gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phlebotomus papatasi Sand Fly Salivary Gland Lysate Down-Regulates a Th1, but Up-Regulates a Th2, Response in Mice Infected with Leishmania major (1998)

A vertebrate host becomes infected with Leishmania major when the sand fly vector injects parasites into skin along with saliva. Previous studies showed that salivary gland lysate of the New World sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis markedly enhanced L. major infection in CBA mice. However, L. major is an Old World parasite transmitted in nature by the Old World sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi. Here we examine the ability of P. papatasi salivary gland lysate to enhance infection (lesion size and parasite burden) by L. major. In addition, we examine the effects of salivary gland lysate on the immune response to L. major by monitoring the levels of cytokine mRNA from the lymph nodes draining cutaneous lesions. We found that P. papatasi salivary gland lysate dramatically exacerbated lesion development in disease-resistant CBA mice. This exacerbation of disease correlated with inhibition of the production of Thl cytokines and associated factors (IFN-gamma, IL-12, and inducible nitric oxide synthase), but with enhancement of the Th2 cytokine IL-4, whereas no changes in the levels of IL-10 and TGF-beta were noted. Importantly, salivary gland lysate directly up-regulated expression of IL-4 mRNA in mice in the absence of infection with L. major.
Phantom Limb Pain: Mechanisms and Treatment Approaches (2011)

The vast amount of research over the past decades has significantly added to our knowledge of phantom limb pain. Multiple factors including site of amputation or presence of preamputation pain have been found to have a positive correlation with the development of phantom limb pain. The paradigms of proposed mechanisms have shifted over the past years from the psychogenic theory to peripheral and central neural changes involving cortical reorganization. More recently, the role of mirror neurons in the brain has been proposed in the generation of phantom pain. A wide variety of treatment approaches have been employed, but mechanism-based specific treatment guidelines are yet to evolve. Phantom limb pain is considered a neuropathic pain, and most treatment recommendations are based on recommendations for neuropathic pain syndromes. Mirror therapy, a relatively recently proposed therapy for phantom limb pain, has mixed results in randomized controlled trials. Most successful treatment outcomes include multidisciplinary measures. This paper attempts to review and summarize recent research relative to the proposed mechanisms of and treatments for phantom limb pain.
Global Transcriptome Analysis ofShewanella oneidensisMR-1 Exposed to Different Terminal Electron Acceptors (2005)

To gain insight into the complex structure of the energy-generating networks in the dissimilatory metal reducer Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, global mRNA patterns were examined in cells exposed to a wide range of metal and non-metal electron acceptors. Gene expression patterns were similar irrespective of which metal ion was used as electron acceptor, with 60% of the differentially expressed genes showing similar induction or repression relative to fumarate-respiring conditions. Several groups of genes exhibited elevated expression levels in the presence of metals, including those encoding putative multidrug efflux transporters, detoxification proteins, extracytoplasmic sigma factors and PAS-domain regulators. Only one of the 42 predicted c-type cytochromes in MR-1, SO3300, displayed significantly elevated transcript levels across all metal-reducing conditions. Genes encoding decaheme cytochromes MtrC and MtrA that were previously linked to the reduction of different forms of Fe(III) and Mn(IV), exhibited only slight decreases in relative mRNA abundances under metal-reducing conditions. In contrast, specific transcriptome responses were displayed to individual non-metal electron acceptors resulting in the identification of unique groups of nitrate-, thiosulfate- and TMAO-induced genes including previously uncharacterized multi-cytochrome gene clusters. Collectively, the gene expression results reflect the fundamental differences between metal and non-metal respiratory pathways of S. oneidensis MR-1, where the coordinate induction of detoxification and stress response genes play a key role in adaptation of this organism under metal-reducing conditions. Moreover, the relative paucity and/or the constitutive nature of genes involved in electron transfer to metals is likely due to the low-specificity and the opportunistic nature of the metal-reducing electron transport pathways.
Cetuximab (Imclone/Merck/Bristol-Myers Squibb). (2002)

