gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nuclear signaling pathways for polypeptide ligands and their membrane receptors? (1994)

Classical signal transduction theory revolves around the premise that the role of membrane receptors is to transfer the signal represented by ligand binding from the external cell surface across the membrane to within the cell. Other components of the signaling cascade such as second-messenger molecules and kinases then convey the signal from the cytoplasm to the nucleus to effect changes in gene expression. Membrane receptor endocytosis is seen as part of the cellular down-regulation and desensitization apparatus rather than as having an active signaling function. Evidence is mounting, however, that polypeptide ligands and their membrane receptors may have an important additional signaling role within the cell including the nucleus. Several ligands such as those of the platelet-derived and fibroblast growth factor classes have been found not only to localize in the nucleus, but also to possess sequences similar to the nuclear localization signal of the simian virus SV40 large T antigen. In most cases where they have been examined, these sequences appear to be both functional in nuclear targeting and essential for full signaling activity. The implication is that subsequent to internalization, polypeptide ligands and/or their receptors may translocate to the nucleus and participate directly in regulating gene expression.
A kinetic study in vitro of the reoxidation of interchain disulfide bonds in a human immunoglobulin IgGLk. Correlation between sulfhydryl disappearance and intermediates in covalent assembly of H2L2. (1975)

After reduction by dithiothreitol and removal of the reductant by molecular sieve chromatography, the four interchain disulfide bonds of the human IgGlk protein Fro reoxidize in the presence of oxygen and trace metal ions. The six molecular components of the reoxidation--L (light chain), H (heavy chain), HL, H2, H2L, H2L2--are quantitatively determined from polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and the time-dependent sulfhydryl titer is measured with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). The rates of H2L2 covalent assembly depend on pH in an unexpected way: If the reduced protein is chromatographed at pH 3.2 and then adjusted to pH 7.5 (25 degrees, ionic strength equals 0.14), H2L2 formation proceeds rapidly, with half-times ranging between 20 and 40 min. In contrast, if chromatography is carried out at pH 5.5 before adjusting to the same final conditions, the half-times for H2L2 formation are considerably longer (120-180 min). The half-times in the former case approach the somewhat faster rates of H2L2 assembly observed in pulse-chase experiments with various types of mouse, IgG-producing cells [Baumal, et al. (1971) J. Exp. Med. 134, 1316-1334]. To facilitate comparison of experiments and models, we plot the concentrations of the six components against the corresponding number of sulfhydryl equivalents per mole of Fro. The respective plots for the pH 3.2 leads to 7.5 and 5.5 leads to 7.5 experiments are very similar despite the rate differences. Moreover, these plots differ significantly from the calculated plot for a hypothetical random reoxidation in which the intrinsic probability for formation of each correct HL and H2 disulfide bond is assumed equal and independent. It is concluded that the in vitro reoxidation of Fro (i) is other than random; (ii) involved a pathway of pathways with HL, H2, and H2L precursors; and (iii) involves at least some kinetic cooperativity in bond formation, since no model bases solely on independent bond formation adequately accounts for the results. The models were used also to examine the cellular assembly pathways of mouse IgG proteins.
Unsupervised improvement of visual detectors using cotraining (2003)

One significant challenge in the construction of visual detection systems is the acquisition of sufficient labeled data. We describe a new technique for training visual detectors which requires only a small quantity of labeled data, and then uses unlabeled data to improve performance over time. Unsupervised improvement is based on the cotraining framework of Blum and Mitchell, in which two disparate classifiers are trained simultaneously. Unlabeled examples which are confidently labeled by one classifier are added, with labels, to the training set of the other classifier. Experiments are presented on the realistic task of automobile detection in roadway surveillance video. In this application, cotraining reduces the false positive rate by a factor of 2 to 11 from the classifier trained with labeled data alone.
Removal of Boron and Calcium from Magnesium Chloride Brines by Solvent Extraction (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRemoval of Boron and Calcium from Magnesium Chloride Brines by Solvent ExtractionR. R. GrinsteadCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1972, 11, 4, 454–460Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i360044a020https://doi.org/10.1021/i360044a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views407Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Interleukin 12–mediated Prevention of Spontaneous Mammary Adenocarcinomas in Two Lines of Her-2/neu Transgenic Mice (1998)

