gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interferons in the Persistence, Pathogenesis, and Treatment of HIV Infection (1992)

Interferon (IFN) plays an important role in the treatment and pathogenesis of HIV disease. Recent studies show beneficial effects of IFN alpha in the treatment of HIV-associated Kaposi's Sarcoma and early HIV-infection. Moreover, cell culture studies support these beneficial effects. HIV infection of monocytes is blocked by IFN alpha administered at the time of viral challenge. The IFN alpha-treated cells show no evidence of HIV infection. Viral gene products produced in monocytes infected with HIV then treated with IFN alpha gradually decrease to baseline. Large quantities of proviral DNA are seen in the HIV-infected IFN alpha-treated cells with little evidence for viral transcription suggesting true microbiological latency. While most viral infections of cells result in IFN production, HIV is a notable exception. Indeed, HIV does not induce monocytes to produce IFN alpha and blocks its production following poly(I).poly(c) stimulation. This allows HIV yet another mechanism to evade an important host antiviral response. Paradoxically, the appearance of IFN activity in sera of HIV-infected patients is associated with disease progression, not resolution. Recent observations showing that the interaction between HIV-infected monocytes and PBMC results in the production of IFN alpha s with reduced anti-HIV activity may help explain this paradox. Thus, IFN alpha plays an important but complex role in HIV disease. The elucidation of cellular factors that regulate the antiretroviral effects of IFN alpha may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for HIV infection.
Simplification of Bovine Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer by Application of a Zona-Free Manipulation Technique (2001)

Contemporary nuclear transfer techniques often require the involvement of skilled personnel and extended periods of micromanipulation. Here, we present details of the development of a nuclear transfer technique for somatic cells that is both simpler and faster than traditional methods. The technique comprises the bisection of zona-free oocytes and the reconstruction of embryos comprising two half cytoplasts and a somatic cell by adherence using phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA) followed by an electropulse and subsequent culture in microwells (termed WOWs--well of the well). The development of the system was based on results using parthenogenetic and in vitro fertilized zygotes in order to (a) select the optimal primary activation agent that induced the lowest lysis rate but highest parthenogenetic blastocyst yield, (b) evaluate the quantity and quality of zona-free blastocysts produced in WOWs, and (c) establish any potential embryotoxic effects of PHA-P. The initial data indicated that, of calcium ionophore A23187, ionomycin, and electropulse treatments as primary activation agents, the two former were equally efficient even with reduced exposure times. WOW-culture of zona-free versus zona-intact zygotes were not different in either blastocyst yield (44.6 +/- 2.4% versus 51.8 +/- 13.5% [mean +/- SEM]) or quality (126.3 +/- 48.4 versus 119.9 +/- 32.6 total cells), and exposure of zygotes to PHA-P did not reduce blastocyst yields compared to vehicle control (40.8 +/- 11.6% versus 47.1 +/- 20.8% of cultured oocytes). Subsequent application of the optimized technique for nuclear transfer using nine different granulosa cell primary cultures (cultured in 0.5% serum for 5-12 days) generated 37.6 +/- 3.9% (11 replicates; range, 16.4-58.1%) blastocysts per successfully fused and surviving reconstructed embryo (after activation), and 33.6 +/- 3.7% blastocysts per attempted reconstructed embryo. Mean day 7 total blastocyst cell numbers from 5 clone families was 128.1 +/- 15.3. The ongoing pregnancy rate of recipients each receiving two nuclear transfer blastocysts is 3/13 (23.1%) recipients pregnant at 5 months after transfer. These results suggest that the zona-free nuclear transfer technique generates blastocysts of equivalent quantity and quality compared to conventional micromanipulation methods, requires less technical expertise, is less time consuming and can double the daily output of reconstructed embryos (even after taking into consideration the rejection of the half oocytes containing the metaphase plate).
Growth of epitaxial CoSi2 on SiGe(001) (1999)

