gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coherent thermal emission from one-dimensional photonic crystals (2005)

Coherent thermal emission from surface relief gratings holds promise for spectral and directional control of thermal radiation but is limited to transverse magnetic waves, which can excite surface plasmon or phonon polaritons in the grating structure. We show in this letter that a coherent thermal source can be constructed with a thin polar material coated on a one-dimensional photonic crystal. The excitation of surface waves at the interface of the coated layer and the photonic crystal results in highly spectral and directional emission in the infrared for both the transverse electric wave and the transverse magnetic wave.
Atomic Distributions in Liquid, Plastic, and Crystalline Sulfur (1959)

X-ray diffraction patterns were obtained, using improved technique, for liquid sulfur at 80°C (supercooled), 120°C, 165°C, 200°C, 240°C, and 300°C; and for amorphous sulfur at 4°C and for powdered crystalline orthorhombic sulfur at 23°C, confirming reported new details at small angles and extending observations to nearly twice the range of (sinθ)/λ heretofore reported. Atomic distribution curves are presented for all these cases. Nearest neighbor distances and numbers remain constant throughout at 2.07 A and 2 atoms, respectively, but other features of the distribution curves change with temperature. New results with neutron diffraction at 120°C are compared with these x-ray results.
Pharmacology of Marine Toxins (1990)

Ion channels in plasma membranes are primary targets of marine toxins. These channels are important regulators of a cell's physiology, and many of the pathophysiological effects of toxins arise from actions on ion channels. In this chapter we present the voltage gated Na+ channel, as it exists in excitable cells, as an example of a receptor with multiple binding sites for different types of toxins. The toxins are classified according to their physiological effects and described by their chemistry. Occluders, activators and stabilizers are considered as modes for toxins binding to and acting directly on the ion channel. Other, indirect actions of toxins, mediated by cellular metabolism are also discussed to provide a broad overview of the many possible modes for action of marine toxins.
Update on Progress and Hurdles in Novel Genetic Therapies for Hemophilia (2007)

Among inherited disorders, hemophilia has a number of characteristics that make it attractive as a model for gene transfer approaches. Several trials of gene therapy for hemophilia were carried out earlier in this decade; these trials were all first-in-class, i.e. the first use of a particular vector system in a particular target tissue, and thus yielded important safety data for the approaches under investigation. None, however, resulted in long-term expression of the clotting factor at therapeutic levels, and each encountered a critical issue, either in terms of safety, efficacy, or feasibility, that required further laboratory or clinical investigation. Ongoing trials of gene transfer for hemophilia include AAV-mediated gene transfer to liver using modified vectors (alternate serotypes, self-complementary constructs) or adjuvant therapies (transient immunosuppression). Preclinical studies using lentiviral vectors to transduce liver or hematopoietic cells have been promising, and genome editing and translational bypass strategies are also being investigated. Challenges to successful development of each strategy will be discussed.
Self-Propelled Leidenfrost Droplets (2006)

We report that liquids perform self-propelled motion when they are placed in contact with hot surfaces with asymmetric (ratchetlike) topology. The pumping effect is observed when the liquid is in the Leidenfrost regime (the film-boiling regime), for many liquids and over a wide temperature range. We propose that liquid motion is driven by a viscous force exerted by vapor flow between the solid and the liquid.
Rolling Indentation Probe for Tissue Abnormality Identification During Minimally Invasive Surgery (2011)

This paper presents a novel optical fiber-based rolling indentation probe designed to measure the stiffness distribution of a soft tissue while rolling over the tissue surface during minimally invasive surgery. By fusing the measurements along rolling paths, the probe can generalize a mechanical image to visualize the stiffness distribution within the internal tissue structure. Since tissue abnormalities are often firmer than the surrounding organ or parenchyma, a surgeon then can localize abnormalities by analyzing the image. The performance of the developed probe was validated using simulated soft tissues. Results show that the probe can measure both force and indentation depth accurately with different orientations when the probe approached and rolled on the tissue surface. In addition, experiments for tumor, identification through rolling indentation were conducted. The size and embedded depth of the tumor, as well as the stiffness ratio between the tumor and tissue, were varied during tests. Results demonstrate that the probe can effectively and accurately identify the embedded tumors.
Evaluation of PCR primers and PCR conditions for specific detection of common airborne fungi (2002)

We examined the selectivity of 53 sets of primers for environmental monitoring of indoor air quality. Thirty-six fungal strains, representing 26 species from 14 genera of commonly occurring fungi, and 16 different bacterial strains, representing both gram-negative and gram-positive species, were included in the experiment. We verified the specificity of 28 of the 53 sets of primers, which were classified as universal fungal, universal bacterial, group or species specific. The PCR conditions required for optimal specificity were also determined. These results can serve as a guide for the step-wise PCR-based detection and identification of airborne fungi commonly found in indoor environments.
Suppression of in vivo polyclonal IgE responses by monoclonal antibody to the lymphokine B-cell stimulatory factor 1. (1986)

