gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Purines. VIII. The Aminolysis of Certain Chlorosubstituted Purines1 (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPurines. VIII. The Aminolysis of Certain Chlorosubstituted Purines1S. R. Breshears, S. S. Wang, S. G. Bechtolt, and B. E. ChristensenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 14, 3789–3792Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01523a075https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01523a075research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views267Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An Update on the Development of the CSIRO's CS-Cap Combined CO2 and SO2 Capture Process (2017)

The successful implementation of the leading technology for post combustion capture (PCC) of carbon dioxide (CO2), i.e. absorption/desorption using alkanolamines, still faces several challenges. For countries like Australia, that do not have flue gas desulfurization (FGD) installed at coal-fired power stations, removal of acid gases stronger than CO2 (e.g. SOx) prior to PCC becomes a costly affair, particularly when emissions of these gases can be as high as 500-600 ppm from brown coal power stations, compared to the desired limit of < 10 ppm. To avoid the requirement of separate FGD units, the CSIRO has developed a combined capture process, called CS-Cap, which uses a single absorbing liquid to simultaneously capture SO2 and CO2 from coal-fired power station flue gas. Proof of concept has been completed at the CSIRO Loy Yang CO2 capture pilot plant in Victoria, Australia, where a CO2 loaded amine absorbent was used to remove SO2 from a slip stream of the power station flue gas. This resulted in the generation of a SO2 loaded amine absorbent which has since been used in subsequent evaluation of potential absorbent regeneration methods.
On selecting markers for association studies: Patterns of linkage disequilibrium between two and three diallelic loci (2002)

Association studies depend on linkage disequilibrium (LD) between a causative mutation and linked marker loci. Selecting markers that give the best chance of showing useful levels of LD with the causative mutation will increase the chances of successfully detecting an association. This report examines the variation in the extent of LD between a disease locus and one or two diallelic marker loci (termed single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs). We use a simulation method based on the neutral coalescent in a population of variable size to find the distribution of LD as a function of allele frequencies, the recombination rate, and the population history. Given that LD exists, the allele frequencies determine if a site will be useful for detecting an association with the disease mutation. We show that there is extensive variation in LD even for closely linked loci, implying that several markers may be needed to detect a disease locus. The distribution of LD between common variants is strongly influenced by ancestral population size. We show that in general, best results will be obtained if the frequencies of marker alleles are at least as large as the frequency of the causative mutation. Haplotypes of two or more SNPs generally have a higher probability than individual SNPs of showing useful LD with a disease mutation, although exceptions are described.
The replacement of serum by hormones in cell culture media. (1976)

The replacement of serum by hormones in cell culture media. (Reemplazo del suero por hormonas en el medio de cultivo de células). Arch. Biol. Med. Exper. 10: 120-121, 1976. The serum used in cell culture media can be replaced by a mixture of hormones and some accesory blood factors. The pituitary cell line GH3 can be grown in a medium in which serum is replaced by triiodothyronine, transferrin, parathormone, tyrotrophin releasing hormone and somatomedins. Hela and BHK cell strains can also be grown in serum free medium supplemented with hormones. Each cell type appears to have different hormonal requirements yet it may found that some hormones are required for most cell types.
CD8+ lymphocyte infiltration is an independent favorable prognostic indicator in basal-like breast cancer (2012)

CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes are an independent prognostic factor associated with better patient survival in basal-like breast cancer, but not in non-basal triple negative breast cancers nor in other intrinsic molecular subtypes.
Comparison of Starch-Branching Enzyme Genes Reveals Evolutionary Relationships Among Isoforms. Characterization of a Gene for Starch-Branching Enzyme IIa from the Wheat D Genome DonorAegilops tauschii (2001)

Genes and cDNAs for starch-branching enzyme II (SBEII) have been isolated from libraries constructed from Aegilops tauschii and wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm, respectively. One class of genes has been termed wSBEII-DA1 and encodes the N terminus reported for an SBEII from wheat endosperm. On the basis of phylogenetic comparisons with other branching enzyme sequences, wSBEII-DA1 is considered to be a member of the SBEIIa class. The wSBEII-DA1 gene consists of 22 exons with exons 4 to 21 being identical in length to the maize (Zea mays) SBEIIb gene, and the gene is located in the proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 2 at a locus designated sbe2a. RNA encoding SBEIIa can be detected in the endosperm from 6 d after flowering and is at its maximum level from 15 to 18 d after anthesis. Use of antibodies specific for SBEIIa demonstrated that this protein was present in both the soluble and granule bound fractions in developing wheat endosperm. We also report a cDNA sequence for SBEIIa that could arise by variant transcription/splicing. A second gene, termed wSBEII-DB1, was isolated and encodes an SBEII, which shows greater sequence identity with SBEIIb-type sequences than with SBEIIa-type sequences. Comparisons of SBEII gene structures among wheat, maize, and Arabidopsis indicate the lineage of the SBEII genes.
Electrical stimulation for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea: a review of the evidence (2017)

