gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Valvular heart disease: review and update. (2001)

People with valvular heart disease are living longer, with less morbidity, than ever before. Advances in surgical techniques and a better understanding of timing for surgical intervention account for increased rates of survival. Echocardiography remains the gold standard for diagnosis and periodic assessment of patients with valvular heart disease. Generally, patients with stenotic valvular lesions can be monitored clinically until symptoms appear. In contrast, patients with regurgitant valvular lesions require careful echocardiographic monitoring for left ventricular function and may require surgery even if no symptoms are present. Aside from antibiotic prophylaxis, very little medical therapy is available for patients with valvular heart disease; surgery is the treatment for most symptomatic lesions or for lesions causing left ventricular dysfunction even in the absence of symptoms.
특집 : 새로운 범죄현상과 형사법의 현대적 과제 ; 사이버상의 신종범죄 DDoS 공격에 대한 형사법적 책임 (2009)

Die sog. DoS(Denial-of-Service-Attacken) existieren seit den Anfangen des Internets. Der Ziel des DoS ist es, die Verfugbarkeit bestimmter Server und Dienste einzuschranken. Dabei wird uber das Internet versucht, die angegriffenen Systeme durch das Ausnutzen von Schwachstellen im Betriebssystem zum Absturz zu bringen oder derartig zu uberlassen, das sie ihre eigene Funk- tionalitat nicht mehr erbringen konnen. Bei einer DoS Attacke wird ein oder werden nur einige wenige Rechner eingesetzt, um das Zielobjekt anzugreifen. Demgegenuber traten im Internet die sog. DDoS(Distributed DoS) auf, die eine Unterart der DoS Attacken darstellen. Anstelle von einzelnen Rechnern, die Ausgangspunkt eines DoS Angriffs benutzt werden, kommen bei einer DDoS Attacke neben einigen wenigen Master-Systemen, den so genannten Handlern, eine Vielzahl von DDoS Agenten zum Einsatz. Die DDoS Angriffe sind grosflachig verteilt und koordiniert. Die Anzahl der an einem Angriff beteiligten DDoS Agenten kann variieren. Der Funktionsablauf eines DDoS Angriffs kann in zwei zeitlich nacheinander ablaufenden Phasen unterteilt werden. In Phase I sucht der Angreifer zunachst nach spezifischen ASchwachstellen im Netzwerkbereich mehrerer Rechner, den DDoS Agenten, in denen er anschliesend mittels automatisiert ablaufender Exploits das DDoS Agentenprogramm installiert. In Phase Ⅱ werden die DDoS Agenten von einem als zentraler Master programmierten Handler-Rechner angewiesen, ein gemeinsames Zielsystem anzugreifen. Auf ein gezieltes Befehls- kommando des Angreifers hin aktiviert der Handler-Server durch Absendung entsprechender Befehlssequenzen die einzelnen DDoS Agenten. Das angegriffene System beginnt die Datenflut von Anfragen zu bearbeiten. In der Regel werden dabei mehr Anfragen gestellt, als das System beantworten kann, so das seine Anfnahme- bzw. Verarbeitungskapazitat nicht ausreicht. In Phase Ⅰ ist der Angreifer wegen der Verbreiten der bosen Programm nach dem Gesetz zum Forderung der Kommunikationsnetz und zum Schutz der Daten strafbar. In Phase Ⅱ ist er wegen Unterdrucken der elektronischen Daten(§ 366 KStGB), Computersabotage(§ 314 Abs.2 KStGB) und Sabotage durch die Absendung der massiven Daten(Gesetz zum Forderung der Kommuni- kationsnetz und zum Schutz der Daten) strafbar.
PPARγ Downregulation by TGFß in Fibroblast and Impaired Expression and Function in Systemic Sclerosis: A Novel Mechanism for Progressive Fibrogenesis (2010)

