gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Foot and Ankle Conditions in a Multiethnic Community Sample of Older Adults (2004)

The prevalence of foot and ankle disorders was determined in a community-based, multiethnic (non-Hispanic White, African American, and Puerto Rican) random sample of 784 community-dwelling adults aged 65 or more years in 2001-2002 in Springfield, Massachusetts. Overall, the five most common conditions were toenail disorders (74.9%), lesser toe deformities (60.0%), corns and calluses (58.2%), bunions (37.1%), and signs of fungal infection, cracks/fissures, or maceration between toes (36.3%); 30.9% had some tenderness to palpation of the foot or ankle, and 14.9% had ankle joint pain on most days in the past 4 weeks. Toenail conditions, fungal symptoms, and ulcers or lacerations were more common in men, while bunions and corns and calluses were more common in women (p < 0.001). Significant racial/ethnic differences, independent of education or gender, were found for the prevalence of most toe deformities and flat feet, as well as for corns and calluses, fungal signs, edema, ankle joint pain, tenderness to palpation, and sensory loss. Foot and ankle disorders are common in these older adults. Examination of their prevalence in different segments of the community may inform future studies to determine etiology and means of prevention.
Raf kinase inhibitor protein: a putative molecular target in prostate cancer (2005)

Each year in the United States, prostate cancer kills over 40,000 men, and over 200,000 new cases are diagnosed, making it the second most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer deaths among males. Unfortunately, the best available diagnostic tests are substantially less than 100 percent sensitive and specific, and many men have incurable prostate cancer at the time of diagnosis which created the need for the development of new drugs to reduce prostate cancer risk. Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), a member of the phosphatidyl ethanolamine binding protein (PEBP) family, is a small cytosolic protein associated with signal transduction pathways. RKIP is a suppressor of metastases, which paved the way for structural and functional efforts towards drug development; here we describe the molecular modeling of RKIP that should provide a structural framework on which the design of specific inhibitors may be based.
Disease-specific pluripotent stem cells (2010)

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated by epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cells through the exogenous expression of transcription factors. Recently, the generation of iPS cells from patients with a variety of genetic diseases was found to likely have a major impact on regenerative medicine, because these cells self-renew indefinitely in culture while retaining the capacity to differentiate into any cell type in the body, thereby enabling disease investigation and drug development. This review focuses on the current state of iPS cell technology and discusses the potential applications of these cells for disease modeling; drug discovery; and eventually, cell replacement therapy.
Effects of Stimulants on the Continuous Performance Test (CPT)<sbt aid="100974335">Implications for CPT Use and Interpretation</sbt> (2001)

An increasing number of treatment plans for individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as other disorders, include stimulant medication. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stimulant medications on attention and impulsivity as measured by continuous performance tests (CPTs). The effect of other stimulants (e.g., caffeine, nicotine) on CPT performance was examined as well. Although various versions of the CPT were used in the studies reviewed, the research supports improvements in CPT performance with stimulant treatment. Implications for the use of CPTs in evaluating the effects of medications on attention are discussed. Also presented are implications for control of common substances like nicotine or caffeine when CPT is used and interpreted as a measure of attention.
Kallikrein 5 induces atopic dermatitis–like lesions through PAR2-mediated thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression in Netherton syndrome (2009)

Netherton syndrome (NS) is a severe genetic skin disease with constant atopic manifestations that is caused by mutations in the serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 (SPINK5) gene, which encodes the protease inhibitor lymphoepithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI). Lack of LEKTI causes stratum corneum detachment secondary to epidermal proteases hyperactivity. This skin barrier defect favors allergen absorption and is generally regarded as the underlying cause for atopy in NS. We show for the first time that the pro-Th2 cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), the thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, and the macrophage-derived chemokine are overexpressed in LEKTI-deficient epidermis. This is part of an original biological cascade in which unregulated kallikrein (KLK) 5 directly activates proteinase-activated receptor 2 and induces nuclear factor kappaB-mediated overexpression of TSLP, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL8. This proinflammatory and proallergic pathway is independent of the primary epithelial failure and is activated under basal conditions in NS keratinocytes. This cell-autonomous process is already established in the epidermis of Spink5(-/-) embryos, and the resulting proinflammatory microenvironment leads to eosinophilic and mast cell infiltration in a skin graft model in nude mice. Collectively, these data establish that uncontrolled KLK5 activity in NS epidermis can trigger atopic dermatitis (AD)-like lesions, independently of the environment and the adaptive immune system. They illustrate the crucial role of protease signaling in skin inflammation and point to new therapeutic targets for NS as well as candidate genes for AD and atopy.
Attenuated poxvirus vectors MVA and NYVAC as promising vaccine cadidates against HIV/AIDS (2009)

