gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anti-histone antibodies in idiopathic and drug-induced lupus recognize distinct intrahistone regions. (1987)

We have identified regions within core histones that are antigenic for autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and drug-induced lupus. An immunoblotting technique was used to determine the reactivity of lupus antibodies for intact histones and for trypsin-resistant histone fragments that lack the amino- and carboxyl-terminal amino acids that are normally exposed in native nucleosomes. In SLE, the predominant anti-histone response was restricted to epitopes in the trypsin-sensitive regions. Of 20 SLE sera that had strong antibody activity for multiple intact histones, 17 showed minimal activity with any of the corresponding trypsin-resistant fragments. A markedly different pattern of reactivity was present in sera of patients with procainamide (Pr)-induced lupus in which antibodies to H2A, H2B, and the H2A-H2B complex had strong fragment activity. Interestingly, recognition of trypsin-resistant fragments was also noted in a small number of SLE sera that contained antibodies to the H2A-H2B complex. In contrast to both SLE and Pr-induced lupus, antibodies induced by hydralazine (Hy) reacted primarily with H3 and H4. Furthermore, these antibodies bound equally well to the corresponding trypsin-resistant regions that are thought to be relatively unexposed in native nucleosomes. Thus, the specificities of anti-histone antibodies in SLE, Pr-induced lupus, and Hy-induced lupus are markedly different, but in each disease reactivity appears to be restricted to a limited number of histone determinants. The data raise the possibility that autoantigen in the form of native nucleosomes may be recognized in SLE and possibly in Pr-induced lupus. In contrast, the propensity of Hy to induce autoantibodies to determinants usually not recognized in SLE or Pr-induced lupus may suggest a different immunogenic stimulus in this disease.
Expression of the DMT1 (NRAMP2/DCT1) iron transporter in mice with genetic iron overload disorders (2001)

Iron overload is highly prevalent, but its molecular pathogenesis is poorly understood. Recently, DMT1 was shown to be a major apical iron transporter in absorptive cells of the duodenum. In vivo, it is the only transporter known to be important for the uptake of dietary non-heme iron from the gut lumen. The expression and subcellular localization of DMT1 protein in 3 mouse models of iron overload were examined: hypotransferrinemic (Trf(hpx)) mice, Hfe knockout mice, and B2m knockout mice. Interestingly, in Trf(hpx) homozygotes, DMT1 expression was strongly induced in the villus brush border when compared to control animals. This suggests that DMT1 expression is increased in response to iron deficiency in the erythron, even in the setting of systemic iron overload. In contrast, no increase was seen in DMT1 expression in animals with iron overload resembling human hemochromatosis. Therefore, it does not appear that changes in DMT1 levels are primarily responsible for iron loading in hemochromatosis.
Biofilm formation in Campylobacter jejuni (2006)

The major gastrointestinal pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is shown to exist as three forms of monospecies biofilm in liquid culture. It attaches to a glass surface; forms an unattached aggregate (floc); and forms a pellicle at the liquid-gas interface. The three forms of biofilm resemble each other when examined by scanning electron microscopy. The biofilm mode of growth confers protection against environmental stress, the microaerobic bacteria in flocs surviving up to 24 days at ambient temperature and atmosphere compared to 12 days survival by planktonic bacteria. The wild-type strains C. jejuni 33106, 32799, 33084 and 31485 did not form flocs, and floc formation was reduced in strains mutant in a putative flagellar protein (FliS) and in a phosphate acetyltransferase (Cj0688). All other strains tested, including strains with mutations affecting capsular polysaccharide (kpsM), flagella (maf5), protein glycosylation (pglH) and lipo-oligosaccharide (neuB1) formed flocs. Similarly, all strains tested formed a pellicle and attached to glass except the aflagellate mutant maf5; pellicle formation was reduced in fliS and cj0688 mutants. Different mechanisms, therefore, may control formation of different forms of biofilm. It is proposed that these poorly characterized forms of growth are important for the persistence of C. jejuni in the environment and may in part explain the high incidence of Campylobacter-associated food borne disease.
Phosphorylation of protein kinase C by casein kinase‐1 (1989)

