gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the human nestin gene reveals a close evolutionary relationship to neurofilaments (1992)

Multipotential stem cells in the neural tube give rise to the different neuronal cell types found in the brain. Abrupt changes in intermediate filament gene expression accompany this transition out of the precursor state: transcription of the intermediate filament nestin is replaced by that of the neurofilaments. In order to identify human neural precursor cells, and to learn more about the evolution of the intermediate filaments expressed in the central nervous system, we have isolated the human nestin gene. Despite considerable divergence between the human and rat nestin genes, in particular in the repetitive parts of the carboxy-terminal region, the positions of the introns are perfectly conserved. Two of the three intron positions are also shared by the neurofilaments, but not by other classes of intermediate filaments. This implies that nestin and the neurofilaments had a common ancestor after branching off from the other classes of intermediate filaments, and that nestin separated from the neurofilament branch before the different neurofilament genes diverged. The characterization of human nestin also facilitates the identification of human multipotential neural precursor cells. This will be of importance for central nervous system (CNS) tumor diagnosis and transplant-based clinical approaches to human neurodegenerative diseases.
Neuere Methoden der präparativen organischen Chemie II. 8. Selektive katalytische Oxydationen mit Edelmetall‐Katalysatoren (1957)

Abstract Die katalytische Oxydation mit Edelmetallkatalysatoren, vor allem an Platinkontakten mit Luft oder Sauerstoff in wäßriger Lösung oder organischen Lösungsmitteln, ist zur selektiven Oxydation (Dehydrierung) vor allem von Polyhydroxy‐Verbindungen und Kohlenhydrat‐Derivaten geeignet. Primäre Hydroxyl‐Gruppen werden bevorzugt vor sekundären oxydiert; von sekundären Hydroxyl‐Gruppen werden axiale spezifisch neben äquatorialen Gruppen oxydiert. Direkt oder nach geeigneter Blockierung empfindlicher Molekelgruppen sind Synthesen Zahlreicher chemisch und biochemisch interessanter Verbindungen in verschiedenen Substanzgruppen möglich geworden, die sonst nur schwer zugänglich wären. Arbeitsweise, Anwendungsgebiete und Ergebnisse des Verfahrens werden dargelegt.
Swiss Cheese Flavor: I. Chemical Analysis (1979)

Seven Swiss cheeses were fractionated into oil-soluble, water-soluble-volatile, and water-soluble-nonvolatile components, and each of these components was analyzed for important flavor constituents. Amino acids, calcium and magnesium ions, lactic acid, and salt were determined in the water-soluble-nonvolatile fractions. Peptides were separated according to size. Free fatty acids were determined in the whole cheeses and oil-soluble fractions, and the distribution of the acids between the oil and aqueous phases was calculated. Pyrazines, carbonyls, lactones, and phenols were identified tentatively in the neutral oil-soluble fraction. The water-solublenonvolatile fraction contained acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, and ammonia.
A New Defect Etch for Polycrystalline Silicon (1984)

Presentation d'une methode d'attaque isotrope pour la detection de defauts dans le silicium polycristallin. Application a un ruban de silicium polycristallin prepare par le procede RTR de Motorola
Effects of electron beam irradiation on the migration of antioxidants and their degradation products from commercial polypropylene into food simulating liquids (1993)

The influence of electron beam irradiation on migrational behaviour of additives present in food packaging material was studied. The migration experiments were carried out on irradiated and non-irradiated polypropylene pouches containing aqueous food simulating liquids (FSL) for 10 days at 40 degrees C. The controls were irradiated and non-irradiated pouches without FSL contact. After the contact period, the polypropylene and the FSL were analysed. A comparison between the results obtained by the two analyses showed the migration of three products of antioxidant degradation from the polypropylene into the FSL, and a partial decomposition of these migrants in the FSL.
N-Terminally PEGylated Human Interferon-β-1a with Improved Pharmacokinetic Properties and in Vivo Efficacy in a Melanoma Angiogenesis Model (2005)

