gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduction of amides and lactams to amines by reactions with phosphorus oxychloride and sodium borohydride (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReduction of amides and lactams to amines by reactions with phosphorus oxychloride and sodium borohydrideM. E. Kuehne and P. J. ShannonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 12, 2082–2087Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1977https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00432a010RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views3410Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (724 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Identification of amplified and expressed genes in breast cancer by comparative hybridization onto microarrays of randomly selected cDNA clones (2002)

Microarray analysis using sets of known human genes provides a powerful platform for identifying candidate oncogenes involved in DNA amplification events but suffers from the disadvantage that information can be gained only on genes that have been preselected for inclusion on the array. To address this issue, we have performed comparative genome hybridization (CGH) and expression analyses on microarrays of clones, randomly selected from a cDNA library, prepared from a cancer containing the DNA amplicon under investigation. Application of this approach to the BT474 breast carcinoma cell line, which contains amplicons at 20q13, 17q11-21, and 17q22-23, identified 50 amplified and expressed genes, including genes from these regions previously proposed as candidate oncogenes. When considered together with data from microarray expression profiles and Northern analyses, we were able to propose five genes as new candidate oncogenes where amplification in breast cancer cell lines was consistently associated with higher levels of RNA expression. These included the HB01 histone acetyl transferase gene at 17q22-23 and the TRAP100 gene, which encodes a thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein coactivator, at 17q11-21. The results demonstrate the utility of this microarray-based CGH approach in hunting for candidate oncogenes within DNA amplicons.
A secreted Frizzled related protein, FrzA, selectively associates with Wnt-1 protein and regulates Wnt-1 signaling (1999)

The Wnt gene family encodes proteins that serve key roles in differentiation and development. Wnt proteins interact with seven transmembrane receptors of the Frizzled family and activate a signaling pathway leading to the nucleus. A primary biochemical effect of Wnt-1 signaling is the stabilization of cytoplasmic (beta)-catenin which, in association with transcription factors of the Lef/tcf family, regulates gene expression. The recent identification of a new class of secreted proteins with similarity to the extracellular, ligand-binding domain of Frizzled proteins, soluble Frizzled related proteins (sFRP), suggested that additional mechanisms could regulate Wnt signaling. Here we demonstrate that FrzA, a sFRP that is highly expressed in vascular endothelium and a variety of epithelium, specifically binds to Wnt-1 protein, but not Wnt-5a protein, and modulates Wnt-1 signaling. FrzA associated with Wnt-1 either when expressed in the same cell or when soluble FrzA was incubated with Wnt-1-expressing cells. FrzA efficiently inhibited the Wnt-1 mediated increase in cytoplasmic (beta)-catenin levels as well as the Wnt-1 induction of transcription from a Lef/tcf reporter gene. The effects of FrzA on (beta)-catenin levels could be demonstrated when co-expressed with Wnt-1 or when individual cells expressing FrzA and Wnt-1 were co-cultured. These data demonstrate the existence of a negative regulatory mechanism mediated by the selective binding of FrzA to Wnt-1 protein.
Design and analysis for a miniature CMOS SPDT switch using body-floating technique to improve power performance (2006)

A low insertion-loss single-pole double-throw switch in a standard 0.18-/spl mu/m complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process was developed for 2.4- and 5.8-GHz wireless local area network applications. In order to increase the P/sub 1dB/, the body-floating circuit topology is implemented. A nonlinear CMOS model to predict the switch power performance is also developed. The series-shunt switch achieves a measured P/sub 1dB/ of 21.3 dBm, an insertion loss of 0.7 dB, and an isolation of 35 dB at 2.4 GHz, while at 5.8 GHz, the switch attains a measured P/sub 1dB/ of 20 dBm, an insertion loss of 1.1 dB, and an isolation of 27 dB. The effective chip size is only 0.03 mm/sup 2/. The measured data agree with the simulation results well, including the power-handling capability. To our knowledge, this study presents low insertion loss, high isolation, and good power performance with the smallest chip size among the previously reported 2.4- and 5.8-GHz CMOS switches.
Control of Molecular Weight for Auto-Catalyzed Poly(ortho ester) Obtained by Polycondensation Reaction (2002)

Polycondensation of auto-catalyzed poly(ortho ester)s (POE x LA y ) containing lactic acid units in the polymer backbone is described. The use of n-decanol during the polymerization as a chain stopper allows good control of polymer molecular weight. POE 70 LA 30 based on 3,9-diet-hylidene-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (DETOSU), 1,10-decanediol-lactate and 1,10-decanediol and synthesized by using 5, 10 and 15 mol % of n-decanol were characterized by 13 C NMR, 1 H NMR and FT-IR. The thermal and viscoelastic properties of such polymers as well as their molecular weight distribution are also reported.
Biofuels from Microalgae (2008)

