gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic modes of red blood cells in oscillatory shear flow (2010)

The dynamics of red blood cells (RBCs) in oscillatory shear flow was studied using differential equations of three variables: a shape parameter, the inclination angle θ, and phase angle ϕ of the membrane rotation. In steady shear flow, three types of dynamics occur depending on the shear rate and viscosity ratio. (i) tank-treading (TT): ϕ rotates while the shape and θ oscillate. (ii) tumbling (TB): θ rotates while the shape and ϕ oscillate. (iii) intermediate motion: both ϕ and θ rotate synchronously or intermittently. In oscillatory shear flow, RBCs show various dynamics based on these three motions. For a low shear frequency with zero mean shear rate, a limit-cycle oscillation occurs, based on the TT or TB rotation at a high or low shear amplitude, respectively. This TT-based oscillation well explains recent experiments. In the middle shear amplitude, RBCs show an intermittent or synchronized oscillation. As shear frequency increases, the vesicle oscillation becomes delayed with respect to the shear oscillation. At a high frequency, multiple limit-cycle oscillations coexist. The thermal fluctuations can induce transitions between two orbits at very low shear amplitudes. For a high mean shear rate with small shear oscillation, the shape and θ oscillate in the TT motion but only one attractor exists even at high shear frequencies. The measurement of these oscillatory modes is a promising tool for quantifying the viscoelasticity of RBCs, synthetic capsules, and lipid vesicles.
Degradation of the pyrimidine bases uracil and thymine by Escherichia coli B. (1987)

Degradation of the pyrimidine bases uracil and thymine by Escherichia coli B was investigated. The known products of the reductive pathway of pyrimidine base catabolism were tested to determine if they could support the growth of E. coli B cells as sole sources of nitrogen or carbon. As might be expected if the reductive pathway was present, it was found that dihydrouracil, N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine, beta-alanine, dihydrothymine and beta-aminoisobutyric acid could sustain the growth of the bacterial cells as sole nitrogen sources by at least a fourteen-fold greater level than that observed if they were included as sole carbon sources. The existence of the reductive pathway of pyrimidine base degradation was confirmed in this micro-organism, since dihydrouracil, N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine and beta-alanine were detected following thin-layer chromatographic separation of the catabolic products of uracil and dihydrouracil.
GABAergic Neuron Deficit As An Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy Mechanism: The Role Of BRD2 Haploinsufficiency In Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (2011)

Idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) syndromes represent about 30% of all epilepsies. They have strong, but elusive, genetic components and sex-specific seizure expression. Multiple linkage and population association studies have connected the bromodomain-containing gene BRD2 to forms of IGE. In mice, a null mutation at the homologous Brd2 locus results in embryonic lethality while heterozygous Brd2+/- mice are viable and overtly normal. However, using the flurothyl model, we now show, that compared to the Brd2+/+ littermates, Brd2+/- males have a decreased clonic, and females a decreased tonic-clonic, seizure threshold. Additionally, long-term EEG/video recordings captured spontaneous seizures in three out of five recorded Brd2+/- female mice. Anatomical analysis of specific regions of the brain further revealed significant differences in Brd2+/- vs +/+ mice. Specifically, there were decreases in the numbers of GABAergic (parvalbumin- or GAD67-immunopositive) neurons along the basal ganglia pathway, i.e., in the neocortex and striatum of Brd2+/- mice, compared to Brd2+/+ mice. There were also fewer GABAergic neurons in the substantia nigra reticulata (SNR), yet there was a minor, possibly compensatory increase in the GABA producing enzyme GAD67 in these SNR cells. Further, GAD67 expression in the superior colliculus and ventral medial thalamic nucleus, the main SNR outputs, was significantly decreased in Brd2+/- mice, further supporting GABA downregulation. Our data show that the non-channel-encoding, developmentally critical Brd2 gene is associated with i) sex-specific increases in seizure susceptibility, ii) the development of spontaneous seizures, and iii) seizure-related anatomical changes in the GABA system, supporting BRD2's involvement in human IGE.
Molecular haplotyping at high throughput (2002)

Reconstruction of haplotypes, or the allelic phase, of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is a key component of studies aimed at the identification and dissection of genetic factors involved in complex genetic traits. In humans, this often involves investigation of SNPs in case/control or other cohorts in which the haplotypes can only be partially inferred from genotypes by statistical approaches with resulting loss of power. Moreover, alternative statistical methodologies can lead to different evaluations of the most probable haplotypes present, and different haplotype frequency estimates when data are ambiguous. Given the cost and complexity of SNP studies, a robust and easy-to-use molecular technique that allows haplotypes to be determined directly from individual DNA samples would have wide applicability. Here, we present a reliable, automated and high-throughput method for molecular haplotyping in 2 kb, and potentially longer, sequence segments that is based on the physical determination of the phase of SNP alleles on either of the individual paternal haploids. We demonstrate that molecular haplotyping with this technique is not more complicated than SNP genotyping when implemented by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry, and we also show that the method can be applied using other DNA variation detection platforms. Molecular haplotyping is illustrated on the well-described beta(2)-adrenergic receptor gene.
Reconstructive problems in canine liver homotransplantation with special reference to the postoperative role of hepatic venous flow. (1960)

