gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised Discovery of Character Dictionaries in Animation Movies (2017)

Automatic content analysis of animation movies can enable an objective understanding of character (actor) representations and their portrayals. It can also help illuminate potential markers of unconscious biases and their impact. However, multimedia analysis of movie content has predominantly focused on live-action features. A dearth of multimedia research in this field is because of the complexity and heterogeneity in the design of animated characters-an extremely challenging problem to be generalized by a single method or model. In this paper, we address the problem of automatically discovering characters in animation movies as a first step toward automatic character labeling in these media. Movie-specific character dictionaries can act as a powerful first step for subsequent content analysis at scale. We propose an unsupervised approach which requires no prior information about the characters in a movie. We first use a deep neural network-based object detector that is trained on natural images to identify a set of initial character candidates. These candidates are further pruned using saliency constraints and visual object tracking. A character dictionary per movie is then generated from exemplars obtained by clustering these candidates. We are able to identify both anthropomorphic and nonanthropomorphic characters in a dataset of 46 animation movies with varying composition and character design. Our results indicate high precision and recall of the automatically detected characters compared to human-annotated ground truth, demonstrating the generalizability of our approach.
Exchange of a Single Amino Acid Switches the Substrate Properties of RhoA and RhoD toward Glucosylating and Transglutaminating Toxins (2006)

Rho GTPases are the preferred targets of various bacterial cytotoxins, including Clostridium difficile toxins A and B, Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin, the cytotoxic necrotizing factors (CNF1) from Escherichia coli, and the dermonecrotizing toxin (DNT) from Bordetella species. The toxins inactivate or activate specific sets of Rho GTPases by mono-O-glucosylation and deamidation/transglutamination, respectively. Here we studied the structural basis of the recognition of RhoA, which is modified by toxin B, CNF1, and DNT, in comparison with RhoD, which is solely a substrate for lethal toxin. We found that a single amino acid residue in RhoA and RhoD defines the substrate specificity for toxin B and lethal toxin. Change of serine 73 to phenylalanine in RhoA turned RhoA into a substrate for lethal toxin. Accordingly, change of the equivalently positioned phenylalanine 85 in RhoD with serine allowed glucosylation by toxin B. Comparable results were achieved with the Rho-activating and transglutaminating enzymes CNF1 and DNT. Here, amino acid glutamate 64 of RhoA and the equivalent aspartate 76 of RhoD define substrate specificity for CNF1 and DNT, respectively. These data indicate that single amino acid residues located in the switch II region of Rho proteins determine enzyme specificity for diverse bacterial toxins.
West African timbers. Part XVII. Correlation of gedunin, methyl angolensate, and andirobin (1966)

Methyl angolensate has been converted into anhydroangolensic acid, the methyl ester of which is identical with deoxyandirobin. On partial hydrogenation, anhydroangolensic acid gave an isodihydro-compound, also obtained from gedunin by base-treatment of 7-deacetoxy-7-oxo-14,15-deoxygedunin. Since the structure of gedunin has been established by X-ray analysis this correlation proves the structures previously proposed for methyl angolensate and andirobin.
The missing step of the l -galactose pathway of ascorbate biosynthesis in plants, an l -galactose guanyltransferase, increases leaf ascorbate content (2007)

The gene for one postulated enzyme that converts GDP-L-galactose to L-galactose-1-phosphate is unknown in the L-galactose pathway of ascorbic acid biosynthesis and a possible candidate identified through map-based cloning is the uncharacterized gene At4g26850. We identified a putative function for At4g26850 using PSI-Blast and motif searching to show it was a member of the histidine triad superfamily, which includes D-galactose uridyltransferase. We cloned and expressed this Arabidopsis gene and the homologous gene from Actinidia chinensis in Escherichia coli and assayed the expressed protein for activities related to converting GDP-L-galactose to L-galactose-1-P. The expressed protein is best described as a GDP-L-galactose-hexose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase (EC 2.7.7.), catalyzing the transfer of GMP from GDP-l-galactose to a hexose-1-P, most likely D-mannose-1-phosphate in vivo. Transient expression of this A. chinensis gene in tobacco leaves resulted in a >3-fold increase in leaf ascorbate as well as a 50-fold increase in GDP-L-galactose-D-mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase activity.
The administration of multipotent stromal cells at precancerous stage precludes tumor growth and epithelial dedifferentiation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (2016)

Multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) are envisioned as a powerful therapeutic tool. As they home into tumors, secrete trophic and vasculogenic factors, and suppress immune response their role in carcinogenesis is a matter of controversy. Worldwide oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the fifth most common epithelial cancer. Our aim was to determine whether MSC administration at precancerous stage modifies the natural progression of OSCC. OSCC was induced in Syrian hamsters by topical application of DMBA in the buccal pouch. At papilloma stage, the vehicle or 3×10<sup>6</sup> allogenic bone marrow-derived MSCs were locally administered. Four weeks later, the lesions were studied according to: volume, stratification (histology), proliferation (Ki-67), apoptosis (Caspase 3 cleaved), vasculature (ASMA), inflammation (Leukocyte infiltrate), differentiation (CK1 and CK4) and gene expression profile (mRNA). Tumors found in individuals that received MSCs were smaller than those presented in the vehicle group (87±80 versus 54±62mm<sup>3</sup>, p<0.05). The rate of proliferation was two times lower and the apoptosis was 2.5 times higher in lesions treated with MSCs than in untreated ones. While the laters presented dedifferentiated cells, the former maintained differentiated cells (cytokeratin and gene expression profile similar to normal tissue). Thus, MSC administration at papilloma stage precludes tumor growth and epithelial dedifferentiation of OSCC.
Parafermions in a Kagome Lattice of Qubits for Topological Quantum Computation (2015)

Error correction is critical in topological quantum computation, but it restricts the quantum gates that can be easily performed. A proposed model shows how to correct errors and perform complex gates by braiding in realistic qubit systems that support non-Abelian parafermions.
Nematode Parasitism Genes (2000)

The ability of nematodes to live on plant hosts involves multiple parasitism genes. The most pronounced morphological adaptations of nematodes for plant parasitism include a hollow, protrusible stylet (feeding spear) connected to three enlarged esophageal gland cells that express products that are secreted into plant tissues through the stylet. Reverse genetic and expressed sequence tag (EST) approaches are being used to discover the parasitism genes expressed in nematode esophageal gland cells. Some genes cloned from root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.) and cyst (Heterodera and Globodera spp.) nematodes have homologues reported in genomic analyses of Caenorhabditis elegans and animal-parasitic nematodes. To date, however, the candidate parasitism genes endogenous to the esophageal glands of plant nematodes (such as the ß-1,4-endoglucanases) have their greatest similarity to microbial genes, prompting speculation that genes for plant parasitism by nematodes may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer.
Microwave–polyol process for metal nanophases (2004)

The microwave-assisted polyol process was investigated for the synthesis of several nanophase metals under different conditions in the temperature range of 100 to 200 °C. Nanophase Ag metal particle synthesis using ethylene glycol (EG) was carried out at 100 and 150 °C in the presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), dodecyl amine (DDA), oleic acid (OA) or trioctylphosphine (TOP) to determine whether particle size and shape can be controlled. The Ag particle size was changed with different capping agents. The use of PVP led to well defined Ag nanoparticles in the range of about 30–50 nm. Morphologically well defined nanophase metals of Fe, Co and Ni were produced in the presence of both PVP and DDA, while the use of just PVP or PVP and TOP did not yield such particles. The results presented here show that a variety of well defined nanophase metals can be produced by using the microwave–polyol process and optimizing the metal capping agents.
Erythropoietin in clinical applications : an international perspective (1990)

A comprehensive description of the recombinant human protein, erythropoietin, a blood growth factor now in use to treat anemia secondary to chronic renal failure. It has potential use, however, in the treatment of anemia related to cancer chemotherapy and AIDS, in blood transfusion and storage, and
Learning in the dark: 3D integral imaging object recognition in very low illumination conditions using convolutional neural networks (2018)

