gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacologically Active Sulfur-Containing Compounds (2006)

In addition to sulfur-containing compounds that form essential and indispensable constituents of all living cells, there is a plethora of less wide-spread sulfur-containing compounds with much less common and often unexpected properties, chemical structures and biological activities. Some of these compounds have long been known as efficient antibiotics. This review surveys these less known compounds with two and more sulfur atoms in their molecule. In particular, it deals with natural heterocyclic compounds isolated, e.g., from bacteria, fungi, lichens, plants, and animals but also from unusual and exotic sources such as sea invertebrates (coelenterates, sponges, tunicates, sea worms), etc. Compounds such as calicheamicins, thiazole-related compounds and epipolythiodioxopiperazines may serve as examples. Because of their vast variety, individual compounds are grouped according to their chemical structure (only compounds whose chemical structure has been identified are included). These compounds affect a huge array of organisms from microorganisms to man, and the pharmacological activities they exert range from antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal or antiprotozoan effects to regulation of gene expression, cytoskeleton disruption, immunomodulation, plant growth stimulation or inhibition, pro- or antioxidant action, effects on selected enzymes, receptors and signal transduction pathways, etc. The activities are however often known only sketchily, and this paucity of data, and the fact that the activities were tested on a diverse spectrum of test organisms, cell lines, etc., is of necessity reflected in our survey. Two seemingly trivial but important points deserve attention: (a) compounds with widely different structures and from widely different sources have often very similar pharmacological effects; (b) a slight modification in the molecule may bring vast changes in the biological effects of the compound, in terms of quality, quantity and targeting. The purpose of the review was to show both the unique and common features of these compounds and to point out their potential usefulness for mankind. Keywords: Bithiazoles, Thiopeptides, Thiazole related compounds, Thiophenes, Thiolanes, Epipolythiodioxopiperazines, Six and more membered oligosulfides, Disulfides, Enediynes
The 2009 Stock Conference Report: Inflammation, Obesity and Metabolic Disease (2009)

Obesity is linked with many deleterious health consequences and is associated with increased risk of chronic disease including type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis and certain forms of cancer. Recent work has highlighted the impact of obesity to activate inflammatory gene networks and suggests a causal function of inflammation in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Since 2005, when Dr Gokhan Hotamisligil chaired the fourth Stock Conference in Istanbul, Turkey, entitled 'Obesity and Inflammation', there has been an explosion of studies investigating the relationship between obesity, inflammation and substrate metabolism. The exuberance surrounding this field of research is exemplified by the body of work that has been published in these past 4 years, including over 1400 publications. During this time, several novel mechanisms relating to cellular inflammation have been uncovered including the role of the hematopoietic system, toll-like receptor activation, endoplasmic reticulum stress and very recently T-cell activation in obesity-induced insulin resistance. These discoveries have led us to rethink cellular nutrient sensing and its role in inflammation and metabolic disease. Despite burgeoning investigation in this field, there still remain a number of unanswered questions. This review that evolved from the 2009 Stock Conference summarizes current research and identifies the deficiencies in our understanding of this topic. The overall goal of this Stock Conference was to bring together leading investigators in the field of inflammation and obesity research in the hope of fostering new ideas, thus advancing the pursuit of novel therapeutic strategies to reduce disease risk and or better treat chronic disease including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Kinetic Studies on the Interaction of α1-Proteinase Inhibitor (Pittsburgh) with Trypsin-Like Serine Proteinases (1986)

The rates of interaction of a number of serine proteinases with a mutant form of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (referred to as alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (Pittsburgh)), in which a methionine-358 to arginine-358 mutation has occurred, have been determined. An approximately 6,000-fold increase in the second order association rate constant with human thrombin was observed (48 M-1 X s-1 for the normal protein to 3.1 X 10(5) M-1 X s-1 for the arginine mutant), confirming previously observed data using bovine thrombin (Owen, M.C., Brennan, S.O., Lewis, J.H. & Carrell, R.W. (1983) New England J. Med. 309, 694-698). However, substantial increases in the rates of association with other trypsin-like enzymes were also noted, indicating that the replacement of methionine by a basic residue affects all serine proteinases with this kind of specificity. There was a marked decrease in the rates of interaction of the Pittsburgh mutant with both human neutrophil elastase and porcine pancreatic elastase, the inhibitor being converted into lower molecular mass fragments after interaction with either enzyme. Butanedione caused a substantial loss in the inhibitory activity of the arginine mutant, while having no effect on the normal protein. These data, when compared to those previously reported for differences in reaction rates between normal and oxidized alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor (Beatty, K., Bieth, J. & Travis, J. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 3931-3934), are consistent with the interpretation that the amino acid in the P1-position at the reactive site of this protein has a marked effect on determining its primary specificity.
Loss properties due to Rayleigh scattering in different types of fiber (2003)

