gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Begriffsabgrenzungen und Erscheinungsformen von Marken (2004)

Die Bedeutung der Marke und damit auch der Markenpolitik verdeutlichen folgende Aspekte: Mit dem Ziel, die Bedeutung der Marke herauszustellen und diese den Anspruchsgruppen vor Augen zu führen, findet sich heute in einer Vielzahl von Geschäftsberichten großer Unternehmen in den USA eine Angabe über deren Markenwert. Dieser beträgt bei zahlreichen Unternehmen inzwischen mehr als die Hälfte des Börsenwertes (z.B. 61 Prozent des Börsenwertes von Coca-Cola; Interbrand 2002). Der Grund hierfür ist darin zu sehen, dass Erfolgskennziffern starker Marken weit über denen von schwachen Marken liegen. Starke Marken ermöglichen u.a. höhere Absatzmengen und die Realisierung so genannter Preispremiums (z.B. sind Miele-Waschmaschinen ca. 70 Prozent teuerer als die der Konkurrenz) (Esch 2002, S. 13). Produkte wie Coca-Cola und das Betriebssystem von Microsoft haben sich im Markt durchgesetzt, obwohl es (geschmacklich und technologisch) bessere Produkte geben soll. Marken haben also einen hohen immateriellen Wert für ein Unternehmen. Zudem bieten Marken mittels Markendehnung diverse Wachstums- und Finanzierungsmöglichkeiten (Esch 2002, S. 16). Bezeichnend ist auch, dass die Marketingpreisträger der vergangenen Jahrzehnte größtenteils Unternehmen mit starken Marken waren (Esch 2002, S. 9).
Control of trench sidewall stress in bias ECR-CVD oxide-filled STI for enhanced DRAM data retention time (2002)

This is the first detailed study of data retention characteristics of DRAM with bias ECR-CVD oxide-filled shallow trench isolation (STI). It clarifies the relationship between trench sidewall stress and data retention characteristics. Excessive stress on trench sidewalls causes strain and defect-related leakage current, and it degrades data retention time. Strain and defects are introduced by process conditions like deep trenching, high-temperature densification, and vertically etched trenching in bias ECR-CVD oxide-filled trench case. By eliminating the cause of leakage current, fully operating 0.18 /spl mu/m-rule DRAMs have been manufactured.
@INGate: integrating telephony and Internet (2002)

This paper presents a distributed IN architecture called @INGate that allows users to access a common mailbox from both the Internet side using standard e-mail and WWW frontends and from the telephony side using fixed and mobile telephones and fax machines. The core of this new architecture is the network-bridge service node (NB-SN), a distributed intelligent network (IN) element consisting of a channel matrix switch (CMS) to connect to the PSTN/ISDN, several resource platforms (RP) containing media conversion modules (MCM) to perform the required media translations, an Internet gateway (IG) to hold the subscribers' mailboxes and provide the Internet connectivity, and a service node controller (SNC) to manage the overall service logic and the above NB-SN components. The service node itself is managed along with other nodes in a distributed IN by a TMN-compliant operation, administration and maintenance (OAM) center.
Assays for the Identification of Inhibitors Targeting Specific Translational Steps (2007)

While bacterial protein synthesis is the target of about half of the known antibiotics, the great structural-functional complexity of the translational machinery still offers remarkable opportunities for identifying novel and specific inhibitors of unexploited targets. We designed a knowledge-based in vitro translation assay to identify inhibitors selectively targeting the bacterial or the yeast translational apparatus, preferentially blocking the early steps of protein synthesis. Using a natural-like, "universal" model mRNA and cell-free extracts prepared from Eschericha coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and HeLa cells, we were able to translate, with comparable yields in the three systems, the immunogenic peptide encoded by this "universal" mRNA. The immuno-enzymatic quantification of the translated peptide in the presence of a potential inhibitor can identify a selective bacterial or fungal inhibitor inactive in the human system. When applied to the high-throughput screening (HTS) of a library of approximately 25,000 natural products, this assay led to the identification of two novel and specific inhibitors of bacterial translation.
Designing amino acids to determine the local conformations of peptides. (1994)

