gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rapid whole blood analysis of virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in persistent HIV infection (2000)

The whole blood assay provides a rapid estimate of the total antiviral T cell resources, and is highly suited for a clinical setting. It may thus have widespread applications for the evaluation of vaccination strategies and immunotherapy. Because antiretroviral therapy significantly reduces both HIV-specific cytotoxic and helper T cell responses, future therapeutic strategies should aim at improving cellular antiviral immunity.
Complexity in Biological Signaling Systems (1999)

Biological signaling pathways interact with one another to form complex networks. Complexity arises from the large number of components, many with isoforms that have partially overlapping functions; from the connections among components; and from the spatial relationship between components. The origins of the complex behavior of signaling networks and analytical approaches to deal with the emergent complexity are discussed here.
Tantalum as a diffusion barrier between copper and silicon (1990)

We have investigated the effectiveness and failure mechanism of thin tantalum layers as diffusion barriers to copper. 50 nm tantalum films were sputtered onto unpatterned single-crystal 〈100〉 Si wafers and overlaid with 100 nm Cu. Material reactions in these films were followed as a function of annealing temperature by in situ resistance measurements, and characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and cross-section transmission electron microscopy. While pure Cu on Si reacts at 200 °C, the Ta film prevents Cu silicon interaction up to 600 °C. At higher temperatures, reaction of the Si substrate with Ta forms a planar layer of hexagonal TaSi2. Cu rapidly penetrates to the Si substrate, forming η″-Cu3Si precipitates at the Ta-Si2-Si interface.
Targeting YAP in malignant pleural mesothelioma (2017)

Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer that is resistant to current therapy. The poor prognosis of mesothelioma has been associated with elevated Yes-associated protein (YAP) activity. In this study, we evaluated the effect of targeting YAP in mesothelioma. First, we comprehensively studied YAP activity in five mesothelioma cell lines (211H, H2052, H290, MS-1 and H2452) and one normal mesothelial cell line (LP9). We found decreased phospho-YAP to YAP protein ratio and consistently increased GTIIC reporter activity in 211H, H2052 and H290 compared to LP9. The same three cell lines (IC<sub>50</sub> s < 1 μM) were more sensitive than LP9 (IC<sub>50</sub> = 3.5 μM) to the YAP/TEAD inhibitor verteporfin. We also found that verteporfin significantly reduced YAP protein level, mRNA levels of YAP downstream genes and GTIIC reporter activity in the same three cell lines, indicating inhibition of YAP signaling by verteporfin. Verteporfin also impaired invasion and tumoursphere formation ability of H2052 and H290. To validate the effect of specific targeting YAP in mesothelioma cells, we down-regulated YAP by siRNA. We found siYAP significantly decreased YAP transcriptional activity and impaired invasion and tumoursphere formation ability of H2052 and H290. Furthermore, forced overexpression of YAP rescued GTIIC reporter activity and cell viability after siYAP targeting 3'UTR of YAP. Finally, we found concurrent immunohistochemistry staining of ROCK2 and YAP (P < 0.05). Inhibition of ROCK2 decreased GTIIC reporter activity in H2052 and 211H suggesting that Rho/ROCK signaling also contributed to YAP activation in mesothelioma cells. Our results indicate that YAP may be a potential therapeutic target in mesothelioma.
Convolutive Blind Signal Separation With Post-Processing (2004)

A new subband based speech enhancement scheme is presented. It integrates spatial and temporal signal processing methods to enhance speech signals in a noisy environment. The approach makes use of the popular blind signal separation (BSS) to spatially separate the target signal from the interference. Due to the multipath/reverberant environment, BSS has its fundamental limitation in its separation quality. To overcome that, an adaptive noise canceller (ANC) is employed to perform further interference reduction. The reference for the ANC in this case is simply the interference dominant output from the BSS. A higher order statistical method is proposed for the selection of the reference signal. This post processing acts as a spectral decorrelator and experimental results show that even in under-determined (more sources than elements) case, the structure offers impressive enhancement capability. Further, a remarkable improvement in recognition rate is registered when tested in automatic speech recognition (ASR).
Modification of wheat starch by initiating systems used for graft polymerization (1970)

