gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phosphatidylglycerol dependent protein translocation across the Escherichia coli inner membrane is inhibited by the anti‐cancer drug doxorubicin (1993)

OmpF-Lpp, a model secretory protein, requires both a positively charged signal sequence and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) for efficient translocation across the E. coli inner membrane. Modification of the signal sequence can, however, remove both these prerequisites for translocation providing OmpF-Lpp mutants which undergo either PG and charge dependent or PG and charge independent translocation. Here we show that positively charged membrane interactive compounds (polylysine & doxorubicin) are able to inhibit PG dependent translocation of the OmpF-Lpp signal sequence mutants but not PG independent translocation. Doxorubicin is also shown to bind more efficiently to liposomes containing increased levels of anionic lipid indicating that in these assays it may be inhibiting translocation by preventing electrostatic interaction between the anionic lipid head group and the positively charged signal sequences.
Knowledge-based control in multisensor image processing and recognition (1993)

An approach to the control of multisensor image processing and recognition based on a suitable representation of control knowledge in symbolic form is presented. A hierarchical organization of control knowledge, corresponding to a decomposition of the image recognition process into subprocesses, is proposed. The knowledge for the control of the low-level and high-level phases is described in detail. The control problem involved in the automatic selection and tuning of image processing algorithms is addressed using data structures representing advised sequences of algorithms, a symbolic representation of quality control, and control strategies with backtracking capabilities. Error handling in the high-level phase is faced by a functional decomposition of the error-handling task into error states and types and by a hierarchical representation of the control knowledge for error detection and recovery. Results obtained in a real-world multisensor application are reported, and the improvement in classification accuracy obtained by the proposed error-handling mechanisms is evaluated.
Synthesis of Graphene Aerogel with High Electrical Conductivity (2010)

We report the synthesis of ultra-low-density three-dimensional macroassemblies of graphene sheets that exhibit high electrical conductivities and large internal surface areas. These materials are prepared as monolithic solids from suspensions of single-layer graphene oxide in which organic sol-gel chemistry is used to cross-link the individual sheets. The resulting gels are supercritically dried and then thermally reduced to yield graphene aerogels with densities approaching 10 mg/cm(3). In contrast to methods that utilize physical cross-links between GO, this approach provides covalent carbon bonding between the graphene sheets. These graphene aerogels exhibit an improvement in bulk electrical conductivity of more than 2 orders of magnitude (∼1 × 10(2) S/m) compared to graphene assemblies with physical cross-links alone (∼5 × 10(-1) S/m). The graphene aerogels also possess large surface areas (584 m(2)/g) and pore volumes (2.96 cm(3)/g), making these materials viable candidates for use in energy storage, catalysis, and sensing applications.
An experimentally validated panel of subfamily‐specific oligonucleotide primers (Vα1‐w29/Vβ1‐w24) for the study of human T cell receptor variable V gene segment usage by polymerase chain reaction (1992)

Abstract We report here the characterization of a series of T cell receptor (TcR) V α or V β subfamily‐specific oligonucleotide primers. Criteria that have guided the design of each oligonucleotide include appropriate thermodynamic parameters as well as differential base‐pairing scores with related and unrelated target sequences. The specificity of the oligonucleotides for each V α or V β subfamily was tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on both a series of TcR encoding plasmid DNA and clonal T cell populations. Unexpected cross‐reactivities were observed with plasmid cDNA sequences corresponding to unrelated subfamily gene segments. This led to the synthesis of additional series of oligonucleotides to obtain a relevant panel. A series of V α 1‐w29/V β 1‐w24 TcR subfamily‐specific oligonucleotides was eventually selected which generates little, if any, cross‐reactivity. The use of C α or C β primers for the amplification of internal positive control templates ( i.e. C β for the V α series and C α for the V β series) has been tested in PCR performed with cDNA derived from peripheral blood lymphocytes; it was shown not to alter the amplification of the V subfamily‐specific DNA fragments. This panel of oligonucleotides will be helpful in the study of TcR V gene segment usage and, thus, may lead to a better characterization of T cell responses in physiological and pathological situations.
Interactions of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and TNF Receptor Family Members in the Mouse and Human (2006)

