gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reinforcement Learning Neural Turing Machines - Revised (2015)

The Neural Turing Machine (NTM) is more expressive than all previously considered models because of its external memory. It can be viewed as a broader effort to use abstract external Interfaces and to learn a parametric model that interacts with them. The capabilities of a model can be extended by providing it with proper Interfaces that interact with the world. These external Interfaces include memory, a database, a search engine, or a piece of software such as a theorem verifier. Some of these Interfaces are provided by the developers of the model. However, many important existing Interfaces, such as databases and search engines, are discrete. We examine feasibility of learning models to interact with discrete Interfaces. We investigate the following discrete Interfaces: a memory Tape, an input Tape, and an output Tape. We use a Reinforcement Learning algorithm to train a neural network that interacts with such Interfaces to solve simple algorithmic tasks. Our Interfaces are expressive enough to make our model Turing complete.
Techniques for characterization of electrodes and electrochemical processes (1991)

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF ELECTRODES AND ELECTROLYTES: Techniques for the Study of Solid Ionic Conductors Ellipsometry as an In Situ Probe for Study of Electrode Processes In Situ Characterization of Electrode Processes by Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy Surface X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy, EXAFS and NEXAFS for the In Situ and Ex Situ Study of Electrodes Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy In Situ Characterization of Electrodes by Neutron Scattering Diffraction Techniques for Determining the Structure of Electrolytes in the Liquid Phase Moessbauer Spectroscopy Laser Interferometry Study of Mass Transport Limitation in Electro-Deposition of Metals/Polymers. ELECTROCHEMICAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES: An Introduction to Electrochemistry in Molten Salts Application of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy in Electrochemistry and Corrosion Science Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)- Application in Corrosion Science and Technology Numerical Techniques for Modeling Current Distribution at Plane or Flow-By Electrodes Experimental Simulation of Porous Electrodes Techniques for Study of Nucleation during Metal Electrodisposition.
[The effect of electrostimulation with the Rebox apparatus on ischemic renal injury in rats]. (1996)

Electrostimulation by rebox currents in rats increases significantly the diuresis and natriuresis of the solitary kidney exposed to 30-minute ischaemia but has no impact on other parameters. The mechanism of action is not quite clear, apparently the reabsorption of sodium in the proximal tubule is inhibited.
Nanoparticle Trojan Horses Gallop From the Lab Into the Clinic (2010)

Experimental cancer treatments are aiming to deliver toxic medicines to cells inside packages that protect normal tissues and evade the body's immune system.
Using meta-learning to initialize bayesian optimization of hyperparameters (2014)

Abstract. Model selection and hyperparameter optimization is cru-cial in applying machine learning to a novel dataset. Recently, a sub-community of machine learning has focused on solving this prob-lem with Sequential Model-based Bayesian Optimization (SMBO), demonstrating substantial successes in many applications. However, for expensive algorithms the computational overhead of hyperpa-rameter optimization can still be prohibitive. In this paper we ex-plore the possibility of speeding up SMBO by transferring knowl-edge from previous optimization runs on similar datasets; specifi-cally, we propose to initialize SMBO with a small number of config-urations suggested by a metalearning procedure. The resulting simple MI-SMBO technique can be trivially applied to any SMBO method, allowing us to perform experiments on two quite different SMBO methods with complementary strengths applied to optimize two ma-chine learning frameworks on 57 classification datasets. We find that our initialization procedure mildly improves the state of the art in low-dimensional hyperparameter optimization and substantially im-proves the state of the art in the more complex problem of combined model selection and hyperparameter optimization. 1
Vital sign estimation from passive thermal video (2008)

Conventional wired detection of vital signs limits the use of these important physiological parameters by many applications, such as airport health screening, elder care, and workplace preventive care. In this paper, we explore contact-free heart rate and respiratory rate detection through measuring infrared light modulation emitted near superficial blood vessels or a nasal area respectively. To deal with complications caused by subjects’ movements, facial expressions, and partial occlusions of the skin, we propose a novel algorithm based on contour segmentation and tracking, clustering of informative pixels, and dominant frequency component estimation. The proposed method achieves robust subject regions-of-interest alignment and motion compensation in infrared video with low SNR. It relaxes some strong assumptions used in previous work and substantially improves on previously reported performance. Preliminary experiments on heart rate estimation for 20 subjects and respiratory rate estimation for 8 subjects exhibit promising results.
The role of hemoglobin in arterial narrowing after subarachnoid hemorrhage (1990)

