gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of dissolution rate of hydrochlorothiazide via solid dispersion. (1986)

Solid dispersions of hydrochlorothiazide (1) in mannitol (2) and in dihydroxypropyltheophylline (3) were prepared by melting and solvent methods. For both systems, phase diagrams of simple eutectic type were obtained. A significant increase in dissolution rate was observed for 1/2 and 1/3 physical mixtures and solid dispersion as compared to pure drug. Solubility of 1 in 2 and in 3 solution at 27 degrees C and 37 degrees C was studied. At 37 degrees C the water solubility of the drug increased 3.7 times using 0.4 mol X 1(-1) 3. The solubilization of the drug by 3 in water was due to the formation 1 : 1 soluble complex. 1 tablets from physical mixtures and solid dispersion were prepared. Effect of ageing on the physical properties of the prepared 1 tablets was investigated.
Evaluation of lipoarabinomannan for the serological diagnosis of tuberculosis (1990)

The availability of highly purified lipoarabinomannan from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in its native acylated, highly antigenic state allowed its application to the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis in patients from the Republic of Mexico. Antilipoarabinomannan immunoglobulin G antibodies in sera from 66 patients with pulmonary, miliary, and pleural tuberculosis and tuberculosis lymphadenities were measured by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against sera from a control population of healthy individuals, people with histoplasmosis, and people with lung diseases not caused by mycobacteria. The results pointed to an unexpectedly high degree of specificity of 91% and a sensitivity of 72%, comparable to figures from previous studies with other purified antigens; most of the false-positive results were for patients with histoplasmosis. Thus, lipoarabinomannan of M. tuberculosis is a potentially useful antigen for the serodiagnosis of tuberculosis.
Characterization of cytosine methylated regions and 5-cytosine DNA methyltransferase (Ehmeth) in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica (2004)

The DNA methylation status of the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica was heretofore unknown. In the present study, we developed a new technique, based on the affinity of methylated DNA to 5-methylcytosine antibodies, to identify methylated DNA in this parasite. Ribosomal DNA and ribosomal DNA circles were isolated by this method and we confirmed the validity of our approach by sodium bisulfite sequencing. We also report the identification and the characterization of a gene, Ehmeth, encoding a DNA methyltransferase strongly homologous to the human DNA methyltransferase 2 (Dnmt2). Immunofluorescence microscopy using an antibody raised against a recombinant Ehmeth showed that Ehmeth is concentrated in the nuclei of trophozoites. The recombinant Ehmeth has a weak but significant methyltransferase activity when E.histolytica genomic DNA is used as substrate. 5-Azacytidine (5-AzaC), an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase, was used to study in vivo the role of DNA methylation in E.histolytica. Genomic DNA of trophozoites grown with 5-AzaC (23 microM) was undermethylated and the ability of 5-AzaC-treated trophozoites to kill mammalian cells or to cause liver abscess in hamsters was strongly impaired.
Molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson disease: insights from genetic studies (2009)

Over the past few years, genetic findings have changed our views on the molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD), as mutations in a growing number of genes have been found to cause monogenic forms of the disorder. These mutations cause neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration either by a toxic gain of function, as in the case of the dominant forms of monogenic PD caused by mutations in the genes for alpha-synuclein or LRRK2, or by a loss of an intrinsic protective function, as is likely for the recessive PD genes parkin (PRKN), PINK1 and DJ-1. Evidence is emerging that at least some of the pathways uncovered in the rare monogenic forms of PD may play a direct role in the aetiology of the common sporadic disorder and that variants of the respective genes contribute to the risk of developing the disease. These findings will allow the search for new treatment strategies that focus on the underlying molecular pathophysiology, rather than simply on ameliorating symptoms.
Angiopolarity of cell carriers: directional angiogenesis in resorbable liver cell transplantation devices (1992)

