gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions Induced by Topical Application of Mite Antigens in NC/Nga Mice (2001)

NC/Nga mice treated with mite Ag manifest clinical and immunological aspects similar to patients with AD, suggesting that this model is suitable for exploring the pathogenesis of human AD.
[The in vivo antitumor activity of murine liver tumor vaccine expressing MIP-1alpha]. (2002)

The liver cancer cells expressing mMIP-1alpha mediated by recombinant adenoviral vector decrease tumorigenicity and elicit specific immunological protection, and could be used as an effective liver tumor vaccine.
Prevention of the development of heart failure and the regression of cardiac hypertrophy by captopril in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (1983)

The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) exhibits both a compensated phase of cardiac hypertrophy in which forward output is maintained despite persistently elevated systemic arterial pressures and a decompensated phase in which cardiac performance has deteriorated in spite of further hypertrophic growth. To determine whether chronic antihypertensive therapy prevents the development of heart failure and the progression of cardiac hypertrophy in SHR with advanced hypertension, captopril (2 g/l of drinking water), a converting enzyme inhibitor, was administered to 14 month old female SHR and normotensive American Wistar rats (NWR) for 10 months. The severe left ventricular hypertrophy of the 24 month old untreated SHR (4.37 +/- 0.2 mg/g v. 2.50 +/- 0.06 mg/g, untreated NWR) was markedly reduced (P less than 0.02) by captopril (3.01 +/- 0.1 mg/g). Chronic therapy prevented the reduction of both baseline and maximal cardiac indices in SHR, but did not alter blood flow in NWR. Left ventricular dilatation was present in 24 month old SHR and, as peak stroke volume index was diminished, the ejection fraction index of the SHR was reduced. Captopril restored this index in SHR to normal. The relation of ejection fraction index and afterload (peak systolic wall stress) was depressed in untreated SHR, but was normal in treated SHR. Thus, chronic therapy with captopril prevented the development of severe cardiac dysfunction and produced a marked regression of cardiac hypertrophy in SHR with advanced hypertensive heart disease.
Recent advances in the use of protein transduction domains for the delivery of peptides, proteins and nucleic acids invivo (2005)

Protein transduction domains (PTDs) are small cationic peptides that can facilitate the uptake of large, biologically active molecules into mammalian cells. Recent reports have shown that PTDs can mediate the delivery of cargo to tissues throughout a living organism. Such technology could eliminate the size restrictions on usable drugs, so enabling previously unavailable large molecules to modulate in vivo biology and alleviate disease. This article will review the evidence that PTDs can be used both to deliver active molecules to pathological tissue in vivo and to treat models of disease such as cancer, ischaemia and inflammation.
Identification and preliminary characterization of two related proliferation-associated nuclear phosphoproteins. (1990)

Two nuclear phosphoproteins, pp35 and pp32, were purified from A20 cells, a murine B-lymphoblastoid cell line. Initially detected by cross-reactivity with antibodies to human erythrocyte protein 4.1, the 35- and 32-kDa proteins were purified by sequential fractionation of non-ionic detergent cell lysates on DEAE-cellulose, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-anion-exchange chromatography, and HPLC hydroxylapatite chromatography. By two-dimensional peptide mapping, pp35 and pp32 are related but do not appear to represent sequential proteolytic products. Both pp35 and pp32 appear to be associated with cell proliferation. Antibodies specific for pp35 and pp32 show prominent intranuclear staining in A20 cells but only focal staining in normal murine lymphoid tissues. Quantitative immunoblotting showed that both pp35 and pp32 are, respectively, expressed at 5.9 x 10(4) and 7.0 x 10(4) copies/cell in small, dense resting B lymphocytes, increasing approximately 12- and 7-fold after polyclonal stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. When normalized to total cell protein, this represents specific inductions of approximately 4- and 2-fold. Expression of both pp35 and pp32 is constitutively high in populations of neoplastic B cell lines; moreover, both are expressed in the nuclei of intestinal crypt epithelial cells but not in other epithelial compartments in the same sections, suggesting that forms of pp35 and pp32 may be expressed in additional tissues and associated with proliferation.
Neuropeptide Y: An overview (1990)

Abstract Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a broad distribution and numerous physiological functions in the peripheral and central nervous systems. The gene transcription and fundamentals of peptide processing have been elucidated. NPY levels and release are exquisitely sensitive to pharmacological and physiological manipulation. NPY receptors have been partially characterized pharmacologically. The effects of NPY on target organs and their implications for drugs interacting with the NPY system are described.
Angiogenic sprouting into neural tissue requires Gpr124, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (2011)

