gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Regulation of the central opioidergic nervous system on the emotional state of anxiety and its possible mechanisms]. (1997)

The spontaneous withdrawal from morphine in morphine-dependent rats significantly decreased the duration of active interaction in social interaction test and the number of licks during the shock-punished period in Vogel's conflict procedure, which were attenuated by buspirone, a 5-HT1A agonist, as well as para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase. Naltrexone (NTX), a potent opioid receptor antagonist, also dose- and time-dependently reduced both indices mentioned above, which was blocked by morphine or PCPA and was enhanced by 5-hydroxytryptophan, a precursor of 5-HT. In the test of neurotransmitter releases in rat brain slices, both morphine-withdrawal and NTX enhanced high potassium(30mM)-induced 5-HT release in slices of the area of the raphe nucleus. These results suggested that both morphine-withdrawal and NTX produced anxieties in morphine-dependent and normal rats, respectively, which were mediated by the central 5-HTergic neurotransmission. Central opioidergic neurons inhibited 5-HTergic neurons tonically and presynaptically. Such an effect was reduced or blocked by NTX, or during morphine-withdrawal, and 5-HTergic neurons were disinhibited, leading to a state of anxiety.
Accepting from the best donor; analysis of long-lifetime donor fluorescent protein pairings to optimise dynamic FLIM-based FRET experiments (2018)

FRET biosensors have proven very useful tools for studying the activation of specific signalling pathways in living cells. Most biosensors designed to date have been predicated on fluorescent protein pairs that were identified by, and for use in, intensity based measurements, however fluorescence lifetime provides a more reliable measurement of FRET. Both the technology and fluorescent proteins available for FRET have moved on dramatically in the last decade. Lifetime imaging systems have become increasingly accessible and user-friendly, and there is an entire field of biology dedicated to refining and adapting different characteristics of existing and novel fluorescent proteins. This growing pool of fluorescent proteins includes the long-lifetime green and cyan fluorescent proteins Clover and mTurquoise2, the red variant mRuby2, and the dark acceptor sREACh. Here, we have tested these donors and acceptors in appropriate combinations against the standard or recommended norms (EGFP and mTFP as donors, mCherry and either Ypet or Venus as acceptors) to determine if they could provide more reliable, reproducible and quantifiable FLIM-FRET data to improve on the dynamic range compared to other donors and breadth of application of biosensor technologies. These tests were performed for comparison on both a wide-field, frequency domain system and a multiphoton, TCSPC time domain FLIM system. Clover proved to be an excellent donor with extended dynamic range in combination with mCherry on both platforms, while mRuby2 showed a high degree of variability and poor FRET efficiencies in all cases. mTFP-Venus was the most consistent cyan-yellow pair between the two FLIM methodologies, but mTurquoise2 has better dynamic range and transfers energy consistently over time to the dark acceptor sRCh. Combination of mTFP-sRCh with Clover-mCherry would allow the simultaneous use of two FLIM-FRET biosensors within one sample by eliminating the crosstalk between the yellow acceptor and green donor emissions.
GaAs heteroepitaxial growth on Si substrates with thin Si interlayers in situ annealed at high temperatures (1995)

The structural quality of GaAs/Si films can be improved by incorporating a Si interlayer. In this paper, we discuss the effect on the GaAs structural quality of a high-temperature anneal, either in situ between the deposition of the Si layer and subsequent GaAs, or ex situ after the film has been fully grown. The Si interlayer has been found to act as both a cap layer for an in situ high-temperature anneal and a blocking layer of dislocations. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the x-ray rocking curve of (400)GaAs diffraction in 1-μm-thick GaAs/Si films decreased from 625 to 388 s upon the incorporation of a Si interlayer. Furthermore, the FWHM was decreased to 200 s by adding an ex situ anneal at 900 °C for 1 min after growth. However, it was found in GaAs/Si films with Si interlayers that a 78 meV acceptor level due to a Ga antisite defect was observed from photoluminescence (PL) at 77 K, and that oval defects were generated from secondary electron-microscope observations. These phenomena suggested in addition to the improved quality that the Si leads to a surface segregation of As, and that Ga droplets are left behind. It was also shown from both the PL peak-energy shift and the broadening of the PL linewidth that the layer structure of the Si interlayer would be destroyed through out-diffusion from Si during an ex situ anneal at temperatures greater than 950 °C in GaAs/Si films.
Structure of a eukaryotic voltage-gated sodium channel at near-atomic resolution (2017)

