gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes With Different Order of RGB-Emitting Layers (2012)

To achieve the emissive layers in white organic light-emitting diode (WOLED) for the three primary colors, DCJTB doped in Alq3, C545T doped in Alq3, and BCzVBi doped in MADN were applied for red, green, and blue emissive layer, respectively. By stacking all the red, green, and blue emissive layers in a single device, WOLED devices with the color coordinates close to (0.33, 0.33) were successfully fabricated. The structure of the blue–green–red (BGR) type of the three primary color WOLED device was NPB(700 Å)/MADN:BCzVBi-13%(210 Å)/Alq3:C545T-2%(30 Å)/Alq3:DCJTB-2%(60 Å)/Alq3(300 Å)/Liq(20 Å)/Al(1000 Å). Its maximum luminance and luminous efficiency were 25,680 cd m−2 and 3.79 cd A−1, as well as its white color coordinate was (0.32, 0.31) at 7 V. The structure of blue–red–green (BRG) type of the three primary color WOLED device was NPB(700 Å)/MADN:BCzVB-13%(210 Å)/Alq3:DCJTB-2%(30 Å)/Alq3: C545T-2%(60 Å)/Alq3(300 Å)/Liq(20 Å)/Al(1000 Å). Its maximum luminance and luminous efficiency were 26,010 cd m−2 and 4.95 cd A−1, as well as its white color coordinate was (0.33, 0.33) at 7 V. Both devices were successfully induced closer to the ideal white emissive lighting source, and three different peaks at 480 nm, 512 nm, and 616 nm could be confirmed at red, green, and blue region in electroluminescence (EL) spectra.
Protection of mice from infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae by anti-phosphocholine antibody (1982)

Anti-phosphocholine (PC) antibody mediated protection against many strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, and hybridoma anti-PC antibodies protected mice from fatal infections with types 1 and 3 S. pneumoniae. Live types 1, 3, 5, 6A, and 19F S. pneumoniae had similar amounts of surface PC accessible to antibody. Furthermore, mice expressing the X-linked immunodeficiency (xid) of the CBA/N strain were found to be more susceptible to infection with S. pneumoniae of types 3, 6A, and 19F than were immunologically normal mice. The only exception to these results was with the type 5 strain, which was highly virulent for both xid and normal mice. In addition, we were unable to protect mice against infection with the type 5 strain by using anti-PC antibody.
Utility-based Intelligent Network Selection in Beyond 3G Systems (2006)

Development in wireless access technologies and multihomed personal user devices is driving the way towards a heterogeneous wireless access network environment. Success in this arena will be reliant on the ability to offer an enhanced user experience. Users will plan to take advantage of the competition and always connect to the network which can best service their preferences for the current application. They will rely on intelligent network selection decision strategies to aid them in their choice. The contribution of this paper is to propose an intelligent utility-based strategy for network selection in this multi-access network scenario. A number of utility functions are examined which explore different user attitudes to risk for money and delay preferences related to their current application. For example we show that risk takers who are willing to pay more money get a better service.
Low energy ion etching of aluminum oxide films and native aluminum oxide (1992)

Aluminum oxide films were etched using low energy argon ions generated by a microwave electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) source argon plasma. The argon ion energies were controlled by biasing substrates placed on a 13.56 MHz capacitively coupled electrode. Reactively sputtered aluminum oxide films were used to study the relationship between the dc bias applied to these substrates and the etch rate of their films. In situ x-ray photoemission spectra of the Al 2p and O 1s transitions showed that the ECR plasma was effective in completely removing native aluminum oxide and adventitious hydrocarbon in 1 min at ion energies as low as 100 eV. This preclean technology did not change the dielectric breakdown distribution of antenna structures with 12-nm-thick gate oxide capacitors.
Extending Body Space in Immersive Virtual Reality: A Very Long Arm Illusion (2012)

Recent studies have shown that a fake body part can be incorporated into human body representation through synchronous multisensory stimulation on the fake and corresponding real body part - the most famous example being the Rubber Hand Illusion. However, the extent to which gross asymmetries in the fake body can be assimilated remains unknown. Participants experienced, through a head-tracked stereo head-mounted display a virtual body coincident with their real body. There were 5 conditions in a between-groups experiment, with 10 participants per condition. In all conditions there was visuo-motor congruence between the real and virtual dominant arm. In an Incongruent condition (I), where the virtual arm length was equal to the real length, there was visuo-tactile incongruence. In four Congruent conditions there was visuo-tactile congruence, but the virtual arm lengths were either equal to (C1), double (C2), triple (C3) or quadruple (C4) the real ones. Questionnaire scores and defensive withdrawal movements in response to a threat showed that the overall level of ownership was high in both C1 and I, and there was no significant difference between these conditions. Additionally, participants experienced ownership over the virtual arm up to three times the length of the real one, and less strongly at four times the length. The illusion did decline, however, with the length of the virtual arm. In the C2-C4 conditions although a measure of proprioceptive drift positively correlated with virtual arm length, there was no correlation between the drift and ownership of the virtual arm, suggesting different underlying mechanisms between ownership and drift. Overall, these findings extend and enrich previous results that multisensory and sensorimotor information can reconstruct our perception of the body shape, size and symmetry even when this is not consistent with normal body proportions.
Efficiency of Spin Exchange between Rubidium Spins andXe129Nuclei in a Gas (1982)

