gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DSP-based optical access approaches for enhancing NG-PON2 systems (2013)

Motivated by recent progress in next-generation PON2, or NG-PON2, standardization, this article reviews digital signal processing technologies to further enhance NG-PON2 systems by realizing flexible and cost-effective optical access network deployments. First, flexible speed upgrades by DSP-enabled advanced modulation and multiplexing approaches are described, followed by a consideration of cost-performance trade-offs. Next, reach extension using DSP-based digital coherent reception and impairment compensation is overviewed. Finally, as a future goal, access network virtualization with reconfigurable optical line terminals and optical network units is discussed.
The gene coding for protein p60 of Listeria monocytogenes and its use as a specific probe for Listeria monocytogenes (1990)

The gene of Listeria monocytogenes that encodes a major extracellular protein (p60) was cloned in Escherichia coli. The gene was designated iap, as p60 was previously shown to represent an invasion-associated protein (M. Kuhn and W. Goebel, Infect. Immun. 57:55-61, 1989). The recombinant E. coli clone expressed p60, as shown by immunoblotting. The complete nucleotide sequence of iap was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence of p60 (484 amino acids) contains a putative N-terminal signal sequence of 27 amino acids and an extended repeat region consisting of 19 threonine-asparagine units. Hybridization with the entire iap gene revealed the presence of homologous sequences in most other Listeria species. In contrast, a 400-base-pair internal iap probe which contained the whole repeat region hybridized only with genomic DNA from L. monocytogenes. Four oligonucleotides previously described as specific probes for the detection of L. monocytogenes (A. R. Datta, B. A. Wentz, D. Shook, and M. W. Trucksess, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:2933-2937, 1988) were shown to be part of the iap gene.
Petri Net-Based Optimal One-Wafer Scheduling of Single-Arm Multi-Cluster Tools in Semiconductor Manufacturing (2013)

In operating a multi-cluster tool, it needs to coordinate the activities of multiple robots. Thus, it is very challenging to schedule it. This paper conducts a study on one-wafer cyclic scheduling for multi-cluster tools whose bottleneck cluster tool is process-bound. The system is modeled by a Petri net. With this model, conditions under which a one-wafer cyclic schedule exists are developed. Based on them, it is shown that, for any multi-cluster tool whose bottleneck cluster tool is process-bound, there is always a one-wafer cyclic schedule. Then, a method is presented to find the minimal cycle time and the optimal one-wafer cyclic schedule. It is computationally efficient. Illustrative examples are used to show the applications and effectiveness of the proposed method.
In Situ Cross-linkable Hyaluronan Hydrogels Containing Polymeric Nanoparticles for Preventing Postsurgical Adhesions (2007)

The hybrid cross-linked HA-nanoparticle system described here appears to be a biocompatible and highly effective adhesion barrier, which could also deliver antiadhesion drugs.
Micropatterned Schwann Cell–Seeded Biodegradable Polymer Substrates Significantly Enhance Neurite Alignment and Outgrowth (2001)

Biomimetic strategies were employed to promote directional outgrowth of neurites in vitro by using a synergistic combination of physical, chemical, and cellular cues. Compression molded and solvent cast biodegradable polymer substrates made of poly(D,L-lactic acid) were micropatterned to form grooves on the substrate surfaces. Laminin was localized in the grooves, and rat sciatic Schwann cells were seeded on the substrates. Whole as well as dissociated rat dorsal root ganglia were seeded on the substrates along with Schwann cells, and neurite outgrowth and alignment were measured. The micropatterns provide physical guidance, laminin provides chemical cues, and the Schwann cells provide biological cues to the axons. The presence of Schwann cells in the grooves was found to promote neurite alignment as well as outgrowth and help the neurites orient even on shallower grooves and exhibit continued alignment even as the grooves degrade. The synergistic combination of physical, chemical, and cellular guidance enabled greater than 98% alignment of neurites and accelerated outgrowth of neurites in the direction of the microgrooves.
VoxelNet: End-to-End Learning for Point Cloud Based 3D Object Detection (2017)

Accurate detection of objects in 3D point clouds is a central problem in many applications, such as autonomous navigation, housekeeping robots, and augmented/virtual reality. To interface a highly sparse LiDAR point cloud with a region proposal network (RPN), most existing efforts have focused on hand-crafted feature representations, for example, a bird's eye view projection. In this work, we remove the need of manual feature engineering for 3D point clouds and propose VoxelNet, a generic 3D detection network that unifies feature extraction and bounding box prediction into a single stage, end-to-end trainable deep network. Specifically, VoxelNet divides a point cloud into equally spaced 3D voxels and transforms a group of points within each voxel into a unified feature representation through the newly introduced voxel feature encoding (VFE) layer. In this way, the point cloud is encoded as a descriptive volumetric representation, which is then connected to a RPN to generate detections. Experiments on the KITTI car detection benchmark show that VoxelNet outperforms the state-of-the-art LiDAR based 3D detection methods by a large margin. Furthermore, our network learns an effective discriminative representation of objects with various geometries, leading to encouraging results in 3D detection of pedestrians and cyclists, based on only LiDAR.
Role of epitope density in the induction of immunity and tolerance with thymus‐independent antigens. II. Studies with 2,4‐dinitrophenyl conjugates in vivo (1975)

