gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal spreading depression bilaterally activates the caudal trigeminal nucleus in rodents (2003)

Spreading depression (SD) and migraine aura involve transiently altered (i.e., increased followed by decreased) electrophysiological activity that propagates at the distinctive rate of millimeters per minute (mm/min), leading to the suggestion that they (and perhaps pain from migraine) are causally related via changes in the same brain structure. Neocortex is considered the anatomical zone associated with migraine aura and is the sole area known to induce caudal trigeminal nucleus (TNC) activation from SD in rodents. However, classical evidence of SD in human neocortex is reported only with severe brain disease, while migraine is a common and comparatively benign disorder. Because SD occurs in human hippocampus, and memory dysfunction referable to hippocampus is seen in migraineurs, we determined whether recurrent SD confined to hippocampus in rat could induce TNC activation. Our work shows that recurrent hippocampal SD evoked a significant (P < 0.05-0.001) increase in bilateral c-fos immunostaining within TNC superficial laminae compared with sham controls. Furthermore, hippocampal SD occurred with a correlated and transient change in spontaneous activity and blood flow in the ipsilateral neocortex without spread of SD to that area. Thus, hippocampal SD may be a previously unrecognized, potential trigger for nociceptive activation of TNC perhaps associated with migraine.
Myofibroblasts and Subepithelial Fibrosis in Bronchial Asthma (1990)

A thickened bronchial epithelial basement membrane has long been regarded as a histopathologic characteristic of bronchial asthma. As we had previously demonstrated that this phenomenon is due to the deposition of interstitial collagens and fibronectin, we have now sought to determine the nature of the cell responsible for this process by studying endobronchial biopsies from eight normal and seven asthmatic volunteers by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Biopsies were stained with PR 2D3, a monoclonal antibody to myofibroblasts of the pericrypt sheath of the colon and a monoclonal antibody to alpha-smooth muscle actin. The thickness of the subepithelial collagen and the organelle content of the cells therein were determined by electron microscopy. The subepithelial collagen thickness in the normal subjects ranged from 2.16 to 6.26 microns, while that in the asthmatic subjects ranged from 3.75 to 11.1 microns (Mann-Whitney test; P = 0.05). Elongated cells in the collagen layer were identified by staining with PR 2D3. As this antibody also stains smooth muscle, consecutive frozen sections were stained for alpha-smooth muscle actin and the number of positive cells per millimeter of basement membrane was subtracted from the count for PR 2D3. This yielded a count of 4.9 to 9.4 cells/mm in the normal subjects and 11.9 to 20.6 cells/mm in the asthmatics (P = 0.001). There was a highly significant correlation between the depth of subepithelial collagen and the number of PR 2D3-positive, alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells (Spearman rank correlation; r = 0.764 and P = 0.006). Electron microscopy confirmed the myofibroblastic nature of these cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Open phase II study of high-dose toremifene as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer. (1997)

In an open phase II study conducted in Finland and Latvia, 73 postmenopausal women were treated with 240 mg of toremifene (Fareston) as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer. Among the 56 patients evaluable for responses, 59% achieved objective responses [complete response (CR) plus partial response (PR)], 29% showed no change (NC), and 12% had progressive disease (PD). When all treated patients were included, the objective response rate was 47%. Several very long durations of responses up to 86 months and survival durations up to 95 months were observed. In assessable patients, the best objective response rates were seen in those with soft-tissue (74%) and visceral (60%) disease. In 54% of patients with very large inoperable primary cancers, a PR was achieved. Half of patients reported side effects, about 60% of which were mild; 30%, moderate; and 5%, severe. Based on response rate and safety, high-dose toremifene is useful as first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer.
Additional β Zeolites in SiO 2 −Al 2 O 3 Supported Pt and Pd Catalysts for Hydrocracking of Paraffin Wax (2013)

Different Pt/SAB and Pd/SAB (40 wt% SiO 2 in silica-alumina carriers with 20 wt% β zeolites) catalysts were prepared by impregnation method and compared with NiW/SAB catalyst. The results showed that Pt/SAB catalyst had larger surface area and pore volume compared to NiW/SAB and Pd/SAB catalysts. Pt and Pd loading, the reaction parameters of reaction such as temperature and WHSV were investigated. The hydrocracking reaction results showed that 0.8 wt% Pt loading catalyst had optimized conversion ratio and selectivity with 300oC and WHSV=2 h -1 . Pd/SAB catalyst had higher gas selectivity but lower naphtha and middle distillates yield due to the strongest acidic sites. Pt/SAB catalyst had more stable catalytic activity during hydrocracking reaction. TEM and ICP results indicated that Pt was highly dispersed in small clusters and stable after 200 h reaction, while Pd and NiW/SAB catalysts had deactivated issue.
Efficient attribute authentication with applications to ad hoc networks (2004)

