gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transthoracic Defibrillation Using Sequential and Simultaneous Dual Shock Pathways: Experimental Studies (1990)

Dual pathway sequential DC shocks reduce energy requirements for internal defibrillation. Our purpose was to determine if dual pathway shocks similarly reduce energy requirements or improve shock success in transthoracic (external) defibrillation. We studied 39 closed-chest anesthetized mongrel dogs. The dual pathways used were left chest to right chest and left chest to posterior. In eight dogs we also assessed dual shock pathways oriented orthogonally, left lower chest to right upper chest and left upper chest to right lower chest. Four different dual pathway groups were studied: group 1: simultaneous shocks, sinusoidal waveform; group 2: sequential shocks, sinusoidal waveform, 100-msec shock separation, orthogonal shock pathways; group 3: sequential shocks, sinusoidal waveform, 100 msec shock separation; and group 4: sequential shocks, rectangular waveform (sequential shocks: 2 pulses, 2.5 msec each, 0.1-msec separation; single shock: 1 pulse, 5 msec). Shocks were given at 50 (J) joules, 100 J and 150 J and curves of energy versus success compared for dual pathway shocks versus single shocks. We found that the highest mean success rates (96 +/- SD 9%) were achieved by simultaneous sinusoidal waveform dual pathway shocks at 100 J; this was identical to results achieved by the single pathway sinusoidal waveform comparison shocks at 100 J. Sequential dual pathway sinusoidal shocks separated by 100 msec achieved a mean success rate of 79 +/- 31% at 150 J; the comparison single pathway mean success rate was similar: 81 +/- 22% at 150 J. Thus, dual pathway sequential or simultaneous transthoracic shocks did not demonstrate clear superiority over single pathway shocks.
Catalytic routes for the conversion of biomass into liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuels (2010)

Concerns about diminishing fossil fuel reserves along with global warming effects caused by increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere are driving society toward the search for new renewable sources of energy that can substitute for coal, natural gas and petroleum in the current energy system. Lignocellulosic biomass is abundant, and it has the potential to significantly displace petroleum in the production of fuels for the transportation sector. Ethanol, the main biomass-derived fuel used today, has benefited from production by a well-established technology and by partial compatibility with the current transportation infrastructure, leading to the domination of the world biofuel market. However, ethanol suffers from important limitations as a fuel (e.g., low energy density, high solubility in water) than can be overcome by designing strategies to convert non-edible lignocellulosic biomass into liquid hydrocarbon fuels (LHF) chemically similar to those currently used in internal combustion engines. The present review describes the main routes available to carry out such deep chemical transformation (e.g., gasification, pyrolysis, and aqueous-phase catalytic processing), with particular emphasis on those pathways involving aqueous-phase catalytic reactions. These latter catalytic routes achieve the required transformations in biomass-derived molecules with controlled chemistry and high yields, but require pretreatment/hydrolysis steps to overcome the recalcitrance of lignocellulose. To be economically viable, these aqueous-phase routes should be carried out with a small number of reactors and with minimum utilization of external fossil fuel-based hydrogen sources, as illustrated in the examples presented here.
Different Temporal and Spatial Gene Expression Patterns Occur during Anther Development (1990)

Anna M. Koltunow, Jessie Truettner, Kathleen H. Cox, Marco Wallroth, Robert B. Goldberg, Different Temporal and Spatial Gene Expression Patterns Occur during Anther Development, The Plant Cell, Vol. 2, No. 12 (Dec., 1990), pp. 1201-1224
Development of Public Health Advisories for Arsenic in Drinking Water (1999)

