gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cysteine, Sulfite, and Glutamate Toxicity: A Cause of ALS? (2008)

Since elevated plasma cysteine has been reported in other ALS patients, sulfite and cysteine toxicity may be involved in other cases of ALS. Patients with ALS with nonmutant-SOD should be tested for sulfite toxicity, cysteine, glutamate and GSH levels, and whether they have low levels of GSH metabolism enzymes. Since glutamate metabolism appears to be inhibited by sulfite, research on the effect of sulfite on glutamate levels in patients with ALS should be pursued. Life might be prolonged in those patients with ALS with sulfite toxicity by closely monitoring the blood cysteine and urine sulfite levels and minimizing their dietary intake, as well as increasing GSH by using sublingual GSH. A long-term solution might be found through research to determine methods to increase GSH synthesis without using sulfur-containing supplements that may add to the cysteine and sulfite toxicity.
Poly(allylamine). Chelating properties and resins for uranium recovery from seawater (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPoly(allylamine). Chelating properties and resins for uranium recovery from seawaterShiro Kobayashi, Masazumi Tokunoh, Takeo Saegusa, and Fujio MashioCite this: Macromolecules 1985, 18, 12, 2357–2361Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1985https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00154a004RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views554Altmetric-Citations63LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (599 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Automated generation of N-best pronunciations of proper nouns (2002)

The problem of proper noun recognition is key to developing pervasive voice interfaces in applications such as directory assistance and data entry for telecommunications. Recognition of such words requires an ability to generate reasonably accurate pronunciation networks. This is a very challenging problem because a large percentage of proper nouns, such as personal names, appear to have no obvious (or simple) letter to mapping rules that can be used to generate the pronunciations. It appears to be an open-ended problem that is constantly evolving as a function of numerous sociological factors. Yet humans do amazingly well at generating and recognizing the pronunciation of a name never encountered before. We present an algorithm based on a Boltzmann machine type of neural network that generates the most likely pronunciations of a proper noun from the text-only spellings of the name. This method does not require voice data containing the spelling or nominal pronunciation.
The Role of China in Combating Global Climate Change (1999)

China is the world's second largest CO2 emitter behind the U.S. To what extent China gets involved in combating global climate change is extremely important both for lowering compliance costs of climate mitigation and adaptation and for moving international climate negotiations forward. This explains why the role of China is an issue of perennial concern at the international climate change negotiations. In ascending order of stringency, this article envisions the six options that could be put on the table as China's plausible negotiation position on commitments. It argues that a combination of a targeted carbon intensity level with an emissions cap on a particular sector at some point around or beyond 2020 is the bottom line, beyond which China can not afford to go until its per capita income catches up with the level of middle-developed countries. The article is concluded with the argument that combating global climate change is in China's interest. It will be beneficial to a more sustainable development of the Chinese economy as well as to the global climate.
Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 Supports ex Vivo Expansion and Maintenance of Osteogenic Precursors from Human Bone Marrow* (1997)

We have investigated the effects of different growth factors on the proliferation and osteogenic potential of primary cultures of human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC). Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 was the most effective in promoting growth of these cells in vitro. The size of colonies formed in clonal conditions was approximately 2.5 times larger in presence of FGF-2. Also the morphology of BMSC was affected: cells cultured in 10% FCS alone became flattened, whereas FGF-2 expanded cells maintained a fibroblast-like elongated phenotype. Levels of alkaline phosphatase activity in BMSC expanded with FGF-2 were significantly lower (56%) than control and, after stimulation with ascorbic acid, betaGlycerophosphate and dexamethasone, FGF-2 expanded BMSC deposited approximately 3-fold more mineralized matrix than control cells. We have assessed osteogenicity of BMSC on hydroxyapatite porous scaffolds (bioceramics) by an ectopic bone formation assay. FGF-2 expanded BMSC yielded a higher bone formation (>20-fold) than control cells. We conclude that FGF-2, promoting BMSC proliferation, maintains cells in a more immature state allowing in vitro expansion of human osteo-progenitors which, associated with bioceramics, can differentiate in vivo and form bone tissue.
Targeting and crossing of the human maternofetal barrier byListeria monocytogenes: Role of internalin interaction with trophoblast E-cadherin (2004)