We present a family of certification methods with applications to attribute certification, which in turn has ample applications to ad hoc networks by way of the use of centrally managed recommendation mechanisms. Our construction is based on a Merkle tree consisting of subtrees, each of which corresponds to some aspect of an attribute. We study how the ordering of these subtrees can impact the cost of representing, maintaining, and verifying attribute certificates. We describe the applicability of our construction to vehicle ad hoc networks, detail our proposed methods, and evaluate their suitability to the proposed settings.
The Total Synthesis of Antrimycin Dv; II:1Synthesis of Tetrahydropyridazinecarboxylic Acid and Its Incorporation into Peptides (1993)

Appropriately protected di- and tripeptides containing (R, S)-tetra -hydropyridazine-3-carboxylic acids were synthesized via protected γ-formyl-α-hydrazinobutyric acids. The latter compounds are obtained from acetals of either ethyl γ-formylbutyrate or ethyl γ-formyl-α-oxobutyrate.
Expression of full-length and truncated dystrophin mini-genes in transgenic mdx mice (1995)

Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy are caused by defects in the dystrophin gene, and are candidates for treatment by gene therapy. We have shown previously that overexpression of a full-length dystrophin cDNA prevents the development of dystrophic symptoms in mdx mice. We show here that this functional correction can be achieved by expressing the full-length muscle isoform at a lower level than is present in control animals. Gene therapy for DMD may necessitate the use of truncated dystrophin mini-genes to accommodate the limited cloning capacity of current-generation viral delivery vectors. We have constructed both murine and human mini-genes deleted for exons 17-48, and have demonstrated that expression of either mini-gene can almost completely prevent the development of dystrophic symptoms in transgenic mdx mice. These results suggest that viral-mediated expression of moderate levels of a truncated dystrophin could be an effective treatment for DMD.
Degradation of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Quality Control Substrates Requires Transport between the ER and Golgi (2001)

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control (ERQC) components retain and degrade misfolded proteins, and our results have found that the degradation of the soluble ERQC substrates CPY* and PrA* but not membrane spanning ERQC substrates requires transport between the ER and Golgi. Stabilization of these misfolded soluble proteins was seen in cells lacking Erv29p, a probable Golgi localized protein that cycles through the ER by means of a di-lysine ER retrieval motif (KKKIY). Cells lacking Erv29p also displayed severely retarded ER exit kinetics for a subset of correctly folded proteins. We suggest that Erv29p is likely involved in cargo loading of a subset of proteins, including soluble misfolded proteins, into vesicles for ER exit. The stabilization of soluble ERQC substrates in both erv29Delta cells and sec mutants blocked in either ER exit (sec12) or vesicle delivery to the Golgi (sec18) suggests that ER-Golgi transport is required for ERQC and reveals a new aspect of the degradative mechanism.
Look and learn (2003)

Sharing an information book with a child is different from reading them a story. With an information book, it is much easier to take time over each page because there is no story to interrupt. It doesn't matter if you don't finish the book because there is no proper ending.
In vitro Metabolism of a Potent HIV-protease Inhibitor (141W94) Using Rat, Monkey and Human Liver S9 (1996)

Compound 141W94 (Vertex VX478) (3S)-tetrahydro-3-furyl N-[(S, 2R)-3-(4-amino-N-isobutylbenzenesulfonamido)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxypropyl] carbamate, is a potent HIV-protease inhibitor and is currently undergoing clinical trials. The purpose of this study was the rapid identification of the phase I and II in vitro metabolite of 141W94 using mass spectrometry. Four different sources of liver S9 fractions were used for studying comparative in vitro metabolism of 141W94. They were obtained from Arochlor-induced rat, normal (untreated) rat, cynomolgus monkey and human livers. Selected incubations were supplemented with uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid and the reduced form of glutathione. The predominant species seen in the incubation mixture was the parent compound 141W94. Metabolites arising from ring opening to form the diol and carboxylic acid and oxidation of the tetrahydrofurran ring (formation of dihydrofuran) were identified. In addition, of the two monohydroxylated products identified, one resulted from hydroxylation on the aniline ring and the other from hydroxylation at the benzylic position. Two different glucuronides were also observed. Comparing the three species, very little metabolism was seen in the normal (non-induced) rat. The metabolic profile and extent of metabolism with induced rat, monkey and human S9 was similar. Induced rat S9 incubation showed the formation of two unique metabolites that were not seen in non-induced rat, monkey and human S9 fractions. They were the monohydroxylated glucuronide and a carbamate cleavage product. The metabolites were identified using mass spectrometry based on their molecular masses and fragmentation patterns.
Applications of Ionic Liquids in Carbohydrate Chemistry:  A Window of Opportunities (2007)

