gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physics-based combustion simulation in bifrost (2019)

Fire, from small-scale candle flames to enormous explosions, remains an area of special interest in visual effects. Even compared to regular fluid simulation, the wide range of chemical reactions with corresponding generated motion and illumination makes for highly complex visual phenomena, difficult for an artist to recreate directly. The goal of our software is to provide attractive physical and chemical simulation workflows, which enable the artist to automaticall achieve "physically plausible" results by default. Ideally, these results should come close to matching real-world footage if the real-world parameters are known (such as what fuel is being burned). To support this, we aim to provide a user interface for artistic direction where the controls map intuitively to changes in the visual result. More user-demanding proceduralism will only occasionally be required for final artistic tweaks or hero shots.
Is there a threshold level of fetal hemoglobin that ameliorates morbidity in sickle cell anemia? (1984)

When the clinical manifestations of 272 patients with sickle cell anemia are compared with their level of fetal hemoglobin (HbF), the results suggest that there may be a threshold above which HbF is effective in ameliorating the morbidity of this disease. The age of entry of these SS patients into the study ranged from birth to 56 yr; the average length of follow-up was 11 yr for a total of 3,011 patient-years of clinic observation. HbF was determined quantitatively by microchromatographic procedures; the mean for HbF was 10% +/- 6% with a range from 2% to 32%. For major organ failure, analyzed as termination events of morbidity, such as stroke or aseptic necrosis, the threshold appears to be 10%, whereas for recurrent clinical events, such as crisis or pulmonary disorders, it is 20%. No linear trend was found between HbF levels and morbidity. If a threshold exists, it is important to recognize this fact when attempts are made to raise the level of HbF in patients with sickle cell disease.
Antagonists of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 identified by modification of functionally critical NH2-terminal residues. (1995)

Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 analogues were designed to determine the role of the NH2-terminal region in structure and function. The NH2-terminal residue was important for function and receptor binding, as it could not be deleted or extended. However the NH2-terminal pyroglutamate residue of the wild type was not essential as it could be replaced by several other noncyclic amino acids without loss of activity. Residues 7-10 were essential for receptor desensitization, but were not sufficient for function, and the integrity of residues 1-6 were required for functional activity. A peptide corresponding to MCP-1, 1-10 lacked detectable receptor-binding activities, indicating that residues 1-10 are essential for MCP-1 function, but that other residues are also involved. Several truncated analogues, including 8-76, 9-76, and 10-76, desensitized MCP-1-induced Ca2+ induction, but were not significantly active. These analogues were antagonists of MCP-1 activity with the most potent being the 9-76 analogue (IC50 = 20 nM) The 9-76 specifically bound to MCP-1 receptors with a Kd of 8.3 nM, which was three-fold higher than MCP-1 (Kd 2.8 nM). The 9-76 analogue desensitized the Ca2+ response to MCP-1 and MCP-3, but not to other CC chemokines, suggesting that it is MCP receptor specific. The availability of these compounds will be helpful in evaluating MCP receptor antagonists as anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
Genomic scars as biomarkers of homologous recombination deficiency and drug response in breast and ovarian cancers (2014)

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and platinum-based chemotherapies have been found to be particularly effective in tumors that harbor deleterious germline or somatic mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, the products of which contribute to the conservative homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Nonetheless, several setbacks in clinical trial settings have highlighted some of the issues surrounding the investigation of PARP inhibitors, especially the identification of patients who stand to benefit from such drugs. One potential approach to finding this patient subpopulation is to examine the tumor DNA for evidence of a homologous recombination defect. However, although the genomes of many breast and ovarian cancers are replete with aberrations, the presence of numerous factors able to shape the genomic landscape means that only some of the observed DNA abnormalities are the outcome of a cancer cell's inability to faithfully repair DNA double-strand breaks. Consequently, recently developed methods for comprehensively capturing the diverse ways in which homologous recombination deficiencies may arise beyond BRCA1/2 mutation have used DNA microarray and sequencing data to account for potentially confounding features in the genome. Scores capturing telomeric allelic imbalance, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and large scale transition score, as well as the total number of coding mutations are measures that summarize the total burden of certain forms of genomic abnormality. By contrast, other studies have comprehensively catalogued different types of mutational pattern and their relative contributions to a given tumor sample. Although at least one study to explore the use of the LOH scar in a prospective clinical trial of a PARP inhibitor in ovarian cancer is under way, limitations that result in a relatively low positive predictive value for these biomarkers remain. Tumors whose genome has undergone one or more events that restore high-fidelity homologous recombination are likely to be misclassified as double-strand break repair-deficient and thereby sensitive to PARP inhibitors and DNA damaging chemotherapies as a result of prior repair deficiency and its genomic scarring. Therefore, we propose that integration of a genomic scar-based biomarker with a marker of resistance in a high genomic scarring burden context may improve the performance of any companion diagnostic for PARP inhibitors.
New developments with carboplatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer. (1992)

