gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Opioid peptide analogs with novel activity profiles as potential therapeutic agents for use in analgesia (2006)

Centrally acting μ opioid receptor agonists are potent analgesics but also produce a number of side effects, including dependence, tolerance, respiratory depression, adverse gastrointestinal effects, etc. The results of recent research indicate that the development of opioid compounds with δ agonist properties or with a mixed μ agonist/δ antagonist profile may lead to analgesics that are devoid of some of these side effects. δ Agonists are able to produce analgesic effects with decreased development of physical dependence, no depression of respiratory function and reduced gastrointestinal effects. The concept of mixed μ agonist/δ antagonists i s ba sed on t he obse rva t i on t ha t ch ron i c co-administration of morphine and the non-peptide δ antagonist naltrindole attenuated the development of morphine tolerance and dependence [1]. Another interesting concept is the development of μ opioid analgesics unable to cross the blood-brain barrier or placental barrier for use in peripheral or obstetrical analgesia. In the present paper we describe further progress made in the development of δ agonists, mixed μ agonist/δ antagonists and μ agonists with potential as obstetrical analgesics.
Bacterial diversity within the human subgingival crevice (1999)

Molecular, sequence-based environmental surveys of microorganisms have revealed a large degree of previously uncharacterized diversity. However, nearly all studies of the human endogenous bacterial flora have relied on cultivation and biochemical characterization of the resident organisms. We used molecular methods to characterize the breadth of bacterial diversity within the human subgingival crevice by comparing 264 small subunit rDNA sequences from 21 clone libraries created with products amplified directly from subgingival plaque, with sequences obtained from bacteria that were cultivated from the same specimen, as well as with sequences available in public databases. The majority (52.5%) of the directly amplified 16S rRNA sequences were <99% identical to sequences within public databases. In contrast, only 21.4% of the sequences recovered from cultivated bacteria showed this degree of variability. The 16S rDNA sequences recovered by direct amplification were also more deeply divergent; 13.5% of the amplified sequences were more than 5% nonidentical to any known sequence, a level of dissimilarity that is often found between members of different genera. None of the cultivated sequences exhibited this degree of sequence dissimilarity. Finally, direct amplification of 16S rDNA yielded a more diverse view of the subgingival bacterial flora than did cultivation. Our data suggest that a significant proportion of the resident human bacterial flora remain poorly characterized, even within this well studied and familiar microbial environment.
Development of synovial joints (2003)

Synovial joints arise through two main processes. In long bone elements, cartilaginous differentiation occurs across the locations of the prospective joints that then segment secondarily. This process occurs through the development of a noncartilaginous region known as the interzone. The interzone becomes an important signaling center to the opposing elements, which can regulate growth through such factors as GDF-5. The interzone also expresses bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their antagonists, such as noggin. Overexpression of BMPs, or the loss of noggin leads to joint fusions. The interzone also expresses Wnt-14, which appears to be specific for this region in the developing anlagen, and regulates its nonchondrogenic nature. Cavitation of the joint follows, driven by selective high-level synthesis of hyaluronan by interzone cells and presumptive synovial cells. In addition, as the interzone disperses during cavity enlargement, data are now accruing that suggest that both the synovium and articular cartilage develop from this population. Finally, the development of articular cartilage progresses through appositional growth driven by a progenitor/stem cell subpopulation that resides in the articular surface. The individual elements of the skeleton are connected together at regions termed joints or articulations. Classically, there are three broad categories of joints: immovable joints (syntharthroses); mixed articulations, in which the range of movement is limited (amphiarthroses); and the movable, or synovial, joints (diarthroses). This review concentrates on the development of the synovial joints.
A new virtual source redatuming procedure to improve land 4D repeatability (2015)

