gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modification of the ADP-ribosyltransferase and NAD Glycohydrolase Activities of a Mammalian Transferase (ADP-ribosyltransferase 5) by Auto-ADP-ribosylation (1999)

Mono-ADP-ribosylation, a post-translational modification in which the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD is transferred to an acceptor protein, is catalyzed by a family of amino acid-specific ADP-ribosyltransferases. ADP-ribosyltransferase 5 (ART5), a murine transferase originally isolated from Yac-1 lymphoma cells, differed in properties from previously identified eukaryotic transferases in that it exhibited significant NAD glycohydrolase (NADase) activity. To investigate the mechanism of regulation of transferase and NADase activities, ART5 was synthesized as a FLAG fusion protein in Escherichia coli. Agmatine was used as the ADP-ribose acceptor to quantify transferase activity. ART5 was found to be primarily an NADase at 10 microM NAD, whereas at higher NAD concentrations (1 mM), after some delay, transferase activity increased, whereas NADase activity fell. This change in catalytic activity was correlated with auto-ADP-ribosylation and occurred in a time- and NAD concentration-dependent manner. Based on the change in mobility of auto-ADP-ribosylated ART5 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the modification appeared to be stoichiometric and resulted in the addition of at least two ADP-ribose moieties. Auto-ADP-ribosylated ART5 isolated after incubation with NAD was primarily a transferase. These findings suggest that auto-ADP-ribosylation of ART5 was stoichiometric, resulted in at least two modifications and converted ART5 from an NADase to a transferase, and could be one mechanism for regulating enzyme activity.
SYNTHESIS AND ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF PYRROLE- CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES (1993)

Numerous references to biologically active pyrrole derivatives have appeared in the literature, including those with antiphlogistic [3, 11], broncholytic [10], narcotic, antihistaminic and antiadrenergic [5] properties. In view of the breadth of biological activity exhibited by this class of compound it was thought desirable to investigate the synthesis and pharmacological activity of the new pyrrole derivatives and, specifically, pyrrolecarboxylic acids. The present work deals with the synthesis of the pyrrolecarboxylic acids and their derivatives and reports on the results obtained from testing their antiviral activity. The 5-pyrrolecarboxylic acids I-IX were obtained by means of haloform splitting (80~ 5 h, 4N NaOH) of the appropriate trifluoroacetylpyrroles [6]. In the presence of equimolar quantities of NaOH (benzene, 20~ 3 h) acids II, IV, VI, and IX were converted into the corresponding water-soluble salts X-XlII (yield 90-95%) [7]. The reaction of acid IV with an alcoholic solution of triethanolamine (50~ 3 h) afforded 1-vinyl-tris(2hydroxyethyl)ammonium-2-(4-ethylphenyl)-5-pyrrolecarboxylate (XlV).
The Expression Processor: A Pipelined, Multiple- Processor Architecture (1981)

A nem multiple-processor architecture is described that can exploit the instruction level concurrency in numerical processing tasks. The expression processor contains multiple processing elements (PE's), which can be configured either as an SIMD [8] array or as an expression tree pipeline. An expression tree is the parse tree conctructed by a compiler from an arithmetic or logical expression. The expression tree pipeline, or "X-Pipe," is a binary-tree networks of PE'S upon which expression tress are executed intact.A series of expression trees can be executed in pipelined fashion for enhanced concurrency. With this capability, the expression processor can exploit the concurrency in vector merges and scalar tasks, as well as conventional vector tasks. The architecture is designed for low-cost implementation using large-scale in (LSI) components.
One-year results of excimer laser in situ keratomileusis for hyperopia (2009)

Excimer laser LASIK was safe and effective for treating hyperopia up to +6.25 D with no further loss of CDVA lines after enhancement.
Questioning Yahoo! Answers (2007)

