gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
STOW: a spatially and temporally optimized write caching algorithm (2009)

Non-volatile write-back caches enable storage controllers to provide quick write response times by hiding the latency of the disks. Managing a write cache well is critical to the performance of storage controllers. Over two decades, various algorithms have been proposed, including the most popular, LRW, CSCAN, and WOW. While LRW leverages temporal locality in the workload, and CSCAN creates spatial locality in the destages, WOW combines the benefits of both temporal and spatial localities in a unified ordering for destages. However, there remains an equally important aspect of write caching to be considered, namely, the rate of destages. For the best performance, it is important to destage at a steady rate while making sure that the write cache is not under-utilized or over-committed. Most algorithms have not seriously considered this problem, and as a consequence, forgo a significant portion of the performance gains that can be achieved. We propose a simple and adaptive algorithm, STOW, which not only exploits both spatial and temporal localities in a new order of destages, but also facilitates and controls the rate of destages effectively. Further, STOW partitions the write cache into a sequential queue and a random queue, and dynamically and continuously adapts their relative sizes. Treating the two kinds of writes separately provides for better destage rate control, resistance to one-time sequential requests polluting the cache, and a workload-responsive write caching policy. STOW represents a leap ahead of all previously proposed write cache management algorithms. As anecdotal evidence, with a write cache of 32K pages, serving a 4+P RAID-5 array, using an SPC-1 Like Benchmark, STOW
Adeno-Associated Virus-8-Mediated Intravenous Transfer of Myostatin Propeptide Leads to Systemic Functional Improvements of Slow but Not Fast Muscle (2009)

Myostatin is a member of the transformating growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of proteins and is produced almost exclusively in skeletal muscle tissue, where it is secreted and circulates as a serum protein. Myostatin acts as a negative regulator of muscle mass through the canonical SMAD2/3/4 signaling pathway. Naturally occurring myostatin mutants exhibit a 'double muscling' phenotype in which muscle mass is dramatically increased as a result of both hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Myostatin is naturally inhibited by its own propeptide; therefore, we assessed the impact of adeno-associated virus-8 (AAV8) myostatin propeptide vectors when systemically introduced in MF-1 mice. We noted a significant systemic increase in muscle mass in both slow and fast muscle phenotypes, with no evidence of hyperplasia; however, the nuclei-to- cytoplasm ratio in all myofiber types was significantly reduced. An increase in muscle mass in slow (soleus) muscle led to an increase in force output; however, an increase in fast (extensor digitorum longus [EDL]) muscle mass did not increase force output. These results suggest that the use of gene therapeutic regimens of myostatin inhibition for age-related or disease-related muscle loss may have muscle-specific effects.
Electronic structure of the Er-O6 complex in silicon (1997)

The energy diagram of the Er-O6 complex in silicon is calculated. The square amplitudes of the wave functions of the complex on the erbium atom are determined. The results of our calculations show that the Er-O6 complex is an acceptor in silicon. In addition, it is possible that the electron trap energy level is located in the energy gap of silicon. On the whole, the results of our calculations correspond to the Er-O quantum dot model proposed previously.
Exertional collapse and sudden death associated with sickle cell trait. (1996)

Although rare, exertional collapse and sudden death are the most serious potential complications of sickle cell trait. Studies suggest that this condition may occur in susceptible persons when poor physical conditioning, dehydration, heat stress or hypoxic states precipitate sickling of the abnormal erythrocytes. Sickling leads to endothelial damage, which can cause vasoconstriction, disseminated intravascular coagulation and local tissue damage. Cardiac effects include acute ischemia and arrhythmias. Muscle damage results in acute compartment syndromes and release of myoglobin into the circulation. Acute renal failure is possible. Diagnosis is based on a high index of suspicion, and characteristic presentation and laboratory findings, including myoglobinuria, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and elevated creatine kinase levels. The differential diagnosis includes pulmonary embolism, acute cardiac events, anaphylaxis and heat stroke. Management is based on stabilization, rehydration, and the treatment and prevention of complications.
Activation of rat adipocyte glycogen synthase by insulins. (1977)