Microalgae are a diverse group of prokaryotic and eukaryotic photosynthetic microorganisms that grow rapidly due to their simple structure. They can potentially be employed for the production of biofuels in an economically effective and environmentally sustainable manner. Microalgae have been investigated for the production of a number of different biofuels including biodiesel, bio-oil, bio-syngas, and bio-hydrogen. The production of these biofuels can be coupled with flue gas CO2 mitigation, wastewater treatment, and the production of high-value chemicals. Microalgal farming can also be carried out with seawater using marine microalgal species as the producers. Developments in microalgal cultivation and downstream processing (e.g., harvesting, drying, and thermochemical processing) are expected to further enhance the cost-effectiveness of the biofuel from microalgae strategy.
Expression of nuclear retinoic acid receptors in wild-type and mutant embryonal carcinoma PCC4.aza1R cells. (1990)

Retinoic acid (RA) induces differentiation of murine embryonal carcinoma PCC4.aza1R cells. In this study, the expression of nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RARs) in PCC4.aza1R cells is examined. Analyses of [3H]RA-labeled nuclear extracts prepared from PCC4.aza1R cells by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated the presence of a specific RA-binding activity that migrated with a molecular weight of approximately 50,000. More than 95% of this binding activity was associated with the nuclear fraction. In contrast to cytosolic retinoic acid-binding protein, the RARs bound RA analogues of the Ch-series very effectively. Northern blot analyses of total RNA with complementary DNA probes specific for RAR alpha, RAR beta, and RAR gamma showed that PCC4.aza1R cells contain predominantly transcripts encoding RAR alpha and RAR gamma; RAR beta transcripts were undetectable. Treatment of PCC4.aza1R cells with RA increased the levels of RAR beta mRNA in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The RA concentration for half-maximum induction of RAR beta mRNA was 1 nM. An increase in RAR beta mRNA was detectable as early as 2 h after the addition of RA. This increase was not abrogated by cycloheximide, suggesting that protein synthesis is not required for this response. The ability of several retinoids to increase RAR beta mRNA levels in PCC4.aza1R cells correlated well with their binding affinity to the RARs but not with their binding affinity to cytosolic retinoic acid-binding protein. Two mutant cell lines, PCC4(RA)-1 and (RA)-2, which do not undergo differentiation after RA treatment, contained levels of RAR-binding activity very similar to those of the parental cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Review of the Single Phase Photovoltaic Module Integrated Converter Topologies With Three Different DC Link Configurations (2008)

The annual world photovoltaic (PV) cell/module production is growing at almost an exponential rate and has reached 1727 MW in 2005. Building integrated PV (BIPV) projects are emerging as the strongest part of the PV market and grid interactive inverters are a key component in determining the total system cost. Module integrated converter (MIC) technology has become a global trend in grid interactive PV applications and may assist in driving down the balance of system costs to secure an improved total system cost. This paper concentrates on the topology study of the PV MICs in the power range below 500 W and covers most topologies recently proposed for MIC applications. The MIC topologies are classified into three different arrangements based on the dc link configurations. A systematic discussion is also provided at the end of the paper that focuses on the major advantages and disadvantages of each MIC arrangement. These are considered in detail and will provide a useful framework and point of reference for the next generation MIC designs and applications.
Video Paper: a paper-based interface for skimming and watching video (2003)

A paper-based method for browsing, retrieving, and viewing video programs is described. A printed form of the transcript for a TV program is provided that is formatted for easy browsing. The printout is annotated with bar codes that provide links to the corresponding position in the video recording. A remote control device is used for scanning the bar codes and controlling the replay of the video either on the remote control itself or on a video monitor. This paper describes an implementation of this method using a Pocket PC with a bar code reader as the remote control device and an archive of TV programs on the Pocket PC or an external server.
The unusual molecular organization of 2,3-bis(n-hexyloxy)anthracene in the crystal. A hint to the origin of the gelifying properties of 2,3-bis(n-alkyloxy)anthracenes? (2001)

Unlike most anthracene derivatives and other oblong shaped aromatics, 2,3-bis(n-hexyloxy)anthracene (DHOA) crystallizes in the space group R(−3) with unit cell parameters a = b = 14.639, c = 54.435 Å. The molecular packing is composed of arrays of molecular triads. By computing the interaction potential of all the molecules with one another in space group R(−3), the lowest energy structure is found to be a triad and the lowest energy layer a coplanar head-to-tail packing of these triads; most of the crystal energy is associated with the layer formation and the binding energy of the various structures is calculated to depend essentially on the non-bonded van der Waals interactions. They might prefigure the arrangement of the anthracene nuclei in the gel network nodes formed by 2,3-di-n-alkoxyanthracenes whose alkyl chains possess six or more carbon atoms.
A Role for Intestinal Endocrine Cell-Expressed G Protein-Coupled Receptor 119 in Glycemic Control by Enhancing Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Peptide Release (2008)

