gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Taurolidine induces apoptosis of murine melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo by modulation of the Bcl‐2 family proteins (2007)

These results demonstrate that taurolidine significantly attenuated melanoma tumor growth, which may result from taurolidine-induced apoptosis by modulation of the Bcl-2 family proteins.
Weak Proinsulin Peptide–Major Histocompatibility Complexes Are Targeted in Autoimmune Diabetes in Mice (2008)

These data demonstrate an inverse relationship between self-peptide-MHC binding and T-cell autoreactivity for the PI-1(47-64) epitope in autoimmune diabetes.
Accumulation of bldA-specified tRNA is temporally regulated in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) (1993)

Deletion of the bldA gene of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), which encodes the only tRNA for the rare UUA codon, had no obvious effects on primary growth but interfered with aerial mycelium formation and antibiotic production. To investigate the possible regulatory role of bldA, its transcription start point was identified, and time courses were determined for the appearance of its primary transcript, the processing of the primary transcript to give a mature 5' end, and the apparent efficiency of translation of ampC mRNA, which contains multiple UUA codons. The bldA promoter was active at all times, but processing of the 5' end of the primary transcript was comparatively inefficient in young cultures. This may perhaps involve an antisense RNA, evidence of which was provided by promoter probing and in vitro transcription. The presence of low levels of the processed form of the tRNA in young cultures followed by increased abundance in older cultures contrasted with the pattern observed for accumulation of a different, presumably typical tRNA which was approximately equally abundant throughout growth. The increased accumulation of the 5' processed form of bldA tRNA coincided with more-efficient translation of ampC mRNA in older cultures, supporting the hypothesis that in at least some physiological conditions, bldA may have a regulatory influence on events late in growth, such as morphological differentiation and antibiotic production.
Cytochrome P450: progress and predictions (1992)

The cytochrome P450 gene superfamily encodes many isoforms that are unusual in the variety of chemical reactions catalyzed and the number of substrates attacked. The latter include physiologically important substances such as steroids, eicosanoids, fatty acids, lipid hydroperoxides, retinoids, and other lipid metabolites, and xenobiotics such as drugs, alcohols, procarcinogens, antioxidants, organic solvents, anesthetics, dyes, pesticides, odorants, and flavorants. Accordingly, it is not surprising that these catalysts have come under intensive study in recent years in fields as diverse as biochemistry and molecular biology, endocrinology, pharmacology, toxicology, anesthesiology, nutrition, pathology, and oncology. In this review, recent advances in our knowledge of the catalytic properties, reaction mechanisms, and regulation of expression and activity of the P450 enzymes are briefly summarized. In addition, the prospects for research in this field are considered, and advances are predicted in four broad areas: improved basic knowledge of enzyme catalysis and regulation; synthesis of fine chemicals, including drug design and screening; removal of undesirable environmental chemicals; and biomedical applications related to steroid, drug, carcinogen, and alcohol metabolism.
Quantitative measurement of intraorganelle pH in the endosomal-lysosomal pathway in neurons by using ratiometric imaging with pyranine. (1995)

Organelle acidification is an essential element of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, but our understanding of the mechanisms underlying progression through this pathway has been hindered by the absence of adequate methods for quantifying intraorganelle pH. To address this problem in neurons, we developed a direct quantitative method for accurately determining the pH of endocytic organelles in live cells. In this report, we demonstrate that the ratiometric fluorescent pH indicator 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS) is the most advantageous available probe for such pH measurements. To measure intraorganelle pH, cells were labeled by endocytic uptake of HPTS, the ratio of fluorescence emission intensities at excitation wavelengths of 450 nm and 405 nm (F450/405) was calculated for each organelle, and ratios were converted to pH values by using standard curves for F450/405 vs. pH. Proper calibration is critical for accurate measurement of pH values: standard curves generated in vitro yielded artifactually low organelle pH values. Calibration was unaffected by the use of culture medium buffered with various buffers or different cell types. By using this technique, we show that both acidic and neutral endocytically derived organelles exist in the axons of sympathetic neurons in different steady-state proportions than in the cell body. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these axonal organelles have a bimodal pH distribution, indicating a rapid acidification step in their maturation that reduces the average pH of a fraction of the organelles by 2 pH units while leaving few organelles of intermediate pH at steady state. Finally, we demonstrate a spatial gradient or organelle pH along axons, with the relative frequency of acidic organelles increasing with proximity to the cell body.
Agronomic Characteristics and Grain Yield of 30 Spring Wheat Genotypes under Drought Stress and Nonstress Conditions (2011)

