gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wheat and Wheat Improvement (1987)

A special symposium on soil test calibration was held at the August 1975 American Society of Agronomy meeting in Knoxville, TN. The proceedings of that symposium were published in 1977 as ASA Special Publication no. 29 entitled Soil Testing: Correlating and Interpreting the Analytical Results. The first edition of Wheat and Wheat Improvement was published in 1967. It has been reprinted once. Although many facts and information in the first edition are still useful, there has been an accumulation of published material which justifies updating the original monograph. Even in the field of anatomy and morphology more than 80% of the references cited have been published since 1967. Major advances have occurred in the fields of biochemical research, molecular genetics, chromosomal banding, hybrid wheat, breeding techniques, pathology and insect and disease control, an understanding of physiological functions, production management, and refined techniques in evaluating quality. New developments in these areas are discussed in this monograph.
Scintillation Decay Times of Organic Crystals (1956)

A new experimental technique is described for measuring scintillation decay times in the millimicrosecond region. The method developed uses the fact that a pulsed current, as delivered by the photomultiplier scintillation counter produces a far greater power dissipation in a resistive load than does the same mean steady current. By measuring the power dissipated the pulse duration, and hence the scintillation decay time, may be found. A particular advantage of this method is that stochastic fluctuations of events in the scintillation counter may be neglected. These fluctuations give the multiplier output pulse a very irregular profile and are analysed in detail using statistical generating function.
Agonist‐occupied A 3 adenosine receptors exist within heterogeneous complexes in membrane microdomains of individual living cells (2007)

G protein-coupled receptors are known to be organized within different membrane compartments or microdomains of individual cells. Here, we have used a fluorescent A3 adenosine receptor (A3-AR) agonist, ABEA-X-BY630, and the technique of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to investigate the diffusional characteristics of functional agonist-occupied A3-AR complexes in single living cells. In Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the human A3-AR, the fluorescent A3-AR agonist was able to inhibit forskolin-stimulated [3H]cAMP production (pEC50=8.57), and this was antagonized by the A3-selective antagonist MRS1220 (pK(B)=9.32). The fluorescent ligand also stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis (pEC50=7.34). Ligand binding to the A3-AR on the membranes of single cells and subsequent increases in single cell [Ca2+]i were monitored simultaneously in real time using confocal microscopy. FCS measurements in small-membrane microdomains (approximately 0.2 microm2) revealed two agonist-occupied A3-AR components with differing diffusion characteristics (diffusion coefficients=2.65x10(-8) and 1.19x10(-9) cm2/s, respectively). The binding of ligand to these two components was reduced from 5.1 and 14.9 to 2.6 and 3.3 receptors/microm2, respectively, by MRS1220 (100 nM). These data provide direct evidence for at least two populations of agonist-occupied A3-receptor complexes, showing different motilities within the membrane of single living cells.
Gelation and Subsequent Molecular Orientation of Silk Fibroin (1992)

The mechanism of silk fiber formation of liquid crystal and gel state in cocoon spinning has been examined in detail. Nematic liquid crystal and gel state are found in the liquid silk flowing out from the anterior division of the silk gland.
Positron Emission Tomography Compartmental Models (2001)

The current article presents theory for compartmental models used in positron emission tomography (PET). Both plasma input models and reference tissue input models are considered. General theory is derived and the systems are characterized in terms of their impulse response functions. The theory shows that the macro parameters of the system may be determined simply from the coefficients of the impulse response functions. These results are discussed in the context of radioligand binding studies. It is shown that binding potential is simply related to the integral of the impulse response functions for all plasma and reference tissue input models currently used in PET. This article also introduces a general compartmental description for the behavior of the tracer in blood, which then allows for the blood volume-induced bias in reference tissue input models to be assessed.
Gaseous Optical Masers (1962)

A detailed review of the present knowledge of gaseous optical masers is given. The paper is divided into four main sections: The first section contains a summary of basic general considerations, ranging from properties of the normal cavity modes through methods of measurement and interpretation in gas systems. The second contains a review of the dominant excitation mechanisms which have been used to produce population inversions in gas lasers. The third and main section considers various aspects of the numerous gas systems in which continuous oscillation has been achieved, and the last section deals with spectral characteristics and mode pulling effects. Where appropriate new material has been introduced, and an attempt has also been made to include a number of small engineering details which should be of help in the construction and operation of gaseous optical masers.
Investigation of promoter function in human and animal cells infected with human recombinant adenoviruses expressing rotavirus antigen VP7sc (1995)

