gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface pretreatments for medical application of adhesion (2003)

Medical implants and prostheses (artificial hips, tendono- and ligament plasties) usually are multi-component systems that may be machined from one of three material classes: metals, plastics and ceramics. Typically, the body-sided bonding element is bone. The purpose of this contribution is to describe developments carried out to optimize the techniques, connecting prosthesis to bone, to be joined by an adhesive bone cement at their interface. Although bonding of organic polymers to inorganic or organic surfaces and to bone has a long history, there remains a serious obstacle in realizing long-term high-bonding strengths in the in vivo body environment of ever present high humidity. Therefore, different pretreatments, individually adapted to the actual combination of materials, are needed to assure long term adhesive strength and stability against hydrolysis. This pretreatment for metal alloys may be silica layering; for PE-plastics, a specific plasma activation; and for bone, amphiphilic layering systems such that the hydrophilic properties of bone become better adapted to the hydrophobic properties of the bone cement. Amphiphilic layering systems are related to those developed in dentistry for dentine bonding. Specific pretreatment can significantly increase bond strengths, particularly after long term immersion in water under conditions similar to those in the human body. The bond strength between bone and plastic for example can be increased by a factor approaching 50 (pealing work increasing from 30 N/m to 1500 N/m). This review article summarizes the multi-disciplined subject of adhesion and adhesives, considering the technology involved in the formation and mechanical performance of adhesives joints inside the human body.
Solvolysis mechanisms. SN1-like behavior of methyl chloromethyl ether. Sensitivity to solvent ionizing power and .alpha.-deuterium isotope effect (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolvolysis mechanisms. SN1-like behavior of methyl chloromethyl ether. Sensitivity to solvent ionizing power and .alpha.-deuterium isotope effectTeresa Chin. Jones and Edward R. ThorntonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 19, 4863–4867Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00995a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00995a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views368Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Mosaic Handbook for the Macintosh (1994)

Mosiac is an important application that is becoming instrumental in the growth of the Internet. These books, one for Microsoft Windows, one for the X Windows System, and one for the Macintosh, introduce you to Mosaic and its use in navigating and finding information on the World Wide Web(WWW). They show you how to use Mosaic to replace some of the traditional Internet functions like FTP, Gopher, Archie, and Veronica. For more advanced users, the books describe how to add external viewers to Mosaic (allowing it to display many additional file types) and how to customise the Mosaic interface, such as screen elements, colours, and fonts. The Microsoft and Macintosh versions come with a floppy disk: The X Window version comes with a CD-ROM. All three books come with a subscription to the Global Network Navigator (GNN), the leading WWW based information service on the Internet.
A Noise Filtering Algorithm for Event-Based Asynchronous Change Detection Image Sensors on TrueNorth and Its Implementation on TrueNorth (2018)

Asynchronous event-based sensors, or "silicon retinae," are a new class of vision sensors inspired by biological vision systems. The output of these sensors often contains a significant number of noise events along with the signal. Filtering these noise events is a common preprocessing step before using the data for tasks such as tracking and classification. This paper presents a novel spiking neural network-based approach to filtering noise events from data captured by an Asynchronous Time-based Image Sensor on a neuromorphic processor, the IBM TrueNorth Neurosynaptic System. The significant contribution of this work is that it demonstrates our proposed filtering algorithm outperforms the traditional nearest neighbor noise filter in achieving higher signal to noise ratio (~10 dB higher) and retaining the events related to signal (~3X more). In addition, for our envisioned application of object tracking and classification under some parameter settings, it can also generate some of the missing events in the spatial neighborhood of the signal for all classes of moving objects in the data which are unattainable using the nearest neighbor filter.
GITR Triggering Induces Expansion of Both Effector and Regulatory CD4+ T Cells In Vivo (2009)

Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related protein (GITR) is expressed on activated and regulatory T cells, but its role on these functionally opposing cell types is not fully understood. Here we describe that transgenic expression of GITR's unique ligand (GITRL) induces a prominent increase of both effector and regulatory CD4(+) T cells, but not CD8(+) T cells. Regulatory T cells from GITRL transgenic mice are phenotypically activated and retain their suppressive capacity. The accumulation of effector and regulatory T cells is not due to enhanced differentiation of naive T cells, but is a direct result of increased proliferation. Functional consequences of increased numbers of both regulatory and effector T cells were tested in an autoimmune model and show that GITR stimulation is protective, as it significantly delays disease induction. These data indicate that GITR regulates the balance between regulatory and effector CD4(+) T cells by enhancing proliferation of both populations in parallel.
Matching HTML Tables to DBpedia (2015)

