gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A System-on-Chip EPC Gen-2 Passive UHF RFID Tag With Embedded Temperature Sensor (2010)

This paper presents a system-on-chip passive RFID tag with an embedded temperature sensor for the EPC Gen-2 protocol in the 900-MHz UHF frequency band. A dual-path clock generator is proposed to support both applications with either very accurate link frequency or very low power consumption. On-chip temperature sensing is accomplished with a time-readout scheme to reduce the power consumption. Moreover, a gain-compensation technique is proposed to reduce the temperature sensing error due to process variations by using the same bandgap reference of the tag to generate bias currents for both the current-to-digital converter and the clock generator of the sensor. Also integrated is a 128-bit one-time-programmable (OTP) memory array based on gate-oxide antifuse without extra mask steps. Fabricated in a standard 0.18- μm CMOS process with analog options, the 1.1-mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> tag chip is bonded onto an antenna using flip-chip technology to realize a complete tag inlay, which is successfully demonstrated and evaluated in real-time wireless communications with commercial RFID readers. The tag inlay achieves a sensitivity of -6 dBm and a sensing inaccuracy of ±0.8 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C (3 σ inaccuracy) over operating temperature range from -20 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C to 30 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C with one-point calibration.
Impact of process variations on multicore performance symmetry (2007)

Multi-core architectures introduce a new granularity at which process variations may occur, yielding asymmetry among cores that were designed---and that software expects---to be symmetric in performance. The chief source of this phenomenon are highly correlated, systematic within-die variations such as optical imperfections yielding variations across the exposure field. Per-core voltages can be used to bring all cores to the same performance level, but this compensation strategy also affects power, chiefly due to leakage power. Boosting a core's frequency may therefore boost its leakage sufficiently to engage thermal throttling. This sets up a tradeoff between static performance asymmetry due to frequency variation versus dynamic performance asymmetry due to thermal throttling. This paper explores the potential magnitude of these effects.
Defluoridation study for Boise geothermal water (1980)

Methods of removing fluorides from water are reviewed and recommendations are made for treating geothermal water used by the Boise Geothermal Project, Boise, Idaho. The Boise geothermal water except for its high fluoride content would be high quality, suitable for primary drinking water. Fluoride ranges from about 15 to 25 mg/l in water from various wells in the Boise region where the Project plans to obtain hot water. Four techniques for removing fluorides from water have been studied extensively during the past 15 years or so. Electrodialysis and reverse osmosis are useful in reducing total dissolved solids from brackish water, but are nonspecific and are too expensive for treatment of the Boise geothermal water. Selective precipitation is a widely used technique for treating water, but would also prove expensive for the Boise geothermal water because of the relatively high solubility of fluoride salts and consequently high concentration (and cost) of precipitants required to reduce the fluorides to an acceptable level. Ion-exchange separation using activated alumina as the exchange medium appears to be the most promising technique and we recommend that some laboratory and pilot studies be conducted to establish suitability and operating boundaries.
The Role of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors in the Treatment of Advanced Renal Cancer (2007)

Inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) have shown promising efficacy in early-stage trials in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Most RCCs have been shown to possess biallelic alterations in the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene, resulting in accumulation of hypoxia-inducible factors 1alpha and 2alpha, as well as their downstream targets including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The observed clinical efficacy of mTOR inhibitors in patients with RCC may be mediated in part by the dependence of efficient hypoxia-inducible factor translation on the mTOR pathway. mTOR inhibitors have entered more advanced phase clinical trials either as single agents or in combination with other targeted agents or IFN, which might ultimately result in regulatory approval of one or more agents. Given the likely nonoverlapping mechanism of action of mTOR inhibitors and VEGF pathway-targeted agents, mTOR inhibitors may prove useful if administered in combination or after resistance to VEGF inhibitors. With an increasing number of active agents for treatment of patients with RCC, efforts must continue to develop patient selection models based on predictive biomarkers to direct therapy to appropriate patients.
A 2.5 Gb/s, 4-channel multiwavelength light source composed of UV written waveguide gratings and laser diodes integrated on Si (1997)

