gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermoelectric Energy Conversion with Solid Electrolytes (1983)

The alkali metal thermoelectric converter (AMTEC) is a device for the direct conversion of heat to electrical energy. The sodium ion conductor beta"- alumina is used to form a high-temperature regenerative concentration cell for elemental sodium. An AMTEC of mature design should have an efficiency of 20 to 40 percent, a power density of 0.5 kilowatt per kilogram or more, no moving parts, low maintenance requirements, high durability, and efficiency independent of size. It should be usable with high-temperature combustion, nuclear, or solar heat sources. Experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of the AMTEC and confirmed the theoretical analysis of the device. A wide range of applications from aerospace power to utility power plants appears possible.
The Global Carbon Metabolism Regulator Crc Is a Component of a Signal Transduction Pathway Required for Biofilm Development by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2000)

The transition from a planktonic (free-swimming) existence to growth attached to a surface in a biofilm occurs in response to environmental factors, including the availability of nutrients. We show that the catabolite repression control (Crc) protein, which plays a role in the regulation of carbon metabolism, is necessary for biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using phase-contrast microscopy, we found that a crc mutant only makes a dispersed monolayer of cells on a plastic surface but does not develop the dense monolayer punctuated by microcolonies typical of the wild-type strain. This is a phenotype identical to that observed in mutants defective in type IV pilus biogenesis. Consistent with this observation, crc mutants are defective in type IV pilus-mediated twitching motility. We show that this defect in type IV pilus function is due (at least in part) to a decrease in pilA (pilin) transcription. We propose that nutritional cues are integrated by Crc as part of a signal transduction pathway that regulates biofilm development.
Phase I Trial of BAY 50-4798, an Interleukin-2–Specific Agonist in Advanced Melanoma and Renal Cancer (2007)

The antitumor activity of BAY 50-4798 in malignancies that respond to high-dose interleukin-2 was low. BAY 50-4798 might provide advantages over aldesleukin in antigen-specific immunotherapies.
Palladium-catalyzed regioselective arylation of silyloxy compounds with triarylantimony diacetates (2000)

The palladium-catalyzed arylation of enol silyl ethers, siloxydienes, silyloxycyclopropane with triarylantimony diacetates was carried out in the presence of PdCl2(CH3CN)2 (5 mol%) in DME–CH3CN at room temperature under mild conditions.
Long-Term Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Asymptomatic Homosexual and Bisexual Men with Normal CD4+ Lymphocyte Counts: Immunologic and Virologic Characteristics (1991)

From a prospective cohort study, 24 asymptomatic men were identified who had been antibody positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) for at least 5 years (median = 9.1) with CD4+ lymphocyte counts greater than or equal to 400 cells/mm3. Of these "nonprogressors", 23 (96%) had evidence of HIV infection by either HIV culture or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HIV DNA, although only 1 (4%) had a positive assay for HIV RNA (by PCR) and no one was positive for p24 antigen. Compared with 24 antibody-negative men and 14 men with AIDS, nonprogressors had higher CD8+ counts and lower natural killer cell activity. Nonprogressors had higher beta 2-microglobulin levels than did seronegative controls, suggesting some degree of immune system activation. Compared with men with AIDS, nonprogressors seemed to have a stronger antibody response to six different HIV-related proteins but did not differ significantly in neutralizing antibody or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic activity.
Optimizing Secure SDN-Enabled Inter-Data Centre Overlay Networks through Cognitive Routing (2016)

More and more businesses are deploying their application(s) with different cloud providers which are close to their customers in order to provide better Quality of Service (QoS) to their end customers. In this work, an optimized and secure software-defined overlay network is proposed as an efficient mechanism to interconnect these geographically-dispersed applications compared to using only plain IP routing. A logically centralized Cognitive Routing Engine (CRE), based on Random Neural Networks with Reinforcement Learning, was developed to find with minimal monitoring overhead the optimal overlay paths when the public Internet is used as the communication means between the overlay nodes. CRE was evaluated by using an overlay network composed of hosts from 5 different public clouds where it was shown that the latency of CRE paths is most of the time within 5% of the latency of the optimal IP paths. Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that CRE is able to do asymmetric path optimization where the forward path is different from the reverse path for a given data centre pair in order to further improve QoS.
Radiation therapy of colorectal cancer (1983)

