gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microchimerism of maternal origin persists into adult life (1999)

Recent studies indicate that fetal cells persist in maternal blood for decades after pregnancy. Maternal cells are known to engraft and persist in infants with immunodeficiency, but whether maternal cells persist long-term in immunocompetent offspring has not specifically been investigated. We developed sensitive human leukocyte antigen-specific (HLA-specific) PCR assays and targeted nonshared maternal HLA genes to test for persistent maternal microchimerism in subjects with scleroderma and in healthy normal subjects. Nonshared maternal-specific DNA was found in 6 of 9 scleroderma patients. In situ hybridization with double labeling for X and Y chromosome-specific sequences revealed female cells in peripheral blood samples from 2 male scleroderma patients. HLA-specific PCR also frequently revealed persistent maternal microchimerism in healthy control subjects. The mean age of all subjects with maternal microchimerism was 28 years (range: 9-49 years). With few exceptions, mothers of subjects with persistent maternal microchimerism were HLA incompatible with subjects for class I and class II alleles. These results clearly indicate that HLA-disparate maternal cells can persist in immunocompetent offspring well into adult life. The biological significance of maternal microchimerism and whether it might contribute to autoimmune disease requires further investigation.
Autonomic Stimulation (1991)

Therapeutic stimulation of the autonomic nervous system has been limited by lack of qualitative or quantitative evaluation of autonomic mechanisms. This article provides an historical review of knowledge about autonomic pathways and critical evaluation of available tests of autonomic function. Recent developments in evaluation of autonomic dysfunction and improvement in techniques of neurostimulation have facilitated the development of a number of clinically useful treatments for bladder control, sexual problems, peripheral vascular disease, angina pectoris, and seizure disorders. Future therapeutic measures may allow specific control of hypertension, pain, cardiac arrhythmias, trophic disorders and balance.
Wound Tissue Can Utilize a Polymeric Template to Synthesize a Functional Extension of Skin (1982)

Prompt and long-term closure of full-thickness skin wounds is guinea pigs and humans is achieved by applying a bilayer polymeric membrane. The membrane comprises a top layer of a silicone elastomer and a bottom layer of a porous cross-linked network of collagen and glycosaminoglycan. The bottom layer can be seeded with a small number of autologous basal cells before grafting. No immunosuppression is used and infection, exudation, and rejection are absent. Host tissue utilizes the sterile membrane as a culture medium to synthesize neoepidermal and neodermal tissue. A functional extension of skin over the entire wound area is formed in about 4 weeks.
High free‐methionine and decreased lignin content result from a mutation in the Arabidopsis S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine synthetase 3 gene (2002)

As an approach to understand the regulation of methionine (Met) metabolism, Arabidopsis Met over-accumulating mutants were isolated based on their resistance to selection by ethionine. One mutant, mto3, accumulated remarkably high levels of free Met - more than 200-fold that observed for wild type - yet showed little or no difference in the concentrations of other protein amino-acids, such as aspartate, threonine and lysine. Mutant plants did not show any visible growth differences compared with wild type, except a slight delay in germination. Genetic analysis indicated that the mto3 phenotype was caused by a single, recessive mutation. Positional cloning of this gene revealed that it was a novel S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, SAMS3. A point mutation resulting in a single amino-acid change in the ATP binding domain of SAMS3 was determined to be responsible for the mto3 phenotype. SAMS3 gene expression and total SAMS protein were not changed in mto3; however, both total SAMS activity and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) concentration were decreased in mto3 compared with wild type. Lignin, a major metabolic sink for SAM, was decreased by 22% in mto3 compared with wild type, presumably due to the reduced supply of SAM. These results suggest that SAMS3 has a different function(s) in one carbon metabolism relative to the other members of the SAMS gene family.
Cathepsin B and tumor-associated laminin expression in the progression of colorectal adenoma to carcinoma. (1998)

