gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative isolation and gas–liquid chromatographic analysis of total fecal bile acids (1965)

A method for isolation and quantification of fecal bile acids is described which allows sterol balance studies to be made in man or in small laboratory animals without requiring the use of radioisotopes in vivo. Bile acids are purified by column and thin-layer chromatography, converted to the trimethylsilyl ethers of their methyl esters, and quantified by GLC with detection by hydrogen flame ionization. Recoveries are complete when internal standard corrections are applied, with an error <±3%. The claim that the final fecal bile acid fraction accounts for all the bile acids and nothing but bile acids is validated in several ways. The sensitivity is such that fecal aliquots containing as little as 50 μg of mixed bile acids can be analyzed accurately, but the procedure lends itself well to preparative scale work for more definitive study of individual bile acids.After oral administration of cholic-24-C14 and chenodeoxycholic-24-C14 acids to one patient, 98% of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the bile acid fraction of the fecal extracts over a period of 38 days, and 2% in the urine. This experiment indicated the stability of bile acid structure during intestinal transit and provided additional evidence for the completeness of the described method of determining fecal bile acids.
Effects of Repetitive Bursts of Vagal Activity on Heart Rate (1972)

The effect of the timing of discrete bursts of efferent vagal impulses on heart rate was determined in anesthized dogs. Two modes of stimulation were employed. In the first mode, one stimulus burst was delivered per cardiac cycle. As the time from the beginning of the P wave to the vagal stimulus (P-St interval) was progessively increased, there was first a progressive lengthening of the cardiac cycle (P-P interval), then a rapid decrease in P-P interval, and finally a gradual augmentation of the P-P interval. The amplitudes of curves of P-P interval as a function of P-St interval increased as the number of stimuli per burst was augmented, with 10 stimuli/burst yielding nearly maximal effects. Vagal stimuli applied at P-St intervals which coincided with the negative-slope (d[P-P]/d[P-St]) region of such curves tended to evoke sinus arrhythmias. With 5 stimuli/burst or more, these arrhythmias were pronounced and consisted of alternate short and long P-P intervals. In the second mode of stimulation, bursts of stimuli were delivered to the vagus nerve at a frequency independent of heart rate. The cardiac pacemaker tended to become synchronized in some fixed ratio of vagal stimuli to P waves, and this tendency became greater the larger the number of stimuli per burst of impulses. Within any range of synchronization, a paradoxical effect was manifest--increasing frequencies of vagal stimulation produced increasing rather than decreasing heart rates.
Production of ohmic contacts to Al x Ga 1-x As of the n- and p-type conductivity with surface cleaning in atomic hydrogen (1998)

Production the high-quality ohmic contacts to AlGaAs layers with high contents AlAs (more than 25 - 30%) is a complicated and still incompletely resolved problem. This is connected with the presence of a thick surface layer of native oxide. The possibility of producing contacts to Al<SUB>x</SUB>Ga<SUB>1-x</SUB>As with the use of preliminary cleaning of the surface in atomic hydrogen has been investigated. Used in the experiment were n- type (approximately 65% AlAs) and p-type (approximately 35% AlAs) Al<SUB>x</SUB>Ga<SUB>1-x</SUB>As substrates. The cleaning of the specimen surface in atomic hydrogen (T equals 300 - 400 C, t equals 10 - 90 min) and the deposition of the contact metal (Au/AuGeNi/AuGe for n-type, and Au/AuZn/Au for p-type) were conducted in a unified vacuum cycle. Annealing in the ambience of hydrogen was produced under T equals 400 - 520 C. The technological conditions required to realize the cleaning of the surface of Al<SUB>x</SUB>Ga<SUB>1-x</SUB>As in a thermal film deposition system with a moderate vacuum has been investigated. The AES method was used to find the cleaning modes that allow removal of the oxide film with the stoichiometric composition of Al<SUB>x</SUB>Ga<SUB>1-x</SUB>As retained. It has been shown that the operations of cleaning and metal deposition combined in a unified vacuum cycle make it possible to produce a high-quality low- resistance contact showing high adhesion.
Formation of CeO2 Nanotubes from Ce(OH)CO3 Nanorods through Kirkendall Diffusion (2009)