On the basis of prospective randomized comparisons, carboplatin now can be considered to have replaced cisplatin as the induction chemotherapy of choice for patients with advanced ovarian cancer. While its equal efficacy and lesser toxicity are encouraging features of carboplatin therapy, the primary goal of chemotherapy for ovarian cancer remains to improve cure rates. It is in this regard that new experimental studies with carboplatin have the potential for improving survival. In particular, studies of dose intensity of platinum compounds are now possible with high-dose carboplatin together with autologous bone marrow transplantation and cytokines. The dose-limiting toxicity of carboplatin is myelosuppression, particularly thrombocytopenia. It is hoped that the new cytokine, interleukin-3, will be useful in reversing this particular toxicity and permitting further dose escalation. Additional studies are in progress to evaluate the benefits of combining carboplatin and cisplatin in an effort to maximize dose intensity and avoid overlapping toxicities.
How transferable are features in deep neural networks? (2014)

Many deep neural networks trained on natural images exhibit a curious phenomenon in common: on the first layer they learn features similar to Gabor filters and color blobs. Such first-layer features appear not to be specific to a particular dataset or task, but general in that they are applicable to many datasets and tasks. Features must eventually transition from general to specific by the last layer of the network, but this transition has not been studied extensively. In this paper we experimentally quantify the generality versus specificity of neurons in each layer of a deep convolutional neural network and report a few surprising results. Transferability is negatively affected by two distinct issues: (1) the specialization of higher layer neurons to their original task at the expense of performance on the target task, which was expected, and (2) optimization difficulties related to splitting networks between co-adapted neurons, which was not expected. In an example network trained on ImageNet, we demonstrate that either of these two issues may dominate, depending on whether features are transferred from the bottom, middle, or top of the network. We also document that the transferability of features decreases as the distance between the base task and target task increases, but that transferring features even from distant tasks can be better than using random features. A final surprising result is that initializing a network with transferred features from almost any number of layers can produce a boost to generalization that lingers even after fine-tuning to the target dataset.
Misincorporation and mispaired primer extension by human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. (1994)

Pre-steady-state methods were used to study the fidelity of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase. Fidelity of DNA-directed DNA synthesis can be attributed to a 1-2 order of magnitude reduction in affinity for noncomplementary dNTPs, and a 1-4 order of magnitude reduction in the rate of the conformational change that limits the rate of nucleotide addition. Affinities of reverse transcriptase for paired or mispaired primer termini are similar. Discrimination against a mispaired primer is due to reduction in affinity for the next dNTP and reduction in rate of extension. Extension of mispaired termini proceeds 20-700-fold faster than the rate of dissociation of reverse transcriptase from the primer-template and is 2-3 orders of magnitude more frequent than nucleotide misincorporation. The rate-limiting step for extension of a mispaired terminus occurs at the conformational change or chemical step, depending on the nature of the mispair. Presence of a mismatch at the 3' penultimate position reduces pyrophosphorolysis of the primer by a factor of 10(3), indicating that mispairs 5' to the site of chemistry can also affect catalysis.
DCT convolution and its application in compressed domain (1998)

Conventional processing of JPEG or MPEG compressed image or video data involves first decompressing the data and applying the desired processing function, and then the processed data are recompressed for the purposes of transmission or storage. We propose an alternate processing pipeline which involves direct manipulation of the JPEG or MPEG compressed domain representation to achieve the desired spatial domain processing. For direct manipulation in the compressed domain, we develop a discrete cosine transform (DCT)-domain convolution theorem which besides exploiting the sparseness of the DCT-domain representation also exploits the orthogonality and symmetry in the DCT-domain representation. These properties lead to efficient compressed domain-based processing methods unlike their spatial domain counterparts, where such properties are not available. This theorem can be used in a variety of image and video editing functions when the image and video data are available only as a JPEG or MPEG bitstream. We illustrate the use of the DCT-domain convolution theorem in a typical video editing application such as video bluescreen editing.
DC-40 GHz and 20-40 GHz MMIC SPDT switches (1987)

