gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Benzyl Viologen Distinguishes Genera of the Class Mollicutes (1996)

We tested the ability of 62 growing strains belonging to the class Mollicutes to reduce the redox indicator and free-radical generator 1,1'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride (benzyl viologen [BV]) to a blue-violet-purple color. BV was reduced by 12 Acholeplasma species but not by Acholeplasma multiforme PN525T (T = type strain). BV was also reduced by five of nine Mesoplasma species and by four of six Entomoplasma species. BV was not reduced by 19 Mycoplasma species, six Spiroplasma species, five unnamed Spiroplasma strains belonging to different serogroups, three Ureaplasma species, and one unnamed Ureaplasma strain. The BV-reducing ability was localized in the membrane of Acholeplasma laidlawii B-PG9 and was dependent on NADH. Reduction of BV could be expressed in mixed cultures, and this activity may be useful for recognizing the contaminating presence of an Acholeplasma species. The reductive BV response may have phylogenetic value. We believe that the test described in this paper readily distinguishes all Acholeplasma species and some Mesoplasma and Entomoplasma species from all Mycoplasma, Spiroplasma, and Ureaplasma species tested.
Are the pharmacology and physiology of α2adrenoceptors determined by α2‐heteroreceptors and autoreceptors respectively? (2011)

α(2)-Adrenoceptors are important mediators of physiological responses to the endogenous catecholamines noradrenaline and adrenaline. In addition, α(2)-adrenoceptors are pharmacological targets for the treatment of hypertension, sympathetic overactivity and glaucoma. α(2)-Adrenoceptors are also targeted to induce sedation and analgesia in anaesthesia and intensive care. α(2)-Adrenoceptors were first described as presynaptic receptors inhibiting the release of various transmitters from neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In addition to these presynaptic neuronal receptors, α(2)-adrenoceptors were also identified in many non-neuronal cell types of the body. Gene-targeting in mice provided a comprehensive assignment of the physiological and pharmacological functions of these receptors to specific α(2A)-, α(2B) - and α(2C)-adrenoceptor subtypes. However, the specific cell types and signalling pathways involved in these subtype-specific α(2)-adrenoceptor functions were largely unexplored until recently. This review summarizes recent findings from transgenic mouse models, which were generated to define the role of α(2)-adrenoceptors in adrenergic neurons, that is, α(2)-autoreceptors, versus α(2)-adrenoceptors in non-adrenergic neurons, termed α(2)-heteroreceptors. α(2)-Autoreceptors are primarily required to limit release of noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves and adrenaline from adrenal chromaffin cells at rest. These receptors are desensitized upon chronic activation as it may for instance occur due to enhanced sympathetic activity during chronic heart failure. In contrast, pharmacological effects of acutely administered α(2)-adrenoceptor agonist drugs essentially require α(2)-heteroreceptors in non-adrenergic neurons, including analgesia, sedation, hypothermia and anaesthetic-sparing as well as bradycardia and hypotension. Thus a clear picture has emerged of the significance of auto- versus heteroreceptors in mediating the physiological functions of α(2)-adrenoceptors and the pharmacological functions of α(2)-adrenoceptor agonist drugs respectively.
Multiple approaches to robust speech recognition (1992)

This paper compares several different approaches to robust speech recognition. We review CMU's ongoing research in the use of acoustical pre-processing to achieve robust speech recognition, and we present the results of the first evaluation of preprocessing in the context of the DARPA standard ATIS domain for spoken language systems. We also describe and compare the effectiveness of three complementary methods of signal processing for robust speech recognition: acoustical pre-processing, microphone array processing, and the use of physiologically-motivated models of peripheral signal processing. Recognition error rates are presented using these three approaches in isolation and in combination with each other for the speaker-independent continuous alphanumeric census speech recognition task.
Exomics and immunogenics (2014)

Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies are emerging as promising anticancer therapeutics. Interestingly, elevated response rates to these agents are mostly documented among patients with tumors that bear high level of somatic mutations, like melanoma or non-small cell lung carcinoma. We herein formulate the hypothesis that high levels of mutational heterogeneity in the tumor could be the key for the success of immune checkpoint-targeting therapies.
Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the Lower Respiratory Tract of Patients with Chronic Bronchitis (2001)

The frequency of colonization and intracellular localization of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) in the lower respiratory tract was determined in healthy adults and in clinically stable and acutely ill chronic bronchitis (CB) patients. NTHi was recovered from bronchial wash or bronchial brush specimens in 6 of 23 (26%) stable CB patients and in 1 of 15 (7%) CB patients with a respiratory exacerbation. No NTHi (0 of 26) was recovered from lower tract specimens of healthy adults undergoing anesthesia for elective surgery. Molecular typing of NTHi strains revealed that five of nine patients with stable CB had different strains in upper respiratory tract and bronchial wash/brush specimens collected simultaneously. Four stable patients with CB had different strains recovered on repeat bronchoscopy. These results demonstrate the frequent colonization of the lower airways of stable CB patients with multiple strains of NTHi. Bronchial biopsies also were examined for intracellular NTHi by in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence microscopy. Intracellular NTHi were found in 0 of 7 healthy adults, 8 of 24 patients with clinically stable CB, and 13 of 15 acutely ill CB patients. This observation suggests a role for intracellular infection by NTHi in the pathogenesis of exacerbations of CB.
Anhydrous Protein Ions (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnhydrous Protein IonsCherokee S. Hoaglund-Hyzer, Anne E. Counterman, and David E. ClemmerView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 10, 3037–3080Publication Date (Web):September 25, 1999Publication History Received2 February 1999Revised9 June 1999Published online25 September 1999Published inissue 13 October 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr980139ghttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr980139gresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views997Altmetric-Citations286LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Conformation,Ions,Molecular structure,Monomers,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Gracilis free muscle transfer for restoration of function after complete brachial plexus avulsion (2004)

Functioning free muscle transfer is a viable reconstructive option for restoration of upper-extremity function in the setting of severe BPI. It is possible to achieve good to excellent outcomes in terms of muscle grades with the simultaneous reconstruction of two functions by one FFMT, making restoration of basic hand function possible. More reliable results are obtained when a single FFMT is performed for a single function.
Implementation of a campus-wide distributed mass storage service: the dream vs. reality (2002)

In 1990, a technical team at NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, began defining a mass storage service to provide long-term archival storage, short-term storage for very large files, distributed NFS access, and backup services for critical data that resides on workstations and PCs. Because of software availability and budgets, the total service was phased in over three years. During the process of building the service from the commercial technologies available, our mass storage team refined the original vision and learned from the problems and mistakes that had occurred. We also enhanced some technologies to better meet the needs of users and system administrators. This paper describes our team's journey from dream to reality, outlines some of the problem areas that still exist, and suggests some solutions.
Purification, characterization, DNA sequence and cloning of a pimeloyl-CoA synthetase from Pseudomonas mendocina 35 (1999)

A pimeloyl-CoA synthetase from Pseudomonas mendocina 35 was purified and characterized, the DNA sequence determined, and the gene cloned into Escherichia coli to yield an active enzyme. The purified enzyme had a pH optimum of approximately 8.0, Km values of 0.49 mM for pimelic acid, 0.18 mM for CoA and 0.72 mM for ATP, a subunit Mr of approximately 80000 as determined by SDS/PAGE, and was found to be a tetramer by gel-filtration chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 77.3 units/mg of protein. The enzyme was not absolutely specific for pimelic acid. The relative activity for adipic acid (C6) was 72% and for azaleic acid (C9) was 18% of that for pimelic acid (C7). The N-terminal amino acid was blocked to amino acid sequencing, but controlled proteolysis resulted in three peptide fragments for which amino acid sequences were obtained. An oligonucleotide gene probe corresponding to one of the amino acid sequences was synthesized and used to isolate the gene (pauA, pimelic acid-utilizing A) coding for pimeloyl-CoA synthetase. The pauA gene, which codes for a protein with a theoretical Mr of 74643, was then sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of the enzyme showed similarity to hypothetical proteins from Archaeoglobus fulgidus, Methanococcus jannaschii, Pyrococcus horikoshii, E. coli and Streptomyces coelicolor, and some limited similarity to microbial succinyl-CoA synthetases. The similarity with the protein from A. fulgidus was especially strong, thus indicating a function for this unidentified protein. The pauA gene was cloned into E. coli, where it was expressed and resulted in an active enzyme.
The PD-1/PD-L1 complex resembles the antigen-binding Fv domains of antibodies and T cell receptors (2008)

