gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elevated Resting State Gamma Oscillatory Activities in Electroencephalogram of Patients With Post-herpetic Neuralgia (2018)

In acute and ongoing pain, the spontaneous oscillatory activity of electroencephalogram (EEG) has been characterized by suppression of alpha band oscillations and enhancement of gamma band oscillations. In pathological chronic pain which is more severe and common in clinic practice, it is of great interest to investigate the oscillatory activity especially at the broad gamma frequency bands. Our present study explored the resting state oscillatory activities of EEG in patients with post-herpetic neuralgia (PHN) over 3 months which is a typical neuropathic pain model in clinical researches. It was found that the PHN patients showed anxiety and depression revealed by Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) examinations. Power spectrum analysis revealed that the power at gamma frequency band (from 40 to 70 Hz) of EEG was significantly higher in the PHN patients, and positively correlated with pain intensity, anxiety, and depression indexes. Further, increased gamma activity derived from the prefrontal cortex and the cerebellum were revealed by cluster-based sensor level and the beamforming source level analyses. These results suggest the enhanced gamma oscillatory activity in the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum is a characteristic marker in chronic neuropathic pain patients.
Retroviral immunology : immune response and restoration (2001)

Over the last decade much has been written about HIV and AIDS, although there has been surprisingly very little written on the immunology of retroviral infections, in general, and on HIV in particular. In Retroviral Immunology: Immune Response and Restoration, world-renowned authorities address the most important aspects of the immunology of retroviruses, namely, immune response, genetic and virologic factors modulating the response, and the HIV-specific humoral and cell-mediated responses. In addition to the basic concepts of immune restoration, key topics covered include immune restoration after antiviral therapy-a highly important subject to the thousands of clinicians who deal with the problem on a daily basis-and vaccine-induced immune response. Up-to-date and authoritative, Retroviral Immunology: Immune Response and Restoration provides a much-needed critical synthesis of both the experimental and clinical aspects of retroviral infections, and lays the groundwork for developing effective restoration strategies for the many immune-compromised HIV and AIDS patients who suffer fatal opportunistic infections
Nanoparticle-Enhanced Hydraulic-Fracturing Fluids: A Review (2017)

Summary Hydraulic-fracturing fluids are used to break down subterranean formations where oil and gas are trapped. Pad or prepad fluids are first pumped into the formation to generate the fracture geometry. Once the fracture geometry is created, additional fluid containing proppant is used to transport these solid particles into the fractures. Then, the hydraulic pressure is released and the fracture will tend to close. At that stage, the proppant prevents fracture closure and provides a conductive channel for hydrocarbons to flow into the wellbore. Biopolymers, synthetic polymers, foams, viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluids, and slickwater are all used as fracturing fluids, each with properties that are beneficial under certain conditions. Today, their formulations are well-developed, and more recently, may incorporate small-sized particles in the nanometer size range. Such nanoparticles have addressed certain technological limitations of fracturing fluids. For example, VES fluids were reported to suffer high leakoff rates in moderate permeability reservoirs (200 md) and were limited in temperature (beyond approximately 220°F, viscosity was diminished significantly). Another challenge is the pressure-dependent behavior of borate-crosslinked gels, where the viscosity was found to drop significantly under high pressures. Also, in high-temperature reservoirs (&amp;gt;350°F), it is very challenging to design a fluid that can sustain enough viscosity for a required period of time. Synthetic polymers (mainly acrylamide-based polymers) are commonly used and have been reported to be used at high concentrations. These high-concentration requirements are imposed by the need for a stable viscosity under high-temperature conditions. High polymer loading increases the potential of formation damage caused by the fluid residue. These challenges, which can be addressed by nanotechnology, could have a major impact on hydraulic-fracturing applications. For instance, the working temperature limit of VES-based fluids was improved from 200 to 250°F (93 to 121°C) by adding zinc oxide (ZnO) and magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles. The borate-crosslinked gels were found to maintain their viscosity at pressures up to 20,000 psi when using boronic acid-functionalized nanolatex silica particles as crosslinkers, while under such high pressures, conventional borate crosslinkers showed more than 80% reduction in viscosity. Moreover, the rheological properties of mixed VES/polymer fluids were enhanced when using nanoparticles. Use of foams can reduce the amount of water consumed in hydraulic fracturing. Alfa olefin sulfonate (AOS) surfactant can be foamed by use of carbon dioxide (CO2). Aluminum oxide nanoparticles were found to stabilize the foams created by AOS, VES, and CO2. This has a potential application in waterless fracturing. This review paper will capture all of these aspects and summarize the most recent experience of nanoparticle usage in hydraulic-fracturing fluids design.
An Evaluation of Antimalarial Combinations against Plasmodium berghei in the Mouse (1963)

