gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A compact EHF/SHF dual frequency antenna (1990)

The design and development of a compact EHF/SHF dual-frequency antenna capable of meeting very stringent electrical and mechanical requirements is described. This antenna can serve as a ground terminal antenna for next-generation EHF/SHF military satellite communication systems. These systems usually have severe spatial constraints that require novel approaches in order to fulfil the electrical performance requirement in the limited space available for the antenna subsystem. The proposed design is an effort to solve the spatial problem and meet the electrical performance requirements. It consists of a 5.75-in reflector with a dual-frequency vertex backfire feed and a compact diplexer. The antenna subsystem is compact in size and capable of operating in circularly polarized mode in two frequency bands. It is compatible with the severe spatial constraint, and is optimized in terms of electrical performance, satisfying ground terminal requirements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Phyllodes tumors of the breast analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization and association of increased 1q copy number with stromal overgrowth and recurrence. (1997)

Phyllodes tumors are rare neoplasms of the breast. Although they contain both epithelial and stromal components they are considered to be stromally derived lesions. The chromosomal copy number changes were determined in 19 well characterized samples from 18 patients using comparative genomic hybridization. Most chromosomes were involved and generally the gains and losses were similar to those found in breast cancer with the exception that the phyllodes tumors showed no evidence of genomic amplification. The one recurrent sample analyzed had the same imbalances as the original tumor. Frequent changes were gain of 1q (7/18) and loss of 3p (6/18), followed by gain of 7q (4/18) and loss of 6q (4/18) and 3q (3/18). Gain of 1q material was significantly associated with histologically defined stromal overgrowth (P = 0.011). In addition, all the cases with gain of 1q material, without 1p gain, had a clinical history of recurrence. Only one case without 1q gain had a recurrence and this had loss of the X chromosome as the sole abnormality. Increased copy number of 1q material in the phyllodes tumors studied, in one case restricted to 1q24-32, was associated with recurrence (P = 0.00365) and might therefore be considered as an indicator of local aggressiveness requiring more radical treatment.
Monoclonal antibodies as tools for studying the osteoblast lineage (1996)

Knowledge of the number and kinds of differentiation steps characterizing cells of the osteoblast lineage is inadequate. To analyze further osteoblast differentiation, a number of labs have generated monoclonal antibodies to osteogenic cells, derived from both normal bone and osteosarcomas. A variety of immunolabelling patterns on primary cell cultures, cell lines, and tissue sections has been reported, including cell surface, cytoplasmic, and extracellular matrix-associated patterns. Most of the antibodies selected recognize predominantly the mature osteoblast and osteocyte; in addition, however, antibodies have been generated that recognize pre-osteoblasts. Some recognize cells of both the osteoblast and chondroblast lineages and may contribute to a better understanding of the lineage and phenotypic relationships between these two cell types. In addition to recognition in vivo of cell subpopulations of discrete maturational stages, changes in the immunolabelling patterns in vitro have also documented a differentiation sequence in cells undergoing osteogenesis in cell and tissue cultures. In at least two cases, the antibodies have been used to isolate subpopulations of cells from bone, including relatively pure populations of osteocytes. With the exception of several antibodies that are against alkaline phosphatase or known matrix proteins including osteocalcin, the nature of the macromolecular species recognized by most of the antibodies generated to date are unknown. Recently, however, one antibody was used to clone the cDNA for the beta-galactoside-binding lectin, galectin 3 or epsilon binding protein (epsilon BP; IgE-binding protein; Mac-2), from a lambda gt11 osteoblast expression library; another was used to clone from an ROS 17/2.8-COS cell expression library the cDNA for OTS-8, a putative target gene of early response genes stimulated in response to phorbol esters in MC3T3-E1 cells. Neither of these macromolecules had previously been identified in bone cells, but the recent molecular and cellular analyses have shown them to be developmentally and/or hormonally regulated in osteoblastic cells. These antibodies extend the available markers and support earlier observations that a variety of molecules are differentially expressed by cells at different stages of the osteoblast lineage. This chapter will not be an exhaustive survey of all immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical analyses of osteogenic cells and tissues but will focus on the approach of eliciting novel monoclonal antibodies by the injection of osteogenic cells or crude bone extracts and its potential for establishing new markers of the osteoblast lineage. We have not included a large number of studies documenting the use of antibodies raised against several known bone matrix proteins; while these have been crucial in developing our current understanding of osteogenic differentiation, we sought rather to highlight the potential of the "random" injection approach.
A delay profile information based subcarrier power control combined with a partial non-power allocation technique for OFDM/FDD systems (2002)

