gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Enantioselectivity of Optically Active 1- and 3-Substituted 4-Phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-ols and Related Compounds as Norepinephrine Potentiators. (1995)

Optically active 1,2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-ols (1R,4R-3a and 1S,4S-3b, 1S,4R-4a, and 1R,4S-4b) and 2-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (4S-5a and 4R-5b) were prepared in order to examine the effects of the 1-, 3-, and 4-substituents of 2-methyl-4-phenyl- 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-4-ol (PI-OH) (1) on the enantioselectivity for norepinephrine (NE) potentiating activity. The conformations and absolute configurations of 3-5 were determined from their 1H-NMR and circular dichroism (CD) spectra and by single-crystal X-ray diffractometric analysis. The NE potentiating activity of the optically active 3-5 and previously prepared 3-methyl derivatives (3R,4R-6a and 3S,4S-6b) of PI-OH were tested. The results show that compounds 3, 4, and 6 had high enantioselectivity for NE potentiation: the 4R series of the enantiomers exhibited activity but not the 4S-enantiomers. The activity of the 4-desoxy compound 5 also resided exclusively in the 4S-enantiomer. These findings suggest the presence of a specific receptor for NE uptake, and the enantiomers 3a, 4a, 5a, and 6a may be antagonistic at this NE uptake receptor.
Escherichia coli thioredoxin confers processivity on the DNA polymerase activity of the gene 5 protein of bacteriophage T7. (1987)

Bacteriophage T7 gene 5 protein has been purified to apparent homogeneity from cells overexpressing its gene several hundred-fold. Gene 5 protein is a DNA polymerase with low processivity; it dissociates from the primer-template after catalyzing the incorporation of 1-50 nucleotides, depending on the salt concentration. Escherichia coli thioredoxin, a host protein that is tightly associated with the gene 5 protein in phage-infected cells, is not required for this activity. Thioredoxin acts as an accessory protein to bestow processivity on the polymerizing reaction; DNA synthesis catalyzed by the gene 5 protein-thioredoxin complex on a single-stranded DNA template can polymerize thousands of nucleotides without dissociation. Conditions that increase the stability of secondary structures in the template (i.e., low temperature or high ionic strength) decrease the processivity. E. coli single-stranded DNA-binding protein stimulates both the rate of elongation and the processivity of the gene 5 protein-thioredoxin complex.
A Simple Primary Amide for the Selective Recovery of Gold from Secondary Resources (2016)

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) such as mobile phones contains a plethora of metals of which gold is by far the most valuable. Herein a simple primary amide is described that achieves the selective separation of gold from a mixture of metals typically found in mobile phones by extraction into toluene from an aqueous HCl solution; unlike current processes, reverse phase transfer is achieved simply using water. Phase transfer occurs by dynamic assembly of protonated and neutral amides with [AuCl4 ](-) ions through hydrogen bonding in the organic phase, as shown by EXAFS, mass spectrometry measurements, and computational calculations, and supported by distribution coefficient analysis. The fundamental chemical understanding gained herein should be integral to the development of metal-recovery processes, in particular through the use of dynamic assembly processes to build complexity from simplicity.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression Is Related to Angiogenesis and Histologic Grade in Spindle Cell Soft Tissue Neoplasms of the Extremities (2005)

We defined the immunocytochemical expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in benign soft tissue neoplasms, fibromatoses, and sarcomas, together with the activity of gelatinase MMPs and TIMPs measured by zymography and reverse zymography in a subset of cases. The most strongly expressed MMP in all tumors was MMP-1, with weaker expression of MMP-10, MMP-11, and MMP-14 in most tumors. Nuclear expression of MMP-1, MMP-8, and MMP-13 was an unusual feature. TIMP-2 was expressed in all tumors, with stronger expression in fibromatoses than in sarcomas. Fibromatoses and high-grade sarcomas showed greater MMP-1 expression than other groups, and endothelial MMP-2 expression was more extensive in sarcomas. Differences in MMP and TIMP expression might be linked to the biologic behavior of soft tissue neoplasms. The activation of endothelial MMP-2 linked to widespread MMP-14 expression provides a mechanism for sarcomas to modulate their matrix and facilitate angiogenesis.
p53 and K-RAS alterations in pancreatic epithelial cell lesions. (1993)

