gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Involvement of the olfactory system in learning and memory: a close correlation between the olfactory deficit and the course of Alzheimer's disease?]. (1991)

Alzheimer's disease is characterized pathologically by the development of numerous neuritic plaques (NP) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) within the brain. Recent studies of Alzheimer's disease patients have uniformly shown marked impairment on odor recognition. In Alzheimer's disease, brain structures closely related to the olfactory bulb (OB) or the olfactory system demonstrate significantly histopathological changes. Anatomically, the olfactory bulbs project through the lateral olfactory tracts to the olfactory tubercules, the pyriform cortex, the cortical amygdala nucleus, and the ventrolateral entorhinal area. In addition, the olfactory system is particularly rich in acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters, many of which are deficient in Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, increased numbers of NP and NFT in the OB and anterior olfactory nucleus have been demonstrated in patients with Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggest that there is a close correlation between the impairment of olfactory processes and the course of Alzheimer's disease. In animal study, many investigators have become interested in the role that olfactory cues play in learning/memory. Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy in rats impairs passive avoidance and radial-maze task in acquisition. In both working and reference memory tasks using a 3-panel runway apparatus, OB-lesioned rats showed a marked increase of errors (pushes made on the two incorrect panels of the 3-panel gates located at 4 choice points). Furthermore, in 3-lever operant task using a delayed matching-to-lever location procedure, OB lesions decreased significantly the correct response in test trials without affecting that in training trials. These findings indicate that olfactory bulbectomy leads to severe impairment of memory in rats. Interestingly, the appearance of memory impairment is delayed following OB lesions. Earlier studies also had shown that the rats do not require olfactory cues for efficient performance in some learning task. Judging from these findings, the impairment of memory do not attribute solely to olfactory deficit. Therefore, it seems likely that the impairment of memory following the bulbectomy might be due to secondary degeneration in several areas projected from the OB rather than to the olfactory deficit. Unfortunately, investigation of the mechanism underlying the development of Alzheimer's disease has been hampered by the lack of an animal model. In this context, as reviewed here, since OB-lesioned rats show severe impairment of memory with some emotional changes, the olfactory bulbectomy syndrome may be a useful model of Alzheimer's disease. Such a review inevitably raises more questions than its answers, but it is hoped that it may stimulate further investigation in this new field.
A Drosophila G1-specific cyclin E homolog exhibits different modes of expression during embryogenesis (1993)

We have isolated a Drosophila homolog of the human G1-specific cyclin E gene. Cyclin E proteins thus constitute an evolutionarily conserved subfamily of metazoan cyclins. The Drosophila cyclin E gene, DmcycE, encodes two proteins with a common C-terminal region and unique N-terminal regions. Unlike other Drosophila cyclins, DmcycE exhibits a dynamic pattern of expression during development. DmcycE is supplied maternally, but at the completion of the cleavage divisions and prior to mitosis 14, the maternal transcripts are rapidly degraded in all cells except the pole (germ) cells. Two modes of DmcycE expression are observed in the subsequent divisions. During cycles 14, 15 and 16 in non-neural cells, DmcycE mRNA levels show no cell-cycle-associated variation. DmcycE expression in these cells is therefore independent of the cell cycle phase. In contrast, expression in proliferating embryonic peripheral nervous system cells occurs during interphase as a brief pulse that initiates before and overlaps with S phase, demonstrating the presence of a G1 phase in these embryonic neural cell cycles. DmcycE appears not to be expressed in cells that undergo endoreplication cycles during polytenization. The structural homology to human cyclin E, the ability of DmcycE to rescue a G1 cyclin-deficient yeast strain, the presence of multiple PEST sequences characteristic of G1-specific cyclins and expression during G1 phase in proliferating peripheral nervous system cells all argue that Drosophila cyclin E is a G1 cyclin. Constitutive DmcycE expression in embryonic cycles lacking a G1 phase, in contrast to expression during the G1-S phase transition in cycles exhibiting a G1 phase, implicates DmcycE expression in the regulation of the G1 to S phase transition during Drosophila embryogenesis.
Collecting Image Annotations Using Amazon's Mechanical Turk (2010)

Crowd-sourcing approaches such as Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) make it possible to annotate or collect large amounts of linguistic data at a relatively low cost and high speed. However, MTurk offers only limited control over who is allowed to particpate in a particular task. This is particularly problematic for tasks requiring free-form text entry. Unlike multiple-choice tasks there is no correct answer, and therefore control items for which the correct answer is known cannot be used. Furthermore, MTurk has no effective built-in mechanism to guarantee workers are proficient English writers. We describe our experience in creating corpora of images annotated with multiple one-sentence descriptions on MTurk and explore the effectiveness of different quality control strategies for collecting linguistic data using Mechanical MTurk. We find that the use of a qualification test provides the highest improvement of quality, whereas refining the annotations through follow-up tasks works rather poorly. Using our best setup, we construct two image corpora, totaling more than 40,000 descriptive captions for 9000 images. 1
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of exenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2005)

