gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Status report of the LNS Superconducting Cyclotron (2003)

The LNS Superconducting Cyclotron has been working in stand alone mode since the beginning of 2000, after 5 years of operation as a booster of the 15 MV Tandem. The new mode has proven to be by far more advantageous than the previous one from the point of view of operation. Working with axial injection, a quite high number of new beam types has been developed. The new mode allows for acceleration of H2 molecules, which break into two protons when crossing a stripper in the beam line out of the cyclotron. 62 MeV protons have been used for radiotherapy since February 2002. The new mode allows to inject a more intense beam as compared to the previous mode. Therefore, an upgrading program of the cyclotron has started, aiming at having an intense extracted beam to be used as a primary beam in a facility for production of radioactive beams. Beam tests have been accomplished to evaluate transmission figures, while the upgrading of the present electrostatic deflectors has started: new deflector systems, able to dissipate high beam power and allowing for easier maintenance, have been designed and will soon be tested in the machine.
Troglitazone: antihyperglycemic activity and potential role in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (1999)

Insulin resistance is a major component of type 2 diabetes; therefore, an insulin sensitizer agent like the thiazolidinedione compound troglitazone is considered a very promising drug. Troglitazone exerts an antihyperglycemic activity in a dose-dependent manner between 200 and 600 mg/day in type 2 diabetic patients treated with diet alone, sulfonylureas, or insulin. Additive antihyperglycemic effect may also be obtained by combining troglitazone and metformin. The antihyperglycemic effect of troglitazone as monotherapy is rather modest (reduction of HbA1c by 0.5-1.0%), but it appears to be somewhat greater when it is combined with other antidiabetic drugs. No double-blind studies have directly compared the activity of troglitazone with that of sulfonylureas or metformin. Troglitazone has been shown to exert additional beneficial effects on serum lipid profile and arterial blood pressure. It may be considered as a valuable alternative in insulin-resistant (obese and hyperinsulinemic) diabetic patients who appear to be the best responders to the drug. However, the efficacy of troglitazone is challenged by its safety profile, and the risk of hepatotoxicity still remains a major concern in clinical practice.
Convolutional-Recursive Deep Learning for 3D Object Classification (2012)

Recent advances in 3D sensing technologies make it possible to easily record color and depth images which together can improve object recognition. Most current methods rely on very well-designed features for this new 3D modality. We introduce a model based on a combination of convolutional and recursive neural networks (CNN and RNN) for learning features and classifying RGB-D images. The CNN layer learns low-level translationally invariant features which are then given as inputs to multiple, fixed-tree RNNs in order to compose higher order features. RNNs can be seen as combining convolution and pooling into one efficient, hierarchical operation. Our main result is that even RNNs with random weights compose powerful features. Our model obtains state of the art performance on a standard RGB-D object dataset while being more accurate and faster during training and testing than comparable architectures such as two-layer CNNs. 1
CYTOCHROME P450: Nature's Most Versatile Biological Catalyst (2004)

The author describes studies that led to the resolution and reconstitution of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system in microsomal membranes. The review indicates how purification and characterization of the cytochromes led to rigorous evidence for multiple isoforms of the oxygenases with distinct chemical and physical properties and different but somewhat overlapping substrate specificities. Present knowledge of the individual steps in the P450 and reductase reaction cycles is summarized, including evidence for the generation of multiple functional oxidants that may contribute to the exceptional diversity of the reactions catalyzed.
L-ornithine-L-aspartate infusion efficacy in hepatic encephalopathy. (2008)

L-ornithine-L-aspartate infusions were found to be effective in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy.
Protein Design: A Hierarchic Approach (1995)

The de novo design of peptides and proteins has recently emerged as an approach for investigating protein structure and function. Designed, helical peptides provide model systems for dissecting and quantifying the multiple interactions that stabilize secondary structure formation. De novo design is also useful for exploring the features that specify the stoichiometry and stability of alpha-helical coiled coils and for defining the requirements for folding into structures that resemble native, functional proteins. The design process often occurs in a series of discrete steps. Such steps reflect the hierarchy of forces required for stabilizing tertiary structures, beginning with hydrophobic forces and adding more specific interactions as required to achieve a unique, functional protein.
Intramolecular Reactivity of Arylcarbenes: Derivatives of o-Tolylcarbene (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntramolecular Reactivity of Arylcarbenes: Derivatives of o-TolylcarbeneWolfgang Kirmse, Wolfgang Konrad, and Dirk SchnitzlerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 14, 3821–3829Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00093a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00093a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views547Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Progress in the Development of Ultra-Long-Acting Local Anesthetics (1997)

