gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for thyroxin with use of glucose oxidase and a bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate-fluorescent dye system. (1985)

In this chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for thyroxin, glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) is the enzyme label and the bound and free fractions are separated by the double-antibody solid-phase technique. In the assay of enzyme activity, hydrogen peroxide generated from glucose substrate is measured by its chemiluminescence reaction with bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate and 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulfonic acid. The measurable range of thyroxin is 2.5 to 200 micrograms/L. The coefficients of variation for thyroxin concentrations of 43.2 and 12.8 micrograms/L were 7.0% and 8.6% (intra-assay), and 6.4% and 12.3% (interassay), respectively. The proposed method is applicable to large-scale preliminary screening of neonates for congenital hypothyroidism, with samples consisting of dried blood spotted on filter paper.
Diffusion of boron in heavily doped n- and p-type silicon (1986)

The diffusion of 10B in the presence of high-concentration 11B and As doping has been studied. Dopants were introduced by ion implantation and profiles after annealing were obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry. Diffusion coefficients were derived by comparing experimental profiles with those from a computer simulation program and results confirmed that diffusion of boron is enhanced in p+ silicon and depressed in n+ silicon. These results have been analyzed using the widely accepted vacancy model for boron diffusion and have produced values of the parameter β, which is related to the ratio of diffusivity for charged and uncharged vacancies, of 0.25 to 3.0 for the p+ and 3.0 to 7.7 for the n+ conditions. This difference cannot be ascribed to experimental error and suggests that further refinement of the vacancy model is required.
Not Rich and Not British: Philip Schaeffer, 'Failed' Colonial Farmer (2009)

The article discusses historical scholarship on colonial farming and a critique of the role of the Enlightenment ideal of progress in constructionist representations of early colonial small-holders. Schaeffer's work has achieved increased historical significance since wine has become one of Australia's largest agricultural exports.
IL‐12p40 is essential for the down‐regulation of airway hyperresponsiveness in a mouse model of bronchial asthma with prolonged antigen exposure (2008)

The results suggest that endogenous IL-12p40 is essential for inhibition of AHR and peribronchial fibrosis, but not eosinophilic inflammation, in a murine asthma model with prolonged antigen exposures.
Distributed Raman amplifiers for long haul transmission systems (2002)

We have demonstrated that the use of distributed Raman amplification offers significant benefits in terms of low noise accumulation and wide bandwidth for future long haul broadband WDM systems. In a system experiment, we successfully transmitted 10 channels at 10 Gbit/s over 7200 km. To demonstrate the potential bandwidth, we designed a 92 mm bandwidth distributed Raman amplifier with a 5 dB equivalent noise figure.
Protease nexin 1: a novel regulator of prostate cancer cell growth and neo-angiogenesis (2013)

prostate cancer (Figure 1).Given its emerging abilities to affect changes in proliferation, angiogenesis
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Escape from RNA Interference (2003)

Sequence-specific degradation of mRNA by short interfering RNA (siRNA) allows the selective inhibition of viral proteins that are critical for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. The aim of this study was to characterize the potency and durability of virus-specific RNA interference (RNAi) in cell lines that stably express short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting the HIV-1 transactivator protein gene tat. We found that the antiviral activity of tat shRNA was abolished due to the emergence of viral quasispecies harboring a point mutation in the shRNA target region. Our results suggest that, in order for RNAi to durably suppress HIV-1 replication, it may be necessary to target highly conserved regions of the viral genome. Alternatively, similar to present antiviral drug therapy paradigms, DNA constructs expressing multiple siRNAs need to be developed that target different regions of the viral genome, thereby reducing the probability of generating escape mutants.
Application of superconducting quantum interference devices to nuclear magnetic resonance (1998)

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) provides information in low polarizing fields that is hard to obtain in high fields. A new generation of sensitive NMR detectors, the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID), provides a fresh approach to low-field NMR studies. The SQUID is an ideal detector for low-field NMR, since its response does not depend on signal frequency as is the case of conventional NMR spectrometers. This review describes the experimental and theoretical studies in which SQUIDs have been used for the detection of NMR. Particular attention is paid to the calculation of the signal-to-noise ratio of SQUID NMR spectrometers with various input configurations as compared to that of conventional ones. The application of SQUIDs to nuclear thermometry and to absolute field measurements are also discussed. A SQUID directly measures the longitudinal nuclear magnetization ${M}_{z}$ and the review discusses extensively what we call ${M}_{z}$ spectroscopy.
Phase II study of weekly intravenous recombinant humanized anti-p185HER2 monoclonal antibody in patients with HER2/neu-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. (1996)

rhuMAb HER2 is well tolerated and clinically active in patients with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancers that had received extensive prior therapy. This is evidence that targeting growth factor receptors can cause regression of human cancer and justifies further evaluation of this agent.
Once- and Twice-Daily Dosing With Rosiglitazone Improves Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2001)