A porcine model for subarachnoid hemorrhage has been developed to allow the selective application of blood and its components to cerebral arteries. Whole blood was centrifuged to produce two fractions consisting of washed erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBC's) and white blood cells (WBC) plus platelet-rich plasma (PRP); the RBC fraction was subsequently separated into hemoglobin (Hb)-containing cytosol and erythrocyte membranes. Each fraction was selectively applied to the middle cerebral artery (MCA) of pigs for 10 days; after which, vessels were perfusion-fixed and examined by light and transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemical studies. By morphometric analysis, a marked reduction in the MCA lumen cross-sectional area was observed after selective application of RBC's or Hb/cytosol but not of WBC/PRP or erythrocyte membranes. In both RBC- and Hb/cytosol-treated vessels, luminal narrowing was associated with a differential increase in vessel wall thickness of the ventral (subarachnoid) compared to the dorsal (brain) aspect of the artery, but no significant change in cross-sectional area of the vessel wall. After 10 days of exposure to RBC's or Hb/cytosol, there was a spectrum of ultrastructural changes in the vessel wall comparable to those seen after periadventitial application of whole blood. Selective application of commercially available Hb to MCA produced similar structural and morphometric changes. The degree of luminal narrowing after exposure to whole blood or RBC's was proportional to the volume of the erythrocyte mass adjacent to the vessel at sacrifice. These data suggest that arterial narrowing after SAH is mediated by mechanisms related to prolonged exposure of the vessel wall to hemoglobin or its catabolites from lysing subarachnoid erythrocytes.
Effect of UV radiation on the reactivity of porous methyl‐doped SiO2 layers (2010)

Abstract The effect of plasma treatment on the chemical reactivity of the surface of porous layers based on methyl‐doped silicon dioxide is considered. A principal difference between the effects of plasma on materials with the pores of different sizes is demonstrated. It is shown that the VUV irradiation passivates the surface of the layers with smaller pores (1.1 nm in radius), while the films with larger pores (5.5 nm) do not get passivated (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Decade of FGF Receptor Research in Bladder Cancer: Past, Present, and Future Challenges (2012)

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) orchestrate a variety of cellular functions by binding to their transmembrane tyrosine-kinase receptors (FGFRs) and activating downstream signalling pathways, including RAS/MAPK, PLCγ1, PI3K, and STATs. In the last ten years, it has become clear that FGF signalling is altered in a high proportion of bladder tumours. Activating mutations and/or overexpression of FGFR3 are common in urothelial tumours with low malignant potential and low-stage and -grade urothelial carcinomas (UCs) and are associated with a lower risk of progression and better survival in some subgroups. FGFR1 is not mutated in UC, but overexpression is frequent in all grades and stages and recent data indicate a role in urothelial epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that FGFR inhibition has cytotoxic and/or cytostatic effects in FGFR-dependent bladder cancer cells and FGFR-targeted agents are currently being investigated in clinical studies for the treatment of UC. Urine-based tests detecting common FGFR3 mutations are also under development for surveillance of low-grade and -stage tumours and for general population screening. Overall, FGFRs hold promise as therapeutic targets, diagnostic and prognostic markers, and screening tools for early detection and clinical management of UC.
Climate change 2007 - mitigation of climate change (2007)

This report provides an authoritative international statement of scientific understanding of climate change. The report consists of three main volumes filed under Climate Change 2007.
Combining a Recombinant Cancer Vaccine with Standard Definitive Radiotherapy in Patients with Localized Prostate Cancer (2005)

This vaccine regimen can be safely given in patients undergoing radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer, with the majority of patients generating a PSA-specific cellular immune response to vaccine.
Pediatric Crohn Disease and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS‐C) and COVID‐19 Treated With Infliximab (2020)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may lead to a severe inflammatory response referred to as a cytokine storm. We describe a case of severe COVID-19 infection in a recently diagnosed pediatric Crohn disease patient successfully treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) blockade. The patient presented with 5 days of fever, an erythematous maculopapular facial rash, and abdominal pain without respiratory symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction was positive. Despite inpatient treatment for COVID-19 and a perianal abscess, the patient acutely decompensated, with worsening fever, tachycardia, fluid-refractory hypotension, elevation of liver enzymes, and transformation of the rash into purpura extending from the face to the trunk, upper and lower extremities, including the palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and feet. Cytokine profile revealed rising levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, higher than those described in either inflammatory bowel disease or severe COVID-19 alone. The patient was treated with infliximab for TNF-α blockade to address both moderately to severely active Crohn disease and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children temporally related to COVID-19. Within hours of infliximab treatment, fever, tachycardia, and hypotension resolved. Cytokine profile improved with normalization of TNF-α, a decrease in IL-6, and IL-8 concentrations. This case supports a role for blockade of TNF-α in the treatment of COVID-19 inflammatory cascade. The role of anti-TNF agents in patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children temporally related to COVID-19 requires further investigation.
Graft-versus-Leukemia Antigen CML66 Elicits Coordinated B-Cell and T-Cell Immunity after Donor Lymphocyte Infusion (2010)

