gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Pulmonary hypertension: the role of nitric oxide in adults]. (2001)

The human body releases endogenous nitric oxide (NO) from three main sources: neurons, inflammatory processes (induced NO) and endothelium. The chemical industry produces NO by reacting sulfur dioxide and nitric acid, or sodium nitrite and sulfuric acid, or by oxidation of ammonia. Inhaled NO acts on smooth muscle cells of the pulmonary endothelium, causing relaxation by stimulation of guanylate-cyclase. The short half life of NO and its immediate breakdown into hemodynamically inactive but toxic metabolites make this drug a selective pulmonary vasodilator that can decrease pulmonary arterial pressure, improving right ventricular ejection fraction while decreasing intrapulmonary shunt and improving oxygenation.NO has demonstrated its usefulness in treating right ventricular failure secondary to pulmonary hypertension after heart surgery, especially in the transplanted patient. Doses have usually ranged from 5 to 20 parts per million. However, great individual variability in response to NO has been reported. Between 30 and 40% of patients do not respond to treatment. NO is also used to assess the reversibility of chronic pulmonary hypertension in patients who are candidates for heart transplants. Other uses have been suggested, such as reversion of pulmonary vasoconstriction induced by protamine. Applications are limited by the toxicity of metabolites and by route of administration.
Emerging drugs for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2006)

By 2020 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will be the third leading cause of mortality and fifth leading cause of morbidity. Research over the past two decades has shed important insights on the pathobiology of COPD, leading to the development of novel drugs. In the past, symptomatic treatment with bronchodilators was the predominant focus of COPD management. With increased awareness of the importance of airway inflammation in COPD progression, there has been a shift in emphasis to drugs that attack various targets in the inflammatory cascade. These drugs include phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors, leukotriene modifiers and TNF antagonists, which are poised to enter the COPD market in the very near future. Tyrosine kinase antagonists, inhibitors of NF-kappaB, neutrophil elastase inhibitors, chemokine antagonists, mucolytics and novel antibiotics are being evaluated for possible effectiveness in COPD. Many of these drugs may enter the COPD market within the next decade. This paper reviews the molecular rationale for these emerging drugs and their potential efficacy in COPD.
Neural network post- processing of coded images by perceptual masking (1995)

LTS
12/15-Lipoxygenase Gene Disruption Attenuates Atherogenesis in LDL Receptor–Deficient Mice (2001)

12/15-LO plays a dominant role in promoting atherogenesis in LDL-R(-/-) mice.
A new programming technique for flash memory devices (2003)

A new programming scheme for flash memory devices, designated pulse agitated substrate hot electron injection (PASHEI), is demonstrated, which can be readily implemented with current cell structures without modification. Detailed comparison between CHEI and PASHEI is reported. Using this technique, excellent endurance characteristics are obtained up to 100 k cycles.
Chain Transfer in the Polymerization of Styrene: The Reaction of Solvents with Free Radicals1 (1943)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChain Transfer in the Polymerization of Styrene: The Reaction of Solvents with Free Radicals1Frank R. MayoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1943, 65, 12, 2324–2329Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1943Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1943https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01252a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01252a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3485Altmetric-Citations421LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Endothelin Receptors and Their Antagonists (2015)

All three members of the endothelin (ET) family of peptides, ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3, are expressed in the human kidney, with ET-1 being the predominant isoform. ET-1 and ET-2 bind to two G-protein-coupled receptors, ETA and ETB, whereas at physiological concentrations ET-3 has little affinity for the ET(A) receptor. The human kidney is unusual among the peripheral organs in expressing a high density of ET(B). The renal vascular endothelium only expresses the ET(B) subtype and ET-1 acts in an autocrine or paracrine manner to release vasodilators. Endothelial ETB in kidney, as well as liver and lungs, also has a critical role in scavenging ET-1 from the plasma. The third major function is ET-1 activation of ET(B) in in the nephron to reduce salt and water re-absorption. In contrast, ET(A) predominate on smooth muscle, causing vasoconstriction and mediating many of the pathophysiological actions of ET-1. The role of the two receptors has been delineated using highly selective ET(A) (BQ123, TAK-044) and ET(B) (BQ788) peptide antagonists. Nonpeptide antagonists, bosentan, macitentan, and ambrisentan, that are either mixed ET(A)/ET(B) antagonists or display ET(A) selectivity, have been approved for clinical use but to date are limited to pulmonary hypertension. Ambrisentan is in clinical trials in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. This review summarizes ET-receptor antagonism in the human kidney, and considers the relative merits of selective versus nonselective antagonism in renal disease.
Amplification of Acoustic Evanescent Waves Using Metamaterial Slabs (2011)

