gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inverters for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems-an overview (2003)

An overview on developments and a summary of the state-of-the-art of inverter technology in Europe for single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems for power levels up to 5 kW is provided in this paper. The information includes details not only on the topologies commercially available but also on the switching devices employed and the associated switching frequencies, efficiency, price trends and market share. Finally, the paper outlines issues associated with the development of relevant international industry standards affecting PV inverter technology.
An X-window-based Distributed Application for Cooperative Work. (1997)

Abstract The paper presents the design and implementation of a distributed application called OpenBoard TutorialSystem (OTS) that supports cooperative work among users of window-based workstations. The application isbased on the X window system and the SUN RPC protocol. The paper describes OTS as a system designed forconducting real-time tutorial in a distributed environment by allowing students to share text, graphics andstored images, and tutor to facilitate the session. 1. Introduction Cooperation and coordination are essential to accomplished a complex task that requires participation of manyindividuals. Face-to-face meeting is an efficient way to achieve such cooperation and coordination. One majordrawback of this type of meeting is that it requires participants to be present at the meeting physically. Thisrequirement is sometime impossible to meet and in many cases not desirable. Participants cannot attend severalmeetings simultaneously. Another drawback is due to the use of traditional media like chalkboards for carryingout activities in the meeting. It is difficult to rearrange, store, and keep records of the meeting with thechalkboard. Furthermore , the only information that can be shared at a face-to-face meeting is that which wasbrought to the meeting or composed during the meeting. Participants cannot access the increasing multitude ofprivate, corporate, and public databases to satisfy unanticipated information needs.Computer-supported meetings can overcome many of the problems associated with conventional face-to-facemeetings. Computer-supported meeting systems can be employed in many different application, from simpleone-way seminar presentation, unstructured multiparty communications, distributed cooperative design work,to more structured conference [1, 2, 3, 4].This paper presents the design and implementation of OpenBoard Tutorial System. OpenBoard is a distributedapplication that supports concurrent meetings among users of X-window-based workstations. It manages
Mobile code security by Java bytecode instrumentation (2002)

Mobile code provides significant opportunities and risks. Java bytecode is used to provide executable content to Web pages and is the basis for dynamic service configuration in the Jini framework. While the Java Virtual Machine includes a bytecode verifier that checks bytecode programs before execution, and a bytecode interpreter that performs run-time tests, mobile code may still behave in ways that are harmful to users. We present techniques that insert run-time tests into Java code, illustrating them for Java applets and Jini proxy bytecodes. These techniques may be used to contain mobile code behavior or, potentially, insert code that is appropriate to profiling or other monitoring efforts. The main techniques are class modification, involving subclassing non-final classes, and method-level modifications that may be used when control over objects from final classes is desired.
Molecular targeting of mitomycin C chemotherapy (1997)

In 10 human cancer cell lines, the activity of mitomycin C (MMC) was found to be determined by an interplay between activation by DT-diaphorase (DTD) and inactivation by glutathione S-transferase (GST). NADPH/cytochrome P-450 reductase was not responsible for MMC activation and expression of MDRI (Mr 170,000 P-glycoprotein), and MRP (multidrug resistance-associated protein) genes did not relate to MMC resistance. Gene expression analysis for NQO1 (DTD gene) and GSTpi predicted which enzyme activity predominated in a cell line, except K562 and K562/DOX. For tumors with DTD activity only, MMC given by itself was most active. In cell lines in which DTD action was predominant, tumor selectivity was achieved by enhancing DTD-mediated activation with m-iodobenzylguanidine and hyperglycemia, which reduced the intra-tumoral pH. KW2149, a novel MMC analogue activated by glutathione, was most active against tumors in which GSTpi predominated. These various enzyme-specific effects could be observed even in cell lines derived from tumors with multidrug resistance. Such MMC treatment based on cell enzymology may enhance significantly MMC efficacy, helping to overcome multidrug resistance.
The Chemical Development of the Commercial Route to Sildenafil:  A Case History (1999)

