gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Building thermodynamic combinatorial libraries of quinine macrocycles (1997)

Thermodynamically-controlled transesterification of a predisposed cinchonidine building block with a more flexible extended quinine monomer leads to a combinatorial mixture of 11 macrocyclic receptors which is analysed by electrospray mass spectrometry; similar results with alkaloid–cholate mixtures demonstrate the generality of the approach.
Separate Spheres?: Representing London Through Women in Some Recent Black British Fiction (1999)

The recent season of Windrush films and exhibitions in Britain celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the arrival of the wave of Caribbean immigrants in the late 40s and 50s marks a public moment of stock-taking and an acknowledgement of the changing nature of British identity as a whole. Yet the series also suggests that migration - and the impact of migration - is intimately bound up with the geographical locations and destinies of cities like London, Manchester, Birmingham, Liverpool, Leicester, Bradford or Leeds. As Mike and Trevor Phillips remark, 'the story of how ... migrants came to this country and became British is a story about cities. ' 1 It will be of no surprise that the experience of cities and living in cities, particularly London, has become the subject of much contemporary post-colonial and black British fiction, from Sam Selvon's The Lonely Londoners to the Black Audio Film Collective's Handsworth Songs and Salman Rushdie' s The Satanic Verses. The aim of this essay is to address the ongoing reassessment of race, migration, identity and urban spaces by exploring the representation of the city through women.
Cyclic Stretch Upregulates Production of Interleukin-8 and Monocyte Chemotactic and Activating Factor/Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Human Endothelial Cells (1998)

In vivo, vascular walls are exposed to mechanical stretch, which may promote atherogenesis. This study was designed to investigate the effect of mechanical stretch on the production and gene expression of cytokines in endothelial cells (ECs) of human umbilical veins. ECs were cultured on flexible silicone membranes and exposed to cyclic mechanical stretch. Although the secretion levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, granulocyte (G) -colony stimulating factor (CSF), G and macrophage (M) -CSF, and M-CSF were not affected by cyclic stretch over 24 hours, the levels of IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF)/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were significantly increased by cyclic stretch. Northern blot analysis indicated that the mRNA levels of IL-8 and MCAF/MCP-1 were upregulated by cyclic stretch as a function of its intensity. Cytochalasin D, which disrupts the actin cytoskeleton, abolished the stretch-induced gene expression of IL-8 and MCAF/MCP-1. In contrast, neither inhibition of stretch-activated ion channels nor disruption of microtubules affected the induction of these chemokines by cyclic stretch. Northern blot analysis using enzyme inhibitors showed that phospholipase C, protein kinase C, and tyrosine kinase were involved in the stretch-induced gene expression of IL-8 and MCAF/MCP-1, whereas cAMP- or cGMP-dependent protein kinase was not. In conclusion, cyclic stretch enhanced the secretion and gene expression of IL-8 and MCAF/MCP-1 in a stretch-dependent fashion, and the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton and activities of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, and tyrosine kinase may be essential in the process of stretch-induced gene induction of IL-8 and MCAF/MCP-1.
A Molecular-Thermodynamic Model for Gibbs Monolayers Formed from Redox-Active Surfactants at the Surfaces of Aqueous Solutions:  Redox-Induced Changes in Surface Tension (1999)

