gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Survival and maturation of heterotopic fetal brain stem xenografts after treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine and cyclosporine A (1995)

Brain stem halves from fetal rabbits were transplanted to the caudate nucleus area of adult rats. The animals were treated postoperatively with cyclosporine A (CsA) and 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (CdA) for three days, and with CdA alone for the next 13 days. The treatment started at the day of implantation, and in some animals it was repeated starting at day 36 after grafting (at the time when signs of a light inflammatory reaction appeared in some grafts). Grafts survived and matured histologically, and no signs of acute rejection were observed up to the 90th day. In some grafts we recorded phasic neuronal activities similar to the respiratory-related neural activities characteristic for the adult brain stem. Immunosuppression with CdA and CsA deserves further evaluation in fetal brain grafting.
A Robust Transform Binary Vector Excited Coder with Embedded Error Correction Coding (1989)

Described a recently proposed approach for representing the excitation sequence in analysis-by-synthesis speech coders, where the excitation vector is given by the transformation of a binary vector with values -1 or 1. In this approach, the storage requirement and the exhaustive search of the excitation codebook are completely ruled out, resulting into an extremely simple encoding algorithm. The issue of embedding error-correcting coding into the speech coder to combat channel errors is also discussed. Both convolutional codes and Reed-Solomon codes are investigated aiming at the overall bit rate of 11.4 kb/s. >
The Infectivity ofCryptosporidium parvumin Healthy Volunteers (1995)

In healthy adults with no serologic evidence of past infection with C. parvum, a low dose of C. parvum oocysts is sufficient to cause infection.
Serum Adiponectin As a Predictor of Childhood Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Nationwide Case-Control Study (2009)

Elevated serum adiponectin, but not leptin, levels are independently associated with childhood NHL and poor prognosis. Adiponectin receptors are expressed in NHL, suggesting that adiponectin may represent not only a potential clinically significant diagnostic and prognostic marker but also a molecule that may be implicated in NHL pathogenesis.
Multiple horizontal drainholes can improve production (1994)

Drilling several horizontal sections from a single vertical well bore has improved the drilling and production economics on many wells, especially in South Texas, where multilateral wells are becoming more common. A multilateral well consists of two or more horizontal drainholes drilled from one primary vertical well bore, either as a new well or as a re-entry. There are a number of advantages to drilling multilateral drainholes. Multilateral drainholes reduce drilling costs because only one main vertical bore is drilled (reduces drilling time and wellhead and casing costs). Of primary importance is the increased well production compared to similar single horizontal wells and vertical wells. The use of a single vertical well bore minimizes location, access road, and cleanup costs. Fewer surface production facilities may be necessary, and offshore, increasing the drainage area for a fixed number of well slots gives greater platform flexibility and allows more extensive field development. One disadvantage, however, is the potential complications during well control because two or more well bores are open. Also, the ability to service a particular well bore is more complex. To prevent future well bore service problems, each drainhole must be designed for later re-entry.
The heparan sulfate mimetic PG545 interferes with Wnt/β-catenin signaling and significantly suppresses pancreatic tumorigenesis alone and in combination with gemcitabine (2014)

The heparan sulfate mimetic PG545 has been shown to exert anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic activity in vitro and in vivo cancer models. Although much of this activity has been attributed to inhibition of heparanase and heparan sulfate-binding growth factors, it was hypothesized that PG545 may additionally disrupt Wnt signaling, an important pathway underlying the malignancy of pancreatic cancer. We show that PG545, by directly interacting with Wnt3a and Wnt7a, inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling leading to inhibition of proliferation in pancreatic tumor cell lines. Additionally, we demonstrate for the first time that the combination of PG545 with gemcitabine has strong synergistic effects on viability, motility and apoptosis induction in several pancreatic cell lines. In an orthotopic xenograft mouse model, combination of PG545 with gemcitabine efficiently inhibited tumor growth and metastasis compared to single treatment alone. Also, PG545 treatment alone decreased the levels of β-catenin and its downstream targets, cyclin D1, MMP-7 and VEGF which is consistent with our in vitro data. Collectively, our findings suggest that PG545 exerts anti-tumor activity by disrupting Wnt/β-catenin signaling and combination with gemcitabine should be considered as a novel therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer treatment.
Serum oestradiol and breast cancer risk. (1999)

