gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coupling of Antibodies with Biotin (1996)

The avidin-biotin bond is the strongest known biological interaction between a ligand and a protein (K d = 1.3 × 10−15 M at pH 5) (1). The affinity is so high that the avidin-biotin complex is extremely resistant to any type of denaturing agent (2). Biotin (Fig. 1) is a small, hydrophobic molecule that functions as a coenzyme of carboxylases (3). It is present in all living cells. Avidin is a tetrameric glycoprotein of 66,000–68,000 mol wt, found in egg albumin and in avian tissues. The interaction between avidin and biotin occurs rapidly, and the stability of the complex has prompted its use for in situ attachment of labels in a broad variety of applications, including immunoassays, DNA hybridization (4–6), and localization of antigens in cells and tissues (7). Avidin has an isoelectric point of 10.5. Because of its positively charged residues and its oligosaccharide component, consisting mostly of mannose and glucosamine (8), avidin can interact nonspecifically with negative charges on cell surfaces and nucleic acids, or with membrane sugar receptors. At times, this causes background problems in histochemical and cytochemical applications. Streptavidin, a near-neutral, biotin binding protein (9) isolated from the culture medium of Streptomyces avidinii, is a tetrameric nonglycosylated analog of avidin with a mol wt of about 60,000. Like avidin, each molecule of streptavidin binds four molecules of biotin, with a similar dissociation constant. The two proteins have about 33% sequence homology, and tryptophan residues seem to be involved in their biotin binding sites (10,11). In general, streptavidin gives less background problems than avidin. This protein, however, contains a tripeptide sequence Arg-Tyr-Asp (RYD) that apparently mimics the binding sequence of fibronectin Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), a universal recognition domain of the extracellular matrix that specifically promotes cell adhesion. Consequently, the streptavidin-cell-surface interaction causes high background in certain applications (12).
Trained Ternary Quantization (2016)

Deep neural networks are widely used in machine learning applications. However, the deployment of large neural networks models can be difficult to deploy on mobile devices with limited power budgets. To solve this problem, we propose Trained Ternary Quantization (TTQ), a method that can reduce the precision of weights in neural networks to ternary values. This method has very little accuracy degradation and can even improve the accuracy of some models (32, 44, 56-layer ResNet) on CIFAR-10 and AlexNet on ImageNet. And our AlexNet model is trained from scratch, which means it's as easy as to train normal full precision model. We highlight our trained quantization method that can learn both ternary values and ternary assignment. During inference, only ternary values (2-bit weights) and scaling factors are needed, therefore our models are nearly 16x smaller than full-precision models. Our ternary models can also be viewed as sparse binary weight networks, which can potentially be accelerated with custom circuit. Experiments on CIFAR-10 show that the ternary models obtained by trained quantization method outperform full-precision models of ResNet-32,44,56 by 0.04%, 0.16%, 0.36%, respectively. On ImageNet, our model outperforms full-precision AlexNet model by 0.3% of Top-1 accuracy and outperforms previous ternary models by 3%.
Halothane and halothane/succinylcholine induced malignant hyperthermia (porcine stress syndrome) in a population of Ontario boars. (1983)

This paper recounts a study of the prevalence of malignant hyperthermia in a population of boars entering the Record of Performance Test Station at New Hamburg, Ontario over a period of ten months. The literature is briefly reviewed and an account of the present status of malignant hyperthermia (porcine stress syndrome) in Ontario boars using the halothane or halothane/succinylcholine screening tests is presented. It was determined in this population of boars that there was a 1.5% prevalence rate of malignant hyperthermia susceptible boars. This was based on a five minute halothane challenge carried out on 786 boars from 107 herds. The halothane reactors came from a total of eight herds or 7.5% of the total number of herds. A majority of 58.3% of the animals reacted after the three minute mark of the halothane challenge. In contrast, an 18.0% prevalence rate was determined using halothane/succinylcholine challenge on 123 boars. This further identified an additional eight herds with the problem, bringing the total to 16 or 15% of the total number of herds. It is suggested that the prevalence of malignant hyperthermia in Ontario breeding herds is much higher than was originally thought and that the halothane challenge is an inadequate screening test for this trait if the intention is to remove the genetic trait from the breeding herd. At the same time halothane challenge testing will identify those animals which have a strong susceptibility to the trait and if used on key breeding stock will help to maintain some control on the condition until a more definitive test is readily available.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Silicon-based nanoelectronic field-effect pH sensor with local gate control (2006)

