gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A comparison of ciprofloxacin with doxycycline plus metronidazole in the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. (1989)

We studied the clinical and microbiological response to two treatment regimens in 36 patients with acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). All patients were hospitalized and underwent laparoscopy and endometrial biopsy. Cervical, endometrial, tubal and peritoneal cultures for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, genital mycoplasmas, facultative and anaerobic bacteria and Herpes simplex virus were obtained. The patients were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: 16 women received ciprofloxacin 200 mg b.i.d. iv. for two days, followed by oral administration with 750 mg b.i.d. to complete a 14-day course of treatment. Twenty women received the combination of doxycycline and metronidazole according to a similar scheme of administration. The response was evaluated with repeated clinical examinations, monitoring of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serum C-reactive protein concentration, and repeated microbial culture from the cervix. Ciprofloxacin treatment was successful in all nine patients with chlamydial or gonococcal PID and in six of seven with nonchlamydial nongonococcal PID. Doxycycline plus metronidazole regimen was successful in five of seven patients with chlamydial or gonococcal PID and in nine of 13 patients with nonchlamydial nongonococcal PID. Thus, the overall success rate was 94% (15 of 16) with ciprofloxacin and 70% (14 of 20) with doxycycline plus metronidazole. Our study suggests that ciprofloxacin is a promising new alternative for the treatment of acute PID.
Highly nonlinear bismuth-oxide-based glass holey fiber (2004)

We report on the fabrication of the first bismuth-oxide-based glass holey fiber. We measured high nonlinearity of gamma ~ 460 W&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;km&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; at 1550 nm. Simulations predict anomalous dispersion at 1550 nm.
Neighbouring Group Assistance in the Formation of Phthalimidines from o-Phthalaldehyde: an ”Intramolecular Auxiliary Effect” (1996)

The reaction of o-phthalaldehyde with α-amino acids (and amino alcohols) proceeds efficiently in acetonitrile to give the corresponding phthalimidines in good yield. The presence of external ”synthetic auxiliaries” is unnecessary. A mechanism involving neighbouring group assistance by the acid (or alcohol) group is proposed.
Crystallographic Site-Occupancy Refinements in Thin- Film Oxides by Channelling-Enhanced Microanalysis (2026)

Specific site-occupation determinations of rare-earth (RE) additions in thin-film garnets of nominal composition Y1.7 Sm0.6 Lu0.7 Fe5 O12 based on the orientation dependence of electron-induced characteristic X-ray emissions are described. The application of this technique called ‘channelling-enhanced microanalysis’ to a general non-layered crystal structure requires a theoretical prediction of the characteristic X-ray production as a function of incident-beam orientation because the specific-site-sensitive orientations cannot be determined by inspection of the crystal structure. Hence, a real-space formulation considering flux loss from the incident beam and under the assumption of highly localized inner-shell excitations has been described for the characteristic X-ray production in thin crystals. Applying this theory, a g = 121 systematic orientation was predicted to be the orientation that is specific-site sensitive for these thin-film garnets. Experimentally observed data were then refined, using a constrained least-squares analysis to give probabilities for the occupation of RE additions in the different crystallographic sites. Thus, it has been shown that in these compounds, Lu3+ and Sm3+ additions prefer octahedral occupation with a probability ≥95%. Assumptions, limitations and future potentials of this novel crystallographic technique are also discussed.
On the energetics of translocon-assisted insertion of charged transmembrane helices into membranes (2010)

The understanding of the mechanism of insertion of transmembrane (TM) helixes through the translocon presents a major open challenge. Although the experimental information about the partition of the inserted helices between the membrane and the solution contains crucial information about this process, it is not clear how to extract this information. In particular, it is not clear how to rationalize the small apparent insertion energy, ΔG(app), of an ionized residue in the center of a TM helix. Here we explore the nature of the insertion energies, asking what should be the value of these parameters if their measurements represent equilibrium conditions. This is done using a coarse-grained model with advanced electrostatic treatment. Estimating the energetics of ionized arginine of a TM helix in the presence of neighboring helixes or the translocon provides a rationale for the observed ΔG(app) of ionized residues. It is concluded that the apparent insertion free energy of TM with charged residues reflects probably more than just the free energy of moving the isolate single helix from water into the membrane. The present approach should be effective not only in exploring the mechanism of the operation of the translocon but also for studies of other membrane proteins.
Modulation of Escherichia coli Cell Membrane by a Monotopic Lipid Glycosyltransferase - an Exploration of Potential Mechanisms (2011)

