gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differences in calcium kinetics between adolescent girls and young women (1996)

Rapid bone accretion occurs throughout childhood but peaks during adolescence. The achievement of optimal peak bone mass, which can protect against osteoporosis later in life, is greatly dependent on rates of bone accretion. To identify differences in calcium metabolism during rapid vs. slower bone accretion, calcium kinetics were compared in 14 healthy girls aged 11-14 yr and 11 women aged 19-31 yr. Calcium kinetics were measured while subjects were undergoing a calcium balance study in a camp simulating a free-living environment. After 7 days on a diet containing 1,330 mg Ca/day, two stable isotopes were administered (44Ca orally and 42Ca intravenously), and blood samples and all urine and feces were collected for 14 days. Samples were analyzed for total calcium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and for enrichment of 42Ca and 44Ca by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Data from serum, urine, and feces were analyzed using the Simulation, Analysis and Modeling (SAAM) software. Data were fitted by a three-compartment model; the first pool was the same size in girls and women (1.6 g) but the second and third pools were larger in girls (2.85 vs. 1.66 g and 12 vs. 5 g). Compared with the women, girls absorbed more calcium from the diet (38 vs. 22% or 494 vs. 283 mg/day), excreted less calcium in urine (100 vs. 203 mg/day), deposited more calcium in bone (1,459 vs. 501 mg/day), and resorbed more calcium from the skeleton (1,177 vs. 542 mg/day), whereas endogenous calcium excretion did not differ between girls and women (112 vs. 121 mg/day). Girls retained more calcium than women (282 vs. -41 mg/day) through increased absorption, lower urine excretion, and higher bone turnover.
Efficient inverted solar cells using TiO2nanotube arrays (2008)

Using a vertical titania (TiO2) nanotube array, an inverted polymer solar cell was constructed with power conversion efficiency up to 2.71%. In this study, self-organized TiO2 nanotubes arrays were grown by anodizing Ti metal in glycerol electrolyte containing 0.5 wt% NH4F and 1.0 wt% H2O with 20 V potential. The tube length (∼100 nm) was controlled by the thickness of the sputtered titanium layer on the indium–tin oxide (ITO) substrate. The diameter of the tube was approximately 15–25 nm. After annealing in air at 500 °C for 1 h, nanotubes arrays were crystallized to the anatase phase from the initial amorphous state. Following the infiltration of polymeric semiconductor (poly(3-hexylthiophene) and (6,6)-phenyl C60 butyric acid methyl ester, P3HT:PCBM), the filled TiO2 layer had an optical absorption over a range from UV to visible light. The high surface-to-volume ratio of the nanotube arrays structure increased the effective area of the active region. The high efficiency of our solar cell is attributed to the vertical TiO2 nanotube array's enhanced conduction of photo-induced current due to its charge transport capability.
Electrospun Composite Mats of Poly[(D,L‐lactide)‐co‐glycolide] and Collagen with High Porosity as Potential Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering (2009)

Abstract Electrospun composite mats of poly[( D,L ‐lactide) ‐co‐ glycolide] and collagen with high porosities of 85–90% and extended pore sizes of 90–130 µm were prepared to mimic the ECM morphologically and chemically. The existence of collagen molecules on the fiber surface was confirmed, enabling the cells to find enhanced binding sites for their integrin receptors. The mechanical data for the blended fibrous mats indicated that they were sufficiently durable for dermal tissue engineering. Fibroblasts derived from GFP transgenic C57BL/6 mice were used to directly observe cell proliferation, and the inoculation of collagen enhanced cell attachment, proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion, which were found to be dependent on the amount of collagen in the composite scaffold. magnified image
Hyperbranched Polyimides for Gas Separation Applications. 1. Synthesis and Characterization (2000)

