gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stability enhancement of nanopillar structure for spin transfer magnetization switching using IrMn buffer layer (2006)

We report here the effect of ultrathin IrMn buffer layer on the magnetic and spin transport properties of spintronic structure for current-induced magnetization switching. The insertion of the ultrathin (∼1nm) IrMn buffer layer drastically enhanced the coercive field of the fixed ferromagnetic layer from 36 to 215Oe. Interestingly, the ultrathin IrMn buffer layer even enhanced the magnetoresistance ratio about 30%, and consequently the spin polarization effect was enhanced by reducing the critical current density of magnetization switching from 3.13×108 to 1.16×108A∕cm2.
Acid Rain: A Serious Regional Environmental Problem (1974)

At present, acid rain or snow is falling on most of the northeastern United States. The annual acidity value averages about pH 4, but values between pH 2.1 and 5 have been recorded for individual storms. The acidity of precipitation in this region apparently increased about 20 years ago, and the increase may have been associated with the augmented use of natural gas and with the installation of particle-removal devices in tall smokestacks. Only some of the ecological and economic effects of this widespread introduction of strong acids into natural systems are known at present, but clearly they must be considered in proposals for new energy sources and in the development of air quality emission standards.
Métrica para la capacidad de prueba del software, Una (1997)

Over the past two decades, there have been several advances in the assessment and management of connective tissue disease-related pulmonary arterial hypertension (CTD-PAH) that improved outcomes of the treatment of this lethal disease, and this will be the focus of this study. Systemic sclerosis is the leading cause of CTD-PAH, followed by systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, idiopathic inflammatory myositis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome. Clinical registries have been invaluable in informing about the burden of disease, risk and prognostic factors, and temporal trends with respect to treatment and outcome in CTD-PAH. The major advances have centered on improved disease classification and diagnostic criteria, screening and early diagnosis, the emergence of evidence-based therapies including combination goal-orientated treatment strategies, and the establishment of centers with expertise in PAH.
Predictive Coding Based on Efficient Motion Estimation (1985)

A computationally simpler and effective method is proposed for estimating motion in a video sequence. The paper outlines a search technique based on conjugate directions [3], [4] and another simpler technique called the one-at-a-time search [3]. Based on the comparison of the two methods, the latter technique is adopted as the basis for further research. The adopted technique is compared with brute force search, existing 2-D logarithmic search [1], and a modified version of it [2], for motion compensated prediction [5].
Detection of tumor-specific genetic alterations in bone marrow from early-stage breast cancer patients. (2003)

Detection of genetic markers associated with early breast cancer may prove clinically relevant for identifying patients at increased risk for relapse. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH), a specific genetic aberration, commonly occurs during breast cancer initiation and metastasis. Early detection of tumor metastasis to bone marrow (BM) using conventional histochemical techniques has been limited because of suboptimal efficiency and sensitivity. Because bone is such a common site of breast cancer recurrence, we sought to determine whether microsatellite markers associated with breast cancer could be detected in BM aspirates from patients with early-stage breast cancer. Cell-free plasma from BM aspirates in 48 patients was assessed for LOH using a panel of eight polymorphic microsatellite markers. LOH was detected in 11 (23%) of 48 patients' BM aspirates. Advancing American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage was associated with an increased incidence of LOH. Concordance was present between LOH identified in BM aspirates and matched-pair primary tumors. No samples contained detectable tumor cells on routine histology. In 24 patients, paired peripheral blood serum samples were available for analysis. In these cases, BM detection of LOH was more frequent than serum. This study demonstrates the novel finding of tumor-related genetic markers in BM aspirate plasma of early-stage breast cancer patients and provides a unique approach for assessing subclinical systemic disease progression and the monitoring of breast cancer patients.
Application of 2-D geoelectrical resistivity tomography for subsurface cavity detection in the eastern part of Saudi Arabia (2013)

