gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polarization-sensitive subwavelength antireflection surfaces on a semiconductor for 975 nm (1996)

We present the results of subwavelength antireflection surfaces etched into GaAs for use at 975 nm. These surfaces comprise linear gratings with periods less than the wavelength of light in GaAs. The structure appears as a homogeneous birefringent film. For one of the two polarizations, the film is directly analogous to the well-known quarter-wavelength antireflection coating. For the other polarization there is little effect on the surface reflectivity.
Effects of Branched Ligands on the Structure and Stability of Monolayers on Gold Nanoparticles (2002)

The ability to control the structure of monolayers on radial and faceted surfaces is an important goal for the successful application of nanoparticles in devices and materials. To investigate the effect of steric bulk in the monolayer periphery on monolayer protected gold cluster (MPC) properties, we have synthesized a series of gold nanoparticles having amide functionality within the monolayer chains and altering the peripheral end groups of the monolayer. Investigation of these MPCs using IR spectroscopy and cyanide-mediated decomposition of the gold core reveals a strong correlation between the strength of the intramonolayer hydrogen bonding and the maximal decomposition rate. Additionally, comparison with corresponding ester-functionalized derivatives indicates that the hydrogen bonding amide unit in the monolayer emphasizes the effects of the peripheral groups on monolayer surface packing and MPC properties.
Recent advances in the design of matrix metalloprotease inhibitors. (2004)

Inhibition of matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) for the treatment of diseases, such as cancer, arthritis and other diseases associated with tissue remodeling, has become an area of intense interest in the pharmaceutical industry in recent years. Despite tremendous efforts over the last decade to explore individual members of this target family, along with multiple inhibitor classes, simple and effective drugs for inhibiting individual MMPs have not yet emerged. This review highlights the major developments in research into MMPs and their inhibitors, from the recent medicinal chemistry literature, with a focus on structure-based design, selectivity and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. The increasing availability of high-resolution X-ray crystal structures for many members of this protein family makes MMPs ideally suited for structure-based design approaches, which are now routinely used in this area. The most challenging aspect of lead optimization for MMP inhibitors is in finding candidates having acceptable pharmacological, PK and selectivity profiles. Clinical trials in cancer giving disappointing results have led to discussions on how to gain adequate MMP selectivity in order to minimize side effects. Unfortunately, careful analysis of X-ray crystal structures has not suggested any simple solutions. These areas collectively constitute the main challenges in the current search for orally available MMP inhibitors, and will be discussed in this review.
A comparison of diversity schemes for a mixed-mode slow frequency-hopped cellular system (2002)

In this paper we analyze the capacity of a mixed-mode slow frequency-hopped TDMA-based cellular system for three different antenna diversity schemes. Namely, maximal ratio combining, equal gain combining and selection combining. Capacity is analyzed using a theoretical development of outage probability. Expressions of outage probability are provided for each diversity scheme. Considering mobile to base transmission, voice activity, power control and Reed-Solomon coding. The outage probabilities are expressed as functions of mobile locations. Capacity (users/MHz/cell) is evaluated from the outage probability expressions by simulating mobile locations for a system with 37 hexagonal cells. The capacities obtained for the different diversity schemes are compared and the effects of power control error and variation in voice activity factor are analyzed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A new decorin‐like tetrapeptide for optimal organization of collagen fibres (2008)

