gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase systems of bacteria. (1993)

Numerous gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria take up carbohydrates through the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP):carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS). This system transports and phosphorylates carbohydrates at the expense of PEP and is the subject of this review. The PTS consists of two general proteins, enzyme I and HPr, and a number of carbohydrate-specific enzymes, the enzymes II. PTS proteins are phosphoproteins in which the phospho group is attached to either a histidine residue or, in a number of cases, a cysteine residue. After phosphorylation of enzyme I by PEP, the phospho group is transferred to HPr. The enzymes II are required for the transport of the carbohydrates across the membrane and the transfer of the phospho group from phospho-HPr to the carbohydrates. Biochemical, structural, and molecular genetic studies have shown that the various enzymes II have the same basic structure. Each enzyme II consists of domains for specific functions, e.g., binding of the carbohydrate or phosphorylation. Each enzyme II complex can consist of one to four different polypeptides. The enzymes II can be placed into at least four classes on the basis of sequence similarity. The genetics of the PTS is complex, and the expression of PTS proteins is intricately regulated because of the central roles of these proteins in nutrient acquisition. In addition to classical induction-repression mechanisms involving repressor and activator proteins, other types of regulation, such as antitermination, have been observed in some PTSs. Apart from their role in carbohydrate transport, PTS proteins are involved in chemotaxis toward PTS carbohydrates. Furthermore, the IIAGlc protein, part of the glucose-specific PTS, is a central regulatory protein which in its nonphosphorylated form can bind to and inhibit several non-PTS uptake systems and thus prevent entry of inducers. In its phosphorylated form, P-IIAGlc is involved in the activation of adenylate cyclase and thus in the regulation of gene expression. By sensing the presence of PTS carbohydrates in the medium and adjusting the phosphorylation state of IIAGlc, cells can adapt quickly to changing conditions in the environment. In gram-positive bacteria, it has been demonstrated that HPr can be phosphorylated by ATP on a serine residue and this modification may perform a regulatory function.
General Switch Management Protocol (GSMP) V3 (2002)

This document describes the General Switch Management Protocol Version 3 (GSMPv3). The GSMPv3 is an asymmetric protocol that allows one or more external switch controllers to establish and maintain the state of a label switch such as, an ATM, frame relay or MPLS switch. The GSMPv3 allows control of both unicast and multicast switch connection state as well as control of switch system resources and QoS features.
The 1997 American Diabetes Association and 1999 World Health Organization criteria for hyperglycemia in the diagnosis and prediction of diabetes. (2000)

The prevalence and incidence of diabetes are somewhat lower with the ADA criteria than with the 1985 or 1999 WHO criteria. The intermediate categories of glycemia differ substantially IFG defines a smaller number of people who are at higher risk of developing diabetes than those with IGT. More people at high risk of diabetes could be identified by using either IFG or IGT, as recommended by the 1999 WHO criteria, or by using the FPG concentration alone, but with a lower cutoff value.
Isoamyl alcohol-induced morphological change in involves increases in mitochondria and cell wall chitin content (2004)

Isoamyl alcohol reduced growth and induced filament formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Isoamyl alcohol-induced filamentation was accompanied by an almost threefold greater increase in the specific activity of succinate dehydrogenase than in untreated cells, which suggested that isoamyl alcohol treatment caused the cells to produce more mitochondria than in normal yeast form proliferation. This was supported by measuring the dry weight of purified, isolated mitochondria. Filaments have an increased chitin content which is distributed over the majority of their surface, and is not confined to bud scars and the chitin ring between mother and daughter cells as in yeast-form cells.
Nephron number, glomerular volume, renal disease and hypertension (2008)

Higher mean glomerular volume and individual glomerular volume heterogeneity mark glomerular stress. Low Nglom is an important determinant of hypertension and renal disease. Many 'missing' nephrons have probably been lost during life, leaving little trace. Additional factors contribute to high rates of hypertension in blacks.
Kinase switching in mesenchymal-like non-small cell lung cancer lines contributes to EGFR inhibitor resistance through pathway redundancy (2008)

