gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Longevity of Cultured Human Cells* (1974)

ABSTRACT: Research in aging is now becoming firmly rooted in the scientific method. If it receives the support it deserves, it may produce the next major advance in biology. This article summarizes some of the biological aspects of the field including hypotheses, the aging of cultured human cells, the inverse relationship between donor age and cell longevity, the senescence of cultured normal cells derived from different animal species, the latent period of explanted cells versus donor age, progeria and Werner's syndrome, and the future of gerontological research. Life expectancy at birth has increased in recent years, but at age 65–70 it has remained virtually fixed. The human lifespan will not be changed significantly until the underlying biological causes of senescence are slowed or stopped. Since support for research in this field is almost non‐existent, it is more important to concentrate our efforts on increasing research support for gerontology than on increasing the mean lifespan of man. Without the former, the latter will never be improved.
Tomography and generative training with quantum Boltzmann machines (2017)

The promise of quantum neural nets, which utilize quantum effects to model complex data sets, has made their development an aspirational goal for quantum machine learning and quantum computing in general. Here we provide methods of training quantum Boltzmann machines. Our work generalizes existing methods and provides additional approaches for training quantum neural networks that compare favorably to existing methods. We further demonstrate that quantum Boltzmann machines enable a form of partial quantum state tomography that further provides a generative model for the input quantum state. Classical Boltzmann machines are incapable of this. This verifies the long-conjectured connection between tomography and quantum machine learning. Finally, we prove that classical computers cannot simulate our training process in general unless $\text{BQP}=\text{BPP}$, provide lower bounds on the complexity of the training procedures and numerically investigate training for small nonstoquastic Hamiltonians.
Bipolar-Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (BiCMOS) Technology with Polysilicon Self-Aligned Bipolar Devices (1991)

An advanced bipolar-complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (BiCMOS) technology providing uncompromised high-performance, double polysilicon self-aligned (PSA) n-p-n bipolar and 1.25 µm gate length CMOS transistors is described. The polysilicon self-aligned-BiCMOS technology (PSA-BiCMOS) is intended for high-speed logic circuit operation at 5 V, where a high level of circuit integration and power consumption is involved. Features include vertical n-p-n transistors with a self-aligned n + polysilicon emitter and p + polysilicon base. The CMOS transistor features n + polysilicon gates and lightly doped drain (LDD) NMOSFET. A process simulator, Stanford University process engineering models (SUPREM III) and device simulator, Poisson and continuity equation solver (PISCES II) were used to optimize the process steps and to enhance device characteristics, respectively. The performance of N- and PMOS transistors is comparable to those of a conventional CMOS process. The driving capability of CMOS and PSA-BiCMOS was compared according to fan-out. Compared to CMOS, PSA-BiCMOS has good driving capability from about 2.5 fan-out and PSA-BiCMOS with 1.25 µm N- and PMOS transistors and a bipolar transistor with 2 µm emitter width exhibits an average ring oscillator delay of 6.25 ns/stage at 1 pF load capacitance at 5 V.
Cationized Serum Albumin Enhances Response of Cultured Fetal Rat Long Bones to Parathyroid Hormone* (1985)

The effects of cationized serum albumin on the resorptive response to PTH and other agents were examined in organ cultures of fetal rat long bones. Human serum albumin (HSA) was cationized to an isoelectric point greater than 9.5 by addition of hexamethylene diamine. When cationized albumin (C-HSA) replaced HSA or BSA in the medium, resorption could be stimulated by 10- to 30-fold lower concentrations of synthetic (1-34) human or bovine PTH or intact 1-84 bovine PTH. Using C-HSA, significant resorption was obtained in some experiments with the concentration of PTH as low as 25 pM, but in most experiments 100 pM–400 pM concentrations were required. In contrast, 6.25 nM 1:34 PTH was required for a response in HSA. The sensitivity to stimulation of resorption by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and prostaglandin E2 was not increased. Hence, the increased sensitivity to PTH is most likely due to a selective protective effect of C-HSA, which might decrease nonspecific binding or degradation of the hormone. (Endocrinology116: 1729–1733, 1985)
Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) binds to VEGF receptor-1 and regulates plasminogen activator activity in endothelial cells (1998)

