gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Roles of Fetal G γ-Globin Promoter Elements and the Adult β-Globin 3′ Enhancer in the Stage-Specific Expression of Globin Genes (1990)

The human fetal G gamma-globin and adult beta-globin genes are expressed in a tissue- and developmental stage-specific pattern in transgenic mice: the G gamma gene in embryonic cells and the beta gene in fetal and adult erythroid cells. Several of the cis-acting DNA sequences thought to be responsible for these patterns of expression are located 5' to the G gamma-globin gene and 3' to the beta-globin gene. To further define the locations and functional roles of these elements, we examined the effects of 5' truncations on the expression of the G gamma-globin gene, as well as the ability of G gamma-globin upstream sequences to alter the developmental regulation of a beta-globin gene, as well as the ability of G gamma-globin upstream sequences to alter the developmental regulation of a beta-globin gene. We found that sequences between -201 and -136 are essential for expression of the G gamma-globin gene, whereas those upstream of -201 have little effect on the level or tissue or stage specificity of G gamma-globin expression. The G gamma-globin upstream sequences from -201 to -136 were, furthermore, capable of activating a linked beta-globin gene in embryonic blood cells; however, a G gamma-globin fragment from -383 to -206 was similarly active in this assay, and the complete fragment from -383 to -136 was considerably more active than either of the smaller fragments, suggesting the presence of multiple cis-acting elements for embryonic blood cells. Our data also suggested the possibility of a negative regulatory element between -201 and -136. These results are discussed in relation to several DNA elements in the G gamma-globin upstream region, which have been shown to bind nuclear factors in erythroid cells. Finally, we observed that removal of the beta-globin 3'-flanking sequences, including the 3' enhancer, from the G gamma-globin upstream-beta-globin hybrid gene resulted in a 25-fold reduction in expression in embryonic blood cells. This suggests that the beta-globin 3' enhancer is potentially active at the embryonic stage and thus cannot be solely responsible for the fetal or adult specificity of the beta-globin gene.
Heterogeneity in Breast Cancer and the Problem of Relevance of Findings (1999)

Many attempts are made to identify critical genetic events responsible for the development and progression of breast cancer. There is increasing evidence that breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, both, phenotypically as well as with respect to its molecular biologically. It is, therefore, extremely difficult to establish a diagnostically and prognostically relevant tumourigenesis model. Emerging new techniques such as microarrays, will provide us with a wealth of additional data over the next years. The precise sampling of tumour material in clearly defined histopathological lesions will be a prerequisite for the assignment of specific genetic alterations to defined stages of breast disease.
Mediation of lung metastasis of murine melanomas by a lung-specific endothelial cell adhesion molecule. (1991)

Organ-specific adhesion molecules expressed by vascular endothelial cells have been implicated in the arrest of blood-borne cancer cells in selective, secondary sites. A lung-specific endothelial cell adhesion molecule (Lu-ECAM-1) localized on endothelia of distinct branches of lung blood vessels has been purified by immunoaffinity chromatography from detergent extracts of lung matrix-modulated endothelial cells using monoclonal antibody (mAb) 6D3. It has a molecular mass of 90 kDa and promotes the selective attachment of lung-metastatic B16 melanoma cells. Corresponding with their metastatic performance, B16-F10 tumor cells selected for higher lung colonization bind to Lu-ECAM-1 in significantly higher numbers than their low lung metastatic counterpart B16-F0. Binding of B16-F0 and B16-F10 is reduced with mAb 6D3 to slightly lower levels than B16-F0 bound to Lu-ECAM-1. mAb 6D3 injected into C57BL/6 mice 1 hr prior to an i.v. challenge with B16-F10 causes a 90% reduction in the number of lung colonies compared with animals injected with control mAb (6D8 or 3C6). Lu-ECAM-1 neither binds nor effects metastasis of other lung-colonizing tumor cells (e.g., KLN205). Thus, site-specific metastasis of tumor cells is regulated by similar mechanisms as the homing of lymphocytes--namely, by the ability of blood-borne cancer cells to recognize and adhere to distinct endothelial cell adhesion molecules.
QR code recognition based on image processing (2011)