Signaling through the programmed death 1 (PD-1) inhibitory receptor upon binding its ligand, PD-L1, suppresses immune responses against autoantigens and tumors and plays an important role in the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. Release from PD-1 inhibitory signaling revives "exhausted" virus-specific T cells in chronic viral infections. Here we present the crystal structure of murine PD-1 in complex with human PD-L1. PD-1 and PD-L1 interact through the conserved front and side of their Ig variable (IgV) domains, as do the IgV domains of antibodies and T cell receptors. This places the loops at the ends of the IgV domains on the same side of the PD-1/PD-L1 complex, forming a surface that is similar to the antigen-binding surface of antibodies and T cell receptors. Mapping conserved residues allowed the identification of residues that are important in forming the PD-1/PD-L1 interface. Based on the structure, we show that some reported loss-of-binding mutations involve the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction but that others compromise protein folding. The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction described here may be blocked by antibodies or by designed small-molecule drugs to lower inhibitory signaling that results in a stronger immune response. The immune receptor-like loops offer a new surface for further study and potentially the design of molecules that would affect PD-1/PD-L1 complex formation and thereby modulate the immune response.
Mechanisms of Lipid-Lowering Agents (1991)

Lipid-lowering agents are used with the purpose of ameliorating hyperlipoproteinemias, in order to prevent arterial disease. Lipid-lowering drugs can be classified into absorbable agents and into nonabsorbable compounds, acting within the gastrointestinal lumen. Absorbable drugs (fibric acids, nicotinic acid, probucol, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) reduce plasma very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and/or low-density lipoproteins (LDL) by a variety of mechanisms. Fibric acids, in particular, act by stimulating the catabolism of VLDL and also, as a consequence, improving LDL delipidation, thus favoring receptor uptake. Nicotinic acid and acipimox interfere with the biosynthesis of LDL and can also improve the clearance of VLDL/LDL. Probucol acts by a newly described mechanism, i.e. accelerating reverse transport of cholesteryl esters from high-density lipoproteins to lower-density lipoproteins. Finally, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, interfering with the biosynthesis of cholesterol, can induce an increased expression of liver high-affinity lipoprotein receptors. Nonabsorbable agents (anion-exchange resins, neomycin, beta-sitosterol) interrupt the recirculation of bile acids and/or reduce the absorption of cholesterol with the gut. They display a selective activity on hypercholesterolemia, again by increasing LDL receptor expression. The choice of one or more lipid-lowering agents will depend upon the patient's phenotype, determining responsiveness to the pharmacological treatment.
Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Furanones via Aldol Reaction of 3-Silyloxyfurans (2005)

[reaction: see text] The stereoselective aldol reaction of 3-silyloxyfurans with aldehydes in the presence of a Lewis acid is described. N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS)-mediated cyclization of the aldol product leads to the formation of the 2,7-dioxa-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-3-one ring system, which represents the formal product of hetero Diels-Alder reaction of the furan with the aldehyde.
High Dynamic Range Imaging by Fusing Multiple Raw Images and Tone Reproduction (2008)

