gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Henipavirus Mediated Membrane Fusion, Virus Entry and Targeted Therapeutics (2012)

The Paramyxoviridae genus Henipavirus is presently represented by the type species Hendra and Nipah viruses which are both recently emerged zoonotic viral pathogens responsible for repeated outbreaks associated with high morbidity and mortality in Australia, Southeast Asia, India and Bangladesh. These enveloped viruses bind and enter host target cells through the coordinated activities of their attachment (G) and class I fusion (F) envelope glycoproteins. The henipavirus G glycoprotein interacts with host cellular B class ephrins, triggering conformational alterations in G that lead to the activation of the F glycoprotein, which facilitates the membrane fusion process. Using the recently published structures of HeV-G and NiV-G and other paramyxovirus glycoproteins, we review the features of the henipavirus envelope glycoproteins that appear essential for mediating the viral fusion process, including receptor binding, G-F interaction, F activation, with an emphasis on G and the mutations that disrupt viral infectivity. Finally, recent candidate therapeutics for henipavirus-mediated disease are summarized in light of their ability to inhibit HeV and NiV entry by targeting their G and F glycoproteins.
Human and murine interleukin 1 possess sequence and structural similarities. (1985)

The molecular cloning and sequence analysis for human and murine interleukin 1 precursor have recently been described. Comparison of the amino acid sequences resulting from these data can be used to aid in the identification of conserved regions essential to biological activity. We report results which confirm the relationship between these two molecules and suggest that specific regions may be essential for activity. Amino terminal sequence analysis of a 19,000 Mr biologically active IL-1 isolated from stimulated human monocytes reveals a sequence which is in good agreement with that inferred from the human cDNA and, furthermore, locates the processed amino terminus at a site similar to that described for the murine sequence.
Varieties of Pacific economic cooperation (1991)

(1991). Varieties of Pacific economic cooperation. The Pacific Review: Vol. 4, Pacific Cooperation, pp. 301-311.
Tissue engineering in cardiovascular surgery: new approach to develop completely human autologous tissue (2000)

Improved cell culture technique may render human aortic myofibroblasts to a native tissue-like structure. A three-dimensional completely autologous human tissue may be further developed on the base of this structure with no show toxic degradation or inflammatory reactions.
Technology and Ethics for Engineering Students (2000)

Many engineering schools still do not allocate enough resources to the process of understanding the social and ethical dimensions of scientific and technological activities. This article argues that engineering curriculum in the United States should include courses that use theories and concepts from humanities and social sciences to study issues confronting the engineering profession. On the theoretical front, engineering students need to understand favorable and unfavorable consequences of technology-based progress, social and political qualities of technological designs, and the moral challenge posed by the new technologies of the 21st century. On the practical front, they need to be prepared for industrial and governmental jobs, which increasingly favor a broader social perspective, an understanding of proper management of complex technologies, and an ability to act ethically and responsibly. The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology 2000 has responded by introducing new requirements that the goals of course work in the humanities and social sciences also meet the objectives of the engineering profession.
Reusable Solid-Phase Microextraction Coating for Direct Immersion Whole-Blood Analysis and Extracted Blood Spot Sampling Coupled with Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Direct Analysis in Real Time–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2012)

Three different biocompatible polymers were tested and evaluated in order to improve the whole-blood biocompatibility of previously developed C18-polyacrylonitrile (C18-PAN) thin-film solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coating. Among all methods of modification, UV-dried thin PAN-over C18-PAN provided the best results. This coating presented reusable properties and reproducible extraction efficiency for at least 30 direct extractions of diazepam from whole blood [relative standard deviation (RSD) = 12% using external calibration and 4% using isotope dilution calibration]. The amount of absolute recovery for direct immersion analysis and based on the free concentration of diazepam in blood matrix was about 4.8% (desorption efficiency = 98%). The limit of quantitation (LOQ) for the developed solid-phase microextraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPME-LC-MS/MS) method for direct whole-blood analysis was 0.5 ng/mL. The optimized modification of the coating was then used for an extracted blood spot (EBS) sampling approach, a new sampling method which is introduced to address the limitations of dried blood spot sampling. EBS was evaluated using LC-MS/MS and direct analysis in real time (DART)-MS/MS, where, for a 5 μL blood spot, LOQs of 0.2 and 1 μg/mL, respectively, were achieved for extraction of diazepam.
Communication Between Breast Cancer Patients and Their Physicians About Breast-Related Body Image Issues (2012)

