gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The origins of human cancer: molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis and their implications for cancer prevention and treatment--twenty-seventh G.H.A. Clowes memorial award lecture. (1988)

Epidemiological studies provide evidence that environmental factors (external agents such as chemicals, radiation, and viruses) play a major role in the causation of the majority of human tumors. This is a highly optimistic message, since it implies that cancer is largely a preventable disease. To meet this challenge we must, however, understand the mechanisms of cancer causation at the cellular and molecular levels and, in a parallel effort, develop new laboratory methods that can be used to identify specific causative agents in humans. The approach must be comprehensive since it is likely that human cancers are due to complex interactions between multiple factors, including the combined actions of chemical and viral agents. This paper reviews recent studies from our laboratory and studies by other investigators related to these themes. A major principle in studies on mechanisms of carcinogenesis is that the process proceeds through multiple discernible stages, including initiation, promotion, and progression. It is likely that the transition between these stages is driven by different environmental and endogenous factors and involves different biochemical mechanisms and genetic elements. Several types of chemicals initiate the carcinogenic process by yielding highly reactive species that bind covalently to cellular DNA. Our group has elucidated the details of this process with two groups of compounds, aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, emphasizing how these agents distort the conformation of DNA and its functions during DNA replication and transcription. The implications of these findings with respect to oncogene activation, DNA amplification, gene transposition, and chromosome translocations are discussed. Our studies on tumor promotion have concentrated on the mechanisms of action of the potent tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Studies from several laboratories indicate that this agent and related compounds produce their effects by activating a specific cellular enzyme, protein kinase C (PKC). This produces a cascade of events which include alterations in the function of membrane-associated ion channels and receptors, alterations in gene expression and, ultimately, changes in cellular differentiation and proliferation. Recent studies on the isolation and stable overexpression of a cloned DNA sequence that encodes PKC are described. The results obtained provide direct evidence that PKC plays a critical role in growth control. The possible role of PKC, and other mediators of signal transduction pathways, in the origin of certain human cancers is also discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Full Three-Dimensional Photonic Bandgap Crystals at Near-Infrared Wavelengths (2000)

An artificial crystal structure has been fabricated exhibiting a full three-dimensional photonic bandgap effect at optical communication wavelengths. The photonic crystal was constructed by stacking 0.7-micrometer period semiconductor stripes with the accuracy of 30 nanometers by advanced wafer-fusion technique. A bandgap effect of more than 40 decibels (which corresponds to 99.99% reflection) was successfully achieved. The result encourages us to create an ultra-small optical integrated circuit including a three-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide with a sharp bend.
POSTTRANSPLANT DIABETES MELLITUS IN PEDIATRIC RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS: A REPORT OF THE NORTH AMERICAN PEDIATRIC RENAL TRANSPLANT COOPERATIVE STUDY (NAPRTCS)1 (2001)

PTDM occurs in <3% of children. African-Americans are at higher risk and Hispanics at lower risk for PTDM. Tacrolimus is a significant risk factor for PTDM. Children with PTDM had a higher incidence of acute rejection, but graft survival, kidney function, and hospitalization rates were similar to selected controls.
Platelet-derived growth factor promotes smooth muscle migration and intimal thickening in a rat model of balloon angioplasty. (1992)

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a mitogen and che- moattractant for vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) in vitro, but its activities in vivo remain largely undefined. We infused recombinant PDGF-BB (0.01-0.30 mg/kg per d i.v.) into rats subjected to carotid injury. PDGF-BB produced a small in- crease (twoto threefold) in medial SMC proliferation. More importantly, PDGF-BB greatly increased (20-fold) the intimal thickening and the migration of SMC from the media to the intima during the first 7 d after injury. These data provide sup- port for the hypothesis that PDGF, and perhaps other platelet factors, might play an important role in the movement of mesen- chymal cells into zones of injury undergoing repair. (
Comparison of analgesic effect of preoperative topical diclofenac and ketorolac on postoperative pain after photorefractive keratectomy (2014)

No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Nucleotide sequence and structure of the sevenless gene of Drosophila melanogaster. (1988)