CD4+ DLI results in rapid expansion of preexisting marrow-resident leukemia-specific donor CD8+ T cells, followed by a cascade of antigen-specific immune responses detectable in blood. Our single-antigen analysis thus shows that durable posttransplant tumor immunity is directed in part against nonpolymorphic overexpressed leukemia antigens that elicit coordinated cellular and humoral immunity.
Data-centered program understanding (1994)

Software maintainers use a variety of techniques and representations for understanding programs. Most of these representations first focus on the control structure of a program such as call graphs, control flow graphs and paths. We propose a new approach for program understanding that is data-centered-it first focuses on data and data relationships. We have experimented on both small and large Cobol programs from industry to determine if our methods are useful for program understanding and software maintenance. We have developed DPUTE (Data-centered Program Understanding Tool Environment) that is currently being evaluated and enhanced by our industrial partners.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Interferon Alfa Versus Chemotherapy for Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Meta-analysis of Seven Randomized Trials (1997)

Background: Several randomized clinical trials in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) have reported better patient survival with interferon alfa (IFN α) than with standard chemotherapeutic agents, such as busulfan or hydroxyurea. However, the size and persistence of this survival benefit is uncertain. Our aim was to assess these reliably, both overall and in particular patient subgroups. Methods: We collaborated in a worldwide overview of all clinical trials in which patients with CML were randomly assigned to receive either IFN α as the main drug or standard chemotherapy. Trials were identified by electronic and hand searching of the medical literature and databases and by personal contact. Individual patient data were available for each of 1554 patients who had been randomly assigned to treatment in seven trials (German, Italian, British, French, Japanese, and "Benelux"). Intentionto- treat stratified logrank survival analyses were performed, reporting two-sided P values. Results: Almost all of the patients in these trials had disease with the Philadelphia chromosome abnormality. Among those who did, the regimens that involved IFN α produced a statistically significantly better survival than those involving either hydroxyurea ( P = .001) or busulfan ( P = .00007) alone. The 5-year survival rates were 57% with IFN α and 42% with chemotherapy, with an absolute difference of 15% (standard deviation = 3%; P <.00001). There were no trials or subgroups of patients in which the treatment difference was statistically significantly different from the average. Conclusion: For patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia, the inclusion of IFN α in the therapeutic regimen produced substantially better 5-year survival than standard chemotherapy alone.
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE AND RENAL PLASMA FLOW IN ACROMEGALY (1956)

Patients with acromegaly often show high values for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF) in relation to their body surface area (Luft & Sjögren, 1950, Heller et al., 1954). The present authors have reported changes in the water compartments of the body in acromegaly (Ikkos et al., 1954, 1956). Because of the intimate relationship between the renal function and body water (see Wolf, 1950, Smith, 1951), an investigation was carried out to examine the relation of GFR and RPF to body surface area and body water compartments in acromegalic patients as compared to normal subjects.
Does resistance in severe infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus give you the ‘creeps’? (2012)

Continued monitoring of patients on aggressive vancomycin dosing schedules is advised. Unless alternative dosing strategies prove otherwise efficacious, an alternative antibiotic should be considered for severe MRSA infections with vancomycin MICs greater than 1 mg/l. The utility of vancomycin may be waning but will depend on the prevalence of resistant MRSA phenotypes in a specific ICU.
Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers: The (EO)13(PO)30(EO)13-Water-p-Xylene System (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelf-Assembly of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers: The (EO)13(PO)30(EO)13-Water-p-Xylene SystemPaschalis Alexandridis, Ulf Olsson, and Bjoern LindmanCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 23, 7700–7710Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00127a016https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00127a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1179Altmetric-Citations187LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
crRNA and tracrRNA guide Cas9-mediated DNA interference inStreptococcus thermophilus (2013)

The Cas9-crRNA complex of the Streptococcus thermophilus DGCC7710 CRISPR3-Cas system functions as an RNA-guided endonuclease with crRNA-directed target sequence recognition and protein-mediated DNA cleavage. We show here that an additional RNA molecule, tracrRNA (trans-activating CRISPR RNA), co-purifies with the Cas9 protein isolated from the heterologous E. coli strain carrying the S. thermophilus DGCC7710 CRISPR3-Cas system. We provide experimental evidence that tracrRNA is required for Cas9-mediated DNA interference both in vitro and in vivo. We show that Cas9 specifically promotes duplex formation between the precursor crRNA (pre-crRNA) transcript and tracrRNA, in vitro. Furthermore, the housekeeping RNase III contributes to primary pre-crRNA-tracrRNA duplex cleavage for mature crRNA biogenesis. RNase III, however, is not required in the processing of a short pre-crRNA transcribed from a minimal CRISPR array containing a single spacer. Finally, we show that an in vitro-assembled ternary Cas9-crRNA-tracrRNA complex cleaves DNA. This study further specifies the molecular basis for crRNA-based re-programming of Cas9 to specifically cleave any target DNA sequence for precise genome surgery. The processes for crRNA maturation and effector complex assembly established here will contribute to the further development of the Cas9 re-programmable system for genome editing applications.
PRECLINICAL EXAMINATION OF FIRST and SECOND GENERATION PHOTOSENSITIZERS USED IN PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY (1991)

