gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification and characterization of the Escherichia coli gene dsbB, whose product is involved in the formation of disulfide bonds in vivo. (1993)

We have identified and characterized the Escherichia coli gene dsbB, whose product is required for disulfide bond formation of periplasmic proteins, by using two different approaches: (i) screening of a multicopy plasmid library for clones which protect E. coli from the lethal effects of dithiothreitol (DTT), and (ii) screening of insertion libraries of E. coli for DTT-sensitive mutants. Mapping and characterization of mutations conferring a DTT-sensitive phenotype also identified the dsbA, trxA, and trxB genes, whose products are involved in different oxidation-reduction pathways. Null mutations in dsbB conferred pleiotropic phenotypes such as sensitivity to benzylpenicillin and inability to support plaque formation of filamentous phages, and they were shown to severely affect disulfide bond oxidation of secreted proteins such as OmpA and beta-lactamase. These phenotypes resemble the phenotype of bacteria carrying either a null mutation in the dsbA gene or the double mutation dsbA dsbB. Sequencing and expression of the dsbB gene revealed that it encodes a 20-kDa protein predicted to possess an "exchangeable" disulfide bond in -Cys-Val-Leu-Cys-. The dsbB gene maps at 26.5 min on the genetic map of the E. coli chromosome, and its transcription is directed from two promoters, neither of which resembles the canonical E sigma 70-recognized promoter.
Fusion Rate and Biomechanical Stiffness of Hydroxylapatite Versus Autogenous Bone Grafts for Anterior Discectomy (1994)

Our results indicate that these dense, nonresorbable hydroxylapatite blocks perform as well as autogenous bone for anterior spinal fusions in this animal model. The use of this hydroxylapatite material in anterior spine fusions may have some clinical validity.
β Common receptor integrates the erythropoietin signaling in activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (2011)

Erythropoietin (EPO), the key hormone for erythropoiesis, also increases nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in endothelial cells (ECs), yet the definitive mechanisms are not fully understood. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that β common receptor (βCR) plays a crucial role in EPO-mediated non-hematopoietic effects. We investigated the role of βCR in EPO-induced endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activation in bovine aortic ECs (BAECs) and the molecular mechanisms involved. Results of confocal microscopy and immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that βCR was colocalized and interacted with EPO receptor (EPOR) in ECs. Inhibition of βCR or EPOR by neutralizing antibodies or small interfering RNA abolished the EPO-induced NO production. Additionally, blockage of βCR abrogated the EPO-induced increase in the phosphorylation of eNOS, Akt, Src, or Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that treatment with EPO increased the interaction between βCR and eNOS, which was suppressed by inhibition of Src, JAK2, or Akt signaling with specific pharmacological inhibitors. Furthermore, EPO-induced EC proliferation, migration, and tube formation were blocked by pretreatment with βCR antibody and Src, JAK2, or PI3K/Akt inhibitors. Moreover, in vivo experiments showed that EPO increased the level of phosphorylated eNOS, Src, JAK2, and Akt, as well as βCR-eNOS association in aortas and promoted the angiogenesis in Matrigel plug, which was diminished by βCR or EPOR neutralizing antibodies. Our findings suggest that βCR may play an integrative role in the EPO signaling-mediated activation of eNOS in ECs.
A BE-SONOS (Bandgap Engineered SONOS) NAND for Post-Floating Gate Era Flash Memory (2007)

BE-SONOS [1] is successfully integrated in a 0.13 mum NAND Flash technology. BE-SONOS device employs a bandgap engineered ONO barrier, which allows efficient hole tunneling erase and yet prevents the direct tunneling leakage during retention. BE-SONOS can overcome the fundamental limitation of the conventional SONOS, for which good data retention and fast erase speed cannot be simultaneously achieved. BE-SONOS NAND Flash has comparable performance with the floating-gate NAND Flash, but also the scaling capability below 40 nm technology. BE-SONOS NAND array functions such as the program-inhibit method (using self-boosting technique) and reading characteristics are demonstrated in this work.
Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocytes: Protocols and Perspectives (2013)