Administration of preprandial exenatide by s.c. injection resulted in dose-proportional exenatide pharmacokinetics and antidiabetic pharmacodynamic activity. At doses ranging from 0.02 to 0.2 microg/kg, exenatide dose-dependently reduced postprandial plasma glucose excursion by insulinotropism, suppression of plasma glucagon, and slowing of gastric emptying.
Engineering deinococcus radiodurans for actinide bioprecipitation (2003)

Deinococcus radiodurans, a nonpathogenic prokaryote able to withstand high doses of ionizing radiation, is being engineered for bioremediation and biostabilization of heavy metals and actinides. An actinide bioprecipitation system for D. radiodurans capable of polyphosphate accumulation, inducible degradation and secretion, and UO22+ precipitation, is being developed.The radioresistance of D. radiodurans to ionizing gamma radiation has been well studied, yet is not well understood. Several DNA repair mechanisms have been discovered, yet survivability studies are typically done under nutrient-rich conditions at a single growth stage. Although a minimal irradiation medium has been described, the effect of different variables on survivability in a nutrient-starved environment has not been systematically studied. Results indicate that there is a threshold below which the radiation dose is not sufficient to overcome the cells' passive defense mechanisms, such as radical scavenging and constitutive repair proteins. Additional radiation survivability is then from active resistance induced by cell damage, possibly related to aging. The effects of light-ion irradiation in aqueous suspension have also been studied using the 88" cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and increasing lethality corresponding to increasing linear energy transfer (LET) values of the radiation is seen. Previous studies only examined heavy ion effects on cells supported on solid medium.To better understand the sorption chemistry of D. radiodurans, the interaction of strain R1 with UO22+ has been studied. The Gram-negative R1 uranyl sorption load is an order of magnitude less than that of non-engineered Gram-positive Bacillus sphaericus under similar conditions, and more than two orders of magnitude less than a polyphosphate accumulation engineered strain of Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chemical studies of the cell-uranyl binding strength and pH sorption edges support spectroscopic data indicating that a carboxyl surface group, consistent with known characteristics of D. radiodurans' S-layer, interacts with and binds the uranyl. A strain engineered with the putative polyphosphate accumulation genes shows promise for use in applications of uranyl bioprecipitation and its efficacy and contrast to the non-engineered strain will be discussed.
The global activator GacA of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO positively controls the production of the autoinducer N‐butyryl‐homoserine lactone and the formation of the virulence factors pyocyanin, cyanide, and lipase (1997)

The global activator GacA, a highly conserved response regulator in Gram-negative bacteria, is required for the production of exoenzymes and secondary metabolites in Pseudomonas spp. The gacA gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 was isolated and its role in cell-density-dependent gene expression was characterized. Mutational inactivation of gacA resulted in delayed and reduced formation of the cell-density signal N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone (BHL), of the cognate transcriptional activator RhIR (VsmR), and of the transcriptional activator LasR, which is known to positively regulate RhIR expression. Amplification of gacA on a multicopy plasmid caused precocious and enhanced production of BHL, RhIR and LasR. In parallel, the gacA gene dosage markedly influenced the BHL/RhIR-dependent formation of the cytotoxic compounds pyocyanin and cyanide and the exoenzyme lipase. However, the concentrations of another known cell-density signal of P. aeruginosa, N-oxododecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone, did not always match BHL concentrations. A model accounting for these observations places GacA function upstream of LasR and RhIR in the complex, cell-density-dependent signal-transduction pathway regulating several exoproducts and virulence factors of P. aeruginosa via BHL.
Bioprinted 3D Primary Liver Tissues Allow Assessment of Organ-Level Response to Clinical Drug Induced Toxicity In Vitro (2016)

Modeling clinically relevant tissue responses using cell models poses a significant challenge for drug development, in particular for drug induced liver injury (DILI). This is mainly because existing liver models lack longevity and tissue-level complexity which limits their utility in predictive toxicology. In this study, we established and characterized novel bioprinted human liver tissue mimetics comprised of patient-derived hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells in a defined architecture. Scaffold-free assembly of different cell types in an in vivo-relevant architecture allowed for histologic analysis that revealed distinct intercellular hepatocyte junctions, CD31+ endothelial networks, and desmin positive, smooth muscle actin negative quiescent stellates. Unlike what was seen in 2D hepatocyte cultures, the tissues maintained levels of ATP, Albumin as well as expression and drug-induced enzyme activity of Cytochrome P450s over 4 weeks in culture. To assess the ability of the 3D liver cultures to model tissue-level DILI, dose responses of Trovafloxacin, a drug whose hepatotoxic potential could not be assessed by standard pre-clinical models, were compared to the structurally related non-toxic drug Levofloxacin. Trovafloxacin induced significant, dose-dependent toxicity at clinically relevant doses (≤ 4uM). Interestingly, Trovafloxacin toxicity was observed without lipopolysaccharide stimulation and in the absence of resident macrophages in contrast to earlier reports. Together, these results demonstrate that 3D bioprinted liver tissues can both effectively model DILI and distinguish between highly related compounds with differential profile. Thus, the combination of patient-derived primary cells with bioprinting technology here for the first time demonstrates superior performance in terms of mimicking human drug response in a known target organ at the tissue level.
Effect of aspirin and NSAIDs on risk and survival from colorectal cancer (2010)

