gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multitask Learning with CTC and Segmental CRF for Speech Recognition (2017)

Segmental conditional random fields (SCRFs) and connectionist temporal classification (CTC) are two sequence labeling methods used for end-to-end training of speech recognition models. Both models define a transcription probability by marginalizing decisions about latent segmentation alternatives to derive a sequence probability: the former uses a globally normalized joint model of segment labels and durations, and the latter classifies each frame as either an output symbol or a "continuation" of the previous label. In this paper, we train a recognition model by optimizing an interpolation between the SCRF and CTC losses, where the same recurrent neural network (RNN) encoder is used for feature extraction for both outputs. We find that this multitask objective improves recognition accuracy when decoding with either the SCRF or CTC models. Additionally, we show that CTC can also be used to pretrain the RNN encoder, which improves the convergence rate when learning the joint model.
Pd-Catalyzed Carbonylative Reactions of Aryl Iodides and Alkynyl Carboxylic Acids via Decarboxylative Couplings (2011)

Alkynyl carboxylic acids reacted with aryl iodides under a CO atmosphere in the presence of a palladium catalyst to produce α,β-alkynyl aryl ketones in good yields. The maximum turnover number was 16 800. The desired carbonylative coupling was formed from phenyl propiolic acid without any formation of a noncarbonylative coupling product in the absence of CuI. However, the reaction with alkyl-substituted alkynyl carboxylic acids required CuI as a cocatalyst for high yield.
The SAP HANA Database - An Architecture Overview (2012)

Requirements of enterprise applications have become much more demanding. They require the computation of complex reports on transactional data while thousands of users may read or update records of the same data. The goal of the SAP HANA database is the integration of transactional and analytical workload within the same database management system. To achieve this, a columnar engine exploits modern hardware (multiple CPU cores, large main memory, and caches), compression of database content, maximum parallelization in the database kernel, and database extensions required by enterprise applications, e.g., specialized data structures for hierarchies or support for domain specific languages. In this paper we highlight the architectural concepts employed in the SAP HANA database. We also report on insights gathered with the SAP HANA database in real-world enterprise application scenarios. 1
Molecular Genetics of Nephronophthisis and Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease (2000)

Nephronophthisis (NPH) and medullary cystic kidney disease (MCKD) constitute a group of renal cystic diseases that share the macroscopic feature of cyst development at the corticomedullary border of the kidneys. The disease variants also have in common a characteristic renal histologic triad of tubular basement membrane disintegration, tubular atrophy with cyst development, and interstitial cell infiltration with fibrosis. NPH and, in most instances, MCKD lead to chronic renal failure with an onset in the first two decades of life for recessive NPH and onset in adult life for autosomal dominant MCKD. There is extensive genetic heterogeneity with at least three different loci for NPH (NPHP1, NPHP2, and NPHP3) and two different loci for MCKD (MCKD1 and MCKD2). Juvenile nephronophthisis, in addition, can be associated with extrarenal organ involvement. As a first step toward understanding the pathogenesis of this disease group, the gene (NPH1) for juvenile nephronophthisis (NPH1) has been identified by positional cloning. Its gene product, nephrocystin, is a novel protein of unknown function that contains a src-homology 3 domain. It is hypothesized that the pathogenesis of NPH might be related to signaling processes at focal adhesions (the contact points between cells and extracellular matrix) and/or adherens junctions (the contact points between cells). This hypothesis is based on the fact that most src-homology 3-containing proteins are part of focal adhesion signaling complexes, on animal models that exhibit an NPH-like phenotype, and on the recent finding that nephrocystin binds to the protein p130(cas), a major mediator of focal adhesion signaling.
Planning diagnostic imaging work-up strategies using case-based reasoning. (1994)

ISIS is a developmental decision support system that helps physicians select diagnostic imaging procedures. It uses case-based reasoning, an artificial-intelligence approach that emphasizes reasoning and planning from prior experience. The development, training, and evaluation of a prototype system were used to guide the development of ISIS. To realize a clinically useful system, particular emphasis has been placed on increasing the depth and breadth of case-based knowledge, enhancing the explanatory capabilities of the system, and refining the human-computer interfaces to include a critiquing approach.
Survivable Networks for the 21st Century TACs (1985)

