gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
La calidad del estímulo emitido por el macho determina la respuesta de las cabras sometidas al efecto macho (2008)

"La estacionalidad reproductiva es una característica de las razas de ovejas y cabras originarias de o adaptadas a latitudes templadas y subtropicales. En las hembras anovulatorias, la actividad estral y ovulatoria puede ser estimulada y sincronizada al ponerlas en contacto con machos, lo que se conoce como efecto macho. Este fenómeno es multisensorial y la respuesta de las hembras depende de la calidad de las señales emitidas por el macho. Durante el periodo de reposo sexual, la calidad de las señales del macho (comportamiento sexual, olor, vocalizaciones) disminuye considerablemente, por lo que en algunos meses del año, la respuesta de las hembras al efecto macho es baja o ausente. Los machos inducidos a una intensa actividad sexual al someterlos a tratamientos fotoperiódicos, mejoran la calidad de sus señales, y en consecuencia, la respuesta de las hembras. Utilizando machos sexualmente activos y en reposo sexual determinamos que el olor y el comportamiento sexual de los machos estimulan la secreción de la LH, y que las vocalizaciones por sí solas, estimulan el estro en las hembras. Asimismo determinamos que la previa separación entre machos y hembras, y la presencia continua de los machos, no son necesarias para obtener una alta respuesta de las hembras si se utilizan machos sexualmente activos. Finalmente, demostramos que la inexperiencia sexual de los machos y la paridad de las hembras no disminuyen la respuesta sexual de éstas si son expuestas a machos sexualmente activos."
Nanocomposites of polymers and metals or semiconductors: Historical background and optical properties (2000)

Upon transmission of visible light through composites comprising of a transparent polymer matrix with embedded particles, the intensity loss by scattering is substantially reduced for particle diameters below 50–100 nm (nanoparticles, nanosized particles). As a consequence, related materials (nanocomposites) have found particular interest in optical studies. The first part of this article deals with a historical survey on nanoparticles and nanocomposites and the importance of small particle sizes on their optical properties. The second part focuses on results from our laboratory concerning nanocomposites with extremely high or low refractive indices and dichroic nanocomposites and their application in bicolored liquid crystal displays (LCD). The inorganic colloids required for these studies (lead sulfide, iron sulfides, gold, and silver) were prepared in situ in presence of a polymer or isolated as redispersable metal colloids modified at the surface with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of an alkanethiol. The nanocomposites themselves were finally obtained by coprecipitation, spin coating, solvent casting or melt extrusion, with poly(ethylene oxide), gelatin, poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyethylene as matrix polymers.
Unconventional cryptographic keying variable management (1995)

We present three unconventional approaches to keying variable management. The first approach is based on using a public key cryptosystem (PKC) that is breakable in short, but on average less, time than it takes to set up an ultrawide bandwidth modem that is then used to transport a keying variable for a classical cryptosystem. The second concept proposes using the characteristics of an urban UHF radio channel, determined by mutual sounding, as the cryptovariable. The third concept encourages research into ill-conditioned problems as potentially fruitful ground for PKCs not based on finite field arithmetic.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Tumor-Associated Neutrophils: New Targets for Cancer Therapy (2011)

Studies have begun to emerge showing critical roles for neutrophils in tumorigenesis. Neutrophils can have a significant impact on the tumor microenvironment via their production of cytokines and chemokines, which influence inflammatory cell recruitment and activation. Additionally, products secreted from neutrophils, such as reactive oxygen species and proteinases, have defined and specific roles in regulating tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Although evidence suggests that neutrophils act in a decidedly protumor capacity in vivo, recent studies indicate that neutrophils may be manipulated to exhibit cytotoxicity against tumors. Herein, we explore the idea of targeting tumor-associated neutrophils as a means of antitumor therapy and the important ramifications such manipulation could pose to host tissues.
Characterization of the covalent cross-links of the active sites of amidinated cytochrome b5 and NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase. (1990)

