gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evidence for apoptosis in human atherogenesis and in a rat vascular injury model. (1995)

Apoptosis is a physiological cell death process important for normal development and involved in many pathological conditions. In atherosclerosis, pathological accumulation of cells in the intima has been attributed to the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes. In this report, we explored the possibility that apoptosis may also contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease. We examined 35 human atherosclerotic lesion samples and identified a substantial number of cells undergoing apoptosis in 25 of the samples. Furthermore, in a rat vascular injury model, apoptotic cells were specifically identified in the neointima. The presence of apoptotic cells was demonstrated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling, nuclear staining with propidium iodide, and electron microscopy. Immunostaining with cell-type-specific markers and subsequent terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling analysis on the same sample revealed that the majority of the apoptotic cells were modulated smooth muscle cells as well as macrophages. These results indicate that apoptosis occurs in cells of the injured blood vessel as well as the advanced atherosclerotic lesion and that physiological cell death may have an important role in determining the course of atherogenesis.
Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate downregulates Hsc70: implications for intracellular trafficking of ΔF508-CFTR (2000)

The most common mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), DeltaF508, is a trafficking mutant that has prolonged associations with molecular chaperones and is rapidly degraded, at least in part by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA) improves DeltaF508-CFTR trafficking and function in vitro in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells and in vivo. To further understand the mechanism of action of 4PBA, we tested the hypothesis that 4PBA modulates the targeting of DeltaF508-CFTR for ubiquitination and degradation by reducing the expression of Hsc70 in cystic fibrosis epithelial cells. IB3-1 cells (genotype DeltaF508/W1282X) that were treated with 0.05-5 mM 4PBA for 2 days in culture demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in Hsc70 protein immunoreactivity and mRNA levels. Immunoprecipitation with Hsc70-specific antiserum demonstrated that Hsc70 and CFTR associated under control conditions and that treatment with 4PBA reduced these complexes. Levels of immunoreactive Hsp40, Hdj2, Hsp70, Hsp90, and calnexin were unaffected by 4PBA treatment. These data suggest that 4PBA may improve DeltaF508-CFTR trafficking by allowing a greater proportion of mutant CFTR to escape association with Hsc70.
Immunoassay for quantifying type I collagen degradation products in urine evaluated (1994)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring type I collagen degradation products in urine < 3 h was evaluated. The measuring range was 0.5-10.5 mg/L with a detection limit of 0.2 mg/L. Within-run and total CVs were 5.3% and 6.6%, respectively. Analytical recovery averaged 100%. The mean (+/- SD) concentrations in urine samples from a healthy premenopausal population (n = 102) were 250 +/- 110 mg/mol creatinine (Cr). A group of healthy postmenopausal women (n = 410) gave a mean value of 416 +/- 189 mg/mol Cr. Values obtained in the ELISA correlated well (r = 0.83) to HPLC values for the established bone resorption marker deoxypyridinoline (n = 214), slightly better than the correlation to hydroxyproline measurements (r = 0.78, n = 421). We conclude that the assay described here presents a useful tool for further elucidating the importance of type I collagen degradation products in urine.
Soft Coded Modulation for Sensitivity Enhancement of Coherent 100-Gbit/s Transmission Systems (2009)

Soft-decoding of a PDM-QPSK signal with 34%-FEC overhead – enabled by a symbol rate increase from 28 to 35 Gbaud – leads to 10.7-dB OSNR sensitivity. Soft-decoding is not effective for POL-QAM 6-4 modulation.
Star-Shaped Polymer Electrolyte with Microphase Separation Structure for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries (2009)

A star-shaped copolymer, poly(styrene)-block-poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ethyl methacrylate , was synthesized by the combination of living anionic polymerization of styrene and ruthenium-catalyzed living radical polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate. The prepared star-shaped copolymer was characterized to evaluate its use as a solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) in lithium-ion batteries. The star polymer comprised a hard, condensed poly(styrene) part at the center, which enhanced the mechanical properties of the solid-state polymer, and a soft, mobile poly[poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ethyl methacrylate] (PPEGMA) outer part that was responsible for the high ionic conductivity of the SPE. The design of this star polymer resulted in a well-ordered spherical microphase separation structure, in which the individual star polymers were systematically ordered to form the PPEGMA continuous phase distinctly observed in transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images. The SPE containing the lithium bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl) imide salt exhibited high ionic conductivities due to the unique morphology of the polymer; the ionic conductivity of this salt was at and at at .
Cutting and stitching: converting sets of polygons to manifold surfaces (2001)

