gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ShuffleNet: An Extremely Efficient Convolutional Neural Network for Mobile Devices (2017)

We introduce an extremely computation-efficient CNN architecture named ShuffleNet, which is designed specially for mobile devices with very limited computing power (e.g., 10-150 MFLOPs). The new architecture utilizes two new operations, pointwise group convolution and channel shuffle, to greatly reduce computation cost while maintaining accuracy. Experiments on ImageNet classification and MS COCO object detection demonstrate the superior performance of ShuffleNet over other structures, e.g. lower top-1 error (absolute 7.8%) than recent MobileNet on ImageNet classification task, under the computation budget of 40 MFLOPs. On an ARM-based mobile device, ShuffleNet achieves ~13x actual speedup over AlexNet while maintaining comparable accuracy.
Adult Neurogenesis Requires Smad4-Mediated Bone Morphogenic Protein Signaling in Stem Cells (2008)

In the mammalian brain, neurogenesis continues only in few regions of the forebrain. The molecular signals governing neurogenesis in these unique neurogenic niches, however, are still ill defined. Here, we show that bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-mediated signaling is active in adult neural stem cells and is crucial to initiate the neurogenic lineage in the adult mouse subependymal zone. Conditional deletion of Smad4 in adult neural stem cells severely impairs neurogenesis, and this is phenocopied by infusion of Noggin, an extracellular antagonist of BMP. Smad4 deletion in stem, but not progenitor cells, as well as Noggin infusion lead to an increased number of Olig2-expressing progeny that migrate to the corpus callosum and differentiate into oligodendrocytes. Transplantation experiments further verified the cell-autonomous nature of this phenotype. Thus, BMP-mediated signaling via Smad4 is required to initiate neurogenesis from adult neural stem cells and suppress the alternative fate of oligodendrogliogenesis.
Politics and the Historiography of Art History: Wolfflin's Classic Art (1981)

Politics and the Historiography of Art History: Wölfflin’s Classic Art Get access MARGARET IVERSEN MARGARET IVERSEN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Oxford Art Journal, Volume 4, Issue 1, July 1981, Pages 31–34, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxartj/4.1.31 Published: 01 July 1981
Mutation of the core or adjacent LVb elements of the Moloney murine leukemia virus enhancer alters disease specificity. (1990)

Transcriptional enhancers of replication-competent mouse C-type retroviruses are potent determinants of the distinct disease-inducing phenotypes of different viral isolates and can also strongly influence the incidence and latent period of disease induction. To study the contribution of individual protein-binding sites to viral pathogenicity, we introduced mutations into each of the known nuclear factor-binding sites in the enhancer region of the Moloney murine leukemia virus and injected viruses with these mutations into newborn NFS mice. All viruses induced disease. Viruses with mutations in both copies of the leukemia virus factor a (LVa) site, leukemia virus factor c (LVc) site, or in just the promoter proximal copy of the glucocorticoid response element (GRE) had a latent period of disease onset and disease specificity indistinguishable from that of the wild-type Moloney virus. Viruses with mutations in two or three of the GREs, in both copies of the leukemia virus factor b (LVb) site, in two of the four nuclear factor 1 (NF1) consensus motifs, or in both copies of the conserved viral core element showed a significant delay in latent period of disease induction. Strikingly, viruses with mutations in the core element induced primarily erythroleukemias, and mutations in the LVb site also resulted in a significant incidence of erythroleukemias. These and other genetic and biochemical studies suggest models for how subtle alterations in the highly conserved structure of mouse C-type retrovirus enhancers can produce a dramatic effect on disease specificity.
Correlation clustering (2003)

