gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biomaterial properties and biocompatibility in cell culture of a novel self-inflating hydrogel tissue expander (2000)

The aim of this study was to investigate the swelling properties and the biocompatibility of a novel tissue expander material. The self-inflating material is a hydrogel consisting of a modified copolymer of methylmethacrylate and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, which takes up water by osmosis. To increase the swelling volume, the primarily neutral gel material was modified by converting it into an ionized gel. To study the swelling and pressure behavior of the material, the anhydrous gel cylinders were equilibrated in distilled water, saline, and sugar solutions. The biocompatibility was investigated in cell culture. We tested the hydrogel eluate after swelling for cytotoxicity and mutagenicity using the cell lines MRC-5 and P3X63 Ag8 653 (Ag8). Furthermore, particles of the material were added to cell cultures to induce foreign body reactions and to verify its influence on monocyte differentiation. The material has a swelling capacity (Q = maximum swelling volume/anhydrous volume) of 5 to 50 depending on the degree of ionization of the polymer network. In this study, two polymer modifications with a swelling equilibrium of Q = 11.1 and 30 in water were tested. The swelling ratio also depends on concentration and ion content of the equilibration medium. The highest swelling capacity was found in water, the lowest in Ringer's solution. The swelling of the anhydrous material with the swelling capacity of Q = 11.1 fits best the average purpose of material properties for tissue expansion and generates a maximal hydrostatic pressure of approximately 235 mmHg. Effects on cell proliferation were detected only at the highest eluate concentration tested (i.e., eluate: culture medium = 1:1), which was far beyond physiological values, whereas mutagenicity was absent. Monocytes neither migrated nor tightly attached to the hydrogel. They neither phagocytose the material nor did they show any sign of a foreign body reaction, e.g., formation of multinucleated giant cells or monocyte proliferation. In the presence of hydrogel material, the differentiation processes of monocytes to macrophages or dendritic cells, respectively, were found to be undisturbed. From these results, we conclude that there is a high biocompatibility of the expander material, which may be a favorable and interesting candidate for further clinical applications.
A Self-Organizing Network for Principal-Component Analysis (1989)

We present a two-layered network of linear neurons that organizes itself in response to a set of presented patterns. After completion of the learning process, the net transforms the complete information contained in a pattern into mutually independent features. The synaptic weights between layers obey a Hebbian learning rule. We propose a local anti-Hebbian rule for lateral, hierarchically organized weights within the output layer. For a proper choice of the learning parameters, the rule forces the activities of the output units to becomes uncorrelated and the lateral weights to vanish. The weights between the two layers converge to the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix of input patterns, i.e. the network performs a principal-component analysis of the input information.
The use of monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (review) (2008)

The prognosis for patients with ovarian cancer is still poor and more effective therapeutic modalities are needed. (Radio)immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) could be one of these approaches. Here, we review the status of (radio)immunotherapy using Mabs for the treatment of ovarian cancer. The Pubmed database was searched for clinical trials investigating the effect of (radio)immunotherapy in ovarian cancer published until October 1, 2007. Keywords for the search were: ovarian cancer, monoclonal antibodies, CA 125, gp38, HER2, HMFG, MUC1, TAG 72 and VEGF. A total of 44 trials on immunotherapy with unconjugated Mabs, Mab vaccination and (radio)immunotherapy directed towards the antigens CA 125, gp38, HER2, MUC1, TAG 72 or VEGF in patients with ovarian cancer were found, reviewed and discussed. Out of these trials, 23 studied immunotherapy with unconjugated Mabs, 5 vaccination with Mabs and 16 trials studied (radio)immunotherapy. The lack of large randomized prospective trials with Mabs directed to tumor-associated antigens expressed on ovarian cancer cells preclude any firm conclusion on the potential of Mabs use in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Oregovomab, directed against CA 125, and bevacizumab, targeting VEGF, are two unconjugated Mabs closest to clinical introduction for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Vaccination with Mab ACA 125 seems promising but these findings need to be confirmed in controlled randomized trials. Sole RIT should be investigated with the appropriate radionuclide and a Mab with high affinity for the specific tumor-associated antigen in the appropriate patient group to determine whether it may have a therapeutic effect. Additionally, appending (radio)immunotherapy with anti-TAG 72 or anti-MUC1 to other treatment strategies such as chemotherapy could also be a strategy worthwhile investigating. The potential of Mabs to complement current treatment paradigms, is encouraging and may bring a significant improvement to the overall therapeutic outcomes currently being achieved in ovarian cancer.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 population bottleneck during indinavir therapy causes a genetic drift in the env quasispecies (2000)

