gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solvent Effects on the Molecular Properties of Pectins (2001)

Measurements revealed that LiAc/HAc buffer, when compared with other solvents, gave relatively low values of turbidity for five commercial pectins with various apparent molar masses and degrees of methyl esterification (DE). Therefore, HPSEC with on-line light scattering and viscosity detection was employed to compare LiAc/HAc buffer against NaNO(3) solution, a commonly used mobile phase for measuring the molecular properties of these pectins and an additional pectin prepared by microwave extraction. Microwave-extracted pectin was included in the study for its higher molar mass and DE compared with commercial pectins. Most commercial samples were more soluble and had a higher molar mass when dissolved in NaNO(3) than in LiAc/HAc buffer, whereas the microwave-extracted pectin was more soluble in LiAc/HAc buffer and had about the same molar mass. Furthermore, association fragments of pectin contained in samples were more dissociated by LiAc/HAc buffer than by NaNO(3). For the samples studied, weight-average molar masses ranged from about 41000 to 307000, weight-average intrinsic viscosities from about 0.86 to 9.76 dL/g, z-average radii of gyration from about 13 to 45 nm, and Mark-Houwink constants from about 0.62 to 0.94.
Identification of a negative regulatory function for steroid receptors. (1992)

This report describes the identification of a negative regulator of estrogen and progesterone receptor function. Using a reconstituted estrogen-responsive transcription system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have identified a "repressor function," which when mutated, increases the transcriptional activity of the estrogen and progesterone receptors. In the case of the estrogen receptor this mutation increases the sensitivity of estrogen-mediated activation by at least four orders of magnitude. Analysis of derivatives of the estrogen receptor indicated that this repressor specifically affects the transcription activity of the TAF1 activation domain of the estrogen receptor. The repressor was cloned by complementation and identified as SSN6, a previously described mediator of glucose repression in yeast. Our results indicate that SSN6 is likely to be involved also in the repression of other cellular activators. Interestingly, deletion of the SSN6 protein allows the antiestrogens ICI 164384 and nafoxidine to behave as more potent agonists of estrogen receptor function, while RU486 also becomes a more potent activator of progesterone receptor function. These data suggest that in wild-type cells the role of hormone is twofold: it promotes DNA binding of the receptor and it also induces a conformational change in the receptor which overcomes the effects of this repressor function.
Biology of adenovirus vectors with E1 and E4 deletions for liver-directed gene therapy (1996)

Recombinant adenoviruses with E1 sequences deleted efficiently transfer genes into a wide variety of target cells. Antigen- and nonantigen-specific responses to the therapy lead to toxicity, loss of transgene expression, and difficulties with vector readministration. We have created new cell lines that allowed the isolation of more disabled adenovirus vectors that have both E1 and E4 deletions. Studies with murine models of liver-directed gene therapy indicated that the E1- and E4-deleted vector expresses fewer virus proteins and induces less apoptosis, leading to blunted host responses and an improved safety profile. The impact of the E4 deletion on the stability of vector expression was confounded by immune responses to the transgene product, which in this study was beta-galactosidase. When transgene responses were eliminated, the doubly deleted vector was substantially more stable in mouse liver than was the E1-deleted construct. These studies indicate that adenovirus vectors with both E1 and E4 deletions may have advantages in terms of safety and efficacy over first-generation constructs for liver-directed gene therapy.
Advances in Sn-Based Catalysts for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction (2019)

The increasing concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere has led to the greenhouse effect, which greatly affects the climate and the ecological balance of nature. Therefore, converting CO<sub>2</sub> into renewable fuels via clean and economical chemical processes has become a great concern for scientists. Electrocatalytic CO<sub>2</sub> conversion is a prospective path toward carbon cycling. Among the different electrocatalysts, Sn-based electrocatalysts have been demonstrated as promising catalysts for CO<sub>2</sub> electroreduction, producing formate and CO, which are important industrial chemicals. In this review, various Sn-based electrocatalysts are comprehensively summarized in terms of synthesis, catalytic performance, and reaction mechanisms for CO<sub>2</sub> electroreduction. Finally, we concisely discuss the current challenges and opportunities of Sn-based electrocatalysts.
Studies of Nitro and Nitrito Complexes. I. Some Nitrito Complexes of Nickel(II) (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies of Nitro and Nitrito Complexes. I. Some Nitrito Complexes of Nickel(II)D. M. L. Goodgame and M. A. HitchmanCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1964, 3, 10, 1389–1394Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50020a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50020a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2040Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Authorizing Multiple Chemical Passwords by a Combinatorial Molecular Keypad Lock (2013)