A technique for achieving epitaxial growth of (001)-oriented CoSi2 on strained epitaxial layers of Si1−xGex(001) is described. The technique is based on a variation of the template method, and is designed to control the local environment of Co atoms at the CoSi2/SiGe interface. The effects of the Co–Ge interactions on the interfacial reaction and the epitaxial orientation and the morphology of the silicide film were investigated. This reaction was found to cause pitting in (001)-oriented CoSi2 films, and to stabilize the (221¯) orientation for films codeposited under conditions where CoSi2(001) growth is achieved on Si(001) substrates. The (221¯)-oriented CoSi2 films were islanded after annealing at 700 °C. The islands were terminated by (1¯11) and (110) facets inclined at 15.8° and 19.5°, respectively, from CoSi2 [221¯] towards CoSi2 [114]. These results were interpreted in terms of reduction of interfacial and surface energies, and geometric effects. Silicide films up to 730-Å-thick were deposited and annealed up to 900 °C. The films were stable against agglomeration, and retained tensile stress in the CoSi2 layer after annealing at 700 °C. The rms roughness of the CoSi2 films was comparable to that of the Si(001) substrate—less than 15 Å over areas as large as 20×20 μm2. Films annealed at 900°C were severely agglomerated.
Biochemical and Biotechnological Applications of Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (1996)

A comparison of major sample ionization techniques for mass spectrometry (MS) is reviewed in a quantitative and qualitative fashion. The Proceedings of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry (ASMS) for the years 1979-1995 were consulted with respect to ionization methods. Trends were established and comparisons noted for the total number and percentage of papers with selected ionization techniques. Electrospray ionization (ESI) and its derivatives are noted in particular, and the total number as well as percentage of ESI papers presented at the 1994 and 1995 ASMS conferences exceeded that of all ionization techniques including the ubiquitous electron ionization method. Descriptions of the contents of the book and overviews of the scientific fields are presented where analytical, biological, biotechnological, biochemical, environmental, immunological, microbiological and pharmaceutical applications of ESI-tandem mass spectrometry occupy central roles. The chapters are grouped around the following topics: tutorial and mechanisms of ESI, the internal and surface molecules and macromolecules of bacterial cells, non-covalent biomolecule association and interactions, nucleic acids, drugs, drug metabolites, marine toxins, man-made environmental contaminants, enzyme active sites, immunological processes, protein identification with database analysis, recombinant and post-translational protein investigations, and complementary protein structure and function information from ESI and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI).
Imbalance of leucine flux in Lactococcus lactis and its use for the isolation of diacetyl-overproducing strains (1996)

Diacetyl is a by-product of pyruvate metabolism in Lactococcus lactis, where pyruvate is first converted to alpha-acetolactate, which is slowly decarboxylated to diacetyl in the presence of oxygen. L. lactis usually converts alpha-acetolactate to acetoin enzymatically, by alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase encoded by the aldB gene. We took advantage of the fact that this enzyme also has a central role in the regulation of branched-chain amino acids, to select spontaneous aldB mutants in an unbalanced concentration of leucine versus those of valine and isoleucine in the medium. Industrial dairy strains of L. lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis containing point mutations and deletions of aldB were isolated and characterized. Their growth in milk was not affected, but they rapidly accumulated a large amount of alpha-acetolactate instead of acetoin from citrate in milk. Under aerated condition, strains devoid of AldB produced about 10 times more diacetyl than did the parental strains.
An on-chip smart memory for a data-flow CPU (1990)

Register Alias Table (RAT) is a smart memory that is embedded in HPSm (High-Performance Substrate), a Berkeley data-flow CPU. It is a multiport memory that has content addressability and support for branch prediction and exception handling, in addition to conventional read and write operations. An experimental 1240-b smart memory chip is implemented in a 1.6- mu m double-metal scalable CMOS process. This memory performs 15 operations within a cycle time of 100 ns, has 34658 transistors, occupies an area of 3.8 mm*5.2 mm, and dissipates 0.51 W.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Activating NK cell receptor ligands are differentially expressed during progression to cervical cancer (2008)

