gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Breast cancer instructs dendritic cells to prime interleukin 13–secreting CD4+ T cells that facilitate tumor development (2007)

We previously reported (Bell, D., P. Chomarat, D. Broyles, G. Netto, G.M. Harb, S. Lebecque, J. Valladeau, J. Davoust, K.A. Palucka, and J. Banchereau. 1999. J. Exp. Med. 190: 1417-1426) that breast cancer tumors are infiltrated with mature dendritic cells (DCs), which cluster with CD4(+) T cells. We now show that CD4(+) T cells infiltrating breast cancer tumors secrete type 1 (interferon gamma) as well as high levels of type 2 (interleukin [IL] 4 and IL-13) cytokines. Immunofluorescence staining of tissue sections revealed intense IL-13 staining on breast cancer cells. The expression of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 in breast cancer cells suggests that IL-13 actually delivers signals to cancer cells. To determine the link between breast cancer, DCs, and CD4(+) T cells, we implanted human breast cancer cell lines in nonobese diabetic/LtSz-scid/scid beta2 microglobulin-deficient mice engrafted with human CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells and autologous T cells. There, CD4(+) T cells promote early tumor development. This is dependent on DCs and can be partially prevented by administration of IL-13 antagonists. Thus, breast cancer targets DCs to facilitate its development.
Neuronal Repellent Slit2 Inhibits Dendritic Cell Migration and the Development of Immune Responses (2003)

One of the essential functions of dendritic cells is to take up Ags in peripheral tissues and migrate into secondary lymphoid organs to present Ags to lymphocytes for the induction of immune responses. Although many studies have demonstrated that the migration of dendritic cells is closely associated with the development of immune responses, little is known about factors that inhibit dendritic cell migration and control the extent of immune responses to Ag stimulation. We show that Slit2, a neuronal repellent factor, is up-regulated in the skin by allergen sensitization and down-regulates the migration of Langerhans cells. The effect is mediated by direct interaction of Slit2 with cells that express a Slit-specific receptor, Robo1. Slit2-mediated inhibition of Langerhans cell migration results in suppression of contact hypersensitivity responses. These findings provide insights into a novel mechanism by which Slit2 functions as an anti-inflammatory factor for the initiation of immune responses.
Influence of diuretics on urinary general base catalytic activity and cyclophosphamide-induced bladder toxicity. (1982)

The influence of diuretics on the induction of bladder toxicity by cyclophosphamide was investigated in rats. Following ip administration, about 3.5% of the cyclophosphamide was excreted as 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide. This amount was found to be compatible with the view that the urotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide are caused by the acrolein generated in the urine from 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, the primary metabolite of cyclophosphamide. In situ, acrolein was more potent than 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide with regard to producing an increase in bladder weight; phosphoramide mustard was essentially without urotoxic activity. The urotoxic potency of 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide, but not that of acrolein, increased as the pH and/or the phosphate concentration of the infusion medium increased. This was as expected in view of the knowledge that release of acrolein from 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide or 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide is facilitated by the presence of general base catalysts, eg, phosphate and bicarbonate, and that the rate at which this reaction proceeds in the presence of these catalysts increases as their concentration and the pH increases. In vivo, diuretics that acidified the urine, eg, ammonium chloride and furosemide, prevented the increase in bladder weight ordinarily elicited by the dose of cyclophosphamide used in these experiments. In contrast, a diuretic, acetazolamide, that markedly increased urinary bicarbonate concentration and alkalinized the urine, did not. None of the diuretics altered the systemic metabolism and urinary excretion of cyclophosphamide nor did they alter the systemic action, as judged by spleen weight, of cyclophosphamide. These observations demonstrate that the pH of the urine and the urinary concentration of general base catalysts greatly influence the urotoxic potential of oxazaphosphorines such as cyclophosphamide. They indicate that while the use of acidifying diuretics is likely to be beneficial in minimizing oxazaphosphorine-induced bladder toxicity, the use of alkalinizing diuretics may not be helpful.
Safety and Clinical Outcomes when Utilizing High-Dose (≥8 mg/kg) Daptomycin Therapy (2009)

