gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The CVD of Nanodiamond Materials (2008)

Abstract The growth and characteristics of nanocrystalline diamond thin films with thicknesses from 20 nm to less than 5 µm are reviewed. These materials contain between 95% and &gt;99.9% diamond crystallites, the balance being made up from other forms of carbon. Within this class of materials there is a continuous range of composition, characteristics, and properties which depend on the nucleation and growth conditions. It is convenient to classify these films as either ultra‐nanocrystalline‐diamond (UNCD) or nanocrystalline‐diamond (NCD) based on their microstructure, properties, and growth environment. In general, UNCD materials are composed of small particles of diamond ca. 2–5 nm in size with sp 2 ‐carbon bonding between the particles. UNCD is usually grown in argon‐rich, hydrogen‐poor CVD environments, and may contain up to 95–98% sp 3 ‐bonded carbon. NCD materials start with high density nucleation, initiating nanometer‐sized diamond domains which grow in a columnar manner with the grain size coarsening with thickness. NCD is generally grown in carbon‐lean and hydrogen‐rich environments. NCD and UNCD exhibit an interesting range of physical properties which find use in X‐ray windows and lithography, micro‐ and nanomechanical and optical resonators, tribological shaft seals and atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes, electron field emitters, platforms for chemical and DNA sensing, and many other applications.
Photonic crystal slot waveguide spectrometer for the detection of methane (2011)

Defect engineered photonic crystals, with sub-micron dimensions have demonstrated high sensitivity to trace volumes of analytes; however exact identification of analyte through spectroscopic signatures had not been demonstrated. We demonstrate a 300micron long photonic crystal slot waveguide device which combines slow light phenomenon in photonic crystal waveguides with large optical field intensity in a low index narrow slot at the center of the photonic crystal waveguide for highly sensitive spectroscopic detection of methane on-chip at 100 parts per million (ppm) or 0.2% permissible exposure limit. Photonic crystal slot waveguide provides a factor of 1000 reduction in interaction length compared to free-space infrared spectroscopy leading to enhanced optical absorption by analytes in the optical path. By measuring absorption differences in presence and absence of methane, near-infrared absorption spectrum of methane is determined.
Dynamic monitoring of forearm muscles using one-dimensional sonomyography system (2008)

We introduce a method, known as one-dimensional sonomyography (1-D SMG), that uses A-mode ultrasound signals to detect dynamic thickness changes in skeletal muscle during contraction. We custom-designed a 1-D SMG system to collect synchronized A-mode ultrasound, joint angle, and surface electromyography (EMG) signals of forearm muscles during wrist extension. We extracted the 1-D SMG signal from the ultrasound signal by automatically tracking the corresponding echoes, which we then used to calculate muscle thickness changes. We tested the right forearm muscles of nine nondisabled young subjects while they performed wrist extensions at 15.0, 22.5, and 30.0 cycles/min and their largest wrist extension angle ranged from 80 degrees to 90 degrees . We found that the muscle deformation and EMG root mean square signals correlated linearly with wrist extension angle. The ratio of deformation to wrist angle was significantly different among the subjects (p < 0.001) but not among the trials of different extension rates for each subject (p = 0.9). The results demonstrate that 1-D SMG can be reliably performed and that it has the potential for skeletal muscle assessment and prosthesis control.
Vaccinia virus GLV‐1h153 in combination with 131 I shows increased efficiency in treating triple‐negative breast cancer (2013)

We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of a replication-competent oncolytic vaccinia virus, GLV-1h153, carrying human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS), in combination with radioiodine in an orthotopic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) murine model. In vitro viral infection was confirmed by immunoblotting and radioiodine uptake assays. Orthotopic xenografts (MDA-MB-231 cells) received intratumoral injection of GLV-1h153 or PBS. One week after viral injection, xenografts were randomized into 4 treatment groups: GLV-1h153 alone, GLV-1h153 and (131)I (∼ 5 mCi), (131)I alone, or PBS, and followed for tumor growth. Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests were performed for statistical analysis. Radiouptake assay showed a 178-fold increase of radioiodine uptake in hNIS-expressing infected cells compared with PBS control. Systemic (131)I-iodide in combination with GLV-1h153 resulted in a 6-fold increase in tumor regression (24 compared to 146 mm(3) for the virus-only treatment group; P<0.05; d 40). We demonstrated that a novel vaccinia virus, GLV-1h153, expresses hNIS, increases the expression of the symporter in TNBC cells, and serves both as a gene marker for noninvasive imaging of virus and as a vehicle for targeted radionuclide therapy with (131)I.
Measuring the true cost of command selection: techniques and results (1990)

