gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phase transitional behavior and piezoelectric properties of (Na0.5K0.5)NbO3–LiNbO3 ceramics (2004)

Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics (1−x)(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3–xLiNbO3 {[Lix(Na0.5K0.5)1−x]NbO3} (x=0.04–0.20) have been synthesized by an ordinary sintering technique. The materials with perovskite structure is orthorhombic phase at x⩽0.05 and becomes tetragonal phase at x⩾0.07, a phase K3Li2Nb5O15 with tetragonal tungsten bronze structure begins to appear at x=0.08 and becomes dominant with increasing the content of LiNbO3. A morphotropic phase boundary between orthorhombic and tetragonal phases is found in the composition range 0.05&amp;lt;x&amp;lt;0.07. Analogous to Pb(Zr,Ti)O3, the piezoelectric and electromechanical properties are enhanced for compositions near the morphotropic phase boundary. Piezoelectric constant d33 values reach 200–235pC∕N. Electromechanical coefficients of the planar mode and the thickness mode reach 38%–44% and 44%–48%, respectively. The Curie temperatures (TC) of [Lix(Na0.5K0.5)1−x]NbO3 (x=0.04–0.20) are in the range of 452–510°C, at least 100°C higher than that of conventional Pb(Zr,Ti)O3. Our results show that [Lix(Na0.5K0.5)1−x]NbO3 is a good lead-free high-temperature piezoelectric ceramic.
Strategy to disentangle multiple faults to identify random defects within test structures (2002)

Defect inspection is required for process control and to enhance chip yield. Electrical measurements at test structures are commonly used to detect faults. To improve the accuracy in order to evaluate the defects that have caused such faults, this paper presents a strategy to analyze single and multiple faults to precisely determine the number, layer and location of randomly distributed defects within a test structure layout. For this purpose, we first discuss the possibilities for fault analysis within known test structure layouts. We then present modified test structure layouts to improve the analysis of multiple faults. Finally, we introduce a methodology to disentangle multiple faults by calculating and comparing the probability of possible defect locations within large test structure layout areas.
B7-CD28 costimulation unveils the hierarchy of tumor epitopes recognized by major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes. (1996)

Immunization of mice with tumors genetically engineered to express the B7 costimulatory molecules amplifies the antitumor immune response mediated by CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). In this report, we examined the effect of B7-CD28 costimulation on the hierarchy of tumor epitopes. Using a combination of affinity chromatography/reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography and CTL cloning, we show that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules from EL4 lymphoma cells can present at least six distinct CTL epitopes presented by MHC class I molecules. Nevertheless, mice immunized with wild-type B7-negative EL4 cells develop CTL only to one immunodominant epitope. In contrast, immunization with B7-transduced EL4 cells led to not only the amplification of the CTL response to this immunodominant epitope, but also to the recognition of five otherwise silent subdominant epitopes. The adoptive transfer of a CTL clone against such a subdominant epitope cured mice bearing EL4 lymphoma growing as an ascites tumor. The fact that CTL response can be spread to normally silent epitopes as a result of B7-CD28 costimulation suggests a novel approach to manipulate the hierarchy of CTL epitopes and offers an opportunity to explore novel targets for T cell-mediated cancer therapy.
Improvement in the Nutritional Value of Barley for Chicks by Enzyme Supplementation (1957)

Fry et al. (1957a) have recently shown that a simple water treatment of ground pearled barley markedly improved its nutritional value. Diets containing water-treated barley supported chick growth equal to that given by a diet containing corn. Feed efficiency obtained with the treated barley diets was significantly better than that for chicks fed the diet in which corn replaced the barley. Hastings (1946) found that addition of a diastatic enzyme material to a high fiber chick diet improved growth and feed efficiency. This preparation was without effect when added to a low fiber diet in which wheat and oats replaced the milling byproducts. Neither of the diets contained barley. Other studies (Arscott et al., 1955; and Fry et al., 1957b) strongly suggest that the depressed growth and feed efficiency which results when the corn component of a chick diet is replaced by either barley or pearled barley is due to . . .
Top Value Added Chemicals from Biomass: Volume I -- Results of Screening for Potential Candidates from Sugars and Synthesis Gas (2004)

This report identifies twelve building block chemicals that can be produced from sugars via biological or chemical conversions. The twelve building blocks can be subsequently converted to a number of high-value bio-based chemicals or materials. Building block chemicals, as considered for this analysis, are molecules with multiple functional groups that possess the potential to be transformed into new families of useful molecules. The twelve sugar-based building blocks are 1,4-diacids (succinic, fumaric and malic), 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid, 3-hydroxy propionic acid, aspartic acid, glucaric acid, glutamic acid, itaconic acid, levulinic acid, 3-hydroxybutyrolactone, glycerol, sorbitol, and xylitol/arabinitol.
Origin in Tobacco Smoke of N ′-Nitrosonornicotine, a Tobacco-Specific Carcinogen: Brief Communication 2 3 (1977)

