gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emulsion Spray-Drying for the Preparation of Albumin-Loaded PLGA Microspheres (2001)

The purpose of this work was to study the encapsulation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microspheres using an emulsion/ spray-drying method. Albumin was dissolved in an aqueous phase (w) in the presence of surfactant and emulsified in an organic phase containing the polymer (o). To stabilize the emulsion, different types of surfactant (Pluronic F68, Pluronic F127, sodium oleate, dioctylsulfosuccinate) were added to the aqueous phase. The w/o emulsion was spray-dried to obtain BSA-loaded PLGA microspheres. The effect of type of surfactant on microsphere characteristics was evaluated. The microspheres were characterized for their morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and granulometric analysis; drug content determination and in vitro dissolution tests were performed. Results showed that the emulsion/spray-drying method is suitable for obtaining small microparticles (2-5 micron) characterized by high drug payloads (70%-80% encapsulation efficiency). The type of surfactant affects the microsphere shape and BSA release
Neurological perspectives on voltage-gated sodium channels (2012)

The activity of voltage-gated sodium channels has long been linked to disorders of neuronal excitability such as epilepsy and chronic pain. Recent genetic studies have now expanded the role of sodium channels in health and disease, to include autism, migraine, multiple sclerosis, cancer as well as muscle and immune system disorders. Transgenic mouse models have proved useful in understanding the physiological role of individual sodium channels, and there has been significant progress in the development of subtype selective inhibitors of sodium channels. This review will outline the functions and roles of specific sodium channels in electrical signalling and disease, focusing on neurological aspects. We also discuss recent advances in the development of selective sodium channel inhibitors.
Hepatocyte growth factor facilitates cartilage repair: Full thickness articular cartilage defect studied in rabbit knees (1997)

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a multifunctional factor which promotes proliferation, motility and morphogenesis in epithelial cells. In addition, it has been found to play an important role in cartilage metabolism. To investigate articular cartilage repair using HGF in vivo, we injected HGF into rabbit knee joints, where 4 mm diameter osteochondral defects had been made, and observed the animals for 6 months. We found that HGF effectively repaired osteochondral defects. The repair process of the articular cartilage defects using HGF was shown to be much better than saline injection on all macroscopic and histologic examinations. Although the observation period in our study was short, HGF is one of the most promising candidates for repairing articular cartilage defects clinically.
Cyclic Carbonate Formation from Carbon Dioxide and Oxiranes in Tetrabutylammonium Halides as Solvents and Catalysts (2002)

[reaction: see text] Epoxides dissolved in molten tetralkylammonium salts bearing halides as counterions are converted into cyclic carbonates under atmospheric pressure of carbon dioxide. The reaction rate depends on the nucleophilicity of the halide ion as well as the structure of the cation.
Agent-based modeling: Methods and techniques for simulating human systems (2002)

Agent-based modeling is a powerful simulation modeling technique that has seen a number of applications in the last few years, including applications to real-world business problems. After the basic principles of agent-based simulation are briefly introduced, its four areas of application are discussed by using real-world applications: flow simulation, organizational simulation, market simulation, and diffusion simulation. For each category, one or several business applications are described and analyzed.
A model for the differentiation of human natural killer cells. Studies on the in vitro activation of Leu-11+ granular lymphocytes with a natural killer-sensitive tumor cell, K562. (1985)

