gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermoresponsive Ultrathin Hydrogels Prepared by Sequential Chemical Reactions (2002)

Thermoresponsive ultrathin hydrogels were prepared by the sequential chemical reaction of poly(vinylamine-co-N-vinylisobutyramide) [poly(VAm-co-NVIBA)] and poly(acrylic acid) (polyAAc) on a gold surface. The carboxyl group of polyAAc was activated by 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) for the reaction with the amino group of poly(VAm-co-NVIBA) to yield the amide linkage. This stepwise assembly was analyzed quantitatively by a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), which revealed that the 39 mol % VAm content of poly(VAm-co-NVIBA) was suitable for the preparation of ultrathin hydrogels. A detailed analysis was performed by the assembly of poly(VAm-co-NVIBA), with a 39 mol % VAm content and polyAAc. The reflection−absorption spectra (RAS) showed the presence of both polymers in the assembly. Atomic force microscopic (AFM) observations confirmed the hydrogel structure of the assembly; the thickness of the hydrogel in an aqueous medium (around 320 nm) was 2 times greater than that in air (around 150 nm). The dynamic process probably proceeded by water swelling into the assembly when immersed in an aqueous phase from air. This was also observed by AFM analysis, in which the surface roughness increased from 14 nm in air to 35 nm until 10 min postimmersion, subsequently decreased to 19 nm, and then saturated after 30 min. The thermoresponsive properties were analyzed by the static contact angle measurement in water by using an air bubble. The assembly became more hydrophobic above 30−40 °C, suggesting that the phase transition was derived from the polyNVIBA unit. The phase transition was affected by the pH of the water in the present system, and no phase transition was observed from 20 to 60 °C at a pH of 2 and 12. Layer-by-layer assembly using chemical reactions will open a new field of research on the suitable selection of functional polymers.
Endogenous Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Mediates Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Actions of Cannabinoids in Neurons and Glia (2003)

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine that blocks all known actions of IL-1 and markedly protects against experimentally induced ischemic, excitotoxic, and traumatic brain insults. Cannabinoids (CBs) also exert potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, but the mechanisms of their actions are unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that the actions of CBs are mediated by endogenous IL-1ra. We report for the first time that both CB1 and CB2 receptors modulate release of endogenous IL-1ra from primary cultured glial cells. Activation of CB1 or CB2 receptors increased lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1ra release, and specific CB1 or CB2 antagonists blocked lipopolysaccharide-induced production of IL-1ra from glial cells. Comparison of neuronal cultures from wild-type mice and mice lacking IL-1ra (knock-out) indicates that endogenous IL-1ra is essential for the neuro-protective effects of CBs against excessive activation of glutamate receptors (excitotoxicity) in response to S-AMPA or NMDA. Similarly, analysis of mixed glial cultures from IL-1ra knock-out mice indicates that endogenous IL-1ra is required for the CB-induced inhibition of nitric oxide production in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. These data suggest a novel neuroprotective mechanism of action for CBs in response to inflammatory or excitotoxic insults that is mediated by both CB1 and CB2 receptor-dependent pathways.
The Prevention and Management of Genital Herpes: A Community Health Approach (1989)

The incidence of genital herpes, a sexually transmitted disease (STD) of epidemic proportions in the community, is increasing. Meeting the health needs of clients and the public concerning genital herpes is a challenge to community health nurses (CHNs). Little information is available concerning both the physical and psychosocial responses of young adults to genital herpes. This article reviews the changing epidemiology of genital herpes and the psychosocial consequences experienced by those living with the disease--emotional distress, stress associated with recurrences, sexual responses, alterations in interpersonal relationships, and coping and adaptation. The Permission-Limited Information-Specific Suggestion-Intensive Therapy (P-LI-SS-IT) model, a model for intervention and referral, can be used with clients who have the disease to prevent the disabling consequences of the disease. Educating the public is necessary to prevent transmission of this silent epidemic among the population.
Perlakuan Invigorasi Pada Benih Padi Di Kelompok Tani Pelita Desa Noepesu (2018)