Decorin interacts with collagen via its protein core and influences collagen fibrillogenesis, thus regulating excessive bundle-like aggregation of collagen. As skin ages, there is lack of functional decorin, which results in disrupted collagen fibres and in a reduction in the tensile strength of the skin. Therefore, a substitute for decorin would make up for the non-functional decorin that is present as we age. Two tetrapeptide sequences have been identified as the specific binding sites of decorin to collagen fibrils. These sequences were engineered to generate new tetrapeptides with improved affinity that would present a decorin-like activity. A focused library of several candidates was synthesized containing only tetrapeptides that mimicked the binding sequences of decorin. The candidates were screened with an in vitro collagen fibrillogenesis assay and the tetrapeptide with International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI) name Tripeptide-10 Citrulline achieved the best results. Like decorin, this synthetic tetrapeptide proved, through in vitro tests, to regulate collagen fibrillogenesis and to influence the diameter of collagen fibres, making them thinner and more uniform. Tripeptide-10 Citrulline is a new cosmetic active to target specifically collagen fibre organization. Skin collagen quality is addressed rather than skin collagen quantity. Tripeptide-10 Citrulline ensures uniformity in fibril diameter and increases skin suppleness because of a better cohesion of collagen fibres.
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva: diagnosis, management, and therapeutic horizons. (2013)

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a rare and disabling genetic condition characterized by congenital malformations of the great toes and progressive heterotopic endochondral ossification (HEO) which is the most catastrophic of HEO disorders in humans. Flare-ups of FOP are episodic; immobility is cumulative. Heterozygous activating mutations in activin receptor IA/activin-like kinase-2 (ACVRI/ ALK2), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type I receptor, exist in all sporadic and familial cases of FOP. The discovery of the FOP gene established a critical milestone in our understanding of FOP, and revealed a highly conserved therapeutic target in the BMP signaling pathway. This discovery has advanced efforts to develop novel therapies for this disabling disorder of tissue metamorphosis. While effective treatment of FOP will likely be based on interventions that modulate overactive ACVR1/ALK2 signaling, or that specifically block postnatal HEO, current management is focused on early diagnosis, assiduous avoidance of injury or iatrogenic harm, symptomatic amelioration of painful flare-ups, and optimization of residual function.
Paraphrase-Driven Learning for Open Question Answering (2013)

We study question answering as a machine learning problem, and induce a function that maps open-domain questions to queries over a database of web extractions. Given a large, community-authored, question-paraphrase corpus, we demonstrate that it is possible to learn a semantic lexicon and linear ranking function without manually annotating questions. Our approach automatically generalizes a seed lexicon and includes a scalable, parallelized perceptron parameter estimation scheme. Experiments show that our approach more than quadruples the recall of the seed lexicon, with only an 8% loss in precision. 1
Is the Term-Essential Fatty Acid-Still Usedful in Human Nutrition? (2004)

Presently, it seems fair to say that the nutrition community has a floating definition of essential fatty acids (EFA). My view is that, at the best, the term EFA is used too broadly and too loosely to be truly useful; at the worst, I feel that it actually has impeded progress in three ways: (1) In understanding the equivalent though distinctive importance of w3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to w6 PUFA. (2) In understanding the conditional need for long chain polyunsaturates (LC-PUFA) in human infant development. (3) In recognizing the biological roles of non-EFA. Some recognize only linoleate and α-linolenate as EFA, others include LC-PUFA as EFA, especially during infancy. Still others include as EFA one or more intermediate PUFA with important health attributes, i.e. eicosapentaenoate. No common standards seem to exist making this ambiguity confusing and unworkable. It is now time to develop a classification that implicitly addresses the conditional need for PUFA under defined circumstances. 'Conditionally dispensable' and 'conditionally indispensable' fatty acids are proposed as new terms to replace the term-EFA.
Molecular features responsible for the absence of immunoglobulin heavy chain protein synthesis in an IgH− subgroup of multiple myeloma (2000)

