gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bright, wind-driven white mechanoluminescence from zinc sulphide microparticles embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane elastomer (2014)

A variety of mechanoluminescent (ML) materials have recently reinvigorated studies of luminescence activated by mechanical stress, but few practical applications have been demonstrated due to the destructive nature of the process. To overcome these shortcomings, elastico-mechanoluminescent (elastico-ML) materials, which generate luminescence under elastic deformation, have been suggested with a view to their use in practical devices. However, the weak brightness and limited white colour expression of these materials must be resolved before they can be employed in practical applications. Here, we report a wind-driven ML device that produces significant brightness and emits warm/neutral/cool white light over a range of colour temperatures from zinc sulphide (ZnS) microscopic particles embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite. Harnessing wind-activated mechanoluminescent devices in practical displays or lighting systems could pave the way to new environmentally friendly lights, which reduce energy waste and promote sustainability.
Designer nanoscale DNA assemblies programmed from the top down (2016)

Scaffolded DNA origami is a versatile means of synthesizing complex molecular architectures. However, the approach is limited by the need to forward-design specific Watson-Crick base pairing manually for any given target structure. Here, we report a general, top-down strategy to design nearly arbitrary DNA architectures autonomously based only on target shape. Objects are represented as closed surfaces rendered as polyhedral networks of parallel DNA duplexes, which enables complete DNA scaffold routing with a spanning tree algorithm. The asymmetric polymerase chain reaction is applied to produce stable, monodisperse assemblies with custom scaffold length and sequence that are verified structurally in three dimensions to be high fidelity by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. Their long-term stability in serum and low-salt buffer confirms their utility for biological as well as nonbiological applications.
Measurements of anisotropic thermoelectric properties in superlattices (2002)

Thermoelectric properties, i.e., thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and the Seebeck coefficient, have been measured in the directions parallel (in-plane) and perpendicular to the interface of an n-type Si(80 Å)/Ge(20 Å) superlattice. A two-wire 3ω method is employed to measure the in-plane and cross-plane thermal conductivities. The cross-plane Seebeck coefficient is deduced by using a differential measurement between the superlattice and reference samples and the cross-plane electrical conductivity is determined through a modified transmission-line method. The in-plane thermal conductivity of the Si/Ge superlattice is 5–6 times higher than the cross-plane one, and the electrical conductivity shows a similar anisotropy. The anisotropy of the Seebeck coefficients is smaller in comparison to electrical and thermal conductivities in the temperature range from 150 to 300 K. However, the cross-plane Seebeck coefficient rises faster with increasing temperature than that of the in-plane direction.
The Pericellular Matrix as a Transducer of Biomechanical and Biochemical Signals in Articular Cartilage (2006)

Abstract: The pericellular matrix (PCM) is a narrow tissue region surrounding chondrocytes in articular cartilage, which together with the enclosed cell(s) has been termed the “chondron.” While the function of this region is not fully understood, it is hypothesized to have important biological and biomechanical functions. In this article, we review a number of studies that have investigated the structure, composition, mechanical properties, and biomechanical role of the chondrocyte PCM. This region has been shown to be rich in proteoglycans (e.g., aggrecan, hyaluronan, and decorin), collagen (types II, VI, and IX), and fibronectin, but is defined primarily by the presence of type VI collagen as compared to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Direct measures of PCM properties via micropipette aspiration of isolated chondrons have shown that the PCM has distinct mechanical properties as compared to the cell or ECM. A number of theoretical and experimental studies suggest that the PCM plays an important role in regulating the microenvironment of the chondrocyte. Parametric studies of cell–matrix interactions suggest that the presence of the PCM significantly affects the micromechanical environment of the chondrocyte in a zone‐dependent manner. These findings provide support for a potential biomechanical function of the chondrocyte PCM, and furthermore, suggest that changes in the PCM and ECM properties that occur with osteoarthritis may significantly alter the stress‐strain and fluid environments of the chondrocytes. An improved understanding of the structure and function of the PCM may provide new insights into the mechanisms that regulate chondrocyte physiology in health and disease.
Multiple Genotypes of Influenza B Virus Circulated between 1979 and 2003 (2004)

