gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Survey of exposure to genotoxic agents in primary myelodysplastic syndrome: correlation with chromosome patterns and data on patients without hematological disease. (1990)

Exposure to genotoxic agents such as insecticides, pesticides, and solvents correlated with abnormal karyotypes and development of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) similar to, but to a lesser degree compared to, patients exposed to irradiation and alkylating drugs in several reports. Because of the natural progression of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) to ANLL, we investigated the relationship of exposure to these carcinogens in patients with primary MDS by having 52 such patients diagnosed and referred to our center answer an occupational/environmental questionnaire. We excluded all secondary MDS patients with exposure to previous chemotherapy and radiation for a previous malignancy. In addition, we prospectively gave the same questionnaire to a similar number of age- and sex-matched comparable control patients from the same socioeconomic group based on their residence, health insurance coverage, and occupation. We found a 46% exposure rate to implicated genotoxic agents in our patients with MDS. Patients with MDS who were exposed had 75% incidence of a poor prognosis French-American-British classification compared to 57% in the nonexposed group but the difference was not significant (P = 0.089). However, the karyotypic abnormalities that were associated with exposure in ANLL were found equally in both exposed (55%) and nonexposed groups (50%) of our MDS patients and our control group had a similarly high exposure rate at 40% to genotoxins. Implicating a relationship between exposure to pesticides and solvents in ANLL and MDS is difficult. All the previous studies indicating such a relationship did not use a control group of patients. Our findings indicate the pitfalls of historical data without investigating the bias of obtaining an exposure history. However, our findings that the majority of our MDS patients came from the middle socioeconomic group which has a high exposure rate as shown by our control group indicate a relationship and that prospective follow-up of the exposed cohort of control patients should be done to determine if ANLL and MDS will increase after a latent period compared to the nonexposed controls.
Inositol pyrophosphates promote tumor growth and metastasis by antagonizing liver kinase B1 (2015)

The inositol pyrophosphates, molecular messengers containing an energetic pyrophosphate bond, impact a wide range of biologic processes. They are generated primarily by a family of three inositol hexakisphosphate kinases (IP6Ks), the principal product of which is diphosphoinositol pentakisphosphate (IP7). We report that IP6K2, via IP7 synthesis, is a major mediator of cancer cell migration and tumor metastasis in cell culture and in intact mice. IP6K2 acts by enhancing cell-matrix adhesion and decreasing cell-cell adhesion. This action is mediated by IP7-elicited nuclear sequestration and inactivation of the tumor suppressor liver kinase B1 (LKB1). Accordingly, inhibitors of IP6K2 offer promise in cancer therapy.
Molecular Signatures in the Transport Properties of Molecular Wire Junctions: What Makes a Junction “Molecular”? (2005)

The simplest component of molecular electronics consists of a single-molecule transport junction: a molecule sandwiched between source and drain electrodes, with or without a third gate electrode. In this Concept article, we focus on how molecules control transport in metal-electrode molecular junctions, and where the molecular signatures are to be found. In the situation where the molecule is relatively short and the gap between injection energy and molecular eigenstates is large, transport occurs largely by elastic tunneling, stochastic switching is common, and the vibronic signature can be found using inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS). As the energy gaps for injection become smaller, one begins to see stronger molecular signatures - these include Franck-Condon-like structures in the current/voltage characteristic and strong vibronic interactions, which can lead to hopping behavior at the polaron limit. Conformational changes induced by the strong electric field lead to another strong manifestation of the molecular nature of the junction. We overview some of this mechanistic landscape, focusing on significant effects of switching (both stochastic and controlled by the electric field) and of molecular vibronic coupling.
Insuficiencias de la teoría del ciclo vital en el comportamiento ahorrador. El caso de la Comunidad Foral de Navarra (1997)

