gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Retinal ganglion cells projecting to the accessory optic system in the rat (1987)

The present data identify the distribution and morphological features of a homogeneous group of rat retinal ganglion cells. These cells were labelled after injection of either horseradish peroxidase or a fluorescent tracer, Fast Blue, into the medial terminal nucleus (MTN) of the accessory optic system. After retrograde fluorescent labelling, MTN-projecting retinal ganglion cells were intracellularly injected with Lucifer Yellow to reveal their complete dendritic morphology. There were on average 1,750 MTN-projecting cells fairly evenly distributed over the entire retinal ganglion cell layer. Their density ranged from 40-49 cells/mm2 in superior retina to 10-19 cells/mm2 towards the peripheral regions of both inferior and superior retina. The area of highest density formed a nasal-temporal band suggestive of a visual streak. Soma diameters ranged from 8.7 to 14.5 micron centrally and from 9.9 to 17.1 microns peripherally. Maximal dendritic field diameter ranged from 431 to 644 micron and averaged 516 micron with no obvious eccentricity dependence. The majority of MTN-projecting cells were bistratified. Dendrites stratified predominantly in the inner sublamina of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) with a varying number of branches from the remaining dendrites contained within the outer IPL, both strata presumably corresponding to the electrophysiologically determined on-off dichotomy. Cells projecting to the MTN were characterised by higher-order dendritic branching patterns that resulted in a dense dendritic tree with minor dendritic overlap. The slender dendrites had a beaded appearance and displayed spiny protrusions. The dendritic coverage of 5-6, stratification pattern, and overall morphological appearance of rat MTN-projecting cells renders them suitable candidates for on-direction--selective cells shown electrophysiologically to be linked with the MTN of the accessory optic system.
Decreased TCF7L2 protein levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus correlate with downregulation of GIP- and GLP-1 receptors and impaired beta-cell function (2009)

In this article, Figure 2F was incorrect. The correct panel is shown below. The authors sincerely apologise for this error.
A 240-MHz Low-Pass Filter With Variable Gain in 65-nm CMOS for a UWB Radio Receiver (2008)

An integrated fifth-order continuous-time low-pass filter for a WiMedia ultrawideband radio receiver is described in this paper. The prototype filter is realized with a passive pole at the filter input and a fourth-order leapfrog filter in which the gm-C technique with pseudodifferential transconductors is used. The transconductors do not include internal nodes, and they are designed to have a nominal 26-dB dc gain, of which process, voltage, and temperature variations are controlled by means of a negative resistance circuit. The losses of the low-dc-gain filter integrators are already taken into account in the filter synthesis. The passband edge frequency of the implemented filter is 240 MHz in order to receive multiband-orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing signals using the direct-conversion topology. The voltage gain of the filter can be controlled from 9 to 43 dB in the 1-dB gain steps. The filter achieves a 7.8-nVradicHz input-referred noise density, a -8-dBV out-of-band third-order intermodulation intercept point, and a +15-dBV out-of-band second-order intermodulation intercept point. The circuit uses a 1.2-V supply and has been fabricated in a modern 65-nm CMOS technology.
Gut pain & visceral hypersensitivity (2013)

Visceral pain is a highly complex entity whose experience is variable in health and disease. It can occur in patients with organic disease and also in those without any readily identifiable structural or biochemical abnormality such as in the functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID). Despite considerable progress in our understanding of the culpable underlying mechanisms significant knowledge gaps remain, representing a significant unmet need in gastroenterology. A key, but not universal, pathological feature is that patients with FGID often display heightened sensitivity to experimental gut stimulation, termed visceral hypersensitivity. A plethora of factors have been proposed to account for this epiphenomenon including peripheral sensitization, central sensitization, aberrant central processing, genetic, psychological and abnormalities within the stress responsive systems. Further research is needed, bringing together complementary research themes from a diverse array of academic disciplines ranging from gastroenterology to nociceptive physiology to functional neuro-imaging, to address this unmet need.
The Signal Recognition Particle (2001)

