gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acute diverticulitis of the colon – current medical therapeutic management (2004)

Diverticular disease of the colon is very common in developed countries with its prevalence increasing with age, varying from < 10% in those < 40 years of age, to an estimated 50-66% of patients > 80 years of age. Diverticulitis, defined as inflammation and/or infection associated with diverticula, is the most common clinical complication of this disorder, affecting an estimated 10-25% of patients with colonic diverticula. The therapeutic measures aim at putting the intestine 'at rest', thus resolving the infection, the consequences of the inflammation and preventing or limiting complications. For patients with severe and complicated diverticulitis, ampicillin, gentamicin, metronidazole, piperacillin and tazobactam are the antibiotics successfully used in clinical practice, whereas ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and more recently, rifaximin, have been successfully used in the treatment of uncomplicated diverticular disease. Mesalazine (alone or in association with antibiotics) and probiotics are the two latest therapies for the treatment of diverticulitis which have been developed in the last few years. In fact, the combination of mesalazine and an antibiotic showed significant superiority in improving the severity of symptoms, bowel habits and in preventing symptomatic recurrence of diverticulitis than antibiotics alone, but probiotics also seem to be effective in preventing recurrence of the disease. In light of the excellent results obtained in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, it is probable that probiotics may be the future best treatment also for mild-to-moderate uncomplicated attacks of acute diverticulitis, especially if used with salycilates.
Hypervalent Iodine Chemistry: 25 Years of Development at the University of Thessaloniki (1998)

In this Account we review the reactivity of organic hypervalent compounds through reactions developed mainly at Thessaloniki University over the last 25 years. A number of the reactions discussed were not previously covered adequately in review articles and books. After an introduction and a general brief discussion on structure and reactivity, we examine some early work of ours involving transformations of miscellaneous substrates using (diacyloxyiodo)benzenes. Then, we discuss various aspects of the chemistry of iodonium compounds, including salts, ylides and 1,4-dipoles.
HLA-E–dependent Presentation of Mtb-derived Antigen to Human CD8+ T Cells (2002)

Previous studies in mice and humans have suggested an important role for CD8+ T cells in host defense to Mtb. Recently, we have described human, Mtb-specific CD8+ cells that are neither HLA-A, B, or C nor group 1 CD1 restricted, and have found that these cells comprise the dominant CD8+ T cell response in latently infected individuals. In this report, three independent methods are used to demonstrate the ability of these cells to recognize Mtb-derived antigen in the context of the monomorphic HLA-E molecule. This is the first demonstration of the ability of HLA-E to present pathogen-derived antigen. Further definition of the HLA-E specific response may aid development of an effective vaccine against tuberculosis.
Diet-Induced Type II Diabetes in C57BL/6J Mice (1988)

We investigated the effects of diet-induced obesity on glucose metabolism in two strains of mice, C57BL/6J and A/J. Twenty animals from each strain received ad libitum exposure to a high-fat high-simple-carbohydrate diet or standard Purina Rodent Chow for 6 mo. Exposure to the high-fat, high-simple-carbohydrate, low-fiber diet produced obesity in both A/J and C57BL/6J mice. Whereas obesity was associated with only moderate glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in A/J mice, obese C57BL/6J mice showed clear-cut diabetes with fasting blood glucose levels of greater than 240 mg/dl and blood insulin levels of greater than 150 microU/ml. C57BL/6J mice showed larger glycemic responses to stress and epinephrine in the lean state than AJ mice, and these responses were exaggerated by obesity. These data suggest that the C57BL/6J mouse carries a genetic predisposition to develop non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes. Furthermore, altered glycemic response to adrenergic stimulation may be a biologic marker for this genetic predisposition to develop type II diabetes.
Regulation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated vasodilation by hypoxia-induced reactive species in ovine fetal pulmonary veins (2007)