Preparations of amidinated cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b5 reductase, cross-linked by using a soluble carbodiimide to promote the formation of covalent bonds between carboxyl groups of the hemeprotein and nucleophilic residues of the flavoprotein at the surfaces involved in protein-protein contacts during electron transfer, have been used to characterize the charge pair interactions that occur during electron transfer between the free proteins. Sequence analyses of tryptic, V8 protease-, and Asp-N protease-generated peptides show that the heme propionyl carboxyl group at the surface of the cytochrome forms an ester bond with Ser162 of the reductase, thus implicating Lys163 as the normal participant in ionic bonding between the active sites of the two proteins. Moreover, Lys41 and Lys125 directly form amide bonds with carboxyl residues on the active-site surface of the cytochrome. In the case of Lys41, this involves Glu52 and/or Glu60, and Glu47 and/or Glu48 for Lys125, again implicating these residues as the groups that form charge pairs during normal interactions between the active sites of the two proteins.
A Cascade Biodegradable Polymer Based on Alternating Cyclization and Elimination Reactions (2009)

Polymers that depolymerize by a cascade of intramolecular reactions in response to the removal of a stabilizing end-cap can allow for an unprecedented degree of control over the polymer degradation process. Described here is the development of polymers comprising N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol linked by carbamate linkages. The polycarbamate backbone is stable in aqueous solution, but removal of a protective end-cap from the amine terminus allows the diamine to cyclize, forming N,N'-dimethylimidazolidinone and releasing the phenol, which undergoes a 1,6-elimination followed by the release of CO(2) to reveal the next amine to continue the cascade. These polymers therefore degrade by alternating cyclization and elimination reactions. First, a tert-butylcarbamate (Boc) group was introduced as a cleavable end-cap, and the degradation kinetics and mechanism were studied by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. Next, to demonstrate the degradability of these polymers under biologically relevant conditions, poly(ethylene oxide) was introduced as an end-cap via an ester linkage, to provide an amphiphilic block copolymer. This copolymer was found to assemble into cascade degradable nanoparticles that were capable of encapsulating and subsequently releasing a fluorescent dye in aqueous solution. This new class of polymers therefore provides highly promising materials that can be used for the development of medical devices, drug delivery vehicles, and tissue engineering scaffolds with unique biodegradation properties.
Inhibition of CXCR4 activity with AMD3100 decreases invasion of human colorectal cancer cells in vitro (2008)

To investigate the effect and mechanism of blockade of the CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) signaling pathway by AMD3100, a small non-peptide CXCR4 inhibitor, on invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells in vitro .
Interaction of Tau with the Neural Membrane Cortex Is Regulated by Phosphorylation at Sites That Are Modified in Paired Helical Filaments (2000)

The axonal microtubule-associated phosphoprotein tau interacts with neural plasma membrane (PM) components during neuronal development (Brandt, R., Léger, J., and Lee, G. (1995) J. Cell Biol. 131, 1327-1340). To analyze the mechanism and potential regulation of tau's PM association, a method was developed to isolate PM-associated tau using microsphere separation of surface-biotinylated cells. We show that tau's PM association requires an intact membrane cortex and that PM-associated tau and cytosolic tau are differentially phosphorylated at sites detected by several Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnostic antibodies (Ser(199)/Ser(202), Thr(231), and Ser(396)/Ser(404)). In polar neurons, the association of endogenous tau phosphoisoforms with the membrane cortex correlates with an enrichment in the axonal compartment. To test for a direct effect of AD-specific tau modifications in determining tau's interactions, a phosphomutant that simulates an AD-like hyperphosphorylation of tau was produced by site-directed mutagenesis of Ser/Thr residues to negatively charged amino acids (Glu). These mutations completely abolish tau's association with the membrane cortex; however, the construct retains its capability to bind to microtubules. The data suggest that a loss of tau's association with the membrane cortex as a result of phosphorylation at sites that are modified during disease contributes to somatodendritic tau accumulation, axonal microtubule disintegration, and neuronal death characteristic for AD.
13C‐NMR and CD Spectroscopy with Isochromanquinones – Potent Methods to Determine the Stereochemistry and the Tautomeric Equilibrium in This Group of Antibiotics (1987)

Abstract The isochromanquinones of the naphthocyclinone and actinorhodin series get a thorough interpretation of their 13 C‐NMR and CD spectra. By improving these two methods the difficult structural problems in the whole group of these antibiotics will be solved easily and reliably. In addition, the equilibrium of the naphthazarin tautomers 1–4 (R 3 = H) in solution can be described more exactly for the first time.
Identification of soluble forms of the fibroblast growth factor receptor in blood. (1994)

