gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep multi-scale video prediction beyond mean square error (2015)

Learning to predict future images from a video sequence involves the construction of an internal representation that models the image evolution accurately, and therefore, to some degree, its content and dynamics. This is why pixel-space video prediction may be viewed as a promising avenue for unsupervised feature learning. In addition, while optical flow has been a very studied problem in computer vision for a long time, future frame prediction is rarely approached. Still, many vision applications could benefit from the knowledge of the next frames of videos, that does not require the complexity of tracking every pixel trajectories. In this work, we train a convolutional network to generate future frames given an input sequence. To deal with the inherently blurry predictions obtained from the standard Mean Squared Error (MSE) loss function, we propose three different and complementary feature learning strategies: a multi-scale architecture, an adversarial training method, and an image gradient difference loss function. We compare our predictions to different published results based on recurrent neural networks on the UCF101 dataset
Direct-Detection Single-Sideband Systems: Performance Comparison and Practical Implementation Penalties (2018)

There is a growing research interest towards high-capacity communication systems for inter data-center (~80 km) communications. While coherent systems are a mature and high-performance technology, their cost is still very high compared to simpler direct-detection solutions. Recently, advanced digital signal processing (DSP) techniques, such as Single Side-Band (SSB) transmission and Kramers-Kronig (KK) receivers have been proposed to increase both spectral efficiency and reach of such direct-detection systems. Apart from the DSP techniques, the main drawback of these solutions is the requirement of a strong (i.e. several decibels higher than the signal) carrier added at the transmitter. This solution inevitably decreases the resulting signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) and potentially increase the impact of fiber Kerr non-linearities. In this contribution, will provide further insights on the practical implementation penalties which arise from the addition of such carrier in the framework of single-sideband DMT solutions. In particular, we will focus on the modulator biasing technique to add such carrier.
Techniques for Solving Torque and Drag Problems in Today's Drilling Environment (1998)

Abstract Torque and drag minimisation is becoming increasingly important, due to the need to drill more challenging wells and because of tighter legislations restricting the use of highly lubricating oil based and synthetic based drilling fluids. This review compares different mechanical and chemical methods of torque and drag reduction, with reference to field experiences. Results obtained from a new lubricity rig are discussed. These indicate that a wide range of lubricant types can be effective in water based muds. Therefore, lubricant choice needs to be largely based on cost and availability considerations. The rig is found to be suitable for evaluating solid lubricants such as beads, and these are shown to be effective in silicate based fluids. P. 55
A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled, Twelve‐Week, Dose‐Ranging Study of Decernotinib, an Oral Selective JAK‐3 Inhibitor, as Monotherapy in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis (2014)

Decernotinib was efficacious in improving clinical signs and symptoms of RA at week 12 at dosages of 50-150 mg twice a day. Infections and increases in liver transaminase and lipid levels were noted as potential safety signals.
Performance of an in-vivo, continuous blood-gas monitor with disposable probe. (1987)

A fluorescence-based fiber optic measurement system has been developed for monitoring pH, pCO2, and pO2 through a 20-gauge radial artery catheter without compromising capabilities for monitoring arterial pressure or for blood withdrawal. The measuring probe consists of three optical fibers to which the sensing chemistries are attached, and a thermocouple that measures temperature. The probe is designed to meet in-vivo biocompatibility requirements for a one-time use of up to 72 h. The components that are in contact with the patient's blood are nontoxic, nonhemolytic, nonthrombogenic, and sterilizable. Blood compatibility is enhanced by including covalently bound heparin. The in-vitro accuracy of the system has been tested against commercial blood-gas measurement instruments; comparison with tonometry and blood gas values gave r greater than or equal to 0.98 for all three sensors. The standard error for all sensors was within the College of American Pathologists' accuracy guidelines for measuring blood gas. Instrumental drift was minimal, indicating that system performance characteristics should not be the limiting factor in obtaining clinically useful information for up to 72 h. The response times of the sensors in animal and in-vitro studies were less than 2 min, suitable for monitoring physiological changes in blood gas values.
Benzimidazole and Related Ligands for Cu-Catalyzed Azide−Alkyne Cycloaddition (2007)

Tris(2-benzimidazolylmethyl)amines have been found to be superior accelerating ligands for the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Candidates bearing different benzimidazole N-substituents as well as benzothiazole and pyridyl ligand arms were evaluated by absolute rate measurements under relatively dilute conditions by aliquot quenching kinetics and by relative rate measurements under concentrated conditions by reaction calorimetry. Benzimidazole-based ligands with pendant alkylcarboxylate arms proved to be advantageous in the latter case. The catalyst system was shown to involve more than one active species, providing a complex response to changes in pH and buffer salts and the persistence of high catalytic rate in the presence of high concentrations of coordinating ligands. The water-soluble ligand (BimC4A)3 was found to be especially convenient for the rapid and high-yielding synthesis of several functionalized triazoles with 0.01-0.5 mol % Cu.
Activation of hypoxia-sensing pathways promotes renal ischemic preconditioning following myocardial infarction (2021)

Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and is frequently comorbid with chronic kidney disease. Physiological communication is known to occur between the heart and the kidney. Although primary dysfunction in either organ can induce dysfunction in the other, a clinical entity known as cardiorenal syndrome, mechanistic details are lacking. Here, we used a model of experimental myocardial infarction (MI) to test effects of chronic cardiac ischemia on acute and chronic kidney injury. Surprisingly, chronic cardiac damage protected animals from subsequent acute ischemic renal injury, an effect that was accompanied by evidence of chronic kidney hypoxia. The protection observed post-MI was similar to protection observed in a separate group of healthy animals housed in ambient hypoxic conditions prior to kidney injury, suggesting a common mechanism. There was evidence that chronic cardiac injury activates renal hypoxia-sensing pathways. Increased renal abundance of several glycolytic enzymes following MI suggested that a shift toward glycolysis may confer renal ischemic preconditioning. In contrast, effects on chronic renal injury followed a different pattern, with post-MI animals displaying worsened chronic renal injury and fibrosis. These data show that although chronic cardiac injury following MI protected against acute kidney injury via activation of hypoxia-sensing pathways, it worsened chronic kidney injury. The results further our understanding of cardiorenal signaling mechanisms and have implications for the treatment of heart failure patients with associated renal disease.<b>NEW & NOTEWORTHY</b> Experimental myocardial infarction (MI) protects from subsequent ischemic acute kidney injury but worsens chronic kidney injury. Observed protection from ischemic acute kidney injury after MI was accompanied by chronic kidney hypoxia and increased renal abundance of hypoxia-inducible transcripts. These data support the idea that MI confers protection from renal ischemic injury via chronic renal hypoxia and activation of downstream hypoxia-inducible signaling pathways.
Mitotically active cells that generate neurons and astrocytes are present in multiple regions of the adult mouse hippocampus (2000)

Previous studies of the adult hippocampus of rodents and primates have reported neuro- and gliogenesis restricted to the region of the dentate gyrus. In the present study, by employing a prolonged bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling protocol that attempts to account for cytokinetic changes as an animal ages, we have identified mitotically active cells in multiple regions of the hippocampus, especially in Ammon's horn, of the adult mouse. Immediately following the labeling period, the BrdU-labeled cells did not express known markers for neurons and astrocytes. Subsequent analysis at 3–24 weeks after labeling demonstrated BrdU-labeled neurons and glia in these regions of the hippocampus. Although neuro- and gliogenesis in the adult mammalian hippocampus have been reported previously, these results demonstrate that the phenomenon is not limited to the region of the dentate gyrus, but rather extends into Ammon's horn. Furthermore, it suggests that ongoing cell production, albeit discrete and limited in nature, may be widespread in the adult mammalian central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 424:397–408, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tissue engineering approaches for the construction of a completely autologous tendon substitute (2008)

Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that involves the application of the principles and methods of engineering and life sciences towards i) the fundamental understanding of structure-function relationships in normal and pathological mammalian tissues and ii) the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain or improve tissue function. The goal of tissue engineering is to surpass the limitations of conventional treatments based on organ transplantation and biomaterial implantation. The field of tendon tissue engineering is relatively unexplored due to the difficulty in in vitro preservation of tenocyte phenotype. Only recently has mechanobiology allowed us to gain a better understanding of the fundamental role of in vitro mechanical stimuli in maintaining the phenotype of tendinous tissue. This review analyzes the techniques used so far for in vitro regeneration of tendinous tissue.
High-power cw neodymium-doped fiber laser operating at 92 W with high beam quality (1995)

We report on a 9.2-W cw, two-times diffraction-limited, neodymium-doped fiber laser operating in the 1.06-microm region. For a silica-based double-clad fiber, slope efficiencies of more than 25% are observed for pumping by a diode-laser system operating near 810 nm.
Operationally Simple and Efficient Workup Procedure for TBAF-Mediated Desilylation:  Application to Halichondrin Synthesis (2007)

An operationally simple and efficient workup method for tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF)-mediated t-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) deprotection has been developed. The procedure includes addition of a sulfonic acid resin and calcium carbonate, followed by filtration and evaporation. This method eliminates the tedious aqueous-phase extraction process to remove excess TBAF and materials derived from TBAF, thereby making the protocol highly amenable to multiple TBS deprotections. Its efficiency and usefulness were demonstrated by using the transformation of 1a to 3a in the halichondrin synthesis. [reaction: see text].
<title>Integrated presentation of 3-D data derived from multisensor imagery and anatomical atlases using a parallel processing system</title> (1992)

