gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monoclonal anti-acetylcholine-receptor antibodies directed against the cholinergic binding site (1981)

We have isolated 32 hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica. One of these lines, designated 5.5.G.12, secretes antibodies which are directed against the cholinergic binding site of the acetylcholine receptor. This specific antibody blocked the binding of alpha-bungarotoxin to the acetylcholine receptor. The binding of monoclonal antibody 5.5.G.12 to acetylcholine receptor was inhibited by alpha-neurotoxins and by other cholinergic ligands in accordance with their affinities to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. None of the other monoclonal antibodies obtained inhibited the binding of alpha-bungarotoxin to acetylcholine receptor, nor was their binding to the acetylcholine receptor inhibited by cholinergic ligands. The monoclonal antibody elicited against the binding site of Torpedo acetylcholine receptor bound also to acetylcholine receptors of various species and organs, demonstrating the wide structural homology between the cholinergic sites of various acetylcholine receptors.
Significance of glomerular deposition of plasmin-alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor complexes in various glomerulopathies. (1993)

To elucidate the relationship between glomerular deposition of plasmin-alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor complexes (PIC) and renal lesions or dysfunction, 25 patients with various glomerulopathies and various degrees of renal injuries were examined. Glomerular PIC deposition was found in eight patients (group A), and other 17 patients showed no deposition (group B). PIC was found mainly in the mesangium and along the capillary loops. Group A showed significantly more severe hematuria (p < 0.05) than group B. Group A showed a significant decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR; p < 0.05): the mean values being 60.8 +/- 39 in group A and 94.5 +/- 32 ml/min in group B. Group A showed a significant decrease in the phenolsulfonphthalein excretion test (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the mean values of plasma PIC, D-dimer, and thrombin-antithrombin III complexes (TAT) between two groups. Histologically, group A showed a significantly high incidence of adhesion (p < 0.05), crescentic formation (p < 0.05), endothelial swelling and/or detachment (p < 0.01), tubulointerstitial changes (p < 0.01), and glomerular deposition of platelet factor 4 (p < 0.01). The present study demonstrates that glomerular PIC deposition reflects the existence of activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis within the glomeruli and suggests that glomerular PIC deposition plays a part in the progression of renal injuries in various glomerulopathies.
Dietary Supplementation with Vitamin E Reverses the Age-related Deficit in Long Term Potentiation in Dentate Gyrus (1998)

Long term potentiation (LTP) in dentate gyrus is impaired in aged rats, and this has been associated with an age-related decrease in membrane arachidonic acid concentration. In this study, we considered whether the trigger for this age-related decrease in arachidonic acid might be increased lipid peroxidation stimulated by the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1beta. Groups of aged and young rats were fed on a control diet or a diet supplemented with alpha-tocopherol and assessed for their ability to sustain LTP. Aged rats fed on the control diet exhibited an impaired ability to sustain LTP and analysis of tissue prepared from these rats exhibited increased interleukin-1beta, increased lipid peroxidation, and decreased membrane arachidonic acid concentration compared with young rats fed on either diet. Aged rats fed on the supplemented diet sustained LTP in a manner indistinguishable from young rats, and the age-related increases in interleukin-1beta and lipid peroxidation and the decrease in membrane arachidonic acid concentration were all reversed. We propose that interleukin-1beta may be the trigger that induces these age-related changes and may therefore be responsible for the deficit in long term potentiation in aged rats. The observation that alpha-tocopherol reverses these changes is consistent with the hypothesis that some age-related changes in hippocampus might derive from oxidative stress.
Removal of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in low quality water using Moringa oleifera seed extract as coagulant (2016)

