gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Malignant inflammation in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma—a hostile takeover (2016)

Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCL) are characterized by the presence of chronically inflamed skin lesions containing malignant T cells. Early disease presents as limited skin patches or plaques and exhibits an indolent behavior. For many patients, the disease never progresses beyond this stage, but in approximately one third of patients, the disease becomes progressive, and the skin lesions start to expand and evolve. Eventually, overt tumors develop and the malignant T cells may disseminate to the blood, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and visceral organs, often with a fatal outcome. The transition from early indolent to progressive and advanced disease is accompanied by a significant shift in the nature of the tumor-associated inflammation. This shift does not appear to be an epiphenomenon but rather a critical step in disease progression. Emerging evidence supports that the malignant T cells take control of the inflammatory environment, suppressing cellular immunity and anti-tumor responses while promoting a chronic inflammatory milieu that fuels their own expansion. Here, we review the inflammatory changes associated with disease progression in CTCL and point to their wider relevance in other cancer contexts. We further define the term "malignant inflammation" as a pro-tumorigenic inflammatory environment orchestrated by the tumor cells and discuss some of the mechanisms driving the development of malignant inflammation in CTCL.
Origin of the term "quantum" (the author replies) (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetterNEXTOrigin of the term "quantum" (the author replies)Henry A. Bent Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1987, 64, 4, 383Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1987Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 April 1987Published inissue 1 April 1987https://doi.org/10.1021/ed064p383.2RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views146Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Selective Experience Replay for Lifelong Learning (2018)

Deep reinforcement learning has emerged as a powerful tool for a variety of learning tasks, however deep nets typically exhibit forgetting when learning multiple tasks in sequence. To mitigate forgetting, we propose an experience replay process that augments the standard FIFO buffer and selectively stores experiences in a long-term memory. We explore four strategies for selecting which experiences will be stored: favoring surprise, favoring reward, matching the global training distribution, and maximizing coverage of the state space. We show that distribution matching successfully prevents catastrophic forgetting, and is consistently the best approach on all domains tested. While distribution matching has better and more consistent performance, we identify one case in which coverage maximization is beneficial---when tasks that receive less trained are more important. Overall, our results show that selective experience replay, when suitable selection algorithms are employed, can prevent catastrophic forgetting.
Recursive techniques for the synthesis of a pth‐order inverse of a volterra system (1992)

Abstract A new recursive technique for the synthesis of a p th ‐order inverse of a Volterra system is presented. In such a method, the condition that the p th ‐order inverse be exactly of order p , as proposed by Schetzen, is relaxed. The choice of the residuals, that is the operators of the inverse whose order is higher than p , is done with the purpose of reducing the complexity of the synthesis scheme and of deriving a recursive procedure to build‐up such an inverse. A comparison between the complexity of Schetzen's synthesis schemes and those obtained with our recursive procedure shows that the structures that we obtain are much less complex and easier to derive, and the increment of complexity related to the increase in order is much slower than in Schetzen's case. As an example of application, we use the proposed method in order to linearize a digital radio link in which the high‐power amplifier is operated near saturation.
Magnetic resonance image–guided proteomics of human glioblastoma multiforme (2003)

The results demonstrate that major differences in protein expression patterns within a tumor can be correlated to radiographic findings. Image-guided proteomics holds promise for characterizing tissue prior to microarray analysis designed to identify specific diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets within solid tumors.
Single channel audio source separation using convolutional denoising autoencoders (2017)

Deep learning techniques have been used recently to tackle the audio source separation problem. In this work, we propose to use deep fully convolutional denoising autoencoders (CDAEs) for monaural audio source separation. We use as many CDAEs as the number of sources to be separated from the mixed signal. Each CDAE is trained to separate one source and treats the other sources as background noise. The main idea is to allow each CDAE to learn suitable spectral-temporal filters and features to its corresponding source. Our experimental results show that CDAEs perform source separation slightly better than the deep feedforward neural networks (FNNs) even with fewer parameters than FNNs.
Probability distributions of optical flow (2002)

Gradient methods are widely used in the computation of optical flow. The authors discuss extensions of these methods which compute probability distributions of optical flow. The use of distributions allows representation of the uncertainties inherent in the optical flow computation, facilitating the combination with information from other sources. Distributed optical flow for a synthetic image sequence is computed, and it is demonstrated that the probabilistic model accounts for the errors in the flow estimates. The distributed optical flow for a real image sequence is computed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Inductively coupled plasma etching of GaN (1996)

