gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Force variability during surface contact with bare finger or rigid probe (2004)

The current study evaluated subjects' ability to control finger force during contact with a smooth plate. They were instructed to maintain a constant "light" or "medium" force when statically contacting the surface or when moving the end effector (finger or rigid probe) back and forth at 20 or 222 mm/s. Subjects pressed harder when using the probe (cf. finger) and during static contact (cf. both motion conditions). Conversely, the coefficient of variation for force (standard deviation/mean) was smallest for static conditions and when the probe is used. Force variability proved to be relatively high in the current experimental conditions, which are typically used during texture discrimination. Despite such variability, psychophysical research has shown that texture discrimination is in fact excellent. This finding markedly contrasts with grasping tasks, where both force control and outcome measures are excellent. We consider a number of implications of these results.
Caspases: the executioners of apoptosis (1997)

Apoptosis is a major form of cell death, characterized initially by a series of stereotypic morphological changes. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the gene ced-3 encodes a protein required for developmental cell death. Since the recognition that CED-3 has sequence identity with the mammalian cysteine protease interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE), a family of at least 10 related cysteine proteases has been identified. These proteins are characterized by almost absolute specificity for aspartic acid in the P1 position. All the caspases (ICE-like proteases) contain a conserved QACXG (where X is R, Q or G) pentapeptide active-site motif. Capases are synthesized as inactive proenzymes comprising an N-terminal peptide (prodomain) together with one large and one small subunit. The crystal structures of both caspase-1 and caspase-3 show that the active enzyme is a heterotetramer, containing two small and two large subunits. Activation of caspases during apoptosis results in the cleavage of critical cellular substrates, including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and lamins, so precipitating the dramatic morphological changes of apoptosis. Apoptosis induced by CD95 (Fas/APO-1) and tumour necrosis factor activates caspase-8 (MACH/FLICE/Mch5), which contains an N-terminus with FADD (Fas-associating protein with death domain)-like death effector domains, so providing a direct link between cell death receptors and the caspases. The importance of caspase prodomains in the regulation of apoptosis is further highlighted by the recognition of adapter molecules, such as RAIDD [receptor-interacting protein (RIP)-associated ICH-1/CED-3-homologous protein with a death domain]/CRADD (caspase and RIP adapter with death domain), which binds to the prodomain of caspase-2 and recruits it to the signalling complex. Cells undergoing apoptosis following triggering of death receptors execute the death programme by activating a hierarchy of caspases, with caspase-8 and possibly caspase-10 being at or near the apex of this apoptotic cascade.
Purinergic signalling: Its unpopular beginning, its acceptance and its exciting future (2012)

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was identified in 1970 as the transmitter responsible for non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neurotransmission in the gut and bladder and the term 'purinergic' was coined. Purinergic cotransmission was proposed in 1976 and ATP is now recognized as a cotransmitter in all nerves in the peripheral and central nervous systems. P1 (adenosine) and P2 (ATP) receptors were distinguished in 1978. Cloning of these receptors in the early 1990s was a turning point in the acceptance of the purinergic signalling hypothesis. There are both short-term purinergic signalling in neurotransmission, neuromodulation and secretion and long-term (trophic) purinergic signalling of cell proliferation, differentiation and death in development and regeneration. Much is known about the mechanisms of ATP release and its breakdown by ectonucleotidases. Recently, there has been emphasis on purinergic pathophysiology, including neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Purinergic therapeutic strategies are being developed for treatment of gut, kidney, bladder, lung, skeletal and reproductive system disorders, pain and cancer.
Multiple Metabolic Hits Converge on CD36 as Novel Mediator of Tubular Epithelial Apoptosis in Diabetic Nephropathy (2005)

