gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Passive equalization of nonuniform EDFA gain by optical filtering for megameter transmission of 20 WDM channels through a cascade of EDFA's (1993)

Through the incorporation of optical filters in a cascade of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA's), with each amplifier exhibiting nonuniform gain, we determine the optimal conditions for passively equalizing many wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) channels while maintaining a high SNR. For 20 WDM channels spaced 0.5 nm apart, it is found that 3-dB, 2-nm-wide notch filters with center wavelength at 1.560 mu m will provide sufficient SNR equalization for potential megameter transmission when located after every 20 EDFA's. This performance is achieved with no a priori knowledge of the input or output signals.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Aqueous-Phase, Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Aryl Bromides under Mild Conditions, Using Water-Soluble, Sterically Demanding Alkylphosphines (2004)

Sterically demanding, water-soluble alkylphosphines have been used in combination with various palladium salts in Suzuki, Sonogashira, and Heck couplings of aryl bromides under mild conditions in aqueous solvents. The tert-butyl-substituted ligands 2-(di-tert-butylphosphino)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride (t-Bu-Amphos) and 4-(di-tert-butylphosphino)-N,N-dimethylpiperidinium chloride (t-Bu-Pip-phos) in combination with palladium(II) salts were found to give catalysts that were significantly more active than catalysts derived from tri(3-sulfonatophenyl)phosphine trisodium (TPPTS). Suzuki couplings of unactivated aryl bromides occurred efficiently at room temperature in water/acetonitrile and water/toluene biphasic mixtures or in neat water. Notably, Suzuki couplings of hydrophilic aryl bromides gave high yields without using organic solvents for the reaction or purification. This methodology has been applied to a highly efficient synthesis of diflunisal. The catalyst derived from t-Bu-Amphos was recycled three times in Suzuki couplings in water/toluene before catalyst activity began to significantly drop. The average yield of four cycles was >80% per cycle. Heck and Sonogashira couplings were carried out under mild conditions (50 and 80 °C, respectively) with unactivated aryl bromides to give coupled products in high yield.
Anisotropic Complementary Acoustic Metamaterial for Canceling out Aberrating Layers (2014)

Medical techniques such as transcranial ultrasound beam focusing suffer from energy losses and distorted acoustic fields. Researchers show how metamaterials can be used to enhance acoustic transmission.
Document Preprocessing System - Automatic Selection of Binarization (2012)

Due to the reason that historical documents present many degradations, the analysis of such documents is considered as a big challenge. In this paper we present a system which allows automatic preprocessing of historical documents. One or many preprocessing methods, as well as sets of input parameters are selected for each book from the used database according to the input image features. Such selection is tested on a subset of every book during the training step, the validation of the carried results is performed on another subset of images. If the validation is not well checked, the training is repeated. The proposed system is applied on a set of books from the Google-Books (23 books, 1000 images) and the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek (10 books, 750 images) collections. The performed results are very promising.
Dendritic cell-based approaches to cancer immunotherapy (1998)

Immunologic approaches to the treatment of malignancies are currently enjoying a resurgence of enthusiasm due to the discovery of tumour-associated antigens and the requirements for stimulating a tumour antigen-specific immune response. The goal of the newer strategies is to stimulate immunity against specific tumour-associated antigens, rather than to broadly, but non-specifically, stimulate the immune system. Since dendritic cells, professional antigen-presenting cells, play a central role in stimulating immune responses in vivo, there is considerable interest in immunising patients with autologous dendritic cells loaded with tumour antigens of interest. Methods for generating large numbers of dendritic cells under clinically-applicable conditions have been developed and it has been shown that they may be loaded with antigen in many different forms including proteins or peptides, RNA or DNA and cellular extracts. Ongoing research is seeking to optimise the purity, antigen loading and maturation of the dendritic cells. Phase I clinical trials have been initiated in order to study the safety and feasibility of immunisations with dendritic cells in humans with various malignancies. Phase II studies will be performed to establish which tumours and clinical scenarios will be most relevant for dendritic cell immunotherapy. Although the commercial applicability of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy has been recognised by the biotechnology industry, commercial availability of dendritic cell vaccines await phase III studies.
The use of insoluble polymer supports in general organic synthesis (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe use of insoluble polymer supports in general organic synthesisClifford C. LeznoffCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1978, 11, 9, 327–333Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar50129a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ar50129a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views824Altmetric-Citations229LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Phase I clinical investigation of homoharringtonine. (1984)

