gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physical and Antimicrobial Properties of Peppermint Oil Nanoemulsions (2012)

The mixture of peppermint oil (PO) with medium-chain triacylglycerol was emulsified in water and stabilized with a food-grade biopolymer, modified starch, to form PO nanoemulsions. The effects of emulsifying conditions including homogenization pressure, the number of processing cycles, and oil loading on the mean diameters and viscosities of nanoemulsions were characterized by dynamic light scattering, optical microscopy, and rheological measurements. The formulated PO nanoemulsions with mean diameters normally <200 nm showed high stability over at least 30 days of storage time. Their antimicrobial properties related to those of PO have also been evaluated by two assays, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and time-kill dynamic processes, against two Gram-positive bacterial strains of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Compared with bulk PO, the PO nanoemulsions showed prolonged antibacterial activities. The results suggest that the nanoemulsion technology can provide novel applications of essential oils in extending the shelf life of aqueous food products.
Automated carbohydrate synthesis to drive chemical glycomics (2003)

This feature article describes the development of the first automated solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesizer. A series of chemical challenges had to be addressed to accomplish this breakthrough and provide rapid access to oligosaccharides of biological significance. Accelerated synthesis of glycoconjugates promises to greatly impact the emerging field of glycobiology. Chemical glycomics uses synthetic carbohydrates and analogs to study their role in recognition, signal transduction pathways and other events of fundamental biomedical significance and shapes up to become the next major wave in biomedical research. The automated synthesis of a novel malaria vaccine candidate is discussed to illustrate the medical potential of chemical glycomics.
Mirtazapine: efficacy and tolerability in comparison with fluoxetine in patients with moderate to severe major depressive disorder. Mirtazapine-Fluoxetine Study Group. (1998)

We found that mirtazapine was as well tolerated as fluoxetine and significantly more effective after 3 and 4 weeks of therapy.
C.M.O.S. devices fabricated on buried SiO 2 layers formed by oxygen implantation into silicon (1978)

Buried SiO2, layers were formed by oxygen-ion (14O+) implantation into silicon. The impurity distribution of the oxygen-implanted silicon substrate was analysed by auger spectroscopy. The epitaxially-grown silicon layer on this substrate showed a good monocrystalline structure, and a 19-stage c.m.o.s. ring oscillator exhibited high performance in operation.
Direct palladium-mediated on-resin disulfide formation from Allocam protected peptides (2017)

The synthesis of disulfide-containing polypeptides represents a long-standing challenge in peptide chemistry, and broadly applicable methods for the construction of disulfides are in constant demand. Few strategies exist for on-resin formation of disulfides directly from their protected counterparts. We present herein a novel strategy for the on-resin construction of disulfides directly from Allocam-protected cysteines. Our palladium-mediated approach is mild and uses readily available reagents, requiring no special equipment. No reduced peptide intermediates or S-allylated products are observed, and no residual palladium can be detected in the final products. The utility of this method is demonstrated through the synthesis of the C-carboxy analog of oxytocin.
Mucolipidosis type IV is caused by mutations in a gene encoding a novel transient receptor potential channel (2000)

Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is a developmental neurodegenerative disorder characterized by severe neurologic and ophthalmologic abnormalities. The MLIV gene, ML4 (MCOLN1), has recently been localized to chromosome 19p13.2-13.3 by genetic linkage. Here we report the cloning of a novel transient receptor potential cation channel gene and show that this gene is mutated in patients with the disorder. ML4 encodes a protein, which we propose to call mucolipin, which has six predicted transmembrane domains and is a member of the polycystin II subfamily of the Drosophila transient receptor potential gene family. The role of a potential receptor-stimulated cation channel defect in the pathogenesis of mucolipidosis IV is discussed.
Chemotherapeutic susceptibility of human bone marrow progenitor cells and human myelogenous leukemia cells (HMO) in co‐culture: Preliminary report (1984)

