gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of an Arabidopsis Mutant That Is Nonresponsive to Inducers of Systemic Acquired Resistance. (1994)

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a general defense response in plants that is characterized by the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes. SAR can be induced after a hypersensitive response to an avirulent pathogen or by treatment with either salicylic acid (SA) or 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA). To dissect the signal transduction pathway of SAR, we isolated an Arabidopsis mutant that lacks the expression of an SA-, INA-, and pathogen-responsive chimeric reporter gene composed of the 5[prime] untranslated region of an Arabidopsis PR gene, [beta]-1,3-glucanase (BGL2), and the coding region of [beta]-glucuronidase (GUS). This mutant, npr1 (nonexpresser of PR genes), carries a single recessive mutation that abolishes the SAR-responsive expression of other PR genes as well. While SA-, INA-, or avirulent pathogen-induced SAR protects wild-type plants from Pseudomonas syringae infection, the mutant cannot be protected by pretreatment with these inducers. The insensitivity of npr1 to SA, INA, and avirulent pathogens in SAR induction indicates that these inducers share a common signal transduction pathway. Moreover, in npr1, the localized expression of PR genes induced by a virulent Pseudomonas pathogen is disrupted, and the lesion formed is less confined. These results suggest a role for PR genes in preventing the proximal spread of pathogens in addition to their suggested role in SAR.
Combating the Eosinophil with Anti–Interleukin-5 Therapy (2008)

The role of eosinophils in common diseases — such as asthma, parasitic disease, or allergic reactions — remains speculative. Even more puzzling is the eclectic group of rare disorders that constitute the hypereosinophilic syndromes. These syndromes are characterized by persistently high levels of blood eosinophils and their toxic mediators (e.g., eosinophilic cationic protein and eosinophil-derived neurotoxin), accompanied by severe multiorgan damage.1 The hypereosinophilic syndromes exclude secondary causes of eosinophilia such as infection while including myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative variants, associated eosinophilic conditions that fulfill specific diagnostic criteria (e.g., the Churg–Strauss syndrome and mastocytosis), and the complex, undefined conditions affecting a large . . .
A GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR CONSTRAINT MINIMIZATION FOR THE INVERSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS (2004)

In this paper, we developed a general framework for the inversion of electromagnetic measurements in cases where parametrization of the unknown configuration is possible. Due to the ill-posed nature of this nonlinear inverse scattering problem, this parametrization approach is needed when the available measurement data are limited and measurements are only carried out from limited transmitter-receiver positions (limited data diversity). By carrying out this parametrization, the number of unknown model parameters that need to be inverted is manageable. Hence the Newton based approach can advantageously be used over gradient-based approaches. In order to guarantee an error reduction of the optimization process, the iterative step is adjusted using a line search algorithm. Further unlike the most available Newton-based approaches available in the literature, we enhanced the Newton based approaches presented in this paper by constraining the inverted model parameters with nonlinear transformation. This constrain forces the reconstruction of the unknown model parameters to lie within their physical bounds. In order to deal with cases where the measurements are redundant or lacking sensitivity to certain model parameters causing non-uniqueness of solution, the cost function to be minimized is regularized by adding a penalty term. One of the crucial aspects of this approach is how to determine the regularization parameter determining the relative importance of the misfit between the measured and predicted data and the penalty term. We reviewed different approaches to determine this parameter and proposed a robust and simple way of choosing this regularization parameter with aid of recently developed multiplicative regularization analysis. By combining all the techniques mentioned above we arrive at an effective and robust parametric algorithm. As numerical examples we present results of electromagnetic inversion at induction frequency in the deviated borehole configuration.
Image-based rendering of diffuse, specular and glossy surfaces from a single image (2001)

