gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Transfer of Nicotine from Nicotine Salts to Mainstream Smoke (2000)

Abstract Transfer of nicotine to mainstream smoke was measured for Reference cigarettes made with the addition of 20 -40 mg of seven different nicotine salts, d - and l -nicotine and N’ -formylnornicotine. Regression analysis of the nicotine yields from these cigarettes as a function of the nicotine content of the tobacco rods indicated an average nicotine transfer efficiency (17.5%), similar to that found for a separate series of cigarettes made with single-grade tobacco materials (16.2%). Analysis of the enantiomeric purity of the smoke nicotine from the cigarettes made with added nicotine salts and neat nicotine showed no evidence of conversion between l- and d -nicotine during the smoking process. The cigarette made with added N’ -formylnornicotine showed no evidence of additional nicotine transfer attributable to reduction of this compound to nicotine. A third series of cigarettes were made with varying levels of d- and l- nicotine added to a tobacco blend and to reconstituted tobacco to further investigate transfer efficiency of the enantiomers. Regression analysis indicated no statistically significant difference between transfer efficiencies of d - and l -nicotine. These results suggest that nicotine salts and d - and l -nicotine transfer to smoke at the same efficiency. However, transfer efficiency of either compound was lower when applied to reconstituted tobacco (9.7%) than when applied to the Reference tobacco blend (15.3%). The thermal stabilities of nicotine salts have little bearing on efficiency of transfer to smoke or on racemization between d - and l -nicotine. Formation of d-nicotine in mainstream smoke via reduction of N’ -formylnornicotine does not appear to occur.
High-efficiency fiber-to-chip coupling using low-loss tapered single-mode fiber (2000)

We report on the wet chemical fabrication of tapered step-index single-mode fibers and the low-loss coupling between these fibers and III-V semiconductor waveguide structures. Nearly adiabatic tapered fibers with an average transformation loss of 0.13 dB and mode field diameters ranging between 10.6 μm and 0.8 μm have been fabricated. Experimentally, tapered fibers have been coupled to 1.55-μm InGaAsP-InP waveguide electroabsorption modulators with a minimum coupling loss of only 1.1 dB.
SEMICONDUCTOR NANOPARTICLES AS REPORTERS IN MULTIPLEXED IMMUNOASSAY AND CELL ANALYSIS (2009)

The development of new fluorophores has experienced a tremendous advance over the last two decades. Here, we discuss the photophysical properties of traditional fluorescent labels and the comparatively advantageous properties of quantum dots. The unique spectral properties of quantum dots, such as their large Stokes shifts and exceptional brightness, make them attractive probes in biological applications and prime candidates for further research and development in the field of solid-phase immunoassay and cell analysis.
An ISFET based sensing array with sensor offset compensation and pH sensitivity enhancement (2010)

In this paper, a novel chemical sensor system utilizing an Ion-Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (ISFET) for pH measurement is presented. Compared to other interface circuits, this system uses auto-zero amplifiers with a pingpong control scheme and array of Programmable-Gate Ion-Sensitive Field Effect Transistor (PG-ISFET). By feedback controlling the programable gates of ISFETs, the intrinsic sensor offset can be compensated for uniformly. Furthermore the chemical signal sensitivity can be enhanced due to the feedback system on the sensing node. A pingpong structure and operation protocol has been developed to realize the circuit, reducing the error and achieve continuous measurement. This system has been designed and fabricated in AMS 0.35μm, to compensate for a threshold voltage variation of ±5V and enhance the pH sensitivity to 100mV/pH.
The Copper-Catalyzed N-Arylation of Indoles (2002)

A general method for the N-arylation of indoles using catalysts derived from CuI and trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine (1a), trans-N,N'-dimethyl-1,2-cyclohexanediamine (2a), or N,N'-dimethyl-ethylenediamine (3) is reported. N-Arylindoles can be produced in high yield from the coupling of an aryl iodide or aryl bromide with a variety of indoles.
Multidimensional analysis of the frequencies and rates of cytokine secretion from single cells by quantitative microengraving (2010)

The large diversity of cells that comprise the human immune system requires methods that can resolve the individual contributions of specific subsets to an immunological response. Microengraving is process that uses a dense, elastomeric array of microwells to generate microarrays of proteins secreted from large numbers of individual live cells (approximately 10(4)-10(5) cells/assay). In this paper, we describe an approach based on this technology to quantify the rates of secretion from single immune cells. Numerical simulations of the microengraving process indicated an operating regime between 30 min-4 h that permits quantitative analysis of the rates of secretion. Through experimental validation, we demonstrate that microengraving can provide quantitative measurements of both the frequencies and the distribution in rates of secretion for up to four cytokines simultaneously released from individual viable primary immune cells. The experimental limits of detection ranged from 0.5 to 4 molecules/s for IL-6, IL-17, IFNgamma, IL-2, and TNFalpha. These multidimensional measures resolve the number and intensities of responses by cells exposed to stimuli with greater sensitivity than single-parameter assays for cytokine release. We show that cells from different donors exhibit distinct responses based on both the frequency and magnitude of cytokine secretion when stimulated under different activating conditions. Primary T cells with specific profiles of secretion can also be recovered after microengraving for subsequent expansion in vitro. These examples demonstrate the utility of quantitative, multidimensional profiles of single cells for analyzing the diversity and dynamics of immune responses in vitro and for identifying rare cells from clinical samples.
Scattering ofK+Particles (1956)