This paper is a case history of the chemical development of sildenafil which covers various aspects of work in chemical development namely: route selection, scale-up issues, the development of an efficient synthesis with high throughput, process safety, and environmental issues. Interesting chemical points include improved methods of preparing pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines and the unusual isolation of an intermediate as its double salt (10). The potential dangers of nitrating pyrazole-5-carboxylic acids which are activated to a decarboxylation reaction are discussed.
Patterns of viral replication correlate with outcome in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques: effect of prior immunization with a trivalent SIV vaccine in modified vaccinia virus Ankara (1996)

The dynamics of plasma viremia were explored in a group of 12 simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that had received prior immunization with either nonrecombinant or trivalent (gag-pol, env) SIV-recombinant vaccinia viruses. Three distinct patterns of viral replication observed during and following primary viremia accounted for significant differences in survival times. High-level primary plasma viremia with subsequently increasing viremia was associated with rapid progression to AIDS (n = 2). A high-level primary plasma virus load with a transient decline and subsequent progressive increase in viremia in the post-acute phase of infection was associated with progression to AIDS within a year (n = 6). Low levels of primary plasma viremia followed by sustained restriction of virus replication were associated with maintenance of normal lymphocyte subsets and intact lymphoid architecture (n = 4), reminiscent of the profile observed in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected long-term nonprogressors. Three of four macaques that showed this pattern had been immunized with an SIV recombinant derived from the attenuated vaccinia virus, modified vaccinia virus Ankara. These data link the dynamics and extent of virus replication to disease course and suggest that sustained suppression of virus promotes long-term, asymptomatic survival of SIV-infected macaques. These findings also suggest that vaccine modulation of host immunity may have profound beneficial effects on the subsequent disease course, even if sterilizing immunity is not achieved.
Human prostate epithelial cell model system for carcinogenic studies (1995)

Abstract The immortal human prostate cell line, 267B1, has been used as a model system for investigating molecular events in carcinogenesis. Exposure of these cells to ionizing radiation results in progression to anchorage‐independent growth. In addition, transfection of 267B1 cells with the activated Ki‐ ras oncogene results in tumorigenicity. We present here the further characterization of these cells, observing that both the immortalized 267B1 cell line and irradiated clones contain the wild type Ki‐ ras ‐2 gene and a Ki‐ ras pseudogene (Ki‐ ras ‐1 like). No mutations in p53 were observed. Cells expressing anchorage‐independent growth following x‐ray irradiation exhibited loss or rearrangements in numerous chromosomes, including chromosomes 10 and 18. These data are important for investigators using this model cell system for studies of carcinogenesis, gene expression, and signal transduction. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modern Trends in Imaging VIII: Lensfree Computational Microscopy Tools for Cell and Tissue Imaging at the Point-of-Care and in Low-Resource Settings (2012)

The recent revolution in digital technologies and information processing methods present important opportunities to transform the way optical imaging is performed, particularly toward improving the throughput of microscopes while at the same time reducing their relative cost and complexity. Lensfree computational microscopy is rapidly emerging toward this end, and by discarding lenses and other bulky optical components of conventional imaging systems, and relying on digital computation instead, it can achieve both reflection and transmission mode microscopy over a large field-of-view within compact, cost-effective and mechanically robust architectures. Such high throughput and miniaturized imaging devices can provide a complementary toolset for telemedicine applications and point-of-care diagnostics by facilitating complex and critical tasks such as cytometry and microscopic analysis of e.g., blood smears, Pap tests and tissue samples. In this article, the basics of these lensfree microscopy modalities will be reviewed, and their clinically relevant applications will be discussed.
Phenotypic Evaluation of Fertility Traits and Their Association with Milk Production of Italian Friesian Cattle (1994)

