gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on pectin (1930)

MANY workers have shown that pectin exists normally as the methyl ester of the tetrabasic pectic acid. The carboxyl groups may be, and in fact are usually, only partially esterified. The first stage in hydrolysis is the process of de-esterification which involves no change in the six-membered ring. This may be brought about in the cold by alkali as dilute as N/20 or by warming in weak acid solution. Heating with stronger acid or alkali results in the destruction of a portion or all of the pectin. In other words, there is a rupture of the pectic ring. A knowledge of this process may be of value in three directions. In the first place, it is of importance to know the degree of stability of the pectin molecule and the critical concentrations of various reagents above which the ring is attacked. Such conditions can then be avoided in the preparation and handling of pectic substances. In the second place, information on the rate and route of hydrolysis may throw some light on the arrangement of the units and nature of the linkages in the ring, about which so little is as yet known. Nanji, Paton and Ling [1925] suggest that the linkages are "other than 1: 6." While it is certain that group 6 does not participate, since the carboxyl groups of the galacturonic acid units are free, it is equally certain that group 1 is involved for pectin is a non-reducing body. The amylene oxide ring theory for sugars would suggest a 1: 4 linkage, but this has yet to be proved. Further, it must not even be assumed that the linkage between each unit is of necessity of the same type. If suitable methods of attack could be devised, any difference in type or strength of linkage would become evident from the rate of hydrolysis and nature of the products formed. In the third place, a full knowledge of the degradation products given on hydrolysis might throw much light on the down-grade processes in the meta- bolism of the pectic substances. There is no definite information as to the nature of the intermediate and ultimate degradation products of pectin in the plant, the metabolic picture being thus incomplete. Pectin is not a final stable substance, as is cellulose or lignin, but more labile, since it disappears during the process of lignification.
Biomimetic materials in tissue engineering (2010)

Biomaterial matrices are being developed that mimic the key characteristics of the extracellular matrix, including presenting adhesion sites and displaying growth factors in the context of a viscoelastic hydrogel. This review focuses on two classes of materials: those that are derived from naturally occurring molecules and those that recapitulate key motifs of biomolecules within biologically active synthetic materials. For biologically derived materials, methods are being sought to gain molecular-level control over biological characteristics and biomechanics. For synthetic, biomimetic materials, chemical schemes are being developed to enable in situ cross-linking and protease-dependent degradation and release of incorporated growth factors. These materials will open new doors to biosurgical therapeutics in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Altered dendritic spine density in animal models of depression and in response to antidepressant treatment (2001)

Olfactory bulbectomy, neonatal clomipramine administration, and maternal deprivation have been employed as animal models of depression. Each model is unique with respect to the experimental manipulations required to produce "depressive" signs, expression and duration of these signs, and response to antidepressant treatments. Dendritic spines represent a possible anatomical substrate for the enduring changes seen with depression and we have previously shown that chronic antidepressant drug exposure alters the density of hippocampal dendritic spines in an enduring fashion. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether persistent alteration of hippocampal spine density is a common element in each of these different models of depression and whether such alterations could be reversed with chronic antidepressant treatment. The results show that olfactory bulbectomy reduced spine density in CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus compared to sham-operated controls. Chronic treatment with amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, reversed the bulbectomy- induced reduction in dendritic spine density in CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus, whereas treatment with mianserin, an atypical antidepressant, reversed this reduction only in dentate gyrus. On the other hand, neither neonatal clomipramine administration nor maternal deprivation affected hippocampal dendritic spine density. Repeated neonatal handling, however, as a control or as part of the maternal deprivation procedure, elevated spine density in dentate gyrus. These data suggest that long-lasting alterations in hippocampal dendritic spine density contribute to the neural mechanism underlying the olfactory bulbectomy model of depression, but not the neonatal clomipramine or maternal deprivation models.
Crosstalk Between Coaxial Conductors in Cable (1940)

