gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Carbon Dioxide Dissociation as a New Route for Syngas Production: A Comparative Review and Potential of Plasma-Based Technologies (2013)

Coal gasification and natural gas reforming are regarded as mature technologies for syngas production. These technologies are however highly polluting in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, mainly carbon dioxide. Natural gas reforming is considered cleaner than coal gasification but has some disadvantages in terms of higher plant maintenance and processing costs. It utilizes catalysts that are prone to poisoning, are costly, and require regular regeneration. In mitigation of these issues, plasma-based CO2 dissociation technologies could probably offer a new alternative for syngas production. The plasma-based technologies are more compact, have faster response and reaction times, and are relatively cheaper compared to conventional gasification and reforming. Assuming that electricity is produced by a low carbon emitting (renewable or nuclear) power plant, a comparative review of CO2 dissociation technology for syngas production shows that CO2 dissociation can be competitive from an environmental point of view but would face several challenges with the current plasma technologies available. Indeed, the results show that, for current plasma processes to be competitive with conventional processes for syngas production, the energy efficiency, conversion rate, and processing mass flow rates of the unit operations would have to be simultaneously increased. Syngas production would also be highly dependent on the specific energy input and characteristics of the plasma (technology, electric field, power, etc.). CO2 dissociation would give value to carbon dioxide as it consumes 0.33 mol of CO2 for each mole of syngas produced. Therefore, CO2 dissociation can be attractive as a possible option for the conversion of electrical energy to chemical energy, especially when the electrical energy is from a renewable and low cost electricity source.
The cytosensor microphysiometer: biological applications of silicon technology (1992)

A silicon-based device, dubbed a microphysiometer, can be used to detect and monitor the response of cells to a variety of chemical substances, especially ligands for specific plasma membrane receptors. The microphysiometer measures the rate of proton excretion from 10(4) to 10(6) cells. This article gives an overview of experiments currently being carried out with this instrument with emphasis on receptors with seven transmembrane helices and tyrosine kinase receptors. As a scientific instrument, the microphysiometer can be thought of as serving two distinct functions. In terms of detecting specific molecules, selected biological cells in this instrument serve as detectors and amplifiers. The microphysiometer can also investigate cell function and biochemistry. A major application of this instrument may prove to be screening for new receptor ligands. In this respect, the microphysiometer appears to offer significant advantages over other techniques.
Hindered dialkylamino nucleoside phosphite reagents in the synthesis of two DNA 51-mers (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHindered dialkylamino nucleoside phosphite reagents in the synthesis of two DNA 51-mersSteven P. Adams, Kamila S. Kavka, Evan J. Wykes, Sarah B. Holder, and Gerald R. GalluppiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 3, 661–663Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1983https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00341a078RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views647Altmetric-Citations206LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (435 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Biomechanical evidence of the distribution of cross-links in corneastreated with riboflavin and ultraviolet A light (2006)

Treatment of the cornea with riboflavin and UVA significantly stiffened the cornea only in the anterior 200 microm. This depth-dependent stiffening effect may be explained by the absorption behavior for UVA in the riboflavin-treated cornea. Sixty-five percent to 70% of UVA irradiation was absorbed within the anterior 200 microm and only 20% in the next 200 microm. Therefore, deeper structures and even the endothelium are not affected.
Application of Solution‐Phase Parallel Synthesis to Preparation of Trisubstituted 1,2,4‐Triazoles. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Molecular Packing and Symmetry of Two-Dimensional Crystals (2007)

Periodic arrangements on surfaces resulting from monolayer formation are critical in determining the electronic structure of thin films, the adhesion of surface coatings, the properties of lubricants, and the polymorphic form of heteronucleated crystals. Unlike substrate-directed chemisorption, the process of physisorption is highly responsive to molecular structure and stands out as a controllable method of creating variable surface patterns with periodicities on the low end of the nanoscale. Despite decades of study focused upon such ordered structures, the principles guiding the formation of these two-dimensional crystals have been obscured by the lack of a systematic and critical compilation. Thus, prediction of two-dimensional structure based upon the composition of the individual building blocks remains in its infancy. Here we demonstrate through the compilation and analysis of a database of two-dimensional structures that molecular-scale patterns are dictated by the same factors that determine bulk crystal structure, but these factors give rise to different preferred packing symmetries. In marked contrast to three-dimensional systems, achiral molecules in two-dimensional crystals are likely to adopt chiral structures, and racemic mixtures are expected to produce enantiopure domains. The determination of plane group frequencies allowed experimental verification of Kitaigorodskii's 50-year old theory of close packing as applied to two-dimensional tiling. This fundamental comparison between bulk crystals and physisorbed monolayers provides new tools and directions for future exploration in the engineering of surfaces with prescribed two-dimensional patterns.
[Antioxidant action and therapeutic efficacy of laser irradiation of blood in patients with ischemic heart disease]. (2003)