To solve the QR code recognition problem caused by ordinary camera collection, the recognition algorithm based on image processing is put forward in this paper. The whole process including image binarization, image tilt correction, image orientation, image geometric correction and image normalization allows images collected on different illumination conditions, different acquisition angles to be quickly identified. Based on other recognition algorithm, some improvements are presented in the image tilt correction, image orientation, image normalization and so on to speed up the image processing and to achieve more simply. Experiments show that the improved method can enhance the recognition speed of two-dimensional code and accuracy.
Role of nerve and muscle factors in the development of rat muscle spindles (1989)

The soleus muscles of fetal rats were examined by electron microscopy to determine whether the early differentiation of muscle spindles is dependent upon sensory innervation, motor innervation, or both. Simple unencapsulated afferent-muscle contacts were observed on the primary myotubes at 17 and 18 days of gestation. Spindles, encapsulations of muscle fibers innervated by afferents, could be recognized early on day 18 of gestation. The full complement of spindles in the soleus muscle was present at day 19, in the region of the neuromuscular hilum. More afferents innervated spindles at days 18 and 19 of gestation than at subsequent developmental stages, or in adult rats; hence, competition for available myotubes may exist among afferents early in development. Some of the myotubes that gave rise to the first intrafusal (bag2) fiber had been innervated by skeletomotor (alpha) axons prior to their incorporation into spindles. However, encapsulated intrafusal fibers received no motor innervation until fusimotor (gamma) axons innervated spindles 3 days after the arrival of afferents and formation of spindles, at day 20. The second (bag1) intrafusal fiber was already formed when gamma axons arrived. Thus, the assembly of bag1 and bag2 intrafusal fibers occurs in the presence of sensory but not gamma motor innervation. However, transient innervation of future bag2 fibers by alpha axons suggests that both sensory and alpha motor neurons may influence the initial stages of bag2 fiber assembly. The confinement of nascent spindles to a localized region of the developing muscle and the limited number of spindles in developing muscles in spite of an abundance of afferents raise the possibility that afferents interact with a special population of undifferentiated myotubes to form intrafusal fibers.
Introduction to Arithmetic Coding -- Theory and Practice (2023)

This introduction to arithmetic coding is divided in two parts. The first explains how and why arithmetic coding works. We start presenting it in very general terms, so that its simplicity is not lost under layers of implementation details. Next, we show some of its basic properties, which are later used in the computational techniques required for a practical implementation. In the second part, we cover the practical implementation aspects, including arithmetic operations with low precision, the subdivision of coding and modeling, and the realization of adaptive encoders. We also analyze the arithmetic coding computational complexity, and techniques to reduce it.
Statistical Parametric Mapping: The Analysis of Functional Brain Images (2007)