The signal recognition particle (SRP) and its membrane-associated receptor (SR) catalyze targeting of nascent secretory and membrane proteins to the protein translocation apparatus of the cell. Components of the SRP pathway and salient features of the molecular mechanism of SRP-dependent protein targeting are conserved in all three kingdoms of life. Recent advances in the structure determination of a number of key components in the eukaryotic and prokaryotic SRP pathway provide new insight into the molecular basis of SRP function, and they set the stage for future work toward an integrated picture that takes into account the dynamic and contextual properties of this remarkable cellular machine.
A New Approach to Dimensionality Reduction: Theory and Algorithms (2000)

This paper applies Whitney's embedding theorem to the data reduction problem and introduces a new approach motivated in part by the (constructive) proof of the theorem. The notion of a good projection is introduced which involves picking projections of the high-dimensional system that are optimized such that they are easy to invert. The basic theory of the approach is outlined and algorithms for finding the projections are presented and applied to several test cases. A method for constructing the inverse projection is detailed and its properties, including a new measure of complexity, are discussed. Finally, well-known methods of data reduction are compared with our approach within the context of Whitney's theorem.
Adapted Wind Tunnel Walls for a Swept Wing Experiment (1999)

For two reasons infinite-span swept wing flow is of interest: 1) the three-dimensional nature of the boundary layer can be investigated in its most simple form and 2) the quasi-two-dimensional flow field is representative of the mid-section of modern transport aircraft wings. Swept wing wind tunnel tests are affected by strong sidewall interference effects which can be reduced by a contoured lining. The design of such a contour requires the application of numerical methods. A design process is described and the effectiveness of one contour is investigated at different flow conditions. Interferences of the swept wing model with the horizontal walls are present due to a technical restriction of most adaptive test sections, which allow only two-dimensional adaptation. The influence of different horizontal wall adaptation strategies on the wing flow field is shown.
Gallium-Arsenide Tunnel Diodes (1960)

The fabrication and properties of GaAs tunnel diodes are described. The material preparation is discussed; devices are described which have been fabricated consistently with peak to valley current ratios > 15:1, with voltage swings in the range from 0.9 to 1.2, and with current densities from 2000 amp/cm2 to over 10,000 amp/cm2 (and with correspondingly low capacitances, e.g., capacitances as low as 0.2 μμf/ma and g/C figures of merit as high as 5×1010 sec-1). The temperature behavior of typical units is presented. Applications particularly well suited to GaAs units are mentioned.
Ovine pericardium as a new material for duraplasty (1996)

The authors report on their 2 1/2-year clinical experience using a dural substitute, ovine pericardium, stabilized with 0.3% glutaraldehyde, flat freeze-dried, and sterilized with gamma-irradiation. Packaging of the ovine pericardium in double-plastic transparent bags allows simple storage in operating rooms and the opportunity for the surgeon to choose an ideal graft according to its shape, size, and plasticity. The ovine pericardia were examined histologically and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy in their native, freeze-dried, and irradiated forms. The final product is composed solely of pericardium fibrosum interwoven with artificially formed extracellular microcavities that serve as natural pores for the ingrowth of host tissue. The surfaces of the grafts appear smooth on the inner and rough on the outer sides. Sixteen grafts were examined macroscopically at autopsy and four of these were also examined histologically to illustrate their successful healing with no adhesion to the underlying brain. As a new dural substitute, ovine pericardium proved to be superior to bovine and allogeneic pericardia because of its workability, flexibility, and reduced thickness. In a study of 120 grafts, all but one healed without complications.
Standardization, GATT and the Fresh Food System (2021)

