gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimized filtration for reduced defectivity and improved dispense recipe in 193-nm BARC lithography (2004)

The implementation of 193 nm lithography into production has been complicated by high defectivity issues. Many companies have been struggling with high defect densities, forcing process and lithography engineers to focus their efforts on chemical filtration instead of process development. After-etch defects have complicated the effort to reduce this problem. In particular it has been determined that chemical filtration at the 90 nm node and below is a crucial item which current industry standard pump recipes and material choices are not able to address. LSI Logic and Pall Corporation have been working together exploring alternative materials and resist pump process parameters to address these issues. These changes will free up process development time by reducing these high defect density issues. This paper provides a fundamental understanding of how 20nm filtration combined with optimized resist pump set-up and dispense can significantly reduce defects in 193nm lithography. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of 20 nanometer rated filters to reduce various defects observed in bottom anti reflective coating materials. Multiple filter types were installed on a Tokyo Electron Limited Clean Track ACT8 tool utilizing two-stage resist pumps. Lithographic performance of the filtered resist and defect analysis of patterned and non-patterned wafers were performed. Optimized pump start-up and dispense recipes also were evaluated to determine their effect on defect improvements. The track system used in this experiment was a standard production tool and was not modified from its original specifications.
[Pathogenetic mechanisms of the effect of vacuum therapy on the course of the wound process]. (1990)

On the basis of the analysed results of treatment of 248 patients with abscesses, phlegmons, and purulent wounds who received vacuum therapy and 215 patients with the same diseases treated by the traditional incision-drainage-method, as well as on the grounds of additional examination findings, the authors show the mechanisms of the effect of vacuum therapy on the course of the wound process. They substantiate pathogenetically the marked therapeutic effect of this method in patients with acute purulent diseases of the soft tissues and purulent wounds.
Nonwetting of impinging droplets on textured surfaces (2009)

This paper studies the impinging droplets on superhydrophobic textured surfaces and proposes a design guideline for nonwetting surfaces under droplet impingement. A new wetting pressure, the effective water hammer pressure, is introduced in the study to clearly define wetting states for the impinging droplets. This approach establishes the design criteria for nonwetting surfaces to impinging droplets. For impingement speed higher than raindrop speed, the surfaces need to have sub-100-nm features to generate a large enough antiwetting pressure for the droplets to take a nonwetting state after impingement.
Construction and properties of a viable herpes simplex virus 1 recombinant lacking coding sequences of the alpha 47 gene (1986)

The five alpha genes, alpha 0, alpha 4, alpha 22, alpha 27, and alpha 47, are the first set of herpes simplex virus 1 genes to be transcribed and expressed in productively infected cells. We report here the construction of a viral recombinant from which all of the coding sequences of the alpha 47 gene were deleted. In addition to the alpha 47 protein, infected cell lysates did not contain detectable amounts of two polypeptide bands with apparent molecular weights of 18,000 and 21,000 which could be specified by a gene whose regulatory domain and 5' transcribed noncoding sequences overlap with the coding sequences of the alpha 47 gene. The alpha 47- virus grew as well as the wild-type parent virus in Vero, baby hamster kidney, and Rat-1 cell lines.
Aminosugar derivatives as potential anti-human immunodeficiency virus agents. (1988)

