gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF CITATION DATA IN WRITING THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE (1964)

Abstract : A study is reported which tested the hypothesis that citation indexes are useful heuristic tools for the historian. In this approach, the history of science is regarded as a chronological sequence of events in which each new discovery is dependent upon earlier discoveries. Models of history were constructed consisting of chronological maps or topological network diagrams. Two such models were used here. The first is based on the events in the history of DNA as described by Dr. Isaac Asimov in the Genetic Code. The second is based on the bibliographic citation data contained in the documents which are the original published studies of events represented in the Asimov book. The interdependencies of linkages among 40 major events (nodes) included in both network diagrams were mapped and compared. The study confirmed 65% (28 of 43) of the historical dependencies in the Asimov network by corresponding linkages established by citations. In addition, 31 citation connections were found which did not correspond to any historical dependencies noted in The Genetic Code.
Modulation of major histocompatibility complex Class I molecules and major histocompatibility complex—bound immunogenic peptides induced by interferon-α and interferon-γ treatment of human glioblastoma multiforme (2004)

Interferon-alpha and IFN-gamma can significantly upregulate the MHC Class I molecules that are expressed on the cell surface of human GBM cells as well as the potentially immunogenic peptides bound to the MHC. These results may help explain the molecular basis for increased immunogenicity with IFN treatment of human GBMs and might provide added insight into the design of future antitumor vaccines for human brain tumors.
Fluorescent Bisphosphonate and Carboxyphosphonate Probes: A Versatile Imaging Toolkit for Applications in Bone Biology and Biomedicine (2015)

A bone imaging toolkit of 21 fluorescent probes with variable spectroscopic properties, bone mineral binding affinities, and antiprenylation activities has been created, including a novel linking strategy. The linking chemistry allows attachment of a diverse selection of dyes fluorescent in the visible to near-infrared range to any of the three clinically important heterocyclic bisphosphonate bone drugs (risedronate, zoledronate, and minodronate or their analogues). The resultant suite of conjugates offers multiple options to "mix and match" parent drug structure, fluorescence emission wavelength, relative bone affinity, and presence or absence of antiprenylation activity, for bone-related imaging applications.
Chemical Characterization and Quantification of Proteoglycans in Human Post-Burn Hypertrophic and Mature Scars (1996)

1. Samples of normal skin from four patients, post-burn hypertrophic scar from five patients and post-burn mature scar from six patients were analysed for hydroxyproline, water and uronic acid and extracted with guanidinium chloride to yield the proteoglycan pool. A large chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan and biglycan were purified from one hypertrophic scar biopsy and decorin from a normal skin biopsy, by ion-exchange chromatography, gel-filtration and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. These purified proteoglycans were used in an inhibition ELISA assay to estimate the quantities of each in the tissue samples. 2. Samples of post-burn hypertrophic scar had on average 30% less hydroxyproline, 12% more water and 2.4 times as much uronic acid as normal skin. These differences were all statistically significant, whereas the small differences between mature scars and normal skin were not. The content of decorin in hypertrophic scars was only 25% of that in normal skin whereas the large chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan and biglycan were each about 6-fold higher. The mature scars had slightly elevated levels of large chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan and biglycan and a reduced content of decorin compared with normal skin but these differences were not statistically significant. 3. The results suggest that aberrant proteoglycan metabolism is a significant factor contributing to the altered physical properties of hypertrophic scars and that maturation of post-burn scars is dependent on a return of the relative proportions and concentrations of proteoglycans to those characteristic of normal dermis.
Successful reconstitution of human hematopoiesis in the SCID-hu mouse by genetically modified, highly enriched progenitors isolated from fetal liver. (1997)