A technique that measures the impact of command selection on task time and errors is described. Users were timed while performing a drawing task, then while performing the same task with interpolated command selections. The difference between these times, consisting of both the time to select the command and to resume drawing, is the time cost of command selection. Several interface configurations were evaluated with this method including selected combinations of single mouse, two mice, voice and touch. Touch and voice input resulted in faster command selection times (approximately 1 sec) than any of the mouse conditions (approximately 3 sec).
Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide (2013)

In this paper, we report the performance of a full electrochemical cell which directly converts carbon dioxide to fuels at room temperature and ambient pressure. The design of this cell features a buffer layer of liquid-phase electrolyte circulating between the ion exchange membrane and the cathode Sn catalyst layer. In the absence of the buffer layer, hydrogen was the predominant product with a faradaic efficiency nearly ∼100%. Incorporating a buffer layer with an electrolyte, e.g. 0.1 M KHCO3, substantially promoted the formation of formate and CO, while suppressing hydrogen production. When the anode was fed with hydrogen, the onset of formate production occurred at −0.8 V, with a faradaic efficiency of 65% and a partial current density of −1 mA cm−2; at which the energy efficiency toward formate production was 50%. The highest faradaic efficiency observed toward formate formation was over 90% at −1.7 V corresponding to a partial current density of −9 mA cm−2. When the anode was fed with aqueous reactant (e.g. 1 M KOH solution), the formate production began at −1.2 V with a partial current density of −1 mA cm−2, corresponding to a faradaic efficiency of 70% and an energy efficiency of 60%. In this case, the highest faradaic efficiency toward formate formation was 85% at −2.0 V with a partial current density of −6 mA cm−2. Our studies show that this full electrochemical cell with a circulating liquid-phase electrolyte buffer layer enables production of formate at an overpotential of ∼−0.2 V regardless of the gaseous or aqueous reactants at the anode side.
Hg-implanted Hg1−x Cdx Te infrared photovoltaic detectors in the 8- to 14-μm range (1973)

p-n junction photovoltaic detectors have been obtained by Hg implantation in Hg1−x Cdx Te for the 2- to 14-μm band. High-sensitivity photodiodes were achieved over the entire range quoted; the most interesting results are those concerning the 8- to 14-μm range; peak detectivity better than 1010 cm Hz1/2 W−1, a zero-bias resistance area product between 2.4–0.12 Ω cm2, spcific responsivity between 1.2 × 104 and 5 × 102 V W−1, and quantum efficiency between 65% and 45% were obtained.
Suppression of power-line interference by analog notch filtering in the ECG signal for heart rate variability analysis: to do or not to do? (2004)

AC notch filtering of ECG signals for heart rate variability analysis is considered important, and further investigation of this area is encouraged.
Triptolide is a traditional Chinese medicine-derived inhibitor of polycystic kidney disease (2007)

During kidney organogenesis, tubular epithelial cells proliferate until a functional tubule is formed as sensed by cilia bending in response to fluid flow. This flow-induced ciliary mechanosensation opens the calcium (Ca(2+)) channel polycystin-2 (PC2), resulting in a calcium flux-mediated cell cycle arrest. Loss or mutation of either PC2 or its regulatory protein polycystin-1 (PC1) results in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), characterized by cyst formation and growth and often leading to renal failure and death. Here we show that triptolide, the active diterpene in the traditional Chinese medicine Lei Gong Teng, induces Ca(2+) release by a PC2-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, in a murine model of ADPKD, triptolide arrests cellular proliferation and attenuates overall cyst formation by restoring Ca(2+) signaling in these cells. We anticipate that small molecule induction of PC2-dependent calcium release is likely to be a valid therapeutic strategy for ADPKD.
LIVER ALLOTRANSPLANTATION AFTER EXTRACORPOREAL HEPATIC SUPPORT WITH TRANSGENIC (hCD55/hCD59) PORCINE LIVERS (2000)