Many real-world polygonal surfaces contain topological singularities that represent a challenge for processes such as simplification, compression, and smoothing. We present an algorithm that removes singularities from nonmanifold sets of polygons to create manifold (optionally oriented) polygonal surfaces. We identify singular vertices and edges, multiply singular vertices, and cut through singular edges. In an optional stitching operation, we maintain the surface as a manifold while joining boundary edges. We present two different edge stitching strategies, called pinching and snapping. Our algorithm manipulates the surface topology and ignores physical coordinates. Except for the optional stitching, the algorithm has a linear complexity and requires no floating point operations. In addition to introducing new algorithms, we expose the complexity (and pitfalls) associated with stitching. Finally, several real-world examples are studied.
Biocompatibility Studies with Perfluorochemical Oxygen Carriers (1992)

The effects of injecting either a novel perfluorodecalin (FDC)-based emulsion or various perfluorochemical (PFC) oils on liver cytochromes P-450 (P-450) and aryl esterase (LAE) enzymes in male rats have been studied. Mean P-450 concentration increased (P less than 0.05) following injection of the novel emulsion or FDC. In contrast, LAE increased in response to injection of FDC (P less than 0.05) and the C-16 oil, perfluoroperhydrofluoranthrene (P less than 0.01), added to stabilize the emulsion. No corresponding changes in either P-450 or LAE occurred in rats injected with either perfluorotripropylamine, perfluorotributylamine or perfluorooctylbromide. The "sleeping time" of animals injected with the pentobarbital-based anaesthetic, Equithesin, following pretreatment with the novel emulsion was lower (P less than 0.05) than in saline-injected controls. The results are discussed in relation to the effects of PFCs on liver metabolic functions.
Pitfalls and Solutions for the Validation of Novel Drugs in Animal Models of Disease (2012)

Aberrant cell recruitment is a hallmark of inflammatory responses, a complex process orchestrated by a unique interplay of adhesion, chemotactic and pro-inflammatory molecules. To date there are only two marketed drugs that block cell migration, interestingly both for Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Tysabri/Natalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the cellular adhesion molecule VLA-4 was the first to be approved for the treatment of MS. A second inhibitor of migration, Gilenya/fingolimod entered the market last year, having received FDA approval in 2010. There are many more drugs targeting cellular recruitment in preclinical and clinical development, reflecting the promise that lies behind inhibiting this process as treatment for a range of inflammatory diseases. Confirmation of efficacy of the compound/drug in vivo is an important part of the drug development process and is essential for drugs that have a novel mechanism of action. Additionally, toxicological tests to determine the safety of the drug are a pre-requisite for successful IND filing. In pre-clinical development studies, drugs are preferentially tested for efficacy in rodent species such as mice, however in order for these tests to be relevant, the compound has to show cross-reactivity with the target in the test species, which can be a major hurdle for some target classes including chemokines. Not only do such tests rely on compound cross-reactivity, but differences in biology, in particular of the immune system between rodents and humans, can cause additional problems for drug development. In this review, we discuss, in the context of cell migration and inflammation, the problems that arise during pre-clinical testing in vivo, including strategies to mitigate these risks. Keywords: Antibodies, chemokines, drug development, inflammation, inhibitors, pre-clinical pharmacology, rodent models, toxicology
Sextapolar catheter electrode for temporary sequential atrioventricular pacing (1974)

A sextapolar catheter electrode for temporary sequential atrioventricular pacing on demand was used in 17 patients. Stimulation was performed as desired provided that the catheter tip was properly placed in the right ventricular apex. This catheter will permit wider use of this modality of pacing in those patients who might benefit from it.
Integrin (α6β4) regulation of eIF-4E activity and VEGF translation (2002)

