gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protective Properties of Nontoxic Recombinant Exotoxin A (Domain I-II) Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection (2013)

Background: Antibiotic resistance and the need for long-term treatments especially for chronic infections necessitate the development of a vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Objectives: In this study, recombinant exotoxin A (domains I and II), (ExoA I-II) protein was expressed, purifid and its immunological characteristics were evaluated in a mouse model. Materials and Methods: The genomic DNA was extracted from P. aeruginosa strain PAO1. The DNA encoding for domains I and II of exotoxin A was amplifid by PCR and cloned into the pET22b expression vector. The construct was then transformed into E. coli BL21 and the protein expression was evaluated by the SDS-PAGE method. The Ni-NTA affity chromatography was used for recombinant protein purifiation. Mice were then immunized subcutaneously on day 0, 21, 42 and 72 with exotoxin A (Domains I, II). Antibody production was evaluated by the ELISA method. The immunized and control group mice were exposed to an approximate 2 × LD50 (7.5 × 107 CFU) of clinical strain of mucoid P. aeruginosa. Results: Sequencing of the cloned gene showed that the sequence of ExoA I-II gene was in accordance with ExoA I-II from P. aeruginosa PAO1. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated the expression of recombinant protein with a molecular weight of 45 KDa. Vaccination with ExoA I-II produced a signifiant amount of specifi IgG antibodies in mice. Also immunization of mice with ExoA I-II increased survival times against intra-peritoneal challenge with an approximate 7.5 × 107 CFU (2 × LD50) of clinical strain of P. aeruginosa. Conclusions: Results of this study suggested that recombinant ExoA I-II is a highly immunogenic protein which can be used as a new vaccine candidate against P. aeruginosa.
Imaging Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry: a technique to map plant metabolites within tissues at high spatial resolution (2006)

Imaging Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry provides a new and powerful tool to analyse the distribution of metabolites within plant tissues. The two matrices alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (alpha-CHCA) and 9-aminoacridine provide a useful combination that allows the measurement of amino acids, sugars, and phosphorylated metabolites. Results are presented showing that representatives of these metabolites are unevenly distributed in wheat seeds at different stages of development and under temperature stress.
Synthesis of guanosine 5′-conjugates and their use as initiator molecules for transcription priming (2008)

We have synthesised two guanosine derivatives that are linked to biotinylated adenosine moieties by using two different strategies, one that includes synthetic steps on the solid phase and another one that is performed entirely in solution. The synthesised derivatives were shown to function as initiator molecules in transcription priming experiments. The incorporation efficiency was determined to be approximately 2%. Even though this value is rather low, the use of either molecule in selection experiments seems reasonable. Basically, RNA libraries with sequence complexities of 10(15) to 10(16) can be generated. Labelling of such a library with our initiator molecule would still produce 10(13) to 10(14) labelled/functionalised sequences, and thus sufficient sequence space for selection.
Recombinant Follicle‐Stimulating Hormone: New Biotechnology for Infertility (1998)

The frequency of infertility in developed countries is approximately 8-10%. New drugs are available for assisted reproduction techniques. Two recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) products, follitropin-beta (Follistim in the United States, Puregon in Europe) and follitropin-alpha (Gonal-F), join compounds derived through transfecting nonhuman cell lines with genetic material capable of replicating identical amino acid sequences to human compounds. The cell line used for recombinant (r)-FSH production is the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO). Previously, the only agents that showed benefit in controlled ovulatory stimulation were derived from the urine of menopausal women. Those compounds contain additional substances, such as urinary proteins and various amounts of luteininzing hormone. The amino acid sequence of r-FSH is identical to that of human FSH, but the two recombinant products exist in many different isoforms and differ from each other and from human FSH due to varied carbohydrate side chains. Due to variation in the carbohydrate side chains, follitropin-beta in solution has a higher pH than urine-derived FSH, which enhances receptor affinity and therefore is a greater inducer of folliculogenesis. Follitropin-beta does not cause endogenous production of anti-CHO or anti-FSH antibodies, and is well tolerated.
Attenuated Expression of DFFB is a Hallmark of Oligodendrogliomas with 1p-Allelic Loss (2005)

