gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nanoscale Memristor Device as Synapse in Neuromorphic Systems (2010)

A memristor is a two-terminal electronic device whose conductance can be precisely modulated by charge or flux through it. Here we experimentally demonstrate a nanoscale silicon-based memristor device and show that a hybrid system composed of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor neurons and memristor synapses can support important synaptic functions such as spike timing dependent plasticity. Using memristors as synapses in neuromorphic circuits can potentially offer both high connectivity and high density required for efficient computing.
Chondromalacia Patellae Treated by Lateral Retinacular Release (1998)

We retrospectively reviewed the results of lateral retinacular release for chondromalacia patellae in 50 knees in 46 patients including 38 females and 8 males with a mean follow-up of 34.4 months (12 to 80). The average age at surgery was 31 years old (13 to 57). Surgical indications included patients with patellar tilt associated with tight lateral retinaculum. Patients with patellar instability and increased Q angle were excluded. Both patient and surgeon are satisfied with surgical results in 72% and dissatisfied in 28%. Approximately 1/3 of patients with initial good results gradually deteriorated over period of time ranging from 12 to 36 months. Only 68.6% of the patients are able to perform high levels of knee function in activities of daily living. 
The favorable prognostic factors include postoperative correction of patellar tilt, relief of tight lateral retinaculum and a reduction in Q angle after lateral release. The adverse prognostic factors include persistent patellar tilt and persistent tight lateral retinaculum after surgery and increased Q angle greater than 20∘preoperatively. Therefore, we recommend that lateral retinacular release is indicated only in patients with patellar tilt and tight lateral retinaculum and Q angle less than 20∘. Patients with persistent patellar tilt and tight lateral retinaculum after lateral release will require realignmnent procedure in stead.
Invariant and Calibration-Free Methods in Scene Reconstruction and Object Recognition. (1997)

Abstract : This is the final technical report for a DARPA project (#MDA 972-91-C-0053) on object recognition through the use of Geometric Invariants. It gives an extended account of the work that was done at GE-CRD and by certain collaborating researchers during the time of this project. The report considers the subjects of reconstruction of scenes from multiple views with a projective camera, and the recognition of objects from a single or multiple views. The key reconstruction result is that projective reconstruction is possible from a set of more than one image of a point set. Methods of reconstruction using the fundamental matrix (from two views) and the trifocal tensor (from three views) are explored, as also is the possibility of self calibration of a camera, and consequent Euclidean reconstruction from three or more views. On the subject of object recognition from a single view, it is shown that by taking advantage of known, or hypothesized geometric structure of a scene being viewed, geometric invariants may be used for tasks of segmentation, grouping and object recognition.
Mutations in FUS, an RNA Processing Protein, Cause Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Type 6 (2009)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that is familial in 10% of cases. We have identified a missense mutation in the gene encoding fused in sarcoma (FUS) in a British kindred, linked to ALS6. In a survey of 197 familial ALS index cases, we identified two further missense mutations in eight families. Postmortem analysis of three cases with FUS mutations showed FUS-immunoreactive cytoplasmic inclusions and predominantly lower motor neuron degeneration. Cellular expression studies revealed aberrant localization of mutant FUS protein. FUS is involved in the regulation of transcription and RNA splicing and transport, and it has functional homology to another ALS gene, TARDBP, which suggests that a common mechanism may underlie motor neuron degeneration.
Endonuclease II of Escherichia coli. DNA reacted with 7-bromomethyl-12-methylbenz[a]anthracene as a substrate (1975)

An endonuclease II preparation from Escherichia coli makes single strand breaks in DNA which has been treated with the carcinogen 7-bromomethyl-12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracene. In addition, the enzyme preparation excises N6-(12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracenyl-7-methyl)adenine and N2-(12-methylbenz[alpha]anthracenyl-7-methyl)guanine residues from the DNA. These are relased as the modified purine bases, not as purine nucleoside derivatives. The rate of release of the adenine derivative is three to four times that of the guanine derivative.
Chimeric fusion proteins--diphtheria toxin-based. (2001)

