gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Co‐electrospun poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide), gelatin, and elastin blends for tissue engineering scaffolds (2006)

In this study, we describe composite scaffolds composed of synthetic and natural materials with physicochemical properties suitable for tissue engineering applications. Fibrous scaffolds were co-electrospun from a blend of a synthetic biodegradable polymer (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), PLGA, 10% solution) and two natural proteins, gelatin (denatured collagen, 8% solution) and alpha-elastin (20% solution) at ratios of 3:1:2 and 2:2:2 (v/v/v). The resulting PLGA-gelatin-elastin (PGE) fibers were homogeneous in appearance with an average diameter of 380 +/- 80 nm, which was considerably smaller than fibers made under identical conditions from the starting materials (PLGA, 780 +/- 200 nm; gelatin, 447 +/- 123 nm; elastin, 1060 +/- 170 nm). Upon hydration, PGE fibers swelled to an average fiber diameter of 963 +/- 132 nm, but did not disintegrate. Importantly, PGE scaffolds were stable in an aqueous environment without crosslinking and were more elastic than those made of pure elastin fibers. To investigate the cytocompatibility of PGE, we cultured H9c2 rat cardiac myoblasts and rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) on fibrous PGE scaffolds. We found that myoblasts grew equally as well or slightly better on the scaffolds than on tissue-culture plastic. Microscopic evaluation confirmed that myoblasts reached confluence on the scaffold surfaces while simultaneously growing into the scaffolds. Histological characterization of the PGE constructs indicated that BMSCs penetrated into the center of scaffolds and began proliferating shortly after seeding. Our results suggest that fibrous scaffolds made of PGE and similar biomimetic blends of natural and synthetic polymers may be useful for engineering soft tissues, such as heart, lung, and blood vessels.
Potential impact of laser illumination on light-valve-based projection displays (1999)

Laser light can enable electronic displays with unique properties. Direct write laser display systems using point scanning or line scanning have been developed. Emerging, high information content, large screen displays based on small 2D liquid crystal on CMOS light valves and projection optics provide electronic images with unprecedented quality. This paper will describe the advantages that can be provided by laser illumination applied to display systems if significant technical and economic barriers can be overcome.
Low-noise silicon avalanche photodiodes fabricated in conventional CMOS technologies (2002)

We present a simple design technique that allows the fabrication of UV/blue-selective avalanche photodiodes in a conventional CMOS process. The photodiodes are fabricated in a twin tub 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. An efficient guard-ring structure is created using the lateral diffusion of two n-well regions separated by a gap of 0.6 /spl mu/m. When operated at a multiplication gain of 20, our photodiodes achieve a very low dark current of only 400 pA/mm/sup 2/, an excess noise factor F=7 at /spl lambda/=400 nm and a good gain uniformity. At zero bias voltage, the responsivity peaks at /spl lambda/=470 nm, with 180 mA/W. It corresponds to a 50% quantum efficiency. Successive process steps are simulated to provide a comprehensive understanding of this technique.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Masked Phosphate Esters of the Anti-Herpesvirus Drug 882C (Netivudine) as Potential Antiviral Agents (1998)

A number of symmetric and asymmetric 5'-phosphate esters of the potent anti-varicella-zoster virus (VZV) agent 1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-prop-1-ynyluracil (882C; netivudine) were prepared as potential lipophilic, membrane-soluble prodrugs of the bio-active phosphate forms. The compounds were prepared by the base-catalysed coupling of various phosphorochloridates with the free nucleoside analogue. Compounds were fully characterized by a range of spectroscopic and analytical methods and were studied for their inhibition of several viruses in tissue culture. All of the phosphate esters were inactive against human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type 2, VZV, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and influenza A virus (EC50 > 100 microM) except the 5'-(4-nitrophenyl phenyl) phosphate, which inhibited influenza A virus. The relative rate of esterase-mediated hydrolysis of one of the lead target structures was measured in order to rationalize the poor antiviral action, and data were collected on possible metabolites in support of this analysis. Cell-specific esterases are implicated as key determinants of the antiviral potency of prodrugs of this type.
Mucus-Penetrating Nanoparticles for Vaginal Drug Delivery Protect Against Herpes Simplex Virus (2012)

