gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Homogeneous Oxidation of Alkanes by Electrophilic Late Transition Metals (1998)

The selective oxidation of alkanes is a topic of considerable interest to both industrial and academic chemists. While the initial discovery occurred more than 25 years ago, new developments in alkane oxidation catalyzed by electrophilic late transition metals have provided important mechanistic insights as well as potentially practical methods for alkane transformations.
Interferon‐α synergistically enhances induction of interleukin‐6 by double stranded RNA in HeLa cells (2000)

Double stranded RNA (dsRNA), an intermediate that is common during viral infection, directly induces much higher levels of expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) mRNA than does the cytokine IL-1beta. Interferon alpha (IFNalpha) by itself does not induce expression of IL-6; nonetheless, IFNalpha pretreatment dramatically enhances IL-6 induction by dsRNA but not by IL-1beta. Mutation of either the activating transcription factor/cyclic AMP response element binding protein (ATF/CREB) or the NF-IL-6 binding element within the IL-6 promoter eliminates most responsiveness of CAT reporter constructs to either dsRNA or to IL-1beta. IFNalpha pretreatment partially restores responsiveness to dsRNA but not to IL-1beta when either the ATF/CREB site or the NF-IL-6 site is mutated, but at least one of these sites must be intact for responsiveness to be restored. Mutation of the kappaB binding site in the IL-6 promoter eliminates responsiveness to either IL-1beta or to dsRNA, and pretreatment with IFNalpha does not restore any responsiveness. Incubation with dsRNA leads to a decrease in protein translation, especially in cells that have been pretreated with IFNalpha. Nonetheless, IFNalpha pretreatment followed by dsRNA leads to very high IL-6 protein levels. These studies demonstrate that major differences exist in the induction of IL-6 at both the mRNA and protein levels by dsRNA compared to cytokines and that IFNalpha pretreatment selectively enhances IL-6 induction by dsRNA but not by IL-1beta. The high levels of IL-6 expression that result when cells encounter class I IFN prior to dsRNA suggest a mechanism for a heightened host response to viral infection with heightened production of this pleotropic cytokine.
Molecular Recognition of Carbohydrates by Artificial Receptors: Systematic Studies towards Recognition Motifs for Carbohydrates (2001)

The synthesis and binding properties for carbohydrates of several artificial, acyclic receptors containing two or three heterocyclic recognition units covalently attached to a phenyl spacer is described. These host molecules having uncharged hydrogen-bonding sites were used in a systematic study towards the evaluation of recognition motifs for carbohydrates. A novel effective, acyclic hydrogen-bonding receptor possessing naphthyridine-amide moieties as heterocyclic recognition units has been developed.
Relationship between co-stimulatory molecule B7-H3 expression and gastric carcinoma histology and prognosis (2006)

Detection of B7-H3 expression in gastric carcinoma tissue is beneficial to the judgment of the prognosis of gastric carcinoma patients and the choice of treatment.
The Formation of Immunogenic Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II–Peptide Ligands in Lysosomal Compartments of Dendritic Cells Is Regulated by Inflammatory Stimuli (2000)

During their final differentiation or maturation, dendritic cells (DCs) redistribute their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II products from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane. Using cells arrested in the immature state, we now find that DCs also regulate the initial intracellular formation of immunogenic MHC class II-peptide complexes. Immature DCs internalize the protein antigen, hen egg lysozyme (HEL), into late endosomes and lysosomes rich in MHC class II molecules. There, despite extensive colocalization of HEL protein and MHC class II products, MHC class II-peptide complexes do not form unless the DCs are exposed to inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, CD40 ligand, or lipoplolysaccharide. The control of T cell receptor (TCR) ligand formation was observed using the C4H3 monoclonal antibody to detect MHC class II-HEL peptide complexes by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, and with HEL-specific 3A9 transgenic T cells to detect downregulation of the TCR upon MHC-peptide encounter. Even the binding of preprocessed HEL peptide to MHC class II is blocked in immature DCs, including the formation of C4H3 epitope in MHC class II compartments, suggesting an arrest to antigen presentation at the peptide-loading step, rather than an enhanced degradation of MHC class II-peptide complexes at the cell surface, as described in previous work. Therefore, the capacity of late endosomes and lysosomes to produce MHC class II-peptide complexes can be strictly controlled during DC differentiation, helping to coordinate antigen acquisition and inflammatory stimuli with formation of TCR ligands. The increased ability of maturing DCs to load MHC class II molecules with antigenic cargo contributes to the >100-fold enhancement of the subsequent primary immune response observed when immature and mature DCs are compared as immune adjuvants in culture and in mice.
Huntington's disease: a clinical review (2010)