Allelic loss of chromosome 1p is frequently observed in oligodendroglioma. We screened 177 oligodendroglial tumors for 1p deletions and found 6 tumors with localized 1p36 deletions. Several apoptosis regulation genes have been mapped to this region, including Tumor Protein 73 (p73), DNA Fragmentation Factor subunits alpha (DFFA) and beta (DFFB), and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Members 9 and 25 (TNFRSF9, TNFRSF25). We compared expression levels of these 5 genes in pairs of 1p-loss and 1p-intact tumors using quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (QRTPCR) to test if 1p deletions had an effect on expression. Only the DFFB gene demonstrated decreased expression in all tumor pairs tested. Mutational analysis did not reveal DFFB mutations in 12 tested samples. However, it is possible that DFFB haploinsufficiency from 1p allelic loss is a contributing factor in oligodendroglioma development.
Entropy production and kinetic effects of light (1992)

We study the production of total entropy in the situation where light has kinetic effects on atoms or molecules. The radiation entropy has the standard form of boson entropy, and the matter entropy is the sum of Boltzmann entropies for excited and nonexcited particles. The matter entropy density is separated into three parts, corresponding to the total velocity distribution, the distribution over internal states, and the correlation between the two. Each of these parts can be changed by the interaction with light. We calculate explicitly the production of both matter and photon entropy in several cases where light is known to induce macroscopic flows in gases. The production rate of matter entropy is expressed in macroscopic quantities. Some other examples, such as laser cooling, are considered briefly. In all cases, the increase of photon entropy is found to be several orders of magnitude larger than the decrease of matter entropy.
Nerve Growth Factor Is Required for Early Follicular Development in the Mammalian Ovary* (2001)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) epitomizes a family of proteins known as the neurotrophins (NTs), which are required for the survival and differentiation of neurons within both the central and peripheral nervous system. Synthesis of NGF in tissues innervated by the peripheral nervous system is consistent with its function as a target-derived trophic factor. However, the presence of low- and high-affinity NGF receptors in the gonads suggests another function for the NTs within the reproductive endocrine system. We now report that NGF is required for the growth of primordial ovarian follicles, a process known to occur independently of pituitary gonadotropins. Both the NT receptor p75(NTR) and the NGF tyrosine kinase receptor trkA were found to be expressed in the ovaries of infantile normal mice and mice carrying a null mutation of the NGF gene. The ovaries from homozygote NGF-null (-/-) mutant animals, analyzed after completion of ovarian histogenesis, exhibited a markedly reduced population of primary and secondary follicles in the presence of normal serum gonadotropin levels, and an increased number of oocytes that failed to be incorporated into a follicular structure. Assessment of mitogenic activity using two complementary proliferation markers revealed a conspicuous reduction in somatic cell proliferation in the ovaries of NGF-deficient mice. These results suggest that the delay in follicular growth observed in NGF(-/-) mice may be related to the loss of a proliferative signal provided by NGF to the nonneural endocrine component of the ovary.
Controlling the Fast ATRP of N-Isopropylacrylamide in Water (2009)

The atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) conducted in pure water at low temperature (4 °C) proceeds in a controlled fashion (Mn/Mw ≤ 1.2) to near quantitative conversion. Different initiators, ligands, copper halides and ratios of copper (I) to copper (II) were investigated to enhance the control and reduce the termination. The reaction proceeds with a very fast kinetics and a high amount of Cu(II) is needed to slow down the polymerization. The generated polymers were successfully chain extended suggesting that well defined and complex architectures can be obtained.
Real-time motor control using recurrent neural networks (2009)

