gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Streptococcus pneumoniae Isoprenoid Biosynthesis Is Downregulated by Diphosphomevalonate:  An Antimicrobial Target (2004)

The toll that Streptococcus pneumoniae exacts on the welfare of humanity is enormous. This organism claims the lives of approximately 3700 people daily, the majority of whom are children below the age of 5, and the situation could worsen due to the increasing incidence of pernicious, multiple-antibiotic-resistant strains. Here we report the discovery and characterization of a new allosteric site, shown to be absent in humans, that can be used to switch off an essential pathway in S. pneumoniae, the mevalonate pathway. Diphosphomevalonate (DPM), an intermediate in the pathway, binds with high affinity (K(d) = 530 nM) to mevalonate kinase, the first enzyme in the pathway, and inactivates it. Steady-state and equilibrium binding measurements reveal that DPM binding is noncompetitive versus substrates. DPM binds at an allosteric site, and inhibition cannot be overcome by an increasing substrate concentration. The DPM-binding site is a promising target for the development of new antimicrobial agents.
A new method of culturing and transferring iris pigment epithelium. (1997)

This new method provides a simple method of culturing a large quantity of IPE cells. The high yield of pure IPE cells and the ease of transfer provide an ideal means to study them at the cellular level.
The photochemistry of purine components of nucleic acids. I. The efficiency of photolysis of adenine and guanine derivatives in aqueous solution (1975)

It has been shown that the quantum yield of the photochemical conversion of adenine and the corresponding nucleosides and nucleoside 5'-phosphates in liquid (pH 5.6 and 2.0) and frozen aqueous solutions do not exceed 10(-4). The quantum yield of the photoconversion of guanine-containing nucleosides and nucleoside 5'-phosphates in liquid aqueous solution (pH 5.6) after removal of oxygen by passing through nitrogen and in the frozen state do not exceed 0.3 x 10(-4). The quantum yield in oxygen-containing liquid aqueous solutions increase to 0.3 x 10(-3), i.e. to values commensurate with the quantum yield of pyrimidine photolysis.
Transgenic oncogene mice. Tumor phenotype predicts genotype. (1991)

The hypothesis that oncogenes influence tumor phenotype was tested by examining slides from 607 mammary tumors from 407 transgenic mice bearing the ras, myc, and/or neu oncogenes. Most tumors (91%) had patterns (phenotypes) that could not be classified by Dunn's standard nomenclature. The nonstandard tumors were described as eosinophilic small cell (SC), basophilic large cell (LC), or pale intermediate cell (IC). The SC tumor was associated with ras, the LC was associated with myc, and the IC was associated with neu, with specificities more than .90 and sensitivities ranging from .99 to .48. Thus, the tumor phenotype could be used to predict which oncogene was present in the animal. The presence of myc in combination with either ras or neu resulted in the predominance of LC tumors and accelerated tumorigenesis. The combination of ras and neu resulted in a decreased tumor incidence. Thus, knowledge of the oncogenes that were present could be used to predict the natural history of the disease.
DNA Tetraplex Formation Studied with Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (1999)

It is emerging that DNA tetraplexes are pivotal for many major cellular processes, and techniques that assess their structure and nature to the point are under development. Here we show how the structural conversion of largely unstructured single-stranded DNA molecules into compact intrastrand DNA tetraplexes can be monitored by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. We recently reported that intrastrand tetraplex formation takes place in a nuclease hypersensitive element upstream of the human c-myc proto-oncogene. Despite the highly repetitive guanine-rich sequence of the hypersensitive element, fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements indicate that only one well defined tetraplex structure forms therein. The proposed structure, which is specifically stabilized by potassium ions in vitro, has a core of three stacked guanine tetrads that is capped by two intrastrand A-T base pairs.
New Technologies for Human Cancer Imaging (2008)

