gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrostatic Contribution in the Catalysis of O2·_Dismutation by Superoxide Dismutase Mimics (2003)

The Mn(III) meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin (Mn(III)TE-2-PyP(5+)) is a potent superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimic in vitro and was beneficial in rodent models of oxidative stress pathologies. Its high activity has been ascribed to both the favorable redox potential of its metal center and to the electrostatic facilitation assured by the four positive charges encircling the metal center. Its comparison with the non-alkylated, singly charged analogue Mn(III) beta-octabromo meso-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)porphyrin (Mn(III)Br(8)T-2-PyP(+)) enabled us to evaluate the electrostatic contribution to the catalysis of O(2)() dismutation. Both compounds exhibit nearly identical metal-centered redox potential for Mn(III)/Mn(II) redox couple: +228 mV for Mn(III)TE-2-PyP(5+) and +219 mV versus NHE for Mn(III)Br(8)T-2-PyP(+). The eight electron-withdrawing beta pyrrolic bromines contribute equally to the redox properties of the parent Mn(III)T-2-PyP(+) as do four quaternized cationic meso ortho pyridyl nitrogens. However, the SOD-like activity of the highly charged Mn(III)TE-2-PyP(5+) is >100-fold higher (log k(cat) = 7.76) than that of the singly charged Mn(III)Br(8)T-2-PyP(+) (log k(cat) = 5.63). The kinetic salt effect showed that the catalytic rate constants of the Mn(III)TE-2-PyP(5+) and of its methyl analogue, Mn(III)TM-2-PyP(5+), are exactly 5-fold more sensitive to ionic strength than is the k(cat) of Mn(III)Br(8)T-2-PyP(+), which parallels the charge ratio of these compounds. Interestingly, only a small effect of ionic strength on the rate constant was found in the case of penta-charged para (Mn(III)TM-4-PyP(5+)) and meta isomers (Mn(III)TM-3-PyP(5+)), indicating that the placement of the positive charges in the close proximity of the metal center (ortho position) is essential for the electrostatic facilitation of O(2)() dismutation.
Studies on Heterocyclic Compounds. VI. : 2-(Carbomethoxy-2-furyl)vinyl Benzenes and Their Ultraviolet Spectra (1968)

2-[(5-Methoxycarbonyl-2-furyl)vinyl]benzenes were synthesized by the Wittig reaction of 5-methoxycarbonyl-2-furfuryl triphenyl phosphonium chloride and various benzaldehydes or ketones. In the synthesis of 2-[(5-methoxycarbonyl-2-furyl)-1-(5-nitro-2-furyl)vinyl]benzene, two sudstances of mp 146-147° and of mp 155-157°, assumed to be stereoisomers, were obtained. These substances formed the corresponding stereoisomers during the process of hydrolysis, chlorination with thionyl chloride, and amination. The determination of cis or trans forms of these isomers was made through ultraviolet absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.
Stimulation of Colonic Secretion by Lipoxygenase Metabolites of Arachidonic Acid (1982)

Both 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE) and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) increased the short-circuit current (Isc) in rabbit colonic mucosa mounted in vitro in Ussing chambers. Measurements of chlorine-36 fluxes indicated that the Isc response to 5-HPETE is due to stimulation of active chlorine secretion. 9-, 11-, and 12-HPETE's and leukotrienes C4 and B4 produced either very small increases in Isc or no increase. In contrast to results in rabbit colon, no HPETE, HETE, or leukotriene was effective in rabbit ileal mucosa. The effects of 5-HPETE in the rabbit colon were unaffected by mepacrine, but could be partially blocked by indomethacin. These results suggest that drugs which block both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase may be effective antidiarrheals in patients with colitis.
M13 Bacteriophage Display Framework That Allows Sortase-Mediated Modification of Surface-Accessible Phage Proteins (2012)

