gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lactational Responses of Dairy Cows Fed Unsaturated Fat from Extruded Soybeans or Sunflower Seeds (1996)

Nine multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square to evaluate the response to diets containing equal amounts of supplemental fat from extruded soybeans or sunflower seeds. Both fat sources contained about 66% polyunsaturated fatty acids; for soybeans, about 8% was linolenic acid, but sunflower seeds contained mostly linoleic acid. Periods were 5 wk, and data were collected the last 3 wk of each period. Total mixed diets were (DM basis) 25% corn silage, 25% alfalfa hay, and 50% concentrate mix. Control concentrate mix contained primarily corn, barley, and soybean meal; extruded soybeans or rolled sunflower seeds replaced portions of the corn, barley, and soybean meal in isonitrogenous (17% CP) diets. Milk yield was higher for cows fed supplemental fat. Percentages of milk fat and protein and DMI were similar for all three dietary treatments. Milk fat from cows fed soybeans or sunflower seeds contained higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids than did milk fat from cows fed the control diet. Milk yield and composition were similar for cows fed soybeans, or sunflower seeds. Soybeans or sunflower seeds can be used as dietary fat supplements to increase milk yield and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat.
Investigation of Variation in Gene Expression Profiling of Human Blood by Extended Principle Component Analysis (2011)

By characterizing the major sources of variation in blood gene expression profiles, such variability can be minimized by modifications to study designs. Increasing sample size, balancing confounding factors between study groups, using rigorous selection criteria for sample quality, and well controlled experimental processes will significantly improve the accuracy and reproducibility of blood transcriptome study.
Detail preserving shape deformation in image editing (2007)

Shape deformation is a common practice in digital image editing, but can unrealistically stretch or compress texture detail. We propose an image editing system that decouples feature position from pixel color generation, by resynthesizing texture from the source image to preserve its detail and orientation around a new feature curve location. We introduce a new distortion to patch-based texture synthesis that aligns texture features with image features. A dense correspondence field between source and target images generated by the control curves then guides texture synthesis.
Advanced Research on Dopamine Signaling to Develop Drugs for the Treatment of Mental Disorders: Biochemical and Behavioral Profiles of Phosphodiesterase Inhibition in Dopaminergic Neurotransmission (2010)

Dopamine plays a central role in the regulation of psychomotor functions. The effect of dopamine is largely mediated through the cAMP/PKA signaling cascade and therefore controlled by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Multiple PDEs with different substrate specificities and subcellular localization are expressed in the striatum, and the functional roles of PDE10A, PDE4, and PDE1B are extensively studied. Biochemical and behavioral profiles of PDE inhibition by selective inhibitors and/or genetic deletion related to dopaminergic neurotransmission are compared among those PDEs. The inhibition of PDE up-regulates cAMP/PKA signaling in three neuronal subtypes, resulting in the stimulation of dopamine synthesis at dopaminergic terminals, the inhibition of dopamine D2–receptor signaling in striatopallidal neurons, and the stimulation of dopamine D1–receptor signaling in striatonigral neurons. Predominant roles of PDE families or isoforms are implicated in each neuronal subtype: PDE4 at dopaminergic terminals, PDE10A and PDE4 in striatopallidal neurons, and PDE1B in striatonigral neurons. PDE10A and PDE4 inhibition may exhibit D2 antagonist–like, antipsychotic effects, whereas PDE1B inhibition may exhibit D1 agonist–like effects in the striatum. Development of PDE isoform–specific inhibitors is essential for better understanding of the function of each PDE isoform and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.
Characterization of oligonucleotide transport into living cells. (1989)

Addition of antisense oligonucleotides to cell cultures has been used to specifically inhibit gene expression. We have investigated the mechanism by which oligonucleotides enter living cells. These compounds are taken up by cells in a saturable, size-dependent manner compatible with receptor-mediated endocytosis. Polynucleotides of any length are competitive inhibitors of oligomer transport, providing they possess a 5'-phosphate moiety. Using oligo(dT)-cellulose for affinity purification, we have identified an 80-kDa surface protein that may mediate transport. Knowledge of the oligonucleotide transport mechanism should facilitate the design of more effective synthetic antisense oligomers as potential clinical agents.
Completely Derandomized Self-Adaptation in Evolution Strategies (2001)