This paper examines fresh fruit and vegetable industry struggles to define 'quality and consistency'. It uses a theory of 'standardization' - the dual process of adopting product 'standards' and developing 'standardized' commodities - as a way to conceptualize these struggles. And it analyzes the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations in this context, arguing that the adoption of GATT proposals to make Codex Alimentarius responsible for setting industry standards, extend patent protection to agricultural technologies, reduce agricultural tariffs and subsidies and eliminate restrictions on agricultural exports will affect industry efforts to raise standards and standardize commodity production. Resumen La Estandarización, el Gatt y el Sistema de Alimentos Frescos Este trabajo examina las luchas en la rama de las frutas y vegetales frescos (FVF) por definir «la calidad y la consistencia». Utiliza la teoría de «estandarización» - el proceso dual de adoptar productos «estándar» y el desarrollo de mercancías «estandarizadas» - como una forma de conceptualizar estas luchas. A la vez, dentro de este contexto, este trabajo analiza las negociaciones de la Ronda de Uruguay y el Tratado General sobre Tarifas y Comercio (GATT), argumentando que la adopción de las propuestas del GATT de elaborar un Código Alimentario responsable del establecimiento de estándarcs industriales, extender la protección de palentes a las tecnologías agrícolas, reducir las tarifas y los subsidios agrícolas y eliminar las restricciones a las exportaciones agricolas afectará los esfuerzos industriales para elevar los estándares y uniformar la producción de mercancias.
Transducible heat shock protein 20 (HSP20) phosphopeptide alters cytoskeletal dynamics (2004)

Activation of cyclic nucleotide dependent signaling pathways leads to relaxation of smooth muscle, alterations in the cytoskeleton of cultured cells, and increases in the phosphorylation of HSP20. To determine the effects of phosphorylated HSP20 on the actin cytoskeleton, phosphopeptide analogs of HSP20 were synthesized. These peptides contained 1) the amino acid sequence surrounding the phosphorylation site of HSP20, 2) a phosphoserine, and 3) a protein transduction domain. Treatment of Swiss 3T3 cells with phosphopeptide analogs of HSP20 led to loss of actin stress fibers and focal adhesion complexes as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry, interference reflection microscopy, and biochemical quantitation of globular-actin. Treatment with phosphopeptide analogs of HSP20 also led to dephosphorylation of the actin depolymerizing protein cofilin. Pull-down assays demonstrated that 14-3-3 proteins associated with phosphopeptide analogs of HSP20 (but not peptide analogs in which the serine was not phosphorylated). The binding of 14-3-3 protein to phosphopeptide analogs of HSP20 prevented the association of cofilin with 14-3-3. These data suggest that HSP20 may modulate actin cytoskeletal dynamics by competing with the actin depolymerizing protein cofilin for binding to the scaffolding protein 14-3-3. Interestingly, the entire protein was not needed for this effect, suggesting that the association is modulated by phosphopeptide motifs of HSP20. These data also suggest the possibility that cyclic nucleotide dependent relaxation of smooth muscle may be mediated by a thin filament (actin) regulatory process. Finally, these data suggest that protein transduction can be used as a tool to elucidate the specific function of peptide motifs of proteins.
Expression of CD320 in human B cells in addition to follicular dendritic cells (2008)

CD320 has been recently discovered and reported as a follicular dendritic cell (FDC) protein. Although CD320 is known to enhance proliferation of germinal center (GC) B cells, little other information is available. In this study, we investigated its cellular distribution in the GC. Confocal microscopy of human tonsil sections revealed co-localization of CD320 with CD19 and CD38 but not with CD3 indicating that GC B cells expressed CD320 in addition to FDC. In purified GC B cells, CD320 expression was inhibited in the nucleus, membrane and cytoplasm. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction confirmed CD320 mRNA expression in B cells. These finding indicate that CD320 is expressed in B cells in addition to FDC, and that its GC activity may be more complicated than previously thought.
Complete Genome Sequence of Enterohemorrhagic Eschelichia coli O157:H7 and Genomic Comparison with a Laboratory Strain K-12 (2001)

