gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Germ-free status and altered caecal subdominant microbiota are associated with a high susceptibility to cow's milk allergy in mice (2011)

Studies suggesting that the development of atopy is linked to gut microbiota composition are inconclusive on whether dysbiosis precedes or arises from allergic symptoms. Using a mouse model of cow's milk allergy, we aimed at investigating the link between the intestinal microbiota, allergic sensitization, and the severity of symptoms. Germ-free and conventional mice were orally sensitized with whey proteins and cholera toxin, and then orally challenged with β-lactoglobulin (BLG). Allergic responses were monitored with clinical symptoms, plasma markers of sensitization, and the T-helper Th1/Th2/regulatory-T-cell balance. Microbiota compositions were analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and culture methods. Germ-free mice were found to be more responsive than conventional mice to sensitization, displaying a greater reduction of rectal temperature upon challenge, higher levels of blood mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) and BLG-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), and a systemic Th2-skewed response. This may be explained by a high susceptibility to release mMCP-1 even in the presence of low levels of IgE. Sensitization did not alter the microbiota composition. However, the absence of or low Staphylococcus colonization in the caecum was associated with high allergic manifestations. This work demonstrates that intestinal colonization protects against oral sensitization and allergic response. This is the first study to show a relationship between alterations within the subdominant microbiota and severity of food allergy.
63.3: Multinozzle Printing: A Cost‐Effective Process for OLED Display Fabrication (2009)

Abstract Cost‐effective and scalable patterning of OLED materials remains a key challenge in order for OLED displays to achieve widespread FPD market penetration. We will review progress on multinozzle jet patterning of small‐molecule emissive layer materials using a Gen. 4 scale printer. Periodic luminance non‐uniformity appears as stitching/swath marks and present a challenge for transitioning this technology from a single to multinozzle printer. Thickness non‐uniformity and/or pass effects, present under certain circumstances, can lead to stitching. We will present solutions to stitching and discuss full color printing methods and TACT for the multinozzle printer.
Large Kernel Matters -- Improve Semantic Segmentation by Global Convolutional Network (2017)

One of recent trends [30, 31, 14] in network architec- ture design is stacking small filters (e.g., 1x1 or 3x3) in the entire network because the stacked small filters is more ef- ficient than a large kernel, given the same computational complexity. However, in the field of semantic segmenta- tion, where we need to perform dense per-pixel prediction, we find that the large kernel (and effective receptive field) plays an important role when we have to perform the clas- sification and localization tasks simultaneously. Following our design principle, we propose a Global Convolutional Network to address both the classification and localization issues for the semantic segmentation. We also suggest a residual-based boundary refinement to further refine the ob- ject boundaries. Our approach achieves state-of-art perfor- mance on two public benchmarks and significantly outper- forms previous results, 82.2% (vs 80.2%) on PASCAL VOC 2012 dataset and 76.9% (vs 71.8%) on Cityscapes dataset.
Antigenic Comparison of Envelope Protein E between Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Some Other Flaviviruses Using Monoclonal Antibodies (1986)

The antigenic relationships between Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus and several other flaviviruses have been investigated using anti-JE virus monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Seventeen MAbs directed against envelope protein E of JE virus were characterized and divided into eight MAb groups based on reactivity patterns in haemagglutination inhibition test, neutralization (N) test, ELISA and competitive binding assay with JE virus. The results suggest the existence of at least eight epitopes on the E protein of JE viruses. Analysis of cross-reactivity of the antibodies with several other flaviviruses indicated these findings JE virus, belonging to West Nile (WN) subgroup, is antigenically closely related to viruses in the same subgroup, i.e. Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), WN and St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) viruses. Of these three viruses, JE virus has the closest relationship with MVE virus. WN virus is relatively close to JE virus, whereas SLE virus is the least closely related. Dengue viruses types 1 and 2, which belong to another subgroup of flaviviruses, show markedly less antigenic homology to JE virus. One of the critical N sites on the E protein showed JE virus specificity. Some cross-reactive antibodies which did not neutralize JE virus showed low but significant N activity against several other flaviviruses. Mixtures of several MAbs, which showed different reactivity patterns, potentiated the N activity against not only JE virus but also other members of the WN subgroup of flaviviruses, namely MVE, WN and SLE viruses.
Microsurgical exposure of the petrous portion of the carotid artery (1977)