Communication networks to support the 21st Century Tactical C <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> I centers for the Air Force Tactical Air Control System will be required to be survivable against the expected physical, electronic, and environmental threats on the future battlefield. New distributed architectures, technologies, mixed media transmission solutions, and local area networks are expected to play a dominant role to achieving the survivability needed. This paper discusses concepts, approaches, and possible solutions to realizing this survivability needed in future tactical C <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> I networking centers. It is based upon an eighteen month study being conducted for the Air Force (RADC) to define a highly survivable Multi-Media Local Area Network (MMLAN).
Protein Compactness Measured by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (2001)

Nine single-cysteine mutants were labeled with 5-(2-iodoacetylaminoethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid, an efficient acceptor of Trp fluorescence in fluorescence resonance energy transfer. The ratio between the fluorescence intensity of the 5-(2-acetylaminoethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (AEDANS) moiety excited at 295 nm (Trp absorption) and 350 nm (direct AEDANS absorption) was used to estimate the average distances between the seven Trp residues in human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II) and the AEDANS label. Guanidine HCl denaturation of the HCA II variants was also performed to obtain a curve that reflected the compactness of the protein at various stages of the unfolding, which could serve as a scale of the expansion of the protein. This approach was developed in this study and was used to estimate the compactness of HCA II during heat denaturation and interaction with GroEL. It was shown that thermally induced unfolding of HCA II proceeded only to the molten globule state. Reaching this state was sufficient to allow HCA II to bind to GroEL, and the volume of the molten globule intermediate increased approximately 2.2-fold compared with that of the native state. GroEL-bound HCA II expands to a volume three to four times that of the native state (to approximately 117,000 A(3)), which correlates well with a stretched and loosened-up HCA II molecule in an enlarged GroEL cavity. Recently, we found that HCA II binding causes such an inflation of the GroEL molecule, and this probably represents the mechanism by which GroEL actively stretches its protein substrates apart (Hammarström, P., Persson, M., Owenius, R., Lindgren, M., and Carlsson, U. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 22832-22838), thereby facilitating rearrangement of misfolded structure.
Dose escalation and pharmacokinetics of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil) in children with solid tumors: a pediatric oncology group study. (2002)

The maximum tolerated dose of Doxil administered every 4 weeks to pediatric patients was 60 mg/m(2). The effect of Doxil on pediatric patients with malignancies remains to be determined and should be studied in pediatric Phase II trials.
Triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride toxicity in primary biliary cirrhosis. (1980)

Triethylene tetramine dihydrochloride (trien) is a copper chelating agent used as the alternative drug of choice in the treatment of Wilson's disease. Because of its apparent safety, we have used the drug in 4 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis in whom penicillamine had to be withdrawn because of serious side effects. Trien is an effective cupruretic drug in primary biliary cirrhosis, but its use is limited by the occurrence of side effects that occurred in all 4 patients. Three patients developed gastrointestinal side effects, and one of these patients developed a skin rash. The 4th patient developed acute rhabdomyolysis within 48 hr of receiving the first dose of the drug. One patient tolerated therapy for 20 wk, and, although her liver copper concentration did not show a marked fall, aspartate transaminase levels fell, and her IgM concentration fell to normal. Trien is an unsuitable copper chelating drug in primary biliary cirrhosis, although it remains the alternative drug of choice in Wilson's disease.
Sickle cell leg ulcers: associations with haemolysis and SNPs in Klotho, TEK and genes of the TGF‐β/BMP pathway (2006)

