gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Cations on the Electrochemical Conversion of CO2to CO (2012)

We investigate the influence of electrolyte composition on the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO in an electrochemical flow reactor. Specifically, we study the effect of alkali cations on the partial current densities of the two products: CO and H2. We report that the presence of large cations such as cesium and rubidium in the electrolyte improves the partial current density for CO production. Furthermore, large cations suppress H2 evolution, resulting in high faradaic yields for CO production. For example, with a large cation, specifically CsOH, a partial current density of 72 mA/cm2 was obtained at a cathode potential of −1.62 V vs Ag/AgCl. In contrast, in the presence of a small cation, specifically sodium, a partial current density of only 49 mA/cm2 was achieved at a much more negative cathode potential of −2.37 V vs Ag/AgCl, with NaBr. The effect of cation size on product selectivity for CO production can be explained by the interplay between the level of cation hydration and the extent of cation adsorption on Ag electrodes.
Strength of PD-1 signaling differentially affects T-cell effector functions (2013)

High surface expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) is associated with T-cell exhaustion; however, the relationship between PD-1 expression and T-cell dysfunction has not been delineated. We developed a model to study PD-1 signaling in primary human T cells to study how PD-1 expression affected T-cell function. By determining the number of T-cell receptor/peptide-MHC complexes needed to initiate a Ca(2+) flux, we found that PD-1 ligation dramatically shifts the dose-response curve, making T cells much less sensitive to T-cell receptor-generated signals. Importantly, other T-cell functions were differentially sensitive to PD-1 expression. We observed that high levels of PD-1 expression were required to inhibit macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta production, lower levels were required to block cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production, and very low levels of PD-1 expression could inhibit TNF-α and IL-2 production as well as T-cell expansion. These findings provide insight into the role of PD-1 expression in enforcing T-cell exhaustion and the therapeutic potential of PD-1 blockade.
HIV Therapeutics (1996)

Douglas Richman (University of California at San Diego, USA) captures the current excitement in the field of HIV therapeutics. New drugs, new treatment regimens, and new insights into the relation of disease progression to the quantity of viral RNA in patients' plasma have led to an unprecedented sense of optimism among researchers.
Functional Organization of Saposin C (1996)

Saposin C is an essential co-factor for the hydrolysis of glucosylceramide by acid beta-glucosidase in mammals. In addition, prosaposin promotes neurite outgrowth in vitro via sequences in saposin C. The regional organization of these neurotrophic and activation properties of saposin C was elucidated using recombinant or chemically synthesized saposin Cs from various regions of the molecule. Unreduced and reduced proteins were analyzed by electrospray-mass spectrometry to establish the complement of disulfide bonds in selected saposin Cs. Using saposin B as a unreactive backbone, chimeric saposins containing various length segments of saposin B and C localized the neurotrophic and acid beta-glucosidase activation properties to the carboxyl- and NH2-terminal 50% of saposin C, respectively. The peptide spanning residues 22-31 had neurotrophic effects. Molecular modeling and site-directed mutagenesis localized the activation properties of saposin C to the region spanning residues 47-62. Secondary structure was needed for retention of this property. Single substitutions of R and S at the conserved cysteines at 47 or 78 diminished but did not obliterate the activation properties. These results indicate the segregation of neurotrophic and activation properties of saposin C to two different faces of the molecule and suggest a topographic sequestration of the activation region of prosaposin for protection of the cell from adverse hydrolytic activity of acid beta-glucosidase.
Identification of human prostaglandin E synthase: A microsomal, glutathione-dependent, inducible enzyme, constituting a potential novel drug target (1999)

Human prostaglandin (PG) E synthase (EC 5.3.99.3) is a member of a recently recognized protein superfamily consisting of membrane associated proteins involved in eicosanoid and glutathione metabolism (the MAPEG family). Previous designations of the protein are PIG12 and MGST1-L1. PGE synthase was expressed in Escherichia coli, and both cytosolic and membrane fractions were prepared. Western blot analysis specifically detected a 15- to 16-kDa protein in the membrane fraction. Both fractions were incubated with prostaglandin H2 in the presence or absence of reduced glutathione. The membrane but not the cytosolic fraction was found to possess high glutathione-dependent PGE synthase activity (0.25 micromol/min/mg). The human tissue distribution was analyzed by Northern blot analysis. High expression of PGE synthase mRNA was detected in A549 and HeLa cancer cell lines. Intermediate level of expression was demonstrated in placenta, prostate, testis, mammary gland, and bladder whereas low mRNA expression was observed in several other tissues. A549 cells have been used as a model system to study cyclooxygenase-2 induction by IL-1beta. If A549 cells were grown in the presence of IL-1beta, a significant induction of the PGE synthase was observed by Western blot analysis. Also, Western blot analysis specifically detected a 16-kDa protein in sheep seminal vesicles. In summary, we have identified a human membrane bound PGE synthase. The enzyme activity is glutathione-dependent, and the protein expression is induced by the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta. PGE synthase is a potential novel target for drug development.
A study of real-time and rate scalable image and video compression (1997)