We report the development of a molecular-thermodynamic model for Gibbs monolayers formed from the redox-active surfactant (11-ferrocenylundecyl)trimethylammonium bromide (II+), or oxidized II+ (II2+), at the surfaces of aqueous solutions. This model provides an account of past experimental measurements (Gallardo, B. S.; Metcalfe, K. L.; Abbott, N. L. Langmuir 1996, 12, 4116−4124) which demonstrated electrochemical oxidation of II+ to II2+ to lead to large and reversible changes in the excess surface concentrations and surface tensions of aqueous solutions of this redox-active surfactant. The results of the model lead us to conclude that II+ assumes a looped conformation at the surfaces of aqueous solutions. This looped conformation lowers the surface tensions of aqueous solutions of II+ to ∼49 mN/m at a limiting surface area of 85 Å2/molecule (in 0.1 M Li2SO4). The underlying cause of the reduction in surface tension is not an electrostatic contribution to the surface pressure (as is the case with classical ionic surfactants) but rather an entropic contribution due to the constrained (looped) configuration of the surfactant at the surface of the solution (chain packing). At concentrations around the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of II+ (0.1 mM), oxidation of II+ to II2+ results in the desorption of surfactant from the surface of the solution and an increase in surface tension from 49 to 72 mN/m. The process of desorption is driven by an oxidation-induced decrease in the hydrophobic driving force for self-association of the surfactants as well as an electrostatic repulsion between adsorbed surfactants. In contrast, at concentrations of II+ that substantially exceed its CMC, oxidation of II+ to II2+ drives the disruption of micelles to monomers in the bulk solution, thus increasing the chemical potential and excess surface concentration of surfactant: the oxidation-induced increase in excess surface concentration of surfactant leads to a decrease in surface tension. These results, when combined, provide principles for the design of redox-active surfactants.
A conditional tissue-specific transgene expression system using inducible GAL4 (2001)

In Drosophila, the most widely used system for generating spatially restricted transgene expression is based on the yeast GAL4 protein and its target upstream activating sequence (UAS). To permit temporal as well as spatial control over UAS-transgene expression, we have explored the use of a conditional RU486-dependent GAL4 protein (GeneSwitch) in Drosophila. By using cloned promoter fragments of the embryonic lethal abnormal vision gene or the myosin heavy chain gene, we have expressed GeneSwitch specifically in neurons or muscles and show that its transcriptional activity within the target tissues depends on the presence of the activator RU486 (mifepristone). We used available UAS-reporter lines to demonstrate RU486-dependent tissue-specific transgene expression in larvae. Reporter protein expression could be detected 5 h after systemic application of RU486 by either feeding or "larval bathing." Transgene expression levels were dose-dependent on RU486 concentration in larval food, with low background expression in the absence of RU486. By using genetically altered ion channels as reporters, we were able to change the physiological properties of larval bodywall muscles in an RU486-dependent fashion. We demonstrate here the applicability of GeneSwitch for conditional tissue-specific expression in Drosophila, and we provide tools to control pre- and postsynaptic expression of transgenes at the larval neuromuscular junction during postembryonic life.
Perfect Quantum Error Correction Code (1996)

We present a quantum error correction code which protects a qubit of information against general one qubit errors which maybe caused by the interaction with the environment. To accomplish this, we encode the original state by distributing quantum information over five qubits, the minimal number required for this task. We give a simple circuit which takes the initial state with four extra qubits in the state |0&gt; to the encoded state. The circuit can be converted into a decoding one by simply running it backward. Reading the extra four qubits at the decoder's output we learn which one of the sixteen alternatives (no error plus all fifteen possible 1-bit errors) was realized. The original state of the encoded qubit can then be restored by a simple unitary transformation.
Heterogeneous model for conduction in carbon nanotubes (1998)

We point out a remarkable similarity between the resistivity behavior observed recently in single-wall carbon nanotubes and that of highly conducting polymers, in particular the change in sign of the resistivity temperature dependence from metallic to nonmetallic as the temperature is lowered. In analogy to the conducting polymers, we show that a good description of this resistivity behavior is given by a simple model of metallic conduction in aligned nanotubes with hopping or tunneling through small electrical barriers, e.g., tangled regions, inter-rope or intertube contacts, or tubule defects. The model predicts that thermoelectric power in the nanotubes is likely to show metallic behavior down to lower temperatures than resistivity.
Incorporating community concerns into the inhalation risk assessment for an industrial area in Korea. (1999)