The MIRIAD project (Medical Image Reconstruction, Interpretation, Analysis, and Display) brings together a multidisciplinary team with the objectives of exploring interactive presentation and model-based interpretation of three-dimensional medical images taken from high and low resolution studies respectively. A digitized atlas of normal anatomy can then be used to provide the personal atlas by which the medical image can be appraised and quantified.
Pediatric hand tumors. A review of 349 cases. (1995)

Ganglion cysts, foreign bodies and vascular malformations are some of the most common causes of a palpable mass in the pediatric hand. There are other rarer tumors, such as digital fibromas, which are unique to the pediatric population. Malignant tumors are exceedingly rare. An awareness of both the common and unusual tumors seen in the pediatric population is essential for the hand surgeon evaluating these patients.
Ion exchange capacity of DEAE microcarriers determined the growth pattern of cells in culture. (1985)

Transformed embryonic avian and mammalian cells, as well as cells from established cell lines grow as a monolayer on DEAE-cellulose based microcarriers (MC): the DE-52 and DE-53 MC. Normal, non-transformed, embryonic avian and mammalian cells do not grow on DE-52 MC (having an exchange capacity of 1 meq/g dry material) but grow well on DE-53 MC (having an exchange capacity of 2 meq/g dry material). On DE-53 MC embryonic non-transformed cells grow in multilayers, while embryonic viral-transformed cells and cells from established cell lines grow in a monolayer form. Possible explanations for the differences in cell growth on various MC and variation in the mode of growth in monolayer vs multilayer are discussed. These differences may serve as a valuable tool for separation and distinction between normal and transformed cells. In addition, the described novel MC culturing system provides a support for tridimensional growth on which cell growth mimics the in vivo growth conditions. Therefore, this system is suitable for the study of cell recognition, cell to cell connection and cell orientation.
DNA Double-Strand Break Repair and Anti-Cancer Therapy (2014)

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are deleterious because they frequently lead togenomic instability, cell death or cancer [1]. However, the formation of DSBs is also a key molecular event underlying the therapeutic effects of many anti-cancer agents. Cells have evolved complex network of DSB sensing and repair systems, collectively referred to as the DNA damage response and repair (DDR) pathway [2]. Manipulation of the DDR pathway has recently emerged as an alternative strategy in cancer therapy [3]. The two major DSB repair mechanisms are the error-prone non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and error-free homologous recombination (HR). NHEJ repairs DSBs by direct ligation of the DSB ends that are either processed or unprocessed [4]. The classical NHEJ pathway requires the actions of several independent protein complexes—the Ku70/Ku80 heterodimer, the DNA-PKcs-Artemis nuclease and the XLF-XRCC4-LIG IV ligase— together with the polymerases λ and μ. NHEJ operates throughout the cell cycle whereas HR is mainly active in the S/G2 phases since it requires a donor template [5]. Besides cell cycle dependent selection, the pathway choice of NHEJ and HR is additionally controlled by the competition between the loading of 53BP1 and BRCA1 onto DSB-containing chromatin [6-9]. Proper DSB repair also requires the activities of DNA damage responsive protein kinases, which facilitate the activation of checkpoints to ensure cell cycle delay during DSB repair. The two key kinases are ATM and ATR. ATM, activated by DSBs, phosphorylates CHK2 and transduces the signal to p53 for G1/S checkpoint arrest whereas the ATR kinase is activated by single-strand DNA and phosphorylates CHK1 for G2/M arrest [10,11].
Conductance and exchange coupling of two ferromagnets separated by a tunneling barrier (1989)

A theory is given for three closely related effects involving a nonmagnetic electron-tunneling barrier separating two ferromagnetic conductors. The first is Julliere's magnetic valve effect, in which the tunnel conductance depends on the angle \ensuremath{\theta} between the moments of the two ferromagnets. One finds that discontinuous change of the potential at the electrode-barrier interface diminishes the spin-polarization factor governing this effect and is capable of changing its sign. The second is an effective interfacial exchange coupling -J cos\ensuremath{\theta} between the ferromagnets. One finds that the magnitude and sign of J depend on the height of the barrier and the Stoner splitting in the ferromagnets. The third is a new, irreversible exchange term in the coupled dynamics of the ferromagnets. For one sign of external voltage V, this term describes relaxation of the Landau-Lifshitz type. For the opposite sign of V, it describes a pumping action which can cause spontaneous growth of magnetic oscillations. All of these effects were investigated consistently by analyzing the transmission of charge and spin currents flowing through a rectangular barrier separating free-electron metals. In application to Fe-C-Fe junctions, the theory predicts that the valve effect is weak and that the coupling is antiferromagnetic (J&lt;0). Relations connecting the three effects suggest experiments involving small spatial dimensions.
Epidemiology and Management of Infections after Lung Transplantation (2001)