Incomplete coverage and short duration of action limit the effectiveness of vaginally administered drugs, including microbicides, for preventing sexually transmitted infections. We investigated vaginal distribution, retention, and safety of nanoparticles with surfaces modified to enhance transport through mucus. We show that mucus-penetrating particles (MPPs) provide uniform distribution over the vaginal epithelium, whereas conventional nanoparticles (CPs) that are mucoadhesive are aggregated by mouse vaginal mucus, leading to poor distribution. Moreover, when delivered hypotonically, MPPs were transported advectively (versus diffusively) through mucus deep into vaginal folds (rugae) within minutes. By penetrating into the deepest mucus layers, more MPPs were retained in the vaginal tract after 6 hours compared to CPs. After 24 hours, when delivered in a conventional vaginal gel, patches of a model drug remained on the vaginal epithelium, whereas the epithelium was coated with drug delivered by MPPs. We then developed MPPs composed of acyclovir monophosphate (ACVp). When administered before vaginal herpes simplex virus 2 challenge, ACVp-MPPs protected 53% of mice compared to only 16% protected by soluble drug. Overall, MPPs improved vaginal drug distribution and retention, provided more effective protection against vaginal viral challenge than soluble drug, and were nontoxic when administered daily for 1 week.
Zinc finger arrays binding human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 genomic DNA: precursors of gene-therapeutics for in-situ reversal of associated cervical neoplasia (2012)

With further optimization, these model ZFNs offer the opportunity to induce target-mutagenesis and gene-therapeutic reversal of cervical neoplasia associated with HPV types 16 & 18.
Clinical Pharmacology of Flavopiridol following a 72-Hour Continuous Infusion (2003)

The dose-limiting toxicity for the Phase I trial of flavopiridol was secretory diarrhea. We failed to identify a clear relationship between dose or concentration and diarrhea. At 50 and 78 mg/m2/d, the mean steady-state plasma concentrations were 278 and 390 nM. These concentrations were well above those noted for in vitro antiproliferative activity. Nonlinear elimination was observed at doses above 50 mg/m2/d, and postinfusional peaks appear to be related to enterohepatic recirculation.
Genetic Variation in CYP11B2 and AT1R Influences Heart Rate Variability Conditional on Sodium Excretion (2004)

Sympathetic tone increases with stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system and is under the influence of salt intake. In the European Project On Genes in Hypertension (EPOGH), we investigated whether polymorphisms in the genes encoding aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2 C-344T) and the type-1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1R A1166C) affect the autonomic modulation of heart rate at varying levels of salt intake. We measured the low frequency (LF) and high frequency (HF) components of heart rate variability and their ratio (LF:HF) in the supine and standing positions in 1797 participants (401 families and 320 unrelated subjects) randomly selected from 6 European populations, whose average urinary sodium excretion ranged from 163 to 245 mmol/d. In multivariate analyses with sodium excretion analyzed as a continuous variable, we explored the phenotype-genotype associations using generalized estimating equations and quantitative transmission disequilibrium tests. Across populations, there was no heterogeneity in the phenotype-genotype relations. The genotypic effects differed according to sodium excretion. In subjects with sodium excretion <190 mmol/d (median), supine heart rate, LF, and LF:HF increased and HF decreased with the number of CYP11B2 -344T alleles, and the orthostatic changes in LF, HF, and LF:HF were blunted in carriers of the AT1R 1166C allele. In subjects with sodium excretion >190 mmol/d, these associations with the CYP11B2 and AT1R polymorphisms were nonsignificant or in the opposite direction, respectively. Thus, CYP11B2 C-344T and AT1R A1166C polymorphisms affect the autonomic modulation of heart rate, but these genetic effects depend on sodium excretion.
Mechanism of the degradation of non‐enzymatically glycated proteins under physiological conditions (1992)

The degradation of fructosamines, formed from the non‐enzymic glycation of proteins under physiological conditions, to advanced glycation end products was investigated by studying the model peptide fructosamine N ε ‐(1‐deoxy‐ d ‐fructos‐1‐yl)hippuryl‐lysine (DHL). At pH 7.4 and 37°C in aerobic phosphate buffer, DHL degraded to form N ε ‐carboxymethyl‐hippuryl‐lysine, and hippuryllysine over a 29‐day incubation period. The expected N ε ‐(3‐lactato)hippuryl‐lysine and ‘hippuryl‐lysylpyrraline’ derivatives were not found. Superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide were formed during the degradation of DHL but were also both consumed during the degradation reaction. Reversal of the Amadori rearrangement was not a major fate of the fructosamine. The formation of N ε ‐carboxymethyl‐hippuryl‐lysine was decreased by desferrioxamine, catalase, superoxide dismutase, catalase with superoxide dismutase, anaerobic conditions and aminoguanidine. The formation of hippuryl‐lysine was decreased by desferrioxamine, catalase and catalase with superoxide dismutase, but was increased by the addition of aminoguanidine. N ε ‐Carboxymethyl‐serine and unmodified lysine residues are major peptide‐based end products in the degradation of lysyl‐fructosamine under physiological conditions. Oxygen, redox‐active metal ions, catalase, superoxide dismutase and the pharmacological agent aminoguanidine are expected to be influential on the rate and fate of fructosamine degradation.
Proteomic Approach for Cancer Stem Cells in Human Prostate Cancer (2010)

