gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth and Functional Efficacy of Intrastriatal Nigral Transplants Depend on the Extent of Nigrostriatal Degeneration (2001)

Previous studies have shown that the functional efficacy of intrastriatal transplants of fetal dopamine (DA) neurons in the rat Parkinson model depends on their ability to establish a new functional innervation of the denervated striatum. Here we report that the survival, growth, and function of the grafted DA neurons greatly depend on the severity of the lesion of the host nigrostriatal system. Fiber outgrowth, and to a lesser extent also cell survival, were significantly reduced in animals in which part of the intrinsic DA system was left intact. Moreover, graft-induced functional recovery, as assessed in the stepping, paw-use, and apomorphine rotation tests, was obtained only in severely lesioned animals, i.e., in rats with >70% DA denervation of the host striatum. Functional recovery seen in these animals in which the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion was confined to the striatum was more pronounced than that previously obtained in rats with complete lesions of the mesencephalic DA system, indicating that spared portions of the host DA system, particularly those innervating nonstriatal forebrain areas, may be necessary for the grafts to exert their optimal functional effect. These data have implications for the optimal use of fetal nigral transplants in Parkinson patients in different stages of the disease.
Augmentation of Tendon Healing in an Intraarticular Bone Tunnel with Use of a Bone Growth Factor (2001)

We hypothesized that an exogenous bone growth factor could augment healing of a tendon graft in a bone tunnel in a rabbit anterior cruciate ligament-reconstruction model. Seventy rabbits underwent bilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions with a semitendinosus tendon graft. One limb received a collagen sponge carrier vehicle containing a mixture of bone-derived proteins while the contralateral limb was treated with either no sponge or a sponge without bone-derived proteins. The reconstruction was evaluated at 2, 4, or 8 weeks with histologic, biomechanical, and magnetic resonance imaging analysis. Histologic analysis demonstrated that specimens treated with bone-derived proteins had a more consistent, dense interface tissue and closer apposition of new bone to the graft, with occasional formation of a fibrocartilaginous interface, when compared with control specimens. The treated specimens had significantly higher load-to-failure rates than did control specimens. Treatment with bone-derived proteins resulted in an average increase in tensile strength of 65%. The treated specimens were stronger than control specimens at each time point, but the difference was greatest at 8 weeks. On the basis of signal characteristics and new bone formation, magnetic resonance imaging was useful for predicting which limb was treated, the site of failure, and the limbs with higher load-to-failure values. This study demonstrates the potential for augmenting tendon healing in an intraarticular bone tunnel using an osteoinductive growth factor.
Localization of Surface Immunogenic Protein on Group B Streptococcus (2001)

The localization and accessibility of the group B streptococcus (GBS) surface immunogenic protein (Sip) at the surface of intact GBS cells were studied by flow cytometric assay and immunogold electron microscopy. Antibodies present in pooled sera collected from mice after immunization with purified recombinant Sip efficiently recognized native Sip at the surfaces of the different GBS strains tested, which included representatives of all nine serotypes. Examination of GBS cells by immunogold electron microscopy revealed that the Sip-specific antibodies attached preferentially to polar sites and the septal region. This result confirmed that Sip is exposed at the intact-cell surface, but it also suggests that its distribution is restricted to certain regions of the cell.
Characterization of the Protein Kinase Activity of TRPM7/ChaK1, a Protein Kinase Fused to the Transient Receptor Potential Ion Channel (2004)

