gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Caloric restriction of rhesus monkeys lowers oxidative damage in skeletal muscle (2000)

In laboratory rodents, caloric restriction (CR) retards several age-dependent physiological and biochemical changes in skeletal muscle, including increased steady-state levels of oxidative damage to lipids, DNA, and proteins. We used immunogold electron microscopic (EM) techniques with antibodies raised against 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) -modified proteins, dinitrophenol, and nitrotyrosine to quantify and localize the age-dependent accrual of oxidative damage in rhesus monkey vastus lateralis skeletal muscle. Using immunogold EM analysis of muscle from rhesus monkeys ranging in age from 2 to 34 years old, a fourfold maximal increase in levels of HNE-modified proteins was observed. Likewise, carbonyl levels increased approximately twofold with aging. Comparing 17- to 23-year-old normally fed to age-matched monkeys subjected to CR for 10 years, levels of HNE-modified proteins, carbonyls, and nitrotyrosine in skeletal muscle from the CR group were significantly less than control group values. Oxidative damage largely localized to myofibrils, with lesser labeling in other subcellular compartments. Accumulation of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes, such as malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals, and protein carbonyls were measured biochemically and confirmed the morphological data. Our study is the first to quantify morphologically and localize the age-dependent accrual of oxidative damage in mammalian skeletal muscle and to demonstrate that oxidative damage in primates is lowered by CR.
Opposite effects of actively and passively acquired immunity to the carrier on responses of human infants to a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (1994)

Vaccination of infants with Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular polysaccharide (HibCP) coupled to carrier proteins has proven protective against invasive Hib diseases in several trials. However, insufficient immunogenicity has been noted in certain populations. Therefore, studies analyzing factors influencing the antibody response to conjugate vaccines are needed. In this study, the response to HibCP coupled to tetanus toxoid (TT) was examined in relation to (i) priming with or coadministration of the carrier protein and (ii) the levels of passively acquired maternal TT antibodies. One hundred forty-four infants were vaccinated with HibCP-TT at 5 and 6 months. They were randomized into three groups that received TT as part of a diphtheria-tetanus-polio vaccine at either 6 and 7 months (group A), 5 and 6 months (group B), or 4 and 5 months (group C). Maternally acquired TT antibodies inhibited the anti-HibCP response to the first HibCP-TT dose in groups A and B (r = -0.5 and -0.4, respectively; P < 0.005). In these groups, infants with prevaccination anti-TT levels above the median failed to reach the defined long-term protective level of HibCP antibodies (1 microgram/ml) more often than infants with low prevaccination levels after the first (P = 0.0001) and the second (P = 0.01) doses of HibCP-TT. In contrast, active priming with TT at 4 months resulted in a threefold-higher median level of anti-HibCP (group C; 1.34 micrograms/ml) than in the unprimed group (group A; 0.40 microgram/ml) after the first dose of HibCP-TT (P = 0.01). Coadministration of TT had no enhancing effect (group B; 0.58 microgram/ml). No significant differences between the median anti-HibCP levels were seen after the second HibCP-TT dose (6.72, 9.63, and 11.44 micrograms/ml in groups A, B, and C, respectively; P = 0.25).
Cardio-protective contribution of hard waters to magnesium in-take. (1978)

The reported inverse correlation between water hardness and incidence of cardiac fatalities has led to tentative hypotheses concerning the role of magnesium intake in this phenomenon. The present article reviews the evidence in favor of the magnesium hypothesis, with emphasis on differentiating between diet-derived and water-borne magnesium intake, and their respective cardio-protective potentials.
Doxorubicin conjugated phospholipid prodrugs as smart nanomedicine platforms for cancer therapy (2015)

