gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fracturing Fluid Effects on Young's Modulus and Embedment in the Niobrara Formation (2014)

Abstract Shale plays and the evolving technologies of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing are driving the petroleum industry in many regions. Due to their low permeability, hydraulic fracturing is necessary for economic production in these shale systems. The success of these reservoirs is dependent on optimized hydraulic fracturing designs, and requires an understanding of the mechanical properties of these reservoirs. One of these properties, Young's modulus, can weaken the formation if it is reduced. This weakening of the formation can, in turn, lead to; increased proppant embedment into the fracture face and a subsequent loss of conductivity. In low permeability shale reservoirs, the conductivity achieved through fracturing is just as critical as in other formations, thus making proppant embedment an issue that needs to be fully understood. This paper focused on how different fracturing fluids impacted the Young's modulus of the Niobrara shale, a major producing formation in the states of Colorado and Wyoming, and how this change affects proppant embedment and conductivity with certain proppants. Nanoindentation technology was used to determine Young's modulus changes in Niobrara core samples after they were saturated for 30 days in certain fracturing fluids, and after they were heated under temperature (180°F) for five days. Treated samples were then subjected to high pressure (3030 psi) with selected proppants, simulating a fracture to test the proppant embedment profiles using scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) and profilometer measurements. The experimental results showed that Young's modulus decreased with fluid exposure regardless of the fracturing fluid type and also increased (rebounded) after a certain saturation time. The magnitude of decrease in Young's modulus values was dependent on fluid type and saturation time. In one extreme case, (when KCl+friction reducer fluid was used as treatment fluid for 30 days) Young's modulus decreased by approximately 80%. The Young's modulus reduction is believed to be mainly caused by a weakening of the calcite minerals. Higher reductions experienced by KCl based fluids could be due to a detrimental chemical reaction between KCl and calcite minerals. Results also showed proppant embedment and crushing are inevitable under the tested circumstances and are dependent on distributed stress on the contact points as well as proppant type and fluid exposure.
A surface topography assisted droplet manipulation platform for biomarker detection and pathogen identification (2010)

This paper reports a droplet microfluidic, sample-to-answer platform for the detection of disease biomarkers and infectious pathogens using crude biosamples. The platform exploited the dual functionality of silica superparamagnetic particles (SSP) for solid phase extraction of DNA and magnetic actuation. This enabled the integration of sample preparation and genetic analysis within discrete droplets, including the steps of cell lysis, DNA binding, washing, elution, amplification and detection. The microfluidic device was self contained, with all reagents stored in droplets, thereby eliminating the need for fluidic coupling to external reagent reservoirs. The device incorporated unique surface topographic features to assist droplet manipulation. Pairs of micro-elevations were created to form slits that facilitated efficient splitting of SSP from droplets. In addition, a compact sample handling stage, which integrated the magnet manipulator, the droplet microfluidic device and a Peltier thermal cycler, was built for convenient droplet manipulation and real-time detection. The feasibility of the platform was demonstrated by analysing ovarian cancer biomarker Rsf-1 and detecting Escherichia coli with real time polymerase chain reaction and real time helicase dependent amplification.
Non-Anticoagulant Fractions of Enoxaparin Suppress Inflammatory Cytokine Release from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Allergic Asthmatic Individuals (2015)

The two identified anti-inflammatory fractions lacked anticoagulant activity and are therefore not associated with risk of bleeding. The findings highlight the potential therapeutic use of enoxaparin-derived fractions, in particular tetrasaccharide, in patients with chronic inflammatory disorders.
Identification and characterization of espin, an actin-binding protein localized to the F-actin-rich junctional plaques of Sertoli cell ectoplasmic specializations (1996)