This paper proposes a delay profile information based subcarrier power control combined with a partial non-power allocation technique for OFDM/FDD systems to achieve high bit-rate and high quality non-voice data transmission for wireless communication systems. To improve the bit error rate (BER) performances for the convolutionally encoded OFDM system, the proposed system controls the transmit power for each subcarrier in order to keep the received power of each subcarrier constant using a measured delay profile and noise level given by a delay profile information (DPI) channel in the return-link. To further reduce the transmit power needed to achieve high quality data transmission, a partial non-power allocation (PNPA) scheme combined with a punctured coding technique is further applied to the subcarrier power control. In this scheme, the deleted bits by the punctured coding are allocated to the nonreliable subcarriers and transmit power for these subcarriers are power-suppressed. Computer simulation confirms that the proposed system can achieve high quality data transmission and reduction of transmit power as compared with that of a conventional system in frequency selective fading environments.
Conversational interfaces: advances and challenges (2000)

The past decade has witnessed the emergence of a new breed of human-computer interfaces that combines several human language technologies to enable humans to converse with computers using spoken dialogue for information access, creation and processing. In this paper, we introduce the nature of these conversational interfaces and describe the underlying human language technologies on which they are based. After summarizing some of the recent progress in this area around the world, we discuss development issues faced by researchers creating these kinds of systems and present some of the ongoing and unmet research challenges in this field.
Architectures of Multimedia Communication Subsystems (1994)

This paper analyzes the particular requirements that multimedia communication imposes on the network adapter and the I/O subsystem of a workstation. We show the drawbacks of current (parallel) communication subsystems and develop new architectural concepts applicable to multimedia communication subsystems. The key ideas are the separation of isochronous and asynchronous traffic, parallelism between sender and receiver, and the execution of per-byte operations in a hardware pipeline. We adapt these concepts to the design of a Gb/s adapter and to the design of a light-weight, slower speed adapter and present some scenarios for their application. 1. Introduction New types of networks such as FDDI, ATM, and FCS provide bandwidth in the range of 100 Mb/s to 1 Gb/s to a single workstation. Multimedia communication requires broadband communication of data, still images at high resolution, and moving pictures (video, animated graphics). The aggregation of these data generates not only high-v...
Dimethyl Fumarate, an Immune Modulator and Inducer of the Antioxidant Response, Suppresses HIV Replication and Macrophage-Mediated Neurotoxicity: A Novel Candidate for HIV Neuroprotection (2011)

Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV infection promotes cognitive dysfunction and neurodegeneration through persistent inflammation and neurotoxin release from infected and/or activated macrophages/microglia. Furthermore, inflammation and immune activation within both the CNS and periphery correlate with disease progression and morbidity in ART-treated individuals. Accordingly, drugs targeting these pathological processes in the CNS and systemic compartments are needed for effective, adjunctive therapy. Using our in vitro model of HIV-mediated neurotoxicity, in which HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages release excitatory neurotoxins, we show that HIV infection dysregulates the macrophage antioxidant response and reduces levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Furthermore, restoration of HO-1 expression in HIV-infected monocyte-derived macrophages reduces neurotoxin release without altering HIV replication. Given these novel observations, we have identified dimethyl fumarate (DMF), used to treat psoriasis and showing promising results in clinical trials for multiple sclerosis, as a potential neuroprotectant and HIV disease-modifying agent. DMF, an immune modulator and inducer of the antioxidant response, suppresses HIV replication and neurotoxin release. Two distinct mechanisms are proposed: inhibition of NF-κB nuclear translocation and signaling, which could contribute to the suppression of HIV replication, and induction of HO-1, which is associated with decreased neurotoxin release. Finally, we found that DMF attenuates CCL2-induced monocyte chemotaxis, suggesting that DMF could decrease recruitment of activated monocytes to the CNS in response to inflammatory mediators. We propose that dysregulation of the antioxidant response during HIV infection drives macrophage-mediated neurotoxicity and that DMF could serve as an adjunctive neuroprotectant and HIV disease modifier in ART-treated individuals.
The Serum Response Factor Nuclear Localization Signal: General Implications for Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Activity in Control of Nuclear Translocation (1995)