The purpose of this study was to obtain directional angiogenesis of small blood vessels and capillaries to an implant made from a resorbable polymer for hepatocyte transplantation. It was intended to mimic the native acinar structure of the liver in order to facilitate replication of the cells and organ growth. The implant device structure was designed for injection to minimize surgical trauma. Hollow microspheres with an open porous wall structure and one large central opening were made from poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (85:15 lactic:glycolic). This polymeric scaffold was seeded with hepatocytes and implanted into the abdominal wall muscle of syngeneic Fisher rats. Specimens explanted up to 56 days p.o. showed hepatocyte survival and the development of a directional blood supply. This phenomenon is coined "angiopolarity". The study should help in addressing the issue as to whether avascular cell implants with post-transplantation organ growth should be attempted. Processing options in applying heat to the polymer solution allow manufacturing of larger microspheres with different diameters of central openings. This would allow the use of the scaffold for other cell transplantations than hepatocytes.
Drain voltage scaling in carbon nanotube transistors (2003)

Decreasing the oxide thickness in carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNFETs) improves the turn-on behavior. However, we demonstrate that this also requires scaling the range of the drain voltage. This scaling is needed to avoid an exponential increase in off-current with drain voltage, due to modulation of the Schottky barriers at both the source and drain contact. We illustrate this with results for bottom-gated ambipolar CNFETs with oxides of 2 and 5 nm, and give an explicit scaling rule for the drain voltage. Above the drain voltage limit, the off-current becomes large and has equal electron and hole contributions. This allows the recently reported light emission from appropriately biased CNFETs.
Adoptive immunotherapy of Gram-negative sepsis (1993)

Adoptive immunotherapy using monoclonal anticore antibodies seems to improve survival rate in selected patients with Gram-negative sepsis. Nevertheless, because of concerns about costs and the interpretation of the results from the completed clinical trials, these new agents have generated enormous controversy. The precise role of adoptive immunotherapy against lipopolysaccharide in the practice of critical care medicine in the United States remains unclear.
A Survey of User-Level Network Interfaces for System Area Networks (1997)

System Area Networks (SANs), such as Myricom Myrinet and IBM Vulcan, provide latency, bandwidth, and reliability that are orders of magnitude better than traditional local area networks. SAN benefits are, however, proffered to applications only if light-weight protocols (not TCP/IP) and efficient network interfaces are used. SAN benefits are squandered, for example, if applications must invoke the operating system to send and receive messages. In contrast, User-level Network Interfaces (ULNIs) allow host applications to directly access the network interface without compromising protection by memory mapping internal interface registers into user space (e.g., the Myricom Myrinet network interface). Future trends in processor and SAN performance improvement indicate that ULNI accesses will become a critical bottleneck ---if not the most critical bottleneck---in systems built around SANs. Although processor accesses to ULNI registers are simply reading and writing ULNI memory, almost all U...
Maximum Likelihood vs. Minimum Distance (2004)

COMPARING maximum likelihood (ML; see [Keightley 1998][1]) and minimum distance (MD; see [Garcia-Dorado 1997][2]) methods to infer the properties of deleterious spontaneous mutation from simulated mutation accumulation data, [Garcia-Dorado and Gallego (2003)][3] found that ML estimates of the
Developing Chiral Ligands for Asymmetric Hydrogenation (2007)

This Account outlines our efforts in ligand development for asymmetric hydrogenation. The successful development of three classes of ligands is presented, including (1) ligands with phosphocyclic motifs, (2) ligands with atropisomeric backbones, and (3) bisphosphine ligands inspired by the structure of 2,3- O-isopropylidene-2,3-dihydroxyl-1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (DIOP). With this large ligand toolbox, we have prepared many pharmaceutically valuable chiral products efficiently.
Treatment Adherence Associated With Conventional and Atypical Antipsychotics in a Large State Medicaid Program (2003)

Compared with the use of conventional antipsychotics, the use of atypical antipsychotic medications was associated with significantly less treatment switching and less use of concomitant medications. However, undertreatment, evidenced by a lack of prescription refills, occurred among patients taking both medication classes, which highlights the need for further research on nonadherence.
Susceptibility to AIDS progression appears early in HIV infection (1990)

