gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chains and fragments of tetanus toxin (1989)

Tetanus toxin, as obtained from bacterial culture filtrates, consists of two chains. Since their roles in poisoning are unknown, we have made a detailed study of their preparation, reassociation and pharmacological activity. 1. Two-chain tetanus toxin (pI 6.0) was subjected to isoelectric focussing under reducing conditions in 2M urea. Both light (pI 4.8) and heavy (pI 7.2) chains separated as nearly homogeneous proteins of low toxicities. Upon removal of urea and reoxidation, partial homodimerization by formation of disulfide bonds took place in the purified fractions. The toxin was reconstituted nearly quantitatively by covalent heterodimerization of the complementary chains, as shown by SDS/gel electrophoresis, toxicity studies, inhibition of evoked [3H]noradrenaline release and binding to rat brain membranes. 2. Accordingly, fragment B (pI 5.6) resulting from papain hydrolysis, was separated into a light chain and the N-terminal moiety of the heavy chain, called fragment beta 2 (pI 7.1 and 6.8, two maxima). Removal of urea and reoxidation led to reconstitution of fragment B. Covalent linkage did not occur between the two parts of the heavy chain, or between the light chain and the C-terminal part of the heavy chain. 3. The heavy chain alone inhibited K+-evoked [3H]noradrenaline release from a rat brain homogenate. However, the concentration-response ratio was flat and 10-100-fold higher concentrations were required than with native or reconstituted two-chain toxin. The light chain was inactive. Purified heavy chain but not light chain decreased the [3H]noradrenaline content, whereas the two-chain toxin increased it. Binding to rat brain membranes was assessed by competition with 125I-labelled two-chain toxin. In hypotonic buffer, the heavy chain, the papain fragment C and native and reconstituted two-chain toxin had comparable affinities to membranes. In isotonic buffer the heavy chain displayed an about 1000-fold lower affinity than native or reconstituted two-chain toxin. The light chain did not bind to membranes in either test. Our data indicate that (a) the light chain and the N-terminal part of the heavy chain are held together not only by one disulfide bond but also by hydrogen bonds and ionic forces to yield a two-chain toxin or fragment B and (b) both chains contribute to the actions of the toxin in vivo and in vitro, and to its binding.
Sulfonylurea Drugs Do Not Influence Initial Stroke Severity and In-Hospital Outcome in Stroke Patients With Diabetes (2001)

In the present hospital-based study, sulfonylurea drugs in patients with diabetes and stroke are not associated with increased stroke severity, mortality, or a worse in-hospital outcome.
In VitroVirucidal Effects ofAllium sativum(Garlic) Extract and Compounds (1992)

Garlic (Allium sativum) has been shown to have antiviral activity, but the compounds responsible have not been identified. Using direct pre-infection incubation assays, we determined the in vitro virucidal effects of fresh garlic extract, its polar fraction, and the following garlic associated compounds: diallyl thiosulfinate (allicin), allyl methyl thiosulfinate, methyl allyl thiosulfinate, ajoene, alliin, deoxyalliin, diallyl disulfide, and diallyl trisulfide. Activity was determined against selected viruses including, herpes simplex virus type 1, herpes simplex virus type 2, parainfluenza virus type 3, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and human rhinovirus type 2. The order for virucidal activity generally was: ajoene > allicin > allyl methyl thiosulfinate > methyl allyl thiosulfinate. Ajoene was found in oil-macerates of garlic but not in fresh garlic extracts. No activity was found for the garlic polar fraction, alliin, deoxyalliin, diallyl disulfide, or diallyl trisulfide. Fresh garlic extract, in which thiosulfinates appeared to be the active components, was virucidal to each virus tested. The predominant thiosulfinate in fresh garlic extract was allicin. Lack of reduction in yields of infectious virus indicated undetectable levels of intracellular antiviral activity for either allicin or fresh garlic extract. Furthermore, concentrations that were virucidal were also toxic to HeLa and Vero cells. Virucidal assay results were not influenced by cytotoxicity since the compounds were diluted below toxic levels prior to assaying for infectious virus. These results indicate that virucidal activity and cytotoxicity may have depended upon the viral envelope and cell membrane, respectively. However, activity against non-enveloped virus may have been due to inhibition of viral adsorption or penetration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Procedure for determining the absorption spectra of mixed photochromic isomers not requiring their separation (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProcedure for determining the absorption spectra of mixed photochromic isomers not requiring their separationJoseph Blanc and Daniel L. RossCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1968, 72, 8, 2817–2824Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1968https://doi.org/10.1021/j100854a022RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views381Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (900 KB) Get e-Alerts
Cholera toxin triggers apoptosis in human lung cancer cell lines. (1997)

