gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CD34+ bone marrow cells are infected with HIV in a subset of seropositive individuals (1992)

Individuals infected with HIV frequently develop cytopenias and suppressed hematopoiesis. The role of direct HIV infection of hematopoietic progenitor cells in this process has not been defined. In this study, purified CD34+ bone marrow progenitor cells from 74 Zairian and American patients were studied by both coculture viral isolation and polymerase chain reaction for evidence of HIV infection. A total of 36.5% of Zairian and 14% of American patients had HIV infection of the CD34+ cell subset, with as many as 1 in 500 CD34+ cells infected. Most of the Zairian patients in this study had advanced HIV infection and markedly decreased CD4/CD8 T lymphocyte ratios (mean 0.160 +/- 0.08), and no laboratory value predicted the presence of infection in the CD34+ subset of a given Zairian individual. In contrast, American patients with CD34+ cell infection had total CD4 cells less than 20/mm3 and a greater decrease of the CD4/CD8 T lymphocyte ratio compared to seropositive Americans without CD34+ cell infection (p = 0.003). Hematopoiesis, studied by methylcellulose colony assays, was depressed in all seropositive patients studied with no significant further suppression when CD34+ cells were infected. Thus, CD34+ bone marrow progenitor cells are infected in vivo in a subset of seropositive individuals and may serve as an additional reservoir of virus in HIV-infected individuals.
Detection and Characterization of Placental MicroRNAs in Maternal Plasma (2008)

We have demonstrated the existence of placental miRNAs in maternal plasma and provide some information on their stability and physical nature. These findings open up a new class of molecular markers for pregnancy monitoring.
Analytical and Preparative Strong Anion-Exchange HPLC of Heparan Sulfate and Heparin Saccharides (2003)

Studies on the structure-function relationships of the complex linear polysaccha-rides, known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), are becoming increasingly important as biological functions are established for them. However, structural analysis of GAGs presents a difficult technical problem, particularly in the case of the N-sulfated GAGs heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin, which display remarkable structural diversity (1). A widely used and effective approach is to degrade the chains into smaller saccharide units that can then be separated and analyzed. In this regard, strong anion-exchange (SAX) HPLC techniques have proved particularly useful for both the analysis of disac-charide composition (2,3) and the separation of complex mixtures of larger saccharides (3–6). However, in many methods the columns used have been silica-based and suffer from drawbacks related to poor stability of the support (e.g., inconsistency of run times, peak broadening, and short column life). There is clearly a need for improvements in column performance, especially for the purification of larger saccharides to homogeneity for sequencing and bioactivity testing. This chapter describes how a single type of polymer-based SAX column, ProPac PA1, can be used to provide high-resolution separations of both disaccharides and larger oligosaccharides derived from HS and heparin, with consistent elution times and excellent column performance characteristics (see Notes 1 and 2). Disaccharides from chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate can also be separated (see Note 3). The improved resolution of saccharides compared to other SAX-HPLC methods, combined with the versatility and longevity of the columns, makes them a valuable tool for purification and structural analysis of HS/heparin and other GAG saccharides.
Amino acid sequence of proteinase K from the mold Tritirachium album Limber (1986)

The amino acid sequence of proteinase K (EC 3.4.21.14) from Tritirachium album Limber has been determined by analysis of fragments generated by cleavage with CNBr or BNPS‐skatole. The enzyme consists of a single peptide chain containing 277 amino acid residues, corresponding to M r 28 930. Comparison of the sequence with those of the serine proteinases reveals a high degree of homology (about 35%) to the subtilisin‐related enzyme. But in contrast to the subtilisins, proteinase K contains 2 disulfide bonds and a free cysteine residue. This finding may indicate that proteinase K is a member of a new subfamily of the subtilisins.
Meta-analysis of cannabis based treatments for neuropathic and multiple sclerosis-related pain (2006)

This review was based on a small number of trials and patients. Pain related to MS was assumed to be similar to neuropathic pain.
An RNA-based signature enables high specificity detection of circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma (2017)

