gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
BOLA: Near-optimal bitrate adaptation for online videos (2016)

Modern video players employ complex algorithms to adapt the bitrate of the video that is shown to the user. Bitrate adaptation requires a tradeoff between reducing the probability that the video freezes and enhancing the quality of the video shown to the user. A bitrate that is too high leads to frequent video freezes (i.e., rebuffering), while a bitrate that is too low leads to poor video quality. Video providers segment the video into short chunks and encode each chunk at multiple bitrates. The video player adaptively chooses the bitrate of each chunk that is downloaded, possibly choosing different bitrates for successive chunks. While bitrate adaptation holds the key to a good quality of experience for the user, current video players use ad-hoc algorithms that are poorly understood. We formulate bitrate adaptation as a utility maximization problem and devise an online control algorithm called BOLA that uses Lyapunov optimization techniques to minimize rebuffering and maximize video quality. We prove that BOLA achieves a time-average utility that is within an additive term O(1/V) of the optimal value, for a control parameter V related to the video buffer size. Further, unlike prior work, our algorithm does not require any prediction of available network bandwidth. We empirically validate our algorithm in a simulated network environment using an extensive collection of network traces. We show that our algorithm achieves near-optimal utility and in many cases significantly higher utility than current state-of-the-art algorithms. Our work has immediate impact on real-world video players and BOLA is part of the reference player implementation for the evolving DASH standard for video transmission.
Delving Deep into Rectifiers: Surpassing Human-Level Performance on ImageNet Classification (2015)

Rectified activation units (rectifiers) are essential for state-of-the-art neural networks. In this work, we study rectifier neural networks for image classification from two aspects. First, we propose a Parametric Rectified Linear Unit (PReLU) that generalizes the traditional rectified unit. PReLU improves model fitting with nearly zero extra computational cost and little overfitting risk. Second, we derive a robust initialization method that particularly considers the rectifier nonlinearities. This method enables us to train extremely deep rectified models directly from scratch and to investigate deeper or wider network architectures. Based on the learnable activation and advanced initialization, we achieve 4.94% top-5 test error on the ImageNet 2012 classification dataset. This is a 26% relative improvement over the ILSVRC 2014 winner (GoogLeNet, 6.66% [33]). To our knowledge, our result is the first to surpass the reported human-level performance (5.1%, [26]) on this dataset.
Temporal and quantitative correlations between insulin secretion and stably elevated or oscillatory cytoplasmic Ca2+ in mouse pancreatic beta-cells (1998)

An increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ in beta-cells is a key step in glucose-induced insulin secretion. However, whether changes in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) directly regulate secretion remains disputed. This question was addressed by investigating the temporal and quantitative relationships between [Ca2+]i and insulin secretion. Both events were measured simultaneously in single mouse islets loaded with fura-PE3 and perifused with a medium containing diazoxide (to prevent any effect of glucose on the membrane potential) and either 4.8 or 30 mmol/l K+. Continuous depolarization with 30 mmol/l K+ in the presence of 15 mmol/l glucose induced a sustained rise in [Ca2+]i and insulin release. No oscillations of secretion were detected even after mathematical analysis of the data (pulse, spectral and sample distribution analysis). In contrast, alternating between 30 and 4.8 mmol/l K+ (1 min/2 min or 2.5 min/5 min) triggered synchronous [Ca2+]i and insulin oscillations of regular amplitude in each islet. A good correlation was found between [Ca2+]i and insulin secretion, and it was independent of the presence or absence of oscillations. This quantitative correlation between [Ca2+]i and insulin secretion was confirmed by experiments in which extracellular Ca2+ was increased or decreased (0.1-2.5 mmol/l) stepwise in the presence of 30 mmol/l K+. This resulted in parallel stepwise increases or decreases in [Ca2+]i and insulin secretion. However, while the successive [Ca2+]i levels were unaffected by glucose, each plateau of secretion was much higher in 20 than in 3 mmol/l glucose. In conclusion, in our preparation of normal mouse islets, insulin secretion oscillates only when [Ca2+]i oscillates in beta-cells. This close temporal relationship between insulin secretion and [Ca2+]i changes attests of the regulatory role of Ca2+. There also exists a quantitative relationship that is markedly influenced by the concentration of glucose.
A Multicenter, Controlled Trial of Ursodiol for the Treatment of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (1991)

