gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Changes in bronchial responsiveness to histamine at intervals after allergen challenge. (1987)

Bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine was measured two, seven, and 30 hours after allergen inhalation challenge in 19 atopic subjects. The provocative histamine concentrations causing a 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20) at these three times were compared with the baseline value, with values obtained two and seven hours after diluent inhalation, and with those obtained five to seven days after allergen challenge in the 12 late responders. Seven subjects had allergen induced isolated early asthmatic responses (delta FEV1 22.6% (SD 6.6%)) with less than a 5% late fall in FEV1. There was no change in the six histamine PC20 values measured in these seven subjects; the geometric mean PC20 was 1.0-1.3 mg/ml on all six occasions. Twelve subjects had an allergen induced early asthmatic response (delta FEV1 26.3% (9.8%)) followed by a definite (greater than 15% delta FEV1, n = 7) or equivocal (5-15% delta FEV1, n = 5) late asthmatic response. The geometric mean histamine PC20 was not significantly different two hours after allergen inhalation either from baseline (0.67 v 0.78 mg/ml) or from that seen two hours after diluent (0.67 v 0.95). It was significantly reduced at seven (0.24 mg/ml) and at 30 hours (0.44 mg/ml) but had returned to baseline when repeated five to seven days later (0.74 mg/ml). In 10 subjects with a dual response who had a repeat antigen challenge the mean early and late response and delta PC20 at seven and 30 hours were similar. These data show that bronchial responsiveness to a non-allergic stimulus has not increased two hours after allergen inhalation following spontaneous recovery of the early asthmatic response but before the start of the late asthmatic response.
Regenerative Biological Effects of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Therapy in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (2020)

Sports injuries may lead to severe consequences for athletes. Many athletes suffer from injuries of skeletal muscle. While these injuries may be minor, they may be quite serious [1]. An athlete needs to train on a regular basis. An injury causes her/his time to be wasted. Similarly, if the athlete is a member of a certain team, the injury affects multiple people. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a quite promising technique with significant potentials. PRP is an autologous blood product used in terms of sports medicine to treat acute and chronic tendon, ligament, and muscle injuries in over 86,000 athletes in the United States on annual basis [2]. PRP is a quite promising technique with significant potentials. It is expected to accelerate the healing process of tendon and ligament related injuries. This is particularly advantageous for athletes [3].
An SBus monitor board (1995)

During the development of computer peripherals which interface to the processor via the system bus it is often necessary to acquire the signals on the bus at the hardware level. It is difficult to attach general-purpose logic analysers and in-circuit emulators to a multiple pin bus connector and hence it is not practical to catch all the bus data required to ensure that such signals are in accordance with the bus specification. Hence a given connector specific bus monitor board is a necessary instrument to attach to the system motherboard in order to monitor all bus activities. A connector specific bus monitor board provides an efficient resource with which to study the internal philosophy of system software, the software implementation process for different communication layers, and to provide debugging for hardware developers. The bus monitor board described here is designed to attach to a SUN SBus and is similar to the Transformable Computer, which appeared recently, in that its architecture is reconfigurable via the use of a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). It can be programmed to customise it to various users' specific needs. It differs from the Transformable Computer in that although it can be programmed to function as a coprocessor its primary function is dedicated SBus Monitoring. It is less costly than a Transformable Computer.
Modelling Input Distributions in Discrete Event Simulations (1998)

Discrete-event simulation almost invariably makes use of random quantities drawn from given probability distributions to model chance fluctuations. Such distributions are called input models and this tutorial discusses how to choose appropriate input models. Factors which should be considered in selecting input models are discussed. Input models depend on parameters that often have to be estimated from real data. We show how the parametric bootstrap can be used to investigate the distributional properties of parameter estimators and also to give a goodness-of-fit test thereby providing a method for selecting between competing candidate input models.
Characterization of the Antigenic Specificity of Four Different Anti-(α2→8-Linked Polysialic Acid) Antibodies Using Lipid-conjugated Oligo/Polysialic Acids (1995)

