gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combustion Improvement of a Light Stratified-Charge Direct Injection Engine (2004)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In the effort to improve combustion of a Light-load Stratified-Charge Direct-Injection (LSCDI) combustion system, CFD modeling, together with optical engine diagnostics and single cylinder engine testing, was applied to resolve some key technical issues. The issues associated with stratified-charge (SC) operation are combustion stability, smoke emission, and NOx emission. The challenges at homogeneous-charge operation include fuel-air mixing homogeneity at partial load operation, smoke emission and mixing homogeneity at low speed WOT, and engine knock tendency reduction at medium speed WOT operations.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In SC operation, the fuel consumption is constrained with the acceptable smoke emission level and stability limit. With the optimization of piston design and injector specification, the smoke emission can be reduced. Concurrently, the combustion stability window and fuel consumption can be also significantly improved. The optimized piston also helps to reduce NOx emission with local mixture enrichment around the spark-plug gap and improved internal residual amount tolerance.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The study shows that one of the root causes of smoke emission at low speed WOT is liquid fuel impingement on the valve surface. The smoke emission level can be reduced with injector specification optimization. The mechanism by which split injection improves WOT performance is studied in detail. It is shown that at low speed WOT operation, the split injection improves the liquid spray distribution, thus improves the fuel-air mixing homogeneity and the engine output. At medium speed WOT operation, split injection does not have much effect on the mixing homogeneity, instead it improves the charge temperature distribution, thus reducing the knocking tendency.&lt;/div&gt;
Towards routine, quantitative two-dimensional carrier profiling with scanning spreading resistance microscopy (2001)

Recent developments in scanning spreading resistance microscopy have enabled to move the technique from the laboratory phase to a commercially available method for 2D-carrier profiling. In view of the large tip consumption methods and software have been developed to arrive at a rapid collection of calibration curves and the characterization of tips. These calibration curves have been integrated in a software package for quantification such that 2D-images can be completely quantified. Scanning Spreading Resistance Spectroscopy (SSRS) has been developed whereby full I-V curves can be collected at every pixel. These developments contribute to a better understanding of the physics of the point-contact, allow to characterize in more detail the electrical behavior of various tips and provide a unique signature for junction identification.
Mother of a New World? Stereotypical Representations of Black Women in Three Postapocalyptic Films (2014)

This essay explores three cinematic representations of Black matriarchs who play prophetic roles in redeeming humanity in the midst of apocalyptic change: Ika (Quest for Fire), Kee (Children of Men), and The Oracle (The Matrix trilogy). Not only do these courageous women resist the politics of domination, rebelling against a dying status quo, but they "give birth" to the leaders needed to rebuild a world in chaos and decay. One film ends with a pregnant woman rubbing her belly as she stands on the precipice of evolutionary change; another positions a mother and newborn adrift, waiting to be found by leaders of a new world order; in the third, a character sacrifices herself to empower resistance fighters with ideas and the means to choose their survival in a postapocalyptic world. Defying the politics of an annihilating patriarchy, these women portend a return to a naturally evolving world. However, despite their powerful influence, they can be understood, problematically, as modern-day reinventions of Black female stereotypes—Ika as Jezebel, Kee as Hagar, the Oracle as Mammy—because they, and the indices for understanding their roles in the community, are wedded to White patriarchs and to their own gendered functions as nurturing or sexual(ized) beings.
On the Piezoelectric Effect of Bone (1957)