Breast cancer patients encounter body image changes throughout their diagnosis, treatment, and recovery from breast cancer. No prospective studies were identified investigating communication between physicians and breast cancer patients related to body image. This qualitative pilot study determines (1) how breast cancer patients prefer their physicians communicate regarding body image changes and (2) how comfortable physicians are in discussing body image issues with their patients. Data were collected from patients over 12 weeks through the breast evaluation questionnaire (BEQ), a valid and reliable instrument, and a qualitative questionnaire. Ten physicians completed a qualitative questionnaire. The data were analyzed using frequency analysis. Nearly 70% of the patients reported there was more the physician could do to improve patient comfort in discussing breast-related body image concerns. Honesty, openness, and directness were important to the patients. Thirty-three percent of the patients answered that their physicians should be honest, open, and direct while discussing these issues. On a five-point Likert scale (1 = very uncomfortable and 5 = very comfortable), the physicians most frequently answered a 4 when asked how comfortable they are speaking about breast-related body image issues; however, only four out of 10 always address the topic themselves during the patient's visit. These data suggest that patients want honesty, openness, and directness from their physicians during the discussion of breast-related body image issues. The physicians report they are comfortable speaking about breast-related body image issues; yet, they do not directly initiate the topic.
Autocleavage ofO-Isopropylidene ProtectedO-Phosphono- andO- Thionophosphono Esters of Sugars (2000)

ABSTRACT Phosphorylation of D-glucose, D-galactose, D-fructose, glycerol and xylitol acetals with diethoxy- or diphenoxy(thiono)phosphoryl chloride gave the corresponding esters. A novel method of partially and fully deprotecting these compounds, which we have called “autocatalytic cleavage”, was effected by simply refluxing in water. Antifungal and insecticidal properties of these compounds are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycosidase Mechanisms: Anatomy of a Finely Tuned Catalyst (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Drug Delivery Systems Employing 1,4- or 1,6-Elimination:  Poly(ethylene glycol) Prodrugs of Amine-Containing Compounds (1999)

A general methodology for synthesizing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) prodrugs of amino-containing compounds has been developed and constitutes the basis for solubilization of insoluble drugs, extending plasma circulating half-lives and, in the case of anticancer agents, apparent tumor accumulation. Thus, we have successfully designed PEG conjugated specifiers or "triggers" as part of a double-prodrug strategy that relies, first, on enzymatic separation of PEG followed by the classical and rapid 1,4- or 1, 6-benzyl elimination reaction releasing the amine (drug) bound in the form of a carbamate. The prodrug trigger was comprised of ester, carbonate, carbamate, or amide bonds in order to secure predictable rates of hydrolysis. Further refinement of the hydrolysis was accomplished by the introduction of steric hindrance through the use of ortho substituents on the benzyl component of the prodrug. This modification led to longer circulating plasma half-lives of the final tripartate form. The "ortho" effect also had the beneficial effect of directing nucleophilic attack almost exclusively to the activated benzyl 6-position of the heterobifunctional intermediates. In vivo testing of the PEG daunorubicin prodrugs (transport forms) prepared in the course of this study ultimately identified the type 1 carbamate (34b), with a circulating t(1/2) of 4 h, as the most effective derivative for solid tumor growth inhibition.
Crystal structure of the HIV-1 integrase catalytic core and C-terminal domains: A model for viral DNA binding (2000)

