gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Speech synthesis in a computer aided learning environment (1990)

CAL is not realising its true potential in spite of the powerful facilities that can be provided with microcomputers. One way of greatly improving the appeal of CAL is to incorporate speech into the human-computer interface. This would enable a CAL workstation to emulate the teacher-pupil relationship much more closely. The logical way to provide speech is by means of text-to-speech synthesis in view of its inherent flexibility and because of the simplicity of its implementation. The speech can be provided by means of a card inside the computer. At present it is difficult to show that speech provides a quantum improvement in CAL software because current commercial text-to-speech synthesisers do not have good enough intonation. However, state-of-the-art research shows that excellent quality speech is possible provided the synthesisers can be provided with the correct parameters. Undoubtedly, current research in speech synthesis will succeed in producing almost natural sounding speech within the next 5 years (1989-94) and work on incorporating speech into CAL should be proceeding to take full advantage of the breakthrough when it arrives.
Efficient generation of knock-in transgenic zebrafish carrying reporter/driver genes by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering (2014)

The type II bacterial CRISPR/Cas9 system is rapidly becoming popular for genome-engineering due to its simplicity, flexibility, and high efficiency. Recently, targeted knock-in of a long DNA fragment via homology-independent DNA repair has been achieved in zebrafish using CRISPR/Cas9 system. This raised the possibility that knock-in transgenic zebrafish could be efficiently generated using CRISPR/Cas9. However, how widely this method can be applied for the targeting integration of foreign genes into endogenous genomic loci is unclear. Here, we report efficient generation of knock-in transgenic zebrafish that have cell-type specific Gal4 or reporter gene expression. A donor plasmid containing a heat-shock promoter was co-injected with a short guide RNA (sgRNA) targeted for genome digestion, a sgRNA targeted for donor plasmid digestion, and Cas9 mRNA. We have succeeded in establishing stable knock-in transgenic fish with several different constructs for 4 genetic loci at a frequency being exceeding 25%. Due to its simplicity, design flexibility, and high efficiency, we propose that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in will become a standard method for the generation transgenic zebrafish.
Luminescent Cyclometalated Dialkynylgold(III) Complexes of 2‐Phenylpyridine‐Type Derivatives with Readily Tunable Emission Properties (2010)

A novel class of luminescent dialkynylgold(III) complexes containing various phenylpyridine and phenylisoquinoline-type bidentate ligands has been successfully synthesized and characterized. The structures of some of them have also been determined by X-ray crystallography. Electrochemical studies demonstrate the presence of a ligand-centered reduction originating from the cyclometalating C^N ligand, whereas the first oxidation wave is associated with an alkynyl ligand-centered oxidation. The electronic absorption and photoluminescence properties of the complexes have also been investigated. In dichloromethane solution at room temperature, the low-energy absorption bands are assigned as the metal-perturbed π-π* intraligand (IL) transition of the cyclometalating C^N ligand, with mixing of charge-transfer character from the aryl ring to the pyridine or isoquinoline moieties of the cyclometalating C^N ligand. The low-energy emission bands of the complexes in fluid solution at room temperature are ascribed to originate from the metal-perturbed π-π* IL transition of the cyclometalatng C^N ligand. For complex 4 that contains an electron-rich amino substituent on the alkynyl ligand, a structureless emission band, instead of one with vibronic structures as in the other complexes, was observed, which was assigned as being derived from an excited state of a [π(C≡CC(6) H(4) NH(2) )→π*(C^N)] ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer (LLCT) transition.
Clodronate alleviates cachexia and prolongs survival in nude mice xenografted with an anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell line (2006)

