gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag–Specific Vaginal Immunity and Protection after Local Immunizations with Sindbis Virus–Based Replicon Particles (2001)

The majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections occur through vaginal and rectal transmission. In seeking a safe, nonreplicating gene-delivery vector that can induce mucosal and systemic immune responses and protection, Sindbis virus-based replicon particles expressing HIV-1 Gag (SIN-Gag) were developed. In mice, after nasal or intramuscular immunization with SIN-Gag and vaginal challenge with vaccinia virus (VV) expressing HIV-1 Gag (VV-Gag), CD8(+) T cell-mediated responses were detected locally, in the vaginal mucosa and in the draining iliac lymph nodes (ILNs), and systemically, in the spleen. However, the mice were not protected against VV-Gag replication in the ovaries. In contrast, after vaginal or rectal immunization with SIN-Gag and vaginal challenge with VV-Gag, despite lower local CD8(+) T cell-mediated responses in the vaginal mucosa and ILNs, the mice were protected against VV-Gag replication in the ovaries. Therefore, local immunization with SIN-Gag induced both local mucosal cell-mediated responses and protection.
Health information identification and de-identification toolkit. (1998)

Health identifiers are required for health information systems ranging in scope from the national to the smallest clinical study. Identification systems will differ in the tradeoffs of privacy and control that they represent. The Health Information Identification and De-Identification Toolkit (HIIDIT) is a generator of health identification systems that allows a system architect to specify the set of tradeoffs that are desired for any particular health information system.
A sequential, multiple-treatment, targeted approach to reduce wound healing and failure of glaucoma filtration surgery in a rabbit model (an American Ophthalmological Society thesis). (2006)

In a rabbit model of GFS, a sequential, targeted, multitreatment approach prolonged bleb survival compared to BSS controls and decreased bleb tissue morphological changes when compared to those treated with MMC. It is not known whether these findings can be reproduced in humans, and further work is needed to determine an optimum regimen and timing of therapeutic delivery.
Epidural Sufentanil for Postoperative Patient-Controlled Analgesia (PCA) With or Without Background Infusion (1995)

To evaluate the usefulness of a concurrent infusion in patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA), 40 patients scheduled for elective cesarean section under a combined spinal-epidural technique were assigned randomly in a double-blind fashion to receive sufentanil by PCEA with a concomitant infusion of either sufentanil or saline. The sufentanil 24-h consumption was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in those patients receiving the opioid-containing infusion (212.7 +/- 9.5 vs 128.4 +/- 10.8 micro gram, SEM). The number of additional demands and the quality of sleep did not differ between the two groups. The degree of sedation was significantly less pronounced in patients treated with incremental sufentanil doses only. The visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores at rest were identical in both groups except at 6 h (2.5 +/- 0.4 vs 3.7 +/- 0.3, in favor of the patients treated with the sufentanil background infusion). We conclude that, except for a lower pain score during the initial hours, a background infusion in PCEA with sufentanil does not offer major advantages in terms of sleep quality or sufentanil consumption. Side effects may be more pronounced owing to increased drug administration. (Anesth Analg 1995;80:76-80)
Ectopic Lymphoid Structures Support Ongoing Production of Class-Switched Autoantibodies in Rheumatoid Synovium (2009)

Our demonstration that FDC+ follicular units invariably express AID and are surrounded by ACPA-producing plasma cells provides strong evidence that ectopic lymphoid structures in the RA synovium are functional and support autoantibody production. This concept is further confirmed by evidence of sustained AID expression, B cell proliferation, ongoing CSR, and production of human IgG ACPA from GC+ synovial tissue transplanted into SCID mice, independently of new B cell influx from the systemic circulation. These data identify AID as a potential therapeutic target in RA and suggest that survival of functional synovial B cell niches may profoundly influence chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, and response to B cell-depleting therapies.
DOSAGE‐RELATED EFFECTS OF DANAZOL ON SEX HORMONE BINDING GLOBULIN AND FREE AND TOTAL ANDROGEN LEVELS (1986)