An experiment has been performed to investigate the relative probability of scattering of ${K}_{\ensuremath{\pi}2}$ and $\ensuremath{\tau}$ mesons. If, as is thought on the basis of the analysis of Dalitz and others, these particles differ in spin-parity properties, they may be expected to have different scattering cross sections, and the relative proportions of $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and ${K}_{\ensuremath{\pi}2}$ mesons in a beam of scattered $K$ particles would differ from their relative proportions in a beam of directly-produced particles. In the present experiment, a measurement was made of the composition of a ${K}^{+}$-particle beam in which it is estimated that more than \ensuremath{\sim}75% of the particles had undergone scattering. Comparison with other results on the composition of beams consisting predominantly of directly-produced particles indicates that the relative numbers of $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and ${K}_{\ensuremath{\pi}2}$ mesons are unchanged, within \ensuremath{\sim}30%. The results are therefore consistent with the assumption that the $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and ${K}_{\ensuremath{\pi}2}$ are the same particle.
THE EVOLUTION OF RESTRAINT IN BACTERIAL BIOFILMS UNDER NONTRANSITIVE COMPETITION (2007)

Theoretical and empirical evidence indicates that competing species can coexist if dispersal, migration, and competitive interactions occur over relatively small spatial scales. In particular, spatial structure appears to be critical to certain communities with nontransitive competition. A typical nontransitive system involves three competing species that satisfy a relationship similar to the children's game of rock-paper-scissors. Although the ecological dynamics of nontransitive systems in spatially structured communities have received some attention, fewer studies have incorporated evolutionary change. Here we investigate evolution within toxic bacterial biofilms using an agent-based simulation that represents a nontransitive community containing three populations of Escherichia coli. In structured, nontransitive communities, strains evolve that do not maximize their competitive ability: They do not reduce their probability of death to a minimum or increase their toxicity to a maximum. That is, types evolve that exercise restraint. We show that nontransitivity and spatial structure (in the form of localized interactions) are both necessary for the evolution of restraint in these biofilms.
A General Framework for Compressed Sensing and Parallel MRI Using Annihilating Filter Based Low-Rank Hankel Matrix (2016)

Parallel MRI (pMRI) and compressed sensing MRI (CS-MRI) have been considered as two distinct reconstruction problems. Inspired by recent k-space interpolation methods, an annihilating filter-based low-rank Hankel matrix approach is proposed as a general framework for sparsity-driven k-space interpolation method which unifies pMRI and CS-MRI. Specifically, our framework is based on a novel observation that the transform domain sparsity in the primary space implies the low-rankness of weighted Hankel matrix in the reciprocal space. This converts pMRI and CS-MRI to a k-space interpolation problem using a structured matrix completion. Experimental results using in vivo data for single/multicoil imaging as well as dynamic imaging confirmed that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art pMRI and CS-MRI.
Property Focused Structure-Based Optimization of Small Molecule Inhibitors of the Protein–Protein Interaction between Menin and Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) (2016)

Development of potent small molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions with optimized druglike properties represents a challenging task in lead optimization process. Here, we report synthesis and structure-based optimization of new thienopyrimidine class of compounds, which block the protein-protein interaction between menin and MLL fusion proteins that plays an important role in acute leukemias with MLL translocations. We performed simultaneous optimization of both activity and druglike properties through systematic exploration of substituents introduced to the indole ring of lead compound 1 (MI-136) to identify compounds suitable for in vivo studies in mice. This work resulted in the identification of compound 27 (MI-538), which showed significantly increased activity, selectivity, polarity, and pharmacokinetic profile over 1 and demonstrated a pronounced effect in a mouse model of MLL leukemia. This study, which reports detailed structure-activity and structure-property relationships for the menin-MLL inhibitors, demonstrates challenges in optimizing inhibitors of protein-protein interactions for potential therapeutic applications.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF NEOSPONGIOCOCCUM OVATUM DEASON (1976)