Summary In time lapse applications virtual source redatuming is a seismic acquisition and processing method based on interferometry. The technique cross-correlates downgoing energy with upgoing energy to redatum surface source records to buried receiver locations. By cross correlating these two paths, virtual source records can help resolve time lapse changes occurring between surface source and buried receiver. In this study we investigate a near-field land application using 13 time lapse surveys. To overcome severe repeatability issues we propose, after time gating and prior to cross-correlation, modification of the downgoing energy by time weighting and amplitude spectrum replacement. We retain original phase of recorded downgoing early arrivals to honor a key portion of the Green's function between surface source and buried receiver. The new procedure is based on a combination of previous and new techniques. Improvements are quantified by repeatability metrics extracted from field data. Comparisons with previous methods, such as virtual source time gating, indicate amplitude spectrum replacement significantly improves both repeatability and image quality of time lapse virtual source seismic data.
Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction to Screen Phage Libraries (2003)

Isolating a clone from a cDNA or genomic library often involves screening the library by several rounds of plating and filter hybridization. This is not only laborious and time-consuming, but also is prone to artifacts such as false positives commonly encountered in filter hybridization. These problems can be alleviated by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the early rounds of screening prior to conventional filter hybridization. The advantages of PCR screening are threefold: (1) Positive clones are identified by DNA bands of correct sizes in gel, thus avoiding the confusion from false positive spots in filter hybridization; (2) it saves time, especially in initial rounds of screening; and (3) screening of multiple genes can be performed in the same PCR by using appropriate primers for these genes. After the complexity of the phage pool is reduced and the existence of true positives in the pool confirmed, individual clones can be isolated by conventional methods.
Angiotensin II-stimulated protein synthesis in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. (1989)

To investigate the role of vasoconstrictor hormones in vascular smooth muscle cell growth we have studied the effects of the potent vasoconstrictor angiotensin II on cell growth in a cultured rat aortic cell model. Angiotensin II was not mitogenic for these cells, as assessed by determining cell number, nor was it synergistic in this regard with 10% calf serum. However, 24-hour exposure to 100 nM angiotensin II caused an 80% increase in protein synthesis (compared with 0.4% increase with serum control) as measured by tritiated leucine incorporation. This was a "hypertrophic" response as indicated by a 30% increase in protein content and a 45% increase in cell volume. Angiotensin II-induced smooth muscle cell hypertrophy was maximal at 100 nM, had an ED50 of 1 nM, and was inhibited by the competitive antagonist [Sar1, Ile8]angiotensin II. The increase in protein synthesis required continuous presence of angiotensin II for 6 hours and required messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis as suggested by complete inhibition after exposure to actinomycin D. Angiotensin II-stimulated protein synthesis was dependent on a rise in intracellular Ca2+ concentration evidenced by a 70% decrease in tritiated leucine incorporation after chelation of Ca2+ with 25 microM quin 2-AM. This treatment did not alter protein synthesis induced by 10% calf serum. Decreasing extracellular Na+ to prevent Na+/H+ exchange and intracellular alkalinization did not inhibit the angiotensin II response but decreased the 10% calf serum-stimulated protein synthesis by 35%. Downregulation of protein kinase C by 24-hour treatment with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate did not inhibit angiotensin II-induced protein synthesis, while phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated protein synthesis was abolished. These findings suggest that angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy, acting via a Ca2+ mechanism, may play an important role in abnormal vascular smooth muscle cell growth in certain forms of hypertension.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activities of Fluorine‐Containing N,N′‐Diphenylcarbamimidothioates. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Analysis of the distribution and molecular heterogeneity of the ospD gene among the Lyme disease spirochetes: evidence for lateral gene exchange (1994)