We amplified acoustic evanescent waves using metamaterial slabs with a negative effective density. For the amplifying effect of the slab to overcome the dissipation, it is necessary that the imaginary part of the effective density is much smaller than the real part, a condition not satisfied so far. We report the construction of membrane-based two-dimensional negative-density metamaterials which exhibited remarkably small dissipation. Using a slab of this metamaterial we realized a 17-fold net amplitude gain at a remote distance from the evanescent wave source. Potential applications include acoustic superlensing.
Evidence that the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis is glycosylated (1991)

The major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis was determined to be a glycoprotein on the basis of susceptibility to glycosidase digestion and the presence of carbohydrate by staining and radiolabeling. The MOMP of the serovar L2 organisms was isolated by electroelution from the protein band excised from the gel after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The incubation of MOMP with N-glycosidase F, an endoglycosidase that cleaves the N-glycan, and periodate resulted in two new molecular weight species. While MOMP treated with N-glycosidase F showed a lower-molecular-weight mobility, the periodate-treated MOMP increased in molecular weight. Both treatments abolished the ability of the MOMP to bind to HeLa cell components. In the immunoblot, the reactivity to the monoclonal antibody specific against the C. trachomatis species was preserved. The endoglycosidase specific to O-linked glycan, endo-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, had no visible effect on the isolated MOMP. Carbohydrate was detected in the MOMP by p-phenylenediamine staining of the protein band in the gel following SDS-PAGE. Autoradiograms of proteins of chlamydial organisms metabolically labeled with [3H]galactose or [3H]glucosamine and separated by SDS-PAGE revealed the MOMP band. The isolated MOMP was shown to bind specifically to concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, and Dolichos biflorus agglutinin in the lectin binding assay. No binding was observed with Ulex europaeus agglutinin I, soybean agglutinin, or Ricinus communis agglutinin.
Sudden death and associated factors in a historical cohort of chronic haemodialysis patients (2009)

Our data show that the incidence of sudden death in haemodialysis patients is high and that atrial fibrillation, diabetes, hyperkalaemia, haemodialysis mode and C-reactive protein play an important role in developing fatal arrhythmia. Further studies will be necessary to define which interventions could be helpful in reducing this cause of mortality.
Surface expression of the HIV-1 envelope proteins in env gene-transfected CD4-positive human T cell clones: characterization and killing by an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic mechanism. (1994)

The env gene of the human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) was transfected in CEM-nkr, a human lymphoid cell line of T lineage that is resistant to the activity of natural killer cells, and for the first time, transfected T cell clones were established that stably express gp160 intracellularly and gp120 on the surface as demonstrated by radioimmunoprecipitation as well as by indirect membrane immunofluorescence. The regulatory protein vpu was not detected by radioimmunoprecipitation in these clones. The surface expression of gp120 without vpu in these clones provides direct evidence that gp160 is processed and cleaved (without vpu) in CD4+ cells. The CD4 antigens of these cells coprecipitated gp160; interestingly, no reduction of the surface CD4 expression (detectable by flow cytometric analysis of membrane immunofluorescence with OKT4) in the transfected cells was observed. However, decreased reactivity of the transfected clones with OKT4A was observed. The gp120-expressing cells did not form syncytia on coculture with other CD4+ human cell lines. These observations suggest the binding of gp120 to the surface CD4 antigen of the transfected cells. The transfected cells retained their resistance to the activity of the natural killer cells but showed a significant (p < 0.05) lysis when they were preincubated with AIDS patients' serum containing anti-gp120/41 antibodies. Thus, the expressed gp120/41 in these cells made them susceptible to killing by an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mechanism. To our knowledge, these are the first reported CD4+ T cell lines that stably express HIV envelope proteins. These cell lines would be useful as targets in exploring gp120/41-specific immune responses, especially in conducting gp120/41-specific ADCC studies in HIV-infected or gp120/41 (gp160)-vaccinated individuals.
A New Approach to Teleconferencing with Intravascular US and Cardiac Angiography in a Low-Bandwidth Environment (2000)