A combinatorial fluorescent molecular sensor operates as a highly efficient molecular security system. The ability of a pattern-generating molecule to process diverse sets of chemical inputs, discriminate among their concentrations, and form multivalent and kinetically stable complexes is demonstrated as a powerful tool for processing a wide range of chemical "passwords" of different lengths. This system thus indicates the potential for obtaining unbreakable combination locks at the molecular scale.
Toward Global Metabolomics Analysis with Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry: Improved Metabolite Identification by Retention Time Prediction (2011)

Metabolomics is an emerging field of postgenomic biology concerned with comprehensive analysis of small molecules in biological systems. However, difficulties associated with the identification of detected metabolites currently limit its application. Here we demonstrate that a retention time prediction model can improve metabolite identification on a hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC)-high-resolution mass spectrometry metabolomics platform. A quantitative structure retention relationship (QSRR) model, incorporating six physicochemical variables in a multiple-linear regression based on 120 authentic standard metabolites, shows good predictive ability for retention times of a range of metabolites (cross-validated R(2) = 0.82 and mean squared error = 0.14). The predicted retention times improved metabolite identification by removing 40% of the false identifications that occurred with identification by accurate mass alone. The importance of this procedure was demonstrated by putative identification of 690 metabolites in extracts of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, thus allowing identified metabolites to be mapped onto an organism-wide metabolic network, providing opportunities for future studies of cellular metabolism from a global systems biology perspective.
11β‐Hydroxylase Activity in Recombinant Yeast Mitochondria (1996)

In mammals, the final 11 beta-hydroxylation step of the hydrocortisone biosynthesis pathway is performed by a mitochondrial enzyme, namely cytochrome P-450(11 beta), together with the electron carriers adrenodoxin and NADPH adrenodoxin oxidoreductase. Successful production of a functional steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase activity was obtained in recombinant yeast in vivo. This conversion was achieved by coexpression of a mitochondrially targeted adrenodoxin and a modified bovine P-450(11 beta) whose natural presequence was replaced by a yeast presequence, together with an unexpected yeast endogenous NADPH-adrenodoxin-reductase-like activity. Adrenodoxin and P-450(11 beta) behave as a mitochondrial matrix and membrane protein, respectively. Saccharomyces cerevisiae apparently produces a mitochondrial protein which is capable of transferring electrons to bovine adrenodoxin, which in turn transfers the electrons to P-450(11 beta). The endogenous adrenodoxin oxidoreductase gains electrons specifically from NADPH. The notion that a yeast microsomal NADPH P-450 oxidoreductase can transfer electrons to mammalian microsomal P-450s can be extended to mitochondria, where an NADPH adrenodoxin oxidoreductase protein transfers electrons to adrenodoxin and renders a mitochondrial mammalian P-450 functional in vivo. The physiological function of this yeast NADPH adrenodoxin oxidoreductase activity is not known.
Two stage camera calibration modeling and simulation (2009)

Camera calibration is the process of determining the extrinsic and intrinsic parameters of camera. It is a necessary step in 3D computer vision to extract metric information from 2D images. This paper is realization of Zhengyou Zhang method, with tangential distortions and determining the robust initial values for fast convergence. This distortion is unavoidable in case of fish eye lens and becomes essential to be compensated for improving upon the metrics. Initial parameters are solved as a closed form solution, which are further refined by using non linear least square method. The proposed method is compared with the Zhang's method and results visualised of proposed method are in close proximity which are presented to validate. The method converges fast and has an accuracy of 1.2σ.
Efficient fair queueing using deficit round robin (1995)

Fair queuing is a technique that allows each flow passing through a network device to have fair share of network resources. previous schemes for fair queuing that achieved nearly perfect fairness were expensive to implement: specifically, the work required to process a packet in these schemes was O(log(n)), where n is the number of active flows. This is expensive at high speeds. On the other hand, cheaper approximations of fair queuing that have been reported in the literature exhibit unfair behavior. In this paper, we describe a new approximation of fair queuing, that we call Deficit Round Robin. Our scheme achieves nearly perfect fairness in terms of throughput, requires only O(1) work to process a packet, and is simple enough to implement in hardware. Deficit Round Robin is also applicable to other scheduling problems where servicing cannot be broken up into smaller units.
Alanine scanning mutagenesis identifies surface amino acids on domain II of Pseudomonas exotoxin required for cytotoxicity, proper folding, and secretion into periplasm (1992)

Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) is a single polypeptide chain that contains 613 amino acids and is arranged into three major structural domains. Domain Ia is responsible for cell recognition, domain II for translocation of PE across the membrane, and domain III for ADP-ribosylation of elongation factor 2. Recombinant PE can be produced in Escherichia coli and is efficiently secreted into the periplasm when an OmpA signal sequence is present. To investigate the role of the amino acids located on the surface of domain II in the action of the toxin against mammalian cells, we substituted alanine for each of the 27 surface amino acids present in domain II. Surprisingly, all 27 mutant proteins had some alteration in cytotoxicity when tested on human A431 or MCF7 cells or mouse L929 cells. Native PE has a compact structure and therefore is relatively protease resistant and very little ADP-ribosylation activity is detected in the absence of the denaturing agents like urea and dithiothreitol. Several of the mutations resulted in altered protease sensitivity of the toxin. Seven of the mutant molecules exhibited ADP-ribosylation activity without urea and dithiothreitol, indicating they are partially unfolded. Out of these seven mutants, six had increased cytotoxic activity on at least one of the target cell lines and the other retained its native cytotoxic potency.
Inflammation and the glutamate system in schizophrenia: implications for therapeutic targets and drug development (2008)

Therapeutic consequences are discussed. Glutamate modulators that particularly influence the NMDA co-transmitters glycine and serine, including inhibitors of glycine transporters, are described and initial clinical evidence is discussed. Another target of the glutamate system is the metabotropic mGlu2/3 receptor; Preliminary clinical results of a study with a mGlu2/3 receptor agonist in schizophrenia are mentioned.
Finding obstacle-avoiding shortest paths using implicit connection graphs (1996)

We introduce a framework for a class of algorithms solving shortest path related problems, such as the one-to-one shortest path problem, the one-to-many shortest paths problem and the minimum spanning tree problem, in the presence of obstacles. For these algorithms, the search space is restricted to a sparse strong connection graph that is implicitly represented and its searched portion is constructed incrementally on-the-fly during search. The time and space requirements of these algorithms essentially depend on actual search behavior. Therefore, additional techniques or heuristics can be incorporated into search procedure to further improve the performance of the algorithms. These algorithms are suitable for large VLSI design applications with many obstacles.
Toward functional genomics in bacteria: Analysis of gene expression in Escherichia coli from a bacterial artificial chromosome library of Bacillus cereus (1999)

As the study of microbes moves into the era of functional genomics, there is an increasing need for molecular tools for analysis of a wide diversity of microorganisms. Currently, biological study of many prokaryotes of agricultural, medical, and fundamental scientific interest is limited by the lack of adequate genetic tools. We report the application of the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vector to prokaryotic biology as a powerful approach to address this need. We constructed a BAC library in Escherichia coli from genomic DNA of the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus cereus. This library provides 5.75-fold coverage of the B. cereus genome, with an average insert size of 98 kb. To determine the extent of heterologous expression of B. cereus genes in the library, we screened it for expression of several B. cereus activities in the E. coli host. Clones expressing 6 of 10 activities tested were identified in the library, namely, ampicillin resistance, zwittermicin A resistance, esculin hydrolysis, hemolysis, orange pigment production, and lecithinase activity. We analyzed selected BAC clones genetically to identify rapidly specific B. cereus loci. These results suggest that BAC libraries will provide a powerful approach for studying gene expression from diverse prokaryotes.
Characterization of hyaluronan, hyaluronidase PH20, and HA synthase HAS2 in inflammation and cancer (2014)