In this paper, CeO(2) nanotubes based on the Kirkendall effect (for simplicity, this type of nanotubes is denoted as K-type CeO(2) nanotubes) are fabricated through a solid-liquid interface reaction between Ce(OH)CO(3) nanorods and NaOH solutions. Our studies indicate the formation mechanism of K-type CeO(2) nanotubes is quite different from those of CeO(2) nanotubes subjected to template (T-type CeO(2) nanotubes) and lamellar rolling (L-type CeO(2) nanotubes) reported previously by our group. The K-type CeO(2) nanotubes are prepared by congregating Kirkendall voids and subsequent calcinations. The time evolution processes are imaged by TEM, and the results show that as the reaction processes, interior spaces are formed and enlarged in Ce(OH)CO(3) nanorods to form K-type CeO(2) nanotubes. In contrast, the interior space in T-type CeO(2) nanotubes decreases with reaction time. XRD is applied to study the phase transformation in the formation process of K-type CeO(2) nanotubes. Our study also indicates NaOH and reaction temperature are two key factors responsible for formation of K-type CeO(2) nanotubes. Combined with the T- and L-type nanotubes, three types of CeO(2) nanotubes with different formation mechanisms are successfully synthesized in one reaction system, which might afford some guidance for the synthesis of other inorganic nanotubes.
Coal Surface Properties. Specific and Nonspecific Interactions for Polar Molecules and Surface Tensions for Hydrocarbons at the Surface of Illinois No. 6 Coal (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCoal Surface Properties. Specific and Nonspecific Interactions for Polar Molecules and Surface Tensions for Hydrocarbons at the Surface of Illinois No. 6 CoalAmy S. Glass and John W. LarsenCite this: Energy Fuels 1994, 8, 3, 629–636Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ef00045a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00045a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views240Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Safety in Nonhuman Primates of Ocular AAV2- RPE65 , a Candidate Treatment for Blindness in Leber Congenital Amaurosis (2006)

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a molecularly heterogeneous disease group that leads to blindness. LCA caused by RPE65 mutations has been studied in animal models and vision has been restored by subretinal delivery of AAV-RPE65 vector. Human ocular gene transfer trials are being considered. Our safety studies of subretinal AAV-2/2.RPE65 in RPE65-mutant dogs showed evidence of modest photoreceptor loss in the injection region in some animals at higher vector doses. We now test the hypothesis that there can be vectorrelated toxicity to the normal monkey, with its human-like retina. Good Laboratory Practice safety studies following single intraocular injections of AAV-2/2.RPE65 in normal cynomolgus monkeys were performed for 1-week and 3-month durations. Systemic toxicity was not identified. Ocular-specific studies included clinical examinations, electroretinography, and retinal histopathology. Signs of ocular inflammation postinjection had almost disappeared by 1 week. At 3 months, electroretinography in vector-injected eyes was no different than in vehicle-injected control eyes or compared with presurgical recordings. Healed sites of retinal perforation from subretinal injections were noted clinically and by histopathology. Foveal architecture in subretinally injected eyes, vector or vehicle, could be abnormal. Morphometry of central retina showed no photoreceptor layer thickness abnormalities occurring in a dose-dependent manner. Vector sequences were present in the injected retina, vitreous, and optic nerve at 1 week but not consistently in the brain. At 3 months, there were no vector sequences in optic nerve and brain. The results allow for consideration of an upper range for no observed adverse effect level in future human trials of subretinal AAV-2/2.RPE65. The potential value of foveal treatment for LCA and other retinal degenerations warrants further research into how to achieve gene transfer without retinal injury from surgical detachment of the retina.
Defective CD8+ T Cell Activation and Cytolytic Function in the Absence of LFA-1 Cannot Be Restored by Increased TCR Signaling (1999)

