gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-image quality, high-resolution camera with high sensitivity up to 1,100 nm (2018)

We have developed three types of prototype cameras based on multi-purpose and DSLR models equipped with full-frame (35 mm) CMOS sensors, i.e. modified versions of the Canon ME20F-SH, EOS-1D X, and EOS 5DS. We have also made a prototype interchangeable lens that is highly transmissive in the visible and near infrared (NIR) region, based on a Canon EF 100-400 mm lens. High signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio spectral images up to 1,100 nm were observed using the following tools: the modified ME20F-SH, which features a monochromatic sensor with a 19 &mu;m pixel pitch; the modified EF 100-400 mm lens; NIR optical bandpass filters ranging from 1,000 to 1,200 nm with 25 nm bandwidth; and a short wavelength cut-off filter that blocks light below 840 nm. This camera and lens, with a liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF) attached, was able to clearly observe absorption bands attributed to hydroxyl groups near 960 nm in aqueous sucrose solutions. This experimental set was also applied to discrimination between dairy cream and whipped topping in combination with multivariate analysis; multi spectral data set obtained by this experimental set was processed by principal component analysis followed by a modified algorithm of independent component analysis. The Canon EOS-1D X’s 18.1 million pixel sensor was modified by introducing NIR pixels in addition to its RGB pixels. The modified EOS-1D X and the lens were able to acquire both high-image-quality photography and high-resolution NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) in the observation of a lawn with a single press of the shutter button. This camera and lens set was also applied to observe hair in dried seaweed, producing a high-resolution NIR image in which each hair was visualized. Furthermore, a sharper image of the hair was obtained using the modified EOS 5DS and the LCTF.
Convergent Synthesis and Diversity of Amino Acid Based Dendrimers (2001)

The synthesis of amino acid based dendrimers 25 (fifth generation, 32 endgroups), 30 (fourth generation, 81 endgroups), chiral dendrimer 23 (third generation, 8 endgroups) as well as core-modified dendrimers 34 and 38 by the convergent method is described. The amino acid building blocks are derived from hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives and amino alcohol derivatives, and access to a considerable molecular diversity of these novel dendrimers can be achieved. The synthesis can be carried out on a relatively large scale, and this easy access of the dendrimers may lead to many potential applications.
Macrospin models of spin transfer dynamics (2005)

The current-induced magnetization dynamics of a spin valve are studied using a macrospin (single-domain) approximation and numerical solutions of a generalized Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. For the purpose of quantitative comparison to experiment [S. I. Kiselev, J. C. Sankey, I. N. Krivortov, N. C. Emley, R. J. Schoelkopf, R. A. Buhrman, and D. C. Ralph, Nature 425, 380 (2003)], we calculate the resistance and microwave power as a function of current and external field, including the effects of anisotropies, damping, spin-transfer torque, thermal fluctuations, spin-pumping, and incomplete absorption of transverse spin current. Although many features of experiment appear in the simulations, there are two significant discrepancies: the current dependence of the precession frequency and the presence and/or absence of a microwave quiet magnetic phase with a distinct magnetoresistance signature. Comparison is made to micromagnetic simulations designed to model the same experiment.
Abstract 15821: Mitogenic and Proinflammatory Actions of Thrombin-regulated P2Y12 ADP Receptor in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (2010)

The platelet ADP receptor P2Y12 contributes to activation of platelets upon vascular injury and is the molecular target of the thienopyridine anti-platelet drugs. Here, we describe for the first ti...
Molecular assessment of sentinel lymph node in breast cancer management (2009)

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is becoming accepted as standard of care for axillary staging in breast cancer. World Health Organization (WHO) re-classification of axillary metastases into macrometastases, micrometastases and individual tumour cells has highlighted the issues of sampling and further histological examination of the initially negative SLNB. Molecular detection of metastatic breast cancer cells in lymph nodes is now available as a commercial kit for intraoperative use and can resolve the sampling issue. Semiquantitative assessment of axillary lymph node tumour burden can now be made using two separate technologies (histology and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction). The clinical implications of low metastatic axillary lymph node tumour burden are not clear, and future trials need to include molecular data. The consequences of the availability of molecular assessment are reviewed.
Excimer ablation of human intervertebral disc at 308 nanometers (1989)