We previously reported that hypoxia attenuates cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG)-mediated relaxation in pulmonary vessels (Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279: L611-L618, 2003). To determine whether hypoxia-induced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, respectively) may be involved in the downregulation of PKG-mediated relaxation, ovine fetal intrapulmonary veins were exposed to 4 h of normoxia or hypoxia, with or without scavengers of ROS [N-acetylcysteine (NAC)] or peroxynitrite (quercetin and Trolox) and preconstricted with endothelin-1. Hypoxia decreased the relaxation response to 8-bromo-cGMP, PKG protein expression, and kinase activity and increased tyrosine nitration in PKG. However, ROS and RNS scavengers prevented these changes. To determine whether increased PKG nitration diminishes PKG activity, pulmonary vein smooth muscle cells (PVSMC) were exposed to shorter-term (30 min) hypoxia, which increased PKG nitration and decreased PKG activity but did not alter PKG protein expression. Increased dihydro-2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH(2)-DA) fluorescence in PVSMC after 4 h or 30 min of hypoxia was not observed in the presence of NAC, quercetin, or Trolox, suggesting increased ROS and RNS production. Increased PKG nitration and the associated decrease in PKG activity in PVSMC after 30 min of hypoxia were also reversed on reoxygenation. The consequences of PKG nitration were assessed by exposure of purified PKG-Ialpha to peroxynitrite, which caused increased 3-nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity and inhibition of kinase activity. Our data suggest that, after 30 min of hypoxia, reversible covalent modification of PKG by hypoxia-induced reactive species may be an important mechanism by which the relaxation response to cGMP is regulated. However, after 4 h of hypoxia, PKG nitration and decreased PKG expression are involved.
Neuropsychological Testing in the Screening for Cochlear Implant Candidacy (2003)

Neuropsychological testing of profoundly deaf children provides a detailed and accurate assessment of the child's cognitive, behavioral, and motor functions. The profoundly deaf child does not develop at the same rate as normal children in cognitive and behavioral domains. Neuropsychological testing is a useful tool for screening for cochlear implant candidacy and has the potential to track changes before and after implantation.
A Pathogenic Role for Myelin-Specific Cd8+ T Cells in a Model for Multiple Sclerosis (2001)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by plaques of infiltrating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Studies of MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, focus on the contribution of CD4(+) myelin-specific T cells. The role of CD8(+) myelin-specific T cells in mediating EAE or MS has not been described previously. Here, we demonstrate that myelin-specific CD8(+) T cells induce severe CNS autoimmunity in mice. The pathology and clinical symptoms in CD8(+) T cell-mediated CNS autoimmunity demonstrate similarities to MS not seen in myelin-specific CD4(+) T cell-mediated EAE. These data suggest that myelin-specific CD8(+) T cells could function as effector cells in the pathogenesis of MS.
Prognosis of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy for superficial bladder cancer by immunological urinary measurements: statistically weighted syndrome analysis. (1998)

We have selected a set of urinary variables that could be considered as a perspective combination of indicators (syndromes) of outcome of pre-operation BCG therapy of patients with superficial bladder cancer. A larger patient database will provide testing and evaluation of the biological and clinical significance of selected features. The computational syndrome-disease approach should be applicable for the solution of decision-making problems for management of cancer.
Class II major histocompatibility complex tetramer staining: progress, problems, and prospects (2008)

The use of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) tetramers in the detection and analysis of antigen-specific T cells has become more widespread since its introduction 11 years ago. Early challenges in the application of tetramer staining to CD4+ T cells centred around difficulties in the expression of various class II MHC allelic variants and the detection of low-frequency T cells in mixed populations. As many of the technical obstacles to class II MHC tetramer staining have been overcome, the focus has returned to uncertainties concerning how oligomer valency and T-cell receptor/MHC affinity affect tetramer binding. Such issues have become more important with an increase in the number of studies relying on direct ex vivo analysis of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. In this review we discuss which problems in class II MHC tetramer staining have been solved to date, and which matters remain to be considered.
Expression of Chemokine and Inhibitory Receptors on Natural Killer Cells: Effect of Immune Activation and HIV Viremia (2004)