The CD55/CD59 transgenic porcine liver appears capable of safely "bridging" a patient to liver transplantation. Human PoERV infection from these livers has yet to be demonstrated.
Phosphoglyceride Metabolism (1974)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Biocompatible Polymer/Quantum Dots Hybrid Materials: Current Status and Future Developments (2011)

Quantum dots (QDs) are nanometer-sized semiconductor particles with tunable fluorescent optical property that can be adjusted by their chemical composition, size, or shape. In the past 10 years, they have been demonstrated as a powerful fluorescence tool for biological and biomedical applications, such as diagnostics, biosensing and biolabeling. QDs with high fluorescence quantum yield and optical stability are usually synthesized in organic solvents. In aqueous solution, however, their metallic toxicity, non-dissolubility and photo-luminescence instability prevent the direct utility of QDs in biological media. Polymers are widely used to cover and coat QDs for fabricating biocompatible QDs. Such hybrid materials can provide solubility and robust colloidal and optical stability in water. At the same time, polymers can carry ionic or reactive functional groups for incorporation into the end-use application of QDs, such as receptor targeting and cell attachment. This review provides an overview of the recent development of methods for generating biocompatible polymer/QDs hybrid materials with desirable properties. Polymers with different architectures, such as homo- and co-polymer, hyperbranched polymer, and polymeric nanogel, have been used to anchor and protect QDs. The resulted biocompatible polymer/QDs hybrid materials show successful applications in the fields of bioimaging and biosensing. While considerable progress has been made in the design of biocompatible polymer/QDs materials, the research challenges and future developments in this area should affect the technologies of biomaterials and biosensors and result in even better biocompatible polymer/QDs hybrid materials.
Manoyl Oxide (13R), the Biosynthetic Precursor of Forskolin, Is Synthesized in Specialized Root Cork Cells in Coleus forskohlii (2014)

Forskolin, a complex labdane diterpenoid found in the root of Coleus forskohlii (Lamiaceae), has received attention for its broad range of pharmacological activities, yet the biosynthesis has not been elucidated. We detected forskolin in the root cork of C. forskohlii in a specialized cell type containing characteristic structures with histochemical properties consistent with oil bodies. Organelle purification and chemical analysis confirmed the localization of forskolin and of its simplest diterpene precursor backbone, (13R) manoyl oxide, to the oil bodies. The labdane diterpene backbone is typically synthesized by two successive reactions catalyzed by two distinct classes of diterpene synthases. We have recently described the identification of a small gene family of diterpene synthase candidates (CfTPSs) in C. forskohlii. Here, we report the functional characterization of four CfTPSs using in vitro and in planta assays. CfTPS2, which synthesizes the intermediate copal-8-ol diphosphate, in combination with CfTPS3 resulted in the stereospecific formation of (13R) manoyl oxide, while the combination of CfTPS1 and CfTPS3 or CfTPS4 led to formation of miltiradiene, precursor of abietane diterpenoids in C. forskohlii. Expression profiling and phylogenetic analysis of the CfTPS family further support the functional diversification and distinct roles of the individual diterpene synthases and the involvement of CfTPS1 to CfTPS4 in specialized metabolism and of CfTPS14 and CfTPS15 in general metabolism. Our findings pave the way toward the discovery of the remaining components of the pathway to forskolin, likely localized in this specialized cell type, and support a role of oil bodies as storage organelles for lipophilic bioactive metabolites.
The Escherichia coli ß-Glucuronidase Gene as a Marker for Saccharomyces Yeast Strain Identification (1991)

The s-glucuronidase (GUS) gene has been adapted for expression in yeast by ligating the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol dehydrogenase promoter and terminator sequences to the coding region of the Escherichia coli uidA gene. Introduction of this construct into a wine yeast strain by integration into the ILV2 gene of chromosome XIII resulted in expression of s-glucuronidase. The construct was maintained stably in a growing yeast population and no adverse effects were detected on the fermentation properties of the transformed yeast strain. A simple assay procedure has been devised to detect GUS activity in yeast cells or colonies. This method provides a means for genetic marking, and consequently identification, of wine yeast strains of choice.
The present role of nuclear cardiology in clinical practice. (2005)

