gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-photon upconversion (2017)

The phenomenon of upconversion, in which a system sequentially absorbs two or more photons and emits a photon of a higher frequency, has been used in numerous applications. These include high-resolution non-destructive bioimaging, deep-penetrating photodynamic therapy, and photovoltaic devices. Due to the multi-photon mechanism of upconversion, its quantum yield cannot exceed 50%. We propose a new mechanism of upconversion, which is based on single-photon absorption; in this process, unlike in multiple-photon upconversion, the quantum yield can be higher than 50%. We show that in a system of two atoms interacting with a reservoir, a low-frequency excitation of one atom can be upconverted into a high-frequency excitation of another atom. The energy required for such an upconversion is drawn from the reservoir, which destroys coherence. Decoherence leads to the transition of the system from the pure state with a small energy dispersion to the mixed state with greater dispersion of energy, while the system entropy increases. The phenomenon of single-photon upconversion can be used to increase the efficacy of devices utilizing upconversion.
Dermatan Sulfate Binds and Potentiates Activity of Keratinocyte Growth Factor (FGF-7) (2002)

FGF-7 is induced after injury and induces the proliferation of keratinocytes. Like most members of the FGF family, the activity of FGF-7 is strongly influenced by binding to heparin, but this glycosaminoglycan is absent on keratinocyte cell surfaces and minimally present in the wound environment. In this investigation we compared the relative activity of heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate B (dermatan sulfate), glycosaminoglycans that are present in wounds. A lymphoid cell line (BaF/KGFR) containing the FGF-7 receptor (FGFR2 IIIb) was treated with FGF-7 and with various glycosaminoglycans. FGF-7 did not support cell proliferation in the absence of glycosaminoglycan or with addition of heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate A/C but did stimulate BaF/KGFR division in the presence of dermatan sulfate or highly sulfated low molecular weight fractions of dermatan. Dermatan sulfate also enabled FGF-7-dependent phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and promoted binding of radiolabeled FGF-7 to FGFR2 IIIb. In addition, dermatan sulfate and FGF-7 stimulated growth of normal keratinocytes in culture. Thus, dermatan sulfate, the predominant glycosaminoglycan in skin, is the principle cofactor for FGF-7.
The Family Of Collagen Genes (1990)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Frontotemporal dementia with Pick‐type histology associated with Q336R mutation in the tau gene (2004)

In this report, we describe the clinical and neuropathological features of a case of familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD), with onset at 58 years of age and disease duration of 10 years, associated with a novel mutation, Q336R, in the tau gene (tau). In vitro studies concerning the properties of tau proteins bearing this mutation, with respect to microtubule assembly and tau filament aggregation, are reported. Clinically, the patient showed alterations in memory, language and executive functions and marked behavioural change consistent with FTD, although the extent of memory impairment was more than is characteristic of FTD. At autopsy, there was degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes associated with the presence of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins in swollen (Pick) cells and intraneuronal inclusions (Pick bodies). By immunohistochemistry, the Pick bodies contained both 3-repeat and 4-repeat tau proteins although, because no fresh tissues were available for analysis, the exact isoform composition of the aggregated tau proteins could not be determined. Neurons within frontal cortex contained neurofibrillary tangle-like structures, comprising both straight and twisted tubules, or Pick bodies in which the filaments were short and randomly orientated. In vitro, and in common with other tau missense mutations, Q336R caused an increase in tau fibrillogenesis. However, in contrast to most other tau missense mutations, Q336R increased, not decreased, the ability of mutant tau to promote microtubule assembly. Nonetheless, this latter functional change may likewise be detrimental to neuronal function by inducing a compensatory phosphorylation that may yield increased intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau species that are also liable to fibrillize. We believe the mutation is indeed pathogenic and disease causing and not simply a coincidental rare and benign polymorphism. Since this mutation is segregating with the FTD clinical and neuropathological phenotype, it has not been found in unaffected individuals and it has novel functional properties in vitro which are likely to be detrimental to neuronal function in vivo.
Macromol. Rapid Commun. 5/2007 (2007)