Excimer laser energy, which has been shown to photoablate tissue at a precisely controllable rate with minimal thermal damage, was applied to human intervertebral disc in an effort to develop a technique for percutaneous discectomy. Cadaveric samples of human disc were used. Excimer laser energy was produced by a XeCl, magnetically switched, long-pulse laser working at 308 nm, 20 Hz. Annulus tissue of approximately 1 mm thickness was placed in contact with the output tip of a 400 microns core diameter quartz fiber, and measurements of ablation rate were made at different radiant exposures. Ablation rates were found to vary linearly with radiant exposure, from 0.7 micron/pulse at 10 mJ/mm2 to 11.0 microns/pulse at 55 mJ/mm2, with a correlation coefficient of 0.984. Threshold radiant exposure, calculated by extrapolation, was found to be about 7 mJ/mm2. Histologic analysis showed a minimum of thermal damage in these specimens, and when ablated with modification to maintain constant fiber-tissue contact, thermal injury was nearly absent, as compared to samples ablated with Nd:YAG through a contact probe. Thermographic analysis, performed using the AGA 782 Digital Thermography system, showed increasing temperature with increasing radiant exposure, with a maximum temperature of 47.2 degrees C at 55 mJ/mm2. In that precise tissue ablation was demonstrated with minimal generated heat, and excimer energy at 308 nm is transmissible through fiber optics, excimer holds great promise for the development of a percutaneous discectomy technique.
Interaction of N-methyl-D-aspartate and group 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors on behavioral flexibility using a novel operant set-shift paradigm (2008)

Behavioral flexibility or 'set-shifting' refers to the ability to modify ongoing behavior in response to changing goals or environmental contingencies. Impaired behavioral flexibility is associated with disorders such as schizophrenia and addiction. Hypofunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors has been implicated in these impairments. Metabotropic glutamate 5 (mGlu5) receptors closely interact with NMDA receptors and may provide a feasible pharmacological target for indirect manipulation of NMDA receptor function in disease states. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of NMDA and mGlu5 receptors on set-shifting ability. We developed a computer-controlled, operant-based set-shifting task that requires rats to learn sequential discrimination rules based on two distinct perceptual dimensions. Using this task, we found that administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK801, both systemically and intracortically, significantly impaired task performance, whereas stimulation or inhibition of mGlu5 receptors did not impair task performance. However, when administered after MK801, potentiation of mGlu5 receptor function reduced the performance impairments observed with MK801 alone. These results suggest an interaction between NMDA and mGlu5 receptors in cognitive flexibility and may provide a novel therapeutic approach for treating disorders associated with aberrant NMDA function.
Array feature size influences nucleic acid surface capture in DNA microarrays (2007)

Analyte affinity capture by surface-immobilized diagnostic agents is a routinely used assay format for profiling numerous medically and technologically important target analytes. These assays suffer from numerous performance limitations, including sensitivity and rapidity. Assay miniaturization is advocated to improve surface-capture performance, specifically exploiting the inverse relationship between analyte flux and capture feature size under mass transfer-limiting capture conditions that characterize many such assay formats. Reduced capture feature sizes, e.g., microarrays, are proposed to overcome mass transfer limitations, yet this is difficult to achieve across several size scales. This study validates certain advantages advocated for capture spot miniaturization using a rationale to understand surface capture miniaturization strategies. Experimentally derived immobilized ligand and target capture densities as a function of microspot size for DNA oligomers immobilized on model gold substrates are compared directly with theoretical analysis, validating the hypothesis that miniaturization yields many practical assay advantages. Specifically, results show that transitions from assay mass transfer limiting to kinetically limiting conditions as feature size decreases identify an optimal microspot size range for a specific bioassay system. Analytical advantages realized from such assay miniaturization are more uniform target-spot coverage and substantially increased rate of capture (hybridization), increasing assay signal and rapidity.
Classical conditioning and protein kinase C activation regulate the same single potassium channel in Hermissenda crassicornis photoreceptors. (1992)