The dynamic performance of an integrated multiwavelength light source based on a UV written waveguide grating external cavity laser is described for the first time. It has 4 wavelength channels, each of which is successfully modulated at 2.5 Gb/s. We have described the first demonstration of an integrated multiwavelength light source based on the hybrid integration of laser diodes with UV written Bragg gratings in silica waveguides on silicon. 4 channels were successfully modulated at 2.5 Gb/s. This light source will play an important role in WDM transmission and access network systems.
A mutation in the age-1 gene in Caenorhabditis elegans lengthens life and reduces hermaphrodite fertility. (1988)

age-1(hx546) is a recessive mutant allele in Caenorhabditis elegans that results in an increase in mean life span averaging 40% and in maximal life span averaging 60% at 20 degrees; at 25 degrees age-1(hx546) averages a 65% increase in mean life span (25.3 days vs. 15.0 days) and a 110% increase in maximum life span (46.2 days vs. 22.0 days for wild-type hermaphrodites). Mutant males also show extended life spans. age-1(hx546) is associated with a 75% decrease in hermaphrodite self-fertility as compared to the age-1+ allele at 20 degrees. Using two novel strategies for following the segregation of age-1, we present evidence that longer life results from a mutation in a single gene that increases the probability of survival at all chronological ages. The long-life and reduced-fertility phenotypes cosegregate and are tightly linked to fer-15, a locus on linkage group II. age-1(hx546) does not affect the timing of larval molts, the length of embryogenesis, food uptake, movement, or behavior in any way tested. Although age-1(hx546) lowers hermaphrodite self-fertility, it does not markedly affect the length of the reproductive period with all the increase in life expectancy due to an increase in the length of postreproductive life. In so far as we are aware, this mutant in age-1 is the only instance of a well-characterized genetic locus in which the mutant form results in lengthened fife. It is likely that the action of age-1 in lengthening life results not from eliminating a programmed aging function but rather from reduced hermaphrodite self-fertility or from some other unknown metabolic or physiologic alteration.
Isolation of flagellated bacteria implicated in Crohnʼs disease (2007)

The conserved immune response in both mouse and human to these previously unknown flagellins of the microbiota indicate that they play an important role in host-microbe interactions in the intestine.
The Th1 Immune Response toPlasmodium falciparumCircumsporozoite Protein Is Boosted by Adenovirus Vectors 35 and 26 with a Homologous Insert (2010)

The most advanced malaria vaccine, RTS,S, is comprised of a portion of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) protein, fused to and admixed with the hepatitis B virus surface antigen, and an adjuvant [corrected].This vaccine confers short-term protection against malaria infection, with an efficacy of about 50%, and induces particularly B-cell and CD4(+) T-cell responses.In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the Th1 immune response to CS protein,in particular the CD8(+) T-cell response, which is needed for strong and lasting malaria immunity, is boosted to sustainable levels by adenovirus vectors 35 and 26 with a homologous insert (Ad35.CS/Ad26.CS) [corrected]. In this study, we evaluated immune responses induced with vaccination regimens based on an adjuvant-containing, yeast-produced complete CS protein followed by two recombinant low-seroprevalence adenoviruses expressing P. falciparum CS antigen, Ad35.CS (subgroup B) and Ad26.CS (subgroup D). Our results show that (i) the yeast (Hansenula polymorpha)produced, adjuvanted full-length CS protein is highly potent in inducing high CS-specific humoral responses in mice but produces poor T-cell responses, (ii) the Ad35.CS vector boosts the gamma interferon-positive (IFN-γ(+)) CD8(+) T-cell response induced by the CS protein immunization and shifts the immune response toward the Th1 type, and (iii) a three-component heterologous vaccination comprised of a CS protein prime followed by boosts with Ad35.CS and Ad26.CS elicits an even more robust and sustainable IFN-γ(+) CD8(+) T-cell response than one- or two-component regimens. The Ad35.CS/Ad26.CS combination boosted particularly the IFN-γ(+) and tumor necrosis factor alpha-positive (TNF-α(+)) T cells, confirming the shift of the immune response from the Th2 type to the Th1 type. These results support the notion of first immunizations of infants with an adjuvanted CS protein vaccine, followed by a booster Ad35.CS/Ad26.CS vaccine at a later age, to induce lasting protection against malaria for which the Th1 response and immune memory is required.
[Clinical efficacy of vardenafil on ED patients with kidney-yang or -yin deficiency or liver-qi stasis]. (2010)

