gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In‐situ photopolymerization of oriented liquid‐crystalline acrylates, 4. Influence of a lateral methyl substituent on monomer and oriented polymer network properties of a mesogenic diacrylate (1989)

Abstract Mesomorphism and the molecular orientation of 1,4‐phenylene bis{4‐(6‐(acryloyloxy)hexyloxy)benzoate} ( 1 ) and its derivative with a methyl‐substituent in the central phenylene group ( 2 ) are studied. The methyl group affects the transition temperatures and the thermodynamic parameters, but not the order parameter of the monomers. The photoinitiated polymerization of the diacrylate monomers in their uniaxially oriented state leads to highly oriented and densely crosslinked polymer networks. The order parameter of these networks depends on the polymerization temperature, but becomes nearly temperature‐independent after polymerization. The presence of the methyl group leads to a significant lower degree of order in the polymeric state. In addition, data are presented on the monomeric viscosity of 2 and on the tensile moduli, glass transitions and refractive indices of the oriented polymer networks. In order to extend the mesomorphous temperature range, mixtures of 1 and 2 are also investigated.
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis of cell surface receptor interactions and signaling using spectral variants of the green fluorescent protein (2001)

The utility of spectral variants of GFP in flow cytometric FRET analysis of membrane receptors is demonstrated. This method of analyzing FRET allows probing of noncovalent molecular interactions that involve both the intracellular and extracellular regions of membrane proteins as well as proteins within the cells. Unlike biochemical methods, FRET allows the quantitative determination of noncovalent molecular associations at Angstrom level in living cells. Moreover, flow cytometry allows quantitative analyses to be carried out on a cell-by-cell basis on large number of cells. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Shape modeling with front propagation: a level set approach (1995)

Shape modeling is an important constituent of computer vision as well as computer graphics research. Shape models aid the tasks of object representation and recognition. This paper presents a new approach to shape modeling which retains some of the attractive features of existing methods and overcomes some of their limitations. The authors' techniques can be applied to model arbitrarily complex shapes, which include shapes with significant protrusions, and to situations where no a priori assumption about the object's topology is made. A single instance of the authors' model, when presented with an image having more than one object of interest, has the ability to split freely to represent each object. This method is based on the ideas developed by Osher and Sethian (1988) to model propagating solid/liquid interfaces with curvature-dependent speeds. The interface (front) is a closed, nonintersecting, hypersurface flowing along its gradient field with constant speed or a speed that depends on the curvature. It is moved by solving a "Hamilton-Jacobi" type equation written for a function in which the interface is a particular level set. A speed term synthesized from the image is used to stop the interface in the vicinity of object boundaries. The resulting equation of motion is solved by employing entropy-satisfying upwind finite difference schemes. The authors present a variety of ways of computing the evolving front, including narrow bands, reinitializations, and different stopping criteria. The efficacy of the scheme is demonstrated with numerical experiments on some synthesized images and some low contrast medical images.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Thorough static analysis of device drivers (2006)

Bugs in kernel-level device drivers cause 85% of the system crashes in the Windows XP operating system [44]. One of the sources of these errors is the complexity of the Windows driver API itself: programmers must master a complex set of rules about how to use the driver API in order to create drivers that are good clients of the kernel. We have built a static analysis engine that finds API usage errors in C programs. The Static Driver Verifier tool (SDV) uses this engine to find kernel API usage errors in a driver. SDV includes models of the OS and the environment of the device driver, and over sixty API usage rules. SDV is intended to be used by driver developers "out of the box." Thus, it has stringent requirements: (1) complete automation with no input from the user; (2) a low rate of false errors. We discuss the techniques used in SDV to meet these requirements, and empirical results from running SDV on over one hundred Windows device drivers.
Binding of Anti-Membrane-Proximal gp41 Monoclonal Antibodies to CD4-Liganded and -Unliganded Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Virions (2011)

The broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 4E10, 2F5, and Z13e1 target membrane-proximal external region (MPER) epitopes of HIV-1 gp41 in a manner that remains controversial. The requirements for initial lipid bilayer binding and/or CD4 ligation have been proposed. To further investigate these issues, we probed for binding of these MAbs to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) virions with protein A-conjugated gold (PAG) nanoparticles using negative-stain electron microscopy. We found moderate levels of PAG associated with unliganded HIV-1 and SIV virions incubated with the three MAbs. Significantly higher levels of PAG were associated with CD4-liganded HIV-1 (epitope-positive) but not SIV (epitope-negative) virions. A chimeric SIV virion displaying the HIV-1 4E10 epitope also showed significantly higher PAG association after CD4 ligation and incubation with 4E10. MAbs accumulated rapidly on CD4-liganded virions and slowly on unliganded virions, although both reached similar levels in time. Anti-MPER epitope-specific binding was stable to washout. Virions incubated with an irrelevant MAb or CD4-only (no MAb) showed negligible PAG association, as did a vesicle-rich fraction devoid of virions. Preincubation with Fab 4E10 inhibited both specific and nonspecific 4E10 IgG binding. Our data provide evidence for moderate association of anti-MPER MAbs to viral surfaces but not lipid vesicles, even in the absence of cognate epitopes. Significantly greater MAb interaction occurs in epitope-positive virions following long incubation or CD4 ligation. These findings are consistent with a two-stage binding model where these anti-MPER MAbs bind first to the viral lipid bilayer and then to the MPER epitopes following spontaneous or induced exposure.
Improving Detection Accuracy of Memristor-Based Bio-Signal Sensing Platform (2016)

Recently a novel neuronal activity sensor exploiting the intrinsic thresholded integrator capabilities of memristor devices has been proposed. Extracellular potentials captured by a standard bio-signal acquisition platform are fed into a memristive device which reacts to the input by changing its resistive state (RS) only when the signal ampitude exceeds a threshold. Thus, significant peaks in the neural signal can be stored as non-volatile changes in memristor resistive state whilst noise is effectively suppressed. However, as a memristor is subjected to increasing numbers of supra-threshold stimuli during practical operation, it accumulates (RS) changes and eventually saturates. This leads to severely redsignaluced neural activity detection capabilities. In this work we explore different signal processing and memristor operating procedure strategies in order to improve the detection rate of significant neuronal activity events. We analyse the data obtained from a single-memristive device biased with a reference neural recording and observe that performance can be improved markedly by a) increasing the frequency at which the memristor is reset to an initial resistive state where it is known to be highly responsive, b) appropriately preconditioning the input waveform through application of gain and offset in order to optimally exploit the intrinsic device behaviour. All results are validated by benchmarking obtained spike detection performance against a state-of-the-art template matching system utilising computationally-heavy, multi-dimensional, principal component analysis.
Uricase formulated with polyethylene glycol (uricase-PEG 20): biochemical rationale and preclinical studies. (2002)

It is anticipated that uricase-PEG 20 may have utility as a treatment for hyperuricemia and gout.
Relationship of p53 overexpression and up-regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen with the clinical course of non-small cell lung cancer. (1994)

p53 is known to play a central role in the control of cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. In non-small cell lung cancer, however, the clinicopathological studies of p53 have yielded conflicting results. In the current study, we examined 123 non-small cell lung cancers with detailed clinical information, 71 primary and 52 metastatic tumors, using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded surgical specimens to show the clinicopathological correlation of the immunohistochemical (DO-7) overexpression of p53. Nuclear specific p53 overexpression appeared in 48 (39%; any number of tumor cells positive) of 123 tumors (35% of primary and 44% of metastatic tumors). The distribution and intensity of staining were variable. Ninety-eight % of all tumors also expressed nuclear immunoreactivity for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA; PC 10) to a varying degree. In a univariate analysis, both p53 (> 10% of tumor cells positive; n = 11) and PCNA (> 50% of tumor cells positive; n = 32) were associated with shorter survival in the curative intent group (stages I, II, and IIIA) of 63 patients. In a multivariate analysis including all clinicopathological variables, the overexpression of p53 (but not PCNA) was found to be an independent prognostic factor (P2 = 0.0011) in the curative intent group. No correlation was detected between the immunoreactivities and patient characteristics, such as age, gender, or smoking. Double immunohistochemistry of both p53 and PCNA revealed a distinct pattern, whereas its clinicopathological correlation remained elusive. We conclude that p53 overexpression in non-small cell lung cancer (but not PCNA) is independently associated with a shortened survival and may be of prognostic significance in selected patients with earlier stage cancer.
Immunological Escape Mechanisms in Pancreatic Carcinoma (1999)

