gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Derivation and Analysis of Basic Computational Operations of Thalamocortical Circuits (2004)

Shared anatomical and physiological features of primary, secondary, tertiary, polysensory, and associational neocortical areas are used to formulate a novel extended hypothesis of thalamocortical circuit operation. A simplified anatomically based model of topographically and nontopographically projecting ("core" and "matrix") thalamic nuclei, and their differential connections with superficial, middle, and deep neocortical laminae, is described. Synapses in the model are activated and potentiated according to physiologically based rules. Features incorporated into the models include differential time courses of excitatory versus inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, differential axonal arborization of pyramidal cells versus interneurons, and different laminar afferent and projection patterns. Observation of the model's responses to static and time-varying inputs indicates that topographic "core" circuits operate to organize stored memories into natural similarity-based hierarchies, whereas diffuse "matrix" circuits give rise to efficient storage of time-varying input into retrievable sequence chains. Examination of these operations shows their relationships with well-studied algorithms for related functions, including categorization via hierarchical clustering, and sequential storage via hash- or scatter-storage. Analysis demonstrates that the derived thalamocortical algorithms exhibit desirable efficiency, scaling, and space and time cost characteristics. Implications of the hypotheses for central issues of perceptual reaction times and memory capacity are discussed. It is conjectured that the derived functions are fundamental building blocks recurrent throughout the neocortex, which, through combination, gives rise to powerful perceptual, motor, and cognitive mechanisms.
Anti-inflammatory effect of tribulusamide D isolated from Tribulus terrestris in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages (2017)

Tribulus terrestris (T. terrestris) has been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including inflammation, edema and hypertension. The aqueous and ethanol extracts of T. terrestris contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, quinines and phenolic compounds. Tribulusamide D is a compound that has been isolated from the ethanol extract of T. terrestris. The present study investigated the anti‑inflammatory effect of tribulusamide D on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Tribulusamide D inhibited the production of LPS‑induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, by reducing the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‑2 expression, respectively. The expression of these genes associated with inflammation was determined using reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Furthermore, tribulusamide D reduced the expression of LPS‑induced inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)‑6, IL‑10 and tumor necrosis factor‑α. They were quantified using an enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, the present study confirmed that the inhibitory effects of tribulusamide D on the inflammatory response were mediated through inactivation of mitogen‑activated protein kinase p38 and inhibition of nuclear localization of nuclear factor‑B, which were also determined by western blot analysis. To the best of our knowledge, the current study is the first to demonstrate that tribulusamide D exerts anti‑inflammatory activity by altering the expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, indicating that tribulusamide D could be developed as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
Identification of Erythrocyte p55/MPP1 as a Binding Partner of NF2 Tumor Suppressor Protein/Merlin (2009)

Neurofibromatosis type 2 is an inherited disorder characterized by the development of benign and malignant tumors on the auditory nerves and central nervous system with symptoms including hearing loss, poor balance, skin lesions, and cataracts. Here, we report a novel protein-protein interaction between NF2 protein (merlin or schwannomin) and erythrocyte p55, also designated as MPP1. The p55 is a conserved scaffolding protein with postulated functions in cell shape, hair cell development, and neural patterning of the retina. The FERM domain of NF2 protein binds directly to p55, and surface plasmon resonance analysis indicates a specific interaction with a kD value of 3.7 nM. We developed a specific monoclonal antibody against human erythrocyte p55, and found that both p55 and NF2 proteins are colocalized in the non-myelin-forming Schwann cells. This finding suggests that the p55-NF2 protein interaction may play a functional role in the regulation of apico-basal polarity and tumor suppression pathways in non-erythroid cells.
Fe-Based Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction in PEM Fuel Cells (2004)

Fe-based catalysts for reduction have been prepared on four carbon supports (Vulcan, Black Pearl, Norit, and a developmental carbon, RC2, from Sid Richardson Carbon Corp.). Four preparation procedures have been used with each carbon support and the catalytic activities for the reduction of oxygen in pH 1, and in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell tests are compared for all the catalysts, which are nominally loaded with 0.2 wt % Fe, using acetate as Fe precursor. The catalytic activity of these Fe-based catalysts greatly depends upon the chosen carbon support and also upon the preparation procedure used. The results are rationalized in terms of N content at the surface of the catalysts; the larger the N content, the better the catalytic activity. The best catalysts are obtained after refluxing either RC2 or Norit in before adsorbing iron acetate on the oxidized carbon supports and heat-treating the resulting materials at 900°C in an atmosphere containing The surface nitrogen content of these catalysts, measured by XPS, is 2.5 and 4.1 atom %, respectively. For the Fe-based catalyst prepared on Norit and tested in fuel cell, the mass activity at low current regime, expressed in A/mg Fe, is only slightly lower than the A/mg Pt recorded for a state-of-the-art, Pt-based membrane electrode assembly. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Up-Regulation by Ammonium Trichloro(Dioxoethylene-0,0′) Tellurate (AS101) of Fas/Apo-1 Expression on B16 Melanoma Cells: Implications for the Antitumor Effects of AS101 (1998)