This paper presents an integrated color imaging system for taking images in extremely high dynamic range scenes. The system first fuses several differently exposed raw images to acquire more intensity information. The effective dynamic range of the image raw data can be extended to 256 times if five differently exposed images are fused. Then it runs edge detection iterations to extract the image details in different luminance levels. The proposed tone reproduction algorithm equalizes the histogram of the extracted fine edges which tends to assign larger dynamic range for highly populated regions. Finally, the local contrast enhancement is performed to further refine the image details. The experimental results show that the proposed high dynamic range imaging system has good performance on both tone and color reproduction.
Aetiological Agent of Enterically Transmitted Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis (1988)

Virus-like particles (VLPs) with a mean diameter of 32 nm were recovered from the stools of three acute phase cases of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (ET-NANBH) occurring in the Soviet Union, North Africa and North America. VLPs from two of these cases were studied in detail and were shown to react specifically with antibody in acute phase sera obtained from other cases of ET-NANBH in Asia, the Soviet Union, North Africa and North America. Partially purified VLPs were found to sediment at 183S in sucrose gradients and to cross-react with antibody in acute phase sera from geographically isolated cases of ET-NANBH. The latter virus preparations were also used to document the seroconversion of experimentally ET-NANBH-infected cynomolgus macaques to 32 nm VLPs. Our findings indicate that one virus or class of viruses is responsible for the majority of ET-NANBH.
Neither Agouti-Related Protein nor Neuropeptide Y Is Critically Required for the Regulation of Energy Homeostasis in Mice (2002)

Agouti-related protein (AgRP), a neuropeptide abundantly expressed in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, potently stimulates feeding and body weight gain in rodents. AgRP is believed to exert its effects through the blockade of signaling by alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone at central nervous system (CNS) melanocortin-3 receptor (Mc3r) and Mc4r. We generated AgRP-deficient (Agrp(-/-)) mice to examine the physiological role of AgRP. Agrp(-/-) mice are viable and exhibit normal locomotor activity, growth rates, body composition, and food intake. Additionally, Agrp(-/-) mice display normal responses to starvation, diet-induced obesity, and the administration of exogenous leptin or neuropeptide Y (NPY). In situ hybridization failed to detect altered CNS expression levels for proopiomelanocortin, Mc3r, Mc4r, or NPY mRNAs in Agrp(-/-) mice. As AgRP and the orexigenic peptide NPY are coexpressed in neurons of the arcuate nucleus, we generated AgRP and NPY double-knockout (Agrp(-/-);Npy(-/-)) mice to determine whether NPY or AgRP plays a compensatory role in Agrp(-/-) or NPY-deficient (Npy(-/-)) mice, respectively. Similarly to mice deficient in either AgRP or NPY, Agrp(-/-);Npy(-/-) mice suffer no obvious feeding or body weight deficits and maintain a normal response to starvation. Our results demonstrate that neither AgRP nor NPY is a critically required orexigenic factor, suggesting that other pathways capable of regulating energy homeostasis can compensate for the loss of both AgRP and NPY.
The Structure of Copolymers of l-Proline with γ-Benzyl-l-glutamate in Organic Solvents (1969)

Abstract The equilibrium conformations of three copolymers of l-proline with β-benzyl-l-glutamate were studied in 1,2-dichloroethane, m-cresol, and dichloroacetic acid by measuring the optical rotatory dispersion and the infrared absorption spectra. In m-cresol and dichloroacetic acid, the proline residues take the trans-configuration. In m-cresol their incorporation into copolymers destroys the right-handed-α-helical conformation of glutamate residues. In 1,2-dichloroethane, the proline residues assume the cis-configuration if the sequence of proline residues is long enough. If it is short, they are in the trans-configuration. The poly-l-proline-I-helix can never coexist with the α-helix.
Evanescent wave imaging in optical lithography (2006)

