gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pain following spinal cord injury: the clinical problem and experimental studies (1996)

The problem of pain following spinal cord injury challenges the health care community to develop new treatment strategies for patients requiring pain management. A number of pain syndromes are associated with spinal injury based on the nature of the lesion, neurological structures damaged, and secondary pathophysiological changes. Efforts to identify specific characteristics of each syndrome are an important beginning to the successful diagnosis and treatment of spinal injury pain. Without research directed towards understanding the basic mechanisms of this condition, it is likely that the treatment of these patients will remain basically the same as for any other type of pain. In recent years optimism for the development of more effective treatments for central pain of spinal origin has resulted from efforts directed towards understanding the morphological, neurochemical, and physiological responses to spinal injury. Through the use of different experimental models valuable insights related to the mechanism(s) responsible for the onset of central pain following injury have been obtained. At present there are three hypothesis related to this condition: (a) imbalance of sensory channels; (b) loss of spinal inhibitory tone; and (c) the existence of central pattern generators. Future research related to these hypotheses will need to focus on the use of appropriate injury models that simulate the pathological changes associated with human injuries and which lead to clinically relevant pain-related behaviors. Continued research directed towards an examination of these proposed mechanisms will also require new research strategies and a cooperative working relationship between basic and clinical scientists. In this review the clinical characteristics of spinal injury pain and the results of experimental studies are discussed.
Stimulatory Effects ofα-hANP on Testosterone Secretion in Man (1991)

Several recent observations suggest that atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) can modulate steroidogenesis in isolated rat Leydig cells. At present, it is unknown whether ANP influence human testicular steroidogenesis. We therefore evaluated the effects of alpha-human ANP (hANP) administration on testosterone plasma levels in peripheral and internal spermatic venous blood of young men (catheterized for contrast study of varicocele). Six subjects were injected with 100 micrograms alpha-hANP in the cubital vein. Six different patients similarly received 50 micrograms LHRH. Three controls received 2 ml saline. Plasma LH, FSH, and testosterone were then determined 15 min before, at time of injection, and 15, 30, 45, and 60 min thereafter in spermatic vein and peripheral venous blood, as well as at 120 min in peripheral blood. LHRH--induced LH increase was followed by a marked increase of spermatic vein testosterone concentrations, but the peripheral testosterone concentration did not increase. Similarly, alpha-hANP administration did not affect peripheral testosterone and LH concentrations, but significantly increased spermatic vein testosterone levels (P less than 0.01). Our findings demonstrate that alpha-hANP exerts its stimulatory effect on testicular steroidogenesis in man without modifying gonadotropin secretion, suggesting that alpha-hANP may directly influence Leydig cell function.
Embryonic Stem Cells Generate Airway Epithelial Tissue (2004)

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are self-renewable and pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst-stage embryo. ES cell pluripotency is being investigated increasingly to obtain specific cell lineages for therapeutic treatments and tissue engineering. Type II alveolar epithelial cells have been derived from murine ES cells, but the capacity of the latter to generate differentiated airway epithelial tissue has never been reported. Herein, we show by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry that murine ES cells are able to differentiate into nonciliated secretory Clara cells, and that type I collagen induces this commitment. Moreover, when cultured at the air-liquid interface, ES cells give rise to a fully differentiated airway epithelium. By quantitative histologic examination, immunohistochemistry, and scanning electron microscopy, we show that the bioengineered epithelium is composed of basal, ciliated, intermediate, and Clara cells, similar to those of native tracheobronchial airway epithelium. Transmission electron microscopy and Western blotting reveal that the generated epithelium also exhibits the ultrastructural features and secretory functions characteristic of airway epithelial tissue. These results open new perspectives for cell therapy of injured epithelium in airway diseases, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cystic fibrosis, or bronchiolitis obliterans.
Influenza A Virus NEP (NS2 Protein) Downregulates RNA Synthesis of Model Template RNAs (2001)

The influenza A virus NEP (NS2) protein is an structural component of the viral particle. To investigate whether this protein has an effect on viral RNA synthesis, we examined the expression of an influenza A virus-like chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) RNA in cells synthesizing the four influenza A virus core proteins (nucleoprotein, PB1, PB2, and PA) and NEP from recombinant plasmids. Influenza A virus NEP inhibited drastically, and in a dose-dependent manner, the level of CAT expression mediated by the recombinant influenza A virus polymerase. This inhibitory effect was not observed in an analogous artificial system in which expression of a synthetic CAT RNA is mediated by the core proteins of an influenza B virus. This result ruled out the possibility that inhibition of reporter gene expression was due to a general toxic effect induced by NEP. Analysis of the virus-specific RNA species that accumulated in cells expressing the type A recombinant core proteins and NEP showed that there was an important reduction in the levels of minireplicon-derived vRNA, cRNA, and mRNA molecules. Taken together, the results obtained suggest a regulatory role for NEP during virus-specific RNA synthesis, and this finding is discussed regarding the biological implications for the virus life cycle.
Complement Activation during Cardiopulmonary Bypass (1981)

