gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physical Database Design for Sybase SQL Server (1995)

Introduction. 1. Defining Tables and Columns. 2. Defining Keys. 3. Identifying Critical Transactions. 4. Adding Redundant Columns. 5. Adding Derived Columns. 6. Collapsing Tables. 7. Splitting Tables. 8. Handling Supertypes and Subtypes. 9. Duplicating Parts of Tables. 10. Adding Tables for Derived Data. 11. Handling Vector Data. 12. Generating Sequence Numbers. 13. Specifying Indexes. 14. Maintaining Row Uniqueness. 15. Handling Domain Restrictions. 16. Handling Referential Integrity. 17. Maintaining Derived and Redundant Data. 18. Handling Complex Integrity Constraints. 19. Controlling Access to Data. 20. Managing Object Sizes. 21. Recommending Object Placement. Appendix A: Required Inputs to Physical Database Design. Appendix B: Physical Database Design Deliverables. Appendix C: Glossary.
Micro-Macro Telemanipulator for Middle-Ear Microsurgery (2012)

This article describes a medical telemanipulation system for middle ear surgery as a combination of a macro and a micro telemanipulator. The purpose of this work was to offer the surgeon a highly accurate tool for manipulating tissue in microsurgical interventions at the middle ear. By combining a macro-scaled manipulator (normal precision and large workspace) with a micro-scaled manipulator (high precision and small workspace) the advantages of both systems can be united. The surgeon controls directly the system at the operating room table with a small joystick control. With a practical sterilization concept for the manipulator and the joystick control, the system is well suited for standard surgical procedures in close proximity to the surgeon. Keywords: Telemanipulator, middle ear surgery, microsurgery, joystick control, micro-macro robot
Cognitive Deficit in Amyloid-β–Injected Mice Was Improved by Pretreatment With a Low Dose of Telmisartan Partly Because of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Activation (2009)

The pathological hallmark of Alzheimer disease is deposition of amyloid-beta protein (Abeta) in the brain. Telmisartan is a unique angiotensin II receptor blocker with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma)-stimulating activity. Activation of PPAR-gamma is expected to prevent inflammation and Abeta accumulation in the brain. We investigated the possible preventive effect of telmisartan on cognitive decline in an Alzheimer disease mouse model via PPAR-gamma activation. Here, male ddY mice underwent ICV injection of Abeta 1-40. Cognitive function was evaluated by the Morris water maze test. A low dose of telmisartan (0.35 mg/kg per day) was administered in drinking water with or without GW9662, a PPAR-gamma antagonist. Cerebral blood flow was evaluated by laser speckle flowmetry. Inflammatory cytokine levels were measured by quantitative RT-PCR. Abeta 1-40 ICV injection significantly impaired cognitive function. Pretreatment with telmisartan improved this cognitive decline to a similar level to that in control mice. Cotreatment with GW9662, a PPAR-gamma antagonist, attenuated this telmisartan-mediated improvement of cognition. Treatment with telmisartan enhanced cerebral blood flow and attenuated the Abeta-induced increase in expression of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and inducible NO synthase in the brain. Interestingly, coadministration of GW9662 cancelled these beneficial effects of telmisartan. Abeta 1-40 concentration in the brain was significantly decreased by treatment with telmisartan, whereas administration of GW9662 attenuated the decrease in telmisartan-mediated Abeta 1-40 concentration. Taken together, our findings suggest that even a low dose of telmisartan had a preventive effect on cognitive decline in an Alzheimer disease mouse model, partly because of PPAR-gamma activation.
How not to grow mosquitoes in African towns (2002)

Mosquitoes bring discomfort and devastating illness to millions of people in the humid tropics. However, not all areas of standing water are their breeding sites. This article explains which mosquitoes are a problem in each area and what are the specific breeding sites for each mosquito.
Cutting Edge: Mast Cell Antimicrobial Activity Is Mediated by Expression of Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide (2003)

