gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Condensation of DNA by Spermatid Basic Nuclear Proteins (2002)

Two transition proteins, TP1 and TP2, participate in the repackaging of the spermatid genome early in mammalian spermiogenesis, coincident with the first detectable changes in chromatin condensation. Using an optical trap and a two-channel flow cell to move single DNA molecules into buffer containing protein, we have measured the rates of DNA condensation and decondensation induced by the binding of Syrian hamster transition proteins TP1 and TP2 and protamines P1 and P2. The results show that both transition proteins condense free DNA, with rates similar to those of protamine 1 and 2. DNA molecules condensed with TP1 were significantly less stable than DNA condensed by protamine or by TP2. Experiments conducted with a peptide corresponding to the C-terminal 25 residues of TP2 showed that this domain is responsible for condensing DNA. Experiments conducted with two fragments of TP1 containing arginine and lysine residues demonstrated that DNA binding by TP1 must involve more than these basic sequences. Zinc facilitated the condensation of DNA by P2 but not by TP2. The dissociation rates of TP2 and P2 from DNA were not affected by the addition of zinc.
311 nm UVB phototherapy—an effective treatment for psoriasis (1988)

Fifty two psoriatic patients were treated with a new experimental fluorescent lamp (Philips TL-01) emitting a narrow band at 311 +/- 2 nm (UVB) which had the advantage of a reduction in burning and carcinogenic wavelengths when compared with conventional broad band UVB therapy. Results of the '311' treated group when compared with broad band UVB therapy revealed a similar percentage of patients achieving a satisfactory response with fewer burning episodes and an increase in duration of remission.
MECHANICAL FACTORS REGULATING GASTRIC EMPTYING OF VISCOUS NUTRIENT MEALS IN DOGS (1984)

The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms controlling gastric emptying of viscous meals. In four conscious dogs the antral, pyloric and duodenal activities were recorded with strain-gauge transducers and induction coils during gastric evacuation of an inert cellulose meal and of four nutrient meals containing mannitol, casein, glucose or oleic acid. Gastric emptying and the internal pyloric and duodenal diameters were measured from radiographs. The nutrients delayed gastric emptying and diminished to a various extent the antral and duodenal motility as well as the pyloric opening. The motility gradient between antral and duodenal activity showed no relationship to the emptying delay. The duodenal lumen was reduced and the propulsive contractions of the duodenum decreased while the segmental activity increased. The findings suggest that gastric emptying is controlled by (1) the depth of the antral waves, (2) the pyloric opening, (3) the receptive relaxation of the duodenum and (4) the type of the duodenal contractions. By contrast the sequence of the terminal antral contraction and the pyloric closure, as well as the co-ordination between pyloric and duodenal contractions, played no important role in regulating gastric emptying.
Mode-locked oscillator arrays (1991)

The output characteristics of a linear array of oscillators are discussed. By arranging the output frequencies of each oscillator to give a spectrum of equally spaced components, a mode-locked system results, thereby producing short, high-power RF pulses. Promising results from a linear array of up to five elements are presented, with good theoretical agreement. The results presented suggest that it may be possible to generate high-power RF pulses with high-pulse repetition frequencies using planar arrays of devices. This quasi-optical array architecture is expected to scale up to the Terahertz frequency range using suitable devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Rush Skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea) Control in Pacific Northwest Winter Wheat (2018)

Abstract Rush skeletonweed is emerging as a regionally important weed of winter wheat production in eastern Washington. Field studies were conducted during the 2016 and 2017 crop years to evaluate several auxin herbicides applied at two seasonal timings (fall or spring) for control of rush skeletonweed in winter wheat. Clopyralid (210 g ae ha -1 ) provided&gt;90% visual control of rush skeletonweed in both years of the study and aminopyralid (10 g ae ha -1 ) provided&gt;80% visual control. Aminocyclopyrachlor, dicamba, and 2,4-D provided&lt;55% control of rush skeletonweed. Season of application did not meaningfully affect efficacy of any herbicide tested. Wheat yields were reduced by 39 to 69% compared to the non-treated check when aminocyclopyrachlor was applied in the spring. Clopyralid is an effective option for control of rush skeletonweed in Pacific Northwest winter wheat.
Touching the microworld with force-feedback optical tweezers (2009)

