gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Unspliced Group I Intron in 23S rRNA LinksChlamydiales, Chloroplasts, and Mitochondria (1999)

Chlamydia was the only genus in the order Chlamydiales until the recent characterization of Simkania negevensis Z(T) and Parachlamydia acanthamoebae strains. The present study of Chlamydiales 23S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) focuses on a naturally occurring group I intron in the I-CpaI target site of 23S rDNA from S. negevensis. The intron, SnLSU. 1, belonged to the IB4 structural subgroup and was most closely related to large ribosomal subunit introns that express single-motif, LAGLIDADG endonucleases in chloroplasts of algae and in mitochondria of amoebae. RT-PCR and electrophoresis of in vivo rRNA indicated that the intron was not spliced out of the 23S rRNA. The unspliced 658-nt intron is the first group I intron to be found in bacterial rDNA or rRNA, and it may delay the S. negevensis developmental replication cycle by affecting ribosomal function.
Efficacy of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate to ameliorate the toxic effects of aflatoxin in broiler chicks (1999)

In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (Improved Milbond-TX, IMTX) to alleviate the toxic effects of aflatoxin (AF) B1 in chicks. In vitro results indicated that IMTX was able to bind 100% of AFB1 at pH 3 to 9. In the in vivo study, five pen replicates of six chicks were assigned to each of four dietary treatments, which included: 1) basal diet containing neither IMTX nor AFB1 (control); 2) basal diet supplemented with 1% IMTX; 3) basal diet supplemented with 4 mg AFB1/kg diet; and 4) basal diet supplemented with 1% IMTX and 4 mg AFB1/kg diet. The addition of IMTX to chick diets at a level of 1% did not negatively affect chick performance, organ weights, or serum chemistry, or cause pathological changes. Improved Milbond-TX completely prevented the reduced performance, changes in organ weights, serum chemistry changes, and gross pathology observed in chicks fed AFB1. The IMTX dramatically reduced the incidence and severity of the hepatic histopathology changes associated with aflatoxicosis and completely prevented the renal lesions of aflatoxicosis. These results indicated that IMTX was effective in preventing the toxic effects of AF that may be present in poultry rations at levels up to 4 mg/kg feed.
[Down-regulation effect of TGF-beta1 on expression of VEGF in bladder cancer cell line]. (2014)

Inhibition of TGF-beta1 gene expression could down regulate the expression of VEGF in bladder neoplasm.
Characterization of the fibronectin synthesized by human germ cell tumors. (1983)

The ability of the human germ cell tumor cell lines Tera 1, Tera 2, PA-1, LICR LON HT 39/7, LICR LON HT3B1, and LICR LON HT 53 to synthesize and secrete fibronectin has been studied. The presence of cellular fibronectin was examined using indirect immunofluorescence, whereas the synthesis and secretion of the protein were studied using specific immunoprecipitation from cultures radioactively labeled with [35S]methionine. Two of the cell lines, LICR LON HT 39/7 and Tera 1, did not synthesize fibronectin, whereas all the other cell lines did. Plasma membrane fibronectin could not be demonstrated on any of the cell lines, although cytoplasmic fibronectin was easily demonstrable. The cells appear therefore to synthesize fibronectin but not retain it. Sodium dodecyl sulfate:polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the secreted fibronectin produced by the human teratoma cell lines showed that it had an apparent molecular weight greater than that produced by adult human breast fibroblasts or human plasma fibronectin. Peptide mapping of this secreted germ cell tumor fibronectin, by partial proteolytic cleavage, yielded peptide patterns similar to those obtained from either human plasma fibronectin or adult human breast fibroblast fibronectin. The difference in molecular weight between the fibronectins may therefore be due to changes in their patterns of glycosylation.
ChemInform Abstract: BICYCLIC HETEROCYCLES WITH NITROGEN AT THE RING JUNCTION. PART 2. APPLICATION N OF THE DAKIN‐WEST REACTION TO THE SYNTHESIS OF IMIDAZO(5,1‐F)‐1,2,4‐TRIAZIN‐4(3H)‐ONES (1980)