The nuclear orphan receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) is expressed in multiple cell types in addition to adipocytes. Upon its activation by natural ligands such as fatty acids and eicosanoids, or by synthetic agonists such as rosiglitazone, PPAR-γ regulates adipogenesis, glucose uptake and inflammatory responses. Recent studies establish a novel role for PPAR-γ signaling as an endogenous mechanism for regulating transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß)-dependent fibrogenesis. Here, we sought to characterize PPAR-γ function in the prototypic fibrosing disorder systemic sclerosis (SSc), and delineate the factors governing PPAR-γ expression. We report that PPAR-γ levels were markedly diminished in skin and lung biopsies from patients with SSc, and in fibroblasts explanted from the lesional skin. In normal fibroblasts, treatment with TGF-ß resulted in a time- and dose-dependent down-regulation of PPAR-γ expression. Inhibition occurred at the transcriptional level and was mediated via canonical Smad signal transduction. Genome-wide expression profiling of SSc skin biopsies revealed a marked attenuation of PPAR-γ levels and transcriptional activity in a subset of patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc, which was correlated with the presence of a "TGF-ß responsive gene signature" in these biopsies. Together, these results demonstrate that the expression and function of PPAR-γ are impaired in SSc, and reveal the existence of a reciprocal inhibitory cross-talk between TGF-ß activation and PPAR-γ signaling in the context of fibrogenesis. In light of the potent anti-fibrotic effects attributed to PPAR-γ, these observations lead us to propose that excessive TGF-ß activity in SSc accounts for impaired PPAR-γ function, which in turn contributes to unchecked fibroblast activation and progressive fibrosis.
Photoconductive Coaxial Nanotubes of Molecularly Connected Electron Donor and Acceptor Layers (2006)

Controlled self-assembly of a trinitrofluorenone-appended gemini-shaped amphiphilic hexabenzocoronene selectively formed nanotubes or microfibers with different photochemical properties. In these nanotubes, which are 16 nanometers in diameter and several micrometers long, a molecular layer of electron-accepting trinitrofluorenone laminates an electron-donating graphitic layer of pi-stacked hexabenzocoronene. The coaxial nanotubular structure allows photochemical generation of spatially separated charge carriers and a quick photoconductive response with a large on/off ratio greater than 10(4). In sharp contrast, the microfibers consist of a charge-transfer complex between the hexabenzocoronene and trinitrofluorenone parts and exhibit almost no photocurrent generation.
Intraperitoneal Fluid Neopterin, Nitrate, and Tryptophan After Regional Administration of Interleukin-12 (2003)

Activated monocytes-macrophages may be associated with antitumor activity, and activation of these cells by certain cytokines, primarily interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), can be indicated by alterations in the concentrations of neopterin, nitrate, or tryptophan. Specimens of peritoneal fluid were obtained from patients with intra-abdominal neoplasia who were undergoing treatment in a phase I trial of weekly intraperitoneal recombinant interleukin-12 (rhIL-12), an inducer of IFN-gamma. Concentrations of neopterin, nitrate, tryptophan, IFN-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were determined at various times during the first 48 hours in 11 patients who received intraperitoneal rhIL-12 in doses ranging from 100 to 1,500 ng/kg. An increase in peritoneal fluid nitrate concentrations was observed in nine of these patients. Increased concentrations of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma were detected in 3 of 9 and 8 of 11 patients, respectively. Increased peritoneal fluid neopterin concentrations were detected by 24 hours after the injection in all patients studied. A significant increase in the ascitic fluid neopterin level could still be detected after 1 or 2 weeks of treatment (mean +/- standard error, 7.8 +/- 1.5 nM vs. 4.6 +/- 0.3 nM; Wilcoxon test, p = 0.0019), which is consistent with monocyte-macrophage activation. In contrast, the tryptophan concentration was lower (4.7 +/- 1.1 microM vs. 6.1 +/- 1.2 microM; p = 0.0428) after 1 or 2 weeks of treatment. There was a significant correlation between the dose of rhIL-12 and posttreatment neopterin concentrations (r(s) = 0.559, p = 0.0102). The intraperitoneal delivery of rhIL-12 appears to be associated with an immediate, sustained, and dose-dependent increase in peritoneal fluid neopterin, associated in most patients by an increase in IFN-gamma and in certain patients by an increase in nitrate and a decrease in tryptophan concentrations.
ChemInform Abstract: MERCURY‐SENSITIZED PHOTODISSOCIATION OF THE SILICON‐SILICON BOND. SYNTHESIS OF METHYLFLUORODISILANES VIA A DISILANE ′METHATHESIS′ REACTION (1978)