Recent data suggest that aminosugar derivatives which inhibit glycoprotein processing have potential anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity. These inhibitory effects may be due to disruption of cell fusion and subsequent cell-cell transmission of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) virus. Free virus particles able to bind CD4-positive cells are still produced in the presence of these compounds with only partial reduction of infectivity. We now report a method to score in parallel both the degree of antiviral activity and the effect on cell division of aminosugar derivatives. We find that (i) the compounds 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-L-arabinitol and N-(5-carboxymethyl-1-pentyl)-1,5-imino-L-fucitol partially inhibit the cytopathic effect (giant cell formation, etc.) of HIV and yield of infectious virus; (ii) the compounds N-methyldeoxynojirimycin and N-ethyldeoxynojirimycin reduce the yield of infectious HIV by an order of four and three logarithms, respectively; and (iii) one compound, N-butyldeoxynojirimycin, of the 47 compounds previously screened reduces infectious viral particles by a logarithmic order greater than five at noncytotoxic concentrations. In addition, long-term growth of infected cells in the presence of N-butyldeoxynojirimycin gradually decreases the proportion of infected cells, leading to eventual elimination of HIV from culture. This result suggests that replication is associated with cytolysis. The ability to break the cycle of replication and reinfection has important implications in the chemotherapy of AIDS.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1) Up-Regulates Adrenomedullin Expression in Human Tumor Cell Lines during Oxygen Deprivation: A Possible Promotion Mechanism of Carcinogenesis (2000)

Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control adrenomedullin (AM) production in human cancers. We demonstrate here that the expression of AM mRNA in a variety of human tumor cell lines is highly induced in a time-dependent manner by reduced oxygen tension (1% O2) or exposure to hypoxia mimetics such as desferrioxamine mesylate (DFX) or CoCl2. This AM expression seems to be under hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) transcriptional regulation, since HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta knockout mouse cell lines had an ablated or greatly reduced hypoxia AM mRNA induction. Similarly, inhibition or enhancement of HIF-1 activity in human tumor cells showed an analogous modulation of AM mRNA. Under hypoxic conditions, immunohistochemical analysis of tumor cell lines revealed elevated levels of AM and HIF-1alpha as compared with normoxia, and we also found an increase of immunoreactive AM in the conditioned medium of tumor cells analyzed by RIA. AM mRNA stabilization was shown to be partially responsible for the hypoxic up-regulated expression of AM. In addition, we have identified several putative hypoxia response elements (HREs) in the human AM gene, and reporter studies with selected HREs were capable of enhancing luciferase expression after exposure to DFX. Furthermore, transient coexpression of HIF-1alpha resulted in an augmented transactivation of the reporter gene after DFX treatment. Given that most solid human tumors have focal hypoxic areas and that AM functions as a mitogen, angiogenic factor, and apoptosis-survival factor, our findings implicate the HIF-1/AM link as a possible promotion mechanism of carcinogenesis.
Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers on Cardiac Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (2005)

Selective blockade of either Ang II synthesis or activity induced increases in cardiac ACE2 gene expression and cardiac ACE2 activity, whereas the combination of losartan and lisinopril was associated with elevated cardiac ACE2 activity but not cardiac ACE2 mRNA. Although the predominant effect of ACE inhibition may result from the combined effect of reduced Ang II formation and Ang-(1-7) metabolism, the antihypertensive action of AT1 antagonists may in part be due to increased Ang II metabolism by ACE2.
Compact vacuum ultraviolet source for photoelectron spectroscopy (1989)

A simple source chamber is described which enables the introduction of laser-generated, vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation below 102 nm into most existing photoelectron and photoion spectrometers. A long capillary light guide provides a conductance barrier between the VUV source and experimental chambers, and also provides a small, well-collimated VUV beam at the interaction region. A platinum photodiode is found to provide a useful measure of the VUV intensity with minimal interference from the unconverted UV light. The performance and capabilities of the source are demonstrated by several applications using photoelectron spectroscopy.
Site-specific DNA recombination in mammalian cells by the Cre recombinase of bacteriophage P1. (1988)

