gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeted Disruption of the Inosine 5′-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase Type I Gene in Mice (2003)

Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is the critical, rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo biosynthesis pathway for guanine nucleotides. Two separate isoenzymes, designated IMPDH types I and II, contribute to IMPDH activity. An additional pathway salvages guanine through the activity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) to supply the cell with guanine nucleotides. In order to better understand the relative contributions of IMPDH types I and II and HPRT to normal biological function, a mouse deficient in IMPDH type I was generated by standard gene-targeting techniques and bred to mice deficient in HPRT or heterozygous for IMPDH type II. T-cell activation in response to anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 antibodies was significantly impaired in both single- and double-knockout mice, whereas a more general inhibition of proliferation in response to other T- and B-cell mitogens was observed only in mice deficient in both enzymes. In addition, IMPDH type I(-/-) HPRT(-/0) splenocytes showed reduced interleukin-4 production and impaired cytolytic activity after antibody activation, indicating an important role for guanine salvage in supplementing the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. We conclude that both IMPDH and HPRT activities contribute to normal T-lymphocyte activation and function.
A Novel Mimetic Antigen Eliciting Protective Antibody to Neisseria meningitidis (2001)

Molecular mimetic Ags are of considerable interest as vaccine candidates. Yet there are few examples of mimetic Ags that elicit protective Ab against a pathogen, and the functional activity of anti-mimetic Abs has not been studied in detail. As part of the Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B genome sequencing project, a large number of novel proteins were identified. Herein, we provide evidence that genome-derived Ag 33 (GNA33), a lipoprotein with homology to Escherichia coli murein transglycosylase, elicits protective Ab to meningococci as a result of mimicking an epitope on loop 4 of porin A (PorA) in strains with serosubtype P1.2. Epitope mapping of a bactericidal anti-GNA33 mAb using overlapping peptides shows that the mAb recognizes peptides from GNA33 and PorA that share a QTP sequence that is necessary but not sufficient for binding. By flow cytometry, mouse antisera prepared against rGNA33 and the anti-GNA33 mAb bind as well as an anti-PorA P1.2 mAb to the surface of eight of nine N. meningitidis serogroup B strains tested with the P1.2 serosubtype. Anti-GNA33 Abs also are bactericidal for most P1.2 strains and, for susceptible strains, the activity of an anti-GNA33 mAb is similar to that of an anticapsular mAb but less active than an anti-P1.2 mAb. Anti-GNA Abs also confer passive protection against bacteremia in infant rats challenged with P1.2 strains. Thus, GNA33 represents one of the most effective immunogenic mimetics yet described. These results demonstrate that molecular mimetics have potential as meningococcal vaccine candidates.
Composition of peripheral blood progenitor cell components collected from healthy donors (1997)

One PBPC component collected from a healthy donor given 7.5 or 10 microg per kg per day of G-CSF should contain 70 to 1660 x 10(6) CD34+ cells, with 0 to 22 mL of RBCs. Because of the great variability in the number of CD34+ cells collected, the quantity of CD34+ cells in each component should be measured after each procedure to ensure that sufficient quantities of cells are present for a successful transplant.
Identification of Human Glutaminyl Cyclase as a Metalloenzyme (2003)

