gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Is increased IL-1 beta mRNA expression in spleen of tumor-bearing mice relevant to cancer cachexia? (1998)

Using C3H/He mice bearing MH-134 tumor cells, cytokine inductions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were determined in spleens by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Levels of IL-1 beta were significantly (p<0.05) increased in the spleens of tumor-bearing mice compared with those of freely fed control animals. In contrast, no significant increase of other cytokine mRNAs was observed. In addition, constitutive levels of IL-1 beta mRNA were present in spleens of tumor-bearing mice during the experimental period. These results suggest that the over-expression of IL-1 beta mRNA was relevant to clinical manifestations of cancer-burden states.
Galen on the brain: anatomical knowledge and physiological speculation in the second century AD. (2003)

This book is a study of the ways in which Galen sought to establish the brain as the regent part (hegemonikon) of the body, utilizing a rigorous anatomical epistemology and an often sophisticated (but perforce limited) set of physiological arguments. Part 1 surveys the medical and philosophical past in which the study of the brain occurred, and looks at the materials and methods which Galen employs to legitimate his hegemonic argumentation. Part 2 examines Galen's anatomical understanding of the brain, especially the ventricles. Part 3 offers a critical evaluation of Galen's physiology of the brain. This is the first monograph to offer a detailed account of this subject, setting it within the cultural and intellectual contexts of its era, and should be of interest to those in classics, medical history, history and philosophy of science and the history of ideas.
Source localization in complex listening situations: Selection of binaural cues based on interaural coherence (2004)

In everyday complex listening situations, sound emanating from several different sources arrives at the ears of a listener both directly from the sources and as reflections from arbitrary directions. For localization of the active sources, the auditory system needs to determine the direction of each source, while ignoring the reflections and superposition effects of concurrently arriving sound. A modeling mechanism with these desired properties is proposed. Interaural time difference (ITD) and interaural level difference (ILD) cues are only considered at time instants when only the direct sound of a single source has non-negligible energy in the critical band and, thus, when the evoked ITD and ILD represent the direction of that source. It is shown how to identify such time instants as a function of the interaural coherence (IC). The source directions suggested by the selected ITD and ILD cues are shown to imply the results of a number of published psychophysical studies related to source localization in the presence of distracters, as well as in precedence effect conditions.
Vascular dysfunction as a target for adjuvant therapy in cerebral malaria (2014)

Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening complication of Plasmodium falciparum malaria that continues to be a major global health problem. Brain vascular dysfunction is a main factor underlying the pathogenesis of CM and can be a target for the development of adjuvant therapies for the disease. Vascular occlusion by parasitised red blood cells and vasoconstriction/vascular dysfunction results in impaired cerebral blood flow, ischaemia, hypoxia, acidosis and death. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of vascular dysfunction in CM and the roles of low nitric oxide bioavailability, high levels of endothelin-1 and dysfunction of the angiopoietin-Tie2 axis. We also discuss the usefulness and relevance of the murine experimental model of CM by Plasmodium berghei ANKA to identify mechanisms of disease and to screen potential therapeutic interventions.
Efficient and Mild Oxidative Decarboxylation of Aryl-substituted Carboxylic Acids by Iron and Manganese Porphyrin Periodate Systems (1998)

The oxidative decarboxylation of α-aryl carboxylic acids to the corresponding carbonyl derivatives was observed in catalytic systems containing tetrabutylammonium periodate and metallotetraphenylporphyrins (metal=FeIII or MnIII) at room temperature.
Efficacy and Safety of Imatinib Mesylate in Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (2002)

Imatinib induced a sustained objective response in more than half of patients with an advanced unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Inhibition of the KIT signal-transduction pathway is a promising treatment for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors, which resist conventional chemotherapy.
Endometrial Carcinoma in Women Aged 40 Years and Younger (2014)

Most endometrial carcinomas that occur in this age group are associated with estrogen excess. They are usually low-grade endometrioid carcinomas that present at low stages and are associated with favorable clinical outcomes. Tumors associated with mismatch repair abnormalities and Lynch syndrome appear to be distinct, with worse prognostic factors and, possibly, clinical behavior. Conservative hormonal therapy and ovarian conservation are reasonable considerations in the management of these young patients, but carry the risk of tumor progression, recurrence, and an occult synchronous or metachronous ovarian carcinoma.
Development of a Humanized In Vitro Blood–Brain Barrier Model to Screen for Brain Penetration of Antiepileptic Drugs (2007)

These results show that, for the substances used, the humanized DIV-BBB recapitulates the physiologic permeability properties of the BBB in vivo and is also capable of mimicking a drug-resistant BBB phenotype.
Highly efficient synthesis of flavones via Pd/C-catalyzed cyclocarbonylation of 2-iodophenol with terminal acetylenes (2016)