Incubation of fat cells with insulin increased glycogen synthase I activity without changing total synthase activity. This effect of insulin was dependent upon the particular lot of albumin present in the medium and was abolished by incubating cells with trypsin. Half-maximal activation of glycogen synthase was obtained with 8 microunits/ml of insulin, a concentration very similar to that which half-maximally stimulated 3-O-methylglucose uptake. The basal percentage of phosphorylase a activity was not detectably altered by insulin, although it was decreased by incubating cells with 5 mM glucose. Insulin (50 microunits/ml) markedly opposed actions of epinephrine (0.05 to 10 muM) to increase phosphorylase a activity and decrease glycogen synthase I activity, effects which were observed without glucose. Partial activation of glycogen synthase by insulin was seen after 1 min and complete activation after 4 min. Glucose alone produced a transient increase in synthase I activity. When cells were incubated with insulin plus glucose for 4 min, the increase in the percent synthase I activity was much greater than the additive effects of insulin and glucose alone. This potentiation of the effect of insulin on glucogen synthase I activity depended on the time of incubation with glucose and on the concentration of the hexose. If cells were incubated with cytochalasin B before insulin plus glucose, the effect of glucose was abolished. These results suggest that there are at least two mechanisms by which insulin can increase fat cell glycogen synthase I activity. One requires glucose and activation occurs secondary to an increase in glucose transport; where another mechanism(s) is operative even in the absence of glucose.
STRUCTURE OF WHEAT SERINE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE /II$ AT 3.5-*ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION. A NEW CLASS OF SERINE PROTEINASE (1991)

The structure of serine carboxypeptidase II from wheat bran has been determined to 3.5-A resolution by multiple isomorphous replacement, solvent flattening, and crystallographic refinement. The amino acid sequence has been fit to the electron density map and the model refined to a conventional crystallographic R factor of 20.9%. The molecule is an alpha + beta protein and contains a "catalytic triad" (Asp338, His397, and Ser146) similar in arrangement to those in chymotrypsin and subtilisin. The -fold of the polypeptide backbone is, however, completely different from those enzymes. This suggests that this is a third example of convergent evolution to a common enzymatic mechanism. The -fold is, on the other hand, surprisingly similar to that of the zinc proteinase carboxypeptidase A.
Switching to VoIP (2005)

More and more businesses today have their receive phone service through Internet instead of local phone company lines. Many businesses are also using their internal local and wide-area network infrastructure to replace legacy enterprise telephone networks. This migration to a single network carrying voice and data is called convergence, and it's revolutionizing the world of telecommunications by slashing costs and empowering users. The technology of families driving this convergence is called VoIP, or Voice over IP.VoIP has advanced Internet-based telephony to a viable solution, piquing the interest of companies small and large. The primary reason for migrating to VoIP is cost, as it equalizes the costs of long distance calls, local calls, and e-mails to fractions of a penny per use. But the real enterprise turn-on is how VoIP empowers businesses to mold and customize telecom and datacom solutions using a single, cohesive networking platform. These business drivers are so compelling that legacy telephony is going the way of the dinosaur, yielding to Voice over IP as the dominant enterprise communications paradigm.Developed from real-world experience by a senior developer, O'Reilly's Switching to VoIP provides solutions for the most common VoIP migration challenges. So if you're a network professional who is migrating from a traditional telephony system to a modern, feature-rich network, this book is a must-have. You'll discover the strengths and weaknesses of circuit-switched and packet-switched networks, how VoIP systems impact network infrastructure, as well as solutions for common challenges involved with IP voice migrations. Among the challenges discussed and projects presented:building a softPBXconfiguring IP phonesensuring quality of servicescalabilitystandards-compliancetopological considerationscoordinating a complete system ?switchover?migrating applications like voicemail and directory servicesretro-interfacing to traditional telephonysupporting mobile userssecurity and survivabilitydealing with the challenges of NATTo help you grasp the core principles at work, Switching to VoIP uses a combination of strategy and hands-on how-to that introduce VoIP routers and media gateways, various makes of IP telephone equipment, legacy analog phones, IPTables and Linux firewalls, and the Asterisk open source PBX software by Digium. You'll learn how to build an IP-based or legacy-compatible phone system and voicemail system complete with e-mail integration while becoming familiar with VoIP protocols and devices. Switching to VoIP remains vendor-neutral and advocates standards, not brands. Some of the standards explored include:SIPH.323, SCCP, and IAXVoice codecs802.3afType of Service, IP precedence, DiffServ, and RSVP802.1a/b/g WLANIf VoIP has your attention, like so many others, then Switching to VoIP will help you build your own system, install it, and begin making calls. It's the only thing left between you and a modern telecom network.
Prevalence of Moderate Hyperhomocysteinemia in Patients with Early-Onset Venous and Arterial Occlusive Disease (1995)

