gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Communications- A New Synthesis of β, β-Diphenylalanine and Related Unnatural α-Amino Acids. (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCommunications- A New Synthesis of β, β-Diphenylalanine and Related Unnatural α-Amino Acids.Robert Filler and Y RaoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 5, 1685Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1961Publication History Published online26 February 2003Published inissue 1 May 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01064a643https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01064a643research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views124Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Intracellular Antimicrobial Activity in the Absence of Interferon-γ: Effect of Interleukin-12 in Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis in Interferon-γ Gene-disrupted Mice (1997)

Despite permitting uncontrolled intracellular visceral infection for 8 wk, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) gene knockout (GKO) mice infected with Leishmania donovani proceeded to reduce liver parasite burdens by 50% by week 12. This late-developing IFN-gamma-independent antileishmanial mechanism appeared to be dependent largely on endogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha): L. donovani infection induced TNF-alpha mRNA expression in parasitized GKO livers and neutralization of TNF-alpha reversed control at week 12.7 d of treatment of infected GKO mice with interleukin-12 (IL-12) readily induced leishmanicidal activity and also partially restored the near-absent tissue granulomatous response, observations that for the first time expand the antimicrobial repertoire of IL-12 to include IFN-gamma-independent effects. The action of IL-12 against L. donovani was TNF-alpha dependent and required the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase. These results point to the presence of an IFN-gamma-independent antimicrobial mechanism, mediated by TNF-alpha, which remains quiescent until activated late in the course of experimental visceral leishmaniasis. However, as judged by the effect of exogenous IL-12 this quiescent mechanism can readily be induced to rapidly yield enhanced intracellular antimicrobial activity.
Elevated Soluble Cellular Adhesion Molecules in Subjects With Low HDL-Cholesterol (2002)

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the expression of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) is enhanced in individuals with low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). Plasma levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), and E-selectin (sE-selectin) were measured in subjects with low (below the 10th percentile for the Italian population), average, or high (above the 90th percentile) HDL-C. Average sICAM-1 and sE-selectin levels were significantly higher in two groups of 65 individuals with low HDL levels, either hyperlipidemic (320.5+/-16.0 and 61.4+/-3.5 ng/mL) or normolipidemic (309.6+/-13.0 and 60.0+/-2.7 ng/mL), than in subjects with average HDL levels, either hyperlipidemic (267.0+/-10.1 and 50.4+/-2.8 ng/mL) or normolipidemic (257.9+/-5.4 and 51.1+/-2.4 ng/mL), or with high HDL levels (254.8+/-10.2 and 52.5+/-3.2 ng/mL). No significant difference was found in the plasma sVCAM-1 concentration. HDL-C was inversely correlated with sICAM-1 and sE-selectin in the low-HDL subjects (r(2)=0.087 and 0.035, P=0.0007 and 0.033, respectively), but not in individuals with normal or elevated HDL-C (r(2)=0.012 and 0.006). A fenofibrate-induced increase of HDL-C in 20 low-HDL subjects was associated with a significant reduction of plasma sICAM-1 and sE-selectin concentrations. An increased CAMs expression may be a mechanism by which a low plasma HDL level promotes atherogenesis and causes acute atherothrombotic events.
NADPH oxidase–derived free radicals are key oxidants in alcohol-induced liver disease (2000)

In North America, liver disease due to alcohol consumption is an important cause of death in adults, although its pathogenesis remains obscure. Despite the fact that resident hepatic macrophages are known to contribute to early alcohol-induced liver injury via oxidative stress, the exact source of free radicals has remained a mystery. To test the hypothesis that NADPH oxidase is the major source of oxidants due to ethanol, we used p47(phox) knockout mice, which lack a critical subunit of this major source of reactive oxygen species in activated phagocytes. Mice were treated with ethanol chronically, using a Tsukamoto-French protocol, for 4 weeks. In wild-type mice, ethanol caused severe liver injury via a mechanism involving gut-derived endotoxin, CD14 receptor, production of electron spin resonance-detectable free radicals, activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, and release of cytotoxic TNF-alpha from activated Kupffer cells. In NADPH oxidase-deficient mice, neither an increase in free radical production, activation of NF-kappaB, an increase in TNF-alpha mRNA, nor liver pathology was observed. These data strongly support the hypothesis that free radicals from NADPH oxidase in hepatic Kupffer cells play a predominant role in the pathogenesis of early alcohol-induced hepatitis by activating NF-kappaB, which activates production of cytotoxic TNF-alpha.
Efficient representation of spatial audio using perceptual parametrization (2002)

