gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of B7 co‐stimulation in activation and differentiation ofCD4+and CD8+T cells (1998)

The functional significance of B7 co-stimulation in T-cell activation was described first in the context of preventing the induction of anergy. The functions of this pathway are far more complex than initially appreciated in view of the existence of two B7 molecules which have specificities for both CD28 and CTLA-4, which serve to amplify and terminate T-cell responses respectively. Mice lacking B7 co-stimulators and CD28 and CTLA-4 co-stimulatory receptors are helping to clarify the functions of this key immunoregulatory pathway. In this review we will focus on the role of B7 co-stimulation in the activation and differentiation of CD4+ helper cells and CD8+ cytotoxic cells. The contribution of B7 co-stimulation to CD4+ responses depends upon the activation history of the T-cell and the strength of the T-cell antigen receptor signal. B7 co-stimulation contributes to interleukin (IL)-2 production by both naive and previously activated CD4+ T cells. B7 co-stimulation is most critical for the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to IL-4 producers, but predominately influences IL-2 production by previously activated CD4+ cells. B7 co-stimulation is important in development of cytotoxic T cells through both effects on T-helper cells and by direct co-stimulation of CD8+ cells.
S100P Stimulates Cell Proliferation and Survival via Receptor for Activated Glycation End Products (RAGE) (2004)

S100P is a member of the S100 protein family that is expressed in several malignant neoplasms. Currently the effects of this molecule on cell function are unknown. In the present study we investigated the biological effects and mechanisms of action of S100P using NIH3T3 cells. Expression of S100P in NIH3T3 cells led to the presence of S100P in the culture medium, increased cellular proliferation, and enhanced survival after detachment from the culture substrate or after exposure to the chemotherapeutic agent 5-flurouracil. The proliferation and survival effects of S100P expression were duplicated in a time- and concentration-dependent manner by the extracellular addition of purified S100P to wild-type NIH3T3 cells and correlated with the activation of extracellular-regulated kinases (Erks) and NF-kappaB. To determine the mechanisms involved in these effects, we tested the hypothesis that S100P activated RAGE (receptor for activated glycation end products). We found that S100P co-immunoprecipitated with RAGE. Furthermore, the effects of S100P on cell signaling, proliferation, and survival were blocked by agents that interfere with RAGE including administration of an amphoterin-derived peptide known to antagonize RAGE activation, anti-RAGE antibodies, and by expression of a dominant negative RAGE. These data suggest that S100P can act in an autocrine manner via RAGE to stimulate cell proliferation and survival.
Salary study 2007 (2007)

Subtitle: Comparison of 2007 with 06 shows slight salary upticks for av dept mgrs and chief pilots on both jets and TPs tallied for Part 91 and 135. Fractionals and overnight package ops now pay their pilots more. Police and EMS helicopters usage continues expansion with good pay scales. Foreign pilot pay makes gains.
"Even a Worm Will Turn at Last": Rape Reform in Late Nineteenth-Century America (1997)

This Article describes the late nineteenth-century campaign to raise the age of sexual consent as the first wave of anti-rape activism in the United States and a precursor of the modern rape reform movement. This account draws upon evidence from reform efforts in all the states and territories in the period 1885-1900, but focuses in particular on the successful effort to change the law in the District of Columbia. Age-of-consent reform strengthened the crime commonly referred to as "statutory rape," or heterosexual intercourse with an underage female with or without her consent. (At common law and in early American statutes, rape was an offense only against a female.)\nWhen agitation for reform of statutory rape law first began in the United States in 1885, the age of consent in most states was ten years. Ten years was the English common law rule adopted by most of the newly-formed United States and the District of Columbia. Four years later, in 1889, Congress revised the statutory age in the D.C. criminal code upwards to sixteen years, where it remains today. In like measure, throughout the country during the 1880s and 1890s, state and territorial legislatures significantly raised the age of consent. Today, all states criminalize statutory rape in some form and the age of consent in the majority of states is sixteen years.\nCredit for this sweeping and successful legal reform belongs to the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). In the latter part of the nineteenth century, the WCTU was the largest women's organization in the nation, the first mass (as opposed to elite) political organization for women in American history. Suffrage leaders Susan B. Anthony and Ida Husted Harper described the organization as "the most perfectly organized body of women in existence," successful both in shaping public opinion and enacting legal reforms.
A p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor protects against renal damage in a non-heart-beating donor model (2008)