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a major food-borne infectious pathogen that causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Here we report the complete chromosome sequence of an O157:H7 strain isolated from the Sakai outbreak, and the results of genomic comparison with a benign laboratory strain, K-12 MG1655. The chromosome is 5.5 Mb in size, 859 Kb larger than that of K-12. We identified a 4.1-Mb sequence highly conserved between the two strains, which may represent the fundamental backbone of the E. coli chromosome. The remaining 1.4-Mb sequence comprises of O157:H7-specific sequences, most of which are horizontally transferred foreign DNAs. The predominant roles of bacteriophages in the emergence of O157:H7 is evident by the presence of 24 prophages and prophage-like elements that occupy more than half of the O157:H7-specific sequences. The O157:H7 chromosome encodes 1632 proteins and 20 tRNAs that are not present in K-12. Among these, at least 131 proteins are assumed to have virulence-related functions. Genome-wide codon usage analysis suggested that the O157:H7-specific tRNAs are involved in the efficient expression of the strain-specific genes. A complete set of the genes specific to O157:H7 presented here sheds new insight into the pathogenicity and the physiology of O157:H7, and will open a way to fully understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the O157:H7 infection.
Human Amniotic Membrane as a Delivery Matrix for Articular Cartilage Repair (2007)

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of human amniotic membrane (HAM) as a chondrocyte carrier by assessing cell proliferation and maintenance of phenotype in vitro and cartilage regeneration in vivo. Intact HAM was treated with 0.1% trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for 15 min and the epithelial cells removed to make a denuded HAM. Rabbit articular chondrocytes were then seeded on three different HAM substrates: the epithelial side of intact HAM (IHE), basement side of denuded HAM (DHB), and stromal side of denuded HAM (DHS). These cell-substrate specimens were cultured for up to 4 weeks, and cell proliferation rate and phenotypic stability were examined at weeks 1 and 4. While chondrocytes grew in monolayer fashion on the surface of IHE and DHB substrates, the cells seeded in DHS penetrated and spread into the whole thickness of the stromal layer. The proliferating activity of chondrocytes in DHB was continuously up-regulated. A similar proliferating activity was observed in DHS in the first week, which remained stable for up to 4 weeks. The expression of type II collagen gradually increased with time in the DHS group, while it gradually decreased in the DHB group or was not detected at all in the IHE group. These results suggested that denuded HAM was able to support chondrocyte proliferation and maintenance of phenotype in vitro, seemingly more favorable when DHS was used. Based on this data, the DHS with chondrocytes was used to cover rabbit osteochondral defect with the stromal side facing in. The defect area was successfully regenerated with hyaline cartilage in the Safranin-O stain and International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) scoring after 8 weeks of implantation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that denuded HAM could be one of the ideal cell carrier matrices for cartilage regeneration.
Modification of hydrogen-passivated silicon by a scanning tunneling microscope operating in air (1990)

The chemical modification of hydrogen-passivated n-Si (111) surfaces by a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) operating in air is reported. The modified surface regions have been characterized by STM spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (TOF SIMS), and chemical etch/Nomarski microscopy. Comparison of STM images with SEM, TOF SIMS, and optical information indicates that the STM contrast mechanism of these features arises entirely from electronic structure effects rather than from topographical differences between the modified and unmodified substrate. No surface modification was observed in a nitrogen ambient. Direct writing of features with 100 nm resolution was demonstrated. The permanence of these features was verified by SEM imaging after three months storage in air. The results suggest that field-enhanced oxidation/diffusion occurs at the tip-substrate interface in the presence of oxygen.
Fifty years of anti-ds DNA antibodies: are we approaching journey's end? (2007)