A highly efficient and selective Pd/C-catalyzed carbonylation reaction for the synthesis of flavones has been developed. Various flavone derivatives were isolated in excellent yields with excellent functional group tolerances. The catalyst is reusable, and no phosphine ligand or inert gas protection is needed.
Cisplatin Depletes TREX2 and Causes Robertsonian Translocations as Seen in TREX2 Knockout Cells (2007)

Cisplatin, an anticancer drug, forms DNA interstrand cross-links (ICL) that interfere with replication, whereas TREX2 is a 3'-->5' exonuclease that removes 3' mismatched nucleotides and promotes cellular proliferation. Here, we show that TREX2 is depleted in human cells derived from cancer after exposure to cisplatin but not other genotoxins including another cross-linking agent, mitomycin C (MMC), indicating a potential role for TREX2 depletion in cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. To better understand TREX2 cellular function, we deleted TREX2 in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells by gene targeting and find these cells exhibit reduced proliferation and gross chromosomal rearrangements including Robertsonian translocations (RbT). Quite interestingly, ES cells exposed to cisplatin also exhibit RbTs. By contrast, RbTs are not observed for ES cells exposed to MMC, indicating that RbTs are not caused by ICLs but instead TREX2 depletion by either cisplatin exposure or mutation. Taken together, our results show that cisplatin depletes TREX2 and causes genomic instability that is similarly observed in TREX2-mutant cells. Thus, cisplatin has two potential cytotoxic activities: (a) the generation of ICLs and (b) the depletion of TREX2.
Helical CT Pulmonary Angiography Predictors of In-Hospital Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With Acute Pulmonary Embolism (2003)

No CT variables predicted severe in-hospital morbidity and mortality (death from pulmonary embolism, death from any cause, or cardiac arrest) in patients with PE. However, ventricular septal bowing and increased RV/LV diameter ratio were both strongly predictive of less severe morbidity, namely, subsequent ICU admission, and oligemia was associated with subsequent intubation and vasopressor use.
Measurement of CD11/CD18 Integrin Expression on the Polymorphonuclear Cell Surface After Incubation with Synthetic Vascular Prostheses (1994)

Polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell activation in the presence of synthetic vascular grafts was studied by using flow cytometry to measure CD11/CD18 leukocyte adhesion molecule expression at the cell surface. Polymorphonuclear cells isolated from the blood of 10 healthy human donors were incubated with six knitted polyester vascular prostheses (Vasculour II, Albumin-Coated Graft, Triaxial, Gelatin-Impregnated Gelseal, Dialine I, and Bovine Collagen-Impregnated Dialine II) for 60 min at 37 degrees C. The authors' study demonstrated that CD11/CD18 integrin expression varies among donors for a given vascular prosthesis, and that each donor has his or her own pattern of responsiveness toward synthetic vascular grafts. The current study indicates that PMN activation measured by CD11/CD18 integrin expression is a sensitive method of measuring the blood compatibility of a given foreign surface for a given patient.
Myelination: An Overlooked Mechanism of Synaptic Plasticity? (2005)

Myelination of the brain continues through childhood into adolescence and early adulthood--the question is, Why? Two new articles provide intriguing evidence that myelination may be an underappreciated mechanism of activity-dependent nervous system plasticity: one study reported increased myelination associated with extensive piano playing, another indicated that rats have increased myelination of the corpus callosum when raised in environments providing increased social interaction and cognitive stimulation. These articles make it clear that activity-dependent effects on myelination cannot be considered strictly a developmental event. They raise the question of whether myelination is an overlooked mechanism of activity-dependent plasticity, extending in humans until at least age 30. It has been argued that regulating the speed of conduction across long fiber tracts would have a major influence on synaptic response, by coordinating the timing of afferent input to maximize temporal summation. The increase in synaptic amplitude could be as large as neurotransmitter-based mechanisms of plasticity, such as LTP. These new findings raise a larger question: How did the oligodendrocytes know they were practicing the piano or that their environment was socially complex?
Selection of tumor antigens as targets for immune attack using immunohistochemistry: protein antigens. (1998)