We consider the following clustering problem: we have a complete graph on n vertices (items), where each edge (u, /spl upsi/) is labeled either + or - depending on whether a and /spl upsi/ have been deemed to be similar or different. The goal is to produce a partition of the vertices (a clustering) that agrees as much as possible with the edge labels. That is, we want a clustering that maximizes the number of + edges within clusters, plus the number of - edges between clusters (equivalently, minimizes the number of disagreements: the number of - edges inside clusters plus the number of + edges between clusters). This formulation is motivated from a document clustering problem in which one has a pairwise similarity function f learned from past data, and the goal is to partition the current set of documents in a way that correlates with f as much as possible; it can also be viewed as a kind of "agnostic learning" problem. An interesting feature of this clustering formulation is that one does not need to specify the number of clusters k as a separate parameter, as in measures such as k-median or min-sum or min-max clustering. Instead, in our formulation, the optimal number of clusters could be any value between 1 and n, depending on the edge labels. We look at approximation algorithms for both minimizing disagreements and for maximizing agreements. For minimizing disagreements, we give a constant factor approximation. For maximizing agreements we give a PTAS. We also show how to extend some of these results to graphs with edge labels in [-1, +1], and give some results for the case of random noise.
Poly(glutamic Acid) for Biomedical Applications (2001)

Paclitaxel is a widely used anti-cancer agent. Conjugates of paclitaxel with poly(glutamic acid) have shown great promise in preclinical trials, and clinical trials are now underway. Preclinical data suggest that more paclitaxel is preferentially delivered to tumor sites vs. nonconjugated paclitaxel. When poly(glutamic acid) is conjugated to other families of cancer drugs, similar improvements in effectiveness and reduced toxicity are observed. Optimization of poly(glutamic acid) for use in drug delivery applications is a key step in making this technology viable.
Cisplatin‐incorporated Polymeric Micelles Eliminate Nephrotoxicity, While Maintaining Antitumor Activity (2001)

cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cisplatin, CDDP), a potent anticancer agent, was bound to the aspartic acid residues of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(aspartic acid) (PEG-P(ASP)) block copolymer by ligand substitution reaction at the platinum atom of CDDP. The polymeric drug thus obtained was observed to form a micelle structure in aqueous medium, showing excellent water solubility. In the present study, in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity against several human tumor cell lines, toxicity and pharmacokinetic characteristics in rodents of CDDP-incorporated polymeric micelles (CDDP / m) were evaluated in comparison with those of CDDP. In vitro, CDDP / m exhibited 10 - 17% of the cytotoxicity of CDDP against human tumor cell lines. CDDP / m given by intravenous (i.v.) injection yielded higher and more sustained serum levels than CDDP. In vivo CDDP / m treatment resulted in higher and more sustained levels in tumor tissue than CDDP, and showed similar antitumor activity to CDDP against MKN 45 human gastric cancer xenograft. CDDP / m treatment caused much less renal damage than CDDP. These results indicate that CDDP / m treatment can reduce CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity without compromising the anticancer cytotoxicity of CDDP.
Continuous Subcutaneous Glucose Monitoring in Diabetic Patients (2002)

The GlucoDay system demonstrated high reliability and reported values that closely agreed with venous blood glucose measurements. The system was well tolerated and thus constitutes a relatively easy method to monitor glucose excursions in diabetic patients.
<title>Fabrication of large-format holograms in dichromated gelatin films for sun control and solar concentrators</title> (1997)

