gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical mode locking of an erbium-doped fiber laser at 10 GHz by using 20 m of highly nonlinear silica-based fiber (1995)

All-optical signal processing will be an important enabler of future ultrafast (&gt;100 Gbit/s) telecommunications networks. Optically-mode-locked lasers,1 optical regenerators,2 and all-optical demultiplexers3 based on fiber devices incorporating erbium-doped fiber amplifiers and a nonlinear optical element, typically a few kilometers of dispersion-shifted optical fiber, have been demonstrated. Although these optical processing elements can be made insensitive to the environment, and so extremely stable, it would be desirable to significantly reduce the length of the all-optical nonlinear element and so reduce the control overhead, ease packaging problems, and reduce problems associated with latency. In addition, a shorter fiber would allow a wider range of driving wavelengths to be used. This paper describes the design and fabrication of a highly nonlinear fiber for use in all-optical processing elements. Optical mode locking of an erbium-fiber ring laser is demonstrated at 10 GHz by using only 20 m of fiber.
Effect of Fracture Characteristics on Behavior of Fractured Shale-Oil Reservoirs by Cyclic Gas Injection (2016)

Summary The current technique to produce shale oil is to use horizontal wells with multistage stimulation. However, the primary oil-recovery factor is only a few percent. The low oil recovery and abundance of shale reservoirs provide a huge potential for enhanced oil-recovery (EOR) process. Well productivity in shale oil-and-gas reservoirs primarily depends on the size of fracture network and the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) that provides highly conductive conduits to communicate the matrix with the wellbore. The fracture complexity is critical to the well-production performance, and it also provides an avenue for injected fluids to displace the trapped oil. However, the disadvantage of gasflooding in fractured reservoirs is that injected fluids may break through to production wells by means of the fracture network. Therefore, a preferred method is to use cyclic gas injection to overcome this problem. In this paper, we use a numerical-simulation approach to evaluate the EOR potential in fractured shale-oil reservoirs by cyclic gas injection. Simulation results indicate that the stimulated fracture network contributes significantly to the well productivity by means of its large contact area with the matrix, which prominently enhances the macroscopic sweep efficiency in secondary cyclic gas injection. In our previous simulation work, the EOR potential was evaluated in hydraulic planar-traverse fractures without considering the propagation of a natural-fracture network. In this paper, we examine the effect of fracture networks on shale oilwell secondary-production performance. The impact of fracture spacing and stress-dependent fracture conductivity on the ultimate oil recovery is investigated. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that cyclic gas injection has EOR potential in shale-oil reservoirs. This paper focuses on evaluating the effect of fracture spacing, the size of the fracture network, fracture connectivity (uniform and nonuniform), and stress-dependent fracture-network conductivity on well-production performance of shale-oil reservoirs by secondary cyclic gas injection.
pH‐sensitive acrylic‐based copolymeric hydrogels for the controlled release of a pesticide and a micronutrient (2002)

Abstract Acrylic‐based copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) have been prepared by solution and bulk polymerization techniques using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator. Three polymers were prepared with a varying ratio of MMA/MAA. In an effort to increase the hydrophilicity of the matrix, one MMA/MAA polymer was prepared by adding an additional amount of 2‐hydroxy ethyl methacrylate (HEMA). All the polymers were crosslinked in situ by ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). These polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Viscous flow characteristics were determined from solution viscosity and rheological measurements. Dynamic and equilibrium swelling experiments were carried out under varying pH conditions (i.e., 0.1 N NaOH, 0.1 N HCl, and double‐distilled water). Partially crosslinked hydrogels show varying hydrophilicity because of the presence of carboxylic acid groups making them pH‐responsive. Swelling increased with an increasing number of —COOH groups on the polymer backbone and the hydrophilicity varied with changing pH. Cypermethrin, a widely used pesticide, and cupric sulfate, a model micronutrient, were loaded into these pH‐sensitive hydrogels to investigate their controlled release characteristics. The in vitro release rates of both compounds have been carried out under static dissolution conditions at 30°C. Release data have been fitted to an empirical relation to estimate transport parameters. The release results have been discussed in terms of the varying hydrophilicity of the hydrogel network polymers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 394–403, 2003
Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in specific cells and tissues of adult and neonatal mice. (1989)