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etch rates for GaN are reported as a function of plasma pressure, plasma chemistry, rf power, and ICP power. Using a Cl2/H2/Ar plasma chemistry, GaN etch rates as high as 6875 Å/min are reported. The GaN surface morphology remains smooth over a wide range of plasma conditions as quantified using atomic force microscopy. Several etch conditions yield highly anisotropic profiles with smooth sidewalls. These results have direct application to the fabrication of group-III nitride etched laser facets.
Human antibodies reveal a protective epitope that is highly conserved among human and nonhuman influenza A viruses (2010)

Influenza remains a serious public health threat throughout the world. Vaccines and antivirals are available that can provide protection from infection. However, new viral strains emerge continuously because of the plasticity of the influenza genome, which necessitates annual reformulation of vaccine antigens, and resistance to antivirals can appear rapidly and become entrenched in circulating virus populations. In addition, the spread of new pandemic strains is difficult to contain because of the time required to engineer and manufacture effective vaccines. Monoclonal antibodies that target highly conserved viral epitopes might offer an alternative protection paradigm. Herein we describe the isolation of a panel of monoclonal antibodies derived from the IgG(+) memory B cells of healthy, human subjects that recognize a previously unknown conformational epitope within the ectodomain of the influenza matrix 2 protein, M2e. This antibody binding region is highly conserved in influenza A viruses, being present in nearly all strains detected to date, including highly pathogenic viruses that infect primarily birds and swine, and the current 2009 swine-origin H1N1 pandemic strain (S-OIV). Furthermore, these human anti-M2e monoclonal antibodies protect mice from lethal challenges with either H5N1 or H1N1 influenza viruses. These results suggest that viral M2e can elicit broadly cross-reactive and protective antibodies in humans. Accordingly, recombinant forms of these human antibodies may provide useful therapeutic agents to protect against infection from a broad spectrum of influenza A strains.
The Hofmeister series: salt and solvent effects on interfacial phenomena (1997)

Advances in experimental and computational methodologies have led to a recent renewed interest in the Hofmeister series and its molecular origins. New results are surveyed and assessed. Insights into the underlying mechanisms have been gained, although deeper molecular understanding still seems to be elusive. The principal reason appears to be that the Hofmeister series emerges from a combination of a general effect of cosolutes (salts, etc.) on solvent structure, and of specific interactions between the cosolutes and the solute (protein or other biopolymer). Hence every system needs to be studied individually in detail, a state of affairs which is likely to continue for some time. A deeper understanding of the Hofmeister series can be an extraordinarily valuable guide to designing experiments, including not only those probing the series per se, but also those designed to elucidate the adsorption, aggregation and stabilization phenomena which underlie so many biological events. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date framework to guide such understanding, consolidating recent advances in the many fields on which the Hofmeister series impinges.
Enzyme-catalyzed organic synthesis: NADH regeneration by using formate dehydrogenase (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnzyme-catalyzed organic synthesis: NADH regeneration by using formate dehydrogenaseZe'ev Shaked and George M. WhitesidesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 23, 7104–7105Publication Date (Print):November 5, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 5 November 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00543a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00543a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1428Altmetric-Citations164LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Metformin: An Update (2002)

Metformin is an insulin-sensitizing agent with potent antihyperglycemic properties. Its efficacy in reducing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus is similar to that of sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and insulin. Metformin-based combination therapy is often superior to therapy with a single hypoglycemic agent. The antihyperglycemic properties of metformin are mainly attributed to suppressed hepatic glucose production, especially hepatic gluconeogenesis, and increased peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity. Although the precise mechanism of hypoglycemic action of metformin remains unclear, it probably interrupts mitochondrial oxidative processes in the liver and corrects abnormalities of intracellular calcium metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissues (liver, skeletal muscle, and adipocytes) and cardiovascular tissue.
New syntheses of 1-chloroalkylphosphinates (1996)

Different approaches to the synthesis of 1-chloroalkylphosphinates are described. Initially, we tried to extend a reaction described by Kabachnik for the preparation of chloromethylphosphinic acid chlorides [R1(Cl)P(O)CH2Cl] to C-substituted derivatives. We also considered the possibility of synthesizing the title compounds by routes already described for the formation of diethyl 1-chloroalkylphosphonates. Although these methods have allowed us to obtain several of the desired phosphinates, they suffer from limitations that restrict their synthetic applications. Finally, we have developed a more general approach that allows the formation of a wide range of phosphinates. It involves a selective P–C bond formation by reaction of MeMgCl and PhMgCl with phosphonochloridates, which are prepared by P-chlorination of 1-chloroalkylphosphonates.
Desalination of Seawater by Thermal Distillation and Electrodialysis Technologies (2010)

