gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on the thermodynamics and conductances of molten salts and their mixtures. Part VI. Calorimetric studies of sodium chlorate and its mixtures with sodium nitrate (1968)

The following properties have been determined by direct experiment for pure sodium chlorate and its mixtures with sodium nitrate: heat capacity (both solid and liquid) and heat of fusion. From these experimental quantities, the following properties have been derived: entropy of fusion, heat of mixing, and free energy and entropy of mixing. The results have been compared with our previous results for the corresponding lithium chlorate – lithium nitrate system. On the whole, the conclusion is justified that the structure of melts containing lithium chlorate is more complex than that of melts involving sodium chlorate.
HETEROCHROMATIN AND GENE EXPRESSION IN DROSOPHILA (1995)

Heterochromatin is both necessary for the expression of heterochromatic genes and inhibitory for the expression of euchromatic genes. These two properties of heterochromatin have been elucidated from the study of chromosome rearrangements that induce position effect variegation (PEV) in Drosophila melanogaster. Novel euchromatin-heterochromatin junctions can affect the expression of euchromatic and heterochromatic genes located several megabases away, distinguishing higher order chromatin structure from most other regulatory mechanisms. Studies of PEV promise insights into the basis for heterochromatin formation and the role of higher order chromatin and chromosome structure in gene regulation. We evaluate the models and experimental data that address the mechanisms of PEV in different cell types, the potential functions of modifiers of PEV, and the relationship of PEV to other phenomena associated with variegated gene expression in Drosophila.
Elevated Egg Holding-Room Temperature of 74°F (23°C) Does Not Depress Hatchability or Chick Quality (2003)

A series of experiments was conducted to determine the effect of holding broiler hatching eggs on the farm at 74°F (23°C) for 1 to 4 d prior to transport to the hatchery. After collection on each of 4 consecutive d, hatching eggs were distributed into two groups that were held at 66 or 74°F (19 to 23°C) and approximately 70% RH. On Day 5, all eggs were transported 10 miles to simulate transportation from the farm to the hatchery. Eggs were then placed into the hatchery egg cooler at 66°F (19°C), held overnight, and set the following morning after being allowed to warm at room temperature for 4 h. After 21 d of incubation, normal hatched chicks were counted, abnormal chicks were noted, and the hatch residue was opened and recorded. Additional eggs for each temperature group were set and opened after 48 h of incubation to determine if embryo somite count (an indication of embryonic development rate) was influenced by the egg holding temperatures. Somite counts after 48 h of incubation were the same for both temperature groups at 20.6 somites. Hatchability of fertile eggs differed between temperature groups by less than 0.1% [90.1% at 66°F (19°C) and 90.2% at 74°F (23°C)]. Elevating the farm holding-room temperature by 8°F (4°C) for broiler breeder eggs would conserve energy on the farm and reduce the potential for egg sweating during transport to the hatchery.
1st COVID-19 vaccines arrive for Milwaukee health care workers (2020)

As the vaccine rolled out, leaders remind the public to not let their guards down when it comes to COVID-19 safety practices.
Nutrient‐regulated transcriptional responses in the brown tide‐forming alga Aureococcus anophagefferens (2010)

Long-SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression) was used to profile the transcriptome of the brown tide-forming alga, Aureococcus anophagefferens, under nutrient replete (control), and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deficiency to understand how this organism responds at the transcriptional level to varying nutrient conditions. This approach has aided A. anophagefferens genome annotation efforts and identified a suite of genes upregulated by N and P deficiency, some of which have known roles in nutrient metabolism. Genes upregulated under N deficiency include an ammonium transporter, an acetamidase/formamidase and two peptidases. This suggests an ability to utilize reduced N compounds and dissolved organic nitrogen, supporting the hypothesized importance of these N sources in A. anophagefferens bloom formation. There are also a broad suite of P-regulated genes, including an alkaline phosphatase, and two 5'-nucleotidases, suggesting A. anophagefferens may use dissolved organic phosphorus under low phosphate conditions. These N- and P-regulated genes may be important targets for exploring nutrient controls on bloom formation in field populations.
IL-21 Counteracts the Regulatory T Cell-Mediated Suppression of Human CD4+ T Lymphocytes (2007)

