gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The WEKA data mining software (2009)

More than twelve years have elapsed since the first public release of WEKA. In that time, the software has been rewritten entirely from scratch, evolved substantially and now accompanies a text on data mining [35]. These days, WEKA enjoys widespread acceptance in both academia and business, has an active community, and has been downloaded more than 1.4 million times since being placed on Source-Forge in April 2000. This paper provides an introduction to the WEKA workbench, reviews the history of the project, and, in light of the recent 3.6 stable release, briefly discusses what has been added since the last stable version (Weka 3.4) released in 2003.
Antennas for multi-system mobile terminals (2005)

In this overview paper we have studied different options for implementing antennas in multi-system mobile terminals that are becoming more and more common. The presented recent results included broadband antenna elements with multi-frequency matching circuits and the use of tunable or selectable centre frequency. All the solutions are based on the idea of shifting complexity from the 3D antenna element structure to RF circuit structures. Due to the ongoing development or new improved RF technologies and components that enable adaptivity with low cost and high performance, this approach is obviously gaining more and more popularity.
Protective Role of Toll-like Receptor 3-Induced Type I Interferon in Murine Coronavirus Infection of Macrophages (2012)

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) sense viral infections and induce production of type I interferons (IFNs), other cytokines, and chemokines. Viral recognition by TLRs and other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) has been proven to be cell-type specific. Triggering of TLRs with selected ligands can be beneficial against some viral infections. Macrophages are antigen-presenting cells that express TLRs and have a key role in the innate and adaptive immunity against viruses. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that cause acute and chronic infections and can productively infect macrophages. Investigation of the interplay between CoVs and PRRs is in its infancy. We assessed the effect of triggering TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7 with selected ligands on the susceptibility of the J774A.1 macrophage cell line to infection with murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus, [MHV]). Stimulation of TLR2, TLR4, or TLR7 did not affect MHV production. In contrast, pre-stimulation of TLR3 with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) hindered MHV infection through induction of IFN-β in macrophages. We demonstrate that activation of TLR3 with the synthetic ligand poly I:C mediates antiviral immunity that diminishes (MHV-A59) or suppresses (MHV-JHM, MHV-3) virus production in macrophages.
Role of Opioid and Metabotropic Glutamate 5 Receptors in Pudendal Inhibition of Bladder Overactivity in Cats (2012)

Opioid receptors are not involved in pudendal inhibition of bladder overactivity but metabotropic glutamate 5 receptors are partially involved. Understanding neurotransmitter mechanisms could improve the efficacy of neuromodulation therapy for overactive bladder and identify molecular targets for developing new drugs for overactive bladder.
A practical sparse channel estimation for current OFDM standards (2009)

Wireless channels especially for OFDM transmissions can be precisely approximated by a time varying filter with sparse taps (in the time domain). Sparsity of the channel is a criterion which can highly improve the channel estimation task in mobile applications. In sparse signal processing, many efficient algorithms have been developed for finding the sparsest solution to linear equations (basis pursuit, matching pursuit) in the presence of noise. In current OFDM standards, a number of the ending subcarriers at both positive and negative frequencies are left unoccupied (for ease of analog filtering at the receiver) which results in an ill-conditioned frequency to time transformation matrix. This means that the initial estimate for the impulse response of the channel (in time) easily varies as the noise vector changes. Thus in this case we cannot use most of the proposed algorithms in sparse signal processing. In this paper, we propose iteration with adaptive thresholding and MMSE methods to overcome this difficulty. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method is almost perfect for stationary channels and only minor performance degradation is observed with increase of Doppler frequency.
Partial biochemical components analysis of Ericerus pela (Chavannes) (2001)

The white scale Ericerus pela (Chavannes) is an insect species with the high economic value in China, belonging to the family Coccidae. The results of partial biochemical component analysis of this insect were reported. In the female adult, there were nitrogen 6.334%, protein 39.59%, fat 6.2556%. In the sample extracted from the insect by ethanol, there were nitrogen 0.260%, protein 0.656%, reductic sugar 3.300%, saccharride 7.000%. There were seventeen kinds of amino acids, and three kinds of amino acids have higher contents, i.e., His 464. 3740mug/g, Glu 201.6187mug/g, and Ala 90.3352mug/g. Contents of Ca, Fe, Mg, Al, Ba, Co, Mn, P, Sr, Zn are also determined.
ViennaRNA Package 2.0 (2011)

The ViennaRNA Package 2.0, supporting concurrent computations via OpenMP, can be downloaded from http://www.tbi.univie.ac.at/RNA.
Functions of the gene products of Escherichia coli (1993)

A list of currently identified gene products of Escherichia coli is given, together with a bibliography that provides pointers to the literature on each gene product. A scheme to categorize cellular functions is used to classify the gene products of E. coli so far identified. A count shows that the numbers of genes concerned with small-molecule metabolism are on the same order as the numbers concerned with macromolecule biosynthesis and degradation. One large category is the category of tRNAs and their synthetases. Another is the category of transport elements. The categories of cell structure and cellular processes other than metabolism are smaller. Other subjects discussed are the occurrence in the E. coli genome of redundant pairs and groups of genes of identical or closely similar function, as well as variation in the degree of density of genetic information in different parts of the genome.
Russian Federation - Russia's struggle with stabilization : conceptual issues and evidence (1995)

The most important question about Russian economic reform is how to avoid a collapse of Russia's nascent democracy in the face of highly unstable political and economic conditions. The precarious situation could unravel in a spiral of self-reinforcing destructive responses: criminality, regional separatism, tax evasion, and flight from the currency. A combination of monetary tightening, an early pegging of the exchange rate, and large-scale international assistance to suppport stabilization offers Russia the most realistic chance of avoiding political catastrophe. International assistance to Russia during the past three years has been inadequate in amount and without a proper conceptual framework. The article offers a strategy for Russian stabilization and Western assistance based on theoretical and empirical analysis. The concerns raised apply not only to Russia, but more generally to weak states in acute financial crisis, for which the current methods of delivering aid are typically too slow and too oblivious of the risks of state collapse.
The Use of Dexmedetomidine to Facilitate Opioid and Benzodiazepine Detoxification in an Infant (2004)

Dexmedetomidine was used to facilitate opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal in an 8-mo-old infant. A processed electroencephalogram (Bispectral Index) was used to guide the titration of dexmedetomidine in this neurologically impaired infant. This is the first report of dexmedetomidine use in an infant to manage chemical dependence withdrawal.
Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited SiCOH dielectrics: from low-k to extreme low-k interconnect materials (2003)

Carbon doped oxide dielectrics comprised of Si, C, O, and H (SiCOH) have been prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Low-k films with a dielectric constant (k) of about 2.8 have been deposited from tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMCTS). The dielectric constant has been further reduced to extreme low-k values of k&amp;lt;2.1 by admixing an organic precursor to TMCTS and annealing the films to remove the organic fragments and create porosity in the films. The entire range of SiCOH films is characterized by relatively low coefficients of thermal expansion of about 12×10−6 K and mechanical properties that make them suitable for integration as the interconnect dielectric in ultralarge scale integration (ULSI) devices. The range of dielectric constants makes the films potentially useful for several generations of ULSI chips.
Quantum Dots in Biomedical Research (2012)

Quantum dots (QDs) are colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals which have unique optical properties due to their three dimensional quantum confinement regime. The quantum confinement may be explained as follows: in a semiconductor bulk material the valence and conduction band are separated by a band gap (Eg). After light absorption, an electron (e-) can be excited from the valence band to the conduction band, leaving a hole (h+) in the valence band. When the electron returns to the valence band, fluorescence is emitted. During the small time scale of the light absorption the eand h+ perceive one another and do not move so independently due to Coulomb attraction (Brus, 1984). The e-h+ pair may be observed as an Hydrogen-like species called exciton and the distance between them is called the exciton Bohr radius (aB). When the three dimensions of the semiconductor material are reduced to few nanometers and the particles become smaller than the Bohr radius, one can say that they are in quantum confinement regimen and in this situation these nanoparticles are named quantum dots (QDs). For example, the exciton Bohr radius of CdS and CdSe bulk materials presents a size of aB = 3 to 5 nm.
Exogenous Testosterone (T) Alone or with Finasteride Increases Physical Performance, Grip Strength, and Lean Body Mass in Older Men with Low Serum T (2005)

Testosterone (T) therapy in older men with low serum T levels increases lean body mass and decreases fat mass. These changes might improve physical performance and strength; however, it has not been established whether T therapy improves functional outcome in older men. Moreover, concerns exist about the impact of T therapy on the prostate in older men. The administration of finasteride (F), which partially blocks the conversion of T to the more potent androgen, dihydrotestosterone, attenuates the impact of T replacement on prostate size and prostate-specific antigen. We hypothesized that T replacement in older, hypogonadal men would improve physical function and that the addition of F to this regimen would continue to provide the T-induced improvements in physical performance, strength, and body composition. Seventy men with low serum T (<350 ng/dl), age 65 yr and older, were randomly assigned to receive one of three regimens for 36 months: 1) T enanthate, 200 mg im every 2 wk, with placebo pills daily (T-only); 2) T enanthate, 200 mg every 2 wk, with 5 mg F daily (T + F); or 3) placebo injections and pills (placebo). We obtained serial measurements of timed physical performance, grip strength, lower extremity strength, body composition (by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), fasting cholesterol profiles, and hormones. Fifty men completed the 36-month protocol. After 36 months, T therapy significantly improved performance in a timed functional test when compared with baseline and placebo [4.3 +/- 1.6% (mean +/- sem, T-only) and 3.8 +/- 1.0% (T + F) vs. -5.6 +/- 1.9% for placebo (P < 0.002 for both T and T + F vs. placebo)] and increased handgrip strength compared with baseline and placebo (P < 0.05). T therapy increased lean body mass [3.77 +/- 0.55 kg (T-only) and 3.64 +/- 0.56 kg (T + F) vs. -0.21 +/- 0.55 kg for placebo (P < 0.0001)], decreased fat mass, and significantly decreased total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and leptin, without affecting high-density lipoprotein, adiponectin, or fasting insulin levels. These results demonstrate that T therapy in older men with low serum T improves physical performance and strength over 36 months, when administered alone or when combined with F, and suggest that high serum levels of dihydrotestosterone are not essential for these beneficial effects of T in men.
Regulated Targeting of BAX to Mitochondria (1998)

The proapoptotic protein BAX contains a single predicted transmembrane domain at its COOH terminus. In unstimulated cells, BAX is located in the cytosol and in peripheral association with intracellular membranes including mitochondria, but inserts into mitochondrial membranes after a death signal. This failure to insert into mitochondrial membrane in the absence of a death signal correlates with repression of the transmembrane signal-anchor function of BAX by the NH2-terminal domain. Targeting can be instated by deleting the domain or by replacing the BAX transmembrane segment with that of BCL-2. In stimulated cells, the contribution of the NH2 terminus of BAX correlates with further exposure of this domain after membrane insertion of the protein. The peptidyl caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk partly blocks the stimulated mitochondrial membrane insertion of BAX in vivo, which is consistent with the ability of apoptotic cell extracts to support mitochondrial targeting of BAX in vitro, dependent on activation of caspase(s). Taken together, our results suggest that regulated targeting of BAX to mitochondria in response to a death signal is mediated by discrete domains within the BAX polypeptide. The contribution of one or more caspases may reflect an initiation and/or amplification of this regulated targeting.
Effect on Dissolution from Halving Methylphenidate Extended-Release Tablets (1997)

While statistical differences during in vitro dissolution do exist and pharmacokinetic ramifications have not yet been determined, the absolute differences in dissolution between halved and whole tablets are not great. Halving methylphenidate extended-release tablets may be a clinically acceptable means of achieving a small increment/decrement in dose without converting to a regular-release tablet.
Synthesis of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids from Lower Carbonyl Compounds by C-C Coupling Reactions (1979)

The methodology for the preparation of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids or their derivatives from lower carbonyl compounds by carbon-carbon bond forming reactions is reviewed. The material is presented according to the number of carbon atoms (1, 2, 3, or 4) that separate the carbonyl or acyl group, added during the carbon-carbon bond formation, from the original electrophilic center. 1. Introduction 2. Aldehydes and Ketones by One Carbon Elongations 2.1. Addition of Masked Acyl Anions 2.2. Reductive Nucleophilic Acylation 2.3. Nucleophilic Acylation Followed by Additional Carbonyl Elaboration 3. Carboxylic Acids or Their Derivatives by One Carbon Elongations 3.1. Addition of Masked Carboxyl Anions 3.2. Reductive Nucleophilic Carboxylation 3.3. Nucleophilic Carboxylation Followed by Additional Carbonyl Elaboration 4. Aldehydes and Ketones by Two Carbon Elongations 4.1. Aldol Condensation and Related Reactions 4.2. Wittig and Other Olefination Reactions 5. Carboxylic Acids or Their Derivatives by Two Carbon Elongations 5.1. Addition of Enolates of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 5.2. Reaction with Ketene and Related Compounds 5.3. Wittig and Other Olefination Reactions 6. Three Carbon Elongations 6.1. Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones 6.2. Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives 7. Four Carbon Elongations 7.1. Synthesis of Aldehydes and Ketones 7.2. Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives 8. Conclusions
A Switch in Costimulation from CD28 to 4-1BB during Primary versus Secondary CD8 T Cell Response to Influenza In Vivo (2004)

4-1BBL(-/-) mice exhibit normal primary CD8 T cell responses to influenza virus, but show decreased CD8 T cell numbers late in the primary response as well as decreased secondary responses. In contrast, CD28(-/-) mice are defective in initial CD8 T cell expansion. Using agonistic anti-4-1BB Ab to replace the CD28 or 4-1BB signal, we examined the timing of the required signals for CD28 vs 4-1BB costimulation. A single dose of agonistic anti-4-1BB Ab added only during priming restores the secondary CD8 T cell response in CD28(-/-) mice. Once the T cell numbers in the primary response reach a minimum threshold, a full secondary response is achieved even in the absence of CD28. In contrast, anti-4-1BB added during priming fails to correct the defective secondary response in 4-1BBL(-/-) mice, whereas addition of anti-4-1BB during challenge fully restores this response. Thus, there is a switch in costimulatory requirement from CD28 to 4-1BB during primary vs recall responses. Adoptive transfer studies show that T cells primed in 4-1BBL(-/-) or wild-type mice are equally capable of re-expansion when rechallenged in wild-type mice. These studies rule out a model in which signals delivered through 4-1BB during priming program the T cells to give a full recall response and suggest that 4-1BB-4-1BBL interactions take place at later stages in the immune response. The results indicate that anti-4-1BB or 4-1BBL therapy will be most effective during the boost phase of a prime-boost vaccination strategy.
A Sub-100 $\mu$W MICS/ISM Band Transmitter Based on Injection-Locking and Frequency Multiplication (2011)

For fully autonomous implantable or body-worn devices running on harvested energy, the peak and average power dissipation of the radio transmitter must be minimized. Additionally, link symmetry must be maintained for peer-to-peer network applications. We propose a highly integrated 90 μW 400 MHz MICS band transmitter with an output power of 20 μW, leading to a 22% global efficiency - the highest reported to date for low-power MICS band systems. We introduce a new transmitter architecture based on cascaded multi-phase injection locking and frequency multiplication to enable low power operation and high global efficiency. Our architecture eliminates slow phase/delay-locked loops for frequency synthesis and uses injection locking to achieve a settling time <;250 ns permitting very aggressive duty cycling of the transmitter to conserve energy. At a data-rate of 200 kbps, the transmitter achieves an energy efficiency of 450 pJ/bit. Our 400 MHz local oscillator topology demonstrates a figure-of-merit of 204 dB while locked to a stable crystal reference. The transmitter occupies 0.04 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of active die area in 130 nm CMOS and is fully integrated except for the crystal and the matching network.
Performance Limitation of a Coupled Resonant Optical Waveguide Gyroscope (2009)

We demonstrate through theoretical analysis that unlike predicted by others, an unbiased coupled resonant optical waveguide (CROW) gyroscope made of N ring resonators has a response to a rotation rate Omega that is proportional to ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">NOmega</i> ) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and hence its sensitivity to small rotation rates is vanishingly small. We further establish that when proper phase bias is applied to the CROW gyro, this response becomes proportional to <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">NOmega</i> and the sensitivity to small rotation rates is then considerably larger. However, even after optimizing the CROW parameters ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> and the ring-to-ring coupling coefficient kappa), the CROW gyro has about the same sensitivity as a conventional fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) with the same loop loss, detected power, and footprint. This maximum sensitivity is achieved for <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> = 1, i.e., when the CROW gyro resembles a resonant FOG. The only benefit of a CROW gyro is therefore that it requires a much shorter length of fiber, by a factor of about 1/ (2 kappa) , but at the expense of a stringent control of the rings' optical path lengths, as in a resonant FOG. Finally, we show that the slower apparent group velocity of light in a CROW gyro compared to a FOG is unrelated to this shorter length requirement.
Organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) technology: materials, devices and display technologies (2006)

Abstract Since the breakthrough by Kodak in 1987, organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been seen as one of the most promising technologies for future displays. A number of materials have been developed and improved in order to fulfil the requirements of this application. The materials differ from one another by their structure but also by the mechanism involved in the electroluminescence produced (fluorescence versus phosphorescence). When properly stacked, these materials result in a device that can achieve the required high efficiency and long lifetime. Such red, green and blue devices can then be combined in matrices to become the core of a display. Building up these structures onto a display backplane is one of the challenges facing the industry. The circuitry for driving the pixels can be adapted to the OLED, sometimes at the expense of the simplicity of the display, but bearing in mind that the fabrication process must remain industrially viable. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of methods for estimating the dissociation constant of tight binding enzyme inhibitors. (1979)

A Monte Carlo simulation was used to compare 11 methods for estimating the dissociation constant, Ki, of tight binding enzyme inhibitors.The methods were evaluated for both accuracy and precision and included ones based on the equations of Easson-Stedman (Easson, L.
Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Disease (2006)

C ardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Subclinical disease culminates in overt CVD. The onset of CVD itself portends an adverse prognosis with greater risk of recurrent events, morbidity, and mortality. It is also increasingly clear that although clinical assessment is the keystone of patient management, such evaluation has its limitations. 9 -12 Clinicians have used additional tools to aid clinical assessment and to enhance their ability to identify the "vulnerable" patient at risk for CVD, as suggested by a recent National Institutes of Health (NIH) panel. Biomarkers are one such tool to better identify high-risk individuals, to diagnose disease conditions promptly and accurately, and to effectively prognosticate and treat patients with disease. This review provides an overview of the molecular basis of biomarker discovery and selection and the practical considerations that are a prerequisite to their clinical use.
Temperature dependence of the first-order metal-insulator transition in VO2 and programmable critical temperature sensor (2007)

For VO2-based two-terminal devices, the first-order metal-insulator transition (MIT, jump) is controlled by an applied voltage and temperature, and an intermediate monoclinic metal phase between the MIT and the structural phase transition (SPT) is observed. The conductivity of this phase linearly increases with increasing temperature up to TSPT≈68°C and becomes maximum at TSPT. Optical microscopic observation reveals the absence of a local current path in the metal phase. The current uniformly flows throughout the surface of the VO2 film when the MIT occurs. This device can be used as a programmable critical temperature sensor where the applied voltage is controlled by a program.