gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CD34 Positive Blood Cells for Allogeneic Progenitor and Stem Cell Transplantation (1997)

The transplantation of allogeneic peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) provides complete and sustained hematopoietic and lymphopoietic engraftment. In healthy donors, large amounts of PBPC can be mobilized with hematopoietic growth factors. However, the high content of immunocompetent T-cells in apheresis products may expose recipients of allogeneic PBPC to an elevated risk of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease. Thus, the use of appropriate T-cell reduction, but not depletion might reduce this risk. The hazards of graft rejection and a higher relapse rate can be avoided by maintaining a portion of the T-cells in the graft. The positive selection of CD34+ cells from peripheral blood preparations simultaneously provides an approximately 1000-fold reduction of T-cells. These purified CD34+ cells containing committed and pluripotent stem cells are suitable for allogeneic transplantation and can be used in the following instances: 1. As hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell transplantation instead of bone marrow cells, from HLA-identical family donors; 2. for increasing the stem cell numbers from HLA-mismatched or three HLA-loci different family donors in order to reduce the incidence of rejection but without increasing the T-cell number; 3. boosting of poor marrow graft function with stem cells from the same family donors; 4. transplantation from volunteer matched unrelated donors; 5. split transplantation of CD34+ and T-cells; 6. addition of ex vivo expanded CD34+ cells to blood cell or bone marrow transplantation; 7. generation of antigen specific immune effector cells and antigen presenting cells for cell therapy.
A Vital Role for Interleukin-21 in the Control of a Chronic Viral Infection (2009)

Understanding the factors that regulate the induction, quality, and longevity of antiviral T cell responses is essential for devising rational strategies to prevent or combat infections. In this study, we show that interleukin-21 (IL-21), likely produced by CD4+ T cells, directly influences the generation of polyfunctional CD8+ T cells and that the number of CD4+ T cells that produce IL-21 differs markedly between acute and chronic infections. IL-21 regulates the development of CD8+ T cell exhaustion and the ability to contain chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Thus, IL-21 serves as a critical helper factor that shapes the functional quality of antiviral CD8+ T cells and is required for viral control.
Effects of Finasteride (MK-906), a 5α-Reductase Inhibitor, on Circulating Androgens in Male Volunteers* (1990)

Finasteride, a 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, was administered to normal male volunteers in a blinded placebo-controlled study at daily oral doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg for 11 days (part 1) and daily oral doses of 0.04, 0.12, 0.2, and 1.0 mg for 14 days (part 2). Results from part 1 showed a significant reduction in dihydrotestosterone (DHT) at all doses and a significant increase in both testosterone (T) and delta 4-androstenedione at the 50- and 100-mg doses. No change was seen in LH, FSH, cortisol, or estradiol levels. Serum lipids, including total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, and triglycerides were not affected by treatment. Results from part 2 again showed significant reduction in DHT at all doses. DHT levels returned to pretreatment values within 14 days of discontinuing treatment. Significant increases in T were observed only in the 1.0 mg group and only during the first 8 days of treatment. The T/DHT ratio increased with all doses and returned to baseline when drug was discontinued. The DHT metabolites and androstanediol glucuronide and androsterone glucuronide were significantly reduced at all doses. There were no significant adverse experiences reported during part 1 or 2. In conclusion, finasteride is well tolerated by normal volunteers and results in significant suppression of serum DHT at all doses tested.
SitABCD Is the Alkaline Mn2+Transporter ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium (2002)