NSCLC cells with a mesenchymal phenotype have shown a marked reduction in sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors, though the molecular rationale has remained obscure. Here we find that in mesenchymal-like tumor cells both tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR, ErbB2, and ErbB3 signaling networks and expression of EGFR family ligands were decreased. While chronic activation of EGFR can promote an EMT-like transition, once having occurred EGFR family signaling was attenuated. We investigated the mechanisms by which mesenchymal-like cells bypass EGFR signaling and acquire alternative routes of proliferative and survival signaling. Mesenchymal-like NSCLC cells exhibit aberrant PDGFR and FGFR expression and autocrine signaling through these receptors can activate the MEK-ERK and PI3K pathways. Selective pharmacological inhibition of PDGFR or FGFR receptor tyrosine kinases reduced cell proliferation in mesenchymal-like but not epithelial NSCLC cell lines. A metastable, reversible EMT-like transition in the NSCLC line H358 was achieved by exogenous TGFbeta, which served as a model EMT system. The H358/TGFbeta cells showed many of the attributes of established mesenchymal-like NSCLC cells including a loss of cell-cell junctions, a loss of EGF-family ligand expression, a loss of ErbB3 expression, increased EGFR-independent Mek-Erk pathway activation and reduced sensitivity to EGFR inhibition. Notably an EMT-dependent acquisition of PDGFR, FGFR and TGFbeta receptors in H358/TGFbeta cells was also observed. In H358/TGFbeta cells both PDGFR and FGFR showed functional ligand stimulation of their intrinsic tyrosine kinase activities. The findings of kinase switching and acquired PDGFR and FGFR signaling suggest investigation of new inhibitor combinations to target NSCLC metastases.
Estrogens protect pancreatic β-cells from apoptosis and prevent insulin-deficient diabetes mellitus in mice (2006)

In diabetes, the death of insulin-producing beta-cells by apoptosis leads to insulin deficiency. The lower prevalence of diabetes in females suggests that female sex steroids protect from beta-cell injury. Consistent with this hypothesis, 17beta-estradiol (estradiol) manifests antidiabetic actions in humans and rodents. In addition, estradiol has antiapoptotic actions in cells that are mediated by the estrogen receptor-a (ERalpha), raising the prospect that estradiol antidiabetic function may be due, in part, to a protection of beta-cell apoptosis via ERalpha. To address this question, we have used mice that were rendered estradiol-deficient or estradiol-resistant by targeted disruption of aromatase (ArKO) or ERalpha (alphaERKO) respectively. We show here that in both genders, ArKO(-/-) mice are vulnerable to beta-cell apoptosis and prone to insulin-deficient diabetes after exposure to acute oxidative stress with streptozotocin. In these mice, estradiol treatment rescues streptozotocin-induced beta-cell apoptosis, helps sustain insulin production, and prevents diabetes. In vitro, in mouse pancreatic islets and beta-cells exposed to oxidative stress, estradiol prevents apoptosis and protects insulin secretion. Estradiol protection is partially lost in beta-cells and islets treated with an ERalpha antagonist and in alphaERKO islets. Accordingly, alphaERKO mice are no longer protected by estradiol and display a gender nonspecific susceptibility to oxidative injury, precipitating beta-cell apoptosis and insulin-deficient diabetes. Finally, the predisposition to insulin deficiency can be mimicked in WT mice by pharmacological inhibition of ERalpha by using the antagonist tamoxifen. This study demonstrates that estradiol, acting, at least in part, through ERalpha, protects beta-cells from oxidative injury and prevents diabetes in mice of both genders.
Mutagenesis of N-Glycosylation Sites in the Human Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide 1 Receptor. Evidence That Asparagine 58 or 69 Is Crucial for Correct Delivery of the Receptor to Plasma Membrane (1996)

