gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring Ethereum Network Peers (2018)

Ethereum, the second-largest cryptocurrency valued at a peak of $138 billion in 2018, is a decentralized, Turing-complete computing platform. Although the stability and security of Ethereum---and blockchain systems in general---have been widely-studied, most analysis has focused on application level features of these systems such as cryptographic mining challenges, smart contract semantics, or block mining operators. Little attention has been paid to the underlying peer-to-peer (P2P) networks that are responsible for information propagation and that enable blockchain consensus. In this work, we develop NodeFinder to measure this previously opaque network at scale and illuminate the properties of its nodes. We analyze the Ethereum network from two vantage points: a three-month long view of nodes on the P2P network, and a single day snapshot of the Ethereum Mainnet peers. We uncover a noisy DEVp2p ecosystem in which fewer than half of all nodes contribute to the Ethereum Mainnet. Through a comparison with other previously studied P2P networks including BitTorrent, Gnutella, and Bitcoin, we find that Ethereum differs in both network size and geographical distribution.
Cytotoxic Triterpenoid Saponins Acylated with Monoterpenic Acid from Pithecellobium lucidum (2007)

Three new oleanane-type triterpene saponins, named pithelucosides A-C (1-3), together with two known saponins (4, 5) were isolated from the roots of Pithecellobium lucidum. The structures of the new saponins were established on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments and mass spectrometry and confirmed by acid and alkaline hydrolysis. Compounds 1-5 and 7 (pro-sapogenin obtained from the mild alkaline hydrolysate of 1) were evaluated for cytotoxic activity on five human tumoral cell lines (HCT-8, Bel-7402, BGC-823, A549, and A2780) and for hemolytic property against rabbit erythrocytes. Compounds 2-5 showed significant cytotoxic activities with IC50 values of 0.61-7.56 microM. All tested compounds did not exhibit any hemolytic activity in the concentration range 0.01-100 microM.
Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS): Formulation Development, Characterization, and Applications (2009)

Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) possess unparalleled potential in improving oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Following their oral administration, these systems rapidly disperse in gastrointestinal fluids, yielding micro- or nanoemulsions containing the solubilized drug. Owing to its miniscule globule size, the micro/nanoemulsifed drug can easily be absorbed through lymphatic pathways, bypassing the hepatic first-pass effect. We present an exhaustive and updated account of numerous literature reports and patents on diverse types of self-emulsifying drug formulations, with emphasis on their formulation, characterization, and systematic optimization strategies. Recent advancements in various methodologies employed to characterize their globule size and shape, ability to encapsulate the drug, gastrointestinal and thermodynamic stability, rheological characteristics, and so forth, are discussed comprehensively to guide the formula-tor in preparing an effective and robust SEDDS formulation. Also, this exhaustive review offers an explicit discussion on vital applications of the SEDDS in bioavailability enhancement of various drugs, outlining an overview on myriad in vitro, in situ, and ex vivo techniques to assess the absorption and/ or permeation potential of drugs incorporated in the SEDDS in animal and cell line models, and the subsequent absorption pathways followed by them. In short, the current article furnishes an updated compilation of wide-ranging information on all the requisite vistas of the self-emulsifying formulations, thus paving the way for accelerated progress into the SEDDS application in pharmaceutical research.
MULTI-MODULAR NEURAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURES: APPLICATIONS IN OPTICAL CHARACTER AND HUMAN FACE RECOGNITION (1993)

In practical applications, recognition accuracy is sometimes not the only criterion; capability to reject erroneous patterns might also be needed. We show that there is a trade-off between these two properties. An efficient solution to this trade-off is brought about by the use of different algorithms implemented in various modules, i.e. multi-modular architectures. We present a general mechanism for designing and training multi-modular architectures, integrating various neural networks into a unique pattern recognition system, which is globally trained. It is possible to realize, within the system, feature extraction and recognition in successive modules which are cooperatively trained. We discuss various rejection criteria for neural networks and multi-modular architectures. We then give two examples of such systems, study their rejection capabilities and show how to use them for segmentation. In handwritten optical character recognition, our system achieves performances at state-of-the-art level, but is eight times faster. In human face recognition, our system is intended to work in the real world.
Variants in the ATM-BRCA2-CHEK2 axis predispose to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (2006)

