gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detecting timed-out client requests for avoiding livelock and improving Web server performance (2002)

A Web server's listen queue capacity is often set to a large value to accommodate bursts of traffic and to accept as many client requests as possible. We show that, under certain overload conditions, this results in a significant loss of server performance due to the processing of so-called "dead requests": timed-out client requests whose associated connection has been closed from the client side. In some pathological cases, these overload conditions can lead to server livelock, where the server is busily processing only dead requests and is not doing any useful work. We propose a method of detecting these dead requests and avoiding unnecessary overhead related to their processing. This provides a predictable and controllable platform for Web applications, thus improving their overall performance. DTOC strategy is implemented as a part of WebQoS product for HP9000 servers [HP-WebQoS].
The linearity and sensitivity of lateral effect position sensitive devices-an improved geometry (1989)

The authors compare the linearity, sensitivity, and resolution of various lateral effect PSDs (position sensitive devices) by computing as a function of vertical position the output voltage produced by a light spot which tracks a horizontal line. In light of the goal of achieving high linearity, high inherent sensitivity, high resolution, and fast response time while maintaining an ability to operate in a fully reverse-biased condition, the authors have designed a new PSD which has a clover geometry. In this lateral effect PSD a pincushion geometry is modified to include an additional four pairs of point contacts located on or near the centers of the curved boundary lines. Each of the contacts at corners is connected to the two nearest point contacts along the boundary. It is shown that the clover PSD is nearly as linear as the duolateral PSD while holding similar position resolution, but has all of the contacts on a single side of the p-n junction so that the dark current is lower, response time is faster, reverse-bias can be applied more easily, and fabrication cost is lower. The clover inherent sensitivity is five times that of the pincushion and more than half that of the duolateral duoaxis PSD.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
JXON: an Architecture for Schema and Annotation Driven JSON/XML Bidirectional Transformations (2011)

JSON and XML are seen by some as competing markup formats for content and data. JSON has become predominant in the mobile and browser domains while XML dominates the Server, Enterprise and Document domains. Where these domains meet and need to exchange information there is pressure for one domain to impose on the other their markup format. JXON is an architecture that addresses this problem by providing for high quality bidirectional transformations between XML and JSON. Previous approaches provide for only a single mapping intended to cover all cases, but generally cover few cases well. JXON uses Schema and annotations to allow highly customizable transformations that can be tuned for individual schemas, elements, attributes and types yet still be easily configured.
A window into third-generation sequencing (2010)

First- and second-generation sequencing technologies have led the way in revolutionizing the field of genomics and beyond, motivating an astonishing number of scientific advances, including enabling a more complete understanding of whole genome sequences and the information encoded therein, a more complete characterization of the methylome and transcriptome and a better understanding of interactions between proteins and DNA. Nevertheless, there are sequencing applications and aspects of genome biology that are presently beyond the reach of current sequencing technologies, leaving fertile ground for additional innovation in this space. In this review, we describe a new generation of single-molecule sequencing technologies (third-generation sequencing) that is emerging to fill this space, with the potential for dramatically longer read lengths, shorter time to result and lower overall cost.
Study on S-band mobile communications systems using a geostationary satellite (1998)

This paper describes the design and performances of an S-band mobile satellite communications system with hand-held terminals using a geostationary satellite. System objectives including requirements of the terminals are clarified. Based on a system trade-off study, an information rate of 5.6 kbps for voice, a data transmission rate of 32 kbps, TDMA multiple access, and ?r/4 QPSK modulation were chosen in this study. To satisfy system objectives and requirements compatible with these system parameters, an on-board reflector antenna with an antenna diameter of 13 meters and an on-board processor with baseband switching are needed. A geostationary satellite designed for mobile satellite communications is presented. The satellite consists of two antenna systems with large deployable reflectors and phased array feeds, an on-board processor, and a feeder link subsystem connecting to redundant gateway stations. System performance over the service area around Japan is clarified. This system features eight beams, and hand-held terminals can be used in five beams covering Japan's main islands. With an available 3-ton class geostationary satellite and Sband frequency with a bandwidth of 25 MHz, 3,000 channels can be used simultaneously.
Etoposide, Doxorubicin and Cisplatin Alternating with 5-Fluorouracil, Doxorubicin and High-Dose Methotrexate in Patients with Advanced Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach or the Gastroesophageal Junction (2002)

(2002). Etoposide, Doxorubicin and Cisplatin Alternating with 5-Fluorouracil, Doxorubicin and High-Dose Methotrexate in Patients with Advanced Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach or the Gastroesophageal Junction. Journal of Chemotherapy: Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 623-626.
Biomechanical Comparison of Baseball Pitching and Long-Toss: Implications for Training and Rehabilitation (2011)

