gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
“You’re Getting to be a Habit with Me”: Diegetic Music, Narrative, and Discourse in Bioshock (2015)

This article examines how diegetic music in Bioshock (2007) is an explicit component of narrative production, game environment creation, and player immersion. The songs from the 1930s-50s participate in the construction of narrative through a constant interplay or negotiation with the video game’s other elements—visual, textual, ludic—and thus music ultimately functions as a distinct discourse able to mediate between contesting factors for the protagonist Jack and the player. The discourse diegetic music produces in Bioshock operates through a system of musical, cultural, and filmic codes of signification that also incorporates new modes employed and generated by video games—particularly regarding the nature of narrative creation in digital media, and the ludic aspects which must necessarily inform all levels. The author argues that the songs in Bioshock not only produce ironic and poignant effects through antithetical juxtapositions of musical mood or expression in relation to the scene or overall story, but the lyrics may speak to the events enacted or depicted, to Jack and the player, or to the very nature of game play itself.
Logic digital fluidic in miniaturized functional devices: Perspective to the next generation of microfluidic lab‐on‐chips (2017)

Microfluidics has emerged following the quest for scale reduction inherent to micro- and nanotechnologies. By definition, microfluidics manipulates fluids in small channels with dimensions of tens to hundreds of micrometers. Recently, microfluidics has been greatly developed and its influence extends not only the domains of chemical synthesis, bioanalysis, and medical researches but also optics and information technology. In this review article, we will shortly discuss an enlightening analogy between electrons transport in electronics and fluids transport in microfluidic channels. This analogy helps to master transport and sorting. We will present some complex microfluidic devices showing that the analogy is going a long way off toward more complex components with impressive similarities between electronics and microfluidics. We will in particular explore the vast manifold of fluidic operations with passive and active fluidic components, respectively, as well as the associated mechanisms and corresponding applications. Finally, some relevant applications and an outlook will be cited and presented.
Design, synthesis, and functional expression of a gene for charybdotoxin, a peptide blocker of K+ channels. (1991)

A gene encoding charybdotoxin (CTX), a K+ channel blocker from scorpion venom, was designed, synthesized, and expressed as a cleavable fusion protein in Escherichia coli. A sequence-specific protease, factor Xa, was used to cleave the fusion protein and thus release the toxin peptide. The recombinant toxin was purified, oxidized to form disulfide bonds, and treated to form N-terminal pyroglutamate. Recombinant CTX is identical to the native venom CTX with respect to high-performance liquid chromatography mobility, amino acid composition, and N-terminal modification. With single Ca2(+)-activated K+ channels as an assay system, recombinant CTX shows blocking and dissociation kinetics identical to the native venom toxin. The synthetic gene and high-level expression of functionally active CTX make it possible to study the fundamental mechanism of the toxin-ion channel interaction.
Determination of Specific CD4 and CD8 T Cell Epitopes after AAV2- and AAV8-hF.IX Gene Therapy (2005)

The application of AAV2 or AAV8 vectors for delivery of human coagulation factor IX (hF.IX) is a promising gene therapy for hemophilia B. One major limitation of this therapy is the development of antibodies and a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against both the vector capsid and the transgene. We determined the class I and class II MHC peptide epitopes for AAV2, AAV8, and hF.IX after administration of AAV-2-hF.IX or AAV8-hF.IX in H2(b) (C57BL/6), H2(d) (BALB/c), or H2(k) (C3H) strains of mice. The results indicate that the AAV2 capsid peptide AA(373-381), the AAV8 capsid peptide AA(50-58), and the hF.IX transgene peptide AA(311-319) can elicit a CTL response as indicated by an IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay and an in vivo CTL assay. Furthermore, a strong H2(k) MHC II-restricted Th1 response can be elicited in C3H mice by the AAV8 capsid peptide AA(126-140) and the hF.IX peptide AA(108-122), whereas a strong Th2 response can be elicited by the AAV2 peptide AA(475-489). These results show that specific CTL responses are generated to both AAV capsid epitopes and hF.IX epitopes after injection of AAV-hF.IX, and MHC class II epitopes derived from AAV-hF.IX promote development of either Th1 or Th2 cells.
Regulation of vascular nitric oxide in vitro and in vivo; a new role for endogenous hydrogen sulphide? (2006)