PEGylation of IFN-alpha has been used successfully to improve the pharmacokinetic properties and efficacy of the drug. To prepare a PEGylated form of human interferon-beta-1a (IFN-beta-1a) suitable for testing in vivo, we have synthesized 20 kDa mPEG-O-2-methylpropionaldehyde and used it to modify the N-terminal alpha-amino group of the cytokine. The PEGylated protein retained approximately 50% of the activity of the unmodified protein and had significantly improved pharmacokinetic properties following intravenous administration in rats. The clearance and volume of distribution at steady state were reduced approximately 30-fold and approximately 4-fold, respectively, resulting in a significant increase in systemic exposure as determined by the area under the curve. The elimination half-life of the PEGylated protein was approximately 13-fold greater than for the unmodified protein. The unmodified and PEGylated proteins were tested for their ability to inhibit the formation of radially oriented blood vessels entering the periphery of human SK-MEL-1 melanoma tumors in athymic nude homozygous (nu/nu) mice. In a single dose comparison study, administration of 1 x 10(6) units of unmodified IFN-beta-1a resulted in a 29% reduction in vessel number, while 1 x 10(6) units of PEGylated IFN-beta-1a resulted in a 58% reduction. Both treatments resulted in statistically significant reductions in mean vessel number as compared to the vehicle (control)-treated mice, with the PEGylated IFN-beta-1a-treated mice showing a statistically significantly greater reduction in mean vessel number as compared to the unmodified IFN-beta-1a-treated mice. In a multiple versus single dose comparison study, daily administration of 1 x 10(6) units of unmodified IFN-beta-1a for 9 days resulted in a 51% reduction in vessel number, while a single dose of 1 x 10(6) units of the PEGylated protein resulted in a 66% reduction. Both treatments resulted in statistically significant reductions in mean vessel number as compared to the vehicle-treated mice, with the PEGylated IFN-beta-1a-treated mice showing a statistically significantly greater reduction in mean vessel number as compared to the unmodified IFN-beta-1a-treated mice. Therefore, the improved pharmacokinetic properties of the modified protein translated into improved efficacy. Since unmodified IFN-beta is used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and hepatitis C virus infection, a PEGylated form of the protein such as 20 kDa mPEG-O-2-methylpropionaldehyde-modified IFN-beta-1a may serve as a useful adjunct for the treatment of these diseases. In addition, the antiangiogenic effects of PEGylated IFN-beta-1a may be harnessed for the treatment of certain cancers, either as a sole agent or in combination with other antitumor drugs.
Experimental autoimmune uveitis as animal model for human posterior uveitis. (1998)

Uveitis is an intraocular inflammatory disease that mostly affects children and young adults. It is one of the major causes of blindness in young individuals in India and the world. It is responsible for about 10 per cent of total visual impairment. Unfortunately, etiological diagnosis is not evident in a majority of these patients. It is generally felt that autoimmune mechanism may be involved in so called 'idiopathic' cases which has led to search for the putative autoantigens in experimental animal models. It has been demonstrated that experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) can be elicited against several retinal proteins in rats, mice and sub-human primates. These include the S-antigen, a major protein on retinal photoreceptor cell, interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP) and several others. There are many similarities between clinical entities and the EAU, but the EAU differs from the clinical conditions in being self-limited, and requiring complete Freund's adjuvant for induction of the disease. The disease can be induced only in susceptible strains. Nevertheless, use of the EAU model has allowed for identification of disease causing epitopes of antigens and evaluation of disease modifying strategies which could be applied in clinical situations. There has been significant progress in this field, but still a lot more is required to be learnt to translate it into clinical practice.
Improving Committee Diagnosis with Resampling Techniques (1995)

Central to the performance improvement of a committee relative to individual networks is the error correlation between networks in the committee. We investigated methods of achieving error indepen-dence between the networks by training the networks with different resampling sets from the original training set. The methods were tested on the sinwave artificial task and the real-world problems of hepatoma (liver cancer) and breast cancer diagnoses. 1
HES 130/0.4, a new HES specification: tissue storage after multiple infusions in rats (1999)

