gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Drug Resistant A‐V Reciprocating Tachycardias with Multiprogrammable Dual Demand A‐V Sequential (DVI,MN) Pacemakers (1982)

Programmable dual A-V sequential demand (DVI,MN) pacemakers were implanted in eight patients with recurrent or incessant, drug-refractory, A-V reciprocating tachycardias. This was done after intracardiac studies had identified a variety of electrogenetic mechanisms which include tachycardias involving Kent bundles, (manifest or concealed Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome), nodoventricular (Mahaim) fibers, enhanced A-V node pathways (Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome), and dual intranodal pathways. The antitachycardia features of the pacemaker were evaluated during the electrophysiological studies. No immediate postoperative complications occurred after implantation. Furthermore, during the follow-up periods (4 to 20 months), clinical assessment, ambulatory (Holter) monitoring and invasive (as well as noninvasive) evaluations have confirmed continuous effectiveness in recognizing and automatically terminating the tachycardias. Late pacemaker system malfunction has not occurred. The frequency of the tachycardias and the dosage of concomitantly-administered antiarrhythmic medications were significantly reduced. Furthermore, preliminary studies performed in our laboratory suggest that DVI,MN pacemakers may also be useful in certain types of intra-atrial reentry tachycardias coexisting with sinus node dysfunction.
Cloning of a cDNA Encoding Chitotriosidase, a Human Chitinase Produced by Macrophages (1995)

We have recently observed that chitotriosidase, a chitinolytic enzyme, is secreted by activated human macrophages and is markedly elevated in plasma of Gaucher disease patients (Hollak, C. E. M., van Weely, S., van Oers, M. H. J., and Aerts, J. M. F. G. (1994) J. Clin. Invest. 93, 1288-1292). Here, we report on the cloning of the corresponding cDNA. The nucleotide sequence of the cloned cDNA predicts a protein with amino acid sequences identical to those established for purified chitotriosidase. Secretion of active chitotriosidase was obtained after transient transfection of COS-1 cells with the cloned cDNA, confirming its identity as chitotriosidase cDNA. Chitotriosidase contains several regions with high homology to those present in chitinases from different species belonging to family 18 of glycosyl hydrolases. Northern blot analysis shows that expression of chitotriosidase mRNA occurs only at a late stage of differentiation of monocytes to activated macrophages in culture. Our results show that, in contrast to previous beliefs, human macrophages can synthesize a functional chitinase, a highly conserved enzyme with a strongly regulated expression. This enzyme may play a role in the degradation of chitin-containing pathogens and can be used as a marker for specific disease states.
Fiber-lattice accumulator design considerations for optical ΣΔ analog-to-digital converters (2000)

Integrated optical sigma-delta (??) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) use a pulsed laser to oversample an input signal at two Mach-Zehnder interferometers. A fiber-lattice accumulator is embedded within a feedback loop around a single-bit quantizer to spectrally shape the quantization noise to fall outside the signal band of interest. Decimation filtering is applied to the quantizer output to construct the input signal with high resolution. Applications of integrated optical ?? ADCs include digitizing wideband radio-frequency signals directly at an antenna (digital antenna). In this paper, a novel fiber-lattice accumulator design is presented, and a coherent simulation of an integrated optical first-order, single-bit ?? ADC is reported. The accumulator leakage resulting from a mismatch in the optical circuit parameters is quantified. A time-domain analysis is presented, and the simulation results from an all-electronic ?? ADC are presented for comparison. A frequency-domain analysis of a ten times oversampling (n = 4 bits) simulation is used to compare the dynamic performance parameters, including the spurious-free dynamic range, signal-to-noise-plus-distortion ratio, and effective number of bits. The formation of image frequencies when the accumulator is overloaded (i.e., the optical amplifier gain is too large) is also investigated.
Detection of injected, dynamically generated, and obfuscated malicious code (2003)

