gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning from Simulated and Unsupervised Images through Adversarial Training (2017)

With recent progress in graphics, it has become more tractable to train models on synthetic images, potentially avoiding the need for expensive annotations. However, learning from synthetic images may not achieve the desired performance due to a gap between synthetic and real image distributions. To reduce this gap, we propose Simulated+Unsupervised (S+U) learning, where the task is to learn a model to improve the realism of a simulators output using unlabeled real data, while preserving the annotation information from the simulator. We develop a method for S+U learning that uses an adversarial network similar to Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), but with synthetic images as inputs instead of random vectors. We make several key modifications to the standard GAN algorithm to preserve annotations, avoid artifacts, and stabilize training: (i) a self-regularization term, (ii) a local adversarial loss, and (iii) updating the discriminator using a history of refined images. We show that this enables generation of highly realistic images, which we demonstrate both qualitatively and with a user study. We quantitatively evaluate the generated images by training models for gaze estimation and hand pose estimation. We show a significant improvement over using synthetic images, and achieve state-of-the-art results on the MPIIGaze dataset without any labeled real data.
Variations of Human Adrenomedullin Gene and Its Relation to Cardiovascular Diseases (2003)

The studies concerning the structure and variations of the human adrenomedullin (AM) gene are reviewed, and their relations to the gene function and genetic predisposition to cardiovascular diseases are discussed. The genomic human AM gene is composed of four exons, and the whole nucleotide sequence corresponding to mature AM resides in the fourth exon. In chromosomal sublocalization, the AM gene is located in the distal portion of the short arm of chromosome 11 (11p15.1-3). Analysis of the promoter region of the AM gene has revealed that two transcription factors, nuclear factor for interleukin-6 expression (NF-IL6) and activator protein 2 (AP-2), participate in the regulation of AM gene expression. It is surmised that NF-IL6 mediates inflammatory stimuli and AP-2 mediates signals of phospholipase C and protein kinase C activation. In addition to these factors, hypoxia induces AM gene expression via the hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) binding site. The 3'-end of the AM gene is flanked by a microsatellite marker of cytosine adenine (CA) repeats. In Japanese, there are four types of alleles with different CA-repeat numbers: 11, 13, 14 and 19. It is suggested that existence of the 19-repeat allele is associated with genetic predispositions to develop essential hypertension and diabetic nephropathy.
MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Are all GLP-1 agonists equal in the treatment of type 2 diabetes? (2019)

GLP-1, a peptide hormone secreted from the gut, stimulating insulin and suppressing glucagon secretion was identified as a parent compound for novel treatments of diabetes, but was degraded (dipeptidyl peptidase-4) and eliminated (mainly by kidneys) too fast (half-life 1-2 min) to be useful as a therapeutic agent. GLP-1 receptor agonist has been used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes since 2007, when exenatide (twice daily) was approved in 2007. Compounds with longer duration of action (once daily, once weekly) and with increasingly better efficacy with respect to glycaemic control and body weight reduction have been developed, and in a recent ADA/EASD consensus statement, were recommended as the first injectable diabetes therapy after failure of oral glucose-lowering medications. Most GLP-1 receptor agonists (lixisenatide q.d., liraglutide q.d., exenatide q.w., dulaglutide q.w., albiglutide q.w., semaglutide q.w., all for s.c. injection, and the first oral preparation, oral semaglutide) have been examined in cardiovascular outcomes studies. Beyond proving their safety in vulnerable patients, most of whom had pre-existing heart disease, liraglutide, semaglutide, albiglutide, and dulaglutide reduced the time to first major adverse cardiovascular events (non-fatal myocardial infarction and stroke, cardiovascular death). Liraglutide, in addition, reduced cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. It is the purpose of the present review to describe clinically important differences, regarding pharmacokinetic behaviour, glucose-lowering potency, effectiveness of reducing body weight and controlling other cardiovascular risk factors, and of the influence of GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in patients either presenting with or without pre-existing cardiovascular disease (atherosclerotic, ischemic or congestive heart failure).
Interaction between a 54-Kilodalton Mammalian Cell Surface Protein and Cowpea Mosaic Virus (2006)

Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), a plant virus that is a member of the picornavirus superfamily, is increasingly being used for nanotechnology applications, including material science, vascular imaging, vaccine development, and targeted drug delivery. For these applications, it is critical to understand the in vivo interactions of CPMV within the mammalian system. Although the bioavailability of CPMV in the mouse has been demonstrated, the specific interactions between CPMV and mammalian cells need to be characterized further. Here we demonstrate that although the host range for replication of CPMV is confined to plants, mammalian cells nevertheless bind and internalize CPMV in significant amounts. This binding is mediated by a conserved 54-kDa protein found on the plasma membranes of both human and murine cell lines. Studies using a deficient cell line, deglycosidases, and glycosylation inhibitors showed that the CPMV binding protein (CPMV-BP) is not glycosylated. A possible 47-kDa isoform of the CPMV-BP was also detected in the organelle and nuclear subcellular fraction prepared from murine fibroblasts. Further characterization of CPMV-BP is important to understand how CPMV is trafficked through the mammalian system and may shed light on how picornaviruses may have evolved between plant and animal hosts.
Structure of the Gene Encoding the Immunodominant Surface Antigen on the Sporozoite of the Human Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum (1984)

The gene for the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium falciparum has been cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. The gene encodes a protein of 412 amino acids as deduced from the nucleotide sequence. The protein contains 41 tandem repeats of a tetrapeptide, 37 of which are Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro and four of which are Asn-Val-Asp-Pro. Monoclonal antibodies against the CS protein of Plasmodium falciparum were inhibited from binding to the protein by synthetic peptides of the repeat sequence. The CS protein of Plasmodium falciparum and the CS protein of a simian malaria parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi, have two regions of homology, one of which is present on either side of the repeat. One region contains 12 of 13 identical amino acids. Within the nucleotide sequence of this region, 25 of 27 nucleotides are conserved. The conservation of these regions in parasites widely separated in evolution suggests that they may have a function such as binding to liver cells and may represent an invariant target for immunity.
Antiviral Activity of a bis-Benzimidazole Against Experimental Rhinovirus Infections in Chimpanzees (1972)

The marked antiviral activity of (S,S-1,2-bis(5-methoxy-2-benzimidazolyl)-1,2-ethanediol (Abbott 36683) against rhinoviruses in tissue culture warranted investigation of its antiviral activity in vivo. Antiviral levels in mouse sera were attained with an oral dose as small as 10 mg/kg and detectable antiviral levels of drug were also found in lung, liver, kidney, intestinal contents, and urine of mice given a single 300 mg/kg oral dose. Antiviral serum levels were also obtained when monkeys were given a single oral dose of Abbott 36683. Six chimpanzees were infected with 100 median tissue culture infective dose units (TCID(50)) of rhinovirus 30. Three of the animals were treated with Abbott 36683, 100 mg/kg daily for 4 consecutive days. Virus shedding occurred in the infected controls but could not be demonstrated in the treated animals from postinfection days 1 to 8. Two of the treated animals did, however, shed virus on day 9. The compound was retested in chimpanzees at dosage levels of 15 and 50 mg/kg daily for 4 days. Each animal was challenged with 100 TCID(50) of rhinovirus 49. Partial protection was obtained. In a third trial, a single 100 mg/kg dose of the compound was administered to chimpanzees infected with rhinovirus 44. Virus was isolated from all throat smears taken from treated animals, indicating that at the lowest drug level no protection occurred.
Fiber nonlinearity mitigation by PAPR reduction in coherent optical OFDM systems via active constellation extension (2008)

We consider Active Constellation Extension to reduce the PAPR in CO-OFDM systems. We find that the nonlinearity threshold is improved by 1.5 dB at a reach of 400 km SSMF fiber.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRYEric C. Huang, Timothy Wachs, James J. Conboy, and Jack D. HenionCite this: Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 13, 713A–725APublication Date (Print):July 1, 1990Publication History Published online30 May 2012Published inissue 1 July 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00212a727https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00212a727research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views345Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Advances in Electromagnetic Survey Instrumentation and the Use of a Cased Borehole for Imaging a Deep Formations (2014)

Electromagnetic (EM) resistivity imaging methods have the potential to map subsurface fluid distribution in applications ranging from derisking potential prospects to quantifying the propagation of hydrofractures in unconventional reservoirs. However, to date EM surveys have been limited to reservoirs too shallow or too large to be of general applicability in the oil industry. The critical technology issues in extending EM methods are: a) generating an adequate subsurface electrical current, and b) the sensitivity and stability of the EM resistivity measurement apparatus. A borehole provides a physical means to contact to deep hydrocarbon formations. To date boreholes have been exploited by lowering a current injection electrode to the depth of interest and completing the electrical circuit with a counter electrode at the surface. This borehole to surface EM method has been successfully used to image oil-to-water contact in an oil reservoir but has the disadvantage that the well must be opened, and, for a producing reservoir, taken off-line. We have now demonstrated a new approach that uses the borehole casing as a current injection electrode. In addition, we have developed the first capacitive sensors for geophysical use and have adapted them for use with commercial seismic data recorders.
Variable pulse width alternating phase duobinary modulation optical transmission (2006)