Most cancer patients receive chemotherapy drugs that target DNA or the cell division apparatus. Many of these patients develop multidrug-resistant tumor cells, thus, novel methods to overcome drug resistance are needed. One approach is to target tumor cell protein synthesis. Peptide toxins, which catalytically inactivate protein synthesis, have been re-engineered to selectively bind and intoxicate tumor cells. Diphtheria toxin (DT), a member of the class of peptide toxins, has been subjected to structural and genetic analysis and protein engineering for several decades. In this review, we will examine the structure, function, synthesis and pharmacology of anticancer DT conjugates.
RPU (2005)

Recursive ray tracing is a simple yet powerful and general approach for accurately computing global light transport and rendering high quality images. While recent algorithmic improvements and optimized parallel software implementations have increased ray tracing performance to realtime levels, no compact and programmable hardware solution has been available yet.This paper describes the architecture and a prototype implementation of a single chip, fully programmable Ray Processing Unit (RPU). It combines the flexibility of general purpose CPUs with the efficiency of current GPUs for data parallel computations. This design allows for realtime ray tracing of dynamic scenes with programmable material, geometry, and illumination shaders.Although, running at only 66 MHz the prototype FPGA implementation already renders images at up to 20 frames per second, which in many cases beats the performance of highly optimized software running on multi-GHz desktop CPUs. The performance and efficiency of the proposed architecture is analyzed using a variety of benchmark scenes.
Relationship Between Plasma Perhexiline Concentration and Symptomatic Status During Short-Term Perhexiline Therapy (1996)

We tested the hypothesis that resolution versus persistence of symptomatic ischaemia and/or development of nausea/dizziness on the third day of loading with perhexiline maleate (PM), is correlated with perhexiline plasma concentrations after the standard loading phase in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Forty consecutive patients with either unstable angina pectoris or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction with persistent angina pectoris, despite maximal pharmacological therapy (other than PM), were studied. All patients received PM 400 mg/day for 3 days and 200 mg/day thereafter. On days 2 and 3 observers blinded to the 72-96 h plasma perhexiline concentration assessed the patient regarding episodes of angina and/or nausea/dizziness. On the third day of loading with PM, 12 patients experienced angina and 11 patients had nausea and/or dizziness. Plasma perhexiline concentrations at 72-96 h varied widely: mean 0.46 +/- 0.26 (range 0.11-1.77) microgram/ml. There was a relationship of borderline statistical significance between resolution of anginal symptoms and plasma perhexiline concentration > 0.15 microgram/ml (p = 0.055). There was a close relationship between emergence of nausea/dizziness with plasma perhexiline concentration > 0.06 microgram/ml (p < 0.01). We conclude that this study (a) suggests that PM exerts incremental antianginal effects over those of other antiischaemic agents in patients with acute coronary syndromes and (b) establishes that the development of nausea and/or dizziness in such patients is strongly predictive of accumulation of perhexiline beyond the therapeutic range of the drug.
Interleukin 2 promotes growth and cytolytic activity in human T3+4-8- thymocytes. (1985)