The authors demonstrate the operation of a nanoscale field-effect pH sensor engineered from a functionalized silicon nanowire. With this nanofabricated pH sensor, the change in the hydrogen ion concentration or the pH value of a solution can be detected by the corresponding change in the nanowire differential conductance with a resolution of ±5nS∕pH. Fabrication of selective side gates on the nanowire sensor allows field-effect control of the surface charge on the nanowire by controlling the accumulation of charge carriers with the side-gate voltage. A simple physical model is used to analyze the observed data and to quantify the dependence of the conductance on pH. The development of a nanoscale sensor with physically engineered gates offers the possibility of highly parallel labeling and detection of chemical and biological molecules with selective control of individual array elements.
Hyperglycaemia stimulates pyloric motility in normal subjects. (1991)

The motor correlates of the delay in gastric emptying produced by hyperglycaemia were investigated in 11 healthy volunteers. Fasting gastroduodenal motility was measured during euglycaemia (blood glucose concentration 3-5 mmol/l) and during hyperglycaemia induced by intravenous dextrose (blood glucose concentration 12-16 mmol/l). Antral, pyloric, and proximal duodenal pressures were recorded by a sleeve/sidehole manometric assembly positioned across the pylorus, with the aid of measurements of transmucosal potential difference. During hyperglycaemia there was stimulation of isolated pyloric pressure waves when compared with the euglycaemia period (p less than 0.05). This was associated with inhibition of antral pressure waves (p less than 0.05). In nine of the 11 subjects an episode of duodenal 'phase III like' activity occurred within 15 minutes of the onset of hyperglycaemia. It is proposed that the stimulation of localised pyloric contractions and inhibition of antral contractions contribute to the delayed gastric emptying induced by hyperglycaemia. Abnormal gastric motility in patients with diabetes mellitus may be the result of hyperglycaemia itself, rather than irreversible autonomic neuropathy.
Roles of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and NF-κB in Human Cytomegalovirus-Mediated Monocyte Diapedesis and Adhesion: Strategy for Viral Persistence (2007)

Infected peripheral blood monocytes are proposed to play a key role in the hematogenous dissemination of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) to tissues, a critical step in the establishment of HCMV persistence and the development of HCMV-associated diseases. We recently provided evidence for a unique strategy involved in viral dissemination: HCMV infection of primary human monocytes promotes their transendothelial migration and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages permissive for the replication of the original input virus. To decipher the mechanism of hematogenous spread, we focused on the viral dysregulation of early cellular processes involved in transendothelial migration. Here, we present evidence that both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI(3)K] and NF-kappaB activities were crucial for the HCMV induction of monocyte motility and firm adhesion to endothelial cells. We found that the beta(1) integrins, the beta(2) integrins, intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and ICAM-3 were upregulated following HCMV infection and that they played a key role in the firm adhesion of infected monocytes to the endothelium. The viral regulation of adhesion molecule expression is complex, with PI(3)K and NF-kappaB affecting the expression of each adhesion molecule at different stages of the expression cascade. Our data demonstrate key roles for PI(3)K and NF-kappaB signaling in the HCMV-induced cellular changes in monocytes and identify the biological rationale for the activation of these pathways in infected monocytes, which together suggest a mechanism for how HCMV promotes viral spread to and persistence within host organs.
Therapeutic Benefit of Intravenous Administration of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells After Cerebral Ischemia in Rats (2001)

MSCs delivered to ischemic brain tissue through an intravenous route provide therapeutic benefit after stroke. MSCs may provide a powerful autoplastic therapy for stroke.
Improved local delivery of TGF‐β2 by binding to injectable fibrillar collagen via difunctional polyethylene glycol (1998)

To overcome rapid diffusion and clearance from the implant site and to increase stability, recombinant transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) was covalently bound to injectable bovine dermal fibrillar collagen (FC) and its activity compared to admixed TGF-β2. Covalent binding was achieved in a two-step procedure: First, TGF-β2 was reacted with the difunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker, and then the PEG-attached TGF-β2 (PEG-TGF-β2) was bound to the fibrillar collagen (FC-PEG-TGF-β2). Initial binding of TGF-β2 to difunctional succinimidyl glutarate (D-SG-PEG) or succinimidyl propionate polyethylene glycol (D-SE-PEG) linkers was completed after reacting for 8 or 10 min as monitored by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. After reaction with injectable fibrillar collagen, extraction of unbound PEG-TGF-β2 and Western blot analysis, using a TGF-β specific antibody, demonstrated that at least 85% of the TGF-β2 was bound to the fibrillar collagen. The activity of PEG-TGF-β2 was fully stable in phosphate-buffered saline at 4°C and 37°C for at least up to 4 weeks. Unmodified TGF-β2 mixed with fibrillar collagen was completely inactivated after 1 week of incubation, as measured by the mink lung epithelial cell (Mv1Lu) growth inhibition assay. Formulations of FC-PEG-TGF-β2 containing 40 μg/mL TGF-β2 were implanted subcutaneously into rats and analyzed after days 7, 21, and 42. All TGF-β2–containing formulations showed the TGF-β typical fibroblastic response at the day 7 time point. Covalent binding of TGF-β2 to collagen with both difunctional PEG crosslinkers resulted in a significantly stronger and longer-lasting TGF-β2 response than that observed with admixed formulations of collagen and TGF-β. The TGF-β response with FC-PEG-TGF-β2 lasted up to day 42 but was not seen after day 7 for TGF-β2 admixed to FC. These findings clearly demonstrate that TGF-β2 remains fully active after being covalently bound to collagen via difunctional PEG. In addition, covalent binding potentiates and prolongs in vivo TGF-β responses and stabilizes the TGF-β in vitro. Results suggest that this method of formulation could be useful to stabilize and deliver similar peptide growth factors or biologically active agents. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 39, 539–548, 1998.
THz imaging of skin hydration: motivation for the frequency band (2010)

