gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of pH Shift and Agitation Speed on Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in Heterotrophic Culture of Chlorella. (1999)

バイオマスとして工業生産に利用されているChlorella sp.を, 従属栄養条件下で培養した.培養中のpHは細胞が対数増殖を維持できる培養初期は6.0, それ以後を8.0にシフトするパターンがクロロフィル (CHL) 生産には最適であることが判明した.しかしながら, 撹拌速度600r.p.m.では, この最適pHシフトにおいても最大CHL含量は1.28W/W%でしかなかった.他方, 撹拌は300r.p.m.以下の低速度の方が最大CHL含量の増加には有効で, 撹拌速度250r.p.m.において3.10W/W%と600r.p.m.の場合の約2.4倍の最大CHL含量に到達した.この影響は, 培養中期以後に酸素供給不足の期間が存在することに依存していることが示唆された.さらに, 撹拌速度を250r.p.m.とした場合, pHを6.0で一定に制御しても最大CHL含量は約3W/W%に到達したが, 培養中期のCHL比生産速度は0.54×10-3kg/ (kg dry cell・h) と最適pHシフトの場合の約70%であった.この結果より, pHシフトと撹拌速度の両者を加味することにより効率的なCHL生合成が可能になることが明らかになった.
Tumor progression and angiogenesis: cathepsin B &Co. (1996)

Experimental and clinical evidence reveals that the growth of solid tumors is dependent on angiogenesis. Proteolytic enzymes such as plasminogen activators and matrix metalloproteinases have been implicated in this neovascularization. The role of lysosomal proteases in this process has yet to be explored. Increased expression of the lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin B has been observed in many etiologically different tumors, including human brain, prostate, breast, and gastrointestinal cancers. Immunohistochemical and in situ histochemical studies have demonstrated expression of cathepsin B in neovessels induced during malignant progression of human glioblastoma and prostate carcinomas. In these two tumor types, neovessels stain strongly for cathepsin B compared with the normal microvasculature. As an initial point to elucidate whether cathepsin B is an important component of the angiogenic response in tumours, we analyzed expression of cathepsin B in endothelial cells during neovessel formation. We present evidence for strong immunostaining of cathepsin B in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells as they form capillary tubes in vitro. This finding is discussed within the general framework of the role of proteolytic enzymes in tumor invasion and angiogenesis.
Altered expression of the cyclin D1 and retinoblastoma genes in human esophageal cancer. (1993)

We have examined DNA from four human esophageal carcinoma cell lines and 50 primary esophageal carcinomas obtained from China, Italy, and France for amplification of the cyclin D1 gene. We also examined 36 of these 50 carcinomas for expression of the cyclin D1 and retinoblastoma (RB) proteins by immunohistochemistry. We found a 3- to 10-fold amplification of the cyclin D1 gene in 16 of the 50 (32%) tumors and in two of the four cell lines. Cyclin D1 protein was overexpressed in 12 of 13 tumors and the two cell lines that showed gene amplification when compared to normal controls. Studies on RB protein expression indicated that 6 of the 36 (17%) tumor samples examined and one cell line did not show detectable expression of this protein. The tumors and cell lines that had cyclin D1 gene amplification and overexpression exhibited normal levels of expression of RB protein. By contrast, the tumors and cell line that did not appear to express the RB protein did not show amplification of the cyclin D1 gene and expressed only low levels of the cyclin D1 protein (P = 0.03). These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of RB on cell cycle progression can be abrogated during tumor development either by loss of expression of the RB gene or by increased expression of the cyclin D1 gene.
Prostaglandin-Dependent Desensitization of Human Monocyte cAMP Responses (1990)

Histamine stimulated large increases of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in freshly isolated human blood monocytes in the presence of R02-1724, a specific cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor. This was mediated by H2 receptors, since it was inhibited by cimetidine but not chlorpheniramine. Stimulation was attenuated in cells aged in culture 1-2 days. Indomethacin prevented the desensitization, suggesting that a cyclooxygenase product was responsible. Desensitization was heterologous, since the adenylate cyclase responses to 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine (A2 receptor agonist), isoproterenol (beta-adrenoceptor agonist), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) also declined during culture. The loss of sensitivity to histamine was restored by incubating monocytes with PGE2 in the presence of indomethacin. The results indicate that, while PGE2 inhibits monocyte functions via cAMP, its accumulation paradoxically permits cells to escape this regulation through a heterologous desensitization of the cAMP response to itself and other agonists.
DL-Aspartic acid (2007)