A subpopulation of low density granular lymphocytes that express the natural killer (NK) cell-associated Leu-11 antigen (IgG Fc receptor) were stimulated directly by coculture with an NK-sensitive tumor cell, K562. T lymphocytes (Leu-11-) responded only weakly when cocultured with K562. The response of Leu-11+ cells apparently did not require exogeneous factors or accessory cells. The K562-activated cells retained expression of Leu-11 antigen, acquired activation antigens, and were highly cytotoxic against NK-sensitive and -insensitive tumor cells. Anti-IL-2 receptor monoclonal antibody minimally inhibited the activation of Leu-11+ cells by K562, but completely inhibited the phytohemagglutinin-induced activation of the Leu-11- cells from the same individual. Leu-11+ cells can be divided into Leu-7-11+ and Leu-7+11+ subpopulations using anti-Leu-7 antibody. These subsets were separated by two-color fluorescence-activated cell sorting and cocultured with K562. Proliferation by Leu-7-11+ cells was significantly greater than by Leu-11+7+ cells. Leu-7+11- granular lymphocytes and T lymphocytes (Leu-7-11-) typically proliferated only weakly when cocultured with K562. A proportion of the Leu-7-11+ cells acquired Leu-7 antigen after stimulation with K562, whereas the phenotype of Leu-7+11+, Leu-7+11-, and Leu-7-11- subsets was unaffected. These results demonstrate a developmental relationship between the Leu-7-11+ and Leu-7+11+ lymphocytes and suggest that Leu-7 antigen may be expressed late in the differentiation pathway of NK cells. The direct activation of highly purified Leu-11+ cells by coculture with K562 provides an in vitro model with which to study the activation and maturation of human NK cells.
Major groove opening at the HIV-1 Tat binding site of TAR RNA evidenced by a rhodium probe (1995)

Transactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gene expression requires the interaction of Tat protein with the trans-activation responsive region (TAR) RNA, a 59-base stem-loop structure located at the 5'-end of all mRNAs. The TAR RNA contains a six-nucleotide loop and a three-nucleotide pyrimidine bulge which separates two helical stem regions. The trinucleotide bulge is essential for high affinity and specific binding of the Tat protein. Recently, a rhodium complex, Rh(phen)2phi3+, was discovered which promotes RNA cleavage in the open major groove and triply bonded bases [Chow, C. S., et al. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 972-982]. This metal complex does not bind double-helical RNA or unstructured single-stranded regions of RNA. Instead, sites of tertiary interaction which are open in the major groove and accessible to stacking are targeted by the complex through photoactivated cleavage. We have used this rhodium probe to investigate the effect of bulge bases on the major groove opening in TAR RNA. The sites targeted by the rhodium complex have been mapped to single nucleotide resolution on wild-type TAR RNA and on several mutants of the TAR RNA containing different numbers of mismatch bases in the bulge region. A strong cleavage at residues C39 and U40 was observed on the wild-type TAR RNA and in mutant TAR RNA containing two mismatch bases in the bulge. No cleavage at C39 and U40 was observed in a bulgeless and a one-base bulge TAR RNA. By varying the number of mismatch bases, we demonstrated that the trinuclear bulge widens the major groove of TAR RNA to facilitate Tat binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
[Relationship between gut origin bacteria and wound infection after thermal injury]. (1994)

The pUC19 plasmid vector trace with restriction map analysis and fluorescence labelling bacteria method were applied to study the relationship between the gut origin bacteria and wound infection. According to the characteristic of pUC19 plasmid, a special animal model was designed. 110 Wistar rats received 30% TBSA full thickness burns. On hours 6, 12, 24, 48 and day 12 postburn, injured animal were killed. Subeschar tissue homogenates were examined under fluorescence microscope, and bacterial culture, isolation of plasmids and restriction map analysis were also carried out. The results show that during early stage of burns, 32.5% of fluorescence labelling bacteria and 10.81% of pUC19 plasmid vectors could be detected from the subeschar specimens. 12 day postburn, the detectable rage of pUC19 plasmid vector increased to 62.5%. Beside the factor of early colonization, the contaminative route form gut perineum and then wounds should be considered.
Effect of Water Adsorption on Retention of Structure and Surface Area of Metal–Organic Frameworks (2012)

This work presents an experimental investigation of water adsorption in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) at room temperature and up to 90% relative humidity. Structural degradation of the materials after regeneration is analyzed via powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and nitrogen adsorption measurements. MOFs with open metal sites are quite hydrophilic but appear to maintain their structure according to PXRD. However, significant surface area loss indicates that decomposition is occurring and is likely an attribute of oxygen presence during the regeneration procedure. Materials with copper paddle-wheel (HKUST-1), 5-coordinated magnesium (Mg MOF-74), and 7-coordinated zirconium (UiO-66(-NH2)) maintain good structural stability, while Zn-COOH containing MOFs (DMOF-1; DMOF-1-NH2; UMCM-1) undergo complete loss of crystallinity.
Hydrogen-induced light emission from an organic electroluminescent device (1997)