Cancer cachexia is one of the most common manifestations of advanced malignant disease and is frequently associated with decreased survival. Previously, we reported the establishment of a new anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cell line, Thena, and its mouse xenograft, Thena-Nu, which induced cachexia in athymic nude mice. Subsequent studies showed that the addition of clodronate to Thena-Nu cultures reduced cell proliferation as well as cytokine production in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Weekly administration of clodronate induced tumor cytostasis, attenuation of cachexia, as well as prolongation of survival in Thena-Nu-bearing mice. Reduced serum interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and granulocyte colony stimulating factor levels were detected, whereas, serum leukemia inhibitory factor levels were not reduced. Liver necrosis, observed in tumor-bearing mice, was also improved following clodronate treatment. Discontinuation of clodronate treatment, however, resulted in progressive tumor growth and weight loss. Our results demonstrated that clodronate could exert therapeutic efficacy on amelioration of cancer cachexia in the hosts. Nevertheless, this study also points out that a longer period of treatment is required to maintain these effects.
Continuous-Flow Microextraction Exceeding1000-Fold Concentration of Dilute Analytes (2000)

A novel liquid-liquid microextraction method, that we have termed continuous-flow microextraction (CFME), is described. In a 0.5-mL glass chamber, an organic drop (1-5 microL) is held at the outlet tip of a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) connecting tubing which is immersed in a continuously flowing sample solution and acts as the fluid delivery duct and as a solvent holder. Extraction takes place between the organic drop and the flowing sample solution that is continuously ejected out of the PEEK tubing. Concentration factors of between 260- to 1600-fold are achieved within 10 min of extraction. Aspects relevant to CFME were studied. In combination with gas chromatography-electron capture detection, CFME allows analytes to be detected at femtogram-per-milliliter levels. The performance of this technique was evaluated on the basis of the analysis of trace nitroaromatic compounds and chlorobenzenes in environmental samples.
A new H2 / CO2-using acetogenic bacterium from the rumen: Description of Ruminococcus schinkii sp. nov. (1996)

Two strains of H2 / CO2-using acetogenic bacteria were isolated from the rumen of suckling lambs. Both strains displayed a coccobacillar morphology and possessed a Gram-positive type cell wall. Numerous organic substrates, including some O-methylated aromatic compounds, were used heterotrophically. 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that the two acetogenic isolates were phylogenetically identical and represent a new subline within Clostridium cluster XIVa. Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic considerations a new species, Ruminococcus schinkii sp. nov., is proposed.
Acoustical screening for obstructive sleep apnea during wakefulness (2010)

In this paper a new non-invasive method for screening patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) during wakefulness is proposed. Eight people with OSA and eight non-apneic individuals participated in this study. The tracheal breath sound was recorded in supine and upright positions during both nose and mouth breathing maneuvers. Spectral analysis of the respiratory sound signals showed the variation in the average power of the sounds at different positions to be a characteristic feature discriminating the two groups. Using this feature, the OSA and non-apneic participants were classified by quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA). The specificity, sensitivity, and classification accuracy of the classifier were found to be 100%, 87.5%, and 95.75%, respectively. These results are encouraging for the use of the proposed method as a fast, simple and screening tool for diagnosis of OSA during wakefulness.
Nosocomial Pneumonia During Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis With Cimetidine and Sucralfate (1993)

These observations suggest that the rate of nosocomial pneumonia is not increased in patients in the intensive care unit who receive prophylaxis with cimetidine to prevent stress ulcer bleeding.
Humanization of antibodies. (2008)

Humanization has played a fundamental role in the remarkable progress of antibodies as therapeutic reagents. Here we have reviewed the publications on antibody humanization since the first report on CDR grafting in the second half of the 1980's up to June 2007. We describe the two main trends in the field: rational and empirical methods to humanize antibodies. Rational methods rely on the so-called design cycle. It consists of generating a small set of variants, which are designed based on the antibody structure and/or sequence information, and assessing their binding or any other characteristic of interest. Rational methods include CDR grafting, Resurfacing, Superhumanization and Human String Content Optimization. In contrast to rational methods, empirical methods are based on generating large combinatorial libraries and selecting the desired variants by enrichment technologies such as phage, ribosome or yeast display, or by high throughput screening techniques. The latter methods rest on selection rather than making assumptions on the impact of mutations on the antibody structure. These methods include Framework Libraries, Guided Selection, Framework Shuffling and Humaneering.
Conflict Policy and Advertising Agency–Client Relations: the Problem of Competing Clients Sharing a Common Agency (2012)