We define a novel mechanism by which integrins regulate growth factor expression and the survival of carcinoma cells. Specifically, we demonstrate that the alpha 6 beta 4 integrin enhances vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) translation in breast carcinoma cells. The mechanism involves the ability of this integrin to stimulate the phosphorylation and inactivation of 4E-binding protein (4E-BP1), a translational repressor that inhibits the function of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF-4E). The regulation of 4E-BP1 phosphorylation by alpha 6 beta 4 derives from the ability of this integrin to activate the PI-3K-Akt pathway and, consequently, the rapamycin-sensitive kinase mTOR that can phosphorylate 4E-BP1. Importantly, we show that this alpha 6 beta 4-dependent regulation of VEGF translation plays an important role in the survival of metastatic breast carcinoma cells by sustaining a VEGF autocrine signaling pathway that involves activation of PI-3K and Akt. These findings reveal that integrin-mediated activation of PI-3K-Akt is amplified by integrin-stimulated VEGF expression and they provide a mechanism that substantiates the reported role of alpha 6 beta 4 in carcinoma progression.
Targeted expression of IL-11 in the murine airway causes lymphocytic inflammation, bronchial remodeling, and airways obstruction. (1996)

Interleukin-11 is a pleotropic cytokine produced by lung stromal cells in response to respiratory viruses, cytokines, and histamine. To further define its potential effector functions, the Clara cell 10-kD protein promoter was used to express IL-11 and the airways of the resulting transgene mice were characterized. In contrast to transgene (-) littermates, the airways of IL-11 transgene (+) animals manifest nodular peribronchiolar mononuclear cell infiltrates and impressive airways remodeling with subepithelial fibrosis. The inflammatory foci contained large numbers of B220(+) and MHC Class II(+) cells and lesser numbers of CD3(+), CD4(+), and CD8(+) cells. The fibrotic response contained increased amounts of types III and I collagen, increased numbers of alpha smooth muscle actin and desmin-containing cells and a spectrum of stromal elements including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. Physiologic evaluation also demonstrated that 2-mo-old transgene (+) mice had increased airways resistance and non-specific airways hyperresponsiveness to methacholine when compared with their transgene (-) littermates. These studies demonstrate that the targeted expression of IL-11 in the mouse airway causes a B and T cell-predominant inflammatory response, airway remodeling with increased types III and I collagen, the local accumulation of fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and myocytes, and obstructive physiologic dysregulation. IL-11 may play an important role in the inflammatory and fibrotic responses in viral and/or nonviral human airway disorders.
Effects of Surface Blocking Layer of Sb2S3 on Nanocrystalline TiO2 for CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells (2014)

Sb2S3 layers were inserted at the interface between TiO2 and CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite to create CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells using inorganic hole transporting material (CuSCN). The CH3NH3PbI3 layer was spin-coated by a one-drop method onto the nanocrystalline TiO2 layer. The photoenergy conversion efficiencies were improved with Sb2S3 layers (the best efficiency: 5.24%). During the light exposure test without encapsulation, the CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells without Sb2S3 deteriorated to zero efficiency in 12 h and were completely changed from black to yellow because the perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 was changed to hexagonal PbI2. With Sb2S3, on the other hand, the CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells became stable against light exposure without encapsulation, which did not change the crystal structure or the wavelength edges of absorption and IPCE. Therefore, it was believed that degradation can occur at the interface between TiO2 and CH3NH3PbI3.
Conductance Titration of Single-Peptide Molecules (2004)

We have measured the conductance of single peptides covalently bonded to two Au electrodes via S-Au bonds by repeatedly forming a large number of molecular junctions. The conductance decreases exponentially with the peptide length, with a decay constant of beta = 0.9 +/- 0.1 A-1, suggesting that tunneling is the mechanism of electron transport in the peptides. The conductance of the peptides is sensitive to the solution pH, due to the protonation/deprotonation of the amine and carboxyl groups of the peptides, which provides titration measurements based on single-molecule conductance.
Cross-reactivity of polyclonal serum antibodies generated against Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts (1992)