A common problem in radiology teleconferencing is the difficulty of transmitting a large volume of data over communication channels with a relatively low bandwidth. Although videoconferencing systems are easily implemented, they generally require lossy image compression, which can lead to significantly altered findings. A teleconsultation and teleconferencing system was developed that uses a store-and-forward approach with high-quality dynamic medical images obtained with intravascular ultrasonography and cardiac angiography. The system allows use of high-resolution dynamic images while preserving their original quality and can be adapted to different clinical applications with varying requirements. The system involves a standard preparation procedure to transmit images from one location to another prior to a conference; once the conference starts, however, the system becomes fully automatic and synchronizes the display and manipulation of images in both locations without further image data transmission. In general radiologic applications, the system is superior to videoconferencing systems in that it does not require specialized hardware and dedicated high-bandwidth communication links. Further investigation with large-scale studies will be required to determine whether these benefits can lead to more widespread acceptance of such a system in routine clinical practice and whether teleconferencing itself can enhance the effectiveness of clinical procedures.
NEW URBAN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (1986)

Construction of new urban transportation systems including the urban transit monorail system are being promoted in various cities of the world as well as in Japan. These systems have been developed as a means to solve overcrowding problems through utilization of presently unused aerial space over streets. They aim to achieve high speed mass transit at inexpensive construction cost and are soon to attain great success. This article describes the system and features of the Kokura Urban Transit Monorail Line of Kita-Kyushu city, the first urban transit monorail system in Japan. It also deals with an outline of the equipment manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. for the new urban transportation systems. (Edited author abstract)
Establishing symbiotic nitrogen fixation in cereals and other non-legume crops: The Greener Nitrogen Revolution (2017)

Haber’s invention of the synthesis of ammonia from its elements is one of the cornerstones of modern civilization. For nearly a century, agriculture has come to rely on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers produced from ammonia. This large-scale production is now supporting nearly half of the world’s population through increased food production. But whilst the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers brought enormous benefits, including those of the Green Revolution, the world needs to disengage from our ever-increasing reliance on nitrogen fertilizers produced from fossil fuels. Their pollution of the atmosphere and water systems has become a major global environmental and economic concern. Naturally, legume crops such as peas and beans can fix nitrogen symbiotically by interacting with soil nitrogen-fixing rhizobia, bacteria that become established intracellularly within root nodules. Ever since this was first demonstrated in 1888, consistent attempts have been made to extend the symbiotic interaction of legumes with nitrogen-fixing bacteria to non-legume crops, particularly cereals. In 1988, a fresh impetus arose from the discovery of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus (Gd), a non-nodulating, non-rhizobial, nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from the intercellular juice of sugarcane. Subsequently, strains of Gd inoculated under specific conditions were shown to intracellularly colonize the roots and shoots of the cereals: wheat, maize (corn) and rice, as well as crops as diverse as potato, tea, oilseed rape, grass and tomato. An extensive field trials programme using a seed inoculum technology based on Gd (NFix®) indicates that NFix® is able to significantly improve yields of wheat, maize, oilseed rape and grasses, in both the presence and absence of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. Evidence suggests that these benefits are accruing through a possible combination of intracellular symbiotic nitrogen fixation, enhanced rates of photosynthesis and the presence of additional plant growth factors. Here, we discuss the research events that have led to this important development and present results demonstrating the efficacy of NFix® technology in non-legume crops, in particular cereals.
Design considerations for a 5G network architecture (2014)

This article presents an architecture vision to address the challenges placed on 5G mobile networks. A two-layer architecture is proposed, consisting of a radio network and a network cloud, integrating various enablers such as small cells, massive MIMO, control/user plane split, NFV, and SDN. Three main concepts are integrated: ultra-dense small cell deployments on licensed and unlicensed spectrum, under control/user plane split architecture, to address capacity and data rate challenges; NFV and SDN to provide flexible network deployment and operation; and intelligent use of network data to facilitate optimal use of network resources for QoE provisioning and planning. An initial proof of concept evaluation is presented to demonstrate the potential of the proposal. Finally, other issues that must be addressed to realize a complete 5G architecture vision are discussed.
Effect of Nd: YAG laser on titanium dental implants studied by AFM. (2004)

Bacterial contamination of dental implants is considered the main cause of implant failure. Recently, the laser treatment of the implant surface has been proposed as an useful method for decontamination. In such a view, the present study was conducted to investigate the effects of a Nd:YAG laser on the surface morphology of a titanium dental implant by means of an atomic force microscope. We demonstrated that, when the pulse energy of the laser was kept below 30 mJ, independently from the pulse rate, the laser-treated specimens exhibited a qualitatively similar surface morphology when compared to the untreated titanium implants, suggesting that the implant surface was unaffected by the treatment, in these particular conditions. We also found that, by cooling the implant surface with an air flow? during laser irradiation, the mean temperature of the implant was maintained under 37 degrees C. All these data taken together suggest the possibility to use Nd:YAG laser for the treatment of failing dental implants.
Clinical significance and novel mechanism of action of kallikrein 6 in glioblastoma (2013)