Crit Care 1999, 3 3 ( (s su up pp pl l 1 1) ):P1 I In nt tr ro od du uc ct ti io on n: : Critically ill patients requiring intensive care are at risk of iatrogenic ocular damage. Studies have reported an incidence of eye problems of up to 40% in critically ill ventilated patients. We conducted this study to assess the incidence of ocular complications in our intensive care unit where all patients are cared for according to an eye care standard.
A 72 Mb/s PRML disk-drive channel chip with an analog sampled-data signal processor (2002)

A high performance, 72 Mb/s PRML read/write channel chip has read path adaptive equalization, Viterbi metric calculation, and timing recovery functions accomplished with an analog sampled-data processor (SDP). The 1 /spl mu/m BiCMOS chip nominally operates at 100 Mb/s (112 MS/s) over a 0/spl deg/C to 70/spl deg/C temperature and /spl plusmn/10% supply voltage range. It nominally dissipates less than 800 mW from 5 V at 100 Mb/s.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Deglycosylation of anti-ß amyloid antibodies inhibits microglia activation in BV-2 cellular model (2005)

Immunotherapy has become a strategy for treatment of Alzheimer's disease, by inducing antibody response to amyloid-beta peptide (AbetaP) or by passive administration of anti-AbetaP antibodies. Clearance of amyloid plaques involves interaction of immunoglobulin Fc receptor (FcR)-expressing microglia and antibodyopsonized Abeta deposits, stimulating phagocytosis but may promote neuroinflammation. Carbohydrate moiety of Fc of the immunoglobulin G molecule plays a significant role in modulating binding to FcR and its effector functions. Here, we enzymatically removed Fc glycan from monoclonal antibody 196 raised against AbetaP Antigen binding ability and in vitro stability of deglycosylated antibody were unaffected by deglycosylation. Moreover, the deglycosylated antibody exhibits low affinity to FcR on microglial BV-2 cells and has limited ability to mediate microglial chemotaxis and antibodydependent cytotoxicity compared to native antibody. These data suggest that deglycosylation of anti-Abeta antibodies before in vivo administration might prevent microglial overactivation, thus reducing the risk of neuroinflammatory response during passive immunization.
Impact Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Foams (1999)

This paper deals with the impact behavior of natural fiber-reinforced epoxy foams. The effects of different types of fibers, fiber content and void content were discussed. It was found that the woven flax fiber results in composites with better impact strengths than the woven jute fiber based composites. The impact damage configuration and mechanism of these laminated composites were discussed. Impact properties such as loss energy and damping index were found to be almost linearly dependent on void content and impact energy. The loss energy and damping index were decreased with increasing fiber content under comparable void content and test conditions.
Alanine-scanning Mutations in Domain 4 of Anthrax Toxin Protective Antigen Reveal Residues Important for Binding to the Cellular Receptor and to a Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody (2003)

A panel of variants with alanine substitutions in the small loop of anthrax toxin protective antigen domain 4 was created to determine individual amino acid residues critical for interactions with the cellular receptor and with a neutralizing monoclonal antibody, 14B7. Substituted protective antigen proteins were analyzed by cellular cytotoxicity assays, and their interactions with antibody were measured by plasmon surface resonance and analytical ultracentrifugation. Residue Asp683 was the most critical for cell binding and toxicity, causing an approximately 1000-fold reduction in toxicity, but was not a large factor for interactions with 14B7. Substitutions in residues Tyr681, Asn682, and Pro686 also reduced toxicity significantly, by 10-100-fold. Of these, only Asn682 and Pro686 were also critical for interactions with 14B7. However, residues Lys684, Leu685, Leu687, and Tyr688 were critical for 14B7 binding without greatly affecting toxicity. The K684A and L685A variants exhibited wild type levels of toxicity in cell culture assays; the L687A and Y688A variants were reduced only 1.5- and 5-fold, respectively.
Development of a new simulation method of mold filling based on a body-fitted coordinate system (2003)