The functional role of N-linked carbohydrates in the human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 1 receptor was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis (Asn-->Thr) of the four consensus N-glycosylation sites on Asn58, Asn69, Asn100 (N-terminal extracellular domain) and Asn293 (second extracellular loop). Mutated receptors were investigated after transient expression in Cos-7 cells, by ligand binding assay, affinity cross-linking, western blotting, and confocal laser microscopy of epitope-tagged receptor proteins. Mutations of each consensus site revealed that Asn58, Asn69, and Asn100 were occupied by a 9-kDa N-linked carbohydrate whereas Asn293 was not used for glycosylation. Each mutated receptor was expressed (western blot) and delivered at the plasma membrane (confocal microscopy) of Cos-7 cells. They displayed a dissociation constant similar to that of the wild-type receptor, i.e., 0.5-1 nM. In contrast, no VIP binding to Cos-7 cells could be observed with the mutant devoid of consensus N-glycosylation sites due to a strict sequestration of this mutant in the perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum. However, when solubilized with a zwitterionic detergent, this mutant bound [125I]VIP specifically, indicating that it retained intrinsic binding activity. The construction of other mutants in which three out of four N-glycosylation sites were altered, demonstrated that N-glycosylation at either Asn58 or Asn69 is necessary and sufficient to ensure correct delivery of the receptor to the plasma membrane. Further pharmacological studies involving incubation of Cos-7 cells with castanospermine or deoxymannojirimycin immediately after transfection of mutated cDNAs encoding receptors with a single glycosylation site at Asn58 or Asn69 suggested that carbohydrate at Asn58 was involved in a calnexin-dependent folding process of the receptor whereas carbohydrate at Asn69 was not. These studies highlight the functional importance of the N-glycosylation of the human VIP 1 receptor which belongs to a new subfamily of seven membrane-spanning receptors.
Infrared-to-Visible Conversion by Rare-Earth Ions in Crystals (1972)

An analysis of infrared conversion to visible and ultraviolet radiation by Yb3+–Er3+, Yb3+–Ho3+, and Yb3+–Tm3+ ions in crystals is presented. The expression for the visible power output in the presence of back transfer from the active ion to the energy-transferring ion (Yb3+) is given and the relationship between the intermediate state transfer and back transfer coefficients for maximum output is found. If this relationship is satisfied the visible output in the presence of back transfer is equal to the maximum output with no back transfer. The behavior of the power output when the transfer and back transfer coefficients depart significantly from this optimum condition is examined and the parameters which govern the power output under these conditions are determined. The analysis is applied to Yb3+–Er3+, Yb3+–Ho3+, and Yb3+–Tm3+ ions in BaYF5 and BaY2F8. Measurements on the brightest composition of Yb3+–Er3+ ions in BaYF5 indicate that the advantage of a long-lived intermediate state is diminished by back transfer. A power-conversion efficiency of 0.1% has been obtained for the green emission from BaYF5:Yb3+–Er3+ when pumped by 0.93-μ radiation from a 17% efficient Si–GaAs diode. Conversion efficiencies of 0.03% are obtained for the green emission from BaY2F8:Yb3+–Ho3+ and for the blue emission at 4800 Å from BaYF5:Yb3+–Tm3+. Efficient conversion of 1.5-μ radiation to the visible by BaYF5:Er3+ is also described.
The Effect of Graphic Input Devices on Performance in a Cursor Positioning Task (1982)

This study examines the effect of several graphical input devices on human performance in a cursor positioning task. The light pen, touchscreen, force joystick, position joystick, data tablet, trackboard, and keyboard are the input devices tested. There are two main objectives in the study: (1) to obtain a quantitative measure of user performance for a wide range of input devices, and (2) to provide design guidelines for the development of new input devices. This second goal is reached by determining the effect of two device features on user performance: whether a switch is used to “enter” the cursor position, and (2) whether the user's eyes and hands work together or separately. Performance is evaluated in terms of speed, accuracy, and subjective factors.
Effectiveness of workplace interventions in Europe promoting healthy eating: a systematic review (2011)

Limited to moderate evidence was found for positive effects of nutrition interventions implemented at the workplace. Effects of workplace health promotion interventions may be improved if stronger adherence to established quality criteria for such interventions is realized.
Treatment of Early Parkinson’s Disease (2004)

Treatment of early Parkinson’s disease with either selegiline (Eldepryl), a dopamine agonist (pramipexole [Mirapex], ropinirole [Requip], or bromocriptine [Parlodel]), or the combination of levodopa and carbidopa (Sinemet) or levodopa and cabidopa with entacapone (Stalevo) improves symptoms and quality of life, but all medication regimens are associated with significant side effects. There is no compelling evidence favoring a medication option, so treatment should be individualized.
IP over WDM (2002)

