gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Handbook of Flow Cytometry Methods (1993)

Standards, Reagents, and Instruments. Precautions. Methods. Data Analysis and Computers. References Cited. Index of Terms.
Estimating Articulated Human Motion with Covariance Scaled Sampling (2003)

We present a method for recovering three-dimensional (3D) human body motion from monocular video sequences based on a robust image matching metric, incorporation of joint limits and non-self-intersection constraints, and a new sample-and-refine search strategy guided by rescaled cost-function covariances. Monocular 3D body tracking is challenging: besides the difficulty of matching an imperfect, highly flexible, self-occluding model to cluttered image features, realistic body models have at least 30 joint parameters subject to highly nonlinear physical constraints, and at least a third of these degrees of freedom are nearly unobservable in any given monocular image. For image matching we use a carefully designed robust cost metric combining robust optical flow, edge energy, and motion boundaries. The nonlinearities and matching ambiguities make the parameter-space cost surface multimodal, ill-conditioned and highly nonlinear, so searching it is difficult. We discuss the limitations of CONDENSATION-like samplers, and describe a novel hybrid search algorithm that combines inflated-covariance-scaled sampling and robust continuous optimization subject to physical constraints and model priors. Our experiments on challenging monocular sequences show that robust cost modeling, joint and self-intersection constraints, and informed sampling are all essential for reliable monocular 3D motion estimation.
AlN and High-k Thin Films for IC and Electroacoustic Applications (2002)

Further, a highly selective dry etch process for etching Al on AlN has been developed for the fabrication of MIM, MIS, SAW and BAW test structures for electrical and electroacoustic characterization of the films. A dielectric constant of 10 for AlN and 25 for Ti doped Ta2O5 have been measured. With respect to electroacoustic characterization, BAW measurements gave a longitudinal velocity of 11350 m/s and a TCD of -25ppm/K. AlN thin film test structures on SiO2/Si yielded a SAW velocity of around 5000 m/s, while those on polycrystalline diamond exhibited a SAW velocity of 11800 m/s. The latter results illustrate one of the biggest advantages of thin film SAW technology, namely one can exploit both the piezoelectric properties of the film and the acoustic properties of the substrate and hence devise components with superior performance. The explosive development of personal communications systems, navigation, satellite communications as well as personal computer and data processing systems together with the constant demand for higher speeds and larger bandwidths has driven the fabrication technology to its limits. This in turn necessitates the development of novel functional materials for the fabrication of devices with superior performance and higher capacity at reduced manufacturing costs. This thesis focuses on the synthesis and characterization of such materials for IC and electroacoustic applications. Specifically, AlN thin films as well as Ti doped Ta2O5 thin films have been grown using both RF and pulsed-DC reactive sputter deposition on a variety of substrate materials. AlN is a piezoelectric material and hence its crystallographic structure and film texture are of prime interest, while Ta2O5 is a material with a relatively high dielectric constant. A significant part of the work deals with the optimization of the deposition processes. The latter have been optimized both empirically and theoretically by modeling the reactive sputter process. Subsequently, highly textured AlN thin films have been synthesized and characterized. The films were fully c-axis oriented with a typical value for the FWHM of the (002) rocking curve of 1.6°. In addition, epitaxial AlN films have been grown on sapphire at 500oC with relatively low defect density.
An integrated spatio-temporal approach to automatic visual guidance of autonomous vehicles (1990)

The Kalman filter approach to recursive state estimation making use of dynamic models for the motion of massive objects has been extended to image sequence processing. This confines image processing to the last frame of the sequence only, and derives a direct spatial interpretation including spatial velocity components by smoothing integrations of prediction errors. Results are presented for road-vehicle guidance at high speeds including obstacle detection and monocular relative spatial state estimation. The corresponding data-processing architecture is discussed; the system has been implemented on a MIMD parallel processing system. Speeds up to 100 km/h have been demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I, IGF-binding protein 3, and mammographic density. (2000)