Cholera toxin (ChT) inhibits signals generated by multiple growth factors in human lung cancer cells, resulting in cell growth inhibition. We now report that ChT triggers apoptosis as shown by DNA fragmentation and activation of caspases cleaving poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and lamin B. Apoptosis induced by ChT in a small cell lung cancer cell line is not affected by manipulations of intracellular cAMP through preincubation with isobutylmethylxanthine but can be modestly increased through inhibition of protein kinase C with chelerythrine. Thus, apoptosis is actively suppressed in lung cancer cells by a ChT-sensitive-growth regulatory pathway, and these observations may have significant implications in the development of novel strategies for lung cancer treatment.
A47934, a novel glycopeptide-aglycone antibiotic produced by a strain of Streptomyces toyocaensis. Taxonomy and fermentation studies. (1986)

A47934, a novel glycopeptide-aglycone antibiotic, is produced by a strain of Streptomyces toyocaensis, NRRL 15009. A47934 is unique among reported glycopeptides in that it contains a sulfate ester. Like several other glycopeptides, the majority of the A47934 produced remained associated with the producing biomass, from which it could be released into aqueous media by alkalization. Antibiotic biosynthesis was depressed when initial levels of phosphate phosphorus in the medium exceeded the normal level of 35 micrograms/ml. Enrichment of the fermentation medium with tyrosine depressed A47934 yields while enrichment with p-hydroxyphenylglycine or p-hydroxyphenylglyoxylic acid stimulated antibiotic biosynthesis.
Honeyfiles: deceptive files for intrusion detection (2005)

This paper introduces an intrusion-detection device named honeyfiles. Honeyfiles are bait files intended for hackers to access. The files reside on a file server, and the server sends an alarm when a honey file is accessed. For example, a honeyfile named "passwords.txt" would be enticing to most hackers. The file server's end-users create honeyfiles, and the end-users receive the honeyfile's alarms. Honeyfiles can increase a network's internal security without adversely affecting normal operations. The honeyfile system was tested by deploying it on a honeynet, where hackers' use of honeyfiles was observed. The use of honeynets to test a computer security device is also discussed. This form of testing is a useful way of finding the faulty and overlooked assumptions made by the device's developers.
Self-management strategies amongst Australian women with endometriosis: a national online survey (2019)

Self-management was very commonly used by women with endometriosis and form an important part of self-management. Women using cannabis reported the highest self-rated effectiveness. Women with endometriosis have unique needs compared to women with primary dysmenorrhea, and therefore any self-management strategies, especially those that are physical in nature, need to be considered in light of the potential for 'flare ups'.
Sphingolipid Biosynthesis de Novo by Rat Hepatocytes in Culture. (1995)