Many advances have been made in the field of nuclear cardiology in the past decade for enhancing the diagnostic and prognostic value of stress myocardial perfusion imaging and the assessment of myocardial viability using SPECT technology. Gated SPECT for determining regional and global function have provided incremental diagnostic and prognostic information in the evaluation of patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease. Left ventricular ejection fraction and regional myocardial wall thickening can now be simultaneously evaluated with regional perfusion particularly with the use of the (99m)Tc-labeled perfusion agents such as sestamibi and tetrofosmin. Many studies have shown that the extent and severity of stress-induced perfusion defects have incremental prognostic value over exercise electrocardiographic stress test variables alone. Patients with normal perfusion scans have <1% combined cardiac death and myocardial infarction rates per year and thus have an excellent prognosis. Diabetics are particularly benefited from stress perfusion imaging for detection of coronary artery disease and risk assessment. Diabetics have a worse prognosis than nondiabetics for the same amount of hypoperfusion on stress SPECT studies. Quantitative rest perfusion imaging with (201)Tl or with one of the (99m)Tc-labeled imaging agents, or PET imaging with (18)F-deoxyglucose can accurately distinguish viable from irreversibly injured myocardium providing useful information for identifying which patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy benefit most from coronary revascularization with a subsequent improvement in left ventricular function and enhanced survival. Finally, serial stress perfusion imaging can be employed to monitor the efficacy of medical therapy that improves endothelial function and myocardial blood flow reserve.
Measurement of Allergens Associated with Dust Mite Allergy (1989)

Sensitive radioimmunoassays were developed to measure the two groups of major allergens (Der I and Der II) of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae, in which radiolabeled protein A served as a general tracer. Glass rods covalently coupled with F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit antiserum IgG were incubated first with mite or house dust extracts, and then with affinity-purified rabbit antibodies. The bound allergen-antibody complex was detected with a 125I-labeled protein A. The two Der I allergens, Der p I and Der f I, were measured separately with the use of immunoabsorbed rabbit antibodies directed against species-specific determinants, while the two Der II allergens, Der p II and Der f II, were measured as 'Der II' with the use of antibodies directed against common determinants on both allergens. Each assay demonstrated consistently parallel dilution curves with mite and house dust extracts. The mean intraassay and interassay coefficient of variation for each assay ranged from 4.3 to 7.7% and from 3.6 to 9.0%, respectively. The Der p I and Der f I assays were shown to be highly species-specific so that the ratio of Der p I: Der f I would provide a good index of the distribution of the two mite species in a dust sample. The concentrations of the Der I and Der II allergens in different types of mite extract and dust samples from houses were compared using these assays.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Neural Grammatical Error Correction Systems with Unsupervised Pre-training on Synthetic Data (2019)

Considerable effort has been made to address the data sparsity problem in neural grammatical error correction. In this work, we propose a simple and surprisingly effective unsupervised synthetic error generation method based on confusion sets extracted from a spellchecker to increase the amount of training data. Synthetic data is used to pre-train a Transformer sequence-to-sequence model, which not only improves over a strong baseline trained on authentic error-annotated data, but also enables the development of a practical GEC system in a scenario where little genuine error-annotated data is available. The developed systems placed first in the BEA19 shared task, achieving 69.47 and 64.24 F 0.5 in the restricted and low-resource tracks respectively, both on the W&I+LOCNESS test set. On the popular CoNLL 2014 test set, we report state-of-theart results of 64.16 M 2 for the submitted system, and 61.30 M 2 for the constrained system trained on the NUCLE and Lang-8 data.
Surface-emitting vacuum-deposited organic light emitting device (2002)