Breast cancer risk is increased by early menarche and late menopause, suggesting that the long duration of exposure of the breasts to the high levels of ovarian steroids in premenopausal women increases risk. Recent prospective studies have shown that postmenopausal women who develop breast cancer have significantly greater prediagnostic serum concentrations of oestradiol than postmenopausal women who remain healthy. Estimation of long-term oestradiol concentrations in premenopausal women is difficult, and few data are available from prospective studies, but these are compatible with the hypothesis that relatively high oestradiol concentrations in premenopausal women are also associated with an increase in breast cancer risk. Women in populations with low breast cancer rates have low serum oestradiol concentrations both before and after the menopause. The serum concentration of oestradiol is probably a major determinant of breast cancer risk, but more data are needed to confirm this and to investigate the possible roles of other sex hormones.
Tissue factor- and factor X-dependent activation of protease-activated receptor 2 by factor VIIa (2000)

Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is expressed by vascular endothelial cells and other cells in which its function and physiological activator(s) are unknown. Unlike PAR1, PAR3, and PAR4, PAR2 is not activatable by thrombin. Coagulation factors VIIa (FVIIa) and Xa (FXa) are proteases that act upstream of thrombin in the coagulation cascade and require cofactors to interact with their substrates. These proteases elicit cellular responses, but their receptor(s) have not been identified. We asked whether FVIIa and FXa might activate PARs if presented by their cofactors. Co-expression of tissue factor (TF), the cellular cofactor for FVIIa, together with PAR1, PAR2, PAR3, or PAR4 conferred TF-dependent FVIIa activation of PAR2 and, to lesser degree, PAR1. Responses to FXa were also observed but were independent of exogenous cofactor. The TF/FVIIa complex converts the inactive zymogen Factor X (FX) to FXa. Strikingly, when FX was present, low picomolar concentrations of FVIIa caused robust signaling in cells expressing TF and PAR2. Responses in keratinocytes and cytokine-treated endothelial cells suggested that PAR2 may be activated directly by TF/FVIIa and indirectly by TF/FVIIa-generated FXa at naturally occurring expression levels of TF and PAR2. These results suggest that PAR2, although not activatable by thrombin, may nonetheless function as a sensor for coagulation proteases and contribute to endothelial activation in the setting of injury and inflammation. More generally, these findings highlight the potential importance of cofactors in regulating PAR function and specificity.
Exploiting bacterial DNA gyrase as a drug target: current state and perspectives (2011)

DNA gyrase is a type II topoisomerase that can introduce negative supercoils into DNA at the expense of ATP hydrolysis. It is essential in all bacteria but absent from higher eukaryotes, making it an attractive target for antibacterials. The fluoroquinolones are examples of very successful gyrase-targeted drugs, but the rise in bacterial resistance to these agents means that we not only need to seek new compounds, but also new modes of inhibition of this enzyme. We review known gyrase-specific drugs and toxins and assess the prospects for developing new antibacterials targeted to this enzyme.
Reduced thrombogenicity of polymers having phospholipid polar groups (1990)

The thrombogenicity of polymers having a phospholipid polar group, poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-co-n-butyl methacrylate (BMA)), was evaluated by a microsphere-column method with attention to the activation and adhesion of platelets on the polymer surface. When citrated platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contacted with the polymers, a large number of platelets adhered and aggregated on poly(BMA). The number of adherent platelets decreased and deformation and aggregation were suppressed with increasing MPC composition. The same tendency was noted when Ca2(+)-re-added PRP came in contact with the polymers. In the case of poly(MPC-co-BMA) with 0.320 mole fraction of MPC, activation of platelets and formation of fibrin were completely suppressed. Therefore, MPC moieties in the polymer play an important role in the reduction of thrombogenicity of the polymer.
Time-critical action: representations and application (1997)