In an age where the amount of data collected from brain imaging is increasing constantly, it is of critical importance to analyse those data within an accepted framework to ensure proper integration and comparison of the information collected. This book describes the ideas and procedures that underlie the analysis of signals produced by the brain. The aim is to understand how the brain works, in terms of its functional architecture and dynamics. This book provides the background and methodology for the analysis of all types of brain imaging data, from functional magnetic resonance imaging to magnetoencephalography. Critically,Statistical Parametric Mappingprovides a widely accepted conceptual framework which allows treatment of all these different modalities. This rests on an understanding of the brain's functional anatomy and the way that measured signals are caused experimentally. The book takes the reader from the basic concepts underlying the analysis of neuroimaging data to cutting edge approaches that would be difficult to find in any other source. Critically, the material is presented in an incremental way so that the reader can understand the precedents for each new development. This book will be particularly useful to neuroscientists engaged in any form of brain mapping; who have to contend with the real-world problems of data analysis and understanding the techniques they are using. It is primarily a scientific treatment and a didactic introduction to the analysis of brain imaging data. It can be used as both a textbook for students and scientists starting to use the techniques, as well as a reference for practicing neuroscientists. The book also serves as a companion to the software packages that have been developed for brain imaging data analysis. * An essential reference and companion for users of the SPM software * Provides a complete description of the concepts and procedures entailed by the analysis of brain images * Offers full didactic treatment of the basic mathematics behind the analysis of brain imaging data * Stands as a compendium of all the advances in neuroimaging data analysis over the past decade * Adopts an easy to understand and incremental approach that takes the reader from basic statistics to state of the art approaches such as Variational Bayes * Structured treatment of data analysis issues that links different modalities and models * Includes a series of appendices and tutorial-style chapters that makes even the most sophisticated approaches accessible. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.
HLA-B27 in inbred and non-inbred transgenic mice. Cell surface expression and recognition as an alloantigen in the absence of human beta 2-microglobulin. (1988)

A gene encoding the H chain of the human class I MHC Ag HLA-B27 was introduced into the germ lines of inbred C57BL/6 (B6) and non-inbred (B6 X SJL/J) F2 mice. By immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, the HLA-B27 gene product was expressed on lymphoid cells at levels comparable to the endogenous H-2b and H-2s class I MHC molecules. In both primary and secondary MLC between responder spleen cells from non-transgenic (B6 X SJL/J) F1 mice and transgenic stimulator cells, CTL were generated that specifically lysed mouse L cell (H-2k) or human B cell targets expressing HLA-B27, and this lysis thus appeared largely unrestricted by H-2. These results indicate that transgenic mice express a functional HLA-B27 gene product on cell surfaces in the absence of the human beta 2-microglobulin gene. These transgenic mice promise to be a valuable resource in the investigation of the unique role of HLA-B27 in inflammatory human disease.
Superoxide production in rat hippocampal neurons: selective imaging with hydroethidine (1996)

Digital-imaging microfluorimetry of the oxidation of hydroethidine (HEt) to ethidium can be used to monitor superoxide (O2-) production selectively within individual rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons in culture and in brain slices. Under assay conditions, oxidation was not accomplished by hydroxyl radical, singlet O2, H2O2, or nitrogen radicals. Neuronal O2- production varied with metabolic activity and age. O2- generation increased after treatment with AMPA, kainic acid, and NMDA, and the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonylcyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl hydrazone, but usually not after depolarization (50 mM K+). O2- concentrations were sensitive to scavengers and nitric oxide. HEt oxidation was higher in Ca(2+)-containing versus Ca(2+)-free saline. However, Ca2+ ionophores did not increase oxidation greatly. H2O2 application produced a secondary increase in O2-. The major source of O2- under basal and stimulated conditions appeared to be the mitochondria. Consistent with this, ethidium staining in dendrites was punctate, colocalized with mitochondria, and blocked by CN-.
Adverse and beneficial immunological effects of purine nucleoside analogues. (1996)

Purine nucleoside analogues are a new class of drugs with activity against non-dividing lymphocytes. They should thus play a major role in the treatment of low grade lymphoid malignancies. These drugs have been shown to have strong effect in DNA synthesis on actively dividing cells, mainly through interference with DNA polymerases and ribonucleotide reductase. However, the cell cycle kinetics of low grade lymphocytic lymphomas is characterized by the presence of very low growth fractions. Hence, the action of these drugs in slowly progressing lymphoid malignancies cannot be accounted by the same mechanism observed in actively proliferating tumors and needs to be explained through activity against quiescent resting lymphocytes. Recent work has stressed the role of purine analogues in inducing programmed cell death of quiescent lymphocytes, which could be explained through the induction of accelerated DNA strand breaks. This process leads to consumption of NAD for poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, which could induce critical depletion of ATP. As this action extends to normal resting lymphocytes deleterious effects related to their immunosuppressive action are also observed, i.e. prolonged lymphopenia predominating in T cells and especially in CD4 subset, increased frequency of opportunistic infections and perhaps increase in autoimmune complications like autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Nevertheless, beneficial effects of this immunosuppressive action have also been reported in the prevention of graft-versus-host disease, graft rejection and in some autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis. Work needs to be carried out to define better the mechanisms of action of these drugs on the different immunological effectors, as well as studies in animal models of transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
When the WTO Works, and How It Fails (2010)