Human papillomavirus-induced cervical carcinomas often show impaired expression of MHC class I molecules resulting in the inability of tumor cells to directly present viral peptides to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Loss of MHC class I expression combined with the expression of activating NK cell receptor ligands renders tumor cells potentially susceptible to NK cell attack. Thus, in this study, we analyzed the expression of activating NK cell receptor ligands, NK cell accumulation and activation status in situ in normal ectocervical tissue (NCT), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and squamous cervical carcinoma (CxCa). We observed that expression of the DNAM-1 ligand CD155 was frequently upregulated in CxCa, but not in CIN. The NKG2D ligand MICA was upregulated in fewer CxCa biopsies. In contrast, another NKG2D ligand ULBP2 was preferentially expressed in differentiated epithelial cells of NCT. Increased numbers of NK cells were detected in CIN as compared to NCT and CxCa. Expression of activating NK cell receptor ligands combined with loss of MHC class I was not correlated with enhanced NK cell accumulation or activation status. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cervical cancer cell lines are killed by the NK cell line, NKL, in a NKG2D- and DNAM-1-dependent manner in vitro. Since a significant number of CxCa biopsies showed low MHC class I expression combined with high expression of one or more of the tested activating NK cell receptor ligands, we conclude that CxCa might be a promising target for NK cell-based adoptive immunotherapy.
Dispersing Characteristics of Graphite Suspension by Surface Modification with ABDM (2002)

The stability of dispersions of graphite in aqueous solution with ABDM (alkyl benzyl dimethyle ammonium chloride) as a surfactant was investigated. The adsorbed structures of the ABDM molecules on graphite particles were examined in relation to zeta potential and critical micelle concentration. It was found that the zeta potential seems to be strongly correlated with both ABDM monolayer and bilayer formations on the particle surfaces. The total potential energies resulting from the interaction of the ABDM adsorbed graphite particles in suspension were estimated using the DLVO theory, and highly dispersed systems were obtained at 20 kT and higher. The adsorption amount of ABDM, zeta potential, graphite powder contact angle, and particle sedimentation rate were measured to determine the dispersion stability. It was found that the high dispersible graphite suspension with settling time T 1/2 of 44.5 h at pH 10 and zeta potential of 22.5 mV was produced. graphite dispersion adsorption surface modification zeta potential
On the Capacity of Radio Communication Systems with Diversity in a Rayleigh Fading Environment (1987)

In this paper, we study the fundamental limits on the data rate of multiple antenna systems in a Rayleigh fading environment. With <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</tex> transmit and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</tex> receive antennas, up to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</tex> independent channels can be established in the same bandwidth. We study the distribution of the maximum data rate at a given error rate in the channels between up to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</tex> transmit antennas and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</tex> receive antennas and determine the outage probability for systems that use various signal processing techniques. We analyze the performance of the optimum linear and nonlinear receiver processor and the optimum linear transmitter/receiver processor pair, and the capacity of these channels. Results show that with optimum linear processing at the receiver, up to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M/2</tex> channels can be established with approximately the same maximum data rate as a single channel. With either nonlinear processing at the receiver or optimum linear transmitter/receiver processing, up to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</tex> channels can be established with approximately the same maximum data rate as a single channel. Results show the potential for large capacity in systems with limited bandwidth.
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on the surface of diabetic erythrocytes bind to the vessel wall via a specific receptor inducing oxidant stress in the vasculature: a link between surface-associated AGEs and diabetic complications. (1994)