A series of wholly aromatic hyperbranched polyimides were successfully prepared by condensation polymerization of a triamine monomer, tris(4-aminophenyl)amine (TAPA), and a series of commercially available dianhydride monomers such as 2,2-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA), 3,3‘,4,4‘-diphenylsulfonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (DSDA), and pyromellitic anhydride (PMDA). The synthesis involves the formation of hyperbranched polyamic acid precursors in the first step and the thermal or chemical imidization in the subsequent step, which is similar to the conventional two-step method for the synthesis of linear polyimides. Different monomer addition orders resulted in different hyperbranched polymers even if the same kinds of monomers but different molar ratios were used. When a dianhydride solution was added to the TAPA solution (manner 1), an amine-terminated hyperbranched polyimide was obtained, whereas the addition of TAPA solution to a dianhydride solution (manner 2) yielded an anhydride-terminated hyperbranched polyimide. The appropriate molar ratios of TAPA to a dianhydride are 1:1 for manner 1 and 1:2 for manner 2. From 1H NMR spectra the branching degrees of the amine-terminated hyperbranched polyimides were estimated to be 0.64, 0.72, and 0.68 for 6FDA−TAPA, DSDA−TAPA, and PMDA−TAPA, respectively. All the anhydride-terminated polyimides were found wholly branched. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurement revealed that both the amine-terminated and anhydride-terminated 6FDA−TAPA polyimides had moderate number-averaged molecular weights, but the latter had very broad molecular weight distribution.
Image super-resolution as sparse representation of raw image patches (2008)

This paper addresses the problem of generating a super-resolution (SR) image from a single low-resolution input image. We approach this problem from the perspective of compressed sensing. The low-resolution image is viewed as downsampled version of a high-resolution image, whose patches are assumed to have a sparse representation with respect to an over-complete dictionary of prototype signal-atoms. The principle of compressed sensing ensures that under mild conditions, the sparse representation can be correctly recovered from the downsampled signal. We will demonstrate the effectiveness of sparsity as a prior for regularizing the otherwise ill-posed super-resolution problem. We further show that a small set of randomly chosen raw patches from training images of similar statistical nature to the input image generally serve as a good dictionary, in the sense that the computed representation is sparse and the recovered high-resolution image is competitive or even superior in quality to images produced by other SR methods.
Central Hypothyroidism Reveals Compound Heterozygous Mutations in the Pit-1 Gene (1998)

Mutations in the gene encoding the Pit-1 transcriptional activator interfere with the embryologic determination and ultimate functions of anterior pituitary cells that produce growth hormone (GH), prolactin (Prl) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Central hypothyroidism is often the presenting feature of combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), but it is not detected in screening programs that rely upon elevation of TSH. We report a child whose hypothyroidism was recognized clinically at age 6 weeks, and subsequently found to have GH and Prl as well as TSH deficiency. With thyroxine and GH replacement he has reached the 70th percentile for height and has normal intelligence. Molecular analysis of genomic DNA for Pit-1 revealed the presence of compound heterozygous recessive mutations: a nonsense mutation in codon 172 and a novel missense mutation substituting glycine for glutamate at codon 174. This case is the first demonstration of CPHD due to compound heterozygous Pit-1 point mutations, as most reported cases of the CPHD phenotype involve either the dominant negative R271W allele or homozygosity for recessive Pit-1 mutations. Therefore, in cases of CPHD, the possibilities of compound heterozygosity for two different Pit-1 mutations, or homozygosity for mutations in the epigenetic gene, Prop-1, should be considered.
Políticos de segunda o de tercera (2013)

DAPT along with ASA/clopidogrel showed a statistically significant better persistence than ASA/ticagrelor and ASA/prasugrel. Whereas, to our knowledge and as per the current literature no statistically significant differences were found, in terms of adherence in real life, between the use of ASA/Clopidogrel FDC and the use of two different pills.
A two‐component signal transduction system involved in nickel sensing in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (2002)