Human glutaminyl cyclase (QC) was identified as a metalloenzyme as suggested by the time-dependent inhibition by the heterocyclic chelators 1,10-phenanthroline and dipicolinic acid. The effect of EDTA on QC catalysis was negligible. Inactivated enzyme could be fully restored by the addition of Zn2+ in the presence of equimolar concentrations of EDTA. Little reactivation was observed with Co2+ and Mn2+. Other metal ions such as K+, Ca2+, and Ni2+ were inactive under the same conditions. Additionally, imidazole and imidazole derivatives were identified as competitive inhibitors of QC. An initial structure activity-based inhibitor screening of imidazole-derived compounds revealed potent inhibition of QC by imidazole N-1 derivatives. Subsequent data base screening led to the identification of two highly potent inhibitors, 3-[3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl]-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one and 1,4-bis-(imidazol-1-yl)-methyl-2,5-dimethylbenzene, which exhibited respective Ki values of 818 +/- 1 and 295 +/- 5 nm. The binding properties of the imidazole derivatives were further analyzed by the pH dependence of QC inhibition. The kinetically obtained pKa values of 6.94 +/- 0.02, 6.93 +/- 0.03, and 5.60 +/- 0.05 for imidazole, methylimidazole, and benzimidazole, respectively, match the values obtained by titrimetric pKa determination, indicating the requirement for an unprotonated nitrogen for binding to QC. Similarly, the pH dependence of the kinetic parameter Km for the QC-catalyzed conversion of H-Gln-7-ami-no-4-methylcoumarin also implies that only N-terminally unprotonated substrate molecules are bound to the active site of the enzyme, whereas turnover is not affected. The results reveal human QC as a metal-dependent transferase, suggesting that the active site-bound metal is a potential site for interaction with novel, highly potent competitive inhibitors.
A leitora e sua relação com o jornal Estado de Minas (2009)

Estuda a leitura e a interação feminina com o jornal Estado de Minas. Procura identificar os elementos necessários para inserir a mulher como leitora de jornais, e como ela se reporta e interage com aqueles que "constroem" e divulgam a notícia. Analisa a linguagem dos jornais e conclui que a produção da informação se dá através de um discurso masculino. Analisa ainda como a mulher se insere neste contexto e os possíveis impactos que a informação jornalística traz para o gênero feminino.
Spectral Anomalies at Wave-Front Dislocations (2002)

In a recent Letter, Gbur, Visser, and Wolf [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 013901 (2002)] predict that remarkable spectral changes can take place in the neighborhood of phase singularities of a diffracted focused wave. We report here the experimental observation of this anomalous spectral behavior and show that this is a general characteristic of optical vortices. Using a high-resolution interferometric technique, we are able to measure directly both the spectral intensity distribution and the spectral phase at the singular points of optical waves.
C3a Mediates Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Proteinuric Nephropathy (2009)

Tubulointerstitial inflammation and progressive fibrosis are common pathways that lead to kidney failure in proteinuric nephropathies. Activation of the complement system has been implicated in the development of tubulointerstitial injury in clinical and animal studies, but the mechanism by which complement induces kidney injury is not fully understood. Here, we studied the effect of complement on the phenotype of tubular epithelial cells. Tubular epithelial cells exposed to serum proteins adopted phenotypic and functional characteristics of mesenchymal cells. Expression of E-cadherin protein decreased and expression of both alpha-smooth muscle actin protein and collagen I mRNA increased. Exposure of the cells to the complement anaphylotoxin C3a induced similar features. Treating with a C3a receptor (C3aR) antagonist prevented both C3a- and serum-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In the adriamycin-induced proteinuria model, C3aR-deficient mice demonstrated less injury, preserved renal function, and improved survival compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, the kidneys of C3aR-deficient mice had significantly less interstitial collagen I and alpha-smooth muscle actin. In summary, the complement anaphylotoxin C3a is an important mediator of glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury and can induce tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
Exonuclease III and endonuclease IV remove 3' blocks from DNA synthesis primers in H2O2-damaged Escherichia coli. (1986)

Escherichia coli deficient in exonuclease III (xth gene mutants) are known to be hypersensitive to hydrogen peroxide. We now show that such mutants accumulate many more DNA single-strand breaks than do wild-type bacteria upon exposure to H2O2. DNA isolated from H2O2-treated xth- cells contains strand breaks that do not efficiently support synthesis by E. coli DNA polymerase I, indicating the presence of blocking groups at the DNA 3' termini. Purified E. coli exonuclease III activates this blocked DNA to allow substantial synthesis by polymerase I in vitro. Another E. coli enzyme, endonuclease IV, also activates primers for DNA polymerase. Exonuclease III accounts for greater than 95% of the total activity in E. coli crude extracts for removal of 3'-terminal phosphoglycolaldehyde esters from model DNA substrates. Purified exonuclease III and endonuclease IV can each efficiently remove 3'-terminal phosphoglycolaldehyde in vitro. An important physiological function for exonuclease III is thus the activation of blocked 3' ends for DNA repair synthesis. Endonuclease IV can also initiate the repair of ruptured 3'-deoxyribose in DNA.
Multimedia scouting (1991)