Signaling through the TCR as well as engagement of costimulatory molecules are required for efficient T cell activation and progression into differentiated effector cells. The beta2 integrin LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) has been implicated in TCR costimulation as well as in cell-cell adhesion function, but its exact role is still ambiguous. The present study focuses on the requirement for LFA-1 in CD8+ T cell activation and effector function using LFA-1-deficient cells expressing the 2C transgenic TCR as a model system. The lack of LFA-1 expression in 2C T cells resulted in severely diminished proliferative response toward allogeneic BALB/c splenocytes. Increase in TCR signaling alone by pulsing stimulators with high affinity peptides, p2Ca or QL9, had minimal effects in restoring proliferation. Addition of exogenous IL-2, however, enhanced the effect of peptide pulsing on proliferation of LFA-1-deficient 2C T cells. LFA-1-deficient 2C CTLs generated from alloantigen stimulation exhibited a defective cytotoxic activity when tested on a variety of target cells. Cytolysis could be improved, but not fully rectified by peptide pulsing of target cells. Thus, in the 2C TCR model, LFA-1 has a requisite role for optimal CD8+ T cell activation and effector function, which cannot be overcome by increasing peptide/MHC density on either the APCs or target cells, respectively.
THE POTENTIALS OF SOME UNSTABLE OXIDATION—REDUCTION SYSTEMS (1930)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE POTENTIALS OF SOME UNSTABLE OXIDATION—REDUCTION SYSTEMSLouis F. FieserCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1930, 52, 12, 4915–4940Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1930Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1930https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01375a040https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01375a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views201Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Clinical improvement in a patient with neuromyelitis optica following therapy with the anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody tocilizumab (2013)

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a disabling autoimmune disease associated with an elevation of anti-aquaporin 4 (AQP4) autoantibodies. Here, we present a case with NMO who responded to monthly administration of the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody tocilizumab. The treatment rapidly reduced the elevated numbers of plasmablasts and anti-AQP4 autoantibodies in the patient. Furthermore, neuropathic pain and disability scores gradually improved. Tocilizumab may be considered as a therapeutic option for NMO.
The spectrum of RB1 germ-line mutations in hereditary retinoblastoma. (1996)

We have searched for germ-line RB1 mutations in 119 patients with hereditary retinoblastoma. Previous investigations by Southern blot hybridization and PCR fragment-length analysis had revealed mutations in 48 patients. Here we report on the analysis of the remaining 71 patients. By applying heteroduplex analysis, nonisotopic SSCP, and direct sequencing, we detected germ-line mutations resulting in premature termination codons or disruption of splice signals in 51 (72%) of the 71 patients. Four patients also showed rare sequence variants. No region of the RB1 gene was preferentially involved in single base substitutions. Recurrent transitions were observed at most of the 14 codons within the RB1. No mutation was observed in exons 25-27, although this region contains two CGA codons. This suggests that mutations within the 3'-terminal region of the RB1 gene may not be oncogenic. When these data were combined with the results of our previous investigations, mutations were identified in a total of 99 (83%) of 119 patients. The spectrum comprises 15% large deletions, 26% small length alterations, and 42 % base substitutions. No correlation between the location of frameshift or nonsense mutations and phenotypic features, including age at diagnosis, the number of tumor foci, and manifestation of nonocular tumors was observed.
Adjuvant-그 분류 및 작용방법에 대한 개관 (1997)

금세기초부터 갖가지 물질이 vaccine에 가해졌으며, 일정한 처방이 vaccine을 더욱 유효하게 만들기 위해서 고안되고 있다. 많은 선택권에도 불구하고 다만 aluminium 염(鹽)만이 사람용 vaccine adjuvant(면역응답강화물질)로 받아들여지고 있으며, 수의(동물)용 vaccine도 크게 aluminium 염의 사용에 의존하고 있다. 현재 많은 새로운 vaccine들이 개발되고 있으나 vaccine당 구성분의 수를 증가시키고 또한 vaccine 과정에서 요구되는 dose 수를 줄이는 vaccine 접종 schedule을 단순화시키고져 하는 욕구가 대두되고 있다. 이제 더욱 유효한 adjuvant들이 이 욕구를 성취시키기 위해서 요구되는 것이다.
Experimental determination of proline hydroxylation and hydroxyproline arabinogalactosylation motifs in secretory proteins (2005)