Highly purified CD34++CD38-Lin- hematopoietic progenitors isolated from human fetal liver were infected with the murine retroviral vector, MFG nls-LacZ, which encodes a modified version of the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase gene. Progenitors that were cocultured with the packaging cell line could reconstitute human bone marrow or thymus implanted in SCID-hu mice. Expression of the beta-galactosidase gene was observed in primitive and committed clonogenic progenitors, mature myeloid, B-lineage cells, and T-lineage cells for up to 4 months after injection into SCID-hu mice. Furthermore, hematopoietic reconstitution by genetically modified progenitor cells could be achieved by the injection of the cells generated from as few as 500 CD34++CD38-Lin- cells, suggesting efficient retroviral gene transfer into fetal liver progenitors.
Dynamic path modification for car-like nonholonomic mobile robots (2002)

A method combining planning and reactive control for car-like nonholonomic mobile robots is discussed. Firstly, a "bubble" for a car-like mobile robot is defined as the locally reachable space from a given configuration considering the obstacles and using the appropriate metric. Then a flexible feasible trajectory, based on the elastic band concepts, is constructed. This trajectory is smoothed using Bezier curves satisfying a minimum curvature constraint, and a parameterization is proposed which satisfies the robot kinematics constraints.
An analysis of B-cell epitope discontinuity (2012)

Although it is widely acknowledged that most B-cell epitopes are discontinuous, the degree of discontinuity is poorly understood. For example, given that an antigen having a single epitope that has been chopped into peptides of a specific length, what is the likelihood that one of the peptides will span all the residues belonging to that epitope? Or, alternatively, what is the largest proportion of the epitope's residues that any peptide is likely to contain? These and similar questions are of direct relevance both to computational methods that aim to predict the location of epitopes from sequence (linear B-cell epitope prediction methods) and window-based experimental methods that aim to locate epitopes by assessing the strength of antibody binding to synthetic peptides on a chip. In this paper we present an analysis of the degree of B-cell epitope discontinuity, both in terms of the structural epitopes defined by a set of antigen-antibody complexes in the Protein Data Bank, and with respect to the distribution of key residues that form functional epitopes. We show that, taking a strict definition of discontinuity, all the epitopes in our data set are discontinuous. More significantly, we provide explicit guidance about the choice of peptide length when using window-based B-cell epitope prediction and mapping techniques based on a detailed analysis of the likely effectiveness of different lengths.
Malignant Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Stabilization of liver metastasis after gastrectomy with resection of primary tumor. (1990)

A case of malignant gastrinoma of the jejunum and jejunal mesentery, with findings of metastasis in the liver was studied. Tumor resection and remnant gastrectomy, as well as liver biopsy, were performed. Of all the tumors removed, the metastatic tumor had the lowest gastrin content, which was 1.5 times that found in normal human antral mucosa. The gastrin distribution was of four peaks and one peak for the main tumor, versus two peaks for the metastatic tumor in which G17 was the main component. Seven years after the operation, computed tomography (CT) scan indicated there was stabilization of the liver metastasis, and now, ten years after the total gastrectomy, the patient is well and working full-time. Such an analysis can be of value in determining the prognosis in cases of malignant gastrinoma with liver metastasis.
Cross-linking organic semiconducting molecules by preferential C-H cleavage via “chemistry with a tiny hammer” (2007)

In the context of collision-induced dissociation in chemistry and kinematics in physics, we have determined that a beam of hyperthermal protons can be used as tiny hammers to preferentially break the C-H bonds of hydrocarbon precursor molecules adsorbed on a conductive substrate with little damage to other chemical bonds. The activated molecules are thereby converted to a cross-linked molecular network, with its chemical properties tailored by the preservation of the chemical functional groups of the precursors and with its physical properties tuned by the degree of cross-linking. This chemistry with a tiny hammer process is adopted to induce inter-chain cross-linking of the semiconducting molecular chains in poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) molecular films and to raise the electrical conductivity and stability of the molecular films. The results exemplify the unusual reaction design of this process as well as its application in electronic and optoelectronic device fabrication. The application is particularly attractive because the process does not require any chemical additives or catalysts other than a beam of protons, and it needs no thermal budget.Key words: organic semiconductor, polymeric semiconductor, cross-linking, polymer, collision, dissociative collision, molecular electronics, device fabrication.
Gain of function properties of mutant p53 proteins at the mitotic spindle cell cycle checkpoint. (2000)

Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene locus predispose human cells to chromosomal instability. This is due in part to interference of mutant p53 proteins with the activity of the mitotic spindle and postmitotic cell cycle checkpoints. Recent data demonstrates that wild type p53 is required for postmitotic checkpoint activity, but plays no role at the mitotic spindle checkpoint. Likewise, structural dominant p53 mutants demonstrate gain-of-function properties at the mitotic spindle checkpoint and dominant negative properties at the postmitotic checkpoint. At mitosis, mutant p53 proteins interfere with the control of the metaphase-to-anaphase progression by up-regulating the expression of CKs1, a protein that mediates activatory phosphorylation of the anaphase promoting complex (APC) by Cdc2. Cells that carry mutant p53 proteins overexpress CKs1 and are unable to sustain APC inactivation and mitotic arrest. Thus, mutant p53 gain-of-function at mitosis constitutes a key component to the origin of chromosomal instability in mutant p53 cells.
Implications of Hierarchical Complexity for Social Stratification, Economics, and Education (2008)

The institutionalization of systems of informed consent in market economies has exaggerated rather than minimized the meritocractic effect of such economies. In developing economies, it may help reduce both inherent economic gaps and effects of inherited wealth. In both cases, the highest paid people are those whose performances evidence the highest hierarchical complexity, and lowest paid people have the lowest stages of performance. Society is stratified according to stage of performance. Postformal thought is more likely to develop in graduate level education. Higher education has the effect of further stratifying individuals by stage of performance, rather than equalizing opportunity.
Individual and combined effects of relaxin, estrogen, and progesterone in ovariectomized gilts. II. Effects on mammary development (1994)

Marked development of the mammary parenchyma (ducts, lobules, and alveoli) occurs during the last third of the 115-day gestation period in the gilt. These changes in the mammary gland are temporally correlated with elevated blood levels of relaxin, estrogen, and progesterone. We recently demonstrated that relaxin plays a major role in promoting the development of the mammary parenchyma that occurs in pregnant gilts. The roles of estrogen and progesterone in the mammary gland in gilts remain poorly understood. Accordingly, this study determined the influence of relaxin, estrogen, and progesterone, individually and in combination, on mammary development. Fifteen days after ovariectomy, six to eight nonpregnant sexually mature gilts were assigned to one of the following eight treatment groups: ovariectomized controls, relaxin treated, estrogen treated, progesterone-treated, estrogen plus relaxin treated, progesterone plus relaxin treated, estrogen plus progesterone treated and progesterone plus estrogen plus relaxin treated. Treatment was given for 10 days, with doses of relaxin (0.5 mg, four times daily), estradiol benzoate (1 mg, twice daily), and progesterone (50 mg, twice daily) selected to provide blood levels similar to those occurring between days 100-110 of gestation. The fourth mammary gland from the anterior end was collected. The cross-sectional area of the parenchymal tissue was used to measure the extent of parenchymal development. To examine mammary parenchymal development in more detail, the effect of hormone treatment on lobulo-alveolar development was conducted using morphometric analysis. Relaxin alone had little effect on mammary development, and estrogen alone stimulated mammary development only modestly. In contrast, combined treatment with estrogen and relaxin stimulated mammary development markedly. Progesterone alone had no effect on lobulo-alveolar development, but, surprisingly, when administered in combination with relaxin, progesterone reduced the organization of the collagen fibrils of the mammary stroma. In conclusion, this study is consistent with recent reports that relaxin plays an important role in the development of the mammary gland in gilts. Moreover, it demonstrates that relaxin acts in concert with estrogen to stimulate development of the mammary parenchyma. Finally, this study demonstrates that relaxin in concert with progesterone decreases the organization of the collagen matrix surrounding the growing mammary gland. This study is consistent with the view that relaxin, estrogen, and progesterone all very likely play roles in the development of the mammary gland in gilts.
Dynamic behavior of slowly-responsive congestion control algorithms (2001)

