gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review of the secondary injury theory of acute spinal cord trauma with emphasis on vascular mechanisms (1991)

In patients with spinal cord injury, the primary or mechanical trauma seldom causes total transection, even though the functional loss may be complete. In addition, biochemical and pathological changes in the cord may worsen after injury. To explain these phenomena, the concept of the secondary injury has evolved for which numerous pathophysiological mechanisms have been postulated. This paper reviews the concept of secondary injury with special emphasis on vascular mechanisms. Evidence is presented to support the theory of secondary injury and the hypothesis that a key mechanism is posttraumatic ischemia with resultant infarction of the spinal cord. Evidence for the role of vascular mechanisms has been obtained from a variety of models of acute spinal cord injury in several species. Many different angiographic methods have been used for assessing microcirculation of the cord and for measuring spinal cord blood flow after trauma. With these techniques, the major systemic and local vascular effects of acute spinal cord injury have been identified and implicated in the etiology of secondary injury. The systemic effects of acute spinal cord injury include hypotension and reduced cardiac output. The local effects include loss of autoregulation in the injured segment of the spinal cord and a marked reduction of the microcirculation in both gray and white matter, especially in hemorrhagic regions and in adjacent zones. The microcirculatory loss extends for a considerable distance proximal and distal to the site of injury. Many studies have shown a dose-dependent reduction of spinal cord blood flow varying with the severity of injury, and a reduction of spinal cord blood flow which worsens with time after injury. The functional deficits due to acute spinal cord injury have been measured electrophysiologically with techniques such as motor and somatosensory evoked potentials and have been found proportional to the degree of posttraumatic ischemia. The histological effects include early hemorrhagic necrosis leading to major infarction at the injury site. These posttraumatic vascular effects can be treated. Systemic normotension can be restored with volume expansion or vasopressors, and spinal cord blood flow can be improved with dopamine, steroids, nimodipine, or volume expansion. The combination of nimodipine and volume expansion improves posttraumatic spinal cord blood flow and spinal cord function measured by evoked potentials. These results provide strong evidence that posttraumatic ischemia is an important secondary mechanism of injury, and that it can be counteracted.
Nucleotide sequence of human liver carbonic anhydrase II cDNA (1987)

Journal Article Nucleotide sequence of human liver carbonic anhydrase II cDNA Get access Jeffry C. Montgomery, Jeffry C. Montgomery Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Patrick J. Venta, Patrick J. Venta Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Richard E. Tashian, Richard E. Tashian Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar David Hewett-Emmett David Hewett-Emmett 1Genetics Centers, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science CenterPO Box 20334, Houston, TX 77225, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 15, Issue 11, 11 June 1987, Page 4687, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/15.11.4687 Published: 11 June 1987 Article history Received: 13 May 1987 Published: 11 June 1987
A novel papr reduction scheme for OFDM systems: selective mapping of partial tones (SMOPT) (2006)

A novel scheme called the selective mapping of partial tones (SMOPT) is addressed for the reduction of the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The SMOPT first produces a set of modified OFDM symbols with reduced PAPRs by adding a set of mapping symbols designed on peak reduction tones (PRT) to the original OFDM symbol. The SMOPT then selects the symbol with the lowest PAPR for transmission among the modified OFDM symbols. When simulated under the IEEE 802.11a wireless local area network and ETSl EN 300 401 digital audio broadcasting physical layer models, the SMOPT is observed to have lower sensitivity to PRT positions, lower complexity, and more design flexibility than the tone reservation scheme.
Polymers in Aqueous Media (1989)

Gels are swollen networks possessing both the cohesive properties of solids and the diffusive transport properties of liquids. Elastically, they tend to be soft, and osmotically they are highly reactive. Gels based on water incorporate water's unique properties, in particular, the facility for ionization that an aqueous environment conveys. All biological systems are water-based, and most are ionized aqueous gels. If some of the bonds holding the gel network together can "make-and-break", the gel is called reversible. If the bonds do not dissociate, the gel is called permanent. A permanent gel tends to carry the history of its formation in its structure; it is best described as a cross-linked system of clusters. The clusters of a particular gel show the same basic organization and size, which can vary extensively from system to system. Clusters range from small, starlike molecules to large heavily cross-linked, fairly concentrated microgel cores. Reversible gels are also formed between clusters. The clusters, however, must be copolymers. One type of monomer in the copolymeric cluster renders it soluble, the other confers sufficiently long-lived cross-links.
Purification and characterization of goat lysosomal beta-mannosidase using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. (1992)

