gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Short- and long-term effects of estrogen and synthetic anabolic hormone in postmenopausal osteoporosis (1972)

In 29 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, the proportion of total bone surface undergoing resorption or formation was evaluated by microradiography of iliac crest biopsy samples before and after short-term (2(1/2)-4 months) and long-term (26-42 months for estrogen and 9-15 months for anabolic hormone) treatment. After estrogen administration, values for bone-resorbing surfaces decreased, although less prominently after long-term than after short-term therapy. The magnitude of this decrease was positively correlated with the pretreatment value for bone-resorbing surfaces (P < 0.001). When the pretreatment value for bone-resorbing surfaces was used as a covariable, estrogen and anabolic hormone appeared to be equally effective. For bone-forming surfaces, short-term therapy with either hormone had no effect but long-term therapy significantly decreased the values. Serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (IPTH) increased significantly after estrogen therapy; the change in IPTH was inversely related to the change in serum calcium (P < 0.001, sign test). We conclude that the primary effect of sex hormones in postmenopausal osteoporosis is to decrease the increased level of bone resorption, perhaps by decreasing the responsiveness of bone to endogenous parathyroid hormone. However, this favorable effect, at least in part, is negated after long-term treatment by a secondary decrease in bone formation. Our data are consistent with the concept that the maximal benefit that can be derived from sex hormone therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis is arrest or slowing of the progession of bone loss.
Carbapenemases: the Versatile β-Lactamases (2007)

Carbapenemases are beta-lactamases with versatile hydrolytic capacities. They have the ability to hydrolyze penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapenems. Bacteria producing these beta-lactamases may cause serious infections in which the carbapenemase activity renders many beta-lactams ineffective. Carbapenemases are members of the molecular class A, B, and D beta-lactamases. Class A and D enzymes have a serine-based hydrolytic mechanism, while class B enzymes are metallo-beta-lactamases that contain zinc in the active site. The class A carbapenemase group includes members of the SME, IMI, NMC, GES, and KPC families. Of these, the KPC carbapenemases are the most prevalent, found mostly on plasmids in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The class D carbapenemases consist of OXA-type beta-lactamases frequently detected in Acinetobacter baumannii. The metallo-beta-lactamases belong to the IMP, VIM, SPM, GIM, and SIM families and have been detected primarily in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; however, there are increasing numbers of reports worldwide of this group of beta-lactamases in the Enterobacteriaceae. This review updates the characteristics, epidemiology, and detection of the carbapenemases found in pathogenic bacteria.
A HAZE CONSISTING LARGELY OF PENTOSAN (1976)

A haze present in a commercial beer has been found to consist principally of arabinoxylan.
13CO2 breath tests in normal and diabetic children following ingestion of 13C-glucose (1978)

Recent developments in mass spectrometric technology and the availability of 13C-enriched substrates for clinical research have enabled the clinician to perform 13CO2 breath tests in patients with various diseases. Several research groups have compared 14CO2 and 13CO2 experiments in animals and man, and similar findings have been reported with both methods (Schoeller et al. 1975; Shreeve, 1973).
Parkinsonian Signs in Older People in a Community-Based Study (2004)

Baseline mild parkinsonian signs are a predictor of incident dementia. Although these signs are mild, they are not prognostically benign. Brain imaging and postmortem examinations might further our insight into the anatomical and pathological basis for mild parkinsonian signs.
A comparative study of the efficacy of topical negative pressure moist dressings and conventional moist dressings in chronic wounds (2007)