Drinking water contamination by arsenic remains a major public health problem. Acute and chronic arsenic exposure via drinking water has been reported in many countries of the world; especially in Argentina, Bangladesh, India, Mexico, Thailand, and Taiwan, where a large proportion of drinking water (ground water) is contaminated with a high concentration of arsenic. Research has also pointed out significantly higher standardized mortality ratios and cumulative mortality rates for cancers of the bladder, kidney, skin, liver, and colon in many areas of arsenic pollution. General health effects that are associated with arsenic exposure include cardiovascular and peripheral vascular disease, developmental anomalies, neurologic and neurobehavioral disorders, diabetes, hearing loss, portal fibrosis of the liver, lung fibrosis, hematologic disorders (anemia, leukopenia, and eosinophilia), and carcinoma. Although, the clinical manifestations of arsenic poisoning appear similar, the toxicity of arsenic compounds depends largely u[on the chemical species and the form of arsenic involved. On the basis of its high degree of toxicity to humans, and the non-threshold dose-response assumption, a zero level exposure is recommended for arsenic, even though this level is practically non-attainable. In this review, we provide and discuss important information on the physical and chemical properties, production and use, fate and transport, toxicokinetics, systemic and carcinogenic health effects, regulatory and health guidelines, analytical methods, and treatment technologies that are applied to arsenic pollution. Such information is critical in assisting the federal, state and local officials who are responsible for protecting public health in dealing with the problem of drinking water contamination by arsenic and arsenic-containing compounds.
Heat-Induced Changes in the Mechanics of a Collagenous Tissue: Isothermal Free Shrinkage (1997)

We present data from isothermal free-shrinkage tests (i.e., performed in the absence of mechanical loads) wherein bovine chordae tendineae were subjected to temperatures from 65 to 85 degrees C for 120 to 1200 s. These data reveal four new insights into heat-induced denaturation of a collagenous tissue. First, a characteristic time for the free shrinkage appears to exhibit an Arrhenius-type relationship with temperature. Second, scaling the actual heating time via the characteristic time results in a single correlation between free shrinkage and the duration of heating; this correlation suggests a time-temperature equivalence. Third, it is the cumulative, not current, heating time that governs the free shrinkage. And fourth, heat-induced free shrinkage is partially recovered when the tissue is returned to 37 degrees C, this recovery also being time-dependent. Although these findings will help guide future experimentation and constitutive modeling, as well as the design of new heat-based clinical therapies, there is a pressing need to collect additional isothermal data, particularly in the presence of well-defined mechanical loads.
Long-Term Inhibition of Clinical and Laboratory Human Immunodeficiency Virus Strains in Human T-Cell Lines Containing an HIV-Regulated Diphtheria Toxin A Chain Gene (1993)

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes persistent infection of T cells. Chemotherapy for infection in humans may slow HIV-related disease progression, but it does not eradicate virus. Thus, other treatment modalities are warranted. We have previously demonstrated that the human T cell line H9, ordinarily permissive for HIV infection, may be protected against infection with the LAI strain of HIV by intracellular immunization with the gene encoding diphtheria toxin A chain (DT-A) under the control of HIV Tat and Rev. Cloned cells were protected for up to 6 days in vitro. We now report protection against the LAI laboratory isolate for up to 59 days, and against clinical HIV strains of differing phenotypic properties and cell tropisms for up to 59 days. In some cases, protection was complete in that no residual HIV was detected by HIV p24 antigen production, co-culture with parental H9 cells, or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CD4+ surface expression of DT-A transduced cloned H9 cells was similar to parental H9 in most cases. These results suggest that toxin gene therapy for HIV infection may ultimately be feasible.
Spherical-Lens Antennas For Millimeter Wave Radars (2001)

A low-cost 77 GHz spherical lens antenna has been developed for mobile applications. The antenna system consists of a 5 cm spherical Teflon lens which is fed by an endfire tapered slot antenna on a 127 μm-thick Duroid™ substrate. The measured patterns result in symmetrical diffraction limited E and H-plane patterns with a 3-dB beamwidth of 5.5°, a sidelobe level below -20 dB and a crosspolarization level of -19 dB. The calculated efficiency of this antenna system is 54%. The efficiency includes spillover loss, amplitude taper, non-uniform phase, and reflection loss. This very low cost antenna can be easily extended to provide 170° coverage using a circular feed array around the spherical Teflon lens.
Acoustic metamaterial panels for sound attenuation in the 50–1000 Hz regime (2010)