Abstract Bei gleichzeitiger Spaltung der H‐Si‐Bindungen in den Silanen (I) und der Si‐Si‐Bindungen in den Disilanen (II) durch eine Hg‐sensitivierte Photolyse entstehen überwiegend unsymm. substituierte Disilane wie (III).
Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease (2010)

Gut microbiota is an assortment of microorganisms inhabiting the length and width of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. The composition of this microbial community is host specific, evolving throughout an individual's lifetime and susceptible to both exogenous and endogenous modifications. Recent renewed interest in the structure and function of this "organ" has illuminated its central position in health and disease. The microbiota is intimately involved in numerous aspects of normal host physiology, from nutritional status to behavior and stress response. Additionally, they can be a central or a contributing cause of many diseases, affecting both near and far organ systems. The overall balance in the composition of the gut microbial community, as well as the presence or absence of key species capable of effecting specific responses, is important in ensuring homeostasis or lack thereof at the intestinal mucosa and beyond. The mechanisms through which microbiota exerts its beneficial or detrimental influences remain largely undefined, but include elaboration of signaling molecules and recognition of bacterial epitopes by both intestinal epithelial and mucosal immune cells. The advances in modeling and analysis of gut microbiota will further our knowledge of their role in health and disease, allowing customization of existing and future therapeutic and prophylactic modalities.
A randomised, single-blind, single-centre clinical trial to evaluate comparative clinical efficacy of shampoos containing ciclopirox olamine (1.5%) and salicylic acid (3%), or ketoconazole (2%, Nizoral ® ) for the treatment of dandruff/seborrhoeic dermatitis (2002)

The study demonstrated that both CPO/SA and Nizoral were safe and effective in the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis.
CLC-mediated anion transport in plant cells (2008)

Plants need nitrate for growth and store the major part of it in the central vacuole of cells from root and shoot tissues. Based on few studies on the two model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, members of the large ChLoride Channel (CLC) family have been proposed to encode anion channels/transporters involved in nitrate homeostasis. Proteins from the Arabidopsis CLC family (AtClC, comprising seven members) are present in various membrane compartments including the vacuolar membrane (AtClCa), Golgi vesicles (AtClCd and AtClCf) or chloroplast membranes (AtClCe). Through a combination of electrophysiological and genetic approaches, AtClCa was shown to function as a 2NO3-/1H+ exchanger that is able to accumulate specifically nitrate into the vacuole, in agreement with the main phenotypic trait of knockout mutant plants that accumulate 50 per cent less nitrate than their wild-type counterparts. The set-up of a functional complementation assay relying on transient expression of AtClCa cDNA in the mutant background opens the way for studies on structure-function relationships of the AtClCa nitrate transporter. Such studies will reveal whether important structural determinants identified in bacterial or mammalian CLCs are also crucial for AtClCa transport activity and regulation.
The HIV-1 Rev protein: a model system for coupled RNA transport and translation. (1991)

