gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective inhibition of hepatic collagen accumulation in experimental liver fibrosis in rats by a new prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitor (1998)

Fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver are often the result of chronic liver damage by a variety of different agents. Pathological accumulation of collagen, disruption of the lobular structure, and impaired hepatocellular function frequently lead to systemic involvement and fatal complications. Drugs inhibiting collagen hydroxylation and accumulation are expected to improve this situation, making prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H), the key enzyme of intracellular collagen processing, a rational target for pharmacological intervention. S 4682, a novel inhibitor of purified P4H (Ki = 155 nmol/L), reduced hydroxyproline (Hyp) synthesis in chicken embryo calvaria (IC50 = 8.2 micromol/L) and in cultured hepatic stellate cells (HSC) (IC50 = 39 micromol/L). S 4682 inhibited hepatic collagen hydroxylation in vivo after metabolic labeling with [14C]proline. In the CCl4 model of chronic hepatic injury, characterized by histologically and biochemically evident fibrosis and highly elevated levels of serum procollagen type III N-peptide, S 4682 reduced hepatic collagen accumulation, decreased prevalence of ascites, and lowered serum procollagen type III N-peptide (PIIINP) levels. The hepatic Hyp content of drug-treated animals was closely correlated with serum levels of PIIINP S 4682 had no influence on Hyp content of heart, lung, and kidney.
Reactions of Sodium Borohydride in Acidic Media; XVI.1 N-Methylation of Amines with Paraformaldehyde/Trifluoroacetic Acid (1987)

Primary and secondary amines are N-methylated to afford tertiary amines with the combination of paraformaldehyde, sodium borohydride, and trifluoroacetic acid.
DGS 동적 기하에서의 새로운 함수적 관점의 정의 (2004)

In this paper, we introduce new functional definitions for school geometry based on DGS (dynamic geometry system) teaching-learning environment. For the vertices forming a geometric figure, we first consider the relationship between the independent vertices and dependent vertices, and using this relationship and educational considerations in DGS, we introduce functional definitions for the geometric figures in terms of its independent vertices. For this purpose, we design a new DGS called JavaMAL MicroWorld. Based on the needs of new definitions in DGS environment for the student`s construction activities in learning geometry, we also design a new DGS based geometry curriculum in which the definitions of the school geometry are newly defined and reconnected in a new way. Using these funct onal definitions, we have taught the new geometry contents emphasizing the sequential expressions for the student`s geometric activities.
Effects of mutations on the C-terminus of protegrin-1: a molecular dynamics simulation study (2006)

In this work the effects of the charge of the C-terminus of protegrin-like peptides on activity and toxicity are examined by molecular dynamics simulations. Simulations are done in sodium dodecylsulphate and dodecylphosphocholine micelles, bacterial and mammalian membrane mimics, respectively. Three protegrin mutants are examined and it is found that while the peptides interact in different ways, the peptides all insert into the SDS micelles equally as deep, in agreement with their equal activities as determined by previous experimental work. There are clear differences in the interactions with the DPC micelles and it is demonstrated that simulations with DPC micelles can predict levels of toxicity of such peptides. We also see that removing the positive charge from the sequence of protegrin-1 does not have positive effects on the resulting peptide's toxicity, but that replacing the positive charge with a negative charge reduces the toxicity.
Unsupervised knowledge acquisition for Extracting Named Entities from speech (2010)

This paper presents a Named Entity Recognition (NER) method dedicated to process speech transcriptions. The main principle behind this method is to collect in an unsupervised way lexical knowledge for all entries in the ASR lexicon. This knowledge is gathered with two methods: by automatically extracting NEs on a very large set of textual corpora and by exploiting directly the structure contained in the Wikipedia resource. This lexical knowledge is used to update the statistical models of our NER module based on a mixed approach with generative models (Hidden Markov Models - HMM) and discriminative models (Conditional Random Field - CRF). This approach has been evaluated within the French ESTER 2 evaluation program and obtained the best results at the NER task on ASR transcripts.
[Use of low-energy laser radiation in experimental and clinical oncology]. (1989)