Abstract Dakin‐West‐Reaktion der N‐acylierten α‐Aminosäuren (I) mit Ethyloxalylchlorid (II) liefert die Enolester (III), die mit NaHCO 3 oder Na‐ethylat zu den Ketoaminosäure‐ O′) estern (IV) hydrolysieren.
Localization of Viral protein X in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Macaque Strain and Analysis of its Packaging Requirements (1994)

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) encode the accessory viral protein X (Vpx) known to be incorporated into virions in amounts comparable to those of the Gag proteins. The localization of Vpx within SIVmac-infected HUT-78 cells and SIVmac virions was studied by immunoelectron microscopy. Vpx appeared to be associated with extracellular virions as well as budding viral particles at the surface of infected cells. Immunolabelling of purified viral cores suggested that Vpx was a component of the amorphous material surrounding the core structure. Furthermore, a detergent insoluble fraction containing SIV core proteins was devoid of Vpx. To investigate the protein requirement for packaging of Vpx, BHK-21 cells were co-infected with vaccinia virus recombinants encoding Vpx and other SIV proteins able to assemble into virus-like particles. Analysis by immunoprecipitation of the extracellular particulate material as well as immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that co-expression of Vpx with the Pr56gag polyprotein was sufficient for the formation of pseudo-virions containing Vpx. Virus-like particles that appeared upon expression of p16gag did not contain Vpx. The results suggest that Vpx is packaged into viral particles through its binding to the Gag polyprotein. The precise positioning of Vpx within the space separating the viral envelope from the core structure is postulated to result from the reorganization of viral proteins that occurs upon Gag polyprotein cleavage and budding.
Acute-phase proteins in osteoarthritis (1995)

The joint destruction of osteoarthritis (OA) comprises loss of articular cartilage resulting from an imbalance of enzyme-catalized cartilage breakdown and regeneration. OA is thought to derive from defective chondrocyte metabolism and thus to inherently lack the large-scale systemic response that is the hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Because of the apparent absence of systemic inflammation in OA, acute-phase response proteins have not been as extensively studied in OA as they have been in RA. The diagnosis of OA almost always involves radiographic assessment of joint damage, which is useful only after the disease process has been underway for several months. Radiographic evaluation cannot give a good assessment of current disease activity and is a relatively insensitive indicator of prognosis. Cartilage breakdown products can potentially serve as direct surrogate markers of OA disease activity, but have not been extensively used because of their limited sensitivity and the technical difficulties associated with their measurement. Markers of disease activity in RA are indirect and are derived from the acute-phase response, a cycle of temporal changes in cellular and metabolic function. The early part of the acute-phase response involves the local action and production of cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and IL-6. In the late acute-phase response, these cytokines can effect many systemic changes, including increased production of acute-phase proteins (APP). Three valuable surrogate markers of disease activity in RA are provided by the acute-phase response: the time-honored erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and the newer APPs C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA). As in RA, the joint destruction of OA involves IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-6; however, OA can be viewed as an indolent stimulus of the later (systemic) acute-phase response. Recent studies of the acute-phase response in OA suggest that the concentrations of CRP and SAA are elevated in OA, but to a lesser extent than in RA. In the future, long-term monitoring of CRP concentrations in the blood may permit the earlier detection and more effective treatment of OA.
Radioprotective effect of antioxidative flavonoids in γ-ray irradiated mice (1994)

The anticlastogenic effect of 12 structurally different flavonoids was investigated in whole body gamma-ray irradiated mice. Each flavonoid was administered to ICR male mice by a single gastric intubation (5 mumol/kg) 6 h before gamma-ray irradiation (1.5 Gy) and the frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes (MNRETs) in peripheral blood was determined. In order to elucidate the mechanism of the anticlastogenic effect of these flavonoids, their antioxidative activities were examined by the thiobarbituric acid method using methyl linoleate and Fenton's reagent (Fe2+/H2O2). Of the 12 flavonoids, luteolin had the most marked effect on reducing the frequencies of MNRETs and also inhibiting lipid peroxidation. However, quercetin tetramethylether, which has methoxy groups instead of hydroxyl groups at the 3,7,3',4'-positions, and phloretin with an open C-ring showed the least anticlastogenic and antioxidative activity. A good correlation (r = 0.717, P < 0.01) was observed between the anticlastogenic activity and the antioxidative activity of the 12 flavonoids. These results suggest that the radioprotective effect of flavonoids in mice may be attributed to the hydroxyl radical scavenging potency in a direct or an endogenous enzyme mediated manner.
MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applications (2017)