The effects of fiber structure on Rayleigh scattering were investigated in detail. Some step-index fibers such as GeO2- and F-doped silica-based fibers and total-internal-reflection photonic crystal fiber are examined. The Rayleigh scattering loss (RSL) depends on the fiber materials and index profiles, and different types of fiber have different dependencies on those parameters because of the different optical power confinement factors in every layer. On the basis of these results, the RSL can be optimized by adjusting the fiber structure or by selecting different materials.
Oncogenes in human tumor cell lines: molecular cloning of a transforming gene from human bladder carcinoma cells. (1982)

The presence of dominant transforming genes in human tumor cell lines has been investigated. High molecular weight DNAs isolated from cell lines established from carcinomas and sarcomas of various organs as well as from a glioblastoma and two melanomas were utilized to transfect NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts. The DNAs of T24 and A2182, two cell lines derived from a bladder and a lung carcinoma, respectively, and of HT-1080, a cell line established from a fibrosarcoma, were able to transform recipient NIH/3T3 cells. First-cycle transformants exhibited anchorage-independent growth and were tumorigenic in athymic and immunocompetent mice. Moreover, they contained human DNA sequences and were able to transmit their malignant phenotype in additional cycles of transfection. Southern blot analysis of T24-derived transformants showed that a single fragment of human DNA specifically cosegregated with the malignant phenotype, suggesting that it contained the T24 oncogene. Therefore, these human sequences were molecularly cloned with lambda Charon 9A as the cloning vector. The resulting recombinant DNA molecule, designated lambda T24-15A, was shown to contain a 15-kilobase-pair EcoRI insert of human cellular DNA. lambda T24-15A DNA (either intact or EcoRI digested) transformed NIH/3T3 fibroblasts with a specific activity of 20,000 focus-forming units per pmol of cloned DNA. Our results indicate that we have molecularly cloned a biologically active oncogene present in T24 human bladder carcinoma cells.
Single-Channel 400 Gbit/s, OTDM-32 RZ/QAM Coherent Transmission Over 225 km Using an Optical Phase-Locked Loop Technique (2010)

We describe a single-channel 400 Gbit/s (polarization-multiplexed, 10 Gsymbol/s, 4 OTDM-32 RZ/QAM) coherent transmission using an optical phase-locked loop technique with a frequency-stabilized fiber laser. 400 Gbit/s data were transmitted over 225 km.
Stereoelectronic effects in RNase‐catalysed reactions of dinucleoside phosphate cleavage (1985)

The rate at which dinucleoside phosphates are cleaved by RNases is supposed to be determined by the mole fraction of enzyme-substrate complexes in which the phosphodiester moiety of a dinucleoside phosphate has a highly reactive conformation. The mole fraction of such complexes for a particular RNase depends on the nature of a nucleoside at the O5'-end of the phosphodiester bond. Experimental data are presented to support this hypothesis.
Discovery of Novel CB2Receptor Ligands by a Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening Workflow (2008)

Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB(2) receptor) ligands are potential candidates for the therapy of chronic pain, inflammatory disorders, atherosclerosis, and osteoporosis. We describe the development of pharmacophore models for CB(2) receptor ligands, as well as a pharmacophore-based virtual screening workflow, which resulted in 14 hits for experimental follow-up. Seven compounds were identified with K(i) values below 25 microM. The CB(2) receptor-selective pyridine tetrahydrocannabinol analogue 8 (K(i) = 1.78 microM) was identified as a CB(2) partial agonist. Acetamides 12 (K(i) = 1.35 microM) and 18 (K(i) = 2.1 microM) represent new scaffolds for CB(2) receptor-selective antagonists and inverse agonists, respectively. Overall, our pharmacophore-based workflow yielded three novel scaffolds for the chemical development of CB(2) receptor ligands.
An Aromatase-Producing Sex-Cord Tumor Resulting in Prepubertal Gynecomastia (1991)

GYNECOMASTIA in prepubertal children usually results from an increase in endogenous estrogen production. Estrogen biosynthesis involves the transformation of steroid precursors to androgens and then conversion of androgens to estrogens by the enzyme aromatase. Excessive production of estrogen may result from an increase in levels of endogenous substrate, aromatase activity, or both. A model for the isolated increase in aromatase activity is the Sebright Bantam rooster, in which the aromatase activity is increased 100-fold.1 A human counterpart of the Sebright Bantam rooster has also been described in which increased aromatase activity resulted in the overproduction of estradiol and gynecomastia.2 , 3 In . . .
Dynamic linking on a shared-memory multiprocessor (1999)

