gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical deposition of metals onto silicon (1998)

The general concepts governing the electrochemical deposition of metal films onto semiconductors are discussed. Deposition onto semiconductor surfaces is complicated due to the band structure of the semiconductor, which affects both the thermodynamics and the kinetics of metal deposition processes. The influence of the potential distribution at the semiconductor/solution interface on the charge transfer mechanisms involved in deposition of metals is discussed. Models for electrochemical nucleation and growth are described and the influence of the unique physical properties of semiconductors is analysed. Finally, we present recent results for electrochemical deposition of gold, copper and platinum onto n-type silicon.
Discovery of a Potent and Selective Inhibitor of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 (2005)

A pharmacological approach to inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (Cdk4/6) using highly selective small molecule inhibitors has the potential to provide novel cancer therapies for clinical use. Achieving high levels of selectivity for Cdk4/6, versus other ATP-dependent kinases, presents a significant challenge. The pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one template provides an effective platform for the inhibition of a broad cross-section of kinases, including Cdks. It is now demonstrated that the modification of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-ones to include a 2-aminopyridine side chain at the C2-position provides inhibitors with exquisite selectivity for Cdk4/6 in vitro. This selectivity profile is recapitulated in cells where the most selective inhibitors create a G(1) block at concentrations up to 100-fold the IC(50) for cell proliferation. On the basis of its selectivity profile and pharmacokinetic profile, compound 43 (PD 0332991) was identified as a drug candidate for the treatment of cancer.
Communication optimization and code generation for distributed memory machines (1993)

This paper presents several algorithms to solve code generation and optimization problems specific to machines with distributed address spaces. Given a description of how the computation is to be partitioned across the processors in a machine, our algorithms produce an SPMD (single program multiple data) program to be run on each processor. Our compiler generated the necessary receive and send instructions, optimizes the communication by eliminating redundant communication and aggregating small messages into large messages, allocates space locally on each processor, and translates global data addresses to local addresses.
The Bond Market: Trading and Risk Management (1992)

Introduces the workings of the bond market, explains how traders formulate their strategies, and discusses hedging, bond options, bond futures, yield curves, economic indicators, and expert systems.
Role of Serotonin Transporter and Receptor Gene Variations in the Acute Effects of MDMA in Healthy Subjects (2018)

Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) is used recreationally and has been investigated as an adjunct to psychotherapy. Most acute effects of MDMA can be attributed to activation of the serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) system. Genetic variants, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and polymorphic regions in 5-HT system genes, may contribute to interindividual differences in the acute effects of MDMA. We characterized the effects of common genetic variants within selected genes that encode the 5-HT system (<i>TPH1</i> [tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 1] rs1800532 and rs1799913, <i>TPH2</i> [tryptophan 5-hydroxylase 2] rs7305115, <i>HTR1A</i> [5-HT<sub>1A</sub> receptor] rs6295, <i>HTR1B</i> [5-HT<sub>1B</sub> receptor] rs6296, <i>HTR2A</i> [5-HT<sub>2A</sub> receptor] rs6313, and <i>SLC6A4</i> [serotonin transporter] 5-HTTLPR and rs25531) on the physiological and subjective response to 125 mg of MDMA compared with placebo in 124 healthy subjects. Data were pooled from eight randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies that were conducted in the same laboratory. <i>TPH2</i> rs7305115, <i>HTR2A</i> rs6313, and <i>SLC6A4</i> 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms tended to moderately alter some effects of MDMA. However, after correcting for multiple comparisons, none of the tested genetic polymorphisms significantly influenced the response to MDMA. Variations in genes that encode key targets in the 5-HT system did not significantly influence the effects of MDMA in healthy subjects. Interindividual differences in the 5-HT system may thus play a marginal role when MDMA is used recreationally or therapeutically.
Orally Active Squalene Synthase Inhibitors:  Bis((acyloxy)alkyl) Prodrugs of the α-Phosphonosulfonic Acid Moiety (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetterNEXTOrally Active Squalene Synthase Inhibitors: Bis((acyloxy)alkyl) Prodrugs of the α-Phosphonosulfonic Acid MoietyJohn K. Dickson,, Scott A. Biller, David R. Magnin, Edward W. Petrillo,, John W. Hillyer, Dolly C. Hsieh, Shih-Jung Lan, J. Kent Rinehart, Richard E. Gregg, Thomas W. Harrity, Kern G. Jolibois, Stephen S. Kalinowski, Lori K. Kunselman, Kasim A. Mookhtiar, and Carl P. CiosekView Author Information Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543 Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 3, 661–664Publication Date (Web):February 2, 1996Publication History Received5 October 1995Published online2 February 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://doi.org/10.1021/jm950735sCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views472Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (185 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Absorption,Inhibitors,Organic compounds,Pharmaceuticals,Rodent models Get e-Alerts
New Chemistry of an Old Molecule: cis -[Pt(NH 3 ) 2 Cl 2 ] (1982)