A reflective terahertz (THz) system has been under development for imaging and monitoring of skin hydration, and through consideration of attenuation, scattering, spatial resolution and measurement of sensitivity, the frequency band 0.4 - 0.7 THz has been determined optimal for operation. THz, typically defined as the frequency range between 0.1-10 THz, has been proposed for skin hydration imaging and monitoring primarily due to being non-ionizing radiation and highly sensitivity to water concentrations. While it is important to maximize measurement sensitivity to changes in water concentration, the optimal operational frequency band must simultaneously minimize the scattering from the targets (i.e. skin) and attenuation, as well as maximize the spatial resolution. In terms of atmospheric attenuation, from 0.4 to 1 THz, there are broad absorption lines at 556 GHz and 750 GHz, and large transmission windows centered at 500, 650, and 870 GHz. Scattering of the energy reflected from skin was show, using modeling, that as the frequency increased there was a considerable decrease in the power fraction reflected in the specular direction. For measurement sensitivity, it was shown that a change in reflectivity per change in water volume at 100 GHz was nearly an order of magnitude higher at 1 THz. Finally, as should be expected, higher frequencies were better for spatial resolution. In consideration of the above criteria, the motivation for using the 0.4-0.7 THz band will be presented as well as an overview the developed THz pulse reflective imaging system for imaging of skin hydration.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Tropanes by Rhodium(II) Carboxylate-Catalyzed Decomposition of Vinyldiazomethanes in the Presence of Pyrroles (1997)

A series of enantiomerically enriched tropanes was synthesized by the rhodium(II) octanoate-catalyzed reaction of various N-BOC-protected pyrroles with vinyldiazomethanes. The overall 3 + 4 annulation occurs by a tandem cyclopropanation/Cope rearrangement. Asymmetric induction was best achieved in these transformations by using either (S)-lactate or (R)-pantolactone as a chiral auxiliary on the vinyldiazomethanes. Reactions carried out with the chiral catalyst tetrakis[N-(4-tert-butylbenzenesulfonyl)-(L)-prolinato]dirhodium (2) provided moderate asymmetric induction, but also resulted in the formation of isomeric azabicyclooctane side products. The utility of the synthetic process was demonstrated through the asymmetric synthesis of (−)-anhydroecgonine methyl ester and (−)-ferruginine.
Transcriptional Response to Hypoxia in Human Tumors (2001)

We have identified the genes that are transcriptionally activated within hypoxic malignant cells, a crucial first step in understanding the complex interactions driving hypoxia response. Within our catalogue of hypoxia-responsive genes are novel candidates for hypoxia-driven angiogenesis.
New directions in subband coding (1988)

Two very different subband coders are described. The first is a modified dynamic bit-allocation-subband coder (D-SBC) designed for variable rate coding situations and easily adaptable to noisy channel environments. It can operate at rates as low as 12 kb/s and still give good quality speech. The second coder is a 16-kb/s waveform coder, based on a combination of subband coding and vector quantization (VQ-SBC). The key feature of this coder is its short coding delay, which makes it suitable for real-time communication networks. The speech quality of both coders has been enhanced by adaptive postfiltering. The coders have been implemented on a single AT&T DSP32 signal processor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Multilevel Beam SOI-MEMS Fabrication and Applications (2004)

A microfabrication technology has been developed and demonstrated, which enhances the capabilities and applications of high aspect ratio silicon-on-insulator microelectromechanical systems (SOI-MEMS) by enabling additional independent degrees of freedom of operation: both upward and downward vertical pistoning motion as well as bi-directional rotation. This is accomplished by applying multiple-mask high aspect ratio etches from both the front- and back-side of the SOI device layer, forming beams at different levels. The processes utilize four masks, two for front-side and two for back-side etching. As a result, single-crystal silicon beams with four different cross-sections are fabricated, and can be combined to form many additional beam cross-sections. This provides a wide variety of possible mechanical designs that can be optimized for optical and other applications. By this methodology, unique high aspect ratio micromirror devices were demonstrated with fully isolated and accurately self-aligned vertical combdrives in the SOI device layer, with initial combfinger overlap. Examples of fabricated devices are shown with performance summaries.
A quantitative study of the benefits of co-regulation using the spoIIA operon as an example (2006)