We introduce a new scheme for simultaneous placement of a number of sources in auditory space. The scheme is based on an assumption about the relevance of localization cues in different critical bands. Given the sum signal of a number of sources, i.e. a monophonic signal, and a set of parameters (side-information) the scheme is capable of generating a binaural signal by spatially placing the sources contained in the monophonic signal. Potential applications for the scheme are multi-talker desktop conferencing and audio coding. Preliminary experimental results suggest that the listener's ability to identify messages in a multi-talker environment significantly improves by enhancing a monophonic signal with the proposed scheme.
Simple PCR Assays Improve the Sensitivity of HIV-1 Subtype B Drug Resistance Testing and Allow Linking of Resistance Mutations (2007)

Combined, sensitive real-time PCR testing and mutation-specific amplicon sequencing provides a powerful and simple approach that allows for improved detection and evaluation of HIV-1 drug resistance mutations.
A Streptomyces collinus Thiolase with Novel Acetyl-CoA:Acyl Carrier Protein Transacylase Activity, (2001)

Acetyl-CoA:acyl carrier protein (ACP) transacylase (ACT) activity has been demonstrated for the 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthase III (KASIII) which initiates fatty acid biosynthesis in the type II dissociable fatty acid synthases of plants and bacteria. Several lines of evidence have indicated the possibility of ACT activity being associated with proteins other than KASIII. Using a crude extract of Streptomyces collinus, we have resolved from KASIII an additional protein with ACT activity and subsequently purified it 85-fold in five chromatographic steps. The 45 kDa protein was shown by gel filtration to have a molecular mass of 185 +/- 35 kDa, consistent with a homotetrameric structure for the native enzyme. The corresponding gene (fadA) was cloned and sequenced and shown to encode a protein with amino acid sequence homology to type II thiolases. The fadA was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the resulting recombinant FadA enzyme purified by metal chelate chromatography was shown to have both ACT and thiolase activities. Kinetic studies revealed that in an ACT assay FadA had a substrate specificity for a two-carbon acetyl-CoA substrate (K(m) 8.7 +/- 1.4 microM) but was able to use ACPs from both type II fatty acid and polyketide synthases (Streptomyces glaucescens FabC ACP, K(m) 10.7 +/- 1.4 microM; E. coli FabC ACP, K(m) 8.8 +/- 2 microM; FrenN ACP, K(m) 44 +/- 12 microM). In the thiolase assay kinetic analyses revealed similar K(m) values for binding of substrates acetoacetyl-CoA (K(m) 9.8 +/- 0.8 microM) and CoA (K(m) 10.9 +/- 1.8 microM). A Cys92Ser mutant of FadA possessed virtually unchanged K(m) values for acetoacetyl-CoA and CoA but had a greater than 99% decrease in k(cat) for the thiolase activity. No detectable ACT activity was observed for the Cys92Ser mutant, demonstrating that both activities are associated with FadA and likely involve formation of the same covalent acetyl-S-Cys enzyme intermediate. An ACT activity with ACP has not previously been observed for thiolases and in the case of the S. collinus FadA is significantly lower (k(cat) 3 min(-1)) than the thiolase activity of FadA (k(cat) 2170 min(-1)). The ACT activity of FadA is comparable to the KAS activity and significantly higher than the ACT activity, reported for a streptomycete KASIII.
The Status ofRPE65Gene Therapy Trials: Safety and Efficacy (2015)

Several groups have reported the results of clinical trials of gene augmentation therapy for Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) because of mutations in the RPE65 gene. These studies have used subretinal injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors to deliver the human RPE65 cDNA to the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells of the treated eyes. In all of the studies reported to date, this approach has been shown to be both safe and effective. The successful clinical trials of gene augmentation therapy for retinal degeneration caused by mutations in the RPE65 gene sets the stage for broad application of gene therapy to treat retinal degenerative disorders.
Chemical Locomotion (2006)

Research into the autonomous motion of artificial nano- and microscale objects provides basic principles to explore possible applications, such as self-assembly of superstructures, roving sensors, and drug delivery. Although the systems described have unique propulsion mechanisms, motility in each case is made possible by the conversion of locally available chemical energy into mechanical energy. The use of catalysts onboard can afford nondissipative systems that are capable of directed motion. Key to the design of nano- and micromotors is the asymmetric placement of the catalyst: its placement in an environment containing a suitable substrate translates into non-uniform consumption of the substrate and distribution of reaction products, which results in the motility of the object. These same principles are exploited in nature to effect autonomous motion.
Conventional Medical Therapies for Endometriosis (2002)