Because phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) may provide a mechanism for regulation of this enzyme, we have examined the ability of two other kinases to phosphorylate PKC. Our results show that casein kinase 1 (CK-1), but not casein kinase 2 (CK-2), can phosphorylate PKC in the absence of Ca2+ and phospholipids. The 32P incorporation into PKC in the presence of Ca2+ and phospholipids is also enhanced by CK-1.
There Is Such a Party! April to July 1917 (1995)

The February Revolution span the kaleidoscope of Russia’s politics, jolting the alliances and rivalries among the parties, and politicians gained a freedom of choice unrestricted by the Romanov monarchy. Lenin’s April Theses were the acme of free will. Yet no political leader, not even Lenin, could escape the constraints of circumstance in their entirety. Each had to take the measure of terrifyingly exigent pressures: the Eastern front, economic dislocation, and popular discontent. Parties coped by modifying their physiognomies, and the changes were by no means random occurrences. Monarchism for a time was defunct as a political force.1 The possibilities for a right-wing military dictatorship were as yet limited by the destruction of the old order in the armed forces. So it came about that the Kadets, who had traditionally advocated parliamentary democracy and universal civic liberties, were the nearest party to the righthand pole of the political spectrum with the slightest chance of holding power.
Glycine metabolism inCandida albicans: characterization of the serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHM1, SHM2) and threonine aldolase (GLY1) genes (2000)

Genes encoding the mitochondrial (SHM1) and cytosolic (SHM2) serine hydroxymethyltransferases, and the L-threonine aldolase gene (GLY1) from Candida albicans were cloned and sequenced. All three genes are involved in glycine metabolism. The C. albicans Shm1 protein is 82% identical to that from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and 56% identical to that from Homo sapiens. The corresponding identities for the Shm2 proteins are 68% and 53%. The Gly1 protein shares significant identity with the S. cerevisiae L-threonine aldolase (55%) and also with threonine aldolases from Aeromonas jandiae (36%) and Escherichia coli (36%). Genetic ablation experiments show that GLY1 is a non-essential gene in C. albicans and that L-threonine aldolase plays a lesser role in glycine metabolism than it does in S. cerevisiae. GenBank Accession Nos of the C. albicans SHM1 and SHM2 are AF009965 and AF009966, respectively. Accession No. for C. albicans GLY1 is AF009967.
Diffuse x-ray scattering from stacking faults ina-plane GaN epitaxial layers (2011)

Diffuse x-ray scattering from various types of stacking faults in basal $(0001)$ planes in $a$-oriented wurtzite GaN epitaxial layers is described theoretically and the calculated intensity distributions are compared with experimental data. From the comparison, the densities of stacking faults in a series of $a$-GaN samples were determined. The method makes it possible to discriminate the diffuse scattering from stacking faults from the influence of nonplanar defects like dislocations.
PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF HUMAN DIPLOID CELL CULTURES BY INTRACELLULAR FLAVINS AND PROTECTION BY ANTIOXIDANTS (1976)

Abstract— The damaging effects of near ultraviolet and visible light on WI‐38 human diploid lung fibroblasts were investigated. WI‐38 cells in culture were killed by light doses ranging from 2 to 10 × 10 3 W/m 2 h. There was an inverse correlation between culture age, i.e. population doubling level and photosensitivity. However, this effect could not be related to capacity for DNA synthesis and cell division. Flavins were clearly implicated as endogenous photosensitizers, and antioxidants such as d, l ‐α‐tocopherol (vitamin E), BHT and ascorbic acid were found to afford the cells protection from light damage. Furthermore, products of lipid peroxidation could be detected in cell homogenates irradiated in the presence of ribofiavin.
Isolated-patch recording from liposomes containing functionally reconstituted chloride channels from Torpedo electroplax. (1982)

