gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Subcortical efferent projections of the medial geniculate nucleus mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli (1984)

The purpose of this study was to identify the afferent link in the neural pathway which mediates emotional responses coupled to auditory stimuli. We evaluated whether autonomic and behavioral responses elicited by acoustic conditioned emotional stimuli are based on afferent information derived from the auditory cortex or from the auditory thalamic relay station, the medial geniculate nucleus (MG), in rats. The rat auditory cortex was defined through anterograde neuroanatomical tracing studies involving the injection of HRP into MG. Lesions were then placed in the auditory cortex or in MG. After 10 to 20 days the rats were subjected to classical fear conditioning trials involving the pairing of a pure tone with electric footshock. Changes in mean arterial pressure and heart rate and the duration of immobilization ("freezing") and drink suppression elicited by presentation during extinction trials (no footshock) of the acoustic conditioned emotional stimulus were measured. Auditory cortex lesions did not affect the magnitude of the mean arterial pressure or heart rate conditioned responses nor the duration of freezing or drink suppression. In contrast, lesions of MG suppressed the magnitude of both the autonomic and somatomotor (behavioral) conditioned emotional responses but did not affect either autonomic or somatic responses elicited by the footshock unconditioned stimulus. Lesions of the inferior colliculus, the primary source of afferent input to MG, replicated the effects of MG lesions. These findings demonstrate that lesions of MG and lower auditory centers, but not lesions of the auditory cortex, block autonomic and behavioral conditioned emotional responses coupled to acoustic stimuli and indicate that subcortical rather than cortical efferents of MG sustain these responses. Our concurrent observation that MG projects to several subcortical areas (central and lateral amygdala; caudate-putamen; ventromedial hypothalamus) involved in emotional behavior and autonomic function suggests hypotheses concerning subsequent links in this emotional processing pathway.
Excitatory amino acids in synaptic transmission in the Schaffer collateral‐commissural pathway of the rat hippocampus. (1983)

1. The effects of excitatory amino acids and some antagonists applied by ionophoresis to stratum radiatum in the CA1 region of rat hippocampal slices were examined on the locally recorded field e.p.s.p. evoked by stimulation of the Schaffer collateral-commissural projection. 2. L-glutamate, L-aspartate and the more potent and selective excitatory amino acids quisqualate, kainate and N-methyl-DL-aspartate (NMA) depressed the e.p.s.p., presumably through depolarization and/or a change in membrane conductance. 3. The depression induced by kainate considerably outlasted the period of ejection whereas NMA depressions were rapidly reversible and were often followed by a potentiation of the e.p.s.p. In higher doses NMA also depressed the presynaptic fibre volley. The possible involvement of these effects in neurotoxicity and synaptic plasticity is raised. 4. The selective NMA antagonist, DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (APV) applied in doses which abolished responses to NMA, had no effect on the e.p.s.p. but prevented long term potentiation (l.t.p.) of synaptic transmission evoked by high frequency stimulation of the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway. Other antagonists which had little or no effect on normal synaptic transmission included D-alpha-aminoadipate (DAA), the optical isomers of 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (APB) and L-glutamate diethylester (GDEE). 5. In contrast, gamma-D-glutamylglycine (DGG), applied in amounts which affected quisqualate and kainate actions as well as those of NMA, was an effective synaptic antagonist whilst having no effect on the presynaptic fibre volley. 6. These results indicate that the synaptic receptor in the Schaffer collateral-commissural pathway may be of the kainate or quisqualate type. Although NMA receptors do not appear to be involved in normal synaptic transmission in this pathway they may play a role in synaptic plasticity. The interaction of L-glutamate and L-aspartate with these receptors is discussed.
A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ agonist promotes reverse cholesterol transport (2001)

