gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonism Reduces Insulin Resistance in Obese Zucker Rats (2001)

Effects of oral administration of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist (selective AT(1)-subtype) irbesartan on glucose tolerance and insulin action on skeletal-muscle glucose transport were assessed in the insulin-resistant obese Zucker rat. In the acute study, obese rats received either vehicle (water) or irbesartan 1 hour before the experiment. Although irbesartan had no effect on glucose transport (2-deoxyglucose uptake) in the epitrochlearis muscle, which consists mainly of type IIb fibers, acute angiotensin II receptor antagonism led to a dose-dependent increase in insulin action in the predominantly type I soleus muscle. Irbesartan at 25 and 50 mg/kg induced significant increases (41% and 50%, respectively; P<0.05) in insulin-mediated glucose transport. Moreover, these acute irbesartan-induced improvements in soleus-muscle glucose transport were associated with enhancements in whole-body insulin sensitivity (r=-0.732; P<0.05), as assessed during an oral glucose tolerance test. After chronic administration of irbesartan (21 days at 50 mg. kg(-1). d(-1)), glucose tolerance was enhanced further, and insulin-mediated glucose transport was significantly elevated in both epitrochlearis (32%) and soleus (73%) muscle. Chronic angiotensin II receptor antagonism was associated with significant increases in glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) protein expression in soleus (22%) and plantaris (20%) muscle and myocardium (15%). Chronic irbesartan-induced increases in whole-body insulin sensitivity were associated with increased insulin-mediated glucose transport in both epitrochlearis (r=-0.677; P<0.05) and soleus (r=-0.892; P<0.05) muscle. In summary, angiotensin II receptor (AT(1)-subtype) antagonism, either acutely or chronically, improves glucose tolerance, at least in part because of an enhancement in skeletal-muscle glucose transport, and the effect of chronic angiotensin II receptor antagonism on type I skeletal-muscle glucose uptake is associated with an increase in GLUT-4 protein expression.
Prostate-specific antigen: current status (1999)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most important of all tumor markers in that it has significant applications in all aspects of the management of men with prostatic disease. Certainly, the most important utilization of PSA is for the early detection of this most ubiquitous of all human neoplasms. This article reviews the salient features of PSA, with particular emphasis on strategies to improve its utility in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. So-called PSA derivatives--including age-specific PSA, PSA velocity, and PSA density--are discussed. With the recognition of molecular forms of PSA, however, the ratio of free-to-total PSA, and now the complex form of PSA, have been shown to be more specific indicators of the presence of malignancy. Significant public interest and research efforts in prostate cancer have resulted in numerous advances over the past decade. The discovery of PSA and the development of assays to measure it will undoubtedly be recorded as one of the most important advances in the management of men with prostate cancer.
Stage-specific oligonucleotide uptake in murine bone marrow B-cell precursors (1994)

Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated phosphodiester and phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were used in four-color flow cytometry with murine bone marrow cells stained with monoclonal antibody specific for the differentiation markers B220, S7 (CD43), and BP-1 to show possible stage-specific oligonucleotide uptake. Relatively low uptake was observed among pre-Pro- and early Pro-B cells. Late Pro-B- and pre-B cells had increased oligonucleotide uptake, whereas B cells had a lower level. Cell membrane binding of oligonucleotides varied during B-cell differentiation in parallel with internalization, which was documented by confocal microscopy. An FITC-conjugated polyanionic dextran sulfate also showed differentiation-related B-cell association, suggesting the presence of cell membrane binding sites specific for polyanions as opposed to a unique feature of the DNA backbone. Interpretation of antisense experiments in murine bone marrow cells will need to account for the heterogeneous oligonucleotide uptake among differentiating B cells.
In vitro micro-physiological models for translational immunology (2014)