We show experimentally that thin membrane-type acoustic metamaterials can serve as a total reflection nodal surface at certain frequencies. The small decay length of the evanescent waves at these frequencies implies that several membrane panels can be stacked to achieve broad-frequency effectiveness. We report the realization of acoustic metamaterial panels with thickness ≤15 mm and weight ≤3 kg/m2 demonstrating 19.5 dB of internal sound transmission loss (STL) at around 200 Hz, and stacked panels with thickness ≤60 mm and weight ≤15 kg/m2 demonstrating an average STL of &amp;gt;40 dB over a broad range from 50 to 1000 Hz.
Nanoparticulate Contrast Media Blood-Pool and Liver-Spleen Imaging (1994)

Rubin DL, Desser TS, Qing F, Muller HH, Young SW, Mclntire G, Bacon E, Cooper E, Toner J. Nanoparticulate contrast media: blood-pool and liver-spleen imaging. Invest Radiol 1994;29:S280–S283. © Lippincott-Raven Publishers.
Looking for Synergies in Molecular Plasmonics through Hybrid Thermoresponsive Nanostructures (2016)

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been the subject of intensive work recently due to their outstanding optical, catalytic and electronic properties. Although the morphological characteristics (size and shape) of the AuNPs largely determine their properties, their functionalization or association to other materials play a primary role for optimizing their use in various applications such as drug delivery, theranostic, catalysis and (bio)sensing. Among the many possible options available by chemistry, the coupling of AuNPs with smart polymers is an exciting field offering the possibility to supply stimuli-responsive properties to the resulting nanocomposites. With regard to the photothermal properties of AuNPs, their combination with thermoresponsive polymers, such as poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) is particularly promising, likely to generate new synergies between the polymer component and the metallic nanoparticles. Despite such unique and intriguing advantages of AuNPs–PNIPAM nanocomposites, there is no exclusive review regarding this field at the interface between plasmonics and thermoresponsive polymers. To fill this gap, this review describes the general methods for preparing AuNPs–PNIPAM nanocomposites and their potential applications, highlighting the added-value properties emerging from the combination of AuNPs and PNIPAM in a single composite. New outlook for the near future to merge multiple functions at the nanometer scale and integrate building materials of various chemical nature (such as other stimulable polymers or the combination of AuNPs with other metals) into the same active plasmonic platform is described as well, emphasizing innovative approaches to improve their functionalities.
Cellular Oncogenes and Multistep Carcinogenesis (1983)

Two dozen cellular proto-oncogenes have been discovered to date through the study of retroviruses and the use of gene transfer. They form a structurally and functionally heterogeneous group. At least five distinct mechanisms are responsible for their conversion to active oncogenes. Recent work provides experimental strategies by which many of these oncogenes, as well as oncogenes of DNA tumor viruses, may be placed into functional categories. These procedures may lead to definition of a small number of common pathways through which the various oncogenes act to transform cells.
Combination of Proteasomal Inhibitors Lactacystin and MG132 Induced Synergistic Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells (2005)

The proteasome inhibitor Velcade (bortezomib/PS-341) has been shown to block the targeted proteolytic degradation of short-lived proteins that are involved in cell maintenance, growth, division, and death, advocating the use of proteasomal inhibitors as therapeutic agents. Although many studies focused on the use of one proteasomal inhibitor for therapy, we hypothesized that the combination of proteasome inhibitors Lactacystin (AG Scientific, Inc., San Diego CA) and MG132 (Biomol International, Plymouth Meeting, PA) may be more effective in inducing apoptosis. Additionally, this regimen would enable the use of sublethal doses of individual drugs, thus reducing adverse effects. Results indicate a significant increase in apoptosis when LNCaP prostate cancer cells were treated with increasing levels of Lactacystin, MG132, or a combination of sublethal doses of these two inhibitors. Furthermore, induction in apoptosis coincided with a significant loss of IKKalpha, IKKbeta, and IKKgamma proteins and NFkappaB activity. In addition to describing effective therapeutic agents, we provide a model system to facilitate the investigation of the mechanism of action of these drugs and their effects on the IKK-NFkappaB axis.
Tumor localization by combinations of monoclonal antibodies in a new human colon carcinoma cell line (LIM1899). (1990)