This is the first study to demonstrate a protective effect against CRC associated with the lowest dose of aspirin (75 mg per day) after only 5 years use in the general population. NSAID use prior to CRC diagnosis does not influence survival from the disease.
Slot-coupled meandered microstrip antenna for compactdual-frequency operation (1998)

By using a meandered rectangular patch and a slot-coupling feed, compact dual-frequency operation of microstrip antennas is achieved. In this design, the two operating frequencies are mainly controlled by the patch dimensions and the insetting slit length; a large frequency ratio (&gt; 2.5) of the two operating frequencies can also be obtained. For fixed dual-frequency operation, an antenna size reduction as large as ~ 50% has also been obtained using the present proposed design as compared to the case using a regular rectangular patch.
Measurement of download and play and streaming IPTV traffic (2008)

Telecommunication service providers are eager for the benefits of IPTV services to penetrate into the lives of their broadband subscribers. A few multimedia delivery methods, such as multicast and P2P-style data bartering, are investigated in an attempt to reduce the network traffic at the backbone while preventing quality of experience degradation. While delivering fiber to households is still in its infancy in most parts of the world, the download and play delivery scheme has been deployed as an interim solution for video-on-demand service until fullscale multicast IPTV deployment in order to handle heterogeneous residential access networks. QoS-controlled streaming IPTV (e.g., multicast) is only available to customers with high-bandwidth broadband access. The research community has been heavily focused on how to reduce network load at the backbone and has overlooked the importance of traffic impact at the customer premises, which is very closely related to the quality of experience. This article provides a traffic impact analysis and a discussion of network-centric quality from the perspective of customers using real-world commercial traces in various user scenarios. We also present an overview of IPTV delivery schemes and user behavior models from previous measurement work. Finally, we illustrate a bandwidth demand estimation method for D&P scenarios.
Novel Cyclic Tripeptides and Substituted Aromatic Amino Acids via Ruthenium-Activated SNAr Reactions (1999)

[formula: see text] Chlorophenylalanines eta 6-complexed to ruthenium undergo SNAr reactions with a variety of nucleophiles to form substituted phenylalanines exemplified by 4b. Extension of these reactions to intramolecular ruthenium-activated SNAr cyclizations led to three novel cyclic tripeptide systems (exemplified by 17 and 20).
Plant antitumor agents. 18. Synthesis and biological activity of camptothecin analogs (1980)

Four analogues, 10-methoxy (20), 12-aza (29), benz[j] (36), and 18-methoxy (38), of camptothecin were obtained by total synthesis. The two water-soluble analogues, 10-[(carboxymethyl)oxy]- (24) and 10-[2'-(diethylamino)-ethoxy]-20(S)-camptothecin (26), with intact ring E were prepared from natural 10 hydroxycamptothecin (3). In general, there was a good correlation between in vitro 9KB cytotoxicity and activity in the P-388 leukemia system. While the aza analogue 29 was active in P-388 only at a much higher dose level than natural camptothecin (1), the 18-methoxy analogue 38 exhibited activity comparable to that of 1. The water-soluble derivative 24 was inactive. The amine hydrochloride 26 showed excellent activity at a high dose level. This could be due to its hydrolysis to 3. dl-Camptothecin (17) was roughly half as active as 1, indicating that the l isomer is inactive.
Identification and characterization of ecologically significant prokaryotes in the sediment of freshwater lakes: molecular and cultivation studies (2000)

The aim of this review is to interpret recent studies in which molecular methods were used to identify and characterize prokaryotes in lake sediments and related habitats. In the first part studies based on the phylogenetic diversity of prokaryotes found in lacustrine habitats are summarized. The application of various cultivation-independent methods for the characterization of distinct groups of sediment bacteria is exemplified with morphologically conspicuous, colorless sulfur bacteria in the second part of this review. Finally, traditional and recently developed methods are described which could be used for linking the function of microbial populations with their identification. The potential of these approaches for the study of lake sediments is discussed in order to give a perspective for future studies in this habitat.
Probiotics in aquaculture (2002)