This Article seeks to explain when an international legal framework like the WTO can facilitate international cooperation and when it fails to do so. Using an empirical inquiry into different agreements that the WTO has attempted to facilitate—specifically intellectual property and antitrust regulation—it reveals more general principles about when and why the WTO can facilitate agreement in some situations and not others. Comparing the successful conclusion of the TRIPs Agreement and the failed attempts to negotiate a WTO antitrust agreement reveal that international cooperation is likely to emerge when the interests of powerful states are closely aligned and when concentrated interest groups within those states actively support cooperation. They further suggest that the WTO provides an optimal forum for cooperation when states need to rely on cross-issue linkages to overcome existing distributional conflicts, when the underlying issue calls for an enforcement mechanism, or when both the net benefits of the agreement and the opportunity costs of non-agreement are high. Contrasting the key differences between IP and antitrust cooperation, this Article disputes the widely held view that the strategic situation underlying IP and antitrust cooperation are similar and that the conclusion of the TRIPs Agreement is a relevant precedent predicting a successful WTO negotiation on antitrust or a host of other new regulatory issues Given the ongoing changes in the economic and political landscape, cooperation in the WTO is even more challenging today and it is possible that—absent institutional reforms—the WTO’s recent expansion may well have met its limits.
Glutathione levels and variability in breast tumors and normal tissue (1993)

GSH appears to be a marker of breast malignancy that is independent of hormonal receptor status and stage and may be a marker of cells with increased potential for dissemination. Because of tumor heterogeneity, multiple sites should be sampled whenever possible. Long-term clinical follow-up will be necessary to ascertain the usefulness of tumor and lymph node GSH levels in predicting prognosis.
Specific targeting to CD4+ cells of recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses encoding human immunodeficiency virus envelope proteins (1997)

We generated replication-competent, recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSVs) expressing the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope protein or an HIV-VSV chimeric envelope protein in which the cytoplasmic domain of the HIV envelope protein was replaced with that from the VSV glycoprotein (G). These recombinants were generated with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) envelopes from both laboratory and primary isolates of HIV-1. The replication-competent recombinant viruses were stable and expressed the foreign proteins at high levels from extra transcription units in VSV. The foreign proteins were processed appropriately and transported to the cell surface. The incorporation of HIV gp120 into VSV particles was demonstrated biochemically only for the construct expressing the chimeric envelopes containing the VSV G cytoplasmic domain. The incorporation of the chimeric HIV envelope protein into the membrane of the recombinant VSV was also demonstrated by electron microscopy with gold-conjugated antibodies. To determine whether specific infection of CD4-positive cells could be demonstrated for these recombinants, we neutralized VSV infectivity due to VSV glycoprotein with anti-VSV serum. The neutralized recombinants expressing the chimeric envelope were able to infect only HeLa cells expressing CD4, and this CD4-specific infectivity was neutralized with anti-HIV serum. This assay also detected a 100-fold-lower titer of CD4-specific infectivity for the VSV recombinant expressing the wild-type HIV envelope. Our results illustrate that it is possible to express functional HIV envelopes from the VSV genome and target the recombinant virus to an alternative receptor. The recombinants may also prove useful as HIV vaccines.
GREEN GROWTH: THE SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH MODEL (2014)