This paper presents DOME, a host-based technique for detecting several general classes of malicious code in software executables. DOME uses static analysis to identify the locations (virtual addresses) of system calls within the software executables, and then monitors the executables at runtime to verify that every observed system call is made from a location identified using static analysis. The power of this technique is that it is simple, practical, applicable to real-world software, and highly effective against injected, dynamically generated, and obfuscated malicious code.
Chemical characterization of a neural cell adhesion molecule purified from embryonic brain membranes. (1982)

A neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) was purified in milligram quantities from detergent extracts of embryonic chick brain membranes. N-CAM has an unusual carbohydrate content and structure, is polydisperse in solution, and is associated with proteolytic activity leading to its spontaneous cleavage. The carbohydrate composition of N-CAM includes 13 mol of sialic acid but only 1.4 mol of galactose/100 mol of amino acids, suggesting the presence of a sialic acid to protein linkage not previously observed in higher organisms. N-CAM appears to be an integral membrane protein in that its extraction from membranes required detergent. Although soluble, the purified molecule was aggregated (Mr = 0.5 to 1.2 X 10(6)) and polydisperse in detergent-free solutions. N-CAM from brain also migrated as a broad but continuously stained region from Mr = 200,000 to Mr = 250,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; the molecule from retina was similar but had a somewhat faster mobility. Desialation of N-CAM did not significantly change its behavior in solution, but converted both brain and retinal N-CAM to components migrating on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as material of about Mr = 140,000. Despite the apparent heterogeneity, amino acid sequence analysis and comparison of proteolytic fragments suggest that all forms of the glycoprotein are derived from the same polypeptide chain. On prolonged incubation at neutral pH, N-CAM undergoes apparent proteolysis to yield a polypeptide that contains little sialic acid and has a Mr = 65,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a separate sialic acid-rich component, and a variety of small peptides. The 65,000-dalton polypeptide appeared to contain all of the antigenic determinants of intact N-CAM that neutralize the adhesion-blocking ability of anti-retinal cell Fab' fragments.
Analysis of naturally occurring mycotoxins in feedstuffs and food (1993)

Aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and their respective metabolites require specific procedures for their determination because of their diverse chemistry and occurrence in complex matrices of feedstuffs and foods. Major sources of error in the analysis of these mycotoxins arise from inadequate sampling and inefficient extraction and cleanup procedures. The determinative step in the assay for each of these toxins is sensitive to levels below those that are considered detrimental to humans and animals. Aflatoxins can be determined in grains and animal fluids and tissues by TLC, HPLC, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and ELISA procedures. Zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin, can readily be determined in cereal grains and foods by HPLC (50 ng/g) and by TLC (300 ng/g). No incurred levels of zearalenone or its metabolites have been detected in animal tissues destined for human consumption. Deoxynivalenol can be determined in wheat and corn at 300 ng/g by a rapid TLC procedure and at 325 ng/g by a GC method. Although not tested collaboratively, an HPLC procedure and an ELISA screening procedure are capable of detecting deoxynivalenol at low (nanograms/gram) levels in feedstuffs and foods. The recently characterized fumonisins can be detected by TLC, HPLC, and GC-MS at levels below those now considered harmful. Thin-layer chromatography and HPLC (with fluorescence detection of derivatives) procedures can detect fumonisins at approximately 100 ng/g; GC-MS is required for detection at lower levels.
Immunohistochemistry of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic valves of patients with Marfan's syndrome. (1998)

We hypothesize that the defect in fibrillin-1 in Marfan's syndrome leads to (1) formation of elastin that is abnormally aggregated and more easily degraded by MMPs than is normal elastin, (2) upregulation of the synthesis of MMPs, (3) progressive destruction of connective tissue by these enzymes, and (4) development of TAAs and valvular lesions.
Anti-angiogenic therapy and chemotherapy affect 99mTc sestamibi and 99mTc-HL91 accumulation differently in tumour xenografts (2005)

These findings indicate that scintigraphic assessment of therapeutic efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy should be performed from a perspective distinct from that of cytotoxic treatment.
Production of recombinant plant gum with tobacco cell culture in bioreactor and gum characterization (2005)