Abstract Probiotics, which are micro‐organisms or their products with health benefit to the host, have found use in aquaculture as a means of disease control, supplementing or even in some cases replacing the use of antimicrobial compounds. A wide range of microalgae ( Tetraselmis ), yeasts ( Debaryomyces , Phaffia and Saccharomyces ) and Gram‐positive ( Bacillus , Carnobacterium , Enterococcus , Lactobacillus , Lactococcus , Micrococcus , Streptococcus and Weissella ) and Gram‐negative bacteria ( Aeromonas , Alteromonas , Photorhodobacterium , Pseudomonas and Vibrio ) has been evaluated. However, the mode of action of the probiotics is rarely investigated, but possibilities include competitive exclusion, i.e. the probiotics actively inhibit the colonization of potential pathogens in the digestive tract by antibiosis or by competition for nutrients and/or space, alteration of microbial metabolism, and/or by the stimulation of host immunity. Probiotics may stimulate appetite and improve nutrition by the production of vitamins, detoxification of compounds in the diet, and by the breakdown of indigestible components. There is accumulating evidence that probiotics are effective at inhibiting a wide range of fish pathogens, but the reasons for the inhibitions are often unstated.
Genotypic, Phenotypic, and Modeling Studies of a Deletion in the β3-β4 Region of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Gene That Is Associated with Resistance to Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (2000)

Point mutations and inserts in the beta3-beta4 region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) are associated with resistance to nucleoside analog inhibitors. This report describes HIV-1 strains from seven patients that were found to have a 3-bp deletion in the beta3-beta4 region of the RT gene. These patient strains also had a mean of 6.2 drug resistance-associated mutations in their RT genes (range, 3 to 10 mutations). The deletion was most frequently found in strains with the Q151M mutation. Nonnucleoside RT inhibitor mutations were found in six of seven strains. Culture-based drug sensitivity assays showed that deletion-containing isolates had reduced susceptibility to four to eight RT inhibitors. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments showed that the deletion alone conferred reduced susceptibility to nucleoside analogs. Changes in the three-dimensional models of the RT deletion mutants were consistently observed at the beta3-beta4 loop and at helices C and E in both the presence and the absence of dTTP. Loss of hydrogen bonds between the RT and dTTP were also observed in the RT deletion mutant. These results suggest that the deletion in the RT gene contributes to resistance to several nucleoside analogs through a complex interaction with other mutations in the RT gene.
Activation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor by Respiratory Syncytial Virus Results in Increased Inflammation and Delayed Apoptosis (2004)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) preferentially infects lung epithelial cells. Infection by RSV leads to an extended inflammatory response, characterized by the release of interleukin-8 (IL-8). Activation of ERK MAP kinase is required for both RSV-induced inflammation and the extended survival of infected cells. In this study, we analyzed the role of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in RSV activation of ERK. We demonstrate for the first time that RSV activates EGFR in lung epithelial cells. Activation of EGFR results in increased ERK activity, contributing to both the inflammatory response (IL-8 release) and prolonging the survival of RSV-infected cells. Inhibition of EGFR with siRNA decreased both ERK activation and IL-8 production after RSV. In analyzing the effect of EGFR activation on survival of RSV-infected cells, we found that EGFR activation by RSV resulted in ERK-dependent alterations in the balance of pro- versus anti-apoptotic Bcl2 proteins. RSV altered the balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl2 proteins (increased BclxL and decreased BimEL) increasing the relative amount of pro-survival proteins. This occurred in an EGFR-dependent manner. This study supports an important role for EGFR activity in the lifespan and inflammatory potential of RSV-infected epithelial cells.
Telemedicine: A New Health Care Delivery System (2000)

The resurgence of telemedicine can be attributed to its potential for addressing intransigent problems in health care, including limited accessibility, cost inflation, and uneven quality. After discussing definitions and the genesis of telemedicine, this review focuses on conceptual issues and an assessment of past research. The scope and methodological rigor necessary for sustained development and policy making have been limited in this area of research, owing to the nature of extant telemedicine projects and the lack of a comprehensive research strategy that specifies the objectives of telemedicine research regarding accessibility, cost, and quality. Research strategies and a framework for analysis are discussed. Without a commitment to the types of research objectives, framework, and strategy presented here, the considerable promise of telemedicine, as an innovative system of care, may not be fully realized.
Plasma Chromatography off Isomeric Dihalogenated Benzene (1977)

Both positive and negative mode plasma chromatographic spectra have been obtained for the ortho, meta, and para isomers of dihalogenated benzene. The positive mode spectra illustrate the effect of isomeric substitution upon the drift time of ions in the plasma chromatograph. As the size of the substituent increases, the difference in mobility between the ortho and meta isomers increases. In the negative mode spectra, only the halogen ion is detected.