Our findings suggest a novel role for CD36 as an essential mediator of proximal tubular apoptosis in human DNP. Because CD36 expression was induced by glucose in PTECs, and because increased CD36 mediated AGE-BSA-, CML-BSA-, and palmitate-induced PTEC apoptosis, we propose a two-step metabolic hit model for TED, a hallmark of progression in DNP.
Parathyroid hormone and lipopolysaccharide induce murine osteoblast-like cells to secrete a cytokine indistinguishable from granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. (1989)

Osteoblasts are the cells responsible for the secretion of collagen and ultimately the formation of new bone. These cells have also been shown to regulate osteoclast activity by the secretion of cytokines, which remain to be defined. In an attempt to identify these unknown cytokines, we have induced primary murine osteoblasts with two bone active agents, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and analyzed the conditioned media (CM) for the presence of specific cytokines. Analysis of the CM was accomplished by functional, biochemical, and serological techniques. The data indicate that both PTH and LPS are capable of inducing the osteoblasts to secrete a cytokine, which by all of the techniques used, is indistinguishable from granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Secretion of GM-CSF is not constitutive and requires active induction. Production of the cytokine is dependent on the dose of PTH or LPS added. It has been demonstrated that the addition of GM-CSF to bone marrow cultures results in the formation of increased numbers of osteoclasts. Therefore, these data suggest that osteoblasts not only participate in bone remodeling by formation of new matrix but may regulate osteoclast activity indirectly by their ability to regulate hematopoiesis.
Structure and immunochemistry of an oligosaccharide repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of type III group B Streptococcus. A revised structure for the type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide antigen. (1987)

We have derived oligosaccharides from the capsular polysaccharide of type III group B Streptococcus by enzymatic hydrolysis of a specific backbone glycosidic bond utilizing an endo-beta-galactosidase from Flavobacterium keratolyticus. Enzymatic digestion of the polysaccharide produced oligosaccharide fragments of one or more pentasaccharide repeating units. On the basis of 13C NMR, 1H NMR, and methylation analyses, it was established that the smallest digestion fragment was alpha-D-NeupNAc-(2----3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-[beta-D-Glcp-(1----6 )]- beta-D-GlcpNAc-(1----3)-beta-D-Gal. The isolation of this oligosaccharide is consistent with the susceptibility of the beta-D-Galp-(1----4)-beta-D-Glcp linkage in the backbone of the type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide and confirms that the polysaccharide is composed of a pentasaccharide repeating unit. High resolution 13C NMR spectroscopic studies indicated that, as in the case of the pentasaccharide, the terminal sialic acid residues of the type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide were linked to O-3 and not to O-6 of its branch beta-D-galactopyranosyl residues as had been previously reported (Jennings, H. J., Rosell, K.-G., and Kasper, D. L. (1980) Can. J. Chem. 58, 112-120). This linkage was confirmed in an independent methylation analysis of the type III group B streptococcal polysaccharide. Thin layer chromatogram binding assay and radioactive antigen binding assays with radiolabeled oligosaccharides demonstrated the single repeating unit pentasaccharide oligosaccharide to be poorly antigenic. Increasing oligosaccharide size to a decasaccharide consisting of two repeating units resulted in an 8-fold increase in antigen binding in the direct radioactive antigen binding assay. The results suggest that a region of the immunodeterminant site critical for antibody binding is located in the backbone of the polysaccharide and involves the beta-D-galactopyranose-(1----4) beta-D-glucopyranose bond.
Image-based ghostings for single layer occlusions in augmented reality (2010)

In augmented reality displays, X-Ray visualization techniques make hidden objects visible through combining the physical view with an artificial rendering of the hidden information. An important step in X-Ray visualization is to decide which parts of the physical scene should be kept and which should be replaced by overlays. The combination should provide users with essential perceptual cues to understand the relationship of depth between hidden information and the physical scene. In this paper we present an approach that addresses this decision in unknown environments by analyzing camera images of the physical scene and using the extracted information for occlusion management. Pixels are grouped into perceptually coherent image regions and a set of parameters is determined for each region. The parameters change the X-Ray visualization for either preserving existing structures or generating synthetic structures. Finally, users can customize the overall opacity of foreground regions to adapt the visualization.
PCR bias in amplification of androgen receptor alleles, a trinucleotide repeat marker used in clonality studies (1995)

