gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ion implantation in GaN at liquid-nitrogen temperature: Structural characteristics and amorphization (1998)

This paper deals with the results of a systematic investigation of damage generation and accumulation until amorphization induced by 180 keV ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ implantation in GaN films at liquid-nitrogen temperature. The structure of GaN films before and after implantation was characterized by Rutherford backscattering/channeling, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, and high-resolution x-ray diffraction. The as-implanted GaN films exhibits an expanded lattice. Its texture was determined by pole figure measurement. An amorphous component has been found after ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ implantation at doses not less than $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}.$ This suggests that ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ implantation for $p$-type doping be carried out below this dose, in order to avoid unrecoverable structural damage and to achieve better transport properties. On the other hand, implantation with higher doses is generally needed to compensate for the native electron background of GaN and to realize $p$-type reversal. This conflict uncovers the essential difficulty for $p$-type doping of GaN by ion implantation. The maximum damage concentration exists in a depth of 100 nm below the surface, which corresponds to the mean projected range, and broadens gradually towards surface and greater depth with increasing ion fluence. The thresholds for the amorphization of GaN films are revealed to be $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ for both ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ implantation. The amorphization mechanism is discussed and the accumulation of amorphous clusters seems to be the reason for the collapse of GaN crystalline.
Thermal management of 3D IC integration with TSV (through silicon via) (2009)

Thermal performances of 3D stacked TSV (through silicon via) chips filled with copper are investigated based on heat-transfer CFD (computational fluid dynamic) analyses. Emphases are placed on the determination of (1) empirical equations for the equivalent thermal conductive of chips with various copper-filled TSV diameters, pitches, and aspect ratios, (2) the junction temperature and thermal resistance of 3D stacking of up to 8 TSV chips, and (3) the effect of thickness of the TSV chip on its hot spot temperature. Useful design charts and guidelines are provided for engineering practice convenient.
B7-H1 Expressed by Activated CD8 T Cells Is Essential for Their Survival (2011)

An immunoinhibitory role of B7 homologue 1 (B7-H1) expressed by non-T cells has been established; however, the function of B7-H1 expressed by T cells is not clear. Peak expression of B7-H1 on Ag-primed CD8 T cells was observed during the contraction phase of an immune response. Unexpectedly, B7-H1 blockade at this stage reduced the numbers of effector CD8 T cells, suggesting B7-H1 blocking Ab may disturb an unknown function of B7-H1 expressed by CD8 T cells. To exclusively examine the role of B7-H1 expressed by T cells, we introduced B7-H1 deficiency into TCR transgenic (OT-1) mice. Naive B7-H1-deficient CD8 T cells proliferated normally following Ag stimulation; however, once activated, they underwent more robust contraction in vivo and more apoptosis in vitro. In addition, B7-H1-deficient CD8 T cells were more sensitive to Ca-dependent and Fas ligand-dependent killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Activation-induced Bcl-x(L) expression was lower in activated B7-H1-deficient CD8 T cells, whereas Bcl-2 and Bim expression were comparable to the wild type. Transfer of effector B7-H1-deficient CD8 T cells failed to suppress tumor growth in vivo. Thus, upregulation of B7-H1 on primed T cells helps effector T cells survive the contraction phase and consequently generate optimal protective immunity.
Mitochondrial H2O2 emission and cellular redox state link excess fat intake to insulin resistance in both rodents and humans (2009)

High dietary fat intake leads to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, and this represents a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been implicated in the disease process, but the underlying mechanisms are still unknown. Here we show that in skeletal muscle of both rodents and humans, a diet high in fat increases the H(2)O(2)-emitting potential of mitochondria, shifts the cellular redox environment to a more oxidized state, and decreases the redox-buffering capacity in the absence of any change in mitochondrial respiratory function. Furthermore, we show that attenuating mitochondrial H(2)O(2) emission, either by treating rats with a mitochondrial-targeted antioxidant or by genetically engineering the overexpression of catalase in mitochondria of muscle in mice, completely preserves insulin sensitivity despite a high-fat diet. These findings place the etiology of insulin resistance in the context of mitochondrial bioenergetics by demonstrating that mitochondrial H(2)O(2) emission serves as both a gauge of energy balance and a regulator of cellular redox environment, linking intracellular metabolic balance to the control of insulin sensitivity.
Administração de antibióticos por via subcutânea: uma revisão integrativa da literatura (2012)