Oligodendrocytes play a fundamental supportive role in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) as the myelinating-glial cells. Disruption of fast axonal transport mechanisms can occur as a consequence of mature oligodendrocyte loss following spinal cord injury, stroke, or due to neuroinflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis. As a result of the limited remyelination ability in the CNS after injury or disease, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may prove to be a promising option for the generation and replacement of mature oligodendrocytes. Moreover, hESC-derived oligodendrocytes may be experimentally utilized to unravel fundamental questions of oligodendrocyte development, along with their therapeutic potential through growth factor support of axons and neurons. However, an intensive characterization and examination of hESC-derived oligodendrocytes prior to preclinical or clinical trials is required to facilitate greater success in their integration following cellular replacement therapy (CRT). Currently, the protocols utilized to derive oligodendrocytes from hESCs consist of significant variations in culture style, time-length of differentiation, and the provision of growth factors in culture. Further, these differing protocols also report disparate patterns in the expression of oligodendroglial markers by these derived oligodendrocytes, throughout their differentiation in culture. We have comprehensively reviewed the published protocols describing the derivation of oligodendrocytes from hESCs and the studies that examine their efficacy to remyelinate, along with the fundamental issues of their safety as a viable CRT. Additionally, this review will highlight particular issues of concern and suggestions for troubleshooting to provide investigators critical information for the future improvement of establishing in vitro hESC-derived oligodendrocytes.
Fabrication of Al/AlOx/Al Josephson junctions and superconducting quantum circuits by shadow evaporation and a dynamic oxidation process (2013)

Besides serving as promising candidates for realizing quantum computing, superconducting quantum circuits are one of a few macroscopic physical systems in which fundamental quantum phenomena can be directly demonstrated and tested, giving rise to a vast field of intensive research work both theoretically and experimentally. In this paper we report our work on the fabrication of superconducting quantum circuits, starting from its building blocks: Al/AlOx/Al Josephson junctions. By using electron beam lithography patterning and shadow evaporation, we have fabricated aluminum Josephson junctions with a controllable critical current density (jc) and wide range of junction sizes from 0.01 μm2 up to 1 μm2. We have carried out systematical studies on the oxidation process in fabricating Al/AlOx/Al Josephson junctions suitable for superconducting flux qubits. Furthermore, we have also fabricated superconducting quantum circuits such as superconducting flux qubits and charge-flux qubits.
Influence of arterial O2 on the susceptibility to posthyperventilation apnea during sleep (2005)

To investigate the contribution of the peripheral chemoreceptors to the susceptibility to posthyperventilation apnea, we evaluated the time course and magnitude of hypocapnia required to produce apnea at different levels of peripheral chemoreceptor activation produced by exposure to three levels of inspired P(O2). We measured the apneic threshold and the apnea latency in nine normal sleeping subjects in response to augmented breaths during normoxia (room air), hypoxia (arterial O2 saturation = 78-80%), and hyperoxia (inspired O2 fraction = 50-52%). Pressure support mechanical ventilation in the assist mode was employed to introduce a single or multiple numbers of consecutive, sigh-like breaths to cause apnea. The apnea latency was measured from the end inspiration of the first augmented breath to the onset of apnea. It was 12.2 +/- 1.1 s during normoxia, which was similar to the lung-to-ear circulation delay of 11.7 s in these subjects. Hypoxia shortened the apnea latency (6.3 +/- 0.8 s; P < 0.05), whereas hyperoxia prolonged it (71.5 +/- 13.8 s; P < 0.01). The apneic threshold end-tidal P(CO2) (Pet(CO2)) was defined as the Pet(CO2)) at the onset of apnea. During hypoxia, the apneic threshold Pet(CO2) was higher (38.9 +/- 1.7 Torr; P < 0.01) compared with normoxia (35.8 +/- 1.1; Torr); during hyperoxia, it was lower (33.0 +/- 0.8 Torr; P < 0.05). Furthermore, the difference between the eupneic Pet(CO2) and apneic threshold Pet(CO2) was smaller during hypoxia (3.0 +/- 1.0 Torr P < 001) and greater during hyperoxia (10.6 +/- 0.8 Torr; P < 0.05) compared with normoxia (8.0 +/- 0.6 Torr). Correspondingly, the hypocapnic ventilatory response to CO2 below the eupneic Pet(CO2) was increased by hypoxia (3.44 +/- 0.63 l.min(-1).Torr(-1); P < 0.05) and decreased by hyperoxia (0.63 +/- 0.04 l.min(-1).Torr(-1); P < 0.05) compared with normoxia (0.79 +/- 0.05 l.min(-1).Torr(-1)). These findings indicate that posthyperventilation apnea is initiated by the peripheral chemoreceptors and that the varying susceptibility to apnea during hypoxia vs. hyperoxia is influenced by the relative activity of these receptors.
Elevation of serum soluble tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor and IL-1 receptor antagonist levels in bronchial asthma (1996)

