gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mapping requirements to reusable components using Design Spaces (2002)

A consistent implementation of component based reuse bears several implications for the design of the software development process. For instance, requirements engineering has to be tailored to particularly elicit information necessary for selecting and configuring appropriate components. Besides sketching our approach to component based system development, the paper shows how Design Spaces can be applied to actively support reuse oriented activities. Design Spaces allow us to uniformly describe requirements on and properties of software artefacts, as well as correlations between specific properties. As a consequence, they are well suited to guide the requirements capturing towards the properties of existing components, and to map those requirements to component selections and configurations. The paper demonstrates how to consistently deploy the Design Space technique throughout the process, leading to a complete and strongly tool-supported path from requirements capture to system implementation.
Chirped in-fiber Bragg gratings for compensation of optical-fiber dispersion (1994)

A linearly chirped in-fiber Bragg grating is reported that can compensate at 1549 nm for the dispersion [ approximately -19 ps/(nmkm)] of standard telecommunications optical fiber optimized for 1300-nm operation.
Specific inhibitor of FGF receptor signaling: FGF‐2‐mediated effects on proliferation, differentiation, and MAPK activation are inhibited by PD173074 in oligodendrocyte‐lineage cells (2003)

Multiple studies have shown that migration, proliferation, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage cells are influenced by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) signaling through its receptors (FGFR) FGFR-1, FGFR-2, and FGFR-3. We report the effectiveness and specificity of a unique inhibitor, PD173074, for inhibiting FGF receptor signaling in OL-lineage cells. Three FGF-mediated responses of OL progenitors and two of differentiated OLs were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting. PD173074 effectively antagonized the effect of FGF-2 on proliferation and differentiation of OL progenitors in culture. One dose of PD173074 at nanomolar concentrations was sufficient to inhibit ongoing FGF-2 mediated proliferation for prolonged periods, in a non-toxic, dose-dependent manner. In contrast, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced proliferation was unaffected by PD173074. Similarly, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, a downstream event after activation of either FGFR or PDGFR, was also blocked by PD173074 in OL progenitors stimulated with FGF-2 but not PDGF. A general tyrosine kinase inhibitor (PD166285), however, antagonized both FGF-2- and PDGF-mediated responses. PD173074 also completely antagonized two phenotypic alterations of differentiated OLs, specifically downregulation of myelin proteins, and their re-entry into the cell cycle. We conclude that PD173704 is an effective and specific inhibitor for multiple FGF-2-mediated responses of both OL progenitors and differentiated OLs. This inhibitor provides a direct approach for identifying the importance of FGF signaling, comparable in effect to a knockout of all FGF receptors and all FGF ligands, while leaving other pathways unaffected. Thus, PD173704 is an excellent tool for investigating the role of FGF signaling in vivo in the context of combinatorial interactions of other signals.
Surface Functionalization of Virus-Like Particles by Direct Conjugation Using Azide−Alkyne Click Chemistry (2011)

We present a cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) platform and a one-step, direct conjugation scheme for producing virus-like particle (VLP) assemblies that display multiple ligands including proteins, nucleic acids, and other molecules. Using a global methionine replacement approach, we produced bacteriophage MS2 and bacteriophage Qβ VLPs with surface-exposed methionine analogues (azidohomoalanine and homopropargylglycine) containing azide and alkyne side chains. CFPS enabled the production of VLPs with yields of ~ 300 μg/mL and with 85% incorporation of methionine analogues without requiring a methionine auxotrophic production host. We then directly conjugated azide- and alkyne-containing proteins (including an antibody fragment and the granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, or GM-CSF), nucleic acids and poly(ethylene glycol) chains to the VLP surface using Cu(I) catalyzed click chemistry. The GM-CSF protein, after conjugation to VLPs, was shown to partially retain its ability to stimulate the proliferation of cells. Conjugation of GM-CSF to VLPs resulted in a 3-5-fold reduction in its bioactivity. The direct attachment scheme facilitated conjugation of three different ligands to the VLPs in a single step, and enabled control of the relative ratios and surface abundance of the attached species. This platform can be used for the production of novel VLP bioconjugates for use as drug delivery vehicles, diagnostics, and vaccines.
PERBEDAAN TUMBUH KEMBANG ANAK PADA POSYANDU YANG TERINTEGRASI PAUD DENGAN POSYANDU TIDAK TERINTEGRASI PAUD (2011)

