gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dechlorination of Hexachlorobenzene by Zero-Valent Iron (2004)

Chemical reduction of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by metallic iron was investigated. Since the percentage of HCB transformation is almost the same as that of chloride ion production, no chlorinated intermediates in the solution was formed during the reduction reaction. The solution pH went to around 8.0 even though the initial pH was 10 or lowered to 3. The reaction is pseudofirst order with respect to HCB concentration. The optimum dosage of iron particles for the dechlorination of HCB varies with the HCB concentration. For example, when the initial concentration of HCB was 1.0×10-5 M, the highest transformation rate of HCB occurred with using at 350 g/L of iron particles; the optimum dosage shifted to around 500 g/L when the HBC concentration was 2.72×10-5 M.
A knowledge-based approach for detection and diagnosis of out-of-control events in manufacturing processes (2003)

The authors discuss an approach which combines statistical process control principles and knowledge of the process to arrive automatically at a comprehensive detection and diagnosis of out-of-control conditions in a manufacturing process. This approach consists of capturing data from the process and passing selected signals from it through a two-level decision-making system. The first level of this system involves the use of nonlinear filtering techniques to detect three features (peaks, steps, and ramps) of the input signals. These features are examined to produce a set of out-of-control events. The second level of the process is the application of a rule-set to each event using a backward-chaining algorithm to attempt to diagnose a process cause that led to the event. Status reports of diagnosed and undiagnosed events are generated by the system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Inflammatory Breast Cancer: Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MR in Patients Receiving Bevacizumab—Initial Experience (2007)

The dynamic contrast-enhanced MR parameters Ktrans, Kep, and IAUGC at 180 seconds appear to have the strongest association with early physiologic response to bevacizumab. Clinical trial registration no. NCT00016549
Species‐specificin vitropharmacological effects of the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) selective ligand AM1241 and its resolved enantiomers (2007)

These findings constitute the first in vitro functional assessment of R,S-AM1241 at rodent CB(2) receptors and the first characterization of the AM1241 enantiomers in recombinant cell systems and in vivo. The greater antinociceptive efficacy of S-AM1241, the functional CB(2) agonist enantiomer of AM1241, is consistent with previous observations that CB(2) agonists are effective in relief of pain.
Homocysteine induces congenital defects of the heart and neural tube: Effect of folic acid (1996)

The biological basis or mechanism whereby folate supplementation protects against heart and neural tube defect is unknown. It has been hypothesized that the amino acid homocysteine may be the teratogenic agent, since serum homocysteine increases in folate depletion; however, this hypothesis has not been tested. In this study, avian embryos were treated directly with D,L-homocysteine or with L-homocysteine thiolactone, and a dose response was established. Of embryos treated with 50 microliters of the teratogenic dose (200 mM D,L-homocysteine or 100 mM L-homocysteine thiolactone) on incubation days 0, 1, and 2 and harvested at 53 h (stage 14), 27% showed neural tube defects. To determine the effect of the teratogenic dose on the process of heart septation, embryos were treated during incubation days 2, 3, and 4; then they were harvested at day 9 following the completion of septation. Of surviving embryos, 23% showed ventricular septal defects, and 11% showed neural tube defects. A high percentage of the day 9 embryos also showed a ventral closure defect. The teratogenic dose was shown to raise serum homocysteine to over 150 nmol/ml, compared with a normal level of about 10 nmol/ml. Folate supplementation kept the rise in serum homocysteine to approximately 45 nmol/ml, and prevented the teratogenic effect. These results support the hypothesis that homocysteine per se causes dysmorphogenesis of the heart and neural tube, as well as of the ventral wall.
I-f starting and active flux based sensorless vector control of reluctance synchronous motors, with experiments (2010)

This paper presents a novel, hybrid, motion sensorless control of an axially laminated anisotropic (ALA) reluctance synchronous machine (RSM). By separately controlling Id and Iq currents with the reference currents Id*, Iq* being held constant, and ramping the reference frequency, the motor starts with a robust start-up method called I-f control. This kind of control strategy also allows the motor to experience low speeds without initial position estimation or machine parameters identification. The control uses first order lag compensators to ensure smooth transitions from I-f control to active flux based sensorless vector control and vice versa when the frequency reaches a certain level. The control also integrates a state observer based on the active “flux concept” used to deliver RSM rotor position and speed information. Experimental results validate the proposed control strategies.
Physics and applications of organic microcavity light emitting diodes (1996)