Moderate hyperhomocysteinemia may have pathogenic significance in premature venous and arterial occlusive disease and should be included among the (inherited) disorders of venous and arterial thrombophilia.
Lethality of PE2 incorporation into Sindbis virus can be suppressed by second-site mutations in E3 and E2 (1994)

Sindbis virions contain two glycoproteins, E1 and E2. E2 is produced initially as a precursor, PE2, from which the amino-terminal 64 amino acids are cleaved by a cellular protease at a late stage in virion maturation. A mutation at E2 position 1 (Arg to Asn) was placed into Sindbis virus AR339 by site-directed mutagenesis of a full-length AR339 cDNA clone, pTRSB, to produce pTRSB-N. The mutation created a signal for N-linked glycosylation immediately adjacent to the PE2 cleavage signal. Virions derived from pTRSB-N were glycosylated at E2 position 1, and they quantitatively incorporated PE2 in place of E2. When pTRSB-N transcripts were electroporated into BHK-21 cells, TRSB-N particles were released with nearly normal efficiency; however, the specific infectivity of TRSB-N particles was very low. Analysis of seven infectious revertants of TRSB-N revealed that reversion was linked to (i) mutations that eliminated the signal for N-linked glycosylation and thus restored the PE2 cleavage phenotype or (ii) conservation of the PE2 cleavage defect combined with incorporation of suppressor mutations in E3 or E2. The genotype of each revertant was reconstructed in the genetic background of TRSB-N, and each reverting mutation also was replaced individually into the genetic background of wild-type virus (TRSB). Each PE2-containing revertant was attenuated in newborn CD-1 mice and replicated poorly in cultured mosquito cells (C6/36). Reverting mutations in the genetic background of TRSB did not reduce virulence in mice or growth in mosquito cells, suggesting that the phenotypes of attenuation in mice and reduced growth in mosquito cells were linked to failure of PE2 cleavage and not to the reverting mutations themselves.
Molecular-beam epitaxy growth of low-threshold cw GaInNAsSb lasers at 1.5μm (2005)

The solid-source molecular-beam of low-threshold GaAs-based GaInNAsSb lasers is discussed. A general narrowing of the window was observed with increasing wavelength, due to the increased nitrogen required (⩾1%), and has historically made high-performance devices more difficult to achieve beyond ∼1.35μm. The introduction of and reduction in plasma-related damage from the rf nitrogen dramatically improved material quality and widened the window. We validate these observations with 1.5μm edge-emitting ridge-waveguide lasers with cw threshold as low as 440A∕cm2, peak CW output powers of 431mW, peak cw wallplug efficiencies &amp;gt;16%, and pulsed output powers &amp;gt;1W.
Expression of naked DNA in human, pig, and mouse skin. (1996)