The recently developed notion of TCP-compatibility has led to a number of proposals for alternative congestion control algorithms whose long-term throughput as a function of a steady-state loss rate is similar to that of TCP. Motivated by the needs of some streaming and multicast applications, these algorithms seem poised to take the current TCP-dominated Internet to an Internet where many congestion control algorithms co-exist. An important characteristic of these alternative algorithms is that they are slowly-responsive, refraining from reacting as drastically as TCP to a single packet loss.However, the TCP-compatibility criteria explored so far in the literature considers only the static condition of a fixed loss rate. This paper investigates the behavior of slowly-responsive, TCP-compatible congestion control algorithms under more realistic dynamic network conditions, addressing the fundamental question of whether these algorithms are safe to deploy in the public Internet. We study persistent loss rates, long- and short-term fairness properties, bottleneck link utilization, and smoothness of transmission rates.
Active Sensing of Target Location Encoded by Cortical Microstimulation (2011)

Cortical microstimulation has been proposed as a method to deliver sensory percepts to circumvent damaged sensory receptors or pathways. However, much of perception involves the active movement of sensory organs and the integration of information across sensory and motor modalities. The efficacy of cortical microstimulation in such an active sensing paradigm has not been demonstrated. We report a novel behavioral paradigm which delivers microstimulation in real-time based on a rat's movements and show that rats can perform sensorimotor integration with electrically delivered stimuli. Using a real-time whisker tracking system, we delivered microstimulation in barrel cortex of actively whisking rats when their whisker crossed a particular spatial location which defined the target. Rats learned to integrate microstimulation cues with their knowledge of whisker position to infer target location along the rostro-caudal axis in less than 200 ms. In a separate experiment, we found that rats trained to respond to cortical microstimulation responded similarly to whisker deflections while ignoring auditory distracters, suggesting that barrel cortex stimulation may be perceptually similar to somatosensory stimuli. This ability to deliver sensory percepts using cortical microstimulation in an active sensing system might have significant implications for the development of sensorimotor neuroprostheses.
Preparation of a multicolored reflective electrochromic display based on monodisperse polymeric microspheres with N‐substituted viologen pendants (2007)

Abstract This article describes the preparation of multicolored reflective electrochromic displays (R‐ECDs) through the control of the substituents on viologen molecules. Cyanophenyl, salicylic, and alkyl groups were introduced onto 4,4′‐bipyridine. The synthesized viologen moieties were reacted with methyl chloride functional groups on polymeric microspheres, which were prepared by seeded polymerization. Then, R‐ECD cells were fabricated by the placement of a mixture of the viologen‐modified polymeric microspheres and an electrolyte between sandwiched indium tin oxide glasses. The R‐ECDs showed an inherent white background without potential because the micrometer‐range particles scattered the light, and the viologen was in a bleached state. From spectrophotometric results and visual appearances, it was confirmed that the devices showed red, green, and blue colors with respect to cyanophenyl‐, salicylic‐, and alkyl‐substituted viologen pendants when 2.7 V was applied to the device. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Conditionally immortalized cell lines with differentiated functions established from temperature‐sensitive T‐antigen transgenic mice (1997)

A variety of cell lines with differentiated functions are required to study tissue functions at cellular and molecular levels. Using transgenic mice harbouring ubiquitously expressing the temperature-sensitive T-antigen (ts T-antigen) gene of simian virus 40 (SV40), many cell lines were generated. The properties of these established lines suggested that their growth was dependent on T-antigen, and that they retained some of the differentiated functions of each particular tissue. A possible use of these cell lines for tissue functions in vitro is discussed.
Two different, on the same silica supported metallocene catalysts, activated by various trialkylaluminums – a kinetic and morphological study as well as an experimental investigation for building stereoblock polymers (1999)