Ursodiol is a safe and effective treatment for primary biliary cirrhosis.
Anti‐idiotypic monoclonal antibody recognizes a consensus recognition site for phosphatidylserine in phosphatidylserine‐specific monoclonal antibody and protein kinase C (1994)

In order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the specific lipid-protein interactions, we have undertaken structural and idiotypic analyses of a monoclonal antibody, PS4A7, which binds specifically to phosphatidylserine (PS). Here we showed that one of the anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibodies raised against PS4A7 cross-reacted extensively with protein kinase C (PKC) and inhibited the activation of the enzymatic activity. The binding of the anti-idiotypic antibody to PKC was inhibited specifically by PS, but not by other phospholipids including 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-D-serine or 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-homoserine. In contrast, the binding of the anti-idiotypic mAb to the enzyme was significantly enhanced in the presence of either diacylglycerol or sphingosine. These findings indicate that the PS-specific monoclonal antibody and PKC share a consensus structure which is responsible for the specific interaction with PS and both diacylglycerol and sphingosine may induce a similar conformational change which exposes the PS-specific binding site of the enzyme.
Sym004: A Novel Synergistic Anti–Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibody Mixture with Superior Anticancer Efficacy (2010)

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a validated therapeutic target in cancer and EGFR antagonists with greater effectiveness than existing clinical agents remain of interest. Here, we report a novel approach based on Sym004, a mixture of two anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies directed against distinct nonoverlapping epitopes in EGFR extracellular domain III. Like anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies in current clinical use, Sym004 inhibits cancer cell growth and survival by blocking ligand-binding receptor activation and phosphorylation and downstream receptor signaling. However, unlike the other antibodies, Sym004 induces rapid and efficient removal of the receptor from the cancer cell surface by triggering EGFR internalization and degradation. Compared with reference anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies, Sym004 exhibited more pronounced growth inhibition in vitro and superior efficacy in vivo. Together, these findings illustrate a strategy to target EGFR more effectively than existing clinical antibodies.
Tableting of Eudragit RS and Propranolol Hydrochloride Solid Dispersion: Effect of Particle Size, Compaction Force, and Plasticizer Addition on Drug Release (2004)

The application of a solid dispersion (SD) system of propranolol HCl and Eudragit RS was evaluated in the preparation of prolonged release tablets. The effects of SD size fraction, compaction force, and inclusion of plasticizers [namely diethylphtalate (DEP) and triethylcitrate (TEC)] on crushing strengths of matrices and release profile of drug were also investigated. The results showed that when compressed as a tablet, the SD system was more efficient in prolonging drug release than physical mixture. This effect was due to formation of much harder tablets of the SD system (crushing strength 8.5 kg) compared with those of physical mixtures (crushing strength 2.7 kg). All matrices of the SD system showed release rate patterns that were best described by the Higuchi equation. It was also shown that the rate of drug release decreased from 19.8% to 9.13% min(-1/2) as the SD size fraction decreased from 300-350 to 125-250 microm. However, further reduction of size fraction did not significantly affect tablet crushing strength and drug release rate. Increase in compaction force from 5 to 30 kN increased the crushing strength of matrices from 2.9 to 13.6 kg. However, the rate of drug release remained nearly unchanged beyond compaction pressure of 10 kN, indicating that crushing strength of matrices in the range of 8.5-13.6 kg did not affect drug release rate. The addition of 5% or 10% of either plasticizer (DEP or TEC) led to an increase in crushing strength of matrices and more retardation of drug release. This effect was more pronounced for higher concentrations of plasticizers. This effect was probably due to more plastic deformation of matrices under the compaction force, which helped matrices to retain their shape throughout the dissolution test.
Intravenous immunoglobulins induce CD32-mediated platelet aggregationin vitro (2008)