Daptomycin was well tolerated and effective at doses of 8 mg/kg or higher in patients with gram-positive infections. Further prospective and comparative studies of daptomycin at doses greater than 6 mg/kg are warranted.
Aging of skeletal muscle: a 12-yr longitudinal study (2000)

The present study examines age-related changes in skeletal muscle size and function after 12 yr. Twelve healthy sedentary men were studied in 1985-86 (T1) and nine (initial mean age 65.4 +/- 4.2 yr) were reevaluated in 1997-98 (T2). Isokinetic muscle strength of the knee and elbow extensors and flexors showed losses (P < 0.05) ranging from 20 to 30% at slow and fast angular velocities. Computerized tomography (n = 7) showed reductions (P < 0.05) in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the thigh (12.5%), all thigh muscles (14.7%), quadriceps femoris muscle (16.1%), and flexor muscles (14. 9%). Analysis of covariance showed that strength at T1 and changes in CSA were independent predictors of strength at T2. Muscle biopsies taken from vastus lateralis muscles (n = 6) showed a reduction in percentage of type I fibers (T1 = 60% vs. T2 = 42%) with no change in mean area in either fiber type. The capillary-to-fiber ratio was significantly lower at T2 (1.39 vs. 1. 08; P = 0.043). Our observations suggest that a quantitative loss in muscle CSA is a major contributor to the decrease in muscle strength seen with advancing age and, together with muscle strength at T1, accounts for 90% of the variability in strength at T2.
The Physiological Chemistry and Biological Activity of Nitroxyl (HNO):  The Neglected, Misunderstood, and Enigmatic Nitrogen Oxide (2005)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTThe Physiological Chemistry and Biological Activity of Nitroxyl (HNO): The Neglected, Misunderstood, and Enigmatic Nitrogen OxideJon M. Fukuto, Michael D. Bartberger, Andrew S. Dutton, Nazareno Paolocci, David A. Wink, and K. N. HoukView Author Information Interdepartmental Program in Molecular Toxicology, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, Department of Pharmacology, UCLA School of Medicine, Center for the Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California 90095-1735, Department of Molecular Structure and Design, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Division of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, and Radiation Biology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 Cite this: Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2005, 18, 5, 790–801Publication Date (Web):April 2, 2005Publication History Received16 November 2004Published online2 April 2005Published inissue 1 May 2005https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/tx0496800https://doi.org/10.1021/tx0496800review-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2005 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1353Altmetric-Citations156LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Nitrogen,Peptides and proteins,Redox reactions,Salts,Thiols Get e-Alerts
Specific Modulation of two Neuronal Digitalis Receptors by Anaesthesia (1997)

Three isoenzymes of digitalis receptors (alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3) in the brain and only one in the kidney (alpha 1) can be distinguished by their ouabain affinities and their responsiveness to sodium. Since we have reported modulations for these digitalis receptors by their fatty acid membrane environment, anaesthesics could bind on and modulate either directly these receptors or indirectly by disturbing membrane lipids. The aim of this study was to evaluate this anaesthetic action on apparent ouabain affinities and sodium dependence of cerebral and renal Na+, K(+)-ATPase isoenzymes activities. Rat brain and kidney membrane fractions with pentobarbital-induced anaesthetized state were compared to an unanaesthetized state for their (1) fatty acid composition of total membrane phospholipids, (2) responsiveness to ouabain and (3) Na+ dependence of digitalis receptors. An anaesthesia period of 10 minutes induced (1) a fatty acid modification of brain membranes and (2) a significant sensibilization to ouabain for the alpha 2 and alpha 3 isoforms of digitalis receptors (alpha 2, IC50; 8.2 +/- 0.5 x 10(-7) mol/l vs 4.5 +/- 0.2 x 10(-7) mol/l; alpha 3, IC50; 6.0 +/- 0.3 x 10(-8) mol/l vs 2.5 +/- 0.1 x 10(-8). In contrast, the ouabain affinity of the alpha 1 subunit expressed in kidney and brain membranes was unaltered. No anaesthetic effect was observed on the Na+ dependence of the alpha 1 isoenzyme in the brain (4 mmol/l) and the kidney (8 mmol/l). Pentobarbital induced a desensibilization for alpha 2-receptors (8.3 +/- 0.5 vs 16.0 +/- 1.4 mmol/l Na+) and a sensibilization for alpha 3-receptors (14.4 +/- 0.8 vs 10 +/- 1.3 mmol/l Na+). These altered properties could be related to a selective modification of the fatty acid composition and/or to the presence of a specific binding site for pentobarbital on these two neuronal digitalis receptors.
Reduction of tobacco withdrawal symptoms with a sublingual nicotine tablet: a placebo controlled study (2000)