The discovery that cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) has clinically useful antitumor properties and can form platinum blues spawned an extensive investigation of its chemistry in water. Several new molecules have been synthesized, some rather old ones have been characterized for the first time, and clues have begun to emerge about the chemical interaction of cis-DDP with its likely biological target, DNA.
Novel methodology to include all measured extension values per defect to improve defect size distributions (2002)

Defect size distributions play an important role in process characterization and yield prediction. In order to reduce time and costs of defect size extraction procedures, the paper presents a novel methodology to determine defect size distributions. For that, we use all measured defect extension values per inspected defect, as compared to known methodologies which use just one size value per defect. Our approach enables reduction of the sample of defects to be inspected in semiconductor manufacturing fabs. Nevertheless, the novel methodology provides even better defect size distribution accuracy.
Hyperchromatic cytometry principles for cytomics using slide based cytometry (2006)

With the intelligent combination of several different techniques, the hyperchromatic cytometry approach allows to quantify and analyze all components of relevance on the single cell level. The information gained per specimen is only limited by the number of available antibodies and sterical hindrance.
Inflation Expectations in Turkey (2011)

We investigated the rationality of financial and real sectors’ CPI inflation expectations in Turkey using the multivariate panel cointegration method. The use of panel techniques strengthened our empirical results by not only increasing sample size but also allowing heterogeneity across groups of respondents. Having found the expectations irrational in the stricter sense, we proceeded to analyze the significance of both past and future inflation rates as determinants of agents’ future inflation forecasts. Both recursive and rolling estimates show that forecasters’ weight on future/target inflation rates versus past actual and expected inflation rates changes over time as unexpected shocks derail inflation from its disinflationary path. Lastly, we find asymmetry in expectations such that the response of inflation expectations to an increase in the inflation rate is twice the size of the response to a decrease in the inflation rate. This may indicate long delays in restoring credibility of central banks after a positive shock on the inflation rate. JEL Classifications: C23, D84, E31 Keywords: Inflation expectations, Inflation formation, Panel cointegration, Recursive regression
Finite-element contrast source inversion method for microwave imaging (2010)

With respect to the microwave imaging of the dielectric properties in an imaging region, the full derivation of a new inversion algorithm based on the contrast source inversion (CSI) algorithm and a finite-element method (FEM) discretization of the Helmholtz differential operator formulation for the scattered electromagnetic field is presented. The unknown dielectric properties are represented as nodal values on a two-dimensional (2D) arbitrary triangular mesh using linear basis functions. The use of FEM to represent the Helmholtz operator allows for the flexibility of having an inhomogeneous background medium, as well as the ability to accurately model any boundary shape or type: both conducting and absorbing. The resulting sparse and symmetric FEM matrix equation can be solved efficiently, and it is shown how its solution can be used to calculate the gradient operators required in the conjugate-gradient CSI update without storing the inverse of the FEM matrix. The inversion algorithm is applied to conductive-enclosures of various shapes and unbounded-region microwave tomography configurations where the 2D transverse magnetic (TM) approximation can be applied.
Size-dependent elastic modulus of single electroactive polymer nanofibers (2006)

The authors report for the first time the size dependency of the elastic modulus of well-aligned single polymeric nanofibers. The nanofibers were fabricated from electroactive polymers (EAPs) and had an ellipsoidal cross section because of impingement between a solid surface and a polymer jet during electrospinning. Although the EAPs had very weak mechanical properties in the bulk, the elastic modulus of single EAP nanofibers increased exponentially as the diameter of the EAP nanofibers decreased to diameters of a few tens of nanometers. The elastic modulus of single nanofibers was measured using three-point bending tests employing an atomic force microscope.
A knowledge-based mediator for dynamic integration of heterogeneous multimedia information sources (2005)