Lung transplantation has become an accepted treatment for end-stage pulmonary parenchymal and vascular diseases. Infections still are the most common cause of early and late morbidity and mortality in lung transplant recipients. Bacterial infections comprise approximately half of all infectious complications. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections and disease have become less frequent, because of prophylaxis with ganciclovir. Because CMV is also involved in the pathogenesis of obliterative bronchiolitis, the frequency of this infection may also reduce the occurrence of this main obstacle to successful lung transplantation. Invasive fungal infections remain a problem, but they have also decreased in frequency because of better control of risk factors such as CMV disease and preemptive antifungal therapy. Nonherpes respiratory viral infections have emerged as a serious problem. Their severity may be reduced by treatment with ribavirin. Meticulous postoperative surveillance, however, is still crucial for the management of lung transplant patients with respect to early detection and treatment of rejection and infection.
Chronic Stress Exacerbates Tau Pathology, Neurodegeneration, and Cognitive Performance through a Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptor-Dependent Mechanism in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Tauopathy (2011)

Because overactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis occurs in Alzheimer's disease (AD), dysregulation of stress neuromediators may play a mechanistic role in the pathophysiology of AD. However, the effects of stress on tau phosphorylation are poorly understood, and the relationship between corticosterone and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on both β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau pathology remain unclear. Therefore, we first established a model of chronic stress, which exacerbates Aβ accumulation in Tg2576 mice and then extended this stress paradigm to a tau transgenic mouse model with the P301S mutation (PS19) that displays tau hyperphosphorylation, insoluble tau inclusions and neurodegeneration. We show for the first time that both Tg2576 and PS19 mice demonstrate a heightened HPA stress profile in the unstressed state. In Tg2576 mice, 1 month of restraint/isolation (RI) stress increased Aβ levels, suppressed microglial activation, and worsened spatial and fear memory compared with nonstressed mice. In PS19 mice, RI stress promoted tau hyperphosphorylation, insoluble tau aggregation, neurodegeneration, and fear-memory impairments. These effects were not mimicked by chronic corticosterone administration but were prevented by pre-stress administration of a CRF receptor type 1 (CRF(1)) antagonist. The role for a CRF(1)-dependent mechanism was further supported by the finding that mice overexpressing CRF had increased hyperphosphorylated tau compared with wild-type littermates. Together, these results implicate HPA dysregulation in AD neuropathogenesis and suggest that prolonged stress may increase Aβ and tau hyperphosphorylation. These studies also implicate CRF in AD pathophysiology and suggest that pharmacological manipulation of this neuropeptide may be a potential therapeutic strategy for AD.
[Prospects for molecular research in urological oncology: bladder cancer]. (2001)

This report consists of a description of our research findings relating to the mechanism of cancer metastasis and target molecules for early diagnosis or cancer therapy. First, we investigated the significance of metastasis-related genes expressed to various extents in three human bladder cancer cell lines using two in vivo models. The relationship between the gene expression pattern and the behavior of cancer cells implicated a loss of E-cadherin expression as a critical factor in facilitating the progression of bladder cancer. Second, we examined the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA in voided urine samples in patients with bladder cancer. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed a higher positive rate as compared with cytological examination, suggesting that the expression of hTERT in urine samples may be a useful diagnostic marker for bladder cancer. Finally, we searched for a molecule to which antisense can be applied as a treatment modality. The 150 kDa oxygen regulated protein (ORP 150), a kind of heat shock proteins, functions as a molecular chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum. We demonstrated that the adenoviral-mediated antisense ORP150 cDNA transfer resulted in the suppression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and tumor growth in vivo. In addition, the significant correlation between ORP150 and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) expression was observed in bladder cancer, suggesting that ORP150 functions as a molecular chaperon to MMP-2 secretion for tumor invasion. Anti-sense ORP150 may therefore have a potentially stronger antitumor effect because of its multitargeting capability as a molecular chaperone.
Bacteria and wound healing (2004)

An appreciation of the factors affecting the progression from colonization to infection can help clinicians with the interpretation of clinical findings and microbiological investigations in patients with chronic wounds. An understanding of the physiology and interactions within multi-species biofilms may aid the development of more effective methods of treating infected and poorly healing wounds. The emergence of consensus guidelines has helped to optimize clinical management.