gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Negative-strand RNA viruses: genetic engineering and applications. (1996)

The negative-strand RNA viruses are a broad group of animal viruses that comprise several important human pathogens, including influenza, measles, mumps, rabies, respiratory syncytial, Ebola, and hantaviruses. The development of new strategies to genetically manipulate the genomes of negative-strand RNA viruses has provided us with new tools to study the structure-function relationships of the viral components and their contributions to the pathogenicity of these viruses. It is also now possible to envision rational approaches--based on genetic engineering techniques--to design live attenuated vaccines against some of these viral agents. In addition, the use of different negative-strand RNA viruses as vectors to efficiently express foreign polypeptides has also become feasible, and these novel vectors have potential applications in disease prevention as well as in gene therapy.
Organization and Differential Expression of the Human Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 Receptor Gene (1997)

Two forms of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptors (the type A monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) receptor CCR-2A and the type B MCP-1 receptor (CCR-2B) have been recently cloned and found to differ only in their terminal carboxyl tails. Here, we report that the two isoforms are alternatively spliced variants of a single MCP-1 receptor gene. Sequencing of the gene revealed that the 47-amino acid carboxyl tail of CCR2B was located in the same exon as the seven transmembrane domains of the receptor, and the 61-amino acid tail of CCR2A was in a downstream exon. Examination of freshly isolated human monocytes by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed that CCR2B was the predominant isoform and that message levels of both CCR2A and CCR2B decreased as the monocytes differentiated into macrophages. In stably transfected cell lines, CCR2B trafficked well to the cell surface, but CCR2A was found predominantly in the cytoplasm. Equilibrium binding studies revealed that those CCR2A receptors that successfully trafficked to the cell surface bound MCP-1 with high affinity (Kd = 310 pM), similar to CCR2B. In signaling studies, both CCR2A and CCR2B mediated agonist-dependent calcium mobilization, as well as inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Creation of chimeras between CCR2A and the human thrombin receptor revealed that the cytoplasmic retention of CCR2A was due to its terminal carboxyl tail. Progressive truncation of the carboxyl tail indicated that a cytoplasmic retention signal(s) was located between residues 316 and 349. These data indicate that the alternatively spliced form of the human MCP-1 receptor (CCR2A) binds MCP-1 with high affinity and is a functional receptor and that expression at the cell surface is controlled by amino acid sequences located in the terminal carboxyl tail.
Interdigitated Microstrip Coupler Design (1978)

A design procedure for four-line interdigitated couplers is presented which provides excellent agreement between performance and actual coupler dimensions. The inclusion of a correction term for the finite metal thickness of the microstriplines is significant. Using existing odd-and-even mode impedance data of only two coupled lines in the array actual coupling coefficients in the 2.5-6.5-dB range are predictable to within /spl plusmn/0.05 dB. Graphs are shown which relate fabrication tolerances of dielectric constant and physicaf fine dimensions to deviations in coupling and characteristic coupler impedance. The design was verified on 3-, 5-, and 6-dB couplers in the 1-5-GHz frequency range.
Medium and feed optimization for fed-batch production of a monoclonal antibody in CHO cells (2011)

Background Mammalian cells are used extensively in the production of recombinant proteins, and of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in particular. The trend towards avoiding animal-derived components in biopharmaceutical production processes has led to the extensive use of nonanimal origin hydrolysates such as plant hydrolysates or yeast hydrolysates. The source of hydrolysates affects cell growth and productivity and may also affect product quality. Accordingly, careful consideration should be given during process and cell culture media development, in order to determine the appropriate type and amount of hydrolysates to be added, for the cell and product at hand. In this study, we assessed the impact of several hydrolysate additives and chemically defined (CD) commercial feeds on MAb titers, MAb average specific productivity (average Qp), cell viabilities and metabolite profiles in suspension cultures of recombinant CHO cells expressing a monoclonal antibody in shake flasks and 2 L bioreactors.
An unified vehicle supervising and traffic information system (2002)