Although encouraging results have been reported in the literature, there is currently no agent or delivery system that has shown reliable and practical prolongation of local anesthetic effect in humans. There have been several encouraging reports in animals that have shown local anesthetic effects lasting up to several days, but these results must be validated and then performed in human studies before a clinically useful agent is found. Further research is warranted.
Targeting CCL2 with Systemic Delivery of Neutralizing Antibodies Induces Prostate Cancer Tumor RegressionIn vivo (2007)

The identification of novel tumor-interactive chemokines and the associated insights into the molecular and cellular basis of tumor-microenvironment interactions have continued to stimulate the development of targeted cancer therapeutics. Recently, we have identified monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1; CCL2) as a prominent regulator of prostate cancer growth and metastasis. Using neutralizing antibodies to human CCL2 (CNTO888) and the mouse homologue CCL2/JE (C1142), we show that treatment with anti-CCL2/JE antibody (2 mg/kg, twice weekly i.p.) attenuated PC-3Luc-mediated overall tumor burden in our in vivo model of prostate cancer metastasis by 96% at 5 weeks postintracardiac injection. Anti-CCL2 inhibition was not as effective as docetaxel (40 mg/kg, every week for 3 weeks) as a single agent, but inhibition of CCL2 in combination with docetaxel significantly reduced overall tumor burden compared with docetaxel alone, and induced tumor regression relative to initial tumor burden. These data suggest an interaction between tumor-derived chemokines and host-derived chemokines acting in cooperation to promote tumor cell survival, proliferation, and metastasis.
New devices enabling software-defined optical networks (2013)

Next-generation ROADM networks are incorporating an extensive range of new features and capabilities including colorless, directionless, and contentionless multiplexing and demultiplexing, flexible spectrum channel definition, and higher-order modulation formats. To efficiently support these new features, both new ROADM node architectures along with complementary optical components and technologies are being synergistically designed. In this article, we describe these new architectures, components, and technologies, and how they work together to support these features in a compact and costefficient manner.
Polymer-like Organic Thin Films Deposited by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Using the Para-xylene Precursor as Low Dielectric Constant Interlayer Dielectrics for Multilevel Metallization (1999)

Polymer-like organic thin films were deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using the para-xylene precursor. The effect of the plasma power on the dielectric constant and thermal stability was significant. As the plasma power was increased from 5 W to 60 W, the relative dielectric constant increased from 2.70 to 3.21. The film deposited at a higher plasma power showed higher thermal stability. The film deposited at 60 W was stable up to 450°C. All the deposited films were insulating under an applied field of ≤1 MV/cm.
Efficient Removal of Platelets from Peripheral Blood Progenitor Cell Products Using a Novel Micro-Chip Based Acoustophoretic Platform (2011)

Acoustophoresis can be utilized to efficiently deplete PBPC samples of platelets, whilst preserving the target stem/progenitor cell and leukocyte cell populations, cell viability and progenitor cell colony-forming ability. Acoustophoresis is, thus, an interesting technology to improve current cell processing methods.
Supra-additive effects of tramadol and acetaminophen in a human pain model ☆ (2007)

The combination of analgesic drugs with different pharmacological properties may show better efficacy with less side effects. Aim of this study was to examine the analgesic and antihyperalgesic properties of the weak opioid tramadol and the non-opioid acetaminophen, alone as well as in combination, in an experimental pain model in humans. After approval of the local Ethics Committee, 17 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this double-blind and placebo-controlled study in a cross-over design. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation at high current densities (29.6+/-16.2 mA) induced spontaneous acute pain (NRS=6 of 10) and distinct areas of hyperalgesia for painful mechanical stimuli (pinprick-hyperalgesia). Pain intensities as well as the extent of the areas of hyperalgesia were assessed before, during and 150 min after a 15 min lasting intravenous infusion of acetaminophen (650 mg), tramadol (75 mg), a combination of both (325 mg acetaminophen and 37.5mg tramadol), or saline 0.9%. Tramadol led to a maximum pain reduction of 11.7+/-4.2% with negligible antihyperalgesic properties. In contrast, acetaminophen led to a similar pain reduction (9.8+/-4.4%), but a sustained antihyperalgesic effect (34.5+/-14.0% reduction of hyperalgesic area). The combination of both analgesics at half doses led to a supra-additive pain reduction of 15.2+/-5.7% and an enhanced antihyperalgesic effect (41.1+/-14.3% reduction of hyperalgesic areas) as compared to single administration of acetaminophen. Our study provides first results on interactions of tramadol and acetaminophen on experimental pain and hyperalgesia in humans. Pharmacodynamic modeling combined with the isobolographic technique showed supra-additive effects of the combination of acetaminophen and tramadol concerning both, analgesia and antihyperalgesia. The results might act as a rationale for combining both analgesics.
Micromachining of buried micro channels in silicon (2000)