We examined the cell-surface expression of chemokine and natural killer (NK) cell inhibitory receptors (iNKRs) on NK cells from individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, chronic hepatitis C infection, and Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), an inflammatory, granulomatous vasculitis. The expression of CCR5 on NK cells was up-regulated in individuals with HIV viremia and in individuals with active WG, indicating that expression of this receptor is modulated by states of immune activation associated with viral infection and inflammatory or immune-mediated diseases. In contrast, iNKRs were shown to be up-regulated only on NK cells of individuals with HIV viremia, and they returned to a normal level when viremia was controlled with effective antiviral therapy. In individuals with HIV-1 viremia, there was a direct correlation between the level of expression of p58.1, p58.2, and CD94 receptors and plasma HIV viremia, suggesting that ongoing active HIV replication has an effect on the expression of such receptors on NK cells. These results suggest that immune activation leads to abnormal cell-surface expression of chemokine receptors on NK cells, whereas HIV-specific processes account for the up-regulation of iNKRs on NK cells; this may explain the NK cell-functional defects seen in HIV infection.
Population Dynamics within a Microbial Consortium during Growth on Diesel Fuel in Saline Environments (2006)

The diversity and dynamics of a bacterial community extracted from an exploited oil field with high natural soil salinity near Comodoro Rivadavia in Patagonia (Argentina) were investigated. Community shifts during long-term incubation with diesel fuel at four salinities between 0 and 20% NaCl were monitored by single-strand conformation polymorphism community fingerprinting of the PCR-amplified V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA genes. Information obtained by this qualitative approach was extended by flow cytometric analysis to follow quantitatively the dynamics of community structures at different salinities. Dominant and newly developing clusters of individuals visualized via their DNA patterns versus cell sizes were used to identify the subcommunities primarily involved in the degradation process. To determine the most active species, subcommunities were separated physically by high-resolution cell sorting and subsequent phylogenetic identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Reduced salinity favored the dominance of Sphingomonas spp., whereas at elevated salinities, Ralstonia spp. and a number of halophilic genera, including Halomonas, Dietzia, and Alcanivorax, were identified. The combination of cytometric sorting with molecular characterization allowed us to monitor community adaptation and to identify active and proliferating subcommunities.
Trust and privacy concern within social networking sites: A comparison of Facebook and MySpace (2007)

It is not well understood how privacy concern and trust influence social interactions within social networking sites. An online survey of two popular social networking sites, Facebook and MySpace, compared perceptions of trust and privacy concern, along with willingness to share information and develop new relationships. Members of both sites reported similar levels of privacy concern. Facebook members expressed significantly greater trust in both Facebook and its members, and were more willing to share identifying information. Even so, MySpace members reported significantly more experience using the site to meet new people. These results suggest that in online interaction, trust is not as necessary in the building of new relationships as it is in face to face encounters. They also show that in an online site, the existence of trust and the willingness to share information do not automatically translate into new social interaction. This study demonstrates online relationships can develop in sites where perceived trust and privacy safeguards are weak.
Degradation of aqueous organic pollutants in hybrid gas-liquid electrical discharge reactors (2004)

