gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Micromachining and Micropackaging of Transducers (1986)

I. Overview. Silicon micromachining and its application to high performance integrated sensors (K.D. Wise). Epoxy encapsulants, adhesives and specialty polymers for microelectronic applications (D.R. Owen, R.M. Zone). II. Micropackaging and Encapsulation. Packaging considerations for the microdielectrometer and related chemical sensors (S.D. Senturia, D.R. Day). Bonding techniques for microsensors (W.H. Ko et al.). Corrosion protection for implantable integrated sensors by CO 2 laser processing for glass and silicon (Y. Naruse et al.). Electrical contacts to implantable integrated sensors by CO 2 laser-drilled bias through glass (L. Bowman et al.). Packaging of an intracranial pressure telemetering unit for chronic implantation (T. Spear et al.). III. Etching Techniques. Orientations of the third kind: the coming of age of (110) silicon (D.L. Kendall,G.R. de Guel). The use of a certain fluorocarbon surfactant and fluorocarbon conformal coating improves KOH silicon etching quality (B. Block, M. Sierakowsky). Ellipsometric study of bias-dependent etching and the etch-stop mechanism for silicon in aqueous KOH (E.D. Palik et al.). Submicron accuracies in anisotropic etched silicon piece parts - a case study (T.L. Poteat). Deep etching of silicon using plasma (C.D. Fung, J.R. Linkowski). IV. Microstructures. Microfabrication technology for microsensors (L.T. Romankiw). Polycrystalline silicon microstructures (R.T. Howe). Micromachining technology for flexible sensor arrays (P.W. Barth). Planar processed, integrated displacement sensors (H. Guckel et al.). Electrochemical shaping of three dimensional continuously modulated surface contours (U. Langau et al.). V. Applications. A microtransducer for air flow and differential pressure sensing applications (G.B. Hocker et al.). V-groove capillary for low flow control and measurement (M.G. Guvenc). Fabrication of biomedical sensors using thin and thick film microelectronic technology (M.R. Neuman, C.-C. Liu). Microelectronic microelectrode glucose sensor at low potentials (L.-T. Chan et al.). Potential applications of micromachining to semiconductor chemical sensors (P.W. Cheung).
Understanding Wax Printing: A Simple Micropatterning Process for Paper-Based Microfluidics (2009)

This technical note describes a detailed study on wax printing, a simple and inexpensive method for fabricating microfluidic devices in paper using a commercially available printer and hot plate. The printer prints patterns of solid wax on the surface of the paper, and the hot plate melts the wax so that it penetrates the full thickness of the paper. This process creates complete hydrophobic barriers in paper that define hydrophilic channels, fluid reservoirs, and reaction zones. The design of each device was based on a simple equation that accounts for the spreading of molten wax in paper.
Growth Rate of Doped and Undoped Silicon by Ultra‐High Vacuum Chemical Vapor Deposition (1991)

We present a model for the growth rate of undoped epitaxial silicon from silane at the low pressures (≈10−3 torr) used during growth by ultra‐high vacuum chemical vapor deposition. The decomposition of silane is assumed to proceed by a four‐step mechanism previously described in the literature. A good fit to measurements is obtained. The model is also used to predict the growth rate uniformity across a wafer and to understand the decreased growth rate of phosphorus‐doped material.
Balanced Low-Loss Ka-Band &#x003BC;-Coaxial Hybrids (2007)

Miniature hybrid couplers are designed in an air-filled microfabricated rectangular coaxial line technology for operation near 36 GHz. The size of the couplers is less than 2.7 mm by 2.7 mm in area and 420 μm in height. Air-filled copper μ-coaxial cable provides less than 0.3 dB/cm loss at Ka-band. Coaxial-to-CPW probe transitions on the ports provide means to perform 4-port VNA measurements with an external SOLT calibration. After implementing a de-embedding procedure, measurements show return loss and isolation better than 20 dB, with output amplitudes of 3.2 dB±0.1 dB, and output phase differences of 90° ± 2.0° from 34.5 to 36.5 GHz. The return loss and isolation minima are shifted in frequency as compared to the optimal output amplitude and phase frequency. This frequency difference is 1.5 GHz near 36 GHz with this technology, however branch line couplers using branch-length and reactive tee-junction compensation methods are presented. The improvement is experimentally verified; the frequency differences are 0.5 and 0.2 GHz for the two compensated designs.
Human Parathyroid Hormone 1–34 Reverses Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice (2001)