Experimental data concerning the action of low-energy (nondamaging) laser radiation on the malignant cells in vitro and on animal tumours are reviewed. It is shown that under certain conditions the helium-neon and helium-cadmium laser radiation inhibits the tumour cell growth. This inhibition may be mediated by the activation of the organism protection mechanisms. The encouraging results of the application of the low-energy laser radiation in the complex treatment of oncological patients are presented.
Cyclophilin D controls mitochondrial pore–dependent Ca2+ exchange, metabolic flexibility, and propensity for heart failure in mice (2010)

Cyclophilin D (which is encoded by the Ppif gene) is a mitochondrial matrix peptidyl-prolyl isomerase known to modulate opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). Apart from regulating necrotic cell death, the physiologic function of the MPTP is largely unknown. Here we have shown that Ppif(-/-) mice exhibit substantially greater cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and reduction in myocardial function in response to pressure overload stimulation than control mice. In addition, Ppif(-/-) mice showed greater hypertrophy and lung edema as well as reduced survival in response to sustained exercise stimulation. Cardiomyocyte-specific transgene expression of cyclophilin D in Ppif(-/-) mice rescued the enhanced hypertrophy, reduction in cardiac function, and rapid onset of heart failure following pressure overload stimulation. Mechanistically, the maladaptive phenotype in the hearts of Ppif(-/-) mice was associated with an alteration in MPTP-mediated Ca(2+) efflux resulting in elevated levels of mitochondrial matrix Ca(2+) and enhanced activation of Ca(2+)-dependent dehydrogenases. Elevated matrix Ca(2+) led to increased glucose oxidation relative to fatty acids, thereby limiting the metabolic flexibility of the heart that is critically involved in compensation during stress. These findings suggest that the MPTP maintains homeostatic mitochondrial Ca(2+) levels to match metabolism with alterations in myocardial workload, thereby suggesting a physiologic function for the MPTP.
Isolation and characterization of the alpha platelet-derived growth factor receptor from rat olfactory epithelium. (1990)

We have cloned and characterized a new member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family. The cDNA clone, isolated from a rat olfactory cDNA library, has considerable homology to the family of receptors that includes the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor, the c-kit proto-oncogene, and the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors. Analysis of DNA sequence homology, ligand-binding, and ligand-stimulated phosphorylation data suggests that this clone encodes the rat PDGF-A/B or alpha-receptor. Comparison of its sequence to those of other receptors allows us to postulate a mechanism for receptor dimerization and activation. The expression of the rat alpha-PDGF receptor in nonneuronal cells of the olfactory epithelium and in the olfactory bulb is consistent with a role for PDGF in glial cell generation.
Heavy chain-only antibodies and tetravalent bispecific antibody neutralizing Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxins (2011)

Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a pore-forming toxin associated with current outbreaks of community-associated methicillin-resistant strains and implicated directly in the pathophysiology of Staphylococcus aureus-related diseases. Humanized heavy chain-only antibodies (HCAb) were generated against S. aureus PVL from immunized transgenic mice to neutralize toxin activity. The active form of PVL consists of the two components, LukS-PV and LukF-PV, which induce osmotic lysis following pore formation in host defense cells. One anti-LukS-PV HCAb, three anti-LukF-PV HCAbs with affinities in the nanomolar range, and one engineered tetravalent bispecific HCAb were tested in vitro and in vivo, and all prevented toxin binding and pore formation. Anti-LukS-PV HCAb also binds to γ-hemolysin C (HlgC) and inhibits HlgC/HlgB pore formation. Experiments in vivo in a toxin-induced rabbit endophthalmitis model showed that these HCAbs inhibit inflammatory reactions and tissue destruction, with the tetravalent bispecific HCAb performing best. Our findings show the therapeutic potential of HCAbs, and in particular, bispecific antibodies.
Continuous formation of a seed layer and vertical ZnO nanowire arrays enabled by tailored reaction kinetics in a microreactor (2016)