Intracellular vesicles are abundant in eukaryotic cells but are rare in Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Strongly overexpression of a monotopic glycolipid-synthesizing enzyme could induce ...
Clinical and pathological characteristics of sporadic colorectal carcinomas with DNA replication errors in microsatellite sequences. (1994)

DNA replication errors (RERs) in repeated nucleotide sequences due to defective mismatch repair genes have been reported in a subset of sporadic colorectal carcinomas and in the majority of tumors from patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome (HNPCC). We detected RER in 18 cases (13%) in a prospective series of 137 sporadic stage II and III (Dukes' B and C) colorectal carcinomas. The clinical and pathological features of the RER-positive cases differed from those without RER. The patients with RER-positive cancers tended to be somewhat younger (60 +/- 5 years, range 22-83, versus 66 +/- 1, range 27-90, P = 0.2 with unequal variances) and had a marked preponderance of tumors proximal to the splenic flexure (17/18, 94%, versus 41/119, 34%, P < 0.0001). Only two RER-positive patients (11%) had a family history of colorectal cancer. In comparison to the 41 RER-negative proximal colonic cancers, RER-positive cancers had more frequent exophytic growth (P = 0.04), large size (P = 0.03), poor differentiation (P = 0.0004), extracellular mucin production (P = 0.003) and Crohn's-like lymphoid reaction (P = 0.003), and a trend toward less frequent p53 gene product overexpression by immunohistochemistry (3/17, 18%, versus 18/41, 44%, P = 0.06). We conclude that a subset of sporadic colorectal carcinomas has unique biological features that may indicate inherited germline mutation, de novo germline mutation, or somatic mutations of the mismatch repair genes involved in HNPCC.
Millimeter-wave gigabit broadband evolution toward 5G: fixed access and backhaul (2016)

As wireless communication evolves toward 5G, both fixed broadband and mobile broadband will play a crucial part in providing the gigabit-per-second infrastructure for a connected society. This article proposes an MGB system as the solution to two critical problems in this evolution: last-mile access for fixed broadband and small cell backhaul for mobile broadband. The key idea is to use spectrum that is already available in the millimeter-wave bands for fixed wireless access with optimized dynamic beamforming and massive MIMO infrastructure to achieve high capacity with wide area coverage. This article explains the MGB concept and describes potential array architectures for realizing the system. Simulations demonstrate that with 500 MHz of bandwidth (at 39 GHz band) and 28 dBm transmission power (55 dBm EIRP), it is possible to provide more than 11 Gb/s backhaul capacity for 96 small cells within a 1 km radius.
Lack of an association between alleles of interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genes and Graves' disease in a North American Caucasian population. (1996)

Although an association between the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele DR3 and Graves' disease (GD) is well documented, the potential role of non-HLA-linked alleles in susceptibility to GD is an area of active investigation. In an attempt to study the potential role of two non-HLA susceptibility alleles in GD and Graves' ophthalmopathy, we examined 286 North American Caucasian individuals (145 normal controls and 141 individuals with GD) for the presence of the A2 allele of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist gene. In addition, we examined a subset of this population (83 normal controls and 89 individuals with GD) for a specific polymorphism within exon 5 of the IL-1 alpha gene. We found the A2 allelic frequencies (0.25 and 0.23, respectively) and carriage rates (43% and 41%, respectively) in the two groups to be nearly identical. However, findings in the subgroup of patients with the extrathyroidal manifestations of GD (Graves' ophthalmopathy, pretibial dermopathy, and acropachy) suggested a trend toward a higher prevalence of the A2 allele in patients with more severe disease. The allelic frequency (0.28) and carriage rate (47%) of the IL-1 alpha exon 5 polymorphism in individuals with GD were nearly identical to those of the control population (0.28% and 45%, respectively). In summary, we were unable to demonstrate an association between these alleles and GD in our study population. We conclude that neither the A2 allele of the IL-1 receptor antagonist gene nor the IL-1 alpha exon 5 polymorphism confers increased susceptibility to GD.
A 3-D micromachined W-band cavity-backed patch antenna array with integrated rectacoax transition to waveguide (2009)