Huntington disease (HD) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by unwanted choreatic movements, behavioral and psychiatric disturbances and dementia. Prevalence in the Caucasian population is estimated at 1/10,000-1/20,000. Mean age at onset of symptoms is 30-50 years. In some cases symptoms start before the age of 20 years with behavior disturbances and learning difficulties at school (Juvenile Huntington's disease; JHD). The classic sign is chorea that gradually spreads to all muscles. All psychomotor processes become severely retarded. Patients experience psychiatric symptoms and cognitive decline. HD is an autosomal dominant inherited disease caused by an elongated CAG repeat (36 repeats or more) on the short arm of chromosome 4p16.3 in the Huntingtine gene. The longer the CAG repeat, the earlier the onset of disease. In cases of JHD the repeat often exceeds 55. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms and signs in an individual with a parent with proven HD, and is confirmed by DNA determination. Pre-manifest diagnosis should only be performed by multidisciplinary teams in healthy at-risk adult individuals who want to know whether they carry the mutation or not. Differential diagnoses include other causes of chorea including general internal disorders or iatrogenic disorders. Phenocopies (clinically diagnosed cases of HD without the genetic mutation) are observed. Prenatal diagnosis is possible by chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis. Preimplantation diagnosis with in vitro fertilization is offered in several countries. There is no cure. Management should be multidisciplinary and is based on treating symptoms with a view to improving quality of life. Chorea is treated with dopamine receptor blocking or depleting agents. Medication and non-medical care for depression and aggressive behavior may be required. The progression of the disease leads to a complete dependency in daily life, which results in patients requiring full-time care, and finally death. The most common cause of death is pneumonia, followed by suicide.
Generative Adversarial Networks (2014)

We propose a new framework for estimating generative models via an adversarial process, in which we simultaneously train two models: a generative model G that captures the data distribution, and a discriminative model D that estimates the probability that a sample came from the training data rather than G. The training procedure for G is to maximize the probability of D making a mistake. This framework corresponds to a minimax two-player game. In the space of arbitrary functions G and D, a unique solution exists, with G recovering the training data distribution and D equal to 1/2 everywhere. In the case where G and D are defined by multilayer perceptrons, the entire system can be trained with backpropagation. There is no need for any Markov chains or unrolled approximate inference networks during either training or generation of samples. Experiments demonstrate the potential of the framework through qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the generated samples.
Enhancing SOM Based Data Visualization (1998)

The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) is an effective data exploration tool. One of the reasons for this is that it is conceptually very simple and its visualization is easy. In this paper, we propose new ways to enhance the visualization capabilities of the SOM in three areas: clustering, correlation hunting, and novelty detection. These enhancements are illustrated by various examples using real-world data.
Implementation of a 2-in-1 transformer combined with a PFC inductor and an LLC transformer for PSUs (2014)

In this paper, Implementation of an integrated 2-in-1 transformer applicable to power supply units (PSUs) for a 120W LED TV is presented. The transformer is comprised a PFC inductor and an LLC resonant transformer, each of which is placed and integrated on an E-I-E type magnetic core. Integrated transformers with two different air gap topologies (i.e., the side gap and center gap topologies) are considered in the design phase and their performances are analyzed through various approaches. Applicability of the proposed integrated transformer to PSUs for a 120W LED TV is found from the viewpoint of integration of different magnetic components into one core, which leads to light weight, low cost, high power density, and so on.
Two Immunoglobulin G Fragment C Receptor Polymorphisms Independently Predict Response to Rituximab in Patients With Follicular Lymphoma (2003)

These data support the hypothesis that ADCC plays an important role in the clinical effect of rituximab at the level of the effector cell. It will be important to include information on Fc receptor polymorphisms in future trials of rituximab therapy.
Infection of human cells by murine ecotropic viruses: retroviral vectors carrying the hygromycin resistance-encoding gene (1996)

