gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alias-free image subsampling using Fourier-based windowing methods (2004)

An antialiasing image subsampling method using Fourier-based windowing is presented. To reduce resolution, directly subsampling an image results in aliased data. To avoid aliasing, the original image has to be low-pass filtered within the bandwidth of the subsampled image prior to subsampling. However, applying a simple rectangular filter causes ringing effect (ripples), which is also called the Gibbs phenomenon. Conventional finite impulse response (FIR) or infinite impulse response (IIR) filters use spectral windows (e.g., Gaussian, Hamming, Hanning, or Butterworth windows, etc.) to yield a smooth transition band at the cutoff frequency. Yet this approach attenuates the higher frequency contents of the subsampled image and results in the widening of the transition band of the impulse response. An alias-free image subsampling method is developed using a power window to reduce the spatial domain ringing effect and to preserve most of the spatial frequency contents of the subsampled image.
γ-Tocopherol and its major metabolite, in contrast to α-tocopherol, inhibit cyclooxygenase activity in macrophages and epithelial cells (2000)

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-catalyzed synthesis of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) plays a key role in inflammation and its associated diseases, such as cancer and vascular heart disease. Here we report that gamma-tocopherol (gammaT) reduced PGE(2) synthesis in both lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and IL-1beta-treated A549 human epithelial cells with an apparent IC(50) of 7.5 and 4 microM, respectively. The major metabolite of dietary gammaT, 2,7,8-trimethyl-2-(beta-carboxyethyl)-6-hydroxychroman (gamma-CEHC), also exhibited an inhibitory effect, with an IC(50) of approximately 30 microM in these cells. In contrast, alpha-tocopherol at 50 microM slightly reduced (25%) PGE(2) formation in macrophages, but had no effect in epithelial cells. The inhibitory effects of gammaT and gamma-CEHC stemmed from their inhibition of COX-2 activity, rather than affecting protein expression or substrate availability, and appeared to be independent of antioxidant activity. gamma-CEHC also inhibited PGE(2) synthesis when exposed for 1 h to COX-2-preinduced cells followed by the addition of arachidonic acid (AA), whereas under similar conditions, gammaT required an 8- to 24-h incubation period to cause the inhibition. The inhibitory potency of gammaT and gamma-CEHC was diminished by an increase in AA concentration, suggesting that they might compete with AA at the active site of COX-2. We also observed a moderate reduction of nitrite accumulation and suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by gammaT in lipopolysaccharide-treated macrophages. These findings indicate that gammaT and its major metabolite possess anti-inflammatory activity and that gammaT at physiological concentrations may be important in human disease prevention.
Simultaneous Bilateral Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax, Two Cases Report (2006)

Simultaneous bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax is a rare disease that often presents with significant respiratory distress. Without in-time diagnosis and treatment, it can be fatal. High suspicion is necessary for every breathless patient, especially when there is malingancy or underlying lung diseases. Bedside ultrasonography or roentgenography can usually diagnose this disease. Tube thoracostomy, followed by detailed examinations and definitive treatment, is usually necessary because of the high risk of underlying diseases.
Favorite color correction for reference color (1998)

In a TV system, the viewer can adjust the color control at the receiver for optimal color reproduction, but frequent incorrect color adjustment is the most common problem experienced by the viewer. Another problem for the viewer is that there is not a reference color to compare the reproduced colors. In this paper, we propose a favorite color correction circuit which represents the favorite color to the viewer on demand. The proposed circuit reproduces flesh tone which is widely used as a reference color in the TV system; blue color which is directly related to tri-stimulus values; and green color which has higher visual sensitivity. In the proposed algorithm, the variation range of phase detector output voltage was minimized for the favorite color saturation changes and also the color signal phase is readjusted from the color burst signal. Thus, the favorite color was easily detected from the other colors without overlapping of the correction range and it provides reference color to the viewer.
Induction of RNA interference in Caenorhabditis elegans by RNAs derived from plants exhibiting post-transcriptional gene silencing (2002)

The term 'gene silencing' refers to transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of gene expression. Related processes are found across kingdoms in plants and animals. We intended to test whether particular RNA constituents of a silenced plant can induce silencing in an animal. We generated Nicotiana benthamiana lines that expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) from a transgene. Plants in which GFP expression was spontaneously silenced showed siRNAs characteristic of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). RNA extracts prepared from silenced plants were injected into a GFP-expressing strain of Caenorhabditis elegans, where they induced RNA interference (RNAi). Extracts from non-silenced plants were inactive. This directly demonstrates a relationship and a mechanistic link between PTGS and RNAi. Controls confirmed that the silencing agent was an RNA. Size fractionation on denaturing gels revealed that an RNA of approximately 85 nt was most active in inducing silencing in the worm. Northern blot analysis of the region in question did not detect a prominent GFP-specific RNA of sense or antisense polarity, indicating that the RNA species which induced silencing was present only in low concentration or did not hybridize due to formation of an intramolecular double strand. In view of its high activity, it is possible that this agent is responsible for the systemic spread of silencing in plants and it might represent the aberrant RNA, a previously postulated inducer of silencing.
Helium ion microscope: A new tool for nanoscale microscopy and metrology (2006)