The immune system is a source of regulation of the human body and is key for its stable functioning. Animal models have been successfully used for many years to study human immunity and diseases and provided significant contributions to the development of powerful new therapies. However, such models inevitably display differences from the human metabolism and disease state and therefore may correlate poorly with the human conditions. This explains the interest for the use of in vitro models of human cells, which have better potential to assist in understanding the physiological events that characterize the immune response in humans. Microfluidic technologies offer great capabilities to create miniaturized in vivo-like physiological models that mimic tissue-tissue interactions and simulate the body metabolism in both the healthy and diseased states. The micro-scale features of these microfluidic systems allow positioning heterogeneous cellular cultures in close proximity to each other in a dynamic fluidic environment, thereby allowing efficient cell-cell interactions and effectively narrowing the gap between in vivo and in vitro conditions. Due to the relative simplicity of these systems, compared to animal models, it becomes possible to investigate cell signaling by monitoring the metabolites transported from one tissue to another in real time. This allows studying detailed physiological events and in consequence understanding the influence of metabolites on a specific tissue/organ function as well as on the healthy/diseased state modulation. Numerous in vitro models of human organs have been developed during the last few years, aiming to mimic as closely as possible the in vivo characteristics of such organs. This technology is still in its infancy, but is promised a bright future in industrial and medical applications. Here we review the recent literature, in which functional microphysiological models have been developed to mimic tissues and to explore multi-tissue interactions, focusing in particular on the study of immune reactions, inflammation and the development of diseases. Also, an outlook on the opportunities and issues for further translational development of functional in vitro models in immunology will be presented.
Divergence excess: Characteristics and results of treatment with orthoptics (1984)

Abstract This, paper retrospectively examines the results of the treatment of 18 subjects 111 males, seven females) with divergence, excess, using orthoptics. The mean age of the subjects was 15.8 years, which was significantly younger than the population from which this group was referred. Diplopia (89%) and asthenopia(56%) were the most frequently reported symptoms. Seventy-two per cent of the subjects had intermittent deviations of the eyes. Over the mean necessary course of treatment of 5.2 weekly. the distance angle of deviation (slightly) and the positive vergenes at distance and near were found to have changed significantly. The near angle of deviation, the negative vergences. The near point of convergence. The amplitude of accommodation, and the threshold of stereopsis were found to have remained stables over the treatment period. Further results of the study are presented and the implications of these result with regard to the treatment of divergence excess are briefly discussed.
Silicon Solar Cell Turns 50 (2004)

This short brochure describes a milestone in solar (or photovoltaic, PV) research-namely, the 50th anniversary of the invention of the first viable silicon solar cell by three researchers at Bell Laboratories.
Metabolic Modulation With Perhexiline in Chronic Heart Failure (2005)

In patients with CHF, metabolic modulation with perhexiline improved VO2max, left ventricular ejection fraction, symptoms, resting and peak stress myocardial function, and skeletal muscle energetics. Perhexiline may therefore represent a novel treatment for CHF with a good safety profile, provided that the dosage is adjusted according to plasma levels.
Paclitaxel and cisplatin as intravesical agents against non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (2008)

Both cisplatin and paclitaxel were absorbed at effective amounts into bladder tissues. As intravesical agents, paclitaxel had slightly stronger anticancer potency than cisplatin. Due to increased adverse events, caution should be exercised when combining both cisplatin and paclitaxel intravesically.
Effects of phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice (2010)

Selective PDE4 inhibition suppresses early inflammatory stage and attenuates the late stage of experimental pulmonary fibrosis.
Development of a Standard Reference Material for Metabolomics Research (2013)

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health (NIH), has developed a Standard Reference Material (SRM) to support technology development in metabolomics research. SRM 1950 Metabolites in Human Plasma is intended to have metabolite concentrations that are representative of those found in adult human plasma. The plasma used in the preparation of SRM 1950 was collected from both male and female donors, and donor ethnicity targets were selected based upon the ethnic makeup of the U.S. population. Metabolomics research is diverse in terms of both instrumentation and scientific goals. This SRM was designed to apply broadly to the field, not toward specific applications. Therefore, concentrations of approximately 100 analytes, including amino acids, fatty acids, trace elements, vitamins, hormones, selenoproteins, clinical markers, and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), were determined. Value assignment measurements were performed by NIST and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). SRM 1950 is the first reference material developed specifically for metabolomics research.
Synthesis of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid in Bacillus subtilis: role of the electrochemical proton gradient (1984)