Cathepsin B is a lysosomal cysteine proteinase associated with degradation of laminin. It is increased in colorectal carcinoma (CA). Laminin is a major component of basement membrane involved in cell-matrix interactions and tumor progression. The aim of this study was to correlate cathepsin B and tumor-associated laminin in colorectal adenomas (ADs) with increasing grades of dysplasia and in invasive CAs. Forty-five ADs (8 tubular, 16 tubulovillous, 21 villous), 13 adenomas with high-grade dysplasia/carcinoma in situ (AHDs), and 17 invasive CAs were immunostained with polyclonal antibodies to cathepsin B and laminin. Statistical analysis was performed using exact linear by linear association test and Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Cathepsin B-positive tumor cells were seen in 30 (67%) ADs, 13 (100%) AHDs, and 17 (100%) CAs. The grade of cathepsin B staining was significantly increased in AHDs and CAs, compared with ADs (P < .0001). Laminin was continuous in all of the ADs and discontinuous or fragmented in the AHDs and CAs (P < .0001). The degree of cathepsin B staining in tumor cells also correlated with breakdown of laminin. Increased cathepsin B expression and decrease in tumor-associated laminin might suggest a mechanism for progression of ADs to CAs.
An overview of fiber-optic gyroscopes (1984)

The principles of operation of fiber-optic gyroscopes are reviewed. Performance-limiting phenomena are discussed along with methods to reduce their effect on the rotation-rate signal. Current technology and performance of state-of-the-art systems are presented. Finally, a direction of future research and possible applications are indicated.
The antimigraine 5‐HT1B/1D receptor agonists, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan and dihydroergotamine, attenuate pain‐related behaviour in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain (2002)

1. Peripheral lesion to the trigeminal nerve may induce severe pain states. Several lines of evidence have suggested that the antimigraine effect of the triptans with 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist properties may result from inhibition of nociceptive transmission in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve by these drugs. On this basis, we have assessed the potential antinociceptive effects of sumatriptan and zolmitriptan, compared to dihydroergotamine (DHE), in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. 2. Chronic constriction injury was produced by two loose ligatures of the infraorbital nerve on the right side. Responsiveness to von Frey filament stimulation of the vibrissal pad was used to evaluate allodynia. 3. Two weeks after ligatures, rats with a chronic constriction of the right infraorbital nerve displayed bilateral mechanical hyper-responsiveness to von Frey filament stimulation of the vibrissal pad with a mean threshold of 0.38+/-0.04 g on the injured side and of 0.43+/-0.04 g on the contralateral (left) side (versus > or =12.5 g on both sides in the same rats prior to nerve constriction injury). 4. Sumatriptan at a clinically relevant dose (100 microg kg(-1), s.c.) led to a significant reduction of the mechanical allodynia-like behaviour on both the injured and the contralateral sides (peak-effects 6.3+/-1.1 g and 4.4+/-0.7 g, respectively). A more pronounced effect was obtained with zolmitriptan (100 microg kg(-1), s.c.) (peak-effects: 7.4+/-0.9 g and 3.2+/-1.3 g) whereas DHE (50-100 microg kg(-1), i.v.) was less active (peak-effect approximately 1.5 g). 5. Subcutaneous pretreatment with the 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor antagonist, GR 127935 (3 mg kg(-1)), prevented the anti-allodynia-like effects of triptans and DHE. Pretreatment with the 5-HT(1A) receptor antagonist, WAY 100635 (2 mg kg(-1), s.c.), did not alter the effect of triptans but significantly enhanced that of DHE (peak effect 4.3+/-0.5 g). 6. In a rat model of peripheral neuropathic pain, which consisted of a unilateral loose constriction of the sciatic nerve, neither sumatriptan (50-300 microg kg(-1)) nor zolmitriptan (50-300 microg kg(-1)) modified the thresholds for paw withdrawal and vocalization in response to noxious mechanical stimulation. 7. These results support the rationale for exploring the clinical efficacy of brain penetrant 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonists as analgesics to reduce certain types of trigeminal neuropathic pain in humans.
Dissolution and Regeneration of Bombyx mori Silk Fibroin Using Ionic Liquids (2004)

