gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The isolation and characterization of the human suppressor inducer T cell subset. (1985)

Immunization of mice with lower primate lymphoid cells has provided a useful strategy for raising monoclonal antibodies against functionally important surface determinants on human T lymphocytes. We have developed a monoclonal antibody, anti-2H4, which defines functionally unique human T cell subsets. This anti-2H4 antibody was reactive with approximately 42% of unfractionated T cells, 41% of T4+ inducer cells, and was reactive with approximately 54% of T8+ cytotoxic/suppressor population. Anti-2H4 was not reactive with human thymocytes, but reacted with subsets of peripheral blood B cells and null cells. This antibody subdivided peripheral blood T4+ cells into two functionally distinct populations. The T4+2H4+ subset proliferate well to concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation, but poorly to soluble antigen stimulation, and provides poor help to B cells for PWM-induced Ig synthesis. The T4+2H4- subset, in contrast, proliferates poorly upon stimulation with Con A, but well on exposure to soluble antigen, and provides a good helper signal for PWM-induced Ig synthesis. What is, perhaps, most important, the T4+2H4+ subset functions as the inducer of the T8+ suppressor cells. Previous attempts to define the latter subset of cells has relied heavily on the use of specific autoantibodies present in the sera of patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The present results suggest that anti-2H4 antibody defines the human suppressor induced subset of lymphocyte previously described as T4+JRA+. Last, the results reemphasize the previously documented remarkable structural conservation of certain T cell-specific determinants on lymphocytes of phylogenetically distant primates.
Changes in intramyocardial ST segment voltage and gas tensions with regional myocardial ischemia in the dog. (1975)

This study was designed to evaluate the sensitivity of changes in myocardial carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions as indicators of regional myocardial ischemia and also to determine to what extent these changes can be related to changes in intramyocardial ST segment voltage. Changes in ST segment voltage recorded in unipolar epicardial electrodes proved to be a less-sensitive indicator of underlying myocardial ischemia than were changes in ST segment voltage recorded in unipolar intramyocardial electrodes. In 9 dogs, regional ischemia was produced by placing a variable constrictor on the left circumflex coronary artery; circumflex flow was monitored. Myocardial carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions were measured using a mass spectrometer. Unipolar electrograms were recorded using a multicontact plunge electrode. With progressive degrees of proximal stenosis, ranging from a critical stenosis, which is associated with a decrease in mean flow of less than 15%, to a severe stenosis associated with and 80% decrease, ST voltage increased 21 mv and carbon dioxide tension increased 84 mm Hg, but oxygen tension decreased only 7 mm Hg. The study suggests that increases in intramyocardial ST segment voltage, an index of myocardial ischemia, are associated with parallel increases in myocardial carbon dioxide tension, each providing a more sensitive quantitative correlate of regional myocardial ischemia than do decreases in oxygen tension. The local accumulation of carbon dioxide may be an important pathophysiological mechanism in myocardial ischemia.
New piezocomposite transducers for therapeutic ultrasound (2003)

The development of therapeutic ultrasound requires specially adapted transducers for the generation of high intensity focused beams. New piezocomposite technologies have been developed to take into account the high power requirements and constraints like the high degree of focussing, the capability to withstand thermal shocks, the requirement for safe and reliable transducers, the compatibility with MRI and Ultrasonic imaging systems. This approach enables a wide variety of shapes and the design of array transducers for electronic focusing, scanning and steering of the therapeutic beam. Recent results will be presented on power and efficiency aspects. The feasibility of highly focused transducers with several array structures as well as the combination of these technologies with MRI and Ultrasonic imaging systems will be illustrated through various examples.
25.3: Highly Efficient White Light Organic Light‐Emitting Device (2007)

Abstract A highly efficient white organic light‐emitting device (OLED) with a novel sky blue dopant BUBD‐1 in a two‐color emission system was fabricated. The device achieved an EL efficiency of 17.1 cd/A and 7.9 lm/W at 20 mA/cm 2 with CIE x,y coordinates of (x=0.29, y=0.41) which was not changed with drive conditions. The white light OLED reached a half‐decay t½ lifetime over 40,000 hours at an initial luminance of 300 cd/m 2 .
Restricting RICO Under FSIA (2012)