Our results suggest that CMVIg and IVIg solutions with activating Fc domains are able to bind CD32 on platelets and cause platelet aggregation in vitro. These results indicate a mechanism by which in vivo intravascular thrombosis may be explained and suggest caution with concomitant use of packed platelets and IVIg in autoimmune diseases in the clinical setting.
Nerve growth factor concentrations in the synovial fluid from healthy dogs and dogs with secondary osteoarthritis (2011)

This study demonstrates for the first time the presence of NGF in canine synovial fluid and its increased concentrations in dogs with chronic lameness compared to healthy dogs and dogs with acute lameness. The association between chronic lameness and raised synovial concentrations may suggest an involvement of NGF in OA inflammation and chronic pain.
Descending serotonergic facilitation of spinal ERK activation and pain behavior (2006)

Serotonin (5-HT) derived from bulbo-spinal projection is released by nociceptive input into the spinal dorsal horn. Here we report that formalin injection in the paw produced pain behavior (flinching) and phosphorylation of spinal ERK1/2 (P-ERK1/2, indicating activation) in rats. Depletion of spinal 5-HT by intrathecal (IT) 5,7-DHT, a serotonergic neurotoxin, profoundly reduced formalin evoked flinching and the increase in P-ERK1/2. Ondansetron (a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) at IT doses that inhibited flinching also attenuated spinal ERK activation. These findings reveal that primary afferent-evoked activation of spinal ERK requires the input from an excitatory 5-HT descending pathway.
Pyronin B as a donor for n-type doping of organic thin films (2003)

We present an approach to stable n-type doping of organic matrices using organic dopands. To circumvent stability limitations inherent in strong organic donors, we produce the donor from a stable precursor compound in situ. As an example, pyronin B chloride is studied as a dopant in a 1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride matrix. Conductivities up to 2×10−4 S/cm are obtained, which is two orders of magnitude higher than obtained previously using bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene as a dopant [A. Nollau, M. Pfeiffer, T. Fritz, and K. Leo, J. Appl. Phys. 87, 4340 (2000)]. Field-effect measurements are used to prove n-type conduction. Other matrices which can be doped are N,N′-dimethyl-perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide and fullerene C60, frequently used in organic solar cells. Visible light and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirm the donor properties of pyronin B.
Surface voltage and surface photovoltage: history, theory and applications (2001)

Surface voltage and surface photovoltage measurements have become important semiconductor characterization tools, largely because of the availability of commercial equipment and the contactless nature of the measurements. The range of the basic technique has been expanded through the addition of corona charge. The combination of surface charge and illumination allows surface voltage, surface barrier height, flatband voltage, oxide thickness, oxide charge density, interface trap density, mobile charge density, oxide integrity, minority carrier diffusion length, generation lifetime, recombination lifetime and doping density to be determined. In this review I shall briefly review the history of surface voltage, then discuss the principles of the technique and give some examples and applications.
Sialoside Specificity of the Siglec Family Assessed Using Novel Multivalent Probes (2003)

Ten of the 11 known human siglecs or their murine orthologs have been evaluated for their specificity for over 25 synthetic sialosides representing most of the major sequences terminating carbohydrate groups of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Analysis has been performed using a novel multivalent platform comprising biotinylated sialosides bound to a streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. Each siglec was found to have a unique specificity for binding 16 different sialoside-streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase probes. The relative affinities of monovalent sialosides were assessed for each siglec in competitive inhibition studies. The quantitative data obtained allows a detailed analysis of each siglec for the relative importance of sialic acid and the penultimate oligosaccharide sequence on binding affinity and specificity. Most remarkable was the finding that myelin-associated glycoprotein (Siglec-4) binds with 500-10,000-fold higher affinity to a series of mono- and di-sialylated derivatives of the O-linked T-antigen (Galbeta(1-3)-GalNAc(alpha)OThr) as compared with alpha-methyl-NeuAc.
Integrity of Escherichia coli P pili during biogenesis: properties and role of PapJ (1990)

