gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Model-based image coding</title> (1994)

Historically. progress in image coding tecliniqnes has been made by incorporating resnits from other fields SUCh as information theory. Most of the existing coding methods such as predictive coding. transform coding, and vector quantization belong to information-theory-based methods in which image signals are considered as ranidoni signals aiid compressed by exploiting their stochastic properties. Apart from these iiiformation-tlieoretic coding iniethods, research on new approaches such as modelbased coding (which is related to 1)0th image analysis and computer graphics) has recently intensified. An essential difference between conventional coding methods and these new approaches is the image model they assume. Contrary to conventional coding methods which efficiently represent 2-D waveforms of image signals model-based co ding represent iniage signals using structural image models which take into accomit the 3-D properties of the scene in some sense. There have been two major approaches to model-based image coding. One approach uses general niodels such as planar patches and sniooth surfaces to represent the 3-D properties of the oI)jects [11, 19, 28. 31, 33. 36, 39. 40, 43]. The other approach utilizes detailed 1)arameterized 3-D object models such as a parameterized facial model [2. 6, 13. 15. 17, 22. 24. 2G. 32, 35. 41. 47, 48. 49. 51. 54]. TIne former approach has been discussed in the context of advanced motion compensation. The latter approach is clearly different from the conventional approaches. since it uses an explicit 3—D model and encodes images with coniputer—vision— Oiieiite(il tecliniques an(I 1eJ)1()(luces iniages with colnj)uter—grapllics—oriented techniques . Both approaches will potentially achieves very low l)it rate video compression. Iii the following sectionis. unage co(ling schemes are described froni the point of view of their associated image IIli)delS. Amoiig our works related to these paradignins in the Univ. of Tokyo [2. 3, 4. 8, 9, 10, 36, 41 42. 40]. 3-D model-based coding and 2-D deforniable triangle based niotion compensation are described.
Transgenic Burley and Flue-Cured Tobacco with Resistance to Four Necrotic Isolates of Potato Virus Y (1995)

Transgenic burley (cultivars KY14, NC3433-33, and TN90) and flue-cured (cultivar K326) tobacco with resistance to four necrotic isolates of potato virus Y (PVY) were constructed. These tobacco cultivars were transformed with a chimeric gene designed to express the coat protein (CP) from the necrotic Chilean isolate of PVY. CP expression among R 0 plants was undetectable by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot (immunoblot) analysis. Transgenic R 0 plants that harbored from one to five neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPT II) transgene loci were identified. Although the NPT II and the PVY CP chimeric genes were linked within a common T-DNA, no correlation was found between the number of NPT II and CP transgenes. Inoculation of 41 independent transgenic KY14 R 0 plants with PVY-Chilean identified eight resistant plants, while inoculation of 30 transgenic K326 R 0 plants identified six resistant plants. Inoculation of 17 transgenic NC3433-33 R 0 plants with PVY-Chilean identified six resistant plants, while inoculation of 50 transgenic TN90 R 0 plants with PVY isolate VAM B resulted in nine resistant plants. Progeny derived from PVY-inoculated but symptomless R 0 plants were also resistant to the Chilean, Europe H, M s N r , N-Canada, and VAM B isolates of PVY, demonstrating sexual transmission of the transgenes that condition resistance. We discuss the ability of the PVY-Chilean CP gene to protect transgenic tobacco K326, KY14, NC3433-33, and TN90 from infection by four necrotic isolates of PVY. The flue-cured tobacco cultivar K326, which carries a gene simultaneously conferring resistance against root-knot nematode and susceptibility to PVY strain M S N R , is protected against this strain when transformed with the PVY-Chilean CP gene.
Relationship between yield and quality of different grain types of rice varieties (2004)

