gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Convex C240 architecture (1988)

The C240, a tightly coupled, shared memory, parallel/multi-processor, supports up to 4, 40-nanosecond ECL/CMOS Cray-like processors. Managed by a fully semaphored UNIX operating the C240, it can support up to 4 gigabytes of directly addressable physical memory. CONVEX proprietary compiler technology provides automatic vectorization and parallelization for FORTRAN, C, and ADA. Allocation of parallel threads to physical processors is managed by an innovation approach ASAP (Automatic Self-Allocating Processors). ASAP dynamically allocates and deallocates parallel threads to the processors.In creating a second generation supercomputer, several factors were considered prior to commencing design. Among these factors are: Performance - Scalar/Vector/Parallel.Parallel processing efficiency.Semiconductor technology.Compiler optimization strategies.With these factors in mind, the C240 system evolved. The salient features of the C240 are: Tightly coupled, MIMD processor system. Where each processor, up to 4, is a general purpose scientific processor, with a 4 gigabyte virtual address space. Operands are addressed at the byte level.Each processor is a 40 nanosecond, ECL/CMOS implementation of the CONVEX C1, Cray-like, instruction set architecture (see WALLACH 85). Additional instructions were added, in a super-set manner using pre-existing spare opcodes. These instructions provide vector conversions, vector shifts, vector square root, and fully pipelined operations under mask. Additional scalar instructions were added mainly in the area of intrinsics: Sin, Cos, etc.A set of parallel processing instructions was also added and will be discussed in more detail later.A very high bandwidth, 800 Mbytes/sec, multiported memory system capable of supporting up to 4 gigabytes of directly addressable physical memory.Revisions of CONVEX's proprietary compiler technology that support automatic parallelism for Fortran, C and ADA.A fully semaphored UNIX kernel. The UNIX kernel was modified extensively to support multiple simultaneous system calls to different resources and the management of CONVEX's parallel processing paradigm.Lastly, a new and innovative concept for the allocation and scheduling of parallel processes and threads is supported. This unique concept, ASAP, (Automatic Self-Allocating Processors), is a distributed mechanism that permits physical processors to dynamically associate and disassociate themselves from an executing process.
Inflammasome Components NALP 1 and 3 Show Distinct but Separate Expression Profiles in Human Tissues Suggesting a Site-specific Role in the Inflammatory Response (2006)

Several autoinflammatory disorders such as Muckle-Wells syndrome are characterized by mutations in the NALP3/cryopyrin gene. NALP3 and NALP1 proteins can assemble to inflammasomes that activate caspase-1, resulting in the processing of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-18. The present study was designed to determine which cells and tissues express NALP1 and NALP3. Monoclonal antibodies were developed and their use revealed distinct distribution profiles of NALP1 and NALP3. Granulocytes, monocytes (very weakly), dendritic cells, and B and T cells all express NALP1 and NALP3. Highest levels of NALP1 are found in T cells and Langerhans cells. Furthermore, NALP1 is present in glandular epithelial structures such as stomach, gut, lung, and, surprisingly, in neurons and testis. In contrast to NALP1, NALP3 shows a more restricted tissue distribution with expression mainly in non-keratinizing epithelia in the oropharynx, esophagus, and ectocervix. Moreover, NALP3 expression is found in the urothelial layer in the bladder. Likewise, a difference in subcellular distribution between NALP1 and NALP3 is observed because NALP1 is localized mainly in the nucleus, whereas NALP3 is predominantly cytoplasmic. We propose that the presence of NALP3 in epithelial cells lining the oral and genital tracts allows the rapid sensing of invading pathogens, thereby triggering an innate immune response.
Actions of the insecticide fipronil, on dieldrin‐sensitive and ‐resistant GABA receptors of Drosophila melanogaster (1995)

1. Blocking actions of the novel insecticide, fipronil, were examined on GABA responses recorded from Xenopus oocytes expressing either wild type (dieldrin-sensitive) or mutant (dieldrin-resistant) forms of the Drosophila melanogaster GABA-gated chloride channel homo-oligomer, RDL (the product of the resistance to dieldrin locus: Rdl). 2. In the case of the wild type receptor, fipronil blocked GABA-induced currents inducing both a shift to the right in the GABA dose-response curve and depressing the maximum amplitude of responses to GABA. The potency of fipronil was dependent on the GABA concentration but was unaffected by membrane potential. 3. Mutant RDL GABA-receptors, which have a naturally occurring amino acid substitution (A302-->S) in the putative ion-channel lining region, conferring resistance to dieldrin and picrotoxinin, were markedly less sensitive to fipronil than the wild-type receptors. 4. Fipronil antagonism is qualitatively similar to that produced by the structurally distinct compound, picrotoxinin. As the mutation A302-->S reduces the potency of both fipronil and picrotoxinin, homooligomeric RDL receptors should facilitate detailed studies of the molecular basis of convulsant/insecticide antagonist actions on GABA receptors.
High-selectivity pattern transfer processes for self-assembled monolayer electron beam resists (1997)