Abstrak&#x0D; Penyimpanan benih dapat mengakibatkan turunnya kemampuan benih untuk menjadi bibit yang vigor. Salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan sebelum tanam untuk memperbaiki performa benih adalah perlakuan invigorasi dengan matriconditioning (conditioning dengan menggunakan media padat lembab) pada benih. Tujuan pengabdian ini adalah petani mitra menguasai vigor dan viabilitas benih yang digunakan untuk pembibitan, mitra dapat mengetahui dan mampu melakukan invigorasi pada benih padi untuk meningkatkan daya berkecambah, kecepatan pertumbuhan, keserempakan tumbuh dan mengurangi benih yang tumbuh abnormal pada saat persemaian. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kelompok Tani Pelita Desa Noepesu Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara dengan metode pelatihan dan praktek langsung di Lahan sawah petani. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa animo masyarakat untuk mengikuti pelatihan ini sangat besar. Benih padi yang digunakan untuk persemaian tumbuh lebih cepat yaitu 5 hari setelah semai sudah tumbuh normal, pertumbuhannya seragam dan memiliki daya berkecambah yang tinggi.
Wide Spectrum of Antitumor Activity of a Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody to Human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (1999)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known as an angiogenic factor for tumor angiogenesis. We developed a neutralizing anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody (MAb), MV833, and examined its antitumor activity against 27 human tumor cell lines transplanted in nude mice. All the tumor cell lines used in this study secreted various amounts of VEGF into culture medium in vitro. However, the growth of the cell lines, including three which expressed VEGF receptor, was not affected by exogenously added MV833 in vitro. All tumor cell lines including colon, lung, breast, pancreas, and melanoma, grew subcutaneously in nude mice. The growth of HeLa/v5, which had been transformed by human VEGF121 gene and secreted large amounts of VEGF, was significantly faster than that of the control vector transformant. Although the amounts of VEGF secreted from two HeLa transformants differed greatly, MV833 completely inhibited the growth of both tumors. Moreover, the growth of the other 25 human tumor cell lines transplanted into nude mice was also strongly suppressed by MV833. Neither the amount of VEGF secreted from each tumor cell line in vitro nor the expression of VEGF receptor correlated with the antitumor activity of MV833. MV833, administered when tumor volumes reached 400 mm3, completely inhibited the growth of some tumor lines. The results show VEGF to be a critical angiogenic factor for many tumors. VEGF-neutralizing antibody could be applicable as an antitumor agent for a wide range of tumors.
Non-Linearized Amplifier and Advanced Mitigation Techniques: DVB-S2X Spectral Efficiency Improvement (2017)

The latest standardization DVB-S2X increases the achievable spectral efficiency of the satellite communications by around 15% in AWGN channel. In order to benefit from those improvements, the strong non-linear distortions introduced by the payload have to be overcome, mostly taking high back-off on the amplifier operation point. Nowadays, on- board amplifiers are linearized before being deployed, allowing low-complexity transmitters and receivers at the detriment of the payload's cost and reduced energy efficiency. In this paper, various techniques are investigated for the purpose of spectral efficiency improvement while releasing the amplifier linearization constraint. Iterative pre-distortion at the transmitter, turbo- equalization at the receiver and appropriate waveforms for transmission through non-linearized payload appear as strong candidates considering the results of this study.
Receptors as Kissing Cousins (2000)

It has always been assumed that the numerous members of the huge GPCR family of receptors function in isolation. However, as [Graeme Milligan][1] discusses in a Perspective, a host of new findings ([ Rocheville et al .][2]) now suggest that related but different GPCRs can bind to each other, and when they do their properties are altered.