The specific inhibitor for TNF-alpha activity, soluble form of the 55-kD TNF receptor (sTNF-RI) and soluble form of the 75-kD receptor (sTNF-RII), and the specific inhibitor for IL-1 activity, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), have been identified. It has been shown that the levels of these inhibitors are elevated in plasma/serum and biological fluids in several diseases, and the protective and inhibitory effect of these inhibitors exist in several inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we measured serum levels of sTNF-RI, STNF-RII and IL-1Ra by ELISA in 36 patients with bronchial asthma (16 atopic and 20 non-atopic) during asthma attacks and in stable conditions in order to assess the state of these inhibitors in allergic inflammation. The levels of sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII and IL-1Ra in sera obtained during bronchial asthma attacks were higher than those in sera obtained in stable conditions. These findings were obtained regardless of atopic status. These results suggest that higher levels of serum sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII and IL-1Ra may reflect up-regulation of TNF-R expression and IL-1Ra production in allergic inflammation, and sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII and IL-1Ra may contribute to regulating TNF-alpha- and IL-1-mediated production and development of allergic inflammation.
Nrg1 and Nrg2 Transcriptional Repressors Are Differently Regulated in Response to Carbon Source (2004)

The Nrg1 and Nrg2 repressors of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have highly similar zinc fingers and closely related functions in the regulation of glucose-repressed genes. We show that NRG1 and NRG2 are differently regulated in response to carbon source at both the RNA and protein levels. Expression of NRG1 RNA is glucose repressed, whereas NRG2 RNA levels are nearly constant. Nrg1 protein levels are elevated in response to glucose limitation or growth in nonfermentable carbon sources, whereas Nrg2 levels are diminished. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that Nrg1 and Nrg2 bind DNA both in the presence and absence of glucose. In mutant cells lacking the corepressor Ssn6(Cyc8)-Tup1, promoter-bound Nrg1, but not Nrg2, functions as an activator in a reporter assay, providing evidence that the two Nrg proteins have distinct properties. We suggest that the differences in expression and function of these two repressors, in combination with their similar DNA-binding domains, contribute to the complex regulation of the large set of glucose-repressed genes.
Research on heterocyclic compounds. XX. Synthesis of trifluoromethyl derivatives of fused imidazole systems (1986)

Abstract A series of heterocyclic compounds having an imidazole ring fused with another ring with a bridgehead nitrogen atom and bearing a trifluoromethyl moiety was synthesized by reaction of 3‐bromo‐1,1,1‐trifluoroacetone with various heteroarylamines. In some cases, an intermediate compound obtained together with the required product was isolated and its structure was elucidated: e.g. , starting from 2‐aminopyridine we have obtained 2‐trifluoromethylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine and 2‐hydroxy‐2‐trifluoromethyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1 H ‐imidazo [1,2‐ a ]pyridinium bromide. Such results confirmed the mechanism previously proposed for this reaction.
Effect of Thrombin Inhibitors and a Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Antagonist in an Ex Vivo Human Experimental Thrombosis Model (2001)

