gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved Optimisation of Bit Selection Using Mathematically Modelled Bit-Performance Indices (2006)

Abstract Despite the development of models describing Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bit performance, bit selection is often made on the basis of visible, geometric features. Bits can now be modelled routinely and described in terms of their technical interaction with the drilling assembly and the formation. Selection on the basis of modelling and this interaction is novel and valuable, and will make for more consistent selection and improved performance. A new set of performance indices is presented for PDC bits. These are derived from a sophisticated mathematical model and describe performance in terms of:ROP – Rate of Penetration, or how fast the bit will drill for a given Weight on Bit (WOB)Durability – how resistant the bit is to abrasive wearStability – how resistant the bit is to lateral vibrationSteerability – how the bit responds to side forces and therefore how steerable it is on Rotary Steerable Systems. Once the relative importance of each index is established, the optimal bit for the specific application can be selected. A specialist interface is presented for Rotary Steerable Systems. Using this, the user can input system type (from the variety of systems available) and well profile, and the software will create a list of bits ranked by decreasing suitability, based on a variety of factors including some aspects of bit geometry but primarily mathematically modelled response. The paper presents results from pilot studies and demonstrates a scientific and rational approach to bit selection – giving not only improved but also more consistent and reliable results.
The low-frequency dielectric properties of octopus arm muscle measuredin vivo (1996)

The conductance and capacitance of octopus arm are measured in vivo over the frequency range 5 Hz to 1 MHz. Measurement of these parameters for a number of electrode separations permits the determination of the variations in tissue conductivity and dielectric constant with frequency. In the range 1-100 kHz the conductivity is independent of the frequency f and the dielectric constant varies as f-1. These results, in conjunction with those reported previously for frog skeletal muscle, are consistent with the fractal model for the dielectric properties of animal tissue proposed by Dissado. Transformation of the results to complex impedance spectra indicates the presence of a dispersion above 100 kHz.
Glioblastoma infiltration into central nervous system tissue in vitro: involvement of a metalloprotease. (1988)

Differentiated oligodendrocytes and central nervous system (CNS) myelin are nonpermissive substrates for neurite growth and for cell attachment and spreading. This property is due to the presence of membrane-bound inhibitory proteins of 35 and 250 kD and is specifically neutralized by monoclonal antibody IN-1 (Caroni, P., and M. E. Schwab. 1988. Neuron. 1:85-96). Using rat optic nerve explants, CNS frozen sections, cultured oligodendrocytes or CNS myelin, we show here that highly invasive CNS tumor line (C6 glioblastoma) was not inhibited by these myelin-associated inhibitory components. Lack of inhibition was due to a specific mechanism as the metalloenzyme blocker 1,10-phenanthroline and two synthetic dipeptides containing metalloprotease-blocking sequences (gly-phe, tyr-tyr) specifically impaired C6 cell spreading on CNS myelin. In the presence of these inhibitors, C6 cells were affected by the IN-1-sensitive inhibitors in the same manner as control cells, e.g., 3T3 fibroblasts or B16 melanomas. Specific blockers of the serine, cysteine, and aspartyl protease classes had no effect. C6 cell spreading on inhibitor-free substrates such as CNS gray matter, peripheral nervous system myelin, glass, or poly-D-lysine was not sensitive to 1,10-phenanthroline. The nonpermissive substrate properties of CNS myelin were strongly reduced by incubation with a plasma membrane fraction prepared from C6 cells. This reduction was sensitive to the same inhibitors of metalloproteases. In our in vitro model for CNS white matter invasion, cell infiltration of optic nerve explants, which occurred with C6 cells but not with 3T3 fibroblasts or B16 melanomas, was impaired by the presence of the metalloprotease blockers. These results suggest that C6 cell infiltrative behavior in CNS white matter in vitro occurs by means of a metalloproteolytic activity, which probably acts on the myelin-associated inhibitory substrates.
[Endovascular management of symptomatic carotid stenosis combined with kinking]. (2011)

