gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-Cell Deconvolution of Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Mouse Pulmonary Fibrosis (2018)

Fibroblast heterogeneity has long been recognized in mouse and human lungs, homeostasis, and disease states. However, there is no common consensus on fibroblast subtypes, lineages, biological properties, signaling, and plasticity, which severely hampers our understanding of the mechanisms of fibrosis. To comprehensively classify fibroblast populations in the lung using an unbiased approach, single-cell RNA sequencing was performed with mesenchymal preparations from either uninjured or bleomycin-treated mouse lungs. Single-cell transcriptome analyses classified and defined six mesenchymal cell types in normal lung and seven in fibrotic lung. Furthermore, delineation of their differentiation trajectory was achieved by a machine learning method. This collection of single-cell transcriptomes and the distinct classification of fibroblast subsets provide a new resource for understanding the fibroblast landscape and the roles of fibroblasts in fibrotic diseases.
Phototherapy of Bladder Cancer: Dose/Effect Relationships (1986)

Hematoporphyrin derivative photodynamic therapy has very important clinical applicability in the diagnosis and treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, but many aspects of the photodynamic process are yet to be elucidated. This paper investigates the role of dihematoporphyrin ether (DHE) concentration, the duration of light exposure, and the initial size of the tumors in the treatment of a transplantable murine transitional cell tumor system. The best results were noted in tumors less than six mm. in diameter when treated with 15 mg./kg. DHE and exposed to 100 to 180 minutes of visible light. Animals with small initial tumor size combined with higher DHE concentration and longer light exposure time were most likely to show tumor response.
The downward spiral in Sub-Saharan Africa : population growth, agricultural decline, and destruction of the environment (1995)

In Sub-Saharan Africa, problems of agricultural development, population growth, and the environment are linked in a nexus of mutually reinforcing causality chains. Indeed so negative are the connections between the three problems that they have led to a downward spiral. Despite the gravity of the crisis, there are solutions. To improve the region's standard of living and to stop the downward spiral, two targets need to be realized: (1) raising agricultural output by 4 percent a year during 1990-2020, and with it the daily per capita caloric intake of the region's inhabitants, from 2,027 at present to 2,400 by the year 2010; and (2) reducing population growth from its current 3.1 percent annual rate to a target rate of 2.3 percent by the third decade of the next century.
Cytomegalovirus-Induced Mirror Syndrome Associated With Elevated Levels of Circulating Antiangiogenic Factors (2007)

If this observation is confirmed, CMV infection may be cited as a cause of Mirror syndrome and preeclampsia phenotypes associated with this disorder may be related to increased circulating antiangiogenic factors.
Deletion and editing of B cells that express antibodies to DNA. (1994)

We previously demonstrated that in mice transgenic for genes coding for an anti-ssDNA autoantibody B cells were functionally inactivated but not physically deleted. We have now extended this model by introducing an arginine into the CDR2 of the heavy chain transgene. This change alters the specificity of the Ab from anti-ssDNA to anti-dsDNA and increases the affinity for ssDNA. Mice carrying this transgene displayed a significant reduction of peripheral B cells and anti-dsDNA B cells were not recovered from the spleens. The remaining B cells escape deletion by revising their Ag receptors in several ways: 1) elimination of the transgenic heavy chain gene via intrachromosomal recombination, followed by rearrangement and expression of endogenous VH genes; 2) ongoing rearrangement of endogenous kappa light chain genes to generate a non-dsDNA-binding Ab; and 3) expression of a rare V lambda gene, V lambda x, to generate a non-DNA-binding Ab.
A metallothionein‐like gene from maize (Zea mays) Cloning and characterization (1991)

A differentially expressed maize gene has been cloned and sequenced. Transcriptional and translational start sites have been mapped and 2.5 kb of 5' flanking DNA were sequenced. The 8 kDa protein encoded by this gene shows striking similarity to the metallothionein-like proteins recently described in Pisum sativum and Mimulus guttatus. The maize MT-L gene message is very abundant in roots without exposure to high levels of metals, present at lower concentration in leaves and pith, and at very low concentration in seed.
Comparing 3D CAD Models: Uses, Methods, Tools and Perspectives (2012)