ZnO nanowires (NWs) are gaining widespread popularity due to their many unique physical and chemical properties. The hydrothermal process is the most commonly used approach to prepare vertical ZnO NW arrays. Its fundamental issues are the rather slow deposition rate and the variation of reactant concentrations as a function of time. In this study, we employed a continuous flow microreactor and deposition system to prepare both a ZnO seed layer and vertical ZnO NW arrays continuously by simply tuning the flow rate of reactant solutions. The change in flow rate allows reaction kinetics to be selectively tuned, resulting in the generation of molecular zinc species and colloidal ZnO nanocrystals at a high and low flow rate, respectively. The molecular zinc species constitute the seed layer at the high flow rate, and subsequently the colloidal ZnO nanocrystals contribute to the growth of ZnO NWs at the low flow rate. Since the direct delivery of the controlled building blocks on the substrate prevents the formation of homogeneously induced ZnO particles, we were able to obtain highly uniform ZnO NW arrays, with a growth rate as fast as 240 nm min−1, which is significantly higher than typical growth rates from gas-phase or batch hydrothermal processes. Based on the growth mechanism study, the dimensions of the vertical ZnO NW arrays were varied, leading to an aspect ratio of the NWs up to 23. The advantages of our system were highlighted by preparing a high-quality heterogeneous surface having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature on one substrate. These results demonstrate the capability of the continuous flow microreactor and deposition system in efficiently preparing functional vertical ZnO NW arrays.
Cyclic Peptide-Capped Gold Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems (2012)

A number of cyclic peptides were synthesized and evaluated as simultaneous reducing and capping agents for generation of cyclic peptide-capped gold nanoparticles (CP-AuNPs). Among them, direct dissolution of cyclic peptides containing alternate arginine and tryptophan [WR](n) (n = 3-5) into an aqueous solution of AuCl(4)(-) led to the formation of CP-AuNPs, through the reducing activity of tryptophan residues and attraction of positively charged arginine residues toward chloroaurate anions in the reaction environment. Differential interference contrast microscopy of fluorescence-labeled lamivudine in the presence of [WR](4)-capped AuNPs showed significantly higher cellular delivery of antiviral drug versus that of parent drug alone. Flow cytometry studies also showed that the cellular uptake of fluorescence-labeled lamivudine, emtricitabine, and stavudine was significantly enhanced in human ovarian adenocarcinoma (SK-OV-3) cells in the presence of [WR](4)-AuNPs. For example, fluorescence labeled lamivudine-loaded [WR](4)-AuNPs exhibited approximately 12- and 15-times higher cellular uptake than that of fluorescence labeled lamivudine alone in CCRF-CEM cells and SK-OV-3 cells, respectively. Confocal microscopy revealed that the presence of the [WR](4)-AuNPs enhanced the retention and nuclear localization of doxorubicin in SK-OV-3 cells after 24 h. These data suggest that these complexes can be used as potential noncovalent prodrugs for delivery of antiviral and anticancer agents.
Cell Phenotypes in human Amniotic Fluid (2009)

Stem cells capable of long-term proliferation and differentiation into different cell types may be a promising source of cells for regenerative medicine. Recently, much attention has been paid to fetal stem cells, among which are cells from amniotic fluid (AF). We have isolated amniotic stem cells from 3 AF samples. Flow cytometry, RT -PCR and immunohistochemistry have shown that these cells express mesenchymal (CD90, CD73, CD105, CD13, CD29, CD44, and CD146), neural (≤3-tubulin, Nestin, and Pax6), epithelial (keratin 19 and p63) markers and also markers of pluripotency (Oct4, Nanog, and Rex-1). Transplantation of the cells to nude mice does not lead to tumor formation. Thus, putative stem/progenitor cells from AF are capable of long-term proliferation in vitro and the profile of gene expression led us to speculate that they have greater differentiation potential than mesenchymal stem cells and may be useful for cell therapy.
Protection against fine particle-induced pulmonary and systemic inflammation by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (2016)