We have used immunohistochemical techniques to detect transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) in many tissues of adult and neonatal mice. Each of two antibodies raised to the amino-terminal 30 amino acids of TGF-beta 1 selectively stained this molecule in either intracellular or extracellular locations. Strong intracellular staining was found in adrenal cortex, megakaryocytes and other cells of the bone marrow, cardiac myocytes, chondrocytes, renal distal tubules, ovarian glandular cells, and chorionic cells of the placenta. Marked staining of extracellular matrix was found in cartilage, heart, pancreas, placenta, skin, and uterus. Staining was often particularly intense in specialized cells of a given tissue, suggesting unique roles for TGF-beta within that tissue. Levels of expression of mRNA for TGF-beta 1 and its histochemical staining did not necessarily correlate in a given tissue, as in the spleen. The present data lend further support to the concept that TGF-beta has an important role in controlling interactions between epithelia and surrounding mesenchyme.
Expression of Id-1 Is Regulated by MCAM/MUC18: A Missing Link in Melanoma Progression (2011)

The acquisition of the metastatic melanoma phenotype is associated with increased expression of the melanoma cell adhesion molecule MCAM/MUC18 (CD146). However, the mechanism by which MUC18 contributes to melanoma metastasis remains unclear. Herein, we stably silenced MUC18 expression in two metastatic melanoma cell lines, A375SM and C8161, and conducted cDNA microarray analysis. We identified and validated that the transcriptional regulator, inhibitor of DNA binding-1 (Id-1), previously shown to function as an oncogene in several malignancies, including melanoma, was downregulated by 5.6-fold following MUC18 silencing. Additionally, we found that MUC18 regulated Id-1 expression at the transcriptional level via ATF-3, which itself was upregulated by 6.9-fold in our cDNA microarray analysis. ChIP analysis showed increased binding of ATF-3 to the Id-1 promoter after MUC18 silencing. To complement these studies, we rescued the expression of MUC18, which reversed the expression patterns of Id-1 and ATF-3. Moreover, we showed that MUC18 promotes melanoma invasion through Id-1, as overexpression of Id-1 in MUC18-silenced cells resulted in increased MMP-2 expression and activity. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that MUC18 is involved in cell signaling regulating the expression of Id-1 and ATF-3, thus contributing to melanoma metastasis.
Engineering a humanized bispecific F(ab')2 fragment for improved binding to T cells. (1992)

We recently constructed a humanized bispecific antibody (BsF(ab')2v1) by separate E. coli expression of each Fab' arm followed by directed chemical coupling in vitro. BsF(ab')2 v1 (anti-CD3/anti-p185HER2) was demonstrated to retarget the cytotoxic activity of human CD3+ CTL in vitro against the human breast-tumor cell line, SK-BR-3, which over-expresses the p185HER2 product of the proto-oncogene HER2. Our minimalistic humanization strategy is to install as few murine residues as possible into a human antibody in order to recruit antigen-binding affinity and biological properties comparable to that of the murine parent antibody. This strategy proved very successful for the anti-p185HER2 arm of BsF(ab')2 v1. In contrast BsF(ab')2 v1 binds to T cells via its anti-CD3 arm much less efficiently than does the chimeric BsF(ab')2 which contains the variable domains of the murine parent anti-CD3 antibody. Here we have constructed additional BsF(ab')2 fragments containing variant anti-CD3 arms with selected amino acid replacements in an attempt to improve antibody binding to T cells. One such variant, BsF(ab')2 v9, was created by replacing 6 residues in the second hypervariable loop of the anti-CD3 heavy chain variable domain of BsF(ab')2 v1 with their counterparts from the murine parent anti-CD3 antibody. BsF(ab')2 v9 binds to T cells (Jurkat) much more efficiently than does BsF(ab')2 v1 and almost as efficiently as the chimeric BsF(ab')2. This improvement in the efficiency of T-cell binding of the humanized BsF(ab')2 is an important step in its development as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of p185HER2 over-expressing cancers.
Contributions of Zn(II)‐binding to the structural stability of endostatin (2007)

Endostatin has a compact structure with a Zn(II)-binding site (His1, His3, His11, and Asp76) at the N-terminus. In this study, the effects of Zn(II)-binding on the folding and stability of recombinant human endostatin were studied. The results show that Zn(II)-binding largely stabilizes the structure of endostatin at physiological pH. Under some proteolytic conditions, Zn(II)-binding also contributes to the integrity of the N-terminus of endostatin, which is critical for endostatin to maintain a stable structure. Moreover, engineering an extra Zn(II)-binding peptide to the N-terminus of human endostatin makes this molecule more stable and cooperative in the presence of Zn(II).
Urea inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophage cell line (1997)