We present a class of efficient models called MobileNets for mobile and embedded vision applications. MobileNets are based on a streamlined architecture that uses depth-wise separable convolutions to build light weight deep neural networks. We introduce two simple global hyper-parameters that efficiently trade off between latency and accuracy. These hyper-parameters allow the model builder to choose the right sized model for their application based on the constraints of the problem. We present extensive experiments on resource and accuracy tradeoffs and show strong performance compared to other popular models on ImageNet classification. We then demonstrate the effectiveness of MobileNets across a wide range of applications and use cases including object detection, finegrain classification, face attributes and large scale geo-localization.
IL-13 Gene Translation is Arrested by a Novel Oligonucleotide in Cultured Human B-Lymphocytes. (2003)

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (oligos) are the tools that bind to complementary sequence of targeted mRNA and block specifically protein translation. In the present study, a novel 20 mer oligo as an antisense for human IL-13 is introduced. This oligo is designed according to the IL-13 mRNA coding region and synthesized in two HPLC purified and FITC conjugated forms. Fluorescence oligo cell uptake is confirmed using flowcytometry and confocal microscopy, and cytotoxicity evaluation is performed using BrdU proliferation assay. Human tonsilar B-lymphocytes are purified by positive selection using magnetic cell sorting method and cultured with anti CD40 monoclonal antibody plus rIL-4 to induce IL-13 production. IL-13 antisense is added to medium and Real Time PCR for mRNA, and ELISA for protein assays. Data indicate that antisense application leads to down regulation and complete suppression of IL-13 protein with no significant effects on mRNA, suggesting in vitro protein translation arrest. Since Il-13 is a crucial cytokine in allergic conditions, we conclude that interference with the protein synthesis by a nontoxic and efficient antisense oligo can provide an available tool for the investigators on allergic diseases.
Tumour‐induced polarization of tumour vaccine‐draining lymph node T cells to a type 1 cytokine profile predicts inherent strong immunogenicity of the tumour and correlates with therapeutic efficacy in adoptive transfer studies (2003)

Previously we have shown that vaccination with the poorly immunogenic B16BL6-D5 melanoma (D5) elicits a dominant type 2 (T2) cytokine response that fails to protect the host from a subsequent tumour challenge. Here we investigated whether the inherent immunogenicity of a tumour can be correlated with its ability to bias the anti-tumour cytokine response towards either a type 1 (T1) or a T2 profile. The immune response to six tumours of different inherent immunogenicity was assayed. By isolating l-selectinlow T cells from tumour vaccine draining lymph nodes (TVDLN), it was possible to detect tumour-specific cytokine responses from both immunogenic, poorly immunogenic and non-immunogenic tumours. Immunogenic tumours (MCA-304, MCA-309, MPR-4) induced a predominant tumour-specific T1 cytokine response. In contrast, weakly (MCA-310, MPR-3) and poorly/non-immunogenic tumours (MPR-5, D5) sensitized T cells with a predominant tumour-specific T2 cytokine response. A significant correlation (P < 0.025) between immunogenicity and the ratio of tumour-specific interferon-gamma : interleukin-4 (IL-4) secretion by TVDLN T cells was identified. We then documented that non-therapeutic T cells primed by the poorly immunogenic D5, recognized "tumour-rejection" antigens and that reprogramming their cytokine response, by in vitro culture with IL-12 and anti-IL-4, to a T1 profile uncovered therapeutic efficacy. In contrast, TVDLN T cells primed by a therapeutic vaccine lose therapeutic efficacy when cultured with IL-4. These results provide insights into the development of a protective anti-tumour immune response and strengthen the hypothesis that a T1 cytokine response is critical for T-cell-mediated tumour regression.
Expression of the genes for insulin-like growth factors and their receptors in bone during skeletal growth (1994)