Ligands of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) (4-1BBL, APRIL, BAFF, CD27L, CD30L, CD40L, EDA1, EDA2, FasL, GITRL, LIGHT, lymphotoxin alpha, lymphotoxin alphabeta, OX40L, RANKL, TL1A, TNF, TWEAK, and TRAIL) bind members of the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF). A comprehensive survey of ligand-receptor interactions was performed using a flow cytometry-based assay. All ligands engaged between one and five receptors, whereas most receptors only bound one to three ligands. The receptors DR6, RELT, TROY, NGFR, and mouse TNFRH3 did not interact with any of the known TNFSF ligands, suggesting that they either bind other types of ligands, function in a ligand-independent manner, or bind ligands that remain to be identified. The study revealed that ligand-receptor pairs are either cross-reactive between human and mouse (e.g. Tweak/Fn14, RANK/RANKL), strictly species-specific (GITR/GITRL), or partially species-specific (e.g. OX40/OX40L, CD40/CD40L). Interestingly, the receptor binding patterns of lymphotoxin alpha and alphabeta are redundant in the human but not in the mouse system. Ligand oligomerization allowed detection of weak interactions, such as that of human TNF with mouse TNFR2. In addition, mouse APRIL exists as two different splice variants differing by a single amino acid. Although human APRIL does not interact with BAFF-R, the shorter variant of mouse APRIL exhibits weak but detectable binding to mouse BAFF-R.
Resetting of sympathetic rhythm by somatic afferents causes post‐reflex coordination of sympathetic activity in rat (2001)

1. We have proposed previously that graded synchronous activity is produced by periodic inputs acting on weakly coupled or uncoupled oscillators influencing the discharges of a population of cutaneous vasoconstrictor sympathetic postganglionic neurones (PGNs) in anaesthetized rats. 2. Here we investigated the effects of somatic afferent (superficial radial nerve, RaN) stimulation, on the rhythmic discharges of this population. We recorded (1) at the population level from the ventral collector nerve and (2) from single PGNs focally from the caudal ventral artery of the tail. 3. Following RaN stimulation we observed an excitatory response followed by a period of reduced discharge and subsequent rhythmical discharges seemingly phase-locked to the stimulus. 4. We suggest that the rhythmical discharges following the initial excitatory response (conventional reflex) result from a resetting of sympathetic rhythm generators such that rhythmic PGN activity is synchronized transiently. We also demonstrate that a natural mechanical stimulus can produce a similar pattern of response. 5. Our results support the idea that in sympathetic control, resetting of multiple oscillators driving the rhythmic discharges of a population of PGNs may provide a mechanism for producing a sustained and coordinated response to somatic input.
Ultracapacitor Technologies and Application in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (2009)

This paper focuses on ultracapactors (electrochemical capacitors) as energy storage in vehicle applications and thus evaluates the present state-of-the-art of ultracapacitor technologies and their suitability for use in electric and hybrid drivelines of various types of vehicles. A key consideration in determining the applicability of ultracapacitors for a particular vehicle application is the proper assessment of the energy storage and power requirements. For hybrid-electric vehicles, the key issues are the useable energy requirement and the maximum pulse power at high efficiency. For a Prius size vehicle, if the useable energy storage is about 125 Wh and needed efficiency is 90-95%, analysis shown in this paper indicate that vehicles can be designed using carbon ultracapacitors (both carbon/carbon and hybrid carbon) that yield high fuel economy improvements for all driving cycles and the cost of the ultracapacitors can be competitive with lithium-ion batteries for high volume production and carbon prices of less than $20/kg. The use of carbon/carbon devices in micro-hybrids is particularly attractive for a control strategy (sawtooth) that permits engine operation near its maximum efficiency using only a 6 kW electric motor. Vehicle projects in transit buses and passenger cars have shown that ultracapacitors have functioned as expected and significant fuel economy improvements have been achieved that are higher than would have been possible using batteries because of the higher round-trip efficiencies of the ultracapacitors. Ultracapacitors have particular advantages for use in fuel cell powered vehicles in which it is likely they can be used without interface electronics. Development of hybrid carbon devices is continuing showing energy densities of 12 Wh/kg and a high efficiency power density of about 1000 W/kg. Vehicle simulations using those devices have shown that increased power capability in such devices is needed before full advantage can be taken of their increased energy density compared to carbon/carbon devices in some vehicle applications. Energy storage system considerations indicate that combinations of ultracapacitors and advanced batteries (Wh/kg&amp;gt;200) are likely to prove advantageous in the future as such batteries are developed. This is likely to be the case in plug-in hybrids with high power electric motors for which it may be difficult to limit the size and weight of the energy storage unit even using advanced batteries.
RELATIONS WITH A FIXED CONIC (2010)

