gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A feedback linearizing control scheme for a PWM converter-inverter having a very small DC-link capacitor (1999)

This paper addresses a control method of reducing the size of the DC-link capacitors of a converter-inverter system. The main idea is to utilize the inverter operation status in the current control of the converter. Specifically, the information on the load power is incorporated in synthesizing the converter current control input so that a proper DC voltage level is maintained. We describe the dynamics of load current and apply feedback linearization theory to obtain an input output linearized system. Theoretically, this control strategy is effective in regulating the DC voltage level, even though the DC-link capacitor is arbitrarily small and load varies abruptly. The superior performance is demonstrated through simulation and experiment. An experiment was performed with a 9-kW pulsewidth modulation converter-vector inverter system having a 75-/spl mu/F DC-link capacitor.
A Q-Band Amplifier Implemented with Stacked 45-nm CMOS FETs (2011)

A stacked FET, single-stage 45-GHz (Q-band) CMOS power amplifier (PA) is presented. The design stacked three FETs to avoid breakdown while allowing a high supply voltage. The IC was implemented in a 45-nm CMOS SOI process. The saturated output power exceeds 18 dBm from a 4-V supply. Integrated shielded coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines as well as metal finger capacitors were used for input and output matching. The amplifier occupies an area of 450×500 im <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> including pads, while achieving a maximum power-added-efficiency (PAE) above 20%.
The Depigmenting Effect of RALGA in C57BL/6 Mice (2005)

In this study, we show that RALGA, a combination of the less irritant retinoid retinaldehyde (RAL; 0.1%) and glycolic acid (6.4%), has a higher skin-depigmenting potential than RA 0.05% in the tail skin of C57BL/6 mice. This effect was observed in reducing the number of functioning melanocytes and/or in inhibiting their ability to synthesise melanin. In addition, the visually recognisable depigmenting effect of RALGA was evident earlier than that of RA, i.e. only after 1 week of application. RALGA may therefore serve as a depigmenting product for the treatment of skin hyperpigmentary disorders. Postacne hyperpigmented lesions represent a very common pigmentary problem among acne patients. RALGA may thus act as an anti-acne product, due to the presence of RAL--an RA precursor--which could simultaneously remove the postacne hyperpigmented lesions in such patients.
Cellular basis of defective sperm function and its association with the genesis of reactive oxygen species by human spermatozoa (1987)

Addition of the divalent cation ionophore, A23187, to washed populations of human spermatozoa resulted in a sudden burst of production of reactive oxygen species which peaked within 3-5 min. This activity was dependent upon the presence of calcium in the external medium and was unaffected by the mitochondrial inhibitors, oligomycin, antimycin and rotenone. Studies with scavengers of reactive oxygen species revealed that, while reagents directed against singlet oxygen and the hydroxyl radical were without effect, cytochrome C reduced the response to A23187 by about 50%, suggesting that the superoxide anion radical is a major product of the activated human spermatozoon. The clinical implications of these studies stem from the considerable variation observed between individuals in the levels of reactive oxygen species produced by the spermatozoa. This variability was shown to be inversely related to the ability of the spermatozoa to exhibit sperm-oocyte fusion on exposure to A23187; defective samples exhibited a basal level of reactive oxygen species production which was 40 times that observed with normal functional cells.
Amino Acid Analysis of Shell Membranes of Eggs From Young and Old Hens Varying in Shell Quality (1977)

The amino acid composition of egg shell membranes was determined on membranes from eggs from young (28 weeks) and old (72 weeks) hens having low, medium or high shell deformation. The amino acid composition of the shell membranes of the various treatment groups showed relatively small differences due to treatment. The shell membranes contained relatively large amounts of the sulfur containing amino acids, cystine (9–10%) and methionine (3–4%), suggesting that the protein is a keratin since no hydroxyproline was found. The use of stepwise discriminant analysis of the amino acid data enabled correct classification of the shell membranes by treatment groups and indicated the amino acids of greatest importance in the classification of the shell membranes.
Organometallic Silver(I) Supramolecular Complexes Generated from Multidentate Furan-Containing Symmetric and Unsymmetric Fulvene Ligands and Silver(I) Salts (2005)