It was recently reported that human and mouse melanoma cells express Fas ligand (FasL) but almost no Fas, which may contribute to their immune privilege. AS101 (ammonium trichloro(dioxoethylene-0,0')tellurate), a synthetic immunomodulator with minimal toxicity, was found to have antitumor effects in various tumor models. Our present study shows that AS101 has direct and indirect effects on tumor cells; AS101 inhibits the clonogenicity of B16 melanoma cells in vitro. Moreover, wild-type P53 expression, which is required for induction of Apo-1 expression, increased significantly in AS101-treated cells. We therefore investigated Fas expression in AS101-treated B16 cells and found that Fas, but not FasL, expression was significantly increased; moreover, Fas receptors were functional. Longer incubation with AS101 resulted in spontaneous apoptosis triggered by the Fas-FasL system. To explore the relationship of these results to the antitumor effects of AS101, we injected B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice carrying the lpr mutation in the Fas gene and to gld mutant mice that lack functional FasL. Tumor development in control groups was lowest in the lpr mice, while no difference was observed between gld and wild-type mice. Among the AS101-treated groups, the most pronounced effect appeared in the lpr mice, while the lowest was seen in the gld mutant mice. Our study suggests that AS101 may render melanoma tumor cells more sensitive to Fas/FasL-induced apoptosis and may therefore have clinical potential.
HELIUM CONCENTRATION DECREASE DUE TO AIR ENTRAINMENT INTO GLASS FIBER COOLING UNIT IN A HIGH SPEED OPTICAL FIBER DRAWING PROCESS (2010)

In a modern high speed drawing process of optical fibers, it is necessary to use helium as a cooling gas in a glass fiber cooling unit in order to sufficiently cool down the fast moving glass fiber freshly drawn from the heated silica preform in the furnace. Since the air is entrained unavoidably when the glass fiber passes through the cooling unit, the helium is needed to be injected constantly into the cooling unit. The present numerical study investigates and analyzes the air entrainment using an axisymmetric geometry of glass fiber cooling unit. The effects of helium injection rate and direction on the air entrainment rate are discussed in terms of helium purity of cooling gas inside the cooling unit. For a given rate of helium injection, it is found that there exists a certain drawing speed that results in sudden increase in the air entrainment rate, which leads to the decreasing helium purity and therefore the cooling performance of the glass fiber cooling unit. Also, the helium injection in aiding direction is found to be more advantageous than the injection in opposing direction.
IL-5- and eosinophil-mediated inflammation: from discovery to therapy (2009)

IL-5 was originally defined as a T-cell-derived cytokine that triggers activated B cells for terminal differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells, at least in mice. Concurrently, IL-5 was recognized as the major maturation and differentiation factor for eosinophils in mice and humans. Over-expression of IL-5 significantly increases eosinophil numbers and antibody levels in vivo. Conversely, mice lacking a functional gene for IL-5 or the IL-5 receptor alpha chain (IL-5Ralpha) display a number of developmental and functional impairments in B-cell and eosinophil lineages. In addition to the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway, the tyrosine kinases Lyn and Btk (Bruton agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase) are involved, and Ras GTPase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Ras-ERK) signals are important for IL-5-dependent cell proliferation and survival. IL-5 critically regulates expression of genes involved in proliferation, cell survival and maturation and effector functions of B cells and eosinophils. Thus, IL-5 plays a pivotal role in innate and acquired immune responses and eosinophilia. In humans, the biologic effects of IL-5 are best characterized for eosinophils. The recent expansion in our understanding of the mechanisms of eosinophil development and activation in the context of IL-5 has led to advances in therapeutic options. A new therapy currently in clinical trials uses humanized mAbs against IL-5 or the IL-5R.
Implementation of Group Sequential Logrank Tests in a Maximum Duration Trial (1990)

