gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactivation of Latent Tuberculosis: Variations on the Cornell Murine Model (1999)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes active tuberculosis in only a small percentage of infected persons. In most cases, the infection is clinically latent, although immunosuppression can cause reactivation of a latent M. tuberculosis infection. Surprisingly little is known about the biology of the bacterium or the host during latency, and experimental studies on latent tuberculosis suffer from a lack of appropriate animal models. The Cornell model is a historical murine model of latent tuberculosis, in which mice infected with M. tuberculosis are treated with antibiotics (isoniazid and pyrazinamide), resulting in no detectable bacilli by organ culture. Reactivation of infection during this culture-negative state occurred spontaneously and following immunosuppression. In the present study, three variants of the Cornell model were evaluated for their utility in studies of latent and reactivated tuberculosis. The antibiotic regimen, inoculating dose, and antibiotic-free rest period prior to immunosuppression were varied. A variety of immunosuppressive agents, based on immunologic factors known to be important to control of acute infection, were used in attempts to reactivate the infection. Although reactivation of latent infection was observed in all three variants, these models were associated with characteristics that limit their experimental utility, including spontaneous reactivation, difficulties in inducing reactivation, and the generation of altered bacilli. The results from these studies demonstrate that the outcome of Cornell model-based studies depends critically upon the parameters used to establish the model.
Relative contribution of NK and NKT cells to the anti-metastatic activities of IL-12 (2000)

Conventional T cells, NK cells and NKT cells have been implicated in the anti-tumor activities induced by IL-12. Here we show that IL-12-induced immune responses are partially impaired in T and NKT cell-deficient RAG-2(-/-) mice, and in NKT cell-deficient CD1(-/-) mice. In response to a small dose (<1000 U) of IL-12, RAG-2(-/-) and CD1(-/-) mice demonstrated reduced cytotoxicity, serum IFN-gamma elevation and anti-metastatic activities; in contrast, in response to a high dose (>2000 U) of IL-12, the IL-12-induced immune responses of RAG-2(-/-) and CD1(-/-) mice were indistinguishable from wild-type mice. The defective responses to low-dose IL-12 of RAG-2(-/-) mice were corrected by adoptive transfer of NKT cells but not NK cells. These findings indicate that both NK and NKT cells contribute to the anti-metastatic responses induced by IL-12, and that NKT cells are mostly responsible for the low-dose activities of this cytokine.
Feedback-Resistant Acetohydroxy Acid Synthase Increases Valine Production in Corynebacterium glutamicum (2005)

Acetohydroxy acid synthase (AHAS), which catalyzes the key reactions in the biosynthesis pathways of branched-chain amino acids (valine, isoleucine, and leucine), is regulated by the end products of these pathways. The whole Corynebacterium glutamicum ilvBNC operon, coding for acetohydroxy acid synthase (ilvBN) and aceto hydroxy acid isomeroreductase (ilvC), was cloned in the newly constructed Escherichia coli-C. glutamicum shuttle vector pECKA (5.4 kb, Km(r)). By using site-directed mutagenesis, one to three amino acid alterations (mutations M8, M11, and M13) were introduced into the small (regulatory) AHAS subunit encoded by ilvN. The activity of AHAS and its inhibition by valine, isoleucine, and leucine were measured in strains carrying the ilvBNC operon with mutations on the plasmid or the ilvNM13 mutation within the chromosome. The enzyme containing the M13 mutation was feedback resistant to all three amino acids. Different combinations of branched-chain amino acids did not inhibit wild-type AHAS to a greater extent than was measured in the presence of 5 mM valine alone (about 57%). We infer from these results that there is a single binding (allosteric) site for all three amino acids in the enzyme molecule. The strains carrying the ilvNM13 mutation in the chromosome produced more valine than their wild-type counterparts. The plasmid-free C. glutamicum DeltailvA DeltapanB ilvNM13 strain formed 90 mM valine within 48 h of cultivation in minimal medium. The same strain harboring the plasmid pECKAilvBNC produced as much as 130 mM valine under the same conditions.
Relation of angiographically defined coronary artery disease to plasma lipoprotein subfractions and apolipoproteins. (1981)