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family has recently expanded by the identification and cloning of three additional members, namely VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D. In this study we demonstrate that VEGF-B binds selectively to VEGF receptor-1/Flt-1. This binding can be blocked by excess VEGF, indicating that the interaction sites on the receptor are at least partially overlapping. Mutating the putative VEGF receptor-1/Flt-1 binding determinants Asp63, Asp64, and Glu67 to alanine residues in VEGF-B reduced the affinity to VEGF receptor-1 but did not abolish binding. Mutational analysis of conserved cysteines contributing to VEGF-B dimer formation suggest a structural conservation with VEGF and platelet-derived growth factor. Proteolytic processing of the 60-kDa VEGF-B186 dimer results in a 34-kDa dimer containing the receptor-binding epitopes. The binding of VEGF-B to its receptor on endothelial cells leads to increased expression and activity of urokinase type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, suggesting a role for VEGF-B in the regulation of extracellular matrix degradation, cell adhesion, and migration.
A taxonomy for key escrow encryption systems (1996)

article Free Access Share on A taxonomy for key escrow encryption systems Authors: Dorothy E. Denning professor of Computer Science at Georgetown University professor of Computer Science at Georgetown UniversityView Profile , Dennis K. Branstad Director of cryptographic technologies at Trusted Information Systems, Inc. Director of cryptographic technologies at Trusted Information Systems, Inc.View Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 39Issue 3March 1996pp 34–40https://doi.org/10.1145/227234.227239Published:01 March 1996Publication History 106citation1,521DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations106Total Downloads1,521Last 12 Months183Last 6 weeks26 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Refracs: Why Do They Work, and Why Do They Fail in 100 Published Field Studies? (2010)

Abstract A database has been compiled and analyzed, summarizing more than 100 field studies in which restimulation treatments (hydraulic refracs) have been performed, along with the production results. Field results demonstrate that refrac success can be attributed to many mechanisms, including: – Enlarged fracture geometry, enhancing reservoir contact – Improved pay coverage through increased fracture height in vertical wells – More thorough lateral coverage in horizontal wells or initiation of more transverse fractures – Increased fracture conductivity compared to initial frac – Restoration of fracture conductivity lost due to embedment, cyclic stress, proppant degradation, gel damage, scale, asphaltene precipitation, fines plugging, etc. – Increased conductivity in previously unpropped or inadequately propped portions of fracture – Improved production profile in well; preferentially stimulating lower permeability intervals [reservoir management] – Use of more suitable fracturing fluids – Re-energizing or re-inflating natural fissures – Reorientation due to stress field alterations, leading to contact of "new" rock Although less frequently published, unsuccessful restimulation treatments are also common. Documented concerns illustrated in this paper include: – Low pressured, depleted wells (especially gas wells) posing challenges with recovery of fracturing fluids – Low pressured or fault-isolated wells with limited reserves – Wells in which diagnostics indicate effective initial fractures and drainage to reservoir boundaries – Wells with undesirable existing perforations, or uncertain mechanical integrity of tubing, casing, or cement This paper will explore the common problems that lead to unsatisfactory stimulation, or initial treatments that fail over time. Guidelines for evaluating refrac candidates and improving initial treatments will be reviewed. The paper summarizes restimulation attempts in oil and gas wells in sandstone, carbonate, shale and coal formations. This organized summary of field results and references will provide significant value to readers evaluating or designing restimulation treatments.
On the thermal decomposition of GaN in vacuum (1974)

The thermal decomposition of GaN was studied by means of a Mettler Thermoanalyzer while the gaseous products evolved were continuously pumped out. Some small loss of weight of GaN was observable already in the temperature range of 710 to 980°C but a definitive loss started only above 980°C. The gaseous decomposition products were analyzed also by means of a mass-spectrometer, Varian, coupled directly to a vacuum furnace. Only nitrogen was found. The temperature dependence of the decomposition was determined using the equilibrium pressure data of the dynamic system. Die thermische Zersetzung des GaN wurde unter fortlaufendem Abpumpen der Spaltgase mit einem Mettler Thermoanalysator untersucht. Eine geringe Absenkung des Gewichts des GaN konnte schon im Temperaturbereich von 710 bis 980°C beobachtet werden, aber ein ausgeprägter Gewichtsverlust begann nur über 980°C. Die gasförmigen Zersetzungs-produkte wurden auch mit einem, dem Vakuumofen unmittelbar angeschlossenen Massen-spektrometer, Varian, untersucht. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Zersetzungwurde aus den Daten der Gleichgewichtsdrucke des dynamischen Systems berechnet.
Assignment of the gene for methylthioadenosine phosphorylase to human chromosome 9 by mouse-human somatic cell hybridization. (1984)

The purine and polyamine metabolic enzyme methylthioadenosine (MeSAdo) phosphorylase is abundant in normal cells and tissues but is lacking from many human and murine malignant cell lines and from cells of some human leukemias in vivo. To explore the genetic control of MeSAdo phosphorylase expression, we measured levels of the enzyme in somatic cell hybrids prepared by fusing MeSAdo phosphorylase-deficient mouse L cell lines with human fibroblasts. In the hybrid clones, MeSAdo phosphorylase activity segregated concordantly with adenylate kinase 1, a marker for human chromosome 9, but not with enzyme markers for any other human chromosome. In hybrid clones derived from human fibroblasts with a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 17, MeSAdo phosphorylase activity was confined to cells containing the 9pter----9q12 region. In every case, the enzyme-positive hybrid clones displayed bands of MeSAdo phosphorylase activity with isoelectric points characteristic of both the human and murine enzymes. These results indicate that the structural gene for human MeSAdo phosphorylase, designated MTAP, can be assigned to the 9pter----9q12 region of human chromosome 9. Furthermore, these studies with interspecies somatic cell hybrids show that the MeSAdo phosphorylase-deficient state is recessive in mouse L cell lines.
Immunomodulation of Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases with Intravenous Immune Globulin (2001)