The lymphokine B-cell stimulatory factor 1 (BSF-1) has been shown to greatly enhance the differentiation of lipopolysaccharide-activated B cells into IgG1- and IgE-secreting cells in vitro. To determine whether in vivo IgG1 and IgE antibody responses are BSF-1 dependent, the ability of a monoclonal rat IgG1 anti-BSF-1 antibody, 11B11, to affect polyclonal IgG1 and IgE production in mice infected with the nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or injected with a purified goat antibody to mouse IgD was studied. 11B11-containing ascites fluid or purified 11B11 strongly inhibited IgE production in both systems but did not affect IgG1 production, while control ascites or normal rat IgG1 had no IgE-inhibitory activity. These results indicate an important physiologic role for BSF-1 in the generation of IgE antibody responses and suggest means for limiting the production of antibodies responsible for allergic reactions without inhibiting protective antibody responses.
Effects of recombinant human interleukin-3 in patients with normal hematopoiesis and in patients with bone marrow failure (1990)

In a phase I/II study, 19 patients with advanced tumors but normal hematopoiesis and nine patients with bone marrow failure and prolonged severe cytopenias were treated with recombinant human interleukin-3 (rhIL-3) to assess the toxicity and biological effects of this multipotential hematopoietic growth factor. Doses ranging from 30 micrograms/m2 to 500 micrograms/m2 were administered as subcutaneous bolus injection daily for 15 days. A dose-dependent increase in platelet counts ranging from 1.3-fold at 60 micrograms/m2 to 1.9-fold at 250 micrograms/m2 was induced by rhIL-3 in 15 of 18 evaluable patients with normal hematopoiesis. An increase in reticulocyte counts was observed in 14 patients. The blood leukocyte counts dose dependently increased 1.4- to 3.0-fold. In patients with bone marrow failure, platelet counts increased by a mean of sixfold (range, 1.3- fold to 14.3-fold) in five of eight evaluable patients. Reticulocyte counts increased 4.4-fold in six patients, and neutrophil counts increased by a mean of 3.1-fold in all eight patients. Platelet transfusions could be discontinued after treatment with rhIL-3 in two of three transfusion-dependent patients. Only mild side effects, mainly fever, headache, and flushing, were observed. These results indicate that rhIL-3 functions as a multilineage hematopoietin in vivo in patients with normal bone marrow function and in patients with secondary bone marrow failure.
Spatial and temporal equalization based on an adaptive tapped-delay-line array antenna (2002)

This paper describes spatial and temporal modeling of a multipath channel which is useful in array antenna environment for mobile radio communications. From this modeling, a no distortion condition that is the Nyquist theorem, is derived for total equalization in both spatial and temporal domains. We use an adaptive tapped-delay-line array antenna as a tool of equalization in spatial and temporal domains. Several criteria for such spatial and temporal equalization are available to update weight and tap coefficients such as ZF (zero forcing), MSE (mean square error) and so on. In this paper, we discuss the optimum weight based on ZF criteria in spatial and temporal domains. Moreover, computer simulations show the performance of an adaptive array antenna based on the ZF criteria in spatial and temporal domains.
Modification of the mechanical cardiac performance during end-expiratory voluntary apnea recorded with ballistocardiography and seismocardiography (2019)

A brief voluntary apnea generates large and distinct increases in SCG and BCG waveforms. iK monitoring during sleep may prove useful for the detection of respiratory disturbances. ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT03760159.
Chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents: Substituting our way toward human carcinogenicity (1993)

A discussion of the history of substitutions in industrial solvent use is presented, and animal carcinogenicity studies with certain chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents are reviewed. The present knowledge on the association between occupational exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents and human carcinogenicity is summarized, including a critical review of 23 studies pertaining to human carcinogenicity. Several deficiencies are identified in these studies that make interpretation of the results uncertain, including poor characterization of exposures in qualitative and quantitative terms, the small numbers of deaths or cases, and short follow-up periods. Despite these weaknesses, we conclude that, when viewed collectively, the evidence strongly suggests that occupational exposures to chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents are associated with an excess human cancer risk. The literature supports an association between occupational exposures to chlorinated hydrocarbons and elevated risks of leukemia, lymphoma, and urinary tract cancer. Parental occupational exposures are consistently associated with an elevated childhood cancer risk in the offspring.
<title>Vector-based nonlinear upconversion applying center-weighted medians</title> (1996)

