gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functions of Two Types of NADH Oxidases in Energy Metabolism and Oxidative Stress of Streptococcus mutans (1999)

We have previously identified two distinct NADH oxidases corresponding to H(2)O(2)-forming oxidase (Nox-1) and H(2)O-forming oxidase (Nox-2) induced in Streptococcus mutans. Sequence analyses indicated a strong similarity between Nox-1 and AhpF, the flavoprotein component of Salmonella typhimurium alkyl hydroperoxide reductase; an open reading frame upstream of nox-1 also showed homology to AhpC, the direct peroxide-reducing component of S. typhimurium alkyl hydroperoxide reductase. To determine their physiological functions in S. mutans, we constructed knockout mutants of Nox-1, Nox-2, and/or the AhpC homologue; we verified that Nox-2 plays an important role in energy metabolism through the regeneration of NAD(+) but Nox-1 contributes negligibly. The Nox-2 mutant exhibited greatly reduced aerobic growth on mannitol, whereas there was no significant effect of aerobiosis on the growth on mannitol of the other strains or growth on glucose of any of the strains. Although the Nox-2 mutants grew well on glucose aerobically, the end products of glucose fermentation by the Nox-2 mutant were substantially shifted to higher ratios of lactic acid to acetic acid compared with wild-type cells. The resistance to cumene hydroperoxide of Escherichia coli TA4315 (ahpCF-defective mutant) transformed with pAN119 containing both nox-1 and ahpC genes was not only restored but enhanced relative to that of E. coli K-12 (parent strain), indicating a clear function for Nox-1 as part of an alkyl hydroperoxide reductase system in vivo in combination with AhpC. Surprisingly, the Nox-1 and/or AhpC deficiency had no effect on the sensitivity of S. mutans to cumene hydroperoxide and H(2)O(2), implying that the existence of some other antioxidant system(s) independent of Nox-1 in S. mutans compensates for the deficiency.
Multiple biological activities are expressed by a mouse interleukin 6 cDNA clone isolated from bone marrow stromal cells. (1988)

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) refers to the gene product that was characterized initially as beta 2 interferon/26-kDa protein produced by human fibroblasts and later was found to be identical to B-cell stimulatory factor 2, hybridoma/plasmacytoma growth factor, and probably hepatocyte-stimulating factor. Using the human IL-6 cDNA as a probe, we have isolated functional cDNA clones from mouse bone marrow stromal cell cDNA libraries. Sequence analysis of the mouse cDNA insert revealed significant homology between the human and mouse IL-6 cDNA clones both at the level of nucleotide (65%) and deduced amino acid (41%) sequences. The NH2-terminal sequence of the deduced protein is identical to a partial NH2-terminal sequence determined previously for a hybridoma/plasmacytoma growth factor and a plasmacytoma growth factor isolated from mouse T cells and macrophages, respectively. The mRNA for mouse IL-6 is expressed in IL-1-treated stromal cells and in activated T-cell and macrophage cell lines. Supernatants from COS-7 monkey cells transfected with the cDNA clone have plasmacytoma growth factor, hepatocyte-stimulating factor, and colony-stimulating factor activities, as well as the ability to support the growth of a factor-dependent myeloid cell line, thus revealing an additional biological activity for IL-6.
The Construction of a Functional Photoactivatable Cancer Targeting Bispecific Antibody Conjugate (2007)

Masked Invader: we constructed a “cloaked” bispecific antibody conjugate in which only one antibody is initially biologically active. The other antibody is rendered inert with a coating of photolabile 2-nitrobenzyl groups until its activity is restored on irradiation with UV-A light. Such activatable conjugates could be used to target enzymes and drugs to tumours whilst minimising side effects in the rest of the body. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2452/2007/z700078_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
(.+-.)-7-Chloro-8-hydroxy-1-(4'-[125I]iodophenyl)-3-methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine: a potential CNS D-1 dopamine receptor imaging agent (1989)