In the plane geometry of Vol. ii we have seen that the ordinary metrical relations are particular cases of the relation of the figure to two arbitrary Absolute points, or, more generally, to an arbitrary Absolute Conic; the recognition of this adds greatly to the breadth of view obtained, without increasing the difficulty of proof. A similar gain is found in the geometry of three dimensions. Here we consider an arbitrary Absolute Conic. In a later Volume we shall consider an arbitrary Absolute Quadric.
Ultra-thin plasmonic optical vortex plate based on phase discontinuities (2012)

A flat optical device that generates optical vortices with a variety of topological charges is demonstrated. This device spatially modulates light beams over a distance much smaller than the wavelength in the direction of propagation by means of an array of V-shaped plasmonic antennas with sub-wavelength separation. Optical vortices are shown to develop after a sub-wavelength propagation distance from the array, a feature that has major potential implications for integrated optics.
Oleamide: a member of the endocannabinoid family? (2004)

The fatty acid amide class of compounds, which include the endocannabinoid anandamide and the sleep-inducing compound oleamide, have been shown in vitro to have a multiplicity of actions upon different neurochemical systems. In the present issue of this journal, Leggett et al present data indicating that oleamide functionally activates CB(1) cannabinoid receptors in vitro. The significance of their finding is discussed in this commentary.
Cyclopentenone prostaglandins suppress activation of microglia: Down-regulation of inducible nitric-oxide synthase by 15-deoxy-Δ 12,14 -prostaglandin J 2 (1999)

Mechanisms leading to down-regulation of activated microglia and astrocytes are poorly understood, in spite of the potentially detrimental role of activated glia in neurodegeneration. Prostaglandins, produced both by neurons and glia, may serve as mediators of glial and neuronal functions. We examined the influence of cyclopentenone prostaglandins and their precursors on activated glia. As models of glial activation, production of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) was studied in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated rat microglia, a murine microglial cell line BV-2, and IL-1beta-stimulated rat astrocytes. Cyclopentenone prostaglandins were potent inhibitors of iNOS induction and were more effective than their precursors, prostaglandins E2 and D2. 15-Deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) was the most potent prostaglandin among those tested. In activated microglia, 15d-PGJ2 suppressed iNOS promoter activity, iNOS mRNA, and protein levels. The action of 15d-PGJ2 does not appear to involve its nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) because troglitazone, a specific ligand of PPARgamma, was unable to inhibit iNOS induction, and neither troglitazone nor 15d-PGJ2 could stimulate the activity of a PPAR-dependent promoter in the absence of cotransfected PPARgamma. 15d-PGJ2 did not block nuclear translocation or DNA-binding activity of the transcription factor NFkappaB, but it did inhibit the activity of an NFkappaB reporter construct, suggesting that the mechanism of suppression of microglial iNOS by 15d-PGJ2 may involve interference with NFkappaB transcriptional activity in the nucleus. Thus, our data suggest the existence of a novel pathway mediated by cyclopentenone prostaglandins, which may represent part of a feedback mechanism leading to the cessation of inflammatory glial responses in the brain.
Relative Versus Absolute Modulation of Growth in the Fusionless Treatment of Experimental Scoliosis (2006)

