gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances and Developments in Composite Dental Restorative Materials (2010)

Composite dental restorations represent a unique class of biomaterials with severe restrictions on biocompatibility, curing behavior, esthetics, and ultimate material properties. These materials are presently limited by shrinkage and polymerization-induced shrinkage stress, limited toughness, the presence of unreacted monomer that remains following the polymerization, and several other factors. Fortunately, these materials have been the focus of a great deal of research in recent years with the goal of improving restoration performance by changing the initiation system, monomers, and fillers and their coupling agents, and by developing novel polymerization strategies. Here, we review the general characteristics of the polymerization reaction and recent approaches that have been taken to improve composite restorative performance.
Functional Comparison of T Cells Recognizing Cytomegalovirus pp65 and Intermediate‐Early Antigen Polypeptides in Hematopoietic Stem‐Cell Transplant and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients (2006)

The functional status of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) populations recognizing cytomegalovirus intermediate-early antigen (IE1) and pp65 polypeptides was investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (HSCT) and solid organ transplant recipients. Combined flow-based CD107a/b degranulation/mobilization and intracellular cytokine (ICC) assays using peptide libraries as antigens indicated that a significantly higher proportion of pp65-specific CTLs were in a more mature functional state, compared with IE1-specific CTLs. Degranulation/multiple cytokine ICC assays also indicated that a significantly higher proportion of pp65-specific than IE1-specific CTLs secreted both interferon- gamma and tumor necrosis factor- alpha and possessed greater cytotoxic potential. These results support our earlier findings of functional differences between CTLs recognizing individual epitopes within the IE1 and pp65 antigens in healthy donors and HSCT recipients and extend them to a broader array of human leukocyte antigen-restricted responses to those antigens. We also provide evidence of a relationship between cytotoxic function and the ability of cytomegalovirus-specific CTLs to secrete multiple cytokines.
Bahurupi (2012)

Computing systems have made an irreversible transition towards parallel architectures with the emergence of multi-cores. Moreover, power and thermal limits in embedded systems mandate the deployment of many simpler cores rather than a few complex cores on chip. Consumer electronic devices, on the other hand, need to support an ever-changing set of diverse applications with varying performance demands. While some applications can benefit from thread-level parallelism offered by multi-core solutions, there still exist a large number of applications with substantial amount of sequential code. The sequential programs suffer from limited exploitation of instruction-level parallelism in simple cores. We propose a reconfigurable multi-core architecture, called Bahurupi, that can successfully reconcile the conflicting demands of instruction-level and thread-level parallelism. Bahurupi can accelerate the performance of serial code by dynamically forming coalition of two or more simple cores to offer increased instruction-level parallelism. In particular, Bahurupi can efficiently merge 2-4 simple 2-way out-of-order cores to reach or even surpass the performance of more complex and power-hungry 4-way or 8-way out-of-order core. Compared to baseline 2-way core, quad-core Bahurupi achieves up to 5.61 speedup (average 4.08 speedup) for embedded workloads. On an average, quad-core Bahurupi achieves 17% performance improvement and 43% improvement in energy consumption compared to 8-way out-of-order baseline core on a diverse set of embedded benchmark applications.
Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6-receptor monoclonal antibody, in patients with polyarticular-course juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2012)

We evaluated the safety and efficacy of tocilizumab in polyarticular-course juvenile idiopathic arthritis (pJIA) with polyarticular or oligoarticular onset. Patients received 8 mg/kg tocilizumab every 4 weeks in the open-label studies: initial study (to week 12) and then an extension study (at least 48 weeks). Nineteen patients intractable to conventional methotrexate therapy were enrolled. Seventeen patients had polyarticular-onset pJIA; two had oligoarticular-onset pJIA. Mean age was 11.6 years; mean disease duration 5.3 years. American College of Rheumatology Pediatric (ACR Pedi) 30, 50, 70, and 90 response rates, respectively, were 94.7%, 94.7%, 57.9%, and 10.5% at week 12, and 100%, 94.1%, 88.2%, and 64.7% at week 48. Mean disease activity score (DAS28) remained below the remission level (2.6) from week 24. Administration was discontinued in two patients during the extension study because the ACR Pedi 50 response was judged insufficient (one patient) and antitocilizumab antibodies developed (one patient). Adverse events were generally mild, and the four serious adverse events resolved spontaneously or with treatment. In conclusion, tocilizumab showed early and sustained efficacy and tolerability for treating intractable pJIA, which suggests that it is a promising new treatment for this disease.
Proteolysis-inducing factor is expressed in tumours of patients with gastrointestinal cancers and correlates with weight loss (2001)

Proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF), a novel cachectic factor, is detectable in the urine of cancer patients experiencing weight loss. We report the expression of PIF in gastrointestinal cancers, and a correlation between PIF expression in tumours, its detection in urine and weight-loss. These data provide the first direct evidence that tumours are the source of PIF in humans.
Inhibition of PC-3 human androgen-independent prostate cancer and its metastases by cytotoxic somatostatin analogue AN-238. (1999)

We evaluated whether AN-238, the cytotoxic analogue of somatostatin (SST) consisting of the radical 2-pyrrolinodoxorubicin (AN-201) linked covalently to the SST octapeptide carrier RC-121 (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Thr-NH2), could be used for targeting human primary and metastatic prostate carcinomas that express SST receptors (SSTRs). The antitumor activity and toxicity of AN-238 and its components were first characterized in nude mice bearing s.c. xenografts of PC-3 human androgen-independent prostate cancer. In experiment 1, AN-238 was injected once i.v. at 200 nmol/kg when the mean volume of s.c. tumors was about 30 mm3. Administration of AN-238 inhibited tumor growth, as shown by a 74% decrease in tumor volume and by a 71% reduction in tumor weight after 7 weeks as compared with the control group. AN-201 at an equimolar dose did not show any antitumor activity. The mortality was 14.3% (one of seven mice) in the AN-238-treated group and 47% (three of seven mice) in mice that received AN-201. In experiment 2, two i.v. injections of AN-238 at 150 nmol/kg were given 10 days apart when the tumors measured 65-70 mm3. A significant inhibition of tumor volume (62.3%; P < 0.001) and tumor weight (61.1%; P < 0.01) was observed after 4 weeks of treatment. AN-201, given alone at the same dose or coadministered with RC-121, had no significant effect on PC-3 tumors. The suppression of tumor growth induced by AN-238 was accompanied by a significant enhancement of apoptosis (P < 0.01). There were similar side effects in all treated groups, which included a transient loss of body weight and leukopenia. The effectiveness of AN-238 in a metastatic model was then investigated in animals implanted orthotopically with 2 x 10(6) PC-3 cells. Two i.v. injections of AN-238 or AN-201 at 150 nmol/kg were administered 10 days apart at 10 weeks after intraprostatic inoculation of PC-3 cells. After 4 weeks of treatment, the mean weight of primary tumors in animals receiving AN-238 was 77% lower (P < 0.01) than that in controls. This reduction was also significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that in animals given AN-201, which showed only a 34% inhibition (nonsignificant versus controls). All control animals and four of six (67%) mice treated with AN-201 developed metastases in the lymph nodes; however, no lymphatic spread of cancer was found in the AN-238-treated group. Using reverse transcription-PCR analysis, we demonstrated the expression of SSTR2 and SSTR5 in intraprostatic tumors and their metastases in lymph nodes as well as in s.c. tumors. The present study demonstrates the high efficacy of SSTR-targeted chemotherapy in a model of advanced human androgen-independent prostatic carcinoma, as shown by the inhibition of primary tumors and their metastases by the cytotoxic SST analogue AN-238.
Aerial imaging for source mask optimization: mask and illumination qualification (2009)