The experimental work characterizing the anabolic effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in bone has been performed in nonmurine ovariectomized (OVX) animals, mainly rats. A major drawback of these animal models is their inaccessibility to genetic manipulations such as gene knockout and overexpression. Therefore, this study on PTH anabolic activity was carried out in OVX mice that can be manipulated genetically in future studies. Adult Swiss-Webster mice were OVX, and after the fifth postoperative week were treated intermittently with human PTH(1-34) [hPTH(1-34)] or vehicle for 4 weeks. Femoral bones were evaluated by microcomputed tomography (microCT) followed by histomorphometry. A tight correlation was observed between trabecular density (BV/TV) determinations made by both methods. The BV/TV showed >60% loss in the distal metaphysis in 5-week and 9-week post-OVX, non-PTH-treated animals. PTH induced a approximately 35% recovery of this loss and a approximately 40% reversal of the associated decreases in trabecular number (Tb.N) and connectivity. PTH also caused a shift from single to double calcein-labeled trabecular surfaces, a significant enhancement in the mineralizing perimeter and a respective 2- and 3-fold stimulation of the mineral appositional rate (MAR) and bone formation rate (BFR). Diaphyseal endosteal cortical MAR and thickness also were increased with a high correlation between these parameters. These data show that OVX osteoporotic mice respond to PTH by increased osteoblast activity and the consequent restoration of trabecular network. The Swiss-Webster mouse model will be useful in future studies investigating molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis, including the mechanisms of action of known and future bone antiresorptive and anabolic agents.
Aerial Computer Vision for a 3D Virtual Habitat (2010)

An Internet-embedded 3D model of a human habitat is feasible and useful. In lieu of a 2D Earth map, the authors describe a 3D model with human-scale objects in urban spaces and inside buildings. Here, they focus on information from aerial imagery.
Measuring Cation Dependent DNA Polymerase Fidelity Landscapes by Deep Sequencing (2012)

High-throughput recording of signals embedded within inaccessible micro-environments is a technological challenge. The ideal recording device would be a nanoscale machine capable of quantitatively transducing a wide range of variables into a molecular recording medium suitable for long-term storage and facile readout in the form of digital data. We have recently proposed such a device, in which cation concentrations modulate the misincorporation rate of a DNA polymerase (DNAP) on a known template, allowing DNA sequences to encode information about the local cation concentration. In this work we quantify the cation sensitivity of DNAP misincorporation rates, making possible the indirect readout of cation concentration by DNA sequencing. Using multiplexed deep sequencing, we quantify the misincorporation properties of two DNA polymerases--Dpo4 and Klenow exo(-)--obtaining the probability and base selectivity of misincorporation at all positions within the template. We find that Dpo4 acts as a DNA recording device for Mn(2+) with a misincorporation rate gain of ∼2%/mM. This modulation of misincorporation rate is selective to the template base: the probability of misincorporation on template T by Dpo4 increases >50-fold over the range tested, while the other template bases are affected less strongly. Furthermore, cation concentrations act as scaling factors for misincorporation: on a given template base, Mn(2+) and Mg(2+) change the overall misincorporation rate but do not alter the relative frequencies of incoming misincorporated nucleotides. Characterization of the ion dependence of DNAP misincorporation serves as the first step towards repurposing it as a molecular recording device.
Approximate band structure calculation for photonic bandgap fibres (2006)

An approximate method for finding the band structure of simple photonic bandgap fibres is presented. Our simple model is an isolated high-index rod in a circular unit cell with two alternative boundary conditions. Band plots calculated this way are found to correspond closely to calculations using an accurate numerical method.
A regioselective synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles (1986)

