gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Melatonin. I. Physiology of its secretion]. (2000)

Melatonin is a hormone mainly secreted by the pineal gland during the dark phase of the light-dark cycle. The best known function of melatonin in mammals is to transmit information concerning light-dark cycles playing the role of an active neuroendocrine transducer of environmental information. Although melatonin circadian rhythm is endogenous, based on 25 hour cycles, it is modulated by light-dark cycle. During the day, the light signal is sent to the pineal gland through a special neuronal pathway and inhibits melatonin secretion. During the night, the last neuron of this pathway which is coming from the cervical ganglion superior releases nonadrenalin in the interstitium. Nonadrenalin stimulates melatonin synthesis through cAMP accumulation. Some factors other than light can also influence melatonin levels. Electromagnetic fields, age, male sex, Cushing syndrome, hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, alcoholism seem to be associated with lower melatonin secretion. Female sex, hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism, sport and fasting seem to be linked to higher melatonin secretion. Some pathologies and drugs can modulate some steps of the neuroanatomic pathway of melatonin synthesis. Stress has no effect. The influence of weight and height is still investigated. Once released, melatonin can act on different organs through specific receptors (retina, supra-chiasmatic nucleus, hypophysis, brain, blood vessels, digestive tract, ovaries).
Utility of Circulating B-RAF DNA Mutation in Serum for Monitoring Melanoma Patients Receiving Biochemotherapy (2007)

These studies show the presence and utility of circulating B-RAFsmt DNA in melanoma patients.
High-field electrical transport and breakdown in bundles of single-wall carbon nanotubes (2001)

We investigate high-field transport in bundles of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with multiple contacts. The bundles carry currents in excess of $250\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{A}$ (a current density of ${10}^{9}\mathrm{A}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2})$ before saturation and electrical breakdown, indicating that conduction is predominantly by nanotubes on the surface of the bundle which are directly contacted by electrodes. Using a four-probe configuration, we measure the contact resistance and show that it is nearly constant as the bias voltage varies. This strongly supports the notion that electron-phonon scattering, and not a contact effect, causes current saturation at high-field. Electrical breakdown proceeds by sequential destruction of individual metallic nanotubes on the bundle surface, with steplike current drops of about $12\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{A}.$ At very high bias, the current-carrying capacity of the bundle increases due to field-enhanced coupling between nanotubes in the bundle.
Physico-chemical properties and stability of trans-5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydro-1H- dibenz[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrolidine maleate. (1990)

The physico-chemical properties of trans-5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydro-1H- dibenz[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrolidine maleate (Org 5222), a new potential antipsychotic compound, were studied by interpretation of its spectra (UV,IR,NMR,mass), X-ray analysis, thermal properties, solubilities and partition coefficient. Analytical methods such as GLC and TLC were developed for use in stability tests. Crystalline Org 5222 was shown to be stable with respect to heat. Only excessive exposure to light was shown to induce degradation of crystalline Org 5222. In solutions of pH 1, 4 and 7 only slight degradation was observed at high temperature or after exposure to light.
Prebiotics Modulate the Effects of Antibiotics on Gut Microbial Diversity and Functioning in Vitro (2015)

Intestinal bacteria carry out many fundamental roles, such as the fermentation of non-digestible dietary carbohydrates to produce short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which can affect host energy levels and gut hormone regulation. Understanding how to manage this ecosystem to improve human health is an important but challenging goal. Antibiotics are the front line of defence against pathogens, but in turn they have adverse effects on indigenous microbial diversity and function. Here, we have investigated whether dietary supplementation--another method used to modulate gut composition and function--could be used to ameliorate the side effects of antibiotics. We perturbed gut bacterial communities with gentamicin and ampicillin in anaerobic batch cultures in vitro. Cultures were supplemented with either pectin (a non-fermentable fibre), inulin (a commonly used prebiotic that promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria) or neither. Although antibiotics often negated the beneficial effects of dietary supplementation, in some treatment combinations, notably ampicillin and inulin, dietary supplementation ameliorated the effects of antibiotics. There is therefore potential for using supplements to lessen the adverse effects of antibiotics. Further knowledge of such mechanisms could lead to better therapeutic manipulation of the human gut microbiota.
Characterization of breast carcinomas by two monoclonal antibodies distinguishing myoepithelial from luminal epithelial cells. (1986)

