gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust scan-based logic test in VDSM technologies (1999)

The customer expects defect-free chips, at consumer prices, making thorough manufacturing test mandatory. With increasing chip density, the addition of say 10,000 gates is no longer of great impact (these would occupy only 0.1 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> on a 0.18-μm die); satisfying timing requirements and not exceeding package or system power requirements are the principal implementation objectives. The new availability of silicon real estate has transformed the design-for-testability environment. Implementing contemporary application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) designs based on standard-cell and gate array technologies now requires design flows that incorporate DFT. Robust design for testability in very deep-submicron (VDSM) technologies is essential to volume manufacturing. The most common structural test method is scan-based logic test, which is now the backbone of manufacturing test. Using this method, commercial ATPG tools rely on test-mode reconfiguration of the circuit to a pseudo-combinational one, ensuring its access, controllability, and observability. Each state bit is transformed into a stage (either a flip-flop or master-slave latch pair) of a shift register or scan chain accessible from chip pins. The author points out ways to avoid pitfalls in implementing effect scan-based test. These include modifying register-transfer-level circuit representations for testability, using a single clock edge design, and providing clock control.
Adverse effects of high glucose and free fatty acid on cardiomyocytes are mediated by connective tissue growth factor (2009)

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterized by interstitial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis. Also known as CCN2, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is implicated in the fibrosis; however, whether it contributes to cardiomyocytes changes and adverse effects of high glucose and lipids on these cells remains unknown. Hearts from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats had elevated CTGF and changes of pathological myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes were then treated with recombinant human (rh)CTGF, high glucose, or the saturated free fatty acid palmitate. Each reagent induced cell hypertrophy, as indicated by the ratio of total protein to cell number, cell size, and gene expression of cardiac hypertrophy marker genes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and alpha-skeletal actin. Each treatment also caused apoptosis measured by increased caspase3/7 activity, apoptotic cells by transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and lower viable cell number. Further studies showed CTGF mRNA was rapidly induced by high glucose and palmitate in H9c2 cells and in mouse neonatal cardiomyocyte primary cultures. small interfering RNA against CTGF blocked the high glucose and palmitate induction of hypertrophy and apoptosis. In addition, these CTGF effects were through the tyrosine kinase A (TrkA) receptor with tyrosine kinase activity, which has previously been implicated in CTGF signaling: TrkA was phosphorylated by CTGF, and a specific TrkA blocker abrogated CTGF-induced effects on hypertrophy and apoptosis. For the first time in any system, fatty acid is newly identified as a regulator of CTGF, and this work implicates autocrine CTGF as a mediator of adverse effects of high glucose and fatty acids in cardiomyocytes.
The crystal structure of human interferon β at 2.2-Å resolution (1997)

Type I interferons (IFNs) are helical cytokines that have diverse biological activities despite the fact that they appear to interact with the same receptor system. To achieve a better understanding of the structural basis for the different activities of alpha and beta IFNs, we have determined the crystal structure of glycosylated human IFN-beta at 2.2-A resolution by molecular replacement. The molecule adopts a fold similar to that of the previously determined structures of murine IFN-beta and human IFN-alpha2b but displays several distinct structural features. Like human IFN-alpha2b, human IFN-beta contains a zinc-binding site at the interface of the two molecules in the asymmetric unit, raising the question of functional relevance for IFN-beta dimers. However, unlike the human IFN-alpha2b dimer, in which homologous surfaces form the interface, human IFN-beta dimerizes with contact surfaces from opposite sides of the molecule. The relevance of the structure to the effects of point mutations in IFN-beta at specific exposed residues is discussed. A potential role of ligand-ligand interactions in the conformational assembly of IFN receptor components is discussed.
ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS 95.1A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF N-DIHYDROXYPHOSPHONYLMETHYL-GLYCINE (GLYPHOSATE) (1991)

Abstract Interaction of N-benzylglycine, formaldehyde and phosphorous acid in 30% HCl-solution produces N-benzyl-N-dihydroxyphosphonylmethyl-glycine 1, in 90% yield. Debenzylation of 1, dissolved in water with H2 in the presence of 5% Pd/C as catalyst gives glyphosate 2 in quantitative yield.
Growth Hormone Mediates the Growth of TLymphoblast Cell Lines via Locally Generated Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I* (1990)

