gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the separation mechanism of capillary sodium dodecyl sulfate‐gel electrophoresis of proteins (1995)

Polyethylene oxide-mediated capillary sodium dodecyl sulfate-electrophoresis is a recently established, high-resolution separation method for fast purity check and molecular mass assessment of protein molecules. The effects of the sieving polymer chain length and concentration on the separation mechanism of sodium dodecyl sulfate-protein complexes were examined. The studies aimed to clarify whether the separation can be described by either the Ogston sieving theory, or the reptation or reptation-with-stretching theory. Polyethylene oxides with molecular masses of 100,000, 300,000 and 900,000 Da were used as separation matrices at various concentrations ranging from 1-4%, 0.5-2% and 0.25-1%, respectively. The separation phenomena was examined using a standard protein test mixture containing six proteins in the molecular mass range of 14,200-97,400 Da. A possible separation mechanism of reptation with stretching is suggested, where separation performance was improved with increasing sieving polymer chain lengths and/or concentration.
Radio broadcasting network (2015)

AccessScience is an authoritative and dynamic online resource that contains incisively written, high-quality educational material covering all major scientific disciplines. An acclaimed gateway to scientific knowledge, AccessScience is continually expanding the ways it can demonstrate and explain core, trustworthy scientific information that inspires and guides users to deeper knowledge.
Serum cortisol response to transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease (2001)

Given such findings, exogenous steroid medications do not appear to be required for patients until after the determination of remission. During the 1st postoperative day, there is a time period during which serum cortisol values significantly differ between the categories of surgically induced remissions and surgical failures. Surgically induced remissions were identified when postoperative values of cortisol were lower than preoperative midnight levels and when absolute values of cortisol were less than 10 microg/dl. In a small proportion of patients remission on a delayed basis may also be demonstrated. These data allow for a simple and rapid determination of postoperative remission in patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease.
Pharmacokinetics of factor VIII and factor IX (2003)

A survey of principal pharmacokinetic (PK) studies on factor VIII (FVIII) and factor IX (FIX) plasma- and rDNA-derived concentrates, analysed by means of the PKRD program, has been performed. Notwithstanding the accurate definition of the study design, released in 1991 by the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (SSC-ISTH), a large variability of PK parameters has been pointed out. In the majority of the PK studies, the size of the population is small. In this situation, a careful individualization of haemophilia therapy is strongly recommended. The tailored prediction of loading and maintenance dosages and the need for strict control of trough FVIII/IX levels are mandatory not only to decrease the risk of bleeds but also to spare financial resources. Recently, the old problem of FVIII assay standardization has again become a concern among physicians, especially after the introduction of B-domain deleted rFVIII concentrate. The discrepancies between the widely used one-stage clotting assay and the chromogenic substrate assay seem to be solved by the introduction of a product-specific laboratory standard.
The cyclization of peptides and depsipeptides (2003)

Constricting the peptide backbone into a more defined conformational form through cyclization is an activity evolved in nature and in synthetic work, the latter straddling only the most recent decades. The resulting conformational constraints increase the probability of an optimum response with bio-receptors. The purpose of this review is to highlight developments that have proved to be reasonably efficient in the macrocyclization of linear precursors into cyclic peptides and depsipeptides.
1:1 Hetero-assembly of 2-aminopyrimidine and (+)-camphoric acid (2000)

In the title cocrystal, 2-aminopyrimidine–(+)-camphoric acid (1/1), C4H5N3·C10H16O4, the 2-amino­pyrimidine forms two eight-membered hydrogen-bonded rings with two different camphoric acid mol­ecules. This results in infinite wave-like chains of mol­ecules in which neighbouring chains are connected by weak C—H⋯O contacts. The five-membered ring in the acid mol­ecule adopts a half-chair conformation.
An extracellular factor regulates expression of sdiA, a transcriptional activator of cell division genes in Escherichia coli (1996)

