gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 signaling inhibits fibroblast growth factor-2-induced lymphangiogenesis in mouse cornea (2002)

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) is a major mediator of lymphangiogenesis. Recently, VEGFR-3 ligands, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D were reported to promote tumor lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis, and these processes were inhibited by blocking of the VEGFR-3-signaling pathway. Here, we have adapted the mouse corneal angiogenesis assay to study potential lymphangiogenic factors and inhibitors. Immunohistochemical analysis with lymphatic endothelial markers showed that VEGF-C induces lymphatic as well as blood vessel growth in the cornea. By contrast, VEGF induced angiogenesis but not lymphangiogenesis. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) stimulated both lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis. FGF-2 up-regulated VEGF-C expression in vascular endothelial and perivascular cells. Furthermore, administration of blocking anti-VEGFR-3 antibodies inhibited the FGF-2-induced lymphangiogenesis. These findings show that VEGFR-3 can mediate lymphangiogenesis induced by other growth factors. Because increased expression of FGF-2 and VEGF-C has been associated with lymphatic metastasis, our results provide a potential strategy for the inhibition of lymphatic metastasis in cancer therapy.
Liquid-liquid extraction method for the separation of cerium(IV) from berkelium(IV) and other elements (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLiquid-liquid extraction method for the separation of cerium(IV) from berkelium(IV) and other elementsFletcher Langley. MooreCite this: Anal. Chem. 1969, 41, 12, 1658–1661Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60281a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60281a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views198Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Phase Behavior of Block Copolymer/Homopolymer Blends (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhase Behavior of Block Copolymer/Homopolymer BlendsM. W. MatsenCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 17, 5765–5773Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00121a011https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00121a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4496Altmetric-Citations428LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Flexible Metadata Management for Block-level Storage System (2006)

The ever growing storage demands of modern applications cultivate a promising area of storage system management, centered upon metadata servers. Some of the works are done at the file system level, which care little about device level data organization. In this paper we present the design of managing metadata at block-level by using storage virtualization techniques. We propose both static and dynamic block mapping policies to meet the diverse needs of applications, balance disk workload and improve storage system performance. We build our prototype in a Virtual Interface based storage area network, and the evaluation results demonstrate that metadata management at block-level can be efficient and flexible.
The biosynthesis of human hemoglobin A1c. Slow glycosylation of hemoglobin in vivo. (1976)

Hemoglobin A1c, the most abundant minor hemoglobin component in human erythrocytes, is formed by the condensation of glucose with the N-terminal amino groups of the beta-chains of Hb A. The biosynthesis of this glycosylated hemoglobin was studied in vitro by incubating suspensions of reticulocytes and bone marrow cells with [3H]leucine or 59Fe-bound transferrin. In all experiments, the specific activity of Hb A1c was significantly lower than that of Hb A, suggesting that the formation of Hb A1c is a posttranslational modification. The formation of Hb A1c in vivo was determined in two individuals who were given an infusion of 59Fe-labeled transferrin. As expected, the specific activity of Hb A rose promptly to a maximum during the 1st week and remained nearly constant thereafter. In contrast, the specific activity of Hb A1c and also of Hbs A1a and A1b rose slowly, reaching that of Hb A by about day 60. These results indicate that Hb A1c is slowly formed during the 120-day life-span of the erythrocyte, probably by a nonenzymatic process. Patients with shortened erythrocyte life-span due to hemolysis had markedly decreased levels of Hb A1c.
Fabrication of nanodot plasmonic waveguide structures using FIB milling and electron beam‐induced deposition (2009)

Fabrication of metallic Au nanopillars and linear arrays of Au-containing nanodots for plasmonic waveguides is reported in this article by two different processes-focused ion beam (FIB) milling of deposited thin films and electron beam-induced deposition (EBID) of metallic nanostructures from an organometallic precursor gas. Finite difference time domain (FDTD) modeling of electromagnetic fields around metallic nanostructures was used to predict the optimal size and spacing between nanostructures useful for plasmonic waveguides. Subsequently, a multi-step FIB fabrication method was developed for production of metallic nanorods and nanopillars of the size and geometry suggested by the results of the FDTD simulations. Nanostructure fabrication was carried out on planar substrates including Au-coated glass, quartz, and mica slides as well as cleaved 4-mode optical fibers. In the second fabrication process, EBID was utilized for the development of similar nanostructures on planar Indium Tin Oxide and Titanium-coated glass substrates. Each method allows formation of nanostructures such that the plasmon resonances associated with the nanostructures could be engineered and precisely controlled by controlling the nanostructure size and shape. Linear arrays of low aspect ratio nanodot structures ranging in diameter between 50-70 nm were fabricated using EBID. Preliminary dark field optical microscopy demonstrates differences in the plasmonic response of the fabricated structures.
Staff Competence and Program Compliance: Scotland (1992)