A form of dl-aspartic acid, C4H7NO4 is presented, which crystallizes in the same space group as the previously reported form but with a slightly different a axis. Its structure exhibits a three-dimensional supra­molecular network of N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O bonds, which stabilizes the crystal packing.
Gs regulation of endosome fusion suggests a role for signal transduction pathways in endocytosis. (1994)

Work from several laboratories indicates that guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (GTP-binding proteins) are required for intracellular vesicular transport. In a previous report we presented evidence indicating that one or more heterotrimeric G proteins regulate fusion between endosomes (Colombo, M. I., Mayorga, L. S., Casey, P. J., and Stahl, P. D. (1992) Science 255, 1695-1697). We now report on experiments showing that Gs plays a role in endosome fusion. We have used several reagents known to modulate Gs function including (i) peptides corresponding to the cytoplasmic domains of G protein-coupled receptors and peptides that mimic interaction of receptors with G proteins, (ii) anti-G protein antibodies, and (iii) cholera toxin. Synthetic peptides corresponding to the third cytoplasmic loop of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor which putatively interact with G alpha s inhibited endosomal fusion. The inhibitory effect of these peptides was prevented by a short preincubation of endosomes with guanosine-5'-3-O-(thio)triphosphate or by phosphorylating the peptide with cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The involvement of Gs in endosome recognition and/or the fusion process was assessed by testing an antibody against the COOH terminus of G alpha s. Anti-G alpha s IgG completely abolished fusion between endosomes. Lastly, preincubation of endosomal vesicles with cholera toxin abrogated fusion in the presence of NAD, whereas no effect was observed in the absence of the cofactor. Taken together these findings indicate a role for Gs in either the mechanism or the regulation of fusion among endosomes. These results raise the possibility that signal transduction through cytoplasmic domains of receptors may participate in the regulation of endocytic trafficking.
Quantitative and dynamic assay of single cell chemotaxis (2012)

We have developed a single-cell assay platform that allows quantitative analysis of single cell chemotaxis by dynamic morphogenetic gradients, subcellular microscopic imaging and automated image analysis, and have applied these to measure cellular polarization of budding yeast. The computer-controlled microfluidic device regulates the gradient profile at any given time, and allows quantitative monitoring of cell morphology and the localization and expression of specific marker proteins during the dynamic polarization process. With this integrated experimental system, we compare the polarized signaling response of wild-type and far1-H7 mutant cells, which express a truncated Far1 protein unable to interact with Cdc24. Our results confirm that Far1 functions as an adaptor that recruits polarity establishment proteins to the site of extracellular signaling. Moreover, by changing the gradient profile and estimating the number of bound surface receptors, we quantitatively address why surprisingly small differences in pheromone concentration across yeast cells can be amplified into a robust polarity axis. This integrated single cell experimental platform thus opens the possibility to quantitatively investigate the molecular regulatory mechanism of chemotaxis in yeast, which serves as a paradigm to understand the fundamental processes involved in cancer metastasis, angiogenesis and axon generation.
Synthesis and comparison of 99mTc-enrofloxacin and 99mTc-ciprofloxacin. (2004)

The study demonstrated that (99m)Tc-ciprofloxacin and (99m)Tc-enrofloxacin do not show preferential binding to living bacteria. In vivo (99m)Tc-enrofloxacin has similar characteristics as (99m)Tc-ciprofloxacin except for differences in uptake in a few normal tissues.
Immunogenicity in a Mouse Model of a Conjugate Vaccine Made with a Synthetic Single Repeating Unit of Type 14 Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Coupled to CRM197 (2002)

