gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
erg , a Human ets -Related Gene on Chromosome 21: Alternative Splicing, Polyadenylation, and Translation (1987)

The avian acute leukemia virus E26 induces a mixed erythroid-myeloid leukemia in chickens and carries two distinct oncogenes, v-myb and v-ets. Recently, a novel gene named erg, closely related to the v-ets oncogene, was identified in human COLO 320 cells and the nucleotide sequence of its approximately 5.0-kilobase transcript, erg 1 was determined. In the present study, the nucleotide sequence of the alternatively spliced transcript, erg 2, was found to differ from erg 1 by a splicing event that causes a coding frameshift near the amino terminus, resulting in an additional 99-amino acid insertion at the amino-terminus. Expression of complementary DNAs for the two transcripts in vitro resulted in synthesis of polypeptides of approximately 41 and 52 kilodaltons, suggesting the use of alternative translation initiation codons in the case of erg proteins. The erg gene was localized by somatic cell genetic analysis to human chromosome 21. It is proposed that alternative sites of splicing and polyadenylation, together with alternative sites of translation initiation, allow the synthesis of two related polypeptides from a single erg gene transcriptional unit.
Combined effects of dissociable and undissociable local anesthetics upon ATP-induced firefly bioluminescence. (1976)

Combined effects of two drugs present simultaneously are usually expressed as summation, synergism or potentiation, and antagonism. When the sum of the effects of each drug present separately equals the combined effect of the two drugs present simultaneously, the action is called additive or summation. However, the expected value of the sum of each effect of drugs present alone has not been well defined. In this report, the thearetical value of the expected sum of each effect of two inhibitors is given and a graphical method is presented to visualize summation, synergism, and antagonism. The inhibitory effects of a dissociable local anesthetic, tetracaine, and an undissociable local anesthetic, benzyl alcohol, upon a soluble firefly luminescent system were analyzed according to the above theory. The results clearly indicate that the action of these two classes of local anesthetics is pure additive or summation.
Electrochemical Nanoneedle Biosensor Based on Multiwall Carbon Nanotube (2005)

We report the fabrication and analytical functions of a biosensor based on a nanoneedle consisting of a multiwall carbon nanotube attached to the end of an etched tungsten tip. The devised electrode is the smallest needle-type biosensor reported to date. The nanoneedles prepared in this work are 30 nm in diameter and 2-3 microm in length. Dopamine and glutamate, which are physiologically important neurotransmitters, were successfully detected using these nanoneedles. Bare nanoneedles detected dopamine in the range from 100 to 1000 microM by differential pulse voltammetry, and enzyme-modified nanoneedles were able to respond to glutamate in the 100-500 microM range by potentiostatic amperometry.
Space-division multiplexing and all-optical MIMO demultiplexing using a photonic integrated circuit (2012)

We demonstrate a silicon photonic integrated circuit for all-optical demultiplexing of and selective coupling to the six spatial and polarization modes of a few-mode fiber (FMF). We successfully demultiplex all six modes after transmission through 30 km of FMF.
The Raw Starch Binding Domain of Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase from Bacillus circulans Strain 251 (1996)

The E-domain of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) (EC 2.4.1.19) from Bacillus circulans strain 251 is a putative raw starch binding domain. Analysis of the maltose-dependent CGTase crystal structure revealed that each enzyme molecule contained three maltose molecules, situated at contact points between protein molecules. Two of these maltoses were bound to specific sites in the E-domain, the third maltose was bound at the C-domain. To delineate the roles in raw starch binding and cyclization reaction kinetics of the two maltose binding sites in the E-domain, we replaced Trp-616 and Trp-662 of maltose binding site 1 and Tyr-633 of maltose binding site 2 by alanines using site-directed mutagenesis. Purified mutant CGTases were characterized with respect to raw starch binding and cyclization reaction kinetics on both soluble and raw starch. The results show that maltose binding site 1 is most important for raw starch binding, whereas maltose binding site 2 is involved in guiding linear starch chains into the active site. beta-Cyclodextrin causes product inhibition by interfering with catalysis in the active site and the function of maltose binding site 2 in the E-domain. CGTase mutants in the E-domain maltose binding site 1 could no longer be crystallized as maltose-dependent monomers. Instead, the W616A mutant CGTase protein was successfully crystallized as a carbohydrate-independent dimer; its structure has been refined to 2.2 A resolution. The three-dimensional structure shows that, within the error limits, neither the absence of carbohydrates nor the W616A mutation caused significant further conformational changes. The modified starch binding and cyclization kinetic properties observed with the mutant CGTase proteins thus can be directly related to the amino acid replacements.
Research on the resolution of bistatic SAR with geostationary illuminator and LEO receiver (2011)