The use of different types of low quality water for irrigation in agriculture is common practice in many countries due to limited freshwater resources. Pathogens may contaminate fruit and vegetables when feces contaminated water is used for irrigation or postharvest processing. A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the effect of a coagulant produced from seeds of the Moringa oleifera tree (MO) in reducing Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and turbidity in wastewater and stream water. Glass jars (n = 60) containing 500 mL wastewater obtained from the inlet to the primary settling tanks from a Danish sewage treatment plant were spiked with 6.1 x 105 ± 6.2 × 104 oocysts L− 1, while glass jars (n = 18) containing 500 mL stream water were spiked with approx. 100, 1000 or 10,000 oocysts. To half of the wastewater and stream water 4 mL L− 1 of a 5% w/v MO seed extract was added, while the remaining water was left untreated. The water was stirred slowly for 20 min and subsequently left to sediment for 15, 30, 45, 60 or 90 min (wastewater) or 60 min (stream water), with three (stream water) or six (wastewater) replicate glass jars representing each time point. In wastewater, MO seed extracts reduced the C. parvum oocyst load significantly (p = 0.03) by 38% in the interval 15 to 90 min compared to a 0.02% reduction in the untreated wastewater. Furthermore, the number of oocysts L− 1 was significantly (p > 0.0001–p = 0.041) reduced in the treated wastewater at all five sampling times compared to untreated wastewater. Likewise, the oocyst loads in the supernatant of MO treated stream water were noticeably lower compared with untreated stream water at all three spikes. The turbidity was reduced to 10.9 ± 0.3 Nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) (i.e. 94.7% reduction) and 13.7 ± 2.1 NTU (i.e. 91.7% reduction) in the treated wastewater and stream water, respectively. In contrast, the turbidity was 55.3 ± 4.4 NTU and 46.2 ± 1.6 NTU in untreated wastewater and stream water, respectively. M. oleifera seeds are readily available in many tropical countries where the tree is common, and our results clearly demonstrate that MO seed extract may be used by farmers for treatment of different types of surface water prior to irrigation use. Yet, adding MO seed extract to the low quality water did not successfully remove all oocyst. However, treatment of wastewater with MO seed extract significantly improved the water quality with regard to number of oocysts present and turbidity of the water. Further experiments with addition of higher concentrations of MO are needed to establish whether MO seed extract can be used to obtain safe irrigation water free of C. parvum oocysts and other protozoan parasites.
DNA Unwinding Induced by Zinc Finger Protein Binding (1996)

Zinc finger domains of the Cys2His2 type are found in a large number of eukaryotic proteins. Various proteins containing these domains have been shown to bind specifically to DNA, RNA, and DNA-RNA hybrids. Structural studies of zinc finger protein-DNA complexes have revealed that the DNA molecules are underwound relative to canonical B-form. It has not been clear if zinc finger proteins recognize preexisting underwound conformations of DNA or if they induce such conformations upon binding. We report that the DNA binding domains of Sp1 and several designed zinc finger proteins unwind DNA upon binding. The extent of unwinding is consistent with that observed in zinc finger protein-DNA cocrystal structures. These DNA deformations may be important in determining overall binding affinities as well as influencing binding site preferences. Furthermore, changes in DNA conformation upon zinc finger protein binding may affect protein-protein interactions important for transcriptional regulation and other activities of zinc finger proteins.
Chronically Implanted Pressure Sensors: Challenges and State of the Field (2014)

Several conditions and diseases are linked to the elevation or depression of internal pressures from a healthy, normal range, motivating the need for chronic implantable pressure sensors. A simple implantable pressure transduction system consists of a pressure-sensing element with a method to transmit the data to an external unit. The biological environment presents a host of engineering issues that must be considered for long term monitoring. Therefore, the design of such systems must carefully consider interactions between the implanted system and the body, including biocompatibility, surgical placement, and patient comfort. Here we review research developments on implantable sensors for chronic pressure monitoring within the body, focusing on general design requirements for implantable pressure sensors as well as specifications for different medical applications. We also discuss recent efforts to address biocompatibility, efficient telemetry, and drift management, and explore emerging trends.
Metastatic breast carcinoma involving the thyroid gland diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration: A case report (2005)