Voltage-gated sodium (Na<sub>v</sub>) channels are responsible for the initiation and propagation of action potentials. They are associated with a variety of channelopathies and are targeted by multiple pharmaceutical drugs and natural toxins. Here, we report the cryogenic electron microscopy structure of a putative Na<sub>v</sub> channel from American cockroach (designated Na<sub>v</sub>PaS) at 3.8 angstrom resolution. The voltage-sensing domains (VSDs) of the four repeats exhibit distinct conformations. The entrance to the asymmetric selectivity filter vestibule is guarded by heavily glycosylated and disulfide bond-stabilized extracellular loops. On the cytoplasmic side, a conserved amino-terminal domain is placed below VSD<sub>I</sub>, and a carboxy-terminal domain binds to the III-IV linker. The structure of Na<sub>v</sub>PaS establishes an important foundation for understanding function and disease mechanism of Na<sub>v</sub> and related voltage-gated calcium channels.
Selection of efficient landmarks for an autonomous vehicle (2002)

This paper describes an approach to automatic landmark selection for navigation of a vision guided vehicle. The system works in two phases. In the first phase, the vehicle is driven by a human through a corridor. During this movement, a vision system extracts features such as doors or staircases. The category and the location of extracted features are recorded in a map. In the second phase, given a destination by a human, the system examines the map and selects a sequence of landmarks which guide the vehicle to the destination in the minimum time. Both the uncertainty of the motion of dead reckoning and that of visual data are considered in landmark selection. Preliminary experiments are performed for a autonomous vehicle which moves in the authors' building.
The Adenylate Cyclase Toxin of Bordetella pertussis Binds to Target Cells via the αMβ2 Integrin (Cd11b/Cd18) (2001)

The adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) of Bordetella pertussis is a major virulence factor required for the early phases of lung colonization. It can invade eukaryotic cells where, upon activation by endogenous calmodulin, it catalyzes the formation of unregulated cAMP levels. CyaA intoxication leads to evident toxic effects on macrophages and neutrophils. Here, we demonstrate that CyaA uses the alpha(M)beta(2) integrin (CD11b/CD18) as a cell receptor. Indeed, the saturable binding of CyaA to the surface of various hematopoietic cell lines correlated with the presence of the alpha(M)beta(2) integrin on these cells. Moreover, binding of CyaA to various murine cell lines and human neutrophils was specifically blocked by anti-CD11b monoclonal antibodies. The increase of intracellular cAMP level and cell death triggered by CyaA intoxication was also specifically blocked by anti-CD11b monoclonal antibodies. In addition, CyaA bound efficiently and triggered intracellular cAMP increase and cell death in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with alpha(M)beta(2) (CD11b/CD18) but not in cells transfected with the vector alone or with the alpha(X)beta(2) (CD11c/CD18) integrin. Thus, the cellular distribution of CD11b, mostly on neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic and natural killer cells, supports a role for CyaA in disrupting the early, innate antibacterial immune response.
In Vitro and In Vivo Toxicity of CdTe Nanoparticles (2006)

Cadmium telluride (CdTe) nanoparticles exhibit strong and stable fluorescence that is attractive for many applications such as biological probing and solid state lighting. The evaluation of nanoparticle toxicity is important for realizing these practical applications. However, no systematic studies of CdTe nanoparticle toxicity have been reported. We investigated and compared the size- and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity of CdTe nanoparticles in human hepatoma HepG2 cells using the MTT assay. CdTe nanoparticles elicited cytotoxicity in a concentration- and size-dependent manner, with smaller-sized particles exhibiting somewhat higher potency. Lesser cytotoxicity of partially purified CdTe-Red particles (following methanol precipitation and resuspension) suggested that free cadmium ions may contribute to cytotoxicity. We also evaluated the acute toxicity of CdTe-Red particles following intravenous exposure in male rats (2 micromol/kg). Few signs of functional toxicity or clinical (urinary or blood) changes were noted. Interestingly, motor activity was transiently reduced (2 hours after treatment) and then significantly increased at a later timepoint (24 hours after dosing). These studies provide a framework for further characterizing the in vitro and in vivo toxic potential of different types of CdTe nanoparticles and suggest that the nervous system may be targeted by these nanoparticles under some conditions.
NOTCH3 Signaling Pathway Plays Crucial Roles in the Proliferation of ErbB2-Negative Human Breast Cancer Cells (2008)