To investigate whether predictors of AIDS progression are operative very early in the natural history of HIV infection, we conducted a nested case-control study within a cohort of 119 subjects who seroconverted while under observation in a prospective study of homosexual men. For each of the 18 cases who have progressed to AIDS, we randomly selected three controls who had seroconverted within 3 months of the case but who have remained AIDS-free. Cases and controls were compared with regard to laboratory and clinical parameters obtained at the time of the earliest HIV-positive result. The median duration between the estimated date of seroconversion and this first positive result was 4 months for cases and 6 months for controls. Cases exhibited lower CD4 counts (657 versus 774 x 10(6)/l; P = 0.037), lower CD4: CD8 ratios (0.98 versus 1.39; P = 0.003), higher immune complex levels (C1q binding: 25 versus 15%; P = 0.002), lower hemaglobin concentrations (14.8 versus 15.2 g/l; P = 0.011), higher immunoglobulin (Ig) A levels (272 versus 184 mg/dl; P = 0.003), and higher IgG levels (1530 versus 1300 mg/dl; P = 0.037) than controls. Cases exhibited higher CD8 counts of marginal statistical significance (732 versus 597 x 10(6)/l; P = 0.059). No differences were observed with respect to IgM levels, total lymphocyte or white blood cell counts, or the frequency of generalized lymphadenopathy. A total of 27.8% of cases but only 11.5% of controls reported one or more symptoms during the 6-month period preceding the first positive visit (P = 0.027). We conclude that laboratory and clinical abnormalities which are predictive of more rapid progression to AIDS may appear very early in HIV infection. This suggests that some of the factors responsible for more rapid disease progression are present in the host prior to or shortly after infection occurs.
Characterization of a hyaluronic acid-dermatan sulfate proteoglycan complex from dedifferentiated human chondrocyte cultures. (1981)

Cells grown from human articular cartilage by an explant method were shown to be dedifferentiated chondrocytes by the failure to respond to treatment with 5-bromodeoxyuridine, vitamin A, or the addition of hyaluronic acid. The major glycosaminoglycan produced by these cells was high molecular weight hyaluronic acid. The majority of the 35S-sulfated glycosaminoglycan was copolymeric chondroitin sulfate-dermatan sulfate (Mr = 2 to 2.4 X 10(4). The dermatan sulfate was present as the 4-sulfated isomer. Labeled proteoglycans were isolated from the growth media by centrifugation in either associative or dissociative cesium chloride density gradients in the presence of protease inhibitors or by precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride and column chromatography on Sepharose CL-2B. The proteoglycans secreted into the medium by these dedifferentiated chondrocytes were large molecular weight proteoglycans (Kav = 0.23 on Sepharose CL-2B) that were able to form specific complexes with hyaluronic acid. The material isolated by the cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation was an aggregated proteoglycan (78% aggregate) that was not displaced by exogenous proteoglycan which after reduction and alkylation gave a large proteoglycan monomer (Kav = 0.23 on Sepharose CL-2B). These findings are in direct contrast to the report of small molecular proteoglycans isolated from cultures of dedifferentiated chrondrocytes obtained from other species.
Structural characterization of toxic cyclic peptides from blue-green algae by tandem mass spectrometry. (1989)

Combined use of chemical degradation, derivatization, and tandem mass spectrometry for rapid structural characterization of toxic cyclic peptides from blue-green algae at the nanomole level is described. Previously, all blue-green algal toxins were thought to belong to a family of seven-residue cyclic peptides, having the general structure cyclo-D-Ala-L-Xaa-erythro-beta-methyl-D-isoaspartic acid-L-Yaa-Adda-D-isoglutamic acid-N-methyldehydroalanine, where Xaa and Yaa represent variable amino acids of the L configuration and Adda is 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyl-deca-4,6-dienoic acid. Structural characterization of two additional toxins indicates that further variability can exist within this family of naturally occurring toxic cyclic peptides. Isoaspartic acid and dehydroalanine can substitute for beta-methylisoaspartic acid and N-methyldehydroalanine, respectively.
Use of Ranks in One-Criterion Variance Analysis (1952)