The segmented genome of influenza B virus allows exchange of gene segments between cocirculating strains. Through this process of reassortment, diversity is generated by the mixing of genes between viruses that differ in one or more gene segments. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of all 11 genes of 31 influenza B viruses isolated from 1979 to 2003 were used to study the evolution of whole genomes. All 11 genes diverged into two new lineages prior to 1987. All genes except the NS1 gene were undergoing linear evolution, although the rate of evolution and the degree to which nucleotide changes translated into amino acid changes varied between lineages and by gene. Frequent reassortment generated 14 different genotypes distinct from the gene constellation of viruses circulating prior to 1979. Multiple genotypes cocirculated in some locations, and a sequence of reassortment events over time could not be established. The surprising diversity of the viruses, unrestricted mixing of lineages, and lack of evidence for coevolution of gene segments do not support the hypothesis that the reassortment process is driven by selection for functional differences.
High-speed statistical compression using self-organized rules and predetermined code tables (2002)

Statistical compression methods using arithmetic coding have a high-compression ratio. However, their complexity limits their application due to the inherent computation overhead for a software implementation. There is an increasing need for faster data compression methods to improve the capabilities of existing data storage and communications technology. We have examined a statistical method which focuses on speed rather than compression performance. To obtain both a good compression ratio and fast processing speed, we previously proposed a simple statistical compression scheme using high-order context modeling and splay coding. However, splay coding still had a large processing overhead, even though it used binary code tree conversion instead of complicated statistical calculations. We aim to enhance the processing speed of our scheme while maintaining its high compression performance.
Native or Raw Starch Digestion:  A Key Step in Energy Efficient Biorefining of Grain (2005)

Improved molecular disassembly and depolymerization of grain starch to glucose are key to reducing energy use in the bioconversion of glucose to chemicals, ingredients, and fuels. In fuel ethanol production, these biorefining steps use 10-20% of the energy content of the fuel ethanol. The need to minimize energy use and to raise the net yield of energy can be met by replacing high-temperature, liquid-phase, enzymatic digestion with low temperature, solid-phase, enzymatic digestion. Also called cold hydrolysis, the approach is a step toward a "green" method for the production of fuel ethanol. There has been substantial prior and increased recent interest in this approach that is presented in this first review of the subject. We include incentives, developmental research, fundamental factors of raw starch digestion, and novel approaches in enzymology and processing. The discussion draws on resources found in enzymology, engineering, plant physiology, cereal chemistry, and kinetics.
Corneal refractive surgery with femtosecond lasers (1999)

We investigated the use of ultrashort pulsed (femtosecond) laser technology in corneal refractive surgery. When compared to longer pulsewidth nanosecond or picosecond laser pulses, femtosecond laser-tissue interactions are characterized by significantly smaller and more deterministic photodisruptive energy thresholds, as well as reduced shock waves and smaller cavitation bubbles. We utilized a highly reliable all-solid-state femtosecond laser system for all studies to demonstrate practicality in real-world operating conditions. Contiguous tissue effects were achieved by scanning a 5-/spl mu/m focused laser spot below the corneal surface at pulse energies of approximately 2-4 /spl mu/J. A variety of scanning patterns was used to perform three prototype procedures in animal eyes; corneal flap cutting, keratomileusis, and intrastromal vision correction. Superior dissection and surface quality results were obtained for lamellar procedures (corneal flap cutting and keratornileusis). Preliminary in vivo studies of intrastromal vision correction suggest that consistent refractive changes can also be achieved with this method. We conclude that femtosecond laser technology may be able to perform a variety of corneal refractive procedures with high precision, offering advantages over current mechanical and laser devices and techniques.
Femtosecond dynamics of DNA-mediated electron transfer (1999)

