gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic rate scaling of coded digital video for IVOD applications (1998)

In this paper, a memory scalable architecture for rate scaling of pre-coded digital video is proposed. In this architecture, the anchor frames are compressed and scaled to fit the size of the memory used as the frame store, and motion compensation is performed in frequency domain. Its advantages include memory saving and memory scalability which make it possible to allocated the memory resource according to the on-line payload of the system in the VOD environment. Therefore, both high efficiency and flexibility can be obtained in respect of the utilization of memory. Another problem addressed in this paper is the rate control of the rate scaling transcoder. As a matter of fact, the content creation encoding and rate scaling can be regarded as a two-pass encoding system. In this paper, a rate control algorithm with look-ahead bit allocation and direct AC DCT bit usage profile tracking is implemented in the rate scaling transcoder based on the results of the first pass encoding.
Lexical Representation and Classification of Eventive Verbs - Polarity and Interaction between Process and State (2013)

Event classification is one of the most crucial tasks in lexical semantic representation. Traditionally, researchers regarded process and state as two top level events and discriminated them by semantic and syntactic characteristics. In this paper, we add cause-result relativity as an auxiliary criterion to discriminate between process and state by structuring about 40,000 Chinese verbs to the two correspondent event hierarchies in E-HowNet. All verbs are classified according to their semantic similarity with the corresponding conceptual types of the ontology. As a consequence, we discover deficiencies of the dichotomy approach and point out that any discrete event classification system is insufficient to make a clear cut classification for synonyms with slightly different semantic focuses. We then propose a solution to remedy the deficiencies of the dichotomy approach. For the process or state type mismatched verbs, their inherited semantic properties will be adjusted according to their POS and semantic expressions to preserve their true semantic and syntactic information. Furthermore, cause-result relations will be linked between corresponding processes and states to bridge the gaps of the dichotomy approach. 1
Combining Drug and Immune Therapy: A Potential Solution to Drug Resistance and Challenges of HIV Vaccines? (2008)

According to the World Health Organization's 2007 estimates, close to 33 million people worldwide are living with HIV/AIDS. Over the past two decades, significant progress has been made in understanding HIV pathogenesis and disease progression, which has allowed the identification of a multitude of drug and vaccine targets. Although currently available drug therapies have greatly increased the time from HIV infection to development of AIDS, drug resistance is an inevitable consequence that limits the duration of successful treatment. Consequently, a preventative vaccine remains the top priority; however, no vaccine trial performed to date has shown efficacy in human trials. Therefore, we must use all of our current resources in new creative therapies and strive to develop new methods to reduce persistent viral levels until an effective preventative vaccine is developed. One possible strategy is to use therapeutic vaccination or immune modulators to augment the immune response while antiretroviral chemotherapy limits viral replication. This combination approach is being utilized with success in the treatment of Hepatitis B infections and several trials have been completed and others are ongoing to determine the potential of combination immunological and chemical therapies for HIV infection. We will review the progress to date of anti-HIV drugs, preventative vaccines, and therapeutic vaccines and discuss the future strategies of combination drug and vaccine therapeutic strategies in the fight against HIV.
Expression of the tumor-associated antigen Neu5Gc-Sialyl-Tn in human carcinomas (74.6) (2012)

Abstract Altered glycosylation is prevalent on cancer cells, due to aberrant expression of glycosyltransferases, and frequently involving variations in sialylation patterns. In humans, this altered sialylation can also result from metabolic incorporation of dietary N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) that differs from the human sialic acid N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) by one oxygen atom. Neu5Gc is immunogenic in humans and anti-Neu5Gc antibodies can either promote tumor growth at low doses or cause tumor regression when administered in excess. Antibodies against Neu5Gcα2−6GalNAcα1-O-Ser/Thr (anti-Neu5Gc-Sialyl-Tn IgG) appear to be novel carcinoma biomarkers, but direct evidence for expression of this epitope on human carcinomas is lacking. This neo-sialoglycan resembles the well-known carcinoma-associated biomarker Sialyl-Tn, except that Neu5Ac is replaced with dietary Neu5Gc. Here, we characterize unique antibodies against Neu5Gc and Sialyl-Tn by sialoglycan-microarrays and use them for immunohistochemistry of human breast, prostate, ovary, colon and lung carcinomas revealing co-staining in some mucinous carcinomas. We also generate MUC1-Fc that is heavily glycosylated with Neu5Gc-Sialyl-Tn for affinity-purification of human anti-Neu5Gc-Sialyl-Tn-MUC1 IgG for further immunohistochemistry analysis. Finally, we report a mass spectrometry approach to analyze O-linked glycans from tissues to ultimately prove biomarker expression in positively-stained tissues.
Pleiotropic Biological Activities of Alternatively Spliced TMPRSS2/ERG Fusion Gene Transcripts (2008)