The effects of several ionophores and uncouplers on glycerol and N-acetylglucosamine incorporation by Bacillus subtilis 61360, a glycerol auxotroph, were tested at different pH values. In particular, the effect of valinomycin on the synthesis of teichoic acid and peptidoglycan was examined in more detail in both growing cells and in vitro biosynthetic systems. Valinomycin inhibited synthesis of wall teichoic acid and peptidoglycan in whole cells but not in the comparable in vitro systems. It did not inhibit formation of free lipid or lipoteichoic acid. The results were consistent with a role for the electrochemical proton gradient in maintaining full activity of cell wall synthetic enzymes in intact cells. Such an energy source would be required for a model in which rotation or reorientation of synthetic enzyme complexes is envisaged for the translocation of wall precursor molecules across the cytoplasmic membrane (Harrington and Baddiley, J. Bacteriol. 155:776-792, 1983).
Brief scales to assess physical activity and sedentary equipment in the home (2010)

The measures of home electronic equipment and activity equipment were similarly reliable when reported by parents and by adolescents. Home environment attributes were related to multiple obesity-related behaviors and to child weight status, supporting the construct validity of these scales.
A moving-mirror gonioscope for retinal surgery. (1977)

A moving-mirror gonioscope for use in retinal surgery is described, and its advantages are discussed.
Systematic review: prognostic tests of paracetamol‐induced acute liver failure (2010)

The original King's College Criteria remain well-validated criteria with high prognostic accuracy. Other potential prognostic variables should be prospectively assessed in multicentre studies to refine the criteria further.
PET Imaging and Biodistribution of Silicon Quantum Dots in Mice (2011)

Investigation of nanomaterial disposition and fate in the body is critical before such material can be translated into clinical application. Herein a new macrocyclic ligand-(64)Cu(2+) complex was synthesized and used to label dextran-coated silicon quantum dots (QD), with an average hydrodynamic diameter of 15.1 ± 7.6 nm. The chelate showed exceptional stability, demonstrated by no loss radiolabel under a ligand competition reaction with EDTA. The QDs' biodistribution in mice was quantitatively evaluated by in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and ex vivo gamma counting. Results showed that they were excreted via renal filtration shortly postinjection and also accumulated in the liver.
Mucin Promotes Rapid Surface Motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2012)

An important factor that dictates the mode of motility adopted by P. aeruginosa is the viscosity of the medium, often provided by adjusting agar concentrations in vitro. However, the gel-like properties of the mucous layers that overlay epithelial surfaces, such as those of the lung, a major site of Pseudomonas infection, are contributed mostly by the production of the glycoprotein mucin. In this study, we added mucin to swimming media and found that it promoted the ability of P. aeruginosa to exhibit rapid surface motility. These motility colonies appeared in a circular form, with a bright green center surrounded by a thicker white edge. Interestingly, bacterial cells at the thick edge appeared piled up and lacked flagella, while cells at the motility center had flagella. Our data from various genetic and phenotypic studies suggest that mucin may be promoting a modified form of swarming or a novel form of surface motility in P. aeruginosa.
How do tumor necrosis factor receptors work? (1995)

Quite suddenly, a new level of understanding has been attached to the TNF ligand and receptor families. Many of the proximal transducers that signal the presence of TNF or its homologs have been identified, and certain components of the distal signaling pathway have emerged as well. We lack, however, a "movie" of the events that transpire when TNF binds its receptors on the surface of a cell. The facts in hand permit an educated approximation.
The Effect of Post-Harvest and Packaging Treatments on Glucoraphanin Concentration in Broccoli (Brassica oleraceavar.italica) (2002)