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are shed into the bloodstream by invasive cancers, but the difficulty inherent in identifying these rare cells by microscopy has precluded their routine use in monitoring or screening for cancer. We recently described a high-throughput microfluidic CTC-iChip, which efficiently depletes hematopoietic cells from blood specimens and enriches for CTCs with well-preserved RNA. Application of RNA-based digital PCR to detect CTC-derived signatures may thus enable highly accurate tissue lineage-based cancer detection in blood specimens. As proof of principle, we examined hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a cancer that is derived from liver cells bearing a unique gene expression profile. After identifying a digital signature of 10 liver-specific transcripts, we used a cross-validated logistic regression model to identify the presence of HCC-derived CTCs in nine of 16 (56%) untreated patients with HCC versus one of 31 (3%) patients with nonmalignant liver disease at risk for developing HCC (P < 0.0001). Positive CTC scores declined in treated patients: Nine of 32 (28%) patients receiving therapy and only one of 15 (7%) patients who had undergone curative-intent ablation, surgery, or liver transplantation were positive. RNA-based digital CTC scoring was not correlated with the standard HCC serum protein marker alpha fetoprotein (P = 0.57). Modeling the sequential use of these two orthogonal markers for liver cancer screening in patients with high-risk cirrhosis generates positive and negative predictive values of 80% and 86%, respectively. Thus, digital RNA quantitation constitutes a sensitive and specific CTC readout, enabling high-throughput clinical applications, such as noninvasive screening for HCC in populations where viral hepatitis and cirrhosis are prevalent.
Optical Imaging of Neuronal Populations During Decision-Making (2005)

We investigated decision-making in the leech nervous system by stimulating identical sensory inputs that sometimes elicit crawling and other times swimming. Neuronal populations were monitored with voltage-sensitive dyes after each stimulus. By quantifying the discrimination time of each neuron, we found single neurons that discriminate before the two behaviors are evident. We used principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis to find populations of neurons that discriminated earlier than any single neuron. The analysis highlighted the neuron cell 208. Hyperpolarizing cell 208 during a stimulus biases the leech to swim; depolarizing it biases the leech to crawl or to delay swimming.
Ultrasound Phased Array Delay Lines Based on Quadrature Sampling Techniques (1980)

Two signal processing techniques are presented for applica- tion to ultrasonic phased array delay line systems. By using bandwidth considerations, it is shown that the signals may be either mixed to a lower frequency range or sampled at a rate commensurate with the signal bandwidth, rather than the highest frequency component, prior to delay. Both techniques lower the bandwidth requirements of the delay lines and neither require reconstructing a delayed version of the original radio frequency (W) waveform. The latter approach requires no mixers, however, as samples of the in-phase and quadrature compo- nents are obtained directly from the RF signal. The required focused signal is produced by delaying and summing the samples. It is shown that RF signals with 60 percent fractional bandwidth may be processed in this way by sampling in quadrature at only 5 of the center fre- quency. (Quadrature sampling requires that two samples be taken 90' apart with respect to the center frequency every sampling interval.) This was implemented in a four-element 5-MHz annular array system, and the results, including beam plots and tissue scans, are shown.
Synthesis and Lithium Intercalation Properties of Nanocrystalline Lithium Iron Oxides (1999)

Lithium iron oxides were synthesized by oxidizing with lithium peroxide in the presence of lithium hydroxide in aqueous solutions followed by firing the precursors at 200 ≤ T ≤ 800°C. The samples were characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, wet‐chemical analyses, and surface‐area measurements. The Li/Fe ratio in the samples depends on the concentrations and volumes of the reactants used in the synthesis. Samples fired at a lower temperature of 200°C with a nanocrystalline microstructure and optimum Li/Fe ratio exhibit a capacity of about 140 mAh/g in the range 1.5-4.3 V with excellent cyclability. On the other hand, samples fired at higher temperatures T ≥ 400°C with well‐defined crystalline phases exhibit much lower capacity (<50 mAh/g). © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
The COLIPA in vitro UVA method: a standard and reproducible measure of sunscreen UVA protection (2010)