MntH, a bacterial homolog of the mammalian natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (Nramp1), is a primary Mn(2+) transporter of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli. S. enterica serovar Typhimurium MntH expression is important for full virulence; however, strains carrying an mntH deletion are only partially attenuated and display no obvious signs of Mn(2+) deficiency. We noted that promoter sequences for mntH and for the putative Fe(2+) transporter sitABCD appeared to have the same regulatory element responsive to Mn(2+) and so hypothesized that sitABCD could transport Mn(2+) with high affinity. We have now characterized transport by SitABCD in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium using (54)Mn(2+) and (55)Fe(2+) and compared its properties to those of MntH. SitABCD mediates the influx of Mn(2+) with an apparent affinity (K(a)) identical to that of MntH, 0.1 microM. It also transports Fe(2+) but with a K(a) 30 to 100 times lower, 3 to 10 microM. Inhibition of (54)Mn(2+) transport by Fe(2+) and of (55)Fe(2+) transport by Mn(2+) gave inhibition constants comparable to each cation's K(a) for influx. Since micromolar concentrations of free Fe(2+) are improbable in a biological system, we conclude that SitABCD functions physiologically as a Mn(2+) transporter. The cation inhibition profiles of SitABCD and MntH are surprisingly similar for two structurally and energetically unrelated transporters, with a Cd(2+) K(i) of approximately 1 microM and a Co(2+) K(i) of approximately 20 microM and with Ni(2+), Cu(2+), and Fe(3+) inhibiting both transporters only at concentrations of >0.1 mM. The one difference is that Zn(2+) exhibits potent inhibition of SitABCD (K(i) = 1 to 3 microM) but inhibits MntH weakly (K(i) > 50 microM). We have previously shown that MntH transports Mn(2+) most effectively under acidic conditions. In sharp contrast, SitABCD has almost no transport capacity at acid pHs and optimally transports Mn(2+) at slightly alkaline pHs. Overall, coupled with evidence that each transporter is multiply but distinctly regulated at the transcriptional level, the distinct transport properties of MntH versus SitABCD suggest that each transporter may be specialized for Mn(2+) uptake in different physiological environments.
Isolation and characterization of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells from human peripheral blood by high‐gradient magnetic cell sorting (1993)

CD34+ cells, present at a frequency of 0.18 +/- 0.052% among leukocytes from peripheral blood (PB), can be rapidly and efficiently (recovery of 39.0-74.0%) enriched to a frequency of 38.6-87.1% (54.4 +/- 12.3%) by high-gradient magnetic cell separation (MACS) for immunophenotyping, characterization in colony-forming cell (CFU) assays, and further purification to homogeneity (> 98%) by multiparameter fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Enriching PB-CD34+ cells for immunophenotyping allows the detection of small subpopulations, expressing the B-cell antigens CD10, CD19, and CD20, the T-cell antigens CD45RA and CD7, and a small subpopulation expressing high levels of CD34 (1.20 +/- 0.12%), which mostly coexpress CD19 (91.9 +/- 9.05%), CD20 (64.8 +/- 14.4%), and CD38 (84.5 +/- 10.3%). All PB-CD34+ cells express elevated levels of CD71 (transferrin receptor), with a subpopulation of high expressing cells, and CD38. Some cells express CD33. MACS-enriched PB-CD34+ cells show "normal" hematopoietic colony formation in vitro. The ease and efficiency of purification of large numbers of CD34+ cells from PB by MACS is not only relevant for the characterization of migrating stem cells but also opens new possibilities for stem cell transplantation and genetic manipulation of the hematopoietic system.
Spiperone:  Influence of Spiro Ring Substituents on 5-HT2ASerotonin Receptor Binding (1998)

Spiperone (1) is a widely used pharmacological tool that acts as a potent dopamine D2, serotonin 5-HT1A, and serotonin 5-HT2A antagonist. Although spiperone also binds at 5-HT2C receptors, it is one of the very few agents that display some (ca. 1000-fold) binding selectivity for 5-HT2A versus 5-HT2C receptors and, hence, might serve as a useful template for the development of novel 5-HT2A antagonists if the impact of its various substituent groups on binding was known. In the present investigation we focused on the 1, 3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decanone portion of spiperone and found that replacement of the N1-phenyl group with a methyl group only slightly decreased affinity for cloned rat 5-HT2A receptors. However, N1-methyl derivatives displayed significantly reduced affinity for 5-HT1A, 5-HT2C, and dopamine D2 receptors. Several representative examples were shown to behave as 5-HT2 antagonists. As such, N1-alkyl analogues of spiperone may afford entry into a novel series of 5-HT2A-selective antagonists.
Enlargement of human cerebral ischemic lesion volumes measured by diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (1997)