The homologous canine liver has been transplanted to recipient animals in which total hepatectomy and splenectomy have been performed. The longest survival after placement of the liver homograft was 20 1/2 days. Protection from hepatic ischemia for as long as 2 hours was obtained by cooling the donor liver to 10 to 20 degrees C. The arterial supply was restored through a hepatic artery-aortic pedicle which was removed in continuity with the liver and anastomosed to the descending aorta of the recipient. Internal biliary drainage was established. The volume of venous flow transmitted to the transplanted liver has been shown to be an important determinant of success. When this was excessive, as when both the portal and inferior caval flows were directed through the liver, hepatic and splanchnic beds. When the portal flow was normal or reduced, outflow block rarely occurred. An attempt has been made to relate the development of outflow block as it occurred in the transplanted liver to other circumstances, including hemorrhagic shock, in which similar phenomena have been observed.
Next-Generation Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2013)

Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as one of the most-significant health care problems of the new millennium, and the clinical microbiology laboratory plays a central role in optimizing the therapeutic management of patients with infection. This minireview explores the potential value of innovative methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of microorganisms that could provide valuable alternatives to existing methodologies in the very near future.
Complexity of Social Interactions in Collaborative Learning: The Case of Online Database Environment (2010)

An international association advancing the multidisciplinary study of informing systems. Founded in 1998, the Informing Science Institute (ISI) is a global community of academics shaping the future of informing science.
Stable Pixel Circuit for Small-Area High-Resolution a-Si:H AMOLED Displays (2008)

This paper reviews the challenges associated with development of stable and uniform active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) displays. The major issues considered are temporal and spatial non-uniformities, settling time and frame rate, aperture ratio, power consumption, and thermal run-away. We present a charge based driving scheme is introduced along with measurement results. This driving scheme can provide for over 20,000 hours of lifetime, and large aperture ratio.
Highly efficient siRNA delivery from core–shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles with multifunctional polymer caps (2015)

A new general route for siRNA delivery is presented combining porous core-shell silica nanocarriers with a modularly designed multifunctional block copolymer. Specifically, the internal storage and release of siRNA from mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) with orthogonal core-shell surface chemistry was investigated as a function of pore-size, pore morphology, surface properties and pH. Very high siRNA loading capacities of up to 380 μg per mg MSN were obtained with charge-matched amino-functionalized mesoporous cores, and release profiles show up to 80% siRNA elution after 24 h. We demonstrate that adsorption and desorption of siRNA is mainly driven by electrostatic interactions, which allow for high loading capacities even in medium-sized mesopores with pore diameters down to 4 nm in a stellate pore morphology. The negatively charged MSN shell enabled the association with a block copolymer containing positively charged artificial amino acids and oleic acid blocks, which acts simultaneously as capping and endosomal release agent. The potential of this multifunctional delivery platform is demonstrated by highly effective cell transfection and siRNA delivery into KB-cells. A luciferase reporter gene knock-down of up to 80-90% was possible using extremely low cell exposures with only 2.5 μg MSN containing 0.5 μg siRNA per 100 μL well.
Early Trauma and Increased Risk for Physical Aggression during Adulthood: The Moderating Role of MAOA Genotype (2007)

Previous research has reported that a functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene promoter can moderate the association between early life adversity and increased risk for violence and antisocial behavior. In this study of a combined population of psychiatric outpatients and healthy volunteers (N = 235), we tested the hypothesis that MAOA genotype moderates the association between early traumatic life events (ETLE) experienced during the first 15 years of life and the display of physical aggression during adulthood, as assessed by the Aggression Questionnaire. An ANOVA model including gender, exposure to early trauma, and MAOA genotype as between-subjects factors showed significant MAOAxETLE (F(1,227) = 8.20, P = 0.005) and genderxMAOAxETLE (F(1,227) = 7.04, P = 0.009) interaction effects. Physical aggression scores were higher in men who had experienced early traumatic life events and who carried the low MAOA activity allele (MAOA-L). We repeated the analysis in the subgroup of healthy volunteers (N = 145) to exclude that the observed GxE interactions were due to the inclusion of psychiatric patients in our sample and were not generalizable to the population at large. The results for the subgroup of healthy volunteers were identical to those for the entire sample. The cumulative variance in the physical aggression score explained by the ANOVA effects involving the MAOA polymorphism was 6.6% in the entire sample and 12.1% in the sub-sample of healthy volunteers. Our results support the hypothesis that, when combined with exposure to early traumatic life events, low MAOA activity is a significant risk factor for aggressive behavior during adulthood and suggest that the use of dimensional measures focusing on behavioral aspects of aggression may increase the likelihood of detecting significant gene-by-environment interactions in studies of MAOA-related aggression.
Heart mitochondria: gates of life and death (2007)

