gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recognition of visual activities and interactions by stochastic parsing (2000)

This paper describes a probabilistic syntactic approach to the detection and recognition of temporally extended activities and interactions between multiple agents. The fundamental idea is to divide the recognition problem into two levels. The lower level detections are performed using standard independent probabilistic event detectors to propose candidate detections of low-level features. The outputs of these detectors provide the input stream for a stochastic context-free grammar parsing mechanism. The grammar and parser provide longer range temporal constraints, disambiguate uncertain low-level detections, and allow the inclusion of a priori knowledge about the structure of temporal events in a given domain. We develop a real-time system and demonstrate the approach in several experiments on gesture recognition and in video surveillance. In the surveillance application, we show how the system correctly interprets activities of multiple interacting objects.
Measurement of nitric oxide, nitrite and nitrate using a chemiluminescence assay:an update for the year 2000 (2000)

cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate NO, NOS: nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase NO 2 -, NO 3 -, NO x : nitrite, nitrate, the collective products of NO oxidation ONOO -: peroxynitrite PMT: photomultiplier tube DEA/NO: diethylamine NONOate ppm,
Map of chartreusin and elsamicin binding sites on DNA (1991)

Three DNA restriction fragments designated tyrT, 102-mer and 70-mer, have been used as substrates for footprinting studies using DNase I in the presence of the structurally similar antibiotics chartreusin and elsamicin A. The sequence-selective binding sites of the antibiotics can be mapped in regions which are rich in guanine + cytosine. Chartreusin and elsamicin appear to recognize and bind preferentially to sequences containing a CpG step. Regions containing a TpG step also seem to be a good binding site. The binding of elsamicin to these sites appears to be more concentration-dependent. A comparative analysis is performed of the sizes and locations of the different binding sites, aimed to infer whether the different biological effects of chartreusin and elsamicin A can be correlated to differences in their sequence-selective binding to DNA.
Relative versus absolute goals of therapies for RA: ACR 20 or ACR 50 responses versus target values for "near remission" of DAS or single measures. (2005)

Therapies for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may be assessed according to relative levels of measures to compare efficacy to another therapy or to a placebo, as in the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20%, 50%, or 70% (ACR 20 ACR 50 and ACR 70) responses, or by absolute levels of measures, as in disease activity scores (DAS), ACR criteria for remission, or "target values" of specific measures. Regulatory considerations have emphasized primarily relative comparisons to a placebo or standard therapy, derived in part from the weak efficacy of traditional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). While improvement compared to placebo certainly indicates efficacy, it is of concern that measures of inflammatory activity, such as swollen joints and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), may be stable or improved over periods of 5-10 years, while measures of damage, such as joint deformity and radiographic changes, may progress over the same period in the same patients. These findings suggest that improvement at a level of 20% or 50% may deter but not prevent severe long-term outcomes of radiographic progression, functional declines, work disability, and premature mortality, seen in most patients until the middle 1990s. Outcomes appear to be improved at this time, associated with aggressive treatment strategies and more powerful therapies, including biologic agents. In the Finnish Rheumatoid Arthritis Combination Therapy Trial (FinRACo), no patient who was in remission after 6 months was receiving work disability payments 4 1/2 years later, compared to 22% of patients who had ACR 20 or 50 responses and 54% of patients who did not have ACR 20 responses after 6 months who were all receiving work disability payments after 5 years. These findings suggest that absolute targets, including remission, may be realistic contemporary goals, with aggressive treatment strategies and more effective DMARDs and biologic agents.
Synergistic interactions of chemotherapeutic drugs and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand/Apo-2 ligand on apoptosis and on regression of breast carcinoma in vivo. (2003)