These results suggest that H2S and NO react together to form a molecule (possibly a nitrosothiol) which exhibits little or no vasorelaxant activity either in vitro or in vivo. We propose that a crucial, and hitherto unappreciated, role of H2S in the vascular system is the regulation of the availability of NO.
The Oxidation of Glucose and Related Compounds by Glucose Oxidase from Aspergillus niger* (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Oxidation of Glucose and Related Compounds by Glucose Oxidase from Aspergillus niger*John H. Pazur and Kjell KleppeCite this: Biochemistry 1964, 3, 4, 578–583Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00892a018https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00892a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1735Altmetric-Citations210LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
In situ studies of the primary immune response to (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl. IV. Affinity-dependent, antigen-driven B cell apoptosis in germinal centers as a mechanism for maintaining self-tolerance. (1995)

Germinal centers (GCs) are the sites of antigen-driven V(D)J gene hypermutation and selection necessary for the generation of high affinity memory B lymphocytes. Despite the antigen dependence of this reaction, injection of soluble antigen during an established primary immune response induces massive apoptotic death in GC B cells, but not in clonally related populations of nonfollicular B lymphoblasts and plasmacytes. Cell death in GCs occurs predominantly among light zone centrocytes, is antigen specific, and peaks within 4-8 h after injection. Antigen-induced programmed death does not involve cellular interactions mediated by CD40 ligand (CD40L) or Fas; disruption of GCs by antibody specific for CD40L was not driven by apoptosis and C57BL/6.lpr mice, though unable to express the Fas death trigger, remained fully susceptible to soluble antigen. Single injections of antigen did not significantly decrease GC numbers or average size, but repeated injections during an 18-h period resulted in fewer and substantially smaller GCs. As cell loss appeared most extensive in the light zone, decreased GC cellularity after prolonged exposure to soluble antigen implies that the Ig- centroblasts of the dark zone may require replenishment from light zone cells that have survived antigenic selection. GC cell death is avidity-dependent; oligovalent antigen induced relatively little apoptosis and GC B cells that survived long exposures to multivalent antigen expressed atypical VDJ rearrangements unlikely to encode high affinity antibody. Antigen-induced apoptotic death in GCs may represent a mechanism for the peripheral deletion of autoreactive B cell mutants much as the combinatorial repertoire of immature B lymphocytes is censored in the bone marrow.
Sox9expression marks a subset of CD24-expressing small intestine epithelial stem cells that form organoids in vitro (2010)

The inability to identify, isolate, and culture intestinal epithelial stem cells (IESCs) has been prohibitive to the study and therapeutic utilization of these cells. Using a Sox9(EGFP) mouse model, we demonstrate that Sox9(EGFP) fluorescence signatures can be used to differentiate between and enrich for progenitors (Sox9(EGFPsubLo)) and multipotent IESCs (Sox9(EGFPlo)). Sox9(EGFPlo) cells generate "organoids" in a recently defined culture system that mimics the native IESC niche. These organoids possess all four differentiated cell types of the small intestine epithelium, demonstrating the multipotent capacity of Sox9(EGFPlo) cells. Our results are consistent with the previously reported observation that single IESCs generate cryptlike units without a detectable mesenchymal cell component. A prospective search revealed that CD24 is expressed in the Sox9(EGFPlo) population and marks IESCs that form organoids in culture. CD24 represents the first cell surface marker that facilitates fluorescence-activated cell sorting enrichment of IESCs with widely available antibodies without requiring a specialized fluorescent reporter gene mouse model.
??-Linolenic acid metabolism in men and women: nutritional and biological implications (2004)

Overall, alpha-linolenic acid appears to be a limited source of longer-chain n-3 fatty acids in man and so adequate intakes of preformed n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular docosahexaenoic acid, may be important for maintaining optimal tissue function. Capacity to upregulate alpha-linolenic acid transformation in women may be important for meeting the demands of the fetus and neonate for docosahexaenoic acid.
CHEMOTHERAPY OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASES (1950)

Chemotherapy of cancer has been studied intensively in recent years. Attempts to inhibit tumor growth by means of drugs have been made since ancient times, but not until the last decade have potent carcinolytic compounds been discovered which can be tolerated by animals and human beings in at least partially effective doses. The enormous literature which has now accumulated on this subject has been summarized in several recent reviews. 1 Drugs which have aroused a great deal of interest include Serratia marcescens (Bacillus prodigiosus) polysaccharide, KR (carcinolytic substance of Trypanosoma cruzi, named after Klyueva and Roskin), antireticular cytotoxic serum (ACS), stilbamidine (4,4′-stilbenedicarboxamidine) and ethylstibamine (neostibosan®), folic acid conjugates, folic acid antagonists, urethane and the nitrogen mustards (2-chloroethyl amines). The data available at present indicate that all but the last three of these substances are either biologically inactive or are too toxic to be practical for clinical application. Neither the radioactive
Evolving focal cerebral ischemia in cats: spatial correlation of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, cerebral blood flow, tetrazolium staining, and histopathology. (1988)