Aim: To assess the efficacy of topical negative pressure moist wound&#13;\ndressing as compared to conventional moist wound dressings in improving&#13;\nthe healing process in chronic wounds and to prove that negative&#13;\npressure dressings can be used as a much better treatment option in the&#13;\nmanagement of chronic wounds. Materials and Methods: This is a&#13;\nprospective comparative study of data from 112 patients with chronic&#13;\nwounds, of which 56 patients underwent topical negative pressure&#13;\ndressings (17 diabetic, 10 pressure sores, nine ischemic, two varicose,&#13;\n10 post-infective raw areas and eight traumatic - six had bone exposed,&#13;\ntwo orthopaedic prosthesis exposed). The remaining 56 patients&#13;\nunderwent conventional moist dressings (20 diabetic, two ischemic, 15&#13;\npressure sores, three varicose, eight post-infective raw areas and&#13;\neight traumatic - five had bone exposed, three orthopaedic prosthesis&#13;\nexposed). The results were compared after 10 days. The variables&#13;\ncompared were, rate of granulation tissue formation as a percentage of&#13;\nulcer area covered, skin graft take up as the percentage of ulcer&#13;\nsurface area and duration of hospital stay. The variables were compared&#13;\nusing Unpaired Student′s t test. A " P" value &lt; 0.05 was&#13;\nconsidered significant. Results: Out of 56 patients who underwent&#13;\ntopical negative pressure dressings, six (10.71%) were failures, due to&#13;\nfailure in maintaining topical negative pressure due to defective&#13;\nsealing technique; these were included into the study group. After 10&#13;\ndays, the mean rate of granulation tissue formation was 71.43% of ulcer&#13;\nsurface area. All these 56 cases underwent split-thickness skin&#13;\ngrafting. The mean graft take-up was 79.29%. The mean hospital stay was&#13;\n32.64 days. In the remaining 56 patients, the mean rate of granulation&#13;\ntissue formation was 52.85% of ulcer surface area. The mean graft&#13;\ntake-up was only 60.45% of the total ulcer surface area. The mean&#13;\nhospital stay was 60.45 days. Conclusion: To conclude, topical&#13;\nnegative pressure dressings help in faster healing of chronic wounds&#13;\nand better graft take-up and reduce hospital stay of these patients.
A Facile Generation and Stereoselective Cycloaddition Reactions of 5,6-Dihydro-5,6-bis(methylene)-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione Intermediate (1992)

Abstract The treatment of 5-formyl-1,3,6-trimethyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione (1) with a magnesium salt and DBU in dichloromethane gave the corresponding magnesium dienolate. The dienolate underwent [4+2] cycloaddition reaction with olefinic dienophiles in highly regio- and stereoselective manners.
Characterization of an Intestinal Epithelial Cell Receptor Recognized by theCryptosporidium parvumSporozoite Ligand CSL (2001)

The protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is a leading cause of diarrhea in humans and neonatal calves. The absence of approved parasite-specific drugs, vaccines, and immunotherapies for cryptosporidiosis relates in part to limited knowledge on the pathogenesis of zoite attachment and invasion. We recently reported that the C. parvum apical complex glycoprotein CSL contains a zoite ligand for intestinal epithelial cells which is defined by monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3E2. In the present study, the host cell receptor for CSL was characterized. For these studies, a panel of epithelial and mesenchymal cell lines was examined for permissiveness to C. parvum and the ability to bind CSL. Cells of epithelial origin were significantly more permissive and bound significantly greater quantities of CSL than cells of mesenchymal origin. Caco-2 intestinal cells were selected from the epithelial panel for further characterization of the CSL receptor. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that CSL bound initially to the surface of Caco-2 cells and was rapidly internalized. The molecule bound by CSL was identified as an 85-kDa Caco-2 cell surface protein by radioimmunoprecipitation and CSL affinity chromatography. Sporozoite incubation with the isolated 85-kDa protein reduced binding of MAb 3E2. Further, attachment and invasion were significantly inhibited when sporozoites were incubated with the 85-kDa protein prior to inoculation onto Caco-2 cells. These observations indicate that the 85-kDa protein functions as a Caco-2 cell receptor for CSL. CSL also bound specifically to intestinal epithelium from calves, indicating receptor expression in a second important host species. Molecular characterization of the CSL receptor may lead to novel avenues for disrupting ligand-receptor interactions in the pathogenesis of C. parvum infection.
Dangerous liaisons: the role of “danger” signals in the immune response to gene therapy (2002)

