gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
L‐ornithine L‐aspartate in bouts of overt hepatic encephalopathy (2017)

High-quality data on the efficacy of L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA) in patients with cirrhosis and bouts of overt hepatic encephalopathy (OHE) are missing. We evaluated the efficacy of intravenous LOLA in the reversal of bouts of OHE in patients with cirrhosis. In this prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted at two tertiary care institutes in India, 370 patients with cirrhosis and bouts of OHE were screened. After exclusion, 193 (52.16%) patients were randomized to receive either intravenous infusions of LOLA (n = 98), 30 g daily, or placebo (n = 95) for 5 days. Standard of care treatment (including lactulose and ceftriaxone) was given in both groups. Randomization was done centrally (http://www.sealedenvelope.com/). All study personnel were blinded to the treatment assignment. Fasting venous ammonia levels were estimated daily from 0 to 5 days. Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins, hemogram, and liver and renal function tests were performed at days 0 and 5. Primary outcome was mental state grade at day 5 of treatment. The grade of OHE was significantly lower in the LOLA group (compared to placebo) on days 1-4 but not on day 5. The mean time taken for recovery was lower in the LOLA group compared to the placebo group (1.92 ± 0.93 versus 2.50 ± 1.03 days, P = 0.002; 95% confidence interval -0.852 to -0.202). Venous ammonia at day 5 and length of hospital stay were significantly lower in the LOLA group. No significant difference in interleukins was seen between the groups. Conclusion: In patients with bouts of OHE, intravenous LOLA (as an add-on therapy to lactulose and ceftriaxone) significantly improves the grade of OHE over days 1-4, but not on day 5, and decreases venous ammonia, time of recovery, and length of hospital stay. (Hepatology 2018;67:700-710).
Photorefractive effect in GaP (1990)

The photorefractive effect in undoped semi-insulating GaP was observed. GaP has a photorefractive sensitivity in the spectral region of 0.6 to 0.9 microm. The photorefractive center is the deep donor resulting from the P antisite defect. We measured the two-beam coupling gain coefficient and its time constant as functions of the grating period and the pumping intensity, using a 633-nm He-Ne laser. The maximum gain coefficient of 0.33 cm(-1) was obtained at a grating period of 1.1 microm. The time constant, which depends on the grating period, was 3-20 msec at a pumping intensity of 30 mW/cm(2).
Spark Plasma Sintering of Lithium Aluminum Germanium Phosphate Solid Electrolyte and its Electrochemical Properties (2019)

Sodium superionic conductor (NASICON)-type lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP) has attracted increasing attention as a solid electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs), due to the good ionic conductivity and highly stable interface with Li metal. However, it still remains challenging to achieve high density and good ionic conductivity in LAGP pellets by using conventional sintering methods, because they required high temperatures (>800 °C) and long sintering time (>6 h), which could cause the loss of lithium, the formation of impurity phases, and thus the reduction of ionic conductivity. Herein, we report the utilization of a spark plasma sintering (SPS) method to synthesize LAGP pellets with a density of 3.477 g cm<sup>-3</sup>, a relative high density up to 97.6%, and a good ionic conductivity of 3.29 × 10<sup>-4</sup> S cm<sup>-1</sup>. In contrast to the dry-pressing process followed with high-temperature annealing, the optimized SPS process only required a low operating temperature of 650 °C and short sintering time of 10 min. Despite the least energy and short time consumption, the SPS approach could still achieve LAGP pellets with high density, little voids and cracks, intimate grain-grain boundary, and high ionic conductivity. These advantages suggest the great potential of SPS as a fabrication technique for preparing solid electrolytes and composite electrodes used in ASSLIBs.
The Need For Additional Options In The Treatment Of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (1995)

Current therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is inadequate to control the progression of the disease. Although existing nucleoside analogues, such as zidovudine, have clear benefits, they also have drawbacks, including toxicity and the possibility of drug resistance. In addition, the timing of therapy and the use of monotherapy versus combination therapy as initial treatment have not been definitively established. HIV drugs currently in development include newer nucleoside analogues, such as stavudine and lamivudine, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors. The addition of these agents to the antiretroviral armamentarium will expand the treatment options available to clinicians who treat patients with HIV infection.
Purification and Properties of Thermostable Tryptophanase from an Obligately Symbiotic Thermophile, Symbiobacterium thermophilum. (1991)

