gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced [2 + 2] Cycloadditions (the Paterno—Buechi Reaction) of 1‐Acetylisatin with Enol Ethers — Regioselectivity, Diastereoselectivity and Acid Catalyzed Transformations of the Spirooxetane Products. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Nicotine and tetrahydroaminoacradine: Evidence for improved attention in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (1994)

Abstract A placebo‐controlled, single‐blind study investigated the effects of administering three acute doses of nicotine (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg) to a group of patients suffering from dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), and to young and aged normal controls. Performance on objective computerised tests provided evidence for improvements in attentional function rather than memory, in patients with mild to moderate DAT. Despite the lack of drug effect on mnemonic ability, these results demonstrate that DAT patients have significant attentional deficits which can be remediated by nicotine administration. They add to the growing body of evidence that the cholinergic system is involved in the control of attentional processes; and are substantiated by the findings of a second study examining the use of a chronic dose of the cholinesterase inhibitor THA, as a treatment for DAT. In this study, effects on both subjective clinical rating scales and objective computerised tests were assessed. In regard to the former, analysis of the three main clinical outcome measures showed statistically significant effects of the drug on the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS), but not on the Activities of Daily Living scale (ADL). Using objective computerised CANTAB tests, sensitive to specific aspects of memory and attention, evidence was found for improvements in attentional function rather than memory, in patients with mild to moderate DAT. These data will clearly provide important comparative data for future investigations of putative cognitive enhancing drugs in DAT sufferers. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NMR study of 4‐deoxy‐α‐L‐threo‐4‐enohexopyranosyluronic acid (1 → 3)2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐D‐hexoses produced in the enzymic digestion of hyaluronate, chondroitin and chondroitin sulfates (1970)

Abstract The conformation of 4‐deoxy‐α‐ L ‐ threo ‐4‐enohexopyranosyluronic acid (1 → 3)2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐d‐hexoses was analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. The half‐chair (H 1 2 ) conformation was found in the unsaturated uronide moiety and the chair ( Cl ) conformation in the hexosamine moiety.
Frontolimbic glutamate alterations in first episode schizophrenia: Evidence from a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study (2008)

Glutamatergic dysfunction has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this study we performed absolute-quantification short-echo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in nine patients with first episode schizophrenia and 32 group-matched control subjects to test the hypothesis of glutamatergic dysfunction at disease onset. Regions of interest were the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the left hippocampus. In the patient group absolute concentrations of glutamate were significantly higher in the prefrontal cortex and near-significantly higher in the hippocampus. The glutamate signals significantly correlated with rating scores for schizophreniform symptoms. Absolute-quantification [1H]MRS can reveal glutamatergic abnormalities which might play an important role in the pathogenesis and course of schizophrenia.
Sensing skin acceleration for slip and texture perception (2003)

The authors present a scheme for sensing small accelerations of the outer skin covering the fingers of a manipulator. The sensor is constructed with a thin rubber skin covering a soft inner layer of foam rubber. This decouples the skin from the manipulator structure, isolating it from structural vibrations and facilitating the tracking of object surfaces. An accelerometer attached to the inner surface of the skin measures the large local accelerations produced when areas of the skin catch and snap back as the sensor moves against a surface. The authors present experimental confirmation of the ability to detect the onset of slip, and discuss the sensor response to various surface texture parameters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
SynCAM, a Synaptic Adhesion Molecule That Drives Synapse Assembly (2002)

Synapses, the junctions between nerve cells through which they communicate, are formed by the coordinated assembly and tight attachment of pre- and postsynaptic specializations. We now show that SynCAM is a brain-specific, immunoglobulin domain-containing protein that binds to intracellular PDZ-domain proteins and functions as a homophilic cell adhesion molecule at the synapse. Expression of the isolated cytoplasmic tail of SynCAM in neurons inhibited synapse assembly. Conversely, expression of full-length SynCAM in nonneuronal cells induced synapse formation by cocultured hippocampal neurons with normal release properties. Glutamatergic synaptic transmission was reconstituted in these nonneuronal cells by coexpressing glutamate receptors with SynCAM, which suggests that a single type of adhesion molecule and glutamate receptor are sufficient for a functional postsynaptic response.
Effect of Particle Aggregation on the Mechanical Properties of a Reinforced Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Sol−Gel Composite (2008)

