gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunotoxins: The Role of the Toxin (2013)

Immunotoxins are antibody-toxin bifunctional molecules that rely on intracellular toxin action to kill target cells. Target specificity is determined via the binding attributes of the chosen antibody. Mostly, but not exclusively, immunotoxins are purpose-built to kill cancer cells as part of novel treatment approaches. Other applications for immunotoxins include immune regulation and the treatment of viral or parasitic diseases. Here we discuss the utility of protein toxins, of both bacterial and plant origin, joined to antibodies for targeting cancer cells. Finally, while clinical goals are focused on the development of novel cancer treatments, much has been learned about toxin action and intracellular pathways. Thus toxins are considered both medicines for treating human disease and probes of cellular function.
Reverse Osmosis Performance of Sulfonated Poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene Ether) Ion Exchange Membranes (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReverse Osmosis Performance of Sulfonated Poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene Ether) Ion Exchange MembranesS. G. KimuraCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1971, 10, 3, 335–339Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i360039a015https://doi.org/10.1021/i360039a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views111Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Ultra-cut: a simple technique for the fabrication of SOI substrates with ultra-thin (&gt;5 nm) silicon films (2002)

A simple technique for the fabrication of ultra-thin silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates is presented. The technique utilizes a combination of two established SOI fabrication procedures and provides a method that eliminates the disadvantages of both. The bond-and-etch-back technique utilizing a Si/sub x/Ge/sub 1-x/ etch stop has been combined with the thin film separation by hydrogen implantation approach for SOI substrate fabrication. Ultra-thin (<5 nm) Si SOI layers have been fabricated successfully and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
IMP3 Expression in Human Ovarian Cancer is Associated With Improved Survival (2009)

The insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA-binding protein IMP3 plays an important role in embryogenesis and recent reports suggest an involvement in tumorigenesis. Although IMP3 expression has been well studied in mouse and human fetal and adult gonads, its role in ovarian cancer is unknown. We investigated the expression of IMP3 at protein and mRNA levels in a cohort of primary ovarian carcinomas and in 11 ovarian cancer cell lines. Western blot analysis revealed an expression of IMP3 in all ovarian cancer cell lines and immunohistochemistry demonstrated a positive cytoplasmic staining in 32 of 68 carcinomas (47%). In contrast, epithelium of borderline tumors, as well as, benign ovarian lesions and normal ovaries exhibited only weak or no IMP3 expression. In univariate Kaplan-Meier analysis, IMP3 protein expression was significantly associated with better overall survival (P=0.048). To confirm these findings, we further determined IMP3 mRNA expression in 43 ovarian cancer specimens by real time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. A significant correlation between protein and mRNA levels (r=0.414, P=0.006), as well as a correlation of IMP3 mRNA expression with patient overall survival (P=0.044), was observed. Our results demonstrate that IMP3 is expressed in a subpopulation of ovarian cancer and a marker of good prognosis.
Percutaneous Discectomy: An Alternative to Chemonucleolysis? (1983)

At the University of Florida, a new technique for lumbar disc removal, called percutaneous discectomy, has been explored. This procedure may be performed under general or local anesthesia, frequently takes less than 15 minutes, and is generally bloodless. The patient selection process and the surgical technique are presented in detail. A total of nine patients have undergone percutaneous discectomy. Seven had clear radiculopathies with appropriate radiographic findings, and they all have had excellent relief of symptoms. Two patients presented with intractable low back pain, bilateral mechanical findings, and central disc herniations on radiographic examination. One experienced good relief and one did not. Three patients had several days of paraspinous spasm after the procedure, and one complained of a lower extremity dysesthetic sensation that persisted for several weeks after operation. Our early experience with percutaneous discectomy suggests that it is a technically easy procedure that may prove, in carefully selected cases, to be a viable alternative to other discectomy techniques.
Compiler-directed lightweight checkpointing for fine-grained guaranteed soft error recovery (2016)

This paper presents Bolt, a compiler-directed soft error recovery scheme, that provides fine-grained and guaranteed recovery without excessive performance and hardware overhead. To get rid of expensive hardware support, the compiler protects the architectural inputs during their entire liveness period by safely checkpointing the last updated value in idempotent regions. To minimize the performance overhead, Bolt leverages a novel compiler analysis that eliminates those checkpoints whose value can be reconstructed by other checkpointed values without compromising the recovery guarantee. As a result, Bolt incurs only 4.7% performance overhead on average which is 57% reduction compared to the state-of-the-art scheme that requires expensive hardware support for the same recovery guarantee as Bolt.
Homogeneous ruthenium catalyzed hydrogenation of esters to alcohols‡ (1998)

The homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of aromatic and aliphatic esters to the corresponding alcohols, by a catalyst generated in situ from [Ru(acac)3] and MeC(CH2PPh2)3 in an alcoholic solvent under H2 pressure of 85 bar at 100–120 °C, is described.
G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 3 (GRK3) Gene Disruption Leads to Loss of Odorant Receptor Desensitization (1997)

G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) 2 and 3 (beta-adrenergic receptor kinases 1 and 2 (betaARK1 and -2)) mediate the agonist-dependent phosphorylation and uncoupling of many G protein-coupled receptors. These two members of the GRK family share a high degree of sequence homology and show overlapping patterns of substrate specificity in vitro. To define their physiological roles in vivo we have generated mice that carry targeted disruption of these genes. In contrast to GRK2-deficient mice, which die in utero (Jaber, M., Koch, W. J., Rockman, H., Smith, B., Bond, R. A., Sulik, K. K., Ross, J. JR., Lefkowitz, R. J. Caron, M. G., and Giros, B. (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 12974-12979), GRK3 deletion allows for normal embryonic and postnatal development. GRK3 is expressed to a high degree in the olfactory epithelium, where GRK2 is absent. Here we report that cilia preparations derived from GRK3-deficient mice lack the fast agonist-induced desensitization normally seen after odorant stimulation. Moreover, total second messenger (cAMP) generation in these cilia preparations following odorant stimulation is markedly reduced when compared with preparations from wild-type littermates. This reduction in the ability to generate cAMP is evident even in the presence of nonodorant receptor stimuli (GTPgammaS and forskolin), suggesting a compensatory dampening of the G protein-adenylyl cyclase system in the GRK3 (-/-) mice in the olfactory epithelium. These findings demonstrate the requirement of GRK3 for odorant-induced desensitization of cAMP responses.
Certain Topics in Telegraph Transmission Theory (1928)

The most obvious method for determining the distortion of telegraph signals is to calculate the transients of the telegraph system. This method has been treated by various writers, and solutions are available for telegraph lines with simple terminal conditions. It is well known that the extension of the same methods to more complicated terminal conditions, which represent the usual terminal apparatus, leads to great difficulties. The present paper attacks the same problem from the alternative standpoint of the steady-state characteristics of the system. This method has the advantage over the method of transients that the complication of the circuit which results from the use of terminal apparatus does not complicate the calculations materially. This method of treatment necessitates expressing the criteria of distortionless transmission in terms of the steady-state characteristics. Accordingly, a considerable portion of the paper describes and illustrates a method for making this translation. A discussion is given of the minimum frequency range required for transmission at a given speed of signaling. In the case of carrier telegraphy, this discussion includes a comparison of single-sideband and double-sideband transmission. A number of incidental topics is also discussed.
Studies directed toward the synthesis of vancomycin and related cyclic peptides (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies directed toward the synthesis of vancomycin and related cyclic peptidesA. V. Rama Rao, Mukund K. Gurjar, K. Laxma Reddy, and A. Srinivasa RaoCite this: Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 6, 2135–2167Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00038a014https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00038a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1436Altmetric-Citations230LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Stress signaling from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum: coordination of gene transcriptional and translational controls (1999)

All eukaryotic cells have an extensive membranous labyrinth network of branching tubules and flattened sacs called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Approximately one-third of all cellular proteins are translocated into the lumen of the ER where post-translational modification, folding, and oligomerization occurs. The ER provides a unique oxidizing compartment for the folding of membrane and secretory proteins that are destined to the cell surface, as well as for proteins destined to other intracellular organelles, such as lysosomes and the Golgi compartment. Numerous cellular proteins reside within the ER through a mechanism that requires their continuous vesicle-mediated retrieval from post-ER compartments within the early secretory pathway. These ERresident proteins are chaperones and catalysts of protein folding that form a matrix on which newly synthesized proteins attain their final conformation. The ER is also the site of synthesis of cellular lipids and sterols. In addition, the ER is the major signal-transducing organelle within the cell that continuously responds to environmental cues to release calcium. The ER is exquisitely sensitive to alterations in homeostasis, where, upon a variety of different stimuli, signals are transduced from the ER to the cytoplasm and the nucleus to eventually result in adaptation for survival or induction of apoptosis. The immediate response occurs at the translational apparatus, whereas changes in gene expression promote long-term adaptation or apoptotic cell death. Recent evidence supports findings that these signaling pathways influence pathogenesis associated with viral infection and genetic disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is presently known about the diversity of molecular signaling mechanisms that coordinate the complex ER stress response at the translational and transcriptional level in yeast and in higher eukaryotic cells.
Sequencing emm-specific PCR products for routine and accurate typing of group A streptococci (1996)

