gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A methodology for testing intrusion detection systems (1996)

Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) attempt to identify unauthorized use, misuse, and abuse of computer systems. In response to the growth in the use and development of IDSs, the authors have developed a methodology for testing IDSs. The methodology consists of techniques from the field of software testing which they have adapted for the specific purpose of testing IDSs. They identify a set of general IDS performance objectives which is the basis for the methodology. They present the details of the methodology, including strategies for test-case selection and specific testing procedures. They include quantitative results from testing experiments on the Network Security Monitor (NSM), an IDS developed at UC Davis. They present an overview of the software platform that has been used to create user-simulation scripts for testing experiments. The platform consists of the UNIX tool expect and enhancements that they have developed, including mechanisms for concurrent scripts and a record-and-replay feature. They also provide background information on intrusions and IDSs to motivate their work.
Inhibition of established rat fibrosarcoma growth by the glucose antagonist 2-deoxy-D-glucose. (1987)

Sarcoma cells exhibit higher rates of glycolysis than normal tissues and may be dependent on glucose utilization for growth. Accordingly, we tested the ability of the glucose antimetabolite 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) to inhibit the growth of an established methylcholanthrene-induced rat fibrosarcoma in three groups of F344 rats with increasing subcutaneous inoculations of tumor (2 X 10(6) cells, 1 X 10(7) cells, and 1 mm tumor fragments). Rats were randomized to receive 2-DG or saline solution at doses of 0.75 gm/kg, 1.5 gm/kg, or 1.75 gm/kg, beginning 3 days after tumor implantation and continuing for 10 days. Tumors were removed and weighed on day 14. We measured tissue [14C]-2-DG levels in tumor, brain, liver, and muscle after intraperitoneal injection of radiolabeled 2-DG. In these same tissues we determined the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), an enzyme which dephosphorylates the intracellular glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG-6-phosphate, thus reversing the antitumor effect of 2-DG. All groups treated with 2-DG had a significant reduction in tumor weight of 50% to 70% when compared with saline solution-treated controls. Toxicity was substantial at the highest dose of 2-DG, but minimal toxicity was noted at intermediate and low doses. Tumor had the greatest uptake of [14C]-2-DG, with low levels of G-6-Pase leading to prolonged retention and highest tissue levels of radiolabeled 2-DG. Use of 2-DG inhibits established sarcoma growth because it is rapidly transported into tumors, cannot be metabolized after phosphorylation, and is dephosphorylated and released slowly from tumor cells. Rat sarcoma growth is dependent on glucose utilization and can be effectively inhibited by glucose antagonism.
The significance of protein sequence similarities (1988)

A general method of assessing the significance of scored best local alignments, particularly suited to protein sequence comparisons, is described. The method establishes the parameters describing the distribution of the best results from any search program, provided that the set is sufficiently large and the majority of the alignments arise from unrelated sequences. The expected frequency of occurrence of any score can then be calculated, together with the number of standard deviations above expectation. These provide sensible measures of significance without additional search operations. However the biological significance of any alignment or set of alignments does not solely depend on the improbability of the alignment, but on all relevant factors known to the biologist.
A Potent α/β-Peptide Analogue of GLP-1 with Prolonged Action in Vivo (2014)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a natural agonist for GLP-1R, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) on the surface of pancreatic β cells. GLP-1R agoinsts are attractive for treatment of type 2 diabetes, but GLP-1 itself is rapidly degraded by peptidases in vivo. We describe a design strategy for retaining GLP-1-like activity while engendering prolonged activity in vivo, based on strategic replacement of native α residues with conformationally constrained β-amino acid residues. This backbone-modification approach may be useful for developing stabilized analogues of other peptide hormones.
Essential Shannon Security with Keys Smaller Than the Encrypted Message. (2000)

To a cryptographer the claim that “Shannon Security was achieved with keys smaller than the encrypted message &amp;amp;quot; appears unworthy of attention, much as the claim of “perpetuum mobile ” is to a physicist. Albeit, from an engineering point of view solar cells which power satellites exhibit an “essential perpetuum mobile ” and are of great interest. Similarly for Shannon Security, as it is explored in this article. We discuss encryption schemes designed to confound a diligent cryptanalyst who works his way from a captured ciphertext to a disappointing endpoint where more than one otherwise plausible plaintexts are found to be associated with keys that encrypt them to that ciphertext. Unlike some previous researchers who explored this equivocation as a special case of existing schemes, this approach is aimed at devising a symmetric encryption for that purpose per se.
Chemistry of the Podocarpaceae. LXXVI. 8,13-Epoxy-3-&#946;-hydroxylabd-14-en-2-one and 8,13-Epoxy-2-hydroxylabda-1,14-dien-3-one, New Diterpenoids From Lagarostrobus colensoi (1990)

