gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Rate of Growth of the Population of the United States since 1790 and Its Mathematical Representation (1920)

It is obviously possible in any country or community of reasonable size to determine an empirical equation, by ordinary methods of curve fitting, which will describe the normal rate of population growth. Such a determination will not necessarily give any inkling whatever as to the underlying organic laws of population growth in a particular community. It will simply give a rather exact empirical statement of the nature of the changes which have occurred in the past. No process of empirically graduating raw data with a curve-can in and of itself demonstrate the fundamental law which causes the occurring change.2 In spite of the fact that such mathematical expressions of population growth are purely empirical, they have a distinct and considerable usefulness. This use- fulness arises out of the fact that actual cotvnts of population by census methods are made at only relatively infrequent intervals, usually 10 years and practically never oftener than 5 years. For many statistical purposes, it is necessary to have as accurate an estimate as possible of the population in inter-censal years. This applies not only to the years following that on which the last census was taken, but also to the inter- censal years lying between prior censuses. For purposes of practical statistics it is highly important to have these inter-censal estimates of population as accurate as possible, particularly for the use of the vital statistician, who must have these figures for the calculation of annual death rates, birth rates, and the like.
The structure of an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis isolated from barley. (1986)

Purification of the oily, nonpolar fraction of high protein barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) flour by high pressure liquid chromatography yielded 10 major components, two (I, II) of which were potent inhibitors of cholesterogenesis in vivo and in vitro. The addition of purified inhibitor I (2.5-20 ppm) to chick diets significantly decreased hepatic cholesterogenesis and serum total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and concomitantly increased lipogenic activity. The high resolution mass spectrometric analysis and measurement of different peaks of inhibitor I gave a molecular ion at m/e 424 (C29H44O2) and main peaks at m/e 205, 203, and 165 corresponding to C13H17O2, C13H15O2, and C10H13O2 moieties, respectively. which are characteristic of d-alpha-tocotrienol. This identification was confirmed against synthetic samples. The tocotrienols are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and differ from tocopherols (vitamin E) only in three double bonds in the isoprenoid chain which appear to be essential for the inhibition of cholesterogenesis.
A new avian leukosis virus-based packaging cell line that uses two separate transcomplementing helper genomes (1990)

An avian leukosis virus-based packaging cell line was constructed from the genome of the Rous-associated virus type 1. The gag, pol, and env genes were separated on two different plasmids; the packaging signal and the 3' long terminal repeat were removed. On a plasmid expressing the gag and pol genes, the env gene was replaced by the hygromycin resistance gene. The phleomycin resistance gene was inserted in the place of the gag-pol genes on a plasmid expressing the env gene. The plasmid containing the gag, pol, and Hygror genes was transfected into QT6 cells. Clones that produced high levels of p27gag were transfected with the plasmid containing the Phleor and env genes. Clones that produced high levels of env protein (as measured by an interference assay) were tested for their ability to package NeoR-expressing replication-defective vectors (TXN3'). One of the clones (Isolde) was able to transfer the Neo+ phenotype to recipient cells at a titer of 10(5) resistance focus-forming units per ml. Titers of supernatants of cells infected with Rous-associated virus type 1 prior to transfection by Neor vectors were similar. Tests for recombination events that might result in intact helper virus showed no evidence for the generation of replication-competent virus. The use of selectable genes inserted next to the viral genes to generate high-producer packaging cell lines is discussed.
Metal Nanoshell Assembly on a Virus Bioscaffold (2005)

Chilo iridescent virus is demonstrated as a useful core substrate in the fabrication of metallodielectric, plasmonic nanostructures. A gold shell is assembled around the wild-type viral core by attaching small, 2-5-nm gold nanoparticles to the virus surface by means of the chemical functionality found inherently on the surface of the proteinaceous viral capsid. The density of these nucleation sites was maximized by reducing the repulsive forces between the gold particles through electrolyte addition. These gold nanoparticles then act as nucleation sites for the electroless deposition of gold ions from solution around the biotemplate. The optical extinction spectra of the metalloviral complex is in quantitative agreement with Mie scattering theory. Overall, the utilization of a native virus and the inherent chemical functionality of the capsid afford the ability to grow and harvest biotemplates for metallodielectric nanoshells in large quantities, potentially providing cores with a narrower size distribution and smaller diameters (below 80 nm) than for currently used silica.
The confusion about dietary fatty acids recommendations for CHD prevention (2011)