Many plant gums, such as gum arabic, contain hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs), which are also abundant components of the plant cell extracellular matrix. Here we expressed in transgenic BY2 Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) cells, a synthetic gene encoding a novel HRGP-based gum, designated gum arabic-8 or (GA)(8). (GA)(8) encoded eight repeats of the consensus polypeptide sequence of gum arabic glycoprotein (GAGP): Gly-Pro-His-Ser-Pro-Pro-Pro-Pro-Leu-Ser-Pro-Ser-Pro-Thr-Pro-Thr-Pro-Pro-Leu, in which most of the Pro residues were posttranslationally modified to hydroxyproline (Hyp). (GA)(8) was expressed as a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein targeted to the culture medium, (GA)(8)GFP. The culture of the transgenic cells in a 5-L bioreactor showed that the production of (GA)(8)GFP was cell growth-associated. The extracellular yield of (GA)(8)GFP was 116.8 mg/L after 14 days of culture and accounted for 87% of the total fusion protein expressed. (GA)(8)GFP was purified from the culture medium by a combination of hydrophobic interaction, gel permeation, and reversed phase chromatography. Biochemical characterization indicated that the amino acid composition of the (GA)(8) module, after removal of GFP by proteolysis, was virtually identical to that of predicted by the GAGP consensus sequence and that carbohydrate, which occurred as arabinogalactan polysaccharides and small oligoarabinosides O-linked through the Hyp residues, accounted for 84% of the molecules' dry weight. Functional assays showed that (GA)(8) exhibited low viscosity in aqueous solution similar to native GAGP. However, neither GFP alone nor the (GA)(8) module could emulsify orange oil. However, the fusion protein (GA)(8)GFP possessed 1.28-fold better emulsification properties than native GAGP. This work demonstrates the feasibility and potential of a synthetic gene approach to the de novo design of novel glycoprotein-based gums and emulsifiers.
High-performance vitrimers from commodity thermoplastics through dioxaborolane metathesis (2017)

Windmills, cars, and dental restoration demand polymer materials and composites that are easy to process, assemble, and recycle while exhibiting outstanding mechanical, thermal, and chemical resistance. Vitrimers, which are polymer networks able to shuffle chemical bonds through exchange reactions, could address these demands if they were prepared from existing plastics and processed with fast production rates and current equipment. We report the metathesis of dioxaborolanes, which is rapid and thermally robust, and use it to prepare vitrimers from polymers as different as poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, and high-density polyethylene that, although permanently cross-linked, can be processed multiple times by means of extrusion or injection molding. They show superior chemical resistance and dimensional stability and can be efficiently assembled. The strategy is applicable to polymers with backbones made of carbon-carbon single bonds.
Controlled Surface Functionalization of Silica Nanospheres by Covalent Conjugation Reactions and Preparation of High Density Streptavidin Nanoparticles (2004)

Silica nanoparticles with a diameter of 100 nm were covalently modified at their surface by adjustable amounts of amine and carboxyl functional groups. Bioconjugation studies of two proteins, streptavidin and streptactin, with the functional nanoparticles resulted in optimum binding of the proteins to a long-chain carboxyl-terminated linker. The surface functionalization of the nanoparticles was monitored by a variety of independent methods, including zeta-potential measurements, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle charge detection titrations (PCD) and elemental analysis. At the surface of the nanoparticles, a functional surface group density of 1.8 amino groups per nm2 was realized. The amine functions were quantitatively transferred to carboxyl groups coupled with a linker elongation. Streptavidin was immobilized by covalent binding to the carboxyl linkers and resulted in a protein density at the surface of the nanoparticles that was three times higher than the highest binding densities at nanoparticles published to date. The binding capacity of the streptavidin-covered nanoparticles for ligand biotin was quantified by titration with biotin-4-fluorescein to 2.5 biotin binding sites per 100 nm2.
In situx-ray standing-wave analysis of electrodeposited Cu monolayers on GaAs(001) (1998)