Sol−gel materials are often reinforced through the addition of particulate fillers to improve their mechanical properties, such as toughness or stiffness. Related studies of filled polymeric materials suggest that the effectiveness of added reinforcements may depend sensitively on the state of particulate aggregation in the composites. In some systems and situations, aggregates are found to enhance properties, while in others they are deleterious. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of state of aggregation of alumina nanoparticle fillers on the mechanical properties of a GPS sol−gel hybrid composite. Aggregates of different sizes were produced at loadings of 3.6, 7.5, and 16.8 volume percent in the GPS sol−gel monoliths by inducing aggregation through the addition of varying amounts of tetrasodium pyrophospate (TSPP). The small amounts of TSPP required to induce varying states of aggregation did not affect the properties of the gel in the absence of the particles. Unaggregated particles or small aggregates were found to impart significant improvements in the mechanical properties of the gel, but at a particular critical aggregate size and beyond, the cured material cracked and crumbled. The critical size was found to correspond roughly to an effective aggregate volume fraction of 0.64 in the final composite, suggestive of a randomly close-packed aggregate structure.
Ground truth dataset and baseline evaluations for intrinsic image algorithms (2009)

The intrinsic image decomposition aims to retrieve “intrinsic” properties of an image, such as shading and reflectance. To make it possible to quantitatively compare different approaches to this problem in realistic settings, we present a ground-truth dataset of intrinsic image decompositions for a variety of real-world objects. For each object, we separate an image of it into three components: Lambertian shading, reflectance, and specularities. We use our dataset to quantitatively compare several existing algorithms; we hope that this dataset will serve as a means for evaluating future work on intrinsic images.
Inhibition of C1s-Induced Vascular Leakage in Guinea Pigs by Substituted Benzamidine and Pyridinium Compounds (1977)

A variety of benzamidine and pyridinium compounds were examined for their ability to inhibit irreversibly C1s-induced vascular leakage in guinea pig skin. Vascular leakage was compared with esterolysis of N-Z-L-Tyr-Np and catalysis of EAC42 formation by C1s. Vascular leakage correlated significantly better with esterolytic activity than with EAC42 formation. The presence of a sulfonyl fluoride moiety in the compounds is important in the inhibition of C1s-induced vascular leakage.
User interface support for the integration of software tools: an iconic model of interaction (1988)

This paper presents a model of interaction based on an iconic representation of objects. An application of the model to an iconic shell for Unix™ is described. Finally a client server architecture for the implementation of the model is introduced. We show that a software development environment can take advantage of such a model and architecture in order to provide a consistent, adaptable and extensible user interface.
Imaging needle for optical coherence tomography (2000)

We describe a miniature optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging needle that can be inserted into solid tissues and organs to permit interstitial imaging of their internal microstructures with micrometer scale resolution and minimal trauma. A novel rotational coupler with a glass capillary tube is also presented that couples light from a rotating single-mode fiber to a stationary one. A prototype needle with a 27-gauge (approximately 410-microm) outer diameter has been developed and is demonstrated for in vivo imaging. The OCT needle can be integrated with standard excisional biopsy devices and used for OCT-guided biopsy.
[Randomized study comparing piroxicam analgesia and tramadol analgesia during outpatient electromagnetic extracorporeal lithotripsy]. (2006)

Piroxicam and tramadol are two analgesics commonly used in clinical practice and both are suitable for the treatment of pain during outpatient extracorporeal lithotripsy.
Preparation of Polyfunctional Zinc Organometallics Using an Fe- or Co-Catalyzed Cl/Zn-Exchange (2011)