✓ Occlusion of the cervical portion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) has been treated by vein graft bypass from the common carotid to the supraclinoid segment. However, this procedure has the disadvantages of requiring temporary occlusion of collateral flow, the short length of ICA available for anastomosis, and the retraction required for exposure of the supraclinoid area. In an attempt to find a more suitable bypass site for grafting, the petrous portion of 50 carotid arteries was studied in cadavers. It was found that there was a 1-cm length of the horizontal segment of the petrous carotid that could be exposed in the floor of the middle fossa lateral to the trigeminal nerve. This segment was covered by dura only or a thin layer of cartilage in approximately half of the specimens. In the remainder, there was often a thin shell of bone covering the artery, which could be drilled away. The petrous portion of the carotid artery had branches in only 38% of specimens, a Vidian branch in 30%, and a periosteal branch in 8%. The carotico-tympanic artery, previously reported to be the most common branch, was not found in a single case. These branches allow the retrograde flow needed to maintain the patency of this segment following proximal occlusions. The relationship of the carotid artery to structures that might be injured in exposing the petrous portion of the artery was reviewed; these structures include the cochlea, middle ear, Eustachian tube, tensor tympani muscle, geniculate ganglion, and facial, greater petrosal, and trigeminal nerves.
Structure of the Chromosome VII Centromere Region in Neurospora crassa : Degenerate Transposons and Simple Repeats (1998)

DNA from the centromere region of linkage group (LG) VII of Neurospora crassa was cloned previously from a yeast artificial chromosome library and was found to be atypical of Neurospora DNA in both composition (AT rich) and complexity (repetitive). We have determined the DNA sequence of a small portion (approximately 16.1 kb) of this region and have identified a cluster of three new retrotransposon-like elements as well as degenerate fragments from the 3' end of Tad, a previously identified LINE-like retrotransposon. This region contains a novel full-length but nonmobile copia-like element, designated Tcen, that is only associated with centromere regions. Adjacent DNA contains portions of a gypsy-like element designated Tgl1. A third new element, Tgl2, shows similarity to the Ty3 transposon of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. All three of these elements appear to be degenerate, containing predominantly transition mutations suggestive of the repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) process. Three new simple DNA repeats have also been identified in the LG VII centromere region. While Tcen elements map exclusively to centromere regions by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, the defective Tad elements appear to occur most frequently within centromeres but are also found at other loci including telomeres. The characteristics and arrangement of these elements are similar to those seen in the Drosophila centromere, but the relative abundance of each class of repeats, as well as the sequence degeneracy of the transposon-like elements, is unique to Neurospora. These results suggest that the Neurospora centromere is heterochromatic and regional in character, more similar to centromeres of Drosophila than to those of most single-cell yeasts.
Red light‐emitting diode (LED) therapy accelerates wound healing post‐blepharoplasty and periocular laser ablative resurfacing (2006)

In this small series of 10 patients, red LED phototherapy after blepharoplasty and laser ablative resurfacing cut the time to resolution of side effects and the healing time by one-half to one-third compared with contralateral unirradiated controls. Further studies are warranted with larger populations to confirm these findings.
Next-Generation Broadband Access Networks and Technologies (2011)