Goat beta-mannosidase was purified 120,000-fold in 26% yield from kidney using concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography followed by immunoaffinity and cation-exchange chromatography. When analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and visualized by Coomassie Blue staining, the purified enzyme preparation consists of 90- and 100-kDa peptides. Both these peptides react with anti-beta-mannosidase monoclonal antibodies and produce similar electrophoretic peptide patterns when subjected to limited proteolysis. Deglycosylation reduces the size of the 90- and 100-kDa peptides to 86 and 91 kDa, respectively. Goat kidney tissues lacking beta-mannosidase activity, acquired from animals affected with beta-mannosidosis, do not contain detectable quantities of the 90- and 100-kDa peptides as judged by monoclonal antibody reactivity. We postulate that the 90- and 100-kDa peptides represent two related forms of beta-mannosidase.
Mechanisms of action on Escherichia coli of cecropin P1 and PR-39, two antibacterial peptides from pig intestine (1993)

Cecropin P1 and PR-39 are two antibacterial peptides isolated from the upper part of the small intestine of the pig. They have been sequenced, and their antibacterial spectra have been investigated (J.-Y. Lee, A. Boman, C. Sun, M. Andersson, H. Jörnvall, V. Mutt, and H. G. Boman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:9159-9162, 1989; B. Agerberth, J.-Y. Lee, T. Bergman, M. Carlquist, H. G. Boman, V. Mutt, and H. Jörnvall, Eur. J. Biochem. 202:849-854, 1991). We have now compared these two peptides for their mechanism of action on Escherichia coli K-12 by using three strains with different markers. Our results show that cecropin P1, like other cecropins, kills bacteria by lysis and that this reaction requires more peptide to kill more cells. PR-39 requires a lag period of about 8 min to penetrate the outer membrane of wild-type E. coli; then killing is quite fast. This lag period was absent in the envA1 mutant; in this strain the outer membrane was freely permeable to both peptides. PR-39 killed growing bacteria faster than nongrowing cells; for cecropin P1 there was no such difference. It is suggested from isotope incorporation experiments that PR-39 kills bacteria by a mechanism that stops protein and DNA synthesis and results in degradation of these components.
Introduction to Genetics: A Molecular Approach (2012)

Genetics today is inexorably focused on DNA. The theme of Introduction to Genetics: A Molecular Approach is therefore the progression from molecules (DNA and genes) to processes (gene expression and DNA replication) to systems (cells, organisms and populations). This progression reflects both the basic logic of life and the way in which modern biol
Structure and Function of Oversulfated Chondroitin Sulfate Variants. Unique Sulfation Patterns and Neuroregulatory Activities. (2000)

多硫酸化コンドロイチン硫酸 (CS) にはCS-D、CS-E、CS-HおよびCS-Kがあり、いずれもジ硫酸化あるいはトリ硫酸化二糖単位を構成単位として含むという特徴があり、もともとサメ軟骨、イカ軟骨、ヌタウナギ脊索、カブトガニ軟骨といった下等な海産生物の組織にそれぞれ見い出された。我々や他の研究室の研究は多硫酸化コンドロイチン硫酸の構造が脳を含む哺乳動物の組織にも存在することを示している。我々は A. Faissner との共同研究によって、サメ軟骨CS-Dとイカ軟骨CS-Eがラット胎児の海馬ニューロンの突起伸長促進活性を示すことを見い出した。我々はまた、ラット胎児の大脳皮質由来の神経細胞の、ヘパリン結合性増殖因子ミッドカインを介した基質への接着が、ヘパリンだけでなくイカ軟骨CS-Eによっても特異的に阻害されることを示した。さらに、我々は、CS-Eとミッドカインが直接分子間相互作用することも見い出した。最近の他の研究室の研究結果は、ミッドカインとユニークな遺伝子ファミリーを形成しているプライオトロフィンにも多硫酸化コンドロイチン硫酸が結合することを示している。そのような興味深い活性を有した多硫酸化コンドロイチン硫酸からオリゴ糖を系統的に単離し、構造解析した結果、特徴的な様々な硫酸化パターンが明らかになった。これらのオリゴ糖に見い出された非常に多様性に富んだ硫酸化パターンとCS鎖のヘパリン結合性増殖因子との特異的な分子間相互作用は、高等動物にも類似の構造が存在しており、対応する種々のタンパク質との分子間相互作用を介して、神経細胞の接着、移動、突起伸長をはじめとする種々の生物学的現象の調節に関わっていることを示唆している。
Unobtrusive Sleep Monitoring using Smartphones (2013)