Data dari Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WYiO/World Health Organization) menunjukkan kesehatan masyarakat Indonesia terendah di ASEAN yaitu peringkat ke-142 dari 170 negara. Data hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar (RISKESDAS) tahun 200, prevalensi gizi buruk di Indonesia adalah 5,4%, gizi kurang 13,0% dan masalah kependekan (stunting) 36,8%. Provinsi Sumatera Barat prevalensi gizi buruk balita sebesar 6,0%, gizi kurang sebesar 13,9% dan masalah kependekan 36,5%. Anak yang menderita KEP mengalami keterlambatan perkembangan dibandingkan dengan anak yang status gizinya normal. Pengoptimalan tumbuh kembang anak salah satunya dapat dikembangkan melalu posyandu yang terintegrasi PAUD. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui perbedaan tumbuh kembang anak balita pada posyandu yang terintegrasi PAUD dan yang tidak terintegrasi PAUD. Penelitian data sekunder ini menggunakan disain crosssectional, bersumber dari penelitian "Model PengembanganAnak Usia Dini yang Holistik dan Terintegrasi pada Posyandu, Pos PAUD, Pos Integrasi dan Pos KB/TPA di KabupatenTanah Datar dan Kota Sawahlunto Propinsi Sumatera Barat Tahun 2009." Populasi adalah anak usia 2-5 tahun yang berjumlah 146 orang. Semua populasi dijadikan subjek penelitian. Data sekunder terdiri dari data perkembangan dan data Z Score BB/U, TB/U dan BB/TB anak usia 2-5 tahun, kemudian diolah dengan menggunakan program komputer. Analisis bivariat dengan uji Chisquare untuk mengetahui perbedaan proporsi status gizi dan perkembangan anak usia 2-5 tahun pada posyandu terintegrasi dengan tidak terintegrasi PAUD. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan proporsi anak usia 2-5 tahun mempunyai perkembangan tidak sesuai usianya lebih tinggi pada posyandu tidak terintegrasi PAUD sebesar 46,6%, dimana pada usia 2-3 tahun sebesar 70,6%, usia 3-4 tahun sebesar 62,5% dan usia 4-5 tahun sebesar 66,7%. Persentase anak dengan status gizi kurang dan kurus lebih tinggi pada posyandu tidak terintegrasi PAUD , sedangkan persentase anak pendek lebih tinggi pada posyandu terintegrasi PAUD. Disimpulkan ada perbedaan perkembangan dan status gizi anak usia 2-5 tahun berdasarkan indikator BB/TB pada posyandu terintegrasi dan tidak terintegrasi PAUD (p &lt; 0,05). Disarankan kepada Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Tanah Datar dan Kota Sawahlunto bagian promosi kesehatan sebaiknya meningkatkan informasi dan promosi kesehatan tentang posyandu terintegrasi PAUD terutama untuk anak usia 2-5 tahun agar tumbuh kembang anak dapat dicapai dengan optimal.
Geriatric failure to thrive. (2004)

In elderly patients, failure to thrive describes a state of decline that is multifactorial and may be caused by chronic concurrent diseases and functional impairments. Manifestations of this condition include weight loss, decreased appetite, poor nutrition, and inactivity. Four syndromes are prevalent and predictive of adverse outcomes in patients with failure to thrive: impaired physical function, malnutrition, depression, and cognitive impairment. Initial assessments should include information on physical and psychologic health, functional ability, socioenvironmental factors, and nutrition. Laboratory and radiologic evaluations initially are limited to a complete blood count, chemistry panel, thyroid-stimulating hormone level, urinalysis, and other studies that are appropriate for an individual patient. A medication review should ensure that side effects or drug interactions are not a contributing factor to failure to thrive. The impact of existing chronic diseases should be assessed. Interventions should be directed toward easily treatable causes of failure to thrive, with the goal of maintaining or improving overall functional status. Physicians should recognize the diagnosis of failure to thrive as a key decision point in the care of an elderly person. The diagnosis should prompt discussion of end-of-life care options to prevent needless interventions that may prolong suffering.
The Extensible Markup Language (XML) Configuration Access Protocol (XCAP) (2007)