As yet, the only human infectious disease eradicated from our planet is smallpox, caused by variola virus a member of the poxvirus family. The vaccination success, with the declaration by WHO in 1980 of a worldwide free of smallpox, was largely due to the availability of a quite effective and stable live vaccine, as well as the restricted human host for virus infection. Variola was considered one of the most devastating diseases of human mankind. With the sudden appearance of the HIV/AIDS in 1981, an infection which spread rapidly to become a pandemic in a short time, causing up to date more than 22 million deaths, about 40 million people infected and a current incidence of about 3 million deaths per year, this dreadful pandemic has become one of the most severe diseases in the World, specially in poor countries. While different antiviral drugs have been developed that block virus replication at various stages of infection, however the rapid virus escape that follows during the drug therapy due to mutations, makes the development of vaccines the most secure option to control and eradicate the disease. Numerous vaccines have been developed, but to date the clinical trials have failed to show any efficacy against HIV infection. Due to the proven success of vaccinia virus in the control of smallpox as well as of poxvirus recombinants against veterinary diseases, a major effort has been directed to document the advantages of poxvirus vectors as vaccines against multiple diseases. Two of the most promising poxvirus vectors are the highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and the modified Copenhagen strain NYVAC. In this commentary I describe the biological characteristics of the attenuated poxvirus vectors, MVA and NYVAC, with emphasis in their application in HIV preclinical and clinical trials, and considerations as future HIV vaccines.
Design and implementation of a digital teleultrasound system for real-time remote diagnosis (2002)

Presents the design and implementation of a digital image capture and distribution system that supports remote ultrasound examinations and, in particular, real-time diagnosis for these examinations. The system was designed in conjunction with radiologists and staff in the Department of Radiology at the University of Virginia Hospital. Based on readily available microcomputer components, our teleultrasound system handles the acquisition, digitizing, and reliable transmission of still and moving images generated by an ultrasound machine. The digital images have a resolution of 640/spl times/480 with an 8-bit color plane, con be captured at rates up to 30 frames/sec, and are compressed and decompressed in real-time using specialized hardware. While scalable to communications networks of any transmission speed, initial deployment is envisioned for 1.5 Mbit/s T-1 leased lines. To achieve real-time still image distribution and to reduce the bandwidth necessary for motion video, the teleultrasound design employs lossy image compression based on the JPEG standard. The effects of JPEG compression on diagnostic quality are being studied in a separate signal detection study with the Department of Radiology at the University of Virginia.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Numerical classification of coding sequences (1992)

DNA sequences coding for protein may be represented by counts of nucleotides or codons. A complete reading frame may be abbreviated by its base count, e.g. A76C158G121T74, or with the corresponding codon table, e.g. (AAA)0(AAC)1(AAG)9 ... (TTT)0. We propose that these numerical designations be used to augment current methods of sequence annotation. Because base counts and codon tables do not require revision as knowledge of function evolves, they are well-suited to act as cross-references, for example to identify redundant GenBank entries. These descriptors may be compared, in place of DNA sequences, to extract homologous genes from large databases. This approach permits rapid searching with good selectivity.
DSL Advances (2002)

Cutting-edge xDSL: technology, standards, architecture, regulation, and its application. The state of the art in DSL technology, standards, and architecture ADSL, HDSL2, SHDSL, VDSL, line unbundling, spectrum management, and more Voice over DSL and video-on-demand: technical progress and its impact on services DSL in the home: automating deployment, enhancing security, maximizing revenue Improved coding techniques, multi-user detection, and other new advancesDigital Subscriber Lines (DSLs) have transformed millions of ordinary phone lines into broadband arteries that link homes and businesses to the Internet at megabit speeds. DSL Advances brings together the state of the art in DSL technology and architecture for every technical professional and manager. The authors of the classic Understanding Digital Subscriber Line Technology review the key challenges service providers and equipment manufacturers face now, preview tomorrow's most important standards and technical enhancements, and offer new insights into today's regulatory and business environment. Coverage includes: HDSL2 and SHDSL: The next generation of symmetric DSL technology Recent developments in ADSL and standards for line unbundling Spectrum management standards: traffic cops for crosstalk management Voice over DSL and video-on-demand: technical progress that enhances the business case DSL networked homes: wired/wireless LANs, shared phone and AC wiring?including both centralized splitters and distributed in-line filter premises wiring Streamlining deployment: CPE auto-configuration and flow-through service provisioning Security risks and essential safeguards for vendors, service providers, and users Future directions, including advanced coding techniques and multi-user detection
Digital Control of Single-Inductor Multiple-Output Step-Down DC–DC Converters in CCM (2008)