Macrophage dysfunction is considered an important contributory factor for increased propensity of infections in uremia. Because nitric oxide (NO) is believed to be an effector molecule of macrophage cytotoxicity, we propose that the dysfunction may be related to impaired NO synthesis. To verify this hypothesis, we evaluated macrophage NO synthesis in the presence of urea, a compound that accumulates in renal failure and is believed by some to be a uremic toxin. Macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) were incubated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide to induce NO synthesis, whereas the test groups had various concentrations of urea in addition. NO synthesis was measured by assaying the supernatant for nitrites and nitrates by chemiluminescence. We observed that urea consistently produced a dose-dependent reversible inhibition of inducible NO production in macrophages, whereas parathormone, another toxin retained in uremia, had no such inhibitory effects. Further studies revealed that mRNA for inducible NO synthase was not inhibited by urea. We thus conclude that urea inhibits inducible NO synthesis in macrophages by a posttranscriptional mechanism and that this may be important in macrophage dysfunction of uremia.
Inactivated smallpox vaccine. A comparison of inactivation methods (1970)

Vaccines were prepared from a single pool of high-titred vaccinia virus and inactivated by six methods, namely heat, formalin, hydroxylamine, beta-propiolactone, ultraviolet irradiation, and visible light and methylene blue. Large doses of the vaccines were required to protect mice against intracerebral challenge. Differences in protection were not attributable to the method of their inactivation. The vaccines also induced similar degrees of skin immunity in rabbits which showed no severe dermal reactions when challenged with either homologous killed vaccine or live virus. The virus-neutralizing, haemagglutinin-inhibiting and complement fixing antibody responses to the vaccines differed; heat-inactivation preserved these antigens least well and beta-propiolactone apparently the best. In both rabbits and mice there was little association between the different antibody responses to each vaccine or between the degrees of antibody response and the protection they induced. The relation of these findings to pox-virus immunity and the use of inactivated smallpox vaccine in man is discussed.
A plasmid vector for isolation of strong promoters inEscherichia coli (1999)

In order to isolate very strong promoters from bacteria and bacteriophage a plasmid named pProm was constructed. It possesses an origin (ORI) for replication in Gram-negative bacteria, an ORI for replication in Gram-positive bacteria, a promoterless ampicillin resistance gene with a multiple cloning site (MCS) in the position formerly occupied by the ampicillin promoter, a tetracycline resistance gene for selection in Gram-negative bacteria and a chloramphenicol resistance gene for selection in Gram-positive bacteria. Insertion in the MCS of DNA fragments of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophages resulted in isolation of several clones very resistant to ampicillin. The DNA fragments inserted in these recombinant plasmids were sequenced and all of them contained putative promoter motifs. Direct measurement of the penicillinase activity indicated that one of the isolated promoters could be included within a group of the stronger known prokaryotic promoters. According to these results pProm is a powerful tool to perform studies on promoter strength and for industrial applications.
A 12-GS/s 81-mW 5-bit Time-Interleaved Flash ADC With Background Timing Skew Calibration (2011)

This paper presents a 12-GS/s 5-bit time-interleaved flash ADC realized in 65-nm CMOS. To improve the dynamic performance at high input frequencies, a statistics-based background calibration scheme for timing skew is employed. The timing skew is detected in the digital domain through a correlation-based algorithm and minimized by adjusting digitally controlled delay lines. In order to minimize power consumption, we employ near minimum size comparators, whose offset is reduced through foreground calibrated trim-DAC circuitry. With the timing calibration activated, the skew-related impairments are reduced by 12 dB at high input frequencies, resulting in an SNDR of 25.1 dB near Nyquist. The prototype IC consumes 81 mW from a 1.1 V supply, yielding a figure-of-merit of 0.35 pJ/conversion-step at low input frequencies, and 0.46 pJ/conversion-step for inputs near Nyquist.
Protein–Protein Interaction Inhibition (2P2I)-Oriented Chemical Library Accelerates Hit Discovery (2016)

Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) represent an enormous source of opportunity for therapeutic intervention. We and others have recently pinpointed key rules that will help in identifying the next generation of innovative drugs to tackle this challenging class of targets within the next decade. We used these rules to design an oriented chemical library corresponding to a set of diverse "PPI-like" modulators with cores identified as privileged structures in therapeutics. In this work, we purchased the resulting 1664 structurally diverse compounds and evaluated them on a series of representative protein-protein interfaces with distinct "druggability" potential using homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) technology. For certain PPI classes, analysis of the hit rates revealed up to 100 enrichment factors compared with nonoriented chemical libraries. This observation correlates with the predicted "druggability" of the targets. A specific focus on selectivity profiles, the three-dimensional (3D) molecular modes of action resolved by X-ray crystallography, and the biological activities of identified hits targeting the well-defined "druggable" bromodomains of the bromo and extraterminal (BET) family are presented as a proof-of-concept. Overall, our present study illustrates the potency of machine learning-based oriented chemical libraries to accelerate the identification of hits targeting PPIs. A generalization of this method to a larger set of compounds will accelerate the discovery of original and potent probes for this challenging class of targets.
Discover Information and Knowledge from Websites Using an Integrated Summarization and Visualization Framework (2010)