Synthesis, radiolabeling, and in vitro and in vivo properties of an iodinated benzazepine, (+/-)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-1-(4'-[125I]iodophenyl)-3- methyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine, [125I]FISCH, as a potential imaging agent for evaluation of central nervous system (CNS) D-1 dopamine receptors in humans, were investigated. After an iv injection, this benzazepine derivative showed good brain uptake in rats (2.27, 1.40, 0.55% dose/whole brain at 2, 15, and 60 min, respectively). The striatum/cerebellum ratio was high (2.47 at 60 min after the injection). The binding affinity of this agent in rat striatum tissue preparation displayed a Kd of 1.43 +/- 0.15 nM. Competition data (in vitro) showed the following rank order of potency: SCH-23390 greater than (+/-)-FISCH greater than (+/-)-IBZP much greater than apomorphine greater than WB 4010 greater than ketanserin approximately spiperone. The preliminary data suggest that the agent is highly selective for the CNS D-1 receptor.
DNA polymerase delta mediates excision repair in growing cells damaged with ultraviolet radiation (1991)

In confluent, stationary phase cells, an aphidicolin-sensitive DNA polymerase mediates UV-induced excision repair, but the situation in growing cells is still controversial. The sensitivity of repair synthesis to aphidicolin, an inhibitor of DNA polymerases alpha and delta, was determined in growth phase and confluent normal human fibroblasts (AG1518) using several techniques. Repair synthesis in confluent cells was always inhibited by aphidicolin, no matter which measurement technique was used. However, the inhibition of repair synthesis in growth-phase cells by aphidicolin was only detectable when techniques unaffected by changes in nucleotide metabolism were used. We conclude that UV-induced repair synthesis in growing cells is actually aphidicolin sensitive, but that this inhibition can be obscured by changes in nucleotide metabolism. Employing butylphenyl-deoxyguanosine triphosphate, a potent inhibitor of polymerase alpha and a weak inhibitor of delta, we have obtained evidence that polymerase delta is responsible for repair synthesis in growth-phase cells following UV irradiation.
Novel linearizer using balanced circulators and its application to multilevel digital radio systems (1989)

A miniaturized RF predistortion linearizer for a GaAs field-effect transistor power amplifier applicable to 256 quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) digital microwave systems is presented. This linearizer, which is based upon the cuber linearizer technique, utilizes circulators and a pair of diodes in the distortion generator to obtain high signal component isolation, and in the variable phase shifter to compensate for temperature variations. This allows miniaturization and easy adjustment of the circuit. Results show that a distortion reduction of more than 10 dB is obtained over a 300 MHz bandwidth. It was verified that distortion reduction can be achieved over a temperature range from 0 to 50 degrees C. The fundamental characteristics of the linearizer and its effect on the 256-QAM signal are shown. The results show an improvement of more than 6 dB in the output back-off of the amplifier.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
[In search of renal stem cells]. (2003)

The therapeutic potential of stem cell research is very promising. Although arising ethical questions, especially in the field of embryonic stem cells (ES), it is astonishing how, in the last few years, the potential application of stem cells for treating proliferative as well as degenerative diseases, is becoming increasingly evident. It was recently demonstrated that somatic stem cells showed unexpected plasticity similar to ES. In fact, if somatic stem cells are exposed to proper stimuli they can differentiate into a multitude of cell types that may be different from those of the tissue they belong to. In addition, it was recently demonstrated that circulating blood stem cells, probably of bone marrow origin, were recruited at the sites of injury to regenerate or repair damaged tissues. Very little is known about renal stem cells. Although the great capacity of the kidney to regenerate injured nephrons is well established, renal somatic stem cells have yet to be identified. The question we are now faced with is whether renal stem cells exist and, if they do exist, where do they reside. In the attempt to answer this question, the present review will focus on the achievements both in the fields of somatic stem cells and renal embryogenesis and in the field of renal repair and regeneration mechanisms.
Carbohydrate-Directed Conjugation of Cobra Venom Factor to Antibody by Selective Derivatization of the Terminal Galactose Residues (2001)

