gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Applications of highly nonlinear holey fibres in optical communications (2004)

Holey fibre (HF) is a new type of fibre that uses rings of air holes around a solid core toconfine light. A small core HF with a high air fill fraction can have effective nonlinearitycoefficient of around 10-100 times greater than conventional fibre. Apart from that, its dispersion value is also highly tailorable simply by changing the structural dimensions. These two characteristics make HFs attractive as a nonlinear medium. This thesis reports the first demonstration of various nonlinear fibre devices based on HFs. Thediscrete Raman amplifier is an attractive option to extend optical transmission systems into the optical communication bands outside the conventional erbium doped fibre amplifier (EDFA). We demonstrated a high gain discrete Raman L-band amplifier using a relatively short highly nonlinear HF. We also demonstrated a high extinction ratio, SRS based, intensity modulator using the same HF. Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) is the most dominant nonlinear effect in optical fibres for a narrow linewidth system. SBS based devices could have an extremely low threshold value if highly nonlinear HF were to be used. We demonstrated a HF based Brillouin laser with a high experimentally observed threshold value. This is found to be mainly due to reduction in the effective gain coefficient caused by structural non-uniformity along the HF length. This has motivated us to study the relation between HF structural parameters and the Brillouin characteristics. This was done using two techniques: Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) and the pump probe technique. A spectrally sliced pulse source is a cost effective solution to a multiwavelength transmitter. We demonstrated a HF based spectrally sliced pulse source. This was done by utilizing self phase modulation (SPM) to generate a supercontinuum in a normally dispersive HF before slicing the spectrum using an arrayed waveguide grating. Wavelength conversion is an important enabling technology for complex future optical networks. We showed in two separate experiments that by using a short length highly nonlinear HF, efficient wavelength conversion based on XPM as well as FWM can be achieved. A nonlinear thresholding device can improve the contrast of a pattern-recognition signature in an OCDMA system. Using a short highly nonlinear HF, we demonstrated a nonlinear thresholder for use in a super-structured fibre Bragg grating (SSFBG) based OCDMA receiver.
Localization and Roles of CD44, Hyaluronic Acid and Osteopontin in IgA Nephropathy (2001)

An important function of CD44 is to act as a cellular receptor for hyaluronic acid and osteopontin. Cell-matrix interactions mediated by the CD44/hyaluronic acid receptor-ligand pair are involved in the regulation of leukocyte migration and activation. Osteopontin is a molecule associated with cell adhesion and migration and functions through binding to CD44. This study examined whether CD44, hyaluronic acid and osteopontin participate in the progression of IgA nephropathy. CD44 was expressed in mesangial cells, crescents, tubular cells and interstitial infiltrating cells in areas of tubulointerstitial injury. Hyaluronic acid was deposited in the capillary tuft of adhesion, crescents and the periglomerular area, and around damaged tubules. Osteopontin was expressed in tubular cells and interstitial infiltrating cells in areas of tubulointerstitial injury. The glomerular and interstitial deposition of hyaluronic acid correlated with the glomerular and interstitial expression of CD44. The interstitial expression of CD44 correlated with the interstitial expression of osteopontin. The expression of both CD44 and osteopontin in the interstitium correlated with the extent of tubulointerstitial damage. The expression of CD44 in the interstitium correlated with the severity of chronic glomerular lesions. The glomerular and interstitial CD44 and hyaluronic acid expression correlated with proteinuria, and interstitial CD44 and hyaluronic acid expression correlated with creatinine clearance rate. In summary, this study suggests that CD44 participates in the progression of IgA nephropathy by binding hyaluronic acid and osteopontin.
Acid-catalyzed solvolysis of N-sulfonyl- and N-acyl-O-arylhydroxylamines. Phenoxenium ions (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcid-catalyzed solvolysis of N-sulfonyl- and N-acyl-O-arylhydroxylamines. Phenoxenium ionsYasuyuki Endo, Koichi Shudo, and Toshihiko OkamotoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 23, 6393–6397Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00387a040https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00387a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1232Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Structural motifs for recognition and adhesion in members of the immunoglobulin superfamily (1994)

ABSTRACT The immunoglobulin superfamily is the most abundant family of cell surface molecules, accounting for 50% of leukocyte surface glycoproteins. This evolutionary success story is thought to be due to the stability of the Ig domain, which is able to resist the harsh proteolytic and oxidative environment of the extracellular world. By mutation and selection, the Ig domain has evolved to serve many different functions including: receptors for growth factors (CSF-1 receptor, PDGF receptor, FGF receptors); receptors for the Fc region of Ig (IgG receptors; CD 16, CD32, CD64; CD89 IgA receptor); and as adhesion molecules, which now seems to be the function of the majority (CD2/CD58, CD28 and CTLA4, which bind to B7 and B70; CD4/class II, CD8/class I, CD31/CD31, CD50 (ICAM-3)/LFA-1, CD54 (ICAM-1)/LFA-1, CD102 (ICAM-2)/LFA-1, CD106 (VCAM)/VLA-4, NCAM/NCAM. L1, MAG, TAG-1, CEA) (Springer, 1990).
Solution NMR structure of Escherichia coli ytfP expands the structural coverage of the UPF0131 protein domain family (2007)