ErbB2-negative breast tumors represent a significant therapeutic hurdle because of a lack of effective molecular targets. Although NOTCH proteins are known to be involved in mammary tumorigenesis, the functional significance of these proteins in ErbB2-negative breast tumors is not clear. In the present study, we examined the expression of activated NOTCH receptors in human breast cancer cell lines, including ErbB2-negative and ErbB2-positive cell lines. Activated NOTCH1 and NOTCH3 proteins generated by gamma-secretase were detected in most of the cell lines tested, and both proteins activated CSL-mediated transcription. Down-regulation of NOTCH1 by RNA interference had little or no suppressive effect on the proliferation of either ErbB2-positive or ErbB2-negative cell lines. In contrast, down-regulation of NOTCH3 significantly suppressed proliferation and promoted apoptosis of the ErbB2-negative tumor cell lines. Down-regulation of NOTCH3 did not have a significant effect on the ErbB2-positive tumor cell lines. Down-regulation of CSL also suppressed the proliferation of ErbB2-negative breast tumor cell lines, indicating that the NOTCH-CSL signaling axis is involved in cell proliferation. Finally, NOTCH3 gene amplification was detected in a breast tumor cell line and one breast cancer tissue specimen even though the frequency of NOTCH3 gene amplification was low (<1%). Taken together, these findings indicate that NOTCH3-mediated signaling rather than NOTCH1-mediated signaling plays an important role in the proliferation of ErbB2-negative breast tumor cells and that targeted suppression of this signaling pathway may be a promising strategy for the treatment of ErbB2-negative breast cancers.
Photocurrent spectroscopy of InxGa1−xAs/GaAs multiple quantum wells (1989)

Photocurrent spectra of InxGa1−xAs/GaAs multiple quantum well structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy are studied in the presence of electric fields perpendicular to the heterointerface. Several Δn=0 allowed and Δn≠0 forbidden excitonic transitions are observed. Both negative and positive shifts of exciton transitions are found. Good agreement is found between the photocurrent observations and calculations using a multiband effective-mass approach, taking into account the strain-induced splitting.
Exploring the Role of Sexed Semen in Dairy Production Systems (2004)

The availability of sexed semen in dairy cattle has been eagerly anticipated for many years, and recent developments in fluorescence activated cell sorting have brought this technology to the brink of commercial application. Two limitations still exist, namely sorting speed (hence, availability and price) and in vivo conception rates. Presently, about 150 to 200 straws of Xbearing sperm can be sorted per machine per day, and this comprises less that 0.5% of the daily domestic dairy semen requirement. Furthermore, conception rates in field trials involving virgin heifers have typically ranged from 35 to 40% with sexed semen, as compared with 55 to 60% for unsexed semen, and this limits the willingness of producers to pay a premium price for the product. The focus of this paper is to discuss 3 potential breeding schemes that can lead to widespread usage of sexed semen today, in spite of its aforementioned limitations. The first strategy, earlier (than normal) breeding of virgin heifers with sexed semen, followed by the use of unsexed semen for repeat services, would provide 62 to 66% female offspring at first calving with no detrimental effects on average age at calving or dystocia. Semen cost per heifer calf would increase by $47 to 56, $123 to 137, or $199 to 217, depending on conception rate, for sexed semen priced at $50, $100, or $150 per unit, respectively. The second strategy, in vitro embryo production using known donors with dairy heifers as recipients, could provide extra heifer calves at an added cost of $81 to 118 or $212 to 286 for female embryos costing $50 or $100, respectively. The third strategy, in vitro embryo production with anonymous donors and beef recipients, could increase net calf value per recipient by $52 to 97 (single transfers) or $171 to 240 (double transfers) for embryos costing $25 each and by $11 to 59 (single transfers) or $95 to 161 (double transfers) for embryos that cost $50. Thus, strategies exist for near-term application of sexed semen within
Ketamine effect on HMGB1 and TLR4 expression in rats with acute lung injury. (2015)