We conducted a large-scale association study to identify low-penetrance susceptibility alleles for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), analyzing 992 patients and 2707 healthy controls. To increase the likelihood of identifying disease-causing alleles we genotyped 1467 coding nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in 865 candidate cancer genes, biasing nsSNP selection toward those predicted to be deleterious. Preeminent associations were identified in SNPs mapping to genes pivotal in the DNA damage-response and cell-cycle pathways, including ATM F858L (odds ratio [OR] = 2.28, P < .0001) and P1054R (OR = 1.68, P = .0006), CHEK2 I157T (OR = 14.83, P = .0008), BRCA2 N372H (OR = 1.45, P = .0032), and BUB1B Q349R (OR = 1.42, P = .0038). Our findings implicate variants in the ATM-BRCA2-CHEK2 DNA damage-response axis with risk of CLL.
THE HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE IN HUMANS FOLLOWING CROSS-PERFUSION OF PORCINE ORGANS (1995)

A major question in xenotransplantation is the nature of the humoral response that would occur following the transplantation of a xenogeneic organ into an immunosuppressed recipient as such a response could mediate delayed types of injury to the graft. To begin to address this issue we characterized the changes in the properties of xenoreactive antibodies occurring in patients exposed to porcine organs under conditions simulating transplantation. In two patients whose blood had been cross-perfused through porcine livers as a treatment for hepatic failure, the titer of xenoreactive IgM increased by four-fold and the titer of xenoreactive IgG increased by sixty-fold within ten days after perfusion procedures. The xenoreactive IgM and IgG antibodies were specific for Galα1–3Gal based on binding to porcine endothelial cells and bovine thyroglobulin, which express this determinant, and on the decrease in binding following treatment of porcine endothelial cells or bovine thyroglobulin with α-galactosidase. The sequential addition to endothelial cells of amounts of serum known to saturate antibody-binding sites obtained before and ten days after perfusion of porcine organs revealed no increase in binding of IgM above the level observed with serum obtained before perfusion, suggesting that new determinants were not identified. Moreover, the functional avidity of binding to porcine endothelial cells of IgM in serum obtained before and ten days after perfusion of porcine organs was unchanged. Even at later times, the presence of newly elicited antibodies against porcine aortic endothelial cell targets was not detected. Thus, exposure to porcine antigens in a vascularized organ results in increases in the levels of xenoreactive IgM and IgG antibodies—however, these antibodies exhibit properties similar to natural antibodies.
Specific inhibition of CBP/β-catenin interaction rescues defects in neuronal differentiation caused by a presenilin-1 mutation (2005)

Wnt/beta-catenin signaling has been shown to promote self-renewal in a variety of tissue stem cells, including neuronal stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells. However, activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway promoted and inhibition of the pathway prevented differentiation of neuronal precursor cells. A clear explanation for the differential effects of Wnt/beta-catenin activation on neuronal precursors is not available at present. Presenilin-1 (PS-1) is a polytopic protein comprised of six to eight transmembrane domains. PS-1, as part of the gamma-secretase complex, is required for the intramembrane proteolysis of both amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch. Additionally, through interactions with beta-catenin, PS-1 is associated with modulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. A familial Alzheimer's disease-associated PS-1 mutant, PS-1(L286V), causes a dramatic increase in T cell factor (TCF)/beta-catenin transcription in PC-12 cells, which prevents normal nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth. Selective inhibition of TCF/beta-catenin/cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP)-mediated transcription, but not TCF/beta-catenin/p300, with the recently described small molecule antagonist ICG-001 corrects these defects in neuronal differentiation, highlighting the importance of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in this process. We propose that increased TCF/beta-catenin/CBP-mediated transcription, as well as a failure to switch to TCF/beta-catenin/p300-mediated transcription, play an important role in decreasing neuronal differentiation.
Palladium-Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Bromides Promoted by Low-Level Organotin Compounds (2004)