Currently, the field of sensory-motor neuroscience lacks a computational model that can replicate real-time control of biological brain. Due to incomplete neural and anatomical data, traditional neural network training methods fail to model the sensory-motor systems. Here we introduce a novel modeling method based on stochastic optimal control framework which is well suited for this purpose. Our controller is implemented with a recurrent neural network (RNN) whose goal is approximating the optimal global control law for the given plant and cost function. We employ a risk-sensitive objective function proposed by Jacobson (1973) for robustness of controller. For maximum optimization efficiency, we introduce a step response sampling method, which minimizes complexity of the optimization problem. We use conjugate gradient descent method for optimization, and gradient is calculated via Pontryagin's maximum principle. In the end, we obtain highly stable and robust RNN controllers that can generate infinite varieties of attractor dynamics of the plant, which are proposed as building blocks of movement generation. We show two such examples, a point attractor based and a limit-cycle based dynamics.
Long-term replication of Sendai virus defective interfering particle nucleocapsids in stable helper cell lines (1994)

An essential prerequisite for generating a stable helper cell line, which constitutively expresses functional Sendai virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is the expression of all three Sendai virus nucleocapsid (NC) proteins, NP, P, and L, simulataneously. Generating a stable helper cell line was accomplished by cotransfecting cell line 293 with all three corresponding viral genes under the control of cytomegalovirus promoter-enhancer elements. Cotransfection with a dominant selectable marker enabled selection for stably transfected cells. The levels of the expressed P and NP proteins reached up to 1/10th and 1/20th of the protein levels in Sendai virus-infected cells, respectively. The Sendai virus polymerase activity of the coexpressed proteins was demonstrated by an in vivo polymerase assay. The cell clone H29 gave the strongest signal and produced DI genomes continuously for at least 3 months. This result demonstrates that it is possible to stably express adequate levels of all three viral NC proteins to form Sendai virus polymerase activity, thereby performing the replication and encapsidation of viral RNA, essential prerequisites for a helper cell line to be competent in producing recombinant viruses.
User interface for a PCS smart phone (2003)

New multimedia smart phones for wireless voice and data communications are now available. A novel user interface for a Personal Communications Services (PCS) smart phone is described. The user interface is designed around the unique characteristics of mobile wireless applications. Both the physical characteristics of the phone and the way users interact with applications are unique. The phone has two LCD touch screens in a clamshell casing. It features pen input, handwriting recognition, and a graphical user interface supported by the Inferno operating system. A dedicated writing area and automatic text focus flow make form based applications particularly easy. The smart phone incorporates signature verification for biometric authentication. Apart from being a full featured cellular voice phone, the device also supports a number of applications including Web browsing, electronic mail, fax communications and a directory application which allows users to retrieve contact information.
Tunable-angle wedge transducer for improved acoustophoretic control in a microfluidic chip (2013)

We present a tunable-angle wedge ultrasound transducer for improved control of microparticle acoustophoresis in a microfluidic chip. The transducer is investigated by analyzing the pattern of aligned particles and induced acoustic energy density while varying the system geometry, transducer coupling angle, and transducer actuation method (single-frequency actuation or frequency-modulation actuation). The energy-density analysis is based on measuring the transmitted light intensity through a microfluidic channel filled with a suspension of 5-μm-diameter beads and the results with the tunable-angle transducer are compared with the results from actuation by a standard planar transducer in order to decouple the influence from change in coupling angle and change in system geometry. We find in this work that the transducer coupling angle is the more important parameter compared to the concomitant change in geometry and that the coupling angle may be used as an additional tuning parameter for improved acoustophoretic control with single-frequency actuation. Further, we find that frequency-modulation actuation is suitable for diminishing such tuning effects and that it is a robust method to produce uniform particle patterns with average acoustic energy densities comparable to those obtained using single-frequency actuation.
Incidence and Trends of Sepsis in US Hospitals Using Clinical vs Claims Data, 2009-2014 (2017)