We demonstrate a novel surface emitting, organic inverted LED (OILED) with a cathode as the bottom contact. This device differs from previously demonstrated surface emitting OLEDs in that it consists entirely of vacuum-deposited molecular organic materials, and contains a crystalline organic layer that protects the underlying hole conducting material from damage incurred during sputter deposition ofthe ITO anode. The OILED can be grown on any smooth surface to which the cathode adheres, such as the drain contact of an n-channel polySi transistor used in active matrix displays. The OILED I-V characteristics and EL spectra are similar to those of conventional OLEDs, while the operating voltage is higher and efficiency somewhat decreased, indicating the need for further optimization of device contacts. Using a semitransparent cathode in the OILED structure grown on a transparent substrate results in a transparent OILED (TOILED), functionally similar to the TOLED structure.
Monitoring and antibacterial treatment for postoperative bacterial overgrowth in Crohn's disease (1999)

Antibacterial treatment was useful in the postoperative patients whose assessments were complicated by bacterial overgrowth. Using a hydrogen breath test, bacterial overgrowth was effectively monitored and managed, effecting a change in clinical symptoms.
Pathophysiology of heparan sulphate: many diseases, few drugs (2013)

Heparan sulphate (HS) polysaccharides are covalently attached to the core proteins of various proteoglycans at cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix. They are composed of alternating units of hexuronic acid and glucosamine, with sulphate substituents in complex and variable yet cell-specific patterns. Whereas HS is produced by virtually all cells in the body, heparin, a highly sulphated HS variant, is confined to connective-tissue-type mast cells. The polysaccharides interact with a multitude of proteins, mainly through ionic binding, and thereby control key processes in development and homoeostasis. Similar interactions also implicate HS in various pathophysiological settings, including cancer, amyloid diseases, infectious diseases, inflammatory conditions and some developmental disorders. Prospects for the development of HS-based drugs, which are still largely unrealized, are discussed.
Fabrication and Evaluation of Porous Keratin/chitosan（KCS） Scaffolds for Effectively Accelerating Wound Healing (2015)

Objective To develop a dressing with desired antibacterial activity, good water maintaining ability and mechanical properties for wound healing and skin regeneration. Methods The chitosan with different concentrations were added in keratin solution to form porous keratin/chitosan(KCS) scaffolds. The morphological characteristics, chemical composition, wettability, porosity, swelling ratio and degradation of the scaffolds were evaluated. The antibacterial activity was tested by using S. aureus and E. coli suspension for 2 h. And L929 fibroblast cells culture was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the KCS scaffolds. Results The adding of chitosan could increase the hydrophobicity, decrease porosity, swelling ratio and degradation rate of the KCS porous scaffolds. Mechanical properties of KCS scaffolds could be enhanced and well adjusted by chitosan. KCS scaffolds could obviously decrease bacteria number. The proliferation of fibroblast cells in porous KCS patch increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of chitosan concentration. It was appropriate to add 400 μg/m L chitosan to form porous KCS scaffold for achieving best cell attachment and proliferation compared with other samples. Conclusion The porous KCS scaffold may be used as implanted scaffold materials for promoting wound healing and skin regeneration.
Mutant Elastase in Pathogenesis of Cyclic and Severe Congenital Neutropenia (2002)

Severe neutropenia is characterized by maturation arrest of myeloid cells at the promyelocyte stage of hematopoiesis. We reported that accelerated apoptosis of bone marrow myeloid progenitor cells was observed in both cyclic (CN) and severe congenital neutropenia (SCN). Short and long-term cultures of bone marrow CD34+ cells revealed reduced production of multipotent progenitors in SCN. In contrast, production of these cells was slightly elevated in CN compared with CD34+ cells from healthy volunteers. Production of myeloid-committed progenitor cells was significantly reduced in both CN and SCN. FACS analysis of CD34+ cells revealed G /G cell cycle arrest in SCN but not in CN.(0) (1) All CN patients and more than 90% of SCN patients have mutation in the neutrophil elastase (NE) gene. Molecular modeling of NE tertiary structure indicates that mutations observed in SCN are primarily located around the glycosylation sites, whereas CN mutations affect predominantly the active site. Transient expression of CN- or SCN-specific mutant NE cDNA results in impaired survival of human myeloid progenitor cells compared with control cells transfected with intact NE cDNA. We hypothesize that abnormal processing and subcellular localization of mutant NE might predetermine the etiology of cyclic or severe congenital neutropenia.