The Yochon Industrial Complex in Korea consists of more than 90 facilities and serves as a national symbol of technical progress and economic strength. It has also been linked to environmental problems, and a series of studies has been undertaken in response to health concerns voiced by the local community. The current study assesses inhalation risks with an emphasis on volatile organic compounds. The data were taken from 11 air-monitoring stations between November 1996 and March 1997. A standard assessment approach was used to estimate chronic exposures and calculate associated health effects for a representative adult and youth. Results of this initial study indicated that long-term exposures to current contaminant levels could result in about 80 incremental cases of cancer over the next 70 years, or slightly more than one excess case per year above (less than 1% of) the general background rate. Estimated cancer risks range from 1 x 10{sup -4} to 6 x 10{sup -3}, with an area-wide value of 1 x 10{sup -3}. The estimated noncancer hazard indexes vary by location, ranging from 0.9 to 5, with an area-wide value of one to two for the hypothetical adult and youth, respectively. The major contributors to the cancermore » estimates are vinyl chloride; 1,3-butadiene; ethylene oxide; chloroform; 1,2-dichloroethane; and benzene. In addition to the latter three, key contributors to the hazard indexes include carbon tetrachloride and hexane. Results are being used to guide further analyses and support mitigation plans.« less
White-light emission from near UV InGaN-GaN LED chip precoated with blue/green/red phosphors (2003)

Phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were fabricated by precoating blue/green/red phosphors onto near ultraviolate (n-UV) LED chips prior to package into LED lamps. With a 20-mA injection current, it was found that the color temperature T/sub c/ was around 5900 K and the color-rendering index R/sub a/ was around 75 for the "n-UV+blue/green/red" white LED lamps. It was also found that no changes in color temperature T/sub c/ and color-rendering index R/sub a/ could be observed when we increased the injection from 20 to 60 mA. These results indicate that such "n-UV+blue/green/red" white LEDs are much more optically stable than the conventional "blue+yellow" LEDs.
Specificity of Ascorbate Analogs for Ascorbate Transport (1999)

Cellular ascorbic acid accumulation occurs in vitro by two distinct mechanisms: transport of ascorbate itself or transport and subsequent intracellular reduction of its oxidized product, dehydroascorbic acid. It is unclear which mechanism predominates in vivo. An easily detectable compound resembling ascorbate but not dehydroascorbic acid could be a powerful tool to distinguish the two transport activities. To identify compounds, 21 ascorbate analogs were tested for inhibition of ascorbate or dehydroascorbic acid transport in human fibroblasts. The most effective analogs, competitive inhibitors of ascorbate transport with K(i) values of 3 microM, were 6-deoxy-6-bromo-, 6-deoxy-6-chloro-, and 6-deoxy-6-iodo-L-ascorbate. No analog inhibited dehydroascorbic acid transport. Using substitution chemistry, [(125)I]6-deoxy-6-iodo-L-ascorbate (1.4 x 10(4) mCi/mmol) was synthesized. HPLC detection methods were developed for radiolabeled and nonradiolabeled compounds, and transport kinetics of both compounds were characterized. Transport was sodium-dependent, inhibited by excess ascorbate, and similar to that of ascorbate. Transport of oxidized ascorbate and oxidized 6-deoxy-6-iodo-L-ascorbate was investigated using Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing glucose transporter isoform GLUT1 or GLUT3. Oxidation of ascorbate or its analog in media increased uptake of ascorbate in oocytes by 6-13-fold compared with control but not that of 6-deoxy-6-iodo-L-ascorbate. Therefore, 6-deoxy-6-iodo-L-ascorbate, although an effective inhibitor of ascorbate transport, either in its reduced or oxidized form was not a substrate for dehydroascorbic acid transport. Thus, radiolabeled and nonradiolabeled 6-deoxy-6-iodo-L-ascorbate provide a new means for discriminating dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbate transport in ascorbate recycling.
High quality Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ gate dielectrics with T/sub ox.eq/&gt;10 Å (2003)