CAS seems to be feasible and safe for the patients with symptomatic kinking and stenosis, and maybe helpful to lower the risk of cerebral ischemia, but further study is needed.
Cytokines and Chemokines in Meningeal Inflammation: Biology and Clinical Implications (1999)

The CNS differs from other tissues in the body by the elaboration of a tight blood-brain barrier (BBB), which drastically reduces access of leukocytes and plasma components to the subarachnoid space and brain parenchyma. During infections of the CNS, an inflammatory reaction occurs across the BBB that can affect the subarachnoid space (meningitis), the brain parenchyma (encephalitis), or both (meningoencephalitis). The composition and time course of CNS inflammation vary greatly. Acute bacterial meningitis is characterized by a rapid accumulation of granulocytes in the CSF that evolves within hours. Viral forms of meningitis are associated with moderate numbers of mononuclear WBCs. The extent of cellular inflammation in encephalitis can vary from occasional cells in the parenchyma to extensive perivascular inflammatory cuffs. Inflammation of the CNS is of great clinical relevance for at least two reasons. First, the inflammatory reaction to the invading CNS pathogen, rather than the pathogen itself, appears to be largely responsible for the damage that results from many CNS infections. In bacterial meningitis, evidence of brain damage can progress long after the site of infection has been sterilized by antibiotic therapy. Conversely, CNS inflammation that is induced without microbial pathogens, for example by expressing a chemokine under a brain-specific promotor, can lead to brain damage similar to that seen in infectious encephalitis [1]. Second, CNS inflammation is notably ineffective in eliminating many pathogens. If bacterial meningitis and acute and chronic CNS infections caused by other pathogens (e.g., herpes simplex virus, spirochetes, rabies virus) are not treated adequately, they either progress rapidly to death or establish chronic infections.
Practical kurtosis-based blind recovery of a speech source in real-world noise (2007)

In many multi-sensor, single-source applications noise interferes with cleanly recovering the source. Various approaches have been designed to recover sources in interference, but most of them require prior knowledge or assumptions that limit their applicability to real-world environments. We present a novel and practical frequency-domain method for blindly recovering a single, nonstationary, high-kurtosis source in arbitrary low-kurtosis interference using a narrowband kurtosis objective. This method handles convolutional mixing, does not impose a theoretical limit on the number of interferers, and relies only on the kurtosis properties of the source and interference. A kurtosis-based objective is used to compute instantaneous filter weights in each frequency bin, since linear combinations of speech with low-kurtosis interference tend to have lower kurtosis than speech alone. The set of bin-by-bin scale factors needed for the total spatio-temporal recovery filter are computed by using estimated steering vectors to recover the signal as it would sound at a particular sensor. Speech signal-to-interference ratio gains of 5 to 10 dB are demonstrated at low input SIRs in a variety of real-world situations in both a car and a reverberant room.
Remote line rendering for mobile devices (2004)

There is a growing interest for providing interactive graphics also on mobile devices like PDAs, Smartphones, etc. Right now mobile devices are very limited concerning graphical resources basically only simple 2D rasterization operations are available, that run completely on the main CPU of the device. The desire to have more complex 3D graphics on these devices often results in a remote rendering solution. Classical remote rendering solutions produce the final images on a server and transfer these to the client device over a wired or nonwired network. We present an alternative method to the image-based approach by splitting the rendering process between client and server transfering couple of 2D line primitives over the network, which are rendered locally by the mobile device
Growth, branching, and kinking of molecular-beam epitaxial 〈110〉 GaAs nanowires (2003)

GaAs nanowires were grown on GaAs (100) substrates by vapor–liquid–solid growth. About 8% of these nanowires grew in 〈110〉 directions with straight, Y-branched or L-shaped morphologies. The role of strain-induced reduction in surface free energy is discussed as a possible factor contributing to the evolution of 〈110〉 nanowires. Kinking and branching is attributed to growth instabilities resulting from equivalent surface free energies for 〈110〉 growth directions. Transmission electron microscopy verified that 〈110〉 nanowires are defect free.
Wavy Ribbons of Carbon Nanotubes for Stretchable Conductors (2012)