Novel processes have been developed for transferring patterns using self-assembled monolayer (SAM) electron beam resists. Because the SAMs are very thin, high-selectivity processes are required for effective substrate modification. Two separate techniques have been studied for patterning intermediate layers for use as reactive ion etch (RIE) masks. A bilayer process using the native oxide as an intermediate etch mask has been used to etch into both crystalline and polycrystalline silicon. The native oxide is patterned with the SAM resist and the oxide is then used as a mask in an electron cyclotron resonance RIE. This process has been used to produce ∼25 nm etched features in silicon. Instead of its selective removal, an alternative technique for forming the intermediate etch mask layer is the selective deposition of the layer. Thin nickel layers have been formed with an electroless plating technique on silicon. The electroless deposition is highly selective for producing nickel plating on silicon as opposed to the silicon oxide. These novel high-selectivity techniques demonstrate the ability for ultrathin SAM resist layers to pattern silicon and other materials.
An intelligent controller for neurophysiological experiments (2003)

The authors describe an intelligent controller (ICON) for neurophysiology experiments that employs approximate reasoning techniques and a dynamic control planner (DYNCON) to perform real-time analysis and control of the experiment. Results from experiments simulated from real data show that ICON reached the same conclusions as did the investigator during and after the actual experiment but that ICON did so in fewer experimental trials. An evaluation showed that ICON's performance in controlling the experiment was limited by the time required to collect the experimental trial data (experiment time) and not the time required to analyze the data (analysis time); analysis time was always less than 11% of the experiment time, indicating that the current hardware and software technology is fast enough for real-time control of experiments similar to the one described. The evaluation also showed that the time spent in the DYNCON was from 4.5% to 15% of the analysis time. The results indicate that advantages achieved by the DYNCON, such as greater flexibility, responsivity to incoming data, and adaptability to the changing demands placed on the system as the experiment progresses, outweigh the cost in terms of computation time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Enhanced mobility PMOSFETs using tensile-strained Si/sub 1-y/Cy layers (1999)

We demonstrate for the first time that carbon incorporation in Si epitaxial layers may be an alternative method to deposit enhanced mobility tensile-strained Si MOSFET channel layers directly on a silicon substrate, thereby eliminating the need to deposit a thick relaxed SiGe buffer layer, from which dislocations and other defects can propagate to the channel region. The fabrication and electrical properties of PMOSFETs with Si/sub 1-y/C/sub y/ alloy channel layers are reported in this paper for the first time. It is found that small amounts of C in Si films can produce high quality epitaxial material. PMOSFETs fabricated on these layers demonstrate enhanced hole mobility over that of control Si.
Psoralen-DNA Photoreaction: Controlled Production of Mono- and Diadducts with Nanosecond Ultraviolet Laser Pulses (1977)

Samples of DNA which contain adducts of a new psoralen derivative, but no cross-links, have been prepared by irradiating mixtures of DNA and the derivative with single, 15-nanosecond pulses of laser light. Succeeding pulses introduce cross-links. The ability to rapidly and selectively create monoadducts and corss-links may allow the use of psoralens as probes of dynamic processes in living cells.
Temperature Changes in Deep Muscles of Humans During Ice and Ultrasound Therapies: An In Vivo Study (1995)

Therapeutic ultrasound can be a very effective treatment modality when used correctly in the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions and wound healing. However, many protocols for the administration of ultrasound have not been scientifically tested. The purpose of this study was to measure muscle temperature changes during a frequently used protocol, ie., preicing prior to ultrasound application. A 23-gauge hypodermic needle microprobe was inserted 5 cm deep into the medial aspect of the anesthetized triceps surae muscle of 16 subjects. Two groups consisting of eight subjects each were tested for temperature changes during: a) ultrasound treatment on precooled tissue or b) ultrasound with no preceding treatment. Each treatment consisted of 10 minutes of continuous ultrasound delivered topically at 1.5 watts/cm2. A significant difference between the two treatment methods was measured (F = 19.06, p < 0.01). Ultrasound alone increased tissue temperature an average of 4.0 +/- .83 degrees C, whereas ultrasound preceded by 5 minutes of ice increased tissue temperature only 1.8 +/- 1.0 degrees C above original baseline level. At a depth of 5 cm, ultrasound preceded by ice treatment yielded little or no thermal benefits.
Design, expression, and stability of a diverse protein library based on the human fibronectin type III domain (2007)