In this thesis, we address two issues related to image and video compression.&#13;\nThe rst issue is on how to accelerate the speed of video compression using parallel processing, and the second is the development of a new approach to rate scalable coding of images and video.&#13;\n1. Several parallel implementations of an MPEG1 video encoder on MIMD high performance systems, in particular the Intel Touchstone Delta and the Intel Paragon, are presented. In our approach, both spatial and temporal parallelism have been exploited. While the Paragon has the computation capacity to compress video sequences at a speed faster than real-time, we found that real-time performance cannot be achieved if the Input/Output (I/O) is not designed properly. We present several schemes, corresponding to dierent types of data parallelism, for managing the I/O operations and regulating the data flow. Using our algorithm, real-time MPEG compression of ITU-R 601 digital video sequences was achieved.&#13;\n2. A new wavelet based rate scalable image and video compression algorithm is presented. A new embedded zero tree wavelet (EZW) approach for color image compression that exploits the interdependency between color components in the luminance/chrominance color space is described. The algorithm is known as Color Embedded Zerotree Wavelet (CEZW). The new video compression algorithm uses motion compensation to reduce temporal redundancy. The prediction error frames and the intra-coded frames are encoded using CEZW. To address the error propagation problem inherit to rate scalable video compression, an adaptive motion compensation (AMC) scheme is designed. The rate scalable video compression algorithm is known as Scalable Adaptive Motion Compensation Wavelet (SAMCoW). We show that in addition to providing a wide range of rate scalability, SAMCoW achieves comparable performance to the more traditional hybrid video coders, such as MPEG1 and H.263.&#13;\nFurthermore, SAMCoW allows the data rate to be dynamically changed during decoding, which is very appealing for network oriented applications.
Anti-Jo-1 antibody: a marker for myositis with interstitial lung disease. (1984)

An autoantibody known as anti-Jo-1 antibody is found in 25% of patients with myositis. Its prevalence in patients with both myositis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis was 68% (13 out of 19 patients), compared with 7.5% in patients with myositis alone (four of 53) and 3% in patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis alone (two of 62). Anti-Jo-1 antibody may be useful in indicating patients with myositis and cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis. Raynaud's phenomenon, the sicca syndrome, and mild arthritis are also often part of the syndrome.
Distant metastases in papillary thyroid cancer.A review of 91 patients (1988)

Of 731 patients with papillary thyroid cancer, 91 had metastases outside regional lymph nodes. The most common site was intrathoracic, occurring in 73 of the 91 patients. Miliary, micronodular pulmonary metastases, with iodine 131 (I-131) uptake and "curable" by I-131 treatment were encountered in seven patients. It has not been established whether this was a transient stage in additional patients. In 38 patients rounded, macronodular pulmonary metastases were found. Another 21 patients had unilateral pulmonary infiltration and mediastinal enlargement. Pulmonary infiltrations may be hematogenic, or may possibly occur via regional, mediastinal lymph nodes. Mortality within 1 year of the diagnosis of distant metastases exceeded 50%. Occurrence of distant metastases showed a slight but highly significant association with male sex, advanced age, and advanced local tumor stage. Better prognostic determinants are, however, required if adequate of the individual patient with papillary thyroid cancer is to be achieved.
32nm high-density high-speed T-RAM embedded memory technology (2010)

Thyristor Random Access Memory (T-RAM) is an ideal candidate for application as an embedded memory due to its substantially better density vs. performance tradeoff and logic process compatibility. T-RAM memory embedded in a 32nm logic process with read and write times of 1ns and a bit fail rate less than 0.5ppm is reported for the first time. T-RAM memory cell median read current of 250μA/cell at 1.2V with an I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> current ratio of more than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> is demonstrated at 105°C. Robust margins to dynamic disturb due to the access (read/write) of neighboring bits in the memory array have also been verified.
Intercepting the Lipid-Induced Integrated Stress Response Reduces Atherosclerosis (2019)

These results reveal endoplasmic reticulum controls mitochondrial clearance by activating eIF2α-LONP1 signaling, contributing to an amplified oxidative stress response that triggers robust inflammasome activation and interleukin-1β secretion by dietary fats. These findings underscore the intricate exchange of information and coordination of both organelles' responses to lipids is important for metabolic health. Modulation of ISR to alleviate organelle stress can prevent inflammasome activation by dietary fats and may be a strategy to reduce lipid-induced inflammation and atherosclerosis.
IL-7 enhances peripheral T cell reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (2003)