In the Drosophila melanogaster mutant sevenless, the R7 photoreceptor in each of the repeating units, or ommatidia, of the compound eye fails to form. We have determined the nucleotide sequence and structure of the sevenless transcription unit. Overlapping cDNA clones from an eye imaginal disc library were isolated, and these together with corresponding genomic regions were sequenced. The positions of the major and two minor transcription start sites were mapped. The gene encodes a putative cell-surface receptor, the unmodified form of which is predicted as 288 kD, bearing a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. Several structural features distinguish sevenless from other tyrosine kinase receptors, most notably the large size of its extracellular domain. Moreover, unlike the insulin or epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors, a putative amino-terminal signal sequence does not immediately follow the initiating methionine codon. Rather, a 21-amino-acid hydrophobic sequence is found 56 amino acids after the likely initiating methionine codon, suggesting that this sequence may function as an amino-terminal anchor. If so, the sevenless protein would be expected to have its 2001-amino-acid extracellular domain anchored as a loop at either end in the membrane. Finally, we have generated a number of transformant lines that carry either a 16.3-kb genomic fragment that extends approximately 950 bp upstream of the transcription start sites or constructs in which a subset of the introns present in the genomic sevenless DNA have been removed. The degree of rescue of the sevenless mutant phenotype has been assayed in these lines using morphological and behavioral assays.
The effect of electrospray solvent composition on desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI) efficiency and spatial resolution (2010)

In desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI) the interaction between the electrospray and the surface is key to two important analytical parameters, the spatial resolution and the sensitivity. We evaluate the effect of the electrospray solvent type, organic solvent fraction with water, analyte solubility and substrate wettability on DESI erosion diameter and material transferral into useful ion signal. To do this five amino acids, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and phenylalanine are prepared as thin films on three substrates, UV/ozone treated glass, glass and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Four different solvents, acetonitrile (ACN), methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH) and propan-2-ol (IPA), are used with organic solvent fractions with water varying from 0.1 to 1. These model systems allow the solubility or wettability to be kept constant as other parameters are varied. Additionally, comparison with electrospray ionisation (ESI) allows effects of ionisation efficiency to be determined. It is shown that the DESI efficiency is linearly dependent on the solubility (for these materials at least) and for analytes with solubilities below 1.5 g kg−1, additional strategies may be required for DESI to be effective. We show that the DESI erosion diameter improves linearly with organic solvent fraction, with an organic solvent fraction of 0.9 instead of 0.5 leading to a 2 fold improvement. Furthermore, this leads to a 35 fold increase in DESI efficiency, defined as the molecular ion yield per unit area. It is shown that these improvements correlate with smaller droplet sizes rather than surface wetting or ionisation.
The Arf GTPase-activating protein ASAP1 regulates the actin cytoskeleton (2000)

Arf family GTP-binding proteins are best characterized as regulators of membrane traffic, but recent studies indicate an additional role in cytoskeletal organization. An Arf GTPase-activating protein of the centaurin beta family, ASAP1 (also known as centaurin beta4), binds Arf and two other known regulators of the actin cytoskeleton, the tyrosine kinase Src and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. In this paper, we show that ASAP1 localizes to focal adhesions and cycles with focal adhesion proteins when cells are stimulated to move. Overexpression of ASAP1 altered the morphology of focal adhesions and blocked both cell spreading and formation of dorsal ruffles induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). On the other hand, ASAP1, with a mutation that disrupted GTPase-activating protein activity, had a reduced effect on cell spreading and increased the number of cells forming dorsal ruffles in response to PDGF. These data support a role for an Arf GTPase-activating protein, ASAP1, as a regulator of cytoskeletal remodeling and raise the possibility that the Arf pathway is a target for PDGF signaling.
Interstellar shocks and chemistry (2007)

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A Comparison of Serine and Threonine O-Glycosylation by UDP-GaINAc:Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (1993)

O-glycosylated proteins are ubiquitous in eukaryotes and are responsible for a variety of biological functions. O-glycosylation is initiated by the addition of N-acetylgalactosamine to serine or threonine residues, though it is not clear how specific residues are selected for modification. We have compared serine and threonine glycosylation using peptide substrates based on sequences from erythropoietin (EPO) and von Willebrand factor (HVF) that are glycosylated in vivo. UDP-GalNAc:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase was derived from rat parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, liver and kidney as well as from human colostrum. The threonine-containing substrates were glycosylated to a much greater extent than those containing serine for all the enzyme sources. Changes in reaction pH, donor concentration, or divalent cation were unable to increase glycosylation of serine. When the incubation time was extended, serine in the EPO-based peptide was found to incorporate GalNAc at a low level, in contrast to the serine-containing HVF peptide, which did not glycosylate at all. By circular dichroism, the non-glycosylating peptide was the only one of the series that did not exhibit random coil structure. Our data suggest that although the structural and sequence requirements for O-glycosylation of serine and threonine residues are similar, serine sites are glycosylated less effectively than are threonine sites in vitro.
How do Board–CEO Relationships Influence the Performance of New Product Introduction? Moving from Single to Interdependent Explanations (2008)