In this paper, we present a new method to recover an approximation of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of the surfaces present in a real scene. This is done from a single photograph and a 3D geometric model of the scene. The result is a full model of the reflectance properties of all surfaces, which can be rendered under novel illumination conditions with, for example, viewpoint modification and the addition of new synthetic objects. Our technique produces a reflectance model using a small number of parameters. These parameters nevertheless approximate the BRDF and allow the recovery of the photometric properties of diffuse, specular, isotropic or anisotropic textured objects. The input data are a geometric model of the scene including the light source positions and the camera properties, and a single image captured using this camera. Our algorithm generates a new synthetic image using classic rendering techniques, and a lambertian hypothesis about the reflectance model of the surfaces. Then, it iteratively compares the original image to the new one, and chooses a more complex reflectance model if the difference between the two images is greater than a user-defined threshold.We present several synthetic images that are compared to the original ones, and some possible applications in augmented reality.
Cationic Liposomes Coated with Polyethylene Glycol As Carriers for Oligonucleotides (1998)

Modification of liposome surface with polyethylene glycol was used to improve oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) loading, stability of the resulting complexes, and specificity of cellular delivery of ODN by cationic liposomes. Liposomes composed of a cationic lipid (DOTAP, DOGS, DDAB), a neutral lipid (DOPE), and a phospholipid derivative of polyethylene glycol (PEG-PE) formed a complex with 18-mer phosphorothioate up to ODN/lipid molar ratio of 0.25. The complexes showed intact vesicular structures similar to original liposomes and their size (100-130 nm) was unchanged after several weeks of storage, whereas complexes lacking PEG-PE showed progressive aggregation and/or precipitation. After exposure to human plasma, PEG-modified cationic liposomes retained over 60% of the originally bound ODN. PEG-coated complexes resulted in 4-13-fold enhancement of the ODN uptake by human breast cancer cells in serum-supplemented growth medium, relative to free ODN. Complexes containing conjugated anti-HER2 F(ab') fragments at the distal termini of PEG chains efficiently delivered ODN primarily into the cytoplasm and nuclei of HER2 overexpressing cancer cells and greatly enhanced the biological activity of antisense ODN. The development of PEG-modified cationic liposomes may lead to improved ODN potency in vivo.
Factors Influencing Acoustic Performance of Sound Absorptive Materials (2009)

Today much importance is given to the acoustical environment. Noise control and its principles play an important role in creating an acoustically pleasing environment. This can be achieved when the intensity of sound is brought down to a level that is not harmful to human ears. Achieving a pleasing environment can be obtained by using various techniques that employ different materials. One such technique is by absorbing the sound. Fibrous, porous and other kinds of materials have been widely accepted as sound absorptive materials. This paper review and describes how the physical prosperities of materials like fiber type, fiber size, material thickness, density, airflow resistance and porosity can change the absorption behavior. The effect of surface impedance, placement / position of sound absorptive and compression, on sound absorption behavior of materials was also considered. The sound absorption of different fibrous materials was experimentally tested. The results shows the relationship between the sound absorption and airflow resistance, material thickness, air gap and attachment film. Higher airflow resistance always gives better sound absorption values but for airflow resistance higher than 1000 the sound absorption have less values because difficulty movements of sound wave through the materials. The creation of air gap, 5mm, 10 mm behind the absorptive material increases sound absorption coefficient values in mid and higher frequencies. There is not much difference seen between 5 mm air gap sample and 10 mm air gap sample. Moreover, maxima peak for different air gap is different (higher the air gap distance, maxima peak shift towards lower frequency
User Navigation in the IRS Conceptual Structure through a Semantic Association Function (1992)

This paper addresses the methodological aspects of designing a semantic association function in a hypertext information retrieval environment and model. Through this function a part of an associative information retrieval model is designed and implemented. Initially the paper provides reference to previous efforts in associative information retrieval and automatic search formulation and re-formulation operations. The semantic association function is a function which belongs to a new functional hypertext information retrieval model that has been previously justified and presented. For this reason, the meaning and aim of the semantic association function are also recalled and reported. The central part of the paper presents motivations and justification for the design and implementation of the semantic association function in an experimental hypertext information retrieval interface as opposed to a traditional online information retrieval system.
Somatostatin receptors on canine fundic D-cells: evidence for autocrine regulation of gastric somatostatin (1989)