Mitochondria are important generators of energy, providing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. However, mitochondria also monitor complex information from the environment and intracellular milieu, including the presence or absence of growth factors, oxygen, reactive oxygen species, and DNA damage. Mitochondria have been implicated in the loss of cells in various cardiac pathologies, including ischaemia/reperfusion injury, cardiomyopathy, and congestive heart failure. The release of factors such as cytochrome c, Smac, Omi/Htr2A, and AIF from mitochondria serves to activate a highly complex and regulated cell death program. Furthermore, mitochondrial calcium overload might trigger opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, causing uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, swelling of the mitochondria due to influx of water, and rupture of the mitochondrial outer membrane. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondria in the control of cell death in cardiac myocytes.
Bulk Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (1999)

Bulk controlled radical polymerizations allow for the preparation of polymers with controlled molecular weights, end functionalities and low polydispersities. It is possible, using these systems, to control chain architecture and composition and to prepare segmented copolymers such as block and graft copolymers. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is one of the most robust controlled radical systems and has been successfully used for bulk polymerization of substituted styrenes and functional (meth)acrylates. Several peculiarities of bulk controlled radical polymerization such as the absence of the Trommsdorf effect, chain length dependent termination, importance of side reactions and contribution of self-initiation are discussed.
ChemInform Abstract: MAPO‐18 (M: Mg, Zn, Co): A New Family of Catalysts for the Conversion of Methanol to Light Olefins. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Gastroprotective effect and cytotoxicity of abietane diterpenes from the Chilean Lamiaceae <I>Sphacele chamaedryoides</I> (Balbis) Briq. (2009)

Americanae nace como un proyecto conjunto que surge dentro de la Red Europea de Información y Documentación sobre América Latina (REDIAL), y que ha afrontado la Biblioteca de la Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo (AECID). Esta nueva biblioteca virtual hace más accesibles los libros digitales de tema americanista a los investigadores y usuarios interesados de cualquier parte del mundo.
Functional properties of complement factor H‐related proteins FHR‐3 and FHR‐4: binding to the C3d region of C3b and differential regulation by heparin (1999)

The human factor H-related proteins FHR-3 and FHR4 are members of a family of proteins related to the complement factor H. Here, we report that the two proteins bind to the C3d region of complement C3b. The apparent K(A) values for the interactions of FHR-3 and FHR-4 with C3b are 7.5 x 10(6) M(-1) and 2.9 x 10(6) M(-1), respectively. Binding studies performed with C3b-coated pneumococci confirmed the results obtained with the biosensor system. A C-terminal construct of factor H showed similar binding characteristics. The interaction of FHR-3, but not of FHR4, with opsonised pneumococci was inhibited by heparin.
A recurrent neural network for closed-loop intracortical brain–machine interface decoders (2012)

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are useful tools for learning nonlinear relationships in time series data with complex temporal dependences. In this paper, we explore the ability of a simplified type of RNN, one with limited modifications to the internal weights called an echostate network (ESN), to effectively and continuously decode monkey reaches during a standard center-out reach task using a cortical brain-machine interface (BMI) in a closed loop. We demonstrate that the RNN, an ESN implementation termed a FORCE decoder (from first order reduced and controlled error learning), learns the task quickly and significantly outperforms the current state-of-the-art method, the velocity Kalman filter (VKF), using the measure of target acquire time. We also demonstrate that the FORCE decoder generalizes to a more difficult task by successfully operating the BMI in a randomized point-to-point task. The FORCE decoder is also robust as measured by the success rate over extended sessions. Finally, we show that decoded cursor dynamics are more like naturalistic hand movements than those of the VKF. Taken together, these results suggest that RNNs in general, and the FORCE decoder in particular, are powerful tools for BMI decoder applications.
Apolipoprotein E in neurology (1996)

Apolipoprotein E became relevant for neurologists in 1993 when the association of the apolipoprotein E-epsilon 4 allele with familial and sporadic late-onset Alzheimer disease was reported. Since that time, more than 100 confirmations and many research papers have appeared. A large neurobiological literature concerning the role of apolipoprotein E in the metabolism of the central nervous system is developing.
Enhancing Named Entity Extraction by Effectively Incorporating the Crowd. (2013)