Rapid sequence analysis of specific PCR products was used to accurately deduce emm types corresponding to the majority of the known group A streptococcal (GAS) M serotypes. The study involved 95 M type reference GAS strains and a survey of 74 recent clinical isolates. A high percentage of agreement between M type serology and the previously published 5' sequences of the emm genes of M type reference strains was noted. The 5' sequences for six established M protein genes--the emm-32, emm-34, emm-38, emm-40, emm-42, and emm-71 genes--were determined to supplement the existing emm sequence database. Rapid sequence analysis differentiated serologically M-nontypeable strains and was used to establish the probable.
Femtosecond and ultraviolet laser irradiation of graphitelike hexagonal boron nitride (2004)

The effect of the femtosecond and nanosecond UV laser irradiation (below the ablation threshold) on graphitelike hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has been studied. Experiments were carried out with the compacted powder under high vacuum at room temperature using the excimer KrF laser (248nm). In the nanosecond operation mode, the laser-induced fluorescence spectra are found strongly modified depending on the integrated doze, which is attributed to a progressive enrichment of the surface layer by an elemental boron. A slow sample recovery after the laser irradiation has been observed. On the other hand, in the femtosecond mode, the fluorescence spectra depend on the laser fluence, and the changes are reversible: low-energy fluorescence spectra are restored immediately when the laser energy decreases. This effect can be explained by a material bleaching, which favors a bulk centers emission. The ablation threshold has been determined as 78mJ∕cm2 in the femtosecond laser operational mode.
Low-Defect-Density Ge Epitaxy on Si(001) Using Aspect Ratio Trapping and Epitaxial Lateral Overgrowth (2009)

Low-defect-density Ge epitaxy was fabricated using aspect ratio trapping combined with epitaxial lateral overgrowth techniques. Dislocations from the interface were trapped inside oxide trenches, and then Ge was laterally grown to form wide, long strips. Chemical mechanical polishing of Ge was used to planarize the faceted strips. Uncoalesced Ge strips showed a defect density as low as from plan-view transmission electron microscopy, while coalesced Ge had higher defect density. This approach shows great promise for the integration of low-defect-density Ge and III–V materials on Si.
Adaptive optics flood-illumination camera for high speed retinal imaging (2006)

Current adaptive optics flood-illumination retina cameras operate at low frame rates, acquiring retinal images below seven Hz, which restricts their research and clinical utility. Here we investigate a novel bench top flood-illumination camera that achieves significantly higher frame rates using strobing fiber-coupled superluminescent and laser diodes in conjunction with a scientific-grade CCD. Source strength was sufficient to obviate frame averaging, even for exposures as short as 1/3 msec. Continuous frame rates of 10, 30, and 60 Hz were achieved for imaging 1.8,0.8, and 0.4 deg retinal patches, respectively. Short-burst imaging up to 500 Hz was also achieved by temporarily storing sequences of images on the CCD. High frame rates, short exposure durations (1 msec), and correction of the most significant aberrations of the eye were found necessary for individuating retinal blood cells and directly measuring cellular flow in capillaries. Cone videos of dark adapted eyes showed a surprisingly rapid fluctuation (~1 Hz) in the reflectance of single cones. As further demonstration of the value of the camera, we evaluated the tradeoff between exposure duration and image blur associated with retina motion.
Dispersion encoded full range frequency domain optical coherence tomography (2008)