The important changes produced on the electroluminescence characteristics of organic materials due to planar microcavity effects are examined in detail. The photon density of states is redistributed such that only certain wavelengths, which correspond to allowed cavity modes, are emitted in a given direction. This enables us to realize color selectivity over a large wavelength (and color coordinate) range with broadband emitters such as 8-hydroxyquinoline aluminum (Alq), and intensity enhancement in narrow band emitters. The intensity enhancement in Alq-based cavity light emitting diodes (LEDs) is extensively evaluated both experimentally and theoretically. The design considerations for and device characteristics of a novel multiple emissive layer LED are also described.
Analyzing client interactivity in streaming media (2004)

This paper provides an extensive analysis of pre-stored streaming media workloads, focusing on the client interactive behavior. We analyze four workloads that fall into three different domains, namely, education, entertainment video and entertainment audio. Our main goals are: (a) to identify qualitative similarities and differences in the typical client behavior for the three workload classes and (b) to provide data for generating realistic synthetic workloads.
Physiology of Fibronectin (1984)

Fibronectin is a major protein of blood and tissues. It has been intensively studied because of its many interactions with cells and other macromolecules. Fibronectin is a principal component of the extracellular matrix, and its most important function seems to be in tissue remodelling during embryogenesis and wound healing. It may influence a number of other physiological processes, including phagocytosis. The concentration of plasma fibronectin and the distribution of tissue fibronectin are altered in disease states, although diseases specifically caused by quantitative or qualitative abnormalities of fibronectin have not been identified.
Techniques for high data rate modulation and low power operation of fractional-N frequency synthesizers (1997)

Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science A digital compensation method is described that allows fractional-N frequency synthesizers to be directly modulated at high data rates while simultaneously achieving good noise performance. The technique allows digital phase/frequency modulation to be achieved at high data rates (&amp;gt; 1 Mbit/s) without mixers or D/A converters in the modulation path. The resulting transmitter design is primarily digital in nature and reduced to its fundamental components — a frequency synthesizer that accurately sets the output frequency, and a digital transmit filter that provides good spectral efficiency. The synthesizer is implemented as a phase locked loop (PLL). To achieve good noise performance with a simple design, the PLL bandwidth is set to a low value relative to the data bandwidth. A digital compensation filter is then used to undo the attenuation of the PLL transfer function seen by the data. This filter adds little complexity to the transmitter architecture since it can be combined with the digital
Numerical Differentiation and Regularization (1971)

Tikhonov’s regularization procedure is applied to the operation of differentiation, resulting in a procedure for numerical differentiation for which the effects of errors in the values of the function being differentiated on the values for the derivative obtained in the procedure can be studied. The theoretical discussion is complemented by the results of numerical experiments.
Current Developments of A2a Adenosine Receptor Antagonists (1995)

&lt;P&gt;Adenosine regulates a wide range of physiological functions through specific cell membrane receptors. On the basis of pharmacological studies and molecular cloning, four distinct adenosine receptors have been identified and classified as A1, A2a. A2b and A3. These adenosine receptors are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor family. &lt;P&gt; An intense medicinal chemistry effort made over the last 20 years has led to a variety of selective adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists. While all the agonists thus far identified are related to the adenosine structure, the antagonists available belong to different chemical classes. The prototypic antagonists are xanthine derivatives evolved from the natural compounds, caffeine and theophylline. Typically, they are 8-substituted-1,2,3-trialkylxanthine and are A1 selective antagonists. More recently, 8-styrylxanthines have been found to be selective for A2a receptors. Other non-xanthine heterocycles are potent A2a antagonists and possess different degree of selectivity. Selective antagonists are not available yet for A2b and A3 receptors. &lt;P&gt; Given the recent developments of A2a selective antagonists, we have reviewed their chemical structures and biological properties in the attempts to get insight into this emerging class of new interesting compounds. The development of some of the A2a antagonists will provide better understanding of the role of A2a receptors in physiological and pathological states. The compounds appear also to have the potential to be useful for the treatment of cerebral ischemia or neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.&lt;/P&gt;
Telomerase Is Processive (1991)