How we feel is greatly influenced by how well we sleep. Emerging quantified-self apps and wearable devices allow people to measure and keep track of sleep duration, patterns and quality. However, these approaches are intrusive, placing a burden on the users to modify their daily sleep related habits
Barley MLO Modulates Actin-Dependent and Actin-Independent Antifungal Defense Pathways at the Cell Periphery (2007)

Cell polarization is a crucial process during plant development, as well as in plant-microbe interactions, and is frequently associated with extensive cytoskeletal rearrangements. In interactions of plants with inappropriate fungal pathogens (so-called non-host interactions), the actin cytoskeleton is thought to contribute to the establishment of effective barriers at the cell periphery against fungal ingress. Here, we impeded actin cytoskeleton function in various types of disease resistance using pharmacological inhibitors and genetic interference via ectopic expression of an actin-depolymerizing factor-encoding gene, ADF. We demonstrate that barley (Hordeum vulgare) epidermal cells require actin cytoskeleton function for basal defense to the appropriate powdery mildew pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei and for mlo-mediated resistance at the cell wall, but not for several tested race-specific immune responses. Analysis of non-host resistance to two tested inappropriate powdery mildews, Erysiphe pisi and B. graminis f. sp. tritici, revealed the existence of actin-dependent and actin-independent resistance pathways acting at the cell periphery. These pathways act synergistically and appear to be under negative control by the plasma membrane-resident MLO protein.
Analysis of red cell and platelet morphology using an imaging-combined flow cytometer (2003)

Laser-based flow cytometry and aperture-impedance methods are still the dominant technologies used for cell analysis in haematology, but both are limited to areas such as morphological analysis of red cell shape and high-sensitivity detection of platelet agglutinates and aggregates. Flow cytometry alone does not provide precise measurement of red cell volume without chemical pretreatment before detection and aperture-impedance is still considered the gold standard in the field of particle volume analysis. In the present study, an experimental prototype instrument called the imaging-combined flow cytometer (IFC) was evaluated. The IFC is equipped with an imaging device consisting of a pulse laser, lens units and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera in addition to the flow-cytometric optical set-up. A personal computer was attached to the instrument to handle images derived from the imaging device. Laser illumination was triggered so that the image of an object was captured for each exposure of the CCD camera. Objects in the images were used to calculate size and shape information and to compute fractal texture features by image processing after each measurement. The advantage of the IFC is that it can capture images of selected cells of interest at the same time as flow-cytometric detection. Estimation of red cell volume, discrimination of red cells and platelets, and detection of platelet agglutinates and aggregates were attempted using the IFC in combination with image processing, It was found that image analysis on the IFC could provide a substitutional function for mean corpuscular volume (MCV) estimation and detection of platelet agglutinates and aggregates. The additional information generated by the IFC may be useful in diagnostic haematology.
THE HUMAN CYP3A SUBFAMILY: PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS* (2000)

The CYP3A subfamily of cytochromes P450 (CYP) in humans is composed of CYP3A4, 3A5, and 3A7. The CYP3A forms are involved in the metabolism of an amazingly large number of structurally diverse xeno...
MOSFET current drive optimization using silicon nitride capping layer for 65-nm technology node (2004)

NMOSFET strain engineering using highly tensile silicon nitride capping layer was studied by way of extensive numerical simulations and device experiments. At 45nm gate length and 1V supply voltage fabricated NMOSFET delivers 1.00mA/ /spl mu/m drive current for off-state current of 40nA/ /spl mu/m and physical gate oxide thickness of 1.25nm(TEM). These data demonstrate the best up to date NMOSFET current drivability. Next, using extensive process simulations to analyze fabricated devices we developed optimization guidelines for NMOSFET strain engineering enabling us further improvement of device current drivability with reducing the gate length.
Mechanisms of mono- and poly-ubiquitination: Ubiquitination specificity depends on compatibility between the E2 catalytic core and amino acid residues proximal to the lysine (2010)