Cobra venom factor (CVF) can cause cell death by complement-mediated bystander cell lysis. Several studies have investigated CVF for application in cancer therapy by conjugating CVF to antibodies against tumor cell surface-specific antigens via the side-chain amino acid residues. In most cases, the activity of CVF was markedly impaired, presumably by modification of the factor B binding domain due to random derivatization. Since CVF is a glycoprotein and its oligosaccharide chains are distal to the factor B binding domain, coupling of CVF to antibodies through its oligosaccharide chains is expected to yield immunoconjugates with retention of CVF activity and elimination of the immunoreactivity of the terminal alpha-galactosyl residues. In this study, we investigated the carbohydrate site-directed conjugation of CVF to a monoclonal IgG specific to a cell-surface antigen of human ovarian cancer cells. The terminal galactosyl residues of CVF were selectively modified at C-6 by treatment with galactose oxidase, and the generated aldehyde groups were derivatized in situ with hydrazides containing either protected thiol or maleimide functional groups. The CVF derivatives were allowed to react with thiol groups introduced to the antibody by derivatization with 2-iminothiolane to yield carbohydrate site-directed CVF-antibody conjugates. In both cases, 30-40% of the antibody cross-linked to CVF to yield predominantly monovalent CVF-antibody conjugates. The purified immunoconjugates retained 70-75% of CVF activity and significant level of antigen-binding capacity. This is the first study to exploit the oligosaccharide chains of CVF for the preparation of active immunoconjugates.
50 GHz spaced, 32 × 10 Gbit/s dense WDM transmissionin zero-dispersion region over 640 km of dispersion-shifted fibre with multiwavelength distributed Raman amplification (1999)

The authors present, for the first time, 32 × 10 Gbit/s transmission (50 GHz channel spacing) in the zero-dispersion region of dispersion-shifted fibre (DSF) by employing multiwavelength distributed Raman amplification. Each transmission span is bi-directionally pumped at two wavelengths, 1450 and 1465 nm, to construct a wideband distributed Raman amplifier. A hybrid amplifier formed by a gain-flattened erbium-doped fibre amplifier and a gain-flattened distributed Raman amplifier is used to successfully realise dense WDM transmission in the zero-dispersion region over 8 × 80 km of DSF.
Electrical Pulsed Stimulation of Surfaces Homogeneously Coated with Gold Nanoparticles to Induce Neurite Outgrowth of PC12 Cells (2008)

In this study, the potential of gold nanoparticles (20 nm) to deliver electrical stimulation to nerve cell cultures in vitro to induce nerve regeneration was evaluated. In order to use these biomaterials to deliver an electrical stimulus, we devised a novel method for the fabrication of a nanostructured 2D substrate comprising gold nanoparticles attached to the surface of a cover glass via an adsorption system. In this strategy, gold nanoparticles are created and then coated onto a positively charged cover glass that has been pretreated with polyethyleneimine (PEI). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the PC 12 cells extended neurites well on the gold nanoparticles in the presence of electrical stimulation. In addition, the neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells in response to pulsed and constant electrical stimulation was evaluated by live/dead cell determination, by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, as well as by beta-tubulin and NF-200 expression. By electrical stimulation (250 mV for 1 h), PC12 cells with their neurite outgrowth length were highly increased, with a mean diameter of 98.5 microm. However, the neurite outgrowth length without electrical stimulation was approximately 10 approximately 20 microm. Moreover, the alternating current stimulation also showed good viability (<90%), while a high amount of cell death (more than 30%) was observed with constant current stimulation. Thus, the gold nanoparticles with pulsed current stimulation may provide suitable tools for the nerve regeneration using neuronal cells.
Clinical Applications of PCR (1998)

Clinical Applications of PCR offers an unprecedented collection of core PCR techniques for the study and diagnosis of human diseases. Cutting-edge and essential for today's diagnostic laboratories, these techniques heavily utilize nonisotopic, solution phase, and in situ amplification methods. A significant number of chapters describe applications exploiting the exquisite sensitivity of PCR in the detection of rare or single cells, as in identifying fetal cells circulating in maternal blood, preimplantation embryo diagnosis, or detecting circulating cancer cells. The methods described in Clinical Applications of PCR will well serve diverse clinical specialties ranging from hematology/oncology, human genetics, and microbiology, to virology, pathology, and infectious diseases. The book repeatedly demonstrates the power of PCR-its high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to rapidly discriminate sequence variations
Are adult cardiocytes still able to proliferate? (2003)