A thermostable tryptophanase was extracted from a thermophilic bacterium, Symbiobacterium thermophilum strain T, which is obligately symbiotic with the thermophilic Bacillus strain S. The enzyme was purified 21-fold to homogeneity with 19% recovery by a series of chromatographies using anion-exchange, hydroxylapatite, hydrophobic interaction, and MonoQ anion-exchange columns. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be approximately 210, 000 by gel filtration, while the molecular weight of its subunit was 46, 000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which indicates that the native enzyme is composed of four homologous subunits. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 4;9. The tryptophanase was stable to heating at 65°C for 20 min and the optimum temperature for the enzyme activity for 20 min reaction was 70°C. The optimum pH was 7.0. The NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of this tryptophanase shows similarity to that of Escherichia coli K-12, despite a great difference in the thermostability of these two enzymes. The purified enzyme catalyzed the degradation (α, β-elimination) of L-tryptophan into indole, pyruvate, and ammonia in the presence of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate. The Km value for L-tryptophan was 1.47 mM. 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan, 5-methyl-DL-tryptophan, L-cysteine, S-methyl-L-cysteine, and L-serine were also used as substrates and converted to pyruvate. The reverse reaction of α, β-elimination of this tryptophanase produced L-tryptophan from indole and pyruvate in the presence of a high concentration of ammonium acetate.
Electronic banking goes to market (1988)

Online transaction systems, already menacing automatic teller machines, are bringing a cashless society closer by infiltrating stores, restaurants and gas stations. POS debit systems enable people to acquire cash at any of these outlets. These POS systems connect three businesses: the retailer, a switching company through which the transaction is routed, and the bank. Retailers are buying, installing and maintaining their own POS systems without looking to the banks for subsidies. The current arrangements over operating expenses are closely guarded secrets, but observers agree that POS fees are lower than those charged on ATM networks. Retailers are not going to want to pay large fees on what they consider merely a substitute for cash and checks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Renal denervation for resistant hypertension using an irrigated radiofrequency balloon: 12-month results from the Renal Hypertension Ablation System (RHAS) trial (2013)

The OneShot renal denervation system successfully delivered radiofrequency energy to the renal arteries in a short and straightforward procedure. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry - URL: anzctr.org.au. Trial identification: ACTRN12611000987965.
Ethical Dimensions of Visualization Research (2019)

Visualizations have a potentially enormous influence on how data are used to make decisions across all areas of human endeavor. However, it is not clear how this power connects to ethical duties: what obligations do we have when it comes to visualizations and visual analytics systems, beyond our duties as scientists and engineers? Drawing on historical and contemporary examples, I address the moral components of the design and use of visualizations, identify some ongoing areas of visualization research with ethical dilemmas, and propose a set of additional moral obligations that we have as designers, builders, and researchers of visualizations.
Proton MR Spectroscopy with Choline Peak as Malignancy Marker Improves Positive Predictive Value for Breast Cancer Diagnosis: Preliminary Study (2006)

Proton MR spectroscopy was successfully incorporated into breast MR imaging studies for lesions measuring 1 cm or larger. This technique may be useful in reducing the number of lesions detected at MR imaging that require biopsy.
Btk Plays a Crucial Role in the Amplification of FcϵRI-mediated Mast Cell Activation by Kit (2005)

Stem cell factor (SCF) acts in synergy with antigen to enhance the calcium signal, degranulation, activation of transcription factors, and cytokine production in human mast cells. However, the underlying mechanisms for this synergy remain unclear. Here we show, utilizing bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) from Btk and Lyn knock-out mice, that activation of Btk via Lyn plays a key role in promoting synergy. As in human mast cells, SCF enhanced degranulation and cytokine production in BMMCs. In Btk-/- BMMCs, in which there was a partial reduction in the capacity to degranulate in response to antigen, SCF was unable to enhance the residual antigen-mediated degranulation. Furthermore, as with antigen, the ability of SCF to promote cytokine production was abrogated in the Btk-/- BMMCs. The impairment of responses in Btk-/- cells correlated with an inability of SCF to augment phospholipase Cgamma1 activation and calcium mobilization, and to phosphorylate NFkappaB and NFAT for cytokine gene transcription in these cells. Similar studies with Lyn-/- and Btk-/-/Lyn-/- BMMCs indicated that Lyn was a regulator of Btk for these responses. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that Btk is a key regulator of a Kit-mediated amplification pathway that augments Fc epsilonRI-mediated mast cell activation.
Cloning of cDNA for human T-cell replacing factor (interieukin-5) and comparison with the murine homologue (1986)