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are dietary lipid sensors that regulate fatty acid and carbohydrate metabolism. The hypolipidemic effects of the fibrate drugs and the antidiabetic effects of the glitazone drugs in humans are due to activation of the alpha (NR1C1) and gamma (NR1C3) subtypes, respectively. By contrast, the therapeutic potential of the delta (NR1C2) subtype is unknown, due in part to the lack of selective ligands. We have used combinatorial chemistry and structure-based drug design to develop a potent and subtype-selective PPARdelta agonist, GW501516. In macrophages, fibroblasts, and intestinal cells, GW501516 increases expression of the reverse cholesterol transporter ATP-binding cassette A1 and induces apolipoprotein A1-specific cholesterol efflux. When dosed to insulin-resistant middle-aged obese rhesus monkeys, GW501516 causes a dramatic dose-dependent rise in serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol while lowering the levels of small-dense low density lipoprotein, fasting triglycerides, and fasting insulin. Our results suggest that PPARdelta agonists may be effective drugs to increase reverse cholesterol transport and decrease cardiovascular disease associated with the metabolic syndrome X.
Neuroimaging in Epilepsy (1996)

Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Woodruff Memorial Research Building, Room 6107, 1639 Pierce Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322
Statistical Year Book 1954. (1955)

Statistical Year Book 1954 Get access Statistical Year Book 1954. Tin, Tinplate, Canning. Preface by William Fox. The Hague, International Tin Study Group, 1954. 260 pp. Maps. Chart. 10¾″×8½″. 55s. $7.70. Glds. 29.50. M. G. M. G. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 31, Issue 2, April 1955, Pages 222–223, https://doi.org/10.2307/2604370 Published: 01 April 1955
The early stages of solid-state reactions in Ni/Al multilayer films (1996)

Ni/Al multilayer films with pair thicknesses of 10 and 20 nm and with overall compositions in the range 48–88 at. % Al were prepared by sputtering. For comparison, Ni-Al alloy films in the same concentration range were prepared by co-deposition of the elements. The films were studied by x-ray diffraction, electron diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. It was found that the B2 NiAl phase with a metastable concentration of approximately 63 at. % Al was the first phase to grow upon annealing of the multilayer films. The growth of this phase could be described by Johnson–Mehl–Avrami kinetics with an activation energy of 0.8 eV and an Avrami exponent of 0.5. This low activation energy was consistent with the observation that the phase had formed during deposition and continued to grow upon annealing at low temperatures to thicknesses of a few nanometers. If the reactant phases were not fully consumed by the B2 phase growth, the subsequent reaction was the formation of NiAl3, previously thought to be the first product phase in the Ni-Al system. The reduction of driving force by the preceding B2 phase growth explains why the formation of NiAl3 takes place by a nucleation-and-growth process, an observation that has been discussed controversially in the recent literature. The nucleation and growth of NiAl3 had an activation energy of 1.5 eV in agreement with previous studies.
Localization of the Major NF-κB-activating Site and the Sole TRAF3 Binding Site of LMP-1 Defines Two Distinct Signaling Motifs (1997)

The TRAF3 molecule interacts with the cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus (COOH terminus) of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded oncogene LMP-1. NF-kappaB activation is a downstream signaling event of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) molecules in other signaling systems (CD40 for example) and is an event caused by LMP-1 expression. One region capable of TRAF3 interaction in LMP-1 is the membrane-proximal 45 amino acids (188-242) of the COOH terminus. We show that this region contains the only site for binding of TRAF3 in the 200-amino acid COOH terminus of LMP-1. The site also binds TRAF2 and TRAF5, but not TRAF6. TRAF3 binds to critical residues localized between amino acids 196 and 212 (HHDDSLPHPQQATDDSG), including the PXQX(T/S) motif, that share limited identity to the CD40 receptor TRAF binding site (TAAPVQETL). Mutation of critical residues in the TRAF3 binding site of LMP-1 that prevents binding of TRAF2, TRAF3, and TRAF5 does not affect NF-kappaB-activating potential. Deletion mapping localized the major NF-kappaB activating region of LMP-1 to critical residues in the distal 4 amino acids of the COOH terminus (383-386). Therefore, TRAF3 binding and NF-kappaB activation occur through two separate motifs at opposite ends of the LMP-1 COOH-terminal sequence.
Infant Regulatory Disorders: Temperamental, Physiological, and Behavioral Features (2010)