The distribution of most genes is not random, and functionally linked genes are often found in clusters. Several theories have been put forward to explain the emergence and persistence of operons in bacteria. Careful analysis of genomic data favours the co-regulation model, where gene organization into operons is driven by the benefits of coordinated gene expression and regulation. Direct evidence that co-expression increases the individual's fitness enough to ensure operon formation and maintenance is, however, still lacking. Here, a previously described quantitative model of the network that controls the transcription factor sigmaF during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis is employed to quantify the benefits arising from both organisation of the sporulation genes into the spoIIA operon and from translational coupling. The analysis shows that operon organization, together with translational coupling, is important because of the inherent stochastic nature of gene expression which skews the ratios between protein concentrations in the absence of co- regulation. The predicted impact of different forms of gene regulation on fitness and survival agrees quantitatively with published sporulation efficiencies.
Web Image Mining toward Generic Image Recognition. (2003)

We describe a generic image classification system with an automatic knowledge acquisition mechanism from the Web. The processing in the system consists of three steps. In the gathering stage, the system gathers images related to given class keywords from the Web automatically. In the learning stage, it extracts image features from gathered images and associates them with each class. In the classification stage, the system classifies an unknown image into one of the classes corresponding to the class keywords by using the association between the image features and the classes.
A microfluidic electroporation device for cell lysis (2004)

We demonstrate a micro-electroporation device for cell lysis prior to subcellular analysis. Simple circuit models show that electrical lysis method is advantageous because it is selective towards plasma membrane while leaving organelle membrane undamaged. In addition, miniaturization of this concept leads to negligible heat generation and bubble formation. The designed microdevices were fabricated using a combination of photolithography, metal-film deposition, and electroplating. We demonstrate the electro-lysis of human carcinoma cells in these devices to release the subcellular materials.
Genetic Absence of γ-Interferon Delays but Does Not Prevent Diabetes in NOD Mice (1996)

Cytokines, particularly interferons, may participate in the development of type I diabetes. This involvement could be from direct cytotoxic actions of the interferons on the pancreatic beta-cells or from an indirect influence on the number, activity, or type of inflammatory cells that invade the islets in type I diabetes. To examine directly the role of interferon (IFN)-gamma in a mouse model of type I diabetes, we have introduced an inactivating mutation in the IFN-gamma gene (ifg) into NOD mice. The genetic absence of IFN-gamma does not prevent either insulitis or diabetes in the NOD mice, but it does increase the time to onset. Although it might have been predicted that the absence of IFN-gamma in these mice would lead to an increase in expression of Th2 T-helper cell-related cytokines, we found instead a profound decrease in the expression of two of the characteristic Th2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10. We also demonstrate that the splenocytes taken from IFN-gamma-deficient diabetic mice are fully capable of transferring diabetes to naive recipients.
Biological Risks of Resin-based Materials to the Dentin-Pulp Complex (2004)

Over the past 30 years, restorative dentistry has seen a revolution in materials, restorative techniques, and patient priorities. This revolution has been made possible with the development of new resin-based materials which can be bonded to the tooth structure. Not all of these changes have been without controversy or concern, and some have raised questions about the biological safety of these new materials and techniques. It is the purpose of this review to present recent and relevant information about the biological risks and consequences of resin-tooth bonding and how these risks are affected by the material, its clinical properties, and its manipulation by the practitioner. These biological risks are complex and interactive, and are still incompletely defined. In broad terms, these risks can be divided into those stemming from the toxicological properties of the materials themselves (direct biological risks) and those stemming from microbiological leakage (indirect biological risks).
SIC, a Secreted Protein of Streptococcus pyogenesThat Inactivates Antibacterial Peptides (2003)

Some isolates of the significant human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes, including virulent strains of the M1 serotype, secrete protein SIC. This molecule, secreted in large quantities, interferes with complement function. As a result of natural selection, SIC shows a high degree of variation. Here we provide a plausible explanation for this variation and the fact that strains of the M1 serotype are the most frequent cause of severe invasive S. pyogenes infections. Thus, protein SIC was found to inactivate human neutrophil alpha-defensin and LL-37, two major antibacterial peptides involved in bacterial clearance. This inactivation protected S. pyogenes against the antibacterial effect of the peptides. Moreover, SIC isolated from S. pyogenes of the M1 serotype was more powerful in this respect than SIC variants from strains of M serotypes 12 and 55, serotypes rarely connected with invasive infections.