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing-ligand (TRAIL/Apo-2 ligand) induces apoptosis in the majority of cancer cells without appreciable effect in normal cells. Here, we report the effects of TRAIL on apoptosis in several human breast cancer cell lines, primary memory epithelial cells, and immortalized nontransformed cell lines, and we examine whether chemotherapeutic agents augment TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity in breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. TRAIL induced apoptosis with different sensitivities, and the majority of cancer cell lines were resistant to TRAIL. The chemotherapeutic drugs (paclitaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide, camptothecin, and Adriamycin) induced death receptors (DRs) TRAIL receptor 1/DR4 and TRAIL receptor 2/DR5, and successive treatment with TRAIL resulted in apoptosis of both TRAIL-sensitive and -resistant cells. Actinomycin D sensitized TRAIL-resistant cells through up-regulation of caspases (caspase-3, -9, and -8). TRAIL induces apoptosis in Adriamycin-resistant MCF7 cells already expressing high levels of death receptors DR4 and DR5. The pretreatment of breast cancer cells with chemotherapeutic drugs followed by TRAIL reversed their resistance by triggering caspase-3, -9, and -8 activation. The sequential treatment of nude mice with chemotherapeutic drugs followed by TRAIL induced caspase-3 activity and apoptosis in xenografted tumors. Complete eradication of established tumors and survival of mice were achieved without detectable toxicity. Thus, the sequential administration of chemotherapeutic drugs followed by TRAIL may be used as a new therapeutic approach for cancer therapy.
Hodgkin's Disease and Epstein-Barr Virus (1989)

In patients with Hodgkin's disease, titers of IgG antibody against viral capsid antigen of Epstein-Barr virus and the prevalence of antibodies against early antigen are higher than expected. To evaluate whether this condition antedates diagnosis, we identified 43 persons with Hodgkin's disease, from whom blood had been drawn and stored for an average of 50.5 months before diagnosis, and 96 controls from the same populations, from whom blood had been drawn at the same time. The relative risks of Hodgkin's disease associated with elevated levels of IgG and IgA antibodies against capsid antigen were 2.6 (90 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 6.1) and 3.7 (1.4 to 9.3), respectively. For Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen, the relative risk was 4.0 (1.4 to 11.4), and for early antigen D it was 2.6 (1.1 to 6.1). However, the prevalence of IgM antibody against capsid antigen was substantially lower in patients with Hodgkin's disease (0.22 [0.04 to 1.3]). These associations were stronger in serum samples obtained at least three years before diagnosis than in serum samples obtained closer to diagnosis. We conclude that the development of Hodgkin's disease may in some patients be preceded by enhanced activation of Epstein-Barr virus. Whether Epstein-Barr virus has a direct role in the pathogenesis of the disease or is simply a marker for a more fundamental factor affecting the immune control of latent infections is unknown.
Binding of Multiple Nuclear Factors to the 5′ Upstream Regulatory Element of the Murine Major Histocompatibility Class I Gene (1987)

Transcription of mouse major histocompatibility complex class I genes is controlled by the conserved class I regulatory element (CRE) in the 5' flanking region. The CRE, approximately 40 base pairs long, acts as a negative control element in undifferentiated F9 embryonal carcinoma cells which do not express the major histocompatibility complex genes. The same element, however, acts as a positive control element in cells expressing the genes at high levels. To investigate the molecular basis of the regulatory role of the CRE, we studied the binding of nuclear proteins to the CRE of the H-2Ld gene by gel mobility shift and methylation interference experiments. Nuclear extracts from L fibroblasts and LH8 T lymphocytes revealed three distinct factors that bind discrete sequences within the CRE. The three sequences correspond to the inverted and direct repeats within the CRE. In contrast, F9 extracts exhibited factor binding to only two of the three sequences and lack a major factor detected in the above two cell types. Protein-binding sites within each of the three sequences were identified by methylation interference experiments. These data were in full agreement with results obtained by a competition assay performed with a series of mutant oligonucleotides containing a few nucleotide substitutions in each of the three regions. The results illustrate complex DNA-protein interactions in which several independent proteins bind to overlapping sequences in the CRE in a cell type-specific fashion.
Subclasses of LpA‐I in coronary artery disease: distribution and cholesterol efflux ability (1997)