Polyclonal antibodies raised against Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were found to cross-react with Eimeria spp. oocyst antigens in an indirect immunofluorescence assay, and sera from Eimeria spp.-infected lambs reacted with some antigens from sonicated C. parvum oocysts (between 29 to 30 and 66 to 69 kDa) by Western blot (immunoblot). No cross-reaction was observed with cystozoites of Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis spp. These results show the existence of epitopes common to C. parvum and various Eimeria spp.
Structured low-density parity-check codes (2004)

This article describes the different methods to design regular low density parity-check (LDPC) codes with large girth. In graph terms, this corresponds to designing bipartite undirected regular graphs with large girth. Large girth speeds the convergence of iterative decoding and improves the performance at least in the high SNR range, by slowing down the onsetting of the error floor. We reviewed several existing constructions from exhaustive search to highly structured designs based on Euclidean and projective finite geometries and combinatorial designs. We describe GB and TS LDPC codes and compared the BER performance with large girth to the BER performance of random codes. These studies confirm that in the high SNR regime these codes with high girth exhibit better BER performance. The regularity of the codes provides additional advantages that we did not explore in this article like the simplicity of their hardware implementation and fast encoding.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Second Subunit of the Interleukin 1 Receptor Complex (1995)

A monoclonal antibody (mAb) was isolated that blocked the binding and bioactivity of both human and murine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) on murine IL-1 receptor-bearing cells. This mAb recognized a protein that was distinct from the Type I and Type II IL-1 receptors, suggesting that an additional protein exists that is involved in IL-1 biological responses. By expression cloning in COS-7 cells, we have isolated a cDNA from mouse 3T3-LI cells encoding this putative auxiliary molecule, which we term the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1R AcP). Sequence analysis of the cDNA predicts an open reading frame that encodes a 570-amino acid protein with a molecular mass of approximately 66 kDa. The IL-1R AcP is a member of the Ig superfamily by analysis of its putative extracellular domain and also bears limited homology throughout the protein to both Type I and Type II IL-1 receptors. Northern analysis reveals that murine IL-1R AcP mRNA is expressed in many tissues and appears to be regulated by IL-1. In mammalian cells expressing natural or recombinant Type I IL-1R and IL-1R AcP, the accessory protein forms a complex with the Type I IL-1R and either IL-1 alpha or IL-1 beta but not IL-1ra. The recombinant accessory protein also increases the binding affinity of the recombinant Type I IL-1R for IL-1 beta when the two receptor proteins are coexpressed. Therefore, the functional IL-1 receptor appears to be a complex composed of at least two subunits.
Regionally selective cholinergic stimulation by BRL 24924 in the human isolated gut. (1988)

1. The effects of BRL 24924 on cholinergic activity was studied in longitudinal muscle strips obtained from human stomach and colon (taenia). Contractions were evoked by exogenous acetylcholine (ACh) or by electrical field stimulation (EFS) of cholinergic neurones. Inhibitory nerve activity (predominantly non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic; NANC) was detected by measuring the relaxations evoked by EFS in the presence of atropine 1.4 microM. 2. In the stomach, BRL 24924 0.28-28 microM consistently increased the EFS-evoked contractions; lower concentrations (0.0028 and 0.028 microM) increased the contractions in most, but not all of the specimens studied. Since BRL 24924 28 microM did not affect NANC-mediated, EFS-evoked relaxations, and since high concentrations of BRL 24924 (28 and 282 microM) were required to increase ACh-evoked contractions, the increase in EFS-evoked contractions caused by BRL 24924 may be due to a facilitation of ACh release. 3. In the colon, BRL 24924 0.0028-282 microM did not affect EFS-evoked contractions. 4. BRL 24924 may therefore be regionally selective in its ability to stimulate human gastrointestinal cholinergic activity.
Creating Fluid and Air-Stable Solid Supported Lipid Bilayers (2004)