Channel-kinase TRPM7/ChaK1 is a member of a recently discovered family of protein kinases called alpha-kinases that display no sequence homology to conventional protein kinases. It is an unusual bifunctional protein that contains an alpha-kinase domain fused to an ion channel. The TRPM7/ChaK1 channel has been characterized using electrophysiological techniques, and recent evidence suggests that it may play a key role in the regulation of magnesium homeostasis. However, little is known about its protein kinase activity. To characterize the kinase activity of TRPM7/ChaK1, we expressed the kinase catalytic domain in bacteria. ChaK1-cat is able to undergo autophosphorylation and to phosphorylate myelin basic protein and histone H3 on serine and threonine residues. The kinase is specific for ATP and cannot use GTP as a substrate. ChaK1-cat is insensitive to staurosporine (up to 0.1 mM) but can be inhibited by rottlerin. Because the kinase domain is physically linked to an ion channel, we investigated the effect of ions on ChaK1-cat activity. The kinase requires Mg(2+) (optimum at 4-10 mM) or Mn(2+) (optimum at 3-5 mM), with activity in the presence of Mn(2+) being 2 orders of magnitude higher than in the presence of Mg(2+). Zn(2+) and Co(2+) inhibited ChaK1-cat kinase activity. Ca(2+) at concentrations up to 1 mM did not affect kinase activity. Considering intracellular ion concentrations, our results suggest that, among divalent metal ions, only Mg(2+) can directly modulate TRPM7/ChaK1 kinase activity in vivo.
Evaluating the preservative effectiveness of RGP lens care solutions. (1995)

We examined the antimicrobial preservative efficacy of nine rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lens care solutions by challenging them in a laboratory study with both standard test organisms and preservative-resistant strains. Solutions containing polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), such as Boston Advance (15 ppm) and a Boston Advance Enhanced Comfort Formula (5 ppm PHMB + 30 ppm chlorhexidine gluconate [CHG]) were most effective at rapidly killing vegetative cells, killing all bacteria and yeast by 6 hours. Boston Advance only slightly reduced the number of Aspergillus niger spores during the 28 day study, but Boston Advance Enhanced Comfort Formula reduced the spores by almost 3 logs by 14 days and by 4 logs by 21 days. Thimerosal-preserved Soaclens only reduced Staphylococcus aureus by 1 log at 6 hours, but at 1 day all tested organisms including S. aureus and A. niger were killed. Barnes Hind Gas Permeable Wetting and Soaking Solution, containing 50 ppm CHG, had little effect on adapted Serratia marcescens or Pseudomonas cepacia during the 28 day study. Allergan Wet-N-Soak Plus, containing 30 ppm benzalkonium chloride (BAK), was also unable to kill adapted S. marcescens or P. cepacia. CIBA Vision Premus (40 ppm BAK) was unable to kill adapted S. marcescens. Alcon Opti-Free, with 50 ppm polyquaternium-1 (polyquad), did not kill P. cepacia. Sherman Stay-Wet 3, containing 0.1% benzyl alcohol, was not effective against S. marcescens (adapted or unadapted), P. cepacia, or A. niger. Sherman DeStat 3, which contains 0.1% benzyl alcohol plus surfactants and five times the concentration of EDTA as in Stay-Wet 3, was able to kill all the vegetative cells by 7 days but did not significantly reduce A. niger.
T cell adhesion molecules (1988)

Cell adhesion or conjugate formation between T lymphocytes and other cells is an important early step in the generation of the immune response. Although the antigen-specific T cell receptor confers antigen recognition and specificity, a number of other molecules expressed on the T cell surface are involved in the regulation of lymphocyte adhesion. T cell molecules that function to strengthen adhesion include lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1, CD2, CD4, and CD8. Their ligands have recently been identified. LFA-1 is a member of the integrin family of adhesion receptors and one of its ligands is intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1); a ligand for CD2 is LFA-3; and ligands for CD4 and CD8 appear to be major histocompatibility complex class II and class I molecules, respectively. In addition, T cells express a number of receptors thought to be involved in cell matrix adhesion. The function and significance of these T cell adhesion receptors and their ligands are reviewed.
How to reduce the risk factors of osteoporosis in Asia. (1995)

Osteoporosis can be predicted to be a new burden to public health in Asia. Currently, the incidence of osteoporosis-related fractures is lower there than in most western communities. By the year 2050, however, 50% of the 6.3 million hip fractures which occur worldwide will be in Asians as a result of an aging population, a decrease in physical activity and westernization of lifestyles. The cost of treatment and cure of these patients will be enormous, a sufficient financial burden to consume current economic gain and cripple the future advancing development of Asian countries. Individual risk factors for osteoporosis have been identified by the extensive Mediterranean Osteoporosis Study (MEDOS). Fortunately, Asians, the rural population and farmers in particular, have the favorable lifestyle identified by the study, including high physical activity and exposure to sunlight. Strikingly, tea drinking, a daily habit in Asia, is also identified as a protective factor against osteoporosis. In addition, bioflavonoids and phytoestrogen-rich soybeans and vegetables are consumed in large quantities by Asians. A soy diet reduces mortality in breast and prostate cancer because it contains weak estrogens. The weakly estrogenic phytoestrogens require further study to demonstrate their pharmacological effect in reducing the rate of osteoporosis. Public health education, however, is needed to encourage the Asian population to maintain their traditionally good lifestyle and to reduce the risk factors for osteoporosis. In turn, these steps may reduce the public health burden by 2050.
Flow reactor synthesis of CdSe, CdS, CdSe/CdS and CdSeS nanoparticles from single molecular precursor(s) (2011)