The effect of environmental factors on first service conception rate, days from calving to first service, weeks from calving to conception, days from first to second service, and number of services per conception and the relationship of production with reproductive performance were estimated using 1.42 million records. The production trait was 305-d mature equivalent milk production. Season and age affected fertility: reproductive performance was lowest for lactations initiated during warm months (May to July) and decreased with parity. The association of production and fertility was antagonistic. High producing cows had 12 d more from calving to first service, .15 lower first service conception rate, .32 more services per conception, and 4.8 wk more from calving to conception than low producing cows in the same herd. The negative effect of production on fertility was reduced by superior herd management associated with high production. The difference in reproductive performance of cows in high and low producing herds represented only about 35% of the difference in the performance of high and low producing cows within herds for all fertility traits. The negative effect of production on fertility for interval between first and second service was totally compensated for by better management.
Selective N-Demethylation of Tertiary Aminofumagillols with Selenium Dioxide via a Non-classical Polonovski Type Reaction (2006)

The previously unknown selective N-demethylation of tertiary aminofumagillols (5a-e) to the corresponding secondary aminofumagillols (7ae) is effectively accomplished via a non-classical Polonovski type reaction using selenium dioxide (SeO 2 ).Especially, noteworthy is that two epoxy and the α,βunsaturated ester functionalities in the fumagillol molecules tolerate in this transformation.Aminofumagillol derivatives are valuable antiangiogenesis inhibitors.Fumagillin (1a), a natural product isolated from Aspergillius fumigatus, irreversibly binds to methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) and has been shown to inhibit the growth of endothelial cell proliferation. 1 Folkman et al. proposed that the inhibition of angiogenesis is potentially a promising approach for the HETEROCYCLES, Vol.68, No. 5, 2006
Uterine Fibroids: Burden and Unmet Medical Need (2017)

Abstract Uterine fibroids affect a wide cross-section of the population, with prevalence, symptom severity, and overall disease burden generally higher among black women, likely due to both genetic and environmental factors. Potential symptoms of uterine fibroids include painful and excessive uterine bleeding, interference with everyday life and self-image, and impaired fertility. Because of the high estimated prevalence and costs associated with treatments, the direct and indirect costs of uterine fibroids are substantial for both the health care system and the individual patient. Special patient populations—such as black women, women seeking to retain fertility, and women with asymptomatic fibroids—have particular treatment needs that require a variety of diagnostic methods and treatment options. Despite the widespread occurrence of uterine fibroids and newer treatment options, little high-quality data are available to formulate evidence-based guidelines that address these unmet patient needs. Specific areas in need of attention include improving diagnostic techniques, increasing patient access to early treatment, and identifying best practices for this diverse patient population.
Extensive editing of both hepatitis B virus DNA strands by APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases in vitro and in vivo (2005)

Because the replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) proceeds via an obligatory reverse transcription step in the viral capsid, cDNA is potentially vulnerable to editing by cytidine deaminases of the APOBEC3 family. To date only two edited HBV genomes, referred to as G --> A hypermutants, have been described in vivo. Recent work suggested that HBV replication was indeed restricted by APOBEC3G but by a mechanism other than editing. The issue of restriction has been explored by using a sensitive PCR method allowing differential amplification of AT-rich DNA. G --> A hypermutated HBV genomes were recovered from transfection experiments involving APOBEC3B, -3C, -3F, and -3G indicating that all four enzymes were able to extensively deaminate cytidine residues in minus-strand DNA. Unexpectedly, three of the four enzymes (APOBEC3B, -3F, and -3G) deaminated HBV plus-strand DNA as well. From the serum of two of four patients with high viremia, G --> A hypermutated genomes were recovered at a frequency of approximately 10(-4), indicating that they are, albeit relatively rare, part of the natural cycle of HBV infection. These findings suggest that human APOBEC3 enzymes can impact HBV replication via cytidine deamination.
Concise Review: Growth Differentiation Factor 15 in Pathology: A Clinical Role? (2013)