In all mammals including humans, adult cardiocytes become post mitotic cells, while cardiac non muscle cells still have the capacity to proliferate, and cardiac hypertrophy in adults is known to be due to cardiocyte hypertrophy and non muscle cell hyperplasia. Such a dogma was supported by several, rather ancient, observations, and has been recently challenged by two different groups. Several new paradigms in cell biology have modified these views: the entire determinants of the cell cycle are now entirely known; apoptosis, and cardiac apoptosis, is central in the process of cell division, and has a rather complicated significance; telomeres are specialized DNA-protein structures that prevent end-to-end chromosome fusion, and are rather characteristic of germ and stem cells, these structures are maintained by telomerase. Using several markers, including telomerase activity, endogenous self-renewing, clonogenic and multipotent stem cells were identified in the adult myocardium in human, mice and rat. These cells are activated during cardiac overload or ischemia to produce new cardiocytes. New endothelial cells also appeared, and are likely to have a circulatory origin. The physiological importance of these new cells is debatable at the moment. Nevertheless, these findings provide an important new basis for cell cardiomyoplasty. It is also possible to envisage stimulation of the production and activity of these new cells to compensate for the lack of substance after myocardial infarction.
Cloning Physically Unclonable Functions (2013)

As system security demands continue to evolve, Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are a promising solution for secure storage on Integrated Circuits (ICs). SRAM PUFs are among the most popular types of PUFs, since they require no additional circuitry and can be implemented with on-die memories such as caches and data memory that are readily available on both ASICs and FPGAs. This work demonstrates that SRAM PUFs are not well suited as PUFs, as they do not meet several requirements that constitute an ideal PUF. The compact nature of SRAM, standard interconnects and resiliency to environmental effects make SRAM PUFs particularly easy to clone. We consider several ways in which SRAM PUFs can be characterized and demonstrate a Focused Ion Beam circuit edit with which we were able to produce a physical clone of our Proof-of-Concept SRAM PUF implementation. As a result of the circuit edit, when challenged, the physical clone produced an identical physical response to the original device. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in which a physical clone of a Physically Unclonable Function was produced.
Diagnosis of Three-Phase Electrical Machines Using Multidimensional Demodulation Techniques (2011)

This paper deals with the diagnosis of three-phase electrical machines and focuses on failures that lead to stator-current modulation. To detect a failure, we propose a new method based on stator-current demodulation. By exploiting the configuration of three-phase machines, we demonstrate that the demodulation can be efficiently performed with low-complexity multidimensional transforms such as the Concordia transform (CT) or the principal component analysis (PCA). From a practical point of view, we also prove that PCA-based demodulation is more attractive than CT. After demodulation, we propose two statistical criteria aiming at measuring the failure severity from the demodulated signals. Simulations and experimental results highlight the good performance of the proposed approach for condition monitoring.
Effect of a Specific Serine Protease Inhibitor on the Rat Pancreas: Systemic Administration of Camostate and Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion (1984)

Camostate, a synthetic serine protease inhibitor, specifically inhibits the trypsin activity in vitro. Immediately after intravenous administration of camostate (5, 2.5, 0.5, and 0.1 mg/kg body weight/h) the trypsin activity in the biliary-pancreatic juice was diminished dose-dependently in anaesthetized rats. The amylase release was not influenced. Camostate and its metabolites were detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography in the pancreatic juice and tissue; in plasma, only the metabolites were found. Therefore, the inhibitory action of camostate on the trypsin activity in the biliary-pancreatic juice may be due to penetration of camostate into the juice.
Characterization of the proteasome interaction network using a QTAX-based tag-team strategy and protein interaction network analysis (2008)