Drought is an important environmental stress limiting wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) productivity in water limited regions. Our aim was to understand the relationships between target agronomic traits and grain yield (GY) responses to drought, and to prioritize genotypes for high yield under different water conditions. Thirty spring wheat genotypes were evaluated over 2009 and 2010 for GY and agronomic traits under T1 (non‐irrigated), T2 (50% evapotranspiration [ET] irrigated), and T3 (100% ET irrigated) irrigation regimes. Drought stress caused noticeable fewer days to physiological maturity (PMD), shorter plant height (HT) and exposed peduncle length (EPL), smaller grain volume weight (GVW), higher grain protein content (GPC), smaller kernel weight (KW) and kernel diameter (KD), and less GY. All target traits were significantly correlated with GY except for days to heading (HD) in 2010. Selected traits for 2009 (PMD, HT, GVW) and 2010 (PMD, HT, GPC) together explained 82 and 93% of the total phenotypic variation of GY, respectively. Selected genotypes were classified into four types based on their agronomic and yield performance across three irrigation regimes. High‐yield (HY) genotypes IDO599, Alturas, and IDO702 had better agronomic performance and produced high GY across different water conditions; drought‐resistance (DR) genotypes Agawam, McNeal, and Alpowa exhibited drought resistance in target traits and produced higher GY than other genotypes under drought. Preliminary results indicate that GY could be estimated on the basis of agronomic performance including PMD, HT, GVW, and GPC, and selecting HY and DR genotypes for water limited environments may be important for improving yield productivity.
Development of a High Sensitivity Rapid Sandwich ELISA Procedure and Its Comparison with the Conventional Approach (2010)

A highly sensitive and rapid sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure was developed for the detection of human fetuin A/AHSG (alpha2-HS-glycoprotein), a specific biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma and atherosclerosis. Anti-human fetuin A antibody was immobilized on aminopropyltriethoxysilane-mediated amine-functionalized microtiter plates using 1-ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide-based heterobifunctional cross-linking. The analytical sensitivity of the developed assay was 39 pg/mL, compared to 625 pg/mL for the conventional assay. The generic nature of the developed procedure was demonstrated by performing human fetuin A assays on different polymeric matrixes, i.e., polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and polycyclo-olefin (Zeonex), in a modified microtiter plate format. Thus, the newly developed procedure has considerable advantages over the existing method.
Improve Speech Enhancement Using Weiner Filtering (2011)

Speech enhancement aims to improve speech quality by using various algorithms. It may sound simple, but what is meant by the word quality. It can be at least clarity and intelligibility, pleasantness, or compatibility with some other method in speech processing. Wiener filter are rather simple and workable, but after the estimation of the background noise, one neglects the fact that the signal is actually speech. Furthermore, the phase component of the signal is left untouched. However, this is perhaps not such a bad problem; after all, human ear is not very sensitive to phase changes. The third restriction in spectral subtraction methods is the processing of the speech signal in frames, so the Proceeding from one frame to another must be handled with care to avoid discontinuities. Noise reduction is a key-point of speech enhancement systems in hands-free communications. A number of techniques have been already developed in the frequency domain such as an optimal short-time spectral amplitude estimator proposed by Ephraim and Malah including the estimation of the a priori signal-to-noise ratio. This approach reduces significantly the disturbing noise and provides enhanced speech with colorless residual noise. In this paper, we propose a technique based on a Wiener filtering under uncertainty of signal presence in the noisy observation. Two different estimators of the a priori signal-to-noise ratio are tested and compared. The main interest of this approach comes from its low complexity. In this paper we demonstrate the application of weiner filter for a speech signal using Matlab 7.1 and signal processing toolbox.
An imaging-in-flow system for automated analysis of marine microplankton (1998)