Infants with RD have both temperamental and physiological regulation difficulties and may be in a physiological state that makes it difficult to moderate behavior in response to social demands. Mothers of RD infants might be taught to modify their behavior to help their infants to regulate behavioral and physiological state.
Therapeutic Potential of the Inhibition of the Retinoic Acid Hydroxylases CYP26A1 and CYP26B1 by Xenobiotics (2013)

Retinoic acid (RA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, is an important endogenous signaling molecule regulating cell cycle and maintenance of epithelia. RA isomers are also used as drugs to treat various cancers and dermatological diseases. However, the therapeutic uses of RA isomers are limited due to side effects such as teratogenicity and resistance to treatment emerging mainly from autoinduction of RA metabolism. To improve the therapeutic usefulness of retinoids, RA metabolism blocking agents (RAMBAs) have been developed. These inhibitors generally target the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes because RA clearance is predominantly mediated by P450s. Since the initial identification of inhibitors of RA metabolism, CYP26 enzymes have been characterized as the main enzymes responsible for RA clearance. This makes CYP26 enzymes an attractive target for the development of novel therapeutics for cancer and dermatological conditions. The basic principle of development of CYP26 inhibitors is that endogenous RA concentrations will be increased in the presence of a CYP26 inhibitor, thus, potentiating the activity of endogenous RA in a cell-type specific manner. This will reduce side effects compared to administration of RA and allow for more targeted therapy. In clinical trials, inhibitors of RA metabolism have been effective in treatment of psoriasis and other dermatological conditions as well as in some cancers. However, no CYP26 inhibitor has yet been approved for clinical use. This review summarizes the history of development of RAMBAs, the clinical and preclinical studies with the various structural series and the available knowledge of structure activity relationships of CYP26 inhibitors.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte therapy with donor T cells prevents and treats adenovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infections after haploidentical and matched unrelated stem cell transplantation (2009)

Viral infection or reactivation remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. We now show that infusions of single cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lines (5 x 10(6)-1.35 x 10(8) cells/m(2)) with specificity for 2 commonly detected viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and adenovirus, can be safely administered to pediatric transplantation recipients receiving partially human leukocyte antigen-matched and haploidentical stem cell grafts (n = 13), without inducing graft-versus-host disease. The EBV-specific component of the CTLs expanded in vivo and persisted for more than 12 weeks, but the adenovirus-specific component only expanded in vivo in the presence of concomitant adenoviral infection. Nevertheless, adenovirus-specific T cells could be detected for at least 8 weeks in peripheral blood, even in CTL recipients without viral infection, provided the adenovirus-specific component of their circulating lymphocytes was first expanded by exposure to adenoviral antigens ex vivo. After infusion, none of these 13 high-risk recipients developed EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disease, while 2 of the subjects had resolution of their adenoviral disease. Hence, bispecific CTLs containing both EBV- and adenovirus-specific T cells can safely reconstitute an antigen responsive "memory" population of CTLs after human leukocyte antigen-mismatched stem cell transplantation and may provide antiviral activity. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00590083.
The role of Bifidobacterium lactis B94 plus inulin in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in children (2015)

Treatment with 5 × 1010 CFU of B. lactis B94 plus 900 mg inulin shortened the duration of acute watery diarrhea by an average of 31 h. This decrease was most pronounced in cases of Rotavirus diarrhea.
Cell-free DNA as a measure of transplant injury. (2012)

Organ transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage organ failure. The donor organ in the recipient body experiences several immune and non-immune related insults. Improved immunosuppressive drugs and surgical techniques and procedures have helped in the short-term outcome in terms of graft survival. However, in the absence of effective and specific methods of monitoring the transplanted organ, the long-term outcome is still far from satisfactory. Currently available methods are far from optimal as they are either not specific or are invasive. This reality has inspired several groups to look for more effective and semi- or noninvasive methods of diagnosis of transplant injury. Cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA) has been considered a diagnostic biomarker for different health issues including transplant injury. In this review, we have summarized the current status of the utility of cfDNA measurement in the blood and biofluids of solid organ transplant patients as a non-invasive biomarker of allograft injury.
Enzyme Replacement Therapy Prevents Dental Defects in a Model of Hypophosphatasia (2011)