The Cre protein encoded by the coliphage P1 is a 38-kDa protein that efficiently promotes both intra- and intermolecular synapsis and recombination of DNA both in Escherichia coli and in vitro. Recombination occurs at a specific site, called lox, and does not require any other protein factors. The Cre protein is shown here also to be able to cause synapsis of DNA and site-specific recombination in a mammalian cell line. A stable mouse cell line was established that expresses the Cre protein under the control of the Cd2+-inducible metallothionein I gene promoter. DNA recombination was monitored with DNA substrates containing two directly repeated lox sites. One such substrate is a circular plasmid with two directly repeated lox sites (lox2) flanking a marker gene and was introduced into cells by Ca3(PO4)2 transformation. As a second substrate we used a pseudorabies virus (a herpesvirus) containing a lox2 insertion designed to provide a sensitive detection system for recombination. In both cases, site-specific recombination in vivo is dependent on the presence of the Cre protein and occurs specifically at the 34-base-pair lox sites. These results demonstrate the controlled site-specific synapsis of DNA and recombination by a prokaryotic protein in mammalian cells and suggest that Cre-mediated site-specific recombination may be a useful tool for understanding and modulating genome rearrangements in eukaryotes.
Purification, Gene Cloning, and Reconstitution of the Heterotrimeric Single-stranded DNA-binding Protein from Schizosaccharomyces pombe (1996)

We have purified a single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB) from Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Sp) and have shown that it is composed of three subunits of 68, 30, and 12 kDa. The SpSSB supports T antigen-dependent unwinding of SV40 ori containing DNA, but is not functional in the SV40 in vitro replication reaction. All three genes that encode the SpSSB subunit have been isolated. The cloned cDNA of the ssb1(+), encoding the p68 subunit, contains 609 amino acids (68.3 kDa), while that of the ssb2(+), encoding the p30 subunit, contains a 279 amino acids (30.3 kDa). The genomic DNA clone of the p12 subunit gene (ssb3(+)) has 2 introns and an open reading frame of 104 amino acids (11.8 kDa). Significant homology is observed among the largest and middle subunits of eukaryotic SSBs, but there is poor homology among the smallest subunits. In addition, we have reconstituted the SpSSB complex by coexpression of all three subunits in Escherichia coli. The reconstituted complex is active in single-stranded DNA binding and the T antigen-dependent unwinding of SV40 ori DNA. Finally, we observed a cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation pattern of the p30 subunit of SpSSB, which is similar to that observed for the human and Saccharomyces cerevisiae SSB.
About the deformation of ferroelectric hystereses (2014)

Studying ferroelectric hafnium oxide with focus on memory applications for the past years, discussions frequently involved the shape of measured polarization hystereses, its relation to the device performance, and how to optimize it. A perfect model-like hysteresis is of nearly rectangular shape and all deviations from this situation have to have a certain physical origin. Different phenomena and their impact on the shape of the polarization hystereses were reported in literature: Aging, imprint, fatigue, or dielectric interface layers to name a few examples. A collection of these phenomena is not easily found up to now. Thus, filling or at least reducing this gap is one of the goals of this work. Moreover, observing a pinched, slanted, or displaced hysteresis, it is quite tempting to try the reverse approach: a derivation of potential structural origins for this curve shape. First, the basics of the dynamic hysteresis measurement and the ferroelectric memories are briefly reviewed. The figures of interest are derived to ensure a proper assessment of imperfections in the hysteresis shape and their influence. It is discussed how a closer look on the polarization loop helps to draw conclusions on what might have caused such a shape or at least how to rule out some phenomena if the expected indications are not reflected in the present curve. Of course, further structural or electrical studies, as they are exemplarily pointed out, are indispensable to find the root cause(s) for the deviations from the ideal hysteresis. But sophisticated methods are not always accessible straightaway and, moreover, a pointer on where to start is always helpful. Especially, the transient currents recorded during a dynamic hysteresis measurement are stressed as a valuable instrument for this purpose. Despite their known potential, these currents are seldom shown in literature.
MK-801 Neurotoxicity in Cupric Silver-Stained Sections: Lesion Reconstruction by 3-Dimensional Computer Image Analysis (2000)

