gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A motion prediction method for mouse-based navigation (2002)

A distributed virtual reality system allows remote users to share and to view a common virtual environment via connected networks. However, network latency and bandwidth are often the most crucial performance bottlenecks. We have recently developed a distributed virtual walkthrough environment that supports on-demand model transmission over the Internet through the use of, in addition to other techniques, a simple prefetching technique called EWMA. Although the prefetching technique has been shown to be effective in predicting 3D motion during our simulation experiments, it is less effective in our prototype experiments. The main reason is that most input devices used for navigation are 2D in nature (mostly 2D mice) and EWMA is not too effective in predicting user motion in moving a 2D mouse. To overcome this limitation, we propose in this paper a method for predicting the user motion in moving the mouse during a 3D navigation. To improve the accuracy of the prediction, we also propose a constrained navigation method. We will demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method through experimental results.
India's Sacred Cow: Her Plight and Future (1999)

India's sacred cow is embedded in an economic, religious religious and political morass. Her plight is a tragic consequence of many forces, from overpopulation to to modernization, the outcome of which depends upon upon the path that India chooses to take as it becomes a player in the global marketplace. The spirituality of compassion is a boundless ethic that is the cornerstone of a truly equalitarian society that gives all of its members, human and nonhuman, equal and fair consideration. This is the challenge and the solution for all countries whose economic wealth is in part determined by the humane and sustainable utilization of animal and plant life, and for India in particular. All Indians, regardless of caste and creed, have a long history that links them with a sense of gratitude and reverence for cows. And it is this linkage that can move all to transcend their differences and become unified in their respect and commitment to enhance the health, welfare and protection of all cows and their offspring.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanisms and implications (2010)

The pathophysiological significance of hepatic lipid accumulation in the absence of significant alcohol consumption is increasingly recognised. Thus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now considered the most common cause of liver enzyme elevation in Western countries.1 It is regarded as the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome (MS), characterised by central obesity and insulin resistance (IR), and resulting diabetes type 2, dyslipidaemia and hypertension.2 NAFLD encompasses mild hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) with significant necroinflammation and progressive fibrosis. NAFLD is believed to account for a large fraction, if not entirely for what was previously termed ‘cryptogenic cirrhosis’.3

Since cirrhosis is the main risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver cancer could be simply a complication of end-stage NAFLD, similar to the situation encountered in other chronic fibrosing liver diseases. However, accumulating evidence suggests that hepatocarcinogenesis may also be related to earlier stages of NAFLD. Case series of patients with HCC and NAFLD as the only identified risk factor strongly suggest that hepatocarcinogenesis is part of the natural history of NAFLD. Based on the known association of NAFLD with IR and MS, approximately two-thirds of the patients were obese and/or diabetic,4 and a remarkable 25% of these patients had no cirrhosis. Considering the rapidly increasing prevalence of both conditions in affluent societies, and their significance in the pathophysiology of NAFLD, a rising incidence of NAFLD and its complications—including HCC—can be expected in the mid-term future. Therefore, it is particularly worrying that the most persuasive evidence for an association between NAFLD and HCC derives from studies on the risk of HCC in patients with MS. In a large prospective cohort study HCC mortality was significantly higher in obese subjects than in those with normal body mass index.5 The most comprehensive data underlining the significance …
TNF- α augments intratumoural concentrations of doxorubicin in TNF- α -based isolated limb perfusion in rat sarcoma models and enhances anti-tumour effects (2000)

We have shown previously that isolated limb perfusion (ILP) in sarcoma-bearing rats results in high response rates when melphalan is used in combination with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). This is in line with observations in patients. Here we show that ILP with doxorubicin in combination with TNF-alpha has comparable effects in two different rat sarcoma tumour models. The addition of TNF-alpha exhibits a synergistic anti-tumour effect, resulting in regression of the tumour in 54% and 100% of the cases for the BN175-fibrosarcoma and the ROS-1 osteosarcoma respectively. The combination is shown to be mandatory for optimal tumour response. The effect of high dose TNF-alpha on the activity of cytotoxic agents in ILP is still unclear. We investigated possible modes by which TNF-alpha could modulate the activity of doxorubicin. In both tumour models increased accumulation of doxorubicin in tumour tissue was found: 3.1-fold in the BN175 and 1.8-fold in the ROS-1 sarcoma after ILP with doxorubicin combined with TNF-alpha in comparison with an ILP with doxorubicin alone. This increase in local drug concentration may explain the synergistic anti-tumour responses after ILP with the combination. In vitro TNF-alpha fails to augment drug uptake in tumour cells or to increase cytotoxicity of the drug. These findings make it unlikely that TNF-alpha directly modulates the activity of doxorubicin in vivo. As TNF-alpha by itself has no or only minimal effect on tumour growth, an increase in local concentrations of chemotherapeutic drugs might well be the main mechanism for the synergistic anti-tumour effects.
Fibroblast growth factors (1989)