Hypophosphatasia (HPP) occurs from loss-of-function mutation in the tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP) gene, resulting in extracellular pyrophosphate accumulation that inhibits skeletal and dental mineralization. TNALP-null mice (Akp2(-/-)) phenocopy human infantile hypophosphatasia; they develop rickets at 1 week of age, and die before being weaned, having severe skeletal and dental hypomineralization and episodes of apnea and vitamin B(6)-responsive seizures. Delay and defects in dentin mineralization, together with a deficiency in acellular cementum, are characteristic. We report the prevention of these dental abnormalities in Akp2(-/-) mice receiving treatment from birth with daily injections of a mineral-targeting, human TNALP (sALP-FcD(10)). sALP-FcD(10) prevented hypomineralization of alveolar bone, dentin, and cementum as assessed by micro-computed tomography and histology. Osteopontin--a marker of acellular cementum--was immuno-localized along root surfaces, confirming that acellular cementum, typically missing or reduced in Akp2(-/-) mice, formed normally. Our findings provide insight concerning how acellular cementum is formed on tooth surfaces to effect periodontal ligament attachment to retain teeth in their osseous alveolar sockets. Furthermore, they provide evidence that this enzyme-replacement therapy, applied early in post-natal life--where the majority of tooth root development occurs, including acellular cementum formation--could prevent the accelerated tooth loss seen in individuals with HPP.
Adenovirus-Mediated Inducible Gene Expression in Vivo by a Hybrid Ecdysone Receptor (2000)

Precise control of transgene expression would markedly facilitate certain applications of gene therapy. To regulate expression of a transferred gene in response to an exogenous compound in vivo, we modified the ecdysone-responsive system. We combined the advantages of the Drosophila (DmEcR) and the Bombyx ecdysone receptor (BmEcR) by creating a chimeric Drosophila/Bombyx ecdysone receptor (DB-EcR) that preserved the ability to bind to the modified ecdysone promoter without exogenous retinoid X receptor (RXR). In cultured cells, DB-EcR effectively mediates ligand-dependent transactivation of a reporter gene at lower concentrations of the chemical ecdysone agonist GS-E than VgRXR (DmEcR + RXR). Transgene delivery in vivo was achieved by intramyocardial injection of recombinant adenovirus vectors in adult rats. Upon stimulation with GS-E, DB-EcR potently (>40-fold induction) activated gene expression in vivo while VgRXR was not induced. This hybrid ecdysone receptor represents an important new tool for in vivo transgene regulation with potentially diverse applications in somatic and germline transfer.
Free-Radical-Scavenging and Antioxidant Activities of Secondary Metabolites from Reddened Cv. Annurca Apple Fruits (2006)

Forty-three secondary metabolites were isolated and characterized from cv. Annurca apple fruit, an apple variety cultivated in the south of Italy. This apple cultivar undergoes a typical reddening treatment after collection. All of the compounds were characterized on the basis of their spectroscopic data. The compounds were tested for their radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities by measuring their capacity to scavenge DPPH* (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical), H2O2, and NO (nitric oxide) and to inhibit the formation of methyl linoleate conjugated diene hydroperoxides or TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive species).
Current Progress on Understanding MicroRNAs in Glioblastoma Multiforme (2012)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive grade IV astrocytoma with a 1-year median survival rate despite current treatment modalities. A thorough understanding of the vast genetic aberrations and signaling pathways involved in gliomagenesis as well as heterogeneous clinicopathological presentation remains elusive. The recent discovery of microRNAs (miRs) and their capability of simultaneously regulating multiple downstream genes may play a key role in explaining the complex mechanisms underlying GBM formation. miRs are 19 to 25 nucleotide non-protein-coding small RNA molecules involved in the suppression of mRNA translation. This review will summarize and discuss the most recent findings regarding miRs in GBM including downstream targets, functional effects, and therapeutic potentials. Specifically discussed miRs include miR-7, miR-9/miR-9*, miR-10a/miR-10a*/miR-10b, miR-15b, miR-17-92, miR-21, miR-26a, miR-34a, miR-93, miR-101, miR-124, miR-125a, miR-125b, miR-128, miR-137, miR-146b-5p, miR-153, miR-181a/miR-181b, miR-196a/miR-196b, miR-218, miR-221/miR-222, miR-296, miR-302-367, miR-326, miR-381, miR-451, and let-7a. In addition to gene regulatory roles, miRs have demonstrated significant diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential. These small molecules may both help in the understanding of GBM and in developing new therapeutic options.
The Effects of Varying Degrees of Pressure Delivered by Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy on Skin Perfusion (2005)

