gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polyreactive antibodies to glatiramer acetate promote myelin repair in murine model of demyelinating disease (2002)

Using a murine model of demyelinating disease, we demonstrate that remyelination of spinal cord axons is promoted by antibodies to glatiramer acetate (GA, Copolymer-1, Copaxone), a therapeutic agent for multiple sclerosis (MS). Glatiramer acetate is a mixture of randomly synthesized peptides that induces both T cell activation and antibody production in all treated individuals. These observations prompted us to compare the independent effects of adoptively transferred GA-reactive T cells and antibodies in mice with chronic inflammatory demyelination induced by Theiler's virus. Transferred T cells had no effect on lesion load or the extent of remyelination. Purified polyclonal GA antibodies also did not alter lesion load, which suggests that neither GA T cells or antibodies were pathogenic. On the contrary, GA antibodies enhanced the normally low level of remyelination in chronic lesions. The antibodies, which were primarily immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 and IgG2, cross-reacted with oligodendrocytes, perivascular infiltrating cells, astrocytes, and neurons in spinal cord sections. In glial cultures they bound subsets of early lineage oligodendrocytes and microglia. Thus, several mechanisms may have contributed to the promotion of remyelination. These results support the hypothesis that the antibody response in GA-treated patients is beneficial by facilitating repair of demyelinated lesions.
Clinically useful information provided by the flow cytometric immunophenotyping of hematological malignancies: current status and future directions. (1999)

The information provided by the flow cytometric immunophenotyping of hematological malignancies is of great clinical utility, with a major challenge for the near future being the standardization of technical procedures, data interpretation, and reporting.
Metastatic potential of transformed rat 3Y1 cell lines is inversely correlated with lysosomal‐type sialidase activity (1994)

We have investigated sialidase activities in transformed rat 3Y1 cells of different metastatic potential. Only lysosome-type sialidase was apparent in the particulate fractions of 3Y1 cells and their transformants. As compared with control 3Y1 cells, src-transformed cells exhibited decreased sialidase activity, and v-fos transfer to these latter induced even more severe decrease in the sialidase activity with acquisition of high lung metastatic ability. Various lysosomal enzymes other than sialidase were hardly affected by the transformation. Sialic acid transfer to N-linked glycoproteins was slightly elevated in the transformants, but not in parallel with their metastatic potential.
siRNA agents inhibit oncogene expression and attenuate human tumor cell growth (2003)

Cancer is a genomic functional disease with features of oncogene activation and tumor suppressor inactivation. These genomic features have resulted in the limited effectiveness of conventional therapies and therefore forced considerable efforts to explore new types of anticancer agents. It has been clear that chemically synthesized or in vivo-expressed short interfering RNA (siRNA) can specifically and effectively direct homology-dependent post-transcriptional gene silencing. In the present study, we intended to investigate whether siRNA could suppress the proliferation of human cancer cells through interfering oncogene activities and recovering the functions of tumor-suppressor gene. Single siRNA or combinatorial siRNAs were successfully transfected into HeLa cells, lung adenocarcinoma cells, hepatoma cells, ovarian carcinoma cells, and melanoma cells with cationic lipid complexes. These siRNA molecules not only specifically knocked down their cognate targets such as bcl-2, cdk-2, mdm-2, pkc-alpha, tgf-beta1, H-ras, vegf, and GFP mRNAs, but also effectively suppressed the proliferation of cancer cells to different extents. These data suggest that (1) all these human cancer cells preserve RNAi machinery; (2) chemically synthesized and vector-driven siRNAs can be incorporated into intrinsic RNAi system for silencing target mRNA molecules; and (3) the combination of different siRNAs inhibits the growth and proliferation of cancer cells.
Collecting metrics for CORBA-based distributed systems (2002)

