gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dimers of β2-Glycoprotein I Mimic thein Vitro Effects of β2-Glycoprotein I-Anti-β2-glycoprotein I Antibody Complexes (2001)

Anti-beta(2)-glycoprotein I antibodies are thought to cause lupus anticoagulant activity by forming bivalent complexes with beta(2)-glycoprotein I (beta(2)GPI). To test this hypothesis, chimeric fusion proteins were constructed of the dimerization domain (apple 4) of factor XI and beta(2)GPI. Both a covalent (apple 4-beta(2)GPI) and a noncovalent (apple 4-C321S-beta(2)GPI) chimer were constructed. As controls, apple 2-beta(2)GPI and apple 4-C321S-beta(2)GPI-W316S, in which beta(2)GPI-W316S is not able to bind to phospholipids, were made. In a phospholipid binding assay, apple 4-beta(2)GPI and apple 4-C321S-beta(2)GPI were able to bind to phospholipids with an affinity 35 times higher than that of plasma-derived beta(2)GPI and apple 2-beta(2)GPI. Apple 4-C321S-beta(2)GPI-W316S did not bind at all. Only apple 4-beta(2)GPI and apple 4-C321S-beta(2)GPI were able to bind to adhered platelets as shown by immunofluorescence. Using the prothrombin time, which was the most responsive coagulation assay, the clotting time was approximately doubled when 200 microg/ml apple 4-beta(2)GPI or apple 4-C321S-beta(2)GPI was added. Addition of 200 microg/ml plasma-derived beta(2)GPI, apple 2-beta(2)GPI, or apple 4-C321S-beta(2)GPI-W316S did not affect clotting time. Clotting time could be corrected with the addition of extra phospholipids, which is indicative for lupus anticoagulant activity. An additional increase in clotting times for apple 4-beta(2)GPI or apple 4-C321S-beta(2)GPI was achieved by the addition of monoclonal antibodies against beta(2)GPI. In conclusion, dimerization of beta(2)GPI explains the in vitro observed effects of beta(2)GPI-anti-beta(2)GPI antibody complexes.
Inhibition and Substrate Specificity of Adenosine Deaminase. Interaction with 2′-, 3′- and/or 5′-Substituted Adenine Nucleoside Derivatives (1991)

Abstract A series of adenine nucleoside derivatives, most of them prepared for the first time, have been evaluated as substrates or inhibitors of adenosine deaminase. The best inhibitory results were obtained with the 3′, 5′-di-O-benzoyl esters of 9-β-D-pentofuranosyladenines.
High levels of TIMP-2 correlate with adverse prognosis in breast cancer (2000)

TIMP-2 is an endogenous inhibitor of MMPs. Most data from model systems suggest that high levels of this inhibitor prevent metastasis. In human breast cancers, however, we show that high levels of TIMP-2 correlate with both shortened disease-free interval and overall survival. In primary breast cancers, TIMP-2 levels showed no significant relationship with either tumor size or axillary node status but correlated inversely with estrogen receptor levels. TIMP-2 levels also correlated significantly with those for TIMP-1. We conclude that high levels of endogenous TIMP-2, like other protease inhibitors such as PAI-1 and TIMP-1, correlate with progression of human breast cancer.
In vitro Studies of the Efficacy of Reversed Phase Silica Gel as a Sorbent for Hemo- and Plasmaperfusion (1992)

The clearance capacities of reversed phase silica gel, widely used in analytical chemistry, were studied in vitro. The plasma clearances of amitriptyline, quinidine, digoxin, digitoxin, methaqualone, phenobarbital and phenytoin were determined at typical toxic plasma levels. Between 88.8 and 99.5% of the drugs were eliminated from plasma by reversed phase silica gel, which compares favorably with amberlite XAD-4 and coated activated charcoal. The biocompatibility of reversed phase silica gel was also evaluated in vitro. Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia were noted while coagulation parameters, electrolytes, acid-base balance, glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, albumin, bilirubin, cholesterol and triglycerides were not significantly affected. Preliminary results in vitro support the high clearance capacity of reversed phase silica gel and suggest a biocompatibility similar to that of other sorbents currently in use. Further investigation of the clearance capacities and biocompatibility of reversed phase silica gel seems justified.
Blood vessel architectural features and their effects on thermal phenomena (2000)

