gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Combined Photolithographic and Molecular‐Assembly Approach to Produce Functional Micropatterns for Applications in the Biosciences (2004)

Abstract Chemical patterns have attracted substantial interest for applications in the field of biosensors, fundamental cell–surface interaction studies, tissue engineering, and biomaterials. A novel micropatterning technique is proposed here that combines a top–down approach based on photolithography and a bottom–up strategy through self‐organization of multifunctional molecules. The development of the molecular‐assembly patterning by lift‐off (MAPL) has been driven by the need to economically produce patches incorporating a controlled surface density of bioligands while inhibiting non‐specific adsorption. In the MAPL process, a photoresist pattern is transferred into the desired biochemical pattern by means of spontaneous adsorption of biologically relevant species and photoresist lift‐off. The surface between the interactive patches is subsequently rendered non‐fouling through immobilization of a polycationic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐graft polymer. We demonstrate that surface density of biotin molecules inside adhesive islands can be tailored quantitatively and that cells grow selectively on cell‐adhesive peptide patterns. MAPL is considered to be a valuable addition to the toolbox of soft‐lithography techniques for life‐science applications combining simplicity (no clean‐room equipment needed), cost‐effectiveness, reproducibility on the scale of whole wafer surfaces, and flexibility in terms of pattern geometry, chemistry, and substrate choice.
Design, Synthesis, and Biochemical Evaluation ofN-Substituted Maleimides as Inhibitors of Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthases (1996)

N-(Carboxyalkyl)maleimides are rapid as well as time-dependent inhibitors of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGHS). The corresponding N-alkylmaleimides were only time-dependent inactivators of PGHS, suggesting that the carboxylate is critical for rapid inhibition. Several N-substituted maleimide analogs containing structural features similar to those of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug aspirin were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of PGHS. Most of the aspirin-like maleimides inactivated the cyclooxygenase activity of purified ovine PGHS-1 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner similar to that of aspirin. The peroxidase activity of PGHS was also inactivated by the maleimide analogs. The cyclooxygenase activity of the inducible isozyme, i.e., PGHS-2, was also inhibited by these compounds. The corresponding succinimide analog of N-5-maleimido-2-acetoxy-1-benzoic acid did not inhibit either enzyme activity, suggesting that inactivation was due to covalent modification of the protein. The mechanism of inhibition of PGHS-1 by N-(carboxyheptyl)maleimide was investigated. Incubation of apoPGHS-1 with 2 equiv of N-(carboxyheptyl)[3,4-14C]maleimide led to the incorporation of radioactivity in the protein, but no adduct was detected by reversed-phase HPLC, suggesting that it was unstable to the chromatographic conditions. Furthermore, hematin-reconstituted PGHS-1, which was rapidly inhibited by N-(carboxyheptyl)maleimide, displayed spontaneous regeneration of about 50% of the cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activities, suggesting that the adduct responsible for the inhibition breaks down to regenerate active enzyme. ApoPGHS-1, inhibited by N-(carboxyheptyl)maleimide, did not display regeneration of enzyme activity, but addition of hematin to the inhibited apoenzyme led to spontaneous recovery of about 50% of cyclooxygenase activity. These results suggest that addition of heme leads to a conformational change in the protein which increases the susceptibility of the adduct toward hydrolytic cleavage. ApoPGHS-1, pretreated with N-(carboxyheptyl)maleimide, was resistant to trypsin cleavage, suggesting that the carboxylate functionality of the maleimide binds in the cyclooxygenase channel. A model for the interaction of N-(carboxyheptyl)maleimide in the cyclooxygenase active site is proposed.
Structure of the octopine synthase upstream activator sequence. (1988)

We have identified a transcriptional activating element within the 5' flanking sequence of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens octopine synthase (ocs) gene that is necessary for ocs expression in transformed tobacco calli. This element is located between 333 and 116 base pairs upstream from the transcription initiation site and functions independent of orientation when placed upstream of the ocs gene. It does not function in either orientation when placed downstream of the gene, nor can it activate its promoter when separated by a distance of 608 base pairs. Deletion analysis indicates that sequences essential for activator function are localized between 222 and 177 base pairs upstream of the transcription initiation site. Another region, located between 333 and 249 base pairs upstream of the transcription initiation site, does not as a monomer activate the ocs promoter, but it can as a dimer.
Evaluation of IL-12 serum level in patients with recalcitrant multiple common warts, treated by intralesional tuberculin antigen (2013)