The local conformations of proteins and peptides are determined by the amino acid sequence. However, the 20 amino acids encoded by the genome allow the peptide backbone to fold into many conformations, so that even for a small peptide it becomes very difficult to predict the three-dimensional structure. By using empirical conformational energy calculations, a set of amino acids has been designed that would be expected to constrain the conformation of a peptide or a protein to one or two local minima. Most of these amino acids are based on asymmetric substitutions at the C alpha atom of each residue. The H alpha atom of alanine was replaced by various groups: -OCH3, -NCH3, -SCH3, -CONH2, -CONHCH3, -CON(CH3)2, -NH.CO.CH3, -phenyl, or -o-(OCH3)phenyl. Several of these new amino acids are predicted to fold into unique peptide conformations such as right-handed alpha-helical, left-handed alpha-helical, or extended. In an attempt to produce an amino acid that favored the C(eq)7 conformation (torsion angles: phi = -70 degrees and psi = +70 degrees), an extra amide group was added to the C beta atom of the asparagine side chain. Conformationally restricted amino acids of this type could prove useful for developing new peptide pharmaceuticals, catalysts, or polymers.
Theory of the Phase Transition between Helix and Random Coil in Polypeptide Chains (1959)

The transition between the helical and randomly coiled forms of a polypeptide chain is discussed by reference to a simple model that allows bonding only between each group and the third preceding. Two principal parameters are introduced, a statistical parameter that is essentially an equilibrium constant for the bonding of segments to a portion of the chain that is already in helical form, and a special correction factor for the initiation of a helix. A third parameter which specifies the minimum number of segments in a random section between two helical portions has only a minor effect on the results. The partition function for this model is handled in two alternative ways, either as a summation suitable for short chains, or in terms of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a characteristic matrix; the latter is more suitable for long chains. A transition from the random to the helical form is encountered as either the bonding parameter or the chain length is increased. The critical value of the bonding parameter is unity for long chains, while the sharpness of the transition depends on the initiation parameter. Depending on the values of the bonding parameter and the chain length, one of the following configurations dominates: random coils, single helices with occasional disorder at the ends, and for longer chains, helices occasionally broken by random sections. In rather narrow transition regions, mixtures of these forms may be found. A diagram is given that displays the relationships of these forms. The theory is compared with published data on polybenzyl-glutamate with fair agreement.
Measurement of pulse amplitude and phase distortion in a semiconductor optical amplifier: from pulse compression to breakup (2000)

We have performed extensive measurements of the propagation of ultrashort pulses in a semiconductor bulk amplifier using an ultrasensitive cross frequency-resolved optical gating technique. Pulses of 175-fs duration with energies from below 1 fJ to above 100 pJ are measured both in amplitude and phase after propagation through the device. While only moderate reshaping effects occur at pulse energies of below 1 pJ, strong amplitude distortion together with nonlinear chirp is found for input energies of 5-100 pJ. This leads to a pulse narrowing by more than a factor of two when the amplifier is biased for material transparency or absorption and to a pronounced pulse breakup in the gain regime.
Resolution of Odontogenic Keratocysts of the Jaw in Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome With GDC-0449 (2011)

We report the nearly complete regression of multiple BCNS-associated odontogenic keratocysts following nonsurgical treatment with GDC-0449. This novel drug, useful for the treatment of BCC, also appears to be effective for treatment of odontogenic keratocysts.
Integrin Binding to the Trimeric Interface of CD40L Plays a Critical Role in CD40/CD40L Signaling (2019)