Richard L. Jacobs, David W. Alling, William F. Cantrell, An Evaluation of Antimalarial Combinations against Plasmodium berghei in the Mouse, The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 49, No. 6 (Dec., 1963), pp. 920-925
Big brains and blood glucose: common ground for diabetes mellitus in humans and healthy dolphins. (2007)

Healthy Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) have a sustained postprandial hyperglycemia, producing a prolonged glucose tolerance curve and a transient, diabetes mellitus-like state during 6 to 72 h of fasting. To further assess dolphins as comparative models for diabetes in humans, we hypothesized that a suite of hematological and clinical biochemistry changes during the fasting state may mimic those reported in humans with diabetes. We conducted a retrospective analysis of covariance to compare fasting and nonfasting hematologic and serum biochemical data, including 1161 routine blood samples from 52 healthy bottlenose dolphins (age, 1 to 49 y; male and female) collected during 1998 through 2005. Most changes found in dolphins during the fasting state--including significantly increased glucose, platelets, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase; significantly decreased serum uric acid; and shifts toward a metabolic acidodic state (significantly increased blood CO2)--have been previously associated with diabetes mellitus in humans. Therefore, healthy bottlenose dolphins may be the first complete and natural comparative animal model for diabetes mellitus in humans. Similarities between dolphins and humans, including metabolic changes associated with high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets; large brain-to-mass ratios; high central nervous system demands for glucose; and similarly unique blood glucose-carrying capacities should be further assessed to better understand the potential evolutionary paths of diabetes mellitus in these 2 species.
Low Power Lookup Tables for Huffman Decoding (2007)

Mobile video devices are energy constrained and therefore need to contain circuits that consume a minimum amount of energy. In this paper, different architectures of lookup tables for Huffman decoding are studied. The PLA type structure is common in these Huffman lookup tables because of their speed and simplicity advantage. However, we determine that the tree structure for table lookup can be a lower power alternative than a PLA structure in certain situations. These situations accounted for 56% of our total simulations runs, and of these runs, the average power savings of the tree in those situations was 78%. Another goal of this paper is to show the effects of varying the table size and varying the probability distributions of a table on power, area, and delay.
Carbohydrate‐based particles: a new adjuvant for allergen‐specific immunotherapy (2002)

The occurrence of systemic anaphylactic side-effects in the course of allergen-specific immunotherapy has been strongly reduced by the adsorption of allergens to aluminium hydroxide, the most frequently used adjuvant in humans. Using the major timothy grass pollen allergen, Phl p 5b, in its recombinant form for immunization of mice, we demonstrate that carbohydrate-based particles (CBP) exhibit several potential advantages over aluminium-hydroxide as adjuvant for immunotherapy. Similar to alum-bound rPhl p 5b, CBP-bound rPhl p 5b induced a stronger antibody and cytokine response than unbound rPhl p 5b after subcutaneous injection in mice. The antibodies induced by CBP-bound rPhl p 5b, exhibited potentially beneficial activities as they cross-reacted with group 5 allergens from five other grass species and inhibited the binding of grass pollen allergic patients IgE to Phl p 5b. Alum-bound rPhl p 5b induced a preferential allergen-specific Th2-response characterized by high immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody levels and elevated interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 production in cultured splenocytes. By contrast, CBP-bound rPhl p 5b, but not rPhl p 5b alone or coadministered with CBP, induced a mixed allergen-specific T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 immune response characterized by the additional production of allergen-specific IgG2a/b antibody responses and elevated interferon-gamma production. Conjugation of rPhl p 5b to CBP yielded a stable vaccine formulation with preserved immunogenic features of the allergen and, in contrast to alum, induced no granulomatous tissue reactions. Based on these results, CBP is suggested as a potentially useful adjuvant for specific immunotherapy of IgE-mediated allergies.
Genetic Transformation of Maize Cells by Particle Bombardment (1989)