By directly observing the nuclear polarization of $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$, the efficiency $\ensuremath{\eta}$ of spin exchange between optically pumped Rb spins and $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ nuclei has been measured. It is found that $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\eta}}=23\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4$ rubidium ${D}_{1}$ resonance-line photons are required to polarize a $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ nucleus when long-lived van der Waals molecules are unimportant. The binary spin-exchange cross section deduced from our measurements is ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{ex}}=(7.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}21}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$.
CHEMOKINES AS MEDIATORS OF DISEASES RELATED TO SURGICAL CONDITIONS (2000)

Chemokines are important mediators of inflammation. Animal studies suggest that inhibition of chemokine action results in a decrease in inflammation. Novel anti-inflammatory agents directed against chemokines are now available. Surgeons are uniquely positioned to treat multiple chemokine-mediated diseases. In this article, we review the biology and nomenclature of chemokines as well as their role in neutrophil migration. Further, the potential role of chemokines in various diseases related to surgical conditions, including adult respiratory distress syndrome, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and solid organ rejection, is reviewed. Finally, the idea that chemokines could be targets for novel therapeutic agents is discussed.
Electrically Tunable Epsilon-Near-Zero (ENZ) Metafilm Absorbers (2015)

Enhancing and spectrally controlling light absorption is of great practical and fundamental importance. In optoelectronic devices consisting of layered semiconductors and metals, absorption has traditionally been manipulated with the help of Fabry-Pérot resonances. Even further control over the spectral light absorption properties of thin films has been achieved by patterning them into dense arrays of subwavelength resonant structures to form metafilms. As the next logical step, we demonstrate electrical control over light absorption in metafilms constructed from dense arrays of actively tunable plasmonic cavities. This control is achieved by embedding indium tin oxide (ITO) into these cavities. ITO affords significant tuning of its optical properties by means of electrically-induced carrier depletion and accumulation. We demonstrate that particularly large changes in the reflectance from such metafilms (up to 15% P) can be achieved by operating the ITO in the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) frequency regime where its electrical permittivity changes sign from negative to positive values.
In vivo ultra‐fast photoacoustic flow cytometry of circulating human melanoma cells using near‐infrared high‐pulse rate lasers (2011)

The circulating tumor cells (CTCs) appear to be a marker of metastasis development, especially, for highly aggressive and epidemically growing melanoma malignancy that is often metastatic at early stages. Recently, we introduced in vivo photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) for label-free detection of mouse B16F10 CTCs in melanoma-bearing mice using melanin as an intrinsic marker. Here, we significantly improve the speed of PAFC by using a high-pulse repetition rate laser operating at 820 and 1064 nm wavelengths. This platform was used in preclinical studies for label-free PA detection of low-pigmented human CTCs. Demonstrated label-free PAFC detection, low level of background signals, and favorable safety standards for near-infrared irradiation suggest that a fiber laser operating at 1064 nm at pulse repetition rates up to 0.5 MHz could be a promising source for portable clinical PAFC devices. The possible applications can include early diagnosis of melanoma at the parallel progression of primary tumor and CTCs, detection of cancer recurrence, residual disease and real-time monitoring of therapy efficiency by counting CTCs before, during, and after therapeutic intervention. Herewith, we also address sensitivity of label-free detection of melanoma CTCs and introduce in vivo CTC targeting by magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with specific antibody and magnetic cells enrichment.
Mechanisms of Pulsed Laser Ablation of Biological Tissues (2003)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleADDITION / CORRECTIONThis article has been corrected. View the notice.Mechanisms of Pulsed Laser Ablation of Biological TissuesAlfred Vogel and Vasan VenugopalanView Author Information Medical Laser Center Lübeck, Peter-Monnik-Weg 4, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany, and Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and Laser Microbeam and Medical Program, Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, California 92697 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 2, 577–644Publication Date (Web):February 12, 2003Publication History Received12 September 2002Published online12 February 2003Published inissue 1 February 2003https://doi.org/10.1021/cr010379nCopyright © 2003 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views13075Altmetric-Citations1360LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (2 MB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Ablation,Bubbles,Lasers,Materials,Stress Get e-Alerts
msari : Multiple sequence alignments for statistical detection of RNA secondary structure (2004)