TMPRSS2/ERG gene fusions are found in the majority of prostate cancers; however, there is significant heterogeneity in the 5' region of the alternatively spliced fusion gene transcripts. We have found that there is also significant heterogeneity within the coding exons as well. There is variable inclusion of a 72-bp exon and other novel alternatively spliced isoforms. To assess the biological significance of these alternatively spliced transcripts, we expressed various transcripts in primary prostatic epithelial cells (PrEC) and in an immortalized PrEC line, PNT1a. The fusion gene transcripts promoted proliferation, invasion, and motility with variable activities that depended on the structure of the 5' region encoding the TMPRSS2/ERG fusion and the presence of the 72-bp exon. Cotransfection of different isoforms further enhanced biological activity, mimicking the situation in vivo, in which multiple isoforms are expressed. Finally, knockdown of the fusion gene in VCaP cells resulted in inhibition of proliferation in vitro and tumor progression in an in vivo orthotopic mice model. Our results indicate that TMPRSS2/ERG fusion isoforms have variable biological activities promoting tumor initiation and progression and are consistent with our previous clinical observations indicating that certain TMPRSS2/ERG fusion isoforms are significantly correlated with more aggressive disease.
Termination processes in group transfer polymerization (1993)

Abstract Two major termination processes in the GTP of methacrylates and acrylates have been studied. For methacrylates, intramolecular cyclization is the dominant, if not sole, termination reaction. Both cyclization and O/C‐silyl isomerization of the chain end are observed for acrylates. Oligomerization experiments were used to study the relative rates of cyclization and propagation and the influence of temperature, catalyst and dp. Under typical GTP conditions for methacrylates, cyclization is at least two orders of magnitude slower than monomer addition.
Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults (2012)

Recent guidelines on exercise for weight loss and weight maintenance include resistance training as part of the exercise prescription. Yet few studies have compared the effects of similar amounts of aerobic and resistance training on body mass and fat mass in overweight adults. STRRIDE AT/RT, a randomized trial, compared aerobic training, resistance training, and a combination of the two to determine the optimal mode of exercise for obesity reduction. Participants were 119 sedentary, overweight or obese adults who were randomized to one of three 8-mo exercise protocols: 1) RT: resistance training, 2) AT: aerobic training, and 3) AT/RT: aerobic and resistance training (combination of AT and RT). Primary outcomes included total body mass, fat mass, and lean body mass. The AT and AT/RT groups reduced total body mass and fat mass more than RT (P < 0.05), but they were not different from each other. RT and AT/RT increased lean body mass more than AT (P < 0.05). While requiring double the time commitment, a program of combined AT and RT did not result in significantly more fat mass or body mass reductions over AT alone. Balancing time commitments against health benefits, it appears that AT is the optimal mode of exercise for reducing fat mass and body mass, while a program including RT is needed for increasing lean mass in middle-aged, overweight/obese individuals.
Comparison of Odorant Specificity of Two Human Olfactory Receptors from Different Phylogenetic Classes and Evidence for Antagonism (2005)

