gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A High Moment CoFe Soft Magnetic Thin Film Prepared by Electrodeposition (2003)

A CoFe binary alloy film with 24 kG of saturation magnetic flux density, was prepared by electrodeposition. The value of the CoFe alloy film prepared by electrodeposition from the conventional bath is usually equal to 21 kG. With the addition of trimethylamineborane, a well-known reducing agent, the value was found to increase to 23 kG. Furthermore, with the use of a separated compartment dual cell system, a value as high as 24 kG was reached. For obtaining the highest it was found to be essential to avoid the oxidation of ferrous ion to ferric ion in the plating bath. The coercivity, values were 15, 14, and 15 Oe for the films with 20, 23, and 24 kG of respectively. The key for obtaining high materials is to avoid the oxidation of ferrous ions in the bath. In addition, it was found that the value of 15 Oe for CoFe film with the highest value of 24 kG could be lowered to 8 Oe by annealing in an applied magnetic field of 500 Oe. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Inactivation of Thirty Viruses by Gamma Radiation (1971)

Decimal reduction values ( D value) for 30 viruses were determined. The weighted D values of the viruses suspended in Eagle's minimum essential medium ranged from 0.39 to 0.53 Mrads. It was necessary to increase the radiation dose by a factor of &gt;3 to inactivate virus suspended in Eagle's minimum essential medium as compared to the same virus suspended in distilled water. The destruction rate curves were of a first-order reaction.
Randomized controlled study of extracorporeal albumin dialysis for hepatic encephalopathy in advanced cirrhosis (2007)

The use of ECAD may be associated with an earlier and more frequent improvement of HE (grade 3/4). Because this 5-day study was not designed to examine the impact of MARS on survival, a full assessment of the role of albumin dialysis awaits the results of additional controlled trials.
Doppler measurement of acoustic streaming (2002)

To characterize acoustic streaming caused by pulsed ultrasonic beams we used Doppler signal processing to measure streaming velocity under a variety of conditions in-vitro using blood and water. We found velocities as high as 5 mm/s in blood at the diagnostic power levels used in 20 MHz catheter velocimetry. In general, streaming decreases with distance as a function of absorption, increases with applied acoustic power, and decreases with increased viscosity. The time constant to a step change in power is 80 ms in blood and 200 ms in water. We conclude that streaming is measurable in pulsed Doppler beams, that it could produce artifacts or unintended effects, and that it could have important practical applications.
Optimizing comparative genomic hybridization for analysis of DNA sequence copy number changes in solid tumors (1994)

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a powerful new method for molecular cytogenetic analysis of cancer. In a single hybridization, CGH provides an overview of DNA sequence copy number changes (losses, deletions, gains, amplifications) in a tumor specimen and maps these changes on normal chromosomes. CGH is based on the in situ hybridization of differentially labeled total genomic tumor DNA and normal reference DNA to normal human metaphase chromosomes. After hybridization and fluorescent staining of the bound DNAs, copy number variations among the different sequences in the tumor DNA are detected by measuring the tumor/normal fluorescence intensity ratio for each locus in the target metaphase chromosomes. CGH is in particular useful for analysis of DNA sequence copy number changes in common solid tumors where high-quality metaphase preparations are often difficult to make, and where complex karyotypes with numerous markers, double minutes, and homogeneously stained chromosomal regions are common. CGH only detects changes that are present in a substantial proportion of tumor cells (i.e., clonal aberrations). It does not reveal translocations, inversions, and other aberrations that do not change copy number. At present, CGH is a research tool that complements previous methods for genetic analysis. CGH will advance our understanding of the genetic progression of cancer and highlight important genomic regions for further study. Direct clinical applications of CGH are possible, but will require further development and validation of the technique. We describe here our recent optimized procedures for CGH, including DNA labeling, hybridization, fluorescence microscopy, digital image analysis, data interpretation, and quality control, emphasizing those steps that are most critical. We will also assess sensitivity and resolution limits of CGH as well as discuss possible future technical improvements.
Cellular origin of interleukin 2 (IL 2) in man: evidence for stimulus-restricted IL 2 production by T4+ and T8+ T lymphocytes. (1982)