Copper was electrodeposited onto n- and p-type GaAs(001) from mMol solutions of ${\mathrm{CuSO}}_{4}$ in 0.5 Mol sulfuric acid and the registration of the Cu adsorbate was analyzed with respect to the GaAs lattice in situ with x-ray standing waves, recording the Cu-K\ensuremath{\alpha} fluorescence radiation from the sample surface while scanning the GaAs(004) Bragg reflection. For coverages below 1 ML, the determined coherent position ${P}_{\mathrm{Cu}}^{004}\ensuremath{\approx}0.0$ is in agreement with a substitutional site of the Cu. However, the coherent fraction ${F}^{004}&lt;~0.4$ indicates that the Cu is not well ordered or occupies other sites. The measurements also show that part of the Cu diffuses a few nm into the bulk in an amount that is larger for n type $(\ensuremath{\approx}0.5$ ML) than for p type $(\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.05$ ML). If thick Cu layers are stripped at anodic potentials, the Cu desorption starts to significantly slow down at Cu coverages of about 10 ML while the anodic current stays almost constant, which is explained by the fact that the Cu film is no longer continuous. At coverages $\ensuremath{\lesssim}1$ ML the stripping becomes extremely slow and Cu stays at the GaAs(001) interface even while the GaAs surface dissolves, exhibiting a ``reversed surfactant'' behavior.
An Integrated Microfabricated Device for Dual Microdialysis and On-Line ESI-Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Complex Biological Samples (1999)

A microfabricated dual-microdialysis device in a single integrated microfabricated platform was constructed using laser micromachining techniques for the rapid fractionation and cleanup of complex biological samples. On-line dual microdialysis and ESI-MS of biological samples was demonstrated using an ion trap mass spectrometer. The mass spectra obtained demonstrated the efficiency of dual microdialysis for removing both high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight species that interfere with effective ESI-MS analysis of target biopolymers. Signal-to-noise ratios were also greatly improved compared to direct sample infusion. In addition to its compactness, negligible dead volume, and robustness, the device can be used at a flow rate of only 200 nL/min, an order of magnitude lower than that obtained previously. This reduced sample consumption and improved sensitivity with ESI-MS. The results suggest the potential for integration of such microfabricated devices with other sample manipulations for the rapid ESI-MS analysis of complex biological samples.
Matrix Metalloproteinases Increase Very Early during Experimental Focal Cerebral Ischemia (1999)

Microvascular integrity is lost during focal cerebral ischemia. The degradation of the basal lamina and extracellular matrix are, in part, responsible for the loss of vascular integrity. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may play a primary role in basal lamina degradation. By using a sensitive modification of gelatin zymography, the authors investigated the activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in frozen 10-microm sections of ischemic and nonischemic basal ganglia and plasma samples of 27 non-human primates after middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) for various periods. The gelatinolytic activities were compared with parallel cell dUTP incorporation in the ischemic zones of adjacent sections. In the brain, the integrated density of MMP-2 increased significantly by 1 hour after MCAO and was persistently elevated thereafter. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression was highly correlated with the extent of neuron injury and the number of injured neurons (r = 0.9763, SE = 0.004, 2P < 0.0008). Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression only was significantly increased in subjects with hemorrhagic transformation. In plasma, only MMP-9 increased transiently at 2 hours of MCAO. These findings highlight the early potential role of MMP-2 in the degradation of basal lamina leading to neuronal injury, and an association of MMP-9 with hemorrhagic transformation after focal cerebral ischemia.
<title>Use of matched filters for extraction of left ventricular features in two-dimensional short-axis echocardiographic images</title> (1992)

An automatic method for identification of the center point of the left ventricle of the myocardium during systole is described for 2-dimensional short—axis echocardiographic images. This method, based on the use of large matched filters, identifies a single fixed center point during systole, by locating the three features: the epicardial boundary along the postenor wall, the epicardial boundary along the anterior wall, and the endocardial boundary along the anterior wall. Thus, it provides a first step towards the long term goal of automatic recognition of the endocardial and epicardial boundaries. An index associated with the filter used to approximate the epicardial boundary along the posterior wall provides an indication of the quality of the image and a reliability measurement of the estimate. When tested on 207 image sequences, 18 images were identified by this index (applied to the end diastolic frame) as unsuitable for processing. In the remaining 189 image sequences, 16 of the automatically defined center points were judged poor when compared with estimates made on the end diastolic frame by an independent expert observer.
Drug Delivery Systems, CNS Protection, and the Blood Brain Barrier (2014)

