gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and treatment of alcoholic hepatitis (2013)

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is increasing in incidence in the UK. It is the commonest cause of liver-related deaths, predominantly in people below the age of 60. Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is an acute form of ALD with high mortality when severe. Jaundice and coagulopathy are clinical hallmarks of severe AH. Histology findings are characterised by parenchymal inflammation and hepatocellular damage although biopsy is only required when diagnostic uncertainty exists; clinical findings are usually sufficient for accurate diagnosis. Patients with AH should be stratified as non-severe or severe using non-invasive scoring systems such as the discriminant function or the Glasgow Alcoholic Hepatitis Score. In patients with non-severe AH, abstinence is the mainstay of treatment, and it is important that steps are taken to help patients stop drinking. Severe AH requires specialist treatment. Consensus guidelines recommend the use of prednisolone although this remains subject to clinical trials. Pentoxifylline may have a survival benefit if corticosteroids are contraindicated. Nutritional support and N-acetylcysteine should be considered for use in conjunction with corticosteroids although evidence of benefit is not conclusive. Patients with severe disease who do not respond to therapy within a week have a very poor outcome. Recent data have shown a survival benefit of liver transplantation in this group although this remains experimental at present. Current and future research should focus on targeted therapies for severe AH and those who fail first-line treatment.
Histologic evaluation of the osseous adaptation to titanium and hydroxyapatite‐coated titanium implants (1991)

The aim of this study was to obtain more information about the bone reaction to titanium and hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated titanium implants during the first 3 months after implantation. Therefore, uncoated and coated implants were inserted into the tibia of rabbits for various implantation periods. The histological results demonstrated that although there were no marked differences in bony reaction at the cortical level to the different implant materials, HA-coating appeared to induce more bone formation in the medullary cavity. It was also noted, that 3 months after insertion loss of coating thickness had occurred.
An active serine is involved in covalent substrate amino acid binding at each reaction center of gramicidin S synthetase. (1991)

The condensing peptide forming multienzyme of gramicidin S synthetase (gramicidin S synthetase 2) was specifically labeled at its putative thiotemplate sites for L-valine and L-leucine by covalent incorporation of the 14C-labeled substrate amino acids. The thioester complexes of the multienzyme were digested with CNBr, Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, and pepsin. Reaction center peptides containing the [14C]valine and [14C]leucine labels were isolated in pure form. They show a high degree of sequence similarity and contain the same consensus sequence LGGH/DXL. The labels were eliminated in the first Edman degradation step. A dehydroalanine was identified which can originate from either a cysteine or a serine. The comparison of the chemical results with the deduced amino acid sequence of the grsB gene encoding the gramicidin S synthetase 2 revealed that 4 such motifs are located within the gene structure, each of them being localized in the 3'-terminal region of one of 4 gene segments grsB1-B4. They have a size of approximately 2 kilobases and presumably code for the 4 amino acid activating domains of the synthetase. Surprisingly a serine was found at each putative substrate amino acid-binding position instead of a cysteine as postulated by the thiotemplate mechanism. Therefore the data suggest that active serine residues are involved in nonribosomal peptide syntheses of microbial peptides.
Genotype ✕ Sucrose Interactions for Somatic Embryogenesis in Soybean (1991)

Somatic embryogenesis is a route of plant regeneration in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. This study was undertaken to test the ability of immature soybean embryos to produce somatic embryos across several sucrose concentrations. Cotyledons isolated from immature embryos of 16 soybean ( G. max and G. gracilis Skvortz.) cultivars were cultured on embryogenesis media containing sucrose at concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 30 g L −1 . After 28 d in culture, the number of somatic embryos per pair of cotyledons was counted. The analysis of variance showed that the effects of genotype, sucrose concentration, and genotype ✕ sucrose interaction were all highly significant. The genotype ✕ sucrose interaction was analyzed further by regression of each cultivar on the mean of all varieties for each sucrose concentration. Highly significant heterogeneity of regression among the cultivars was recognized. Stability, as expressed by regression, and average response of cultivars to the various sucrose concentrations appeared to be under separate genetic control.
Identification of new genes differentially expressed in coronary artery disease by expression profiling (2003)