Computer-Aided Design and Applications is an international journal on the applications of CAD and CAM. It publishes papers in the general domain of CAD plus in emerging fields like bio-CAD, nano-CAD, soft-CAD, garment-CAD, PLM, PDM, CAD data mining, CAD and the internet, CAD education, genetic algorithms and CAD engines. The journal is aimed at all developers and users of CAD technology to ptovide CAD solutions for various stages of design and manufacturing. The journal publishes all about Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided technologies.
Consistent model for short-channel nMOSFET after hard gate oxide breakdown (2002)

Dissimilar post-hard-breakdown nMOSFET characteristics are consistently explained by the location of a constant-size breakdown path. Device simulations with the breakdown path modeled as a narrow inclusion of highly doped n-type silicon well reproduce all postbreakdown nFET characteristics, including the substrate current behavior, for both gate-to-substrate and gate-to-extension breakdowns. An equivalent circuit describing the gate current in an nFET after hard gate-oxide breakdown is proposed.
Interaction of hyaluronate with the surface of simian virus 40-transformed 3t3 cells: aggregation and binding studies (1982)

Previous studies have shown that the divalent-cation independent aggregation of simian virus 40-transformed 3T3 cells (SV-3T3) is mediated by the interaction of endogenous hyaluronate with binding sites on the cell surface. In the present study, the nature of the interaction of hyaluronate with the binding sites was characterized further by examining both the aggregation of SV-3T3 cells and the binding of exogenously added [3H]hyaluronate. The aggregation of SV-3T3 cells was found to be: (1) optimal at pH 7; (2) only slightly affected by variations in temperature between 0 and 40 degrees C; (3) more potently inhibited by the addition of high molecular weight preparations of hyaluronate than by lower molecular weight preparations; and (4) enhanced by increasing the ionic strength of the medium. With the exception of the effects of temperature, these characteristics correspond closely to those previously described for binding of [3H]hyaluronate. The effect of ionic strength on the binding of [3H]hyaluronate by SV-3T3 cells was found to correspond closely to its effect on lowering the viscosity of hyaluronate. Both effects (i.e. binding and reduction in viscosity) had similar dose-response curves for NaCl and MgCl2. This close correspondence between binding and the reduction of viscosity suggested that the effect of ionic strength on binding was due to a change in the structure of hyaluronate. Lowering the temperature (40 to 0 degrees C) also enhanced the binding of [3H]hyaluronate to SV-3T3 cells. However, this effect was blocked if the cells were first fixed with glutaraldehyde, suggesting that temperature mediates its effect through the binding sites. Additional experiments showed that the binding of [3H]hyaluronate by SV-3T3 cells could be prevented by preincubating the cells with several types of lectins.
Measuring Fiber Diameter Distribution in Nonwovens (1999)

This paper reports the application of image analysis methods we developed previ ously to characterize fiber diameter distribution in nonwovens using a "distance trans form." The method is verified by a series of simulated nonwoven images as well as some real web images used previously, including a carded web, a relatively dense spunbonded fabric, and another relatively open area-bonded spunbonded. The results indicate that the distance transform can be used successfully to characterize fiber diameter.
Discovery of New Fusion Protein Systems Designed to Enhance Solubility in E. coli (2003)

Fusion protein technology has been creatively applied to solve many problems encountered in the study of protein structure and function (1,2). One prevalent application is the use of fusion proteins to improve protein expression in Escherichia coli and provide convenient methods for affinity-based protein purification. In many instances, when a foreign protein is overexpressed at high levels in E. coli, the majority of the protein is present as insoluble inclusion bodies. Previous research experience with fusion proteins containing glutathione S-transferase (GST) (3), maltose binding protein (MBP) (4), and thioredoxin (5) has shown that these proteins can improve the expression and solubility of many heterologous proteins. However, improvements in protein expression and solubility are not always guaranteed with these systems. The purpose of our recent research (6) has been to use a combination of protein solubility modeling, bioinformatics, and molecular biology techniques to systematically identify native E. coli proteins which have maximal potential for increasing recombinant fusion protein solubility.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia: Molecular Approaches to Research and Therapy (1990)