We aimed to determine the frequency and time course of the enlargement of ischemic cerebral lesions following human stroke and to study the effect of the state of perfusion on lesion enlargement. Acute lesion volumes were measured on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images and compared with lesion volumes measured on T2-weighted images at 7 days or later. Forty-four measurements were performed between 2 and 53 hours after stroke onset in 28 patients. Thirteen patients also had magnetic resonance perfusion imaging performed. In 12 (43%) of 28 patients the initial lesion volume increased by 20% or more. The number of studies showing enlargement of the ischemic lesion volume ranged from 12 (43%) of 28 at or after 2 hours to 10 (38%) of 26 at or after 6 hours, 5 (33%) of 15 at or after 24 hours, and 2 (33%) of 6 at or after 48 hours. In 7 of the 10 patients in whom the hypoperfusion volume acutely exceeded the volume of the abnormality on diffusion-weighted images, lesion volume increased by 20% or more. This study provided evidence that substantial enlargement of human cerebral ischemic lesion volumes can occur beyond the first 6, 12, or 24 hours after onset. A mismatch acutely between the region of hypoperfusion (larger) and the region of diffusion abnormality (smaller) may be predictive of ischemic lesion enlargement.
Lithium Alkoxides of Cinchona Alkaloids as Chiral Controllers for Enantioselective Acetylide Addition to Cyclic N-Acyl Ketimines (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLithium Alkoxides of Cinchona Alkaloids as Chiral Controllers for Enantioselective Acetylide Addition to Cyclic N-Acyl KetiminesMark A. Huffman, Nobuyoshi Yasuda, Ann E. DeCamp, and Edward J. J. GrabowskiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6, 1590–1594Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00111a016https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00111a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1332Altmetric-Citations235LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Practical digital image processing (1990)

Pictures image applications conventional functions statistics and probability geometric functions convolution and correlation transforming image representations restoration analysis.
Insulin-like growth factor I and its variant, des(1-3)IGF-I, improve nitrogen balance and food utilization in rats with renal failure. (1992)

The growth-promoting effects of IGF-I were examined in rats following partial nephrectomy and compared with the effects of the des(1-3) variant of IGF-I. Four groups of rats were subjected to 5/6 nephrectomy (n = 8 per group) and treated for 7 days with IGF-I (0.9 or 2.2 mg/kg BW/day), des(1-3)IGF-I (0.9 mg/kg/BW/day), or vehicle (0.1 M acetic acid) administered subcutaneously by osmotic pump. A group of vehicle-treated, sham-operated control rats (n = 7) was included. Food utilization was significantly improved in all three peptide-treated groups, by 13-16% compared with the vehicle-treated nephrectomized group. Also, nitrogen balance was enhanced, particularly in the des(1-3)IGF-I group, in which nitrogen excretion was reduced by 24%, with the low- and high-dose IGF-I groups showing 16 and 18% reductions, respectively. Serum urea levels were significantly decreased, by 25%, in the des(1-3)IGF-I group, with 20 and 17% reductions being observed in the low- and high-dose IGF-I groups. Muscle protein degradation was found to be significantly attenuated with des(1-3)IGF-I treatment but was not significantly affected in the two IGF-I-treated groups. While carcass composition was not altered with IGF peptide treatment, absolute mass of protein in the carcass was improved in rats treated with the high dose of IGF-I. These results show that IGF-I or, more particularly, des(1-3)IGF-I may be efficacious in overcoming impaired growth in renal failure.
Surfactant Protein-D Enhances Phagocytosis and Pulmonary Clearance of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (2004)

