gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Competition for land use : a threat to agriculture? (2017)

The competitive demand for agricultural land was discussed at the 2016 Agri SA congress by a panel of experts on the subject. Among others, the panel consisted of Dr Gerhard Verdoorn, director of the Griffon Poison Information Centre, Dr Victor Munnik, researcher in geography and environmental studies at the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) and Derek Light, an attorney involved in environmental research. Large tracts of land rich in natural resources have been used for mining, in which case it directly competes with the agricultural industry for available land. In certain cases, this is done with dire consequences to the environment and a complete disregard for proper licensing. Furthermore, land that has been used for mining can never be rehabilitated for agricultural use and has long-lasting effects on biodiversity and food security. There is, however, a third major competitor for land, namely role-players involved in the conservation of natural habitats and the rich biodiversity of South Africa. Not only mining, but also agriculture threatens the delicate balance required for a healthy environment. Preserving our country’s natural resources is also vital for the survival of our booming tourism industry. The mining, agricultural and tourism industries all contribute significantly to the local economy. Can a balance be achieved in dividing South Africa’s land and water equally to support these three industries? And how can this be done in a way that ensures food security and preserves the environment?
Subsea Template And Trees For Green Canyon Block 29 Development (1988)

ABSTRACT The subsea equipment for the floating production system in the Green Canyon Block 29 development includes a 24-slot template, template trees and satellite trees.. This paper discusses the design requirements for the template and satellite completions and the resulting hardware that was developed to meet these requirements, including design considerations, installation procedures, and an overview of current progress. INTRODUCTION Placid Oil Company is developing Block 29 of the Green Canyon area of the Gulf of Mexico with a deepwater floating production system incorporating a large subsea production system. Reservoirs in this field will be produced through wells drilled through a subsea template insta11ed in 1522 ft of water (464 m), as well as sate11ite wells tied back to the template. The overall system configuration is shown in Fig. 1. This paper discusses the design requirements for the template and subsea completion hardware and the resulting hardware that was developed to meet these requirements. SUBSEA TEMPLATE Design Requirements The design requirements for template system were determined and finalized into a design specification from the criteria outlined in Placid Oil Company's scope of work for the development of the Green Canyon Block 29 subsea production project. In broad terms, the design requirements were finalized into the following template specifications:The subsea structure would be deployed in water depths to 3500 ft (1067 m) and would accommodate a total of 24 subsea production trees.The structure should provide the lower termination and anchoring point for the freestanding production/service riser system.It should provide the structure (porches) and connect ion points (pull- in hubs and connectors) for the flowlines from satellite wells, import pipelines from other templates and the product export pipelines.The template should accommodate within itself all the piping from the riser to each individua1 well bay and all the pipelines and its associated valving. (Later requirements also added a set of subsea pig launcher facilities and their associated piping and valves that were connected to the import and export lines.)A system would have to be provided for piling and leveling the template structure.A method would be required for transporting and installing the system. Design Trade-off Studies Most of the design requirements could be incorporated into almost any type of template structure. To determine the most efficient and cost-effective template structure a great number of analyses and trade-off studies were conducted. The more comprehensive studies looked into the component arrangement and preliminary structure framework. These studies addressed the component arrangements, flowline and pipeline sizes, structure analysis to determine the structure member sizes and the development of the preliminary component interfaces for the riser base, manifold piping and piling requirements. Buoyancy and trim of the structure were also analyzed.
Use of microfabricated cold field emitters in sub-100 nm maskless lithography (2001)

We propose a multicolumn and multibeam electron beam direct write lithography scheme using arrays of cold cathode emitters as the electron source. The conceptual design and the requirements for the field emitters in this application will be described. We have fabricated and tested both silicon field emitters and Spindt-type metal field emitters. Tip current stability was improved by pulse conditioning. Patterns with 117 nm feature sizes were written on poly(methylmethacrylate) photo resist.
Structural and Functional Coupling of Cardiac Myocytes and Fibroblasts (2006)

Cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts form extensive networks in the heart, with numerous anatomical contacts between cells. Fibroblasts, obligatory components of the extracellular matrix, represent the majority of cells in the normal heart, and their number increases with aging and during disease. The myocyte network, coupled by gap junctions, is generally believed to be electrically isolated from fibroblasts in vivo. In culture, however, the heterogeneous cell types form functional gap junctions, which can provide a substrate for electrical coupling of distant myocytes, interconnected by fibroblasts only. Whether similar behavior occurs in vivo has been the subject of considerable debate. Recent electrophysiological, immunohistochemical, and dye-coupling data confirmed the presence of direct electrical coupling between the two cell types in normal cardiac tissue (sinoatrial node), and it has been suggested that similar interactions may occur in post-infarct scar tissue. Such heterogeneous cell coupling could have major implications on in vivo electrical impulse conduction and the transport of small molecules or ions in both the normal and pathological myocardium. This review illustrates that it would be wrong to adhere to a scenario of functional integration of the heart that does not allow for a potential active contribution of non-myocytes to cardiac electrophysiology, and proposes to focus further research on the relevance of non-myocytes for cardiac structure and function.
Microchip electrophoresis: a method for high-speed SNP detection (2000)