Malignancies have developed several strategies to evade immune surveillance. We have investigated pancreatic cancer cell lines and pancreatic cancer surgical specimens to evaluate possibilities of tumor escape in the Fas system, and local immune suppression. Despite Fas expression the majority of cell lines was resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis. The Fas-associated phosphatase-1 is a strong candidate to confer Fas resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, all investigated pancreatic cancer cell lines and cancer specimens expressed Fas ligand. Fas ligand was functional in cancer cell lines as shown by coculture assays of pancreatic cancer cell lines with Jurkat cells as targets. Additional local immune suppression was demonstrated by loss of T-cell receptor/CD3-zeta chain of pancreatic cancer infiltrating T-lymphocytes. We conclude that these tumor escape mechanisms may contribute to the poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer but also represent targets for new treatment modalities.
Augmented-View for Restricted Visual Field: Multiple Device Implementations (2002)

Patients found the augmented-view concept of help for their impairment, but wanted much more ergonomic design than the prototypes provided. Benefits, limitations, and possible improvements for the evaluated devices are discussed.
Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service: Attacks and Defenses (2013)

The Internet is vulnerable to bandwidth distributed denial-of-service (BW-DDoS) attacks, wherein many hosts send a huge number of packets to cause congestion and disrupt legitimate traffic. So far, BW-DDoS attacks have employed relatively crude, inefficient, brute force mechanisms; future attacks might be significantly more effective and harmful. To meet the increasing threats, we must deploy more advanced defenses.
Selective construction of electrical connections using an organic charge‐transfer salt (1996)

The growth and “pruning” of electrical connections between two platinum wires by electrocrystallization of the charge‐transfer salt TTFBr x is reported. Crystals not involved in the connection can be removed by electrochemical reduction (see Figure). This method is a step towards the fabrication of complex structures without the use of a photolithographic or morphologic template. magnified image
Antisera of designed specificity for subunits of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins. (1986)

Antisera were raised against purified subunits of regulatory GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) and against synthetic peptides that correspond to defined regions of G proteins. Peptide antisera were generated that recognized all alpha or all beta subunits from Gs, Gi, Go, and transducin; others recognized only Gs alpha or Go alpha. Such cross-reaction or complete specificity for a given alpha subunit was not obtained when purified subunits were injected. Peptide antisera were used to identify G protein subunits in selected tissue membrane preparations by immunoblots.
Measurement of serum soluble Klotho levels in CKD 5D patients: useful tool or dispensable biomarker? (2012)

When attempting to rank which chronic kidney disease (CKD)-related research issues should receive most attention, the fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23)/Klotho axis would no doubt cover one of the top positions. The insights that FGF-23 may appear to be the master regulator of phosphate homeostasis, the key suppressor of renal 1a-hydroxylase activity and, as such, the initial inducer of pathomechanisms subsequently leading to secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT) seems to change paradigms concerning CKD-mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) more substantially than any experimental and clinical research finding in the last 10-20 years In this context, the membrane-bound co-receptor Klotho plays a pivotal role because the renal FGF-23 actions are absolutely dependent on the presence of Klotho as an indispensable part of a dimeric FGF-23 receptor.
Comparative analysis of the CD8+ T cell repertoires of H-2 class I wild-type/HLA-A2.1 and H-2 class I knockout/HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice (2002)

