gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunocompromised tumor-bearing mice show a selective loss of STAT5a/b expression in T and B lymphocytes (1997)

Impaired immune responses are frequently observed in tumor-bearing hosts during progression of tumor growth, but the molecular basis of these functional defects remains unclear. To investigate tumor-induced immunosuppression, we first established that lymphocytes from mice bearing s.c. mammary adenocarcinoma (TS/A) tumors were severely impaired in their ability to generate cellular and humoral Ag-specific responses. Lymphocytes from these mice were then screened for abnormalities in the expression of signal transducing proteins known to be involved in the regulation of cellular immunity. Interestingly, purified T and B cells isolated from immunocompromised tumor-bearing mice displayed a marked decrease in the transcription activators STAT5a and -b at the protein level and to a lesser extent at the mRNA level. By contrast, no change in the expression of STAT1, -3, and -6 or of the TCR itself were detected. The correlation in the loss of T and B cell function with the selective decrease in STAT5a/b expression suggests that regulation of the STAT5 signaling pathway may provide a molecular mechanism for modulating the immune system.
Television series (2010)

We at the BBC are researching a television documentary series and would like to speak to nurses about how they manage their finances.
FGF signalling in the early specification of mesoderm in Xenopus (1993)

We have examined the role of FGF signalling in the development of muscle and notochord and in the expression of early mesodermal markers in Xenopus embryos. Disruption of the FGF signalling pathway by expression of a dominant negative construct of the FGF receptor (XFD) generally results in gastrulation defects that are later evident in the formation of the trunk and tail, though head structures are formed nearly normally. These defects are reflected in the loss of notochord and muscle. Even in embryos that show mild defects and gastrulate properly, muscle formation is impaired, suggesting that morphogenesis and tissue differentiation each depend on FGF. The XFD protein inhibits the expression of the immediate early gene brachyury throughout the marginal zone, including the dorsal side; it does not, however, inhibit the dorsal lip marker goosecoid, which is expressed in the first involuting mesoderm at the dorsal side that will underlie the head. The XFD protein also inhibits Xpo expression, an immediate early marker of ventral and lateral mesoderm. These results suggest that FGF is involved in the earliest events of most mesoderm induction that occur before gastrulation and that the early dorsal mesoderm is already composed of two cell populations that differ in their requirements for FGF.
Practical Methods for Approximate String Matching (2003)

In &amp;quot;By imitating the case of HPj , we have that V Pj [i] = 1 iff HNj [i − 1] = 1 or D0j [i] = 1 and HPj [i − 1] = 0. &amp;quot;, &amp;quot;D0j[i] = 1&amp;quot; should be &amp;quot;D0j[i] = 0&amp;quot;
Molecular Identification of Oligoalginate Lyase of Sphingomonas sp. Strain A1 as One of the Enzymes Required for Complete Depolymerization of Alginate (2000)

A bacterium, Sphingomonas sp. strain A1, can incorporate alginate into cells through a novel ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter system specific to the macromolecule. The transported alginate is depolymerized to di- and trisaccharides by three kinds of cytoplasmic alginate lyases (A1-I [66 kDa], A1-II [25 kDa], and A1-III [40 kDa]) generated from a single precursor through posttranslational autoprocessing. The resultant alginate oligosaccharides were degraded to monosaccharides by cytoplasmic oligoalginate lyase. The enzyme and its gene were isolated from the bacterial cells grown in the presence of alginate. The purified enzyme was a monomer with a molecular mass of 85 kDa and cleaved glycosidic bonds not only in oligosaccharides produced from alginate by alginate lyases but also in polysaccharides (alginate, polymannuronate, and polyguluronate) most efficiently at pH 8.0 and 37 degrees C. The reaction catalyzed by the oligoalginate lyase was exolytic and thought to play an important role in the complete depolymerization of alginate in Sphingomonas sp. strain A1. The gene for this novel enzyme consisted of an open reading frame of 2,286 bp encoding a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 86,543 and was located downstream of the genes coding for the precursor of alginate lyases (aly) and the ABC transporter (algS, algM1, and algM2). This result indicates that the genes for proteins required for the transport and complete depolymerization of alginate are assembled to form a cluster.
Comparison Between 201 Tl and 99m Tc Sestamibi Uptake During Adenosine-Induced Vasodilation as a Function of Coronary Stenosis Severity (1995)

Thus, with adenosine-induced hyperemic flow, both 201Tl and sestamibi significantly underestimated the magnitude of the flow disparity between stenotic and normal perfusion beds. The degree of underestimation was greater for sestamibi. The clinical implication of these experimental findings for vasodilator perfusion imaging remains to be determined, since factors such as greater redistribution and scatter with 201Tl could offset its advantages.
High-concentration boron diffusion in silicon: Simulation of the precipitation phenomena (1990)