The 3-aryl-5- and 5-aryl-3-(phenylsulphonylmethyl)isoxazoles (6) and (9) respectively were regio-selectively prepared from 1-aryl-3-methylthio-4-phenylsulphonylbut-2-en-1-one (1). As an application of the present method, 3-methyl-5-(4-pyridyl)isoxazole (2) was also synthesized from compound (1). The reaction of compound (1) with guanidine led to 2-amino-4-phenyl-6-(phenylsulphonylmethyl)-pyrimidine (3).
A high IIP2 downconversion mixer using dynamic matching (2000)

This paper presents an RF downconversion mixer with improved rejection to second-order intermodulation for RF application within a direct-conversion receiver requiring high input blocking performance. The mixer, implemented in a 2.7-V 0.35-/spl mu/m BiCMOS process, achieves a second-order input intercept point of at least +72 dBm for a BiCMOS design and at least +66 dBm for an all-CMOS design. The design utilizes dynamic matching to enhance the balance of a fully differential mixer through mitigation of both component and device mismatches. In addition, dynamic matching is shown to improve the mixer's 1/f noise performance. For an all-CMOS mixer design, a 30-dB improvement in the mixer's noise floor at 1 kHz has been observed compared to conventional fully differential CMOS Gilbert-cell mixer. Additionally, background is given on second-order intermodulation and on system IIP2 requirements for a direct-conversion receiver.
Concept of persons (1996)

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Patenting of therapeutics for obesity and nutritional disease (1999)

AbstractAn analysis of 1030 patent applications and 172 products in development relating to nutritional diseases and feeding disorders is presented. The study is based on data obtained from the Investigational Drugs database (IDdb) and published between 1994 and 1999. A total of 298 companies or academic institutions are mentioned in the data set, and the top-ranking 55 companies account for almost 70% of the total, making obesity treatment a concentrated domain. Three companies dominate the field, namely Eli Lilly, SmithKline Beecham and Merck; each account for more than 5% of all items included in the file. The major therapeutic indications within this field have been grouped into three categories: obesity, feeding disorders and malnutrition. Obesity accounts for 57% of all items included in the study, feeding disorders and malnutrition for 26% and 17% respectively. Popular pharmacological targets include serotonin modulators (which alone account for more than 10% of all items in the file) followed by adrenergic β-3 agonists, cytokines, leptin pathway modulators, lipid metabolism modulators and neuropeptide Y modulators.Keywordsfeeding disordersmalnutritionobesitypatent applicationsproducts in developmentserotonin modulators
The intramitochondrial ATP/ADP‐ratio controls cytochrome c oxidase activity allosterically1 (1999)

Recently the signal transduction function for oxidative phosphorylation was found to be second order in ADP [Jeneson, J.A.L., Wiseman, R.W., Westerhoff, H.V. and Kushmerick, M.J. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 27995-279981, but the molecular mechanism of signal transduction remained unclear. Previously we described inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase by intramitochondrial ATP, accompanied by a change of hyperbolic into sigmoidal kinetics. The present study describes a sigmoidal relationship also between the ascorbate respiration of reconstituted cytochrome c oxidase and intraliposomal ADP concentration. Its possible role in the control of oxidative phosphorylation and cell respiration is discussed.
The Force Requirements for Tooth Movement Part II: Uprighting and Root Torque (1995)

In orthodontic treatment tooth root movement is essential, not only to obtain mesio-distal paralleling of individual tooth roots, but also to achieve correct axial inclinations in relation to basal bones and inter-incisal angles in the anterior segments. This article describes a pilot study in which paired teeth on opposite sides of the mouth and which required root paralleling as a part of orthodontic treatment, were subjected to known moments of force. The forces were exerted using helical torsion springs of predetermined load-deflection characteristics. Average weekly moments of force were related to the weekly rates of angular movement of eight teeth in a group of four patients. The experiments lasted for up to seven weeks and were designed so that the movement of the paired teeth in each patient were concurrent.
Downstream of Kinase, p62 dok , Is a Mediator of FcγRIIB Inhibition of FcεRI Signaling (2002)