Summary form only given. Different types of electrical discharges generated either directly in the liquid phase or in the gas phase close proximity to the liquid surface have been studied as possible methods for water treatment. It has been demonstrated that non-thermal plasma produced by such discharges produce various reactive chemical species such as radicals (H/spl middot/, O/spl middot/, OH/spl middot/) and molecular species (H/sub 2/O/sub 2/, H/sub 2/, O/sub 2/, O/sub 3/). In addition, depending upon the solution conductivity and the magnitude of the discharge energy, pulsed high voltage discharges generated directly in water may also initiate shock waves and ultraviolet radiation. These reactive species and physical conditions in turn have been shown to be effective at degrading a variety of organic compounds and also in the destruction and inactivation of microorganisms in water. We have recently developed hybrid electrical discharge reactors, which combine gas phase non-thermal plasma formed above the water surface and direct liquid phase corona-like discharge in the water. Two types of configurations have been constructed: the hybrid-parallel and hybrid-series. In the series configuration the high voltage needle-point electrode is submerged and the ground electrode is placed in the gas phase above the water surface. The parallel configuration employs a high voltage electrode in the gas phase and a high voltage needle-point electrode in the liquid phase with the ground electrode placed at the gas-liquid interface. Previous experiments have demonstrated the simultaneous formation of ozone in the gas phase and hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals in the liquid phase of hybrid electrical discharge reactors. These highly reactive oxidative species can degrade many organic pollutants and transform some inorganic pollutants to less toxic products. It is expected that utilization of hybrid reactors will increase the overall efficiency of the corona discharge process for the removal of pollutants from the water as well as to provide for simultaneous treatment of the contaminant in both the gas and liquid phases. In the present study we report on the degradation of several organic pollutants such as phenol, chlorophenol and nitrophenol in hybrid electrical discharge reactors. The mechanism of the degradation process induced by the pulsed high voltage discharges in gas and liquid phases as well as at the interface between a gas and liquid phase will be discussed.
Association of VEGF Gene Polymorphisms with Diabetic Retinopathy: A Meta-Analysis (2013)

This meta-analysis demonstrates that DR is associated with VEGF gene -460T/C polymorphism, but not -2578C/A polymorphism. Further case-control studies based on larger sample size are still needed, especially for -2578C/A polymorphism.
Reaction Mechanism Underlying CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylation in Mouse Liver: Formation of a Ternary Complex of Cytochrome b5, CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid, and a Hydroxylation Enzyme1 (1994)

We have proposed that CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-NeuAc) hydroxylation is mediated by an electron transport system consisting of cytochrome b5 (b5), b5 reducing factor(s), and CMP-NeuAc hydroxylase, all of which have been detected in the cytosolic fraction of mouse liver [Kozutsumi, Y., Kawano, T., Yamakawa, T., & Suzuki, A. (1990) J. Biochem. 108, 704-706]. In order to elucidate the reaction mechanism underlying CMP-NeuAc hydroxylation, the interaction between b5 and the hydroxylase was studied using a b5-immobilized affinity column. The enzyme activity was retarded on the b5 column in the presence of the substrate, CMP-NeuAc, but not in the presence of the reaction product, CMP-N-glycolyneuraminic acid (CMP-NeuGc). These findings suggest that the binding of CMP-NeuAc to CMP-NeuAc hydroxylase changes the conformation of the enzyme so as to construct a recognition site for b5, followed by the formation of a ternary complex through this domain. Then the transport of electrons from NAD(P)H to the enzyme through b5 takes place, CMP-NeuAc is converted to CMP-NeuGc, and finally the ternary complex dissociates into its components to release CMP-NeuGc. It is known that a soluble form of b5 is abundant in erythrocytes and is synthesized from a mRNA different from that for the microsomal form of b5. In order to determine the origin of b5 detected in the cytosolic fraction of mouse liver, the molecular forms of b5 mRNA expressed in mouse liver were analyzed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives: An Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History (1998)

In this beautifully illustrated natural history that links extinct larger feline species with those still in existence, collaborators Alan Turner and Mauricio Anton weave together the evidence of modern feline behavior with that of the fossil record. Turner's clear, insightful prose and Anton's masterly illustrations combine to offer specialists and newcomers alike an accurate and accessible guide to the evolution of cats.
Specific characteristics of peritoneal leucocyte populations during sterile peritonitis associated with icodextrin CAPD fluids (2003)

Specific batches of the icodextrin CAPD fluids contain a macrophage chemotactic agent, which causes a sustained inflammatory state in the peritoneal cavity. Because no increase in the expression of the LPS receptor CD14 could be observed, the increased peritoneal leucocyte count is probably not caused by LPS or LPS-like (possibly peptidoglycan-like) contamination.
Codon Usage in Tetrahymena and Other Ciliates (1989)