Sphingolipids are constituents of liver and lipoproteins, but relatively little is known about their synthesis and secretion. Incubation of rat hepatocytes with [14C]- or [3H]serine labeled the long-chain base backbones of mainly ceramide and sphingomyelin. Most of the labeled sphingolipids were associated with the cells; however, 1-5% (the majority of which was ceramide) was released into the medium as part of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Since this is the first report that lipoproteins contain ceramide, lipoproteins were isolated from rat plasma, and the ceramide contents were (per mg of protein): 6.5 nmol for VLDL (d < 1.018), 0.6 nmol for low density lipoproteins (1.018 < d < 1.063), 0.2 nmol for high density lipoproteins (1.063 < d < 1.18), and 0.1 nmol for the albumin fraction; the lipoproteins also contained 0.1-0.4 nmol of free sphingosine/mg of protein. A number of factors affected the secretion of radiolabeled sphingolipids: 1) addition of palmitic acid, but not stearic or oleic acid, enhanced secretion due to an increase in long-chain base synthesis de novo. 2) Choline deficiency caused a 42% reduction in the secretion of radiolabeled sphingomyelin, but this was due to an effect on VLDL secretion rather than a decrease in sphingolipid synthesis. Removal of choline was examined because previous studies (Yao, Z. M., and Vance, D. E. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 2998-3004) have shown that choline deficiencies depress phosphatidylcholine synthesis and lipoprotein secretion. 3) Incubation of the cells with fumonisin B1, a mycotoxin inhibitor of sphinganine (sphingosine) N-acyltransferase, reduced overall sphingolipid synthesis and secretion by 90%, but had no effect on the secretion of apoB, phosphatidylcholine, or cholesterol. All together, these findings demonstrate that rat hepatocytes synthesize ceramide and sphingomyelin de novo and incorporate them into both cellular membranes and secreted VLDL, but normal sphingolipid synthesis is not required for lipoprotein secretion.
Polyamine polymers from pyrrole, formalin, and amines by use of the mannich reaction (1973)

Abstract It was found that pyrrole, one of the active hydrogen compounds, easily condensed with formalin and amine in the presence of acid catalyst to yield a new type of polyamine polymer containing pyrrole nuclei in the main chain of the polymer. This polymerization method was also confirmed to be applicable to the other active hydrogen compounds, such as N ‐methylaniline, acetone, malononitrile, and hydroquinone. The structures of the polymers obtained were determined by infrared NMR and elementary analyses. We named this reaction a Mannich polymerization and the polymers obtained the Mannich base polymer.
We're in it together (2014)

Pumpkin Soup by Helen Cooper provides a useful tool to look at relationships. Hilary White presents activity ideas based on the book and aimed at developing group working and task sharing.
Binding of histone H1 to hcDNA is modulated by redox state of HMGB1. (2015)

&lt;p&gt;(&lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt;) Titration of the H1-hcDNA complex with reduced or oxidized HMGB1. &lt;sup&gt;32&lt;/sup&gt;P-labeled hcDNA (15 pM) was pre-incubated with histone H1 (∼1 nM, lane 2) and titrated with either reduced or oxidized HMGB1 (0.3, 0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 7.2 nM; lanes 3–7 and 9–13, respectively). Lane 8, redHMGB1-hcDNA complex (prepared at 7.2 nM HMGB1) with no H1 added. Lane 15, oxHMGB1-hcDNA complex (prepared at 7.2 nM HMGB1) with no H1 added. Lane 14, oxHMGB1-H1-hcDNA complex from lane 13 treated with 10 mM DTT. L, linear fragment used for the preparation of hcDNA. Asterisk indicates electrophoretic mobility of the ternary complex H1-HMGB1-hcDNA. X1 and X2 denote the specific HMGB1-hcDNA complexes. (&lt;b&gt;B&lt;/b&gt;) Fraction of H1 bound to hcDNA plotted against HMGB1 concentration. Fraction of bound H1 = 100% on axis Y denotes initial amount histone H1 bound to hcDNA before addition of HMGB1. Concentrations of reduced or oxidized HMGB1 proteins are indicated on axis X. Experiments were performed in quadruplicates with two different preparations of hcDNA. redHMGB1, reduced HMGB1; oxHMGB1, oxidized HMGB1.&lt;/p&gt;
Coupling of the Plasmon Resonances of Chemically Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles to Local Order in Thermotropic Liquid Crystals (2007)

We report that surface-induced ordering of liquid crystals in the vicinity of chemically functionalized gold nanoparticles leads to changes in the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles with sizes between 10 and 40 nm were prepared on surfaces and chemically functionalized with organic monolayers that are known to lead to planar and homeotropic orientations of micrometer-thick films of nematic 4-pentyl-4‘cyanobiphenyl (5CB) supported on continuous gold films. By measuring the absorption of light caused by the LSPR of the nanoparticles as a function of surface chemistry of the nanoparticles and temperature, we observed changes in the LSPR caused by surface-induced, localized ordering of the 5CB in the vicinity of the nanoparticles. Comparison of the far-field orientation of the liquid crystal and the LSPR behavior of the nanoparticles provides insights into the nanoscopic origins of the bulk anchoring behaviors of the liquid crystal. These results and others presented in this paper indicate that the LSPR properties of nanoparticles can be exploited to investigate how the chemical functionality of nanoparticles changes the local ordering of liquid crystals.
Multicentre, randomized, open‐label study of on‐demand treatment with two prophylaxis regimens of recombinant coagulation factor IX in haemophilia B subjects (2014)

