gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuropathological findings in patients with clinical diagnoses of probable Alzheimer's disease (1990)

To assess prospectively the accuracy of standard antemortem clinical diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease, post-mortem examinations were performed on 25 patients who had met DSM-III criteria for primary degenerative dementia and National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke criteria for probable Alzheimer's disease. Seventeen patients (68%) met neuropathological criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Two presenile-onset patients had diffuse neocortical senile plaques of insufficient number for definite Alzheimer's disease. Six patients had non-Alzheimer's disease diagnoses. Five of these six had presenile-onset dementia. These results suggest caution in the antemortem diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in presenile-onset dementia.
Seeing in Depth (2008)

The two volumes in this book contain a survey of knowledge about the visual perception of the three-dimensional visual world. The primary interest is biological vision. Machine vision and computational models are mentioned only where they contribute to an understanding of the living system. This book grew out of Howard and Rogers' Binocular Vision and Stereopsis, which was published in 1995. The topics have been reorganized, many new sections and chapters have been added, and the literature review has been brought up to date. The present book covers all aspects of depth perception, including a review of monocular cues to depth. Volume I deals with the basic visual mechanisms used in depth perception. Volume II deals with the perception of three-dimensional space.
Alymphoplasia (aly)-Type Nuclear Factor κB–Inducing Kinase (Nik) Causes Defects in Secondary Lymphoid Tissue Chemokine Receptor Signaling and Homing of Peritoneal Cells to the Gut-Associated Lymphatic Tissue System (2000)

Alymphoplasia (aly) mice, which carry a point mutation in the nuclear factor kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) gene, are characterized by the systemic absence of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, disorganized splenic and thymic architectures, and immunodeficiency. Another unique feature of aly/aly mice is that their peritoneal cavity contains more B1 cells than normal and aly/+ mice. Transfer experiments of peritoneal lymphocytes from aly/aly mice into recombination activating gene (RAG)-2(-/-) mice revealed that B and T cells fail to migrate to other lymphoid tissues, particularly to the gut-associated lymphatic tissue system. In vivo homing defects of aly/aly peritoneal cells correlated with reduction of their in vitro chemotactic responses to secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC) and B lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC). The migration defect of aly/aly lymphocytes was not due to a lack of expression of chemokines and their receptors, but rather to impaired signal transduction downstream of the receptors for SLC, indicating that NIK is involved in the chemokine signaling pathway known to couple only with G proteins. The results showed that the reduced serum levels of immunoglobulins (Igs) and the absence of class switch to IgA in aly/aly mice are due, at least in part, to a migration defect of lymphocytes to the proper microenvironment where B cells proliferate and differentiate into Ig-producing cells.
Testing the limitations of 2-D companding for strain imaging using phantoms (1998)

Companding may be used as a technique for generating low-noise strain images. It involves warping radio-frequency echo fields in two dimensions and at several spatial scales to minimize decorrelation errors in correlation-based displacement estimates. For the appropriate experimental conditions, companding increases the sensitivity and dynamic range of strain images without degrading contrast or spatial resolution significantly. In this paper, we examine the conditions that limit the effectiveness of 2-D local companding through a series of experiments using phantoms with tissue-like acoustic and elasticity properties. We found that strain noise remained relatively unchanged as the applied compression increased to 5% of the phantom height, while target contrast increased in proportion to the compression. Controlling the image noise at high compressions improves target visibility over the broad range induced in elastically heterogeneous media, such as biological tissues. Compressions greater than 5% introduce large strains and complex motions that reduce the effectiveness of companding. Control of boundary conditions and ultrasonic data sampling rates is critical for a successful implementation of our algorithms.
The cap and poly(A) tail function synergistically to regulate mRNA translational efficiency. (1991)