Vascular complications are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes. The extent of vascular complications has been linked statistically to enhanced adherence of diabetic erythrocytes to endothelial cells (ECs) and to the accumulation of a class of glycated proteins termed advanced glycation end products (AGEs). We hypothesized that formation of AGEs on the surface of diabetic erythrocytes could mediate their interaction with ECs leading to binding and induction of vascular dysfunction. Enhanced binding of diabetic erythrocytes to ECs was blocked by preincubation of erythrocytes with anti-AGE IgG or preincubation of ECs with antibodies to the receptor for AGE (RAGE). Immunoblotting of cultured human ECs and immunostaining of normal/diabetic human tissue confirmed the presence of RAGE in the vessel wall. Binding of diabetic erythrocytes to endothelium generated an oxidant stress, as measured by production of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B, both of which were blocked by probucol or anti-RAGE IgG. Erythrocytes from diabetic rats infused into normal rats had an accelerated, early phase of clearance that was prevented, in part, by antibody to RAGE. Liver tissue from rats infused with diabetic erythrocytes showed elevated levels of TBARS, which was prevented by pretreatment with anti-RAGE IgG or probucol. Thus, erythrocyte surface AGEs can function as ligands that interact with RAGE on endothelium. The extensive contact of diabetic erythrocytes bearing surface-associated AGEs with vessel wall RAGE could be important in the development of vascular complications.
Mesh implementation of light-trails: a solution to IP centric communication (2004)

Light-trails communication (Chlamtac and Gumaste, 2003) proposes a solution for implementing a conceptual framework for IP centric communication in the optical domain which is a combination of node architecture and protocol for realizing efficient optical communications from IP bursts to dynamic lightpaths. In this paper we introduce a Light-trails solution that is applicable to mesh networks. Contrary to existing proposals for IP type communication in the optical domain light-trail node architecture also presents the first practically implementable solution to enable optical transport with mature technology, nonstringent optical switching requirements, and potentially presents a cost effective alternative to electronics in supporting IP networks.
COMPARATIVE ACTIVITIES OF TWO GONADOTROPIN PREPARATIONS FROM THE URINE OF POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN* (1961)

Two preparations of human gonadotropin (HPG) from postmenopausal urine—HMG-J5 and Pergonal—extracted and purified by a chromatographic method employing zeolite and Permutit as the adsorbent material, respectively, were tested in 4 bio-assay systems. It was found that the activity contained in 1 mg. of HMG-J5 was somewhat greater than that contained in 1 mg. of Pergonal. Seven assays were performed; the mean relative potency of Pergonal in terms of HMG-J5 was 0.68. The biologic activities of the 2 preparations studied were similar as judged by Gaddum's index of discrimination, which did not differ significantly from unity for all combinations of assays.
Construction and properties of an integrable plasmid for Bacillus subtilis (1983)

A plasmid useful for locating the chromosomal site of cloned DNA fragments that lack intrinsic genetic activity, for insertional mutagenesis, for single-copy complementation, and for dominance studies was constructed. Some plasmids containing Bacillus subtilis DNA were only active in transformation when the tetracycline resistance determinant of the plasmid was inactivated. The results suggest that production of the tetracycline gene product is lethal to B. subtilis.
Development of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry methods for the quantitative analysis of herbal medicine in biological fluids: a review (2009)

The development of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and tandem MS/MS for the analysis of bioactive components and their metabolites of herbal medicines in biological fluids is reviewed with the aim of providing an overview of the current techniques and methods used. The issues and challenges associated with various stages of the analytical method development are discussed using Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng as case studies. LC-MS offers selectivity and specificity in both the chromatographic separation and detection steps. This is necessary in order to measure compounds at extremely low concentrations as is often observed in plasma and urine samples. Traditional methods of detection (UV-visible) do not offer sufficient selectivity and specificity needed. The strategies and pitfalls involved with the measurement of such compounds are discussed in this review. Matrix effects, 'unseen' matrix suppression and enhancement ionization effects can significantly reduce the accuracy and precision of the measurement. The impact of the correct choice of chromatography column formats on signal-to-noise ratio is also discussed. Analytical methods from sample preparation to mass spectrometric detection is outlined in order to provide good direction for analysts intent on the measurement of bioavailable compounds from herbal medicines in plasma and urine samples.
Refining the complex rheumatoid arthritis phenotype based on specificity of the HLA–DRB1 shared epitope for antibodies to citrullinated proteins (2005)

HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding the SE are specific for disease characterized by antibodies to citrullinated peptides, indicating that these alleles do not associate with RA as such, but rather with a particular phenotype.
Platelet Aggregation and Fibrinogen Binding in Human, Rhesus Monkey, Guinea-Pig, Hamster and Rat Blood: Activation by ADP and a Thrombin Receptor Peptide and Inhibition by Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Antagonists (1993)

Platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding in whole blood, induced either by ADP or by a 14 amino acid peptide mimicking an N-terminal region of the platelet thrombin receptor (TRP, thrombin receptor activating peptide), have been studied with blood from different species. Aggregation was assessed by counting the number of single platelets in blood before und after addition of the agonist with an automated cell counter. Both ADP (0.02-0.5 microM) and TRP (1-10 microM) were found to be potent agonists of platelet aggregation in human, rhesus monkey and guinea-pig blood, causing a near-maximal aggregatory response within 2 min of agonist addition. In contrast, hamster and rat platelets were much less responsive to both ADP and TRP in terms of the whole blood aggregation. Echistatin, RGDW and a synthetic glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonist, Ro 43-8857, inhibited fibrinogen binding to purified immobilized human GP-IIb/IIIa with IC50's of 1.6, 88 and 11.4 nM, respectively. In whole human blood, the respective IC50's (as determined by flow cytometric analysis of platelet fibrinogen binding) were 4.4, 1700 and 29.5 nM. The affinities of these three compounds for inhibiting fibrinogen binding in whole blood from rhesus monkeys and guinea-pigs were similar to the affinities for human platelets, but with rat blood echistatin, RGDW and Ro 43-8857 were all around 100-fold less potent. Ro 43-8857 was a potent inhibitor of ADP- or TRP-induced platelet aggregation in human, rhesus monkey and guinea-pig whole blood (IC50 of 69-320 nM) but was much less active in hamster blood.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Epithelial glucosphingolipid expression as a determinant of bacterial adherence and cytokine production (1994)

D-Threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP) is a structural analog of ceramide that inhibits glucosylation of this molecule and thus of glucosphingolipid (GSL) expression by living cells. In this study, we used PDMP to slow the synthesis of the globoseries of GSLs (globo-GSLs) (derived from the precursor Gal alpha 1-4Gal beta 1-4Glc-ceramide) by cultured human kidney and large intestinal epithelial cells. The aim was to deplete the cells of receptors for P-fimbriated Escherichia coli and to examine the effects on the bacterially induced cytokine response. The mammalian cells (A498, HT-29, and Caco2) were cultured in the presence of PDMP in order to deplete them of GSLs. The cells were then subjected to GSL analysis or used to test bacterial adherence and cytokine production. The globo-GSLs were identified by thin-layer chromatography. Bacterial adherence was quantitated by microscopy, and interleukin-6 secretion was quantitated by the B9 bioassay. The interaction of bacteria with the globo-GSLs was studied by using E. coli strains and recombinant clones expressing P fimbriae. E. coli strains expressing type 1 fimbriae binding to mannose-containing glycoproteins were used as controls. PDMP treatment was found to reduce the content of the globo-GSLs in mammalian cells and the adherence of P-fimbriated E. coli to these cells. In contrast, PDMP treatment had no effect on the adherence of type 1-fimbriated E. coli or their activation of cytokine production by A498 cells. P-fimbriated E. coli elicited an interleukin-6 response in the A498 cells; this response was reduced after treatment with PDMP. The results emphasize the role of GSLs as receptors for P-fimbriated E. coli and for the cytokine response elicited by attaching bacteria.