The low-affinity receptor for IgG, Fc gamma RIIB, is expressed widely in the immune system and functions to attenuate Ag-induced immune responses. In mast cells, coaggregation of Fc gamma RIIB with the high-affinity IgE receptor, Fc epsilon RI, leads to inhibition of Ag-induced degranulation and cytokine production. Fc gamma RIIB inhibitory activity requires a conserved motif within the Fc gamma RIIB cytoplasmic domain termed the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif. When coaggregated with an activating receptor (e.g., Fc epsilon RI, B cell Ag receptor), Fc gamma RIIB is rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine and recruits the SH2 domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase (SHIP). However, the mechanisms by which SHIP mediates Fc gamma RIIB inhibitory function in mast cells remain poorly defined. In this report we demonstrate that Fc gamma RIIB coaggregation with Fc epsilon RI stimulates enhanced SHIP tyrosine phosphorylation and association with Shc and p62(dok). Concurrently, enhanced p62(dok) tyrosine phosphorylation and association with RasGAP are observed, suggesting that SHIP may mediate Fc gamma RIIB inhibitory function in mast cells via recruitment of p62(dok) and RasGAP. Supporting this hypothesis, recruitment of p62(dok) to Fc epsilon RI is sufficient to inhibit Fc epsilon RI-induced calcium mobilization and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation. Interestingly, both the amino-terminal pleckstrin homology and phosphotyrosine binding domains and the carboxyl-terminal proline/tyrosine-rich region of p62(dok) can mediate inhibition, suggesting activation of parallel downstream signaling pathways that converge at extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation. Finally, studies using gene-ablated mice indicate that p62(dok) is dispensable for Fc gamma RIIB inhibitory signaling in mast cells. Taken together, these data suggest a role for p62(dok) as a mediator of Fc gamma RIIB inhibition of Fc epsilon RI signal transduction in mast cells.
Expression of ghrelin and biological activity of specific receptors for ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin in human prostate neoplasms and related cell lines (2004)

Specific GHS binding sites, other than GHS-R1a and 1b, are present in human prostatic neoplasms. Ghrelin, in addition to des-acyl ghrelin, exerts different effects on cell proliferation in prostate carcinoma cell lines.
An update on pharmacological approaches to neurodegenerative diseases (2006)

Neurodegenerative diseases are now generally considered as a group of disorders that seriously and progressively impair the functions of the nervous system through selective neuronal vulnerability of specific brain regions. Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease, followed in incidence by Parkinson's disease; much less common are frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease, amyothrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease), progressive supranuclear palsy, spinocerebellar ataxia, Pick's disease and, lastly, prion disease. In this review, the authors intend to survey new drugs in different clinical phases but not in the preclinical or discovery stages nor already in the market, with new molecules aimed at interrupting or at attenuating different pathogenic pathways of neurodegeneration and/or at ameliorating symptoms. Drugs in different pharmacological phases are under study or are ready to be introduced into therapy for Alzheimer's disease, which display anti-beta-amyloid activity or nerve growth factor-like activity or anti-inflammatory properties. Other drugs possess mixed mechanisms of action, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibition and impairment of beta-amyloid formation through inhibition of beta-amyloid precursor protein synthesis and/or modulation of secretase activity. Other therapeutic approaches are based on immunotherapy, control of metal ions interactions with beta-amyloid and ensuing oxidative reactions as well as metabolic or hormonal regulation. The symptomatic therapy of motor behaviour in Parkinson's disease, based on l-DOPA, is registering adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists, monoamine oxidase B inhibitors and ion channel modulators, as well as dopamine uptake inhibitors and glutamate AMPA receptor antagonists. There are also many other drugs involved, including astrocyte-modulating agents, 5-HT(1A) agonists and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor antagonists, which are targeted at preventing or ameliorating Parkinson's disease-related or l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. Huntington's disease therapy envisages a Phase III drug, LAX-101, which displays antiapoptotic properties by promoting membrane stabilisation and mitochondrial integrity. Other drugs with antioxidant and antiapoptotic steroid-like and neuroprotective activity are under investigation for the therapy of the less common neurodegenerative diseases.
A phylogeny-driven genomic encyclopaedia of Bacteria and Archaea (2009)