This specification defines the Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Configuration Access Protocol (XCAP). XCAP allows a client to read,
write, and modify application configuration data stored in XML format
on a server. XCAP maps XML document sub-trees and element attributes
to HTTP URIs, so that these components can be directly accessed by
HTTP. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
Cell-to-Cell Transmission of Dipeptide Repeat Proteins Linked to C9orf72-ALS/FTD (2016)

Aberrant hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9orf72 are the most common genetic change underlying amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). RNA transcripts containing these expansions undergo repeat-associated non-ATG translation (RAN-T) to form five dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs). DPRs are found as aggregates throughout the CNS of C9orf72-ALS/FTD patients, and some cause degeneration when expressed in vitro in neuronal cultures and in vivo in animal models. The spread of characteristic disease-related proteins drives the progression of pathology in many neurodegenerative diseases. While DPR toxic mechanisms continue to be investigated, the potential for DPRs to spread has yet to be determined. Using different experimental cell culture platforms, including spinal motor neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells from C9orf72-ALS patients, we found evidence for cell-to-cell spreading of DPRs via exosome-dependent and exosome-independent pathways, which may be relevant to disease.
Ionic Liquid-Promoted, Highly Regioselective Heck Arylation of Electron-Rich Olefins by Aryl Halides (2004)

Palladium-catalyzed regioselective Heck arylation of the electron-rich olefins, vinyl ethers 1a-d, enamides 1e-g, and allyltrimethylsilane 1h, has been accomplished in imidazolium ionic liquids with a wide range of aryl bromides and iodides instead of the commonly used, but commercially unavailable and expensive, aryl triflates. The reaction proceeded with high efficiency and remarkable regioselectivity without the need for costly or toxic halide scavengers, leading exclusively to substitution by aryl groups of diverse electronic and steric properties at the olefinic carbon alpha to the heteroatom of 1a-g and beta to the heteroatom of 1h. In contrast, the arylation reaction in molecular solvents led to mixtures of regioisomers under similar conditions. Several lines of evidence point to the unique regiocontrol stemming from the ionic environment provided by the ionic liquid that alters the reaction pathway. The chemistry provides a simple, effective method for preparing branched, arylated olefins and contributes to the extension of Heck reaction to a wider range of substrates.
Fibroblast growth factor-mediated proliferation of central nervous system precursors depends on endogenous production of insulin-like growth factor I. (1991)

Fibroblast growth factor stimulates proliferation and subsequent differentiation of precursor cells isolated from the neuroepithelium of embryonic day 10 mice in vitro. Here we show that fibroblast growth factor-induced proliferation is dependent on the presence of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and that IGF-I is endogenously produced by the neuroepithelial cells. Blocking of endogenous IGF-I activity with anti-IGF-I antibodies results in complete inhibition of fibroblast growth factor-mediated proliferation and in cell death. IGF-I alone acts as a survival agent. These observations correlate with the detection of transcripts for IGF-I and basic fibroblast growth factor in freshly isolated neuroepithelium and are consistent with an autocrine action of these factors in early brain development in vivo.
2,2′-Biphenols via Protecting Group-Free Thermal or Microwave-Accelerated Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling in Water (2013)

User-friendly protocols for the protecting group-free synthesis of 2,2'-biphenols via Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of o-halophenols and o-boronophenol are presented. The reactions proceed in water in the presence of simple additives such as K2CO3, KOH, KF, or TBAF and with commercially available Pd/C as precatalyst. Expensive or laboriously synthesized ligands or other additives are not required. In the case of bromophenols, efficient rate acceleration and short reaction times were accomplished by microwave irradiation.
Temperature-Dependent Anti-Stokes/Stokes Ratios under Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Conditions (2006)