Data in this study show the ability to modulate relative and absolute growth, according to the Hueter-Volkmann law, at the apical spinal segment of a progressive experimental scoliosis. However, anterior vertebral stapling, although able to control progressive wedging and scoliosis at the apical spinal segment, was not able to reverse fully the Hueter-Volkmann effect.
Effects of short-term dietary nitrate supplementation on blood pressure, O2uptake kinetics, and muscle and cognitive function in older adults (2012)

Dietary nitrate (NO 3 − ) supplementation has been shown to reduce resting blood pressure and alter the physiological response to exercise in young adults. We investigated whether these effects might also be evident in older adults. In a double-blind, randomized, crossover study, 12 healthy, older (60–70 yr) adults supplemented their diet for 3 days with either nitrate-rich concentrated beetroot juice (BR; 2 × 70 ml/day, ∼9.6 mmol/day NO 3 − ) or a nitrate-depleted beetroot juice placebo (PL; 2 × 70 ml/day, ∼0.01 mmol/day NO 3 − ). Before and after the intervention periods, resting blood pressure and plasma [nitrite] were measured, and subjects completed a battery of physiological and cognitive tests. Nitrate supplementation significantly increased plasma [nitrite] and reduced resting systolic (BR: 115 ± 9 vs. PL: 120 ± 6 mmHg; P &lt; 0.05) and diastolic (BR: 70 ± 5 vs. PL: 73 ± 5 mmHg; P &lt; 0.05) blood pressure. Nitrate supplementation resulted in a speeding of the V̇o 2 mean response time (BR: 25 ± 7 vs. PL: 28 ± 7 s; P &lt; 0.05) in the transition from standing rest to treadmill walking, although in contrast to our hypothesis, the O 2 cost of exercise remained unchanged. Functional capacity (6-min walk test), the muscle metabolic response to low-intensity exercise, brain metabolite concentrations, and cognitive function were also not altered. Dietary nitrate supplementation reduced resting blood pressure and improved V̇o 2 kinetics during treadmill walking in healthy older adults but did not improve walking or cognitive performance. These results may have implications for the enhancement of cardiovascular health in older age.
Creating the next generation of protein therapeutics through rational drug design. (2005)

Biopharmaceuticals, or protein drugs, have proven to be safe and effective therapies in many disease indications. However, the first generation of biopharmaceuticals has largely been limited to replicating the functions of native human proteins, or inhibiting these functions through the use of monoclonal antibodies. Recent advances in the design of biopharmaceuticals include computational approaches to manipulate protein structure, improved screening processes to synthesize and assay libraries of novel proteins, and new methods to modify proteins post-translationally and during production. Protein drug structure and function can now be optimized in the same way that small molecules are optimized via medicinal chemistry. This review addresses recent developments in the field of protein 'medicinal biology', and provides examples of how these tools are being applied to create the next generation of biopharmaceuticals possessing optimized drug properties and novel functions.
Regulated expression of alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase by the liver-enriched transcription factors HNF-1, DBP, and LAP. (1992)

Tissue-specific carbohydrate structures are thought to result from the selective expression of specific terminal glycosyltransferases responsible for their synthesis. However, little is known about the regulation of the expression of these enzymes. Previous analysis of the distribution of one such enzyme, beta-galactoside alpha 2,6-sialyltransferase, revealed that its expression is tissue restricted, with highest levels being found in the liver. Examination of the gene suggested that its expression is regulated at the level of transcription by multiple promoters, one of which is strongly active in the liver. In this present work, an analysis of the liver-restricted promoter was undertaken to identify the promoter elements necessary for liver-restricted expression. Footprinting studies, 5' deletion analysis, and site-directed mutagenesis identified two cis-elements which were potentially important in the tissue-specific expression of this promoter. One of these elements contains a consensus binding site for the liver-enriched transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 alpha, while the other is a consensus binding site for the liver-specific factors D-binding protein and liver-enriched transcriptional activator protein. Expression vectors containing cDNAs of these factors are capable of trans-activating transcription of the alpha 2,6ST promoter, demonstrating their ability to regulate transcription of this promoter. Together, these results suggest that tissue-specific glycosylation can be regulated at the level of transcription by the same factors involved in the expression of a number of other tissue-specific genes.
Regulation of meiotic recombination and prophase I progression in mammals (2001)