Journal Article Fibroblast growth factors Get access Andrew Baird, Andrew Baird 1Laboratories for Neuroendocrinology, Salk InstituteLa Jolla, California, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Patricia A Walicke Patricia A Walicke 2Department of Neuroscience, University of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, California, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar British Medical Bulletin, Volume 45, Issue 2, 1989, Pages 438–452, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072333 Published: 01 March 1989
Detection of ultrarare somatic mutation in the humanTP53gene by bidirectional pyrophosphorolysis-activated polymerization allele-specific amplification (2006)

The detection of ultra-rare mutation in the presence of excess amounts of normal genomic DNA is highly advantageous in a number of circumstances, including: 1) identification of minimal residual disease for improved cancer chemotherapy; 2) measurement of mutation load to assess environmental mutagen exposure or endogenous DNA repair; and 3) prenatal diagnosis of paternally-derived mutations within fetal cells in the maternal circulation. Bidirectional pyrophosphorolysis activated polymerization allele-specific amplification (Bi-PAP-A) utilizes two opposing 3'-terminal blocked oligonucleotides (P(*)s) with 1 nucleotide overlap at their 3' termini. The selectivity of Bi-PAP-A derives from the serial coupling of pyrophosphorolysis and DNA polymerization. A total of 13 Bi-PAP-A assays were developed and validated for the human p53 gene (TP53). The sensitivity and specificity of each assay were determined with mutated and wild-type DNA templates, respectively. Bi-PAP-A has a sensitivity of one molecule for most assays and a selectivity (sensitivity:specificity) greater than 1:10(7)-1:10(9) for four of all six mutation types. Four assays with high selectivity were used to detect rare somatic mutations in blood white cells. The silent g.13147C>G (p.R156) mutation was present at an estimated frequency of 1.1 x 10(-7). The g.14523A>T (p.E285V), g.14487G>C (p.R273P), and g.14060G>C (p.G245R) mutations were undetectable with frequencies less than 2.0 x 10(-8). We conclude that Bi-PAP-A is a general and rapid method for detecting ultra-rare mutations.
Nitric oxide in wound-healing (2005)

Modulation of the complex process of wound-healing remains a surgical challenge. Little improvement beyond controlling infection, gentle tissue handling, and debridement of necrotic tissue has been had in the modern era. However, increasing appreciation of the process from a biomolecular perspective offers the potential for making significant strides in wound modulation. The bioactive molecule nitric oxide was found to have wide-ranging impact on cellular activities, including the cellular responses engendered by wound healing. Current research suggests that nitric oxide and several nitric oxide donors can exert biologic effects, although the particular net responses of cells contributing to wound repair are context-dependent.
Antibacterial and antifungal activity of aromatic constituents of essential oils. (1997)

Five aromatic constituents of essential oils (cineole, citral, geraniol, linalool and menthol) were tested for antimicrobial activity against eighteen bacteria (including Gram-positive cocci and rods, and Gram-negative rods) and twelve fungi (three yeast-like and nine filamentous). In terms of antibacterial activity linalool was the most effective and inhibited seventeen bacteria, followed by cineole, geraniol (each of which inhibited sixteen bacteria), menthol and citral aromatic compounds, which inhibited fifteen and fourteen bacteria, respectively. Against fungi the citral and geraniol oils were the most effective (inhibiting all twelve fungi), followed by linalool (inhibiting ten fungi), cineole and menthol (each of which inhibited seven fungi) compounds.
Utility of DNA methylation markers for diagnosing cancer (2010)

DNA methylation occurs at the CpG residues and serves as a powerful epigenetic mechanism that negatively regulates gene expression. This process is catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases and occurs within "CpG islands" found in the promoter regions of >70% of human genes. Given the important role of DNA methylation in regulating gene expression, un-programmed changes in methylation patterns are expected to either silence or activate transcription of tumor suppressor genes (via hypermethylation) or oncogenes (via demethylation), respectively, and by doing so promote a disease state. In light of the fact that a number of different cancers are frequently associated with hypermethylated tumor suppressor genes together with the observation that tumor derived genomic DNAs are present in various body fluids including serum/plasma, urine, sputum and bronchial lavage, methylated DNA has shown tremendous promise to serve as a robust biomarker for detecting cancer. Over the last several years protocols for capturing small amounts of DNA in circulation have been developed. Once captured, DNA methylation may be readily monitored by restriction enzyme digestion or bisulfite conversion followed by amplification of the desired genomic region with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). New technologies which employ methyl-binding protein or antibodies that bind specifically to methylated-CpG residues have now enabled investigators to interrogate the status of entire "DNA methyome" of diseased tissue in an efficient and cost-effective manner. In this review, we describe the various tumor suppressor genes that are frequently hypermethylated in different cancers and how these and other methylated loci may be employed as clinically useful biomarkers for diagnosing cancer noninvasively using readily available body fluids.
Expression of listeriolysin O by intracellularListeria monocytogenesfollowing infection of lipopolysaccharide-treated or untreated J774.1 macrophage-like cells (1996)