CD40L plays a major role in immune response and is a major therapeutic target for inflammation. Integrin α5β1 and CD40 simultaneously bind to CD40L. It is unclear if α5β1 and CD40 work together in CD40/CD40L signaling or how α5β1 binds to CD40L. In this article, we describe that the integrin-binding site of human CD40L is predicted to be located in the trimeric interface by docking simulation. Mutations in the predicted integrin-binding site markedly reduced the binding of α5β1 to CD40L. Several CD40L mutants defective in integrin binding were defective in NF-κB activation and B cell activation and suppressed CD40L signaling induced by wild-type CD40L; however, they still bound to CD40. These findings suggest that integrin α5β1 binds to monomeric CD40L through the binding site in the trimeric interface of CD40L, and this plays a critical role in CD40/CD40L signaling. Integrin αvβ3, a widely distributed vascular integrin, bound to CD40L in a KGD-independent manner, suggesting that αvβ3 is a new CD40L receptor. Several missense mutations in CD40L that induce immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM syndrome type 1 (HIGM1) are clustered in the integrin-binding site of the trimeric interface. These HIGM1 CD40L mutants were defective in binding to α5β1 and αvβ3 (but not to CD40), suggesting that the defect in integrin binding may be a causal factor of HIGM1. These findings suggest that α5β1 and αvβ3 bind to the overlapping binding site in the trimeric interface of monomeric CD40L and generate integrin-CD40L-CD40 ternary complex. CD40L mutants defective in integrins have potential as antagonists of CD40/CD40L signaling.
Genomic deletion of a long-range bone enhancer misregulates sclerostin in Van Buchem disease (2005)

Mutations in distant regulatory elements can have a negative impact on human development and health, yet because of the difficulty of detecting these critical sequences, we predominantly focus on coding sequences for diagnostic purposes. We have undertaken a comparative sequence-based approach to characterize a large noncoding region deleted in patients affected by Van Buchem (VB) disease, a severe sclerosing bone dysplasia. Using BAC recombination and transgenesis, we characterized the expression of human sclerostin (SOST) from normal (SOST(wt)) or Van Buchem (SOST(vbDelta) alleles. Only the SOST(wt) allele faithfully expressed high levels of human SOST in the adult bone and had an impact on bone metabolism, consistent with the model that the VB noncoding deletion removes a SOST-specific regulatory element. By exploiting cross-species sequence comparisons with in vitro and in vivo enhancer assays, we were able to identify a candidate enhancer element that drives human SOST expression in osteoblast-like cell lines in vitro and in the skeletal anlage of the embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) mouse embryo, and discovered a novel function for sclerostin during limb development. Our approach represents a framework for characterizing distant regulatory elements associated with abnormal human phenotypes.
Structure/histotoxicity relationship of parenteral iron preparations. (1992)

Commercial iron preparations with different chemical structures and stabilities which are indicated for parenteral application were analyzed. After intravenous application in mice, toxic effects were screened by histological examination of liver, kidney, adrenal, lung and spleen. The various iron complexes were classified into four groups according to their physicochemical properties (molecular mass, kinetic and thermodynamic stability). It was found that the toxic effects can be forecasted by the chemical properties. The results clearly show that not all iron preparations tested can be recommended for intravenous application. After injection, the ideal iron preparation is deposited in the reticulo-endothelial system, and not in the parenchyma of the liver, nor mainly in the periportal area. Furthermore, its renal elimination rate should be below 1% of the dose, and there should be practically no iron detectable in the tubuli. The molecular mass of an optimal product is between 30,000 and 100,000 Daltons, and the preparation does not contain any slowly degradable biopolymers, so that the incidence of allergic side effects is reduced to a minimum. Iron preparations consisting only of weak iron complexes, which liberate iron ions stochastically, should not be used for intravenous application.
Sequence analysis of carcinoembryonic antigen: identification of glycosylation sites and homology with the immunoglobulin supergene family. (1987)