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common emergency and severe case in clinic. High mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1) can be treated as a new anti-inflammatory treatment target. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an important receptor of HMGB1. Ketamine is a widely used intravenous anesthetic with good anti-inflammatory and immune regulating function. Whether it can protect ALI through inhibiting HMGB1 and TLR4 expression in lung tissue still needs further investigation. Male SD rats were randomly divided into control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group and ketamine intervention group with 15 rats in each group. The rats were euthanatized at 24 h after modeling and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected for HMGB1 and TLR4 level detection. Western Blot was applied to analyze HMGB1 and TLR4 protein expression in the lung tissue. HMGB1 and TLR4 concentration in BALF were 5.369 ± 1.564 ng/ml and 43.980 ± 7.524 pg/ml in the control, respectively. They were 12.358 ± 4.681 ng/ml and 102.538 ± 8.412 pg/ml in LPS group, and 7.399 ± 2.346 ng/ml and 87.208 ± 7.558 pg/ml in ketamine intervention group, respectively. Their levels increased significantly in LPS group and down-regulated after ketamine intervention. HMGB1 and TLR4 protein expression in lung tissue elevated obviously in LPS group, and decreased after ketamine treatment. HMGB1 and TLR4 protein level showed positive correlation in lung tissue (r = 0.921, P < 0.001). Ketamine can inhibit HMGB1 and TLR4 expression in ALI, and alleviate LPS induced rat lung injury.
Placebo‐Controlled Pilot Study of Centromedian Thalamic Stimulation in Treatment of Intractable Seizures (1992)

Stimulation of centromedian (CM) thalamic nuclei has been proposed as a treatment for seizures. We implanted programmable subcutaneous (s.c.) stimulators into CM bilaterally in 7 patients with intractable epilepsy to test feasibility and safety. Stimulation was on or off in 3-month blocks, with a 3-month washout period in a double-blind, cross-over protocol. Stimuli were delivered as 90-microseconds pulses at 65 pulses/s, 1 min of each 5 min for 2 h/day, with voltage set to half the sensory threshold. Stimulation was safe and well-tolerated, with a mean reduction of tonic-clonic seizure frequency of 30% with respect to baseline when stimulator was on versus a decrease of 8% when the stimulator was off. There was no improvement in total number of generalized seizures with stimulation, and treatment differences were not statistically significant. Stimulation at low intensity did not alter the EEG acutely, but high-intensity stimulation induced slow waves or 2-3 Hz spike-waves with ipsilateral frontal maximum. In an open-label follow-up segment with stimulator trains continuing for 24 h/day, 3 of 6 patients reported at least a 50% decrease in seizure frequency. There were no side effects. This pilot project demonstrated the feasibility of controlled study of thalamic stimulation in epilepsy, but further study will be needed to demonstrate efficacy.
Interconnectivity of Macroporous Hydrogels Prepared via Graphene Oxide-Stabilized Pickering High Internal Phase Emulsions (2016)

Interconnected macroporous poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogels are prepared via oil-in-water (o/w) Pickering high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templates stabilized by graphene oxide (GO). The amphiphilicity of GO is adjusted by slight modification with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The morphology of macroporous PAA is observed by a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The gas permeability is characterized to evaluate the interconnectivity of polymer foams. The pore and pore throat size can be tailored by varying the wettability and concentration of GO. The selective adsorption toward dyes of PAA hydrogels is proved. Macroporous PAA hydrogels with an open-cell structure show enhanced adsorption behavior of both methylene blue (MB) and copper(II) ions.
Propagation and Interference Issues in a 60 GHz Mobile Network (1999)

