gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laterally Stabilized Complexes of DNA with Linear Reducible Polycations:  Strategy for Triggered Intracellular Activation of DNA Delivery Vectors (2001)

Target-specific DNA delivery requires vectors that combine stability in the biological milieu, receptor-mediated uptake into target cells, and intracellular activation to mediate transgene expression. This is achieved here using polymer-coated vectors based on plasmid DNA complexed with a reductively degradable polycation (RPC), designed for intercellular degradation. The RPC were prepared by oxidation of the terminal cysteinyl thiol groups of Cys(Lys)10Cys. The complexes were coated and surface-cross-linked using multivalent reactive copolymers of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (PHPMA), providing a unique combination of steric and reversible lateral stabilization, known to promote extended circulation in the bloodstream. Coated complexes containing RPC exhibited lateral stabilization that was reversible by treatment with 2.5 mM dithiothreitol, releasing free DNA after incubation with a polyanion. In contrast, coated complexes containing nonreducible poly(l-lysine) (PLL) were not destabilized by reduction. The biological usefulness of this trigger mechanism was examined by measuring transfection activity in human retinoblast 911 cells of coated complexes, based on PLL or RPC, targeted to cell surface receptors by covalent linkage of basic fibroblast growth factor. The levels of transgene expression observed for RPC-based targeted vectors indicated efficient intracellular activation, authenticating the concept that lateral stabilization introduced by surface coating with PHPMA can be reversed by intracellular reduction.
Regulation of mouse stomach development and Barx1 expression by specific microRNAs (2011)

Although microRNAs (miRNAs) are postulated to fine-tune many developmental processes, their relationships with specific targets and tissues remain largely undefined. The mesenchymal transcription factor Barx1 controls spleen and stomach morphogenesis and is required to specify stomach-specific epithelium in adjacent endoderm. Barx1 expression is precisely regulated in space and time, with a sharp drop in stomach levels after epithelial specification. We tested the hypothesis that specific miRNAs mediate this marked decline in Barx1 levels. Depletion of the miRNA-processing enzyme Dicer in cultured stomach mesenchyme and conditional Dicer gene deletion in mice significantly increased Barx1 levels, disrupted stomach and intestine development and caused spleen agenesis. Computational and experimental studies identified miR-7a and miR-203 as candidate miRNAs that regulate Barx1 and are expressed in inverse proportion to it in the fetal mouse stomach. Through specific interactions with cognate sequences in the Barx1 3' untranslated region, miR-7a and miR-203 repress Barx1 expression in stomach mesenchymal cells and its function in inducing gastric epithelium. These results indicate that miRNAs are required for proper digestive tract organogenesis and that miR-7a and miR-203 control expression of the stomach homeotic regulator Barx1.
Expression of the Heparin-Binding Growth Factor Midkine in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Neurological Disorders (2008)

Our findings suggested that MK may maintain normal adult brain as a neurotrophic factor, and that MK may be released from leucocytes in brain of patients with meningitis as an immunological mediator.
Polynucleotide Sequence Relatedness Among Three Groups of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains (1972)

Escherichia coli strains that cause dysentery-like disease, parenteral infection, and infantile diarrhea form specific groups based on mobility of O and K antigens in immunoelectrophoresis. Members from each of these groups were assayed for gross nucleotide sequence relatedness. The method used was interspecific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) reassociation reactions carried out free in solution. Reassociated DNA was separated from unreacted DNA by passage through hydroxyapatite. DNA relatedness between these groups was approximately 80%. The groups containing those strains causing parenteral infection and those responsible for dysentery-like disease showed preferentially high intragroup DNA relatedness. The group containing strains responsible for infantile diarrhea did not show preferentially high intragroup DNA relatedness with the reference strain employed. These strains, however, did exhibit preferentially high DNA relatedness to a second reference strain.
Randomized Controlled Trial of RTS,S/AS02D and RTS,S/AS01E Malaria Candidate Vaccines Given According to Different Schedules in Ghanaian Children (2009)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00360230.
Gallium Nitride power HEMT for high switching frequency power electronics (2007)