Abstract Wavy ribbons of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are embedded in elastomeric substrates to fabricate stretchable conductors that exhibit excellent performance in terms of high stretchability and small resistance change. A CNT ribbon with a thin layer of sputtered Au/Pd film is transferred onto a prestrained poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate and buckled out‐of‐plane upon release of the prestrain. Embedded in PDMS, the wavy CNT ribbon is able to accommodate large stretching (up to the prestrain) with little change in resistance. For a prestrain of 100%, the resistance increases only about 4.1% when the wavy CNT ribbon is stretched to the prestrain. A simple stretchable circuit consisting of a light‐emitting diode and two wavy ribbons is demonstrated and shows constant response on significant twisting, folding, or stretching. Fabricated with a simple buckling approach, the wavy CNT‐ribbon‐based stretchable conductors (e.g., interconnects and electrodes) could play an important role in stretchable electronics, sensors, photovoltaics, and energy storage.
Upper airway stimulation therapy: A novel approach to managing obstructive sleep apnea (2016)

UAS therapy is a valid alternative for select patients with moderate to severe OSA who are unsuccessful users of CPAP therapy. Laryngoscope, 126:S5-S8, 2016.
Hydrophobic hydration of alkanes: Its implication for the property of amorphous solid water (2004)

We measured the incorporation of adsorbed alkanes in and their desorption from the amorphous solid water (ASW) by means of secondary ion mass spectroscopy and temperature programmed desorption. The heavier alkanes such as butane and hexane are incorporated completely in the bulk of the nonporous ASW layer below 100 K probably due to the preferential formation of ice structures around the solute molecules. The self-diffusion of water molecules occurs above the glass transition temperature (136 K). The liquid water emerges above 165 K, as evidenced by simultaneous occurrence of the dehydration of alkanes and the morphological change of the water layer induced by the surface tension.
Structure of Ribonuclease H Phased at 2 Å Resolution by MAD Analysis of the Selenomethionyl Protein (1990)

Ribonuclease H digests the RNA strand of duplex RNA.DNA hybrids into oligonucleotides. This activity is indispensable for retroviral infection and is involved in bacterial replication. The ribonuclease H from Escherichia coli is homologous with the retroviral proteins. The crystal structure of the E. coli enzyme reveals a distinctive alpha-beta tertiary fold. Analysis of the molecular model implicates a carboxyl triad in the catalytic mechanism and suggests a likely mode for the binding of RNA.DNA substrates. The structure was determined by the method of multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) with the use of synchrotron data from a crystal of the recombinant selenomethionyl protein.
Spatial Compressive Sensing for Direction-of-Arrival Estimation of Multiple Sources using Dynamic Sensor Arrays (2011)

This work addresses the problem of direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of multiple sources using short and dynamic sensor arrays. We propose to utilize compressive sensing (CS) theory to reconstruct the high-resolution spatial spectrum from a small number of spatial measurements. Motivated by the physical structure of the spatial spectrum, we model it as a sparse signal in the wavenumber-frequency domain, where the array manifold is proposed to serve as a deterministic sensing matrix. The proposed spatial CS (SCS) approach allows exploitation of the array orientation diversity (achievable via array dynamics) in the CS framework to address challenging array signal processing problems such as left-right ambiguity and poor estimation performance at endfire. The SCS is conceptually different from well-known classical and subspace-based methods because it provides high azimuth resolution using a short dynamic linear array without restricting requirements on the spatial and temporal stationarity and correlation properties of the sources and the noise. The SCS approach was shown to outperform current superresolution and orientation diversity based methods in single-snapshot simulations with multiple sources.
Towards the development of an intelligent inventory management system (1999)