In Britain, antenatal care is performed by specialist obstetricians, general practitioners (GPs), and midwives, often in combination. Because most women are delivered in specialist hospitals, obstetricians are involved in booking for place of delivery, and usually in delivery of specialized investigations such as ultrasonic scanning. General practitioners may independently book women for confinement under their care in Cottage Hospitals or (rarely) at home, and may provide all the medical care for those women, in addition to sharing in the antenatal care of women to be delivered at specialist units, and in fact doing most of the care for these women, unless they are very high risk or complicated.
Evolution of halftoning technology in the United States patent literature (1994)

The histoty of halftoning technology is presented as revealed in the U.S. patent literature, with emphasis on clustered dot halftoning. With the goal of gaining insight into current trends in halftoning, I have partitioned the history into four eras, and have categorized halftoning patents by their "scores" on a checklist of five factors that can influence the decision to turn on a microdot to construct a halftone dot. I have learned these lessons: First, both of the two major halftoning technologies have their origins in early work. The 19th century work on classical screening underlying today's electronic clustered dot halftoning is perhaps better known than work at RCA in the 1920s underlying error diffusion. Second, digital electronic halftoning by thresholding, currently the dominant technique for clustered-dot halftoning, suffers in some respects by comparison to two of its antecedents. To overcome these problems the initially elegant machinery for halftoning by thresholding has been encumbered with inelegant modifications. Third, these problems also create an incentive for fundamental innovations. Two prominent ways of doing this are to extend the list of factors that influence the decision to turn on a microdot, or to use irregular dot locations (as is already done in the dispersed dot techniques).
Bootstrapping domain detection using query click logs for new domains (2011)

Domain detection in spoken dialog systems is usually treated as a multi-class, multi-label classification problem, and training of domain classifiers requires collection and manual annotation of example utterances. In order to extend a dialog system to new domains in a way that is seamless for users, domain detection should be able to handle utterances from the new domain as soon as it is introduced. In this work, we propose using web search query logs, which include queries entered by users and the links they subsequently click on, to bootstrap domain detection for new domains. While sampling user queries from the query click logs to train new domain classifiers, we introduce two types of measures based on the behavior of the users who entered a query and the form of the query. We show that both types of measures result in reductions in the error rate as compared to randomly sampling training queries. In controlled experiments over five domains, we achieve the best gain from the combination of the two types of sampling criteria.
Animal models of atherosclerosis (2014)

In this mini-review several commonly used animal models of atherosclerosis have been discussed. Among them, emphasis has been made on mice, rabbits, pigs and non-human primates. Although these animal models have played a significant role in our understanding of induction of atherosclerotic lesions, we still lack a reliable animal model for regression of the disease. Researchers have reported several genetically modified and transgenic animal models that replicate human atherosclerosis, however each of current animal models have some limitations. Among these animal models, the apolipoprotein (apo) E-knockout (KO) mice have been used extensively because they develop spontaneous atherosclerosis. Furthermore, atherosclerotic lesions developed in this model depending on experimental design may resemble humans' stable and unstable atherosclerotic lesions. This mouse model of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis has been also used to investigate the impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on atherogenesis. Low density lipoprotein (LDL)-r-KO mice are a model of human familial hypercholesterolemia. However, unlike apo E-KO mice, the LDL-r-KO mice do not develop spontaneous atherosclerosis. Both apo E-KO and LDL-r-KO mice have been employed to generate other relevant mouse models of cardiovascular disease through breeding strategies. In addition to mice, rabbits have been used extensively particularly to understand the mechanisms of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. The present review paper details the characteristics of animal models that are used in atherosclerosis research.
Suppression of apoptosis in insect cells stably transfected with baculovirus p35: dominant interference by N-terminal sequences p35(1-76) (1994)