We analysed the distribution of LpA-I particles according to their molecular weight in 34 men with symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) and 11 men with no symptoms of CAD (control group). Using an original rapid and reproducible gradient gel electrophoresis technique, three LpA-I subclasses were defined: large (L-LpA-I), intermediate (I-LpA-I) and small LpA-I (S-LpA-I). The proportion of L-LpA-I was significantly lower in the CAD group (37.5 +/- 18.5%) than in the control group (58.9 +/- 15.0%) (P < 0.01). Conversely, a significantly (P < 0.05) higher proportion of I-LpA-I (31.9 +/- 20.7%) was observed in the CAD group compared with the control group (14.2 +/- 8.2%). Also, in the CAD group, the proportion of L-LpA-I was positively associated with the plasma level of LpA-I (P < 0.05) and, conversely, the proportion of S-LpA-I was negatively associated with LpA-I levels (P < 0.01). L-LpA-I and I-LpA-I from CAD patients and from control subjects were most effective in promoting cholesterol efflux from Fu5AH rat hepatoma cells, whereas S-LpA-I was ineffective in this regard. In conclusion, the decreased ratio in CAD patients of L-LpA-I, lipoprotein subspecies that are required for cholesterol efflux from cells, suggests a potential anti-atherogenic effect of these particles associated with the larger LpA-I subfractions.
فراز و فرود حکومتمندی در عصر ساسانیان (مطالعۀ موردی: نامۀ تنسر، عهد اردشیر) (2013)

چکیده برخی از نظریه‎های فلسفۀ تاریخ سیاسی بر آن‎اند که تمدن زمانی شکل می‎گیرد که چالش‎ها و منازعات جمعی پیرامون امر عمومی به صورت غیرخشونت‎آمیز حل و فصل گردد. تشکیل تمدن ارتباط بسیاری با دولت و ساختارهای بروکراتیک دارد. ساختارهای بروکراتیک نیز بر مبنای شاکله‎های فلسفی ـ دینی و اسطوره‎ای، سازه‎های فرهنگی ـ اندیشه‎ای و ساختارها و نهادهای عینی مستقر می‎شود. اگر با این پیش‎فرض سیاست را هنر ممکنات با استفاده از تکنولوژی‎های قدرت فرض بگیریم، این مقاله قصد دارد که سیاست ایرانشهری عصر ساسانیان را بررسی کند. از این زاویه، با گذر از نظریه‎های خطی و شرق‎شناسانه، ایران را بسان تمدنی باستانی با میراث ارزشمند سیاسی فرض کرده، ابعاد و مختصات نظریۀ حکومت‎مندی ایرانشهری را با تحلیل محتوای افق معنایی، بر اساس دو اندرزنامۀ سیاسی مشهور دورۀ ساسانیان، یعنی عهد اردشیر و نامۀ تنسر تبیین کنیم. پرسش اصلی مقاله این است که علل اندیشه‎ای به‎اوج‎رسیدن و سقوط‎کردن سلسلۀ ساسانیان چه بوده است؟ نظریۀ حکومت‎مندی ایرانشهری ساسانیان، بر اساس دو متن از دو دورۀ فراز (عهد اردشیر) و فرود (نامۀ تنسر) برخوردار است. این مقاله می‎کوشد این منحنی تحول را مورد واکاوی قراردهد تا مشخص شود چه تکنیک‎هایی از قدرت، ساسانیان را به اوج رساند و چه تکنیک‎هایی از قدرت، آن را به زوال و فروپاشی کشاند.
In vivo characterization of ultrasonic transducers for the detection of airway occlusion in Sleep Disordered Breathing (2011)

Obstructive Sleep Apnea/Hypopnea Syndrome (OSAHS) is the most common form of Sleep Disordered Breathing (SDB) and it is estimated to affect approximately 15% of US adult population. Various methods have been proposed for the development of inexpensive screening methods to detect SDB to reduce the need for costly nocturnal polysomnography (NPSG). In this paper, a description of the ultrasonic transducer design and characterization is presented, followed by the results of a full night sleep study. The findings show a significant difference in the temporal features extracted from the received ultrasonic waveform during apneic breathing, compared to the hyperventilation that follows. Therefore, the findings indicate the feasibility of developing an ultrasonic detection device for low cost diagnosis of SDB.
The natural history of sclerosteosis (2003)