The relative expression of mucin antigens MUC1, MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC7 and glycoprotein antigens KSA, carcinoembryonic antigen, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), HER-2/neu, and human chorionic gonadotropin-beta on different cancers and normal tissues is difficult to determine from available reports. We have compared the distribution of these antigens by immunohistology on a broad range of malignant and normal tissues. MUC1 expression was most intense in cancers of breast, lung, ovarian, and endometrial origin; MUC2 was most intense in cancers of colon and prostate origin; and MUC5AC was most intense in cancers of breast and gastric origin. MUC4 was intensely expressed in 50% of cancers of colon and pancreas origin, and MUC3, MUC5B, and MUC7 were expressed in a variety of epithelial cancers, but not so intensely. KSA was intensely and uniformly expressed on all epithelial cancers; carcinoembryonic antigen was expressed in most cancers of breast, lung, colon, pancreas, and gastric origin; and PSMA was expressed only in cancers of prostate origin. Human chorionic gonadotropin-beta was expressed on the majority of sarcomas and cancers of breast, lung, and pancreas origin, although intense staining was not seen. Staining on normal tissues was restricted to one or many normal epithelial tissues ranging from MUC3, MUC4, and PSMA, which were expressed only on epithelia of pancreas, stomach, and prostate origin, respectively, to MUC1 and KSA, which were expressed on most normal epithelia. Expression was restricted to the secretory borders of these epithelia while stroma and other normal tissues were completely negative. These results plus the results of the two previous papers (S. Zhang et al, Int. J. Cancer, 73: 42-49, 1997; S. Zhang et al., Int. J. Cancer, 73: 50-56, 1997) in this series provide the basis for selection of multiple cell surface antigens as targets for antibody-mediated attack against these cancers.
Clustervision: Visual Supervision of Unsupervised Clustering (2017)

Clustering, the process of grouping together similar items into distinct partitions, is a common type of unsupervised machine learning that can be useful for summarizing and aggregating complex multi-dimensional data. However, data can be clustered in many ways, and there exist a large body of algorithms designed to reveal different patterns. While having access to a wide variety of algorithms is helpful, in practice, it is quite difficult for data scientists to choose and parameterize algorithms to get the clustering results relevant for their dataset and analytical tasks. To alleviate this problem, we built Clustervision, a visual analytics tool that helps ensure data scientists find the right clustering among the large amount of techniques and parameters available. Our system clusters data using a variety of clustering techniques and parameters and then ranks clustering results utilizing five quality metrics. In addition, users can guide the system to produce more relevant results by providing task-relevant constraints on the data. Our visual user interface allows users to find high quality clustering results, explore the clusters using several coordinated visualization techniques, and select the cluster result that best suits their task. We demonstrate this novel approach using a case study with a team of researchers in the medical domain and showcase that our system empowers users to choose an effective representation of their complex data.
Complex Target-Oriented Total Synthesis in the Drug Discovery Process:  The Discovery of a Highly Promising Family of Second Generation Epothilones (2003)

The total synthesis of a family of (E)-9,10-dehydro derivatives of epothilone D (i.e., 12,13-desoxyepothilone B) is described. The route is particularly concise and amenable to production of new congeners. Furthermore, the chemistry described herein constitutes a major simplification in the total synthesis of EpoD, which is in human clinical trials. This new family of epothilones shows major advantages in terms of their potency and pharmacostability relative to the wild-type saturated analogues in the D series. From the perspective of compound availability through synthesis, potency, and pharmacokinetic properties, these compounds could well warrant advancement to clinical evaluation in humans.
Intestinal stem cells protect their genome by selective segregation of template DNA strands (2002)

The stem cells in the crypts of the small intestinal mucosa divide about a thousand times during the lifespan of a laboratory mouse, and yet they show little evidence of any decline in proliferative potential and rarely develop carcinogenic mutations, suggesting that their genome is extremely well protected. Protection against DNA-replication-induced errors can be achieved by the selective sorting of old (template) and new DNA strands with all template strands retained in the stem cell line. The template strands in the stem cells can be labelled during development or during tissue regeneration using tritiated thymidine ((3)HTdR). Labelling newly synthesised strands with a different marker (bromodeoxyuridine, BrdUrd) allows segregation of the two markers to be studied. Template strand label is retained ((3)HTdR), whereas label in the newly synthesised strands (BrdUrd) is lost following the second division of the stem cell. Random errors may occur in the template strands owing to environmental elements. These are protected against by the altruistic cell suicide (apoptosis) of the cells incurring such errors. A final level of protection for the tissue compensates for excessive deletion of stem cells via the apoptosis pathway. This is achieved by a hierarchical age structure in the stem cell compartment, with some cells being able to efficiently repair DNA damage and hence being more radioresistant. The presence of these protective mechanisms ensures that the small intestine rarely develops cancer and that stem cells can sustain the extensive cell proliferation needed during life.
Preparation of ethyl diazoacetate via a triazene intermediate (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of ethyl diazoacetate via a triazene intermediateRonald J. BaumgartenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 2, 484–485Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01288a059https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01288a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views578Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Orientation of self-assembled block copolymer cylinders perpendicular to electric field in mesoscale film (2003)