We propose an iterative algorithm that exploits the dispersion mismatch between reference and sample arm in frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) to effectively cancel complex conjugate mirror terms in individual A-scans and thereby generate full range tomograms. The resulting scheme, termed dispersion encoded full range (DEFR) OCT, allows distinguishing real structures from complex conjugate mirror artifacts. Even though DEFR-OCT has higher post-processing complexity than conventional FD-OCT, acquisition speed is not compromised since no additional A-scans need to be measured, thereby rendering this technique robust against phase fluctuations. The algorithm uses numerical dispersion compensation and exhibits similar resolution as standard processing. The residual leakage of mirror terms is further reduced by incorporating additional knowledge such as the power spectrum of the light source. The suppression ratio of mirror signals is more than 50 dB and thus comparable to complex FD-OCT techniques which use multiple A-scans.
Galectin-3-Mediated Xenoactivation of Human Monocytes (2009)

Galectin-3 plays a role in human monocyte activation and adhesion in the presence of PAEC, which may contribute to DXR. Additional transgenic strategies targeting galectin-3 ligands on porcine endothelium may be required to achieve optimal xenograft survival.
Wormhole Run-Time Reconfiguration: Conceptualization and VLSI Design of a High Performance Computing System (1997)

In the past, various approaches to the high performance numerical computing problem have been explored. Recently, researchers have begun to explore the possibilities of using Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to solve numerically intensive problems. FPGAs offer the possibility of customization to any given application, while not sacrificing applicability to a wide problem domain. Further, the implementation of data flow graphs directly in silicon makes FPGAs very attractive for these types of problems. Unfortunately, current FPGAs suffer from a number of inadequacies with respect to the task. They have lower transistor densities than ASIC solutions, and hence less potential computational power per unit area. Routing overhead generally makes an FPGA solution slower than an ASIC design. Bit-oriented computational units make them unnecessarily inefficient for implementing tasks that are generally word-oriented. And finally, in large volumes, FPGAs tend to be more expensive per unit due to their lower transistor density. To combat these problems, researchers are now exploiting the unique advantage that FPGAs exhibit over ASICs: reconfigurability. By customizing the FPGA to the task at hand, as the application executes, it is hoped that the cost-performance product of an FPGA system can be shown to be a better solution than a system implemented by a collection of custom ASICs. Such a system is called a Configurable Computing Machine (CCM). Many aspects of the design of the FPGAs available today hinder the exploration of this field. This thesis addresses many of these problems and presents the embodiment of those solutions in the Colt CCM. By offering word grain reconfiguration and the ability to partially reconfigure at computational element resolution, the Colt can offer higher effective utilization over traditional FPGAs. Further, the majority of the pins of the Colt can be used for both normal I/O and for chip reconfiguration. This provides higher reconfiguration bandwidth contrasted with the low percentage of pins used for reconfiguration of FPGAs. Finally, Colt uses a distributed reconfiguration mechanism called Wormhole Run-Time Reconfiguration (RTR) that allows multiple data ports to simultaneously program different sections of the chip independently. Used as the primary example of Wormhole RTR in the patent application, Colt is the first system to employ this computing paradigm.
Characteristics of Nonallergic Vasomotor Rhinitis (2009)

Nonallergic rhinitis (NAR) conditions are currently considered diagnoses by exclusion. A diagnosis of NAR requires negative specific IgE responses by skin or serologic testing and more recently testing to exclude localized production of specific IgE in the nose. Symptoms are classically aggravated by irritant triggers such as tobacco smoke, perfumes/fragrances, and temperature or barometric pressure changes. A previously developed questionnaire survey designed to help physicians recognize differences between allergic rhinitis and nonallergic rhinitis subtypes found that patients with symptom onset later in life (> 35 years), no family history of allergies, no seasonality or cat-induced symptoms, and symptoms induced by perfumes and fragrances had > 95% likelihood of having a physician diagnosis of NAR. Of note, clinical symptoms were not generally useful for differentiating chronic rhinitis subtypes which has also been confirmed in a more recent study investigating the relationship between headaches and chronic rhinitis subtypes (Table 1). In subsequent studies it was found that a significant percentage of NAR patients did not experience irritant-induced symptoms, suggesting that these triggers are not a clinical characteristic that can be uniformly used for all NAR patients. However, a newly developed Irritant Index Scale can be used to reliably differentiate pure allergic rhinitis from nonallergic rhinitis with trigger phenotypes. The use of standardized and validated questionnaires allows objective characterization of chronic rhinitis subtypes that appears to improve the accuracy of clinically diagnosing these patients.
PRE-mRNA SPLICING (1986)

We have made rapid progress in recent years in identifying the genetic causes of many human diseases. However, despite this recent progress, our mechanistic understanding of these diseases is often incomplete. This is a problem because it limits our ...Read More