Homoharringtonine is a cephalotaxine ester derived from Cephalotaxus harringtonia, which is a Chinese evergreen tree. A limited clinical evaluation of this drug in China revealed antileukemic activity, which prompted clinical trials in the United States. We have treated 43 patients with a variety of refractory malignancies using a daily iv treatment for 5 days at 3-4-week intervals. The starting dose of homoharringtonine was 0.2 mg/m2/day and it was escalated to a maximum of 8 mg/m2/day. The dose-limiting toxic effect was hypotension, which was generally mild with daily dose levels of 3-4.5 mg/m2/day and required no specific treatment besides iv fluid supplements in some patients. Hypotension became increasingly severe at the higher dose levels and resulted in cardiovascular collapse in four of 16 patients treated with dose levels of 5-6 mg/m2/day. A moderately severe degree of myelosuppression was observed with homoharringtonine doses of greater than or equal to 3 mg/m2. Myelosuppression was clearly related to the extent of prior treatment and was minimal in patients who had not received extensive prior treatment. Gastrointestinal toxic effects of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were observed in approximately two-thirds of the patients but these side effects were generally mild and self-limited. Drug-related fever and alopecia were also observed in some patients. No major responses were observed, although three patients with solid tumors evidenced minor responses and three of five patients with acute leukemia showed some degree of antileukemic activity. For phase II studies of homoharringtonine in solid tumors, a daily dose of 3 mg/m2 for 5 days in patients with extensive prior treatment and 4 mg/m2/day for 5 days in patients with good bone marrow reserve will be utilized. The daily dose must not exceed 4 mg/m2 to avoid serious hypotension; further dose escalations should be accomplished by extending the number of days of treatment beyond 5 days.
STREPTOMYCES CITRICOLOR NOV. SP. AND A NEW ANTIBIOTIC, ARISTEROMYCIN (1968)

A new antibiotic, aristeromycin, was isolated from the culture filtrate of a new streptomyces, Streptomyces citricolor nov. sp. Aristeromycin is isolated using chromatography on active carbon, alumina and ion-exchange resin. Aristeromycin is isolated as colorless prism melting at 213-215°C (dec), and has the molecular formula C11H15O3N5. Its ultraviolet absorption maximum is observed at 262 mμ (El1%1cm 555). It shows inhibitory activities against Xantho monas oryzae and Piricularia oryzae in vitro as well as in vivo.
Distinct dendritic cell subsets differentially regulate the class of immune responseinvivo (1999)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are unique in their ability to stimulate T cells and initiate adaptive immunity. Injection of mice with the cytokine Flt3-ligand (FL) dramatically expands mature lymphoid and myeloid-related DC subsets. In contrast, injection of a polyethylene glycol-modified form of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) into mice only expands the myeloid-related DC subset. These DC subsets differ in the cytokine profiles they induce in T cells in vivo. The lymphoid-related subset induces high levels of the Th1 cytokines interferon gamma and interleukin (IL)-2 but little or no Th2 cytokines. In contrast, the myeloid-related subset induces large amounts of the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-10, in addition to interferon gamma and IL-2. FL- or GM-CSF-treated mice injected with soluble ovalbumin display dramatic increases in antigen-specific antibody titers, but the isotype profiles seem critically dependent on the cytokine used. Although FL treatment induces up to a 10, 000-fold increase in ovalbumin-specific IgG2a and a more modest increase in IgG1 titers, GM-CSF treatment favors a predominantly IgG1 response with little increase in IgG2a levels. These data suggest that distinct DC subsets have strikingly different influences on the type of immune response generated in vivo and may thus be targets for pharmacological intervention.
High-resolution localization of Drosophila Spt5 and Spt6 at heat shock genes in vivo: roles in promoter proximal pausing and transcription elongation (2000)

Recent studies have demonstrated roles for Spt4, Spt5, and Spt6 in the regulation of transcriptional elongation in both yeast and humans. Here, we show that Drosophila Spt5 and Spt6 colocalize at a large number of transcriptionally active chromosomal sites on polytene chromosomes and are rapidly recruited to endogenous and transgenic heat shock loci upon heat shock. Costaining with antibodies to Spt6 and to either the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II or cyclin T, a subunit of the elongation factor P-TEFb, reveals that all three factors have a similar distribution at sites of active transcription. Crosslinking and immunoprecipitation experiments show that Spt5 is present at uninduced heat shock gene promoters, and that upon heat shock, Spt5 and Spt6 associate with the 5' and 3' ends of heat shock genes. Spt6 is recruited within 2 minutes of a heat shock, similar to heat shock factor (HSF); moreover, this recruitment is dependent on HSF. These findings provide support for the roles of Spt5 in promoter-associated pausing and of Spt5 and Spt6 in transcriptional elongation in vivo.
Coupling of Biotin−(poly(ethylene glycol))amine to Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) Nanoparticles for Versatile Surface Modification (2007)