Dichromated gelatin layers (DCG) facilitate the design and fabrication of large format holographic optical elements (HOE) of high optical quality and diffraction efficiency. The HOEs are used for the fabrication of spectrally selective solar concentrators and as glazing materials for daylighting and passive sun control in buildings. The suitability of HOEs in these applications depends upon the achievable bandwidth, operating central wavelength, dispersion characteristics and low absorption losses. The HOEs are fabricated on glass or plastic film substrata in a DCG-layer of 5 to 30 micrometer thickness. The layer thickness and the gradient ar precisely controlled during the layer deposition and drying (plus or minus 1 micrometer and 0.1 micrometer/cm for standard layer of 10 micrometer thickness). The production process is based on the fabrication of high quality master holograms that are copied by dry copying procedure. The current manufacturing facilities allow the fabrication of 1 m<SUP>2</SUP> HOEs on glass substratum and a continuous production of HOEs on plastic substratum with a width of 20 cm and length of 50 m. This technology is also used to fabricate holograms for instrumentation optics in metrology and for optical interconnects in multichip modules. The fabricated HOEs exhibit the desired operational characteristics: high diffraction efficiency, small Braggshift, large bandwidth and a central wavelength that may be freely selected over a wide spectral range. In this paper, we present the results from the experimental investigation and theoretical analysis of large number of holograms of the transmissive and reflective types. We discuss the attained angular and wavelength spectra, bandwidths, wavelength shifts and the diffraction efficiencies as functions of the holographic parameters. The HOEs are made for technical applications and are designed to operate in the 300 nm - 1500 m spectral range.
hnRNP A2 and hnRNP L Bind the 3′UTR of Glucose Transporter 1 mRNA and Exist as a Complex in Vivo (1999)

Recent work identified an RNA binding protein whose presence in brain tumors correlated with translational repression of Glut1 expression. RNase T1 mapping demonstrated that this protein bound an AU-rich response element (AURE) in the Glut1 3'UTR. Facilitated by its differential expression in brain tumor cytosols, we identified this Glut1 RNA binding protein as hnRNP A2. Studies further demonstrated that hnRNP A2 was the major Glut1 RNA binding activity in other cell lines. Recombinant hnRNP A2 exhibited equivalent Glut1 RNA binding specificity, quite distinct from the related AURE binding protein hnRNP A1. These data indicate that hnRNP A2 is the Glut1 AURE binding protein whose cytoplasmic expression in gliomas is associated with translational repression and mRNA instability. Using this approach, we also identified the other major Glut1 3'UTR RNA binding activity as hnRNP L. Stimuli (hypoxia and hypoglycemia) which increase Glut1 mRNA stability selectively decreased polysomal levels of hnRNP A2 and L. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated that hnRNP A2 and L exist as a complex in vivo. As a result of these and other studies, we conclude that hnRNP A2 and L associate in vivo and independently bind the 3'UTR of Glut1 mRNA.
Intrinsic Defects and the D1 to D4 Optical Bands Detected in Plastically Deformed Si (2000)

The properties of multi-vacancy and multi-interstitial defects that possess luminescent bands around 1 eV are reviewed. Prominent among these are the hexavacancy and tri- and tetra-self-interstitial defects. It is suggested that the formation of these defects on dislocation cores could lead to the D1 to D4 photoluminescent bands linked to dislocations in Si and SiGe.
Changes in serum urea and creatinine during long-term therapy with amiodarone (2004)

Amiodarone, an antiarrhythmic agent, is hepatically metabolized and with negligible amounts detectable in urine. High dose i.p. administration to rats reduces renal blood flow and creatinine clearance without apparent damage on electron microscopy. In patients, serum creatinine is seen to increase after starting amiodarone therapy. To document the natural history of renal function during long-term therapy in patients receiving amiodarone, we closely followed a cohort of 65 patients for 30 months. Data were analyzed by ANOVA for repeated measures. Mean serum amiodarone, desethylamiodarone (DEA) and urea are displayed on the left axis of the adjacent figure and creatinine on the right axis. A slow increase in serum creatinine reaching a maximum of 11% above baseline at 6 months (p<0.001) was paralleled by an increase in urea to 18% above baseline at 12 months (p<0.001). Uric acid also declined during this time. No further changes were seen beyond the first year of therapy. Conclusions Amiodarone has a clear effect on serum creatinine. Maximum change in parameters of renal function occurs in conjunction with the time that serum concentrations of DEA stabilize during the first year of therapy. The mechanism of effect is unclear, but may involve altered tubular secretion of creatinine or the balance of afferent and efferent renal blood flow. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P5–P5; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.019 Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowerPoint
Conversion of 5-Methylcytosine to 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Mammalian DNA by MLL Partner TET1 (2009)