The vasculature of the CNS is structurally and functionally distinct from that of other organ systems and is particularly prone to developmental abnormalities and hemorrhage. Although other embryonic tissues undergo primary vascularization, the developing nervous system is unique in that it is secondarily vascularized by sprouting angiogenesis from a surrounding perineural plexus. This sprouting angiogenesis requires the TGF-β and Wnt pathways because ablation of these pathways results in aberrant sprouting and hemorrhage. We have genetically deleted Gpr124, a member of the large family of long N-terminal group B G protein-coupled receptors, few members of which have identified ligands or well-defined biologic functions in mammals. We show that, in the developing CNS, Gpr124 is specifically expressed in the vasculature and is absolutely required for proper angiogenic sprouting into the developing neural tube. Embryos lacking Gpr124 exhibit vascular defects characterized by delayed vascular penetration, formation of pathological glomeruloid tufts within the CNS, and hemorrhage. In addition, they display defects in palate and lung development, two processes in which TGF-β and/or Wnt pathways also play important roles. We also show that TGF-β stimulates Gpr124 expression, and ablation of Gpr124 results in perturbed TGF-β pathway activation, suggesting roles for Gpr124 in modulating TGF-β signaling. These results represent a unique function attributed to a long N-terminal group B-type G protein-coupled receptor in a mammalian system.
The Endocannabinoid System and the Brain (2012)

The psychoactive constituent in cannabis, Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was isolated in the mid-1960s, but the cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, and the major endogenous cannabinoids (anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol) were identified only 20 to 25 years later. The cannabinoid system affects both central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral processes. In this review, we have tried to summarize research--with an emphasis on recent publications--on the actions of the endocannabinoid system on anxiety, depression, neurogenesis, reward, cognition, learning, and memory. The effects are at times biphasic--lower doses causing effects opposite to those seen at high doses. Recently, numerous endocannabinoid-like compounds have been identified in the brain. Only a few have been investigated for their CNS activity, and future investigations on their action may throw light on a wide spectrum of brain functions.
Feasibility of Employing Model-Based Optimization of Pulse Amplitude and Electrode Distance for Effective Tumor Electropermeabilization (2007)

In electrochemotherapy (ECT) electropermeabilization, parameters (pulse amplitude, electrode setup) need to be customized in order to expose the whole tumor to electric field intensities above permeabilizing threshold to achieve effective ECT. In this paper, we present a model-based optimization approach toward determination of optimal electropermeabilization parameters for effective ECT. The optimization is carried out by minimizing the difference between the permeabilization threshold and electric field intensities computed by finite element model in selected points of tumor. We examined the feasibility of model-based optimization of electropermeabilization parameters on a model geometry generated from computer tomography images, representing brain tissue with tumor. Continuous parameter subject to optimization was pulse amplitude. The distance between electrode pairs was optimized as a discrete parameter. Optimization also considered the pulse generator constraints on voltage and current. During optimization the two constraints were reached preventing the exposure of the entire volume of the tumor to electric field intensities above permeabilizing threshold. However, despite the fact that with the particular needle array holder and pulse generator the entire volume of the tumor was not permeabilized, the maximal extent of permeabilization for the particular case (electrodes, tissue) was determined with the proposed approach. Model-based optimization approach could also be used for electro-gene transfer, where electric field intensities should be distributed between permeabilizing threshold and irreversible threshold-the latter causing tissue necrosis. This can be obtained by adding constraints on maximum electric field intensity in optimization procedure.
The TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Markers Are Expressed on Podocalyxin in Embryonal Carcinoma (2006)

We have previously identified the cell adhesion protein podocalyxin expressed in a human pluripotent stem cell, embryonal carcinoma (EC), which is a malignant germ cell. Podocalyxin is a heavily glycosylated membrane protein with amino acid sequence homology to the hematopoietic stem cell marker CD34. Since the initial discovery of podocalyxin in a cancerous stem cell, numerous new studies have identified podocalyxin in many different human cancers and in embryonic stem cells lines (ES) derived from human embryos. Embryonal carcinoma, as do all human pluripotent stem cells, expresses TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 antigens, and although their molecular identities are unknown, they are commonly used as markers of undifferentiated pluripotent human stem cells. We report here that purified podocalyxin from embryonal carcinoma has binding activity with the TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 antibodies. Embryonal carcinoma cells treated with retinoic acid undergo differentiation and lose the TRA-1-60/TRA-1-81 markers from their plasma membrane surface. We show that podocalyxin is modified in the retinoic acid-treated cells and has an apparent molecular mass of 170 kDa on protein blots as compared with the apparent 200-kDa molecular weight form of podocalyxin expressed in untreated cells. Furthermore, the modified form of podocalyxin no longer reacts with the TRA-1-60/TRA-1-81 antibodies. Thus, embryonal carcinoma expresses two distinct forms of podocalyxin, and the larger version is a molecular carrier of the human stem cell-defining antigens TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81.
A novel technique to control the rate of vapour diffusion, giving larger protein crystals (1997)