Yahoo! Answers represents a new type of community portal that allows users to post questions and/or answer questions asked by other members of the community, already featuring a very large number of questions and several million users. Other recently launched services, like Microsoft’s Live QnA and Amazon’s Askville, follow the same basic interaction model. The popularity and the particular characteristics of this model call for a closer study that can help a deeper understanding of the entities involved, their interactions, and the implications of the model. Such understanding is a crucial step in social and algorithmic research that could yield improvements to various components of the service, for instance, personalizing the interaction with the system based on user interest. In this paper, we perform an analysis of 10 months worth of Yahoo! Answers data that provides insights into user behavior and impact as well as into various aspects of the service and its possible evolution.
Complement in Immune and Inflammatory Disorders: Pathophysiological Mechanisms (2013)

Although acute or chronic inflammation is a common component of many clinical disorders, the underlying processes can be highly distinct. In recent years, the complement system has been associated with a growing number of immunological and inflammatory conditions that include degenerative diseases, cancer, and transplant rejection. It becomes evident that excessive activation or insufficient control of complement activation on host cells can cause an immune imbalance that may fuel a vicious cycle between complement, inflammatory cells, and tissue damage that exacerbates clinical complications. Although the exact involvement of complement needs to be carefully investigated for each disease, therapeutic modulation of complement activity emerges as an attractive target for upstream inhibition of inflammatory processes. This review provides an update about the functional and collaborative capabilities of complement, highlights major disease areas with known complement contribution, and indicates the potential for complement as a focal point in immunomodulatory strategies for treating inflammatory diseases.
Chiral Nonsteroidal Affinity Ligands for the Androgen Receptor. 1. Bicalutamide Analogues Bearing Electrophilic Groups in the B Aromatic Ring (2000)

A series of chiral analogues of bicalutamide bearing electrophilic groups (isothiocyanate, N-chloroacetyl, and N-bromoacetyl) on aromatic ring B of the parent molecule were synthesized. These compounds were designed as affinity ligands for the androgen receptor (AR). We prepared the (R)- and (S)-optical isomers of these compounds as pure enantiomers. The AR binding affinities of these compounds were measured in a competitive binding assay with the radiolabeled high-affinity AR ligand, [(3)H]mibolerone. In accordance with our previous results for the enantiomers of bicalutamide, we found that all (R)-isomers demonstrated much higher binding affinity to the AR as compared to their corresponding (S)-isomers. The para-substituted affinity ligands in ring B bound the AR with higher affinities than the corresponding meta-substituted analogues. Oxidation of thioester affinity ligands to their sulfonyl analogues for the para-substituted compounds decreased AR binding affinities and similar modification increased binding affinities for corresponding meta-analogues. The least potent para-substituted sulfonyl compounds had higher AR binding affinities than the most potent meta-substituted sulfonyl compounds. Overall, the para-substituted unoxidized molecules demonstrated the highest AR binding affinity. Subsequent research using AR exchange assays and Scatchard analyses showed that the isothiocyanate affinity ligands (R)-7, (R)-9, and (R)-10 reported herein are the first specific chemoaffinity ligands for the AR.
Protein uptake by bacteria (2010)

Endocytosis is a fundamental process of membrane-trafficking in eukaryotes, but has not been known to occur in bacteria or archaea. The origin of endocytosis is central to the understanding of evolution of the first eukaryotes and their endomembrane systems. In a recent study we have established that an endocytosis-like process for uptake of proteins into cells occurs in a bacterium, Gemmata obscuriglobus, a member of the distinctive phylum Planctomycetes of peptidoglycan-less budding bacteria. Members of this phylum characteristically possess cells divided into compartments separated by internal membranes and in the case of G. obscuriglobus these compartments include one where a double membrane envelope surrounds its nucleoid DNA, as well as an outer ribosome- free region of cytoplasm. Proteins can be internalized by cells from the external milieu and collected into this ribosome-free compartment, and this process is energy-dependent and appears to be receptor-mediated. As in eukaryote endocytosis, internalized proteins are associated with vesicles, and can be subjected to proteolytic degradation. The discovery of this process in a bacterium has significant implications for our understanding of the origins of endocytosis in eukaryotes.
The mechanism of the effect of aspirin on human platelets. I. Acetylation of a particulate fraction protein. (1975)