We have purified three acidic (FGF-1) and basic (FGF-2) fibroblast growth factor binding proteins (FGF-BP1, FGF-BP2, and FGF-BP3) from human plasma and calf serum and demonstrate the presence of these circulating FGF-BPs in blood. Each are truncated forms of the high-affinity FGF receptor (FGFR-1). FGF-BP1 and FGF-BP2 have estimated molecular masses of 70-85 kDa and 55-60 kDa, respectively, and are detected by using 125I-labeled FGF-2 ligand blotting. Immunoblotting with four distinct antibodies to FGFR-1 reveals that FGF-BP1 and FGF-BP2 are immunologically and biochemically related to the extracellular domain of FGFR-1. Reverse-phase HPLC chromatography resolves FGF-BP2 into two proteins with estimated molecular masses of 55 kDa and 60 kDa. Protein sequencing of the amino terminus of FGF-BP2 and FGF-BP3 reveals identity with the extracellular domain of the two-IgG-loop form of human FGFR-1. The FGF-BPs do not require heparin to bind FGF-2 on affinity columns, but heparin does enhance their recovery from blood. These FGF-BPs may play an important physiological role in regulating the biological activity of FGF and the other members of the FGF family of growth factors.
Human Cytomegalovirus UL38 Protein Blocks Apoptosis (2007)

Apoptosis is an innate cellular defense response to viral infection. The slow-replicating human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) blocks premature death of host cells prior to completion of the infection cycle. In this study, we report that the HCMV UL38 gene encodes a cell death inhibitory protein. A mutant virus lacking the pUL38 coding sequence, ADdlUL38, grew poorly in human fibroblasts, failed to accumulate viral DNA to wild-type levels, and induced excessive death of infected cells. Cells expressing pUL38 were resistant to cell death upon infection and effectively supported the growth of ADdlUL38. Cells infected with the pUL38-deficient virus showed morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, vesicle release, and chromatin condensation and fragmentation. The proteolytic cleavage of two key enzymes involved in apoptosis, namely, caspase 3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, was activated upon ADdlUL38 infection, and the cleavage was blocked in cells expressing pUL38. The pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK largely restored the growth of ADdlUL38 in normal fibroblasts, indicating that the defective growth of the mutant virus mainly resulted from premature death of host cells. Furthermore, cells expressing pUL38 were resistant to cell death induced by a mutant adenovirus lacking the antiapoptotic E1B-19K protein or by thapsigargin, which disrupts calcium homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum. Taken together, these results indicate that the HCMV protein pUL38 suppresses apoptosis, blocking premature death of host cells to facilitate efficient virus replication.
ON THE LIKELIHOOD THAT ONE UNKNOWN PROBABILITY EXCEEDS ANOTHER IN VIEW OF THE EVIDENCE OF TWO SAMPLES (1933)

ON THE LIKELIHOOD THAT ONE UNKNOWN PROBABILITY EXCEEDS ANOTHER IN VIEW OF THE EVIDENCE OF TWO SAMPLES Get access WILLIAM R THOMPSON WILLIAM R THOMPSON From the Department of Pathology, Yale University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Biometrika, Volume 25, Issue 3-4, December 1933, Pages 285–294, https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/25.3-4.285 Published: 01 December 1933
Medical drugs from humus matter: Focus on mumie (2002)

Abstract In this review, we focus on the medicinal drugs from humus matter such as peat, sapropel, and mumie. The most clinically available medicines, containing peat and sapropel extracts, are Torfot, Tolpa Peat Preparation (TPP), Peloidodistillate, Humisol, Peloidin, FiBS, and Eplir. Much attention in the review is concentrated on mumie composition, its pharmacological properties, and new pharmacological drugs with mumie (Shilagen, Abana, Cystone, Diabecon 400, EveCare, Geriforte, Lukol, Pilex, Rumalava, Tentex forte, Nefrotec, Adrenotone, Siotone, La‐Tone Gold, Andro‐Surge, Solanova Libidoplex). It was concluded that therapeutic properties of crude extracts from peat, sapropel, and mumie have similarity to the ones of fulvic and humic acids. They are antibacterial, antitoxic, antiradical, antiulcerogenic, antiarthritic, immunomodulatory, and antiinflammatory properties. Possible directions for better development of new drugs from humus matter are discussed. Drug Dev. Res. 57:140–159, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic pitfalls in thyroid fine‐needle aspiration: A review of 394 cases (1993)

To determine the diagnostic pitfalls of thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA), we reviewed 394 thyroid aspirates obtained between January 1986 and December 1990. Surgical follow-up was available for 150 aspirations. The cytologic diagnoses were categorized into four groups: benign, 57; indeterminate, 51; malignant, 33; and nondiagnostic specimen, nine. There were three false negative diagnoses (3%), which upon review were judged to be inadequate specimens. Three false positive diagnoses (7%) were identified: in the first two cases, follicular adenomas were mistaken for papillary carcinoma; in the third case, atypical Hürthle cells were mistaken for a Hürthle cell carcinoma. Our results showed a sensitivity of 93% and a specificity of 91% for the detection of malignancy. If indeterminate cases were considered positive, the specificity decreased to 50%, while the sensitivity increased to 97%. We conclude that: 1) certain follicular adenomas may display cytologic features mimicking papillary carcinoma; 2) as in follicular neoplasms, aspirates of Hürthle cell adenomas cannot be differentiated from Hürthle cell carcinomas; 3) with adequate sampling, false negative results can be markedly reduced.
AIP1 Is Critical in Transducing IRE1-mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (2008)

We have previously shown that ASK1-interacting protein 1 (AIP1) transduces tumor necrosis factor-induced ASK1-JNK signaling. Because endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress activates ASK1-JNK signaling cascade, we investigated the role of AIP1 in ER stress-induced signaling. We created AIP1-deficient mice (AIP1-KO) from which mouse embryonic fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells were isolated. AIP1-KO cells show dramatic reductions in ER stress-induced, but not oxidative stress-induced, ASK1-JNK activation and cell apoptosis. The ER stress-induced IRE1-JNK/XBP-1 axis, but not the PERK-CHOP1 axis, is blunted in AIP1-KO cells. ER stress induced formation of an AIP1-IRE1 complex, and the PH domain of AIP1 is critical for the IRE1 interaction. Furthermore, reconstitution of AIP1-KO cells with AIP1 wild type, not an AIP1 mutant with a deletion of the PH domain (AIP1-DeltaPH), restores ER stress-induced IRE1-JNK/XBP-1 signaling. AIP1-IRE1 association facilitates IRE1 dimerization, a critical step for activation of IRE1 signaling. More importantly, AIP1-KO mice show impaired ER stress-induced IRE1-dependent signaling in vivo. We conclude that AIP1 is essential for transducing the IRE1-mediated ER stress response.
IL-31 Receptor (IL-31RA) Knockout Mice Exhibit Elevated Responsiveness to Oncostatin M (2010)

IL-31 signals through the heterodimeric receptor IL-31RA and oncostatin M receptor (OSMR), and has been linked with the development of atopic dermatitis, a Th2 cytokine-associated disease in humans. However, recent studies of IL-31RA knockout (KO) mice have suggested that IL-31 signaling may be required to negatively regulate Th2 type responses rather than exacerbate them. Because those studies were performed on genetically modified mice, we examined whether neutralizing IL-31 with a specific mAb would give similar results to IL-31RA KO mice in two Th2 cytokine-associated immune models. We report no difference in lymphocyte Th2-type cytokine production after Ag immunization between IL-31RA KO mice, mice treated with the IL-31 mAb, or control animals. Second, we tested whether the absence of the IL-31RA subunit in IL-31RA KO mice may allow for increased pairing of the OSMR subunit with another cytokine receptor, gp130, resulting in overrepresentation of the heterodimeric receptor for OSM and increased responsiveness to OSM protein. We found that intranasal OSM challenge of IL-31RA KO mice resulted in increased IL-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor production in the lung compared with wild-type littermate control animals. Moreover, PBS-challenged IL-31RA KO mice already had increased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, which were further increased by OSM challenge. These data imply that IL-31RA-deficient mice produce increased levels of OSM-inducible cytokines during airway sensitization and challenge, which may be the driving force behind the apparent exacerbation of Th2-type inflammatory responses previously observed in these mice.
Characterization of Aspergillus niger B-1 RNase and Its Inhibitory Effect on Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth in Selected Tree Fruit (2000)