Blood vessels are anatomically and mechanically complex tissue structures. The particular architecture of arteries, veins and capillaries affects their response in therapeutic heating applications. This work summarizes the signal anatomic features of blood vessels for engineers and scientists, introduces the primary underlying physical principles which describe their function and response to external heating for clinicians, and provides a few representative examples of heating applications. It is by no means complete — such a work would be at least two orders of magnitude longer — but, we hope, provides an adequate survey of the pertinent literature so that the interested can locate more substantial treatments of the subject.
Vertically Aligned Single Crystal TiO2 Nanowire Arrays Grown Directly on Transparent Conducting Oxide Coated Glass: Synthesis Details and Applications (2008)

Single-crystal one-dimensional (1D) semiconductor architectures are important in materials-based applications requiring a large surface area, morphological control, and superior charge transport. Titania has widespread utility in applications including photocatalysis, photochromism, photovoltaics, and gas sensors. While considerable efforts have focused on the preparation of 1D TiO2, no methods have been available to grow crystalline nanowire arrays directly onto transparent conducting oxide (TCO) substrates, greatly limiting the performance of TiO2 photoelectrochemical devices. Herein, we present a straightforward low temperature method to prepare single crystal rutile TiO2 nanowire arrays up to 5 microm long on TCO glass via a non-polar solvent/hydrophilic substrate interfacial reaction under mild hydrothermal conditions. The as-prepared densely packed nanowires grow vertically oriented from the TCO glass substrate along the (110) crystal plane with a preferred (001) orientation. In a dye sensitized solar cell, N719 dye, using TiO2 nanowire arrays 2-3 microm long we achieve an AM 1.5 photoconversion efficiency of 5.02%.
Fluorescence Probe Techniques (FPT) for Measuring the Relative Efficiencies of Free-Radical Photoinitiators (1998)

A new method for determining the relative efficiencies of free-radical photoinitiators is reported. Called the fluorescence probe technique (FPT), the method has been used to determine the relative initiation efficiencies of several commercial photoinitiators and new phenyl glyoxylate derivatives in the photopolymerization of a model monomer, triethylene glycol diacrylate. The reactivity of each initiator was measured in reference to that of a standard commercial initiator, 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone, Irgacure 651. Efficiencies differ widely among the acetophenone derivatives studied, and the phenylglyoxylate initiators are somewhat less reactive than the standard.
A New Method for the Synthesis of Fluoro-Carbohydrates and Glycosides Using Selectfluor (1997)

This paper describes a high-yield, one-step synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro sugars and their glycosides from glycals using the available electrophilic fluorination reagent 1-chloromethyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane bis(tetrafluoroborate) (Selectfluor) in the presence of a nucleophile. The method was further expanded to the synthesis of glycosyl fluorides and glycosides from anomeric hydroxy or thioglycoside derivatives.
The ESP Triple DES Transform (1995)

This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet community. This does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
Characterization of specific pancreatic polypeptide receptors on basolateral membranes of the canine small intestine. (1988)

We have identified specific binding sites for pancreatic polypeptide (PP) on the mucosal lining of canine small intestine. The present study was undertaken to further characterize these binding sites (receptors) on purified intestinal membranes and to establish their location on the brush border or basolateral surface of the intestinal enterocyte. Basolateral and brush border membranes were prepared by sorbitol density centrifugation. PP receptors were localized predominantly to the vascular surface, and thus binding of PP 125I-labeled on Tyr-27 to the basolateral preparation was used to evaluate receptor characteristics. Binding of PP was calcium, time, temperature, and pH dependent. Maximum specific binding of labeled PP occurred after an 8-hr incubation at 4 degrees C with 5 mM calcium at pH 6.8. Data analysis by Scatchard plot showed high- and low-affinity binding sites with relative affinities of 1.5 x 10(-9) M and 2.6 x 10(-8) M and with corresponding binding capacities of 0.23 pmol/mg and 0.84 pmol/mg of protein, respectively. This receptor was specific for PP since peptide YY and neuropeptide Y, peptides of the PP family, cross-reacted by less than 3%, as judged from comparisons of half-maximal displacement of label. Structurally dissimilar peptides, insulin and glucagon, did not compete for binding. Specific 125I-labeled PP binding was localized primarily to basolateral membranes (9.8 +/- 0.8%) with little binding by brush border membranes (0.8 +/- 0.2%). Thus, we have identified highly specific receptors for PP, located predominantly on the vascular surface of the small intestinal mucosa. These data suggest that the mucosal lining of the small intestine is a target tissue for PP and that PP participates in the hormonal regulation of fuel metabolism and substrate transport in the small intestinal mucosa.
Structure and stability of ultrathin zirconium oxide layers on Si(001) (2000)