Vacuum-assisted closure (V.A.C. Therapy) uses 2 distinct types of foams, with different physical characteristics: the black polyurethane (PU) foam and the white polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) foam. This prospective, randomized study evaluates the response of cutaneous blood flow (CBF) in healthy intact forearm skin to varying V.A.C. Therapy negative pressures and both foam types. Continuous negative pressure was used in the range of 25-500 mmHg. Skin blood flow was measured with noninvasive laser Doppler probes incorporated into the foam. Significant increase in CBF was found with both foams up to negative pressure of 300 mmHg, with over 5-fold increase (mean: 5.57; SD: 3.32) with the PU foam and nearly 3-fold increase (mean: 2.87; SD: 1.29) with the PVA foam. Comparison of blood flow at baseline and at a negative pressure of 300 mmHg showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). No decrease in blood flow below baseline was observed during the experiments.
C-HiLasso: A Collaborative Hierarchical Sparse Modeling Framework (2011)

Sparse modeling is a powerful framework for data analysis and processing. Traditionally, encoding in this framework is performed by solving an <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">l</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> -regularized linear regression problem, commonly referred to as Lasso or Basis Pursuit. In this work we combine the sparsity-inducing property of the Lasso at the individual feature level, with the block-sparsity property of the Group Lasso, where sparse groups of features are jointly encoded, obtaining a sparsity pattern hierarchically structured. This results in the Hierarchical Lasso (HiLasso), which shows important practical advantages. We then extend this approach to the collaborative case, where a set of simultaneously coded signals share the same sparsity pattern at the higher (group) level, but not necessarily at the lower (inside the group) level, obtaining the collaborative HiLasso model (C-HiLasso). Such signals then share the same active groups, or classes, but not necessarily the same active set. This model is very well suited for applications such as source identification and separation. An efficient optimization procedure, which guarantees convergence to the global optimum, is developed for these new models. The underlying presentation of the framework and optimization approach is complemented by experimental examples and theoretical results regarding recovery guarantees.
Antigenic characterization of human and animal rotaviruses by immune adherence hemagglutination assay (IAHA): evidence for distinctness of IAHA and neutralization antigens (1981)

An immune adherence hemagglutination assay (IAHA) and a modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antigenic characterization of human rotaviruses were developed. The designations of type 1 and type 2 were identical to those established previously by specific complement fixation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immune electron microscopy. By IAHA (and modified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) certain animal rotaviruses were found to be closely related to human rotavirus type 1. The pattern of IAHA reactivity and the cell culture neutralization serotype were found to be distinct properties. The separation of neutralization and IAHA reactivity was apparent when animal rotaviruses which were distinguishable from each other by neutralization assays were found to share IAHA specificity. Further evidence for the dissociation of the neutralization and IAHA specificities was found in studies of human and bovine rotaviruses which underwent genetic reassortment during coinfection. Thus, it appeared that the IAHA and neutralization antigens were coded for by different genes. In view of these findings, we suggest that the term serotype be reversed to identify the antigen that reacts with neutralizing antibodies as is customary for other viruses and that the term subgroup (instead of serotype) be used for the specificity detected by specific complement fixation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and now IAHA.
Modeling of the Feed-Through Wideband (DC to 12.4 GHz) Sampling-Head (2005)

A model is developed from dimensional and electrical measurements in conjunction with electromagnetic and electronic theory. Calculations based on the model predict step resuonse transition durations of 27.5 to 30.5 ps for gate bias values of -1.76 to -1.63 volts.