S ummary By enrichment culture and conventional microbiological techniques the dominant alga of sewage trickle filters was obtained in axenic culture and identified as Neospongiococcutn ovatum Deason. A wide range of carbon compounds failed to support heterotrophic growth or alter the mean generation time or final cell yield in the light. The rate of photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation was also unaffected by the growth conditions. The enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle were present at comparable specific activity in cell extracts, but significant uptake of [ 14 C]‐acetate or [ 14 C]‐glycollate was not detected. It is suggested that impermeability to exogenous compounds may be an advantage in a toxic environment.
The Hedgehog: A Novel Optical Tracking Method for Spatially Immersive Displays (2006)

Existing commercial technologies do not adequately meet the requirements for tracking in fully enclosed Virtual Reality displays. We present a novel six degree of freedom tracking system, the Hedgehog; which overcomes several limitations inherent in existing sensors and tracking technology. The system reliably estimates the pose of the user's head with high resolution and low spatial distortion. Light emitted from an arrangement of lasers projects onto the display walls. An arrangement of cameras images the walls and the two-dimensional centroids of the projections are tracked to estimate the pose of the device. The system is able to handle ambiguous laser projection configurations, static and dynamic occlusions of the lasers, and incorporates an auto-calibration mechanism due to the use of the SCAAT (single constraint at a time) algorithm. A prototype system was evaluated relative to a state-of-the-art motion tracker and showed comparable positional accuracy (1–2 mm RMS) and significantly better absolute angular accuracy (0.1° RMS).
Aerosol‐Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition of NbS2 and TaS2 Thin Films from Pentakis(dimethylamido)metal Complexes and 2‐Methylpropanethiol (2005)

Abstract Thin films of NbS 2 and TaS 2 have been produced from [M(NMe 2 ) 5 ] (M = Nb, Ta) and t BuSH by aerosol‐assisted chemical vapor deposition on glass. Gold‐colored, reflective films were obtained and deposition took place at 250–350 °C for NbS 2 and 225–450 °C for TaS 2 using dichloromethane or hexanes as solvent. The niobium and tantalum sulfide films were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray powder diffraction, energy dispersive analysis of X‐rays (EDAX) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In order to identify possible compounds present in the aerosol mist, the solution phase reaction of [M(NMe 2 ) 5 ] and five equivalents of t BuSH in toluene at room temperature was carried out. Yellow crystals of the partially substituted tantalum thiolate [Ta(S‐ t Bu) 2 (NMe 2 ) 3 ] were isolated. The X‐ray structure of [Ta(S‐ t Bu) 2 (NMe 2 ) 3 ] has been determined. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Pumping based on transverse electrokinetic effects (2003)

This work presents a strategy for microfluidic pumping based on transverse electro-osmotic flow in a channel with topographical features on one wall. In this channel, flow along the long axis is generated by an electric field applied across the channel. The pump operates at low (5–10 V) voltage and achieves pumping speeds up to ∼100 μm/s in submillimeter channels. The pump is straightforward to fabricate, contains no moving parts, and provides local control of the direction and strength of pumping. The performance of the pump scales favorably with decreasing size of a microchannel.
High-resolution synthetic-aperture digital holography with digital phase and pupil correction (2011)

A 218 mega-pixel synthetic aperture was collected by raster scanning a CCD detector in a digital holography imaging experiment. Frames were mosaicked together using a two-step cross-correlation registration. Phase correction using sharpness metrics were utilized to achieve diffraction-limited resolution.
In situ photoimmunotherapy: a tumour-directed treatment for melanoma (2006)

We report a new immunological treatment for advanced cutaneous melanoma which combines laser stimulation with topical application of a toll-like receptor agonist. This treatment, in situ photoimmunotherapy (ISPI), provides an alternative to traditional therapies for melanoma patients with cutaneous metastases. A 6-week cycle of ISPI is carried out on cutaneous metastases located in a designated 20 x 20 cm treatment area: 2 weeks of pretreatment with twice-daily topical applications of imiquimod (5% cream under plastic occlusion), with a laser treatment session at week 2 and again at week 4. Topical imiquimod is continued for the entire 6-week cycle. Two patients with late-stage melanoma were treated with ISPI. Patient 1 had the primary tumour and local metastases on the left arm, as well as metastatic tumours in the lungs [American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage IV]. Patient 2 had a head and neck melanoma with multiple local metastases (AJCC stage IIIC), which had failed repeated attempts at surgical resection and high-dose radiation therapy. Patient 1 is now free of all clinically detectable tumours (including the lung metastases) >20 months after the first treatment cycle. Patient 2 has been free of any clinical evidence of the tumour for over 6 months. These two cases demonstrate that ISPI can clear local tumour and trigger beneficial systemic responses, with a side-effect profile that compares favourably with other treatments for advanced melanoma.
P01-109 - Clinical-dynamic Characteristics of Depressive Disorders Comorbid with Anxiety Disorders (2010)