Routine histopathologic evaluation of the brain (paraffin embedding, hematoxylin and eosin staining) makes it difficult for an investigator to identify the overall location and relative extent of lesions as they relate to neural substructures. Moreover, it is very difficult to convey this information to others who are less familiar with neuroanatomy. This study combined a 3-dimensional imaging program with a cupric silver stain for neuronal degeneration in order to determine the location and extent of a focal lesion produced by MK-801 (dizocilpine maleate), a glutamate receptor antagonist that induces necrosis in a small population of neurons in the cortex of rats. A male Sprague-Dawley rat was treated with a subcutaneous dose of MK-801 (10 mg/kg) and was perfused with fixative through the left ventricle 3 days after treatment, a time point known to reveal maximal neurotoxic effects. The brain was embedded in a gelatin matrix, frozen, and serially sectioned at a thickness of 40 microm. The cupric silver method of de Olmos was used to stain frozen sections at 320-microm intervals. Using a color charged-couple device (CCD) camera and a macro lens, a series of 2-dimensional images, which encompassed the entire rostral to caudal extent of the brain, was captured. A computer program was written to define internal and external boundaries in these 2-dimensional images. Then, 3-dimensional reconstructions were generated on a Silicon Graphics workstation using IRIS "Explorer." The quality of the 3-dimensional reconstructions allowed for easy identification of various neural substructures while clearly revealing the exact location and extent of the resulting necrotic neurons that were positively identified by the cupric silver stain. This 3-dimensional lesion reconstruction method provides a powerful tool for conveying spatial information about the nature of neurotoxic lesions in the brain. In addition, it may be used to investigate further dose-response relationships and the effects of other neurotoxicants.
A spine frame for intra-operative fixation to increase accuracy in spinal navigation and robotics (2005)

Using our spine frame, a rigid fixation following manipulation of the spine was demonstrated. By overcoming the intra-operative movement-dependent inaccuracy, safety in navigated spine surgery and robotic-assisted procedures might be improved.
Positional and temporal regulation of lipogenic gene expression in mouse liver. (1993)

We have examined the dynamics of positional gene expression in mouse liver using the carbohydrate induction of lipogenic genes as a model. Using a protocol of fasting and refeeding a high-carbohydrate, no-fat diet to obtain maximal induction, we investigated the temporal expression and localization of malic enzyme (ME) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). In situ hybridization showed that both ME and FAS were expressed at low basal levels in all hepatocytes in livers of mice fed a control diet. Furthermore, dietary induction of ME and FAS mRNA occurred in periportal cells within 6 hours. After 12 hours, the portal cells were maximal; and after 24-36 hours, all cells showed high levels of message. This was coincident with expression of ME and FAS mRNAs, which appeared to be maximal between 24 and 36 hours. Both steady-state mRNA levels and pericentral localization then declined, until only periportal hepatocytes showed strong expression of ME and FAS. Nuclear transcription rates measured by run-on assay demonstrated that maximal transcription rates preceded maximum mRNA levels by peaking at 12 hours. Furthermore, run-on assays showed that the periportal induction by carbohydrates is primarily a transcriptional response for FAS, and both transcriptional and posttranscriptional for ME. These results indicate that lipogenic gene expression is a temporal response induced by carbohydrate feeding and is regulated by both positional and transcriptional mechanisms.
Increased Expression of Transforming Growth Factor- β 1 in Small Airway Epithelium from Tobacco Smokers and Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (2001)

Tobacco smoke is believed to cause small airway disease and then chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the molecular mechanisms by which small airway obstruction occurs remain unknown. To study the gene expression levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, a potent fibrogenic factor, in small airway epithelium from smokers and patients with COPD, we harvested highly pure samples of epithelial cells from small airways under direct vision by using an ultrathin bronchofiberscope BF-2.7T (outer diameter 2.7 mm with a biopsy channel of 0.8 mm in diameter). The expression levels of TGF-beta1 were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The mRNA levels of TGF-beta1 corrected by beta-actin transcripts were significantly higher in the smoking group and patients with COPD than those in nonsmokers (p < 0.01). Furthermore, among smokers and patients with COPD, TGF-beta1 mRNA levels correlated positively with the extent of smoking history (pack-years) and the degree of small airway obstruction as assessed by measurements of flow-volume curves. Immunocytochemistry of the cells demonstrated more intense stainings for TGF-beta1 in samples from smokers and patients with COPD than from nonsmokers. Spontaneously released immunoreactive TGF-beta1 levels from cultured epithelial cells were more elevated in subjects with a history of smoking and patients with COPD than in nonsmokers. Our study showed a close link between smoking and expression of TGF-beta1 in small airways. Our results also suggested that small airway epithelial cells might be involved in obstructive changes found in smokers and patients with COPD.
The gamma-carboxyglutamic acid domain of human factor VIIa is essential for its interaction with cell surface tissue factor. (1990)