ImClone, in collaboration with licensees, Merck KGaA and Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), are developing cetuximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody that blocks the epidermal growth factor receptor, for the potential treatment of various cancers, including colorectal, and head and neck tumors [179103]. The companies are evaluating the product both as a single agent, and in combination with radiation and a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. By January 2002, phase III trials had been initiated in head and neck cancer, and phase II trials were ongoing for colorectal and other cancers [427710], [437833]. In November 2001, ImClone completed the filing of a rolling BLA with the FDA for cetuximab in combination with irinotecan to treat irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancer. In December 2001, however, the FDA advised ImClone that its BLA was not acceptable for filing. In January 2002, it was reported that resubmission of the BLA was expected within 3 months [434999], and by February 2002, ImClone was expecting to use data from an ongoing phase II study in colorectal cancer patients conducted by Merck KGaA. In March 2002, Merck had anticipated European launch in 2003 [444653]; however, in April 2002, Merck reported that it was delaying its application to the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products from the last half of 2002 to the first half of 2003, so that it could primarily include its own colorectal cancer data rather than ImClone's data. European launch was thus expected in 2004 [449226]. In May 2002, Lehman Brothers predicted global peak sales of US $2 billion [454652], while in the same month, Bear Stearns estimated that sales for Merck KGaA would reach 285 million Euros in 2007 [453500].
Significance of premature stop codons in env of simian immunodeficiency virus (1989)

The location of the translational termination codon for the transmembrane protein (TMP) varies in three infectious molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus from macaques (SIVmac). The SIVmac251 and SIVmac142 infectious clones have premature stop signals that differ in location by one codon; transfection of these DNAs into human HUT-78 cells yielded virus with a truncated TMP (28 to 30 kilodaltons [kDa]). The SIVmac239 infectious clone does not have a premature stop codon in its TMP-coding region. Transfection of HUT-78 cells with this clone initially yielded virus with a full-length TMP (41 kDa). At 20 to 30 days posttransfection, SIVmac239 virus with a 41-kDa TMP gradually disappeared coincident with the emergence of a virus with a 28-kDa TMP. Virus production dramatically increased in parallel with the emergence of a virus with a 28-kDa TMP. Sequence analysis of viral DNAs from these cultures showed that premature stop codons arising by point mutation were responsible for the change in size of the TMP with time. A similar selective pressure for truncated forms of TMP was observed when the SIVmac239 clone was transfected into human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). In contrast, no such selective pressure was observed in macaque PBL. When the SIVmac239 clone was transfected into macaque PBL and the resultant virus was serially passaged in macaque PBL, the virus replicated very well and maintained a 41-kDa TMP for 80 days in culture. Macaque monkeys were infected with SIVmac239 having a 28-kDa TMP; virus subsequently recovered from T4-enriched lymphocytes of peripheral blood showed only the 41-kDa form of TMP. These results indicate that the natural form of TMP in SIVmac is the full-length 41-kDa TMP, just as in human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Viruses with truncated forms of TMP appear to result from mutation and selection during propagation in unnatural human cells.
Propagation losses in metal-film-substrate optical waveguides (1972)

The propagation losses in metal-film-substrate two-dimensional optical waveguides are calculated. Losses for confined modes may become large and are at least an order of magnitude larger for TM than for TE modes. Higher order modes suffer more loss than the fundamental mode. Such mode-dependent loss can make efficient mode analyzers, useful for integrated optics modulation schemes.
Expression and Cellular Distribution of Multidrug Resistance–related Proteins in the Hippocampus of Patients with Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (2004)

These findings indicate that MDR proteins are upregulated in concert in the hippocampus of patients with refractory MTLE, supporting their role in the mechanisms underlying drug resistance. The specific cell-distribution patterns within the sclerotic hippocampus suggest different cellular functions, not necessarily linked only to clinical drug resistance.
A Randomized Trial Comparing Intravenous Immune Globulin and Plasma Exchange in Guillain–Barré Syndrome (1992)