The effects of post-harvest and packaging treatments on glucoraphanin (4-methylsulfinylbutyl glucosinolate), the glucosinolate precursor of anticancer isothiocyanate sulforaphane [4-methylsulfinylbutyl isothiocyanate], were examined in broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) during storage times. The results showed that at 20 degrees C, 55% loss of glucoraphanin concentration occurred in broccoli stored in open boxes during the first 3 days of the treatment and 56% loss was found in broccoli stored in plastic bags by day 7. Under both air and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage, glucoraphanin concentration appeared to fluctuate slightly during 25 days of storage and the concentrations under CA was significantly higher than those stored under air treatment. In modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) treatments, glucoraphanin concentration in air control packaging decreased significantly whereas there were no significant changes in glucoraphanin concentration in MAP with no holes at 4 degrees C and two microholes at 20 degrees C for up to 10 days. Decreases in glucoraphanin concentration occurred when the broccoli heads deteriorated. In the present study, the best method for preserving glucoraphanin concentration in broccoli heads after harvest was storage of broccoli in MAP and refrigeration at 4 degrees C. This condition maintained the glucoraphanin concentration for at least 10 days and also maintained the visual quality of the broccoli heads.
Overexpression of the α-2,6-Sialyltransferase in MDCK Cells Increases Influenza Virus Sensitivity to Neuraminidase Inhibitors (2003)

No reliable cell culture assay is currently available for monitoring human influenza virus sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors (NAI). This can be explained by the observation that because of a low concentration of sialyl-alpha2,6-galactose (Sia[alpha2,6]Gal)-containing virus receptors in conventional cell lines, replication of human virus isolates shows little dependency on viral neuraminidase. To test whether overexpression of Sia(alpha2,6)Gal moieties in cultured cells could make them suitable for testing human influenza virus sensitivity to NAI, we stably transfected MDCK cells with cDNA of human 2,6-sialyltransferase (SIAT1). Transfected cells expressed twofold-higher amounts of 6-linked sialic acids and twofold-lower amounts of 3-linked sialic acids than parent MDCK cells as judged by staining with Sambucus nigra agglutinin and Maackia amurensis agglutinin, respectively. After transfection, binding of a clinical human influenza virus isolate was increased, whereas binding of its egg-adapted variant which preferentially bound 3-linked receptors was decreased. The sensitivity of human influenza A and B viruses to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir carboxylate was substantially improved in the SIAT1-transfected cell line and was consistent with their sensitivity in neuraminidase enzyme assay and with the hemagglutinin (HA) receptor-binding phenotype. MDCK cells stably transfected with SIAT1 may therefore be a suitable system for testing influenza virus sensitivity to NAI.
Gene for OTC: characterisation and linkage to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (1985)

Cloned coding sequences for rat and human ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) were obtained by screening a rat and a human cDNA library respectively with a synthetic oligonucleotide corresponding to 27 bases of the rat sequence. These clones, 1100 bp long for the rat clone and 1300 bp for the human, contain approximately 80% of the human OTC coding sequence. The OTC mRNA length determined by Northern blot analysis is 1700bp. The human OTC sequence was shown to be localised Xp11.4-Xp21 using somatic cell hybrids. There is a frequent RFLP revealed with the restriction enzyme MspI. OTC is located more closely to the Duchenne muscular dystrophy mutation than previously reported markers such as RC8 and L1.28, and therefore should prove useful in carrier detection and haplotype analysis of families carrying the mutation causing the disease.
CD34+/CD105+ cells are enriched in primitive circulating progenitors residing in the G0 phase of the cell cycle and contain all bone marrow and cord blood CD34+/CD38low/− precursors (2000)