It has become evident that locally produced insulin-like growth factors-I and -II (IGF-I and IGF-II) play an important role in the medication of GH action upon tissues. To explore this concept with respect to immunocompetent cells, we analyzed IGF production and clonogenic responsiveness of immortalized human T-cell lines established from seven normal controls and four Laron dwarfs. While the normal T-cell lines showed significant augmentation of basal colony formation in response to both IGF-I and GH, little increase in clonogenesis in response to GH was seen with the Laron T-cell lines. Assay of basal and GH-stimulated conditioned media demonstrated low, but measurable, levels of IGF-I and IGF-II from both normal and Laron T-cells. Under serum-free incubation conditions, GH stimulation of normal T-cell lines failed to generate significant increases in mean IGF-I or IGF-II concentration and no increase in the mean IGF-II concentration in conditioned medium were observed after GH stimulation of Laron T-cell lines. Nevertheless, the increased cloning efficiency of the normal T-cell lines in response to either GH or IGF-I was nearly completely abrogated by preincubation of cells with antibodies to either IGF-I or the type I IGF receptor. These studies, thus, support a role for locally generated IGF-I in the mediation of GH action on T-lymphocytes and indicate that this effect is mediated via the type I IGF receptor.
Neurodegeneration Prevented by Lentiviral Vector Delivery of GDNF in Primate Models of Parkinson's Disease (2000)

Lentiviral delivery of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (lenti-GDNF) was tested for its trophic effects upon degenerating nigrostriatal neurons in nonhuman primate models of Parkinson's disease (PD). We injected lenti-GDNF into the striatum and substantia nigra of nonlesioned aged rhesus monkeys or young adult rhesus monkeys treated 1 week prior with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Extensive GDNF expression with anterograde and retrograde transport was seen in all animals. In aged monkeys, lenti-GDNF augmented dopaminergic function. In MPTP-treated monkeys, lenti-GDNF reversed functional deficits and completely prevented nigrostriatal degeneration. Additionally, lenti-GDNF injections to intact rhesus monkeys revealed long-term gene expression (8 months). In MPTP-treated monkeys, lenti-GDNF treatment reversed motor deficits in a hand-reach task. These data indicate that GDNF delivery using a lentiviral vector system can prevent nigrostriatal degeneration and induce regeneration in primate models of PD and might be a viable therapeutic strategy for PD patients.
Cloning of the cDNA for a novel receptor tyrosine kinase, Sky, predominantly expressed in brain. (1994)

Based on homology to the tyrosine kinase domain of the chick erythroblastosis virus oncogene v-sea, we cloned a cDNA encoding a novel receptor tyrosine kinase from a human hepatoma HepG2 cDNA library. The encoded protein, which we termed 'Sky', contains an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain and a unique extracellular domain with two immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains and two fibronectin type III (FN III) domains. The overall structure of Sky is homologous to the reported sequence of the oncogenic Axl/Ufo receptor tyrosine kinase. Phylogenetic analysis in the tyrosine kinase domain shows that Sky, Axl/Ufo, Ark, and v-Ryk form a sub-family distinct from other tyrosine kinases. Northern blot analysis revealed that sky mRNA is expressed predominantly in brain and faintly in tissues of other organs. As the combination of Ig-like and FN III domains is often observed in neural cell adhesion molecules and receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases, Sky may be involved in cell adhesion processes, particularly in the central nervous system.
Mortality of Atomic Bomb Survivors Predicted from Laboratory Animals (2003)

Exposure, pathology and mortality data for mice, dogs and humans were examined to determine whether accurate interspecies predictions of radiation-induced mortality could be achieved. The analyses revealed that (1) days of life lost per unit dose can be estimated for a species even without information on radiation effects in that species, and (2) accurate predictions of age-specific radiation-induced mortality in beagles and the atomic bomb survivors can be obtained from a dose-response model for comparably exposed mice. These findings illustrate the value of comparative mortality analyses and the relevance of animal data to the study of human health effects.
Universal quantum computation with a nonlinear oscillator network (2016)

We theoretically show that a nonlinear oscillator network with controllable parameters can be used for universal quantum computation. The initialization is achieved by a quantum-mechanical bifurcation based on quantum adiabatic evolution, which yields a Schr\"odinger cat state. All the elementary quantum gates are also achieved by quantum adiabatic evolution, in which dynamical phases accompanying the adiabatic evolutions are controlled by the system parameters. Numerical simulation results indicate that high gate fidelities can be achieved, where no dissipation is assumed.
Influence of detuned injection locking on the relaxation oscillation frequency of a multimode semiconductor laser (2000)

Abstract The injection locking characteristics of a multi-mode semiconductor laser are considered. A formalism is developed to investigate the stability properties of an arbitrary laser mode subject to optical injection. The formalism is used to show that the relaxation oscillation frequency (ROF) in a semiconductor laser subject to optical injection is increased relative to that of the free running laser diode. Methods of utilizing positive detuning to determine the best approach of increasing the ROF of a semiconductor laser via injection locking are considered.
Identification of the allergenic proteins ofIpomoea fistulosapollen: Partial characterization and sensitivity test (1997)