The insertion and expression of genes in the epidermis may have a variety of therapeutic uses, including the treatment of skin diseases. Here we show that when both human skin organ cultures and human skin grafts on immunocompromised mice are injected with naked DNA, the DNA is taken-up and genes are expressed in the epidermis in a manner similar to both pig skin injected in vivo and injected pig skin organ cultures. In contrast, DNA injected into mouse skin is expressed not just in the epidermis, but also in the dermis and underlying fat and muscle tissue, and is expressed at lower levels. These findings suggest that genes can be expressed in human skin, after injection of naked DNA, and indicate that pig skin is an appropriate model for the study of DNA uptake and gene expression in human skin. The organ cultures of human and pig skin may be useful in understanding how naked DNA is internalized and expressed after in vivo injections. Additionally, skin obtained from patients with skin disease may be studied as skin grafts and organ cultures to help optimize genetic approaches for the treatment of skin diseases prior to clinical trials, by determining if the injected gene can provide a therapeutic benefit.
Human glucokinase gene: isolation, characterization, and identification of two missense mutations linked to early-onset non-insulin-dependent (type 2) diabetes mellitus. (1992)

DNA polymorphisms in the glucokinase gene have recently been shown to be tightly linked to early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in approximately 80% of French families with this form of diabetes. We previously identified a nonsense mutation in exon 7 in one of these families and showed that it was the likely cause of glucose intolerance in this dominantly inherited disorder. Here we report the isolation and partial sequence of the human glucokinase gene and the identification of two missense mutations in exon 7, Thr-228----Met and Gly-261----Arg, that cosegregate with early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. To assess the molecular mechanism by which mutations at these two sites may affect glucokinase activity, the crystal structure of the related yeast hexokinase B was used as a simple model for human beta-cell glucokinase. Computer-assisted modeling suggests that mutation of Thr-228 affects affinity for ATP and mutation of Gly-261 may alter glucose binding. The identification of mutations in glucokinase, a protein that plays an important role in hepatic and beta-cell glucose metabolism, indicates that early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus may be primarily a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism.
Atherosclerosis susceptibility differences among progenitors of recombinant inbred strains of mice. (1990)

Female mice of 16 inbred mouse strains were fed an atherogenic diet for 14 weeks and were then evaluated for atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta. Strains C57BL/6, C57BR/cd, C57L, and SM were very susceptible to atherosclerosis, with lesion area/aortic cross-sections in the range of 4500 to 8000 microns 2. Strains C58 and SWR were intermediate in susceptibility, with lesion area/sections in the range of 1670 to 1690 microns 2. Strains 129, AKR, DBA/2, and BALB/c had only small lesions in the range of 20 to 350 microns 2/section; strains C3H, NZB, CBA, HRS, SJL, and A had no lesions after 14 weeks. Lesion formation in five strains was compared at several time points. Strain C57BL/6 mice developed lesions by 7 weeks, and these continued to grow until all mice had large atheromatous plaques in the aorta and coronary arteries. Strains AKR and DBA/2 also had fatty streak lesions as early as 7 or 8 weeks, but these lesions had not progressed in size by 14 weeks. Strains BALB/c and C3H, which were both resistant to lesion formation at 14 weeks, diverged from each other as time progressed. By 1 year, BALB/c mice had large lesions, but C3H mice had none. Most of the inbred strains chosen for evaluation are the progenitors of recombinant inbred sets of strains, a genetic tool that greatly facilitates the analysis of strain differences. This survey indicates seven additional recombinant inbred sets of strains whose progenitors differ in atherosclerosis susceptibility: BXD, AKXL, SWXJ, NX8, 129XB, NXSM, and B6NXAKRN. An analysis of these recombinant inbred strains may reveal additional mouse genes affecting atherosclerosis susceptibility.
T-cell lymphoma as a model for the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors in cancer therapy: impact of depsipeptide on molecular markers, therapeutic targets, and mechanisms of resistance (2004)

Depsipeptide (FK228) is a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor currently in clinical trials and the first to demonstrate clinical activity in patients. Responses have been observed in patients with T-cell lymphomas, despite prior treatment with multiple chemotherapeutic agents. To better understand the effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors on T-cell lymphoma, the human T-cell lymphoma cell line HUT78 was tested for sensitivity and molecular response to depsipeptide. Treatment with depsipeptide, as well as other histone deacetylase inhibitors, caused induction of histone acetylation, induction of p21 expression, and substantial apoptosis without significant cell cycle arrest. Treatment with the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk significantly inhibited depsipeptide-induced apoptosis, enabling detection of cell cycle arrest. Treatment with depsipeptide increased expression of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, and combination with the IL-2 toxin conjugate denileukin diftitox resulted in more than additive toxicity. Cells selected for resistance to depsipeptide overexpressed the multidrug resistance pump, P-glycoprotein (Pgp). However, cells selected for resistance to depsipeptide in the presence of a Pgp inhibitor had a Pgp-independent mechanism of resistance. These studies confirm the activity of depsipeptide in a T-cell lymphoma model and suggest a general sensitivity of T-cell lymphoma to histone deacetylase inhibitors, an emerging new class of anticancer agents.
Single microbead SELEX for efficient ssDNA aptamer generation against botulinum neurotoxin (2008)

