gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and Plant Responses to Stress (2000)

4-aminobutyrate (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid that is widely distributed throughout the biological world. In animals, GABA functions as the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system by acting through the GABA receptors. The neuromuscular system enables animals to escape from environmental stresses. Being nonmotile, plants have evolved chemical responses to mitigate stress. Mechanisms by which GABA may facilitate these responses are discussed in this review. Environmental stresses increase GABA accumulation through two different mechanisms. Stresses causing metabolic and/or mechanical disruptions, resulting in cytosolic acidification, induce an acidic pH-dependent activation of glutamate decarboxylase and GABA synthesis. Extremely marked declines in cytosolic pH occur under oxygen deprivation, which is the primary stress factor in flooded soils, and this stress induces the greatest accumulation of GABA. Other stresses, including cold, heat, salt, and mild or transient environmental factors, such as touch, wind, rain, etc. rapidly increase cellular levels of Ca2+. Increased cytosolic Ca2+ stimulates calmodulin-dependent glutamate decarboxylase activity and GABA synthesis. A review of the kinetics of GABA accumulation in plants reveals a stress-specific pattern of accumulation that is consistent with a physiological role for GABA in stress mitigation. Recent physiological and genetic evidence indicates that plants may possess GAB A-like receptors that have features in common with the animal receptors. The mechanism of action of animal GABA receptors suggests a model for rapid amplification of ion-mediated signals and GABA accumulation in response to stress. Metabolic pathways that link GABA to stress-related metabolism and plant hormones are identified. The survival value of stress-related metabolism is dependent on metabolic changes occurring before stress causes irreversible damage to plant tissue. Rapid accumulation of GABA in stressed tissue may provide a critical link in the chain of events leading from perception of environmental stresses to timely physiological responses.
Fibroblast Growth Factor (1990)

Basic and acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) are two closely related growth factors that interact with the same receptor. Structurally related to FGF are five different oncogenes that have been involved in mammary, stomach, and bladder cancers but whose precise functions in physiologic processes are presently unknown. Both basic and acidic FGF exert similar biologic effects on a wide range of mesoderm- and neuroectoderm-derived cells, acting both as morphogens and mitogens. In addition, basic FGF has been shown to act as a ventrovegetalizing factor, inducing, at the midblastulae stage, mesoderm formation from animal pole cells destined to form ectodermal structures. This primordial role explains the wide variety of tissues, ranging from the central and peripheral nervous system to the vascular system, that are affected by FGF during the late embryonic, neonatal, and adult phases of development.
Liposome-Mediated Drug Targeting in Topical and Regional Therapies (1995)

Liposome-mediated drug targeting is reviewed in four major categories of topical and regional therapies: wounds and burns, ocular, intraperitoneal, and pulmonary. A survey of the data in the field is preceded by definitions of carrier-mediated drug targeting, in particular for topical and regional treatments. The ability of liposomes to meet essential requirements for task performance and liposome surface-modification as the major approach to endow liposomes with targeting abilities are reviewed. Analysis of current findings in the field shows that (1) most studies explored regular liposomes that were unable to meet the essential requirements for targeting and (2) in vivo drug targeting in topical and regional therapies has been achieved rarely and seldom attempted, yet there are encouraging indications from a few studies that using surface-modified liposomes such targeting is feasible. Both established and novel liposomal systems attest to this feasibility and point out future directions. The former can be found by revisiting immunoliposomes that were initially designed for systemic administration but might well fit topical and regional cases. The latter is exemplified by bioadhesive liposomes, designed specifically for topical/regional therapies. It is concluded that careful implementation of such approaches could be successful for the achievement of liposome-mediated drug targeting in topical and regional therapies.
Side Effects of Corticosteroid Therapy (2001)

Short-term corticosteroid use is associated with generally mild side effects, including cutaneous effects, electrolyte abnormalities, hypertension, hyperglycemia, pancreatitis, hematologic, immunologic, and neuropsychologic effects, although occasionally, clinically significant side effects may occur. Long-term corticosteroid use may be associated with more serious sequel, including osteoporosis, aseptic joint necrosis, adrenal insufficiency, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and ophthalmologic effects, hyperlipidemia, growth suppression, and possible congenital malformations.
Vascular gene transfer (1997)

Vascular gene transfer may be useful for the treatment of several cardiovascular diseases. It can also be used as an experimental tool to test the effects of various genes in a local vascular compartment. Promising therapeutic effects have been obtained in animal models of restenosis with the transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor, nitric oxide synthase, thymidine kinase, retinoblastoma, growth arrest homeobox gene, cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (p21), and hirudin genes, and antisense oligonucleotides against transcription factors or cell cycle regulatory proteins. Vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor gene transfers have improved blood flow and capillary development in models of ischaemic limb and myocardium. First experiences of vascular endothelial growth factor gene transfer to human peripheral arteries have also been reported. However, further developments in gene delivery techniques and gene transfer vectors will be required before a full therapeutic potential of gene therapy in cardiovascular diseases can be evaluated.
Secretion of recombinant proteins from hydroxyethyl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate capsules (1996)