Prostate cancer is the second most common type of cancer afflicting American males, and yet, little is known about which cell types within the prostate are the targets of tumorigenic transformation. Recent studies support the hypothesis that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for tumor initiation and formation. The purpose of this study is to investigate prostate CSCs and discover their markers with human prostate cancer cell line DU145. DU145 was separated into CD44+ and CD44- cells using MACS. CD44 is proposed to mark a population of prostate CSCs even though it is still controversial. In soft agar colony forming assay, CD44+ cells formed much more colonies compared to CD44- cells, which means CD44+ cells possess cancer stem cell characteristics. Thus, we focused on proteins that were differentially expressed between CD44+ and CD44- cells. The protein expression was analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and the differentially expressed proteins were identified by LC MS/MS. We acquired protein A and B that are known to be related to CSCs' biological mechanism. This results show that these proteins may constitute a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer.Moreover, these proteins would contribute to better understanding the mechanism of prostate CSCs.
<title>Lossless layout compression for maskless lithography systems</title> (2000)

Future lithography systems must produce more dense chips with smaller feature sizes, while maintaining throughput comparable to today's optical lithography systems. This places stringent data-handling requirements on the design of any maskless lithography system. Today's optical lithography systems transfer one layer of data from the mask to the entire wafer in about sixty seconds. To achieve a similar throughput for a direct-write maskless lithography system with a pixel size of 25 nm, data rates of about 10 Tb/s are required. In this paper, we propose an architecture for delivering such a data rate to a parallel array of writers. In arriving at this architecture, we conclude that pixel domain compression schemes ar essential for delivering these high data rates. To achieve the desired compression ratios, we explore a number of binary lossless compression algorithms, and apply them to a variety of layers of typical circuits such as memory and control. The algorithms explored include the Joint Bi-Level Image Processing Group (JBIG), Ziv-Lempel (LZ77) as implemented by ZIP, as well as our own extension of Ziv-Lempel to two-dimensions. For all the layouts we tested, at least one of the above schemes achieves a compression ratio of 20 or larger, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed system architecture.
Heterogeneous integration of silicon and AlGaInAs for a silicon evanescent laser (2006)

We report a novel laser architecture, the silicon evanescent laser (SEL), that utilizes a silicon waveguide and offset AlGaInAs quantum wells. The silicon waveguide is fabricated on a Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) wafer using a CMOS-compatible process, and is bonded with the AlGaInAs quantum well structure using low temperature O2 plasma-assisted wafer bonding. The optical mode in the SEL is predominantly confined in the passive silicon waveguide and evanescently couples into the III-V active region providing optical gain. This approach combines the advantages of high gain III-V materials and the integration capability of silicon technology. Moreover, the difficulty of coupling an external laser source is overcome as the hybrid waveguide can be self-aligned to silicon-based passive optical devices. The SEL lases continuous wave (CW) at 1568 nm with a threshold of 23 mW. The maximum single-sided fiber-coupled CW output power is 4.5 mW. The SEL characteristics are dependent on the silicon waveguide dimensions resulting in different confinement factors in the III-V gain region.
Selective disruption of genes expressed in totipotent embryonal stem cells. (1992)

Two retrovirus promoter trap vectors (U3His and U3Neo) have been used to disrupt genes expressed in totipotent murine embryonal stem (ES) cells. Selection in L-histidinol or G418 produced clones in which the coding sequences for histidinol-dehydrogenase or neomycin-phosphotransferase were fused to sequences in or near the 5' exons of expressed genes, including one in the developmentally regulated REX-1 gene. Five of seven histidinol-resistant clones and three of three G418-resistant clones generated germ-line chimeras. A total of four disrupted genes have been passed to the germ line, of which two resulted in embryonic lethalities when bred to homozygosity. The ability to screen large numbers of recombinant ES cell clones for significant mutations, both in vitro and in vivo, circumvents genetic limitations imposed by the size and long generation time of mice and will facilitate a functional analysis of the mouse genome.
Self-Assembly Is Not the Only Reaction Possible between Alkyltrichlorosilanes and Surfaces:  Monomolecular and Oligomeric Covalently Attached Layers of Dichloro- and Trichloroalkylsilanes on Silicon (2000)