Human thymocytes bearing T3 but neither T4 nor T8 antigens (T3+4-8- cells) were obtained after negative selection of thymocytes, either fresh or cultured in medium containing recombinant interleukin 2 (IL-2), by treatment with Na1/34, OKT4A and B9.4 monoclonal antibodies (which recognize T6, T4, and T8 antigens, respectively) and complement. Quantitative flow cytometry showed a 98% pure population of T3+4-8- lymphocytes, which included proliferating cells. The growth and maturation requirements of these thymocytes were characterized and related to the T3-receptor complex and IL-2 pathways, thought to be used by mature lymphocytes. The results show that addition of recombinant IL-2 promotes, in a dose-dependent way, proliferation and acquisition of effector functions by cultured T3+4-8- thymocytes, the growth being inhibitable by monoclonal antibody 33B73 (anti-Tac). Furthermore, cytolytic activity of T3+4-8- cells induced by recombinant IL-2 is specifically blocked by monoclonal antibody OKT3, showing that it operates via the T3-receptor complex and does not require either T4 or T8 molecules. The finding of in vitro responsiveness to recombinant IL-2 in T3+4-8- thymocytes suggests a role of IL-2 in the growth and maturation of cells committed to the T-cell lineage, during intrathymic differentiation, prior to expression of T4 and T8 molecules.
The Neisseria meningitidis Macrophage Infectivity Potentiator Protein Induces Cross-Strain Serum Bactericidal Activity and Is a Potential Serogroup B Vaccine Candidate (2011)

A gene encoding a 29-kDa protein from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58 with homology to the macrophage infectivity potentiator (MIP) protein of Legionella pneumophila was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the purified soluble recombinant protein (rMIP) was used for immunization studies. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequences of MIP from 13 well-characterized meningococcal strains, isolated from carriers or patients and differing in serogroup, serotype, and subtype, showed that the protein was highly conserved (98 to 100%), with only three distinct sequence types (designated I, II, and III) found. Western blotting showed that the MIP protein was expressed at similar levels by all of these strains. Immunization of mice with type I MC58 rMIP in detergent micelles and liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) induced high levels of surface-reactive antibodies with serum bactericidal activity (SBA) titers of 1/1,024 against the homologous strain. Bactericidal antibodies were also induced with the protein in saline alone and liposomes alone (titers, 1/128) but not following adsorption to Al(OH)(3). Significantly, antisera raised against type I rMIP administered in saline or liposomes killed strains of heterologous sequence types II and III with similar SBA titers (1/128 to 1/256). Taken together, these findings suggest that rMIP can provide cross-strain protection against meningococci and should be considered a potential antigen for inclusion in new vaccines against meningococcal infection.
Spurious Mode Suppression in Coupled Resonator Filters (2005)

The Coupled Resonator Filter (CRF) is a new type of Bulk-Acoustic-Wave (BAW) device in which two piezoresonators are stacked on top of each other in a way that a certain degree of acoustic interaction occurs. For a proper frequency response, a method for suppression of spurious resonances is of utmost importance. This will be discussed theoretically and the measured results in resonator and filter response will be shown. Moreover, internmetric measurements of the surface displacement of a 1.8 GHz CRF device are investigated with respect to dispersion relation and its effects on spurious mode suppression.
Prolongation of Rat Islet Allograft Survival by Direct Ultraviolet Irradiation of the Graft (1984)

Ultraviolet irradiation of rat dendritic cells completely abrogated their allostimulatory capacity in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Rat islets of Langerhans similarly irradiated remained hormonally functional when transplanted into syngeneic diabetic rats. Allogeneic transplantation across a major histocompatibility barrier of islets initially treated in vitro with ultraviolet irradiation resulted in prolonged allograft survival without the use of any immunosuppressive agents.
The EGF Receptor Promotes the Malignant Potential of Glioma by Regulating Amino Acid Transport System xc( — ) (2016)

Extracellular free amino acids contribute to the interaction between a tumor and its microenvironment through effects on cellular metabolism and malignant behavior. System xc(-) is composed of xCT and CD98hc subunits and functions as a plasma membrane antiporter for the uptake of extracellular cystine in exchange for intracellular glutamate. Here, we show that the EGFR interacts with xCT and thereby promotes its cell surface expression and function in human glioma cells. EGFR-expressing glioma cells manifested both enhanced antioxidant capacity as a result of increased cystine uptake, as well as increased glutamate, which promotes matrix invasion. Imaging mass spectrometry also revealed that brain tumors formed in mice by human glioma cells stably overexpressing EGFR contained higher levels of reduced glutathione compared with those formed by parental cells. Targeted inhibition of xCT suppressed the EGFR-dependent enhancement of antioxidant capacity in glioma cells, as well as tumor growth and invasiveness. Our findings establish a new functional role for EGFR in promoting the malignant potential of glioma cells through interaction with xCT at the cell surface. Cancer Res; 76(10); 2954-63. ©2016 AACR.
Practical polar code construction over parallel channels (2013)