The human T cell subset(s) responsible for production of interleukin 2 (IL 2) was investigated in the present study. For this purpose, highly purified T4+ and T8+ T lymphocytes were stimulated with mitogens and alloantigens. Subsequently, culture supernatants were analyzed for IL 2 activity in each of two assay systems: 1) proliferation of long-term T cell lines and 2) induction of cytotoxic effector cells from a resting T8+ population incubated in MLC. Mitogen stimulation led to secretion of equivalent amounts of IL 2 from both the major T cell subsets; in contrast, after allogeneic activation, IL 2 was produced predominantly from the T4+ subset. The stimulus dependency of IL 2 production suggests that the individual functional repertoires of T4+ and T8+ T cell subsets may be linked to unique surface receptors and/or interaction molecules involved in cell triggering rather than a restricted capacity to produce lymphokine.
Sequencing and Analysis of JC Virus DNA From Natalizumab-Treated PML Patients (2011)

These data confirm that JCV in natalizumab-PML patients is similar to that observed in other PML patient groups, multiple genotypes are associated with PML, individual patients appear to be infected with a single genotype, and PML-associated mutations arise in patients during PML development.
Type V Collagen-Induced Oral Tolerance Plus Low-Dose Cyclosporine Prevents Rejection of MHC Class I and II Incompatible Lung Allografts (2009)

Autoimmunity to type V collagen (col(V)) is a major risk factor for lung allograft rejection. Although col(V)-induced oral tolerance abrogates rejection of minor histoincompatible lung transplants, its ability to prevent rejection of fully MHC incompatible lung allografts is unknown. Rat lung allografts fully incompatible at MHC class I and II loci (Brown Norway (RT1(n))) were transplanted into untreated Wistar Kyoto rat recipients (WKY, RT1(l)), or WKY rats were fed col(V) pretransplantation. To determine whether col(V) enhanced cyclosporine (CsA)-mediated immune suppression, WKY rats were treated with low-dose CsA (5 mg/kg), posttransplant, or oral col(V) plus CsA. The data showed that in contrast to col(V) or CsA, col(V) plus low-dose CsA significantly prevented rejection pathology, down-regulated alloantigen-induced production of IFN-gamma and IL-17A, and suppressed chemotaxis for lung macrophages in allograft bronchoalveolar lavage fluid that was associated with lower local levels of MCP-1 (CCL2). Col(V) plus CsA was associated with alloantigen-induced expression of IL-10 in mediastinal lymph node or splenic T cells, intragraft expression of IL-10 and Foxp3 in perivascular and peribronchiolar mononuclear cells, and constitutive production of IL-10 from allograft alveolar macrophages. These data demonstrate that col(V) enhances low-dose CsA-mediated immune suppression, and suggest a role for oral col(V) in immune modulation in lung transplantation.
Disruption of coordinated cardiac hypertrophy and angiogenesis contributes to the transition to heart failure (2005)

Although increased external load initially induces cardiac hypertrophy with preserved contractility, sustained overload eventually leads to heart failure through poorly understood mechanisms. Here we describe a conditional transgenic system in mice characterized by the sequential development of adaptive cardiac hypertrophy with preserved contractility in the acute phase and dilated cardiomyopathy in the chronic phase following the induction of an activated Akt1 gene in the heart. Coronary angiogenesis was enhanced during the acute phase of adaptive cardiac growth but reduced as hearts underwent pathological remodeling. Enhanced angiogenesis in the acute phase was associated with mammalian target of rapamycin-dependent induction of myocardial VEGF and angiopoietin-2 expression. Inhibition of angiogenesis by a decoy VEGF receptor in the acute phase led to decreased capillary density, contractile dysfunction, and impaired cardiac growth. Thus, both heart size and cardiac function are angiogenesis dependent, and disruption of coordinated tissue growth and angiogenesis in the heart contributes to the progression from adaptive cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure.
Structural basis for complement factor I control and its disease-associated sequence polymorphisms (2011)