Cutaneous leg ulcers are common in sickle cell anaemia and their risk might be genetically determined. Sickle cell anaemia patients were studied to examine the relationship of leg ulcers with haemolysis and with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes that could affect sickle vasoocclusion. Leg ulcer patients had lower haemoglobin levels and higher levels of lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin, aspartate transaminase and reticulocytes than did control patients with sickle cell anaemia but without leg ulcers. Age-adjusted comparisons showed that sickle cell anaemia-alpha thalassaemia was more frequent among controls than cases. These results strongly suggested that the likelihood of having leg ulcers was related to the intensity of haemolysis. 215 SNPs in more than 100 candidate genes were studied. Associations were found with SNPs in Klotho, TEK and several genes in the TGF-beta/BMP signalling pathway by genotypic association analyses. KL directly or indirectly promotes endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production and the TEK receptor tyrosine kinase is involved in angiogenesis. The TGF-beta/BMP signalling pathway modulates wound healing and angiogenesis, among its other functions. Haemolysis-driven phenotypes, such as leg ulcers, could be improved by agents that reduce sickle erythrocyte density or increase NO bioavailability.
Comparing Rate and Mechanism of Ethane Hydrogenolysis on Transition-Metal Catalysts (2019)

The effects of metal catalyst identity on the ethane hydrogenolysis rates and mechanism were examined using density functional theory (DFT) for Group 8–11 metals (Ru, Os, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, and Au). Previously measured turnover rates on Ru, Rh, and Ir clusters show H2-pressure dependence of [H2]–3, consistent with C–C bond activation in *CHCH* intermediates in reactions that require two H* (chemisorbed H) to desorb from the H*-covered surfaces that prevail at these hydrogenolysis conditions. Previous DFT calculations on Ir catalysts have shown that C–C bonds in alkanes are weakened by forming C–metal bonds through quasi-equilibrated dehydrogenation steps during ethane hydrogenolysis, and these steps form *CHCH* intermediates which undergo a kinetically relevant C–C bond cleavage step. Here, the DFT-calculated free-energy barriers show that *CH–CH* bond activation is also more favorable than all C–C bond activations in other intermediates on Group 8–10 metals by >34 kJ mol–1 with the exception of Pd, where *CHCH* and CH3CH* activate with similar activation free energies (242 and 253 kJ mol–1, respectively, 593 K). The relative free-energy barriers between *CH–CH* bond cleavage and C–C bond cleavage in more saturated intermediates decrease as one moves from left to right in the periodic table until *CH3–CH2* bond cleavage becomes more favorable on Group 11 coinage metals (Cu, Ag, and Au). Such predicted trends are consistent with the measured turnover rates that decrease as Ru > Rh > Ir > Pt and show H2-pressure dependence of ∼[H2]–3 (λ = 3) for Ru, Rh, and Ir clusters and [H2]–2.3 (λ = 2.3) for Pt clusters. The decrease in the measured λ value for Pt, however, is caused by a decrease in the number of desorbed H* atoms from the surface (γ = 0–1) rather than a change in the mechanism as shown here using a H*-covered Pt119 half-particle model. The lower H*-coverage on Pt compared to other metals and the lateral relaxation of the adlayer in curved nanoparticle models, as reported previously, allow *CH–CH* bond cleavage to occur at a lower number of vacant sites on Pt.
Denitrifying Pseudomonas aeruginosa: some parameters of growth and active transport (1978)

Optimal cell yield of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown under denitrifying conditions was obtained with 100 mM nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor, irrespective of the medium used. Nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor supported poor denitrifying growth when concentrations of less than 15 mM, but not higher, were used, apparently owing to toxicity exerted by nitrite. Nitrite accumulated in the medium during early exponential phase when nitrate was the terminal electron acceptor and then decreased to extinction before midexponential phase. The maximal rate of glucose and gluconate transport was supported by 1 mM nitrate or nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. The transport rate was greater with nitrate than with nitrite as the terminal electron acceptor, but the greatest transport rate was observed under aerobic conditions with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. When P. aeruginosa was inoculated into a denitrifying environment, nitrate reductase was detected after 3 h of incubation, nitrite reductase was detected after another 4 h of incubation, and maximal nitrate and nitrite reductase activities peaked together during midexponential phase. The latter coincided with maximal glucose transport activity.
Effects of lost surface area on red blood cells and red blood cell survival in mice (1996)