Trinucleotide CAG repeats in the X-linked human androgen receptor gene (HUMARA) have proved a useful means of determining X chromosome haplotypes, and when combined with methylation analysis of nearby cytosine residues permits identification of non-random X inactivation in tumors of women. Co-amplification of two alleles in a heterozygote generates PCR products which differ in the number of CAG units, and thus their melting and secondary structure characteristics. We have shown that under optimal conditions amplification efficiency of two HUMARA alleles is near-equivalent, generating PCR products in a ratio proportional to that of the genomic template. In contrast, reduction of template quantity, damage of template by ultraviolet irradiation or addition of monovalent salts (sodium chloride, sodium acetate or ammonium acetate) produces highly variable imbalances of allelic PCR products, with a strong tendency to preferentially amplify lower molecular weight alleles. Variability and biasing was diminished by substitution of 7-deaza-2'-dGTP for dGTP during amplification, an intervention which reduces stability of intramolecular and intermolecular GC base pairing. We conclude that DNA which is scanty, damaged or salt contaminated may display amplification bias of GC-rich PCR targets, potentially confounding accurate interpretation or reproducibility of assays which require co-amplification of alleles.
Deflection and maximum load of microfiltration membrane sieves made with silicon micromachining (1997)

With the use of silicon micromachining, an inorganic membrane sieve for microfiltration has been constructed having a silicon nitride membrane layer with thickness typically 1 /spl mu/m and perforations typically between 0.5 /spl mu/m and 10 /spl mu/m in diameter. As a support a <100>-silicon wafer with openings of 1000 /spl mu/m in diameter has been used. The thin silicon nitride layer is deposited on an initially dense support by means of a suitable chemical vapor deposition method (LPCVD). Perforations in the membrane layer are obtained with use of standard photo lithography and reactive ion etching (RIE). The deflection and maximum load of the membrane sieves are calculated in a first approximation. Experiments to measure the maximum load of silicon-rich silicon nitride membranes have confirmed this approximation.
Antibiotic Regimens and Intestinal Colonization with Antibiotic-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacilli (2006)

The intestinal tract provides an important reservoir for antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli, including Enterobacteriaceae species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Selective pressure exerted by antibiotics plays a crucial role in the emergence and dissemination of these pathogens. Many classes of antibiotics may promote intestinal colonization by health care-associated gram-negative bacilli, because the organisms are often multidrug resistant. Antibiotics may inhibit colonization by gram-negative pathogens that remain susceptible, but the benefits of this effect are often limited because of the emergence of resistance. Antibiotic formulary alterations and standard infection control measures have been effective in controlling outbreaks of colonization and infection with antibiotic-resistant gram-negative pathogens. Additional research is needed to clarify the role of strategies such as selective decontamination of the digestive tract and decontamination of environmental surfaces and of patients' skin and wounds.
<title>Multichannel vibrotactile display for sensory substitution during teleoperation</title> (2002)

This paper presents the design and testing of a multi-channel vibrotactile display composed of cylindrical handle with four embedded vibrating elements driven by piezoelectric beams. The experimental goal of the paper is to analyze the performance of the device during a teleoperated force controlled task. As a test bed, a teleoperator system composed of two PHANToM haptic devices is used to trace a rectangular path while the operator attempts to maintain a constant force at the remote manipulator's tip. Four sensory modalities are compared. The first is visual feedback alone. Then, visual feedback is combined with vibration, force feedback, and force feedback plus vibration. Comparisons among these four modes are presented in terms of mean force error. Results show that force feedback combined with vibration provide the best feedback for the task. They also indicate that the vibrotactile device provides a clear benefit in the intended application, by reducing the mean force errors by 35 percent when compared to visual feedback alone.
The impact of scaling down to deep submicron on CMOS RF circuits (1998)