The development of new antithrombotic drugs to inhibit the blood coagulation system and to block receptors of platelets represents an important area of medical research. The results of the efficacy in animal models are of critical importance for the further development of these compounds for human use. The transferability of such data from animal to human species still remains controversial. The antithrombotic effects of direct thrombin inhibitors and a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) receptor antagonist were investigated in an experimental thrombosis model using human blood in order to analyze the feasibility of such a model.
In Vitro Studies on Sterically Stabilized Liposomes (SL) as Enzyme Carriers in Organophosphorus (OP) Antagonism (2000)

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.
Enhanced Deep Residual Networks for Single Image Super-Resolution (2017)

Recent research on super-resolution has progressed with the development of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNN). In particular, residual learning techniques exhibit improved performance. In this paper, we develop an enhanced deep super-resolution network (EDSR) with performance exceeding those of current state-of-the-art SR methods. The significant performance improvement of our model is due to optimization by removing unnecessary modules in conventional residual networks. The performance is further improved by expanding the model size while we stabilize the training procedure. We also propose a new multi-scale deep super-resolution system (MDSR) and training method, which can reconstruct high-resolution images of different upscaling factors in a single model. The proposed methods show superior performance over the state-of-the-art methods on benchmark datasets and prove its excellence by winning the NTIRE2017 Super-Resolution Challenge[26].
Chinese hamster ovary cells can produce galactose-Î±-1,3-galactose antigens on proteins (2010)

To the
Interleukin-1 beta-induced nitric oxide synthase expression by rat pancreatic beta-cells: evidence for the involvement of nuclear factor kappa B in the signaling mechanism. (1995)

Recent evidence indicates that overproduction of nitric oxide mediates cytokine-induced inhibition of insulin secretion by pancreatic islets. The current studies were designed to characterize signaling events involving the transcriptional factor NFkappaB in interleukin-1 (IL-1)-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by primary and transformed rat pancreatic beta-cells. Due to limitations of cell numbers of purified primary beta-cells, biochemical and molecular studies were performed primarily using the insulinoma cell line, RINm5F. Inhibitors of NFkappaB, diethyldithiocarbamate, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, and N-acetyl cysteine prevent IL-1-induced iNOS expression at the level of messenger RNA, protein, and nitrite generation. IL-1 induces a time-dependent translocation of NFkappaB from cytosol to nucleus, with maximal translocation observed approximately 15-30 min after IL-1 treatment, as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. The specificity of the band containing the NF kappa B DNA-protein complex was shown by competition with a 150-fold excess of nonradiolabeled NF kappa B oligonucleotide. Supershift assays using immunoglobulins G against NF kappa b subunits p50 an p65 indicate that the protein complex contains a heterodimer of p50 and p65. IL-1-induced translocation of NF kappa B was blocked by 100 microns 100 microM diethyldithiocarbamate or 100 microM pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, further establishing a critical role for NF kappa B in the induction of iNOS by IL-1 in rat pancreatic beta-cells. Activation of tyrosine kinase appears to precede NF kappa B activation, as the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (100 microM) blocks IL-1-induced translocation of NF kappa B. An understanding of the signal transduction pathway of cytokine-induced nitric oxide generation by beta-cells will provide strategies of intervention to further evaluate the role of nitric oxide in mediating beta-cell dysfunction.
Concurrent maintenance of skip lists (1990)

This papers describes a new approach to providing efficient concurrent access to a dynamic search structure. Previous approaches have attempted to solve this problem using search trees (either balanced or unbalanced). We describe methods for performing concurrent access and updates using skip lists. Skip lists are a probabilistic alternative to balanced trees that provide much of the simplicity of unbalanced trees, together with good worst-case expected performance. In this paper, we briefly review skip lists, describe simple methods for concurrent maintenance of sorted linked lists, formally prove the correctness of these methods, and show how they can be extended to provide simple and efficient algorithms for concurrent maintenance of skip lists. (Also cross-referenced as UMIACS-TR-90-80)
Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Enzyme Immunoassay in an Immunocompromised Population (1993)

Chlamydia pneumoniae has now been associated with pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis, acute chest syndrome of sickle cell disease, and asthma. Because of the difficulty of primary isolation and tissue-culture adaptation of this organism, we used a previously developed polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay (PCR-EIA) to screen 132 culture-negative bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens from 108 immunocompromised patients (34% of whom were positive for human immunodeficiency virus) and 7 healthy volunteers. Thirteen specimens (9.8%) from 12 immunocompromised patients (11.1%) gave a positive result; one patient had two positive specimens obtained 3 days apart. No healthy volunteer had a PCR-EIA-positive BAL specimen. Twelve (11.1%) of the immunocompromised patients also had diagnostic levels of antibody. Four patients had positive results in both PCR-EIA and serological tests. Thus 20 (18.5%) of the 108 patients had laboratory evidence of C. pneumoniae infection. These data indicate that diagnosis of acute infection with C. pneumoniae can be established more rapidly and reliably by PCR-EIA than by culture or serology, particularly among immunocompromised patients, in whom serological changes in response to infection are relatively undependable. With an infection rate of 11.1% according to PCR-EIA, C. pneumoniae should be considered in the evaluation and treatment of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients.
Optimal DSP-Based Motion Estimation Tools Implementation For H.264/AVC Baseline Encoder (2007)

A merging procedure joining search origin, search pattern and new variable block size motion estimation for H.264/AVC is proposed in this paper. Those approaches yield good tradeoffs between motion estimation distortion and number of computations since they invest and exploit the center-biased characteristics of the real world video sequences: A reliable predictor determines the search origin, localizing the search process. An efficient search pattern exploits structural constraints within the motion field. A new fast block size selection DSPbased algorithm allows simultaneous fidelity of the video quality and the reduction of the computational cost. Experimental results demonstrate the viability of the proposed algorithms in low bit rate video coding applications: Video conference. The proposed motion estimation algorithms provide substantially higher encoding speed as well as graceful computational degradation capabilities. Key words:
Synthetic polysulfated hyaluronic acid is a potent inhibitor for tumor necrosis factor production (1994)

Based on the premise that naturally occurring glycosaminoglycans could serve as building blocks for synthesizing nontoxic drugs for suppression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by inflammatory cells, we have chemically modified hyaluronic acid (HA) and tested its effects in blocking TNF-alpha and TNF-beta production in vitro. HA was chosen mainly for its structural simplicity, nonimmunogenicity, and readiness for chemical modifications. When HA was chemically polysulfated to a sulfate/hexosamine molar ratio of 3.9, the sulfated HAs was shown to be a potent inhibitor of TNF-alpha production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or interferon-gamma-activated THP-1 cells. For example, a concentration of HAs as low as 10 ng/ml reduced TNF-alpha production in LPS-activated THP-1 cells more than 50%, whereas achieving a similar extent of reduction required 50 micrograms/ml native HA. By decreasing the extent of polysulfation, the inhibitory effect of HAs on TNF-alpha production was diminished. Other chemical modifications, including deacetylation, thiolation, or reduction of the carboxylic groups, could not increase the efficacy of HA in suppression of TNF-alpha production. Naturally polysulfated glycosaminoglycans, such as chondroitin sulfates, keratan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and heparin, failed to inhibit TNF-alpha production. HAs also restricted TNF-beta (lymphotoxin) secretion in an Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cell line, Roha-9, which constitutively produces TNF-beta. HAs had no inhibitory effect on the proliferation of THP-1 or Roha-9 cells, which would account for the reduced TNF-alpha or TNF-beta production. Furthermore, time-course metabolic labeling studies revealed that HAs could not restrict overall protein synthesis and secretion in THP-1 cells. However, HAs increased complement C1q secretion in THP-1 in a dose-dependent manner, but it had no effect on biosynthesis of complement C1 inhibitor, factor D, and Fc gamma receptor type II (Fc gamma RII). These results indicate that HA, selectively restricts the production of TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, and probably several other protein species.