As a trial practical application, we have applied optimized microfabricated electrophoresis devices, combined with enzymatic mutation detection methods, to the determination of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites in the p53 suppressor gene. Using clinical samples, we have achieved robust assays with quality factors as good as conventional electrophoresis in approximately 100 s. This is 10 and 50 times faster than capillary and slab gel electro-phoresis, respectively. The method was highly accurate with an average error of mutation site measurement of only +/-5 bp. No clean-up of the digestion mixtures was needed prior to injection. This greatly simplifies sample handling relative to capillary instruments, which is important for high-throughput screening applications. Following identification, absolute mutation determination of the screened samples was achieved in a second microdevice optimized for four-color DNA sequencing. Total run time was 25 min in this second device and sequencing data were in full agreement with ABI Prism 377 sequencing runs which required 3.5 h. The tandem application of microdevices for location then full characterization of SNPs appears to confirm many of the improvements claimed for future application of microdevices in practical scaled screening for mutational analysis.
Improved reporter strain for monitoring Cre recombinase-mediated DNA excisions in mice (1999)

Effective use of conditional Cre recombinase-loxP gene modification requires Cre-expressing mouse strains with defined patterns of expression. To assess the in vivo functionality of Cre-expressing mice, we have engineered an improved reporter strain for monitoring Cre-mediated excisions. The beta-galactosidase-neomycin phosphotransferase fusion gene (betageo)-trapped ROSA26 locus was modified by gene targeting such that betageo is expressed only after Cre-mediated excision of loxP-flanked DNA sequences. betageo from the excised ROSA26 allele is expressed ubiquitously in embryos and adult mice. By mating the reporter strain with Cre-expressing transgenic mice, we have shown that the loxP-flanked ROSA26 allele is accessible to Cre during early embryogenesis, as well as in a specific hematopoietic lineage (T lymphocytes). This improved reporter strain should facilitate monitoring in vivo Cre-mediated excision events in a variety of experimental contexts.
Tendon sheath analysis for estimation of distal end force and elongation (2009)

Tendon sheath actuation can be found in many applications, particularly in robotic hand and surgical robots. Due to friction between the tendon and sheath, many undesirable characteristic such as backlash, hysteresis and non-linearity are present. It is desirable to know the end effector force and elongation of the tendon to control the system effectively, but it is not always feasible to fix sensors at the end effector. A method to estimate the end effector parameters using only a force and position sensor at the proximal site is given. An analytical study is presented and experiments are reported to support the result, showing a max full scale error of approximately 7%. This result is achieved if the shape of the sheath remains the same and buckling is negligible. The results presented in this study could contribute towards haptic development in robotics surgery.
Throttling viruses: restricting propagation to defeat malicious mobile code (2003)

Modern computer viruses spread incredibly quickly, far faster than human-mediated responses. This greatly increases the damage that they cause. This paper presents an approach to restricting this high speed propagation automatically. The approach is based on the observation that during virus propagation, an infected machine will connect to as many different machines as fast as possible. An uninfected machine has a different behaviour: connections are made at a lower rate, and are locally correlated (repeat connections to recently accessed machines are likely). This paper describes a simple technique to limit the rate of connections to "new" machines that is remarkably effective at both slowing and halting virus propagation without affecting normal traffic. Results of applying the filter to Web browsing data are included. The paper concludes by suggesting an implementation and discussing the potential and limitations of this approach.
Diabetic Neuropathy in the Mutant Mouse [C57BL/ks(db/db)]: A Morphometric Study (1980)

Detailed studies of peripheral nerves were undertaken in the mutant diabetic mouse of the [C57BL/ks(db/db)] strain using electrophysiologic and morphometric techniques. Electrophysiologic studies showed severely impaired motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), which developed promptly during the early phase of the diabetic syndrome. Morphometric changes occurred first after 20 wk of diabetes in both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers. There were both loss and shrinkage of myelinated fibers, most pronounced in the sural nerve and the ventral root. Changes appeared late in the dorsal root and in the peroneal and vagus nerves. Unmyelinated fibers showed both shrinkage and loss of axons, presumably involving sympathetic and afferent somatic fibers. Teased fiber studies and calculations of axon-myelin ratios confirmed our earlier suggestion that the neuropathy is primarily axonal in nature. The temporal discrepancy between functional and structural impairments in the present model strongly suggests a metabolic cause of the early neuropathy. This was further supported by the positive effect of insulin treatment on MNCV during the early phase of diabetes, whereas, during the late phase, treatment failed to show any effect.
Nuclear phosphoinositide signaling regulates messenger RNA export (2009)