The relation of coronary artery disease to plasma lipoproteins was examined in 104 men aged 35-65 years undergoing coronary angiography for suspected myocardial ischaemia. A score reflecting the number, degree, and length of stenoses in seven major coronary arteries was assigned to each angiogram. Lipid concentrations in lipoprotein subfractions were measured after preparative ultracentrifugation; plasma apolipoprotein concentrations were measured by electroimmunoassay. Men with high coronary scores tended to have lower plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations and higher low-density lipoprotein (density 1.019-1.063 g/ml) cholesterol concentrations than subjects of similar age with low coronary scores (p approximately equal to 0.1). The strongest relation, however, was with the cholesterol concentration in the HDL2 subfraction (density 1.063-1.125 g/ml) of HDL, which averaged 44% lower in the severely affected patients (p less than 0.005). No associations were found between the coronary score and HDL3 cholesterol, the cholesterol content of lipoproteins of density less than 1.019 g/ml, plasma triglyceride, or the concentrations of apolipoproteins AI, AII, and E. The high coronary scores associated with low HDL2 concentrations reflected an increase in the number of both partial and complete stenoses distributed throughout the coronary tree. In contrast the sizes of the lesions and the proportion producing complete occlusion were unrelated to HDL2.
Constituents of Roots of Salvia deserta SCHANG. (Xinjiang-Danshen). (1998)

Salvia deserta SCHANG. (Lamiaceae) is a plant grown in Xinjiang province in China, and its dried roots are called Xinjiang-Danshen. This plant has not been used as a medicine or a food, but recently it was reported that Xinjiang-Danshen is mixed in Dashen (roots of S. miltiorhiza BUNGE), a well-known Chinese crude drug, at Xinjiang province when latter was in short supply. We examined the constitutents of the roots of S. deserta (Xinjiang-Danshen) and identified a new caffeic acid trimer [salvianolic acid K (1)], along with two known caffeic acid dimers [salviaflaside (2), rosmarinic acid (3)], a known caffeic acid tetramer [lithospermic acid B (4)], seven known abietane-type diterpenes [6, 7-dehydroroyleanone (5), royleanone (6), taxodione (7), ferruginol (8), 7-O-methylhorminone (9), 7-O-acetylhorminone (10), horminone (11)], and a known steroid [daucosterol (12)].Five of the diterpenes (5, 6, 9-11) were "royleanones" and the main caffeic acid derivative was the trimer 1. These differed from the constituents of roots of S. miltiorhiza, which contains "tanshinones" as diterpenes and magnesium lithospermate B as the main caffeic acid derivative. Thus, the mixing of Xinjiang-Danshen with Danshen is not appropriate and two should be considered different drugs.
Grafting sulfobetaine monomer onto the segmented poly(ether-urethane) surface to improve hemocompatibility (2002)

Polyurethanes are widely used as blood-contacting biomaterials, due to their good biocompatibility and mechanical properties. Nevertheless, their blood compatibility is still not adequate for more demanding applications. Surface modification is an effective way to improve the hemocompatibility for biomaterials. The purpose of the present study was to synthesize a novel nonthrombogenic biomaterial by modifying the surface of polyurethane. Ozonization was used to introduce active peroxide groups onto the segmented poly(ether-urethane) (SPEU) film surface and graft polymerization of N,N'-dimethyl (methacryloyloxyethyl) ammonium propanesulfonate (DMAPS), a sulfobetaine structure, onto the ozone-activated SPEU surface was conducted. The SPEU-g-PDMAPS film was characterized by ATR-FTIR, XPS, and contact angle measurements. ATR-FTIR and XPS confirmed the graft polymerization. The grafted film possessed a relatively hydrophilic surface, as revealed by contact angle measurement. The blood compatibility of the grafted films was evaluated by a platelet-rich plasma (PRP) adhesion study and scanning electron microscopy, using SPEU film as the reference. No platelet adhesion was observed for the grafted films incubated with PRP at 37 degrees C for 60 and 180 min. This new sulfobetaine structure grafted biomaterial might have potential for biomedical applications.
Rapid Language Model Development Using External Resources for New Spoken Dialog Domains (2006)