Laser irradiation in therapeutic doses (gamma = 632.8 nm, 14 mW) has an antioxidant effect in blood irradiation in vitro as shown by activation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) which is a key enzyme of the antioxidant system (AOS) and suppression of lipid peroxidation. Adjuvant supravascular He-Ne laser irradiation of blood in combined therapy of 82 patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) produces a positive trend in the clinical picture, hemostasis, lipid metabolism, blood SOD activity. Thereby, this method of laser hemotherapy is recommended for use in IHD patients. The dependence of the treatment results on the initial blood AOS necessitates consideration of AOS state in deciding on laser therapy in this group of patients.
Clonal and microclonal mutational heterogeneity in high hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2016)

// Adam J. de Smith 1 , Juhi Ojha 1 , Stephen S. Francis 2 , Erica Sanders 1 , Alyson A. Endicott 1 , Helen M. Hansen 2 , Ivan Smirnov 2 , Amanda M. Termuhlen 3 , Kyle M. Walsh 1,2 , Catherine Metayer 4 and Joseph L. Wiemels 1,2 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America 2 Division of Neuroepidemiology, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America 3 Children&rsquo;s Hospital Los Angeles, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America 4 School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America Correspondence to: Adam J. de Smith, email: // Keywords : high hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia, targeted deep-sequencing, microclonal mutations, tumor heterogeneity, DOT1L Received : September 9, 2016 Accepted : September 17, 2016 Published : September 24, 2016 Abstract High hyperdiploidy (HD), the most common cytogenetic subtype of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), is largely curable but significant treatment-related morbidity warrants investigating the biology and identifying novel drug targets. Targeted deep-sequencing of 538 cancer-relevant genes was performed in 57 HD-ALL patients lacking overt KRAS and NRAS hotspot mutations and lacking common B-ALL deletions to enrich for discovery of novel driver genes. One-third of patients harbored damaging mutations in epigenetic regulatory genes, including the putative novel driver DOT1L ( n =4). Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/Ras/MAPK signaling pathway mutations were found in two-thirds of patients, including novel mutations in ROS1 , which mediates phosphorylation of the PTPN11- encoded protein SHP2. Mutations in FLT3 significantly co-occurred with DOT1L ( p =0.04), suggesting functional cooperation in leukemogenesis. We detected an extraordinary level of tumor heterogeneity, with microclonal (mutant allele fraction &lt;0.10) KRAS , NRAS , FLT3 , and/or PTPN11 hotspot mutations evident in 31/57 (54.4%) patients. Multiple KRAS and NRAS codon 12 and 13 microclonal mutations significantly co-occurred within tumor samples ( p =4.8x10 -4 ), suggesting ongoing formation of and selection for Ras -activating mutations. Future work is required to investigate whether tumor microheterogeneity impacts clinical outcome and to elucidate the functional consequences of epigenetic dysregulation in HD-ALL, potentially leading to novel therapeutic approaches.
Surface Wave Propagation in a Dielectric Waveguide Loaded with an Anisotropic, Conductive, and Spatially Dispersive Substrate (2021)

This thesis presents an analytical treatment of surface waves inside a dielectric slab loaded with a conductive and spatially dispersive semiconductor-like substrate. The work is primarily focused on the modelling of the substrate and getting the field solutions out from the Helmholtz equation. Appropriate boundary conditions have been used in order to get a unique dispersion relation. The surface wave modes are then extracted from the relation by using a root-searching algorithm, which in this work is the MATLAB Genetic Algorithm toolbox. Many different substrate configurations have been considered, starting from the very basic isotropic case to the most complex spatial dispersion case. In between, anisotropicity has also been added to the substrate by turning the static magnetic field on. The permittivity tensors are derived from the fluid transport equations and through the course of the thesis, extra terms such as plasma oscillations, damping, cyclotron resonance, and density perturbations are added. Many assumptions, approximations, and limitations of this analytical treatment have also been addressed. Simulations results have been shown to see the effects of these various terms. The substrates analyzed in the chapters are only a theoritical approximation of an actual substrate. The main idea behind this study is to get a feel for how the transport equations can be utilized to obtain properties that might be on a macroscopic scale. The physical significance of this expose has also been discussed in the last chapter. Issues such as scalability to space plasmas and future ramifications are also included. The study done thus far will be useful in investigating such plasma mediums.
Markers of surface mucous cell type human gastric cancer cells: Galactose oxidase‐Schiff reactive mucins, monoclonal antibody SH‐9 reactive mucins and cathepsin E (1993)