To evaluate risk factors and to approach methods of reduction of the carcinogenic potential of cigarette smoke, the transfer rate of N-nitrosonornicotine in a popular U.S. blended cigarette into mainstream smoke was quantitatively determined. The mean transfer rate was 11.3%; thus approximately 46% of the tobacco-specific carcinogen in the smoke came from the tobacco, and the remainder was synthesized during smoking.
Pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in human colon carcinomas: Comparison of normal tissues, primary tumors and xenografts (1994)

The activities of 5 enzymes involved in the pyrimidine metabolism were measured in xenografts of 8 human colon adenocarcinomas and in the corresponding primary tumors and normal tissues. The enzymes studied were thymidine kinase, thymidine phosphorylase, uridine kinase, uridine phosphorylase and thymidylate synthase. With the exception of the phosphorylases in one tumor, all enzyme activities were higher in primary tumors than in the corresponding normal tissues. The average activities of thymidine kinase and thymidylate synthase were of the same order of magnitude in xenografts and in primary tumors. The uridine metabolizing enzymes tend to have a higher activity in xenografts than in primary tumors. The most consistent and significant change was a sharp decrease in thymidine phosphorylase activity in xenografts as compared to primary tumors. Whether or not the difference in thymidine phosphorylase activity between xenografts and primary tumors is related to the contribution of non-cancerous cells in primary tumors remains to be determined. However, these results raise questions concerning the representativeness of xenografts with reference to primary tumors and suggest that care should be taken in the application of this model.
p53 mutations in breast cancer. (1992)

We have identified and analyzed 41 mutations in p53 in sporadic breast tumors from 136 unselected breast cancer patients and estimate that approximately 40% of such tumors contain p53 mutations. The frequency of G-T transversions and the incidence of guanosine mutations in the nontranscribed strand of the p53 gene were found to be higher than expected, and we suggest, therefore, that exogenous carcinogens have an etiological role in sporadic breast cancers. Mutations were recorded in 44 codons of the p53 gene, with no obvious mutational hot-spots, although mutations at codons 175, 194, 273, and 280 accounted for 25% of the changes. One germ-line mutation was found in 136 patients and so we conclude that constitutional mutation of p53 may be an uncommon etiological factor in breast cancer.
Amyloid beta: a putative intra-spinal microtubule-depolymerizer to induce synapse-loss or dentritic spine shortening in Alzheimer's disease. (2010)

A loss or shortening of dendritic spines has been described in patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Recently, there have been four reports of capture of the plus-ends of microtubules in the dendritic spines. One report, based on acute hippocampal slices that were fixed by a microtubule preserving process after LTP-inducing stimulation, showed that microtubules of the dendritic shaft ramified into spines in a manner that was specific to the stimulated postsynaptic membranes. This resulted in enlarged protrusion of the dendritic spines. Other reports using living cultured neurons, showed that growing microtubule plus-ends enter spines and modulate spine morphology. Since microtubules originate from the centrosome, these four reports strongly suggest a stimulation-dependent connection between the nucleus and the stimulated postsynaptic membrane by microtubules. Several pieces of evidence suggest that spine elongation may be caused by microtubule polymerization. Firstly, the entry of plus-ends of microtubules into spines accompanies spine enlargement. Further, microtubule-associated protein-1B is over-expressed in Fragile X syndrome, in which spines are much elongated. Chronic stress causes neurite outgrowth and spine elongation. Polymerization of microtubules caused neurite outgrowth and microtubules-depolymerizing agents neurite retraction, both consistent with the proposition that spine elongation is caused by microtubule polymerization. This structural mechanism for spine elongation suggests, conversely, that synapse loss or spine shortening observed in Alzheimer's disease may be caused by depolymerization of intraspinal microtubules. The fact that a new drug, dimebon, shows promising results against memory disturbance in Alzheimer's patients and can also cause neurite outgrowth in cultured neurons may also support this idea. Amyloid activates GSK-3beta and it causes the abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau and depolymerization of axonal microtubules, resulting in the impairment of axonal transport. Normal tau is mainly present in the axon, but hyperphosphorylated tau newly distributes to the dendrites and sequesters normal tau, MAP1A/MAP1B and MAP2, and may cause disruption of intraspinal microtubules by losing the microtubule-preserving effect of MAPs. Nevertheless, it may be strongly suspected that amyloid beta may be a putative intra-spinal microtubule-depolymerizer to induce spine shortening, synaptic loss and finally the memory disturbance in Alzheimer's disease.
Fabrication and biocompatibility evaluation of a new liver tissue engineering scaffold (2009)