The presence of natural voids and cavities in subsurface karstic limestones causes severe problem for civil engineering and environmental management. The presence of such features hinders the extension of urbanizations particularly in the new metropolitan. The eastern part of Saudi Arabia contains various types of karstic limestone, sinkholes, solution cavities and voids. In this context, geophysical methods particularly electrical resistivity technique is used as a cost-effective solution for investigating subsurface caves, voids, and shallow weathered zones. 2-D electrical resistivity data sets have been acquired along seven profiles in the new urbanization at Al Hassa area. Data processing has been carried out taking into consideration the response of synthetic models, which simulates physical models of the most common karstic features in the area. The results are very useful to determine the extension of shallow weathered zones and to locate different cavities underneath them. The hard limestone bedrock can also be detected and traced along the surveyed profiles.
Metal−1,4-Dithio-2,3-dihydroxybutane Chelates:  Novel Inhibitors of the Rho Transcription Termination Factor (2003)

Rho is an enzyme that is essential for the growth and survival of Escherichia coli, and bicyclomycin (1) is its only known selective inhibitor. We show that metal (Cd(2+), Ni(2+), and Zn(2+)) complexes of 1,4-dithio-2,3-dihydroxybutanes (2) serve as effective and potent rho inhibitors with I(50) values that can exceed that of 1. Maximal inhibition for ZnCl(2) and L-dithiothreitol (2a) corresponded to Zn(2):L-DTT stoichiometry. The I(50) value for the 2:1 Zn-L-DTT solution was 20 microM, which made it 3 times more potent than 1 (I(50) = 60 microM). Kinetic studies showed that a Zn-L-DTT solution functioned as a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to ATP in the rho poly(C)-dependent ATPase assay and as a competitive inhibitor with respect to ribo(C)(10) in the poly(dC).ribo(C)(10)-stimulated ATPase assay. These findings demonstrated that both 1 and a Zn-L-DTT solution disrupted rho-mediated ATP hydrolysis but that they inhibit using different mechanisms. Substitution of L-DTT with 1,2-ethanedithiol in ZnCl(2) solutions led to a comparable loss of rho poly(C)-dependent ATPase activity, indicating that other metal chelates can serve as efficient inhibitors. The site and pathway of rho inhibition by the putative metal-1,4-dithio-2,3-dihydroxybutane chelates are discussed in light of the current data.
Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase. 3. Reversal of Purine Base Specificity by Site-Directed Mutagenesis (1997)

Human purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) is highly specific for 6-oxopurine nucleosides with a catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) for inosine 350000-fold greater than for adenosine. Crystallographic studies identified Asn243 and Glu201 as the residues largely responsible for the substrate specificity. Results from mutagenesis studies demonstrated that the side chains for both residues were also essential for efficient catalysis [Erion, M. D., et al. (1997a) Biochemistry 36, 11725-11734]. Additional mechanistic studies predicted that Asn243 participated in catalysis by stabilizing the transition state structure through hydrogen bond donation to N7 of the purine base [Erion, M. D., et al. (1997b) Biochemistry 36, 11735-11748]. In an effort to alter the substrate specificity of human PNP, mutants of Asn243 and Glu201 were designed to reverse hydrogen bond donor and acceptor interactions with the purine base. Replacement of Asn243 with Asp, but not with other amino acids, led to a 5000-fold increase in kcat for adenosine and a 4300-fold increase in overall catalytic efficiency. Furthermore, the Asn243Asp mutant showed a 2.4-fold preference for adenosine relative to inosine and a 800000-fold change in substrate specificity (kcat/KM) relative to wild-type PNP. The double mutant, Asn243Asp::Glu201Gln, exhibited a 190-fold increase in catalytic efficiency with adenosine relative to wild-type PNP, a 480-fold preference for adenosine relative to inosine, and a 1.7 x 10(8)-fold change in preference for adenosine over inosine relative to wild-type PNP. The Asn243Asp mutant was also shown to synthesize 2,6-diaminopurine riboside with a catalytic efficiency (1.4 x 10(6) M-1 s-1) on the same order of magnitude as wild-type PNP with its natural substrates hypoxanthine and guanine. The Asn243Asp mutants represent examples in which protein engineering significantly altered substrate specificity while maintaining high catalytic efficiency.
Bromide-Mediated ortho-Deprotonation in the Synthesis of Chiral, Nonracemic Ferrocene Derivatives (2007)

