gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wearable Cardiorespiratory Monitoring Employing a Multimodal Digital Patch Stethoscope: Estimation of ECG, PEP, LVET and Respiration Using a 55 mm Single-Lead ECG and Phonocardiogram (2020)

Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide, with sleep disordered breathing being a further aggravating factor. Respiratory illnesses are the third leading cause of death amongst the noncommunicable diseases. The current COVID-19 pandemic, however, also highlights the impact of communicable respiratory syndromes. In the clinical routine, prolonged postanesthetic respiratory instability worsens the patient outcome. Even though early and continuous, long-term cardiorespiratory monitoring has been proposed or even proven to be beneficial in several situations, implementations thereof are sparse. We employed our recently presented, multimodal patch stethoscope to estimate Einthoven electrocardiogram (ECG) Lead I and II from a single 55 mm ECG lead. Using the stethoscope and ECG subsystems, the pre-ejection period (PEP) and left ventricular ejection time (LVET) were estimated. ECG-derived respiration techniques were used in conjunction with a novel, phonocardiogram-derived respiration approach to extract respiratory parameters. Medical-grade references were the SOMNOmedics SOMNO HD<sup>TM</sup> and Osypka ICON-Core<sup>TM</sup>. In a study including 10 healthy subjects, we analyzed the performances in the supine, lateral, and prone position. Einthoven I and II estimations yielded correlations exceeding 0.97. LVET and PEP estimation errors were 10% and 21%, respectively. Respiratory rates were estimated with mean absolute errors below 1.2 bpm, and the respiratory signal yielded a correlation of 0.66. We conclude that the estimation of ECG, PEP, LVET, and respiratory parameters is feasible using a wearable, multimodal acquisition device and encourage further research in multimodal signal fusion for respiratory signal estimation.
Localization of leptin receptor mRNA and the long form splice variant (Ob‐Rb) in mouse hypothalamus and adjacent brain regions by in situ hybridization (1996)

Expression of the leptin receptor gene has been examined in mouse hypothalamus and other brain regions by in situ hybridization. With a probe recognizing all the known splice variants, receptor mRNA was evident in several brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, thalamus), with strong expression in the hypothalamus (arcuate, ventromedial, paraventricular and ventral premammillary nuclei), choroid plexus and leptomeninges. A probe specific to the long splice variant of the leptin receptor (Ob-Rb), containing the putative intracellular signaling domain, again revealed strong expression in the hypothalamus; there was, however, minimal hybridization to choroid plexus and leptomeninges. These results indicate that the hypothalamus is a key site of leptin action, although other brain regions are also targeted.
Electron injection into organic semiconductor devices from high work function cathodes (2008)

We show that polymer light-emitting diodes with high work-function cathodes and conjugated polyelectrolyte injection/transport layers exhibit excellent efficiencies despite large electron-injection barriers. Correlation of device response times with structure provides evidence that the electron-injection mechanism involves redistribution of the ions within the polyelectrolyte electron-transport layer and hole accumulation at the interface between the emissive and electron-transport layers. Both processes lead to screening of the internal electric field and a lowering of the electron-injection barrier. The hole and electron currents are therefore diffusion currents rather than drift currents. The response time and the device performance are influenced by the type of counterion used.
Growth Enhancement of Dunaliella salina by Microbubble Induced Airlift Loop Bioreactor (ALB)—The Relation between Mass Transfer and Growth Rate (2013)

The efficiency of a novel microalgal culture system (an airlift loop bioreactor [ALB] engaged with a fluidic oscillator to produce microbubbles) is compared with both a conventional ALB (producing fine bubbles without the fluidic oscillator) and non-aerated flask culture. The impact of CO2 mass transfer on Dunaliella salina growth is assessed, through varying the gas (5% CO2, 95% N2) dosing flow rate. The results showed that approximately 6 - 8 times higher chlorophyll content was achieved in the aerated ALB cultures than in the non-aerated flasks, and there was a 20% - 40% increase in specific growth rate of D. salina in the novel ALB with microbubbles when compared with the conventional ALB cultures. The increase in chlorophyll content was found to be proportional to the total amount of CO2 mass transfer. For the same dosing time and flow rate, higher CO2 mass transfer rate (microbubble dosing) resulted in a greater growth rate.
A Novel Intronic cis Element, ISE/ISS-3, Regulates Rat Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Splicing through Activation of an Upstream Exon and Repression of a Downstream Exon Containing a Noncanonical Branch Point Sequence (2004)