Ideal drug delivery systems should have prolonged circulation in blood, high accumulation in tumors with fast cellular uptake and burst drug release in cancer cells. Herein, a pH-sensitive small-molecule phospholipid prodrug based on phosphorylcholine (PC) was designed to overcome these challenges. The prodrug was synthesized by conjugating doxorubicin (DOX) to 11-mercaptoundecyl phosphorylcholine via an acid-labile hydrazone linker (UnPC-hyd-DOX). This phospholipid prodrug can self-assemble into core-shell micelles with exact and very high drug loading content (56.2%). Interestingly, the PC prodrug micelles can strongly minimize nonspecific phagocytosis by macrophages. They exhibited better ability to be internalized by cancer cells than that of the PEG prodrug micelles, which indicated that the PC shell facilitated cancer cell internalization. Moreover, in vitro results further demonstrated that DOX of phospholipid prodrug micelles can effectively escape from endo/lysosomes to the cytosol and enter the nucleus. An in vivo study demonstrated that these PC prodrug micelles exhibited much lower cardiotoxicity than free DOX. Importantly, PC prodrug micelles showed significantly slower blood clearance than PEG prodrug micelles and free DOX.
Open-Tubular Capillary Chromatoraphy Based on Tube Radial Distribution of the Water-Acetonitrile Containing Sodium Chloride Mixture Carrier Solvents (2014)

Open-tubular capillary chromatography was developed based on tube radial distribution of the water–acetonitrile mixture solvents containing sodium chloride under laminar flow conditions. The specific homogeneous carrier solvents were radially distributed in the capillary tubes, generating inner and outer phases. This distribution behavior was observed with fluorescence microscope-CCD camera system and considered with the phase diagram constructed with the solvents composition and sodium chloride concentration. Hydrophilic 1-naphthol and hydrophobic 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid as model analytes were separated in this order with the fused-silica capillary tube (100 µm inner diameter), while, in the reverse order with the PTFE capillary tube (100 µm inner diameter). The outer phase created in the capillary tube functioned as a pseudo-stationary phase in chromatography. The mixture solution including five analytes was examined with the present capillary chromatography. The opposite elution order was observed between the fused-silica and PTFE tubes.
Cardiac anatomic considerations in pediatric electrophysiology. (2008)

Although interventional electrophysiology and the use of radiofrequency energy to cure various arrhythmias primarily developed in the adult population, similar applications in children have grown dramatically over the last decade. The anatomic basis for various arrhythmias is critically important for the pediatric ablationists to appreciate. Such understanding allows the use of alternative technique to affect cure while avoiding complications. Further, because of the relatively small heart and less thick myocardium in children, without the appreciation of the underlying cardiac anatomic relationships, collateral injury, for example to the arterial system, may occur. In this review, the cardiac anatomic consideration important in approaching various supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias in the normal heart is discussed.
Penicillin-insensitive pneumococci: isolation from patients with pneumonia. (1979)

Pneumococci relatively insensitive to penicillin G were isolated from the sputum of two patients with pneumonia. One of the organisms was also relatively insensitive to ampicillin, cefamandole, and cephalothin and was resistant to tetracycline. Because penicillin-insensitive pneumococci are being reported with greater frequency, continued surveillance of pneumococcal sensitivity to penicillin is appropriate.
Silver(I)-Promoted ipso-Nitration of Carboxylic Acids by Nitronium Tetrafluoroborate (2015)

A novel and efficient method for the regioselective nitration of a series of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids to their corresponding nitro compounds using nitronium tetrafluoroborate and silver carbonate in dimethylacetamide has been described. This transformation is believed to proceed via the alkyl-silver or aryl-silver intermediate, which subsequently reacts with the nitronium ion to form nitro substances. Mild reaction conditions, tolerant of a broad range of functional groups, and formation of only the ipso-nitrated products are the key features of this methodology when compared to known methods for syntheses of nitroalkyls and nitroarenes.
Delayed rectifier K currents have reduced amplitudes and altered kinetics in myocytes from infarcted canine ventricle (2000)

The decrease in I(Kr) and I(Ks) amplitudes and changes in their kinetics in infarcted tissue might be due to a decrease in functional channels and/or changes in their subunit composition. Heterogeneous changes in I(Kr) and I(Ks) in infarcted hearts may impact on the effects of varying heart rate or neurohumoral modulation on repolarization.
Templated Self-Assembly Over Patterned Electrodes by an Applied Electric Field: Geometric Constraints and Diversity of Materials (2008)