Millions of HTML tables containing structured data can be found on the Web. With their wide coverage, these tables are potentially very useful for filling missing values and extending cross-domain knowledge bases such as DBpedia, YAGO, or the Google Knowledge Graph. As a prerequisite for being able to use table data for knowledge base extension, the HTML tables need to be matched with the knowledge base, meaning that correspondences between table rows/columns and entities/schema elements of the knowledge base need to be found. This paper presents the T2D gold standard for measuring and comparing the performance of HTML table to knowledge base matching systems. T2D consists of 8 700 schema-level and 26 100 entity-level correspondences between the WebDataCommons Web Tables Corpus and the DBpedia knowledge base. In contrast related work on HTML table to knowledge base matching, the Web Tables Corpus (147 million tables), the knowledge base, as well as the gold standard are publicly available. The gold standard is used afterward to evaluate the performance of T2K Match, an iterative matching method which combines schema and instance matching. T2K Match is designed for the use case of matching large quantities of mostly small and narrow HTML tables against large cross-domain knowledge bases. The evaluation using the T2D gold standard shows that T2K Match discovers table-to-class correspondences with a precision of 94%, row-to-entity correspondences with a precision of 90%, and column-to-property correspondences with a precision of 77%.
Electronic interactions in mixed-valence molecules as mediated by organic bridging groups (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectronic interactions in mixed-valence molecules as mediated by organic bridging groupsDavid E. Richardson and Henry TaubeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 1, 40–51Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00339a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00339a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views788Altmetric-Citations242LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
NLRP2, an Inhibitor of the NF-κB Pathway, Is Transcriptionally Activated by NF-κB and Exhibits a Nonfunctional Allelic Variant (2007)

NLRP2 has been shown to inhibit the NF-kappaB signaling pathway, and thus may contribute to modulate the inflammatory response, where NF-kappaB plays a major role. In this study, we report that expression of NLRP2 is induced upon differentiation of CD34+ hemopoietic progenitors into granulocyte or monocyte/macrophages. We also found that NLRP2 was up-regulated following differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells toward adipocytes. Notably, stimulation of HEK293T cells with TNF-alpha or overexpression of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB resulted in up-regulation of NLRP2 and the formation of NF-kappaB-NLRP2 promoter complexes. Moreover, ectopic expression of p65 but not of other transcriptional regulators induced transactivation of the NLRP2 promoter. Thus, NLRP2 may control NF-kappaB activation through a regulatory loop. Nucleotide changes within the NACHT domain of other NLRP proteins have been associated with hereditary fever syndromes and chronic inflammatory diseases. We identified five single nucleotide polymorphisms present in the NACHT domain of NLRP2 by sequencing genomic DNA from 319 healthy controls. The frequencies of the rare alleles varied between 0.2 and 10%. Of note, one of these variants, I352S was unable to block the transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB and the formation of NF-kappaB-DNA-binding complexes following stimulation with TNF-alpha. Overall, our findings provide molecular insight into the expression of NLRP2 by NF-kappaB and suggest that a polymorphism within the NACHT domain of NLRP2 may contribute to the amplification of inflammatory responses due to a reduction of inhibitory signals on the NF-kappaB pathway.
Pharmaceutical Cocrystallization:  Engineering a Remedy for Caffeine Hydration (2005)

A systematic crystal engineering study was performed on the model pharmaceutical compound caffeine to prepare a cocrystal that, unlike caffeine, is physically stable at all relative humidities (RH). Six cocrystal materials containing caffeine with one of several dicarboxylic acids are described herein. Methods of cocrystallization included solution growth, neat solid-state grinding, and grinding with solvent-drop addition. Crystal structures are reported for a total of five cocrystals containing caffeine (with oxalic acid, malonic acid, maleic acid, and glutaric acid), including two recently reported polymorphic caffeine cocrystals. In each of these structures, a predicted intermolecular hydrogen-bonding motif is observed. The stability with respect to RH is evaluated for the six cocrystal materials. The cocrystal with oxalic acid exhibits complete stability to humidity over a period of several weeks. Other cocrystals demonstrate lesser degrees of stability with respect to humidity.
Combination chemotherapy in vitro with adriamycin. Observations of additive, antagonistic, and synergistic effects when used in two-drug combinations on cultured human lymphoma cells. (1976)