We observed complement activation in 15 adults undergoing total cardiopulmonary bypass. Plasma levels of C3a were significantly elevated (P < 0.0001) at the beginning of the procedure, and they continued to increase steadily thereafter. At the end of the procedure, C3a levels were more than five times higher than preoperative levels. Plasma levels of C5a (a factor that binds avidly to neutrophils) did not change significantly during cardiopulmonary bypass. Instead, there was significant neutrophilia (P = 0.03) during bypass, and significant transpulmonary neutropenia (P = 0.0002) occurred when cardiopulmonary circulation was reestablished at partial bypass. The neutropenia is consistent with pulmonary-vascular sequestration of C5a-activated granulocytes. We also found that incubation of blood with the nylon-mesh liner of bubble oxygenators, as well as vigorous oxygenation of whole blood, promotes conversion of complement. We conclude that the complement-derived inflammatory mediators C3a and C5a produced during extracorporeal circulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of "post-pump syndromes."
The murine IL 2 receptor. I. Monoclonal antibodies that define distinct functional epitopes on activated T cells and react with activated B cells. (1984)

The properties of three distinct rat monoclonal antibodies, designated 3C7, 7D4, and 2E4, to the murine IL 2 receptor have been compared in binding, biochemical, and functional assays. 3C7 appears to define an epitope near or identical to the IL 2-binding site of the receptor, because 3C7 inhibited the binding of radiolabeled IL 2 to CTL-L cells and because unlabeled IL 2 inhibited the binding of FITC-3C7 to CTL-L cells. 7D4 and 2E4 had no effect on IL 2 binding. Competitive antibody-binding studies confirmed that the epitope seen by 3C7 was distinct from the epitope(s) seen by 7D4 and 2E4. Sequential immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that all three antibodies were reactive with the same molecular species, and that each precipitated identical components of 20,000 to 25,000 daltons, 50,000 to 60,000 daltons, and 100,000 to 120,000 daltons from the surface of CTL-L. FACS studies demonstrated a quantitatively and qualitatively identical cell distribution for the antigen defined by each antibody. They failed to stain more than 95% of resting lymphocytes, but were strongly reactive with Con A T blasts and substantially less reactive with LPS B blasts. Unlabeled IL 2 was also able to inhibit the binding of FITC-3C7 to LPS B cell blasts, suggesting the presence of IL 2-binding sites on activated B cells. Each antibody inhibited IL 2-driven proliferation of HT2 or CTL-L cells. 3C7 and 7D4 were more potent inhibitors of proliferation than was 2E4, and the combined use of 3C7 and 7D4 resulted in greater levels of inhibition of proliferation than that shown from the use of either antibody alone. Collectively, the results support the hypothesis that these antibodies detect two distinct functional regions of the IL 2 receptor.
Distributed code constructions for the entire Slepian-Wolf rate region for arbitrarily correlated sources (2004)

The Slepian-Wolf coding problem tackles the problem of distributed encoding of correlated discrete-alphabet sources for decoding at a common receiver. In this work, we propose distributed linear block code constructions for attaining any point on the Slepian-Wolf achievable rate region for arbitrarily correlated sources. Specifically, our prescription allows for any arbitrary memoryless joint probability distribution over any arbitrary number of distributed sources, and allows for any arbitrary rate combination that lies in the Slepian-Wolf achievable region. Special cases of our framework include the single source case (wherein our construction reduces to an entropy coder), source coding with side-information at the receiver (so-called corner points of the Slepian-Wolf region), and specific source correlation models (such as induced by a virtual binary symmetric channel model). In this work, we describe how to use low density parity check (LDPC) codes into the proposed framework to solve the general Slepian-Wolf problem constructively.
Lignin Biodegradation of Nitrogen Supplemented Red Oak ( Quercus Rubra ) Wood Chips with Two Strains of Phanerochaete Chrysosporium (1991)