Intravenous immune globulin has been used in the treatment of primary and secondary antibody deficiencies for more than 25 years. It is a safe preparation with no long-term side effects. Intravenous immune globulin was first demonstrated to be effective in an autoimmune disorder — idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura — two decades ago. Since then, it has been established to be efficacious in the treatment of the Guillain–Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, myasthenia gravis, corticosteroid-resistant dermatomyositis, and Kawasaki's syndrome and in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplants. Benefits have been reported in many other autoimmune . . .
Highly Efficient Induction of Protective Immunity by a Vaccinia Virus Vector Defective in Late Gene Expression (1999)

Vaccinia viruses defective in the essential gene coding for the enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) do not undergo DNA replication and do not express late genes in wild-type cells. A UDG-deficient vaccinia virus vector carrying the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus prM/E gene, termed vD4-prME, was constructed, and its potential as a vaccine vector was evaluated. High-level expression of the prM/E antigens could be demonstrated in infected complementing cells, and moderate levels were found under noncomplementing conditions. The vD4-prME vector was used to vaccinate mice; animals receiving single vaccination doses as low as 10(4) PFU were fully protected against challenge with high doses of virulent TBE virus. Single vaccination doses of 10(3) PFU were sufficient to induce significant neutralizing antibody titers. With the corresponding replicating virus, doses at least 10-fold higher were needed to achieve protection. The data indicate that late gene expression of the vaccine vector is not required for successful vaccination; early vaccinia virus gene expression induces a potent protective immune response. The new vaccinia virus-based defective vectors are therefore promising live vaccines for prophylaxis and cancer immunotherapy.
Embryonic brain expression analysis of lysophospholipid receptor genes suggests roles for s1p1 in neurogenesis and s1p1–3 in angiogenesis (2002)

In a comparison of embryonic brain expression patterns of lysophosphatidic acid and sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor genes (lpa(1-3) and s1p(1-5), respectively), transcripts detected by Northern blot were subsequently localized using in situ hybridization. We found striking s1p(1) expression adjacent to several ventricles. Near the lateral ventricle, s1p(1) expression was temporally and spatially coincident with neurogenesis and overlapped with lpa(1) in the neocortical area. We also observed a widespread diffuse pattern for lpa(2-3) and a scattered punctate pattern for s1p(1-3). The punctate pattern colocalized with vascular endothelial markers. Together, these results suggest that s1p(1) influences neurogenesis and s1p(1-3) influence angiogenesis in the developing brain.
Tuning a parallel database algorithm on a shared‐memory multiprocessor (1992)

Abstract Database query processing can benefit significantly from parallelism. Parallel database algorithms combine substantial CPU and I/O activity, memory requirements, and massive data exchange between processes, all of which must be considered to obtain optimal performance. Since parallel external sorting is a very typical example, we have focused on sorting to tune Volcano, a new query processing system. The purpose of the Volcano project is to provide efficient, extensible tools for query and request processing in novel application domains, particularly in object‐oriented and scientific database systems, and for experimental database performance research. It includes all query processing algorithms conventionally used in relational database systems as well as several new ones, and can execute all of them in parallel. In this article, we present Volcano's parallel external sorting algorithm and a sequence of enhancements to improve its performance. We obtained very good absolute performance, 84 seconds for 100 MB of data, as well as near‐linear speedup with sixteen CPUs and disks. Furthermore, these results were achieved on a shared‐memory machine despite the common belief that parallel query processing is best implemented on distributed‐memory systems. We detail our tuning measures and report on their effectiveness.
Galectin-1 is a stromal cell ligand of the pre-B cell receptor (BCR) implicated in synapse formation between pre-B and stromal cells and in pre-BCR triggering (2002)

Although preB cell-receptor (pre-BCR) formation and cell-surface expression is essential for B cell development, pre-BCR generation of signal transduction remains elusive. Here, we report that recombinant pre-BCRs and the surrogate light chain bind specifically to the bone marrow stromal cell galectin-1 (GAL1), an S-type lectin. The surrogate light chain/GAL1 association is a direct protein-protein interaction (K(a) = 2 x 10(6) M(-1)), and the NH(2) extra loop of lambda-like is the major binding element. Pre-BCR binding to stromal cells depends upon GAL1 anchoring to glycosylated counter-receptors, and these complexes completely relocalize to form a synapse at the contact zone between preB and stromal cells. This immune developmental synapse is accompanied by the initiation of intracellular tyrosine kinase activity and signal transduction from the pre-BCR.
Dual Action of Neutrophil Gelatinase–Associated Lipocalin (2007)