We exploit bacterial sortases to attach a variety of moieties to the capsid proteins of M13 bacteriophage. We show that pIII, pIX, and pVIII can be functionalized with entities ranging from small molecules (e.g., fluorophores, biotin) to correctly folded proteins (e.g., GFP, antibodies, streptavidin) in a site-specific manner, and with yields that surpass those of any reported using phage display technology. A case in point is modification of pVIII. While a phage vector limits the size of the insert into pVIII to a few amino acids, a phagemid system limits the number of copies actually displayed at the surface of M13. Using sortase-based reactions, a 100-fold increase in the efficiency of display of GFP onto pVIII is achieved. Taking advantage of orthogonal sortases, we can simultaneously target two distinct capsid proteins in the same phage particle and maintain excellent specificity of labeling. As demonstrated in this work, this is a simple and effective method for creating a variety of structures, thus expanding the use of M13 for materials science applications and as a biological tool.
Medium‐term experience of sacral neuromodulation by tined lead implantation (2006)

This new minimally invasive approach gives positive results in the medium term. Two-stage testing with the tined lead seems more reliable than the classic percutaneous nerve evaluation. The lead anchoring method seems sufficient for fixing the electrode in the medium term.
Enhancing Transparency of a Position-Exchange Teleoperator (2007)

Dynamic properties of robotic manipulators, including inertia, damping, and friction, limit the transparency of a haptic-feedback teleoperator. In this paper, we develop a position-exchange controller to provide haptic-feedback for a surgical teleoperator. The controller consists of proportional controllers and model-based feedforward terms that cancel the dynamic properties of the manipulators. We show that the teleoperator transmits the impedance of a soft environment to the operator when the gains of the proportional controllers are very high and dynamic terms of the manipulators are canceled. However, the high gains and complete cancellation of the dynamic terms of the manipulators can make the teleoperator unstable. We use IlewellynJs criteria for absolute stability to limit the controller parameters to values that keep the teleoperator stable during interactions with any passive user and environment. Experimental results using a custom version of the da Vinci Surgical System show that 70% of the inertia of the slave manipulators during low-frequency motion and almost all static friction of the manipulators during sliding motion can be canceled
Postgastric satiety in the sham-feeding rat (1983)

A sham-feeding model using rats fitted with gastric and duodenal cannulas was employed to investigate the role of postgastric mechanisms of satiety in the short-term control of food intake. When fasted rats sham fed a liquid diet [Vivonex High Nitrogen (VHN), 0.5 kcal/ml], food drained freely from gastric fistulas, and mean first-meal size and 90-min intake increased more than threefold. Varying the rate of duodenal infusion of diet during sham feeding (0.06-0.44 kcal/min) decreased first-meal size and total intake in a dose-dependent manner. First meals ended when mean loads of 2-3 kcal had been delivered. The threshold rate (0.11 kcal/min) decreased meal size and total intake by more than 50%. When fasted rats consumed VHN to satiety with closed gastric fistulas, rate of gastric emptying of diet during feeding averaged 0.32 +/- 0.02 kcal/min and the load emptied by meal termination averaged 3.8 +/- 0.2 kcal. These results indicate that rates of gastric emptying of diet and loads delivered to the small intestine following ingestion of liquid food are sufficient to elicit postgastric satiety in the absence of gastric distension.
A Surface‐Charge Study on Cellular‐Uptake Behavior of F3‐Peptide‐Conjugated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (2009)

Surface-charge measurements of mammalian cells in terms of Zeta potential are demonstrated as a useful biological characteristic in identifying cellular interactions with specific nanomaterials. A theoretical model of the changes in Zeta potential of cells after incubation with nanoparticles is established to predict the possible patterns of Zeta-potential change to reveal the binding and internalization effects. The experimental results show a distinct pattern of Zeta-potential change that allows the discrimination of human normal breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A) from human cancer breast epithelial cells (MCF-7) when the cells are incubated with dextran coated iron oxide nanoparticles that contain tumor-homing F3 peptides, where the tumor-homing F3 peptide specifically bound to nucleolin receptors that are overexpressed in cancer breast cells.
Mechanisms Determining Course and Outcome of Diabetic Patients Who Have Had Acute Myocardial Infarction (1997)