In this work, the suitability of imidazolium-based ionic liquid solvents is investigated for the dissolution and regeneration of silkworm (Bombyx mori) silk. Within an ionic liquid the anion plays a larger role in dictating the ultimate solubility of the silk. The dissolution of the silk in the ionic liquid is confirmed using wide-angle X-ray scattering. The dissolved silk is also processed into 100 mum-thick, two-dimensional films, and the structure of these films is examined. The rinse solvent, acetonitrile or methanol, has a profound impact on both the topography of the films and the secondary structure of the silk protein. The image depicts a silkworm cocoon dissolved in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and then regenerated as a film with birefringence.
Construction of a Large Synthetic Human Fab Antibody Library on Yeast Cell Surface by Optimized Yeast Mating (2014)

Yeast surface-displayed antibody libraries provide an efficient and quantitative screening resource for given antigens, but suffer from typically modest library sizes owing to low yeast transformation efficiency. Yeast mating is an attractive method for overcoming the limit of yeast transformation to construct a large, combinatorial antibody library, but the optimal conditions have not been reported. Here, we report a large synthetic human Fab (antigen binding fragment) yeast surface-displayed library generated by stepwise optimization of yeast mating conditions. We first constructed HC (heavy chain) and LC (light chain) libraries, where all of the six CDRs (complementarity-determining regions) of the variable domains were diversified mimicking the human germline antibody repertoires by degenerate codons, onto single frameworks of VH3-23 and Vkappa1-16 germline sequences, in two haploid cells of opposite mating types. Yeast mating conditions were optimized in the order of cell density, media pH, and cell growth phase, yielding a mating efficiency of ~58% between the two haploid cells carrying HC and LC libraries. We constructed two combinatorial Fab libraries with CDR-H3 of 9 or 11 residues in length with colony diversities of more than 10(9) by one round of yeast mating between the two haploid HC and LC libraries, with modest diversity sizes of ~10(7). The synthetic human Fab yeast-displayed libraries exhibited relative amino acid compositions in each position of the six CDRs that were very similar to those of the designed repertoires, suggesting that they are a promising source for human Fab antibody screening.
The nitrovasodilators. New ideas about old drugs. (1993)

The nitrovasodilators are a diverse group of pharmacological agents that produce vascular relaxation by releasing nitric oxide. The mechanisms by which these compounds release nitric oxide vary, depending on their chemical structure. Compounds with lower oxidation states of nitrogen such as nitroprusside, nitrosamines, and nitrosothiols release nitric oxide nonenzymatically. In the case of nitroprusside, this involves a one-electron reduction that may occur upon exposure to a variety of reducing agents and tissues such as vascular smooth muscle membranes. In the case of the organic nitrates, which have higher oxidation states of nitrogen, the release of nitric oxide in vascular tissue occurs predominantly by a poorly understood enzymatic process. This interesting property of nitroglycerin is important because it "targets" its effect to vascular tissues that are capable of this enzymatic process. In the case of the coronary circulation, nitroglycerin predominantly dilates the larger coronary arteries while having a minimal effect on coronary resistance vessels < 100 microns in diameter. This prevents the development of coronary steal, which is often encountered with agents that produce intense vasodilation of the coronary resistance vessels. In this review, the mechanisms by which the nitrovasodilators (particularly nitroglycerin) release nitric oxide will be considered, and recent studies of nitroglycerin bioconversion in various-sized coronary vessels will be discussed in detail.
Selective enrichment of RNA species for tight binding to Escherichia coli rho factor. (1993)