Intralesional immunotherapy by PPD antigen is an effective and a safe treatment for RMCW in previously immunized patients.
Pulsed Radiofrequency: A Neurobiologic and Clinical Reality (2005)

In Reply:-We appreciate the commentary and the excellent points raised by Dr. Katz. We apologize for the omission of
2006년(年) 춘계학술발표대회(春季學術發表大會) : 기획주제(企劃主題): 자원연구(字源硏究)와 한자교육(漢字敎育) ; 한자 교육 연구의 동향(動向)과 과제(課題) (2006)

한자 교육에 관한 담론과 연구의 방향은, 본질적으로, 크게 국어 교육의 차원, 한문 교육의 차원 그리고 거시적으로 한자문화권 차원에서 그 범주를 설정할 수 있다. 이 연구는, 한문교육학계에 보고된 논문을 검토 대상으로, 한문 교육 및 한자문화권의 차원에서 ``한자 교육 연구의 동향과 과제``라는 연구 문제를 특히 연구주제와 연구 방법을 중심으로 고찰했다. 연구 주제에 대한 검토 결과를 요약하면, 먼저 한자 교육의 성격과 위상에 관한 논의에서 한자 교육을 국어교육과 연계 혹 통합의 차원에서 시론한 성과가 우리의 주목을 요한다. 한자 교수 학습 분야의 연구에서 학습자의 관심과 흥미 유발이라는 일차적 과제를 극복하고 문자학 성과를 반영한 교수 학습 모형에 관한 연구가 앞으로 요구된다. 한자 교육 평가 측면에서 측정 · 평가의 통계적 원리와 기법을 활용한 과학적 연구 접근 태도가 절실히 요청된다. 초등학교 한자 교육에 관한 논의는 다양하게 시도, 연구되었지만 무엇보다 국가 수준의 초등학교 한자 교육과정 제정이 필요하다. 한문교육용 기초 한자 1,800자의 경우, 어떻게 가르치고 활용할 것인가에 초점을 두고 논의를 진행하는 것이 더욱 생산적일 것이다. 끝으로, 한자문화권의 한자 교육에 관한 연구는, 한자문화권에 속한 나라들의 한자 · 한문교육에 대한 현황과 실태를 종합적으로 보여주고 교재 분석을 통해 교수 학습의 일단을 소개하였다는 의의가 인정되지만, 한국의 한자 · 한문교육과 연계하여 응용, 적용, 전망의 방안과 경로(經路), 전이 효과와 그 제한, 시사점의 구체적 내용이나 주의점을 미시적으로 제시하지 못 했다는 한계를 극복하는 것이 앞으로의 연구 과제이다. 다음으로 연구 방법의 활용 양상에 초점을 두고 선행 연구 논문을 검토한 결과, 한문교육학계는 연구 방법 측면에서 이제 시작 단계에 들어섰다고 평가 할 수 있다. 양적 논문의 경우 10여 편에 불과하며 그나마 과학적 엄밀성이 부족하고, 질적 연구의 경우에는 공식적으로 1편이 보고되었다. 교육 연구 방법론에 대한 공부와 적용이 한문교육 연구자에게 절대적으로 요청된다. 한자 교육 연구와 관련된 과제로, 한자 교육을 포함한 한문교육 연구의 활성화와 학문적 정체성을 확립하기 위해 한문교육학 구성원들은 한문 교육 연구의 현장 지향성, 교과교육학에 대한 탐구와 적용, 연구 방법의 과학성 제고를 도모해야 한다. 특히 측정 · 평가 이론, 교과교육학의 연구 성과, 교육연구방법론의 활용 및 적용에 관심을 갖고 공부해야 할 것이다.
Manipulation of Avian Primordial Germ Cells and Gonadal Differentiation (1989)