As the semiconductor industry moved to 4X technology nodes and below, low-k1 ArF lithography approached the theoretical limits of single patterning resolution, a regime typically plagued by marginally small process windows. In order to widen the process window bottleneck, projection lithography must fully and synergistically employ all available degrees of freedom. The holistic lithography source mask optimization (SMO) methodology aims to increase the overall litho performance and achieve a robust process window for the most challenging patterns by balancing between the mask and illumination source design influences. The typical complexity of both mask and illumination source that results from a generic SMO process exceeds the current norm in the lithographic industry. In particular, the SMO literature reports on masks that fully operate as diffractive optical elements, with features that have little resemblance to the final wafer-level pattern. Additionally, SMO illumination sources are characterized by parametric or pixelated shapes and a wide range of transmission values. As a consequence of the new mask and source designs, qualifying the mask for printing and non-printing defects and accurate assessment of critical dimensions becomes one of the main mask inspection challenges. The aerial imaging technologies of Applied Material's Aera2<sup>TM</sup> mask inspection tool provide enabling solutions by separating out only the defects that matter and accurately measures aerial imaging critical dimensions. This paper presents the latest numerical and experimental SMO mask qualifications research results performed at Applied Materials with a mask containing two-dimensional DRAM production structures.
Sensor Networks for Emergency Response: Challenges and Opportunities (2004)

Sensor networks, a new class of devices has the potential to revolutionize the capture, processing, and communication of critical data for use by first responders. CodeBlue integrates sensor nodes and other wireless devices into a disaster response setting and provides facilities for ad hoc network formation, resource naming and discovery, security, and in-network aggregation of sensor-produced data. We designed CodeBlue for rapidly changing, critical care environments. To test it, we developed two wireless vital sign monitors and a PDA-based triage application for first responders. Additionally, we developed MoteTrack, a robust radio frequency (RF)-based localization system, which lets rescuers determine their location within a building and track patients. Although much of our work on CodeBlue is preliminary, our initial experience with medical care sensor networks raised many exciting opportunities and challenges.
Osteochondral Defect Repair by Demineralized Cortical Bone Matrix (2004)

It has been reported that demineralized bone matrix (cortical or trabecular bone) contains intrinsic cytokines. In the present study, we tested allogeneic demineralized bone matrix for its capacity to resurface osteochondral defects in a rabbit model with the assumption that the intrinsic cytokines in demineralized bone matrix will facilitate the recruitment of progenitor cells from bone marrow into the defect. It was further assumed that these intrinsic bioactive factors would modulate these cells to differentiate into osteochondrogenic lineage and, thus, functionally repair the osteochondral defect. The biocompatibility of demineralized bone matrix was first tested by loading rabbit bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells into porous demineralized trabecular bone matrix that was then cultured for 3 days. The cell growth in demineralized trabecular bone matrix was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Loaded rabbit bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells attached to the trabeculae of demineralized trabecular bone matrix; some cells appeared to be round and others were spread and contacted other cells. Allogeneic rabbit demineralized cortical bone matrix or demineralized trabecular bone matrix was implanted into a full-thickness osteochondral defect in the load-bearing area of the medial femoral condyle of young adult rabbits. At 6 and 12 weeks after surgery, gross and histological examination showed that the defects were repaired up to 95% of their depth. The repair tissue using demineralized cortical bone matrix was composed of subchondral bone and a top layer of cartilage that was smooth and integrated with the adjacent cartilage in most of the specimens. Most of the repair tissue in the defect filled with demineralized trabecular bone matrix had a fibrillated surface without integration with the adjacent cartilage. These results indicate that demineralized cortical bone matrix may be potentially useful to repair osteochondral defects by managing the host's intrinsic reparative cells.
Chiral detection of carotenoid assemblies (2001)

Carotenoid assemblies were produced by aqueous dilution of ethanolic solutions. UV/VIS and CD spectroscopy revealed the formation of J- and H-types of aggregates of both right- and left-handed kinds. Simulation of UV/VIS spectra of the aggregates showed characteristic differences between the two types. 6'-Epimers of capsanthol ((all-E,3R,3'S,5'R)-beta,kappa-carotene-3,3',6'-triols) formed assemblies with increased chirality in dilute solution. While the absorption of 6'R-capsanthol giving H-type aggregate does not depend on the concentration, 6'S-capsanthol yielding J-type assembly showed concentration-dependent absorption intensity. Dilute aggregate of 6'R-capsanthol is characterized by an extremely large A value of -6,600. The transformation of J- to H-type assembly was observed in the mixtures of the epimers producing an intermediate kind of aggregate. A hypothetical structure for H-type assemblies is proposed.
Highly sensitive “turn-on” fluorescent sensor for Hg2+ in aqueous solution based on structure-switching DNA (2008)