High expression of IL-21 and/or IL-21R has been described in T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases characterized by defects of counterregulatory mechanisms. CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Treg) are a T cell subset involved in the control of the immune responses. A diminished ability of these cells to inhibit T cell activation has been documented in immune-inflammatory diseases, raising the possibility that inflammatory stimuli can block the regulatory properties of Treg. We therefore examined whether IL-21 controls CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell function. We demonstrate in this study that IL-21 markedly enhances the proliferation of human CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells and counteracts the suppressive activities of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells on CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells without affecting the percentage of Foxp3(+) cells or survival of Treg. Additionally, CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells induced in the presence of IL-21 maintain the ability to suppress alloresponses. Notably, IL-21 enhances the growth of CD8(+)CD25(-) T cells but does not revert the CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell-mediated suppression of this cell type, indicating that IL-21 makes CD4(+) T cells resistant to suppression rather than inhibiting CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell activity. Finally, we show that IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15, but not IL-21, reverse the anergic phenotype of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells. Data indicate that IL-21 renders human CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells resistant to Treg-mediated suppression and suggest a novel mechanism by which IL-21 could augment T cell-activated responses in human immune-inflammatory diseases.
Base pairing structure in the poly d(G-T) double helix: wobble base pairs (1978)

High resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ethidium bromide binding studies are used to demonstrate that poly d(G-T) forms an ordered double helical structure at low temperatures (below 24 degrees C in 0.3 M NaCl) in which G and T are hydrogen bonded together in a wobble base pair hydrogen bonding scheme as proposed earlier by Lezius and Domin. Alternative hydrogen bonding schemes involving the tautomeric form of either T or G, such as have been proposed to account for mutation rates in DNA synthesis, are eliminated.
Preparation of a 24-Nor-1,4-dien-3-one Triterpene Derivative from Betulin:  A New Route to 24-Nortriterpene Analogues1 (2002)

A new route to 24-nortriterpene derivatives with 2-hydroxy-Delta(1,4)-cyclohexadien-3-one A-rings from triterpene precursors has been demonstrated beginning with betulin to prepare derivatives of betulinic acid. The key steps in the transformation are a Suárez cleavage of the A-ring with a subsequent SmI(2)-mediated pinacol-type coupling to reclose the A-ring following removal of the C-24 carbon by oxidative cleavage.
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Suppress Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization in Mice (2015)

Multiple clinically relevant NRTIs suppressed laser-induced CNV and downregulated VEGF-A, via P2X7.
LETAL, A Tumor-Associated NKG2D Immunoreceptor Ligand, Induces Activation and Expansion of Effector Immune Cells (2003)

NKG2D serves as one of the most potent activating receptors for effector lymphocytes. in peripheral tissues. Here we report the characterization of Letal, the first human trans-membrane NKG2D ligand lacking an immunoglobulin-like alpha-3 ectodomain. Letal is constitutively expressed by a variety of normal tissues, and is upregulated in tumor cells of different origins. Unlike other NKG2D ligands, Letal mRNA expression progressively decreased after treatment of tumor cells with retinoic acid. Simultaneous T-cell receptor activation and engagement of Letal stimulated proliferation of CD8(+) cells and dramatically increased IL-2 and IFNgamma secretion. In addition, Letal induced the killing of cancer cells by CD8(+) and NK cells. These results suggest that Letal delivers activating signals to NK cells and promotes tumor immune surveillance by inducing the expansion of anti-tumor cytotoxic lymphocytes.
Immunosuppression in Vivo by a Soluble Form of the CTLA-4 T Cell Activation Molecule (1992)