Experiments aimed at developing new media types through the serious consideration of existing media are described. Six areas (print, audiovisual, speech, computer-generated activities, materials, and expression of ideas) are examined, and it is shown how the multimedia approach can be used to extend them into new genres of information display. The benefits of multimedia are summarized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Definition of Transcriptional Pause Elements in Fission Yeast (1999)

Downstream elements (DSEs) with transcriptional pausing activity play an important role in transcription termination of RNA polymerase II. We have defined two such DSEs in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, one for the ura4 gene and a new one in the 3'-end region of the nmt2 gene. Although these DSEs do not have sequence homology, both are orientation specific and are composed of multiple and redundant sequence elements that work together to achieve full pausing activity. Previous studies on the nmt1 and nmt2 genes revealed that transcription extends several kilobases past the genes' poly(A) sites. We show that the insertion of either DSE immediately downstream of the nmt1 poly(A) site induces more immediate termination. nmt2 termination efficiency can be increased by moving the DSE closer to the poly(A) site. These results suggest that DSEs may be a common feature in yeast genes.
A 690-mW 1-Gb/s 1024-b, rate-1/2 low-density parity-check code decoder (2002)

A 1024-b, rate-1/2, soft decision low-density parity-check (LDPC) code decoder has been implemented that matches the coding gain of equivalent turbo codes. The decoder features a parallel architecture that supports a maximum throughput of 1 Gb/s while performing 64 decoder iterations. The parallel architecture enables rapid convergence in the decoding algorithm to be translated into low decoder switching activity resulting in a power dissipation of only 690 mW from a 1.5-V supply.
Role of Pulse Phase and Direction in Two-Dimensional Optical Spectroscopy (1999)

This paper examines the parallels between magnetic resonance and optical spectroscopy, with the goal of determining to what extent the benefits of 2DNMR might be extended into the optical regime. Precise optical analogues of the simplest 2DNMR sequences (collinear pulse sequences with phased laser pulse generation, phase sensitive detection, and phase cycling) are now feasible, and we demonstrate that they do generate cross-peaks which reveal common energy levels, even when averaged over the distribution of pulse flip angles expected in most optical experiments. One enormous difference between laser and NMR experimentsthe use of pulses in different directions in opticscan be exploited to eliminate much of the phase cycling required in NMR. Phase control does permit rotating-frame detection, which is likely to be a substantial practical advantage. Finally, we point out optical analogues of the simplest 2DNMR sequences (COSY and NOESY) will likely add little to our understanding of ultrafast dynamics. Optical analogues of more complex 2D sequences, combining phase control for selective refocusing with noncollinear pulse generation for coherence pathway selection, show more promise.
A window-based editor for digital video and audio (1992)

The authors present a window-based editor for manipulating digital video and audio. The editor supports real-time recording, playback, and editing (cut, copy, and paste) of several multimedia objects. Using the X Window system, the authors have implemented the editor on an environment of Sun SPARCstations, and PC-ATs equipped with video compression hardware. The user interface of the multimedia editor consists of a main editing window for each display device, and rope windows, which represent synchronized sequences of digital video and audio being accessed, called ropes. Experience shows that the editor provides a simple and easy to use, but powerful system for multimedia document preparation, and it can act as a basis for supporting applications such as multimedia mail, electronic distribution of television news and video entertainment, etc.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Prediction of cytomegalovirus load and resistance patterns after antiviral chemotherapy (2000)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) replicates rapidly in its human host with a doubling time of approximately 1 day. Using simple mathematical models we show that the efficacy of the anti-CMV drug ganciclovir (GCV) against wild-type strains is 91.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 89-94%] when given i.v. (5 mg/kg twice a day) but only 46.5% (95% CI 45-47.5%) when given orally (1 g three times a day) whereas the corresponding figures for a typical GCV-resistant virus are 62% (95% CI 57-66%) and 35% (95% CI 33-37%), respectively. During prolonged periods of GCV therapy we show that the apparent sudden appearance of GCV resistance is explained by the combination of two exponentially increasing populations (wild type and mutant) at doses of GCV that do not completely inhibit CMV replication. Cell culture methods to assess CMV drug resistance in vivo will underestimate its prevalence because of the fitness loss of resistant virus in the absence of therapy. The parameters determined from these models then were used to predict the likely viral load and resistance patterns in patients on prolonged therapy with GCV. The modeled and experimental data showed excellent agreement over extended time periods (up to 270 days of therapy) and provide a framework to predict the virologic course of patients at therapeutic initiation.
Pathogenicity and Immunogenic Efficacy of a Live Attenuated Plague Vaccine in Vervet Monkeys (1973)

