gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anatomic Variations of the Cochlea and Relations to other Temporal Bone Structures (1990)

A thorough knowledge of the normal range of variation of anatomy and topography of the cochlea is necessary for optimal reproduction of this structure and correct interpretation of the radiographs. Radiographic identification of incomplete cochlear coils is essential in the diagnosis of congenital malformations such as Modini's deformity. Furthermore, a diagnosis of otosclerosis/otospongiosis has to be based on recognition of changes in the otic capsule. The size and shape of the human cochlea and the normal ranges of variation of its dimensions were evaluated in 95 plastic casts, prepared from temporal bone specimens. The normal range of variation is fairly small, and is not age-dependent. Obvious digression from this range, associated with pertinent clinical symptoms, indicates an abnormality.
Methylsulfonylmethane: Applications and Safety of a Novel Dietary Supplement (2017)

Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) has become a popular dietary supplement used for a variety of purposes, including its most common use as an anti-inflammatory agent. It has been well-investigated in animal models, as well as in human clinical trials and experiments. A variety of health-specific outcome measures are improved with MSM supplementation, including inflammation, joint/muscle pain, oxidative stress, and antioxidant capacity. Initial evidence is available regarding the dose of MSM needed to provide benefit, although additional work is underway to determine the precise dose and time course of treatment needed to provide optimal benefits. As a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) approved substance, MSM is well-tolerated by most individuals at dosages of up to four grams daily, with few known and mild side effects. This review provides an overview of MSM, with details regarding its common uses and applications as a dietary supplement, as well as its safety for consumption.
IL-9–mediated survival of type 2 innate lymphoid cells promotes damage control in helminth-induced lung inflammation (2013)

IL-9 fate reporter mice established type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) as major producers of this cytokine in vivo. Here we focus on the role of IL-9 and ILC2s during the lung stage of infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, which results in substantial tissue damage. IL-9 receptor (IL-9R)-deficient mice displayed reduced numbers of ILC2s in the lung after infection, resulting in impaired IL-5, IL-13, and amphiregulin levels, despite undiminished numbers of Th2 cells. As a consequence, the restoration of tissue integrity and lung function was strongly impaired in the absence of IL-9 signaling. ILC2s, in contrast to Th2 cells, expressed high levels of the IL-9R, and IL-9 signaling was crucial for the survival of activated ILC2s in vitro. Furthermore, ILC2s in the lungs of infected mice required the IL-9R to up-regulate the antiapoptotic protein BCL-3 in vivo. This highlights a unique role for IL-9 as an autocrine amplifier of ILC2 function, promoting tissue repair in the recovery phase after helminth-induced lung inflammation.
Becker muscular dystrophy with onset after 60 years (1994)

We report an unusual example of Becker muscular dystrophy in which the patient was asymptomatic until his mid-60s, and diagnosis was not made until he was 67 years old. The patient had the unusual deletion of exons 3 to 9 within an actin-binding region of the dystrophin gene, removal or disruption of which is almost invariably associated with a more severe clinical phenotype. Our case illustrates the danger of drawing conclusions about possibly symptomatic deletions without lifelong follow-up.
Promising General Solution to the Problem of Ligating Peptides and Glycopeptides (2010)

Our global goal is that of synthesizing complex polypeptides and glycopeptides in homogeneous form. Chemistry-derived access to homogeneous biologics could well have useful consequences in the discovery of drugs and vaccines. The key finding in this study is that thio acids can become highly competent acyl donors following even trace levels of oxidative activation, thereby undergoing amide bond formation upon reaction with N-terminal peptides. Though our data set does not establish the specific mechanism of this reaction, a framework to account for the fact that minute levels of oxidation actuate amide bond formation with high turnover is offered. An apparently general coupling of thio acids (including complex peptide thio acids with N-termini of complex peptides) has thus been realized. These ligations are conducted with minimal α-epimerization in the C-terminal group and allow for the coupling of N-terminal and C-terminal glycopeptides en route to homogeneous glycoproteins.
Scalable discovery of hidden emails from large folders (2005)

The popularity of email has triggered researchers to look for ways to help users better organize the enormous amount of information stored in their email folders. One challenge that has not been studied extensively in text mining is the identification and reconstruction of hidden emails. A hidden email is an original email that has been quoted in at least one email in a folder, but does not present itself in the same folder. It may have been (un)intentionally deleted or may never have been received. The discovery and reconstruction of hidden emails is critical for many applications including email classification, summarization and forensics. This paper proposes a framework for reconstructing hidden emails using the embedded quotations found in messages further down the thread hierarchy. We evaluate the robustness and scalability of our framework by using the Enron public email corpus. Our experiments show that hidden emails exist widely in that corpus and also that our optimization techniques are effective in processing large email folders.
Autologous Fibrinogen for Tissue-Adhesion, Hemostasis and Embolization (1983)