We have analysed the expression of p53 at the mRNA level, and extensively at the protein level by immunostaining, Western blotting, and ELISA measurements revealing a p53 increase in 8 out of 14 cell lines established from human pancreatic carcinomas. The mRNA levels closely paralleled the protein levels in most of the cell lines. Overexpression of p53 in tumor cells correlated with mutations in the p53 gene. Immunocytochemistry was also performed with tissue cryosections showing a nuclear p53 staining in 8 out of 12 exocrine, and 2 out of 2 endocrine tumors. In addition, nonmalignant peri-tumoral tissue specimens and cells derived from pancreatic juice of acute pancreatic patients were also positively stained. These findings may suggest functions of p53 in stress situations induced by acute inflammation or tissue regeneration. Genomic mutations in the tumor suppressor gene were associated with point mutations in either codon 12, 13 or 61 in the c-K-RAS oncogene in about two-thirds of cell lines. The frequent activations of a RAS oncogene in combination with mutations of a tumor suppressor gene are likely to contribute to the malignant phenotype of pancreatic adenocarcinomas.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Chaetocin and its Analogues: Their Histone Methyltransferase G9a Inhibitory Activity (2010)

The first total synthesis of (+)-chaetocin has been accomplished in nine steps starting from known N-Cbz-N-Me-serine using radical alpha-bromination reaction of diketopiperazine 10 and Co(I)-mediated reductive dimerization reaction of 12 as key reactions. The enantiomers show comparable inhibitory activity toward histone methyltransferase (HMT) G9a, but analogues without the sulfur functionality are inactive.
Application of Wavelet Thresholding De-noising in DSA (2008)

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a type of medical imaging technique used in interventional radiology, which can eliminate the interferential background and give prominence to blood vessels by computer processing. By analyzing the characteristics of DSA medical images, this paper proposes a new solution for this particular image de-noising, which is using improved soft thresholding. In order to obtain the different level information, we decompose the images of angiogram and subtraction by 2-D discrete wavelet transform. Then we use our new thresholding de-noising approach which can remove more noise and reserve more details. At last, we use wavelet reconstruction to get the new DSA medical image which can display the blood vessels much more clearly. By contrast, the efficiency of our method is better than median filtering and Wiener filtering approaches.
Neural Rejuvenation: Improving Deep Network Training by Enhancing Computational Resource Utilization (2018)

In this paper, we study the problem of improving computational resource utilization of neural networks. Deep neural networks are usually over-parameterized for their tasks in order to achieve good performances, thus are likely to have underutilized computational resources. This observation motivates a lot of research topics, e.g. network pruning, architecture search, etc. As models with higher computational costs (e.g. more parameters or more computations) usually have better performances, we study the problem of improving the resource utilization of neural networks so that their potentials can be further realized. To this end, we propose a novel optimization method named Neural Rejuvenation. As its name suggests, our method detects dead neurons and computes resource utilization in real time, rejuvenates dead neurons by resource reallocation and reinitialization, and trains them with new training schemes. By simply replacing standard optimizers with Neural Rejuvenation, we are able to improve the performances of neural networks by a very large margin while using similar training efforts and maintaining their original resource usages.
Susceptibility of Four Species of Diabrotica to Insecticides1 (1978)

Journal Article Susceptibility of Four Species of Diabrotica to Insecticides Get access Hang Chio, Hang Chio 2 2Research Assistant, Illinois Natural History Survey. Present address Eli Lilly, Greenfield. IN 46140. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Chang-Shyan Chang, Chang-Shyan Chang Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Robert L. Metcalf, Robert L. Metcalf Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John Shaw John Shaw Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 71, Issue 3, 1 June 1978, Pages 389–393, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/71.3.389 Published: 01 June 1978 Article history Received: 03 October 1977 Published: 01 June 1978
Mathematical Analysis of Arterial Enhancement and Optimization of Bolus Geometry for CT Angiography Using the Discrete Fourier Transform (1999)