The process of protein crystallization often takes place too rapidly, thus producing showers of crystals instead of large single crystals. A novel technique for improving protein-crystal size by slowing down the crystallization process is described. This is achieved by the setting up of a vapour-diffusion experiment with a layer of oil placed above the reservoir. The oil acts as a barrier between the reservoir and the crystallization drop, but water vapour diffuses slowly through the layer of oil. The type of oil and the thickness of the oil layer situated above the reservoir will dictate the rate of vapour diffusion and consequently the speed of crystallization. This technique reduces the number of crystals grown and increases their size.
Reduction of background autofluorescence in brain sections following immersion in sodium borohydride (1998)

Autofluorescence of aldehyde-fixed neural tissue often obscures perikaria and fine processes labeled with fluorescent anterograde or retrograde tracers. In particular, this autofluorescence hinders the detectability of fine axonal projections labeled with the convenient anterograde tracer, tetramethylrhodamine dextranamine. Background fluorescence was notably reduced by immersion of free-floating brain tissue sections in a solution of sodium borohydride (NaBH4, 0.1%), a chemical which is known to neutralize Schiffs bases through reduction of amine-aldehyde compounds into non-fluorescent salts. The reversible and renewable immersion technique was most effective in paraformaldehyde-fixed tissue where the preservation quality was improved such that labeled axons remained detectable for more than 1 year after initial preparation.
Novel concept for obtaining continuously variable topographic contour mapping using holographic interferometry (1990)

A holographic technique is developed which allows one to obtain in real time the contour map of an arbitrarily shaped object. The method provides a relatively coarse contouring of the object. While still operating at low sensitivities, the method suffers from a breakdown in its functioning due to a saturation of the phase carrying capacity of the interferometer. As a consequence, a phase management strategy is introduced, whose incorporation to the technique enables a substantial improvement of its performance. These developments are systematically analyzed and presented. The method is whole field and noncontacting. The live and flexible character of the method enables one to rapidly generate sensitivities tuned to the relief variations of objects of broadly varying depths. Experimental results are presented to illustrate the feasibility of the proposals.
Identification of differentially expressed genes in rat aortic allograft vasculopathy. (1996)

Graft vasculopathy is an important complication of long-surviving organ transplants, but its pathogenesis has remained elusive. We investigated rat aortic transplants with vasculopathy, aortic transplants without vasculopathy, and normal aortas for differentially expressed mRNA transcripts to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms involved. Aortic transplants were performed in allogeneic or syngeneic recipients followed by removal after 1 or 5 months, RNA isolation, and differential display to identify mRNA transcripts the expression of which was modulated in conjunction with the transplant procedure and the development of vasculopathy. Using 80 random primers, 57 differentially displayed polymerase chain reaction products were identified, 18 of which were found in allografts but not in syngeneic grafts or normal vessels, whereas 15 were expressed in normal vessels and syngeneic grafts but not in allografts. Of the differentially displayed amplicons, 13 were successfully reamplified and used as probes for Northern analysis; differential expression was confirmed in 6 instances. DNA sequence analysis of these PCR products revealed identity with the immunoglobulin J chain in 2 instances, the ferritin heavy chain, a sequence related but not identical with Ras, and an established sequence tag recently isolated from a human fetal heart library; 1 sequence was not related to any known gene. To assess whether differential mRNA expression of the J-chain gene, a gene expressed in cells of B lymphocyte lineage, was associated with infiltration of the graft by B lymphocytes, tissue sections were stained with an antibody against the B cell marker CD45RA. Although the number of CD45RA-positive cells was low, there was a significant increase in the number of CD45RA-positive cells in the adventitia and intima of grafts with vasculopathy. Furthermore, immunostaining with anti-ferritin antiserum confirmed the presence of ferritin-positive cells within the inner layer of the graft vessel wall and dispersed in the intima, media, and adventitia. The question remains as to which of these genes are critically relevant in the pathogenesis of graft vasculopathy and whether they serve as targets for therapeutic interventions.
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases as targets for treatment of haematological malignancies (2005)