In the thrombolytic era, mortality rates of diabetic patients who have had acute myocardial infarction remain 1.5 to 2 times higher than those in nondiabetic patients. This increased mortality rate is caused by diverse mechanisms that affect myocardial function and blood supply and by the tendency toward thrombosis in diabetic patients. Current therapies for myocardial infarction are effective in these patients. Improved metabolic control may also decrease mortality rates.
Effect of Poly(ethylene glycol)Grafting on Polyethylenimine as a Gene Transfer Vector in vitro (2001)

To evaluate the non-ionic polymer, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), as a component in cationic copolymers for non-viral gene delivery systems, PEG was coupled to polyethylenimine (PEI). We present the effects of different degrees and shapes of pegylation of PEI on cytotoxicity, water solubility and transfection efficiency. This work reports the synthesis and characterization of a series of cationic copolymers on the basis of the conjugates of PEI with PEG. The modified molecules were significantly less toxic than the original polymer. Moreover, the chemical modification led to enhancement of their solubility. The comparison of pegylated PEIs with different degrees of derivation showed that all the polymers tested reached comparable levels of transgene expression to that of native PEI. As assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis, even highly substituted PEI derivatives were still able to form polyionic complexes with DNA. However, aside from an increase in solubility and retention of the ability to condense DNA, methoxy-PEG-modified PEIs resulted in a significant decrease in the transfection activity of the DNA complexes. In fact, the efficiency of the copolymer was compromised even at a low degree of modification suggesting that the PEG action resulting from its shape is important for efficient gene transfer. The mode of PEG grafting and the degree of modification influenced the transfection efficiency of PEI.
Rapid Differentiation of Borrelia garinii from Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto by LightCycler Fluorescence Melting Curve Analysis of a PCR Product of the recA Gene (2000)

To differentiate the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies, LightCycler real-time PCR was used for the fluorescence (SYBR Green I) melting curve analysis of borrelial recA gene PCR products. The specific melting temperature analyzed is a function of the GC/AT ratio, length, and nucleotide sequence of the amplified product. A total of 32 DNA samples were tested. Of them three were isolated from B. burgdorferi reference strains and 16 were isolated from B. burgdorferi strains cultured from Ixodes ricinus ticks; 13 were directly isolated from nine human biopsy specimens and four I. ricinus tick midguts. The melting temperature of B. garinii was 2 degrees C lower than that of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto and B. afzelii. Melting curve analysis offers a rapid alternative for identification and detection of B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies.
Development of the resolution theory for gradient insulator‐based dielectrophoresis (2015)

New and important separations capabilities are being enabled by utilizing other electric field-induced forces besides electrophoresis, among these is dielectrophoresis. Recent works have used experimentally simple insulator-based systems that induce field gradients creating dielectrophoretic force in useful formats. Among these, juxtaposing forces can generate gradient-based steady-state separations schemes globally similar to isoelectric focusing. The system of interest is termed gradient insulator-based dielectrophoresis and can create extremely high resolution steady-state separations for particles four nanometers to ten micrometers in diameter, including nearly all important bioparticles (large proteins, protein aggregates, polynucleotides viruses, organelles, cells, bacteria, etc.). A theoretical underpinning is developed here to understand the relationship between experimental parameters and resolution and to identify the best expected resolution possible. According to the results, differences in particles (and bioparticles) as small as one part in 10(4) for diameter (subnanometer resolution for a one micrometer particle), one part in 10(8) for dielectrophoretic parameters (dielectrophoretic mobility, Clausius-Mossotti factor), and one part in 10(5) for electrophoretic mobility can be resolved. These figures of merit are generally better than any competing technique, in some cases by orders of magnitude. This performance is enabled by very strong focusing forces associated with localized gradients.
CD4+CD25+ T Regulatory Cells, Immunotherapy of Cancer, and Interleukin-2 (2005)