Two monoclonal antibodies, KA 1 and KA 4, raised against human epidermis, were biochemically and immunologically characterized and were shown to react with specific cytokeratin polypeptides. On frozen sections of human mammary gland, these antibodies distinguish between myoepithelial and luminal epithelial cells. We present evidence that in these cells KA 1 antibody recognized cytokeratin 5 and KA 4 antibody cytokeratin 19. In normal mammary tissue, KA 4 antibody invariably reacted with the epithelial cells lining the lumina of acini, ductules, ducts, and sinus. In contrast, KA 1 antibody decorated only the myoepithelial and basal epithelial cells of acini, ducts, and sinus. In ductules, however, KA 1 also stained the luminal cells. All 73 invasive lobular and ductal carcinomas studied reacted with KA 4 antibody; five of these were also positive, apparently in the same tumor cells, with KA 1. The tumor cells of in situ carcinomas were also stained in a homogeneous pattern with KA 4 antibody; KA 1 antibody reacted only with the surrounding myoepithelium. In epithelial hyperplasias, the proliferating cells were decorated by KA 1 and KA 4 antibodies in a heterogeneous pattern. Other antibodies were used for comparison. The results are discussed with respect to epithelial differentiation and pathogenesis and to the application of such antibodies for immunohistodiagnosis of mammary lesions.
ATP-gated ion channels mediate adaptation to elevated sound levels (2013)

The sense of hearing is remarkable for its auditory dynamic range, which spans more than 10(12) in acoustic intensity. The mechanisms that enable the cochlea to transduce high sound levels without damage are of key interest, particularly with regard to the broad impact of industrial, military, and recreational auditory overstimulation on hearing disability. We show that ATP-gated ion channels assembled from P2X2 receptor subunits in the cochlea are necessary for the development of temporary threshold shift (TTS), evident in auditory brainstem response recordings as sound levels rise. In mice null for the P2RX2 gene (encoding the P2X2 receptor subunit), sustained 85-dB noise failed to elicit the TTS that wild-type (WT) mice developed. ATP released from the tissues of the cochlear partition with elevation of sound levels likely activates the broadly distributed P2X2 receptors on epithelial cells lining the endolymphatic compartment. This purinergic signaling is supported by significantly greater noise-induced suppression of distortion product otoacoustic emissions derived from outer hair cell transduction and decreased suprathreshold auditory brainstem response input/output gain in WT mice compared with P2RX2-null mice. At higher sound levels (≥95 dB), additional processes dominated TTS, and P2RX2-null mice were more vulnerable than WT mice to permanent hearing loss due to hair cell synapse disruption. P2RX2-null mice lacked ATP-gated conductance across the cochlear partition, including loss of ATP-gated inward current in hair cells. These data indicate that a significant component of TTS represents P2X2 receptor-dependent purinergic hearing adaptation that underpins the upper physiological range of hearing.
ICC-CLASS: isotopically-coded cleavable crosslinking analysis software suite (2010)

The combination of these three programs, which are tailored to the analytical features of the specific isotopically-coded cleavable crosslinking reagents used, represents a powerful software tool for automated high-accuracy peptide crosslink identification. See: http://www.creativemolecules.com/CM_Software.htm.
Rapid Multiplex PCR and Real-Time TaqMan PCR Assays for Detection of Salmonella enterica and the Highly Virulent Serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C (2008)