The construction of a new retroviral vector, pSKV, is described. This vector carries two unique cloning sites, located between two Moloney leukemia virus-derived LTR, into which genes of interest may be introduced. The gene encoding hygromycin resistance (HyR) was subsequently introduced into one of the two sites, producing a second vector (pSKV/HyR) containing a unique SfiI site for the introduction of cDNA clones under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (P-CMV). The cDNA (mH13), encoding a protein that has been shown to serve as a murine ecotropic retroviral receptor in transient assays, was cloned into the SfiI site (pSKV/HyR/mH13). Both constructs can be packaged into retroviral particles following transfection into an appropriate packaging cell line. Stable transfectants of the human glioblastoma cell line (U118MG) carrying each of these two constructs were generated by transfection and subsequent Hy selection. Clones expressing both the selectable marker and the mH13 gene, but not those expressing only the selectable marker, are shown to be susceptible to infection with murine ecotropic retroviral particles. These cells (HyR and mH13 positive) were then exposed to CRE/Xtk culture supernatant, a packaging cell line producing ecotropic retroviral particles carrying the HSV-TK (Herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase) and neoR (neomycin-resistance) genes. Selection was in the presence of G418. In vitro growth of the U118MG/HyR/mH13/TK cells, but not that of the U118MG/HyR/mH13 cells, was inhibited by ganciclovir (GCV), indicating the successful transfer of HSV-TK by infection of human cells with murine retroviruses via the mH13 product.
Sense toxins/sewage gases by chemically and biologically functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube sensor based microwave resonator (2010)

In this work the complex permittivity and microwave absorption of toxins/sewage gases and functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube sensors in a perturbed microwave resonant cavity are studied with the aid of a kinetic model. The results show that the real permittivity decreases and the imaginary permittivity increases with increasing the electron density; however, the real permittivity increases and the imaginary permittivity decreases with the collision frequency increasing. The results furthermore show that low electron density and high collision frequency can greatly reduce the microwave absorption, while high electron density and low collision frequency can increase the microwave absorption. The microwave absorption shifts to high frequency with increasing the electron density. The microwave absorption, in contrast, shifts to low frequency with the collision frequency increasing. The kinetic model may be used to study the effects of gas pressure on the complex permittivity and microwave absorption.
Molecular Dissection of Mesenchymal–Epithelial Interactions in the Hair Follicle (2005)

De novo hair follicle formation in embryonic skin and new hair growth in adult skin are initiated when specialized mesenchymal dermal papilla (DP) cells send cues to multipotent epithelial stem cells. Subsequently, DP cells are enveloped by epithelial stem cell progeny and other cell types to form a niche orchestrating hair growth. Understanding the general biological principles that govern the mesenchymal-epithelial interactions within the DP niche, however, has been hampered so far by the lack of systematic approaches to dissect the complete molecular make-up of this complex tissue. Here, we take a novel multicolor labeling approach, using cell type-specific transgenic expression of red and green fluorescent proteins in combination with immunolabeling of specific antigens, to isolate pure populations of DP and four of its surrounding cell types: dermal fibroblasts, melanocytes, and two different populations of epithelial progenitors (matrix and outer root sheath cells). By defining their transcriptional profiles, we develop molecular signatures characteristic for the DP and its niche. Validating the functional importance of these signatures is a group of genes linked to hair disorders that have been largely unexplored. Additionally, the DP signature reveals novel signaling and transcription regulators that distinguish them from other cell types. The mesenchymal-epithelial signatures include key factors previously implicated in ectodermal-neural fate determination, as well as a myriad of regulators of bone morphogenetic protein signaling. These findings establish a foundation for future functional analyses of the roles of these genes in hair development. Overall, our strategy illustrates how knowledge of the genes uniquely expressed by each cell type residing in a complex niche can reveal important new insights into the biology of the tissue and its associated disease states.
Interface design issues for advice-giving expert systems (1987)

Advice giving could become the first successful domain for intelligent interfaces.
Crystallographic analysis of CD40 recognition and signaling by human TRAF2 (1999)

Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members convey signals that promote diverse cellular responses. Receptor trimerization by extracellular ligands initiates signaling by recruiting members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family of adapter proteins to the receptor cytoplasmic domains. We report the 2.4-A crystal structure of a 22-kDa, receptor-binding fragment of TRAF2 complexed with a functionally defined peptide from the cytoplasmic domain of the CD40 receptor. TRAF2 forms a mushroom-shaped trimer consisting of a coiled coil and a unique beta-sandwich domain. Both domains mediate trimerization. The CD40 peptide binds in an extended conformation with every side chain in contact with a complementary groove on the rim of each TRAF monomer. The spacing between the CD40 binding sites on TRAF2 supports an elegant signaling mechanism in which trimeric, extracellular ligands preorganize the receptors to simultaneously recognize three sites on the TRAF trimer.
The Prevalence of Autism (2003)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Noninvasive In Vivo High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Atherosclerotic Lesions in Genetically Engineered Mice (1998)