Current human gene therapy relies on genetic modification of the patient's own cells. An alternate nonautologous approach is to use universal cell lines engineered to secrete therapeutic products. Protection with immunoisolation devices before implantation would allow the use of the same recombinant cell line for treating different patients, thus potentially lowering the cost of treatment. To study the properties of a mechanically stable synthetic biomaterial, hydroxyethyl methyacrylate-methyl methacrylate (HEMA-MMA) as the immuno-isolation device, we encapsulated recombinant mouse fibroblast cells engineered to secrete products ranging from 27 to 300 kDa in size (human growth hormone, mouse beta-hexosaminidase and beta-glucuronidase) in the presence or absence of the extracellular matrix Matrigel. Both viability and cell number in the microcapsules increased with time after encapsulation and cell morphology indicated viable cell growth, thus showing that the capsule membrane barrier was compatible with nutrient/waste exchange necessary for normal metabolic activity.The intracellular levels of these recombinant gene products were constant throughout the experimental period of 22 days in the presence or absence of Matrigel, thus demonstrating that the microenvironment did not lead to downregulation of the transgenes. However, the extracellular levels of the gene products secreted from the cells and trapped within the microcapsules were dependent on the molecular size of the product and presence of Matrigel. With the 27-kDa human growth hormone, the presence of Matrigel caused its retention within this intracapsular space, but its release from the microcapsules to the culture medium was not impeded. With the 120-kDa beta-hexosaminidase or the 300-kDa beta-glucuronidase, they were retained within the microcapsule space regardless of the presence or absence of Matrigel, and their passage from the microcapsules to the media was totally blocked. In conclusion, the HEMA-MMA microcapsules are supportive of recombinant cell growth and maintained their molecular cutoff at approximately 100 kDa. Inclusion of extracellular matrix was unable to improve cell growth and may impede the exit of some gene products.
8‐Br‐cAMP inhibits the transient expression of firefly luciferase (1989)

The genes for firefly luciferase and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) were used as reporter genes to explore the activation of heterologous promoters by 8‐Br‐cAMP. Cells were transfected with a CAT gene/tyrosine hydroxylase promoter, which contains a cAMP response element. Extracts from cells treated with 8‐Br‐cAMP had 340% more enzyme activity than untreated cells. In contrast, treated cells transfected with a tyrosine hydroxylase/luciferase construct had 30% less activity than control cells. Simian virus and rous sarcoma virus promoters/luciferase constructs also had lower activities in cells treated with 8‐Br‐cAMP than untreated cells. The inhibition of luciferase enzyme activity by cAMP appears to be posttranscriptional since both luciferase and CAT RNA levels were similarly increased in cells treated with 8‐Br‐cAMP or 1‐methyl‐3‐isobutylmethylxanthine. The lower level of luciferase activity was not due to simple allosteric inhibition. We conclude that constructs using the firefly luciferase as a reporter gene are unsuitable for studying the effects of cAMP on the regulation of promoters.
How the innate immune system senses infection (2001)

Conference Abstract| October 01 2001 How the innate immune system senses infection B. Beutler B. Beutler 1Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem Soc Trans (2001) 29 (5): A101. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst029a101b Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation B. Beutler; How the innate immune system senses infection. Biochem Soc Trans 1 October 2001; 29 (5): A101. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst029a101b Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 2001 Biochemical Society2001 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Influenza A Virus M2Ion Channel Activity Is Essential for Efficient Replication in Tissue Culture (2002)