This paper is concerned with the development of an intelligent inventory management system which aims at bridging the substantial gap between the theory and the practice of inventory management. The proposed system attempts to achieve this by providing automatic demand and lead time pattern identification and model selection facilities. The process of demand pattern identification together with the statistical tests used is discussed. The models incorporated cover deterministic demand models including: constant, quasi‐constant, trended and seasonal demand as well as stochastic demand models. This paper includes an empirical evaluation of the system on real data from the manufacturing and airline industries which shows that this system can lead to significant savings in inventory cost.
Photoprotective effects of sunscreens in cosmetics on sunburn and Langerhans cell photodamage. (1992)

It has become common practice to add sunscreening agents of variable potency to cosmetics to protect against the adverse effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cosmetic preparations containing sunscreening agents protected against the adverse effects of acute UV radiation exposure and, if so, to identify the components responsible for the photoprotective effects. Pretreatment of skin with one such cosmetic product provided complete protection against UV-induced erythema, sunburn cell formation and Langerhans cell damage in volunteers, skin types II and III, whose skin was exposed to a 1.5 minimal erythema dose daily for 4 consecutive days. When individual components of the cosmetic preparation were analyzed for their photoprotective activities, it was found that both the cinnamate and benzophenone sunscreen combination and an extract of baker's yeast present in the preparation had photoprotective properties. These studies indicate that incorporation of photoprotective agents into cosmetic preparations provides a beneficial function and should therefore be encouraged.
Soft Nanopatterning on Light‐Emitting Inorganic–Organic Composites (2008)

Abstract In this work we demonstrate the nanopatterning of nanocomposites made by luminescent zinc oxide nanoparticles and light‐emitting conjugated polymers by means of soft molding lithography. Vertical nanofluidics is exploited to overcome the polymer transport difficulties intrinsic in materials incorporating nanocrystals, and the rheology, fluorescence, absolute quantum yield, and emission directionality of the nanostructured composites are investigated. We study the effect of patterned gratings on the directionality of light emitted from the nanocomposites, finding evidence of the enhancement of forward emitted light, due to the printed wavelength‐scale periodicity. These results open new possibilities for the realization of nanopatterned devices based on hybrid organic‐inorganic systems.
Far-Field Optical Nanoscopy (2007)

In 1873, Ernst Abbe discovered what was to become a well-known paradigm: the inability of a lens-based optical microscope to discern details that are closer together than half of the wavelength of light. However, for its most popular imaging mode, fluorescence microscopy, the diffraction barrier is crumbling. Here, I discuss the physical concepts that have pushed fluorescence microscopy to the nanoscale, once the prerogative of electron and scanning probe microscopes. Initial applications indicate that emergent far-field optical nanoscopy will have a strong impact in the life sciences and in other areas benefiting from nanoscale visualization.
A G Protein γ Subunit-specific Peptide Inhibits Muscarinic Receptor Signaling (1999)

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors modulate the function of a variety of effectors through heterotrimeric G proteins. A prenylated peptide specific to the G protein gamma5 subunit type inhibits G protein activation by the M2 muscarinic receptor in a reconstitution assay. Scrambling the amino acid sequence of the peptide significantly reduces the efficacy of the peptide. The peptide does not disrupt the G protein heterotrimer. In cultured sympathetic neurons, the gamma5 peptide inhibits modulation of Ca(2+) current by the M4 receptor. Peptide activity is specific, the scrambled peptide and peptides specific to two other members of the G protein gamma subunit family are significantly less effective. The gamma5 peptide has no effect on Ca(2+) current modulation by the alpha2-adrenergic and somatostatin receptors. In addition, the gamma5 peptide inhibits muscarinic receptor signaling in spinal cord slices with specificity. These results support a specific role for G protein gamma subunit types in signal transduction, most likely at the receptor-G protein interface.
Linear Decrease in the Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy (1960)