Diverse biophysical and biochemical studies have sought to understand electron transfer (ET) in DNA in part because of its importance to DNA damage and its repair. However, the dynamics and mechanisms of the elementary processes of ET in this medium are not fully understood and have been heavily debated. Two fundamental issues are the distance over which charge is transported and the time-scale on which the transport through the pi-stack of the DNA base pairs may occur. With femtosecond resolution, we report direct observation in DNA of ultrafast ET, initiated by excitation of tethered ethidium (E), the intercalated electron acceptor (A); the electron donor (D) is 7-deazaguanine (Z), a modified base, placed at different, fixed distances from A. The ultrafast ET between these reactants in DNA has been observed with time constants of 5 ps and 75 ps and was found to be essentially independent of the D-A separation (10-17 A). However, the ET efficiency does depend on the D-A distance. The 5-ps decay corresponds to direct ET observed from 7-deazaguanine but not guanine to E. From measurements of orientation anisotropies, we conclude that the slower 75-ps process requires the reorientation of E before ET, similar to E/nucleotide complexes in water. These results reveal the nature of ultrafast ET and its mechanism: in DNA, ET cannot be described as in proteins simply by a phenomenological parameter, beta. Instead, the involvement of the base pairs controls the time scale and the degree of coherent transport.
A Self-Generating, Highly Active, and Recyclable Olefin-Metathesis Catalyst (2002)

Sequential ring-opening-metathesis polymerization and cross-metathesis reactions allow a one-pot synthesis of the illustrated ruthenium catalyst. This conceptually novel polymer-bound catalyst shows excellent metathesis activity and recyclability.
Telomerase, Cell Immortality, and Cancer (1994)

An important hallmark of cancer is aberrant growth control. Genetic changes that confer a growth advantage to the tumor cell are observed on numerous levels. Some of the best understood are mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that are linked to signal transduction pathways, cell cycle control, or cell-cell/cell-matrix interactions that regulate growth, movement, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, and genetic stability (Hartwell 1992; Weinberg 1992; Hunter 1993; Runger et al. 1994; Workman 1994). However, in addition to aberrant growth control, many cancer cells possess another important feature which distinguishes them from normal somatic cells: unlimited replicative capacity.
Inositol Stereoisomers Stabilize an Oligomeric Aggregate of Alzheimer Amyloid β Peptide and Inhibit Aβ-induced Toxicity (2000)

Inositol has 8 stereoisomers, four of which are physiologically active. <i>myo</i>-Inositol is the most abundant isomer in the brain and more recently shown that <i>epi</i>- and<i>scyllo</i>-inositol are also present. <i>myo</i>-Inositol complexes with Aβ42 <i>in vitro</i> to form a small stable micelle. The ability of inositol stereoisomers to interact with and stabilize small Aβ complexes was addressed. Circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrated that <i>epi</i>- and <i>scyllo</i>- but not <i>chiro</i>-inositol were able to induce a structural transition from random to β-structure in Aβ42. Alternatively, none of the stereoisomers were able to induce a structural transition in Aβ40. Electron microscopy demonstrated that inositol stabilizes small aggregates of Aβ42. We demonstrate that inositol-Aβ interactions result in a complex that is non-toxic to nerve growth factor-differentiated PC-12 cells and primary human neuronal cultures. The attenuation of toxicity is the result of Aβ-inositol interaction, as inositol uptake inhibitors had no effect on neuronal survival. The use of inositol stereoisomers allowed us to elucidate an important structure-activity relationship between Aβ and inositol. Inositol stereoisomers are naturally occurring molecules that readily cross the blood-brain barrier and may represent a viable treatment for AD through the complexation of Aβ and attenuation of Aβ neurotoxic effects.
Coherent Raman scanning fiber endoscopy (2011)

Coherent Raman scattering methods allow for label-free imaging of tissue with chemical contrast and high spatial and temporal resolution. However, their imaging depth in scattering tissue is limited to less than 1 mm, requiring the development of endoscopes to obtain images deep inside the body. Here, we describe a coherent Raman endoscope that provides stimulated Raman scattering images at seven frames per second using a miniaturized fiber scanner, a custom-designed objective lens, and an optimized scheme for collection of scattered light from the tissue. We characterize the system and demonstrate chemical selectivity in mouse tissue images.
VA-2 New MBE buffer used to eliminate backgating in GaAs MESFET's (1987)