The sdiA gene codes for a protein that regulates expression of the ftsQAZ cluster of essential cell division genes of Escherichia coli. SdiA up-regulates the ftsQ2p promoter that initiates transcription into the ftsQAZ cluster. In this paper, we report that expression of sdiA is itself regulated by a factor that is released into the growth medium by E. coli. When medium that had previously supported growth of E. coli (conditioned medium) was used to support growth of an indicator E. coli strain that contained an sdiA-lacZ transcriptional reporter, there was a 50 to 80% decrease in sdiA expression as monitored by beta-galactosidase activity. The down-regulation of PsdiA was associated with a decrease in expression of the SdiA target promoter ftsQ2p, as monitored by expression of an ftsQ2p-lacZ transcriptional fusion. An effect of conditioned medium on ftsQ2p expression was not seen when the wild-type sdiA gene was disrupted by insertional mutagenesis, indicating that the effect on ftsQ2p expression was secondary to the down-regulation of PsdiA. Conditioned medium had no effect on expression of Plac, PrpoS, or several other promoters associated with the ftsQAZ gene cluster (ftsQ1p and ftsZ1-4p). This suggests that the response is specific for PsdiA and for promoters that are regulated by the sdiA gene product and that cell-to-cell signalling may play a role in regulating expression of this group of genes.
Expression cloning of Forssman glycolipid synthetase: a novel member of the histo-blood group ABO gene family. (1996)

A phenotypic cloning approach was used to isolate a canine cDNA encoding Forssman glycolipid synthetase (FS; UDP-GalNAc:globoside alpha-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase; EC 2.4.1.88). The deduced amino acid sequence of FS demonstrates extensive identity to three previously cloned glycosyltransferases, including the enzymes responsible for synthesis of histo-blood group A and B antigens. These three enzymes, like FS, catalyze the addition of either N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) or galactose (Gal) in alpha-1,3-linkage to their respective substrates. Despite the high degree of sequence similarity among the transferases, we demonstrate that the FS cDNA encodes an enzyme capable of synthesizing Forssman glycolipid, and demonstrates no GalNAc or Gal transferase activity when closely related substrates are examined. Thus, the FS cDNA is a novel member of the histo-blood group ABO gene family that encodes glycosyltransferases with related but distinct substrate specificity. Cloning of the FS cDNA will allow a detailed dissection of the roles Forssman glycolipid plays in cellular differentiation, development, and malignant transformation.
PCR Amplification of Wheat Sequences from DNA Extracted During Milling and Baking (2004)

ABSTRACT DNA‐based analyses are highly sensitive and specific. Because processing steps can have profound effects on the proteins and DNA present in foods, this project examined the effects of breadmaking on wheat DNA size and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based detection of sequences. DNA was extracted from wheat kernels, milling fractions, and flour, and from samples taken at various steps during and after the baking process. Kernels contained primarily high molecular weight DNA (&gt;12,000 base pairs [bp]), whereas flour DNA exhibited a broad range of molecular weights from &gt;12,000 bp to &lt;300 bp. A marked reduction in DNA yield and size occurred after the first 5 min of baking. PCR successfully amplified products of both high and low copy number genes, even from DNA extracted from bread loaves five days after baking. However, successful amplification required that the maximum product size be no more than the average molecular weight of the DNA recovered from the source. The data also demonstrate that PCR can be used to detect the presence of yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae ), a minor ingredient.
Activity of STI571 in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with a platelet-derived growth factor β receptor fusion oncogene (2002)