In the framework of the 4 th Generation Wireless (4GW) Infrastructure project, the study of new air interfaces is needed to provide a broadband wireless infrastructure to mobile users. The 60 GHz frequency band presents a very large bandwidth that has been allocated to mobile communication. In this paper, propagation and interference issues in different environments are presented and analyzed to identify the air interface limitations for the deployment of 60 GHz networks. Simulations using a ray-tracing tool show the dynamics of the interference in chosen situations. The very short time variation scales underline the need of ad-hoc solutions, directional antennas, fast and intelligent IP handovers, and efficient network design.
Generation of Insulin-Producing Cells From Pluripotent Stem Cells: From the Selection of Cell Sources to the Optimization of Protocols (2010)

The pancreas arises from Pdx1-expressing progenitors in developing foregut endoderm in early embryo. Expression of Ngn3 and NeuroD1 commits the cells to form endocrine pancreas, and to differentiate into subsets of cells that constitute islets of Langerhans. β-cells in the islets transcribe gene-encoding insulin, and subsequently process and secrete insulin, in response to circulating glucose. Dysfunction of β-cells has profound metabolic consequences leading to hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. β-cells are destroyed via autoimmune reaction in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Type 2 diabetes (T2D), characterized by impaired β-cell functions and reduced insulin sensitivity, accounts for 90% of all diabetic patients. Islet transplantation is a promising treatment for T1D. Pluripotent stem cells provide an unlimited cell source to generate new β-cells for patients with T1D. Furthermore, derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from patients captures "disease-in-a-dish" for autologous cell replacement therapy, disease modeling, and drug screening for both types of diabetes. This review highlights essential steps in pancreas development, and potential stem cell applications in cell regeneration therapy for diabetes mellitus.
Isolation of Cerebellar Granule Cells from Neonatal Rats (2001)

Cerebellar Granule Cells in Neurotoxicology (Jan Oberdoerster, Aventis Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina). Cultured neurons allow the researcher to investigate mechanisms of toxicity on a relatively uniform population of cells. Primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells are post-mitotic neurons that are readily isolated and may be used for experimental procedures including electrophysiology, neuronal maturation, and various biochemical and molecular analyses.
B Cells in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease (2014)

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) continues to be a common complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Unlike acute graft-versus-host disease, which is mediated almost entirely by donor T cells, the immune pathology of cGVHD is more complex and donor B cells have also been found to play an important role. Recent studies from several laboratories have enhanced our understanding of how donor B cells contribute to this clinical syndrome and this has led to new therapeutic opportunities. Here, Dr Sarantopoulos reviews some of the important mechanisms responsible for persistent B cell activation and loss of B cell tolerance in patients with cGVHD. Dr Blazar describes recent studies in preclinical models that have identified novel B cell-directed agents that may be effective for prevention or treatment of cGVHD. Some B cell-directed therapies have already been tested in patients with cGVHD and Dr Cutler reviews the results of these studies documenting the potential efficacy of this approach. Supported by mechanistic studies in patients and preclinical models, new B cell-directed therapies for cGVHD will now be evaluated in clinical trials.
CD70 (TNFSF7) is expressed at high prevalence in renal cell carcinomas and is rapidly internalised on antibody binding (2006)

In order to identify potential markers of renal cancer, the plasma membrane protein content of renal cell carcinoma (RCC)-derived cell lines was annotated using a proteomics process. One unusual protein identified at high levels in A498 and 786-O cells was CD70 (TNFSF7), a type II transmembrane receptor normally expressed on a subset of B, T and NK cells, where it plays a costimulatory role in immune cell activation. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD70 expression in multiple carcinoma types demonstrated strong CD70 staining in RCC tissues. Metastatic tissues from eight of 11 patients with clear cell RCC were positive for CD70 expression. Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated that binding of an anti-CD70 antibody to CD70 endogenously expressed on the surface of A498 and 786-O cell lines resulted in the rapid internalisation of the antibody-receptor complex. Coincubation of the internalising anti-CD70 antibody with a saporin-conjugated secondary antibody before addition to A498 cells resulted in 50% cell killing. These data indicate that CD70 represents a potential target antigen for toxin-conjugated therapeutic antibody treatment of RCC.