Ionic liquids (ILs) are composed only of ions. Of special interest to this review are those where at least one ion (the cation) is organic and whose melting points are below or not far above room temperature. ILs are designated as "green" solvents because they have extremely low vapor pressure, are non-inflammable, and thermally and chemically stable. Therefore, many of them can be, in principle, recycled into the process indefinitely. The objective of the present review is to discuss different aspects of the use of ILs in carbohydrate chemistry, in particular, dissolution and functionalization of simple sugars, cyclodextrins, cellulose, starch, and chitin/chitosan. The molecular structure and synthesis of ILs most frequently employed in carbohydrate chemistry are discussed with an emphasis on imidazolium and pyridinium cations with different counterions. The physicochemical properties of ILs that are relevant to the dissolution and functionalization of carbohydrates, in particular their polarities and hydrogen-bonding abilities, are discussed. Dissolution of simple saccharides and biopolymers in ILs is presented with an emphasis on the mechanism of carbohydrate--IL interactions. Finally, the very interesting novel applications of the solutions obtained are addressed. These include, inter alia, spinning of the dissolved biopolymer into fibers, extrusion into slabs and rods, formation of matrixes for a myriad of substrates, including biomacromolecules, formation of nanocomposites, and functionalization to produce important derivatives. The use of ILs in many branches of science is expanding fast; it is hoped that this review will draw the attention of researchers to the "window of opportunities" that these green solvents open into carbohydrate chemistry.
A homology model of human interferon α‐2 (1993)

An atomic coordinate five alpha-helix three-dimensional model is presented for human interferon alpha-2 (HuIFN alpha 2). The HuIFN alpha 2 structure was constructed from murine interferon beta (MuIFN beta) by homology modeling using the STEREO and IMPACT programs. The HuIFN alpha 2 model is consistent with its known biochemical and biophysical properties including epitope mapping. Lysine residues predicted to be buried in the model were primarily unreactive with succinimidyl-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic acid (AMCA-NHS), a lysine modification agent, as shown by mass spectrometric analysis of tryptic digests. N-terminal sequence analysis of polypeptides generated by limited digestion of HuIFN alpha 2 with endoproteinase Lys-C demonstrated rapid cleavage at K31, which is consistent with the presence of this residue in a loop in the proposed HuIFN alpha 2 model. Based on this model structure potential receptor binding sites are identified.
Temporary Esophageal Stenting Allows Healing of Esophageal Perforations Following Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Procedures (2006)

Early diagnosis of esophageal perforations following LACA may allow temporary esophageal stenting with successful esophageal healing. Prompt chest CT scans with oral and i.v. contrast should be considered in any patient with sub-sternal chest pain or dysphagia following LACA.
Effect of support structure and polyamine type on CO2 capture in hierarchically structured monolithic sorbents (2019)

The objective of this work was to study properties of monolithic CO2 sorbents. The materials were obtained by molecular basket approach with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and grafting method using the silane-modified polyamines (trimethoxysilylpropyl-modified polyethylenimine and dimethoxymethylsilylpropyl-modified polyethylenimine). Adsorption measurements were carried out by means of thermogravimetry to determine the impact of the monolith structure, type of amine precursor and its loading on sorption capacity and performance of adsorption/desorption process. Highly effective sorbents were fabricated using hierarchically structured silica monoliths of cylindrical shape (dimension of 4 × 4 mm), which were characterized by large surface area, SBET, ca. 650 m2/g and high porosity (pore volume ca. 4.1 cm3/g). The PEI-modified sorbents, due to larger content of amine groups, enabled much more efficient CO2 capture in comparison to the grafted materials. The complexity of pore structure/amine loading/thickness of active layer/sorption capacity relationships was demonstrated. It was shown that the thickness of active layer had a strong impact on CO2 diffusion and accessibility of amine groups, and thus on the sorption performance. Due to large surface area of the hierarchically structured monolithic support, the thickness of active layer in sorbents highly loaded with polyamines was low and thus the accessibility to the adsorption centres was improved. Multiple adsorption/desorption cycles clearly demonstrated good stability and recyclability of PEI and silane-modified materials.
Projections from the amygdala to basoventral and mediodorsal prefrontal regions in the rhesus monkey (1990)