Ectoplasmic specializations are membrane-cytoskeletal assemblages found in Sertoli cells at sites of attachment to elongate spermatids or neighboring Sertoli cells. They are characterized in part by the presence of a unique junctional plaque which contains a narrow layer of parallel actin bundles sandwiched between the Sertoli cell plasma membrane and an affiliated cistern of endoplasmic reticulum. Using a monoclonal antibody, we have identified 'espin,' a novel actin-binding protein localized to ectoplasmic specializations. By immunogold electron microscopy, espin was localized to the parallel actin bundles of ectoplasmic specializations at sites where Sertoli cells contacted the heads of elongate spermatids. The protein was also detected at the sites of ectoplasmic specializations between neighboring Sertoli cells. Espin exhibits an apparent molecular mass of approximately 110 kDa in SDS gels. It is encoded by an approximately 2.9 kb mRNA, which was found to be specific to testis among the 11 rat organs and tissues examined. On the basis of cDNA sequence, espin is predicted to be an 836 amino acid protein which contains 8 ankyrin-like repeats in its N-terminal third, a potential P-loop, two proline-rich peptides and two peptides which contain clusters of multiple glutamates bracketed by arginines, lysines and glutamines in a pattern reminiscent of the repetitive motif found in the protein trichohyalin. The ankyrin-like repeats and a 66 amino acid peptide in the C terminus show significant sequence similarity to proteins encoded by the forked gene of Drosophila. A fusion protein containing the C-terminal 378 amino acids of espin was found to bind with high affinity (Kd = approximately 10 nM) to F-actin in vitro with a stoichiometry of approximately 1 espin per 6 actin monomers. When expressed by transfected NRK fibroblasts, the same C-terminal fragment of espin was observed to decorate actin fibers or cables. On the basis of its structure, localization and properties, we hypothesize that espin is involved in linking actin filaments to each other or to membranes, thereby potentially playing a key role in the organization and function of the ectoplasmic specialization.
New 1.5 μm wavelength GaInAsp/InP distributed feedback laser (1982)

A new 1.5 μm-wavelength GalnAsP/InP distributed feedback buried-heterostructure laser was fabricated by a three-step LPE growth process. The second-order corrugation grating was formed on the waveguide layer grown on the active layer. High differential quantum efficiency of 13%/facet was obtained. Single-longitudinal-mode operation in the temperature range from −20°C to 55°C was obtained.
Sweeping on a microchip: Concentration profiles of the focused zone in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (2001)

On-line sample concentration by sweeping was investigated in microchip micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), By changing the distance between the injection cross and the detection points, the profile of the concentration process and the diffusion process in sweeping was elucidated. Rhodamine B injected for 4 s was best concentrated by sweeping at 9.4 mm from the injection cross and the enhancement factor was 450. At the longer distance from this point the peak of Rhodamine B was broadened and diluted by diffusion. The diffusion constant of Rhodamine B calculated from the experiment was 5.7 x 10(-6) cm2s(-1). The mixture of rhodamine B, sulforhodamine B, and cresyl fast violet was concentrated by sweeping and separated by MEKC at the same time.
Signaling pathways in breast cancer metastasis - novel insights from functional genomics (2011)

The advent of genomic profiling technology has brought about revolutionary changes in our understanding of breast cancer metastasis. Gene expression analyses of primary tumors have been used to predict metastatic propensity with high accuracy. Animal models of metastasis additionally offer a platform to experimentally dissect components of the metastasis genetic program. Recent integrated studies have synergized clinical bioinformatic analyses with advanced experimental methodology and begun to uncover the identities and dynamics of signaling programs driving breast cancer metastasis. Such functional genomics studies hold great promise for understanding the genetic basis of metastasis and improving therapeutics for advanced diseases.
Demonstration of a Shaped Beam Reflectarray Using Aperture-Coupled Delay Lines for LMDS Central Station Antenna (2008)

A shaped-beam reflectarray based on patches, aperture-coupled to delay lines is demonstrated for local multipoint distribution system (LMDS) central station antennas, in the 10.10-10.70 GHz band. The antenna must cover a 60 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">deg</sup> -sector in azimuth with a squared cosecant pattern in elevation. The design process consists of two steps. First, a phase-only pattern synthesis technique is applied to obtain the required phase-shift distribution on the reflectarray surface which generates the shaped pattern. The second stage consists of determining the length of the delay lines, aperture-coupled to the square patches, in order to achieve the phase distribution synthesized in the previous step. Two reflectarray antennas have been designed, one for vertical (V) and the other for horizontal (H) polarization. A breadboard for V-polarization has been manufactured and tested in an anechoic chamber, showing a good agreement between theoretical and measured radiation patterns.
Effect of ciprofloxacin on mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation (1986)

Ciprofloxacin was tested for its inhibitory or stimulatory effects on concanavalin A- and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated proliferation (measured by [3H]thymidine uptake) of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and murine splenocytes. Ciprofloxacin did not diminish or enhance mononuclear cell proliferation at concentrations of 5 to 125 micrograms/ml. Further, the proliferative response of splenocytes of mice previously treated with ciprofloxacin (40 mg/kg, twice daily for 5 days) was essentially similar to that of untreated controls.
Über Pterinchemie. 35. Mitteilung [1]. Herstellung von 6‐aminomethyl‐6‐methyl‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydropterin, ein Beitrag zur frage der Existenz von parachinoid‐dihydropterinen (1971)