Cathelicidins (caths) are peptides that are expressed at high levels in neutrophils and some epithelia and can act as natural antibiotics by directly killing a wide range of microorganisms. We hypothesized that caths are expressed in mast cells (MCs), because these cells have been previously associated with inherent antimicrobial activity. Cultured murine MCs contained abundant amounts of cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (AMP), the murine cath, and this expression was inducible by LPS or lipoteichoic acid. Human skin MCs also expressed cath as detected by immunohistochemical analysis for the human cath LL-37. The functional significance of this expression was shown by comparing MCs cultured from normal mice to MCs from littermates deficient in the cathelin-related AMP gene (Cnlp(-)). MCs derived from Cnlp(-/-) animals had a 50% reduction in their ability to kill group A STREPTOCOCCUS: These MCs expressed equivalent amounts of mRNA for murine beta-defensin-4, a beta-defensin AMP. Thus, different antimicrobials can be identified in MCs, and the presence of cath is necessary for efficient bacterial killing. These observations suggest that the presence of cath is vital to the ability of mammalian MCs to participate in antimicrobial defense.
Terminal deletion of chromosome 3p sequences in nonpapillary renal cell carcinomas: a breakpoint cluster between loci D3S1285 and D3S1603. (1995)

Deletion of chromosome 3p13-pter sequences is a specific genetic change in nonpapillary renal cell carcinomas (RCC). The VHL gene, a putative tumor suppressor gene, has already been cloned from the 3p25-26 chromosomal region. Conflicting cytogenetic and RFLP studies, however, suggest multiple interstitial deletions and additional tumor suppressor genes at chromosome 3p. To investigate the loss of DNA sequences on chromosome 3p in nonpapillary RCCs, we analyzed 41 paired normal and tumor DNAs obtained from short-term cultures of pure tumor cells with 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers covering the 3p11.2-p25 region. Deletion mapping provided evidence for terminal deletion with the most distal breakpoint between D3S1300 and D3S1285 loci, which is the site of breakpoint in familial 3;8 translocation predisposing to nonpapillary RCC. All breakpoints, including those occurring in familial translocation 3;6, were clustered in a more than 20-cM-large region between loci D3S1285 and D3S1603. Interestingly, 7 of the 28 cases with 3p deletion showed a recurrent breakpoint between D3S1603 and D3S1595, which cover about 1 cM genetic distance. The results suggest that a tumor suppressor gene, in addition to the VHL gene, might be localized somewhere on chromosome 3p distal to the familial 3;8 translocation, or it might be at the breakpoint cluster. Alternatively, the breakpoint serves as a mechanism to lose distal DNA sequences.
Parthenogenetic stem cells for tissue-engineered heart repair (2013)

Uniparental parthenotes are considered an unwanted byproduct of in vitro fertilization. In utero parthenote development is severely compromised by defective organogenesis and in particular by defective cardiogenesis. Although developmentally compromised, apparently pluripotent stem cells can be derived from parthenogenetic blastocysts. Here we hypothesized that nonembryonic parthenogenetic stem cells (PSCs) can be directed toward the cardiac lineage and applied to tissue-engineered heart repair. We first confirmed similar fundamental properties in murine PSCs and embryonic stem cells (ESCs), despite notable differences in genetic (allelic variability) and epigenetic (differential imprinting) characteristics. Haploidentity of major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) in PSCs is particularly attractive for allogeneic cell-based therapies. Accordingly, we confirmed acceptance of PSCs in MHC-matched allotransplantation. Cardiomyocyte derivation from PSCs and ESCs was equally effective. The use of cardiomyocyte-restricted GFP enabled cell sorting and documentation of advanced structural and functional maturation in vitro and in vivo. This included seamless electrical integration of PSC-derived cardiomyocytes into recipient myocardium. Finally, we enriched cardiomyocytes to facilitate engineering of force-generating myocardium and demonstrated the utility of this technique in enhancing regional myocardial function after myocardial infarction. Collectively, our data demonstrate pluripotency, with unrestricted cardiogenicity in PSCs, and introduce this unique cell type as an attractive source for tissue-engineered heart repair.
XORs in the air (2006)