Freshwater is one of the scarce resources in the world. In many countries, due to freshwater shortages, searching for freshwater resources has become extremely important and desalination is known to be an essential available solution for this. In this chapter, the thermal distillation of multistage flash distillation, multieffect distillation and vapor compression and electrodialysis processes for seawater desalination are presented. The working mechanisms, important issues in design, and the recent advances of the thermal distillation and electrodialysis processes for desalination are addressed. Reverse osmosis technology is also briefly presented. A comparison of these desalination processes is given. Other important issues, such as pre- and posttreatment process, energy consumption, and environmental aspects, are discussed.
Apoptosis in Normal Tissues Induced by Anti-Cancer Drugs (2003)

To investigate the damage mediated by anti-cancer drugs in normal cells, we examined the effect of such drugs on apoptosis of normal cells of the small intestinal epithelium and the bone marrow by in situ DNA end-labelling and transmission electron microscopy. Mice received a single dose of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or cisplatin, or repeated daily doses of 5-FU for 7 days. In mice treated with a single dose of 5-FU 50 mg/kg or cisplatin 5 mg/kg, the number of apoptotic cells appearing in the small intestine 12 h after injection was relatively small, but increased steadily reaching a peak after 36 h and then decreasing to close to that in the control group by 48 h. In bone marrow cells, results were similar in mice treated with single doses of 5-FU 50 mg/kg but apoptosis increased much less in those treated with cisplatin 5 mg/kg. The proportion of apoptotic cells reached peak values earlier at higher concentrations of 5-FU or cisplatin both in small intestine and in bone marrow. In the mice treated repeatedly with 5-FU 50 mg/kg, the proportion of apoptotic small intestinal epithelial cells reached a succession of peaks at 48-h intervals. Mice treated repeatedly with 5-FU 50 mg/kg also showed a rapid increase in diarrhoea symptoms and a steady decrease in the height of villi. Our results suggest it may be possible to prevent the side-effects of anti-cancer drugs by inhibiting apoptosis in the gastrointestinal tract.
Effects of Clopidogrel in Addition to Aspirin in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes without ST-Segment Elevation (2001)

The antiplatelet agent clopidogrel has beneficial effects in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. However, the risk of major bleeding is increased among patients treated with clopidogrel.
Deoxyspergualin delays xenograft rejection in the guinea pig-to-C6-deficient rat heart transplantation model (1999)

This study aimed to investigate the effects of 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG), tacrolimus (FK 506) and cyclosporin A (CyA), alone or in combination, on delayed xenograft rejection (DXR). We used the guinea-pig-to-C6-deficient (C6-)-PVG-rat heart transplantation model, since in this strain combination, hyperacute rejection is avoided. In C6- control rats, the guinea pig xenografts survived for 39.2 +/- 6.3 h (mean +/- SD). Splenectomy alone resulted in a xenograft survival of 71.8 +/- 7.8 h, but the addition of CyA or FK 506 did not further improve graft survival (73.6 +/- 3.0 h and 72.0 +/- 17.6 h, respectively). In contrast, DSG treatment increased graft survival to a mean of 99.8 +/- 9.2 h. When CyA or FK 506 was combined with DSG, no additional effects were observed (105 +/- 24.3 h and 95.1 +/- 5.6 h, respectively). DSG alone or in combination with FK 506 or CyA resulted in a significant reduction in the serum IgM levels and reduced the deposits of IgM and IgG in rejected grafts. However, all xenografts were still heavily infiltrated by ED1 + macrophages, regardless of the treatment used. Thus, DSG treatment resulted in moderate prolongation of xenograft survival in C6- rats. The effect seems to be related to suppression of xenoreactive antibody production. To prolong xenograft survival further, strategies that inhibit macrophage infiltration seem required.
Efficacy and safety of betahistine treatment in patients with Meniere’s disease: primary results of a long term, multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, dose defining trial (BEMED trial) (2016)

Support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF support code 01KG0708). Potential competing interests have been reported in full at the end of the paper on thebmj.com. Data are available from the corresponding author (Michael.Strupp@med.uni-muenchen.de) or biostatistician (mansmann@ibe.med.uni-muenchen.de). Study registration EudraCT no 2005-000752-32; ISRCTN no ISRCTN44359668.
Neonatal sulfur amino acid metabolism (2008)