The piezoelectric effect of bone has been observed similarly to the case of wood or ramie. The specimens were cut out from the femur of man and ox, and dried completely by heating. The piezoelectric constants were measured by three different experiments, that is, measurements of the static direct effect, the dynamic direct effect and the dynamic converse effect. The piezoelectric effect appears only when the shearing force is applied to the collagen fibres to make them slip past erch other. The magnitude of piezoelectric constant depends on the angle between the applied pressure and the axis of the bone. The maximum value of piezoelectric constant amounts to 6×10 -9 c.g.s. e.s.u., which is about one-tenth of a piezoelectric constant d 11 of quarts crystal. The specimens which were boiled in hot water and afterwards dried completely showed little change in the piezoelectric effect, the fact ascertaining that the effect is not of biological origin. The origin to piezoelectricity in bone may be ascribed to the piezoelectric effect of the crystalline micelle of collagen molecules. The consideration of the symmetry of the configulation of collagen fibres in the bone texture shows the existence of effects which are represented by only two piezoelectric constants d 14 and d 25 , which are the same in magnitude but opposite in sign.
Quantum Zeno Effect and Parametric Resonance in Mesoscopic Physics (1998)

As a realization of the quantum Zeno effect, we consider electron tunneling between two quantum dots with one of the dots coupled to a quantum point contact detector. The coupling leads to decoherence and to the suppression of tunneling. When the detector is driven with an ac voltage, a parametric resonance occurs which strongly counteracts decoherence. We propose a novel experiment with which it is possible to observe both the quantum Zeno effect and the parametric resonance in electric transport.
Menstrual phase, depressive symptoms, and allopregnanolone during short-term smoking cessation. (2013)

Preclinical literature indicates that allopregnanolone (ALLO), a neuroactive steroid metabolized from progesterone, may protect against drug abuse behaviors. It is important to understand how ALLO varies during smoking changes in clinical samples with depressive symptoms (DS) given they are at high risk of smoking relapse. The purpose of this article is to characterize changes in ALLO by menstrual phase during short-term smoking cessation among women with and without DS. At screening, study participants (n = 84) were classified as either having past or current DS (n = 48) or not (n = 36). In a controlled crossover trial design, participants completed 2 testing weeks in the follicular (F; low ALLO) and luteal (L; high ALLO) menstrual phases. During each testing week, blood samples were collected during ad libitum smoking and on the fourth day of biochemically verified smoking abstinence. Participants were, on average, 30.1 ± 6.7 years old, smoked 12.6 ± 5.7 cigarettes per day, and most (73%) were White. The change in ALLO during short-term smoking cessation varied significantly by menstrual phase such that it decreased by 10% in the follicular phase and increased by 31% in the luteal phase. There were no significant differences in ALLO levels by DS group. In premenopausal women, ALLO levels varied by menstrual phase and smoking status, but not DS. Given that other research has indicated L phase is associated with improved smoking cessation outcomes, an increase in ALLO during short-term cessation in the L phase may protect against relapse whereas a decrease in ALLO, as observed in the F phase, may increase risk for relapse.
Synthesis, Resolution, and Applications of 2,2‘-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-3,3‘- binaphtho[2,1-b]furan (2000)

[structure: see text] A short five-step synthesis of (+/-)-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-3, 3'-binaphtho[2,1-b]furan (BINAPFu, 1) starting from 2-naphthoxyacetic acid is reported. The resolution of BINAPFu 1 was possible using our newly developed resolution procedure for phosphines wherein (1S)-camphorsulfonyl azide was used to prepare the bisphosphinimine of BINAPFu via the Staundinger reaction. BINAPFu consistently outperformed BINAP in an asymmetric Heck reaction between 2,3-dihydrofuran and phenyl triflate.
Human TOP3: a single-copy gene encoding DNA topoisomerase III. (1996)

A human cDNA encoding a protein homologous to the Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I subfamily of enzymes has been identified through cloning and sequencing. Expressing the cloned human cDNA in yeast (delta)top1 cells lacking endogenous DNA topoisomerase I yielded an activity in cell extracts that specifically reduces the number of supercoils in a highly negatively supercoiled DNA. On the basis of these results, the human gene containing the cDNA sequence has been denoted TOP3, and the protein it encodes has been denoted DNA topoisomerase III. Screening of a panel of human-rodent somatic hybrids and fluorescence in situ hybridization of cloned TOP3 genomic DNA to metaphase chromosomes indicate that human TOP3 is a single-copy gene located at chromosome 17p11.2-12.
Attempts to convert the cellular prion protein into the scrapie isoform in cell-free systems (1992)

The scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) is derived from a cellular isoform (PrPC) that acquires protease resistance posttranslationally. We have used several different experimental approaches in attempts to reconstitute in vitro the processes leading to protease-resistant PrPSc molecules. In the first study, we performed mixing experiments by adding mouse PrP 27-30 (MoPrP27-30), the protease-resistant core of PrPSc, to PrPC and then incubating the mixture to investigate the possibility of heterodimer formation as a first step in prion replication. We used epitopically tagged PrP molecules, synthesized in murine neuroblastoma (N2a) cells transfected with the chimeric mouse/Syrian hamster MHM2 PrP construct, which are recognized by the Syrian hamster-specific monoclonal antibody 3F4. After as long as 24 h of incubation, the reaction mixture was assayed for heterodimeric intermediates of MHM2 PrPC and MoPrPSc and for protease-resistant 3F4-reactive PrP. We were unable to identify any aggregates of MHM2 PrPC and MoPrPSc on immunoblots; furthermore, we did not observe de novo formation of protease-resistant MHM2 PrP. In a second study, MoPrPC was metabolically radiolabeled in scrapie prion-infected N2a cultured cells, and then the cell extract was homogenized and incubated under various conditions to allow for the formation of protease-resistant MoPrPSc. We observed no radiolabeled MoPrPSc by immunoprecipitation after as long as 24 h of in vitro incubation. In a third approach, Syrian hamster PrP (SHaPrP) was synthesized in a cell-free translation system supplemented with microsomal membranes derived from either normal or scrapie prion-infected cultured cells. We found that all SHaPrP species translocated across microsomal membranes from scrapie prion-infected cells were protease sensitive in the presence of detergents and displayed the same topology as those generated by microsomes from normal cells or from dog pancreas. We also studied PrP molecules that encode the codon 102 mutation that causes the rare human prion disease Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome. On the basis of our data, GSSPrP appears to yield topological forms similar to those of the wild-type PrP when processed by either normal or scrapie prion-derived microsomes.
Application of filter sharpening to cascaded integrator-comb decimation filters (1997)

A new architecture for the implementation of high-order decimation filters is described. It combines the cascaded integrator-comb (CIC) multirate filter structure with filter sharpening techniques to improve the filter's passband response. This allows the first-stage CIC decimation filter to be followed by a fixed-coefficient second-stage filter, rather than a programmable filter, thereby achieving a significant hardware reduction over existing approaches. Furthermore, the use of fixed-coefficient filters in place of programmable-coefficient filters improves the overall throughput rate. The resulting architecture is well suited for single-chip VLSI implementation with very high data-sample rates. We discuss an example with specifications suitable for use in a wideband satellite communication subband tuner system and for signal analysis.
Recovery and Identification of West Nile Virus from a Hawk in Winter (2000)

West Nile virus was recovered from the brain of a red-tailed hawk that died in Westchester County, N.Y., in February 2000. Multiple foci of glial cells, lymphocytes, and a few pyknotic nuclei were observed in the brain. Three to 4 days after inoculation of Vero cells with brain homogenates, cytopathic changes were detected. The presence of West Nile virus antigen in fixed cells or cell lysates was revealed by fluorescent antibody testing or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. Furthermore, Reverse transcriptase-PCR with primers specific for the NS3 gene of West Nile virus resulted in an amplicon of the expected size (470 bp). Electron microscopy of thin sections of infected Vero cells revealed the presence of viral particles approximately 40 nm in diameter, within cytoplasmic vesicles. The demonstration of infection with the West Nile virus in the dead of the winter, long after mosquitoes ceased to be active, is significant in that it testifies to the survival of the virus in the region beyond mosquito season and suggests another route of transmission: in this case, prey to predator.
MPI Collective Communications on The Blue Gene/P Supercomputer: Algorithms and Optimizations (2009)