The main focus of this study is the development of new polypropylene macromolecules. The simultaneous supporting of two metallocenes that manufacture polyolefins of different tacticity on the same silica should yield stereoblock polymers of polypropylene, if a chain transfer between the active species takes place. As chain transfer agents two aluminumalkyls (cocatalyst and scavenger) of distinct steric demands were chosen. Two catalyst systems were studied. The first was based on a PQ-silica/MAO on which the two metallocene catalysts rac-Me2Si[Ind]2ZrCl2 (isotactic working species) and i-Pr[FluCp]-ZrCl2 (syndiotactic working species) were fixed. For the second the components rac-Me2Si[IndR2]2ZrCl2 and i-Pr[FluCp]-ZrCl2 were fixed to a Grace Silica/MAO-support. The influence of the type of silica, of MAO-content, of the kind of scavenger and of the supporting procedure on the microstructure, the kinetics and the morphology of the product were investigated.
Does sputum eosinophilia predict the response to systemic corticosteroids in children with difficult asthma? (2007)

Little evidence exists to guide the management of children with difficult asthma. The aim of this study was to determine whether children with difficult asthma, associated with sputum eosinophilia, are more likely to benefit from further treatment with high-dose systemic corticosteroids, compared to those without sputum eosinophilia. Induced sputum was obtained from 20 children aged between 8 and 15 years with difficult asthma before and after a systemic corticosteroid trial (prednisolone 40 mg/day for 14 days or a single 80 mg dose of intramuscular triamcinolone). Subjects were defined as "eosinophilic" if the baseline sputum eosinophil percentage was > or = 2.5% or "non-eosinophilic" if < 2.5%. Clinical response to the corticosteroid trial was assessed using spirometry and clinical data and defined by an increase in pre-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) > 9% predicted and/or an overall subjective improvement. Seventeen children had evidence of satisfactory adherence to the systemic corticosteroid treatment; eight of these were "eosinophilic" and nine were "non-eosinophilic" subjects. Following the trial there was a similar clinical improvement in both groups, with FEV1 increasing in both the "eosinophilic" and "non-eosinophilic" groups (median change in FEV1 16 [range 5-54]% vs. 12.5 [1-29]% predicted). Sputum eosinophils fell in the "eosinophilic" group (median 17.5 [range 3-37]% vs. 0 [0-23]%, P = 0.054), with no change in the "non-eosinophilic" group (0 [0-2]% vs. 0 [0-1]%, P = 0.12). Sputum neutrophils did not change in either the "eosinophilic" (22.5 [5-50]% vs. 25 [0-91]%) or the "non-eosinophilic" group (27.5 [0-96] vs. 44 [9-96]%). In conclusion children with difficult asthma may benefit clinically from high-dose systemic corticosteroids even in the absence of sputum eosinophilia.
Evaluation of Legume Hay Based Complete Rations in Sheep (2002)

Four isonitrogenous complete rations were formulated with stylo Stylosanthus hemata CR-LF, horse gram Dolichos biflorus; CR-2), cowpea (Vigna sinensis; CR-3) and sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea; CR-4) hays each at 70 percent level to compare their inclusion by using 6 lambs (3 months; average body weight 14 kg)for each diet. During the feeding trial of 91 days higher (P<0.01) ADG was observed with horse gram hay based complete ration (CR-2). Daily DM intake (g/d or g/kg W0.75/d) was significantly higher (P<0.05) with rations containing Stylosanthus as well as cowpea hay, where as higher feed efficiency was observed with ration containing horse gram hay compared to others. A metabolism trial conducted at the end of feeding trial revealed apparently higher digestibility coefficients of CP and EE accompanying higher (P<0.05) N retention (g/d) upon feeding of complete ration containing horse gram hay. Based on the present investigation it can be concluded that among the rations evaluated the complete ration containing horse gram hay at 70% level was considered to be superior for sheep.
Hypothermia Does Not Improve Outcome From Traumatic Brain Injury (2005)

Therapeutic hypothermia is a potentially dangerous treatment with a very narrow therapeutic index. It is of proven benefit in certain conditions, including post ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest and intermediate severity neonatal asphyxia. It is of no benefit and may cause harm in other contexts, such as elective neurovascular surgery. In traumatic brain injury there has been much provocative early evidence. While it is clear that hypothermia decreases intracranial pressure, a major phase III trial demonstrated no improvement in neurological outcomes with hypothermia, in an unselected group of patient with severe head injury. More focused phase III trials are underway but until the results are known this treatment should not be offered to patients outside the context of a clinical trial.