Oligosaccharides (OSs) related to the pneumococcal type 14 capsular polysaccharide (Pn14PS) were studied for their ability to inhibit the binding between anti-PS14 antisera and native PS14. A synthetic tetrasaccharide corresponding to the repeating unit of the Pn14PS, a hexasaccharide mimic, and an octasaccharide fragment obtained by Pn14PS depolymerization were good inhibitors. CRM197 conjugates of the tetrasaccharide and an octasaccharide mimic were prepared by using either adipic acid diester or diethyl squarate linkers. The conjugate with the tetrasaccharide chains induced anti-Pn14PS antibodies when injected subcutaneously into mice, as determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and antibody titers increased with oligosaccharide loading. The adipic acid-linked tetrasaccharide conjugates elicited higher antibody titers than those prepared with a squarate spacer. The lower anti-Pn14PS antibody response of the octasaccharide mimic conjugate indicates the importance of the backbone galactose residue for an appropriate antibody response. The OS-CRM197 conjugate prepared from a single repeat unit of the Pn14PS is a potential vaccine candidate.
Optimization of adiabatic microring resonators with few-mode and high-Q resonances (2015)

We present the theoretical analysis and experimental demonstration of adiabatic microring resonators. The resonators are halfway between microdisk and microring preserving the good properties of both the microdisk (high Q-factor) and the microring (internal mode rejection). Device modeling based on the coupled-mode theory suggests that both the internal and external decay rates should be low in order to obtain high-Q and high extinction ratio resonances. The internal decay is modal-order-dependent and significantly affected by the adiabatic tapering rate of the ring waveguide. The external delay is determined by the modal effective index difference between the bus and ring waveguides at the coupling point under a fixed gap. Upon optimization of the resonator system, two resonance modes in the measured device are measured with one possessing a high Q-factor.
Audit reports : a practical guide to preparation under SAS 600 (1994)

Taking account of major changes introduced by both the Auditing Practices Board and the Accounting Standards Board, this reference work covers all aspects of writing and presenting audit reports in the light of SAS600. It includes information on: the clean audit report; a model report; elements and options in reports; group reports; reports required by company law; abbreviated accounts; and auditing for a small business.
A Self-Localization Method for Wireless Sensor Networks (2003)

We consider the problem of locating and orienting a network of unattended sensor nodes that have been deployed in a scene at unknown locations and orientation angles. This self-calibration problem is solved by placing a number of source signals, also with unknown locations, in the scene. Each source in turn emits a calibration signal, and a subset of sensor nodes in the network measures the time of arrival and direction of arrival (with respect to the sensor node's local orientation coordinates) of the signal emitted from that source. From these measurements we compute the sensor node locations and orientations, along with any unknown source locations and emission times. We develop necessary conditions for solving the self-calibration problem and provide a maximum likelihood solution and corresponding location error estimate. We also compute the Cramér-Rao bound of the sensor node location and orientation estimates, which provides a lower bound on calibration accuracy. Results using both synthetic data and field measurements are presented.
History and Perspectives of A2AAdenosine Receptor Antagonists as Potential Therapeutic Agents (2015)

Growing evidence emphasizes that the purine nucleoside adenosine plays an active role as a local regulator in different pathologies. Adenosine is a ubiquitous nucleoside involved in various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating A1 , A2A , A2B , and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). At the present time, the role of A2A ARs is well known in physiological conditions and in a variety of pathologies, including inflammatory tissue damage and neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, the use of selective A2A antagonists has been reported to be potentially useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, A2A AR signal transduction pathways, together with an analysis of the structure-activity relationships of A2A antagonists, and their corresponding pharmacological roles and therapeutic potential have been presented. The initial results from an emerging polypharmacological approach are also analyzed. This approach is based on the optimization of the affinity and/or functional activity of the examined compounds toward multiple targets, such as A1 /A2A ARs and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), both closely implicated in the pathogenesis of PD.
Naturalized subterranean clover strains in Western Australia: A preliminary agronomic examination (1967)

Ninety naturalized and four commercially introduced subterranean clover strains present in Western Australia were examined. Flowering time, hardseededness, contents of the oestrogenic isoflavones formononetin, genistein, and biochanin A, and plant morphological characteristics were measured in spaced plants. Probabilities of random relationships were calculated for all character pairs. Wide variation was found among strains for all characters measured. A number of strains had low oestrogenic isoflavone contents. Levels of the three isoflavones appeared to vary independently of each other and of all other characters. Hardseededness decreased with lateness of maturity, but evidence is adduced that the relationship was not causal. Correlations were recorded among several morphological characters. Some 20 naturalized, non-commercial strains were selected as worthy of further agronomic study.
Current status of production and market of human vaccine products in Korea (2013)