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar os artigos científicos relacionados ao uso de antibióticos por via subcutânea em pacientes com difícil acesso venoso em cuidados paliativos quanto à tolerância local e eficácia terapêutica. MÉTODOS: Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, CINAHL, PUBMED, EMBASE e Biblioteca Cochrane, utilizando-se como referencial teórico a Prática Baseada em Evidências. RESULTADOS: 17 artigos foram selecionados com dez antibióticos diferentes, sendo o Ceftriaxona, o antibiótico mais estudado. Constatou-se a eficácia terapêutica com base nos parâmetros farmacocinéticos e clínicos. A tolerância local esteve associada à maior diluição dos antibióticos. Com administração de aminoglicosídeos, observaram-se lesões graves e necrose tecidual. A baixa tolerância reforça a restrição de uso apenas para essa classe de antibióticos. CONCLUSÃO: As previsões de eficácia terapêutica e a boa tolerância sugerem uma possibilidade a ser considerada quando se deseja uma via de administração parenteral alternativa, porém recomenda-se cautela, visto que nenhum dos estudos avaliou pacientes em cuidados paliativos.
Realistic books (2004)

For many readers, handling a physical book is an enjoyably exquisite part of the information seeking process. Many physical characteristics of a book-its size, heft, the patina of use on its pages and so on-communicate ambient qualities of the document it represents. In contrast, the experience of accessing and exploring digital library documents is often dull. The emphasis is utilitarian; technophile rather than bibliophile. We have extended the page-turning algorithm we reported at last year's JCDL into a scaleable, systematic approach that allows users to view and interact with realistic visualizations of any textual-based document in a Greenstone collection. Here, we further motivate the approach, illustrate the system in use, discuss the system architecture and present a user evaluation Our work leads us to believe that far from being a whimsical gimmick, physical book models can usefully complement conventional document viewers and increase the perceived value of a digital library system.
Curcumin, a Molecule That Inhibits the Ca2+-ATPase of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum but Increases the Rate of Accumulation of Ca2+ (2001)

Curcumin, an important inhibitor of carcinogenesis, is an inhibitor of the ATPase activity of the Ca(2+)-ATPase of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Inhibition by curcumin is structurally specific, requiring the presence of a pair of -OH groups at the 4-position of the rings. Inhibition is not competitive with ATP. Unexpectedly, addition of curcumin to SR vesicles leads to an increase in the rate of accumulation of Ca(2+), unlike other inhibitors of the Ca(2+)-ATPase that result in a reduced rate of accumulation. An increase in the rate of accumulation of Ca(2+) is seen in the presence of phosphate ion, which lowers the concentration of free Ca(2+) within the lumen of the SR, showing that the effect is not passive leak across the SR membrane. Rather, simulations suggest that the effect is to reduce the rate of slippage on the ATPase, a process in which a Ca(2+)-bound, phosphorylated intermediate releases its bound Ca(2+) on the cytoplasmic rather than on the lumenal side of the membrane. The structural specificity of the effects of curcumin on ATPase activity and on Ca(2+) accumulation is the same, and the apparent dissociation constants for the two effects are similar, suggesting that the two effects of curcumin could follow from binding to a single site on the ATPase.
Transcriptional and phenotypic comparisons of Ppara knockout and siRNA knockdown mice (2006)

RNA interference (RNAi) has great potential as a tool for studying gene function in mammals. However, the specificity and magnitude of the in vivo response to RNAi remains to be fully characterized. A molecular and phenotypic comparison of a genetic knockout mouse and the corresponding knockdown version would help clarify the utility of the RNAi approach. Here, we used hydrodynamic delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to knockdown peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (Ppara), a gene that is central to the regulation of fatty acid metabolism. We found that Ppara knockdown in the liver results in a transcript profile and metabolic phenotype that is comparable to those of Ppara-/- mice. Combining the profiles from mice treated with the PPARalpha agonist fenofibrate, we confirmed the specificity of the RNAi response and identified candidate genes proximal to PPARalpha regulation. Ppara knockdown animals developed hypoglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, phenotypes observed in Ppara-/- mice. In contrast to Ppara-/- mice, fasting was not required to uncover these phenotypes. Together, these data validate the utility of the RNAi approach and suggest that siRNA can be used as a complement to classical knockout technology in gene function studies.
The Ketogenic Diet for Intractable Epilepsy in Adults: Preliminary Results (1999)