Meiosis is the process by which diploid germ cells divide to produce haploid gametes for sexual reproduction. The process is highly conserved in eukaryotes, however the recent availability of mouse models for meiotic recombination has revealed surprising regulatory differences between simple unicellular organisms and those with increasingly complex genomes. Moreover, in these higher eukaryotes, the intervention of physiological and sex-specific factors may also influence how meiotic recombination and progression are monitored and regulated. This review will focus on the recent studies involving mouse mutants for meiosis, and will highlight important differences between traditional model systems for meiosis (such as yeast) and those involving more complex cellular, physiological and genetic criteria.
Creation and Use of a Cre Recombinase Transgenic Database (2009)

In many cases, a gene "knockout" results in early embryonic lethality, which obscures the study of potential later functions. In other cases, the "knockout" does not show any phenotype due to the compensation of the gene deficiency by other family members. These limitations have called for further development of the powerful gene-targeting technology. One of the critical tools now being efficiently combined with gene-targeting is site-specific recombination. As the site-specific recombinase technology developed further in the mouse system, it became evident that this tool was going to have a significant impact on the power of mammalian genetics. The number of transgenic mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase with different specificities has steadily increased in the past 15 years and has now surpassed 500. Efficient utilization of this community-generated resource calls for a user-friendly database with all necessary information available about the properties of the Cre transgenic lines. The "CreXmice" database was created to meet these needs and has evolved over the past 4 years from flat file listings of transgenic lines into its current form, a professionally hosted SQL-driven web application. With hundreds of transgenic mouse lines, CreXmice is enriched by its presence on the World Wide Web allowing visitors the opportunity to search or contribute to the global effort by submitting the specific lines being developed by their laboratories.
Sex hormones and rheumatoid arthritis: cause or effect relationships in a complex pathophysiology? (1995)

Sex hormones are believed to contribute to the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) because of the disease's female preponderance, especially during the child-bearing years, and because of the dramatic improvements seen during pregnancy. Available controlled data on serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) in RA patients not treated with glucocorticoids are summarized. Hypotheses of sex hormone contributions to RA are tested by judgemental criteria for the causes or determinants of disease. Available data support hypoandrogenicity in RA patients, especially among premenopausal females and males. Limited prospective studies in women and therapeutic trials of testosterone therapy in men further support a role of sex hormones in RA. Interactions of sex hormones and glucocorticoids are also believed to be important and deserve priority in future research.
A Camera-Projector System for Robot Positioning by Visual Servoing (2006)

Positioning a robot with respect to objects by using data provided by a camera is a well known technique called visual servoing. In order to perform a task, the object must exhibit visual features which can be extracted from different points of view. Then, visual servoing is object-dependent as it depends on the object appearance. Therefore, performing the positioning task is not possible in presence of nontextured objets or objets for which extracting visual features is too complex or too costly. This paper proposes a solution to tackle this limitation inherent to the current visual servoing techniques. Our proposal is based on the coded structured light approach as a reliable and fast way to solve the correspondence problem. In this case, a coded light pattern is projected providing robust visual features independently of the object appearance.
Confirmation of usefulness of a structure construction program based on three-dimensional receptor structure for rational lead generation (1993)

Skeletal structures very similar to those of four known inhibitors were automatically output from our computer program LEGEND, based on the three-dimensional structure of the active site of the target enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase. Besides them, the program output novel promising structures that are stable intra- and intermolecularly. This result strongly supports the usefulness of this method for rational lead generation. New lead compounds can be obtained, not relying on chance or trial and error, if appropriate structural selection and modification of the output structures are made.