An unified vehicle supervising and traffic information system architecture is proposed. This new architecture integrates different system functions such as digital mobile radio communication, vehicle monitoring, traffic information collection, dynamic route guidance, and automatic toll collection into a single system architecture. A vehicle communication and ranging system is the radio interface of the architecture. Packetized data transmission through this radio interface can be used to measure the received signal delay by pulse ranging. An uplink message from a vehicle containing vehicle speed information and the measured delay are both sent to a traffic control and information center for vehicle monitoring. The center estimates the vehicle location, and calculates the average traveling time and average congestion level for each road link accordingly. Vehicle monitoring information and the estimated traffic condition can be offered to either the public or dispatching centers. A toll collection center will be able to automatically charge a vehicle through the monitoring process. Furthermore, a vehicle will be able to access the traffic control and information center to obtain its own dynamic route guidance information, and each vehicle can be guided in such a way to optimize the overall road traffic. Finally, we suggest two methods which use the infrastructure of existing digital cellular systems (GSM and IS-95) to implement the proposed system architecture.
Potentiating effects of clofibric acid on the differentiation of HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells induced by retinoids. (1995)

Retinoids induce granulocytic differentiation of HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. In this study we demonstrate that clofibric acid, a well known peroxisome proliferator in rodent, augments the differentiation caused by 0.01 microM and 0.1 microM all-trans retinoic acid, and by 0.3 and 3 microM all-trans retinol. Clofibric acid alone has only marginal effects on the myeloid differentiation, whereas clofibric acid together with the glucocorticoid analogue dexamethasone gives a larger effect. Exposure of cultures to retinoid inhibits the growth of the cells, but despite the increased differentiation addition of clofibric acid to the medium does not further inhibit the growth. HL-60 cells express the nuclear receptor NUCI, a human receptor related to the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR).
The expression of the KAI1 gene, a tumor metastasis suppressor, is directly activated by p53 (1998)

KAI1 is a tumor metastasis suppressor gene that is capable of inhibiting the metastatic process in animals. The expression of the KAI1 gene also is found to be down-regulated during the tumor progression of prostate, breast, lung, bladder, and pancreatic cancers in humans, and this down-regulation appears to be at or posttranscription level. We have found that the tumor suppressor gene p53 can directly activate the KAI1 gene by interacting with the 5' upstream region. The p53 responding region is located at approximately 860 bases upstream of the transcriptional initiation site, and it contains a typical tandem repeat of the p53 consensus-binding sequence. A gel-shift mobility analysis showed that this sequence indeed had the ability to bind to the purified p53 protein. Mutations of this sequence abolished the responsiveness to p53 and also the binding ability to the p53 protein. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of 177 samples of human prostate tumors revealed that the expression of the KAI1 gene was correlated strongly to that of the p53 gene and that the loss of these two markers resulted in poor survivals of patients. Our data indicate a direct relationship between p53 and KAI1 genes and suggest that the loss of p53 function, which is commonly observed in many types of cancer, leads to the down-regulation of the KAI1 gene, which may result in the progression of metastasis.
Speed of Response and Remission in Major Depressive Disorder With Acute Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) (2004)

ECT was associated with rapid response and remission in a high percentage of patients. ECT warrants early consideration in treatment algorithms for patients with MDD.
In Defense of MinHash Over SimHash (2014)