Quantitative analysis of tandem-affinity purified cross-linked (x) protein complexes (QTAX) is a powerful technique for the identification of protein interactions, including weak and/or transient components. Here, we apply a QTAX-based tag-team mass spectrometry strategy coupled with protein network analysis to acquire a comprehensive and detailed assessment of the protein interaction network of the yeast 26S proteasome. We have determined that the proteasome network is composed of at least 471 proteins, significantly more than the total number of proteins identified by previous reports using proteasome subunits as baits. Validation of the selected proteasome-interacting proteins by reverse copurification and immunoblotting experiments with and without cross-linking, further demonstrates the power of the QTAX strategy for capturing protein interactions of all natures. In addition, >80% of the identified interactions have been confirmed by existing data using protein network analysis. Moreover, evidence obtained through network analysis links the proteasome to protein complexes associated with diverse cellular functions. This work presents the most complete analysis of the proteasome interaction network to date, providing an inclusive set of physical interaction data consistent with physiological roles for the proteasome that have been suggested primarily through genetic analyses. Moreover, the methodology described here is a general proteomic tool for the comprehensive study of protein interaction networks.
Quantification of internalization of EGFR-binding Affibody molecules: Methodological aspects (2010)

Tumor cell internalization of targeting agents is of interest, since internalization influences the local retention time of a radionuclide and thereby imaging quality in PET and SPECT and effects of radionuclide therapy. In cases where nuclear methods are not applicable at the cellular level, quantitative fluorescent techniques are useful as described in this article. Two fluorescence-based methods to study cellular internalization were applied: the CypHer and the Alexa488-quenching methods, both utilized in fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Two EGFR-binding Affibody molecules were analyzed in A431 cells: the monomer Z1907 and the dimer (Z1907)2. EGF, cetuximab and non-specific Affibody molecules were used as controls. For comparison, internalization of 111In-labeled Z1907 was studied with the acid wash internalization assay. The Cypher method is straightforward, but requires equal labeling of all compounds for accurate quantification. The Alexa488-quenching method is preferable since it is independent of the dye-to-protein ratio. According to this method, about 45% of EGF and 19-24% of the bound Affibody molecules and cetuximab were internalized within one hour. Similar results were seen with 111In-Z1907 in the acid wash method, while (Z1907)2 was not removed by acid and thus could not be studied this way. The fluorescence-based Alexa488-quenching method is well suited to quantitatively analyze internalization of targeting agents, also those that resist acid wash. The internalized fraction showed that both the monomeric and dimeric Affibody molecules are expected to give good uptake and thereby good retention of metallic radionuclides which will render good tumor to background values.
Indacenodithiophene Semiconducting Polymers for High-Performance, Air-Stable Transistors (2010)

High-performance, solution-processed transistors fabricated from semiconducting polymers containing indacenodithiohene repeat units are described. The bridging functions on the backbone contribute to suppressing large-scale crystallization in thin films. However, charge carrier mobilities of up to 1 cm(2)/(V s) for a benzothiadiazole copolymer were reported and, coupled with both ambient stability and long-wavelength absorption, make this family of polymers particularly attractive for application in next-generation organic optoelectronics.
Carbonylative Coupling of 4,4’-Diiodobiphenyl Catalyzed by Pd(NHC) Complex (2013)

To develop a luminescent material with high color purity, luminous efficiency, and stability, we synthesized diketone by carbonylative Suzuki coupling in the presence of Pd(NHC) complex as the catalyst. Carbonylative coupling of 4,4’-diiodobiphenyl and phenylboronic acid was investigated to study in detail the catalytic ability of the Pd(NHC) complex. Reactions were carried out using both CO and metal carbonyls. Bis-(1,3-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-2H-imidazol- 2-ylidene) diiodo palladium was used as the catalytic complex. Reaction products biphenyl-4,4’-diylbis (phenyl- methanone) 3 and (4’-iodobiphenyl-4-yl)(phenyl) methanone 4 were obtained as a result of CO insertion into the palladium(II)-aryl bond. However, when pyridine-4-yl boronic acid was used in place of phenylboronic acid as the starting reagent, synthetic reaction yielding 3 and 4 were found not to occur.