We have examined the structure of ultrathin ZrO2 layers on Si(001) using medium energy ion scattering and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Films can be deposited on SiO2 layers with highly abrupt interfaces by atomic layer deposition. On HF stripped Si(001), nucleation was inhibited, resulting in poorer film morphology. ZrO2 showed remarkable stability against silicate formation, with no intermixing even after high temperature oxidation. The oxide is vulnerable to high temperature vacuum annealing, with silicidation occurring at temperatures above 900 °C.
Microtubule-associated protein tau: A marker of paclitaxel sensitivity in breast cancer (2005)

Breast cancers show variable sensitivity to paclitaxel. There is no diagnostic test to identify tumors that are sensitive to this drug. We used U133A chips to identify genes that are associated with pathologic complete response (pCR) to preoperative paclitaxel-containing chemotherapy in stage I-III breast cancer (n = 82). Tau was the most differentially expressed gene. Tumors with pCR had significantly lower (P < 0.3 x 10(-5)) mRNA expression. Tissue arrays from 122 independent but similarly treated patients were used for validation by immunohistochemistry. Seventy-four percent of pCR cases were tau protein negative; the odds ratio for pCR was 3.7 (95% confidence interval, 1.6-8.6; P = 0.0013). In multivariate analysis, nuclear grade (P < 0.01), age <50 (P = 0.03), and tau-negative status (P = 0.04) were independent predictors of pCR. Small interfering RNA experiments were performed to examine whether down-regulation of tau increases sensitivity to chemotherapy in vitro. Down-regulation of tau increased sensitivity of breast cancer cells to paclitaxel but not to epirubicin. Tubulin polymerization assay was used to assess whether tau modulates binding of paclitaxel to tubulin. Preincubation of tubulin with tau resulted in decreased paclitaxel binding and reduced paclitaxel-induced microtubule polymerization. These data suggest that low tau expression renders microtubules more vulnerable to paclitaxel and makes breast cancer cells hypersensitive to this drug. Low tau expression may be used as a marker to select patients for paclitaxel therapy. Inhibition of tau function might be exploited as a therapeutic strategy to increase sensitivity to paclitaxel.
Near-Infrared Spectrometry in Cardiovascular Disease (2007)

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670Near-infrared (NIR) spectrometry can be a useful tool in the study of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) including atherosclerosis and aneurysm. Atherosclerosis in the vessel wall has been linked to aneurysm, although it is not clear that this is a causal relationship. Studies have been undertaken in both animal models of CVD and in human patients. There is widespread agreement that new diagnostic techniques are required to identify coronary plaques that are prone to disruption. The type of plaque considered most vulnerable to disruption is a thin-capped fibroatheroma with increased inflammatory cell content. Multiple techniques are being tested to identify such plaques before they disrupt and cause thrombosis. Identification of these potentially lethal plaques before they disrupt will facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies to prevent acute coronary events. In animal research, several genetic “knockout” mouse models have been developed recently to mimic human atherosclerosis [1] and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) [2]. Techniques for monitoring the onset, progression, and regression of these processes in mouse models could provide valuable pathophysiological insights into the disease processes. Nondestructive in vivo techniques will be needed for proteomics studies in these models. Finally, these analytical methods may be useful in assessing the effectiveness of possible treatments. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process [3-5] with complications that are the leading cause of death in Western societies. Extensive research has been done to determine the complex pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, although mechanisms for various aspects are still being elucidated. Among the earliest changes in the vessel wall is an increase in retained lipoproteins [6-8] and subsequent oxidation [7,9,10] in the subendothelial matrix. Development of lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells) is another hallmark of the early atherosclerotic process [11,12]. Proliferation and phenotypic changes in smooth muscle cells are seen as well [13,14]. The advanced atherosclerotic lesion may be characterized by accumulation of extracellular lipid, development of a lipid-rich necrotic core, formation of a fibrous cap, and calcification [15].
Carbenhomologe Verbindungen von Germanium, Zinn und Blei mit 2-substituierten N-Pyrrolyl-Liganden (2000)