Generally, polymeric nanoparticles (NP) for drug targeting are designed to entrap the drug moiety in the core and to present the targeting moiety on the surface. However, in most cases, common preparation techniques of polymeric NP need to be specifically arranged for each compound to be entrapped or attached. In the present work, we introduce a method for versatile conjugation of targeting moieties to the surface of preformed, polymeric NP. Moreover, due to taking advantage of biotin-avidin interactions, our regime opens the additional possibility of a rapid fluorescence labeling of NP. Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) NP in the size of 210 nm were prepared by the classic oil-in-water method. Such NP were functionalized with biotin-(poly(ethylene glycol))amine (BPEG) by means of cyanuric chloride chemistry. The amount of surface-associated biotin was 850 pmol per milligram of polymer, corresponding to roughly 2650 molecules of biotin per NP. When drawn to scale, such surface coating appeared to be well-suited for subsequent binding of avidin or avidin-linked ligands. By resonant mirror measurements, we could prove specific binding of biotinylated NP to a NeutrAvidin (NAv)-coated surface. Furthermore, after coupling of NAv-linked fluorescence dyes to BPEG-functionalized NP, differences in binding and uptake could be demonstrated using two epithelial cell lines (Caco-2, A549).
iwCLL guidelines for diagnosis, indications for treatment, response assessment, and supportive management of CLL (2018)

The previous edition of the consensus guidelines of the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (iwCLL), published in 2008, has found broad acceptance by physicians and investigators caring for patients with CLL. Recent advances including the discovery of the genomic landscape of the disease, the development of genetic tests with prognostic relevance, and the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD), coupled with the increased availability of novel targeted agents with impressive efficacy, prompted an international panel to provide updated evidence- and expert opinion-based recommendations. These recommendations include a revised version of the iwCLL response criteria, an update on the use of MRD status for clinical evaluation, and recommendations regarding the assessment and prophylaxis of viral diseases during management of CLL.
Immunotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer (2014)

Activation of the host immune system represents an attractive treatment approach for cancers. In non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a variety of immunotherapies, including nonspecific immune stimulants, vaccines and checkpoint inhibitors, have been evaluated in clinical trials. Several randomized Phase III trials have failed to demonstrate clinical benefit from nonspecific immune stimulants and vaccines in the overall trial populations. Activity of vaccines in subsets of patients in these trials needs further evaluation. Unlike vaccines aimed at stimulating a cellular immune response to antigens differentially expressed in cancers, checkpoint inhibitors aim at overcoming immune inhibitory signals in the tumor microenvironment via pharmacological inhibition of immune checkpoints - a crucial tumoral immune escape mechanism. Early clinical trials of checkpoint inhibitors showed promising results with some durable responses. Better understanding of the mechanisms of immunosuppression specific to NSCLC will be crucial for successful patient selection for immunotherapy.
Interleukin 8: An Autocrine Growth Factor for Human Ovarian Cancer (2001)

We determined whether interleukin-8 (IL-8) plays a direct role in the progressive growth of ovarian cancer cells by isolating high- and low-IL-8-producing clones from the parental Hey-A8 human ovarian cancer cell line and compared their proliferative activity and tumorigenicity in nude mice. The effect of exogenous IL-8 and mouse antihuman IL-8 neutralizing antibody on ovarian cancer cell proliferation was investigated. Finally, we studied the modulation of IL-8 production in ovarian cancer cells by sense and antisense IL-8 expression vector transfection and its effect on proliferation. The Hey-A8(H) clone was selected for its overexpression of IL-8. It has a significantly higher proliferation rate than the low-IL-8-producing clone, Hey-A8(L). Recombinant IL-8 (50 ng/ml) caused a significant increase in proliferation of Hey-A8(L) clones, and 10 microg/ml neutralizing antibody against IL-8 significantly decreased proliferative activity of both Hey-A8(H) and Hey-A8(L) clones. Enforced IL-8 expression by IL-8 expression vector transfection in Hey-A8(L) clones significantly increased tumor cell proliferation, microvessel density, and hence, tumorigenicity. We conclude that IL-8 has a direct and indirect growth-potentiating activity in human ovarian cancer cells.
Review paper
Postconditioning: a brief review (2006)

Preconditioning represents the most effective form of cardioprotection that can be induced to attenuate the injury accompanying a longer lasting ischemia (=index ischemia) of sufficient duration and severity to cause myocardial necrosis. Preconditioning can be induced by short bouts of ischemia, several pharmaceuticals (e.g. adenosine), and volatile anesthetics all imposed before the index ischemia. A brief ischemia of an organ other than the heart can likewise initiate protection of the heart, which has been called “preconditioning at a distance” or “remote preconditioning”. According to the more recent literature, short bouts of ischemia after an index ischemia can also initiate cardioprotection, e.g. improved post-ischemic endothelial function, reduced infarct size and less apoptosis; this protective maneuver has been called “postconditioning”. Postconditioning can also be elicited at a distant organ, termed “remote postconditioning”. It is the aim of this short review to (1) characterize preconditioning and in particular postconditioning, (2) describe possible mechanisms, and (3) call attention to the clinical relevance of this cardioprotective strategy.
Postoperative fatigue (1993)