ALIS Corporation has developed a new helium ion microscope which has many advantages over both traditional scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) and focused ion beams (FIBs). This new technology is expected to produce an ultimate focused spot size of 0.25nm. This high resolution is attributed to the high source brightness (B&amp;gt;4×109A∕cm2sr), low energy spread (ΔE∕E∼2×10−5), and small diffraction effects (λ∼80fm). The interaction of helium ions with matter offers several valuable contrast mechanisms and a surface interaction volume which is much smaller than a SEM or conventional FIB.
B Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Lessons Learned from Studies of the B Cell Antigen Receptor (2003)

B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is an accumulative disease of slowly proliferating CD5(+) B lymphocytes that develops in the aging population. Whereas some patients with B-CLL have an indolent course and die after many years from unrelated causes, others progress very rapidly and succumb within a few years from this currently incurable leukemia. Over the past decade studies of the structure and function of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) used by these leukemic cells have helped redefine the nature of this disease. In this review we summarize and reinterpret several aspects of these BCR-related studies and how they might relate to the disease. In particular, we address the ability of antigens to select out and drive B cell clones from the normal state to overt leukemic cells by binding to BCRs that are relatively unique and characteristic of B-CLL cells. The differential capacity of some B-CLL cases to continue to transduce signals through the BCR during the leukemic phase and the consequences for the in vivo biology of the leukemic clone is also considered. Finally, we discuss current and emerging views of the cellular origin of B-CLL cells and the differentiation pathways down which we believe these cells progress.
Ribonucleotide reduction is a cytosolic process in mammalian cells independently of DNA damage (2008)

Ribonucleotide reductase provides deoxynucleotides for nuclear and mitochondrial (mt) DNA replication and repair. The mammalian enzyme consists of a catalytic (R1) and a radical-generating (R2 or p53R2) subunit. During S-phase, a R1/R2 complex is the major provider of deoxynucleotides. p53R2 is induced by p53 after DNA damage and was proposed to supply deoxynucleotides for DNA repair after translocating from the cytosol to the cell nucleus. Similarly R1 and R2 were claimed to move to the nucleus during S-phase to provide deoxynucleotides for DNA replication. These models suggest translocation of ribonucleotide reductase subunits as a regulatory mechanism. In quiescent cells that are devoid of R2, R1/p53R2 synthesizes deoxynucleotides also in the absence of DNA damage. Mutations in human p53R2 cause severe mitochondrial DNA depletion demonstrating a vital function for p53R2 different from DNA repair and cast doubt on a nuclear localization of the protein. Here we use three independent methods to localize R1, R2, and p53R2 in fibroblasts during cell proliferation and after DNA damage: Western blotting after separation of cytosol and nuclei; immunofluorescence in intact cells; and transfection with proteins carrying fluorescent tags. We thoroughly validate each method, especially the specificity of antibodies. We find in all cases that ribonucleotide reductase resides in the cytosol suggesting that the deoxynucleotides produced by the enzyme diffuse into the nucleus or are transported into mitochondria and supporting a primary function of p53R2 for mitochondrial DNA replication.
Immunological approaches as therapy for Alzheimer’s disease (2002)

The pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) shows a significant correlation between beta-amyloid peptide (AbetaP) conformation and the clinical severity of dementia. For many years, efforts have been focused on the development of inhibitors of beta-amyloid (Abeta) formation and its related neurotoxic effects. The author has developed a new concept showing that site-directed antibodies may modulate formation of Abeta. The performance of anti-Abeta antibodies in transgenic mice models of AD showed that they are delivered to the central nervous system (CNS), preventing in vivo formation of Abeta. Moreover, these antibodies dissolve Abeta plaques and protect the mice from learning difficulties and age-related memory deficits. Experimental active immunisation with Abeta (1-42) in humans has been stopped in Phase II of their clinical trials. However, several new preparations, able to provide antibodies against Abeta by either active or passive routes, have been formulated and at least one of these is likely to reach clinical testing. These data support the hypothesis that AbetaP plays a central role in AD and antibodies which modulate Abeta conformation may lead to immunotherapy of the disease.
Th2 cytokines and asthma — Interleukin-9 as a therapeutic target for asthma (2001)