The number of Web sites has noticeably increased to roughly 225 million in the last ten years. This means there is a rapid growth of knowledge and information on the Internet. Although search engines can help users to filter their desired information based on key words, the searched result is normally presented in the form of a list, and users have to visit each Web page in order to determine the appropriateness of the result. A considerable amount of time therefore has to be spent on finding the required information. To address this issue, this paper proposes a knowledge discovery approach on the Web by providing an overview of the information on a Website using an integration of summarization and visualization techniques. This includes text summarization, tag cloud, Document Type View, and interactive features such as drill down and thumbnails. This approach is capable to reduce the time required to identify and search for information or knowledge from the Web.
Neuropathic Central Pain (2001)

Central sensitization is the physiologic manifestation of many severe peripherally induced pain states. It is maintained by nociceptive input and a physiologic change in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. It consists of: (1) hypersensitivity at the site of injury; (2) mechanoallodynia; (3) thermal hyperalgesia; (4) hyperpathia; (5) extraterritoriality in the case of complex regional pain syndrome/reflex sympathetic dystrophy; and (6) associated neurogenic inflammation, autonomic dysregulation, and motor phenomena.
Discovery of 1,2,4-Triazine Derivatives as Adenosine A2A Antagonists using Structure Based Drug Design (2012)

Potent, ligand efficient, selective, and orally efficacious 1,2,4-triazine derivatives have been identified using structure based drug design approaches as antagonists of the adenosine A(2A) receptor. The X-ray crystal structures of compounds 4e and 4g bound to the GPCR illustrate that the molecules bind deeply inside the orthosteric binding cavity. In vivo pharmacokinetic and efficacy data for compound 4k are presented, demonstrating the potential of this series of compounds for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Prolactin and Neuroimmunomodulation: In Vitro and in Vivo Observations (1999)

Prolactin (PL) is a mammotropic neuropeptide produced by the pituitary and extrapituitary cells existing as several isoforms and belongs to the growth and lactogenic hormone family, which includes growth hormone and placental lactogens. The secretion of pituitary PL is under hypothalamic control. The cytokines IL-1, IL-2, and IL-6 also stimulate production, while IFN-gamma and endothelin-3 are inhibitory. PL exerts its effects via PL receptors (PLr) which exist as three isoforms. PL regulates reproduction, osmoregulation, and behavior and has potent immunomodulatory effects. PL is structurally related to members of the cytokine/hematopoietic family such as erythropoietin, GM-CSF, growth hormone, and IL-2 to IL-7. The PLr is a member of the cytokine/hematopoietic receptor family. Interaction of PL with PLr activates the Jak kinases which phosphorylate latent STAT proteins resulting in the activation of transcription. PL counteracts the effects of corticosteroids by enhancing Th1 cellular responses. Perturbations of PL physiology have significant immunologic effects. Hypoprolactinemia impairs immune function while hyperprolactinemia enhances active systemic lupus erythematosus, Reiter's disease, juvenile and adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA), autoimmune thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis, and cardiac allograft rejection. PL gene polymorphisms have now been shown to be linked to RA. Thus, manipulation of PL may have significant clinical utility. Further study of the relationship of the PL/PLr complex, other hormones, and the immune system will provide further insights into the potential therapeutic utility of this complex in immune diseases.
Chiral Lanthanide Complexes: Coordination Chemistry and Applications (2002)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChiral Lanthanide Complexes: Coordination Chemistry and ApplicationsHelen C. AspinallView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, U.K. Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 6, 1807–1850Publication Date (Web):May 22, 2002Publication History Received5 November 2001Published online22 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 2002https://doi.org/10.1021/cr010288qCopyright © 2002 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views7004Altmetric-Citations481LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (846 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Catalysts,Chemical structure,Lanthanides,Ligands,Reagents Get e-Alerts
Immunogenicity and Safety of the Eleven Valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide-Protein D Conjugate Vaccine in Infants (2004)

The Pn-PD we tested was immunogenic and safe in infants.