A new buffer layer bas been developed that eliminates backgating between MESFET's fabricated in active layers grown upon it. The new buffer is grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) at low substrate temperatures (150-300°C) using Ga and As, beam fluxes. It is highly resistive, optically inactive, and crystalline, and high-quality GaAs active layers can be grown on top of the new buffer. MESFET's fabricated in active layers grown on top of this new buffer show improved output resistance and breakdown voltages; the dc and RF Characteristics are otherwise comparable to MESFET's fabricated by alternative means and with other buffer layers.
End Group Functionalization of PFpP Macromolecules Via Fp Migration Insertion Reactions (2015)

PFpP macromolecules, synthesized via migration insertion polymerization of CpFe(CO)2 (CH2)3 PPh2 (FpP), exhibit reactive Fp end groups for further migration insertion reactions in the presence of phosphines. A number of alkyl diphenylphosphines with varied alkyl length, Ph2PCn (n = 6, 10, 18), have been prepared for the reaction, resulting in PFpP-PPh2Cn (n = 6, 10, 18) amphiphiles. The phosphines with longer alkyl chains impose steric hindrance for the reaction and therefore require longer reaction times and excess phosphines relative to PFpP.
Effects of rituximab-based B-cell depletion therapy on skin manifestations of lupus erythematosus – report of 17 cases and review of the literature (2013)

Cutaneous manifestations occur frequently in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and are pathognomonic in subacute-cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) and chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE). Although B-cell depletion therapy (BCDT) has demonstrated efficacy in SLE with visceral involvement, its usefulness for patients with predominant skin manifestations has not been fully established. In this single-centre, retrospective study 14 consecutive SLE, one CCLE and two SCLE patients with recalcitrant skin involvement were treated with 2 × rituximab 1 g, and 1 × cyclophosphamide 750 mg. Six months after BCDT, nine of 17 (53%) patients were in complete (CR) or partial remission (PR). Relapses occurred in 12 patients (71%) at a mean time of 10 ± 1.8 months after BCDT. A second cycle of BCDT achieved a more sustained remission in seven of nine patients (78%) lasting for a mean time of 18.4 ± 2.7 months. Minor adverse events were experienced by three patients. Mean follow-up was 30 months. Our own results and the literature review demonstrate that BCDT based on rituximab is well tolerated and may be effective for cutaneous lesions of lupus erythematosus. Randomized controlled trials are necessary to further evaluate the value of BCDT for this group of patients.
Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostaglandin E receptor EP1 subtype. (1993)