We propose a framework for three-dimensional (3D) object recognition and classification in very low illumination environments using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). 3D images are reconstructed using 3D integral imaging (InIm) with conventional visible spectrum image sensors. After imaging the low light scene using 3D InIm, the 3D reconstructed image has a higher signal-to-noise ratio than a single 2D image, which is a result of 3D InIm being optimal in the maximum likelihood sense for read-noise dominant images. Once 3D reconstruction has been performed, the 3D image is denoised and regions of interest are extracted to detect 3D objects in a scene. The extracted regions are then inputted into a CNN, which was trained under low illumination conditions using 3D InIm reconstructed images, to perform object recognition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of utilizing 3D InIm and convolutional neural networks for 3D training and 3D object classification under very low illumination conditions.
Automatic background filtering and lane identification with roadside LiDAR data (2017)

The high-resolution traffic data (HRTD) of all roadway users is important to connected-vehicle systems, traffic safety analysis, performance evaluation and fuel efficiency study. The roadside LiDAR (light detection and ranging) sensors can provide HRTD by collecting real-time 3D point clouds of surrounding objects, which is significant to connected-vehicle applications with mixed traffic flow - connected and unconnected road users. The background filtering is a necessary step to improve the accuracy and efficiency of HRTD extraction from raw LiDAR data. At the same time, the lane space information can further enhance the accuracy and reliability of data extraction. This paper presents an algorithm to extract background automatically from the LiDAR data based on the density of points in 3D space; and a multi-classified density-based spatial clustering method (MC-DBSCAN) is developed to identify road lanes automatically. The boundaries of road lanes are automatically located with aggregated trajectories of vehicles. The algorithms were applied for roadside LiDAR data preprocessing at different sites. Data and results from one site are presented in this paper.
Distributed space-time block coding (2005)

In this paper, a new class of distributed space-time block codes (DSTBCs) is introduced. These DSTBCs are designed for wireless networks which have a large set of nodes N but at any given time only a small, a priori unknown subset of nodes S /spl sub/ N can be active. In the proposed scheme, the signal transmitted by an active node is the product of an information-carrying code matrix and a unique node signature vector. It is shown that existing STBCs designed for N/sub c/ /spl ges/ 2 co-located antennas are favorable choices for the code matrix guaranteeing a diversity order of d = min{N/sub S/, N/sub c/} if n/sub S/ nodes are active. For the most interesting case N/sub S/ /spl ges/ N/sub c/ the performance loss entailed by the distributed implementation is analytically characterized. Furthermore, efficient methods for the optimization of the set of signature vectors are provided. Possible applications of the proposed DSTBCs include ad hoc and sensor networks employing decode-and-forward relaying.
Ontology-based framework for context-aware mobile learning (2006)

Mobile learning is becoming an important research topic as people are increasingly connected through smart phones that combine telephony, computing, messaging, and multimedia. The process of designing, communicating and presenting learning resources for mobile learners poses new challenges to the research community. This is mainly due to the limited bandwidth of wireless networks, limited resource available on mobile devices, and the special requirements of mobile learners. In this paper, an attempt is made to solve some of these problems by proposing an ontology-based framework for context-aware mobile learning. The system consists mainly of a rule-based ontology and a search agent. The rule-based ontology component is driven by the learner profile to contextualize learning content accordingly. The goal is to extract from a source ontology a lightweight target ontology by firing a set of rules based on the learner profile. The extracted conceptual knowledge is then mapped to a set of learning objects that meet the technical requirements of the used mobile technology. The mapping is geared by a search agent that searches a set of distributed learning objects repositories for feasible lightweight learning objects.
A plasma window for transmission of particle beams and radiation from vacuum to atmosphere for various applications (1998)