The papJ gene of uropathogenic Escherichia coli is required to maintain the integrity of Gal alpha (1-4)Gal-binding P pili. Electron microscopy and ELISA have established that strains carrying the papJ1 mutant allele have a large amount of pilus antigen free of the cells. In contrast to the whole pili released by strains unable to produce the PapH pilus anchor, the free papJ1 pili consist of variably sized segments that appear to result from internal breakages to the pilus. The DNA sequence of papJ is presented and its gene product identified as an 18kD periplasmic protein that possesses homology with nucleotide-binding proteins. PapJ may function as a 'molecular chaperone' directly or indirectly establishing the correct assembly of PapA subunits in the P pilus.
A Novel Method for Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Using Percutaneous Implantation of a Newly Designed Endovascular Device (1995)

This study demonstrates the feasibility of percutaneous implantation of this new device and its effectiveness in the treatment of surgically created AAA in our canine model. The covered stent was able to exclude AAA immediately upon deployment and is of potential value in the emergency treatment of leaking AAAs. The uncovered stent appears to safely bridge branch arteries as well as significantly reduce the angiographic size of the aneurysm and may be useful in the elective therapy of AAAs. These results are promising, and future clinical trials to investigate the safety and efficacy of this device in humans are warranted.
Interleukin-8: an expanding universe beyond neutrophil chemotaxis and activation. (2000)

Since the discovery 13 years ago of interleukin (IL)-8 as a potent neutrophil chemotactic factor, accumulating evidence has established it as a crucial mediator in neutrophil-dependent acute inflammation. Numerous observations have demonstrated that various types of cells can produce a large amount of IL-8, either in response to various stimuli or constitutively, after malignant transformation. Recent studies of IL-8-mediated signaling have revealed that IL-8 activates a wide range of signaling molecules in a coordinate manner. IL-8 has been proven to have diverse actions on various types of leukocytic and nonleukocytic cells besides neutrophils. The author reviews recent progress in IL-8 signal transduction and biological actions on nonneutrophilic leukocytes, including T lymphocytes, monocytes, and hematopoietic progenitor cells. Potential involvement of IL-8 in viral infections and tumor progression is also discussed.
Establishment and Further Characterization of a Line of Transgenic Mice Showing Testicular Tumorigenesis at 100% Incidence (1994)

We have reported production of transgenic mice containing human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E6 and E7 oncogenes in which a characteristic testicular tumor develops at a very high incidence. Three transgenic mice transmitted the transgene to their siblings, in which the same type of tumor developed. In one line, named line 181, this testicular tumor developed in all the 93 males obtained for 10 generations. In most cases, this tumor was detectable bilaterally in the testes 9 to 10 months postdelivery. On cross-matings with other inbred strains, the HPV transgene was dominant in all the genetic backgrounds examined. In the condition of experimental cryptorchidism, obvious delay of tumor formation was observed. In these testes, the tumor cells were seen to arise from the interstitium. Moreover, this tumor also manifested obvious expression of gonadal specific 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) and other enzymes for androgen metabolism. These observations strongly suggest that this tumor has originated from Leydig cells. This transgenic mouse line, therefore, provides a novel system for investigating in vivo carcinogenesis and the mechanism of transformation of male gonadal cells.
Cross‐Reactivity of Antibodies to Type 6B and 6A Polysaccharides ofStreptococcus pneumoniae,Evoked by Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines, in Infants (2001)