The complement system is a key component of innate and adaptive immune responses. Complement regulation is critical for prevention and control of disease. We have determined the crystal structure of the complement regulatory enzyme human factor I (fI). FI is in a proteolytically inactive form, demonstrating that it circulates in a zymogen-like state despite being fully processed to the mature sequence. Mapping of functional data from mutants of fI onto the structure suggests that this inactive form is maintained by the noncatalytic heavy-chain allosterically modulating activity of the light chain. Once the ternary complex of fI, a cofactor and a substrate is formed, the allosteric inhibition is released, and fI is oriented for cleavage. In addition to explaining how circulating fI is limited to cleaving only C3b/C4b, our model explains the molecular basis of disease-associated polymorphisms in fI and its cofactors.
Expression of p95HER2, a Truncated Form of the HER2 Receptor, and Response to Anti-HER2 Therapies in Breast Cancer (2007)

Breast tumors that express p95HER2 are resistant to trastuzumab and may require alternative or additional anti-HER2-targeting strategies.
A clinically suitable ex vivo expansion culture system for LTC-IC and CFC using stroma-conditioned medium. (1997)

FACS-selected CD34+ HLA-DR- cells (DR- cells) may provide a source of benign stem cells suitable for autografting in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and other hematological malignancies. However, DR- cell selection depletes the majority of committed hematopoietic progenitors, which may be important for early engraftment. Furthermore, only a small number of DR- cells may be selectable in certain patients. These impediments to the use of DR- cells for autografting may be overcome through the development of ex vivo culture systems that support expansion and initial differentiation of primitive progenitors. Because 2-week culture of DR- cells in a stroma "noncontact" system supplemented with interleukin-3 (IL-3) and macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (MIP-1alpha) expands both long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs) and colony-forming cells (CFCs), we adapted this system to a clinically applicable method for expanding LTC-ICs and CFCs ex vivo. In initial small-scale studies, DR cells were grown in stroma conditioned medium (SCM) supplemented with IL-3 with or without additional growth-promoting cytokines and the chemokines PF-4 and BB10010, all approved for clinical use. An IL-3 dose-dependent expansion of committed progenitors and LTC-ICs was observed when DR- cells were cultured in tissue culture plates in SCM+IL-3 for 2 weeks. Similar CFC expansion along with increased (5-fold) LTC-IC expansion was observed following addition of PF-4 to SCM+IL-3 cultures. The addition of stem cell factor (SCF), but not of IL-6, IL-11, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF, IL-1, and IL-7, increased CFC and LTC-IC expansion beyond the levels observed with SCM+IL-3 alone. We next evaluated the suitability of this culture system for scale-up. Culture of 2-6 x 10(5) DR- cells in gas-permeable bags with SCM+IL-3 resulted in similar CFC and LTC-IC expansion as seen in small-scale cultures. In addition, we observed that progenitors capable of differentiating to natural killer (NK)-cells were maintained under these conditions. Finally, we found that BCR/ABL mRNA-negative CFCs and LTC-ICs present in DR- cells selected from steady-state CML marrow could be expanded in large-scale SCM+IL-3 cultures. We conclude that culture of DR- cells for 2 weeks in SCM+IL-3 culture, with or without PF-4 or SCF, results in significant CFC and LTC-IC expansion and lymphoid NK progenitor maintenance. This culture system is readily adaptable to the expansion of primitive progenitors for autotransplantation.
EBV-Induced Gene 3 Transcription Is Induced by TLR Signaling in Primary Dendritic Cells via NF-κB Activation (2005)

The EBV-induced gene 3 (EBI3) is expressed in dendritic cells (DCs) and part of the cytokine IL-27 that controls Th cell development. However, its regulated expression in DCs is poorly understood. In the present study we demonstrate that EBI3 is expressed in splenic CD8(-), CD8(+), and plasmacytoid DC subsets and is induced upon TLR signaling. Cloning and functional analysis of the EBI3 promoter using in vivo footprinting and mutagenesis showed that stimulation via TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 transactivated the promoter in primary DCs via NF-kappaB and Ets binding sites at -90 and -73 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site, respectively. Furthermore, we observed that NF-kappaB p50/p65 and PU.1 were sufficient to transactivate the EBI3 promoter in EBI3-deficient 293 cells. Finally, induced EBI3 gene expression in DCs was reduced or abrogated in TLR-2/TLR4, TLR9, and MyD88 knockout mice, whereas both basal and inducible EBI3 mRNA levels in DCs were strongly suppressed in NF-kappaB p50-deficient mice. In summary, these data suggest that EBI3 expression in DCs is transcriptionally regulated by TLR signaling via MyD88 and NF-kappaB. Thus, EBI3 gene transcription in DCs is induced rapidly by TLR signaling during innate immune responses preceding cytokine driven Th cell development.
Maillard Browning of Common Amino Acids and Sugars (1984)