[Cd(S2CNMenHex)2] and [Cd(Se2PiPr2)2] were used as single source precursors (SSPs) in oleylamine for the synthesis of CdS, CdSe, CdSe/CdS, and CdSeS nanoparticles in a microcapillary reactor. The influence of the different reaction parameters (precursor concentration, growth temperature and residence time) on the size and the optical properties of the nanoparticles were studied. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that CdS nanoparticles were in the range of 5.0 to 8.0 nm whereas the CdSe nanoparticles were small (ca. 2 nm) with blue luminescence irrespective of the growth temperature, concentration or residence time. The CdSe/CdS core/shell and the CdSeS alloys were bluish green or green luminescent depending on their size.
A fragment of human TrpRS as a potent antagonist of ocular angiogenesis (2002)

Pathological angiogenesis contributes directly to profound loss of vision associated with many diseases of the eye. Recent work suggests that human tyrosyl- and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetases (TrpRS) link protein synthesis to signal transduction pathways including angiogenesis. In this study, we show that a recombinant form of a COOH-terminal fragment of TrpRS is a potent antagonist of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis in a mouse model and of naturally occurring retinal angiogenesis in the neonatal mouse. The angiostatic activity is dose-dependent in both systems. The recombinant fragment is similar in size to one generated naturally by alternative splicing and can be produced by proteolysis of the full-length protein. In contrast, the full-length protein is inactive as an antagonist of angiogenesis. These results suggest that fragments of TrpRS, as naturally occurring and potentially nonimmunogenic anti-angiogenics, can be used for the treatment of neovascular eye diseases.
Electrochemical Cyclization/Cycloreversion Reactions of Diarylethenes (2005)

[reaction: see text]. Electrochemical oxidation of diarylethene derivatives induced cyclization or cycloreversion reactions. The reaction mechanism was studied with CV, absorption spectra, and theoretical calculation.
Phycobilisome-Deficient Strains of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Have Reduced Size and Require Carbon-Limiting Conditions to Exhibit Enhanced Productivity (2014)

Reducing excessive light harvesting in photosynthetic organisms may increase biomass yields by limiting photoinhibition and increasing light penetration in dense cultures. The cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 harvests light via the phycobilisome, which consists of an allophycocyanin core and six radiating rods, each with three phycocyanin (PC) discs. Via targeted gene disruption and alterations to the promoter region, three mutants with two (p<sub>cpc</sub>T→C) and one (ΔCpcC1C2:p<sub>cpc</sub>T→C) PC discs per rod or lacking PC (olive) were generated. Photoinhibition and chlorophyll levels decreased upon phycobilisome reduction, although greater penetration of white light was observed only in the PC-deficient mutant. In all strains cultured at high cell densities, most light was absorbed by the first 2 cm of the culture. Photosynthesis and respiration rates were also reduced in the ΔCpcC1C2:p<sub>cpc</sub>T→C and olive mutants. Cell size was smaller in the p<sub>cpc</sub>T→C and olive strains. Growth and biomass accumulation were similar between the wild-type and p<sub>cpc</sub>T→C under a variety of conditions. Growth and biomass accumulation of the olive mutant were poorer in carbon-saturated cultures but improved in carbon-limited cultures at higher light intensities, as they did in the ΔCpcC1C2:p<sub>cpc</sub>T→C mutant. This study shows that one PC disc per rod is sufficient for maximal light harvesting and biomass accumulation, except under conditions of high light and carbon limitation, and two or more are sufficient for maximal oxygen evolution. To our knowledge, this study is the first to measure light penetration in bulk cultures of cyanobacteria and offers important insights into photobioreactor design.
Effect of inspiratory pressure support on exercise tolerance and breathlessness in patients with severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (1994)