New applications of evanescent imaging for microlithography are introduced. The use of evanescent wave lithography (EWL) has been employed for 26nm resolution at 1.85NA using a 193nm ArF excimer laser wavelength to record images in a photoresist with a refractive index of 1.71. Additionally, a photomask enhancement effect is described using evanescent wave assist features (EWAF) to take advantage of the coupling of the evanescent energy bound at the substrate-absorber surface, enhancing the transmission of a mask opening through coupled interference.
An Overview of the Tesseract OCR Engine (2007)

The Tesseract OCR engine, as was the HP Research Prototype in the UNLV Fourth Annual Test of OCR Accuracy, is described in a comprehensive overview. Emphasis is placed on aspects that are novel or at least unusual in an OCR engine, including in particular the line finding, features/classification methods, and the adaptive classifier.
Overview of the Development of the Fluoropolymer Industry (2012)

The present review briefly describes the development of the fluoropolymer industry in the past 70 years. Discussed are industrial fluoropolymers including polytetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinylidenefluoride, polyvinylfluoride, ETFE, ECTFE, FEP, PFA, THV, Teflon AF and Cytop. Nafion is included as a special functional fluoropolymer material. These industrial fluoropolymers are introduced in the order of their discovery or time of first production, included are their chemical structures, thermal properties, mechanical properties, electrical and electronic properties, optical properties, chemical resistance, oxidative stabilities, weather stabilities, processabilities and their general applications. The main manufacturing companies for the different types of fluoropolymer products are also mentioned.
Heritability of chromosomal radiosensitivity in breast cancer patients: a pilot study with the lymphocyte micronucleus assay (2000)

Of breast cancer patients, 30% are sensitive in a lymphocyte assay of radiation-induced chromosome damage (micronucleus induction) compared with 10% of healthy controls. Twenty-two first-degree relatives of 11 sensitive patients had an average micronucleus yield significantly higher than that of 68 controls. This suggests that radiosensitivity in this assay may be an inherited characteristic associated with predisposition to breast cancer.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2,6‐SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES OF 5H‐1,3,4‐THIADIAZOLO(3,2‐A)‐S‐TRIAZINE‐5,7‐DIONE (1979)

The synthesis of derivatives of 5H-1,3,4-thiadiazolo[3,2-a]-s-triazine-5,7-dione substituted in position 2 and 6 is described. The compounds were subjected to pharmacological screening, and some were found to possess antiinflammatory and antipyretic properties.
Octreotide: a potent new non-opiate analgesic for intrathecal infusion (1992)

Somatostatin-14 has been reported to relieve severe cancer pain when given intraspinally. We have studied a stable analog, octreotide, which is suitable for long-term infusion by a drug pump. In preclinical trials in dogs, chronic intrathecal and intraventricular perfusion at 40 micrograms/h did not produce neurotoxicity. On the basis of these findings cancer patients with pain unrelieved by oral opiates were treated for periods of 13 to 91 days with intrathecal octreotide 5-20 micrograms/h. During octreotide infusion, pain scores were lower while oral opiate usage was reduced. No central or systemic side effects of intrathecal administration were seen. The pain relief occurred in patients who had previously not obtained satisfactory pain control with systemic or intrathecal opiates, which is consistent with a non-opiate spinal pathway. These preliminary findings, if confirmed, suggest that octreotide is a potent non-opiate analgesic appropriate for long-term intrathecal infusion.
The Carrier Potential of Liposomes in Biology and Medicine (1976)

Interaction of Liposomes with CellsSince the demonstration that liposomes can transport entrapped agents into cultured cells and influence intracellular catabolism10 an ever-increasing number of mammalian and other cells have been found capable of associating in vitro with liposomes of diverse lipid composition (Table 1). Depending on the cell type, uptake of liposomes is temperature dependent,56 proportional to the lipid concentration56,90 and independent of pH (range, 6.8 to 8.7)90 and lipid composition,56 and it is more pronounced with monolamellar liposomes.91 With one exception,90 positive charge on the liposomal surface favors enhanced uptake (in the absence of . . .