The paper considers an ellipsoid geometry for bistatic SAR with geostationary illuminator and LEO receivers, and deduces its ground resolution formula. In simulation experiments, the ground resolution differences between plane geometry case and ellipsoid geometry case are given, and the forward-looking ground resolution is also been given when the LEO receiver moves along the horizontal baseline direction. Several conclusions are drawn.
INTESTINAL HELMINTHS PREVALENCE IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN AFTER DEWORMING IN ABEOKUTA, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA (2012)

Periodic deworming of school children with antihelminthic drugs is frequently employed by government agencies to reduce morbidity due to intestinal helminths in rural settings. Such an exercise was recently conducted in February 2012 by the Ogun State Ministry of Health for public school children in Abeokuta, Southwestern Nigeria.  This cross-sectional study was carried out two months later to assess the impact of de-worming exercise. Four schools: Baptist Primary School, Bode-Ijaye, First Baptist Primary School, Ijaye, Moshood Abiola model school, Adatan and Itesi Methodist school, Adatan were randomly selected out of 25 schools and screened for intestinal helminth infection in May 2012, using stool microscopy. Questionnaires were also administered to investigate their knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with intestinal helminths transmission. Of the 216 school children examined for intestinal helminths, 55 (25.5%) had intestinal helminthiasis, with Ascaris lumbricoides infection having the highest prevalence of 30 (13.9%), followed by hookworm infection 16 (7.4%) and 3 (1.4%) for Trichuris trichiuria. Co-infection with Ascaris/hookworm, Ascaris/Taenia was also observed although at very low prevalence. Infections were significantly higher (p=0.021) in school children using pit latrines 32 (32.99%) than those using water closet system 22 (19.13%). The presence of infection two months after the exercise suggests a strong need for incorporation of pre deworming  and post deworming assessment plans into subsequent deworming exercises in the state.
Synthesis and photoinitiated cationic polymerization of monomers with the silsesquioxane core (1997)

A synthetic scheme was developed to prepare cationically polymerizable octafunctional monomers with silsesquioxane (T8) cores. Epoxy and 1-propenoxy functional groups were attached to the core by the hydrosilation of T with an appropriate precursor. The steric constraints and the requirements for the hydrosilation reaction are discussed. The monomers were fully characterized and then polymerized by exposure to ultraviolet irradiation in the presence of onium salt photoinitiators. The polymerization conditions for the monomers were optimized and compared with each other using real-time infrared spectroscopy. Thermal analysis was also performed on the resulting crosslinked polymers. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In Vivo Analyses of the Roles of Essential Omp85-Related Proteins in the Chloroplast Outer Envelope Membrane (2011)

