gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Alignment mark detection using signed-contrast gradient edge maps</title> (1992)

Fast, accurate alignment plays an important role in microelectronics manufacturing. As a result, the automation of alignment mark detection via image processing algorithms has been widely investigated. Algorithms for automatic alignment mark detection traditionally fall into one of two classes -- correlation-based or contour-based. Despite considerable success in these investigations, current algorithms are often time-consuming and sensitive to changes in illumination and rotation. In this paper, a novel algorithm for detecting alignment marks in grey-level images is presented. The fundamental advantage of this algorithm is the use of signed-contrast gradient edge maps, which represent intensity edges in terms of locally normalized intensity gradients. Appropriate use of these signed-contrast gradient edge maps yields alignment mark detection which is faster and more robust than traditional methods such as normalized cross-correlation. The efficacy of this algorithm is demonstrated by applying it to the automatic detection and location of alignment marks for semiconductor wafer alignment and directly comparing its performance against that of normalized cross-correlation in terms of accuracy, invariance to changes in mark rotation, and algorithm speed.
Immunoreactive Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide* (1988)

IN 1906 extracts of mucosa from the upper small intestine from pigs were tested as a treatment of diabetes in the hope that “the internal secretion of the pancreas might be stimulated and initiated by the substance of the nature of a hormone yielded by the duodenal mucous membrane” (1). La Barre (2) introduced the name incretin for an unidentified substance that was thought to exert this effect. With the advent of insulin RIAs in the early 1960s (3), it was shown that insulin levels in the blood after ingestion of glucose were elevated out of proportion to the concentration of blood glucose when compared with the response to glucose given iv (4, 5). It was suggested that the potentiation of insulin secretion after oral glucose was mediated by a humoral substance which was released from the gut during glucose absorption and which stimulated insulin secretion (4, 5). Some years later a polypeptide was found (6, 7), which, due to its inhibitory effect on gastric acid secretion in dogs (8), was named gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) (6, 7). Intravenous infusion of natural porcine GIP significantly enhanced serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and improved glucose tolerance after iv glucose in man (9). Later studies showed that GIP was insulinotropic only at glucose concentrations above 5.5–6.0 mmol/liter (10–12), and it was suggested that GIP should be renamed glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (13). There is, however, no general agreement to this new designation so the original name will be used throughout this review. Today GIP is considered to be the most important incretin factor (14–16), whereas the inhibitory effect of GIP on gastric acid secretion in normal subjects has been questioned (15).
The discrete-dipole approximation and its application to interstellar graphite grains (1988)

The discrete dipole approximation (DDA), a flexible method for computing scattering of radiation by particles of arbitrary shape, is extended to incorporate the effects of radiative reaction and to allow for possible anisotropy of the dielectric tensor of the material. Formulas are given for the evaluation of extinction, absorption, scattering, and polarization cross sections. A simple numerical algorithm based on the method of conjugate gradients is found to provide an efficient and robust method for obtaining accurate solutions to the scattering problem. The method works well for absorptive, as well as dielectric, grain materials. Two validity criteria for the DDA are presented. The DDA is then used to compute extinction cross sections for spherical graphite grains and to calculate extinction cross sections for nonspherical graphite grains with three different geometries. It is concluded that the interstellar 2175 A extinction feature could be produced by small graphite grains which should have aspect ratios not far from unity.
Spinal Cord Stimulation in Axial Low Back Pain: Solving the Dilemma (2006)

Objective. To present the problem of producing stimulation paresthesia effects in the lower back dermatomes and to present some of the relevant outcome data using newer stimulation techniques, which suggest that this technique is efficacious in treating lower back pain.
Q -switched operation of a neodymium-doped monomode fibre laser (1986)

Q-switched operation of a neodymium-doped monomode fibre laser at 1.08 μm has been demonstrated. An intracavity acousto-optic modulator was used to switch pulses of 200 ns duration and 8.8 W peak power at a repetition rate of 100 Hz.
An on-chip characterizing system for within-die delay variation measurement of individual standard cells in 65-nm CMOS (2011)

New characterizing system for within-die delay variations of individual standard cells is presented. The proposed characterizing system is able to measure rising and falling delay variations separately by directly measuring the input and output waveforms of individual gate using an on-chip sampling oscilloscope in 65nm CMOS process. 7 types of standard cells are measured with 60 DUT's for each type. Thanks to the proposed system, a relationship between the rising and falling delay variations and the active area of the standard cells is experimentally shown for the first time.
A Study of Increasing Regeneration Energy and Braking Using Super Capacitor(EDLC) (2006)