A novel method for palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl bromides promoted by low-level tri-n-butyltin chloride or cyanide is described. The method features low catalyst loading and mild reaction conditions. KCN is used as the cyanide source. Only trace levels of the tri-n-butyltin compound are required to achieve high conversion and yield in the cyanation of aryl bromides, iodides, and triflates.
Improvement of Electrochemical Properties of Surface Modified Li1.05Ni0.35Co0.25Mn0.4O2Cathode Material for Lithium Secondary Battery (2008)

In this study, nano-crystallized LiCoO2 was coated on the surface of Li1.05Ni0.35Co0.25Mn0.4O2 powders via sol-gel method. The influence of coated Li1.05Ni0.35Co0.25Mn0.4O2 about electrochemical behavior was discussed. The surface morphology characterization was achieved by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Nano-crystallized LiCoO2 was clearly observed on the surfaces of Li1.05Ni0.35Co0.25 Mn0.4O2. It showed that LiCoO2 coated Li1.05Ni0.35Co0.25Mn0.4O2 cathode exhibited distinct surface morphology. Cyclic voltammertry (2.8-4.6 V) shows that the characteristic voltage transition on cycling exhibited by the bare compound are suppressed by 5 wt% LiCoO2 coating. This behavior implies that LiCoO2 prevent structural change of Li1.05Ni0.35Co0.25Mn0.4O2 or reaction with electrolyte on cycling. In addition, LiCoO2 coated Li1.05Ni0.35Co0.25Mn0.4O2 compound shows highly improved area-specific impedance (ASI), one of the important battery performances. From the correlation between these characteristics of bare and coated Li1.05Ni0.35Co0.25Mn0.4O2, the role of LiCoO2 coating played on the electrochemical performance of Li1.05Ni0.35Co0.25Mn0.4O2 was probed.
Osteolysis Caused by Tibial Component Debonding in Total Knee Arthroplasty (2006)

Late failure of total knee arthroplasties usually results from ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene wear or implant loosening. Early failure from osteolysis is uncommon. However, we treated a patient with a failed total knee arthroplasty from osteolysis that developed 2 years postoperatively. The failure was associated with tibial component debonding from the cement mantle with abundant cement and metal debris. Although there was some third-body debris in the ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene insert surface, the insert wear was not extensive. Although abundant cement and metal debris were found in the periarticular soft tissues, no ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene was seen in histologic specimens under polarized light. The osteolysis seems to have been caused primarily by debris generated from debonding and torsional motion at the tibial baseplate-cement interface rather than the bearing surface. Although this failure mechanism has been well recognized in cemented total hip arthroplasties, it has not been reported to be a substantial cause of failure in total knee arthroplasties.
Linear Systems Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Human V1 (1996)

The linear transform model of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) hypothesizes that fMRI responses are proportional to local average neural activity averaged over a period of time. This work reports results from three empirical tests that support this hypothesis. First, fMRI responses in human primary visual cortex (V1) depend separably on stimulus timing and stimulus contrast. Second, responses to long-duration stimuli can be predicted from responses to shorter duration stimuli. Third, the noise in the fMRI data is independent of stimulus contrast and temporal period. Although these tests can not prove the correctness of the linear transform model, they might have been used to reject the model. Because the linear transform model is consistent with our data, we proceeded to estimate the temporal fMRI impulse-response function and the underlying (presumably neural) contrast-response function of human V1.
Algorithm 432 [C2]: Solution of the matrix equation AX + XB = C [F4] (1972)

article Free Access Share on Solution of the matrix equation AX + XB = C [F4] Authors: R. H. Bartels Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin Univ. of Texas at Austin, AustinView Profile , G. W. Stewart Univ. of Texas at Austin, Austin Univ. of Texas at Austin, AustinView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 15Issue 9Sept. 1972 pp 820–826https://doi.org/10.1145/361573.361582Published:01 September 1972Publication History 1,320citation8,504DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations1,320Total Downloads8,504Last 12 Months501Last 6 weeks55 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Hydrocarbons of the Cuticle and Hemolymph of the Adult Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (1989)