Numerous photosensitizers with absorption peaks spanning the 600-800 nm "therapeutic window" have been and continue to be synthesized. Structural modifications of the dyes can then be made in order to improve tumor deliverability and retention. Chemical alterations can also enhance the yields of light generated reactive oxygen species. Utilization of lipoproteins, emulsions and antibody conjugates can enhance the selectivity of drug localization. Most cell types and subcellular structures are highly photosensitive and biochemical analysis indicates that cellular target sites associated with PDT correlate with photosensitizer location. In vivo data suggest that vascular and direct tumor cell damage as well as systemic and local immunological reactions are involved in PDT responsiveness. Additional mechanistic, synthetic and developmental studies are required in order to fully appreciate the potentials of PDT. However, continued enthusiasm and support for basic PDT research (as observed during the past 8 years) will depend to a large extent on the outcome of the current clinical trials.
MEMS-based compact FT-spectrometers - a platform for spectroscopic mid-infrared sensors (2008)

Novel low-voltage driven translational MEMS micro-mirror components are used to build a fully portable Fourier-Transform spectrometer. Applying nearly inertia-less MEMS devices to modulate the IR light allows building highly compact spectrometers with sub-millisecond scan times that are immune to shock and vibrations. Compact, energy efficient and robust, MEMS-based spectrometers can thus act as transducers for spectroscopic IR sensors deployable in the field. The devices shown can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively measure absorbance and/or emission spectra, even of transient signals and in real time, over a wide spectral range. This allows making full use of the inherent multi-analyte detection capabilities of spectroscopic sensors, giving this spectroscopy platform a significant advantage over single-wavelength IR sensors. When combined with already available fibre-optic sensor probes, the resulting sensors could open new application fields for smart sensors.
Direct inhibition of (Z)-9 desaturation of (E)-11-tetradecenoic acid by methylenehexadecenoic acids in the biosynthesis of Spodoptera littoralis sex pheromone. (1996)

Analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry demonstrated that 11,12-methylenehexadec-11-enoic acid and 12,13-methylenehexadec-12-enoic acid are beta-oxidized in Spodoptera littoralis sex pheromone gland to 9, 10-methylenetetradec-10-enoic acid and 10,11-methylenetetradec-10-enoic acid, respectively. This result supported our previous hypothesis that inhibition of the (Z)-9 desaturation of (E)-11-tetradecenoic acid by those C-16 fatty acids is actually caused by their corresponding beta-oxidation products. However, although (2,2,3,3-2H4)-11,12-methylenehexadec-11-enoic acid was not chain-shortened to the C-14 derivative, its activity as inhibitor of the (Z)-9 desaturation reaction was similar to that exhibited by 11,12-methylenehexadec-11-enoic acid. Therefore, the C-16 cyclopropene fatty acids may inhibit the (Z)-9 desaturation enzyme by themselves, probably through interaction of the cyclopropene ring with a binding site of the enzyme with the substrate double bond.
The minimal fragments of c-Raf-1 and NF1 that can suppress v-Ha-Ras-induced malignant phenotype. (1994)

v-Ha-Ras, an oncogenic Ras mutant, causes malignant transformation of mammalian cells by recruiting c-Raf-1, a cytosolic Ser/Thr kinase, to the plasma membranes/cytoskeleton. The kinase activity of c-Raf-1 resides in the C-terminal half, which activates mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase, while it is the N-terminal half of c-Raf-1 (Raf257, residues 1-257) that binds the Ras-GTP complex and can compete Ras GTPase-activating proteins such as NF1 for binding to Ras. However, it still remains to be clarified whether overexpression of Raf257 or its minimal Ras-binding fragment alone is sufficient to suppress Ras-induced malignancy. In this paper we demonstrate for the first time that the 81-amino acid fragment (Raf81, residues 51-131), the minimal Ras-binding fragment of Raf, indeed can suppress v-Ha-Ras-induced malignant phenotype. A further deletion of the first 6 amino acids causes 65% reduction in the Ras binding of Raf81. The resultant 75 amino acid fragment (Raf75, residues 57-131) consists of a single alpha-helix, five anti-paralleled beta-sheets and five loops. We have found that a further deletion of either the first beta-sheet/loop or the last two beta-sheets/loops completely abolishes Ras binding. In addition we have found that the removal of the C-terminal 35 amino acids from a Ras-binding 91-amino acid fragment of NF1 (NF91, residues 1441-1531) does not abolish its ability to suppress the Ras-induced malignancy.