Taken together, these results indicate that elevated levels of KLK6 in GBM are likely to promote the resistance of tumor cells to cytotoxic agents and are an indicator of reduced patient postsurgical survival times.
Reactions of Nitric Oxide with Nitronyl Nitroxides and Oxygen: Prediction of Nitrite and Nitrate Formation by Kinetic Simulation (1995)

Nitric oxide reacts with nitronyl nitroxides (NNO) to form imino nitroxides (INO) and this transformation can be monitored using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Recently, Akaike et al., reported that NNO such as 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-3-oxide-1-oxyl (PTIO) and its derivatives (e.g., carboxy-PTIO) react with nitric oxide (.NO) in a 1:1 stoichiometry forming 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl (PTI) or the respective product (e.g., carboxy-PTI) together with nitrite and nitrate (Akaike et al., Biochemistry 32, 827-332, 1993). In this paper, we reevaluate their results and show that the stoichiometry of the reaction between PTIO and .NO is 0.63 +/- 0.06:1.0. The reason for this discrepancy is due to an erroneous assumption by Akaike et al., that the stoichiometry for the reaction between .NO and O2 is 2:1 in aqueous solution. If the data reported by Akaike et al., were recalculated using a 4:1 stoichiometry established for the aqueous oxidation of .NO, the reaction between .NO and PTIO would give a stoichiometry of 0.5:1.0 in closer agreement with our data. We propose mechanism for the reaction between PTIO and .NO in aqueous solution. This mechanism predicts that the stoichiometry between carboxy-PTIO and .NO is dependent on the rate of generation of .NO and is 1:1 only at low rates of .NO generation (i.e., 10(-13) M/s). However the stoichiometry approaches 0.5:1.0 at higher rates of .NO production or when it is added as a bolus. The ratio between nitrite and nitrate also varies as a function of the rate of generation of .NO. The model agrees with previous experimental observations that the aqueous oxidation of .NO in air saturated solutions will exclusively form nitrite and predicts that .NO will only generate substantial amounts of nitrate if it is released at a rate less than 10(-17) M/s. This may have important consequences in cellular systems where the concentration of .NO is typically measured from nitrite production.
Temperature and thermal stress scaling in finite-length end-pumped laser rods (1992)

Thermal effects lead to upper limits on the maximum achievable power in end-pumped solid-state laser rods. Thermal fracture is an ultimate limitation on pump power, while optical distortions and depolarization leading to increased losses in the laser resonator tend to yield a lower upper bound on the pump power. The relevant optical distortion profiles and maximum stresses are derived as a function of length-to-diameter ratio and pump spot size. Length-to-diameter ratios up to 1.5 are considered. Edge-cooled and face-cooled active-mirror geometries are analyzed and compared directly. The problem is cast into a nondimensional form so that the results are applicable to arbitrary rod materials.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Thyroid transcription factor-1, hepatocyte nuclear factor-3beta, surfactant protein B, C, and Clara cell secretory protein in developing mouse lung. (1996)

We used immunohistochemical analysis to localize thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), hepatocyte nuclear factor-3beta (HNF-3beta), prosurfactant proteins B and C (pro-SP-B, pro-SP-C), surfactant protein B (SP-B), and Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) in developing mouse lung. TTF-1 and HNF-3beta were expressed at the onset of lung morphogenesis (gestational Day 10) and throughout fetal lung development, being detected in the nuclei of airway epithelial cells. TTF-1 was most prominent in distal airway epithelial cells in embryonic lung and HNF-3beta in proximal bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells. Pro-SP-B and pro-SP-C were first detected on gestational Day 11, being localized to the cytoplasm of airway epithelial cells. Expression of both pro-proteins was confined to distal airway epithelial cells from gestational Day 12 to Day 16. From gestational Day 17 and thereafter, pro- SP-B was detectable in Type II cells and bronchiolar epithelial cells, whereas pro-SP-C was restricted to Type II cells. SP-B peptide was first detected on gestational Day 17 in the cytoplasm of Type II cells and within the lumen of distal airways. SP-B peptide was detectable only in the cytoplasm of Type II cells in adult lung. CCSP was first detected on gestational Day 17, being localized to the cytoplasm of columnar epithelial cells lining the conducting airways. Pro-SP-B, SF-B, pro-SP-C, and CCSP staining increased before birth. The early expression of TTF-1 and HNF-3beta, preceding and overlapping that of pro-SP-B, mature SP-B, pro-SP-C, and CCSP, supports a regulatory role for TTF-1 and HNF-3beta in lung-specific gene expression.