Ubiquitination involves the attachment of ubiquitin to lysine residues on substrate proteins or itself, which can result in protein monoubiquitination or polyubiquitination. Ubiquitin attachment to different lysine residues can generate diverse substrate-ubiquitin structures, targeting proteins to different fates. The mechanisms of lysine selection are not well understood. Ubiquitination by the largest group of E3 ligases, the RING-family E3 s, is catalyzed through co-operation between the non-catalytic ubiquitin-ligase (E3) and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), where the RING E3 binds the substrate and the E2 catalyzes ubiquitin transfer. Previous studies suggest that ubiquitination sites are selected by E3-mediated positioning of the lysine toward the E2 active site. Ultimately, at a catalytic level, ubiquitination of lysine residues within the substrate or ubiquitin occurs by nucleophilic attack of the lysine residue on the thioester bond linking the E2 catalytic cysteine to ubiquitin. One of the best studied RING E3/E2 complexes is the Skp1/Cul1/F box protein complex, SCFCdc4, and its cognate E2, Cdc34, which target the CDK inhibitor Sic1 for K48-linked polyubiquitination, leading to its proteasomal degradation. Our recent studies of this model system demonstrated that residues surrounding Sic1 lysines or lysine 48 in ubiquitin are critical for ubiquitination. This sequence-dependence is linked to evolutionarily conserved key residues in the catalytic region of Cdc34 and can determine if Sic1 is mono- or poly-ubiquitinated. Our studies indicate that amino acid determinants in the Cdc34 catalytic region and their compatibility to those surrounding acceptor lysine residues play important roles in lysine selection. This may represent a general mechanism in directing the mode of ubiquitination in E2 s.
Characterization of human immunodeficiency viruses resistant to oxathiolane-cytosine nucleosides (1993)

The (-) enantiomers of 2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine [(-)-FTC] and 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine [(-)-BCH-189] were recently shown to inhibit selectively human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) and hepatitis B virus in vitro. In the current study, the potential for HIV type 1 (HIV-1) resistance to these compounds was evaluated by serial passage of the virus in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and MT-2 cells in the presence of increasing drug concentrations. Highly drug-resistant HIV-1 variants dominated the replicating virus population after two or more cycles of infection. The resistant variants were cross-resistant to (-)-FTC, (-)-BCH-189, and their (+) congeners but remained susceptible to 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine, 2',3'-dideoxyinosine, phosphonoformate, the TIBO compound R82150, and the bis(heteroaryl)piperazine derivative U-87201E. Reverse transcriptase derived from drug-resistant viral particles was 15- to 50-fold less susceptible to the 5'-triphosphates of FTC and BCH-189 compared with enzyme from parental drug-susceptible virus. DNA sequence analysis of the reverse transcriptase gene amplified from resistant viruses consistently identified mutations at codon 184 from Met (ATG) to Val (GTG or GTA) or Ile (ATA). Sequence analysis of amplified reverse transcriptase from a patient who had received (-)-BCH-189 therapy for 4 months demonstrated a mixture of the Met-184-to-Val (GTG) mutation and the parental genotype, indicating that the Met-184 mutation can occur in vivo.
Antihypertrophic actions of the natriuretic peptides in adult rat cardiomyocytes: importance of cyclic GMP (2003)

ANP prevents hypertrophy of adult rat cardiomyocytes. This protective action is shared by BNP and CNP and involves activation of particulate guanylyl cyclase receptors. Antihypertrophic effects of BNP and CNP are mediated through cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase, but ANP can activate additional pathways independent of cyclic GMP to prevent adult cardiomyocte hypertrophy. These novel findings are of interest particularly since BNP appears to exert antifibrotic rather than antihypertrophic actions in vivo, while CNP is thought to act at least in part via the endothelium.
An introduction to hydrogen bonding (1998)

1. Brief History 2. Nature and Properties 3. Strong Hydrogen Bonds 4. Moderate Hydrogen Bonds 5. Weak Hydrogen Bonds 6. Cooperativity, Patterns, Graph Set Theory, Liquid Crystals 7. Disorder, Proton Transfer, Isotope Effect, Ferroelectrics, Transitions 8. Water, Water Dimers, Ices, Hydrates 9. Inclusion Compounds 10. Hydrogen Bonding in Biological Molecules 11. Methods
Expression of Functional Toll-Like Receptor-2 and -4 on Alveolar Epithelial Cells (2004)