Human adenovirus (Ad) vectors are being used increasingly for a variety of applications in vaccination and gene therapy. The ability of vectors to enter cells and the efficiency of promoters expressing the therapeutic gene or vaccine antigen are critical to the outcome of such experiments. To identify promoters which might be suitable for use under a variety of conditions we have investigated the expression of a rotavirus antigen, VP7sc, employing several commonly used promoters carried in E1-substituted Ad vectors both in cell types which support virus replication and in cells which do not. Although not all gene constructions were identical, wide variations in promoter function were evident even in human 293 cells which support virus replication. The simian virus type 40 (SV40) early and beta-actin promoters expressed poorly; the SV40 late promoter was somewhat better. The human IE94 cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter and a modified Ad major late promoter were best, functioning equally well but with different kinetics. In other human cell lines the CMV promoter was more versatile, generally providing sustained expression at a significant level, in one case for at least 6 days. In addition, as mouse, rabbit and pig models of rotavirus infection are under investigation and VP7sc is a vaccine antigen, we also investigated the ability of the recombinant adenovirus to infect cells from these and other sources. VP7sc expression was detected in several heterologous cell types, illustrating the ubiquity of the human Ad receptor and the versatility of human Ad as vectors when suitable promoters are used.
The Pinene Path to Taxanes. 6. A Concise Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Taxol (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTThe Pinene Path to Taxanes. 6. A Concise Stereocontrolled Synthesis of TaxolPaul A. Wender, Neil F. Badham, Simon P. Conway, Paul E. Floreancig, Timothy E. Glass, Jonathan B. Houze, Nancy E. Krauss, Daesung Lee, Daniel G. Marquess, Paul L. McGrane, Wei Meng, Michael G. Natchus, Anthony J. Shuker, James C. Sutton, and Richard E. TaylorView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Stanford University Stanford, California 94305 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 11, 2757–2758Publication Date (Web):March 19, 1997Publication History Received9 October 1996Published online19 March 1997Published inissue 1 March 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja963539zhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja963539zrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views7008Altmetric-Citations213LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Cyclization,Hydroxyls,Inorganic carbon compounds,Precursors,Pyridines Get e-Alerts
Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials for Sensor Applications (2014)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTTitanium Dioxide Nanomaterials for Sensor ApplicationsJing Bai and Baoxue Zhou*View Author Information School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 19, 10131–10176Publication Date (Web):June 12, 2014Publication History Received3 November 2013Published online12 June 2014Published inissue 8 October 2014https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr400625jhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr400625jreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2014 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views18409Altmetric-Citations703LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Biotechnology,Electrodes,Minerals,Oxides,Sensors Get e-Alerts
Cerebral ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels During Acute Reduction of Carotid Blood Flow (1995)

The ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) are activated either by a decrease in intracellular ATP content or by a lowering of the ATP-ADP ratio such as during stroke. We studied the role of cerebral KATP on arterial pressure during acute reduction of cerebral blood flow in 12-week-old male Wistar rats anesthetized with urethane by recording arterial pressure and heart rate continuously. After bilateral ligation of the common carotid arteries, glibenclamide, a specific blocker of KATP, was injected intracerebroventricularly into the cerebral lateral ventricle. Glibenclamide elicited a sustained vasopressor response in a dose-dependent manner in rats with bilateral carotid artery ligation (10 nmol, +15 +/- 2 mm Hg; 1 nmol, +5 +/- 1 mm Hg, P < .01 versus vehicle), but hemodynamic alterations were barely recorded with glibenclamide in sham-operated control rats. The abdominal sympathetic discharge was not increased significantly enough to explain the pressor mechanism. Similarly, pretreatments with intravenous injections of bunazosin, an alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist, did not affect the pressor response of intracerebroventricular glibenclamide. To investigate the vasopressor mechanism further, we measured plasma and pituitary concentrations of arginine vasopressin and determined the effects of vasopressin receptor antagonists. The intracerebroventricular injections of glibenclamide significantly increased the plasma concentration of vasopressin (P < .05) and significantly decreased the pituitary concentration of vasopressin (P < .05) in rats with bilateral carotid artery ligation. Intravenous pretreatment with the vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist OPC-21268 abolished the vasopressor response to intracerebroventricular glibenclamide (+16 +/- 2 versus +1 +/- 1 mm Hg, P < .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Multiplex Genotyping for Cystic Fibrosis from Filter Paper Blood Spots (1998)