A new Fe- or Co-catalyzed Cl/Zn-exchange reaction allows the direct transformation of aryl, heteroaryl, and also alkyl chlorides into the corresponding zinc reagents. The method tolerates functional groups such as a nitrile or an ester. Remarkably, secondary and tertiary alkyl chlorides are suitable substrates for the Cl/Zn exchange.
Molecular Basis for Heterogeneity of the Human p53 Protein (1986)

The human p53 tumor antigen comprises several physically distinct proteins. Two p53 proteins, separable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, are expressed by the human transformed cell line SV-80. The individual cDNAs which code for these proteins were isolated and constructed into the SP6 transcription vector. The proteins encoded by these clones were identified by in vitro transcription with the SP6 vector and translation in a cell-free system. p53-H-1 and p53-H-19 cDNA clones code for the faster- and slower-migrating p53 protein species, respectively, of SV-80. The in vitro-expressed proteins of p53-H-1 and p53-H-19 had the same antigenic determinants and were structurally indistinguishable from their in vivo counterparts. By expressing defined restricted cDNA fragments in vitro, the region of heterogeneity between the respective cDNAs was located at the 5' end of the cDNAs. Exchanging the 5' fragments of interest and expressing the chimeric clones in vitro confirmed that the DNA heterogeneity was responsible for the difference in the electrophoretic mobility of these proteins. The sequences of the two cDNAs revealed a single base pair difference (G versus C) in the coding region of the clones. This sequence difference resulted in an arginine being coded for in clone p53-H-1 and a proline being coded for at the equivalent position in clone p53-H-19. This variation accounted for the change in the electrophoretic mobility of the individual p53 protein species.
Ultrasensitive Monitoring of HIV-1 Viral Load by a Low-Cost Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay with Internal Control for the 5′ Long Terminal Repeat Domain (2006)

This method offers all features of commercial assays and covers all relevant genotypes. It could allow general monitoring of antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings.
Oxysterols induce interleukin‐1β production in human macrophages (2002)

Abstract Background Oxysterols are biologically active molecules generated during the oxidation of low‐density lipoprotein or formed enzymatically in vivo . In the atherosclerotic plaque newly recruited macrophages may be exposed to oxysterols present in the plaque. How these oxysterols affect the expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in macrophages is not known. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate how oxysterols regulate the expression and secretion of IL‐1β in human monocyte‐derived macrophages. Methods The IL‐1β messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was analysed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, and the IL‐1β protein secretion was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Results A significant, dose‐dependent increase in the secretion of IL‐1β was given by 25‐hydroxycholesterol without the addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At a concentration of 2·5 µg mL −1 this increase was similar to that obtained by endotoxin (LPS, 1 µg mL −1 ). A transient increase in IL‐1β mRNA expression was found in macrophages incubated with 25‐hydroxycholesterol compared with untreated controls. In addition, 25‐hydroxycholesterol dramatically increased the IL‐1β secretion induced by LPS. At a concentration of 5 µg mL −1 of 25‐hydroxycholesterol the LPS‐induced IL‐1β secretion was increased by about 25‐fold. A similar tendency, but not so consistent, was found for 27‐hydroxycholesterol. Conclusions Our results show that oxysterols, and 25‐hydroxycholesterol in particular, may modulate the inflammatory response in human macrophages. Consequently the presence of oxysterols in atherosclerotic tissue may dramatically influence the effect of inflammation.
How DNA Travels between the Separate Polymerase and 3′-5′-Exonuclease Sites of DNA Polymerase I (Klenow Fragment) (1989)