We review the problem of time-critical action and discuss a reformulation that shifts knowledge acquisition from the assessment of complex temporal probabilistic dependencies to the direct assessment of time-dependent utilities over key outcomes of interest. We dwell on a class of decision problems characterized by the centrality of diagnosing and reacting in a timely manner to pathological processes. We motivate key ideas in the context of trauma-care triage and transportation decisions.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective Mono‐ and Diarylation Reactions of 2‐Phenylphenols and Naphthols with Aryl Halides (1997)

Not only monoarylation but also diarylation of 2-phenylphenols with aryl iodides proceeds effectively and regioselectively when a palladium catalyst and an appropriate base are employed. The products are 1,2-diphenyl- and 1,2,3-triphenylbenzene derivatives, respectively (see below). Also discussed is the arylation of 1- and 2-naphthols. X = H, OMe; Y = H, Me; Z = H, OMe, NO2.
Building tight – ventilating right? How are new air tightness standards affecting indoor air quality in dwellings? (2013)

Building more air-tight dwellings is having a deleterious impact on indoor air quality. In a range of recently completed dwellings CO 2 concentrations were measured in occupied bedrooms at unacceptable concentrations (occupied mean peak of 2317 ppm and a time weighted average of 1834 ppm, range 480–4800 ppm). Such high levels confirm that air-tight dwellings with only trickle ventilators as the ‘planned’ ventilation strategy do not meet the standards demanded by the Building Regulations. Reducing ventilation rates to improve energy efficiency and lower carbon emissions, without providing a planned and effective ventilation strategy is likely to result in a more toxic and hazardous indoor environment, with concurrent and significant negative long-term and insidious impacts on public health. Furthermore, the methodology underpinning the current regulations cannot be considered as creditable. While the complexity around numerical modeling often leads to conclusions based upon simplistic and unrealistic assumptions around all doors in a dwelling being open and trickle ventilators being unobstructed, this paper demonstrates that in ‘real life’ situations, this is not the case and could lead to significant risks of under ventilation. This is particularly the case when standards and guidance are based upon theoretically modeled scenarios that are not representative of real-life operation. The consequences of this are important in terms of the likely negative impacts on occupant health.
Effect of Fish Oil on Appetite and Other Symptoms in Patients With Advanced Cancer and Anorexia/Cachexia: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study (2002)

Fish oil did not significantly influence appetite, tiredness, nausea, well-being, caloric intake, nutritional status, or function after 2 weeks compared with placebo in patients with advanced cancer and loss of both weight and appetite.
Synthesizing communication-efficient distributed memory parallel programs for block recursive algorithms / (1995)