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) play a role in the normal development of breast tissue and possibly in the etiology of breast cancer. Breast density is one of the strongest predictors of breast cancer. In a cross-sectional analysis within the Nurses' Health Study, we compared the associations of plasma levels of endogenous IGF-I and IGFBP-3 with breast density in 65 premenopausal and 192 postmenopausal women. The digitized film screen mammograms were evaluated by the computer-assisted Toronto method, in which visually selected gray-scale cut points are used to assess breast density. Generalized linear models and Spearman's partial correlation coefficients described the associations between breast density and IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and the IGF-I:IGFBP-3 ratio. Premenopausal breast density was positively correlated with IGF-I and inversely correlated with IGFBP-3; the association was strongest for the IGF-I:IGFBP-3 ratio and breast density (r = 0.39; P = 0.004). In contrast, the correlation between breast density and the IGF-I:IGFBP-3 ratio among postmenopausal women was -0.02 (P = 0.83). The associations of IGF-I:IGFBP-3 ratio with breast density differed significantly between premenopausal and postmenopausal women (P = 0.01). Mammographic density is positively associated with plasma IGF-I levels and inversely associated with plasma IGFBP-3 levels among premenopausal women, but not among postmenopausal women. These results are consistent with previous studies that showed a positive association between a higher IGF-I:IGFBP-3 ratio and subsequent risk of breast cancer only among premenopausal women. The findings raise the possibility that premenopausal levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 could be in the etiological pathway that relates higher breast density with increased breast cancer risk.
S2‐04–02: Disease modification: Will we know it when we see it? (2008)

“Disease modification” is a frequently used term that has not yet been clearly defined with regard to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Various primary and secondary outcome measures that might be used in clinical trials were evaluated with regard to their utility in understanding the effects of investigational treatments on the underlying pathophysiology and rate of clinical progression of AD. Outcomes using either clinical or biomarker measures to assess effects on underlying disease pathophysiology were evaluated. Clinical strategies include randomized start and randomized withdrawal designs. Biomarkers that might provide evidence of disease modification include volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (vMRI), 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), amyloid imaging, and biochemical measures including Aβ42 and tau concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Each of the above measures is associated with certain advantages and certain limitations. While a randomized start design uses a clinical measure for assessment, uncertainties regarding statistical analyses and differential discontinuations among subjects prior to the end of the study may be confounding. For each of the various imaging and biochemical biomarkers, extant data suggest that they may not meet requirements for a surrogate marker of disease severity; nevertheless, each of these may provide important information regarding the effects of investigational drugs on brain structure and function. No single measure of “disease modification” is likely to provide compelling evidence that an investigational drug has caused an enduring change in the rate of clinical progression of AD. By understanding the effects of an investigational treatment on brain structure and function using biomarkers, and by examining the associated effects on clinical measures using a randomized start or withdrawal maneuver, a more complete understanding of the effect of an investigational treatment on AD progression can be obtained.
The Transplantation of Individual Rat and Guinea-pig Whisker Papillae (1961)

ABSTRACT A method is described for the removal and transplantation of vibrissa follicle bases (end bulbs). The whole papilla may be dissected from the capsule and follicle wall, and the dermal papillae may also be dissected out. Transplants have been made to various sites. No whisker was produced from end bulbs implanted into body skin, but whiskers were produced from end bulbs in the spleen, and from both end bulbs and whole papillae under ear skin. Several generations of whisker have been produced from some of the implants, but retention of the club whisker has not been observed. It is concluded that the whisker papilla is a permanent entity in the same sense as is the feather papilla, despite follicular changes during the growth-cycle. Dermal papillae may cause local ear epidermis to invest them, and pre-sumably this produces hair of local kind, as no whisker or whisker follicle was discovered. It is suggested that the whisker papilla is a non-specific organizer, speci-ficity residing in the ectoderm concerned.
Quantification of Thyroglobulin, a Low-Abundance Serum Protein, by Immunoaffinity Peptide Enrichment and Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2008)

Immunoaffinity peptide enrichment-tandem mass spectrometry can detect tryptic peptides of thyroglobulin at picomolar concentrations while also digesting the endogenous immunoglobulins that can potentially interfere with traditional immunoassays. Our observations suggest a general analytical strategy for using immunoaffinity isolation together with tandem mass spectrometry to quantify tumor antigens and other low-abundance proteins in human serum.
Biomimetic synthesis, antibacterial activity and structure–activity properties of the pyroglutamate core of oxazolomycin (2012)

Biomimetic intramolecular aldol reactions on oxazolidine templates derived from serine may be used to generate densely functionalised pyroglutamates, which are simpler mimics of the right hand side of oxazolomycin. Some of the compounds from this sequence exhibit in vivo activity against S. aureus and E. coli, suggesting that pyroglutamate scaffolds may be useful templates for the development of novel antibacterials, and cheminformatic analysis has been used to provide some structure-activity data.
Characterization of natriuretic peptide receptors in cultured cells. (1992)