The cap structure and the poly(A) tail are important regulatory determinants in establishing the translational efficiency of a messenger RNA. Although the mechanism by which either determinant functions remains poorly characterized, the interaction between the poly(A) tail-poly(A)-binding protein complex and events occurring at the 5' terminus during translation initiation has been an intriguing possibility. In this report, the mutual dependence of the cap and the poly(A) tail was studied. Poly(A)+ and poly(A)- luciferase (Luc) mRNAs generated in vitro containing or lacking a cap were translated in vivo in tobacco protoplasts, Chinese hamster ovary cells, and yeast following delivery by electroporation. The poly(A) tail-mediated regulation of translational efficiency was wholly dependent on the cap for function. Moreover, cap function was enhanced over an order of magnitude by the presence of a poly(A) tail. The relative differences in stability between the mRNAs could not account for the synergism. The synergism between the cap and poly(A) tail was not observed in yeast cells in which active translation had been disrupted. In addition, the synergism was not observed in in vitro translation lysates. These data demonstrate that the cap and the poly(A) tail are interdependent for optimal function in vivo and suggest that communication between the two regulatory determinants may be important in establishing efficient translation.
Chemical reactions within DNA duplexes Cyanogen bromide as an effective oligodeoxyribonucleotide coupling agent (1988)

Cyanogen bromide was found to condense oligodeoxyribonucleotides on a complementary template in aqueous solution. Optimum conditions for this vigorous and effective reaction were developed. CNBr proved to be useful for incorporation of phosphoramidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.
Electrowetting of Nonwetting Liquids and Liquid Marbles (2006)

Transport of a water droplet on a solid surface can be achieved by differentially modifying the contact angles at either side of the droplet using capacitive charging of the solid-liquid interface (i.e., electrowetting-on-dielectric) to create a driving force. Improved droplet mobility can be achieved by modifying the surface topography to enhance the effects of a hydrophobic surface chemistry and so achieve an almost complete roll-up into a superhydrophobic droplet where the contact angle is greater than 150 degrees . When electrowetting is attempted on such a surface, an electrocapillary pressure arises which causes water penetration into the surface features and an irreversible conversion to a state in which the droplet loses its mobility. Irreversibility occurs because the surface tension of the liquid does not allow the liquid to retract from these fixed surface features on removal of the actuating voltage. In this work, we show that this irreversibility can be overcome by attaching the solid surface features to the liquid surface to create a liquid marble. The solid topographic surface features then become a conformable "skin" on the water droplet both enabling it to become highly mobile and providing a reversible liquid marble-on-solid system for electrowetting. In our system, hydrophobic silica particles and hydrophobic grains of lycopodium are used as the skin. In the region corresponding to the solid-marble contact area, the liquid marble can be viewed as a liquid droplet resting on the attached solid grains (or particles) in a manner similar to a superhydrophobic droplet resting upon posts fixed on a solid substrate. When a marble is placed on a flat solid surface and electrowetting performed it spreads but with the water remaining effectively suspended on the grains as it would if the system were a droplet of water on a surface consisting of solid posts. When the electrowetting voltage is removed, the surface tension of the water droplet causes it to ball up from the surface but carrying with it the conformable skin. A theoretical basis for this electrowetting of a liquid marble is developed using a surface free energy approach.
Modeling Diamond Blackfan Anemia and p53 Activation in the Zebrafish (2016)

Marrow dysplasias are pre-leukemic conditions that include ribosomopathies, a group of rare genetic diseases, or myelodysplasia preceded by clonal expansion in older adults with somatic mutations. To discover novel therapies for ribosomopathies, we performed two chemical suppressor screens using a ribosomal protein mutant zebrafish and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from ribosomopathy patients. In the zebrafish screen, we found calmodulin inhibitors rescued the anemia in zebrafish and also rescued the erythroid defect of the mouse (in vivo) and human (in vitro) models of marrow failure. The screen in RPS19 mutant human iPSCs identified a compound, SMER28, which enhanced erythropoiesis in anemia models through an autophagy-dependent mechanism. The compounds identified in our chemicals screens have provided new insight into the etiology of marrow failure, and calmodulin inhibitors will soon be studied in a clinical trial with adult Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients. To study the abnormal clonal hematopoiesis associated with myelodysplasia, we have generated a new system using the zebrafish in which single stem cells and their progeny express unique combinations of fluorescent proteins, allowing them to be tracked over time by their specific color. Mosaic mutagenesis induced by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats /cas9 and/or gene overexpression in this system led to expansion of specifically colored blood, modeling the clonal hematopoiesis of human myelodysplasia. Our studies should provide new insight into the ribosomopathies and myelodysplasia. Disclosures Zon: Marauder Therapeutics: Equity Ownership, Other: Founder; Scholar Rock: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Founder; Fate, Inc.: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Founder.
Characterization of fresh and aged organic aerosol emissions from meat charbroiling (2017)

