gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A personal view on homogeneous catalysis and its perspectives for the use of renewables (2008)

Abstract This personal account is based on a talk at the conference “Fats and Oils as Renewable Feedstock for the Chemical Industry” in Emden, Germany. It describes selected perspectives and challenges applying catalysis for the refinement of renewables. Because the author himself has not been active in the past using biomass‐based starting materials, special focus is given on the use of homogeneous catalysis as a tool for a more sustainable chemistry in industry and academia. Recent developments of catalysts in our research group are used to illustrate the current status and challenges of homogeneous catalysis in this area.
Dissociation of polyoma virus by the chelation of calcium ions found associated with purified virions (1977)

Analysis of polyoma virions by X-ray fluorometry demonstrated that calcium (Ca2+) was associated with the purified virion. Treatment of purified virions with ethyleneglycol-bis-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), which chelates Ca2+, and the reducing agent dithiothreitol caused the virions to dissociate. Electron microscopy revealed that the virions were dissociated to the capsomere level. Incubation of polyoma virions with 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM EGTA, and 3 mM dithiothreitol was optimum for the dissociation reaction. The pH for the dissociation reaction ranged from 7.5 to 10.5. Cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation indicated that both EGTA and dithiothreitol were necessary for dissociation to occur; neither reagent alone dissociated the virus. The major protein product of the dissociated viral particles sedimented at 12S. Relationships between these experiments and the alkaline carbonate-bicarbonate dissociation of polyoma are discussed.
Towards macro- and micro-expression spotting in video using strain patterns (2009)

This paper presents a novel method for automatic spotting (temporal segmentation) of facial expressions in long videos comprising of continuous and changing expressions. The method utilizes the strain impacted on the facial skin due to the non-rigid motion caused during expressions. The strain magnitude is calculated using the central difference method over the robust and dense optical flow field of each subjects face. Testing has been done on 2 datasets (which includes 100 macro-expressions) and promising results have been obtained. The method is robust to several common drawbacks found in automatic facial expression segmentation including moderate in-plane and out-of-plane motion. Additionally, the method has also been modified to work with videos containing micro-expressions. Micro-expressions are detected utilizing their smaller spatial and temporal extent. A subject's face is divided in to sub-regions (mouth, cheeks, forehead, and eyes) and facial strain is calculated for each of these regions. Strain patterns in individual regions are used to identify subtle changes which facilitate the detection of micro-expressions.
Subband structure and mobility of two-dimensional holes in strained Si/SiGe MOSFET’s (1998)

The hole mobility of $p$-type strained Si metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET's) fabricated on a SiGe substrate is investigated theoretically and compared with the mobility of conventional (unstrained) Si $p$-MOSFET's. Two-dimensional quantization of the holes is taken into account in terms of a self-consistent six-band $\mathbf{k}\mathbf{\ensuremath{\cdot}}\mathbf{p}$ model for the strained band structure and the confined hole subband states in the inversion channel. The hole dynamics along the inversion channel is studied in terms of ensemble Monte Carlo calculations that take into account all relevant scattering mechanisms. For a Ge concentration of $30%$ in the substrate, we predict a mobility enhancement of a factor of 2.3 compared to the unstrained $p$-type device. The calculated low-field mobility is in excellent agreement with experimental data for strained ${\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}/\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}}_{0.8}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{0.2}$ and for unstrained Si $p$-MOSFET's.
Visceral Adipose Tissue Cutoffs Associated With Metabolic Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease in Women (2003)

A VAT > or =106 cm(2) is associated with an elevated risk, and a VAT > or =163 cm(2) with an even greater risk, for these metabolic CHD risk factors compared with women with a VAT < or =105 cm(2). These values may prove useful for defining "visceral obesity" and for identifying women most likely to benefit from preventative interventions.
Identification and Characterization of Small-Molecule Inducers of Epidermal Keratinocyte Differentiation (2007)