Abstract The immunogenicity and tolerogenicity of 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP) conjugates of levan, type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII), dextran B512 and dextran B 1299 with different levels of substitution were assessed in vivo . It was confirmed that, as in vitro , conjugates with low epitope density are solely immunogenic for B μ cells, whereas higher density conjugates are both immunogenic and tolerogenic according to dosage. The maximal anti‐DNP plaque‐forming cell responses attainable varied by 2 log 10 according to the carrier, being greatest with dextrans and least with SIII. The effect of the carrier on immunogenicity was not attributable to B cells responding to it, as concurrent tolerization by either free polysaccharide or the conjugate itself was without effect. Optimal immunization was succeeded by varying degrees of responsiveness (“exhaustion”) which was greatest with the more immunogenic conjugates. In contrast, reduction of tolerizing dose by cyclophosphamide suppression was only a feature of more highly substituted conjugates.
User-Level Infrastructure for System Call Interposition: A Platform for Intrusion Detection and Confinement. (2000)

Several new approaches for detecting malicious attacks on computer systems and/or confining untrusted or malicious applications have emerged over the past several years. These techniques often rely on the fact that when a system is attacked from a remote location over a network, damage can ultimately be inflicted only via system calls made by processes running on the target system. This factor has lead to a surge of interest in developing infrastructures that enable secure interception and modification of system calls made by processes running on the target system. Most known approaches for solving this problem have relied on an in-kernel approach, where the interception mechanisms as well as the intrusion detection/confinement systems are implemented within the operating system kernel. We explore an alternative approach that uses mechanisms provided by most variants of the UNIX operating system to implement system call interposition at user level, where the system calls made by one process are monitored by another process. Some of the key problems that need to solved in developing such an approach are: providing adequate set of capabilities in the infrastructure, portability of the security enhancements and the infrastructure itself across different operating systems, and minimizing performance overheads associated with interception for a wide range of applications. We present a solution that satisfactorily addresses these issues, and can thus lead to a platform for rapid development and deployment of robust intrusion detectors, confinement systems and other application-specific security enhancements. 1
Three-Dimensional Imaging for Creating Real-World-Like Environments (2012)

Three-dimensional imaging is still not in the full commercial stage, but its application is widening due to its capability of creating real-world-like environments. This capability is especially important in realizing reality communication and telepresence operations in medical and unreachable places. For these applications, technologies for interacting with objects in the 3-D image should also be developed. The widespread use of 3-D images is expected in near future, but before that, problems of minimizing physical stresses, especially eye fatigue, should be solved for 3-D imaging. Currently, expected solutions to the problems are electroholography and super multiview methods. These two methods work at different principles, but they both can provide the continuous parallax as in the real-world scenes/objects. Electroholography can also provide focusable depth information to the viewers, though its viewing zone angle is limited. For the super multiview, it is not apparent that it can provide the focusable depth information, but it can provide more comfortable viewing condition than the holography because of its wider viewing zone angle.
Inhibition of Endosomal/Lysosomal Degradation Increases the Infectivity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (2002)

Productive entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into a host cell is believed to proceed via fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell's plasma membrane. Interestingly, the majority of HIV-1 particles that bind to the cell surface are taken up by the host cell via endocytosis; however, this mode of internalization generally does not result in infection. Presumably, virus particles remain trapped in the endocytic pathway and are eventually degraded. Here, we demonstrate that treatment of cells with various pharmacological agents known to elevate the pH of endosomes and lysosomes allows HIV-1 to efficiently enter and infect the host cell. Pretreatment of cells with bafilomycin A1 results in up to a 50-fold increase in the infectivity of HIV-1(SF2). Similarly, pretreatment of target cells with amantadine, concanamycin A, concanamycin B, chloroquine, and ammonium chloride resulted in increases in HIV-1 infectivity ranging between 2- and 15-fold. Analysis of receptor and coreceptor expression, HIV-long terminal repeat (LTR) transactivation, and transduction with amphotropic-pseudotyped murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based vectors suggests that the increase in infectivity is not artifactual. The increased infectivity under these conditions appears to be due to the ability of HIV-1 and MLV particles to enter via the endocytic pathway when spared from degradation in the late endosomes and lysosomes. These results could have significant implications for the administration of current and future lysosmotropic agents to patients with HIV disease.
Naloxone in septic shock (1990)