This paper puts forward two useful methods for self-adaptation of the mutation distribution - the concepts of derandomization and cumulation. Principle shortcomings of the concept of mutative strategy parameter control and two levels of derandomization are reviewed. Basic demands on the self-adaptation of arbitrary (normal) mutation distributions are developed. Applying arbitrary, normal mutation distributions is equivalent to applying a general, linear problem encoding. The underlying objective of mutative strategy parameter control is roughly to favor previously selected mutation steps in the future. If this objective is pursued rigorously, a completely derandomized self-adaptation scheme results, which adapts arbitrary normal mutation distributions. This scheme, called covariance matrix adaptation (CMA), meets the previously stated demands. It can still be considerably improved by cumulation - utilizing an evolution path rather than single search steps. Simulations on various test functions reveal local and global search properties of the evolution strategy with and without covariance matrix adaptation. Their performances are comparable only on perfectly scaled functions. On badly scaled, non-separable functions usually a speed up factor of several orders of magnitude is observed. On moderately mis-scaled functions a speed up factor of three to ten can be expected.
Optimum decision feedback multiuser equalization with successive decoding achieves the total capacity of the Gaussian multiple-access channel (2002)

The complex Gaussian multiple-access channel (GMAC) Y_=AX_+N_ is considered. The transmitters send information independently with a power constraint so that X_ has a product distribution with E[|X/sub k/|/sup 2/]/spl les/P/sub k/. It is known that multiuser codes exist that will achieve any rate-tuple in the capacity region of the GMAC provided that an optimum joint decoder is used. However, little progress has been made in multiuser coding, and moreover, optimum joint decoding would be too complex. We restrict the decoder to be of a successive decoding type with equalization. Such a decoder is parameterized by feedforward and feedback equalization vectors. The optimum successive decoder (OSD) is obtained by maximizing the mutual information for each user over those vectors. The key result of this paper is that the OSD achieves the total capacity of the GMAC at any vertex of the capacity region. With the OSD, each transmitter can use a single-user code independently of the other users. The complexity of equalization is also only linear in the number of users. For the conventional GMAC, Y=/spl Sigma//sub i=1//sup M/ X/sub i/+N, where A is a row vector with unit elements, the OSD is degenerate and involves no equalization. It reduces to the well-known successive decoder for that channel as described by Wynter (1974) and Cover (1975). Furthermore, for the particular case of the uncoded channel, the OSD reduces to a new decision feedback multiuser detector. This detector is optimum in the sense that it maximizes signal-to-interference ratio for each user.
An Important Role for Type III Interferon (IFN-λ/IL-28) in TLR-Induced Antiviral Activity (2008)

Type III IFNs (IFN-lambda/IL-28/29) are cytokines with type I IFN-like antiviral activities, which remain poorly characterized. We herein show that most cell types expressed both types I and III IFNs after TLR stimulation or virus infection, whereas the ability of cells to respond to IFN-lambda was restricted to a narrow subset of cells, including plasmacytoid dendritic cells and epithelial cells. To examine the role of type III IFN in antiviral defense, we generated IL-28Ralpha-deficient mice. These mice were indistinguishable from wild-type mice with respect to clearance of a panel of different viruses, whereas mice lacking the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR(-/-)) were significantly impaired. However, the strong antiviral activity evoked by treatment of mice with TLR3 or TLR9 agonists was significantly reduced in both IL-28RA(-/-) and IFNAR(-/-) mice. The type I IFN receptor system has been shown to mediate positive feedback on IFN-alphabeta expression, and we found that the type I IFN receptor system also mediates positive feedback on IFN-lambda expression, whereas IL-28Ralpha signaling does not provide feedback on either type I or type III IFN expression in vivo. Finally, using bone-marrow chimeric mice we showed that TLR-activated antiviral defense requires expression of IL-28Ralpha only on nonhemopoietic cells. In this compartment, epithelial cells responded to IFN-lambda and directly restricted virus replication. Our data suggest type III IFN to target a specific subset of cells and to contribute to the antiviral response evoked by TLRs.
In vivo interleukin 2 administration augments the generation of alloreactive cytolytic T lymphocytes and resident natural killer cells. (1983)