In the acute Guillain-Barré syndrome, treatment with intravenous immune globulin is at least as effective as plasma exchange and may be superior.
Bioactive Silicate Nanoplatelets for Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2013)

Novel silicate nanoplatelets that induce osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in the absence of any osteoinductive factor are reported. The presence of the silicate triggers a set of events that follows the temporal pattern of osteogenic differentiation. These findings underscore the potential applications of these silicate nanoplatelets in designing bioactive scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering.
Improved PEP-FOLD Approach for Peptide and Miniprotein Structure Prediction (2014)

Peptides and mini proteins have many biological and biomedical implications, which motivates the development of accurate methods, suitable for large-scale experiments, to predict their experimental or native conformations solely from sequences. In this study, we report PEP-FOLD2, an improved coarse grained approach for peptide de novo structure prediction and compare it with PEP-FOLD1 and the state-of-the-art Rosetta program. Using a benchmark of 56 structurally diverse peptides with 25-52 amino acids and a total of 600 simulations for each system, PEP-FOLD2 generates higher quality models than PEP-FOLD1, and PEP-FOLD2 and Rosetta generate near-native or native models for 95% and 88% of the targets, respectively. In the situation where we do not have any experimental structures at hand, PEP-FOLD2 and Rosetta return a near-native or native conformation among the top five best scored models for 80% and 75% of the targets, respectively. While the PEP-FOLD2 prediction rate is better than the ROSETTA prediction rate by 5%, this improvement is non-negligible because PEP-FOLD2 explores a larger conformational space than ROSETTA and consists of a single coarse-grained phase. Our results indicate that if the coarse-grained PEP-FOLD2 method is approaching maturity, we are not at the end of the game of mini-protein structure prediction, but this opens new perspectives for large-scale in silico experiments.
Femtosecond laser versus mechanical keratome flaps in wavefront-guided laser in situ keratomileusis (2005)

The statistically better UCVA and manifest refractive outcomes after LASIK with the IntraLase femtosecond laser may be the result of differences in postoperative astigmatism and trefoil. These findings are consistent with previous findings of better astigmatic outcomes with the IntraLase laser and may have clinical significance for wavefront-guided treatments.
VEGF upregulates ecNOS message, protein, and NO production in human endothelial cells (1998)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelium-specific secreted protein that potently stimulates vasodilation, microvascular hyperpermeability, and angiogenesis. Nitric oxide (NO) is also reported to modulate vascular tone, permeability, and capillary growth. Therefore, we hypothesized that VEGF might regulate endothelial production of NO. The production of nitrogen oxides by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was measured after 1, 12, 24, and 48 h of incubation with VEGF. VEGF treatment resulted in both an acute (1 h) and chronic (> 24 h) stimulation of NO production. Furthermore, Western and Northern blotting revealed a VEGF-elicited, dose-dependent increase in the cellular content of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) message and protein that may account for the chronic upregulation of NO production elicited by VEGF. Finally, endothelial cells pretreated with VEGF for 24 h and subsequently exposed to A-23187 for 1 h produced NO at approximately twice the rate of cells that were not pretreated with VEGF. We conclude that VEGF upregulates ecNOS enzyme and elicits a biphasic stimulation of endothelial NO production.
Epiregulin Is a Potent Pan-ErbB Ligand That Preferentially Activates Heterodimeric Receptor Complexes (1998)