Sclerosteosis (SCL) is a severe, progressive, autosomal-recessive craniotubular hyperostosis (MIM 269500). The determinant gene (SOST) has been isolated, and genotype-phenotype correlations, as well as the elucidation of pathogenetic mechanisms, are dependent upon the documentation of the natural history of the condition. For this reason, the course and complications in 63 affected individuals in South Africa, seen over a 38-year period, have been analyzed. Thirty-four of these persons died during the course of the survey, 24 from complications related to elevation of intracranial pressure as a result of calvarial overgrowth. The mean age of death in this group of individuals was 33 years, with an even gender distribution. Facial palsy and deafness, as a result of cranial nerve entrapment, developed in childhood in 52 (82%) affected persons. Mandibular overgrowth was present in 46 (73%) adults and syndactyly in 48 (76%). In South Africa in 2002, 29 affected persons were alive, 10 being < or =20 years of age. It is evident that sclerosteosis is a severe disorder which places a considerable burden upon affected individuals and their families.
Clinical Utility of an Immunoradiometric Assay for Parathyroid Hormone (1–84) in Primary Hyperparathyroidism (2003)

The reliable diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism depends on the measurement of PTH. The PTH assays in widespread use measure not only the hormone but also hormone fragments, thus limiting the clinical utility of the assays. A new immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) using an antigenic determinant at the extreme amino-terminal of the PTH molecule detects only full-length PTH (1-84). We compared three PTH assays and determined the presence of PTH (1-84) and PTH fragments in serum and parathyroid adenomas of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. We studied 56 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. PTH levels were increased in 63% using the midmolecule RIA; in 73% in the "intact" IRMA; and in 96% in the PTH (1-84)-IRMA. The PTH (1-84)-IRMA correlated with the other assays (midmolecule RIA R = +0.736; P < 0.0001; "intact"-IRMA R = +0.951; P < 0.0001) and indices of disease activity (serum calcium R = +0.511, P < 0.0001; alkaline phosphatase R = +0.489, P = 0.001; and radius bone density R = -0.366, P < 0.01). In 21 consecutive patients undergoing parathyroidectomy, 18 had parathyroid adenomas. Intact PTH was higher than PTH (1-84)-IRMA in both serum and glandular homogenates from these patients. Similar proportions of PTH (1-84) and hormone fragments were found in both adenomas [66 +/- 3% of "intact" PTH-reflected PTH (1-84) and sera (73 +/- 2% of "intact" PTH reflected PTH (1-84)]. We conclude that the PTH (1-84)-IRMA offers improved diagnostic sensitivity in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism than other currently available assays. This study also provides evidence that both PTH (1-84) and PTH fragments are produced in parathyroid adenomas and that peripheral metabolism of hormone and fragment does not alter the proportion of bioactive hormone.
Carbohydrate Metabolism of Citrus Fruits (1961)

Enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of glucose and other sugars directly to the corresponding aldonic acids appear to be widely distributed in nature, since they have been found in bacteria (l-9)) fungi (10, II), algae (la), and animal tissue (13-15). In a preliminary communication (16), we have reported that the juice sacs of young oranges contain a system for the oxidation of sugars to aldonic acids. The present communication contains further information on the preparation and properties of this oxidase system. It has been shown to catalyze the oxidation of at least nine different sugars and thus appears to have a much wider range of specificity than enzymes previously investigated. Various tests suggest that the oxidation of most of these sugars may occur through the action of a single enzyme with a wide substrate specificity rather than by a family of enzymes, each with a high specificity for a single substrate.
From Virus Evolution to Vector Revolution: Use of Naturally Occurring Serotypes of Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) as Novel Vectors for Human Gene Therapy (2003)

Gene transfer vectors based on the human adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV-2) have been developed and tested in pre-clinical studies for almost 20 years, and are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. So far, all these studies have provided evidence that AAV-2 vectors possess many properties making them very attractive for therapeutic gene delivery to humans, such as a lack of pathogenicity or toxicity, and the ability to confer long-term gene expression. However, there is concern that two restrictions of AAV-2 vectors might limit their clinical use in humans. First, these vectors are rather inefficient at transducing some cells of therapeutic interest, such as liver and muscle cells. Second, gene transfer might be hampered by neutralizing anti-AAV-2 antibodies, which are highly prevalent in the human population. In efforts to overcome both limitations, an increasing number of researchers are now focusing on the seven other naturally occurring serotypes of AAV (AAV-1 and AAV-3 to -8), which are structurally and functionally different from AAV-2. To this end, several strategies have been devised to cross-package an AAV-2 vector genome into the capsids of the other AAV serotypes, resulting in a new generation of "pseudotyped" AAV vectors. In vitro and in vivo, these novel vectors were shown to have a host range different from AAV-2, and to escape the anti-AAV-2 immune response, thus underscoring the great potential of this approach. Here the biology of the eight AAV serotypes is summarized, existing technology for pseudotyped AAV vector production is described, initial results from pre-clinical evaluation of the vectors are reviewed, and finally, the prospects of these promising novel tools for human gene therapy are discussed.
Purification of the protein crystal from Bacillus thuringiensis by zonal gradient centrifugation (1978)