One new conjugated symmetric fulvene ligand L1 and two new unsymmetric fulvene ligands L2 and L3 were synthesized. Five new supramolecular complexes, namely Ag2(L1)3(SO3CF3)3 (1) (1, monoclinic, P2(1)/c; a = 12.702(3) A, b = 26.118(7) A, c = 13.998(4) A, beta = 96.063(4) degrees, Z = 4), [Ag(L1)]ClO4 (2) (monoclinic, C2/c; a = 17.363(2) A, b = 13.2794(18) A, c = 13.4884(18) A, beta = 100.292(2) degrees, Z = 8), [Ag(L1)(C6H6)SbF6] x 0.5C6H6 x H2O (3) (monoclinic, P2(1)/c; a = 6.8839(11) A, b = 20.242(3) A, c = 18.934(3) A, beta = 91.994(3) degrees, Z = 4), Ag(L2)(SO3CF3) (4) (triclinic, P1; a = 8.629(3) A, b = 10.915(3) A, c = 11.178(3) A, alpha = 100.978(4) degrees, beta = 91.994(3) degrees, gamma = 105.652(4) degrees, Z = 2), and Ag(L3)(H2O)(SO3CF3) (5) (triclinic, P1; a = 8.914(5) A, b = 10.809(6) A, c = 11.283(6) A, alpha = 69.255(8) degrees, beta = 87.163(9) degrees, gamma = 84.993(8) degrees, Z = 2) were obtained through self-assembly based on these three new fulvene ligands in a benzene/toluene mixed-solvent system. Compounds 1-5 have been fully characterized by infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that the coordination chemistry of new fulvene ligands is versatile. They can adopt either cis- or trans-conformation to bind soft acid Ag(I) ion through not only the terminal -CN and furan functional groups but also the fulvene carbon atoms into organometallic coordination polymers or discrete complexes. In addition, the luminescent properties of L1-L3 and their Ag(I) complexes were investigated preliminarily in EtOH and solid state.
Improving target cell specificity using a novel monovalent bispecific IgG design (2015)

Monovalent bispecific IgGs cater to a distinct set of mechanisms of action but are difficult to engineer and manufacture because of complexities associated with correct heavy and light chain pairing. We have created a novel design, "DuetMab," for efficient production of these molecules. The platform uses knobs-into-holes (KIH) technology for heterodimerization of 2 distinct heavy chains and increases the efficiency of cognate heavy and light chain pairing by replacing the native disulfide bond in one of the CH1-CL interfaces with an engineered disulfide bond. Using two pairs of antibodies, cetuximab (anti-EGFR) and trastuzumab (anti-HER2), and anti-CD40 and anti-CD70 antibodies, we demonstrate that DuetMab antibodies can be produced in a highly purified and active form, and show for the first time that monovalent bispecific IgGs can concurrently bind both antigens on the same cell. This last property compensates for the loss of avidity brought about by monovalency and improves selectivity toward the target cell.
Characteristics of the Microplate Method of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection of Plant Viruses (1977)

Some characteristics of a microplate method for the detection and assay of plant viruses using enzyme-labelled antibodies are described. The method enabled the highly sensitive detection of a number of morphologically different viruses in purified preparations and in unclarified extracts of herbaceous hosts and of infected crop plants. Virus concentrations were estimated by photometric measurement of the colour intensity of the hydrolysed substrate. The suitability of the tehcnique for various field and research applications is considered.
Force-mediated kinetics of single P-selectin/ligand complexes observed by atomic force microscopy (1998)

Leukocytes roll along the endothelium of postcapillary venules in response to inflammatory signals. Rolling under the hydrodynamic drag forces of blood flow is mediated by the interaction between selectins and their ligands across the leukocyte and endothelial cell surfaces. Here we present force-spectroscopy experiments on single complexes of P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 by atomic force microscopy to determine the intrinsic molecular properties of this dynamic adhesion process. By modeling intermolecular and intramolecular forces as well as the adhesion probability in atomic force microscopy experiments we gain information on rupture forces, elasticity, and kinetics of the P-selectin/P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 interaction. The complexes are able to withstand forces up to 165 pN and show a chain-like elasticity with a molecular spring constant of 5.3 pN nm-1 and a persistence length of 0.35 nm. The dissociation constant (off-rate) varies over three orders of magnitude from 0.02 s-1 under zero force up to 15 s-1 under external applied forces. Rupture force and lifetime of the complexes are not constant, but directly depend on the applied force per unit time, which is a product of the intrinsic molecular elasticity and the external pulling velocity. The high strength of binding combined with force-dependent rate constants and high molecular elasticity are tailored to support physiological leukocyte rolling.
The effect of interferon alfa and ribavirin combination therapy in naive patients with chronic hepatitis C. (1995)