A 2times2 array of W-band cavity-backed patch antennas with integrated rectacoaxial feed and transition to WR-10 waveguide is presented in this paper. The array and its components are fabricated using a sequential surface micromachining technique. Each antenna has a simulated 4.1% 10-dB return-loss bandwidth about 94.5 GHz, a radiation efficiency of 95%, and a gain of 8.3 dB at broadside with a 76 degree 3-dB beamwidth. The gain of the entire array is 14.3 dB. To facilitate system integration and measurement, an integrated rectacoax-waveguide transition is included, with a simulated insertion loss of -0.1 dB. Measured return-loss shows good correlation to simulation, with a 10-dB return loss bandwidth of 4.6 GHz (4.9%), and a broadside gain of 10 dB at 95.9 GHz is also measured.
TGF-β/TGF-β receptor system and its role in physiological and pathological conditions (2011)

The TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β) system signals via protein kinase receptors and Smad mediators to regulate a plethora of biological processes, including morphogenesis, embryonic development, adult stem cell differentiation, immune regulation, wound healing and inflammation. In addition, alterations of specific components of the TGF-β signalling pathway may contribute to a broad range of pathologies such as cancer, cardiovascular pathology, fibrosis and congenital diseases. The knowledge about the mechanisms involved in TGF-β signal transduction has allowed a better understanding of the disease pathogenicity as well as the identification of several molecular targets with great potential in therapeutic interventions.
Heterometallic Potassium Rare-Earth-Metal Allyl and Hydrido Complexes Stabilized by a Dianionic (NNNN)-Type Macrocyclic Ancillary Ligand (2012)

The macrocyclic diamino diamine (1,7-Me2TACD)H2 (1,7-Me2TACD = 1,7-dimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, 1,7-Me2[12]aneN4), reacted under propylene elimination with [Ln(η3-C3H5)3(diox)] (Ln = Y, La) to give the mono(allyl) complexes [(1,7-Me2TACD)Ln(η3-C3H5)]2 (Ln = Y (1a), La (1b)). A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study shows 1b to be a centrosymmetric dimer with lanthanum atoms bridged by one of the two amido nitrogen atoms. Complexes 1a,b were treated with 2 equiv of the potassium allyl KC3H5 to give the corresponding heterometallic allyl complexes [(1,7-Me2TACD)Ln(η3-C3H5)2K(THF)]n (Ln = Y (2a), La (2b)). A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study revealed that 2a,b are polymeric in the solid state with allyl ligands bridging the metal centers in addition to the presence of μ2-amido functions of the 1,7-Me2TACD ligand. Hydrogenolysis of the yttrium compound 2a with 1 bar of H2 led to the formation of the heterometallic Y4K2 hydrido complex [(1,7-Me2TACD)2Y2H3K(THF)2]2 (3a), which can also be synthesized from a 1:1 mixture of 1a and KC3H5 with 1 bar of H2. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of 3a revealed a dimer of heterotrinuclear Y2K trihydride aggregate. Treatment of 2b with 1 bar of H2 afforded the heptanuclear La3K4 heptahydrido complex [(1,7-Me2TACD)3La3H7K4(THF)7] (3b).
Stretch Injury Causes Calpain and Caspase-3 Activation and Necrotic and Apoptotic Cell Death in Septo-Hippocampal Cell Cultures (2000)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in numerous central and systemic responses that complicate interpretation of the effects of the primary mechanical trauma. For this reason, several in vitro models of mechanical cell injury have recently been developed that allow more precise control over intra- and extracellular environments than is possible in vivo. Although we recently reported that calpain and caspase-3 proteases are activated after TBI in rats, the role of calpain and/or caspase-3 has not been examined in any in vitro model of mechanical cell injury. In this investigation, varying magnitudes of rapid mechanical cell stretch were used to examine processing of the cytoskeletal protein alpha-spectrin (280 kDa) to a signature 145-kDa fragment by calpain and to the apoptotic-linked 120-kDa fragment by caspase-3 in septo-hippocampal cell cultures. Additionally, effects of stretch injury on cell viability and morphology were assayed. One hour after injury, maximal release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase and nuclear propidium iodide uptake were associated with peak accumulations of the calpain-specific 145-kDa fragment to alpha-spectrin at each injury level. The acute period of calpain activation (1-6 h) was associated with subpopulations of nuclear morphological alterations that appeared necrotic (hyperchromatism) or apoptotic (condensed, shrunken nuclei). In contrast, caspase-3 processing of alpha-spectrin to the apoptotic-linked 120-kDa fragment was only detected 24 h after moderate, but not mild or severe injury. The period of caspase-3 activation was predominantly associated with nuclear shrinkage, fragmentation, and apoptotic body formation characteristic of apoptosis. Results of this study indicate that rapid mechanical stretch injury to septo-hippocampal cell cultures replicates several important biochemical and morphological alterations commonly observed in vivo brain injury, although important differences were also noted.
TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION AND HUMAN DISEASE (1995)