The IBM Blue Gene/P (BG/P) system is a massively parallel supercomputer succeeding BG/L, and it comes with many machine design enhancements and new architectural features at the hardware and software levels. This paper presents techniques leveraging such features to deliver high performance MPI collective communication primitives. In particular, we exploit BG/P rich set of network hardware in exploring three classes of collective algorithms: global algorithms on global interrupt and collective networks for MPI COMM WORLD; rectangular algorithms for rectangular communicators on the torus network; and binomial algorithms for irregular communicators over the torus point-to-point network. We also utilize various forms of data movements including the direct memory access (DMA) engine, collective network, and shared memory, to implement synchronous and asynchronous algorithms of different objectives and performance characteristics. Our performance study on BG/P hardware with up to 16 K nodes demonstrates the efficiency and scalability of the algorithms and optimizations.
The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction (2013)

Covers supervised learning (prediction) to unsupervised learning. This book contains topics including neural networks, support vector machines, classification trees and boosting
Game Theory for Political Scientists (1995)

Game theory is the mathematical analysis of strategic interaction. In the fifty years since the appearance of von Neumann and Morgenstern's classic Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (Princeton, 1944), game theory has been widely applied to problems in economics. Until recently, however, its usefulness in political science has been underappreciated, in part because of the technical difficulty of the methods developed by economists. James Morrow's book is the first to provide a standard text adapting contemporary game theory to political analysis. It uses a minimum of mathematics to teach the essentials of game theory and contains problems and their solutions suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in all branches of political science. Morrow begins with classical utility and game theory and ends with current research on repeated games and games of incomplete information. The book focuses on noncooperative game theory and its application to international relations, political economy, and American and comparative politics. Special attention is given to models of four topics: bargaining, legislative voting rules, voting in mass elections, and deterrence. An appendix reviews relevant mathematical techniques. Brief bibliographic essays at the end of each chapter suggest further readings, graded according to difficulty. This rigorous but accessible introduction to game theory will be of use not only to political scientists but also to psychologists, sociologists, and others in the social sciences
Mitomycin-C concentration in human ocular aqueous humor after topical administration during trabeculectomy. (1995)

After intraoperative topical application, the MMC concentration in the aqueous humor of patients is very low. The substantial loss of MMC from the swabs used for the topical MMC-treatment suggests 1. rapid systemic absorption of MMC and/or 2. a loss through irrigation of the operative field following topical MMC-application.
In vitro differentiation of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells into heoatocytes (2006)

Objective:To study differentiation of human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BDMSC) into heoatocytes for ideal cell origin of liver tissue engineering.Methods:After vary days of induction with hepatocyte growth factor(HGF) and fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF-4) in 3D Matrigel, BDMSC and heoatocyte-like cells were determined by the utilization of morphological observation, immunofluorescence of alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) and albumin(Alb)and uptake and excretion of Indocyanine green(ICG) that were special for heoatocytes. Results:After 3D-cultured and induced with HGF and FGF-4 in vitro in Matrigel for 3-7 days, BDMSCs came into heoatocyte-like cells that expressed AFP and Alb and possessed ability of uptake and excretion of ICG.Conclusion:In vitro HGF、FGF and Matrigel maybe supply a proper microenviroment and play an important role during process of heoatocytes differentiation of BDMSC. This study offered a theoretical and technical foundation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) application for liver tissue engineering.
The Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Mediates Inter-individual Variations in Anxiety and Fear (2009)