Adriamycin was paired with 12 other chemotherapeutic drugs in a search for possible synergistic pairs. Cell lethality was investigated by the colony-formation method utilizing a long-term human lymphoma cell line. Addative effects were noted with CCNU, ara-C, prednisolone, DDP, VP-16, and Yoshi, and mild synergistic effects with BLEO and CS. Adriamycin reduced the killing ability of BCNU and MeCCNU when applied simultaneously. This antagonistic effect was canceled by sequential incubation with each drug. It appears that no significant synergism can be expected by simultaneous pairing of adriamycin with some currently available chemotherapeutic agents.
Synthetic Biology (2012)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEEditorialNEXTSynthetic BiologyChristopher A. VoigtCite this: ACS Synth. Biol. 2012, 1, 1, 1–2Publication Date (Web):January 20, 2012Publication History Received3 January 2012Published online20 January 2012Published inissue 20 January 2012https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/sb300001chttps://doi.org/10.1021/sb300001ceditorialACS PublicationsCopyright © 2012 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views4643Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (108 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSUBJECTS:Electrochemical engineering,Fluxes,Genetic engineering,Genetics,Synthetic biology Get e-Alerts
Work practice barriers to flexible manufacturing in the US and the UK (1992)

Work practice barriers to flexible manufacturing are studied in the British and American unionized engineering industries and a comparison made of the influence of the industrial relations systems on the potential for overcoming these barriers.
The Antiaggregating Activity of Clopidogrel Is due to a Metabolic Activation by the Hepatic Cytochrome P450-1A (1994)

Clopidogrel and ticlopidine are two well known selective anti-ADP agents which are inactive in vitro and must be administered in vivo to fully exhibit their antiaggregating and antithrombotic effects. Since previous studies have clearly demonstrated that the activation steps take place in the liver, we examined the effect of specific induction or inhibition of cytochrome P450 subfamilies on the antiaggregating activity of clopidogrel. SKF 525-A, a global cytochrome P450 inhibitor, dramatically decreased the antiaggregating effect of clopidogrel, therefore indicating that cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the hepatic activation of clopidogrel. The efficacy of clopidogrel was increased in animals pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene and beta-naphthoflavone, indicating that the cytochrome P450-1A subfamily pathway was mainly involved in the activating metabolism of clopidogrel. The use of specific antibodies directed against the various cytochrome P450 subfamilies ascertained this observation.
Probing Ligand-binding Pockets of the Mevalonate Pathway Enzymes from Streptococcus pneumoniae (2010)

Diphosphomevalonate (Mev.pp) is the founding member of a new class of potential antibiotics targeting the Streptococcus pneumoniae mevalonate (Mev) pathway. We have synthesized a series of Mev.pp analogues designed to simultaneously block two steps in this pathway, through allosteric inhibition of mevalonate kinase (MK) and, for five of the analogues, by mechanism-based inactivation of diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase (DPM-DC). The analogue series expands the C(3)-methyl group of Mev.pp with hydrocarbons of varying size, shape, and chemical and physical properties. Previously, we established the feasibility of a prodrug strategy in which unphosphorylated Mev analogues could be enzymatically converted to the active Mev.pp forms by the endogenous MK and phosphomevalonate kinase. We now report the kinetic parameters for the turnover of non-, mono-, and diphosphorylated analogues as substrates and inhibitors of the three mevalonate pathway enzymes. The inhibition of MK by Mev.pp analogues revealed that the allosteric site is selective for compact, electron-rich C(3)-subsitutents. The lack of reactivity of analogues with DPM-DC provided evidence, counter to the existing model, for a decarboxylation transition state that is concerted rather than dissociative. The Mev pathway is composed of three structurally and functionally conserved enzymes that catalyze consecutive steps in a metabolic pathway. The current work reveals that these enzymes exhibit significant differences in specificity toward R-group substitution at C(3) and that these patterns are explained well by changes in the volume of the C(3) R-group-binding pockets of the enzymes.
Organization of butyrate synthetic genes in human colonic bacteria: phylogenetic conservation and horizontal gene transfer (2007)