Inspiratory pressure support can reduce breathlessness and increase exercise tolerance to submaximal treadmill exercise in patients with COPD. This could have implications for the rehabilitation of these severely disabled patients.
Discrepancy between subjective and objective assessments of wandering behaviours in dementia as measured by the Algase Wandering Scale and the Integrated Circuit tag monitoring system (2013)

This objective measurement of wandering showed the limitations in the assessment of spatial and temporal movement by the staff.
An Escherichia coli chromosomal "addiction module" regulated by guanosine [corrected] 3',5'-bispyrophosphate: a model for programmed bacterial cell death. (1996)

"Addiction modules" consist of two genes. In most of them the product of one is long lived and toxic while the product of the second is short lived and antagonizes the toxic effect; so far, they have been described mainly in a number of prokaryotic extrachromosomal elements responsible for the postsegregational killing effect. Here we show that the chromosomal genes mazE and mazF, located in the Escherichia coli rel operon, have all of the properties required for an addiction module. Furthermore, the expression of mazEF is regulated by the cellular level of guanosine [corrected] 3',5'-bispyrophosphate, the product of the RelA protein under amino acid starvation. These properties suggest that the mazEF system may be responsible for programmed cell death in E. coli and thus may have a role in the physiology of starvation.
Importance of the kidneys for gastrin elimination and gastric function (1980)

1. The gastrin concentrations in serum were elevated after nephrectomy in rats and mice indicating the importance of the kidney for elimination of gastrin in these species. In guinea-pigs and rabbits nephrectomy did not cause increased serum gastrin concentrations. In rats there was a gradual rise in the serum gastrin level up to 48 hr after bilateral nephrectomy and also after ureteral ligation. After the latter operation the concentrations of gastrin in serum were lower than after nephrectomy. Significant elevation of the gastrin level 48 hr after ureteral ligation indicates that gastrin is eliminated at least partly through glomerular filtration. The gastric histidine decarboxylase activity after nephrectomy or ureteral ligation generally reflected the concentration of circulating gastrin.2. After bilateral ureteral ligation gastric acid secretion in conscious fistula rats was uniformly inhibited with no response to pentagastrin or histamine 24 or 48 hr after the operation. After nephrectomy basal acid secretion was reduced and there was no response to pentagastrin. The response to histamine was still present, although reduced at all dose levels. Linear transformation of the dose-response curve indicated mixed inhibition. The incidence of gastric ulcer was 75% 48 hr after nephrectomy and 30% after ureteral ligation. Since basal and pentagastrin-stimulated acid secretion were unaffected by nephrectomy in rats with the upper two-thirds of the intestine removed, the intestine appears to produce factors which are responsible for the inhibition of gastric secretion.2. On the whole, the gastrin concentration in serum and gastric histidine decarboxylase activity were not increased after five-sixths nephrectomy. Gastric ulcers were seen in the rats with the highest serum urea levels; one in addition had high serum gastrin concentration and gastric histidine decarboxylase activity. Basal, pentagastrin- and histamine-stimulated acid secretion were not affected by subtotal nephrectomy. It appears that in the rat about one sixth of the renal mass is the minimum required for handling gastrin degradation and excretion.
HyperMeeting (2015)

While synchronous meetings are an important part of collaboration, it is not always possible for all stakeholders to meet at the same time. We created the concept of hypermeetings for meetings with asynchronous attendance. Such hypermeetings consist of a chain of video-recorded meetings with hyperlinks for navigating through them. Our HyperMeeting system supports the viewing of prior meetings during a videoconference. Natural viewing behavior such as pausing video generates hyperlinks between previous and current meetings. During playback, automatic link-following guided by playback plans present the relevant content to users. Playback plans take into account the user's meeting attendance and viewing history and match them with features such as topic and speaker segmentation. A user study showed that participants found hyperlinks useful but did not always understand where the links would take them. Experiences from longer-term use and the study results provide a good basis for future system improvements.
Neighbouring group participation in the allylic oxidation of a Δ5-steroid (1985)