We determined the chemotherapeutic susceptibility of normal human granulocyte progenitor cells (CFU-C) and acute myelogenous leukemia cells (HL-60) in co-culture. Nucleated bone marrow cells and HL-60 cells were mixed in 0.3% agar containing McCoy's 5A medium, fetal bovine serum, human placenta-conditioned medium, and various concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents. They were incubated in 5% humidified CO2 at 37 degrees C for 8-10 days. CFU-C and HL-60 colonies were differentiated morphologically. The formation of CFU-C was progressively inhibited with the increasing number of HL-60 cells, whereas the presence or absence of bone marrow cells did not influence the number of HL-60 colonies. In separate culture, HL-60 cells were more sensitive to vincristine than were CFU-C cells. In co-culture, however, the CFU-C became more sensitive to vincristine than in the separate culture. Similarly, co-culture CFU-C were more sensitive to daunorubicin than in separate culture. These data indicate that HL-60 leukemic cells exert inhibitory effects on normal bone marrow CFU-C; in such an inhibited state, normal bone marrow is more susceptible to certain chemotherapeutic agents.
Searching for the successful hospitality follower. A case study in Followership (2012)

This paper adopts a qualitative approach to identify and analyse the meaning of followership in the hospitality industry. Interviews, utilising a semi structured questionnaire, will be undertaken to examine how followers in the New Zealand hospitality industry construct their roles as followers. The findings of this paper will contribute to the understanding of followership in the hospitality industry. Indications will be provided to hospitality leaders as well as educators in the field to assist in facilitating their training programs in hospitality management and leadership.
Boosting chain learning for object detection (2003)

A general classification framework, called boosting chain, is proposed for learning boosting cascade. In this framework, a "chain" structure is introduced to integrate historical knowledge into successive boosting learning. Moreover, a linear optimization scheme is proposed to address the problems of redundancy in boosting learning and threshold adjusting in cascade coupling. By this means, the resulting classifier consists of fewer weak classifiers yet achieves lower error rates than boosting cascade in both training and test. Experimental comparisons of boosting chain and boosting cascade are provided through a face detection problem. The promising results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness made by boosting chain.
Therapeutic Antibodies for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer (2010)

Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with the worst mortality rate and an overall 5-year survival rate lower than 5%. In the U.S., this disease is the fourth leading cause of death and represents 6% of all cancer-related deaths. Gemcitabine, the current standard first-line treatment, offers marginal benefits to patients in terms of symptom control and prolongation of life. Since 1996, about 20 randomized phase III trials have been performed to improve the efficacy of gemcitabine, with little success regarding a significant improvement in survival outcomes. The need for novel therapeutic strategies, such as target therapy, is obvious. Monoclonal antibodies have finally come of age as therapeutics and several molecules are now approved for cancer therapies. This review aims to give a general view on the clinical results obtained so far by antibodies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and describes the most promising avenues toward a significant improvement in the treatment of this frustrating disease.
Cardiac p300 Is Involved in Myocyte Growth with Decompensated Heart Failure (2003)

A variety of stresses on the heart initiate a number of subcellular signaling pathways, which finally reach the nuclei of cardiac myocytes and cause myocyte hypertrophy with heart failure. However, common nuclear pathways that lead to this state are unknown. A zinc finger protein, GATA-4, is one of the transcription factors that mediate changes in gene expression during myocardial-cell hypertrophy. p300 not only acts as a transcriptional coactivator of GATA-4, but also possesses an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity. In primary cardiac myocytes derived from neonatal rats, we show that stimulation with phenylephrine increased an acetylated form of GATA-4 and its DNA-binding activity, as well as expression of p300. A dominant-negative mutant of p300 suppressed phenylephrine-induced nuclear acetylation, activation of GATA-4-dependent endothelin-1 promoters, and hypertrophic responses, such as increase in cell size and sarcomere organization. In sharp contrast to the activation of cardiac MEK-1, which phosphorylates GATA-4 and causes compensated hypertrophy in vivo, p300-mediated acetylation of mouse cardiac nuclear proteins, including GATA-4, results in marked eccentric dilatation and systolic dysfunction. These findings suggest that p300-mediated nuclear acetylation plays a critical role in the development of myocyte hypertrophy and represents a pathway that leads to decompensated heart failure.
Issues on the architecture and the design of distributed shared memory systems (2002)