Butyrate producers constitute an important bacterial group in the human large intestine. Butyryl-CoA is formed from two molecules of acetyl-CoA in a process resembling beta-oxidation in reverse. Three different arrangements of the six genes coding for this pathway have been found in low mol% G+C-content gram-positive human colonic bacteria using DNA sequencing and degenerate PCR. Gene arrangements were strongly conserved within phylogenetic groups defined by 16S rRNA gene sequence relationships. In the case of one of the genes, encoding beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, however, sequence relationships were strongly suggestive of horizontal gene transfer between lineages. The newly identified gene for butyryl-CoA CoA-transferase, which performs the final step in butyrate formation in most known human colonic bacteria, was not closely linked to these central pathway genes.
Highly sensitive B cell analysis predicts response to rituximab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (2008)

This study is the first to show, using a highly sensitive analysis, that rituximab therapy is associated with variable diminution in B cell numbers. A lack of complete depletion of B cells after 1 infusion was associated with a poorer outcome.
Severity of Esophageal Eosinophilia Predicts Response to Conventional Gastroesophageal Reflux Therapy (1999)

Pediatric patients who present with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux and severe eosinophilic esophagitis may be unresponsive to aggressive anti-reflux medical therapy. In order to determine whether the degree of eosinophilia predicts anti-reflux treatment response and possibly distinguishes different etiologies, we reviewed the initial biopsies of patients with esophageal eosinophilia and compared the number of eosinophils with the response to anti-reflux treatment. Over a 1-year period, 102 patients with a biopsy demonstrating at least 1 intraepithelial eosinophil were identified among patients undergoing initial endoscopy for symptoms of reflux. All patients were treated with H2 blockers and prokinetic agents. Treatment response was classified into three categories: improvement, relapse, and failure. There were significant differences between the group who improved (mean eosinophil count [MEC] 1.1 +/- 0.3 SEM) and those who failed (24.5 +/- 6.1 SEM, P < 0.0025) or relapsed 6.4 +/- 2.4 SEM, P < 0.05). A threshold MEC value of > or = 7 provided a sensitivity of 61.3%, a specificity of 95.7%, and a predictive value for treatment failure of 86.1. A MEC value of < 7 provided an 85% predictive value of successful therapy. From these data we made the following conclusions: (1) The number of eosinophils has a predictive value of treatment response with > or = 7 per high power field offering a valuable clinical threshold for predicting outcome of conventional therapy. (2) The variable response to conventional reflux treatment may reflect different etiologies. (3) Alternate medical treatment modalities may be appropriate in the presence of severe eosinophilia, before considering surgical intervention.
Synthesis, Properties, and Tunable Supramolecular Architecture of Regioregular Poly(3-alkylthiophene)s with Alternating Alkyl and Semifluoroalkyl Substituents (2008)

A series of regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene)s, Rg(Th-m,n/p) (m = 5, 8, 11; n = 4; p = 4, 8, 12), with alternating alkyl and semifluoroalkyl substituents has been synthesized by the GRIM polymerization method. Compared with their regiorandom analogues, Rn(Th-m,n/p), the regioregular analogues exhibit a red shift in electronic transitions in both solution and the solid state as well as considerably higher melting and crystallization temperatures. Increasing the length of alkyl side chains decreases the melting and crystallization transitions significantly. X-ray diffraction indicates that Rg(Th-m,n/p) polymers form highly ordered bilayer lamellar structures based on the assembly of the amphiphilic Janus-type structure. This supramolecular architecture can be tuned readily by varying the lengths of alkyl (p) and alkylene (m) fragments, affording interlayer distances of 40.1 Å for Rg(Th-5,4/4) and 57.8 Å for Rg(Th-11,4/8). Charge mobility was measured in organic field-effect transistors fabricated using Rg(Th-5,4/12) as the semiconductor layer. Hole mobilities of up to 1.45 × 10−2 cm2/(V s) were measured in FET devices after thermal annealing of the organic semiconductor.