The use of commercially produced fibrin glue, successfully used for many surgical procedures in European operating theatres, is prohibited in the USA due to FDA regulations. In this presentation the authors demonstrate the extraction of fibrinogen from the patient's own blood, thus avoiding possible viral contamination and allergenisity. Clinical and experimental applications are demonstrated.
Dendritic Cells in the Cancer Microenvironment (2013)

The complexity of the tumor immunoenvironment is underscored by the emergence and discovery of different subsets of immune effectors and regulatory cells. Tumor-induced polarization of immune cell differentiation and function makes this unique environment even more intricate and variable. Dendritic cells (DCs) represent a special group of cells that display different phenotype and activity at the tumor site and exhibit differential pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic functions. DCs play a key role in inducing and maintaining the antitumor immunity, but in the tumor environment their antigen-presenting function may be lost or inefficient. DCs might be also polarized into immunosuppressive/tolerogenic regulatory DCs, which limit activity of effector T cells and support tumor growth and progression. Although various factors and signaling pathways have been described to be responsible for abnormal functioning of DCs in cancer, there are still no feasible therapeutic modalities available for preventing or reversing DC malfunction in tumor-bearing hosts. Thus, better understanding of DC immunobiology in cancer is pivotal for designing novel or improved therapeutic approaches that will allow proper functioning of DCs in patients with cancer.
Droplet Microfluidics reverse transcription and PCR towards Single Cell and Exosome Analysis (2017)

Miniaturization of biological analysis is a trend in the field of biotechnology aiming to increase resolution and sensitivity in biological assays. Decreasing the reaction volumes to analyze fewer analytes in each reaction vessel enables the detection of rare analytes in a vast background of more common variants. Droplet microfluidics is a high throughput technology for the generation, manipulation and analysis of picoliter scale water droplets an in immiscible oil. The capacity for high throughput processing of discrete reaction vessels makes droplet microfluidics a valuable tool for miniaturization of biological analysis. In the first paper, detection methods compatible with droplet microfluidics was expanded to include SiNR FET sensors. An integrated droplet microfluidics SiNR FET sensor device capable of extracting droplet contents, transferring a train of droplets to the SiNR to measure pH was implemented and tested. In paper II, a workflow was developed for scalable and target flexible multiplex droplet PCR using fluorescently color-coded beads for target detection. The workflow was verified for concurrent detection of two microorganisms infecting poultry. The detection panel was increased to multiple targets in one assay by the use of target specific capture probes on color-coded detection beads. In paper III, droplet microfluidics has been successfully applied to single cell processing, demonstrated in paper III, where reverse transcription was performed on 65000 individually encapsulated mammalian cells. cDNA yield was approximately equivalent for reactions performed in droplets and in microliter scale. This workflow was further developed in paper IV to perform reverse transcription PCR in microfluidic droplets for detection of exosomes based on 18S RNA content. The identification of single exosomes based on RNA content can be further developed to detect specific RNA biomarkers for disease diagnostics. Droplet microfluidics has great potential for increasing resolution in biological analysis and to become a standard tool in disease diagnostics and clinical research.
Ultra-capacitor assisted electric drives for transportation (2003)

Non-Faradic surface effect storage devices such as ultra-capacitors offer pulse power and power cycling capability far in excess of Faradic, bulk storage, electrochemical cells for vehicular use. Vehicle applications for electric drives have been delayed due to technical inadequacy in these fiercely cost sensitive systems. Particularly in safety critical systems such as steer, brake and drive by wire where the cost of redundant systems would be prohibitive. Similarly for the vehicle power train where the demands for idle-stop and electrification of key functions such as engine cranking, electromechanical valve actuation and hybridization are concerned. in this paper both safety critical and power train systems are re-assessed within the context of distributed energy storage modules in the vehicle electrical distribution system to satisfy the requirements for power supply redundancy.
On-Line Mathematics Reviews and Performance in Introductory Microeconomics (2006)

We examine whether on-line remedial mathematics reviews can improve student performance in introductory microeconomics. In treatment sections, graded pre- and posttests were used to assess student understanding of graphing, systems of linear equations, area, slope, ratios and percentages. Students had on-line reviews and tutorials available between completing the tests. Pre- and posttest scores are positively and significantly related to course grade, more so than variables designating which mathematics courses have been taken by students. Ordered probit analysis suggests that each additional question answered correctly on the posttest over the initial pretest score is significantly related to final course grade, with students in the treatment sections earning on average 0.20 of a letter grade higher.
Estrogen-Induced Activation of Erk-1 and Erk-2 Requires the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Homolog, GPR30, and Occurs via Trans-Activation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor through Release of HB-EGF (2000)