While learning to fear stimuli that predict danger promotes survival, the inability to inhibit fear to inappropriate cues leads to a pernicious cycle of avoidance behaviors. Previous studies have revealed large inter-individual variations in fear responding with clinically anxious humans exhibiting a tendency to generalize learned fear to safe stimuli or situations. To shed light on the origin of these inter-individual variations, we subjected rats to a differential auditory fear conditioning paradigm in which one conditioned auditory stimulus (CS+) was paired to footshocks whereas a second (CS-) was not. We compared the behavior of rats that received pretraining excitotoxic lesions of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) to that of sham rats. Sham rats exhibit a continuum of anxious/fearful behaviors. At one end of the continuum were rats that displayed a poor ability to discriminate between the CS+ and CS-, high contextual freezing, and an anxiety-like trait in the elevated plus maze (EPM). At the other end were rats that display less fear generalization to the CS-, lower freezing to context, and a nonanxious trait in the EPM. Although BNST-lesioned rats acquired similarly high levels of conditioned fear to the CS+, they froze less than sham rats to the CS-. In fact, BNST-lesioned rats behaved like sham rats with high discriminative abilities in that they exhibited low contextual fear and a nonanxious phenotype in the EPM. Overall, this suggests that inter-individual variations in fear generalization and anxiety phenotype are determined by BNST influences on the amygdala and/or its targets.
Cannabinoids. 1. 1-Amino- and 1-mercapto-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyrans (1977)

A series of 1-amino- and 1-mercapto-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyrans was synthesized and subsequently evaluated in three rodent test systems for CNS activity. The structure-activity data generated indicate that, in general, a change of the 1-hydroxy group to an amine results in a retention of pharmacological activity but that a change to sulfur results in loss of pharmacological activity. Derivatization of the 1-amino group with various functions decreased the activity of the parent compound. For optimum potency, in all series, the 3-position alkyl side chain should be either 1,1- or 1,2-dimethylheptyl. With either the 1-hydroxy- or 1-amino-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-3-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-6,6,9-trimethyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran (4c or 10c), preparation of the optically active antipodes did not lead to any great degree of spearation of activity. Both of the antipodes possess pharmacological activity as measured in these rodent test systems.
Nitric oxide decreases cytosolic free calcium in Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts by a cyclic GMP-independent mechanism. (1991)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of NO on cytosolic calcium levels in Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts that were previously shown to lack soluble guanylate cyclase activity. Authentic NO as well as two NO-generating vasodilators, S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine and isosorbide dinitrate, decreased cytosolic calcium in these fibroblasts. The effect of NO and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine was concentration-dependent and, for the most part, reversible. Since S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine did not increase either cGMP or cAMP, NO did not increase cGMP, and 8-bromo-cGMP did not alter cytosolic free calcium, we conclude that NO decreases cytosolic free calcium by a cyclic nucleotide-independent mechanism in Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts.
Acute Energetic Effects of Daunomycin on Rabbit Heart Muscle (1985)

The acute effects of daunomycin on the mechanical and energetic outputs of rabbit papillary muscles have been examined at 27 degrees C using a myothermic technique. Contrary to expectations, daunomycin, in concentrations ranging from 10 to 160 micrograms/ml, acted as a positive inotropic agent in terms of peak stress development and work output. The rate of stress development was, however, slightly depressed, and the major mechanical effect of the drug was to prolong the relaxation phase so that there were large drug-dependent increments in the stress-time integral. Daunomycin at a concentration of 80 micrograms/ml produced a 22% increment in peak stress development and a 74% increment in stress-time integral. The linear relationship between total (active + passive) stress and heat production was altered such that there was a 73% increment in the activation heat component (intercept) and a 37% increase in the energy cost per unit stress development (slope). In afterloaded isotonic contractions, daunomycin increased the mean work output (W; averaged over all load levels) by 49%, but there was an even greater increment in the associated energy expenditure, ET, which rose by 66%. Consequently, the overall mechanical efficiency (W/ET X 100%) fell slightly. It is concluded that, in the rabbit, daunomycin in the acute situation increases total calcium delivery to the myofilaments and decreases the "apparent" transduction efficiency. These acute effects are the opposite of those reported in papillary muscles taken from rabbits in cardiac failure induced by chronic daunomycin administration. The short-term effects of daunomycin in the rabbit differ substantially from those seen in the rat and guinea pig.