The impact of emergence of genetic resistance, soon after the beginning of antiretroviral therapy, on the genotype of other viral loci not implicated in the development of resistance was studied in four human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients subjected to indinavir monotherapy. Two patients were chosen because they showed no decrease in virus load during the study period and two were selected because they showed a rapid decline in plasma viraemia after the initiation of therapy and a virus rebound after 12 weeks of treatment. The evolution of virus sequences was analysed within the four infected patients by examining virus sequences spanning the protease and C2-V3 env genes by RT-PCR of plasma samples obtained at the beginning and after 12 weeks of therapy. PCR products from the two genomic regions from the two sample points per patient were cloned and 10-15 clones from each sample were sequenced. Genotypic indinavir resistance was present in the four patients after 12 weeks of therapy. The overall protease and C2-V3 env regions quasispecies diversity at time zero was higher than that after 12 weeks of therapy, but this difference was more significant in the two patients who showed a reduction in virus load soon after the initiation of treatment. C2-V3 env sequences indicated that changes during emergence of resistance to indinavir were only detected in the two patients who showed a drastic reduction in virus load. Thus, a temporal relationship was observed between the start of therapy, a drastic reduction in virus load and a drift in the HIV-1 env quasispecies.
Large-Scale Production of Rotavirus VLP as Vaccine Candidate Using Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS) (2004)

Rotavirus virus-like particle (VLP) composed of VP2, VP6, and VP7 was expressed in the Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS). Sf9 cell, a host of the baculovirus, was cultured from a 0.5-1 spinner flask to the 50-1 bioreactor system. Sf9 cell was maintained at cell density between 3.0E+05 and 3.0E+06 cells/ml and grew up to 1.12E+07 cells/ml in the bioreactor. Growth kinetics was compared under different culture systems and showed similar growth kinetics with 20.1-25.2 h of doubling time. Early exponentially growing cell culture was infected with three recombinant baculoviruses expressing VP2, VP6, and VP7 protein at 1.0, 2.0, and 0.2 moi, respectively. The expression of rotavirus proteins was confirmed by Western blot analysis and its three-layered virus-like structure was observed under an electron microscope. Rotavirus VLP was semipurified and immunized in ICR mice intramuscularly. Rotavirus-specific serum antibody was detected from 2 weeks after the immunization and lasted at least 21 weeks of the post-immunization, indicating its possible use as a vaccine candidate.
Photochemically enhanced cellular delivery of cell penetrating peptide‐PNA conjugates (2006)

Recent studies have shown that endosomal release is a major rate-limiting step for cellular delivery via a variety of cationic cell penetrating peptides. Thus, methods and/or protocols for effective release of endosomally entrapped drugs are highly warranted. Photochemical internalization (PCI) has previously been proposed for this purpose. Here, we demonstrate an enhancement of up to two orders of magnitude of the antisense effects (cytosolic/nuclear) of peptide nucleic acid-peptide conjugates (Tat, Arg7, KLA) in HeLa cells by a PCI approach using the photosensitizer AlPc2a. These results emphasize the importance of endosomal release for cellular activity of this type of drug delivery and also raise hope that methods like PCI which have applications for in vivo use may also enhance the bioavailability and in vivo efficacy of these types of conjugates.
Biosynthesis of isoprenoids in higher plant chloroplasts proceeds via a mevalonate‐independent pathway (1997)

Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) is the biological C5 precursor of isoprenoids. By labeling experiments using [1-(13)C]glucose, higher plants were shown to possess two distinct biosynthetic routes for IPP biosynthesis: while the cytoplasmic sterols were formed via the acetate/mevalonate pathway, the chloroplast-bound isoprenoids (beta-carotene, lutein, prenyl chains of chlorophylls and plastoquinone-9) were synthesized via a novel IPP biosynthesis pathway (glyceraldehyde phosphate/pyruvate pathway) which was first found in eubacteria and a green alga. The dichotomy in isoprenoid biosynthesis in higher plants allows a reasonable interpretation of previous odd and inconclusive results concerning the biosynthesis of chloroplast isoprenoids, which so far had mainly been interpreted in the frame of models using compartmentation of the mevalonate pathway.
Pneumococcal vaccination of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Effects on generation of autoantibodies (2005)