Hard, horizontal, flat-ground throws have biomechanical patterns similar to those of pitching and are, therefore, reasonable exercises for pitchers. However, maximum-distance throws produce increased torques and changes in kinematics. Caution is, therefore, advised in the use of these throws for rehabilitation and training.
Extended document architecture for maps (2003)

The Map Document Architecture (MDA), an attempt to extend the standard ODA (Office Document Architecture), is proposed. The logical and layout structures of maps and their content architecture are shown. A map processing model that makes the map data processing clear is proposed. In the ODA, layout structure defines the rectangle area in which tests and other data should be drawn. The proposed model is able to use both nonrectangle and rectangle area.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Demonstration of lanthionine as a natural constituent of the peptidoglycan of Fusobacterium nucleatum (1979)

Peptidoglycan was purified from the oral bacterium Fusobacterium nucleatum strain Fev 1, using boiling sodium dodecyl sulfate and pronase. The composition of this peptidoglycan was found to be similar to that of other gram-negative bacteria, except that it lacked diaminopimelic acid. Lanthionine, the monosulfur analog of diaminopimelic acid, was identified as the diaminodicarboxylic acid of this peptidoglycan. It is assumed that lanthionine replaced diaminopimelic acid. Thus, the peptidoglycan of F. nucleatum Fev 1 is one of the few known sources of naturally occurring lanthionine.
Learning to Teach (2018)

Teaching plays a very important role in our society, by spreading human knowledge and educating our next generations. A good teacher will select appropriate teaching materials, impact suitable methodologies, and set up targeted examinations, according to the learning behaviors of the students. In the field of artificial intelligence, however, one has not fully explored the role of teaching, and pays most attention to machine \emph{learning}. In this paper, we argue that equal attention, if not more, should be paid to teaching, and furthermore, an optimization framework (instead of heuristics) should be used to obtain good teaching strategies. We call this approach `learning to teach'. In the approach, two intelligent agents interact with each other: a student model (which corresponds to the learner in traditional machine learning algorithms), and a teacher model (which determines the appropriate data, loss function, and hypothesis space to facilitate the training of the student model). The teacher model leverages the feedback from the student model to optimize its own teaching strategies by means of reinforcement learning, so as to achieve teacher-student co-evolution. To demonstrate the practical value of our proposed approach, we take the training of deep neural networks (DNN) as an example, and show that by using the learning to teach techniques, we are able to use much less training data and fewer iterations to achieve almost the same accuracy for different kinds of DNN models (e.g., multi-layer perceptron, convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks) under various machine learning tasks (e.g., image classification and text understanding).
Receptors for erythropoietin in mouse and human erythroid cells and placenta (1989)

Abstract High and lower affinity receptors for erythropoietin (EP) were initially identified on a very pure population of EP-responsive erythroblasts obtained from the spleens of mice infected with anemia strain of Friend virus (FVA). The structure of the receptor for EP in these cells was determined to be proteins of 100 and 85 Kd by cross- linking 125I-EP. In this investigation, studies on the receptors for EP were extended to other mouse erythroid cells and human erythroid cells as well as to the placentas of mice and rats. Only lower affinity receptors for EP were detected on erythroblasts purified from the spleens of mice infected with the polycythemia strain of Friend virus and a murine erythroleukemia cell line, both of which are not responsive to EP in culture. Internalization of 125I-EP was observed in both groups of cells. The structure of the receptor determined by cross- linking 125I-EP was two equally labeled proteins of 100 Kd and 85 Kd molecular mass in all these mouse erythroid cells. The structure of the receptor was found to be very similar in human erythroid colony forming cells cultured from normal blood. These cells respond to EP with erythroid maturation and were previously shown to have high and lower affinity receptors. Placentas from mice and rats were found to have only lower affinity receptors for EP, and when placental membranes were cross-linked to 125I-EP, the same 100 Kd and 85 Kd bands were found as seen in mouse and human erythroid cells. The structure of the receptor was similar in cells that have high affinity receptors (FVA-infected and human erythroid colony-forming cells) and nonresponsive erythroid cells and placenta that have lower affinity receptors, but only the cells with the high affinity receptors respond to the addition of EP with erythroid maturation.
High-Spectral-Efficiency Photonic Frequency Down-Conversion Using Optical Frequency Comb and SSB Modulation (2013)