The transition of the economic growth model towards a green and sustainableone is a process that requires a reasonable and efficient combination of growth factors. The Vietnam’s economic growth in the period of 2001-2013 created an impression of the economic growth in the economic transition period. The economic growth in the last decade has been mainly in breadth and relied on investment capital and labor expansions. The growth has also relied on natural resources which exacerbated the environmental pollution. This requires Vietnam to change the economic growth model towards a green and sustainable ones. Green growth and green economic development are towards a low-carbon economy, enriching natural resources, reducing emission and increasing greenhouse gases absorption which are an inevitable tendency in the socio-economic development. The green economy enhances the living quality, social equality and significantly reduces the environmental risks and ecological scarcity. This is a new economic model which has a low emission level, uses natural resources efficiently and towards a social equality.
trans-activation of viral enhancers by the hepatitis B virus X protein (1988)

We have used the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene expression system to study the effect of the X protein of hepatitis B virus (HBV) on viral enhancers. Plasmids containing the HBV enhancer and the core gene promoter linked to the cat gene were cotransfected with a plasmid containing the X gene into the human hepatoma cell line PLC/PRF/5. Our results indicate that the transfected X gene caused a trans-activation of the HBV enhancer. If a frameshift mutation or a deletion in the X structural gene was created, this trans-activation function was abolished. This result and the observation that the frameshift mutation did not alter the transcription of X mRNA suggest that the X protein is the trans-activating factor. Using similar techniques, we found that the X protein was also capable of trans-activating the simian virus 40 (SV40) and Rous sarcoma virus enhancers (pSV2cat and pRSVcat) in CV-1 cells. However, trans-activation of the SV40 enhancer by the X protein was not observed in COS-1 cells. By cotransfecting pSV2cat and the X gene with a plasmid containing either the intact SV40 genome, the SV40 genome devoid of the T-antigen (T-ag) gene, or only the T-ag gene, we demonstrated that SV40 T-ag can suppress trans-activation by the X protein. SV40 T-ag did not inhibit expression of the X gene or inactivate the X protein. The most probable mechanism of this inhibition is that T-ag competes with the X protein for a common target.
A Continuous-Time ADC/DSP/DAC System With No Clock and With Activity-Dependent Power Dissipation (2008)

A continuous-time system that converts its analog input to a continuous-time digital representation without sampling, then processes the information digitally without the aid of a clock, is presented. Without sampling there is no aliasing, which reduces the in-band distortion power by not aliasing into band out-of-band distortion components. The 8-bit system, fabricated in a 90 nm CMOS process, utilizes continuous delay elements as part of a programmable transversal FIR filter. The input is encoded by a delta modulator without a clock into a series of non-uniformly spaced tokens, which are processed by the digital continuous-time filter and converted to an analog output using a custom DAC that guarantees there are no glitches in the output waveform. All activity is signal driven, automatically affording dynamic power scaling that tracks input activity.
In vitro and in vivo growth suppression of human papillomavirus 16-positive cervical cancer cells by e6 siRNA (2003)

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16), a causative agent of cervical cancers, encodes the E6 and E7 oncogenes, whose simultaneous expression is pivotal for malignant transformation and maintenance of malignant phenotypes. In the hope of developing a gene-specific therapy for HPV-related cancer, we examined the effects of E6 short-interfering RNA (siRNA) on the expression of these oncogenes and on the cell growth of HPV16-related cervical cancer cells. Using SiHa cervical cancer cells, we demonstrated that E6 siRNA decreased the levels of mRNA encoding E6 as well as that encoding E7 protein and also induced nuclear accumulation of p53, the most important target of E6. E6 siRNA suppressed monolayer and anchorage-independent growth of SiHa cells, which was associated with p21(CIP1/WAF1) induction and hypophosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. Further, SiHa cells treated with E6 siRNA formed tumors in NOD/SCID mice that were significantly smaller than in those treated with control siRNA. Our results show HPV E6 siRNA as a candidate for gene-specific therapy for HPV-related cervical cancer.