Combination therapy was significantly superior to ribavirin or interferon monotherapy in producing a sustained response in interferon-naive patients with chronic hepatitis C (p < 0.05). The results of our study suggest that ribavirin potentiates the effect of interferon therapy in chronic hepatitis C.
The RXR ortholog USP suppresses early metamorphic processes in Drosophila in the absence of ecdysteroids (2000)

The steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) initiates metamorphosis in insects by signaling through the ecdysone receptor complex, a heterodimer of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (USP). Analysis of usp mutant clones in the wing disc of Drosophila shows that in the absence of USP, early hormone responsive genes such as EcR, DHR3 and E75B fail to up-regulate in response to 20E, but other genes that are normally expressed later, such as (&bgr;)-Ftz-F1 and the Z1 isoform of the Broad-Complex (BRC-Z1), are expressed precociously. Sensory neuron formation and axonal outgrowth, two early metamorphic events, also occur prematurely. In vitro experiments with cultured wing discs showed that BRC-Z1 expression and early metamorphic development are rendered steroid-independent in the usp mutant clones. These results are consistent with a model in which these latter processes are induced by a signal arising during the middle of the last larval stage but suppressed by the unliganded EcR/USP complex. Our observations suggest that silencing by the unliganded EcR/USP receptor and the subsequent release of silencing by moderate steroid levels may play an important role in coordinating early phases of steroid driven development.
Fabrication and properties of n-channel SiGe/Si modulation doped field-effect transistors grown by MBE (1985)

/1/ utilizing the enhanced mobility in the quantum well at the SiGe/Si heterointerface/2/. We report the first fabrication of n-channel modulation doped SiGe/Si FETs. The layer sequence is grown by Si-MBE on (100) Si substrates. High resistivity substrates (104Qcm, p-) are used in order to reduce parasitic substrate influences. The active structure was prepared by successively growing a Sio.75 Ge0.25 undoped buffer layer of 0.2 m thickness, 20 nm undoped Si, 10 nm Sio.5 Ge0.5 doped by an Sb spike in the center of the layer, a 10 nm Sil-xGex graded layer with x - 0.5 + 0, and an undoped Si top layer. The doping of the Si0.5Ge0.5-layer was done by the methode of doping by secondary implantation 131. Separate investigations by SDH-measurements /4/ have demonstrated that the electrons are transfered from the Sb doped Sio.5Geo .5 layer into the adjacent undoped Si layer, there forming a two-dimensional electron gas in a single quantum well. The MESFETs are fabricated in conventional mesa and lift-off technique. Dry etching technology was used. AuSb was evaporated and ailoyed at about 320 C for 30 seconds to form the ohmic contacts. No additional contact or channel region for doping was used. The gate is an evaporated sandwich structure of Pt-Ti-Au. The selection of Pt and an undoped Si top layer ensures a high quality Schottky contact. A slight plasma etching was done before the evaporation. The gate length, the gate width and the channel length of the experimental devices are 1.5, 160, and 4.5pm, respectively. The dc investigations demonstrate characteristics without any loops and with a neat pinch-off behaviour. Despite of fairly high access-resistances the best devices show an extrinsic transconductance of 40 mS/mm, typical values are 36 mS/rmn. Though our devices are in no way optimized these values are at least comparable to the values of optimized Si-MESFETs with only half the gate length of our devices and an even high carrier concentration in the channel 151. Using the scaling gmal/LG the MODFETs presented here exceed the transconductance of convention MESFETs by a factor of 2.
Interrelationship of Xylanase Induction and Cellulase Induction of Trichoderma longibrachiatum (1990)

Xylose oligomers rapidly induced xylanase activity of Trichoderma longibrachiatum, whereas induction was delayed in the presence of glucose. Cellobiose, cellopentaose, and xylobiose did not induce detectable levels of cellulase activity. However, mixtures of xylobiose with cellobiose or cellopentaose rapidly induced cellulase activity. In addition, mixtures of xylobiose with cellopentaose or cellobiose induced xylanase activity more effectively than xylobiose alone. Both xylanase and cellulase activity were detected after a lag period in the presence of lactose.
A Review of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters for Photovoltaic Modules (2005)