Humans are able to detect and discriminate myriads of odorants using only several hundred olfactory receptors (ORs) classified in two major phylogenetic classes representing ORs from aquatic (class I) and terrestrial animals (class II). Olfactory perception results in a combinatorial code, in which one OR recognizes multiple odorants and different odorants are recognized by different combinations of ORs. Moreover, recent data suggest that odorants could also behave as antagonists for other ORs, thus making the combinatorial coding more complex. Here we describe the odorant repertoires of two human ORs belonging to class I and class II, respectively. For this purpose, we set up an assay based on calcium imaging in which 100 odorants were screened using air-phase odorant stimulation at physiological doses. We showed that the human class I OR52D1 is functional, exhibiting a narrow repertoire related to that of its orthologous murine OR, demonstrating than this human class I OR is not an evolutionary relic. The class II OR1G1 was revealed to be broadly tuned towards odorants of 9-10 carbon chain length, with diverse functional groups. The existence of antagonist odorants for the class II OR was also demonstrated. They are structurally related to the agonists, with shorter carbon chain length.
Kinetic study of the reaction of ebselen with peroxynitrite (1996)

The second-order rate constant for the reaction of ebselen with peroxynitrite (ONOO-) is (2.0+/-0.1) X 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) at pH > or = 8 and 25 degrees C, 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than the rate constants observed for cysteine, ascorbate, or methionine. The activation energy is relatively low, 12.8 kJ/mol. This is the fastest reaction of peroxynitrite observed so far. It may allow Se-containing compounds to play a novel role in the defense against peroxynitrite, one of the important reactive species generated during inflammatory processes.
Analysis of oilfield chemicals by electrospray-mass spectrometry (1999)

Recently we demonstrated the potential of electrospray-mass spectrometry (ES-MS) for the qualitative analysis of several important classes of oilfield production chemicals, including emulsion breakers, corrosion inhibitors, scale inhibitors and sequesterants. Particular advantages of ES-MS are that it is sensitive, it produces mainly molecular ions, and it is simple to automate and to interface with liquid chromatography (LC). Here we extend the scope of our preliminary loop injection analysis study to include the analysis of quaternary ammonium and imidazoline corrosion inhibitors by on-line high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) MS. This will demonstrate the potential of LC interfaced to ES-MS for the characterisation of structurally complex oilfield chemicals. Furthermore, the ability of this technique to quantify residual corrosion inhibitors in oilfield fluids has been investigated. Quantitative data provides a gain of at least two orders of magnitude sensitivity over the LC-diode array methodology previously used and also provides the specificity of the mass spectrometric information. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A technique for saliva collection in dogs. (1983)

A plastic two-chambered vacuum-collection device was developed to collect saliva produced by the parotid gland in dogs. Repeated application of the device on the parotid gland papilla was atraumatic. Dogs were restrained during the collection period with a continuous intravenous infusion of ketamine hydrochloride and diazepam in lactated Ringer's solution. The anesthetic regime did not interfere with salivation.
Automatic sound speed selection in photoacoustic image reconstruction using an autofocus approach (2011)

The reconstruction of images in photoacoustic tomography is reliant on specifying the speed of sound within the propagation medium. However, for in vivo imaging, this value is not normally accurately known. Here, an autofocus approach for automatically selecting the sound speed is proposed. This is based on maximizing the sharpness of the reconstructed image as quantified by a focus function. Several focus functions are investigated, and their performance is discussed. The method is demonstrated using phantom measurements made in a medium with a known sound speed and in vivo measurements of the vasculature in the flank of an adult mouse.
A SIMPLE PHENYLALANINE METHOD FOR DETECTING PHENYLKETONURIA IN LARGE POPULATIONS OF NEWBORN INFANTS (1963)

A new method is described for rapid and economical screening of large numbers of hospital nursery infants for elevation in blood phenylalanine associated with phenylketonuria. Results are presented for 682 infants, 96% of whom were 4 days of age. None of the blood phenylalanine values were found to be as high as 4 mg/100 ml, and only 8% were above 2 mg/100 ml. These values appear to be in agreement with values obtained by other methods, and indicate that a very low rate of "false-positives" will be encountered during screening of the 10,000 or more infants that may be necessary to detect a case of phenylketonuria. It is recommended that any result of 6 mg/100 ml or above be considered positive, and require confirmation by phenylalanine determination of a second blood specimen.
Noninvasive assessment of sympathetic vasoconstriction in human and rodent skeletal muscle using near-infrared spectroscopy and Doppler ultrasound (2004)