Obstructive sleep apnoea is an increasingly prevalent clinical condition with significant impact on individuals and public health. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy is the standard treatment, but adherence is limited and alternative treatments are needed. In this context, non-invasive and invasive methods for the electrical stimulation of upper airway dilator muscles have been demonstrated to be effective in selected patients. Areas covered: This review will cover investigations on the clinical effects, safety, and tolerability of non-invasive and invasive electrical stimulation of the upper airway for the management of obstructive sleep apnoea. Following a search of the relevant literature published on PubMed this review is focused mainly on data obtained from randomized clinical trials and clinical studies. Expert commentary: The available evidence provides a rationale to consider upper airway electrical stimulation as treatment for selected patients with obstructive sleep apnoea, who have poor adherence or experience difficulties with continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Non-invasive stimulation using transcutaneous electrodes and implantable hypoglossal nerve stimulator technologies may provide an alternative to continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea via restoration of neuromuscular tone and improved upper airway patency.
Facilitating Discourse Analysis with Interactive Visualization (2012)

A discourse parser is a natural language processing system which can represent the organization of a document based on a rhetorical structure tree-one of the key data structures enabling applications such as text summarization, question answering and dialogue generation. Computational linguistics researchers currently rely on manually exploring and comparing the discourse structures to get intuitions for improving parsing algorithms. In this paper, we present DAViewer, an interactive visualization system for assisting computational linguistics researchers to explore, compare, evaluate and annotate the results of discourse parsers. An iterative user-centered design process with domain experts was conducted in the development of DAViewer. We report the results of an informal formative study of the system to better understand how the proposed visualization and interaction techniques are used in the real research environment.
Genetic variation in transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and histological disease severity (2014)

rs58542926 is a low-frequency variant with a modest effect on NAFLD, suggesting that carriers of the T allele are slightly more likely to accumulate fat in the liver and develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis than those without. TM6SF2 appears to play a significant role in disease biology.
Drosophila 60A gene, another transforming growth factor beta family member, is closely related to human bone morphogenetic proteins. (1991)

The 60A gene, a member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of signaling proteins, has been identified in Drosophila melanogaster. From its inferred protein sequence we predict the precursor is secreted and processed to release a growth factor-like molecule. The 60A gene is expressed throughout development with peaks of transcription during early embryogenesis, in pupae, and in adult males. The putative 60A protein shows greater sequence similarity to three vertebrate family members (human bone morphogenetic proteins 5, 6, and 7) than to its only Drosophila relative, the protein product of the decapentaplegic (dpp) gene. This observation suggests that the duplication event that gave rise to the two transforming growth factor beta-like proteins in Drosophila predates the divergence of chordates and arthropods.
Efficient similarity joins for near duplicate detection (2008)

With the increasing amount of data and the need to integrate data from multiple data sources, a challenging issue is to find near duplicate records efficiently. In this paper, we focus on efficient algorithms to find pairs of records such that their similarities are above a given threshold. Several existing algorithms rely on the prefix filtering principle to avoid computing similarity values for all possible pairs of records. We propose new filtering techniques by exploiting the ordering information; they are integrated into the existing methods and drastically reduce the candidate sizes and hence improve the efficiency. Experimental results show that our proposed algorithms can achieve up to 2.6x - 5x speed-up over previous algorithms on several real datasets and provide alternative solutions to the near duplicate Web page detection problem.
Targeted activation of diverse CRISPR-Cas systems for mammalian genome editing via proximal CRISPR targeting (2017)

Bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems comprise diverse effector endonucleases with different targeting ranges, specificities and enzymatic properties, but many of them are inactive in mammalian cells and are thus precluded from genome-editing applications. Here we show that the type II-B FnCas9 from Francisella novicida possesses novel properties, but its nuclease function is frequently inhibited at many genomic loci in living human cells. Moreover, we develop a proximal CRISPR (termed proxy-CRISPR) targeting method that restores FnCas9 nuclease activity in a target-specific manner. We further demonstrate that this proxy-CRISPR strategy is applicable to diverse CRISPR-Cas systems, including type II-C Cas9 and type V Cpf1 systems, and can facilitate precise gene editing even between identical genomic sites within the same genome. Our findings provide a novel strategy to enable use of diverse otherwise inactive CRISPR-Cas systems for genome-editing applications and a potential path to modulate the impact of chromatin microenvironments on genome modification.
Adrenergic, respiratory, and cardiovascular effects of core cooling in humans (1997)