Recent studies in gene transfer suggest that the innate immune system plays a significant role in impeding gene therapy. In this review, we examine factors that might influence the recruitment and activation of the innate system in the context of gene therapy. We have adopted a novel model of immunology that contends that the immune system distinguishes not between self and nonself, but between what is dangerous and what is not dangerous. In taking this perspective, we provide an alternative and complementary insight into some of the failures and successes of current gene therapy protocols.
Adaptive Optics for Astronomy: Principles, Performance, and Applications (1993)

1 .1 The Function of Astronomical Telescopes Astronomical telescopes are devices which collect as much radiation from astronomical (stellar) objects and put it in as sharp (small) an image as possible. Both collecting area and angular resolution play a role. The relative merit of these two functions has changed over the years in optical astronomy, with the angular resolution initially dominating and then, as the atmospheric seeing limit was reached, the collecting area becoming the most important factor. Therefore it is the habit these days to express the quality of a telescope by its (collecting) diameter rather than by its angular resolution. With the introduction of techniques that overcome the limits set by atmospheric seeing, the emphasis is changing back to angular res­ olution. This time, however, the constraint is set by the diffraction limit of the telescope so that both angular resolution and collecting power of a telescope will be determined by its diameter. Both telescope functions will therefore go hand-in-hand. Although speckle image reconstruction techniques have been successful in giving diffraction-limited images, the most powerful and promising technique for all astronomical applications is the one using adaptive optics. For an unresolved image, this technique puts most of the collected photons in as small an image as possible, thereby allowing better discrimination against the sky background, improving high spectral and spatial resolution spectroscopy, and enhancing inter-
Ototoxicity caused by cisplatin is ameliorated by melatonin and other antioxidants (2000)

The mechanism of the ototoxicity caused by cisplatin is based in the generation of reactive oxygen species, which interferes with the antioxidant protection of the organ of Corti. Conversely, the protection of the cochlea with antioxidants ameliorates the ototoxicity by cisplatin. The ototoxicity produced by cisplatin can be reversible or persistent, depending on the age of the patient, cumulative doses, number of chemotherapy cycles, history of noise exposure, and deteriorating renal function. We have obtained in rats an ototoxic chart utilizing cisplatin (10 mg/kg body weight injected intraperitoneally, once only). Together with this treatment, the animals were treated with melatonin in the drinking water (10 mg/L) or injected subcutaneously (250 microg), and with an antioxidant mixture, injected subcutaneously, composed of 0.25 mg alpha-tocopherol acid succinate, 3 mg ascorbic acid, 1 mg glutathione, and 60 mg N-acetylcysteine. The distortion product otoacoustic emissions were determined for a prolonged period of time for each animal. The ototoxicity produced by cisplatin was maximal from days 7 to 10 post-treatment, returning to normal values in a month. When melatonin and the antioxidant mixture were present, the recovery was between days 10 and 15 post-treatment, independent of the means of administration of the pineal product. We conclude that the ototoxicity caused by cisplatin is ameliorated by melatonin and other antioxidants.
Association of ARVCF with Zonula Occludens (ZO)-1 and ZO-2: Binding to PDZ-Domain Proteins and Cell-Cell Adhesion Regulate Plasma Membrane and Nuclear Localization of ARVCF (2004)

ARVCF, an armadillo-repeat protein of the p120(ctn) family, associates with classical cadherins and is present in adherens junctions, but its function is poorly understood. Here, we show that ARVCF interacts via a C-terminal PDZ-binding motif with zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and ZO-2. ARVCF and ZO-1 partially colocalize in the vicinity of the apical adhesion complex in polarized epithelial Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. ARVCF, ZO-1, and E-cadherin form a complex and are recruited to sites of initial cell-cell contact in sparse cell cultures. E-cadherin binding and plasma membrane localization of ARVCF require the PDZ-binding motif. Disruption of cell-cell adhesion releases ARVCF from the plasma membrane and an increased fraction of the protein localizes to the nucleus. Nuclear localization of ARVCF also requires the PDZ-binding motif and can be mediated by the PDZ domains of ZO-2. Thus, the interaction of ARVCF with distinct PDZ-domain proteins determines its subcellular localization. Interactions with ZO-1 and ZO-2, in particular, may mediate recruitment of ARVCF to the plasma membrane and the nucleus, respectively, possibly in response to cell-cell adhesion cues.
Solution Structure of α2D, a Nativelike de Novo Designed Protein (1998)