An organic electroluminescent device consisting of ITO/aromatic amine/tris(8–quinolinolato)aluminum(Alq3)/Pd was fabricated. The light emission was found to occur when hydrogen gas was present in the ambience and ceased when hydrogen was removed from the Pd electrode. The light emission induced by hydrogen gas was attributed to the work function lowering of the Pd electrode at the Pd–Alq3 interface by adsorption of hydrogen.
Syntheses of hydrocarbons from compounds containing one carbon atom using bifunctional zeolite catalysts (1982)

The laws of the transformations of methanol, the compounds CH/sub 3/X (where X = C1, Br, etc.), CH/sub 4/ + X (X = C1/sub 2/, Br/sub 2/, O/sub 2/, N/SUB x/ O/SUB y/), and CO + H/sub 2/ in the presence of catalytic systems based on type Y zeolites, erionite, mordenite, and silicarich zeolites (VKTs) are considered. A model of the centers catalytically active in hydrocarbon-forming reactions on zeolites is proposed on the basis of results of /sup 27/A1 and /sup 29/Si NMR.
Characteristics of ectopic discharges in a rat neuropathic pain model (2000)

Injured afferent neurons produce spontaneous activity that is generated away from the normal impulse generation site. Since this activity, referred to as ectopic discharges, may play a significant role in neuropathic pain, it is important to systematically analyze the activity in various pain states. The present study used the segmental spinal nerve injury model of neuropathic pain to quantify the ectopic discharges from injured afferents in the neuropathic rat under various conditions. All aspects of measured ectopic discharges declined as postoperative time lengthened. Neuropathic pain behaviors declined in a similar fashion over the same time period. Surgical sympathectomy on neuropathic animals lowered the level of ectopic discharges along with neuropathic pain behaviors. The data indicate that the level of ectopic discharges is well correlated with that of pain behaviors in a rat neuropathic pain model, and this reinforces the supposition that ectopic discharges are important to the maintenance of neuropathic pain behaviors. The data suggest that there are two components of ectopic discharge generator mechanisms: sympathetically dependent and sympathetically independent components.
The Clinical Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (2006)

Evidence-based guidelines for the management of patients with Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (formerly known as human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), and babesiosis were prepared by an expert panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. These updated guidelines replace the previous treatment guidelines published in 2000 (Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31[Suppl 1]:1-14). The guidelines are intended for use by health care providers who care for patients who either have these infections or may be at risk for them. For each of these Ixodes tickborne infections, information is provided about prevention, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Tables list the doses and durations of antimicrobial therapy recommended for treatment and prevention of Lyme disease and provide a partial list of therapies to be avoided. A definition of post-Lyme disease syndrome is proposed.
Novel CA resists with photoacid generator in polymer chain (2001)

Novel chemically amplified resists with photoacid generating units in the polymer chains were synthesized and their lithographic properties evaluated under both 248nm and 20keV electron exposures. The positive-tone CA resists were found to exhibit excellent film formation behavior and extremely high sensitivity.
A Divergence-Based Model of Synchrony and Distribution in Collaborative Systems (1994)

Rather than embodying the behaviour of toolkit components directly in their implementation, metalevel techniques provide programmers with ways to override and revise them. The style of very flexible design is derived from specialisable generic models of application behaviour. This paper presents a generic model of distribution and synchrony in cooperative systems. Organised around the explicit management of divergence between parallel streams of activity, it links usage and implementation issues, as well as supporting an important class of applications which are not well supported by more traditional CSCW models. Examples are given showing this model as a basis for flexible design.
Vasopressin in vasodilatory and septic shock (2007)

It is still unclear whether there is net benefit from low dose vasopressin infusion in patients who have septic shock. There may be certain patients who benefit but there are few studies of a prolonged vasopressin infusion to determine which patients benefit.
Analysis of the T Cells that Are Potentially Involved in Autoantibody Production in Pemphigus Vulgaris (1999)