Salmonella enterica is a human pathogen with over 2,500 serovars characterized. S. enterica serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C are two globally distributed serovars. We have developed a rapid molecular-typing method to detect serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C in food samples by using a comparative-genomics approach to identify regions unique to each serovar from the sequenced genomes. A Salmonella-specific primer pair based on oriC was designed as an internal control to establish accuracy, sensitivity, and reproducibility. Serovar-specific primer sets based on regions of difference between serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C were designed for real-time PCR assays. Three primer sets were used to screen a collection of over 100 Salmonella strains, and both serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C gave unique amplification patterns. To develop the technique for practical use, its sensitivity for detection of Salmonella spp. in a food matrix was determined by spiking experiments. The technique was also adapted for a real-time PCR rapid-detection assay for both serovars Choleraesuis and Paratyphi C that complements the current procedures for Salmonella sp. isolation and serotyping.
Automatic Cited Decision Retrieval: Working notes of Ielab for FIRE Legal Track Precedence Retrieval Task. (2017)

Case law, in a common law domain, provides for statements of principle that bind courts as to the manner in which like cases are to be decided. Citations of previous cases are as a result, frequent in judicial writing. The FIRE Information Retrieval from Legal Documents Precedence Retrieval task concerned finding cited documents, where the name of the cited decision had been removed. In this paper, we discuss our three automated methods to find cited cases which achieved the highest scores in all reported measures.
The effect of platelet activating factor on pulmonary β‐adrenoceptors (1987)

An intravenous infusion of platelet activating factor (Paf) in the guinea-pig elicits an increase in bronchial responsiveness to the spasmogens, histamine and bombesin. Airways obstruction induced by bombesin in Paf-treated animals is poorly reversed by isoprenaline compared to comparable airways obstruction induced by bombesin in vehicle-treated animals. Isoprenaline induced a comparable dose-related relaxation in vitro of tracheal smooth muscle isolated from Paf- and vehicle-treated animals. No change in beta-adrenoceptor numbers or binding affinity was observed in lungs removed from Paf-treated animals in comparison with those from vehicle-treated animals, or after direct incubation with Paf in vitro. The reduced bronchodilator responsiveness to isoprenaline in Paf-treated animals is not related to changes in pulmonary beta-adrenoceptor function. These results suggest that non-spasmogenic elements may contribute to airways obstruction induced in hyper-responsive animals.
Protection Against Amebic Liver Abscess in Hamsters by Means of Immunization with Amebic Antigen and Some of Its Fractions (1980)

Immunization of hamsters by intramuscular injections of an amebic extract and of two of its fractions, emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant, resulted in protection against the development of amebic liver abscess, following intrahepatic inoculation of axenic trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica such that Fraction I, Fraction II, and the whole antigen conferred protection to 18 out of 18, 4 out of 18, and 11 out of 18 hamsters, respectively. Splenomegaly was found to accompany the development of hepatic liver abscesses in this experimental system. There was a very high degree of correlation (r = 0.95) between the weights of the abscesses and the spleens. On the other hand, there was no correlation between the anti-amebic antibody titers (determined by the indirect hemagglutination test) and the development of the liver abscesses within the time-span of the experimental protocol used in this study.
Epidermal growth factor selectively increases maltase and sucrase activities in neonatal piglet intestine. (1987)

1. Pig intestinal sucrase and maltase activities increase markedly, and lactase activity decreases, during the second week of post‐natal life. Correlations noted between the time course describing these changes and that found previously to describe a decline in the ability of the pig intestine to take up macromolecules suggest that both events are subject to the same type of developmental control. 2. Injection of epidermal growth factor (EGF) into 3‐day‐old piglets increase sucrase and maltase activities measured 3 days later. These increases, which are not seen when measuring other hydrolase enzymes, are confined to the mid and distal regions of the small intestine. 3. Dexamethasone injected into 3‐day‐old piglets inhibits lactase and, on occasion, sucrase activities without affecting other intestinal hydrolases. Significant increases in sucrase and maltase activities also occur in distal intestine following injection of EGF plus dexamethasone into 3‐day‐old pigs. 4. Cytochemical analysis shows EGF effects on sucrase and maltase activities to be exerted in crypt and basal villus enterocytes produced post‐natally. Dexamethasone inhibits lactase activity mainly by acting on mid and upper villus enterocytes produced before birth. 5. EGF appears to increase sucrase and maltase activities by extending the time during which young enterocytes continue to accumulate these enzymes in their brush‐border membranes. Dexamethasone appears to cause a more fundamental change in the biochemistry of older enterocytes. accompanied by an increasing ability of these cells to transport neutral amino acids through a sodium‐dependent mechanism (see James, Smith, Tivey &amp; Wilson, 1987a).
Systemic Fungal Infections Caused by Candida Species: Epidemiology, Infection Process and Virulence Attributes (2005)