Surfactant protein (SP)-D gene targeted (SP-D-/-) and wild-type mice were infected with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by intratracheal instillation. Decreased clearance of RSV was observed in SP-D-/- mice. Deficiency of SP-D was associated with increased inflammation and inflammatory cell recruitment in the lung after infection. In vitro, SP-D bound RSV-infected Vero cells. Binding was inhibited with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and maltose, suggesting that the carbohydrate recognition domain of SP-D recognizes RSV glycoproteins in a calcium-dependent manner. SP-D bound specifically to the RSV proteins G and F. Phagocytosis of RSV by alveolar macrophages was reduced in the absence of SP-D in vivo, and SP-D enhanced phagocytosis of RSV by alveolar macrophages and neutrophils but not peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Oxygen radical production by alveolar macrophages from SP-D+/+ and SP-D-/- mice was decreased after RSV infection, and SP-D ameliorated the inhibitory effects of RSV on oxygen radical production by macrophages and neutrophils in vitro. Because the airway is the usual portal of entry for RSV and other respiratory pathogens, the local production of SP-D is likely to play a role in innate defense responses to inhaled viruses.
Cellular Localization of Tumor Necrosis Factor- α Following Acute Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Rats (2001)

Posttraumatic inflammatory reaction may contribute to secondary injury after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), a key inflammatory mediator, has been demonstrated in the injured cord. However, the specific cell types that are responsible for TNF-alpha expression after SCI remain to be identified. In the present study, cellular sources of TNF-alpha were examined in rats that received a spinal cord impact injury at the 9th thoracic (T9) level. Here we demonstrate that, within hours after SCI, increased TNF-alpha immunoreactivity was localized in neurons, glial cells (including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia), and endothelial cells in areas of the spinal cord adjacent to the lesion site. Myelin breakdown was noted in oligodendrocytes that are immunopositive for TNF-alpha. In sham-operated controls, a low level of TNF-alpha immunoreactivity was detected. In antigen-absorption experiments, no TNF-alpha immunoreactivity was detected, indicating the specificity of TNF-alpha immunocytochemistry in the present study. Results suggest that various cell types, including neurons, glial cells, and vascular endothelial cells, contribute to TNF-alpha production in the injured cord.
Frequency-independent beamformer with low response error (2002)

A method is developed for designing broadband beamformers with highly frequency-invariant behavior. The method combines harmonic nesting with filter-and-sum beamforming, yielding systems with efficient log-periodic transducer structures and plane wave responses which deviate from the desired response by less than 1% of the peak mainlobe response. In particular, null locations are very constant with frequency, allowing the nulling of directional broadband interference. A digital implementation covering audio frequencies (500-7200 Hz) is built and demonstrates results in good agreement with simulations, yielding deviations under 5% of peak response.
Learning Human Pose Estimation Features with Convolutional Networks (2013)

This paper introduces a new architecture for human pose estimation using a multi- layer convolutional network architecture and a modified learning technique that learns low-level features and higher-level weak spatial models. Unconstrained human pose estimation is one of the hardest problems in computer vision, and our new architecture and learning schema shows significant improvement over the current state-of-the-art results. The main contribution of this paper is showing, for the first time, that a specific variation of deep learning is able to outperform all existing traditional architectures on this task. The paper also discusses several lessons learned while researching alternatives, most notably, that it is possible to learn strong low-level feature detectors on features that might even just cover a few pixels in the image. Higher-level spatial models improve somewhat the overall result, but to a much lesser extent then expected. Many researchers previously argued that the kinematic structure and top-down information is crucial for this domain, but with our purely bottom up, and weak spatial model, we could improve other more complicated architectures that currently produce the best results. This mirrors what many other researchers, like those in the speech recognition, object recognition, and other domains have experienced.
Seizures in a boy with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency treated with vigabatrin (γ‐vinyl‐GABA) (1995)

Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease involving the catabolism of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The main symptoms include retardation of psychomotor and language development, muscle hypotonia and non-progressive ataxia. Therapy consisting of approximately 75 mg/kg per day of vigabatrin, an irreversible inhibitor of GABA-transaminase, is reported to lead to some improvement of the clinical condition in affected patients. We report on a 12-year-old boy with SSADH deficiency who, when treated with 75 mg/kg per day of vigabatrin, showed marked amelioration of symptoms but also EEG changes and two generalized seizures. On discontinuing vigabatrin therapy, the seizures resolved and the EEG improved, but the patient's clinical condition deteriorated to its pre-treatment state. A stable EEG without the recurrence of seizures as well as renewed improvement of cognitive and behavioural functions was achieved with a reduced vigabatrin dose of 25 mg/kg per day. We conclude that vigabatrin in SSADH deficiency should be administered in a gradually increasing dosage combined with frequent evaluation of the clinical condition and the EEG.
Effect of Comestibles on Symptoms of Interstitial Cystitis (2007)

There is a large cohort of patients with painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis in whom symptoms are exacerbated by the ingestion of specific comestibles. The most frequently reported and most bothersome comestibles were coffee, tea, soda, alcoholic beverages, citrus fruits and juices, artificial sweeteners and hot pepper.
Mechanisms of maternal mRNA regulation: implications for mammalian early embryonic development (2007)

Mammalian oocytes accumulate a large pool of mRNA molecules that orchestrate subsequent embryonic development. The transcriptional machinery is silent during oocyte meiotic maturation and early embryogenesis, and thereby the early decisive events in embryo development prior to initiation of transcription from the embryonic genome are directed by the translation of pre-existing maternal mRNAs. Oocytes display remarkable post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms that control mRNA stability and translation. The regulatory mechanisms are generally negative, and target mRNAs are either subjected to degradation or repressed from undergoing translation until specifically activated. Such negative regulatory mechanisms generally are mediated by transcript deadenylation, interaction of transcripts with RNA-binding proteins in a nonspecific or sequence-specific fashion, and/or potentially via actions of microRNA and repeat- associated small interfering RNA, which degrade maternal RNA transcripts. In contrast, translational activation is initiated via cytoplasmic polyadenylation of maternal transcripts facilitated via the binding of embryo-specific poly(A)-binding proteins (ePABs). In certain instances, translational regulation (positive or negative) is dictated by the balance of positive and negative trans-acting factors that compete for specific sequence motifs present in maternal transcripts. Coordinate post-transcriptional regulation of the oocyte mRNA pool is critical for normal progression of early embryonic development.
Treatment Paradigms for Patients with Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Squamous Lung Cancer: First, Second, and Third-Line (2014)

Historically, the treatment algorithm applied to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was the same for all histologic subtypes. However, recent advances in our understanding of the molecular profiles of squamous and non-squamous NSCLC have changed this perspective. Histologic subtype and the presence of specific molecular abnormalities have predictive value for response to and toxicity from therapy, as well as overall survival. For patients with squamous NSCLC, a platinum agent plus gemcitabine, or paclitaxel is recommended as first-line therapy. The role of epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies is uncertain. Maintenance therapy is not widely recommended, although data exist for the use of erlotinib. The standard recommendation for second-line therapy is docetaxel and erlotinib should be considered as second or third-line therapy. There is ongoing research identifying molecular targets in squamous NSCLC and many agents are in early phase clinical trials. Immunotherapeutic approaches targeting programed death-1 receptor and its ligand (PD-L1) appear promising.
Correspondence between salivary proteomic pattern and clinical course in primary Sjögren syndrome and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: a case report (2011)

This study suggests that clinical and functional changes of the salivary glands driven by autoimmune and lymphoproliferative processes might be reflected in patients' whole saliva proteins, shedding new light on the potential usefulness of salivary proteomic analysis in the identification of prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers for patients with pSS and non Hodgkin's lymphomas.