Danazol is known to cause marked suppression of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels in plasma and to increase the proportion of plasma testosterone unbound to protein but the effect on the concentration of total and free testosterone is unclear. Twenty-five patients with endometriosis were treated daily for 6 months with doses of danazol ranging from 50 to 600 mg. The fall in SHBG and rise in percent free testosterone was dose-related during the early part of treatment. Suppression of total testosterone and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone levels occurred and was probably due to increases in metabolic clearance rates. The observed fall in androstenedione levels was related to the incidence of menstrual abnormality, suggesting that this might be due to reduced ovarian activity. The concentration of free testosterone increased by a factor of two in the first week but subsequently returned to levels of between 25 and 50% above pretreatment levels. This pattern of changes may be due to the rise in metabolic clearance rates being dependent on induction of enzymes of androgen metabolism.
110-kilodalton recombinant protein which is immunoreactive with sera from humans, dogs, and horses with Lyme borreliosis (1991)

EcoRI-digested DNA from Borrelia burgdorferi was ligated into the dephosphorylated vector pWR590 and transformed into Escherichia coli DH5 alpha. When the gene library was screened, 20 clones reacted with pooled dog sera with high titers (immunofluorescent antibody titer, greater than or equal to 1,280) to this spirochete. One clone expressed a 110-kDa antigen that reacted strongly with the high-titered pooled sera from dogs with Lyme borreliosis and serum from goats immunized with B. burgdorferi. The 110-kDa protein was serum from goats immunized with B. burgdorferi. The 110-kDa protein was expressed with and without isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactosidase, indicating the protein is not a fusion protein with beta-galactosidase. Monospecific antisera to the 110-kDa antigen recognized a 75-kDa Borrelia protein. Of the sera that reacted with B. burgdorferi by immunoblotting; 57, 100, and 83% of human, dog, and horse serum samples, respectively, reacted with the 110-kDa protein. Sera from individuals that tested negative with a B. burgdorferi lysate with immunoblotting showed no reaction with the 110-kDa protein. The 110-kDa antigen appears to be useful for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis.
Pharmacokinetic and Biodistribution Assessment of a Near Infrared-Labeled PSMA-Specific Small Molecule in Tumor-Bearing Mice (2014)

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and often requires surgery. Use of near infrared (NIR) technologies to perform image-guided surgery may improve accurate delineation of tumor margins. To facilitate preclinical testing of such outcomes, here we developed and characterized a PSMA-targeted small molecule, YC-27. IRDye 800CW was conjugated to YC-27 or an anti-PSMA antibody used for reference. Human 22Rv1, PC3M-LN4, and/or LNCaP prostate tumor cells were exposed to the labeled compounds. In vivo targeting and clearance properties were determined in tumor-bearing mice. Organs and tumors were excised and imaged to assess probe localization. YC-27 exhibited a dose dependent increase in signal upon binding. Binding specificity and internalization were visualized by microscopy. In vitro and in vivo blocking studies confirmed YC-27 specificity. In vivo, YC-27 showed good tumor delineation and tissue contrast at doses as low as 0.25 nmole. YC-27 was cleared via the kidneys but bound the proximal tubules of the renal cortex and epididymis. Since PSMA is also broadly expressed on the neovasculature of most tumors, we expect YC-27 will have clinical utility for image-guided surgery and tumor resections.
17α-Hydroxy-Progesterone Effects on Cervical Proinflammatory Agents in Women at Risk for Preterm Delivery (2008)