Eleven human loci, responsible for nine diseases, exhibit an unprecedented form of mutation: the expansion of trinucleotide repeats. Normally polymorphic CGG/CCG or CAG/CTG repeats (means of approximately 20 triplets) are found enlarged to either 2-3 or 10-1000 times normal lengths. The smaller expansions are found within genes coding for polyglutamine and are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The larger expansions are most commonly associated with chromosomal fragile sites and can be found isolated or in the untranslated regions of genes. Expanded alleles of all these loci exhibit remarkable meiotic instability, frequently lengthening upon transmission. Since the abnormal repeat length can be correlated with incomplete penetrance and/or variable expressivity, the elongation in subsequent generations explains the genetic anticipation in these disorders.
Meta learning Framework for Automated Driving (2017)

The success of automated driving deployment is highly depending on the ability to develop an efficient and safe driving policy. The problem is well formulated under the framework of optimal control as a cost optimization problem. Model based solutions using traditional planning are efficient, but require the knowledge of the environment model. On the other hand, model free solutions suffer sample inefficiency and require too many interactions with the environment, which is infeasible in practice. Methods under the Reinforcement Learning framework usually require the notion of a reward function, which is not available in the real world. Imitation learning helps in improving sample efficiency by introducing prior knowledge obtained from the demonstrated behavior, on the risk of exact behavior cloning without generalizing to unseen environments. In this paper we propose a Meta learning framework, based on data set aggregation, to improve generalization of imitation learning algorithms. Under the proposed framework, we propose MetaDAgger, a novel algorithm which tackles the generalization issues in traditional imitation learning. We use The Open Race Car Simulator (TORCS) to test our algorithm. Results on unseen test tracks show significant improvement over traditional imitation learning algorithms, improving the learning time and sample efficiency in the same time. The results are also supported by visualization of the learnt features to prove generalization of the captured details.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Inhibitory Interactions between Protease Inhibitor Ro 31-8959 and Zidovudine, 2',3'-Dideoxycytidine, or Recombinant Interferon- A against Zidovudine-Sensitive or -Resistant HIV-1 In Vitro (1992)

Protease inhibitor Ro 31-8959, a compound that interrupts human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific formation of infectious virions, was evaluated in two-drug combined regimens with zidovudine, 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC), or recombinant interferon-alpha A (rIFN-alpha A) against HIV-1 replication in vitro. By using peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with HIV-1, drug interactions were evaluated by the median-effect principle and the isobologram technique. A zidovudine-sensitive and -resistant HIV-1 isolate pair was studied. Additive to synergistic anti-HIV-1 interactions were seen with 7.5-30 nM Ro 31-8959 and 0.005-0.02 microM zidovudine (for the zidovudine-sensitive HIV-1 isolate), 0.25-1.0 microM zidovudine (for the zidovudine-resistant HIV-1 isolate), 0.025-0.1 microM ddC, and 8-32 units/mL rIFN-alpha A, without additive toxicity. Phase I/II clinical trials of Ro 31-8959 for therapy of HIV-1 infection are in progress. If results are favorable, combined regimens including Ro 31-8959 deserve consideration for future clinical trials.
ZnO/CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/ thin film solar cells with improved performance (2002)