Interleukin 2 (IL 2) is a T cell growth factor that has been shown to modulate several in vitro immune responses. Produced by T cells, the lymphokine has been highly purified and used in a series of in vivo studies to examine the effect of IL 2 on murine cytotoxic T cell (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell reactivity. By employing an immunization protocol known to generate CTL activity against allogeneic tumors, in vivo administration of highly purified IL 2, either in concert, with or 2 days after, tumor administration, resulted in an augmented CTL response as compared to effector cells harvested from untreated, alloimmunized control animals. Characterization of the effector cells responsible for the augmented cytolytic activity showed them to be of the T cell lineage and to be specific for the appropriate immunizing tumor cell. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that administration of purified IL 2 to naive, non-antigen-challenged recipients resulted in substantial potentiation of NK cell activity. The augmented cytolytic reactivity was mediated by NK cells as evidenced by effector cell lysis of NK-susceptible but not NK-insusceptible tumor targets. The results of these studies suggest IL 2 functions in vivo as an immune response regulator and may have a beneficial effect as an in vivo immunopotentiator.
Impact of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Natural Enemies on <I>Myzus persicae</I> (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Infestations in Pepper (2009)

Management of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in bell pepper, Capsicum annuum L., was explored through a combination of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and endemic biological control in New York in 2006 and 2007. We hypothesized that by using PGPR-treated peppers 1) M. persicae infestations would be reduced via induced resistance, 2) natural enemies would be lured to plants through the elicitation of volatile organic compounds, and 3) yield amount and quality would be improved. Pepper seed was planted in soil containing the PGPR formulation BioYield or untreated soil. Plants were transplanted to field plots and then treated with an insecticide regimen designed to remove or conserve populations of natural enemies. Apterous aphids and natural enemies were counted weekly on plants and pepper fruit were harvested, graded and weighed three times. PGPR did not directly or indirectly reduce aphid densities in either year. In 2006, there were more natural enemies in PGPR-treated plots than untreated ones, but this was probably a density-dependent response to aphid densities rather than a response of natural enemies to volatiles from PGPR-treated plants. For the first harvest date in 2006, yield of all fruit grades, especially the premium Fancy Grade, was 1.7-2.3 times greater in PGPR-treated plots than in untreated plots. However, no differences in yield were observed for the other two harvest dates or overall yield in 2006; no differences in yield among treatments were detected in 2007. Our results suggest that PGPR will not significantly impact M. persicae infestations or natural enemy populations but could enhance yield and quality of pepper fruit in some years.
3-Phenyl-1-indanamines. Potential antidepressant activity and potent inhibition of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin uptake (1985)

A series of 3-phenyl-1-indanamines was synthesized and tested for potential antidepressant activity and for inhibition of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and serotonin (5-HT) uptake. Trans isomers were generally potent inhibitors of DA, NE, and 5-HT uptake, while cis isomers preferentially inhibited the uptake of 5-HT. The affinity for the DA-uptake site was very dependent on the aromatic substitution pattern where highest potency was found for 3',4'-dichloro substituted compounds (45). This substitution pattern also resulted in high affinity for the NE-and 5-HT-uptake sites, but potent 5-HT-uptake inhibiting activity could also be obtained with other substitution patterns. Only small amines could be accommodated at the 5-HT-uptake site while larger amines such as piperazine could be accommodated both at the DA-and NE-uptake sites. The observed structure-activity relationships were explained from the results of superimpositions of a trans (45) and cis (72) isomer with 5-HT and DA, respectively, in relation to a proposed three-point binding of the uptake inhibitors at the uptake sites. Finally, comparison of the structures of the 3-phenyl-1-indanamines with other newer bicyclic catecholamine- and/or serotonin-uptake inhibitors revealed common structural elements important for potent DA-, NE-, and/or 5-HT-uptake inhibition.
Separation of 4‐color DNA sequencing extension products in noncovalently coated capillaries using low viscosity polymer solutions (1998)

