gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Correlation of HR-MAS Spectroscopy Derived Metabolite Concentrations With Collagen and Proteoglycan Levels and Thompson Grade in the Degenerative Disc (2005)

Changes in disc chemical composition can be accurately quantified using quantitative HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy ex vivo. This noninvasive method of qualitatively and quantitatively assessing disc degeneration supports the utility of these biomarkers and underlines the need for developing in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) for characterizing intervertebral disc degeneration.
Controlling crystal phases in GaAs nanowires grown by Au-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (2012)

Control of the crystal phases of GaAs nanowires (NWs) is essential to eliminate the formation of stacking faults which deteriorate the optical and electronic properties of the NWs. In addition, the ability to control the crystal phase of NWs provides an opportunity to engineer the band gap without changing the crystal material. We show that the crystal phase of GaAs NWs grown on GaAs(111)B substrates by molecular beam epitaxy using the Au-assisted vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism can be tuned between wurtzite (WZ) and zinc blende (ZB) by changing the V/III flux ratio. As an example we demonstrate the realization of WZ GaAs NWs with a ZB GaAs insert that has been grown without changing the substrate temperature.
Sugar–Protein Connectivity Impacts on the Immunogenicity of Site‐Selective Salmonella O‐Antigen Glycoconjugate Vaccines (2015)

A series of glycoconjugates with defined connectivity were synthesized to investigate the impact of coupling Salmonella typhimurium O-antigen to different amino acids of CRM197 protein carrier. In particular, two novel methods for site-selective glycan conjugation were developed to obtain conjugates with single attachment site on the protein, based on chemical modification of a disulfide bond and pH-controlled transglutaminase-catalyzed modification of lysine, respectively. Importantly, conjugation at the C186-201 bond resulted in significantly higher anti O-antigen bactericidal antibody titers than coupling to K37/39, and in comparable titers to conjugates bearing a larger number of saccharides. This study demonstrates that the conjugation site plays a role in determining the immunogenicity in mice and one single attachment point may be sufficient to induce high levels of bactericidal antibodies.
Sampling Variability of Liver Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis C (2003)

Fibrosis is a common endpoint of clinical trials in chronic hepatitis C, and liver biopsy remains the gold standard for fibrosis evaluation. However, variability in the distribution of fibrosis within the liver is a potential limitation. Our aim was to assess the heterogeneity of liver fibrosis and its influence on the accuracy of assessment of fibrosis with liver biopsy. Surgical samples of livers from patients with chronic hepatitis C were studied. Measurement of fibrosis was performed on the whole section by using both image analysis and METAVIR score (reference value). From the digitized image of the whole section, virtual biopsy specimens of increasing length were produced. Fibrosis was assessed independently on each individual virtual biopsy specimen. Results were compared with the reference value according to the length of the biopsy specimen. By using image analysis, the coefficient of variation of fibrosis measurement with 15-mm long biopsy specimens was 55%; and for biopsy specimens of 25-mm length it was 45%. By using the METAVIR scoring system, 65% of biopsies 15 mm in length were categorized correctly according to the reference value. This increased to 75% for a 25-mm liver biopsy specimen without any substantial benefit for longer biopsy specimens. Sampling variability of fibrosis is a significant limitation in the assessment of fibrosis with liver biopsy. In conclusion, this study suggests that a length of at least 25 mm is necessary to evaluate fibrosis accurately with a semiquantitative score. Sampling variability becomes a major limitation when using more accurate methods such as automated image analysis.
Heparan sulphate proteoglycan and wound healing in skin (1997)

Normal wound healing in skin embraces several reparative processes, many of which directly involve components of the extracellular matrix and the cutaneous basement membrane zone. Proteoglycans are a group of extracellular matrix macromolecules that have both structural and regulatory properties. In wound healing, certain proteoglycans fulfil a mechanical function of absorbing water and preventing tissue compression. However, proteoglycans may also have other roles in wound healing including a direct influence on inflammation, cell attachment and migration, and growth factor binding. Furthermore, proteoglycans may help to determine other aspects of the long-term quality of wound healing in skin through regulation of basement membrane permeability, epidermal hyperproliferation, and dermal fibrosis. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Chemical Route to Carbon Nanoscrolls (2003)