Transmission of 40 Gb/s alternating phases 0 and &#960; duo-binary modulation format with 67%, 50% and 33% pulse width (modulation duobinary carrier suppression-CS and carrier maximum pulse carving) is demonstrated. A minimum 136 ps/nm dispersion tolerance can be achieved at this transmission rate. At least 5 dB and 1.2 dB receiver sensitivity improvement are achieved for CSRZ 67% and RZ 50% duobinary modulation respectively as compared with the experimental measurement under CSRZ-DPSK transmission over 320 km 3-span optically amplified dispersion compensated standard single mode fiber system.
Leader peptidase catalyzes the release of exported proteins from the outer surface of the Escherichia coli plasma membrane. (1985)

Leader peptidase cleaves the amino-terminal leader sequences of many secreted and membrane proteins. We have examined the function of leader peptidase by constructing an Escherichia coli strain where its synthesis is controlled by the arabinose B promoter. This strain requires arabinose for growth. When the synthesis of leader peptidase is repressed, protein precursors accumulate, including the precursors of M13 coat protein (an inner membrane protein), maltose binding protein (a periplasmic protein), and OmpA protein (an outer membrane protein). These precursors are translocated across the plasma membrane, as judged by their sensitivity to added proteinase K. However, pro-OmpA and pre-maltose binding protein are retained at the outer surface of the inner membrane. Thus, leader peptides anchor translocated pre-proteins to the outer surface of the plasma membrane and must be removed to allow their subsequent release into the periplasm or transit to the outer membrane.
<title>Condenser Aberrations In Kohler Illumination</title> (1988)

This paper presents a general analysis of condenser aberrations in projection systems that employ Kohler illumination. We first analyze condenser aberrations in terms of Hopkins&apos; theory of partially coherent image formation, and then discuss practical consequences for lithography. The intensity in an aerial image depends jointly on the object, the imaging lens, and the mode of illumination. The angular distribution of illumination isequivalent to the so-called effective source, and is determined by the actual source and the illumination optics. In order that image formation be the same for all points on the mask, the relationship between the entrance pupil of the imaging lens and the effective source should be the same for all points in the field. Condenser aberrations (including defocus) cause the effective source to vary with position in the field. Thus, it is appropriate to refer to the &quot;local effective source&quot;. Changes with field position in the effective source cause variations in the imaging of a particular pattern. One phenomenon, which is well known, is that of lateral image shift with wafer defocus, caused by a lateral shift in the effective source due to condenser aberrations. This is usually analyzed geometrically, by considering a tilt, relative to the principal ray, of the illumination direction at each mask point. According to this geometrical analysis, the image translates linearly with defocus, whereas the more accurate analysis employing the shifted effective source shows a shift that is different and that is nonlinear. There are joint effects involving aberrations of both the imaging lens and condenser. For example, if the the imaging lens has coma, the image suffers a radial expansion that can be compensated by wafer and condenser defocus. In general, the plane of optimum image placement can be displaced axially from the plane of optimum resolution and the paraxial focal plane. Condenser aberration effects are entirely accounted for with the standard formulations for partially coherent imaging, so long as the correct effective source is used. Thus, these effects can be modeled with any partially coherent imaging program that permits an arbitrary effective source.
Respiratory mechanics in an infant with perinatal lethal hypophosphatasia treated with human recombinant enzyme replacement therapy (2012)

Hypophosphatasia is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficient activity of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) and characterized by defective bone mineralization. In the perinatal lethal form, respiratory complications due to rachitic deformities of the thoracic cage and associated hypoplastic lungs are present. ENB-0040 is a bone-targeted human recombinant TNSALP fusion protein that aims to restore skeletal mineralization. The goal of this study was to characterize pulmonary and thoracic cage mechanics in an infant with the perinatal lethal form of hypophosphatasia under enzyme replacement therapy. Pulmonary function testing was performed on a preterm, 8-week-old patient with hypophosphatasia who was mechanically ventilated since birth because of severe chest wall insufficiency. The measurements consisted of respiratory impulse oscillation measurements (resistance and reactance), ventilatory mechanics (compliance and resistance), and thoracoabdominal motion (TAM) analysis. At baseline, chest wall compliance was 50% of normal, and the TAM indicated predominantly abdominal displacement. After 12 weeks of treatment, a consistent decrease in ventilator requirements and improvement in lung function and chest wall mechanics were observed and correlated with thoracic cage radiologic findings. Measurable changes in chest wall dynamics and respiratory mechanics using noninvasive technology were useful for respiratory management and therapeutic guidance of ENB-0040 treatment in this patient.
Comparison of Static Properties of 2-D and 3-D Woven Fabric Reinforced Composites (1999)