We have applied the SELEX procedure (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) to obtain RNA molecules that bind tightly to the Escherichia coli transcription termination factor rho. The starting pool was a population of RNA molecules 77 nucleotides (nt) long, in which was embedded a cassette of 30 nt of randomized sequence. The apparent dissociation constant of this RNA pool for hexameric rho factor was about 1 microM. After eight rounds of selection by filter binding, with RNA in either 10-fold or 40 to 100-fold excess at each step, the dissociation constant of the selected RNA had dropped by more than 500-fold to about 1 nM. Analysis of 29 clonal isolates from the population revealed that five had KDs substantially weaker than 10 nM (presumably background carryover), 40% were C-rich (as might have been predicted from rho's known substrate binding), and 40% had a strikingly preserved potential hairpin, in most cases of 6 base pairs with a 3 nt CAA loop and preceded by a CCCCA consensus. The rho-dependent trp t' terminator region includes a related potential hairpin structure; however, it is energetically unfavorable. The implications of the sequence findings for elucidating both static and dynamic aspects of rho factor recognition and response to its RNA target site are discussed.
Unbiased stereological estimation of the total number of neurons in the subdivisions of the rat hippocampus using the optical fractionator (1991)

A stereological method for obtaining estimates of the total number of neurons in five major subdivisions of the rat hippocampus is described. The new method, the optical fractionator, combines two recent developments in stereology: a three-dimensional probe for counting neuronal nuclei, the optical disector, and a systematic uniform sampling scheme, the fractionator. The optical disector results in unbiased estimates of neuron number, i.e., estimates that are free of assumptions about neuron size and shape, are unaffected by lost caps and overprojection, and approach the true number of neurons in an unlimited manner as the number of samples is increased. The fractionator involves sampling a known fraction of a structural component. In the case of neuron number, a zero dimensional quantity, it provides estimates that are unaffected by shrinkage before, during, and after processing of the tissue. Because the fractionator involves systematic sampling, it also results in highly efficient estimates. Typically only 100-200 neurons must be counted in an animal to obtain a precision that is compatible with experimental studies. The methodology is compared with those used in earlier works involving estimates of neuron number in the rat hippocampus and a number of new stereological methods that have particular relevance to the quantitative study of the structure of the nervous system are briefly described in an appendix.
Thermal Properties of Jute Constituents and Flame Retardant Jute Fabrics (1993)

The thermal behavior of flame retardant jute fabrics impregnated with a diam monium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) and urea (1:2) solution was studied using dif ferential scanning calorimetry ( DSC ) and thermogravimetric ( TG ) analysis in nitrogen and air atmospheres. Thermal degradation of flame retardant jute fabrics gradually decreased as chemical add-on increased. Weight loss after pyrolysis decreased, and a much larger residue remained when pyrolysis was complete. The limiting oxygen index also increased with increasing add-on. The thermal properties of jute and its main components, holocellulose, hemicellulose, α-cellulose, and lignin, were also in vestigated using DSC and DTG in nitrogen and air atmospheres to interpret the results of thermal analysis of fire retardant jute fabrics.
Human T-Cell Leukemia Viruses, T-Cell Leukemia and Aids (1985)

HTLV is the name we gave the first retrovirus isolates. Most of these are very closely related, and are called human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). HTLV-I is endemic, but at low rates, in southern Japan, the Caribbean, South and Central America, the southeastern U.S., and especially Africa. Viruses closely related to, but distinct from, HTLV-I have been demonstrated in Old World monkeys. This finding, as well as seroepidemiology, led us to propose that HTLV originated in Africa. HTLV-I has been shown to be the direct cause of an aggressive form of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The mechanisms which result in in vitro immortalization and in vivo malignancy are not yet known but apparently do not seem to involve visible consistent chromosomal changes, continuous expression of virus, or any of the known onc genes. Whatever the mechanism for growth induction in vitro by HTLV-I, its efficiency in causing malignancy may be because of its dual major effects on infected cells. These are: (1) immortalization of some T cells, especially those which are 0KT4+, and (2) abrogation of function and/or cytopathic changes in others. We have discovered a second class of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-II), in collaboration with D. Golde and colleagues. It shares many of the properties of HTLV-I but has major difference in the genome. It has been isolated only twice, once from a patient with hairy cell leukemia, and recently from a patient with AIDS. HTLV-III is the third member of the HTLV family.
Partially shaded operation of multi-string photovoltaic systems (2010)