Aspergillus niger B-1 (CMI CC 324626) extracellular RNase (RNase B1) was purified to homogeneity. It was found to contain two isoforms of 32- and 40-kDa glycoproteins, sharing a 29-kDa protein moiety. Optimal RNase activity was observed at 60 °C and pH 3.5. In `Almog' peach [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Peach Group) `Almog'] and `Murcott' tangerine ( Citrus reticulata Blanco `Murcott') the enzyme inhibited pollen germination and pollen tube growth in vitro as well as in vivo. In field experiments, spray application of the RNase caused a reduction in `Fantasia' nectarine [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch (Nectarine Group) `Fantasia'] fruit set and interfered with embryo development. The biological effect of the RNase may be of horticultural value, due to its potential to control fertilization.
Activation of CD4 T Cells by Somatic Transgenesis Induces Generalized Immunity of Uncommitted T Cells and Immunologic Memory (1999)

Cellular immune responses were analyzed in vivo after a single intraspleen inoculation of DNA coding for a 12-residue Th cell determinant associated with a 12-residue B cell epitope, a process termed somatic transgene immunization. We show that CD4 T cells are readily activated and produce IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-4, characteristics of an uncommitted phenotype. Linked recognition of the two epitopes coded in the same transgene promoted IgM-IgG1 switch and enhanced the total Ab response but had no effect on IgG2a Abs. Although originating in the spleen, T cell responsiveness was found to spread immediately and with similar characteristics to all lymph nodes in the body. A single inoculation was also effective in establishing long term immunologic memory as determined by limiting dilution analysis, with memory T cells displaying a cytokine profile different from that of primary effector T cells. These studies provide evidence that by initiating immunity directly in secondary lymphoid organs, an immune response is generated with characteristics that differ from those using vaccines of conventional DNA or protein in adjuvant administered in peripheral sites. Somatic transgene immunization can therefore be used to probe T cell responsiveness in vivo and represents a tool to further understanding of the nature of the adaptive immune response.
C3a Is Required for the Production of CXC Chemokines by Tubular Epithelial Cells after Renal Ishemia/Reperfusion (2007)

The complement system is one of the major ways by which the body detects injury to self cells, and the alternative pathway of complement is rapidly activated within the tubulointerstitium after renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). In the current study, we investigate the hypothesis that recognition of tubular injury by the complement system is a major mechanism by which the systemic inflammatory response is initiated. Gene array analysis of mouse kidney following I/R initially identified MIP-2 (CXCL2) and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC or CXCL1) as factors that are produced in a complement-dependent fashion. Using in situ hybridization, we next demonstrated that these factors are expressed in tubular epithelial cells of postischemic kidneys. Mouse proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTECs) in culture were then exposed to an intact alternative pathway and were found to rapidly produce both chemokines. Selective antagonism of the C3a receptor significantly attenuated production of MIP-2 and KC by PTECs, whereas C5a receptor antagonism and prevention of membrane attack complex (MAC) formation did not have a significant effect. Treatment of PTECs with an NF-kappaB inhibitor also prevented full expression of these factors in response to an intact alternative pathway. In summary, alternative pathway activation after renal I/R induces production of MIP-2 and KC by PTECs. This innate immune system thereby recognizes hypoxic injury and triggers a systemic inflammatory response through the generation of C3a and subsequent activation of the NF-kappaB system.
Democracy as a Religion. (1919)

I say that the real and permanent grandeur of these States must be their rehgion."-Whitman.A TRUE democracy, according to Walt Whitman, is a common- wealth founded upon the beneficent law of love and mutual aid, the law of life, even as the law of hatred is the way of death.Such a society of comrades would naturally develop an ennobling spiritual background, with a new religion,-or at least an old religion made new, the religion of Jesus, a religion in which love, fidelity, social service, and generous comradeship are the passwords of dis- cipleship.Whitman cared nothing for lip service and mere Puritanical piety, the holiness of not doing certain things, and yet leaving so many things undone."What blurt is this about virtue and about vice?" asks Whitman.His answer is that "What behaved well in the past, or behaves well to-day, is not such a wonderThe wonder is, always and always, how there can be a mean man or an in- fidel."Religion in Leaves of Grass is very different from the so-called religion of orthodoxy.Whitman declares he can learn more of true religion from a cow than from an ecclesiastic.The animals are so