An essential function of the human epidermis is the maintenance of a protective barrier against the environment. As a consequence, keratinocytes, which make up this layer of the skin, undergo an elaborate process of self-renewal, terminal differentiation, and cell death. Misregulation of these processes can lead to several human diseases, including psoriasis and basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. To identify novel regulators of keratinocyte differentiation, a cell-based screen of small-molecule libraries was carried out for molecules that induce terminal differentiation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes. One class of molecules was identified, the 2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylamino)-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines, which were shown to induce differentiation of epidermal progenitor cells to terminally differentiated keratinocytes. These molecules serve as useful mechanistic probes of the cellular differentiation programs that regulate the formation and homeostasis of the epidermis and may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of skin hyperproliferative disorders.
862 Dectin-2, a novel target for tumor macrophage reprogramming in cancer immunotherapy (2021)

<h3>Background</h3> Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are an abundant immune cell population in most cancers that support tumor progression through their immunosuppressive effects. We discovered that TAMs express the pattern recognition receptor Dectin-2 (Clec4n/CLEC6A), an activating C-type lectin receptor (CLR) that binds to high-mannose glycans on fungi and other microbes and induces protective immune responses against infectious disease. Dectin-2 is selectively expressed by myeloid cells, and upon ligation mediates enhanced phagocytosis, antigen processing and presentation, and proinflammatory cytokine production. Given these properties, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of targeting Dectin-2 using naturally derived ligands. We also generated human Dectin-2-targeted agonistic antibodies capable of robustly activating immunosuppressive ”M2” or TAM-like macrophages. <h3>Methods</h3> Dectin-2 expression was assessed by flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and using public databases. Mouse and human monocytes were differentiated into macrophages using recombinant cytokines or tumor-conditioned media, and stimulation was measured following overnight incubation with Dectin-2 ligands or antibodies. Mouse tumor cell lines were implanted into syngeneic hosts and mice were treated with mannan derived from S. cerevisiae via IT or IV administration. <h3>Results</h3> Dectin-2 gene expression is minimal in normal human tissues but elevated across many tumor types, including breast, colon, lung, and kidney cancers. Dectin-2 is strongly expressed by macrophages differentiated in vitro and on primary TAMs. The fungal Dectin-2 ligand mannan stimulated proinflammatory cytokine production (e.g. TNFalpha) and costimulatory molecule expression (e.g. CD86) by macrophages in a Dectin-2-dependent manner. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with mannan mediated tumor regression in multiple syngeneic tumor models, with high rates of tumor clearance in the MB49 bladder cancer model. These effects were Dectin-2 dependent, as efficacy was not observed when a Dectin-2-blocking antibody was co-administered or in knockout mice lacking Dectin-2 signaling components. Furthermore, depletion of either macrophages or T cells impaired efficacy, suggesting that Dectin-2-stimulated TAMs augment anti-tumor T cell responses. Based on these data, we developed novel Dectin-2 targeted agonist antibodies capable of activating human ”M2” or TAM-like macrophages in vitro to produce an array of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines akin to tumor-destructive ”M1” macrophages. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The data presented demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting Dectin-2 using natural ligands or agonistic antibodies as a novel pan-cancer approach for myeloid cell-directed tumor immunotherapy. <h3>Ethics Approval</h3> All animal studies were performed in accordance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)-approved protocols.
Ischemic Preconditioning Prevents Endothelial Injury and Systemic Neutrophil Activation During Ischemia-Reperfusion in Humans In Vivo (2001)

A clinically relevant period of ischemia-reperfusion causes profound and sustained endothelial dysfunction and systemic neutrophil activation. IPC attenuates both of these effects in humans.
Inhibitory effects of activin‐a on osteoblast differentiation during cultures of fetal rat calvarial cells (1999)