A simple design of "turn-on" fluorescent sensor for mercury was demonstrated based on structure-switching DNA with a low detection limit of 3.2 nM and high selectivity.
Targeting interleukin‐15 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A proof‐of‐concept study (2005)

These clinical data suggest for the first time that IL-15 could represent a novel therapeutic target in RA.
Cloning and characterization of the polC region of Bacillus subtilis (1986)

The polC gene of Bacillus subtilis is defined by five temperature-sensitive mutations and the 6-(p-hydroxyphenylazo)-uracil (HPUra) resistance mutation azp-12. Biochemical evidence suggests that polC codes for the 160-kilodalton DNA polymerase III. A recombinant plasmid, p154t, was isolated and found to contain the azp-12 marker and one end of the polC gene (N. C. Brown and M. H. Barnes, J. Cell. Biochem. 78 [Suppl.]: 116, 1983). The azp-12 marker was localized to a 1-kilobase DNA segment which was used as a probe to isolate recombinant lambda phages containing polC region sequences. A complete polC gene was constructed by in vitro ligation of DNA segments derived from two of the recombinant phages. The resulting plasmid, pRO10, directed the synthesis of four proteins of 160, 76, 39, and 32 kilodaltons in Escherichia coli maxicells. Recombination-deficient (recE) B. subtilis PSL1 containing pRO10 produced an HPUra-resistant polymerase III activity which was lost when the strain was cured of pRO10. In vivo, the HPUra resistance of the plasmid-encoded polymerase III appeared to be recessive to the resident HPUra-sensitive polymerase III enzyme.
Synthesis and characterization of wild-type and variant .gamma.-carboxyglutamic acid-containing domains of factor VII (1993)

Synthetic peptides corresponding to portions of the wild-type and variant sequences of the human factor VII gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-containing domain have been prepared by direct peptide synthesis using the Fmoc-based protection strategy. Peptides were purified by ion-exchange and reversed-phase chromatography and characterized as the correct products. A peptide comprising residues 1-49 (GP 1-49) inhibited the activation of factor X (FX) by soluble tissue factor (sTF) and recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa). In the absence of phospholipid, no inhibition by this peptide was observed. GP 1-49 did not inhibit the hydrolysis of a peptidyl substrate by rFVIIa in the presence of either sTF or relipidated TF apoprotein in the presence or absence of phospholipid. A similar peptide (residues 1-38, GP 1-38) that did not contain the aromatic stack region was also inhibitory. Two variant peptides, one identical to GP 1-49 but lacking the N-terminal alanine residue (GP 2-49) and one identical to GP 1-38 but with an arginine to alanine substitution at position 9 (GP 1-38 R9A), showed substantially reduced inhibitory activity. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition of Xa generation by GP 1-49 revealed a noncompetitive mode of inhibition, probably via a substrate-depletion mechanism. GP 1-49 does not inhibit by preventing FX binding to phospholipid surfaces. This indicates that the N-terminal residues of the FVII Gla domain are important for the structural integrity of the peptide, and implicates the Gla domain per se in a direct interaction with phospholipid-bound FX.
Multimolecular substrate reactions catalyzed by carbohydrases. Aspergillus oryzae α-amylase degradation of maltooligosaccharides (1978)

Aspergillus oryzae alpha-amylase degrades maltooligosaccharides by other pathways besides simple glycosidic bond scission. The utilization of the alternate pathways increases with the concentration of substrate implicating a multimolecular substrate mechanism. Reducing-end labeled and uniformly labeled maltooligosaccharides were used to elucidate these alternate degradation mechanisms. Condensation followed by hydrolysis is not a significant pathway. Transglycosylation is concluded to occur, but no single transglycosylation mechanism can account for all of the experimental data for maltotriose degradation. Rather, a combination of transglycosylations must be invoked.
Deodorization of Ammonia by Coffee Grounds (2006)