This paper reviews the future directions of next generation passive optical networks. A discussion on standardized 10 Gb/s passive optical network (PON) systems is first presented. Next, new technologies that facilitate multiple access beyond 10 Gb/s time division multiple access (TDMA)-PONs will be reviewed, with particular focus on the motivation, key technologies, and deployment challenges. The wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) PON will be discussed and in combination with TDMA, the hybrid WDM/TDMA PON will be reviewed in the context of improving system reach, capacity, and user count. Next, discussions on complementary high-speed technologies that provide improved tolerance to system impairments, capacity, and spectral efficiency will be presented. These technologies include digital coherent detection, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), and optical code division multiple access (OCDMA).
Herramientas para proteger tu PC de ataques (2006)

Que no te entren. ?Eras feliz con tu ordenador hasta que empezaste a acceder con el a Internet? Si es asi, tal vez no hayas tomado las medidas de seguridad oportunas... Descubre como puede ayudarte un firewall.
Electronic Conductivity of Solid-State, Mixed-Valent, Monolayer-Protected Au Clusters (2000)

Electronic conductivity, σEL, in solid-state films of alkanethiolate monolayer protected Au clusters (Au MPCs) occurs by a bimolecular, electron self-exchange reaction, whose rate constant is controlled by (a) the core-to-core tunneling of electronic charge along alkanethiolate chains and (b) the mixed valency of the MPC cores (e.g., a mixture of cores with different electronic charges). The tunneling mechanism is demonstrated by an exponential relation between the electronic conductivity of Au309(Cn)92 MPCs (average composition) and n, the alkanethiolate chainlength, which varies from 4 to 16. The electron tunneling coefficient βn = 1.2/CH2 or, after accounting for alkanethiolate chain interdigitation, βdis = 0.8 Å-1. Quantized electrochemical double layer charging of low polydispersity Au140(C6)53 MPCs was used to prepare solutions containing well-defined mixtures of MPC core electronic charges (such as MPC0 mixed with MPC1+). Electronic conductivities of mixed-valent, solid-state Au140(C6)53 MPC films cast from such solutions are proportional to the concentration product [MPC0][MPC1+], and give a MPC0/1+ electron self-exchange rate constant of ca. 1010 M-1 s-1.
New ideas in biomaterials science—a path to engineered biomaterials (1993)

Our existing biomaterials, although demonstrating generally satisfactory clinical performance, were developed based upon a trial-and-error optimization approach rather than being engineered to produce the desired interfacial reaction. Most biomaterials exhibit a nonspecific biological reaction, with sluggish kinetics and a broad spectrum of active processes simultaneously occurring. This article describes materials science nanotechnology, and molecular biology techniques that may permit the synthesis of precisely engineered surfaces. Such surfaces might demonstrate rapid, precise reactions with proteins and cells. This opens the question, "what type of specific surface bioreactions do we want?" New thoughts on biocompatibility are presented that may be helpful in the design of specific surfaces yielding precise, defined biological responses.
pH-sensitive liposomes: mechanism of triggered release to drug and gene delivery prospects. (2002)

A growing amount of literature describes the development and applications of novel targeting and/or release triggering schemes to improve the therapeutic index of drugs encapsulated within liposomes. The composition of liposomal systems can be modified to facilitate site specific release in response to environmental conditions, namely at the gross anatomical level, at the cellular or sub-cellular level. They are designed in order to release their contents in response to acidic pH within the endosomal system while remaining stable in plasma thus improving the cytoplasmic delivery of various polar materials and macromolecules such as anti-tumor drugs, toxins, proteins and DNA. This review covers various aspect of research on pH-sensitive liposomes.
Sp1 elements in SULT2B1b promoter and 5′‐untranslated region of mRNA: Sp1/Sp2 induction and augmentation by histone deacetylase inhibition (2005)