ABSTRACT Common amino acids and amide derivatives have been ranked according to the intensity of Maillard browning formed when heated in an autoclave at 121°C for 10 min, under identical conditions, with each of the sugars D‐ribose, D‐glucose, D‐fructose, α‐lactose and sucrose. The amino compounds have been grouped into high, intermediate and low browning producing groups. Browning formed by heating a representative of each group with D‐glucose, D‐fructose and α‐lactose at pH values ranging from 6–12 was studied. Maximum browning was obtained at a pH value of about 10 in all of the amino acid‐sugar solutions tested.
Characterization of a Thermostable UvrD Helicase and Its Participation in Helicase-dependent Amplification (2005)

Helicase-dependent amplification (HDA) is an isothermal in vitro DNA amplification method based upon the coordinated actions of helicases to separate double-stranded DNA and DNA polymerases to synthesize DNA. Previously, a mesophilic form of HDA (mHDA) utilizing the Escherichia coli UvrD helicase, DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment, two accessory proteins, MutL and single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB), was developed (1). In an effort to improve the specificity and performance of HDA, we have cloned and purified a thermostable UvrD helicase (Tte-UvrD) and the mutL homolog (Tte-MutL) from Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis. Characterization of the Tte-UvrD helicase shows that it is stable and active from 45 to 65 degrees C. We have found that the Tte-UvrD helicase unwinds blunt-ended DNA duplexes as well as substrates possessing 3'- or 5'-ssDNA tails. Tte-UvrD was used to develop athermophilichelicase-dependent amplification (tHDA) system to selectively amplify target sequences at 60-65 degrees C. The tHDA system is more efficient than mHDA, displaying heightened amplification sensitivity without the need for the MutL and SSB accessory proteins. Amplification independent of MutL corresponds with studies demonstrating that maximal Tte-UvrD helicase activity does not require the mutL homolog. The tHDA system allows for rapid amplification and detection of targets present in genomic DNA. The expeditious nature and simplistic design of the tHDA platform makes the technology ideal for use in diagnostic applications requiring rapid identification of organisms at the point-of-need.
Equine bronchoalveolar lavage cytology: survey of Thoroughbred racehorses in training (1993)

Sixty-two Thoroughbred horses aged between 1 and 7 years in training in Sydney had bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples collected for cytological examination. All horses, except the yearlings and those with a cough, had raced at the time of the examination and the trainers reported satisfactory performance. Free erythrocytes were found in 73% of samples and haemosiderophages in 90% of the samples, indicating immediate or past occurrences of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Bronchoalveolar fluid from the yearlings contained significantly less (P < 0.05) erythrocytes and haemosiderophages than samples from horses in other age groups. In the older horses, there was also more haemosiderin within the macrophages. No differences in BAL cytology could be attributed to gender, and there was no relationship between BAL cytology and racing performance. The main cytological findings were (mean +/- sd): total nucleated cells--832 +/- 578/microL with the main cell types being: macrophages--59 +/- 10% (haemosiderophages--20 +/- 24%); neutrophils--9 +/- 6%; lymphocytes--31 +/- 9%. The erythrocyte count was 10.3 +/- 17.7% of the total cell count. Horses with chronic coughing had a higher proportion of macrophages and a lower proportion of lymphocytes in the leucocytes obtained from BAL. There was a higher occurrence of EIPH detected in BAL findings than that previously reported when endoscopic examination has been used to diagnose EIPH. The occurrence and severity of EIPH as indicated by the BAL findings was found to be related to exercise intensity. The cytological findings were similar to those reported in horses in the northern hemisphere.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Porphyrin—Nucleic Acid Interactions: A Review (1989)