An extensive investigation on the diffusion of boron implanted at high concentration in preamorphized silicon has been carried out for rapid thermal annealing and conventional furnace annealing. The rapid process of epitaxial regrowth of the amorphous layer brings B atoms into substitutional positions, and thus electrically active, up to a concentration threshold of about 3.5×1020 cm−3. This value is nearly independent of the annealing temperature and of the implanted dose. Since the concentration of dopant in solution is higher than the solubility value, precipitation phenomena occur in concomitance to diffusion during the annealing. The kinetics of precipitation has been investigated at 800, 900, and 1000 °C with isothermal treatments ranging between 10 s and 171 h. A simulation program taking into account precipitation phenomena has been developed modifying the suprem iii code. The density of nuclei of the new phase has been evaluated on the base of the models of classic nucleation theory, while the rate of precipitation growth has been determined following Ham’s theory. Excellent agreement with experimental data has been obtained in a wide range of experimental conditions. The model represents a significative improvement of the simulation of high-concentration B diffusion in Si; the more commonly used process simulations are inadequate to correctly foresee the dopant redistribution in supersaturated conditions.
Breast Augmentation Using the Expander Mammary Prosthesis (1987)

The expandable mammary prosthesis that has been successfully used for breast reconstruction has been modified for breast augmentation procedures. A new microreservoir that can be buried subcutaneously for extended periods has been developed. The unique design of this implant allows its size to be adjusted postoperatively as many times as desired, thus eliminating the possibility of a second operation to replace an implant whose size is unsatisfactory. Accurate, aesthetically satisfactory results are possible because the volume adjustments are made after the swelling has decreased and the implant has settled into position. Almost all patients offered this opportunity requested postoperative volume adjustments. The results of 59 patients are reported. The surgery was performed over a 3-year period, with the average follow-up time being 6 months. The incidence of capsular contracture has been less than 10 percent. Leakage was a problem in the original implant design; however, since the introduction of the new valve, there has been no leakage to date.
The Kinetics of the Hydrolysis of Acetylenic Chlorides and Their Reactions with Primary and Secondary Aliphatic Amines1 (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Kinetics of the Hydrolysis of Acetylenic Chlorides and Their Reactions with Primary and Secondary Aliphatic Amines1G. F. Hennion and Kenneth W. NelsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 9, 2142–2145Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01566a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01566a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views351Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sequence, Chemical, and Structural Variation of Small Interfering RNAs and Short Hairpin RNAs and the Effect on Mammalian Gene Silencing (2003)

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) induce sequence-specific gene silencing in mammalian cells and guide mRNA degradation in the process of RNA interference (RNAi). By targeting endogenous lamin A/C mRNA in human HeLa or mouse SW3T3 cells, we investigated the positional variation of siRNA-mediated gene silencing. We find cell-type-dependent global effects and cell-type-independent positional effects. HeLa cells were about 2-fold more responsive to siRNAs than SW3T3 cells but displayed a very similar pattern of positional variation of lamin A/C silencing. In HeLa cells, 26 of 44 tested standard 21-nucleotide (nt) siRNA duplexes reduced the protein expression by at least 90%, and only 2 duplexes reduced the lamin A/C proteins to <50%. Fluorescent chromophores did not perturb gene silencing when conjugated to the 5'-end or 3'-end of the sense siRNA strand and the 5'-end of the antisense siRNA strand, but conjugation to the 3'-end of the antisense siRNA abolished gene silencing. RNase-protecting phosphorothioate and 2'-fluoropyrimidine RNA backbone modifications of siRNAs did not significantly affect silencing efficiency, although cytotoxic effects were observed when every second phosphate of an siRNA duplex was replaced by phosphorothioate. Synthetic RNA hairpin loops were subsequently evaluated for lamin A/C silencing as a function of stem length and loop composition. As long as the 5'-end of the guide strand coincided with the 5'-end of the hairpin RNA, 19-29 base pair (bp) hairpins effectively silenced lamin A/C, but when the hairpin started with the 5'-end of the sense strand, only 21-29 bp hairpins were highly active.
The purified 14-kilodalton envelope protein of vaccinia virus produced in Escherichia coli induces virus immunity in animals (1991)

Vaccinia virus (VV) was successfully used as a live vaccine to eradicate smallpox, but the nature of viral proteins involved in eliciting viral immunity has not yet been identified. A potential candidate is a 14-kDa VV envelope protein that is involved in virus penetration at the level of virus-cell fusion, in cell-cell fusion late in infection, and in virus dissemination. The 14-kDa envelope protein has been produced in Escherichia coli, with properties similar to those of the native protein found in the virus particle and in infected cells (C. Lai, S. Gong, and M. Esteban, J. Biol. Chem. 256:22174-22180, 1990). In this investigation, we showed that mice immunized with purified VV 14-kDa protein synthesized in E. coli in the form of a monomer or a trimer develop high-titer neutralizing antibodies and are protected when challenged with lethal doses of wild-type VV. Our findings demonstrate that it is possible to confer protection against VV through immunization with the 14-kDa envelope protein.
How Does NLP Benefit Legal System: A Summary of Legal Artificial Intelligence (2020)