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are important regulators of skeletal growth. To determine whether the capacity to produce and respond to these growth factors changes during skeletal development, we measured the protein and mRNA levels for IGF-I, IGF-II, and their receptors (IGF-IR and IGF-IIR, respectively) in the tibia and femur of rats before and up to 28 mo after birth. The mRNA levels remained high during fetal development but fell after birth, reaching a nadir by 3-6 wk. This fall was most pronounced for IGF-II and IGF-IIR mRNA and least pronounced for IGF-I mRNA. However, after 6 wk, both IGF-I and IGF-IR mRNA levels recovered toward the levels observed at birth. In the prenatal bones, the signals for the mRNAs of IGF-II and IGF-IIR were stronger than the signals for the mRNAs of IGF-I and IGF-IR, although the content of IGF-I was three- to fivefold greater than that of IGF-II. IGF-II levels fell postnatally, whereas the IGF-I content rose after birth such that the ratio IGF-I/IGF-II continued to increase with age. We conclude that, during development, rat bone changes its capacity to produce and respond to IGFs with a progressive trend toward the dominance of IGF-I.
Biomechanical analysis of human ligament grafts used in knee-ligament repairs and reconstructions. (1984)

Virtually all types of collagenous tissues have been transferred in and around the knee joint for intra-articular and extra-articular ligament reconstructions. However, the mechanical properties (in particular, strength) of such grafts have not been determined in tissues from young adult donors, where age and disuse-related effects have been excluded. To provide this information, we subjected ligament graft tissues to high-strain-rate failure tests to determine their strength and elongation properties. The results were compared with the mechanical properties of anterior cruciate ligaments from a similar young-adult donor population. The study indicated that some graft tissues used in ligament reconstructions are markedly weak and therefore are at risk for elongation and failure at low forces. Grafts utilizing prepatellar retinacular tissues (as in certain anterior-cruciate reconstructions) and others in which a somewhat narrow width of fascia lata or distal iliotibial tract is utilized are included in this at-risk group. Wider grafts from the iliotibial tract or fascia lata would of course proportionally increase ultimate strength. The semitendinosus and gracilis tendons are stronger, having 70 and 49 per cent, respectively, of the initial strength of anterior cruciate ligaments. The bone-patellar tendon-bone graft (fourteen to fifteen millimeters wide, medial or central portion) was the strongest, with a mean strength of 159 to 168 per cent of that of anterior cruciate ligaments. Patellar tendon-bone units, based on grip-to-grip motions, were found to be three to four times stiffer than similarly gripped anterior cruciate ligaments, while gracilis and semitendinosus tendon preparations had values that were nearly identical to those of anterior cruciate ligaments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lithography strategy for 65-nm node (2002)

Intel will start high volume manufacturing (HVM) of the 65nm node in 2005. Microprocessor density and performance trends will continue to follow Moore's law and cost-effective patterning solutions capable of supporting it have to be found, demonstrated and developed during 2002-2004. Given the uncertainty regarding the readiness and respective capabilities of 157nm and 193nm lithography to support 65nm technology requirements, Intel is developing both lithographic options and corresponding infrastructure with the intent to use both options in manufacturing. Development and use of dual lithographic options for a given technology node in manufacturing is not a new paradigm for Intel: whenever introduction of a new exposure wavelength presented excessive risk to the manufacturing schedule, Intel developed parallel patterning approaches in time for the manufacturing ramp. Both I-line and 248nm patterning solutions were developed and successfully used in manufacturing of the 350nm node at Intel. Similarly, 248nm and 193nm patterning solutions were fully developed for 130nm node high volume manufacturing.
Consensus statement from European experts on the diagnosis, management, and treatment of multiple myeloma: from standard therapy to novel approaches (2010)