The available literature on crosstalk between coaxial conductors in contact makes it clear that the presence of any other conducting material in continuous or frequent contact with the coaxial outer conductors simply reduces the coupling per unit length without altering the law of crosstalk summation with length.
The opioid growth factor receptor in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. (2000)

Carcinoma of the head and neck is the sixth leading cause of cancer in the world, and the third most common neoplasia in developing countries. More than 90% of head and neck cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (SCCHN). Approximately half of the patients afflicted die within 5 years of diagnosis and survival rates for cancer of the upper aero-digestive tract have not changed in 25 years. The opioid growth factor (OGF), ¿Met5-enkephalin, inhibits the growth of SCCHN in vitro and in vivo, and acts in a receptor-mediated fashion. Receptor binding assays using CAL-27 human SCCHN cells in culture and ¿3H-¿Met5-enkephalin were employed to identify and characterize the receptor responsible for the growth-regulatory effects of OGF. Specific and saturable binding was recorded, and Scatchard analysis showed that the data were consistent for a single binding site with a binding affinity (Kd) of 5.0+/-0.9 nM and maximal binding capacity (Bmax) of 47.5+/-1.7 fmol/mg protein. Subcellular fractionation studies determined that the optimal binding occurred with the nuclear fraction. Competition experiments demonstrated that cold ¿Met5-enkephalin was at least 7-fold greater than ligands selective for classical opioid receptors. Binding was detected in 4 other SCCHN cell lines. Receptor number in xenografts of CAL-27 was decreased almost 5-fold compared to the same cells grown in vitro. Binding to radiolabeled ¿Met5-enkephalin was recorded in SCCHN obtained from surgical resections. The function, pharmacological and biochemical characteristics, distribution and subcellular location of OGF binding in human SCCHN were consonant with the OGF receptor (OGFr).
The effects of increased heart work on the tricarboxylate cycle and its interactions with glycolysis in the perfused rat heart (1972)

1. The work of the perfused rat heart was acutely increased by raising the aortic pressure in the Langendorff preparation from 50 to 120mmHg; within 1 min in perfusions with media containing glucose or glucose+acetate, rates of oxygen consumption and tricarboxylate-cycle turnover increased 2.5-fold, glycolysis rate doubled and oxidation of triglyceride fatty acid was strikingly enhanced. 2. Increased cardiac work had no significant effects on the heart concentrations of creatine phosphate, ATP, ADP or 5'-AMP. The only significant changes in tricarboxylate-cycle intermediates were a decrease in malate in perfusions with glucose and decreases in acetyl-CoA and citrate and an increase in aspartate in perfusions with glucose+acetate. 3. Measurements of intracellular concentrations of hexose phosphates, glucose and glycogen indicated that work accelerated glycolysis by activation of phosphofructokinase and subsequently hexokinase; the activation could not be accounted for by changes in the known effectors of phosphofructokinase. 4. Acetate at either perfusion pressure increased heart concentrations of acetyl-CoA, citrate, glutamate and malate and decreased that of aspartate; acetate increased tricarboxylate-cycle turnover by 50-60% and inhibited glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. 5. In view of the markedly different effects of acetate and of cardiac work on the concentrations of cycle intermediates the changes that accompany acetate utilization may be specifically concerned with the regulatory functions of the cycle in control of glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation and not with the associated increase in cycle turnover. It is suggested that the concentrations of key metabolites controlling the rate of cycle turnover may fluctuate with each heart beat and that this may explain why no significant changes (for example, in adenine nucleotide concentrations) have been detected with increased work in the present study.
MICA and MICB overexpression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (2006)

MICA and MICB mRNA expression may be increased in OSCC but there appears to be individual variation.
Selenium supplementation decreases nuclear factor‐kappa B activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients (2004)

In type 2 diabetic patients, activation of NF-kappaB measured in peripheral blood monocytes can be reduced by selenium supplementation, confirming its importance in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
Intention insider (2012)