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) inhibits platelet prostaglandin synthesis and the ADP- and collagen-induced platelet release reaction. The mechanism of the inhibitory effect is unknown but may involve protein acetylation, since aspirin acetylates a variety of substrates, including platelet protein. We have examined the relationship between protein acetylation and aspirin's physiologic effect on platelets. Suspensions of washed human platelets were incubated at 37 degrees C with (3H)aspirin, and incorporation of radioactivity into protein was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Exposure to (acetyl-3H)aspirin but not (aromatic ring-3H)aspirin resulted in radioactive labeling of three platelet proteins, suggesting that the drug acetylates these three proteins. The acetylation of two of the proteins (located in the supernatant fraction) was not saturable, implying that these reactions may not be physiologically significant. Acetylation of the third protein, approximate mol wt 85,000 (located in the particulate fraction), saturated at an aspirin concentration of 30 muM and was complete within 20 min. Platelets prepared from aspirin-treated donors did not incorporate any (acetyl-3H)aspirin radioactivity into the particulate protein for 2 days after drug treatment and did not show full pretreatment uptake of radioactivity for 12 days thereafter. The course of increasing incorporation of (acetyl-3H)aspirin radioactivity parralleled that of platelet turnover. Therefore, in addition to its saturability, acetylation of the particulate fraction protein by aspirin was permanent. In two respects, the inhibition of platelet function by aspirin correlates well with the aspirin-mediated acetylation of the particulate fraction protein. Both persist for the life-span of the aspirin-treated platelet, and both occur at a similar saturating aspirin concentration. The evidence suggests that the physiologic effect of aspirin on human platelets is produced by acetylation of a single protein located in the particulate fraction. The acetylated protein may be related to cyclo-oxygenase, the prostaglandin G2 biosynthetic enzyme.
über die Hydrierung von α‐Benzoyl‐N‐acyl‐serin‐benzylestern (1955)

Abstract Bei der Untersuchung des Verhaltens von α‐Benzoyl‐ N ‐acyl‐serinbenzylestern bei der katalytischen Hydrierung wird festgestellt, daß bei Verwendung des N ‐Phenacetyl‐Derivates I neben threo ‐2‐Phenacetamino‐1‐phenyl‐propan‐diol‐(1.3) (II) unter Abspaltung der endständigen Methylolgruppe als Formaldehyd in der Hauptsache 1‐Phenacetamino‐2‐oxy‐2‐phenyl‐äthan (IV) und ω‐Phenacetamino‐acetophenon (III) gebildet werden. Bei Anwesenheit von Ameisensäure bleibt die Hydrierung beim 2‐Phenacetamino‐1‐phenyl‐propan‐ol‐(3)‐on‐(1) (V) stehen. ‐ Ist bei I die endständige Methylolgruppe verestert oder acetalisiert (X, XIII, XVI, XVII), dann wird sie bei der Hydrierung unter Abspaltung des Acylrestes oder Aldehyds unter Bildung von erythro ‐ N ‐Acyl‐norephedrin (XI, XIVb) zur Methylgruppe umgewandelt. Bei Zusatz von Ameisensäure verläuft die Hydrierung wieder nur bis zu dem entsprechenden Keton (XIX). Wie nachgewiesen wurde, kann in diesem Falle die Ameisensäure selbst die Reduktion der Methylolgruppe zur Methylgruppe vollziehen. – Ist die Methylolgruppe mit Benzoesäure verestert (XIII. XVI), dann wird bei der hydrierenden Spaltung der Benzoylrest unter Verdrängung des vorhandenen N ‐Acylrestes an die Aminogruppe verlagert (Benzoylverschiebung).
An interesting case of rifampicin-dependent/-enhanced multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. (2010)