MinHash and SimHash are the two widely adopted Locality Sensitive Hashing (LSH) algorithms for large-scale data processing applications. Deciding which LSH to use for a particular problem at hand is an important question, which has no clear answer in the existing literature. In this study, we provide a theoretical answer (validated by experiments) that MinHash virtually always outperforms SimHash when the data are binary, as common in practice such as search. The collision probability of MinHash is a function of resemblance similarity ($\mathcal{R}$), while the collision probability of SimHash is a function of cosine similarity ($\mathcal{S}$). To provide a common basis for comparison, we evaluate retrieval results in terms of $\mathcal{S}$ for both MinHash and SimHash. This evaluation is valid as we can prove that MinHash is a valid LSH with respect to $\mathcal{S}$, by using a general inequality $\mathcal{S}^2\leq \mathcal{R}\leq \frac{\mathcal{S}}{2-\mathcal{S}}$. Our worst case analysis can show that MinHash significantly outperforms SimHash in high similarity region. Interestingly, our intensive experiments reveal that MinHash is also substantially better than SimHash even in datasets where most of the data points are not too similar to each other. This is partly because, in practical data, often $\mathcal{R}\geq \frac{\mathcal{S}}{z-\mathcal{S}}$ holds where $z$ is only slightly larger than 2 (e.g., $z\leq 2.1$). Our restricted worst case analysis by assuming $\frac{\mathcal{S}}{z-\mathcal{S}}\leq \mathcal{R}\leq \frac{\mathcal{S}}{2-\mathcal{S}}$ shows that MinHash indeed significantly outperforms SimHash even in low similarity region. We believe the results in this paper will provide valuable guidelines for search in practice, especially when the data are sparse.
Pulse volume discharges in high pressure gases (2015)

New approach for suppression of plasma inhomogeneities and instabilities in the volume self-sustained discharge is offered. The physical model is offered and conditions of obtaining extremely homogeneous self-sustained discharge are defined (with full suppression of plasma inhomogeneity and instability). Results of calculations agree with experiments.
Focus on the Three Key Enzymes Hydrolysing Endocannabinoids as New Drug Targets (2005)

The family of endocannabinoids (i.e., the endogenous agonists of cannabinoid receptors) contains several polyunsaturated fatty acid amides such as anandamide (AEA) and oleamide but also esters such as 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). These compounds are the subject of growing interest in pharmacology for their multiple therapeutic potentials. Unfortunately, they are rapidly inactivated by enzymatic hydrolysis, which prevents their effective medical use. Inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation seem to be necessary tools for the development of endocannabinoid therapeutics. But hitting this target is inconceivable without good knowledge of the enzymes. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is the oldest and the best characterised enzyme involved in the degradation of endocannabinoids. Cloning, distribution in the body and crystal structure of FAAH have been described. A large number of FAAH inhibitors have also been synthesised and tested. For a long time, FAAH was considered as the only key enzyme hydrolysing endocannabinoids. But recent findings indicate that at least two other enzymes have critical role in the endocannabinoids degradation. Monoglyceride lipase participates in 2-AG degradation and some data indicate that it is the primary mechanism for 2-AG inactivation in intact neurons. N-palmitoylethanolamine-selective acid amidase (NPAA) is a second fatty acid amide hydrolase more active with N-palmitoylethanolamine, an anti-inflammatory substance. The purpose of this review is to collect and compare the catalytic properties of these 3 key enzymes hydrolysing endocannabinoids.
The Employees’ Self-Esteem: A comprehensive Review (2015)

In the available literature, diverse terms such as self-efficacy, self-concept, self-confidence and self-esteem are often used inconsistently and interchangeably as they may denote to dissimilar ideas about how individual think about themselves. This requires the emotion, attitude and psychomotor measurements of human personality. In the society, employees as human beings “live where their sense of self-worth evolves from the frequent” exchanges with others. Negatively or positively, this sense of self-worth, affects their entire life and certainly their professional life too. The self-esteem can be defined as the degree to which the individual believes himself to be successful, worthy and capable. The literature reveals that the self-esteem is significant to an employees’ identity, responsiveness and that low and high self- esteem would influence behavior in negative and positive ways. Keywords : Self-esteem, Self-confidence, Performance, Empowerment, Academicians, HEIs
Pathoadaptive Mutations That Enhance Virulence: Genetic Organization of the cadA Regions of Shigella spp (2001)