Bromide-mediated methods for the synthesis of 1,2,3- and 1,3-substituted ferrocenes are described. Starting from monosubstituted ferrocene derivatives {Fc-R1, R1 = 1-dimethylaminoethyl [CH(NMe2)Me], p-tolylsulfinyl [4-MeC6H4S(O)], (2-methoxymethylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl [2-MeOCH2(C4H7N)CH2], ephedrine derivative CH2N(Me)CH(Me)CH(Ph)OMe, and dimethylaminomethyl [CH2(NMe2)]} achiral, racemic and chiral, nonracemic 1,2,3-trisubstituted ferrocene derivatives are accessible through two consecutive ortho-lithiations. In the first deprotonation step bromide is introduced stereoselectively into position 2. In the second step, the use of Li-TMP (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine) as the base leads to deprotonation of the ortho-position next to bromide, and subsequent reaction with different electrophiles gives a variety of 1,2,3-trisubstituted ferrocene derivatives. Removal of the central bromide substituent leads to 1,3-disubstituted derivatives, including pincer-type ferrocene ligands.
Circulating follistatin concentrations are higher and activin concentrations are lower in polycystic ovarian syndrome (2001)

Familial polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) has been proposed to be linked to a site near the follistatin gene. We studied the concentrations of circulating follistatin, activin A and inhibin B in well-characterized subjects with PCOS (n = 108) and controls without PCOS (n = 20). Mean (+/- SEM) concentrations of follistatin were higher (P < 0.05) in PCOS (0.27 +/- 0.03 ng/ml) than controls (0.15 +/- 0.02 ng/ml) and activin A were lower (P < 0.05) in PCOS (0.20 +/- 0.01ng/ml) than controls (0.24 +/- 0.02 ng/ml). Inhibin B concentrations were not different between the two groups: PCOS (0.06 +/- 0.01ng/ml), and controls (0.06 +/- 0.01ng/ml). It is proposed that higher concentrations of follistatin with lower concentrations of activin A may relate to follicular development not proceeding beyond 8-10 mm and may be partly responsible for the lack of pre-ovular follicle development in PCOS.
Psychologic Stress, Immunity, and Cancer (1998)

Why publish an article in a major cancer journal that demonstrates an association between psychologic stress and cellular immune function in cancer patients? The potential interest in articles such as Andersen et al. (1), published in this issue of the Journal, is based on the premise that stress may alter the function of the immune system in a manner that influences the development or growth of malignant tissue. This premise is quite controversial and we use this editorial to discuss its underlying assumptions.
Organotitanium Nucleophiles in Asymmetric Cross-Coupling Reaction: Stereoconvergent Synthesis of Chiral α-CF3 Thioethers (2019)

Asymmetric Ni-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have become a very attractive tool for the stereoselective construction of valuable organic chiral materials. While various nucleophiles are used in such transformation, organotitanium(IV) has not been used before. Herein we demonstrate, for the first time, that organotitanium species can serve as efficient coupling partners in asymmetric cross-couplings, which have proven to be beneficial, compared to the commonly used organomagnesium and organozinc counterparts. This principle is exemplified by the first asymmetric catalytic synthesis of CF<sub>3</sub>-substituted thioethers via a Ni-catalyzed stereoconvergent cross-coupling reaction. Thioether moieties and their derivatives are common motifs in many biologically active compounds, and their enantioenriched fluorinated analogs should be of great interest in the search for novel drugs and agrichemicals.
Giant fluctuations of local optical fields in fractal clusters (1994)