Many secretory and several vacuolar proteins in higher plants contain hydroxylated proline residues. In many cases, hydroxyprolines in proteins are glycosylated with either arabinogalactan or oligoarabinose. We have previously shown that a sporamin precursor is O-glycosylated at the hydroxylated proline 36 residue with an arabinogalactan-type glycan when this protein is expressed in tobacco BY-2 cells (Matsuoka et al., 1995). Taking advantage of the fact that this is the only site of proline hydroxylation and glycosylation in sporamin, we analyzed the amino acid requirement for proline hydroxylation and arabinogalactosylation. We expressed several deletion constructs and many amino acid substitution mutants in tobacco cells and analyzed glycosylation and proline hydroxylation of the expressed sporamins. Hydroxylation of a proline residue requires the five amino acid sequence [AVSTG]-Pro-[AVSTGA]-[GAVPSTC]-[APS or acidic] (where Pro is the modification site) and glycosylation of hydroxyproline (Hyp) requires the seven amino acid sequence [not basic]-[not T]-[neither P, T, nor amide]-Hyp-[neither amide nor P]-[not amide]-[APST], although charged amino acids at the -2 position and basic amide residues at the +1 position relative to the modification site seem to inhibit the elongation of the arabinogalactan side chain. Based on the combination of these two requirements, we concluded that the sequence motif for efficient arabinogalactosylation, including the elongation of the glycan side chain, is [not basic]-[not T]-[AVSG]-Pro-[AVST]-[GAVPSTC]-[APS].
Autocatalytic Processing of Clostridium difficile Toxin B (2008)

Clostridium difficile toxins A and B are major virulence factors responsible for induction of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea in men. The toxins possess a multidomain structure and only the N-terminal glucosyltransferase domain, which inactivates Rho GTPases by glucosylation, is translocated into the cytosol of target cells. Processing of the toxin occurs by autocatalytic cleavage and is activated by inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6). Here we studied the inherent protease activity in fragments of toxin B and determined the site of toxin B that interacts with InsP6. We report that a fragment of toxin B, comprised of residues 1-955, is cleaved in the presence of InsP6. In contrast, mutants of the catalytic triad of the putative cysteine protease domain did not cleave this fragment. [3H]InsP6 bound to holotoxin B and to the fragment 1-955, but not to a fragment comprising residues 900-2366 or the glucosyltransferase domain (residues 1-544). Binding to the putative cysteine protease domain (residues 544-955) was also observed. InsP6-binding was specific and saturable. Isothermal titration calorimetry revealed a Kd value of 2.4 microm for binding of InsP6 to toxin fragment 544-955 with a stoichiometry factor of 0.86. Lysine 600 of toxin B was identified as essential amino acid for InsP6 binding and for InsP6-dependent activation of the protease activity.
MUC7 20-Mer: Investigation of Antimicrobial Activity, Secondary Structure, and Possible Mechanism of Antifungal Action (2003)

This study was aimed at examining the spectrum of antimicrobial activity of MUC7 20-mer (N-LAHQKPFIRKSYKCLHKRCR-C; residues 32 to 51 of MUC7, the low-molecular-weight human salivary mucin, comprised of 357 residues) and comparing its antifungal properties to those of salivary histatin 5 (Hsn-5). We also examined the secondary structure of the 20-mer and the possible mechanism of its antifungal action. Our results showed that MUC7 20-mer displays potent killing activity against a variety of fungi and both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria at micromolar concentrations. Time-dependent killing of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans by MUC7 20-mer and Hsn-5 indicated differences in killing rates between MUC7 20-mer and Hsn-5. The secondary structure prediction showed that MUC7 20-mer adopts an amphiphilic helix with distinguishable hydrophilic and hydrophobic faces (a characteristic that is associated with antimicrobial activity). In comparison to that of Hsn-5, the fungicidal activity of MUC7 20-mer against C. albicans seems to be independent of fungal cellular metabolic activity, as evidenced by its killing potency at a low temperature (4 degrees C) and in the presence of inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondrial system. Fluorescence microscopy showed the ability of MUC7 20-mer to cross the fungal cell membrane and to accumulate inside the cells. The internalization of MUC7 20-mer was inhibited by divalent cations. Confocal microscopy of cells doubly labeled with MUC7 20-mer and a mitochondrion-specific dye indicated that mitochondria are not the target of MUC7 20-mer for either C. albicans or C. neoformans.
Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1α/CCL3 Is Required for Clearance of an AcuteKlebsiella pneumoniaePulmonary Infection (2001)