We have cloned cDNA for T-cell replacing factor (interleukin-5), which replaces T-cell helper function for normal B cells which secrete immunoglobulin, from human T cell leukemia line, ATL-2, using mouse interleukin-5 cDNA as probe. Total nucleotide sequence of the cDNA (816 base pairs) was determined and compared with that of mouse interleukin-5 cDNA. The cloned cDNA encoded the interleukin-5 precursor of 134 amino acids containing an N-terminal signal sequence. Although the human interleukin-5 precursor is one amino acid longer than the murine homologue, the sizes of the mature proteins appear similar. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence homologies of the coding regions of human and murine interleukin-5 are 77% and 70%, respectively. Human interleukin-5 synthesized by the direction of the cloned cDNA induced immunoglobulin synthesis in human B cells stimulated by Staphylococcus aureus mitogen.
The Reproduction Ecology of White-Cheeked Starling (2002)

The studies on reproduction ecology of White-cheeked starling (Sturnus cineraceus) have been carried out in the Zuojia Natural Reserve in March ～ July 1994. There was 36 nests in two sampling fields (total area 112 hm~2). The density was 0.321 nests/hm~2. The reproduction period was 79 days (24th Apr. ～ 11th Jul.). The mean of clutch size was 5.89 (SD = 1.17, n = 36). There was a obvious negative correlation between clutch size and reproduction season (r = 0.7572, P < 0.05). The mean of hatching period was 13.6 days. The mean of nursing period was 21.6 days. The mean of reproduction success was 5.1 birds/nest. The most important cause for the death of eggs and nestlings was human disturbance.
B16 melanoma cell arrest in the mouse liver induces nitric oxide release and sinusoidal cytotoxicity: a natural hepatic defense against metastasis. (2000)

The formation of liver metastases involves interactions between intravascular cancer cells and the hepatic microvasculature. Here we provide evidence that the arrest of intravascular B16F1 melanoma cells in the liver induces a rapid local release of nitric oxide (NO) that causes apoptosis of the melanoma cells and inhibits their subsequent development into hepatic metastases. B16F1 melanoma cells (5 x 10(5)) labeled with fluorescent microspheres were injected into the portal circulation of C57BL/6 mice. The production of NO in vivo was detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy ex vivo using an exogenous NO-trapping agent. A burst of NO was observed in liver samples examined immediately after tumor cell injection. The relative electron paramagnetic resonance signal intensity was 667 +/- 143 units in mice injected with tumor cells versus 28 +/- 5 units after saline injection (P < 0.001). Two-thirds of cells arrested in the sinusoids compared with the terminal portal venules (TPVs). By double labeling of B16F1 cells with fluorescent microspheres and a TdT-mediated UTP end labeling assay, we determined that the melanoma cells underwent apoptosis from 4-24 h after arrest. The mean rate of apoptosis was 2-fold greater in the sinusoids than in the TPVs at 4, 8, and 24 h after injection (P < 0.05-0.01). Apoptotic cells accounted for 15.9 +/- 0.8% of tumor cells located in the sinusoids and 7.1 +/- 0.9% of tumor cells in the TPVs. The NO synthase inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester completely blocked the NO burst (P < 0.001) and inhibited the apoptosis of B16F1 cells in the sinusoids by 77%. However, the rate of tumor cell apoptosis in the TPVs was not changed. There were 5-fold more metastatic nodules in the livers of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-treated mice (P < 0.05). The inactive enantiomer N(G)-nitro-D-arginine methyl ester had no effect on the initial NO burst or on apoptosis of tumor cells in vivo. Both annexin V phosphatidylserine plasma membrane labeling and DNA end labeling of apoptotic cells were demonstrated after a 5-min exposure (a time equivalent to the initial transient NO induction in vivo) of B16F1 cells to a NO donor in vitro. These results identify the existence of a natural defense mechanism against cancer metastasis whereby the arrest of tumor cells in the liver induces endogenous NO release, leading to sinusoidal tumor cell killing and reduced hepatic metastasis formation.
Proposed Rewording of Rule 10C of the Bacteriological Code (1985)