Analysis of the ospD gene has revealed that this gene is not universal among Lyme disease spirochete isolates. The gene was found to be carried by 90, 50, and 24% of the Borrelia garinii, B. afzelii, and B. burgdorferi isolates tested. Size variability in the ospD-encoding plasmid was also observed. Sequence analysis has demonstrated the presence of various numbers of a 17-bp repeated sequence in the upstream control (promoter) region of the gene. In addition, a region within the coding sequence where various insertions, deletions, and direct repeats occur was identified. ospD gene sequences from 31 different isolates were determined and utilized in pairwise sequence comparisons and construction of a gene tree. These analyses suggest that the ospD gene was the target of several recombinational events and that the gene was recently acquired by Lyme disease spirochetes and laterally transferred between species.
Effect of naringin on bone cells (2006)

Statin, a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, was shown to increase BMP-2 gene expression for bone formation, by blocking the mevalonate pathway in cholesterol production. We investigated the effect of naringin, a flavonoid available commonly in citrus fruits, which was also a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, in UMR 106 osteoblastic cell line in vitro. The control group consisted of cells cultured without any intervention for different time intervals (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h), whereas the experimental (naringin) group consisted of cells cultured with naringin of different concentrations (0.001 micromol/L, 0.01 micromol/L, and 0.1 micromol/L) for the same time intervals of the control. Colorimetric Tetrazolium (MTT) assay, total protein content assay, and alkaline phosphatase activity were used to measure the cellular activities. Results for the naringin group showed an increase in MTT assay compared with the control and the effect was dose dependent. At high concentration (0.1 micromol), the increases ranged from 60% to 80%. In the total protein content assay, naringin also showed an increase compared with control and the effect was also dose dependent. At high concentration (0.1 micromol), the increases ranged from 9% to 20%. In the alkaline phosphatase activity assay, naringin at high concentration (0.1 micromol) significantly increased the activity up to 20%. In conclusion, naringin significantly increased bone cell activities in vitro. This is the first study specifically attempted to investigate the effect of naringin on bone cell activities. Besides statin, this provided another example of mevalonate pathway blockage in the cholesterol production pathway by HMG-CoA reductase inhibition will increase the bone cell activities.
Polylactic Acid for Surgical Implants (1966)

LACTIC acid in its racemic or optically active form can undergo acid catalyzed homopolymerization to yield a polymer of lower molecular weight, which is not suitable for plastic or fibers.<sup>1</sup>However, the cyclic diester, the lactide<sup>2</sup>of lactic acid, can polymerize by anionic ring opening addition mechanism under the influence of catalysts to a high polymer, which can be cast into strong films or spun into fibers<sup>3-6</sup>comparable to the industrial polyesters like dacron. This property, and in addition, the possibility of this polyester undergoing hydrolytic de-esterification finally to the lactic acid, which is a normal intermediate in the lactic acid cycle of the carbohydrate metabolism, make this a highly interesting product as a synthetic surgical repair material possibly for vascular grafts and sutures. Moreover, the material is expected to elicit no immunological response due to the absence of peptide linkages. No literature references, however, are available
Monolithic integration of Si MOSFET's and GaAs MESFET's (1986)

Integration of Si MOSFET's and GaAs MESFET's on a monolithic GaAs/Si (MGS) substrate has been demonstrated. The GaAs MESFET's have transconductance of 150 mS/mm for a gate length of 1 µm, and the Si MOSFET's have transconductance of 19 mS/mm for a gate length of 5 µm and an oxide thickness of 800 Å. These characteristics are comparable to those for devices fabricated on separate GaAs and Si substrates.
Effect of pretreatment with ICRF-187 on the total cumulative dose of doxorubicin tolerated by beagle dogs. (1988)