Cystic fibrosis is a common disease of the Caucasian population and is associated with significant early mortality. We present a simple and rapid method for cystic fibrosis genotyping from filter paper blood spots, using a currently available commercial genotyping kit. Using multiplex technology, genotype information on the four most common UK mutations can easily be obtained within a single working day. Used in conjunction with current immunoreactive typsinogen screening protocols, blood spot genotyping offers a method of hastening the diagnosis, and thus treatment, of cystic fibrosis.
The Reason Header Field for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (2002)

For creating services, it is often useful to know why a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) request was issued. This document defines a header field, Reason, that provides this information. The Reason header field is also intended to be used to encapsulate a final status code in a provisional response. This functionality is needed to resolve the Heterogeneous Error Response Forking Problem, or HERFP.
The Human Antibacterial Cathelicidin, hCAP-18, Is Bound to Lipoproteins in Plasma (1999)

Cathelicidins are a family of antibacterial and lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins. hCAP-18, the only human cathelicidin, is a major protein of the specific granules of human neutrophils. The plasma level of hCAP-18 is >20-fold higher than that of other specific granule proteins relative to their levels within circulating neutrophils. The aim of this study was to elucidate the background for this high plasma level of hCAP-18. Plasma was subjected to molecular sieve chromatography, and hCAP-18 was found in distinct high molecular mass fractions that coeluted with apolipoproteins A-I and B, respectively. The association of hCAP-18 with lipoproteins was validated by the cofractionation of hCAP-18 with lipoproteins using two different methods for isolation of lipoproteins from plasma. Furthermore, the level of hCAP-18 in delipidated plasma was <1% of that in normal plasma. Immunoprecipitation of very low, low, and high density lipoprotein particles with anti-apolipoprotein antibodies resulted in coprecipitation of hCAP-18. The binding of hCAP-18 to lipoproteins was mediated by the antibacterial C-terminal part of the protein. The binding of hCAP-18 to lipoproteins suggests that lipoproteins may play an important role as a reservoir of this antimicrobial protein.
Phenotype Resembling Gitelman's Syndrome in Mice Lacking the Apical Na+-Cl− Cotransporter of the Distal Convoluted Tubule (1998)

Mutations in the gene encoding the thiazide-sensitive Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) of the distal convoluted tubule cause Gitelman's syndrome, an inherited hypokalemic alkalosis with hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria. These metabolic abnormalities are secondary to the deficit in NaCl reabsorption, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. To gain a better understanding of the role of NCC in sodium and fluid volume homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of Gitelman's syndrome, we used gene targeting to prepare an NCC-deficient mouse. Null mutant (Ncc-/-) mice appear healthy and are normal with respect to acid-base balance, plasma electrolyte concentrations, serum aldosterone levels, and blood pressure. Ncc-/- mice retain Na+ as well as wild-type mice when fed a Na+-depleted diet; however, after 2 weeks of Na+ depletion the mean arterial blood pressure of Ncc-/- mice was significantly lower than that of wild-type mice. In addition, Ncc-/- mice exhibited increased renin mRNA levels in kidney, hypomagnesemia and hypocalciuria, and morphological changes in the distal convoluted tubule. These data indicate that the loss of NCC activity in the mouse causes only subtle perturbations of sodium and fluid volume homeostasis, but renal handling of Mg2+ and Ca2+ are altered, as observed in Gitelman's syndrome.
An agent system reasoning about the web and the user (2004)

The paper describes some innovations related to the ongoing work on the GSA prototype, an integrated information retrieval agent. In order to improve the original system effectiveness, we propose the GSA2 system, introducing a new internal architecture based on a message-passing framework and on an ontology description formalism (WOLF, Web ontology Framework). GSA2 is conceived in order to describe and easily perform reasoning on "facts about the web and the user". The most innovative aspect of the project is its customizable and flexible reasoning system, based on Answer Set Programming it plays the role of the central decision making module, and allows the Agent to take proactive decisions. The introduction of a logic language allows one to describe, program and plan behaviors of the Agent easily and quickly, and to experiment with a large variety of Information Retrieval strategies. Both the System Architecture and WOLF are general and reusable, and the result constitutes a good example of real implementation of agents based on logics.
Reactive oxygen intermediates as second messengers of a general pathogen response. (1996)