Many industrial and scientific processes like ion material modification, electron beam melting, and welding, as well as generation of synchrotron radiation are performed exclusively in vacuum nowadays, since electron guns, ion guns, their extractors, and accelerators must be kept at a reasonably high vacuum. Consequently, there are numerous limitations, among which are low production rates due to required pumping time, limits on the size of target objects, and degradation of particle beams and radiation through foils or differentially pumped sections. A novel apparatus, which utilized a short plasma arc, was successfully used to provide a vacuum-atmosphere interface as an alternative to differential pumping. Successful transmission of charged particle beams from a vacuum through the plasma to atmosphere was accomplished. Included in the article are a theoretical framework, experimental results, and possible applications for this novel interface.
Development of High Efficiency, Low-Cost Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2006)

This research effort focused on development of new flexible solar cells that can be integrated into deployable shelter skins for power generation purpose in remote locations. This report covers activities and results of a research program over a period of two years. The program was targeted at first realizing a molecular photovoltaic cell based on a dye sensitized nanocrystalline semi-conductor film employing a hole conductor, a conducting polymer or a polymer electrolyte reaching an AM1.5 solar-to-electric conversion efficiency of at least 10%, within the first year. This milestone was achieved within 9 months by producing solid-state solar cells containing hole conductors, with 12.56% efficiency. Further, a new type of solar cell based on polymer electrolytes was also developed in the second year. A typical cell of this type showed 12.2% solar conversion efficiency. All efficiency figures were certified by NREL, USA. In the second year, the polymer based solar cell was capable of reaching conversion efficiencies of 16.1%.
PPARγ as a therapeutic target to rescue mitochondrial function in neurological disease (2016)

There is increasing evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of many of the major neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases, suggesting that mitochondrial and antioxidant pathways may represent potential novel therapeutic targets. Recent years have seen a rapidly growing interest in the use of therapeutic strategies that can limit the defects in, or even to restore, mitochondrial function while reducing free radical generation. The peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a ligand-activated transcription factor, has a wide spectrum of biological functions, regulating mitochondrial function, mitochondrial turnover, energy metabolism, antioxidant defence and redox balance, immune responses and fatty acid oxidation. In this review, we explore the evidence for potential beneficial effects of PPARγ agonists in a number of neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease, ischaemia, autoimmune encephalomyelitis and neuropathic pain. We discuss the mechanisms underlying those beneficial effects in particular in relation to mitochondrial function, antioxidant defence, cell death and inflammation, and suggest that the PPARγ agonists show significant promise as therapeutic agents in otherwise intractable neurological disease.
Long-term enzyme replacement therapy in beta-glucuronidase--deficient mice by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. (1982)

Enzyme replacement therapy was successfully accomplished in beta-Glu-deficient C3H/HeJ mice after transplantation of BM cells obtained from normal BALB/c donors. Marrow recipients were prepared for transplantation by fractionated TLI. Enzyme activity increased from 20.5 +/- 7.0 nmol/mg of protein per hour to 180 +/- 30.2 in the liver (p less than 0.001) and from 8.2 +/- 2.0 to 17.5 +/- 5.0 nmol/ml/hr in the plasma (p less than 0.05) at 50 days after marrow infusion. Normal enzyme activity was maintained in treated mice for at least 100 days after marrow transplantation, as documented by repeated liver biopsies and examination of plasma samples. The marrow donors and the recipients were fully histoincompatible. Both immunologic rejection of the marrow allograft and GVHD were prevented by the prior conditioning of the recipients with TLI, resulting in bilateral transplantation tolerance of host vs. graft and graft vs. host. The data suggest that allogeneic BM transplantation may provide a possible therapeutic approach for certain enzyme deficiency syndromes.
The 5T2MM Murine Model of Multiple Myeloma: Maintenance and Analysis (2005)