This paper presents a technique for back-patching instructions in an SMP environment. This technique is used by the Jalapeno virtual machine to support dynamic class loading in Java. There is a small runtime overhead the first time a back-patch site is executed. Thereafter, it executes at the same speed as equivalent sites not requiring back-patching.
AN AUTOMATED EXECUTIVE AND MANAGERIAL PERFORMANCE MONITORING, MEASUREMENT AND REPORTING SYSTEM: (2001)

This paper puts forward the concept for a new, automated, “management by exception ” script-based network tool to monitor, address, and report deviations from corporate plan(s) in near real time via the company&amp;apos;s messaging system. In particular, this paper conceptualizes the utilization and application of tools, initially developed for network monitoring and management, in managing and measuring corporate business performance against plan(s). That is, network-type tools (IVAANs™) are used to measure, monitor and report deviations in Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) from plan(s), and accomplish this in a timely, accurate, and automatic manner, without human intervention or filtering. Senior executives need a sound analytical basis derived from accurate, valid, and timely information for short-and long-term planning and for allocating scarce resources. IVAAN ™ notices are directed and delivered to the responsible manager and other parties concerned with the respective KPI via push agents over the company’s messaging system. Further, IVAAN ™ notices may be accumulated and utilized as an objective measure of managerial and executive performance. 1. Brief Introduction and History of Measurement and Reporting Systems Since the beginning of commerce, owners and managers have been concerned with measuring performance in
Is osteoarthritis a mechanical or inflammatory disease? (2013)

Traditionally considered "wear and tear" disease, the pathogenic mechanisms of osteoarthritis have not yet been elucidated. The increasing number of articles demonstrating the influence of inflammatory factors in the onset and progression of the disease currently raises great debate in the literature about the importance of each of the factors involved in the disease. Even the choice between the terms "Osteoarthritis" and "Osteoarthrosis" generates controversy, since the first term implies the presence of inflammation as the key generator of the disease, and the latter denotes a degenerative/mechanical causal factor. The aim of this revision article is to promote a debate on the influence of inflammatory factors and mechanical factors in the pathogenesis of OA.
The contribution of epistasis to the architecture of fitness in an RNA virus (2004)

The tendency for genetic architectures to exhibit epistasis among mutations plays a central role in the modern synthesis of evolutionary biology and in theoretical descriptions of many evolutionary processes. Nevertheless, few studies unquestionably show whether, and how, mutations typically interact. Beneficial mutations are especially difficult to identify because of their scarcity. Consequently, epistasis among pairs of this important class of mutations has, to our knowledge, never before been explored. Interactions among genome components should be of special relevance in compacted genomes such as those of RNA viruses. To tackle these issues, we first generated 47 genotypes of vesicular stomatitis virus carrying pairs of nucleotide substitution mutations whose separated and combined deleterious effects on fitness were determined. Several pairs exhibited significant interactions for fitness, including antagonistic and synergistic epistasis. Synthetic lethals represented 50% of the latter. In a second set of experiments, 15 genotypes carrying pairs of beneficial mutations were also created. In this case, all significant interactions were antagonistic. Our results show that the architecture of the fitness depends on complex interactions among genome components.
Drug Use in Renal Insufficiency, Drug-induced Nephropathy. (2002)

腎障害時の投与量は, まずクレアチニンクリアランスを推定式で求め, 添付文書に従って投与量を決めるべきである。排泄経路から独断で投与量を決めない方が良い。また腎毒性のある薬剤, とくにNSAIDを腎障害例には投与しない。腎機能をさらに低下させなくても, 過剰投与が中枢神経症状等の重篤な副作用を来たす薬剤の投与量にも, 十分留意する必要がある。また添付文書には腎障害対策について記載の不備がかなりあり, 改善を必要としている。
Intravenous Contrast Material Administration at 16–Detector Row Helical CT Coronary Angiography: Test Bolus versus Bolus-tracking Technique (2004)

Bolus-tracking yields more homogeneous enhancement than does the test bolus technique.
Quantum Robots Plus Environments (1998)

A quantum robot is a mobile quantum system including an on bord quantum computer and ancillary systems, that interact with an environment of quantum systems. Quantum robots carry out tasks whose goals include carrying out measurements and physical experiments on the environment. Environments considered so far in the literature: oracles, data bases, and quantum registers, are shown to be special cases of environments considered here. It is noted that quantum robots should include a quantum computer and cannot be simply a multistate head. A model is discussed in which each task, as a sequence of computation and action phases, is described by a unitary step operator. Overall system dynamics is described in terms of a Feynman sum over paths of completed computation and action phases. A simple task example, measuring the distance between the quantum robot and a particle on a 1D space lattice, with quantum phase path and time duration dispersion present, is analyzed.
How to use central venous pressure measurements (2005)

