gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Altering the blood‐brain barrier in the rat by intracarotid infusion of polycations: a comparison between protamine, poly‐L‐lysine and poly‐L‐arginine (1993)

To evaluate the role of surface charge for the blood-brain barrier permeability, the albumin content was determined in the cerebrospinal fluid and in the brain 1 h after intracarotid infusion of protamine sulphate, a natural polycationic protein with a high content of arginine (mol. wt 4000-4400), poly-L-arginine (mol. wt 11,600) or poly-L-lysine (mol. wt 10,200). Five milligrams (4 x 10(-4) mmol) poly-L-arginine increased the albumin content in the brain 15 times more than 5 mg (5 x 10(-4) mmol) poly-L-lysine (P < 0.001) and 3.5 times more than 5 mg (1 x 10(-3) mmol) protamine (P < 0.001); the difference between protamine and poly-L-lysine was also significant (P < 0.05). After 0.5 mg (4 x 10(-4) mmol) poly-L-arginine the albumin extravasation was still higher than after 5 mg protamine (P < 0.01) and 5 mg poly-L-lysine (P < 0.001). Cisternal albumin increased from control values 0.08 mg ml-1 to 0.30, 0.46 and 1.21 mg ml-1 in rats given 5 mg poly-L-lysine, protamine and poly-L-arginine, respectively (P < 0.01 for difference between arginine and the other two substances). The higher mol. wt and positive charge of poly-L-arginine may at least in part explain the more pronounced albumin leakage after arginine than after protamine. However, the difference between poly-L-arginine and poly-L-lysine suggests that other factors, possibly related to the guanidino groups, contribute to the blood-brain barrier opening by poly-L-arginine.
Studies on the Mechanism of Fatty Acid Synthesis (1968)

Abstract Palmityl thioesterase of Escherichia coli has been purified 260-fold. Its molecular weight is estimated at 22,000 by sedimentation velocity. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of long chain fatty acyl thioesters of acyl carrier protein or coenzyme A to form free fatty acid and the respective thiol. The enzyme is readily inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate. Palmityl thioesterase was found to exhibit specificity for fatty acyl thioesters of chain length greater than C10 and palmityl, palmitoleyl, and cis-vaccenyl thioesters are the preferred substrates. The enzyme was shown to be capable of mediating the synthesis of free fatty acids by preparations of the E. coli fatty acid-synthesizing system. Palmityl thioesterase activity is also present in highly purified preparations of pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase. The pigeon liver thioesterase was shown to be specific for fatty acyl-coenzyme A thioesters of C16 and C18 chain length.
Characterization of interleukin 5 receptors on eosinophilic sublines from human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. (1990)

The T cell product interleukin 5 (IL-5) has been shown to be a key factor in the development and the maturation of the eosinophilic cell lineage. We report here on the detection of human IL-5 receptors on eosinophilic sublines of the promyelocytic leukemia HL-60. Sodium butyrate, which initiates differentiation to mature eosinophils, also induces the appearance of high affinity (Kd 1-5 X 10(-11) M) IL-5 binding sites on these cells. The receptors are specific for IL-5, since binding of radiolabeled ligand can only be inhibited with homologous or murine IL-5 and not by other cytokines. We further show that the receptors are functional, since IL-5 can stimulate the proliferation of these cells. Affinity crosslinking of surface-bound 125I human IL-5 or 35S mouse IL-5 identified two membrane polypeptides of approximately 60 and approximately 130 kD to which IL-5 is closely associated. The presence of granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating factor or tumor necrosis factor during butyrate induction decreased the expression of IL-5 binding sites compared with control cultures. The identification and characterization of human IL-5 receptors on HL-60 sublines should provide new insight into the role of this cytokine in eosinophil differentiation.
Virus combinations and chemotherapy for the treatment of human cancers. (2008)

Oncolytic viruses possess an inherent trophism for tumor cells or have been engineered in a variety of ways to selectively replicate in and destroy cancer cells. Because of the unique mode of tumor destruction, oncolytic virotherapy has the potential to augment the antineoplastic activity of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Many oncolytic viruses, such as adenovirus, HSV, vaccinia, measles, reovirus, Newcastle disease virus and coxsackie virus, have entered into clinical trials and their efficacy and safety have been demonstrated with few, minor, side effects. Data obtained from several clinical trials of the oncolytic adenovirus, ONYX-015, in patients with cancer have been described in detail. Some preclinical studies of oncolytic viruses have demonstrated promising results, mainly when administered in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. In this review, the clinical use of oncolytic viruses in combination with chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and future directions to enhance the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy, are discussed.
Uniform upconversion in high-concentration Er^3+-doped soda lime silicate and aluminosilicate glasses (1997)