Asthma is a complex heritable inflammatory disorder of the airways in which the development of clinical disease depends on environmental exposure. It has been well established that T helper type 2 (TH2) lymphocytes and their cytokines have an important role in allergic asthma. Interleukin (IL)-9, a member of the TH2 cytokine family, has recently been implicated as an essential factor in determining mucosal immunity and susceptibility to atopic asthma. In this review we examine the critical experiments and observations that support this hypothesis. We also discuss these results in comparison with the experiments supporting the involvement of other T H2 cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13.
Aspects of Age Variation in Facial Morphology Affecting Biometrics (2007)

There is a great degree of variation that occurs in the face during aging of adults that will affect outcomes for face- based biometric systems. These changes have been studied sporadically in anthropological research and have received even less attention in biometric-related literature. This paper presents a summary of recent research that spans biometric, forensic, and anthropologic literature in an attempt to unify a variety of findings related to adult aging, discusses work in synthesizing images of aged faces and its relation to the anthropological findings, and also presents work demonstrating a need for further study in this area to improve face-based biometric techniques. Only age-invariant or aging-aware methods will have the best success in longer stretches of time.
Growth mechanism and continuity of atomic layer deposited TiN films on thermal SiO2 (2002)

In atomic layer deposition (ALD), film thickness control by counting the number of deposition sequences is poor in the initial, nonlinear growth region. We studied the growth of TiN films formed by sequentially controlled reaction of TiCl4 and NH3 on thermal SiO2 during the transient, nonlinear period. Using low-energy ion scattering and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy analysis, we have found that a three-dimensional growth of islands characterizes the ALD TiN growth on SiO2. Growth at different temperatures (350 °C and 400 °C) affects the extent of the transient region and the rapid closure of the film. At 400 °C, a reduced growth inhibition and an earlier start of three-dimensional growth of islands results in film closure at about 100 cycles, corresponding to a TiN thickness of 24±3 Å. At 350 °C the minimum thickness at which the TiN layer becomes continuous is 34±3 Å, deposited with 150 cycles.
Crystallography of tetracalcium phosphate (1965)

Tetracalcium phosphate, Ca<sub>4</sub>O(PO<sub>4</sub>)2, has a monoclinic modification with the parameters <i>a=</i> 11.99, b = 9.48, and c = 6.97 A, <i>α =</i> 90.8°, z = 4, and space group P2<sub>1</sub> or P2<sub>1</sub>/m. From a comparison with the work of Trömel and Zaminer, it is concluded that this salt has monoclinic and orthorhombic modifications with the most probable space groups being P2<sub>1</sub> and P2<sub>1</sub>22<sub>1</sub>, respectively. The results support the view that tetracalcium phosphate has a layer-type structural relationship to hydroxyapatite, Ca<sub>5</sub>(OH)(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. This would account, in part, for variations in the compositions of apatitic materials in which the ratio Ca/P is greater than 10/6, and it suggests that tetracalcium phosphate may be present in the mineral of tooth and bone.
A Pilot Study of Oral Physostigmine Plus Yohimbine in Patients with Alzheimer Disease (1993)

Effective symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may require a combination of agents that augment cholinergic as well as noradrenergic neurotransmission. We conducted a pilot study of physostigmine plus oral yohimbine challenge in AD. Ten patients were enrolled in a 12-day double-blind protocol. Each patient received placebo q2h while awake for 5 days, followed by physostigmine 2 mg q2h while awake for 7 days. During each of these drug conditions, yohimbine challenges were administered at oral doses of 10 and 20 mg in a placebo-controlled manner. There was no significant improvement in Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale test performance for six patients for whom complete cognitive data were obtained for the 6 challenge days. Nine patients tolerated the protocol with no clinically significant changes in blood pressure, pulse, or electrocardiogram (ECG), and no cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, or autonomic toxicity. One patient complained of chest discomfort associated with tachycardia, a modest rise in blood pressure, and had t-wave inversion in a single precordial lead. These signs and symptoms resolved within a few hours. Serial ECG tracings and cardiac enzymes revealed no evidence of myocardial injury. This pilot study did not reveal major cognitive improvement with this regimen, but underscores the importance of careful cardiovascular monitoring during future combined cholinergic-noradrenergic therapies in AD.
Synthesis of oligonucleotides on cellulose. Part II: Design and synthetic strategy to the synthesis of 22 oligodeoxynucleotides coding for gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP). (1980)

A solid-phase approach using trinucleotide building blocks and functionalized cellulose as solid support was used to synthesize the 22 oligodeoxynucleotides that constitute a totally synthetic gene coding for a 43 amino acid peptide. Gastric inhibitory Polypeptide. The overall strategy used for the design and synthesis of the oligomers is described.
Investigation of the early stages in soraphen A biosynthesis (2003)

