclear Localization of the Caspase-2 (Nedd2) Precursor (1998)

Caspases are cysteine proteases that play an essential role in apoptosis by cleaving several key cellular proteins. Despite their function in apoptosis, little is known about where in the cell they are localized and whether they are translocated to specific cellular compartments upon activation. In the present paper, using Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein fusion constructs, we have determined the localization of Nedd2 (mouse caspase-2) and show that both precursor and processed caspase-2 localize to the cytoplasmic and the nuclear compartments. We demonstrate that the nuclear localization of caspase-2 is strictly dependent on the presence of the prodomain. A caspase-2 prodomain-green fluorescent protein localized to dot- and fiber-like structures mostly in the nucleus, whereas a protein lacking the prodomain was largely concentrated in the cytoplasm. We also show that an amino-terminal fusion of the prodomain of caspase-2 to caspase-3 mediates nuclear transport of caspase-3, which is normally localized in the cytoplasm. These results suggest that, in addition to roles in dimerization and recruitment through adaptors, the caspase-2 prodomain has a novel function in nuclear transport.