Focuses on techniques to diagnose precise defects in genetically unstable, evolving leukemic populations of neoplastic hematopoietic cells, highlighting findings on the molecular biology and clinical behavior of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Covering the identification and characterization of
Genetic and host factors for dementia in Down's syndrome (2002)

Factors which influence Abeta levels, rather than overexpression of APP, may account for the differences in age at onset of dementia in Down's syndrome.
Creating Prehistory: Druids, ley hunters and archaeologists in pre-war Britain. By Adam Stout. 230mm. Pp 318, 33 b&w ills. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008. ISBN 1405155051. £55 (hbk). ISBN 9781405155045. £22.99 (pbk). (2009)

Creating Prehistory: Druids, ley hunters and archaeologists in pre-war Britain. By Adam Stout. 230mm. Pp 318, 33 b&amp;w ills. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008. ISBN 1405155051. £55 (hbk). ISBN 9781405155045. £22.99 (pbk). - Volume 89
Drug safety is a barrier to the discovery and development of new androgen receptor antagonists (2010)

Non-clinical drug safety profiles of the AR antagonist drug class create a significant barrier to the identification of next generation AR antagonists. GABA-A inhibition is a common off-target activity of approved and next generation AR antagonists potentially explaining some side effects and safety hazards of this class of drugs.
Fabrication and characterization of graded refractive index silicon oxynitride thin films (1997)

Oxynitride films with continuous variations of the optical index with thickness were grown by electron cyclotron resonance plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition using silane as a silicon precursor and oxygen and nitrogen as plasma gases. Specific linear and parabolic index profiles were fabricated by computerized-control gas flow. These gradient index layers were characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The data reduction was performed by polynomial analysis. The validity of the ellipsometric results was also verified by performing an in-depth analysis via the chemical etching of the gradient index layers.
Human hematopoietic lineage commitment (2002)

The ultimate goal of developmental immunology is to understand the normal processes that give rise to the immune system in order to diagnose and develop effective treatments for diseases that occur as a consequence of immune system defects. Central to achieving this goal is understanding the complex interplay between microenvironmental signals and transcription factors that direct human hematopoietic differentiation and lineage commitment. The ability to isolate highly purified populations of human hematopoietic cells at critical points in differentiation make it possible to answer very specific questions about the hematopoietic process and lineage restriction. This review describes the use of surface immunophenotypes to identify human hematopoietic cells at particular points in differentiation or with particular patterns of lineage restriction. Culture models are discussed in the context of the ability to detect, characterize and determine the lineage potential of human hematopoietic stem cells and progenitors. Variations in hematopoeises that correspond to ontogeny will be examined. Potential roles for the HOX and Ikaros proteins in human lineage commitment will be considered. Also included will be discussion of a number of factors that provide challenges to experimental design, to experimental interpretation, and to the development of a comprehensive model of human hematopoiesis.
Monocyclic pteridine analogues. A pyrazine analogue of methotrexate (1985)

Abstract Reaction of aminocyanoacetamide with bromomethylpyruvaldoxime provided 3‐amino‐6‐bromomethyl‐2‐carbamoylpyrazine 4‐oxide (7) , which was converted to a pyrazine analogue (3) of methotrexate by subsequent condensation with diethyl N ‐[4‐(methylamino)benzoyl]‐L‐glutamate, deoxygenation, and hydrolysis. The methotrexate analogue 3 was a poor inhibitor (I 50 &gt; 150 μM) of bacterial or mammalian dihydrofolate reductase.
The composition of human milk. (1979)