Legal Artificial Intelligence (LegalAI) focuses on applying the technology of artificial intelligence, especially natural language processing, to benefit tasks in the legal domain. In recent years, LegalAI has drawn increasing attention rapidly from both AI researchers and legal professionals, as LegalAI is beneficial to the legal system for liberating legal professionals from a maze of paperwork. Legal professionals often think about how to solve tasks from rule-based and symbol-based methods, while NLP researchers concentrate more on data-driven and embedding methods. In this paper, we introduce the history, the current state, and the future directions of research in LegalAI. We illustrate the tasks from the perspectives of legal professionals and NLP researchers and show several representative applications in LegalAI. We conduct experiments and provide an in-depth analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of existing works to explore possible future directions. You can find the implementation of our work from https://github.com/thunlp/CLAIM.
Long-circulating vectors for the systemic delivery of genes. (2001)

The development of vectors capable of treating systemic diseases is an important goal for gene therapy protocols. In order for a carrier system to preferentially accumulate at sites of systemic disease, such as tumors, sites of inflammation and sites of infection, the carrier must exhibit long circulation lifetimes following intravenous injection. Unfortunately, most gene delivery systems, including viral vectors as well as non-viral vectors, e.g., lipoplexes, polyplexes and lipopolyplexes, are rapidly cleared from the circulation and are preferentially taken up by the 'first-pass' organs such as liver, lung and spleen. Here we review recent literature concerning the ability of non-viral vectors to act as systemic gene therapy agents. The most promising systemic vectors are liposomal systems in which plasmid DNA is encapsulated within a lipid bilayer. The stabilized plasmid-lipid particle (SPLP) system, for example, exhibits circulation half-lives of the order of 6 h following intravenous injection, and preferentially accumulates in distal tumors with gene expression primarily localized to the tumor site.
Selective Activation of p38 Mitogen-activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Isoforms by the MAP Kinase Kinases MKK3 and MKK6 (1998)

The cellular response to treatment with proinflammatory cytokines or exposure to environmental stress is mediated, in part, by the p38 group of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. We report the molecular cloning of a novel isoform of p38 MAP kinase, p38 beta 2. This p38 MAP kinase, like p38 alpha, is inhibited by the pyridinyl imidazole drug SB203580. The p38 MAP kinase kinase MKK6 is identified as a common activator of p38 alpha, p38 beta 2, and p38 gamma MAP kinase isoforms, while MKK3 activates only p38 alpha and p38 gamma MAP kinase isoforms. The MKK3 and MKK6 signal transduction pathways are therefore coupled to distinct, but overlapping, groups of p38 MAP kinases.
The Effect of Extracts of the Roots of the Stinging Nettle(Urtica dioica)on the Interaction of SHBG with its Receptor on Human Prostatic Membranes (1995)

Extracts from the roots of the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) are used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The mechanisms underlying this treatment have not been elucidated. We set out to determine whether specific extracts from U. dioica had the ability to modulate the binding of sex hormone-binding globulin to its receptor on human prostatic membranes. Four substances contained in U. dioica were examined: an aqueous extract; an alcoholic extract; U. dioica agglutinin, and stigmasta-4-en-3-one. Of these, only the aqueous extract was active. It inhibited the binding of 125I-SHBG to its receptor. The inhibition was dose related, starting at about 0.6 mg/ml and completely inhibited binding at 10 mg/ml.
Early detection of lung cancer: clinical perspectives of recent advances in biology and radiology. (2001)

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in developed countries. The prognosis is poor, with less than 15% of patients surviving 5 years after diagnosis. The poor prognosis is attributable to lack of efficient diagnostic methods for early detection and lack of successful treatment for metastatic disease. Most patients (>75%) present with stage III or IV disease and are rarely curable with current therapies. Within the last decade, rapid advances in molecular biology, pathology, bronchology, and radiology have provided a rational basis for improving outcome. These advancements have led to a better documentation of morphological changes in the bronchial epithelium before development of clinical evident invasive carcinomas. This has changed our concept of lung carcinogenesis and emphasized the multistep carcinogenesis approach on several levels. Combined with the technical developments in bronchoscopic techniques, e.g., laser-induced fluorescence endoscope (LIFE) bronchoscopy, we now have improved methods to localize preinvasive and early-invasive bronchial lesions. With the LIFE bronchoscope, a new morphological entity (angiogenic squamous dysplasia) has been recognized, which might be an important biomarker and target for antiangiogenic chemopreventive agents. To reduce the mortality of lung cancer, these new technologies have been taken into the clinic in different scientific settings. The use of low-dose spiral computed tomography in the screening of a high-risk population has demonstrated the possibility of diagnosing small peripheral tumors that are not seen on conventional X-ray. A shift in the therapeutic paradigm from targeting advanced clinically manifest lung cancer toward asymptomatic preinvasive and early-invasive cancer is occurring. The present article reviews the recent advances in the diagnosis of preinvasive and early-invasive cancer to identify biomarkers for early detection of lung cancer and for chemoprevention studies.
The kindest cut (2007)