Abstract Die erste Synthese eines 6, 6‐disubstituierten Tetrahydropterins, nämlich des 6‐Aminomethyl‐6‐methyl‐5, 6, 7, 8‐tetrahydropterins, wird beschrieben: Das durch Anlagerung von Blausäure an 6‐Methyl‐7, 8‐dihydropterin entstandene 6‐Cyano‐6‐methyl‐5, 6, 7, 8‐tetrahydropterin wird acetyliert, reduziert und anschliessend desacetyliert. Entgegen unserer Erwartung bildet das 6‐Aminomethyl‐6‐methyl‐tetrahydropterin bei der Oxydation durch Luftsauerstoff unter physiologischen Bedingungen kein Parachinoid‐dihydropterin, sondern wird direkt zu 6‐Methyl‐7, 8‐dihydropterin, Formaldehyd und Ammoniak abgebaut.
Medium Effects on Charge Transfer in Metal Complexes (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMedium Effects on Charge Transfer in Metal ComplexesPingyun Chen and Thomas J. MeyerView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599−3290 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 4, 1439–1478Publication Date (Web):May 23, 1998Publication History Received29 July 1997Revised8 January 1998Published online23 May 1998Published inissue 1 June 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr941180whttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr941180wresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4348Altmetric-Citations573LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Charge transfer,Energy,Metal to ligand charge transfer,Solvation,Solvents Get e-Alerts
7 Adeno-associated Viral Vectors (1999)

The discipline of gene therapy is relatively young when compared to other fields of study. However, from the start, there has been a clear vision of the expectations required to achieve successful clinical results. These have included (1) efficient transduction of the target cell, (2) long-term expression of the therapeutic gene, (3) lack of immune response to the vector or transduced cell, and (4) absence of toxicity to the patient following delivery. Until recently, this mandate has been met only in part by the numerous viral and nonviral delivery systems. Now, definitive in vivo results meeting all of the above criteria have been established by using the parvovirus adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector system supporting a thorough testing of this vector in the clinical arena. This chapter describes in detail the AAV vector system, production methods, successful in vivo models, and questions related to AAV biology that, when understood, may further enhance the existing vector system. Research employing AAV as a vector for gene therapy has been driven by the desire to exploit the unique biology and life cycle of this virus. This human parvovirus exhibits many natural features that are absent from alternative vectors. AAV’s most prominent feature, which suits it to applications for long-term gene therapy, is the tendency to establish latent infections through integration into the chromosomal DNA. The fact that AAV lytic cycle generally depends on the presence of a coinfecting helper virus means that, essentially, any uninfected helper cell can potentially serve as a host for...
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases as a common platform for multi-hormone signaling (2007)

In multicellular organisms, concerted actions of different tissues are regulated inside single cells by signal transduction mechanisms that, subsequently to hormones sensing, trigger intracellular responses. In recent years, increasing evidence indicates phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) as crucial signal transducing elements that regulate communication across the plasma membrane. PI3K generate lipid secondary messengers that trigger a plethora of intracellular responses ranging from metabolic regulation to cell proliferation, survival, and migration. The growing number of hormones that relay signals by activating PI3K suggests not only multiple roles of these enzymes in the regulation of different physiological responses but also a way by which common reactions can be stimulated by different inputs. This review will thus focus on the different pathways that converge on PI3K activation, with particular attention to the paradigmatic PI3K involvement in insulin signaling.
Ultrahigh Energy Gap Hosts in Deep Blue Organic Electrophosphorescent Devices (2004)

Four ultrahigh energy gap organosilicon compounds [diphenyldi(o-tolyl)silane (UGH1), p-bis(triphenylsilyl)benzene (UGH2), m-bis(triphenylsilyl)benzene (UGH3), and 9,9‘-spirobisilaanthracene (UGH4)] were employed as host materials in the emissive layer of electrophosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The high singlet (∼4.5 eV) and triplet (∼3.5 eV) energies associated with these materials effectively suppress both the electron and energy transfer quenching pathways between the emissive dopant and the host material, leading to deep blue phosphorescent devices with high (∼10%) external quantum efficiencies. Furthermore, by direct charge injection from the adjacent hole and electron transport layers onto the phosphor doped into the UGH matrix, exciton formation occurs directly on the dopant, thereby eliminating exchange energy losses characteristic of guest−host energy transfer. We discuss the material design, and present device data for OLEDs employing UGHs. Among the four host materials, UGH2 and UGH3 have higher quantum efficiencies than UGH1 when used in OLEDs. Rapid device degradation was observed for the UGH4-based device due to electro- and/or photooxidation of the diphenylmethane moiety in UGH4. In addition to showing that UGH materials can be used to fabricate efficient blue OLEDs, we demonstrate that very high device efficiencies can be achieved in structures where the dopant transports both charge and excitons.
Glycosylation inhibitors in biology and medicine (1995)