The steroid/sterol sulfotransferase gene (SULT2B1) encodes for two isozymes of which one (SULT2B1b) sulfonates cholesterol and is selectively expressed in skin. The human SULT2B1 gene contains neither a TATAAA nor a CCAAT motif upstream of the coding region for SULT2B1b; however, this area is GC-rich. Of five Sp1 elements identified two had regulatory activity utilizing immortalized human keratinocytes: one element is located above the ostensible transcription initiation site, whereas the other is located within the 5'-untranslated region of the SULT2B1b mRNA. Sp1 and Sp2 transcription factors identified by supershift analyses induced reporter gene activity, an effect markedly augmented by histone deacetylase inhibition.
Effects of organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions on benzo[a]pyrene-induced neoplasia and glutathione S-transferase activity in the mouse (1988)

In the present study, eight organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions were studied for their inhibitory effects on benzo[a]pyrene (BP)-induced neoplasia of forestomach and lung of female A/J mice when administered 96 and 48 h prior to carcinogen challenge. These compounds had one, two or three linearly connected sulfur atoms. They included the four allyl group-containing derivatives: allyl methyl trisulfide (AMT), allyl methyl disulfide (AMD), diallyl trisulfide (DAT), and diallyl sulfide (DAS), and also four corresponding saturated compounds in which propyl groups were substituted for the allyl groups. All four allylic compounds inhibited BP-induced neoplasia of the forestomach. The saturated analogs were almost without inhibitory activity, indicating the importance of the allyl groups. DAT, which contains two allyl groups, was more potent than AMT, which contains only one allyl group, thus providing further evidence for the role of allyl groups in the inhibitory effects observed. DAS and AMD, but not DAT or AMT, inhibited pulmonary adenoma formation. The fact that in the lung the monosulfide and disulfide inhibited, but the trisulfide did not inhibit, indicates that the number of sulfur atoms in the molecule can control the organ sites at which protection against carcinogenesis will occur. All four allylic compounds induced increased glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the forestomach, but varied in their capacity to induce GST in lung, liver and small bowel. Their saturated analogs produced little or no induction. In evaluating relationships between diet and cancer, it would be useful to consider the possible role of garlic and onion organosulfur compounds as protective agents. In addition, further studies of this class of chemicals might lead to the identification and development of useful new chemopreventive compounds.
Quantitation of Ergosterol Content: Novel Method for Determination of Fluconazole Susceptibility of Candida albicans (1999)

MIC end points for the most commonly prescribed azole antifungal drug, fluconazole, can be difficult to determine because its fungistatic nature can lead to excessive "trailing" of growth during susceptibility testing by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth macrodilution and microdilution methods. To overcome this ambiguity, and because fluconazole acts by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis, we developed a novel method to differentiate fluconazole-susceptible from fluconazole-resistant isolates by quantitating ergosterol production in cells grown in 0, 1, 4, 16, or 64 microg of fluconazole per ml. Ergosterol was isolated from whole yeast cells by saponification, followed by extraction of nonsaponifiable lipids with heptane. Ergosterol was identified by its unique spectrophotometric absorbance profile between 240 and 300 nm. We used this sterol quantitation method (SQM) to test 38 isolates with broth microdilution end points of </=8 microg/ml (susceptible), 16 to 32 microg/ml (susceptible dose-dependent [SDD]), or >/=64 microg/ml (resistant) and 10 isolates with trailing end points by the broth microdilution method. No significant differences in mean ergosterol content were observed between any of the isolates grown in the absence of fluconazole. However, 18 susceptible isolates showed a mean reduction in ergosterol content of 72% after exposure to 1 microg of fluconazole/ml, an 84% reduction after exposure to 4 microg/ml, and 95 and 100% reductions after exposure to 16 and 64 microg of fluconazole/ml, respectively. Ten SDD isolates showed mean ergosterol reductions of 38, 57, 73, and 99% after exposure to 1, 4, 16, and 64 microg of fluconazole/ml, respectively. In contrast, 10 resistant isolates showed mean reductions in ergosterol content of only 25, 38, 53, and 84% after exposure to the same concentrations of fluconazole. The MIC of fluconazole, by using the SQM, was defined as the lowest concentration of the drug which resulted in 80% or greater inhibition of overall mean ergosterol biosynthesis compared to that in the drug-free control. Of 38 isolates which gave clear end points by the broth microdilution method, the SQM MIC was within 2 dilutions of the broth microdilution MIC for 33 (87%). The SQM also discriminated between resistant and highly resistant isolates and was particularly useful for discerning the fluconazole susceptibilities of 10 additional isolates which gave equivocal end points by the broth microdilution method due to trailing growth. In contrast to the broth microdilution method, the SQM determined trailing isolates to be susceptible rather than resistant, indicating that the SQM may predict clinical outcome more accurately. The SQM may provide a means to enhance current methods of fluconazole susceptibility testing and may provide a better correlation of in vitro with in vivo results, particularly for isolates with trailing end points.
Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Ladder-Type Molecules and Polymers. Air-Stable, Solution-Processable n-Channel and Ambipolar Semiconductors for Thin-Film Transistors via Experiment and Theory (2009)