DNA cytosine methylation is crucial for retrotransposon silencing and mammalian development. In a computational search for enzymes that could modify 5-methylcytosine (5mC), we identified TET proteins as mammalian homologs of the trypanosome proteins JBP1 and JBP2, which have been proposed to oxidize the 5-methyl group of thymine. We show here that TET1, a fusion partner of the MLL gene in acute myeloid leukemia, is a 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)- and Fe(II)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes conversion of 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) in cultured cells and in vitro. hmC is present in the genome of mouse embryonic stem cells, and hmC levels decrease upon RNA interference-mediated depletion of TET1. Thus, TET proteins have potential roles in epigenetic regulation through modification of 5mC to hmC.
On-chip counting the number and the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes (2007)

A novel technique is reported for counting the number and the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel. This system integrates optical fluorescence detection with resistive pulse sensing enhanced by a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). The MOSFET signal indicates the total number of the cells passing through the detection channel, while the concurrent fluorescence signal records only the number of cells tagged with a specific fluorescent dye. The absolute count of the CD4+ T cells and its percentage to the total lymphocytes can be analyzed by combining the two counting results, which shows comparable accuracy to those from the commercial flow cytometer. The fastest observed counting rate for a single-channel microchip is 8.5 cells per second. This technique is highly promising as it could greatly reduce the cost for HIV diagnosis and treatment and make it accessible to resource-poor developing countries.
Immune Interferon in the Circulation of Patients with Autoimmune Disease (1979)

The observation that type II, or immune, interferon could be produced by peripheral-blood leukocytes in vitro on an immune-specific basis suggested that it also might be produced in vivo in various autoimmune disorders. We found immune interferon in the serums of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma and Sjögren's syndrome. Among 28 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, 71 per cent of those with active and 21 per cent of those with inactive disease showed interferon in their serums. Serial serum samples showed a good correlation between interferon titers and disease activity. Moreover, interferon titers correlated positively with antibodies to DNA and negatively with serum levels of the third component of complement. It is possible that the production of interferon may contribute to immunologic aberrations in auto-immune diseases and also protect the already compromised host from viral infections.
The synthesis of protected 5′-amino2′, 5′-dideoxyribonucleoside-3′-O-phosphoramidites; applications of 5′-amino-oligodeoxyribonucleotides (1987)

Synthetic routes to the four appropriately protected 5'-amino-2',5'-dideoxyribonucleoside-3'-O-(2-cyanoethyl N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidites) have been developed. The structures of all intermediates were confirmed by 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy. These building blocks have been used to prepare 5'-amino-oligodeoxyribonucleotides, which can be coupled to a wide variety of compounds, in particular metal cluster derivatives, but also fluorophores and biotin derivatives, thus generating a variety of very useful probes. Brief mention is made of a tetrairidium cluster derivative of 5'-amino-d[CCGATATCGG], which has been cocrystallised with EcoRV, and will be used for electron microscopy studies.
Effect of iodoacetamide perfusion on outflow facility and metabolism of the trabecular meshwork. (1981)

Freshly enucleated eyes were quantitatively perfused via the anterior chamber with varying dosages of iodoacetamide at constant pressure. Iodoacetamide caused a significant increase in facility of outflow in a dose-response manner in calf and monkey eyes. Almost complete inhibition of glycolysis in the calf trabecular meshwork was produced by a dosage of iodoacetamide that was too low to appreciably alter the facility. A similar response was produced by a higher dosage, which did significantly increase the facility. Our results, taken together with what is known of the properties of iodoacetamide, suggest that cellular sulfhydryl groups may be involved in a mechanism for aqueous flow through the trabecular meshwork and that iodoacetamide probably acts directly on cellular permeability rather than by inhibition of glycolysis or interference with the production of energy in the trabecular meshwork.
SERRS as a more sensitive technique for the detection of labelled oligonucleotides compared to fluorescence (2004)