Few randomized studies have reported on the use of factor IX (FIX) for secondary prophylaxis in haemophilia B patients. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two secondary prophylaxis regimens of recombinant coagulation FIX, nonacog alfa, compared with on-demand therapy. Male subjects aged 6-65 years with severe or moderately severe haemophilia B (FIX:C ≤ 2, n = 50) and ≥12 bleeding episodes (including ≥6 haemarthroses episodes) within 12 months of study participation were enrolled in this multicentre, randomized, open-label, four-period crossover trial. The primary measure was the annualized bleeding rate (ABR) of two prophylactic regimens vs. on-demand therapy. In the intent-to-treat group, mean ABR values were 35.1, 2.6 and 4.6 for the first on-demand period, the 50 IU kg(-1) twice-weekly period, and the 100 IU kg(-1) once-weekly period respectively. Differences in ABR between the first on-demand period and both prophylaxis regimens were significant (P < 0.0001); no significant differences were observed between prophylaxis regimens (P = 0.22). Seven serious adverse events occurred in five subjects, none related to study drug. Results demonstrated that secondary prophylaxis therapy with nonacog alfa 50 IU kg(-1) twice weekly or 100 IU kg(-1) once weekly reduced ABR by 89.4% relative to on-demand treatment. Both prophylaxis regimens demonstrated favourable safety profiles in subjects with haemophilia B.
Isolation of a cDNA corresponding to a developmentally regulated transcript in rat intestine. (1988)

We report the isolation of a cDNA clone corresponding to a transcript that is accumulated differentially in rat intestine during development. Clone OCI-5 was selected from the rat intestinal cell line IEC-18, which represents primitive intestinal epithelial crypt cells. Expression was high in rat fetal intestine between 15 and 19 days of development and thereafter was progressively down regulated, becoming undetectable after weaning. Clone OCI-5 detected homologous sequences in human and murine cells. In particular, a high level of expression was detected in CaCo-2, a human colon carcinoma cell line, which is known to express molecules characteristic of fetal small intestinal cells. Expression of a homologous gene was also detected in F9 murine teratocarcinoma cells when they were induced to differentiate into parietal or visceral endodermlike cells. When IEC-18 cells were transformed by activated H-ras or v-src genes, expression of clone OCI-5 was suppressed; the degree of down-regulation correlated with the extent of morphological change induced in the transformed IEC-18 cells. The sequence of clone OCI-5 showed an open reading frame that was capable of encoding a protein of 597 amino acids, but no strong homology was found with any of the proteins registered in the protein sequence data base.
Late intervention with the small molecule BB3 mitigates postischemic kidney injury (2016)

Ischemia-reperfusion-mediated acute kidney injury can necessitate renal replacement therapy and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We have identified BB3, a small molecule, which when first administered at 24 h after renal ischemia in rats, improved survival, augmented urine output, and reduced the increase in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Compared with control kidneys, the kidneys of BB3-treated animals exhibited reduced levels of kidney injury molecule-1, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and reduced tubular apoptosis and acute tubular necrosis but enhanced tubular regeneration. Consistent with its hepatocyte growth factor-like mode of action, BB3 treatment promoted phosphorylation of renal cMet and Akt and upregulated renal expression of the survival protein Bcl-2. These data suggest that the kidney is amenable to pharmacotherapy even 24 h after ischemia-reperfusion and that activation of the hepatocyte growth factor signaling pathway with the small molecule BB3 confers interventional benefits late into ischemia-reperfusion injury. These data formed, in part, the basis for the use of BB3 in a clinical trial in kidney recipients presenting with delayed graft function.
Celastraceae Sesquiterpenes as a New Class of Modulators That Bind Specifically to Human P-Glycoprotein and Reverse Cellular Multidrug Resistance (2004)