Sequencing of bacterial and archaeal genomes has revolutionized our understanding of the many roles played by microorganisms. There are now nearly 1,000 completed bacterial and archaeal genomes available, most of which were chosen for sequencing on the basis of their physiology. As a result, the perspective provided by the currently available genomes is limited by a highly biased phylogenetic distribution. To explore the value added by choosing microbial genomes for sequencing on the basis of their evolutionary relationships, we have sequenced and analysed the genomes of 56 culturable species of Bacteria and Archaea selected to maximize phylogenetic coverage. Analysis of these genomes demonstrated pronounced benefits (compared to an equivalent set of genomes randomly selected from the existing database) in diverse areas including the reconstruction of phylogenetic history, the discovery of new protein families and biological properties, and the prediction of functions for known genes from other organisms. Our results strongly support the need for systematic 'phylogenomic' efforts to compile a phylogeny-driven 'Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea' in order to derive maximum knowledge from existing microbial genome data as well as from genome sequences to come.
Unified Model for Contact Angle Hysteresis on Heterogeneous and Superhydrophobic Surfaces (2012)

Understanding the complexities associated with contact line dynamics on chemically heterogeneous and superhydrophobic surfaces is important for a wide variety of engineering problems. Despite significant efforts to capture the behavior of a droplet on these surfaces over the past few decades, modeling of the complex dynamics at the three-phase contact line is needed. In this work, we demonstrate that contact line distortion on heterogeneous and superhydrophobic surfaces is the key aspect that needs to be accounted for in the dynamic droplet models. Contact line distortions were visualized and modeled using a thermodynamic approach to develop a unified model for contact angle hysteresis on chemically heterogeneous and superhydrophobic surfaces. On a surface comprised of discrete wetting defects on an interconnected less wetting area, the advancing contact angle was determined to be independent of the defects, while the relative fraction of the distorted contact line with respect to the baseline surface was shown to govern the receding contact angle. This behavior reversed when the relative wettability of the discrete defects and interconnected area was inverted. The developed model showed good agreement with the experimental advancing and receding contact angles, both at low and high solid fractions. The thermodynamic model was further extended to demonstrate its capability to capture droplet shape evolution during liquid addition and removal in our experiments and those in literature. This study offers new insight extending the fundamental understanding of solid-liquid interactions required for design of advanced functional coatings for microfluidics, biological, manufacturing, and heat transfer applications.
PTEN Loss Confers BRAF Inhibitor Resistance to Melanoma Cells through the Suppression of BIM Expression (2011)

This study addresses the role of PTEN loss in intrinsic resistance to the BRAF inhibitor PLX4720. Immunohistochemical staining of a tissue array covering all stages of melanocytic neoplasia (n = 192) revealed PTEN expression to be lost in >10% of all melanoma cases. Although PTEN expression status did not predict for sensitivity to the growth inhibitory effects of PLX4720, it was predictive for apoptosis, with only limited cell death observed in melanomas lacking PTEN expression (PTEN-). Mechanistically, PLX4720 was found to stimulate AKT signaling in the PTEN- but not the PTEN+ cell lines. Liquid chromatography multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-MRM) was performed to identify differences in apoptosis signaling between the two cell line groups. PLX4720 treatment significantly increased BIM expression in the PTEN+ (>14-fold) compared with the PTEN- cell lines (four-fold). A role for PTEN in the regulation of PLX4720-mediated BIM expression was confirmed by siRNA knockdown of PTEN and through reintroduction of PTEN into cells that were PTEN-. Further studies showed that siRNA knockdown of BIM significantly blunted the apoptotic response in PTEN+ melanoma cells. Dual treatment of PTEN- cells with PLX4720 and a PI3K inhibitor enhanced BIM expression at both the mRNA and protein level and increased the level of apoptosis through a mechanism involving AKT3 and the activation of FOXO3a. In conclusion, we have shown for the first time that loss of PTEN contributes to intrinsic BRAF inhibitor resistance via the suppression of BIM-mediated apoptosis.