We evaluated if the inhibitory effect of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17P) on cervical ripening is mediated by cervical proinflammatory agents. Women with singleton pregnancy and intact membranes, between 25 and 33 weeks + 6 days, were randomly allocated either to observation (22 cases, controls) or to receive 341 mg of intramuscular 17P (23 cases, 17P group), twice a week, until 36 weeks. Just before randomization, 7 and 21 days later, a cervical swab for interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and nitrates/nitrites (NOx) assays was collected. Moreover, an ultrasound measure of cervical length (CL) was performed at the same time. At randomization, both groups of women showed similar levels of cervical ILs and NOx. In the 17P group, cervical IL-1beta levels were significantly decreased at day 21 ( P = 0.036); in controls, they remained stable throughout the observation period. There was no significant change in IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and NOx in either group. Women in the control group had a progressive CL shortening until day 21 (median shortening of 4 mm), and this shortening was significantly less in the 17P group (median shortening of 2 mm; P = 0.017). In patients at risk of preterm labor, high-dose 17P simultaneously inhibits both cervical proinflammatory IL-1beta secretion and the progressive shortening of the cervix.
Systemic tumor-targeted gene delivery by anti-transferrin receptor scFv-immunoliposomes. (2002)

An ideal therapeutic for cancer would be one that selectively targets to tumor cells, is nontoxic to normal cells, and that could be systemically delivered, thereby reaching metastases as well as primary tumor. Immunoliposomes directed by monoclonal antibody or its fragments are promising vehicles for tumor-targeted drug delivery. However, there is currently very limited data on gene delivery using these vehicles. We have recently described a cationic immunoliposome system directed by a lipid-tagged, single-chain antibody Fv fragment (scFv) against the human transferrin receptor (TfR) that shows promising efficacy for systemic p53 tumor suppressor gene therapy in a human breast cancer metastasis model. However, the extremely low yield of this lipid-tagged scFv limited further downstream development and studies. Here we report a different expression strategy for the anti-TfR scFv, which produces high levels of protein without any tags, and a different approach for complexing the targeting scFv to the liposomes. This approach entails covalently conjugating the scFv to the liposome via a cysteine at the 3'-end of the protein and a maleimide group on the liposome. Our results show that this conjugation does not impair the immunological activity or targeting ability of the scFv. The scFv-cys targets the cationic liposome-DNA complex (lipoplex) to tumor cells and enhances the transfection efficiencies both in vitro and in vivo in a variety of human tumor models. This scFv-immunoliposome can deliver the complexed gene systemically to tumors in vivo, where it is efficiently expressed. In comparison with the whole antibody or transferrin molecule itself, the scFv has a much smaller size for better penetration into solid tumors. It is also a recombinant protein rather than a blood product; thus, large scale production and strict quality control are feasible. This new approach provides a promising system for tumor-targeted gene delivery that may have potential for systemic gene therapy of various human cancers.
A Comparison of Two Single-Stranded DNA Binding Models by Mutational Analysis of APOBEC3G (2012)

APOBEC3G is the best known of several DNA cytosine deaminases that function to inhibit the replication of parasitic genetic elements including the lentivirus HIV. Several high-resolution structures of the APOBEC3G catalytic domain have been generated, but none reveal how this enzyme binds to substrate single-stranded DNA. Here, we constructed a panel of APOBEC3G amino acid substitution mutants and performed a series of biochemical, genetic, and structural assays to distinguish between "Brim" and "Kink" models for single-strand DNA binding. Each model predicts distinct sets of interactions between surface arginines and negatively charged phosphates in the DNA backbone. Concordant with both models, changing the conserved arginine at position 313 to glutamate abolished both catalytic and restriction activities. In support of the Brim model, arginine to glutamate substitutions at positions 213, 215, and 320 also compromised these APOBEC3G activities. Arginine to glutamate substitutions at Kink model residues 374 and 376 had smaller effects. These observations were supported by A3G catalytic domain-ssDNA chemical shift perturbation experiments. The overall data set is most consistent with the Brim model for single-stranded DNA binding by APOBEC3G.
Toxicity and Neurotoxic Effects of Monoterpenoids (1991)

The insecticidal activity of several monoterpenoids from essential oils was evaluated against insect pests. Toxicity tests illustrated the bioactivity of d-limonene, α-terpineol, β-myrcene, linalool, and pulegone against insects, including the house fly, the German cockroach, the rice weevil, and the western corn rootworm. Bioassays were conducted to assess their toxicity via topical application, fumigation, ingestion, and ovicidal exposures. Growth, reproduction and repellency were also evaluated in the German cockroach. Non-invasive electrophysiological recordings were used with an earthworm to investigate neurotoxic effects of the monoterpenoids. Relevant monoterpenoid bioassay results in the literature are also discussed.
Indium-111-labeled autologous leukocytes in man. (1977)