Uniform upconversion in erbium-doped silicate glasses is investigated as a function of glass composition, concentration, and fabrication method. Comparisons of upconversion coefficients are made among soda lime silicate and aluminosilicate bulk glasses and soda lime silicate waveguides. Comparisons are also made with studies performed by other researchers. The results indicate that both the composition and the preparation method of the glass affect the value of the upconversion coefficient, with as much as a factor-of-4 variation observed at fixed Er(3+) concentration. Values of the upconversion coefficient are found to be consistent with the Förster-Dexter microscopic model.
Binding modes and base specificity of tris(phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) enantiomers with nucleic acids: tuning the stereoselectivity (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBinding modes and base specificity of tris(phenanthroline)ruthenium(II) enantiomers with nucleic acids: tuning the stereoselectivityJacqueline K. Barton, Jonathan M. Goldberg, Challa V. Kumar, and Nicholas J. TurroCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 8, 2081–2088Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00268a057https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00268a057research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1334Altmetric-Citations475LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sequence and biochemical similarities between the luciferases of the glow-worm Lampyris noctiluca and the firefly Photinus pyralis (1996)

A full-length clone encoding Lampyris noctiluca (British glow-worm) luciferase was isolated from a complementary DNA (cDNA) expression library constructed with MRNA extracted from light organs. The luciferase was a 547-residue protein, as deduced from the nucleotide sequence. The protein was closely related to those of other lampyrid beetles, the similarity to Photinus pyralis luciferase being 84% and to Luciola 67%. In contrast, Lampyris luciferase had less sequence similarity to the luciferases of the click beetle Pyrophorus, at 48%. Engineering Lampyris luciferase in vitro showed that the C-terminal peptide containing 12 amino acids in Photinus and 9 amino acids in Lampyris was essential for bioluminescence. The pH optimum and the Km values for ATP and luciferin were similar for both Photinus and Lampyris luciferases, although the light emitted by the latter shifted towards the blue and was less stable at 37 degrees C. It was concluded that the molecular and biochemical properties were not sufficient to explain the glowing or flashing of the two beetles Lampyris and Photinus.
Analysis of interchannel crosstalk in multimode parallel optical waveguides using the beam propagation method (2014)

We theoretically analyze the origin of inter-channel crosstalk in densely aligned multimode parallel optical waveguides for on-board interconnects using the Beam Propagation Method. In this paper, we demonstrate that the inter-channel crosstalk due to mode coupling is very low in graded-index (GI) circular-core waveguides because the propagation constants of the propagating modes are discrete. Additionally, it is also found that the waveguides with GI-type circular cores is sensitive to the optical confinement in the cladding: low-power cladding modes largely decrease the mode conversion.
Evanescent field excitation of fluorescence by epi-illumination microscopy (1989)

By simple modification of the pattern of fluorescence excitation light in an epi-illumination inverted microscope, one can achieve conditions that produce total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) by evanescent wave excitation. Though traditionally requiring a collimated beam traversing through a special prism, TIRF also can be achieved by epi-illumination through the periphery of a 1.4 numerical aperture objective. An opaque disk of appropriate size is placed in the illumination path external to the microscope so as to cast a sharp, real-image shadow at the objective's back focal plane. This shadow allows a hollow cone of epi-illumination rays traveling at only super-critical angles to reach the glass/water interface at the sample plane. Three kinds of TIRF illumination patterns can be produced by variations of this scheme: (1) a small spot of illumination of 1.5 μm radius by use of a laser light source, (2) a large region of illumination by use of a laser-illuminated diffusing screen located upbeam from the opaque disk, and (3) a large region of illumination by use of a conventional mercury arc.
Tbx4-Fgf10system controls lung bud formation during chicken embryonic development (2003)

The respiratory primordium is positioned and its territory is defined in the foregut. The visceral mesoderm of the respiratory primordium acquires the inducing potential that is necessary for endodermal budding morphogenesis and respiratory endoderm formation. Tbx4, a member of the T-box transcription factor gene family, was specifically expressed in the visceral mesoderm of the lung primordium. To analyze the function of Tbx4, we ectopically expressed Tbx4 in the visceral mesoderm of the foregut using in ovo electroporation. Ectopic Tbx4 induced ectopic bud formation in the esophagus by activating the expression of Fgf10. Conversely, interference of Tbx4 function resulted in repression of Fgf10 expression and in failure of lung bud formation. In addition, ectopic Tbx4 or Fgf10 also induced ectopic expression of Nkx2.1, a marker gene specific for the respiratory endoderm, in the underlying esophagus endoderm. When the border of the Tbx4 expression domain, which demarcates the respiratory tract and the esophagus, was disturbed by misexpression of Tbx4, formation of the tracheo-esophageal septum failed. These results suggested that Tbx4 governs multiple processes during respiratory tract development; i.e. the initial endodermal bud formation, respiratory endoderm formation, and septation of the respiratory tract and the esophagus.
Medicinal Properties of Pleurotus Species (Oyster Mushroom): A Review (2012)