Despite technical advances in many areas of diagnostic radiology, the detection and imaging of human cancer remains poor. A meaningful impact on cancer screening, staging, and treatment is unlikely to occur until the tumor-to-background ratio improves by three to four orders of magnitude (ie, 10(3)- to 10(4)-fold), which in turn will require proportional improvements in sensitivity and contrast agent targeting. This review analyzes the physics and chemistry of cancer imaging and highlights the fundamental principles underlying the detection of malignant cells within a background of normal cells. The use of various contrast agents and radiotracers for cancer imaging is reviewed, as are the current limitations of ultrasound, x-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography (PET), and optical imaging. Innovative technologies are emerging that hold great promise for patients, such as positron emission mammography of the breast and spectroscopy-enhanced colonoscopy for cancer screening, hyperpolarization MRI and time-of-flight PET for staging, and ion beam-induced PET scanning and near-infrared fluorescence-guided surgery for cancer treatment. This review explores these emerging technologies and considers their potential impact on clinical care. Finally, those cancers that are currently difficult to image and quantify, such as ovarian cancer and acute leukemia, are discussed.
Slowing of Pulses to c/10 With Subwatt Power Levels and Low Latency Using Brillouin Amplification in a Bismuth-Oxide Optical Fiber (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> We report the generation of slow light using Brillouin amplification in a short length of highly nonlinear bismuth-oxide fiber. By using just 2 m of fiber, we demonstrate a five-fold reduction in group velocity for <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\sim$</tex></formula>200-ns pulses, which we believe to be a record for a slow-light propagation in an optical fiber. Moreover, by virtue of the high nonlinearity per unit length of this fiber, we achieve this at a very modest pump power level of just <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\sim$</tex> </formula>400 mW and with a low inherent device latency of 14 ns. These results highlight both the merits and practicality of using high nonlinearity nonsilica fibers for slow-light devices. </para>
La presidencia de Vladimir Putin (2001)

Coarse-grained (CG) models for mixed dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)/cholesterol lipid bilayers are constructed using the recently developed multiscale coarse-graining (MS-CG) method. The MS-CG method permits a systematic fit of the bonded and nonbonded interactions and system pressure to trajectory and force data derived from an underlying reference all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The CG sites for lipid and cholesterol molecules are associated with the centers-of-mass of atomic groups because of the simplicity in the evaluation of the forces acting on them from the atomistic MD data. Corresponding models with four-site and seven-site representations of the cholesterol molecule were also developed. The latter CG models differed by the bonding scheme of CG sites to represent intramolecular interactions. A one-site MS-CG model based on the TIP3P potential was used for water, with the interaction site placed at the molecular geometrical center, and the analytical fit of the model is presented. The MS-CG models were then used to conduct simulations in the constant NPT ensemble which reproduce accurately the structural properties as seen in the full all-atom MD simulation.
Zur Färbung des Tuberkelbacillus (1882)

Drug Prescribing for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in General Practice: a Cross-Sectional Study
A novel missense mutation of the ECM1 gene in a Chinese patient with lipoid proteinosis (2011)

Lipoid proteinosis (LP), is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene for extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1), and has been mapped to chromosome 1q21. We report the case of a 49-year-old Chinese woman with LP, who presented with a hoarse voice, easily damaged skin with poor wound healing, lesions and scarring on the skin, and bead-like papules around the eyelids. On physical examination, yellowish deposits were seen on the soft palate, with thickening of the vocal cords. The coding region of ECM1 was amplified and sequenced, and a novel homozygous single-nucleotide substitution, c.1429T>C, was found in exon 9, which converts cysteine to arginine, designated p.C477R. This mutation was not founded in 100 unrelated normal genomic DNA sequences. In conclusion, this is a novel mutation in the ECM1 gene, which is the underlying cause of LP in this patient.
Isolation of anti-toxin single domain antibodies from a semi-synthetic spiny dogfish shark display library (2007)

We demonstrated the utility of a newly created hyper diversified shark NAR displayed library to serve as a source of thermal stable sdAbs against a variety of toxins.
Transformation of yeast. (1978)