The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) supports the creation of distributed systems that cross processor, language and paradigm boundaries. These systems can be large and complex entities that consume considerable resources in their creation and execution. Measurements of characteristics of software systems is an important area of study in general and of particular interest for distributed systems. The work presented in this paper describes a specific technique for instrumenting components in a distributed system. The technique constructs a wrapper around the component being measured. Interactions with the ORB and other components are monitored and summarized. Each wrapper mimics the interface of the component that it is wrapping so that the remaining objects in the system do not need modification. Two approaches to wrapping the component are presented and contrasted. The result is an efficient and modular technique that can quickly be applied to a component.
Serum IgG mediates mucosal immunity against rotavirus infection (2005)

We evaluated the protective role of passively transferred circulating antibodies in protecting non-human primates against experimental rotavirus infection. Pooled sera with rotavirus-specific IgG titers that were either high (1:10,000), intermediate (1:300), or negative (< 1:25) were infused i.v. into naive pigtailed macaques (ages 3-6 months). Rotavirus-specific IgG could be detected in the sera at 18 h in all animals infused with antibody-containing serum, and fecal IgG titers could be detected only in animals given high-titer pooled sera. When orally challenged with 10(6) fluorescent-forming units of a simian rotavirus strain, YK-1, at 18 h after serum transfer, control animals shed virus starting 1-3 days after challenge and continued to shed virus at high titers for 6-8 days, whereas passively immunized macaques did not shed virus or had delayed shedding at low titers for only a limited time. The observation that passively transferred antibodies can suppress or delay viral infection in rotavirus-challenged pigtailed macaques has important implications for the design and testing of parenteral candidate rotavirus vaccines.
Droplet based microfluidics (2011)

Droplet based microfluidics is a rapidly growing interdisciplinary field of research combining soft matter physics, biochemistry and microsystems engineering. Its applications range from fast analytical systems or the synthesis of advanced materials to protein crystallization and biological assays for living cells. Precise control of droplet volumes and reliable manipulation of individual droplets such as coalescence, mixing of their contents, and sorting in combination with fast analysis tools allow us to perform chemical reactions inside the droplets under defined conditions. In this paper, we will review available drop generation and manipulation techniques. The main focus of this review is not to be comprehensive and explain all techniques in great detail but to identify and shed light on similarities and underlying physical principles. Since geometry and wetting properties of the microfluidic channels are crucial factors for droplet generation, we also briefly describe typical device fabrication methods in droplet based microfluidics. Examples of applications and reaction schemes which rely on the discussed manipulation techniques are also presented, such as the fabrication of special materials and biophysical experiments.
Intensive insulin therapy reduces microdialysis glucose values without altering glucose utilization or improving the lactate/pyruvate ratio after traumatic brain injury* (2006)

Intensive insulin therapy results in a net reduction in microdialysis glucose and an increase in microdialysis glutamate and lactate/pyruvate without conveying a functional outcome advantage.
Structure-Function Relationship between the Human Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 and Its Ligands (2002)

I-TAC, IP10, and Mig are interferon-gamma inducible CXC chemokines that share the same G-protein-coupled receptor CXCR3, which is preferentially expressed on Th1 lymphocytes. We have explored the structure-function relationship of the CXCR3 ligands, in particular of I-TAC, which has highest affinity for CXCR3 and is the most potent agonist. A potent antagonist for CXCR3 was obtained by NH(2)-terminal truncation of I-TAC. I-TAC (4-73), which lacks the first three residues, has no agonistic activity but competes for the binding of I-TAC to CXCR3-bearing cells and inhibits migration and Ca(2+) changes in such cells in response to stimulation with I-TAC, IP10, and Mig. It does also not induce internalization of CXCR3, which is in support of the lack of agonistic effects. Hybrid chemokines between I-TAC and IP10 were used to identify regions responsible for the higher activity of I-TAC. I-TAC-like IP10 analogs are obtained by substituting the NH(2) terminus (residues 1-8) or N-loop region (residues 12-17) of IP10 with those of I-TAC, suggesting that the differences in function of the CXCR3 ligands can be assigned to distinct regions and that these regions are interchangeable. Structure-activity studies with Mig showed that the extended basic COOH-terminal region, which is not present in I-TAC and IP10, is important for binding and activity.
Diabetic Gustatory Sweating Successfully Treated With Topical Glycopyrrolate (1999)