It is proposed that Rule 10C of the Bacteriological Code be reworded slightly to avoid confusion. The name of a subgenus, when included in the name of a species, is indicated by including the abbreviation “subgen.” along with the name of the subgenus [example: Bacillus (subgen. Aerobacillus) polymyxa].
Innovations in bioadhesive vaginal drug delivery system (2012)

An in-depth study of this review will give an insight into the potential areas that can be explored while designing a bioadhesive vaginal drug delivery system. Also, the in vitro and in vivo experimental results discussed in the review will help stimulate research in development and optimization of newer formulations.
3-D nFPGA: A Reconfigurable Architecture for 3-D CMOS/Nanomaterial Hybrid Digital Circuits (2007)

In this paper, we introduce a novel reconfigurable architecture, named 3D field-programmable gate array (3D nFPGA), which utilizes 3D integration techniques and new nanoscale materials synergistically. The proposed architecture is based on CMOS nanohybrid techniques that incorporate nanomaterials such as carbon nanotube bundles and nanowire crossbars into CMOS fabrication process. This architecture also has built-in features for fault tolerance and heat alleviation. Using unique features of FPGAs and a novel 3D stacking method enabled by the application of nanomaterials, 3D nFPGA obtains a 4x footprint reduction comparing to the traditional CMOS-based 2D FPGAs. With a customized design automation flow, we evaluate the performance and power of 3D nFPGA driven by the 20 largest MCNC benchmarks. Results demonstrate that 3D nFPGA is able to provide a performance gain of 2.6 x with a small power overhead comparing to the traditional 2D FPGA architecture.
Label-Free, Single Protein Detection on a Near-Infrared Fluorescent Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Protein Microarray Fabricated by Cell-Free Synthesis (2011)

Excessive sample volumes continue to be a major limitation in the analysis of protein-protein interactions, motivating the search for label-free detection methods of greater sensitivity. Herein, we report the first chemical approach for selective protein recognition using fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) enabling label-free microarrays capable of single protein detection. Hexahistidine-tagged capture proteins directly expressed by cell-free synthesis on SWNT/chitosan microarray are bound to a Ni(2+) chelated by Nα,Nα-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-lysine grafted to chitosan surrounding the SWNT. The Ni(2+) acts as a proximity quencher with the Ni(2+)/SWNT distance altered upon docking of analyte proteins. This ability to discern single protein binding events decreases the apparent detection limit from 100 nM, for the ensemble average, to 10 pM for an observation time of 600 s. This first use of cell-free synthesis to functionalize a nanosensor extends this method to a virtually infinite number of capture proteins. To demonstrate this, the SWNT microarrays are used to analyze a network of 1156 protein-protein interactions in the staurosporine-induced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells, confirming literature predictions.
Innovative Design Option for Internal Coils (1991)

For shaping and control of tokamak plasmas it is desirable to have poloidal field coils as close as possible to the plasma. This implies poloidal field coils internal to the toroidal field system. Internal poloidal field coils made of single turn sections are proposed. Interconnects between the different sectors, based on liquid metal contacts, are discussed. The possibility of driving the current in the poloidal field coils by efficient MHD-induced currents (flows of conducting liquid metals across magnetic fields) is explored.
HYDROLYSIS OF POTATO AND MALT STARCHES BY MALT AMYLASE PART II: MALTODEXTRIN (1938)

Throughout this paper the constants [a]o and R. (maltose per cent, on solids) aro based on solids as obtained by the use of the divisor 3-03.
ΔN-Tp63 Mediates Wnt/β-Catenin-Induced Inhibition of Differentiation in Basal Stem Cells of Mucociliary Epithelia (2019)