This paper proposes COPE, a new architecture for wireless mesh networks. In addition to forwarding packets, routers mix (i.e., code) packets from different sources to increase the information content of each transmission. We show that intelligently mixing packets increases network throughput. Our design is rooted in the theory of network coding. Prior work on network coding is mainly theoretical and focuses on multicast traffic. This paper aims to bridge theory with practice; it addresses the common case of unicast traffic, dynamic and potentially bursty flows, and practical issues facing the integration of network coding in the current network stack. We evaluate our design on a 20-node wireless network, and discuss the results of the first testbed deployment of wireless network coding. The results show that COPE largely increases network throughput. The gains vary from a few percent to several folds depending on the traffic pattern, congestion level, and transport protocol.
Influence of growth conditions on cell surface hydrophobicity of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata (1986)

The effect of cultural conditions on cell surface hydrophobicity of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata was tested. C. albicans cells grown at room temperature were more hydrophobic than cells grown at 37 degrees C. No consistent pattern was observed with C. glabrata. Relative hydrophobicity was found to vary with the growth phase and growth medium for both species. The implications for pathogenesis studies are discussed.
Cloning and Characterization of Polyphosphate Kinase and Exopolyphosphatase Genes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8830 (1999)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa accumulates polyphosphates in response to nutrient limitations. To elucidate the function of polyphosphate in this microorganism, we have investigated polyphosphate metabolism by isolating from P. aeruginosa 8830 the genes encoding polyphosphate kinase (PPK) and exopolyphosphatase (PPX), which are involved in polyphosphate synthesis and degradation, respectively. The 690- and 506-amino-acid polypeptides encoded by the two genes have been expressed in Escherichia coli and purified, and their activities have been tested in vitro. Gene replacement was used to construct a PPK-negative strain of P. aeruginosa 8830. Low residual PPK activity in the ppk mutant suggests a possible alternative pathway of polyphosphate synthesis in this microorganism. Primer extension analysis indicated that ppk is transcribed from a sigmaE-dependent promoter, which could be responsive to environmental stresses. However, no coregulation between ppk and ppx promoters has been demonstrated in response to osmotic shock or oxidative stress.
Fundamentals and Stock Returns in Japan (1991)

ABSTRACT This paper relates cross‐sectional differences in returns on Japanese stocks to the underlying behavior of four variables: earnings yield, size, book to market ratio, and cash flow yield. Alternative statistical specifications and various estimation methods are applied to a comprehensive, high‐quality data set that extends from 1971 to 1988. The sample includes both manufacturing and nonmanufacturing firms, companies from both sections of the Tokyo Stock Exchange, and also delisted securities. Our findings reveal a significant relationship between these variables and expected returns in the Japanese market. Of the four variables considered, the book to market ratio and cash flow yield have the most significant positive impact on expected returns.
Circuit Design Techniques for Implantable Closed-Loop Neural Interfaces (2019)

Implantable neural interfaces are microelectronic systems, which have the potential to enable a wide range of applications, such as diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders. These applications depend on neural interfaces to accurately record electrical activity from the surface of the brain, referred to as electrocorticography (ECoG), and provide controlled electrical stimulation as feedback. Since the electrical activity in the brain is caused by ionic currents in neurons, the bridge between living tissue and inorganic electronics is achieved via microelectrode arrays. The conversion of the ionic charge into freely moving electrons creates a built-in electrode potential that is several orders of magnitude larger than the ECoG signal, which increases the dynamic range, resolution, and power consumption requirements of neural interfaces. Also, the small surface area of microelectrodes implies a high-impedance contact, which can attenuate the ECoG signal. Moreover, the applied electrical stimulation can also interfere with the recording and ultimately cause irreversible damages to the electrodes or change their impedance. This thesis is devoted to resolving the challenges of high-resolution recording and monitoring the electrode impedance in implantable neural interfaces. The first part of this thesis investigates the state-of-the-art neural interfaces for ECoG and identifies their limitations. As a result of the investigation, a high-resolution ADC is proposed and implemented based on a ΔΣ modulator. In order to enhance performance, dynamic biasing and area-efficient switched-capacitor circuits were proposed. The ΔΣ modulator is combined with the analog front-end to provide a complete readout solution for high-resolution ECoG recording. The corresponding chip prototype was fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS process, and the measurement results showed a 14-ENOB over a 300-Hz bandwidth while dissipating 54-μW. The second part of this thesis expands upon the well-known methods for impedance measurements and proposes an alternative digital method for monitoring the electrode-tissue interface impedance. The proposed method is based on the system identification technique from adaptive digital filtering, and it is compatible with existing circuitry for neural stimulation. The method is simple to implement and performs wide-band measurements. The system identification was first verified through behavioral simulations and then tested with a board-level prototype in order to validate the functionality under real conditions. The measurement results showed successful identification of the electrode-electrolyte and electrode-skin impedance magnitudes.
Fluorinated and hemifluorinated surfactants as alternatives to detergents for membrane protein cell-free synthesis (2007)