The polymerase and 3'-5'-exonuclease activities of the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I are located on separate structural domains of the protein, separated by about 30 A. To determine whether a DNA primer terminus can move from one active site to the other without dissociation of the enzyme-DNA complex, we carried out reactions on a labeled DNA substrate in the presence of a large excess of unlabeled DNA, to limit observations to a single enzyme-DNA encounter. The results indicated that while Klenow fragment is capable of intramolecular shuttling of a DNA substrate between the two catalytic sites, the intermolecular pathway involving enzyme-DNA dissociation can also be used. Thus, there is nothing in the protein structure or the reaction mechanism that dictates a particular means of moving the DNA substrate. Instead, the use of the intermolecular or the intramolecular pathway is determined by the competition between the polymerase or exonuclease reaction and DNA dissociation. When the substrate has a mispaired primer terminus, DNA dissociation seems generally more rapid than exonucleolytic digestion. Thus, Klenow fragment edits its own polymerase errors by a predominantly intermolecular process, involving dissociation of the enzyme-DNA complex and reassociation of the DNA with the exonuclease site of a second molecule of Klenow fragment.
Guideline on the selection and use of therapeutic products to treat haemophilia and other hereditary bleeding disorders (2008)

Evidence-based guidelines are presented on the selection and use of therapeutic products to treat haemophilia and other hereditary bleeding disorders. They include details of therapeutic products available in the UK and they update and replace previous United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Doctors' Organisation guidelines.
Properties of Zn-doped GaN. II. Photoconductivity (1974)

A drastic change is observed in the electron concentration and in the photoconductivity spectrum of GaN as the Zn concentration is increased. The photoconductivity peak shifts to higher energies by about 70 meV, the exponential edge of the spectrum steepens by a factor of 3, and the sensitivity to visible radiation disappears. These changes are tentatively attributed to an abrupt decrease in bandtailing when Zn preferentially occupies N sites above a critical Zn concentration.
Prevention of leukostasis and vascular leakage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy via intercellular adhesion molecule-1 inhibition (1999)

Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of adult vision loss and blindness. Much of the retinal damage that characterizes the disease results from retinal vascular leakage and nonperfusion. This study shows that diabetic retinal vascular leakage and nonperfusion are temporally and spatially associated with retinal leukocyte stasis (leukostasis) in the rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Retinal leukostasis increases within days of developing diabetes and correlates with the increased expression of retinal intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). ICAM-1 blockade with a mAb prevents diabetic retinal leukostasis and vascular leakage by 48.5% and 85.6%, respectively. These data identify the causal role of leukocytes in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and establish the potential utility of ICAM-1 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for the prevention of diabetic retinopathy.
Feedback inhibition of fully unadenylylated glutamine synthetase from Salmonella typhimurium by glycine, alanine, and serine. (1993)

Bacterial glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) was previously shown to be inhibited by nine end products of glutamine metabolism. Here we present four crystal structures of GS, complexed with the substrate Glu and with each of three feedback inhibitors. The GS of the present study is from Salmonella typhimurium, with Mn2+ ions bound, and is fully unadenylylated. From Fourier difference maps, we find that L-serine, L-alanine, and glycine bind at the site of the substrate L-glutamate. In our model, these four amino acids bind with the atoms they share in common (the "main chain" +NH3-CH-COO-) in the same positions. Thus on the basis of our x-ray work, glycine, alanine, and serine appear to inhibit GS-Mn by competing with the substrate glutamate for the active site.
No transmission of hepatitis E virus in pigs fed diets containing commercial spray-dried porcine plasma: a retrospective study of samples from several swine trials (2014)

To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting presence of HEV AB titer and RNA in SDPP. Retrospective analysis of serum collected from pigs fed diets with SDPP revealed no indication of seroconversion to HEV. The results indicate that feeding SDPP in diets for pigs does not represent a risk of transmitting HEV, even though HEV genome may be detected in SDPP.
Botulinum toxin for simple motor tics (2001)