This review focuses on inverter technologies for connecting photovoltaic (PV) modules to a single-phase grid. The inverters are categorized into four classifications: 1) the number of power processing stages in cascade; 2) the type of power decoupling between the PV module(s) and the single-phase grid; 3) whether they utilizes a transformer (either line or high frequency) or not; and 4) the type of grid-connected power stage. Various inverter topologies are presented, compared, and evaluated against demands, lifetime, component ratings, and cost. Finally, some of the topologies are pointed out as the best candidates for either single PV module or multiple PV module applications.
Obesity as an Adverse Prognostic Factor for Patients Receiving Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer (1994)

Obesity is an indicator of poor prognosis for patients with primary breast cancer even after the administration of adjuvant chemotherapy. The effect of dietary interventions to reduce body weight on the outcome of breast cancer therapy must be investigated.
The D1.1 antigen: a cell surface marker for germinal cells of the central nervous system (1984)

A monoclonal antibody against a cell surface ganglioside present on neuroepithelial cells was produced by immunizing mice with the B49 cell line, a clonal line with properties of both neurons and glial cells. The expression of this antigen, designated as D1.1, was analyzed in the developing rat cerebellum. The D1.1 antigen was localized by the immunofluorescent staining method to germinal cells of the external granule layer (EGL). Fluorescent labeling of cells comprising the EGL was apparent on embryonic day 18 when the EGL first forms, and the labeling was present throughout the period of postnatal cerebellar development. No cells within the adult cerebellum were labeled with the anti-D1.1 antibody. The D1.1-labeled cells of the EGL synthesize DNA, as demonstrated by [3H] thymidine autoradiography. However, within 48 hr after their final mitosis, nascent cerebellar cells that had migrated away from the external granule layer were no longer labeled with antibody. Some of the neurons and some of the astrocytes in cerebellar cell cultures were fluorescently labeled with the anti-D1.1 antibody. The number of anti-D1.1-labeled neurons in the cultures decreased over the first 10 days in vitro in agreement with the findings that in vivo the fluorescent labeling of the D1.1 antigen disappears from postmitotic cells. The antibody recognizes a ganglioside that in thin layer chromatographic experiments has a mobility between that of the GM1 and GM2 ganglioside. These data suggest that the D1.1 ganglioside antigen is a cell surface marker for germinal cells and that the acquisition and subsequent loss of this antigen is an aspect of the biochemical maturation of neurons and glial cells.
Soft Red Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Response to Dicamba and Dicamba Plus 2,4-D (1989)

Soft red winter wheat cultivars were evaluated in field experiments in Georgia for tolerance to dicamba alone and mixed with 2,4-D. Treatments reduced ‘Florida 302’ yield more than ‘Florida 301’ or ‘Coker 983’ at Tifton in 1986. Mid-tillering Florida 302 wheat was more sensitive to treatment than fully tillered wheat. In 1987, dicamba plus 2,4-D applied at mid-tillering reduced yields of all cultivars in Watkinsville. Injury and yield reductions occurred primarily when mid-tiller treatments were applied to wheat that was planted 10 or 21 days later than recommended at Tifton or Watkinsville, respectively. When applied according to labeling, dicamba or dicamba plus 2,4-D use in Georgia soft red winter wheat can reduce grain yield.
Synthesis of ABA Triblock Copolymers via Acyclic Diene Metathesis Polymerization and Living Polymerization of α-Amino Acid−N-Carboxyanhydrides (2001)

The synthesis of poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate)-b-polyoctenamer-b-poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate) (13) and poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate)-b-polyethylene-b-poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate) (14) triblock copolymers is described. α,ω-Bisamino-terminated polyoctenamer (5) was used to prepare a difunctional macroinitiator (12) used for the living polymerization of γ-benzyl-l-glutamic acid−N-carboxyanhydride (Glu−NCA) to form the triblock copolymers. 5 was synthesized by acyclic diene metathesis polymerization of 1,9-decadiene (1) in the presence of 11-phthalimido-1-undecene (2) and Grubbs' metathesis catalyst, RuCl2(CHPh)(PCy3)2 (3). Deprotection of the resulting phthalimide end-functionalized polymers (4) was performed, leading to difunctional 5 with number-average functionalities close to two. These methods allow the controlled preparation of polypeptide/(hydrocarbon polymer) block architectures with good control over the chain lengths of both domains and without formation of homopolypeptide contaminants.
Combined effect of chemopreventive agent N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR) and gamma-radiation on bladder cancer cell lines. (1998)