The adrenergic, respiratory, and cardiovascular responses to isolated core cooling were assessed in awake human subjects. Mild core hypothermia was induced by intravenous infusion of 30 or 40 ml/kg of cold saline (4 degrees C) on 2 separate days. A warm intravenous infusion (30 ml/kg, 37 degrees C) was given on a third day as a control treatment. Mean norepinephrine concentration increased 400% and total body oxygen consumption increased 30% when core temperature decreased 0.7 degrees C. Mean norepinephrine concentration increased 700% and total body oxygen consumption increased 112% when core temperature decreased 1.3 degrees C. Core cooling was associated with peripheral vasoconstriction and increased mean arterial blood pressure, whereas heart rate was unchanged. Plasma epinephrine and cortisol concentrations were unchanged during core cooling. There were no changes in any measured parameter with the warm infusion. These findings suggest that mild hypothermia induced by isolated core cooling is associated with an adrenergic response characterized by peripheral sympathetic nervous system activation without a significant adrenocortical or adrenomedullary response. The respiratory and cardiovascular responses to core cooling are characterized by a shivering-induced increase in metabolic rate, norepinephrine-mediated peripheral vasoconstriction, and increased arterial blood pressure.
HEREDITARY MOTOR SYSTEM DISEASES (CHRONIC JUVENILE AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS) (1990)

Forty-three patients with hereditary motor system diseases belonging to 17 families were studied. The clinical features consisted of a bilateral pyramidal syndrome, weakness with atrophy and fasciculation of the hands and/or the legs, with or without a bulbar or a pseudobulbar syndrome and without sensory disturbance. Electromyography in 31 cases (including all index cases) showed evidence of denervation. Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity was normal; sensory nerve action potential amplitudes, examined in 11 cases, were also normal. Nerve and muscle biopsies taken in 29 cases (including all index cases) showed neurogenic atrophy in the peroneus brevis muscle and minor changes only in the superficial peroneal nerve. The mean age of onset was 12.06 (range 3-25 years), and progression was very slow. Inheritance appeared to be autosomal recessive. Depending on the clinical presentation, the patients were subdivided into three groups comprising (1) upper limb and sometimes bulbar amyotrophy with a bilateral pyramidal syndrome (17 patients: 11 familial and 6 isolated); (2) spastic paraplegia with peroneal muscular atrophy (14 patients: 11 familial and 3 isolated); and (3) a spastic pseudobulbar form (12 patients in a large kinship). These entities are discussed and compared with other cases reported in the literature.
Sperm Apoptosis in Fresh and Cryopreserved Bull Semen Detected by Flow Cytometry and Its Relationship with Fertility1 (2002)

The present study was conducted to detect sperm apoptosis in fresh and frozen semen and to determine its relationship with bull fertility. Three ejaculates were collected from five breeding bulls with different fertility levels and were cryopreserved using standard methods. Two flow cytometric methods were employed to measure apoptosis: an assay for phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation across the plasma membranes using fluorescein-labeled Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI), and an assay for nicked DNA using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, and fluorescein-labeled anti-BrdU monoclonal antibody. Both assays showed that fresh sperm contained 10%-20% apoptotic sperm. Significant differences in the percentage of apoptotic sperm were observed among the bulls. Cryopreservation induced translocation of PS to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane and caused most of the necrotic cells in fresh sperm to disintegrate. Bull fertility was significantly related to the percentage of necrotic or viable sperm in fresh semen as detected by the Annexin V/PI assay, to the number of apoptotic sperm in fresh semen as detected by the TUNEL assay, and to the level of chromatin or DNA condensation as detected by PI staining. The present study suggests that the presence of apoptotic spermatozoa in fresh semen could be one of the reasons for poor fertility in breeding bulls.
A consideration of the minimum number of input terminals on universal logic gates and their realization (1981)

A detailed consideration is made of the strict minimum number of input terminals necessary on universal logic gates, allowing logic 0, 1 and the true and complement of each input variable to be connected to each input terminal. It is shown that a universal circuit capable of realizing all possible combinatorial functions of two input variables must have a minimum of three input terminals, whilst that capable of realizing all possible functions of three input variables must have a minimum of five input terminals. Circuits for both these minimum results have been achieved. An exhaustive consideration of all possible universal circuits for the two input case is also covered.
Mutational analysis of the DNA binding domain A of chromosomal protein HMG1 (1994)