To control the Type I error probability in a group sequential procedure using the logrank test, it is important to know the information times (fractions) at the times of interim analyses conducted for purposes of data monitoring. For the logrank test, the information time at an interim analysis is the fraction of the total number of events to be accrued in the entire trial. In a maximum information trial design, the trial is concluded when a prespecified total number of events has been accrued. For such a design, therefore, the information time at each interim analysis is known. However, many trials are designed to accrue data over a fixed duration of follow-up on a specified number of patients. This is termed a maximum duration trial design. Under such a design, the total number of events to be accrued is unknown at the time of an interim analysis. For a maximum duration trial design, therefore, these information times need to be estimated. A common practice is to assume that a fixed fraction of information will be accrued between any two consecutive interim analyses, and then employ a Pocock or O'Brien-Fleming boundary. In this article, we describe an estimate of the information time based on the fraction of total patient exposure, which tends to be slightly negatively biased (i.e., conservative) if survival is exponentially distributed. We then present a numerical exploration of the robustness of this estimate when nonexponential survival applies. We also show that the Lan-DeMets (1983, Biometrika 70, 659-663) procedure for constructing group sequential boundaries with the desired level of Type I error control can be computed using the estimated information fraction, even though it may be biased. Finally, we discuss the implications of employing a biased estimate of study information for a group sequential procedure.
Electrical Impact of SiC Structural Crystal Defects on High Electric Field Devices (2000)

Commercial epilayers are known to contain a variety of crystallographic imperfections. including micropipes, closed core screw dislocations. low-angle boundaries, basal plane dislocations, heteropolytypic inclusions, and non-ideal surface features like step bunching and pits. This paper reviews the limited present understanding of the operational impact of various crystal defects on SiC electrical devices. Aside from micropipes and triangular inclusions whose densities have been shrinking towards manageably small values in recent years, many of these defects appear to have little adverse operational and/or yield impact on SiC-based sensors, high-frequency RF, and signal conditioning electronics. However high-power switching devices used in power management and distribution circuits have historically (in silicon experience) demanded the highest material quality for prolonged safe operation, and are thus more susceptible to operational reliability problems that arise from electrical property nonuniformities likely to occur at extended crystal defects. A particular emphasis is placed on the impact of closed-core screw dislocations on high-power switching devices, because these difficult to observe defects are present in densities of thousands per cm,in commercial SiC epilayers. and their reduction to acceptable levels seems the most problematic at the present time.
Covert channels in the TCP/IP protocol suite (1997)

The TCP/IP protocol suite has a number of weaknesses that allow an attacker to leverage techniques in the form of covert channels to surreptitiously pass data in otherwise benign packets. This paper attempts to illustrate these weaknesses in both theoretical and practical examples.
Gateway based approach for conducting multiparty multimedia sessions over heterogeneous signaling domains (2002)

Emerging networking technologies are being introduced with their own management protocols for routing, resource reservation and signaling. This diversity restricts the interoperability among QOS-aware multimedia applications written for different networks. We present an approach for managing multiparty, multimedia sessions in a heterogeneous internetwork spanning multiple signaling domains. Participants utilize the native signaling on their respective domains and interact with participants on other domains through signaling gateways that bridge the domains and provide translation of signaling procedures and QOS semantics. Data streams are transmitted using a hierarchical representation, which allows participants to independently adjust the reception quality of each stream according to their resources and interests. We present a particular design and implementation details for connecting ATM and IP signaling domains and conclude with its extension to an arbitrary number of interconnected domains.
Cancer epigenetics (2005)

The field of cancer epigenetics is evolving rapidly on several fronts. Advances in our understanding of chromatin structure, histone modification, transcriptional activity and DNA methylation have resulted in an increasingly integrated view of epigenetics. In response to these insights, epigenetic therapy is expanding to include combinations of histone deacetylase inhibitors and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors. Zebularine, an orally administerable DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, has been a very promising recent addition to our arsenal of potentially useful drugs for epigenetic therapy. Aberrant DNA methylation patterns provide three powerful diagnostic applications as classification markers, sensitive detection markers, and risk assessment markers. Classification studies continue to increase in marker complexity, now incorporating microarrays, high-throughput bisulfite genomic sequencing and mass spectrometry, as the field moves to human epigenome projects. Sensitive detection technology has expanded from primarily blood-based cancer detection to include applications on a wide diversity of sample sources and is now also making inroads as a molecular risk assessment tool.
Quantitative estimation of insulin sensitivity. (1979)