Listeria monocytogenes produces severe fetoplacental infections in humans. How it targets and crosses the maternofetal barrier is unknown. We used immunohistochemistry to examine the location of L. monocytogenes in placental and amniotic tissue samples obtained from women with fetoplacental listeriosis. The results raised the possibility that L. monocytogenes crosses the maternofetal barrier through the villous syncytiotrophoblast, with secondary infection occurring via the amniotic epithelium. Because epidemiological studies indicate that the bacterial surface protein, internalin (InlA), may play a role in human fetoplacental listeriosis, we investigated the cellular patterns of expression of its host receptor, E-cadherin, at the maternofetal interface. E-cadherin was found on the basal and apical plasma membranes of syncytiotrophoblasts and in villous cytotrophoblasts. Established trophoblastic cell lines, primary trophoblast cultures, and placental villous explants were each exposed to isogenic InlA+ or InlA- strains of L. monocytogenes, and to L. innocua expressing or not InlA. Quantitative assays of cellular invasion demonstrated that bacterial entry into syncytiotrophoblasts occurs via the apical membrane in an InlA-E-cadherin dependent manner. In human placental villous explants, bacterial invasion of the syncytiotrophoblast barrier and underlying villous tissue and subsequent replication produces histopathological lesions that mimic those seen in placentas of women with listeriosis. Thus, the InlA-E-cadherin interaction that plays a key role in the crossing of the intestinal barrier in humans is also exploited by L. monocytogenes to target and cross the placental barrier. Such a ligand-receptor interaction allowing a pathogen to specifically cross the placental villous trophoblast barrier has not been reported previously.
Intestinal Muc2 mucin O-glycosylation is affected by microbiota and regulated by differential expression of glycosyltranferases (2017)

Intestinal cells are covered by mucus. In the small intestine, a single unattached mucus is present whereas the colon has both an inner attached mucus layer and an outer loose mucus. The attached mucus of the colon is impenetrable to bacteria while the loose mucus acts as a habitat for commensal bacteria. In germ-free (GF) mice, small intestinal mucus is attached to the epithelium and the inner colon mucus is penetrable. O-glycosylation plays an important role in the host-microbiota interactions as the commensal bacteria use glycans as nutrient sources and attachment sites. While mucus protein composition is relatively homogenous along the intestine, its main component the Muc2 mucin shows regiospecific O-glycan patterns. We have now analyzed the glycosyltransferase relative concentrations in the epithelial cells along the intestine in GF and conventionally raised mice and compared this with the O-glycans formed. As Muc2 is the main O-glycosylated product in mucus, we made the simplified assumption that most of the glycosyltransferases found in the epithelial cells are involved in Muc2 O-glycan biosynthesis. The O-glycosyltransferase abundances along the intestine correlated well with the Muc2 O-glycan patterns. Some of the glycosyltransferases involved in the O-glycan elongation were decreased in GF mice, something that is in concordance with the observed shorter Muc2 O-glycans.
[Losartan downregulates the expression of transforming growth factor beta type I and type II receptors in kidney of diabetic rat]. (2003)

Losartan may have protective effects on the kidney of diabetic rat model. The mechanism of the protection might related to its downregulatory effect on the expression of TGF beta system, which inhibited the hypertrophy of kidney cells and reduced the synthesis of extracellular matrix.
Engineering of Immunoglobulin Fc Heterodimers Using Yeast Surface-Displayed Combinatorial Fc Library Screening (2015)

Immunoglobulin Fc heterodimers, which are useful scaffolds for the generation of bispecific antibodies, have been mostly generated through structure-based rational design methods that introduce asymmetric mutations into the CH3 homodimeric interface to favor heterodimeric Fc formation. Here, we report an approach to generate heterodimeric Fc variants through directed evolution combined with yeast surface display. We developed a combinatorial heterodimeric Fc library display system by mating two haploid yeast cell lines, one haploid cell line displayed an Fc chain library (displayed FcCH3A) with mutations in one CH3 domain (CH3A) on the yeast cell surface, and the other cell line secreted an Fc chain library (secreted FcCH3B) with mutations in the other CH3 domain (CH3B). In the mated cells, secreted FcCH3B is displayed on the cell surface through heterodimerization with the displayed FcCH3A, the detection of which enabled us to screen the library for heterodimeric Fc variants. We constructed combinatorial heterodimeric Fc libraries with simultaneous mutations in the homodimer-favoring electrostatic interaction pairs K370-E357/S364 or D399-K392/K409 at the CH3 domain interface. High-throughput screening of the libraries using flow cytometry yielded heterodimeric Fc variants with heterodimer-favoring CH3 domain interface mutation pairs, some of them showed high heterodimerization yields (~80-90%) with previously unidentified CH3 domain interface mutation pairs, such as hydrogen bonds and cation-π interactions. Our study provides a new approach for engineering Fc heterodimers that could be used to engineer other heterodimeric protein-protein interactions through directed evolution combined with yeast surface display.
Learning Data-Driven Models of Non-Verbal Behaviors for Building Rapport Using an Intelligent Virtual Agent (2015)