The ErbB signaling network consists of four transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases and more than a dozen ligands sharing an epidermal growth factor (EGF) motif. The multiplicity of ErbB-specific ligands is incompletely understood in terms of signal specificity because all ErbB molecules signal through partially overlapping pathways. Here we addressed the action of epiregulin, a recently isolated ligand of ErbB-1. By employing a set of factor-dependent cell lines engineered to express individual ErbBs or their combinations, we found that epiregulin is the broadest specificity EGF-like ligand so far characterized: not only does it stimulate homodimers of both ErbB-1 and ErbB-4, it also activates all possible heterodimeric ErbB complexes. Consistent with its relaxed selectivity, epiregulin binds the various receptor combinations with an affinity that is approximately 100-fold lower than the affinity of ligands with more stringent selectivity, including EGF. Nevertheless, epiregulin's action upon most receptor combinations transmits a more potent mitogenic signal than does EGF. This remarkable discrepancy between binding affinity and bioactivity is permitted by a mechanism that prevents receptor down-regulation, and results in a weak, but prolonged, state of receptor activation.
Txk, a Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase of the Tec Family, Is Expressed in T Helper Type 1 Cells and Regulates Interferon γ Production in Human T Lymphocytes (1999)

Differentiation of human T cells into T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cells is vital for the development of cell-mediated and humoral immunity, respectively. However, the precise mechanism responsible for the Th1 cell differentiation is not fully clarified. We have studied the expression and function of Txk, a member of the Tec family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. We found that Txk expression is restricted to Th1/Th0 cells with IFN-gamma producing potential. Txk transfection of Jurkat T cells resulted in a several-fold increase of IFN-gamma mRNA expression and protein production; interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 production were unaffected. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide of Txk specifically inhibited IFN-gamma production of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, antigen-specific Th1 clones, and Th0 clones; IL-2 and IL-4 production by the T cells was unaffected. Txk cotransfection led to the enhanced luciferase activity of plasmid (p)IFN-gamma promoter/enhancer (pIFN-gamma[-538])-luciferase-transfected Jurkat cells upon mitogen activation. Txk transfection did not affect IL-2 and IL-4 promoter activities. Thus, Txk specifically upregulates IFN-gamma gene transcription. In fact, Txk translocated from cytoplasm into nuclei upon activation and transfection with a mutant Txk expression plasmid that lacked a nuclear localization signal sequence did not enhance IFN-gamma production by the cells, indicating that nuclear localization of Txk is obligatory for the enhanced IFN-gamma production. In addition, IL-12 treatment of peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells enhanced the Txk expression, whereas IL-4 treatment completely inhibited it. These results indicate that Txk expression is intimately associated with development of Th1/Th0 cells and is significantly involved in the IFN-gamma production by the cells through Th1 cell-specific positive transcriptional regulation of the IFN-gamma gene.
Microcrystalline chitosan. I. Preparation and properties of microcrystalline chitosan (1987)

Abstract A new type of microcrystalline polymer prepared by aggregation has been discussed. The effect of the parameters of the preparation process on the properties of microcrystalline chitosan in hydrogel and solid forms has been studied using also microscopy and spectroscopy. The product obtained according to the method discussed shows the average molecular weight within a range 2.2–5.0 X 10 5 , WRV s ≈ 260–520%, WRV g ≈ 700–1000%, and CrI up to 95%.
Introduction (2007)

In 1935, commercial television did not exist. Two-thirds of all American households (and 9 percent of all automobiles) had a radio. Almost 600 AM stations were broadcasting throughout the country. Print media continued to be the most widely available source for news. The combined circulation of the roughly two thousand daily newspapers was about 41 million, one for every three Americans.
A Broad-Coverage Challenge Corpus for Sentence Understanding through Inference (2018)

Adina Williams, Nikita Nangia, Samuel Bowman. Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers). 2018.
Structural and functional analysis of two Campylobacter jejuni flagellin genes. (1990)

The purpose of this study was to characterize the flagellin gene of Campylobacter jejuni and to study the structure of this protein and the regulation of its synthesis. A part of the flagellin gene of C. jejuni strain 81116 was recently cloned by us. This DNA fragment was used as a probe to isolate the other homologous flagellin sequences from genomic libraries. The flagellin nucleotide sequence was determined from overlapping clones. Two copies of the flagellin gene were identified: genes fla A and fla B consisted of 1731 base pairs each, occurred as tandem repeats, and were 95% identical. Only mRNA that was transcribed from gene A was detected in flagellate cells. sigma 28-specific promoter sequences were found upstream of the transcription initiation site. Analysis of the flagellin protein sequence showed that the amino-terminal and the carboxyl-terminal regions were highly similar to other bacterial flagellins. The conserved regions can form alpha-helices with a nonpolar backbone at one side. We suggest that because these domains were conserved (i) they may be involved in polymerization or transport of flagellins or both, and (ii) they are important for maturation and stability of the flagellum.
AS1411 aptamer tagged PLGA‐lecithin‐PEG nanoparticles for tumor cell targeting and drug delivery (2012)