Previous studies indicated that both plasma-derived and recombinant human factor VIIa specifically interacted with tissue factor on the surface of a human bladder carcinoma cell line (J82). In the presence of calcium ions, factor VIIa interacted with approximately 300,000 binding sites/cell with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 3.25 nM (Sakai, T., Lund-Hansen, T., Paborsky, L., Pedersen, A. H., and Kisiel, W. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 9980-9988). In this study, we compare recombinant human factor VIIa and a preparation of recombinant human factor VIIa lacking the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid domain (GD-rVIIa) with respect to their interaction with J82 cell surface tissue factor. Interaction of GD-rVIIa with J82 monolayers at 37 degrees C was specific, saturable, and exhibited a hyperbolic profile. Scatchard plots of the binding data obtained at 37 degrees C indicated a single class of binding sites for GD-rVIIa with a Kd value of 2.5 nM. GD-rVIIa interacted with about 10,000 binding sites/cell. In contrast to the tissue factor-specific binding observed for intact factor VIIa, specific binding of GD-rVIIa to the J82 cell surface was neither influenced by calcium nor blocked by prior incubation of the cells with polyclonal anti-tissue factor apoprotein IgG. In addition, cell-bound GD-rVIIa failed to activate human factor X. These results indicate that the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid domain of factor VIIa is essential for its interaction with cell surface tissue factor.
Sulphydryl groups in the template-primer-binding domain of murine leukaemia virus reverse transcriptase. Identification and functional analysis of cysteine-90 (1993)

Treatment of murine leukaemia virus reverse transcriptase with benzophenone 4-maleimide inactivates DNA polymerase activity, but has no effect on the RNAase H function. Kinetic measurements indicated that benzophenone 4-maleimide is a competitive inhibitor with respect to template-primer binding, but is non-competitive with respect to dNTP binding. Enzyme modified with benzophenone 4-maleimide cannot bind template-primer or primer alone, as judged by u.v.-mediated cross-linking of radiolabelled substrates. Of the eight cysteine residues in murine leukaemia virus reverse transcriptase, only two were modified by benzophenone 4-maleimide, which were identified as Cys-90 and Cys-310 by comparative tryptic-peptide mapping and amino acid composition analysis. Inclusion of template-primer or primer alone in the modification mixture protected only Cys-90 from modification by benzophenone 4-maleimide. To investigate the role of Cys-90 in detail, we converted it to alanine by site-directed mutagenesis. The mutant enzyme, however, exhibited no loss either of DNA polymerase or of RNAase H activity. These results indicate that Cys-90 is located in a domain of murine leukaemia virus reverse transcriptase that binds template-primer, but may not have a direct role in the enzymic function of the enzyme. Ala-90 mutant murine leukaemia virus reverse transcriptase is at least 10-fold more susceptible to heat inactivation than is the wild-type enzyme, which suggests that Cys-90 in murine leukaemia virus reverse transcriptase may play a role in maintaining structural integrity.
Client/Server Computing with Sybase SQL Server (1994)

Programmers, managers, and advanced users alike will appreciate this concise, information-packed guide to client/server database technology with Sybase SQL Server. PC Magazine columnist Joe Salemi recommends the tools that will make Sybase SQL Server perform at its finest, reviews front-end add-ons, and provides a listing vendor information and a complete glossary.