A live attenuated Yersinia pestis (Pasteurella pestis) vaccine strain designated EV51f, which had been passaged through guinea pigs previously treated with ferrous sulfate, was shown to be pathogenic for African green vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethips pygerythrus), but not for guinea pigs. The bacilli multiplied in the monkeys, as shown by positive blood cultures, caused an elevation of white cell counts and rectal temperatures, and resulted in death of 26% (13/50) of animals. Postmortem findings of these animals were typical of bubonic-septicemic plague. This vaccine did not cause deaths in 50 guinea pigs even in doses up to 100 million viable bacilli inoculated subcutaneously. It is suggested that the virulence of an attenuated Y. pestis strain which does not produce pigment on a defined medium containing hemin, but possesses all other known virulence determinants, is dependent on the availability of iron in vivo. The serological response of the monkeys as determined by the hemagglutinating and mouse protective antibodies was high one month after vaccination and also in guinea pigs, as shown by virulent challenge. This antibody level declined in monkeys over a period of nearly 6 months, and a decline in immunity was confirmed by virulent challenge which resulted in the death of 30% of vaccinated monkeys. The level of immunity in monkeys did not appear to be related to the dose of vaccine.
Phase II study of vinorelbine administered by 96-hour infusion in patients with advanced breast carcinoma (1999)

Due to toxicity, a revised maximum tolerated dose for continuous infusion vinorelbine is proposed by the authors: 8 mg intravenously over 10 minutes followed by 10 mg/m(2) by continuous infusion over 24 hours every 4 days. The current dose schedule did not offer an advantage either in response rates or survival over the weekly vinorelbine bolus injection in doxorubicin-resistant and paclitaxel-resistant patients.
Attempted polymerization of substituted pipecolic acid NCA's: Dimerization and mechanism (1984)

Abstract Racemic and optically active N ‐carboxyanhydrides (NCA)s of 2‐methyl‐ and cis ‐6‐methylpipecolic acid, when subjected to polymerization conditions in solution or in bulk whether with “weak” or “strong” base initiators, resisted polymerization under all conditions tried. Instead, the NCA of 2‐methylpipecolic acid gave the corresponding cyclic dipeptide and the NCA of cis ‐6‐methylpipecolic acid formed the cyclic dipeptide derived from trans ‐6‐methylpipecolic acid. The mechanism of dimerization of these NCA's was investigated. Evidence was provided for the proposed mechanism in which the active moiety is not a carbamate ion but an amino group. Methyl 2‐methylpipecolate underwent an intermolecular S N 2 ‐type reaction upon heating, yielding equimolar quantities of methyl N ‐methyl‐2‐methylpipecolate and 2‐methylpipecolic acid.
Efficient gene delivery into murine ovarian cells by intraovarian injection of plasmid DNA and subsequent in vivo electroporation (2003)

We describe the use of direct injection of circular plasmid DNA and subsequent in vivo electroporation (EP) for efficient gene delivery to the ovarian cells, including follicular cells and oocytes of mice. When Trypan blue (TB) was injected into the central portion of an ovary by a glass micropipette, rapid dispersion of TB to each preantral and antral follicle was observed. Injections of lacZ-expressing plasmid DNA and subsequent in vivo EP resulted in transfection of follicles with efficiencies ranging from 8-60%, together with cells in the thecal portion of the ovary. Of the lacZ-positive follicles, some oocytes were also positive for lacZ activity. These findings suggest that a solution introduced inside the ovary is rapidly dispersed to each follicle. With this technique, we expect great progress in genetic engineering in murine ovary.
Prevalence of antibodies to recombinant virion infectivity factor in the sera of prospectively studied patients with HIV‐1 infection (1992)