ABSTRACT Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue The relationship between board members and top executives is held central to corporate governance, yet studies of it are relatively few and our knowledge of its consequences is limited. This study aims to address how board–CEO relationships, in terms of power balance and social ties, contribute to the performance of new product introduction. It proposes a contingency view to highlight the context‐dependent nature of such governance arrangements. Research Findings/Results Using survey and archival data in a sample of 198 industrial firms in Taiwan, this research finds that the two distinct types of board–CEO relationships relate curvilinearly to the performance of new product introduction. Furthermore, such universal relationships are moderated by market instability and board interlocks, respectively. Theoretical Implications: This study departs from the traditional agency view to an argument that fine‐tuned board–CEO relationships, in light of sociopolitical and sociopsychological forces, and will serve as an essential enabling context for managerial risk taking. It demonstrates that research in this field should accommodate different theories to elaborate on the underlying tensions in the corporate governance and emphasize the merits of complementarity. Practical Implications: Acknowledging that good governance design softens managerial risk aversion, this study helps identify the governance conditions in which risk differentials between the board and CEO may align, and thus when exploratory efforts, in the form of new product introduction, are more likely to succeed.
The eyes have it: a task by data type taxonomy for information visualizations (2002)

A useful starting point for designing advanced graphical user interfaces is the visual information seeking Mantra: overview first, zoom and filter, then details on demand. But this is only a starting point in trying to understand the rich and varied set of information visualizations that have been proposed in recent years. The paper offers a task by data type taxonomy with seven data types (one, two, three dimensional data, temporal and multi dimensional data, and tree and network data) and seven tasks (overview, zoom, filter, details-on-demand, relate, history, and extracts).
Experimental and Clinical Evidence for Brimonidine as an Optic Nerve and Retinal Neuroprotective Agent (2009)

To review the available evidence for the neuroprotective qualities of brimonidine tartrate in optic nerve and retinal injury.References for this study were obtained by running a search of the PubMed database using keywords brimonidine, neuroprotection, ischemic optic neuropathy, and alpha2-adrenergic agonists. References focusing on ocular hypertension were excluded.Forty-eight articles addressing 1 of 4 criteria for neuroprotection were included. The literature confirms that brimonidine therapy meets the first 3 criteria for neuroprotection: receptors on its target tissues, adequate penetration into the vitreous and retina at pharmacologic levels, and induction of intracellular changes that enhance neuronal resistance to insults or interrupt apoptosis in animal models. Brimonidine did not meet the final neuroprotective criterion of success in humans.Experimental evidence has demonstrated that brimonidine is a potential neuroprotective agent. However, to date, clinical trials have failed to translate into similar efficacy in humans.
Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-κB Activity Is Involved in E1A-mediated Sensitization of Radiation-induced Apoptosis (1997)

The adenoviral E1A protein has been implicated in the potentiation of apoptosis induced by various external stimuli, but the exact mechanism of that potentiation is not clear. In this study, we compared the sensitivity to ionizing gamma-irradiation of E1A transfectants with that of parental cells in a human ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV3.ip1); we found that the E1A transfectants became sensitive to radiation-induced apoptosis. Recently, activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been shown to play a key role in the anti-apoptotic pathway of radiation-induced apoptosis. In an attempt to determine whether NF-kappaB was involved in the E1A-mediated sensitization of radiation-induced apoptosis, we found that radiation-induced activation of NF-kappaB occurred in the parental cells but was blocked in the E1A transfectants. Furthermore, parental cells cotransfected with NF-kappaB and E1A were better protected from undergoing apoptosis upon irradiation than those transfected with E1A alone. Thus, our results suggest that inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by E1A is a plausible mechanism for E1A-mediated sensitization of radiation-induced apoptosis.
Glucose modulates the binding of an islet-specific factor to a conserved sequence within the rat I and the human insulin promoters. (1993)

In cultured rat and human pancreatic islets, glucose stimulated transcription of the rat insulin I gene through the mini-enhancer (FF) located between residues -196 and -247. The glucose-sensitive element was delineated to the region -193 to -227. The mini-enhancer bound islet nuclear proteins to form three major complexes (C1-C3). A 22-bp subfragment, spanning the sequence -206 to -227, was sufficient to retain all binding activities of the entire FF. The homologous sequence of the human insulin promoter interacted with rat islet nuclear extracts to form a single complex, corresponding to the C1 complex of the rat insulin I sequence. C1 was present only in insulin-producing cells; it was the major complex detected in isolated human islets with both rat and human insulin sequences. Furthermore, the DNA binding activity of the C1 factor(s) was selectively modulated by extracellular glucose in a dose-dependent manner; a 4.5-fold increase in binding intensity was detected when rat islets were incubated for 1-3 h in the presence of 20 vs. 1-2 mM glucose. We therefore suggest that the factor(s) involved in the C1 complex corresponds to the glucose-sensitive factor and, consequently, may play a determining role in glucose-regulated expression of the insulin gene.
Report of the Committee on New Technology (1980)

the commonality of equipment and opera-advantages and benefits, it is necessary to Television Broadcasting."SMPTE J . .82: tions is the ability to achieve a significant select a digital standard wisely and care-525-555* 1975.2. Joseph A. Flaherty."New Horizons in TV Proimprovement in the quality of the televi-fully, since this standard will determine the gram Production, Post~Production and Consion picture suitable for future developfuture of television broadcasting for the tinuity," SMPTE
Single Vector System for Efficient N-myristoylation of Recombinant Proteins in E. coli (2010)