Optical tweezers are a powerful tool for micromanipulation and measurement of picoNewton sized forces. However, conventional interfaces present difficulties as the user cannot feel the forces involved. We present an interface to optical tweezers, based around a low-cost commercial force feedback device. The different dynamics of the micro-world make intuitive force feedback a challenge. We propose a coupling method using an existing optical tweezers system and discuss stability and transparency. Our system allows the user to perceive real Brownian motion and viscosity, as well as forces exerted during manipulation of objects by a trapped bead.
Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles with Efficient Urinary Excretion for Nanomedicine (2008)

The development of molecularly targeted probes that exhibit high biostability, biocompatibility, and efficient clearance profiles is key to optimizing biodistribution and transport across biological barriers. Further, coupling probes designed to meet these criteria with high-sensitivity, quantitative imaging strategies is mandatory for ensuring early in vivo tumor detection and timely treatment response. These challenges have often only been examined individually, impeding the clinical translation of fluorescent probes. By simultaneously optimizing these design criteria, we created a new generation of near-infrared fluorescent core-shell silica-based nanoparticles (C dots) tuned to hydrodynamic diameters of 3.3 and 6.0 nm with improved photophysical characteristics over the parent dye. A neutral organic coating prevented adsorption of serum proteins and facilitated efficient urinary excretion. Detailed particle biodistribution studies were performed using more quantitative ex vivo fluorescence detection protocols and combined optical-PET imaging. The results suggest that this new generation of C dots constitutes a promising clinically translatable materials platform which may be adapted for tumor targeting and treatment.
Idiotype-encoding recombinant adenoviruses provide protective immunity against murine B-cell lymphomas (2001)

Vaccination with tumor-specific immunoglobulin or idiotype (Id) is a promising new form of immunotherapy for B-cell malignancies. Id protein vaccination has demonstrated clinical activity in B-cell lymphomas, yet it requires the laborious and time-consuming procedures of tumor-myeloma cell hybridization, large-scale in vitro culture, and protein purification. Recombinant adenoviruses are highly efficient and immunogenic gene transfer vehicles from which individualized vaccines can be rapidly assembled using polymerase chain reaction-amplified tumor Id genes. Id-encoding adenoviruses were evaluated as vaccines in 2 murine B-cell lymphoma models. A single injection of recombinant Id adenovirus provided protection from subsequent tumor challenge that was equivalent or superior to that afforded by Id protein vaccination. Protected mice had substantial serum titers of Id-specific antibodies. When used in conjunction with chemotherapy, vaccination also prolonged the survival of mice bearing pre-existing tumor. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that tumor protection was not dependent upon T cells. Importantly, in mice prevaccinated with an irrelevant adenovirus, tumor protection following vaccination with Id adenovirus was not significantly impaired. These findings have implications for the design of future lymphoma immunotherapy trials.
Immunotherapy For Allergic Reactions (1998)

In this review, hyposensitization or immunotherapy will be discussed. The earliest immunotherapy was applicated in allergic respiratory diseases such as asthma and rhinitis. The most important indication has become the treatment of hymenoptera allergy. Some less frequently indications are associated with drug allergy. Immunotherapy is most frequently indicated in IgE mediated diseases, but new applications for cell mediated reactions will be described. With the introduction of molecular biology in allergology new theoretical possibilities emerged: use of peptide antigens, recombinant allergens, anticytokines.... Unfortunately, these newer approaches did not (yet) cause a breakthrough. The cost of these products will be a major draw back, even when ethical problems for using them on a larger scale will have been solved.
Deoxyfluorination of Phenols (2011)