The unusual benzoate starter unit in soraphen A derives from phenylalanine via cinnamate in a beta-oxidative (plant-like) pathway; 3-phenyl-3-hydroxypropanoate incorporates directly into soraphen by loading onto module 2 of the PKS and indirectly from the beta-oxidative pathway to generate benzoyl CoA.
Recurrent Convolutional Network for Video-Based Person Re-identification (2016)

In this paper we propose a novel recurrent neural network architecture for video-based person re-identification. Given the video sequence of a person, features are extracted from each frame using a convolutional neural network that incorporates a recurrent final layer, which allows information to flow between time-steps. The features from all timesteps are then combined using temporal pooling to give an overall appearance feature for the complete sequence. The convolutional network, recurrent layer, and temporal pooling layer, are jointly trained to act as a feature extractor for video-based re-identification using a Siamese network architecture. Our approach makes use of colour and optical flow information in order to capture appearance and motion information which is useful for video re-identification. Experiments are conduced on the iLIDS-VID and PRID-2011 datasets to show that this approach outperforms existing methods of video-based re-identification.
Effects of prostaglandin E2, cholera toxin and 8-bromo-cyclic AMP on lipopolysaccharide-induced gene expression of cytokines in human macrophages. (1995)

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) appears to regulate macrophage cytokine production through the stimulatory GTP-binding protein (Gs protein)-mediated cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent transmembrane signal transduction pathway. In this study, we used PGE2, cholera toxin (CT; a direct G alpha s protein stimulator) and 8-bromo-cAMP (a membrane permeable cAMP analogue) to stimulate this pathway, and investigated their influence on cytokine gene expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated human macrophages. The mRNA expression for interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-6 and IL-8 were determined employing reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using specific primers. We demonstrated that PGE2, CT and 8-bromo-cAMP inhibited the LPS-induced gene activation of TNF-alpha and IL-1 alpha, and had no effect on the gene activation of IL-1 beta and IL-8. Further, our data indicate that PGE2 suppressed the gene activation of IL-6 following LPS stimulation, but neither CT nor 8-bromo-cAMP had an effect. These data suggest that PGE2 alters LPS-stimulated gene activation of only some of the early macrophage cytokines, and does so either by a Gs transmembrane cAMP-dependent or an independent system.
Human Gastrointestinal Juices Intended for Use in In Vitro Digestion Models (2011)

The aim of this study was to characterise the individual human gastric and duodenal juices to be used in in vitro model digestion and to examine the storage stability of the enzymes. Gastroduodenal juices were aspirated, and individual variations in enzymatic activities as well as total volumes, pH, bile acids, protein and bilirubin concentrations were recorded. Individual pepsin activity in the gastric juice varied by a factor of 10, while individual total proteolytic activity in the duodenal juice varied by a factor of 5. The duodenal amylase activity varied from 0 to 52.6 U/ml, and the bile acid concentration varied from 0.9 to 4.5 mM. Pooled gastric and duodenal juices from 18 volunteers were characterised according to pepsin activity (26.7 U/ml), total proteolytic activity (14.8 U/ml), lipase activity (951.0 U/ml), amylase activity (26.8 U/ml) and bile acids (4.5 mM). Stability of the main enzymes in two frozen batches of either gastric or duodenal juice was studied for 6 months. Pepsin activity decreased rapidly and adjusting the pH of gastric juice to 4 did not protect the pepsin from degradation. Lipase activity remained stable for 4 months, however decreased rapidly thereafter even after the addition of protease inhibitors. Glycerol only marginally stabilised the survival of the enzymatic activities. These results of compositional variations in the individual gastrointestinal juices and the effect of storage conditions on enzyme activities are useful for the design of in vitro models enabling human digestive juices to simulate physiological digestion.
Exploration of Natural and Artificial Sequence Spaces: Towards a Functional Remodeling of Membrane-bound Cytochrome P450 (2003)

Two complementary methods are described that associate in vitro and in vivo steps to generate sequence diversity by segment directed saturated mutagenesis and family shuffling. A high-throughput DNA chip-based procedure for the characterization and potentially the equalization of combinatorial libraries is also presented. Using these approaches, two combinatorial libraries of cytochrome P450 variants derived from the CYP1A subfamily were constructed and their sequence diversity characterized. The results of functional screening using high-throughput tools for the characterization of membrane P450-catalyzed activities, suggest that the 204–214 sequence segment of human CYP1A1 is not critical for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon recognition, as was hypothesized from previous data. Moreover, mutations in this segment do not alter the discrimination between alkoxyresorufins, which, for all tested mutants, remained similar to that of wild-type CYP1A1. In contrast, the constructed CYP1A1–CYP1A2 mosaic structures, containing multiple crossovers, exhibit a wide range of substrate preference and regioselectivity. These mosaic structures also discriminate between closely related alkoxyresorufin substrates. These results open the way to global high-throughput analysis of structure–function relationships using combinatorial libraries of enzymes together with libraries of structurally related substrates.