Using 8 high quality japonica rice varieties as materials, yield and quality and the relationship between different characters were analyzed. The results indicated that grain yield of normal grain variety was higher than that of long grain variety because of more panicles per unit area and ripened grains per panicle. There were significant positive correlations between the percentage of ripened grains and the brown rice rate, between the percentage of ripened grains and the milled mice rate and between the percentage of ripened grains and the head rice rate. Increasing the percentage of ripened grains of rice plants could improve the grain quality. There were significant negative correlations between grain length and the brown rice rate, between grain length and the milled rice rate and between grain length and the heafd rice rate. In Liaoning natural condition, the varieities with normal grain length could produce both high yield and good quality.
Dendritic cell subsets in health and disease (2007)

The dendritic cell (DC) system of antigen-presenting cells controls immunity and tolerance. DCs initiate and regulate immune responses in a manner that depends on signals they receive from microbes and their cellular environment. They allow the immune system to make qualitatively distinct responses against different microbial infections. DCs are composed of subsets that express different microbial receptors and express different surface molecules and cytokines. Our studies lead us to propose that interstitial (dermal) DCs preferentially activate humoral immunity, whereas Langerhans cells preferentially induce cellular immunity. Alterations of the DC system result in diseases such as autoimmunity, allergy, and cancer. Conversely, DCs can be exploited for vaccination, and novel vaccines that directly target DCs in vivo are being designed.
Loss of fibroblast growth factor receptors is necessary for terminal differentiation of embryonic limb muscle (1996)

ABSTRACT Early in embryogenesis, precursors of the limb muscula- ture are generated in the somite, migrate to the limb buds and undergo terminal differentiation. Although myogenic differentiation in culture is affected by several growth factors including fibroblast growth factor (FGF), it remains uncertain whether migration and differentiation of myogenic cells in vivo are directly regulated by such growth factors. To investigate the roles of FGF signaling in the regulation of myogenesis both in the somite and the limb bud, mosaic chicken embryos were generated that consist of somitic cells carrying transgenes expressing one of the following: FGF1, FGF4, the FGF receptor type-1 (FGFR1) or its dominant negative mutant (ΔFGFR1). Cells infected with virus producing FGF ligand migrated into the somatopleure without differentiating into myotomal muscle, but differentiated into muscle fibers when they arrived in the limb bud. In contrast, cells overexpressing FGFR1 migrated into the limb muscle mass but remained as undifferentiated myoblasts. Cells infected with the ΔFGFR1-producing virus failed to migrate to the somato- pleure but were capable of differentiating into myotomal muscle within the somites. These results suggest that the FGFR-mediated FGF signaling (1) blocks terminal differ- entiation of myogenic cells within the somite and (2) sustains myoblast migration to limb buds from the somite, and that (3) down-regulation of FGFRs or FGFR signaling is involved in mechanisms triggering terminal differen- tiation of the limb muscle mass during avian embryogen- esis.
The Role of the Wnt-Signaling Antagonist DKK1 in the Development of Osteolytic Lesions in Multiple Myeloma (2003)

The production of DKK1, an inhibitor of osteoblast differentiation, by myeloma cells is associated with the presence of lytic bone lesions in patients with multiple myeloma.
Serum soluble ?-Klotho in hemodialysis patients (2011)

The sαKl level was lower in hemodialysis patients than in healthy persons. Serum P level was independently associated with the serum sαKl level.
Differential CD146 Expression on Circulating Versus Tissue Endothelial Cells in Rectal Cancer Patients: Implications for Circulating Endothelial and Progenitor Cells As Biomarkers for Antiangiogenic Therapy (2006)

CD146 is fairly homogeneously expressed on vascular endothelium but not on viable CECs or progenitor cells. The vast majority of CD146+ blood cells are lymphocytes, and VEGF blockade by bevacizumab did not significantly change their number in rectal cancer patients. These results underscore the need for further characterization and identification of new markers for CEC subpopulations for their development as biomarkers of antiangiogenic therapy.
Dissecting biological “dark matter” with single-cell genetic analysis of rare and uncultivated TM7 microbes from the human mouth (2007)