The clinical application of central venous pressure measurement requires a good understanding of the concept of the interaction of the function of the heart with the function of the return of blood to the heart.
Hot-Spot Mix in Ignition-Scale Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets (2013)

Mixing of plastic ablator material, doped with Cu and Ge dopants, deep into the hot spot of ignition-scale inertial confinement fusion implosions by hydrodynamic instabilities is diagnosed with x-ray spectroscopy on the National Ignition Facility. The amount of hot-spot mix mass is determined from the absolute brightness of the emergent Cu and Ge K-shell emission. The Cu and Ge dopants placed at different radial locations in the plastic ablator show the ablation-front hydrodynamic instability is primarily responsible for hot-spot mix. Low neutron yields and hot-spot mix mass between 34(-13,+50) ng and 4000(-2970,+17 160) ng are observed.
In situ Surface-Selective Modification of Uniform Size Macroporous Polymer Particles with Temperature-Responsive Poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIn situ Surface-Selective Modification of Uniform Size Macroporous Polymer Particles with Temperature-Responsive Poly-N-isopropylacrylamideKen Hosoya, Etsuko Sawada, Kazuhiro Kimata, Takeo Araki, Nobuo Tanaka, and Jean M. J. FrechetCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 14, 3973–3976Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00092a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00092a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views388Altmetric-Citations64LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Functions of IL-4 and Control of Its Expression (1997)

IL-4 has been called the "prototypic immunoregulatory cytokine." Like many cytokines, it can affect a variety of target cells in multiple ways. IL-4 has an important role in regulating antibody production, hematopoiesis and inflammation, and the development of effector T-cell responses. It is produced only by a subset of activated hematopoietic cells, including T cells and FcεRl+ mast cells and basophils. Based on the different tissue distribution and access to distinct target cells, IL-4 derived from T and FcεRl+ cells may have quite different effects on these immunological processes. In view of this, as well as the clear correlation of aberrant expression with disease, it is of interest to understand the signals that regulate IL-4 expression in a cell-specific manner. Recently, progress has been made in defining the T-cell- and FcεRl-receptor-mediated signals that stimulate IL-4 gene expression. These studies have demonstrated that there are common and cell-specific signaling pathways that regulate production of this cytokine. In this review, we summarize the activities of IL-4 defined both in vitro and in vivo and compare the signals leading to IL-4 expression in cells of both T- and mast-cell lineage.
Cytolytic mechanisms of activated macrophages. Tumor necrosis factor and L-arginine-dependent mechanisms act synergistically as the major cytolytic mechanisms of activated macrophages. (1990)

We examined the cytolytic mechanisms of activated macrophages by using proteose peptone- or thioglycollate broth-induced mouse peritoneal macrophages or mouse macrophage hybridomas as effector cells, L.P3 cells, a clone of L929 cells, and P815 cells as target cells, and IFN-gamma and LPS as activators. It was determined that TNF is the main cytolytic molecule against L.P3 cells from the following results: 1) activated macrophages can produce TNF; 2) TNF shows cytotoxic activity against L.P3 cells; 3) the addition of anti-TNF antibody inhibited most of the cytolytic activity of activated macrophages against L.P3 cells. On the other hand, it was concluded that the main cytolytic mechanism against P815 cells is the production of NO2-/NO3- from L-arginine, from the following results: 1) activated macrophages can produce NO2-; 2) NaNO2 shows high cytotoxic activity against P815 cells; 3) the depletion of L-arginine from the medium inhibited most of the cytolytic activity of activated macrophages against P815 cells and NO2- production by activated macrophages. In this study, however, cytostatic effects of L-arginine-dependent effector mechanism were not studied. Thus, these results show that activated macrophages can express at least two cytolytic mechanisms independently, namely, the one that appears to be mediated by the L-arginine-dependent effector mechanism and the second that appears to be mediated directly by TNF. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that TNF and L-arginine-dependent NO2- production act synergistically as killing mechanisms of activated macrophages. These mechanisms can explain the cytolytic activity of activated macrophages against a variety of target cells.
Flavivirus DNA Vaccines—Good Science, Uncertain Future (2007)

The flaviviruses are the most medically significant vectorborne viral pathogens in the world. Yellow fever virus and the 4 dengue virus serotypes are leading causes of viral hemorrhagic fever and shock, and Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, and tickborne encephalitis virus produce tens of thousands of cases of viral encephalitis annually [1, 2]. Although considerable resources are directed toward prevention and control efforts, many extant strategiesavoidance of exposure to vectors, vector control, and vaccination-are ineffective or have uncertain or low benefits relative to