Journal Article Hydrocarbons of the Cuticle and Hemolymph of the Adult Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Get access B. R. Francis, B. R. Francis 1Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, University Station, Laramie, Wyoming 82071. 1Current address: Lucille P. Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. 40536. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar W. E. Blanton, W. E. Blanton 1Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, University Station, Laramie, Wyoming 82071. 2Current address: Cenref Labs, Brighton, Colo. 80601. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. L. Littlefield, J. L. Littlefield 1Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, University Station, Laramie, Wyoming 82071. 3Current address: Department of Entomology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Mont. 59715. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. A. Nunamaker R. A. Nunamaker 1Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, University Station, Laramie, Wyoming 82071. 4Current address: Arthropod-borne Animal Diseases Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, University Station, Laramie, Wyo. 82071. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 82, Issue 4, 1 July 1989, Pages 486–494, https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/82.4.486 Published: 01 July 1989 Article history Received: 07 July 1988 Accepted: 31 October 1988 Published: 01 July 1989
Therapeutic Antitumor Response After Immunization with an Admixture of Recombinant Vaccinia Viruses Expressing a Modified MUC1 Gene and the Murine T-Cell Costimulatory Molecule B7 (1997)

Tumor-associated antigens have considerable promise not only as diagnostic or prognostic markers but also as targets for active or passive immunotherapy. DF3/MUC1 is a tumor-associated antigen that is overexpressed with an abnormal glycosylation pattern in breast, ovarian, lung, and pancreatic cancers. The major extracellular portion of MUC1 is composed of tandem repeat units of 20 amino acids. Recombinant vaccinia viruses encoding mucin molecules have been constructed by several groups. However, these recombinants have met with limited success in protecting animals from MUC1-expressing tumors because of the vaccinia genome being subject to high-frequency homologous recombination, therefore being unstable in expression of the tandem repeats. In light of these studies, two concurrent strategies were used to improve immune responses to MUC1: a recombinant vaccinia virus was constructed containing a modified "mini" MUC1 gene containing only 10 tandem repeat sequences to minimize vaccinia-mediated rearrangement (designated rV-MUC1); and an admixture was used containing rV-MUC1 and a recombinant vaccinia virus containing the gene for the murine T-cell costimulatory molecule B7-1 (rV-B7). The rV-MUC1 gene product maintained a consistent molecular weight throughout several passages, indicating stability of the inserted gene. Mice inoculated with rV-MUC1 demonstrated MUC1-specific cytolytic responses that were further enhanced by admixture with rV-B7. In a MUC1-expressing pulmonary metastases prevention model, mice inoculated two times with rV-MUC1 were protected from the establishment of metastases. No additive effect on antitumor immunity (> 90% with rV-MUC1 alone) was observed in mice primed with an admixture of rV-MUC1 and rV-B7 and boosted with rV-MUC1. When rV-MUC1 was used to treat established MUC1 positive metastases, however, three administrations of rV-MUC1 were not sufficient to confer antitumor effects. In contrast, when tumor-bearing mice were primed with an admixture of rV-MUC1 and rV-B7, followed by two boosts with rV-MUC1, there was a significant reduction in pulmonary metastases (p = < 0.0001), which correlated to 100% survival. Coexpression of the B7 molecule, although not necessary for the induction of an immune response of sufficient magnitude to prevent MUC1 tumors, was thus essential in a treatment setting.
Routing in ad hoc networks using a spine (2002)