Current theories suggest that multiwalled nanotubes may form through a scrolling mechanism ([1][1], [2][2]). The concept that scrolling could lead to nanotube-like structures ([3][3]) inspired us to extend our recent work on making colloidal suspensions of layered compounds ([4][4]) to graphite.
Representations of group rings and groups (2018)

An isomorphism between the group ring of a finite group and a ring of certain block diagonal matrices is established. It is shown that for any group ring matrix $A$ of $mathbb{C} G$ there exists a matrix $U$ (independent of $A$) such that $U^{-1}AU= diag(T_1,T_2,ldots, T_r)$ for block matrices $T_i$ of fixed size $s_i × s_i$ where $r$ is the number of conjugacy classes of $G$ and $s_i$ are the ranks of the group ring matrices of the primitive idempotents. Using the isomorphism of the group ring to the ring of group ring matrices followed by the mapping $Amapsto P^{-1}AP$ (fixed $P$) gives an isomorphism from the group ring to the ring of such block matrices. Specialising to the group elements gives a faithful representation of the group. Other representations of $G$ may be derived using the blocks in the images of the group elements. For a finite abelian group $Q$ an explicit matrix $P$ is given which diagonalises any group ring matrix of $mathbb{C}Q$. The characters of $Q$ and the character table of $Q$ may be read off directly from the rows of the diagonalising matrix $P$. This is a special case of the general block diagonalisation process but is arrived at independently. The case for cyclic groups is well-known: Circulant matrices are the group ring matrices of the cyclic group and the Fourier matrix diagonalises any circulant matrix. This has applications to signal processing.
New antimycobacterial agents. (1996)

The resurgence of tuberculosis and the increased prevalence of atypical mycobacterial infections in immunocompromised subjects have prompted the quest for novel antimycobacterial agents. Fluoroquinolones, such as ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, might be promising agents for treatment of tuberculosis especially multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and infections caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum. Clarithromycin, an important member of the macrolides, has been shown to have activity against some infections due to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, M. fortuitum and Mycobacterium chelonae. Rifabutin, being a rifamycin, has been found to be efficacious in treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis, although its place in MDR-TB is less certain. Rifabutin in combination with other drugs might constitute active regimens for treatment of disseminated M. avium-intracellulare infections. When used alone, it can be an active prophylactic agent against such infection. Imipenem, a carbapenem, might provide promising treatment for some M. fortuitum and M. chelonae infections. The place of beta-lactam-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations in the treatment of MDR-TB is uncertain. Clofazimine and aminosidine being riminophenazine and aminoglycoside, respectively, might merit further evaluation as potentially useful agents for treatment of MDR-TB and M. avium-intracellulare infections. However, much broader evaluation of all these agents in clinical settings is still definitely required.
Expression of human adenosine deaminase in murine hematopoietic cells. (1988)