What restrictions should be placed on advertising agencies with respect to serving accounts or clients who are competitors of one another in order to avoid conflicts of interest? In recent decades, the advertising and marketing services industry has undergone a number of structural changes that forced an ongoing re-examination and modification of traditional norms and policies emphasizing exclusivity in agency–client relationships. A typology of conflicts that have arisen in the U.S. shows the variety and complexity of contemporary conflicts. Cases of conflicts reported in the trade literature are used to illustrate policy issues as well as the spillover effects and resolution of disputes. To cope with these developments, two significant changes in conflict policies evident in current U.S. practice are identified. First, safeguards to preserve proprietary information that function as organizational, location, and personnel mobility barriers among quasi-autonomous units within a mega agency or holding company have become an essential component of conflict policies. Subject to the protection against security breaches afforded by safeguards, rival clients may be served by separate organizational units that are under common control and/or ownership. Second, a family of hybrid conflict polices has evolved that feature elements of the split account system long practiced in Japan, augmented by safeguards that serve as partial substitutes for the umbrella prohibition on serving rivals imposed by exclusivity. By relying on safeguards and splitting account assignments in a variety of ways among different organizational units within a given mega-agency or holding company that may also serve rivals (or across different mega agencies or holding companies), clients exert a measure of control over the access of those agencies to confidential information while also offering them incentives to avoid conflicts of interest. Findings from the existing body of conceptual and empirical research bearing on the sources and consequences of conflicts are reviewed and directions for further research are discussed.
Transcriptional activation inDrosophilaspermatogenesis involves the mutually dependent function ofalyand a novel meiotic arrest genecookie monster (2003)

In Drosophila spermatogenesis, meiotic cell cycle progression and cellular differentiation are linked by the function of the meiotic arrest genes. The meiotic arrest genes control differentiation by regulating the transcriptional activation of many differentiation-specific genes. The meiotic arrest genes have been subdivided into aly and can classes, based on the mechanism by which they control cell cycle progression. aly has previously been shown to encode a chromatin-associated protein. We present the identification, cloning and characterisation of a novel Drosophila meiotic arrest gene, cookie monster (comr), that has a mutant phenotype indistinguishable from that of aly. A null mutant allele of comr is viable but male sterile. Mutant primary spermatocytes fail to initiate transcription of a large number of genes, and arrest before entry into the meiotic divisions. In adult males, expression of comr is testis specific, low levels of transcripts are detected at other stages of development. comr encodes a novel acidic protein, which is nuclear and primarily localised to regions of chromatin in primary spermatocytes. The nuclear localisation of Aly and Comr proteins are mutually dependent. Finally, we show that active RNA polymerase II is found in distinct domains in the nucleus that constitute a subset of the total Comr stained chromatin.
Discrimination of epidemic and nonepidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains on the basis of protein A gene polymorphism (1994)

The X region of the protein A gene of Staphylococcus aureus contains a highly polymorphic sequence which is composed of repeats of 24 bp. We used amplification by PCR to investigate whether this region could be used to discriminate between epidemic and nonepidemic methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. Most epidemic MRSA strains (24 of 33) harbored more than seven repeats, while most nonepidemic MRSA strains (10 of 14) contained seven or fewer repeats. It is conceivable that a longer X region results in a better exposition of the Fc-binding region of protein A, thereby facilitating colonization of host surfaces and contributing to the epidemic phenotype.
The search for the Holy Grail: a century of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. (1997)

A perspective on the history of the development of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is presented. The lack of critical analyses establishing the relative effectiveness of many previously described procedures is documented.
Prdm16 determines the thermogenic program of subcutaneous white adipose tissue in mice (2010)