The rapid proliferation of online forums has made it possible for people to share their intentions, wishes and experiences by posting comments with the aim of getting advice from other members of the forum. Extracting intentions from these comments provides valuable insight for companies who can exploit it to get a competitive edge. However, given the very large amount of this kind of online comments, manually extracting intentions is impractical, time consuming and expensive. Companies need tools that analyze the text to extract intentions and details about them. In this paper we propose to demo one such tool called Intention Insider which has been developed at HP Labs in close collaboration with business units and a few selected customers. The tool can ingest content from online forums or from uploaded files and quickly sift through very large amounts of comments to extract intention information. This information is loaded into a data warehouse to be correlated with other structured data and queried to produce interactive reports and dynamic visualizations that facilitate its exploration at detailed and aggregate levels.
Patterned Magnetic Recording Media (2001)

▪ Abstract Continuing increases in the areal density of hard disk drives will be limited by thermal instability of the thin film medium. Patterned media, in which data are stored in an array of single-domain magnetic particles, have been suggested as a means to overcome this limitation and to enable recording densities of up to 150 Gbit cm −2 (1 Tbit inch −2 ) to be achieved. However, the implementation of patterned media requires fabrication of sub-50-nm features over large areas and the design of recording systems that differ substantially from those used in conventional hard drives. This review describes patterned media, including the fabrication of arrays of small magnetic particles and their magnetic properties, such as domain structure, reversal mechanisms, thermal stability, and interactions. The practical implementation of patterned media recording schemes is assessed.
Phase I dose escalation trial of tremelimumab (CP-675,206) administered in combination with PF-3512676 in patients with melanoma or other advanced cancers (2009)

3046 Background: Tremelimumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody specific for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), and PF-3512676, an oligodeoxynucleotide toll-like receptor 9 agonist, are both novel, targeted immune modulators that can elicit durable antitumor responses in patients with advanced cancer. The tolerability of the combination of these two agents was investigated. Methods: Eligibility criteria included advanced melanoma or other advanced cancer, ECOG performance status of 0 or 1, and no history of autoimmune disease. Patients received intravenous tremelimumab (6.0, 10.0, or 15.0 mg/kg) every 12 weeks plus 0.05 mg/kg subcutaneous PF-3512676 weekly. Further escalation of PF-3512676 (to 0.1 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg) was planned once the MTD of tremelimumab had been determined. Primary endpoint was safety of the treatment combination; secondary endpoints included clinical activity, pharmacokinetics (PK), and immunologic measurements. Results: To date, 15 patients (melanoma, n = 12; mesothelioma, n = 2; prostate, n = 1) have been treated in this study: 3 at dose level 1 (6 mg/kg tremelimumab + 0.05 mg/kg PF-3512676); 6 at dose level 2 (10 mg/kg tremelimumab + 0.05 mg/kg PF-351276); and 6 at dose level 3 (15 mg/kg tremelimumab + 0.05 mg/kg PF-3512676). There were two DLTs at dose level 3: G3 diarrhea (n=1) and G3 nausea and vomiting associated with biopsy-proven duodenitis (n=1). One DLT, G3 hypophysitis, occurred at dose level 2. Patients with DLTs responded to corticosteroid therapy. Common adverse events included mild to moderate PF-3512676 injection site reactions (n=14), mild to moderate flu-like symptoms (n=9), G1/2 diarrhea (n=9), and G1/2 nausea (n=8). Presently, there are 2 PRs (13%) and 5 SDs among the 15 patients. Updated safety, efficacy, and PK data will be reported. Conclusions: At dose levels tested to date, the combination of tremelimumab and PF-3512676 has been tolerable and showed evidence of antitumor activity in patients with advanced melanoma. The MTD for this combination has yet to be determined, and a fourth intermediate dose level (10 mg/kg tremelimumab + 0.1 mg/kg PF-3512676) is currently being explored. [Table: see text]
Gene Expression Profile Analysis by DNA Microarrays (2001)