We report a case of rifampicin (RMP) dependent/enhanced multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) from a patient who had been treated with the World Health Organization optional thrice-weekly treatment and document the clinical and bacteriological features. RMP-enhanced tubercle bacilli that grew poorly without RMP but grew better in its presence were isolated from the patient with treatment failure. The bacteria grown without RMP consisted of mixed morphologies of short rod-shaped acid-fast bacteria and poorly stained coccoid bacteria, but stained normally as acid-fast rods when grown in the presence of RMP. The isolated RMP-enhanced bacteria harbored the common S531L mutation and a novel mutation F584S in the rpoB gene. Treatment containing RMP or replacement of RMP with more powerful rifapentine paradoxically aggravated the disease, but its removal led to successful cure of the patient. This study highlights the potential dangers of continued treatment of MDR-TB with rifamycins that can occur due to delayed or absent drug susceptibility results and calls for timely detection of RMP-dependent/-enhanced bacteria in treatment failure patients by including RMP in culture media and removal of RMP from treatment regimen upon detection.
Processing of Bulk Metallic Glass (2009)

Bulk metallic glass (BMG) formers are multicomponent alloys that vitrify with remarkable ease during solidification. Technological interest in these materials has been generated by their unique properties, which often surpass those of conventional structural materials. The metastable nature of BMGs, however, has imposed a barrier to broad commercial adoption, particularly where the processing requirements of these alloys conflict with conventional metal processing methods. Research on the crystallization of BMG formers has uncovered novel thermoplastic forming (TPF)-based processing opportunities. Unique among metal processing methods, TPF utilizes the dramatic softening exhibited by a BMG as it approaches its glass-transition temperature and decouples the rapid cooling required to form a glass from the forming step. This article reviews crystallization processes in BMG former and summarizes and compares TPF-based processing methods. Finally, an assessment of scientific and technological advancements required for broader commercial utilization of BMGs will be made.
Random Erasing Data Augmentation (2017)

In this paper, we introduce Random Erasing, a new data augmentation method for training the convolutional neural network (CNN). In training, Random Erasing randomly selects a rectangle region in an image and erases its pixels with random values. In this process, training images with various levels of occlusion are generated, which reduces the risk of over-fitting and makes the model robust to occlusion. Random Erasing is parameter learning free, easy to implement, and can be integrated with most of the CNN-based recognition models. Albeit simple, Random Erasing is complementary to commonly used data augmentation techniques such as random cropping and flipping, and yields consistent improvement over strong baselines in image classification, object detection and person re-identification. Code is available at: https://github.com/zhunzhong07/Random-Erasing.
Endothelial EphA receptor stimulation increases lung vascular permeability (2008)

Mediators of angiogenesis such as VEGFs and angiopoietins may regulate pulmonary vascular permeability under normal and pathological conditions. Ephrin family receptor tyrosine kinases are expressed in the vasculature and also regulate angiogenesis under some circumstances, but whether they also modulate lung vascular permeability is unknown. We hypothesized that stimulation of lung endothelial EphA receptors with ephrin-a1 ligand would alter pulmonary vascular permeability and tested this idea in vivo and in vitro. We found that ephrin-a1 ligand and EphA2 receptors are expressed in distal normal lung vasculature and that their expression is increased in injured lung, suggesting a link to mechanisms of increased permeability. Intravenous injection of ephrin-a1 caused a large increase in the leakage of labeled albumin into the lungs of rats within 30 min (293 +/- 27 vs. 150 +/- 6 ng/mg dry lung, P < 0.01), along with histological evidence of the formation of endothelial disruptions. In cultured lung vascular endothelial cells, stimulation with ephrin-a1 increased monolayer permeability by 44% (P < 0.01), a permeability change similar to that seen with VEGF stimulation of the same cells. Ephrin-a1 stimulation in vivo and in vitro was associated with histological evidence for disruptions of tight and adherens junctions. These observations describe a novel role for ephrin-a1 and EphA receptors in the regulation of vascular permeability in the lung.
Rearrangement of the chromosome 11 bcl-1 locus in centrocytic lymphoma: analysis with multiple breakpoint probes (1991)