This paper expands the scope and usefulness of a process to assemble dry micrometer-sized particles into arrays over a templated electrode by a high-voltage dc bias. Using the predictions from a theoretical model for the process of assembly, the experimental scope and limitations of this technique were explored and related to the predictions of the model. The range of bead size that can be assembled (20-750 mum) and the effects of changing the ratio of the size of the features in the templated electrode to the size of the particles being assembled were experimentally determined and compared to the theory. It was also demonstrated that: 1) the assembled spheres can be made of materials that are either dielectrics (glass and polystyrene), semiconductors (silicon), or conductors (copper); 2) the material for the electrode can either be gold, silver, copper, or amorphous silicon; and 3) the dielectric substrate only needs to be able to support the applied voltage without breaking down. The experimental results, in general, were predicted and supported by the model.
Activities of the glycylcyclines N,N-dimethylglycylamido-minocycline and N,N-dimethylglycylamido-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline against Nocardia spp. and tetracycline-resistant isolates of rapidly growing mycobacteria (1996)

Susceptibilities to the new semisynthetic tetracycline (Tet) compounds N,N-dimethylglycylamido-minocycline (DMG-MINO) and N,N-dimethylglycylamido-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline (DMG-DMDOT) were compared with those to doxycycline, minocycline, and Tet for 198 Tet-resistant (Tetr) and 33 Tet-susceptible (Tets) clinical isolates of rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) including the Mycobacterium fortuitum group, Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium chelonae, and Mycobacterium mucogenicum and 68 isolates belonging to six taxa of Nocardia spp. All Tetr RGM were highly susceptible to the glycylcyclines. The MICs at which 50 and 90% of isolates are inhibited were < or = 0.125 and < or = 0.25 microgram/ml, respectively, for DMG-DMDOT and < or = 0.25 and 1 microgram/ml, respectively, for DMG-MINO. The MIC of DMG-DMDOT at which 50% of Tetr strains are inhibited was the same as that for Tets strains for each of the four taxa of RGM. The new agents were less active against Nocardia spp. MICs of DMG-DMDOT were comparable to those of minocycline except for the MICs for Nocardia brasiliensis sensu stricto, the new taxon Nocardia pseudobrasiliensis, and some isolates of Nocardia nova, against which they were four- to eightfold more active. The MICs of DMG-DMDOT were consistently lower than those of DMG-MINO for RGM. This class of drugs offers exciting therapeutic potential for RGM and for selected species of Nocardia.
Cancer Stem Cell Plasticity Drives Therapeutic Resistance (2016)

The connection between epithelial-mesenchymal (E-M) plasticity and cancer stem cell (CSC) properties has been paradigm-shifting, linking tumor cell invasion and metastasis with therapeutic recurrence. However, despite their importance, the molecular pathways involved in generating invasive, metastatic, and therapy-resistant CSCs remain poorly understood. The enrichment of cells with a mesenchymal/CSC phenotype following therapy has been interpreted in two different ways. The original interpretation posited that therapy kills non-CSCs while sparing pre-existing CSCs. However, evidence is emerging that suggests non-CSCs can be induced into a transient, drug-tolerant, CSC-like state by chemotherapy. The ability to transition between distinct cell states may be as critical for the survival of tumor cells following therapy as it is for metastatic progression. Therefore, inhibition of the pathways that promote E-M and CSC plasticity may suppress tumor recurrence following chemotherapy. Here, we review the emerging appreciation for how plasticity confers therapeutic resistance and tumor recurrence.
Safety and immunogenicity of tetravalent live-attenuated dengue vaccines in Thai adult volunteers: role of serotype concentration, ratio, and multiple doses. (2002)