(Excerpt) This Note explores two competing interpretations: (1) that so long as the criminal act underlying the civil RICO suit falls within a FSIA exception, the sovereign may not raise immunity, and (2) that absent a grant of criminal jurisdiction, a foreign sovereign is not amenable to suit in a civil RICO claim. This Note asserts that the courts should find foreign sovereigns immune from civil RICO suits. Exploring the two FSIA interpretations requires an understanding of both statutes. To better understand FSIA’s framework, Part I discusses the underlying theories of immunity that gave rise to its development, as well as the congressional intent behind it. To illustrate civil RICO’s quasi-criminal nature, Part I also sketches the development of RICO. Part II explores the two competing interpretations of RICO in light of FSIA by detailing two circuit court cases with substantially similar facts yet diverging outcomes: Southway v. Central Bank of Nigeria and Keller v. Central Bank of Nigeria. Part II also briefly examines the dispositions of other courts on civil RICO claims brought under FSIA. Finally, Part III analyzes the diverging arguments in light of the statutory text, case law, international law, and policy considerations. Part III argues that granting immunity in civil RICO claims better reconciles FSIA’s text and purpose, and better aligns U.S. practice with international law. Part III concludes that, in light of policy concerns, courts should refrain from exercising jurisdiction over foreign sovereigns in civil RICO claims.
In vitro transcription of baculovirus immediate early genes: accurate mRNA initiation by nuclear extracts from both insect and human cells. (1991)

The production and characterization of nuclear extracts from uninfected Spodoptera frugiperda cells, capable of accurately initiating transcription of baculovirus immediate early genes in vitro, are described. Optimal in vitro transcription was dependent on the presence of a TATA box promoter element and was abolished by alpha-amanitin. Nuclear extracts from the S. frugiperda cells primed with plasmid DNA containing the adenovirus major late promoter produced run-off transcripts of the size predicted for initiation from the adenovirus promoter. In addition, nuclear extracts prepared from a human cell line accurately initiated transcription from the promoter of the baculovirus immediate early gene encoding gp64. Primer extension analysis showed that transcripts derived from the gp64 gene promoter using both the S. frugiperda and human cell nuclear extracts initiated at the same nucleotide as transcripts produced in vivo.
Potential Role of Group IIC-attCIntrons in Integron Cassette Formation (2009)

Integrons are natural expression vectors in which gene cassettes are integrated downstream of a promoter region by a site-specific recombinase. Gene cassettes usually consist of a single gene followed by a recombination site designated attC. A major unanswered question is how a gene becomes associated with an attC site. Here, we investigate the potential role of a specific lineage of group IIC introns, named group IIC-attC, in cassette formation. Group IIC-attC introns preferentially target attC while retaining the ability to target transcriptional terminators. We show using a PCR-based mobility assay with Escherichia coli that the S.ma.I2 intron from the genome of a clinical isolate of Serratia marcescens can target both attC site and putative terminator motifs of resistance genes. Quantitative results showed that S.ma.I2 is more efficient in targeting various attC sequences than three group IIC-attC introns (54 to 64% sequence identity) from the genomes of environmental isolates. We also show that purified group IIC-attC intron-encoded reverse transcriptases have both RNA-dependent and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities in vitro. These data permit us to suggest a new model for gene cassette formation, in which a group IIC-attC intron targets separately a transcriptional terminator adjoining a gene and an isolated attC, joins the gene and the attC by homologous recombination, and then splices and reverse transcribes a gene-attC RNA template, leading to the formation of a cassette.
Dimension inference under polymorphic recursion (1995)

Article Dimension inference under polymorphic recursion Share on Author: Mikael Rittri Department of Computing Science, Chalmers University of Technology and Göteborg University, S-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden Department of Computing Science, Chalmers University of Technology and Göteborg University, S-412 96 Göteborg, SwedenView Profile Authors Info & Claims FPCA '95: Proceedings of the seventh international conference on Functional programming languages and computer architectureOctober 1995 Pages 147–159https://doi.org/10.1145/224164.224197Published:01 October 1995 14citation206DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations14Total Downloads206Last 12 Months4Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Conceptual Density Functional Theory (2003)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConceptual Density Functional TheoryP. Geerlings, F. De Proft, and W. LangenaekerView Author Information Eenheid Algemene Chemie, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium, and Department of Molecular Design and Chemoinformatics, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 5, 1793–1874Publication Date (Web):April 17, 2003Publication History Received2 April 2002Published online17 April 2003Published inissue 1 May 2003https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr990029phttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr990029presearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2003 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views24755Altmetric-Citations4026LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Chemical bonding,Electronic properties,Hardness,Molecules,Reactivity Get e-Alerts
Treatment of Type 1 Diabetic Patients with Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) and GLP-1R Agonists (2009)

GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) is a peptide hormone secreted from endocrine cells in the intestinal mucosa in response to meals. The major effects of GLP-1 are to increase glucose-induced insulin secretion and reduce glucagon release, but GLP-1 also inhibits gastric emptying rate and reduces appetite and bodyweight in obese subjects. In vivo studies using animal models of type 2 diabetes and in vitro studies using human islet cells have suggested that GLP-1 or GLP-1 analogues are also able to increase beta-cell mass, but in animal models of type 1 diabetes, there is much less evidence for a beta-cell preserving effect. This review summarizes the present knowledge of GLP-1 and its analogues regarding its role as a possible treatment in patients with type 1 diabetes. The studies that address the effect of GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogues on beta-cell mass in both type 2 and type 1 diabetes, as well as the potential of GLP-1 as an adjuvant therapy in islet cell transplantation, will be reviewed. Suggestions for future studies of GLP-1 treatment in type 1 diabetes may include early treatment in order to preserve beta-cell mass and prolong the remission period, but should also take a potential insulin sparing effect and changes in the risk of hypoglycemia into account.
Elevated expression of membrane type 1 metalloproteinase (MT1‐MMP) in reactive astrocytes following neurodegeneration in mouse central nervous system (2000)

Reactive astrocytes occurring in response to neurodegeneration are thought to play an important role in neuronal regeneration by upregulating the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components as well as the ECM degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs). We examined the mRNA levels and cellular distribution of membrane type matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MT1-MMP) and tissue inhibitors 1-4 of MMPs (TIMPs) in brain stem and spinal cord of wobbler (WR) mutant mice affected by progressive neurodegeneration and astrogliosis. MT1-MMP, TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 mRNA levels were elevated, whereas TIMP-2 and TIMP-4 expression was not affected. MT1-MMP was expressed in reactive astrocytes of WR. In primary astrocyte cultures, MT1-MMP mRNA was upregulated by exogeneous tumor necrosis factor alpha. Increased plasma membrane and secreted MMP activities were found in primary WR astrocytes.
Trafficking of lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus in a cell-free system from rat liver (1991)

Trafficking and sorting of lipids during transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus was studied using a cell-free system from rat liver. Transitional elements of the endoplasmic reticulum were prepared from liver slices prelabeled with [14C]- or [3H]acetate as the donor fraction. Non-radioactive Golgi apparatus were immobilized on nitrocellulose as the acceptor. When reconstituted, the radiolabeled donor retained a capacity to transfer labeled lipids to the non-radioactive Golgi apparatus acceptor. Transfer exhibited two kinetically different components. One was stimulated by ATP, facilitated by cytosol and inhibited by guanosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) and N-ethylmaleimide. In parallel with protein transport, the ATP-dependent lipid transfer occurred with a temperature transition at about 20 degrees C. The other was not stimulated by ATP, did not require cytosol, was acceptor unspecific, was unaffected by inhibitors and, while temperature dependent, did not exhibit a sharp temperature transition. The ATP-independent transfer was non-vesicular. In contrast, the ATP-dependent transfer was vesicular. Transition vesicles isolated by preparative free-flow electrophoresis, when used as the donor fraction, transferred lipids to Golgi apparatus acceptor with a 5-6-fold greater efficiency than that exhibited by the unfractionated transitional endoplasmic reticulum. Formation of transition vesicles was ATP-dependent. Transferred lipids were chiefly phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. Membrane triglycerides, major constituents of the transitional endoplasmic reticulum membranes, were both depleted in the transition vesicle-enriched fractions and not transferred to Golgi apparatus suggestive of lipid sorting prior to or during transition vesicle formation. The characteristics of the ATP plus cytosol-dependent transfer were similar to those for protein transfer mediated by transition vesicles. Thus, the 50-70-nm vesicles derived from transitional endoplasmic reticulum appear to function in the trafficking of both newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
Harnessing asymmetrical substrate recognition by thermostable EndoV to achieve balanced linear amplification in multiplexed SNP typing (2006)

Multiplexed amplification of specific DNA sequences, by PCR or by strand-displacement amplification, is an intrinsically biased process. The relative abundance of amplified DNA can be altered significantly from the original representation and, in extreme cases, allele dropout can occur. In this paper, we present a method of linear amplification of DNA that relies on the cooperative, sequence-dependent functioning of the DNA mismatch-repair enzyme endonuclease V (EndoV) from Thermotoga maritima (Tma) and Bacillus stearothermophilus (Bst) DNA polymerase. Tma EndoV can nick one strand of unmodified duplex DNA, allowing extension by Bst polymerase. By controlling the bases surrounding a mismatch and the mismatch itself, the efficiency of nicking by EndoV and extension by Bst polymerase can be controlled. The method currently allows 100-fold multiplexed amplification of target molecules to be performed isothermally, with an average change of <1.3-fold in their original representation. Because only a single primer is necessary, primer artefacts and nonspecific amplification products are minimized.
Can Immunoregulatory Lactic Acid Bacteria Be Used as Dietary Supplements to Limit Allergies? (2001)