Autologous leukocytes have been isolated, labeled with indium-111, and administered to 15 patients suspected of inflammatory disease. The stability of the label has been demonstrated and the in vivo kinetics and distribution of the labeled cells studied. The distribution is influenced by the type and viability of the cells separated by three different techniques. Generally, there was initial accumulation of radioactivity in the lungs; approximately half of this cleared in 15 min and the remainder slowly. Twenty-five to 50 percent of the radioactivity subsequently distributed in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, and these did not show significant change with time up to 48 hr post injection. The In-111 radioactivity administered as labeled leukocytes free from erythrocytes cleared from the circulating blood with a half-time of 7.5 hr. In three of 15 patients, the suspicion of inflammatory disease could not be confirmed, and in these a normal distribution of radioactivity was observed. In the remaining 12 patients, focal accumulation of radioactivity was detectable within 4 to 24 hr after administration, and subsequent confirmation of sepsis was obtained. From three such patients, samples of abscesses were recovered which showed markedly higher radioactivity than that in the same weight of blood.
Case 17.17 (2014)

58-year-old woman with cirrhosis Axial precontrast (Figure 17.17.1) and arterial phase (Figure 17.17.2) and portal venous phase (Figure 17.17.3) postgadolinium water and fat images from a 3D SPGR Dixon acquisition. Notice that the phase and frequency directions have been swapped on the arterial phase acquisition and that there is a large geographic signal void in the middle of the liver on the water image, with the missing anatomy appearing on the corresponding fat image. All artifacts have been corrected on the portal venous phase images....
Detection of Functional Nicotinic Receptors Blocked by α-Bungarotoxin on PC12 Cells and Dependence of Their Expression on Post-Translational Events (1997)

A major class of nicotinic receptors in the nervous system is one that binds alpha-bungarotoxin and contains the alpha7 gene product. PC12 cells, frequently used to study nicotinic receptors, express the alpha7 gene and have binding sites for the toxin, but previous attempts to elicit currents from the putative receptors have failed. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques and rapid application of agonist, we find a rapidly desensitizing acetylcholine-induced current in the cells that can be blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin. The current amplitude varies dramatically among three populations of PC12 cells but correlates well with the number of toxin-binding receptors. In contrast, the current shows no correlation with alpha7 transcript; cells with high levels of alpha7 mRNA can be negative for toxin binding and yet have other functional nicotinic receptors. Northern blot analysis and reverse transcription-PCR reveal no defects in alpha7 RNA from the negative cells, and immunoblot analysis demonstrates that they contain full-length alpha7 protein, although at reduced levels. Affinity purification of toxin-binding receptors from cells expressing them confirms that the receptors contain alpha7 protein. Transfection experiments demonstrate that PC12 cells lacking native toxin-binding receptors are deficient at producing receptors from alpha7 gene constructs, although the same cells can produce receptors from other transfected gene constructs. The results indicate that nicotinic receptors that bind alpha-bungarotoxin and contain alpha7 subunits require additional gene products to facilitate assembly and stabilization of the receptors. PC12 cells offer a model system for identifying those gene products.
Development Unchained: How Cellular Reprogramming is Redefining Our View of Cell Fate and Identity (2011)

Higher eukaryotic development has traditionally been considered a unidirectional and irreversible process. Beginning in 2006, with Yamanaka and colleagues' report on the first successful generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), the field of stem cell biology has experienced perhaps unprecedented rates of growth and discovery. This review is a summary of recent progress in the field of reprogramming. Advances in small molecule-aided reprogramming and transdifferentiation, currently two of the most intensely studied areas of stem cell biology, are emphasized. The field has collectively covered much ground in the past five years, dramatically increasing reprogramming efficiency and successfully eliminating the need for permanent genetic modification, perhaps the biggest obstacle to eventual clinical use of this strategy. Simultaneously, various transdifferentiation strategies are rapidly expanding the scope of cellular plasticity interconverting unrelated cell types with relative technical ease. While significant challenges remain--such as accomplishing small molecule-only "chemical reprogramming" or ensuring the functional and epigenetic equivalency of reprogrammed or transdifferentiated cells--there is no shortage of enthusiasm in the field.
Bioluminescence in decapod Crustacea (1976)