One important task in the field of digital video signal processing is the conversion of one standard into another with different field and scan rates. Therefore we have developed a vector based nonlinear upconversion algorithm which applies nonlinear center weighted median filters (CWM). Assuming a 2-channel model of the human visual system with different spatio temporal characteristics, there are contrary demands for the CWM filters. We can meet these demands by a vertical band separation and an application of so-called temporally and spatially dominated CWMs. Hereby errors of the separated channels can be orthogonalized and avoided by an adequate splitting of the spectrum. By this we have achieved a very robust vector error tolerant up-conversion method which significantly improves the interpolation quality. By an appropriate choice of the CWM filter root structures main picture elements are interpolated correctly also if faulty vector fields occur. In order to demonstrate correctness of the deduced interpolation scheme picture content is classified. These classes are distinguished by correct or incorrect vector assignment and correlated or noncorrelated picture content. The mode of operation of the new algorithm is portrayed for each class. Whereas the mode of operation for correlated picture content can be shown by object models this is shown for noncorrelated picture content by the distribution function of the applied CWM filters. The new algorithm has been verified as well by an objective evaluation method the PSNR (peak signal to noise ratio) measurement as by a comprehensive subjective test series.
Visual servoing by partitioning degrees of freedom (2001)

There are many design factors and choices when mounting a vision system for robot control. Such factors may include the kinematic and dynamic characteristics in the robot's degrees of freedom (DOF), which determine what velocities and fields-of-view a camera can achieve. Another factor is that additional motion components (such as pan-tilt units) are often mounted on a robot and introduce synchronization problems. When a task does not require visually servoing every robot DOF, the designer must choose which ones to servo. Questions then arise as to what roles, if any, do the remaining DOF play in the task. Without an analytical framework, the designer resorts to intuition and try-and-see implementations. This paper presents a frequency-based framework that identifies the parameters that factor into tracking. This framework gives design insight which was then used to synthesize a control law that exploits the kinematic and dynamic attributes of each DOF. The resulting multi-input multi-output control law, which we call partitioning, defines an underlying joint coupling to servo camera motions. The net effect is that by employing both visual and kinematic feedback loops, a robot can quickly position and orient a camera in a large assembly workcell. Real-time experiments tracking people and robot hands are presented using a 5-DOF hybrid (3-DOF Cartesian gantry plus 2-DOF pan-tilt unit) robot.
Determination of Time Delay between Blood and Interstitial Adipose Tissue Glucose Concentration Change by Microdialysis in Healthy Volunteers (2001)

For the development and use of subcutaneous glucose sensors it is important to know the time lag between changes in blood glucose and subcutaneous interstitial glucose concentration. To determine the time lag we inserted a microdialysis probe into the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue of healthy volunteers (n = 19) and performed oral glucose tolerance tests (n = 39) over a 7-day period. After correction for the microdialysis system time lag, we compared the change in dialysate glucose concentration with the capillary blood glucose concentration. We found no significant delay time between a change in capillary blood glucose concentration and subcutaneous interstitial fluid glucose concentration using the Mann-Whitney test. The substantial interindividual variation of glucose recovery and the changing recovery in time makes it difficult to draw unambiguous conclusions about the exact physiological time lag. Based on the present experimental findings and theoretical calculations of glucose transport in adipose tissue, the physiological lag time is short and negligible compared to the system delay time of a glucose sensor.
Involvement of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in drug addiction: effects of rimonabant on behavioral responses induced by cocaine. (2007)

A lot of evidence indicate that endocannabinoids and cannabinoid CB(1) receptors are implicated in drug addiction. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist/partial agonist rimonabant on the cocaine-maintained reinforcement and relapse to cocaine seeking as well as on the cocaine challenge-induced hyperactivity in sensitized rats and on discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine in rats. We found that endocannabinoids were not involved in maintenance of cocaine reinforcement and its subjective effects since pharmacological blockade of cannabinoid CB(1) receptors altered neither self-administration nor discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine. On the other hand, withdrawal from repeated access or exposure to cocaine and then a reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior or a sensitized locomotor response to a single cocaine challenge, respectively, was potently reduced by pretreatment with rimonabant. The latter observations may show that repeated cocaine treatment and the drug withdrawal produce--apart from behavioral effects--also different neural consequences in the endocannabinoid systems in rats.
The Natural Killer T (NKT) Cell Ligand α-Galactosylceramide Demonstrates Its Immunopotentiating Effect by Inducing Interleukin (IL)-12 Production by Dendritic Cells and IL-12 Receptor Expression on NKT Cells (1999)