De novo protein design provides an attractive means for testing and refining the principles governing the stability and tertiary structure of proteins. We describe the NMR solution structure of a 35-residue peptide designed to form a helix−loop−helix that dimerizes into a four-helix bundle. Structures were calculated on the basis of 834 NMR-derived restraints including 140 long-range NOEs. With 24 restraints per residue, the structure is well determined (0.28 Å RMSD for backbone residues 3-33) and includes many features of the design yet adopts a novel topology that was unexpected. The forces that caused this peptide to adopt this unique fold are discussed.
Cycloviolins A−D, Anti-HIV Macrocyclic Peptides from Leonia cymosa1 (1999)

Four novel anti-HIV macrocyclic peptides containing 28-31 amino acid residues, named cycloviolins A-D, have been isolated from the hitherto unstudied tropical plant Leonia cymosa. Their primary structure, including amino acid composition and sequence, was determined by a combination of MALDI-TOF and FAB MS and by enzymatic digestion of reduced derivatives, followed by Edman degradation and mass analyses. All of the cycloviolins contain six cysteines, which are present as three intramolecular disulfide bridges. Intriguingly, cycloviolins A-D showed high degrees of sequence homology to the known cyclopsychotride A and circulins A and B from the Rubiaceae family but much less homology to the varv peptides from Viola, a member of the same family (Violaceae).
Development of Melanoma-Targeted Polymer Micelles by Conjugation of a Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R) Specific Ligand (2011)

The incidence of malignant melanoma is rising faster than that of any other cancer in the United States. Because of its high expression on the surface of melanomas, MC1R has been investigated as a target for selective imaging and therapeutic agents against melanoma. Eight ligands were screened against cell lines engineered to overexpress MC1R, MC4R, or MC5R. Of these, compound 1 (4-phenylbutyryl-His-dPhe-Arg-Trp-NH(2)) exhibited high (0.2 nM) binding affinity for MC1R and low (high nanomolar) affinities for MC4R and MC5R. Functionalization of the ligand at the C-terminus with an alkyne for use in Cu-catalyzed click chemistry was shown not to affect the binding affinity. Finally, formation of the targeted polymer, as well as the targeted micelle formulation, also resulted in constructs with low nanomolar binding affinity.
A syllable-based approach for improved recognition of spoken names (2002)

Recognition of spoken names is a challenging task for speech recognition systems because of the large variations in speaking styles, linguistic origins and pronunciation found in names. The complex linguistic nature of names makes it difficult to automatically generate pronunciation variations. For many applications the list of names tends to be in the order of several hundred thousands, making spoken name recognition a high perplexity task. Use of multiple pronunciations to account for the variations in names further increases the perplexity of the recognition system substantially. In this paper we propose the use of the syllable as the acoustic unit for spoken name recognition and show how pronunciation variation modeling with syllables can help in improving recognition performance and reducing the system perplexity. We present results comparing systems which use context dependent phones with syllable based systems, and demonstrate that a significant increase in recognition accuracy and speed, can be achieved by using the syllable as the acoustic unit for spoken name recognition. With a finite state grammar network for spoken name recognition, the observed recognition error rate for the syllable-based system was 40% less than the phone-based system. For syllable bigram based information retrieval schemes the observed recognition error rate was about 60% less than the corresponding phone system.
Expression Profile of a γ-Deletion Variant of the Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Gene (2003)