One of the problems of in vivo diagnosis and therapy of tumors with monoclonal antibodies is their heterogeneity with respect to antigen expression, with some cells expressing no antigen and others being weakly or strongly positive. Selected mixtures of antibodies to different antigens are therefore likely to react with more cells than single antibodies and be more effective for imaging and therapy. With this in mind, we have examined a new human colon cancer cell line (LIM1899) which has a heterogeneous expression of several cell surface molecules: by flow cytometry 38% were carcinoembryonic antigen positive; 64%, human milk fat globule positive, and 73%, CD46 positive; 87% of tumor cells bound a mixture of all three antibodies in vitro. Some blocking of the binding of anti-human milk fat globule antibody by the anti-CD46 antibody was noted. LIM1899 was established as a xenograft in nude mice and in vivo biodistribution studies performed using antibodies alone or in combination. Mixtures of antibodies clearly showed a higher percentage of injected dose of antibody in the tumor than did single antibodies: one antibody gave 10%; two together, 17 to 21%; and all three together gave 29% of the injected dose in the tumor. Tumor:blood ratios were also superior for combinations of antibodies, provided that low doses of the antibodies were used; at higher doses the effect was lost. The study demonstrates that combinations of antibodies are better than single antibodies for localization, provided that the dose used is carefully selected.
Formation of periodic stripe patterns in nematic liquid crystals doped with functionalized gold nanoparticles (2006)

Mixtures of nematic liquid crystals (LCs) were produced by doping small quantities of gold nanoparticles coated with non-chiral hexane- (Au1), dodecane- (Au2) or chiral Naproxen-functionalized dodecane thiolates (Au3, Au4). Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy confirmed the optical activity for both Naproxen-functionalized gold nanoclusters. The small CD measured for Au1 and Au2 as well as the weak CD above 400 nm measured for Au3 and Au4 is attributed to scattering artifacts of dense particles aggregating in solution. For all mixtures, characterization of the nanoparticle doped nematic phase by polarized optical microscopy revealed the formation of uniform stripe textures or patterns separated by areas of homeotropic alignment due to a spatial separation of particle-rich and particle-poor domains. Similar characteristic textures were also observed for mixtures of the chiral nematic phase produced by doping either only the Naproxen-functionalized thiol 3b or Naproxen and additionally dodecane thiolate-protected gold nanoparticles Au2. On the basis of these findings, observed for the first time for alkane thiolate-capped gold nanoclusters doped into nematic LCs, two different scenarios are suggested. In the first scenario, the optically active gold nanoparticles Au3 and Au4 transfer chirality to the non-chiral nematic LC host. In the second scenario, all functionalized gold nanoclusters Au1–Au4 form topological defects resulting in chain-like particle aggregates, separated by areas of homeotropic alignment due to particles residing at the LC–glass interface.
Real-time non-rigid reconstruction using an RGB-D camera (2014)

We present a combined hardware and software solution for markerless reconstruction of non-rigidly deforming physical objects with arbitrary shape in real-time . Our system uses a single self-contained stereo camera unit built from off-the-shelf components and consumer graphics hardware to generate spatio-temporally coherent 3D models at 30 Hz. A new stereo matching algorithm estimates real-time RGB-D data. We start by scanning a smooth template model of the subject as they move rigidly. This geometric surface prior avoids strong scene assumptions, such as a kinematic human skeleton or a parametric shape model. Next, a novel GPU pipeline performs non-rigid registration of live RGB-D data to the smooth template using an extended non-linear as-rigid-as-possible (ARAP) framework. High-frequency details are fused onto the final mesh using a linear deformation model. The system is an order of magnitude faster than state-of-the-art methods, while matching the quality and robustness of many offline algorithms. We show precise real-time reconstructions of diverse scenes, including: large deformations of users' heads, hands, and upper bodies; fine-scale wrinkles and folds of skin and clothing; and non-rigid interactions performed by users on flexible objects such as toys. We demonstrate how acquired models can be used for many interactive scenarios, including re-texturing, online performance capture and preview, and real-time shape and motion re-targeting.
Effect of a novel 5-lipoxygenase activating protein inhibitor, BAYx 1005, on asthma induced by cold dry air (1997)

Treatment with BAYx 1005, a novel inhibitor of leukotriene synthesis, produced a significant blunting of cold dry air responsiveness consistent with the hypothesis that leukotrienes mediate part of the bronchoconstriction induced by hyperventilation of cold dry air.
Fully on-chip temperature, process, and voltage sensors (2010)