This experiment explains about electrical braking equipment which will be used for 1.2kW PEMFC HEV. The equipment is made of BLDC motor and super capacitor(EDLC). The circuit is designed for regeneration braking that can save the energy from low voltage of generation with BLDC motor. Increasing a regeneration energy from braking system is effected with regeneration current and SoC of super capacitor(EDLC). Electrical braking in electrical vehicle is suitable for regeneration braking with dynamic braking together.
Arsenic precipitates and the semi-insulating properties of GaAs buffer layers grown by low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy (1990)

Arsenic precipitates have been observed in GaAs low-temperature buffer layers (LTBLs) used as ‘‘substrates’’ for normal molecular beam epitaxy growth. Transmission electron microscopy has shown the arsenic precipitates to be hexagonal phase single crystals. The precipitates are about 6±4 nm in diameter with a density on the order of 1017 precipitates per cm3. The semi-insulating properties of the LTBL can be explained in terms of these arsenic precipitates acting as ‘‘buried’’ Schottky barriers with overlapping spherical depletion regions. The implications of these results on LTBL resistivity stability with respect to doping and anneal temperature will be discussed as will the possible role of arsenic precipitates in semi-insulating liquid-encapsulated Czochralski-grown bulk GaAs.
Synthesis of Vanillin from Glucose (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTSynthesis of Vanillin from GlucoseKai Li and J. W. FrostView Author Information Department of Chemistry Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 40, 10545–10546Publication Date (Web):September 25, 1998Publication History Received21 May 1998Published online25 September 1998Published inissue 1 October 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja9817747https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9817747rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5077Altmetric-Citations151LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Aldehydes,Aromatic compounds,Carbohydrates,Organic reactions,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Biomimetic Aggrecan Reduces Cartilage Extracellular Matrix From Degradation and Lowers Catabolic Activity in Ex Vivo and In Vivo Models (2013)

Aggrecan, a major macromolecule in cartilage, protects the extracellular matrix (ECM) from degradation during the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). However, aggrecan itself is also susceptible to proteolytic cleavage. Here, the use of a biomimetic proteoglycan (mAGC) is presented, which functionally mimics aggrecan but lacks the known cleavage sites, protecting the molecule from proteolytic degradation. The objective of this study is to test the efficacy of this molecule in ex vivo (human OA synovial fluid) and in vivo (Sprague-Dawley rats) osteoarthritic models. These results indicate that mAGC's may protect articular cartilage against the loss of key ECM components, and lower catabolic protein and gene expression in both models. This suppression of matrix degradation has the potential to provide a healthy environment for tissue repair.
Phosphorylation of GSK-3β Mediates Intralipid-induced Cardioprotection against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury (2011)

Postischemic treatment with Intralipid inhibits the opening of mitochondiral permeability transition pore and protects the heart through glycogen synthase kinase-3β via PI3K/Akt/ERK pathways.
Normal B cell precursors responsive to recombinant murine IL-7 and inhibition of IL-7 activity by transforming growth factor-beta. (1989)

The ability of stromal cells in bone marrow to support B lymphopoiesis may be partially mediated by secretion of biologically active factors. The first cytokine with lymphopoietic activity to be molecularly cloned from stromal cells, IL-7, was originally identified by its growth-promoting activity on long term cultured lymphocytes. We now report that murine rIL-7 is a potent proliferative stimulus for B cell progenitors isolated from fresh bone marrow. Proliferation was initially most obvious among large precursor cells which bear the B lineage associated Ag, Ly5/220 and BP1. A majority of these also contained cytoplasmic Ig mu H chains. Extended culture with IL-7 resulted in a predominance of immature c mu- lymphocytes. No effect by IL-7 was observed on the proliferation of mature lymphocytes. It also did not induce maturation in a number of early B lineage cell lines, or promote the formation of LPS-responsive, clonable B cells from precursors. When incorporated into semisolid agar medium, IL-7 specifically and rapidly induced the formation of pre-B cell colonies in a linear fashion with respect to numbers of cells cultured from either purified B cell progenitor preparations or unfractionated bone marrow. In both liquid and agar culture conditions, the IL-7 proliferative activity was inhibitable by two related forms of transforming growth factor (TGF) beta, TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2. Taken together, these results indicate that IL-7 is a stimulus for replication of normal B lineage cells at an early stage of differentiation, and its activity can be modulated by other cytokines. IL-7 also provides a means of studying the progeny of a single B cell progenitor, and of enumerating clonable pre-B cells in the absence of colony formation by other cell types in bone marrow.
Controlled Arrangement of Nanoparticle Arrays in Block‐Copolymer Domains (2006)

This Review describes recent results on the precise spatial distribution control of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles into domains of microphase-separated block copolymers. Specific focus is directed towards selective incorporation into a specific microphase of a block copolymer. Details on theoretical aspects concerning nanoparticle incorporation as well as practical examples are given. Furthermore, examples on applications and technological aspects of the resulting nanoparticle/polymer nanocomposites are provided.
Vascular turnover during carrageenan synovitis in the rat. (1998)