Two different, essential Omp85 (Outer membrane protein, 85 kD)-related proteins exist in the outer envelope membrane of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) chloroplasts: Toc75 (Translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts, 75 kD), encoded by atTOC75-III; and OEP80 (Outer Envelope Protein, 80 kD), encoded by AtOEP80/atTOC75-V. The atToc75-III protein is closely related to the originally identified pea (Pisum sativum) Toc75 protein, and it forms a preprotein translocation channel during chloroplast import; the AtOEP80 protein is considerably more divergent from pea Toc75, and its role is unknown. As knockout mutations for atTOC75-III and AtOEP80 are embryo lethal, we employed a dexamethasone-inducible RNA interference strategy (using the pOpOff2 vector) to conduct in vivo studies on the roles of these two proteins in older, postembryonic plants. We conducted comparative studies on plants silenced for atToc75-III (atToc75-III↓) or AtOEP80 (AtOEP80↓), as well as additional studies on a stable, atToc75-III missense allele (toc75-III-3/modifier of altered response to gravity1), and our results indicated that both proteins are important for chloroplast biogenesis at postembryonic stages of development. Moreover, both are important for photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic development, albeit to different degrees: atToc75-III↓ phenotypes were considerably more severe than those of AtOEP80↓. Qualitative similarity between the atToc75-III↓ and AtOEP80↓ phenotypes may be linked to deficiencies in atToc75-III and other TOC proteins in AtOEP80↓ plants. Detailed analysis of atToc75-III↓ plants, by electron microscopy, immunoblotting, quantitative proteomics, and protein import assays, indicated that these plants are defective in relation to the biogenesis of both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic plastids and preproteins, confirming the earlier hypothesis that atToc75-III functions promiscuously in different substrate-specific import pathways.
A Sealed Liquid Cell for <italic>In Situ</italic> Transmission Electron Microscopy of Controlled Electrochemical Processes (2015)

A microfabricated liquid cell that permits imaging and controlling of electrochemical processes in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) has been developed, and its capabilities are demonstrated. The liquid cell comprises two silicon chips with suspended electron-transparent silicon nitride membranes that encapsulate and hermetically seal a thin (~100 nm) liquid layer in the TEM high-vacuum environment. Up to 10 integrated electrodes with selectively exposed areas allow multiple experiments to be performed on the same chip, and the electrode geometry has been designed to facilitate the assembly of nanostructures or nanoscale patterning of thin-film materials on the electrodes. We demonstrate the cell operation by picoampere-level electrochemical control and imaging of copper electrodeposition. A wide variety of materials and electrolytes may be studied with this cell design, and the relatively small (~1 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) exposed electrode areas enable quantitative electrochemical control at low currents.
Comparative vasodepressor effects of 3-pyridine derivatives possessing the cyanoamidine or amide structure in pithed rats. (1994)

The potency and mechanism of the vasodepressor action of N-cyano-3-pyridinecarboximidamide and nicotinamide, which are 3-pyridine derivatives possessing cyanoamidine and amide structures, respectively, were studied in pithed rats infused with phenylephrine. The N-substituents of cyanoamidine and amide in the derivatives studied comprised 2-nitroxyethyl (KRN2391 and nicorandil), phenethyl (Ki769 and Ki765) and 2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl (Ki3005 and Ki4261) moieties. These derivatives produced vasodepressor actions in a dose-dependent manner, except for Ki4261 which did not show any action below the solubility limit. When the vasodepressor effects of compounds possessing the same N-substituents in cyanoamidine and amide derivatives were compared, the potency of cyanoamidine derivatives was greater than that of amide derivatives, Ki3005 being the most potent. The vasodepressor effects of cyanoamidine and amide derivatives were antagonized by glibenclamide, although the antagonism of the depressor effects of KRN2391 and nicorandil was less pronounced than that of the other derivatives. These results suggest that N-substituents, in addition to the cyanoamidine structure, play an important role in determining the vasodepressor potencies of 3-pyridine derivatives. Furthermore, the vasodepressor effects of these derivatives appear to be based on their K+ channel-opening actions, although those of KRN2391 and nicorandil seem to be partly mediated by a nitrate-like action in addition to their K+ channel-opening action.
New non‐synthetic method to modify properties of liquid crystals using micro‐ and nano‐particles (2005)

Abstract— The modification of the properties of existing LCs by doping them with ferroelectric micro‐ and nano‐particles will be reported. This approach, in contrast to the conventional time‐consuming and expensive chemical synthetic methods, enriches and enhances the electro‐optical performance of many liquid‐crystal materials. The effect of the ferroelectric particles on the nematic, smectic, and cholesteric phases will be discussed. The performance of these new composite systems in various devices, including displays, light modulators, and beam‐steering devices, will be reported.
Homocysteine Toxicity inEscherichia coliIs Caused by a Perturbation of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Biosynthesis (2005)