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a divergent member of the transforming growth factor β family discovered in a broad range of cells, as indicated by the diversity of its nomenclature. However, the only tissue that expresses a high amount of GDF15 in the physiologic state is placenta. GDF15 is easily detected in blood, and its concentration varies with age. In fact, increased blood concentration of GDF15 is associated with numerous pathological conditions. However, the biological significance underlying these observations is far from clear. GDF15 could have a positive or negative role depending on the state of cells or their environment. Furthermore, study of its biology is hampered by lack of knowledge of its receptor and thus the signaling pathways that drive its action. GDF15 seems to be an integrative signal in pathologic conditions, giving information on severity of disease. Its effectiveness in classifying patients to modulate treatment remains to be shown. Development of therapeutic interventions with GDF15 or anti-GDF15 agents remains difficult until we uncover the mechanism that drives its activity.
Percutaneous absorption and skin distribution of [14C]flutrimazole in mini-pigs. (1992)

The percutaneous absorption and skin distribution of a skin cream containing 1% 14C-labelled 1-[(fluorophenyl) (4-fluorophenyl) phenylmethyl]-1H-imidazole (flutrimazole, UR-4056, CAS 119006-77-8) was studied in minipigs. The same dose of flutrimazole was administered i.v. and topically (as a cream) on scarified skin according to a crossover protocol. Samples of urine and faeces were taken at various intervals after administration, and radioactivity was measured. The percentage of radioactivity accumulated in urine after topical and intravenous administration were 1.46% and 41.7%, respectively. In faeces, the percentage of radioactivity observed was 6.0% after intravenous administration, and none was detected after topical application. In order to study the distribution and penetration of [14C]flutrimazole, the cream was applied to intact and scarified skin. At various intervals after administration, skin samples were taken. The samples for the autoradiographic studies were cut transversely, and for the measurement of the levels of radioactivity at different skin depths, slices were cut parallel to the cutaneous layers. The results obtained indicate that [14C]flutrimazole penetrates quickly into the different epidermic layers and is retained mainly in the strata spinosum, granulosum and basale. The stratum basale possibly acts as a selective barrier preventing the penetration of the compound into the dermis. The percentage of radioactivity in the stratum corneum is lower than that detected in all the other epidermic layers taken together. The stratum corneum offers low resistance to penetration by the flutrimazole, which very probably crosses the epidermic strata by a transcellular route.
Correlation of physiological subgroupings of nonpyramidal cells with parvalbumin- and calbindinD28k-immunoreactive neurons in layer V of rat frontal cortex (1993)

1. To test the hypothesis that physiologically and morphologically different cortical nonpyramidal cells express different calcium-binding proteins, whole-cell current-clamp recording in vitro was combined with intracellular staining and double immunofluorescence in layer V of frontal cortex of rats 16-20 days old. 2. Nonpyramidal cells were first characterized as fast-spiking (FS) or low-threshold spike (LTS) cells, injected with biocytin, and subsequently stained immunohistochemically for parvalbumin and calbindinD28k. 3. FS cells were identified by input resistances < 350 M omega, spike width at half amplitude < 0.8 ms, and virtually no spike frequency adaptation of spike trains by depolarizing pulses. LTS cells were identified by input resistances > 350 M omega, spike width at half amplitude > 0.8 ms, and the discharge of low-threshold spikes from hyperpolarized potentials. Repetitive firing could be induced by a combination of stimulation-induced excitatory postsynaptic potentials with depolarization in FS cells. Repetitive firing was not observed in LTS cells under these conditions. 4. After biocytin injection of layer V cells characterized in this way, subsequent double immunostaining showed that all biocytin-labeled parvalbumin-immunoreactive cells (n = 18) belonged to the FS cells (FS-PV cells), whereas all biocytin-labeled calbindinD28k-immunoreactive cells (n = 10) belonged to the LTS cells (LTS-Calb cells). 5. FS-PV cells had smooth or sparsely spiny dendrites, whereas LTS-Calb cells had dendrites with a modest number of spines but fewer than pyramidal cells. FS-PV cells showed denser axonal branches near their somata and extended axons in a more horizontal direction. Some of them could be identified as basket cells by the presence of terminal boutons surrounding somata of other cells. LTS-Calb cells extended their main axons more vertically up to layer I. 6. Double immunofluorescent staining revealed that very few cells in layer V showed immunoreactivity for both calcium-binding proteins but that most cells immunoreactive for the calcium-binding proteins in layer V were also immunoreactive for gamma-aminobutyric acid. 7. These results suggest that GABAergic nonpyramidal cells in layer V of neocortex can be divided into two functional groups on the basis of different firing modes, axonal distributions, and calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity: 1) FS-PV cells show repetitive firing by synaptic activation, have axonal arborizations that are more dense near their somata and oriented horizontally, and the cells exhibit parvalbumin immunoreactivity and 2) LTS cells show low-threshold spikes, have more vertical axonal arborizations up to layer I, and exhibit calbindinD28K immunoreactivity.
Autocrine growth stimulation of human renal Wilms' tumour G401 cells by a gastrin‐like peptide (1994)