DNA microarrays represent a technological intersection between biology and computers that enables gene expression analysis in human tissues on a genome-wide scale. This application can be expected to prove extremely valuable for the study of the genetic basis of complex diseases. Despite the enormous promise of this revolutionary technology, there are several issues and possible pitfalls that may undermine the authority of the microarray platform. We discuss some of the conceptual, practical, statistical, and logistical issues surrounding the use of microarrays for gene expression profiling. These issues include the imprecise definition of normal in expression comparisons; the cellular and subcellular heterogeneity of the tissues being studied; the difficulty in establishing the statistically valid comparability of arrays; the logistical logjam in analysis, presentation, and archiving of the vast quantities of data generated; and the need for confirmational studies that address the functional relevance of findings. Although several complicated issues must be resolved, the potential payoff remains large.
GPS Navigation: Combining Pseudorange with Continuous Carrier Phase Using a Kalman Filter (1990)

The notion of aiding GPS code-ranging information with carrier phase measurements has been around for quite some time. The integration of these two complementary forms of data can provide highly precise position solutions corrupted by very little high-frequency error, which is advantageous particularly for high-dynamical situations. This paper presents two schemes, based on the Kalman filter, for integrating GPS code and carrier measurements efficiently. One of these schemes involves a general combination of the two types of measurements, where the vehicle motion is described as a random process. In the other, the continuous carrier phase measurements provide a dynamically exact reference trajectory in much the same manner as in an inertial system, and the pseudorange data is then used to update this reference trajectory via a Kalman filter. This method of integration looks especially attractive as a means of achieving good dynamical response while still retaining the benefits of filtering the pseudorange data.
A personal learning apprentice (1992)

Abstract requesting certain types of meetings. In order to be Personalized knowledge-based systems have not yet become widespread, despite their potential for valuable assistance in many daily tasks. This is due, in part, to the high cost of developing and maintaining customized knowledge bases. The construction of personal assistants as learning apprentices-- interactive assistants that learn continually from their users-- is one approach which could dramatically reduce the cost of knowledge-based advisors. We present one such personal learning apprentice, called CAP, which assists in managing a meeting calendar. CAP has been used since June 1991 by a secretary in our work place to manage a faculty member’s meeting calendar, and is the first instance of a fielded learning apprentice in routine use. This paper describes the organization of CAP, its performance in initial field tests, and more general lessons learned from this effort about learning apprentice systems.
Defects in Primer-Template Binding, Processive DNA Synthesis, and RNase H Activity Associated with Chimeric Reverse Transcriptases Having the Murine Leukemia Virus Polymerase Domain Joined to Escherichia coli RNase H (1995)

The RNase H domain of murine leukemia virus (MuLV) reverse transcriptase (RT) was replaced with Escherichia coli RNase H, and the effect on RNase H activity and processive DNA synthesis was studied, using RNA-DNA hybrids containing sequences from the MuLV polypurine tract (PPT). Two chimeric RTs, having the entire polymerase domain or all but the last 19 amino acids, were expressed. In both cases, these RTs made multiple cuts in PPT-containing substrates, whereas wild-type cleavages occurred primarily at sites consistent with the distance between the polymerase and RNase H active sites. Primer extension assays performed with the chimeric RTs, an RNase H-minus RT, and wild-type showed that the presence of a wild-type viral RNase H domain facilitates processive DNA synthesis. When wild-type RT was bound to primer-template, two retarded bands could be detected in band-shift assays. In the absence of primer extension, a high proportion of enzyme-bound primer-template was associated with the faster-migrating band, whereas with DNA synthesis, more of the bound radioactivity was in the super-shifted complex. This suggests that the super-shifted complex contains the active form of RT. The mutant RTs were deficient in formation of this complex, but the chimeric RTs were somewhat less defective than the RNase H-minus mutant. Our results demonstrate that in the wild-type enzyme, the RNase H domain is required to stabilize the interaction between RT and primer-template.
Poly(secondary amine)s from diacrylates and diamines (1983)