Expression of p35 from the DNA genome of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) suppresses virus-induced apoptosis and promotes virus replication in Spodoptera frugiperda (SF21) cells. To examine the molecular mechanism by which p35 prevents apoptosis in insects, SF21 cells were stably transfected with p35. Neomycin-resistant cell lines that synthesized protein P35 were identified. Stable transfection with p35 protected SF21 cells from apoptosis induced by actinomycin D concentrations that caused apoptotic death of untransfected cells. Cellular expression of p35 also blocked apoptosis induced by infection with p35 null mutants and restored mutant replication to levels comparable to those of wild-type virus. In contrast, stable expression of the mammalian death suppressor bcl-2 failed to block actinomycin D- or AcMNPV-induced apoptosis. Thus, p35 was sufficient to prevent apoptosis, whereas bcl-2 was not, suggesting that the activities of the two nonhomologous death regulators are functionally distinct. Stable expression of the truncation mutant p35(1-76), containing the N terminus of p35, failed to block apoptosis. However, p35(1-76) interfered with p35 antiapoptotic activity, since stably transfected cells underwent apoptosis upon infection with wild-type AcMNPV. Despite normal levels of viral p35 transcription, P35 levels were selectively reduced during infection. Thus, p35(1-76) acted as a dominant inhibitor by directly or indirectly affecting the synthesis or stability of viral P35. These results suggested that the N terminus of P35 constitutes a functional domain which is required to interact with other proteins, possibly host invertebrate death regulators or P35 itself.
Structural dependence of dielectric breakdown in ultra-thin gate oxides and its relationship to soft breakdown modes and device failure (2002)

For the first time, we report strong channel-length dependence and weak channel-width dependence of soft breakdown modes and device failure for ultra-thin gate oxides. For channel lengths around 0.2 /spl mu/m, oxide-breakdown events in FETs cause a sharp increase in FETs off-current which permanently degrades the switching performance of short-channel devices; this is not observed for longer channel length FETs. The results also indicate that both hard- and soft-breakdown events have a common origin but manifest themselves differently depending on the test structure and geometry being measured.
Reduced stress defense in heme oxygenase 1-deficient cells (1997)

Stressed mammalian cells up-regulate heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1; EC 1.14.99.3), which catabolizes heme to biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and free iron. To assess the potential role of Hmox1 in cellular antioxidant defense, we analyzed the responses of cells from mice lacking functional Hmox1 to oxidative challenges. Cultured Hmox1(-/-) embryonic fibroblasts demonstrated high oxygen free radical production when exposed to hemin, hydrogen peroxide, paraquat, or cadmium chloride, and they were hypersensitive to cytotoxicity caused by hemin and hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, young adult Hmox1(-/-) mice were vulnerable to mortality and hepatic necrosis when challenged with endotoxin. Our in vitro and in vivo results provide genetic evidence that up-regulation of Hmox1 serves as an adaptive mechanism to protect cells from oxidative damage during stress.
A fast algorithm to test planar topological routability (2002)

We develop a simple linear time algorithm to determine if a collection of two pin nets can be routed, topologically, in a plane (i.e. single layer). Experiments indicate that this algorithm is faster than the linear time algorithm of Marek-Sadowska and Tarng (1983).
Rate control of MPEG video coding and recording by rate-quantization modeling (1996)

For MPEG video coding and recording applications, it is important to select the quantization parameters at slice and macroblock levels to produce consistent quality image for a given bit budget. A well-designed rate control strategy can improve the overall image quality for video transmission over a constant-bit-rate channel and fulfil the editing requirement of video recording, where a certain number of new pictures are encoded to replace consecutive frames on the storage media using, at most, the same number of bits. We developed a feedback re-encoding method with a rate-quantization model, which can be adapted to changes in picture activities. The model is used for quantization parameter selection at the frame and slice level. The extra computations needed are modest. Experiments show the accuracy of the model and the effectiveness of the proposed rate control method. A new bit allocation algorithm is then proposed for MPEG video coding.
Electronic structure and optical properties of PbS and PbSe quantum dots (1997)