Giant fluctuations of the intensities of local optical fields in fractal clusters are established, dependent on a high Q factor (low dissipation) of an optical resonance. We have shown that the nonlinear-optical enhancement by fractals is due to these fluctuations and not to a high mean magnitude of the local field. We have calculated the distribution function P(G) of a relative local-field intensity G and found a new scaling dependence, P(G)\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{G}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}}$, with the index \ensuremath{\varepsilon} independent of an excitation frequency and dissipation rate.
Directing Topoisomerase I Mediated DNA Cleavage to Specific Sites by Camptothecin Tethered to Minor- and Major-Groove Ligands (2001)

The covalent linkage of a hairpin polyamide, which binds in the minor groove, to camptothecin provides an efficient system to direct topoisomerase I mediated DNA cleavage to specific sites. These conjugates are equally as potent at targeting the enzyme to a single site in a DNA fragment as camptothecin conjugates of ligands that bind in the major groove (triplex-forming oligonucleotides).
Analysis of Lipid Export in Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria of the GenusAlcanivorax: Identification of Lipid Export-Negative Mutants ofAlcanivorax borkumensisSK2 andAlcanivorax jadensisT9 (2009)

Triacylglycerols (TAGs), wax esters (WEs), and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are the major hydrophobic compounds synthesized in bacteria and deposited as cytoplasmic inclusion bodies when cells are cultivated under imbalanced growth conditions. The intracellular occurrence of these compounds causes high costs for downstream processing. Alcanivorax species are able to produce extracellular lipids when the cells are cultivated on hexadecane or pyruvate as the sole carbon source. In this study, we developed a screening procedure to isolate lipid export-negative transposon-induced mutants of bacteria of the genus Alcanivorax for identification of genes required for lipid export by employing the dyes Nile red and Solvent Blue 38. Three transposon-induced mutants of A. jadensis and seven of A. borkumensis impaired in lipid secretion were isolated. All isolated mutants were still capable of synthesizing and accumulating these lipids intracellularly and exhibited no growth defect. In the A. jadensis mutants, the transposon insertions were mapped in genes annotated as encoding a putative DNA repair system specific for alkylated DNA (Aj17), a magnesium transporter (Aj7), and a transposase (Aj5). In the A. borkumensis mutants, the insertions were mapped in genes encoding different proteins involved in various transport processes, like genes encoding (i) a heavy metal resistance (CZCA2) in mutant ABO_6/39, (ii) a multidrug efflux (MATE efflux) protein in mutant ABO_25/21, (iii) an alginate lyase (AlgL) in mutants ABO_10/30 and ABO_19/48, (iv) a sodium-dicarboxylate symporter family protein (GltP) in mutant ABO_27/29, (v) an alginate transporter (AlgE) in mutant ABO_26/1, or (vi) a two-component system protein in mutant ABO_27/56. Site-directed MATE, algE, and algL gene disruption mutants, which were constructed in addition, were also unable to export neutral lipids and confirmed the phenotype of the transposon-induced mutants. The putative localization of the different gene products and their possible roles in lipid excretion are discussed. Beside this, the composition of the intra- and extracellular lipids in the wild types and mutants were analyzed in detail.
Three unique mutants of Arabidopsis identify eds loci required for limiting growth of a biotrophic fungal pathogen (2000)

To identify components of the defense response that limit growth of a biotrophic fungal pathogen, we isolated Arabidopsis mutants with enhanced disease susceptibility to Erysiphe orontii. Our initial characterization focused on three mutants, eds14, eds15, and eds16. None of these is considerably more susceptible to a virulent strain of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola (Psm). All three mutants develop a hypersensitive response when infiltrated with Psm expressing the avirulence gene avrRpt2, which activates resistance via the LZ-NBS/LRR resistance protein encoded by RPS2. The growth of Psm(avrRpt2), while somewhat greater in the mutants than in the wild type, is less than growth of the isogenic virulent strain. These results indicate that resistance mediated via LZ-NBS/LRR R genes is functional. Analysis of the growth of avirulent Peronospora parasitica strains showed that the resistance pathway utilized by TIR-NBS/LRR R genes is also operative in all three mutants. Surprisingly, only eds14 and eds16 were more susceptible to Erysiphe cichoracearum. Analysis of the expression profiles of PR-1, BGL2, PR-5 and PDF1.2 in eds14, eds15, and eds16 revealed differences from the wild type for all the lines. In contrast, these mutants were not significantly different from wild type in the deposition of callose at sites of E. orontii penetration. All three mutants have reduced levels of salicylic acid after infection. eds16 was mapped to the lower arm of chromosome I and found by complementation tests to be allelic to the salicylic acid-deficient mutant sid2.
Double strand cleavage of genomic DNA at a single site by triple helix formation (1988)