The impact of the Rev protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) on RNA transport, intranuclear RNA distribution, and gene expression was examined for two Rev-dependent expression systems by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunofluorescence, S1 nuclease protection, and functional assays. In the pgTat expression system, which utilizes authentic HIV-1 splice signals, unspliced mRNA remained entrapped in the nucleus in the absence of Rev and was exported to the cytoplasm in its presence, consistent with published findings. In the pSVAR expression system, significant levels of mRNA were found in the nucleus and cytoplasm in both the presence and absence of Rev, but only in the presence of Rev was mRNA translated into protein. The presence of cytoplasmic untranslated mRNA in the absence of Rev was demonstrated by in situ hybridization analysis of individual cells as well as by S1 nuclease analysis of cell populations. The results indicate that Rev has the potential to affect translation as well as transport, suggesting the possibility that cellular mechanisms exist whereby the translational efficiency of an mRNA may be affected by the manner in which it is transported from the nucleus. Fluorescence hybridization also provided high-resolution visualization of the intranuclear distribution of RNAs containing the Rev response element. This demonstrated for both expression systems that mRNA was not highly localized in tracks or around the nucleolus in the presence or absence of Rev, a nucleolar protein, but was more widely distributed throughout the nucleus. In pgTat transfectants, HIV-1 RNA often became localized in 5 to 20 discrete large intranuclear clusters in the presence of Rev, the potential significance of which is discussed.
Regulation of the Yeast HO Gene (1985)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two haploid cell types (a and α) which can mate to form a third cell type: the a/α diploid. Cell type is primarily determined by the information encoded at the mating-type (MAT) locus. A haploid carries either the MATa or the MATα allele, and the diploid carries both. Master regulator genes, encoded by these two MAT alleles, affect the expression of many genes and thereby cause cell type-specific differentiation. Two genes from MATα (called α1 and β2) and one gene from MATa (a1) are involved in regulating cell-type-specific processes. The α1 gene product induces transcription of α-specific genes, while α2 turns off a-specific genes. In a cells, and indeed in cells lacking active MAT genes, a-specific genes are constitutively expressed. When the a/α diploid is formed, a1 and α2 both act to turn off α1 transcription, to repress haploid specific gene expression, and to induce diploid specific...
Endocannabinoids in nervous system health and disease: the big picture in a nutshell (2012)

The psychoactive component of the cannabis resin and flowers, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), was first isolated in 1964, and at least 70 other structurally related 'phytocannabinoid' compounds have since been identified. The serendipitous identification of a G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor at which THC is active in the brain heralded an explosion in cannabinoid research. Elements of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) comprise the cannabinoid receptors, a family of nascent lipid ligands, the 'endocannabinoids' and the machinery for their biosynthesis and metabolism. The function of the ECS is thus defined by modulation of these receptors, in particular, by two of the best-described ligands, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and anandamide (arachidonylethanolamide). Research on the ECS has recently aroused enormous interest not only for the physiological functions, but also for the promising therapeutic potentials of drugs interfering with the activity of cannabinoid receptors. Many of the former relate to stress-recovery systems and to the maintenance of homeostatic balance. Among other functions, the ECS is involved in neuroprotection, modulation of nociception, regulation of motor activity, neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and the control of certain phases of memory processing. In addition, the ECS acts to modulate the immune and inflammatory responses and to maintain a positive energy balance. This theme issue aims to provide the reader with an overview of ECS pharmacology, followed by discussions on the pivotal role of this system in the modulation of neurogenesis in the developing and adult organism, memory processes and synaptic plasticity, as well as in pathological pain and brain ageing. The volume will conclude with discussions that address the proposed therapeutic applications of targeting the ECS for the treatment of neurodegeneration, pain and mental illness.
Activity-Dependent Signaling Pathways Controlling Muscle Diversity and Plasticity (2007)

A variety of fiber types with different contractile and metabolic properties is present in mammalian skeletal muscle. The fiber-type profile is controlled by nerve activity via specific signaling pathways, whose identification may provide potential therapeutic targets for the prevention and treatment of metabolic and neuromuscular diseases.
Diffusible cytotoxic metabolites contribute to the in vitro bystander effect associated with the cyclophosphamide/cytochrome P450 2B1 cancer gene therapy paradigm. (1995)