Telomerase synthesizes tandem repeats of the sequence d(TTGGGG) onto input d(TTGGGG)n primer oligonucleotides (C. W. Greider and E. H. Blackburn, Cell 43:405-413). An intrinsic RNA component of the enzyme provides the template for d(TTGGGG)n repeat synthesis [C. W. Greider and E. H. Blackburn, Nature (London) 337:331-337, 1989; G.-L. Lu, J. D. Bradley, L. D. Attardi, and E. H. Blackburn, Nature (London) 344:126-132, 1990]. In a typical reaction, products greater than 2,000 nucleotides were synthesized in 60 min. Dilution and primer challenge experiments showed that these long products were synthesized processively. The apparent processivity was not due to a higher affinity of the enzyme for long d(TTGGGG) products over the shorter competitors. The degree of processivity was quantitated; telomerase synthesized approximately 520 nucleotides before half of the enzyme had dissociated. After dissociating, telomerase reinitiated d(TTGGGG)n synthesis on new primer oligonucleotides. The products from a telomerase reaction have a characteristic 6-nucleotide banding pattern (C. W. Greider and E. H. Blackburn, Cell 51:887-898, 1987). A strong pause in the reaction occurs after the addition of the first G in the sequence d(TTGGGG). Both the processivity and the banding pattern analysis imply that in the elongation mechanism there must be a translocation step after the 9 nucleotides of internal template RNA have been copied to the extreme 5' end.
VP1 Sequencing of All Human Rhinovirus Serotypes:Insights into Genus Phylogeny and Susceptibility to AntiviralCapsid-BindingCompounds (2004)

Rhinoviruses are the most common infectious agents of humans. They are the principal etiologic agents of afebrile viral upper-respiratory-tract infections (the common cold). Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) comprise a genus within the family Picornaviridae. There are >100 serotypically distinct members of this genus. In order to better understand their phylogenetic relationship, the nucleotide sequence for the major surface protein of the virus capsid, VP1, was determined for all known HRV serotypes and one untyped isolate (HRV-Hanks). Phylogenetic analysis of deduced amino acid sequence data support previous studies subdividing the genus into two species containing all but one HRV serotype (HRV-87). Seventy-five HRV serotypes and HRV-Hanks belong to species HRV-A, and twenty-five HRV serotypes belong to species HRV-B. Located within VP1 is a hydrophobic pocket into which small-molecule antiviral compounds such as pleconaril bind and inhibit functions associated with the virus capsid. Analyses of the amino acids that constitute this pocket indicate that the sequence correlates strongly with virus susceptibility to pleconaril inhibition. Further, amino acid changes observed in reduced susceptibility variant viruses recovered from patients enrolled in clinical trials with pleconaril were distinct from those that confer natural phenotypic resistance to the drug. These observations suggest that it is possible to differentiate rhinoviruses naturally resistant to capsid function inhibitors from those that emerge from susceptible virus populations as a result of antiviral drug selection pressure based on sequence analysis of the drug-binding pocket.
Digital flight plans for server access control: Restricting anomalous activity with path-based declarations of intentions (2016)

In response to increasing threats of malicious activity and data loss on servers, we propose a different and practical strategy for access control modeled after flight plans for pilots, which mixes existing role-based, object-based, and intention-based access models; it supports much finer grained, real-time, sequence-oriented anomaly detection. Users are required to declare their intended “flight path” in advance, a sketch of resource use: this may vary in detail, but could include database tables, file system directories, byte and bandwidth limits, use of encryption and archive creation, command sets, connection time, number and origin of connections, and ports. Sequence information provides especially strong constraint, even if it incomplete. We find an important place for active, on-line human sampling of flight plans, as well as pre-authorization for non-standard paths, and alerts for deviation from path. We also find a place for improved user profiling and a paradigm shift from ex-post log-based reconstruction of user activity to ex-ante declaration.
The initiation of the swing phase in human infant stepping: importance of hip position and leg loading (2000)

Hip extension and low load in the extensor muscles are important sensory signals that allow a decerebrate or spinal cat to advance from the stance phase to the swing phase during walking. We tested whether the same sensory information controlled the phases of stepping in human infants. Twenty-two infants between the ages of 5 and 12 months were studied during supported stepping on a treadmill. Forces exerted by the lower limbs, surface electromyography (EMG) from muscles, and the right hip angle were recorded. The whole experimental session was videotaped. The hip position and the amount of load experienced by the right limb were manipulated during stepping by changing the position of the foot during the stance phase or by applying manual pressure on the pelvic crest. Disturbances with different combinations of hip position and load were used. The stance phase was prolonged and the swing phase delayed when the hip was flexed and the load on the limb was high. In contrast, stance phase was shortened and swing advanced when the hip was extended and the load was low. The results were remarkably similar to those in reduced preparations of the cat. They thus suggest that the behaviour of the brainstem and spinal circuitry for walking may be similar between human infants and cats. There was an inverse relationship between hip position and load at the time of swing initiation, indicating the two factors combine to regulate the transition.
A comparison of the fibrinogen receptor distribution on adherent platelets using both soluble fibrinogen and fibrinogen immobilized on gold beads. (1991)