A recent meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies has not found an association between dietary saturated fat intake and CHD incidence. This funnelled the discussion about the importance of the recommendation to lower the intake of saturated fat for the prevention of CHD. At the same time a document of the European Food Safety Authority has suggested that specific quantitative recommendations are not needed for individual fatty acids but that more general statements can suffice. In this review, we discuss methodological aspects of the absence of association between SFA intake and CHD incidence in prospective cohort studies. We also summarise the results of the controlled dietary experiments on blood lipids and on CHD incidence in which saturated fat was replaced by either cis-unsaturated fat or carbohydrates. Finally, we propose a nutritionally adequate diet with an optimal fatty acid composition for the prevention of CHD in the context of dietary patterns. Such diets are characterised by a low intake of saturated fat, and as low as possible intake of trans-fat and fulfil the requirements for the intake of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids. No recommendation is needed for the intake of cis-MUFA.
Serological responses of patients with lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy to 30-, 31-, and 32-kilodalton antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1988)

Sera from patients with lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy were examined in immunoblot assays for antibodies to Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate antigens. Antibodies to 30- and 31-kilodalton proteins were present in 88 and 81%, respectively, of 16 patients with lepromatous disease and absent in 16 patients with tuberculoid disease. Antibodies to a 32-kilodalton protein were found in 12 and 38% of lepromatous and tuberculoid patients, respectively. These reactivities may be useful for distinguishing lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy.
A Local Proton Source Enhances CO 2 Electroreduction to CO by a Molecular Fe Catalyst (2012)

Lending a Hand to CO 2 Reduction Although plants and microbes have been reducing CO 2 with ease for millennia, people still find it extremely challenging. A cost-effective synthetic scheme for transforming CO 2 into fuels and commodity chemicals would be a double boon, lowering atmospheric concentration of the greenhouse gas while supplementing (and perhaps ultimately replacing) dwindling petroleum feedstocks. Toward this end, Costentin et al. (p. 90 ) show that an iron catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of CO 2 to CO gets an efficiency boost from phenol substituents appended to the ligand framework.
Developing and distributing audio applications with Visual Basic and ToolBook (1994)

&lt;span&gt;Visual Basic and ToolBook are powerful environments for developing software, and both support multimedia applications. This paper compares the capabilities of these systems for developing interactive audio applications, and finds that, as always, there are trade-offs to consider. ToolBook provides an environment more akin to that of an authoring system, but is not as parsimonious as Visual Basic when it comes to preparing executable files for distribution to users.&lt;/span&gt;
New GaInP/GaAs/GaInAs, Triple-Bandgap, Tandem Solar Cell for High-Efficiency Terrestrial Concentrator Systems (2005)

GaInP/GaAs/GaInAs three-junction cells are grown in an inverted configuration on GaAs, allowing high quality growth of the lattice matched GaInP and GaAs layers before a grade is used for the 1-eV GaInAs layer. Using this approach an efficiency of 37.9% was demonstrated.
Picture archiving and communication in radiology. (2003)

After over 80 years of exclusive archiving of radiologic films, at present, in Radiology, digital archiving is increasingly gaining ground. Digital archiving allows a considerable reduction in costs and space saving, but most importantly, immediate or remote consultation of all examinations and reports in the hospital clinical wards, is feasible. The RIS system, in this case, is the starting point of the process of electronic archiving which however is the task of PACS. The latter can be used as radiologic archive in accordance with the law provided that it is in conformance with some specifications as the use of optical long-term storage media or with electronic track of change. PACS archives, in a hierarchical system, all digital images produced by each diagnostic imaging modality. Images and patient data can be retrieved and used for consultation or remote consultation by the reporting radiologist who requires images and reports of previous radiologic examinations or by the referring physician of the ward. Modern PACS owing to the WEB server allow remote access to extremely simplified images and data however ensuring the due regulations and access protections. Since the PACS enables a simpler data communication within the hospital, security and patient privacy should be protected. A secure and reliable PACS should be able to minimize the risk of accidental data destruction, and should prevent non authorized access to the archive with adequate security measures in relation to the acquired knowledge and based on the technological advances. Archiving of data produced by modern digital imaging is a problem now present also in small Radiology services. The technology is able to readily solve problems which were extremely complex up to some years ago as the connection between equipment and archiving system owing also to the universalization of the DICOM 3.0 standard. The evolution of communication networks and the use of standard protocols as TCP/IP can minimize problems of data and image remote transmission within the healthcare enterprise as well as over the territory. However, new problems are appearing as that of digital data security profiles and of the different systems which should ensure it. Among these, algorithms of electronic signature should be mentioned. In Italy they are validated by law and therefore can be used in digital archives in accordance with the law.
ELECTROSTRICTIVE ACTUATORS: MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS. (1986)