A low viscosity (ca. 75cP) solution using polydimethylacrylamide (PDMA) was developed for separating DNA sequencing extension products by capillary electrophoresis (CE). This medium gave a length-of-read (LOR) value of approximately 600 bases in about 2 h using four-color sequencing in 50 microm capillary at 42 degrees C under a field of 160 V/cm. This medium also works in bare capillaries by noncovalently coating the surface to suppress both electroosmotic flow (EOF) and DNA-capillary wall interactions, and eliminates the need for complicated covalent coatings. At least 100 successive sequencing runs were performed in the same capillary by simply pumping fresh medium after every run, without requiring any reconditioning of the capillary surface between runs. The thermal stability of the noncovalent coating can be improved by adding small amounts of high molecular weight PDMA to the separation medium. The advantages of low viscosity separation media and uncoated capillaries are of paramount importance to develop high-throughput instruments for DNA sequencing.
Spatial-Temporal Patterning of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor-mediated Inositol 1,4,5-Triphosphate, Calcium, and Protein Kinase C Oscillations (2001)

The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), mGluR1a and mGluR5a, are G protein-coupled receptors that couple via G(q) to the hydrolysis of phosphoinositides, the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores, and the activation of protein kinase C (PKC). We show here that mGluR1/5 activation results in oscillatory G protein coupling to phospholipase C thereby stimulating oscillations in both inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate formation and intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations. The mGluR1/5-stimulated Ca(2+) oscillations are translated into the synchronized repetitive redistribution of PKCbetaII between the cytosol and plasma membrane. The frequency at which mGluR1a and mGluR5a subtypes stimulate inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate, Ca(2+), and PKCbetaII oscillations is regulated by the charge of a single amino acid residue localized within their G protein-coupling domains. However, oscillatory mGluR signaling does not involve the repetitive feedback phosphorylation and desensitization of mGluR activity, since mutation of the putative PKC consensus sites within the first and second intracellular loops as well as the carboxyl-terminal tail does not prevent mGluR1a-stimulated PKCbetaII oscillations. Furthermore, oscillations in Ca(2+) continued in the presence of PKC inhibitors, which blocked PKCbetaII redistribution from the plasma membrane back into the cytosol. We conclude that oscillatory mGluR signaling represents an intrinsic receptor/G protein coupling property that does not involve PKC feedback phosphorylation.
Dimersäure- und Estersulfonate / Sulphonates derived from dimer acids and esters (1995)

Several fatty acids, dimer acids - especially unsaturated ones - and some of their derivatives were sulphonated in a batch reactor with liquid sulphur trioxide or chlorosulphonic acid. The main raw materials were stearic and oleic acids and dimers of the latter, they were used as free carboxylic acids or as methyl, 2-ethylhexyl or n-decyl esters. Sulphonation products were neutralized with various alkaline or organic bases, leading to anionic surfactants; several of these have not yet been reported in the literature. Three physical-chemical properties of these sulphonates, related to their adsorption at the air-water interface or to their aggregation, were investigated: surface tension decrease, foaming power and critical micelle concentration (c. m. c.). Due to the presence of several hydrocarbon chains, solubility and c. m. c. are much higher than expected for sulphonates with such a high number of carbon atoms. The surface tension decrease of unsaturated dimer products is very favourable but sodium sulphonate of oleic acid n-decyl ester, also studied in this work, shows the most remarkable decrease. The foaming power of sulphonated unsaturated dimers is about half that of the corresponding sulphonated monomers. According to the physical-chemical properties of sulphonated quasisaturated dimers and to the evolution of these properties with surfactant structure, sulphonated unsaturated dimer acids and esters perform better than similar saturated sulphonates
Movie genre classification via scene categorization (2010)