A rapid, sensitive, and facile method for screening and characterizing anti-polysialic acid (polySia) antibodies using lipid-conjugated oligo/polysialic acids (oligo/polySia) was developed, which is based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Homooligo/polymers of alpha 2-->8-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), N-glycoly-neuraminic acid, and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-galacto-nononic acid (KDN) were conjugated with phosphatidylethanolamine dipalmitoyl (PE) by reductive amination to prepare neo-oligo/polysialoglycolipids (oligo/polySia-PE). Using this method, the anti-polySia equine antibody, H.46, bound to (-->8Neu5Ac alpha 2-->)n-PE, where n = 9 or more residues, a result in confirmation of previous binding studies using radiolabeled oligo/polyNeu5Ac. The antigenic specificity and sensitivity of two monoclonal anti-poly/oligoNeu5Ac antibodies (mAb.12E3 and mAb.5A5) and one anti-oligoKDN antibody (mAb.kdn8kdn), were also determined. mAb.12E3 could detect as little as 25 pg/well of oligo/polyNeu5Ac-PE, while 0.4 ng/well of oligo/polyNeu5Ac-PE to be detected. mAb.kdn8kdn detected as little as 12 ng/well of oligoKDN-PE. Using a series of oligo/polySia-PE with defined degrees of polymerization (DP), the minimum chain length for immunoreactivity of the anti-polySia antibodies was determined to be: DP 5 for mAb.12E3; DP 3 for mAb.5A5; DP 2 for mAb.kdn8kdn; and DP 8 for H.46. Thus, mAb.12E3 and mAb.5A5 recognize shorter oligomers of Neu5Ac than H.46, a finding that is of practical value for identifying shorter oligoSia chains in glycoconjugates. Because mAb.12E3 and mAb.5A5 also recognize extended polySia chains, these antibodies cannot be used, however, to differentiate between short and long chains of polySia when both are expressed on the same molecule.
Biological Effects of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin A on Human Peripheral Lymphocytes (1978)

The mitogenicity, ability to induce immune interferon, and relationship between interferon synthesis and cell proliferative response were studied using human peripheral lymphocytes stimulated by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA), phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P), and concanavalin A (ConA). Maximum cell proliferative responses ([(3)H]thymidine incorporation) and protein synthesis ((14)C-amino acid incorporation) occurred on days 3 and 4, respectively, after stimulation by each of the three mitogens. Maximal immune interferon levels were found 3 or 4 days after mitogen stimulation. SEA-treated cultures produced approximately three times more interferon than did cultures stimulated with PHA-P or ConA. Furthermore, SEA stimulated maximal cell proliferation over a much broader concentration range than did PHA-P and ConA (SEA, 10(-5) to 10(2) mug/ml; PHA-P, 10(1) to 10(2) mug/ml; ConA, 10(1) to 10(1.5) mug/ml). Interferon was also produced at maximal or near maximal levels over a broad concentration range of SEA (10(-2) to 10(2) mug/ml). Also, we found that inhibition of mitogen-induced DNA and protein synthesis to control levels by mitomycin C or cytosine arabinoside partially reduced interferon production. The DNA inhibitor studies indicate that immune interferon synthesis occurs maximally in association with at least some proliferative response and that submaximal levels of interferon production occur in mitogen-treated cultures in the absence of detectable proliferation. The ability of SEA to stimulate maximal DNA and immune interferon synthesis at concentrations of 3.5 x 10(-13) M and 3.5 x 10(-10) M, respectively, puts it in a potency range similar to that of hormones. Thus, SEA may play an important role in gut immunity and Staphylococcus aureus infections at concentrations well below those required for emetic effects.
Release of Soluble Ligands for the Activating NKG2D Receptor: One More Immune Evasion Strategy Evolved by HIV-1 ? (2015)