Intact maize cells were bombarded with microprojectiles bearing plasmid DNA coding for selectable (neomycin phosphotransferase [NPT II]) and screenable (beta-glucuronidase [GUS]) marker genes. Kanamycin-resistant calli were selected from bombarded cells, and these calli carried copies of the NPT II and GUS genes as determined by Southern blot analysis. All such calli expressed GUS although the level of expression varied greatly between transformed cell lines. These results show that intact cells of important monocot species can be stably transformed by microprojectiles.
Gli1 is a target of Sonic hedgehog that induces ventral neural tube development (1997)

The vertebrate zinc finger genes of the Gli family are homologs of the Drosophila gene cubitus interruptus. In frog embryos, Gli1 is expressed transiently in the prospective floor plate during gastrulation and in cells lateral to the midline during late gastrula and neurula stages. In contrast, Gli2 and Gli3 are absent from the neural plate midline with Gli2 expressed widely and Gli3 in a graded fashion with highest levels in lateral regions. In mouse embryos, the three Gli genes show a similar pattern of expression in the neural tube but are coexpressed throughout the early neural plate. Because Gli1 is the only Gli gene expressed in prospective floor plate cells of frog embryos, we have investigated a possible involvement of this gene in ventral neural tube development. Here we show that Shh signaling activates Gli1 transcription and that widespread expression of endogenous frog or human glioma Gli1, but not Gli3, in developing frog embryos results in the ectopic differentiation of floor plate cells and ventral neurons within the neural tube. Floor-plate-inducing ability is retained when cytoplasmic Gli1 proteins are forced into the nucleus or are fused to the VP16 transactivating domain. Thus, our results identify Gli1 as a midline target of Shh and suggest that it mediates the induction of floor plate cells and ventral neurons by Shh acting as a transcriptional regulator.
A robust estimation of virtual dimensionality in hyperspectral imagery (2010)

Estimate the Intrinsic dimensionality which is normally characterized by virtual dimensionality is the first step of hyperspectral data processing. A robust estimation algorithm called the noise constrained virtual dimensionality analysis is proposed in this paper. It decomposes date matrix into the product of Q which is the unit orthogonal matrix and R which is the triangle matrix through the QR decomposing for decreasing the computational complexity, adopts glide noise detection window to filter the noise to improve the accuracy of the estimation of dimensionality and synthesizes the Least squares algorithm to modify threshold for the reasonable results. The result obtained by applying the classical algorithms and the proposed algorithm both on simulated hyperspectral date and real hyperspectral date are also presented and discussed.
Dissecting endonuclease and exonuclease activities in endonuclease V from Thermotoga maritima (2010)

Endonuclease V is an enzyme that initiates a conserved DNA repair pathway by making an endonucleolytic incision at the 3'-side 1 nt from a deaminated base lesion. DNA cleavage analysis using mutants defective in DNA binding and Mn(2+) as a metal cofactor reveals a novel 3'-exonuclease activity in endonuclease V [Feng,H., Dong,L., Klutz,A.M., Aghaebrahim,N. and Cao,W. (2005) Defining amino acid residues involved in DNA-protein interactions and revelation of 3'-exonuclease activity in endonuclease V. Biochemistry, 44, 11486-11495.]. This study defines the enzymatic nature of the endonuclease and exonuclease activity in endonuclease V from Thermotoga maritima. In addition to its well-known inosine-dependent endonuclease, Tma endonuclease V also exhibits inosine-dependent 3'-exonuclease activity. The dependence on an inosine site and the exonuclease nature of the 3'-exonuclease activity was demonstrated using 5'-labeled and internally-labeled inosine-containing DNA and a H214D mutant that is defective in non-specific nuclease activity. Detailed kinetic analysis using 3'-labeled DNA indicates that Tma endonuclease V also possesses non-specific 5'-exonuclease activity. The multiplicity of the endonuclease and exonuclease activity is discussed with respect to deaminated base repair.
Intracellular roles of SN-38, a metabolite of the camptothecin derivative CPT-11, in the antitumor effect of CPT-11. (1991)