Genetic factors increase the risk to coronary artery disease (CAD). To date, a limited number of genes that potentially contribute to development of CAD have been identified. In this study, we have performed large-scale gene expression analysis of approximately 12,000 human genes in nine severely atherosclerotic and six nonatherosclerotic human coronary arteries using oligonucleotide microarrays. Fifty-six genes showed differential expression in atherosclerotic coronary artery tissues; expression of 55 genes was increased in atherosclerotic coronary arteries, whereas only one gene, GST, encoding a reducing agent, showed downregulated expression. The expression data of selected genes were validated by quantitative RT-PCR analysis as well as immunostaining. The associations of 49 genes with CAD appear to be novel, and they include genes encoding ICAM-2, PIM-2, ECGF1, fusin, B cell activator (BL34, GOS8), Rho GTPase activating protein-4, retinoic acid receptor responder, beta2-arrestin, membrane aminopeptidase, cathepsins K and H, MIR-7, TNF-alpha-induced protein 2 (B94), and flavocytochrome 558. In conclusion, we have identified 56 genes whose expression is associated with CAD, and 49 of them may represent new genes linked to CAD.
Transforming growth factor beta 1 can induce estrogen-independent tumorigenicity of human breast cancer cells in athymic mice. (1993)

We have examined the effect of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) overexpression in human breast cancer cell tumorigenicity in athymic mice. Estrogen-dependent MCF-7 cells were stably transfected with pSVTGF beta 1. A clone was isolated which overexpressed TGF-beta 1 mRNA and secreted > 10-fold more TGF-beta activity into the tissue culture medium. Similar to the parent line, the MCF-7/TGF-beta 1 cells were relatively insensitive to exogenous TGF-beta 1 and exhibited low levels of TGF-beta receptors. Clonogenicity in soft agarose, doubling time, morphology, and sensitivity to 17 beta-estradiol and the antiestrogen tamoxifen were not altered in the transfected cells. Inoculation s.c. of MCF-7/TGF-beta 1 cells in ovariectomized nude mice resulted in 100% tumor formation which was totally abrogated by i.p. administration of the neutralizing anti-TGF-beta 2G7 IgG2B. The parent cells formed tumors only after estrogen supplementation. By immunohistochemistry, higher levels of TGF-beta 1 protein were detected in MCF-7/TGF-beta 1 tumors than in estrogen-induced parent MCF-7 tumors. Administration of 1 microgram TGF-beta 1 i.p. daily for 3 weeks after tumor cell inoculation transiently supported estrogen-independent growth of parent MCF-7 tumors in castrated nude mice. These data indicate that overexpression of TGF-beta 1 in human breast cancer cells can contribute to their escape from hormone dependence.
A recombinant vaccinia virus expressing human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (1991)

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a 180-kDa glycoprotein expressed on most gastrointestinal carcinomas. A 2.4-kb cDNA clone, containing the complete coding sequence, was isolated from a human colon tumor cell library and inserted into a vaccinia virus genome. This newly developed construct was characterized by Southern blotting, DNA hybridization studies, and polymerase chain reaction analysis. The CEA gene was stably integrated into the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase gene. The recombinant was efficiently replicated upon serial passages in cell cultures and in animals. The recombinant virus expresses on the surface of infected cells a protein product recognized by a monoclonal antibody (COL-I) directed against CEA. Immunization of mice with the vaccinia construct elicited a humoral immune response against CEA. Pilot studies also showed that administration of the recombinant CEA vaccinia construct was able to greatly reduce the growth in mice of a syngeneic murine colon adenocarcinoma which had been transduced with the human CEA gene. The use of this new recombinant CEA vaccinia construct may thus provide an approach in the specific active immunotherapy of human GI cancer and other CEA expressing carcinoma types.
Face analysis using 3D morphable models. (2015)