Fourier analysis of the time-attenuation response to a test bolus is a simple and feasible approach to optimize arterial enhancement in CTA.
Responses of the Asian Citrus Psyllid to Volatiles Emitted by the Flushing Shoots of Its Rutaceous Host Plants (2010)

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) carries Candidatus liberibacter spp., the putative causal agents of Huanglongbing. D. citri reproduces and develops only on the flushing shoots of its rutaceous host plants. Here we examined whether D. citri is attracted to host plant odors and a mixture of synthetic terpenes. Tests conducted in a vertically oriented Y-tube olfactometer showed that both males and females preferentially entered the Y-tube arm containing the odor from the young shoots of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack and Citrus limon L. Burm. f. cultivar Eureka. Only males exhibited a preference for the odor of C. sinensis L., whereas the odor of C. x paradisi MacFadyen cultivar Rio Red was not attractive to both sexes. The volatiles emitted by young shoots of grapefruit cultivar Rio Red, Meyer lemon (Citrus x limon L. Burm.f.), and M. paniculata were analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. The samples were comprised of monoterpenes, monoterpene esters, and sesquiterpenes. The number of compounds present varied from 2 to 17, whereas the total amount of sample collected over 6 h ranged from 5.6 to 119.8 ng. The quantitatively dominant constituents were (E)-beta-ocimene, linalool, linalyl acetate, and beta-caryophyllene. The attractiveness of a mixture of synthetic terpenes, modeled on the volatiles collected from M. paniculata, was evaluated in screened cages in a no-choice test. At three observation intervals, significantly more individuals were trapped on white targets scented with the mixture than on unscented targets. These results indicate the feasibility of developing D. citri attractants patterned on actual host plant volatiles.
Double frequency modulation spectroscopy: high modulation frequency with low-bandwidth detectors (1985)

In this paper, we describe experimental and theoretical investigations of two variations of frequency modulation (FM) spectroscopy that use two electrooptic modulators. In the first variation, both modulators are frequency modulators (FM–FM), and, in the second, one is a frequency modulator and one is an amplitude modulator (FM–AM). The essential advantage of FM–FM and FM–AM spectroscopy is that sensitive lowbandwidth detectors, such as photomultiplier tubes, can be used to detect signals generated by the absorption of sidebands displaced from the carrier by frequencies far above the detector cutoff frequency. These two variations are complementary in the sense that, in situations where optical power is at a premium, the FM–FM scheme is most appropriate, and in situations where modulator drive power is at a premium, the FM–AM scheme is most appropriate. Using either of these variations, we have detected the absorption of 700-MHz sidebands with photomultiplier tubes whose cutoff frequencies lie below 100 MHz.
Aptamers as Reagents for High-Throughput Screening (2001)

The identification of new drug candidates from chemical libraries is a major component of discovery research in many pharmaceutical companies. Given the large size of many conventional and combinatorial libraries and the rapid increase in the number of possible therapeutic targets, the speed with which efficient high-throughput screening (HTS) assays can be developed can be a rate-limiting step in the discovery process. We show here that aptamers, nucleic acids that bind other molecules with high affinity, can be used as versatile reagents in competition binding HTS assays to identify and optimize small-molecule ligands to protein targets. To illustrate this application, we have used labeled aptamers to platelet-derived growth factor B-chain and wheat germ agglutinin to screen two sets of potential small-molecule ligands. In both cases, binding affinities of all ligands tested (small molecules and aptamers) were strongly correlated with their inhibitory potencies in functional assays. The major advantages of using aptamers in HTS assays are speed of aptamer identification, high affinity of aptamers for protein targets, relatively large aptamer-protein interaction surfaces, and compatibility with various labeling/detection strategies. Aptamers may be particularly useful in HTS assays with protein targets that have no known binding partners such as orphan receptors. Since aptamers that bind to proteins are often specific and potent antagonists of protein function, the use of aptamers for target validation can be coupled with their subsequent use in HTS.
Controlled Synthesis of Mixed Core and Layered (Zn,Cd)S and (Hg,Cd)S Nanocrystals within Phosphatidylcholine Vesicles (2000)

