gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Angular momentum in human walking (2008)

Angular momentum is a conserved physical quantity for isolated systems where no external moments act about a body's center of mass (CM). However, in the case of legged locomotion, where the body interacts with the environment (ground reaction forces), there is no a priori reason for this relationship to hold. A key hypothesis in this paper is that angular momentum is highly regulated throughout the walking cycle about all three spatial directions [|Lt| approximately 0], and therefore horizontal ground reaction forces and the center of pressure trajectory can be explained predominantly through an analysis that assumes zero net moment about the body's CM. Using a 16-segment human model and gait data for 10 study participants, we found that calculated zero-moment forces closely match experimental values (Rx2=0.91; Ry2=0.90). Additionally, the centroidal moment pivot (point where a line parallel to the ground reaction force, passing through the CM, intersects the ground) never leaves the ground support base, highlighting how closely the body regulates angular momentum. Principal component analysis was used to examine segmental contributions to whole-body angular momentum. We found that whole-body angular momentum is small, despite substantial segmental momenta, indicating large segment-to-segment cancellations ( approximately 95% medio-lateral, approximately 70% anterior-posterior and approximately 80% vertical). Specifically, we show that adjacent leg-segment momenta are balanced in the medio-lateral direction (left foot momentum cancels right foot momentum, etc.). Further, pelvis and abdomen momenta are balanced by leg, chest and head momenta in the anterior-posterior direction, and leg momentum is balanced by upper-body momentum in the vertical direction. Finally, we discuss the determinants of gait in the context of these segment-to-segment cancellations of angular momentum.
Multicarrier chip pulse shape design with low PAPR (2013)

In this paper we present a methodology to design pulse shapes for a direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) ranging signal, using a multicarrier (MC) modulation. The advantage of this signal design methodology is that it allows us to perform spectral shaping with very low Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio (PAPR). This feature makes this approach very interesting for ranging systems for which flexible resource allocation and power efficiency are major concerns, e.g. GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems).
Photo‐Chemistry of Colloidal Metal Sulfides 8. Photo‐Physics of Extremely Small CdS Particles: Q‐State CdS and Magic Agglomeration Numbers (1984)

Abstract Extremely small CdS particles were prepared in propanol−2 solution at − 78°C and in aqueous solution in the presence of sodium hexametaphosphate at room temperature. These colloids are colorless. Their UV absorption spectra exhibit several maxima. Aging of the colloids is accompanied by intensity variations in the absorption maxima and by a shift of the onset of absorption to longer wavelengths. These small CdS particles hardly possess semiconductor properties (Q‐state CdS). A semi‐classical treatment of the energies of an electron‐hole pair in these particles yielded the wavelengths of their absorption spectra. At the small particle sizes used, the first excited state was reached by photon‐absorption in the UV, and the second excited state was generally not reached at all. The various maxima in the absorption spectra are explained in terms of a size distribution of the colloids with preferential agglomeration numbers. Reasons for the formation of such a structured size distribution are given. The fluorescence and fluorescence excitation spectra of the small particles were also investigated. Particles below a certain size have only one broad fluorescence band at a much longer wavelengths than the onset of absorption. As the particle size increases, this band is shifted towards longer wavelengths, and finally an additional rather sharp band appears at the threshold of absorption. CdS colloids in the Q‐state can be made which fluoresce as desired anywhere between the red and the blue. Also reported are the first experiments in which the preparation of Q‐type CdS in the solid state is achieved by evaporating the solvent from the colloidal solutions.
The CODE 2.0 graphical parallel programming language (1992)

CODE 2.0 is a graphical parallel programming system that targets the three goals of ease of use, portability, and production of efficient parallel code. Ease of use is provided by an integrated graphical/textual interface, a powerful dynamic model of parallel computation, and an integrated concept of program component reuse. Portability is approached by the declarative expression of synchronization and communication operators at a high level of abstraction in a manner which cleanly separates overall computation structure from the primitive sequential computations that make up a program. Execution efficiency is approached through a systematic class hierarchy that supports hierarchical translation refinement including special case recognition. This paper reports results obtained through experimental use of a prototype implementation of the CODE 2.0 system.
Photonic A/D converters (1999)