The incidence of bladder cancer has increased in the United States during the past 50 years, consistent with increased exposure to bladder carcinogens in the environment and tobacco use. Although N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR), a retinoid derivative, has been used as a chemopreventive agent of bladder cancer in clinical trials, little is known about its mechanisms of action against bladder cancer cells. Previous studies suggest this chemopreventive agent may inhibit tumor growth by inducing apoptosis. To further investigate this putative effect, we examined the effect of 4-HPR and gamma-radiation and their combined effects in three selected bladder cancer cell lines. Indeed, 4-HPR induced apoptosis in these cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. A 2.5 microM dose of 4-HPR and 50 rad of gamma-irradiation induced about 10% increase in apoptotic cells, respectively. However, this low dose 4-HPR combined with low dose gamma-irradiation had a synergistic effect on apoptosis, in which apoptotic cells increased by more than 30%. The findings have potential clinical implications and warrant further investigations both in vitro and in vivo in bladder cancer.
Recognition of Capped RNA Substrates by VP39, the Vaccinia Virus-Encoded mRNA Cap-Specific 2‘-O-Methyltransferase (1998)

We have investigated the interaction of VP39, the vaccinia-encoded mRNA cap-specific 2'-O-methyltransferase, with its capped RNA substrate. Two sites on the protein surface, responsible for binding the terminal cap nucleotide (m7G) and cap-proximal RNA, were characterized, and a third (downstream RNA binding) site was identified. Regarding the crystallographically defined m7G binding pocket, VP39 showed significant activity with adenine-capped RNA. Although VP39 mutants lacking specific m7G-contact side chains within the pocket showed reduced catalytic activity, none was transformed into a cap-independent RNA methyltransferase. Moreover, each retained a preference for m7G and A over unmethylated G as the terminal cap nucleotide, indicating a redundancy of m7G-contact residues able to confer cap-type specificity. Despite containing the 2'-O-methylation site, m7GpppG (cap dinucleotide) could not be methylated by VP39, but m7GpppGUbiotinp could. This indicated the minimum-length 2'-O-methyltransferase substrate to be either m7GpppGp, m7GpppGpN, or m7GpppGpNp. RNA-protein contacts immediately downstream of the m7GpppG moiety were found to be pH-sensitive. This was detectable only in the context of a weakened interaction of near-minimum-length substrates with VP39's m7G binding pocket (through the use of either adenine-capped substrate or a VP39 pocket mutant), as a dramatic elevation of KM at pH values above 7.5. KM values for substrates with RNA chain lengths of 2-6 nt were between 160 and 230 nM, but dropped to 9-15 nM upon increasing chain lengths to 20-50 nt. This suggested the binding of regions of the RNA substrate >6 nt from the 5' terminus to a previously unknown site on the VP39 surface.
Mutations in PMR1 suppress oxidative damage in yeast cells lacking superoxide dismutase (1995)

Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking a functional SOD1 gene encoding Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) are sensitive to atmospheric levels of oxygen and are auxotrophic for lysine and methionine when grown in air. We have previously shown that these defects of SOD-deficient yeast cells can be overcome through mutations in either the BSD1 or BSD2 (bypass SOD defects) gene. In this study, the wild-type allele of BSD1 was cloned by functional complementation and was physically mapped to the left arm of chromosome VII. BSD1 is identical to PMR1, encoding a member of the P-type ATPase family that localizes to the Golgi apparatus. PMR1 is thought to function in calcium metabolism, and we provide evidence that PMR1 also participates in the homeostasis of manganese ions. Cells lacking a functional PMR1 gene accumulate elevated levels of intracellular manganese and are also extremely sensitive to manganese ion toxicity. We demonstrate that mutations in PMR1 bypass SOD deficiency through a mechanism that depends on extracellular manganese. Collectively, these findings indicate that oxidative damage in a eukaryotic cell can be prevented through alterations in manganese homeostasis.