Recents developpements concernant les actuateurs piezoelectriques et electrostrictifs. Nouveaux materiaux tels que les ceramiques a base de titanate zirconate de plomb (PZT) et de niobate de magnesium et de plomb (PMN)
Production of d-arabitol by a newly isolated Zygosaccharomyces rouxii (2007)

A newly isolated Zygosaccharomyces rouxii NRRL 27,624 produced D-arabitol as the main metabolic product from glucose. In addition, it also produced ethanol and glycerol. The optimal conditions were temperature 30 degrees C, pH 5.0, 350 rpm, and 5% inoculum. The yeast produced 83.4 +/- 1.1 g D-arabitol from 175 +/- 1.1 g glucose per liter at pH 5.0, 30 degrees C, and 350 rpm in 240 h with a yield of 0.48 g/g glucose. It also produced D-arabitol from fructose, galactose, and mannose. The yeast produced D-arabitol and xylitol from xylose and also from a mixture of xylose and xylulose. Resting yeast cells produced 63.6 +/- 1.9 g D-arabitol from 175 +/- 1.8 g glucose per liter in 210 h at pH 5.0, 30 degrees C and 350 rpm with a yield of 0.36 g/g glucose. The yeast has potential to be used for production of xylitol from glucose via D-arabitol route.
Molecular basis of cell recognition during fertilization in higher plants (1985)

The molecular basis of recognition between plant cells is incompletely understood. Some principles established for recognition between animal cells may well apply to plant cell recognition, although, in contrast to animal cells, plant cells are encased by cell walls that play an active role in plant cell-cell recognition. The interaction that controls fertilization in flowering plants involves recognition between pollen or pollen tubes and the female sexual tissues. In many flowering plant families, self-incompatibility (S) genes operate to prevent inbreeding. In plants that have gametophytically controlled self-incompatibility, recognition of common S alleles in pollen tube and style results in arrest of pollen tube growth within the style. Self-incompatibility therefore provides a model cell-cell recognition system that is genetically defined. We have taken two approaches to defining cell recognition involved in gametophytic self-incompatibility in Nicotianas alata. Firstly, we have established the major features of the pollen tube wall and the matrix of the style transmitting tissue that are in contact with the growing pollen tube. Secondly, we have established the nature of style glycoproteins that are associated with the S genotype and have initiated a program to clone the genes coding for the protein component of these glycoproteins. Analyses of the pollen tube are consistent with the major polymers being a (1----3)-beta-D-glucan (callose) and a (1----5)-alpha-L-arabinan. The pollen tube has two distinct layers: gold immunocytochemistry using a monoclonal antibody directed to terminal alpha-L-arabinosyl residues shows the binding is confined to the outer layers. The major component of the extracellular matrix of the style transmitting tissue is a family of proteoglycans, the arabinogalactan-proteins. A major glycoprotein that segregates with the S2 allele is present in extracts of mature styles. This component has a high pI (greater than 9.5) and an apparent molecular weight of 32 X 10(3). It is not present in extracts of immature styles of N. alata genotypes bearing the S2 allele, or in extracts from other organs of N. alata or styles of other members of the Solanaceae. The isolated glycoprotein is an effective inhibitor of in vitro pollen tube growth. This evidence suggests that the S2-associated glycoprotein is either the product of the S2 allele, or a gene closely associated with the S gene. We have prepared a cDNA library from styles of one genotype and are screening this library with mRNA from mature and immature styles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Circulating Levels of Peroxiredoxin 4 as a Novel Biomarker of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Sepsis (2011)