Distributed-memory multiprocessors have shown great promise as cost-effective machines for scalable high-performance supercomputing. However, developing efficient parallel programs using message-passing remains a difficult and error-prone task. In this thesis, we present a framework for synthesizing communication-efficient distributed-memory parallel programs for block recursive algorithms, such as the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and Strassen's matrix multiplication. This framework is based on an explicitly-parallel algebraic representation of the algorithms, which involves the tensor (Kronecker) product and other matrix operations. This representation is useful in analyzing the communication implications of computation partitioning and data distribution.
In this framework, programs are synthesized under two different target program models. These two models are based on different ways of managing the distribution of data for optimizing communication. In the first model, distributions of arrays are kept static and so communication is needed whenever a processor requires non-local data elements. In the second model, distributions of the data arrays are dynamically changed to ensure that computation is localized in every computation step. This results in programs with different communication overhead characteristics due to use of different communication primitives for performing data movement. The first model uses point-to-point interprocessor communication primitives whereas the second model uses data redistribution primitives involving collective all-to-many communication. These two program models are shown to be suitable for different ranges of the problem size. The programs with redistributions have lower communication overhead than programs using a static distribution when the problem size is large.
In order to achieve high-performance on distributed-memory machines, programs should be tailored to machine's architecture, such as the network topology. In the programs generated under the redistribution model, communication is optimized by using collective communication primitives tuned to the target machine's topology. The impact of communication overhead is further reduced by overlapping computation with communication. We present an overlapping technique which is suitable for distributed-memory machines with a wormhole or circuit-switched routed mesh or hypercube interconnection network.
The methodology is illustrated by synthesizing communication-efficient programs for the FFT algorithms. We have incorporated this framework in the EXTENT portable parallel programming environment.
An analysis of studies comparing electrical impedance tomography with X-ray videofluoroscopy in the assessment of swallowing (1994)

Electrical impedance tomography can be used to record the conductivity change occurring in the neck during a swallow. X-ray videofluoroscopy provides excellent anatomical detail of the structures involved in swallowing and of the position of the swallowed bolus. The two techniques have been performed simultaneously on seven patients with swallowing problems to establish what produces the peak change in conductivity when a solution of low conductivity is swallowed. The results suggest that the exclusion of air from the larynx and pharynx is the major factor influencing the change in conductivity when a solution of low conductivity is swallowed.
Differentiation of Influenza B Virus Lineages Yamagata and Victoria by Real-Time PCR (2010)

Since the 1970s, influenza B viruses have diverged into two antigenically distinct virus lineages called the Yamagata and Victoria lineages. We present the first real-time PCR assay for virus lineage differentiation to supplement classical antigenic analyses. The assay was successfully applied to 310 primary samples collected in Germany from 2007 to 2009.
Gene-targeted specific inhibition of chronic myeloid leukemia cell growth by BCR-ABL antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. (1991)

Philadelphia-chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukemia cells in chronic phase (CML-CP) or blast crisis (CML-BC) and normal bone marrow cells (NBMC) were incubated in vitro with antisense oligonucleotide specific against the BCR/ABL breakpoint junction to examine the possibility of selective inhibition of leukemia growth. Growth capability was determined in vitro by colony assay in semisolid medium in the presence of interleukin 3 (IL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The 18-mer antisense directed against the specific BCR/ABL mRNA breakpoint region diminished the colony formation by CML-CP and CML-BC cells, but not by NBMC. Scrambled oligomer did not affect significantly the growth of leukemic and normal cells. If CML-BC cells were mixed with NMBC and incubated with specific BCR/ABL antisense oligomer, leukemic colonies were selectively inhibited, as was shown by reverse, transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) performed to detect BCR/ABL mRNA in single colonies. These results confirm the possibility of selective inhibition of leukemia cells by antisense treatment.
Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor: Structural Modification or Protection for More Potent Analogs (2006)

Growth hormone-releasing factor was discovered in 1982 by Guillemin and has been subjected to intense investigations because of its huge potential applications. The major concerns encountered with the native molecules were their short half-lives in vivo in many species including man, precluding the practical use of these peptides for medical or production purposes. Many efforts to produce analogs of shorter length, more resistant to degradation and having higher affinity to the receptors have been made during the last decades. The present paper presents a quick review of the work done to produce such analogs.
Controlled Free Radical Polymerization in Water-Borne Dispersion Using Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer (2002)