The spatial correlation of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) may improve our ability to identify ischemic brain lesions and may provide further insight into the pathophysiology of early cerebral ischemia. Eleven pentobarbital-anesthetized adult cats underwent exposure of the common carotid arteries bilaterally and the right middle cerebral artery through a transorbital approach. Baseline NMRI images were obtained with a single spin-echo, multislice technique using a 0.6-T field, 0.4-cm slice thickness, and a surface coil. Focal ischemia was produced with right middle cerebral artery occlusion and potentiated with bilateral common carotid artery ligation. Sequential NMRI studies were then performed at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 hours or until CBF was determined in the same cats using [14C]iodoantipyrine at either 2 (n = 2), 4 (n = 2), 6 (n = 2), or 12 (n = 1) hours after the time of occlusion. This protocol allowed temporal and spatial correlation of NMRI and CBF. Alternate 5-mm brain slices were incubated with 1% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) for 45 minutes at 37-41 degrees C and frozen in liquid Freon for later autoradiographic CBF determination. Four cats were studied only with NMRI and TTC (not CBF). The correlation between areas of increased NMRI signal intensity observed in T2-weighted images (repetition time 2,000 msec, echo time 120 msec), vital staining with TTC, low CBF, and routine histology was evaluated. During the early phase (less than 6 hours), T2-weighted NMRI changes were localized to the central ischemic gray matter areas, as defined in the later CBF images, with no involvement of the white matter. By the twelfth hour the NMRI changes involved the entire ischemic area including gray and white matter. The initial visible changes seen on T2-weighted NMRI are suggestive of cellular edema, and the later changes are characteristic of vasogenic edema. The spread of NMRI changes compared with the ischemic area determined from autoradiographic CBF is consistent with the previously described biphasic evolution of ischemic injury. These data suggest that T2-weighted NMRI could be used clinically to delineate areas of acute ischemic stroke.
The perspective wall (1991)

Tasks that involve large information spaces overwhelm workspaces that do not support efiicient use of space and time. For example, case studies indicate that information often contains linear components, which can result in 2D layouts with wide, inefficient aspect ratios. This paper describes a technique called the Perspective W’aU for visualizing linear information by smoothly integrating detailed and contextual views. It uses hardware support for 3D interactive animation to fold wide 2D layouts into intuitive 3D visualizations that have a center panel for detail and two perspective panels for context. The resulting visualization supports efficient use of space and time.
Clinical Trials of Immunomodulatory Therapies in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock (2002)

Sepsis remains one of the leading causes of mortality in critically ill patients. Increased insight into the complexities of this disease process has resulted in the targeting of various aspects of the inflammatory response as offering potential therapeutic benefits. There have been encouraging results in the past few years. Some of the tested agents have been shown to improve mortality rates in large randomized controlled trials involving patients with severe sepsis. In this article, we discuss the positive and negative results of trials in this field; some of the possible reasons for the negative results are examined, and directions for the future are suggested.
Prevention of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in the Common Marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus ) Using a Chimeric Antagonist Monoclonal Antibody Against Human CD40 Is Associated with Altered B Cell Responses (2001)

Inhibition of CD40-CD40 ligand interaction is a potentially effective approach for treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis. We have investigated this concept with a chimeric antagonist anti-human CD40 mAb (ch5D12) in the marmoset monkey experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. Marmosets were immunized with recombinant human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (rMOG) and treated from the day before immunization (day -1) until day 50 with either ch5D12 (5 mg/kg every 2-4 days) or placebo. On day 41 after the induction of EAE, four of four placebo-treated monkeys had developed severe clinical EAE, whereas all animals from the ch5D12-treated group were completely free of disease symptoms. High serum levels of ch5D12 associated with complete coating of CD40 on circulating B cells were found. At necropsy placebo- and ch5D12-treated animals showed similar MOG-specific lymphoproliferative responses in vitro, but ch5D12 treatment resulted in strongly reduced anti-MOG IgM Ab responses and delayed anti-MOG IgG responses. Most importantly, treatment with ch5D12 prevented intramolecular spreading of epitope recognition. Postmortem magnetic resonance imaging and immunohistologic analysis of the CNS showed a markedly reduced lesion load after ch5D12 treatment. In conclusion, the strong reduction of clinical, pathological, and radiological aspects of EAE by ch5D12 treatment in this preclinical model points to a therapeutic potential of this engineered antagonist anti-CD40 mAb for multiple sclerosis.
0.5 V 320 MHz 8 b multiplexer/demultiplexer chips based on a gate array with regular-structured DTMOS/SOI (2002)