Somatostatin is known to have inhibitory effects on the release and action of a wide variety of gut peptides. Previous studies in vivo have suggested a potential inhibitory role for somatostatin even on its own secretion. To determine whether this autoregulatory effect is the result of a direct action of the peptide on the cell that is responsible for its secretion, we examined the effect of a non-immunoreactive but biologically active analogue of somatostatin ([Leu8-D-Trp22-Tyr25]S28) on release of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI) from isolated canine fundic D-cells. We identified somatostatin binding sites with dissociation constants of 1.2 X 10(-9) and 3.8 X 10(-8) M that coenriched with D-cells. Somatostatin 14, somatostatin 28, and [Leu8-D-Trp22-Tyr25]S28 were equivalent in displacing 125I-[Leu8-D-Trp22-Tyr25]S28 from the binding sites. [Leu8-D-Trp22-Tyr25]S28 inhibited SLI release from D-cells stimulated with (DBcAMP), and pentagastrin. Pertussis toxin pretreatment prevented the inhibitory effects of [Leu8-D-Trp22-Tyr25]S28 on both SLI secretion and cAMP accumulation by on both SLI secretion and cAMP accumulation by D-cells stimulated with epinephrine and forskolin. In contrast, [Leu8-D-Trp22-Tyr25]S28 inhibition of SLI release induced by DBcAMP and pentagastrin was not altered by pertussis toxin. Our data suggest that somatostatin autoregulates its own secretion via specific receptors on D-cells. This inhibitory effect is mediated by mechanisms that are both dependent on and independent of pertussis toxin-sensitive inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding proteins.
Defect reduction in GaAs grown by molecular beam epitaxy using different superlattice structures (1986)

Several superlattice structures, grown by molecular beam epitaxy, have been used to reduce the density of threading dislocations originating from the GaAs substrate. Results clearly indicate that compared to epitaxial layers grown directly on GaAs substrates, a GaAs-InxGa1−xAs superlattice (x&amp;lt;0.12) reduces the dislocations by approximately two orders of magnitude. Transmission electron microscopy, electron beam induced current, and etch pit density have been used to characterize the effectiveness of using superlattice buffer layers for the reduction of defects in GaAs epilayers.
The Effects of Splanchnicectomy on the Blood Pressure in Hypertension (1951)

The effect of supradiaphragmatic splanchnicectomy on the blood pressure of 294 hypertensive patients followed for 10 to 18 months after surgery is compared with the effects of nonspecific medical management in a control group of 79 patients similarly studied. The data are presented in simple graphic form. It is concluded that 29 per cent of the hypertensive patients had reductions in blood pressure outside the range of spontaneous variation, that the vascular complications of hypertension decreased the likelihood of a good result, and that extension of the sympathetic ganglionectomy upward appeared to increase the frequency of good results without requiring a two-stage operation or producing significant postoperative orthostatic hypotension.
A Nickel Thiolate Catalyst for the Long‐Lived Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen in a Noble‐Metal‐Free System (2012)

A question of nobility: A biomimetic nickel thiolate complex (see scheme; TEA=triethylamine) exhibits unprecedented activity for the title reaction. By using a low concentration of a sacrificial donor, the system maintains significant activity for at least 60 hours. The enhanced stability of the system is ascribed to the ability to proceed through an oxidative quenching pathway. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Differentiation of fresh and frozen/thawed fish, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), cod (Gadus morhua) and salmon (Salmo salar), using volatile compounds by SPME/GC/MS (2012)

These four compounds can therefore be considered as potential markers of differentiation between a fresh product and one that has been frozen.
Guided Multiview Ray Tracing for Fast Auralization (2012)