Studies were made of the influence of ICRF-187 on the functional and morphological effects of very large cumulative doses of doxorubicin given over a prolonged period of time. Adult beagles of either sex (6.2-11.6 kg) were given doxorubicin (1.75 mg/kg i.v.) either alone or 15 min after ICRF-187 (25 mg/kg, i.v.) at 3-week intervals. Control dogs received ICRF-187 (25 mg/kg, i.v.) or 0.9% saline without doxorubicin. Of eight animals receiving doxorubicin alone, five died; two after a total dose of 12.25 mg/kg and three after 14 mg/kg; three others were in poor condition at the time of euthanasia after 14 mg/kg. Of eight animals receiving both ICRF-187 and doxorubicin, four died; two after 35 mg/kg, one after 43.75 mg/kg, and one after 52.5 mg/kg; two other dogs were euthanized after 43.75 mg/kg because of difficulties encountered in giving i.v. injections, and two dogs survived a total dose of 52.5 mg/kg. All control dogs survived. None of the treatment or control groups developed consistent echocardiographic changes or alterations in mean arterial pressure. By 300 days after onset of treatment, dogs given ICRF-187 and doxorubicin developed significant prolongation of the PQ interval; by 550 days, surviving dogs in this group developed ventricular premature contractions. Each animal receiving doxorubicin alone had severe myocardial lesions (lesion score 3+). Of the animals given ICRF-187 and doxorubicin, one that received 35 mg/kg doxorubicin had no lesions; of four given 43.75 mg/kg, three had no lesions and one had minimal lesions (lesion score 1+); of three given 52.5 mg/kg, one had minimal (lesion score 1+), and two had moderate (lesion score 2+) lesions. Control animals had no myocardial lesions. Thus, ICRF-187 provided significant protection when administered with doxorubicin over a period of 90 weeks, and made it possible to give doses of doxorubicin which otherwise would have been lethal.
Thermodynamics of protein-RNA recognition in a highly conserved region of the large-subunit ribosomal RNA (1989)

Ribosomal protein L11 from Escherichia coli specifically binds to a highly conserved region of 23S ribosomal RNA. The thermodynamics of forming a complex between this protein and several different rRNA fragments have been investigated, by use of a nitrocellulose filter binding assay. A 57-nucleotide region of the RNA (C1052-U1108) contains all the protein recognition features, and an RNA fragment containing this region binds L11 10(3)-10(4)-fold more tightly than tRNA. Binding constants are on the order of 10 microM-1 and are only weakly dependent on K+ concentration (delta log K/delta log [K+] = -1.4) or temperature. Binding requires multivalent cations; Mg2+ is taken up into the complex with an affinity of approximately 3 mM-1. Other multivalent cations tested, Ca2+ and Co(NH3)63+, promote binding nearly as well. The pH dependence of binding is a bell-shaped curve with a maximum near neutral pH, but the entire curve is shifted to higher pH for the smaller of two RNA fragments tested. This result suggests that the smaller fragment favors a conformation stabilizing protonated forms of the RNA recognition site and is potentially relevant to a hypothesis that this rRNA region undergoes an ordered series of conformational changes during the ribosome cycle.
Hybrid Particle and Kalman Filtering for Pupil Tracking in Active IR Illumination Gaze Tracking System (2014)

A novel pupil tracking method is proposed by combining particle filtering and Kalman filtering for the fast and accurate detection of pupil target in an active infrared source gaze tracking system. Firstly, we utilize particle filtering to track pupil in synthesis triple‐channel color map (STCCM) for the fast detection and develop a comprehensive pupil motion model to conduct and analyze the randomness of pupil motion. Moreover, we built a pupil observational model based on the similarity measurement with generated histogram to improve the credibility of particle weights. Particle filtering can detect pupil region in adjacent frames rapidly. Secondly, we adopted Kalman filtering to estimate the pupil parameters more precisely. The state transitional equation of the Kalman filtering is determined by the particle filtering estimation, and the observation of the Kalman filtering is dependent on the detected pupil parameters in the corresponding region of difference images estimated by particle filtering. Tracking results of Kalman filtering are the final pupil target parameters. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness and feasibility of this method.
Evidence for transient linking of atrial excitation during atrial fibrillation in humans. (1992)