The ketogenic diet shows promise in both adult generalized and partial epilepsy. Persistent ketosis was possible in adults, and the diet was tolerable for most patients. Further study assessing the efficacy of the ketogenic diet, and the cognitive and long-term effects is ongoing.
Nasal administration of amyloid-? peptide decreases cerebral amyloid burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (2000)

Progressive cerebral deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, an early and essential feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is accompanied by an inflammatory reaction marked by microgliosis, astrocytosis, and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Mucosal administration of disease-implicated proteins can induce antigen-specific anti-inflammatory immune responses in mucosal lymphoid tissue which then act systemically. We hypothesized that chronic mucosal administration of Aβ peptide might induce an anti-inflammatory process in AD brain tissue that could beneficially affect the neuropathological findings. To test this hypothesis, we treated PDAPP mice, a transgenic line displaying numerous neuropathological features of AD, between the ages of ∼5 and ∼12 months with human Aβ synthetic peptide mucosally each week. We found significant decreases in the cerebral Aβ plaque burden and Aβ42 levels in mice treated intranasally with Aβ peptide versus controls treated with myelin basic protein or left untreated. This lower Aβ burden was associated with decreased local microglial and astrocytic activation, decreased neuritic dystrophy, serum anti-Aβ antibodies of the IgG1 and IgG2b classes, and mononuclear cells in the brain expressing the anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4, interleukin-10, and tumor growth factor-β. Our results demonstrate that chronic nasal administration of Aβ peptide can induce an immune response to Aβ that decreases cerebral Aβ deposition, suggesting a novel mucosal immunological approach for the treatment and prevention of AD. Ann Neurol 2000;48:567–579
Human leukocyte antigens as psoriasis inheritance and susceptibility markers. (2005)

Psoriasis is a multifactoral and heterogenetically inherited disease. The role of hereditary transmission is supported by familial association, twin studies, and correlation with human leukocyte antigens (HLA). Numerous studies have proved that B13, B17, Cw6, and DR7 antigens are positively associated with psoriasis. Cw6 antigen has been repeatedly indicated to be the most significant marker for the risk prediction of the disease. On the basis of epidemiological studies and HLA analysis, a concept of two distinct disease patterns of psoriasis vulgaris was proposed. In type I psoriasis the disease has an early onset, strong correlation with Cw6, B13, B17, and DR7 antigens, and familiar inheritance. Type II psoriasis has a late onset, weak correlation with HLA antigens, and sporadic familiar occurrence. Both types seem to differ clinically. Moreover, some extended haplotypes were shown to be correlated with the disease, especially with the type I psoriasis. Although a psoriasis susceptibility gene(s) has not been yet identified, a number of candidate genes were studied, with evidence for a major locus located within the major histocompatibility complex (PSORS 1). Cw6 allele is the most extensively investigated candidate gene, but present evidence suggests that it is rather in strong linkage disequilibrium with the PSORS 1 gene than the susceptibility allele itself. This article reviews past and current data on the genetic background of psoriasis with special attention to its correlation with HLA antigens.
Highly Potent Bisphosphonate Ligands for Phosphoglycerate Kinase (1998)

We have synthesized a series of novel analogs of 1, 3-bisphospho-D-glyceric acid, 1,3-BPG,3 and evaluated their binding to phosphoglycerate kinase, PGK (EC 2.7.2.3). Nonscissile methanephosphonic acids replace the two phosphate monoesters of 1, 3-BPG and lead to several stable, tight-binding mimics of this intermediate species in glycolysis. Multiple fluorine substitution for hydrogen in the alpha-methylene groups of the phosphonic acid 1, 3-BPG analogs markedly improves their binding to PGK as determined by NMR analysis. The best ligands bind some 50-100 times more strongly than does the substrate 3-phospho-D-glyceric acid and show a requirement for pKa3 to be generally below 6.0, while the presence of a beta-carbonyl group seems to be of secondary importance.
Imaging of DNA sequences with chemiluminescence. (1990)