Oxygen and derived ROIs became a threat for all organisms more than two billion years ago. Both prokaryotic and higher eukaryotic cells are able to alter their genetic programme in response to changes in the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs). In bacteria and yeast, this response leads to the new synthesis of proteins that protect the induced cells from the consequences of oxidative damage, such as DNA strand breaks, lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage of proteins, thereby ensuring growth in a prooxidant environment. In higher eukaryotic cells, oxidative stress can be the consequence of reoxygenation of ischemic tissus or of exposure to environmental hazards. Intriguingly, multicellular organisms have also evolved cellular mechanisms to actively produce ROIs. In one case, the reactive compounds are needed as weapons against invading microorganisms. Granulocytes, neutrophils and macrophages have specialized in releasing of large amounts of H2O2 and superoxide. However, many other cell types can also inducibly produce ROIs but in amounts insufficient to threat microorganisms. There is increasing evidence that the small increases in ROI levels fulfil a role as second messengers. We propose that these pandemic pathogens have been conserved throughout evolution as universal pathogen messengers turning on genes with important functions in the immune response and cell proliferation. The higher eukaryotic transcription factor NF-kappa B will be described as a protein which is activated by ROIs under a great variety of pathogenic conditions and initiates the new expression of genes with important roles in inflammatory, immune and acute phase responses.
Development of Glucose Regulated Protein 94-Selective Inhibitors Based on the BnIm and Radamide Scaffold (2016)

Glucose regulated protein 94 (Grp94) is the endoplasmic reticulum resident of the heat shock protein 90 kDa (Hsp90) family of molecular chaperones. Grp94 associates with many proteins involved in cell adhesion and signaling, including integrins, Toll-like receptors, immunoglobulins, and mutant myocilin. Grp94 has been implicated as a target for several therapeutic areas including glaucoma, cancer metastasis, and multiple myeloma. While 85% identical to other Hsp90 isoforms, the N-terminal ATP-binding site of Grp94 possesses a unique hydrophobic pocket that was used to design isoform-selective inhibitors. Incorporation of a cis-amide bioisostere into the radamide scaffold led to development of the original Grp94-selective inhibitor, BnIm. Structure-activity relationship studies have now been performed on the aryl side chain of BnIm, which resulted in improved analogues that exhibit better potency and selectivity for Grp94. These analogues also manifest superior antimigratory activity in a metastasis model as well as enhanced mutant myocilin degradation in a glaucoma model compared to BnIm.
BAFF: B cell survival factor and emerging therapeutic target for autoimmune disorders (2003)

The prevailing treatment strategies for autoimmune disorders employ global immunosuppressants that have harmful side effects with long-term use. A new vision for drug development relies on the generation of therapeutics that have specific and narrow targets, such as pathogenic cell populations. The cellular processes that initiate and maintain B cell dysregulation are not well understood and autoimmune disease results, in part, from the survival and activation of self-reactive B cells. Such B cells produce tissue-damaging pathogenic autoantibodies. BAFF (B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family), a member of the TNF family of ligands, may play a role in B cell-mediated diseases. BAFF is a survival factor for peripheral B cells. When BAFF is overexpressed in mice, B cell number and immunoglobulin production is increased and an autoimmune-like phenotype is observed. Mouse models of lupus-nephritis have been shown to exhibit increased serum BAFF levels correlating with disease severity, and many autoimmune patients were found to have higher levels of circulating BAFF than healthy volunteers. Thus, modulating the level and activity of BAFF in these patients may alleviate symptoms associated with their disease. Several potential therapeutic inhibitors targeting BAFF are under investigation, including an anti-BAFF antibody and receptor–Fc fusion proteins.
Microinjection and growth of bacteria in the cytosol of mammalian host cells (2001)

Most facultative intracellular bacteria replicate in specialized phagosomes after being taken up by mammalian cells. Relatively few intracellular bacteria escape the phagosomal compartment with the help of cytolytic (pore-forming) proteins and replicate in the host cell cytosol. Without such toxins, intracellular bacteria cannot reach this cellular compartment. To circumvent the requirement of an "escape" step, we developed a procedure allowing the efficient direct injection of bacteria into the cytosol of mammalian cells. With this technique, we show that most bacteria, including extracellular bacteria and intracellular pathogens that normally reside in a vacuole, are unable to replicate in the cytosol of the mammalian cells. In contrast, microorganisms that replicate in the cytosol, such as Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri, and, to some extent, enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, are able to multiply in this cellular compartment after microinjection. Further L. monocytogenes with deletion in its PrfA-regulated hpt gene was found to be impaired in replication when injected into the cytosol. Complementation of the hpt mutation with a plasmid carrying the wild-type hpt gene restored the replication ability in the cytosol. These data indicate that cytosolic intracellular pathogens have evolved specific mechanisms to grow in this compartment of mammalian cells.