Mushrooms have been used as food supplement from times immemorial not only for their flavour, aroma and nutritive values but also for their medicinal properties as evident from ancient literature. In th e present day world they are known for culinary values due to their high-quality proteins, vitamins, fibres and many medicinal properties and accordingly they are called nutraceuticals. Pleurotus as health promoter and environmental restorer is gaining more importance as compared to other medicinal mushrooms resulting in an upsurge in their R and D activities during the past two decades. The chemical nature of the bioactive compounds present in this mushroom includes: polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins, nucleosides, triterpenoids, lectins, lipids and their derivatives. In this review databases were extensively searched, collected and analysed with an aim to update the present status and to project future prospects of Pleurotus for their biomedical potentials. The presented information will give a new notion to researchers for upgrading Pleurotus species from functional food to holistic mushroom medicine.
The genomic organization of the CD28 gene. Implications for the regulation of CD28 mRNA expression and heterogeneity. (1990)

CD28 is a 90-kDa homodimeric glycoprotein present on the surface of a large subset of T cells that appears to play an important role in the modulation of T cell activation. Although a number of physiologic effects associated with CD28 stimulation have been defined, relatively less is known about the structure and expression of the CD28 gene itself. We now show that CD28 is expressed in both Th cells and plasma cells as a series of four distinct CD28 mRNA species: 1.3-, 1.5-, 3.5-, and 3.7-kb transcripts. The steady state expression of all four transcripts in CD28+ T cells was stimulated by PMA, suggesting that they might share a common phorbol-sensitive promoter. Consistent with this hypothesis, CD28 was found to be encoded by a single copy gene organized into four exons, each exon defining a functional domain of the predicted protein. All CD28 transcripts appear to initiate within a 61-bp palindrome. Generation of the four CD28 mRNA species from the CD28 gene involves two distinct posttranscriptional events. The longer pair of transcripts (3.5/3.7 kb) is generated by the use of an alternate nonconsensus polyadenylation signal. This results in the addition of 2167 bp beyond the first polyadenylation site utilized by the shorter (1.3/1.5 kb) pair of transcripts. The size difference between the 3.7- and 3.5-kb messages and between the 1.5- and 1.3-kb messages is generated by an internal splicing event that deletes 252 bp within exon 2, which encodes the extracellular domain. This deletion would result in the loss of 84 amino acids, including 4 of 5 extracellular cysteine residues. Although this deletion would result in significant disruption of CD28 secondary structure, it would not be expected to interfere with the ability of the resultant protein to be expressed on the cell surface. These findings suggest that variant isotypes of CD28 may be expressed on the cell surface with potentially different physiologic roles.
Mask-Assisted Seeded Growth of Segmented Metallic Heteronanostructures (2014)

Controlling the deposition of exotic metals in the seeded growth of multimetal nanostructures is challenging. This work describes a seeded growth method assisted by a mask for synthesis of segmented binary or ternary metal nanostructures. Silica is used as a mask to partially block the surface of a seed and a second metal is subsequently deposited on the exposed area, forming a bimetallic heterodimer. The initial demonstration was carried out on a Au seed, followed by deposition of Pd or Pt on the seed. It was found that Pd tended to spread out laterally on the seed while Pt inclined to grow vertically into branched topology on Au. Without removal of the SiO2 mask, Pt could be further deposited on the unblocked Pd of the Pd–Au dimer to form a Pt–Pd–Au trimer. Mask-assisted seeded growth provides a general strategy to construct segmented metallic nanoarchitectures.
A calcium- and perforin-independent pathway of killing mediated by murine cytolytic lymphocytes. (1987)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been thought to lyse cellular targets in the past by a calcium-dependent pathway. This notion was recently supported by the identification and purification of a pore-forming protein (perforin) from the granules of these cell types. Here, we show that perforin is absent from a number of cell lines that nevertheless display vigorous cytolytic activity toward target cells. The cytotoxic activity of eight murine CTL lines is completely or partially retained in the absence of calcium. The calcium-independent lytic activity is associated with two subcellular fraction peaks isolated by Percoll gradient centrifugation, e.g., a heavy density band migrating with granule markers and a lighter band corresponding to free cytosolic material. These results suggest a complex picture of lymphocyte-mediated killing involving probably multiple mechanisms and mediators that may operate in concert or independently in the delivery of the lethal hit.
Up-Regulation of Luciferase Gene Expression with Antisense Oligonucleotides:  Implications and Applications in Functional Assay Development (1998)