The sources of ipsilateral projections from the amygdala to basoventral and mediodorsal prefrontal cortices were studied with retrograde tracers (horseradish peroxidase or fluorescent dyes) in 13 rhesus monkeys. The basoventral regions injected with tracers included the orbital periallocortex and proisocortex, orbital areas 13, 11, and 12, lateral area 12, and ventral area 46. The mediodorsal regions included portions of medial areas 25, 32, 14, and dorsal area 8. The above sites represent areas within two architectonic series of cortices referred to as basoventral or mediodorsal on the basis of their anatomic location. Each series consists of areas that show a gradual increase in the number of layers and their delineation in a direction from the caudal orbital and medial limbic cortices, which have an incipient laminar organization, towards the eulaminated periarcuate cortices (Barbas and Pandya, J. Comp. Neurol. 286: 353-375, '89). Labeled neurons projecting to the prefrontal cortex were found in the basolateral, basomedial (also known as accessory basal), lateral, and ventral cortical nuclei, and in the anterior amygdaloid and amygdalopiriform areas. The distribution of labeled neurons differed both quantitatively and qualitatively depending on whether the injection sites were in basoventral or mediodorsal prefrontal cortices. Cases with caudal orbital injections had the most labeled neurons in the amygdala, followed by cases with injections in cortices situated medioventrally. The latter received a high proportion of their amygdaloid projections from the basomedial nucleus. The lateral amygdaloid nucleus sent a robust projection to the least architectonically differentiated orbital periallocortex, and a weaker projection to the adjoining orbital proisocortical regions, but did not appear to project to either medial proisocortical sites or to the more differentiated ventrolateral or dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. In addition, there were topographical differences in the origin of projections from one amygdaloid nucleus directed to various prefrontal cortices. These differences were correlated either with the destination of the axons of afferent amygdaloid neurons to basoventral or to mediodorsal prefrontal cortices and/or with their projection to areas with varying degrees of laminar organization within the basoventral or mediodorsal sector. The clearest topography was observed for projections originating in the basolateral nucleus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Listeria monocytogenes-Infected Human Dendritic Cells: Uptake and Host Cell Response (2000)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells and play a crucial role in initiation and modulation of specific immune responses. Various pathogens are able to persist inside DCs. However, internalization of the gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes into human DCs has not yet been shown. In the present study, we demonstrate that human monocyte-derived immature DCs can efficiently phagocytose L. monocytogenes. This uptake is independent of listerial adhesion factors internalin A and internalin B but requires cytoskeletal motion and factors present in human plasma. A major portion of internalized bacteria is found in membrane-bound phagosomes and is rarely free in the cytosol, as shown by transmission electron microscopy and by using an L. monocytogenes strain expressing green fluorescent protein when in the host cell cytosol. The infection caused maturation of the immature DCs into mature DCs displaying high levels of CD83, CD25, major histocompatibility complex class II, and the CD86 costimulator molecule. This effect appeared to be largely mediated by listerial lipoteichoic acid. Although L. monocytogenes infection is known to induce death in other cell types, infection of human DCs was found to induce necrotic but not apoptotic death in fewer than 20% of DCs. Therefore, the ability of DCs to act as effective antigen-presenting cells for listerial immunity is probably enhanced by their resistance to cell death, as well as their ability to rapidly differentiate into mature, immunostimulatory DCs upon encountering bacteria.
Promoter deletion and loss of retinoblastoma gene expression in human prostate carcinoma. (1990)

Mutational inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene (RB) is found in all retinoblastomas and in a subset of other human neoplasms, including sarcomas of bone or soft tissue and carcinomas of lung or breast. Exogenous copies of wild-type RB have been shown to suppress the tumorigenicity of several types of tumor cells with endogenous RB mutations, including a previously described human prostatic carcinoma cell line. To further support a role for RB inactivation in the genesis of prostate cancer, seven primary or metastatic prostate carcinoma specimens were examined for evidence of RB mutation. By the use of immunoblot analysis and immunostaining of histologic sections, RB-encoded protein was readily detected in tumor cells of five specimens, was equivocally detected in one specimen, and was apparently absent from tumor cells of one specimen. RB mutations in the latter case were precisely characterized as (i) a deletion of 103 nucleotides containing transcriptional start sites and (ii) loss of the second RB allele. The 103-base-pair deletion was sufficient to abolish the promoter activity of upstream DNA sequences in a heterologous expression system. These results (i) demonstrate that RB can be inactivated in vivo by mutation of its promoter, (ii) confirm the existence of RB mutations in some human prostate carcinomas, and (iii) suggest the use of immunohistochemical methods to screen for RB mutations in clinical samples of common adult neoplasms.
<title>Design of practical color filter array interpolation algorithms for digital cameras</title> (1997)

Single-chip digital cameras use a color filter array and subsequent interpolation strategy to produce full-color images. WHile the design of the interpolation algorithm can be grounded in traditional sampling theory, the fact that the sampled data is distributed among three different color planes adds a level of complexity. Previous ways of treating this problem were based on computationally intensive approaches, such as iteration. Such methods, while effective, cannot be implemented in todays crop of digital cameras due to the limited computing resources of the cameras and the accompanying host computers. These previous methods are usually derived from general numerical methods that do not make many assumptions about the nature of the data. Significant computational economies, without serious losses in image quality, can be achieved if it is recognized that the data is image data and some appropriate image model is assumed. To this end, the design of practical, high- quality color filter array interpolation algorithms based on a simple image model is discussed.