Small unilamellar vesicles formed from purified phospholids by detergent/dialysis methods may be enlarged to 30-microns diameter by freezing and thawing. Very-high-resistance seals were formed by applying a glass micropipette to the surface of these large liposomes, and single bilayer "patches" of membrane were isolated from the liposome surface while remaining sealed to the micropipette. The exogenous channel-forming peptides gramicidin and alamethicin induced characteristic single-channel fluctuation behavior in these excised patches held under voltage-clamp conditions. Large liposomes were formed from the small unilamellar vesicles made from cholate extracts of Torpedo electroplax plasma membrane vesicles. Isolated patches formed from these reconstituted membranes displayed current fluctuations due to single voltage-gated Cl- channels from non-innervated-face membranes; the properties of these Cl- channels are identical to those observed in planar bilayer membranes after direct insertion from native membranes. This liposome-patch method combines the advantages of membrane protein incorporation into liposomes with high-resolution electrical recording methods and may provide a generally applicable approach to the study of integral membrane channel proteins after solubilization and reconstitution.
Ray tracing deformable scenes using dynamic bounding volume hierarchies (2007)

The most significant deficiency of most of today's interactive ray tracers is that they are restricted to static walkthroughs. This restriction is due to the static nature of the acceleration structures used. While the best reported frame rates for static geometric models have been achieved using carefully constructed kd-trees, this article shows that bounding volume hierarchies (BVHs) can be used to efficiently ray trace large static models.More importantly, the BVH can be used to ray trace deformable models (sets of triangles whose positions change over time) with little loss of performance. A variety of efficiency techniques are used to achieve this performance, but three algorithmic changes to the typical BVH algorithm are mainly responsible. First, the BVH is built using a variant of the surface area heuristic conventionally used to build kd-trees. Second, the topology of the BVH is not changed over time so that only the bounding volumes need to be refit from frame-to-frame. Third, and most importantly, packets of rays are traced together through the BVH using a novel integrated packet-frustum traversal scheme. This traversal scheme elegantly combines the advantages of both packet traversal and frustum traversal and allows for rapid hierarchy descent for packets that hit bounding volumes as well as rapid exits for packets that miss. A BVH-based ray tracing system using these techniques is shown to achieve performance for deformable models comparable to that previously available only for static models.
Metformin use in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. (2014)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinopathy characterised by increased resistance to insulin. Metformin is one of the longest established oral insulin sensitising agents. For decades its use was restricted to management of type 2 diabetes. However, in the past two decades, its properties as an insulin sensitising agent have been explored in relation to its applicability for women with PCOS. Metformin is an effective ovulation induction agent for non-obese women with PCOS and offers some advantages over other first line treatments for anovulatory infertility such as clomiphene. For clomiphene-resistant women, metformin alone or in combination with clomiphene is an effective next step. Women with PCOS undergoing in vitro fertilisation should be offered metformin to reduce their risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Limited evidence suggests that metformin may be a suitable alternative to the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) for treating hyperandrogenic symptoms of PCOS including hirsutism and acne. More research is required to define whether metformin has a role in improving long term health outcomes for women with PCOS, including the prevention of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and endometrial cancer.
Differentiation of Tobacco Plants from Single, Isolated Cells in Microcultures (1965)

Single cells isolated from pith callus of fresh stem of hybrid tobacco (Nicotiana glutinosa male symbol x N. tabacum female symbol) gave rise to small colonies of cells in microcultures which upon transfer to agar medium produced clones of callus tissue. These single-cell clones differentiated roots, and shoots with green leaves, on a completely defined nutrient medium. The rooted shoots developed into normal plants after transfer to soil in pots in the greenhouse. Buds and flowers were produced by these plants.
Outline of a New Approach to the Analysis of Complex Systems and Decision Processes (1973)

The approach described in this paper represents a substantive departure from the conventional quantitative techniques of system analysis. It has three main distinguishing features: 1) use of so-called ``linguistic'' variables in place of or in addition to numerical variables; 2) characterization of simple relations between variables by fuzzy conditional statements; and 3) characterization of complex relations by fuzzy algorithms. A linguistic variable is defined as a variable whose values are sentences in a natural or artificial language. Thus, if tall, not tall, very tall, very very tall, etc. are values of height, then height is a linguistic variable. Fuzzy conditional statements are expressions of the form IF A THEN B, where A and B have fuzzy meaning, e.g., IF x is small THEN y is large, where small and large are viewed as labels of fuzzy sets. A fuzzy algorithm is an ordered sequence of instructions which may contain fuzzy assignment and conditional statements, e.g., x = very small, IF x is small THEN Y is large. The execution of such instructions is governed by the compositional rule of inference and the rule of the preponderant alternative. By relying on the use of linguistic variables and fuzzy algorithms, the approach provides an approximate and yet effective means of describing the behavior of systems which are too complex or too ill-defined to admit of precise mathematical analysis.
Tocotrienol-Induced Caspase-8 Activation is Unrelated to Death Receptor Apoptotic Signaling in Neoplastic Mammary Epithelial Cells (2004)