Mutually exclusive splicing of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) exons IIIb and IIIc yields two receptor isoforms, FGFR2-IIIb and -IIIc, with distinctly different ligand binding properties. Several RNA cis elements in the intron (intron 8) separating these exons have been described that are required for splicing regulation. Using a heterologous splicing reporter, we have identified a new regulatory element in this intron that confers cell-type-specific inclusion of an unrelated exon that mirrors its ability to promote cell-type-specific inclusion of exon IIIb. This element promoted inclusion of exon IIIb while at the same time silencing exon IIIc inclusion in cells expressing FGFR2-IIIb; hence, we have termed this element ISE/ISS-3 (for "intronic splicing enhancer-intronic splicing silencer 3"). Silencing of exon IIIc splicing by ISE/ISS-3 was shown to require a branch point sequence (BPS) using G as the primary branch nucleotide. Replacing a consensus BPS with A as the primary branch nucleotide resulted in constitutive splicing of exon IIIc. Our results suggest that the branch point sequence constitutes an important component that can contribute to the efficiency of exon definition of alternatively spliced cassette exons. Noncanonical branch points may thus facilitate cell-type-specific silencing of regulated exons by flanking cis elements.
3-D Hyperintegration and Packaging Technologies for Micro-Nano Systems (2009)

Three-dimensional (3-D) hyperintegration is an emerging technology, which vertically stacks and interconnects multiple materials, technologies, and functional components to form highly integrated micro-nano systems. This 3-D hyperintegration is expected to lead to an industry paradigm shift due to its tremendous benefits. Worldwide academic and industrial research activities currently focus on technology innovations, simulation and design, and product prototypes. Anticipated applications start with memory, handheld devices, and high-performance computers and extend to high-density multifunctional heterogeneous integration of InfoTech-NanoTech-BioTech systems. This paper overviews the 3-D hyperintegration and packaging technologies, including motivations, key technology platforms, status, and perspectives towards commercialization. The challenges associated with the 3-D technologies are addressed, including integration architectures and design tools, yield and cost, thermal and mechanical constraints, and manufacturing infrastructure.
Compressive Imaging of Subwavelength Structures (2009)

The problem of imaging extended targets (sources or scatterers) is formulated in the framework of compressed sensing with emphasis on subwavelength resolution. The proposed formulation of the problems of inverse source/scattering is essentially exact and leads to the random partial Fourier measurement matrix in the case of periodic targets. In the case of square-integrable targets, the proposed sampling scheme in the Littlewood–Paley wavelet basis block-diagonalizes the scattering matrix with each block in the form of a random partial Fourier matrix corresponding to each dyadic scale of the target. The resolution issue is analyzed from two perspectives: stability and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The subwavelength modes are shown to be typically unstable unless the measurement is carried out in near field. The number of the stable modes typically increases as the negative dth (the dimension of the target) power of the distance between the target and the sensors/source (in the unit of wavelength). he resolution limit is shown to be inversely proportional to the SNR in the high SNR limit. Numerical simulations are provided to validate the theoretical predictions.
The role of haplotypes in candidate gene studies (2004)

Human geneticists working on systems for which it is possible to make a strong case for a set of candidate genes face the problem of whether it is necessary to consider the variation in those genes as phased haplotypes, or whether the one-SNP-at-a-time approach might perform as well. There are three reasons why the phased haplotype route should be an improvement. First, the protein products of the candidate genes occur in polypeptide chains whose folding and other properties may depend on particular combinations of amino acids. Second, population genetic principles show us that variation in populations is inherently structured into haplotypes. Third, the statistical power of association tests with phased data is likely to be improved because of the reduction in dimension. However, in reality it takes a great deal of extra work to obtain valid haplotype phase information, and inferred phase information may simply compound the errors. In addition, if the causal connection between SNPs and a phenotype is truly driven by just a single SNP, then the haplotype-based approach may perform worse than the one-SNP-at-a-time approach. Here we examine some of the factors that affect haplotype patterns in genes, how haplotypes may be inferred, and how haplotypes have been useful in the context of testing association between candidate genes and complex traits.
Measuring asphaltenes and resins, and dipole moment in petroleum fluids (2002)