Face analysis aims to extract valuable information from facial images. One effective approach&#13;\nfor face analysis is the analysis by synthesis. Accordingly, a new face image synthesised by&#13;\ninferring semantic knowledge from input images. To perform analysis by synthesis, a genera-&#13;\ntive model, which parameterises the sources of facial variations, is needed. A 3D Morphable&#13;\nModel (3DMM) is commonly used for this purpose.&#13;\n3DMMs have been widely used for face analysis because the intrinsic properties of 3D faces&#13;\nprovide an ideal representation that is immune to intra-personal variations such as pose and&#13;\nillumination. Given a single facial input image, a 3DMM can recover 3D face (shape and&#13;\ntexture) and scene properties (pose and illumination) via a fitting process. However, fitting the&#13;\nmodel to the input image remains a challenging problem.&#13;\nOne contribution of this thesis is a novel fitting method: Efficient Stepwise Optimisation&#13;\n(ESO). ESO optimises sequentially all the parameters (pose, shape, light direction, light strength&#13;\nand texture parameters) in separate steps. A perspective camera and Phong reflectance model&#13;\nare used to model the geometric projection and illumination respectively. Linear methods that&#13;\nare adapted to camera and illumination models are proposed. This generates closed-form solu-&#13;\ntions for these parameters, leading to an accurate and efficient fitting.&#13;\nAnother contribution is an albedo based 3D morphable model (AB3DMM). One difficulty of&#13;\n3DMM fitting is to recover the illumination of the 2D image because the proportion of the&#13;\nalbedo and shading contributions in a pixel intensity is ambiguous. Unlike traditional methods,&#13;\nthe AB3DMM removes the illumination component from the input image using illumination&#13;\nnormalisation methods in a preprocessing step. This image can then be used as input to the&#13;\nAB3DMM fitting that does not need to handle the lighting parameters. Thus, the fitting of the&#13;\nAB3DMM becomes easier and more accurate.&#13;\nBased on AB3DMM and ESO, this study proposes a fully automatic face recognition (AFR)&#13;\nsystem. Unlike the existing 3DMM methods which assume the facial landmarks are known,&#13;\nour AFR automatically detects the landmarks that are used to initialise our fitting algorithms.&#13;\nOur AFR supports two types of feature extraction: holistic and local features. Experimental&#13;\nresults show our AFR outperforms state-of-the-art face recognition methods.
PWM switching frequency signal injection sensorless method in IPMSM (2011)

This paper describes how to extract the rotor position information using a PWM switching frequency voltage signal injection without position sensor in Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (IPMSM). The frequency of injected voltage signal is increased to PWM switching frequency, and the dynamics of the sensorless control can be improved. Compared to conventional heterodyning process, the proposed method is simple to implement and appropriate for PWM switching frequency signal injection. The high frequency voltage signal can be injected in the stationary reference frame or in the estimated rotor reference frame. In this paper, two sensorless methods are proposed according to the injection reference frame. To verify the proposed methods, 5kHz voltage signal injection with 5kHz PWM switching frequency inverter system in both reference frames were implemented. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Somatic antigens of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The structure of the O-specific polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide from P aeruginosa O13 (Lanyi) (1987)

The O-specific polysaccharide, obtained on mild acid degradation of lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa O13 (Lányi classification), is built up of trisaccharide repeating units involving 2-acetamidino-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose (N-acetyl-D-quinovosamine, D-QuiNAc), 2-acetamidino-2,6-dideoxy-L-galactose (L-fucosacetamidine, L-FucAm), and a new sialic-acid-like sugar, 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-D-glycero-L-galacto-nonuloso n ic acid (Sug), and thus contains simultaneously both acidic and basic functions. Cleavage of the polysaccharide with hydrogen fluoride in methanol revealed the high stability of the glycosidic linkage of the ulosonic acid and afforded methyl glycosides of a disaccharide and a trisaccharide. The structures of the new ulosonic acid and acetamidino group were established by analysing the oligosaccharide fragments by 1H, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, as well as on the basis of their chemical conversions: alkaline hydrolysis of the acetamidino group into acetamido group, reductive deamination with lithium borohydride into the ethylamino group and acetylation with acetic anhydride in pyridine accompanied by intramolecular acylation of the acetamidino function by the ulosonic acid to form a six-membered lactam ring. Identification of the oligosaccharide fragments and comparative analysis of the 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the oligosaccharides and polysaccharide revealed the following structure of the repeating unit: ----3)D-QuiNAcp(alpha 1----3)Sugp(alpha 2----3)L-FucAmp(alpha 1----.
Motion prediction for caching and prefetching in mouse-driven DVE navigation (2005)