This paper reports results from experiments concerning the growth of CuInSe/sub 2/ films on different substrate materials, uncoated, and coated with molybdenum. Specifically the effect on the structure, i.e. preferred orientation, of the polycrystalline films is investigated. It is found that soda-lime float glass results in the most oriented films and also that the highest solar cell conversion efficiency is obtained with devices made from such films. In another set of experiments the effect of various deposition conditions for the ZnO window layer is studied. It is found that optimum performance is not strongly dependent on the deposition process. The highly doped part of the window, ZnO:Al, has been replaced with ITO on some devices and a comparison is made. Finally, ZnO/CdS/CuInSe/sub 2/ and ZnO/CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/ thin film devices exhibiting active area conversion efficiencies of 15.4% and 16.9%, respectively, are demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Characterization of an extended receptive ligand repertoire of the human olfactory receptor OR17‐40 comprising structurally related compounds (2006)

Molecular properties of odorant compounds essential for activation of the human olfactory receptor hOR17-40 were investigated using a collection of 23 variants of its cognate ligand helional. Coupling receptor activation to an optically detectable intracellular Ca(2+) ion flux allowed dose-dependent screening of different odorant molecules in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells. We found an extended collection of activating ligands and provide first evidence for hOR17-40-specific antagonists. The C-terminal fusion of enhanced green fluorescent protein to the hOR17-40 retained full receptor function and permitted the selection of cells with defined receptor expression levels, which was an essential step for optimizing our screening protocol. Interestingly, cells with a low EGFP fluorescence intensity exhibited efficient hOR17-40 cell surface targeting and odorant-evoked signal transduction; in contrast, highly fluorescent cells displayed mainly incorrectly targeted, intracellular receptors. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to separate hOR17-40-expressing cells on the basis of their endogenous EGFP fluorescence intensity, thereby increasing the fraction of odorant-responsive cells to up to 80% of the total cell number.
Cutting Edge: Identification of GL50, a Novel B7-Like Protein That Functionally Binds to ICOS Receptor (2000)

Abstract By the genetic selection of mouse cDNAs encoding secreted proteins, a B7-like cDNA clone termed mouse GL50 (mGL50) was isolated encoding a 322-aa polypeptide identical with B7h. Isolation of the human ortholog of this cDNA (hGL50) revealed a coding sequence of 309 aa residues with 42% sequence identity with mGL50. Northern analysis indicated GL50 to be present in many tissues including lymphoid, embryonic yolk sac, and fetal liver samples. Of the CD28, CTLA4, and ICOS fusion constructs tested, flow cytometric analysis demonstrated only mouse ICOS-IgG binding to mGL50 cell transfectants. Subsequent phenotyping demonstrated high levels of ICOS ligand staining on splenic CD19+ B cells and low levels on CD3+ T cells. These results indicate that GL50 is a specific ligand for the ICOS receptor and suggest that the GL50-ICOS interaction functions in lymphocyte costimulation.
Universal function-specificity of codon usage (2009)

Synonymous codon usage has long been known as a factor that affects average expression level of proteins in fast-growing microorganisms, but neither its role in dynamic changes of expression in response to environmental changes nor selective factors shaping it in the genomes of higher eukaryotes have been fully understood. Here, we propose that codon usage is ubiquitously selected to synchronize the translation efficiency with the dynamic alteration of protein expression in response to environmental and physiological changes. Our analysis reveals that codon usage is universally correlated with gene function, suggesting its potential contribution to synchronized regulation of genes with similar functions. We directly show that coexpressed genes have similar synonymous codon usages within the genomes of human, yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans and Escherichia coli. We also demonstrate that perturbing the codon usage directly affects the level or even direction of changes in protein expression in response to environmental stimuli. Perturbing tRNA composition also has tangible phenotypic effects on the cell. By showing that codon usage is universally function-specific, our results expand, to almost all organisms, the notion that cells may need to dynamically alter their intracellular tRNA composition in order to adapt to their new environment or physiological role.