Two new diterpenoids isolated from the wood of Lagarostrobus colensoi have been identified as 8,13-epoxy-3ß-hydroxylabd-14-en-2-one (3) and 8,13-epoxy-2-hydroxylabda-1,14-dien-3-one (5).
Comparison of phasing strategies for whole human genomes (2018)

Humans are a diploid species that inherit one set of chromosomes paternally and one homologous set of chromosomes maternally. Unfortunately, most human sequencing initiatives ignore this fact in that they do not directly delineate the nucleotide content of the maternal and paternal copies of the 23 chromosomes individuals possess (i.e., they do not 'phase' the genome) often because of the costs and complexities of doing so. We compared 11 different widely-used approaches to phasing human genomes using the publicly available 'Genome-In-A-Bottle' (GIAB) phased version of the NA12878 genome as a gold standard. The phasing strategies we compared included laboratory-based assays that prepare DNA in unique ways to facilitate phasing as well as purely computational approaches that seek to reconstruct phase information from general sequencing reads and constructs or population-level haplotype frequency information obtained through a reference panel of haplotypes. To assess the performance of the 11 approaches, we used metrics that included, among others, switch error rates, haplotype block lengths, the proportion of fully phase-resolved genes, phasing accuracy and yield between pairs of SNVs. Our comparisons suggest that a hybrid or combined approach that leverages: 1. population-based phasing using the SHAPEIT software suite, 2. either genome-wide sequencing read data or parental genotypes, and 3. a large reference panel of variant and haplotype frequencies, provides a fast and efficient way to produce highly accurate phase-resolved individual human genomes. We found that for population-based approaches, phasing performance is enhanced with the addition of genome-wide read data; e.g., whole genome shotgun and/or RNA sequencing reads. Further, we found that the inclusion of parental genotype data within a population-based phasing strategy can provide as much as a ten-fold reduction in phasing errors. We also considered a majority voting scheme for the construction of a consensus haplotype combining multiple predictions for enhanced performance and site coverage. Finally, we also identified DNA sequence signatures associated with the genomic regions harboring phasing switch errors, which included regions of low polymorphism or SNV density.
Vagal nerve stimulation releases vasoactive intestinal peptide which significantly increases coronary artery blood flow (1998)

The present experiments suggest that VNS releases VIP which directly dilates coronary arteries and significantly increases coronary artery blood flow.
Short and long-term stability problems of Hall plates in plastic packages (2002)

Thermal-mechanical stresses occur in plastic IC packages. These stresses affect Hall plate magnetic sensitivity via the piezo-Hall effect. In this paper the short and long-term stability problems of Hall plates encapsulated in SOP and TSSOP packages are considered. A sensitivity shift is observed when reflow soldering, temperature cycling, or humidity testing are performed. Moreover, this shift is not stable in time and a slow relaxation is observed. This parameter shift is seen as a serious reliability failure of the Hall plates. Sensitivity drift is related to packaging stress drift due to the viscoelastic flow of the molding compound. The normal in-plane stress drift is calculated from the high-accuracy magnetic measurements.
Organotrifluoroborates and Monocoordinated Palladium Complexes as Catalysts—A Perfect Combination for Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling (2009)

Monocoordinated palladium catalysts derived from sterically hindered, electron-rich phosphines or N-heterocyclic carbenes have revolutionized the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. The emergence of organotrifluoroborates has provided important new perspectives for the organoboron component of these reactions. In combination, these two components prove to be extraordinarily powerful partners for cross-coupling reactions.
Cell Biology of Atherosclerosis (1995)

The process of atherosclerosis is a life-threatening disease that affects critical organs including the heart and brain. It results from the influence of noxious agents associated with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking, homocysteinemia, and other agents that may, in altering the homeostatic condition of the artery wall, injure the endothelium and smooth muscle. The result is a protective, inflammatory, fibroproliferative response that becomes excessive and in its excess results in the disease process we call atherosclerosis.
Surface enhanced Raman scattering in the near infrared using metal nanoshell substrates (1999)

A metal nanoshell is a composite nanoparticle consisting of a dielectric core coated by a thin metal shell; its peak plasmon resonance wavelength is determined by the ratio of the core diameter to the shell thickness. When p-mercaptoaniline (p-MA) is in solution with gold nanoshells that have their plasmon resonance near a 1.06 μm excitation source, significant surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is observed. The strongest Raman enhancements are obtained when enough gold is deposited on the silica cores to form a nearly complete metal shell. Correlations between transmission electron microscopy (TEM)-defined structure, ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectra, SERS signal strength, and electromagnetic theory show that the SERS signal is due to both the local enhancement of the dielectric field via the plasmon resonance of the nanostructure and to the localized regions of high field intensity provided by the nearly completed gold shell. Comparison with SERS enhancements on completed nanoshell structures indicates the relative contribution of these two effects.
Infrared Studies of Segmented Polyurethane Elastomers. II. Infrared Dichroism (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInfrared Studies of Segmented Polyurethane Elastomers. II. Infrared DichroismG. M. Estes, R. W. Seymour, and S. L. CooperCite this: Macromolecules 1971, 4, 4, 452–457Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60022a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60022a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views866Altmetric-Citations188LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Solasodine and diosgenin: 1H and 13C assignments by two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy (1993)