HeLa Tet-Off cells were transfected transiently as well as stably with a recombinant plasmid (pLuc/705) carrying the luciferase gene interrupted by a mutated human beta-globin intron 2 (IVS2-705). The mutation in the intron causes aberrant splicing of luciferase pre-mRNA, preventing translation of luciferase. However, treatment of the cells with a 2'-O-methyl-oligoribonucleotide targeted to the aberrant splice sites induces correct splicing, restoring luciferase activity. The effects are sequence-specific, depend on the concentration of the oligonucleotide, and can be modulated by the pretreatment of the cell line, Luc/705, with tetracycline. Thus, the cell line provides, among others, a novel functional assay system superior to other procedures that are based on protein down-regulation. In particular, the system would be ideal in assessing the cellular delivery efficiency of antisense oligonucleotides.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Stable Colchicine Binding Site Tubulin Inhibitors as Potential Anticancer Agents (2014)

To block the metabolically labile sites of novel tubulin inhibitors targeting the colchicine binding site based on SMART, ABI, and PAT templates, we have designed, synthesized, and biologically tested three focused sets of new derivatives with modifications at the carbonyl linker, the para-position in the C ring of SMART template, and modification of A ring of the PAT template. Structure-activity relationships of these compounds led to the identification of new benzimidazole and imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-fused ring templates, represented by compounds 4 and 7, respectively, which showed enhanced antitumor activity and substantially improved the metabolic stability in liver microsomes compared to SMART. MOM group replaced TMP C ring and generated a potent analogue 15, which showed comparable potency to the parent SMART compound. Further modification of PAT template yielded another potent analogue 33 with 5-indolyl substituent at A ring.
Theory of microphase separation in graft and star copolymers (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTheory of microphase separation in graft and star copolymersMonica Olvera de la Cruz and Isaac C. SanchezCite this: Macromolecules 1986, 19, 10, 2501–2508Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00164a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00164a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1212Altmetric-Citations259LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Criteria for Cross-Plane Dominated Thermal Transport in Multilayer Thin Film Systems During Modulated Laser Heating (2010)

Pump-probe transient thermoreflectance (TTR) techniques are powerful tools for measuring the thermophysical properties of thin films, such as thermal conductivity, Λ, or thermal boundary conductance, G. This paper examines the assumption of one-dimensional heating on, Λ and G, determination in nanostructures using a pump-probe transient thermoreflectance technique. The traditionally used one-dimensional and axially symmetric cylindrical conduction models for thermal transport are reviewed. To test the assumptions of the thermal models, experimental data from Al films on bulk substrates (Si and glass) are taken with the TTR technique. This analysis is extended to thin film multilayer structures. The results show that at 11 MHz modulation frequency, thermal transport is indeed one dimensional. Error among the various models arises due to pulse accumulation and not accounting for residual heating.
The degA gene product accelerates degradation of Bacillus subtilis phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase in Escherichia coli (1993)

A search for genes involved in the inactivation and degradation of enzymes in sporulating Bacillus subtilis led to identification of the B. subtilis degA gene, whose product stimulates degradation of B. subtilis glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase in Escherichia coli cells. degA encodes a 36.7-kDa protein that has sequence similarity to several E. coli and B. subtilis regulatory proteins of the LacI class. B. subtilis degA::cat insertional inactivation mutants had no detectable defect in the inactivation or degradation of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase in glucose- or lysine-starved B. subtilis cells, however. We suggest that degA encodes either a novel protease or, more likely, a gene that stimulates production of such a protease.
Introduction to the Blood-Brain Barrier (1998)

The blood-brain barrier serves to protect the brain from toxic substances whilst simultaneously allowing access to essential nutrients and chemical signals. At the interface between brain and body, knowledge of the blood-brain barrier forms an essential component in the complete understanding of a large proportion of medical disciplines. Nevertheless, it seems that ignorance of both the biology of this important membrane and the methodology suitable for its investigation still remains an impediment to progress in many fields, including, for example, the development of new and efficacious neuropharmaceuticals, cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral AIDS and brain tumours. This introduction for both researchers and clinicians across the medical sciences is intended to aid both those beginning work directly in this area and those wishing simply to be better informed when interpreting information where the blood-brain barrier may be involved. Advances in both methodology and biology are detailed in 50 chapters from international authorities.