Increasing lines of evidence indicate that NKG2D, an activating receptor of natural killer (NK) and CD8(+) T cells, plays an important role in immune responses against HIV-1. Through its ability to recognize a diverse array of ligands (NKG2DLs) induced by cell 'stress' such as viral infection, NKG2D delivers activating and co-stimulatory signals resulting in cytotoxicity and release of cytokines. Therefore, HIV-1 and other viruses have evolved clever mechanisms to counteract NKG2D-dependent immune responses. While, on one hand, the HIV-1 Vpr protein up-regulates NKG2DLs expression by activating the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway, other viral proteins (Nef and Vif) have developed the capacity to reduce NKG2DLs expression levels. In addition, recent evidences suggest that HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells may release NKG2DLs, particularly MICA, in soluble form, a phenomenon that has the potential to down-modulate NKG2D on circulating lymphocytes and allow evasion of NKG2D-mediated immune responses. Indeed, despite controversial, lower NKG2D expression was found on both NK and CD8(+) T cells in HIV-1-infected patients. This review discusses recent advances in the understanding of how HIV-1 affects the NKG2D/NKG2DLs system, with a special focus on virus-induced release of soluble NKG2DLs and its functional implications for the immune surveillance of the infected host.
PIK3CA Mutations in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2006)

These data provide evidence that oncogenic properties of PIK3CA contribute to the carcinogenesis of human head and neck cancers, especially in pharyngeal cancer. A specific kinase inhibitor to PIK3CA may potentially be an effective therapeutic reagent against HNSCC or pharyngeal cancer in particular.
Development of Class-Switched, Affinity-Matured Monoclonal Antibodies Following a 7-Day Immunization Schedule (1999)

Previously we reported making high-affinity monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 13 days after the onset of Repetitive Immunizations Multiple Sites (RIMMS) strategy. The Ig subclass variety and affinity of these antibodies suggested that maturational processes had already begun within draining lymph nodes. We now demonstrate that this diversity can in fact be captured as early as Day 7. In the work reported here, somatic fusion of immune lymphocytes isolated from peripheral lymph nodes resulted in the isolation of affinity-matured MAbs reactive with cytosine deaminase. This model further demonstrates and substantiates at a cellular level the rapid development and maturation of T-cell-dependent B-cell responses occurring within draining lymph nodes following antigen challenge.
Natural products as insecticides: the biology, biochemistry and quantitative structure–activity relationships of spinosyns and spinosoids (2001)

The spinosyns, a novel family of insecticidal macrocyclic lactones, are active on a wide variety of insect pests, especially lepidopterans and dipterans. The biological activity of a mixture (spinosad; Tracer, Spin-Tor, Success) of the two most abundant spinosyns (spinosyns A and D) against pest insects is on a par with that of many pyrethroid insecticides. The spinosyns also exhibit a very favorable environmental and toxicological profile, and possess a mode of action that appears unique, with studies to date suggesting that both nicotinic and gamma-aminobutryic acid receptor functions are altered in a novel manner. Compared to pyrethroids such as cypermethrin, spinosyn A is slow to penetrate into insect larvae such as tobacco budworm larvae (Heliothis virescens); however, once inside the insect, spinosyn A is not readily metabolized. To date, more than 20 spinosyns and more than 800 spinosoids (semi-synthetic analogs) have been isolated or synthesized, respectively. Artificial neural network-based quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) studies for the spinosyns suggested that modification of the 2',3',4'-tri-O-methylrhamnosyl moiety could improve activity and several spinosoids incorporating these modifications exhibited markedly improved lepidopteran activity compared to spinosad. Multiple linear regression-based QSAR studies also suggest that whole molecule properties such as CLogP and MOPAC dipole moment can explain much of the biological activity observed for the spinosyns and closely related spinosoids.
Protective Effects of Rutaecarpine in Cardiac Anaphylactic Injury is Mediated by CGRP (2004)

Previous investigations have indicated that rutaecarpine activates the vanilloid receptor to evoke calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release. CGRP has been shown to alleviate cardiac anaphylactic injury. In the present study, the effect of rutaecarpine on cardiac anaphylaxis was examined. Challenge of presensitized guinea-pig hearts with a specific antigen caused marked decreases in coronary flow (CF), left ventricular pressure (LVP) and its derivatives (+/- dp/dt(max)), an increase in heart rate, and prolongation of the P-R interval. Rutaecarpine (0.3 or 1 microM) markedly increased the content of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the coronary effluent and decreased the content of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in myocardial tissues concomitantly with a significant improvement of cardiac function and alleviation of the extension of the P-R interval. Rutaecarpine at the concentration of 1 microM also inhibited the sinus tachycardia. The protective effects of rutaecarpine on cardiac anaphylaxis were abolished by CGRP (8-37), a selective CGRP receptor antagonist. These results suggest that the protective effects of rutaecarpine on cardiac anaphylactic injury are related to inhibition of TNF-alpha production by stimulation of CGRP release.
Identification of Specific Transducin α Subunits in Retinal Rod and Cone Photoreceptors (1986)