Codon usage in ciliates was examined by analyzing the coding regions of 22 ciliate genes corresponding to a total of 26,142 nucleotides (8,714 codons). It was found that Tetrahymena, Paramecium and the hypotrichs (Oxytricha and Stylonychia) differed in which synonymous codons were used most frequently by their genes. In fact, the codon choices in highly expressed Tetrahymena genes were more similar to those of yeast genes than those of Paramecium genes. The ciliates do not appear to have unusually strong biases in codon usage frequency when compared to other protists such as yeast. The analysis of the Tetrahymena genes indicated that genes which are highly expressed during normal cell growth have a stronger bias towards using the "preferred" codons than those expressed at lower levels during growth or for brief periods during processes such as conjugation. This conforms to what is found in other protists.
Basic and Clinical Aspects of Chronic Abdominal Pain (1993)

Part 1: Functional Bowel Disorders - Myths and Reality (E.A. Mayer). Somatic and Visceral Afferent Innervations - Neuroanatomical and Neurochemical Considerations (L. Kruger). Part 2 Evidence for Alterations in Visceral Pain Thresholds and Referral Patterns in Functional Bowel Disease: Vagal and Spinal Afferent Innervation - Role in Sensation and Reflex Regulation of Upper Gastrointestinal Function (D. Grundy, W. Richards). The Irritable Oesophagus (J.E. Richter. L.A. Bradley). Symptoms in Functional Dyspepsia - Gastrointestinal Dysmotility Versus Altered Visceral Sensation (J. Malagelada). Inflammation in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome (S.M. Collins). Afferent Innervation of the Colon - The Neurophysiological Basis for Visceral Sensation and Pain (W. Janig, P. Haupt, W. Kohler). Visceral Afferent Innervation and Functional Bowel Disease - Evidence for Dysensation and Altered Reflex Function (N.W. Read). Part 3 Modulation of Visceral and Somatic Afferent Input: Diversity of Targets of Peptidergic Visceral Afferent Neurons - Implications for Multiple Functions (C. Sternini, K. Anderson, R. De Giorgio. M. Sottili, J.P. Card, L. Rinaman). Spinal and Supraspinal Processing of Nociceptive Inputs from the Urinary Bladder and Somatic Receptive Fields (R.D. Foreman). Visceral Nerve Stimulation and Pain Modulation (A. Randich). Stress-Related CNS Mechanisms Involved in the Modulation of Visceral and Somatic Afferent Input (Y. Tache). Part 4 Long-term Changes and Plasticity of Sensory Innervation - Possible Implications for Altered Visceral Sensation in Functional Bowel Disease: Changes in the Afferent Innervation of the Inflamed Urinary Bladder (S.B. McMahon, M. Kolzenburg). Changes in the Afferent Innervation of the Knee Joint During Inflammation (R.F. Schmidt). The Irritated Nociceptor (P. Heller, Y. Taiwo, S. Ahlgren, M. Gold, J. Levine). Central Sensitization and Plasticity Following Intense Noxious Stimulation (W.D. William, Jr.). Central Processing and Morphological Plasticity in Lumbosacral Afferent Pathways from the Lower Urinary Tract (W.C. de Groat, M.N. Kruse). Part 5 Psychophysiological Aspects of Chronic Abdominal Pain: 18. Psychophysiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (W.E. Whitehead). Disordered Sleep, Pain, Fatigue, and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (H. Moldofsky, F.A. Lue). Psychophysiological Assessment of Patients with Pelvic Floor Dysfunction (G. Devroede). Psychosocial Factors in Chronic Functional Abdominal Pain (D.A. Drossman). Part 6 Future Directions in Diagnosis and Therapy of Visceral Pain: Evoked Potentials and the Irritable Oesophagus (D.O. Castell). PET - Biological Imaging of the Brain (M.E. Phelps). Behavioural Evaluation and Treatment of Chronic Pain - Implications for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (B.D. Naliboff, L. Darke). New Directions in Drug Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (N.W. Read).