Listeria monocytogenes replicates in a phagocytic cell following escape into the host cytoplasm. Listeriolysin O, secreted by L. monocytogenes, which belongs to the thiol-activated hemolysin family, is known to play an important role in the escape of the bacterium into the host cytoplasm. In this study, we demonstrated that expression of listeriolysin O by infecting L. monocytogenes was lightly induced in J774.1 macrophage-like cells pretreated with lipopolysaccharide, although the growth of the bacteria was suppressed. The number of viable L. monocytogenes decreased until 4 h post-infection and then increased between 4 and 8 h post-infection in untreated J774.1 host cells, but it decreased until 8 h post-infection in lipopolysaccharide-treated host cells. However, expression of listeriolysin O by L. monocytogenes was not induced in the untreated host cells, while it increased 0 and 4 h post-infection in the lipopolysaccharide-treated host cells. Expression of listeriolysin O mRNA in the lipopolysaccharide-like cells. These results suggest that macrophage activation induced with lipopolysaccharide could lead to the expression of the listeriolysin O gene and the synthesis of listeriolysin O protein under suppression of the intracellular growth of L. monocytogenes.
Polymerizable Lyotropic Liquid Crystals Containing Transition-Metal Ions as Building Blocks for Nanostructured Polymers and Composites (1998)

Transition-metal-containing analogues of a polymerizable lyotropic liquid crystal were prepared from sodium p-styryloctadecanoate by ion exchange with water-soluble metal chlorides, nitrates, and acetates. The mesophases of these amphiphilic monomers were investigated by polarized light microscopy, low-angle X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. It was found that cadmium(II), manganese(II), and cobalt(II) p-styryloctadecanoate form an inverted hexagonal lyotropic phase at ambient temperature (22 °C), while the copper(II) salt forms a columnar hexagonal thermotropic phase. The monomers can be cross-linked photolytically in their respective liquid crystal phases with retention of phase architecture to yield polymer networks containing ordered microdomains of transition-metal ions. The relationship between the dimensions of the hexagonal mesophase formed and the identity of the counterion present in each salt is discussed. The polymerized inverted hexagonal phase of the cadmium salt was also used as a template for the formation of CdS nanoparticles, affording a novel, nanostructured composite.
High-Power Polarization-Engineered GaN/AlGaN/GaN HEMTs Without Surface Passivation (2004)

In this paper, a high-power GaN/AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) has been demonstrated. A thick cap layer has been used to screen surface states and reduce dispersion. A deep gate recess was used to achieve the desired transconductance. A thin SiO/sub 2/ layer was deposited on the drain side of the gate recess in order to reduce gate leakage current and improve breakdown voltage. No surface passivation layer was used. A breakdown voltage of 90 V was achieved. A record output power density of 12 W/mm with an associated power-added efficiency (PAE) of 40.5% was measured at 10 GHz. These results demonstrate the potential of the technique as a controllable and repeatable solution to decrease dispersion and produce power from GaN-based HEMTs without surface passivation.
Hemorrhagic Periventricular Leukomalacia in the Neonate: A Real-Time Ultrasound Study (1983)

Periventricular leukomalacia is an important complication of hypoperfusion of the brain in immature newborn infants. In a real-time ultrasound study with frequent scanning of 120 infants of birth weight less than 1,501 g, hemorrhagic periventricular leukomalacia was observed in nine (7.5%), and in five of these infants subsequent development of cystic degeneration was noted. The overall incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage in the same population was 48%.
Formation of Colloidal Dispersions of Organic Materials in Aqueous Media by Solvent Shifting (2003)

This paper describes the preparation of colloidal dispersions of water-insoluble organic materials by a "solvent-shifting" procedure, in which a concentrated solution of an organic solute in a water-miscible organic solvent is dispersed into a large volume of aqueous (nonsolvent) bulk solution containing colloidal stabilizers. In the majority of cases studied, the solute separates as 0.1−0.5 μm amorphous particles. The particle size is strongly correlated with the local supersaturation, i.e., the ratio of the solute feed concentration to the instantaneous value of the equilibrium solubility in the bulk, and also shows a weak dependence on the solute feed concentration. The results obtained on systematic variation of the precipitation conditions, including the amount of organic solvent in the aqueous phase, the solute feed concentration, and the mixing conditions, are discussed in terms of a mechanism of particle formation comprising dispersion of the feed solution as small droplets, followed by solvent/water counterdiffusion at the interface. Rapidly decreasing solvent quality, resulting from this interdiffusion, leads to local liquid−liquid phase separation by spinodal decomposition. This mechanism is shown to be consistent with the preferential formation of noncrystalline (amorphous) particles and with the observed changes in particle size and formation rate.
In vivo efficacy of silver-coated (Silzone) infection-resistant polyester fabric against a biofilm-producing bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis. (1998)