Abstract: Named entity extraction is an established research area in the field of information extraction. When tailored to aspecific domain and with sufficient pre-labeled training data, state-of-the-art extraction algorithms have achieved near human performance. However, when presented with semi-structured data, informal text or unknown domains where training data is not available, extraction results can deteriorate significantly. Recent research has focused on crowdsourcing as an alternative toautomatic named entity extraction or as atool togenerate the required training data. While humans easily adapt to semi-structured data and informal style, acrowd-based approach also introduces new issues due to monetary costs or spamming. We address these issues by combining automatic named entity extraction algorithms with crowdsourcing into ahybrid approach. We have conducted awide range of experiments on real world data to identify aset of subtasks or operators, that can be performed either by the crowd or automatically. Results show that ameaningful combination of these operators into complex processing pipelines can significantly enhance the quality ofnamed entity extraction in challenging scenarios, while at the same time reducing the monetary costs of crowdsourcing and the risk of misuse. 1
Normalization of Insulin Responses to Glucose by Overnight Infusion of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (7–36) Amide in Patients With NIDDM (1996)

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a natural enteric incretin hormone, which is a potent insulin secretogogue in vitro and in vivo in humans. Its effects on overnight glucose concentrations and the specific phases of insulin response to glucose and nonglucose secretogogues in subjects with NIDDM are not known. We compared the effects of overnight intravenous infusion of GLP-1 (7-36) amide with saline infusion, on overnight plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and glucagon in eight subjects with NIDDM. The effects on basal (fasting) beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity were assessed using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and compared with seven age- and weight-matched nondiabetic control subjects. The GLP-1 infusion was continued, and the first- and second-phase insulin responses to a 2-h 13 mmol/l hyperglycemic clamp and the insulin response to a subsequent bolus of the nonglucose secretogogue, arginine, were measured. These were compared with similar measurements recorded after the overnight saline infusion and in the control subjects who were not receiving GLP-1. The effects on stimulated beta-cell function of lowering plasma glucose per se were assessed by a separate overnight infusion of soluble insulin, the rate of which was adjusted to mimic the blood glucose profile achieved with GLP-1. Infusion of GLP-1 resulted in significant lowering of overnight plasma glucose concentrations compared with saline, with mean postabsorptive glucose concentrations (2400-0800) of 5.6 +/- 0.8 and 7.8 +/- 1.4 mmol/l, respectively (P < 0.0002). Basal beta-cell function assessed by HOMA was improved from geometric mean (1 SD range), 45% beta (24-85) to 91% beta (55-151) by GLP-1 (P < 0.0004). First-phase incremental insulin response to glucose was improved by GLP-1 from 8 pmol/l (-8-33) to 116 pmol/l (12-438) (P < 0.005), second-phase insulin response to glucose from 136 pmol/l (53-352) to 1,156 pmol/l (357-3,748) (P < 0.0002), and incremental insulin response to arginine from 443 pmol/l (172-1,144) to 811 pmol/l (272-2,417) (P < 0.002). All responses on GLP-1 were not significantly different from nondiabetic control subjects. Reduction of overnight glucose by exogenous insulin did not improve any of the phases of stimulated beta-cell function. Prolonged intravenous infusion of GLP-1 thus significantly lowered overnight glucose concentrations in subjects with NIDDM and improved both basal and stimulated beta-cell function to nondiabetic levels. It may prove to be a useful agent in the reduction of hyperglycemia in NIDDM.
Prototype of innovative wheel direct drive with water-cooled axial-flux PM motor for electric vehicle applications (2002)

This paper presents an innovative wheel direct drive which uses a novel topology of axial-flux permanent magnet machine having multi-stage structure and water-cooled air-wound stator winding. Battery supply of the motor is accomplished by means of a water-cooled IGBT power electronic interface which is the cascade of a bidirectional DC-to-DC buck-boost converter and current regulated PWM inverter. The paper discusses design and construction of a 25 kW prototype of the proposed wheel direct drive, which will find application in the propulsion system of a novel city car.
Comparative porphyrin content in tumors with contiguous non-neoplastic tissues. (1979)

The porphyrin content in primary human carcinomas, their metastases and the contiguous non-neoplastic tissues were compared. The level of porphyrins in primary internal organ tumors was greater, and in endocrine gland tumors lesser, than in their contiguous non-neoplastic tissues. Neoplastic metastases to the liver contained less porphyrin than the host tissue. Metastases both to the liver and to the kidney were characterized by higher pyrrole pigment content than that in the primary tumors.