In a previous paper, an attempt was made to reduce the theoretical coercive force by assuming that the magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant vanished in a certain region. A modification of this assumption was made in the present work, namely, the magnetocrystalline anisotropy was taken as zero in a part of the "imperfection" region and assumed to increase linearly to its constant value in the remaining part. The coercive force is calculated as a function of two parameters: the dimensions of the zero and linear parts of the imperfection region. A further reduction in the coercive force was obtained with respect to the previous case, but there is still a large discrepancy between the calculated and experimental values, for reasonable defect size.
Construction of 3D models of the CYP11B family as a tool to predict ligand binding characteristics (2007)

Aldosterone is synthesised by aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2). CYP11B2 has a highly homologous isoform, steroid 11beta-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), which is responsible for the biosynthesis of aldosterone precursors and glucocorticoids. To investigate aldosterone biosynthesis and facilitate the search for selective CYP11B2 inhibitors, we constructed three-dimensional models for CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 for both human and rat. The models were constructed based on the crystal structure of Pseudomonas Putida CYP101 and Oryctolagus Cuniculus CYP2C5. Small steric active site differences between the isoforms were found to be the most important determinants for the regioselective steroid synthesis. A possible explanation for these steric differences for the selective synthesis of aldosterone by CYP11B2 is presented. The activities of the known CYP11B inhibitors metyrapone, R-etomidate, R-fadrazole and S-fadrazole were determined using assays of V79MZ cells that express human CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, respectively. By investigating the inhibitors in the human CYP11B models using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations we were able to predict a similar trend in potency for the inhibitors as found in the in vitro assays. Importantly, based on the docking and dynamics simulations it is possible to understand the enantioselectivity of the human enzymes for the inhibitor fadrazole, the R-enantiomer being selective for CYP11B2 and the S-enantiomer being selective for CYP11B1.
TRANSIT OF EXOMOON PLASMA TORI: NEW DIAGNOSIS (2014)

In the solar system, moons largely exceed planets in number. The Kepler database has been shown to be sensitive to exomoon detection down to the mass of Mars, but the first search has been unsuccessful. Here, we use a particles-in-cell code to predict the transit of the plasma torus produced by a satellite. Despite the small size of a moon, the spatial extent of its plasma torus can be large enough to produce substantial transit absorptions. The model is used for the interpretation of Hubble Space Telescope early ingress absorptions apparently observed during WASP-12b and HD 189733b UV transits for which no consistent explanation exists. For HD 189733b an exomoon transiting $\sim 16$ $R_p$ ahead of the planet and loading $\sim 10^{29}$ C II ions/s into space is required to explain the tentative early ingress absorption observed for C II. For WASP-12b, a moon transiting $\sim 6$ $R_p$ ahead from the planet and ejecting $\sim 10^{28}$ Mg II ions per second is required to explain the NUV early ingress absorption feature. Interestingly, both HD 189733b and WASP-12b predicted satellites are outside the Hill sphere of their planets, an indication that the moons, if present, were not formed in situ but probably captured later. Finally, our simulations show a strong electromagnetic coupling between the polar regions of planets and the orbital position of the moons, an expected outcome of the unipolar induction DC circuit model. Future observations should test our predictions with a potential opportunity to unambiguously detect the first exomoon plasma torus.
Functional Electrical Stimulation for Neuromuscular Applications (2005)

Paralyzed or paretic muscles can be made to contract by applying electrical currents to the intact peripheral motor nerves innervating them. When electrically elicited muscle contractions are coordinated in a manner that provides function, the technique is termed functional electrical stimulation (FES). In more than 40 years of FES research, principles for safe stimulation of neuromuscular tissue have been established, and methods for modulating the strength of electrically induced muscle contractions have been discovered. FES systems have been developed for restoring function in the upper extremity, lower extremity, bladder and bowel, and respiratory system. Some of these neuroprostheses have become commercialized products, and others are available in clinical research settings. Technological developments are expected to produce new systems that have no external components, are expandable to multiple applications, are upgradable to new advances, and are controlled by a combination of signals, including biopotential signals from nerve, muscle, and the brain.