Vardenafil is more effective for ED patients with kidney-yang or kidney-yin deficiency than for those with liver-qi stasis.
Activation of Mineralocorticoid Receptors by Exogenous Glucocorticoids and the Development of Cardiovascular Inflammatory Responses in Adrenalectomized Rats (2010)

Activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in the context of a high salt intake produces cardiovascular inflammation plus cardiac fibrosis and failure. Inactivation of vascular 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity in intact animals by carbenoxolone (CBX) produces a similar pathology, presumably reflecting coronary vascular MR activation by endogenous glucocorticoids. To test this hypothesis, we have used adrenalectomized rats, without endogenous corticosteroids, and examined the consequences of corticosterone (CORT) replacement on a series of cardiovascular disease parameters. Uninephrectomized adrenalectomized Sprague Dawley rats given 1% NaCl/0.3% KCl to drink were treated for 8 d as follows: control; 20 mg deoxycorticosterone (DOC); 2 mg/d CORT; 2.5 mg/d CBX; CORT plus CBX (CORT/CBX); and CORT/CBX plus 100 mg/kg·d eplerenone. Markers of cardiac oxidative stress (p22phox and NOX4 mRNA) were up-regulated in the DOC and CORT/CBX groups; in contrast, inflammatory cell infiltration was increased and endothelial nitric oxide synthase down-regulated by CORT as well as by DOC and CORT/CBX. In the kidney, connective tissue growth factor mRNA levels were increased by DOC and CORT/CBX; in contrast, DOC had no effect on mRNA levels for channel inducing factor or endothelin 3, which were elevated only by CORT/CBX. All changes noted were reversed by eplerenone. Rats given 10-fold lower CORT (0.2 mg/d) with or without CBX showed no change in any parameter. These results suggest that there exist distinct but overlapping ligand-specific MR-mediated tissue responses to a classic mineralocorticoid (DOC) and to the glucocorticoid CORT, in the presence and absence of CBX to block vascular 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2.
Influence of press-fit parameters on the primary stability of uncemented femoral resurfacing implants (2008)

Primary stability is essential to the success of uncemented prostheses. It is strongly influenced by implantation technique, implant design and bone quality. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of press-fit parameters on the primary stability of uncemented femoral head resurfacing prostheses. An in vitro study with human specimens and prototype implants (nominal radial interference 170 and 420 microm) was used to investigate the effect of interference on primary stability. A finite element model was used to assess the influence of interference, friction between implant and bone, and bone quality. Primary stability was represented by the torque capacity of the implant. The model predicted increasing stability with actual interference, bone quality and friction coefficient; plastic deformation of the bone began at interferences of less than 100 microm. Experimentally, however, stability was not related to interference. This may be due to abrasion or the collapse of trabecular bone structures at higher interferences, which could not be captured by the model. High nominal interferences as tested experimentally appear unlikely to result in improved stability clinically. An implantation force of about 2,500 N was estimated to be sufficient to achieve a torque capacity of about 30 N m with a small interference (70 microm).
Global motion control and support base planning (2005)