Candida species, in particular C. albicans, represent a major threat to immunocompromised patients. Able to exist as a commensal on mucosal surfaces of healthy individuals, these opportunistic fungi frequently cause superficial infections of mucosae and skin. Furthermore, in hospital settings, Candida species may cause life-threatening invasive infections in a growing population of vulnerable patients. In fact, candidaemia is associated with the highest crude mortality of all bloodstream infections. Candida cells may enter the bloodstream by direct penetration from epithelial tissues, due to damage of barriers in the body caused by surgery, polytrauma or drug treatment, or may spread from biofilms produced on medical devices. From the bloodstream, cells may infect almost all organs but appear to prefer certain organs depending upon the route of infection. The exact mechanisms by which Candida cells survive the challenge of the blood environment and escape from the bloodstream to cause deep-seated infections have not yet been elucidated, but various investigations are reviewed. It is clear, however, that Candida must have particular attributes which enable the organism to survive and grow within the environment of healthy individuals and to invade tissues in the immunocompromised host. Most studies have focussed on C. albicans and this review will therefore summarise work on the various known virulence factors and methods used to identify further virulence attributes of this fungus.
Historical perspectives of handwriting recognition systems (1994)

The automatic recognition of handwriting has been under investigation since the 1950's when applications for the relatively new digital computer technology became of interest. Since then there has been steady research effort into the automatic processing and recognition of handwriting. The general categories into which the processing of handwriting can be divided are presented. Encouraging progress has been reported in the automatic recognition of mathematical formulae, printed characters, cursive script and signature verification, and there has been a limited amount of research into applying automatic image processing to personal identification and document authentication through writer identification or the detection of disguised or forged handwriting. In addition to the recognition of Roman scripts and symbols there has been intensive work into the recognition of Chinese, Japanese, and other handwritten scripts. Other applications of handwriting recognition are possible for editing, annotating and other highly interactive activities which require pointing and annotation.<
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Bcl-2 family proteins: regulators of apoptosis and chemoresistance in hematologic malignancies. (1997)

Nearly all anticancer drugs presently available to clinicians kill tumor cells by activating an endogenous biochemical pathway for cell suicide, known as programmed cell death or apoptosis. However, many malignant cells develop defects in the regulation of genes that control apoptosis, rendering them resistant to the induction of apoptosis by a wide variety of stimuli, including chemotherapeutic drugs and radiotherapy. The BCL-2 family of proto-oncogenes are critical regulators of apoptosis whose expression frequently becomes altered in human cancers, including some of the most common types of lymphomas and leukemias. The first member of this gene family to be identified was BCL-2, by virtue of its involvement in t(14;18) chromosomal translocations commonly found in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Subsequently, however, overexpression of Bcl-2 has been reported in a wide variety of cancers, without associated chromosomal translocations. A variety of experiments have provided conclusive evidence that elevations in Bcl-2 expression cause resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, while decreases in Bcl-2 expression promote apoptotic responses to anticancer drugs. Information about the biochemical mechanisms of action of the Bcl-2 protein and other members of the Bcl-2 family is beginning to suggest strategies for overcoming the cytoprotective effects of Bcl-2 overexpression in lymphomas, leukemias, and other types of cancer.
Tumor Heterogeneity and Personalized Medicine (2012)