The aim of this study was to find clinical-dynamic characteristics of depressions comorbid with anxiety disorders. Methods 140 patients have been observed: basic group - 70 patients with depressive disorder with anxiety disorder; control group - 70 patients with depressive disorder alone. All patients were treated with SSRIs. We used in study 17-item HRS-D and CGI. Results of investigation Baseline average score according to CGI has constituted 4,8±0,6 and 4,5±0,7. Comparative assessment of clinical picture of depression in groups has shown that in basic group more frequently (p&lt; 0,05) dysphoric (31,4% and 12,9%) and conversion (21,4% and 11,4%) syndromes were noticed, while in the control group - adynamic (30% and 12,9%,). Statistical analysis of data of age at the onset of depressive disorder has revealed intergroup differences (p&lt; 0,05), testifying to emerging depressive disorders in patients of basic group at younger age (39,6±12,1 years), as compared with patients of control group (43,9±12,9 years). Index of cyclicity of disease in patients with RDD was calculated as ratio of disease duration in years to cycles of disease. Average value of the corresponding index in basic and control groups differed reliably (p&lt; 0,05) and has constituted 3,2±1,1 and 7,6±1,6. I.e., in the basic group exacerbation of depressive symptoms in recurrent depressive disorder was noticed more frequently as compared with control group. Thus, comorbidity of depressive and anxiety disorders results in complicating symptoms, change of its syndromal validation, more adverse course (acceleration of depressive phases in recurrent depressive disorder).
The role of polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in intestinal inflammation and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (2001)

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation has been shown to reduce the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in a recent randomized, controlled trial. These compounds are known to modulate the inflammatory cascade and to influence intestinal health in a variety of ways. Although the pathophysiology of NEC is not well understood, recent evidence suggests that platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a key endogenous mediator of intestinal necrosis in animals. Using a neonatal rat model of NEC that includes the key risk factors of asphyxia and formula feeding, we investigated the role of dietary PUFA supplementation on the incidence and pathophysiology of NEC. Our findings suggest that PUFA reduce the incidence of NEC by modulating PAF metabolism and endotoxin translocation.
A Structural Framework for Deciphering the Link Between I-A g7 and Autoimmune Diabetes (2000)

Susceptibility to murine and human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus correlates strongly with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II I-A or HLA-DQ alleles that lack an aspartic acid at position β57. I-A g7 lacks this aspartate and is the only class II allele expressed by the nonobese diabetic mouse. The crystal structure of I-A g7 was determined at 2.6 angstrom resolution as a complex with a high-affinity peptide from the autoantigen glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65. I-A g7 has a substantially wider peptide-binding groove around β57, which accounts for distinct peptide preferences compared with other MHC class II alleles. Loss of Asp β57 leads to an oxyanion hole in I-A g7 that can be filled by peptide carboxyl residues or, perhaps, through interaction with the T cell receptor.
The role of von Willebrand factor multimers and propeptide cleavage in binding and stabilization of factor VIII. (1991)

von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a multimeric glycoprotein that promotes platelet aggregation and stabilizes coagulation factor VIII in the plasma. vWF is also required for the stable accumulation of recombinant factor VIII secreted from cells in a heterologous expression system. In this report, we show that vWF can promote the in vitro reconstitution of factor VIII activity from dissociated heavy and light chains of factor VIII, suggesting that vWF may act to promote stable assembly of factor VIII subunits at the site of secretion. The structural requirements for vWF propeptide cleavage and for vWF multimerization in its binding and stabilization of factor VIII was examined using specifically altered recombinant vWF. The mutant vWF molecules were also assayed for their function in ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination mediated through the platelet receptor GPIb. Deletion of the vWF propeptide produced a dimeric vWF molecule that failed to mediate platelet agglutination, suggesting that multimerization is required for vWF to attain functional GPIb binding. This mature dimeric form of vWF, however, was fully capable of binding to and supporting stable secretion of factor VIII. A vWF mutant with an altered propeptide cleavage site formed large multimers of uncleaved pro-vWF that functioned in platelet agglutination. However, this noncleavage mutant neither bound to or supported stable accumulation of factor VIII. Analysis of the vWF propeptide, expressed independently, demonstrated that it could not bind factor VIII or stabilize its secretion. These results show that the dimeric mature vWF subunit is sufficient to bind and stabilize factor VIII and that the presence of uncleaved vWF propeptide inhibits both factor VIII binding and stabilization.
Plane Dependent Growth of GaN in Supercritical Basic Ammonia (2008)

The plane dependence of GaN grown in supercritical basic ammonia was investigated. Seed crystals with various surface crystallographic orientations were prepared and loaded for four separate growth runs. The growth thickness and crystal quality of GaN grown on each seed was evaluated by caliper and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. These parameters were highly dependent on the orientation of the seed crystal. We achieved high crystalline quality with high growth rates utilizing semi-polar seed crystals. Also, the non-polar m-plane showed the narrowest XRD full width at half maximum (FWHM).