We have developed a microfluidic device that allows the isolation and genome amplification of individual microbial cells, thereby enabling organism-level genomic analysis of complex microbial ecosystems without the need for culture. This device was used to perform a directed survey of the human subgingival crevice and to isolate bacteria having rod-like morphology. Several isolated microbes had a 16S rRNA sequence that placed them in candidate phylum TM7, which has no cultivated or sequenced members. Genome amplification from individual TM7 cells allowed us to sequence and assemble >1,000 genes, providing insight into the physiology of members of this phylum. This approach enables single-cell genetic analysis of any uncultivated minority member of a microbial community.
Pedestrian localisation for indoor environments (2008)

Ubiquitous computing systems aim to assist us as we go about our daily lives, whilst at the same time fading into the background so that we do not notice their presence. To do this they need to be able to sense their surroundings and infer context about the state of the world. Location has proven to be an important source of contextual information for such systems. If a device can determine its own location then it can infer its surroundings and adapt accordingly. Of particular interest for many ubiquitous computing systems is the ability to track people in indoor environments. This interest has led to the development of many indoor location systems based on a range of technologies including infra-red light, ultrasound and radio. Unfortunately existing systems that achieve the kind of sub-metre accuracies desired by many location-aware applications require large amounts of infrastructure to be installed into the environment. This thesis investigates an alternative approach to indoor pedestrian tracking that uses on-body inertial sensors rather than relying on fixed infrastructure. It is demonstrated that general purpose inertial navigation algorithms are unsuitable for pedestrian tracking due to the rapid accumulation of errors in the tracked position. In practice it is necessary to frequently correct such algorithms using additional measurements or constraints. An extended Kalman filter is developed for this purpose and is applied to track pedestrians using foot-mounted inertial sensors. By detecting when the foot is stationary and applying zero velocity corrections a pedestrian’s relative movements can be tracked far more accurately than is possible using uncorrected inertial navigation. Having developed an effective means of calculating a pedestrian’s relative movements, a localisation filter is developed that combines relative movement measurements with environmental constraints derived from a map of the environment. By enforcing constraints such as impassable walls and floors the filter is able to narrow down the absolute position of a pedestrian as they move through an indoor environment. Once the user’s position has been uniquely determined the same filter is demonstrated to track the user’s absolute position to sub-metre accuracy. The localisation filter in its simplest form is computationally expensive. Furthermore symmetry exhibited by the environment may delay or prevent the filter from determining the user’s position. The final part of this thesis describes the concept of assisted localisation, in which additional measurements are used to solve both of these problems. The use of sparsely deployed WiFi access points is discussed in detail. The thesis concludes that inertial sensors can be used to track pedestrians in indoor environments. Such an approach is suited to cases in which it is impossible or impractical to install large amounts of fixed infrastructure into the environment in advance.
RGD‐containing peptide GCRGYGRGDSPG reduces enhancement of osteoblast differentiation by poly(L‐lysine)‐graft‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐coated titanium surfaces (2003)