The authors hypothesized that donor primordial germ cells (PGC) are useful as vehicles of gene transfer in birds. The PGC have been identified in the blastula prior to incubation. They have been isolated from the Stage 7 germinal crescents. Stage 17 blood, and Stage 30 gonads. The percentages of PGC in these three embryonic sources were 2, .003 and 1.5%, respectively. The isolated PGC have been used as antigens to produce specific antibodies that have served as major tools in identification, isolation, and forming enriched in vitro cultures of PGC. Sterile hosts for normal donor PGC have been induced by use of ultraviolet irradiation, treatment with the chemical busulfan, and crossing rooster with female quail to form a sterile host termed “quickens.” Micromanipulator technology, along with refinement of techniques to avoid trauma, will allow 80% hatchability. Integration of all the above biotechnology has led to successful use of PGC as vehicles of gene transfer and production of autogenic quail.
Single molecule measurements of DNA transport through a nanopore (2002)

We examined the voltage-driven movement of single-stranded DNA molecules in a membrane channel or "nanopore". Using single channel recording methods and a statistical analysis of many single molecule events, we determined how voltage influences capture and translocation in the nanopore. We verified that the mean time between capture events follows a simple exponential distribution, whereas the translocation times follow a unique distribution that is partly Gaussian and partly exponential. Measurements of polymer sequence effects demonstrated that translocation duration is heavily influenced by specific or nonspecific purine-channel interactions. The single molecule approach we used revealed molecular interactions that can influence both capture rates and translocation velocities in a manner that enriches naive barrier crossing models.
Electrospray Ionization from Nanopipette Emitters with Tip Diameters of Less than 100 nm (2013)

Work presented here demonstrates application of nanopipettes pulled to orifice diameters of less than 100 nm as electrospray ionization emitters for mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometric analysis of a series of peptides and proteins electrosprayed from pulled-quartz capillary nanopipette emitters with internal diameters ranging from 37 to 70 nm is detailed. Overall, the use of nanopipette emitters causes a shift toward the production of ions of higher charge states and leads to a reduction in width of charge-state distribution as compared to typical nanospray conditions. Further, nanopipettes show improved S/N and the same signal precision as typical nanospray, despite the much smaller dimensions. As characterized by SEM images acquired before and after spray, nanopipettes are shown to be robust under conditions employed. Analytical calculations and numerical simulations are used to calculate the electric field at the emitter tip, which can be significant for the small diameter tips used.
The burden of inflammatory bowel disease in Europe (2013)

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic disabling gastrointestinal disorders impacting every aspect of the affected individual's life and account for substantial costs to the health care system and society. New epidemiological data suggest that the incidence and prevalence of the diseases are increasing and medical therapy and disease management have changed significantly in the last decade. An estimated 2.5-3 million people in Europe are affected by IBD, with a direct healthcare cost of 4.6-5.6 bn Euros/year. Therefore, the aim of this review is to describe the burden of IBD in Europe by discussing the latest epidemiological data, the disease course and risk for surgery and hospitalization, mortality and cancer risks, as well as the economic aspects, patients' disability and work impairment.
Effect of TiO2 nanoparticle surface functionalization on protein adsorption, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity: the attachment of PEG comb polymers using catalytic chain transfer and thiol–ene chemistry (2012)

A successful modification of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles surfaces by a grafting-to polymer technique combining catalytic chain transfer and thiol–ene click chemistry is reported. Vinylic end functional polymers were first prepared by catalytic chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) using oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate as a monomer. The presence of vinylic end groups was then exploited to attach the polymers to thiol functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles via thiol–ene Michael nucleophilic reactions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance-infrared (ATR-IR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were used to verify the successful modification of the TiO2 surface. The modified TiO2 nanoparticles were stable in cell culture media and formed smaller aggregates when compared to non-surface modified nanoparticles. Cellular toxicity of the hybrid TiO2–polymer particles towards human lung cell lines A549 and H1299 in vitro was evaluated. Results from one-dimensional gel electrophoresis show the presence of polymer layers around the particles affects the adsorption of protein onto the TiO2 surface. The reduction in particle aggregate size and changes to the particle surface chemistry, following polymer grafting, was found to reduce cellular uptake and diminish cytotoxicity for both human lung cell lines tested.
SLIC Superpixels Compared to State-of-the-Art Superpixel Methods (2012)