The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is an essential component of the holoenzyme complex that adds telomeric repeats to the ends of chromosomes. The hTERT transcript has been shown to have two deletion type alternative splicing sites. One deletion site induces the alpha-deletion variant, lacking 36 bp from exon 6, and the other induces the beta-deletion variant, lacking 182 bp from exons 7 and 8. Here, we identified a novel deletion variant of the hTERT transcript in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines. The deleted transcript was characterized by an in-frame deletion of 189 bp, spanning nucleotides 2710 to 2898, corresponding to the complete loss of exon 11 (gamma-deletion). The region lacking in the gamma-deletion lies within RT motifs D and E, suggesting that it is missing conserved residues from the catalytic core of the protein. Both gamma- and alpha-deletion variants were occasionally detected, but the beta-deletion variant was frequently observed. Our results may provide important information for more detailed studies on the regulation of telomerase activity.
Intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 in extravasation of normal mononuclear and leukaemia cells (2001)

Interaction of intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs) with their receptors has a key role in normal leucocyte adhesion and migration, whereas in leukaemia this has not been well established. In this study, we have evaluated the roles of different adhesion molecules in normal and leukaemia cell extravasation in a novel organotypic model for vessel wall and measured plasma ICAM-1 and -2 levels in acute leukaemia patients at diagnosis and during chemotherapy. We found that both normal mononuclear cells and blast cells from acute leukaemia patients, as well as retinoic acid-treated promyelocytic leukaemia cells, rapidly extravasated through endothelial cell layers into the underlying collagen matrix. ICAM-1 antibody prevented the extravasation, while antibodies to other adhesion molecules showed little (CD18, ICAM-2) or no inhibition (CD11a and ICAM-3). Soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM-1) protein had no effect. We also observed increased plasma sICAM-1 and -2 levels in leukaemia patients and found that they correlated only weakly with the white blood cell count. No correlation was found between sICAM-1 or -2 levels and the response to therapy. Although elevated sICAM-2 levels decreased rapidly during chemotherapy, sICAM-1 levels did not. Because sICAM-1 protein had no effect on leukaemia cell extravasation in vitro, it is probable that the increased plasma sICAM-1 levels in leukaemia patients may not play a role in leukaemia cell infiltration. However, as we showed that ICAM-1 mediated leukaemia cell extravasation on the cell surface, it is possible that cellular ICAM-1 has an important role in disease progression.
Effect of additive oxygen gas on cellular response of lung cancer cells induced by atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet (2014)

The atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet driven by pulsed dc voltage was utilized to treat human lung cancer cells in vitro. The properties of plasma plume were adjusted by the injection type and flow rate of additive oxygen gas in atmospheric pressure helium plasma jet. The plasma characteristics such as plume length, electric current and optical emission spectra (OES) were measured at different flow rates of additive oxygen to helium. The plasma plume length and total current decreased with an increase in the additive oxygen flow rate. The electron excitation temperature estimated by the Boltzmann plot from several excited helium emission lines increased slightly with the additive oxygen flow. The oxygen atom density in the gas phase estimated by actinometry utilizing argon was observed to increase with the additive oxygen flow. The concentration of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) measured by fluorescence assay was found to be not exactly proportional to that of extracellular ROS (measured by OES), but both correlated considerably. It was also observed that the expression levels of p53 and the phospho-p53 were enhanced in the presence of additive oxygen flow compared with those from the pure helium plasma treatment.
“Stormy waters ahead”: global emergence of carbapenemases (2013)

Carbapenems, once considered the last line of defense against of serious infections with Enterobacteriaceae, are threatened with extinction. The increasing isolation of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative pathogens is forcing practitioners to rely on uncertain alternatives. As little as 5 years ago, reports of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae, common causes of both community and healthcare-associated infections, were sporadic and primarily limited to case reports, tertiary care centers, intensive care units, and outbreak settings. Carbapenem resistance mediated by β-lactamases, or carbapenemases, has become widespread and with the paucity of reliable antimicrobials available or in development, international focus has shifted to early detection and infection control. However, as reports of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases, New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1, and more recently OXA-48 (oxacillinase-48) become more common and with the conveniences of travel, the assumption that infections with highly resistant Gram-negative pathogens are limited to the infirmed and the heavily antibiotic and healthcare exposed are quickly being dispelled. Herein, we provide a status report describing the increasing challenges clinicians are facing and forecast the "stormy waters" ahead.