Radiation therapy has been used with increasing frequency in patients with carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. After surgical resection alone, local failure rates of 20 to 60% are noted, with the rate increasing with degree of penetration of tumor through the bowel wall and with presence of lymph node involvement. Preoperative or postoperative radiation therapy has been shown to decrease the local failure rate significantly, and may improve survival rates. In patients who present with locally unresectable disease, preoperative irradiation has been shown to convert a large percentage of these tumors to resectable lesions, with eventual cure in perhaps 30% of patients. Newer techniques such as intraoperative electron beam radiation therapy, may be effective in decreasing the high local failure rate in these patients, by allowing the radiation therapist to increase safely the dose to the tumor volume. Even without surgical resection, external radiation therapy alone can cure approximately 10% of these patients. For small, superficial, well-differentiated tumors within 10 cm of the anal verge, endocavitary radiation therapy is an effective method of locally controlling these tumors, while avoiding general anesthesia and avoiding colostomy.
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF D$sub 2$O IN MAMMALS (1960)

Rats drinking D/sub 2/O died when about one-third of their body water was replaced by D/sub 2/O. Hypophysectomized animals were considerably more sensitive to D/sub 2/O than were normal rats. Evidence was obtained for impairment of kidney function, anemia, disturbed carbohydrate metabolism, central nervous system distaurbances, and altered adrenal function; no specific cause of death can be definitely stated at the present time. Studies on the effects of D/ sub 2/O on mammalian enzymes in vivo and in vitro have indicated a number of changes, few of which by themselves seem to be of much consequence. It seems probable that the toxic action of D2/sub O/s attributable to the summation of>i many small changes in rates of enzymatic reactions in the body. (auth)
An analysis and critique ofResearch through Design (2010)

The field of HCI is experiencing a growing interest in Research through Design (RtD), a research approach that employs methods and processes from design practice as a legitimate method of inquiry. We are interested in expanding and formalizing this research approach, and understanding how knowledge, or theory, is generated from this type of design research. We conducted interviews with 12 leading HCI design researchers, asking them about design research, design theory, and RtD specifically. They were easily able to identify different types of design research and design theory from contemporary and historical design research efforts, and believed that RtD might be one of the most important contributions of design researchers to the larger research community. We further examined three historical RtD projects that were repeatedly mentioned in the interviews, and performed a critique of current RtD practices within the HCI research and interaction design communities. While our critique summarizes the problems, it also shows possible directions for further developments and refinements of the approach.
Extraction of free fatty acids from soybean oil using ionic liquids or poly(ethyleneglycol)s (2010)

Abstract The alternative solvents poly(ethyleneglycol)s (PEGs) with various molar masses and room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) AMMOENG100 and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium dicyanamide (bmimDCA) were studied for the purpose of extraction of linoleic acid from soybean oil. Liquid‐liquid phase equilibrium was measured for binary (PEG + soybean oil), (RTIL + soybean oil) as well as ternary (PEG + soybean oil + linoleic acid), (RTIL + soybean oil + linoleic acid) mixtures, as a function of temperature and composition. The influence on distribution coefficients and separation factor of temperature, initial acid content of the oil and solvent to oil ratio were studied. The effect of molar mass in the case of the PEGs was also examined. The experimental results were modeled using the Peng‐Robinson cubic equation of state coupled with the Mathias‐Klotz‐Prausnitz mixing rule, with good results. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Histone proteins in fetal and adult human retinas. (1987)

The DNA-binding histone proteins from the human retina are described for the first time. Retinas were obtained from male and female donors ranging in age from 11 to 72 years old. Retinas from two human fetuses at approximately four months of gestation were also examined for their histone content. Histones extracted from purified nuclei were separated and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Eight histone fractions were identified in all retinal samples, and were quantified by scanning transmittance densitometry. These fractions included three subfractions of linker histones (H1a, H1b, H1(0)), four nucleosomal core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, H4), and the modified core histone, A24 (uH2A), comprised of H2A covalently bound to the non-histone protein, ubiquitin. When fetal and adult retinal histones were compared, the relative amounts of the linker histone subfractions proved to be different. In the adult retinas, H1a diminished in amount whereas H1b and H1(0) were increased. No alterations were detected in the core histones. The developmental changes in linker histones may be related to modifications of chromatin compaction which accompany cell differentiation. Species differences in the pattern of linker histones were detected when the nuclear proteins of human and mouse retinas were compared. Non-histone nuclear proteins are more abundant in the adult human retina than in the mouse retina or the fetal human retina.
Environmentally Friendly Methodologies of Nanostructure Synthesis (2007)