This paper investigates the application of digital control for non-isolated single-inductor multiple-output step-down dc-dc converters operating in continuous-conduction mode. The accurate and independent control of each output requires a sophisticated digital control architecture so as to minimize the cross-regulation problem. The adopted control includes a separate regulation for common-mode and differential-mode output voltages. Due to the differential-mode control loop dependence on the load current, a variable-gain functional block has been investigated; this provision keeps the differential-mode loop gain constant under different load conditions. Moreover, a nonlinear evaluation of the common-mode voltage has been investigated in order to improve the system dynamic response to asymmetrical load changes. Even if aimed at an integrated solution, experimental verifications have been performed using discrete components, implementing the digital control in a field-programmable gate array. Simulation results on a three-output converter and experimental results on dual-output converter (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in</sub> = 2.5 4divide5 V, V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o1</sub> = V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o2</sub> = 0.9divide1.5 V, and I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">operp</sub> = I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o2</sub> = 0 4divide0.6 A) confirm the proposed analysis.
TCP offload is a dumb idea whose time has come (2003)

Network interface implementors have repeatedly attempted to offload TCP processing from the host CPU. These efforts met with little success, because they were based on faulty premises. TCP offload per se is neither of much overall benefit nor free from significant costs and risks. But TCP offload in the service of very specific goals might actually be useful. In the context of the replacement of storage-specific interconnect via commoditized network hardware, TCP offload (and more generally, offloading the transport protocol) appropriately solves an important problem.
Structural Characterization of Electrooptically Active Poly(nonylbithiazole) (1999)

We have examined the microstructure, solution processing, thermal transitions, and mechanical properties of regioregular poly(nonylbithiazole) (PNBT). PNBT can adopt three distinct colors in the solid stateyellow, red, and metallic greendepending on processing conditions such as polymer concentration, solvent evaporation rate, temperature, and pressure. Microstructural variations were observed between samples of different colors, including the intensification of optical absorption with the degree of crystalline order and/or crystal size. Yellow samples lacked well-developed three-dimensional order, whereas red and green samples were semicrystalline. The development of a lyotropic mesophase was observed at intermediate concentrations in a “diffusion couple” geometry. A crystal model with two planar, π-stacked chains per unit cell was shown to be consistent with the experimental diffraction data. The simulated orthorhombic unit cell parameters are a = 2.38 nm, b = 0.72 nm, and c = 0.79 nm.
Audio dynamic range compression for minimum perceived distortion (1969)

When manual dynamic range compression is replaced by an automatic compression system, the sound engineer must still be able to choose some characteristics of the compression. An automatic system and the theory motivating its design are described. We have built a device (EMT 156) that enables the sound engineer to adjust any of the six static parameters; also, the system automatically chooses its own dynamic properties as a function of the input program signal.
Crystal Structure of the Large Ribosomal Subunit at 5-Angstrom Resolution (2014)

The ribonucleoproteins called ribosomes were discovered by cytologists in the mid-1950s, and by 1960 it was apparent that they catalyze protein synthesis. Ribosomes consume aminoacyl transfer RNAs, and the sequences of the proteins they produce are determined by those of the mRNAs with which they interact. The first ribosome crystals did not diffract to atomic resolution, but even if they had, it is uncertain what would have come of it in the short term; their analysis would have severely tested the crystallographic technology of the day. Heavy-atom cluster compounds are useful for phasing macromolecular diffraction patterns of large macromolecules at low resolution. The structure of an ordinary macromolecular crystal is solved when the experimental phases available are accurate to a resolution high enough so that an all-atom model of the molecule's sequence can be fitted into the resulting electron density map. ESSENS can also be used to find less generic structures, such as the sarcin-ricin loop (SRL). The SRL is a critical part of the factor binding center, or GTPase center, of the large ribosomal subunit. A conformational change that moves L11 and its associated rRNA towards the putative factor binding site seems at least equally likely, and since there is no ribosomal material in the way to prevent it, that kind of motion is possible. In this connection, it is interesting to note that there is a substantial literature indicating that this part of the ribosome does indeed move during protein synthesis.
The Location of Nitrite Reductase and Other Enzymes Related to Amino Acid Biosynthesis in the Plastids of Root and Leaves (1974)