A process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) sensor without a voltage/current analog-to-digital converter (ADC) or bandgap reference is proposed for high accuracy, low power, and wide voltage range portable applications. Conventional temperature sensors rely on voltage/current ADC for digital output code conversion. The proposed temperature sensor generates a clock frequency proportional to the measured temperature, and converts the frequency into a corresponding digital code. The generated digital code is still under the influence of PVT variations. Two distinct sensors for voltage and process monitoring are also proposed to enhance temperature sensor environmental variation immunity. The property of zero temperature coefficient (ZTC) bias point is used to remove temperature effect. The proposed wide voltage range low power PVT sensor is designed in UMC 65nm bulk CMOS technology. It is capable of operating over a wide voltage range within 0.3V~1V. The power consumption is no more than 3.7μW at 0.3V supply voltage and a high sample rate of 10k samples/sec. The temperature error is merely -0.8~0.8°C.
Fluorescence measurement of the kinetics of DNA injection by bacteriophage .lambda. into liposomes (1988)

Bacteriophage lambda attaches to Gram-negative bacteria using the outer membrane protein LamB as its receptor. Subsequently, DNA is injected by the bacteriophage into the host cell for replication and expression. The mechanism of DNA injection, however, is poorly understood. In order to begin to characterize DNA injection, a quantitative kinetic assay to detect injection into reconstituted LamB liposomes is described. The technique involves monitoring the increase in fluorescence of liposome-encapsulated ethidium bromide, which occurs as DNA enters the aqueous compartment of the vesicles. The data indicate that injection is several times faster than indicated by earlier studies and is complete within 1 min. Such assays which allow direct observation of this process are necessary first steps toward a mechanistic understanding.
Efficacy and Safety of Short-Term Genistein Intervention in Patients with Localized Prostate Cancer Prior to Radical Prostatectomy: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Phase 2 Clinical Trial (2011)

We conducted a placebo-controlled, block-randomized double-blind Phase 2 study to examine the effect of 30 mg synthetic genistein daily on serum and tissue biomarkers in patients with localized prostate cancer (CaP). Fifty-four study subjects were recruited and randomized to treatment with genistein (n = 23) or placebo (n = 24) for 3 to 6 wk prior to prostatectomy. Seven study subjects were noncompliant to the study protocol. Adverse events were few and mild. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) decreased by 7.8% in the genistein arm and increased by 4.4% in the placebo arm (P = 0.051). The PSA level was reduced in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue in the placebo arm. In the genistein arm, the PSA level in tumor and normal tissue was comparable. Total cholesterol was significantly lower in the genistein arm (P = 0.013). There were no significant effects on thyroid or sex hormones. Plasma concentrations of total genistein were on average 100-fold higher in the genistein arm after treatment (P < 0.001). Genistein at a dose that can be easily obtained from a diet rich in soy reduced the level of serum PSA in patients with localized CaP, without any effects on hormones. It was well tolerated and had a beneficial effect on blood cholesterol.
Cell Biology of the Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor and the Mechanism of Alzheimer's Disease (1994)

BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSES OF ALZHEIMER BRAIN LESIONS LEAD TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF A� AND ITS PRECURSOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 The Histopathology of Alzheimer's Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Characterization of A � and �pp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 AL TERNA TIVE PROTEOLYTIC PROCESSING OF �PP AND THE GENERATION OF A� 378 GENETIC EVIDENCE IMPLICATES A� IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF FAMILIAL ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE 380 SEVERAL POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS HAVE BEEN ASCRIBED TO �PP . . . . . . . . . 383 CELL BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE TRAFFICKING AND SECRETORY PROCESSING OF �PP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 �pp Traf icking in Polarized Epithelial Cells ........ . 389 SECRETORY PROCESSING OF �PP IS UNDER COMPLEX REGULATION BY FIRST MESSENGERS . . . . . ......... 391 UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF J3PP PROCESSING IN THE PATHOGENETIC CASCADE OF AD .. . .. . 393 CONCLUSION ... . ..... . 397