Computer vision applications have come to rely increasingly on superpixels in recent years, but it is not always clear what constitutes a good superpixel algorithm. In an effort to understand the benefits and drawbacks of existing methods, we empirically compare five state-of-the-art superpixel algorithms for their ability to adhere to image boundaries, speed, memory efficiency, and their impact on segmentation performance. We then introduce a new superpixel algorithm, simple linear iterative clustering (SLIC), which adapts a k-means clustering approach to efficiently generate superpixels. Despite its simplicity, SLIC adheres to boundaries as well as or better than previous methods. At the same time, it is faster and more memory efficient, improves segmentation performance, and is straightforward to extend to supervoxel generation.
Biofilm formation by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium colonizing solid tumours (2011)

Systemic administration of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to tumour bearing mice results in preferential colonization of the tumours and retardation of tumour growth. Although the bacteria are able to invade the tumour cells in vitro, in tumours they were never detected intracellularly. Ultrastructural analysis of Salmonella-colonized tumours revealed that the bacteria had formed biofilms. Interestingly, depletion of neutrophilic granulocytes drastically reduced biofilm formation. Obviously, bacteria form biofilms in response to the immune reactions of the host. Importantly, we tested Salmonella mutants that were no longer able to form biofilms by deleting central regulators of biofilm formation. Such bacteria could be observed intracellularly in immune cells of the host or in tumour cells. Thus, tumour colonizing S. typhimurium might form biofilms as protection against phagocytosis. Since other bacteria are behaving similarly, solid murine tumours might represent a unique model to study biofilm formation in vivo.
Longitudinal mode competition in chirped grating distributed feedback lasers (1999)

Gain competition often inhibits the simultaneous lasing of multiple longitudinal modes in homogeneously broadened laser systems. A stability analysis is developed to demonstrate that the two lowest order degenerate longitudinal modes in an index-coupled distributed feedback (DFB) laser will lase simultaneously when the index grating is chirped asymmetrically along the axis of the device. This chirped grating structure is shown to decrease the gain competition by reducing the spatial overlap between the degenerate modes. Stable mode beating between the two lowest order lasing modes results, and this beating produces high-frequency output self-pulsations which can be used for millimeter-wave and soliton pulse train generation. An exact closed-form expression for the output intensity of an antisymmetrically chirped index-coupled DFB laser, as a function of the unsaturated gain, is also derived. The expression is valid for arbitrary levels of gain saturation.
Methods for generating blue-noise dither matrices for digital halftoning (1997)

Blue-noise dither halftoning methods have been found to produce images with pleasing visual characteristics. Results similar to those generated with error-diffusion algorithms can be obtained using an image processing algorithm that is computationally much simpler to implement. The various techniques that have been used to design blue-noise dither matrices are reviewed and compared. In particular, a series of visual cost function based methods and several techniques that involve designing the dither matrices by analyzing the spatial dot distribution are discussed. Ways to extend the basic blue-noise dither techniques to multilevel and color output devices are also described, including recent advances in the design of jointly optimized color blue-noise dither matrices.
Blocking and array contraction across arbitrarily nested loops using affine partitioning (2001)

Applicable to arbitrary sequences and nests of loops, affine partitioning is a program transformation framework that unifies many previously proposed loop transformations, including unimodular transforms, fusion, fission, reindexing, scaling and statement reordering. Algorithms based on affine partitioning have been shown to be effective for parallelization and communication minimization. This paper presents algorithms that improve data locality using affine partitioning.
Development of a Probiotic Cheddar Cheese Containing Human-Derived Lactobacillus paracasei Strains (1998)

Cheddar cheese was manufactured with either Lactobacillus salivarius NFBC 310, NFBC 321, or NFBC 348 or L. paracasei NFBC 338 or NFBC 364 as the dairy starter adjunct. These five strains had previously been isolated from the human small intestine and have been characterized extensively with respect to their probiotic potential. Enumeration of these strains in mature Cheddar cheese, however, was complicated by the presence of high numbers (>10(7) CFU/g of cheese) of nonstarter lactic acid bacteria, principally composed of lactobacilli which proliferate as the cheese ripens. Attempts to differentiate the adjunct lactobacilli from the nonstarter lactobacilli based on bile tolerance and growth temperature were unsuccessful. In contrast, the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA method allowed the generation of discrete DNA fingerprints for each strain which were clearly distinguishable from those generated from the natural flora of the cheeses. Using this approach, it was found that both L. paracasei strains grew and sustained high viability in cheese during ripening, while each of the L. salivarius species declined over the ripening period. These data demonstrate that Cheddar cheese can be an effective vehicle for delivery of some probiotic organisms to the consumer.
Acute phase proteins, C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A protein, as prognostic markers in the elderly inpatient (1997)