Endometriosis is a common gynecologic disorder that affects approximately 14% of all women and 30% to 50% of infertile women. Since the most common symptoms of endometriosis--progressive dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility--are also symptoms of multiple disorders, a diagnosis of endometriosis can be elusive and confirmed only by visualization, that is, laparoscopy. Endometriosis is often treated surgically upon diagnosis; however, the rate of recurrence is high, suggesting that a combination of therapeutic approaches might provide better outcomes than any one option alone. The most widely utilized hormonal treatments for endometriosis are GnRH agonists and oral contraceptives; agents indicated by the Food and Drug Administration include GnRH agonists and the androgen, danazol. The majority of evidence in support of medical therapy for endometriosis is largely observational, with the exception of studies of GnRH agonists, danazol, and a few progestins. Conventional treatment approaches for the medical management of endometriosis focus on suspected endometriosis, following a diagnosis of endometriosis, following surgical treatment of endometriosis, long-term management, and retreatment. Although major advances have been made in the treatment of endometriosis in recent decades, lack of randomized clinical trials evaluating the use of agents such as oral contraceptives alone or as add-back therapy for GnRH agonists, or those that examine combined medical and surgical treatments, has hampered the ability of physicians to provide the broadest range of medical therapies for this disorder. Future trials addressing these issues are warranted.
An experimental mm-wave receiver system for measuring phase noise due to atmospheric turbulence (1995)

The ultimate limitation of phase coherence in one-way communication systems is due to the irreducible propagation phase noise impressed upon a carrier wave due to scattering by atmospheric turbulence. The paper describes an experimental receiver designed to measure that phase noise using, initially, a satellite down link path and the 40 GHz propagation beacon of ITALSAT. Particular features of the system include: extremely low phase noise of the microwave first boal oscillator, complex demodulation (I & Q) without carrier phase acquisition (i.e. "on the fly") and menu driven interface electronics and data handling by a laptop acting as data logger and controller/house keeper of the system. The main design parameters are presented and include the various theoretical and experimental Lc(f) (dBc/Hz).
Stochastic Pore Blocking and Gating in PDMS–Glass Nanopores from Vapor–Liquid Phase Transitions (2013)

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is commonly used in research for microfluidic devices and for making elastomeric stamps for soft lithography. Its biocompatibility and nontoxicitiy also allow it to be used in personal care, food, and medical products. Herein we report a phenomenon observed when patch clamp, a technique normally used to study biological ion channels, is performed on both grooved and planar PDMS surfaces, resulting in stochastic current fluctuations that are due to a nanopore being formed at the interface of the PDMS and glass surfaces and being randomly blocked. Deformable pores between 1.9 ± 0.7 and 7.4 ± 2.1 nm in diameter, depending on the calculation method, form upon patching to the surface. Coulter blocking and nanoprecipitation are ruled out, and we instead propose a mechanism of stochastic current fluctuations arising from transitions between vapor and liquid phases, consistent with similar observations and theory from statistical mechanics literature. Interestingly, we find that [Ru(bpy)3]2+, a common probe molecule employed in nanopore research, physisorbs inside these hydrophobic nanopores blocking all ionic current flow at concentrations higher than 1 × 10–4 M, despite the considerably larger pore diameter relative to the molecule. Patch clamp methods are promising for the study of stochastic current fluctuations and other transport phenomenon in synthetic nanopore systems.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids exert antiarrhythmic actions as free acids rather than in phospholipids (1996)

Previous studies have shown that exogenous free n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can prevent tachyarrhythmias caused by specific agents in isolated cardiac myocytes. However, the question as to whether incorporation of the n-3 PUFA into membrane phospholipids has the same immediate protective effects remained to be answered. To answer this question, we increased the content of n-3 PUFA in the phospholipids of cultured neonatal rat myocytes by growing them 2-3 d in a culture to which eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in 15 microM concentration was added. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids revealed a significantly higher level of EPA and DHA (from 0.2 to 7.6% and from 1.2 to 6.5%) in cells supplemented with EPA or DHA, respectively. The responses of the myocytes grown in normal media or in media enriched with the PUFA to arrhythmogenic agents were examined after free fatty acids were removed from the medium and the cells. The arrhythmogenic agents used were the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol or an elevated extracellular concentration of calcium. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the induction of tachyarrhythmias by isoproterenol or by elevated [Ca2+]o in cells grown in media enriched with PUFA, as compared with cells grown in normal media in the absence of the free PUFA. Under the conditions of this study, only the unesterified PUFA were able to protect the cardiomyocytes against induced arrhythmias. There was no antiarrhythmic effect due to an increased fraction of EPA or DHA in membrane phospholipids.
<title>Design of a variable bit rate continuous media file server for an ATM network</title> (1996)