There is a continuing need to measure and communicate reliably the UVA protection offered by commercial sunscreens. To that end, the COLIPA (European Cosmetics Trade Association) 'In Vitro Sun Protection Methods' group has developed a new in vitro method for measuring UVA protection in a standardized, reproducible manner. The method is based on in vitro UV substrate spectrophotometry and convolution of resulting absorbance data with the action spectrum for the in vivo Persistent Pigment Darkening (PPD) endpoint to provide an in vitro UVA protection factor (UVAPF) which is correlated with an in vivo measure. This method has been published as a COLIPA guideline, used currently in European geographies for testing and labelling sunscreen products. This article summarizes two 'ring' studies, involving eight separate testing laboratories, which both defined critical parameters for the method and validated it. In Ring Study 1, eight laboratories tested the in vitro UV transmission of a total of 24 sunscreens and, from the data, a unit dose of UVA (D(0) of 1.2 J cm(-2)) was defined to provide a single irradiation step which, by taking into account potential sunscreen photo-instability, gave the closest agreement with in vivo UVAPF values. In Ring Study 2, eight laboratories tested the in vitro UV transmission of a total of 13 sunscreens using this single irradiation step and established a very good correlation (r(2) = 0.83; slope = 0.84, P < 0.0001) between resulting in vitro UVAPF values and corresponding values derived from the in vivo PPD method. This new method, therefore, can be used to provide a reliable in vitro metric to describe and label UVA efficacy in sunscreen products, in line with the EU Commission recommendation 2006/247/EC.
Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles (1986)

Optical trapping of dielectric particles by a single-beam gradient force trap was demonstrated for the first reported time. This confirms the concept of negative light pressure due to the gradient force. Trapping was observed over the entire range of particle size from 10 μm to ~25 nm in water. Use of the new trap extends the size range of macroscopic particles accessible to optical trapping and manipulation well into the Rayleigh size regime. Application of this trapping principle to atom trapping is considered.
정보 ; 제21회 학술대회 강연 요지 ; 일반연제 ; 혈당강하생약의 화학성분 (II) 석창포의 정유성분 (1991)

We reported that Acorus gramineus have hypoglycemic activity and inhibited the water consumption and weight loss in streptozotocininduced hyperglycemic mice. In this study, we attempted to investigate the chemical constituents of Acorus gramineus essential oil. 12㎏ Acorus gramineus purchased in the Kyung-Dong market in Seoul, extracted three times with 70% methanol on water bath for 3hrs, evaporated in vaccum evaporator and dried by freeze drier. This methanolic extract suspended in water, distilled in steam and dried by freeze drier. This essential oil seperated on the preparative HPLC with normal phase of silica gel and toluene-acetone (100 : 3)) and analyzed by chemical and electronical ionization GC/MASS and ＾(13)C-NMR. Acorus gramineus have about 0.17% of essential oil. We could assigned 5 essential oil among above ten; eugenol (M＾+ 164.10), elemicin (M＾+ 208.15), euasarone (M＾+ 208.15), trans-asarone (M＾+ 208.15) and sesquiterpene alcohol (M＾+ 218. 15).
IMMUNOGENICITY OF GAMMA-IRRADIATED MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS H37RV (GIV) IN MICE. (1963)