A new model has been developed for the simulation of mold filling in curved-shape mold cavities. In the present method, the SIMPLE scheme was adopted to solve the momentum transport and the VOF (Volume of Fluid) method to trace the free surface in mold filling processes. In order to improve the solution accuracy in modeling mold filling with curved-shape and thin-walled mold cavities, the body-fitted-coordinate (BFC) concept, which was known as the most effective method to predict a flow field in a curved-shape cavity, was adopted. The governing equations for fluid flow and heat transfer were transformed based on the BFC concept. The non-staggered mesh and the momentum interpolation method were used which are essential for the BFC method. In addition, the standard VOF method was modified for the treatment of free surface in the BFC system. The standard DAFA (donor and acceptor flux approximation) method was also revised as a suitable form to the BFC system. In order to verify the present SIMPLE-BFC-VOF method, several examples on mold filling problems having curved-shape mold cavities were simulated, and the results were compared with the experimental results and other simulation methods. It is concluded that the present method can be used as an effective simulation method for the simulation of mold filling in thin-walled and curved-shape mold cavities.
Association of antinuclear and antinucleolar antibodies in progressive systemic sclerosis. (1982)

Antinuclear and/or antinucleolar antibodies were demonstrated in the sera of 74 of 76 patients (97%) with progressive systemic sclerosis, using tissue culture cells (HEp-2) as substrate in the indirect immunofluorescent method. Six patterns of nuclear staining and three nucleolar patterns were recognized. The nuclear patterns were centromere, fine speckles, coarse speckles, diffusely grainy, homogeneous and nuclear dots. The nucleolar patterns were speckled, homogeneous and clumpy. The results of digestion studies with ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease and trypsin suggested that the nuclear antigens are proteins, some of which may be associated with chromatin. The nucleolar antigens appeared to be nucleic acid in nature. Certain characteristic serologic and clinical features associated with staining patterns were observed. The diffusely grainy pattern was seen only in sera containing antibody to Scl-70 antigen. Centromere staining was confirmed to be highly selective for the CREST (Calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal involvement, sclerodactyly and telangiectasis) variant of progressive systemic sclerosis with rheumatoid factor titres higher in these patients with anti-centromere antibodies.
Synthesis and Characterization of Conformationally Preorganized, (R)-Diethylene Glycol-Containing γ-Peptide Nucleic Acids with Superior Hybridization Properties and Water Solubility (2011)

Developed in the early 1990s, peptide nucleic acid (PNA) has emerged as a promising class of nucleic acid mimic because of its strong binding affinity and sequence selectivity toward DNA and RNA and resistance to enzymatic degradation by proteases and nucleases; however, the main drawbacks, as compared to other classes of oligonucleotides, are water solubility and biocompatibility. Herein we show that installation of a relatively small, hydrophilic (R)-diethylene glycol ("miniPEG", R-MP) unit at the γ-backbone transforms a randomly folded PNA into a right-handed helix. Synthesis of optically pure (R-MP)γPNA monomers is described, which can be accomplished in a few simple steps from a commercially available and relatively cheap Boc-l-serine. Once synthesized, (R-MP)γPNA oligomers are preorganized into a right-handed helix, hybridize to DNA and RNA with greater affinity and sequence selectivity, and are more water soluble and less aggregating than the parental PNA oligomers. The results presented herein have important implications for the future design and application of PNA in biology, biotechnology, and medicine, as well as in other disciplines, including drug discovery and molecular engineering.
Transforming growth factor β activated kinase 1: a potential therapeutic target for rheumatic diseases (2016)

Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α are central regulators of autoinflammatory diseases. While targeting these cytokines has proven to be a successful clinical strategy, the long-term challenges such as drug resistance, lack of efficacy and poor clinical outcomes in some patients are some of the limitations faced by these therapies. This has ignited strategies to reduce inflammation by potentially targeting a variety of molecules, including cell surface receptors, signalling proteins and/or transcription factors to minimize cytokine-induced inflammation and tissue injury. In this regard, transforming growth factor β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is activated in the inflammatory signal transduction pathways in response to IL-1β, TNF-α or toll-like receptor stimulation. Because of its ideal position upstream of mitogen-activated protein kinases and the IκB kinase complex in signalling cascades, targeting TAK1 may be an attractive strategy for treating diseases characterized by chronic inflammation. Here, we discuss the emerging role of TAK1 in mediating the IL-1β, TNF-α and toll-like receptor mediated inflammatory responses in diseases such as RA, OA, gout and SS. We also review evidence suggesting that TAK1 inhibition may have potential therapeutic value. Finally, we focus on the current status of the development of TAK1 inhibitors and suggest further opportunities for testing TAK1 inhibitors in rheumatic diseases.
Identification of redox/repair protein Ref-1 as a potent activator of p53. (1997)