Hemifluorinated and fluorinated surfactants are lipophobic and, as such, non-detergent. Although they do not solubilize biological membranes, they can, after conventional solubilization, substitute for detergents to keep membrane proteins soluble, which generally improves their stability [Breyton, Chabaud, Chaudier, Pucci and Popot (2004) FEBS Lett. 564, 312-318]. In the present study, we show that (hemi)fluorinated surfactants can be used for in vitro synthesis of membrane proteins: they do not interfere with protein synthesis, and they provide a suitable environment for MscL, a pentameric mechanosensitive channel, to fold and oligomerize to its native functional state. Following synthesis, both types of surfactants can be used to deliver MscL directly to pre-formed lipid vesicles. The electrophysiological activity of MscL synthesized in vitro in the presence of either hemi- or per-fluorinated surfactant is similar to that of the protein expressed in vivo.
Site-directed mutagenesis (1986)

Abstract The development of genetic engineering, whereby a specific gene or cDNA (c is copy or complementary) can be isolated as part of a minichromosome that can replicate and be expressed (by transcription and translation) in a living cell, has made possible in vitro techniques for micromanipulation (i.e. site-directed mutagenesis) of a cloned gene, to make defined changes in the portion of the gene that encodes its protein product. The methods by which this micromanipulation of a structural gene are effected fall under three broad headings: (i) the production of random single base-pair substitutions by chemical or enzymatic means; (ii) the construction of heteroduplex DNA by annealing single-strand target DNA with a chemically synthesized mutagenic oligonucleotide and (iii) the total or partial synthesis of mutant duplex DNA from chemically synthesized oligonucleotides. As a consequence it is now possible to modify a gene so that any amino acid in its product protein can be replaced by any other amino acid.
Molecular profiling of single circulating tumor cells with diagnostic intention (2014)

Several hundred clinical trials currently explore the role of circulating tumor cell (CTC) analysis for therapy decisions, but assays are lacking for comprehensive molecular characterization of CTCs with diagnostic precision. We therefore combined a workflow for enrichment and isolation of pure CTCs with a non-random whole genome amplification method for single cells and applied it to 510 single CTCs and 189 leukocytes of 66 CTC-positive breast cancer patients. We defined a genome integrity index (GII) to identify single cells suited for molecular characterization by different molecular assays, such as diagnostic profiling of point mutations, gene amplifications and whole genomes of single cells. The reliability of > 90% for successful molecular analysis of high-quality clinical samples selected by the GII enabled assessing the molecular heterogeneity of single CTCs of metastatic breast cancer patients. We readily identified genomic disparity of potentially high relevance between primary tumors and CTCs. Microheterogeneity analysis among individual CTCs uncovered pre-existing cells resistant to ERBB2-targeted therapies suggesting ongoing microevolution at late-stage disease whose exploration may provide essential information for personalized treatment decisions and shed light into mechanisms of acquired drug resistance.
Diabetic Neuropathy: An intensive review (2004)

Diabetic neuropathy is a many-faceted complication of diabetes that can be managed symptomatically with an array of drugs.
Contrasting contributions of complementarity-determining region 2 and hypervariable region 4 of rat BV8S2+ (V 8.2) TCR to the recognition of myelin basic protein and different types of bacterial superantigens (2004)