major elevations of the serum concentrations of CRP and SAA indicated serious disease and predicted poor outcome. Measurement of SAA as well as CRP enhanced the clinical utility of monitoring the acute phase response in 7% of patients with a diagnosis of infection.
Practice parameter: Management of dementia (an evidence-based review) (2001)

To the Editor:

In the recently published “Practice parameter: Management of dementia (an evidence-based review),”1 the evidence for vitamin E was given significantly greater credibility than the comparable, if not greater, evidence for ginkgo biloba extract (GBE).

The reviewers considered vitamin E a guideline but the single controlled trial2 was much less conclusive than the practice parameter suggests. The uncorrected, first-pass data analysis revealed no significant ( p < 0.05) beneficial effect of vitamin E. After correction for a slight baseline difference among the four groups in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ( p = 0.1), the selegeline, vitamin E, and combined groups had slightly better outcomes as defined by death, nursing home placement, conversion to Clinical Dementia Rating score three, or decrease in activities of daily living. Concerns about the analysis have already been raised.3 Additionally, there were no significant effects on cognitive measures in the study, certainly raising the possibility that any poorly defined effect of vitamin E on the outcome measure may have nothing specifically to do with AD. Whereas the combined outcome measure has public health implications, it is affected by types of behaviors and clinical events other than severity of AD that contribute to nursing home placement and death; e.g., aggressive behaviors, incontinence, and vascular disease. It could be argued that all these factors should have been covariates in the analysis. Another formal …
Quantitative analysis of cell-free Epstein-Barr virus DNA in plasma of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (1999)

Using real-time quantitative PCR, cell-free EBV DNA was detectable in the plasma of 96% (55 of 57) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients (median concentration, 21058 copies/ml) and 7% (3 of 43) of controls (median concentration, 0 copies/ml). Advanced-stage NPC patients had higher plasma EBV DNA levels than those with early-stage disease. At 1 month after completion of radiotherapy, plasma EBV DNA was undetectable in 7 of 15 subjects (47%) but remained high in the remaining 8 subjects (53%). Clinical examination revealed that all of the former seven subjects had complete tumor regression, whereas six of the eight latter subjects exhibited evidence of disease persistence or had developed distant metastases. These results suggest that quantitative analysis of plasma EBV DNA may be a useful clinical and research tool in the screening and monitoring of NPC patients.
In Breast Carcinoma Tissue, Immature Dendritic Cells Reside within the Tumor, Whereas Mature Dendritic Cells Are Located in Peritumoral Areas (1999)

We have analyzed the presence of immature and mature dendritic cells (DCs) within adenocarcinoma of the breast using immunohistochemistry. Immature DCs were defined by expression of CD1a-, Langerin-, and intracellular major histocompatibility complex class II-rich vesicles. Mature DCs were defined by expression of CD83 and DC-Lamp. Breast carcinoma cells were defined by morphology and/or cytokeratin expression. We demonstrate two levels of heterogeneity of DCs infiltrating breast carcinoma tissue: (a) immature CD1a(+) DCs, mostly of the Langerhans cell type (Langerin(+)), were retained within the tumor bed in 32/32 samples and (b) mature DCs, CD83(+)DC-Lamp(+), present in 20/32 samples, are confined to peritumoral areas. The high numbers of immature DCs found in the tumor may be best explained by high levels of macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha expression by virtually all tumor cells. Confirming the immature/mature DC compartmentalization pattern, in vitro-generated immature DCs adhere to the tumor cells, whereas mature DCs adhere selectively to peritumoral areas. In some cases, T cells are clustering around the mature DCs in peritumoral areas, thus resembling the DC-T cell clusters of secondary lymphoid organs, which are characteristic of ongoing immune reactions.