A method is described for the large-scale purification of the Bacillus thuringiensis protein crystal by zonal gradient centrifugation. NaBr gradients are employed in a Beckman J21-B centrifuge equipped with a JCF-Z rotor.
Walking the tightrope (2005)

Current intra-domain Traffic Engineering (TE) relies on offline methods, which use long term average traffic demands. It cannot react to realtime traffic changes caused by BGP reroutes, diurnal traffic variations, attacks, or flash crowds. Further, current TE deals with network failures by pre-computing alternative routings for a limited set of failures. It may fail to prevent congestion when unanticipated or combination failures occur, even though the network has enough capacity to handle the failure.This paper presents TeXCP, an online distributed TE protocol that balances load in realtime, responding to actual traffic demands and failures. TeXCP uses multiple paths to deliver demands from an ingress to an egress router, adaptively moving traffic from over-utilized to under-utilized paths. These adaptations are carefully designed such that, though done independently by each edge router based on local information, they balance load in the whole network without oscillations. We model TeXCP, prove the stability of the model, and show that it is easy to implement. Our extensive simulations show that, for the same traffic demands, a network using TeXCP supports the same utilization and failure resilience as a network that uses traditional offline TE, but with half or third the capacity.
Tropical Arthropod Species, More or Less? (2010)

New research on tropical beetles could help narrow estimates of how many species live on Earth.
An ion trap storage/time-of-flight mass spectrometer (1992)

An ion trap/time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer combination has been developed in order to combine the storage capabilities of an ion trap with the speed and resolution of a time-of-flight device. The ion trap is an rf quadrupole trap which operates in the total storage mode, i.e., with the dc voltage=0 on the end caps and rf voltage on the ring electrode. The trap has an ion storage time of ≥2 s at an rf potential of 310 Vpp. The stored ions are ejected into the time-of-flight device using a −150 V dc pulse on the exit end cap which causes the ion trajectories in the trap to become unstable. The ions are mass analyzed using either a linear or reflectron TOF. In the linear mode the resolution is 240 while in the reflectron mode a resolution of 1300 at m/z 93 is achieved. The storage capabilities of this device may have important applications towards enhancing sensitivity, the study of very slow metastable decay, and photodissociation mass spectrometry and spectroscopy.
Anesthetic Requirements for Halothane in Young Children 0–1 Month and 1–6 Months of Age (1983)

In a previous study, the authors found that infants, in the first 6 months of life, required the highest minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of any age group (1.09% halothane). Because only two neonates (0-31 days of age) were included in the original study and because profound depression of blood pressure and heart rate have been reported in neonates, the authors determined 1) whether the MAC of halothane in neonates (n = 12) differs from that in infants (1-6 months of age) (n = 12) and 2) whether the blood pressure and heart rate responses in neonates differ from those in infants at approximately 1 MAC. The authors found that the MAC of halothane in neonates, 0.87% +/- 0.03 SEM, was significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than that in infants, 1.20% +/- 0.06 SEM. With induction of anesthesia, the systolic blood pressure decreased 23% in neonates (P less than 0.05) and 34% in infants (P less than 0.005) from awake values. Similarly, the heart rate decreased 12% in neonates and 22% in infants (P less than 0.05). The incidence of hypotension (greater than 30% decrease in systolic blood pressure from awake) in neonates, 33%, was not significantly different from that in infants, 44%. The authors conclude that the MAC of halothane in neonates is 25% less than that in infants and significantly less than was thought previously. The MAC in infants is the highest of any age group. The decrease in blood pressure and the incidence of hypotension in neonates are similar to those in infants at approximately 1 MAC of halothane.