Activin-A is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and is expressed by osteoblasts. However, the role of activin-A on osteoblasts is not clearly understood. We examined the effects of activin-A on osteoblast proliferation or differentiation, and mineralization by the osteoblasts in the first subcultures of fetal rat osteoblasts obtained from calvarial bones. Exogenous activin-A led to impaired formation of bone nodules in a dose-dependent manner, although it did not influence cell proliferation using an MTT assay. This inhibitory effect depended upon the time at which activin-A was added to the culture media, and the effect was most significant when addition took place at the early phase of the culture. In addition, exogenous activin-A inhibited gene expression of type I procollagen, alkaline phosphatase, osteonectin, and osteopontin in the cultured cells using Northern blot analysis. The peak of osteocalcin mRNA was delayed. Gene expression for TGF-β was not influenced by exogenous activin-A. The βA subunit (activin-A) mRNA was detected during the early phase of this culture. These results indicate that activin-A inhibited early differentiation of the fetal rat calvarial cells, or osteoblasts. J. Cell. Biochem. 75:206–214, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Transfer of Prostasomal CD59 to CD59‐Deficient Red Blood Cells Results in Protection against Complement‐Mediated Hemolysis (2002)

A transfer mechanism of CD59 takes place during pre-incubation from prostasomes to erythrocytes lacking CD59 which supports the idea that transfer of prostasomal CD59 can protect cells from lysis elicited by C5b-9. This might be a mechanism by which autologous and allogeneic cells are protected against complement attack in the genital tracts.
Na v 1.1 mutations cause febrile seizures associated with afebrile partial seizures (2001)

Recent evidence has suggested that the neuronal voltage-gated sodium channel alpha(1)-subunit gene (Na(v)1.1: SCN1A) is responsible for generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+2). Here the authors report two novel disease mutations of Na(v)1.1 in patients with febrile seizures associated with afebrile partial seizures. One is a Val1428Ala substitution in the pore-forming region, and the other is Ala1685Val in the transmembrane helix. These results support the previous findings and contribute to the reliable diagnosis of epilepsy.
Fluorescence spectrometer-on-a-fluidic-chip (2007)

A chip-size spectrometer is realized by combining a linear variable band-pass filter with a CMOS camera. The filter converts the spectral information of the incident light into a spatially dependent signal that is analyzed by the camera. A fluidic platform is integrated onto the spectrometer for analyzing the fluorescence from moving objects. The target is continuously excited within an anti-resonant waveguide, and its fluorescence spectrum is recorded as the object traverses the detection area.
Editorial: The Future of Dangerous Severe Personality Disorder in Ireland (2000)

The Freedom of Information Act, 1997: Some Observations Anita Crowdle, B.A. Social Care Candidate, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland. The Freedom of Information Act 1997 was considered to be a vital part of the daily running within the child care organisation that I was working in and came to my attention whilst working in the caring field in the academic year of 1997/98. As it was my first post within the field of social care, having graduated from college in Athlone just that year with a Diploma, I was fortunate to grow up with the Act. Meanwhile the organisation and its staff gained the knowledge and training to make the necessary preparations and changes for the Acts implementation. This time proved to be exciting while at the same time daunting for me, as I was involved in a small part of a larger process of a changing policy and not knowing if the consequences will be positive of negative. Returning to college, I was surprised to discover very few of my classmates were aware of the new legislation. Hence it became the focus of a thesis that was carried out by a classmate (Fiona Byrne) and I. The main aim was to discover the effects of the Acts' implementation from the
Long-term correction of inhibitor-prone hemophilia B dogs treated with liver-directed AAV2-mediated factor IX gene therapy (2008)

Preclinical studies and initial clinical trials have documented the feasibility of adenoassociated virus (AAV)-mediated gene therapy for hemophilia B. In an 8-year study, inhibitor-prone hemophilia B dogs (n = 2) treated with liver-directed AAV2 factor IX (FIX) gene therapy did not have a single bleed requiring FIX replacement, whereas dogs undergoing muscle-directed gene therapy (n = 3) had a bleed frequency similar to untreated FIX-deficient dogs. Coagulation tests (whole blood clotting time [WBCT], activated clotting time [ACT], and activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT]) have remained at the upper limits of the normal ranges in the 2 dogs that received liver-directed gene therapy. The FIX activity has remained stable between 4% and 10% in both liver-treated dogs, but is undetectable in the dogs undergoing muscle-directed gene transfer. Integration site analysis by linear amplification-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LAM-PCR) suggested the vector sequences have persisted predominantly in extrachromosomal form. Complete blood count (CBC), serum chemistries, bile acid profile, hepatic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scans, and liver biopsy were normal with no evidence for tumor formation. AAV-mediated liver-directed gene therapy corrected the hemophilia phenotype without toxicity or inhibitor development in the inhibitor-prone null mutation dogs for more than 8 years.
The crystal structure of human endonuclease VIII-like 1 (NEIL1) reveals a zincless finger motif required for glycosylase activity (2004)