Coffee grounds are a vegetable biomass that can be efficiently burned. The carbon dioxide generated by burning coffee grounds is affecting global warming. On the other hand, ammonia generated in the places such as toilets or farms produces a bad smell. In the present study, we have analyzed the possibility of ammonia elimination using the carbonaceous materials produced from coffee grounds. Carbonaceous materials were prepared by the microwave treatment of coffee grounds. We observed that the saturated amounts of ammonia adsorbed by some of the carbonaceous materials produced from coffee grounds were greater than that adsorbed by activated carbon. In contrast, the activated carbon adsorption rate for ammonia was higher than those of the carbonaceous materials. Therefore, carbonaceous materials produced from coffee grounds could be utilized for the removal of ammonia in the gaseous phase.
Enterococcus faecium Low-Affinity pbp5 Is a Transferable Determinant (2005)

Using 15 unrelated Enterococcus faecium isolates as donors, we demonstrated that ampicillin resistance was transferable to an E. faecium recipient containing a pbp5 deletion for all but four strains. The transfers occurred at low frequencies (generally ca. 10(-9) transconjugants/recipient CFU), consistent with chromosome-to-chromosome transfer. pbp5 transfer occurred within large genetic regions, and insertion into the recipient genome occurred most commonly into the recipient SmaI restriction fragment that had been created by the previous pbp5 deletion. Restriction mapping of the region upstream of pbp5 revealed a commonality of fragment sizes among the clinical isolates from the United States which differed significantly from those of three strains that were isolated from turkey feces. These data prove conclusively that E. faecium pbp5 is a transferable determinant, even in the absence of a coresiding vancomycin resistance mobile element. They also suggest that the spread of high-level ampicillin resistance among U.S. E. faecium strains is due in part to the transfer of low-affinity pbp5 between clinical isolates.
Basic orthopaedic biomechanics and mechano-biology (2005)

* A Brief History of Science and Orthopaedic Biomechanics 1 Van C. Mow and Rik Huiskes * Analysis of Muscle and Joint Loads 29 Patrick J. Prendergast, Frans C. T. van der Helm, and Georg N. Duda * Musculoskeletal Dynamics, Locomotion, and Clinical Applications 91 Thomas P. Andriacchi, Todd S. Johnson, Debra E. Hurwitz, and Raghu N. Natarajan * Biomechanics of Bone 123 Rik Huiskes and Bert van Rietbergen * Structure and Function of Articular Cartilage and Meniscus 181 Van C. Mow, Wei Yong Gu, and Faye Hui Chen * Physical Regulation of Cartilage Metabolism 259 Farshid Guilak and Clark T. Hung * Structure and Function of Ligaments and Tendons 301 Savio L-Y. Woo, Thay Q. Lee, Steven D. Abramowitch, and Thomas W. Gilbert * Biomechanical Principles of Cartilage and Bone Tissue Engineering 343 Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic and Steven A. Goldstein * Quantitative Anatomy and Imaging of Diarthrodial Joint Articular Layers 409 Gerard A. Ateshian and Felix Eckstein * Friction, Lubrication, and Wear of Articular Cartilage and Diarthrodial Joints 447 Gerard A. Ateshian and Van C. Mow * Biomaterials 495 Ahmed El-Ghannam and Paul Ducheyne * Biomechanics of the Spine 529 Ian A. F. Stokes and James C. Iatridis * Biomechanics of Fracture Fixation and Fracture Healing 563 Lutz E. Claes and Keita Ito * Biomechanics and Preclinical Testing of Artificial Joints: The Hip 585 Rik Huiskes and Jan Stolk * Biomechanics of Total Knee Replacement Designs 657 Peter S. Walker Index 703
Imaging properties of a metamaterial superlens (2003)

The subwavelength imaging quality of a metamaterial superlens is studied numerically in the wave vector domain. Examples of image compression and magnification are given and resolution limits are discussed. A minimal resolution of λ/6 is obtained using a 36 nm silver film at 364 nm wavelength. Simulation also reveals that the power flux is no longer a good measure to determine the focal plane of superlens due to the elevated field strength at exit side of the metamaterial slab.