Abstract A petroleum fluid can be divided into three types of species: asphaltenes, resins, and oils. Asphaltenes and resins are polar, while the rest of the so‐called oils are either nonpolar or mildly polar. The interaction among these species strongly affect asphaltene precipitation from petroleum fluids. Different measuring methods for asphaltenes in a petroleum fluid give similar results, but different results for the resin content of a petroleum fluid. In addition to the amount affecting precipitation, the polarity of asphaltenes and resins affects precipitation strongly. The Onsager formulation of dipolar moments was used to measure the dipole moment of asphaltenes, resins and the oil species from eight different petroleum fluids from various parts of the world. The dipole moment, a measure of polarity, for resins was measured in this work for the first time. Results showed that resin separated from a petroleum fluid by propane is part of the total resin. Adsorption methods, however, give the total amount of resins. For a given petroleum fluid, asphaltenes had a higher dipole moment than resins. However, resins from one petroleum fluid can have a higher dipole moment than asphaltenes from another petroleum fluid.
Double Sequential External Defibrillation in Out-of-Hospital Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation: A Report of Ten Cases (2014)

Abstract Background. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is considered the out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA) rhythm with the highest likelihood of neurologically intact survival. Unfortunately, there are occasions when VF does not respond to standard defibrillatory shocks. Current American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines acknowledge that the data are insufficient in determining the optimal pad placement, waveform, or energy level that produce the best conversion rates from OOHCA with VF. Objective. To describe a technique of double sequential external defibrillation (DSED) for cases of refractory VF (RVF) during OOHCA resuscitation. Methods. A retrospective case series was performed in an urban/suburban emergency medical services (EMS) system with advanced life support care and a population of 900,000. Included were all adult OOHCAs having RVF during resuscitation efforts by EMS providers. RVF was defined as persistent VF following at least 5 unsuccessful single shocks, epinephrine administration, and a dose of antiarrhythmic medication. Once the patient was in RVF, EMS personnel applied a second set of pads and utilized a second defibrillator for single defibrillation with the new monitor/pad placement. If VF continued, EMS personnel then utilized the original and second monitor/defibrillator charged to maximum energy, and shocks were delivered from both machines simultaneously. Data were collected from electronic dispatch and patient care reports for descriptive analysis. Results. From 01/07/2008 to 12/31/2010, a total of 10 patients were treated with DSED. The median age was 76.5 (IQR: 65-82), with median resuscitation time of 51minutes (IQR: 45-62). The median number of single shocks was 6.5 (IQR: 6-11), with a median of 2 (IQR: 1-3) DSED shocks delivered. VF broke after DSED in 7 cases (70%). Only 3 patients (30%) had ROSC in the field, and none survived to discharge. Conclusion. This case series demonstrates that DSED may be a feasible technique as part of an aggressive treatment plan for RVF in the out-of-hospital setting. In this series, RVF was terminated 70% of the time, but no patient survived to discharge. Further research is needed to better understand the characteristics of and treatment strategies for RVF.
Antithrombin, antitrypsin and antichymotrypsin activities of the salivary gland secretion and intestinal chyme of medicinal leeches. Antichymotrypsin activity of partially purified preparations of hirudin and pseudohirudin. (1984)