HHD transgenic mice which express HLA-A2.1 monochain molecules in a H-2 class I(-) context have an improved capacity to develop HLA-A2.1-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses as compared with classical A2.1/K(b) transgenic mice, which express heterodimeric HLA-A2.1 molecules in a H-2 class I wild-type context. A detailed TCR analysis of HLA-A2.1-restricted CD8(+) T cells educated and mobilized in both strains of mice was undertaken. Focusing on TCR beta chains, comparative PCR analysis of naive and immune CD8(+) T cell repertoires were performed. In spite of lower cell surface expression of HLA class I molecules and lower overall number of CD8(+) T cells, HHD mice educate a qualitatively normally diversified CD8(+) T cell repertoire and mobilize a larger variety of CD8(+) T cells in response to HLA-A2.1-restricted antigens compared with A2.1/K(b) mice. These observations provide the molecular bases accounting for the fact that HHD mice represent the most versatile animal model currently available for preclinical studies of HLA-A2.1-restricted CTL responses.
Benefits and harms of pregabalin in the management of neuropathic pain: a rapid review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials (2019)

Pregabalin has beneficial effects on some symptoms of neuropathic pain. However, its use significantly increases the risk of a number of adverse events and discontinuation due to adverse events. The quality of the evidence from journal publications is low.
Superior cross‐protective effect of nasal vaccination to subcutaneous inoculation with influenza hemagglutinin vaccine (1992)

Intranasal (i.n.) vs. subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine was systematically compared in BALB/c mice. Mice were immunized with different vaccines, together with cholera toxin B subunit as an adjuvant, and 4 weeks later were challenged with either a small (2 microliters) or a large (20 microliters) volume of mouse-adapted A/Guizhou-X (H3N2) virus, each of which gave virgin mice either a nasal or a lung predominant infection. Both i.n. and s.c. inoculations of A/Guizhou-X vaccine conferred almost complete protection against both challenges, i.n. inoculation of A/Fukuoka (H3N2) or A/Sichuan (H3N2) vaccine conferred almost complete cross-protection against 2-microliters challenge and a partial cross-protection against 20-microliters challenge, whereas the s.c. inoculation conferred no cross-protection against 2-microliters challenge with a partial cross-protection against 20-microliters challenge. Moreover, i.n. immunization of PR8 (H1N1) vaccine gave a slight cross-protection against 2-microliters challenge, while the s.c. inoculation did not. The degree of protection was easily improved by i.n. inoculation of higher doses of vaccine, but not by the s.c. inoculation. In parallel with the protection, the i.n. vaccination produced a high level of cross-reacting IgA and IgG antibody to A/Guizhou-X HA in nasal and broncho-alveolar washes, while the s.c. vaccination produced the cross-reacting IgG antibody alone. Thus, i.n. inoculation with inactivated vaccines, which induces cross-reacting anti-HA IgA antibody as well as IgG antibody, is more effective than s.c. vaccination for providing cross-protection against drift viruses.
MK-0457, a novel kinase inhibitor, is active in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia or acute lymphocytic leukemia with the T315I BCR-ABL mutation (2006)

MK-0457 (VX-680) is a small-molecule aurora kinase (AK) inhibitor with preclinical antileukemia activity. The T315I BCR-ABL mutation mediates resistance to imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib. MK-0457 has in vitro activity against cells expressing wild-type or mutated BCR-ABL, including the T315I BCR-ABL mutation. Three patients with T315I abl-mutated chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) have achieved clinical responses to doses of MK-04547 that are not associated with adverse events. Higher MK-0457 dose levels were associated with clinical responses and down-regulation of CrkL phosphorylation in leukemia cells. The possible role of AK inhibition in these clinical responses requires further investigation. The currently reported cases are the first observed clinical activity of a kinase inhibitor against the T315I phenotype. The observation of responses in 3 patients with T315I phenotype-refractory CML or Ph-positive ALL, at doses of MK-0457 associated with no significant extramedullary toxicity, is very encouraging.
Age‐related decreases in Nurr1 immunoreactivity in the human substantia nigra (2002)