Ischemia-reperfusion injury is one of the central nonimmunologic processes involved in renal allograft dysfunction. Kidneys from non-heart beating donors (NHBD) exhibit higher rates of delayed graft function (DGF) than those from other donors. Primary nonfunction and DGF are the main barriers to the use of kidneys from NHBD. Using a pig model of NHBD transplantation, we studied the effect of FR167653 (a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor) on the recovery and reparation of kidneys exposed to both warm (WI: 1 h) and cold ischemia (24 h). Our results demonstrate that the addition of FR167653 increases the kinetics of proximal tubule cell regeneration after 60 min of WI. Hypoxia-inducible factor and vascular endothelial growth factor expression was also more important in FR167653-treated kidneys compared with those in nontreated groups. Also, expression of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, involved in tissue repair, was increased in the FR167653-treated groups. At 3 mo, the protective effects of FR167653 were accompanied by a reduction of long-term inflammation process and tubulointerstitial fibrosis development associated with a limitation of ischemia-induced remodeling. This study suggests that such treatment may be useful in protocols aimed at improving the quality of renal transplants from NHBD. In addition, the beneficial role of FR167653 in limiting early injury is associated with secondary reduction in development of tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis which are together the hallmark of failing renal transplants. The more efficient effect was observed when FR167653 was added in combination before WI, during cold storage and reperfusion.
Azotobacter Genomes: The Genome of Azotobacter chroococcum NCIMB 8003 (ATCC 4412) (2015)

The genome of the soil-dwelling heterotrophic N2-fixing Gram-negative bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum NCIMB 8003 (ATCC 4412) (Ac-8003) has been determined. It consists of 7 circular replicons totalling 5,192,291 bp comprising a circular chromosome of 4,591,803 bp and six plasmids pAcX50a, b, c, d, e, f of 10,435 bp, 13,852, 62,783, 69,713, 132,724, and 311,724 bp respectively. The chromosome has a G+C content of 66.27% and the six plasmids have G+C contents of 58.1, 55.3, 56.7, 59.2, 61.9, and 62.6% respectively. The methylome has also been determined and 5 methylation motifs have been identified. The genome also contains a very high number of transposase/inactivated transposase genes from at least 12 of the 17 recognised insertion sequence families. The Ac-8003 genome has been compared with that of Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC BAA-1303 (Av-DJ), a derivative of strain O, the only other member of the Azotobacteraceae determined so far which has a single chromosome of 5,365,318 bp and no plasmids. The chromosomes show significant stretches of synteny throughout but also reveal a history of many deletion/insertion events. The Ac-8003 genome encodes 4628 predicted protein-encoding genes of which 568 (12.2%) are plasmid borne. 3048 (65%) of these show > 85% identity to the 5050 protein-encoding genes identified in Av-DJ, and of these 99 are plasmid-borne. The core biosynthetic and metabolic pathways and macromolecular architectures and machineries of these organisms appear largely conserved including genes for CO-dehydrogenase, formate dehydrogenase and a soluble NiFe-hydrogenase. The genetic bases for many of the detailed phenotypic differences reported for these organisms have also been identified. Also many other potential phenotypic differences have been uncovered. Properties endowed by the plasmids are described including the presence of an entire aerobic corrin synthesis pathway in pAcX50f and the presence of genes for retro-conjugation in pAcX50c. All these findings are related to the potentially different environmental niches from which these organisms were isolated and to emerging theories about how microbes contribute to their communities.
Early cleavage of in-vitro fertilized human embryos to the 2-cell stage: a novel indicator of embryo quality and viability (1997)