For moderate to severe symptoms of diabetic gustatory sweating, topical application of glycopyrrolate is safe, effective, well tolerated, and convenient.
FLEXICON (1993)

The FLEXICON system was designed to provide legal professionals with an effective and easy-to-use legal text management tool. This paper discusses the structured knowledge representation model designed for the FLEXICON system serving both as an internal knowledge representation scheme, in conjunction with statistical ranking, and as an external representation used to summarize legal text for rapid evaluation of the search results. The model is evaluated and compared to alternative information retrieval models. Experimental test data is presented to demonstrate the model's retrieval effectiveness in comparison to boolean search.
The automatic computer detection of subtle calcifications in radiographically dense breasts (1992)

A preliminary study has been conducted into the automatic detection of extremely small subtle calcifications occurring in radiographically dense breasts. Improvements were made to an algorithm described by the authors in a previous publication (ibid., vol.35, p.1111-18, 1990) in an attempt to improve that algorithm's detection rates for this type of calcification. The new enhanced algorithm has improved true positive detection rates but still has an unacceptable false negative rate. In order to improve the true positive detection rates for this type of calcification the false positive detection rates of all types of calcification would rise to an ineffective level. The preliminary results reported indicate how difficult the detection of extremely subtle calcifications is. Further work using a larger database of high resolution, high quality digital mammograms (currently not available) is clearly required for the detection of these calcifications.
Binding of lanthanide ions to troponin C (1981)

Tb3+ and Eu3+ bound to troponin C were detected by (1) changes in the fluorescence of the tyrosine chromophore of the protein or (2) the luminescence of the ions themselves excited by energy transfer from the protein or by direct excitation using a pulsed laser light source [Horrocks, W. DeW., Jr., & Sudnick, D. R. (1979) Science (Washington, D.C.) 206, 1194-1196]. Titrations carried out in the absence and presence of Ca2+ suggest two classes of binding sites (two sites in each class) for the lanthanides, corresponding to the high- and the low-affinity sites for Ca2+. Computer analysis, assuming competition between Ca2+ and the lanthanide, using the binding constants of Ca2+ for TnC [Potter, J. D., & Gergely, J. (1975( J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4628-4633] yields 5.2 X 10(8) M-1 and 9.7 X 10(6) M-1 for Tb3+ and 4.7 X 10(9) M-1 and 5.3 X 10(7) M-1 for Eu3+, for the high- and the low-affinity sites, respectively. From lifetimes of laser-induced luminescence in H2O and in D2O, the number of water molecules coordinated to Eu3+ was two at the high and three at the low affinity sites.
Generation of Macrophage Variants With 5-Azacytidine: Selection for Mannose Receptor Expression (1987)

Mannose receptors are expressed only in primary macrophages. Established macrophage-derived cell lines, although apparently possessing the potential to synthesize mannose receptors, do not express them on their plasma membranes. Using the drug 5-Azacytidine, mannose receptor expression was induced in the macrophage-derived mouse cell line J774. Receptor positive cells were sorted through a fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS) prior to cloning. Clones were isolated which continuously express mannose receptors in culture. These macrophages were able to endocytose beta-glucuronidase and phagocytose yeast particles via mannose receptors. Secretion of the lysosomal enzyme beta-hexosaminidase was also reduced in proportion to the degree of mannose receptor expression.
PROGRESSIVE CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS FOLLOWING LIVER TRANSPLANTATION FOR FAMILIAL AMYLOID POLYNEUROPATHY (1998)