Abstract Poly(secondary amine)s were prepared by the Michael‐type addition of diacrylates or bisacrylamides with diprimary amines carrying an α or β branching to the amino groups. The steric hindrance due to branching rendered the primary amine monofunctional in respect to the acrylate, thus producing soluble polymers.
Effective and scalable software compatibility testing (2008)

Today's software systems are typically composed of multiple components, each with different versions. Software compatibility testing is a quality assurance task aimed at ensuring that multi-component based systems build and/or execute correctly across all their versions' combinations, or configurations. Because there are complex and changing interdependencies between components and their versions, and because there are such a large number of configurations, it is generally infeasible to test all potential configurations. Consequently, in practice, compatibility testing examines only a handful of default or popular configurations to detect problems; as a result costly errors can and do escape to the field.
Protection against peroxynitrite-induced fibroblast injury and arthritis development by inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) synthase (1998)

Peroxynitrite, a cytotoxic oxidant formed from nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide, induces DNA strand breakage, which activates the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) synthase (PARS; EC 2.4.2.30). The cellular function of PARS was determined in fibroblast lines from PARS knockout animals (PARS-/-) and corresponding wild-type animals (PARS+/+), with the aid of the lipophilic PARS inhibitor 5-iodo-6-amino-1,2-benzopyrone (INH2BP). We investigated the role of PARS in peroxynitrite-induced fibroblast injury in vitro and also in the development of arthritis in vivo. Exposure of embryonic fibroblasts from the PARS+/+ animals to peroxynitrite caused DNA single-stand breakage and PARS activation and caused an acute suppression of mitochondrial respiration. INH2BP protected the PARS+/+ cells against the suppression of mitochondrial respiration in response to peroxynitrite (50-100 microM). Similarly to PARS inhibition with INH2BP, the PARS-/- cells were protected against peroxynitrite-induced injury. The protection against cellular injury by PARS-/- phenotype or INH2BP waned when cells were challenged with higher concentrations of the oxidant. Inhibition of PARS by INH2BP or by PARS-/- phenotype reduced inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS; EC 1.14.13.39) mRNA levels and inhibited production of NO in immunostimulated cells. INH2BP had no peroxynitrite scavenging or hydroxyl radical scavenging effects, and it exerted no additional (nonspecific) effects in the PARS-/- cells. In collagen-induced arthritis, significant staining for nitrotyrosine, a marker of peroxynitrite formation, was found in the inflamed joints. Oral treatment with INH2BP (0.5 g/kg, daily), starting at the onset of arthritis (day 25), delayed the development of the clinical signs at days 26-35 and improved histological status in the knee and paw. Our data demonstrate that deletion of PARS by genetic manipulation or pharmacological inhibition of PARS protects against oxidant-induced cellular injury in vitro and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in vivo.
Noninvasive estimation of regional myocardial oxygen consumption by positron emission tomography with carbon-11 acetate in patients with myocardial infarction. (1989)

We previously demonstrated in experimental studies that myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) can be estimated noninvasively with positron emission tomography (PET) from analysis of the myocardial turnover rate constant (k) after administration of carbon-11 (11C) acetate. To determine regional k in healthy human subjects and to estimate alterations in MVO2 accompanying myocardial ischemia, we administered [11C]acetate to five healthy human volunteers and to six patients with myocardial infarction. Extraction of [11C]acetate by the myocardium was avid and clearance from the blood-pool rapid yielding myocardial images of excellent quality. Regional k was homogeneous in myocardium of healthy volunteers (coefficient variation = 11%). In patients, k in regions remote from the area of infarction was not different from values in myocardium of healthy human volunteers (0.061 +/- 0.025 compared with 0.057 +/- 0.008 min-1). In contrast, MVO2 in the center of the infarct region was only 6% of that in remote regions (p less than 0.01). In four patients studied within 48 hr of infarction and again more than seven days after the acute event, regional k and MVO2 did not change. The approach developed should facilitate evaluation of the efficacy of interventions designed to enhance recovery of jeopardized myocardium and permit estimation of regional MVO2 and metabolic reserve underlying cardiac disease of diverse etiologies.