Silicon-supported alkylsiloxane layers were prepared by reaction of alkylmethyldichlorosilanes and alkyltrichlorosilanes with silicon wafers under two conditions: (1) in the vapor phase and (2) in toluene in the presence of ethyldiisopropylamine. Covalent attachment of di- and trichlorosilanes to the surface of silicon/silicon oxide through SiS−O−Si bonds occurs for the amine-catalyzed reactions. This sets apart this reaction from the self-assembly process that occurs in the reaction between certain trichlorosilanes and hydrated silica with no amine present. The thickness of the layers formed from dichloro- and trichlorosilanes (as assessed by ellipsometry) is on the order of the single molecule sizes and increases gradually with alkyl chain length. The thickness values are considerably smaller (by a factor of ∼0.75) than the length of the fully stretched alkyl chain, which argues for disordered structures of the monolayers. Dynamic advancing and receding contact angles for water, methylene iodide, and hexadecane argue for interaction between the probe fluids and accessible silanol groups (Si−OH) on the surface. Water contact angles increase with alkyl chain length and level at θA/θR = ∼103°/∼90° for relatively long alkyl chains (∼C6 and longer), indicating that these surfaces project disordered methyl and methylene groups toward the probe fluid. n-Hexadecane and methylene iodide contact angles show more complex behavior, which is discussed in the paper. The vapor-phase reaction of di- and trichlorosilanes with silicon wafers yields surfaces that depend dramatically on the alkyl chain of the silane. Alkylsilanes with short and medium chains form polymeric grafted layers with thicknesses ranging from a few nanometers for dichlorosilanes up to tens of nanometers for trichlorosilanes. We suggest a mechanism that involves polycondensation of chlorosilanes into 3-D alkylsiloxanes in the presence of adsorbed water. Dynamic advancing and receding contact angles of water, methylene iodide, and hexadecane on these surfaces are consistently higher than for surfaces prepared in the liquid phase. Alkylsilanes with long alkyl moieties yield approximately monomolecular layers that exhibit wettabilities similar to those for surfaces prepared in the liquid phase.
HIV-1 PCR and isolation in seroconverting and seronegative homosexual men: absence of long-term immunosilent infection. (1993)

The presence of detectable HIV-1 prior to the appearance of HIV-1-specific antibody was assessed in 41 incident infections that occurred during a 6-year prospective cohort study. All available antibody-negative samples (n = 138) and the first antibody positive sample (n = 41) were tested, under code, by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in two laboratories and by HIV-1 isolation in a third laboratory. Samples were available as long as 66 months and at least 18 months before seroconversion for 24/41 subjects. An equal number of time-matched control specimens from persistently seronegative homosexual men and 103 samples from normal blood donors were also tested under code. Samples with discordant results were subjected to coded repeat analysis along with appropriate controls. All but one of the 41 first antibody-positive specimens (97.6%) were PCR positive and 65% were isolation positive. Two control specimens from seronegative homosexual men were PCR positive and one was culture positive, but HLA typing provided clear evidence of specimen mix-up in the specimen archive. For 37/41 seroconvertors, all available antibody negative specimens were negative by both PCR and virus isolation. In three cases, the specimen obtained 6 months before seroconversion was PCR and isolation positive. One specimen, obtained 12 months before SC, was PCR positive and isolation negative but was determined to be the result of sample contamination. Both PCR and isolation were negative in this subject 6 months before SC. In conclusion, we were unable to detect immunosilent infection > 6 months before seroconversion in high-risk homosexual men.
Megavoltage portal films using computed radiographic imaging with photostimulable phosphors (1987)

Conventional portal films taken with high-energy x rays are severely impaired by poor image quality, and many attempts have been made to overcome this problem. A new technology, computed radiographic imaging, has been investigated as a means of producing images taken with 6-and 10-MV x rays. The computed radiographic imaging (CRI) system is based on the principle of laser-stimulated luminescence induced in an image receptor plate exposed to ionizing radiation, and direct conversion of the light into digital form. Image processing using contrast enhancement and unsharp masking yields images at least as good as the best portal films obtainable with conventional commercial radiotherapy cassettes. Additionally, CRI offers advantages of reduced image size and digital storage. The system is capable of producing normal film densities over an extremely wide range of exposure.
Chemical Inhibitors of Protein Kinases (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical Inhibitors of Protein KinasesAlexander J. BridgesView Author Information Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ann Arbor Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 8, 2541–2572Publication Date (Web):July 4, 2001Publication History Received30 October 2000Published online4 July 2001Published inissue 1 August 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr000250yhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr000250yresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2896Altmetric-Citations273LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Assays,Cancer,Inhibitors,Peptides and proteins,Pharmaceuticals Get e-Alerts