Very large number of power semiconductor devices (semiconductor power switches) are used in power electronics systems such as AC-DC converter for PCs, DC-DC converters for CPU, motor driver systems and induction heating systems for home appliances, and GaN device is one of a promising candidate for future power devices thanks to the wide band gap semiconductor material property. In GaN base device research, the GaN-HEMT structure is widely investigated than the other device structures specially in RF technology field. This structure also suits to high switching frequency power electronics applications because of the high breakdown voltage and the inherent high speed characteristics of HEMT device. This paper describes the possibility of GaN-HEMT for power electronics applications specially focused on high switching frequency applications comparing the limit of silicon devices such as MOSFETs and IGBTs, and also describes latest research result including demonstration of high switching frequency power electronics circuit.
Extraction of Metal Salts by Mixtures of Water-Immiscible Amines and Organic Acids (Acid-Base Couple Extractants). 1. A Review of Distribution and Spectroscopic Data and of Proposed Extraction Mechanisms (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExtraction of Metal Salts by Mixtures of Water-Immiscible Amines and Organic Acids (Acid-Base Couple Extractants). 1. A Review of Distribution and Spectroscopic Data and of Proposed Extraction MechanismsAharon M. Eyal, Eyal Bressler, Raymond Bloch, and Betty HazanCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1994, 33, 5, 1067–1075Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00029a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00029a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views314Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Preclinical Analyses of the Therapeutic Potential of Allopregnanolone to Promote Neurogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo in Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimers Disease (2006)

Herein, we present data to support a preclinical proof of concept for the therapeutic potential of allopregnanolone to promote neurogenesis. Our recent work has demonstrated that the neuroactive progesterone metabolite, allopregnanolone (3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one), (APalpha) induced, in a dose dependent manner, a significant increase in proliferation of neuroprogenitor cells (NPCs) derived from the rat hippocampus and human neural stem cells (hNSM) derived from the cerebral cortex [1]. Proliferative efficacy was determined by incorporation of BrdU and (3)H-thymidine, FACS analysis of MuLV-GFP-labeled mitotic NPCs and quantification of total cell number. Allopregnanolone-induced proliferation was isomer and steroid specific, in that the stereoisomer 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one and related steroids did not increase (3)H-thymidine uptake. Immunofluorescent analyses for the NPC markers, nestin and Tuj1, indicated that newly formed cells were of neuronal lineage. Furthermore, microarray analysis of cell cycle genes and real time RT-PCR and western blot validation revealed that allopregnanolone increased the expression of genes which promote mitosis and inhibited the expression of genes that repress cell proliferation. Allopregnanolone-induced proliferation was antagonized by the voltage gated L-type calcium channel blocker nifedipine consistent with the finding that allopregnanolone induces a rapid increase in intracellular calcium in hippocampal neurons via a GABA type A receptor activated L-type calcium channel. Preliminary in vivo data indicate that APalpha for 24 hrs significantly increased neurogenesis in dentate gyrus, as determined by unbiased stereological analysis of BrdU positive cells, of 3-month-old male triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease mice. The in vitro and in vivo neurogenic properties of APalpha coupled with a low molecular weight, easy penetration of the blood brain barrier and lack of toxicity, are key elements required for developing APalpha as a neurogenic / regenerative therapeutic for restoration of neurons in victims of Alzheimer's disease.
Localization of condensed tannins in apple fruit peel, pulp, and seeds (1995)

Seven varieties of post-harvest apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit, i.e., Spartan, McIntosh, Newtown, Royal Gala, Jonagold, Red Delicious, and Golden Delicious, were examined for the presence and location of condensed tannins in the peel, pulp, and seeds. Statistically significant differences in the condensed tannin content were found between varieties and sources, and in different tissues within a variety. Red Delicious had the greatest amount of condensed tannin in the peel and pulp, whereas Golden Delicious had the least. The amount in the seed was low and variable. Light and electron microscopy revealed tannins in the hypodermal layers of the peel, near the floral bundles in the cortex of the pulp, and in the thick-walled sclerenchyma and crushed parenchyma of the testa. The condensed tannin deposits in the peel appeared most concentrated in the hypodermal cell layer adjacent to the epidermis, with lesser amounts in cell layers closer to the cortex. Electron micrographs revealed that condensed tannin deposits were always found in the vacuole, taking different forms, and mainly associated with the tonoplast. Key words: condensed tannins, apple, peel, pulp, seed, vanillin–HCl, microscopy.
An informative microsatellite repeat polymorphism in the human neurofilament light polypeptide (NEFL) gene (1992)