Multiple replication-defective retrovirus vectors were tested for their ability to transfer and express human adenosine deaminase in vitro and in vivo in a mouse bone marrow transplantation model. High-titer virus production was obtained from vectors by using both a retrovirus long terminal repeat promoter and internal transcriptional units with human c-fos and herpes virus thymidine kinase promoters. After infection of primary murine bone marrow with one of these vectors, human adenosine deaminase was detected in 60 to 85% of spleen colony-forming units and in the blood of 14 of 14 syngeneic marrow transplant recipients. This system offers the opportunity to assess methods for increasing efficiency of gene transfer, for regulation of expression of foreign genes in hematopoietic progenitors, and for long-term measurement of the stability of expression in these cells.
Toxicity mediated by soluble oligomers of β‐amyloid(1–42) on cholinergic SN56.B5.G4 cells (2006)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cholinergic dysfunction and progressive basal forebrain cell loss which has been assumed to be as a result of the extensive accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta). In addition to Abeta fibrillar assemblies, there are pre-fibrillar forms that have been shown to be neurotoxic, although their role in cholinergic degeneration is still not known. Using the cholinergic cell line SN56.B5.G4, we investigated the effect of different Abeta(1-42) aggregates on cell viability. In our model, only soluble oligomeric but not fibrillar Abeta(1-42) forms induced toxicity in cholinergic cells. To determine whether the neurotoxicity of oligomeric Abeta(1-42) was caused by its oxidative potential, we performed microarray analysis of SN56.B5.G4 cells treated either with oligomeric Abeta(1-42) or H(2)O(2). We showed that genes affected by Abeta(1-42) differed from those affected by non-specific oxidative stress. Many of the genes affected by Abeta(1-42) were present in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus and/or otherwise involved in protein modification and degradation (chaperones, ATF6), indicating a possible role for ER-mediated stress in Abeta-mediated toxicity. Moreover, a number of genes, which are known to be involved in AD (clusterin, Slc18a3), were identified. This study provides important leads for the understanding of oligomeric Abeta(1-42) toxicity in cholinergic cells, which may account in part for cholinergic degeneration in AD.
Structure and evolutionary origin of the human granzyme H gene (1991)

Among the molecules proposed to be involved in cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), natural killer (NK) and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell-mediated lysis are the granzymes, a family of serine proteases stored in the cytoplasmic granules of CTLs, NK and LAK cells. In addition to the granzymes A and B, a third member of this family has been cloned in man and designated granzyme H. We present the complete gene sequence including the 5' promoter region and demonstrate that the granzyme H sequence represents a functional gene expressed in activated T cells. Granzyme H shows the highest degree (greater than 54%) of amino acid sequence homology with granzyme B and cathepsin G and, like these genes, consists of five exons separated by introns at equivalent positions. The evolutionary history of granzyme H has been analyzed by reconstructing an evolutionary tree for granzyme sequences. We provide evidence that interlocus recombination between the ancestral genes of granzyme B and granzyme H occurred about 21 million years ago, leading to a replacement of exon 3, intron 3 and part of exon 4 in human granzyme H by human granzyme B sequences. Our results suggest that the ancestral gene of granzyme H is more closely related to cathepsin G and granzyme B than to the murine granzymes C to G. Thus, granzyme H does not represent a human counterpart of the known murine granzymes A to G. It diverged from cathepsin G before mammalian radiation and should, therefore, exist in other mammalian lineages as well.
Improved Human Islet Isolation Using a New Enzyme Blend, Liberase (1997)

Enzymatic digestion of donor pancreases is a vital step in human and large mammalian islet isolation. The variable enzymatic activities of different batches of commercially available collagenase is a major obstacle in achieving reproducibility in islet isolation procedures. In the present work, the effectiveness of Liberase, a standardized mixture of highly purified enzymes recently developed for the separation of human islets, was compared with that of a traditional collagenase preparation (type P). The results of 50 islet isolations using Liberase enzyme were compared with those of 36 isolations with collagenase, type P. No significant differences in donor age, cold ischemia time, digestion time, or weight of the pancreases were observed between the two groups. Islet yield was significantly higher in the group where the Liberase enzyme was used. All parameters examined (islet number, islet number per gram of tissue, islet equivalent number, and islet equivalent number per gram of tissue) were significantly improved when Liberase enzyme was used. Different lots of Liberase enzyme were tested, and no difference was observed. Islets isolated with Liberase enzyme were also of larger size and were much less fragmented, suggesting a gentler enzymatic action and better preservation of anatomical integrity. Islets isolated with Liberase enzyme, assessed both in vitro and in vivo, revealed a functional profile similar to that of islets separated with collagenase. Liberase enzyme appears, therefore, to represent a new powerful tool for improving the quality of human islet isolation.
Duraplasty with pretreated freeze-dried sterilized human dura mater. (1990)