Vaccination against streptococcus pneumoniae did not trigger the generation of autoantibodies and confirms the clinical safety of this vaccine in SLE patients.
Targeting FBW7 as a Strategy to Overcome Resistance to Targeted Therapy in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2017)

Inhibition of EGFR and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) signaling is highly effective in a subgroup of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with distinct clinicopathologic features. However, resistance to EGFR and ALK inhibitors inevitably occurs, and the molecular mechanism underlying resistance is not fully understood. In this study, we report a PI3K/Akt- and MEK/ERK-independent resistance mechanism by which loss of the E3 ubiquitin ligase F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBW7α) leads to targeted therapy resistance via stabilization of antiapoptotic protein MCL-1. Using a panel of <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> studies, we showed that the regulatory machinery responsible for MCL-1 protein degradation was a step-wise event involving phosphorylation and nucleus translocation. ERK cooperated with GSKβ to phosphorylate MCL-1 Ser159 residue, which enabled MCL-1 to translocate into the nucleus and bind FBW7. Defects in this sequence impaired MCL-1 degradation and cell apoptosis, recapitulating phenotypes observed in FBW7 deficiency. Downregulation of FBW7 was found in EGFR inhibitor-resistant human NSCLC specimens and correlated with increased MCL-1 protein expression. Reactivation of FBW7 sensitized resistant cells to targeted therapy and facilitated MCL-1 degradation. Overall, our study provides proof-of-principle insight into a PI3K/Akt- and MEK/ERK-independent resistant model and suggests that targeting FBW7 can overcome resistance to targeted therapy. <i>Cancer Res; 77(13); 3527-39. ©2017 AACR</i>.
CGS21680 attenuates symptoms of Huntington's disease in a transgenic mouse model (2005)

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by a CAG trinucleotide expansion in exon 1 of the Huntingtin (Htt) gene. We show herein that in an HD transgenic mouse model (R6/2), daily administration of CGS21680 (CGS), an A(2A) adenosine receptor (A(2A)-R)-selective agonist, delayed the progressive deterioration of motor performance and prevented a reduction in brain weight. 3D-microMRI analysis revealed that CGS reversed the enlarged ventricle-to-brain ratio of R6/2 mice, with particular improvements in the left and right ventricles. (1)H-MRS showed that CGS significantly reduced the increased choline levels in the striatum. Immunohistochemical analyses further demonstrated that CGS reduced the size of ubiquitin-positive neuronal intranuclear inclusions (NIIs) in the striatum of R6/2 mice and ameliorated mutant Htt aggregation in a striatal progenitor cell line overexpressing mutant Htt with expanded polyQ. Moreover, chronic CGS treatment normalized the elevated blood glucose levels and reduced the overactivation of a major metabolic sensor [5'AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)] in the striatum of R6/2 mice. Since AMPK is a master switch for energy metabolism, modulation of energy dysfunction caused by the mutant Htt might contribute to the beneficial effects of CGS. Collectively, CGS is a potential drug candidate for the treatment of HD.
Dementia in acute units: agitation (1995)

Despite the prevalence of disturbed behaviour in people with dementia, little research has gone into understanding such behaviour and managing it effectively. This article, the penultimate in the series, examines the causes and management of restlessness and agitation in people with dementia, and proposes a holistic approach.
Toward a New Generation of Photonic Humidity Sensors (2014)

This review offers new perspectives on the subject and highlights an area in need of further research. It includes an analysis of current scientific literature mainly covering the last decade and examines the trends in the development of electronic, acoustic and optical-fiber humidity sensors over this period. The major findings indicate that a new generation of sensor technology based on optical fibers is emerging. The current trends suggest that electronic humidity sensors could soon be replaced by sensors that are based on photonic structures. Recent scientific advances are expected to allow dedicated systems to avoid the relatively high price of interrogation modules that is currently a major disadvantage of fiber-based sensors.
Long-Acting Bronchodilation with Once-Daily Dosing of Tiotropium (Spiriva) in Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2000)