This study involved 12 patients with multiple myeloma (MM), in whom malignant plasma cells did not contain immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) protein chains. Southern blot analysis revealed monoallelic J(H) gene rearrangements in 10 patients, biallelic rearrangement in 1 patient, and biallelic deletion of the J(H) and C(micro) regions in 1 patient. Heteroduplex polymerase chain reaction analysis enabled the identification and sequencing of 9 clonal J(H) gene rearrangements. Only 4 of the joinings were complete V(H)-(D)-J(H) rearrangements, including 3 in-frame rearrangements with evidence of somatic hypermutation. Five rearrangements concerned incomplete D(H)-J(H) joinings, mainly associated with deletion of the other allele. Curiously, in at least 1 of these 5 cases the second allele seemed to be in germline configuration, whereas the in-frame V(kappa)-J(kappa) gene rearrangements contained somatic mutations. The configuration of the IGH genes was further investigated by use of C(H) probes. In 5 patients the rearrangements in the J(H) and C(H) regions were not concordant, probably caused by illegitimate IGH class switch recombination (chromosomal translocations to 14q32. 3). These data indicate that in many IgH(-) MM patients illegitimate IGH class switch rearrangement or illegitimate deletion of the functional V(H)-(D(H))-J(H) allele are responsible for IgH negativity. For example, the exclusive presence of D(H)-J(H) rearrangements in combination with mutated IGK genes can only be explained in terms of normal B-cell development, if the second (functional) IGH allele is deleted, which was probably the case in most patients. Therefore, defects at the DNA level are responsible for the lack of IgH protein production in most IgH(-) MM patients.
Deep Burn Fuel Cycle Integration: Evaluation of Two-Tier Scenarios (2009)

The use of a deep burn strategy using VHTRs (or DB-MHR), as a means of burning transuranics produced by LWRs, was compared to performing this task with LWR MOX. The spent DB-MHR fuel was recycled for ultimate final recycle in fast reactors (ARRs). This report summarizes the preliminary findings of the support ratio (in terms of MWth installed) between LWRs, DB-MHRs and ARRs in an equilibrium “two-tier” fuel cycle scenario. Values from literature were used to represent the LWR and DB-MHR isotopic compositions. A reactor physics simulation of the ARR was analyzed to determine the effect that the DB-MHR spent fuel cooling time on the ARR transuranic consumption rate. These results suggest that the cooling time has some but not a significant impact on the ARRs conversion ratio and transuranic consumption rate. This is attributed to fissile worth being derived from non-fissile or “threshold-fissioning” isotopes in the ARR’s fast spectrum. The fraction of installed thermal capacity of each reactor in the DB-MHR 2-tier fuel cycle was compared with that of an equivalent MOX 2-tier fuel cycle, assuming fuel supply and demand are in equilibrium. The use of DB-MHRs in the 1st-tier allows for a 10% increase in the fraction of fleet installed capacity of UO2-fueled LWRs compared to using a MOX 1st-tier. Also, it was found that because the DB-MHR derives more power per unit mass of transuranics charged to the fresh fuel, the “front-end” reprocessing demand is less than MOX. Therefore, more fleet installed capacity of DB-MHR would be required to support a given fleet of UO2 LWRs than would be required of MOX plants. However, the transuranic deep burn achieved by DB-MHRs reduces the number of fast reactors in the 2nd-tier to support the DB-MHRs “back-end” transuranic output than if MOX plants were used. Further analysis of the relative costs of these various types of reactors is required before a comparative study of these options could be considered complete.
[Transfer and Expression of Recombinant Human Thrombopoietin Gene in COS-7 Cells and Mice In Vivo] (2001)

In order to investigate the expression of recombinant TPO gene in COS-7 cells and in vivo of the mouse model, eukaryotic expressing plasmid pcd2/TPO with human TPO cDNA was constructed with DNA recombinant techniques. The plasmid pcd2/TPO was transiently transfected into the COS-7 cells by means of lipofection, the naked pcd2/TPO plasmid was injected into the skeletal muscle of mice with electric pulses. RT-PCR and ELISA methods were used to detect the TPO expression of the transfected COS-7 cells, both showed high level expression. The MTT test showed the expressed TPO had proliferative activity to TPO-dependent cell line. High efficiency of gene transfer in transgenic mice was also observed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemical methods. The serum TPO level [(1 185 +/- 264) ng/L] in transgenic mice was quite different compared with the normal mice [(250 +/- 76) ng/L]. All these results provided solid foundations for the research of TPO gene therapy in the future.
Pulsatile Stretch Remodels Cell-to-Cell Communication in Cultured Myocytes (2000)