Journal Article An informative microsatellite repeat polymorphism in the human neurofilament light polypeptide (NEFL) gene Get access E. Rogaev, E. Rogaev Department of Medicine and Neurology, Tanz Neuroscience Bldg, University of Toronto6 Queens Park Crescent, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. Rogaeva, E. Rogaeva Department of Medicine and Neurology, Tanz Neuroscience Bldg, University of Toronto6 Queens Park Crescent, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar W.J. Lukiw, W.J. Lukiw Department of Medicine and Neurology, Tanz Neuroscience Bldg, University of Toronto6 Queens Park Crescent, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G. Vaula, G. Vaula Department of Medicine and Neurology, Tanz Neuroscience Bldg, University of Toronto6 Queens Park Crescent, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Y. Liang, Y. Liang Department of Medicine and Neurology, Tanz Neuroscience Bldg, University of Toronto6 Queens Park Crescent, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. Hancock, R. Hancock Department of Medicine and Neurology, Tanz Neuroscience Bldg, University of Toronto6 Queens Park Crescent, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D.Crapper McLachlan, D.Crapper McLachlan Department of Medicine and Neurology, Tanz Neuroscience Bldg, University of Toronto6 Queens Park Crescent, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar P.H. St George-Hyslop P.H. St George-Hyslop * Department of Medicine and Neurology, Tanz Neuroscience Bldg, University of Toronto6 Queens Park Crescent, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada * To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Human Molecular Genetics, Volume 1, Issue 9, December 1992, Page 781, https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/1.9.781 Published: 01 December 1992
The Untoward Side Effects of Interferon Therapy Correlate Well with the Spectrum of Symptoms that Make up the Down Syndrome (1998)

There is an ongoing effort to identify individual genes on Chromosome 21 that may independently each subserve one of the many diverse symptoms that constitute the Down syndrome. In contrast, the interferon system points to a multigene, multilocus, system distributed across Chromosome 21 that can explain each of the individual symptoms of the Down syndrome as a consequence of the concerted action of multiple genes which share in common a role in interferon action. To date, at least ten such genes have been identified on Chromosome 21. This number is likely to grow as new genes are identified, and their role in interferon action is uncovered. The recently discovered human SIM2 gene is presented here as an example. Its Intron 3 sequence reveals a clustering of interferon response elements that suggests an unexpected role for this gene in interferon action. We also present here a comparative analysis of the complex of untoward side effects of interferon therapy that reveals a striking similarity to the spectrum of symptoms that make up the Down syndrome. Taken together, these gene mapping and clinical observations suggest the possibility that the diverse symptoms of the Down syndrome could have a surprisingly non-diverse underlying biochemistry.
The effect of complex-formation with polyanions on the redox properties of cytochrome c (1980)

1. The stable complex formed between mammalian cytochrome c and phosvitin at low ionic strength was studied by partition in an aqueous two-phase system. Oxidized cytochrome c binds to phosvitin with a higher affinity than reduced cytochrome c. The difference was equivalent to a decrease of the redox potential by 22 mV on binding. 2. Complex-formation with phosvitin strongly inhibited the reaction of cytochrome c with reagents that react as negatively charged species, such as ascorbate, dithionite, ferricyanide and tetrachlorobenzoquinol. Reaction with uncharged reagents such as NNN'N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine and the reduced form of the N-methylphenazonium ion (present as the methylsulphate) was little affected by complex-formation, whereas oxidation of the reduced cytochrome by the positively charged tris-(phenanthroline)cobalt(III) ion was greatly stimulated. 3. A similar pattern of inhibition and stimulation of reaction rates was observed when phosvitin was replaced by other macromolecular polyanions such as dextran sulphate and heparin, indicating that the results were a general property of complex-formation with polyanions. A weaker but qualitatively similar effect was observed on addition of inositol hexaphosphate and ATP. 4. It is suggested that the effects of complex-formation with polyanions on the reactivity of cytochrome c with redox reagents are mainly the result of replacing the positive charge on the free cytochrome by a net negative charge. Any steric effects on polyanion binding are small in comparison with such electrostatic effects.
Gold Nanoparticles with Covalently Attached Polymer Chains This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and by the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie. We are grateful to Prof. Dr. H. Weller, Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Universität Hamburg, for the transmission electron microscopy pictures and to Prof. Dr. M. Möller and Dipl.-Chem. Bernd Tartsch, Abteilung Organische Chemie III der Universität Ulm, for the scanning forcce microscopy investigations. (2001)

"Living"/controlled radical polymerization according to the atom transfer radical polymerization mechanism is a suitable method for the graft-polymerization of nanoparticles. With this method, in which the core nanoparticles remain unchanged, the chain length and therefore the thickness of the polymer shell can be adjusted.
Deinterlacing method based on edge direction refinement using weighted median filter (2009)

In this paper, we propose an efficient deinterlacing algorithm which is an edge dependent interpolation based on edge direction refinement. The conventional edge dependent interpolation algorithms have a visually better performance than any other Intra-field deinterlacing algorithms. However they are very sensitive to noise due to the failure of estimating edge direction. In order to exactly detect edge direction, our method detects edge direction of around interpolated pixel and refines the edge direction using weighted median filter. Simulation results have shown the efficacy of the proposed method with significant improvement over the previous methods in terms of the objective PSNR quality as well as the subjective image quality.
Bifidobacterium breve and Streptococcus thermophilus Secretion Products Enhance T Helper 1 Immune Response and Intestinal Barrier in Mice (2005)