The ability of interleukin (IL)-12 to prevent tumors when administered to individuals with a genetic risk of cancer was studied in two lines of transgenic mice expressing rat HER-2/neu oncogene in the mammary gland. Female BALB/c (H-2(d)) mice carrying the activated HER-2/ neu oncogene show no morphological abnormalities of the mammary gland until 3 wk of age. They then progress through atypical hyperplasia to in situ lobular carcinoma and at 33 wk of age all 10 mammary glands display invasive carcinomas. Adult FVB mice (H-2(q)) carrying the HER-2/neu protooncogene develop mammary carcinomas with a longer latency (38-49 wk) and a lower multiplicity (mean of 2.6 tumors/mice). Treatment with IL-12 (5 daily intraperitoneal injections, 1 wk on, 3 wk off; the first course with 50 ng IL-12/day, the second with 100 ng IL-12/day) begun at 2 wk of age in BALB/c mice and at 21 wk of age in FVB mice markedly delayed tumor onset and reduced tumor multiplicity. Analogous results were obtained in immunocompetent and permanently CD8(+) T lymphocyte-depleted mice. In both transgenic lines, tumor inhibition was associated with mammary infiltration of reactive cells, production of cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase, and reduction in microvessel number, in combination with a high degree of hemorrhagic necrosis.
Quantitative Analysis of the Bidirectional Fetomaternal Transfer of Nucleated Cells and Plasma DNA (2000)

This study indicated that significantly more fetal DNA is present in the plasma of pregnant women compared with DNA from the cellular fraction of maternal blood. In addition, maternal DNA was demonstrated in both the cellular and plasma fractions of cord blood after delivery. This study has therefore determined the fundamental quantitative values for the bidirectional fetomaternal cellular and plasma DNA traffic.
A Resting Cell Assay for Improved Detection of Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of HIV Type 1 Primary Isolates (1995)

The sensitivity with which antibody-mediated neutralization is detected in vitro is dependent on the virus, the antibody, the target cells, and the culture conditions used in the assay. Using activated and transformed target cells, the ability of various culture-adapted and primary strains of HIV-1 to be neutralized by different polyclonal and monoclonal antibody preparations has been thoroughly studied. However, the vast majority of HIV-1-susceptible CD4+ cells in vivo are not activated or transformed, but are quiescent. Because resting lymphocytes can be infected with HIV-1, we initiated studies to determine (1) if the use of resting lymphocytes as target cells would result in a neutralization assay with increased sensitivity, (2) if the degree of target cell activation had a measurable effect on the sensitivity with which antibody-mediated neutralization could be detected, and (3) whether, using a more sensitive assay, neutralizing antibodies in patients' sera might be detectable that had been below the threshold of detection when using "conventional" assays. The experiments described in the studies below reveal that an inverse relationship exists between the level of target cell activation and the sensitivity with which neutralization can be detected. Moreover, using an assay in which unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells serve as target cells, experiments show that antibody-mediated neutralization of primary and prototype laboratory isolates of HIV-1 can be detected with 10- to 100-fold greater sensitivity than when stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells are used as target cells. With this resting cell assay, neutralizing activity can be detected in the sera of HIV-positive subjects that, by previously used "conventional" neutralization assays, was undetectable.
A highly conserved kinase is an essential component for stress tolerance in yeast and plant cells (1999)

Osmotic stress (drought, salt stress) is a major limiting factor for crop productivity in the world. Because cellular responses to osmotic stress are thought to be conserved in eukaryotes and because yeast is much more amenable than plants to genetic research, a functional strategy has been performed to identify limiting steps in osmotolerance of plants based on the complementation of yeast with a plant library. A new plant cDNA that encodes a functional homologue of the yeast Dbf2 kinase enhances salt, drought, cold, and heat tolerance upon overexpression in yeast as well as in transgenic plant cells.
Development and Experimental Analysis of a Soft Compliant Tactile Microsensor for Anthropomorphic Artificial Hand (2008)

This paper presents the development and preliminary experimental analysis of a soft compliant tactile microsensor (SCTM) with minimum thickness of 2 mm. A high shear sensitive triaxial force microsensor was embedded in a soft, compliant, flexible packaging. The performance of the whole system, including the SCTM, an electronic hardware and a processing algorithm, was evaluated by static calibration, maximum load tests, noise and dynamic tests, and by focusing on slippage experiments. A proper tradeoff between final robustness and sensitivity of the tactile device was identified. The experiments showed that the tactile sensor is sufficiently robust for application in artificial hands while sensitive enough for slip event detection. The sensor signals were elaborated with the cumulative summation algorithm and the results showed that the SCTM system could detect a slip event with a delay from a minimum of 24.5 ms to a maximum of 44 ms in the majority of experiments fulfilling the neurophysiological requirement.
Interaction of Hsp 70 with Newly Synthesized Proteins: Implications for Protein Folding and Assembly (1990)