Esta investigación muestra la insuficiencia de la teoría del ciclo de vida en la explicación del comportamiento ahorrador. Para ello, se muestran diversas ontrastaciones que muestran la existencia e importancia de las herencias y las donaciones intervivos motivadas por un motivo altruista, y la presencia de ahorro entre los mayores de 65 años. La investigación se completa con una aproximación empírica analizando la motivación de ahorro financiero de los particulares en la Comunidad Foral de Navarra en el año 1995. El hecho de que el principal motivo de ahorro sea el motivo precaución, y que los jubilados navarros ahorren, motivados por el deseo de dejar herencias y por precaución confirman las insufiencias explicativas de la teoría del ciclo de vida en el comportamiento ahorrador de las economías domésticas y la necesidad de considerar conjuntamente otras teorías como el modelo altruista y el motivo precaución.
Downregulation of genes encoding for subunits of adaptor complex-3 in cervical carcinomas (2006)

We explored the expression of four genes encoding for subunits of AP-3 in cervical tumors and cancer cell lines. Using RT-PCR we demonstrated more than twofold decrease in the levels of mRNA of AP3D1, AP3B1, AP3M1, and AP3S1 in 32, 28, 23, and 26% tumors in comparison with normal tissues of uterine cervix, respectively. The level of mRNA of at least one subunit was decreased in 28 out of 47 (60%) of tumors and in four out of five cancer cell lines in comparison to tissues adjacent to tumors. The suppression of expression of any of the subunits was revealed in 15 out of 28 cases (54%). The expression of two and more subunits was decreased simultaneously in different combinations in 13 cases (46%). This fact testifies to the lack of a common mechanism of downregulation of four subunits in tumors. There is a tendency to more frequent suppression of AP-3A expression in tumors associated with lymphatic node metastases as compared with tumors without metastases (P = 0.034). Thus, here we demonstrate for the first time the decrease in expression of genes encoding for AP-3A subunits in tumors.
Molecular Bases for the Recognition of Short Peptide Substrates and Cysteine-Directed Modifications of Human Insulin-Degrading Enzyme (2008)

Insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) utilizes a large catalytic chamber to selectively bind and degrade peptide substrates such as insulin and amyloid beta (Abeta). Tight interactions with substrates occur at an exosite located approximately 30 A away from the catalytic center that anchors the N-terminus of substrates to facilitate binding and subsequent cleavages at the catalytic site. However, IDE also degrades peptide substrates that are too short to occupy both the catalytic site and the exosite simultaneously. Here, we use kinins as a model system to address the kinetics and regulation of human IDE with short peptides. IDE specifically degrades bradykinin and kallidin at the Pro/Phe site. A 1.9 A crystal structure of bradykinin-bound IDE reveals the binding of bradykinin to the exosite and not to the catalytic site. In agreement with observed high K(m) values, this suggests low affinity of bradykinin for IDE. This structure also provides the molecular basis on how the binding of short peptides at the exosite could regulate substrate recognition. We also found that human IDE is potently inhibited by physiologically relevant concentrations of S-nitrosylation and oxidation agents. Cysteine-directed modifications play a key role, since an IDE mutant devoid of all 13 cysteines is insensitive to the inhibition by S-nitrosoglutathione, hydrogen peroxide, or N-ethylmaleimide. Specifically, cysteine 819 of human IDE is located inside the catalytic chamber pointing toward an extended hydrophobic pocket and is critical for the inactivation. Thiol-directed modification of this residue likely causes local structural perturbation to reduce substrate binding and catalysis.
Reaping of nitric oxide by sickle cell disease (2002)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) Status of This Memo (2005)

This document defines a new protocol element, the Internationalized Resource Identifier (IRI), as a complement to the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). An IRI is a sequence of characters from the Universal Character Set (Unicode/ISO 10646). A mapping from IRIs to URIs is defined, which means that IRIs can be used instead of URIs, where appropriate, to identify resources. The approach of defining a new protocol element was chosen instead of extending or changing the definition of URIs. This was done in order to allow a clear distinction and to avoid incompatibilities with existing software. Guidelines are provided for the use and deployment of IRIs in various protocols, formats, and software components that currently deal with URIs.
An experimental study in the use of instrumentation to analyze metabolism and product formation in cell culture (1982)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science, 1982.
A new microwave rotary joint (2005)