High antithrombin activity was maintained in the salivary gland secretion of starved medicinal leeches (Hirudo medicinalis) despite harvesting of the secretion twice in a month. However, after third or fourth harvesting every month antithrombin activity was no longer detectable. Moreover, in salivary gland secretion high antitrypsin activity was found but no antichymotrypsin activity. On the other hand, intestinal chyme of starved leeches exhibited high antichymotrypsin activity. Low antithrombin and antitrypsin activities were due to contamination by salivary gland secretion. There was a correlation between antichymotrypsin and antithrombin activities of hirudin preparations purified from bdellins and fractionated by isoelectric focusing. Pseudohirudin preparations exhibited neither antithrombin nor antichymotrypsin activities.
Nonlinear photoacoustic signal amplification from single targets in absorption background (2013)

Photoacoustic (PA) detection of single absorbing targets such as nanoparticles or cells can be limited by absorption background. We show here that this problem can be overcome by using the nonlinear photoacoustics based on the differences in PA signal dependences on the laser energy from targets and background. Among different nonlinear phenomena, we focused on laser generation of nanobubbles as more efficient PA signal amplifiers from strongly absorbing, highly localized targets in the presence of spatially homogenous absorption background generating linear signals only. This approach was demonstrated by using nonlinear PA flow cytometry platform for label-free detection of circulating melanoma cells in blood background <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Nonlinearly amplified PA signals from overheated melanin nanoclusters in melanoma cells became detectable above still linear blood background. Nonlinear nanobubble-based photoacoustics provide new opportunities to significantly (5-20-fold) increase PA contrast of single nanoparticles, cells, viruses and bacteria in complex biological environments.
Shared T cell-defined antigens on independently derived tumors. (1993)

We report that a subset of tumors independently derived from a cloned line of contact-inhibited, non-tumorigenic murine fetal fibroblasts confer cross-protective immunity against each other in vivo. Concordant with the in vivo cross-protection, cytolytic T cell clones from mice immunized with one of these tumor lines specifically lyse the three other lines in the same set but do not cross-react with either the nontumorigenic parental line or another similarly derived tumor line representing a different antigenic profile. This and other recent evidence for shared expression of tumor rejection Ag contrasts with the antigenic diversity previously described for chemical- and radiation-induced tumors. In the interpretation of such data it is essential to distinguish between Ag expressed in association with the transformation process and Ag induced by random mutation of already transformed cells.
Diversity and divergence of the glioma-infiltrating T-cell receptor repertoire (2016)

Although immune signaling has emerged as a defining feature of the glioma microenvironment, how the underlying structure of the glioma-infiltrating T-cell population differs from that of the blood from which it originates has been difficult to measure directly in patients. High-throughput sequencing of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoires (TCRseq) provides a population-wide statistical description of how T cells respond to disease. We have defined immunophenotypes of whole repertoires based on TCRseq of the α- and β-chains from glioma tissue, nonneoplastic brain tissue, and peripheral blood from patients. Using information theory, we partitioned the diversity of these TCR repertoires into that from the distribution of VJ cassette combinations and diversity due to VJ-independent factors, such as selection due to antigen binding. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) possessed higher VJ-independent diversity than nonneoplastic tissue, stratifying patients according to tumor grade. We found that the VJ-independent components of tumor-associated repertoires diverge more from their corresponding peripheral repertoires than T-cell populations in nonneoplastic brain tissue, particularly for low-grade gliomas. Finally, we identified a "signature" set of TCRs whose use in peripheral blood is associated with patients exhibiting low TIL divergence and is depleted in patients with highly divergent TIL repertoires. This signature is detectable in peripheral blood, and therefore accessible noninvasively. We anticipate that these immunophenotypes will be foundational to monitoring and predicting response to antiglioma vaccines and immunotherapy.
Bipyrrole- and Dipyrromethane-Based Amido-imine Hybrid Macrocycles. New Receptors for Oxoanions (2007)