Treatment of wheat starch with ceric ammonium nitrate in dil. HNO3 or with ferrous ammonium sulphate-hydrogen peroxide, under conditions used for graft polymerization but in the absence of monomer, gave products only partially dispersible in 90:10 (by vol.) dimethyl sulphoxide-water. With ceric ion-HNO3, the amount and intrinsic viscosity of the dispersible fraction depended on both the degree of swelling of the starch (before treatment with ceric ammonium nitrate solution) and on whether the acidic reaction mixture was neutralized before isolation of the product. Dil. HNO3 in the absence of ceric ammonium nitrate gave a completely dispersible product whose intrinsic viscosity slowly decreased with reaction time. Electron beam irradiation of wheat starch also gave a completely dispersible and apparently degraded product. In contrast to their behaviour in dimethyl sulphoxide-water, starches treated with ceric ion-HNO3 or the ferrous ion-hydrogen peroxide system were more readily dispersed in water than untreated wheat starch.
Individual pharmacodynamics assessed by antilymphocyte action predicts clinical cyclosporine efficacy in psoriasis* (1998)

The results showed that we could use PBMCs to pharmacodynamically predict the patients with a poor response to cyclosporine therapy. These patients may require larger doses of cyclosporine or alternative approaches to treatment. The patients with PBMCs sensitive to cyclosporine should be evaluated for treatment with smaller doses of the drug to avoid serious side effects.
Methods for Quantifying Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Profiles Exemplified by an Examination of Blood Glucose Patterns in Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes (2002)

The maintenance of glycemic control in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM and T2DM, respectively) is commonly assisted by devices for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) that store multiple BG determinations. However, besides average BG, no other SMBG characteristics are routinely computed. We describe several SMBG-based measures that quantify the extent and rate of patients' BG excursions into hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia and can be used as markers for patients' vulnerability to hypoglycemia and BG irregularity. These markers are applied to analyze data from patients with T1DM (n = 277) and T2DM (n = 323), all of whom used insulin. T1DM and T2DM patients were matched by HbA(1c), gender, and number of SMBG readings/day. On average, 230 SMBG readings and three HbA(1c) assays were collected for each subject over 3 months. Compared with T2DM, patients with T1DM diabetes had (1) more extreme low and high BGs, (2) greater risk for severe hypoglycemia as quantified by the Low BG Index, (3) faster descent into hypoglycemia as quantified by the risk rate of change/hour, and (4) greater BG irregularity as computed by BG rate of change/hour and BG SD (all p levels < 0.0001). SMBG data allow for computing and frequent updating of various idiosyncratic diabetes characteristics and risk factors. The use of such computations may assist in optimizing patients' glycemic control.
Thermal Preconditioning Before Rat Arterial Balloon Injury (1998)