Mucociliary epithelia provide a first line of defense against pathogens. Impaired regeneration and remodeling of mucociliary epithelia are associated with dysregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in chronic airway diseases, but underlying mechanisms remain elusive, and studies yield seemingly contradicting results. Employing the Xenopus mucociliary epidermis, the mouse airway, and human airway Basal cells, we characterize the evolutionarily conserved roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in vertebrates. In multiciliated cells, Wnt is required for cilia formation during differentiation. In Basal cells, Wnt prevents specification of epithelial cell types by activating ΔN-TP63, a master transcription factor, which is necessary and sufficient to mediate the Wnt-induced inhibition of specification and is required to retain Basal cells during development. Chronic Wnt activation leads to remodeling and Basal cell hyperplasia, which are reversible in vivo and in vitro, suggesting Wnt inhibition as a treatment option in chronic lung diseases. Our work provides important insights into mucociliary signaling, development, and disease.
Phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 by mitogen-activated protein kinases. (1994)

The p53 tumor suppressor protein is tightly regulated in the cell and is phosphorylated at multiple sites by several different protein kinases. We have investigated the phosphorylation of p53 by mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, a protein kinase that plays a central role in mediating many mitogenic and differentiation signals. Recombinant wild-type mouse p53 was phosphorylated in vitro by activated recombinant p42-MAP kinase but not by inactive MAP kinase or by the activating protein, MAP kinase kinase. Phosphorylation of p53 by MAP kinase occurred at two N-terminal sites, threonine residues 73 and 83. Tryptic phosphopeptides of recombinant p53 phosphorylated in vitro by MAP kinase comigrated on two-dimensional maps with p53 from SV3T3 cells labeled in vivo with [32P]orthophosphate, suggesting that MAP kinase targets a site in p53 that is phosphorylated in the cell. Following serum stimulation of quiescent C57MG cells, two p53 kinases, which were resolved by chromatography on Mono Q, were stimulated 15-20-fold within 5 min. Each of these kinase activities co-eluted with myelin basic protein kinase activity and could be inactivated following treatment with protein phosphatase 2A, a serine/threonine phosphatase, or leukocyte antigen receptor, a protein tyrosine phosphatase, suggesting that these activities were members of the MAP kinase family. The two kinase activities from the lysates targeted the same phosphorylation sites on p53 as the purified recombinant MAP kinase. These protein kinase activities were also stimulated following exposure of the cells to ultraviolet radiation, but with slightly delayed kinetics. Phorbol ester treatment of SV3T3 cells led to increased phosphorylation of the peptide containing the residues targeted by MAP kinase. The data suggest that p53 may be phosphorylated by MAP kinase physiologically and that this interaction may be involved in the cell's response to UV exposure, growth factor stimulation, or transformation by oncogenes.
Soliton microcomb range measurement (2018)

Laser-based range measurement systems are important in many application areas, including autonomous vehicles, robotics, manufacturing, formation flying of satellites, and basic science. Coherent laser ranging systems using dual-frequency combs provide an unprecedented combination of long range, high precision, and fast update rate. We report dual-comb distance measurement using chip-based soliton microcombs. A single pump laser was used to generate dual-frequency combs within a single microresonator as counterpropagating solitons. We demonstrated time-of-flight measurement with 200-nanometer precision at an averaging time of 500 milliseconds within a range ambiguity of 16 millimeters. Measurements at distances up to 25 meters with much lower precision were also performed. Our chip-based source is an important step toward miniature dual-comb laser ranging systems that are suitable for photonic integration.
Statically detecting likely buffer overflow vulnerabilities (2001)

Buffer overflow attacks may be today&amp;apos;s single most important security threat. This paper presents a new approach to mitigating buffer overflow vulnerabilities by detecting likely vulnerabilities through an analysis of the program source code. Our approach exploits information provided in semantic comments and uses lightweight and efficient static analyses. This paper describes an implementation of our approach that extends the LCLint annotation-assisted static checking tool. Our tool is as fast as a compiler and nearly as easy to use. We present experience using our approach to detect buffer overflow vulnerabilities in two security-sensitive programs.