Three new amido-imine-type hybrid macrocycles based on substituted pyrrole units have been synthesized and shown to act as effective receptors for oxoanions in the solid state and in acetonitrile solution. One of the macrocycles in question, compound 15, was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis as the free macrocycle and as a complex with sulfuric acid. A comparison of the resulting structures reveals that this receptor is capable of undergoing a conformational change and, as a consequence, varying the number of donor sites that can interact with a bound substrate. This system and the other two new receptors described in this work (macrocycles 14 and 16, respectively) display a high affinity toward oxoanions (studied as their tetrabutylammonium (TBA) salts), with association constants on the order of 10(7) M-1 being determined in acetonitrile solution using standard UV-vis spectroscopic titration methods. A competitive titration method was used to determine affinity constants in excess of ca. 10(6) M-1. Two of the receptors (14 and 15) were found to bind acetate, hydrogen sulfate, and dihydrogen phosphate anion well, and the bipyrrole-based receptor (14) was also found to bind the perrhenate anion. In contrast, the bis-dipyrromethane-derived receptor (16) was found to bind chloride anion preferentially. The unusual selectivity displayed by 16 for this spherical anion was rationalized on the basis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data and DFT modeling calculations, which revealed a rigid structure appropriately suited for chloride anion recognition.
Common genetic variation in the promoter of the human apo CIII gene abolishes regulation by insulin and may contribute to hypertriglyceridemia. (1995)

Overexpression of plasma apolipoprotein CIII (apo CIII) causes hypertriglyceridemia in transgenic mice. A genetically variant form of the human apo CIII promoter, containing five single base pair changes, has been shown to be associated with severe hypertriglyceridemia in a patient population. In animals and in cultured cells the apo CIII gene is transcriptionally downregulated by insulin. In this study we demonstrate that, unlike the wild-type promoter, the variant promoter was defective in its response to insulin treatment, remaining constitutively active at all concentrations of insulin. The loss of insulin regulation was mapped to polymorphic sites at -482 and -455, which fall within a previously identified insulin response element. Loss of insulin regulation could result in overexpression of the apo CIII gene and contribute to the development of hypertriglyceridemia. The variant apo CIII promoter is common in the human population and may represent a major contributing factor to the development of hypertriglyceridemia.
Mutational Analysis of the cbb Operon (CO 2 Assimilation) Promoter of Ralstonia eutropha (1999)

PL promoters direct the transcription of the duplicated cbb operons from the facultative chemoautotroph Ralstonia eutropha H16. The operons encode most enzymes of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham carbon reduction cycle required for CO2 assimilation. Their transcription depends on the activator protein CbbR. Structure-function relationships in the cloned chromosomal promoter region were analyzed by site-directed mutagenesis. PL was altered in its presumed hexameric -35 and/or -10 box or in the spacer region between the boxes to achieve a greater or lesser resemblance to the structure of the sigma70 consensus promoter of Escherichia coli. PL::lacZ transcriptional fusions of various promoter variants were assayed in transconjugant strains of R. eutropha as well as in corresponding cbbR deletion mutants. Mutations increasing the similarity of the -35 and/or -10 box to the consensus sequence stimulated PL activity to various extents, whereas mutations deviating from the consensus decreased the activity. The length of the spacer region also proved to be critical. The conversion of the boxes, either individually or simultaneously, into the consensus sequences resulted in a highly active PL. All improved PL mutants, however, retained the activation under inducing or derepressing growth conditions, although the full-consensus promoter was nearly constitutive. They were also activated in the cbbR mutants. The activity of the overlapping, divergently oriented cbbR promoter was less affected by the mutations. The half- and full-consensus PL mutants were comparably active in E. coli. Two major conclusions were drawn from the results: (i) the location and function of PL were verified, and (ii) indirect evidence was obtained for the involvement of another regulator(s), besides CbbR, in the transcriptional control of the R. eutropha cbb operons.
Raman scattering study of antimony-based skutterudites (1996)

Raman spectra of single-crystal CoSb3 and RhSb3 and of polycrystalline IrSb3 have been studied. We have also studied four different polycrystalline-filled skutterudite samples, Ir4LaGe3Sb9, Ir4NdGe3Sb9, Ir4SmGe3Sb9, and Fe4CeSb12, where rare-earth ions occupy the voids in the skutterudite structure. These void-filling ions interact with some of the lattice vibrations in this structure and produce a shift and broadening of the observed lines. The most prominent lines in all of the samples are the Sb4 ring-breathing modes.