Estrogen rapidly activates the mitogen-activated protein kinases, Erk-1 and Erk-2, via an as yet unknown mechanism. Here, evidence is provided that estrogen-induced Erk-1/-2 activation occurs independently of known estrogen receptors, but requires the expression of the G protein-coupled receptor homolog, GPR30. We show that 17beta-estradiol activates Erk-1/-2 not only in MCF-7 cells, which express both estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) and ER beta, but also in SKBR3 breast cancer cells, which fail to express either receptor. Immunoblot analysis using GPR30 peptide antibodies showed that this estrogen response was associated with the presence of GPR30 protein in these cells. MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (ER alpha-, ER beta+) are GPR30 deficient and insensitive to Erk-1/-2 activation by 17beta-estradiol. Transfection of MDA-MB-231 cells with a GPR30 complementary DNA resulted in overexpression of GPR30 protein and conversion to an estrogen-responsive phenotype. In addition, GPR30-dependent Erk-1/-2 activation was triggered by ER antagonists, including ICI 182,780, yet not by 17alpha-estradiol or progesterone. Consistent with acting through a G protein-coupled receptor, estradiol signaling to Erk-1/-2 occurred via a Gbetagamma-dependent, pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway that required Src-related tyrosine kinase activity and tyrosine phosphorylation of tyrosine 317 of the Shc adapter protein. Reinforcing this idea, estradiol signaling to Erk-1/-2 was dependent upon trans-activation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor via release of heparan-bound EGF (HB-EGF). Estradiol signaling to Erk-1/-2 could be blocked by: 1) inhibiting EGF-receptor tyrosine kinase activity, 2) neutralizing HB-EGF with antibodies, or 3) down-modulating HB-EGF from the cell surface with the diphtheria toxin mutant, CRM-197. Our data imply that ER-negative breast tumors that continue to express GPR30 may use estrogen to drive growth factor-dependent cellular responses.
Poly(ethylene glycol)-Prodrug Conjugates: Concept, Design, and Applications (2012)

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is the most widely used polymer in delivering anticancer drugs clinically. PEGylation (i.e., the covalent attachment of PEG) of peptides proteins, drugs, and bioactives is known to enhance the aqueous solubility of hydrophobic drugs, prolong circulation time, minimize nonspecific uptake, and achieve specific tumor targetability through the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Numerous PEG-based therapeutics have been developed, and several have received market approval. A vast amount of clinical experience has been gained which has helped to design PEG prodrug conjugates with improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced systemic toxicity. However, more efforts in designing PEG-based prodrug conjugates are anticipated. In light of this, the current paper highlights the synthetic advances in PEG prodrug conjugation methodologies with varied bioactive components of clinical relevance. In addition, this paper discusses FDA-approved PEGylated delivery systems, their intended clinical applications, and formulations under clinical trials.
The Complete Primary Structure for the α1-Chain of Mouse Collagen IV (1989)

We report here the complete nucleotide and amino acid sequences for the alpha 1-chain of mouse collagen IV which is 1669 amino acids in length, including a putative 27-residue signal peptide. In comparison with the amino acid sequence for the alpha 2-chain (Saus, J., Quinones, S., MacKrell, A. J., Blumberg, B., Muthkumaran, G., Pihlajaniemi, J., and Kurkinen, M. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 6318-6324), the two chains of collagen IV are 43% identical. Most of the interruptions of the Gly-X-Y repeat are homologously placed but strikingly show no sequence similarity between the two chains. Availability of the amino acid sequences for human collagen IV allows a detailed comparison of the primary structure of collagen IV and reveals evolutionarily conserved domains of the protein. Between the two species, the alpha 1 (IV) chains are 90.6% and the alpha 2 (IV) chains are 83.5% identical in sequence. We discuss these data with respect to differential evolution between and within the collagen IV chain types.
Proposal for the recognition of minimally differentiated acute myeloid leukaemia (AML‐MO) (1991)

We describe a form of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), designated AML-MO, with minimal myeloid differentiation, not included previously in the FAB classification. AML-MO cannot be diagnosed on morphological grounds alone as the blast cells are large and agranular, sometimes resembling L2 or, rarely, L1 lymphoblasts, and should be identified by the following features: negative myeloperoxidase (MPO) and Sudan Black B reaction (or positive in less than 3% of blasts), negative B and T lineage markers and expression of myeloid antigens recognized by at least one monoclonal antibody, CD13 or CD33. Other myeloid markers are also often positive and these include CD11b and the enzyme MPO demonstrated by immunocytochemistry and/or electron microscopy analysis. The findings in a group of 10 cases satisfying the criteria for AML-MO are described. AML-MO represents 2-3% of all cases of AML and 1-1.5% of all acute leukaemias. Its clinical and biological significance is not yet apparent but its identification in a larger number of cases may achieve this aim.
Regulatory perspective in the United States on cell cultures for production of inactivated influenza virus vaccines. (1999)