A high-spectral-efficiency photonic frequency down-conversion approach for wavelength-division-multiplexing radio-over-fiber (WDM-ROF) uplinks is proposed and experimentally investigated. In the approach, an optical frequency comb serves as the carriers of multiple channels, and each comb line is modulated by the upstream radio-frequency (RF) signal via single-sideband modulation. At the central station, the beating between the sideband with upstream signal and its adjacent optical carrier leads to photonic frequency down-conversion without additional optical frequency shifts. Due to the band overlapping or the reduction of guard band between adjacent channels, a high spectral efficiency is achieved for WDM-ROF uplinks. A two-channel experimental uplink is established, where a 15-GHz RF signal carrying quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) data is successfully down-converted to a 2-GHz intermediate frequency (IF) signal. For the 10-Mb/s QPSK data, the measured eye diagrams and the constellation diagrams clearly show the effectiveness of the frequency down-conversion and the influence of the transmission distance. In fact, the proposed approach is applied to the down-conversion at a high data rate up to several gigabits per second, such as a simulation demonstration at 2.5 Gb/s.
(Z)-2-(3-Thienyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile (2005)

The title compound, C16H15NO3S, was prepared by base-catalyzed reaction of 3,4,5-trimethoxy­benzaldehyde with thio­phene-3-acetonitrile. The olefinic bond has Z geometry and thien­yl ring flip disorder is observed.
CLA(+) T cells in cutaneous diseases. (2004)

The Cutaneous Lymphocyte-associated Antigen (CLA) was originally described as a cell surface molecule preferentially found on T lymphocytes present in the skin. At the present time, a more complete and exciting picture is emerging thanks to the efforts of different research groups. The CLA antigen identifies a subset of memory effector T lymphocytes functionally involved in the pathogenesis of different T cell-mediated cutaneous diseases. Research related to CLA(+ )T cells is not only becoming a source of interesting data related to the pathological mechanisms of skin disorders, but also provides an innovative and selective approach to develop new treatments for T cell-mediated diseases in dermatology.
Design of Ligands That Stabilize Cu(I) and Shift the Reduction Potential of the CuII/I Couple Cathodically in Aqueous Solutions (1999)

The ligands R(2)NCH(2)CH(2)N(R)CH(2)CH(2)N(R)CH(2)CH=CH(2), where R = H, CH(3), were synthesized. The stability constants of their complexes with Cu(II) and Cu(I) in aqueous solutions were determined. Both ligands stabilize Cu(I) in aqueous solutions, though the reduction potentials of both (CuL(i)())(2+/+) couples are shifted cathodically in comparison to the Cu(2+/+)(aq) couple. These properties indicate that these complexes should be good catalysts for a variety of processes that are catalyzed by Cu(I).
Herbicides (1953)

Crop loss due to soil salinization is an increasing threat to agriculture worldwide. This review provides an overview of cellular and physiological mechanisms in plant responses to salt. We place cellular responses in a time- and tissue-dependent context ...Read More
Advancements in the mechanistic understanding of the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (2013)

The copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is one of the most broadly applicable and easy-to-handle reactions in the arsenal of organic chemistry. However, the mechanistic understanding of this reaction has lagged behind the plethora of its applications for a long time. As reagent mixtures of copper salts and additives are commonly used in CuAAC reactions, the structure of the catalytically active species itself has remained subject to speculation, which can be attributed to the multifaceted aggregation chemistry of copper(I) alkyne and acetylide complexes. Following an introductory section on common catalyst systems in CuAAC reactions, this review will highlight experimental and computational studies from early proposals to very recent and more sophisticated investigations, which deliver more detailed insights into the CuAAC's catalytic cycle and the species involved. As diverging mechanistic views are presented in articles, books and online resources, we intend to present the research efforts in this field during the past decade and finally give an up-to-date picture of the currently accepted dinuclear mechanism of CuAAC. Additionally, we hope to inspire research efforts on the development of molecularly defined copper(I) catalysts with defined structural characteristics, whose main advantage in contrast to the regularly used precatalyst reagent mixtures is twofold: on the one hand, the characteristics of molecularly defined, well soluble catalysts can be tuned according to the particular requirements of the experiment; on the other hand, the understanding of the CuAAC reaction mechanism can be further advanced by kinetic studies and the isolation and characterization of key intermediates.
Evaluation of Utility System Impacts and Benefits of Optimally Dispatched Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (Revised) (2006)