A stable leu2- yeast strain has been transformed to LEU2+ by using a chimeric ColE1 plasmid carrying the yeast leu2 gene. We have used recently developed hybridization and restriction endonuclease mapping techniques to demonstrate directly the presence of the transforming DNA in the yeast genome and also to determine the arrangement of the sequences that were introduced. These studies show that ColE1 DNA together with the yeast sequences can integrate into the yeast chromosomes. This integration may be additive or substitutive. The bacterial plasmid sequences, once integrated, behave as a simple Mendelian element. In addition, we have determined the genetic linkage relationships for each newly introduced LEU2+ allele with the original leu2- allele. These studies show that the transforming squences integrate not only in the leu2 region but also in several other chromosomal locations.
Design and implementation of a broadband RF-DAC transmitter for wireless communications (2011)

Next generation mobile communication standards have high demands on the radio-frequency (RF) frontend performance of mobile devices. New OFDM based mobile standards like 3GPP LTE, WiMax, or WLAN require a high signal bandwidth, high dynamic range as well as a high reconfigurability. Moreover, for each communication standard and frequency band an own RF transceiver is needed for state-of-the-art handhelds. To reduce the needed number of transceivers for devices like smartphones,a reconfigurable RF-frontend is needed, in order to save chip and PCB area and hence cost. Longterm goal is the so-called "Software Defined Radio" (SDR). In the framework of this thesis, a reconfigurable, mostly digital transmitter was developed, which utilizes a so-called RF-DAC. The RF-DAC unites digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and upconversion mixer in a single building block. Thereby, it is possible to convert digital signals directly to RF modulated signals. The usage of an RF-DAC allows the elimination of the all analog baseband signal blocks, like filters and baseband amplifiers. Instead, they are replaced by digital, programmable circuits. Furthermore, all transistors in the RF-DAC operate as switches. The requirements on the "analog" performance of the transistors is low. Hence, RF-DAC based transmitters are especially suited for the implementation in "nanoscale" CMOS technologies with feature sizes of 65nm and below. These CMOS technologies enable high-performance digital circuits as well as a low-cost mass production. In this thesis, first a system concept for an RF-DAC based transmitter, which supports high data rates, is discussed. The RF-DAC architecture has the drawback, that it is not feasible to implement a reconstruction filter within the monolithic connection of DAC and mixer. As a consequence, the RF-DAC emits unwanted signal replica at multiples of the DAC sampling rate. Therefore, special emphasis has been laid the analysis of techniques to reduce these unwanted emissions. Furthermore, a circuit implementation of an RF-DAC based I/Q vector modulator has been conducted and is thoroughly discussed. The RF-DAC has a resolution of 9bit and a maximum sampling rate of 850 MHz. A novel RF-DAC implementation allows especially high output power levels and at the same time a low power consumption at low signal amplitudes. Measurements of the fabricated chip prove the capability of the transmitter. A maximum output power of +16dBm is one decade higher than the power levels of comparable architectures. The power consumption drops from 280mW for a full-scale sinusoidal signal with +14dBm output power to 47mW when reducing the amplitude by 48 dB. This shows the effectiveness of the above mentioned measures to reduce power consumption at low signal amplitudes. In addition to the amplitude resolution of 8bit, the output power can be scaled in a range of more than 80 dB by varying the biasing currents. The RF-DAC transmitter is able to process 20 MHz wide 64QAM OFDM WLAN signals and fulfills the spectral mask the IEEE 802.11n standard.
Real-time assessment of retinal blood flow with ultrafast acquisition by color Doppler Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (2003)