Transducin is a guanyl nucleotide-binding protein that couples rhodopsin photolysis to hydrolysis of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in rod photoreceptor cells of vertebrate retinas. Several complementary DNA clones encoding transducin subunits have recently been characterized. One clone, isolated from a bovine retina complementary DNA library, encodes a previously unidentified polypeptide with an amino acid sequence 78% identical to the sequence of the alpha subunit of bovine rod outer segment transducin. Antibodies to a synthetic peptide with amino acid sequence derived specifically from this novel polypeptide recognize a 41-kilodalton polypeptide in homogenates of bovine retina. Localization of this polypeptide in bovine retina by indirect immunofluorescence demonstrates that it is expressed only in cone outer segments. Antibodies to specific sequences found only in the rod transducin alpha subunit recognize a polypeptide localized only in the rod outer segment. Therefore, bovine rod and cone cells each express structurally related yet significantly different forms of transducin.
The glocalization of journalism ethics (2008)

This article addresses globalization's effects on journalism ethics in South Africa and India. It shows the ways in which the debates and issues of journalism ethics are being resolved through the process which scholars have termed as glocalization. Both in South Africa and India we found a two-way relationship between global and local epistemologies and practices. By using examples from each country, we suggest that journalism ethics is going through a process of resignification in the local arena. We suggest a global-to-local theoretical matrix that takes into consideration the complexity of journalism ethics in specific cultural and national contexts.
Will cancer stem cells provide new therapeutic targets? (2004)

This review presents a brief synopsis of recent progress in the area of cancer stem cells, with emphasis on leukemia and breast cancer, and discusses potential limitations to accomplishing the ultimate goal of eradicating residual disease in cancer.
Synthesis and antineoplastic evaluations of 5,8-bis[(aminoalkyl)amino]-1-azaanthracene-9,10-diones (1985)

Several 5,8-bis[(aminoalkyl)amino]-1-azaanthracene-9,10-diones have been synthesized and evaluated for antitumor activity against L1210 leukemia both in vitro and in vivo. Comparisons are made to the corresponding carbocyclic analogues. One of the aza analogues showed modest in vivo activity.
N-Benzylpolyamines as Vectors of Boron and Fluorine for Cancer Therapy and Imaging:  Synthesis and Biological Evaluation (2001)

Cancer cells have high-affinity polyamine uptake systems with a low stringency for structural features. Putrescine, spermidine, and spermine have, therefore, been considered as potential vectors for the selective accumulation in tumors of therapeutically or diagnostically useful structures and elements. We envisaged N-benzyl derivatives of the polyamines as vectors of (10)B and (18)F for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) and tumor imaging by positron emission tomography (PET), respectively. In the present work, the synthesis, transport characteristics, DNA-binding properties, and cytotoxicity of several N-benzyl derivatives of putrescine and spermidine are described. The fluorinated spermidine derivative N-(3-[(4-aminobutyl)amino]propyl)[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]amine (N(1)-4-Fbz-spd) may be useful for PET because of its high accumulation in cancer cells via the polyamine transport system. Among the boron-containing benzyl polyamines, N-(4-aminobutyl)([4-(dihydroxyboryl)phenyl]methyl)amine (4-Bbz-put) and N-(3-[(4-aminobutyl)amino]propyl)([4-(dihydroxyboryl)phenyl]methyl)amine (N(1)-4-Bbz-spd) should be suitable for BNCT, because their accumulation in B16 melanoma cells was more efficient than that of borocaptate and borophenylalanine, two reference compounds used in BNCT.
Purification, thioredoxin renaturation, and reconstituted activity of the three subunits of the influenza A virus RNA polymerase. (1988)