Distributed shared memory (DSM) systems could overcome major obstacles of the widespread use of distributed-memory multiprocessors, while retaining the attractive features of low cost and good scalability common to distributed-memory machines. A DSM system allows a natural and portable programming model on distributed-memory machines, making it possible to construct a relatively inexpensive and scalable parallel system on which programmers can develop parallel application codes. Due to its potential advantages, DSM has received increasing attention. In this panel, challenges in building efficient DSM systems for a wide range of applications are addressed and discussed.
Immortalization by human papillomavirus type 16 alters retinoid regulation of human ectocervical epithelial cell differentiation. (1991)

Human cervical cells are a primary site of papillomavirus infection and 90% of all cervical tumors are positive for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA. Over one-half million cases of HPV-associated cervical, vulvar, and penile cancers are reported per year. Yet, in spite of the magnitude of this problem, the effects of HPV infection on cervical cell growth and differentiation are not well characterized. To study these effects we have developed a clonal cell line of HPV-16-immortalized ectocervical epithelial cells, ECE16-1. In the present study we demonstrate that under normal growth conditions the cytokeratin content of ECE16-1 cells is dramatically altered compared to normal cervical cells; the level of K5, K6, K14, K16, and K17 is reduced and the level of K7, K8, and K19 is increased. We demonstrate that this change is largely due to a difference in the response of the cells to retinoids, as growth in retinoid-free medium produces a complete normalization of cytokeratin levels. Upon addition of natural and synthetic retinoids, the levels of cytokeratins K5, K6, K14, K16, and K17 are reduced, while the levels of cytokeratins K19, K7, and K8 are increased. Cytokeratin K13 levels are only slightly altered. The level of involucrin, a precursor of the cervical cell envelope (superficial cell), is not changed by immortalization nor is it regulated by retinoids. Transglutaminase activity is also not appreciably altered by immortalization; however, ECE16-1 cells make fewer envelopes than normal ECE cells. Our results clearly indicate that natural and synthetic retinoids suppress the differentiation of HPV transformed cervical cells. In early, low grade, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, transcription of the HPV16 E6/E7 oncogenes is confined to the suprabasal layers. Our results suggest that retinoids, because they inhibit the differentiation of HPV16 immortalized cervical cells, may reduce the extent of viral oncogene transcription and thus be useful in slowing the neoplastic process.
In Situ Supramolecular Assembly and Modular Modification of Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels for 3D Cellular Engineering (2012)

A facile in situ supramolecular assembly and modular modification of biocompatible hydrogels were demonstrated using cucurbit[6]uril-conjugated hyaluronic acid (CB[6]-HA), diaminohexane-conjugated HA (DAH-HA), and tags-CB[6] for cellular engineering applications. The strong and selective host-guest interaction between CB[6] and DAH made possible the supramolecular assembly of CB[6]/DAH-HA hydrogels in the presence of cells. Then, the 3D environment of CB[6]/DAH-HA hydrogels was modularly modified by the simple treatment with various multifunctional tags-CB[6]. Furthermore, we could confirm in situ formation of CB[6]/DAH-HA hydrogels under the skin of nude mice by sequential subcutaneous injections of CB[6]-HA and DAH-HA solutions. The fluorescence of modularly modified fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-CB[6] in the hydrogels was maintained for up to 11 days, reflecting the feasibility to deliver the proper cues for cellular proliferation and differentiation in the body. Taken together, CB[6]/DAH-HA hydrogels might be successfully exploited as a 3D artificial extracellular matrix for various tissue engineering applications.
Prevalence of Regulatory T Cells Is Increased in Peripheral Blood and Tumor Microenvironment of Patients with Pancreas or Breast Adenocarcinoma (2002)