Summary form only given. Optical pulses from mode-locked lasers have long been recognized as having nearly ideal timing properties for sampling microwave signals. The pulses are short, and the pulse-to-pulse timing jitter can be held to sub-femtosecond levels. The primary difficulty in this sampling approach has been maintaining linearity in encoding the electrical signal on the optical pulse. A new technique has been developed which views the encoding process in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer as phase modulation, and maintains this treatment of the signal through the measurement, quantization, and processing of the signal. Such an approach has demonstrated third order intermodulation distortion of less than -80 dBc.
Redes flamencas en Mar del Plata: una aventura que comienza en Nieuwpoort (1950-1960) (2004)

In the mid twentieth century, the port in Mar del Plata was the fishing center in the Argentine Atlantic coast. A numerically relevant Italian community practiced coastal fishing along its shores and supplied with their catch the local tinned food industry. The postwar immigration flows included, between 1950 and 1952, several Belgian fishermen families who undertook deep-sea fishing. In command of their own fishing boats, they settled in the port and started fresh-fish trade, which so far was scarcely developed in the country. The simultaneous migration of extended families in the same trade resulted in the maintenance of the solidarity ties that bound them at origin. Possessing the necessary resources for their activity, as well as contacts in the European fishing market, they gained access to local entrepreneurial networks and established deep-sea fishing as a statur group in the port ambience. This article analyzes the way primary ties operated at different moments in the migration process, as well as the connections the Flemish immigrants established in industrial activity, and those factors which favoured their expectations and were functional to the development of the fishing sector.
Normalization of Diacylglycerol-Protein Kinase C Activation by Vitamin E in Aorta of Diabetic Rats and Cultured Rat Smooth Muscle Cells Exposed to Elevated Glucose Levels (1994)

Hyperglycemia and diabetes have been shown to increase diacylglycerol (DAG) level and activate protein kinase C (PKC) activity in the vascular tissues, possibly altering vascular function. We have characterized the effects of D-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) on PKC activities and DAG levels in rat aortic smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) cultured with elevated glucose levels as well as in the vascular tissues obtained from control and diabetic rats. In ASMCs, the specific PKC activity from the membraneous fraction and total DAG level were increased by 31 +/- 4% (P < 0.05) and 50 +/- 7% (P < 0.05), respectively, when the glucose levels were changed from 5.5 to 22 mmol/l. The addition of D-alpha-tocopherol and another lipophilic antioxidant, probucol, prevented the glucose-stimulated increases in DAG level and PKC activity. By immunoblotting studies, D-alpha-tocopherol treatment was able to reduce the enhancement of PKC beta II isoform in the membraneous fraction isolated from ASMCs. Comparing streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with their nondiabetic controls, both membraneous-specific PKC activities and total cellular DAG levels were increased in aorta by 162% (P < 0.05) and 60% (P < 0.05), respectively. Intraperitoneal injection of D-alpha-tocopherol (40 mg/kg) every other day prevented the increases in membraneous-specific PKC activities and total DAG levels in parallel with a significant increase of D-alpha-tocopherol contents in the aorta and plasma. These findings have demonstrated that D-alpha-tocopherol can prevent the activation of PKC activities in the vascular cells and tissues induced by hyperglycemia by lowering DAG levels, possibly via its antioxidant effect.
IL-17A is essential to the development of elastase-induced pulmonary inflammation and emphysema in mice (2013)

These data identify the important contribution of IL-17A in the development of elastase-induced pulmonary inflammation and emphysema. Targeting IL-17A in emphysema may be a potential therapeutic strategy for delaying disease progression.
The opportunistic marine pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus becomes virulent by acquiring a plasmid that expresses a deadly toxin (2015)

Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a severe, newly emergent penaeid shrimp disease caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus that has already led to tremendous losses in the cultured shrimp industry. Until now, its disease-causing mechanism has remained unclear. Here we show that an AHPND-causing strain of V. parahaemolyticus contains a 70-kbp plasmid (pVA1) with a postsegregational killing system, and that the ability to cause disease is abolished by the natural absence or experimental deletion of the plasmid-encoded homologs of the Photorhabdus insect-related (Pir) toxins PirA and PirB. We determined the crystal structure of the V. parahaemolyticus PirA and PirB (PirA(vp) and PirB(vp)) proteins and found that the overall structural topology of PirA(vp)/PirB(vp) is very similar to that of the Bacillus Cry insecticidal toxin-like proteins, despite the low sequence identity (<10%). This structural similarity suggests that the putative PirAB(vp) heterodimer might emulate the functional domains of the Cry protein, and in particular its pore-forming activity. The gene organization of pVA1 further suggested that pirAB(vp) may be lost or acquired by horizontal gene transfer via transposition or homologous recombination.
Optimized Hyaluronic Acid–Hydrogel Design and Culture Conditions for Preservation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Properties (2012)

A novel approach that preserved most mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) characteristics was developed using MSC encapsulation in a hydrogel based on hyaluronic acid (HA). An optimized HA-hydrogel composition, whose characteristics were assessed by scanning electron microscopy and viscoelastic property analyses, as well as the more favorable MSC seeding density, was established. These optimal three-dimensional MSC culture conditions allowed morphological cell remodeling, maintained the expression of stem cell markers over 28 days of culture, and preserved MSC differentiation plasticity. In addition, MSCs in HA-hydrogel submitted for 7 days to mechanical constraint that aimed at mimicking in vivo cardiac beat displayed enhanced cell survival by more than 40% compared to static culture conditions. Thus, the optimized HA-based hydrogel provides a niche for MSCs, which preserves their properties and opens ways for cell therapy, in particular in aortic repair medicine.
Mixer , a Homeobox Gene Required for Endoderm Development (1998)

An expression cloning strategy in Xenopus laevis was used to isolate a homeobox-containing gene, Mixer, that can cause embryonic cells to form endoderm. Mixer transcripts are found specifically in the prospective endoderm of gastrula, which coincides with the time and place that endodermal cells become histologically distinct and irreversibly determined. Loss-of-function studies with a dominant inhibitory mutant demonstrate that Mixer activity is required for endoderm development. In particular, the expression of Sox17alpha and Sox17beta, two previously identified endodermal determinants, require Mixer function. Together, these data suggest that Mixer is an embryonic transcription factor involved in specifying the endodermal germ layer.
Microlithographic lens for DUV scanner (2002)

This paper describes several kinds of new technologies introduced into the latest microlithographic lens system for Nikon’s DUV (Deep Ultra Violet) scanner.
Improvement in early saphenous vein graft patency after coronary artery bypass surgery with antiplatelet therapy: results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. (1988)

To determine whether specific antiplatelet therapies improved vein graft patency after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) we compared (1) aspirin, 325 mg daily, (2) aspirin, 325 mg three times daily, (3) aspirin plus dipyridamole (325 mg and 75 mg, respectively, three times daily), (4) sulfinpyrazone (267 mg three times daily), and (5) placebo (three times daily). Therapy, except aspirin, was started 48 hr before CABG. When aspirin was a treatment, one 325 mg dose was given 12 hr before surgery and therapy was maintained thereafter according to the assigned regimen. Angiographic graft patency data were obtained within 60 days of surgery. Analysis of early graft patency in 555 patients (1781 grafts), revealed the following graft patency rates: aspirin daily, 93.5%; aspirin three times daily, 92.3%; aspirin and dipyridamole, 91.9%; and sulfinpyrazone, 90.2%. All aspirin-containing therapeutic regimens improved (p less than .05) graft patency compared with placebo (85.2%). Chest tube drainage measured within the first 35 hr after CABG revealed that the median loss with aspirin daily (965 ml), aspirin three times daily (1175 ml), and aspirin plus dipyridamole (1000 ml) exceeded (p less than .02) that with placebo (805 ml), while median loss with sulfinpyrazone (775 ml) did not. The reoperation rate was greater (p less than .01) in all the treatment groups that received aspirin (6.5%) compared with the two nonaspirin groups (1.7%). Overall operative mortality was 2.3%, without significant differences among treatment groups. Transient renal insufficiency occurred in 5.3% of patients taking sulfinpyrazone. Thus, early vein graft patency was improved after CABG with all aspirin-containing drug regimens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Splice junction mutation in some Ashkenazi Jews with Tay-Sachs disease: evidence against a single defect within this ethnic group. (1988)