This communication contains data from a comparison between the detection limits obtained using surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) and fluorescence detection of dye labelled oligonucleotides. The results show that the detection limits for SERRS are generally at least three orders of magnitude lower than those obtained for fluorescence.
Approaching the RNA ligand for RIG‐I? (2008)

Innate and antigen-specific antiviral immunity are triggered by immunorecognition of viral nucleic acids. The helicase retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) (also known as DDX58) is the key sensor of negative strand RNA viruses in the cytosol of cells. RNA containing a triphosphate at the 5'-end was shown to activate RIG-I, but the exact structure of RNA supporting 5'-triphosphate recognition, the requirement of a 5'-triphosphate group, as well as the existence of RNA structures detected by RIG-I in the absence of 5'-triphosphate remain controversial. Here, we revisit the literature on RIG-I and RIG-I ligands. The literature proposes at least six different RIG-I ligands: (i) single strand with a 5'-triphosphate, (ii) double-stranded RNA with a 5'-triphosphate, (iii) 5'-triphosphate single-stranded RNA with A- and U-rich 3'-sequences, (iv) double-stranded RNA of intermediate length (>300 and <2000 bp) without 5'-triphosphate, (v) blunt-end short double-stranded RNA (23-30 bp) without 5'-triphosphate, and (vi) short double-stranded RNA (23-30 bp) with 5'-monophosphate. RIG-I thus seems promiscuous for a variety of different RNA molecules, very similar to the Toll-like receptors, of which 10 family members are sufficient for the safe detection of the microbial cosmos. In the light of these outstanding publications, it seems an unlikely possibility that there is a fundamental shortcoming in the design of all studies. Looking closely, the only issue that comes to mind is the in vitro transcription technique used by all investigators without confirming the identity of RNA products. This technique, together with the different biological systems used, the lack of dose responses and of proper comparison of different published ligands and controls leave us with more questions than answers as to what the exact RIG-I ligand is, if in fact it exists.
An approach to automated detection of tumors in mammograms (1990)

An automated system for detecting and classifying particular types of tumors in digitized mammograms is described. The analysis of mammograms is performed in two stages. First, the system identifies pixel groupings that may correspond to tumors. Next, detected pixel groupings are subjected to classification. The essence of the first processing stage is multiresolution image processing based on fuzzy pyramid linking. The second stage uses a classification hierarchy to identify benign and malignant tumors. Each level of the hierarchy uses deterministic or Bayes classifiers and a particular measurement. The measurements pertain to shape and intensity characteristics of particular types of tumors. The classification hierarchy is organized in such a way that the simplest measurements are used at the top, with the system stepping through the hierarchy only when it cannot classify the detected pixel groupings with certainty.
Construction, Exploitation and Evolution of a New Peptide Library Displayed at High Density by Fusion to the Major Coat Protein of Filamentous Phage (1997)

The amino-terminus of the major coat protein (PVIII) of filamentous phage can be extended, up to 6-7 residues, without interfering with the phage life cycle. We have constructed a library of approximately ten millions different phage each displaying a different octapeptide joined to the amino-terminus of the 2700 copies of PVIII. Most of the resulting clones are able to produce infective particles. This molecular repertoire constituted by the periodic regular decoration of the phage filament surface, can be utilized to search elements that bind proteins or relatively small organic molecules like the textile dye Cibacron blue. By sequential growth cycles we have performed a library evolution experiment to select phage clones that have a growth advantage in the absence of any requirement for binding a specific target. The consensus of the best growers reveals a Pro rich sequence with large hydrophobic residues at position 7 and Asn at position 1 of the random peptide insert. We propose that the assembly secretion process is favoured in phages displaying this family of peptides since they fit the groove between two adjacent PVIII subunits by making advantageous molecular contacts on the phage surface.
AIMS2. The Content and Properties of a Revised and Expanded Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales Health Status Questionnaire (1992)

The AIMS2 is a revised and expanded health status questionnaire with excellent measurement properties that should be useful in arthritis clinical trials and in outcomes research.