DC to 40 GHz and 20 to 40 GHz monolithic GaAs SPDT switches have been demonstrated. Both the measured and the modeled small-signal performance are presented. Measured power handling performance and switching speed data are also presented. The 20-40 GHz switch uses a combination of shunt FET's and quarter-wave transformers. Better than 2 dB insertion loss and 25 dB isolation have been achieved. The dc-40 GHZ switch uses a combination of series and shunt FET's. Better than 3 dB insertion loss and 23 dB isolation have been achieved. A simplified switching FET model is used to adequately model switch performance. It is demonstrated that parasitic "off" state resistance is an important FET characteristic for broad-band switch design. The Switches use MESFET's With the same characteristics as an existing millimeter-wave amplifier to allow for ease of future integration.
Characterization of the rabbit homolog of human MUC1 glycoprotein isolated from bladder by affinity chromatography on immobilized jacalin (2000)

The urinary bladder is lined by transitional epithelium, the glycocalyx on the luminal surface has interesting properties and is implicated in protective functions. Glycoconjugates are major components of the glycocalyx, but their biochemical nature is not well understood. Previous studies on rabbit bladder indicated the presence of significant levels of sialoglycoproteins compared to glycosaminoglycans in the epithelium. In this study, rabbit explant cultures were radiolabeled by precursor sugars or amino acids and a major lectin-reactive glycoprotein of rabbit bladder mucosa was isolated by affinity chromatography on jacalin-agarose. The radiolabeled glycoprotein was purified to homogeneity by a second cycle on the lectin column, followed by gel filtration and density gradient centrifugation. The average molecular mass of the glycoprotein was estimated to be 245 kDa and 210 kDa by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE, respectively. Its buoyant density was 1.40 g/ml, suggesting a carbohydrate content of approximately 50%. The percent distribution of glucosamine-derived tritium label in sialic acid, galactosamine, and glucosamine was 30, 52, and 18, respectively. The glycoprotein consisted entirely of small sialylated and neutral oligosaccharides O-glycosidically linked to serine and threonine residues. The same glycoprotein could be immunoprecipitated with an antibody against the carboxy terminal 17 amino acid peptide of human MUC1 mucin glycoprotein. This suggests that this mucin glycoprotein is the rabbit homolog of MUC1 glycoprotein, which has been previously established to be a component of human bladder urothelium and has been purified from human urine and biochemically characterized.
Sulfonylureas in NIDDM (1992)

Sulfonylureas have represented the backbone of oral therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus for greater than 30 yr. Despite this, our knowledge about the mode of actions of these agents is limited, and the use of them is far from rational. Sulfonylureas lower blood glucose concentrations primarily by stimulating insulin secretion. The evidence for clinically significant extrapancreatic effects is scanty. Therefore, the effect of sulfonylurea is limited to patients with preserved beta-cell function, with the best effect observed in the early stages of the disease. Sulfonylurea treatment is often started relatively late and is continued when the agents can no longer achieve the treatment goals. Drug dosages are increased to maximum recommended doses, although there is no evidence for a dose-response relationship between the sulfonylurea dose and its biological effect. To rationalize the use of sulfonylureas, we should ask the questions to whom, how much, and for how long? The decision to stop treatment is as important as the decision to start treatment.
Sodium Polyanethole Sulfonate as an Inhibitor of Activation of Complement Function in Blood Culture Systems (2009)

Sodium polyanethole sulfonate (SPS; trade name, Liquoid) is a constituent in culture media used to grow bacteria from blood samples from patients suspected of bacteremia. SPS prevents the killing of bacteria by innate cellular and humoral factors. We analyzed the effect of SPS on the three complement activation pathways: the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways, respectively. Inhibition of complement activity by SPS is caused by a blocking of complement activation and is not a result of complement consumption. The classical pathway is inhibited at SPS concentrations greater than 0.1 mg/ml, and complete inhibition is seen at 0.4 mg/ml. An SPS concentration of 0.5 mg/ml completely inhibits the binding of C1q and subsequent incorporation of C3, C4, and C9. The same was observed for the alternative pathway with an inhibition at SPS concentrations from 0.1 mg/ml and a complete inhibition from 0.4 mg/ml. Here, properdin binding was completely absent, and no incorporation of C3 and C9 was observed. In contrast, the lectin complement pathway remains unaffected at these SPS concentrations, and inhibition is first observed from 0.7 mg/ml. A complete inhibition required concentrations greater than 1 mg/ml. SPS is used in growth media (e.g., BACTEC and BacT/Alert) at concentrations from 0.3 to 0.5 mg/ml. The well-known finding that certain bacteria are growth inhibited by blood factors could therefore be a consequence of the lectin pathway, which is not inhibited at these concentrations. In addition, our findings also open up the possibility of a new assay for the assessment of the functional capacity of the lectin complement pathway.
Cysteine sulfinate aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes of rat brain. Purification, characterization, and further evidence for identity (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCysteine sulfinate aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes of rat brain. Purification, characterization, and further evidence for identityM. Recasens, R. Benezra, P. Basset, and P. MandelCite this: Biochemistry 1980, 19, 20, 4583–4589Publication Date (Print):September 30, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 30 September 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00561a007https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00561a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views195Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dynamic percolation in fluorinated water-in-oil microemulsions (1997)