A new method for the fabrication of micro structures for fluidic applications, such as channels, cavities, and connector holes in the bulk of silicon wafers, called buried channel technology (BCT), is presented in this paper. The micro structures are constructed by trench etching, coating of the sidewalls of the trench, removal of the coating at the bottom of the trench, and etching into the bulk of the silicon substrate. The structures can be sealed by deposition of a suitable layer that closes the trench. BCT is a process that can be used to fabricate complete micro channels in a single wafer with only one lithographic mask and processing on one side of the wafer, without the need for assembly and bonding. The process leaves a substrate surface with little topography, which easily allows further processing, such as the integration of electronic circuits or solid-state sensors. The essential features of the technology, as well as design rules and feasible process schemes, will be demonstrated on examples from the field of /spl mu/-fluidics.
Toward Amp-Level Field Emission With Large-Area Arrays of Pt-Coated Self-Aligned Gated Nanoscale Tips (2014)

Design, fabrication, and characterization of Pt-coated, self-aligned, and gated Si field emission arrays are reported. Arrays of 320000 tips with 10 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">\(\mu \) </tex-math></inline-formula> m pitch are employed to emit currents as high as 0.35 A (current density of 1.1 A/cm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">\(^{2}\) </tex-math></inline-formula> ) at gate-emitter biases of 300 V. For reliability, the devices have a gate dielectric thicker than 2.5 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">\(\mu \) </tex-math></inline-formula> m maintaining the field inside gate insulator below 150 V/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">\(\mu \) </tex-math></inline-formula> m and a 5-nm-thick Pt-coating protecting the tips against sputtering by back-streaming ions. The Pt-coating also increases the capture cross section of electrons from the emitter cone, resulting in higher emission currents compared with uncoated Si tips when the supply of electrons is limited to the surface. The device failure at high currents is associated with plasma ignition due to local pressure rise caused by outgassing of the anode. At lower emission currents, the devices are capable of long-term emission (>3 h) at pressures as high as <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">\(10^{-5}\) </tex-math></inline-formula> Torr. Furthermore, a high-yield fabrication process is presented for large-area fabrication of highly-uniform gated tip arrays that could be expanded to active areas larger than 10 cm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">\(^{2}\) </tex-math></inline-formula> to increase the emission current.
Structural basis for R-spondin recognition by LGR4/5/6 receptors (2013)

The R-spondin (RSPO) family of secreted proteins (RSPO1-RSPO4) has pleiotropic functions in development and stem cell growth by strongly enhancing Wnt pathway activation. Recently, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 4 (LGR4), LGR5, and LGR6 have been identified as receptors for RSPOs. Here we report the complex structure of the LGR4 extracellular domain (ECD) with the RSPO1 N-terminal fragment (RSPO1-2F) containing two adjacent furin-like cysteine-rich domains (FU-CRDs). The LGR4-ECD adopts the anticipated TLR horseshoe structure and uses its concave surface close to the N termini to bind RSPO1-2F. Both the FU-CRD1 and FU-CRD2 domains of RSPO1 contribute to LGR4 interaction, and binding and cellular assays identified critical RSPO1 residues for its biological activities. Our results define the molecular mechanism by which the LGR4/5/6 receptors recognize RSPOs and also provide structural insights into the signaling difference between the LGR4/5/6 receptors and other members in the LGR family.
Quantum computing and single-qubit measurements using the spin-filter effect (invited) (1999)

Many things will have to go right for quantum computation to become a reality in the lab. For any of the presently proposed approaches involving spin states in solids, an essential requirement is that these spins should be measured at the single-Bohr-magneton level. Fortunately, quantum computing provides a suggestion for a new approach to this seemingly almost impossible task: convert the magnetization into a charge, and measure the charge. I show how this might be done by exploiting the spin-filter effect provided by ferromagnetic tunnel barriers, used in conjunction with one-electron quantum dots.
A Study on the Phosphorylation of Indole, Imidazole, Carbazole, and Phenothiazine Derivatives (2012)

Abstract N-Heterocycles including indolecarbaldehyde, substituted benzimidazoles, and methylimidazole could be efficiently phosphorylated by diethyl chlorophosphate at room temperature in different solvents using alkali carbonate or triethylamine as the base. However, the phosphorylation of N-heterocycles with a lower reactivity at the NH function, such as carbazole and phenothiazine, could not be conducted to complete conversion under the conditions applied.
Mechanical reliability of metallized optical fiber for hermetic terminations (1989)