A direct method for the determination of N-linked glycosylation sites in highly glycosylated proteins is described. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and a nonspecific crossreacting antigen (NCA) were chemically deglycosylated, and peptide maps were prepared by reverse-phase HPLC. The peptides were sequenced on a gas-phase microsequencer, and glycosylation sites were identified as the phenylthiohydantoin derivative of N-acetylglucosaminylasparagine. The sequences were confirmed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Highly homologous, extended amino-terminal sequences were determined for CEA and two NCAs, NCA-95 and NCA-55. Cysteine-containing sequences for CEA and NCA-95 show up to 95% sequence homology, and the CEA sequences also show internal sequence homologies. A comparison of the CEA sequences with known protein sequences suggests that CEA may be a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family. The protein sequence data have been used to identify a genomic DNA clone for one of the NCA antigens [Thompson, J., Pande, H., Paxton, R. J., Shively, L., Padma, A., Simmer, R. L., Todd, C. W., Riggs, A. D. & Shively, J. E. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, in press] and a cDNA clone for CEA [Zimmermann, W., Ortlieb, B., Friedrich, R. & von Kleist, S. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, in press].
Straightforward Synthesis of Ethers: Metal‐Free Reductive Coupling of Tosylhydrazones with Alcohols or Phenols (2010)

Ethers made easy: Heating a solution containing a tosylhydrazone and either a phenol or an alcohol in the presence of K2CO3 leads to the corresponding ethers (see scheme; MW=microwave, Ts=tosyl). The reaction is fairly general for the preparation of aryl alkyl and alkyl alkyl ethers, and represents a new method for the reductive etherification of carbonyl compounds. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Passive Immunization with Anti-Tau Antibodies in Two Transgenic Models (2011)

The microtubule-associated protein Tau plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease and several related disorders (tauopathies). In the disease Tau aggregates and becomes hyperphosphorylated forming paired helical and straight filaments, which can further condense into higher order neurofibrillary tangles in neurons. The development of this pathology is consistently associated with progressive neuronal loss and cognitive decline. The identification of tractable therapeutic targets in this pathway has been challenging, and consequently very few clinical studies addressing Tau pathology are underway. Recent active immunization studies have raised the possibility of modulating Tau pathology by activating the immune system. Here we report for the first time on passive immunotherapy for Tau in two well established transgenic models of Tau pathogenesis. We show that peripheral administration of two antibodies against pathological Tau forms significantly reduces biochemical Tau pathology in the JNPL3 mouse model. We further demonstrate that peripheral administration of the same antibodies in the more rapidly progressive P301S tauopathy model not only reduces Tau pathology quantitated by biochemical assays and immunohistochemistry, but also significantly delays the onset of motor function decline and weight loss. This is accompanied by a reduction in neurospheroids, providing direct evidence of reduced neurodegeneration. Thus, passive immunotherapy is effective at preventing the buildup of intracellular Tau pathology, neurospheroids, and associated symptoms, although the exact mechanism remains uncertain. Tau immunotherapy should therefore be considered as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies.
Stacked crystal filters implemented with thin films (2003)

Low-insertion-loss 1-GHz stacked crystal filters have been implemented with thin films of piezoelectric AlN. Two-pole filters having insertion losses of less than 2 dB have been fabricated on Si and GaAs substrates using microelectronic processing techniques. These devices can serve as high-performance front-end filters for receivers or for other frequency-control applications. The over-moded stacked crystal shows considerable promise as a two-port 50 Omega high-Q feedback element for oscillators or for other narrowband applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Embedding of Bone Samples in Methylmethacrylate: An Improved Method Suitable for Bone Histomorphometry, Histochemistry, and Immunohistochemistry (1997)

Methylmethacrylate (MMA) embedding of undecalcified bone biopsies is a technique widely used for bone histomorphometry. However, conventional MMA embedding causes almost complete loss of enzyme activity and protein antigenicity in the tissues. Recently, an MMA embedding technique has been reported that preserves enzyme activity and antigenic determinants in bone tissue. We describe here a modification of this embedding method. For our modified MMA embedding process, commercially available methacrylates can be used without purification, and the histologic quality of bone sections is comparable to that of conventionally MMA-embedded bone specimens. The technique reported here can be employed for embedding of larger bone samples and is suitable for histochemical and immunohistological applications as well as for routine bone histomorphometry. By addition of methylbenzoate during infiltration and polymerization of the plastic, the antigenicity of the tissue was improved. As applications of this novel technique, demonstration of alkaline phosphatase and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase as well as positive labeling of Kupffer cells and osteoclasts with the monoclonal antibody ED1 in sections of liver, tibiae, and vertebrae of 3-month-old rats was demonstrated. The method described here might be useful for the inclusion of histochemical and immunohistological methods into bone histomorphometry.
Time-optimal slewing of flexible spacecraft (1992)