The precise role of the sympathetic nervous system in the regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise has been challenging to define in humans, partly because of the limited techniques available for measuring blood flow in active muscle. Recent studies using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to measure changes in tissue oxygenation have provided an alternative method to evaluate vasomotor responses in exercising muscle, but this approach has not been fully validated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that sympathetic activation would evoke parallel changes in tissue oxygenation and blood flow in resting and exercising muscle. We simultaneously measured tissue oxygenation with NIR spectroscopy and blood flow with Doppler ultrasound in skeletal muscle of conscious humans (n = 13) and anesthetized rats (n = 9). In resting forearm of humans, reflex activation of sympathetic nerves with the use of lower body negative pressure produced graded decreases in tissue oxygenation and blood flow that were highly correlated (r = 0.80, P < 0.0001). Similarly, in resting hindlimb of rats, electrical stimulation of sympathetic nerves produced graded decreases in tissue oxygenation and blood flow velocity that were highly correlated (r = 0.93, P < 0.0001). During rhythmic muscle contraction, the decreases in tissue oxygenation and blood flow evoked by sympathetic activation were significantly attenuated (P < 0.05 vs. rest) but remained highly correlated in both humans (r = 0.80, P < 0.006) and rats (r = 0.92, P < 0.0001). These data indicate that, during steady-state metabolic conditions, changes in tissue oxygenation can be used to reliably assess sympathetic vasoconstriction in both resting and exercising skeletal muscle.
Quantitative Trait Loci for Genetically Correlated Seed Traits are Tightly Linked to Branching and Pericarp Pigment Loci in Sunflower (2006)

The seed oil concentrations of large‐seeded, low‐oil and small‐seeded, high‐oil sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.; x = 17) cultivars differ by 180 to 280 g kg −1 We identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed oil and other seed traits in a low‐ × high‐oil (RHA280 × RHA801) recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping population segregating for apical branching ( B ), phytomelanin pigment ( P ), and hypodermal pigment ( Hyp ) loci. B , Hyp , and P mapped to linkage groups 10, 16, and 17, respectively. The seed oil concentrations of RHA280 and RHA801 were 254 and 481 g kg −1 , respectively. Composite interval mapping (CIM) identified 40 QTL for seed oil concentration, 100‐seed weight, seed length, width and depth, kernel and pericarp weight, and kernel‐to‐pericarp weight ratio in 14 DNA marker intervals on 10 of 17 linkage groups. Twenty‐four of the QTL were tightly linked to B , P , and Hyp and may have been partly or wholly caused by the pleiotropic effects of B , P , and Hyp Multilocus QTL analyses were performed using B , P , Hyp , and four DNA marker loci as independent variables in mixed linear models. Seventy percent of the additive effects (39/56) and 42% of the additive × additive and additive × additive × additive effects (189/448) were significant ( p &lt; 0.05). The linked, pleiotropically acting, and epistatically interacting QTL identified for seed traits in RHA280 × RHA801 were presumably targeted by selection in the transition from large‐seeded, low‐oil to small‐seeded, high‐oil cultivars in sunflower.
Gastrointestinal tract cancer screening using fecal carcinoembryonic antigen. (2003)