The distribution of fibrinogen receptors was determined on the surface of adherent platelets using both direct labeling with the ligand fibrinogen which was immobilized on gold particles (Fg-Au) and indirect immunogold (Ig-Au) labeling of bound soluble fibrinogen identified with a rabbit polyclonal anti-fibrinogen antibody. Two distinctly different patterns of labeling were obtained and appeared to depend on whether solid phase fibrinogen (Fg-Au) or soluble phase released fibrinogen were bound to the membrane receptor. The membrane-bound Fg-Au reorganized in patterns that closely mimicked the organization of the underlying cytoskeleton. In approximately 18% of the adherent platelets, Fg-Au was seen in channels or vesicle-like structures lying deep to the platelet surface suggesting internalization into the open canalicular system and/or endocytosis. The labeling pattern obtained when identifying the location of membrane-bound soluble released fibrinogen by Ig-Au was diffuse and lacked the organizational patterns characteristic of Fg-Au. Unlike the Fg-Au probe, early dendritic platelets were heavily labeled by the soluble phase fibrinogen using the Ig-Au technique. Although the label covered the entire exposed platelet membrane in fully spread platelets, labeling over the peripheral web was more dense than that over the intermediate or granulomere zone. The diffuse organization and heavier peripheral distributional pattern of the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa (GP IIb-IIIa) receptor in fixed, adherent platelets, was also seen with the GP IIb-IIIa receptor-specific antibody AP-2. The binding of both the Fg-Au and Ig-Au were inhibited using the tetrapeptide Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) (93% and 98% inhibition, respectively), AP-2 (98% and 97%, respectively) and platelets from patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) (99% and 98%, respectively). The data presented provides the first report that receptor reorganization, following binding of fibrinogen, appears to be related to the state of the ligand. Substrate bound fibrinogen (i.e., Fg-Au or fibrinogen bound to another platelet) induces receptor translocation toward the platelet granulomere in a capping-like phenomenon. On the other hand, the binding of soluble released fibrinogen results in formation of microclusters and short linear arrays in a diffuse distribution but does not induce central movement of receptors. Furthermore, double labeling studies clarify that Fg-Au does not identify all available fibrinogen receptors as many are occupied by soluble released fibrinogen. The data presented provides an interesting new perspective on what constitutes an appropriate ligand-receptor stimulus sufficient to induce receptor reorganization.
The reaction of singlet oxygen with olefins: the question of mechanism (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe reaction of singlet oxygen with olefins: the question of mechanismAryeh A. FrimerCite this: Chem. Rev. 1979, 79, 5, 359–387Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60321a001https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60321a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3324Altmetric-Citations438LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Whole spectrum fluorescence detection with ultrafast white light excitation (2007)

We have developed a new detection mechanism for ultrabroadband multicolor fluorescence detection using an ultrafast supercontinuum white light source without spectral filtering to simultaneously excite different fluorophores. A nonlinear photonic crystal fiber was utilized in conjunction with a femtosecond laser to generate the supercontinuum. A time-resolved detector was tested to detect the whole spectrum fluorescence while gating out the excitation white light in the time domain.
Pharmacogenomics: Unlocking the Human Genome for Better Drug Therapy (2001)

There is great heterogeneity in the way humans respond to medications, often requiring empirical strategies to find the appropriate drug therapy for each patient (the "art" of medicine). Over the past 50 years, there has been great progress in understanding the molecular basis of drug action and in elucidating genetic determinants of disease pathogenesis and drug response. Pharmacogenomics is the burgeoning field of investigation that aims to further elucidate the inherited nature of interindividual differences in drug disposition and effects, with the ultimate goal of providing a stronger scientific basis for selecting the optimal drug therapy and dosages for each patient. These genetic insights should also lead to mechanism-based approaches to the discovery and development of new medications. This review highlights the current status of work in this field and addresses strategies that hold promise for future advances in pharmacogenomics.
Making Sense of the Preclinical Literature on Advanced Hemostatic Products (2006)

A number of new hemostatic products have been developed recently for use in trauma settings of severe uncontrolled bleeding. Currently, the literature on these products is controversial, with efficacy demonstrated under some circumstances but not others. In this review, we analyze the current literature pertaining to four of the most promising products (dry fibrin sealant dressing, Rapid Deployment Hemostat, HemCon chitosan dressing, and QuikClot) that have been suggested for use in combat casualty care applications. In particular, this analysis takes into account the characteristics of the animal models used for efficacy testing of these products, the desired characteristics of hemostatic dressings, and specific safety considerations. Animal models ranged from those featuring low-pressure/low-flow bleeding to those featuring high-pressure/high-flow bleeding. When data are viewed in the context of the specific characteristics of the differing animal models used, seemingly disparate experimental results related to efficacy and safety become quite complementary and lead to recommendations for the use of different products in different injury scenarios. Mission and training requirements will dictate the use of these products by military and civilian prehospital care providers.