Environmentally friendly synthetic methodologies have gradually been implemented as viable techniques in the synthesis of a range of nanostructures. In this work, we focus on the application of green-chemistry principles to the synthesis of complex metal oxide and fluoride nanostructures. In particular, we describe advances in the use of the molten-salt synthetic methods, hydrothermal protocols, and template-directed techniques as environmentally sound, socially responsible, and cost-effective methodologies that allow us to generate nanomaterials without the need to sacrifice sample quality, purity, and crystallinity, while allowing control over size, shape, and morphology.
Colorless directional coupler with dispersion engineered sub-wavelength structure (2012)

Directional couplers are extensively used devices in integrated optics, but suffer from limited operational wavelength range. Here we use, for the first time, the dispersive properties of sub-wavelength gratings to achieve a fivefold enhancement in the operation bandwidth of a silicon-on-insulator directional coupler. This approach does not compromise the size or the phase response of the device. The sub-wavelength grating based directional coupler we propose covers a 100 nm bandwidth with an imbalance of ≤ 0.6 dB between its outputs, as supported by full 3D FDTD simulations.
Structure—Activity Relationship of Triaryl Propionic Acid Analogues on the Human EP3 Prostanoid Receptor. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Influenza A Viruses Lacking Sialidase Activity Can Undergo Multiple Cycles of Replication in Cell Culture, Eggs, or Mice (2000)

ABSTRACT Influenza A viruses possess both hemagglutinin (HA), which is responsible for binding to the terminal sialic acid of sialyloligosaccharides on the cell surface, and neuraminidase (NA), which contains sialidase activity that removes sialic acid from sialyloligosaccharides. Interplay between HA receptor-binding and NA receptor-destroying sialidase activity appears to be important for replication of the virus. Previous studies by others have shown that influenza A viruses lacking sialidase activity can undergo multiple cycles of replication if sialidase activity is provided exogenously. To investigate the sialidase requirement of influenza viruses further, we generated a series of sialidase-deficient mutants. Although their growth was less efficient than that of the parental NA-dependent virus, these viruses underwent multiple cycles of replication in cell culture, eggs, and mice. To understand the molecular basis of this viral growth adaptation in the absence of sialidase activity, we investigated changes in the HA receptor-binding affinity of the sialidase-deficient mutants. The results show that mutations around the HA receptor-binding pocket reduce the virus's affinity for cellular receptors, compensating for the loss of sialidase. Thus, sialidase activity is not absolutely required in the influenza A virus life cycle but appears to be necessary for efficient virus replication.
Intravenous Infusion of Peptide YY(3–36) Potently Inhibits Food Intake in Rats (2004)

Peptide YY (3-36) [PYY (3-36)] is postulated to act as a hormonal signal from the gut to the brain to inhibit food intake and gastric emptying. A mixed-nutrient meal produces a prolonged 2-3 h increase in plasma levels of both PYY (3-36) and PYY (1-36). We determined the dose-dependent effects of 3-h iv infusions of PYY (3-36) and PYY (1-36) (0.5-50 pmol.kg(-1).min(-1)) at dark onset on food intake in non-food-deprived rats. PYY (3-36) dose-dependently inhibited food intake: the minimal effective dose was 5 pmol.kg(-1).min(-1); the estimated potency (mean effective dose) and efficacy (maximal percent inhibition) were 15 pmol.kg(-1).min(-1) (2.6 nmol/kg) and 47%, respectively. PYY (1-36) was an order of magnitude less potent than PYY (3-36). Similar total doses of PYY (3-36) (0.9-30 nmol/kg) infused during the 15-min period just before dark onset also dose-dependently inhibited food intake, albeit with a lower potency and efficacy. Other experiments showed that PYY (3-36) inhibited food intake in sham-feeding rats and was more effective in reducing intake of a mixed-nutrient liquid diet than 15% aqueous sucrose. We conclude that: 1) iv infusions of PYY (3-36), which are more likely than ip injections to mimic postprandial increases in plasma PYY (3-36), potently inhibit food intake in a dose-dependent manner; 2) PYY (1-36) is an order of magnitude less potent than PYY (3-36); and 3) PYY (3-36) can inhibit food intake independently of its action to inhibit gastric emptying. It remains to be determined whether iv doses of PYY (3-36) that reproduce postprandial increases in plasma PYY (3-36) are sufficient to inhibit food intake.
Prevention of stress- or nitric oxide donor-induced medication overuse headache by a calcitonin gene-related peptide antibody in rodents (2016)