There is a growing societal need to address the increasing prevalence of behavioral health issues, such as obesity, alcohol or drug use, and general lack of treatment adherence for a variety of health problems. The statistics, worldwide and in the USA, are daunting. Excessive alcohol use is the third leading preventable cause of death in the United States (with 79,000 deaths annually), and is responsible for a wide range of health and social problems. On the positive side though, these behavioral health issues (and associated possible diseases) can often be prevented with relatively simple lifestyle changes, such as losing weight with a diet and/or physical exercise, or learning how to reduce alcohol consumption. Medicine has therefore started to move toward finding ways of preventively promoting wellness, rather than solely treating already established illness. Evidence-based patient-centered Brief Motivational Interviewing (BMI) interven- tions have been found particularly effective in helping people find intrinsic motivation to change problem behaviors after short counseling sessions, and to maintain healthy lifestyles over the long-term. Lack of locally available personnel well-trained in BMI, however, often limits access to successful interventions for people in need. To fill this accessibility gap, Computer-Based Interventions (CBIs) have started to emerge. Success of the CBIs, however, critically relies on insuring engagement and retention of CBI users so that they remain motivated to use these systems and come back to use them over the long term as necessary. Because of their text-only interfaces, current CBIs can therefore only express limited empathy and rapport, which are the most important factors of health interventions. Fortunately, in the last decade, computer science research has progressed in the design of simulated human characters with anthropomorphic communicative abilities. Virtual characters interact using humans’ innate communication modalities, such as facial expressions, body language, speech, and natural language understanding. By advancing research in Artificial Intelligence (AI), we can improve the ability of artificial agents to help us solve CBI problems. To facilitate successful communication and social interaction between artificial agents and human partners, it is essential that aspects of human social behavior, especially empathy and rapport, be considered when designing human-computer interfaces. Hence, the goal of the present dissertation is to provide a computational model of rapport to enhance an artificial agent’s social behavior, and to provide an experimental tool for the psychological theories shaping the model. Parts of this thesis were already published in [LYL+12, AYL12, AL13, ALYR13, LAYR13,
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cells Overexpressing MagA, an Endogenous Contrast Agent for Live Cell Imaging (2009)

Molecular imaging with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may benefit from the ferrimagnetic properties of magnetosomes, membrane-enclosed iron biominerals whose formation in magnetotactic bacteria is encoded by multiple genes. One such gene is MagA, a putative iron transporter. We have examined expression of MagA in mouse neuroblastoma N2A cells and characterized their response to iron loading and cellular imaging by MRI. MagA expression augmented both Prussian blue staining and the elemental iron content of N2A cells, without altering cell proliferation, in cultures grown in the presence of iron supplements. Despite evidence for iron incorporation in both MagA and a variant, MagAE137V, only MagA expression produced intracellular contrast detectable by MRI at 11 Tesla. We used this stable expression system to model a new sequence for cellular imaging with MRI, using the difference between gradient and spin echo images to distinguish cells from artifacts in the field of view. Our results show that MagA activity in mammalian cells responds to iron supplementation and functions as a contrast agent that can be deactivated by a single point mutation. We conclude that MagA is a candidate MRI reporter gene that can exploit more fully the superior resolution of MRI in noninvasive medical imaging.
FEM Simulations of Incremental Permeability Signals of a Multi-Layer Steel With Consideration of the Hysteretic Behavior of Each Layer (2014)

Shafts for power generation machines have to be inspected in regards to the mechanical-technological properties of the final product material. To save time and costs, the nondestructive 3MA technique, which is based on the measurement of electromagnetic properties of the inspected material, should be used for this purpose. Due to the machining process, the material shows a Multilayer structure with different residual stress levels, each characterized by its own electromagnetic properties. To simulate signals of the so-called incremental permeability mode of 3MA, the individual electromagnetic properties had to be determined first. Subsequently, FEM methods have been developed, overcoming issues with respect to multiscale geometry and time, and the local hysteretic behavior identification at every point in the material under investigation. The developed computation strategy and the modeling assumptions are validated by a comparison of the numerical simulations with measurements and shows promising results.
The Hermes Transposon ofMusca domesticaIs an Efficient Tool for the Mutagenesis ofSchizosaccharomyces pombe (2007)

Currently, no transposon-based method for the mutagenesis of Schizosaccharomyces pombe exists. We have developed such a system based on the introduction of the hermes transposon from the housefly into S. pombe. This system efficiently disrupts open reading frames and allows the insertion sites to be readily identified.
Evaluation of proteolytic activity of micro-organisms isolated from dry cured ham (1998)