Present review highlights various drug delivery systems used for delivery of pharmaceutical agents mainly antibiotics, antineoplastic agents, neuropeptides, and other therapeutic substances through the endothelial capillaries (BBB) for CNS therapeutics. In addition, the use of ultrasound in delivery of therapeutic agents/biomolecules such as proline rich peptides, prodrugs, radiopharmaceuticals, proteins, immunoglobulins, and chimeric peptides to the target sites in deep tissue locations inside tumor sites of brain has been explained. In addition, therapeutic applications of various types of nanoparticles such as chitosan based nanomers, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, niosomes, beta cyclodextrin carriers, cholesterol mediated cationic solid lipid nanoparticles, colloidal drug carriers, liposomes, and micelles have been discussed with their recent advancements. Emphasis has been given on the need of physiological and therapeutic optimization of existing drug delivery methods and their carriers to deliver therapeutic amount of drug into the brain for treatment of various neurological diseases and disorders. Further, strong recommendations are being made to develop nanosized drug carriers/vehicles and noninvasive therapeutic alternatives of conventional methods for better therapeutics of CNS related diseases. Hence, there is an urgent need to design nontoxic biocompatible drugs and develop noninvasive delivery methods to check posttreatment clinical fatalities in neuropatients which occur due to existing highly toxic invasive drugs and treatment methods.
American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists Guideline Recommendations for Immunohistochemical Testing of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Breast Cancer (2010)

PURPOSE: To develop a guideline to improve the accuracy of immunohistochemical (IHC) estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) testing in breast cancer and the utility of these receptors as predictive markers. METHODS: The American Society of Clinical Oncology and the College of American Pathologists convened an international Expert Panel that conducted a systematic review and evaluation of the literature in partnership with Cancer Care Ontario and developed recommendations for optimal IHC ER/PgR testing performance. RESULTS: Up to 20% of current IHC determinations of ER and PgR testing worldwide may be inaccurate (false negative or false positive). Most of the issues with testing have occurred because of variation in preanalytic variables, thresholds for positivity, and interpretation criteria. RECOMMENDATIONS: The Panel recommends that ER and PgR status be determined on all invasive breast cancers and breast cancer recurrences. A testing algorithm that relies on accurate, reproducible assay performance is proposed. Elements to reliably reduce assay variation are specified. It is recommended that ER and PgR assays be considered positive if there are at least 1% positive tumor nuclei in the sample on testing in the presence of expected reactivity of internal (normal epithelial elements) and external controls. The absence of benefit from endocrine therapy for women with ER-negative invasive breast cancers has been confirmed in large overviews of randomized clinical trials.
Differential stabilization by netropsin of inducible B-like conformations in deoxyribo-, ribo- and 2′-deoxy-2′-fluororibo-adenosine containing duplexes of (dA)n(dT)nand (dA)n(dU)n (1982)

Six polynucleotide duplexes containing polydeoxyadenylic acid, polyadenylic acid or poly-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-adenylic acid in one strand, and polydeoxyuridylic acid or polydeoxythymidylic acid in the other strand have been studied by circular dichroism, ionic strength dependence of melting temperatures and binding of the DNA specific antibiotic netropsin. Circular dichroism spectra of (dA)n . (dT)n and (dA)n . (dU)n indicated the presence of the B-form of DNA, while those of (dAfl)n . (dT)n and (rA)n . (dT)n (and the corresponding (dU)n hybrids) indicated the presence of the A-form. (dAfl)n . (dT)n and (dAfl)n . (dU)n bound netropsin only slightly less than the (dA)n containing duplexes, while replacement by (rA)n decreased netropsin binding to a large degree. Since netropsin requires B-DNA for binding, it is concluded that the A to B transition is facilitated in the case of fluorine substitution in the sugar moiety, while the 2'-OH group greatly limits this conformational change.