Present automated systems for counting and measunng marine plankton include flow cytometers and in situ plankton video recorders. Neither of these approaches are optimal for the microplankton cells which range in size from 20 to 200 pm and can be fewer than 104 1". We describe here an instrument designed for rapid counting, imaging and measuring of individual cells and particles in the microplankton size range from cultures and natural populations. It uses a unlque optical element to extend the depth of focus of the imaging lens, allowing a sample stream flow rate of 1 rnl min-'. The instrument stores a digital image of each particle along with real time fluorescence and size measurements. An interactive cytogram links a dot-plot of the size and fluorescence data to the stored cell images, allowing rapid characterization of populations. We have tested the system on live phytoplankton cultures and bead standards, proving the system counting and slzlng accuracy and precision. The system provides Images and size distributions for cultures or natural manne samples. It has been used successfully at sea to continuously monitor particles while underway. It may prove useful in s t u d ~e s of plankton community structure, ocean optics and monitoring for harmful algal species.
Effect of milk protein standardization, by ultrafiltration, on the manufacture, composition and maturation of Cheddar cheese (1994)

Summary Skim milks were pre-acidified to pH 6·4 and concentrated by ultra-filtration to give retentates with protein levels of 210 g/1. Retentates were blended with skim milk and cream to give standardized milks with protein levels ranging from 30 to 82 g/1. These were used for the manufacture of Cheddar cheese in conventional equipment. Increasing milk protein level resulted in reduced gelation times, increased curd firming rates and a decrease in the set-to-cut time when cutting at equal firmness values (i.e. elastic modulus, G′, ∼ 16 Pa). As the curd firming rates increased with milk protein level, it became increasingly difficult to cut the curd cleanly, without tearing, before the end of the cutting cycle. Reflecting the tearing of curd, and consequent curd particle shattering, fat losses in the running wheys were greater than those predicted on the basis of volume reduction (due to ultrafiltration) for milks with protein levels &gt; 50 g/1. Reduction of setting temperatures, in the range 31–27 °C, and the level of added rennet brought the set-to-cut times and curd firming rates of concentrated milks closer to those of the control milk. While increasing milk protein level in the range 30–70 g/1 had little effect on cheese composition, it resulted in slower proteolysis and maturation.
Electroless Ni/Au bumps for flipchip-on-flex and TAB applications (2002)

Tape Automated Bonding (TAB) and Flip Chip Bonding (FCB) of bumped dice have been used for a long time already, but only in the most demanding microelectronics assembly operations. This paper reports a low cost electroless Ni/Au wafer bumping process, specially developed for general purpose, high volume Flipchip-on-Flex applications. The bump height, shear strength and other reliability data are given. An assembly method is suggested where such Ni/Au bumped dice are reflow soldered or gang bonded on to the flexible substrate. As the nickel bumps will not collapse during the solder reflow, they are specially suited for high density assemblies like in many recent single and multi chip modules (SCM, MCM). Essential to the low cost and high volume of the assembly process is the fast pick and place operation combined with the one-pass reflow soldering of all components. In TAB applications hard, non-compliant Ni/Au bumps set the bonding parameters which totally differ from those used for soft gold bumps. Various examples of Ni/Au bumps in TAB applications are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Learning to recognize objects using waves of spikes and Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity (2010)