Research involving three important interactions of synthetic cationic porphyrins with nucleic acids: DNA binding, oxidative-reductive strand scission and photosensitized strand scission, is examined retrospectively. The observation that these porphyrins as a class can associate with DNA by intercalative binding, outside binding and outside binding with self-stacking, i.e., the "three-mode binding model", is evaluated with regard to supporting data from several studies including recent evidence from NMR spectroscopy. Results from investigations into the "nuclease-like" activity of the metallo-derivatives of this class of porphyrins are surveyed for demonstrations of base specificity and the mechanism of the chemical interaction. The ability of cationic porphyrins to induce photosensitized damage in DNA is also reviewed with an emphasis on their strand scission activity via a singlet oxygen intermediate.
The impact of climate change on agricultural net revenue: a case study in the Fouta Djallon, West Africa (2014)

Abstract Continental-scale economic analysis suggests that changes in climate conditions are associated with lower agricultural net revenue in sub-Saharan Africa. Specific locations, however, may not reflect this overall trend due to variation in baseline climate, soils, and socioeconomic factors that are difficult to model at large scales. The economic effect of changes in climate conditions on agricultural revenue in particular places in sub-Saharan Africa remains largely unknown. To test this effect, we study an area of West Africa with high climate variation over a small geographic area. We find that higher temperatures and precipitation lower agricultural revenues in the more important rainy season but increase revenues in the less important cool, dry season.
Protein modules as organizers of membrane structure (1999)

Investigations conducted over the past 18 months have shed new light on how modular protein-binding domains, in particular PDZ domains, co-ordinate the assembly of functional plasma membrane domains. Members of the MAGUK (membrane-associated guanylate kinase) protein family, like PSD-95, use multiple domains to cluster ion channels, receptors, adhesion molecules and cytosolic signaling proteins at synapses, cellular junctions, and polarized membrane domains. Other PDZ proteins, like the Drosophila protein INAD and the epithelial Na(+)/H(+) regulatory factor (NHERF), organize cellular signaling by localizing transmembrane and cytosolic components to specific membrane domains and assembling these components into functional complexes. The organization of these proteins into discreet structures has functional consequences for downstream signaling.
Relaxin Positively Regulates Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression in Human Lower Uterine Segment Fibroblasts Using a Tyrosine Kinase Signaling Pathway (2001)

Despite the importance of relaxin to normal parturition in various species and its potential as an etiological agent in preterm delivery in women, knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which relaxin alters cervical connective tissue is extremely limited. An established in vitro model for human pregnancy cervix, human lower uterine segment fibroblasts, was used to determine the effects of relaxin as well as those of progesterone on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. The results demonstrate that relaxin is a positive regulator of matrix metalloproteinase expression, as it stimulates the expression of procollagenase protein and mRNA levels, stimulates prostromelysin-1 protein and mRNA levels, and inhibits tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 protein expression. Stimulation of procollagenase and prostromelysin-1 expression by relaxin does not involve phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate- sensitive PKCs. Relaxin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of the putative receptor and inhibition by a receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor suggest that the relaxin receptor is probably a tyrosine kinase receptor. Inhibition of c-Raf protein expression using an antisense oligonucleotide inhibits relaxin regulation of matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, suggesting that a signaling pathway involving c-Raf kinase mediates relaxin action.
New absorptive mode reflective liquid-crystal display device (1974)

A new liquid-crystal alphanumeric display device is described. The device is of the guest-host type and involves the orientational change of a pleochroic dye (guest) in a cholesteric liquid-crystal mixure (host) by the application of an external electric field. The cholesteric nature of the host permits the operation of the device in the reflective mode with excellent brightness since no external polarizers are required. Good contrast ratios have been obtained for new pleochroic dyes (guests) which have higher optical order parameters than those previously employed. The theory of light absorption in a cholesteric liquid crystal having both homogeneous and homeotropic boundary conditions is developed and aspects of contrast ratio and its relation to human perception are described.
Optical characterization of thin films by guided waves (1989)

The study of guided waves in a thin layer allows a precise characterization of refractive index and thickness. Optical anisotropy can also be measured. We show how this technique can be applied to the characterization of a multilayer structure.