Channel polarisation results are extended to the case of communications over parallel channels, where the channel state information is known to both the encoder and decoder. Given a set of parallel binary‐input discrete memoryless channels (B‐DMCs), by performing the channel polarising transformation over independent copies of these component channels, we obtain a second set of synthesised binary‐input channels. Similar to the single‐channel case, we prove that as the size of the transformation goes infinity, some of the resulting channels tend to completely noised, and the others tend to noise‐free, where the fraction of the latter approaches the average symmetric capacity of the underlying component channels. For finite‐length polar coding over parallel channels, performance is found to be relied heavily on the specific channel‐mapping scheme. To avoid exhaustive searching, an empirically good scheme that is called equal‐capacity partition channel mapping is proposed and numerical results show that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms random mapping. Further, utilising the above results, a polar coding method for arbitrary code length is proposed, which has potential applications in practical systems.
Pattern Recognition by TREM-2: Binding of Anionic Ligands (2003)

We recently described the cloning of murine triggering receptor expressed by myeloid cells (TREM) 2, a single Ig domain DNAX adaptor protein 12-associated receptor expressed by cells of the myeloid lineage. In this study, we describe the identification of ligands for TREM-2 on both bacteria and mammalian cells. First, by using a TREM-2A/IgG1-Fc fusion protein, we demonstrate specific binding to a number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and to yeast. Furthermore, we show that fluorescently labeled Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bind specifically to TREM-2-transfected cells. The binding of TREM-2A/Ig fusion protein to E. coli can be inhibited by the bacterial products LPS, lipoteichoic acid, and peptidoglycan. Additionally, binding can be inhibited by a number of other anionic carbohydrate molecules, including dextran sulfate, suggesting that ligand recognition is based partly on charge. Using a sensitive reporter assay, we demonstrate activation of a TREM-2A/CD3zeta chimeric receptor by both bacteria and dextran sulfate. Finally, we demonstrate binding of TREM-2A/Ig fusion to a series of human astrocytoma lines but not to a variety of other cell lines. The binding to astrocytomas, like binding to bacteria, is inhibited by anionic bacterial products, suggesting either a similar charge-based ligand recognition method or overlapping binding sites for recognition of self- and pathogen-expressed ligands.
Species-specific Inflammatory Responses as a Primary Component for the Development of Glomerular Lesions in Mice and Monkeys Following Chronic Administration of a Second-generation Antisense Oligonucleotide (2013)

Chronic administration of drisapersen, a 2'-OMe phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide (AON) to mice and monkeys resulted in renal tubular accumulation, with secondary tubular degeneration. Glomerulopathy occurred in both species with species-specific characteristics. Glomerular lesions in mice were characterized by progressive hyaline matrix accumulation, accompanied by the presence of renal amyloid and with subsequent papillary necrosis. Early changes involved glomerular endothelial hypertrophy and degeneration, but the chronic glomerular amyloid and hyaline alterations in mice appeared to be species specific. An immune-mediated mechanism for the glomerular lesions in mice was supported by early inflammatory changes including increased expression of inflammatory cytokines and other immunomodulatory genes within the renal cortex, increased stimulation of CD68 protein, and systemic elevation of monocyte chemotactic protein 1. In contrast, kidneys from monkeys given drisapersen chronically showed less severe glomerular changes characterized by increased mesangial and inflammatory cells, endothelial cell hypertrophy, and subepithelial and membranous electron-dense deposits, with ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics of complement and complement-related fragments. Lesions in monkeys resembled typical features of C3 glomerulopathy, a condition described in man and experimental animals to be linked to dysregulation of the alternative complement pathway. Thus, inflammatory/immune mechanisms appear critical to glomerular injury with species-specific sensitivities for mouse and monkey. The lower observed proinflammatory activity in humans as compared to mice and monkeys may reflect a lower risk of glomerular injury in patients receiving AON therapy.
Connexin-mimetic peptide Gap 27 decreases osteoclastic activity (2001)