Treatment of septic shock is a persistent dilemma. The clinical use of agents such as naloxone has resulted in variable success. Because the dosage and timing of these agents are considered critical factors in their efficacy, we investigated both dosage and timing of naloxone. Thirteen consecutive patients with documented septic shock and resistance to a one-liter fluid challenge underwent invasive hemodynamic monitoring and the administration of naloxone by initial bolus of 0.03 mg/kg followed by infusion at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg.h over one hour. During the one-hour observation period, iv fluid administration, concomitant pressor agents, and respirator values were constant. After infusion, adjustments in fluid administration, respirator status, and pressor agents were made as required by the clinical situation. A significant increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) over baseline (60 +/- 3 mm Hg) was noted at 5 min (77 +/- 6 mm Hg, p less than .005) and at 30 min (73 +/- 6 mm Hg, p less than .025). Similarly, a significant increase in systolic arterial pressure was noted over prenaloxone levels (89 +/- 3 mm Hg) at 5 min (114 +/- 6 mm Hg, p less than .001), 30 min (107 +/- 8 mm Hg, p less than .05), and at one hour (106 +/- 8 mm Hg, p less than .05). There was a moderate nonsignificant increase in cardiac index, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and systemic vascular resistance. No side-effects to naloxone were noted in our group. No effect on survival could be demonstrated. We found no overall effect on mortality. However, by its increase of MAP, naloxone may serve as a temporizing agent during the treatment of critically ill patients with septic shock.
Angiogenesis as a Target for Tumor Treatment (1997)

Angiogenesis is a key step in tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Thus, antiangiogenic therapy was postulated to be an attractive approach for antitumor treatment. Based on today's knowledge, at least three strategies for inhibition of angiogenesis are feasible: (1) inhibition of release of angiogenic factors from tumor cells and/or neutralization of angiogenic molecules that have already been released: (2) inhibition of vascular endothelial cell proliferation and migration, and (3) inhibition of the synthesis and turnover of vessel basement membrane. To date, a number of antiangiogenic agents have been identified. In animal models, treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors has proven antitumor effects. Early clinical experience with angiogenic inhibitors indicates that optimal antiangiogenic therapy in the future is likely to be based on the long-term administration to cancer patients in adjunct to surgery, radiotherapy and conventional chemotherapy.
Antigen presentation is enhanced by targeting antigen to the Fc epsilon RII by antigen-anti-Fc epsilon RII conjugates. (1994)

Targeting Ag to the Fc epsilon RII by Ag-specific IgE has been shown to be an efficient means of enhancing Ag presentation by B cells to Ag-specific T cells. To take advantage of the Fc epsilon RII as a targeting molecule and to investigate whether IgE was required for mediation of the enhanced stimulation, Ag was covalently coupled to anti-Fc epsilon RII by using heterobifunctional crosslinking reagents. These Ag-Ab conjugates were used with T cell lines specific for the Ags, OVA (BB6.5) or rabbit gamma-globulin (CDC35 and D1.6), and splenic B cells to examine both B cell and T cell proliferation in vitro. Significant presentation of Ag-anti-Fc epsilon RII conjugates was apparent at doses of Ag 1,000- to 10,000-fold lower than seen with unconjugated Ag alone. Ag presentation with the use of anti-Fc epsilon RII-Ag conjugates was as good as or better than conjugates with Ab to the adhesion molecule Pgp-1 or control Ab in T cell proliferation and better than those conjugates in B cell proliferation assays (10- to 100-fold). Anti-Fc epsilon RII-Ag conjugates were clearly more effectively presented than Ag-anti-Fc gamma RII conjugates (> 100-fold). Mouse Fc epsilon RII is presently known to be expressed on B cells and follicular dendritic cells and these in vitro results suggest that the conjugates would be useful tools for investigating the role of IgE-mediated B cell Ag presentation in vivo. BALB/c mice immunized with OVA-anti-Fc epsilon RII conjugates made a quite significant OVA-specific IgG1 response and a detectable IgE response. No detectable Ab was produced in response to OVA alone and a minimal response was seen when an isotype-matched control conjugate was used. Thus, the results indicate that Fc epsilon RII targeting is operative both in vivo and in vitro.
Strength of glass from Hertzian line contact (2011)

In optical lens assembly, metal retaining rings are often used to hold the lens in place. If we mount a lens to a sharp metal edge using normal retention force, high compressive stress is loaded to the interface and the calculated tensile stress near the contact area from Hertzian contact appears higher than allowable. Therefore, conservative designs are used to ensure that glass will not fracture during assembly and operation. We demonstrate glass survival with very high levels of stress. This paper analyzes the high contact stress between glass lenses and metal mounts using finite element model and to predict its effect on the glass strength with experimental data. We show that even though contact damage may occur under high surface tensile stress, the stress region is shallow compared to the existing flaw depth. So that glass strength will not be degraded and the component can survive subsequent applied stresses.
Id: A Target of BMP Signaling (2002)