Phosphatidylcholine vesicles provide reaction compartments for the synthesis of nanometer-size CdS, ZnyCd1-yS, and HgyCd1-yS particles with size- and composition-tunable absorbance and luminescence features. Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric measurements are consistent with crystalline, monodisperse particles with few core or surface defects and uniform core composition. Core−shell CdS−HgS and CdS−ZnS nanocrystals also are synthesized within the vesicle interiors by alternating addition of cations and sulfide to build layered particles. These materials exhibit well-defined, yet qualitatively different, absorbance and luminescence spectra and establish the versatility of vesicles for synthesis of both mixed and layered composition nanocrystals.
Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (2006)

Preface to the Fourth Edition. Preface to the Third Edition. Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Abbreviations. 1. The Role of Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis. 2. Protection for the Hydroxyl Group, Including 1,2- and 1,3-Diols. Ethers. Esters. Protection for 1,2- and 1,3-Diols. 3. Protection for Phenols and Catechols. Protection for Phenols. Ethers. Silyl Ethers. Esters. Carbonates. Aryl Carbamates. Phosphinates. Sulfonates. Protection for Catechols. Cyclic Acetals and Ketals. Cyclic Esters. Protection for 2-Hydroxybenzenethiols. 4. Protection for the Carbonyl Group. Acetals and Ketals. Miscellaneous Derivatives. Monoprotection of Dicarbonyl Compounds. 5. Protection for the Carboxyl Group. Esters. Amides and Hydrazides. Protection of Boronic Acids. Protection of Sulfonic Acids. 6. Protection for the Thiol Group. Thioethers. Thioesters. Miscellaneous Derivatives. 7. Protection for the Amino Group. Carbamates. Amides. Special -NH Protective Groups. Protection for Imidazoles, Pyrroles, Indoles, and other Aromatic Heterocycles. Protection for the Amide -NH. Protection for the Sulfonamide -NH. 8. Protection for the Alkyne -CH. 9. Protection for the Phosphate Group. Some General Methods for Phosphate Ester Formation. Removal of Protective Groups from Phosphorus. Alkyl Phosphates. Phosphates Cleaved by Cyclodeesterifi cation. Benzyl Phosphates. Phenyl Phosphates. Photochemically Cleaved Phosphate Protective Groups. Amidates. Miscellaneous Derivatives. 10. Reactivities, Reagents, and Reactivity Charts. Reactivities. Reagents. Reactivity Charts. 1 Protection for the Hydroxyl Group: Ethers. 2 Protection for the Hydroxyl Group: Esters. 3 Protection for 1,2- and 1,3-Diols. 4 Protection for Phenols and Catechols. 5 Protection for the Carbonyl Group. 6 Protection for the Carboxyl Group. 7 Protection for the Thiol Group. 8 Protection for the Amino Group: Carbamates. 9 Protection for the Amino Group: Amides. 10 Protection for the Amino Group: Special -NH Protective Groups. 11 Selective Deprotection of Silyl Ethers. Index.
Prevalence, Correlates, and Treatment of Lifetime Suicidal Behavior Among Adolescents (2013)