Secondary involvement of the thyroid gland from a remote primary malignancy is uncommon. The distinction of metastatic carcinoma (MC) or sarcoma from a primary thyroid malignancy is important because the treatment is different. We discuss a case of a 64-yr-old female with a history of breast carcinoma, who presented with pain and swelling in her neck 5 yrs after being diagnosed with breast cancer. She had undergone mastectomy with subsequent chemotherapy and radiation for infiltrating mammary carcinoma. During the 5-yr interval, she had been free of clinically evident metastatic disease. Subsequent work-up revealed two distinct nodules in the left lobe of her thyroid gland as well as a subcutaneous mass in her right shoulder. A fine-needle aspiration (FNA) of the larger thyroid nodule showed malignant epithelial cells with features consistent with breast carcinoma in a background of benign thyroid epithelial cells and colloid. The case was signed out as metastatic breast carcinoma. Subsequent FNA and biopsy of her right shoulder lesion also revealed metastatic breast carcinoma with similar morphology to the material in the thyroid FNA.
5G on the Horizon: Key Challenges for the Radio-Access Network (2013)

Toward the fifth generation (5G) of wireless/mobile broadband, numerous devices and networks will be interconnected and traffic demand will constantly rise. Heterogeneity will also be a feature that is expected to characterize the emerging wireless world, as mixed usage of cells of diverse sizes and access points with different characteristics and technologies in an operating environment are necessary. Wireless networks pose specific requirements that need to be fulfilled. In this respect, approaches for introducing intelligence will be investigated by the research community. Intelligence shall provide energy- and cost-efficient solutions at which a certain application/service/quality provision is achieved. Particularly, the introduction of intelligence in heterogeneous network deployments and the cloud radio-access network (RAN) is investigated. Finally, elaboration on emerging enabling technologies for applying intelligence will focus on the recent concepts of software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV). This article provided an overview for delivering intelligence toward the 5G of wireless/mobile broadband by taking into account the complex context of operation and essential requirements such as QoE, energy efficiency, cost efficiency, and resource efficiency.
Cloning of a Human Epididymis-Specific mRNA, HE6, Encoding a Novel Member of the Seven Transmembrane-Domain Receptor Superfamily (1997)

A novel gene product, HE6, showing homology to the seven transmembrane-domain (Tm7) receptor superfamily, has been cloned by differential screening from a human epididymal cDNA library. The cDNA clone represented an abundant approximately 5-kb mRNA, comprising 0.01% of the cDNA library. Northern blot analysis including various human tissues revealed an epididymis-specific expression. In situ transcript hybridization localized the mRNA within the epithelial cells lining the epididymal duct. Southern blot analysis, employing a fragment encoding part of the amino-terminal extracellular domain as a probe, identified an autosomal single-copy gene in the human genome. Homologous cDNA products showing 90% sequence identity were observed in the epididymides of all mammalian species investigated. A cloning and sequencing strategy, combining approximately 3.7-kb cDNA fragments obtained by conventional cDNA library construction with overlapping 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) fragments, yielded total sequence information of 4.7 kb for the human mRNA. This sequence comprises a long open reading frame of 3.1 kb. A homology search for related sequences revealed highest similarity (25% amino acid identity) with the secretin/vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. The predicted extracellular amino-terminal extension, however, was much longer than in the other members, and showed similarity to highly glycosylated mucin-like cell-surface molecules.
The Arabidopsis thaliana salt tolerance gene SOS1 encodes a putative Na + /H + antiporter (2000)

In Arabidopsis thaliana, the SOS1 (Salt Overly Sensitive 1) locus is essential for Na(+) and K(+) homeostasis, and sos1 mutations render plants more sensitive to growth inhibition by high Na(+) and low K(+) environments. SOS1 is cloned and predicted to encode a 127-kDa protein with 12 transmembrane domains in the N-terminal part and a long hydrophilic cytoplasmic tail in the C-terminal part. The transmembrane region of SOS1 has significant sequence similarities to plasma membrane Na(+)/H(+) antiporters from bacteria and fungi. Sequence analysis of various sos1 mutant alleles reveals several residues and regions in the transmembrane as well as the tail parts that are critical for SOS1 function in plant salt tolerance. SOS1 gene expression in plants is up-regulated in response to NaCl stress. This up-regulation is abated in sos3 or sos2 mutant plants, suggesting that it is controlled by the SOS3/SOS2 regulatory pathway.
Statistical and epidemiologic data on urologic cancer (1987)

ARTICLE provides statistical and epidemiologic T information on cancer of the urogenital organs.
Accuracy of sperm-cervical mucus penetration tests in evaluating sperm motility in semen: a systematic quantitative review (2003)

SMPT(vd) has a low accuracy in the evaluation of sperm motility in semen. However, SMPT(sc) was found to be more accurate. This method of using sperm concentration, instead of vanguard distance, as diagnostic criteria of in-vitro SMPT has potential as a useful laboratory-based sperm function test.
Anti‐TNFα (Remicade®) therapy protects dystrophic skeletal muscle from necrosis (2004)

Necrosis of skeletal muscle fibers in the lethal childhood myopathy Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) results from defects in the cell membrane-associated protein, dystrophin. This study tests the novel hypothesis that the initial sarcolemmal breakdown resulting from dystrophin deficiency is exacerbated by inflammatory cells and that cytokines, specifically tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), contribute to muscle necrosis. To block in vivo TNFalpha bioactivity, young dystrophic mdx mice (a model for DMD) were injected weekly from 7 days of age with the anti-TNFalpha antibody Remicade before the onset of muscle necrosis and dystropathology that normally occurs at 21 days postnatally. The extent of inflammation, muscle necrosis, and myotube formation was measured by histological analysis from 18 to 28 days and muscle damage was also visualized by penetration of Evans blue dye into myofibers. Data from Remicade-treated and control mdx mice were compared with mdx/TNFalpha-/- mice that lack TNFalpha. Pharmacological blockade of TNFalpha activity with Remicade clearly delayed and greatly reduced the breakdown of dystrophic muscle, in marked contrast to the situation in mdx and mdx/TNFalpha-/- mice. Remicade had no adverse effect on new muscle formation. Remicade is a highly specific anti-inflammatory intervention, and clinical application to muscular dystrophies is suggested by this marked protective effect against skeletal muscle breakdown.
Serial passage of embryonic human astrocytes in serum‐free, hormone‐supplemented medium (1991)

We applied serum-free cell culture methods that allow extended proliferation of mouse astrocyte precursor cells to the multipassage culture of embryonic human brain cells. Cells were cultured in nutrient medium supplemented with insulin, transferrin, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, heparin, high-density lipoprotein, and fibronectin. Cultures were maintained for a maximum of 70 population doublings before proliferation ceased. The cells synthesized glial fibrillary acidic protein, an astrocyte marker, and expression of this protein was increased by incubation of the cells with transforming growth factor beta or serum. These results identify extracellular factors important for proliferation and differentiation of embryonic human astrocytes and provide a controlled system for multipassage culture.
The cellular basis of corneal transparency: Evidence for ‘corneal crystallins’ (1999)

In vivo corneal light scattering measurements using a novel confocal microscope demonstrated greatly increased backscatter from corneal stromal fibrocytes (keratocytes) in opaque compared to transparent corneal tissue in both humans and rabbits. Additionally, two water-soluble proteins, transketolase (TKT) and aldehyde dehydrogenase class 1 (ALDH1), isolated from rabbit keratocytes showed unexpectedly abundant expression ( approximately 30% of the soluble protein) in transparent corneas and markedly reduced levels in opaque scleral fibroblasts or keratocytes from hazy, freeze injured regions of the cornea. Together these data suggest that the relatively high expressions of TKT and ALDH1 contribute to corneal transparency in the rabbit at the cellular level, reminiscent of enzyme-crystallins in the lens. We also note that ALDH1 accumulates in the rabbit corneal epithelial cells, rather than ALDH3 as seen in other mammals, consistent with the taxon-specificity observed among lens enzyme-crystallins. Our results suggest that corneal cells, like lens cells, may preferentially express water-soluble proteins, often enzymes, for controlling their optical properties.
Transport Rates Vary with Deposition Time in Dip-Pen Nanolithography (2005)