The paper addresses a critical problem in deploying a spoken dialog system (SDS). One of the main bottlenecks of SDS deployment for a new domain is data sparseness in building a statistical language model. Our goal is to devise an efficient method to build a reliable language model for a new SDS. We consider the worst, yet quite common, scenario where only a small amount (/spl sim/1.7 K utterances) of domain specific data is available for the target domain. We present a new method that exploits external static text resources that are collected for other speech recognition tasks as well as dynamic text resources acquired from the World Wide Web (WWW). We show that language models built using external resources can be used jointly with a limited in-domain (baseline) language model to obtain significant improvements in speech recognition accuracy. Combining language models built using external resources with the in-domain language model provides over 20% reduction in WER over the baseline in-domain language model. Equivalently, we achieve almost the same level of performance by having ten times as much in-domain data (17 K utterances).
Photochromism in mixtures of liquid crystalline chiral copolymers with a photosensitive chiral dopant (1998)

Mixtures of a photosensitive chiral dopant based on (—)-menthone with left-handed and righthanded cholesteric copolymers were prepared. The phase behaviour and optical properties of the mixtures prepared were studied. The action of UV radiation on planar oriented films of such systems was shown to induce dramatic changes in the maximum reflection wavelength as a result of E-Z isomerization of the dopant molecules. The kinetics of photoisomerization of such mixtures in solution and in the bulk were investigated at different temperatures. The above mixtures can be considered as promising and uprecedented materials for coloured data recording and storage.
Protein-Energy Undernutrition Among Elderly Hospitalized Patients (1999)

Throughout their hospitalization, many elderly patients were maintained on nutrient intakes far less than their estimated maintenance energy requirements, which may contribute to an increased risk of mortality. Given the difficulties reversing established nutritional deficits in the elderly, greater efforts should be made to prevent the development of such deficits during hospitalization.
Synthesis and Characterization of Dendritic Necklaces: A Class of Outer‐Sphere–Outer‐Sphere Connected Dendronized Organoplatinum Polymers (2003)

Molecular jewelry! Up to 880 dendrimer beads can be joined together with Pt complexes to make a long “necklace” of dendrimers (see picture). The polymerization of dendrimers that contain reactive functional subunits on the dendrimer surface opens a new route to a novel class of dendronized polymers of high molecular weights and in good yields. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2003/z51613_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Superconducting planar disk resonators and filterswith high power handling capability (1996)

Superconducting circular disk resonators operating in edge-current-free rotational symmetric TM0n0 modes have been proposed. These resonators provide a power handling capability for planar filters which is a factor of 102–103 higher than that of state-of-the-art superconducting filters using other resonator types.
Cutting Edge: The Dependence of Plasma Cells and Independence of Memory B Cells on BAFF and APRIL (2008)

Memory B (B(MEM)) cells and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells (BM-PCs) persist within local environmental survival niches that afford cellular longevity. However, the factors supporting B(MEM) cell survival within the secondary lymphoid organs and allowing BM-PC persistence in the bone marrow remain poorly characterized. We report herein that long-lived B(MEM) cell survival and function are completely independent of BAFF (B cell-activating factor of the TNF family) or APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand). Thus, B(MEM) cells represent the only mature B2 lineage subset whose survival is independent of these ligands. We have previously shown that the TNFR family member receptor BCMA (B cell maturation Ag) is a critical survival receptor for BM-PC survival in vivo. We identify in this study the ligands critical for BM-PC survival and show that either BAFF or APRIL supports the survival of BM-PCs in vivo. These data define the BAFF/APRIL-dependent and -independent components of long-lived humoral immunity.
T cells in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (2010)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), which involves autoimmune responses to myelin antigens. Studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for MS, have provided convincing evidence that T cells specific for self-antigens mediate pathology in these diseases. Until recently, T helper type 1 (Th1) cells were thought to be the main effector T cells responsible for the autoimmune inflammation. However more recent studies have highlighted an important pathogenic role for CD4(+) T cells that secrete interleukin (IL)-17, termed Th17, but also IL-17-secreting γδ T cells in EAE as well as other autoimmune and chronic inflammatory conditions. This has prompted intensive study of the induction, function and regulation of IL-17-producing T cells in MS and EAE. In this paper, we review the contribution of Th1, Th17, γδ, CD8(+) and regulatory T cells as well as the possible development of new therapeutic approaches for MS based on manipulating these T cell subtypes.
Template-free synthesis of VOx hierarchical hollow spheres (2008)