An operationally simple ipso fluorination of phenols with a new deoxyfluorination reagent is presented.
Abnormalities of Chromosome Band 8p11 in Leukemia: Two Clinical Syndromes Can Be Distinguished on the Basis of MOZ Involvement (1997)

Two distinct leukemia syndromes are associated with abnormalities of chromosome band 8p11. First, a myeloproliferative disorder with features characteristic of both chronic myeloid leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and second, an acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with French-American-British (FAB) M4/5 morphology and prominent erythrophagocytosis. The two syndromes are exemplified by a t(8;13)(p11;q12) and a t(8;16)(p11;p13), respectively, but cytogenetic variants of both have been described. Recently, the t(8;16) has been cloned and shown to fuse the MOZ gene at 8p11 to the CBP gene at 16p13. We have used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Southern blotting, and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to refine the 8p11 breakpoint in three cases with t(8;13)(p11;q12) and in a single case of AML-M5 with a clinical picture apparently identical to that found in patients with a t(8;16), but characterized by an inv(8)(p11q13). FISH analysis was performed with several 8p11 CEPH yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) clones. YAC 782H11 was centromeric to the one case with t(8;13) tested, but was telomeric to the inv(8). YAC 847B12 was telomeric to both the t(8;13) and the inv(8), whereas YAC 829D12 was centromeric to the t(8;13), but split by the inv(8). Southern blotting and PCR of YAC 829D12 showed that it contained the MOZ gene. A 900-bp MOZ fragment encompassing the published t(8;16) breakpoint was amplified by PCR from normal peripheral blood leukocyte cDNA and used to probe Southern blots of patient DNA. A rearrangement was detected in the case with inv(8), but not in any of the three cases with t(8;13). Southern blotting with a CBP probe and RT-PCR with MOZ and CBP primers suggested that the inv(8) does not result in a cryptic MOZ-CBP fusion. It is likely, therefore, that MOZ is fused to a novel gene at 8q13 in this case. We conclude that the t(8;13) breakpoint is flanked by YACs 782H11 and 847B12 and is at least 1 Mb telomeric to MOZ. MOZ is involved, however, in a new variant of the t(8;16).
Vasopressin receptor antagonism — a therapeutic option in heart failure and hypertension (2000)

The precise role of vasopressin in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease is controversial, but this peptide hormone is important for several reasons. Firstly, circulating concentrations of vasopressin are elevated in heart failure and some forms of hypertension. Secondly, there is evidence that vasopressin is synthesized not only in the hypophysial-pituitary axis but also in peripheral tissues including the heart where it acts as a paracrine hormone. Thirdly, vasopressin has vasoconstrictor, mitogenic, hyperplastic and renal fluid retaining properties which, by analogy with angiotensin II, may have deleterious effects when present in chronic excess. Finally, the availability of orally active non-peptide vasopressin receptor antagonists allows vasopressin receptor antagonism to be considered as a therapeutic option in cardiovascular disease.
Viral Clearance Without Destruction of Infected Cells During Acute HBV Infection (1999)

Viral clearance during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been thought to reflect the destruction of infected hepatocytes by CD8(+) T lymphocytes. However, in this study, HBV DNA was shown to largely disappear from the liver and the blood of acutely infected chimpanzees long before the peak of T cell infiltration and most of the liver disease. These results demonstrate that noncytopathic antiviral mechanisms contribute to viral clearance during acute viral hepatitis by purging HBV replicative intermediates from the cytoplasm and covalently closed circular viral DNA from the nucleus of infected cells.
Micellisation and gelation of triblock copoly(oxyethylene/oxypropylene/oxyethylene), F127 (1992)