We present a two-level hierarchical routing architecture for ad hoc networks. Within each lower level cluster, we describe a self-organizing, dynamic spine structure to (a) propagate topology changes, (b) compute updated routes in the background, and (c) provide backup routes in case of transient failures of the primary routes. We analyze and bound the worst case of movements between upper level clusters to show that this hierarchical architecture scales well with network size.
Classifying the precancers: A metadata approach (2003)

This work represents the first attempt to create a comprehensive listing of the precancers, the first attempt to classify precancers by their biological properties and the first attempt to create a pathologic classification of precancers using standard metadata (XML). The classification is placed in the public domain, and comment is invited by the authors, who are prepared to curate and modify the classification.
Expression of Cd34 and Myf5 Defines the Majority of Quiescent Adult Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells (2000)

Skeletal muscle is one of a several adult post-mitotic tissues that retain the capacity to regenerate. This relies on a population of quiescent precursors, termed satellite cells. Here we describe two novel markers of quiescent satellite cells: CD34, an established marker of hematopoietic stem cells, and Myf5, the earliest marker of myogenic commitment. CD34(+ve) myoblasts can be detected in proliferating C2C12 cultures. In differentiating cultures, CD34(+ve) cells do not fuse into myotubes, nor express MyoD. Using isolated myofibers as a model of synchronous precursor cell activation, we show that quiescent satellite cells express CD34. An early feature of their activation is alternate splicing followed by complete transcriptional shutdown of CD34. This data implicates CD34 in the maintenance of satellite cell quiescence. In heterozygous Myf5(nlacZ/+) mice, all CD34(+ve) satellite cells also express beta-galactosidase, a marker of activation of Myf5, showing that quiescent satellite cells are committed to myogenesis. All such cells are positive for the accepted satellite cell marker, M-cadherin. We also show that satellite cells can be identified on isolated myofibers of the myosin light chain 3F-nlacZ-2E mouse as those that do not express the transgene. The numbers of satellite cells detected in this way are significantly greater than those identified by the other three markers. We conclude that the expression of CD34, Myf5, and M-cadherin defines quiescent, committed precursors and speculate that the CD34(-ve), Myf5(-ve) minority may be involved in maintaining the lineage-committed majority.
Effect of ETC-1002 on Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Hypercholesterolemic Patients Receiving Statin Therapy (2016)

ETC-1002 is an oral, once-daily medication that inhibits adenosine triphosphate citrate lyase, an enzyme upstream of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, to reduce cholesterol biosynthesis. ETC-1002 monotherapy has demonstrated significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) compared with placebo in phase 2 studies. The objective of this study was to compare the lipid-lowering efficacy of ETC-1002 versus placebo when added to ongoing statin therapy in patients with hypercholesterolemia. This phase 2b, multicenter, double-blind trial (NCT02072161) randomized 134 hypercholesterolemic patients (LDL-C, 115 to 220 mg/dl) on stable background statin therapy to 12 weeks of add-on treatment with ETC-1002 120 mg, ETC-1002 180 mg, or placebo. The primary efficacy end point was the percent change in calculated LDL-C from baseline to week 12. For LDL-C, the least-squares mean percent change ± standard error from baseline to week 12 was significantly greater with ETC-1002 120 mg (-17 ± 4%, p = 0.0055) and ETC-1002 180 mg (-24 ± 4%, p <0.0001) than placebo (-4 ± 4%). ETC-1002 also dose dependently reduced apolipoprotein B by 15% to 17%, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 14% to 17%, total cholesterol by 13% to 15%, and LDL particle number by 17% to 21%. All these reductions in ETC-1002-treated cohorts were significantly greater than those with placebo. Rates of adverse events (AEs), muscle-related AEs, and discontinuations for AEs with ETC-1002 were similar to placebo. In conclusion, ETC-1002 120 mg or 180 mg added to stable statin therapy significantly reduced LDL-C compared to placebo and has a similar tolerability profile.