Different sized VOx hierarchical hollow spheres aggregated by small nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple template-free method for the first time. The VOx hollow spheres were characterized by TEM, SEM, SAED, EDX, XRD, FTIR and their electrochemical properties were studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV).
Probing non-Abelian statistics with Majorana fermion interferometry in spin-orbit-coupled semiconductors (2011)

The list of quantum-mechanical systems with non-Abelian statistics has recently been expanded by including generic spin-orbit-coupled semiconductors (e.g., InAs) in proximity to an $s$-wave superconductor. Demonstration of the anyonic statistics using Majorana fermion interferometry in this system is a necessary first step toward topological quantum computation (TQC). However, since all isolated chiral edges that can be created in the semiconductor are charge neutral, it is not clear if electrically controlled interferometry is possible in this system. Here we show that when two isolated chiral Majorana edges are brought into close contact, the resultant interface supports charge current, enabling electrically controlled Majorana fermion interferometry in the semiconductor structure. Such interferometry experiments on the semiconductor are analogous to similar interferometry experiments on the $\ensuremath{\nu}=5/2$ fractional quantum Hall systems and on the surface of a three-dimensional (3D) strong topological insulator, illustrating the usefulness of the 2D semiconductor heterostructure as a suitable TQC platform. In particular, we propose that Majorana interferometers may be the most direct method for establishing non-Abelian braiding statistics in topological superconductors.
Two additional protein-tyrosine kinases expressed in human lung: fourth member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family and an intracellular protein-tyrosine kinase. (1991)

The expression of protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs; ATP:protein-tyrosine O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.112) was studied in normal human lung and various tumors by PCR followed by molecular cloning and sequence analysis. Six known PTKs (YES, FGR, LYN, HCK, PDGFB-R, and CSF1-R), as well as two additional members of this enzyme family, were detected in lung. One of the newly discovered sequences appears to represent a group of cytosolic PTKs. The cDNA sequence of the second unknown PTK revealed that it is a fourth member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family. It was therefore called TKF (tyrosine kinase related to fibroblast growth factor receptor). Among a wide variety of cells and tissues tested, including human lymphocytes and macrophages, TKF was only found expressed in lung. Apart from normal lung, TKF expression could be demonstrated in some tumors of lung origin, but also in malignancies not derived from lung tissues. As fibroblast growth factors are generally involved in a variety of functions such as mitogenesis, angiogenesis, and wound healing, the specific expression of a receptor-related gene in lung only may point to yet another special function of this group of proteins.
CLAVATA Signaling Pathway Receptors of Arabidopsis Regulate Cell Proliferation in Fruit Organ Formation as well as in Meristems (2011)

The CLAVATA1 (CLV1), CLV2, and CORYNE (CRN) receptors in Arabidopsis thaliana maintain cell proliferation in shoot apical meristems by restricting expression of the transcription factor WUSCHEL (WUS). Previously characterized receptor mutants generate extra fruit and floral organs that are proposed to arise from enlarged floral meristems (FMs). We identified new alleles in clv1, clv2, and crn and found that most mutants produce only extra fruit organs and generate FMs of similar dimensions as wild type. Characterization of gynoecium development in receptor mutants revealed increased cell proliferation and ectopic fruit organ initiation after FM termination. These regions of increased cell division also display expanded expression of the cell proliferation-promoting transcription factor SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM), similar to the expansion of WUS expression in the shoot apical meristems of strong clv1 mutants. We also examined genetic interactions between the ERECTA (ER) and BARELY ANY MERISTEM 1 (BAM1) receptor-like kinases and CLV pathway receptors. Our results suggest a model in which CLV1/BAM1 and CLV2/CRN complexes act in separate, parallel pathways in shoot meristems, while the CLV1, CLV2, and CRN receptors function together in a linear pathway during fruit development. These results demonstrate the importance of regulating cell proliferation in plants that undergo organogenesis throughout their life cycle.
Diversity and phylogeny of plant growth‐promoting bacilli from moderately acidic soil (2010)