Recent papers reporting CMOS RF building blocks have aroused great expectations for RF receivers using deep-submicron technologies. This paper examines the trend in CMOS scaling, in order to establish the required current levels and achievable performance for different feature sizes, if robust, easily manufacturable designs are to be implemented for cellular applications. The boundary conditions (system-level constraints) for such designs, in terms of the number of trimmed and untrimmed external components and the roles they play in relaxing active circuit requirements, are emphasized throughout to make comparison of active RF circuits meaningful. At 1 GHz, 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS appears to be the threshold for robust, low-NF RF front ends with current consumption competitive with today's BJT implementations.
Composition of molecular cardiolipin species correlates with proliferation of lymphocytes (2012)

The mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) is required for oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidation of CL results in the disruption of CL-cytochrome c binding and the induction of apoptosis. Large variations in the acyl-chain residues of CL have been reported, but evidence as to whether these variants exert distinct biological effects has been limited. We have studied the acyl-chain composition of CL in lymphocytes, and found marked differences between highly and slowly proliferating cells. In fast growing cells, we detected a decreased number of double bonds, and a higher amount of C16 acyl-chain residues in CL, compared with slower growing cells. However, fewer C18 acyl-chain residues were found in CL from fast growing cells compared with slower proliferating cells. Our results suggest a functional link between acyl-chain composition of CL and cell proliferation.
Morphological basis of “growling” in the king cobra, Ophiophagus hannah (1991)

A bioacoustic analysis is conducted on the defensive sounds produced by 21 species of snakes. The "typical" snake hiss is described as having a broad-frequency span (from roughly 3,000 to 13,000 Hertz) and a dominant frequency near 7,500 Hertz. The "growl" of the king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) differs from the "typical" snake hiss in consisting solely of frequencies below 2,500 Hertz, with a dominant frequency near 600 Hertz. Structural analysis of the upper respiratory tract of O. hannah suggests that the "growl" is produced by tracheal diverticula functioning as low-frequency resonating chambers. This hypothesis is supported in several ways. An acoustic analysis of a mechanical model of the trachea demonstrates the potential for these diverticula to produce resonance effects. A "growl" also occurs in the mangrove ratsnake (Gonyosoma oxycephalum), a species that also has tracheal diverticula. Flushing the respiratory tract of G. oxycephalum with helium produces a shift of over 1,000 Hertz in the "growl," a shift that is indicative of a resonance effect.
Rest-to-rest slewing of flexible structures in minimum time (2003)

The rest-to-rest slewing of flexible structures in minimum time is considered via phase-plane techniques. The trajectories are shown to exhibit a mirror-image symmetry in the phase plane. The advantage of this approach is that the switching control law can be expressed in terms of the rigid body states only, thereby resulting in a closed-loop strategy. Simulations are included for a one-bending model of a flexible slewing structure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Parallel transmission of images through single optical fibers (1983)

The characteristics and limits of parallel transmission of two-dimensional imagery through single optical fibers are reviewed, and methods for overcoming the inherent smearing that occurs at the output are discussed. These solutions include: a) control of the fiber's refractive index profile; b) incorporation of complex filters; and c) encoding the information at the input and decoding the output after transmission.
Practical concurrent binary search trees via logical ordering (2014)

We present practical, concurrent binary search tree (BST) algorithms that explicitly maintain logical ordering information in the data structure, permitting clean separation from its physical tree layout. We capture logical ordering using intervals, with the property that an item belongs to the tree if and only if the item is an endpoint of some interval. We are thus able to construct efficient, synchronization-free and intuitive lookup operations. We present (i) a concurrent non-balanced BST with a lock-free lookup, and (ii) a concurrent AVL tree with a lock-free lookup that requires no synchronization with any mutating operations, including balancing operations. Our algorithms apply on-time deletion; that is, every request for removal of a node, results in its immediate removal from the tree. This new feature did not exist in previous concurrent internal tree algorithms.
Ligand-like effects induced by anti-c-erbB-2 antibodies do not correlate with and are not required for growth inhibition of human carcinoma cells. (1994)