In vitro, when the B7 molecule on the surface of antigen-presenting cells binds to the T cell surface molecules CD28 and CTLA-4, a costimulatory signal for T cell activation is generated. CTLA4Ig is a soluble form of the extracellular domain of CTLA-4 and binds B7 with high avidity. CTLA4Ig treatment in vivo suppressed T cell-dependent antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes or keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Large doses of CTLA4Ig suppressed responses to a second immunization. Thus, costimulation by B7 is important for humoral immune responses in vivo, and interference with costimulation may be useful for treatment of antibody-mediated autoimmune disease.
Thermodynamic studies of polymerization of deoxygenated sickle cell hemoglobin. (1976)

Solubilities of deoxygenated sickle cell hemoglobin (deoxy-Hb S), at varying pH and temperature over a range of concentrations encompassing those found in erythrocytes, were measured. The technique involved ultracentrifugation, which gave values of the supernatant concentration and the mass of the sedimented material. The data establish that the solubility of doexy-Hb S is the saturation concentration and is independent of initial concentration. The mass of the pellet phase increases linearly with initial concentration. Moreover, the saturation concentration represents the critical concentration above which monomers are in equilibrium with polymers. These polymers are the putative cause of erythrocytes deformation associated with sickle cell anemia. The solubility-pH profiles of deoxy-Hb S at various temperatures, unlike those of other proteins, show no minima at the isoelectric pH but instead show a marked decrease in solubility below pH 7.0, indicating the predominance of polymerization over the expected increase in solubility. Deoxy-Hb S, within specified ranges of temperature and pH, possesses a negative temperature coefficient of solubility, a property characteristic of hydrophobic interactions. The saturation concentration is, however, temperature independent at conditions close to physiological. The enthalpy of polymerization (3.5 kcal/mol) is temperature independent from 6 degrees to 22 degrees for all pH values between 6.45 and 7.40. In the range of 22 degrees to 38 degrees, this parameter becomes less endothermic, having a value of 2.5 kcal/mol at pH 6.45 and a value of zero at pH 7.20. Such behavior of the system suggests a phase transition near 22 degreas. Within the range of conditions examined the polymerization is entropically driven.
Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. (2000)

Supplementation with lutein significantly increased the density of the MP. Analyzing reflectance maps with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope provided very reliable estimates of MP.
Welfare Issues of Genetically Modified Animals (2002)

Genetically engineered animals have opened new frontiers in the study of physiology and disease processes. Mutant animals offer more accurate disease models and increased precision for pathogenesis and treatment studies. Their use offers hope for improved therapy to patients with conditions that currently have poor or ineffective treatments. These advantages have fostered an increase in studies using mice in recent years, a development viewed with alarm by those who oppose the use of animals in research. Scientists point out that the mice are replacing more sentient species, such as nonhuman primates, and are increasing the quality of research being conducted. They assert that study of genetically engineered animals will eventually permit decreases in numbers of animals used in research. Nevertheless, the increase in use of genetically altered animals presents many challenges in reviewing protocols and providing care. Identification and resolution of any welfare problems is a responsibility that is shared by institutional animal care and use committee, veterinary, animal care, and research staffs. To identify potential welfare concerns, a database such as TBASE (<http://tbase.jax.org>) can be searched to learn what has been reported for established mutant lines. In addition, newly created lines should be monitored by a surveillance system and have phenotype assessment to identify the effects of altering the genome. Methods of ensuring welfare can include treatment of conditions produced, restriction of gene expression to tissues of interest or to certain time periods, and establishment of endpoints for removing animals from a study before problems appear.
Substrate‐Independent Underwater Superoleophobic Surfaces Inspired by Fish‐Skin and Mussel‐Adhesives (2014)