Eine Reihe von German-, Stannan- und Plumbandiylen konnte durch die Umsetzung der entsprechenden Bis(trimethylsilyl)amino-substituierten Carbenhomologen E[N(SiMe3)2]2 (E = Ge, Sn und Pb) mit in α-Position durch Carbonylgruppen substituierten Pyrrolen unter Abspaltung von Bis(trimethylsilyl)amin synthetisiert werden. Die gebildeten Verbindungen wurden spektroskopisch analysiert und ihre NMR- sowie IR-Parameter den aus quantenchemischen Berechnungen erhaltenen Werten gegenübergestellt. Die gute Übereinstimmung zwischen experimentellen und theoretischen Ergebnissen lässt eine Zuordnung der Schwingungsmoden zu, wobei vor allem Vibrationen, bei denen die schwereren Elemente der 14. Gruppe eine wichtige Rolle spielen, von Interesse sind. Die an fünf Vertretern angefertigten Röntgenstrukturanalysen zeigen, dass die Titelverbindungen im wesentlichen monomer mit primären E–N-Bindungen und zusätzlichen, koordinativen E ← OKontakten vorliegen. Carbene Homologues of Germanium, Tin, and Lead with 2-substituted N-Pyrrolyl Ligands A series of germylenes, stannylenes, and plumbylenes could be prepared by reacting the appropriate bis(trimethylsilyl)amino-substituted carbene homologue E[N(SiMe3)2]2 (E = Ge, Sn, and Pb) with an α-carbonyl substituted pyrrole derivative under elimination of bis(trimethylsilyl)amine. The isolated compounds have been analysed spectroscopically, and the resulting NMR and IR data were contrasted with parameters obtained from quantumchemical calculations. The good agreement between experimental and theoretical results gives us the opportunity to discuss the vibrations in more detail, particularly those in which the group 14 element is involved. X-ray crystal structure analyses obtained for five examples show the title compounds essentially to be monomers with primary E–N bonds and, in addition to that, coordinative E ← O contacts.
Ritanserin Improves Sleep Quality in Narcolepsy (2003)

A recent study in narcolepsy patients has shown that ritanserin, a 5HT2-antagonist, reduced wake after sleep onset times and subjective sleepiness during daytime. To assess the efficacy of this compound in a statistically sufficient number of narcoleptic patients a double-blind, placebo-controlled, European multi-center study on the effects of ritanserin on daytime sleepiness, the feeling of being refreshed in the morning, number of unwanted sleep periods and slow-wave sleep was performed. All 134 narcolepsy patients were allowed to remain on stable concomitant antidepressant, stimulant and gammahydroxybutyrate medication during the trial. Patients were randomly assigned to treatment with 5 mg or 10 mg ritanserin or placebo given once daily for 28 days. Efficacy was measured by two 40-hour polysomnographic recordings, visual analogue scales and physician, partner, parents and patient-rated sleep-wake behavior tests prior to and after the trial. Patients kept diaries on sleepiness, numbers of wanted and unwanted sleep periods, feeling of being refreshed and frequency of narcoleptic symptoms during the entire treatment period. Treatment with 5 and 10 mg ritanserin significantly improved the 'feeling of being refreshed in the morning,' but no other narcoleptic symptoms as assessed in the diary. Whereas investigators had the impression that the primary efficacy parameters were not improved by ritanserin, patients reported significant improvements in four out of six parameters, and patients partners in two out of six parameters with 5 mg ritanserin compared to placebo. Both ritanserin doses resulted in a significant increase of nocturnal slow-wave sleep (percentage of total sleep time) and a significant, dose-dependent reduction in NREM stage 1 percentage during daytime sleep. The significant polysomnographic findings were not paralleled by changes in the subjective parameters daytime sleepiness or number of unplanned sleep periods. In contrast to the first study on narcoleptic patients, ritanserin only improved one subjective parameter, but did not improve objective sleep quality or number of "sleep attacks" or reduce "wake after sleep onset" during night or daytime sleep. In conclusion, ritanserin may serve as add-on medication for the treatment of impaired sleep quality in narcoleptic patients, but not as a stimulant or hypnotic type of medication.
Development of pulsed dielectric breakdown in liquids (1995)