We interfaced color Doppler Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (CD-FDOCT) with a commercial OCT system to perform in vivo studies of human retinal blood flow in real time. FDOCT does not need reference arm scanning and records one full depth and Doppler profile in parallel. The system operates with an equivalent A-scan rate of 25 kHz and allows real time imaging of the color encoded Doppler information together with the tissue morphology at a rate of 2-4 tomograms (40 x 512 pixel) per second. The recording time of a single tomogram (160 x 512 data points) is only 6,4ms. Despite the high detection speed we achieve a system sensitivity of 86dB using a beam power of 500microW at the cornea. The fundus camera allows simultaneous view for selection of the region of interest. We observe bi-directional blood flow and pulsatility of blood velocity in retinal vessels with a Doppler detection bandwidth of 12.5 kHz and a longitudinal velocity sensitivity in tissue of 200microm/s.
A Computationally Efficient Evolutionary Algorithm for Real-Parameter Optimization (2002)

Due to increasing interest in solving real-world optimization problems using evolutionary algorithms (EAs), researchers have recently developed a number of real-parameter genetic algorithms (GAs). In these studies, the main research effort is spent on developing an efficient recombination operator. Such recombination operators use probability distributions around the parent solutions to create an offspring. Some operators emphasize solutions at the center of mass of parents and some around the parents. In this paper, we propose a generic parent-centric recombination operator (PCX) and a steady-state, elite-preserving, scalable, and computationally fast population-alteration model (we call the G3 model). The performance of the G3 model with the PCX operator is investigated on three commonly used test problems and is compared with a number of evolutionary and classical optimization algorithms including other real-parameter GAs with the unimodal normal distribution crossover (UNDX) and the simplex crossover (SPX) operators, the correlated self-adaptive evolution strategy, the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES), the differential evolution technique, and the quasi-Newton method. The proposed approach is found to consistently and reliably perform better than all other methods used in the study. A scale-up study with problem sizes up to 500 variables shows a polynomial computational complexity of the proposed approach. This extensive study clearly demonstrates the power of the proposed technique in tackling real-parameter optimization problems.
Establishment and characterization of a cytotrophoblast cell line from normal placenta of human origin (1996)

A cell line has been established from human placentae at the first trimester of normal pregnancy. The cell line was obtained by culture of purified cytotrophoblast cells in serum-free medium supplemented with epidermal growth factor, insulin, dexamethasone and 0.1% bovine serum albumin. The cells can be subcultured for >30 passages in one to three splits. All the cells were mononuclear epithelial-like cells positive to cytokeratin 18, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, leucine-enkephalin, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine immunocytochemical staining. The cells secreted GnRH, progesterone and oestradiol (in the presence of testosterone) but little human chorionic gonadotrophin and no beta-endorphin. The cell line showed human karyotypes and had a population doubling time of 48 h in serum-free medium. However, the cells would stop growing in the medium containing fetal bovine serum. A normal cytotrophoblast cell line established in serum-free medium will be particularly useful in the study of cytotrophoblast cell proliferation and differentiation.
INSULIN IN UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SOLUTION EXACERBATES THE ISCHEMIC INJURY AND DECREASES THE GRAFT SURVIVAL RATE IN RAT LIVER TRANSPLANTATION (2003)

Insulin in UW solution may exacerbate graft ischemic injury and decrease the graft survival rate in rat liver transplantation. Insulin, in the absence of glucose in UW solution, may exhaust the metabolic activity of the liver graft. It is harmful rather than helpful for isolated rat liver grafts preserved in UW solution.
The treatment of anaemia in the myelodysplastic syndromes with recombinant human erythropoietin (1991)

Recombinant human erythropoietin was administered subcutaneously to 10 patients with myelodysplasia (MDS) who had haemoglobin concentrations less than 10 g/dl, in an attempt to relieve their anaemia. Doses of 60 units/kg/d rising to 90 units/kg/d were given over a maximum period of 16 weeks. Two out of 10 patients showed a steady rise in haemoglobin concentration during treatment. One patient with refractory anaemia had a sustained rise from 9.9 g/dl to 11.3 g/dl, and one patient with refractory anaemia with excess blasts (RAEB) had a rise from 9.5 g/dl to 11.4 g/dl but then relapsed with the development of an iron deficient state. Serum concentrations of immunoreactive EPO varied considerably between patients, but both responders had relatively low baseline levels. Both responders were also new diagnoses and had received no red cell transfusions. The criteria for response to recombinant human erythropoietin therapy, as well as the indications for therapy remain to be clarified.
学术出版替代模式的经济影响：成本与收益探索（节选）（上） (2009)