Studies in gnotobiotic animals have suggested that the intestinal bacterial flora may play an important role in priming the immune system during ontogeny to limit dysfunctional responses, including allergy. Prospective clinical studies have identified a higher incidence of allergy expression in early childhood among children who have low enteric populations of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, further supporting a role for gut-colonizing bacteria in regulating immunological atopy. There is some evidence to suggest that supplementing the human diet with probiotic LAB might combat both allergy development and expression of atopy in allergy sufferers; however, definitive information, in the form of controlled intervention trials, remains scant. Recent immunological evidence has indicated that certain strains of LAB can stimulate the production of type I and II interferons and pro-interferon monokines (IL-12 and IL-18), following contact with the immune system; therefore, probiotic forms of immunoregulatory LAB could be used as dietary supplements to modify the gut microflora and provide pro-T helper cell 1 (Th1) STAT-activating signals sufficient to deviate the immune phenotype and correct the Th2-type bias which promotes allergy. This review outlines the clinical and laboratory evidence of a role for LAB in combating allergies, and attempts to explain this phenomenon in terms of our current understanding of immunoregulatory signals produced by gut-colonizing microbes.
The Hydrogen Bond Mimic Approach:  Solid-Phase Synthesis of a Peptide Stabilized as an α-Helix with a Hydrazone Link (1999)

Proteins are characterized by extensive hydrogen bonding that defines regular and irregular substructures. However, hydrogen bonds are weak and insufficient for stabilizing peptide conformation in water. Consequently, the biological activity of peptides is reduced. This led us to test whether a covalent mimic of the hydrogen bond could be used to stabilize peptide conformation in water. A solid-phase synthesis is described for replacing a main-chain hydrogen bond (NH → OCRNH) with a hydrazone link (N−NCH−CH2CH2) in peptides. The synthesis is easy to implement, rapid, and capable of high yields. The replacement of a putative (i + 4 → i) hydrogen bond with the hydrazone at the N terminus of acetyl-GLAGAEAAKA-NH2 (1) to give [JLAZ]AEAAKA-NH2 (2) converts it to a full-length α-helix in water at ambient temperature as indicated by NMR spectroscopy. The observation of weak dαN(i, i + 3), medium dNN(i, i + 1), and strong dαβ(i, i + 3) NOEs that span 2 establish the formation of a full-length α-helix in water. JαN coupling constants and amide proton chemical shifts and temperature coefficients are consistent with a model involving rapidly equilibrating extended and α-helical conformers. Substituting l-alanine with l-proline to give [JLPZ]AEAAKA-NH2 (3) enhances α-helix nucleation and shifts the equilibrium further toward full-length α-helix. The hydrazone link displays many of the properties required of a hydrogen bond mimic and could find use as a general means for constraining peptides to a range of biologically relevant conformations.
Differential GPS reference station algorithm-design and analysis (2000)

The global positioning system (GPS) allows properly equipped users to determine their position based on the measured pseudoranges to at least four satellites. Differential GPS operation (DGPS) uses a reference station at a known location to calculate and broadcast pseudorange corrections to local users, resulting in improved user position accuracy. DGPS accuracy is limited by the ability of the reference station to remove the effects of receiver measurement noise and multipath errors from the broadcast corrections. This article presents two new algorithms for DGPS reference station design. The accuracy of the algorithms is analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. The single and two frequency reference station algorithms, respectively, achieve 6 dB and >20 dB improvement relative to the raw corrections.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Measurement of JNK, ERK, and p38 Kinase Activities (1998)

A rapid enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the enzyme activity measurement of three well-known mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, JNK2, ERK2, and p38 is described. The assay involves immobilization of the respective kinase substrates c-Jun, Elk1, or ATF2 on microtiter plates, addition of the kinase reaction mixture, and measurement of substrate phosphorylation using phospho-epitope-specific antibodies. This novel procedure represents a marked improvement to conventional radioactive MAP kinase assays in terms of quantification, precision, performance at physiological ATP concentration, high throughput, time consumption and amenability to automation. In addition to the standard solid phase assay using plastic-bound protein substrates, we developed an alternative solution phase protocol using soluble protein substrates. By comparing the results of the two assays, we found that MAP kinases retained much of their substrate specificity in the phosphorylation of immobilized protein substrates. Interestingly, we observed a strong preference of JNK2 and p38 for the phosphorylation of dimeric over monomeric substrates. We further characterized the kinase inhibitory activity of olomoucine, staurosporine, and SB 203580 for JNK2, ERK2, and p38. Taken together, this assay could assist in the biochemical characterization of MAP kinases and in identifying potent and specific inhibitors of these enzymes.