The molecular diversity of aerobic endospore-forming bacteria, typically Bacillus and its derived genera, has been investigated in various environments. However, there have been few investigations concerning Bacillus in acidic soils. In this study, the genotypic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among plant growth-promoting (PGP) bacilli isolated from the rice rhizosphere growing in acidic soils of Kerala (pH varying from 6.3 to 6.8) were investigated. For assessing their biocontrol potential and PGP attributes, 115 isolates were randomly selected and 49 isolates that were positive for multiple traits were selected. Metabolic characterization of representative strains, using the Biolog GP2 (Gram Positive) MicroPlate(TM) , revealed a large versatility with respect to carbohydrate utilization. Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis revealed 13 clusters at 65% similarity level, which consisted of 1-21 strains. 16S rDNA partial sequencing assigned all the isolates, except for one, to the Bacillus genus, with close relatedness to Bacillus humi, B. megaterium, B. drentensis, B. pocheonensis, B. aestuarii, B. arbutinivorans, B. niacini, and Brevibacterium casei. The Bacillus species with different metabolic capabilities, PGP abilities, and genetic diversity found in this study are likely to have ecological relevance.
HAVAL - A One-Way Hashing Algorithm with Variable Length of Output (1992)

A one-way hashing algorithm is a deterministic algorithm that compresses an arbitrary long message into a value of specified length. The output value represents the fingerprint or digest of the message. A cryptographically useful property of a one-way hashing algorithm is that it is infeasible to find two distinct messages that have the same fingerprint. This paper proposes a one-way hashing algorithm called HAVAL. HAVAL compresses a message of arbitrary length into a fingerprint of 128, 160, 192, 224 or 256 bits. In addition, HAVAL has a parameter that controls the number of passes a message block (of 1024 bits) is processed. A message block can be processed in 3, 4 or 5 passes. By combining output length with pass, we can provide fifteen (15) choices for practical applications where different levels of security are required. The algorithm is very efficient and particularly suited for 32-bit computers which predominate the current workstation market. Experiments show that HAVAL is 60% faster than MD5 when 3 passes are required, 15% faster than MD5 when 4 passes are required, and as fast as MD5 when full 5 passes are required. It is conjectured that finding two collision messages requires the order of 2n/2 operations, where n is the number of bits in a fingerprint.
Potential of Herpesvirus Saimiri-Based Vectors To Reprogram a Somatic Ewing's Sarcoma Family Tumor Cell Line (2013)

Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) infects a range of human cell types with high efficiency. Upon infection, the viral genome can persist as high-copy-number, circular, nonintegrated episomes that segregate to progeny cells upon division. This allows HVS-based vectors to stably transduce a dividing cell population and provide sustained transgene expression in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the HVS episome is able to persist and provide prolonged transgene expression during in vitro differentiation of mouse and human hemopoietic progenitor cells. Together, these properties are advantageous for induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, whereby stem cell-like cells are generated from adult somatic cells by exogenous expression of specific reprogramming factors. Here we assess the potential of HVS-based vectors for the generation of induced pluripotent cancer stem-like cells (iPCs). We demonstrate that HVS-based exogenous delivery of Oct4, Nanog, and Lin28 can reprogram the Ewing's sarcoma family tumor cell line A673 to produce stem cell-like colonies that can grow under feeder-free stem cell culture conditions. Further analysis of the HVS-derived putative iPCs showed some degree of reprogramming into a stem cell-like state. Specifically, the putative iPCs had a number of embryonic stem cell characteristics, staining positive for alkaline phosphatase and SSEA4, in addition to expressing elevated levels of pluripotent marker genes involved in proliferation and self-renewal. However, differentiation trials suggest that although the HVS-derived putative iPCs are capable of differentiation toward the ectodermal lineage, they do not exhibit pluripotency. Therefore, they are hereby termed induced multipotent cancer cells.