We present a highly accurate method for identifying genes with conserved RNA secondary structure by searching multiple sequence alignments of a large set of candidate orthologs for correlated arrangements of reverse-complementary regions. This approach is growing increasingly feasible as the genomes of ever more organisms are sequenced. A program called msari implements this method and is significantly more accurate than existing methods in the context of automatically generated alignments, making it particularly applicable to high-throughput scans. In our tests, it discerned clustalw-generated multiple sequence alignments of signal recognition particle or RNaseP orthologs from controls with 89.1% sensitivity at 97.5% specificity and with 74.4% sensitivity with no false positives in 494 controls. We used msari to conduct a comprehensive scan for secondary structure in mRNAs of coding genes, and we found many genes with known mRNA secondary structure and compelling evidence for secondary structure in other genes. msari uses a method for coping with sequence redundancy that is likely to have applications in a large set of other comparison-based search methods. The program is available for download from http://theory.csail.mit.edu/MSARi.
Mammographic Predictors of the Presence and Size of Invasive Carcinomas Associated With Malignant Microcalcification Lesions Without a Mass (2003)

Mammographic calcification features of malignant lesions cannot predict the absence of invasion with greater than 90% predictive value or predict the presence of invasion with greater than 45% predictive value. Increased extent of calcifications greater than 10 mm was not associated with greater likelihood of invasion.
Detection of microsatellite alterations in plasma DNA of non-small cell lung cancer patients: a prospect for early diagnosis. (1999)

A major problem in lung cancer is the lack of clinically useful tests for early diagnosis and screening of an asymptomatic population by non-invasive diagnostic procedures. Recent studies have demonstrated the possibility to detect genetic alterations in plasma or serum DNA from patients with various cancers. However, these data rely on small series of aggressive tumors with advanced-stage disease. To determine whether genetic changes in plasma are also detectable in patients with limited disease and thereby potentially useful for early detection, we looked for microsatellite instability (allele shift) and loss of heterozygosity in plasma DNA of 87 stage I-III non-small cell lung cancers and 14 controls. Combining two markers with a high rate of instability (D21S1245) and loss of heterozygosity (FHIT locus), a microsatellite alteration was observed in 49 of 87 (56%) non-small cell lung cancer tumors and in 35 of 87 (40%) plasma samples. Thirty of 49 (61%) of the cases showing tumor alterations also displayed a change in plasma DNA; in addition, 5 patients displayed alterations in plasma samples only. None of the control individuals had genetic changes in plasma. No association was found between the frequency of microsatellite alterations in plasma and tumor stage or histology. Of interest, plasma DNA abnormalities were detectable in 43% of pathological stage I cases and in 45% of tumors up to 2 cm in maximum diameter. These findings highlight new prospects for early tumor detection by noninvasive screening procedures based on the analysis of genetic changes in plasma.
Label-Free Molecular Interaction Determinations with Nanoscale Interferometry (2004)

Quantification of protein-protein and ligand-substrate interactions is central to understanding basic cellular function and for evaluating therapeutics. To mimic biological conditions, such studies are best executed without modifying the proteins or ligands (i.e., label-free). While tools for label-free assays exist, they have limitations making them difficult to fully integrate into microfluidic devices. Furthermore, it has been problematic to reduce detection volumes for on-channel universal analyte quantification without compromising sensitivity, as needed in label-free methods. Here we show how backscattering interferometry in rectangular channels (BIRC) facilitates label-free studies within picoliter volumes. The simple and unique optical train was based on rectangular microfluidic channels molded in poly(dimethylsiloxane) and low-power coherent radiation. Quantification of irreversible streptavidin-biotin binding and reversible protein A-human IgG Fc molecular interactions in a 225 pL detection volume was carried out label-free and noninvasively. Detection limits of 47 x 10(-15) mol of biotin reacted with surface-immobilized streptavidin were achieved. In the case of reversible interactions of protein A and the Fc fragment of human IgG, detection limits were determined to be 2 x 10(-15) mol of IgG Fc. These experiments demonstrate for the first time that (1) high-sensitivity universal solute quantification is possible using interferometry performed within micrometer-sized channels formed in inexpensive PDMS chips, (2) label-free reversible molecular interaction can be studied with femtomoles of solute, and (3) BIRC has the potential to quantify binding affinities in a high-throughput format.
Student-teacher network learning with enhanced features (2017)