We make systematic measurements of Raman anti-Stokes/Stokes (aS/S) ratios using two different laser excitations (514 and 633 nm) of rhodamine 6G (RH6G) on dried Ag colloids over a wide range of temperatures (100 to 350 K). We show that a temperature scan allows the separation of the contributions to the aS/S ratios from resonance effects and heating/pumping, thus decoupling the two main aspects of the problem. The temperature rise is found to be larger when employing the 633 nm laser. In addition, we find evidence for mode specific vibrational pumping at higher laser power densities. We analyze our results in the framework of ongoing discussion on laser heating/pumping under surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) conditions.
Regulation of Myosin Phosphatase by Rho and Rho-Associated Kinase (Rho-Kinase) (1996)

The small guanosine triphosphatase Rho is implicated in myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, which results in contraction of smooth muscle and interaction of actin and myosin in nonmuscle cells. The guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound, active form of RhoA (GTP.RhoA) specifically interacted with the myosin-binding subunit (MBS) of myosin phosphatase, which regulates the extent of phosphorylation of MLC. Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase), which is activated by GTP.RhoA, phosphorylated MBS and consequently inactivated myosin phosphatase. Overexpression of RhoA or activated RhoA in NIH 3T3 cells increased phosphorylation of MBS and MLC. Thus, Rho appears to inhibit myosin phosphatase through the action of Rho-kinase.
Required optical characteristics of materials for phase-shifting masks (1995)

The reflectivity and transmission of a multiple-layer substrate are simulated to predict the optimum choice of materials for the fabrication of phase-shifting masks for optical lithography. Two types of materials are described: a transparent shifter layer with a refractive index closely matching that of quartz, and a partially transparent layer (5-15% transmission) inducing a 180° phase shift of light compared with air. A possible refractive index n and extinction coefficient k are defined, for both layers of the partially transparent material. The fabrication tolerances are calculated in terms of refractive index, extinction coefficient, and thickness accuracy. One of the major technological challenges for both material types is to control the thickness to ±2%, which is required to satisfy the phase-shifting mask specifications for deep UV lithography (±0.5% transmission control and ±4° phase control). These criteria were calculated by the simulation of the phase and transmission errors, thereby inducing a ±10% linewidth variation of the resist patterns on the wafers.
Vehicle location in cellular mobile radio systems (1977)

A tutorial discussion of vehicle location as used to control cellular mobile radio systems is presented. Early concepts and misconceptions concerning vehicle location are described, and the relation between location "accuracy" and system performance optimization is discussed. Measurement parameters commonly used for vehicle location are described, and considerations relating to the algorithm used in the location process are presented.
Roles of Amorphous Calcium Phosphate and Biological Additives in the Assembly of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles (2007)

Potential mechanisms for formation of highly organized biomineralized structures include oriented crystal growth on templates, the aggregation of nanocrystals by oriented attachment, and the assembly of inorganic nanoparticles mediated by organic molecules into aggregated structures. In the present study, the potential role of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) in facilitating the assembly of hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles into highly ordered structures was evaluated. The physical characteristics of HAP nanoparticles prepared by three different methods were analyzed after extended exposure to additives in solution. Higher order HAP architecture was detected only when the starting particles were aggregates of nanospheres with HAP cores and ACP shells. Enamel-like HAP architecture was produced when the biologic additive was 10 mM glycine or 1.25 microM amelogenin. Large platelike crystals of the type present in bone were induced when the additive was 10 mM glutamic acid. Surface ACP initially links the HAP nanoparticles in a way that allows parallel orientation of the HAP nanoparticles and then is incorporated into HAP by phase transformation to produce a more highly ordered architecture with features that are characteristic for HAP in biologic structures. These studies provide evidence for a new mechanism for assembly of biominerals in which ACP functions by linking HAP nanocrystals while they assume parallel orientations and then is incorporated by phase transformation into HAP molecules that rigidly link HAP nanocrystals in larger fused crystallites. Biologic molecules present during this process of biomineral assembly specifically regulate the assembly kinetics and determine the structural characteristics of the final HAP architecture.
Numerical Evaluation of Heating of the Human Head Due to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2004)

In this paper, we present a numerical model for evaluating tissue heating during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our method, which included a detailed anatomical model of a human head, calculated both the electromagnetic power deposition and the associated temperature elevations during an MRI head examination. Numerical studies were conducted using a realistic birdcage coil excited at frequencies ranging from 63 to 500 MHz. The model was validated both experimentally and analytically. The experimental validation was performed at the MR test facility located at the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Devices and Radiological Health.
ANTICONVULSIVE PROPERTIES OF DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE (1951)

Interest in the potentialities of steroid hormones for the treatment of conditions other than specific hormonal deficiencies has been given recent impetus by the reports of the action of cortisone in rheumatoid arthritis,<sup>1</sup>of the action of desoxycorticosterone acetate and ascorbic acid in the same condition<sup>2</sup>and of the well known growth-promoting effects of testosterone compounds.<sup>3</sup>The anticonvulsive effects of desoxycorticosterone acetate have been demonstrated repeatedly in animals<sup>4</sup>since McQuarrie, Anderson, and Ziegler reported that desoxycorticosterone acetate prevented both the convulsive effects and alterations in electrolyte balance produced by vasopressin injection (pitressin®) in two patients with convulsive disorders.<sup>5</sup>Aird showed that the anticonvulsive action of desoxycorticosterone acetate was of limited duration when convulsions were experimentally induced by epileptogenous agents in mice. On the other hand, he found no alteration of the convulsive threshold of dogs to electrical stimulation following the administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate and
Tyrosine kinase activity in breast cancer, benign breast disease, and normal breast tissue. (1989)

Tyrosine specific protein kinase activity was determined in 70 specimens of the human mammary gland. These included 28 cancers of the breast, 21 benign breast diseases, and 21 normal breast tissues. We measured tyrosine kinase activity in the cytosol fraction and in the membrane fraction of the homogenates. In addition cytosolic aldolase activity was measured. Tyrosine kinase activity was determined using poly(glutamic acid:tyrosine = 4:1) as an artificial substrate. Cancers of the breast exhibited considerable higher tyrosine kinase activities in both cytosol and membrane fractions, compared to benign breast tumors (P less than or equal to 0.001). Benign tumors demonstrated increased activities in cytosol in comparison to normal breast tissues (P less than 0.001). Furthermore, there appears to be a strong association of an enhanced expression of activity of tyrosine kinase in cytosol of primary carcinomas and early systemic relapse. In combination with aldolase activity a nearly complete discrimination is achieved between malignant specimens on one hand and benign and normal tissues on the other.
ICE/Caspase-1 inhibitors as novel anti-inflammatory drugs (2001)

In recent years, several strategies that selectively inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines, have yielded effective protein-based therapies for inflammatory disorders, validating the therapeutic hypothesis that intervention in cytokine signalling can provide clinical benefit. However, these protein-based products must be administered by injection, a constraint associated with inconvenience, adverse effects and expense for patients, caregivers and insurers. Besides interfering with the effects of cytokines such as TNF-alpha or IL-1beta that have already been produced, inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokine production or signalling with low-molecular weight orally-active drugs would combine the convenience of conventional pharmaceuticals with the focused efficacy of the protein therapies. Reducing IL-1beta and IL-18 production by inhibition of IL-1beta converting enzyme (ICE, caspase-1) is one promising strategy because of the key roles of these cytokines in many inflammatory diseases. Pralnacasan, the first orally available, potent and selective ICE inhibitor to enter clinical trials, is currently under investigation in rheumatoid arthritis.
Two cases of autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. (1999)

We report 2 cases of autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. In the first case the titer of antiphospholipid antibodies was neither related to disease activity nor influenced by immunosuppressive therapy. In the second, cerebral infarction occurred in spite of severe thrombocytopenia. Our results provide additional evidence that antiphospholipid antibodies are not involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura. Nevertheless, the frequency and clinical significance of this association would suggest that patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura should be tested for antiphospholipid antibodies, particularly before pregnancy or surgical procedures.