The 70-kilodalton family of heat shock proteins (Hsp 70) has been implicated in posttranslational protein assembly and translocation. Binding of cytosolic forms of Hsp 70 (Hsp 72,73) with nascent proteins in the normal cell was investigated and found to be transient and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent. Interaction of Hsp 72,73 with newly synthesized proteins appeared to occur cotranslationally, because nascent polypeptides released prematurely from polysomes in vivo can be isolated in a complex with Hsp 72,73. Moreover, isolation of polysomes from short-term [35S]Met-labeled cells (pulsed) revealed that Hsp 72,73 associated with nascent polypeptide chains. In cells experiencing stress, newly synthesized proteins coimmunoprecipitated with Hsp 72,73; however, in contrast to normal cells, interaction with Hsp 72,73 was not transient. A model consistent with these data suggests that under normal growth conditions, cytosolic Hsp 72,73 interact transiently with nascent polypeptides to facilitate proper folding, and that metabolic stress interferes with these events.
Clonal analysis of murine graft-vs-host disease. I. Phenotypic and functional analysis of T lymphocyte clones. (1986)

Acute and chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) due to non-MHC histocompatibility differences differ histopathologically. Acute GVHD is characterized by the cytotoxic destruction of recipient tissues, whereas chronic GVHD is characterized by increased collagen deposition. In an attempt to determine if acute and chronic GVHD represent two phases of the same pathophysiologic process or two distinct processes, the T lymphocytes from the C57BL/6 (B6) recipients of LP spleen cells (non-H-2 GVHD) have been cloned and compared to clones from immune mice (LP anti-B6). Acute GVHD (G) clones were established on day 10-14 posttransplant and chronic GVHD (CG) clones on day 50 from animals with clinical chronic GVHD. Immune (I) clones were established 10 to 14 days after immunization. All I clones exhibited B6-specific blastogenesis and cytotoxicity and had a Thy-1.2+, Lyt-2.2+, L3T4- phenotype. All CG clones were noncytotoxic, had I-Ab-specific blastogenesis, and had a Thy-1.2+, Lyt-2.2-, L3T4+ phenotype. The acute GVHD (G) clones were heterogeneous. Fourteen of 23 clones exhibited B6-specific blastogenesis and had a Lyt-2.2+, L3T4- phenotype (B6-G clones). Seven of 9 B6-G clones were cytotoxic for B6 targets. Nine of 23 G clones exhibited I-Ab-specific blastogenesis, and all but one clone had a Lyt-2.2-, L3T4+ phenotype as the did CG clones. Thus, the principal clonogenic T lymphocytes from mice with acute and chronic GVHD differ in terms of 1) their antigenic specificity, 2) their cytotoxic capacity, and 3) their surface phenotype. The presence of I-Ab-specific T lymphocytes with a phenotype identical to CG clones early after transplantation suggests that the immunologic events that result in chronic GVHD begin soon after transplantation. These results indicate that acute GVHD is due primarily to recipient-specific cytotoxic donor T lymphocytes, whereas chronic GVHD is due to autoreactive helper T lymphocytes.
Selenium status, kwashiorkor and congestive heart failure (2001)

Selenium deficiency is associated with congestive heart failure (CHF) in geographic areas where dietary selenium intake is low and in individuals receiving total parenteral nutrition. Among 66 children with kwashiorkor (including marasmic-kwashiorkor), those who developed CHF had lower serum selenium concentrations than those who did not (32.9 ±8.3 vs 41.1 ± 11.9 Lig/L, meaniSD, p= 0.03). This association was independent of serum albumin and selenium status was not associated with severity of symptoms, anthropometric indices or HIV infection. Conclusion: This association raises the possibility that selenium may contribute to CHF in kwashiorkor.
Structure and function of interleukin-17 family cytokines (2011)

The recently identified interleukin-17 (IL-17) cytokines family, which comprises six members in mammals (IL-17A-F), plays essential roles in the host immunity against infectious diseases and chronic inflammatory diseases. The three-dimensional structures containing IL-17A or IL-17F have become available and revealed the unique structural features of IL-17s as well as their receptors. Molecular modeling in this review shows that IL-17s may adopt a "cysteine knot" fold commonly seen in nerve growth factor (NGF) and other neurotrophins. Further modeling analysis unmasks a signature interaction feature of the IL-17F/IL-17RA complex, where a small loop of IL-17RA slots into the deep groove of the interface of IL-17F homodimer. This is quite different from the interaction between the best known four-helix cytokines and their cognate receptors. On the other hand, structure of IL-17A and its monoclonal antibody (CAT-2200) shows that, albeit that the antigenic epitope of IL-17A resides outside of the IL-17A homodimer interface, its physical proximity to the receptor binding groove may explain that antibody blockage would be achieved by interfering with the ligand-receptor interaction. This review is to summarize the advance in understanding the structure and function of IL-17 family cytokines, focusing mainly on IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-17E, in the hope of gaining better knowledge of immunotherapeutic strategies against various inflammatory diseases.
Gravel Packing Deep Water Long Horizontal Wells Under Low Fracture Gradient (2004)