The possibility of using self-assembled films of block polymers as templates to fabricate nanoscale structures for devices has attracted great attention towards this class of material. Self-assembly of a block copolymer can be directed by using an electric field to orient features (i.e., ∼10-nm-diam cylinders) parallel to the electric field, making the material more attractive as a nanoscale lithography mask. In this letter we describe an approach to influence the electric field orientation phenomena by interfacial effects. As a result, the 15-nm-diam polystyrene cylinders of the polystyrene–polyisoprene–polystyrene triblock copolymer orient perpendicular to the electric field. The described approach along with the previous method can produce a directed self-assembly to fabricate complex nanoscale structures with orthogonally oriented nanoscale width lines.
Towards multi-cloud configurations using feature models and ontologies (2013)

Configuration and customization choices arise due to the heterogeneous and scalable aspect of the cloud computing paradigm. To avoid being restricted to a given cloud and ensure application requirements, using several clouds to deploy a multi-cloud configuration is recommended but introduces several challenges due to the amount of providers and their intrinsic variability. In this paper, we present a model-driven approach based on Feature Models (FMs) originating from Software Product Lines (SPL) to handle cloud variability and then manage and create cloud configurations. We combine it with ontologies, used to model the various semantics of cloud systems. The approach takes into consideration application technical requirements as well as non-functional ones to provide a set of valid cloud or multi-cloud configurations and is implemented in a framework named SALOON.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation life support: a new approach (1993)

The use of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is considered in children who (1) have an acute life-threatening heart or lung disease, (2) are normal before the illness and are likely to be normal if they survive, and (3) have an 80% chance of death. Our use of a constrained vortex pump (CVP) offers a number of potential advantages compared to a roller pump. The circuit is designed to provide the capability of changing over to a new circuit while maintaining full support and is primed to match the biochemistry of the patient as closely as possible. Since May 1989 at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, we have provided ECLS to 30 neonates (20 of whom survived) and 22 children (eight of whom survived). ECLS is a useful technique for supporting patients who are unable to be adequately ventilated or oxygenated or who have an inadequate cardiac output.
Elastographic Imaging of the Strain Distribution at the Anterior Cruciate Ligament and ACL-Bone Insertions (2005)

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) functions as a mechanical stabilizer in the tibiofemoral joint. Over 250,000 Americans each year suffer ACL ruptures and tears, making the ACL the most commonly injured knee ligament. Methods which permit the in situ monitoring of changes in ACL graft mechanical properties during healing are needed. A long term goal in ACL reconstruction is to regenerate the ACL-bone interface. To this end, an understanding of mechanical properties of the ligament-bone interface is needed. However, experimental determination has been difficult due the small length scale (<1 mm) involved and limited resolution of standard techniques. The current study uses elastography to characterize the functional properties of the ACL and the ACL-bone interface under applied load. In a first experiment, bovine joints were excised, cast in an agar gel matrix and externally compressed. In a second experiment, tibiofemoral joints were mounted on a MTS 858 Bionix Testing System. The ACL was loaded at different strain rates and tested to failure while RF data was collected at 5 MHz. For both tensile and compression testing, axial elastograms between successive RF frames were generated using cross-correlation and recorrelation techniques. When the ACL-bone complex was tested in the tibial alignment on the MTS system, compressive strains were found to dominate at the tibial insertion. Compressive strains were observed in the ligament proper when the transducer beam was aligned with respect to the insertion during loading.
Special regulatory T cell review: The resurgence of the concept of contrasuppression in immunoregulation (2007)

The original concept of contrasuppression (CS) is evident in many immunoregulatory mechanisms. Inhibition of suppressor activity--CS--may be critical in microbial infection and autoimmunity. The major cellular interactions involved in suppression are the CD25+ FoxP3+ CD4+ T regulatory cells, programmed death-1 (PD-1) : PD-L1/L2 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) : CD80/86 pathways. These cellular functions are affected by dendritic cells (DC) and a complex array of cytokines of which interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, IL-6 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) are especially significant. Inhibition of regulatory cells, suppressor pathways or cytokines, is consistent with CS and can be attributed to IL-6, IL-2, PD-1 or PD-L-1 antibodies, blockade of CTLA-4 : CD80/86 pathway, inhibition of CD40-CD40L pathways, and TGF-beta, IL-10 antibodies. Contrasuppression may regulate innate immunity by Toll-like receptor expressed not only in non-cognate DC, monocytes, natural killer cells and gammadelta T cells but also in adaptive T cells. Furthermore, cross-talk between innate and adaptive immunity may be facilitated by contrasuppressor activity. ''What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet.'' From Romeo and Juliet (II, 47-8) W. Shakespeare.