A new type of "around-the-mast" rotary joint is described. This rotary joint features low insertion loss, negligible rotational variations in transmission characteristics, and low SWR over a broad band of frequencies. This device is unique in that any reasonable number of identical units can be used in combination as a microwave slip-ring system, thereby offering improved performance of multi-beam rotary antenna systems.
Inhibition of protein kinase C suppresses megakaryocytic differentiation and stimulates erythroid differentiation in HEL cells (1996)

The bisindolylmaleimide, GF109203X (2-[1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1H- indol-3-yl]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-maleimide ), a highly selective inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), was used to test the role of this enzyme in phorbol ester-induced megakaryocytic differentiation of HEL cells. Treatment of these cells with 10 nmol/L phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 3 days caused a complete inhibition of proliferation and a threefold increase in the surface expression of glycoprotein (GP) IIIa, a marker of megakaryocytic differentiation that forms part of the fibrinogen receptor complex, GPIIb/IIIa. A similar effect was observed with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, but not with the biologically inactive derivative PMA-4-O-methyl ether. The PMA-induced increase in GPIIIa expression was completely inhibited by GF109203X in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 0.5 mumol/L), with a maximal effect at 2.5 to 5.0 mumol/L. GF109203X also blocked the inhibitory effect of PMA on cell growth and inhibited PMA-stimulated phosphorylation of the 47-kD PKC substrate, pleckstrin. Incubation of HEL cells with 25 mumol/L hemin for 3 days caused a fourfold to fivefold increase in expression of the erythroid differentiation marker, glycophorin A. In contrast to the inhibitory effect of GF109203X on GPIIIa expression, hemin induction of glycophorin A was enhanced by this compound. Furthermore, GF109203X alone caused a dose-dependent increase in glycophorin A expression, and induced hemoglobinization. Consistent with these changes, Northern blot analysis revealed that GF109203X treatment reduced the steady-state level of GPIIb mRNA and increased those for glycophorin A and gamma-globin. These results suggest that PKC may act as a developmental switch controlling erythroid/megakaryocytic differentiation.
Hippocampal Lesion Patterns in Acute Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke (2009)

Several phenotypic lesion patterns can be distinguished in HI that usually occur as part of multifocal PCA ischemia. A careful neuropsychological examination is necessary to detect resulting memory deficits.
The detection of palladium, platinum and rhodium with p-nitrosodiphenylamine (1951)

D. E. Ryan, Analyst, 1951, 76, 167 DOI: 10.1039/AN9517600167
Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis Serotype Surveillance in North America, 2000–2002 (2004)

Geographic and interseasonal heterogeneity of pharyngeal group A streptococcal (GAS) genotypes (emm types) is poorly characterized. We evaluated emm type and subtype distribution among pediatric pharyngitis isolates obtained from 9 sites in the United States during 2000-2001 (year 1) and from 10 sites in the United States and 1 site in Canada during 2001-2002 (year 2). The 7 predominant types were the same in both years, although their order changed. emm 12, 1, and 28 accounted for 49.2% of year 1 isolates, and emm 1, 12, and 4 accounted for 47.1% of year 2 isolates; 6 types accounted for 72.1% in year 1 and 69.4% in year 2. From year 1 to year 2, the proportions of emm 12 and 28 decreased and emm 1 and 6 increased. Striking intersite and interseasonal variations in the distribution of predominant emm types were observed. We conclude that the most-predominant GAS genotypes were similar for each year despite fluctuations, that intersite and intrasite variations in the distribution of emm types were apparent, and that emm type surveillance is needed as M protein vaccine development proceeds.
Principles of digital communication and coding (1979)

This classic by two digital communications experts is geared toward students of communications theory and to designers of channels, links, terminals, modems, or networks used to transmit and receive digital messages. 1979 edition.
On the Propagation of Concentration Polarization from Microchannel−Nanochannel Interfaces Part I: Analytical Model and Characteristic Analysis (2009)