Centrocytic lymphoma is a B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) composed of lymphocytes resembling cleaved follicular center cells (centrocytes). Previous studies have suggested an association between t(11;14) chromosomal translocations and bcl-1 rearrangement in centrocytic and related intermediate lymphocytic lymphomas. To further characterize the association between bcl-1 and centrocytic lymphoma, Southern blot analysis was performed on samples from 23 patients using four separate bcl-1 breakpoint probes spanning 63 kb of the chromosome 11 bcl-1 locus. Rearrangements were identified in six patients with the major translocation cluster (MTC) probe and in another six with probe p94PS, located about 24 kb 5' of MTC. Eleven of these 12 cases showed comigration of rearranged bcl-1 and Ig heavy chain-joining genes, consistent with the t(11;14) chromosomal translocation. No rearrangements were observed with the bcl-1 locus probes p210 or p11EH located 5' of p94PS, nor with bcl-2 or c-myc oncogene probes. No bcl-1 rearrangements were identified in B-cell follicular NHL (15), small noncleaved cell (Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's) NHL (8), T-cell NHL (4), multiple myeloma (14), and pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (9). One of 23 B-cell NHL of large cell type and one of 19 chronic lymphocytic leukemias or small lymphocytic NHL had MTC rearrangement. Thus, bcl-1 rearrangement occurred at MTC or p94PS in 12 of 23 centrocytic lymphomas (52%), confirming a nonrandom association and suggesting a pathogenetic role for the bcl-1 locus in this immunohistologic subtype of NHL.
Early Detection of Recurrent Breast Cancer Using Metabolite Profiling (2010)

We report on the development of a monitoring test for recurrent breast cancer, using metabolite-profiling methods. Using a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS) methods, we analyzed the metabolite profiles of 257 retrospective serial serum samples from 56 previously diagnosed and surgically treated breast cancer patients. One hundred sixteen of the serial samples were from 20 patients with recurrent breast cancer, and 141 samples were from 36 patients with no clinical evidence of the disease during ∼6 years of sample collection. NMR and GC×GC-MS data were analyzed by multivariate statistical methods to compare identified metabolite signals between the recurrence samples and those with no evidence of disease. Eleven metabolite markers (seven from NMR and four from GC×GC-MS) were shortlisted from an analysis of all patient samples by using logistic regression and 5-fold cross-validation. A partial least squares discriminant analysis model built using these markers with leave-one-out cross-validation provided a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 84% (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.88). Strikingly, 55% of the patients could be correctly predicted to have recurrence 13 months (on average) before the recurrence was clinically diagnosed, representing a large improvement over the current breast cancer-monitoring assay CA 27.29. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to develop and prevalidate a prediction model for early detection of recurrent breast cancer based on metabolic profiles. In particular, the combination of two advanced analytical methods, NMR and MS, provides a powerful approach for the early detection of recurrent breast cancer.
NMR Study of the Synthesis of Alkyl-Terminated Silicon Nanoparticles from the Reaction of SiCl4with the Zintl Salt, NaSi (2001)

The synthesis of silicon nanoclusters and their characterization by multinuclear solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is presented. A combination of 23Na, 29Si, and 13C magic angle spinning with and without cross polarization to 1H nuclei have been used to investigate the reaction of sodium silicide (NaSi) with silicon tetrachloride (SiCl4) followed by varying degrees of surface passivation. The 23Na and 29Si NMR spectra of NaSi distinguish the two crystallographically inequivalent sites for each, consistent with the crystal structure. This compound exhibits extreme diamagnetic chemical shifts for 29Si of −361 and −366 ppm. NaSi is reacted with SiCl4 in refluxing ethylene glycol dimethyl ether to produce both amorphous and crystalline Si nanoparticles with surfaces capped by chlorine. This reaction produces new 29Si resonances that survive subsequent capping and oxidation reactions. The 29Si NMR spectrum shows that the product is incompletely passivated with butyl groups and gives several peaks lying between −67 and −81 ppm that can be attributed to surface silicon atoms. Further reaction of this product with water produces a new NMR spectrum consistent with further termination of the surface by −OH groups.