Results of experiments on a gamma -irradiated vaccine (GIV) are reported. Cells irradiated with 500,000 or 1,000,000 r were injected subcutaneously in mice. The tests for reproductive viability by culture and guinea pig inoculations indicated that 500,000 r was sufficient to inactivate the tubercle bacilli. No visible growth was observed in culture media inoculated with cells exposed to 500,000 or cells showed no gross signs of infection. A long-term vaccination study showed that the vaccinated mice became segregated into two nonoverlapping groups. One group consisted of animals which developed little or no immunity and died after challenge within the period Qf time during which all of the nonvaccinated controls died (15 to 28 days); in the other group, the mice developed sufficient immunity to live 2 to 6 times longer (55 to 191 days). In terms of survival rates on day 35 after challenge, vaccination with BCG or GIV, with or without adjuvant, protected a significant portion of the vaccinated population, as compared with the nonvaccinated controls, with the exception of a group of male mice vaccinated with 0.1 mg. of GIV with adjuvant and challenged with 0.75 mg of virulent tubercle bacilli. GIV with adjuvant protected significantly greater proportionsmore » of the mice than did the vaccine without adjuvant. BCG, protected a significantly greater proportion of the anlmals than 0.1 or 0.4 mg of GIV, with or without adjuvant, but the protection afforded by a single 1.6-mg dose or four doses of 0.1 mg of GIV with adjuvant was statistically equivalent to that of BCG, Cobalt-60-irradiated M. tuberculosis H37Rv, although unable to grow on culture media and to produce disease in lab animals, respires on suitable substrates. In acid-fast stained films the irradiated cells cannot be distinguished, morphologically or tinctorially, from the nonirradiated cells. Such gamma -irradiated cells, produced from a virulent pathogen, have the advantage of a living attenuated vaccine, i.e,, ability to metabolize, without its disadvantages, i.e., genetic differences from the virulent organism (such as with BCG) and the possibility of producing disease in susceptible animals (not a major problem with BCG vaccine). The major disadvantage of the BCG vaccine is its instability, since exposure to temperatures above 4 deg C for a few days or to light for a few hours or even a few minutes may affect its potency. Whether the same factors will adversely affect the gamma -irradiated vaccine has yet to be explored. (BBB)« less
Detecting, signalling and repairing DNA double-strand breaks (2001)

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can be generated by a variety of genotoxic agents, including ionizing radiation and radiomimetic chemicals. They can also occur when DNA replication complexes encounter other forms of DNA damage, and are produced as intermediates during certain site-specific recombination processes. It is crucial that cells recognize DSBs and bring about their efficient repair, because a single unrepaired cellular DSB can induce cell death, and defective DSB repair can lead to mutations or the loss of significant segments of chromosomal material. Eukaryotic cells have evolved a variety of systems to detect DNA DSBs, repair them, and signal their presence to the transcription, cell cycle and apoptotic machineries. In this review, I describe how work on mammalian cells and also on model organisms such as yeasts has revelaed that such systems are highly conserved throughout evolution, and has provided insights into the molecular mechanisms by which DNA DSBs are recognized, signalled and repaired. I also explain how defects in the proteins that function in these pathways are associated with a variety of human pathological states.
Sequence and organization of genes encoding the human 27 kDa heat shock protein (1986)

The 27 kDa human heat shock protein (hsp27) is encoded by a gene family of 4 members. Two genomic fragments hybridizing to cDNA encoding hsp27 have been isolated, characterized, and sequenced. One clone is a member of a cluster of three genes linked within a 14-18 kb region of the genome and encodes a transcript interrupted by two intervening sequences. A single open reading frame encodes a polypeptide of 22,300 deduced molecular weight. The 5' flanking region contains two transcription start sites and sequences homologous to the Drosophila consensus heat inducible control element. Induction of both potential transcripts follows heat shock in vivo. Accurate heat inducible transcription occurs at both start sites after injection into Xenopus oocytes. The second genomic clone is a processed pseudogene lacking promoter elements and is unlinked with the other members of the hsp27 gene family. The amino acid sequence of human hsp27 shows striking homology with mammalian alpha crystallin, and contains a region towards the carboxy terminus which shares homology with the small hsp of Drosophila and other organisms.
Intact signal peptide of CD18, the β-subunit of β2-integrins, renders ruminants susceptible toMannheimia haemolyticaleukotoxin (2009)