Insolubility of full-length HIV-1 integrase (IN) limited previous structure analyses to individual domains. By introducing five point mutations, we engineered a more soluble IN that allowed us to generate multidomain HIV-1 IN crystals. The first multidomain HIV-1 IN structure is reported. It incorporates the catalytic core and C-terminal domains (residues 52-288). The structure resolved to 2.8 A is a Y-shaped dimer. Within the dimer, the catalytic core domains form the only dimer interface, and the C-terminal domains are located 55 A apart. A 26-aa alpha-helix, alpha6, links the C-terminal domain to the catalytic core. A kink in one of the two alpha6 helices occurs near a known proteolytic site, suggesting that it may act as a flexible elbow to reorient the domains during the integration process. Two proteins that bind DNA in a sequence-independent manner are structurally homologous to the HIV-1 IN C-terminal domain, suggesting a similar protein-DNA interaction in which the IN C-terminal domain may serve to bind, bend, and orient viral DNA during integration. A strip of positively charged amino acids contributed by both monomers emerges from each active site of the dimer, suggesting a minimally dimeric platform for binding each viral DNA end. The crystal structure of the isolated catalytic core domain (residues 52-210), independently determined at 1.6-A resolution, is identical to the core domain within the two-domain 52-288 structure.
Interaction of copper with cavities in silicon (1996)

Copper in Si was shown to be strongly bound at cavities formed by He ion implantation and annealing. Evolution of this system during heating was observed by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. Results were mathematically modeled to characterize quantitatively the binding of Cu in the cavities and, for comparison, in precipitates of the equilibrium silicide, η-Cu3Si. Binding of Cu to cavities occurred by chemisorption on the walls, and the binding energy was determined to be 2.2±0.2 eV relative to solution in Si. The heat of solution from the silicide was found to be 1.7 eV, consistent with the published phase diagram. These findings suggest the use of cavities for metal-impurity gettering in Si devices. Hydrogen in solution in equilibrium with external H2 gas displaced Cu atoms from cavity walls, a mechanistically illuminating effect that is also of practical concern for gettering applications.
Chemokine receptor expression on resident and inflammatory cells in the brain of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. (1998)

Although the mechanisms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) neuroinvasion, neuronal injury, and subsequent development of HIV-1-associated AIDS dementia complex are not fully understood, a correlation between monocyte/macrophage infiltrates in the brain and neurological disease exists. In light of the many potential roles that chemokines and chemokine receptors may play in HIV neuropathogenesis, we sought to describe their pattern of expression in the SIV-infected rhesus macaque model of HIV encephalitis. We previously demonstrated elevated expression of the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, RANTES, and interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10 in brain of macaque monkeys with SIV encephalitis. In this study, we demonstrate that the corresponding chemokine receptors CCR3, CCR5, CXCR3, and CXCR4 are expressed in perivascular infiltrates in these same tissues. In addition, we detected CCR3, CCR5, and CXCR4 on subpopulations of large hippocampal and neocortical pyramidal neurons and on glial cells in both normal and encephalitic brain. These findings suggest that multiple chemokines and their receptors contribute to monocyte and lymphocyte recruitment to the brain in SIV encephalitis. Furthermore, the expression of known HIV/SIV co-receptors on neurons suggests a possible mechanism whereby HIV or SIV can directly interact with these cells, disrupting their normal physiological function and contributing to the pathogenesis of AIDS dementia complex.
Epitaxial Growth of Zinc Oxide Whiskers by Chemical-Vapor Deposition under Atmospheric Pressure (1999)

ZnO whiskers were epitaxially grown by a chemical-vapor deposition technique employed at atmospheric pressure. Highly oriented ZnO whiskers grew at a substrate temperature of 550°C on (0001)α-Al 2 O 3 substrates with a growth rate of 3.7 nm/s. X-ray diffractometry revealed that the epitaxial relationship between the whiskers and the substrate was determined as ZnO[1010](0001)//Al 2 O 3 [1210](0001) or ZnO[1210](0001)//Al 2 O 3 [1010](0001). In addition, the full-width at half maximum value of the (0002) reflection was as low as 0.43°. Images obtained using a scanning electron microscope were analyzed and it was found that the whisker tip likely has a radius of curvature of approximately 20 nm. The typical number density of the whiskers has reached 1.3×10 5 mm -2 .
Formation of a Cationic Calcium Hydride Cluster with a “Naked” Triphenylsilyl Anion by Hydrogenolysis of Bis(triphenylsilyl)calcium (2015)