Rosiglitazone at total daily doses of 4 and 8 mg significantly improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes and was well tolerated.
Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in HIV type 1 production in vitro (1998)

The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) promote HIV type 1 viral replication in vitro. In the present studies, HIV production was increased in the macrophagic U1 cell line expressing the HIV genome after exposure to IL-1beta, osmotic stress, or surface adhesion, suggesting a confluence of signaling pathways for proinflammatory cytokines and cell stressors. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mediates both cytokine and stress responses; thus the role of this kinase in HIV production was investigated. HIV production as measured by p24 antigen correlated with changes in the expression of a specific (non-alpha) isoform of p38 MAPK. In the presence of a specific p38 MAPK inhibitor (p38 inh), IL-1beta-induced HIV production was suppressed by more than 90% and IL-1beta-induced IL-8 production was suppressed completely, both with IC50 of 0.01 microM. p38 inhibition blocked cell-associated p24 antigen and secreted virus to a similar extent. The p38 inh also decreased constitutive HIV production in freshly infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells by up to 50% (P < 0.05). Interruption of p38 MAPK activity represents a viable target for inhibition of HIV.
Adenovirus Types 11p and 35p Show High Binding Efficiencies for Committed Hematopoietic Cell Lines and Are Infective to These Cell Lines (2000)

ABSTRACT Hematopoietic cells are attractive targets for gene therapy. However, no satisfactory vectors are currently available. A major problem with the most commonly used adenovirus vectors, based on adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) or Ad5, is their low binding efficiency for hematopoietic cells. In this study we identify two adenovirus serotypes with high affinity for hematopoietic cells. The binding efficiency of prototype serotypes Ad4p, Ad11p, and Ad35p for different committed hematopoietic cell lines representing T cells (Jurkat), B cells (DG75), monocytes (U937-2), myeloblasts (K562), and granulocytes (HL-60) was evaluated and compared to that of Ad5v, the commonly used adenovirus vector, using flow cytometry. In contrast to Ad5v, which bound to less than 10% of the cells in all experiments, Ad11p and Ad35p showed high binding efficiency for all of the different hematopoietic cell lines. Ad4p bound to the lymphocytic cell lines to some extent but less well to the myelomonocytic cell lines. The abilities of the different serotypes to infect, replicate, and form complete infectious particles in the hematopoietic cell lines were also investigated by immunostaining, 35 S labeling of viral proteins, and titrations of cell lysates. Ad11p and Ad35p infected the highest proportion of cells, and Ad11p infected all of the cell lines investigated. The Ad11p hexon was expressed equally well in K562 and A549 cells. Jurkat cells also showed high levels of expression of Ad11p hexons, but the production of infectious particles was low. The binding properties of virions were correlated to their ability to infect and be expressed.
Biological and therapeutic effects of ortho-silicic acid and some ortho-silicic acid-releasing compounds: New perspectives for therapy (2013)

Silicon (Si) is the most abundant element present in the Earth's crust besides oxygen. However, the exact biological roles of silicon remain unknown. Moreover, the ortho-silicic acid (H4SiO4), as a major form of bioavailable silicon for both humans and animals, has not been given adequate attention so far. Silicon has already been associated with bone mineralization, collagen synthesis, skin, hair and nails health atherosclerosis, Alzheimer disease, immune system enhancement, and with some other disorders or pharmacological effects. Beside the ortho-silicic acid and its stabilized formulations such as choline chloride-stabilized ortho-silicic acid and sodium or potassium silicates (e.g. M2SiO3; M= Na,K), the most important sources that release ortho-silicic acid as a bioavailable form of silicon are: colloidal silicic acid (hydrated silica gel), silica gel (amorphous silicon dioxide), and zeolites. Although all these compounds are characterized by substantial water insolubility, they release small, but significant, equilibrium concentration of ortho-silicic acid (H4SiO4) in contact with water and physiological fluids. Even though certain pharmacological effects of these compounds might be attributed to specific structural characteristics that result in profound adsorption and absorption properties, they all exhibit similar pharmacological profiles readily comparable to ortho-silicic acid effects. The most unusual ortho-silicic acid-releasing agents are certain types of zeolites, a class of aluminosilicates with well described ion(cation)-exchange properties. Numerous biological activities of some types of zeolites documented so far might probably be attributable to the ortho-silicic acid-releasing property. In this review, we therefore discuss biological and potential therapeutic effects of ortho-silicic acid and ortho-silicic acid -releasing silicon compounds as its major natural sources.
Utility of selected line (SEA) of the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) for the discovery of new anti-atherosclerosis drugs. (1977)