Oxidative stress, a situation with increased reactive oxygen species production and/or decreased antioxidant defense mechanisms, is evident in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Peroxiredoxin 4 (Prx4) is a hydrogen peroxide degrading peroxidase recently found circulating in blood of septic patients and potentially reflecting an antioxidant system in imbalance. We studied Prx4 serum levels of 79 consecutively enrolled medical intensive care unit patients. The diagnostic and prognostic performance of Prx4 was compared with other biomarkers, the APACHE II score and the SOFA score. Median Prx4 serum levels gradually increased with disease severity in patients classified on admission as having systemic immune response syndrome (2.32 arbitrary [arb.] U/L), sepsis (5.02 arb. U/L), severe sepsis (11.7 arb. U/L), or septic shock (11.4 arb. U/L). A positive correlation was found with the severity score Acute Physiological and Chronic Health Evaluation II (r = 0.27, P < 0.05) and the organ failure score Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (r = 0.55, P < 0.0001). Peroxiredoxin 4 correlated with the sepsis marker procalcitonin (r = 0.61, P < 0.0001), the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (r = 0.65, P < 0.0001) and interleukin 6 (r = 0.62, P < 0.0001), and antioxidant blood compounds total bilirubin (r = 0.37, P < 0.001) and albumin (r = -0.54, P < 0.0001). Peroxiredoxin 4 distinguished noninfectious from infectious inflammatory response syndrome with an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.82. [corrected] High Prx4 serum levels were associated with a poor prognosis of septic patients and revealed an area under the ROC curve of 0.76 in prediction of in-hospital mortality. In this study, elevated serum levels of the antioxidant Prx4 were associated with an increased disease severity and adverse outcome of critically ill patients with sepsis. Peroxiredoxin 4 may therefore be a helpful new biomarker for diagnosing, monitoring, and risk assessing these patients. The pathophysiological mechanisms behind the observed increase remain to be elucidated.
Hedgehog and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition signaling in normal and malignant epithelial cells of the esophagus (2009)

It has been established that the Hedgehog (Hh) and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signals act on morphogenesis of embryonic and adult tissues. Recently, both signals have been involved in tumor malignancy. However, little is known as to whether Hh and EMT signals act on normal and malignant epithelial cells in the esophagus. By laser microdissection (LMD)-based microarray and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in the undifferentiated and differentiated epithelial cells of the esophagus, we compared the expression profiles of Hh and EMT signaling molecules of these cells with those of cancers. Whether and how both signalings act in undifferentiated cells and in cancer cells are investigated by treatment of a Hh-signal inhibitor and/or siRNAs of Hh and EMT transcriptional key regulator genes on a mouse primary culture and on human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines. Undifferentiated esophageal epithelial cells and most ESCCs coexpressed Hh and EMT signaling genes. Some mesenchymal-related genes were regulated by an EMT regulator SIP1/ZEB2/ZFHX1B, which was a downstream gene of a primary transcriptional transducer GLI1 in Hh signaling. Hh signal block inhibited esophageal keratinocyte differentiation and cancer cell invasion and growth. These findings suggest that the mesenchymal gene expression of undifferentiated cells is maintained or strengthened in cancer cells through Hh signaling. This is a first report showing the presence of crosstalk between Hh and EMT pathways.
Systems man and cybernetics (2003)

The paper presents an evaluation model for the location decisions of road-rail intermodal freight hub.The problem of optimizing individual freight actor's benefits is addressed in the model which comprises four different modules.Each of the modules represents a hub user, a hub owner or operator, a transport network infrastructure provider and the affected local community.The model is aimed at providing comprehensive operational, economic and environmental criteria for location evaluation decisions pertinent to every stakeholder involved.
Quantifying Application Behavior Space for Detection and Self-Healing (2006)

The increasing sophistication of software attacks has created the need for increasingly finer-grained intrusion and anomaly detection systems, both at the network and the host level. We believe that the next generation of defense mechanisms will require a much more detailed dynamic analysis of application behavior than is currently done. We also note that the same type of behavior analysis is needed by the current embryonic attempts at self-healing systems. Because such mechanisms are currently perceived as too expensive in terms of their performance impact, questions relating to the feasibility and value of such analysis remain unexplored and unanswered. We present a new mechanism for profiling the behavior space of an application by analyzing all function calls made by the process, including regular functions and library calls, as well as system calls. We derive behavior from aspects of both control and data flow. We show how to build and check profiles that contain this information at the binary level -- that is, without making changes to the application's source, the operating system, or the compiler. This capability makes our system, Lugrind, applicable to a variety of software, including COTS applications. Profiles built for the applications we tested can predict behavior with 97% accuracy given a context window of 15 functions. Lugrind demonstrates the feasibility of combining binary-level behavior profiling with detection and automated repair.
A FAMILIAL HEMORRHAGIC TRAIT ASSOCIATED WITH A DEFICIENCY OF A CLOT-PROMOTING FRACTION OF PLASMA 1 (1955)

Recently, three patients have been studied in whom the clotting time of venous blood was greatly prolonged. None of the patients had significant hemorrhagic symptoms. The trait was apparently familial and appeared in both sexes. The pa- tients' disorder could not be identified with any known bleeding disease. However, in each case, the plasma was deficient in a substance found in normal globulin which accelerated the clotting of normal, platelet-deficient plasma.
Reactions of triarylsulfonium salts with bases (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of triarylsulfonium salts with basesJerome W. Knapczyk and William E. McEwenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 1, 145–150Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01029a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01029a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views409Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts