gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rational exercising: a lifetime choice with a link between health and happiness (2009)

This paper deals with a widespread type of investment in personal health that is not adequately explained by the economic literature. The analysis of people’s choice of intensity of engagement in health enhancing activities is made within an integrative, stochastic, micro-dynamic optimisation framework in which people’s utility is accumulated along a health-dependent random lifespan with direct and indirect mutual effects among exercise, health, consumption, utility, happiness, productivity and survival. Distinction is made between exercise’s length and exercise’s vigour in analysing the effect of exercising on health and rest. A link between health and utility is introduced: health improves (declines) as utility surpasses (falls below) a threshold due to a greater level of happiness (unhappiness).
A Concise Synthesis of an AHR Endogenous Ligand with the Indolecarbonylthiazole Skeleton (2003)

Short synthesis of an endogenous ligand for the arylhydrocarbon receptor (AHR), 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (7), has been described.N-Acylation of the L-cysteine methyl ester (4) with indoleglyoxylyl chloride (1) provided glyoxylamide (5) which underwent the TiCl 4 -mediated cyclization to thiazoline compound (6), followed by HETEROCYCLES, Vol.60, No. 5, 2003
Incentivized Sharing in Social Networks (2012)

With the proliferation of online social networks in recent years, there has been an increasing interest in studying social phenomena at a larger scale than it was ever possible before. Many companies have started to create social media strategies to keep up with the buzz around social networks. These strategies consider how to increase the companies ’ digital presence and how to positively impact the adoption of their products and services. Meanwhile, the question of how monetary incentives for social sharing affect the behavior of social network users remains largely unexplored. Here, we present a case study in which a particular type of incentive changes the structural properties of a social network and shifts the power-law curve of sharing. We distinguish between altruistic and incentivized shares, and we look at the impact of different incentive amounts on the sharing behavior of users. We also propose future directions for this type of research.
Electrochemical Lithium Intercalation in  VO 2 (  B  )  in Aqueous Electrolytes (1996)

Electrochemical lithium intercalation in electrodes in aqueous electrolytes has been studied by means of electrochemical methods (such as cyclic voltammetry and constant current discharge and charge) as well as atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Experiments were conducted in various buffer electrolytes having a range of pH from 6.0 to 11.3 Voltammetry clearly reveals current peaks related to lithium intercalation and deintercalation in the whole pH range investigated. Electrolyte pH plays a very important role in the performance of electrodes. When pH is higher than about 10, the capacity involved in the lithium intercalation in electrodes shows a rapid decline with repetitive cycling, which is suggested to be the result of the dissolution of the electrodes into the bulk electrolytes. Decreasing the pH tends to reduce the dissolution of and thereby gives better cycling behavior of electrodes. On the other hand, it also leads to increased hydrogen evolution that might affect the lithium intercalation reaction. Thus, the optimum pH range for the lithium intercalation reaction is found to be between 8 and 10. electrodes cycled in this pH range demonstrate very good capacity retention.
Chemical Structures of Swine-Manure Chars Produced under Different Carbonization Conditions Investigated by Advanced Solid-State 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy (2010)

Two types of swine-manure chars, hydrothermally produced hydrochar and slow-pyrolysis pyrochar, and their raw swine-manure solid were characterized using advanced solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In comparison to raw swine-manure solid, both hydrochars and pyrochar displayed significantly different structural features, with lower alkyl carbons, NCH, OCH3, O-alkyl, and COO/N−C═O groups but higher aromatic/olefinic and aromatic C−O groups. The chemical structures of four hydrochars varied with different processing conditions. In comparison to the hydrochar with only water wash (HTC-swine W), washing hydrochar with acetone (HTC-swine A) removed the soluble intermediates deposited on the hydrochar, as shown by the decrease of O-alkyl (primarily carbohydrates), corresponding increase of aromatic/olefinic carbons and complete removal of OCH3 groups. With citric acid prewash and acetone wash (HTC-AW-swine A), aromatic C−O and aromatics/olefinics were increased and alkyls were decreased, with O-alkyls totally removed in comparison to just acetone wash (HTC-swine A). Citric acid catalysis and acetone wash (HTC-AC-swine A) increased aromatic C−O and non-protonated aromatics/olefinics, decreased alkyls further, and reduced protonated aromatics/olefinics compared to citric acid prewash and acetone wash (HTC-AW-swine A). The ratios of non-protonated to protonated aromatic/olefinic carbons for HTC-swine W, HTC-swine A, and HTC-AW-swine A hydrochars were quite similar but enhanced for HTC-AC-swine A hydrochar. Obviously, citric acid catalysis and acetone wash (HTC-AC-swine A) provided deeper carbonization than other hydrothermal processes. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) processes were associated with the hydrolysis and subsequent decomposition of major biopolymer components in swine manure. The increase of aromaticity during HTC was likely due to condensation polymerization of the intermediates from the degradation of carbohydrates. Pyrochar produced from slow pyrolysis was structurally different from HTC hydrochars. The dominant component of pyrochar was aromatics, whereas that of hydrochars was alkyl moieties. The aromatic cluster size of pyrochar was larger than those of hydrochars. Slow pyrolysis at 620 °C provided deeper carbonization than HTC processes.
Mutual regulation of the transcriptional activator NF-kappa B and its inhibitor, I kappa B-alpha. (1993)

The NK-kappa B transcription factor complex is sequestered in the cytoplasm by the inhibitory protein I kappa B-alpha (MAD-3). Various cellular stimuli relieve this inhibition by mechanisms largely unknown, leading to NF-kappa B nuclear localization and transactivation of its target genes. It is demonstrated here with human T lymphocytes and monocytes that different stimuli, including tumor necrosis factor alpha and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, cause rapid degradation of I kappa B-alpha, with concomitant activation of NF-kappa B, followed by a dramatic increase in I kappa B-alpha mRNA and protein synthesis. Transfection studies reveal that the I kappa B-alpha mRNA and the encoded protein are potently induced by NF-kappa B and by homodimers of p65 and of c-Rel. We propose a model in which NF-kappa B and I kappa B-alpha mutually regulate each other in a cycle: saturating amounts of the inhibitory I kappa B-alpha protein are destroyed upon stimulation, allowing rapid activation of NF-kappa B. Subsequently, I kappa B-alpha mRNA and protein levels are quickly induced by the activated NF-kappa B. This resurgence of I kappa B-alpha protein acts to restore an equilibrium in which NF-kappa B is again inhibited.
Sympathetic Neural Activation in Visceral Obesity (2002)

The results of our study indicate that MSNA is elevated in men with visceral obesity. Our observations are consistent with the idea that abdominal visceral fat is an important adipose tissue depot linking obesity with sympathetic neural activation in humans. Furthermore, these findings may have important implications for understanding the increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases in individuals with visceral obesity.
Introducing spatial microsimulation with R: a practical (2014)

This practical teaches the basic theory and practice of `spatial microsimulation' using the popular
free software package R. The term microsimulation means different things in different disciplines,
so it is important to be clear at the outset what we will and will not be covering.
We will be learning how to create spatial microdata, the basis of all spatial microsimulation
models, using iterative proportional fitting (IPF). IPF is an efficient method for allocating in-
dividuals from a non-spatial dataset to geographical zones, analogous to the `Furness method'
in transport modelling, but with more constraints. There are other ways of generating spatial
microdata but, as far as the author is aware,1 this is the most effective and flexible for many
applications. An alternative approach using the open source `Flexible Modelling Framework' program is described in detail, with worked examples, by Harland (2013).
We will not be learning `dynamic spatial microsimulation' (Ballas et al., 2005): once the spatial
microdata have been generated and integerised, it is up to the user how they are used, be it in an agent based model or as a basis for estimates of income distributions at the local level or whatever.
We thus define spatial microsimulation narrowly in this tutorial as the process of generating spatial microdata (more on this below). The term can also be used to describe a wider approach that harnesses individual-level data allocated to zones for investigating phenomena that vary over space and between individuals such as income inequality or energy overconsumption. In both cases, the generation of spatial microdata is the critical element of the modelling process so the skills learned in this tutorial will provide a firm foundation for further work.
Peroxisomal multifunctional beta-oxidation protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecular analysis of the fox2 gene and gene product. (1992)

The gene encoding the multifunctional protein (MFP) of peroxisomal beta-oxidation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated from a genomic library via functional complementation of a fox2 mutant strain. The open reading frame consists of 2700 base pairs encoding a protein of 900 amino acids. The predicted molecular weight (98,759) is in close agreement with that of the isolated polypeptide (96,000). Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed similarity to the MFPs of two other fungi but not to that of rat peroxisomes or the multifunctional subunit of the Escherichia coli beta-oxidation complex. The FOX2 gene was overexpressed from a multicopy vector (YEp352) in S. cerevisiae and the gene product purified to apparent homogeneity. A truncated version of MFP lacking 271 carboxyl-terminal amino acids was also overexpressed and purified. Experiments to study the enzymatic properties of the wild-type MFP demonstrated an absence of activities originally assigned to an MFP of S. cerevisiae (crotonase, L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase, and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA epimerase), whereas two other activities were found: 2-enoyl-CoA hydratase 2 (converting trans-2-enoyl-CoA to D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA) and D-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (converting D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA to 3-ketoacyl-CoA). The truncated form contained only the D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity. These results clearly demonstrate that the beta-oxidation of fatty acids in S. cerevisiae follows a previously unknown stereochemical course, namely it occurs via a D-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate.
Oncogenic Role of MPHOSPH1, a Cancer-Testis Antigen Specific to Human Bladder Cancer (2007)

To disclose the molecular mechanism of bladder cancer, the second most common genitourinary tumor, we had previously done genome-wide expression profile analysis of 26 bladder cancers by means of cDNA microarray representing 27,648 genes. Among genes that were significantly up-regulated in the majority of bladder cancers, we here report identification of M-phase phosphoprotein 1 (MPHOSPH1) as a candidate molecule for drug development for bladder cancer. Northern blot analyses using mRNAs of normal human organs and cancer cell lines indicated this molecule to be a novel cancer-testis antigen. Introduction of MPHOSPH1 into NIH3T3 cells significantly enhanced cell growth at in vitro and in vivo conditions. We subsequently found an interaction between MPHOSPH1 and protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 (PRC1), which was also up-regulated in bladder cancer cells. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed colocalization of endogenous MPHOSPH1 and PRC1 proteins in bladder cancer cells. Interestingly, knockdown of either MPHOSPH1 or PRC1 expression with specific small interfering RNAs caused a significant increase of multinuclear cells and subsequent cell death of bladder cancer cells. Our results imply that the MPHOSPH1/PRC1 complex is likely to play a crucial role in bladder carcinogenesis and that inhibition of the MPHOSPH1/PRC1 expression or their interaction should be novel therapeutic targets for bladder cancers.
Minimal Sulfated Carbohydrates for Recognition by L-selectin and the MECA-79 Antibody (2000)

Sulfated forms of sialyl-Le(X) containing Gal-6-SO(4) or GlcNAc-6-SO(4) have been implicated as potential recognition determinants on high endothelial venule ligands for L-selectin. The optimal configuration of sulfate esters on the N-acetyllactosamine (Galbeta1-->4GlcNAc) core of sulfosialyl-Le(X), however, remains unsettled. Using a panel of sulfated lactose (Galbeta1-->4Glc) neoglycolipids as substrates in direct binding assays, we found that 6',6-disulfolactose was the preferred structure for L-selectin, although significant binding to 6'- and 6-sulfolactose was observed as well. Binding was EDTA-sensitive and blocked by L-selectin-specific monoclonal antibodies. Surprisingly, 6', 6-disulfolactose was poorly recognized by MECA-79, a carbohydrate- and sulfate-dependent monoclonal antibody that binds competitively to L-selectin ligands. Instead, MECA-79 bound preferentially to 6-sulfolactose. The difference in preferred substrates between L-selectin and MECA-79 may explain the variable activity of MECA-79 as an inhibitor of lymphocyte adhesion to high endothelial venules in lymphoid organs. Our results suggest that both Gal-6-SO(4) and GlcNAc-6-SO(4) may contribute to L-selectin recognition, either as components of sulfosialyl-Le(X) capping groups or in internal structures. By contrast, only GlcNAc-6-SO(4) appears to contribute to MECA-79 binding.
Kinase Assay Based on Thiophosphorylation and Biotinylation (1999)

Protein kinases catalyze the transfer of the gamma-phosphate group from ATP to a serine, threonine or tyrosine residue of an acceptor protein. These enzymes play an important role in signal transduction. New inhibitors for these enzymes are actively being sought. In this article, we present a novel approach for detecting the activity of protein kinases, which could be useful for the high-throughput screening of chemical libraries. The method is based on the use of ATP gamma S instead of ATP in the phosphorylation reaction. This results in the transfer of a thiophosphate group onto a fluorescein-labeled acceptor peptide substrate. The mixture is then treated with a sulfur-reactive iodoacetyl derivative of biotin, which leads to the modification of the nucleophilic sulfur of the thiophosphate group and the generation of a fluorescently labeled, biotinylated molecule. Finally, streptavidin is added to the mixture and it binds to all biotinylated molecules present. The binding of streptavidin to the thiophosphorylated and biotinylated kinase substrate can be conveniently detected by measuring the change in fluorescence polarization of the fluorescent dye attached to the peptide. The detection of kinase inhibitors is demonstrated. The method is completely homogeneous and does not require any separation steps.
Active Immunization in the United States: Developments over the Past Decade (2001)

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified immunization as the most important public health advance of the 20th century. The purpose of this article is to review the changes that have taken place in active immunization in the United States over the past decade. Since 1990, new vaccines have become available to prevent five infectious diseases: varicella, rotavirus, hepatitis A, Lyme disease, and Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Improved vaccines have been developed to prevent Haemophilus influenzae type b, pneumococcus, pertussis, rabies, and typhoid infections. Immunization strategies for the prevention of hepatitis B, measles, meningococcal infections, and poliomyelitis have changed as a result of the changing epidemiology of these diseases. Combination vaccines are being developed to facilitate the delivery of multiple antigens, and improved vaccines are under development for cholera, influenza, and meningococcal disease. Major advances in molecular biology have enabled scientists to devise new approaches to the development of vaccines against diseases ranging from respiratory viral to enteric bacterial infections that continue to plague the world's population.
Single amino acid exchanges in separate domains of the Drosophila serendipity delta zinc finger protein cause embryonic and sex biased lethality. (1992)

The Drosophila serendipity (sry) delta (delta) zinc finger protein is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein, maternally inherited by the embryo and present in nuclei of transcriptionally active cells throughout fly development. We report here the isolation and characterization of four ethyl methanesulfate-induced zygotic lethal mutations of different strengths in the sry delta gene. For the stronger allele, all of the lethality occurs during late embryogenesis or the first larval instar. In the cases of the three weaker alleles, most of the lethality occurs during pupation; moreover, those adult escapers that emerge are sterile males lacking partially or completely in spermatozoa bundles. Genetic analysis of sry delta thus indicates that it is an essential gene, whose continued expression throughout the life cycle, notably during embryogenesis and pupal stage, is required for viability. Phenotypic analysis of sry delta hemizygote escaper males further suggests that sry delta may be involved in regulation of two different sets of genes: genes required for viability and genes involved in gonadal development. All four sry delta alleles are fully rescued by a wild-type copy of sry delta, but not by an additional copy of the sry beta gene, reinforcing the view that, although structurally related, these two genes exert distinct functions. Molecular characterization of the four sry delta mutations revealed that these mutations correspond to single amino acid replacements in the sry delta protein. Three of these replacements map to the same (third out of seven) zinc finger in the carboxy-terminal DNA binding domain; interestingly, none affects the zinc finger consensus residues. The fourth mutation is located in the NH2-proximal part of the protein, in a domain proposed to be involved in specific protein-protein interactions.
Controlling the Color of Cholesteric Liquid‐Crystalline Films by Photoirradiation of a Chiroptical Molecular Switch Used as Dopant (2003)

Abstract Using thin films of a cholesteric mixture of acrylates 2 and 3 doped with the chiroptical molecular switch ( M )‐ trans ‐ 1 , photocontrol of the reflection color between red and green is possible. This doped liquid‐crystal (LC) film can be used for photoinduced writing, color reading, and photoinduced locking (via polymerization) of chiral, optically written information.
Aging, energy, and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases (1995)

The etiology of neurodegenerative diseases remains enigmatic; however, evidence for defects in energy metabolism, excitotoxicity, and for oxidative damage is increasingly compelling. It is likely that there is a complex interplay between these mechanisms. A defect in energy metabolism may lead to neuronal depolarization, activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitatory amino acid receptors, and increases in intracellular calcium, which are buffered by mitochondria. Mitochondria are the major intracellular source of free radicals, and increased mitochondrial calcium concentrations enhance free radical generation. Mitochondrial DNA is particularly susceptible to oxidative stress, and there is evidence of age-dependent damage and deterioration of respiratory enzyme activities with normal aging. This may contribute to the delayed onset and age dependence of neurodegenerative diseases. There is evidence for increased oxidative damage to macromolecules in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Potential therapeutic approaches include glutamate release inhibitors, excitatory amino acid antagonists, strategies to improve mitochondrial function, free radical scavengers, and trophic factors. All of these approaches appear promising in experimental studies and are now being applied to human studies.
Cytokine-Mediated Disruption of Lymphocyte Trafficking, Hemopoiesis, and Induction of Lymphopenia, Anemia, and Thrombocytopenia in Anti-CD137-Treated Mice (2007)

CD137-mediated signals costimulate T cells and protect them from activation-induced apoptosis; they induce curative antitumor immunity and enhance antiviral immune responses in mice. In contrast, anti-CD137 agonistic mAbs can suppress T-dependent humoral immunity and reverse the course of established autoimmune disease. These results have provided a rationale for assessing the therapeutic potential of CD137 ligands in human clinical trials. In this study, we report that a single 200-mug injection of anti-CD137 given to otherwise naive BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice led to the development of a series of immunological anomalies. These included splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, multifocal hepatitis, anemia, altered trafficking of B cells and CD8 T cells, loss of NK cells, and a 10-fold increase in bone marrow (BM) cells bearing the phenotype of hemopoietic stem cells. These events were dependent on CD8 T cells, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and type I IFNs. BM cells up-regulated Fas, and there was a significant increase in the number of CD8+ T cells that correlated with a loss of CD19+ and Ab-secreting cells in the BM. TCR Valphabeta usage was random and polyclonal among liver-infiltrating CD8 T cells, and multifocal CD8+ T cell infiltrates were resolved upon termination of anti-CD137 treatment. Anti-CD137-treated mice developed lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia, and had lowered levels of hemoglobin and increased numbers of reticulocytes.
Early results for named entity recognition with conditional random fields, feature induction and web-enhanced lexicons (2003)

Models for many natural language tasks benefit from the flexibility to use overlapping, non-independent features. For example, the need for labeled data can be drastically reduced by taking advantage of domain knowledge in the form of word lists, part-of-speech tags, character n-grams, and capitalization patterns. While it is difficult to capture such inter-dependent features with a generative probabilistic model, conditionally-trained models, such as conditional maximum entropy models, handle them well. There has been significant work with such models for greedy sequence modeling in NLP (Ratnaparkhi, 1996; Borthwick et al., 1998).