Tay-Sachs disease is an inherited disorder in which the alpha chain of the lysosomal enzyme beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase A bears the mutation. Ashkenazi Jews are found to be carriers for a severe type of Tay-Sachs disease, the classic form, 10 times more frequently than the general population. Ashkenazi Jewish patients with classic Tay-Sachs disease have appeared to be clinically and biochemically identical, and the usual assumption has been that they harbor the same alpha-chain mutation. In this study I have isolated the alpha-chain gene from an Ashkenazi Jewish patient, GM2968, with classic Tay-Sachs disease and compared its nucleotide sequences with that of the normal alpha-chain gene in the promoter region, exon and splice junction regions, and polyadenylylation signal area. Only one difference was observed between these sequences: at the 5' boundary of intron 12, a guanosine in the conserved splice junction dinucleotide sequence G-T had been altered to a cytidine. The alteration is presumed to be functionally significant and to result in aberrant mRNA splicing. Utilizing the polymerase chain reaction to amplify the region encompassing the mutation, I developed an assay to screen patients and heterozygote carriers for this mutation. Surprisingly, in each of two Ashkenazi patients, only one alpha-chain allele harbored the splice junction mutation. Only one parent of each of these patients was positive for the defect. Another Ashkenazi patient did not bear this mutation at all nor did either of the subject's parents. In addition, 30% of obligate heterozygotes tested carried the splice junction mutation, whereas 20 Ashkenazi Jews designated noncarriers by enzymatic assay were negative for this alteration. The data are consistent with the presence of more than one mutation underlying the classic form of Tay-Sachs disease in the Ashkenazi Jewish population.
Potato health management (1993)

Potato health management , Potato health management , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
ATM and ATR signaling at a glance (2015)

ATM and ATR signaling pathways are well conserved throughout evolution and are central to the maintenance of genome integrity. Although the role of both ATM and ATR in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis have been well studied, both still remain in the focus of current research activities owing to their role in cancer. Recent advances in the field suggest that these proteins have an additional function in maintaining cellular homeostasis under both stressed and non-stressed conditions. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we present an overview of recent advances in ATR and ATM research with emphasis on that into the modes of ATM and ATR activation, the different signaling pathways they participate in - including those that do not involve DNA damage - and highlight their relevance in cancer.
Research Program in Tropical Infectious Diseases (1990)

Abstract : The Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Health of Belize and USUHS was signed in December 1989. Two USUHS MTM&H students conducted-research and obtained clinical experience in country. In August 1990, Jorge Palanco, MD received the MPH from USUHS. The renovation of the CML was completed in October 1990. The dedication of the CML and the ERC took place in November 1990. The preliminary analysis of the sera obtained in the febrile illness study indicate a significant prevalence of antibodies to many arboviruses. An outbreak of leishmaniasis in the BDF was investigated. The information obtained was incorporated in preventive measures, resulting in a significant decrease in cases. During the study of the ecology of mosquito fauna, a total of 2600 individually reared specimens (with larval and/or pupal skins) were obtained from 226 individual collections. Specimens from approximately 90 collections have been identified. Preliminary analysis of plants associated with the aquatic environments demonstrate major clusters of habitat-types.
Transactivation and Inhibitory Domains of Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α (1997)