The amantadine-sensitive ion channel activity of influenza A virus M2 protein was discovered through understanding the two steps in the virus life cycle that are inhibited by the antiviral drug amantadine: virus uncoating in endosomes and M2 protein-mediated equilibration of the intralumenal pH of the trans Golgi network. Recently it was reported that influenza virus can undergo multiple cycles of replication without M2 ion channel activity (T. Watanabe, S. Watanabe, H. Ito, H. Kida, and Y. Kawaoka, J. Virol. 75:5656-5662, 2001). An M2 protein containing a deletion in the transmembrane (TM) domain (M2-del(29-31)) has no detectable ion channel activity, yet a mutant virus was obtained containing this deletion. Watanabe and colleagues reported that the M2-del(29-31) virus replicated as efficiently as wild-type (wt) virus. We have investigated the effect of amantadine on the growth of four influenza viruses: A/WSN/33; N31S-M2WSN, a mutant in which an asparagine residue at position 31 in the M2 TM domain was replaced with a serine residue; MUd/WSN, which possesses seven RNA segments from WSN plus the RNA segment 7 derived from A/Udorn/72; and A/Udorn/72. N31S-M2WSN was amantadine sensitive, whereas A/WSN/33 was amantadine resistant, indicating that the M2 residue N31 is the sole determinant of resistance of A/WSN/33 to amantadine. The growth of influenza viruses inhibited by amantadine was compared to the growth of an M2-del(29-31) virus. We found that the M2-del(29-31) virus was debilitated in growth to an extent similar to that of influenza virus grown in the presence of amantadine. Furthermore, in a test of biological fitness, it was found that wt virus almost completely outgrew M2-del(29-31) virus in 4 days after cocultivation of a 100:1 ratio of M2-del(29-31) virus to wt virus, respectively. We conclude that the M2 ion channel protein, which is conserved in all known strains of influenza virus, evolved its function because it contributes to the efficient replication of the virus in a single cycle.
Electrical impedance compared with other non-invasive bioengineering techniques and visual scoring for detection of irritation in human skin (1994)

A new, non-invasive device, which enables local measurements of electrical impedance to a controlled depth, has been used to evaluate the degree of irritation in human skin. The results have been compared with those obtained using other non-invasive techniques, i.e. with transepidermal water loss (TEWL), electrical capacitance moist measurement (ECM), laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and visual scoring. Sodium lauryl sulphate solutions (0.1-5.0%), and a blank, were applied in Finn Chambers for 24 h on the volar forearm of 10 healthy volunteers. Values were recorded before application of the test chambers, and at 1 h, 24 h, 1 week and 2 weeks after removal. Thus, both the degree of initial damage and the healing process were monitored. There was close agreement among values obtained using electrical impedance, TEWL and visual readings. Results obtained using ECM and LDF were not consistent with the other three methods. In evaluating irritation of the skin, the practical situation may influence the choice of bioengineering tools. In most circumstances, a combination of methods would be preferable.
Coarse Pixel Shading (2014)

We present a novel architecture for flexible control of shading rates in a GPU pipeline, and demonstrate substantially reduced shading costs for various applications. We decouple shading and visibility by restricting and quantizing shading rates to a finite set of screen-aligned grids, leading to simpler and fewer changes to the GPU pipeline compared to alternative approaches. Our architecture introduces different mechanisms for programmable control of the shading rate, which enables efficient shading in several scenarios, e.g., rendering for high pixel density displays, foveated rendering, and adaptive shading for motion and defocus blur. We also support shading at multiple rates in a single pass, which allows the user to compute different shading terms at rates better matching their frequency content.
Seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome (2013)

APS is an autoimmune disease that leads to arterial and/or venous thrombosis, recurrent pregnancy loss and persistently positive aPLs. Patients with clinical manifestations highly suggestive of APS but persistently negative conventional aPLs are classified as having seronegative APS. Ongoing research has revealed the existence of non-criteria antibodies proposed to be relevant to APS and that can be potentially included in the disease's classification criteria. We present a literature review on the most promising antibodies of this heterogeneous aPL family, which includes antibodies to a zwitterionic phospholipid, namely phosphatidylethanolamine, phospholipid-binding plasma proteins, phospholipid-protein complexes and anionic phospholipids other than cardiolipin. Although these molecules can increase the diagnostic yield of APS, their clinical relevance is still debatable and needs to be confirmed by interlaboratory efforts toward standardizing diagnostic tools, in addition to experimental data and larger longitudinal studies.
Hepatocyte apoptosis induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in cirrhotic rats. (2003)

Hepatocyte apoptosis in hepatic I/R injury might be mediated by Fas pathway. The possible underlying mechanism that cirrhotic liver is more sensitive to ischemic injury than normal liver is alteration of Fas expression level.
Spectrum analysis of respiratory sounds in exercising horses with experimentally induced laryngeal hemiplegia or dorsal displacement of the soft palate (2001)

The technique used to record respiratory sounds was well tolerated by the horses, easy, and inexpensive. Spectrum analysis of respiratory sounds from exercising horses after experimental induction of LH or DDSP revealed unique sound patterns. If other conditions causing airway obstruction are also associated with unique sound patterns, spectrum analysis of respiratory sounds may prove to be useful in the diagnosis of airway abnormalities in horses.
Inhibition of HIV Production in Cells Containing an Integrated, HIV-Regulated Diphtheria Toxin A Chain Gene (1992)