The objective of these studies was to determine the role of macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha/CCL3 in pulmonary host defense during Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Following intratracheal inoculation, 7-day survival of CCL3(-/-) mice was less than 10%, compared to 60% for CCL3(+/+) mice. Survival of CCR5(-/-) mice was equivalent to that of controls, indicating that the enhanced susceptibility of CCL3(-/-) mice to K. pneumoniae is mediated via another CCL3 receptor, presumably CCR1. At day 3, CFU burden in the lungs of CCL3(-/-) mice was 800-fold higher than in CCL3(+/+) mice, demonstrating that CCL3 is critical for control of bacterial growth in the lung. Surprisingly, CCL3(-/-) mice had no differences in the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages and even showed enhanced neutrophil recruitment at days 1, 2, and 3 postinfection, compared to CCL3(+/+) mice. Therefore, the defect in clearance was not due to insufficient recruitment of leukocytes. No significant differences in cytokine levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), interleukin 12, gamma interferon, or tumor necrosis factor alpha in lung lavages were found between CCL3(+/+) and CCL3(-/-) mice. CCL3(-/-) alveolar macrophages were found to have significantly lower phagocytic activity toward K. pneumoniae than CCL3(+/+) alveolar macrophages. These findings demonstrate that CCL3 production is critical for activation of alveolar macrophages to control the pulmonary growth of the gram-negative bacterium K. pneumoniae.
Techniques for elastic imaging: a review (1996)

In this article the authors review imaging techniques for assessing the elastic properties of tissue. They briefly look at the fundamental techniques in the above-mentioned fields and then present elastography techniques developed by current research groups. The authors' review is focused on published papers in the archival literature.
Terrain Navigation Concepts For Autonomous Vehicles (1984)

There is rising interest in autonomous systems for future military environments. Systems that can take mission directives and then plan and conduct the desired mission will deeply involve aspects of machine intelligence for terrain navigation. Can we build such a system? The answer is &quot;Yes, but definitely not today.&quot; Explanation of this answer requires reasons why today&apos;s technologies will not support autonomous vehicles and rationale for expecting these capabilities in the future. These reasons and rationale are presented by first defining functional requirements for an autonomous vehicle and its subsystems. Then the functional requirements are linked to technologies. The state of todays technologies and those expected in the future are outlined. Planned Army and DARPA programs in semi-autonomous and autonomous vehicles are described and shown to be the basis for future optimism for autonomous vehicles in the Army. Particular emphasis is given to terrain navigation concepts that will be generic for any type of autonomous ground vehicle.
Constitutive Cytokine mRNAs Mark Natural Killer (NK) and NK T Cells Poised for Rapid Effector Function (2003)

Natural killer (NK) and NK T cells are tissue lymphocytes that secrete cytokines rapidly upon stimulation. Here, we show that these cells maintain distinct patterns of constitutive cytokine mRNAs. Unlike conventional T cells, NK T cells activate interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-gamma transcription during thymic development and populate the periphery with both cytokine loci previously modified by histone acetylation. Similarly, NK cells transcribe and modify the IFN-gamma gene, but not IL-4, during developmental maturation in the bone marrow. Lineage-specific patterns of cytokine transcripts predate infection and suggest evolutionary selection for invariant but distinct types of effector responses among the earliest responding lymphocytes.