Our findings demonstrate that elevating tissue omega-3 levels can prevent and treat fine particle-induced health problems and thereby present an immediate, practical solution for reducing the disease burden of air pollution.
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION IN THALASSEMIA (1995)

Early trials of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for homozygous beta-thalassemia and the analyses of results of transplantation in patients less than 16 years old have allowed us to identify three classes of risk based on the following criteria: (a) hepatomegaly, (b) presence of liver fibrosis at histological examination, and (c) quality of chelation treatment given before transplant. Patients with none of these adverse criteria were assigned to Class 1; patients with either one or two adverse criteria comprised Class 2; and patients for whom all three criteria were adverse constituted Class 3. Most patients older than 16 years have disease characteristics that place them in Class 3, with very few falling into Class 2. All patients with a histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical donor are actually assigned to one of two conditioning regimens on the basis of the class they belong to at the time of BMT and independently of age. For Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 patients, the probabilities of survival and event-free survival are 95 and 90%, 86 and 82%, and 87 and 63%, respectively. For those patients older than 16 years at the time of transplant, the probabilities of survival and of event-free survival are 78 and 74%, respectively. Allogeneic BMT is currently the only rational therapeutic modality for the eradication of beta-thalassemia.
Performance of Meteor-Burst Communication Channels (1987)

In this paper, we briefly describe the physical characteristics of a meteor-burst (MB) communication channel, and then present the results of an analysis showing the expected throughput and the probability of completing a given message under two different scenarios. In the first scenario, the transmitter is presumed to have knowledge (obtained by appropriate probe signals) of the entire duration of a given MB. In the second, only the starting time of each MB is known. Numerical results based on the analysis are provided, and it is shown what types of delays must be tolerated in order to achieve a given degree of reliability of having the transmitted message correctly received at its destination.
Cardiovascular activity of aromatic guanidine compounds (1975)

A series of aromatic guanidines and several 1-phenylbiguanides was prepared and tested for cardiovascular (CV) effects in anesthetized dogs measuring heart rate, blood pressure, carotid artery blood flow, and myocardial force changes. The predominant CV effect at minimally effective dose was vasoconstriction unassociated with cardiac stimulation. The structure-activity relationships of the compounds were discussed comparing their structural similarities to the beta-phenylethylamines. The most potent members of the series were phenylguanidines substituted in the 3 and 4 positions on the aromatic nucleus with hydroxy or chloro groups. Preliminary mechanism studies indicated that the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylguanidines act at least partially by a direct alpha-adrenergic mechanism
FcγRIIB Regulates Nasal and Oral Tolerance: A Role for Dendritic Cells (2005)

Mucosal tolerance prevents the body from eliciting productive immune responses against harmless Ags that enter the body via the mucosae, and is mediated by the induction of regulatory T cells that differentiate in the mucosa-draining lymph nodes (LN) under defined conditions of Ag presentation. In this study, we show that mice deficient in FcgammaRIIB failed to develop mucosal tolerance to OVA, and demonstrate in vitro and in vivo a critical role for this receptor in modulating the Ag-presenting capacity of dendritic cells (DC). In vitro it was shown that absence of FcgammaRIIB under tolerogenic conditions led to increased IgG-induced release of inflammatory cytokines such as MCP-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 by bone marrow-derived DC, and increased their expression of costimulatory molecules, resulting in an altered immunogenic T cell response associated with increased IL-2 and IFN-gamma secretion. In vivo we could show enhanced LN-DC activation and increased numbers of Ag-specific IFN-gamma-producing T cells when FcgammaRIIB(-/-) mice were treated with OVA via the nasal mucosa, inferring that DC modulation by FcgammaRIIB directed the phenotype of the T cell response. Adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells from the spleen of FcgammaRIIB(-/-) mice to naive acceptor mice demonstrated that OVA-responding T cells failed to differentiate into regulatory T cells, explaining the lack of tolerance in these mice. Our findings demonstrate that signaling via FcgammaRIIB on DC, initiated by local IgG in the mucosa-draining LN, down-regulates DC activation induced by nasally applied Ag, resulting in those defined conditions of Ag presentation that lead to Tr induction and tolerance.
Protective influences on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by MHC class I and class II alleles. (1994)