Although amyloid deposition in FAP is generally inhibited after OLT, cardiac amyloidosis can be exacerbated, probably due to enhanced deposition of wild-type TTR on a template of amyloid derived from variant TTR. The phenomenon may be mutation-dependent. These findings suggest that amyloid formation de novo and its subsequent accumulation can be promoted by different factors, which may be organ-specific.
CRC concise encyclopedia of mathematics (2003)

Terms related to mathematics, physics, biochemistry, chemistry, biophysics and engineering organized alphabetically, including definition, formula, illustration, and bibliographic information.
Inhibition of antigen-specific T lymphocyte activation by structurally related Ir gene-controlled polymers. Evidence of specific competition for accessory cell antigen presentation. (1983)

The interaction of nominal Ag with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted T cells and accessory cells was studied by analyzing the effect of structurally related antigens on the response of antigen-specific MHC-restricted T cell hybridomas. The copolymer L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) completely inhibits the response of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine40-L-tyrosine10 (GAT)-specific, I-Ad-restricted T cell hybridomas to GAT plus accessory cells. This inhibition is specific, as hybridomas of other specificities are not inhibited under identical conditions, and is unique to the GT antigen, as other similar copolymers are not inhibitory. The inhibitory effect is reversible by adding increasing amounts of GAT. Antigen-pulsing experiments localized the inhibition to the level of antigen-presenting cell (APC). GT-prepulsed APC are not inhibitory in cell-mixing experiments and can present other antigens. GT only inhibits the nominal antigen-directed component of a GAT-specific, autoreactive hybrid's response. Together these findings suggest that GT causes inhibition by competing for GAT association at the accessory cell. GT interferes with GAT presentation by an I-Adxb F1 APC to a BALB/c, I-Ad-restricted, but not B10, I-Ab-restricted, T cell hybridoma, and GT inhibits presentation by GAT-prepulsed APC. The implications of these findings for MHC-restricted presentation of antigen are discussed.
Ecological engineering : an introduction to ecotechnology (1989)

Partial table of contents: BASIC PRINCIPLES. Classification and Examples of Ecological Engineering (S. Jorgensen & W. Mitsch). Principles of Ecological Modeling (S. Jorgensen). Ecological Engineering and Self-Organization (H. Odum). CASE STUDIES OF ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING. Restoration of Riverine Wetlands: The Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration Project (D. Hey, et al.). Function of a Lagoon in Nutrient Removal in Lake Biwa, Japan (A. Kurata & M. Satouchi). Ecological Engineering of Coastlines with Salt-Marsh Plantations (C. Chung). Changes of Redox Potential in Aquatic Ecosystems (S. Jorgensen). Integrated Fish Culture Management in China (Y. Jingsong & Y. Honglu). Ecological Engineering and Biological Polishing: Methods to Economize Waste Management in Hard Rock Mining (M. Kalin). Index.
6-Carboxymethyl genistein: a novel selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) with unique, differential effects on the vasculature, bone and uterus (2002)

The novel genistein (G) derivative, 6-carboxymethyl genistein (CG) was evaluated for its biological properties in comparison with G. Both compounds showed oestrogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. On the other hand G and CG differed in the following parameters: (i) only CG displayed mixed agonist-antagonist activity for oestrogen receptor (ER) alpha in transactivation assays and (ii) only CG was capable of attenuating oestrogen (E(2))-induced proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells and of inhibiting oestrogen-induced creatine kinase (CK) specific activity in rat tissues. On the other hand only G enhanced the stimulatory effect on CK specific activity in the uterus. In comparison to the selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) raloxifene (RAL), CG showed the same selectivity profile as RAL in blocking the CK response to E(2) in tissues derived from both immature and ovariectomized female rats. Molecular modelling of CG bound to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of ERbeta predicts that the 6-carboxymethyl group of CG almost fits the binding cavity. On the other hand, molecular modelling of CG bound to the LBD of ERalpha suggests that the carboxyl group of CG may perturb the end of Helix 11, eliciting a severe backbone change for Leu 525, and consequently induces a conformational change which could position Helix 12 in an antagonist conformation. This model supports the experimental findings that CG can act as a mixed agonist-antagonist when E(2) is bound to its receptors. Collectively, our findings suggest that CG can be considered a novel SERM with unique effects on the vasculature, bone and uterus.
Phorbol ester induces abnormal chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to express features of hairy cell leukemia (1985)