Abstract. Cooking emissions can be a significant source of fine particulate matter in urban areas. In this study the aerosol- and gas-phase emissions from meat charbroiling were characterized. Greek souvlakia with pork were cooked using a commercial charbroiler and a fraction of the emissions were introduced into a smog chamber where after a characterization phase they were exposed to UV illumination and oxidants. The particulate and gas phases were characterized by a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) correspondingly. More than 99 % of the aerosol emitted was composed of organic compounds, while black carbon (BC) contributed 0.3 % and the inorganic species less than 0.5 % of the total aerosol mass. The initial O : C ratio was approximately 0.09 and increased up to 0.30 after a few hours of chemical aging (exposures of 1010 molecules cm−3 s for OH and 100 ppb h for ozone). The initial and aged AMS spectra differed considerably (θ = 27°). Ambient measurements were also conducted during Fat Thursday in Patras, Greece, when traditionally meat is charbroiled everywhere in the city. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) revealed that cooking organic aerosol (COA) reached up to 85 % of the total OA from 10:00 to 12:00 LST that day. The ambient COA factor in two major Greek cities had a mass spectrum during spring and summer similar to the aged meat charbroiling emissions. In contrast, the ambient COA factor during winter resembled strongly the fresh laboratory meat charbroiling emissions.
Structural Acoustics: A General Form of Reciprocity Principles in Acoustics (1993)

Abstract : A generalized Reciprocity Principle for Acoustics is obtained. By specialization, various principles which appear in the literature are obtained...Rayleigh, Mass conservation equation, Green's theorem
Expression and Immunogenicity of a Mutant Diphtheria Toxin Molecule, CRM 197 , and Its Fragments in Salmonella typhi Vaccine Strain CVD 908- htrA (1999)

Mutant diphtheria toxin molecule CRM(197) and fragments thereof were expressed in attenuated Salmonella typhi CVD 908-htrA, and the constructs were tested for their ability to induce serum antitoxin. Initially, expressed proteins were insoluble, and the constructs failed to induce neutralizing antitoxin. Soluble CRM(197) was expressed at low levels by utilizing the hemolysin A secretion system from Escherichia coli.
Qualitative near-infrared reflectance analysis using Mahalanobis distances (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTQualitative near-infrared reflectance analysis using Mahalanobis distancesHoward L. Mark and David. TunnellCite this: Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 7, 1449–1456Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00284a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00284a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views481Altmetric-Citations181LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Role of Apoptosis Signal-Regulating Kinase in Regulation of the c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Pathway and Apoptosis in Sympathetic Neurons (2000)

We have previously shown that nerve growth factor (NGF) withdrawal-induced death requires the activity of the small GTP-binding protein Cdc42 and that overexpression of an active form of Cdc42 is sufficient to mediate neuronal apoptosis via activation of the c-Jun pathway. Recently, a new mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase kinase, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) which activates both the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAP kinase pathways and plays pivotal roles in tumor necrosis factor- and Fas-induced apoptosis, has been identified. Therefore, we investigated the role of ASK1 in neuronal apoptosis by using rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) neuronal cells and primary rat sympathetic neurons (SCGs). Overexpression of ASK1-DeltaN, a constitutively active mutant of ASK1, activated JNK and induced apoptosis in differentiated PC12 cells and SCG neurons. Moreover, in differentiated PC12 cells, NGF withdrawal induced a four- to fivefold increase in the activity of endogenous ASK1. Finally, expression of a kinase-inactive ASK1 significantly blocked both NGF withdrawal- and Cdc42-induced death and activation of c-jun. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ASK1 is a crucial element of NGF withdrawal-induced activation of the Cdc42-c-Jun pathway and neuronal apoptosis.
Synthesis of peptide analogs containing (2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid (ciliatine) (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of peptide analogs containing (2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid (ciliatine)Kiyoshi Yamauchi, Souichi Ohtsuki, and Masayoshi KinoshitaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 7, 1158–1163Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00181a002https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00181a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views446Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Analysis of theEscherichia coligenome. V. DNA sequence of the region from 76.0 to 81.5 minutes (1994)