Hybrid electric vehicles with the capability of being recharged from the grid may provide a significant decrease in oil consumption. These ''plug-in'' hybrids (PHEVs) will affect utility operations, adding additional electricity demand. Because many individual vehicles may be charged in the extended overnight period, and because the cost of wireless communication has decreased, there is a unique opportunity for utilities to directly control the charging of these vehicles at the precise times when normal electricity demand is at a minimum. This report evaluates the effects of optimal PHEV charging, under the assumption that utilities will indirectly or directly control when charging takes place, providing consumers with the absolute lowest cost of driving energy. By using low-cost off-peak electricity, PHEVs owners could purchase the drive energy equivalent to a gallon of gasoline for under 75 cents, assuming current national average residential electricity prices.
Antibodies to membrane structures that distinguish suppressor/cytotoxic and helper T lymphocyte subpopulations block the mixed leukocyte reaction in man. (1981)

Two major subsets of human T lymphocytes that are functionally analogous to the mouse Lyt-2+ and Lyt-2- subsets have been defined by their expression of two thymus-dependent membrane antigens, Leu-2 and Leu-3. Leu-2+,3- cells have suppressor/cytotoxic functions and Leu-2-,3+ cells have helper functions. These studies were designed to determine the effects of adding IgG1 monoclonal anti-Leu-2 and anti-Leu-3 antibodies to the mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR). At high concentrations, each antibody partially inhibited the proliferative response of unseparated T cells and abolished the response of the isolated subset having the appropriate phenotype. An IgG1 monoclonal antibody to HLA-A2 and an IgG2a antibody to Leu-1, a pan-T antigen, failed to inhibited the MLR. These results suggest that the Leu-2 and Leu-3 antigens may have a direct role in the mechanism whereby T cells recognize and respond to alloantigen.
Silica-based Buried Channel Waveguides and Devices (1995)

Introduction. Fabrication techniques. Weak-guidance approximation. Approximation methods for model analysis. Numerical methods for model analysis. Modes of buried channel waveguides. Splicing loss. Surface roughness. Leakage loss. Bending loss. Optical path design. Single-mode planar couplers. X-junctions. Y-junctions.
Corra: Computational framework and tools for LC-MS discovery and targeted mass spectrometry-based proteomics (2008)

The Corra computational framework leverages computational innovation to enable biologists or other researchers to process, analyze and visualize LC-MS data with what would otherwise be a complex and not user-friendly suite of tools. Corra enables appropriate statistical analyses, with controlled false-discovery rates, ultimately to inform subsequent targeted identification of differentially abundant peptides by MS/MS. For the user not trained in bioinformatics, Corra represents a complete, customizable, free and open source computational platform enabling LC-MS-based proteomic workflows, and as such, addresses an unmet need in the LC-MS proteomics field.
The protection receptor for IgG catabolism is the beta2-microglobulin-containing neonatal intestinal transport receptor. (1996)

More than 30 years ago, Brambell published the hypothesis bearing his name [Brambell, F. W. R., Hemmings, W. A. & Morris, 1. C. (1964) Nature (London) 203, 1352-1355] that remains as the cornerstone for thinking on IgG catabolism. To explain the long survival of IgG relative to other plasma proteins and its pattern of increased fractional catabolism with high concentrations of IgG, Brambell postulated specific IgG "protection receptors" (FcRp) that would bind IgG in pinocytic vacuoles and redirect its transport to the circulation; when the FcRp was saturated, the excess unbound IgG then would pass to unrestricted lysosomal catabolism. Brambell subsequently postulated the neonatal gut transport receptor (FcRn) and showed its similar saturable character. FcRn was recently cloned but FcRp has not been identified. Using a genetic knockout that disrupts the FcRn and intestinal IgG transport, we show that this lesion also disrupts the IgG protection receptor, supporting the identity of these two receptors. IgG catabolism was 10-fold faster and IgG levels were correspondingly lower in mutant than in wild-type mice, whereas IgA was the same between groups, demonstrating the specific effects on the IgG system. Disruption of the FcRp in the mutant mice was also shown to abrogate the classical pattern of decreased IgG survival with higher IgC concentration. Finally, studies in normal mice with monomeric antigen-antibody complexes showed differential catabolism in which antigen dissociates in the endosome and passes to the lysosome, whereas the associated antibody is returned to circulation; in mutant mice, differential catabolism was lost and the whole complex cleared at the same accelerated rate as albumin, showing the central role of the FcRp to the differential catabolism mechanism. Thus, the same receptor protein that mediates the function of the FcRn transiently in the neonate is shown to have its functionally dominant expression as the FcRp throughout life, resolving a longstanding mystery of the identity of the receptor for the protection of IgG. This result also identifies an important new member of the class of recycling surface receptors and enables the design of protein adaptations to exploit this mechanism to improve survivals of other therapeutic proteins in vivo.