From the Publisher:
The proposed book will be the first to focus on Internet Protocol (IP) over Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) optical networks. It not only summarizes the fundamental mechanisms and the recent development and deployment of WDM optical networks but it also details both the network and the software architectures needed to implement WDM enabled optical networks designed to transport IP traffic.
Hemodynamic response to fluid repletion in patients with septic shock: evidence for early depression of cardiac performance. (1987)

We prospectively studied 18 patients with septic shock prior to and during volume infusion in order to evaluate their hemodynamic response to fluid repletion. Fluid challenge increased left heart filling pressure from 7.7 +/- 0.5 to 15.4 +/- 0.6 mm Hg (P less than .01). The increases in left ventricular filling were associated with significant increases in stroke volume index from 25.4 +/- 2.5 to 35.7 +/- 2.5 ml/min/M2 and cardiac index from 2.49 +/- 0.19 to 3.32 +/- 0.16 L/min/M2. However, at the end of fluid challenge, the patients exhibited depressed left ventricular performance as evidenced by a left ventricular stroke work index of 29.5 +/- 2.6 g X m/M2. Over the next 24 hours of maintenance fluid infusion, the left ventricular stroke work index increased to 36.8 +/- 4.2 g X m/M2 (not significant). These data suggest that volume infusion restores ventricular filling in patients with sepsis. Although fluid repletion increases stroke and cardiac output, depressed left ventricular performance appears to be an early finding in septic shock.
A new approach to 4-(2-aminoethyl)indoles via Claisen ortho-amide rearrangement of 3-hydroxy-2-methoxyindolines (1990)

Reaction of 3-hydroxy-2-methoxyindoline (4) with the amide acetal (5) gives 4-carbamoylmethyl-indoline (7) and -indole (8), which are converted into 4-(2-aminoethyl)indole (10) by treatment of the indoline (7) with hydrogen chloride followed by sodium hydroxide to form the indole (8), and then by reduction of the indole (8) with lithium aluminium hydride.
Image-based dual energy CT using optimized precorrection functions: A practical new approach of material decomposition in image domain (2009)

Dual energy CT (DECT) measures the object of interest using two different x-ray spectra in order to provide energy-selective CT images or in order to get the material decomposition of the object. Today, two decomposition techniques are known. Image-based DECT uses linear combinations of reconstructed images to get an image that contains material-selective DECT information. Rawdata-based DECT correctly treats the available information by passing the rawdata through a decomposition function that uses information from both rawdata sets to create DECT specific (e.g., material-selective) rawdata. Then the image reconstruction yields material-selective images. Rawdata-based image decomposition generally obtains better image quality; however, it needs matched rawdata sets. This means that physically the same lines need to be measured for each spectrum. In today's CT scanners, this is not the case. The authors propose a new image-based method to combine mismatched rawdata sets for DECT information. The method allows for implementation in a scanner's rawdata precorrection pipeline or may be used in image domain. They compare the ability of the three methods (image-based standard method, proposed method, and rawdata-based standard method) to perform material decomposition and to provide monochromatic images. Thereby they use typical clinical and preclinical scanner arrangements including circular cone-beam CT and spiral CT. The proposed method is found to perform better than the image-based standard method and is inferior to the rawdata-based method. However, the proposed method can be used with the frequent case of mismatched data sets that exclude rawdata-based methods.
Synthesis and Thermodynamics of Oligonucleotides Containing Chirally Pure RP Methylphosphonate Linkages (1996)

Methylphosphonate (MP) oligodeoxynucleotides (MPOs) are metabolically stable analogs of conventional DNA containing a methyl group in place of one of the non-bonding phosphoryl oxygens. All 16 possible chiral R(P) MP dinucleotides were synthesized and derivatized for automated oligonucleotide synthesis. These dimer synthons can be used to prepare (i) all-MP linked oligonucleotides having defined R(P) chirality at every other position (R(P) chirally enriched MPOs) or (ii) alternating R(P) MP/phosphodiester backbone oligonucleotides, depending on the composition of the 3'-coupling group. Chirally pure dimer synthons were also prepared with 2'-O-methyl sugar modifications. Oligonucleotides prepared with these R(P) chiral methylphosphonate linkage synthons bind RNA with significantly higher affinity than racemic MPOs.
A novel gene codes for a putative G protein‐coupled receptor with an abundant expression in brain (1996)