Dengue fever, caused by four serotypes of a mosquito-borne virus, is a growing problem in tropical countries. Currently, there is no treatment or vaccine. We evaluated safety and immunogenicity of two doses, given six months apart, of seven formulations of dengue tetravalent live-attenuated vaccine (containing different concentrations of the component viruses) versus placebo in 59 flavivirus-seronegative Thai adults. The first dose was the more reactogenic. Most volunteers experienced clinically moderate fever, headache, myalgia, eye pain or rash 7-11 days after injection, generally lasting three days or less. Modest decreases in platelets and neutrophils were observed. After one dose, 58% of dengue recipients seroconverted (neutralizing antibody level > or = 1:10) against > or = 3 serotypes; 35% seroconverted against all four. After the second dose, seroconversion was 76% and 71%, respectively. All subjects seroconverted to serotype 3 after one dose. Serotype 4 elicited the lowest primary response but the highest increase in seroconversion after the second dose.
802.11 user fingerprinting (2007)

The ubiquity of 802.11 devices and networks enables anyone to track our every move with alarming ease. Each 802.11 device transmits a globally unique and persistent MAC address and thus is trivially identifiable. In response, recent research has proposed replacing such identifiers with pseudonyms (i.e., temporary, unlinkable names). In this paper, we demonstrate that pseudonyms are insufficient to prevent tracking of 802.11 devices because implicit identifiers, or identifying characteristics of 802.11 traffic, can identify many users with high accuracy. For example, even without unique names and addresses, we estimate that an adversary can identify 64% of users with 90% accuracy when they spend a day at a busy hot spot. We present an automated procedure based on four previously unrecognized implicit identifiers that can identify users in three real 802.11 traces even when pseudonyms and encryption are employed. We find that the majority of users can be identified using our techniques, but our ability to identify users is not uniform; some users are not easily identifiable. Nonetheless, we show that even a single implicit identifier is sufficient to distinguish many users. Therefore, we argue that design considerations beyond eliminating explicit identifiers (i.e., unique names and addresses), must be addressed in order to prevent user tracking in wireless networks.
Identification of functional arginine residues in ribonuclease A and lysozyme (1975)

A specific color reaction has been developed for the detection of N-7, N-8-(1,2-dihydroxycyclohex-1,2-ylene)-L-arginine-containing peptides. The reaction is based on the fact that hydroxylamine converts the blocking group to cyclohexanedione dioxime, which forms a red nickel complex. N-7, N-8-(1,2-dihydroxycyclohex-1,2-ylene)-L-arginine-containing peptides can also be detected by diagonal electrophoresis from the change of electrophoretic mobility of these peptides on interaction of the blocking group with borate. Since the modified arginine residues are resistant to tryptic cleavate, changes in tryptic peptide patterns can also be utilized to identify the presence of modified arginine residues. A combination of these approaches was used to identify the arginine residues modified by cyclohexanedione treatment. Bovine panctreatic RNase A loses approximately 90% of its activity on cyclohexanedione treatment with the modification of 2 to 3 arginine residues. Arginine-39 reacts most rapidly and its modification contributes most to inactivation of the enzyme. Arginine-85 also reacts rapidly with cyclohexanedione. Arginine-10 reacts slowly and no reaction was observed with arginine-33. Removal of the blocking groups by hydroxylamine treatment resulted in complete recovery of enzyme activity in samples where arginine-39 and arginine-85 had been modified, whereas 80% of activity was regained from samples where arginine-10 had also been modified. With egg white lysozyme, all 11 arginine residues react with cyclohexanedione, resulting in partial inactivation of the enzyme. The fully modified enzyme retains 35% of its activity. Since arginine residues are important for electrostatic interaction between the enzyme and the negatively charges cell surface, even the modified, basic residues can provide the necessary positive charges. In the presence of borate, activity is almost completely abolished, since the modified arginine-borate complex has a reduced net positive charge. Upon removal of the blocking groups by hydroxylamine, even the fully modified lysozyme regains complete activity. With the exception of the most reactive arginine (residue 5), modification of all other arginine residues contributes equally to inactivation of the enzyme. The possible reason for the importance of arginine-5 in maintaining activity is discussed. Advantages of the present method for the selective reversible modification of arginine residues of proteins and for the identification of reactive arginine residues are evaluated.
In vitro activity of fosfomycin in combination with vancomycin or teicoplanin against Staphylococcus aureus isolated from device-associated infections unresponsive to glycopeptide therapy. (2005)