Tocotrienols, a subclass in the vitamin E family of compounds, have been shown to induce apoptosis by activating caspase-8 and caspase-3 in neoplastic mammary epithelial cells. Since caspase-8 activation is associated with death receptor apoptotic signaling, studies were conducted to determine the exact death receptor/ligand involved in tocotrienol-induced apoptosis. Highly malignant +SA mouse mammary epithelial cells were grown in culture and maintained in serum-free media. Treatment with 20 microM gamma-tocotrienol decreased+SA cell viability by inducing apoptosis, as determined by positive terminal dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) immunocytochemical staining. Western blot analysis showed that gamma-tocotrienol treatment increased the levels of cleaved (active) caspase-8 and caspase-3. Combined treatment with caspase inhibitors completely blocked tocotrienol-induced apoptosis. Additional studies showed that treatment with 100 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), 100 ng/ml FasL, 100 ng/ml TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), or 1 microg/ml apoptosis-inducing Fas antibody failed to induce death in +SA cells, indicating that this mammary tumor cell line is resistant to death receptor-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, treatment with 20 microM gamma-tocotrienol had no effect on total, membrane, or cytosolic levels of Fas, Fas ligand (FasL), or Fas-associated via death domain (FADD) and did not induce translocation of Fas, FasL, or FADD from the cytosolic to the membrane fraction, providing additional evidence that tocotrienol-induced caspase-8 activation is not associated with death receptor apoptotic signaling. Other studies showed that treatment with 20 microM gamma-tocotrienol induced a large decrease in the relative intracellular levels of phospho-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent kinase 1 (phospho-PDK-1 active), phospho-Akt (active), and phospho-glycogen synthase kinase3, as well as decreasing intracellular levels of FLICE-inhibitory protein (FLIP), an antiapoptotic protein that inhibits caspase-8 activation, in these cells. Since stimulation of the PI3K/PDK/Akt mitogenic pathway is associated with increased FLIP expression, enhanced cellular proliferation, and survival, these results indicate that tocotrienol-induced caspase-8 activation and apoptosis in malignant +SA mammary epithelial cells is associated with a suppression in PI3K/PDK-1/Akt mitogenic signaling and subsequent reduction in intracellular FLIP levels.
Cross-talk between Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and c-Met Signal Pathways in Transformed Cells (2000)

In rat liver epithelial cells constitutively expressing transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha), c-Met is constitutively phosphorylated in the absence of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor. We proposed that TGFalpha and the autocrine activation of its receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), leads to phosphorylation and activation of c-Met. We found that there is constitutive c-Met phosphorylation in human hepatoma cell lines and the human epidermoid carcinoma cell line, A431 which express TGFalpha, but not in normal human hepatocytes. Constitutive c-Met phosphorylation in A431, HepG2, AKN-1, and HuH6 cells was inhibited by neutralizing antibodies against TGFalpha and/or EGFR. Exposure to exogenous TGFalpha or EGF increased the phosphorylation of c-Met in the human epidermoid carcinoma cell line, A431. The increase of c-Met phosphorylation by TGFalpha in A431 cells was inhibited by neutralizing antibodies against TGFalpha and/or EGFR and by the EGFR-specific inhibitor tyrphostin AG1478. These results indicate that constitutive c-Met phosphorylation, and the increase of c-Met phosphorylation by TGFalpha or EGF, in tumor cell lines is the result of the activation via EGFR. We found that c-Met in tumor cells co-immunoprecipitates with EGFR regardless of the existence of their ligands in tumor cells, but not in normal human hepatocytes. We conclude that c-Met associates with EGFR in tumor cells, and this association facilitates the phosphorylation of c-Met in the absence of hepatocyte growth factor. This cross-talk between c-Met and EGFR may have significant implications for altered growth control in tumorigenesis.
THE STABILITY OF BROKEN ENDS OF CHROMOSOMES IN ZEA MAYS (1941)