We present a novel method for tuning geometric acoustic simulations based on ray tracing. Our formulation computes sound propagation paths from source to receiver and exploits the independence of visibility tests and validation tests to dynamically guide the simulation to high accuracy and performance. Our method makes no assumptions of scene layout and can account for moving sources, receivers, and geometry. We combine our guidance algorithm with a fast GPU sound propagation system for interactive simulation. Our implementation efficiently computes early specular paths and first order diffraction with a multiview tracing algorithm. We couple our propagation simulation with an audio output system supporting a high order interpolation scheme that accounts for attenuation, cross fading, and delay. The resulting system can render acoustic spaces composed of thousands of triangles interactively.
Regulation of Heat Shock Factor Trimer Formation: Role of a Conserved Leucine Zipper (1993)

The human and Drosophila heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) are multi-zipper proteins with high-affinity binding to DNA that is regulated by heat shock-induced trimerization. Formation of HSF trimers is dependent on hydrophobic heptad repeats located in the amino-terminal region of the protein. Two subregions at the carboxyl-terminal end of human HSF1 were identified that maintain the monomeric form of the protein under normal conditions. One of these contains a leucine zipper motif that is conserved between vertebrate and insect HSFs. These results suggest that the carboxyl-terminal zipper may suppress formation of trimers by the amino-terminal HSF zipper elements by means of intramolecular coiled-coil interactions that are sensitive to heat shock.
Texture analysis of polycrystalline silicon films (1990)

A method for the quantitative characterization of texture in thin films using x-ray diffraction is presented. The traditional technique, which makes use of a powder diffractometer, relies on peak intensity measurements at normal incidence. By using pole figure measurements and subsequent orientation distribution analysis we obtain the substantially improved coverage necessary to accurately characterize textures of thin silicon films which exhibit great variation and complexity.
Chlamydial Entry Involves TARP Binding of Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (2008)

Chlamydia trachomatis attachment to cells induces the secretion of the elementary body-associated protein TARP (Translocated Actin Recruiting Protein). TARP crosses the plasma membrane where it is immediately phosphorylated at tyrosine residues by unknown host kinases. The Rac GTPase is also activated, resulting in WAVE2 and Arp2/3-dependent recruitment of actin to the sites of chlamydia attachment. We show that TARP participates directly in chlamydial invasion activating the Rac-dependent signaling cascade to recruit actin. TARP functions by binding two distinct Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), Sos1 and Vav2, in a phosphotyrosine-dependent manner. The tyrosine phosphorylation profile of the sequence YEPISTENIYESI within TARP, as well as the transient activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), appears to determine which GEF is utilized to activate Rac. The first and second tyrosine residues, when phosphorylated, are utilized by the Sos1/Abi1/Eps8 and Vav2, respectively, with the latter requiring the lipid phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate. Depletion of these critical signaling molecules by siRNA resulted in inhibition of chlamydial invasion to varying degrees, owing to a possible functional redundancy of the two pathways. Collectively, these data implicate TARP in signaling to the actin cytoskeleton remodeling machinery, demonstrating a mechanism by which C.trachomatis invades non-phagocytic cells.
Update on the role of ipilimumab in melanoma and first data on new combination therapies (2013)

Ipilimumab is the prototype of a growing family of 'immunomodulating antibodies' and it has demonstrated that immunotherapy will play an increasingly important role in the new treatment approaches for cancer. Combinations of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted drugs with ipilimumab indicate that additive and synergistic antitumor activity can be achieved. Most importantly, they indicate that involving the immune system is a key strategy to improve the outcome in cancer patients.
Kids Telling Fables Through 3D Animation (2004)