We have mutated several residues of the first of the two HMG-boxes of mammalian HMG1. Some mutants cannot be produced in Escherichia coli, suggesting that the peptide fold is grossly disrupted. A few others can be produced efficiently and have normal DNA binding affinity and specificity; however, they are more sensitive towards heating and chaotropic agents than the wild type polypeptide. Significantly, the mutation of the single most conserved residue in the rather diverged HMG-box family falls in this 'in vitro temperature-sensitive' category, rather than in the non-folded category. Finally, two other mutants have reduced DNA binding affinity but unchanged binding specificity. Overall, it appears that whenever the HMG-box can fold, it will interact specifically with kinked DNA.
GABA-related transcripts in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in mood disorders (2011)

Reduced cortical γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and altered markers for subpopulations of GABA interneurons have been reported in major depressive disorder (MDD) by in-vivo brain imaging and post-mortem histological studies. Subgroups of GABA interneurons exert differential inhibitory control on principal pyramidal neurons and can be identified based on the non-overlapping expression of the calcium-binding proteins parvalbumin (PV) or calretinin (CR) or the neuropeptide somatostatin (SST). As altered markers of GABAergic functions may also be present in bipolar disorder (BPD), the specificity of particular GABA-related molecular deficits in mood disorders is not known. We used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to assess expression levels of two GABA synthesizing enzymes (glutamate decarboxylase; GAD65 and GAD67) and of three markers of GABA neuron subpopulations (PV, CR, SST) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; Brodmann area 9) in triads (n=19) of control subjects and matched subjects with BPD or MDD. BPD subjects demonstrated significantly reduced PV mRNA, trend level reduction in SST mRNA and no alterations in GAD67, GAD65, or CR mRNA levels; MDD subjects demonstrated reduced SST mRNA expression without alterations in the other transcripts. The characteristic age-related decline in SST expression was not observed in MDD, as low expression was detected across age in MDD subjects. After controlling for age, MDD subjects demonstrated significantly reduced SST mRNA expression. Decreased SST levels in MDD were confirmed at the protein precursor level. Results were not explained by other clinical, demographic or technical parameters. In summary, MDD was characterized by low DLPFC SST, whereas decreased PV mRNA appears to distinguish BPD from MDD.
Mechanisms of CTLA-4-Ig in Tolerance Induction (2005)

The size of the peripheral T lymphocyte pool remains relatively constant throughout adult life, but individual populations undergo expansion and contraction upon antigen encounter due to signals delivered by members of the B7- CD28 family of costimulatory molecules. This family includes receptors on T cells that can provide either activating or inhibitory signals. In general, activation occurs in response to pathogens, when lymphocyte expansion and acquisition of effector functions is appropriate. Conversely inhibitory receptors provide down-modulating signals that help terminate immune responses and maintain self-tolerance. The activating receptor CD28 engages the same B7-1 and B7-2 molecules as the inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), although with reduced affinity than CTLA-4. In addition to this direct competitive mechanism, CTLA-4 can directly inhibit T cell receptor (TCR) signals independently of CD28 expression and recent findings indicate that CTLA-4 may also operate through reverse signaling on ligandexpressing cells. Fusion proteins between the extracellular domain of CTLA-4 and an immunoglobulin Fc portion have been created that have potent immunosuppressive properties in animal models of transplantation and autoimmunity and that show great promise in clinical trials. Like CTLA-4, CTLA-Ig, is thought to selectively prevent activation of CD28 by interacting with B7-1 and B7-2. In addition, CTLA-4-Ig can bind to B7 molecules expressed on dendritic cells and activate a pathway of tryptophan catabolism that can lead to indirect inhibition of lymphocyte activation and T cell death. In this review, we will focus on the current knowledge of the mechanisms of action of CTLA-4 and CTLA-4-Ig.
Identification of a Competitive HGF Antagonist Encoded by an Alternative Transcript (1991)

We identified a naturally occurring hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) variant, whose predicted sequence extends only through the second kringle domain of this plasminogen-related molecule. This smaller molecule, derived from an alternative HGF transcript, lacked mitogenic activity but specifically inhibited HGF-induced mitogenesis. Cross-linking studies demonstrated that the truncated molecule competes with HGF for binding to the HGF receptor, which has been identified as the c-met protooncogene product. Thus, the same gene encodes both a growth factor and its direct antagonist.