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is influenced by polymorphism of the MHC. We have previously found that Lewis rats with certain MHC haplotypes are susceptible to disease induced with the myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide 63-88, whereas Lewis rats with other MHC haplotypes are resistant. Interestingly, rats with the MHC u haplotype develop an immune response to the MBP 63-88, but do not get EAE. In this study we have used intra-MHC recombinant rat strains to compare the influences of the MHC u with the a haplotype. We discovered the following: 1) The class II region of the MHC a haplotype permits EAE and a Th1 type of immune response as measured by IFN-gamma production after in vitro challenge of in vivo-primed T cells with MBP 63-88. 2) The class II region of the u haplotype is associated with a disease-protective immune response characterized by production of not only IFN-gamma, but also of IL-4 mRNA expression by the MBP 63-88-activated cells. 3) The class I region upstream of the class II region of the u haplotype is associated with a disease-protective effect and the expression of mRNA for TGF-beta after MBP 63-88-induced activation. Thus, such a TGF-beta response occurs in all strains expressing the class I Au allele. Treatment with Abs to CD8+ cells abrogates peptide-induced TGF-beta mRNA expression, and aggravates disease in strains with the class I Au allele.
Cholinergic challenge in Alzheimer patients and mild cognitive impairment differentially affects hippocampal activation—a pharmacological fMRI study (2005)

Pharmacological functional MRI (phMRI) examines the impact of pharmacologically induced neurochemical changes on brain function at a system level. The current phMRI study directly compared effects of cholinergic stimulation on brain function between patients with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment, a disease stage preceding the development of Alzheimer's disease. Brain function during recognition of (un)familiar information was examined for changes after exposure to galantamine, a cholinesterase inhibitor used for treating memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer patients [n = 18; age 74.5 years +/- 8.2; Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) 22.5 +/- 2.4] and patients with mild cognitive impairment (n = 28; mean age 73.6 +/- 7.5; MMSE 27.0 +/- 1.2) were scanned during face recognition under three different conditions: at baseline, and after acute (single dose) and prolonged exposure (5 days) to galantamine. Functional data were analysed in an event-related fashion. In both groups, acute exposure produced strong increases in brain activation (Z > 3.1). Prolonged exposure produced less strong effects that mainly involved decreases in activation (Z > 3.1). In mild cognitive impairment, acute exposure increased activation in posterior cingulate, left inferior parietal, and anterior temporal lobe. Prolonged exposure decreased activation in similar posterior cingulate areas, and in bilateral prefrontal areas. Effects were stronger for positive ('familiar') than for negative ('unfamiliar') decisions, indicating that the effect was specific to memory retrieval. In Alzheimer patients, acute exposure increased activation bilaterally in hippocampal areas, whereas prolonged exposure decreased activation in these areas. Effects were more pronounced for negative than for positive decisions, suggesting a preferential effect on memory encoding. Unique profiles of signal reactivity were found in a number of areas, including left inferior parietal lobe and left hippocampus proper. The reactivity of posterior cingulate and hippocampal structures to cholinergic challenge suggests a key role of the cholinergic system in the functional processes that lead to Alzheimer's disease. The differential response to cholinergic challenge in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer patients may reflect a difference in the functional status of the cholinergic system between both groups, which is in line with recent results showing a differential clinical response to cholinergic treatment.
Raman Lasing in GRIN Fibers with 915-nm Diode Pumping (2016)

Raman lasing in a 2.5-km-long multimode graded-index (GRIN) fiber directly pumped by a multimode 915-nm laser diode is studied. Low-index transverse modes at 954 nm are generated with slope efficiency >40%. All-fiber variant is demonstrated. Article not available.