In the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, genes for Ni2+, Co2+, and Zn2+ resistance are grouped in a 12 kb gene cluster. The nrsBACD operon is composed of four genes, which encode proteins involved in Ni2+ resistance. Upstream from nrsBACD, and in opposite orientation, a transcription unit formed by the two genes rppA and rppB has been reported previously to encode a two-component signal transduction system involved in redox sensing. In this report, we demonstrate that rppA and rppB (here redesigned nrsR and nrsS respectively) control the Ni2+-dependent induction of the nrsBACD operon and are involved in Ni2+ sensing. Thus, expression of the nrsBACD operon was not induced by Ni2+ in a nrsRS mutant strain. Furthermore, nrsRS mutant cells showed reduced tolerance to Ni2+. Whereas the nrsBACD operon is transcribed from two different promoters, one constitutive and the other dependent on the presence of Ni2+ in the medium, the nrsRS operon is transcribed from a single Ni2+-inducible promoter. The nrsRS promoter is silent in a nrsRS mutant background suggesting that the system is autoregulated. Purified full length NrsR protein is unable to bind to the nrsBACD-nrsRS intergenic region; however, an amino-terminal truncated protein that contains the DNA binding domain of NrsR binds specifically to this region. Our nrsRS mutant, which carries a deletion of most of the nrsR gene and part of the nrsS gene, does not show redox imbalance or photosynthetic gene mis-expression, contrasting with the previously reported nrsR mutant.
Structural digital signature for image authentication: an incidental distortion resistant scheme (2003)

The existing digital data verification methods are able to detect regions that have been tampered with, but are too fragile to resist incidental manipulations. This paper proposes a new digital signature scheme which makes use of an image's contents (in the wavelet transform domain) to construct a structural digital signature (SDS) for image authentication. The characteristic of the SDS is that it can tolerate content-preserving modifications while detecting content-changing modifications. Many incidental manipulations, which were detected as malicious modifications in the previous digital signature verification or fragile watermarking schemes, can be bypassed in the proposed scheme. Performance analysis is conducted and experimental results show that the new scheme is indeed superb for image authentication.
Phase noise in oscillators-leeson formula revisited (2003)

In the field of linear feedback-systems formalism, the Leeson formula is a useful tool for the determination of phase noise in feedback oscillators. Nevertheless, a direct application of the Leeson model without care can lead to erroneous results because the formula contains hidden parameters that are generally unwittingly ill evaluated or neglected. Thus, a brute-force calculation of phase noise with the Leeson formula can lead to errors of several orders of magnitude (i.e., several tens of decibels). A detailed analysis enables us to enlighten the hidden parameters leading to a modified Leeson formula that is valid for all oscillator circuits. It explicitly takes into account all the parameters needed for phase-noise calculation. In order to demonstrate the ease of use and accuracy of the new formula, we apply it to several oscillator circuits with lumped elements, transmission lines, and high-Q resonators. Finally the analytical results are confirmed by numerical simulations with a nonlinear transistor model.
Effect of Mutational Inactivation of Tyrosine Kinase Activity on BCR/ABL-Induced Abnormalities in Cell Growth and Adhesion in Human Hematopoietic Progenitors (2004)

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) results from transformation of a primitive hematopoietic cell by the BCR/ABL gene. The specific BCR/ABL signaling mechanisms responsible for transformation of primitive human hematopoietic cells are not well defined. Previous studies have suggested that constitutively activated tyrosine kinase activity plays an important role for in abnormal proliferation of CML progenitors but has not clearly defined its role in abnormal adhesion and migration. We established a human progenitor model of CML by ectopic expression of BCR/ABL in normal CD34+ cells using retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. CD34+ cells expressing BCR/ABL demonstrated several features characteristic of primary CML progenitors including increased proliferation in committed and primitive progenitor culture, reduced adhesion to fibronectin, and reduced chemotaxis to stroma-derived factor-1alpha. We expressed a kinase-inactive BCR/ABL gene to directly investigate the role of kinase activity in abnormal progenitor function. Abnormalities in proliferation were completely reversed, whereas defects in adhesion and migration were significantly improved but not completely reversed in cells expressing a kinase-inactive BCR/ABL. Furthermore, the BCR/ABL kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate markedly inhibited proliferation of BCR/ABL-expressing progenitors but did not fully correct the adhesion and migration defects. Expression of BCR/ABL genes with deletions of either the COOH-terminal actin binding or proline-rich domains resulted in enhanced adhesion and chemotaxis compared with wild-type BCR/ABL but did not affect progenitor proliferation. We conclude that abnormal kinase activity is essential for abnormal proliferation and survival of CML progenitors but that abnormal adhesion and migration result from both kinase-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Stereoselective Synthesis of RP- and SP-Dithymidine Phosphorothioates via Chiral Indolooxazaphosphorine Intermediates Derived from Tryptophan (2000)