The effects of removing area from mouse red blood cells on the fate of the cells after reinfusion were investigated. When cells were made nearly spherical (by reducing cell area by approximately 35%) and then reinfused into the animal, most were cleared from the circulation within 1-2 h, although approximately 20% of the cells survived for 4 h or longer. When only 20% of the area was removed (leaving a 15% excess), more than 90% of the cells continued to circulate for 4 h. After reinfusion, the mean surface area of the surviving cells remained constant (73-75 microns2), but the mean volume decreased, from 56.6 +/- 2.1 to 19.1 +/- 1.5 microns3 (+/- SD of 5 replicates) over 4 h. These changes did not occur in cells suspended in plasma but not reinfused into the animal. Thus a loss of surface area results in a decrease in cell volume, as if to maintain a requisite degree of deformability. The results support the hypothesis that the increase in cell density associated with increasing cell age may be a consequence of surface area loss.
Effects of the JAK2 Inhibitor, AZ960, on Pim/BAD/BCL-xL Survival Signaling in the Human JAK2 V617F Cell Line SET-2 (2008)

The Janus-associated kinase 2 (JAK2) V617F mutation is believed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and idiopathic myelofibrosis. We have characterized a novel small molecule JAK2 inhibitor, AZ960, and used it as a tool to investigate the consequences of JAK2 V617F inhibition in the SET-2 cell line. AZ960 inhibits JAK2 kinase with a K(i) of 0.00045 microm in vitro and treatment of TEL-JAK2 driven Ba/F3 cells with AZ960 blocked STAT5 phosphorylation and potently inhibited cell proliferation (GI(50)=0.025 microm). AZ960 demonstrated selectivity for TEL-JAK2-driven STAT5 phosphorylation and cell proliferation when compared with cell lines driven by similar fusions of the other JAK kinase family members. In the SET-2 human megakaryoblastic cell line, heterozygous for the JAK2 V617F allele, inhibition of JAK2 resulted in decreased STAT3/5 phosphorylation and inhibition of cell proliferation (GI(50)=0.033 microm) predominately through the induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. We provide evidence that JAK2 inhibition induces apoptosis by direct and indirect regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-xL. Inhibition of JAK2 blocked BCL-XL mRNA expression resulting in a reduction of BCL-xL protein levels. Additionally, inhibition of JAK2 resulted in decreased PIM1 and PIM2 mRNA expression. Decreased PIM1 mRNA corresponded with a decrease in Pim1 protein levels and inhibition of BAD phosphorylation at Ser(112). Finally, small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of BCL-xL resulted in apoptotic cell death similar to the phenotype observed following JAK2 inhibition. These results suggest a model in which JAK2 promotes cell survival by signaling through the Pim/BAD/BCL-xL pathway.
An EBV-Genome-Negative Cell Line Established from an American Burkitt Lymphoma; Receptor Characteristics. EBV Infectibility and Permanent Conversion into EBV-Positive Sublines by <i>in vitro</i> Infection (1975)

An in vitro line was derived from an American Burkitt lymphoma, designated Ra No. 1, which produced malignant tumors when inoculated into thymus-deficient nude mice. The cells have B-lymphocyte characteristics, with surface-associated mu and kappa chains and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) receptors, and can be readily infected with EBV in vitro. B95-8 virus induced EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) but not early antigen (EA) in Ra No. 1 cells, whereas P3HR-1 virus induced both EBNA and EA, but the EA level was much lower than in the prototype Raji strain, EBNA and EA levels were comparable in Ra No. 1 and in the previously established, EBV-infection-sensitive BJA-B lymphoma. The two lines differed, however, because BJA-B could be converted into a permanent EBV-carrying line by the B95-8 but not by the P3HR-1 virus strain, whereas Ra No. 1 could be converted by the P3HR-1 virus. This demonstrates that different B-lymphocyte-derived lymphoma lines can vary with regard to the restrictive control they can exert on the same virus strain. Furthermore, virus strains vary in their sensitivity to the restrictions of the same host cell. Permanent EBV conversion of the Ra No. 1 cell did not appear to change the cellular controls, as judged by the unchanged sensitivity of the cell to viral antigen (EA, viral capsid antigen) induction by P3HR-1 virus superinfection.
Investigation of gray-scale technology for large area 3D silicon MEMS structures (2002)