The cAMP signalling pathway has emerged as a key regulator of haematopoietic cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. In parallel, general understanding of the biology of cyclic nucleotide PDEs (phosphodiesterases) has advanced considerably, revealing the remarkable complexity of this enzyme system that regulates the amplitude, kinetics and location of intracellular cAMP-mediated signalling. The development of therapeutic inhibitors of specific PDE gene families has resulted in a growing appreciation of the potential therapeutic application of PDE inhibitors to the treatment of immune-mediated illnesses and haematopoietic malignancies. This review summarizes the expression and function of PDEs in normal haematopoietic cells and the evidence that family-specific inhibitors will be therapeutically useful in myeloid and lymphoid malignancies.
Mechanisms of ranolazine's dual protection against atrial and ventricular fibrillation (2012)

Coronary artery disease and heart failure carry concurrent risk for atrial fibrillation and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. We review evidence indicating that at therapeutic concentrations, ranolazine has potential for dual suppression of these arrhythmias. Mechanisms and clinical implications are discussed.
Glycomics and Mass Spectrometry (2005)

Proteomics is closely associated with the modifications of the gene product such as the post-translational events that yield functionally active gene products. Among these, glycosylation represents a critically important post-translational modification and is a target for proteomic research. Glycan moieties are involved in a wide variety of intracellular, cell-cell and cell-matrix recognition events. This is why understanding how glycosylation affects the activities and functions of proteins in health and disease represents a major challenge. The study of the glycome--the whole set of glycans produced in a single organism--is therefore essential to determine the functions of all genes. Mass spectrometry, in combination with modern separation methodologies, is one of the most powerful and versatile techniques for the structural analysis of oligosaccharides. This review provides a summary of the current knowledge for the mass spectrometric analysis of glycoproteins and their glycan structures.
Atomic Resolution Structure of the HFBII Hydrophobin, a Self-assembling Amphiphile (2003)

Hydrophobins are proteins specific to filamentous fungi. Hydrophobins have several important roles in fungal physiology, for example, adhesion, formation of protective surface coatings, and the reduction of the surface tension of water, which allows growth of aerial structures. Hydrophobins show remarkable biophysical properties, for example, they are the most powerful surface-active proteins known. To this point the molecular basis of the function of this group of proteins has been largely unknown. We have now determined the crystal structure of the hydrophobin HFBII from Trichoderma reesei at 1.0 A resolution. HFBII has a novel, compact single domain structure containing one alpha-helix and four antiparallel beta-strands that completely envelop two disulfide bridges. The protein surface is mainly hydrophilic, but two beta-hairpin loops contain several conserved aliphatic side chains that form a flat hydrophobic patch that makes the molecule amphiphilic. The amphiphilicity of the HFBII molecule is expected to be a source for surface activity, and we suggest that the behavior of this surfactant is greatly enhanced by the self-assembly that is favored by the combination of size and rigidity. This mechanism of function is supported by atomic force micrographs that show highly ordered arrays of HFBII at the air water interface. The data presented show that much of the current views on structure function relations in hydrophobins must be re-evaluated.
Preservatives in topical ophthalmic medications: historical and clinical perspectives (2009)

Patients may be subject to a variety of different topical medications when undergoing treatment for ocular disease. Preservatives are added to multidose medication bottles to inhibit microbial contamination. An assortment of different preservative formulations has been used in ophthalmic medicines and many of these preservatives have been linked to unwanted ocular surface side effects. Benzalkonium chloride in particular has been linked to a number of different adverse effects, such as disruption of the tear film as well as damage to ocular surface epithelial cells. As a result, the manufacturers of ocular medications have developed innovative new preservative systems in an attempt to limit these toxic side effects. This article reviews the different ophthalmic preservative formulations, their benefits, detriments, mechanisms of action and historical aspects. Future prospects and clinical objectives with regard to ophthalmic preservatives are also discussed.
Hydrogen (H2) catabolism in the colon of the rat. (1974)

Abstract The present study was prompted by the observation that neomycin-treated rats excreted markedly increased quantities of H 2 , a bacterial fermentation product. Recovery studies of H 2 and He instilled into the cecum showed that H 2 was rapidly catabolized. This catabolism was attributed to bacteria since it was not observed in germ-free rats and it was partially inhibited by neomycin or carbon monoxide. Thus, intestinal bacteria both produce and consume H 2 and neomycin appears to selectively inhibit H 2 consumption. Bacterial gas catabolism represents a previously unrecognized factor influencing the volume of intestinal gas. In addition, this study illustrates that normal colonic function may depend upon the metabolism of the normal flora as well as the absence of pathogens.
New Electromagnetic Mode in Graphene (2007)

A new, weakly damped, transverse electromagnetic mode is predicted in graphene. The mode frequency omega lies in the window 1.667<[see text]omega/micro < 2, where micro is the chemical potential, and can be tuned from radio waves to the infrared by changing the density of charge carriers through a gate voltage.