A chiral auxiliary 1 and its enantiomer, which are easily prepared from L- and D-tryptophan, facilitate diastereoselective syntheses of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides. Phosphorothioate 2 was obtained from 1 in five steps with over 95 % de, and the enantiomer of 1 afforded (SP)-2 with an equally good de value. T=thymine residue. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2000/z15468_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A novel form of the plasminogen activator inhibitor created by cysteine mutations extends its half-life: relevance to cancer and angiogenesis. (2003)

Proteolytic activity driven by urokinase (uPA) is commonly recognized as an important factor in metastasis and angiogenesis. The eradication of unwanted uPA activity expressed by cancer cells results in the inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis. Development of novel and highly selective uPA inhibitors could, therefore, produce new treatments of cancer. The ultimate goal of this work is the identification of novel and selective inhibitors of uPA suitable for this purpose. We have chosen plasminogen activator inhibitor(s) type 1 (PAI-1), which selectively inhibits the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). However, PAI-1 is not a stable molecule and converts itself into the latent form with a half-life in the range of t1/2 = 1-2 h. This conversion is associated with a partial insertion of the reactive loop (P4-P10') into the PAI-1 molecule. In such a conformation, P1-P1' and other sites are not accessible for reaction with uPA. To conquer this hurdle, we have produced several PAI-1 mutants by replacing chosen amino acids with cysteine in the hope of creating disulfide bridges, which could make this insertion more difficult. On the basis of the known structure of active PAI-1, we have identified amino acids that can be substituted with a cysteine residue to produce disulfide bridges linking the top and bottom parts of strands A3 and A5 as well as sites within the helix-D region. We created a total of seven cysteine mutants via point mutation (two to six point mutations), generating possible sites for disulfide bridge formation at the top and bottom parts of A3 and A5, within the helix-D region, or by a combination thereof. Desired mutations were introduced by PCR using appropriate primers. The mutant forms of PAI-1 containing the chitin-binding intein tag were then purified using affinity chromatography wherein the intein tag is cleaved, leaving mutant PAI-1 protein. Cys mutations resulted in proteins with extended half-life of PAI-1 from 2 to >700 h depending on the mutant. Novel PAI-1 were fully functional against uPA and showed activity in the in vitro model of angiogenesis, e.g., in the inhibition of sprout formation. Such prolonged serpin activity, which is therapeutically desired in cancer treatment and Cys-mutated PAI-1, could launch a new class of novel anticancer agents.
종목별 특성에 따른 ACTN3 유전자 다형성과 파워지구력과의 관련성 (2006)

α-actinin-3는 Z disk에 위치하는 근원섬유 단백질로, α-actinin-3 유전자형(ACTN3)에 따라 α-actinin-3 단백질 생성유무가 결정된다. 특히, α-actinin-3 단백질이 백근에서만 발현된다는 점에 착안하여 국내외를 불문하고 Type IIb 근기능과 관련하여 스프린트/파워 운동수행력에 대한 ACTN3 유전자 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그러나 type IIa 근섬유의 절반가량(50%)에서도 α-actinin-3 단백질의 발현이 존재하며, type IIa의 생화학적 특성 및 근 기능적 특성을 고려할 때 α-actinin-3의 단백질 발현이 스피드/파워가 경기력의 결정요인이 되는 스프린트 종목보다는 파워지구력이 경기력의 결정요인이 되는 투기종목 또는 중거리종목에서 더 유리하게 작용할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 운동종목의 특성에 따라 스프린트, 파워지구력(투기 및 중거리 종목) 및 지구력으로 세분화하여 ACTN3 다형성이 이들 특성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 남녀 일반성인 410명과 국가대표선수 458명을 대상으로 ACTN3유전자다형성을 분석하여 그 관련성을 확인하였다. 본 연구결과에 의하면, ACTN3 RR, RX, XX형의 분포에서 스프린트(16% 32% 52%)와 일반인간(17.3% 32.2% 50.5%) ACTN3 유전자형이 유사한 분포를 보인 반면, 투기(34.3% 38.2% 27.5%, p<.001) 대 일반인, 투기 대 스프린트(p<.001), 투기 대 지구력(11.5% 32.7% 55.8%, p<.001), 그리고 중거리(29.2% 37.5% 33.3%, p<.05) 대 일반인, 중거리 대 스프린트(p<.05), 중거리 대 지구력(p<.001)간에도 유전자형 분포에서 각각 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 ACTN3 단백질 발현형(RR, RX형)을 지닌 선수들이 스프린트종목이 아닌 경기력 결정요인으로 파워지구력 또는 스피드지구력이 요구되는 투기종목 및 다양한 중거리종목들에게서 유리할 수 있음을 시사하는 것이다.
The infarcted myocardium Simply dead tissue, or a lively target for therapeutic interventions (1999)

Time for primary review 32 days. 