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) binds to cis-acting hypoxia-response elements within the erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, and other genes to activate transcription in hypoxic cells. HIF-1 is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor composed of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta subunits. Here, we demonstrate that HIF-1alpha contains two transactivation domains located between amino acids 531 and 826. When expressed as GAL4 fusion proteins, the transcriptional activity of these domains increased in response to hypoxia. Fusion protein levels were unaffected by changes in cellular O2 tension. Two minimal transactivation domains were localized to amino acid residues 531-575 and 786-826. The transcriptional activation domains were separated by amino acid sequences that inhibited transactivation. Deletion analysis demonstrated that the gradual removal of inhibitory domain sequences (amino acids 576-785) was associated with progressively increased transcriptional activity of the fusion proteins, especially in cells cultured at 20% O2. Transcriptional activity of GAL4/HIF-1alpha fusion proteins was increased in cells exposed to 1% O2, cobalt chloride, or desferrioxamine, each of which also increased levels of endogenous HIF-1alpha protein but did not affect fusion protein levels. These results indicate that increased transcriptional activity mediated by HIF-1 in hypoxic cells results from both increased HIF-1alpha protein levels and increased activity of HIF-1alpha transactivation domains.
Nogo‐A and Nogo‐66 receptor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2008)

Nogo/reticulon (RTN)-4 has been strongly implicated as a disease marker for the motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Nogo isoforms, including Nogo-A, are ectopically expressed in the skeletal muscle of ALS mouse models and patients and their levels correlate with the disease severity. The notion of a direct involvement of Nogo-A in ALS aetiology is supported by the findings that Nogo-A deletion in mice reduces muscle denervation and prolongs survival, whereas overexpression of Nogo-A destabilizes motor nerve terminals and promotes denervation. Another intriguing, and somewhat paradoxical, recent finding revealed that binding of the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) by either agonistic or antagonistic Nogo-66-derived peptides protects against p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR))-dependent motor neuron death. Ligand binding by NgR could result in subsequent engagement of p75(NTR), and this association could preclude pro-apoptotic signalling by the latter. Understanding the intricate interplay among Nogo isoforms, NgR and p75(NTR) in ALS disease progression may provide important, therapeutically exploitable information.
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Carcinoma (1996)

MutS and MutL are bacterial genes that have critical roles in DNA repair and recombination. Mutations in homologues of these genes cause hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma and are implicated in some sporadic (nonhereditary) colorectal cancers. Molecular functions of these genes have been defined through extensive work in bacteria and yeast. This article reviews and explores molecular events that require MutS and MutL, including mismatch repair, homologous recombination, and gene conversion. The mechanisms of action of eukaryotic MutS and MutL homologues are compared with those of their prokaryotic counterparts, and the relevance of these mechanisms to tumorigenesis is discussed.
Targeted Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Brain Using MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound to Disrupt the Blood-Brain Barrier (2011)

Stem cell therapy is a promising strategy to treat neurodegenerative diseases, traumatic brain injury, and stroke. For stem cells to progress towards clinical use, the risks associated with invasive intracranial surgery used to deliver the cells to the brain, needs to be reduced. Here, we show that MRI-guided focused ultrasound (MRIgFUS) is a novel method for non-invasive delivery of stem cells from the blood to the brain by opening the blood brain barrier (BBB) in specific brain regions. We used MRI guidance to target the ultrasound beam thereby delivering the iron-labeled, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing neural stem cells specifically to the striatum and the hippocampus of the rat brain. Detection of cellular iron using MRI established that the cells crossed the BBB to enter the brain. After sacrifice, 24 hours later, immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the presence of GFP-positive cells in the targeted brain regions. We determined that the neural stem cells expressed common stem cell markers (nestin and polysialic acid) suggesting they survived after transplantation with MRIgFUS. Furthermore, delivered stem cells expressed doublecortin in vivo indicating the stem cells were capable of differentiating into neurons. Together, we demonstrate that transient opening of the BBB with MRIgFUS is sufficient for transplantation of stem cells from the blood to targeted brain structures. These results suggest that MRIgFUS may be an effective alternative to invasive intracranial surgery for stem cell transplantation.