Treatment for multiple myeloma (MM) has changed beyond recognition over the past two decades. During the early 1980s, MM inevitably resulted in a slow progressive decline in quality of life until death after about 2 years, while today patients can expect a 50% chance of achieving a complete remission, median survival of 5 years, and a 20% chance of surviving longer than 10 years. An international expert opinion meeting (including members of the GIMEMA and DSMM study groups) was held in 2009. One of the outcomes of the meeting was the development of a consensus statement outlining contemporary optimal clinical practice for the treatment of MM. The international panel recommended that the state of the art therapy for MM should comprise: (a) evidence-based supportive care, (b) effective and well-tolerated chemotherapeutic regimens, (c) autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (ASCT) for patients suitable for intensive conditioning therapy, and (d) evidence-based incorporation of novel anti-MM agents. Maintenance strategies have also become increasingly important for the prolongation of remission after front-line therapies. In addition, improved understanding of the biology of MM has led to the development of novel biological therapeutic agents such as thalidomide, lenalidomide, bortezomib, and others. These agents specifically target intracellular mechanisms and interactions, such as those within the bone marrow microenvironment, and have been integrated into MM treatment. This report reviews recent clinical advances in the treatment strategies available for MM and provides an overview of the state of the art management of patients with MM.
Expression of the apoptosis inhibitor, survivin, in nonmelanoma skin cancer and gene targeting in a keratinocyte cell line. (1999)

The recently described apoptosis inhibitor survivin is expressed in many human cancers, thus potentially contributing to disease progression and resistance to therapy. Its potential role in nonmelanoma skin cancer is unknown. By immunohistochemistry, survivin was expressed in 81% (17 of 21) of basal cell carcinomas (BCC) of both nodular and morpheaform subtypes, and in 92% (24 of 26) of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Survivin was also expressed in 19 premalignant lesions of Bowen's disease (SCC in situ) and hypertrophic actinic keratosis (HAK), suggesting that its appearance occurs early during keratinocyte transformation. Survivin expression was detected by Western blotting in a model keratinocyte cell line, HaCat. Transfection of HaCat cells with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-conjugated survivin antisense or GFP-conjugated survivin dominant negative mutant (Cys84Ala) resulted in spontaneous apoptosis in the absence of other genotoxic stimuli. In GFP-conjugated survivin antisense transfectants, a decreased level of endogenous survivin was confirmed by flow cytometry. This was associated with a five-fold increase in the sub-G0/G1 fraction corresponding to apoptotic cells and a decrease in proliferating cells with 4N DNA content. These data demonstrate that apoptosis inhibition by survivin may participate in the onset and progression of both BCC and SCC, and suggest that therapeutic targeting of survivin may be beneficial in patients with recurrent or advanced disease.
Stable, Highly Unsaturated Glycerides—Enzymatic Synthesis with a Carotenoic Acid (1996)

The first stable, highly unsaturated fat! Previous attempts at the synthesis of these compounds had led to rather unstable compounds without practical application; however, the use of a carotenoid as fatty acid has resulted in stable, conjugated polyene glycerides such as 1.
Markers of Response for the Antiangiogenic Agent Bevacizumab (2013)

Bevacizumab is the first antiangiogenic therapy proven to slow metastatic disease progression in patients with cancer. Although it has changed clinical practice, some patients do not respond or gradually develop resistance, resulting in rather modest gains in terms of overall survival. A major challenge is to develop robust biomarkers that can guide selection of patients for whom bevacizumab therapy is most beneficial. Here, we discuss recent progress in finding such markers, including the first results from randomized phase III clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of bevacizumab in combination with comprehensive biomarker analyses. In particular, these studies suggest that circulating levels of short vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) isoforms, expression of neuropilin-1 and VEGF receptor 1 in tumors or plasma, and genetic variants in VEGFA or its receptors are strong biomarker candidates. The current challenge is to expand this first set of markers and to validate it and implement it into clinical practice. A first prospective biomarker study known as MERiDiAN, which will treat patients stratified for circulating levels of short VEGF-A isoforms with bevacizumab and paclitaxel, is planned and will hopefully provide us with new directions on how to treat patients more efficiently.