It is known that 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin (CPT-11), a semisynthesized derivative of camptothecin (CPT), has a potent antitumor activity in vivo, but 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), a metabolite of CPT-11, shows much stronger cytotoxicity in vitro than CPT-11. In this study, we demonstrated that the relaxation of SV40 DNA plasmids by type I DNA topoisomerase prepared from P388 murine leukemia cells was inhibited by 50% by SN-38 at approximately 1 microM, although CPT-11 at 1 mM slightly inhibited the relaxation. SN-38 and CPT showed strong, time-dependent inhibitory activity against DNA synthesis of P388 cells. However, CPT-11 weakly inhibited DNA synthesis independently of time with coincident inhibition of the total thymidine uptake by the cells. By alkaline and neutral elution assays, it was demonstrated that SN-38 caused much more frequent DNA single-strand breaks in P388 cells than did CPT-11. The same content of SN-38 and a similar frequency of single-strand breaks were detected in the cells treated with SN-38 at 0.1 microM or with CPT-11 at 100 microM. Therefore, single-strand breaks by CPT-11 seem to be due to SN-38 produced from CPT-11 in cells. These results indicate that CPT-11 itself possesses a marginal antiproliferative effect but that SN-38 plays an essential role in the mechanism of action of CPT-11.
The Role of Somatostatin and Its Analogs in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Tumors (1991)

LONG-term therapy with somatostatin analogs has been reported to result in the control of hormonal hypersecretion, in improvement of symptomatology, and in tumor shrinkage in patients with acromegaly, endocrine pancreatic tumors, and metastatic carcinoids. One of these somatostatin analogs, octreotide, has been approved for clinical use in most countries, including the United States. It is a well-tolerated, but expensive drug. Experimental studies show that chronic administration of somatostatin analogs causes growth inhibition of a number of (transplantable) tumors in animals, including chondrosarcomas, pancreatic, prostatic, breast, and pituitary cancers. Somatostatin receptors have been demonstrated on a variety of human tumors by classical biochemical binding techniques, as well as by in vitro autoradiography. These tumors include those with amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) characteristics (pituitary tumors, endocrine pancreatic tumors, carcinoids, paragangliomas, small cell lung cancers, medullary thyroid carcinomas, pheochromocytomas), as well as meningiomas, well-differentiated brain tumors (astrocytomas), neuroblastomas, and some human breast cancers. Recently we developed a technique that allows the in vivo visualization in man of the somatostatin receptorpositive tumors mentioned above after the iv administration of the 123I-coupled somatostatin analog Tyr3-octreotide. We have simplified, as well as improved, this technique, which should be available for general use in 1992.
PIN: An Associated Protein Inhibitor of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (1996)

The neurotransmitter functions of nitric oxide are dependent on dynamic regulation of its biosynthetic enzyme, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). By means of a yeast two-hybrid screen, a 10-kilodalton protein was identified that physically interacts with and inhibits the activity of nNOS. This inhibitor, designated PIN, appears to be one of the most conserved proteins in nature, showing 92 percent amino acid identity with the nematode and rat homologs. Binding of PIN destabilizes the nNOS dimer, a conformation necessary for activity. These results suggest that PIN may regulate numerous biological processes through its effects on nitric oxide synthase activity.
Controlled release of vancomycin from biodegradable microcapsules (2001)