Uncomplicated major surgery is followed by a pronounced increased feeling of fatigue extending throughout the first month in about one-third of patients. Postoperative fatigue correlates with the degree of surgical trauma but is not related to duration of general anesthesia and surgery or to preoperative nutritional status, age, or sex. Fatigue also correlates with postoperative deterioration in nutritional parameters and impaired adaptability of heart rate during exercise. Furthermore, a postoperative decrease in muscle force and endurance is related to postoperative fatigue, whereas psychological factors are of minor importance. These findings suggest postoperative fatigue to be mediated by the endocrine-metabolic response to surgery, impaired nutritional intake, or immobilization, but the relative role of these factors remains to be established. Until then, therapeutic measures against the development of postoperative fatigue should aim at reducing the surgical stress response, effective treatment of pain to facilitate mobilization, and exercise to increase postoperative nutritional intake.
High-speed spectral-domain optical coherence tomography at 13 μm wavelength (2003)

We demonstrate a high-speed spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system capable of acquiring individual axial scans in 24.4 micros at a rate of 19,000 axial scans per second, using an InGaAs line scan camera and broadband light source centered at 1.31microm. Sensitivity of >105 dB over a 2-mm depth range was obtained with a free-space axial resolution of 12-14 microm, in agreement with our signal-to-noise ratio predictions. Images of human tissue obtained in vivo with SD-OCT show similar penetration depths to those obtained with state-of-the-art time domain OCT despite the ten-fold higher image acquisition speed. These results demonstrate the potential of 1.3 microm SD-OCT for high-speed and high-sensitivity imaging in patients.
Sequence and organization of the diversity, joining, and constant region genes of the human T-cell delta-chain locus. (1988)

In this paper we describe the genomic organization and sequence of the human T-cell receptor delta-chain diversity, joining, and constant genes. There is one delta-chain constant region gene (C delta) located approximately equal to 85 kilobases (kb) upstream of the alpha-chain constant region. The delta-chain constant region consists of four exons, whose organization is very similar to that of the C alpha exons, suggesting that C alpha and C delta may have arisen from a gene duplication event. The first exon encodes most of the extracellular constant domain, the second encodes a hinge-like region, and the third encodes the entire transmembrane segment and intracytoplasmic portion, whereas the last exon contains exclusively 3' untranslated sequences. Three joining segments, J delta 1, J delta 2, and J delta 3, are found approximately equal to 12, approximately equal to 5.7, and approximately equal to 3.4 kb upstream of the first exon of C delta. Two functional diversity gene segments, D delta 1 and D delta 2, which can be productively translated in all three reading frames, are found 1 and 9.6 kb upstream of J delta 1. The presence of two D delta with such potential for diversity may offset the limited repertoire of the J delta and V delta genes. The spacer distribution in the recombinational signals flanking D delta and J delta segments allows recombination with V alpha gene segments; however, examination of delta-chain messages does not indicate that this is the case, suggesting that the delta chain uses unique variable gene segments and raising the question as to the reasons for this phenomenon.
Cannabinoids in pancreatic cancer: Correlation with survival and pain (2007)

Cannabinoids exert antiproliferative properties in a variety of malignant tumors, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In our study, we quantitatively evaluated the immunoreactivity for cannabinoid-1 (CB1) and cannabinoid-2 (CB2) receptors as well as for the endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacyl glycerol lipase (MGLL). Furthermore, quantitative real-time RT-PCR for CB1, CB2, FAAH and MGLL in normal pancreas and pancreatic cancer tissues was performed. Levels of endocannabinoids were determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Immunoreactivity scores and QRT-PCR expression levels were correlated with the clinico-pathological (TNM, survival, pain) status of the patients. Evaluation of endocannabinoid levels revealed that these remained unchanged in PDAC compared to the normal pancreas. Patients with high CB1 receptor levels in enlarged nerves in PDAC had a lower combined pain score (intensity, frequency, duration; p = 0.012). There was a significant relationship between low CB1 receptor immunoreactivity or mRNA expression levels (p = 0.0011 and p = 0.026, respectively), or high FAAH and MGLL cancer cell immunoreactivity (p = 0.036 and p = 0.017, respectively) and longer survival of PDAC patients. These results are underlined by a significant correlation of high pain scores and increased survival (p = 0.0343). CB2 receptor immunoreactivity, CB2 receptor, FAAH and MGLL mRNA expression levels did not correlate with survival. Therefore, changes in the levels of endocannabinoid metabolizing enzymes and cannabinoid receptors on pancreatic cancer cells may affect prognosis and pain status of PDAC patients.