Advanced humanoid robots capable of operating in complex 3D environments likely utilize an online optimization strategy where joint accelerations are varied to achieve whole-body postural balance. To this end, we propose one such strategy that optimizes global body parameters such as spin angular momentum and body principal angles, or the angles between the inertia tensor principal axes and the lab frame axes. This optimization strategy is easily combined with other optimization objectives (e.g. maximal efficiency) subject to physical constraints such as requiring that the ZMP operates within the support base. To deal with Bellman's "curse of dimensionality" we suggest, in parallel, two computational simplifications that may make the optimization problem tractable and easily implemented on today's humanoid robots. Finally, we address the problem of support base planning during ground and aerial locomotory phases. We propose novel online strategies for robust coordination of interacting limbs compatible with the proposed optimization strategy.
Improved route for the visualization of stem cells labeled with a Gd‐/Eu‐Chelate as dual (MRI and fluorescence) agent (2004)

A simple labeling procedure of stem/progenitor cells based on the use of Gd-HPDO3A and Eu-HPDO3A, respectively, is described. The Gd-chelate acts as T(1)-agent for MRI visualization, whereas the corresponding Eu-chelate acts as reporter in fluorescence microscopy. Owing to their substantial chemical equivalence, the two chelates are equally internalized in EPCs (endothelial progenitor cells), thus allowing their visualization by both techniques. The lanthanide chelates are entrapped in endosomic vesicles and the labeled cells retain biological activity with preservation of viability and pro-angiogenesis capacity. Hyperintense spots in MR have been observed for Gd-labeled EPCs injected under mice kidney capsule or grafted on a subcutaneous Matrigel plug up to 14 days after transplantation.
MECHANOTRANSDUCTION INVOLVING MULTIMODULAR PROTEINS: Converting Force into Biochemical Signals (2006)

Cells can sense and transduce a broad range of mechanical forces into distinct sets of biochemical signals that ultimately regulate cellular processes, including adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Deciphering at the nanoscale the design principles by which sensory elements are integrated into structural protein motifs whose conformations can be switched mechanically is crucial to understand the process of transduction of force into biochemical signals that are then integrated to regulate mechanoresponsive pathways. While the major focus in the search for mechanosensory units has been on membrane proteins such as ion channels, integrins, and associated cytoplasmic complexes, a multimodular design of tandem repeats of various structural motifs is ubiquitously found among extracellular matrix proteins, as well as cell adhesion molecules, and among many intracellular players that physically link transmembrane proteins to the contractile cytoskeleton. Single-molecule studies have revealed an unexpected richness of mechanosensory motifs, including force-regulated conformational changes of loop-exposed molecular recognition sites, intermediate states in the unraveling pathway that might either expose cryptic binding or phosphorylation sites, or regions that display enzymatic activity only when unmasked by force. Insights into mechanochemical signal conversion principles will also affect various technological fields, from biotechnology to tissue engineering and drug development.
What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain (1959)

In this paper, we analyze the activity of single fibers in the optic nerve of a frog. Our method is to find what sort of stimulus causes the largest activity in one nerve fiber and then what is the exciting aspect of that stimulus such that variations in everything else cause little change in the response. It has been known for the past 20 years that each fiber is connected not to a few rods and cones in the retina but to very many over a fair area. Our results show that for the most part within that area, it is not the light intensity itself but rather the pattern of local variation of intensity that is the exciting factor. There are four types of fibers, each type concerned with a different sort of pattern. Each type is uniformly distributed over the whole retina of the frog. Thus, there are four distinct parallel distributed channels whereby the frog's eye informs his brain about the visual image in terms of local pattern independent of average illumination. We describe the patterns and show the functional and anatomical separation of the channels. This work has been done on the frog, and our interpretation applies only to the frog.
Reduced-reference SSIM estimation (2010)