In clinical data from 409 hospitals, sepsis was present in 6% of adult hospitalizations, and in contrast to claims-based analyses, neither the incidence of sepsis nor the combined outcome of death or discharge to hospice changed significantly between 2009-2014. The findings also suggest that EHR-based clinical data provide more objective estimates than claims-based data for sepsis surveillance.
El informe médico pericial: forma y contenido (2011)

Frecuentemente abogados, jueces, fiscales, etc., profesionales no sanitarios, deben basar su trabajo en informes medicos periciales. La toma de decisiones de los profesionales del derecho, a nuestro entender, siempre estara determinada en relacion a como se les ha informado. Es por ello que el informe pericial debe estar realizado de forma que ayude en esa toma de decisiones. De ahi que sea tan importante aquello que se expone como la forma de exponerlo.
Asymptotically efficient quantizing (1968)

It is shown, under weak assumptions on the density function of a random variable and under weak assumptions on the error criterion, that uniform quantizing yields an output entropy which asymptotically is smaller than that for any other quantizer, independent of the density function or the error criterion. The asymptotic behavior of the rate distortion function is determined for the class of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\nu</tex> th law loss functions, and the entropy of the uniform quantizer is compared with the rate distortion function for this class of loss functions. The extension of these results to the quantizing of sequences is also given. It is shown that the discrepancy between the entropy of the uniform quantizer and the rate distortion function apparently lies with the inability of the optimal quantizing shapes to cover large dimensional spaces without overlap. A comparison of the entropies of the uniform quantizer and of the minimum-alphabet quantizer is also given.
Dysregulation of thalamic sensory ‘transmission’ in schizophrenia: neurochemical vulnerability to hallucinations (2006)

Cholinergic arousal mechanisms predispose thalamic and cortical neurons to fire action potentials at gamma rhythms, which have a tendency to resonate in thalamocortical networks, thereby forming coherent assemblies under constraints of sensory input to specific thalamic nuclei, on the one hand, and prefrontal and limbic attentional mechanisms, on the other. Perception may be based on sustained assemblies of coherent gamma oscillations in thalamocortical circuits. In schizophrenia, the impact of sensory input on self-organization of thalamocortical activity may be generally reduced. As a result, processes underlying perception can become uncoupled from sensory input, particularly at times of hyperarousal, leading to domination of attentional mechanisms and the emergence of hallucinations. Evidence is reviewed that implicates excessive neuronal noise in specific thalamic nuclei in the generation of hallucinations in schizophrenia. Nicotinic receptor abnormalities, dopaminergic hyperactivity and glutamate-receptor hypofunction are reconciled within a model of psychotic symptom generation that places crucial emphasis on dysfunction of the reticular thalamic nucleus.
An ultra-low power wake up receiver with flip flops based address decoder (2015)

Energy Efficient Communication is one of the main requirements in the development of wireless sensor networks especially for event triggered applications. These applications present low data rate and the real time behavior is an issue. Duty cycling scheme is proposed where the node's transceiver is turned off and on regularly in order to listen to the radio channel for possible incoming communication during its on state. Nonetheless, such a paradigm performs poorly for scenarios of low or bursty traffic because of unnecessary activations of the radio transceiver. As an alternative technology, Wake up Radio (WuR) systems present a promising energy efficient network operation, where target devices are only activated in an on demand way by means of a special RF signal. The wakeup receiver is ultra low power receivers which is always on for a continuous idle listening of the channel. It detects the wakeup signal, identifies it, and if the wake up packet corresponds to the requirements, an interruption signal will be sent to the main transceiver to activate it. In this work, we present a novel wake up receiver operating in the 868 MHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) frequency band. The proposed wake up receiver consists of an RF front end circuit and a digital code detector for the identification. The RF front end circuit is implemented with passive elements and is triggered by radio energy to minimize power dissipation. It is simulated using Advanced Design Software (ADS) by Agilent. A prototype of the RF front end wakeup receiver is implemented into two layers PCB. Meanwhile, the code detector generates an interrupt signal to the main transceiver based on the received information. Thus, it enables the main transceiver to react to the events instantly. The code detector is based on logic flip flops. It is simulated using ISIS proteus. Detailed descriptions of each block and performance evaluation in term of power consumption and latency have being carried out.
Induction of Rapid Osteoblast Differentiation in Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Cultures by Dexamethasone and BMP-2 (1994)