The white adipose organ is composed of both subcutaneous and several intra-abdominal depots. Excess abdominal adiposity is a major risk factor for metabolic disease in rodents and humans, while expansion of subcutaneous fat does not carry the same risks. Brown adipose produces heat as a defense against hypothermia and obesity, and the appearance of brown-like adipocytes within white adipose tissue depots is associated with improved metabolic phenotypes. Thus, understanding the differences in cell biology and function of these different adipose cell types and depots may be critical to the development of new therapies for metabolic disease. Here, we found that Prdm16, a brown adipose determination factor, is selectively expressed in subcutaneous white adipocytes relative to other white fat depots in mice. Transgenic expression of Prdm16 in fat tissue robustly induced the development of brown-like adipocytes in subcutaneous, but not epididymal, adipose depots. Prdm16 transgenic mice displayed increased energy expenditure, limited weight gain, and improved glucose tolerance in response to a high-fat diet. shRNA-mediated depletion of Prdm16 in isolated subcutaneous adipocytes caused a sharp decrease in the expression of thermogenic genes and a reduction in uncoupled cellular respiration. Finally, Prdm16 haploinsufficiency reduced the brown fat phenotype in white adipose tissue stimulated by β-adrenergic agonists. These results demonstrate that Prdm16 is a cell-autonomous determinant of a brown fat-like gene program and thermogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissues.
Protease-activated receptor 2 promotes experimental liver fibrosis in mice and activates human hepatic stellate cells (2011)

Our findings demonstrate the capacity of PAR-2 activation to augment TGFβ production and promote hepatic fibrosis in mice and to induce a profibrogenic phenotype in human HSCs. PAR-2 antagonists have recently been developed and may represent a novel therapeutic approach in preventing fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease.
A pattern classification approach to characterizing solitary pulmonary nodules imaged on high resolution CT: Preliminary results (1999)

The purpose of this research is to characterize solitary pulmonary nodules as benign or malignant based on quantitative measures extracted from high resolution CT (HRCT) images. High resolution CT images of 31 patients with solitary pulmonary nodules and definitive diagnoses were obtained. The diagnoses of these 31 cases (14 benign and 17 malignant) were determined from either radiologic follow-up or pathological specimens. Software tools were developed to perform the classification task. On the HRCT images, solitary nodules were identified using semiautomated contouring techniques. From the resulting contours, several quantitative measures were extracted related to each nodule's size, shape, attenuation, distribution of attenuation, and texture. A stepwise discriminant analysis was performed to determine which combination of measures were best able to discriminate between the benign and malignant nodules. A linear discriminant analysis was then performed using selected features to evaluate the ability of these features to predict the classification for each nodule. A jackknifed procedure was performed to provide a less biased estimate of the linear discriminator's performance. The preliminary discriminant analysis identified two different texture measures--correlation and difference entropy--as the top features in discriminating between benign and malignant nodules. The linear discriminant analysis using these features correctly classified 28/31 cases (90.3%) of the training set. A less biased estimate, using jackknifed training and testing, yielded the same results (90.3% correct). The preliminary results of this approach are very promising in characterizing solitary nodules using quantitative measures extracted from HRCT images. Future work involves including contrast enhancement and three-dimensional measures extracted from volumetric CT scans, as well as the use of several pattern classifiers.
Hyaluronic acid fragments enhance the inflammatory and catabolic response in human intervertebral disc cells through modulation of toll-like receptor 2 signalling pathways (2013)

These findings suggest that fHAs may have the potential to mediate IVD degeneration and discogenic back pain through activation of the TLR2 signaling pathway in resident IVD cells.
Synchronization with eventcounts and sequencers (1979)

