gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rapid and Reproducible Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube AFM Probes by Dielectrophoresis (2004)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetterNEXTRapid and Reproducible Fabrication of Carbon Nanotube AFM Probes by DielectrophoresisJie Tang, Guang Yang, Qi Zhang, Ahmet Parhat, Ben Maynor, Jie Liu, Lu-Chang Qin, and Otto ZhouView Author Information Department of Physics and Astronomy and Curriculum in Applied and Materials Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan, and Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 Cite this: Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 1, 11–14Publication Date (Web):November 24, 2004Publication History Received26 July 2004Revised23 October 2004Published online24 November 2004Published inissue 1 January 2005https://doi.org/10.1021/nl048803yCopyright © 2005 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1389Altmetric-Citations99LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (306 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Carbon nanotubes,Dielectrophoresis,Electrodes,Probes,Transmission electron microscopy Get e-Alerts
Cell proliferation & apoptosis (2003)

1 Introduction to Cell Proliferation and Cell Death. 2. Determination of Cell Number. 3. Nuclear Changes in Dividing Cells. 4. Cell Cycle Proteins. 5. Telomeres and the Control of Cell Division. 6. The Nucleolus and Cell Proliferation. 7. Membrane Alterations in Dying Cells. 8. Morphological Changes in Dying Cells. 9. Caspase Detection and Analysis. 10. Mitochondrial Permeability Changes in Apoptosis. 11. Nuclear Changes in Dying Cells. 12. Flow Cytometric Studies of Cell Death.
Animal models and programming of the metabolic syndrome (2001)

The purpose of this review is to consider how current animal models of fetal programming contribute to knowledge of the metabolic syndrome in adult humans. Low birth weight infants have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular and coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes and stroke in adulthood. A number of animal studies confirm the association between events during fetal life and subsequent adult disease. This review considers how these have contributed to our understanding of this relationship, and how they may help to uncover the underlying mechanisms. The importance of dietary, pharmacological, genetic and surgical models is assessed, and their usefulness in the prevention of human disease evaluated. Although progress has been made, further investigations using animals are needed to clarify the mechanisms involved in the programming of adult disease. Once these processes are understood, it may be possible to identify and protect at-risk individuals.
Photochemical Sensing of NO2 with SnO2 Nanoribbon Nanosensors at Room Temperature (2002)

Gute Kandidaten für miniaturisierte, hochempfindliche Gassensoren für viele Anwendungen sind einzelne einkristalline SnO2-Nanobänder. Hier wird gezeigt, dass sie zum Nachweis von NO2 im ppm-Bereich bei Raumtemperatur und Bestrahlung mit UV-Licht geeignet sind. Das Bild illustriert, dass sie bei Licht der Wellenlänge 365 nm sogar nahe der Grenze ihres Nachweisvermögens verlässlich arbeiten.
Rosiglitazone prevents the onset of hyperglycaemia and proteinuria in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat (2000)

Our results demonstrate that in ZDF rats, rosiglitazone prevents the progression from insulin resistance to overt diabetes. These data provide a rationale for investigating whether treatment with rosiglitazone of patients with early signs of perturbed glucose metabolism (e.g. impaired fasting glucose (IGT)) may prevent the progression to type 2 diabetes and its associated complications.
Efficient detection of all pointer and array access errors (1994)

We present a pointer and array access checking technique that provides complete error coverage through a simple set of program transformations. Our technique, based on an extended safe pointer representation, has a number of novel aspects. Foremost, it is the first technique that detects all spatial and temporal access errors. Its use is not limited by the expressiveness of the language; that is, it can be applied successfully to compiled or interpreted languages with subscripted and mutable pointers, local references, and explicit and typeless dynamic storage management, e.g., C. Because it is a source level transformation, it is amenable to both compile- and run-time optimization. Finally, its performance, even without compile-time optimization, is quite good. We implemented a prototype translator for the C language and analyzed the checking overheads of six non-trivial, pointer intensive programs. Execution overheads range from 130% to 540%; with text and data size overheads typically below 100%.
Assessing the potential of mutational strategies to elicit new phenotypes in industrial strains (2008)

Industrial strains have been traditionally improved by rational approaches and combinatorial methods involving mutagenesis and selection. Recently, other methods have emerged, such as the use of artificial transcription factors and engineering of the native ones. As methods for generating genetic diversity continue to proliferate, the need for quantifying phenotypic diversity and, hence, assessing the potential of various genetic libraries for strain improvement becomes more pronounced. Here, we present a metric based on the quantification of phenotypic diversity, using Lactobacillus plantarum as a model organism. We found that phenotypic diversity can be introduced by mutagenesis of the principal sigma factor, that this diversity can be modulated by tuning the sequence diversity, and that this method compares favorably with commonly used protocols for chemical mutagenesis. The results of the diversity metric here developed also correlated well with the probability of finding improved mutants in the different libraries, as determined by recursive screening under stress. In addition, we subjected our libraries to lactic and inorganic acids and found strains with improved growth in both conditions, with a concomitant increase in lactate productivity.
Designer T cells by T cell receptor replacement (2006)

T cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer is a convenient method to produce antigen-specific T cells for adoptive therapy. However, the expression of two TCR in T cells could impair their function or cause unwanted effects by mixed TCR heterodimers. With five different TCR and four different T cells, either mouse or human, we show that some TCR are strong--in terms of cell surface expression--and replace weak TCR on the cell surface, resulting in exchange of antigen specificity. Two strong TCR are co-expressed. A mouse TCR replaces human TCR on human T cells. Even though it is still poorly understood why some TCRalpha/beta combinations are preferentially expressed on T cells, our data suggest that, in the future, designer T cells with exclusive tumor reactivity can be generated by T cell engineering.
THE AMERICAN CONGRESS READER (2008)

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Polypeptides of Pneumonia Virus of Mice. I. Immunological Cross-reactions and Post-translational Modifications (1989)

A murine polyclonal antiserum and monoclonal antibodies have been employed to identify pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) polypeptides in infected cells and to study post-translational modifications. Immunoprecipitation experiments using a murine polyclonal antiserum and a monoclonal antibody directed against a 39K protein have established an antigenic relationship between two PVM proteins and the N and P proteins of human respiratory syncytial virus. Although 20 virus-specific polypeptides have been identified in lysates of infected cells, evidence is presented that some of these are related and that the number of unique polypeptides probably does not exceed 11 or 12. The phosphoproteins of PVM have a pattern of mobilities more like that of the recently described pneumovirus causing rhinotracheitis in turkeys than that of human or bovine respiratory syncytial virus.
Overexpression and amplification of the met/HGF receptor gene during the progression of colorectal cancer. (1995)

The c-met oncogene encodes the receptor for hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, a potent mitogen for epithelial cells that also promotes cell motility and invasiveness. We have studied the changes of c-met gene expression that occur during the progression of colorectal tumors. Sixteen adenomas, 123 primitive carcinomas, and 25 liver metastases were examined. In several instances it was possible to compare same-patient samples of normal colon mucosa against primary tumor and primary carcinoma against synchronous metastasis. The expression of the c-met gene was increased from 5- to 50-fold in about 50% of tumors, at any stage of progression, and in 70% of liver metastases. Overexpression was associated with amplification of the c-met gene in only 10% of carcinomas, but in 8 of 9 metastases examined. These data suggest that overexpression of the c-met oncogene contributes a selective growth advantage to neoplastic colorectal cells at any stage of tumor progression. Moreover, amplification appears to give a further selective advantage for the acquisition of metastatic potential.
Mutations in the human SC4MOL gene encoding a methyl sterol oxidase cause psoriasiform dermatitis, microcephaly, and developmental delay (2011)

Defects in cholesterol synthesis result in a wide variety of symptoms, from neonatal lethality to the relatively mild dysmorphic features and developmental delay found in individuals with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. We report here the identification of mutations in sterol-C4-methyl oxidase–like gene (SC4MOL) as the cause of an autosomal recessive syndrome in a human patient with psoriasiform dermatitis, arthralgias, congenital cataracts, microcephaly, and developmental delay. This gene encodes a sterol-C4-methyl oxidase (SMO), which catalyzes demethylation of C4-methylsterols in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. C4-Methylsterols are meiosis-activating sterols (MASs). They exist at high concentrations in the testis and ovary and play roles in meiosis activation. In this study, we found that an accumulation of MASs in the patient led to cell overproliferation in both skin and blood. SMO deficiency also substantially altered immunocyte phenotype and in vitro function. MASs serve as ligands for liver X receptors α and β(LXRα and LXRβ), which are important in regulating not only lipid transport in the epidermis, but also innate and adaptive immunity. Deficiency of SMO represents a biochemical defect in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, the clinical spectrum of which remains to be defined.
Whole genome analysis: Experimental access to all genome sequenced segments through larger-scale efficient oligonucleotide synthesis and PCR (1997)

The recent ability to sequence whole genomes allows ready access to all genetic material. The approaches outlined here allow automated analysis of sequence for the synthesis of optimal primers in an automated multiplex oligonucleotide synthesizer (AMOS). The efficiency is such that all ORFs for an organism can be amplified by PCR. The resulting amplicons can be used directly in the construction of DNA arrays or can be cloned for a large variety of functional analyses. These tools allow a replacement of single-gene analysis with a highly efficient whole-genome analysis.
Neuroprotection by Gene Therapy Targeting Mutant SOD1 in Individual Pools of Motor Neurons Does not Translate Into Therapeutic Benefit in fALS Mice (2010)