There is a great need to detect gastrointestinal tract cancer at an early stage. It is well known that most carcinoma tissues of the gastrointestinal tract contain carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Stools are a rich source of cells derived from the gastrointestinal tract. We analyzed total fecal CEA in 60 gastrointestinal tract cancer patients, 20 benign gastrointestinal tract disorder patients, and 240 normal controls, using a simple, reliable method. We compared the sensitivity and specificity of fecal CEA with those of serum CEA and fecal occult blood test (FOBT). The level of fecal CEA in gastrointestinal tract cancer was much higher than controls (44.1 +/- 70.1 ng/mg stool vs 3.7 +/- 3.5 ng/mg stool, p < 0.001) and was not increased in benign gastrointestinal disorders (4.5 +/- 8.2 ng/mg stool). Fecal CEA level was > 10 ng/mg stool in 22 of 32 samples (69%)from stomach cancer patients and 24 of 28 samples (86%)from colorectal cancer patients. The sensitivity of serum CEA (> 5 ng/ml) was 19% in stomach cancer and 39% in colorectal cancer, whereas the sensitivity of FOBT was 13% in stomach cancer and 21% in colorectal cancer. The specificity of fecal CEA was 90% in benign gastrointestinal tract disorders and 93% in normal controls. This specificity was similar to those of serum CEA and FOBT. In conclusion, fecal CEA measurement is superior to serum CEA or FOBT for detection of gastrointestinal tract cancer. Fecal CEA may become the screening test of choice for gastrointestinal tract cancer.
[Analysis of 366 traffic accident fatalities]. (1978)

It is generally accepted that aging of the vascular system plays an important role in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent experimental findings have indicated the involvement of the cytokine transforming growth factor-/spl beta//sub 1/ (TGF-/spl beta//sub 1/) in these vascular aging processes. This cytokine is, after binding to a cell receptor, associated with numerous cellular processes, including formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM, the biomolecular network that surrounds the cell). We implemented TGF-/spl beta//sub 1/ signaling and its effect on ECM formation with piecewise-linear differential equations (PLDEs), which have several advantageous properties over traditional continuous modeling. Aging of the system was simulated as a reduction in cell sensitivity for TGF-/spl beta//sub 1/. The model predicted a disturbed ECM balance during aging, which corresponds well to findings from the literature. The outcome of this hybrid approach was satisfactory and, therefore, we will continue modeling of various aging-related pathways with PLDEs in future research
Some Applications of Magnetic Film Parametrons as Logical Devices (1960)

High-frequency magnetic film parametrons have been made and observed to exhibit two- or three-state operation for a single bias condition. As a two-stable-state device, the magnetic film parametron can be used as a majority decision element in much the same way as the ferrite core parametron. Another useful logical two-state device is a threshold element, in which the input excitation must reach a minimum level to sustain oscillations. The magnetic film inductor, when suitably clocked, can be used as a gate to permit unilateral flow of information in a system. The gating action, controlled by the bias field, can result from the rectified output of a parametron. Proposed logical designs for a two-element binary adder, a binary shift counter, and a shift register are presented. The possibilities of three-state operation are also explored in the logical design of a seven-element ternary full adder.
Characterization of potent and selective iodonium-class inhibitors of NADPH oxidases (2017)

The NADPH oxidases (NOXs) play a recognized role in the development and progression of inflammation-associated disorders, as well as cancer. To date, several NOX inhibitors have been developed, through either high throughput screening or targeted disruption of NOX interaction partners, although only a few have reached clinical trials. To improve the efficacy and bioavailability of the iodonium class NOX inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI), we synthesized 36 analogs of DPI, focusing on improved solubility and functionalization. The inhibitory activity of the analogs was interrogated through cell viability and clonogenic studies with a colon cancer cell line (HT-29) that depends on NOX for its proliferative potential. Lack of altered cellular respiration at relevant iodonium analog concentrations was also demonstrated. Additionally, inhibition of ROS generation was evaluated with a luminescence assay for superoxide, or by Amplex Red® assay for H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> production, in cell models expressing specific NOX isoforms. DPI and four analogs (NSCs 740104, 751140, 734428, 737392) strongly inhibited HT-29 cell growth and ROS production with nanomolar potency in a concentration-dependent manner. NSC 737392 and 734428, which both feature nitro functional groups at the meta position, had >10-fold higher activity against ROS production by cells that overexpress dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) than the other compounds examined (IC<sub>50</sub>≈200-400nM). Based on these results, we synthesized and tested NSC 780521 with optimized potency against DUOX2. Iodonium analogs with anticancer activity, including the first generation of targeted agents with improved specificity against DUOX2, may provide a novel therapeutic approach to NOX-driven tumors.