Vaccines have the potential of becoming an emerging attractive industry. Based on the current analysis about the production of vaccine products and market scale, further development of the vaccine industry is expected in Korea.
Cationic Polymer and Lipids Enhance Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer to Rabbit Carotid Artery (1998)

Cationic molecules improve the efficiency of adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to blood vessels.
Local barrier dysfunction identified by confocal laser endomicroscopy predicts relapse in inflammatory bowel disease (2011)

Cell shedding and barrier loss detected by confocal endomicroscopy predicts relapse of IBD and has potential as a diagnostic tool for the management of the disease.
Optimized subdivisions for preprocessed visibility (2007)

This paper describes a new tool for preprocessed visibility. It puts together view space and object space partitioning in order to control the render cost and memory cost of the visibility description generated by a visibility solver. The presented method progressively refines view space and object space subdivisions while minimizing the associated render and memory costs. Contrary to previous techniques, both subdivisions are driven by actual visibility information. We show that treating view space and object space together provides a powerful method for controlling the efficiency of the resulting visibility data structures.
Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: Pathophysiological Basis of Therapeutic Options (2002)

The vast majority of patients that are referred to a specialist hepatological centre suffer from acute deterioration of their chronic liver disease. Yet, this entity of acute-on-chronic liver failure remains poorly defined. With the emergence of newer liver support strategies, it has become necessary to define this entity, its pathophysiology and the short- and long-term prognosis. This review focusses upon how a precipitant such as an episode of gastrointestinal bleeding or sepsis may start a cascade of events that culminate in end-organ dysfunction and liver failure. We briefly review the pathophysiological basis of the therapeutic modalities that are available. Our current strategy for the management of liver failure involves supportive therapy for the end-organs with the hope that liver function would recover if sufficient time for such a recovery is allowed. Because liver failure, whether of the acute or acute-on-chronic variety, is potentially reversible, the stage is set for the application of newer liver-support strategies to enhance the recovery process.
An Anthrax Lethal Factor-Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Protects Rats before and after Challenge with Anthrax Toxin (2005)

Lethal factor (LF) is a component of anthrax lethal toxin (LeTx). We generated anti-LF murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that show LeTx-neutralizing activity in vitro and in vivo. Anti-LF MAbs were generated by immunization with recombinant LF, and the MAbs showing LeTx-neutralizing activity in vitro were selected. Two MAbs with the highest affinities, 5B13B1 (dissociation constant [K(d)], 2.62 nM) and 3C16C3 (K(d), 8.18 nM), were shown to recognize the same or closely overlapping epitopes on domain III of LF. The 50% inhibitory concentration of 5B13B1 (0.21 microg/ml) was approximately one-third that of 3C16C3 (0.63 microg/ml) in the in vitro LeTx-neutralization assay. The 5B13B1 antibody, which had the highest neutralizing activity, provided perfect protection against LeTx challenge in an in vivo LeTx neutralization assay using Fisher 344 rats. In addition, the antibody showed pre- and postexposure prophylactic effects in the animal experiments. This is the first report that an MAb binding to domain III of LF has neutralizing activity against LeTx. The 5B13B1 antibody may be useful in prophylaxis against anthrax poisoning.
Inactivation of CACNA1G, a T-type calcium channel gene, by aberrant methylation of its 5' CpG island in human tumors. (1999)