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of highly conserved proteins, essential to cell survival, that are induced during times of physiological stress. These proteins, when induced, can provide tolerance to subsequent injury. Several studies have documented that HSPs play an important role in the response of vascular cells to injury or stress. Whether the vasculature itself can be effectively preconditioned before arterial injury is unknown. Vascular HSP induction by whole-body hyperthermia (WBH) was evaluated with regard to its effects on the vascular response to balloon injury. WBH treatment of Sprague-Dawley rats (colonic temperatures of 41 to 42 degrees C for 15 minutes) resulted in maximal arterial HSP expression within 8 to 12 hours. Rats (male, 300 g, n=59) were randomly assigned to undergo either WBH or no treatment 8 hours before standard carotid balloon injury. At 14 (n=26) and 90 (n=21) days after balloon injury, histomorphometric analysis revealed a significant limitation of intimal accumulation in preconditioned arteries as compared to controls (intimal/medial area ratios+/-SEM: 14 days, 0.57+/-0.07 versus 0.86+/-0.08, P=0.01; 90 days, 0.78+/-0.12 versus 1.19+/-0.14, P<0.05). The medial cell proliferation index at 4 days (n=12) was significantly reduced in the treated group as well (3.6+/-0.9% versus 7.2+/-1.3%, P<0.05). Conversely, the mean total cell number in the media of heated arteries was higher (393+/-20 versus 328+/-17, P<0.05). Vascular preconditioning with brief WBH induces a heat shock response in the arterial wall that is associated with a significant and sustained reduction in intimal accumulation. This effect appears to be due in part to preservation of medial cell integrity and limitation of the proliferative response. These results suggest that thermal preconditioning of vascular tissue may be an effective strategy to improve long-term results after revascularization procedures.
Bioactive Polymers for Biohybrid Artificial Pancreas (2001)

To address the solution for some of the obstacles, such as low insulin secretion, limited lifespan and aggregation of transplanted islets, encountered in developing a biohybrid artificial pancreas (BAP), polymeric materials including a reversible polymeric extracellular matrix (ECM), crystallized glucagon-like peptide-1, and oxygen carrying polymers, were prepared and their potential utilities in designing a compact and rechargeable BAP were investigated. For a synthetic, reversible ECM, high molecular weight N-isopropylacrylamide copolymer with a small amount of acrylic acid (2 mole%) was synthesized by conventional radical polymerization in benzene, and its aqueous solution above a critical polymer concentration displayed a sol-gel transition temperature near physiological temperature (33-35 degrees C) without noticeable hysteresis. The physicochemical properties of the gel with islet compatibility proved that the synthetic ECM is an appropriate matrix which can make a BAP rechargeable. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1, 7-37) is known to have a strong stimulatory effect on insulin secretion, particularly at high glucose concentrations. When zinc-crystallized GLP-1 was entrapped along with islets in a hollow fiber macrocapsule device, insulin secretion was enhanced at a high glucose concentration (300 mg/dl) with a >85% increase in insulin secretion after an induction period. The cross-linked hemoglobin with difunctional PEO (Hb-C) was prepared to increase the high molecular weight of Hb. This prevents diffusional loss when enclosed in an immunoprotecting membrane. The Hb-C, entrapped in microcapsules, enhanced insulin secretion and improved the viability of microencapsulated islets by promoting oxygen supply to islets. The introduction of the synthetic ECM, crystallized GLP-1, and Hb-C into a BAP may provide a basis for designing a compact and rechargeable BAP (macrocapsule).
Human single-stranded DNA binding proteins: guardians of genome stability (2016)

Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs) are essential for maintaining the integrity of the genome in all organisms. All processes related to DNA, such as replication, excision, repair, and recombination, require the participation of SSBs whose oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide-binding (OB)-fold domain is responsible for the interaction with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). For a long time, the heterotrimeric replication protein A (RPA) complex was believed to be the only nuclear SSB in eukaryotes to participate in ssDNA processing, while mitochondrial SSBs that are conserved with prokaryotic SSBs were shown to be essential for maintaining genome stability in eukaryotic mitochondria. In recent years, two new proteins, hSSB1 and hSSB2 (human SSBs 1/2), were identified and have better sequence similarity to bacterial and archaeal SSBs than RPA. This review summarizes the current understanding of these human SSBs in DNA damage repair and in cell-cycle checkpoint activation following DNA damage, as well as their relationships with cancer.
Components of Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb. 2 Structures of four new isoprenylated 1,3-diphenylpropane derivatives, kazinols J, L, M, and N. (1986)