Abstract Nuclear receptor‐related factor 1 (Nurr1), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is associated with the induction of dopaminergic (DA) phenotypes in developing and mature midbrain neurons. It is well established that dopaminergic nigrostriatal function decreases with age. Whether age‐related deficits in DA phenotypic markers are associated with alterations in Nurr1 expression is unknown. The present study found that virtually all of tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive (TH‐ir) neurons within the young adult human substantia nigra were Nurr1‐immunoreactive (Nurr1‐ir) positive. Stereologic counts revealed a significant reduction in the number of Nurr1‐ir nigral neurons in middle‐aged (23.13%) and aged (46.33%) individuals relative to young subjects. The loss of Nurr1‐ir neurons was associated with a similar decline in TH‐ir neuron number. In this regard, TH‐ir neuronal number was decreased in middle‐aged (11.10%) and in aged (45.97%) subjects, and this loss of TH‐ir neurons was highly correlated (r = 0.92) with the loss of Nurr1‐ir neurons. In contrast, the number of melanin‐containing nigral neuron number was generally stable across age groups, indicating that changes in Nurr1 and TH reflect phenotypic age‐related changes and not frank neuronal degeneration. In support of this concept, confocal microscopic analyses of Nurr1‐ir and TH‐ir fluorescence intensity revealed parallel decreases in Nurr1‐ and TH‐immunofluorescence as a function of age. These data demonstrate that age‐related decline of DA phenotypic markers is associated with down‐regulation of Nurr1 expression in the SN. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:203–214, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is open‐angle glaucoma caused by impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation: around the optic nerve? (2008)

Chronic open-angle glaucoma is the most frequent type of glaucoma and a leading cause for blindness. The role of intraocular pressure (IOP) in the pathogenesis of open-angle glaucoma has been challenged by patients with typical glaucomatous optic disc changes and visual field loss in whom the IOP never exceeded normal values (normal-tension glaucoma), as well as by patients with persistently elevated IOP who do not develop glaucomatous disc or field changes. Recent research has demonstrated that the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is not evenly distributed in all CSF spaces and that the subarachnoid space of the optic nerve can turn into a CSF compartment on its own. The biochemical components in this optic nerve compartment can differ markedly from normal CSF and some of its components (such as L-PGDS) may produce a toxic effect on the optic nerve and may therefore play an important role in the pathophysiology of open-angle glaucoma.
Pesquisa e desenvolvimento na área de saneamento no Brasil: necessidades e tendências (2005)

O artigo aborda um conjunto de dimensões envolvidas na pesquisa e desenvolvimento em saneamento, contextualizadas na realidade nacional. São discutidos os antecedentes históricos do tema, o sentido e os fins da pesquisa na área, os objetos e os métodos da investigação. Os temas da formação de recursos humanos, da divulgação, da transferência de tecnologia, do fomento e da avaliação da pesquisa são introduzidos, destacando a necessidade de seu aprofundamento. Apresenta-se uma proposta de protocolo para classificação e seleção de P&amp;D na área e este é aplicado em caráter de exercício. O trabalho conclui pela constatação de diversas carências no tema, resultando nas necessidades de: inventário das iniciativas e programas existentes que fomentam a pesquisa na área; avaliação da base social sobre a qual esta se sustenta; debate sobre os objetos da investigação e sua base conceitual de suporte; debate metodológico; prospecção sobre temas de investigação, a partir de protocolo e metodologia apropriados. Finaliza-se com a proposta de elaboração de um plano diretor de pesquisas em saneamento, que forneça as bases e respalde uma futura política de pesquisas na área.