The invention relates to a dendritic macromolecule comprising a core and branches emanating from the core wherein the branches are based on vinyl cyanide and/or fumaryl dinatrile units. The invention also relates to processes for preparing these dendritic macromolecules. The dendritic macromolecules according to the invention are not sensitive to degradation through hydrolysis reactions and are also very stable at a high temperature. The processes are very suitable for large scale production of the dendritic macromolecules without requiring purification of reaction intermediates.
Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis (2004)

Reduced lung function is associated with increased levels of systemic inflammatory markers which may have important pathophysiological and therapeutic implications for subjects with stable COPD.
Molecular Characterization of Human Acetyl-CoA Synthetase, an Enzyme Regulated by Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Proteins (2000)

Through suppressive subtractive hybridization, we identified a new gene whose transcription is induced by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs). The gene encodes acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS), the cytosolic enzyme that activates acetate so that it can be used for lipid synthesis or for energy generation. ACS genes were isolated previously from yeast, but not from animal cells. Recombinant human ACS was produced by expressing the cloned cDNA transiently in human cells. After purification by nickel chromatography, the 701-amino acid cytosolic enzyme was shown to function as a monomer. The recombinant enzyme produced acetyl-CoA from acetate in a reaction that required ATP. As expected for a gene controlled by SREBPs, ACS mRNA was induced when cultured cells were deprived of sterols and repressed by sterol addition. The pattern of regulation resembled the regulation of enzymes of fatty acid synthesis. ACS mRNA was also elevated in livers of transgenic mice that express dominant-positive versions of all three isoforms of SREBP. We conclude that ACS mRNA, and hence the ability of cells to activate acetate, is regulated by SREBPs in parallel with fatty acid synthesis in animal cells.
DOK1 Mediates SHP-2 Binding to the αVβ3 Integrin and Thereby Regulates Insulin-like Growth Factor I Signaling in Cultured Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (2004)

Recruitment of the Src homology 2 domain tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-2) to the phosphorylated beta3 subunit of the alphaVbeta3 integrin is required for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)-stimulated cell migration and proliferation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Because SHP-2 does not bind directly to beta3, we attempted to identify a linker protein that could mediate SHP-2/beta3 association. DOK1 is a member of insulin receptor substrate protein family that binds beta3 and contains YXXL/I motifs that are potential binding sites for SHP-2. Our results show that IGF-I induces DOK1 binding to beta3 and to SHP-2. Preincubation of cells with synthetic peptides that blocked either DOK1/beta3 or DOK1/SHP-2 association inhibited SHP-2 recruitment to beta3. Expression of a DOK1 mutant that does not bind to beta3 also disrupts SHP-2/beta3 association. As a result of SHP-2/beta3 disruption, IGF-I dependent phosphorylation of Akt and p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and its ability to stimulate cell migration and proliferation were significantly impaired. These results demonstrate that DOK1 mediates SHP-2/beta3 association in response to IGF-I thereby mediating the effect of integrin ligand occupancy on IGF-IR-linked signaling in smooth muscle cells.
<title>Conducting polymer actuators as engineering materials</title> (2002)

Conducting polymer actuators were first proposed more than ten years ago. Reported performance has improved dramatically, particularly in the past few years, due to changes in synthesis methods, better characterization and an understanding of the underlying mechanisms. These actuators are able to displace large loads (up to 100x greater than mammalian skeletal muscle), with moderate displacements (typically 2 %), and with power to mass ratios similar to that of muscle, while powered using potentials of no more than a few volts. Unlike electric motors and muscle, these actuators exhibit a catch state, enabling them to maintain force without consuming energy. Despite the impressive performance, commercial applications are at an early stage. One reason is the need to carefully consider the details of the actuator construction, including the thickness and surface area of the polymer, the electrolyte conductivity and geometry, the counter electrode spacing, the shape of the input voltage and the means of electrical contact to the polymer, in designing effective actuators. A set of design guidelines is presented that assist the device designer in determining the optimum actuator configuration. These are derived from extensive characterization and modeling of hexafluorophosphate-doped polypyrrole actuators. The set of design tools helps transform conducting polymer actuators into engineering materials that can be selected and designed for particular applications based on rational criteria. Most of the underlying physical principles used in determining these rules also underlie other conducting polymer actuators, polymer devices such as electrochromic displays, supercapacitors and batteries, carbon nanotube actuators, and electrochemically driven devices that involve volumetric charge storage.
ACTIVATED OXYGEN: SINGLET MOLECULAR OXYGEN AND SUPEROXIDE ANION (1978)