The recognition of potentially harmful microorganisms involves the specific recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and the family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is known to play a central role in this process. TLR-4 is the major recognition receptor for lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of gram-negative bacterial cell walls, whereas TLR-2 responds to bacterial products from gram-positive organisms. Although resident alveolar macrophages are the first line of defense against microbial attack, it is now understood that the alveolar epithelium also plays a pivotal role in the innate immunity of the lung. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether human primary type II alveolar epithelial cells (ATII) express functional TLR-2 and TLR-4 and how they may be regulated by inflammatory mediators. We have used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry to determine basal and inducible expression on ATII. We have used highly purified preparations of the gram-positive bacterial product lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and LPS to look at the functional consequences of TLR-2 and TLR-4 ligation, respectively, in terms of interleukin-8 release. We have shown that human primary ATII cells express mRNA and protein for both TLR-2 and TLR-4, which can be modulated by incubation with LPS and tumor necrosis factor. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that these receptors are functional. This suggests that ATII have the potential to contribute significantly to the host defense of the human alveolus against bacteria.
Programmable voltage multiplier for pacemaker outputpulse generation (1999)

The problems that arise when trying to port pacemaker analogue blocks to submicrometre technology are discussed. A circuit topology is proposed for a programmable voltage multiplier that can handle the relatively high voltages required to stimulate the heart, while still being able to operate from an almost exhausted pacemaker battery.
Detection of equine infectious anemia viral RNA in plasma samples from recently infected and long-term inapparent carrier animals by PCR (1996)

Control of equine infectious anemia (EIA) is currently based on detection of anti-EIA virus (EIAV) antibodies. However, serologic diagnostic methods may give false-negative results in infected horses that fail to respond adequately or are in the early stages of infection. We developed a reverse transcriptase nested PCR (RT-nPCR) assay for the detection of viral gag gene sequences in plasma from EIAV-infected horses. The ability of RT-nPCR to detect field strains of EIAV was investigated by assaying plasma samples from 71 horses stabled on EIA quarantine ranches. Positive PCR signals were detected in 63 of 63 horses with EIAV antibody test-positive histories on approved serologic tests, demonstrating that RT-nPCR was probably directed against highly conserved sequences in the viral genome. The RT-nPCR assay, agar gel immunodiffusion test, and conventional virus isolation were compared for detection of early infection in 12 experimentally infected ponies. Viral gag sequences were detected in all 12 animals by 3 days postinfection (p.i.) by RT-nPCR, whereas virus could not be routinely isolated on cell culture until 9 to 13 days p.i. and EIAV antibodies could not be detected by agar gel immunodiffusion until 20 to 23 days p.i. Finally, specificity of the RT-nPCR assay was examined by testing plasma from 43 horses with serologic test-negative histories and no known contact with EIAV-infected animals. Viral gag sequences were not detectable in this control group. These data suggest that the EIAV RT-nPCR assay effectively detects EIAV and is more sensitive than current standard methods for detection of early stages of infection.
A strategy for high-volume sequencing of cosmid DNAs: random and directed priming with a library of oligonucleotides. (1989)

Direct sequencing of cosmid DNAs using a library of oligonucleotide primers of length 8, 9, or 10 is proposed. The statistics of priming indicate that a primer library sufficient for determining the sequence of the entire human genome (100,000 cosmids) would be small enough to be assembled and managed. Such a library would greatly reduce the cost and effort of high-volume sequencing: primers would be instantly available; the sequence of each cosmid DNA could be determined from a single DNA preparation without the necessity for mapping or subcloning; and, because each primer would be used repeatedly, the cost of primers would become a negligible fraction of other costs. A combination of random and directed priming could determine the sequence of a cosmid DNA in 1.2-1.5 times the minimum number of sequencing reactions required, and completely directed priming would be even more efficient. The success of this strategy requires that a considerable fraction of octamers, nonamers, or decamers be able to prime selectively in double-stranded DNAs 45,000 base pairs (bp) long; initial results indicate that this is likely to be the case. The strategy is not limited to cloned DNAs and would be useful for rapid identification and direct sequencing of viral nucleic acids.