Abstract Solasodine and diosgenin have been widely used as starting materials for the partial synthesis of cortisone, progresterone and C21 steroidal derivatives (oral contraceptives). This study involved the total 1 H and 13 C spectral assignments of these two important compounds by using two‐dimensional NMR techniques (COSY, CSCM and HMBC), and resulted in unambiguous spectral assignments, especially in the convoluted regions of the spectra ( 1 H, 0.7–2.0 ppm; 13 C, 28–35 ppm).
Divergent H7 Immunogens Offer Protection from H7N9 Virus Challenge (2014)

Sporadic human infections with H7N9 viruses started being reported in China in the early spring of 2013. Despite a significant drop in the number of infections during the summer months of 2013, an increased number of cases has already been reported for the 2013-2014 winter season. The high case fatality rate, the ability to bind to receptors in the human upper respiratory tract in combination with several family clusters, and the emergence of neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant variants that show no loss of pathogenicity and the ability to transmit in animal models have raised concerns about a potential pandemic and have spurred efforts to produce vaccine candidates. Here we show that antigen preparations from divergent H7 strains are able to induce protective immunity against H7N9 infection.
A food portion size measurement system for image-based dietary assessment (2009)

A novel system consisting of a camera and a light emitting diode (LED) is presented for measuring food portion size. The LED is positioned at a fixed distance besides the camera with its optical axis parallel to the optical axis of the camera. The distance to and oblique angle of the object plane are calculated according to the deformation of the projected spotlight pattern. Experimental results show that satisfactory measurements of food portion size can be obtained with this simple system.
A Model-Based Approach for Assessing Parkinsonian Gait and Effects of Levodopa and Deep Brain Stimulation (2006)

Gait and balance disturbances are amongst the most disabling features of Parkinson's disease (PD), and are not adequately controlled with currently available medical and surgical therapies. Development of objective quantitative measures of these abnormalities would greatly help in the assessment and the development of therapeutic interventions. Recently, we developed a methodology, using dynamical system theory, for testing gait with a state-of-the-art motion-detection system (OPTOTRAK 3020, Northern Digital, Inc.). We also developed a model of the dynamics of the foot that predicts the stance and swing phase dynamics of normal walking. In the present study, we determined whether model parameters were altered in subjects with PD when they were tested on/off levodopa (LD) and on/off deep brain stimulation (DBS) in a 2 x 2 matrix.
Changes in the Free Amino Compounds in Young Tomato Plants in Light and Darkness with particular Reference to -Aminobutyric Acid (1978)

Tomato plants were grown to the five-leaf stage under uniform conditions in a growth room with a daily light period of 15 h. Plants were sampled at intervals through 24 h periods and the free ninhydrin-positive compounds determined in roots, bleeding sap, stems and shoots (mainly leaves), using ion-exchange column chromatography and a lithium-buffer separation system. The compounds present and their range of concentrations are given for two occasions: after illumination for 8 hand after 5 h of darkness. Data for γ-aminobutyric acid (GAB), glutamic acid, glutamine, alanine, aspartic acid and ammonia are summarized graphically for all occasions and for all parts of the plant; asparagine for sap only. The data were examined for correlations between these substances for both light and dark conditions. Relative amounts of free acids were: root glutamine> glutamic and GAB > aspartic > alanine; bleeding sap glutamine > asparagine > GAB > aspartic> alanine; stem glutamine > glutamic > GAB and aspartic > alanine; shoot (leaf) GAB and glutamine > aspartic > alanine and glutamic. Patterns of change were as follows: in the root GAB and glutamic were similar and unlike glutamine; alanine did not change;sap ammonia, GAB and alanine were parallel, glutamine was similar to these only in light; in the stem glutamine and glutamic tended to accumulate in parallel in light, but GAB did not; in the shoot (leaf) GAB and glutamine were similar except that the former accumulated more rapidly in the initial light period; glutamic acid and alanine were similar to each other but distinct from GAB and glutamine. The relatively large amounts of GAB in tomato plants and the magnitude of the changes occurring in light and darkness seem indicative of its importance as a temporary storage product for protein amino acids, but the factors controlling accumulation and utilization in different parts of the plant are unknown.
A study of highly active titanocene/n-BuLi catalyst system in the hydrogenation of olefin (1996)