Protonolysis of bis(triphenylsilyl)calcium [Ca(SiPh3)2(THF)4] (1; THF = tetrahydrofuran) with the NNNN-type macrocyclic amido triamine (Me3TACD)H (TACD = 1,4,7-triazacyclododecane) gave the heteroleptic calcium complex [Ca(Me3TACD)SiPh3] (2) in quantitative yield. Hydrogenolysis of 2 gave the cationic tricalcium dihydride cluster [Ca3H2(Me3TACD)3](+)(SiPh3)(-)·2THF (4a) in high yield with concomitant formation of HSiPh3. In the crystal, 4a consists of a cluster cation and a free triphenylsilyl anion. (1)H NMR spectroscopy and deuterium labeling experiments confirmed the selective cleavage of dihydrogen by the highly polar Ca-Si bond in 1.
A propos de quelques dérivés de la pyridine disubstituée-2,5 (1974)

peer reviewed
Modulation of irinotecan-induced diarrhea by cotreatment with neomycin in cancer patients. (2001)

This study was designed to evaluate irinotecan (CPT-11) disposition and pharmacodynamics in the presence and absence of the broad-spectrum antibiotic neomycin. Seven evaluable cancer patients experiencing diarrhea graded > or =2 after receiving CPT-11 alone (350 mg/m(2) i.v. once every 3 weeks) received the same dose combined with oral neomycin at 1000 mg three times per day (days -2 to 5) in the second course. Neomycin had no effect on the systemic exposure of CPT-11 and its major metabolites (P > or = 0.22). However, it changed fecal beta-glucuronidase activity from 7.03 +/- 1.76 microg/h/mg (phenolphthalein assay) to undetectable levels and decreased fecal concentrations of the pharmacologically active metabolite SN-38. Although neomycin had no significant effect on hematological toxicity (P > 0.05), diarrhea ameliorated in six of seven patients (P = 0.033). Our findings indicate that bacterial beta-glucuronidase plays a crucial role in CPT-11-induced diarrhea without affecting enterocycling and systemic SN-38 levels.
Silicon Micromachining to Tissue Engineer Branched Vascular Channels for Liver Fabrication (2000)

To date, many approaches to engineering new tissue have emerged and they have all relied on vascularization from the host to provide permanent engraftment and mass transfer of oxygen and nutrients. Although this approach has been useful in many tissues, it has not been as successful in thick, complex tissues, particularly those comprising the large vital organs such as the liver, kidney, and heart. In this study, we report preliminary results using micromachining technologies on silicon and Pyrex surfaces to generate complete vascular systems that may be integrated with engineered tissue before implantation. Using standard photolithography techniques, trench patterns reminiscent of branched architecture of vascular and capillary networks were etched onto silicon and Pyrex surfaces to serve as templates. Hepatocytes and endothelial cells were cultured and subsequently lifted as single-cell monolayers from these two-dimensional molds. Both cell types were viable and proliferative on these surfaces. In addition, hepatocytes maintained albumin production. The lifted monolayers were then folded into compact three-dimensional tissues. Thus, with the use microfabrication technology in tissue engineering, it now seems feasible to consider lifting endothelial cells as branched vascular networks from two-dimensional templates that may ultimately be combined with layers of parenchymal tissue, such as hepatocytes, to form three-dimensional conformations of living vascularized tissue for implantation.
Endocytosis and recycling of MHC-encoded class II molecules by mouse B lymphocytes. (1990)

The movements of mouse MHC-encoded class II (H-2E) and class I (H-2K), transferrin receptor and surface Ig molecules of B lymphocytes were studied using radiolabeled mAb and electron microscopy. A total of 10 to 20% of antibodies specific for H-2E molecules were gradually internalized with a t 1/2 of 15 min, reaching a plateau after 30 min at 37 degrees C. Equivalent results were obtained either with the whole antibody or Fab' fragments, suggesting that the internalization of class II molecules was spontaneous. Similar results were obtained with antibodies specific for the transferrin receptor, of which 50% were internalized with t 1/2 of 5 min, reaching a plateau after 30 min. In contrast to antibodies specific for H-2E molecules and the transferrin receptor, antibodies specific for H-2K were not internalized. Reappearance of internalized H-2E-specific antibodies at the cell surface was observed at 37 degrees C. When compared to antibodies specific for surface Ig, degradation of antibodies specific for H-2E molecules was limited even after 5 h incubation. Neither ammonium chloride nor cycloheximide inhibited internalization and recycling. Electron microscopy showed that internalization of H-2E molecules occurred via coated pits/coated vesicles. These results indicate that class II molecules are spontaneously internalized and recycled by B lymphocytes.
EMULSIFYING PROPERTIES OF SOY PROTEIN: CHARACTERISTICS OF 7s AND IIS PROTEINS (1980)