Thin film SOI-CMOS transistors are promising for high-speed low-power multiplexer and demultiplexer applications because they feature low parasitic capacitances and flexible bias-control of the body region under the channel. Direct connection of the gate and the associated body in SOI transistors enhances circuit speed at ultra-low voltage, as verified at the integration level of ALUs. Applied to gate arrays, this would greatly ease design and technology migration to ultra-low voltage, and improve turn-around time and productivity of high-speed low-power devices. The 8 b multiplexer and the 8 b demultiplexer based on a 0.32 /spl mu/m gate array technology with regular-structured dynamic-threshold voltage CMOS/SOI use flip-flop circuits that exploit high-speed and low-power SOI structures. At 0.5 V, the multiplexer operates at 320 MHz with 2.0 mW, and the demultiplexer operates at 380 Mz with 1.4 mW.
CD40 Ligand Induces an Antileukemia Immune Response In Vivo (1997)

Leukemia cells may express tumor specific antigens in association with Class I and II major histocompatability complex (MHC) molecules. However, lack of expression of conventional costimulator molecules means that these cells tend to induce specific T-cell anergy rather than activation. CD40 ligand (CD40L) is a costimulator molecule that directly activates T cells and may promote antigen presentation by CD40-expressing cells, which include professional antigen presenting cells and B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells from many patients. We determined whether transgenic expression of CD40L could enhance an antileukemia immune response using a CD40+ murine lymphoblastic (A20) leukemia and a CD40- myeloblastic (WEHI-3) leukemia in a tumor treatment model. Injection of otherwise nonimmunogenic A20 cells in the presence of CD40L induced an immune response active against preexisting A20 tumor at a distant site. Moreover, concomitant local secretion of transgenic interleukin-2 (IL-2) further amplified the antileukemic response induced and increased protection against preexisting tumor. In ex vivo studies, CD40 activation of A20 cells enhances the antigen presenting potential of A20 cells by upregulating expression of B7.1 (CD80), Class I and II MHC molecules, and increases expression of fas antigens. The importance of CD40 activation to the resulting antitumor response is further emphasized by the failure of transgenic CD40L to protect against the CD40- WEHI myeloblastic leukemia. Depletion studies showed the protective effects against A20 cells to be mediated by a combination of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and by natural killer (NK) cells. These results suggest a means by which CD40+ leukemia cells may be rendered immunogenic in vivo.
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have a circulating inducer of interferon-alpha (IFN-α) production acting on leucocytes resembling immature dendritic cells (1999)

Patients with active SLE often have an ongoing production of IFN-alpha. We therefore searched for an endogenous IFN-alpha-inducing factor (IIF) in SLE patients and found that their sera frequently induced production of IFN-alpha in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy blood donors, especially when the PBMC were costimulated with the cytokines IFN-alpha2b and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The phenotype of the IFN-alpha-producing cells (IPC) as determined by flow cytometry corresponded to that of the natural IPC, resembling immature dendritic cells. The IIF activity in SLE sera was sometimes as high as that of a virus and was present especially in patients with active disease and with measurable IFN-alpha levels in serum. The IIF had an apparent molecular weight of 300-1000 kD and appeared to consist of both immunoglobulin and DNA, possibly being immune complexes. This endogenous IFN-alpha inducer may be of pathogenic significance, since a reported occasional adverse effect of IFN-alpha therapy in patients with non-autoimmune disorders is development of anti-dsDNA antibodies and SLE.
A study of micronized poloxamers as lubricants in direct compression of tablets. (2014)

The study evaluates the micronized poloxamers Lptrol micro127 (poloxamer 407) and Lptrol micro 68 (poloxamer 188) as lubricants in combination with the dry binders microcrystalline cellulose and spray-dried lactose. Magnesium stearate was employed as the comparative lubricant. The parameters under study included energy for friction, plasticity, ejection force, tensile strength of tablets, and disintegration time of tablets. The factors of influence were the concentration of lubricants, compression force, and mixing parameters. The lubricating effect of micronized poloxamers was smaller than that of magnesium stearate. Higher concentrations of poloxamers decreased the tensile strength of tablets from microcrystalline cellulose, shortened the disintegration time, and slightly prolonged the disintegration time in the case of spray-dried lactose. Parameters of mixing of dry binders with poloxamers influenced the tested parameters of compression more in the case of spray-dried lactose. In microcrystalline cellulose, they influenced more the tensile strength and disintegration time of tablets.