J. R. Hanson and P. B. Reese, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1985, 647 DOI: 10.1039/P19850000647
Arginine mutations within a transmembrane domain of Tar, an Escherichia coli aspartate receptor, can drive homodimer dissociation and heterodimer association in vivo (2004)

The interactions between the TM (transmembrane) domains of many membrane proteins are important for their proper functioning. Mutations of residues into positively charged ones within TM domains were reported to be involved in many genetic diseases, possibly because these mutations affect the self- and/or hetero-assembly of the corresponding proteins. To our knowledge, despite significant progress in understanding the role of various amino acids in TM-TM interactions in vivo, the direct effect of positively charged residues on these interactions has not been studied. To address this issue, we employed the N-terminal TM domain of the aspartate receptor (Tar-1) as a dimerization model system. We expressed within the ToxR TM assembly system several Tar-1 constructs that dimerize via polar- or non-polar amino acid motifs, and mutated these by replacement with a single arginine residue. Our results have revealed that a mutation in each of the motifs significantly reduced the ability of the TMs to dimerize. Furthermore, a Tar-1 construct that contained two arginine residues was unable to correctly integrate itself into the membrane. Nevertheless, an exogenous synthetic Tar-1 peptide containing these two arginine residues was able to inhibit in vivo the marked dimerization of a mutant Tar-1 construct that contained two glutamate residues at similar positions. This indicates that hetero-assembly of TM domains can be mediated by the interaction of two oppositely charged residues, probably by formation of ion pairs. This study broadens our knowledge regarding the effect of positively charged residues on TM-TM interactions in vivo, and provides a potential therapeutic approach to inhibit uncontrolled dimerization of TM domains caused by mutations of polar amino acids.
Amphiphilic Block Copolymers: Self-Assembly and Applications (2000)

Theory of block copolymer self-assembly: Modelling of the self-assembly of block copolymers in selective solvent, (P. Linse) On the origin of the solution behavior of ethyleneoxide containing polymers, (G. Karlstr m). Self-assembly in simple and complex systems: Block copolymers of ethylene oxide and 1,2-butylene oxide, (C. Booth et al.) Self-assembly of block polyelectrolytes, (L. Zhang et al.) Formation of amphiphilic block copolymer micelles in nonaqueous solution, (T. Liu et al.) Structures of amphiphilic block copolymers in their liquid and solid states, (A.J. Ryan et al.) Structural polymorphism of amphiphilic block copolymers in mixtures with water and oil - comparison with solvent-free block copolymers and surfactant systems, (P. Alexandridis et al.) Techniques for the study of self-assembly structure and dynamics: Small-angle scattering studies of block copolymer micelles, micellar mesophases and networks, (K. Mortensen) Fluorescence studies of amphiphilic block copolymers in solution, (R. Zana) Direct-imaging cryo-transmission electron microscopy in the study of colloids and polymer solutions, (M. Goldraich, Y. Talmon) Rheology of transient networks formed by the association of hydrophobically modified water soluble polymers, (T. Annable et al.). Applications of amphiphilic copolymers: Applications of block copolymers, (K. Holmberg) Block copolymers in pharmaceutics, (M. Malmsten) Micelles of amphiphilic block copolymers as vehicles for drug delivery, (A.V. Kabanov, V.Yu. Alakhov) Applications of amphiphilic copolymers in separations, (M. Svensson et al.) Polymeric surfactants as emulsion stabilizers, (R. Pons).
Diversification of P450 Genes During Land Plant Evolution (2010)

Plant cytochromes P450 (P450s) catalyze a wide variety of monooxygenation/hydroxylation reactions in primary and secondary metabolism. The number of P450 genes in plant genomes is estimated to be up to 1% of total gene annotations of each plant species. This implies that diversification within P450 gene superfamilies has led to the emergence of new metabolic pathways throughout land plant evolution. The conserved P450 families contribute to chemical defense mechanisms under terrestrial conditions and several are involved in hormone biosynthesis and catabolism. Species-specific P450 families are essential for the biosynthetic pathways of species-specialized metabolites. Future genome-wide analyses of P450 gene clusters and coexpression networks should help both in identifying the functions of many orphan P450s and in understanding the evolution of this versatile group of enzymes.