CD4+CD25+ T regulatory (Treg) cells control immunologic tolerance to self-antigens and play a role in suppressing antitumor immune responses, but the mechanism of suppression in vivo remains uncertain. Recently, signaling through the high-affinity interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor has been shown to be critical for Treg cell differentiation and survival in vivo. Mice deficient in IL-2 or its receptor (CD25 or CD122) or deficient in downstream signaling molecules, including JAK-3 and STAT-5, do not develop a stable population of Treg cells and subsequently acquire lymphoproliferative disease and autoimmunity. in vitro, IL-2 is required to expand Treg cells and to induce their suppressive characteristics. Conversely, IL-2-based regimens can activate cellular antitumor immunity and are the mainstay of immunotherapies directed against melanoma and kidney cancers. Given the seemingly disparate effects of IL-2, the authors discuss the possibility that IL-2 may not be the optimal T-cell growth factor in vivo, but rather an inducer of self-tolerance. The authors propose that other gamma c-signaling cytokines, including IL-15, may be alternative choices for the immunotherapy of cancer.
Enhancement of Escherichia coli plasmid and chromosomal recombination by the Ref function of bacteriophage P1. (1989)

The Ref activity of phage P1 enhances recombination between two defective lacZ genes in the Escherichia coli chromosome (lac- x lac- recombination). Plasmid recombination, both lac- x lac- and tet- x tet-, was measured by transformation of recA strains, and was also assayed by measurement of beta-galactosidase. The intracellular presence of recombinant plasmids was verified directly by Southern blotting. Ref stimulated recombination of plasmids in rec+ and rec(BCD) cells by 3-6-fold, and also the low level plasmid recombination in recF cells. RecA-independent plasmid recombination, either very low level (recA cells) or high level (recB recC sbcA recA cells), was not stimulated. Ref stimulated both intramolecular and intermolecular plasmid recombination. Both normal and Ref-stimulated lac- x lac- chromosomal recombination, expected to be mostly RecBC-dependent in wild-type bacteria, were affected very little by a recF mutation. We have previously reported Ref stimulation of lac- x lac- recombination in recBC sbcB bacteria, a process known to be RecF-dependent. Chromosomal recombination processes thought to involve activated recombination substrates, e.g., Hfr conjugation, P1 transduction, were not elevated by Ref activity. We hypothesize that Ref acts by unknown mechanisms to activate plasmid and chromosomal DNA for RecA-mediated recombination, and that the structures formed are substrates for both RecF-dependent (plasmid, chromosomal) and Rec(BCD)-dependent (chromosomal) recombination pathways.
Pipeline vectorization for reconfigurable systems (2003)

This paper presents pipeline vectorization, a method for synthesizing hardware pipelines in reconfigurable systems based on software vectorizing compilers. The method improves efficiency and ease of development of reconfigurable designs, particularly for users with little electronics design experience. We propose several loop transformations to customize pipelines to meet hardware resource constraints, while maximising available parallelism. For ran-time reconfigurable systems, we apply hardware specialization to increase circuit utilization. Our approach is especially effective for highly repetitive computations in DSP and multimedia applications. Case studies using FPGA-based platforms are presented to demonstrate the benefits of our approach and to evaluate trade-offs between alternative implementations. The loop tiling transformation, for instance, has been found to improve performance by 30 to 40 times above a PC-based software implementation, depending on whether run-time reconfiguration is used.
Next-generation 100 Gb/s undersea optical communications (2012)

100 Gb/s per channel optical communication is the natural next step for undersea DWDM optical communications. In this article we review some of the key advanced technologies that can have high impact on the future 100Gb/s undersea optical communications, and further present 100 Gb/s optical DWDM transmission over 10,000 km optical fibers.
Transfer of the gene for thymidine kinase to thymidine kinase-deficient human cells by purified herpes simplex viral DNA. (1977)

Transformation of human cells from a thymidine kinase (ATP:thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.75)-negative to a thymidine kinase-positive phenotype has been achieved by using purified DNA from herpes simplex virus type 2. The specific activity of the DNA was in the range 0.5 to 2.0 transformants per microng and the efficiency of gene transfer was up to 1 transformant per 10(5) recipient cells. Several transformed lines able to grow continuously in medium selective for thymidine kinase-positive cells have been established. All of these lines express a thymidine kinase activity of viral origin but they differ from each other in the stability of enzyme expression. Subclones derived from a given transformed line inherited the degree of stability of the parental line.
Crystal Growth of the Perovskite Semiconductor CsPbBr3: A New Material for High-Energy Radiation Detection (2013)