Fosfomycin is a molecule that inhibits the early stage of peptidoglycan synthesis and shows a broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Using the Killing-curve method, we tested the in vitro bactericidal activity of fosfomycin alone or in combination with vancomycin or teicoplanin at a concentration of 8 microg/mL, that is easily achievable in serum at standard dosing regimens, against seven methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains, isolated from patients with well documented device-associated infections unresponsive to or relapsing after glycopeptide therapy. MICs of vancomycin ranged from 1 to 4 microg/mL, MICs of teicoplanin from 2 to 8 microg/mL; MICs of fosfomycin were 8 microg/mL for two strains and >128 microg/mL for the remaining strains. The seven strains proved tolerant when tested for vancomycin and teicoplanin used alone at 2x MIC concentration. Fosfomycin was bactericidal (reduction of 2 log of the inoculum) only against the two susceptible strains. In all cases both vancomycin and teicoplanin in combination with fosfomycin developed bactericidal synergism already at a concentration of 1x MIC. If these results are confirmed by in vivo experiments, the combination of fosfomycin with glycopeptides might be useful for treating device-associated infections, and in preventing the phenomenon of increasing MICs for glycopeptides.
<title>Manchester visual query language</title> (1993)

We report a database language for visual retrieval which allows queries on image feature information which has been computed and stored along with images. The language is novel in that it provides facilities for dealing with feature data which has actually been obtained from image analysis. Each line in the Manchester Visual Query Language (MVQL) takes a set of objects as input and produces another, usually smaller, set as output. The MVQL constructs are mainly based on proven operators from the field of digital image analysis. An example is the Hough-group operator which takes as input a specification for the objects to be grouped, a specification for the relevant Hough space, and a definition of the voting rule. The output is a ranked list of high scoring bins. The query could be directed towards one particular image or an entire image database, in the latter case the bins in the output list would in general be associated with different images. We have implemented MVQL in two layers. The command interpreter is a Lisp program which maps each MVQL line to a sequence of commands which are used to control a specialized database engine. The latter is a hybrid graph/relational system which provides low-level support for inheritance and schema evolution. In the paper we outline the language and provide examples of useful queries. We also describe our solution to the engineering problems associated with the implementation of MVQL.
New non-volatile memory with extremely high density metal nano-dots (2004)

A new non-volatile memory with extremely high density metal nano-dots, MND (metal nano-dot) memory, was proposed and fundamental characteristics of the MND memory were evaluated. The MND film is used as a charge retention layer in the MND memory. The MND film consists of a thin oxide film that dispersively includes high density metal dots with nano-scale. The MND film is formed by using sputtering technique with a special sputtering target. The size and the density of the MND in the film are typically 2-3 nm and around 2/spl times/10/sup 13//cm/sup 2/, respectively, which were superior to that of Si quantum dot memory. Non-volatile memory operation at a relatively low voltage and good endurance characteristic were confirmed in the MND memory fabricated according to the conventional MOS process.
Magnetic resonant tunnelling diodes as voltage‐controlled spin selectors (2004)

Abstract We study the transport characteristics of all II–VI semiconductor resonant tunneling diodes made from the (Zn,Mn,Be)Se material system and with a quantum well of dilute magnetic material. The current–voltage characteristics of these devices exhibit a normal resonant tunneling diode resonance at zero external magnetic field. When a field is applied, the resulting spin splitting of the levels in the quantum well splits the transmission resonance into two separate peaks that move apart with increasing field. We interpret this as evidence that the tunneling is taking place through spin polarized levels. This device could therefore be viewed as a first step towards the demonstration of a voltage controlled spin filter. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)