We have identified a basic sequence in the N-terminal region of the 67-kDa serum response factor (p67SRF or SRF) responsible for its nuclear localization. A peptide containing this nuclear localization signal (NLS) translocates rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) into the nucleus as efficiently as a peptide encoding the simian virus 40 NLS. This effect is abolished by substituting any two of the four basic residues in this NLS. Overexpression of a modified form of SRF in which these basic residues have been mutated confirms the absolute requirement for this sequence, and not the other basic amino acid sequences adjacent to it, in the nuclear localization of SRF. Since this NLS is in close proximity to potential phosphorylation sites for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-kinase), we further investigated if A-kinase plays a role in the nuclear location of SRF. The nuclear transport of SRF proteins requires basal A-kinase activity, since inhibition of A-kinase by using either the specific inhibitory peptide PKIm or type II regulatory subunits (RII) completely prevents the nuclear localization of plasmid-expressed tagged SRF or an SRF-NLS-IgG conjugate. Direct phosphorylation of SRF by A-kinase can be discounted in this effect, since mutation of the putative phosphorylation sites in either the NLS peptide or the encoded full-length SRF protein had no effect on nuclear transport of the mutants. Finally, in support of an implication of A-kinase-dependent phosphorylation in a more general mechanism affecting nuclear import, we show that the nuclear transport of a simian virus 40-NLS-conjugated IgG or purified cyclin A protein is also blocked by inhibition of A-kinase, even though neither contains any potential sites for phosphorylation by A-kinase or can be phosphorylated by A-kinase in vitro.
Dorsal column stimulation in multiple sclerosis. (1980)

oxidase, for example, accepts many sterols as substrates.1 2 It is, of course, unusual for other sterols to occur in major proportions in plasma: one recalls the early studies of triparanol as a drug which led to reduced levels of cholesterol but caused concomitant accumulation of desmosterol.Such gross changes are rare, but it cannot be assumed that sterols present in quite low concentrations are devoid of effects.Moreover, some dietary sterols besides cholesterol can be absorbed from the digestive tract, and attention has recently been drawn4 to the possibility of deleterious effects resulting from the ingestion of oxygenated sterols present in foods.
DISCORDANT XENOGRAFT REJECTION IN AN ANTIBODY-FREE MODEL (1992)

Newborn pigs prevented from suckling colostrum were shown to have less than 0.05 micrograms/ml total immunoglobulin present in their serum. Rabbit heart xenografts transplanted heterotopically into the neck of such pigs were hyperacutely rejected, with a mean survival time of 92 +/- 14 min (mean +/- SD). Pigs which had been allowed to suckle and whose serum contained 10-15 mg/ml maternal immunoglobulin hyperacutely rejected rabbit heart xenografts in 109 +/- 62 min. Histological studies showed no Ig binding but complement component 3 (C3) binding to rabbit hearts placed in immunoglobulin-negative pigs. Prolongation of rabbit heart xenograft survival was achieved by administering cobra venom factor (1 mg/kg) to the pigs pretransplant. These data show hyperacute xenograft rejection in the absence of antibody and suggest that its cause is activation of complement by the alternative pathway.
Altered Gene Expression in Blood and Sputum in COPD Frequent Exacerbators in the ECLIPSE Cohort (2014)

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who are defined as frequent exacerbators suffer with 2 or more exacerbations every year. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenotype are poorly understood. We investigated gene expression profile patterns associated with frequent exacerbations in sputum and blood cells in a well-characterised cohort. Samples from subjects from the ECLIPSE COPD cohort were used; sputum and blood samples from 138 subjects were used for microarray gene expression analysis, while blood samples from 438 subjects were used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Using microarray, 150 genes were differentially expressed in blood (>±1.5 fold change, p≤0.01) between frequent compared to non-exacerbators. In sputum cells, only 6 genes were differentially expressed. The differentially regulated genes in blood included downregulation of those involved in lymphocyte signalling and upregulation of pro-apoptotic signalling genes. Multivariate analysis of the microarray data followed by confirmatory PCR analysis identified 3 genes that predicted frequent exacerbations; B3GNT, LAF4 and ARHGEF10. The sensitivity and specificity of these 3 genes to predict the frequent exacerbator phenotype was 88% and 33% respectively. There are alterations in systemic immune function associated with frequent exacerbations; down-regulation of lymphocyte function and a shift towards pro-apoptosis mechanisms are apparent in patients with frequent exacerbations.
Capillaries Modified by Polyelectrolyte Multilayers for Electrophoretic Separations (1999)

Fused silica capillaries coated with thin films of physically adsorbed charged polymers are employed for capillary zone electrophoretic separations. The coating is a polyelectrolyte multilayer, constructed in situ by alternating rinses with positively and negatively charged polymers. The thickness of the multilayer and amount of surface charge is controlled by the concentration of salt in the deposition solutions. The direction of the electroosmotic flow oscillates as the multilayer surface charge alternates in polarity during buildup. The apparent surface charge, deduced from the electroosmotic mobility, is considerably less than the nominal surface charge of the film. Mechanisms limiting this apparent surface charge for a buffer-permeable layer are discussed. The multilayer-coated columns exhibit many desirable features in addition to ease of construction and reproducible control of electroosmotic flow: stable flow rates are achieved immediately on exposure of the column to running buffer, and reversed flow is possible. Columns are also found to be stable to extremes of pH and ionic strength, and to dehydration/rehydration. A series of basic proteins are separated with good efficiency, demonstrating column resistance to irreversible protein adsorption. Partitioning and separation of neutral solutes using thicker films is demonstrated.
Encapsulation of Carbon Nanotubes by Self-Assembling Peptide Amphiphiles (2005)