To elucidate physiological and clinical implications of the natriuretic peptide family, the expression of receptors for natriuretic peptides has been examined in cultured cells (a rat pheochromocytoma cell line [PC12], bovine endothelial cells, rat aortic smooth muscle cells, human mesangial cells, and a porcine kidney epithelial cell line [LLC-PK1]) by Northern blot analysis and cyclic GMP production method for the ANP-A and ANP-B receptors and by Northern blot analysis and binding assay for the clearance receptor. The ANP-A receptor was predominantly expressed in PC12 cells, bovine endothelial cells, and LLC-PK1 cells but was barely expressed in rat aortic smooth muscle cells and human mesangial cells. By contrast, the ANP-B receptor was the major subtype of the biologically active receptors in rat aortic smooth muscle cells and human mesangial cells. Only a small amount of the ANP-B receptor was detected in PC12 cells, bovine endothelial cells, and LLC-PK1 cells. The clearance receptor was abundantly expressed in rat aortic smooth muscle cells and human mesangial cells and was also present in bovine endothelial cells, but it was undetectable in PC12 cells and LLC-PK1 cells. These results demonstrate that the expression of three natriuretic peptide receptors varies from cell to cell, which is relevant to cell- or tissue-specific action of the natriuretic peptide family.
Assessment of menstrual blood loss using a pictorial chart: a validation study (2000)

We have not been able to validate previously published work. The pictorial assessment chart offers no significant improvement in the quality of objective diagnosis in women complaining of menorrhagia.
Nervous Kidney (2000)

Increases in renal sympathetic nerve activity regulate the functions of the nephron, the vasculature, and the renin-containing juxtaglomerular granular cells. Because increased activity of the renin-angiotensin system can also influence nephron and vascular function, it is important to understand the interactions between the renal sympathetic nerves and the renin-angiotensin system in the control of renal function. These interactions can be intrarenal, for example, the direct (by specific innervation) and indirect (by angiotensin II) contributions of increased renal sympathetic nerve activity to the regulation of renal function. The effects of increased renal sympathetic nerve activity on renal function are attenuated when the activity of the renin-angiotensin system is suppressed or antagonized with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II-type AT(1)-receptor antagonists. The effects of intrarenal administration of angiotensin II are attenuated after renal denervation. These interactions can also be extrarenal, for example, in the central nervous system, wherein renal sympathetic nerve activity and its arterial baroreflex control are modulated by changes in activity of the renin-angiotensin system. In addition to the circumventricular organs, whose permeable blood-brain barrier permits interactions with circulating angiotensin II, there are interactions at sites behind the blood-brain barrier that depend on the influence of local angiotensin II. The responses to central administration of angiotensin II-type AT(1)-receptor antagonists into the ventricular system or microinjected into the rostral ventrolateral medulla are modulated by changes in activity of the renin-angiotensin system produced by physiological changes in dietary sodium intake. Similar modulation is observed in pathophysiological models wherein activity of both the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous systems is increased (eg, congestive heart failure). Thus, both renal and extrarenal sites of interaction between the renin-angiotensin system and renal sympathetic nerve activity are involved in influencing the neural control of renal function.
Origin of InGaN/GaN light-emitting diode efficiency improvements using tunnel-junction-cascaded active regions (2014)

This Letter investigates the efficiency enhancement achieved by tunnel junction insertion into the InGaN/GaN multi-quantum well (MQW) active region of blue light emitting diodes (LEDs). The peak quantum efficiency of such LED exceeds 100%, but the maximum wall-plug efficiency (WPE) hardly changes. However, due to the increased bias, the WPE peaks at much higher input power, i.e., the WPE droop is significantly delayed, and the output power is strongly enhanced. The main physical reason for this improvement lies in the non-uniform vertical carrier distribution typically observed within InGaN MQWs.
Enabling Biocatalysis by High-Throughput Protein Engineering Using Droplet Microfluidics Coupled to Mass Spectrometry (2018)