The effects of substituted group on the cyclopentadienyl ring and various operating factors including the amount of catalyst, the operating procedure, the solvents, the air- and water-free conditions on the catalytic activity and stability of titanocene/n-BuLi catalyst system have been investigated. When there is no substituted group on the cyclopentadienyl ring or the substituted group is relatively small, the titanium complex exhibits a very high initial catalytic activity, e.g., the TOFmax (or TOFinitial) of titanocenes {Cp(2)TiCl(2), Cp(2)TiF(2) or Cp(2)Ti[OC6H3(CH3-2)Cl-4](2)}/n-BuLi system may reach 46 similar to 58 s(-1) for the hydrogenation of 1-octene; whereas when the substituted group is larger, the titanium complex exhibits a lower initial catalytic activity but better stability.
N-Trimethylsilyl Amines for Controlled Ring-Opening Polymerization of Amino Acid N-Carboxyanhydrides and Facile End Group Functionalization of Polypeptides (2008)

We report a new strategy that uses N-trimethylsilyl (N-TMS) amine to mediate controlled ring-opening polymerization of amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs). This polymerization proceeds via a unique, trimethylsilyl carbamate (TMS-CBM) propagating group that results from the cleavage of the Si-N bond of N-TMS amine followed by NCA ring opening. Propagation of the polypeptide chains proceeds through the transfer of the TMS group from the terminal TMS-CBM to the incoming monomer followed by the formation of a new TMS-CBM propagating group. Formation of the TMS-CBM was confirmed by MS and NMR. Polypeptides formed by the N-TMS amine-mediated polymerization have the expected molecular weights, narrow molecular weight distributions, and controlled functional groups at the C-termini of the polypeptides.
On a Measure of Dependence Between two Random Variables (1950)

The properties of a measure of dependence $q'$ between two random variables are studied. It is shown (Sections 3-5) that $q'$ under fairly general conditions has an asymptotically normal distribution and provides approximate confidence limits for the population analogue of $q'$. A test of independence based on $q'$ is non-parametric (Section 6), and its asymptotic efficiency in the normal case is about 41% (Section 7). The $q'$-distribution in the case of independence is tabulated for sample sizes up to 50.
Transdermal Dihydrotestosterone Therapy and its Effects on Patients with Microphallus (1993)

To investigate the efficacy of transdermal dihydrotestosterone therapy on 22 patients with microphallus, we applied dihydrotestosterone gel for 8 weeks to the external genitalia at daily doses of 12.5 mg. and 25 mg. for ages less than and older than 10 years, respectively. All patients were evaluated for penile and prostatic growth, pituitary-gonadal axis function, serum sex hormone binding globulin, lipid metabolism, hepatotoxicity, bone age and height velocity. All patients demonstrated growth of the penis during treatment. The mean increase rate (153%) in the first 4 weeks of treatment was higher than that (118%) of the second 4 weeks. Of importance is that responses were noted in 4 patients who had failed testosterone therapy for microphallus. The pituitary-gonadal axis was transiently suppressed during treatment, and serum sex hormone binding globulin and lipid metabolism were transiently affected during treatment. Serum alkaline phosphatase increased, mainly due to change of bone isoenzyme but bone ages and mean height velocity were not significantly affected. In conclusion, transdermal dihydrotestosterone therapy is an effective and relatively safe modality in the treatment of microphallus.
The Local Phospholipid Environment Modulates the Activation of Blood Clotting (2007)

Examples abound of membrane-bound enzymes for which the local membrane environment plays an important role, including the ectoenzyme that triggers blood clotting, the plasma serine protease, factor VIIa, bound to the integral membrane protein, tissue factor. The activity of this enzyme complex is markedly influenced by lipid bilayer composition and further by tissue factor partitioning into membrane microdomains on some cell surfaces. Unfortunately, little is known about how membrane microdomain composition controls factor VIIa-tissue factor activity, as reactions catalyzed by membrane-tethered enzymes are typically studied under conditions in which the experimenter cannot control the composition of the membrane in the immediate vicinity of the enzyme. To overcome this problem, we used a nanoscale approach that afforded complete control over the membrane environment surrounding tissue factor by assembling the factor VIIa.tissue factor complex on stable bilayers containing 67 +/- 1 phospholipid molecules/leaflet (Nanodiscs). We investigated how local changes in phospholipid bilayer composition modulate the activity of the factor VIIa.tissue factor complex. We also addressed whether this enzyme requires a pool of membrane-bound protein substrate (factor X) for efficient catalysis, or alternatively if it could efficiently activate factor X, which binds directly to the membrane nanodomain adjacent to tissue factor. We have shown that full proteolytic activity of the factor VIIa.tissue factor complex requires extremely high local concentrations of anionic phospholipids and further that a large pool of membrane-bound factor X is not required to support sustained catalysis.