ABSTRACT The emulsifying properties of the 7s protein rich fraction (7s PRF) and the 1 IS protein rich fraction (11s PRF) were investigated using refined soybean oil. The emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability of the 7s PRF generally showed higher values than those of the 11s PRF in the pH range 2–10. The same phenomenon was observed with the 7s PRF and 11s PRF partially hydrolyzed by dilute HCl. The emulsifying properties of the acid‐precipitated protein (APP) and the 7s PRF showed the lowest value at around pH 4.5, and were closely related to the behavior of protein solubility. The emulsion stability of the 11s PRF, however, showed its lowest value at around pH 7 and did not necessarily correlate with its solubility. The breaking stress of the emulsions introduced from both the 7s PRF and the 1 1s PRF increased in accordance with oil phase volume. While the breaking stress of the 7s PRF‐introduced emulsions were little affected by heat treatment of the protein solution, considerable effect was observed with the 1 1s PRF‐introduced emulsions. The breaking stress of the 1 1s PRF‐introduced emulsions increased markedly as the protein concentration increased. The heat treatment of the protein solution at 95° C for 5 min prior to emulsification increased the breaking stress to two to four times higher than that of emulsions without the heat treatment.
The p11 Subunit of Annexin II Heterotetramer Is Regulated by Basic Carboxypeptidase (2002)

The Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding protein annexin II heterotetramer (AIIt) is composed of two copies of annexin II and a p11 dimer. The interaction of the carboxyl-terminal lysine residues of the p11 subunit of AIIt with the lysine-binding kringle domains of plasminogen is believed to play a key role in plasminogen binding and stimulation of the tPA-catalyzed cleavage of plasminogen to plasmin. In the current report, we show that AIIt-stimulated plasminogen activation is regulated by basic carboxypeptidases, in vitro. The incubation of AIIt with a 1/400 molar ratio of carboxypeptidase B for periods as short as 2 min resulted in a significant loss in AIIt-stimulated plasminogen activation. Carboxypeptidase B (CpB) as well as thrombin-activated fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFIa) and carboxypeptidase N (CpN) rapidly reduced AIIt-stimulated plasminogen activation by 80%. The molar ratio of carboxypeptidase/AIIt for half-maximal inhibition of AIIt was 1/4700, 1/700, and 1/500 for CpB, TAFIa, and CpN, respectively. Treatment of AIIt with carboxypeptidase resulted in loss of both carboxyl-terminal lysine residues from the p11 subunit, which correlated with a decrease in the kcat and an increase in the Km for plasminogen activation. The data reveal a novel mechanism for the regulation of AIIt-stimulated plasminogen activation.
Akt Promotes Increased Cardiomyocyte Cycling and Expansion of the Cardiac Progenitor Cell Population (2006)

Activation of Akt is associated with enhanced cell cycling and cellular proliferation in nonmyocytes, but this effect of nuclear Akt accumulation has not been explored in the context of the myocardium. Cardiac-specific expression of nuclear-targeted Akt (Akt/nuc) in transgenics prolongs postnatal cell cycling as evidenced by increased numbers of Ki67+ cardiomyocytes at 2 to 3 weeks after birth. Similarly, nuclear-targeting of Akt promotes expansion of the presumptive cardiac progenitor cell population as assessed by immunolabeling for c-kit in combination with myocyte-specific markers Nkx 2.5 or MEF 2C. Increases in pro-proliferative cytokines, including tumor-necrosis superfamily 8, interleukin-17e, and hepatocyte growth factor, were found in nuclear-targeted Akt myocardial samples. Concurrent signaling mediated by paracrine factors downstream of Akt/nuc expression may be responsible for phenotypic effects of nuclear-targeted Akt in the myocardium, including enhanced cell proliferation and expansion of the stem cell population.