Transient similarities in the direction of wavelet propagation in the majority of patients with atrial fibrillation is consistent with the presence of transient linking. To our knowledge, this is the first direct evidence that atrial activation during atrial fibrillation in humans is not entirely random.
2-Deoxy-d-glucose Increases the Efficacy of Adriamycin and Paclitaxel in Human Osteosarcoma and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers In Vivo (2004)

Abstract Slow-growing cell populations located within solid tumors are difficult to target selectively because most cells in normal tissues also have low replication rates. However, a distinguishing feature between slow-growing normal and tumor cells is the hypoxic microenvironment of the latter, which makes them extraordinarily dependent on anaerobic glycolysis for survival. Previously, we have shown that hypoxic tumor cells exhibit increased sensitivity to inhibitors of glycolysis in three distinct in vitro models. Based on these results, we predicted that combination therapy of a chemotherapeutic agent to target rapidly dividing cells and a glycolytic inhibitor to target slow-growing tumor cells would have better efficacy than either agent alone. Here, we test this strategy in vivo using the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) in combination with Adriamycin (ADR) or paclitaxel in nude mouse xenograft models of human osteosarcoma and non-small cell lung cancer. Nude mice implanted with osteosarcoma cells were divided into four groups as follows: (a) untreated controls; (b) mice treated with ADR alone; (c) mice treated with 2-DG alone; or (d) mice treated with a combination of ADR + 2-DG. Treatment began when tumors were either 50 or 300 mm3 in volume. Starting with small or large tumors, the ADR + 2-DG combination treatment resulted in significantly slower tumor growth (and therefore longer survival) than the control, 2-DG, or ADR treatments (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Similar beneficial effects of combination treatment were found with 2-DG and paclitaxel in the MV522 non-small cell lung cancer xenograft model. In summary, the treatment of tumors with both the glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG and ADR or paclitaxel results in a significant reduction in tumor growth compared with either agent alone. Overall, these results, combined with our in vitro data, provide a rationale for initiating clinical trials using glycolytic inhibitors in combination with chemotherapeutic agents to increase their therapeutic effectiveness.
Information compression by factorising common strings (1975)

Data bases always contain some sequences of characters which occur more frequently than others. This paper provides a technique for data base compression which treats the more frequent sequences as ‘common factors’. The common factors are recoded in condense form and a typical data base may then occupy less than sixty per cent of its original storage space. In addition to storage economy, the technique provides for reduced data transmission time and has certain advantages from the security angle.
Preemptive Epidural Analgesia and Recovery From Radical Prostatectomy (1998)

Even in the presence of aggressive postoperative pain management, preemptive epidural analgesia significantly decreases postoperative pain during hospitalization and long after discharge, and is associated with increased activity levels after discharge.
Monitoring SAGD Steam Injection Using Microseismicity and Tiltmeters (2009)

Summary A combination of microseismic and surface-deformation monitoring with an array of tiltmeters was used to monitor the warm-up phase of a steam-assisted-gravity-drainage (SAGD) well pair. A sequence of microseismic events was recorded with signal characteristics that suggested deformation associated with thermal expansion of the wellbore, in addition to events apparently associated with induced fracturing in the reservoir. Integration of the microseismic data with volumetric strain, inverted from the measured surface deformation, indicates a discrete deforming region near the toe of the well. The volumetric strain also shows another region near the heel of the well, although the area is too far from the microseismic observation well for any associated microseismicity to be recorded. The central portion of the well pair did not have significant deformation, indicating poor steam conformance during this warm-up phase. A comparison of the temporal response of the microseismic deformation with the surface uplift suggests a lag between periods of accelerated seismic deformation followed by an associated period of accelerated uplift a few days later. This timing suggests the creation of a fracture network and related seismic deformation, which then fills with steam and starts to expand over a period of a few days. In a related paper (Du et al. 2007), stress changes associated with the volumetric strain are used to examine potential geomechanical failure zones that match the observed locations of microseisms. Together, the volumetric strain, computed stress changes, and failure zones could be used to calibrate a geomechanically linked reservoir simulator.