A model is presented for the development of breakdown in liquids subjected to uniform high amplitude electric field stresses with duration of microseconds or less. In this model, breakdown proceeds in four stages: (i) formation of a low density site (nucleation) in the liquid near an electrode, (ii) growth and expansion of this site until the local density is reduced below a critical density for electron impact ionization to take place, (iii) growth of an electron avalanche and its transformation into an ionizing front, and (iv) propagation of the ionization front via a sequence of processes occurring in the region ahead of the front; namely, heating by electron injection, lowering of the liquid density and avalanche growth and retardation. Expressions for the duration of each of these stages are derived and their behaviour with pressure and field strength analysed for cathode initiated breakdown. From this, a critical energy criterion for breakdown is obtained. Comparison is made with experimental results for water, salt solutions, and the liquid noble gases and for pulse durations in the microsecond and sub-microsecond time scales. This model serves to elucidate the dynamics of pulsed breakdown of liquids.
The characteristics of ferrite cores with low Curie temperature and their application (1965)

The utility of ferrite cores which have the Curie temperature in the vicinity of the room temperature and suddenly change the permeability vs. temperature characteristic near the Curie temperature is described in this paper. Using the characteristics of these ferrite cores, the author made an overcurrent relay and a long delay circuit, and investigated their application to a temperature control device and to the thermomagnetic generator. These devices are smaller than usual, and operate with good accuracy. The author finds that ferrite cores with low Curie temperature are materials important to the development of a new field in electrical engineering.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Ethyl (2S,3S)‐2,3‐Dihydroxy‐2‐methylbutanoate (the Chiral Part of Phomozin) in Enantiopure Form. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
[1-(3,5-Difluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]phenylmethanone as a Bioisostere of a Carboxylic Acid Aldose Reductase Inhibitor (2004)

[1-(3,5-Difluoro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]phenylmethanone (6) was synthesized as a putative bioisostere of the known aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor (3-benzoylpyrrol-1-yl)acetic acid (I). It was found that 6 is approximately 5 times more potent as an in vitro inhibitor of AR than I, with an IC(50) value in the submicromolar range. Furthermore, 6 showed considerable activity in an in vitro experimental glycation model of diabetes mellitus. Our results support the notion that 6 might become a useful lead structure.
Optical Detection and Virotherapy of Live Metastatic Tumor Cells in Body Fluids with Vaccinia Strains (2013)

Metastatic tumor cells in body fluids are important targets for treatment, and critical surrogate markers for evaluating cancer prognosis and therapeutic response. Here we report, for the first time, that live metastatic tumor cells in blood samples from mice bearing human tumor xenografts and in blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients with cancer were successfully detected using a tumor cell-specific recombinant vaccinia virus (VACV). In contrast to the FDA-approved CellSearch system, VACV detects circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in a cancer biomarker-independent manner, thus, free of any bias related to the use of antibodies, and can be potentially a universal system for detection of live CTCs of any tumor type, not limited to CTCs of epithelial origin. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that VACV was effective in preventing and reducing circulating tumor cells in mice bearing human tumor xenografts. Importantly, a single intra-peritoneal delivery of VACV resulted in a dramatic decline in the number of tumor cells in the ascitic fluid from a patient with gastric cancer. Taken together, these results suggest VACV to be a useful tool for quantitative detection of live tumor cells in liquid biopsies as well as a potentially effective treatment for reducing or eliminating live tumor cells in body fluids of patients with metastatic disease.