On the basis of these results we conclude that gap-junctional communication is essential for the action of bone resorbing osteoclasts and for proper remodelling for bone.
Algorithms for routing and testing routability of planar VLSI layouts (1985)

This paper studies the problem of routing wires in a grid among features on one layer of a VLSI chip, when a sketch of the layer is given. A sketch specifies the positions of features and the topology of the interconnecting wires. We give polynomial-time algorithms that (1) determine the routability of a sketch, and (2) produce a routing of a sketch that optimizes both individual and total wire length. These algorithms subsume most of the polynomial-time algorithms in the literature for planar routing and routability testing in the rectilinear grid model. We also provide an explicit construction of a database, called the rubber-band equivalent, to support computation involving the layout topology.
Low-Pump-Power, Low-Phase-Noise, and Microwave to Millimeter-Wave Repetition Rate Operation in Microcombs (2012)

Microresonator-based frequency combs (microcombs or Kerr combs) can potentially miniaturize the numerous applications of conventional frequency combs. A priority is the realization of broadband (ideally octave spanning) spectra at detectable repetition rates for comb self-referencing. However, access to these rates involves pumping larger mode volumes and hence higher threshold powers. Moreover, threshold power sets both the scale for power per comb tooth and also the optical pump. Along these lines, it is shown that a class of resonators having surface-loss-limited Q factors can operate over a wide range of repetition rates with minimal variation in threshold power. A new, surface-loss-limited resonator illustrates the idea. Comb generation on mode spacings ranging from 2.6 to 220 GHz with overall low threshold power (as low as 1 mW) is demonstrated. A record number of comb lines for a microcomb (around 1900) is also observed with pump power of 200 mW. The ability to engineer a wide range of repetition rates with these devices is also used to investigate a recently observed mechanism in microcombs associated with dispersion of subcomb offset frequencies. We observe high-coherence phase locking in cases where these offset frequencies are small enough so as to be tuned into coincidence. In these cases, a record-low microcomb phase noise is reported at a level comparable to an open-loop, high-performance microwave oscillator.
Glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes in ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines derived from a patient before and after the onset of drug resistance: intrinsic differences and cell cycle effects (1988)

The regulation of glutathione and various glutathione-dependent enzymes has been studied in two ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines derived from a patient before (PE01) and after (PE04) the onset of drug resistance to cis-platinum, chlorambucil and 5-fluorouracil. Reduced glutathione levels were higher in the drug resistant cells (PE04). This could possibly be attributed to a much higher (6.5-fold) gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase activity. In addition, glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase were 2.9- and 2.3-fold higher in this cell line. Analysis of the GST subunit composition showed both cell lines contained high levels of the acidic GST and lower concentrations of a basic isozyme. The difference in GST activity between PE01 and PE04 did not appear to be related to the levels of these GST subunits. GSH, glutathione peroxidase and gamma-glutamylcysteinyl synthetase were all found to be regulated during the cell cycle, higher levels being detected in logarithmic versus confluent cultures of PE01 and PE04 and MCF7. This did affect some of the differences between PE01 and PE04 and therefore may be a contributing factor to the differential sensitivity of these cells to cytotoxic compounds. The above data provide the first evidence that tumour cells obtained from a patient before and after the onset of drug resistance have significant differences in glutathione-dependent enzyme content.