This paper focuses on feedforward spiking neuron models of the visual cortex. Essentially, we show that a combination of a temporal coding scheme where the most strongly activated neurons fire first with Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity leads to a situation where neurons will gradually become selective to visual patterns that are both salient, and consistently present in the inputs. At the same time, their responses become more and more rapid. These responses can then be used very effectively to perform object recognition in natural images. We firmly believe that such mechanisms are a key to understanding the remarkable efficiency of the primate visual system, and that similar mechanisms could and should be implemented in artificial vision systems, possibly using Address Event Representation (AER) and memristors. Subsequent work will explore video processing, the use of feedback connections, and oscillatory regimes.
Reconsidering the relationship between flow and feminist ethics: a response (2002)

Although we agree with the direction of Mason's (1999) analysis, we struggle with the rationale in support of the linkage between leisure, flow, and feminist ethics. First, the interconnection of flow theory and feminist ethics is highly problematic, because flow does not easily exemplify leisure and is often based on theories many feminists critique. Second, the description of feminism as a homogeneous whole without regard to the paradoxical and contradictory nature of many feminisms leaves invisible important critiques and dissension that has substantial implications for leisure theory. Finally, the use of narrative ethics without addressing the fundamental challenges to how we know (ontology) and the construction of meta-theory limits how narrative ethics can enhance and challenge existing knowledge. This paper explores each of the concerns in relationship to the argument provided in Mason's (1999) article connecting flow to philosophical theories of rights and utilitarianism, feminist ethics, and narrative ethics in an attempt to critique bodyshape industries.
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) protects the brain against experimental stroke by preventing complement-mediated neuronal cell death (2007)

Stroke is among the three leading causes of death worldwide and the most frequent cause of permanent disability. Brain ischemia induces an inflammatory response involving activated complement fragments. Here we show that i.v. Ig (IVIG) treatment, which scavenges complement fragments, protects brain cells against the deleterious effects of experimental ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) and prevents I/R-induced mortality in mice. Animals administered IVIG either 30 min before ischemia or after 3 h of reperfusion exhibited a 50-60% reduction of brain infarct size and a 2- to 3-fold improvement of the functional outcome. Even a single low dose of IVIG given after stroke was effective. IVIG was protective in the nonreperfusion model of murine stroke as well and did not exert any peripheral effects. Human IgG as well as intrinsic murine C3 levels were significantly higher in the infarcted brain region compared with the noninjured side, and their physical association was demonstrated by immuno-coprecipitation. C5-deficient mice were significantly protected from I/R injury compared with their wild-type littermates. Exposure of cultured neurons to oxygen/glucose deprivation resulted in increased levels of C3 associated with activation of caspase 3, a marker of apoptosis; both signals were attenuated with IVIG treatment. Our data suggest a major role for complement-mediated cell death in ischemic brain injury and the prospect of using IVIG in relatively low doses as an interventional therapy for stroke.
Sonegação fiscal e "lavagem" de dinheiro : uma visão crítica da Lei n. 9613/98 (1998)

A Lei n. 9.613/98, recentemente promulgada, ao criar as figuras criminosas de ocultacao e lavagem de bens, direitos e valores, optou por uma corrente restritiva, delimitando o rol dos crimes antecedentes que condicionam a tipicidade dos novos crimes, deixando de incluir neste elenco os delitos de sonegacao fiscal. A exclusao nao levou em conta a aptidao que tem esses crimes para produzir grande massa de valores ilicitos passiveis de processos de lavagem, bem assim desconsiderou a potencialidade lesiva sempre crescente destes delitos em nosso pais. A movimentacao da riqueza gerada na sonegacao fiscal, por sua expressividade, lesiona ou ameaca de lesao o bem juridico tutelado pela nova lei, qual seja, a seguranca e confiabilidade das relacoes economico-financeiras internas e externas. Tais fatores aconselham uma breve revisao da lei para o fim de incluir, dentre os crimes antecedentes ao de lavagem, aqueles contra a ordem tributaria.
Studies in Tropisms of the Bed Bug Cimex lectularius L. (1932)