Cellular differentiation of gastric cancer cells allows the classification of cell type into surface mucous cell, pyloric gland cell, intestinal absorptive cell and goblet cell types by mucin histochemistry and pepsinogen (Pg) immunohistochemistry. Surface mucous cell differentiation of gastric cancers of each histologic type has previously been detected by the galactose oxidase-Schiff (GOS) reaction although this is not always positive in all cases. Mucus granules of surface mucous cells of normal gastric mucosa show an intense reactivity for SH-9 (monoclonal antibody against CA125-bearing antigenic molecule fragments). Cathepsin E is also expressed in the cytoplasm of surface mucous cells, weakly in absorptive cells of duodenal villi and occasionally in pyloric gland cells. Expression of SH-9 reactive mucin and of cathepsin E were therefore investigated as possible additional markers to distinguish between the gastric cancer cell type in 203 primary stomach cancers. SH-9 reactive mucin was found selectively in GOS positive cancer cells of surface mucous cell type and/or cancer cells unclassified by mucin histochemistry. These latter cells were therefore classified into the surface mucous cell category. Cathepsin E was found mainly in cancer cells of the GOS positive surface mucous cell type and occasionally, in intestinal absorptive and pyloric gland cell types. Galactose oxidase-Schiff, SH-9 and cathepsin E reactive or positive cancer cells were found in 145 (71.4%), 151 (74.4%) and 144 (70.9%), respectively, of the 203 primary stomach cancers investigated.
Drug delivery in acute myeloid leukemia (2008)

While the toxicity profile of chemotherapeutics has been improved by liposomal formulations and antibody conjugation for leukemia-directed uptake, their efficacy has probably not changed significantly. Drugs with an alternative mode of action, including kinase inhibitors, hold great promise. Further improvements may result from the characterization of novel acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell surface receptors and of leukemic stem cells, as well as from the design of leukemia-targeted gene therapy vectors.
NK cells engineered to express a GD2‐specific antigen receptor display built‐in ADCC‐like activity against tumour cells of neuroectodermal origin (2011)

Treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) represents a major challenge in paediatric oncology. Alternative therapeutic strategies include antibodies targeting the disialoganglioside GD(2) , which is expressed at high levels on NB cells, and infusion of donor-derived natural killer (NK) cells. To combine specific antibody-mediated recognition of NB cells with the potent cytotoxic activity of NK cells, here we generated clonal derivatives of the clinically applicable human NK cell line NK-92 that stably express a GD(2) -specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprising an anti-GD(2) ch14.18 single chain Fv antibody fusion protein with CD3-ζ chain as a signalling moiety. CAR expression by gene-modified NK cells facilitated effective recognition and elimination of established GD(2) expressing NB cells, which were resistant to parental NK-92. In the case of intrinsically NK-sensitive NB cell lines, we observed markedly increased cell killing activity of retargeted NK-92 cells. Enhanced cell killing was strictly dependent on specific recognition of the target antigen and could be blocked by GD(2) -specific antibody or anti-idiotypic antibody occupying the CAR's cell recognition domain. Importantly, strongly enhanced cytotoxicity of the GD(2) -specific NK cells was also found against primary NB cells and GD(2) expressing tumour cells of other origins, demonstrating the potential clinical utility of the retargeted effector cells.
Identification of Active-Site Residues of the Pro-Metastatic Endoglycosidase Heparanase (2000)

Heparanase is a beta-D-endoglucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) and has been implicated in many important physiological and pathological processes, including tumor cell metastasis, angiogenesis, and leukocyte migration. We report herein the identification of active-site residues of human heparanase. Using PSI-BLAST and PHI-BLAST searches of sequence databases, similarities were identified between heparanase and members of several of the glycosyl hydrolase families (10, 39, and 51) from glycosyl hydrolase clan A (GH-A), including strong local identities to regions containing the critical active-site catalytic proton donor and nucleophile residues that are conserved in this clan of enzymes. Furthermore, secondary structure predictions suggested that heparanase is likely to contain an (alpha/beta)(8) TIM-barrel fold, which is common to the GH-A families. On the basis of sequence alignments with a number of glycosyl hydrolases from GH-A, Glu(225) and Glu(343) of human heparanase were identified as the likely proton donor and nucleophile residues, respectively. The substitution of these residues with alanine and the subsequent expression of the mutant heparanases in COS-7 cells demonstrated that the HS-degrading capacity of both was abolished. In contrast, the alanine substitution of two other glutamic acid residues (Glu(378) and Glu(396)), both predicted to be outside the active site, did not affect heparanase activity. These data suggest that heparanase is a member of the clan A glycosyl hydrolases and has a common catalytic mechanism that involves two conserved acidic residues, a putative proton donor at Glu(225) and a nucleophile at Glu(343).
Variational Dropout Sparsifies Deep Neural Networks (2017)