We recently showed that activation of G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) (also termed glucose dependent insulinotropic receptor) improves glucose homeostasis via direct cAMP-mediated enhancement of glucose-dependent insulin release in pancreatic beta-cells. Here we show that GPR119 also stimulates incretin hormone release and thus may regulate glucose homeostasis by this additional mechanism. GPR119 mRNA was found to be expressed at significant levels in intestinal subregions that produce glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1. Furthermore, in situ hybridization studies indicated that most GLP-1-producing cells coexpress GPR119 mRNA. In GLUTag cells, a well-established model of intestinal L-cell function, the potent GPR119 agonist AR231453 stimulated cAMP accumulation and GLP-1 release. When administered in mice, AR231453 increased active GLP-1 levels within 2 min after oral glucose delivery and substantially enhanced total glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide levels. Blockade of GLP-1 receptor signaling with exendin(9-39) reduced the ability of AR231453 to improve glucose tolerance in mice. Conversely, combined administration of AR231453 and the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin to wild-type mice significantly amplified both plasma GLP-1 levels and oral glucose tolerance, relative to either agent alone. In mice lacking GPR119, no such enhancement was seen. Thus, GPR119 regulates glucose tolerance by acting on intestinal endocrine cells as well as pancreatic beta-cells. These data also suggest that combined stimulation of incretin hormone release and protection against incretin hormone degradation may be an effective antidiabetic strategy.
Electric current flow through human skin at power frequency voltages (1969)

<b>Carter, A.O., and Morley R. (1969).</b><i>Brit. J. industr. Med.,</i><b>26,</b> 217-223. <b>Electric current flow through human skin at power frequency voltages.</b> Alternating power voltages were applied to small pieces of living skin. Current and voltage were recorded continuously using voltages from 25 V to 250 V. At the lower voltages the skin appeared unaffected, but rapid destruction occurred at the higher voltages. It is concluded that skin impedance, whilst being extremely variable on account of many physical factors, is dependent on voltage and time of application in the range where dangerous electric shock occurs to human beings at power frequencies.
Ultrathin Multilayered Films Assembled from “Charge‐Shifting” Cationic Polymers: Extended, Long‐Term Release of Plasmid DNA from Surfaces (2007)

Ultrathin multilayered films can be designed to release plasmid DNA for three months by using side-chain functionalized ‘charge-shifting' cationic polymers. Slow hydrolysis of the side chains of these polymers facilitates film disruption and release of DNA over periods longer than films fabricated using degradable cationic polymers, and suggests approaches to the fabrication of thin films for the localized and long-term release of DNA, proteins, or other agents from surfaces. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2007/c1028_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Functions of positive and negative type, and their connection with the theory of integral equations (1909)

Abstract This memoir is concerned with continuous symmetric functions k (s, t) for which the double integral ∫ab∫abk (s, t) θ (s) θ (t) dsdt is either not negative, or not positive, for each function θ(s) which is continuous in the interval (a, b) ; in the former case the function k (s, t) is said to be of positive type, while in the latter it is said to be of negative type. The importance of these classes of functions in the theory of integral equations will be gathered from Part I. The greater portion of the second part is devoted to a proof of the theorem that the necessary and sufficient condition, under which a continuous symmetric function, k (s, t), is of positive type, is that the functions k(s1, s1), k (s1, s2s1, s2),....., k (s1, s2 ...., sns1, s2, ......, sn), ... should never be negative, when the variable s1, s2, ...., sn, .... are each confined to the closed interval (a, b). This leads to several interesting properties of such a function ; for instance, if k (a1, a1) = 0, the functions k (s, a1), k (a1, t) are identically zero.
In Vitro Selection and Characterization of Hepatitis C Virus Serine Protease Variants Resistant to an Active-Site Peptide Inhibitor (2003)

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) serine protease is necessary for viral replication and represents a valid target for developing new therapies for HCV infection. Potent and selective inhibitors of this enzyme have been identified and shown to inhibit HCV replication in tissue culture. The optimization of these inhibitors for clinical development would greatly benefit from in vitro systems for the identification and the study of resistant variants. We report the use HCV subgenomic replicons to isolate and characterize mutants resistant to a protease inhibitor. Taking advantage of the replicons' ability to transduce resistance to neomycin, we selected replicons with decreased sensitivity to the inhibitor by culturing the host cells in the presence of the inhibitor and neomycin. The selected replicons replicated to the same extent as those in parental cells. Sequence analysis followed by transfection of replicons containing isolated mutations revealed that resistance was mediated by amino acid substitutions in the protease. These results were confirmed by in vitro experiments with mutant enzymes and by modeling the inhibitor in the three-dimensional structure of the protease.
Purification and Characterization of a Novel Alcohol Dehydrogenase from Leifsonia sp. Strain S749: a Promising Biocatalyst for an Asymmetric Hydrogen Transfer Bioreduction (2005)