Pathoadaptive mutations improve the fitness of pathogenic species by modification of traits that interfere with factors (virulence and ancestral) required for survival in host tissues. A demonstrated pathoadaptive mutation is the loss of lysine decarboxylase (LDC) expression in Shigella species that have evolved from LDC-expressing Escherichia coli. Previous studies demonstrated that the product of LDC activity, cadaverine, blocks the action of Shigella enterotoxins and that the gene encoding LDC, cadA, was abolished by large chromosomal deletions in each Shigella species. To better understand the nature and evolution of these pathoadaptive mutations, remnants of the cad region were sequenced from the four Shigella species. These analyses reveal novel gene arrangements in this region of the pathogens' chromosomes. Insertion sequences, a phage genome, and/or loci from different positions on the ancestral E. coli chromosome displaced the cadA locus to form distinct genetic linkages that are unique to each Shigella species. Hybridization studies, using an E. coli K-12 microarray, indicated that the genes displaced to form the novel linkages still remain in the Shigella genomes. None of these novel gene arrangements were observed in representatives of all E. coli phylogenies. Collectively, these observations indicate that inactivation of the cadA antivirulence gene occurred independently in each Shigella species. The convergent evolution of these pathoadaptive mutations demonstrates that, following evolution from commensal E. coli, strong pressures in host tissues selected Shigella clones with increased fitness and virulence through the loss of an ancestral trait (LDC). These observations strongly support the role of pathoadaptive mutation as an important pathway in the evolution of pathogenic organisms.
Mapping low‐resolution three‐dimensional protein structures using chemical cross‐linking and Fourier transform ion‐cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (2003)

Techniques in mass spectrometry (MS) combined with chemical cross-linking have proven to be efficient tools for the rapid determination of low-resolution three-dimensional (3-D) structures of proteins. The general procedure involves chemical cross-linking of a protein followed by enzymatic digestion and MS analysis of the resulting peptide mixture. These experiments are generally fast and do not require large quantities of protein. However, the large number of peptide species created from the digestion of cross-linked proteins makes it difficult to identify relevant intermolecular cross-linked peptides from MS data. We present a method for mapping low-resolution 3-D protein structures by combining chemical cross-linking with high-resolution FTICR (Fourier transform ion-cyclotron resonance) mass spectrometry using cytochrome c and hen egg lysozyme as model proteins. We applied several homo-bifunctional, amine-reactive cross-linking reagents that bridge distances from 6 to 16 A. The non-digested cross-linking reaction mixtures were monitored by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) to determine the extent of cross-linking. Enzymatically digested reaction mixtures were separated by nano-high-performance liquid chromatography (nano-HPLC) on reverse-phase columns applying water/acetonitrile gradients with flow rates of 200 nL/min. The nano-HPLC system was directly coupled to an FTICR mass spectrometer equipped with a nano-ESI (electrospray ionization) source. Cross-linking products were identified using a combination of the GPMAW software and ExPASy Proteomics tools. For correct assignment of the cross-linking products the key factor is to rely on a mass spectrometric method providing both high resolution and high mass accuracy, such as FTICRMS. By combining chemical cross-linking with FTICRMS we were able to rapidly define several intramolecular constraints for cytochrome c and lysozyme.
Experimental and kinetic studies of coal–CO2 gasification in isothermal and pressurized conditions (2017)

This study is to explicate the reaction mechanisms and kinetics of high-pressure char CO<sub>2</sub> gasification <italic>via</italic> a joint experimental and model simulation approach.
Sites of Gibberellin Biosynthesis in Pea Seedlings (1985)