We used clinically relevant murine allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) models to study the mechanisms by which IL-7 administration can improve posttransplant peripheral T cell reconstitution. After transplant we could distinguish two populations of mature donor T cells: (a) alloreactive T cells with decreased expression of CD127 (IL-7 receptor alpha chain) and (b) nonalloreactive T cells, which express CD127 and undergo homeostatic proliferation. IL-7 administration increased the homeostatic proliferation of nonalloreactive T cells, but had no effect on alloreactive T cells and the development of graft-versus-host disease. Allogeneic transplant of purified hematopoietic stem cells and adoptive transfer of thymocytes into lethally irradiated hosts suggested that recent thymic emigrants can undergo homeostatic proliferation and acquire a memory-like phenotype. We found by BrdU pulse-chase, cell cycle, and annexin V analyses that IL-7 administration has significant proliferative and antiapoptotic effects on posttransplant peripheral T cells. We conclude that homeostatic expansion is important for T cell reconstitution after allogeneic BMT and involves both transferred mature T cells and recent thymic emigrants. Apart from its thymopoietic effects, IL-7 promotes peripheral T cell reconstitution through its selective proliferative and antiapoptotic effects on nonalloreactive and de novo-generated T cells, but has no effect on alloreactive T cells.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): A Comparative Analysis of Protein Expression Profiles in Peripheral Blood Cells at Diagnosis and upon Disease Progression. (2007)

Abstract CLL has a heterogeneous clinical course. Although some genetic abnormalities such as del(17p) have been associated with disease progression, the mechanisms underlying such a phenomenon are not well-known. The aim of the present study was to compare protein expression profiles in CLL cells at diagnosis and upon disease progression in patients with early, low-risk CLL. We studied 6 patients in early stage and without poor risk cytogenetics (i.e., +12, 11q-, 17p-) for which leukemic cells at diagnosis and at disease progression were available. Patients with low-risk disease progressing or receiving therapy within the first 2 years after diagnosis were not eligible for the study. Cell purity of samples at diagnosis and at progression was high(mean CD5+/CD19+ cells 90% and 91%, respectively). Protein expression profile was analyzed by using a Fluorescence 2-D Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE). Image analysis and statistical quantification of relative protein levels were performed using DeCyder V. 5.0 software (GE Healthcare) and the identification of differential spots by MALDI-MS analysis. Different protein expression patterns between diagnosis and disease progression samples were onserved both in the whole group of patients (table 1) and in paired samples. Proteins undergoing significant changes in their expression levels are involved in the ubiquitin-dependent degradation pathway, carbohydrate metabolism, and RNA cytoplasmic transport. In addition several of the proteins identified, such as EF-2, HNR, annexin A1 and nucleophosmine, have a role in cell proliferation and human oncogenesis. In conclusion this study identified changes on the expression of a number of proteins that are part of important oncogenic pathways in CLL progression. Identification of differential spots Identification (p value &amp;lt; 0.05/1.2 fold) Ratio (Pr/Dx) Pr: Progression; Dx: Diagnosis Protein Catabolism Ubiquitin thiolesterase −1.59 Ubiquitin-protein ligase E1 −1.42 Elongation factor 2 (EF-2) −1.39 Acyaminoacyl-peptidase −1.25 Protein disulfide-isomerase precursor −1.21 Carbohydrate Catabolism Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase −1.31 Fructose -bisphosphate aldolase A −1.25 Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 −1.21 RNA Processing Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C 1.49 Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A3 1.30 Heterogeneous ribonuclear particle protein A1. Beta 1.27 Pre-mRNA cleavage factor I 25 kDa subunit 1.25 Cytoskeleton ACTB −1.67 Actinin alpha 4 −2.03 CAP1 −1.31 Cytoplasmatic dynein intermediate chain 2 −1.35 L-Plastin −1.42 Tropomyosin alpha 4 chain −1.38 Vinculin −2.48 Others Annexin A1 −1.6 Glycine-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.14) precursor −1.34 HSU12596 −1.53 IQGAP1 protein −1.51 Peroxiredoxin 3 1.28 probable transitional endoplasmic reticulum ATPase −1.52 Nucleophosmin 1.25 Proteinase inhibitor 9 −1.34 purH bifunctional enzyme −1.32 tryptophan-tRNA ligase −1.31 WDR1 protein −1.51 Zeta-crystallin/quinine reductase (NADPH) 1.25
Monoclonal antibodies against complement 3 neoantigens for detection of immune complexes and complement activation. Relationship between immune complex levels, state of C3, and numbers of receptors for C3b. (1985)