Abstract Osteoblasts exhibit a more differentiated morphology on surfaces with rough microtopographies. Surface effects are often mediated through integrins that bind the RGD motif in cell attachment proteins. Here, we tested the hypothesis that modulating access to RGD binding sites can modify the response of osteoblasts to surface microtopography. MG63 immature osteoblast‐like cells were cultured on smooth (Ti sputter‐coated Si wafers) and rough (grit blasted/acid etched) Ti surfaces that were modified with adsorbed monomolecular layers of a comb‐like graft copolymer, poly‐( L ‐lysine) ‐g‐ poly(ethylene glycol) (PLL‐ g ‐PEG), to limit nonspecific protein adsorption. PLL‐ g ‐PEG coatings were functionalized with varying amounts of an integrin‐receptor‐binding RGD peptide GCRGYGRGDSPG (PLL‐ g ‐PEG/PEG‐RGD) or a nonbinding R DG control sequence GCRGYGR DG SPG (PLL‐ g ‐PEG/PEG‐R DG ). Response to PLL‐ g ‐PEG alone was compared with response to surfaces on which 2–18% of the polymer sidechains were functionalized with the RGD peptide or the R DG peptide. To examine RGD dose–response, peptide surface concentration was varied between 0 and 6.4 pmol/cm 2 . In addition, cells were cultured on uncoated Ti or Ti coated with PLL‐ g ‐PEG or PLL‐ g ‐PEG/PEG‐RGD at an RGD surface concentration of 0.7 pmol/cm 2 , and free RGDS was added to the media to block integrin binding. Analyses were performed 24 h after cultures had achieved confluence on the tissue culture plastic surface. Cell number was reduced on smooth Ti compared to plastic or glass and further decreased on surfaces coated with PLL‐ g ‐PEG or PLL‐ g ‐PEG/PEG‐R DG , but was restored to control levels when PLL‐ g ‐PEG/PEG‐RGD was present. Alkaline phosphatase specific activity and osteocalcin levels were increased on PLL‐ g ‐PEG alone or PLL‐ g ‐PEG/PEG‐R DG , but PLL‐ g ‐PEG/PEG‐RGD reduced the parameters to control levels. On rough Ti surfaces, cell number was reduced to a greater extent than on smooth Ti. PLL‐ g ‐PEG coatings reduced alkaline phosphatase and increased osteocalcin in a manner that was synergistic with surface roughness. The R DG peptide did not alter the PLL‐ g ‐PEG effect but the RGD peptide restored these markers to their control levels. PLL‐ g ‐PEG coatings also increased TGF‐β1 and PGE 2 in conditioned media of cells cultured on smooth or rough Ti; there was a 20× increase on rough Ti coated with PLL‐ g ‐PEG. PLL‐ g ‐PEG effects were inhibited dose dependently by addition of the RGD peptide to the surface. Free RGDS did not decrease the effect elicited by PLL‐ g ‐PEG surfaces. These unexpected results suggest that PLL‐ g ‐PEG may have osteogenic properties, perhaps correlated with effects that alter cell attachment and spreading, and promote a more differentiated morphology. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 68A: 458–472, 2004
Adapting the stretched sample method from tissue profiling to imaging (2008)

The characterization and localization of peptides and proteins in tissues provides information that aids in understanding their function and in characterizing disease states. Over the past decades, the use of MS for the profiling and imaging of biological compounds from tissues has evolved into a powerful modality to accomplish these studies. One recently described sampling approach, the stretched sample method (Monroe, E. B. et al.., Anal. Chem. 2006, 78, 6826-6832), places a tissue section onto an array of glass beads embedded on a Parafilm M membrane. When the membrane is stretched, it separates the tissue section into thousands of cell-sized pieces for tissue profiling by MALDI-MS. The physical separation between beads eliminates analyte redistribution during matrix application and allows long analyte extraction periods without loss of spatial resolution. Here, we enhance this sampling approach by introducing algorithms that enable the reconstruction of ion images from these stretched samples. As the first step, a sample-tailored data acquisition method is devised to obtain mass spectra exclusively from the beads, thereby reducing the time, instrument resources, and data handling required for such MS imaging (MSI) experiments. Next, an image reconstruction algorithm matches data acquired from the stretched sample to the initial bead locations. The efficacy of this method is demonstrated using peptide-coated beads with known peptide distributions and appears well-suited to the MSI of heterogeneous tissue samples.
The Synthetic Triterpenoid, CDDO-Me, Modulates the Proinflammatory Response to In Vivo Lipopolysaccharide Challenge (2010)