Potential sites of gibberellin biosynthesis in 10-day-old ;Alaska' pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings were investigated using a cell-free ezyme system capable of incorporating [(14)C]-mevalonic acid into ent-kaurene. In peas, ent-kaurene is assumed to be a committed intermediate in the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway. Comparative results from enzyme assays using extracts from shoot tips, leaf blades, internodes, and root tips indicate that the highest capacity for ent-kaurene (and presumably gibberellin) synthesis is in those tissues with the greatest potential for growth. The highest rates were obtained with extracts prepared from the fifth (youngest) internode, the fourth (youngest) expanded leaf, and the shoot tip itself. This report represents the first direct evidence that the enzymes responsible for early stages in gibberellin biosynthesis occur in internode tissues with potential for rapid elongation.
Lactobacillus brevis strain 1E1 administered to piglets through milk supplementation prior to weaning maintains intestinal integrity after the weaning event (2011)

Early colonisation in the gastrointestinal tract by commensal microbes influences the progressive development and maturity of digestive and immune system functionality in the neonate. Application of strategically selected direct-fed microbials to neonatal pigs may provide an opportunity to dictate a portion of the intestinal microbial community and exert a beneficial influence on these developmental processes. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of early administration of Lactobacillus brevis strain 1E1 to neonatal piglets (n=224) via a milk supplement system on gastrointestinal microbial counts, villous architecture, and immune cell phenotypes during the lactation phase and after weaning. Pigs administered the direct-fed microbial had lower Escherichia coli counts in the jejunum and ileum (P<0.05), and lower coliform counts in the jejunum compared to unsupplemented pigs (P<0.05). The villous height:crypt depth ratio was greater in the ileum at 9 days of age when pigs were provided L. brevis 1E1 compared to unsupplemented pigs (P<0.05), as well as in the duodenum of pigs supplemented with L. brevis 1E1 at 22 days of age (P<0.05). The number of leukocytes expressing CD2 (P<0.05), CD4 (P=0.07) and MHC-II (P=0.07) was lower in the jejunum of pigs administered L. brevis 1E1 compared to unsupplemented pigs, however direct-fed microbial treatment had no effect on the number of leukocytes expressing CD8, CD25 or SWC3. These data demonstrate that early colonisation of the porcine gastrointestinal tract with L. brevis strain 1E1 during the lactation phase influences the progression of intestinal structure, immune system development, and pathogen establishment, indicating a relationship between early microbial colonisation and development of intestinal maturity and integrity.
Activation of Stat3 in Human Melanoma Promotes Brain Metastasis (2006)

Brain metastasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with melanoma. The molecular changes that lead to brain metastasis remain poorly understood. In this study, we developed a model to study human melanoma brain metastasis and found that Stat3 activity was increased in human brain metastatic melanoma cells when compared with that in cutaneous melanoma cells. The expression of activated Stat3 is also increased in human brain metastasis specimens when compared with that in the primary melanoma specimens. Increased Stat3 activation by transfection with a constitutively activated Stat3 enhanced brain metastasis, whereas blockade of Stat3 activation by transfection with a dominant-negative Stat3 suppressed brain metastasis of human melanoma cells in animal models. Furthermore, altered Stat3 activity profoundly affected melanoma angiogenesis in vivo and melanoma cell invasion in vitro and significantly affected the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in vivo and in vitro. Finally, Stat3 activity transcriptionally regulated the promoter activity of bFGF in addition to VEGF and MMP-2 in human melanoma cells. These results indicated that Stat3 activation plays an important role in dysregulated expression of bFGF, VEGF, and MMP-2 as well as angiogenesis and invasion of melanoma cells and contributes to brain metastasis of melanoma. Therefore, Stat3 activation might be a new potential target for therapy of human melanoma brain metastases.
Renal Failure and Transient Paraproteinemia Due to Leptospira pomona (1973)

Two patients developed acute renal failure with<i>Leptospira pomona</i>infection. In both patients the oliguria persisted for two weeks. Renal biopsies showed a marked focal mononuclear infiltrate. One patient appears to have made an uninterrupted recovery. The other patient has developed interstitial fibrosis and impairment of renal function. In one patient an abnormal band composed of IgM appeared in the γ-globulin area. This persisted for three weeks.