The Supplementary Material referred to in this article can be found at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0887-3585/suppmat/ Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
ENU Mutagenesis: Analyzing Gene Function in Mice (2001)

With the completion of the human genome, sequence analysis of gene function will move into the center of future genome research. One of the key strategies for studying gene function involves the genetic dissection of biological processes in animal models. Mouse mutants are of particular importance for the analysis of disease pathogenesis and transgenic techniques, and gene targeting have become routine tools. Recently, phenotype-driven strategies using chemical mutagenesis have been the target of increasing interest. In this review, the current state of ENU mutagenesis and its application as a systematic tool of genome analysis are examined.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of LTD4 Antagonist L‐699,392. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Identification and regulation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-generated chloride channel. (1991)

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) generates cAMP-regulated Cl- channels; mutations in CFTR cause defective Cl- channel function in cystic fibrosis epithelia. We used the patch-clamp technique to determine the single channel properties of Cl- channels in cell expressing recombinant CFTR. In cell-attached patches, an increase in cellular cAMP reversibly activated low conductance Cl- channels. cAMP-dependent regulation is due to phosphorylation, because the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase plus ATP reversibly activated the channel in excised, cell-free patches of membrane. In symmetrical Cl- solutions, the channel had a channel conductance of 10.4 +/- 0.2 (n = 7) pS and a linear current-voltage relation. The channel was more permeable to Cl- than to I- and showed no appreciable time-dependent voltage effects. These biophysical properties are consistent with macroscopic studies of Cl- channels in single cells expressing CFTR and in the apical membrane of secretory epithelia. Identification of the single channel characteristics of CFTR-generated channels allows further studies of their regulation and the mechanism of ion permeation.
Synthesis and barrier properties of poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐layered silicate nanocomposites (1995)

Abstract A new polymer‐ceramic nanocomposite has been synthesized consisting of well‐dispersed, two‐dimensional layers of an organically modified mica‐type silicate (MTS) within a degradable poly(ε‐caprolactone) matrix. A protonated amino acid derivative of MTS was used to promote delamination/dispersion of the host layers and initiate ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone monomer, resulting in poly(ε‐caprolactone) chains that are ionically bound to the silicate layers. The polymer chains can be released from the silicate surface by a reverse ion‐exchange reaction and were shown to be spectroscopically similar to pure poly(ε‐caprolactone). Thick films of the polymer nanocomposite exhibit a significant reduction in water vapor permeability that shows a linear dependence on silicate content. The permeability of nanocomposite containing as low as 4.8% silicate by volume was reduced by nearly an order of magnitude compared to pure poly(ε‐caprolactone). © 1995 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Organ distribution and stability of phosphorothioated oligodeoxyribonucleotides in mice (1992)

Results of recent studies in our laboratory have suggested a potential role for antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides (oligo(dN)s) as therapeutic agents in the treatment of human hepatitis B virus infection. As a first step towards assessing the potential utility of oligo(dN) in therapy, we have examined the organ distribution, stability and toxicity of a phosphorothioated oligo(dN) (S-oligo) of 20 nucleotides in length which was administered to mice via different routes. Among the various organs analysed, the liver retained the highest amount of S-oligo (1.3-2 per cent of the total injection) at the peak time (10-30 min) regardless of the route of injection. However, the S-oligo appeared to be degraded in the liver to about 40 per cent of its original length within 30 min of injection, presumably by the action of 3' exonucleases. Injection of doses of up to 5 mg kg-1 of S-oligo had no apparent toxic effects on the mice.
Ewing sarcoma 11;22 translocation produces a chimeric transcription factor that requires the DNA-binding domain encoded by FLI1 for transformation. (1993)