In Escherichia coli the sulfur-containing amino acid homocysteine (Hcy) is the last intermediate on the methionine biosynthetic pathway. Supplementation of a glucose-based minimal medium with Hcy at concentrations greater than 0.2 mM causes the growth of E. coli Frag1 to be inhibited. Supplementation of Hcy-treated cultures with combinations of branched-chain amino acids containing isoleucine or with isoleucine alone reversed the inhibitory effects of Hcy on growth. The last intermediate of the isoleucine biosynthetic pathway, alpha-keto-beta-methylvalerate, could also alleviate the growth inhibition caused by Hcy. Analysis of amino acid pools in Hcy-treated cells revealed that alanine, valine, and glutamate levels are depleted. Isoleucine could reverse the effects of Hcy on the cytoplasmic pools of valine and alanine. Supplementation of the culture medium with alanine gave partial relief from the inhibitory effects of Hcy. Enzyme assays revealed that the first step of the isoleucine biosynthetic pathway, catalyzed by threonine deaminase, was sensitive to inhibition by Hcy. The gene encoding threonine deaminase, ilvA, was found to be transcribed at higher levels in the presence of Hcy. Overexpression of the ilvA gene from a plasmid could overcome Hcy-mediated growth inhibition. Together, these data indicate that in E. coli Hcy toxicity is caused by a perturbation of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis that is caused, at least in part, by the inhibition of threonine deaminase.
Functional expression of the MHC class I-related receptor, FcRn, in endothelial cells of mice (1998)

Our recent data indicate that the MHC class I-related receptor, FcRn, plays a role in regulating serum IgG levels, in addition to its known role in transferring IgG from mother to young. In the current study, the distribution of FcRn in adult mice has been investigated using several approaches. First, tissue distribution of anti-FcRn F(ab')2, murine IgG1 and recombinant, IgG1-derived Fc-hinge fragments has been analyzed, and these FcRn binding proteins localize predominantly in skin and muscle with lesser amounts in liver and adipose tissue. Second, histochemical analyses of muscle and liver with anti-FcRn F(ab')2 indicate that FcRn is expressed in the endothelium of small arterioles and capillaries, but not in larger vessels such as the central vein and portal vasculature. Third, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence studies of cultured murine endothelial cells show that functional FcRn is expressed in these cells, and is located within vesicular structures in the cytosol and not on the membrane. Taken together the data demonstrate that FcRn is expressed in functionally active form in endothelial cells, indicating that these cells are a possible site at which serum IgG homeostasis is maintained.
Clinical Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death by n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Mechanism of Prevention of Arrhythmias by n-3 Fish Oils (2003)

T his review will be limited specifically to the beneficial prevention by the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of arrhythmic deaths, including sudden cardiac death, which annually causes some 300 000 deaths in the United States and millions more worldwide. We will also show that the growing body of positive clinical studies is supported by what has been learned in animal and laboratory studies regarding the mechanism by which n-3 PUFAs prevent cardiac arrhythmias.
Chemical Composition of the Essential Oils of Clausena lansium from Hainan Island, China (2004)

The essential oils of wild Clausena lansium collected in Hainan Island, China were extracted from leaves, flowers, sarcocarps and seeds, and then analyzed by using GC/MS. The main constituents of the essential oils were: beta-santalol (35.2%), bisabolol (13.7%), methyl santalol (6.9%), ledol (6.5%) and sinensal (5.6%) in the leaves; beta-santalol (50.6%), 9-octadecenamide (17.2%) and sinensal (4.1%) in the flowers; beta-santalol (52.0%), alpha-santalol (15.5%), farnesol (5.2%) and sinensal (4.0%) in the sarcocarps; and phellandrene (54.8%), limonene (23.6%), and p-menth-1-en-4-ol (7.5%) in the seeds.
Deactivation Efficiency and Degree of Control over Polymerization in ATRP in Protic Solvents (2004)