The Silzone coating reduced inflammation in this direct-contamination model using a strain of S. epidermidis that is capable of producing biofilm. This indicates a concentration of silver ions sufficient for bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity within the fabric in vivo.
[Role of peritoneal macrophages in the development of an experimental Salmonella infection]. (1985)

The effect produced on the course of Salmonella infection in mice by the removal of peritoneal macrophages with agarose has been studied. Peritoneal macrophages have been shown to control the multiplication of faintly virulent and virulent S. typhimurium strains in the spleen of mice. In immune mice the elimination of the virulent strain of the causative agent of superinfection may occur without the control of peritoneal macrophages.
Copolymer Networks Based on Poly(ω‐pentadecalactone) and Poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)Segments as a Versatile Triple‐Shape Polymer System (2010)

Abstract Thermo‐sensitive triple‐shape polymers can perform two consecutive shape changes in response to heat. These shape changes correspond to the recovery of two different deformations in reverse order, which were programmed previously at elevated temperature levels ( T mid and T high ) by the application of external stress. Recently, an AB copolymer network was described, which surprisingly exhibited a triple‐shape effect despite being programmed with only one deformation at T high . Here it is explored whether a copolymer network system can be designed that enables a one‐step deformation process at ambient temperature (cold drawing) as a novel, gentle, and easy‐to‐handle triple‐shape‐creation procedure, in addition to the procedures reported to date, which generally involve deformation(s) at elevated temperature(s). A copolymer‐network system with two crystallizable polyester segments is synthesized and characterized, fulfilling two crucial criteria. These materials can be deformed at ambient temperature by cold drawing and show, even at T high , which is above the melting points of both switching domains, elongation at break of up to 250%. Copolymer networks with PCL contents of 75 and 50 wt% show a triple‐shape effect after cold drawing with shape‐fixity ratios between 65% and 80% and a total‐shape‐recovery ratio above 97%. Furthermore, in these copolymer networks, the triple‐shape effect can be obtained after a one‐step deformation at T high . Independent of the temperature at which the deformation is applied (ambient temperature or T high ), copolymer networks that have the same compositions show similar switching temperatures and proportioning of the recovery in two steps. The two‐step programming procedure enables a triple‐shape effect in copolymer networks for an even broader range of compositions. This versatile triple‐shape‐material system based on tailored building blocks is an interesting candidate material for applications in fixation systems or disassembling systems.
A brief history of oxytocin and its role in modulating psychostimulant effects (2013)

Over the past century, the polypeptide oxytocin has played an important role in medicine with major highlights including the identification of its involvement in parturition and the milk let-down reflex. Oxytocin is now implicated in an extensive range of psychological phenomena including reward and memory processes and has been investigated as a treatment for several psychiatric disorders including addiction, anxiety, autism, and schizophrenia. In this review, we first provide an historical overview of oxytocin and describe key aspects of its physiological activity. We then outline some pharmacological limitations in this field of research before highlighting the role of oxytocin in a wide range of behavioral and neuronal processes. Finally, we review evidence for a modulatory role of oxytocin with regard to psychostimulant effects. Key findings suggest that oxytocin attenuates a broad number of cocaine and methamphetamine induced behaviors and associated neuronal activity in rodents. Evidence also outlines a role for oxytocin in the prosocial effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) in both rodents and humans. Clinical trials should now investigate the effectiveness of oxytocin as a novel intervention for psychostimulant addiction and should aim to determine its specific role in the therapeutic properties of MDMA that are currently being investigated.
The progression associated antigen MUC18 (1993)

The cell surface glycoprotein MUC18 was originally identified as a progression associated antigen in melanoma. MUC18 is expressed most strongly on metastatic lesions and advanced primary tumours and is only rarely detected in benign lesions. cDNA cloning revealed MUC18 to be a novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with sequence similarity to a number of cell adhesion molecules. Cloning of both the human and mouse MUC18 genes indicate that their predicted protein structures are very similar with an overall amino acid identity of 75%. Like its human counterpart, murine MUC18 is also expressed by transformed melanocytes. Analysis of the promoter region of the human gene has provided evidence for regulatory elements found in smooth muscle specific genes and in both human and mouse: this is the normal site of MUC18 expression. The presence of putative binding sites for the transcriptional factors AP-1, AP-2 and CREB, suggest that MUC18 gene expression can also be modulated by external factors.