Many smokers are unable to use gum as a cessation aid due to fillings, bridgework and dyspepsia or they reject it for esthetic reasons. The nicotine sublingual tablet is a new alternative to the nicotine polacrilex chewing gum that does not necessitate chewing. Twenty subjects used 2-mg sublingual nicotine tablets and placebo in a double-blind randomized crossover study of 2-day smoke-free periods. Craving and other withdrawal symptoms were rated on 100-mm visual analog scales (VAS) nine times over each 2-day period. Plasma nicotine concentrations in the afternoon of each study day were determined. A blood sample was also taken in the afternoon of a 2-day period with normal smoking. The mean number of nicotine tablets was 10 and seven on days 1 and 2, respectively. The corresponding number for placebo tablets was six and five. No subject used less than five tablets on any study day. The degree of nicotine substitution, defined as the quotient between the plasma levels achieved with the sublingual tablet and smoking, was 43, 30 and 23% for smokers with FTQ < or = 6, FTQ = 7 and FTQ > or = 8 (Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire), respectively. Active treatment was significantly superior in decreasing craving and other withdrawal symptom scores compared to placebo treatment. Mean total scores were reduced by approximately 50%. Adverse events were mainly symptoms of local irritation such as a burning sensation in the throat or under the tongue, a lump in the throat and heartburn. These results demonstrate partial relief of the tobacco withdrawal syndrome with use of the sublingual tablet similar to that achieved from other forms of nicotine replacement.
Combining Biofilm-Controlling Compounds and Antibiotics as a Promising New Way to Control Biofilm Infections (2010)

Many bacteria grow on surfaces forming biofilms. In this structure, they are well protected and often high dosages of antibiotics cannot clear infectious biofilms. The formation and stabilization of biofilms are mediated by diffusible autoinducers (e.g. N-acyl homoserine lactones, small peptides, furanosyl borate diester). Metabolites interfering with this process have been identified in plants, animals and microbes, and synthetic analogues are known. Additionally, this seems to be not the only way to control biofilms. Enzymes capable of cleaving essential components of the biofilm matrix, e.g. polysaccharides or extracellular DNA, and thus weakening the biofilm architecture have been identified. Bacteria also have mechanisms to dissolve their biofilms and return to planktonic lifestyle. Only a few compounds responsible for the signalling of these processes are known, but they may open a completely novel line of biofilm control. All these approaches lead to the destruction of the biofilm but not the killing of the pathogens. Therefore, a combination of biofilm-destroying compounds and antibiotics to handle biofilm infections is proposed. In this article, different approaches to combine biofilm-controlling compounds and antibiotics to fight biofilm infections are discussed, as well as the balance between biofilm formation and virulence.
Short Communication : Immunogenicity of DNA Vaccines Expressing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein with and without Deletions in the V1/2 and V3 Regions (1998)