Cover: The article by Potemkin and coworkers provides free‐energy considerations to explain the molar mass dependent morphology of lamellar diblock copolymer thin films of poly(styrene‐ b ‐butadiene). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and grazing‐incidence small‐angle scattering (GISAXS) data were instrumental to establish the lamellar orientation as a function of the interaction parameter χN and the ratio of film thickness over lamellar thickness D red . The relevant free‐energy contributions are discussed that determine the boundary between the observed orientational phases. Further details can be found in the article by I. I. Potemkin, * P. Busch, D.‐M. Smilgies, D. Posselt, and C. M. Papadakis on page 579.
Sequence-Encoded Self-Assembly of Multiple-Nanocomponent Arrays by 2D DNA Scaffolding (2005)

Regular 2D arrays of multiple types of nanocomponents were constructed by self-assembly to DNA scaffolding with alternating rows of sequence-encoded hybridization sites. Different-sized Au particles coated with DNA complementary to one of the sites were bound to the scaffolding, producing alternating rows of the two nanocomponents with a 32-nm inter-row spacing. These results demonstrate the potential for using DNA to self-assemble complex arrays of components with nanometer-scale precision.
Discovering phase transitions with unsupervised learning (2016)

Unsupervised learning is a discipline of machine learning which aims at discovering patterns in large data sets or classifying the data into several categories without being trained explicitly. We show that unsupervised learning techniques can be readily used to identify phases and phases transitions of many-body systems. Starting with raw spin configurations of a prototypical Ising model, we use principal component analysis to extract relevant low-dimensional representations of the original data and use clustering analysis to identify distinct phases in the feature space. This approach successfully finds physical concepts such as the order parameter and structure factor to be indicators of a phase transition. We discuss the future prospects of discovering more complex phases and phase transitions using unsupervised learning techniques.
Biological function of the low-pH, fusion-inactive conformation of rabies virus glycoprotein (G): G is transported in a fusion-inactive state-like conformation (1995)

The glycoprotein (G) of rabies virus can assume at least three different conformations: the native (N) state detected at the viral surface above pH 7; the activated (A) hydrophobic state, which is probably involved in the first steps of the fusion process; and the fusion-inactive (I) conformation. There is a pH-dependent equilibrium between these states, the equilibrium being shifted towards the I state at low pH. It has been supposed that the transition from the N to the I state mediates membrane fusion. By using a lipid-mixing assay, we studied the kinetics of fusion and fusion inactivation for two rabies virus strains, PV and CVS. In addition, by using electron microscopy and a trypsin sensitivity assay, we analyzed the kinetics of the conformational change towards the I state for both strains. Although the PV strain fuses faster, inactivation and the conformational change of PV G occur more slowly than for the CVS strain. This suggests that the structural transition towards the I state is irrelevant to the fusion process. Immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation experiments performed with infected cells and two different monoclonal antibodies, one specific for the N form of G and one which recognizes both the N and the I states, suggest that G is transported in an I state-like conformation through the Golgi apparatus and acquires its N structure only near or at the cell surface. We propose that the role of the I state is to avoid unspecific fusion during transport of G in the acidic Golgi vesicles.
Amidines. Part 13. Influence of substitution at imino nitrogen atom on pKavalues of N1N1-Dimethylacetamidines (1984)

20 N1N1-Dimethylacetamidines containing alkyl, aralkyl, or substituted phenyl groups have been synthesized, and their pKa values in 95.6% ethanol (azeotrope) measured. The pKa values obtained were correlated with Hammett σ constants. The appliciability of various σ values is discussed, and it is shown that for substituents at nitrogen σ° values should be used. It has also been shown that the pKa values of amidines correlate well with the pKa values of corresponding primary amines, and that this correlation can serve for the prediction of the pKa of amidine. Comparison of the correlations for N1N1-dimethylacetamidines with those for N1N1-dimethylformamidines indicate that sensitivity of the amidine group to substitution at the imino nitrogen atom depends to a considerable degree on substitution at a functional carbon atom.
Necrotic but not apoptotic cell death releases heat shock proteins, which deliver a partial maturation signal to dendritic cells and activate the NF-κB pathway (2000)