Messenger RNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm plays an essential role in linking transcription to translation and consequently regulation of protein expression. mRNA export requires a series of events: pre-mRNA processing, ribonucleoprotein targeting to the NPC (nuclear pore complexes), and translocation through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm. Interestingly, the conventional nuclear export machinery, exportins and the Ran GTPase, is not required for mRNA export. Instead, a protein complex consisting of a number of RNA binding proteins is essential for this event including the Aly/REF protein. Phosphoinositide signaling regulates a variety of cellular functions including pre-mRNA splicing and mRNA export. In fact, a phospholipase C-dependent inositol polyphosphate kinase pathway is required for efficient mRNA export. Recently, we showed that Aly is a physiological target of nuclear phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, which regulates Aly localization as well as Aly function in cell proliferation and mRNA export through nuclear Akt-mediated phosphorylation and phosphoinositide association. Hence, water-soluble inositol polyphosphates and phosphatidylinositol lipids play pivotal roles in modulating mRNA export.
GISTIC2.0 facilitates sensitive and confident localization of the targets of focal somatic copy-number alteration in human cancers (2011)

We describe methods with enhanced power and specificity to identify genes targeted by somatic copy-number alterations (SCNAs) that drive cancer growth. By separating SCNA profiles into underlying arm-level and focal alterations, we improve the estimation of background rates for each category. We additionally describe a probabilistic method for defining the boundaries of selected-for SCNA regions with user-defined confidence. Here we detail this revised computational approach, GISTIC2.0, and validate its performance in real and simulated datasets.
Reproducibility of the French‐American‐British classification of acute Leukemia: The southwest oncology group experience (1985)

After initial French-American-British (FAB) diagnosis by a multiinstitutional Southwest Oncology Group panel, slides of acute leukemia cases were recirculated to panel members for second review. The reproducibility of the FAB classification is analyzed. The classification is reproducible in the 70% range in panel reviewer hands and allows remarkable reproducibility in the morphologic and cytochemical distinction of acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) from acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The limitations of a morphologic and cytochemical classification of acute leukemia are discussed. A simplification of the FAB system, merging M1, M2, and M4 as M7, is proposed; this simplification improves the system's reproducibility.
Medical and surgical treatment of sustained and recurrent post-infarction ventricular tachycardia (1985)

Over a five-year period 57 patients (pts) with sustained, recurrent, post-infarction ventricular tachycardia (VT) refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic treatment were evaluated. In 28 (49%) pts VT was controlled by amiodarone (A) in a dose of 3000 mg week-1. During long-term follow-up 5/28 (18%) pts died; no severe side-effects were observed with this dosage. In 17 of the 29 pts not controlled by this regimen, the dosage of A was increased to 6000-8000 mg week-1; short-term control of VT was achieved in 9/17 (53%) pts, but over a long-term follow-up 5/9 (56%) died and severe side-effects (11% pulmonary fibrosis and 11% hepatitis) occurred in 22%. Twenty pts, resistant to a low (12 pts) or high (8 pts) doses of A, underwent map-guided surgical treatment. In conclusion A is superior to conventional drugs in the treatment of sustained, recurrent, post-infarction VT, but when high doses are necessary to prevent VT, long-term results are poor and severe side-effects frequent. In pts refractory to standard doses of A, map-guided surgery is the treatment of choice.
Efficient generation of transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by temperature-sensitive Sendai virus vectors (2011)

After the first report of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), considerable efforts have been made to develop more efficient methods for generating iPSCs without foreign gene insertions. Here we show that Sendai virus vector, an RNA virus vector that carries no risk of integrating into the host genome, is a practical solution for the efficient generation of safer iPSCs. We improved the Sendai virus vectors by introducing temperature-sensitive mutations so that the vectors could be easily removed at nonpermissive temperatures. Using these vectors enabled the efficient production of viral/factor-free iPSCs from both human fibroblasts and CD34(+) cord blood cells. Temperature-shift treatment was more effective in eliminating remaining viral vector-related genes. The resulting iPSCs expressed human embryonic stem cell markers and exhibited pluripotency. We suggest that generation of transgene-free iPSCs from cord blood cells should be an important step in providing allogeneic iPSC-derived therapy in the future.
Rapid screening for Tp53 mutations by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis: a comparison with SSCP analysis (1993)