Multiple myeloma is a B-cell neoplasm characterized by the monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow, the development of osteolytic lesions, and the induction of angiogenesis. These different processes require three-dimensional interactions, with both humoral and cellular contacts. The 5TMM models are suitable to study these interactions. These are murine models that originate from spontaneously developed myeloma in elderly mice. They are propagated by in vivo transfer of the myeloma cells into young syngeneic mice. We report methods involving the maintenance of the 5T2MM model and the quantification of tumor burden (by determining serum paraprotein concentration and plasmacytosis), assessment of bone lesions, and quantification of angiogenesis. The combination of these different techniques in these models not only helps in unraveling basic biological processes but also in the testing of potentially new therapeutic targets.
The Effects of Radiation on High-Technology Polymers (1989)

Changes in the properties of polymer materials caused by absorption of high-energy radiation result from a variety of chemical reactions subsequent to the initial ionization and excitation. A number of experimental procedures may be used to measure, directly or indirectly, the radiation chemical yields for these reactions. The chemical structure of the polymer molecule is the main determinant of the nature and extent of the radiation degradation, but there are many other parameters which influence the behaviour of any polymer material when subjected to high-energy radiation.
Long-term Analysis of Combined Liver and Kidney Transplantation at a Single Center (2006)

First, CLKT is indicated in patients with dual organ disease and achieves excellent results. Second, CLKT for hepatorenal syndrome is indicated in patients receiving hemodialysis for longer than 8 weeks and confers advantages in patient survival and use of hospital resources. Third, the liver is immunoprotective for the kidney.
Longitudinal Change of Biomarkers in Cognitive Decline (2011)

Trajectories of Aβ42 level in CSF, FDG uptake, and hippocampal volume vary across different cognitive stages. The longitudinal patterns support a hypothetical sequence of AD pathology in which amyloid deposition is an early event before hypometabolism or hippocampal atrophy, suggesting that biomarker prediction for cognitive change is stage dependent.
Administration of interleukin-12 enhances the therapeutic efficacy of dendritic cell-based tumor vaccines in mouse hepatocellular carcinoma. (2001)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that are capable of priming systemic antitumor immune response. Here, we evaluated the combined effectiveness of tumor lysate-pulsed DC immunization and interleukin (IL)-12 administration on the induction of antitumor immunity in a mouse hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) model. Mouse DCs were pulsed with lysate of BNL 1ME A.7R.1 (BNL), a BALB/c-derived HCC cell line, and then injected into syngeneic mice in combination with systemic administration of IL-12. Lymphocytes from mice treated with BNL lysate-pulsed DCs and IL-12 showed stronger cytolytic activity and produced higher amounts of IFN-gamma than those from mice treated with BNL lysate-pulsed DCs alone. Although immunization with BNL lysate-pulsed DCs alone did not lead to complete regression of established tumors, it significantly inhibited tumor growth compared with vehicle injection. Importantly, the combined therapy of BNL lysate-pulsed DCs and IL-12 resulted in tumor rejection or significant inhibition of tumor growth compared with mice treated with BNL lysate-pulsed DCs alone. In vivo lymphocyte depletion experiments demonstrated that this combination was dependent on both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, but not natural killer cells. These results demonstrated that IL-12 administration enhanced the therapeutic effect of immunization of tumor lysate-pulsed DCs against HCC in mice. This combination of IL-12 and DCs may be useful for suppressing the growth of residual tumor after primary therapy of human HCC.
Biodegradable, pH‐Responsive Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Poly(Acrylic Acid) Hydrogels for Oral Insulin Delivery (2013)

Biodegradable and pH-responsive carboxymethyl cellulose/poly(acrylic acid) hybrid hydrogels are synthesized. The hydrogels deswell in acidic artificial gastric fluid (AGF) but rapidly swell in neutral artificial intestinal fluid (AIF), rendering selective enzymatic degradation of the gels as well as accelerated drug release from insulin-loaded hydrogels in AIF. Oral administration of insulin-loaded hydrogels to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats leads to a continuous decline in the fasting blood glucose level within 6 h post-administration, and the relative pharmacological availability increases more than 10 times compared to oral administration of free insulin solution. The relative bioavailability of hydrogel-encapsulated insulin after oral administration to healthy rabbits is 6.6%.