Dendritic cells (DC) are key components of innate and adaptive immune responses. The identity of endogenous signals that activate DC is a crucial and unresolved question. We report here that heat shock proteins (HSP), the most abundant and conserved mammalian molecules, constitute such an internal signal. Necrotic but not apoptotic cell death leads to release of HSP gp96, calreticulin, hsp90 and hsp70. HSP stimulate macrophages to secrete cytokines, and induce expression of antigen-presenting and co-stimulatory molecules on the DC. The HSP gp96 and hsp70 act differentially, and each induces some but not all molecules. HSP interact with these antigen-presenting cells through the highly conserved NF-kappa B pathway. As HSP are intracellular, abundant and soluble, their presence in the extra-cellular milieu and the consequent activation of antigen-presenting cells (APC) constitutes an excellent mechanism for response to cell death. As HSP are conserved from bacteria to mammals, the ability of HSP to activate APC provides a unified mechanism for response to internal and external stimuli.
Blocking IL-1 in systemic inflammation (2005)

A growing number of systemic inflammatory diseases characterized in part by recurrent fevers, leukocytosis, anemia, and elevated acute phase proteins are linked to interleukin (IL)-1 activity since rapid and sustained resolution is observed upon specific blockade of IL-1 receptors. Rapid resolution of systemic and local inflammation is now also reported in systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SoJIA). Loss of control of the secretion of IL-1beta might be a common mechanism explaining the aberrant activity of IL-1 in these diseases.
Experimental and Theoretical Research on Bending Behavior of Photovoltaic Panels with a Special Boundary Condition (2018)

Currently, the photovoltaic (PV) panels widely manufactured on market are composed of stiff front and back layers and the solar cells embedded in a soft polymeric interlayer. The wind and snow pressure are the usual loads to which working PV panels need to face, and it needs the panels keep undamaged under those pressure when they generate electricity. Therefore, an accurate and systematic research on bending behavior of PV panels is important and necessary. In this paper, classical lamination theory (CLT) considering soft interlayer is applied to build governing equations of the solar panel. A Rayleigh–Rita method is modified to solve the governing equations and calculate the static deformation of the PV panel. Different from many previous researches only analyzing simply supported boundary condition for four edges, a special boundary condition which consists of two opposite edges simply supported and the others two free is studied in this paper. A closed form solution is derived out and used to do the numerical calculation. The corresponding bending experiments of PV panels are completed. Comparing the numerical results with experiment results, the accuracy of the analytical solutions are verified.
Reversible zinc exchange between metallothionein and the estrogen receptor zinc finger (1996)

We report here the first demonstration that reversible metal exchange occurs between metallothionein (MT) and full-length estrogen receptor (ER). Specific binding of ER to estrogen response element is inhibited in the presence of 40 microM thionein and restored by 120 microM zinc. Moreover, ER in metal-depleted nuclear extracts exhibits reduced DNA binding which can be restored by 140 microM native MT. Hence, thionein inhibits DNA binding by abstracting zinc from functional ER while native MT is capable of restoring binding to metal-depleted extracts by donating metal to ER. This indicates MT may be an important physiological regulator of intracellular zinc and/or other metals.
Seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies to human adenoviruses type‐5 and type‐26 and chimpanzee adenovirus type‐68 in healthy Chinese adults (2013)