Mature human milk contains 3%--5% fat, 0.8%--0.9% protein, 6.9%--7.2% carbohydrate calculated as lactose, and 0.2% mineral constituents expressed as ash. Its energy content is 60--75 kcal/100 ml. Protein content is markedly higher and carbohydrate content lower in colostrum than in mature milk. Fat content does not vary consistently during lactation but exhibits large diurnal variations and increases during the course of each nursing. Race, age, parity, or diet do not greatly affect milk composition and there is no consistent compositional difference between milks from the two breasts unless one is infected. The principal proteins of human milk are a casein homologous to bovine beta-casein, alpha-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulin IgA, lysozyme, and serum albumin. Many enzymes and several "minor" proteins also occur. The essential amino acid pattern of human milk closely resembles that found to be optimal for human infants. Possible special functions of milk proteins and enzymes other than as a source of amino acids, are as yet largely speculative. The principal sugar of human milk is lactose but 30 or more oligosaccharides, all containing terminal Gal-(beta 1,4)-Glc and ranging from 3--14 saccharide units per molecule are also present. These may amount in the aggregate to as much as 1 g/100 ml in mature milk and 2.5 g/100 ml in colostrum. Some of them may function to control intestinal flora because of their ability to promote growth of certain strains of lactobacilli. Human milk fat is characterized by high contents of palmitic and oleic acids. the former heavily concentrated in the 2-position and the latter in the 1- and 3-positions of the triglycerides. Fatty acid composition of milk fat varies somewhat with the composition of diet, particularly the fatty acids which it supplies. Phospholipids, amounting in the aggregate to about 75 mg/100 ml, include phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl inositol, and sphingomyelin. The principal mineral constituents of human milk are Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, and Cl. Calcium concentrations reported in various studies vary from 25--35 mg/100 ml. Phosphorus at 13--16 mg/100 ml is much more constant but is lower in proportion to casein and calcium than in milks of most other species. Iron, copper, and zinc contents of human milk vary considerably. A long list of other trace elements has been reported. About 25% of the total nitrogen of human milk represents nonprotein compounds including urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and a large number of amino acids. Of the latter, glutamic acid and taurine are prominent. All of the vitamins, except K, are found in human milk in nutritionally significant concentrations.
High-Luminosity Blue and Blue-Green Gallium Nitride Light-Emitting Diodes (1995)

Compact and efficient sources of blue light for full color display applications and lighting eluded and tantalized researchers for many years. Semiconductor light sources are attractive owing to their reliability and amenability to mass manufacture. However, large band gaps are required to achieve blue color. A class of compound semiconductors formed by metal nitrides, GaN and its allied compounds AIGaN and InGaN, exhibits properties well suited for not only blue and blue-green emitters, but also for ultraviolet emitters and detectors. What thwarted engineers and scientists from fabricating useful devices from these materials in the past was the poor quality of material and lack of p-type doping. Both of these obstacles have recently been overcome to the point where highluminosity blue and blue-green light-emitting diodes are now available in the marketplace.
Drug Design (1987)

The discovery of drugs depends on a number of interdependent factors, including insight, serendipity, and persistence. A common characteristic of the successful program is a clearly delineated strategy based on quantitative pharmacological assays. The particular problem chosen often will influence this strategy and dictate the type of approach; that is, either a rational or an empirical one. Depending on this selection, the synthetic targets then will either be derived from drug design concepts for the former or developed around systematic variation of a lead compound for the latter.
Catalytic Cyclopropanation of Alkenes Using Diazo Compounds Generated in Situ. A Novel Route to 2-Arylcyclopropylamines (2001)

[reaction: see text]. A user-friendly, one-pot process for catalytic cyclopropanation of alkenes from tosylhydrazones is described. The cyclopropanation of N-vinylphthalimide provides a new route to 2-arylcyclopropylamines, and this is exemplified in the efficient synthesis of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor 6.
Coordinate regulation of lipogenic gene expression by androgens: Evidence for a cascade mechanism involving sterol regulatory element binding proteins (1997)