Following the cloning of the dopamine receptors we continued a search of the human genome for related genes. We searched an EST data base and discovered cDNA fragments encoding novel G protein-coupled receptor genes. The available GenBank sequence of one of these EST fragments showed that it encoded a receptor with closest similarity to the D2 dopamine and adrenergic receptors. This cDNA was used to isolate the gene (GPR19), and the encoded receptor also demonstrated similarity with the neuropeptide Y receptor. The gene was mapped to chromosome 12, in region p13.2-12.3. Northern blot analysis revealed expression of GPR19 in peripheral regions, and brain regions significantly overlapping with the D2 receptor gene expression. A sequence of the rat orthologue of GPR19 was obtained and in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated a very abundant expression in rat brain.
Loss-of-Function Polymorphism of the Human Kallikrein Gene with Reduced Urinary Kallikrein Activity (2002)

Kallikrein is synthesized in the distal tubules and produces kinins, which are involved in the regulation of vascular tone in the kidney. Urinary kallikrein activity has been reported to be partly inherited and to be reduced in essential hypertension. In a systematic search for molecular variants of the human kallikrein gene, nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified. Five of those polymorphisms, including two nonsynonymous substitutions in exon 3, i.e., Arg53His (allelic frequency in Caucasian subjects, 0.03) and Gln121Glu (allelic frequency, 0.33), were studied in a normotensive group and two independent hypertensive groups for which 24-h urinary kallikrein activity had been measured. A significant decrease in urinary kallikrein activity was observed for the subjects who were heterozygous for the Arg53His polymorphism, compared with the other subjects. This finding was consistent in the two hypertensive groups and was observed with several kallikrein enzymatic assays. The Gln121Glu polymorphism and the other polymorphisms were not associated with changes in urinary kallikrein activity. None of the polymorphisms was associated with hypertension. Recombinant kallikrein variants were synthesized and enzymatically characterized, using native kininogen and kininogen-derived synthetic peptide substrates. No important effect was observed after Gln121 mutation, but there was a major decrease in enzyme activity when Arg53 was replaced by histidine. A model of kallikrein derived from crystallographic data suggested that Arg53 can affect substrate binding. The identification of a subset of subjects with genetically reduced kallikrein activity as a result of an amino acid mutation could facilitate analysis of the role of the kallikrein-kinin system in renal and vascular diseases.
A modified expectation maximization algorithm for penalized likelihood estimation in emission tomography (1995)

The maximum likelihood (ML) expectation maximization (EM) approach in emission tomography has been very popular in medical imaging for several years. In spite of this, no satisfactory convergent modifications have been proposed for the regularized approach. Here, a modification of the EM algorithm is presented. The new method is a natural extension of the EM for maximizing likelihood with concave priors. Convergence proofs are given.
Functional aspects of the C1q receptors. (1993)

C1q, the recognition subunit of the classical complement pathway, has been shown to stimulate host defense mechanisms. It has become increasingly evident that C1q can bind to several different cell types resulting in a variety of functional consequences depending on the cell type. For example, the binding of C1q to monocytes enhances the ability of those cells to ingest pathogens, while interaction with neutrophils, eosinophils, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells triggers or enhances the generation of toxic oxygen species. While these latter oxygen products play a major role in the destruction of foreign pathogens, in some cases, such as immune-complex-induced vasculitis and myocardial infarction, these toxic oxygen molecules can cause excessive host tissue damage. The differential modulation of C1q-mediated activities by monoclonal antibodies suggest that there is more than one unique type of C1q receptor, which is not necessarily surprising given the diversity of responses reported. This review summarizes what is known about the functional consequences of the interaction of C1q with cells, and describes initial investigations of the biochemical mechanisms/signal transduction pathways involved in these C1q-induced responses. Further investigations of the C1q/C1q receptor system(s) should uncover basic mechanisms and modes of regulation of these defensive responses by the host, and potentially provide information useful for beneficial manipulation of these activities.