To find microorganisms that could reduce phenyl trifluoromethyl ketone (PTK) to (S)-1-phenyltrifluoroethanol [(S)-PTE], styrene-assimilating bacteria (ca. 900 strains) isolated from soil samples were screened. We found that Leifsonia sp. strain S749 was the most suitable strain for the conversion of PTK to (S)-PTE in the presence of 2-propanol as a hydrogen donor. The enzyme corresponding to the reaction was purified homogeneity, characterized and designated Leifsonia alcohol dehydrogenase (LSADH). The purified enzyme had a molecular weight of 110,000 and was composed of four identical subunits (molecular weight, 26,000). LSADH required NADH as a cofactor, showed little activity with NADPH, and reduced a wide variety of aldehydes and ketones. LSADH catalyzed the enantioselective reduction of some ketones with high enantiomeric excesses (e.e.): PTK to (S)-PTE (>99% e.e.), acetophenone to (R)-1-phenylethanol (99% e.e.), and 2-heptanone to (R)-2-heptanol (>99% e.e.) in the presence of 2-propanol without an additional NADH regeneration system. Therefore, it would be a useful biocatalyst.
Fast robust automated brain extraction (2002)

An automated method for segmenting magnetic resonance head images into brain and non-brain has been developed. It is very robust and accurate and has been tested on thousands of data sets from a wide variety of scanners and taken with a wide variety of MR sequences. The method, Brain Extraction Tool (BET), uses a deformable model that evolves to fit the brain's surface by the application of a set of locally adaptive model forces. The method is very fast and requires no preregistration or other pre-processing before being applied. We describe the new method and give examples of results and the results of extensive quantitative testing against "gold-standard" hand segmentations, and two other popular automated methods.
<title>Simplified control theory for closed-loop fiber-optic gyroscopes</title> (1993)

Signal transformations around an open-loop fiber gyroscope are identified. This shows that the interferometer performs a derivative. An electronic integrator is used to cancel this effect. Control theory shows that a second integrator can then be used to complete the closed-loop architecture. Variations of this architecture are used by both dual-ramp and serrodyne approaches. The method that these two techniques use to manage the second integrator, and avoid saturation of its output, is described.
Thiazolidinediones for Initial Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes? (2006)

The twin epidemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus have spawned a public health crisis. In the United States, an estimated 1.5 million new cases of diabetes occur every year,1 and the projected microvascular and cardiovascular complications2 — already the greatest cause of blindness, kidney failure, and amputations in the Western world, and a substantial contributing factor in heart disease — are likely to become the major cause of preventable disease and premature death in this millennium.The gravity of this epidemic is reflected by evidence-based efforts to stem it.3,4 Moreover, in the United States, approval of five . . .
A family of neofunctionalized Ty3/gypsy retrotransposon genes in mammalian genomes (2005)

A family of at least eleven genes called Mar related to long terminal repeat retrotransposons from the Ty3/gypsy group, including two genes previously identified as such, is present in human and mouse genomes. Single orthologous copies were identified for most Mar genes in different mammals. All of them have lost essential structural features necessary for autonomous retrotransposition before divergence between mouse and human. Three Mar genes also have introns at identical positions in human and mouse. Hence, Mar genes do not correspond to functional retrotransposons. Mar genes evolved under purifying selection, strongly suggesting that they are not pseudogenic relics but rather neofunctionalized retrotransposon genes. All putative Mar proteins display sequence similarity to the capsid-like domain of the Gag protein of Tf1/Sushi retrotransposons. In addition, three Mar proteins have conserved the Gag CCHC zinc finger motif, suggesting a role in nucleic acid binding. Some Mar genes have also retained from their retrotransposon origin a -1 ribosomal frameshifting between the gag-related open reading frame and a region encoding a putative aspartyl protease domain. EST analysis revealed that the majority of Mar genes are expressed in brain as well as in other tissues and organs. Some Mar proteins might function as transcription factors or be involved in the control of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Strikingly, as many as eight Mar genes are located on the X chromosome in human, mouse and other mammals, and at least two of the autosomal genes are subject to imprinting. We suggest that retrotransposons might be a source for epigenetically regulated genes. Epigenetic regulation of these neogenes might be derived from the cellular defense mechanisms having controlled their retrotransposon ancestor.
Trading Cost: The Critical Link Between Investment Information and Results (1983)

(1983). Trading Cost: The Critical Link Between Investment Information and Results. Financial Analysts Journal: Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 39-44.
Automated quantification of apoptosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: early assessment predicts clinical response. (2003)

If the results can be validated in a larger patient cohort, the method could be used to "tailor" therapy to optimize benefit in a patient-specific fashion.