Replication-defective adenoviruses have been utilized as candidate vaccine vectors. However, clinical application of the best-studied human adenovirus type-5 (AdHu5) is limited by the high prevalence of preexisting neutralizing antibodies resulting from natural infection. Therefore, rare adenovirus serotypes, such as human adenovirus type-26 (AdHu26) and chimpanzee adenovirus type-68 (AdC68), have been employed as substitutes for AdHu5. However, few studies have described the epidemiology of pre-existing immunity to these adenoviruses in China. Thus, 1,154 participants from six regions in China were examined to assess the presence of neutralizing antibodies against AdHu5, AdHu26, and AdC68. The seroprevalence rates of neutralizing antibodies were as follows: AdHu5, 73.1% (844/1,154) (95% confidence interval: 70.5-75.6%); AdHu26, 35.3% (407/1,154) (95% confidence interval: 32.6-38.1%); and AdC68, 12.7% (147/1,154) (95% confidence interval: 10.9-14.8%), respectively. The most frequently detected and highest titer antibodies were specific for AdHu5. The results indicate that AdHu26 and AdC68 serve as more suitable vaccine vectors than AdHu5.
Trichostatin A Affects Breast Cancer Cell Viability by Modulating Fhit and Survivin Expression (2012)

Objective: Investigate the effects of TSA on MCF-7 cell growth in vitro and the expressions of fragile HiT (Fhit) and Survivin gene in human breast cancer cell strain MCF-7. Methods: Cultured cells were divided into control group and TSA groups, and treated with DMSO and different concentration of TSA (50, 100, 200, 500nmol/L) respectively. Then the cell activity was observed by try pan blue stain assay and the transcription level of Fhit and Survivin were analyzed by using real-time PCR. The change of Fhit protein was analyzed by western bolt. Results: The proliferation of breast cancer cell MCF-7 was inhibited significantly after culture with TSA. TSA inhibited the breast cancer cell growth in dose-dependent and time-dependent manners. The expression of Fhit mRNA and protein were all increased significantly (3.12 vs 1, P
Cell-trappable fluorescent probes for endogenous hydrogen sulfide signaling and imaging H 2 O 2 -dependent H 2 S production (2013)

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a reactive small molecule generated in the body that can be beneficial or toxic owing to its potent redox activity. In living systems, disentangling the pathways responsible for H2S production and their physiological and pathological consequences remains a challenge in part due to a lack of methods for monitoring changes in endogenous H2S fluxes. The development of fluorescent probes with appropriate selectivity and sensitivity for monitoring production of H2S at biologically relevant signaling levels offers opportunities to explore its roles in a variety of systems. Here we report the design, synthesis, and application of a family of azide-based fluorescent H2S indicators, Sulfidefluor-4, Sulfidefluor-5 acetoxymethyl ester, and Sulfidefluor-7 acetoxymethyl ester, which offer the unique capability to image H2S generated at physiological signaling levels. These probes are optimized for cellular imaging and feature enhanced sensitivity and cellular retention compared with our previously reported molecules. In particular, Sulfidefluor-7 acetoxymethyl ester allows for direct, real-time visualization of endogenous H2S produced in live human umbilical vein endothelial cells upon stimulation with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Moreover, we show that H2S production is dependent on NADPH oxidase-derived hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which attenuates VEGF receptor 2 phosphorylation and establishes a link for H2S/H2O2 crosstalk.
Pirfenidone exerts a suppressive effect on CCL18 expression in U937-derived macrophages partly by inhibiting STAT6 phosphorylation (2016)

Pirfenidone suppresses CCL18 expression in macrophages and this effect is thought to be attributed partly to the inhibition of STAT6 phosphorylation.
A CD19/Fc fusion protein for detection of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors (2013)

This fusion molecule is a sensitive reagent for detection of anti-CD19 CAR derived from any monoclonal antibody present in CAR-modified T-cells.
Response of müller cells to growth factors alters with time in culture (1991)