Total soluble proteins were extracted from the pollen of Ipomoea fistulosa and subjected to ammonium sulphate precipitation at 80% saturation.Total protein was separated on SDS Polyacrylamide gel.Each band was recovered from the gel by electroelution avoiding the time-consuming and expensive biochemical methods of column chromatography.The allergenic proteins were identified by skin tests.The fourth and the fifth band in the protein profile of I. fistulosa, IF 4 (47 kDa) and IF 5 (42 kDa) were the two major allergenic components of I. fistulosa.The protein profiles showed slight variations in the pollen collected from different geographical regions.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetic Foot Infections (2004)

Benjamin A. Lipsky, Anthony R. Berendt, H. Gunner Deery, John M. Embil, Warren S. Joseph, Adolf W. Karchmer, Jack L. LeFrock, Daniel P. Lew, Jon T. Mader, Carl Norden, and James S. Tan Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, and Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington; Bone Infection Unit, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom; Northern Michigan Infectious Diseases, Petoskey, Michigan; Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba; Section of Podiatry, Department of Primary Care, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Coatesville, Pennsylvania; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Dimensional Dosing Systems, Sarasota, Florida; Department of Medicine, Service of Infectious Diseases, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine, The Marine Biomedical Institute, and Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Department of Medicine, New Jersey School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Cooper Hospital, Camden, New Jersey; and Department of Internal Medicine, Summa Health System, and Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Akron, Ohio
Silver nanowire coated threads for electrically conductive textiles (2015)

Nylon, polyester, and cotton threads are coated with networks of silver nanowires to render them electrically conductive.
Magnetic maps in animals: nature's GPS (2007)

Diverse animals detect the Earth's magnetic field and use it as a cue in orientation and navigation. Most research on magnetoreception has focused on the directional or ;compass' information that can be extracted from the Earth's field. Because the field varies predictably across the surface of the globe, however, it also provides a potential source of positional or 'map' information, which some animals use to steer themselves along migratory pathways or to navigate toward specific target areas. The use of magnetic positional information has been demonstrated in several diverse animals including sea turtles, spiny lobsters, newts and birds, suggesting that such systems are phylogenetically widespread and can function over a wide range of spatial scales. These ;magnetic maps' have not yet been fully characterized. They may be organized in several fundamentally different ways, some of which bear little resemblance to human maps, and they may also be used in conjunction with unconventional navigational strategies.
Using transistors to linearise biochemistry (2007)

A fundamental relationship exists between diffusion characteristics within semiconductors and Nernstian equilibrium in biological systems. In a transistor operating in weak inversion the potential difference between terminals governs electron concentration in an exponential way according to the Boltzmann distribution of charged particles while in a biochemical cell the potential difference across a membrane is governed by ionic concentration in a logarithmic way according to the Nernst equation. These two nonlinear physical phenomena form an interaction that potentially leads to linearisation and subsequent modelling of or interaction with biological systems by integrated semiconductor devices. To demonstrate the authors&apos; hypothesis a silicon transistor-based biosensor is considered. This natural bridge between biochemistry and semiconductor silicon chips will enable the potential mass production of portable biochemical devices for the consumer market.
Ball lens fiber optic sensor based smart handheld microsurgical instrument (2013)

During freehand performance of vitreoretinal microsurgery the surgeon must perform precise and stable maneuvers that achieve surgical objectives and avoid surgical risk. Here, we present an improved smart handheld microsurgical tool which is based on a ball lens fiber optic sensor that utilizes common path swept source optical coherence tomography. Improvements include incorporation of a ball lens single mode fiber optic probe that increases the working angle of the tool to greater than 45 degrees; and increases the magnitude of the distance sensing signal through water. Also presented is a cutting function with an improved ergonomic design.
Epidemiology and treatment outcome of infection with antibiotic resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Scotland. (1999)

Antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae occurs worldwide and may limit the efficacy of treatment. This study reports the epidemiology and treatment outcome for 125 episodes of infection with antibiotic resistant gonococci diagnosed in Scotland in 1996. Infections with penicillinase producing N. gonorrhoeae (PPNG) and/or high level plasmid mediated tetracycline resistant N. gonorrhoeae (TRNG) and isolates showing reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin were more likely to belong to an unusual serovar and have been acquired abroad by heterosexual intercourse than isolates showing chromosomal resistance to penicillin or tetracycline, which were more likely to belong to a common serovar and to have been acquired in the United Kingdom by homosexual intercourse. Among the 88 episodes of infection whose outcome was known initial treatment with an antibiotic to which the isolate was resistant failed in nine out of 16 infections and in three out of the 72 infections treated with an antibiotic to which the organism was sensitive. In the case of high level plasmid mediated resistance, treatment with an inappropriate antibiotic always resulted in failure. Continuous monitoring of treatment outcome is essential to guide clinicians in prescribing the most appropriate antibiotic for individual patients.
Management of cardiac arrest patients to maximize neurologic outcome (2009)