The growing market of Mobile TV requires automated adaptation of standard TV footage to small size displays. Especially extreme long shots (XLS) depicting distant objects can spoil the user experience, e.g. in soccer content. Automated zooming schemes can improve the visual experience if the resulting footage meets user expectations in terms of the visual detail and quality but does not omit valuable context information. Current zooming schemes are ignorant of beneficial zoom ranges for a given target size when applied to standard definition TV footage. In two experiments 84 participants were able to switch between original and zoom enhanced soccer footage at three sizes - from 320x240 (QVGA) down to 176x144 (QCIF). Eye tracking and subjective ratings showed that zoom factors between 1.14 and 1.33 were preferred for all sizes. Interviews revealed that a zoom factor of 1.6 was too high for QVGA content due to low perceived video quality, but beneficial for QCIF size. The optimal zoom depended on the target display size. We include a function to compute the optimal zoom for XLS depending on the target device size. It can be applied in automatic content adaptation schemes and should stimulate further research on the requirements of different shot types in video coding.
Josephson Tunneling Barriers by rf Sputter Etching in an Oxygen Plasma (1971)

A new technique for fabricating Josephson tunneling barriers has been developed. Oxide tunnel barriers with estimated thicknesses from 20 to 50 Å have been formed on lead films with indium underlayers and on niobium films. The technique includes an rf sputter etching step in argon for cleaning followed by an rf sputter etching step in oxygen. During the latter, an oxide film is grown having a steady-state thickness which is attributed to a balance between sputtering and oxidation rates. Different oxide thickness may be obtained by varying process parameters such as oxygen pressure and rf power.
Successful Embolization of Pulmonary to Systemic Shunt in Congenital Heart Disease with a Metallic Spring Coil (1999)

A case of congenital heart disease with persistent cyanosis despite repeated surgical corrections. Successful treatment was achieved using a metallic spring-coil as an embolizer.
2',5'-Bis-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-3'-spiro-5''-(4''-amino-1'',2''- oxathiole-2'',2'-dioxide)pyrimidine (TSAO) nucleoside analogues: highlyselective inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 that are targeted at the viral reverse transcriptase. (1992)

A series of pyrimidine nucleoside analogues containing [2',5'-bis-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-3'-spiro-5''-(4''-amino- 1'',2''-oxathiole-2'',2''-dioxide)]-beta-D-ribofuranose as the pentose were found to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 [HIV-1(IIIB)] replication at a concentration of 0.06-0.8 microM but were not cytotoxic at a 1000- to 10,000-fold higher concentration. These nucleoside derivatives were also effective against various other HIV-1 strains, including those resistant to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, but not against HIV-2, simian immunodeficiency virus, Moloney murine sarcoma virus, or other RNA or DNA viruses. They proved to be highly specific inhibitors of the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase function of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, showing no marked inhibition of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase-associated DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity, HIV-2 reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase alpha, herpes simplex virus 1 DNA polymerase, or Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase.
Electrochemistry-Based Real-Time PCR on a Microchip (2007)

The development of handheld instruments for point-of-care DNA analysis can potentially contribute to the medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring for decentralized applications. In this work, we demonstrate the implementation of a recently developed electrochemical real-time polymerase chain reaction (ERT-PCR) technique on a silicon-glass microchip for simultaneous DNA amplification and detection. This on-chip ERT-PCR process requires the extension of an oligonucleotide in both solution and at solid phases and intermittent electrochemical signal measurement in the presence of all the PCR reagents. Several important parameters, related to the surface passivation and electrochemical scanning of working electrodes, were investigated. It was found that the ERT-PCR's onset thermal cycle ( approximately 3-5), where the analytical signal begins to be distinguishable from the background, is much lower than that of the fluorescence-based counterparts for high template DNA situations (3 x 10(6) copies/microL). By carefully controlling the concentrations of the immobilized probe and the enzyme polymerase, improvements have been made in obtaining a meaningful electrochemical signal using a lower initial template concentration. This ERT-PCR technique on a microchip platform holds significant promise for rapid DNA detection for point-of-care testing applications.