Platelet-derived growth factor beta receptor (PDGFbetaR) fusion genes have been shown to be critical transforming oncogenes in a subset of patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). The sensitivity of dysregulated tyrosine kinase oncogenes to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 (imatinib mesylate) makes it a potentially attractive treatment option in this subset of patients. We have recently cloned a novel member of the PDGFbetaR fusion oncogene family, rabaptin-5-PDGFbetaR. A patient with CMML carrying the rabaptin-5-PDGFbetaR fusion gene underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) and was monitored closely with a sensitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain assay to detect the novel fusion gene transcript. After achieving a molecular remission at 5 months after transplantation, 15 months after SCT the patient showed persistent and progressive evidence of molecular relapse. After demonstrating in vitro that cells transformed with this specific fusion oncogene are efficiently killed by STI571, the patient was started on STI571. The patient responded rapidly and entered molecular remission after 6 weeks of therapy, and he continues to be in remission 6 months later. These results suggest that STI571 may be an effective targeted therapy in patients with CMML related to PDGFbetaR fusion oncogenes.
A Sound Rationale Needed for Phase III HIV-1 Vaccine Trials (2004)

Concerns are expressed by a group of AIDS researchers about the U.S. government9s plans to conduct a phase III trial of a combination HIV-1 vaccine in Thailand despite the cancellation of a trial of a very similar combination vaccine in the U.S.A. last year. One of the vaccine components, recombinant monomeric gp120, has already been shown to be ineffective in phase III trials in Thailand and the United States; the other component, a recombinant canarypox vector, is also poorly immunogenic. The scientific rationale that has been offered for the new trial in Thailand is considered by the authors to be weak.
Metabolism of sphingolipids by normal and atherosclerotic aorta of squirrel monkeys (1970)

We studied the synthesis and hydrolysis of sphingomyelin by homogenates of aortic intima plus inner media from normal squirrel monkeys and from monkeys with nutritionally-induced atherosclerosis (6-10 mo on a semi-purified diet containing butter and cholesterol). The concentrations of sphingomyelin in the aortas and plasmas of the atherosclerotic monkeys were higher than those for the normal monkeys. Palmitoyl-1-(14)C coenzyme A was actively utilized for the synthesis of ceramide (N-palmitoyl sphingosine). The addition of sphingosylphosphorylcholine increased the utilization of palmitoyl CoA in sphingomyelin synthesis, and the addition of psychosine (sphingosyl galactoside) increased the incorporation of palmitate into cerebrosides. Rates of sphingomyelin and ceramide synthesis were significantly higher in the atherosclerotic than in the control aortas. Hydrolysis of labeled sphingomyelin to ceramide was also increased in homogenates of the atherosclerotic aortas. Labeled sphingomyelin was taken up from plasma by everted carotid arteries, and this process was also enhanced by atherosclerosis. Increased rates of synthesis and of uptake from plasma of sphingomyelin may account for the increased concentrations of sphingomyelin in the atherosclerotic arteries, even though the ability to degrade sphingomyelin is also enhanced in the atherosclerotic aorta.
Use of a resin-bound synthetic peptide for identifying a neutralizing antigenic determinant associated with the human immunodeficiency virus envelope. (1987)

A polyamide-based solid-phase support containing an acid-stable p-(oxymethyl)benzoic acid handle to anchor the COOH-terminal amino acid was utilized in the production of synthetic peptides analogous to amino acid sequences 503-532 from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoprotein. The resin-bound peptide was used to induce an antibody response to the native form of glycoprotein 120 in both rabbits and mice. This epitope was detected on the surface of HIV-infected cells and was capable of inducing an in vitro neutralizing HIV antibody response. In addition, sera from some individuals exposed to HIV react with this peptide bound to the resin in a solid-phase immunoassay. These data indicate that we have identified a neutralizing antigenic determinant present on the amino-terminal glycoprotein 120 subunits of HIV by utilizing resin-bound synthetic peptides.
Bad -deficient mice develop diffuse large B cell lymphoma (2003)