Micromachining arbitrary 3D silicon structures for micro-electromechanical systems can be accomplished using gray-scale lithography along with dry anisotropic etching. In this study we have investigated two important design limitations for gray-scale lithography: the minimum usable pixel size and maximum usable pitch size. Together with the resolution of the projection lithography system and the spot size used to write the optical mask, the maximum range of usable gray levels can be determined for developing 3D large area silicon structures. An approximation of the minimum pixel size is shown and experimentally confirmed. Below this minimum, gray levels will be developed away due to an excessive amount of intensity passing through the optical mask. Additionally, oscillations in the intensity are investigated by the use of large pitch sizes on the optical mask. It was found that these oscillations cause holes in the photoresist spaced corresponding to the pitch used on the gray-scale mask and penetrate the thickness of the photoresist for thin gray levels. From the holes in the photoresist, significant surface roughness results when used as a nested mask in reactive ion etching, and the very thin gray levels are lost.
DNA modification of a maize transposable element correlates with loss of activity. (1986)

An unstable allele of the bronze 2 (bz2) locus was isolated from a Robertson's Mutator Zea mays line containing a family of active transposable Mu elements. This mutation is somatically unstable, resulting in numerous revertant purple sectors on a bronze kernel. By following the variegated kernel phenotype through two generations, several lineages have been identified that have a distorted transmission of the mutant phenotype (fewer variegated kernels are produced than expected). Southern blot analysis of Mu elements in these plants demonstrates a correlation between an inhibition of digestion of Mu elements by certain restriction enzymes and the loss of somatic reversion at the mutant allele. The DNA modification can occur in all the Mu elements in a plant within one generation; however, plants have been identified that contain both modified and unmodified elements, suggesting that the modification can occur in a progressive manner. We hypothesize that the DNA modification results in nonfunctional elements.
Poromechanics Response of Inclined Wellbore Geometry in Fractured Porous Media (2005)

This paper presents the poromechanics/poroelastic analytical solution for stress and pore pressure fields induced by the action of drilling and/or the pressurization of an inclined/horizontal wellbore in fractured fluid-saturated porous media, or naturally fractured fluid-saturated rock formations. The model which is developed within the framework of the coupled processes in the dual-porosity/dual-permeability approach accounts for coupled isothermal fluid flow and rock/fractures deformation. The solution to the inclined/horizontal wellbore problem is derived for a wellbore drilled in an infinite naturally fractured poroelastic medium, subjected to three-dimensional in situ state of stress and pore pressure. The dual-porosity analytical solution is first reduced to the limiting single-porosity case and verified against an existing single-porosity solution. A comparison between single-porosity and dual-porosity poroelastic results is conducted and displayed in this work. Finally, wellbore stability analyses have been carried out to demonstrate possible applications of the solution.
Chaperone-Assisted Assembly And Molecular Architecture Of Adhesive Pili (1991)

Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ...Read More
Systemic thermotherapy: Description of a method and physiologic tolerance in clinical subjects (1977)

A safe, effective method of inducing total body hyperthermia to 42°C (108°F) has been developed and applied to clinical subjects with advanced malignancy. Physiological and biochemical parameters have been studied to determine tolerance and detect toxicity. Treatments were well tolerated with appropriate life support measures, mainly fluid and electrolyte replacement. Occasional arrhythmias and superficial cutaneous burns were the major complications. No evidence of central nervous system dysfunction was detected. Serum enzyme elevations after treatment appeared to indicate hepatic cellular injury but no clinical problems resulted. Renal, pulmonary, and hematologic parameters showed no significant changes from baseline values. Two early deaths occurred in patients with massive liver replacement with tumor and such patients may not be appropriate subjects for hyperthermia. Cancer 40:3155-3159, 1977.