The single vector strategy allows diverse modifications of target proteins recombinantly coexpressed in E. coli with heterologous enzymes. The method is generally applicable and provides large amounts of quantitatively processed target protein that are sufficient for comprehensive biophysical and structural studies.
The Relation Between Knock and Exhaust Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine (1970)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The effect of knock intensity on exhaust emissions was examined in a single cylinder spark ignition engine. The exhaust components surveyed were carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen (as NO), and total unburned hydrocarbons. Knock was induced solely by changing the spark timing. To describe knock intensity quantitatively, the magnitudes of the rate of pressure irregularities occurring during the combustion process were utilized. The use of the rate of pressure change to define a quantitative knock intensity scale is supported by an apparent generalization of the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio data. Graphs are presented that indicate the dependency of power output as well as exhaust emissions on knock intensity for various air-fuel ratios.&lt;/div&gt;
Global Hong Kong (2014)

Global Hong Kong locates Hong Kong in the contemporary globalizing world. Hong Kong, as the authors argue, is an archetypal place, sitting at the intersection of East and West. It is also a major center for global capital flows and world trade. Moreover, in recent years, the island's global cultural power has become increasingly evident, as Hong Kong popular culture has spread to the West via a booming film industry. While looking at issues of postcoloniality, transnationalism and economic globalization, Wong and McDonogh focus on the new cultures and social formations of contemporary Hong Kong, as well as the transformation of the physical city itself. They also trace the new interconnections - economic, demographic, social and cultural - between Hong Kong and other parts of the worldthat have benn fostered by globalization.Books in this series look at how nations and regions across the world are navigating the tumultuous currents of globalization. Concise, descriptive, interdisciplinary, and theoretically informed, they serve as ideal introductions to the peoples and places of our increasingly globalized world.
Addition, Suppression, and Inhibition in the Electrophoretic Deposition of Nanocrystal Mixture Films for CdSe Nanocrystals with γ-Fe2O3 and Au Nanocrystals (2003)

Electrophoretic deposition from mixtures of CdSe and γ-Fe2O3 nanocrystals forms identical films on the positive and negative electrodes composed of both types of nanocrystals. In contrast, the electrophoretic deposition from mixtures of CdSe and Au nanocrystals forms films composed of only CdSe nanocrystals, and these films form only on the positive electrode. As the density of charged Au dots is decreased below that of charged CdSe dots, the suppression of CdSe dot film formation on the negative electrode lessens, and films composed of CdSe nanocrystals form on both electrodes.
High Throughput Assay Technologies for Ion Channel Drug Discovery (2004)

Ion channels represent a class of membrane spanning protein pores that mediate the flux of ions in a variety of cell types. To date, >400 ion channels have been cloned and characterized, and some of these channels have emerged as attractive drug targets. Several existing medications elicit their therapeutic effect through the modulation of ion channels, underscoring the importance of ion channels as a target class for modern drug discovery. To meet the increasing demand for high-throughput screening of ion channels, assay technologies have evolved rapidly over the past 5-10 years. In this article, the authors review the technologies that are currently used for the screening of ion channels. The technologies discussed are binding assays, ion flux assays, fluorescence-based assays, and automated patch-clamp instrumentation.
Root Cause Analysis Techniques Using Picosecond Time Resolved LADA (2014)

Abstract Laser-assisted device alteration (LADA) is an established technique used to identify critical speed paths in integrated circuits. LADA can reveal the physical location of a speed path, but not the timing of the speed path. This paper describes the root cause analysis benefits of 1064nm time resolved LADA (TR-LADA) with a picosecond laser. It shows several examples of how picosecond TR-LADA has complemented the existing fault isolation toolset and has allowed for quicker resolution of design and manufacturing issues. The paper explains how TR-LADA increases the LADA localization resolution by eliminating the well interaction, provides the timing of the event detected by LADA, indicates the propagation direction of the critical signals detected by LADA, allows the analyst to infer the logic values of the critical signals, and separates multiple interactions occurring at the same site for better understanding of the critical signals.