Protein libraries based on natural scaffolds enable the generation of novel molecular tools and potential therapeutics by directed evolution. Here, we report the design and construction of a high complexity library (30 x 10(13) sequences) based on the 10th fibronectin type III domain of human fibronectin (10FnIII). We examined the bacterial expression characteristics and stability of this library using a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-reporter screen, SDS-PAGE analysis, and chemical denaturation, respectively. The high throughput GFP reporter screen demonstrates that a large fraction of our library expresses significant levels of soluble protein in bacteria. However, SDS-PAGE analysis of expression cultures indicates the ratio of soluble to insoluble protein expressed varies greatly for randomly chosen library members. We also tested the stabilities of several representative variants by guanidinium chloride denaturation. All variants tested displayed cooperative unfolding transitions similar to wild-type, and two exhibited free energies of unfolding equal to wild-type 10FnIII. This work demonstrates the utility of GFP-based screening as a tool for analysis of high-complexity protein libraries. Our results indicate that a vast amount of protein sequence space surrounding the 10FnIII scaffold is accessible for the generation of novel functions by directed as well as natural evolution.
Biosynthesis of isoprenoids (carotenoids, sterols, prenyl side-chains of chlorophylls and plastoquinone) via a novel pyruvate/glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate non-mevalonate pathway in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus (1996)

Isoprenoid biosynthesis was investigated in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus grown heterotrophically on 13C-labelled glucose and acetate. Several isoprenoid compounds were isolated and investigated by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. According to the 13C-labelling pattern indicated by the 13C-NMR spectra, the biosynthesis of all plastidic isoprenoids investigated (prenyl side-chains of chlorophylls and plastoquinone-9, and the carotenoids beta-carotene and lutein), as well as of the non-plastidic cytoplasmic sterols, does not proceed via the classical acetate/mevalonate pathway (which leads from acetyl-CoA via mevalonate to isopentenyl diphosphate), but via the novel glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate/pyruvate route recently detected in eubacteria. Formation of isopentenyl diphosphate involves the condensation of a C2 unit derived from pyruvate decarboxylation with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and a transposition yielding the branched C5 skeleton of isoprenic units.
Radical copolymerization of 1,1-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-vinylcyclopropane and methyl methacrylate accompanying ring opening and cyclization (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRadical copolymerization of 1,1-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)-2-vinylcyclopropane and methyl methacrylate accompanying ring opening and cyclizationFumio Sanda, Toshikazu Takata, and Takeshi EndoCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 14, 3982–3985Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00092a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00092a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views165Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Subgroup IV of human immunoglobulin K light chains is encoded by a single germline gene (1985)

The series of studies on the human K light chain genes of the various subgroups is concluded by this report on the isolation and nucleotide sequence determination of a functional VKIV gene (abbreviations ref. 1) and its germline counterpart. The rearranged gene which stems from a lymphoid cell line and the germline gene differ in four nucleotides which can be attributed to somatic mutations; three of the mutations are clustered in CDR3. The germline gene regions of two unrelated individuals were identical over a stretch of 1267 bp. By hybridization experiments it is shown that the human K locus contains only one VKIV gene. In 16 lymphoid cell lines studied here, the VKIV gene is frequently deleted or aberrantly rearranged which may be a consequence of peculiarities of its function and/or its structural organization.
On‐line fiber optic UV detection cell and conductivity cell for capillary zone electrophoresis (1986)

Abstract Simple detection cells for on‐line UV absorbance and conductivity detection in capillary zone electrophoresis are described. The UV detection system employs a commercial photometer and optical fibers which are in direct contact with the outer walls of the separation capillary and conduct the light beam perpendicularly across the migrating zones. The conductivity detection cell consists of platinum wires protruding the wall of the separation capillary and thus in direct contact with the electrolytes inside. The electronic system is adopted from a commercially available conductivity detector for isotachophoresis.
Mecamylamine combined with nicotine skin patch facilitates smoking cessation beyond nicotine patch treatment alone (1994)

Agonist-antagonist therapy, consisting of the nicotine patch with oral mecamylamine, may substantially improve current smoking cessation treatment.
Continual Learning with Deep Generative Replay (2017)