Inhibition of angiogenesis has been proposed as a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. We have assessed carrageenan synovitis in male Wistar rats as a potential model of the increased vascular turnover observed in human synovitis. Intra-articular injection of 100 microl of 2% carrageenan in the right knee on Day 0 was followed by acute joint swelling through Day 3 and persistent macrophage infiltration at Day 28. Endothelial cell proliferation and endothelial cell death each peaked during the acute phase and remained elevated during persistent synovitis. Vascular densities were high in normal synovia, decreased during the acute phase, transiently increased at Day 14, and then returned to control values by Day 28. Lower doses of carrageenan, which stimulated acute joint swelling and macrophage infiltration but not endothelial cell proliferation at Day 3, were not associated with persistent macrophage infiltration at Day 28. Intra-articular injection of substance P or vascular endothelial growth factor, angiogenic factors that are present in normal synovia or are up-regulated during inflammation, respectively, each stimulated endothelial cell expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Increased vascular turnover during acute and persistent phases of synovitis may be regulated by different factors and may serve different roles. The late phase (Day 28) of carrageenan synovitis displays similarities with rheumatoid synovitis, in which endothelial cell turnover is persistently increased despite little overall change in vascular density.
The Iron Sulfur Protein AtsB Is Required for Posttranslational Formation of Formylglycine in the Klebsiella Sulfatase (1999)

The catalytic residue of eukaryotic and prokaryotic sulfatases is a alpha-formylglycine. In the sulfatase of Klebsiella pneumoniae the formylglycine is generated by posttranslational oxidation of serine 72. We cloned the atsBA operon of K. pneumoniae and found that the sulfatase was expressed in inactive form in Escherichia coli transformed with the structural gene (atsA). Coexpression of the atsB gene, however, led to production of high sulfatase activity, indicating that the atsB gene product plays a posttranslational role that is essential for the sulfatase to gain its catalytic activity. This was verified after purification of the sulfatase from the periplasm of the cells. Peptide analysis of the protein expressed in the presence of AtsB revealed that half of the polypeptides carried the formylglycine at position 72, while the remaining polypeptides carried the encoded serine. The inactive sulfatase expressed in the absence of AtsB carried exclusively serine 72, demonstrating that the atsB gene is required for formylglycine modification. This gene encodes a 395-amino acid residue iron sulfur protein that has a cytosolic localization and is supposed to directly or indirectly catalyze the oxidation of the serine to formylglycine.
Contacts between Two- and Three-Dimensional Materials: Ohmic, Schottky, and p–n Heterojunctions (2016)

After a decade of intensive research on two-dimensional (2D) materials inspired by the discovery of graphene, the field of 2D electronics has reached a stage with booming materials and device architectures. However, the efficient integration of 2D functional layers with three-dimensional (3D) systems remains a significant challenge, limiting device performance and circuit design. In this review, we investigate the experimental efforts in interfacing 2D layers with 3D materials and analyze the properties of the heterojunctions formed between them. The contact resistivity of metal on graphene and related 2D materials deserves special attention, while the Schottky junctions formed between metal/2D semiconductor or graphene/3D semiconductor call for careful reconsideration of the physical models describing the junction behavior. The combination of 2D and 3D semiconductors presents a form of p-n junctions that have just marked their debut. For each type of the heterojunctions, the potential applications are reviewed briefly.
Glycosylation and secretion of surfactant-associated glycoprotein A. (1985)