We have evaluated the feasibility of using a mathematical model of glucose disappearance to estimate insulin sensitivity. Glucose was injected into conscious dogs at 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg. The measured time course of insulin was regarded as the "input," and the falling glucose concentration as the "output" of the physiological system storing and using glucose. Seven mathematical models of glucose uptake were compared to identify the representation most capable of simulating glucose disappearance. One specific nonlinear model was superior in that it 1) predicted the time course of glucose after glucose injection, 2) had four parameters that could be precisely estimated, and 3) described individual experiments with similar parameter values. Insulin sensitivity index (SI), defined as the dependence of fractional glucose disappearance on plasma insulin, was the ratio of two parameters of the chosen model and could be estimated with good reproducibility from the 300 mg/kg injection experiments (SI = 7.00 X 10(-4) +/- 24% (coefficient of variation) min-1/(microU/ml) (n = 8)). Thus, from a single glucose injection it is possible to obtain a quantitative index of insulin sensitivity that may have clinical applicability.
First‐trimester prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis using the polymerase chain reaction: Report of eight cases (1989)

Eight pregnancies at risk for cystic fibrosis have been monitored by first-trimester prenatal diagnosis with DNA amplification analysis. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used in all cases to amplify the region detected by KM19. In two cases, the region detected by CS.7, another DNA probe tightly linked to the CF locus, was also examined. The results of the PCR determinations were confirmed using the Southern blotting procedure, by segregation analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) relative to XV-2c, J3.11, metH, metD, and KM19 probes.
The Cycloaddition Reaction of N-Imidoyl Sulfoximides with Diphenylcyclopropenone to Yield Pyrimidinone or Pyrrolinone Derivatives (1983)

Abstract N-Imidoyl sulfoximide (7) reacted with diphenylcyclopropenone (2) at 130 °C to yield a mixture of 1,2-disubstituted 5,6-diphenyl-4(1H)-pyrimidinone (6) and N-(4-oxo-2-pyrrolin-5-yl)sulfoximide (10), which might be formed by [3+3] and [2+3] cycloaddition reactions between 2 and 7. The yields of 6 and 10 depended on the electronic and steric effects of the substituents of 7.
The Relationship Between the WRAML Memory Screening and General Memory Indices in a Clinical Population (1997)

Fifty-one children between the ages of 5 and 16 years referred for outpatient neuropsychological evaluations were administered the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML), a standardized battery of memory and learning for children. This test yields four main indices, including a General Memory Index (GMI), which is a composite score of the child's performance across all subtests. A short form, the Memory Screening Index (MSI), composed of the first four WRAML subtests, can also be calculated. For each of the 51 WRAMLs administered, an MSI was calculated and compared to the GMI to evaluate the relationship between the two indices. In this sample, the MSI significantly overestimated the GMI (mean = 5.3 points, range = −8 to +23). The MSI was higher than the GMI in 41 out of 51 cases. In 95% of the sample, the MSI fell within 14 points of the GMI.
Monitoring the Hydrophobic Interactions of Internally Pyrene-Labeled Poly(ethylene oxide)s in Water by Fluorescence Spectroscopy (1998)

Steady-state and fluorescence decay measurements have been carried out on aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene glycol)s made of a central chain spanning two pyrene labels and flanked by overhangs of various lengths. These decays exhibit excimer formation kinetics which cannot be explained within the theoretical framework of the classic Birks' scheme. The decay analysis is complicated by the existence of hydrophobic associations between the pyrene groups. We have analyzed our time-resolved fluorescence decays by deriving a dynamic version of a model originally proposed by Char et al. (Macromolecules 1989, 22, 3177−3180) where the pyrene excimer is formed in a sequential manner. A diffusion process brings the two chromophores within a capture volume where the excimer is produced at a much higher rate. An analysis of our fluorescence decays based on this approach yields kinetic parameters which are consistent with the Char et al. model and earlier observations made on these systems. As the size of the overhang increases, the diffusion-controlled excimer formation rate decreases as was found previously in organic solvents, and the degree of association increases as well. The excimer formation process within the capture volume is very rapid. This quantitative analysis provides us with a detailed picture of these systems.
Ionic Quaterrylenebis(dicarboximide): A Novel Mesogen and Long‐Wavelength Polarizing Material (2003)

An absorbing study: The displayed quaterrylenebis(dicarboximide) was imparted with lyotropic liquid-crystalline properties by molecular design. The ability of the molecule to self-organize in solution allows for the subsequent control of its orientation in thin solid films. Induced orientation of the liquid-crystalline domains of the molecule under a shearing force results in highly anisotropically ordered films that serve as dichroic polarizers of light at wavelengths greater than 600 nm.