We have coupled a chemiluminescent detection method that uses an alkaline phosphatase label to the genomic DNA sequencing protocol of Church and Gilbert [Church, G. M. & Gilbert, W. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 1991-1995]. Images of sequence ladders are obtained on x-ray film with exposure times of less than 30 min, as compared to 40 h required for a similar exposure with a 32P-labeled oligomer. Chemically cleaved DNA from a sequencing gel is transferred to a nylon membrane, and specific sequence ladders are selected by hybridization to DNA oligonucleotides labeled with alkaline phosphatase or with biotin, leading directly or indirectly to deposition of enzyme. If a biotinylated probe is used, an incubation with avidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate follows. The membrane is soaked in the chemiluminescent substrate (AMPPD) and is exposed to film. Dephosphorylation of AMPPD leads in a two-step pathway to a highly localized emission of visible light. The demonstrated shorter exposure times may improve the efficiency of a serial reprobing strategy such as the multiplex sequencing approach of Church and Kieffer-Higgins [Church, G. M. & Kieffer-Higgins, S. (1988) Science 240, 185-188].
Tralokinumab, an anti-IL-13 mAb for the potential treatment of asthma and COPD. (2010)

Biopharmaceutical approaches have been used to target key elements in the processes controlling airway inflammation in asthma and COPD. There is compelling evidence that IL-13 is a key mediator in the inflammatory processes in the asthmatic lung. Tralokinumab (CAT-354), under development by MedImmune, is an injectable, anti-IL-13 humanized mAb for the potential treatment of asthma and COPD. In a study in mice, tralokinumab prevented the development of the asthmatic phenotype, including eosinophil recruitment and airway hyperresponsiveness. In clinical trials, tralokinumab demonstrated favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles, both in healthy volunteers and in patients with asthma. This review summarizes the problems and successes regarding recent developments in mAb-based strategies targeted against IL-13 in asthma and COPD, with an emphasis on tralokinumab.
Sequence of the Human Somatostatin I Gene (1984)

Two human genomic DNA fragments containing alleles for the gene coding for somatostatin I were isolated and sequenced. This gene contains a single intron that interrupts the coding sequence in the propeptide portion of the somatostatin moiety. The site of initiation of transcription of the gene was located by transcription experiments in HeLa cell extracts, and the putative regions for controlling the initiation of transcription were identified.
Multi-finger gestural interaction with 3d volumetric displays (2004)

Volumetric displays provide interesting opportunities and challenges for 3D interaction and visualization, particularly when used in a highly interactive manner. We explore this area through the design and implementation of techniques for interactive direct manipulation of objects with a 3D volumetric display. Motion tracking of the user's fingers provides for direct gestural interaction with the virtual objects, through manipulations on and around the display's hemispheric enclosure. Our techniques leverage the unique features of volumetric displays, including a 360° viewing volume that enables manipulation from any viewpoint around the display, as well as natural and accurate perception of true depth information in the displayed 3D scene. We demonstrate our techniques within a prototype 3D geometric model building application.
LIV.—β-Methyl-Δαλ-dodecadiene and β-methyl-Δαγ-decadiene (1911)

V. J. Harding, G. M. Walsh and C. Weizmann, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1911, 99, 448 DOI: 10.1039/CT9119900448
Animal: Validation and Applications of Nonlinear Registration-Based Segmentation (1997)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the modality of choice for neuro-anatomical imaging. Quantitative analysis requires the accurate and reproducible labeling of all voxels in any given structure within the brain. Since manual labeling is prohibitively time-consuming and error-prone we have designed an automated procedure called ANIMAL (Automatic Nonlinear Image Matching and Anatomical Labeling) to objectively segment gross anatomical structures from 3D MRIs of normal brains. The procedure is based on nonlinear registration with a previously labeled target brain, followed by numerical inverse transformation of the labels to the native MRI space. Besides segmentation, ANIMAL has been applied to non-rigid registration and to the analysis of morphometric variability. In this paper, the nonlinear registration approach is validated on five test volumes, produced with simulated deformations. Experiments show that the ANIMAL recovers 64% of the nonlinear residual variability remaining after linear registration. Segmentations of the same test data are presented as well. The paper concludes with two applications of ANIMAL using real data. In the first, one MRI volume is nonlinearly matched to a second and is automatically segmented using labels, predefined on the second MRI volume. The automatic segmentation compares well with manual labeling of the same structures. In the second application, ANIMAL is applied to seventeen MRI data sets, and a 3D map of anatomical variability estimates is produced. The automatic variability estimates correlate well (r =0.867, p = 0.01) with manual estimates of inter-subject variability.
Molecular Interaction of Agouti Protein and Agouti-Related Protein with Human Melanocortin Receptors (1998)