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5463/65
 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5463/154
Reverse phase protein arrays in signaling pathways: a data integration perspective (2015)

The reverse phase protein array (RPPA) data platform provides expression data for a prespecified set of proteins, across a set of tissue or cell line samples. Being able to measure either total proteins or posttranslationally modified proteins, even ones present at lower abundances, RPPA represents an excellent way to capture the state of key signaling transduction pathways in normal or diseased cells. RPPA data can be combined with those of other molecular profiling platforms, in order to obtain a more complete molecular picture of the cell. This review offers perspective on the use of RPPA as a component of integrative molecular analysis, using recent case examples from The Cancer Genome Altas consortium, showing how RPPA may provide additional insight into cancer besides what other data platforms may provide. There also exists a clear need for effective visualization approaches to RPPA-based proteomic results; this was highlighted by the recent challenge, put forth by the HPN-DREAM consortium, to develop visualization methods for a highly complex RPPA dataset involving many cancer cell lines, stimuli, and inhibitors applied over time course. In this review, we put forth a number of general guidelines for effective visualization of complex molecular datasets, namely, showing the data, ordering data elements deliberately, enabling generalization, focusing on relevant specifics, and putting things into context. We give examples of how these principles can be utilized in visualizing the intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer and in meaningfully displaying the entire HPN-DREAM RPPA dataset within a single page.
Pharmacological management of renal fibrotic disease (2006)

Chronic kidney diseases frequently advance to end-stage renal failure, and the number of patients affected is steadily increasing worldwide. At the molecular level, progression of renal insufficiency correlates closely with ongoing pathological matrix protein expansion (i.e., renal fibrosis), in a manner independent of the underlying disorder. Overactivity of the renin-angiotensin system and of the TGF-beta system have been identified as key mediators of kidney matrix accumulation, and are principal targets in the management of chronic renal disease. This review provides a recent overview of the therapeutic options that are clinically established, and of novel molecular strategies that will approach clinical practice in the near future.
Modelling Detector Deadtime with the Pulse Overlap Model (2004)

Photon counting detectors have to work at high count rates at synchrotron radiation sources. It is well known that at high count rates, counts may be lost because the time difference between the arrival of two X‐rays in the detector can be too small to resolve each count. This is coventionally modelled in the paralyzable deadtime model. In a previous paper, we introduced a new model — the pulse overlap model. This model predicts that there is a limit to the statistical accuracy that can be achieved by a measurement made in fixed counting time by a given photon counting detector. At counting rates above the point where maximum statistical accuracy is achieved, the statistical accuracy decreases. We present data obtained from computer Monte Carlo simulation and measurements with a real detector and compare with the predictions of the pulse overlap model.
Controlled Association of Amphiphilic Polymers in Water:  Thermosensitive Nanoparticles Formed by Self-Assembly of Hydrophobically Modified Pullulans and Poly(N-isopropylacrylamides) (2000)

Thermoresponsive hydrogel nanoparticles were prepared by self-assembly of two different hydrophobically modified polymers, namely a cholesterol-bearing pullulan (CHP) and a copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and N-[4-(1-pyrenyl)butyl]-N-n-octadecylacrylamide] (PNIPAM-C18Py). The interactions between CHP and PNIPAM-C18Py were investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and size exclusion chromatography. After ultrasonication of a mixture of CHP and PNIPAM-C18Py (5:1 by weight) at 25 °C, monodisperse nanoparticles (Dh = 45 nm) were obtained, consisting of self-assembly of the two polymers associated via their hydrophobic moieties. Evidence from fluorescence and dynamic light scattering demonstrated that, above 32 °C, the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PNIPAM-C18Py, the colloidal mixed nanoparticles increase in diameter (from 47 to 160 nm), but no macroscopic aggregation could be detected. This phenomenon was thermoreversible: upon cooling the particles recovered their original diameter.
In vitro RNA selection identifies RNA ligands that specifically bind to eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B: the role of the RNA remotif. (1996)