A novel approach to conducting controlled free radical polymerization in water-borne organic dispersions using reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) has been studied. The novel approach in this study focused on eliminating monomer and oligomer transport and comprised two fundamental steps: the synthesis of dithiobenzoate-end-capped styrene oligomers in bulk followed by emulsification of these oligomers to yield a polymerizable water-borne dispersion. Dithioesters that act as chain transfer agents in the RAFT process were synthesized in situ. The free radical polymerization of the dithiobenzoate-end-capped styrene oligomers in the water-borne organic dispersion proceeded in a controlled manner; molar mass increased in a linear fashion with increasing conversion, while polydispersities remained low. The familiar red layer formation associated with RAFT polymerization in conventional emulsions was not observed under these conditions. The effects of changing the costabilizer (hydrophobe) and the degree of polymerization of the emulsified oligomers were investigated. Better control was achieved with a less hydrophilic costabilizer and for the shorter of the oligomers tested.
Constrained power control in cellular radio systems (2002)

High system capacities can be achieved by controlling the transmitter power in multiuser radio systems. Power control with no constraint on the maximum power level has been studied extensively in earlier work. Transmitter power is at a premium in radio systems such as cellular systems and PCS. There is a limit on the maximum transmitter power especially at the terminals (e.g. mobile units and handsets) since the power comes from a battery. In this paper we study power control that maximizes the minimum carrier to interference ratio (CIR), with a constraint on the maximum power. The optimal power vector solution lies on the boundary of the constrained power vector set and achieves a balance in the CIR's. Results indicate that the constraints do not induce any stability problems. A distributed scheme with favourable convergence properties and close to optimum performance is presented. Simulation results show that the algorithm tries to maximize the number of terminals served with CIR greater than or equal to the target CIR, while conserving power.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
C-based Interactive RTL Design Methodology (2004)

By facilitating bioliteracy, DNA barcoding has the potential to improve the way the world relates to wild biodiversity. Here we describe the early stages of the use of cox1 barcoding to supplement and strengthen the taxonomic platform underpinning the inventory of thousands of sympatric species of caterpillars in tropical dry forest, cloud forest and rain forest in northwestern Costa Rica. The results show that barcoding a biologically complex biota unambiguously distinguishes among 97% of more than 1000 species of reared Lepidoptera. Those few species whose barcodes overlap are closely related and not confused with other species. Barcoding also has revealed a substantial number of cryptic species among morphologically defined species, associated sexes, and reinforced identification of species that are difficult to distinguish morphologically. For barcoding to achieve its full potential, (i) ability to rapidly and cheaply barcode older museum specimens is urgent, (ii) museums need to address the opportunity and responsibility for housing large numbers of barcode voucher specimens, (iii) substantial resources need be mustered to support the taxonomic side of the partnership with barcoding, and (iv) hand-held field-friendly barcorder must emerge as a mutualism with the taxasphere and the barcoding initiative, in a manner such that its use generates a resource base for the taxonomic process as well as a tool for the user.
Biosynthesis of the protein encoded by the c-met proto-oncogene. (1989)

The proto-oncogene c-met encodes a transmembrane protein with structural features of a growth factor receptor. We have previously shown that the c-met protein (c-Met) is a heterodimer of two disulphide linked chains of 50 kd (alpha) and 145 kd (beta). In this work we have studied the biosynthesis of the c-met product in a gastric carcinoma cell line (GTL-16) where the c-met gene is amplified and overexpressed. Following metabolic labelling of the cells in the presence of tunicamycin, anti-met antibodies immunoprecipitate a protein of 150 kd. In pulse-chase experiments carried out in the absence of tunicamycin, a 170 kd product appears first. Within the next few minutes, this precursor modifies its SDS migration, probably as a consequence of modification(s) of its intra-chain disulphide bonds. After 45 min of chase, this single polypeptide precursor is cleaved to form a 50 kd alpha subunit and a 145 kd beta subunit that are joined by disulphide bonds in an alpha beta complex with an apparent molecular weight of 190 kd. The presence of N-linked oligosaccharides in both the precursor and the mature protein was shown by enzymatic de-glycosylation of the immunoprecipitated proteins. The half-life of the mature protein was calculated to be approximately 5h. The c-met protein has similar structure and biosynthesis in other human cell lines.