We explore a recently proposed Variational Dropout technique that provided an elegant Bayesian interpretation to Gaussian Dropout. We extend Variational Dropout to the case when dropout rates are unbounded, propose a way to reduce the variance of the gradient estimator and report first experimental results with individual dropout rates per weight. Interestingly, it leads to extremely sparse solutions both in fully-connected and convolutional layers. This effect is similar to automatic relevance determination effect in empirical Bayes but has a number of advantages. We reduce the number of parameters up to 280 times on LeNet architectures and up to 68 times on VGG-like networks with a negligible decrease of accuracy.
Human Mammary Tumors (1973)

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the procedure for the explanation and cultivation of human breast carcinoma cells. The procedure involves technical improvements to eliminate fibroblasts and to maintain the epithelial cells in suspension. The chapter also reviews the processing of clinical specimens. The first step of the processing involves cleaning; the tumor is transferred from the jar to a large 100-mm diameter Petri dish containing 10 ml of Hanks' saline for a rapid examination under a dissecting microscope. The original cut indicates whether the neoplasm is actively invading or confined by fibrous envelopes, whether the tissues are soft or hard, and whether made of masses of tumor cells or necrotic material. The chapter also describes procedure for culture of spilled celled and cultivation of hard tumors. The methods described in the chapter have been applied to the processing of 102 human mammary tumors obtained from local hospitals; 48 have been successfully explanted. Of these, 12 originated from hard fibrous tumors. In the majority of cases, the causes for the failure were: (a) the absence of tumor material in the tissue specimen, (b) dead cells resulting from preventive hormonal or chemotherapeutic treatments, (c) extensive necrosis, and (d) calcified tumors.
Amino Acid Residues in the P6-P′3 Region of Thrombin-activable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFI) Do Not Determine the Thrombomodulin Dependence of TAFI Activation (2002)

Thrombin bound to thrombomodulin activates thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and protein C much more efficiently than thrombin alone. Although thrombomodulin has been proposed to alter the thrombin active site, the recently determined structure of the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex does not support this proposal. In this study, the contribution of amino acids near the activation site of TAFI toward thrombomodulin dependence was determined, utilizing four variants of TAFI with specific substitutions in the P6-P′3 region surrounding the Arg-92 cleavage site. Two point mutants had either the Ser-90 or Asp-87 of TAFI replaced with Ala, a third mutant had the thrombin activation site of the fibrinogen Bβ-chain substituted into positions 91–95 of TAFI, and a fourth mutant had the thrombin activation site of protein C substituted into positions 90–95 of TAFI. Each of these mutants was expressed, purified, and characterized with respect to activation kinetics and functional properties of the enzyme. Even though fibrinogen is poorly cleaved by thrombin-thrombomodulin, the fibrinogen activation site does not significantly alter the thrombomodulin dependence of TAFI activation. The TAFI variant with the protein C activation sequence is only slowly activated by thrombin-thrombomodulin, and not at all by free thrombin. Mutating Asp-87 to Ala increases the catalytic efficiency of activation 3-fold both in the presence and absence of thrombomodulin, whereas mutating Ser-90 to Ala effects only minor kinetic differences compared with wild type TAFI. The thermal stabilities and antifibrinolytic properties of the enzymes were not substantially altered by any of the mutations that allowed for efficient activation of the enzyme. We conclude that residues in the P6-P′3 region of TAFI do not determine the thrombomodulin dependence of activation, which lends support to the argument that the role of thrombomodulin is to optimally orient thrombin and its substrate, rather than to allosterically alter the specificity of the thrombin active site.
A Fluorescent Self‐Amplifying Wavelength‐Responsive Sensory Polymer for Fluoride Ions (2003)

A glowing response: Novel fluoride-selective sensors, utilizing fluoride-induced lactonization to highly fluorescent coumarin derivatives, are reported. The incorporation of this sensory system into a conjugated polymer amplifies the fluorescence response which can be detected visually, see scheme; TIPS=triisopropylsilyl. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2003/z52075_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Asymmetric syntheses of β-phenylalanine, α-methyl-β-phenylalanines and derivatives (1993)

A strategy of highly stereoselective conjugate additions of lithium (R)-(α-methylbenzyl)benzylamide to tert-butyl cinnamate and its 2-methyl derivative combined with appropriate tandem or sequential electrophilic quenches allows the asymmetric syntheses of β-phenylalanine (95% enantiomeric excess) and homochiral (2R, 3S)- and (2S, 3S)-α-methyl-β-phenylalanine and the corresponding β-lactams (3R, 4S)- and (3S, 4S)-3-methyl-4-phenylazetidinones.