Objective The objective of this study was the determination of the role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the induction of medication overuse headache (MOH)-related migraine in an injury-free preclinical model. Methods Rats were primed by a 7-day period of exposure to acute migraine therapies including sumatriptan and morphine. After an additional 14-day drug-free period, rats were exposed to putative migraine triggers including bright light stress (BLS) or nitric oxide (NO) donor in the presence or absence of TEV48125, a fully humanized CGRP antibody. Cutaneous allodynia (CA) was used as an outcome measure and CGRP blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels were measured. Results BLS and NO donor challenge evoked delayed, long-lasting CA selectively in rats that were previously treated with sumatriptan or morphine. BLS produced a significant increase in CGRP in the plasma, but not CSF, in animals that were previously exposed to sumatriptan compared to saline controls. TEV48125 did not modify baseline tactile thresholds or produce behavioral side effects, but significantly inhibited both BLS- and NO donor-induced CA in animals that were previously primed with sumatriptan or morphine; an isotype control protein that does not bind CGRP had no effect. Interpretation These data suggest that acute migraine medications may promote MOH in susceptible individuals through CGRP-dependent mechanisms and that anti-CGRP antibodies may be a useful clinical strategy for the treatment of MOH.
Effects of Acute Exposure to Stress on Subsequent Aggression and Locomotion Performance (1977)

Avoidance-escape deficits following certain highly stressful conditions result from changes in activity of noradrenergic or other monoaminergic neural systems. A "motor activation deficit" has been used to explain these stress-induced neurochemical changes. The present experiment showed that exposure to a stressor decreased aggression and produced deficits in locomotor performance similar to those observed after inescapable stressor conditions in the "motor activation deficit" studies and earlier "learned helplessness" studies in that (a) the animals recovered with the passage of time, (b) the decrease in aggression and locomotion was larger under conditions of inescapable as opposed to escapable shock, and (c) plasma corticosterone was higher following inescapable shock than after escapable shock. Thus, while the findings obtained are not a variance with the "motor activation deficit" hypothesis, they suggest that other mechanisms might be postulated as well to account for certain deficits in emotional behavior following inescapable stress.
Etiology and treatment of intrinsic circadian rhythm sleep disorders (1999)

Some individuals experience an acute or chronic sleep disturbance, associated with a misalignment between the timing of their sleep and the sleep-wake cycle that is desired, or considered normal by society. It is estimated that 5-10% of insomniacs seeking treatment have this type of disorder, collectively called circadian rhythm sleep disorders. This paper reviews circadian rhythm sleep disorders of the intrinsic type, which include delayed sleep phase syndrome, advanced sleep phase syndrome, non-24-hour sleep-wake syndrome, and irregular sleep-wake pattern. For each disorder, we present data addressing its pathophysiology and potential treatments, including the use of behavioral measures and chronotherapy, bright light treatment and pharmacological treatments such as melatonin. We conclude by addressing some of the limitations and drawbacks of the various treatments.
(N)-Methanocarba 2,N6-Disubstituted Adenine Nucleosides as Highly Potent and Selective A3 Adenosine Receptor Agonists (2004)