The virion-associated RNA polymerase and the structural nucleoprotein of influenza A virus were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate/PAGE, electroblotted to a polyvinylidine membrane, and eluted with good recovery from the membrane. After renaturation by incubating with Escherichia coli thioredoxin, these proteins were active in a reconstituted in vitro transcription reaction with purified genomic RNAs. All four proteins (i.e., the three subunits of the RNA polymerase as well as the structural nucleoprotein) were required for activity. The RNA products were plus-strand, mRNA-sized species.
Flexible fabrication and applications of polymer nanochannels and nanoslits (2011)

Fluidic devices that employ nanoscale structures (<100 nm in one or two dimensions, slits or channels, respectively) are generating great interest due to the unique properties afforded by this size domain compared to their micro-scale counterparts. Examples of interesting nanoscale phenomena include the ability to preconcentrate ionic species at extremely high levels due to ion selective migration, unique molecular separation modalities, confined environments to allow biopolymer stretching and elongation and solid-phase bioreactions that are not constrained by mass transport artifacts. Indeed, many examples in the literature have demonstrated these unique opportunities, although predominately using glass, fused silica or silicon as the substrate material. Polymer microfluidics has established itself as an alternative to glass, fused silica, or silicon-based fluidic devices. The primary advantages arising from the use of polymers are the diverse fabrication protocols that can be used to produce the desired structures, the extensive array of physiochemical properties associated with different polymeric materials, and the simple and robust modification strategies that can be employed to alter the substrate's surface chemistry. However, while the strengths of polymer microfluidics is currently being realized, the evolution of polymer-based nanofluidics has only recently been reported. In this critical review, the opportunities afforded by polymer-based nanofluidics will be discussed using both elastomeric and thermoplastic materials. In particular, various fabrication modalities will be discussed along with the nanometre size domains that they can achieve for both elastomer and thermoplastic materials. Different polymer substrates that can be used for nanofluidics will be presented along with comparisons to inorganic nanodevices and the consequences of material differences on the fabrication and operation of nanofluidic devices (257 references).
Template-directed pausing of DNA synthesis by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase during polymerization of HIV-1 sequences in vitro (1993)

Replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires reverse transcriptase (RT) to synthesize double-stranded proviral DNA (9.7 kilobases) through a complex mechanism utilizing both RNA and DNA templates. We have examined DNA synthesis by HIV-1 RT on RNA and DNA templates derived from the HIV-1 genome using a primer extension assay in vitro. Analysis of polymerization products on sequencing gels revealed strong pauses in synthesis, on both RNA and DNA templates, in homopolymeric nucleotide runs, and at regions of predicted secondary structure. Polymerization pauses occurred in runs of template rGs (> or = 4 bases) and rCs (> or = 3 bases) during minus-strand synthesis on RNA templates, and in most runs (> or = 4 bases) of template dTs and dAs during plus-strand synthesis on DNA templates. Pausing also occurred on both templates within the first few nucleotides of the predicted hairpin structures of the Rev response element. The locations of pauses were dependent on template sequence and were unaffected by primer positioning, RT concentration, and ionic strength. Recombinant and virion-derived HIV-1 RTs showed similar pausing patterns. DNA products that accumulated at HIV-1 RT pause sites on RNA templates were extended by continued incubation with excess RT from Moloney murine leukemia virus, showing that the RNA templates were not broken or otherwise unable to support polymerization. Polymerizations conducted in the presence of a poly(rA) oligo(dT) trap showed that pausing results from two mechanisms: 1) RT remaining bound to the primer-template and polymerizing at a greatly reduced rate, or 2) RT dissociating from the primer-template. These results demonstrate that specific HIV-1 RNA and DNA template sequences are capable of interrupting processive DNA synthesis by HIV-1 RT in vitro. Pausing may serve specific functions in HIV-1 replication and mutagenesis. Moreover, these data suggest that one or more accessory factors are required to complete proviral DNA synthesis in vivo and that efficient HIV-1 DNA synthesis may require multiple origins.