The patch-clamp technique was used to study the effects of classical conditioning and protein kinase C (PKC) activation on K+ channels of identified neurons in the snail Hermissenda crassicornis. Here we present evidence that classical conditioning and PKC activation similarly modify the same K+ channel. K+ channels were recorded in cells from animals with different training experience. The 64-pS K+ channel appeared with significantly lower frequency in the conditioned group compared to the frequencies in control animals (naive and unpaired). In addition, when present, the 64-pS channel exhibited a lower percentage of open time and an increased interval between opening bursts in cells from conditioned animals. The 42-pS K+ channel was observed with about the same frequency in all three groups, and its percentage of open time was invariant, regardless of the animal's experience. Incubation of the photoreceptor with the PKC activator phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) led to a profound decrease in the percentage of open time of the 64-pS K+ channel, from 35.7% in the control group to 2.5% in the PDBu-treated group. The inactive phorbol 4 alpha-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate had no effect. The use of the PKC inhibitor H-7 significantly blocked the phorbol effect. Inside-out patches obtained from phorbol preincubated cells likewise showed the same effect of PDBu on K+ channels, but the effect was not observed when phorbol was added after the cell-free patches were obtained from nontreated cells. By contrast, the percentage of open time of the 42-pS K+ channel remained unchanged after phorbol treatment.
Antimicrobial-Drug Prescription in Ambulatory Care Settings, United States, 1992–2000 (2003)

During the 1990s, as antimicrobial resistance increased among pneumococci, many organizations promoted appropriate antimicrobial use to combat resistance. We analyzed data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, an annual sample survey of visits to office-based physicians, and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, an annual sample survey of visits to hospital emergency and outpatient departments, to describe trends in antimicrobial prescribing from 1992 to 2000 in the United States. Approximately 1,100-1,900 physicians reported data from 21,000-37,000 visits; 200-300 outpatient departments reported data for 28,000-35,000 visits; approximately 400 emergency departments reported data for 21,000-36,000 visits each year. In that period, the population- and visit-based antimicrobial prescribing rates in ambulatory care settings decreased by 23% and 25%, respectively, driven largely by a decrease in prescribing by office-based physicians. Antimicrobial prescribing rates changed as follows: amoxicillin and ampicillin, -43%; cephalosporins, -28%; erythromycin, -76%; azithromycin and clarithromycin, +388%; quinolones, +78%; and amoxicillin/clavulanate, +69%. This increasing use of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and quinolones warrants concern as macrolide- and fluoroquinolone-resistant pneumococci are increasing.
Cyclophosphamide-induced immunologically mediated regression of a cyclophosphamide-resistant murine tumor: a consequence of eliminating precursor L3T4+ suppressor T-cells. (1989)

It was shown that it is possible to use cyclophosphamide (Cy) to cause immunologically mediated regression of the immunogenic, Cy-resistant L5178Y lymphoma in syngeneic and semisyngeneic mice. In order to cause tumor regression it was necessary to give Cy shortly before or shortly after tumor implantation. However, regardless of whether Cy was given before or after tumor implantation, tumor regression did not commence until 10 days of progressive tumor growth, by which time the tumor was 1 cm in diameter. Tumor regression was associated with the presence in the spleen of an increased number of Lyt-2+ T-cells capable of passively transferring immunity to tumor-bearing recipients. This augmented level of immunity was sustained throughout the period of tumor regression. In contrast, a lower level of concomitant immunity generated by control tumor bearers decayed after Day 12 of tumor growth. Because the therapeutic effect of Cy could be inhibited by passive transfer of L3T4+ T-cells from normal donor mice it is apparent that the therapeutic effect of Cy is based on its ability to preferentially destroy L3T4+ suppressor T-cells. These putative precursor suppressor T-cells were regenerated 4 days after being destroyed by Cy. Taken together the results represent a striking example of the negative regulatory influence of suppressor T-cells on the immune response to an immunogenic tumor.
Local Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Etoclofene. A New Fenamate Derivative (1974)