Abstract The economics of the oil and gas production requirements and advanceddrilling technologies are often pushing the length of horizontal well to newrecords. Gravel packing these very long horizontal wells present new challengesto completion operations. The combination of long horizontal sections ofunconsolidated formations, low fracture gradients and costly rig time are theother constraints that must be faced in the design and execution of asuccessful gravel packing completion offshore. Innovative technologies, optimized job design and planning are the keys for the success of packingjobs. This paper addresses several key factors that must be considered carefullyin installing a successful gravel pack completion. Pack completion requiresthat these low fracture gradient wells not be fractured during gravel placementto avoid excess leakoff and premature screenouts. The discussion includesvarious measures such as optimized screen wash pipe annulus and appropriateusing the differential valves, to effectively reduce frictional pressure duringBeta wave buildup. Fluid leakoff and leakoff control, in-situ gravelconcentration, and their relationship are also discussed. The gravelconcentration is dynamically changing through out the treatment based on theflow conditions in the wellbore, especially when the gravel starts to packaround screen. While most of the fluid travels down the screen-casing annulus, portion of the fluid leaks into formation, portion of the fluid diverges intothe screen-wash pipe annulus. The results may be an effective in-situ gravelconcentration higher than critical concentration, forcing gravel particledeposition to occur too soon and building up a premature bridge. Several job designs and application histories are also presented in thepaper to demonstrate the design considerations and valuable lessons learnt. Agroup of type curves are generated for a quick and easy check during joboperation, if any undesired condition is present, the operator can adjust theoperation and thus to avoid a job failure. The overall system of fluid dynamicsare discussed and treatment guidelines are presented to provide the CompletionEngineers the necessary information for designing successful treatments.
The PSI Handbook of Virtual Environments for Training and Education [Three Volumes]: Developments for the Military and Beyond (2008)

The increasingly complex environment of the 21st century demands unprecedented knowledge, skills and abilities for people from all walks of life. One powerful solution that blends the science of learning with the technological advances of computing is Virtual Environments. In the United States alone, the Department of Defense has invested billions of dollars over the past decade to make this field and its developments as effective as possible. This 3-volume work provides, for the first time, comprehensive coverage of the many different domains that must be integrated for Virtual Environments to fully provide effective training and education. The first volume is dedicated to a thorough understanding of learning theory, requirements definition and performance measurement, providing insight into the human-centric specifications the VE must satisfy to succeed. Volume II provides the latest information on VE component technologies, and Volume III offers discussion of an extensive collection of integrated systems presented as VE use-cases, and results of effectiveness evaluation studies. The text includes emerging directions of this evolving technology, from cognitive rehabilitation to the next generation of museum exhibitions. Finally, the handbook offers a glimpse into the future with this fascinating technology. This groundbreaking set will interest students, scholars and researchers in the fields of military science, technology, computer science, business, law enforcement, cognitive psychology, education and health. Topics addressed include guidance and interventions using VE as a teaching tool, what to look for in terms of human-centered systems and components, and current training uses in the Navy, Army, Air Force and Marines. Game-based and long distance training are explained, as are particular challenges such as the emergence of VE sickness. Chapters also highlight the combination of VE and cybernetics, robotics and artificial intelligence.
Transgenic Analysis of a 100-kb Human β-Globin Cluster–Containing DNA Fragment Propagated as a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (1999)

To date, the normal transcriptional regulation of the human β-globin gene cluster has been recapitulated most accurately in transgenic mice that carry large yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) or ligated cosmid constructs. However, these large transgenes still exhibit variegated expression levels, perhaps because they tend to rearrange upon integration, or because the cloning vectors remain attached to the globin inserts. To try to circumvent these potential problems, we investigated the transgenic properties of a 100-kb DNA fragment containing the entire human β-globin cluster propagated in a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). We created 9 independent mouse lines, each carrying 1 to 6 copies of the human β-globin cluster without the attached BAC vector. Five of the lines carry unrearranged copies of the cluster. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of adult F1 mice showed that 2 lines express human β globin at levels approximately equivalent to the endogenous mouse β-major genes. One line expresses no human β globin, while the remaining 6 lines show intermediate expression levels. Complete γ→β-globin gene switching occurs, but is slightly delayed with respect to the endogenous mouse embryonic→adult switch. Since these data are similar to what has been obtained using globin YACs or ligated cosmids, we conclude that (1) globin transgenes propagated in BACs are no less likely to rearrange than their cosmid or YAC counterparts, and (2) the retention of YAC vector sequences in a transgene probably has no significant impact on globin expression when using constructs of this size.