In prokaryotes, two DNA glycosylases recognize and excise oxidized pyrimidines: endonuclease III (Nth) and endonuclease VIII (Nei). The oxidized purine 8-oxoguanine, on the other hand, is recognized by Fpg (also known as MutM), a glycosylase that belongs to the same family as Nei. The recent availability of the human genome sequence allowed the identification of three human homologs of Escherichia coli Nei. We report here the crystal structure of a human Nei-like (NEIL) enzyme, NEIL1. The structure of NEIL1 exhibits the same overall fold as E. coli Nei, albeit with an unexpected twist. Sequence alignments had predicted that NEIL1 would lack a zinc finger, and it was therefore expected to use a different DNA-binding motif instead. Our structure revealed that, to the contrary, NEIL1 contains a structural motif composed of two antiparallel beta-strands that mimics the antiparallel beta-hairpin zinc finger found in other Fpg/Nei family members but lacks the loops that harbor the zinc-binding residues and, therefore, does not coordinate zinc. This "zincless finger" appears to be required for NEIL1 activity, because mutating a very highly conserved arginine within this motif greatly reduces the glycosylase activity of the enzyme.
STUDIES ON MICROWAVE ANTENNAS: PASSIVE INTERMODULATION DISTORTION IN ANTENNA STRUCTURES AND DESIGN OF MICROSTRIP ANTENNA ELEMENTS (2005)

Passive intermodulation (PIM) measurements of antennas and the design of dual-polarised microstrip antenna elements are investigated in this thesis. The emphasis is on the development of a passive intermodulation source localisation method and on the studies of the PIM source behaviour under various impedance loading conditions.\n\nPassive intermodulation distortion can be harmful in wireless communication systems where the difference between the transmitted and the received power is large such as in GSM base stations. One of the most critical components is the antenna. As the antennas become more complex, the risk of getting excessive PIM distortion increases. Therefore, the antenna designer needs to have knowledge about the PIM phenomenon and proper tools to investigate various antenna structure configurations.\n\nThe concept of PIM near-field measurement is introduced and the implementation of the equipment for the GSM 900 frequency band is presented. The performance of the scanner is analysed and demonstrated with measurements. The scanner is capable of locating PIM sources in antennas and other open structures down to −110 dBm when the transmitted power is 43 dBm. The limiting factors of the scanner sensitivity are considered and several sensitivity measurements are performed. An analysis of the impedance loading effects on PIM measurements is carried out. The conducted measurements support the theory that the loading impedance effects can be several decibels, when the source or load return loss is less than 20 dB, which is the case with many filters and antennas used in base stations.\n\nDual-polarised antenna elements are needed in various array antenna applications. Two compact antenna element designs with moderate bandwidth and dual polarisation are introduced in the 12 GHz frequency band. The elements use a dual-resonant structure in order to achieve an impedance bandwidth of 16 % (Lretn &gt; 10 dB). The arrangement of the antenna feeds results in an isolation of 35 dB between the ports.
The meaning of lung dose (1999)