Copper-mediated ATRP in protic solvents is characterized by inefficient deactivation due to reversible dissociation of a halide ligand from the ATRP deactivator CuIILnX (L = bipyridine or another amine or imine, X = Br, Cl), which may be followed by competitive coordination of solvent to the CuII center. This process is strongly solvent-dependent and leads to fast and often poorly controlled polymerizations. The loss of a halide ligand from the deactivator in ATRP reactions in the presence of water or other coordinating compounds can be suppressed by the addition of halide salts allowing the regeneration of the dissociated CuII−X species and, therefore, increasing the deactivation rate. The deactivation step in ATRP, which is of primary importance for control over the polymerization, can also be accelerated by employing a catalyst system initially containing a sufficiently large amount of CuII−halide complex. These approaches are illustrated by conducting the controlled radical polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate, 2-(trimethylammonio)ethyl methacrylate trifluoromethanesulfonate, and 2-(dimethylethylammonio)ethyl methacrylate bromide.
A Long-Term Study of Hepatitis C Virus Replication in Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis (1991)

During the early phase of primary HCV infection, there is a period of several months of sero-negativity during which HCV RNA is the only diagnostic marker of infection. The disappearance of HCV RNA from serum appears to correlate with the resolution of non-A, non-B hepatitis, whereas viremia persists in patients whose disease progresses to chronic hepatitis. In contrast, antibody levels do not necessarily remain elevated in patients with chronic disease.
Second-generation tetracyclines, a dermatologic overview: clinical uses and pharmacology. (1991)

Tetracycline and its derivatives are frequently used in the treatment of acne, soft tissue bacterial infections, Lyme disease (borreliosis), chlamydial-infections, and respiratory tract infections. Several pharmacologic and microbiological properties of these antibiotics make them particularly suitable for such uses. First-generation tetracyclines have long been in use; however, the second-generation tetracyclines minocycline, doxycycline hyclate, and doxycycline monohydrate have also become widely prescribed, and can offer advantages to the dermatologist over tetracycline. This paper reviews the important pharmacologic and microbiological characteristics of these three commonly used second-generation tetracyclines, and their clinical applications in dermatology.
Thermodynamics and NMR of Internal G·T Mismatches in DNA (1997)

Thermodynamics of 39 oligonucleotides with internal G.T mismatches dissolved in 1 M NaCl were determined from UV absorbance versus temperature profiles. These data were combined with literature values of six sequences to derive parameters for 10 linearly independent trimer and tetramer sequences with G.T mismatches and Watson-Crick base pairs. The G.T mismatch parameters predict DeltaG degrees 37, DeltaH degrees , DeltaS degrees , and TM with average deviations of 5.1%, 7.5%, 8.0%, and 1.4 degrees C, respectively. These predictions are within the limits of what can be expected for a nearest-neighbor model. The data show that the contribution of a single G.T mismatch to helix stability is context dependent and ranges from +1.05 kcal/mol for AGA/TTT to -1.05 kcal/mol for CGC/GTG. Several tests of the applicability of the nearest-neighbor model to G.T mismatches are described. Analysis of imino proton chemical shifts show that structural perturbations from the G.T mismatches are highly localized. One-dimensional NOE difference spectra demonstrate that G.T mismatches form stable hydrogen-bonded wobble pairs in diverse contexts. Refined nearest-neighbor parameters for Watson-Crick base pairs are also presented.
Healthy Aging and Dementia: Findings from the Nun Study (2003)

The Nun Study is a longitudinal study of 678 Catholic sisters 75 to 107 years of age who are members of the School Sisters of Notre Dame congregation. Data collected for this study include early and middle-life risk factors from the convent archives, annual cognitive and physical function evaluations during old age, and postmortem neuropathologic evaluations of the participants' brains. The case histories presented include a centenarian who was a model of healthy aging, a 92-year-old with dementia and clinically significant Alzheimer disease neuropathology and vascular lesions, a cognitively and physically intact centenarian with almost no neuropathology, and an 85-year-old with well-preserved cognitive and physical function despite a genetic predisposition to Alzheimer disease and an abundance of Alzheimer disease lesions. These case histories provide examples of how healthy aging and dementia relate to the degree of pathology present in the brain and the level of resistance to the clinical expression of the neuropathology.