Liposomes and polymers are widely used drug carriers for controlled release since they offer many advantages like increased treatment effectiveness, reduced toxicity and are of biodegradable nature. In this work, anticancer drug-loaded PLGA-lecithin-PEG nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and were functionalized with AS1411 anti-nucleolin aptamers for site-specific targeting against tumor cells which over expresses nucleolin receptors. The particles were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The drug-loading efficiency, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro drug release studies were conducted using UV spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity studies were carried out in two different cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and GI-1 cells and two different normal cells, L929 cells and HMEC cells. Confocal microscopy and flowcytometry confirmed the cellular uptake of particles and targeted drug delivery. The morphology analysis of the NPs proved that the particles were smooth and spherical in shape with a size ranging from 60 to 110 nm. Drug-loading studies indicated that under the same drug loading, the aptamer-targeted NPs show enhanced cancer killing effect compared to the corresponding non-targeted NPs. In addition, the PLGA-lecithin-PEG NPs exhibited high encapsulation efficiency and superior sustained drug release than the drug loaded in plain PLGA NPs. The results confirmed that AS1411 aptamer-PLGA-lecithin-PEG NPs are potential carrier candidates for differential targeted drug delivery.
Large‐Scale Synthesis of H‐Antigen Oligosaccharides by Expressing Helicobacter pylori α1,2‐Fucosyltransferase in Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli Cells (2006)

Zuckerproduktion: Eine mikrobiologische Methode zur Herstellung von α1,2-verknüpften Fucosylkohlenhydraten aus Lactose wird vorgestellt. Die Synthesen von 2′-Fucosyllactose und Lacto-N-neofucopentaose-1 (siehe Formel), die das H-2-Antigen (Fucα-2Galβ-4R) enthalten, gelangen durch das Kultivieren von Escherichia-coli-Stämmen, die die entsprechenden heterologen Gene überexprimierten. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2006/z503427_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Agonist pharmacology of the neuronal α7 nicotinic receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes (1993)

The potencies and efficacies of seven agonists at chick alpha 7 nicotinic receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes were determined by whole cell recording. (+)-Anatoxin-a was the most potent agonist (EC50 = 0.58 microM) and acetylcholine was the least potent (EC50 = 320 microM). The rank order of agonist potencies was: (+)-anatoxin-a >> cytisine > (-)-nicotine > (+)-nicotine > DMPP > 1-acetyl-4-methylpiperazine methiodide > acetylcholine. DMPP evoked only very small currents: comparison of maximally effective agonist concentrations showed that DMPP was only one-fifth as efficacious as other agonists. Previously published IC50 values for rat brain [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin sites show a similar agonist profile, and the identity of homo-oligomeric alpha 7 receptors with native alpha-bungarotoxin-sensitive neuronal nicotinic receptors is discussed.
Chrono‐immunology: progress and challenges in understanding links between the circadian and immune systems (2015)

Development of inflammatory diseases, such as metabolic syndrome and cancer, is prevalent in individuals that encounter continuous disruption of their internal clock. Further, daily oscillations in susceptibility to infection as well as a multitude of other immunological processes have been described. Much progress has been made and various mechanisms have been proposed to explain circadian variations in immunity; yet much is still unknown. Understanding the crosstalk between the circadian and the immune systems will allow us to manipulate clock outputs to prevent and treat inflammatory diseases in individuals at risk. This review briefly summarizes current knowledge about circadian rhythms and their role in the immune system and highlights progress and challenges in chrono-immunological research.