DNA vaccines that express the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 HXB-2 envelope glycoprotein (Env) with or without deletions of the major variable regions V1/V2 and V3 were tested for the ability to raise enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and neutralizing antibody in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Three forms of the Envs were examined: gp120, the surface (SU) receptor-binding domain; gp140, the entire extracellular domain of Env; and gp160, the complete form of Env. For the forms of Env containing the variable regions, the gp120-expressing DNA plasmid was more immunogenic than the gp140- or gp160-expressing DNA plasmids. Removing the V1/2 and V3 variable regions increased the immunogenicity of the gp140- and gp160-expressing DNAs. Deletion of the variable regions also resulted in antibody responses against determinants that were not presented by the forms of Env containing the variable regions. Despite the improved immunogenicity, removing the V1/V2 and V3 domains did not improve the ability of Env to raise neutralizing antibodies. These results suggest that increasing the exposure of internal structures of Env that include the CD4-binding site does not necessarily result in the generation of better neutralizing antibody.
Nitric oxide: a mediator in rat tubularhypoxia/reoxygenation injury. (1994)

Nitric oxide (NO), among several other functions, may play a role in hypoxia and reoxygenation injury due to its free radical nature and high reactivity with the superoxide radical to yield peroxynitrite, an oxidant molecule. The present study was undertaken to evaluate a potential role for NO, either endogenous or exogenous, in a model of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in freshly isolated rat proximal tubules. NO synthase activity, as assessed by conversion of L-[3H]arginine to L-[3H]citrulline, was detected in normoxic tubules. This activity could be inhibited by N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a NO synthase inhibitor, and was stimulated by 15 min of hypoxia. The injury in proximal tubules caused by 15 min of hypoxia followed by 35 min of reoxygenation was completely prevented by L-NAME as assessed by release of lactate dehydrogenase, whereas D-NAME, which does not inhibit NO synthase, had no effect. In contrast, L-arginine (NO substrate) enhanced the H/R injury. These effects were paralleled by nitrite/nitrate production. In separate experiments, the addition of sodium nitroprusside, a NO donor, to proximal tubules enhanced the H/R injury; this effect could be blocked by hemoglobin, a NO scavenger. Also, addition of nitroprusside reversed L-NAME protection against H/R injury. These results demonstrate that NO is synthesized in rat proximal tubules and participates as one of the mediators in rat tubular H/R injury.
Near-Infrared Fluorescence Microscopy of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Phagocytic Cells (2004)

The uptake of pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes into macrophage-like cells has been studied using the nanotubes' intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence. Macrophage samples that have been incubated in growth media containing suspended single-walled nanotubes show characteristic nanotube fluorescence spectra. The fluorescence intensities increase smoothly with incubation time and external nanotube concentration. Near-infrared fluorescence microscopy at wavelengths above 1100 nm provides high contrast images indicating localization of nanotubes in numerous intracellular vesicles. Nanotube uptake appears to occur through phagocytosis. Population growth of macrophage cultures is unaffected by exposure to single-walled nanotube concentrations of ca. 4 mug/mL for up to 96 h.
Rational Design of Low Molecular Mass Organogelators: Toward a Library of FunctionalN-Acyl-1,ω-Amino Acid Derivatives (2001)

N-Acyl amino acids RCONH(CH<sub>2</sub> )<sub>n</sub> COOR<sup>1</sup> represent a new family of organogelators that can be obtained in a combinatorial approach from libraries of activated acids and amino acids. The amounts required for gel formation in solvents such as DMF are less than 1 mg mL<sup>-1</sup> and the gels formed are very stable. n=5, 7, 10, 12; R=aromatic or aliphatic group; R<sup>1</sup> =H or alkali metal (Na).
Study of surface chemical changes and erosion rates for CV-1144-O silicone under electron cyclotron resonance oxygen plasma exposure (2001)