Agouti protein and the Agouti-related protein (AGRP) are antagonists of the melanocortin-3 receptor and melanocortin-4 receptor. Both proteins contain 10 cysteines in the C-terminal domain arranged in five disulfide bonds. One possible arrangement of the disulfide bonds predicts an octapeptide loop, and the chemical properties of four residues within this loop (residues 111-114 in human AGRP) bear striking resemblance to those of several melanocortin peptides, including alpha-MSH, MT-II, and SHU-9119. We showed that cyclic synthetic octapeptides based on the sequence of this loop from Agouti protein or human AGRP are functional antagonists of the human melanocortin-4 receptor. All peptides had a lower affinity for the melanocortin-3 receptor than for the melanocortin-4 receptor. Substitution of serines for cysteines resulted in linear peptides which had reduced binding affinities for both receptors. Mutational analysis of human AGRP indicated that its C-terminal domain is functionally equivalent to the intact human AGRP. The RFF111-113 triplet appears to be the most critical portion of AGRP in determining the binding affinity for both melanocortin-3 and melanocortin-4 receptors. These data strongly suggest that the loop defined by Cys-110 and Cys-117 is critical in determining the antagonist activity of human AGRP. Our data provide indirect evidence for the suggestion that the Cys-110 to Cys-117 octapeptide loop of human AGRP mimics the conformation of alpha-MSH, MT-II, and SHU-9119.
Chemotherapy Targeting Regional Lymph Nodes by Gastric Submucosal Injection of Liposomal Adriamycin in Patients with Gastric Carcinoma (1994)

We investigated the delivery of adriamycin (ADR) to the regional lymph nodes of the stomach following the gastric submucosal injection of liposomal adriamycin (Lipo-ADR) in 34 gastric carcinoma patients, as well as following intravenous administration of free ADR (F-ADR) in another 18 patients. Prior to radical gastrectomy, Lipo-ADR was endoscopically injected into the gastric submucosa adjacent to the primary tumor via a needle-tipped catheter. After Lipo-ADR injection, the ADR concentration in the primary and secondary drainage lymph nodes was higher than in the other regional lymph nodes. Thus, the regional nodes more susceptible to metastasis showed higher levels of ADR. In contrast, the intravenous administration of F-ADR produced a similar and far lower ADR concentration in all the nodes. Delivery of ADR to the primary drainage lymph nodes following injection of 5 ml of Lipo-ADR was compared with delivery to the left gastric artery lymph nodes after intravenous administration of an equal dose of F-ADR. The ADR levels (micrograms/g) after gastric submucosal injection were 15.1 +/- 8.30 on day 1 (n = 4); and 11.9 +/- 4.80 on day 4 (n = 6). Those after intravenous administration were 0.29 +/- 0.10 on day 1 (n = 4); and 0.36 +/- 0.0 on day 4 (n = 2). The differences between the two groups were significant (P < 0.05). The ADR levels after the gastric submucosal injection were far higher than those after intravenous administration. These findings indicate that the gastric submucosal injection of Lipo-ADR can specifically deliver ADR to the regional lymph nodes at high concentrations. Such preoperative adjuvant chemotherapy targeting the regional lymph nodes may be useful for preventing the lymph node recurrence of gastric carcinoma.
Ten-Milliwatt Operation of an AlGaN-Based Light Emitting Diode Grown on GaN Substrate (2001)

Ten-milliwatt output at 352 nm wavelength is obtained in the room-temperature cw operation of an AlGaN-based ultraviolet light emitting diode. The maximum internal quantum efficiency is estimated to be more than 80%. We also demonstrate the excitation of fluorescence of three basal colors by this wavelength.