A functional cDNA clone coding for the human prostaglandin E receptor EP1 subtype has been isolated from a human erythroleukemia cell cDNA library probed by low-stringency hybridization using a polymerase chain reaction fragment of the human thromboxane receptor. The human EP1 receptor is comprised of 402 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 41,858 and has the topography common to all G-protein-coupled receptors with seven predicted transmembrane spanning domains. Prostaglandin (PG) E2 challenge of Xenopus oocytes injected with EP1 cDNA resulted in an increase in intracellular Ca2+. In addition, the rank order of potency for prostaglandins in competition for [3H]PGE2 specific binding to membranes prepared from EP1 cDNA transfected COS cells was PGE2 > PGE1 > PGF2 alpha > PGD2. Furthermore, the EP1 receptor-selective antagonists AH 6809 and SC19220 were more potent than the EP2 receptor-selective agonist butaprost in these competition binding assays. In summary, therefore, we have cloned the human EP1 receptor subtype which is functionally coupled to an increase in intracellular Ca2+.
Neighbor of punc E11, a novel oncofetal marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (2010)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the 5th common malignancy worldwide, but established markers fail to detect up to one third of HCC. We have recently identified Neighbor of Punc E11 (Nope) as a surface marker for murine fetal liver stem cells. Similar to commonly used HCC markers such as α-Fetoprotein (Afp) and Glypican-3 (Gpc-3), we here establish Nope as an oncofetal marker of murine and human HCC and investigate its specific expression in hepatoma cell lines and primary HCC. Murine and human hepatoma cell lines and Cre-inducible SV40 T-antigen transgenic mice (Alb-SV40TAg(ind) ) were analyzed for Nope expression in comparison to common HCC markers by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot analyses and immunohistochemistry. Nope expression in primary human HCC was investigated using Oncomine Microarray database. Nope expression was elevated in 8 of 10 investigated murine and human hepatoma cell lines and in all tumors of our oncogenic mouse model but remained undetectable in normal liver and at preneoplastic stages of murine hepatocarcinogenesis. Furthermore, a significant induction of Nope was detected in primary human cancers compared to corresponding normal or cirrhotic tissue. Nope expression in tumor specimens and murine cell lines correlated closely with expression levels of Gpc-3, whereas expression levels of Afp showed high variations. In conclusion, we identified Nope as a novel oncofetal surface marker for murine and human HCC. Nope is specifically expressed by epithelial tumor cells but not in preneoplastic stages and is a promising marker for clinical application because of its high detection rate in Afp-positive and Afp-negative tumors.
The impact of Meu1‐mediated resistance in tomato on longevity, fecundity and behavior of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (1997)

Abstract The effect of the tomato resistance gene, Meu1 , on feeding, longevity, fecundity and developmental rate of the pink biotype of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Hemiptera, Aphididae), was determined using nearly isogenic tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, Solanaceae) lines. Aphid mortality was significantly higher on resistant plants, with 60% of the aphids dying by the 4th day of exposure. By the 10th day, all the aphids on the resistant plants were dead whereas 100% of the aphids on susceptible plants were alive. Meu1 ‐mediated resistance resulted in significantly decreased fecundity with a ten‐fold decrease in the net fertility rate (4.5 and 45.7 progeny per aphid on resistant and susceptible tomato, respectively). A qualitative analysis showed that honeydew was produced by aphids on resistant and susceptible plants, suggesting that aphids initiate feeding on both plant types. However, significantly lower quantities of honeydew were present when aphids were caged on resistant plants. There were also significant differences in aphid location on resistant and susceptible leaves. Experiments evaluating behavior in less than 24 h showed that aphids left resistant leaves after relatively short exposure (3–6 h). Aphids transferred from resistant to susceptible tomato at intervals between 3 h and 24 h resumed feeding as evidenced by presence of honeydew. Although the mechanism by which Meu1 ‐mediated resistance operates is not yet known, our data suggest that resistance factors act rapidly after initiation of feeding and that lower fecundity and longevity are related to reduction in aphid feeding.
Establishment of long-term serum-free culture for lacrimal gland stem cells aiming at lacrimal gland repair (2020)

We successfully established an efficient serum-free culture for adult mouse LGSCs aiming at LG repair for the first time. Our approach provides an excellent theoretical and technical reference for future clinical research for ADDED stem cell therapy.
A rationally designed agonist antibody fragment that functionally mimics thrombopoietin (2006)

By using rational design, antibody fragments (Fabs) that mimic thrombopoietin (TPO) were created. A peptide with cMpl receptor-binding capability was grafted into different complementarity-determining regions of a fully human Fab scaffold. Functional presentation of the peptide was optimized by using phage display and cell-based panning. Select antibodies and fragments containing two grafted peptides were assayed for their ability to stimulate the cMpl receptor in vitro. Several candidates demonstrated agonist activity in an in vitro cMpl receptor signaling reporter assay, including Fab59, which was estimated to be equipotent to TPO. Fab59 additionally was able to effectively stimulate platelet production in normal mice. These rationally designed mimetic Fabs may provide a therapeutic intervention for thrombocytopenia while avoiding the potential generation of neutralizing antibodies to endogenous TPO. Furthermore, this study demonstrates a method by which short-lived linear peptides with binding activity may be converted to more stable and potent agonists capable of activating cell surface receptors.