Density gradient separation of plastids from leaf and root tissue was carried out. The distribution in the gradients of the activity of the following enzymes was determined: nitrite reductase, glutamine synthetase, acetolactate synthetase, aspartate aminotransferase, catalase, cytochrome oxidase, and triosephosphate isomerase. The distribution of chlorophyll was followed in gradients from leaf tissue. The presence of plastids that have retained their stroma enzymes was denoted by a peak of triosephosphate isomerase activity. Coincidental with this peak were bands of nitrite reductase, acetolactate synthetase, glutamine synthetase, and aspartate aminotransferase activity. The results suggest that most, if not all, the nitrite reductase and acetolactate synthetase activity of the cell is in the plastids. The plastids were found to contain only part of the total glutamine synthetase, aspartate aminotransferase, and triosephosphate dehydrogenase activity in the cell. Some evidence was obtained for low levels of glutamate dehydrogenase activity in chloroplasts.
[3.2]Paracyclophane‐10‐enes and [3.2.3.2]Paracyclophane‐10,27‐dienes: A convenient synthesis by the McMurry reaction and dynamic stereochemistry (1989)

Abstract The 1,3‐bis(4‐acylphenyl)propanes 2 , 3 , 9 , 12 , and 15 were subjected to a cyclization by reductive coupling with low‐valent titanium (McMurry reaction). 2 and 3 are converted into the corresponding 10,11‐dialkyl[3.2]paracyclophane‐10‐enes 4 and 5 , respectively, under carefully controlled conditions in good yields. By the same method the dialdehydes 12 and 15 give rise to [3.2]paracyclophane‐10‐ene 13 and [3.2]metacyclophane‐10‐ene 16 . However, the ditoluoyl derivative 9 gives rise only to the macrocyclic cyclophane 10 by dimerization. The corresponding macrocyclic cyclophanes 6 and 7 were also obtained from 2 and 3 , respectively. The conformational mobility of the cyclophanes 4 , 5 , and 13 was studied by variable‐temperature 1 H‐NMR, and ΔG ≠ = 48–51 KJ/mol was determined for the wobbling motion of the propano bridges.
SYNTHESIS AND PURIFICATION OF FLUORINATED BENZIMIDAZOLE AND BENZENE NUCLEOSIDE-5′-TRIPHOSPHATES (2005)

The expression "universal base" is very often used to express hybridization properties and recognition patterns of nucleosides. Their behaviour in biological applications, however, is of great interest regarding, e.g.,' their incorporation by polymerases. The 4,6-difluorobenzimidazole and the 2,4-difluorobenzene nucleoside analogues have proven to be universal bases that do not discriminate between the four natural nucleobases in RNA duplexes. Therefore, we synthesized the corresponding triphosphates to evaluate their behavior in polymerase catalyzed reactions and to investigate their ability to serve as substrates for the T7 RNA polymerase.
Targeted Delivery of Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides by LPDII (1997)

Successful application of oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) to disease treatment requires the development of a suitable vector. Current vectors suffer from one or more of the following problems: low incorporation efficiency, poor cellular uptake, inefficient cytoplasmic release and lack of cell type specificity. We describe here a novel formulation, LPDII, which might avoid above problems. ODNs are first complexed with polylysine (PLK) and then coated with negatively charged liposomes composed of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE)/cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHEMS)/folate-poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-DOPE to form LPDII particles carrying a targeting ligand, folate. The LPDII could be specifically recognized by KB cells which overexpress folate binding protein. Delivery of an antisense ODN against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) resulted in down-regulation of EGFR and growth inhibition of KB cells. The delivery of ODNs by LPDII was more efficient than folate-targeted liposomes containing phosphatidylcholine (PC)/cholesterol/folate-PEG-DOPE.
DNA looping by Ku and the DNA-dependent protein kinase (1997)

The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is required for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and may play a role in the regulation of transcription. The DNA-PK holoenzyme is composed of three polypeptide subunits: the DNA binding Ku70/86 heterodimer and an approximately 460-kDa catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). DNA-PK has been hypothesized to assemble at DNA DSBs and play structural as well as signal transduction roles in DSB repair. Recent advances in atomic force microscopy (AFM) have resulted in a technology capable of producing high resolution images of native protein and protein-nucleic acid complexes without staining or metal coating. The AFM provides a rapid and direct means of probing the protein-nucleic acid interactions responsible for DNA repair and genetic regulation. Here we have employed AFM as well as electron microscopy to visualize Ku and DNA-PK in association with DNA. A significant number of DNA molecules formed loops in the presence of Ku. DNA looping appeared to be sequence-independent and unaffected by the presence of DNA-PKcs. Gel filtration of Ku in the absence and the presence of DNA indicates that Ku does not form nonspecific aggregates. We conclude that, when bound to DNA, Ku is capable of self-association. These findings suggest that Ku binding at DNA DSBs will result in Ku self-association and a physical tethering of the broken DNA strands.