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a classical example of an antibody-mediated autoimmune disease of the skin. Direct evidence exists that autoantibodies against the desmosomal adhesion molecule, desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), are critical in the pathogenesis of this disease. The transfer of serum IgG antibodies reactive with Dsg3 into newborn mice induces a bullous skin disease resembling PV. Autoreactive T cell responses to Dsg3 may be critical in the pathogenesis of PV because 1) antibody production generally requires T cell help, 2) the involvement of CD4+ T lymphocytes in PV has been suggested by the strong association with distinct HLA class II alleles, and 3) T cell recognition of epitopes of Dsg3 may be crucial for the initiation and perpetuation of the production of Dsg3-specific autoantibodies by B cells. We and others have identified autoreactive T cells recognizing distinct epitopes of the extracellular portion of Dsg3 in PV patients. These autoreactive CD4+ T cells preferentially produced TH2 cytokines such as IL-4, and IL-10. Autoantibodies of the TH2-dependent IgG4 subtype are preferentially seen in active stages of PV disease, while autoantibodies of the TH1-dependent IgG1 subclass are predominant upon remission of PV. Healthy individuals who carried HLA class II alleles similar or identical to those found to be highly prevalent in PV also developed autoreactive T cell responses to Dsg3. Autoreactive T cells from PV patients produced both TH1 and TH2 cytokines; autoreactive T cells from normals produced TH0 cytokines. These observations suggest that Dsg3-specific T cells may provide targets to eventually modulate the T cell-dependent production of pathogenic autoantibodies in PV.
Kinetic control of eukaryotic chromatin structure by recursive topological restraints (2008)

Abstract Chromatin structure undergoes many changes during the cell cycle and in response to regulatory events. A basic unit of chromatin organization is the nucleosome core particle. However, very little is known about how nucleosomes are arranged into higher-order structures in vivo, even though the efficiency and precision of cell division imply high levels of structural organization. We propose abandoning the current paradigm of chromatin organization based on thermodynamics of the lowest energy state and replace it with the idea of a topologically restrained, high-energy structure. We propose that DNA is subject to a recursive topological restraint, and is anchored by hemicatenates that are part of the chromosomal scaffold. Long-distance cis -regulation of transcription is a natural consequence of recursive topological restraint. This new theory of chromatin structure has a multitude of consequences for key aspects of cellular biology.
Inhibition of the Growth of Human Coronavirus 229E by Leupeptin (1985)

The protease inhibitor leupeptin prevented multiplication of the human coronavirus strain 229E in cultures of MRC-C cells. The IC50 of leupeptin in plaque reduction tests was 0.4 micrograms/ml, whereas growth of host cells was unaffected by leupeptin at 50 micrograms/ml. Inhibition of plaque formation could be prevented by the addition of proteases to the overlay medium. In single-cycle growth experiments, leupeptin reduced virus yield only if added within 2 h of infection, indicating its action on an early stage of virus replication.
Coupled-cavity electro-optically Q-switched Nd:YVO_4 microchip lasers (1995)

Nd:YVO(4) microchip lasers have been electro-optically Q switched to produce 12-microJ pulses of 115-ps duration at repetition rates of up to 1 kHz. At a repetition rate of 2.25 MHz, 0.16-microJ pulses with an 8.8-ns duration were obtained.
A method to preserve extracellular surfactant-like phospholipids on the luminal surface of rodent gastric mucosa. (1990)

Previous results from our laboratory employing the phospholipid-selective cytochemical stain iodoplatinate (IP) suggest that surfactant-like phospholipids (SLPL) are intracellularly contained within rodent gastric mucous cells and are occasionally seen extracellularly within the mucous gel layer. This hydrophobic lipid coating may provide the stomach with a protective water-repellent lining against the corrosive gastric juice in the lumen. Extracellular SLPL are frequently removed during tissue processing for electron microscopy. In this study, we developed a simple method employing an agarose-embedding technique to retain these extracellular SLPL in gastric mucosa excised from rats pre-treated with prostaglandin (to stimulate gastric surfactant/mucus secretion). With the help of polypropylene supporting screens and cassette carriers, thin slices of agarose-embedded gastric mucosa were well preserved and uniformly stained with IP. Extracellular myelin figures were well retained over the interfoveolar surface as well as in the pit region. The IP-reactive substances were seen within or coating the surface of the mucous gel. Our results also indicate that agarose is useful not only for supporting soft tissue while preparing sections with a microslicer but also for preservation of extracellular lipoidal material for electron microscopic observation.
The in Vitro Cytotoxicity of Urine from Patients with Interstitial Cystitis (1994)