Overexpression of ABCB1 (MDR1) P-glycoprotein, a multidrug efflux pump, is one mechanism by which tumor cells may develop multidrug resistance (MDR), preventing the successful chemotherapeutic treatment of cancer. Sesquiterpenes from Celastraceae family are natural compounds shown previously to reverse MDR in several human cancer cell lines and Leishmania strains. However, their molecular mechanism of reversion has not been characterized. In the present work, we have studied the ability of 28 dihydro-beta-agarofuran sesquiterpenes to reverse the P-glycoprotein-dependent MDR phenotype and elucidated their molecular mechanism of action. Cytotoxicity assays using human MDR1-transfected NIH-3T3 cells allowed us to select the most potent sesquiterpenes reversing the in vitro resistance to daunomycin and vinblastine. Flow cytometry experiments showed that the above active compounds specifically inhibited drug transport activity of P-glycoprotein in a saturable, concentration-dependent manner (K(i) down to 0.24 +/- 0.01 micromol/L) but not that of ABCC1 (multidrug resistance protein 1; MRP1), ABCC2 (MRP2), and ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein; BCRP) transporters. Moreover, sesquiterpenes inhibited at submicromolar concentrations the P-glycoprotein-mediated transport of [(3)H]colchicine and tetramethylrosamine in plasma membrane from CH(R)B30 cells and P-glycoprotein-enriched proteoliposomes, supporting that P-glycoprotein is their molecular target. Photoaffinity labeling in plasma membrane and fluorescence spectroscopy experiments with purified protein suggested that sesquiterpenes interact with transmembrane domains of P-glycoprotein. Finally, sesquiterpenes modulated P-glycoprotein ATPase-activity in a biphasic, concentration-dependent manner: they stimulated at very low concentrations but inhibited ATPase activity as noncompetitive inhibitors at higher concentrations. Sesquiterpenes from Celastraceae are promising P-glycoprotein modulators with potential applications in cancer chemotherapy because of their MDR reversal potency and specificity for P-glycoprotein.
Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of a Feather-Degrading Bacterium (1990)

A feather-degrading culture was enriched with isolates from a poultry waste digestor and adapted to grow with feathers as its primary source of carbon, sulfur, and energy. Subsequently, a feather-hydrolytic, endospore-forming, motile, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from the feather-degrading culture. The organism was Gram stain variable and catalase positive and demonstrated facultative growth at thermophilic temperatures. The optimum rate of growth in nutrient broth occurred at 45 to 50 degrees C and at pH 7.5. Electron microscopy of the isolate showed internal crystals. The microorganism was identified as Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1. Growth on hammer-milled-feather medium of various substrate concentrations was determined by plate colony count. Maximum growth (approximately 10 cells per ml) at 50 degrees C occurred 5 days postinoculation on 1% feather substrate. Feather hydrolysis was evidenced as free amino acids produced in the medium. The most efficient conditions for feather fermentation occurred during the incubation of 1 part feathers to 2 parts B. licheniformis PWD-1 culture (10 cells per ml) for 6 days at 50 degrees C. These data indicate a potential biotechnique for degradation and utilization of feather keratin.
A two-tier data dissemination model for large-scale wireless sensor networks (2002)

Sink mobility brings new challenges to large-scale sensor networking. It suggests that information about each mobile sink's location be continuously propagated through the sensor field to keep all sensor nodes updated with the direction of forwarding future data reports. Unfortunately frequent location updates from multiple sinks can lead to both excessive drain of sensors' limited battery power supply and increased collisions in wireless transmissions. In this paper we describe TTDD, a Two-Tier Data Dissemination approach that provides scalable and efficient data delivery to multiple mobile sinks. Each data source in TTDD proactively builds a grid structure which enables mobile sinks to continuously receive data on the move by flooding queries within a local cell only. TTDD's design exploits the fact that sensor nodes are stationary and location-aware to construct and maintain the grid structures with low overhead. We have evaluated TTDD performance through both analysis and extensive simulation experiments. Our results show that TTDD handles multiple mobile sinks efficiently with performance comparable with that of stationary sinks.