C3-bearing immune complexes and C3 activation products were detected by using two monoclonal antibodies, one specific for a neoantigenic determinant on C3c and the other for C3d. To quantitate immune complexes, the anti-C3c or anti-C3d antibodies were fixed to microtiter plates and reacted with test plasma. The binding of C3-bearing immune complexes in this plasma was then measured with radioisotope- or enzyme-labeled anti-human IgG. To test for C3 breakdown products, solid-phase monoclonal antibody to the C3d neoantigen was reacted with EDTA-plasma samples, and fixed iC3b or C3d was measured with a polyclonal anti-C3 antibody. Patients with autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome, and paracoccidioidomycosis were found to contain immune complexes bearing C3b/iC3b or C3d. In most conditions, there were more C3d-containing immune complexes than C3b/iC3b. Although CR1 (C3b receptors) rapidly converted immune complex-bound iC3b to C3dg/C3d and lupus patients had reduced CR1, no correlation between the state of C3 on circulating immune complexes or levels of immune complexes and CR1 numbers was seen. However, levels of C3-fixing ICs correlated with levels of C3 activation products. This assay system with monoclonal antibodies to neoantigens expressed on activated, but not native, C3 provides sensitive and specific means for detecting and classifying C3-fixing immune complexes and for assessing C3 activation.
Phase III Comparison of High-Dose Paclitaxel + Cisplatin + Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Versus Low-Dose Paclitaxel + Cisplatin in Advanced Head and Neck Cancer: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E1393 (2001)

This phase III multicenter trial showed (1) no advantage for high-dose paclitaxel and (2) excessive hematologic toxicity associated with both regimens. Therefore, neither of the paclitaxel regimens evaluated in this trial can be recommended.
Generation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies against Dengue Virus Type 1 for Epitope Mapping and Serological Detection by Epitope-Based Peptide Antigens (2007)

Dengue virus (DEN), the pathogen behind dengue hemorrhagic fever, remains a public health problem in Asia and South America. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against DEN serotype 1 (DEN-1) were generated by fusing NSI/1-Ag4-1 mouse myeloma cells with lymphocytes from BALB/c mice immunized with DEN-1. Twelve MAbs were found to react specifically to the DENs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescence analysis, and immunoblotting analysis. Five MAbs, namely, DA4-7, DA6-7, DA9-5, DA10-2, and DA11-13, were found to react with envelope proteins of DEN-1. Two serotype-specific MAbs of DEN-1, DA6-7 and DA11-13, were further shown to neutralize DEN-1 infection by a plaque reduction neutralization test. The neutralizing epitopes of these MAbs were further identified from a random peptide library displayed on phage. Immunopositive phage clones reacted specifically with these MAbs and did not react with normal mouse serum. Epitope-based peptide antigens were proved able to detect antibodies in serum samples collected from DEN-1-infected patients but not in those taken from DEN-2-infected patients or healthy controls. We believe that these MAbs and neutralizing epitopes will provide information that will lead to the development of DEN-1 serotype-specific diagnostic reagents and vaccines.
Development of an Internally Controlled Antibody Microarray (2005)

Antibody microarrays are a high throughput technology used to concurrently screen for protein expression. Most antibody arrays currently used are based on the ELISA sandwich approach that uses two antibodies to screen for the expression of a limited number of proteins. Also because antigen-antibody interactions are concentration-dependent, antibody microarrays need to normalize the amount of antibody that is used. In response to the limitations with the currently existing technology we have developed a single antibody-based microarray where the quantity of antibody spotted is used to standardize the antigen concentration. In addition, this new array utilizes an internally controlled system where one color represents the amount of antibody spotted, and the other color represents the amount of the antigen that is used to quantify the level of protein expression. When compared with median fluorescence intensity alone, normalization for antibody spot intensity decreased variability and lowered the limits of detection. This new antibody array was tested using standard cytokine proteins and also cell lysates obtained from mouse macrophages stimulated in vitro and evaluated for the expression of the cytokine proteins interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-5, IL-6, and macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha and 1beta. The levels of protein expression seen with the antibody microarray was compared with that obtained with Western blot analysis, and the magnitude of protein expression observed was similar with both technologies with the antibody array actually showing a greater degree of sensitivity. In summary, we have developed a new type of antibody microarray to screen for protein expression that utilizes a single antibody and controls for the amount of antibody spotted. This type of array appears at least as sensitive as Western blot analysis, and the technology can be scaled up for high throughput screening for hundreds of proteins in complex biofluids such as blood.
Design challenges for energy-constrained ad hoc wireless networks (2002)

Ad hoc wireless networks enable new and exciting applications, but also pose significant technical challenges. In this article we give a brief overview of ad hoc wireless networks and their applications with a particular emphasis on energy constraints. We then discuss advances in the link, multiple access, network, and application protocols for these networks. We show that cross-layer design of these protocols is imperative to meet emerging application requirements, particularly when energy is a limited resource.
Psychological treatment of recurrent headaches in children and adolescents.Invited commentary. (1999)

Psychological treatment of recurrent headaches in children and adolescents.Invited commentary.