Glycosidase inhibitors are moving increasingly out of the laboratory and into the clinic as potential agents for the treatment of diseases including diabetes, AIDS and cancer. These compounds, originally isolated from natural sources and utilized for unraveling the glycosylation pathways involved in post-translational modification of glycoproteins, have multiple effects that are only now being fully appreciated. In addition to their ability to inhibit processing exoglycosidases, lysosomal glycosidases and the intestinal disaccharidases involved in carbohydrate digestion, these compounds appear to have additional activities, including immunomodulatory properties and inhibition of glycolipid synthesis, which continue to expand their range of potential uses.
Drug Leads from Combinatorial Phosphodiester Libraries (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDrug Leads from Combinatorial Phosphodiester LibrariesPeter W. Davis, Timothy A. Vickers, Laura Wilson-Lingardo, Jacqueline R. Wyatt, Charles J. Guinosso, Yogesh S. Sanghvi, Elizabeth A. DeBaets, Oscar L. Acevedo, P. Dan Cook, and David J. EckerCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 22, 4363–4366Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00022a002https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00022a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views140Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (3)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Synthetic unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides are potent stimulators of antileukemia responses in naive and bone marrow transplant recipients (2001)

Immunostimulatory cytosine-phophate-guanosine (CpG)--containing motifs in bacterial DNA are potent immune system activators. Depending on the bases flanking the CpG motif and on the DNA backbone, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) can induce relatively more B-cell activation or relatively more natural killer (NK)--cell activation. To evaluate their antitumor activities, an NK-optimized ODN (1585) and 2 B-cell--optimized ODNs (1826 and 2006) were compared for their ability to protect naive mice against a lethal acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) challenge. CpG 2006, but not CpG 1585, administered 2 days before the AML challenge, allowed mice to survive more than 100 times a lethal tumor dose. Cell depletion studies showed that protection did not require T or B cells but depended on NK cells and also on an NK-independent mechanism. CpG 2006 protected against AML challenge in both syngeneic and allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients at both early and late time points after transplantation. Although CpG 1585 had no protective effect on its own, it showed a striking synergy with CpG 2006 to induce prolonged survival to AML challenge in allogeneic recipients of T-cell-depleted marrow grafts, exceeding the survival benefit of donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI). When combined with DLI, a synergistic effect was observed in recipients of CpG2006 or 2006 + 1585 with 88% of mice surviving long-term. These data are the first to indicate that the systemic administration of CpG ODNs is a potent means of inducing therapeutic anti-AML innate immune responses in naive and BMT recipients. (Blood. 2001;98:1217-1225)
Inhibition of NF-κB by (E)3-[(4-methylphenyl)-sulfonyl]-2-propenenitrile (BAY11-7082; BAY) is associated with enhanced 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced growth suppression and apoptosis in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells (2008)

The effects of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) alone or in combination with an NF-kappaB inhibitor, (E)3-[(4-methylphenyl)-sulfonyl]-2-propenenitrile (BAY 11-7082; BAY), on the growth and apoptosis of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells cultured in vitro or grown in immunodeficient mice were studied. Treatment of cultured PC-3 cells with TPA (0.2-10 ng/ml) for 96 h resulted in growth inhibition and apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. BAY inhibited NF-kappaB activity in PC-3 cells as determined by a luciferase reporter assay and enhanced TPA-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in cultured PC-3 cells. In animal studies, NCr immunodeficient mice were injected subcutaneously with PC-3 cells in Matrigel. Mice with well-established tumors received daily i.p. injections with TPA (100 ng/g body weight/day), BAY (4 microg/g/day), or a combination of TPA (100 ng/g/day) and BAY (4 microg/g/day) for 36 days. Tumor growth occurred in all of the vehicle-treated control mice. The percent of animals with some tumor regression after 36 days of treatment was 0% for the control group, 40% for the TPA group, 50% for the BAY group and 100% for the TPA + BAY group. Mechanistic studies indicated that treatment of the mice with TPA or TPA + BAY decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis in the tumors. Results from our studies indicate that inhibition of NF-kappaB activity is associated with enhanced TPA-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in PC-3 cells. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activity by suitable pharmacological inhibitors may be an effective strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy of TPA in prostate cancer.
Solid phase chemical technologies for combinatorial chemistry (2001)

This article describes the exploration of synthetic methodologies on solid phase for combinatorial chemistry. Examples will cover various cyclisation strategies that include; the intramolecular Heck cyclisation leading to the formation of oxindoles, the radical cyclisation mechanism in the synthesis of furans, and a stereoselective cyclisation to form oxopiperazines.