Abstract Given C samples, with n i observations in the ith sample, a test of the hypothesis that the samples are from the same population may be made by ranking the observations from from 1 to Σn i (giving each observation in a group of ties the mean of the ranks tied for), finding the C sums of ranks, and computing a statistic H. Under the stated hypothesis, H is distributed approximately as χ2(C – 1), unless the samples are too small, in which case special approximations or exact tables are provided. One of the most important applications of the test is in detecting differences among the population means.Footnote* * Based in part on research supported by the Office of Naval Research at the Statistical Research Center, University of Chicago. Notes * Based in part on research supported by the Office of Naval Research at the Statistical Research Center, University of Chicago.
Musculotendon simulation for hand animation (2008)

We describe an automatic technique for generating the motion of tendons and muscles under the skin of a traditionally animated character. This is achieved by integrating the traditional animation pipeline with a novel biomechanical simulator capable of dynamic simulation with complex routing constraints on muscles and tendons. We also describe an algorithm for computing the activation levels of muscles required to track the input animation. We demonstrate the results with several animations of the human hand.
Estimator for photon counting energy selective x-ray imaging with multibin pulse height analysis (2011)

The estimator provides a noniterative method to compute the energy dependent information from multibin PHA data that achieves the CRLB over a wide range of operating conditions and has low output bias. The estimator can be calibrated based on the measurements of a calibration phantom; so, it does not require measurements of the x-ray energy spectrum or the detector response functions.
Organization of the synthesis of glycolipid oligosaccharides in the Golgi complex (2011)

Glycolipids constitute a complex family of amphipathic molecules structurally characterized by a hydrophilic mono- or oligo-saccharide moiety linked to a hydrophobic ceramide moiety. Due to their asymmetric distribution in cell membranes, exposing the saccharide moiety to the extracytoplasmic side of the cell, glycolipids participate in a variety of cell-cell and cell-ligand interactions. Here we summarize aspects of the cell biology of the stepwise synthesis of the saccharide moiety in the Golgi complex of cells from vertebrates. In particular we refer to the participant glycosyltransferases, with emphasis on their trafficking along the secretory pathway, their retention and organization in the Golgi complex membranes and their dependence on the Golgi complex ultra structural organization for proper function.
Hydrophilic Polystyrene-Polyoxyethylene Graft Polymer Beads as Carrier of Antigenic Peptides for in vivo and in vitro Immunization Techniques: Applications to the Non-Catalytic Zinc Loop of HLADH Isozymes and to Histone Fragments (1993)

Polystyrene-polyethyleneglycol tentacle polymers (PS–PEG) are a novel class of graft copolymer beads based on a polystyrene matrix grafted with a brush-like layer of polyoxyethylene tentacles [9-12]. Immunogenic materials were obtained by synthesizing on tentacle polymer-bound amino derivatives as a solid support the following haptens: The C-terminal sequence 187—211 KPKAA KPKAA KPKAA KPKAA KPKKA APKKK and the N-terminal sequence 3-31 APAAP AAAPP AEKTP VKKKA AKKPA GA of histone H 1 (calf thymus), as well as the sequences 93-116 of the horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase EE (FTPQC GKCRV CKHPE GNFCL KNDL) and SS (FIPQC GKCSV CKHPE GNLCL KNSL) isozymes (Jörnvall (1970) Eur. J. Biochem. 16, 41-49), respectively. These materials proved to be efficient immunogens both in vivo and in vitro, showing excellent biocompatibility compared to other solid hapten carriers. Tentacle-based immunogens are generally available by standard synthetic procedures either by in situ synthesis of hapten molecules on or by covalent attachment of available antigens or haptens to the beads. Advantageous is the possibility to synthesize the peptide on the tentacle polymer, and to use the solid phase bound peptide directly as hapten. The beads serve as carriers, and no separate splitting off the peptide and binding to another carrier is necessary.
Visualizing mRNA expression in plant protoplasts: factors influencing efficient mRNA uptake and translation. (1989)