An efficient and easy-to-execute single microbead SELEX approach is developed to generate high affinity ssDNA aptamers against botulinum neurotoxin.
A p67Phox-Like Regulator Is Recruited to Control Hyphal Branching in a Fungal–Grass Mutualistic Symbiosis (2006)

Key requirements for microbes to initiate and establish mutualistic symbiotic interactions with plants are evasion of potential host defense responses and strict control of microbial growth. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by a specific NADPH oxidase isoform, NoxA, regulate hyphal growth in the mutualistic interaction between the fungal endophyte Epichloë festucae and its grass host Lolium perenne. Unlike mammalian systems, little is known about the fungal NADPH oxidase complex and its response to differentiation signals. We identify an E. festucae p67(phox)-like regulator, NoxR, dispensable in culture but essential in planta for the symbiotic interaction. Plants infected with a noxR deletion mutant show severe stunting and premature senescence, whereas hyphae in the meristematic tissues show increased branching leading to increased fungal colonization of pseudostem and leaf blade tissue. Inhibition of ROS production or overexpression of noxR recapitulates the hyperbranching phenotype in culture. NoxR interacts in vitro with the small GTP binding protein RacA and requires a functional RacA binding site to complement the noxR mutant and restore the wild-type plant interaction phenotype. These results show that NoxR is a key regulator of NoxA in symbiosis, where it acts together with RacA to spatially regulate ROS production and control hyphal branching and patterning.
The presence of a copper/zinc superoxide dismutase in the bacterium Photobacterium leiognathi: a likely case of gene transfer from eukaryotes to prokaryotes. (1985)

The free-living bacterium Photobacterium leiognathi is also known to be a symbiont of ponyfish. The presence of a copper/zinc superoxide dismutase in P. leiognathi has been considered to be a case of gene transfer from eukaryotes to prokaryotes because this form of superoxide dismutase is normally present only in higher eukaryotic species. However, the amino acid sequence of the enzyme from the bacterium exhibited low identities (25-30%) with the same enzyme from eukaryotes. When amino acid mutations are taken into consideration, the weighted sequence similarity increases significantly; furthermore, the bacterial enzyme has the same active site residues and similar predicted secondary structure as the eukaryotic enzymes. The possibility of convergence is ruled out and the case of divergence is considered unlikely because of the observed phylogenetic distribution of the enzyme. This indicates that the presence of the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase in P. leiognathi can indeed be considered a case of gene transfer from eukaryotic species to prokaryotic species.
Integral images compression scheme based on view extraction (2015)

Integral imaging is a glasses-free 3D video technology that captures a light-field representation of a scene. This representation eliminates many of the limitations of current stereoscopic and autostereoscopic techniques. However, integral images have a large resolution and a structure based on microimages which is challenging to encode. In this paper a compression scheme for integral images based on view extraction is proposed. Average BD-rate gains of 15.7% and up to 31.3% are reported over HEVC. Parameters of the proposed coding scheme can take a large range of values. Results are first provided with an exhaustive search of the best configuration. Then an RD criterion is proposed to avoid exhaustive search methods, saving runtime while preserving the gains. Finally, additional runtime savings are reported by exploring how the different parameters interact.
Digital Dynamic Range Compressor for Audio (1986)

Le compresseur adapte la gamme dynamique d'un enregistrement a la situation d'ecoute dans laquelle la gamme dynamique acceptable est determinee par le bruit de fond et les nuisances