We demonstrate the dispersion and noncovalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes in water using peptide amphiphiles each consisting of a short hydrophobic alkyl tail coupled to a more hydrophilic peptide sequence. The assembly of peptide amphiphile molecules on the surfaces of carbon nanotubes adds biofunctionality to these one-dimensional conductors and simultaneously eliminates the hydrophobic nanotube-water interface, thus dispersing them in the aqueous medium. This should occur without the degradation of their structural, electronic, and optical properties caused by covalent functionalization and without the need for specific peptide sequences designed to bind with nanotube surfaces. The encapsulation by peptide amphiphiles is confirmed using transmission electron microscopy and optical absorbance spectroscopy and may have significant future applications in biosensing or medicine.
Engineering an Improved IgG4 Molecule with Reduced Disulfide Bond Heterogeneity and Increased Fab Domain Thermal Stability (2012)

The integrity of antibody structure, stability, and biophysical characterization are becoming increasingly important as antibodies receive increasing scrutiny from regulatory authorities. We altered the disulfide bond arrangement of an IgG4 molecule by mutation of the Cys at the N terminus of the heavy chain constant domain 1 (C(H)1) (Kabat position 127) to a Ser and introduction of a Cys at a variety of positions (positions 227-230) at the C terminus of C(H)1. An inter-LC-C(H)1 disulfide bond is thus formed, which mimics the disulfide bond arrangement found in an IgG1 molecule. The antibody species present in the supernatant following transient expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells were analyzed by immunoblot to investigate product homogeneity, and purified product was analyzed by a thermofluor assay to determine thermal stability. We show that the light chain can form an inter-LC-C(H)1 disulfide bond with a Cys when present at several positions on the upper hinge (positions 227-230) and that such engineered disulfide bonds can consequently increase the Fab domain thermal stability between 3 and 6.8 °C. The IgG4 disulfide mutants displaying the greatest increase in Fab thermal stability were also the most homogeneous in terms of disulfide bond arrangement and antibody species present. Importantly, mutations did not affect the affinity for antigen of the resultant molecules. In combination with the previously described S241P mutation, we present an IgG4 molecule with increased Fab thermal stability and reduced product heterogeneity that potentially offers advantages for the production of IgG4 molecules.
Genetic and Phenotypic Analysis of Borrelia miyamotoi sp. nov., Isolated from the Ixodid Tick Ixodes persulcatus, the Vector for Lyme Disease in Japan (1995)

The ixodid tick Ixodes persulcatus is the most important vector of Lyme disease in Japan. Most spirochete isolates obtained from I. persulcatus ticks have been classified as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato because of their genetic, biological, and immunological characteristics. However, we found that a small number of isolates obtained from I. persulcatus contained a smaller 38-kDa endoflagellar protein and single 23S-5S rRNA gene unit. Representative isolate HT31T (T = type strain) had the same 23S rRNA gene physical map as Borrelia turicatae. The DNA base composition of strain HT31T was 28.6 mol% G+C. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments revealed that strain HT31T exhibited moderate levels of DNA relatedness (24 to 51%) with Borrelia hermsii, B. turicatae, Borrelia parkeri, and Borrelia coriaceae. However, the levels of DNA reassociation with the previously described Lyme disease borreliae (B. burgdorferi, Borrelia garinii, and Borrelia afzelii) were only 8 to 13%. None of the previously described species examined exhibited a high level of DNA relatedness with strain HT31T. In addition, the 16S rRNA gene sequence (length, 1,368 nucleotides) of strain HT31T was determined and aligned with the 16S rRNA sequences of other Borrelia species. Distance matrix analyses were performed, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. The results showed that isolate HT31T is only distantly related to both previously described Lyme disease borreliae and relapsing fever borreliae. Thus, the spirochetes isolated from I. persulcatus and closely related isolates should be classified as members of a new Borrelia species. We propose the name Borrelia miyamotoi sp. nov. for this spirochete; strain HT31 is the type strain.
Building Personal Maps from GPS Data (2006)

In this article we discuss an assisted cognition information technology system that can learn personal maps customized for each user and infer his daily activities and movements from raw GPS data. The system uses discriminative and generative models for different parts of this task. A discriminative relational Markov network is used to extract significant places and label them; a generative dynamic Bayesian network is used to learn transportation routines, and infer goals and potential user errors at real time. We focus on the basic structures of the models and briefly discuss the inference and learning techniques. Experiments show that our system is able to accurately extract and label places, predict the goals of a person, and recognize situations in which the user makes mistakes, such as taking a wrong bus.