The synthesis, crystal growth, and structural and optoelectronic characterization has been carried out for the perovskite compound CsPbBr3. This compound is a direct band gap semiconductor which meets most of the requirements for successful detection of X- and γ-ray radiation, such as high attenuation, high resistivity, and significant photoconductivity response, with detector resolution comparable to that of commercial, state-of-the-art materials. A structural phase transition which occurs during crystal growth at higher temperature does not seem to affect its crystal quality. Its μτ product for both hole and electron carriers is approximately equal. The μτ product for electrons is comparable to cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) and that for holes is 10 times higher than CZT.
Quantitative Co-Expression of Proteins at the Single Cell Level – Application to a Multimeric FRET Sensor (2011)

Quantitative co-expression of two or more proteins can be achieved with little cell-to-cell variability. This finding enables reliable co-expression of donor and acceptor tagged proteins for FRET studies, which is of particular importance for the development of novel bimolecular sensors that can be expressed from single plasmid.
Real-time, programmable, digital signal-processing electronics for extracting the information from a detector module for multi-modality PET/SPECT/CT scanners (2002)

Measurements performed by manufacturers on their PET devices reveal a limitation of the electronics in extracting the properties of particles hitting the detector. As a consequence, either a lead collimator with holes is placed in front of the detector (2-D mode) preventing many photons which are not sufficiently aligned with the holes from ever reaching the detector, or many photons are lost because the electronics cannot fully process the data and separate the good event from the bad events. In order to overcome the above limitation, a data acquisition system based on the programmable 3D-Flow processor has been designed for acquiring data from modules for multi-modality PET/SPECT/CT. The modular electronics allows for digital data to be acquired from all sensors included in a given view angle of the detector. Each channel can sustain an input data rate of 20 MHz, 64-bit word; 40 MHz, 32-bit word; or 80 MHz, 16-bit word. The bits at each electronic channel correspond to spatial, timing, and energy information from photomultipliers, avalanche photodiodes (APD), photodiodes, or other sensors. The programmable circuit performs digital signal-processing operations on the incoming bit string such as: (a) variable digital integration time (or pileup identification/correction) which allows for the maximum count rate capabilities while preserving spatial resolution; (b) depth of interaction which reduces the parallax error based on pulse shape discrimination (PSD), and/or pulse height discrimination (PHD); (c) improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio; (d) centroid calculation to improve spatial resolution or/and techniques of most likely position given the statistical nature of the signals; (e) correlation with neighboring signals; and (f) improving the timing resolution from the information received from the time-to-digital converter and pulse shape analysis.
Decompression using the Paine retinaculotome (1983)

~, The presenting symptomatology and clinical findings of 464 patients with the carpal tunnel syndrome are reviewed. The results of decompression by section of the transverse carpal ligament are presented, with particular reference to the use of the Paine retinaculotome. Approximately 90% of patients achieved very satisfactory results and complications were minimal. The commonest reason for failure is incomplete division of the flexor retinaculum. The detailed procedure is presented.
Oxazine Conjugated Nanoparticle Detects in Vivo Hypochlorous Acid and Peroxynitrite Generation (2009)

The current lack of suitable probes has limited the in vivo imaging of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). ROS/RNS are often generated by ischemia-induced inflammation; defining the extent of tissue involvement or ROS/RNS-related damage would have a significant clinical impact. We present the preparation and demonstration of a fluorogenic sensor for monitoring peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediated hypochlorous acid (HOCl/OCl(-)) production. The sensor consists of a long circulating biocompatible nanoparticle that targets phagocytic cells in vivo and is coated with approximately 400 quenched oxazine fluorophores that are released by reaction with HOCl or ONOO(-) but are stable toward oxidants such as hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide. MPO-dependent probe activation is chloride ion dependent and is negated in flow cytometry studies of MPO inhibitor treated neutrophils. Fluorescence reflectance imaging and microscopic fluorescence imaging in mouse hearts after myocardial infarction showed probe release into neutrophil-rich ischemic areas, making this ROS/RNS sensor a novel prognostic indicator.