Journal Article Rapid screening for Tp53 mutations by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis: a comparison with SSCP analysis Get access Roswitha B.Scholz, Roswitha B.Scholz Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Karin Mllde-Langosch, Karin Mllde-Langosch 1Clinic of Obstetric and Gynecology, Department of Gynecopathology, Hamburg University HospitalMartinistrabe 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Roman Jung, Roman Jung 2Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hamburg University HospitalMartinistrabe 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Horst Schlechte, Horst Schlechte 3Robert-Rossle-KlinikRober-Rossle-Strabe 10, 13122 Berlin, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Hartmut Kabisch, Hartmut Kabisch Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Christoph Wagener, Christoph Wagener 2Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hamburg University HospitalMartinistrabe 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Thomas Löning Thomas Löning * 1Clinic of Obstetric and Gynecology, Department of Gynecopathology, Hamburg University HospitalMartinistrabe 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany *To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Human Molecular Genetics, Volume 2, Issue 12, December 1993, Pages 2155–2158, https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/2.12.2155 Published: 01 December 1993 Article history Received: 16 August 1993 Revision received: 18 October 1993 Accepted: 18 October 1993 Published: 01 December 1993
The Computer User as Toolsmith: The Use, Reuse and Organization of Computer-Based Tools (1993)

Computing environments that furnish a large set of tools (such as editors, mail programs and language processors) are difficult to use, primarily because there is no means of organizing the tools so that they are at hand when needed. Because of the dearth of knowledge of how users behave when issuing commands to general purpose computer systems, user support facilities are ad-hoc designs that do not support natural work habits. The Computer User as Toolsmith, first published in 1993, describes several empirical studies from which the author has developed a computer version of a handyman's workbench that would help users with their online activities. For the practitioner and interface designer, the guidelines and principles offered here are directly applicable to the rational design of new systems and the modernization of old ones. For the researcher and graduate student, the book offers a wealth of analysis and interpretation of data, as well as a survey of research techniques
Highly efficient inverted organic photovoltaics using solution based titanium oxide as electron selective contact (2006)

The challenge to reversing the layer sequence of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is to prepare a selective contact bottom cathode and to achieve a suitable morphology for carrier collection in the inverted structure. The authors report the creation of an efficient electron selective bottom contact based on a solution-processed titanium oxide interfacial layer on the top of indium tin oxide. The use of o-xylene as a solvent creates an efficient carrier collection network with little vertical phase segregation, providing sufficient performance for both regular and inverted solar cells. The authors demonstrate inverted layer sequence OPVs with AM 1.5 calibrated power conversion efficiencies of over 3%.
Reversal of Hypercholesterolemia in Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Knockout Mice by Adenovirus-mediated Gene Transfer of the Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor (1996)

We have used the technique of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to study the in vivo function of the very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) in low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) knockout mice. We generated a replication-defective adenovirus (AdmVLDLR) containing mouse VLDLR cDNA driven by a cytomegalovirus promoter. Transduction of cultured Hepa (mouse hepatoma) cells and LDLR-deficient CHO-ldlA7 cells in vitro by the virus led to high-level expression of immunoreactive VLDLR proteins with molecular sizes of 143 kDa and 161 kDa. Digestion of the cell extract with the enzymes neuraminidase, N-glycanase, and O-glycanase resulted in the stepwise lowering of the apparent size of the 161-kDa species toward the 143-kDa species. LDLR (-/-) mice fed a 0.2% cholesterol diet were treated with a single intravenous injection of 3 x 10(9) plaque-forming units of AdmVLDLR. Control LDLR (-/-) mice received either phosphate-buffered saline or AdLacZ, a similar adenovirus containing the LacZ cDNA instead of mVLDLR cDNA. Comparison of the plasma lipids in the 3 groups of mice indicates that in the AdmVLDL animals, total cholesterol is reduced by approximately 50% at days 4 and 9 and returned toward control values on day 21. In these animals, there was also a approximately 30% reduction in plasma apolipoprotein (apo) E accompanied by a 90% fall in apoB-100 on day 4 of treatment. By FPLC analysis, the major reduction in plasma cholesterol in the AdmVLDLR animals was accounted for by a marked reduction in the intermediate density lipoprotein/low density lipoprotein (IDL/LDL) fraction. Plasma VLDL, IDL/LDL, and HDL were isolated from the three groups of animals by ultracentrifugal flotation. In the AdmVLDLR animals, there was substantial loss (approximately 65%) of protein and cholesterol mainly in the IDL/LDL fraction on days 4 and 9. Nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis indicates a preferential loss of the IDL peak although the LDL peak was also reduced. When 125I-IDL was administered intravenously into animals on day 4, the AdmVLDLR animals cleared the 125I-IDL at a rate 5-10 times higher than the AdLacZ animals. We conclude that adenovirus-mediated transfer of the VLDLR gene induces high-level hepatic expression of the VLDLR and results in a reversal of the hypercholesterolemia in 0.2% cholesterol diet-fed LDLR (-/-, mice. The VLDLR overexpression appears to greatly enhance the ability of these animals to clear IDL, resulting in a marked lowering of the plasma IDL/LDL. Further testing of the use of the VLDLR gene as a therapeutic gene for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia is warranted.