Using a newly developed PCR-based technique called methylated CpG island amplification, we have identified several DNA fragments that are aberrantly methylated in a colon cancer cell line. One of the fragments, termed MINT31, mapped to human chromosome 17q21, where frequent loss of heterozygosity is detected in various human tumors. By characterizing the genomic sequence around this area, we identified a gene encoding a T-type calcium channel, CACNA1G, as a target for hypermethylation in human tumors. By reverse transcriptase-PCR we detected expression of CACNA1G in normal colon and bone marrow, but expression was absent in the five tumor cell lines in which methylation was found. After treatment with the methylation inhibitor 5-deoxyazacytidine, the expression of CACNA1G was restored in all five cell lines. Detailed methylation mapping of the 5' CpG island by bisulfite-PCR revealed that methylation of a region 300-800 bp upstream of the translation initiation site closely correlated with the inactivation of CACNA1G. This region contained the transcription start site, as determined by 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends analysis. Aberrant methylation of CACNA1G was also examined in various human primary tumors and was detected in 17 of 49 (35%) colorectal cancers, 4 of 16 (25%) gastric cancers, and 3 of 23 (13%) acute myelogenous leukemia cases. Inactivation of CACNA1G may play a role in cancer development by modulating calcium signaling, which potentially affects cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Long-Term Episomal Maintenance of Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 Plasmids Is Determined by Attachment to Host Chromosomes, Which Is Mediated by the Viral E2 Protein and Its Binding Sites (1999)

Papillomavirus genomes are stably maintained as extrachromosomal nuclear plasmids in dividing host cells. To address the mechanisms responsible for stable maintenance of virus, we examined nuclear compartmentalization of plasmids containing the full-length upstream regulatory region (URR) from the bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV1) genome. We found that these plasmids are tightly associated with the nuclear chromatin both in the stable cell lines that maintain episomal copies of the plasmids and in transiently transfected cells expressing the viral E1 and E2 proteins. Further analysis of viral factors revealed that the E2 protein in trans and its multiple binding sites in cis are both necessary and sufficient for the chromatin attachment of the plasmids. On the other hand, the BPV1 URR-dependent plasmid replication and chromatin attachment processes are clearly independent of each other. The ability of the plasmids to stably maintain episomes correlates clearly with their chromatin association function. These data suggest that viral E2 protein-mediated attachment of BPV1 genomes to the host cell chromatin could provide a mechanism for the coupling of viral genome multiplication and partitioning to the host cell cycle during viral latent infection.
Specific Association of Glycoprotein B with Lipid Rafts during Herpes Simplex Virus Entry (2003)

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry requires the interaction of glycoprotein D (gD) with a cellular receptor such as herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM or HveA) or nectin-1 (HveC). However, the fusion mechanism is still not understood. Since cholesterol-enriched cell membrane lipid rafts are involved in the entry of other enveloped viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus and Ebola virus, we tested whether HSV entry proceeds similarly. Vero cells and cells expressing either HVEM or nectin-1 were treated with cholesterol-sequestering drugs such as methyl-beta-cyclodextrin or nystatin and then exposed to virus. In all cases, virus entry was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner, and the inhibitory effect was fully reversible by replenishment of cholesterol. To examine the association of HVEM and nectin-1 with lipid rafts, we analyzed whether they partitioned into nonionic detergent-insoluble glycolipid-enriched membranes (DIG). There was no constitutive association of either receptor with DIG. Binding of soluble gD or virus to cells did not result in association of nectin-1 with the raft-containing fractions. However, during infection, a fraction of gB but not gC, gD, or gH associated with DIG. Similarly, when cells were incubated with truncated soluble glycoproteins, soluble gB but not gC was found associated with DIG. Together, these data favor a model in which HSV uses gB to rapidly mobilize lipid rafts that may serve as a platform for entry and cell signaling. It also suggests that gB may interact with a cellular molecule associated with lipid rafts.
Implementation of radix-2 and split-radix fast fourier transform algorithm using current mirrors (2013)

Implementation of radix-2 and split-radix fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm using analog CMOS current mirrors with a reduction in the count of transistors and propagation delay is presented. The proposed method reduces the number of transistors required to implement analog FFTs and the percentage reduction increases considerably for higher point FFTs. It is shown that the number of transistors needed can be reduced further by using the split-radix FFT algorithm for analog implementation. This method decreases the computational delay since transistor count in the critical path gets reduced significantly for higher order FFTs. The work includes simulation and verification of generalized 4-point and 8-point FFT using TANNER EDA tools in 1.25 µm CMOS process. For 256-point FFT, the proposed method has a reduction of 14.76% for radix-2 and 19.03% for split-radix in the transistor count compared to the previous work.