Directed Evolution is a key technology driving the utility of biocatalysis in pharmaceutical synthesis. Conventional approaches to Directed Evolution are conducted using bacterial cells expressing enzymes in microplates, with catalyzed reactions measured by HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), or optical detectors, which require either long cycle times or tailor-made substrates. To better fit modern, fast-paced process chemistry development where solutions are rapidly needed for new substrates, droplet microfluidics interfaced with electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS provides a label-free high-throughput screening platform. To apply this method to industrial enzyme screening and to explore potential approaches that may further improve the overall throughput, we optimized the existing droplet-MS methods. Carryover between droplets, traditionally a significant issue, was reduced to undetectable level by replacing the stainless steel ESI needle with a Teflon needle within a capillary electrophoresis (CE)-MS source. Throughput was improved to 3 Hz with a wide range of droplet sizes (10-50 nL) by tuning the sheath flow within the CE-MS source. The optimized method was demonstrated by screening reactions using two different transaminase libraries. Good correlations (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup> ∼ 0.95) were found between the droplet-MS and LC-MS methods, with 100% match on hit variants. We further explored the capability of the system by performing in vitro transcription-translation inside the droplets and directly analyzing the intact reaction mixture droplets by MS. The synthesized protein attained comparable activity to the protein standard, and the complex samples appeared well tolerated by the MS. The success of the above applications indicates that the MS analysis of the microfluidic droplets is an available option for considerably accelerating the screening of enzyme evolution libraries.
Computation of the periodic steady-state response of nonlinear networks by extrapolation methods (1980)

The problem of computing the periodic steady-state response can be formulated as solving a nonlinear equation of the form <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">z = F(z)</tex> where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F(z)</tex> Is the solution vector for the nonlinear network after one period of integration from the initial vector <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">z</tex> . The convergence of the sequence <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y_0 , y_1 , \cdots</tex> generated by <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Y_{r+1} = F(y_r)</tex> can be accelerated by extrapolation methods. This paper presents a unified analysis of three extrapolation methods: the scalar and vector <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\epsilon</tex> -algorithms and the minimum polynomial extrapolation algorithm. The main result of the paper is the theorem giving conditions for quadratic convergence of the extrapolation methods. To obtain this result the methods are studied for linear problems (where F is a linear function) and the error propagation properties are investigated. For autonomous systems a function called <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G</tex> similar to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</tex> can be defined. In order to obtain quadratic convergence from the extrapolation methods, the derivatives of F and G must be Lipschitz continuous. The appendixes give sufficient conditions for the Lipschitz continuity. A discussion of practical problems related to the implementation of the extrapolation methods is based on the convergence theorem and the error analysis. The performance of the extrapolation methods is demonstrated and compared with other methods for steady-state analysis by four examples, two autonomous and two nonautonomous. Extrapolation methods are very easy to implement, and they are efficient for the steady-state analysis of nonlinear circuits with few reactive elements giving rise to slowly decaying transients.
Design of a Stable Charge Transfer Complex Electrode for a Third-Generation Amperometric Glucose Sensor (1996)

A novel approach to prepare a stable charge transfer complex (CTC) electrode for the direct oxidation of flavoproteins and the fabrication of a third generation amperometric biosensor (Koopal, C.G.J.; Feiters, M.C.; Nolte, R.J.M. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 1992, 29, 159-175) system is described. Tetrathiafulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TTF-TCNQ), an organic CTC, is grown at the surface of a shapable electroconductive (SEC) film (a polyanion-doped polypyrrole film) in such a way that it makes a tree-shaped crystal structure standing vertically on the surface. Glucose oxidase (GOx) is adsorbed and cross-linked with glutaraldehyde to fix at the surface of the CTC structure. The space between crystals is filled with cross-linked gelatin to ensure the stability of the treelike crystal structure as well as the stability of the enzyme. Because of the close proximity and the favorable orientation of the enzyme at the CTC surface, the enzyme is directly oxidized at the crystal surface, which leads to a glucose sensor with remarkably improved performance. It works at a potential from 0.0 to 0.25 V (vs Ag/AgCl). The maximum current density at 0.25 V reaches 1.8 mA/cm2, with an extended linear range. The oxygen in the normal buffer solution has little effect on the sensor output. The current caused by interference contained in the physiological fluids is negligible. The working life as well as the shelf life of the sensor is substantially prolonged. The sensor was continuously used in a flow injection system with a continuous polarization at 0.1 V, and the samples (usually 10 mM glucose) were injected at 30 min intervals. After 100 days of continuous use, the current output dropped to 40% of the initial level. No change in the output of the sensor was observed over a year when the sensor was stored dry in a freezer. The electrochemical rate constants and the effective Michaelis constant of the system are reported.