To facilitate the efficient and accurate access and operation of a huge amount of multimedia information from various data sources, we propose a mediator to integrate heterogeneous multimedia information sources and their corresponding data operation API dynamically. To achieve this purpose, a reflection technique is adopted to extract heterogeneous API features at run time; a classifier component is designed to obtain global API features; and an ontology mechanism is used for hiding information heterogeneity. Ultimately, by using the proposed mediator, a global knowledge-based multimedia information API is produced, which makes multimedia applications and Web applications "understand" and operate heterogeneous information automatically and transparently. The proposed mediator provides multimedia applications with a unified interface for information operation and facilitates communication and interoperation between disparate multimedia applications.
A transmission line model for high-frequency power line communication channel (2003)

This paper presents a novel approach to modelling the transfer function of the broadband power line communication channel. In the approach, the power line is firstly approximated as a two-wire transmission line. The two intrinsic line parameters, the characteristic impedance and the propagation constant, are derived based on the transmission line theory. Then from the derived line parameters, an echo-based model is used to determine the transfer function for communication signals in the frequency range of 1 MHz-30 MHz. This approach reaps the advantages of accuracy and simplicity of the conventional modeling approaches.
Evaluation of requirements and planning for picture archiving and communication systems. (1992)

Successful implementation of a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) requires extensive planning and the input of the users in the planning and evaluation stages. System design is conducted in nine stages: systems analysis, stages 1-4; system design, stages 5 and 6; and system implementation, stages 7-9. Users of the PACS are actively involved in systems analysis. At stage 1, problems are identified, project scope is defined, and whether the problems can be successfully addressed with a PACS is determined. If the project is feasible, current systems are studied at stage 2. Data are collected on the volume of image data to be transmitted, stored, retrieved, and displayed; distribution of imaging through the day; radiologists' reading patterns and volumes; job functions of technologists; characteristics of images to be included; types of equipment to be interfaced; physical placement of cables, connections, and equipment; and operational restrictions. All these data and more are used in stage 3 to specify requirements of the PACS. Rigorous specifications are needed to ensure that the final system performs at the desired level. At stage 4, users evaluate alternative solutions to problems. Although consultants and equipment manufacturers do much of the design, implementation, and installation, users must understand project scope and limitations of the technology and must ultimately be responsible for planning a system that meets their needs.
Copy-Number Variation and False Positive Prenatal Aneuploidy Screening Results (2015)

Investigations of noninvasive prenatal screening for aneuploidy by analysis of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) have shown high sensitivity and specificity in both high-risk and low-risk cohorts. However, the overall low incidence of aneuploidy limits the positive predictive value of these tests. Currently, the causes of false positive results are poorly understood. We investigated four pregnancies with discordant prenatal test results and found in two cases that maternal duplications on chromosome 18 were the likely cause of the discordant results. Modeling based on population-level copy-number variation supports the possibility that some false positive results of noninvasive prenatal screening may be attributable to large maternal copy-number variants. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.).
A bispecific antibody targeting CD47 and CD20 selectively binds and eliminates dual antigen expressing lymphoma cells (2015)

Agents that block the anti-phagocytic signal CD47 can synergize with pro-phagocytic anti-tumor antigen antibodies to potently eliminate tumors. While CD47 is overexpressed on cancer cells, its expression in many normal tissues may create an 'antigen sink' that could minimize the therapeutic efficacy of CD47 blocking agents. Here, we report development of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) that co-target CD47 and CD20, a therapeutic target for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), that have reduced affinity for CD47 relative to the parental antibody, but retain strong binding to CD20. These characteristics facilitate selective binding of BsAbs to tumor cells, leading to phagocytosis. Treatment of human NHL-engrafted mice with BsAbs reduced lymphoma burden and extended survival while recapitulating the synergistic efficacy of anti-CD47 and anti-CD20 combination therapy. These findings serve as proof of principle for BsAb targeting of CD47 with tumor-associated antigens as a viable strategy to induce selective phagocytosis of tumor cells and recapitulate the synergy of combination antibody therapy. This approach may be broadly applied to cancer to add a CD47 blocking component to existing antibody therapies.
Adenoviral gene transfer of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein to human islets prevents IL-1beta-induced beta-cell impairment and activation of islet cell apoptosis in vitro. (1999)