The tune optimal slewing problem of flexible spacecraft is considered. The system is discretized by the assumed modes method, and the problem is solved for a linearized model in reduced state space by parameter optimization. Optimality is verified by the maximal principle. The linear solution is further used to obtain time optimal solutions for the non-linear problem.
Comparative distribution of estrogen receptor-? and -? mRNA in the rat central nervous system (1997)

Estrogen plays a profound role in regulating the structure and function of many neuronal systems in the adult rat brain. The actions of estrogen were thought to be mediated by a single nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) until the recent cloning of a novel ER (ER-beta). To ascertain which ER is involved in the regulation of different brain regions, the present study compared the distribution of the classical (ER-alpha) and novel (ER-beta) forms of ER mRNA-expressing neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of the rat with in situ hybridization histochemistry. Female rat brain, spinal cord, and eyes were frozen, and cryostat sections were collected on slides, hybridized with [35S]-labeled antisense riboprobes complimentary to ER-alpha or ER-beta mRNA, stringently washed, and opposed to emulsion. The results of these studies revealed the presence of ER-alpha and ER-beta mRNA throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the brain and spinal cord. Neurons of the olfactory bulb, supraoptic, paraventricular, suprachiasmatic, and tuberal hypothalamic nuclei, zona incerta, ventral tegmental area, cerebellum (Purkinje cells), laminae III-V, VIII, and IX of the spinal cord, and pineal gland contained exclusively ER-beta mRNA. In contrast, only ER-alpha hybridization signal was seen in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and subfornical organ. Perikarya in other brain regions, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial and cortical amygdaloid nuclei, preoptic area, lateral habenula, periaqueductal gray, parabrachial nucleus, locus ceruleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, spinal trigeminal nucleus and superficial laminae of the spinal cord, contained both forms of ER mRNA. Although the cerebral cortex and hippocampus contained both ER mRNAs, the hybridization signal for ER-alpha mRNA was very weak compared with ER-beta mRNA. The results of these in situ hybridization studies provide detailed information about the distribution of ER-alpha and ER-beta mRNAs in the rat CNS. In addition, this comparative study provides evidence that the region-specific expression of ER-alpha, ER-beta, or both may be important in determining the physiological responses of neuronal populations to estrogen action.
Ethacrynic Acid Increases Facility of Outflow in the Human Eye In Vitro (1992)

Anterior segments of human donor eyes were perfused with culture medium at a perfusion pressure of 15 mm Hg in a 5% carbon dioxide environment at 37 degrees C. After determination of a baseline facility of outflow, the perfusion chamber contents were exchanged with either drug vehicle or ethacrynic acid, at concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.25 mmol/L, after which postdrug facility was measured in the continuous presence of drug vehicle or ethacrynic acid. Ethacrynic acid increased facility of outflow from 28% to 105% at ethacrynic acid concentrations of 0.01 to 0.25 mmol/L, respectively. No morphologic correlate of the facility increase was observed with 0.01-mmol/L ethacrynic acid, nor were there any signs of cellular toxic effects. At 0.1 mmol/L, separations between trabecular meshwork cells and breaks between inner-wall cells were observed. At 0.25 mmol/L, focal areas of cell swelling and necrosis were noted. This study demonstrated that ethacrynic acid increases outflow facility in the aged human eye at concentrations that produce no apparent toxic effects. Therefore, ethacrynic acid may potentially prove useful in the treatment of glaucoma.