AIM:To fabricate a new liver tissue engineering scaffold and evaluate its biocompatibility so as to provide a reference basis to applicate in liver tissue engineering.METHODS:We chose chitosan and gelatin as the scaffold materials,New Rapid Prototyping technology and Microfabrication technology were applied to fabricate the new type liver engineering scaffold.In the following study,we seeded rat primary hepatocyte in the new scaffold,morphological and functional tests were both used to evaluate the new scaffold's biocompatibility.RESULTS:The new liver chitosan/gelatin porous scaffolds we had fabricated had high-porosity and large-surface area,which was favorable to the attachment of hepatocyte.The hepatocytes which were seeded in the scaffold had a good growing and propagation tendency during the culture period.The new scaffold had a slow uniform degradation rate and maintained good 3-D structure.CONCLUSION:The new liver chitosan/gelatin porous scaffolds we had fabricated had suitable biocompatibility,low cytotoxicity and accord with liver tissue engineering standards.
Fasting Triglycerides, High-Density Lipoprotein, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction (1997)

Our data indicate that fasting triglycerides, as a marker for triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, may provide valuable information about the atherogenic potential of the lipoprotein profile, particularly when considered in context of HDL levels.
Observations on Excess Mortality Associated with Epidemic Influenza (1961)

A total of 86,000 deaths in excess of the normally expected number occurred in the United States as a result of the 3 epidemic prevalences of influenza in the period 1957-1960. It was deemed important to characterize these 86,000 excess deaths further in order to define, as accurately as possible, those individuals at highest risk of death from influenza. The high-risk groups were demonstrated to be persons over 65 years of age, persons with certain associated chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular disease and broncho-pulmonary disease, and pregnant women. It may be anticipated that some benefit, in terms of saving of lives, would accrue if these high-risk groups were routinely immunized against influenza.
It's about more than money: financial incentives and internal motivation (2005)

The role of QSHC
Structural Analysis Provides Mechanistic Insight into Nicotine Oxidoreductase from Pseudomonas putida (2016)

The first structure of nicotine oxidoreductase (NicA2) was determined by X-ray crystallography. Pseudomonas putida has evolved nicotine-degrading activity to provide a source of carbon and nitrogen. The structure establishes NicA2 as a member of the monoamine oxidase family. Residues 1-50 are disordered and may play a role in localization. The nicotine-binding site proximal to the isoalloxazine ring of flavin shows an unusual composition of the classical aromatic cage (W427 and N462). The active site architecture is consistent with the proposed binding of the deprotonated form of the substrate and the flavin-dependent oxidation of the pyrrolidone C-N bond followed by nonenzymatic hydrolysis.
Cleavable Double-Chain Surfactants with One Cationic and One Anionic Head Group that Form Vesicles (1996)

Cleavable surfactants 1 (2-(2-[1-[2-carboxylatoethyl]alkylidene])hydrazino-N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoethanaminium bromide: a, alkyl = dodecyl; alkylidene = tridecylidene; b, alkyl = tetradecyl; alkylidene = pentadecylidene), which contain two alkyl chains and two head groups, have been prepared by the reaction of surfactants 2 (2-hydrazino-N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoethanaminium bromide: a, alkyl = dodecyl; b, alkyl = tetradecyl) with keto acids 3 (a, 4-oxohexadecanoic acid; b, 4-oxooctadecanoic acid). Surfactants 1 form vesicles, including giant vesicles observed by optical microscopy, and undergo acid-catalyzed hydrolysis at pH ca. 3, to give 2 and 3.
Systemic Therapy in Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (CSCC) (2014)

Platinum-based therapy remains as one of the standard options in advanced CSCC management. Agents to improve response rates are needed and future trials should address the use of novel targeted and new chemotherapy combinations in CSCC.
Increased Vascular Wall Thrombogenicity Combined With Reduced Blood Flow Promotes Occlusive Thrombus Formation in Rabbit Femoral Artery (2004)

Increased vascular wall thrombogenicity together with a substantial blood flow reduction is crucial for occlusive thrombus formation, and vWF plays an important role in thrombus propagation. Reduced blood flow at plaque disruption sites might contribute to thrombus propagation leading to acute coronary syndromes.
Trichodiene Synthase. Identification of Active Site Residues by Site-Directed Mutagenesis (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionTrichodiene Synthase. Identification of Active Site Residues by Site-Directed MutagenesisDavid E. Cane, Jae Hoon Shim, Qun Xue, Brian C. Fitzsimons, and Thomas M. HohnCite this: Biochemistry 1997, 36, 31, 9636Publication Date (Web):August 5, 1997Publication History Published online5 August 1997Published inissue 1 August 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi975011shttps://doi.org/10.1021/bi975011scorrectionACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views292Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (20 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The response of primary articular chondrocytes to micrometric surface topography and sulphated hyaluronic acid‐based matrices (2005)