Hermetic packaging requirements for high-reliability fiber-optic devices can be met through the use of solder-sealed fibre penetrations. Local metallization of the fiber surface facilitates soldering but also modifies the fiber's strength and fatigue properties. A significant body of research addresses the properties of fibers coated with metal during fiber drawing, but the mechanical properties of fibers locally metallized after drawing have not been discussed. These properties were evaluated by means of dynamic fatigue tensile testing for fibres having a multilayer metallization applied by a vacuum deposition process. The results show that fiber strength reduction resulting from metallization is compensated by an increased resistance to static fatigue. Use of the results in reliability assurance is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
New Developments in the Chemotherapy of Lentivirus (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Infections: Sensitivity/Resistance of HIV‐1 to Non‐nucleoside HIV‐1‐specific Inhibitorsa (1994)

Of the different steps of the HIV replicative cycle, the reverse transcription step has received most attention as a target for chemotherapeutic intervention. The reverse transcriptase (RT) can be blocked by both nucleoside (nucleotide) and non-nucleoside type of inhibitors. Whereas the former act as competitive inhibitors with respect to the natural substrates or alternate substrates (chain terminators), the latter act allosterically with a non-substrate binding site of the enzyme. Several non-nucleoside types of RT inhibitors have proved to inhibit HIV-1 replication at nanomolar concentrations that are 10(4)- to 10(5)-fold lower than the cytotoxic concentrations. Although a non-nucleoside HIV-1-specific RT inhibitor may rapidly select for virus-drug resistance in cell culture, the resulting mutant strain may or may not show cross-resistance, and in some instances even hypersensitivity, to other HIV-specific RT inhibitors. When used at the appropriate concentrations, HIV-1-specific RT inhibitors are able to completely shut off ("knock-out") virus replication in vitro, under conditions where dideoxynucleoside analogues such as AZT fail to do so. This apparent "sterilizing effect" achieved by the non-nucleoside type of HIV-1-specific RT inhibitors opens new perspectives for the treatment of HIV infections in patients.
Innate mechanisms for Bifidobacterium lactis to activate transient pro‐inflammatory host responses in intestinal epithelial cells after the colonization of germ‐free rats (2005)

Bifidobacteria comprise a dominant microbial population group in the human intestinal tract with purported beneficial health effects on the host. In this study, we characterized the molecular mechanisms for the initial interaction of probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis strain BB12 with native and intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines. We showed that B. lactis-monoassociated Fisher F344 rats transiently induce phosphorylation/activation of the NF-kappaB transcriptionally active subunit RelA and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 in native IEC at day 5 after initial bacterial colonization. In addition, Interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene expression was significantly increased at day 5, demonstrating the physiological relevance of transient transcription factor activation in IEC. In contrast, Bacteroides vulgatus-monoassociated Fisher rats revealed RelA but not p38 MAPK phosphorylation and failed to trigger significant IL-6 gene expression in native IEC. Moreover, we demonstrated that B. lactis triggers NF-kappaB RelA and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in IEC lines. Adenoviral delivery of mutant IKK-beta (Ad5dnIKKbeta) and inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway through the pharmacological inhibitor SB203580 significantly blocked B. lactis-induced IL-6 gene expression in IEC, suggesting that B. lactis triggers NF-kappaB and MAPK signaling to induce gene expression in the intestinal epithelium. Regarding the mechanisms of bacteria epithelial cell cross-talk, B. lactis-induced IL-6 gene expression was completely inhibited in TLR2 deficient mouse embryogenic fibroblasts (MEF TLR2-/-) as well as TLR2DeltaTIR transfected Mode-K cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that probiotic bacteria transiently trigger innate signal transduction and pro-inflammatory gene expression in the intestinal epithelium at early stages of bacterial colonization.
Resonant tunneling of holes through silicon barriers (1990)

We have investigated molecular-beam epitaxy (MBE) grown Si/SiGe hole resonant tunneling devices (RTDs) consisting of an unstrained Si0.5Ge0.5 quantum well between two strained Si barriers. A peak current density of 104 A/cm2 and a peak-to-valley current ratio of 1.5:1 at 77 K and 2:1 at 4 K has been obtained. Using magnetotunneling measurements at 4 K, two resonances, corresponding to tunneling through the heavy hole and light hole states, have been identified with a light hole-to-heavy hole effective mass ratio of 3.2, suggesting that the hole band structure in the Si/Si0.5Ge0.5 double barrier system is silicon-like. We have examined devices with the same quantum well structure, but with different spacer thicknesses (90–360 Å) to study the influence of doping profile on the peak-to-valley current ratio and peak voltage position. Using these measurements, we have extracted the electric field across the quantum well for the different devices. These electric field values suggest that holes are exiting the quantum well at their saturation velocity of ∼107 cm/s.