Two hundred twenty-four sera were collected from 34 HIV-1 infected patients during an observation period of up to 4.5 years (109 patient years of observation). The sera were tested for the presence of antibodies against the HIV-1 virion infectivity factor (vif) protein. Thirty sera from 6 HIV-1 seronegative individuals served as negative controls. The sera were immunoblotted against a recombinant, prokaryotically expressed vif protein. The prevalence of anti-vif antibodies increased significantly with progression of the disease from 18% to 81% (P less than 0.0001) which suggests a possible role of vif in HIV-1 replication and pathogenicity.
Temporary Suppression of Radicle Elongation of Germinated Impatiens Seeds by Low Oxygen Concentrations (1994)

Germinated Impatiens wallerana Hook. f. `Super Elfin Salmon Blush' seeds were exposed to subatmospheric O 2 concentrations for 12, 24, or 48 hours at 25C. Suppression of radicle growth during a subsequent 24-hour simulated shipping period was monitored, as was plant growth during a subsequent growth cycle. One percent to 2% O 2 for 12 or 24 hours limited radicle elongation to &lt;1.0 mm during the simulated shipping period (darkness, ambient O 2 ) and caused no permanent damage to seedlings. Suppression of radicle elongation with low O 2 was greater with a 24-hour than a 12-hour exposure. Oxygen at 0% for 24 hours or at 0% to 1.5% O 2 for 48 hours damaged seedlings irreversibly. These results show that specific subatmospheric O 2 treatments can restrict radicle elongation of germinated seeds during subsequent shipment to a grower and that the low O 2 treatment does not decrease subsequent plant growth.
Thiazolidine Derivatives as Potent Inhibitors Specific for Pro1yl Endopeptidase1 (1988)

A series of N-blocked L-proline-containing compounds and their derivatives were synthesized. Their inhibitory activities for prolyl endopeptidase from bovine brain were examined and compared with that of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-prolyl-L-prolinal, which is the most effective enzyme inhibitor hitherto reported. Introduction of a sulfur atom into pyrrolidine ring quite effectively increased the inhibitory activity: replacement of pyrrolidine with thiazolidine or thiazolidine aldehyde (thioprolinal) and conversion of L-proline to L-thioproline residue resulted in increase in the inhibitory activity. Thus, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-thioprolyl-thiazolidine (Z-Thiopro-thiazolidine) and Z-L-Thiopro-L-thioprolinal showed Ki values of 0.36 and 0.01 nM, respectively, for prolyl endopeptidase from bovine brain; both values were significantly lower than that of Z-Pro-prolinal (Ki, 3.7 nM).
Auxenochlorella protothecoides and Prototheca wickerhamii plastid genome sequences give insight into the origins of non-photosynthetic algae (2015)

The forfeiting of photosynthetic capabilities has occurred independently many times throughout eukaryotic evolution. But almost all non-photosynthetic plants and algae still retain a colorless plastid and an associated genome, which performs fundamental processes apart from photosynthesis. Unfortunately, little is known about the forces leading to photosynthetic loss; this is largely because there is a lack of data from transitional species. Here, we compare the plastid genomes of two "transitional" green algae: the photosynthetic, mixotrophic Auxenochlorella protothecoides and the non-photosynthetic, obligate heterotroph Prototheca wickerhamii. Remarkably, the plastid genome of A. protothecoides is only slightly larger than that of P. wickerhamii, making it among the smallest plastid genomes yet observed from photosynthetic green algae. Even more surprising, both algae have almost identical plastid genomic architectures and gene compositions (with the exception of genes involved in photosynthesis), implying that they are closely related. This close relationship was further supported by phylogenetic and substitution rate analyses, which suggest that the lineages giving rise to A. protothecoides and P. wickerhamii diverged from one another around six million years ago.