Synthesis of glycoprotein A, the major surfactant-associated protein, was demonstrated in Type II epithelial cells isolated from rat lung. Predominant, secreted forms migrated as glycoproteins with asparagine-linked, complex-type oligosaccharides (32,000-36,000 daltons, pI 4.2-4.8). Primary in vitro translation products of the glycoprotein migrated as five distinct proteins of approximately 26,000 daltons which were processed by pancreatic microsomal membranes in vitro to 30,000-34,000-dalton, endoglycosidase F-sensitive forms. These in vitro processed forms of glycoprotein A co-migrated with intracellular forms immunoprecipitated from [35S]methionine-labeled, Type II cells. Pulse-chase experiments with [35S]methionine-labeled cells demonstrated rapid synthesis of endoglycosidase H-sensitive precursors of 34,000 daltons, pI 4.7-4.8, which were neither secreted from Type II cells nor detected in surfactant from alveolar lavage. These high-mannose forms were slowly processed to more acidic, endoglycosidase H-resistant, neuraminidase-sensitive forms. At between 10 and 180 min, fully sialylated or other endoglycosidase H-resistant forms were a minor fraction of intracellular glycoprotein A. After 16 h, intracellular glycoproteins A were primarily present as endoglycosidase H-resistant forms. Secretion of mature, sialylated, glycoprotein A was first detected 1 h after labeling, and was also readily detected after 16-24 h chase period. Tunicamycin, which blocks N-linked protein glycosylation, resulted in synthesis of three major 26,000-dalton proteins which co-migrated with the nonglycosylated, surfactant-associated proteins A1 present in surfactant from alveolar lavage and with the major in vitro translation products of rat lung poly(A+) mRNA. Tunicamycin inhibited secretion of glycoprotein A. Swainsonine, which inhibits Golgi alpha-mannosidase II, completely inhibited synthesis of the fully sialylated molecule. Swainsonine produced forms of glycoprotein A which were both neuraminidase- and endoglycosidase H-sensitive and were readily secreted. Monensin, an ionophore that alters protein transport, markedly inhibited intracellular sialylation and secretion. These studies demonstrate that pulmonary Type II cells rapidly synthesize and process surfactant-associated glycoprotein A precursors to endoglycosidase H-sensitive forms, which are slowly sialylated prior to secretion.
Phenotypic Effects of Introgressing French Winter Germplasm into Hybrid Spring Canola (2004)

Introgression of winter germplasm into spring oilseed Brassica napus L. represents a novel approach to broaden its genetic base and potentially boost seed yields of hybrid cultivars. To determine the potential usefulness of this approach, two large populations of segregating doubled haploid (DH) lines were developed by crossing germplasm derived from two French winter cultivars with a male parent of a hybrid combination. These lines were evaluated per se (2 yr in Wisconsin, USA) and in testcrosses with a spring canola line used in commercial canola hybrids (2 yr each in Wisconsin, USA, and Saskatchewan, Canada). Thirty percent of the hybrids significantly ( P &lt; 0.05) out‐yielded the mean of commercial hybrids included in each trial. In addition, many hybrids significantly out‐yielded the starting hybrid combination, especially in the Canadian environments. Earlier flowering DH lines and hybrids tended to have higher yields, as indicated by the highly significant ( P &lt; 0.01) negative correlations between seed yield and days to flowering in most trials. The results of this study illustrate that introgression of these winter germplasms can improve seed yield in spring canola hybrids. These populations will be useful for identifying genes that affect seed yield of canola hybrids.
The moorfields safer surgery system (2009)

This review presents the 'Moorfields Safer Surgery System', which is designed to improve the consistency and outcomes of trabeculectomy surgery. Evidence-based recommendations are made for each step of the surgery. This system requires a minimum of equipment and can be easily implemented by most surgeons. The system is ultimately designed to preserve the vision in our patients by minimising complications while maintaining a desired intraocular pressure.
Noninvasive optical quantification of absolute blood flow, blood oxygenation, and oxygen consumption rate in exercising skeletal muscle (2012)

This study investigates a method using novel hybrid diffuse optical spectroscopies [near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS)] to obtain continuous, noninvasive measurement of absolute blood flow (BF), blood oxygenation, and oxygen consumption rate (V̇O(2)) in exercising skeletal muscle. Healthy subjects (n=9) performed a handgrip exercise to increase BF and V̇O(2) in forearm flexor muscles, while a hybrid optical probe on the skin surface directly monitored oxy-, deoxy-, and total hemoglobin concentrations ([HbO(2)], [Hb], and THC), tissue oxygen saturation (S(t)O(2)), relative BF (rBF), and relative oxygen consumption rate (rV̇O(2)). The rBF and rV̇O(2) signals were calibrated with absolute baseline BF and V̇O(2) obtained through venous and arterial occlusions, respectively. Known problems with muscle-fiber motion artifacts in optical measurements during exercise were mitigated using a novel gating algorithm that determined muscle contraction status based on control signals from a dynamometer. Results were consistent with previous findings in the literature. This study supports the application of NIRS/DCS technology to quantitatively evaluate hemodynamic and metabolic parameters in exercising skeletal muscle and holds promise for improving diagnosis and treatment evaluation for patients suffering from diseases affecting skeletal muscle and advancing fundamental understanding of muscle and exercise physiology.
Progress in antisense therapeutics (1996)

Antisense technology offers the potential to create compounds specific enough to support highly isotypically selective pharmacology (i.e., pharmacologic agents specific enough to affect only one isotype in a multigene family of related proteins). However, enthusiasm about the potential of the technology has been appropriately tempered by questions about its ability to deliver on its promise. The fundamental issue is: Can oligonucleotides that have acceptable drug properties be created? This review discusses recent progress that helps to define the pharmacokinetic, pharmacologic, and toxicologic properties of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides. Progress in the medicinal chemistry of oligonucleotides that has resulted in a wide range of new chemical classes is also described.