Mechanical stretch is thought to play an important role in remodeling atrial and ventricular myocardium and may produce substrates that promote arrhythmogenesis. In the present work, neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were cultured for 4 days as confluent monolayers on thin silicone membranes and then subjected to linear pulsatile stretch for up to 6 hours. Action potential upstrokes and propagation velocity (theta) were measured with multisite optical recording of transmembrane voltage of the cells stained with the voltage-sensitive dye RH237. Expression of the gap junction protein connexin43 (Cx43) and the fascia adherens junction protein N-cadherin was measured immunohistochemically in the same preparations. Pulsatile stretch caused dramatic upregulation of intercellular junction proteins after only 1 hour and a further increase after 6 hours (Cx43 signal increased from 0.73 to 1.86 and 2.02% cell area, and N-cadherin signal increased from 1.21 to 2.11 and 2.74% cell area after 1 and 6 hours, respectively). This was paralleled by an increase in theta from 27 to 35 cm/s after 1 hour and 37 cm/s after 6 hours. No significant change in the upstroke velocity of the action potential or cell size was observed. Increased theta and protein expression were not reversible after 24 hours of relaxation. Nonpulsatile (static) stretch produced qualitatively similar but significantly smaller changes than pulsatile stretch. Thus, pulsatile linear stretch in vitro causes marked upregulation of proteins that form electrical and mechanical junctions, as well as a concomitant increase in propagation velocity. These changes may contribute to arrhythmogenesis in myocardium exposed to acute stretch.
A Mouse Model of Human Breast Cancer Metastasis to Human Bone (2005)

Currently, an in vivo model of human breast cancer metastasizing from the orthotopic site to bone does not exist, making it difficult to study the many steps of skeletal metastasis. Moreover, models used to identify the mechanisms by which breast cancer metastasizes to bone are limited to intracardiac injection, which seeds the cancer cells directly into the circulation, thus bypassing the early steps in the metastatic process. Such models do not reflect the full process of metastasis occurring in patients. We have developed an animal model of breast cancer metastasis in which the breast cancer cells and the bone target of osteotropic metastasis are both of human origin. The engrafted human bone is functional, based on finding human IgG in the mouse bloodstream, human B cells in the mouse spleen, and normal bone histology. Furthermore, orthotopic injection of a specific human breast cancer cell line, SUM1315 (derived from a metastatic nodule in a patient), later resulted in both bone and lung metastases. In the case of bone, metastasis was to the human implant and not the mouse skeleton, indicating a species-specific osteotropism. This model replicates the events observed in patients with breast cancer skeletal metastases and serves as a useful and relevant model for studying the disease.
Polymer Nanocomposites—A Comparison between Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, and Clay as Nanofillers (2016)

Nanofilled polymeric matrices have demonstrated remarkable mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. In this article we review the processing of carbon nanotube, graphene, and clay montmorillonite platelet as potential nanofillers to form nanocomposites. The various functionalization techniques of modifying the nanofillers to enable interaction with polymers are summarized. The importance of filler dispersion in the polymeric matrix is highlighted. Finally, the challenges and future outlook for nanofilled polymeric composites are presented.
A Site-Specific, Single-Copy Transgenesis Strategy to Identify 5′ Regulatory Sequences of the Mouse Testis-Determining Gene Sry (2014)