The 11;22 chromosomal translocation specifically linked to Ewing sarcoma and primitive neuroectodermal tumor results in a chimeric molecule fusing the amino-terminal-encoding portion of the EWS gene to the carboxyl-terminal DNA-binding domain encoded by the FLI1 gene. We have isolated a fourth EWS-FLI1 fusion cDNA that is structurally distinct from the three forms previously described. To determine the transforming activity of this gene, alternative forms of the EWS-FLI1 fusion were transduced into NIH 3T3 cells. Cells expressing either type 1 or type 4 fusion constructs formed foci in culture and colonies in soft agar, indicating that EWS-FLI1 is a transforming gene. EWS-FLI1 deletion mutants were created to map functionally the critical regions within the chimera. Deletion of either the EWS domain or the FLI1 corresponding to the DNA-binding domain totally abrogated the ability for EWS-FLI1 to transform 3T3 cells. These data indicate that the oncogenic effect of the 11;22 translocation is caused by the formation of a chimeric transcription factor. Formation of chimeric transcription factors has now been demonstrated to promote tumors of both neuroectodermal and hematopoietic origin, suggesting that this may be a common mechanism in human carcinogenesis.
Placement of SaaS cloud data and dynamically access scheduling strategy (2013)

For SaaS applications which share tables in storage, how to effectively manage multi-tenant cloud data has been one of the crucial issues. In SaaS delivery platform multi-tenant data migration strategy, put whole data of every tenant including his Iher business data and metadata into independent partition, where DBMS can guarantee ACID. Unfortunately, placing the partitions and the replica of them on randomly nodes maybe easily influenced load balancing of nodes. What's more, it may increase the data access time and cost of updating replication. Therefore, we propose multi-tenant cloud data and replica placement strategy based on the graph, we take network distance and load balancing of nodes into account. We also propose a dynamic scheduling method according to the load state of nodes. We use the Paxos algorithm to further ensure that the SaaS application system availability and consistency. Experiments show that, the proposed strategy can not only improve load balancing, but also can reduce the time for updating replica of partitions, reduce the cost of accessing data.
Nuclear Factor I/Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 Interactions Modulate Surfactant Protein C Transcription (2003)

Surfactant protein C (SP-C; Sftpc) gene expression is restricted to pulmonary type II epithelial cells. The proximal SP-C promoter region contains critical binding sites for nuclear factor I (NFI) and thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1; also called Nkx2.1). To test the hypothesis that NFI isoforms interact with TTF-1 to differentially regulate SP-C transcription, we performed transient transfection assays in JEG-3 cells, a choriocarcinoma cell line with negligible endogenous NFI or TTF-1 activity. Cotransfection of NFI family members with TTF-1 induced synergistic activation of the SP-C promoter that was further enhanced by p300. TTF-1 directly interacts with the conserved DNA binding and dimerization domain of all NFI family members in coimmunoprecipitation and mammalian two-hybrid experiments. To determine whether SP-C expression is regulated by NFI in vivo, a chimeric fusion protein containing the DNA binding and dimerization domain of NFI-A and the Drosophila engrailed transcriptional repression domain (NFIen) was conditionally expressed in mice under control of a doxycycline-inducible transgene. Induction of NFIen in a subset of type II cells inhibited SP-C gene expression without affecting expression of TTF-1 in doxycycline-treated double-transgenic mice. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that NFI family members interact with TTF-1 to regulate type II cell function.
Diphenolic 9,9-Diarylfluorene Trimers and Derivatives Possessing Flexible Alkylene Chain Spacers: Synthesis of the Monomers, Their Polymerization, and Properties of the Resulting Polymers (2009)

9,9-Diarylfluorene-based monomers capable of controlling the thermal properties of the corresponding polymers were synthesized. The monomers possess flexible alkylene chains linking 9,9-diarylfluorene units with diphenol, dialcohol, and diamine terminal units. All of these terminal units were synthesized from a common trimeric tert-alcohol-functionalized intermediate. Polycarbonates consisting of the 9,9-diarylfluorene trimer structure in the main chains were synthesized by interfacial polycondensation with triphosgene. The polymerizability of the diphenolic trimer was sufficiently high to afford a polycarbonate with a high molecular weight (Mw 334 000). The thermal properties (Tg and Td) of the polymers were easily controlled by adjusting the feed ratio of the 9,9-diarylfluorene trimer to 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)fluorene. The resulting highly transparent polymers showed high refractive indices and low birefringence values originating from the cardo structure.
Effects of Na-K-2Cl cotransport inhibition on myocardial Na and Ca during ischemia and reperfusion (1996)