Context Although suicide is the third leading cause of death among US adolescents, little is known about the prevalence, correlates, or treatment of its immediate precursors, adolescent suicidal behaviors (ie, suicide ideation, plans, and attempts).\n\nObjectives To estimate the lifetime prevalence of suicidal behaviors among US adolescents and the associations of retrospectively reported, temporally primary DSM-IV disorders with the subsequent onset of suicidal behaviors.\n\nDesign Dual-frame national sample of adolescents from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement.\n\nSetting Face-to-face household interviews with adolescents and questionnaires for parents.\n\nParticipants A total of 6483 adolescents 13 to 18 years of age and their parents.\n\nMain Outcome Measures Lifetime suicide ideation, plans, and attempts.\n\nResults The estimated lifetime prevalences of suicide ideation, plans, and attempts among the respondents are 12.1%, 4.0%, and 4.1%, respectively. The vast majority of adolescents with these behaviors meet lifetime criteria for at least one DSM-IV mental disorder assessed in the survey. Most temporally primary (based on retrospective age-of-onset reports) fear/anger, distress, disruptive behavior, and substance disorders significantly predict elevated odds of subsequent suicidal behaviors in bivariate models. The most consistently significant associations of these disorders are with suicide ideation, although a number of disorders are also predictors of plans and both planned and unplanned attempts among ideators. Most suicidal adolescents (&gt;80%) receive some form of mental health treatment. In most cases (&gt;55%), treatment starts prior to onset of suicidal behaviors but fails to prevent these behaviors from occurring.\n\nConclusions Suicidal behaviors are common among US adolescents, with rates that approach those of adults. The vast majority of youth with suicidal behaviors have preexisting mental disorders. The disorders most powerfully predicting ideation, though, are different from those most powerfully predicting conditional transitions from ideation to plans and attempts. These differences suggest that distinct prediction and prevention strategies are needed for ideation, plans among ideators, planned attempts, and unplanned attempts.
Monoclonal antibodies against the nonhemagglutinating fimbrial antigen 1C (pseudotype 1) of Escherichia coli (1986)

Hybridoma-derived monoclonal antibodies were produced with fimbrial preparations from Escherichia coli 20025 (04:K12:H-) with fimbrial (F) antigens 1C, 13, one related to 12, and one preliminarily termed y and from E. coli 2980 (018ac:K5:H-) with F antigens 1C and 8. Two clones of subclonal hybrid cells were studied which produced monoclonal antibodies (mc-20025-F2b, immunoglobulin G2b [IgG2b]; mc-2980-F2, IgG1) that were reactive with E. coli 20025, 2980, and a number of additional strains which exhibited the F1C antigen. Results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analysis indicated that the antibodies had F1C specificity, and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with 125I-labeled antibodies showed that they recognized different epitopes on the fimbrial subunit. Neither of the antibodies agglutinated F1C-fimbriated E. coli but bound to the bacteria. There was no binding to E. coli without F1C fimbriae.
Chromosomal transposition of a Tc1/mariner-like element in mouse embryonic stem cells (1998)

Mouse has become an increasingly important organism for modeling human diseases and for determining gene function in a mammalian context. Unfortunately, transposon-tagged mutagenesis, one of the most valuable tools for functional genomics, still is not available in this organism. On the other hand, it has long been speculated that members of the Tc1/mariner-like elements may be less dependent on host factors and, hence, can be introduced into heterologous organisms. However, this prediction has not been realized in mice. We report here the chromosomal transposition of the Sleeping Beauty (SB) element in mouse embryonic stem cells, providing evidence that it can be used as an in vivo mutagen in mice.
Continuous speech recognition using hidden Markov models (1990)

The use of hidden Markov models (HMMs) in continuous speech recognition is reviewed. Markov models are presented as a generalization of their predecessor technology, dynamic programming. A unified view is offered in which both linguistic decoding and acoustic matching are integrated into a single, optimal network search framework. Advances in recognition architectures are discussed. The fundamentals of Viterbi beam search, the dominant search algorithm used today in speed recognition, are presented. Approaches to estimating the probabilities associated with an HMM model are examined. The HMM-supervised training paradigm is examined. Several examples of successful HMM-based speech recognition systems are reviewed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Predicting the Single-Event Error Rate of a Radiation Hardened by Design Microprocessor (2011)

We describe the approach used to calculate and verify on-orbit upset rates of radiation hardened microprocessors. System designers use these error rates to choose between microprocessors and add appropriate system-level recovery and redundancy.