Urine from patients with interstitial cystitis has been reported to be more cytotoxic than urine from healthy subjects when tested in vitro against cells from a normal urothelial cell line. The purpose of the present study was to develop a method to measure urinary cytotoxicity and so make it possible to estimate the toxicity of urine from interstitial cystitis patients. The study included 10 women with interstitial cystitis and 10 healthy controls. Urine specimens were obtained from both groups and urine cytotoxicity was measured by a modified 51Cr-release assay: A range of urine dilutions was added to suspensions of target cells with intracellular bound 51Cr, and cellular death was recorded by measuring the 51Cr-release from the target cells. The transitional cell bladder cell lines T24 and Hu609 and the erythroleukemia K562 cell line were used as target cells. There was no difference in urine cytotoxicity between interstitial cystitis patients and healthy controls. Urine cytotoxicity was increased by dilution in both groups.
Lipid composition and fluidity of the human immunodeficiency virus. (1988)

Lipid analyses of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) propagated in Hut 78 cells indicated a low total lipid/protein ratio, a high cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio, and major phospholipids consisting of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylserine; comparable lipid profiles were noted for human erythrocytes and other RNA viruses. Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies of HIV labeled with 5-nitroxide stearate (N-oxy-4',4'-dimethyloxazolidine derivative of ketostearate) showed a low "fluidity" at 37 degrees C, similar to other enveloped RNA viruses and erythrocytes and probably due to the high cholesterol/phospholipid ratio. Ethanol (50%) completely disrupts the envelope, contributing to the rapid inactivation of HIV by ethanol. Contrarily, heating to 57 degrees C causes much less fluidization, and this heating may play a role in the slower viral inactivation at high temperatures. Should a critical minimum ordering in the HIV envelope be necessary for viral stability and infectivity, manipulating the lipid composition or fluidizing the HIV membrane, or both, may provide an untried therapeutic approach.
Microactuators with Piezoelectric Polylactic Acid Fibers—Toward the Realization of Tweezers for Biological Cells (2004)

The poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) shows a high shear piezoelectric constant. We fabricated PLLA fiber samples with large degree of crystallinity and high orientation of crystallites using high-speed spinning. If the electric field is applied to the PLLA fiber in the direction perpendicular to the PLLA fiber axis, the PLLA fiber must be driven by the piezoelectric effect. Therefore, we devised an effective method of applying the electric field to the PLLA fiber. We also developed equipment for measuring the piezoelectric motion of the PLLA fiber, which uses a CCD camera and divided photodiodes. As a result, we could drive the PLLA fiber by the shear piezoelectric effect under the application of ac voltage, and observed the bending motion of the entire PLLA fiber. Finally, we attempted to release and grasp the bead sample using a pair of PLLA fibers like tweezers, and succeeded.
Viral nanoparticles and virus‐like particles: platforms for contemporary vaccine design (2010)

Current vaccines that provide protection against infectious diseases have primarily relied on attenuated or inactivated pathogens. Virus-like particles (VLPs), comprised of capsid proteins that can initiate an immune response but do not include the genetic material required for replication, promote immunogenicity and have been developed and approved as vaccines in some cases. In addition, many of these VLPs can be used as molecular platforms for genetic fusion or chemical attachment of heterologous antigenic epitopes. This approach has been shown to provide protective immunity against the foreign epitopes in many cases. A variety of VLPs and virus-based nanoparticles are being developed for use as vaccines and epitope platforms. These particles have the potential to increase efficacy of current vaccines as well as treat diseases for which no effective vaccines are available.