For a physician to understand how to prescribe appropriate doses of drugs via aerosol requires a basic understanding of the technical issues involved. Drugs are usually prescribed in terms of "nominal dose" (total dose of drug prescribed). This dose is device-specific, as recommended doses are different for different devices. The effective component of the nominal dose is the "lung dose", which is the mass of drug delivered to the lung. A given clinical effect should, in general, be produced by a given lung dose irrespective of the delivery device. However, the effect of a lung dose depends on several factors, including: 1) site of deposition 2) rate of clearance of the drug from airway 3) site of action of the drug. Confirmation that a particular lung dose will produce a desired clinical effect usually requires that a clinical trial be performed. The lung dose should be reflected by data on lung deposition, but interpreting such data requires that the following are considered: 1) Lung deposition figures can be stated in different ways: a) percentage of the nominal dose b) percentage of the mass of drug leaving the aerosol-generating device c) percentage of the mass of drug entering the mouth or nose. 2) The radiation from an inhaled aerosol is attenuated as it leaves the lung. Approaches vary as to how this correction is done, affecting the quoted data on percent deposition. 3) In children, lung deposition is age-dependent, but the effect of age on delivery is different for different devices. There are major differences in the efficiency of delivery for different devices with a range of 6-60%. When "adaptive aerosol delivery" nebulizers become available, they should provide an accurate dose of drug to the lung with very low variability. In summary, the concept of lung dose is useful in understanding the related technical aspects, and it has the potential to allow drugs to be prescribed more accurately.
Maximizing flap survival in a prefabrication model using exogenous and endogenous bFGF: A new approach (1996)

Flap prefabrication is dependent on the neovascular response that occurs between the implanted arteriovenous pedicle and the recipient tissue. Augmentation of this neovascular response with angiogenic growth factors would maximize flap survival and minimize the interval between pedicle implantation and flap rotation. Maximizing the biologic activity of endogenous growth factors would likewise positively impact upon flap survival. This study examined the role of basic fibroblast growth factor, a known potent angiogenic growth factor, on flap survival in a rabbit ear prefabrication model. Sucrose octasulfate, a substance that binds basic fibroblast growth factor, stabilizes it, and protects it from degradation, was also studied to determine its impact on flap survival. Flap survival was increased using basic fibroblast growth factor, sucrose octasulfate, and the two substances combined together. The use of substrates designed to maximize the biologic activity of endogenous growth factors, rather than relying on the artificial addition of exogenous growth factors, represents a new approach in the search for methods that will improve flap survival.
Mastering Html 4 (1999)

From the Publisher:
Mastering HTML 4, Second Edition, is the perfect resource for Web developers and everyone else in need of complete, authoritative information on the latest version of HTML. Covering everything from basic tags to proprietary extensions and powerful scripting techniques, this book teaches you step-by-step how to build Web pages that look and behave the way you want. You'll also learn strategies for planning and developing sites that attract visitors and meet their needs - the true measure of your success.
Patterning of globus pallidus local field potentials differs between Parkinson's disease and dystonia (2003)

Here we test the hypothesis that there are distinct temporal patterns of synchronized neuronal activity in the pallidum that characterize untreated and treated parkinsonism and dystonia. To this end we recorded local field potentials (LFPs) from the caudal and rostral contact pairs of macroelectrodes implanted into the pallidum of patients for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (12 cases recorded on and off medication, 17 macroelectrodes) and dystonia (10 cases, 19 macroelectrodes). Percentage LFP power in the 11-30 Hz band was decreased and that in the 4-10 Hz band increased across both contact pairs in treated Parkinson's disease compared with untreated Parkinson's disease. Dystonic patients had even less 11-30 Hz power and greater 4-10 Hz power compared with untreated or treated Parkinson's disease patients. The change in the 4-10 Hz band in patients with dystonia was particularly manifest in the more rostral contact pair, presumed to be within or bridging the globus pallidus externus. We conclude that untreated and treated Parkinson's disease and dystonia are characterized by different spatiotemporal patterns of activity in the human pallidum.
Long-term immune dysfunction after radiotherapy to the head and neck area (2003)

This work highlights the vulnerability of the head and neck area to the impact of radiotherapy as a reservoir of lymphoid cells. The possibility of recovery as a consequence of thymopoiesis and/or peripheral clonal expansion may limit the antigen-specific recognition of relevant tumor or microbial antigens and cause significant and prolonged immune alterations that may impact long-term survival.