CV-1144-O silicone thin films were irradiated in an electron cyclotron resonance oxygen plasma, which is a simulation of the low earth orbital environment. A crude equivalence between this plasma system and the low earth orbital environment was determined by measuring Kapton weight loss in the plasma and comparing to Kapton weight loss in space experiments. Changes in optical properties and erosion rates under ultraviolet light and atomic oxygen radiation were studied using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The erosion rate at the beginning of the plasma exposure was significantly faster than that at later stages. Approximately one third of the total silicone thickness was etched away within 1 h, which according to the equivalence experiment, corresponds to about two months in low earth orbit. The refractive index of silicone in the visible range increased during the exposure, indicating that the film was being densified. Optical constants (both before and after plasma exposure) were determined by ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry in the ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared (0.7–8.5 eV) and IR (200–7000 cm−1) ranges. Also, SE was used to map thickness and uniformity before and after radiation. Regression fits using Lorentzian and Gaussian oscillators as parametric models for the optical constants were excellent, and the major absorption peaks in the IR region were identified. The before- and after-radiation spectra showed significant decreases in CH3-associated peaks and increases in SiOx-associated peaks.
IL-1 and TNF independent pathways mediate ICAM-1/VCAM-1 up-regulation in ischemia reperfusion injury (2001)

In vitro studies have suggested that targeting interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) can be used to regulate intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and potentially treat kidney inflammation. We therefore evaluated ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 regulation in knockout (KO) mice deficient in both IL-1 receptor 1 (R1) and TNF-R1 during renal ischemia reperfusion injury. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA expression was measured with specific murine probes and Northern blotting (n =4/group). Protein expression was measured using immunohistochemistry. Serum creatinine (SCr), tubular histology, and neutrophil infiltration into postischemic kidneys were also quantified. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 mRNA expression increased in both wild-type (WT) and KO mice at 2, 6, and 24 h. Protein expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was also increased at 24 h postischemia. SCr levels and tubular necrosis scores were comparable in WT and KO mice at 24 and 48 h. Neutrophil migration in KO mice was decreased at 24 h but comparable to WT at 48 h. These data demonstrate that IL-1 and TNF are not essential for postischemic increases in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1.
Taxel-Addressable Matrix of Vertical-Nanowire Piezotronic Transistors for Active and Adaptive Tactile Imaging (2013)

Designing, fabricating, and integrating arrays of nanodevices into a functional system are the key to transferring nanoscale science into applicable nanotechnology. We report large-array three-dimensional (3D) circuitry integration of piezotronic transistors based on vertical zinc oxide nanowires as an active taxel-addressable pressure/force sensor matrix for tactile imaging. Using the piezoelectric polarization charges created at a metal-semiconductor interface under strain to gate/modulate the transport process of local charge carriers, we designed independently addressable two-terminal transistor arrays, which convert mechanical stimuli applied to the devices into local electronic controlling signals. The device matrix can achieve shape-adaptive high-resolution tactile imaging and self-powered, multidimensional active sensing. The 3D piezotronic transistor array may have applications in human-electronics interfacing, smart skin, and micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems.
Induction of allopeptide-specific human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells ex vivo (2003)

Although CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are pivotal in the prevention of autoimmunity and appear to mediate transplantation tolerance, little is known concerning their antigen specificity. Here we describe the induction of a human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell line specific for a defined peptide alloantigen (human leukocyte antigen A2 [HLA-A2] 138-170) by priming purified CD4+CD25+ cells ex vivo. The regulatory cells were anergic and retained their ability to suppress antigen-driven responses of CD4+CD25- cells. They inhibited not only interleukin 2 (IL-2) secretion by CD4+CD25- T cells specific for the same peptide but also direct alloresponse of naive CD4+CD25- T cells stimulated by semiallogeneic dendritic cells (DCs) in the presence of the peptide ("linked suppression"). They also suppressed the response of CD4+ T cells specific for viral and bacterial antigens. The suppressive T-cell line showed sustained high CD25 expression. These findings suggest that peripheral CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells are a precommitted cell lineage from which cells with specificity for non-self-peptides can be selected. This may pave the way for inducing and expanding peptide antigen-specific regulatory T cells ex vivo for cell therapy in transplantation, allergy, and autoimmune disease.