1. Heat is an important factor in stimulating bed bugs to obtain food. Light and atmospheric humidity do not influence the reactions to heat to any great extent, but the state of nutrition and moulting do interfere with them. 2. The bug detects heat very slowly. At a room temperature of 23° C., from a distance of 4 cm., about 1½ min. were required before a bug reacted to the heat of the hand. At a lower temperature a longer period was required. 3. At ordinary room temperature a differential temperature of about 2° C. was necessary to cause a reaction to heat. 4. Bed bugs, although attracted to heat, will be repelled when the temperature is too high. Bugs were repelled by objects at 43° C. at a distance of about 3 cm. 5. Bed bugs have a sense of smell, but only react when very close to the odoriferous substance. 6. The odours of blood, muscle, subcutaneous tissue and clean, washed skin seemed to have no influence upon the bug; the odour of bile repels them; while liver at first attracted and then repelled them. 7. The odour of perspiration, depending upon its state of decomposition, sometimes repels and at others attracts bed bugs. Of the substances tested the odours of sebum and cerumen had the greatest attracting power. 8. The bed bug apparently discriminates between foods by taste. 9. Negative reactions to water counterbalance positive reactions to heat and odour. 10. The tendency to be in contact with an object, rather than the negative reaction to light, underlies the gregarious habit of the bed bugs as well as their search for places of retreat.
Uncoupling Proteins: Role in Insulin Resistance and Insulin Insufficiency (2006)

Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are modulators of mitochondrial metabolism that have been implicated in the development of both insulin resistance and insulin insufficiency, the two major pathophysiological events associated with type 2 diabetes. UCP2 mRNA is expressed in a wide range of tissues; however UCP2 protein expression is restricted to fewer tissues, including the endocrine pancreas, spleen, stomach, brain and the lung. To date, its role in the pathophysiology of diabetes has been most strongly associated with impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from the beta-cell, particularly after its induction by free fatty acids. The physiological role of UCP2 remains controversial, but it may act as a downstream signal transducer of superoxide. UCP3 mRNA and protein are expressed in relatively few tissues, predominantly skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue and heart. Increased expression of UCP3 in skeletal muscle is associated with protection from diet-induced insulin resistance in mice. In patients with type 2 diabetes UCP3 protein in muscle is reduced by 50% compared to healthy controls. The primary physiological role of the novel UCPs does not appear to be protection against positive energy balance and obesity; this is based largely on findings from studies of UCP2 and UCP3 knockout mice and from observed increases in UCP3 expression with fasting. The mechanism(s) of action of UCP2 and UCP3 are poorly understood. However, findings support roles for UCP2 and UCP3 as modifiers of fatty acid metabolism and in mitigating damage from reactive oxygen species.
Innovative Methods for Corn Stover Collecting, Handling, Storing and Transporting (2004)

Investigation of innovative methods for collecting, handling, storing, and transporting corn stover for potential use for production of cellulosic ethanol.
High‐resolution genomic profiling of occult micrometastatic tumor cells (2002)

Metastasis is responsible for most deaths from cancer. Currently, little is known about the early genetic events in the metastatic evolution. Here we describe the application of a newly developed strategy for an in-depth characterization of genomic changes in micrometastatic cells. Unique tumor cell lines were established from bone marrow of patients with cancer of the prostate and analyzed by multiplex-FISH (M-FISH) and array CGH. M-FISH revealed that the occult disseminated cells were characterized by very complex numerical and structural aberrations. Many of these aberrations resulted in chromosomal gains and losses, such as losses of 8p, 13q, and 18q and gains of 8q, 9q, 20, and the X chromosome, which are typically observed in prostate cancer. Array CGH allowed an unprecedented high-resolution assessment of copy number changes, pinpointing commonly gained or lost regions, which should narrow down the identification of regions critically involved in metastasis. Thus, occult micrometastatic cells are now amenable to detailed analyses of their genome. Markers for prognosis and treatment decisions can now be established.