Different collagenic tissues, such as allogeneic fascia lata, dura mater and xenogeneic pericardium preserved by deep freezing or freeze-drying and packed in National Blood Service jars have been used with good clinical results in duraplasties performed at the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital at Hradec Králové since 1956. In 1986 a new technology of preservation of the human dura mater was elaborated by the Tissue Bank at Hradec Králové. The implant is pretreated, freeze-dried, wrapped in two plastic bags or Steriking see-through peel-packs (Wipak Medical, Finnland) and sterilized by gamma radiation or ethylene oxide gas. Its advantages are in simple storage in operating rooms and in opportunity to choose an ideal graft with regard to its shape, size and plasticity. No rehydration is needed before the clinical use. The total of 30 grafts in 30 patients (15 children and 15 adults) have been implanted successfully since 1987. Most duraplasties were performed in the posterior cranial fossa and on the brain convexity. In these situations an intradurally burying of the graft edges and atraumatic continuous suture is recommended.
Effects of Deletions at the Carboxyl Terminus of Zymomonas mobilis Pyruvate Decarboxylase on the Kinetic Properties and Substrate Specificity (2000)

The three-dimensional structure of Zymomonas mobilis pyruvate decarboxylase shows that the carboxyl-terminal region of the protein occludes the active site. This observation is consistent with earlier suggestions that the active site is inaccessible to solvent during catalysis. However, the carboxyl-terminal region must move aside to allow entry of the substrate, and again to permit the products to leave. Here we have examined the role of the carboxyl terminus by making 15 variants of the enzyme with serial deletions. The activity is largely unaffected by removal of up to seven residues but deletion of the next two, R561 and S560, results in a drastic loss of activity. Five of these deletion mutants were purified and fully characterized and showed progressive decreases in activity, in the ability to discriminate between pyruvate and larger substrates, and in cofactor affinity. Several substitution mutants at residues R561 and S560 were prepared, purified, and fully characterized. The results indicate important roles for the side-chain of R561 and the backbone atoms of S560. It is suggested that the carboxyl-terminal region of pyruvate decarboxylase is needed to lock in the cofactors and for the proper closure of the active site that is required for discrimination between substrates and for decarboxylation to occur.
Patient centred assessment of quality of life for patients with four common conditions. (1999)

It is possible to develop a patient generated index of quality of life that not only assesses the extent to which patients' expectations are matched by reality but also satisfies criteria of reliability and responsiveness to change. Further work is required to make the PGI more acceptable and meaningful to patients, but it is believed that it offers an exciting new approach to the evaluation of medical care.
Novel hole-transporting materials based on triphenylamine for organic electroluminescent devices (1996)

H. Tanaka, S. Tokito, Y. Taga and A. Okada, Chem. Commun., 1996, 2175 DOI: 10.1039/CC9960002175
Hydroxy‐α‐sanshool activates TRPV1 and TRPA1 in sensory neurons (2007)

Sanshools are major active ingredients of Zanthoxylum piperitum and are used as food additives in East Asia. Sanshools cause irritant, tingling and sometimes paresthetic sensations on the tongue. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the pungent or tingling sensation induced by sanshools is not known. Because many transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are responsible for the sensations induced by various spices and food additives, we expressed 17 TRP channels in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells and investigated their activation by hydroxy-alpha-sanshool (HalphaSS) or hydroxy-beta-sanshool (HbetaSS) isolated from Zanthoxylum piperitum. It was found that HalphaSS, but not HbetaSS, depolarized sensory neurons with concomitant firing of action potentials and evoked inward currents. Among 17 TRP channels expressed in HEK cells, HalphaSS caused Ca(2+) influx in cells transfected with TRPV1 or TRPA1, and evoked robust inward currents in cells transfected with TRPV1 or TRPA1. In primary cultured sensory neurons, HalphaSS induced inward currents and Ca(2+) influx in a capsazepine-dependent manner. Moreover, HalphaSS-induced currents and Ca(2+) influx were greatly diminished in TRPV1(-/-) mice. HalphaSS evoked licking behavior when injected into a single hind paw of wild-type mice, but this was much reduced in TRPV1-deficient mice. These results indicate that TRPV1 and TRPA1 are molecular targets of HalphaSS in sensory neurons. We conclude that the activations of TRPV1 and TRPA1 by HalphaSS explain its unique pungent, tingling sensation.
Error-Tolerant Searchable Encryption (2009)