The Y-chromosomal gene SRY acts as the primary trigger for male sex determination in mammalian embryos. Correct regulation of SRY is critical: aberrant timing or level of Sry expression is known to disrupt testis development in mice and we hypothesize that mutations that affect regulation of human SRY may account for some of the many cases of XY gonadal dysgenesis that currently remain unexplained. However, the cis-sequences involved in regulation of Sry have not been identified, precluding a test of this hypothesis. Here, we used a transgenic mouse approach aimed at identifying mouse Sry 5' flanking regulatory sequences within 8 kb of the Sry transcription start site (TSS). To avoid problems associated with conventional pronuclear injection of transgenes, we used a published strategy designed to yield single-copy transgene integration at a defined, transcriptionally open, autosomal locus, Col1a1. None of the Sry transgenes tested was expressed at levels compatible with activation of Sox9 or XX sex reversal. Our findings indicate either that the Col1a1 locus does not provide an appropriate context for the correct expression of Sry transgenes, or that the cis-sequences required for Sry expression in the developing gonads lie beyond 8 kb 5' of the TSS.
Targeting endothelial cells by gene therapy (2013)

In this issue of Blood, Abel et al designed lentiviral vectors (LVs) enabling specific gene delivery into endothelial cells in vivo. This opens new perspectives for gene therapy of hereditary disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer.
Interaction between water and fluorine-doped silicon oxide films deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (1997)

The interaction between water and fluorine-doped silicon oxide (SiOF) films has been studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal desorption spectroscopy. The effects of the interaction on the relative dielectric constant of films were also studied using capacitance–voltage measurements. It was found that SiOF films with high fluorine concentration have three absorption bands attributable to Si–Fn stretching vibration, however, the SiOF films have only one absorption band after humidification. The residual band is assumed to be attributable to silicon monofluoride [Si(O–)3F] sites and the disappearing bands are attributable to silicon difluoride [Si(O–)2F2] sites. Si(O–)2F2 sites are hydrided during humidification and generate Si–OH bonds and HF in the film. In addition, Si(O–)2F2 sites increase the water absorbed in film. The relative dielectric constant of SiOF films capped by silicon nitride decreased steadily with increased fluorine concentration, from 4.5 (SiO2) to less than 2.8 [11.5 at. % (F)], however, that of uncapped SiOF films saturated the decrease at about 3.6 in films having 7.6 at. % (F) or more. This saturation is caused by the increase of Si(O–)2F2 sites in film because the ratio of Si(O–)2F2 sites to total fluorine bonding sites increases markedly at a fluorine concentration above 7.6 at. % (F). Si(O–)2F2 sites increase Si–OH bonds and water absorbed in film, and both, in turn, increase the film dielectric constant.
Simple calibration algorithm for high-distortion lens camera (1992)

A simple and useful calibration method for a TV camera with a high-distortion lens is presented. The parameters to be calibrated are effective focal length, one-pixel width on an image plane, image distortion center, and distortion coefficient. A simple-pattern calibration chart composed of parallel straight lines is introduced as a reference for calibration. An ordinary 2D model fitting is decomposed into two 1D model fittings on the column and row of a frame buffer across the image distortion center by ingeniously utilizing the point symmetry characteristic of image distortion. Some parameters with a calibration chart are eliminated by setting up a calibration chart precisely and by utilizing negligibly low distortion near the image distortion center. Thus, the number of unknown parameters to be calibrated is drastically decreased, enabling simple and useful calibration. The effectiveness of the proposed calibration method is confirmed by experimentation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Muscle Regeneration by Bone Marrow-Derived Myogenic Progenitors (1998)

Growth and repair of skeletal muscle are normally mediated by the satellite cells that surround muscle fibers. In regenerating muscle, however, the number of myogenic precursors exceeds that of resident satellite cells, implying migration or recruitment of undifferentiated progenitors from other sources. Transplantation of genetically marked bone marrow into immunodeficient mice revealed that marrow-derived cells migrate into areas of induced muscle degeneration, undergo myogenic differentiation, and participate in the regeneration of the damaged fibers. Genetically modified, marrow-derived myogenic progenitors could potentially be used to target therapeutic genes to muscle tissue, providing an alternative strategy for treatment of muscular dystrophies.