New shade mitigation technologies are available claiming improved performance under shaded conditions. A typical multi-string photovoltaic (PV) system was operated under partial shading conditions with and without these DC-DC converters. Power loss was attributed to low irradiance on shaded modules, current mismatch within shaded PV strings, and voltage mismatch between parallel strings. Indirect loss from voltage mismatch contributed up to 40% of the total power loss from shading. A representative residential solar installation was evaluated for potential benefit from DC-DC equipment. Detailed shading site survey information was collected and used to modify a PV production model. Using various assumptions on the severity of shade in this PV model, the application of DC-DC converters improved annual modeled power production by 5%-10% and recovered 24%-48% of the power lost due to shading.
Array‐based comparative genomic hybridization analysis of recurrent chromosome 15q rearrangements (2005)

Genomic rearrangements of chromosome 15q11-q13 cause diverse phenotypes including autism, Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), and Angelman syndrome (AS). This region is subject to genomic imprinting and characterized by complex combinations of low copy repeat elements. Prader-Willi and Angelman syndrome are caused primarily by 15q11-13 deletions of paternal and maternal origin, respectively. Autism is seen with maternal, but not paternal, interstitial duplications. Isodicentric 15q, most often of maternal origin, is associated with a complex phenotype often including autistic features. Limitations of conventional cytogenetic tests preclude a detailed analysis in most patients with 15q rearrangements. We have developed a microarray for comparative genomic hybridization utilizing 106 genomic clones from chromosome 15q to characterize this region. The array accurately localized all breakpoints associated with gains or losses on 15q. The results confirmed the location of the common breakpoints associated with interstitial deletions and duplications. The majority of idic(15q) chromosomes are comprised of symmetrical arms with four copies of the breakpoint 1 to breakpoint 5 region. Patients with less common breakpoints that are not distinguished by routine cytogenetic methods were more accurately characterized by array analysis. This microarray provides a detailed characterization for chromosomal abnormalities involving 15q11-q14 and is useful for more precise genotype-phenotype correlations for autism, PWS, AS, and idic(15) syndrome.
Homography-based ground plane detection using a single on-board camera (2010)

This study presents a robust method for ground plane detection in vision-based systems with a non-stationary camera. The proposed method is based on the reliable estimation of the homography between ground planes in successive images. This homography is computed using a feature matching approach, which in contrast to classical approaches to on-board motion estimation does not require explicit ego-motion calculation. As opposed to it, a novel homography calculation method based on a linear estimation framework is presented. This framework provides predictions of the ground plane transformation matrix that are dynamically updated with new measurements. The method is specially suited for challenging environments, in particular traffic scenarios, in which the information is scarce and the homography computed from the images is usually inaccurate or erroneous. The proposed estimation framework is able to remove erroneous measurements and to correct those that are inaccurate, hence producing a reliable homography estimate at each instant. It is based on the evaluation of the difference between the predicted and the observed transformations, measured according to the spectral norm of the associated matrix of differences. Moreover, an example is provided on how to use the information extracted from ground plane estimation to achieve object detection and tracking. The method has been successfully demonstrated for the detection of moving vehicles in traffic environments.
Thermooptic Coefficients of Soda–Lime–Silica Glasses (1993)

The thermooptic coefficients, d n /d T , of two series of soda–lime–silica glasses, 25Na 2 O· x CaO·(75 – x )SiO 2 and (25 – y )Na 2 O· y CaO·75SiO 2 , have been measured. When CaO is substituted for SiO 2 , the magnitude of d n /d T passes through a maximum negative value. When CaO is substituted for Na 2 O, there is a monotonic change from negative to positive d n /d T . These effects are accounted for by the changes in relative values of the coefficient of thermal expansion and the temperature coefficient of electronic polarizability, Θ. The effect of composition on Θ is explained by the changes in density of various nonbridging and bridging oxygens in the glass.
Changes in Intra‐abdominal Fat in Early Postmenopausal Women: Effects of Hormone Use (2006)

HRT users had less IAF at baseline and throughout the study. Whether HRT altered the relationship between total body fat and IAF or whether differences between groups existed before the study should be addressed through a randomized, interventional study design. HRT had a significant effect on Si; IAF and superficial subcutaneous adipose tissue were significant determinants of disease risk factors.