Creating 3D animations has traditionally been restricted to adult experts. With the advent of easy-to-use software packages like Alice, we can now imagine animations being created by end users with no formal training in this area. Does this work in practice? Supporting real people in the successful use of complex multimedia authoring environments requires not only quality software, but also a supportive social context. What might such a supportive social context look like? In this paper, we report on a workshop in which seventeen children ages 11-12, working in pairs, were asked to make their own animations using Alice. Students were part of a language arts class studying fables, and were asked to retell a fable of their choice in 3D animation. This assignment proved to be an appropriate size and scope for the time available, skills of the students, and affordances of the software. The students found the assignment motivating, and their teacher was pleased with learning outcomes. We discuss social and technical factors that helped students create successful animated fables.
Effects of Opioids on Mechanosensitive Pelvic Nerve Afferent Fibers Innervating the Urinary Bladder of the Rat (1997)

A total of 443 pelvic nerve afferent fibers in the L6 dorsal root of the rat were identified by electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve; 319 (72%) were myelinated A delta fibers with a mean conduction velocity (CV) of 11.8 m/s and 124 (28%) were unmyelinated C fibers with mean CV of 1.9 m/s. Two hundred fifty-two fibers (57%) responded to noxious urinary bladder distension (UBD; 80 mmHg); 108 were C fibers (mean CV; 1.9 m/s) and 144 were A delta fibers (mean CV; 8.2 m/s). Forty-nine UBD-sensitive fibers were further characterized; all gave monotonic increases in firing to increasing distending pressures. Thirty-six fibers (73%) had a low-threshold (LT) for response (mean: 6 mmHg) and 13 fibers (27%) had high-thresholds (HT) for response (mean: 32 mmHg). Responses of 15 fibers to graded UBD (11 LT and 4 HT) were tested before and after instillation of 0.5 ml of 30% xylenes (n = 11) or 5% mustard oil (n = 4) into the bladder. The mean resting activity of 13 fibers significantly increased, and 7 fibers exhibited sensitization of responses to graded UBD 30 min after xylenes or mustard oil instillation. All 4 HT fibers were sensitized; 3 of the 11 LT fibers were sensitized (i.e., gave increased responses to UBD). The effects of opioid receptor agonists were tested on responses to noxious UBD (80 mmHg). Cumulative intraarterial doses of mu-opioid receptor agonists (morphine, 8 mg/kg, and fentanyl, 300 micrograms/kg) and of delta-opioid receptor agonists (DPDPE, 300 micrograms/kg, and SNC-80, 300 micrograms/kg) did not affect responses to noxious UBD. In contrast, cumulative 16 mg/kg intraarterial doses of the kappa-opioid receptor agonists U50,488H, U69,593 and U62,066 dose-dependently attenuated responses to noxious UBD. There were no differences in the dose-response relationships of these drugs on afferent fibers from untreated and xylenes- or mustard oil-treated urinary bladder. These results reveal that there is a greater proportion of UBD-sensitive fibers in the L6 dorsal root (57%) than in the S1 dorsal root of the rat (38%; a previous study). The attenuation of responses to UBD by kappa, but not mu or delta opioid receptor agonists suggests a potential use for peripherally acting kappa opioid receptor agonists in the control of urinary bladder pain.
Is the deconvolution layer the same as a convolutional layer? (2016)

In this note, we want to focus on aspects related to two questions most people asked us at CVPR about the network we presented. Firstly, What is the relationship between our proposed layer and the deconvolution layer? And secondly, why are convolutions in low-resolution (LR) space a better choice? These are key questions we tried to answer in the paper, but we were not able to go into as much depth and clarity as we would have liked in the space allowance. To better answer these questions in this note, we first discuss the relationships between the deconvolution layer in the forms of the transposed convolution layer, the sub-pixel convolutional layer and our efficient sub-pixel convolutional layer. We will refer to our efficient sub-pixel convolutional layer as a convolutional layer in LR space to distinguish it from the common sub-pixel convolutional layer. We will then show that for a fixed computational budget and complexity, a network with convolutions exclusively in LR space has more representation power at the same speed than a network that first upsamples the input in high resolution space.