It has been known for many years that infarction of the heart induces prominent alterations of cardiac structure. The most apparent is the scarring of the infarct. Structural changes after infarction are, however, not limited to the infarcted area, but also extend into the non-infarcted myocardium. Changes in the non-infarcted myocardium include hypertrophy of the cardiomyocytes, growth of the capillary network, and an increase in interstitial collagen.

Cardiac structure is a major determinant of function, which is depressed after myocardial infarction (MI). After infarction, both short term and long term compensatory or regulatory mechanisms are activated. Often these mechanisms also affect cardiac structure. Although activation of these compensatory mechanisms may be beneficial early after infarction, they may have adverse effects, when activation is continued for a longer time. Indeed, pharmacological treatments that block the long term activation of these compensatory mechanisms, like angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) that block the renin—angiotensin system (RAS), have been shown to improve cardiac function after infarction.

Although we know that cardiac function and structure are closely related and do indeed both change after infarction, it is largely unknown what the exact structural component is that causes the reduction in cardiac function after infarction. Also it is not clear which structural component should be targeted for effective pharmacotherapy after infarction.

In this review we attempt to clarify the structural alterations after infarction. We and others have focused for many years on the potential importance of changes in the vital non-infarcted myocardium and, indeed, found several alterations in cardiac structure after infarction and effects thereon of drugs that improved cardiac function. However, recent data in animal studies and humans point to the importance of the infarct itself as a potential target for intervention. The infarct appears to be more than … 

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +31-43-387-6631; fax: +31-43-387-6613 jcl{at}lpat.azm.nl
Rapid Determination of Silver in Nanobased Liquid Dietary Supplements Using a Portable X-ray Fluorescence Analyzer (2013)

This paper reports a rapid and straightforward method for the quantitation of total Ag content in nanobased commercially available liquid dietary supplements using a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analyzer. Figures of merits were evaluated by analyzing a series of AgNO3 standards. This method was shown to have a detection limit of 3 ppm, a quantitation limit of 10 ppm, and a broad linear range from the detection limit to 10000 ppm (1%). Accurate detection and quantitation of Ag content in well-characterized Ag nanoparticle samples and in nanobased liquid dietary supplements were achieved with good correlation (i.e., percentage difference average values under 15%) between the total Ag concentration obtained by the pXRF analyzer and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Furthermore, accurate quantitation of Ag in the presence of high concentrations of potential spectral interferences was also demonstrated.
CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps (1998)

It has been clear for almost two decades that cortical representations in adult animals are not fixed entities, but rather, are dynamic and are continuously modified by experience. The cortex can preferentially allocate area to represent the particular peripheral input sources that are proportionally most used. Alterations in cortical representations appear to underlie learning tasks dependent on the use of the behaviorally important peripheral inputs that they represent. The rules governing this cortical representational plasticity following manipulations of inputs, including learning, are increasingly well understood. In parallel with developments in the field of cortical map plasticity, studies of synaptic plasticity have characterized specific elementary forms of plasticity, including associative long-term potentiation and long-term depression of excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Investigators have made many important strides toward understanding the molecular underpinnings of these fundamental plasticity processes and toward defining the learning rules that govern their induction. The fields of cortical synaptic plasticity and cortical map plasticity have been implicitly linked by the hypothesis that synaptic plasticity underlies cortical map reorganization. Recent experimental and theoretical work has provided increasingly stronger support for this hypothesis. The goal of the current paper is to review the fields of both synaptic and cortical map plasticity with an emphasis on the work that attempts to unite both fields. A second objective is to highlight the gaps in our understanding of synaptic and cellular mechanisms underlying cortical representational plasticity.