The structural similarity (SSIM) index has been shown to be a good perceptual image quality predictor. In many real-world applications such as network visual communications, however, SSIM is not applicable because its computation requires full access to the original image. Here we propose a reduced-reference approach that estimates SSIM with only partial information about the original image. Specifically, we extract statistical features from a multi-scale, multi-orientation divisive normalization transform and develop a distortion measure by following the philosophy analogous to that in the construction of SSIM. We found an interesting linear relationship between our reduced-reference SSIM estimate and full-reference SSIM when the image distortion type is fixed. A regression-by-discretization method is then applied to normalize our measure between image distortion types. We use the LIVE database to test the proposed distortion measure, which shows strong correlations with both SSIM and subjective evaluations. We also demonstrate how our reduced-reference features may be employed to partially repair a distorted image.
Some Methods for Strengthening the Common χ 2 Tests (1954)

Since the x2 tests of goodness of fit and of association in contingency tables are presented in many courses on statistical methods for beginners in the subject, it is not surprising that x2 has become one of the most commonly-used techniques, even by scientists who profess only a smattering of knowledge of statistics. It is also not surprising that the technique is sometimes misused, e.g. by calculating x2 from data that are not frequencies or by errors in counting the number of degrees of freedom. A good catalogue of mistakes of this kind has been given by Lewis and Burke (1). In this paper I want to discuss two kinds of failure to make the best use of x2 tests which I have observed from time to time in reading reports of biological research. The first arises because x2 tests, as has often been pointed out, are not directed against any specific alternative to the null hypothesis. In the computation of x2, the deviations (fi mi) between observed and expected frequencies are squared, divided by mi in order to equalize the variances (approximately), and added. No attempt is made to detect any particular pattern of deviations (fi mi) that may hold if the null hypothesis is false. One consequence is that the usual x2 tests are often insensitive, and do not indicate significant results when the null hypothesis is actually false. Some forethought about the kind of alternative hypothesis that is likely to hold may lead to alternative tests that are more powerful and appropriate. Further, when the ordinary x2 test does give a significant result, it does not direct attention to the way in which the null hypothesis disagrees with the data, although the pattern of deviations may be informative and suggestive for future research. The remedy here is to supplement the ordinary test by additional tests that help to reveal the significant type of deviation. In this paper a number of methods for strengthening or supplementing the most common uses of the ordinary x2 test will be presented and illustrated by numerical examples. The principal devices are as follows:
The MHC Class I-Restricted Immune Response to HIV-gag in BALB/c Mice Selects a Single Epitope That Does Not Have a Predictable MHC-Binding Motif and Binds to Kd Through Interactions Between a Glutamine at P3 and Pocket D (1998)

Using a strain of Listeria monocytogenes that stably expresses and secretes HIV gag to deliver this Ag to the MHC class I pathway of Ag processing, we have identified the immunodominant CTL epitope to gag in the BALB/c mouse and shown that it is Kd restricted. The specific motif for the peptides that bind the MHC class I molecule H-2 Kd is believed to be a nonamer with residues tyrosine or phenylalanine in the second amino acid position and leucine or isoleucine in the carboxyl-terminal or ninth amino acid position as dominant anchoring positions. Surprisingly, the identified gag peptide, AMQMLKETI, does not contain an anchoring aromatic residue in position two although competition assays with other Kd-restricted epitopes indicated that it binds to Kd with comparable affinity. Using a theoretical molecular dynamics approach to probe the stability of peptide binding to MHC class I molecules, we show that the absence of an appropriate anchor residue at P2 in AMQMLKETI is compensated by favorable interactions of the glutamine at P3 with pocket D of Kd. These findings were verified experimentally, demonstrating the predictive power of this theoretical approach in analyzing MHC class I/peptide interactions. These studies also indicate that CTL epitope prediction that relies on dominant peptide motifs may not always identify the correct epitope.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Organic Substances (1985)

Abstract The near-infrared spectral region is generally defined as the wavelength range from 700 nm to about 2500 nm, although there is considerable variation in wavelength ranges of the different instrument types. The absorption bands in this region are due to overtones and combinations of the fundamental mid-IR molecular vibration bands. The energy transitions are between the ground state and the second or third excited vibrational states. Because higher energy transitions are successively less likely to occur, each overtone is successively weaker in intensity. Since the energy required to reach a second o r third level excited.