1 概述 知识经济被定义为：“生成和利用知识在财富创造过程中发挥主导作用的一种经济。它不仅仅是指推广前沿知识，还包括在所有经济活动中更加有效的利用所有类型的知识”。在知识经济中，创新以及创造和传播最新科技信息的能力是系统繁荣的重要决定因素。
An overview of deterministic functional RAM chip testing (1990)

This paper presents an overview of deterministic functional RAM chip testing. Instead of the traditional ad-hoc approach toward developing memory test algorithms, a hierarchy of functional faults and tests is presented, which is shown to cover all likely functional memory faults. This is done by presenting a novel way of categorizing the faults. All (possible) fault combinations are discussed. Requirements are put forward under which conditions a fault combination can be detected. Finally, memory test algorithms that satisfy the given requirements are presented.
Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery (2011)

Preface ix About the Editors xi Contributors xiii Part One Current Science, Skin Permeation, and Enhancement Approaches 1. Skin Structure, Function, and Permeation 3 Heather A.E. Benson 2. Passive Skin Permeation Enhancement 23 Majella E. Lane, Paulo Santos, Adam C. Watkinson, and Jonathan Hadgraft 3. Electrical and Physical Methods of Skin Penetration Enhancement 43 Jeffrey E. Grice, Tarl W. Prow, Mark A.F. Kendall, and Michael S. Roberts 4. Clinical Applications of Transdermal Iontophoresis 67 Dhaval R. Kalaria, Sachin Dubey, and Yogeshvar N. Kalia 5. In Vitro Skin Permeation Methodology 85 Barrie Finnin, Kenneth A. Walters, and Thomas J. Franz 6. Skin Permeation Assessment: Tape Stripping 109 Sandra Wiedersberg and Sara Nicoli 7. Skin Permeation Assessment: Microdialysis 131 Rikke Holmgaard, Jesper B. Nielsen, and Eva Benfeldt 8. Skin Permeation: Spectroscopic Methods 155 Jonathan Hadgraft and Majella E. Lane 9. Skin Permeation Assessment in Man: In Vitro In Vivo Correlation 167 Paul A. Lehman, Sam G. Raney, and Thomas J. Franz 10. Risk Assessment 183 Jon R. Heylings Part Two Topical and Transdermal Product Development 11. An Overview of Product Development from Concept to Approval 203 Adam C. Watkinson 12. Regulatory Aspects of Drug Development for Dermal Products 217 William K. Sietsema 13. Toxicological and Pre-clinical Considerations for Novel Excipients and New Chemical Entities 233 Andrew Makin and Jens Thing Mortensen 14. Topical Product Formulation Development 255 Marc B. Brown, Robert Turner, and Sian T. Lim 15. Transdermal Product Formulation Development 287 Kenneth J. Miller 16. Sensitivity and Irritation Testing 309 Belum Viswanath Reddy, Geetanjali Sethi, and Howard I. Maibach 17. New Product Development for Transdermal Drug Delivery: Understanding the Market Opportunity 345 Hugh Alsop 18. Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery Today 357 Adam C. Watkinson 19. Current and Future Trends: Skin Diseases and Treatment 367 Simon G. Danby, Gordon W. Duff, and Michael J. Cork Index 409
Trastuzumab treatment in patients with advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma overexpressing HER2/neu (2008)

Trastuzumab may be a viable therapeutic option as single agent or in combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced, recurrent, and/or metastatic endometrial carcinomas overexpressing HER2/neu.