The beta-cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans are the targets of autoreactive T-cells and are destroyed in type 1 diabetes. Macrophage-derived interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) is important in eliciting beta-cell dysfunction and initiating beta-cell damage in response to microenvironmental changes within islets. In particular, IL-1beta can impair glucose-stimulated insulin production in beta-cells in vitro and can sensitize them to Fas (CD95)/FasL-triggered apoptosis. In this report, we have examined the ability to block the detrimental effects of IL-1beta by genetically modifying islets by adenoviral gene transfer to express the IL-1 receptor antagonist protein. We demonstrate that adenoviral gene delivery of the cDNA encoding the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1Ra) to cultured islets results in protection of human islets in vitro against IL-1beta-induced nitric oxide formation, impairment in glucose-stimulated insulin production, and Fas-triggered apoptosis activation. Our results further support the hypothesis that IL-1beta antagonism in in situ may prevent intra-islet proinsulitic inflammatory events and may allow for an in vivo gene therapy strategy to prevent insulitis and the consequent pathogenesis of diabetes.
Characterizing the impact of predicated execution on branch prediction (1994)

Branch instructions are recognized as a major impediment to exploiting instruction level parallelism. Even with sophisticated branch prediction techniques, many frequently executed branches remain difficult to predict. An architecture supporting predicated execution may allow the compiler to remove many of these hard-to-predict branches, reducing the number of branch mispredictions and thereby improving performance. We present an in-depth analysis of the characteristics of those branches which are frequently mispredicted and examine the effectiveness of an advanced compiler to eliminate these branches. Over the benchmarks studied, an average of 27% of the dynamic branches and 56% of the dynamic branch mispredictions are eliminated with predicated execution support.
Elevation of serum and urine levels of TIMP-1 and tenascin in patients with renal disease (2002)

Urinary concentrations of tenascin and TIMP-1 are elevated in association with renal disease and may reflect specific aspects of renal fibrosis.
Managing markets (1993)

This paper considers the management of markets in the context of the reformed National Health Service (NHS). There are three facets to managing markets: regulating and monitoring markets to ensure that they are competent, managing contracts, and managing agents. The paper considers issues concerned with market structures and entry to and exit from markets; the concept of opportunism is used to explore ways in which self-interested behaviour can operate for good or bad in the setting up of contracts for health care; and factors related to motivating and monitoring agents. The difficulties involved in managing markets are reviewed, and Enthoven is criticized for adopting an over-simplified approach to market management and the abilities of collective agents. The paper concludes by raising questions about the way in which markets are at present being managed in the NHS, and the accountability of purchasers for health care provided and the money spent.
Treatment of congenital lactic acidosis with dichloroacetate (1997)

The term congenital lactic acidosis (CLA) refers to a group of inborn errors of mitochondrial metabolism variably characterised by progressive neuromuscular deterioration and accumulation of lactate and hydrogen ions in blood, urine and/or cerebrospinal fluid, frequently resulting in early death.1-4 The incidence and prevalence of CLA are unknown, although it has been estimated that there are approximately 250 new cases recognised in the US per year (personal communication). Thus, with an estimated annual mortality attrition rate of 20%, at least 1000 cases exist in the general US population.

Recent diagnostic advances have allowed the biochemical or molecular identification of specific enzyme defects in the majority of infants and children with CLA. Most identifiable cases involve inherited or spontaneous mutations in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) or in one or more enzymes of the respiratory chain.2 4 A few cases have been reported that involve deficiencies in enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, such as fumarase, or of gluconeogenesis, such as pyruvate carboxylase (PC) or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). In a substantial number of patients, however, the specific biochemical defect fails to be determined by established techniques.

Hyperlactataemia is the defining biochemical abnormality in children with CLA and, in the absence of hypoxia, should be considered a surrogate marker for underlying failure of mitochondrial energy metabolism.5 This concept is most readily appreciated by considering mitochondrial enzyme deficiencies. Figure 1 summarises the major steps of carbohydrate oxidation in mammalian cells. Note that the oxidative fate of pyruvate is to be irreversibly decarboxylated to acetyl CoA. This reaction is catalysed by PDC, a series of linked enzymes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (fig 2). Under aerobic conditions, the activity of PDC determines the rate at which all cells oxidise glucose, pyruvate, and lactate.



Figure 1 
Pathways of pyruvate metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation. …
In Vivo and In Situ Ischemic Tissue Characterization Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopya (1999)

The investigation of processes of ischemia in different organ tissues is very important for the development of methods of protection and preservation during surgical procedures. Electrical impedance spectroscopy was used to distinguish between different tissues and their degree of ischemia. We describe mathematical methods used to adjust experimental data to Cole-Cole models for one-circle and two-circle impedance loci and a study of the main parameters for representing the behavior of ischemia in time. In vivo and in situ postmortem measurements of different tissues from pigs are shown in the 100 Hz to 1 MHz range. The Cole parameters that best characterize the ischemia are R0 and fc.