The combination of high-resolution MR microscopy and genetically engineered animals is a powerful tool to investigate serially and noninvasively the progression and regression of atherosclerotic lesions in an intact animal model and should greatly enhance basic studies of atherosclerotic disease.
AN OVERVIEW OF A COLLABORATIVE PROJECT MANAGEMENT APPROACH AND SUPPORTING SOFTWARE (2003)

Project management (PM) is vital to the survival of many organizations.Traditional PM focuses on a single project at a single location (Evaristo and Fenema 1999) and is more concerned with project inputs and outputs than with project process (Turner 2000).The PM paradigm has begun to change due to the increasing number of distributed projects (Jonsson et al. 2001).Current and future PM will be more concerned with project process, explicit communication, and efficient and effective information sharing among contributors.Highlevels of collaboration will become essential for distributed project success.This article provides the rationale for a collaborative PM approach, explains major components of such an approach, identifies corresponding functions that PM tools should support, and presents an analysis of some collaborative PM supporting software.The objective is to present a collaborative PM framework and identify future trends in product development and implementation that can serve to guide further research.
Solar energy conversion (2007)

If solar energy is to become a practical alternative to fossil fuels, we must have efficient ways to convert photons into electricity, fuel, and heat. The need for better conversion technologies is a driving force behind many recent developments in biology, materials, and especially nanoscience.
Physical properties of zirconium oxynitride films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering (2008)

The purpose of the present investigation is to analyze structural, optical, and electrical properties of transition zirconium oxynitride thin films deposited by direct current reactive magnetron sputtering. Films were prepared on Si(111) and glass substrates in an argon/nitrogen+oxygen atmosphere. The oxygen flow increased stepwise from 0 to 10 sccm, while at the same time the nitrogen flow decreased from 10 to 0 sccm. Working pressure was kept constant to reach 1.5·10-2 Pa pressure in the vacuum chamber by adjusting argon gas flow. Depending on the nitrogen-oxygen flow rates, cubic ZrN:O, cubic ZrO2:N, tetragonal ZrO2:N, and monoclinic ZrO2:N phases films were prepared. Optical and electrical properties depend on reactive gas (nitrogen+oxygen) flow. Refractive index vary from 2.13 to 2.38, band gap vary from 2.84 to 4.75. The electrical conductance of ZrNxOy films shows semiconductor-like behaviour.
Host‐plant effects the expression of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki in Trichoplusia ni (Hubner): an important factor in resistance evolution (2006)

Pathogens are thought to exert strong selection on their hosts leading to increased host resistance. Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Bkt) is a ubiquitous entomopathogen that has become the mainstay of nonchemical control of Lepidopteran pests and thus, the potential exists for the evolution of resistance in targeted host insects. We have studied the expression of Btk resistance in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). For this generalist insect herbivore, three common host plants, tomato, pepper and cucumber, vary in suitability for larval growth and development. Here we show that the host plant also affects the overall toxicity of Btk, the relative expression of resistance between a resistant and a susceptible line and their F(1) reciprocal crosses, and importantly, the dominance of the resistance trait. This study demonstrates that tri-trophic interactions involving an insect, host plants and a pathogen have the potential to strongly influence the evolutionary response of an insect host to a pathogen.
Use of a lentiviral flap vector for induction of CTL immunity against melanoma. Perspectives for immunotherapy (2002)

Lentiviral vectors including the DNA flap should be powerful tools both for active immunization and for the ex vivo priming of CTL for tumor immunotherapy.
Activation of the Eck receptor protein tyrosine kinase stimulates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. (1994)

The Eph/Eck subfamily of receptor protein tyrosine kinases is currently the largest subfamily of receptor protein tyrosine kinases with a dozen members (Van der Geer, P., Hunter, T., and Lindberg, R. A. (1994) Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 10, 251-337). Using the cytoplasmic domain of Eck as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen of mouse embryonic and T-cell cDNA libraries, it was discovered that the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase bound Eck. Further, using glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins, it was found that the C-terminal src homology 2 domain of the p85 subunit specifically interacted with Eck. Additionally, Eck coimmunoprecipitated with p85 in ligand activated cells confirming their interaction in vivo. In keeping with the above observations, activation of Eck by its ligand, B61, increased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. This is the first description of a signal transduction pathway initiated by any member of the Eph/Eck family.