The year 2007 marks the 50th anniversary of the identification of antibodies to double-stranded (ds) DNA. Whilst widely regarded as synonymous with patients who have systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), doubts have been raised about their significance and the extent to which they are genuinely part of the pathogenesis of the disease rather than being mere bystanders. Problems with assays used to detect them are still evident but they remain widely utilized both to help establish the diagnosis of SLE and to monitor the progress of the disease. This review explores each of these aspects and concludes that whilst some way short of ideal, their measurement remains a useful criterion for the disease and some of these antibodies do appear to be genuinely pathogenic. However, further research is needed to establish beyond 'reasonable doubt' whether they are merely part of the spectrum of anti-nucleosome antibodies, the precise mechanisms by which they 'exert' their pathogenic effects and to what extent blocking them would be a useful therapeutic goal.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging‐Confirmed Ablative Debulking of the Left Atrial Posterior Wall and Septum for Treatment of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: Rationale and Initial Experience (2009)

Pathologic remodeling in the septal and posterior walls of the LA helps form the pathogenic substrate for AF, and these early results suggest that more aggressive treatment of these regions appears to correlate with improved ablation outcomes. Noninvasive imaging to characterize tissue changes after ablation may prove essential to stratifying recurrence risk.
Trauma Hemostasis and Oxygenation Research Position Paper on Remote Damage Control Resuscitation (2014)

The Trauma Hemostasis and Oxygenation Research Network held its third annual Remote Damage Control Resuscitation Symposium in June 2013 in Bergen, Norway. The Trauma Hemostasis and Oxygenation Research Network is a multidisciplinary group of investigators with a common interest in improving outcomes and safety in patients with severe traumatic injury. The network's mission is to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality from traumatic hemorrhagic shock, in the prehospital phase of resuscitation through research, education, and training. The concept of remote damage control resuscitation is in its infancy, and there is a significant amount of work that needs to be done to improve outcomes for patients with life-threatening bleeding secondary to injury. The prehospital phase of resuscitation is critical in these patients. If shock and coagulopathy can be rapidly identified and minimized before hospital admission, this will very likely reduce morbidity and mortality. This position statement begins to standardize the terms used, provides an acceptable range of therapeutic options, and identifies the major knowledge gaps in the field.
NSAID induced gastrointestinal damage and designing GI-sparing NSAIDs (2018)

NSAIDs are widely used to treat pain and rheumatic conditions, but they induce adverse events in different body systems, although the major, most frequent events occur in the upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Areas covered: This review is focused on damage caused by NSAIDs in the upper and lower GI tracts, the different mechanisms of damage and the GI-sparing NSAIDs designed to minimize adverse events based on understanding of these mechanisms. Expert commentary: Among the new NSAIDs, COX-2 selective inhibitors have been extensively investigated, and some were approved for human use. Celecoxib demonstrated its safety for the entire GI tract, compared to traditional NSAIDs. However, coxibs, like traditional NSAIDs, are toxic to the cardiovascular (CV) system. Other GI-sparing agents include nitric oxide-NSAIDs and phosphatidylcholine-associated NSAIDs. Testing in animal models and humans they showed GI advantages over the parent NSAID compounds, but none obtained regulatory approval or were further investigated. Hydrogen sulfide-releasing NSAIDs are currently under clinical development, and more data are needed before clinical use. Alternative therapies, such as modulating gut microbiota, are being explored. Currently, clinicians must continue prescribing traditional NSAIDs or coxibs, associated with/without proton pump inhibitor therapy, based on the presence of GI/CV risk factors.
NiO as an Inorganic Hole-Transporting Layer in Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Devices (2006)

We demonstrate a hybrid inorganic/organic light-emitting device composed of a CdSe/ZnS core/shell semiconductor quantum-dot emissive layer sandwiched between p-type NiO and tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3), as hole and electron transporting layers, respectively. A maximum external electroluminescence quantum efficiency of 0.18% is achieved by tuning the resistivity of the NiO layer to balance the electron and hole densities at quantum-dot sites.
Low-loss antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide on Si substrate in visible-wavelength region (1986)

A low-loss (0.3 dB/cm) antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide on an Si substrate was realised at 0.633 μm wavelength by employing a TiO2/SiO2 interference reflector instead of an Si/SiO2 pair used in the long-wavelength range.