Attempts to train a comprehensive artificial intelligence capable of solving multiple tasks have been impeded by a chronic problem called catastrophic forgetting. Although simply replaying all previous data alleviates the problem, it requires large memory and even worse, often infeasible in real world applications where the access to past data is limited. Inspired by the generative nature of hippocampus as a short-term memory system in primate brain, we propose the Deep Generative Replay, a novel framework with a cooperative dual model architecture consisting of a deep generative model ("generator") and a task solving model ("solver"). With only these two models, training data for previous tasks can easily be sampled and interleaved with those for a new task. We test our methods in several sequential learning settings involving image classification tasks.
Colored Semitransparent Conductive Coatings Consisting of Monodisperse Metallic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2008)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are promising materials for transparent conduction as a result of their exceptional electrical, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties. However, since current synthetic methods yield polydisperse mixtures of SWNTs, the performance of SWNT transparent conductive films has previously been hindered by semiconducting species. Here, we describe the performance of transparent conductors produced using predominantly metallic SWNTs. Compared with unsorted material, films enriched in metallic SWNTs can enhance conductivity by factors of over 5.6 in the visible and 10 in the infrared. Moreover, by using monodisperse metallic SWNTs sorted with angstrom-level resolution in diameter, semitransparent conductive coatings with tunable optical transmittance can be produced.
Porous PZT ceramics for receiving transducers (2003)

PZT-air (porous PZT) and PZT-polymer (polymer impregnated porous PZT) piezocomposites with varying porosity/polymer volume fractions have been manufactured. The composites were characterized in terms of hydrostatic charge (dh) and voltage (gh) coefficients, permittivity, hydrostatic figure of merit (dh.gh), and absolute sensitivity (M). With decreasing PZT ceramic volume, gh increased, and dh.gh had a broad maximum around 80 to 90% porosity/polymer content. The absolute sensitivity was also increased. In each case, PZT-air piezocomposites performed better than PZT-polymer piezocomposites. Hydrophones constructed from piezocomposites showed slightly lower measured receiving sensitivities than calculated values for piezocomposite materials, which was due to the loading effect of the cable and the low permittivity associated with the piezocomposites.
Cursive Script Recognition by Elastic Matching (1982)

Dynamic programming has been found useful for performing nonlinear time warping for matching patterns in automatic speech recognition. Here, this technique is applied to the problem of recognizing cursive script. The parameters used in the matching are derived from time sequences of x-y coordinate data of words handwritten on an electronic tablet. Chosen for their properties of invariance with respect to size and translation of the writing, these parameters are found particularly suitable for the elastic matching technique. A salient feature of the recognition system is the establishment, in a training procedure, of prototypes by each writer using the system. In this manner, the system is tailored to the user. Processing is performed on a word-by-word basis after the writing is separated into words. Using prototypes for each letter, the matching procedure allows any letter to follow any letter and finds the letter sequence which best fits the unknown word. A major advantage of this procedure is that it combines letter segmentation and recognition in one operation by, in essence, evaluating recognition at all possible segmentations, thus avoiding the usual segmentation-then-recognition philosophy. Results on cursive writing are presented where the alphabet is restricted to the lower-case letters. Letter recognition accuracy is over 95 percent for each of three writers.
Relationship between passive tissue strain and collagen uncoiling during healing of infarcted myocardium (1997)

The greater stiffness of infarcted tissue at low pressure is not due to 'straightened' collagen fibers, and there may be a different three-dimensional structure of infarct vs. normal coiled collagen fibers which can affect the material properties of these tissues.
Gene Therapy Applications to Cancer Treatment (2003)

Over the past ten years significant advances have been made in the fields of gene therapy and tumour immunology, such that there now exists a considerable body of evidence validating the proof in the principle of gene therapy based cancer vaccines. While clinical benefit has so far been marginal, data from preclinical and early clinical trials of gene therapy combined with standard therapies are strongly suggestive of additional benefit. Many reasons have been proposed to explain the paucity of clinical responses to single agent vaccination strategies including the poor antigenicity of tumour cells and the development of tolerance through down-regulation of MHC, costimulatory, signal transduction, and other molecules essential for the generation of strong immune responses. In addition, there is now evidence from animal models that the growing tumour may actively inhibit the host immune response. Removal of the primary tumour prior to T cell transfer from the spleen of cancer bearing animals, led to effective tumour cell line specific immunity in the recipient mouse suggesting that there is an ongoing tumour-host interaction. This model also illustrates the potential difficulties of clinical vaccine trials in patients with advanced stage disease.
Histogenesis of human colorectal adenomas and hyperplastic polyps: the role of cell proliferation and crypt fission (2002)

Sporadic human colorectal adenomas and hyperplastic polyps grow by the process of crypt fission. Expansion of the proliferative compartment was demonstrated in crypts from adenomas, consistent with deregulation of cell cycle control.