The United States Code of Federal Regulations requires that all influenza virus vaccines produced for use in the United States adhere to specific regulatory standards including the demonstration of safety and efficacy. For vaccines produced in cell lines, rigorous characterization for manufacturing is particularly important. Influenza vaccines produced by the passage of viruses in mammalian cell lines will require careful evaluation to ensure the removal or inactivation of potential adventitious agents.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes in asymptomatic long-term nonprogressing HIV-1 infection. Breadth and specificity of the response and relation to in vivo viral quasispecies in a person with prolonged infection and low viral load (1996)

Although vigorous activated and memory CTL have been associated with HIV-1 infection, data are lacking regarding the breadth of epitopes recognized in a given individual and the relationship to the viral quasispecies present in vivo. In this study we performed a detailed analysis of the HIV-1-specific CTL response in a seropositive person with documented HIV-1 infection of 15 yr duration, stable CD4 counts above 500 cells/ml, and viral load persistently below 500 molecules of RNA/ml of plasma. Epitope mapping studies revealed the presence of HLA class I-restricted CTL responses to six different epitopes in p17, p24, RT, Env, and Nef, which conferred broadly cross-reactive recognition of reported HIV-1 variants. Sequence analysis of autologous viruses revealed the absence of immune escape variants within five of the six epitopes. Despite consistently low viral RNA levels in plasma and viral DNA levels in PBMC, in vivo-activated circulating CTL were detected against three of the epitopes. Five of the six epitopes, including the three dominant epitopes, have been detected in persons with progressive disease, suggesting that nonprogressors may not target unique epitopes. This study demonstrates that HIV-1-specific CTL can be highly activated and broadly directed in the setting of an extremely low viral load, and that neither high viral load nor antigenic diversity is required for the generation of a multispecific CTL response. Although the detection of strong CTL responses, low viral load, and lack of immune escape are consistent with the hypothesis that CTL may contribute to lack of disease progression in this individual, the contribution of these responses to maintenance of the asymptomatic state remains to be determined.
Macrophage scavenger receptor CD36 is the major receptor for LDL modified by monocyte-generated reactive nitrogen species (2000)

The oxidative conversion of LDL into an atherogenic form is considered a pivotal event in the development of cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have identified reactive nitrogen species generated by monocytes by way of the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-nitrite (MPO-H(2)O(2)-NO(2)(-)) system as a novel mechanism for converting LDL into a high-uptake form (NO(2)-LDL) for macrophages. We now identify the scavenger receptor CD36 as the major receptor responsible for high-affinity and saturable cellular recognition of NO(2)-LDL by murine and human macrophages. Using cells stably transfected with CD36, CD36-specific blocking mAbs, and CD36-null macrophages, we demonstrated CD36-dependent binding, cholesterol loading, and macrophage foam cell formation after exposure to NO(2)-LDL. Modification of LDL by the MPO-H(2)O(2)-NO(2)(-) system in the presence of up to 80% lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS) still resulted in the conversion of the lipoprotein into a high-uptake form for macrophages, whereas addition of less than 5% LPDS totally blocked Cu(2+)-catalyzed LDL oxidation and conversion into a ligand for CD36. Competition studies demonstrated that lipid oxidation products derived from 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine can serve as essential moieties on NO(2)-LDL recognized by CD36. Collectively, these results suggest that MPO-dependent conversion of LDL into a ligand for CD36 is a likely pathway for generating foam cells in vivo. MPO secreted from activated phagocytes may also tag phospholipid-containing targets for removal by CD36-positive cells.
Lumbar Nerve Root Compression Caused by Lumbar Intraspinal Gas (1997)

Surgery with needle aspiration of the gas resulted in clinical improvement in all cases, confirming that intraspinal gas is an important cause of lumbar radiculopathy. The composition of the gas in one patient was analyzed by gas chromatography, which revealed an overwhelming preponderance of nitrogen. A relationship between a gas-containing pseudocyst in the spinal canal and a degenerated intervertebral disc was identified, a key finding for understanding the precise nature of this disorder. Intradiscal gas formation and its outward migration as a sequel of intervertebral disc degeneration also has been addressed in this report.
Will Networks on Chip Close the Productivity Gap? (2005)

We introduce two properties of the design process called the arbitrary composability and the linear effort properties. We argue that a design paradigm, which has these two properties is scalable and has the potential to keep up with the pace of technology advances. Then we discuss some of the trends that will enforce significant changes on current design methodologies and techniques. Finally, we argue that the emerging Network-on-Chip (NoC) paradigm promises to address these trends and challenges and has all prerequisites to provide the arbitrary composability and the linear effort properties. Consequently we conclude that NoC is a likely basis for future System-on-Chip platforms and methodologies.