The natural killer T (NKT) cell ligand alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) exhibits profound antitumor activities in vivo that resemble interleukin (IL)-12-mediated antitumor activities. Because of these similarities between the activities of alpha-GalCer and IL-12, we investigated the involvement of IL-12 in the activation of NKT cells by alpha-GalCer. We first established, using purified subsets of various lymphocyte populations, that alpha-GalCer selectively activates NKT cells for production of interferon (IFN)-gamma. Production of IFN-gamma by NKT cells in response to alpha-GalCer required IL-12 produced by dendritic cells (DCs) and direct contact between NKT cells and DCs through CD40/CD40 ligand interactions. Moreover, alpha-GalCer strongly induced the expression of IL-12 receptor on NKT cells from wild-type but not CD1(-/-) or Valpha14(-/-) mice. This effect of alpha-GalCer required the production of IFN-gamma by NKT cells and production of IL-12 by DCs. Finally, we showed that treatment of mice with suboptimal doses of alpha-GalCer together with suboptimal doses of IL-12 resulted in strongly enhanced natural killing activity and IFN-gamma production. Collectively, these findings indicate an important role for DC-produced IL-12 in the activation of NKT cells by alpha-GalCer and suggest that NKT cells may be able to condition DCs for subsequent immune responses. Our results also suggest a novel approach for immunotherapy of cancer.
High gain and low operation current spot-size-converter integrated semiconductor optical amplifier for switching gate application (1999)

Spot-size-converter integrated semiconductor optical amplifiers have been developed as gate elements for optical switch matrices and an S-shape waveguide has been introduced to prevent re-coupling of unguided light to the output fiber. It was found that an angled-facet structure effectively suppressed light reflection at the end facets. Consequently, a high extinction ratio of 70 dB and a high fiber-to-fiber gain of 20 dB with gain saturation of 4.5 dBm were achieved. Sufficient optical coupling characteristics to a flat-ended single-mode fiber with a coupling loss of 3.5 dB were also demonstrated.
<title>Relationship between current load and temperature for quasi-steady state and transient conditions</title> (2000)

Infrared thermographers involved in predictive maintenance programs often use temperature measurement as a means of quantifying the severity of a problem. Temperature is certainly an important factor in evaluating equipment. However, if you follow guidelines that are based solely on absolute temperature measurement--or on a temperature rise (Delta T)--you run the risk of incorrectly diagnosing your problems. The consequences of such actions can lead to a false sense of security, equipment failure, fire, and even the possibility of personal injury. Understanding the additional factors involved in diagnosis is essential for obtaining productive results. One of these factors is the load or current flowing through conductors. The load can have a drastic effect on the temperature of a component. Changing loads can cause additional concerns because temperature changes lag behind load changes. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the relationship between load and temperature of a faulty connection. The thermal response of a changing load is also investigated.
Full‐brain coverage and high‐resolution imaging capabilities of passband b‐SSFP fMRI at 3T (2008)

Passband balanced-steady-state free precession (b-SSFP) fMRI is a recently developed method that utilizes the passband (flat portion) of the b-SSFP off-resonance response to measure MR signal changes elicited by changes in tissue oxygenation following increases in neuronal activity. Rapid refocusing and short readout durations of b-SSFP, combined with the relatively large flat portion of the b-SSFP off-resonance spectrum allows distortion-free full-brain coverage with only two acquisitions. This allows for high-resolution functional imaging, without the spatial distortion frequently encountered in conventional high-resolution functional images. Finally, the 3D imaging compatibility of the b-SSFP acquisitions permits isotropic-voxel-size high-resolution acquisitions. In this study we address some of the major technical issues involved in obtaining passband b-SSFP-based functional brain images with practical imaging parameters and demonstrate the advantages through breath-holding and visual field mapping experiments.
Synthesis and characterization of hetero‐arm star copolymers (1990)

Abstract Hetero‐arm star copolymers are constituted of a central core carrying branches of two kinds. The two‐stage synthesis of such polymer species involves an arm‐first step and a core‐first step: A linear anionic living polystyrene precursor was used to initiate the polymerization of a small amount of divinylbenzene, yielding star‐shaped polystyrene bearing living sites inside the cores; in a second stage these sites were used to initiate the polymerization of another monomer — butyl methacrylate —, more electrophilic than styrene. This second step results in the formation of a new set of branches originating from the same polydivinylbenzene cores. The star polystyrenes, and the hetero‐arm star copolymers were characterized adequately, and their molecular weights were found to be in satisfactory agreement with expectation. The presence of some remaining linear precursor in the star polymer samples is discussed thoroughly on the basis of a detailed computerized analysis of the size exclusion chromatograms of both the star polystyrene samples and the hetero‐arm star copolymers.