The sequence-specific cleavage of double helical DNA by restriction endonucleases is essential for many techniques in molecular biology, including gene isolation, DNA sequencing, and recombinant DNA manipulations. With the advent of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, the separation of large segments of DNA is now possible. However, the recognition sequences of naturally occurring restriction enzymes are in the range of 4-8 base pairs, and hence their sequence specificites may be inadequate for isolating genes from large chromosomes (10^8 base pairs in size) or mapping genomic DNA.
Serum Amyloid a as a Marker and Mediator of Acute Coronary Syndromes (2008)

Inflammation promotes acute coronary syndromes and ensuing clinical complications. An emerging downstream marker of inflammation is serum amyloid A (SAA). Elevated plasma SAA levels predict increased cardiovascular risk and portend worse prognosis in patients with acute coronary artery disease (CAD). The pathophysiological role of SAA remains enigmatic. SAA plays a role in host defense, but it might also be atherogenic. SAA affects cholesterol transport, contributes to endothelial dysfunction, promotes thrombosis, evokes recruitment of inflammatory cells, activates neutrophils and suppresses neutrophil apoptosis, key events underlying acute coronary syndromes. These results provide a potential link between SAA and CAD and suggest that reducing SAA levels and/or opposing the actions of SAA may have beneficial effects in patients with acute CAD.
Why VLSI implementations of associative VLCNs require connection multiplexing (1988)

A discussion is presented of some of the implementation constraints imposed on VLSI architectures for emulations of very large connectionist/neural networks (VLCNs). Specifically, the authors show that multiplexing of interconnections is necessary for networks exhibiting poor locality. They show that it is more feasible to build a VLCN system with sharing or multiplexing of interconnections than to build one with dedicated wires for each connection. This is true unless the network exhibits extreme locality and all CNs are connected to others within some small-radius region. Unfortunately, association requires some global connectivity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Doping of amorphous silicon by alkali-ion implantations (1979)

Abstract The implantation of Na, K and Cs ions into films of a-Si prepared by the glow-discharge technique has been investigated. It is found that the range of control of conductivity that can be achieved with these ions in hot implantations is the same as that from substitutional doping by P atoms. The efficiency of Na-, K-and Cs-interstitial doping lies between that of P doping from the gas phase and from implantation. The electrical properties of Na-, K- and Cs-implanted specimens are thermally stable up to about 400°C, whereas those of Li-doped specimens showed rapidly increasing changes even after short annealing at 250°C. Preliminary thermoelectric power measurements confirm that the doped specimens are n-type and also that the changes in conductivity with implantation arise from a shift of the Fermi energy towards εc rather than from hopping paths associated with introduced defects.
Purification and properties of a virion protein kinase. (1976)

The protein kinase associated with virions of frog virus 3 was purified to apparent homogeneity by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The enzyme protein appeared as a single polypeptide of molecular weight 50,000 to 55,000 as determined by gel filtration, glycerol gradient sedimentation, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and comprised approximately 0.4% of the total virion protein. The activity was classified as a cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase as it was not effected by cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate, cyclic guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate, or inhibited by a cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinase inhibitor protein, and utilized GTP as well as ATP as a phosphate donor. The greatest rates of phosphorylation were obtained with acidic phosphoprotein substrates such as casein or phosvitin, although potential physiological substrates for this activity included specific virion polypeptides of frog virus.