The proapoptotic activity of the "BH3-only" molecule BAD can be differentially regulated by survival factor signaling. Bad-deficient mice lacking both BAD long and BAD short proteins proved viable, and most cell types appeared to develop normally. BAD did not exclusively account for cell death after withdrawal of survival factors, but it was an intermediate for epidermal growth factor- or insulin-like growth factor I-countered apoptosis, consistent with a "sensitizing" BH3-only molecule. Lymphocytes developed normally with no premalignant hyperplasia, but they displayed subtle abnormalities in proliferation and IgG production. Despite the minimal phenotype, Bad-deficient mice progressed, with aging, to diffuse large B cell lymphoma of germinal center origin. Exposure of Bad-null mice to sublethal gamma-irradiation resulted in an increased incidence of pre-T cell and pro-/pre-B cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma. Thus, proapoptotic BAD suppresses tumorigenesis in the lymphocyte lineage.
Anisotropic Nanoparticles as Shape-Directing Catalysts for the Chemical Etching of Silicon (2013)

Anisotropic Au nanoparticles have been used to create a library of complex features on silicon surfaces. The technique provides control over feature size, shape, and depth. Moreover, a detailed study of the etching rate as a function of the nanoparticle surface facet interfaced with the silicon substrate suggested that the etching is highly dependent upon the facet surface energy. Specifically, the etching rate for Au nanocubes with {100}-terminated facets was ~1.5 times higher than that for triangular nanoprisms with {111} facets. Furthermore, this work gives fundamental insight into the mechanism of metal-catalyzed chemical etching.
Expression and splicing patterns of human papillomavirus type‐16 mrnas in pre‐cancerous lesions and carcinomas of the cervix, in human keratinocytes immortalized by HPV 16, and in cell lines established from cervical cancers (1992)

We have analysed the splicing patterns of human papillomavirus (HPV) type-16 mRNAs in a human epithelial cell line immortalized by HPV 16 (HPKII), in cell lines established from cervical carcinomas (SiHa and CaSki) and in pre-invasive and invasive carcinomas of the cervix. The presence of mRNA species previously described, which could encode the E6, E6I, E6II, E6III, E7, E2, E2C, E4, E5 and L1 proteins, was determined, using the RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique with primers that flank unique splice sites. The state of the viral DNA in the tumor biopsies was established by Southern blot analysis. The various HPV 16 transcripts could be detected in cell lines and in tumor biopsies. The size of the RNA PCR products were in agreement with the previously mapped splice sites. The full range of transcripts was revealed in the HPKII cell line and in a number of pre-invasive carcinomas. Messenger RNAs which could encode the E6III, E4 and E5 proteins were most prevalent in all types of tumor. The overall results of DNA and RNA analyses in cell lines and tumor specimens indicate that (1) expression of either of the early or late transcripts studied is not specifically related to (a) tumor stage or (b) the physical state of the viral genome; and (2) alterations in the splicing patterns of HPV 16 transcripts may not be involved in tumor progression.
Quantitative determination that one of two potential RNA-binding domains of the A protein component of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex binds with high affinity to stem-loop II of U1 RNA. (1990)

Many RNA-associated proteins contain a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) consensus octamer encompassed by a conserved 80 amino acid sequence, which we have termed an RNA recognition motif (RRM). RRM family members contain either one (class I) or multiple (class II) copies of this motif. We report here that a class II component of the U1 small nuclear RNP (snRNP), the A protein of U1 snRNP (U1snRNP-A), contains two RRMs (RRM1 and -2), yet has only one binding domain (RRM1) that interacts specifically with stem-loop II of U1 RNA. Quantitative analysis of binding affinities of fragments of U1snRNP-A demonstrated that an 86-amino acid polypeptide was competent to bind to U1 RNA with an affinity comparable to that of the full-length protein (Kd approximately 80 nM). The carboxyl-terminal RRM2 of U1snRNP-A did not bind to U1 RNA and may recognize an unidentified heterologous RNA. We propose that class II proteins may function as bridges between RNA components of RNP complexes such as the spliceosome.
A 45-GHz, 2-bit power DAC with 24.3 dBm output power, &#x003E;14 V<inf>pp</inf> differential swing, and 22% peak PAE in 45-nm SOI CMOS (2012)