This paper describes the design and implementation of a file server for variable bit rate continuous media. Most continuous media file servers have been designed for constant bit rate streams. We address the problem of building a server where each stream may have a different bit rate and, more importantly, where the bit rate within a single stream may vary considerably. Such servers will become increasingly more important because of Variable Bit Rate compression standards such as is possible with MPEG-2.
Aristolochene biosynthesis and enzymatic cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphate (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAristolochene biosynthesis and enzymatic cyclization of farnesyl pyrophosphateDavid E. Cane, P. C. Prabhakaran, E. J. Salaski, Paul H. M. Harrison, Hiroshi Noguchi, and Bernard J. RawlingsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 24, 8914–8916Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00206a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00206a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views476Altmetric-Citations58LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Antisense Repression of Vacuolar and Cell Wall Invertase in Transgenic Carrot Alters Early Plant Development and Sucrose Partitioning (1999)

Guo-Qing Tang, , Arnd Sturm, Antisense Repression of Vacuolar and Cell Wall Invertase in Transgenic Carrot Alters Early Plant Development and Sucrose Partitioning, The Plant Cell, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Feb., 1999), pp. 177-189
Coating polymers for colon specific drug delivery: a comparative in vitro evaluation. (2003)

Colon is being extensively investigated as a drug delivery site. This study presents a comparison of the usual enteric coating polymers viz. Eudragit, cellulose acetate phathalate with shellac and ethyl cellulose, as carriers for colon specific drug delivery. Lactose based indomethacin tablets were prepared. These were coated with one of the coating polymers to a varying coat thickness. The coated formulations were evaluated for dissolution rates under simulated stomach and small intestine conditions. From the dissolution data obtained, it was found that the dissolution rate varied with the type and concentration of the polymer applied. Comparative dissolution data revealed that, of all the polymers and coat thicknesses used, a 3% (m/m) coat of shellac was most suitable for colonic drug delivery. It retarded drug release by 3-4 h (the usual small intestinal transit time) in simulated small intestinal fluid, whereafter a rapid drug release was observed.
Towards an understanding of ABP1 (1995)

At the time of writing it is 10 years since the first putative auxin receptor was purified, the auxin-binding protein of maize seedlings (ABP1). Over these 10 years an enormous amount of work has been done to try and confirm that this protein is a receptor. Much of the effort has been in gathering descriptive information about the protein (its chemistry and its active sites), the genes encoding it (gene structure, promoter analysis) and the sites at which it is expressed. This information, and the probes generated during these investigations, have been put to use in functional assays to try to find out more directly what role ABP1 plays in auxin responsiveness. The key to defining a receptor is the suitability of the assay used to report on receptor occupancy and the choice of assays available for auxins is discussed in this review. It is shown how the various approaches have developed to complement each other and what they have told us about ABP1, but there are still some enigmas in the ABP1 story. Some problems appear to have been resolved, but more questions remain than have been answered and some of the ways in which these problems are being tackled are discussed.
Connective Tissue Growth Factor and Susceptibility to Renal and Vascular Disease Risk in Type 1 Diabetes (2008)

These findings demonstrate that plasma CTGF is a risk marker of diabetic renal and vascular disease.
CHALLENGES IN PARALLEL GRAPH PROCESSING (2007)

Graph algorithms are becoming increasingly important for solving many problems in scientific computing, data mining and other domains. As these problems grow in scale, parallel computing resources are required to meet their computational and memory requirements. Unfortunately, the algorithms, software, and hardware that have worked well for developing mainstream parallel scientific applications are not necessarily effective for large-scale graph problems. In this paper we present the inter-relationships between graph problems, software, and parallel hardware in the current state of the art and discuss how those issues present inherent challenges in solving large-scale graph problems. The range of these challenges suggests a research agenda for the development of scalable high-performance software for graph problems.
Susceptibility of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus pseudomycoides and Bacillus thuringiensis to 24 antimicrobials using Sensititre(R) automated microbroth dilution and Etest(R) agar gradient diffusion methods (2007)

This paper expands the list of therapeutic or prophylactic antimicrobials potentially effective against B. cereus group isolates using two testing methods that produced comparable results.