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes 6B and 6A are important causes of infections, yet only 6B is included in current vaccines. It is, therefore, crucial to evaluate whether functional antibodies are produced against both types after vaccination. Concentration and opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) of antibodies to 6B and 6A polysaccharides were determined in serum samples from infants immunized with 3 different pneumococcal conjugate vaccines containing serotype 6B. In all vaccine groups, a significant correlation was found between the anti-6B and -6A antibody concentration and OPA. However, OPA to the vaccine serotype was detectable more commonly than OPA to the cross-reactive type. Furthermore, 5%-15% of the serum samples showed high OPA against the 6B but not the 6A strain. On average, 2-6 times more anti-6B antibodies were needed for 50% opsonophagocytic killing of the type 6A than the type 6B strain. Although pneumococcal type 6B conjugate vaccines elicit antibodies that cross-react with type 6A, not all anti-6B antibodies are functionally cross-reactive.
Dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cells express a novel ligand for CD38 which influences their maturation and antibody responses (2004)

Summary CD38 is a cell surface molecule with ADP‐ribosyl cyclase activity, which is predominantly expressed on lymphoid and myeloid cells. CD38 has a significant role in B‐cell function as some anti‐CD38 antibodies can deliver potent growth and differentiation signals, but the ligand that delivers this signal in mice is unknown. We used a chimeric protein of mouse CD38 and human immunogobulin G (IgG) (CD38‐Ig) to identify a novel ligand for murine CD38 (CD38L) on networks of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) as well as dendritic cells (DCs) in the spleen. Flow‐cytometry found that all DC subsets expressed cytoplasmic CD38L but only fresh ex vivo CD11c + CD11b – DCs had cell surface CD38L. Anti‐CD38 antibody blocked the binding of CD38‐Ig to CD38L, confirming the specificity of detection. CD38‐Ig immuno‐precipitated ligands of 66 and 130 kDa. Functional studies found that CD38‐Ig along with anti‐CD40 and anti‐major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antibody provided maturation signals to DCs in vitro . When CD38‐Ig was administered in vivo with antigen, IgG2a responses were significantly reduced, suggesting that B and T cells expressing CD38 may modulate the isotype of antibodies produced through interaction with CD38L on DCs. CD38‐Ig also expanded FDC networks when administered in vivo . In conclusion, this study has identified a novel ligand for CD38 which has a role in functional interactions between lymphocytes and DCs or FDCs.
Relationship between Pluronic Block Copolymer Structure, Critical Micellization Concentration and Partitioning Coefficients of Low Molecular Mass Solutes (2000)

Using pyrene and homologous alkyl derivatives of fluorescein as fluorescent probes, this work examines the partitioning coefficients of hydrophobic solutes in aqueous dispersions of Pluronic block copolymers (poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(propylene oxide)-block-poly(ethylene oxide)). An incremental approach is developed, allowing measurement of the free energy of transfer of a methylene group from aqueous media into the micelles. Effects of variation of length of the ethylene oxide (EO) and the propylene oxide (PO) blocks in Pluronic molecules on the partitioning characteristics of the solutes are established. A simple reciprocal relationship between partitioning coefficients of the solute and critical micellization concentration is demonstrated.
Noncatalytic Role of the FKBP52 Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase Domain in the Regulation of Steroid Hormone Signaling (2007)

Hormone-dependent transactivation by several of the steroid hormone receptors is potentiated by the Hsp90-associated cochaperone FKBP52, although not by the closely related FKBP51. Here we analyze the mechanisms of potentiation and the functional differences between FKBP51 and FKBP52. While both have peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity, this is not required for potentiation, as mutations abolishing isomerase activity did not affect potentiation. Genetic selection in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for gain of potentiation activity in a library of randomly mutated FKBP51 genes identified a single residue at position 119 in the N-terminal FK1 domain as being a critical difference between these two proteins. In both the yeast model and mammalian cells, the FKBP51 mutation L119P, which is located in a hairpin loop overhanging the catalytic pocket and introduces the proline found in FKBP52, conferred significant potentiation activity, whereas the converse P119L mutation in FKBP52 decreased potentiation. A second residue in this loop, A116, also influences potentiation levels; in fact, the FKBP51-A116V L119P double mutant potentiated hormone signaling as well as wild-type FKBP52 did. These results suggest that the FK1 domain, and in particular the loop overhanging the catalytic pocket, is critically involved in receptor interactions and receptor activity.