In the context of the "pump-leak" hypothesis (37), changes in myocardial intracellular Na (Nai) during ischemia and reperfusion have historically been interpreted to be the result of changes in Na efflux via the Na-K pump. We investigated the alternative hypothesis that changes in Nai during ischemia are the result of changes in the Na "leak" rather than changes in the pump. More specifically, we hypothesize that the increase in Nai during ischemia is in part the result of increased Na uptake mediated by Na/H exchange. Furthermore, we present data consistent with the interpretation that the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter is active (or, alternatively, displaced from equilibrium) during ischemia and may contribute an additional Na efflux pathway during reperfusion. Thus inhibition of Na efflux via Na-K-2Cl cotransport during ischemia and reperfusion could result in increased Nai and therefore decreased force driving Ca efflux via Na/Ca exchange and ultimately increased intracellular Ca concentration ([Ca]i). Nai (in meq/kg dry wt) and [Ca]i (in nM) were measured in isolated Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Except, during the 65 min of ischemia, hearts were perfused with N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid-buffered Krebs-Henseleit solution equilibrated with 100% O2 at 23 degrees C and pH 7.4 +/- 0.05. During ischemia, Nai rose from 16.6 +/- 0.3 to 62.9 +/- 5.1 (delta Nai approximately 46) meq/kg dry wt and decreased during subsequent reperfusion (mean +/- SE, n = 3 hearts). To measure Na uptake ("leak") in the absence of efflux via the Na-K pump, in all of the protocols described below, the perfusate was nominally K-free solution containing 1 mM ouabain for 10 min before ischemia and during the 30-min reperfusion. After K-free perfusion, Nai rose from 20.2 +/- 0.5 to 79.1 +/- 5.3 (delta Nai approximately 59) meq/kg dry wt (n = 3) during ischemia and decreased during K-free reperfusion. When amiloride (1 mM) was added to the K-free perfusate to inhibit Na/H exchange, Nai rose from 16.3 +/- 0.9 to 44.7 +/- 5.1 (delta Nai approximately 28) meq/kg dry wt (n = 3) during ischemia; i.e., amiloride decreased Na uptake. When bumetanide (20 microM) was added to the nominally K-free perfusate to inhibit Na-K-2Cl contransport, Nai rose from 22.5 +/- 3.9 to 83.8 +/- 13.9 (delta Nai approximately 61 meq/kg dry wt (n = 3) during ischemia and did not decrease during reperfusion; i.e., bumetanide inhibited Na recovery during reperfusion (P < 0.05 compared with bumetanide free). For the same protocol, the presence of bumetanide resulted in increased [Ca]i during ischemia and reperfusion (P < 0.05); these increases in [Ca]i are interpreted to be the result of increased Nai. Thus the results are consistent with the hypotheses.
Lantibiotics: Peptides of Diverse Structure and Function (2007)

The current need for antibiotics with novel target molecules has coincided with advances in technical approaches for the structural and functional analysis of the lantibiotics, which are ribosomally synthesized peptides produced by gram-positive bacteria. These peptides have antibiotic or morphogenetic activity and are structurally defined by the presence of unusual amino acids introduced by posttranslational modification. Lantibiotics are complex polycyclic molecules formed by the dehydration of select Ser and Thr residues and the intramolecular addition of Cys thiols to the resulting unsaturated amino acids to form lanthionine and methyllanthionine bridges, respectively. Importantly, the structural and functional diversity of the lantibiotics is much broader than previously imagined. Here we discuss this growing collection of molecules and introduce some recently discovered peptides, review advances in enzymology and protein engineering, and discuss the regulatory networks that govern the synthesis of the lantibiotics by the producing organisms.
Novel Concepts in Directed Biaryl Synthesis, XXXVIII. Synthesis and Structure of a Protected Lactolate‐Bridged Biaryl with Relevance to the Atropisomer‐Selective Ring Opening of Biaryl Lactones (1994)

Abstract The preparation and crystal structure of the O ‐methyl‐protected analog 5 of a lactolate‐type intermediate 3 in the atropisomer‐selective ring opening of configuratively unstable lactone‐bridged biaryls 1 is described. Thus, 5a could be prepared by oxidation of the cyclic ether 7a to give the substituted pyrylium salt 6a and subsequent reaction with methanolate. Attempts to similarly prepare the more strained higher homologous 5 , i.e. with a higher steric hindrance next to the biaryl axis, failed. Structural information on 5a could be obtained through X‐ray crystallography, but no decoalescence was observed in the low‐temperature NMR spectrum. magnified image
TSLP: An Epithelial Cell Cytokine that Regulates T Cell Differentiation by Conditioning Dendritic Cell Maturation (2006)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that have the ability to sense infection and tissue stress, sample and present antigen to T lymphocytes, and induce different forms of immunity and tolerance. The functional versatility of DCs depends on their remarkable ability to translate collectively the information from both the invading microbes and their resident tissue microenvironments and then make an appropriate immune response. Recent progress in understanding TLR biology has illuminated the mechanisms by which DCs link innate and adaptive antimicrobial immune responses. However, how tissue microenvironments shape the function of DCs has remained elusive. Recent studies of TSLP (thymic stromal lymphopoietin), an epithelial cell-derived cytokine that strongly activates DCs, provide evidence at a molecular level that epithelial cells/tissue microenvironments directly communicate with DCs. We review recent progress on how TSLP expressed within thymus and peripheral lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues regulates DC-mediated central tolerance, peripheral T cell homeostasis, and inflammatory Th2 responses.