Dielectric spectroscopy was performed to study fluorinated water-in-oil microemulsions with perfluoropolyether surfactant and oil. The phase diagram experimental path, with a water to surfactant molar ratio equal to 11, was chosen as the most suitable for detecting a percolation phenomenon that occurs in the system. The study of the percolation phenomenon as a function of temperature was presented in Phys. Rev. E $50$, 1313 (1994). In this work, the concentration dependence of both the static dielectric constant and Ohmic conductivity, as well as the frequency dependence of the complex dielectric constant, are reported. The results show that the percolation is dynamic throughout both the composition and the temperature range in which the samples are monophasic.
Change detection in dynamic attributed networks (2018)

A network provides powerful means of representing complex relationships between entities by abstracting entities as vertices, and relationships as edges connecting vertices in a graph. Beyond the presence or absence of relationships, a network may contain additional information that can be attributed to the entities and their relationships. Attaching these additional attribute data to the corresponding vertices and edges yields an attributed graph. Moreover, in the majority of real‐world applications, such as online social networks, financial networks and transactional networks, relationships between entities evolve over time. Change detection in dynamic attributed networks is an important problem in many areas, such as fraud detection, cyber intrusion detection, and health care monitoring. It is a challenging problem because it involves a time sequence of attributed graphs, each of which is usually very large and can contain many attributes attached to the vertices and edges, resulting in a complex, high‐dimensional mathematical object. In this survey we provide an overview of some of the existing change detection methods that utilize attribute information. We categorize these methods based on the levels of structure in the graph that are exploited to detect changes. These levels are vertices, edges, subgraphs, communities, and the overall graph. We focus attention on the strengths and weaknesses of these methods, including their performance and scalability. Furthermore, we discuss some publicly available dynamic network datasets and give a brief overview of models to generate dynamic attributed networks. Finally, we discuss the limitations of existing approaches identifying key areas for future research. This article is categorized under: Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge &gt; Data Concepts Algorithmic Development &gt; Spatial and Temporal Data Mining Technologies &gt; Machine Learning Application Areas &gt; Business and Industry
ENERGETIC CATALYST-HYDROGEN PLASMA REACTION AS A POTENTIAL NEW ENERGY SOURCE (2003)

Introduction A new chemically generated or assisted plasma source based on a resonant energy transfer mechanism (rt-plasma) has been developed that may be a new power source. One such source operates by incandescently heating a hydrogen dissociator and a catalyst to provide atomic hydrogen and gaseous catalyst, respectively, such that the catalyst reacts with the atomic hydrogen to produce a plasma. It was extraordinary that intense extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission was observed by Mills et al. at low temperatures (e.g. ≈10 K) and an extraordinary low field strength of about 1–2 V/cm from atomic hydrogen and certain atomized elements or certain gaseous ions which singly or multiply ionize at integer multiples of the potential energy of atomic hydrogen, 27.2 eV. A number of independent experimental observations confirm that the rt-plasma is due to a novel reaction of atomic hydrogen which produces as chemical intermediates, hydrogen in fractional quantum states that are at lower energies than the traditional “ground” (n = 1) state. Power is released, and the final reaction products are novel hydride compounds or lower-energy molecular hydrogen as reported herein. The supporting data include EUV spectroscopy, characteristic emission from catalysts and the hydride ion products, lower-energy hydrogen emission, chemically formed plasmas, extraordinary (>100 eV) Balmer α line broadening, population inversion of H lines, elevated electron temperature, anomalous plasma afterglow duration, power generation, and analysis of novel chemical compounds. The theory given previously is based on applying Maxwell’s equations to the Schrodinger equation. The familiar Rydberg equation (Eq. (1)) arises for the hydrogen excited states for n > 1 of Eq. (2).