The role of gastrin in the control of growth of renal G401 cells isolated from a human nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumour) was investigated. G401 cell growth was enhanced in the presence of exogenous gastrin. Addition of anti-gastrin antibodies to serum-free medium significantly inhibited the growth of G401 cells. G401 cells contained the equivalent of 4.3 pg/10(6) cells of gastrin, and serum-free medium collected over 48 hr from G401 cells contained the equivalent of 38 ng/10(6) cells of gastrin, as determined by radioimmunoassay. Growth of G401 cells was inhibited in a concentration-related way by a variety of gastrin/CCK receptor antagonists. Devazepide and proglumide were, respectively, the most and the least potent inhibitors of G401 cell growth (potency order devazepide > L-365,260 = lorglumide > loxiglumide > benzotript > proglumide). These gastrin/CCK receptor antagonists had similar growth-inhibitory activities in human colonic adenocarcinoma HCT-116 cells. Growth of HCT-116 cells was stimulated to a lesser extent, as compared with G401 cells, by exogenous gastrin, and endogenous gastrin was not detectable in HCT-116 cells. The results are consistent with a role for a gastrin-like peptide in the control of growth of a renal cell line. The data suggest that gastrin/CCK receptor antagonists warrant further investigation as therapeutic agents for the control of gastrin-responsive tumours derived from outside, as well as inside, the gastrointestinal tract, including tumours derived from the kidney.
Integrative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Common Molecular Subclasses of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2009)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous disease, and prior attempts to develop genomic-based classification for HCC have yielded highly divergent results, indicating difficulty in identifying unified molecular anatomy. We performed a meta-analysis of gene expression profiles in data sets from eight independent patient cohorts across the world. In addition, aiming to establish the real world applicability of a classification system, we profiled 118 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from an additional patient cohort. A total of 603 patients were analyzed, representing the major etiologies of HCC (hepatitis B and C) collected from Western and Eastern countries. We observed three robust HCC subclasses (termed S1, S2, and S3), each correlated with clinical parameters such as tumor size, extent of cellular differentiation, and serum alpha-fetoprotein levels. An analysis of the components of the signatures indicated that S1 reflected aberrant activation of the WNT signaling pathway, S2 was characterized by proliferation as well as MYC and AKT activation, and S3 was associated with hepatocyte differentiation. Functional studies indicated that the WNT pathway activation signature characteristic of S1 tumors was not simply the result of beta-catenin mutation but rather was the result of transforming growth factor-beta activation, thus representing a new mechanism of WNT pathway activation in HCC. These experiments establish the first consensus classification framework for HCC based on gene expression profiles and highlight the power of integrating multiple data sets to define a robust molecular taxonomy of the disease.