At birth, infants can be classified either by gestational age (GA) or by weight. Neonates born\n&lt; 37 weeks are classified as preterm, &lt; 28 weeks as very preterm and &lt; 26 weeks as extremely\npreterm infants. Prematurely born infants can also be classified by birth weight as follows (1):\n- Low birth weight (LBW) &lt; 2500 g\n- Very low birth weight (VLBW) &lt; 1500 g\n- Extremely low birth weight (ELBW) &lt; 1000 g\nHowever, both classifications are used arbitrary in the clinical setting and obviously the infant\nborn very prematurely has most likely a birth weight &lt; 1500 g.\nOver the past 25 years life support in the neonate born prematurely has improved\ntremendously and has created major advantages in medical treatment possibilities and\nsurvival. Nowadays it is generally accepted to treat the very preterm infant and even the\nextremely preterm infant since survival rates for these infants are still increasing.
Differential Expression of Chemokines, Risk of Stable Coronary Heart Disease, and Correlation with Established Cardiovascular Risk Markers (2005)

Objective— We investigated the association of several chemokines with the risk of stable coronary heart disease (CHD) in a large case-control study after adjustment for other established risk factors. Furthermore, we analyzed their correlation with various acute-phase proteins, inflammation-associated cytokines, and an adhesion molecule. Methods and Results— We included 312 patients aged 40 to 68 years with angiographically confirmed and stable CHD and 472 age- and gender-matched controls in this study. The main outcome measure was the odds ratio (OR) for CHD associated with increased levels of interferon (INF)-inducible protein of 10 kd (IP-10), interleukin (IL)-8, regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammation protein 1α (MIP-1α), or eotaxin determined by rigidly evaluated sandwich ELISAs. Serum levels of IP-10 and IL-8 were higher, and serum levels of RANTES were lower in CHD patients when compared with age- and gender-matched controls. In addition, values in the second and top tertile of IP-10 and IL-8 were associated with an increased OR for CHD when compared with values in the bottom tertile [OR for IP-10 (top tertile) was 2.62 (95% CI, 1.79 to 3.85) in the age- and gender-adjusted model and 1.93 (95% CI, 1.23 to 3.04) in the fully adjusted model, and for IL-8, the OR was 1.77 (95% CI, 1.20 to 2.59) and 1.53 (95% CI, 0.98 to 2.39), respectively]; increased RANTES values were associated with a lower OR for CHD [OR, 0.67 (95% CI, 0.47 to 0.96) and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.40 to 0.94)]. Furthermore, positive correlations of IP-10 and IL-8 with several acute-phase proteins or inflammation-associated cytokines were evident, and positive correlations for IP-10 plasma viscosity and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 were also present. Conclusions— The current study suggests that there may be no universal upregulation of chemokines in CHD-associated inflammation but different upregulation of IP-10 and IL-8 versus downregulation of RANTES; there was no clear disease association for MCP-1, MIP-1α, or eotaxin.
Iron Deficiency in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: Assessment of Diagnosis Criteria and of Three Different Iron Treatments (1991)

The study was carried out in order to evaluate in maintenance hemodialysis (MH) patients: (1) the reliability of serum ferritin (SF) measurement in iron deficiency diagnosis and therapy; (2) the possibility to improve iron stores assessment through laboratory indexes routinely used in clinical practice; (3) the most effective iron deficiency treatment. After a preliminary assessment of SF reference values in 250 healthy volunteers, we studied 72 MH patients divided into three groups according to their SF baseline values: high (group A), normal (group B), low (group C) (normal range 19-191 ng/ml). Each group was further divided into three subgroups receiving three different iron treatments for 6 months: (1) oral administration of 67.5 mg/day of Fe3+ as Fe-ferritin (subgroups A1, B1, C1); (2) oral administration of 60 mg/day of Fe3+ as Fe-chondroitin sulfate (subgroups A2, B2, C2); (3) i.v. administration at the end of each dialytic session of 31 mg of Fe3+ as Fe-gluconate-Na (subgroups A3, B3, C3). The response to the iron therapy was considered positive when the hemoglobin (Hb) and the hematocrit (Ht) increased to greater than or equal to 15% of the baseline values. The rate of positive responses in each subgroup was as follows: A1 0/5, A2 0/5, A3 0/7, B1 2/10, B2 1/6, B3 5/11, C1 1/7, C2 3/7, C3 10/16. We concluded that SF values above 191 ng/ml allow to exclude iron deficiency whereas SF values less than or equal to the normal range are inadequate. In an attempt to improve diagnostic sensitivity we divided patients of subgroup B3 and C3 into responders (R) and nonresponders (NR).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)