In the past 10 years, the number of tools available to treat cancer has increased, as has our understanding of what makes some cancers tick. The standard old-time cancer treatments were largely predicated on attacking DNA, an approach fueled by the belief that tumor cells divide more rapidly than normal cells. However, with the notable exception of Burkitt's lymphoma, only a small percentage of tumor cells in a patient are dividing at any given time. As we have learned more about DNA repair mechanisms and epigenetic alterations in cancers, DNA remains a viable target for new cancer therapies, but DNA . . .
Multilevel DC-Link Inverter (2005)

This paper presents a new class of multilevel inverters based on a multilevel dc link (MLDCL) and a bridge inverter to reduce the number of switches, clamping diodes, or capacitors. An MLDCL can be a diode-clamped phase leg, a flying-capacitor phase leg, or cascaded half-bridge cells with each cell having its own dc source. A multilevel voltage-source inverter can be formed by connecting one of the MLDCLs with a single-phase bridge inverter. The MLDCL provides a dc voltage with the shape of a staircase approximating the rectified shape of a commanded sinusoidal wave, with or without pulsewidth modulation, to the bridge inverter, which in turn alternates the polarity to produce an ac voltage. Compared with the cascaded H-bridge, diode-clamped, and flying-capacitor multilevel inverters, the MLDCL inverters can significantly reduce the switch count as well as the number of gate drivers as the number of voltage levels increases. For a given number of voltage levels m, the required number of active switches is 2/spl times/(m-1) for the existing multilevel inverters but is m+3 for the MLDCL inverters. Simulation and experimental results are included to verify the operating principles of the MLDCL inverters.
Interferon-γ inhibits enterocyte migration by reversibly displacing connexin43 from lipid rafts (2008)

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is associated with the release of interferon-gamma (IFN) by enterocytes and delayed intestinal restitution. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that IFN inhibits enterocyte migration by impairing enterocyte gap junctions, intercellular channels that are composed of connexin43 (Cx43) monomers and that are required for enterocyte migration to occur. The mechanisms by which IFN inhibits gap junctions are incompletely understood. Lipid rafts are cholesterol-sphingolipid-rich microdomains of the plasma membrane that play a central role in the trafficking and signaling of various proteins. We now hypothesize that Cx43 is present on enterocyte lipid rafts and that IFN inhibits enterocyte migration by displacing Cx43 from lipid rafts in enterocytes. We now confirm our previous observations that intestinal restitution is impaired in NEC and demonstrate that Cx43 is present on lipid rafts in IEC-6 enterocytes. We show that lipid rafts are required for enterocyte migration, that IFN displaces Cx43 from lipid rafts, and that the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) restores Cx43 to lipid rafts after treatment with IFN in a protein kinase C-dependent manner. IFN also reversibly decreased the phosphorylation of Cx43 on lipid rafts, which was restored by PMA. Strikingly, restoration of Cx43 to lipid rafts by PMA or by transfection of enterocytes with adenoviruses expressing wild-type Cx43 but not mutant Cx43 is associated with the restoration of enterocyte migration after IFN treatment. Taken together, these findings suggest an important role for lipid raft-Cx43 interactions in the regulation of enterocyte migration during exposure to IFN, such as NEC.
Targeting adaptive glioblastoma: an overview of proliferation and invasion (2014)

Glioblastoma is one of the most devastating cancers, in which tumor cell infiltration into surrounding normal brain tissue confounds clinical management. This review describes basic and translational research into glioma proliferation and invasion, in particular the phenotypic switch underlying a stochastic "go or grow" model of tumor cell behavior. We include recent progress in system genomics, cancer stem cell theory, and tumor-microenvironment interaction, from which novel therapeutic strategies may emerge for managing this malignant disease. We suggest that an effective therapeutic strategy should target both adaptive glioblastoma cells and the stroma-tumor interaction.