A number of non-invasive methods have been proposed to evaluate embryo viability in human in-vitro fertilization programmes. In addition to biochemical analyses, a common method for the selection of embryos prior to transfer involves assessment of embryo quality and morphology. We propose a new method to evaluate embryo viability based on the timing of the first cell division. Fertilized embryos that had cleaved to the 2-cell stage 25 h post-insemination were designated as 'early cleavage' embryos while the others that had not yet reached the 2-cell stage were designated as 'no early cleavage'. In all cases the early cleavage embryos were transferred when available. Early cleavage was observed in 27 (18.9%) of the 143 cycles assessed. There were significantly (chi2 = 4.0; P = 0.04) more clinical pregnancies in the early cleavage group, 9/27 (33.3%), compared with the no early cleavage group, 17/116 (14.7%). No difference was found when comparing key parameters (age, stimulation protocol and semen characteristics) of couples belonging to both groups, pointing to an intrinsic property or factor(s) within the early cleaving embryos. We propose 'early cleavage' as a simple and effective non-invasive method for selection and evaluation of embryos prior to transfer.
DNA Methylation and Chromatin Structure Regulate T Cell Perforin Gene Expression (2003)

Perforin is a cytotoxic effector molecule expressed in NK cells and a subset of T cells. The mechanisms regulating its expression are incompletely understood. We observed that DNA methylation inhibition could increase perforin expression in T cells, so we examined the methylation pattern and chromatin structure of the human perforin promoter and upstream enhancer in primary CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as well as in an NK cell line that expresses perforin, compared with fibroblasts, which do not express perforin. The entire region was nearly completely unmethylated in the NK cell line and largely methylated in fibroblasts. In contrast, only the core promoter was constitutively unmethylated in primary CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells, and expression was associated with hypomethylation of an area residing between the upstream enhancer at -1 kb and the distal promoter at -0.3 kb. Treating T cells with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine selectively demethylated this area and increased perforin expression. Selective methylation of this region suppressed promoter function in transfection assays. Finally, perforin expression and hypomethylation were associated with localized sensitivity of the 5' flank to DNase I digestion, indicating an accessible configuration. These results indicate that DNA methylation and chromatin structure participate in the regulation of perforin expression in T cells.
Nucleosides. CXLVIII. : Synthesis of 6-(β-D-Ribofuranosyl)picolinamide. : A Novel C-Nucleoside from D-Ribonolactone (1988)

Treatment of 2, 4 : 3, 5-di-O-benzylidene-D-aldehydo-ribose (1) with 2-bromo-6-lithiopyridine afforded a mixture of the altro and allo isomers of 6-(2, 4 : 3, 5-di-O-benzylidene-D-pentitol-1-yl)-2-bromopyridine (2 and 3, respectively). These isomers were chromatographically separated. Compound 2 was converted into 6-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-2-bromopyridine (6) by mesylation of the 1'-hydroxyl group of 2 followed by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid. In a similar manner, the α-isomer 7 was prepared from 3. The same pyridine-C-nucleosides, 6 and 7, were also synthesized from the commercially available D-ribonolactone in seven steps.The bromo function of 2 and 3 was converted into the carboxamide group to give 6-(2, 4 : 3, 5-di-O-benzylidene-D-altro-pentitol-1-yl)picolinamide (10) and its allo isomer 11. Mesylation of 10 followed by trifluoroacetic acid treatment afforded 6-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)picolinamide (14). Similar treatment of 11 gave the α counterpart 15.
Multilingual Natural Language Processing (2024)