We develop two models to describe ion transport in variable-height micro- and nanochannels. For the first model, we obtain a one-dimensional (unsteady) partial differential equation governing flow and charge transport through a shallow and wide electrokinetic channel. In this model, the effects of electric double layer (EDL) on axial transport are taken into account using exact solutions of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. The second simpler model, which is approachable analytically, assumes that the EDLs are confined to near-wall regions. Using a characteristics analysis, we show that the latter model captures concentration polarization (CP) effects and provides useful insight into its dynamics. Two distinct CP regimes are identified: CP with propagation in which enrichment and depletion shocks propagate outward, and CP without propagation where polarization effects stay local to micro- nanochannel interfaces. The existence of each regime is found to depend on a nanochannel Dukhin number and mobility of the co-ion nondimensionalized by electroosmotic mobility. Interestingly, microchannel dimensions and axial diffusion are found to play an insignificant role in determining whether CP propagates. The steady state condition of propagating CP is shown to be controlled by channel heights, surface chemistry, and co-ion mobility instead of the reservoir condition. Both models are validated against experimental results in Part II of this two-paper series.
A polarization-insensitive plasmonic photoconductive terahertz emitter (2017)

We present a polarization-insensitive plasmonic photoconductive terahertz emitter that uses a two-dimensional array of nanoscale cross-shaped apertures as the plasmonic contact electrodes. The geometry of the cross-shaped apertures is set to maximize optical pump absorption in close proximity to the contact electrodes. The two-dimensional symmetry of the cross-shaped apertures offers a polarization-insensitive interaction between the plasmonic contact electrodes and optical pump beam. We experimentally demonstrate a polarization-insensitive terahertz radiation from the presented emitter in response to a femtosecond optical pump beam and similar terahertz radiation powers compared to previously demonstrated polarization-sensitive photoconductive emitters with plasmonic contact electrode gratings at the optimum optical pump polarization.
Biocompatibility of EDTA, EGTA and citric acid (2005)

This in vivo study evaluated, through the physicochemical assay method for quantification of enhanced vascular permeability, the irritating potential of EDTA, EGTA, citric acid and saline. Thirty-two male Wister rats were anesthetized and four experimental sites were demarcated on their backs. Injections of 2% Evans blue (20 mg/kg) were administered intravenously into the lateral caudal vein. The test solutions were immediately injected intradermally (0.01 mL) into the experimental sites. The animals were killed 30 min, 1, 3 and 6 h after injection of the solutions and each piece of skin was submerged in formamide and incubated at 45 masculineC for 72 h. After filtration, the optical density was measured in a spectrophotometer and the total amount of dye extracted from the samples was calculated by means of a standard calibration curve. Data were analyzed statistically by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test. Compared to control, EDTA had the greatest volume of dye followed by EGTA and citric acid, for all time periods. There were statistically significant differences between all solutions (p<0.01). Considering the periods assessed, a significant difference was observed between the 3- and 6-h groups (p<0.05), but not between the 30-min and 1-h groups. Among the organic acids evaluated in this study, citric acid yielded the lowest amount of extracted dye. This indicates that the citric acid was the least irritating solution.
Synthesis of Rp and Sp [alpha-18O]ADP from Sp and Rp beta-cyanoethyl-adenosine 5'[1-thiodiphosphate]. (1982)

The reaction of adenosine 5'[1-thio-2-cyanoethyl diphosphate], beta-cyanoethyl-ADP alpha S, with cyanogen bromide in aqueous solution near neutrality leads to the formation of adenosine 5'-[2-cyanoethyl diphosphate], beta-cyanoethyl-ADP, in good yield. Reaction of Rp or Sp beta-cyanoethyl-ADP alpha S in H218O produces Sp or Rp beta-cyanoethyl-[alpha-18O]ADP, respectively, with inversion of configuration. Removal of the cyanoethyl groups in KOH produces Sp or Rp [alpha-18O]ADP. Desulfurization of chiral phosphorothioates by reaction with cyanogen bromide in H218O or H217O or of chiral [17O] or [18O] phosphorothioates in water appears to be a convenient method for synthesizing chiral phosphates for use in a variety of investigations of the mechanisms of enzymatic cleavage of P-O bonds.
The lemA gene required for pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae on bean is a member of a family of two-component regulators (1992)