We have developed an explant culture technique, using the retinae of newborn guinea pigs, that reliably yields cultures of Müller cells showing uniform morphology and phenotype. Since the guinea pig retina is avascular and lacks astrocytes, Müller cells are the only glial cell-type and the only vimentin-positive population present. Virtually all passaged cells (greater than 98%) contain vimentin-positive intermediate filaments and no glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) has been detected using a range of GFAP antibodies known to label astrocytes in the guinea pig optic nerve. Most vimentin-positive cells were also labeled with an antibody to carbonic anhydrase II, an enzyme which in the retina is specific for Müller cells. Proliferating Müller cells were identified within the inner nuclear layer of retinal fragments as early as 2 days in culture using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and vimentin double labeling. Cultured Müller cells change their growth characteristics with successive passaging. The length of the cell cycle increases from 25.4 h for cells at first passage, to 66.7 h for cells at fourth passage. Altered responses to mitogens were also observed with passaging. First-passage cultures responded to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) but not to several other factors tested including interleukin-2 (IL-2). In contrast, older cultures were highly responsive to IL-2 but showed a minimal response to bFGF. The altered responsiveness to mitogens observed in vitro may be relevant to changes in growth control of Müller cells in the developing and mature retina. The guinea pig retina provides an ideal mammalian tissue for generating Müller cell cultures that are free of astrocytes, endothelial cells, and pericytes, the most frequent contaminants of retinal glial cultures. The monolayers obtained show a high degree of homogeneity and are well suited for studies of Müller cell function.
The culmination of student freedom (1996)

Editor's Note: The findings set forth in the previous article indicate a profound change in what students are given to learn in the American university and the way that knowledge is packaged. The study by the National Association of Scholars neither attempts to supply reasons for the relaxation it identified in the systematic approach to education, nor does it necessarily make any judgment about the wider consequences of the trend. Such inferences are for others to draw and, to that end, Academic Questions presents this interpretation of the study's results, followed by the opposing views of Nelson W. Polsby.
Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Is a Chemoattractant Cytokine for Human Neutrophils: Involvement of the Ribosomal p70 S6 Kinase Signaling Pathway (2003)

GM-CSF stimulates proliferation of myeloid precursors in bone marrow and primes mature leukocytes for enhanced functionality. We demonstrate that GM-CSF is a powerful chemotactic and chemokinetic agent for human neutrophils. GM-CSF-induced chemotaxis is time dependent and is specifically neutralized with Abs directed to either the ligand itself or its receptor. Maximal chemotactic response was achieved at approximately 7 nM GM-CSF, and the EC(50) was approximately 0.9 nM. Both concentrations are similar to the effective concentrations of IL-8 and less than the effective concentrations of other neutrophil chemoattractants such as neutrophil-activating peptide-78, granulocyte chemotactic protein-2, leukotriene B(4), and FMLP. GM-CSF also acts as a chemoattractant for native cells bearing the GM-CSF receptor, such as monocytes, as well as for GM-CSF receptor-bearing myeloid cell lines, HL60 (promyelomonocyte leukemic cell line) and MPD (myeloproliferative disorder cell line), following differentiation induction. GM-CSF induced a rapid, transient increase in F-actin polymerization and the formation of focal contact rings in neutrophils, which are prerequisites for cell migration. The mechanism of GM-CSF-induced chemotaxis appears to involve the cell signaling molecule, ribosomal p70 S6 kinase (p70S6K). Both p70S6K enzymatic activity and T(421)/S(424) and T(389) phosphorylation are markedly increased with GM-CSF. In addition, the p70S6K inhibitor hamartin transduced into cells as active protein, interfered with GM-CSF-dependent migration, and attenuated p70S6K phosphorylation. These data indicate that GM-CSF exhibits chemotactic functionality and suggest new avenues for the investigation of the molecular basis of chemotaxis as it relates to inflammation and tissue injury.
A high-sensitivity MOS photo-transistor for area image sensor (1991)

A new MOS phototransistor, called a double-gate floating surface phototransistor, has been fabricated and evaluated. In the phototransistor cell, the gate area has been divided into two parts, the accumulation section and the detection section, in order to realize a low input capacitance for a high optical gain. The device achieved a noise equivalent exposure of 2*10/sup -4/ lx at 16-ms integration time and a dynamic range of 75 dB with a new line potential modulation operation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
DNA immunization (1997)

DNA immunization has recently emerged as a highly promising approach for the prevention and therapy of a wide range of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Here, we review the rapid development of this field and recent advances in our understanding of some of the mechanisms by which DNA vaccines stimulate the immune system.