This paper investigates the relationship between fabric structure and composite properties for 2-D and 3-D carbon fiber reinforced composites that contain the same fiber volume fraction. The investigation involved determining the tensile strength and modulus, flexural, and interlaminar shear strengths of each specimen type. The 2-D composite shows better in-plane tensile properties than the 3-D composite due to the lower yarn crimp and consequently higher length of yarn orientated in the stress direction. Through-the-thickness reinforcement in the 3-D fabric was found to increase the apparent short beam shear and flexure strengths due to suppression of delamination.
Synthetic route to an aromatic analog of strigol (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthetic route to an aromatic analog of strigolPeter M. Kendall, Julius V. Johnson, and C. E. CookCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 9, 1421–1424Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1979https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01323a013Request reuse permissionsArticle Views1380Altmetric-Citations66LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (577 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
TNF Receptor 2 and Disease: Autoimmunity and Regenerative Medicine (2013)

THE REGULATORY CYTOKINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR (TNF) EXERTS ITS EFFECTS THROUGH TWO RECEPTORS: TNFR1 and TNFR2. Defects in TNFR2 signaling are evident in a variety of autoimmune diseases. One new treatment strategy for autoimmune disease is selective destruction of autoreactive T cells by administration of TNF, TNF inducers, or TNFR2 agonism. A related strategy is to rely on TNFR2 agonism to induce T-regulatory cells (Tregs) that suppress cytotoxic T cells. Targeting TNFR2 as a treatment strategy is likely superior to TNFR1 because of its more limited cellular distribution on T cells, subsets of neurons, and a few other cell types, whereas TNFR1 is expressed throughout the body. This review focuses on TNFR2 expression, structure, and signaling; TNFR2 signaling in autoimmune disease; treatment strategies targeting TNFR2 in autoimmunity; and the potential for TNFR2 to facilitate end organ regeneration.
Endothelial Progenitor Thrombospondin-1 Mediates Diabetes-Induced Delay in Reendothelialization Following Arterial Injury (2006)

Delayed reendothelialization contributes to restenosis after angioplasty and stenting in diabetes. Prior data have shown that bone marrow (BM)-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contribute to endothelial recovery after arterial injury. We investigated the hypothesis that the EPC contribution to reendothelialization may be impaired in diabetes, resulting in delayed reendothelialization. Reendothelialization was significantly reduced in diabetic mice compared with nondiabetic mice in a wire-induced carotid denudation model. The EPC contribution to neoendothelium was significantly reduced in Tie2/LacZ BM-transplanted diabetic versus nondiabetic mice. BM from diabetic and nondiabetic mice was transplanted into nondiabetic mice, revealing that reendothelialization was impaired in the recipients of diabetic BM. To examine the relative roles of denuded artery versus EPCs in diabetes, we injected diabetic and nondiabetic EPCs intravenously after arterial injury in diabetic and nondiabetic mice. Diabetic EPCs recruitment to the neoendothelium was significantly reduced, regardless of the diabetic status of the recipient mice. In vitro, diabetic EPCs exhibited decreased migration and adhesion activities. Vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial NO synthase expressions were also significantly reduced in diabetic EPCs. Notably, thrombospondin-1 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in diabetic EPCs, associating with the decreased EPC adhesion activity in vitro and in vivo. Reendothelialization is impaired by malfunctioning EPCs in diabetes. Diabetic EPCs have phenotypic differences involving thrombospondin-1 expression compared with nondiabetic EPCs, revealing potential novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic targets to improve reendothelialization and reduce restenosis in diabetes.
Nucleotide sequence and analysis of the purA gene encoding adenylosuccinate synthetase of Escherichia coli K12. (1988)

Adenylosuccinate synthetase (EC 6.3.4.4), encoded by the purA gene of Escherichia coli K12, catalyzes the synthesis of adenylosuccinate (SAMP) from IMP, the first committed step in AMP biosynthesis. The E. coli K12 purA gene and flanking DNA was cloned by miniMu-mediated transduction, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. The mature SAMP synthetase subunit, as deduced from the DNA sequence, contains 427 amino acid residues and has a calculated Mr of 47,277. The size of the purA mRNA was determined by Northern blotting to be approximately 1.5 kilobase pairs. The 5'-end of the purA mRNA was identified by primer extension and is located 23 nucleotides upstream of the ATG translational initiation codon. Comparison of the purA control region with the guaBA control region revealed a common region of dyad symmetry which may suggest mutual elements of regulation. The purA control region did not resemble the control regions of the other known pur loci.