A new isoprenylated 1, 3-diphenylpropane derivative, kazinol L, was isolated from the extract of the root bark of Broussonetia kazinoki SIEB. (Japanese name, "Himekozo, " Moraceae), and three new isoprenylated 1, 3-diphenylpropane derivatives, kazinols J, M, and N were isolated from the cortex. The structures of kazinols J, L, M, and N were shown t be 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, on the basis of spectral data.
Osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Potential treatment with growth and differentiation factors. (1998)

Basic and clinical research have shown the efficacy of various cellular mediators (bone morphogenetic proteins, interleukins, angiogenic growth factors) in healing bone defects. The potential application of these growth and differentiation factors to other musculoskeletal conditions, including osteonecrosis of the femoral head, only recently has been explored. Osteonecrosis is a disease of unknown pathogenesis that usually progresses to hip joint destruction necessitating total hip arthroplasty. The pathology involves ischemic events followed by death of bone and marrow elements. A process of repair then is initiated, but unless the lesion is small (less than 15% of the femoral head involved), this repair process is usually ineffective. The net result is weakening of subchondral bone with subsequent collapse of the articular surface. Because the results of hip arthroplasty in patients with osteonecrosis are relatively poor, much focus has been on modalities aimed at femoral head preservation. The surgical alternatives may include core decompression, osteotomy, nonvascularized, and vascularized bone grafting, which might be enhanced with the use of growth and differentiation factors. At least three of these factors are potential candidates as therapeutic modalities: cytokines (such as interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, and signaling molecules such as fibroblast growth factors, platelet derived growth factors, insulinlike growth factors, and transforming growth factor betas), bone morphogenetic proteins, and angiogenic factors. Despite considerable effort, evaluation of these growth and differentiation factors has been hampered by the lack of an animal model that adequately simulates the pathology of osteonecrosis in humans. Therefore, investigators have attempted to model certain aspects of the disease process. Recently, several investigators have attempted to mimic osteonecrosis in the femoral head of large mammals by combinations of devascularization, freezing, osteotomy of the femoral neck, or creation of a head defect. Results from some of these studies have confirmed the potential for growth and differentiation factors to effect more rapid healing and filling of defects with biomechanically competent and viable bone. The application of this therapy shows promise, and clinical studies on efficacy and safety are ongoing.
Discovering lead-free perovskite solar materials with a split-anion approach (2015)

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar materials, being low-cost and high-performance, are promising for large-scale deployment of the photovoltaic technology. A key challenge that remains to be addressed is the toxicity of these materials since the high-efficiency solar cells are made of lead-containing materials, in particular, CH3NH3PbI3. Here, based on first-principles calculation, we search for lead-free perovskite materials based on the split-anion approach, where we replace Pb with non-toxic elements while introducing dual anions (i.e., splitting the anion sites) that preserve the charge neutrality. We show that CH3NH3BiSeI2 and CH3NH3BiSI2 exhibit improved band gaps and optical absorption over CH3NH3PbI3. The split-anion approach could also be applied to pure inorganic perovskites, significantly enlarging the pool of candidate materials in the design of low-cost, high-performance and environmentally-friendly perovskite solar materials.
Fate of senescent megakaryocytes in the bone marrow (1983)

Degenerating senescent megakaryocytes have been identified in mouse bone marrow by light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructural changes which occur as degeneration proceeds are characteristic of death by apoptosis, although most cells appear to round up rather than undergo fragmentation. A hitherto unreported finding in degenerating cells was the presence of bundles of approximately 7 nm diameter parallel filaments in nuclei and membrane-bound nuclear fragments. Structurally, they resembled bundles of filaments induced in nuclei with dimethyl sulphoxide and identified as actin. Often a bundle appeared to terminate at the inner membrane. In the cytoplasm the presence of microtubules and centrioles indicates that not all the latter organelles are lost by the megakaryocyte during platelet release. Degenerating senescent megakaryocytes are rare in the marrow of normal mice but increase in frequency during 5-fluorouracil stimulated thrombocytosis. The dying cells are eventually phagocytosed by macrophages, a process that can occur extravascularly, showing that entry of senescent megakaryocytes into the circulation is not necessary for their disposal.
Identification of Escherichia coli K12 YdcW protein as a γ‐aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (2005)

Gamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (ABALDH) from wild-type E. coli K12 was purified to apparent homogeneity and identified as YdcW by MS-analysis. YdcW exists as a tetramer of 202+/-29 kDa in the native state, a molecular mass of one subunit was determined as 51+/-3 kDa. Km parameters of YdcW for gamma-aminobutyraldehyde, NAD+ and NADP+ were 41+/-7, 54+/-10 and 484+/-72 microM, respectively. YdcW is the unique ABALDH in E. coli K12. A coupling action of E. coli YgjG putrescine transaminase and YdcW dehydrogenase in vitro resulted in conversion of putrescine into gamma-aminobutyric acid.
Construction of Autologous Human Heart Valves Based on an Acellular Allograft Matrix (2002)

Earle's Medium 199 enriched with low concentration of antibiotics represents an excellent medium for long time preservation of extracellular matrix. After complete acellularization with Trypsin/EDTA, recellularization under shear stress conditions of the allogeneic scaffold results in the formation of a viable confluent HEC monolayer. These results represent a promising step toward the construction of autologous heart valves based on acellular human allograft matrix.
Collapse and rebound of a laser-induced cavitation bubble (2001)

A strong laser pulse that is focused into a liquid produces a vapor cavity, which first expands and then collapses with subsequent rebounds. In this paper a mathematical model of the spherically symmetric motion of a laser-induced bubble is proposed. It describes gas and liquid dynamics including compressibility, heat, and mass transfer effects and nonequilibrium processes of evaporation and condensation on the bubble wall. It accounts also for the occurrence of supercritical conditions at collapse. Numerical investigations of the collapse and first rebound have been carried out for different bubble sizes. The results show a fairly good agreement with experimental measurements of the bubble radius evolution and the intensity of the outgoing shock wave emitted at collapse. Calculations with a small amount of noncondensable gas inside the bubble show its strong influence on the dynamics.
Compatibility of Li[sub 7]La[sub 3]Zr[sub 2]O[sub 12] Solid Electrolyte to All-Solid-State Battery Using Li Metal Anode (2010)

Electrochemical properties of (LLZ) were investigated to reveal its availability as a solid electrolyte for all-solid-state rechargeable batteries with a Li metal anode. After calcination at , a well-sintered LLZ pellet with a garnet-like structure was obtained, and its conductivity was at room temperature. The cyclic voltammogram of the Li/LLZ/Li cell showed that the dissolution and deposition reactions of lithium occurred reversibly without any reaction with LLZ. This indicates that a Li metal anode can be applied for an LLZ system. A full cell composed of a configuration was also operated successfully at expected voltage estimated from the redox potential of Li metal and . Simultaneously, an irreversible behavior was observed at the first discharge and charge cycle due to an interfacial problem between and LLZ. The discharge capacity of the full cell was . These results reveal that LLZ is available for all-solid-state lithium batteries.
An in vitro globin gene switching model based on differentiated embryonic stem cells. (1990)

We used mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to study globin gene expression and switching in vitro. We show that ES-derived embryoid bodies express the full complement of mouse embryonic globin genes in the correct temporal order and that on further differentiation, a switch occurs to the fetal/adult genes. In addition, the erythroid-specific transcription factor NF-El was shown to be expressed coordinately with that of globin in embryoid bodies. We conclude from these experiments that the ES cell system provides a good model to study hematopoietic development. When the human c-or p-globin genes driven by the dominant control region (DCR) are introduced into this system, the human e-globin gene, in contrast to the p-globin gene, is not deregulated by the presence of the DCR and is expressed strictly as an embryonic gene. We conclude from this that the c-globin gene is not regulated by competition with other genes in the human p-globin locus.