Tiotropium (Spiriva; Ba679BR) is a new-generation, long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator that has muscarinic M(1) and M(3) receptor subtype selectivity. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled study was conducted to evaluate the dose-response characteristics of tiotropium inhalation powder given once daily to stable patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Patients (mean FEV(1) = 1.08 L [42% predicted]) were randomized to receive 0, 4.5, 9, 18, or 36 microg tiotropium once daily at noon for 4 wk, with spirometry done before and hourly for 6 h after dosing. Patients measured and recorded their peak expiratory flow rates (PEFRs) three times each day. Significant dose-related improvement in FEV(1) and significant improvement in FVC occurred within 1 h after the first dose of tiotropium as compared with placebo. Over the 29 d of the study, all doses of tiotropium produced significant increases over placebo in trough (i.e., as measured spirometrically at 20 to 24 h after the previous dose and just before the next dose of tiotropium), peak, and 6-h postdose average FEV(1) and FVC, and in PEFR, without a significant difference among the different doses investigated. PEFR gradually returned to pretreatment baseline levels over a 3-wk evaluation period following the discontinuation of tiotropium. The overall safety profile for the tiotropium doses was similar to that for placebo. In summary, tiotropium was shown to be safe and effective in doses ranging from 4.5 to 36 microg delivered once daily. The improvements in spirometry with once-daily dosing confirm the long duration of action of tiotropium reported in single-dose studies, and its sustained improvement of spirometric measures over the 1 mo of testing in the study points to utility of tiotropium as a maintenance bronchodilator for patients with COPD. On the basis of the comparable bronchodilator response at doses from 9 to 36 microg, and advantages suggested by the safety profile at doses below 36 microg in this study, a dose of 18 microg once daily was selected for use in long-term studies of the safety and efficacy of tiotropium.
Use of m -sequences for OFDM peak-to-averagepowerratio reduction (1997)

A block coding scheme has previously been proposed using maximal-length sequences to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAP) for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). It has also been claimed that PAP can be limited to the range 0.08 – 0.6 dB for some m-sequences. These numbers are incorrect and m-sequences can only yield PAP values in the range 5 – 7 dB.
Ion source antenna development for the Spallation Neutron Source (2002)

The operational lifetime of a radio-frequency (rf) ion source is generally governed by the length of time the insulating structure protecting the antenna survives during exposure to the plasma. Coating the antenna with a thin layer of insulating material is a common means of extending the life of such antennas. When low-power/low-duty factor rf excitation is employed, antenna lifetimes of several hundred hours are typical. When high-power, &amp;gt;30 kW, and high-duty cycles, ∼6%, are employed, as is the case of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) ion source, antenna lifetime becomes unacceptably short. This work addresses this problem by first showing the results of microanalysis of failed antennas from the SNS ion source, developing a model of the damage mechanism based on plasma-insulator interaction, using the model to determine the dimensional and material properties of an ideal coating, and describing several approaches currently under way to develop a long-lived antenna for the SNS accelerator. These approaches include thermal spray coatings, optimized porcelain enamel coatings, refractory enamel coatings, and novel antenna geometries designed to operate with low rf electric fields.
Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy for Plaque Characterization (2008)

A near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy catheter-based system has been developed for intracoronary detection of lipid-rich plaques, capable of scanning an artery through blood and during cardiac motion. The lipid-rich plaque chemometric algorithm was validated in an ex vivo study using coronary artery specimens from autopsy hearts. A parallel clinical study was performed to demonstrate safety of the system in patients and the similarity of spectra acquired in vivo to data from the ex vivo study. Proof of spectral similarity between data obtained in patients and data from autopsy specimens is required to demonstrate the applicability of the algorithm to patients, in whom tissue for analysis is not available. A preliminary analysis in an unblinded cohort of patients from the clinical study reported promising results. The final results of the clinical study will be submitted for publication. The potential clinical value of this NIR spectroscopy device is discussed.
Polarization-engineered GaN/InGaN/GaN tunnel diodes (2010)

We report on the design and demonstration of polarization-engineered GaN/InGaN/GaN tunnel junction diodes with high current density and low tunneling turn-on voltage. Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin calculations were used to model and design tunnel junctions with narrow band gap InGaN-based barrier layers. N-polar p-GaN/In0.33Ga0.67N/n-GaN heterostructure tunnel diodes were grown using molecular beam epitaxy. Efficient interband tunneling was achieved close to zero bias with a high current density of 118 A/cm2 at a reverse bias of 1 V, reaching a maximum current density up to 9.2 kA/cm2. These results represent the highest current density reported in III-nitride tunnel junctions and demonstrate the potential of III-nitride tunnel devices for a broad range of optoelectronic and electronic applications.
Preparation of bicyclic enamines and their reaction with sulfene (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of bicyclic enamines and their reaction with sulfeneJohn F. Stephen and Erich MarcusCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1969, 34, 9, 2535–2542Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01261a012https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01261a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views131Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts