gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hypervalent iodine oxidation of ethynylcarbinols: A short and efficient conversion of dihydroxyacetonyl groups from keto groups. (1989)

Oxidation of ethynylcarbinols (4a-g), prepared easily from ketones, with a hypervalent iodine reagent, phenyliodosyl bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA), in chloroform-acetonitrile-water gave the dihydroxyacetonyl compounds (6a-g) in high yields.
Red eye detection with machine learning (2004)

Red-eye is a problem in photography that occurs when a photograph is taken with a flash, and the bright flash light is reflected from the blood vessels in the eye, giving the eye an unnatural red hue. Most red-eye reduction systems need the user to outline the red eyes by hand, but this approach doesn't scale up. Instead, we propose an automatic red-eye detection system. The system contains a red-eye detector that finds red eye-like candidate image patches; a state of the art face detector used to eliminate most false positives (image regions that look but red eyes but are not); and a red-eye outline detector. All three detectors are automatically learned from data, using Boosting. Our system can be combined with a red-eye reduction module to yield a fully automatic red eye corrector.
DHEA protects against visceral obesity and muscle insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet (1997)

Visceral obesity is frequently associated with muscle insulin resistance. Rats fed a high-fat diet rapidly develop obesity and insulin resistance. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been reported to protect against the development of obesity. This study tested the hypothesis that DHEA protects against the increase in visceral fat and the development of muscle insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet in rats. Feeding rats a diet providing 50% of the energy as fat for 4 wk resulted in a twofold greater visceral fat mass and a 50% lower rate of maximally insulin-stimulated muscle 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake compared with controls. Rats fed the high-fat diet plus 0.3% DHEA were largely protected against the increase in visceral fat (+ 11.3 g in high fat vs. + 2.9 g in high fat plus DHEA, compared with controls) and against the decrease in insulin-stimulated muscle 2-DG uptake (0.94 +/- 0.15 mumol.ml-1.20 min-1, controls; 0.46 +/- 0.06 mumol.ml-1.20 min-1, high-fat diet; 0.78 +/- 0.07 mumol.ml-1.20 min-1, high fat + DHEA). DHEA did not affect food intake. These results show that DHEA has a protective effect against accumulation of visceral fat and development of muscle insulin resistance in rats fed a high-fat diet.
Mechanisms of Tamoxifen Resistance: Increased Estrogen Receptor-HER2/neu Cross-Talk in ER/HER2-Positive Breast Cancer (2004)

Tamoxifen behaves as an estrogen agonist in breast cancer cells that express high levels of AIB1 and HER2, resulting in de novo resistance. Gefitinib's ability to eliminate this cross-talk and to restore tamoxifen's antitumor effects should be tested in the clinic.
Mechanistic Diversity of Cytokine Receptor Signaling Across Cell Membranes (2004)

Circulating cytokines bind to specific receptors on the cell outer surface to evoke responses inside the cell. Binding of cytokines alters the association between receptor molecules that often cross the membrane only once in a single alpha-helical segment. As a consequence, association of protein domains on the inside of the membrane are also altered. Increasing evidence suggests that an initial "off-state" of associated receptors is perturbed, and brought to an activated state that leads to intracellular signaling and eventually effects a change in DNA transcription. The initial detection event that transduces the change in receptor association is sensitive to both proximity and orientation of the receptors, and probably also to the time that the activated state or receptor association is maintained. Ultimately, a cascade of phosphorylation events is triggered. The initial kinases are sometimes part of the intracellular domains of the receptors. The kinases can also be separate proteins that may be pre-associated with intracellular domains of the receptors, or can be recruited after the intracellular association of the activated receptors. We focus here on each of the cases for which structures of the activated cytokine-receptor complexes are known, in a search for underlying mechanisms. The variations in modes of association, stoichiometries of receptors and cytokines, and orientations before and after activation of these receptors are almost as great as the number of complexes themselves. The principles uncovered nevertheless illustrate the basis for high specificity and fidelity in cytokine-mediated signaling.
Efficiency of Partial Synchrony, and Resource Allocation in Distributed Systems (1995)

This dissertation is in two parts, covering two distinct areas of distributed computing. The first part concerns timing models in distributed systems that lie between the synchronous and asynchronous models in terms of their assumption on synchrony. We study their time complexity for solving distributed computing problems in shared memory (SM) and message-passing (MP) systems. We consider four timing parameters: the upper and lower bounds on process step time and message delay. Timing models are obtained by considering independently whether each parameter is known (i.e., is hard-wired into processes&amp;apos; code) or unknown, giving rise to four SM models and 16 MP models. We also study other timing models that are not covered by this framework. We show a general time complexity hierarchy indicating inherent time complexity gaps among the models. The time complexity gaps are introduced by the time complexity of the session problem, an abstraction of fundamental synchronization problems in dist...
Tumor-Targeted Hyaluronan Nanoliposomes Increase the Antitumor Activity of Liposomal Doxorubicin in Syngeneic and Human Xenograft Mouse Tumor Models (2004)

Naturally occurring high-Mr hyaluronan, bound to the surface of nanoliposomes (denoted targeted hyaluronan liposomes, or tHA-LIP), is a candidate for active targeting to tumors, many of which overexpress the hyaluronan receptors CD44 and RHAMM. The surface-bound hyaluronan also provides a hydrophilic coat that, similar to polyethylene glycol, may promote long-term circulation. We recently reported the successful targeting of mitomycin C, mediated by tHA-LIP, in tumor-bearing syngeneic mice. Hypothesizing that this targeting is carrier-specific, rather than drug-specific, we report here studies with doxorubicin (DXR)-loaded tHA-LIP, in syngeneic and human xenograft models. Saline, free DXR, DXR-loaded nontargeted liposomes (nt-LIP), and Doxil served as controls. The tHA-LIP were long-circulating, more than all controls, in healthy and tumor-bearing (C57BL/6/B16F10.9; BALB/c/C-26) mice. Mediated by tHA-LIP, DXR accumulation in tumor-bearing lungs was 30-, 6.7-, and 3.5-fold higher than free DXR, nt-LIP, and Doxil, respectively. Key indicators of therapeutic responses--tumor progression, metastatic burden, and survival--were superior (P < .001) in animals receiving DXR-loaded tHA-LIP compared with controls, in tumor-bearing syngeneic mice (BDF1/P388/ADR ascites, C57BL/6/B16F10.9 lung metastasis, and BALB/c/C-26 solid tumors), and in nude mice bearing PANC-1 solid tumors. In conclusion, tHA-LIP, performing as tumor-targeted carriers, have the potential to join the arsenal of carrier-formulated anticancer drugs.
Antimicrobial function of human saliva - how important is it for oral health? (1998)

Human saliva contains a number of physical physicochemical, and chemical agents that protect oral tissues against noxious compounds, in particular those produced by various microorganisms. Among such protective factors, the flushing effect of saliva flow is the most important one, not only because it so effectively removes exogenous and endogenous microorganisms and their products into the gut but also because a steady supply of saliva guarantees continuous presence of both non-immune and immune factors in the mouth. A great number of studies with controversial results have been published regarding various individual agents and their possible association to oral health, particularly to dental caries. It appears that no single chemical agent is far more important than the others. For example, patients with selective IgA deficiency have normal levels of non-immune defense factors and often display a compensatory increase in the other immunoglobulin isotypes. The concerted action of all agents in whole saliva, both saliva- and serum-derived, provides a multifunctional protective network that is collapsed only if salivary flow rate is substantially reduced. In this mixture of defense factors, many show additive or even synergistic interactions against oral pathogens. Increased knowledge of the molecular functions of various agents has made it possible to prepare oral hygiene product that include host-derived antimicrobial agents instead of synthetic agents. Although the clinical efficacy of such products is still unsatisfactory and poorly described, new technologies, for example in the production of specific antibodies against oral pathogens, may considerably improve the antimicrobial power of these products.
Wnt4 overexpression disrupts normal testicular vasculature and inhibits testosterone synthesis by repressing steroidogenic factor 1/β-catenin synergy (2003)

Genetic studies in mice suggest that Wnt4 signaling antagonizes expression of male hormones and effectively blocks male development in the female embryo. We recently identified an XY intersex patient carrying a chromosomal duplication of the WNT4 locus and proposed that this patient's feminization arises from an increased dosage of WNT4. To test this hypothesis, a transgenic mouse was generated with a large genomic P1 containing the human WNT4. Although a complete male to female intersex phenotype was not observed in WNT4 transgenic male mice, a dramatic reduction in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein was detected consistent with the marked reduction in serum and testicular androgen levels. Furthermore, a mild reduction of germ cells and a disorganized vascular system were observed in testes of WNT4 transgenic males. Consistent with these in vivo data, Wnt4 repressed steroidogenesis in adrenocortical and Leydig cell lines, as evidenced by reduced progesterone secretion and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. In vitro studies showed that Wnt4 antagonizes the functional synergy observed between the major effector of the Wnt signaling pathway, beta-catenin and steroidogenic factor 1, and chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that Wnt4 attenuates recruitment of beta-catenin to the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein promoter. Our findings suggest a model in which Wnt4 acts as an anti-male factor by disrupting recruitment of beta-catenin at or near steroidogenic factor 1 binding sites present in multiple steroidogenic genes.
Recognizing lower face action units for facial expression analysis (2002)

Most automatic expression analysis systems attempt to recognize a small set of prototypic expressions (e.g., happiness and anger). Such prototypic expressions, however, occur infrequently. Human emotions and intentions are communicated more often by changes in one or two discrete facial features. We develop an automatic system to analyze subtle changes in facial expressions based on both permanent (e.g., mouth, eye, and brow) and transient (e.g., furrows and wrinkles) facial features in a nearly frontal image sequence. Multi-state facial component models are proposed for tracking and modeling different facial features. Based on these multi-state models, and without artificial enhancement, we detect and track the facial features, including mouth, eyes, brow, cheeks, and their related wrinkles and facial furrows. Moreover we recover detailed parametric descriptions of the facial features. With these features as the inputs, 11 individual action units or action unit combinations are recognized by a neural network algorithm. A recognition rate of 96.7% is obtained. The recognition results indicate that our system can identify action units regardless of whether they occur singly or in combinations.
Classification of faults and switching events by inductive reasoning and expert system methodology (1989)

Under certain conditions, one electrical parameter (independent variable) is not enough to detect high-impedance faults on certain surface conditions. These faults do not draw sufficient current for detection and may draw less current than similar faults on other soil surfaces. Moreover, because every electrical detection parameter displays characteristics of randomness, it is difficult to assign a probability that a given event is a high-impedance fault, rather than a switching event. It has been shown that detection by induction laws can improve the classification of faults and switching events. The second and third laws of induction are utilized with a minimum entropy method. Setting detection threshold values using induction methods is also proposed. The methods presented are taken from ongoing research in high-impedance fault detection. While the techniques have not been reduced to practice or field-tested, they hold promise for future improvements in the relaying of high-impedance faults.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Coir Fibers (1984)

Coir ( Cocos nucifera ), a ligno-cellulosic fiber, is cheap and abundant in the coastal regions of tropical countries. In this paper the effect of physical and chemical treatments on the mechanical properties of coir fibers is reported. Changes in moisture regain, crystallite orientation, and percentage crystallinity were observed when fibers were treated with hydrochloric acid (10%), sodium hydroxide (10%), and acetic acid (10%). Scanning electron micrographs of the fractured surfaces of the fibers showed extensive fibrillation. Tenacity and elongation-at-break decreased with chemical treatment and UV irradiation. An increase in initial modulus and crystallinity was observed with alkali treatment.
Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum presenting as gastrointestinal bleeding after NSAID use. (2004)

Intraluminal duodenal diverticuli are rare. They usually present with obstruction; presentation with GI bleeding is very rare. We report a 51-year-old man who presented with melena after NSAID intake; the diverticulum was excised surgically.
Lewis Nettleton (1983)

For a generation following World War II, a name as well known in exploration as any other was Lewis Nettleton, an unlikely pretender to such eminence. At that time many industry pioneers still reigned, some who were builders of corporate empires, naturals for celebrity. Nettleton was their antithesis, by comparison almost invisible. He was low key and scholarly, working mostly in the scientific purity of the laboratory, well away from the rough-and-tumble of the field. He became renowned and his influence widespread for a reason divorced from his professional accomplishments: he wrote the book. Nettleton’s Geophysical Prospecting for Oil, published in 1940, remained a standard introduction to the field for many embryonic explorationists for 30 years before advancing technology finally forced it out of print. It was also widely used by a group not expected to be among its audience — practicing exploration geophysicists.
Primary structure of the variable region of a human lambda VI light chain: Bence Jones protein SUT. (1983)

To ascertain if lambda VI light chains have unique structural features that account for the preferential association of these proteins with primary or multiple myeloma-related amyloidosis (amyloidosis AL) we have determined the complete amino acid sequence of the variable (V) region of the lambda VI Bence Jones protein SUT. This protein, obtained from a patient with amyloidosis AL, represents a complete light chain consisting of 216 residues and it has structural and serologic properties characteristic for lambda VI light chains. The sequence of the joining segment (J) (positions 100 to 111) of protein SUT is identical to that of the J lambda I segment of the mouse IG lambda light chain gene. V region SUT is closely homologous in sequence to that of another lambda VI amyloid fibrillar protein, AR, differing by 21 residues. The V regions of proteins SUT and AR contain a two-residue insertion at positions 68 and 69 that has also been found in two other lambda VI human light chains but not in the lambda-chains of other V region subgroups.
Alignment of whole genomes (1999)

A new system for aligning whole genome sequences is described. Using an efficient data structure called a suffix tree, the system is able to rapidly align sequences containing millions of nucleotides. Its use is demonstrated on two strains of Mycoplasma tuberculosis, on two less similar species of Mycoplasma bacteria and on two syntenic sequences from human chromosome 12 and mouse chromosome 6. In each case it found an alignment of the input sequences, using between 30 s and 2 min of computation time. From the system output, information on single nucleotide changes, translocations and homologous genes can easily be extracted. Use of the algorithm should facilitate analysis of syntenic chromosomal regions, strain-to-strain comparisons, evolutionary comparisons and genomic duplications.
High expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 predicts extramedullary organ infiltration in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (2001)

Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a malignancy with the potential to infiltrate the liver, spleen, lymph nodes and brain. Such extramedullary presentation is important for understanding the biology of childhood ALL and also for developing new prognostic parameters. A potential mechanism in the trafficking of leukaemia cells is the interaction of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, which is expressed on ALL cells, and its ligand stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), produced by stromal cells in bone marrow and extramedullary organs. Functionality of CXCR4 was demonstrated by a high correlation between cell surface density of CXCR4 and transendothelial migration of leukaemia blasts towards a gradient of SDF-1 (r = 0.73, P = 0.001). Inhibition of SDF-1-induced migration by an anti-CXCR4 monoclonal antibody (78.33 +/- 23.86% inhibition) evidenced the specificity of CXCR4 to SDF-1. In order to evaluate clinical significance of CXCR4 expression, lymphoblasts from the bone marrow of 73 patients with and without extramedullary organ infiltration were compared. Multiparameter flow cytometry revealed that lymphoblasts from patients with high extramedullary organ infiltration, defined as ultrasonographically measured enlargement of liver or spleen, expressed the CXCR4 receptor at higher fluorescence intensity (median 66.12 +/- 66.17) than patients without extramedullary organ infiltration (median 17.56 +/- 19.29; P < 0.001). Consequently, high expression of CXCR4 was strongly predictive for extramedullary organ involvement, independently of the peripheral lymphoblast count. Highest CXCR4 expression was seen in mature B ALL (median 102.74 +/- 92.13; P < 0.003), a disease characterized by a high incidence of extramedullary bulky disease. As high expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 predicts extramedullary organ infiltration in childhood ALL, we suggest that CXCR4 and its ligand play an essential role in extramedullary invasion.
Architecting noncooperative networks (1995)

In noncooperative networks users make control decisions that optimize their individual performance measure. Focusing on routing, two methodologies for architecting noncooperative networks are devised, that improve the overall network performance. These methodologies are motivated by problem settings arising in the provisioning and the run time phases of the network. For either phase, Nash equilibria characterize the operating point of the network. The goal in the provisioning phase is to allocate link capacities that lead to systemwide efficient Nash equilibria. The solution of such design problems is, in general, counterintuitive, since adding link capacity might lead to degradation of user performance. For systems of parallel links, it is shown that such paradoxes cannot occur and that the optimal solution coincides with the solution in the single-user case. Extensions to general network topologies are derived. During the run time phase, a manager controls the routing of part of the network flow. The manager is aware of the noncooperative behavior of the users and makes its routing decisions based on this information while aiming at improving the overall system performance. We obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for enforcing an equilibrium that coincides with the global network optimum, and indicate that these conditions are met in many cases of interest.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A circularly permuted α‐amylase‐type α/β‐barrel structure in glucan‐synthesizing glucosyltransferases (1996)

A motif of amino acid residues, located at the active site and specific β‐strands in a‐amylases, is recognized in α‐1,3‐ and α‐1,6‐glucan‐synthesizing glucosyltransferases, leading to the conclusion that these enzymes contain an α/β‐barrel closely related to the (β/α) 8 ‐fold of the α‐amylase superfamily. The secondary structure elements of the transferase barrel, however, are circularly permuted to start with an α‐helix equivalent to helix 3 in the α‐amylases. Thus, the transferase counterpart of the long third β → α connection — constituting a domain in the α‐amylases — is divided to precede and succeed the barrel. This architectural arrangement may be coupled to sucrose scission and glucosyl transfer. The involvement in the mechanism in glucosyltransferases of active site residues recurring in amylolytic enzymes is discussed.
Glycogen synthase kinase‐3 inhibition is integral to long‐term potentiation (2007)

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine kinase regulating diverse cellular functions including metabolism, transcription and cell survival. Numerous intracellular signalling pathways converge on GSK-3 and regulate its activity via inhibitory serine-phosphorylation. Recently, GSK-3 has been involved in learning and memory and in neurodegeneration. Here, we present evidence that implicates GSK-3 in synaptic plasticity. We show that phosphorylation at the inhibitory Ser9 site on GSK-3beta is increased upon induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) in both hippocampal subregions CA1 and the dentate gyrus (DG) in vivo. The increase in inhibitory GSK-3beta phosphorylation is robust and persists for at least one hour postinduction. Furthermore, we find that LTP is impaired in transgenic mice conditionally overexpressing GSK-3beta. The LTP deficits can be attenuated/rescued by chronic treatment with lithium, a GSK-3 inhibitor. These results suggest that the inhibition of GSK-3 facilitates the induction of LTP and this might explain some of the negative effects of GSK-3 on learning and memory. It follows that this role of GSK-3beta in LTP might underlie some of the cognitive dysfunction in diseases where GSK-3 dysfunction has been implicated, including Alzheimer's and other dementias.
Effects of Flecainide in Patients With New SCN5A Mutation (2000)

This report is the first to describe SCN5A mutation carriers who significantly responded to flecainide therapy yet did not respond to lidocaine. These results have important implications for long-QT allele-specific therapeutic strategies.