In this paper, we describe a new primitive for error-tolerant searchable encryption and a security model for it. This generic scheme permits to make searches on encrypted data with only an approximation of some keyword. It enables to efficiently query secure databases in order to get the exact data with a close estimation of it. An application to biometric identification arises from this construction. This is the first construction both for error-tolerant searchable encryption and for a biometric identification protocol over encrypted personal data.
Anatomy of the anal sphincters (1994)

Anal ultrasound carries the potential of becoming a routine clinical procedure for evaluation of the anal anatomy and morphology in defecation disorders, but current MRI assessment of the anal anatomy is elaborate, costly, and does not provide any further insights.
Windows XP Home Edition: The Complete Reference (2002)

From the Publisher:
Get comprehensive coverage of Windows XP Home Edition with this one-stop resource. You'll learn to set up and configure XP on your PC or laptop, work with multimedia applications, connect to the Internet, optimize your system for maximum performance, and much more.
[Distribution of fibronectin in kidney of IgA nephropathy and its clinicopathological correlation]. (1997)

To understand of fibronectin (Fn) distribution in kidney of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and their meaning, we studied 107 cases of IgAN. Strong positive staining of Fn was shown in mesangial areas with proliferation, crescents, segmental sclerosis, and sclerosing glomeruli. 33 patients (group M) had Fn distributed only in mesangium, and 74 (group B) had Fn along the capillary walls as well as mesangium. Compared with those in group M, patients in group B showed more severe renal histological lesions (P < 0.01), crescent formation and stronger staining of IgG, C3 (P < 0.05) and IgA (P < 0.01) along the capillary walls. More severe changes of GBM were found in group B under electron microscopy. Clinically, 24th protein excretion (P < 0.01), incidences of hypertension and nonselective proteinuria were significantly higher (0.01 < P < 0.05), and Ccr was lower (0.01 < P < 0.05) in group B. 44 patients were followed up for 19.2 months, and the incidence of renal function deterioration in group B increased much more (0.01 < P < 0.05) than that in group M. Our results dmonstrated that the increase of Fn along the golmerular capillary walls might reflect that excessive proliferation of mesangial matrix, severe immune injury in capillary wall and damage of GBM, which are correlated with unfavorable clinical features and progression of the disease.
Structure of Plant Cell Walls (1978)

This paper describes the isolation and characterization of rhamnogalacturonan II, a hitherto unobserved component of the primary cell walls of dicotyledonous plants. Rhamnogalacturonan II constitutes 3 to 4% of the primary cell walls of suspension-cultured sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) cells. Rhamnogalacturonan II is a very complex polysaccharide yielding, upon hydrolysis, 10 different monosaccharides including the rarely observed sugars apiose, 2-O-methylxylose, and 2-O-methylfucose. In addition, rhamnogalacturonan II is characterized by the rarely observed glycosyl interconnections of 2-linked glucuronosyl, 3,4-linked fucosyl, and 3-linked rhamnosyl residues. These glycosyl linkages have never previously been detected in primary sycamore cell walls. Evidence is presented which suggests that polysaccharides similar to rhamnogalacturonan II are present in the primary cell walls of the three other dicotyledonous plants examined.
A language for bitmap manipulation (1982)

This paper proposes that bitmaps, or raster images, should be given full citizenship in the world of computer science. We introduce a calculus of bitmap operations and MUMBLE, a programming language appropriate for describing bitmap computations. We illustrate the use of MUMBLE by several interesting graphical applications. We also discuss the structure of BOP, an efficient implementation of the bitmap calculus that is the underpinning of our system.