We have investigated the relationship between chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), and different normal B cell subsets: Mrbc+, T1+ and slgM+ tonsil cells; germinal center; mantle zone; and peripheral blood B lymphocytes. Both malignant and normal cells were incubated in vitro with the phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl- phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) for 72 hours and the morphology, cytochemical profile, and surface markers were evaluated. The results show that CLL cells TPA-induced become indistinguishable from HCL by four independent criteria: the morphology; the cytoplasmic tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) enzyme activity; the membrane positivity with anti- Leu M5 (SHCL3); and anti-Tac monoclonal antibodies which, in the uninduced state, react only with HCL. The features of TRAP and Tac positivity are also expressed (though in variable degree) by different normal B cell populations activated with TPA or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). It is concluded that HCL might represent an aberrantly activated variant of CLL (or of a CLL-related disorder).
Huntington disease in the South African population occurs on diverse and ethnically distinct genetic haplotypes (2013)

Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. Worldwide prevalence varies geographically with the highest figures reported in populations of European ancestry. HD in South Africa has been reported in Caucasian, black and mixed subpopulations, with similar estimated prevalence in the Caucasian and mixed groups and a lower estimate in the black subpopulation. Recent studies have associated specific HTT haplotypes with HD in distinct populations. Expanded HD alleles in Europe occur predominantly on haplogroup A (specifically high-risk variants A1/A2), whereas in East Asian populations, HD alleles are associated with haplogroup C. Whether specific HTT haplotypes associate with HD in black Africans and how these compare with haplotypes found in European and East Asian populations remains unknown. The current study genotyped the HTT region in unaffected individuals and HD patients from each of the South African subpopulations, and haplotypes were constructed. CAG repeat sizes were determined and phased to haplotype. Results indicate that HD alleles from Caucasian and mixed patients are predominantly associated with haplogroup A, signifying a similar European origin for HD. However, in black patients, HD occurs predominantly on haplogroup B, suggesting several distinct origins of the mutation in South Africa. The absence of high-risk variants (A1/A2) in the black subpopulation may also explain the reported low prevalence of HD. Identification of haplotypes associated with HD-expanded alleles is particularly relevant to the development of population-specific therapeutic targets for selective suppression of the expanded HTT transcript.
A Competitive Advantage by Neonatally Engrafted Human Glial Progenitors Yields Mice Whose Brains Are Chimeric for Human Glia (2014)

Neonatally transplanted human glial progenitor cells (hGPCs) densely engraft and myelinate the hypomyelinated shiverer mouse. We found that, in hGPC-xenografted mice, the human donor cells continue to expand throughout the forebrain, systematically replacing the host murine glia. The differentiation of the donor cells is influenced by the host environment, such that more donor cells differentiated as oligodendrocytes in the hypomyelinated shiverer brain than in myelin wild-types, in which hGPCs were more likely to remain as progenitors. Yet in each recipient, both the number and relative proportion of mouse GPCs fell as a function of time, concomitant with the mitotic expansion and spread of donor hGPCs. By a year after neonatal xenograft, the forebrain GPC populations of implanted mice were largely, and often entirely, of human origin. Thus, neonatally implanted hGPCs outcompeted and ultimately replaced the host population of mouse GPCs, ultimately generating mice with a humanized glial progenitor population. These human glial chimeric mice should permit us to define the specific contributions of glia to a broad variety of neurological disorders, using human cells in vivo.