Solid supported lipid bilayers are rapidly delaminated when drawn through the air/water interface. We have discovered that a close packed monolayer of specifically bound protein prevents this process. The protection mechanism worked in two ways. First, when protein-protected bilayers were drawn through the air/water interface, a thin bulk water layer was visible over the entire bilayer region, thereby preventing air from contacting the surface. Second, a stream of nitrogen was used to remove all bulk water from a protected bilayer, which remained fully intact as determined by fluorescence microscopy. The condition of this dried bilayer was further probed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. It was found that lipids were not two-dimensionally mobile in dry air. However, when the bilayer was placed in a humid environment, 91% of the bleached fluorescence signal was recovered, indicating long-range two-dimensional mobility. The diffusion coefficient of lipids under humid conditions was an order of magnitude slower than the same bilayer under water. Protected bilayers could be rehydrated after drying, and their characteristic diffusion coefficient was reestablished. Insights into the mechanism of bilayer preservation were suggested.
The Mesenchymal Stem Cell Antigen MSCA-1 is Identical to Tissue Non-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (2009)

We have recently identified 2 distinct CD271(bright)MSCA-1(dim)CD56(+) and CD271(bright)MSCA-1(bright)CD56(-) MSC subsets in primary femur-derived bone marrow (BM), which differ in their expression pattern and morphology as well as in their clonogenic and differentiation capacity. Here, we show that MSCA-1 is identical to tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), an ectoenzyme known to be expressed at high levels in liver, bone, and kidney as well as in embryonic stem (ES) cells. SDS-PAGE of WERI-RB-1 cell lysate and supernatant from phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC)-treated WERI-RB-1 cells resulted in the appearance of a prominent 68-kDa band. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDITOF MS) sequence analysis revealed TNAP-specific peptides. Screening of the MSCA-1-specific antibody W8B2 on HEK-293 cells transfected with the full-length coding sequence of TNAP showed specific reactivity with transfected but not with parent cell line. In addition, TNAP-specific mRNA expression was selectively detected in the transfectant line. In agreement with these findings, enzymatic activity of TNAP was exclusively detected in sorted MSCA-1(+) BM cells but not in the MSCA-1(-) negative fraction. Surface marker analysis revealed coexpression of the embryonic marker SSEA-3 but not SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, and TRA-1-81. In endometrium, TNAP is expressed at intermediate levels on CD146(+) cells and at high levels in the luminal space of glandular epithelia. Our results demonstrate that TNAP is a selective marker for the prospective isolation of BM-derived MSC and MSC-like cells in endometrium.
Stimulation by Alkylxanthines of Chloride Efflux in CFPAC-1 Cells Does Not Involve A1 Adenosine Receptors (1995)

A series of 8-substituted derivatives of 1,3,7-alkylxanthines was synthesized as potential activators of chloride efflux from a human epithelial cell line (CFPAC) expressing the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) delta F508 mutation. Their interactions with rat brain A1 and A2a receptors were also studied in radioligand binding experiments. Substitution was varied at the xanthine 1-, 3-, 7- and 8-positions. 1,3-Dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine (CPX) stimulated Cl- efflux in the 10(-8) M range, with a maximal effect reaching 200% of control and diminishing at higher concentrations. The potent adenosine antagonist 8-[4-[[[[(2-aminoethyl)amino]carbonyl]methyl]oxy]phenyl]- 1,3-dipropylxanthine, nonselective at human A1 and A2a receptors, was inactive in Cl- efflux. 1,3-Diallyl-8-cyclohexylxanthine (DAX) was highly efficacious in stimulating chloride efflux with levels reaching > 300% of control, although micromolar concentrations were required. 1,3,7-Trimethyl-8-(3-chlorostyryl)xanthine, an A2a-selective adenosine antagonist, was only weakly active. Caffeine, which acts as an nonselective adenosine antagonist in the range of 10(-5) M, was active in Cl- efflux in the low nanomolar range but with low efficacy. Thus, among the xanthine derivatives of diverse structure, there was no correlation between potency in Cl- efflux and adenosine antagonism. Poly(A)+ RNA isolated from CFPAC-1 cells showed no hybridization to a human A1 receptor cDNA probe, excluding this receptor as a mediator of CPX-elicited Cl- efflux. Thus, this action of xanthines in stimulating Cl- efflux in CFPAC cells, which express a defective CFTR, represents a novel site of action apparently unrelated to adenosine receptors.