Signal peptides of membrane proteins are cleaved by endoplasmic reticulum-resident signal peptidase, and thus, are not present on mature membrane proteins. Here, we report that, contrary to the paradigm, the signal peptide of ruminant CD18, the beta-subunit of beta(2)-integrins, is not cleaved. Intriguingly, the intact signal peptide of CD18 is responsible for the susceptibility of ruminant leukocytes to Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica leukotoxin (Lkt). Inhibition of Lkt-induced cytolysis of ruminant leukocytes by CD18 peptide analogs revealed that the Lkt-binding site is formed by amino acids 5-17 of CD18, which, surprisingly, comprise most of the signal sequence. Flow cytometric analysis of ruminant leukocytes indicated the presence of the signal peptide on mature CD18 molecules expressed on the cell surface. Analysis of transfectants expressing CD18 containing the FLAG epitope at the putative cleavage site confirmed that the signal peptide of bovine CD18 is not cleaved. Analysis of the signal sequence of CD18 of eight ruminants and five nonruminants revealed that the signal sequence of CD18 of ruminants contains "cleavage-inhibiting" Q, whereas that of nonruminants contains "cleavage-conducive" G at position -5 relative to the cleavage site. Site-directed mutagenesis of Q to G at position -5 of the signal peptide of bovine CD18 resulted in the cleavage of the signal peptide and abrogation of cytolysis of transfectants expressing bovine CD18 carrying the Q(-5)G mutation. We propose that engineering cattle and other ruminants to contain this mutation would provide a novel technology to render them less susceptible to pneumonic pasteurellosis and concomitant economic losses.
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Specific Phospholipase D Is Expressed by Macrophages in Human Atherosclerosis and Colocalizes With Oxidation Epitopes (1999)

Collectively, these results suggest that oxidative processes may regulate GPI-PLD expression and suggest a role for GPI-PLD in inflammation and in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Slim near-eye display using pinhole aperture arrays (2015)

We report a new technique for building a wide-angle, lightweight, thin-form-factor, cost-effective, easy-to-manufacture near-eye head-mounted display (HMD) for virtual reality applications. Our approach adopts an aperture mask containing an array of pinholes and a screen as a source of imagery. We demonstrate proof-of-concept HMD prototypes with a binocular field of view (FOV) of 70°×45°, or total diagonal FOV of 83°. This FOV should increase with increasing display panel size. The optical angular resolution supported in our prototype can go down to 1.4-2.1 arcmin by adopting a display with 20-30 μm pixel pitch.
A Clinical Laboratory Model for Evaluating the Acute Effects of Electronic “Cigarettes”: Nicotine Delivery Profile and Cardiovascular and Subjective Effects (2010)

This study illustrates how clinical laboratory methods can be used to understand the acute effects of these and other PREPs for tobacco users. The results and methods reported here will likely be relevant to the evaluation and empirically based regulation of electronic cigarettes and similar products.
Discovery, Structure and Biological Activities of the Cyclotides (2004)

The cyclotides are a family of small disulfide rich proteins that have a cyclic peptide backbone and a cystine knot formed by three conserved disulfide bonds. The combination of these two structural motifs contributes to the exceptional chemical, thermal and enzymatic stability of the cyclotides, which retain bioactivity after boiling. They were initially discovered based on native medicine or screening studies associated with some of their various activities, which include uterotonic action, anti-HIV activity, neurotensin antagonism, and cytotoxicity. They are present in plants from the Rubiaceae, Violaceae and Cucurbitaceae families and their natural function in plants appears to be in host defense: they have potent activity against certain insect pests and they also have antimicrobial activity. There are currently around 50 published sequences of cyclotides and their rate of discovery has been increasing over recent years. Ultimately the family may comprise thousands of members. This article describes the background to the discovery of the cyclotides, their structural characterization, chemical synthesis, genetic origin, biological activities and potential applications in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. Their unique topological features make them interesting from a protein folding perspective. Because of their highly stable peptide framework they might make useful templates in drug design programs, and their insecticidal activity opens the possibility of applications in crop protection.