A sample of triblock copoly(oxyethylene/oxypropylene/oxyethylene) Synperonic F127 was purified. The micellisation and gelation properties of aqueous solutions of purified and unpurified copolymers were investigated by surface tension measurement, static and dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and NMR spectroscopy. Generally, the results obtained for the two samples were similar: an exception was the surface tension. Endothermic standard enthalpies of micellisation were obtained over a wide concentration range, with corresponding endothermic standard enthalpies of gelation in the high concentration range. Considered on an equivalent basis, i.e. kJ mol–1(chains), gelation was found to be an almost athermal process compared to micellisation. Based on the presented evidence, particularly that from DSC, and considering other recent studies, it was concluded that the thermal gelation of F127 (i.e. gelation on raising the temperature) resulted essentially from the packing of spherical micelles. A small thermal event at the gelation point was ascribed to a disorder–order discontinuity.
Small Molecule Inhibitors of Serine Threonine Protein Phosphatases (2001)

Serine/threonine protein phosphatases have long been ignored as potential therapeutic targets for two reasons, one the biochemical significance of these proteins has not been appreciated and two, many natural protein phosphatase inhibitors are potent toxins and are considered unsuitable for clinical use. This review outlines the biochemical role of this protein family in cancer, cystic fibrosis, immunosuppression and, cardiac and neurological disorders. Particular emphasis is also given to the synthesis of selective small molecule inhibitors and their clinical exploitation.
Ki67 and cyclin A as prognostic factors in early breast cancer. What are the optimal cut‐off values? (2007)

The optimal cut-off value for cyclin A average is 8% and for cyclin A maximum value 11%; for Ki67 the corresponding values are 15% and 22%. Additional studies are needed to verify these results.
Asthma at 8 years of age in children born by caesarean section (2008)

Children born by caesarean section have a higher risk of asthma than those born by vaginal delivery, particularly children of allergic parents. Caesarean section increases the risk for sensitisation to common allergens in children with non-allergic parents only.
Review of the Early Diagnoses and Assessment of Rejection in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (2013)

The emerging field of vascular composite allotransplantation (VCA) has become a clinical reality. Building upon cutting edge understandings of transplant surgery and immunology, complex grafts such as hands and faces can now be transplanted with success. Many of the challenges that have historically been limiting factors in transplantation, such as rejection and the morbidity of immunosuppression, remain challenges in VCA. Because of the accessibility of most VCA grafts, and the highly immunogenic nature of the skin in particular, VCA has become the focal point for cross-disciplinary approaches to developing novel approaches for some of the most challenging immunological problems in transplantation, particularly the early diagnoses and assessment of rejection. This paper provides a historically oriented introduction to the field of organ transplantation and the evolution of VCA.
Interactions between the Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein and Matrilins (2004)

The cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and matrilins are abundant non-collagenous proteins in the cartilage extracellular matrix. In the presence of calcium, COMP and matrilin-1 elute together in the gel filtration of cartilage extracts and can be co-immunoprecipitated. In a screen for ligands of matrilin-1, -3, and -4 using an ELISA-style binding assay, COMP was identified as a prominent binding partner for all three, indicating a conservation of the COMP interaction among matrilins. The interaction of COMP and matrilin-4 is saturable, and an apparent K(D) of 1 nm was determined. However, only the full-length COMP and the full-length matrilin-4 proteins showed a strong interaction, indicating that the oligomeric structures markedly increase the affinity. Mutations in COMP or matrilin-3 cause related forms of human chondrodysplasia, and the COMP mutation D469Delta, which is found in patients with pseudoachondroplasia, has been shown to cause a reduced calcium binding. Despite this, the mutation causes only a slight decrease in matrilin-4 binding. This indicates that impaired binding of COMP to matrilins does not cause the pseudoachondroplasia phenotype but rather that matrilins may be coretained in the rough endoplasmatic reticulum where COMP accumulates in the chondrocytes of patients.
ADAM-9 (MDC-9/meltrin-γ), a member of the adisintegrin and metalloproteinase family, regulates myeloma-cell–induced interleukin-6 production in osteoblasts by direct interaction with the αvβ5 integrin (2005)