By patterning with dip-pen nanolithography using tip dwell times ranging from 15 s to 2 h over a period of 19 h, we show that the transport rate for smaller patterns is different than for larger ones. This transport behavior is found for both 1-octadecanethiol (ODT) and 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHDA) inks on gold substrates. Additionally, MHDA shows an overall decrease in transport rate as a function of total writing time during such experiments. These results indicate that measurements with short dwell times are insufficient to determine transport rates for larger features.
Augmenting T Helper Cell Immunity in Cancer (2005)

Cancer specific immunity elicited with vaccines has traditionally focused on the activation of the CD8 cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) often involving direct stimulation of immunity using HLA-class I binding peptide epitopes. Recently it has become clear that activation of the CTL immune effector arm alone is insufficient to mediate an anticancer response. A major problem is that CD8 T cells alone can not be sustained without the concomitant activation of CD4 T helper (Th) cells. In fact, it is now widely recognized that the Th cell regulates nearly all aspects of the adaptive immune response. In addition, Th cells can recruit the innate immune system during immune augmentation. Therefore, the focus of the immune response in cancer has shifted away from activating CTL immunity alone to activating Th cell immunity alone or concurrently with CTL. Evidence suggests that activating the Th cell is sufficient to get a complete adaptive immune response because, once activated, the Th cell will elicit endogenous CD8 T cell and humoral immunity. In this review, we discuss the role of the Th cell in the adaptive immune response to cancer, how peptides that are capable of activation of Th cells are identified, and the clinical translation of newly identified candidate Th cell peptide epitopes to human cancer specific vaccines. Over the next decade, studies should begin to further define how we can manipulate the Th immune effector arm to achieve effective antitumor immunity.
Lattice-gas-model approach to understanding the structures of lithium transition-metal oxides LiMO2 (1994)

Many lithium transition-metal oxides (LiM${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, M=Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) have structures made up of oxygen atoms occupying a cubic close-packed fcc or distorted fcc lattice, with cations occupying all octahedral interstices. The cation lattice is therefore also fcc and the arrangements of the cations on that lattice can be studied with a lattice-gas model. The ${\mathrm{LiNiO}}_{2}$, layered ${\mathrm{LiCoO}}_{2}$, spinel ${\mathrm{LiCoO}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$, and \ensuremath{\gamma}-${\mathrm{LiFeO}}_{2}$ structures are predicted for appropriate values of first- (${\mathit{J}}_{1}$) and second- (${\mathit{J}}_{2}$) neighbor interactions within such a model by analogy with binary-alloy materials having similar structures. We are able to assign allowable ranges for the interactions for each of the oxides above based on their position in the ${\mathit{J}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$${\mathit{J}}_{2\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$T phase diagram. A surprising result is that the layered and spinel ${\mathrm{LiCoO}}_{2}$ structures are equally stable over the same wide range of ${\mathit{J}}_{1}$ and ${\mathit{J}}_{2}$, as predicted by mean-field and Monte Carlo results. Although ${\mathrm{LiMnO}}_{2}$ is structurally related to the above materials, the ${\mathrm{LiMnO}}_{2}$ structure is not stable for any choice of ${\mathit{J}}_{1}$, ${\mathit{J}}_{2}$, or T. Further neighbor interactions or anisotropies in the near-neighbor interactions are needed to stabilize the ${\mathrm{LiMnO}}_{2}$ structure.