Tumor cells become sensitive to the inert prodrug cyclophosphamide (CPA) after transfer of the gene encoding cytochrome P450 2B1. This enzyme activates CPA into 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, which ultimately degrades into acrolein and phosphoramide mustard, the anticancer and DNA-alkylating metabolite. It is imperative that any prodrug-activating gene therapy strategy against cancer possess the capacity to affect the proliferation of tumor cells even when they do not express the transgene (bystander effect), because current methodologies cannot achieve gene transduction in all tumor cells. Prodrug-activating gene therapy schemes described to date exhibit a bystander effect that is not mediated by conditioned medium in culture and may depend on cell contact. In contrast, we find that CPA-sensitized, P450-expressing C6 glioma cells (C6-P450) transfer cytotoxicity to nonexpressing cells by releasing diffusible metabolites through the medium. A 3-h exposure to the prodrug is necessary and sufficient to achieve killing of the transfected cells, and medium conditioned by these cells can kill untransfected cells with similar potency. This bystander effect occurs in the presence of CPA even when only 10% of cells in culture express the P450 2B1 gene, and it is not reproduced by cells that have been irradiated. In an animal model of intracerebral brain tumors, expression of the P450 2B1 gene within the neoplastic cells enhanced significantly the antitumor effect of CPA, even when it was administered systemically. This study shows that CPA/P450 2B1 gene therapy represents a novel tumor-killing strategy that displays an expanded range of cytotoxic action both spatially and temporally within tumor cells and significantly potentiates the anticancer action of CPA when administered i.v.
Evaluation of packed capillary perfusion column HPLC/MS/MS for the rapid mapping and sequencing of enzymic digests (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEvaluation of packed capillary perfusion column HPLC/MS/MS for the rapid mapping and sequencing of enzymic digestsD. B. Kassel, Bori. Shushan, Takeo. Sakuma, and Jean Pierre. SalzmannCite this: Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 2, 236–243Publication Date (Print):January 15, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 January 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00074a010RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views122Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (878 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Multiple Enzymatic Activities of the Murein Hydrolase from Staphylococcal Phage φ11 (1999)

Bacteriophage muralytic enzymes degrade the cell wall envelope of staphylococci to release phage particles from the bacterial cytoplasm. Murein hydrolases of staphylococcal phages phi11, 80alpha, 187, Twort, and phiPVL harbor a central domain that displays sequence homology to known N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl amidases; however, their precise cleavage sites on the staphylococcal peptidoglycan have thus far not been determined. Here we examined the properties of the phi11 enzyme to hydrolyze either the staphylococcal cell wall or purified cell wall anchor structures attached to surface protein. Our results show that the phi11 enzyme has D-alanyl-glycyl endopeptidase as well as N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl amidase activity. Analysis of a deletion mutant lacking the amidase-homologous sequence, phi11(Delta181-381), revealed that the D-alanyl-glycyl endopeptidase activity is contained within the N-terminal 180 amino acid residues of the polypeptide chain. Sequences similar to this N-terminal domain are found in the murein hydrolases of staphylococcal phages but not in those of phages that infect other Gram-positive bacteria such as Listeria or Bacillus.
Collagen gel and membrane in guided tissue regeneration in periodontal fenestration defects in dogs (1996)

The effect of a collagen gel matrix as a submembranous space-maintaining material was evaluated in guided tissue regeneration procedures. In 4 dogs, contralateral surgical circular fenestration defects, 5 mm in diameter, were produced at the midbuccal aspect of the alveolar bone in 8 maxillary canines. Removal of bone, PDL and cementum was complete. Experimental sites were filled with collagen gel and covered with collagen membranes; control sites were covered with collagen membranes and the underlying space was spontaneously filled with blood. Mucogingival flaps were repositioned. Histological and histomorphometric observations, 6 weeks post-surgery, indicated that defects covered by collagen membranes presented the most impressive regeneration with almost complete coverage of the denuded root by new cementum (98.4%) and new bone (63.2%). In the experimental defects, 83.5% coverage of new cementum with only 21.9% new bone regeneration was observed. These results suggest that collagen gel, interfered with healing by PDL and bone-derived cells in the submembranous space.
Third-order nonlinear spectroscopy in As2S3 chalcogenide glass fibers (1995)

Third-order nonlinear optical properties of As2S3-based glass fibers are studied at a wavelength of around 1.55 μm. Through time-resolved pump-probe measurements and analysis of spectrum broadening due to self phase modulation, it is confirmed that As2S3-based glass fibers are capable of instantaneous nonlinear refractive response to a subpicosecond pulse. Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) with a Stokes shift Δk=344 cm−1 is observed using a picosecond pump pulse. The Raman gain coefficient was estimated to be 4.4×10−12 (m/W), which is two orders of magnitude higher than that for silica fiber. The relaxation time of the Raman contribution to nonlinear refraction is estimated to be 97 fs and the influence of the SRS on subpicosecond pulse propagation is observed as a low-frequency Raman gain. The two-photon absorption (TPA) coefficient is estimated to be α2=6.2×10−15 (m/W) through a transmission change measurement. The TPA figure of merit for As2S3 glass at a wavelength of 1.55 μm is estimated to be low enough for all-optical switching applications.