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is expressed and secreted by immune cells, hepatocytes, and renal tubular cells in various pathologic states. NGAL exerts bacteriostatic effects, which are explained by its ability to capture and deplete siderophores, small iron-binding molecules that are synthesized by certain bacteria as a means of iron acquisition. Consistently, NGAL deficiency in genetically modified mice leads to an increased growth of bacteria. However, growing evidence suggests effects of the protein beyond fighting microorganisms. NGAL acts as a growth and differentiation factor in multiple cell types, including developing and mature renal epithelia, and some of this activity is enhanced in the presence of siderophore:iron complexes. This has led to the hypothesis that eukaryotes might synthesize siderophore-like molecules that bind NGAL. Accordingly, NGAL-mediated iron shuttling between the extracellular and intracellular spaces may explain some of the biologic activities of the protein. Interest in NGAL has been sparked by the observation that NGAL is massively upregulated after renal tubular injury and may participate in limiting kidney damage. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the dual effects of NGAL as a siderophore:iron-binding protein and as a growth factor and examines the role of these effects in renal injury.
Clinical implications of the stress response. (1995)

A field of research that began with a curious observation in Drosophila has resulted in a new understanding of how cells respond to sudden and adverse changes in their environment. In addition through the study of the structure/function of the stress proteins, especially those which function as molecular chaperones, new insights into the details by which proteins are synthesized and acquire their final biologically active conformation have been realized. Equally exciting is the progress being made as it relates the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of the stress-response proteins. The use of stress proteins as the next generation of vaccines and/or their use as potentially powerful adjuvants, capable of stimulating both T and B cell responses to a particular antigen of interest appear close to becoming a reality. One wonders how many more surprises are in store for us as we continue to explore this evolutionally conserved cellular stress response.
Tissue factor expression is a clinical indicator of lymphatic metastasis and poor prognosis in gastric cancer with intestinal phenotype (2006)

TF may be critically involved in tumor progression in intestinal-type, but not in diffuse-type, gastric carcinoma. The difference in clinical features between these two histological types might be partially dependent on TF expression profile.
Engineering trimeric fibrous proteins based on bacteriophage T4 adhesins (1998)

The adsorption specificity of bacteriophage T4 is determined by genes 12 and 37, encoding the short tail-fibers (STF) and the distal part of the long tail-fibers (LTF), respectively. Both are trimeric proteins with rod domains made up of similar tandem quasi-repeats, approximately 40 amino acids long. Their assembly requires the viral chaperones gp57A and gp38. Here we report that fusing fragments of gp12 and gp37 to another trimeric T4 fibrous protein, fibritin, facilitates correct assembly, thereby by-passing the chaperone requirement. Fibritin is an alpha-helical coiled coil protein whose C-terminal part (fibritin E, comprising the last 120 residues) has recently been solved to atomic resolution. Gp12 fragments of 109 and 70 amino acids, corresponding to three and two quasi-repeats respectively, were fused to the C-terminus of fibritin E. A similar chimera was designed for the last 63 residues of gp37, which contain four copies of the pentapeptide Gly-X-His-X-His and assume a narrow rigid structure in the LTF distal tip. Expressed from plasmids, all three chimeras form soluble trimers that are resistant to dissociation by SDS and digestion by trypsin, indicative of correct folding and oligomerization.
What Can Casual Walkers Tell Us About A 3D Scene? (2007)

An approach for incremental learning of a 3D scene from a single static video camera is presented in this paper. In particular, we exploit the presence of casual people walking in the scene to infer relative depth, learn shadows, and segment the critical ground structure. Considering that this type of video data is so ubiquitous, this work provides an important step towards 3D scene analysis from single cameras in readily available ordinary videos and movies. On-line 3D scene learning, as presented here, is very important for applications such as scene analysis, foreground refinement, tracking, biometrics, automated camera collaboration, activity analysis, identification, and real-time computer-graphics applications. The main contributions of this work are then two-fold. First, we use the people in the scene to continuously learn and update the 3D scene parameters using an incremental robust (L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> ) error minimization. Secondly, models of shadows in the scene are learned using a statistical framework. A symbiotic relationship between the shadow model and the estimated scene geometry is exploited towards incremental mutual improvement. We illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework with applications in foreground refinement, automatic segmentation as well as relative depth mapping of the floor/ground, and estimation of 3D trajectories of people in the scene.