Substrate-independent underwater superoleophobic surfaces are designed by combining two bio-inspirations: the remarkable oil-repellence of fish skin and the versatile anchoring ability of mussel-adhesive proteins. A mussel-inspired polymer is synthesized, showing strong underwater adhesion to various substrates. A fish-skin inspired top layer is then assembled on this polymer coating through a layer-by-layer process.
Phase I study of combined 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine and chlorambucil in chronic lymphoid leukemia and low-grade lymphoma. (1994)

These observations suggest the possibility of combining two cycles of continuous intravenously administered 2-CdA (2 mg/m2/d for 7 days) with standard doses of oral chlorambucil to test the efficacy of the combination regimen in phase II trials.
Amplitude dependence of magnetic stiffness in bulk high-temperature superconductors (1990)

Magnetic stiffness has been measured in several vibratory systems composed of a permanent magnet elastically suspended above a stationary high-temperature superconductor at 77 K. For Y-Ba-Cu-O, Ag/Y-Ba-Cu-O, (Pb-Bi)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O, and Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O sintered disks, both the vertical and horizontal magnetic stiffnesses increase strongly as the magnet’s oscillation decays, down to amplitudes of 1 μm. Vertical stiffness is about twice as strong as horizontal stiffness, and both are much stronger than the gradient of the levitation force for large monotonic changes in magnet height over the superconductor. These results are not deducible from contemporary magnetization measurements, and elastic pinning of flux lines are believed to contribute significantly to the stiffness.
Sex differences result in increased morbidity from hyponatremia in female rats (1989)

The development of symptomatic hyponatremia in otherwise healthy young women can result in death or permanent brain damage. The reasons for the increased female susceptibility to complications from hyponatremia are, however, unclear. To determine whether mechanisms that normally defend the brain against damage from hyponatremia are less effective in females than males, we studied both sodium transport in the brains of hyponatremic male and female rats and the effects of parenteral arginine vasopressin on brain high-energy phosphate metabolism and intracellular pH. Basal sodium uptake in synaptosomes prepared from whole brain of females (2.20 nmol/mg protein) and males (2.98 nmol/mg protein) was not statistically different. In contrast, veratridine-stimulated sodium uptake in female brain was 8.20 nmol/mg protein, which was 86% greater (P less than 0.001) than the 6.12 nmol/mg protein observed for male brain. Additionally, sodium uptake between 5 and 60 s was significantly (P less than 0.001) greater in females than males. These data suggest that the Na+-K+-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) pump function in female rat brain synaptosomes is less effective than in males. To determine whether arginine vasopressin, a peptide hormone that promotes water retention by the kidney, had any effects on cerebral energy metabolism, we performed phosphorus-31 (31P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies on the brain of normonatremic young adult male and female rats subjected to high (20 IU) peripheral doses of arginine vasopressin. We found decreased high-energy phosphate generation, elevated inorganic phosphate, and intracellular acidosis after arginine vasopressin administration in females but not males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Thymoquinone in the clinical treatment of cancer: Fact or fiction? (2013)

Thymoquinone (TQ) is the bioactive phytochemical constituent of the seeds oil of Nigella sativa. In vitro and in vivo research has thoroughly investigated the anticancer effects of TQ against several cancer cell lines and animal models. As a result, a considerable amount of information has been generated from research thus providing a better understanding of the anti-proliferating activity of this compound. Therefore, it is appropriate that TQ should move from testing on the bench to clinical experiments. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential of TQ as an anticancer agent and the chances of this compound in the clinical treatment of cancer, with special attention on breast cancer treatment.
An Adenoviral Vector System for Functional Identification of Nuclear Receptor Ligands (1991)