To gain more insight into the molecular mechanisms by which androgens stimulate lipogenesis and induce a marked accumulation of neutral lipids in the human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, we studied their impact on the expression of lipogenic enzymes. Northern blot analysis of the steady-state mRNA levels of seven different lipogenic enzymes revealed that androgens coordinately stimulate the expression of enzymes belonging to the two major lipogenic pathways: fatty acid synthesis and cholesterol synthesis. In view of the important role of the recently characterized sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) in the coordinate induction of lipogenic genes, we examined whether the observed effects of androgens on lipogenic gene expression are mediated by these transcription factors. Our findings indicate that androgens stimulate the expression of SREBP transcripts and precursor proteins and enhance the nuclear content of the mature active form of the transcription factor. Moreover, by using the fatty acid synthase gene as an experimental paradigm we demonstrate that the presence of an SREBP-binding site is essential for its regulation by androgens. These data support the hypothesis that SREBPs are involved in the coordinate regulation of lipogenic gene expression by androgens and provide evidence for the existence of a cascade mechanism of androgen-regulated gene expression.
<title>Biometrics: techniques for personal identification</title> (1998)

Personal identification is to associate a particular individual with an identity. It plays a critical role in our society in which questions related to identity individuals such as "Is this the person he or she claims to be?"
Drosophila EcR-B ecdysone receptor isoforms are required for larval molting and for neuron remodeling during metamorphosis (1998)

During the metamorphic reorganization of the insect central nervous system, the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone induces a wide spectrum of cellular responses including neuronal proliferation, maturation, cell death and the remodeling of larval neurons into their adult forms. In Drosophila, expression of specific ecdysone receptor (EcR) isoforms has been correlated with particular responses, suggesting that different EcR isoforms may govern distinct steroid-induced responses in these cells. We have used imprecise excision of a P element to create EcR deletion mutants that remove the EcR-B promoter and therefore should lack EcR-B1 and EcR-B2 expression but retain EcR-A expression. Most of these EcR-B mutant animals show defects in larval molting, arresting at the boundaries between the three larval stages, while a smaller percentage of EcR-B mutants survive into the early stages of metamorphosis. Remodeling of larval neurons at metamorphosis begins with the pruning back of larval-specific dendrites and occurs as these cells are expressing high levels of EcR-B1 and little EcR-A. This pruning response is blocked in the EcR-B mutants despite the fact that adult-specific neurons, which normally express only EcR-A, can progress in their development. These observations support the hypothesis that different EcR isoforms control cell-type-specific responses during remodeling of the nervous system at metamorphosis.
Tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide production by resident retinal glial cells from rats presenting hereditary retinal degeneration (1997)

The inherited retinal dystrophy observed in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats is a widely used model for the study of the photoreceptor degeneration that occurs in retinitis pigmentosa and macular degeneration. The visual cell degeneration is accompanied by an abnormal accumulation of microglial cells in the retina of RCS rats presenting the dystrophy. In the present study, we show that combined stimulation of RCS dystrophic retinal Müller glial (RMG) cells with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the release in culture supernatants of significantly higher amounts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and nitric oxide (NO) compared to nondystrophic congenic controls. In contrast, the levels of TNF and NO found in the supernatants from microglial cells were not significantly different in both strains. Interestingly, as shown by thymidine incorporation, microglial cells from RCS dystrophic rats have a prominent capacity of proliferation in culture medium compared to microglia isolated from RCS non dystrophic controls. Incubation of RMG cells and microglia with the stereoselective inhibitor of NOS, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), inhibited nitrite release in LPS + IFN-gamma-stimulated RMG cells and microglia. The addition of TGF-beta with LPS + IFN-gamma clearly inhibited TNF release in supernatants from both dystrophic and control rat RMG cells and microglia. While TGF-beta significantly inhibited nitrite synthesis in RMG cells, the effect on nitrite synthesis by microglia was very low. The retinal dystrophy observed in RCS dystrophic rats could result from an abnormal reactivity of RMG and microglial cells to release TNF and NO in response to stimulants. The immunomodulatory cytokine TGF-beta and inhibitors of NOS could be negative regulators in the cytokine network and nitrite synthesis thus interfering with the development of photoreceptor cell death.