This chapter explores the challenges and solutions in processing multiple languages using NLP techniques, emphasizing translation, transliteration, and cross-lingual models. It addresses the unique considerations for low-resource languages and the importance of capturing cultural nuances and idiomatic expressions. The chapter also highlights recent advancements in multilingual embeddings and their applications.
Glycosylation of flavonoids with a glycosyltransferase fromBacillus cereus (2006)

Microbial glycosyltransferases can convert many small lipophilic compounds such as phenolics, terpenoids, cyanohydrins and alkaloids into glycons using uridine-diphosphate-activated sugars. The main chemical functions of glycosylation processes are stabilization, detoxification and solubilization of the substrates. The gene encoding the UDP-glycosyltransferase from Bacillus cereus, BcGT-1, was cloned by PCR and sequenced. BcGT-1 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) with a his-tag and purified using a His-tag affinity column. BcGT-1 could use apigenin, genistein, kaempferol, luteolin, naringenin and quercetin as substrates and gave two reaction products. The enzyme preferentially glycosylated at the 3-hydroxyl group, but it could transfer a glucose group onto the 7-hydroxyl group when the 3-hydroxyl group was not available. The reaction products made by biotransformation of flavonoids with E. coli expressing BcGT-1 are similar to those produced with the purified recombinant enzyme. Thus, this work provides a method that might be useful for the biosynthesis of flavonoid glucosides and for the glycosylation of related compounds.
Channel quality estimation and rate adaptation for cellular mobile radio (1999)

We propose a technique to measure channel quality in terms of signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) for the transmission of signals over fading channels. The Euclidean distance (ED) metric, associated with the decoded information sequence or a suitable modification thereof, is used as a channel quality measure. Simulations show that the filtered or averaged metric is a reliable channel quality measure which remains consistent across different coded modulation schemes and at different mobile speeds. The average scaled ED metric can be mapped to the SINR per symbol. We propose the use of this SINR estimate for data rate adaptation, in addition to mobile assisted handoff (MAHO) and power control. We particularly focus on data rate adaptation and propose a set of coded modulation schemes which utilize the SINR estimate to adapt between modulations, thus improving the data throughput. Simulation results show that the proposed metric works well across the entire range of Dopplers to provide near-optimal rate adaptation to average SINR. This method of adaptation averages out short-term variations due to Rayleigh fading and adapts to the long-term effects such as shadowing. At low Dopplers, the metric can track Rayleigh fading and match the rate to a short-term average of the SINR, thus further increasing throughput.
Foretinib is a potent inhibitor of oncogenic ROS1 fusion proteins (2013)

The rapidly growing recognition of the role of oncogenic ROS1 fusion proteins in the malignant transformation of multiple cancers, including lung adenocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and glioblastoma, is driving efforts to develop effective ROS1 inhibitors for use as molecularly targeted therapy. Using a multidisciplinary approach involving small molecule screening in combination with in vitro and in vivo tumor models, we show that foretinib (GSK1363089) is a more potent ROS1 inhibitor than crizotinib (PF-02341066), an ALK/ROS inhibitor currently in clinical evaluation for lung cancer patients harboring ROS1 rearrangements. Whereas crizotinib has demonstrated promising early results in patients with ROS1-rearranged non-small-cell lung carcinoma, recently emerging clinical evidence suggests that patients may develop crizotinib resistance due to acquired point mutations in the kinase domain of ROS1, thus necessitating identification of additional potent ROS1 inhibitors for therapeutic intervention. We confirm that the ROS1(G2032R) mutant, recently reported in clinical resistance to crizotinib, retains foretinib sensitivity at concentrations below safe, clinically achievable levels. Furthermore, we use an accelerated mutagenesis screen to preemptively identify mutations in the ROS1 kinase domain that confer resistance to crizotinib and demonstrate that these mutants also remain foretinib sensitive. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that foretinib is a highly effective ROS1 inhibitor, and further clinical investigation to evaluate its potential therapeutic benefit for patients with ROS1-driven malignancies is warranted.
Development of Osteoclasts From Embryonic Stem Cells Through a Pathway That Is c-fms but not c-kit Dependent (1997)