This study reviews the latest advances in treating patients after cardiac arrest in the emergency department and critical care unit environments.
The Promoter for the Maize C4 Pyruvate,orthophosphate Dikinase Gene Directs Cell- and Tissue-Specific Transcription in Transgenic Maize Plants (2000)

The pyruvate,orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) gene coding the chloroplast enzyme involved in C4 photosynthesis has a dual promoter system. The first promoter is responsible for the transcription of a larger transcript and its product is targeted to the chloroplast (hence, it is designated as C4Pdk promoter) while the second promoter is responsible for the transcription of a smaller transcript and its product remains in the cytosol. In this study, chimeric maize C4Pdk promoter (0.9 or 1.5 kb)-beta-glucuronidase or luciferase fusion genes were introduced into maize plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The cell- and tissue-specificities of the maize C4Pdk promoter in the transgenic maize plants were examined by histochemical and enzymic activity analyses of the reporters in different photosynthetic cells and tissues. The results showed that the reporter proteins are almost exclusively localized in leaf mesophyll cells. Among the tissues tested, leaf blade had the highest reporter activities with sheath exhibiting about 10% of the activities in blade. Husk, stem, tassel and root had no or very little reporter activities. Taken together, these results suggest that the maize C4Pdk promoter is specifically transcribed in the mesophyll cells of leaf blade and to a much less extent in the mesophyll cells of sheath, but not in leaf bundle sheath cells or other tissues. Furthermore, the 0.9 kb maize C4Pdk promoter sequences appear to contain the necessary cis-acting elements for its cell- and organ-specific expression.
Raised concentration of soluble form of vascular endothelial cadherin and IL-23 in sera of patients with Behçet’s disease (2010)

Journal Article Raised concentration of soluble form of vascular endothelial cadherin and IL-23 in sera of patients with Behçet's disease Get access Zahra Habibagahi, Zahra Habibagahi Department of Rheumatology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranCenter for Autoimmune Disease Research, Shiraz, Iran Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mojtaba Habibagahi, Mojtaba Habibagahi Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 71345-3119, Zand Blvd, Shiraz, Iran Correspondence to: Mojtaba Habibagahi, Immunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 71345-3119, Zand Blvd, Shiraz, Iran e-mail: agahim@sums.ac.ir Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Masoomeh Heidari Masoomeh Heidari Department of Rheumatology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, IranImmunotherapy Laboratory, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 71345-3119, Zand Blvd, Shiraz, Iran Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Modern Rheumatology, Volume 20, Issue 2, 1 April 2010, Pages 154–159, https://doi.org/10.3109/s10165-009-0246-1 Published: 01 April 2010 Article history Received: 24 July 2009 Accepted: 08 October 2009 Published: 01 April 2010
Growth promotion of Xanthium italicum by application of rhizobacterial isolates of Bacillus aryabhattai in microcosm soil (2012)

This study was conducted using rhizobacteria, which are able to exert beneficial effects upon plant growth in the infertile soil collected from barren lakeside areas. Four strains of plant growth promoting bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of a common wild plant, Erigeron canadensis. Isolated strains LS9, LS11, LS12, and LS15 were identified as Bacillus aryabhattai by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. B. aryabhattai LS9, LS11, LS12, and LS15 could solubilize 577.9, 676.8, 623.6, and 581.3 mg/L of 0.5% insoluble calcium phosphate within 2 days of incubation. Production of indole acetic acid, a typical growth promoting phytohormone auxin, by strain LS15 was 471.3 mg/L in 2 days with the addition of auxin precursor L-tryptophan. All the strains also produced other phytohormones such as indole butyric acid, gibberellins, and abscisic acid, and strain LS15 showed the highest production rate of gibberellin (GA(3)), 119.0 μg/mg protein. Isolated bacteria were used in a microcosm test for growth of wild plant Xanthium italicum, which can be utilized as a pioneer plant in barren lands. Seed germination was facilitated, and the lengths of roots, and shoots and the dry weights of germinated seedlings after 16 days were higher than those of the uninoculated control plants. Root lengths of seedlings of X. italicum increased by 121.1% in LS11-treated samples after 16 days. This plant growth-promoting capability of B. aryabhattai strains may be utilized as an environmentally friendly means of revegetating barren lands, especially sensitive areas such as lakeside lands.