Translation initiation factor elF-4B is an RNA-binding protein that promotes the association of the mRNA to the 40S ribosomal subunit. One of its better characterized features is the ability to stimulate the activity of the DEAD box RNA hilicase elF-4A. In addition to an RNA recognition motif (RRM) located near its amino-terimus, elF-4B contains an RNA-binding region in its carboxy-terminal half. The elF-4A helicase stimulatory activity resides in the carboxy-terminal half of elF-4B, and the RRM has little impact on this function. To better understand the role of the elF-4B RRM, it was of interest to identify its specific RNA target sequence. To this end, it vitro RNA selection/amplifications were performed using various portions of elF-4B. These experiments were designed to test the RNA recognition specificity of the two elF-4B regions implicated in RNA binding and to assess the influence of elF-4A on the RNA-binding specificity. The RRM was shown to bind with high affinity to an RNA stem-loop structure with conserved primary sequence elements. Discrete point mutations in an in vitro-selected RNA identified residues critical for RNA binding. Neither the carboxy-terminal RNA-interaction region, nor elF-4A, influenced the structure of the high-affinity RNA ligands selected by elF-4B, and elF-4A by itself did not select any specific RNA target. Previous studies have demonstrated an interaction of elF-4B with ribosomes, and it was suggested that this association is mediated through binding to ribosomal RNA. We show that the RRM of elF-4B interacts directly with 18S rRNA and this interaction is inhibited by an excess of the elF-4B in vitro-selected RNA. ElF-4B could bind simultaneously to two different RNA molecules, supporting a model whereby elF-4B promotes ribosome binding to the 5 untranslated region of a mRNA by bridging it to 18S rRNA.
Lymphoma Immunotherapy with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Requires TLR9 Either in the Host or in the Tumor Itself (2007)

Established widely metastatic tumor was cured in a transplanted mouse B cell lymphoma model, by the combination of chemotherapy plus intratumoral injection of oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated C-G motifs (CpG). This therapeutic effect required that the CpG be injected directly into the tumor and was dependent on CD8 T cells. Although the efficacy of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides has been thought to depend on the expression of TLR9, we unexpectedly found that tumor rejection did not require host expression of TLR9. By using a TLR9-deficient tumor and a TLR9KO host, we demonstrate that TLR9 expression either by the host or the tumor is required. These results indicate that activation of Ag presentation by cells within the tumor via TLR9 stimulation can be an effective form of immunotherapy. This study forms the basis of an ongoing clinical trial in patients with lymphoma.
A mutation in the Amyloid Precursor Protein Associated with Hereditary Alzheimer's Disease (1991)

Alzheimer's disease is a form of localized amyloidosis characterized by cerebral cortical amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and amyloid deposits within the walls of leptomeningeal vessels. Although most cases of Alzheimer's disease are sporadic, kindreds with autosomal-dominant inheritance of the syndrome suggest that a single mutation may be important in pathogenesis. Direct sequencing of DNA from a family with autopsy-proven Alzheimer's disease revealed a single amino acid substitution (Phe for Val) in the transmembrane domain of the amyloid precursor protein. This mutation correlates with the presence of Alzheimer's disease in all patients in this study, and may be the inherited factor causing both amyloid fibril formation and dementia.
Post-transcriptional gene-silencing and RNA interference: genetic immunity, mechanisms and applications (2000)

This review summarises the development of our understanding of co-suppression in plants, and describes how co-suppression relates to similar post-transcriptional gene-silencing (PTGS) phenomena, and underlying genetic immunity mechanisms. These comparisons have enabled us to develop sophisticated models that go some way to explaining what causes co-suppression, and indicate that manipulation of the underlying mechanisms can provide the plant biotechnologist with new tools to control gene expression and silencing in transgenic plants. Recently, it has become apparent that the mechanism underlying PTGS has, at least in essence, been conserved through divergent evolution and similar mechanisms to co-suppression are functional in nematode, insect and mammalian cells. In addition to the original applications in plant biotechnology, the development of technology based on PTGS is proving to be a highly valuable alternative to mutagenesis for functional genomics applications in both plant and animal model species. The recent discovery that PTGS mechanisms operate in mammalian cells indicates that there are likely to be wider applications for technology based on PTGS, possibly including human therapeutics. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Safety and effectiveness of topical dry mouth products containing olive oil, betaine, and xylitol in reducing xerostomia for polypharmacy‐induced dry mouth (2007)