The c-erbB-2 gene encodes a M(r) 185,000 tyrosine kinase receptor (p185) with extensive homology to the epidermal growth factor receptor. We have conducted mechanistic studies with several anti-p185 monoclonal antibodies (TAb 250, -255, -257, -260, and -263) directed against the extracellular domain of p185 utilizing the SKBR-3, BT-474, and SKOV-3 cancer cell lines. Several of these antibodies exhibited ligand-mimicking properties: they induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p185; increased the catalytic activity of the receptor substrate phospholipase C-gamma 1; exhibited time- and pH-dependent internalization; induced receptor down-regulation; and increased the turnover of the p185 protein delta 3-fold. However, there was not a universal correlation between the antibody-mediated ligand-like effects and growth inhibition. TAb 250 inhibited BT-474 cells but did not alter p185 phosphotyrosine content or increase receptor turnover in these cells. TAb 260 increased p185 protein turnover but did not affect proliferation of the SKOV-3 cell line. Furthermore, blockade of TAb 250-induced receptor phosphorylation with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor tyrphostin 50864-2 did not abrogate TAb 250-mediated growth inhibition of SKBR-3 cells. These data suggest that ligand-like effects mediated by p185 antibodies are not critical for the growth inhibition of c-erbB-2-overexpressing carcinoma cells.
Cell Lysis and Protein Extraction in a Microfluidic Device with Detection by a Fluorogenic Enzyme Assay (2002)

A critical requirement for achieving a micro total analytical system for the analysis of cells and their constituent proteins is to integrate the lysis and fractionation steps on-chip. Here, an experimental microfluidic system integrating the lysis of bacterial cells and the extraction of a large intracellular enzyme, beta-galactosidase, is demonstrated. The beta-galactosidase is detected and quantified using a fluorogenic enzyme assay and a numerical model. While the focus is on the lysis of typical gram-negative bacterial cells (E. coli), the techniques described here could, in principle, be applied to a variety of different cell types.
An Algorithm for Predicting Nonorgan Confined Prostate Cancer Using the Results Obtained from Sextant Core Biopsies with Prostate Specific Antigen Level (1996)

Information from pathological study of sextant prostate biopsies, preoperative PSA blood test and a new image analysis variable termed quantitative nuclear grade can be combined to create a multivariate algorithm that can predict more accurately nonorgan confined prostate cancer compared to previously reported methods.
Phase II study of SU5416—a small‐molecule, vascular endothelial growth factor tyrosine‐kinase receptor inhibitor—in patients with refractory myeloproliferative diseases (2003)

SU5416 had minimal clinical activity in patients with MPD. Long-term administration of a twice-weekly, hyperosmolar, intravenous solution containing polyoxyl 35 castor oil was difficult. More tolerable RTKI may be worthy of further investigation in patients with MPD.
Fosfomycin: Laboratory Studies (1977)

Fosfomycin, a nontoxic broad-spectrum antibiotic, different in structure from all previously described antibiotics, acts selectively by inhibiting cell wall formation. It was overlooked during many years of screening because of antagonism by culture medium ingredients and frequent occurrence of resistant mutants. It is effective in many because the neutralizing substances are not present and resistant mutants of most species are avirulent. Fosfomycin has favorable pharmacologic characteristics. It is not cross resistant, does not show antagonism, and has been used successfully in combinations. An insoluble calcium salt is used in oral formulation and a sodium salt for parenteral administration. Overall success rates of 86% were reported with 1,000 patients in Spain and 79% in Japan.