The electronic structure of spherical PbS and PbSe quantum dots is calculated with a four-band envelope-function formalism. This calculation accounts for both exciton energies and wave functions with the correct symmetry of the materials. The selection rules and the strength of the dipole transitions of lead-salt quantum dots are derived accounting for the symmetry of the band-edge Bloch functions of the lead salts. The calculated energies of the optically allowed exciton states are found to be in good agreement with experimental data. The effects of many-body perturbations, such as Coulomb interactions and intervalley scattering, are also discussed.
Antiproliferative Hybrid Analogs of the Hormone 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3:  Design, Synthesis, and Preliminary Biological Evaluation (1997)

The combination of 10-12 kbar pressure plus Lewis acidic zinc dichloride promotes highly regioselective and stereoselective Diels-Alder cycloaddition between 3-bromo-2-pyrone, prepared in a new way, and unactivated terminal alkene 4-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)-1-butene. The conjugate base of A-ring allylic phosphine oxide 20 adds chemospecifically to the C-8 keto group of some C-8,C-24-diketones to form directly metabolically resistant 24-oxo analogs of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (calcitriol). Several of these new hybrid analogs are as efficacious in vitro as calcitriol at inhibiting growth of murine keratinocytes even at physiologically relevant 10-100 nanomolar concentrations.
Upper Airway Dilating Muscle Hyperactivity during Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in English Bulldogs (1993)

Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is seen during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in English bulldogs, but it is absent during non-REM sleep. The SDB during REM sleep is associated with changes in neural drive to the diaphragm (DIA) and to an upper airway dilator, the sternohyoid (SH). In the present study, the EMG activity of the DIA was recorded in unrestrained, naturally sleeping, English bulldogs (n = 6) and in control dogs (n = 5). The EMG of the SH was recorded in five of these bulldogs and in four of the control dogs. The activity of the DIA was similar in the two groups of dogs throughout sleep, with the normal increased variability and altered recruitment patterns during REM sleep in all dogs. However, in the presence of the narrowed upper airway of bulldogs, the pattern of the upper airway dilator was dramatically different. In bulldogs, SH activity was virtually always related to inspiration (96 to 100% of breaths during both waking and non-REM sleep). In contrast, SH activity showed inspiratory-related increases in only a minority of breaths during non-REM sleep (32%) in control dogs (p < 0.05). Furthermore, SH drive, as measured by the plateau amplitude, fell during REM sleep in bulldogs, whereas it increased in control dogs (p < 0.05). In control dogs without SDB, we found that central respiratory drive to the SH was highest but variable during waking and minimal during non-REM sleep and that it fluctuated with phasic events during REM sleep. In bulldogs, however, high levels of SH activity occurred during waking and throughout non-REM sleep, apparently preventing SDB in these states. Episodic decreases in SH drive were observed during REM, and they were associated with SDB. These data support the proposition that compensatory pharyngeal dilator hyperactivity is necessary to maintain airway patency and normal breathing in bulldogs, a canine breed with an anatomically compromised upper airway.
Two-Step Imprinted X Inactivation: Repeat versus Genic Silencing in the Mouse (2010)

Mammals compensate for unequal X-linked gene dosages between the sexes by inactivating one X chromosome in the female. In marsupials and in the early mouse embryo, X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is imprinted to occur selectively on the paternal X chromosome (X(P)). The mechanisms and events underlying X(P) imprinting remain unclear. Here, we find that the imprinted X(P) can be functionally divided into two domains, one comprising traditional coding genes (genic) and the other comprising intergenic repetitive elements. X(P) repetitive element silencing occurs by the two-cell stage, does not require Xist, and occurs several divisions prior to genic silencing. In contrast, genic silencing initiates at the morula-to-blastocyst stage and absolutely requires Xist. Genes translocate into the presilenced repeat region as they are inactivated, whereas active genes remain outside. Thus, during the gamete-embryo transition, imprinted XCI occurs in two steps, with repeat silencing preceding genic inactivation. Nucleolar association may underlie the epigenetic asymmetry of X(P) and X(M). We hypothesize that transgenerational information (the imprint) is carried by repeats from the paternal germ line or that, alternatively, repetitive elements are silenced at the two-cell stage in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. Our model incorporates aspects of the so-called classical, de novo, and preinactivation hypotheses and suggests that Xist RNA functions relatively late during preimplantation mouse development.