In this paper we demonstrate that RNA sequences present upstream and downstream of a reporter gene coding region play an important role in determining the amount of protein produced from an mRNA. A translational enhancer, omega, derived from tobacco mosaic virus, when present at the 5'-end of beta-glucuronidase mRNA increased the efficiency of translation 16-fold to 18-fold in electroporated tobacco or carrot protoplasts, and threefold to 11-fold in maize or rice protoplasts. The presence of omega did not alter the half-life of the mRNA in vivo. We also demonstrate for the first time that a minimum polyadenylated tail length of 25 adenylate residues is sufficient to substantially increase the expression and half-life of the reporter mRNA in plants. When in vitro-produced mRNAs were synthesized such that extra sequence was added to the 3'-end of the poly(A) tail, however, the final level of expression was decreased up to 80%. Omega, the translational enhancer, and a poly(A) tail function independently of each other; their combined effect on translation, when both are present in an mRNA, is the multiplication of their individual effects. Histochemical analysis for the presence of beta-glucuronidase in tobacco established that virtually all viable cells receive mRNA during electroporation. Video image analysis of tobacco protoplasts electroporated with luciferase mRNA demonstrated that there is a wide range in the level of expression of this marker. Carrier RNA, when present during electroporation, had only a modest effect on increasing mRNA uptake. Reporter mRNA expression in electroporated protoplasts was directly proportional to the input mRNA up to at least 30 micrograms/ml.
Gene therapy for lysosomal storage disorders (2011)

The implementation of viral vector delivery systems with specific tropism, regulated transgene expression, low immunogenicity and low genotoxic risk and the improvement in isolation and manipulation of relevant cell types to be transplanted, are fundamental challenges to the field. Also, combinatorial strategies might be required to achieve full correction in LSDs with neurological involvement.
The Opioid Epidemic and Pain Medicine Specialists: Where to Begin and What Is Next? (2018)

The United States faces a challenge that affects millions of people: the opioid epidemic, also referred to as the opioid crisis. In October 2017, the President of the United States declared the opioid epidemic a public health crisis.[1][1] The hope is that federal funding will be provided to address
Monitoring the Impact of Influenza by Age: Emergency Department Fever and Respiratory Complaint Surveillance in New York City (2007)

Influenza-related morbidity in NYC was highly age- and strain-specific. The impact of reemerging B/Victoria-lineage influenza was focused primarily on school-aged children born since the virus was last widespread in the US, while epidemic A/Fujian-lineage influenza affected all age groups, consistent with a novel antigenic variant. The correspondence between predominant circulating viruses and excess ED visits, hospitalizations, and deaths shows that excess fever and respiratory ED visits provide a reliable surrogate measure of incident influenza-attributable morbidity. The highly age-specific impact of influenza by subtype and strain suggests that greater age detail be incorporated into ongoing surveillance. Influenza morbidity surveillance using electronic data currently available in many jurisdictions can provide timely and representative information about the age-specific epidemiology of circulating influenza viruses.
A procedure for developing intuitive and ergonomic gesture interfaces for man-machine interaction (2003)

Many disciplines of multimedia and communication go towards ubiquitous computing and hand free interaction with computers. Application domains in this direction involve virtual reality, augmented reality, wearable computing, and smart spaces. This paper presents two main approaches to developing and testing these interfaces using gestures. It presents the important issues in gesture communication, from a technological viewpoint as well as a user viewpoint such as the technological complexity, learning rate, ergonomics, and intuition. These issues must be taken into account when choosing the gesture vocabulary. A procedure is proposed which includes those issues in the selection of gestures, and to test the resulting set of gestures. The procedure is tested and demonstrated on an example application with a small test group. The procedure is concluded to be useful and time consuming. The importance of using theory from ergonomics is also concluded.
Catalysts on Demand: Selective Oxidations by Laboratory-Evolved Cytochrome P450 BM3 (2009)

Efficient catalysts for selective oxidation of C–H bonds using atmospheric oxygen are highly desirable to decrease the economic and environmental costs associated with conventional oxidation processes. We have used methods of directed evolution to generate variants of bacterial cytochrome P450 BM3 that catalyze hydroxylation and epoxidation of a wide range of nonnative substrates. This fatty acid hydroxylase was converted to a propane monooxygenase (PMO) capable of hydroxylating propane at rates comparable to that of BM3 on its natural substrates. Variants along the PMO evolutionary lineage showed broadened substrate scope; these became the starting points for evolution of a wide array of enzymes that can hydroxylate and derivatize organic scaffolds. This work demonstrates how a single member of enzyme family is readily converted by evolution into a whole family of catalysts for organic synthesis.