A subset of circulating CD34+ cells was found to express CD105 antigen. Sorting experiments showed that most granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (GM-CFU) and burst-forming units - erythroid (BFU-E) were retained in the CD34+/CD105- fraction, whereas rare GM-CFU/BFU-E were generated from CD34+/CD105+ cells. Megakaryocytic aggregates were entirely retained in the CD34+/CD105+ fraction. Neutralizing doses of an anti-TGF-beta1 antibody demonstrated CD34+/CD105+ cells capable of colony-forming activity without any significant effect on CD34+/CD105- cells. Cloning of secondary colonies revealed that CD34+/CD105+ cells had a significantly higher secondary cloning efficiency than CD34+/CD105- cells. CD34+/CD105+ cells had a significantly higher long-term culture-initiating cell (LTC-IC) frequency than CD34+/CD105- cells. Kinetic analysis showed that 75% of CD34+/CD105+ cells consisted of DNA 2n G0Ki-67- cells whereas 82% of CD34+/CD105- were DNA 2n G1Ki-67+ cells, and this latter subset showed a RNA content consistently higher than CD34+/CD105+ cells. CD34+/CD105+ progenitors were CD25+, whereas CD34+/CD105- contained a small CD25+ subset. Three-colour analysis of bone marrow and cord blood CD34+ cells demonstrated that all the CD34+/CD38low/- primitive precursors were contained in CD34+/CD105+ cells. Extensive characterization of these CD105+ precursors indicated that they have biological properties associated with primitive haematopoietic precursors.
Safety and Efficacy of RT002, an Injectable Botulinum Toxin Type A, for Treating Glabellar Lines (2014)

RT002 is a safe and effective BoNTA product with an extended duration of action.
Technology evaluation: BAY-50-4798, Bayer. (2004)

Bayer is developing an IL-2-selective recombinant cytokine, BAY-50-4798, as a potential adjunct to standard chemotherapy in the treatment of various cancers, and for the potential treatment of HIV infection. BAY-50-4798 is currently undergoing phase II clinical trials.
Synthesis of 2-(N-substituted amino)-6-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol derivatives. (1983)

trans-6-Hydroxy-2-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl) amino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol (8a), trans-6-hydroxy-2-(1-methyl-2-phenoxyethyl) amino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol (8b) and trans-1, 6-dihydroxy-2-(1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl) amino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene-5-carboxamide (9a) were synthesized as a part of our search for useful cardiovascular agents. 2-(N-Substituted amino)-6-alkoxy-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ols (10-31) having various substituents at the 5-, 6- and 7-positions of the naphthalene ring were prepared by a five-step sequence of reactions starting from 3, 4-dihydro-1 (2H)-naphthalenone derivatives (36). Furthermore 2-(N-substituted amino)-1-indanol derivatives (33) and 6-(N-substituted amino)-2-hydroxy-6, 7, 8, 9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocyclohepten-5-ols (34, 35) were obtained by the reductive alkylation of the corresponding amino alcohols with carbonyl compounds. These N-substituted amino alcohols (8-35) were tested for vasodilating activity in anesthetized dogs and for β-blocking activity using isolated guinea pig atrial preparations.
Human Antimicrobial Peptides: Analysis and Application (2000)

Antimicrobial peptides are innate host defense molecules that have a direct effect on bacteria, fungi and enveloped viruses. They are found in evolutionarily diverse species ranging from prokaryotes and plants to invertebrate and vertebrate animals. Humans express several families of antimicrobial peptides in myeloid cells and on various epithelial surfaces where they are poised to defend against pathogens. Recently, antimicrobial peptides from animals and plants have served as templates for the design of new therapeutic antibiotics. This review provides an introduction to the biology of human antimicrobial peptides, followed by a more detailed discussion of their isolation from tissues and biological fluids, their purification by gel electrophoresis and chromatography and assays of their antimicrobial activities.
Conductance spectra of molecular wires (1998)

A relatively simple and straightforward procedure for characterizing molecular wires is to measure the conductance spectrum by forming a self-assembled ordered monolayer (SAM) on a metallic surface and using a high scanning-tunneling microscope resolution (STM) tip as the other contact. We find that the conductance spectrum (dI/dV vs. V) can be understood fairly well in terms of a relatively simple model, provided the spatial profile of the electrostatic potential under bias is properly accounted for. The effect of the potential profile is particularly striking and can convert a symmetric conductor into a rectifier and vice versa. The purpose of this paper is to (1) describe the theoretical model in detail, (2) identify the important parameters that influence the spectra and show how these parameters can be deduced directly from the conductance spectrum, and (3) compare the theoretical prediction with experimentally measured conductance spectra for xylyl dithiol and phenyl dithiol.