Osteoclasts are hematopoietic cells essential for bone resorption. To study the derivation of these interesting cells, we developed a stepwise culture system where stromal cells promote embryonic stem (ES) cells to differentiate into mature osteoclasts. Three phases to this differentiation process include (1) induction of hematopoiesis, along with the generation of osteoclast precursors, (2) expansion of these precursors, and (3) terminal differentiation into mature osteoclasts in the presence of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamine D3 . Although the transition of ES cells to the hematopoietic lineage was not blocked by an antibody to c-fms, later phases were dependent on a signaling through this transmembrane receptor as indicated by the finding that anti-c-fms treatment of cells in the second and third phases reduced the number of osteoclasts produced by 75% and more than 99%, respectively. Blockade of signaling through another tyrosine kinase-type receptor, c-kit, did not affect any stages of osteoclastogenesis, although generation of other hemopoietic lineages was reduced to less than 10% of untreated. When small numbers of ES cells were directly cultured under conditions that promote osteoclast differentiation, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells were observed at the edge but not inside of colonies. This suggests that some types of cell-cell interactions may inhibit development of mature osteoclasts. The culture system developed here provides an important tool for osteoclast biology.
Polypyrazolylborates, a new class of ligands (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolypyrazolylborates, a new class of ligandsSwiatoslav TrofimenkoCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1971, 4, 1, 17–22Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar50037a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50037a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views825Altmetric-Citations198LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Acoustical laser with mechanical pumping (1996)

A new simple scheme of an acoustical laser with mechanical pumping is suggested. In accordance with this scheme the pumping is created by a piezoelectric emitter of the piston type. The liquid with dispersed particles (gas bubbles) plays the role of an active medium. Phase bunching of the particles is realized by acoustical radiation forces. Generation conditions for this acoustical laser are evaluated. It is shown that two types of losses must be overcome for the beginning of the generation. The first type results from the energy dissipation in the active medium and the second one is caused by radiation losses at the boundaries of the resonator.
Genome‐wide analysis of integral membrane proteins from eubacterial, archaean, and eukaryotic organisms (1998)

We have carried out detailed statistical analyses of integral membrane proteins of the helix-bundle class from eubacterial, archaean, and eukaryotic organisms for which genome-wide sequence data are available. Twenty to 30% of all ORFs are predicted to encode membrane proteins, with the larger genomes containing a higher fraction than the smaller ones. Although there is a general tendency that proteins with a smaller number of transmembrane segments are more prevalent than those with many, uni-cellular organisms appear to prefer proteins with 6 and 12 transmembrane segments, whereas Caenorhabditis elegans and Homo sapiens have a slight preference for proteins with seven transmembrane segments. In all organisms, there is a tendency that membrane proteins either have many transmembrane segments with short connecting loops or few transmembrane segments with large extra-membraneous domains. Membrane proteins from all organisms studied, except possibly the archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii, follow the so-called "positive-inside" rule; i.e., they tend to have a higher frequency of positively charged residues in cytoplasmic than in extra-cytoplasmic segments.
Video images vehicle detection and recognition (2011)

A new method is proposed to extract candidate regions from video images.In this method,video image is converted into HSV space,the red areas of video images are extracted by H components and horizontal edge of vehicle’s bottom by V components,then the candidate regions of vehicle can be determined by these two components.At the same time,optimized Gabor filters group is used to extract the characteristics of candidate regions,supported vector machine is used to train and recognize the selected characteristics.The filter group is improved by Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm(QEA),and niche cooperation evolution algorithm is introduced at this,also the improved filter group is clustered to reduce redundancy. Experiments show that this method is more accurate and faster,the improved Quantum Evolutionary Algorithm converges rapidly,so the optimal solution can be found quickly.