The lemA gene of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae is required for disease lesion formation on bean plants. Cosmid clones that complemented a lemA mutant in trans were isolated previously. The lemA gene was localized by subcloning and transposon mutagenesis. The lemA region and flanking DNA were sequenced, and an open reading frame of 2.7 kb was identified. The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the lemA gene showed sequence similarity to a family of prokaryotic two-component regulatory proteins. Unlike most of the previously described two-component systems, the lemA gene product contained homology to both components in one protein. Mutations introduced upstream and downstream of the lemA gene failed to locate a gene for a second protein component but identified the putative cysM gene of P. syringae pv. syringae. The cysM gene was located upstream of the lemA gene and was divergently transcribed. The lemA gene product was expressed at low levels in P. syringae pv. syringae and appeared to be positively auto-regulated.
Low-Temperature Migration of Silicon in Metal Films on Silicon Substrates Studied by Backscattering Techniques (1972)

The backscattering method using 2-MeV4He+ ions is employed to obtain microscopic information about solid-solid reaction of Si with thin layers (200∼4000 Å) of Au, Ag, and Al which are vacuum evaporated onto Si crystal substrates. The interesting observation is the migration of Si atoms into these metal films at temperatures (for example, 150°C in Au, 400°C in Ag) well below their eutectic points (375°C for Au and 850°C for Ag). This phenomenon also indicates that at these low temperatures the dislodgment of Si atoms from tightly bound Si crystal does occur. Our experiments clarify that the origin of this effect is the interaction of Si with metals at the interface.
What Makes APIs Hard to Learn? Answers from Developers (2009)

The paper discusses the application program interface (API). Most software projects reuse components exposed through APIs. In fact, current-day software development technologies are becoming inseparable from the large APIs they provide. An API is the interface to implemented functionality that developers can access to perform various tasks. APIs support code reuse, provide high-level abstractions that facilitate programming tasks, and help unify the programming experience. A study of obstacles that professional Microsoft developers faced when learning to use APIs uncovered challenges and resulting implications for API users and designers. The article focuses on the obstacles to learning an API. Although learnability is only one dimension of usability, there's a clear relationship between the two, in that difficult-to-use APIs are likely to be difficult to learn as well. Many API usability studies focus on situations where developers are learning to use an API. The author concludes that as APIs keep growing larger, developers will need to learn a proportionally smaller fraction of the whole. In such situations, the way to foster more efficient API learning experiences is to include more sophisticated means for developers to identify the information and the resources they need-even for well-designed and documented APIs.
Deeply AggreVaTeD: Differentiable Imitation Learning for Sequential Prediction (2017)

Researchers have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in sequential decision making problems (e.g., robotics control, sequential prediction) with deep neural network models. One often has access to near-optimal oracles that achieve good performance on the task during training. We demonstrate that AggreVaTeD --- a policy gradient extension of the Imitation Learning (IL) approach of (Ross &amp; Bagnell, 2014) --- can leverage such an oracle to achieve faster and better solutions with less training data than a less-informed Reinforcement Learning (RL) technique. Using both feedforward and recurrent neural network predictors, we present stochastic gradient procedures on a sequential prediction task, dependency-parsing from raw image data, as well as on various high dimensional robotics control problems. We also provide a comprehensive theoretical study of IL that demonstrates we can expect up to exponentially lower sample complexity for learning with AggreVaTeD than with RL algorithms, which backs our empirical findings. Our results and theory indicate that the proposed approach can achieve superior performance with respect to the oracle when the demonstrator is sub-optimal.