The DNA sequence of 96.5 kilobases of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome has been determined, spanning the region between rrnA at 87.2 minutes and katG at 89.2 minutes on the genetic map. The sequence includes 84 open reading frames, of which 46 code for unidentified proteins. Six previously mapped but unsequenced genes have been identified in this span: mob, fdhD, rhaD, rhaA, rhaB, and kdgT. In addition, five new genes have been assigned: the heat shock genes hsIU and hsIV, and the genes fdoG, fdoH, and fdoI, which encode the three subunits of formate dehydrogenase-O. The arrangement of the genes relative to possible promoters and terminators suggests 57 potential transcription units. Other features include the precise location of the bacteriophage P2 attachment site attP2II, and eleven REP elements, including one containing 9 REP sequences--one of the largest such elements known. This segment brings the total length of contiguous finished sequence to 325 kilobases.
Sphingolipids in inflammation: pathological implications and potential therapeutic targets (2009)

Sphingolipids are formed via the metabolism of sphingomyelin, a constituent of the plasma membrane, or by de novo synthesis. Enzymatic pathways result in the formation of several different lipid mediators, which are known to have important roles in many cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis and migration. Several studies now suggest that these sphingolipid mediators, including ceramide, ceramide 1-phosphate and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), are likely to have an integral role in inflammation. This can involve, for example, activation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors in different cell types and induction of cyclooxygenase-2, leading to production of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins. The mode of action of each sphingolipid is different. Increased ceramide production leads to the formation of ceramide-rich areas of the membrane, which may assemble signalling complexes, whereas S1P acts via high-affinity G-protein-coupled S1P receptors on the plasma membrane. Recent studies have demonstrated that in vitro effects of sphingolipids on inflammation can translate into in vivo models. This review will highlight the areas of research where sphingolipids are involved in inflammation and the mechanisms of action of each mediator. In addition, the therapeutic potential of drugs that alter sphingolipid actions will be examined with reference to disease states, such as asthma and inflammatory bowel disease, which involve important inflammatory components. A significant body of research now indicates that sphingolipids are intimately involved in the inflammatory process and recent studies have demonstrated that these lipids, together with associated enzymes and receptors, can provide effective drug targets for the treatment of pathological inflammation.
A Fluorescent Indicator for Tyrosine Phosphorylation-Based Insulin Signaling Pathways (1999)

A fluorescent indicator for tyrosine phosphorylation-based insulin signaling is described. Upon binding of insulin to cell-surface insulin receptor, the receptor phosphorylates tyrosine residues of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) in the cell. A fluorescent indicator was designed by using synthetic phosphopeptide pY939 derived from the tyrosine phosphorylation domain of IRS-1 and its target protein SH2N containing an N-terminal SH2 domain of PI 3-kinase. The SH2N protein and pY939 phosphopeptide were labeled with fluorescein (F-SH2N) and tetramethylrhodamine (T-pY939), respectively. Formation of a F-SH2N-T-pY939 complex (termed a fluorescence resonance energy-transfer (FRET) pair) was evaluated from a change in a fluorescence emission spectrum based on FRET between the two fluorophores. The FRET pair was formed to dissociate in competition with the unlabeled pY939 phosphopeptide, resulting in a decrease in a pY939 phosphopeptide-dependent FRET emission at 580 nm and causing an increase in emission at 520 nm. Tyrosine phosphorylation by the partially purified insulin receptor of substrate peptide Y939 was detected with this formed FRET pair, and resulting changes in fluorescence emission spectra were observed for insulin concentration from about 1.0 x 10(-9) to 1.0 x 10(-6) M. These results indicated that the FRET pair served as a competitive fluorescent indicator for tyrosine phosphorylation-based insulin signaling.
A comparison of intraocular pressure elevating activity of loteprednol etabonate and dexamethasone in rabbits (1992)

A "Soft" corticosteroid, loteprednol etabonate I, designed based on the "inactive metabolite" concept can be used as a safe ophthalmic anti-inflammatory drug. By design, the metabolism of I follows a predicted biotransformation pathway, thus unwanted systemic side effects are avoided. Local side effects are also reduced. Accordingly, in a cross-over study I did not elevate the intraocular pressure (IOP) in rabbits, as opposed to dexamethasone.