Construction of a DNA plasmid that expresses a diphtheria toxin A chain (DT-A) gene under control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) proteins Tat and Rev has been described. Here the generation of HeLa cell clones containing integrated, HIV-regulated DT-A sequences is reported. Five such clones were identified by their decreased expression of a luciferase reporter gene transiently cotransfected with Tat- and Rev-encoding plasmids. The decreased luciferase expression most probably was due to activation of the integrated DT-A gene because higher luciferase activity could be restored by introducing either DT antitoxin or a gene encoding a mutant, DT-resistant elongation factor 2 (the intracellular target for DT-A). Analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicated that all clones expressed DT-A encoding RNA. The clones were then transfected with an HIV proviral clone and were tested for HIV production; all five clones demonstrated substantially impaired HIV production compared with parental HeLa cells, as shown by p24 assays of culture supernatants. Our success in generating these cell lines indicates that extremely low basal expression has been achieved in view of the high cellular lethality of DT-A. HIV-regulated expression of DT-A may be applicable as a gene therapy approach for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), to bring about selective suicide of HIV-infected cells before production of viral progeny.
Treatment of Bowen's disease and basal cell carcinoma of the nose with imiquimod 5% cream (2003)

We report the successful use of topical imiquimod 5% cream for extensive multifocal, recurrent (post cryotherapy), biopsy-proven Bowen's disease of the nose. Treatment was applied on a once-a-day regimen, and a total of 32 applications over 9 weeks were used. A florid local skin reaction occurred early in the treatment, necessitating a rest period and decreasing the frequency of application. The Bowen's disease was coexistent with a multifocal superficial basal cell carcinoma (BCC) that had a partial response. Persistent BCC at 4 weeks post treatment was surgically excised. This tumour showed an unusual histological picture, with normal epidermis overlying residual BCC in the papillary dermis. The Bowen's disease remains clinically clear at 12-months follow up.
Scanning Multichannel Technique for Improved Spectrochemical Measurements with a CCD Camera and its Application to Raman Spectroscopy (1992)

In continuation of work performed with the application of the scanning multichannel technique in combination with a photodiode array and a single monochromator we show in the present paper a similar technique combining a CCD camera with a double monochromator system with additive dispersion. Special emphasis is given to a discussion of the reproduction of spectral features with small bandwidth. Examples of applications of this technique are given in terms of high-resolution Raman spectroscopy of gases. This technique is not restricted to this type of optical spectroscopy, but can be universally applied to all spectroscopic methods where CCD detection is used.
Molecular genetics of anxiety in mice and men (2008)

Human anxiety disorders represent one of the most common mental illnesses. They are complex diseases with both genetic and environmental factors affecting their predisposition. Since the basic neuronal mechanisms are shared across mammalian species, the same set of genes may regulate critical aspects of anxiety in humans and in lower species. In this review, we first summarize findings from human molecular genetic approaches to anxiety disorders or anxiety-related personality traits: genome-wide scans and candidate gene studies in large families or case-control cohorts. We then discuss recent studies that have used genome-wide methods in mouse strains to identify genes that regulate anxiety-like behavior. Although it has been difficult to pinpoint specific susceptibility genes for anxiety disorders, ongoing efforts to collect larger study cohorts and to develop new genetic tools should help in this task. Studies in animals have shown that novel quantitative trait locus (QTL) and functional genomics approaches might lead to the identification of regulators of anxiety in mice, and that these genes can be tested for their involvement in human anxiety disorders. Finally, breakthroughs are expected in the fine-mapping of human and mouse genetic linkage regions and in the identification of novel candidate genes using genome-wide methods in mouse models of anxiety.
Capacitor-Less 1-Transistor DRAM (2002)

Note: Times Cited: 1IEEE International SOI ConferenceOct 07-10, 2002Williamsburg, va Reference EPFL-ARTICLE-153513View record in Web of Science Record created on 2010-10-21, modified on 2017-06-01
<title>Generic three-dimensional wavelength routers based on cross connects of multilayer diffractive elements</title> (2001)

We report a generic method to construct 3D wavelength routers by adapting a novel design for multi-optical wavelength interconnects (MOWI's). Optical wavelength- selective (WS) interconnections are realized by resorting to layered diffractive phase elements. Besides, we simultaneously carry out several other integrated operations on the incident beams according to their wavelengths. We demonstrate an 4 X 4 inline 3D WS optical crossconnect and a 1D 1 X 8 WS perfect shuffler. The devices are well feasible for mass production by using current standard microelectronics technologies. It is plausible that the proposed WS MOWI scenario will find critical applications in module-to-module and board-to-board optical interconnect systems, as well as in other devices for short-link multi- wavelength networks that would benefit from function integration.