A major challenge in neurological gene therapy is delivery of the transgene to sufficient cell numbers in an atraumatic manner. This is particularly difficult for motor neuron (MN) diseases that have cells located across the entire spinal cord, brain stem, and cortex. We have used the familial mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to examine the feasibility of body-wide intramuscular injections of adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (AAV6), a vector capable of axonal retrograde transport, to deliver therapeutic genetic information across the lower MN axis. Neonatal muscle delivery of AAV expressing small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against the toxic transgene in this model, human mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (mSOD1), led to significant mSOD1 knockdown in the muscle as well as innervating MNs. This knockdown conferred neuroprotection and halted muscle atrophy in individually targeted MN pools. However, despite the vector being targeted to MNs that innervate muscle groups controlling eating, breathing, and locomotion, this approach was unable to therapeutically impact on disease progression in the ALS mouse model. These results stress the complexity of gene delivery for mSOD1 silencing and suggest that critical thresholds of protein knockdown and transduction across various cell types are required to translate local neuroprotective effects into functional improvements.
Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi (2012)

Six DNA regions were evaluated as potential DNA barcodes for Fungi, the second largest kingdom of eukaryotic life, by a multinational, multilaboratory consortium. The region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 used as the animal barcode was excluded as a potential marker, because it is difficult to amplify in fungi, often includes large introns, and can be insufficiently variable. Three subunits from the nuclear ribosomal RNA cistron were compared together with regions of three representative protein-coding genes (largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, and minichromosome maintenance protein). Although the protein-coding gene regions often had a higher percent of correct identification compared with ribosomal markers, low PCR amplification and sequencing success eliminated them as candidates for a universal fungal barcode. Among the regions of the ribosomal cistron, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region has the highest probability of successful identification for the broadest range of fungi, with the most clearly defined barcode gap between inter- and intraspecific variation. The nuclear ribosomal large subunit, a popular phylogenetic marker in certain groups, had superior species resolution in some taxonomic groups, such as the early diverging lineages and the ascomycete yeasts, but was otherwise slightly inferior to the ITS. The nuclear ribosomal small subunit has poor species-level resolution in fungi. ITS will be formally proposed for adoption as the primary fungal barcode marker to the Consortium for the Barcode of Life, with the possibility that supplementary barcodes may be developed for particular narrowly circumscribed taxonomic groups.
Measuring anxiety in the elderly : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Psychology at Massey University (2006)

The present study investigated the measurement of anxiety across age, with particular attention being paid to old older adults (75+ years). Comparisons of scores from the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Scale (STAI-t), and the Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale for the Elderly (AMAS-E) were made across three age groups: Adult (35-54), Young older (55-74), and Old older (75+). The relationship between anxiety and depression was also investigated with the inclusion of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) for comparison with the anxiety measures. It was found that BAI scores increased with age, with older adults having mean scores near the mild anxiety cutoff. The BAI also had poor correlations with, and different standardized scores to, other anxiety measures, indicating poor construct validity for the BAI with this non-clinical sample. The BDI poorly correlated with the GDS and with anxiety measures with Old older adults, indicating that it may not be the effective measure it is with younger adults. The present findings suggest that the presentation of anxiety may be different in adults over 75 years old compared to younger adults. Furthermore, some of the current self-report measures that are commonly used in clinical practice and research are not as effective assessment tools with this age group as they are with younger groups.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Duocarmycin A, epi-(+)-Duocarmycin A and Their Unnatural Enantiomers:  Assessment of Chemical and Biological Properties (1997)

Full details of an enantioselective total synthesis of (+)-duocarmycin A (1) are described in which a solution to the control of the relative and absolute stereochemistry of the remote stereocenters is provided. Catalytic asymmetric dihydroxylation of 15 was employed to introduce the absolute stereochemistry required for the activated cyclopropane, and a diastereoselective Dieckmann-type condensation of 61 was employed to control the absolute stereochemistry of the C6 quaternary center. The complementary diastereoselectivity of a thermodynamic versus kinetic condensation of 61 permitted the divergent synthesis of (+)-duocarmycin A or epi-(+)-duocarmycin A from common intermediates. Final introduction of the reactive cyclopropane was accomplished by transannular spirocyclization of the mesylate 44 upon treatment with base or directly from the corresponding free alcohol itself, duocarmycin D1 (42), upon Mitsunobu activation. Notably, the asymmetric dihydroxylation of 15 employing (DHQD)2-PHAL/(DHQ)2-PHAL was found to proceed with a reverse enantioselectivity than predicted from established models. Employing this approach, the key partial structures (+)-N-BOC-DA (67) and (+)-6-epi-N-BOC-DA (71) and their unnatural enantiomers were also prepared, and a study of their acid-catalyzed solvolysis reactivity, regioselectivity (3:2), and stereochemistry is detailed. Notably, the solvolysis reaction regioselectivity is lower than the characteristic adenine N3 alkylation of duplex DNA, which proceeds with exclusive nucleophilic addition to the least substituted C8 cyclopropane carbon. This may be attributed to the significant destabilizing torsional strain and steric interactions characteristic of the SN2 reaction of a large nucleophile that accompany the abnormal addition of adenine when restricted to the minor groove bound orientation of the reactants.
Production of α1,3-Galactosyltransferase-Deficient Pigs (2003)