Cytokines of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily transduce their signals by activating receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads). Distinct R-Smads or combinations of R-Smads are activated by TGF-β, activin, or bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). R-Smads activated by BMPs induce expression of Id proteins, which act as inhibitors of differentiation and stimulators of cell growth by inhibiting the function of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. In endothelial cells, TGF-β binds to two distinct type I receptor serine-threonine kinases, ALK-5 and ALK-1; the latter activates the same R-Smads that are activated by BMP and induces synthesis of Id (inhibitor of differentation or inhibitor of DNA binding) proteins. Growing evidence suggests that Id proteins may play crucial roles in angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and osteogenesis and act as key molecules in regulating biological responses induced by BMPs and TGF-β.
Tomosynthesis Breast Imaging Early Detection and Characterization of Breast Cancer (2000)

Abstract : A digital tomosynthesis mammography method was developed with which to obtain tomographic images of the breast by acquiring a series of low radiation dose images as the x-ray tube moves in an arc above the breast. Reconstruction algorithms were developed and implemented for rapid reconstruction of breast tomograms. A tomosynthesis study producing tomograms through the whole breast can be performed with a total dose that is equivalent to one conventional mammogram. The optimum number of views is seven to nine and optimum tomographic angle 30 to 40 degrees. MTF or spatial resolution for tomosynthesis was similar to that of 2 dimensional images and SNR is approximately equal to conventional mammograms even with equivalent total radiation dose. A reader study using the developed complex background phantom indicate improved lesion detection with tomosynthesis, for both round and spiculated masses, a mastectomy specimen reader study showed that the lesion margins can be better assessed with tomosynthesis as compared to film-screen mammography.
Alpha and beta human transforming growth factors stimulate prostaglandin production and bone resorption in cultured mouse calvaria. (1985)

Human alpha and beta transforming growth factors (TGF-alpha and TGF-beta) stimulated the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and bone resorption in neonatal mouse calvaria in organ culture. Significant stimulation of bone resorption by TGF-alpha was observed with a concentration of 0.2 ng/ml (35 pM) and by TGF-beta with 0.2 ng/ml (8.0 pM). Enhanced production of PGE2 and bone resorption stimulated by either TGF-alpha or TGF-beta were both inhibited by indomethacin. We conclude that TGF-alpha and TGF-beta are potent and powerful stimulators of the resorption of mouse bone by a mechanism that involves the enhanced local production of PGE2.
Options for the Treatment of Gemcitabine-Resistant Advanced Pancreatic Cancer (2016)

The evidence for second line treatments of metastatic pancreatic cancer consists mostly of single arm, small phase II studies. Oxaliplatin-fluoropyrimidine combinations appear promising and have shown increased survival compared to best supportive care. As the molecular pathways governing pancreatic cancer are unravelled, novel targeted therapies may offer the greatest promise for this disease either given alone, combined with one another, or with cytotoxic agents. The need for further, collaborative research is emphasised.
Modulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression. Desensitization of prostaglandin E2-induced suppression. (1989)

PGE2, an immune mediator, is an inhibitor of LPS-stimulated TNF production and gene transcription. In the present study we determined whether pretreatment with PGE2 could desensitize the suppressive function of PGE2 for the production of macrophage (MO)-derived TNF. CFA-elicited MO were incubated with PGE2 or medium only, washed, and then challenged with graded doses of LPS (0.001 to 1000 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of new PGE2. The concomitant addition of PGE2 with LPS shifted the LPS concentration-effect curve 16-fold to the right with a 52% decrease in the maximum LPS response, while MO pretreated with PGE2, washed, and incubated with LPS plus new PGE2 were desensitized to TNF regulation. These latter conditions resulted in a complete loss of the ability of PGE2 to inhibit MO TNF production as demonstrated by no significant change in the EC50 of LPS. In addition, the PGE2 concentration effect curve was shifted to the right after pretreatment of MO, suggesting a desensitized PGE2 receptor system. At the transcriptional level, pretreatment of MO with PGE2 attenuated the ability of new PGE2 to inhibit LPS-dependent TNF mRNA expression. Further studies demonstrated that, although the concomitant addition of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin plus LPS could increase TNF production, MO pretreated with indomethacin, washed, and then challenged with LPS demonstrated an inhibition of TNF expression. MO pretreated with indomethacin also demonstrated an increased sensitivity for exogenous PGE2-induced suppression of TNF mRNA and bioactivity. These investigations further support the role of PGE2 as an immunomodulating compound that may effectively regulate the local concentration of specific monokines needed to maintain an inflammatory lesion.