Red oak ( Quercus rubra L.) wood chips were treated at two levels of nitrogen content (0.95% and 2.87% N level based on oven-dry wood chips) with either anhydrous liquid ammonia or ammonium nitrate in attempts to enhance the lignin degradation rate of a wild and mutant strain of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. As growth time increased, significant changes in weight loss, alkali solubility, alcohol/benzene extractive content, holocellulose content, and klason lignin content were observed. Experimental results showed that lignin biodegradation rate of both a wild and a mutant strain of P. chrysosporium was increased by pretreating the wood chips with either liquid ammonia at low levels (0.95% N) or by treating wood chips with additions of ammonium nitrate at the 0.95% N and 2.87% N level. Treating red oak chips with liquid ammonia at the 2.87% N level not only caused a reduction in holocellulose content of red oak wood chips, but also inhibited the growth of both strains of P. chrysosporium during incubation. When ammonium nitrate was added to the red oak wood chips at the 2.97% N level, biodegradation capabilities of the wild strain were suppressed. However, the red oak wood chips treated to the 2.87% N level with ammonium nitrate did not affect the growth of the mutant strain of P. chrysosporium. An increase in lignolytic activity was found to occur using the mutant strain of fungus. Significant differences in lignin and carbohydrate content of fungus-degraded wood were observed. The wild strain appeared to attack the lignin and carbohydrate constituents of wood simultaneously, resulting in a loss in both components as incubation time increased from 0 to 30 days. However, the mutant strain appeared to attack the lignin constituents while leaving the carbohydrate components largely intact. Comparison between the two strains (30 days of incubation) showed the red oak wood chips degraded by the mutant strain had a higher holocellulose content than did the wood chips degraded by the wild strain. These results suggest that the mutant strain may be the preferred fungus to use in manufacturing biomechanical pulps and the biodegradation rate may be slightly increased with the addition of nitrogen to the substrate.
Interpretation of wireline log and core data from a mid-Jurassic sand/shale sequence (1984)

Abstract Interpretation of downhole wireline logs is generally a major source of information used to build up a picture of the quality and distribution of reservoir rocks. Logging tools respond to a number of variables and comparison of a suite of different logs is usually required to isolate and identify the response due to a single factor, e.g. porosity or clay content. A new tool, the litho-density tool (LDT), has been used along with conventional logging tools in a mid-Jurassic sand/shale sequence. The LDT simultaneously measures P e (effective photoelectric cross-section) and ρ a (apparent bulk density). P e is a function of atomic number which in turn reflects lithology or mineral composition. By using cross-plots derived from the LDT and other logs, patterns of mineral abundance are indicated.
Association Between Acetaminophen or Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Risk of Developing Ovarian, Breast, or Colon Cancer (2002)

We found no evidence for a decreased ovarian cancer risk for women with regular acetaminophen or NSAID exposure.
Transduction of receptor signal into modulation of effector activity by G proteins: the first 20 years or so … (1990)

G proteins are central to the transduction of many receptor signals. I review the "firsts" that have led to our current knowledge and delineate some of the issues being investigated in several laboratories worldwide.--Birnbaumer, L. Transudction of receptor signal into modulation of effector activity by G proteins: the first 20 years or so...FASEB J. 4:3068-3078; 1990.
An appraisal of the healing profiles of oral and external (GEL) metronidazole on partial thickness burn wounds (2000)

Objective: To assess the influence of oral and topical (gel) metronidazole on partial thickness thermal burn wound healing.

Methods: Partial thickness burn wounds were produced on dorsum of rats by pouring hot molten wax at 80oC. Oral and two topical gel (MGEL-1and MGEL-2) preparations of metronidazole or their corresponding vehicles were administered to different groups of wound bearing animals. The effects of the treatments were compared by periodically observing wound contraction and epithelization and histological features as indicative of the progress of healing.

Results: Healing of burn wounds was significantly promoted by oral metronidazole (p<0.01) and the gel base of MGEL-2. In contrast, the MGEL-1 significantly (p<0.05) depressed the epithelization process while its base was without effect, indicating that topical metronidazole retards healing. The effect of MGEL-2 appeared to be an algebraic sum of pro- and anti-healing effects of the base and drug respectively more in favour of the base (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Metronidazole orally promotes but topically depresses healing of burn wounds. The latter effect can be reversed if the base has pro-healing property.
The Diagnostic Value of Absolute Neutrophil Count, Band Count and Morphologic Changes of Neutrophils in Predicting Bacterial Infections (2007)

ANC and toxic granulation appear to be more sensitive than band count in predicting bacterial infections. However, band count has a greater sensitivity in infants and elderly patients.
Cytokines (1998)

Cytokines encompass diverse groups of multifunctional proteins that play key roles in a variety of biological processes, including cell growth and activation, inflammation, immunity, hematopoiesis, tumorigenesis, tissue repair, fibrosis, and morpho-genesis. Chemotaxis is stimulated by a recently defined group of cytokines, the chemokines. Consistent with their relatively diverse functions, cytokines are synthesized in a variety of cell types, including cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system, lymphocytes, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and chondrocytes. These peptides interact with receptors on a wide variety of cell types to initiate intracellular signaling cascades that are responsible for mediating their effects. Interactions of the cytokines with these receptors can occur locally in an autocrine fashion on the cells that produced the cytokine or in a paracrine fashion on cells adjacent to the site of production. Finally, cytokines can function at distant sites in an endocrine fashion. This chapter will provide an overview of the major cytokines and their actions, their receptors and intracellular signaling cascades, and the role of cytokines and their receptors in specific disease processes.
Chemical analysis of alginates from mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1994)