p53 can be isolated from cells in a form that is inert for binding to DNA but that can be stimulated dramatically by phosphorylation, antibody binding, or short single strands of DNA. This suggests that upon genotoxic stress, cells can convert latent p53 to one that is active for DNA binding. Surprisingly, we observed that latent p53 is as effective in activating transcription in vitro as is active p53. We found that HeLa nuclear extracts can stimulate DNA binding by latent p53 and have purified from them a p53-stimulating protein that we have determined to be the product of the Ref-1 gene. Interestingly, Ref-1 is a dual function protein that can both regulate the redox state of a number of proteins and function as a DNA repair (A/P) endonuclease. We observed that oxidized forms of full-length and carboxy-terminally truncated p53 (p53 delta30), which are inactive for DNA binding, are both stimulated by the Ref-1 protein. However, in the presence of reducing agent, Ref-1 is an extremely potent stimulator of full-length p53 but not p53 delta30. These and additional data indicate that Ref-1 protein stimulates p53 by both redox-dependent and -independent means and imply a key role for it in p53 regulation. Importantly, we have also determined that Ref-1 can stimulate p53 transactivation in vivo. This is the first example of a noncovalent protein modifier of p53 function identified in cells.
DX-890 (Dyax). (2002)

Dyax (formerly Protein Engineering Corp) and Debiopharm are developing DX-890, an inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase (HNE), for the potential treatment of pulmonary diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [242806]. In December 1999, Debiopharm initiated phase I trials with an aerosol formulation of DX-890; studies were completed by October 2000 [350718], [352554], [387155]. By August 2000, DX-890 was in phase II evaluation for the potential treatment of CF [378625], and in May 2002, Dyax planned to initiate a further study, in children with CF, within the year [451044]. By June 2002, phase II trials in CF were ongoing in France and Spain, with results expected soon after this date [454485]. In September 2000, JP Morgan predicted a 2005 launch for this drug, with estimated sales in that year of 23 US dollars million rising to 63 million US dollars in 2007 [397766].
STACC, OOV Density and N-gram Saturation: Vicomtech’s Participation in the WMT 2018 Shared Task on Parallel Corpus Filtering (2018)

We describe Vicomtech's participation in the WMT 2018 Shared Task on parallel corpus filtering. We aimed to evaluate a simple approach to the task, which can efficiently process large volumes of data and can be easily deployed for new datasets in different language pairs and domains. We based our approach on STACC, an efficient and portable method for parallel sentence identification in comparable corpora. To address the specifics of the corpus filtering task, which features significant volumes of noisy data, the core method was expanded with a penalty based on the amount of unknown words in sentence pairs. Additionally, we experimented with a complementary data saturation method based on source sentence n-grams, with the goal of demoting parallel sentence pairs that do not contribute significant amounts of yet unobserved n-grams. Our approach requires no prior training and is highly efficient on the type of large datasets featured in the corpus filtering task. We achieved competitive results with this simple and portable method, ranking in the top half among competing systems overall.
Chelation of intracellular zinc triggers apoptosis in mature thymocytes. (1993)

These experiments show that Zn2+ chelation has disparate effects on immature and mature T cells, and suggest that zinc availability controls the cell death or selection pathway during thymopoiesis.
Integrated electroosmotic pumps and flow manifolds for total chemical analysis systems (2002)

Following the trend towards smaller channel inner diameter for better separation performance and shorter channel length for shorter transport time, construction of miniaturized components for a total chemical analysis system using microlithographic methods is proposed. The system might include the so-called electroosmotic flow pump and valveless switching of flowpaths. An example structure for such a system, based on flow injection analysis and electrophoresis, is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>