The antiphlogistic effect of topically applied anti-inflammatory drugs was studied on two experimental models of inflammation: the carrageenin-induced paw edema and the croton oil-induced ear edema. Etoclofene, the ethoxymethyl ester of N-(2,6 di-chloro-m-tolyl) anthranilic acid, showed to be as active as acetylsalicylic acid and phenyl-butazone in both tests. Meclofenamic acid, which is chemically very closely related to etoclofene, was less active than etoclofene on the croton oil-induced edema; while benzydamine was inactive in this test. Flufenamic acid and indomethacin showed a local anti-inflammatory activity lower than that of etoclofene on the carrageenin-induced paw edema. Etoclofene applied topically in combination with dexamethasone 17-valerate on edematous paws showed a small additive effect.
Mobile commerce: a new frontier (2000)

Electronic commerce continues to see phenomenal growth, but so far most e-commerce development involves wired infrastructures. The authors believe emerging wireless and mobile networks will provide new avenues for growth, creating new opportunities in mobile commerce. According to the GartnerGroup, a market research firm, by 2004 at least 40 percent of consumer-to-business e-commerce will come from smart phones using the wireless application protocol (WAP). Based on a study by the Wireless Data and Computing Service, a division of Strategy Analytics, the annual mobile commerce market may rise to $200 billion by 2004. The authors provide a mobile commerce framework to illustrate potential applications such as mobile inventory management, product location and search, proactive service management, and mobile entertainment. They also describe the wireless user and networking infrastructure, emerging W3C standards, and the open and global WAP specification.
Inhaled Aerosolized Prostacyclin as a Selective Pulmonary Vasodilator for the Treatment of Severe Hypoxaemia (1996)

Two case reports are presented where inhaled aerosolized prostacyclin (IAP) was used to good effect as a selective pulmonary vasodilator. It was used in the treatment of a patient with severe hypoxaemia secondary to amniotic fluid embolism and for hypoxaemia secondary to the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in a patient with acute on chronic liver failure and intra-abdominal sepsis. An apparent dose-response curve is demonstrated in the second case. A dose of IAP of 30-40 ng/kg/min produced an effect on oxygenation in the patient with liver failure equal to that seen at the maximal dose of (50 ng/kg/min). Reduction in dose below 30 ng/kg/min resulted in a deterioration in oxygenation towards baseline/pre-treatment levels. Inhaled aerosolized prostacyclin is a potent pulmonary vasodilator with little or no systemic hypotensive effect. It is simple to administer and would appear to be a viable alternative to inhaled nitric oxide.
Human c-fms Proto-Oncogene: Comparative Analysis with an Abnormal Allele (1985)

The organization of the human c-fms proto-oncogene has been determined and compared with an abnormal allele. The human v-fms homologous genetic sequences are dispersed discontinuously and colinearly with the viral oncogene over a DNA region of ca. 32 kilobase pairs. The abnormal c-fms locus contains a small deletion in its 3' portion. DNA sequencing analysis indicated that it was 426 base pairs in size and located in close proximity to a putative c-fms exon.
The IMGT/HLA database (2010)

It is 12 years since the IMGT/HLA database was first released, providing the HLA community with a searchable repository of highly curated HLA sequences. The HLA complex is located within the 6p21.3 region of human chromosome 6 and contains more than 220 genes of diverse function. Many of the genes encode proteins of the immune system and are highly polymorphic. The naming of these HLA genes and alleles and their quality control is the responsibility of the WHO Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA System. Through the work of the HLA Informatics Group and in collaboration with the European Bioinformatics Institute, we are able to provide public access to this data through the web site http://www.ebi.ac.uk/imgt/hla/. Regular updates to the web site ensure that new and confirmatory sequences are dispersed to the HLA community, and the wider research and clinical communities.
Reversal of ongoing proteinuria in autoimmune mice by treatment with C‐reactive protein (2005)