Hyaluronan (HA, an extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan) has been reported to have a variety of biological activities, including regulation of inflammation. While high molecular weight HA (HMW HA) is recognized to be anti-inflammatory, the activity of low molecular weight HA (LMW HA, the degradation catabolite of hyaluronidase) in inflammation is less clear. Because of reagent contamination of both hyaluronidase and HA used in many studies, many reported aspects of the associated biology need reinvestigation. There are many reports which have shown that LMW HA is pro-inflammatory; however, some recent publications raised serious doubts that LMW HA and hyaluronidase PH20 are not pro-inflammatory. Endotoxin and other contaminants in the reagents used in previous reports (i.e., bovine testicular hyaluronidase [BTH] Hyal type I-S and IV-S from Sigma) may be responsible for the observed inflammation. Further investigation has shown that the most purified BTH (type VI-S from Sigma) contains no endotoxin, but has substantial level of peptidoglycan, which is also pro-inflammatory. Caution should be taken when conducting studies of inflammation using HA and hyaluronidase that may contain endotoxin and peptidoglycan, as well as other pro-inflammatory contaminants. We have characterized HA affinity to its receptor CD44. While HMW HA binds to CD44 strongly, LMW HA degraded by PH20 hyaluronidase does not bind to CD44 on the cell surface. This may explain the observation that recombinant human hyaluronidase PH20 (rHuPH20) inhibits leukocyte migration upon inflammatory stimulation by interrupting CD44 interaction with HA, mediated by HMW HA. PEGPH20, a pegylated rHuPH20, has the same inhibitory activity on leukocyte transmigration as rHuPH20. Further investigation of leukocyte-inhibiting activity of rHuPH20 may reveal further clinical applications, such as wound healing and arthritis. Another report which is difficult to understand is that the ultra-high molecular weight HA produced by naked mole rat hyaluronan synthase-2 (nmrHAS2) contributes to cancer resistance, probably due to its specific anti-inflammatory activity. In our study, nmrHAS2 is cancer-promoting in human cancer cells, to a similar extent as human HAS2. The proposed cancer resistant activity of nmrHAS2 may apply selectively to its host animal species, the naked mole rat.
Design of IIR half‐band filters with arbitrary flatness and its application to filter banks (2003)

Abstract Half‐band filters are important for applications to multirate signal processing and wavelets. Previously, FIR half‐band filters have mainly been treated. However, it should be recognized that the IIR filter can produce frequency characteristics similar to those of the FIR filter with a low order. Also, in the applications of filter banks and wavelets, design of a half‐band filter is needed in which the degree of flatness can be specified arbitrarily. In the present paper, a new design method is proposed for an IIR half‐band filter with an arbitrary degree of flatness. In the present design method, the analytical solution of the filter coefficients is given in the case of a maximally flat filter. Also, in the case of a specified degree of flatness, the amplitude error in the stopband can be specified in the design. Further, the stability of the filter is studied and then the minimum group delay for causal stability is clarified. Finally, the IIR half‐band filter is applied to the design of a two‐channel filter bank and the effectiveness of the present design method is proven. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(1): 10–18, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10114
Una radiografia sociopolítica del futbol a l'Iraq: Del colonialisme britànic a la segona guerra del Golf (2003)

Irak es un pais que vive con pasion el deporte rey. Desde que el colonialismo britanico lo introdujera en el pais, los iraquies han convertido al futbol en una de sus principales aficiones. Pero como suele suceder, en Irak, el futbol no es solo un deporte sino que tiene una importante carga simbolica a nivel social y politico. Desde su filiacion ideologica con el panarabismo del Baas en la zona sunnita del pais, hasta su identificacion con el independentismo en el Kurdistan iraqui, el futbol nos sirve de fiel reflejo de la evolucion de la sociedad iraqui a lo largo de los ultimos anos. Una evolucion que la presente radiografia pretende poner en evidencia.
Missing Value Imputation with Unsupervised Backpropagation (2014)

Abstract Many data mining and data analysis techniques operate on dense matrices or complete tables of data. Real‐world data sets, however, often contain unknown values. Even many classification algorithms that are designed to operate with missing values still exhibit deteriorated accuracy. One approach to handling missing values is to fill in (impute) the missing values. In this article, we present a technique for unsupervised learning called unsupervised backpropagation (UBP), which trains a multilayer perceptron to fit to the manifold sampled by a set of observed point vectors. We evaluate UBP with the task of imputing missing values in data sets and show that UBP is able to predict missing values with significantly lower sum of squared error than other collaborative filtering and imputation techniques. We also demonstrate with 24 data sets and nine supervised learning algorithms that classification accuracy is usually higher when randomly withheld values are imputed using UBP, rather than with other methods.
Fibrous cap formation or destruction — the critical importance of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration and matrix formation (1999)

Endothelial activation and infiltration of monocyte macrophages are essential prerequisites for fibrous cap formation, which comprises proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells and net matrix deposition. Macrophage foam cells and endothelium act as a source of growth factors and chemoattractants for smooth muscle cells. However, growth factors alone do not stimulate smooth muscle cell proliferation or migration. This requires, in addition, the remodelling of the extracellular matrix, at least partly mediated by metalloproteinases. In particular, loss of basement membrane components and contact with the interstitial matrix appears to be required to release a brake on proliferation and migration exerted by the basement membrane. Unless there is a change in the phenotype of macrophages in advanced lesions, it is not clear why fibrous cap destruction rather than formation should take place in macrophage-rich shoulder regions of plaques. Impaired cap formation caused by smooth muscle senescence, mummification and propensity to apoptosis may be as important as increased cap destruction in promoting plaque rupture.