The design, synthesis, and characterization of new high-performance n-channel molecular/polymeric semiconductors that are solution-processable and air-stable is of great interest for the development of p-n junctions, bipolar transistors, and organic complementary circuitry (CMOS). While over the past two decades there have been many reports on n-channel materials, solution-processability and air-stability still remain as major challenges. We report here the synthesis and detailed characterization of a highly electron-deficient class of indeno[1,2-b]fluorene-6,12-dione, 2,2'-(indeno[1,2-b]fluorene-6,12-diylidene) dimalononitrile, bisindenofluorene-12,15-dione, and 2,2'-(bisindenofluorene-12,15-diylidene) dimalononitrile-based ladder-type building blocks (1-12) and their corresponding homo- and copolymers (P1-P14), and examine in detail the effects of core size, thiophene vs core regiochemistry, carbonyl vs dicyanovinylene functionality, and alkyl chain orientation on the physicochemical properties, thin film microstructures, and OFET device performance. New compounds are characterized by DSC, TGA, melting point, single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), solution/thin film optical, PL, and cyclic voltammetry measurements to evaluate frontier molecular orbital energetics and intermolecular cohesive forces. Thin films are grown by vacuum deposition and spin-coating, and investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and AFM. By tuning the HOMO/LUMO energetics of the present materials over a 1.1 eV range, p-type, n-type, or ambipolar charge transport characteristics can be observed, thus identifying the MO energetic windows governing majority carrier polarity and air stability. One of these systems, thiophene-terminated indenofluorenedicyanovinylene 10 exhibits an electron mobility of 0.16 cm(2)/V x s and an I(on)/I(off) ratio of 10(7)-10(8), one of the highest to date for a solution-cast air-stable n-channel semiconductor. Here we also report solution-processed ambipolar films of thiophene-based molecule 12 and copolymers P13 and P14 which exhibit electron and hole mobilities of 1 x 10(-3)-2 x 10(-4) and I(on)/I(off) ratios of approximately 10(4), representing the first examples of molecular and polymeric ambipolar semiconductors to function in air. Analysis of the operational air-stabilities of a series of thin films having different crystallinities, orientations, and morphologies suggests that operational air-stability for thermodynamically predicted (i.e., no kinetic barrier contribution) air-stable semiconductors is principally governed by LUMO energetics with minimal contribution from thin-film microstructure. The onset LUMO energy for carrier electron stabilization is estimated as -4.0 to -4.1 eV, indicating an overpotential of 0.9-1.0 eV. Density functional theory calculations provide detailed insight into molecule/polymer physicochemical and charge transport characteristics.
Role of Electrode Placement as a Contributor to Variability in Cochlear Implant Outcomes (2008)

A significant portion of variability in word recognition scores across a broad range of performance levels of CI subjects is explained by variability in scalar location and insertion depth of the electrode array. We suggest that this variability in electrode placement can be reduced and average speech reception improved by better selection of cochleostomy sites, revised insertion approaches, and control of insertion depth during surgical placement of the array.