Polypharmacy is a common cause of salivary hypofunction, producing symptoms of dry mouth or xerostomia, especially among older populations. As the number of older people continues to increase, polypharmacy-induced salivary hypofunction is becoming an increasing problem. Many over-the-counter products are available for relieving symptoms of dry mouth, but few have been tested in controlled clinical investigations. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a group of topical dry mouth products (toothpaste, mouth rinse, mouth spray and gel) containing olive oil, betaine and xylitol. Forty adults were entered into this single-blinded, open-label, cross-over clinical study and 39 completed all the visits. Subjects were randomly assigned at baseline to using the novel topical dry mouth products daily for 1 week, or to maintain their normal dry mouth routine care. After 1 week, they were crossed over to the other dry mouth regimen. The results demonstrated that the use of the novel topical dry mouth products increased significantly unstimulated whole salivary flow rates, reduced complaints of xerostomia and improved xerostomia-associated quality of life. No clinically significant adverse events were observed. These data suggest that the daily use of topical dry mouth products containing olive oil, betaine and xylitol is safe and effective in relieving symptoms of dry mouth in a population with polypharmacy-induced xerostomia.
Effective Therapeutic Approach for Head and Neck Cancer by an Engineered Minibody Targeting the EGFR Receptor (2014)

Cetuximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody developed for targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), has been intensively used to treat cancer patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and head and neck cancer. Intact immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody like cetuximab, however, has some limitations such as high production cost and low penetration rate from vasculature into solid tumor mass due to its large size. In attempt to overcome these limitations, we engineered cetuximab to create single chain variable fragments (scFv-CH3; Minibody) that were expressed in bacterial system. Among three engineered minibodies, we found that MI061 minibody, which is composed of the variable heavy (VH) and light (VL) region joined by an 18-residue peptide linker, displays higher solubility and better extraction properties from bacterial lysate. In addition, we validated that purified MI061 significantly interferes ligand binding to EGFR and blocks EGFR's phosphorylation. By using a protein microarray composed of 16,368 unique human proteins covering around 2,400 plasma membrane associated proteins such as receptors and channels, we also demonstrated that MI061 only recognizes the EGFR but not other proteins as compared with cetuximab. These results indicated that engineered MI061 retains both binding specificity and affinity of cetuximab for EGFR. Although it had relatively short half-life in serum, it was shown to be highly significant anti-tumor effect by inhibiting ERK pathway in A431 xenograft model. Taken together, our present study provides compelling evidence that engineered minibody is more effective and promising agent for in vivo targeting of solid tumors.
Conflict detection and resolution in distributed design (2003)

As an increasingly common feature, design of today's complex products and services utilizes distributed collaborative processes. A key factor in the effectiveness of the design processes is conflict management, since conflicts result mainly from designer interaction. Effective support of the design process needs new approaches, from input of specifications to generation of the design documents. These new approaches need to support functions to identify, avoid, and solve conflicts throughout the design process. The research presented in this paper describes a particular approach to conflict detection and resolution in collaborative design processes. The solution proposed lies within the guidelines of e-Work established at the PRISM research group at Purdue University, in that of providing both autonomous agents and active protocols for the distributed design process. The developed Conflict Detection and Management System (CDMS) allows testing for conflict detection and resolution by providing a collaboration interface for the distributed designers. CDMS implements straightforward methods on an Intranet of personal computers platform for detecting and solving the conflicts that otherwise would result in a longer design process. The system also implements a simple learning mechanism for selecting components to include in the design. Experiments performed with CDMS show that product complexity and number of participating designers have a statistically significant effect on the ratio of conflicts solved to conflicts detected, however, only product complexity has a statistically significant effect on design duration.