CRP injection suppresses inflammation in the kidney in SLE and NTN. The requirement for IL-10 in this protection suggests that CRP must rapidly initiate an IL-10-dependent antiinflammatory process. These findings suggest that a major function of CRP during the acute-phase response is to limit tissue damage and modulate acute inflammation.
Small-molecule MDM2 antagonists reveal aberrant p53 signaling in cancer: Implications for therapy (2006)

The p53 tumor suppressor retains its wild-type conformation and transcriptional activity in half of all human tumors, and its activation may offer a therapeutic benefit. However, p53 function could be compromised by defective signaling in the p53 pathway. Using a small-molecule MDM2 antagonist, nutlin-3, to probe downstream p53 signaling we find that the cell-cycle arrest function of the p53 pathway is preserved in multiple tumor-derived cell lines expressing wild-type p53, but many have a reduced ability to undergo p53-dependent apoptosis. Gene array analysis revealed attenuated expression of multiple apoptosis-related genes. Cancer cells with mdm2 gene amplification were most sensitive to nutlin-3 in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that MDM2 overexpression may be the only abnormality in the p53 pathway of these cells. Nutlin-3 also showed good efficacy against tumors with normal MDM2 expression, suggesting that many of the patients with wild-type p53 tumors may benefit from antagonists of the p53-MDM2 interaction.
Applications of Computer Vision to Road-traffic Monitoring (1997)

Current techniques for road-traffic monitoring rely on sensors which have limited capabilities, are inflexible and often, both costly and disruptive to install. The use of video cameras (many of which are already installed to survey road net works), coupled with computer vision techniques offers an attractive alternative to current sensors. Vision based sensors have the potential to measure a far greater variety of traffic parameters compared to conventional sensors. This thesis presents two vision based traffic-monitoring systems. The first is a number-plate recognition system. This is capable of monitoring the output from a video camera and detecting when a vehicle passes by. At this moment an image is captured and the vehicle''s number-plate is located and deciphered. The second system is a generic road-traffic monitoring sensor which utilises model based techniques to track vehicles as they manoeuvre through complex road scenes. The position of the vehicle in the image is transformed to the vehicle''s position in the real world enabling, among other things, vehicle speed and path to be easily measured. The development of each system is described in detail and results from testing the systems on images from real traffic scenes are presented.
Molecular Recognition Induced Supramolecular Array of 2-Aminopyrimidine with Terephthalic Acid, 1,4-Phenylenediacetic Acid and Fumaric Acid in Solid State via H-bonding and π-stacking Interactions* (1999)

Abstract The crystal structures of molecular complexes of 2-aminopyrimidine (2AP) with terephthalic acid (1) (1:1; Complex A), 1,4-phenylenediacetic acid (2) (1:1; Complex B) and fumaric acid (3) (1:2; Complex C) were determined. Complex A is orthorhombic, space group Pnma, with α = 13.0323(3), b = 23.9443(1), c = 3.7927(1) Å α = β = γ = 90° Z = 4; Dcalc = 1.466 Mg/m3; final R = 0.0384, wR 2 = 0.0939 for 1381 independent reflections. Complex B is orthorhombic, space group Pben with α = 4.5686(1), b = 15.7687(2), c = 20.1621(4) A; α = β = γ = 90° Z = 4; Dcalc = 1.323 Mg/m3; final R = 0.0461, wR 2 = 0.1158 for 1662 independent reflections. Complex C is monoclinic, space group P21/c with α = 3.7946(2), b = 19.1766(7), c = 13.0641(6) Å α = 90°, β = 96.893(1)°, γ = 90° Z = 4; Dcalc = 1.486 Mg/m3; final R = 0.0665, wR 2 = 0.1626 for 2752 independent reflections. 2AP generates supramolecular assembly with 2 and 3 via non-conventional weak C‒H‒O hydrogen bonding. Interestingly only in the case of Complex C, proton transfer occurs to the ring nitrogen of 2AP from 3. A novel hydrogen-bonding motif for the control of solid-state structures has been developed. The motif is based on the hydrogen bonding complementarity of dicarboxylic acids with 2AP.