High quality Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ gate stack with T/sub ox,eq/=9 /spl Aring/ (measured @ Vg=-2.5 V in strong accumulation without taking quantum mechanical effects into account) and the leakage current Jg=0.19 A/cm/sup 2/ @ Vg=-1.0 V has been achieved using NH/sub 3/-based interface layer, H/sub 2//O/sub 2/ post-deposition anneal and TiN diffusion barrier. The leakage current of Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ gate stack with NO interface layer is 10/sup 4/x lower than that of RTP SiO/sub 2/ with same T/sub ox,eq/ and can be further reduced by a factor of 100 with NH/sub 3/-based interface layer.
Implementing streaming SIMD extensions on the Pentium III processor (2000)

This paper describes the streaming SIMD extensions (SSE) provides a rich set of instructions to meet the requirements of demanding multimedia and Internet applications. In implementing the SSE, the Pentium III developers made a number of design trade-offs to satisfy tight die size constraints and attain frequency goals.
Computer analysis of electrophysiological signals (1993)

Introduction. Digital Recording of Analogue Signals. Analogue Signal Conditioning. Signal Analysis: Measurement of Signal Waveform Characteristics. Statistical Analysis and Presentation of Measurements. Mathematical Modelling and Curve Fitting. Analysis of Voltage-Activated Currents. Analysis of Single Channel Currents. Analysis of Ionic Current Fluctuations: Noise Analysis. Appendices: An Introduction to Computers. Chapter Summaries. Reference. Suppliers.
Rapid Identification of Candida Species with Species-Specific DNA Probes (1998)

Rapid identification of Candida species has become more important because of an increase in infections caused by species other than Candida albicans, including species innately resistant to azole antifungal drugs. We previously developed a PCR assay with an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) format to detect amplicons from the five most common Candida species by using universal fungal primers and species-specific probes directed to the ITS2 region of the gene for rRNA. We designed probes to detect seven additional Candida species (C. guilliermondii, C. kefyr, C. lambica, C. lusitaniae, C. pelliculosa, C. rugosa, and C. zeylanoides) included in the API 20C sugar assimilation panel, five probes for species not identified by API 20C (C. haemulonii, C. norvegica, C. norvegensis, C. utilis, and C. viswanathii), and a probe for the newly described species C. dubliniensis, creating a panel of 18 Candida species probes. The PCR-EIA correctly identified multiple strains of each species tested, including five identified as C. albicans by the currently available API 20C database but determined to be C. dubliniensis by genotypic and nonroutine phenotypic characteristics. Species identification time was reduced from a mean of 3.5 days by conventional identification methods to 7 h by the PCR-EIA. This method is simple, rapid, and feasible for identifying Candida species in clinical laboratories that utilize molecular identification techniques and provides a novel method to differentiate the new species, C. dubliniensis, from C. albicans.
Wave propagation in a viscoelastic medium containing fluid-filled microspheres (1999)

Effective medium techniques have been developed by many authors to model the acoustic propagation through layers of visco-elastic materials which contain fluid-filled or elastic cavities. This paper extends such work to the case of materials containing air-filled microspheres whose thin glassy shell separates the interior air from the surrounding polymer. Such composites have been found particularly useful in conditions of high hydrostatic loading where the presence of the reinforcing shells delays the onset of the hole collapse and the consequent degradation in the acoustic performance of the composite. In the present paper, a model is presented which includes the effect of shell wall thickness variability but excludes the depth dependency—the latter will be presented in a sequel. Theoretical predictions are compared with experimentally measured values of transmission loss for both stiff and soft polymer substrates and, in each case, good agreement with experimental data is shown.
The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein is required for the function of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (2007)