The synthetic triterpenoid, CDDO-Me, has potent antiproliferative and antioxidant properties. However, its immunomodulatory effects in the context of LPS challenge are incompletely defined. Pretreatment with oral CDDO-Me significantly improved survival following lethal-dose LPS challenge in mice. To define this protection further, we measured effects of CDDO-Me pretreatment on splenocyte populations and cytokine production following LPS challenge, using low-level LPS pretreatment as an in vivo control for reducing cytokine production. Despite similar decreases in levels of LPS-inducible, circulating proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12p70, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23) and increases in heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) protein expression, low-dose LPS and CDDO-Me pretreatments markedly differed in their overall response profiles. Splenocytes from LPS-pretreated mice contained reduced numbers of dendritic cells, increased percentages of Th17 and T-regulatory cells, lower levels of TLR-inducible IL-6, and higher levels of TLR-inducible IL-10. In contrast, CDDO-Me protection against LPS challenge had no impact on absolute numbers or distribution of splenocyte subsets, despite attenuating in vivo induction of proinflammatory cytokines in an IL-10-independent manner. Together, these results suggest that CDDO-Me pretreatment uniquely confers protection against LPS challenge by modulating the in vivo immune response to LPS. Thus, CDDO-Me potentially represents a novel oral agent for use in LPS-mediated inflammatory diseases.
Modulation of homomeric and heteromeric kcnq1 channels by external acidification (2002)

The I(KS) K(+) channel plays a major role in repolarizing the cardiac action potential. It consists of an assembly of two structurally distinct alpha and beta subunits called KCNQ1 and KCNE1, respectively. Using two different expression systems, Xenopus oocytes and Chinese hamster ovary cells, we investigated the effects of external protons on homomeric and heteromeric KCNQ1 channels. External acidification (from pH 7.4 to pH 5.5) markedly decreased the homomeric KCNQ1 current amplitude and caused a positive shift (+25 mV) in the voltage dependence of activation. Low external pH (pH(o)) also slowed down the activation and deactivation kinetics and strongly reduced the KCNQ1 inactivation process. In contrast, external acidification reduced the maximum conductance and the macroscopic inactivation of the KCNQ1 mutant L273F by only a small amount. The heteromeric I(KS) channel complex was weakly affected by low pH(o), with minor effects on I(KS) current amplitude. However, substantial current inhibition was produced by protons with the N-terminal KCNE1 deletion mutant Delta11-38. Low pH(o) increased the current amplitude of the pore mutant V319C when co-expressed with KCNE1. The slowing of I(KS) deactivation produced by low pH(o) was absent in the KCNE1 mutant Delta39-43, suggesting that the residues lying at the N-terminal boundary of the transmembrane segment are involved in this process. In all, our results suggest that external acidification acts on homomeric and heteromeric KCNQ1 channels via multiple mechanisms to affect gating and maximum conductance. The external pH effects on I(Kr) versus I(KS) may be important determinants of arrhythmogenicity under conditions of cardiac ischaemia and reperfusion.
Deformation Potentials in Silicon. II. Hydrostatic Strain and the Electron-Phonon Interaction (1963)

The hydrostatic pressure dependence of the energy of ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{{25}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$, the top of the valence band in Si, is calculated and expressed in terms of the deformation potential constant ${{D}_{d}}^{v}$. There are three types of terms which contribute to ${{D}_{d}}^{v}$: those involving the valence wave functions explicitly, a term involving the over-all zero of the crystal potential and an exchange and correlation term depending on the average valence charge density. It is shown that to obtain the correct change in the zero of energy with strain one may take the usually arbitrary zero of energy appearing in the Hartree-Fock self-consistent potential to be equal to the total energy of the ions in their equilibrium position divided by the number of electrons. The first term is determined by applying perturbation theory to the wave functions calculated previously by Kleinman and Phillips. The second term is calculated using the Ewald summing technique and the third term is determined from the Bohm-Pines approximation. Our calculated value of the pressure dependence of the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{{25}^{\ensuremath{'}}}\ensuremath{-}{L}_{1}$ energy gap in Si is similar to the experimental value obtained in Ge. Our absolute energy shifts lie between those estimated by Herring from transport data, and those of Bagguley et al., who determined the relaxation times appearing in Herring's theory from cyclotron resonance.