Botulinum toxin reduced treated tic frequency and the urge associated with the treated tic. Despite these changes, patients did not report an overall benefit from the treatment. Careful consideration of the contribution of the target tic to the patient's disability is needed before making treatment decisions.
Going beyond the sandbox: an overview of the new security architecture in the java TM development Kit 1.2 (1997)

This paper describes the new security architecture that has been implemented aspart of JDK1.2, the forthcoming JavaTM Development Kit. In going beyond the sandbox security model in the original release of Java, JDK1.2 provides fine-grained access control via an easily configurable security policy. Moreover, JDK1.2 introduces the concept of protection domain and a few related security primitives that help to make the underlying protection mechanism more robust.
Multiobjective search in VLSI design (2002)

Many optimization problems in VLSI design involve multiple, conflicting and non-commensurate objectives. The multiobjective approach, which models each objective by a scalar-valued criterion and attempts to find all non-dominated solutions, is a natural and efficient alternative to the conventional practice of combining all objectives into a single optimization criterion. In this paper we illustrate the multiobjective search approach MObj By applying it on two well known problems in VLSI, namely the scheduling problem in high level synthesis and the channel routing problem in layout synthesis. The efficiency of MObj and its linear space version SMObj is demonstrated by comparing their performances with multiobjective generalizations of the single objective strategies A* and DFBB.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Real-Time, Multi-Perspective Perception for Unmanned Ground Vehicles (2018)

The most challenging technical problems facing successful autonomous UGV operation in off-road environments are reliable sensing and perception. In this paper, we describe our progress over the last year toward solving these problems in Phase II of DARPA’s PerceptOR program. We have developed a perception system that combines laser, camera, and proprioceptive sensing elements on both ground and air platforms to detect and avoid obstacles in natural terrain environments. The perception system has been rigorously tested in a variety of environments and has improved over time as problems have been identified and systematically solved. The paper describes the perception system and the autonomous vehicles, presents results from some experiments, and summarizes the current capabilities and limitations.
Stability of Gold Nanoparticle‐Bound DNA toward Biological, Physical, and Chemical Agents (2005)

Positively charged trimethylammonium-modified mixed monolayer protected clusters (MMPCs) interact with DNA by complementary electrostatic binding, serving as efficient DNA delivery systems. The stability of gold nanoparticle-bound DNA toward biological, physical, and chemical agents is investigated. The MMPC-bound DNA is efficiently protected from DNAse I digestion and experiences nicking/cleavage-induced morphology changes with higher concentrations of DNAse I. Significant protection of MMPC-bound DNA was also observed in a physical sonication assay. However, the MMPC-bound DNA was found to show enhanced cleavage upon exposure to chemically induced radicals. The latter may indicate that bound DNA is bent and wrapped on the surface of the cationic MMPC.
Eye gaze estimation from a single image of one eye (2003)

We present a novel approach, called the "one-circle " algorithm, for measuring the eye gaze using a monocular image that zooms in on only one eye of a person. Observing that the iris contour is a circle, we estimate the normal direction of this iris circle, considered as the eye gaze, from its elliptical image. From basic projective geometry, an ellipse can be back-projected into space onto two circles of different orientations. However, by using an anthropometric property of the eyeball, the correct solution can be disambiguated. This allows us to obtain a higher resolution image of the iris with a zoom-in camera and thereby achieving higher accuracies in the estimation. The robustness of our gaze determination approach was verified statistically by the extensive experiments on synthetic and real image data. The two key contributions are that we show the possibility of finding the unique eye gaze direction from a single image of one eye and that one can obtain better accuracy as a consequence of this.
An international effort towards developing standards for best practices in analysis, interpretation and reporting of clinical genome sequencing results in the CLARITY Challenge (2014)

The CLARITY Challenge provides a comprehensive assessment of current practices for using genome sequencing to diagnose and report genetic diseases. There is remarkable convergence in bioinformatic techniques, but medical interpretation and reporting are areas that require further development by many groups.