A novel high efficiency, large output-power, 2-bit tuned mm-wave DAC realized in 45-nm SOI CMOS is demonstrated. A record breaking 24.3 dBm output power is achieved at 45 GHz with 18.3 dB saturated gain, >;14.5 V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pp</sub> differential output swing, a drain efficiency of 21.3% and 14.6% PAE. The best PAE is 22% at an output power of 23.5 dBm. Operation at 45 GHz with up to 2.5 Gbps BPSK and up to 1.25 Gbps ASK modulation is shown.
Clinical Trials Update from the Heart Failure Society of America and the American Heart Association Meetings in 2008: SADHART-CHF, COMPARE, MOMENTUM, Thyroid Hormone analogue Study, HF-ACTION, I-PRESERVE, β-Interferon Study, BACH, and ATHENA (2009)

This article provides information and a commentary on trials relevant to the pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of heart failure presented at the Heart Failure Society of America and the American Heart Association meetings in 2008. Unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary, as analyses may change in the final publication. (i) SADHART-CHF showed no difference in outcome for heart failure patients with depression treated with sertraline compared with placebo. (ii) A controlled release carvedilol formulation showed similar LV haemodynamic effects to the standard carvedilol formulation in the COMPARE study. (iii) A post hoc analysis of the MOMENTUM study suggested that patients with less severe heart failure may be more likely to benefit from a continuous aortic flow augmentation device. (iv) A thyroid hormone analogue was poorly tolerated in patients with heart failure. (v) HF-ACTION showed that exercise training is safe and offers modest clinical benefits in patients with heart failure. (vi) Irbesartan failed to improve outcomes in patients with preserved ejection fraction in the I-PRESERVE study. (vii) A phase II study of beta-interferon administration in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy showed encouraging results. (viii) The BACH study showed that mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin was more accurate than BNP or NT-proBNP at predicting outcome at 90 days in patients with acute heart failure. (ix) A secondary analysis from ATHENA showed a reduction in cardiovascular hospitalizations and strokes for patients with atrial fibrillation receiving dronedarone compared with placebo.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS INVOLVING PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION IN PROKARYOTES (1991)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
c-myc antisense oligonucleotides inhibit the colony-forming capacity of Colo 320 colonic carcinoma cells. (1992)

Colo 320 cells are colonic carcinoma cells known to express abundant c-myc mRNA. Based on the response of several hematopoietic cell lines to chemical inducers of differentiation, we reasoned that such agents might have similar inductive activity in Colo 320 cells. Accordingly, we exposed Colo 320 cells to 5 mM sodium butyrate (NaBT) for 7 d. C-myc expression decreased threefold and self-replicative potential decreased (defined as a greater than 60% decrease in colony-forming capacity in soft agar that did not contain inducer). In an effort to demonstrate a direct cause and effect between myc expression and the colony-forming capacity of Colo 320 cells, we exposed these cells to a 15-base antisense c-myc oligonucleotide (complementary to the translation initiation region of exon II). Cells were also exposed to equimolar (20 microM) amounts of sense and missense oligonucleotides. Subsequently, cells were incubated at 10, 20, 30, and 40 microM antisense DNA for 16 h, then washed and plated in oligonucleotide-free agar medium. We demonstrated that: (a) the oligomers were stable in the extracellular medium and in the cell cytoplasm; (b) the uptake of the oligonucleotides was 0.7%; (c) sense and missense oligonucleotides had no effect on colony-forming capacity; and (d) the antisense c-myc oligonucleotide resulted in a 40-75% concentration-dependent decrease in colony-forming capacity. The specific inhibition of colony-forming capacity by antisense DNA suggests that the role of myc expression in Colo 320 cells is similar to its role in hematopoiesis, and that the failure to inhibit myc expression maintains colony-forming capacity. This system provides a new strategy for inducing differentiation and may provide further insight into the genetic factors that govern the process of colonic carcinogenesis.