Abstract— Elusive processes associated with molecular oxygen in chemical and biological systems are interpreted in terms of two activated oxygen species, singlet molecular oxygen ( 1 Σ + g / 1 Δ g ) and superoxide anion (X 2 π g ). The generation and deactivation of singlet oxygen by interaction with organic triplet states are discussed within a comprehensive theoretical framework. Experimental results indicate the anomalous molecular oxygen enhanced luminescence from organic chromophores in polymer matrices results from the deactivation of singlet ( 1 Δ g ) oxygen by energy transfer to electronically excited states of the chromophore, and three types of oxygen enhanced luminescence have been identified in these systems. Properties of the superoxide anion relevant to its solution chemistry are briefly discussed. Electron transfer theory is used to theoretically examine the generation of singlet oxygen in disproportionation reactions of the superoxide anion, predicting that, depending on the number of water molecules present, the disproportionation reaction is a proficient source of singlet oxygen. A competing quenching process imposes a limit to the steady state concentration of singlet oxygen in most chemical systems. Available experimental results on the quenching of singlet oxygen by superoxide anion are in good agreement with theoretical results obtained via application of electron transfer theory.
Defining the atherogenicity of large and small lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein B100 (2000)

Apo-E-deficient apo-B100-only mice (APOE:(-/-)APOB:(100/100)) and LDL receptor-deficient apo-B100-only mice (LDLR:(-/-)APOB:(100/100)) have similar total plasma cholesterol levels, but nearly all of the plasma cholesterol in the former animals is packaged in VLDL particles, whereas, in the latter, plasma cholesterol is found in smaller LDL particles. We compared the apo-B100-containing lipoprotein populations in these mice to determine their relation to susceptibility to atherosclerosis. The median size of the apo-B100-containing lipoprotein particles in APOE:(-/-)APOB:(100/100) plasma was 53.4 nm versus only 22.1 nm in LDLR:(-/-)APOB:(100/100) plasma. The plasma levels of apo-B100 were three- to fourfold higher in LDLR:(-/-)APOB:(100/100) mice than in APOE:(-/-)APOB:(100/100) mice. After 40 weeks on a chow diet, the LDLR:(-/-)APOB:(100/100) mice had more extensive atherosclerotic lesions than APOE:(-/-)APOB:(100/100) mice. The aortic DNA synthesis rate and the aortic free and esterified cholesterol contents were also higher in the LDLR:(-/-)APOB:(100/100) mice. These findings challenge the notion that all non-HDL lipoproteins are equally atherogenic and suggest that at a given cholesterol level, large numbers of small apo-B100-containing lipoproteins are more atherogenic than lower numbers of large apo-B100-containing lipoproteins.
Transport and Hydrolysis of Peptides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)

The transport and hydrolysis of several radioactive di- and tripeptides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. A peptide-transport-deficient mutant isolated on the basis of its resistance to nikkomycin Z lost most of its capacity to take up di- and tripeptides. The transport kinetics of [14C]methionylglycine, [14C]methionylsarcosine and [3H]nikkomycin Z indicated that peptide transport is not dependent on intracellular hydrolysis. Intact cells had some peptidase activity towards methionylsarcosine but not towards nikkomycin Z. The relationship between this activity and peptide transport is discussed.
The Pim Kinases: New Targets for Drug Development (2011)

The three Pim kinases are a small family of serine/threonine kinases regulating several signaling pathways that are fundamental to cancer development and progression. They were first recognized as pro-viral integration sites for the Moloney Murine Leukemia virus. Unlike other kinases, they possess a hinge region which creates a unique binding pocket for ATP. Absence of a regulatory domain means that these proteins are constitutively active once transcribed. Pim kinases are critical downstream effectors of the ABL (ableson), JAK2 (janus kinase 2), and Flt-3 (FMS related tyrosine kinase 1) oncogenes and are required by them to drive tumorigenesis. Recent investigations have established that the Pim kinases function as effective inhibitors of apoptosis and when overexpressed, produce resistance to the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor, rapamycin . Overexpression of the PIM kinases has been reported in several hematological and solid tumors (PIM 1), myeloma, lymphoma, leukemia (PIM 2) and adenocarcinomas (PIM 3). As such, the Pim kinases are a very attractive target for pharmacological inhibition in cancer therapy. Novel small molecule inhibitors of the human Pim kinases have been designed and are currently undergoing preclinical evaluation.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Saframycin A and Evaluation of Antitumor Activity Relative to Ecteinascidin/Saframycin Hybrids (1999)

[formula: see text] A short synthesis of saframycin A is described which begins with a readily available intermediate previously utilized for the total synthesis of ecteinascidin 743. A key step in this synthesis is the use of 1-fluoro-3,5-dichloropyridinium triflate to oxidize a phenolic ring to a 1,4-benzoquinone unit while simultaneously cleaving a methoxymethyl ether of a different phenolic ring to the corresponding phenol (4-->5). The common intermediate (2) for the synthesis of saframycin A (1) and ecteinascidin 743 also allowed the synthesis of two hybrids of these structures (6 and 7). Whole cell bioassays for antitumor activity using lung, colon, melanoma, and prostate-derived tumor cell lines allowed a clear correlation of structure with biological activity in this series.