A series of ring-constrained (N)-methanocarba-5'-uronamide 2,N(6)-disubstituted adenine nucleosides have been synthesized via Mitsunobu condensation of the nucleobase precursor with a pseudosugar ring containing a 5'-ester functionality. Following appropriate functionalization of the adenine ring, the ester group was converted to the 5'-N-methylamide. The compounds, mainly 2-chloro-substituted derivatives, were tested in both binding and functional assays at human adenosine receptors (ARs), and many were found to be highly potent and selective A(3)AR agonists. Selected compounds were compared in binding to the rat A(3)AR to assess their viability for testing in rat disease models. The N(6)-(3-chlorobenzyl) and N(6)-(3-bromobenzyl) analogues displayed K(i) values at the human A(3)AR of 0.29 and 0.38 nM, respectively. Other subnanomolar affinities were observed for the following N(6) derivatives: 2,5-dichlorobenzyl, 5-iodo-2-methoxybenzyl, trans-2-phenyl-1-cyclopropyl, and 2,2-diphenylethyl. Selectivity for the human A(3)AR in comparison to the A(1)AR was the following (fold): the N(6)-(2,2-diphenylethyl) analogue 34 (1900), the N(6)-(2,5-dimethoxybenzyl) analogue 26 (1200), the N(6)-(2,5-dichlorobenzyl) and N(6)-(2-phenyl-1-cyclopropyl) analogues 20 and 33 (1000), and the N(6)-(3-substituted benzyl) analogues 17, 18, 28, and 29 (700-900). Typically, even greater selectivity ratios were obtained in comparison with the A(2A) and A(2B)ARs. The (N)-methanocarba-5'-uronamide analogues were full agonists at the A(3)AR, as indicated by the inhibition of forskolin-stimluated adenylate cyclase at a concentration of 10 microM. The N(6)-(2,2-diphenylethyl) derivative was an A(3)AR agonist in the (N)-methanocarba-5'-uronamide series, although it was an antagonist in the ribose series. Thus, many of the previously known groups that enhance A(3)AR affinity in the 9-riboside series, including those that reduce intrinsic efficacy, may be adapted to the (N)-methanocarba nucleoside series of full agonists.
Evaluation of Demineralized Bone Matrix Paste and Putty in Periodontal Intraosseous Defects (2005)

In summary, demineralized bone matrix paste, demineralized bone matrix putty, and demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft all demonstrated similar favorable improvements in soft and hard tissue parameters in the treatment of human intraosseous defects.
提高采收率:过去、现在和未来25年的应用前景 (2004)

本文对全球石油提高采收率技术的应用情况及其将来一段时间的发展趋势进行了分析。重点对EOR增产水平及其相关的提高采收率技术 :热采、注气驱、化学驱和其他方法做了介绍。北美地区各种三采技术应用非常广泛 ,传统的采油工艺对稳定该地区的石油产量已力不从心 ,EOR仍然是提高石油产量的有效选择之一。在美国 2 0世纪 80年代后期 ,受经济不景气的影响 ,与EOR有关的新项目数量迅速递减 ,石油产量指标重新进行调整 ,甚至在 2 0 0 2年 ,EOR产量开始下降。尽管热采对EOR总产量的贡献比例在递减 ,但它继续保持最大的份额。在今后很长一段时间里 ,热采技术对高黏重质原油的开采将发挥越来越重要的作用。注气驱工艺将继续在未来石油开采中发挥明显优势。化学驱油受利润递减和产量微薄的困扰 ,举步维艰。借助于剖面储渗控制的流体转向技术在短期内将具有很大潜力。EOR对美国石油产量的贡献已达到顶峰 ,除非石油价格相当可观并保持稳定 ,否则EOR产量是不会突破当前水平的。世界范围内的EOR产量在经历了下降期后 ,高峰很可能在 2 0 30— 2 0 35年间再次出现 ,或者出现在本世纪 60年代中期。
Design of guaranteed safe maneuvers using reachable sets: Autonomous quadrotor aerobatics in theory and practice (2010)

For many applications, the control of a complex nonlinear system can be made easier by modeling the system as a collection of simplified hybrid modes, each representing a particular operating regime. An example of this is the decomposition of complex aerobatic flights into sequences of discrete maneuvers, an approach that has proven very successful for both human piloted and autonomously controlled aircraft. However, a critical step when designing such control systems is to ensure the safety and feasibility of transitions between these maneuvers. This work presents a hybrid dynamics framework for the design of guaranteed safe switching regions and is applied to a quadrotor helicopter performing an autonomous backflip. The regions are constructed using reachable sets calculated via a Hamilton-Jacobi differential game formulation, and experimental results are presented from flight tests on the STARMAC quadrotor platform.