Luminescence in decapod crustaceans may be of two kinds. Either a secretion is ejected into the surrounding water as a luminous cloud, or specific light organs, which may be internal or superficial, glow steadily (Balss, 1944). There may be more than 150 photophores in some species of decapod, and the number, position and development of these organs in Systellaspis debilis and species of Sergia have been described by Coutière (1906), Kemp (1910a), Terao (1917) and Gordon (1935). The production of luminous clouds has been observed in the Oplophoridae, Pandalidae and Thalassocarididae of the Caridea, and in the Penaeidae of the Penaeidea (Table 1). Observations of the luminescence of specific light organs or tissues are much less numerous. Luminescence has been observed among the Oplophoridae from the photophores of species of Systellaspis and Oplophorus and from the liver of Hymenodora . The hepatic organs of Parapandalus of the Pandalidae have been seen to luminesce, and among the Penaeidea both the hepatic organs of Pesta of Sergestes and the superficial organs of Sergia have been seen to emit light (for references see Table 1). Undoubted hepatic light organs also occur in Chlorotocoides and Thalassocaris of the Thalassocarididae, and superficial organs in Hymenopenaeus debilis of the Penaeidae. Additional organs of doubtful function which have been described as possible photophores occur on the chelae of the homolid crab Hypsophrys , in the branchial chamber of Sergestes , the pleopods of Parapandalus and the uropods of Acetes (Table 2). There are unconfirmed reports of luminescence in the eye of Pasiphaea etarda (Kiernik, 1908) and in Polycheles (Alcock, 1902) and Leptochela (Chace, 1940), neither of the latter two cases being ascribed to a particular organ, though ‘a greasy glandular patch’ near the oviduct was implicated in Polycheles .
Enhanced Cycleabity in Lithium Ion Batteries: Resulting from Atomic Layer Depostion of Al2O3 or TiO2 on LiCoO2 Electrodes (2012)

This study reports the preparation of Al2O3 and TiO2 coatings on the as-prepared LiCoO2 electrodes using atomic layer deposition (ALD). A thin Al2O3 ALD coating was shown to eliminate capacity fading effectively during repeated charging and discharging, whereas a TiO2 coating led to significant improvement only at high cycle numbers. An analysis of the differential capacity versus potential curves suggests that this poorer cycling performance could be related to the participation of the TiO2 thin film in the redox reaction. Graphical representation of the energy levels of the various ALD coatings on LiCoO2 during charging and discharging indicated that the redox current is impeded at the Al2O3–LiCoO2 junction, whereas electrons and holes were energetic enough to flow into the TiO2 because of the smaller band gap energy. The barrier between the valence band maxima of TiO2 and LiCoO2 expands as the charge–discharge cycle number increases, eventually making TiO2 redox-inactive. These conclusions are supported by both XPS spectra and the cycle performance in the established literature references. Our results suggest that large band gap materials should be considered to be potentially useful ALD coatings on cathode materials.
Implantation of deep brain stimulators into subthalmic nucleus: technical approach and magnetic imaging—verified electrode locations (2002)

The authors' approach to implantation of DBS leads into the STN was associated with consistent lead placement in the dorsolateral STN, a low rate of morbidity, efficient use of operating room time, and robust improvement in motor function. The mean coordinates of the middle of the electrode array, measured on postoperative MR images, were 11.6 mm lateral, 2.9 mm posterior, and 4.7 mm inferior to the midcommissural point, and 6.5 mm lateral and 3.5 mm anterior to the center of the red nucleus. Voltage thresholds for several types of stimulation-induced adverse effects were predictive of lead location. Technical nuances of the surgery are described in detail.