In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) of LEW rats, BV8S2(+) (V(beta)8.2) T cells dominate the RT1B(l)-restricted response to guinea pig myelin basic protein (gpMBP), and respond to the superantigens (SAg) Staphylococcus enterotoxin C1 (SEC1), Mycoplasma arthritidis SAg (MAS) and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis mitogen (YPM). T cells expressing the closely related BV8S4 differ from BV8S2 T cells in their response to gpMBP, and the SAg SEC1 and MAS, but not in their response to YPM. The functional differences between BV8S2 and BV8S4, which vary in complementarity-determining/hypervariable region 4 (CDR4/HV4) and CDR2, were analyzed by cloning and mutating a TCR with features typical for gpMBP-specific BV8S2(+) TCR. The wild-type BV8S2 receptor and the BV8S4-like CDR2 + 4beta double mutant of BV8S2 showed the same differences in ligand specificity as polyclonal BV8S2(+) and BV8S4(+) lymphocyte populations. The CDR2beta mutant lost its reactivity for SEC1 and gpMBP(68-88), but the CDR4/HV4beta mutation abolished only activation by SEC1. Thus, CDR2 and HV4 contribute not only differently to recognition of peptide antigens, but also to recognition of different types of bacterial SAg.
Discourse Based Advancement On Question Answering System (2012)

Question-answering (QA) research emerged as an attempt to tackle the information-overload problem. Question answering systems take users natural language questions and locate answers from large collections of documents. The current existing Question-Answering systems can deal with shallow questions (factual questions) somehow easily and correctly, but asking deep questions (non-factual questions or complex questions) such as Why-questions are more difficult than asking shallow questions. However, these complex questions cannot be neglected as input for a QA system as they comprise about 5 percentage of all why-questions and it shows that this kind of questions do have relevance in QA applications. The techniques that have proven to be successful in QA for factual or factoid questions that returns answer as a noun phrase are found to be not suitable for questions that expect an explanatory answer. The work made an analysis on different question answering methods and found that discourse structure based method is effective in dealing with non - factual questions. So the work discuss about the role of dscourse structure in dealing with ’why’ questions since it is based on Rhetoric Structure Theory, which helps in identifying the relationship between sentences or paragraphs from a given text or document and investigate to what extent discourse structure does indeed enable answering whyquestions
Synthesis of methyl derivatives of 8‐desmethylxanthyletine and 8‐desmethylseseline, potential antiproliferative agents (1987)

Abstract A number of new methyl derivatives of pyranocoumarins, related to 8‐desmethylxanthyletine and to 8‐desmethylseseline, were synthesized. The syntheses were performed by cyclization in boiling N,N ‐diethyl aniline of the propargyl or methylpropargyl ethers of the appropriate methyl derivatives of 7‐hydroxycou‐marin. Methyl groups have been introduced into positions which look most promising for enhancement of the photoreactivity of the compounds towards DNA.
Achievable diversity-vs-multiplexing tradeoffs in half-duplex cooperative channels (2005)

In this paper, we propose novel cooperative transmission protocols for delay limited coherent fading channels consisting of N (half-duplex and single-antenna) partners and one cell site. In our work, we differentiate between the cooperative relay, broadcast, and multiple-access channels. The proposed protocols are evaluated using the Zheng-Tse diversity-multiplexing tradeoff. For the relay channel, we investigate two classes of cooperation schemes; namely, amplify and forward (AF) and decode and forward (DF). For the first class, we propose a new AF protocol and show it to outperform the space-time coded protocol of Laneman and Wornell without requiring decoding/encoding at the relays. For the class of DF protocols, we develop a dynamic decode and forward (DDF) protocol that achieves the optimal tradeoff for multiplexing gains 0 /spl les/ r /spl les/ 1/N. Furthermore, with a single relay, the DDF protocol is shown to dominate the class of AF protocols for all multiplexing gains. The superiority of the DDF protocol is shown to be more significant in the cooperative broadcast channel. The situation is reversed in the cooperative multiple-access channel where we propose a new AF protocol that achieves the optimal tradeoff for all multiplexing gains. A distinguishing feature of the proposed protocols in the three scenarios is that they do not rely on orthogonal subspaces, allowing for a more efficient use of resources.