Poly D,L-lactic acid (PLA) and its copolymers with glycolide PLGA 90:10 and 70:30 were polymerized under various conditions to yield polymers in the molecular weight range 12000-40000 daltons, as determined by gel permeation chromatography. Vancomycin hydrochloride was the hydrophilic drug of choice for the treatment of methicillin resistant Staphyloccoccal infections. It was microencapsulated in the synthesized polymers using water-oil-water (w/o/w) double emulsion and solvent evaporation. The influence of microcapsule preparation medium on product properties was investigated. An increase in polymer-to-drug ratio from 1:1 to 3:1 caused an increase in the encapsulation efficiency (i.e. from 44-97% with PLGA). An increase in the emulsifier (PVA) molecular weight from 14-72 kD caused an increase in encapsulation efficiency and microcapsule size. The in vitro release of vancomycin from microcapsules in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) was found to be dependent on molecular weight and copolymer type. The kinetic behaviour was controlled by both diffusion and degradation. Sterilization with 60Co (2.5 Mrad) also affected the degradation rate and release profiles. Degradation of microcapsules could be seen by scanning electron microscopy, by the increase in the release rate from PLA and by the decrease in the Tg values of microcapsules. In vitro bactericidal effects of the microcapsule formulations on S. aureus were determined with a special diffusion cell after the preparations had been sterilized, and were found to have bactericidal effects lasting for 4 days.
Erythropoietin for the treatment of anemia associated with hematological malignancy (2001)

Anemia is common in patients with hematological malignancy. Most patients will have their anemia attributed to the anemia of chronic disease. The anemia of chronic disease is caused by cytokine mediated suppression of erythropoiesis and low serum erythropoietin levels are found in the majority of patients with cancer. Many of these anemic patients will be symptomatic with fatigue. Data from many studies indicates that treatment of anemic patients with erythropoietin will increase their hemoglobin concentration, decrease transfusion need and also improve their quality of life. A recent study also suggests that improving the hemoglobin level may improve the patients' prognosis but this finding needs to be confirmed.
Haemostasis in Normal Pregnancy (1984)

A study has been undertaken in 72 women to provide systematic information on the changes that occur in a wide range of haemostatic variables during and after pregnancy. Factors VII, VIII:C, VIIIR:Ag, X, fibrinogen and alpha 1-antitrypsin, rose markedly throughout pregnancy. Factors II and V and alpha 2 macroglobulin all rose early on but then decreased steadily. Antithrombin III:C and Ag fell slightly. There was a marked decrease in fibrinolytic activity from 11-15 weeks onwards. Levels of fibrin degradation products rose from 21-25 weeks onwards. The rise in coagulation factors that occurs could be due to increased synthesis or increased activation by thrombin, or to both. The findings are consistent with a mild degree of local intravascular coagulation from early on in pregnancy in some women.
Release characteristics of pectin microspheres prepared by an emulsification technique (2002)

The potential application of pectin as a matrix polymer for making microspheres by an emulsification technique was explored, and the drug release property of these pectinate microspheres containing drug cores of varying aqueous solubilities: sulphanilamide, sulphaguanidine and sulphathiazole, was investigated using different dissolution media. The size and size distribution, specific surface area, drug content and drug release property of the pectinate microspheres were determined. The solubility and solution pH of drugs and their propensity to interact with pectin were characterized. Pectinate microspheres were successfully prepared by external gelation, using a modified emulsification technique. The kinetics of drug release from the microspheres best fitted Higuchi's model. Interestingly, the lowest percentage of drug released was produced by microspheres which were smallest in size and, therefore, largest in specific surface area, and containing sulphanilamide, the most aqueous soluble and the lowest molecular weight drug. Mathematical correlation study indicated that the drug release profile of pectinate microspheres was notably affected by the drug content and the extent of drug-pectin interaction in the microspheres. Generally, a higher percentage of drug was released from the microspheres with a higher drug content and/or lower extent of drug-pectin interaction. The extent of drug-pectin interaction was highest in microspheres containing sulphanilamide, followed by sulphaguanidine and sulphathiazole, opposite to that of drug content.