Regulatory T cells (T(reg)) that prevent autoimmune diseases by suppression of self-reactive T cells may also suppress the immune response against cancer. In mice, depletion of T(reg) by Ab therapy leads to more efficient tumor rejection. T(reg)-mediated suppression of antitumor immune responses may partly explain the poor clinical response to vaccine-based immunotherapy for human cancer. In this study, we measured the prevalence of T(reg) that coexpress CD4 and CD25 in the PBLs, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and regional lymph node lymphocytes from 65 patients with either pancreas or breast cancer. In breast cancer patients (n = 35), pancreas cancer patients (n = 30), and normal donors (n = 35), the prevalence of T(reg) were 16.6% (SE 1.22), 13.2% (SE 1.13), and 8.6% (SE 0.71) of the total CD4(+) cells, respectively. The prevalence of T(reg) were significantly higher in breast cancer patients (p < 0.01) and pancreas cancer patients (p < 0.01) when compared with normal donors. In tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and lymph node lymphocytes, the T(reg) prevalence were 20.2% (SE 3.93) and 20.1% (SE 4.3), respectively. T(reg) constitutively coexpressed CTLA-4 and CD45RO markers, and secreted TGF-beta and IL-10 but did not secrete IFN-gamma. When cocultured with activated CD8(+) cells or CD4(+)25(-) cells, T(reg) potently suppressed their proliferation and secretion of IFN-gamma. We conclude that the prevalence of T(reg) is increased in the peripheral blood as well as in the tumor microenvironment of patients with invasive breast or pancreas cancers. These T(reg) may mitigate the immune response against cancer, and may partly explain the poor immune response against tumor Ags.
Inhomogeneous deposition of radiopharmaceuticals at the cellular level: experimental evidence and dosimetric implications. (1990)

We have undertaken an experimental examination of the conventional internal dosimetry assumptions of homogeneity of radionuclide deposition in tissues. The distribution of radiolabeled Microlite has been quantitated in mouse liver at the millimeter (multicellular) and the micrometer (cellular) levels. Measurements of radioactivity in 1-mm3 tissue samples indicate homogeneous radionuclide distribution; those derived from autoradiographs of 0.5-micron tissue sections show that, relative to other cells, the colloid was concentrated 200- to 1000-fold in liver macrophages. The dosimetric implications of such inhomogeneous radionuclide distribution in human liver, where similar radionuclide distribution is expected, are discussed on the basis of a recently developed model for calculating the dose at the cellular level, and the estimates are compared to conventional internal dosimetry predictions. It is demonstrated that during routine diagnostic examinations with 99mTc-Microlite, conventional dosimetry underestimates the dose to labeled human liver cells by factors of 8-30.
A rapid general method for the identification of PCR products using a fibre-optic biosensor and its application to the detection of Listeria (1995)

A 200-mer fragment of the flaA gene from Listeria monocytogenes was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) incorporating biotin- and fluorescein amadite (FAM-)labelled primers. Methods are described for isolating the single stranded FAM-labelled 200-mer. A central portion of this 200-mer was successfully hybridized onto a complementary sequence coated onto a fibre optic biosensor. Advantages in the specificity and speed of this approach compared to standard agarose gel electrophoresis and probing methods are discussed.
HLA‐A2‐restricted CTL epitopes of a novel lung cancer‐associated cancer testis antigen, cell division cycle associated 1, can induce tumor‐reactive CTL (2008)