Conference Article| August 01 1994 Chemical analysis of alginates from mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PETER J. TATNELL; PETER J. TATNELL 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Wales, Cardiff, P.O. Box 903, Cardiff, CF1 1ST, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar NICHOLAS J. RUSSELL; NICHOLAS J. RUSSELL 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Wales, Cardiff, P.O. Box 903, Cardiff, CF1 1ST, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar PETER GACESA PETER GACESA 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Wales, Cardiff, P.O. Box 903, Cardiff, CF1 1ST, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Author and article information Publisher: Portland Press Ltd Online ISSN: 1470-8752 Print ISSN: 0300-5127 © 1994 Biochemical Society1994 Biochem Soc Trans (1994) 22 (3): 310S. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst022310s Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation PETER J. TATNELL, NICHOLAS J. RUSSELL, PETER GACESA; Chemical analysis of alginates from mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochem Soc Trans 1 August 1994; 22 (3): 310S. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst022310s Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search Keywords: CF, cystic fibrosis, G, L-guluronate, M, D-mannuronate This content is only available as a PDF. © 1994 Biochemical Society1994 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Regiospecific synthesis of 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinones from maleoylcobalt complexes and alkynes via Lewis acid catalysis. A highly convergent route to isoquinoline quinones (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRegiospecific synthesis of 2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-benzoquinones from maleoylcobalt complexes and alkynes via Lewis acid catalysis. A highly convergent route to isoquinoline quinonesSuresh Iyer and Lanny S. LiebeskindCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 9, 2759–2770Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1987https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00243a032RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views2019Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Performance of cascaded misaligned optical (de)multiplexers in multiwavelength optical networks (1996)

We use computer simulation techniques to evaluate the limitations on laser misalignment tolerances for multiwavelength optical networks with a cascade of 2 to 100 (de)multiplexers modelled as either first-order filters or third-order Butterworth filters. The results are dependent on the number of (de)multiplexers used, on the bit rate, and on the filter characteristics. We find that both the magnitude and the phase characteristics of the (de)multiplexer transfer function are important in determining the distortion-induced penalties. The allowable laser misalignment tolerances, at 10 Gb/s and for systems using (de)multiplexers modelled as third-order Butterworth filters, vary from /spl plusmn/78 GHz (/spl plusmn/0.63 nm) for systems with a cascade of 2 filters to /spl plusmn/18 GHz (/spl plusmn/0.15 nm) for systems with a cascade of 100 filters.
Structure-Based Design of N-Phenyl Phenoxazine Transthyretin Amyloid Fibril Inhibitors (2000)

Starting with the published 2.0 Å X-ray crystal structure of the transthyretin·(flufenamic acid)2 complex, a simple structure-based ligand design strategy was employed to conceive of N-phenyl phenoxazine transthyretin (TTR) amyloid fibril inhibitors. Fifteen N-phenyl phenoxazines were chemically synthesized and evaluated using a quantitative amyloid fibril assay in vitro. The structure of one of the two most active phenoxazines, 4, bound to TTR was solved to a resolution of 1.9 Å to understand the structural basis of its efficacy. N-phenyl phenoxazine 4 binds similar to the orientation anticipated, although not as deeply into the channel as expected. Like flufenamic acid, 4 mediates binding-induced conformational changes that enable intersubunit H-bonding in tetrameric TTR which may be important for preventing fibril formation. Analytical ultracentrifugation analysis demonstrates that 4 blocks the first step of TTR amyloid fibril formation, that is, tetramer dissociation to the alternatively folded amyloidogenic monomer. Isothermal titration calorimetry was used to determine the binding constants of 4 to TTR and to dissect the enthalpy and entropy contributions associated with ligand binding. Phenoxazine 4 exhibits binding and inhibitor efficacy against WT TTR that is very similar to that of flufenamic acid, unlike the situation with the inhibition of L55P fibril formation where 4 is superior to Flu as an inhibitor but not as a binder. It is clear that 4 functions in part by stabilizing the normally folded tetramer through formation of the TTR·(4)2 complex, which in turn increases the activation energy for tetramer dissociation. The data also suggest that 4 destabilizes the transition state associated with TTR dissociation to the monomeric amyloidogenic intermediate. Future biophysical studies, including kinetic measurements, are needed to understand the exact mechanism(s) of the action of 4.