ADAM-9, a member of the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase family, contains both metalloproteinase and disintegrin domains. Myeloma cell lines express ADAM-9; however, its function and role in the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma is unknown. The aim of this study was to establish whether primary myeloma cells express ADAM-9, whether ADAM-9 regulates IL-6 production in human osteoblasts (hOBs), whether ADAM-9 interacts with specific integrin heterodimers, and the identity of downstream signaling pathways. Primary myeloma cells demonstrated increased expression of ADAM-9 (P < .01). ADAM-9 promoted a 5-fold increase in IL-6, but not IL-1beta mRNA, and a dose- and time-dependent increase in IL-6 production by hOBs (P < .01). IL-6 induction was inhibited by an antibody to the alpha(v)beta5 integrin (P < .01) but not by antibodies to other integrin heterodimers. ADAM-9 was shown to bind directly to the alpha(v)beta5 integrin on hOBs. Antibodies to ADAM-9 and alpha(v)beta5 integrin inhibited myeloma cell-induced IL-6 production by hOBs (P < .01). Furthermore, inhibitors of p38 MAPK and cPLA2, but not NF-kappaB and JAK2, signaling pathways inhibited ADAM-9-induced IL-6 production by hOBs (P < .01). These data demonstrate that ADAM-9, expressed by myeloma cells, stimulates IL-6 production in hOBs by binding the alpha(v)beta5 integrin. This may have important consequences for the growth and survival of myeloma cells in bone.
Laser mass spectrometry of a frozen water matrix in environmental analysis (1994)

A CO2 laser evaporation–KrF laser ionization technique combined with reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to analyse tap water polluted with phenol. A minimum phenol concentration of 1 µg l–1 was detected during test. Molecules evaporated by laser from the frozen water surface were found to show significant decreases in temperature, down to 150 K.
Inhibition of apoptosis by ATFx: a novel role for a member of the ATF/CREB family of mammalian bZIP transcription factors (2002)

The mammalian ATF/CREB family of transcription factors comprises a large group of basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins whose members mediate diverse transcriptional regulatory functions. Here we report that expression of a specific mouse ATF gene, ATFx, is down-regulated in a variety of cells undergoing apoptosis following growth factor deprivation. When stably expressed in an interleukin 3 (IL-3)-dependent cell line, ATFx suppresses apoptosis resulting from cytokine deprivation. Conversely, a dominant-negative ATFx mutant induces apoptosis of cells cultured in the presence of growth factors. We also show that 24p3, a secreted lipocalin that induces apoptosis when added to hematopoietic cells, represses ATFx expression. However, constitutive expression of ATFx renders cells resistant to 24p3-mediated apoptosis. Collectively, our results indicate that ATFx is an anti-apoptotic factor, a novel role for an ATF protein.
TGF- 1 causes airway fibrosis and increased collagen I and III mRNA in mice (2003)

This new model should facilitate detailed study of airway remodelling that occurs in the absence of detectable cellular inflammation, and allow examination of the functional consequences of a major structural alteration in the conducting airways uncomplicated by inflammatory cell influx.
Human Homolog of patched , a Candidate Gene for the Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (1996)

The basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) is characterized by developmental abnormalities and by the postnatal occurrence of cancers, especially basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), the most common human cancer. Heritable mutations in BCNS patients and a somatic mutation in a sporadic BCC were identified in a human homolog of the Drosophila patched (ptc) gene. The ptc gene encodes a transmembrane protein that in Drosophila acts in opposition to the Hedgehog signaling protein, controlling cell fates, patterning, and growth in numerous tissues. The human PTC gene appears to be crucial for proper embryonic development and for tumor suppression.
Highly Conductive Graphene Nanoribbons by Longitudinal Splitting of Carbon Nanotubes Using Potassium Vapor (2011)

Here we demonstrate that graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) free of oxidized surfaces can be prepared in large batches and 100% yield by splitting multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with potassium vapor. If desired, exfoliation is attainable in a subsequent step using chlorosulfonic acid. The low-defect density of these GNRs is indicated by their electrical conductivity, comparable to that of graphene derived from mechanically exfoliated graphite. The possible origins of directionally selective splitting of MWCNTs have been explored using computer modeling, and plausible explanations for the unique role of potassium were found.