This paper presents a method for movie genre categorization of movie trailers, based on scene categorization. We view our approach as a step forward from using only low-level visual feature cues, towards the eventual goal of high-level seman- tic understanding of feature films. Our approach decom- poses each trailer into a collection of keyframes through shot boundary analysis. From these keyframes, we use state-of- the-art scene detectors and descriptors to extract features, which are then used for shot categorization via unsuper- vised learning. This allows us to represent trailers using a bag-of-visual-words (bovw) model with shot classes as vo- cabularies. We approach the genre classification task by mapping bovw temporally structured trailer features to four high-level movie genres: action, comedy, drama or horror films. We have conducted experiments on 1239 annotated trailers. Our experimental results demonstrate that exploit- ing scene structures improves film genre classification com- pared to using only low-level visual features.
Pyruvate Kinase M2: Multiple Faces for Conferring Benefits on Cancer Cells (2012)

The M2 splice isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2), an enzyme that catalyzes the later step of glycolysis, is a key regulator of aerobic glycolysis (known as the Warburg effect) in cancer cells. Expression and low enzymatic activity of PKM2 confer on cancer cells the glycolytic phenotype, which promotes rapid energy production and flow of glycolytic intermediates into collateral pathways to synthesize nucleic acids, amino acids, and lipids without the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. PKM2 enzymatic activity has also been shown to be negatively regulated by the interaction with CD44 adhesion molecule, which is a cell surface marker for cancer stem cells. In addition to the glycolytic functions, nonglycolytic functions of PKM2 in cancer cells are of particular interest. PKM2 is induced translocation into the nucleus, where it activates transcription of various genes by interacting with and phosphorylating specific nuclear proteins, endowing cancer cells with a survival and growth advantage. Therefore, inhibitors and activators of PKM2 are well underway to evaluate their anticancer effects and suitability for use as novel therapeutic strategies.
Bioluminescence and chemiluminescence : perspective for the 21st century : proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence held at Bologna, Italy, September 1998 (1999)

Chemistry and physics of chemiluminescence immunoassay and nucleic acid detection using bioluminescence and chemiluminescence ATP-based assays and rapid microbiology instrumentation and ultrasensitive imaging cullular liminescence radicals, AAUL structure and function of luciferases, LAP educational uses of luminescence luminescent reporter genes in cell biology and analytical applications detection technologies for clinical and industrial applications luminescence-based therapies environmental - 1 natural history, 2TS.
Purification and properties of short chain acyl-CoA, medium chain acyl-CoA, and isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenases from human liver. (1987)

Short chain acyl-CoA (SCA), medium chain acyl-CoA (MCA), and isovaleryl-CoA (IV) dehydrogenases were purified to homogeneity from human liver using ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by DEAE-Sephadex A-50, hydroxyapatite, Matrex Gel Blue A, agarose-hexane-CoA, and Bio-Gel A-0.5 column chromatographies. The specific activities of the final preparations were enriched 507-, 750-, and 588-fold over those from the second ammonium sulfate fractionation step. The native molecular weights were estimated to be 168,000, 178,000, and 172,000, respectively, by gel filtration. Each of them exhibited, on sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a single protein band with molecular weights of 41,000, 44,000, and 42,000, respectively, indicating a homotetrameric structure. UV/visual spectra, fluorescence spectra, and other evidence indicated that each contains 1 mol of FAD per subunit. They all utilized electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) or phenazine methosulfate (PMS) as an electron acceptor. The products of SCA dehydrogenase/butyryl-CoA, MCA dehydrogenase/octanoyl-CoA, and IV dehydrogenase/isovaleryl-CoA reactions were identified as crotonyl-CoA, 2-octenoyl-CoA, and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA, respectively, using gas chromatography. Kinetic parameters Vappmax and Kappm) of these enzymes for various acyl-CoA substrates, as well as Kappm values for ETF and PMS are presented. In general, the substrate specificities of human SCA, MCA, and IV dehydrogenases are slightly less stringent than those of their rat counterparts and resemble those of their bovine and porcine counterparts. The pattern of substrate specificity for these enzymes determined using ETF as electron acceptor significantly differed from that determined using PMS. All of them were severely inhibited by (methylenecyclopropyl)acetyl-CoA.