Synchronization of concurrent processes requires controlling the relative ordering of events in the processes. A new synchronization mechanism is proposed, using abstract objects called eventcounts and sequencers, that allows processes to control the ordering of events directly, rather than using mutual exclusion to protect manipulations of shared variables that control ordering of events. Direct control of ordering seems to simplify correctness arguments and also simplifies implementation in distributed systems. The mechanism is defined formally, and then several examples of its use are given. The relationship of the mechanism to protection mechanisms in the system is explained; in particular, eventcounts are shown to be applicable to situations where confinement of information matters. An implementation of eventcounts and sequencers in a system with shared memory is described.
A conformational epitope expressed upon association of CD3-epsilon with either CD3-delta or CD3-gamma is the main target for recognition by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies (1991)

We have performed immunofluorescence analysis of COS cells transfected with human CD3 genes and detergent permeabilized to define the specificity of several anti-CD3 antibodies. We have found that the mAb OKT3, WT31, UCHT1, and Leu-4 did not stain COS cells singly transfected with the CD3-epsilon chain. However, these antibodies very strongly stained COS cells doubly transfected with a combination of CD3-epsilon plus either CD3-gamma or CD3-delta. By contrast, the antibodies SP34 and APA 1/1, which were raised against isolated SDS-denatured CD3-epsilon protein, gave a strong staining of COS cells singly transfected with CD3-epsilon as well as of the double transfectans. The recognition by this panel of anti-CD3 antibodies of CD3-gamma/epsilon and CD3-delta/epsilon complexes and not of CD3-epsilon alone was assessed by immunoprecipitation. These findings suggest that the most widely used mAb specific for the CD3 complex recognize conformational epitopes on CD3-epsilon, which are expressed when this chain is bound to either CD3-gamma or CD3-delta. It should also be highlighted that antibody WT31 clearly recognizes the CD3 moiety of the TCR/CD3 complex.
Short direct repeats flank the T-DNA on a nopaline Ti plasmid (1982)

Crown gall disease results from the insertion of a segment of the Agrobacterium Ti plasmid, called T-DNA, into host plant nuclear DNA. We have subjected to sequence analysis the border regions of pTi T37 (ends of T-DNA) and one left T-DNA/plant DNA border fragment isolated from BT37 tobacco teratoma by molecular cloning. These sequence studies, taken together with published sequence of a right T-DNA/plant DNA border fragment, allowed us to identify the positions of left and right borders at the DNA sequence level. Comparison of left and right border regions of the Ti plasmid revealed a "core" direct repeat of 13 of 14 bases (12 contiguous) precisely at the borders of T-DNA. An extended repeat of 21 of 25 bases overlaps this core repeat. T-DNA on the Ti plasmid exhibits no longer direct or inverted repeats in the border regions, based on Southern hybridization studies. The physical structure of T-DNA differs from that of known prokaryotic and eukaryotic transposable elements but bears a structural resemblance to the prophage of bacteriophage lambda.
Alterations in Neutrophil Phagocytosis and Lymphocyte Blastogenesis in Dairy Cows Around Parturition (1989)

The bovine blood neutrophil phagocytosis and the blood and milk lymphocyte proliferative response upon stimulation with Phytohaemagglutinin, Concanavalin A and Pokeweed mitogens was studied from 3 weeks prior to calving until 3 weeks after calving. Neutrophil phagocytosis and the total and differential blood leukocyte counts were performed by flow cytometry. A gradual increase in the percentage of phagocytized bacteria and the average number of bacteria per phagocyte was observed before calving followed by a sharp fall on the first postpartum. This was followed by a steady increase in the above parameters reaching the highest levels at two weeks postpartum. There was a gradual increase in the number of neutrophils in blood as calving approached followed by a sharp decrease after calving. The number of lymphocytes in blood dropped before calving, being at the lowest level on the day before calving. The proliferative response of blood and milk lymphocytes upon stimulation with the three mitogens was low during the week preceding parturition with the lowest value on the day before calving. The response of blood lymphocytes returned to a higher level the second week after calving while that of milk lymphocytes remained at a low level during the first and the second postpartum weeks.
Why is Hu where? Shuttling of early-response-gene messenger RNA subsets (1999)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.