Adult vertebrates require a continuous supply of osteoblasts for both bone remodeling and regeneration during fracture repair. This implies the existence of a reservoir of cells in the body capable of osteogenesis. One source of these osteoprogenitors is the stem cells within the fibroblastic component of bone marrow stroma. Mature osteoblasts are characterized by high alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin levels, combined with expression of the bone-specific matrix proteins osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein and the capacity for matrix mineralization. We have used these markers to define the conditions permitting rapid osteoblast differentiation from cultured bone marrow stromal cells. Osteoblastic differentiation was induced by continuous culture with 10(-8) M dexamethasone (dex) which stimulated alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity and mRNA levels as well as osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and osteocalcin mRNA by Day 8 of culture; coaddition of 10(-8) M 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D) with dex was essential for high osteocalcin mRNA expression. Recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) exerted similar effects to dex and acted in synergy with dex to yield greatly elevated AP activity as well as increased levels of osteoblastic mRNAs. Using in situ hybridization to detect the presence of mRNAs in individual cells, it was shown that appearance of osteopontin mRNA preceded AP mRNA, and was expressed in dex-treated cell colonies as early as Day 4. Quantitation of cell surface AP protein by flow cytometry indicated that culture with dex or BMP-2 produced a mixed population of cells with low AP (dim cells) and cells with high AP levels, while the combination of dex + BMP-2 yielded very few dim cells and a population of cells containing higher AP levels than with either inducer alone. When the dim population from dex-treated cells was sorted and recultured with inducers, these cultures developed high AP levels and were able to deposit a mineralized matrix. Thus, treatment of marrow stromal cells with inducer results in a population of mature osteoblasts as well as a population of undifferentiated cells which retains the capacity for osteoblastic differentiation with further exposure to inducers. These data demonstrate that stem cells within the stromal compartment of bone marrow are capable of rapidly acquiring osteoblast features and suggest a potential role for glucocorticoids in combination with BMP-2 and vitamin D in stages of osteogenic development.
Coagulation factor V and VIII/V ratio as predictors of outcome in paracetamol induced fulminant hepatic failure: relation to other prognostic indicators. (1992)

The value of coagulation factor V and VIII/V levels as prognostic indicators was assessed in 27 patients with fulminant hepatic failure and compared with other predictive indices. Admission factor V levels were significantly reduced in 22 patients with paracetamol induced hepatic failure compared with a healthy control group (median 9.5% v 103%, respectively; p less than 0.001) and with lower values in non-A non-B hepatitis (median 2.7%). Values in the seven patients who died after paracetamol overdose, considered together with the four who underwent liver transplantation (group median 5.1%), were significantly lower than in the 11 who survived (median 11.8%; p less than 0.01). Median admission factor VIII was higher in those who died or received a transplant than in those who survived (298% v 162%; p less than 0.05), with both results higher than in healthy volunteers (median 104%; p less than 0.01) but lower than in non-A non-B hepatitis (median 340%). The ratio of factor VIII/V on admission was less than 30 in all patients who survived paracetamol overdose (median 17) with corresponding values greater than 30 in 10 of 11 of those who died (median 39). A factor V result less than or equal to 10% on admission predicted an adverse outcome in 10 of 11 fatal cases, a 91% sensitivity which was greater than for the previously defined indicator of an arterial blood pH less than 7.30 on admission (sensitivity 82%). Prothrombin time at admission or on day 4 did not usefully predict outcome in our series. Predictive accuracy was 73% and 82% for factor V and admission acidosis respectively and 95% for factor V in conjunction with admission coma grade III or IV and factor VIII (ratio > 30). These criteria may be useful in selecting patients with paracetamol induced fulminant hepatic failure for transplantation.