In order to determine the possible contribution of micro-organisms to the ripening of meat products, 48 cocci, 18 moulds and 20 yeasts isolated from dry-cured Iberian ham were evaluated for proteolytic activity. Two specific methods were used: the ability to hydrolyse myosin in broth and, for those strains showing high activities, hydrolysis on both myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins on pork slices. Moulds and cocci showed the highest proteolytic activity for myosin in broth. Both myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins were recovered at lower rates from inoculated than from sterile incubated pork. The deepest changes in myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins were originated by one strain each of Penicillium chrysogenum and Staphylococcus xylosus, respectively. Only small changes were observed in the concentrations of free amino acids from inoculated pork slices, except for the samples with P. chrysogenum, where there were increases in all free amino acids. Thus, P. chrysogenum makes a significant contribution to proteolysis during the ripening of dry-cured meat products.
Positron emission tomography with computed tomography imaging of neuroinflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (2007)

2-[(18)F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography ([(18)F]FDG PET) detection of the up-regulated glycolysis associated with malignant transformation is a noninvasive imaging technique used extensively in cancer diagnosis. Although striking similarities exist in glucose transport and metabolism between tumor cells and activated immune cells, the potential use of [(18)F]FDG PET for the diagnosis and evaluation of autoimmune disorders has not been systematically investigated. Here we ask whether [(18)F]FDG PET in conjunction with computed tomography (CT) could be used to monitor a complex autoimmune disorder such as murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and whether this approach is sensitive enough to evaluate therapeutic interventions. We found that (i) coregistration of metabolic (i.e., microPET) and high-resolution anatomical (i.e., CT) images allows serial quantification of glycolysis with [(18)F]FDG in various spinal column segments; (ii) [(18)F]FDG PET/CT can detect the increased glycolysis associated with paralysis-causing inflammatory infiltrates in the spinal cord; and (iii) the [(18)F]FDG measure of glycolysis in the spinal cord is sensitive to systemic immunosuppressive therapy. These results highlight the potential use of serial [(18)F]FDG PET/CT imaging to monitor neuroinflammation in EAE and suggest that similar approaches could be applied to the diagnosis and evaluation of other autoimmune and inflammatory disorders in animal models and in humans.
New insights into the pathology of acute respiratory failure (2005)

New mechanisms in the pathology of acute respiratory failure have shifted the focus to lung mechanics, tissue damage, remodeling, and the systemic effects derived from the mechanical stress imposed by the ventilator in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome.
Clinical evaluation of M43: a novel cancer-associated mucin epitope. (1993)

A monoclonal antibody to colon carcinoma mucin was found to react with a colon carcinoma-associated carbohydrate epitope. This antibody was used to develop a quantitative solid phase immunoassay, M43. We prospectively and retrospectively evaluated the assay in patients with and without gastrointestinal carcinoma and compared the sensitivity and specificity with that of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA 19-9. One hundred ninety-two patients (181 with no evidence of malignancy) referred for upper or lower gastrointestinal endoscopy were prospectively studied. Sera from 172 patients with histologically confirmed gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma were retrospectively studied. Optimal discrimination cutoffs for M43 (5 units/ml), CEA (5 ng/ml), and CA 19-9 (30 units/ml) were determined by receiver operating characteristic curves analysis. M43 was positive in 112 of 151 patients with colorectal carcinoma (sensitivity 74%) and was negative in 167 of 181 patients without carcinoma (specificity 92%). Sensitivity and specificity were 77% and 93% for CEA and 60% and 83% for CA 19-9. Sixty-four % of 73 patients with colorectal carcinoma limited to the bowel wall had a positive M43 with a mean value of 178 units/ml. Eighty-one % of 27 patients with nonhepatic metastasis had a positive M43 with a mean value of 223 units/ml. Eighty-four % of 51 patients with hepatic metastasis had a positive M43 assay with a mean value of 2532 units/ml. Sensitivity in these three groups was 67%, 82%, and 82%, respectively, for CEA and 43%, 68%, and 79%, respectively, for CA 19-9. Of 38 carcinoma patients with a negative CEA, 45% had a positive M43. No correlation between the levels of M43 and CEA in patients with colorectal carcinoma was found. We conclude that M43 is positive in most patients with colorectal carcinoma, even in early stages. As a diagnostic test, its sensitivity and specificity are equivalent to those of CEA. However, the M43 assay is measuring a tumor antigen which is fundamentally different from CEA and which is present in a high percentage of CEA-negative patients.