A recombinant adenovirus system has been designed that confers glucocorticoid responsiveness upon infected cells in culture. Two mutually dependent viruses are required: a trans-activator virus containing the human glucocorticoid receptor transcription unit and a second receptor virus harboring a glucocorticoid response element linked to the firefly luciferase gene. Another reciprocal pair of viruses has been generated; one member expresses the rat thyroid hormone receptor alpha, while the other contains the luciferase gene regulated by a thyroid hormone-responsive DNA element. Corticosteroid- or thyroid hormone-induced transcription can be efficiently and accurately quantitated from cells coinfected with the appropriate complementary virus pair 20 h after infection in 96-well microtiter plates. This coinfection assay offers a convenient way to measure transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors and has certain key advantages over the commonly used cotransfection method. Its sensitivity and precision make it a practical approach to rapidly identify substances extracted from complex biological samples activating candidate "orphan" nuclear receptor molecules.
Additives (1990)

This discussion on the additives program took place June 18, 1990, in Cincinnati, Ohio, during AWWA's annual conference. Panel moderator was Robert Lamson, AWWA's director of standards. Members of the panel were R. Dewey Dickson, senior consultant with James M. Montgomery Consulting Engineers Inc., 250 N. Madison, Pasadena, CA 91101; David Gregorka, vice president‐administration, National Sanitation Foundation, 3475 Plymouth Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48105; John J. Hawley, associate managing engineer, Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 333 Pfingsten Rd., Northbrook, IL 60062; Wendell R. Inhoffer, general superintendent and chief engineer, Passaic Valley Water Commission, 1525 Main Ave., Clifton, NJ 07011; Gregory A. Kurkjian Jr., president and chief executive officer, Henry Pratt Co., 401 S. Highland Ave., Aurora, IL 60506; Vernon D. Lucy, senior vice president‐marketing, Infilco Degremont Inc., 2924 Emerywood Pkwy., Richmond, VA 23229; and Gayle J. Smith, director, Bureau of Drinking Water/Sanitation, Utah Department of Health, 288 N 1460 W, Salt Lake City, UT 84116‐0690.
Use of a xanthine oxidase free radical generating system to investigate the cytotoxic effects of reactive oxygen species on human spermatozoa (1993)

The reaction between xanthine and xanthine oxidase results in the univalent and divalent reduction of dioxygen to generate superoxide (O2-.) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), respectively. With the aid of this system, the direct effect of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on human sperm function has been investigated. A protocol involving the addition of xanthine oxidase to the reaction mixture at 0 and 15 min resulted in a loss of motility involving every component of sperm movement examined. Lower doses of xanthine oxidase, which did not influence sperm motility, were also found to suppress the competence of human spermatozoa to exhibit oocyte fusion in response to the ionophore, A23187. The reactive oxygen species responsible for the disruption of human sperm function was not influenced by the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD) or scavengers of hypochlorous acid or hydroxyl radicals. However, the cytotoxic species was shown to be extremely stable and could be completely eliminated by catalase, which selectively eliminates H2O2. Confirmation that it is H2O2, and not O2-., which is cytotoxic to human spermatozoa was obtained in studies in which the direct addition of this oxidant was shown to influence both the movement of human spermatozoa and their competence for oocyte fusion. These results carry implications for the diagnosis of defective sperm function and the design of optimized culture media for the treatment of male factor infertility.
Stopping Light in a Waveguide with an All-Optical Analog of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (2004)

We introduce a new all-optical mechanism that can compress the bandwidth of light pulses to absolute zero, and bring them to a complete stop. The mechanism can be realized in a system consisting of a waveguide side coupled to tunable resonators, which generates a photonic band structure that represents a classical analogue of the electromagnetically induced transparency. The same system can also achieve a time-reversal operation. We demonstrate the operation of such a system by finite-difference time-domain simulations of an implementation in photonic crystals.
Farnesoid X receptor activation inhibits inflammation and preserves the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease (2011)

FXR activation prevents chemically induced intestinal inflammation, with improvement of colitis symptoms, inhibition of epithelial permeability, and reduced goblet cell loss. Furthermore, FXR activation inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production in vivo in the mouse colonic mucosa, and ex vivo in different immune cell populations. The findings provide a rationale to explore FXR agonists as a novel therapeutic strategy for IBD.