The enzyme alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT or GGTA1) synthesizes alpha1,3-galactose (alpha1,3Gal) epitopes (Galalpha1,3Galbeta1,4GlcNAc-R), which are the major xenoantigens causing hyperacute rejection in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Complete removal of alpha1,3Gal from pig organs is the critical step toward the success of xenotransplantation. We reported earlier the targeted disruption of one allele of the alpha1,3GT gene in cloned pigs. A selection procedure based on a bacterial toxin was used to select for cells in which the second allele of the gene was knocked out. Sequencing analysis demonstrated that knockout of the second allele of the alpha1,3GT gene was caused by a T-to-G single point mutation at the second base of exon 9, which resulted in inactivation of the alpha1,3GT protein. Four healthy alpha1,3GT double-knockout female piglets were produced by three consecutive rounds of cloning. The piglets carrying a point mutation in the alpha1,3GT gene hold significant value, as they would allow production of alpha1,3Gal-deficient pigs free of antibiotic-resistance genes and thus have the potential to make a safer product for human use.
Estimating the Population Burden of Lymphedema (2008)

Lymphedema is a complex, regional edematous state that ensues when lymph transport is insufficient to maintain tissue homeostasis. The disorder is remarkably prevalent, but the population implications of lymphatic dysfunction are not well-studied. Prevalence estimates for lymphedema are relatively high, yet its prevalence is likely underestimated. The ability to estimate the burden of disease poses profound implications for current and future lymphedema patients, but the challenge to correctly surmise the incidence and prevalence of lymphedema is complex and the relevant medical literature is scanty. In the absence of the highly desired, prospectively designed and rigorously performed relevant epidemiologic studies, it is instructive to look at the existing studies of lymphedema disease burden. In the current review, the extant literature is examined in the context of the disease setting in which tissue edema is encountered. Incidence or prevalence estimates are provided or inferred, and, where feasible, the size of the subject population is also identified. It is extremely attractive to contemplate that future approaches will entail formal, prospectively designed studies to objectively quantitate incidence and prevalence statistics for individual categories, as well as for the global lymphedema population.
Role of the EBNA-1 Protein in Pausing of Replication Forks in the Epstein-Barr Virus Genome (1996)

We have previously shown that replication forks stall at a family of repeated sequences (FR) within the Epstein-Barr virus latent origin of replication oriP, both in a small plasmid and in the intact Epstein-Barr virus genome. Each of the 20 repeated sequences within the FR contains a binding site for Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1), the only viral protein required for latent replication. We showed that the EBNA-1 protein enhances the accumulation of paused replication forks at the FR. In this study, we have investigated a series of truncated EBNA-1 proteins to determine the portion of the EBNA-1 protein that is responsible for pausing of forks at the FR. Two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis was performed on the products of in vitro replication reactions in the presence of full-length EBNA-1 or proteins with various deletions to assess the extent of fork pausing at the FR. We conclude that a portion of the DNA binding domain is important for fork pausing. We also present evidence indicating that phosphorylation of the EBNA-1 protein or EBNA-1-truncated derivatives is not essential for pausing. To investigate the mechanism of EBNA-1-mediated pausing of replication forks, we asked whether EBNA-1 could inhibit the DNA unwinding activity of replicative helicases. We found that EBNA-1, when bound to the FR, inhibits DNA unwinding in vitro by SV40 T antigen and Escherichia coli dnaB helicases in an orientation-independent manner.
SNP‐based non‐invasive prenatal testing detects sex chromosome aneuploidies with high accuracy (2013)

This method non-invasively detected 45,X, 47,XXY, and 47,XYY fetuses from cell-free DNA isolated from maternal plasma with high calculated accuracies and thus offers a non-invasive method with the potential to function as a routine screen allowing for early prenatal detection of rarely diagnosed yet commonly occurring sex aneuploidies.