Toward the development of a novel cancer immunotherapy, we have previously identified several tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and the epitopes recognized by human histocompatibility leukocyte (HLA)-A2/A24-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). In this study, we tried to identify a TAA of lung cancer (LC) and its HLA-A2 restricted CTL epitopes to provide a target antigen useful for cancer immunotherapy of LC. We identified a novel cancer testis antigen, cell division cycle associated gene 1 (CDCA1), overexpressed in nonsmall cell LC using a cDNA microarray analysis. The expression levels of CDCA1 were also increased in the majority of small cell LC, cholangiocellular cancer, urinary bladder cancer and renal cell cancers. We used HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice to identify the HLA-A2 (A*0201)-restricted CDCA1 epitopes recognized by mouse CTL, and we investigated whether these peptides could induce CDCA1-reactive CTLs from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HLA-A2-positive donors and a NSCLC patient. Consequently, we found that the CDCA1(65-73) (YMMPVNSEV) peptide and CDCA1(351-359) (KLATAQFKI) peptide could induce peptide-reactive CTLs in HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice. In HLA-A2(+) donors, in vitro stimulation of PBMC with these peptides could induce peptide-reactive CTLs which killed tumor cell lines endogenously expressing both HLA-A2 and CDCA1. As a result, CDCA1 is a novel cancer-testis antigen overexpressed in LC, cholangiocellular cancer, urinary bladder cancer and renal cell cancers, and CDCA1 may therefore be an ideal TAA useful for the diagnosis and immunotherapy of these cancers.
Transformation by Oncogenes Encoding Protein Kinases Induces the Metastatic Phenotype (1987)

Oncogenes encoding serine/threonine or tyrosine kinases were introduced into the established rodent fibroblast cell line NIH 3T3 and tested for tumorigenic and metastatic behavior in T cell-deficient nude mice. Transforming oncogenes of the ras family were capable of converting fibroblast cell lines to fully metastatic tumors. Cell lines transformed by the kinase oncogenes mos, raf, src, fes, and fms formed experimental metastases and (in some cases) these genes were more efficient at metastatic conversion than a mutant ras gene. In contrast, cells transformed by either of two nuclear oncogenes, myc or p53, were tumorigenic when injected subcutaneously but were virtually nonmetastatic after intravenous injection. These data demonstrate that, in addition to ras, a structurally divergent group of kinase oncogenes can induce the metastatic phenotype.
Antiviral drug resistance in hepatitis B and C (2004)

Abstract Six factors have been directly implicated in the emergence of antiviral drug resistant mutants: the magnitude and rate of virus replication, the viral mutation frequency, the intrinsic mutability of the antiviral target site, the selective pressure exerted by the drug, the overall replication fitness of the mutant and the availability of replication space. Both the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) have long natural histories of infection over many decades, during which each virus adapts via the processes of natural selection to its infected host. In the context of therapeutic intervention using antiviral drugs, escape mutants are selected from the pre‐existing pool of quasispecies. Particular escape mutants emerge as the dominant virus species, replacing those that have become less fit in the changed environment. In the case of HBV, the emergence of lamivudine‐resistant virus can be associated with worsening liver function and progressive liver disease. In the case of HCV, interferon alpha and ribavirin have complex and indirect actions, making the mechanisms of HCV resistance quite different from those of viral resistance in HBV. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to IFN‐based therapy have indicated that treatment failure appears to be multifactorial, reflecting both host and viral elements. The clinical and public health importance of drug‐resistance for the wider community is clear, and improved treatment strategies are urgently required to prevent their continued selection.
Batch Normalization: Accelerating Deep Network Training by Reducing Internal Covariate Shift (2015)

Training Deep Neural Networks is complicated by the fact that the distribution of each layer's inputs changes during training, as the parameters of the previous layers change. This slows down the training by requiring lower learning rates and careful parameter initialization, and makes it notoriously hard to train models with saturating nonlinearities. We refer to this phenomenon as internal covariate shift, and address the problem by normalizing layer inputs. Our method draws its strength from making normalization a part of the model architecture and performing the normalization for each training mini-batch. Batch Normalization allows us to use much higher learning rates and be less careful about initialization. It also acts as a regularizer, in some cases eliminating the need for Dropout. Applied to a state-of-the-art image classification model, Batch Normalization achieves the same accuracy with 14 times fewer training steps, and beats the original model by a significant margin. Using an ensemble of batch-normalized networks, we improve upon the best published result on ImageNet classification: reaching 4.9% top-5 validation error (and 4.8% test error), exceeding the accuracy of human raters.