This article constitutes part of McClintock's larger body of work on ring chromosomes in which she found that the chromatid
 breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycle occurred only in the germ cells and endosperm, while the chromosome BFB continued in the
 sporophyte, which meant that she could selectively produce persistent variegation in plant tissues.
EFFECT OF HCG ANTISERUM ON OVULATION AND CORPUS LUTEUM FORMATION IN THE MONKEY (MACACA FASCICULARIS)1 (1971)

Considerable evidence is available from recent literature (1,2,3) that ovulation can be induced in the Simian primates by exogenous administration of LH or HCG. It has also been shown, using radioimmunoassay, that a surge of LH is released into the plasma of the intact cycling monkey just prior to ovulation (4,5). An attempt has been made here to neutralize this endogenous LH surge by giving HCG A/S and thereby study the role of LH in inducing ovulation and formation of a functional corpus luteum in the monkey. Antiserum (A/S) to HCG (Ayerst) was raised essentially according to methods described earlier (6) by administering to three New Zealand rabbits repeated injections of HCG in Freund's complete adjuvant (Difco) over a period of several months. The antiserum was absorbed with 1:10 diluted normal human serum and a Kaolin-acetone extract prepared from the urine of nursery school children. The cross-reactivity of this antiserum with human pituitary LH (HLH) and monkey pituitary LH (MPE, an extract of lyophilized pooled monkey pituitaries), was established both by the Ouchterlony double diffusion test and the ovulation inhibition test. The latter test consisted in administering to 22-day-old Charles River female rats 12 1U of PMS followed 48 hours later by an i.p. injection of 2.5 μg of HLH or 1-2 mg of MPE. Antiserum in graded doses was administered by i.p. route 1-2 hours prior to the LH injection. The number of ova shed were counted the next morning according to the method of Ying and Meyer (7). One ml of HCG A/S could neutralize in this test the response of up to 50 μg of HLH or 3 mg of MPE.
In Planta Protein Sialylation through Overexpression of the Respective Mammalian Pathway (2010)

Many therapeutic proteins are glycosylated and require terminal sialylation to attain full biological activity. Current manufacturing methods based on mammalian cell culture allow only limited control of this important posttranslational modification, which may lead to the generation of products with low efficacy. Here we report in vivo protein sialylation in plants, which have been shown to be well suited for the efficient generation of complex mammalian glycoproteins. This was achieved by the introduction of an entire mammalian biosynthetic pathway in Nicotiana benthamiana, comprising the coordinated expression of the genes for (i) biosynthesis, (ii) activation, (iii) transport, and (iv) transfer of Neu5Ac to terminal galactose. We show the transient overexpression and functional integrity of six mammalian proteins that act at various stages of the biosynthetic pathway and demonstrate their correct subcellular localization. Co-expression of these genes with a therapeutic glycoprotein, a human monoclonal antibody, resulted in quantitative sialylation of the Fc domain. Sialylation was at great uniformity when glycosylation mutants that lack plant-specific N-glycan residues were used as expression hosts. Finally, we demonstrate efficient neutralization activity of the sialylated monoclonal antibody, indicating full functional integrity of the reporter protein. We report for the first time the incorporation of the entire biosynthetic pathway for protein sialylation in a multicellular organism naturally lacking sialylated glycoconjugates. Besides the biotechnological impact of the achievement, this work may serve as a general model for the manipulation of complex traits into plants.
Peroxide modification of linear low‐density polyethylene: A comparison of dialkyl peroxides (1993)

Abstract A commercial‐grade LLDPE resin was cross‐linked using three different dialkyl peroxides, at three different concentrations. The peroxides were ranked in order of their Cross‐linking efficiency and their effectiveness at increasing the storage modulus of the virgin resin at the cure temperature. The chemical mechanism by which the cross‐linking occurs is shown to be closely related to the changes in concentrations of reactive vinyl species on the polyethylene molecules, which follows well with proposed mechanisms of previous publications. Finally, a direct relationship is shown to exist between the rate of peroxide decomposition and the rate of increase in storage modulus of the rubbery modified resin during the curing reaction. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.