Understanding the response of chondrocytes to topographical cues and chemical patterns could provide invaluable information to advance the repair of chondral lesions. We studied the response of primary chondrocytes to nano- and micro-grooved surfaces, and sulphated hyaluronic acid (HyalS). Cells were grown on grooves ranging from 80 nm to 9 microm in depth, and from 2 microm to 20 microm in width. Observations showed that the cells did not spread appreciably on any groove size, or alter morphology or F-actin organization, although cells showed accelerated movement on 750 nm deep grooves in comparison to flat surfaces. On chemical patterns, the cells migrated onto, and preferentially attached to, HyalS and showed a greater degree of spreading and F-actin re-arrangement. This study shows that 750 nm deep grooves and sulphated hyaluronic acid elicit responses from primary chondrocytes, and this could have implications for the future direction of cartilage reconstruction and orthopaedic treatments in general.
Probability theory for 3-layer remote sensing radiative transfer model: univariate case (2012)

A probability model for a 3-layer radiative transfer model (foreground layer, cloud layer, background layer, and an external source at the end of line of sight) has been developed. The 3-layer model is fundamentally important as the primary physical model in passive infrared remote sensing. The probability model is described by the Johnson family of distributions that are used as a fit for theoretically computed moments of the radiative transfer model. From the Johnson family we use the SU distribution that can address a wide range of skewness and kurtosis values (in addition to addressing the first two moments, mean and variance). In the limit, SU can also describe lognormal and normal distributions. With the probability model one can evaluate the potential for detecting a target (vapor cloud layer), the probability of observing thermal contrast, and evaluate performance (receiver operating characteristics curves) in clutter-noise limited scenarios. This is (to our knowledge) the first probability model for the 3-layer remote sensing geometry that treats all parameters as random variables and includes higher-order statistics.
Non-intrusive Detection of Driver Distraction using Machine Learning Algorithms (2010)

Driver's distraction has become an important and growing safety concern with the increasing use of the so-called In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS), such as cell-phones, navigation systems, etc. A very promising way to overcome this problem is to detect driver's distraction and thus to adopt in-vehicle systems accordingly, in order to avoid or mitigate the negative effects. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate a method for the non-intrusive detection of visual distraction, based on the vehicle dynamic data; in particular, we present and compare two models, applying Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM) which are well-known data-mining methods.
Complementary dimerization of microtubule-associated tau protein: Implications for microtubule bundling and tau-mediated pathogenesis (2008)

Tau is an intrinsically unstructured microtubule (MT)-associated protein capable of binding to and organizing MTs into evenly spaced parallel assemblies known as "MT bundles." How tau achieves MT bundling is enigmatic because each tau molecule possesses only one MT-binding region. To dissect this complex behavior, we have used a surface forces apparatus to measure the interaction forces of the six CNS tau isoforms when bound to mica substrates in vitro. Two types of measurements were performed for each isoform: symmetric configuration experiments measured the interactions between two tau-coated mica surfaces, whereas "asymmetric" experiments examined tau-coated surfaces interacting with a smooth bare mica surface. Depending on the configuration (of which there were 12), the forces were weakly adhesive, strongly adhesive, or purely repulsive. The equilibrium spacing was determined mainly by the length of the tau projection domain, in contrast to the adhesion force/energy, which was determined by the number of repeats in the MT-binding region. Taken together, the data are incompatible with tau acting as a monomer; rather, they indicate that two tau molecules associate in an antiparallel configuration held together by an electrostatic "zipper" of complementary salt bridges composed of the N-terminal and central regions of each tau monomer, with the C-terminal MT-binding regions extending outward from each end of the dimeric backbone. This tau dimer determines the length and strength of the linker holding two MTs together and could be the fundamental structural unit of tau, underlying both its normal and pathological action.
Induction and Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks (1993)

Induction and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) was measured using a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis system. A cell line of methotrexate-resistant EMT-6 cells that contain numerous double-minutes (DMs) 3 million base pairs in size was employed. The electrophoretic mobility of these DMs depends on whether they have zero, one, or more than one DSB. With no DSBs the DMs remain as circles and are trapped in the origin of electrophoresis, but with one DSB the DMs migrate as a discrete band and can be detected easily through hybridization with a gene-specific probe. Using a clamped homogeneous electrical field apparatus, the induction of DSBs in the 1.5 to 12 Gy X-ray dose range is studied and is shown to be linear. Double-strand break repair following 7.5 Gy is studied, and is shown to be exponential. The kinetics of both induction and repair of DSBs induced in DM DNA was compared to the induction and repair of DSBs in chromosomal DNA and is shown to be similar. The kinetics of repair of DSBs following 7.5 Gy for cells embedded in agarose and cells in suspension is shown to be similar.