Lactic acid bacteria or their secretion products can modulate immune responses differently in normal and inflammatory conditions. This comparative study analyzes the effect of oral administration of living lactic acid bacteria, or their conditioned media, on the epithelial and immune functions of colitis-prone C57BL/6 IL-10-deficient mice. Mice were untreated (control) or infected with Helicobacter hepaticus with or without oral treatment with living bacteria, Bifidobacterium breve C50 and Streptococcus thermophilus 065 (LB), or their culture-conditioned media (CM). Histology, cytokine mRNA, electrical resistance, and barrier capacity of colonic samples as well as cytokine secretion by mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells were studied. Helicobacter hepaticus mice developed only mild colitis, which was not modified in LB or CM groups. In the CM (but not the LB) group, the colonic barrier was reinforced as compared to the other groups, as evidenced by decreased horseradish peroxidase (HRP) transcytosis and mannitol fluxes and increased electrical resistance. In MLN, the percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells secreting IFNgamma was significantly higher in CM (2.06% and 1.98%, respectively) mice than in H. hepaticus (1.1% and 0.47%, P < 0.05) or control mice. In addition, the nonspecific stimulation of IFNgamma, TNFalpha, and IL-12 secretion by MLN cells was significantly higher in the CM group as compared to the other groups. In the absence of severe colitis, Bifidobacterium breve C50- and Streptococcus thermophilus 065-conditioned media can reinforce intestinal barrier capacity and stimulate Th1 immune response, highlighting the involvement of lactic acid bacteria-derived components in host defense.
Ionic liquids for oral insulin delivery (2018)

With the rise in diabetes mellitus cases worldwide and lack of patient adherence to glycemia management using injectable insulin, there is an urgent need for the development of efficient oral insulin formulations. However, the gastrointestinal tract presents a formidable barrier to oral delivery of biologics. Here we report the development of a highly effective oral insulin formulation using choline and geranate (CAGE) ionic liquid. CAGE significantly enhanced paracellular transport of insulin, while protecting it from enzymatic degradation and by interacting with the mucus layer resulting in its thinning. In vivo, insulin-CAGE demonstrated exceptional pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic outcome after jejunal administration in rats. Low insulin doses (3-10 U/kg) brought about a significant decrease in blood glucose levels, which were sustained for longer periods (up to 12 hours), unlike s.c. injected insulin. When 10 U/kg insulin-CAGE was orally delivered in enterically coated capsules using an oral gavage, a sustained decrease in blood glucose of up to 45% was observed. The formulation exhibited high biocompatibility and was stable for 2 months at room temperature and for at least 4 months under refrigeration. Taken together, the results indicate that CAGE is a promising oral delivery vehicle and should be further explored for oral delivery of insulin and other biologics that are currently marketed as injectables.
SAMSN1 Is a Tumor Suppressor Gene in Multiple Myeloma (2014)

Multiple myeloma (MM), a hematological malignancy characterized by the clonal growth of malignant plasma cells (PCs) in the bone marrow, is preceded by the benign asymptomatic condition, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Several genetic abnormalities have been identified as critical for the development of MM; however, a number of these abnormalities are also found in patients with MGUS, indicating that there are other, as yet unidentified, factors that contribute to the onset of MM disease. In this study, we identify a Samsn1 gene deletion in the 5TGM1/C57BL/KaLwRij murine model of myeloma. In addition, SAMSN1 expression is reduced in the malignant CD138+ PCs of patients with MM and this reduced expression correlates to total PC burden. We identify promoter methylation as a potential mechanism through which SAMSN1 expression is modulated in human myeloma cell lines. Notably, re-expression of Samsn1 in the 5TGM1 murine PC line resulted in complete inhibition of MM disease development in vivo and decreased proliferation in stromal cell-PC co-cultures in vitro. This is the first study to identify deletion of a key gene in the C57BL/KaLwRij mice that also displays reduced gene expression in patients with MM and is therefore likely to play an integral role in MM disease development.
The Rhesus (D) polypeptide is linked to the human erythrocyte cytoskeleton (1984)

Cytoskeleton preparations derived from lactoperoxidase-radioiodinated human erythrocytes were found to be enriched in a labelled component with the same apparent molecular mass as the Rhesus (D) (Rh(D] antigen polypeptide. Immune precipitation from the cytoskeleton preparations confirmed that this component is the Rh(D) polypeptide. The results suggest that the Rh(D) polypeptide may be linked to the erythrocyte skeletal matrix. The possibility that the Rh(D) antigen is involved in maintaining the shape and viability of the erythrocyte is discussed.