The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, a primary human immunodeficiency, results from defective expression of the hematopoietic-specific cytoskeletal regulator Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP). Because CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) naturally occurring regulatory T (nTreg) cells control autoimmunity, we asked whether colitis in WASP knockout (WKO) mice is associated with aberrant development/function of nTreg cells. We show that WKO mice have decreased numbers of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) nTreg cells in both the thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs. Moreover, we demonstrate that WKO nTreg cells are markedly defective in both their ability to ameliorate the colitis induced by the transfer of CD45RB(hi) T cells and in functional suppression assays in vitro. Compared with wild-type (WT) nTreg cells, WKO nTreg cells show significantly impaired homing to both mucosal (mesenteric) and peripheral sites upon adoptive transfer into WT recipient mice. Suppression defects may be independent of antigen receptor-mediated actin rearrangement because both WT and WKO nTreg cells remodeled their actin cytoskeleton inefficiently upon T cell receptor stimulation. Preincubation of WKO nTreg cells with exogenous interleukin (IL)-2, combined with antigen receptor-mediated activation, substantially rescues the suppression defects. WKO nTreg cells are also defective in the secretion of the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10. Overall, our data reveal a critical role for WASP in nTreg cell function and implicate nTreg cell dysfunction in the autoimmunity associated with WASP deficiency.
Measuring tumor mutation burden in non-small cell lung cancer: tissue versus liquid biopsy (2018)

The introduction in the clinic of immune checkpoint inhibitors (IOs) has represented an important improvement for the treatment of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). These drugs have shown a higher activity as compared with chemotherapy in both first- and second-line of treatment, with some patients experiencing a long-lasting response. More recently, combinations of IOs have entered clinical trials in different tumor types including NSCLC. Nevertheless, IOs are active only in a subgroup of patients and biomarkers for appropriate patients' selection are urgently needed to offer the patients an effective therapy, and also to manage the costs. Tumor mutation burden (TMB) has powerfully emerged as a potential biomarker for immunotherapy and might enter the clinic in the next months, although different challenges are still unsolved. Different methods exist to evaluate TMB in tissue, ranging from whole exome sequencing (WES) to targeted sequencing of smaller sets of genes, which need to be fully standardized to ensure that patients receive an appropriate TMB test with clear clinical interpretation. In addition, as already happened for the implementation of liquid biopsy testing from NSCLC patients to identify targetable alterations, researchers are also evaluating the possibility to calculate TMB in blood, to further enlarge the number of NSCLC patients who may benefit from immunotherapy. Preliminary data highlight the difficulty to develop targeted sequencing panels for the assessment of TMB starting from the circulating cell free DNA (cfDNA). The applicability of TMB testing on liquid biopsy needs further investigation and may be clarified within the ongoing clinical trials.
Mutants of Discosoma red fluorescent protein with a GFP‐like chromophore (2001)

The green fluorescent protein (GFP)-homologous red fluorescent protein (RFP) from Discosoma (drFP583) which emits bright red fluorescence peaking at 583 nm is an interesting novel genetic marker. We show here that RFP maturation involves a GFP-like fluorophore which can be stabilized by point mutations selected from a randomly mutated expression library. By homology modeling, these point mutations cluster near the imidazolidinone ring of the chromophore. Exciting the GFP-like absorption band in the mutant proteins produces both green and red fluorescence. Upon unfolding and heating, the absorption spectrum of the RFP chromophore slowly becomes similar to that of the GFP chromophore. This can be interpreted as a covalent modification of the GFP chromophore in RFP that appears to occur in the final maturation step.
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (2002)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease that affects a high proportion of the world's population. Insulin resistance and oxidative stress play a critical role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Clinical, biochemical and imaging studies are of value in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with NAFLD, but liver biopsy remains the most sensitive and specific means of providing important diagnostic and prognostic information. Simple steatosis has the best prognosis within the spectrum of NAFLD, but NAFLD has the potential to progress to steatohepatitis, fibrosis and even cirrhosis. No effective medical therapy is currently available for all patients with NAFLD. In patients with diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia, appropriate metabolic control is always recommended, but rarely effective in resolving the liver disease. Weight reduction, when achieved and sustained, may improve the liver disease, although the results with weight loss have been inconsistent. Pharmacological therapy aimed at the underlying liver disease holds promise. Several medications with different mechanisms of action and potential benefit are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Liver transplantation is a life-extending therapeutic alternative for patients with end-stage NAFLD, but NAFLD may recur after liver transplantation.