A distributed virtual environment (DVE) allows geographically separated users to participate in a shared virtual environment via connected networks. However, when the users are connected by the Internet, bandwidth limitation and network latency may seriously affect the performance and the interactivity of the system. This explains why there are very few DVE applications for the Internet. To address these shortcomings, caching and prefetching techniques are usually employed. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of these techniques depends largely on the accuracy of the prediction method used. Although there are a few methods proposed for predicting 3D motion, most of them are primarily designed for predicting the motion of specific objects by assuming certain object motion behaviors. We notice that in desktop DVE applications, such as virtual walkthrough and network gaming, the 2D mouse is still the most popular device used for navigation input. Through studying the motion behavior of a mouse during 3D navigation, we have developed a hybrid motion model for predicting the mouse motion during such navigation---a linear model for prediction at low-velocity motion and an elliptic model for prediction at high-velocity motion. The predicted mouse motion velocity is then mapped to the 3D environment for predicting the user's 3D motion. We describe how this prediction method can be integrated into the caching and prefetching mechanisms of our DVE prototype. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of the method and the resulting caching and prefetching mechanisms through extensive experiments.
Through Bore Subsea Christmas Trees (1985)

Abstract The workovers of subsea completed wells are expensive and time consuming as even the most routine tasks must be carried out by a semi-submersible. This paper describes the economic, safety and operational advantages which led to the development and successful first installation of ‘through bore’ subsea production trees. The conventional wet subsea trees have proved to be very reliable over the past ten years of operation in the Argyll, Duncan and Innes fields, however the completion strings require pulling on the average about once every three to five years. The conventional subsea tree/tubing hanger set up design requires the tree to be tripped and a rig BOP stack run to pull the tubing. This operation is time consuming, very weather sensitive and leaves the well temporarily without a well control stack on the wellhead. The 7 1/16″ ‘through bore’ subsea tree was developed to minimize the tubing pulling workover time and several trees have been run successfully since the latter part of 1984. The time saving on a tubing pulling workover is three days. In addition, the design considerably reduces the hazards and equipment damage risks inherent in the conventional design. Hamilton Brothers and National Supply Company in Aberdeen designed the equipment which must be considered a new generation of subsea production trees.
Circularly symmetric operation of a concentric-circle-grating, surface- emitting, AlGaAs/GaAs quantum-well semiconductor laser (1992)

A surface-emitting semiconductor laser that utilizes a concentric-circle grating defined by electron-beam lithography is observed to oscillate in a circularly symmetric fashion. The laser emits a circularly symmetric beam with a total beam divergence of less than 1°. Despite its broad-area geometry, the laser shows no evidence of filamentation. The laser maintains a relatively narrow wavelength spectrum approximately 1 Å in width.
Design of Potent Non-Thiourea H3-Receptor Histamine Antagonists (1995)

Starting from thioperamide, the first potent and selective H3-receptor histamine antagonist, analogues have been synthesized and tested in vitro on rat cerebral cortex to explore structure-activity relationships. The aim has been to design potent compounds which do not possess the thiourea group of thioperamide and which may have improved brain penetration. In a short series of open chain thiourea analogues, the optimum chain length for H3-antagonist potency was found to be (CH2)3. Compounds derived from histamine and possessing an aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocycle on the side chain amino group in place of thiourea show H3-antagonist activity. Furthermore, when the heterocycle is 2-pyridyl, electron-withdrawing substituents (e.g. NO2, CF3, CO2Me) in the pyridine 5-position increased potency. The synthesis of 4-[4(5)-imidazolyl]piperidine and its conversion into the (trifluoromethyl)pyridyl analogue 5b of thioperamide is described; however, 5b is not as potent as thioperamide. Replacing imidazole by pyridine or substituting imidazole on the remote N considerably reduced potency. Replacing the side-chain NH by S increased potency still further and the most potent compound is 2-([2-[4(5)-imidazolyl]ethyl]thio)-5-nitropyridine (UCL 1199) which has Ki = 4.8 nM.
The Clinicopathologic and Prognostic Value of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2018)

Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF2α) plays an important role in the development of tumors. However, the clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of HIF2α in cancer patients remains controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the relationship between the HIF2α status and clinical outcome in human cancer. Studies were screened online using electronic databases. The pooled risk ratios or hazard ratios (HR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated from available publications. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, heterogeneity, and publication bias were also conducted. A total of 854 studies with 4,345 patients were obtained in this meta-analysis. The results indicated that the increased expression of HIF2α could predict unfavorable overall survival of cancer patients on both univariate analysis (HR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.41-1.92, <i>P</i> < 0.001) and multivariate analysis (HR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.70-2.87, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Moreover, HIF2α overexpression was associated closely with tumor differentiation, tumor-node-metastasis stage, and lymph metastasis. In addition, there was no obvious evidence for significant publication bias in this meta-analysis. Our study indicated that HIF2α might be an indicator of poor prognosis and clinicopathologic features of tumors and could serve as a novel biomarker in human cancer.
Adjuvant effects of liposomes containing lipid A: enhancement of liposomal antigen presentation and recruitment of macrophages (1992)

Liposomes containing lipid A induced potent humoral immune responses in mice against an encapsulated malaria antigen (R32NS1) containing NANP epitopes. The immune response was not enhanced by lipid A alone or by empty liposomes containing lipid A. Experiments to investigate the adjuvant mechanisms of liposomes and lipid A revealed that liposome-encapsulated R32NS1 was actively presented by bone marrow-derived macrophages to NANP-specific cloned T cells. The degree of presentation was related to the amount of liposomal antigen added per macrophage in the culture medium. At high cell densities, poor presentation occurred when liposomes lacked lipid A but excellent presentation occurred when the liposomes contained lipid A. Liposomes containing lipid A and encapsulated antigen also activated gamma interferon-treated macrophages to produce nitric oxide. Macrophage activation and antigen presentation occurred with liposomes that could not be detected by the Limulus amebocyte lysis assay. Intraperitoneal injection of liposomal lipid A caused a marked increase in the recruitment of immature (peroxidase-positive) macrophages to the peritoneum. On the basis of these experiments, we propose that the mechanism of the adjuvant action of liposomal lipid A is partly due to increased antigen presentation by macrophages and partly due to recruitment of an increased number of macrophages serving as antigen-presenting cells.
Interferon-λ1 Linked to a Stabilized Dimer of Fab Potently Enhances both Antitumor and Antiviral Activities in Targeted Cells (2013)

The type III interferons (IFNs), comprising IFN-λ1, IFN-λ2, and IFN-λ3, behave similarly to IFN-α in eliciting antiviral, antitumor, and immune-modulating activities. Due to their more restricted cellular targets, IFN-λs are attractive as potential alternatives to existing therapeutic regimens based on IFN-αs. We have applied the DOCK-AND-LOCK™ method to improve the anti-proliferative potency of IFN-λ1 up to 1,000-fold in targeted cancer cell lines by tethering stabilized Fab dimers, derived from hRS7 (humanized anti-Trop-2), hMN-15 (humanized anti-CEACAM6), hL243 (humanized anti-HLA-DR), and c225 (chimeric anti-EGFR), to IFN-λ1 site-specifically, resulting in novel immunocytokines designated (E1)-λ1, (15)-λ1, (C2)-λ1, and (c225)-λ1, respectively. Targeted delivery of IFN-λ1 via (15)-λ1 or (c225)-λ1 to respective antigen-expressing cells also significantly increased antiviral activity when compared with non-targeting (C2)-λ1, as demonstrated in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 by (15)-λ1 against encephalomyocarditis virus (EC50 = 22.2 pM versus 223 pM), and in human hepatocarcinoma cell line Huh-7 by (c225)-λ1 against hepatitis C virus (EC50 = 0.56 pM versus 91.2 pM). These promising results, which are attributed to better localization and stronger binding of IFN-λ1 to antibody-targeted cells, together with the favorable pharmacokinetic profile of (E1)-λ1 in mice (T(1/2) = 8.6 h), support further investigation of selective prototypes as potential antiviral and antitumor therapeutic agents.