Recent advances in distant-talking ASR research have confirmed that speech enhancement is an essential technique for improving the ASR performance, especially in the multichannel scenario. However, speech enhancement inevitably distorts speech signals, which can cause significant degradation when enhanced signals are used as training data. Thus, distant-talking ASR systems often resort to using the original noisy signals as training data and the enhanced signals only at test time, and give up on taking advantage of enhancement techniques in the training stage. This paper proposes to make use of enhanced features in the student-teacher learning paradigm. The enhanced features are used as input to a teacher network to obtain soft targets, while a student network tries to mimic the teacher network's outputs using the original noisy features as input, so that speech enhancement is implicitly performed within the student network. Compared with conventional student-teacher learning, which uses a better network as teacher, the proposed self-supervised method uses better (enhanced) inputs to a teacher. This setup matches the above scenario of making use of enhanced features in network training. Experiments with the CHiME-4 challenge real dataset show significant ASR improvements with an error reduction rate of 12% in the single-channel track and 15% in the 2-channel track, respectively, by using 6-channel beamformed features for the teacher model.
Caspase-6 Role in Apoptosis of Human Neurons, Amyloidogenesis, and Alzheimer's Disease (1999)

Neuronal cell death, neurofibrillary tangles, and amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) deposition depict Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, but neuronal loss correlates best with dementia. We have shown that increased production of Abeta is a consequence of neuronal apoptosis, suggesting that apoptosis activates proteases involved in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing. Here, we investigate key effectors of cell death, caspases, in human neuronal apoptosis and APP processing. We find that caspase-6 is activated and responsible for neuronal apoptosis by serum deprivation. Caspase-6 activity precedes the time of commitment to neuronal apoptosis by 10 h, indicating possible activity without subsequent apoptosis. Inhibition of caspase-6 activity prevents serum deprivation-mediated increase of Abeta. Caspase-6 directly cleaves APP at the C terminus and generates a C-terminal fragment of 3 kDa (Capp3) and an Abeta-containing 6.5-kDa fragment, Capp6.5, that increases in serum-deprived neurons. A pulse-chase experiment reveals a precursor-product relationship between Capp6.5, intracellular Abeta, and secreted Abeta, indicating a potential alternate amyloidogenic pathway. Caspase-6 proenzyme is present in adult human brain tissue, and the p10 active caspase-6 fragment is detected in AD brain tissue. These results indicate a possible alternate pathway for APP amyloidogenic processing in human neurons and a potential implication for this pathway in the neuronal demise of AD.
Erythroid Cell-Specific mRNA Stability Elements in the α2-Globin 39 Nontranslated Region (1995)

Very little is known about the mechanisms mediating longevities of mRNAs. As a means of identifying potential cis- and trans-acting elements which stabilize an individual mRNA, naturally occurring mutations that decreased stability of the normally long-lived globin mRNA were analyzed. Our previous studies demonstrated that a subset of mutations which allowed the translating ribosome to read through into the alpha 2-globin 3' nontranslated region (NTR) targeted the mutant mRNAs for accelerated turnover in erythroid cells but not in several nonerythroid cell lines (I. M. Weiss and S. A. Liebhaber, Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:8123-8132, 1994). These results suggested that translational readthrough interfered with some feature of the alpha 2-globin 3' NTR required for message stability in erythroid cells. To define the cis-acting sequences which comprise this erythroid cell-specific stability determinant, scanning mutagenesis was performed on the alpha 2-globin 3' NTR, and the stability of each mutant mRNA was examined during transient expression. Three cytidine-rich regions which are required for longevity of the alpha 2-globin mRNA were identified. However, in contrast to the readthrough mutations, base substitutions in these elements destabilize the message through a translation-independent mechanism. To account for these results, we propose that the cis-acting elements form a complex or determinant in the normal alpha 2-globin mRNA which protects the message from degradation in erythroid cells. Disruption of this determinant, by translational readthrough or because mutations in an element prevent or inhibit its formation, targets the message for accelerated turnover in these cells.
Behavioral phenotypes of amyloid‐based genetically modified mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (2005)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative affliction of the elderly, presenting with progressive memory loss and dementia and terminating with death. There have been significant advances in understanding the biology and subsequent diagnosis of AD; however, the furious pace of research has not yet translated into a disease-modifying treatment. While scientific inquiry in AD is largely centered on identifying biological players and pathological mechanisms, the day-to-day realities of AD patients and their caregivers revolve around their steady and heartbreaking cognitive decline. In the past decade, AD research has been fundamentally transformed by the development of genetically modified animal models of amyloid-driven neurodegeneration. These important in vivo models not only replicate some of the hallmark pathology of the disease, such as plaque-like amyloid accumulations and astrocytic inflammation, but also some of the cognitive impairments relevant to AD. In this article, we will provide a detailed review of the behavioral and cognitive deficits present in several transgenic mouse models of AD and discuss their functional changes in response to experimental treatments.
Transcranial direct current stimulation for depression: 3-week, randomised, sham-controlled trial (2012)

Findings confirm earlier reports of the antidepressant efficacy and safety of tDCS. Vigilance for mood switching is advised when administering tDCS to individuals with bipolar disorder.