gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum Dot Solar Cells. The Next Big Thing in Photovoltaics (2013)

The recent surge in the utilization of semiconductor nanostructures for solar energy conversion has led to the development of high-efficiency solar cells. Some of these recent advances are in the areas of synthesis of new semiconductor materials and the ability to tune the electronic properties through size, shape, and composition and to assemble quantum dots as hybrid assemblies. In addition, processes such as hot electron injection, multiple exciton generation (MEG), plasmonic effects, and energy-transfer-coupled electron transfer are gaining momentum to overcome the efficiency limitations of energy capture and conversion. The recent advances as well as future prospects of quantum dot solar cells discussed in this perspective provide the basis for consideration as "The Next Big Thing" in photovoltaics.
Chemical and Biological Evidence for Base Propenals as the Major Sourceof the Endogenous M1dG Adduct in CellularDNA (2005)

The endogenous DNA adduct, M(1)dG, has been shown to arise in vitro in reactions of dG with malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of both lipid peroxidation and 4'-oxidation of deoxyribose in DNA, and with base propenals also derived from deoxyribose 4'-oxidation. We now report the results of cellular studies consistent with base propenals, and not MDA, as the major source of M1dG under biological conditions. As a foundation for cellular studies, M1dG, base propenals, and MDA were quantified in purified DNA treated with oxidizing agents known to produce deoxyribose 4'-oxidation. The results revealed a consistent pattern; Fe2+-EDTA and gamma-radiation generated MDA but not base propenals or M1dG, whereas bleomycin and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) both produced M1dG as well as base propenals with no detectable MDA. These observations were then assessed in Escherichia coli with controlled membrane levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). ONOO- treatment (2 mm) of cells containing no PUFA (defined medium with 18:0/stearic acid) produced 6.5 M1dG/10(7) deoxynucleotides and no detectable lipid peroxidation products, including MDA, as compared with 3.8 M1dG/10(7) deoxynucleotides and 0.07 microg/ml lipid peroxidation products with control cells grown in a mixture of fatty acids (0.5% PUFA) mimicking Luria-Bertani medium. In cells grown with linoleic acid (18:2), the level of PUFA rose to 54% and the level of MDA rose to 0.14 microg/ml, whereas M1dG fell to 1.4/10(7) deoxynucleotides. Parallel studies with gamma-radiation revealed levels of MDA similar to those produced by ONOO- but no detectable M1dG. These results are consistent with base propenals as the major source of M1dG in this model cell system.
On channel estimation in OFDM systems (2002)

The use of multi-amplitude signaling schemes in wireless OFDM systems requires the tracking of the fading radio channel. The paper addresses channel estimation based on time-domain channel statistics. Using a general model for a slowly fading channel, the authors present the MMSE and LS estimators and a method for modifications compromising between complexity and performance. The symbol error rate for a 18-QAM system is presented by means of simulation results. Depending upon estimator complexity, up to 4 dB in SNR can be gained over the LS estimator.
Studies on a phospholipase B from Penicillium notatum. Purification, properties, and mode of action. (1975)

1. Phospholipase B which hydrolyzes both the acyl ester bonds of diacylphospholipids (diacyl-hydrolase) and the acyl ester bond of monoacylphospholipids or lysophospholipids, [monoacyl-hydrolase or lysophospholipase, EC 3.1.1.5] was purified from Penicillium notatum about 2000-fold over the crude extract. The final preparation was homogeneous on disc electrophoresis. The apparent molecular weight, determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, was about 116,000. The isoelectric point was pH 4.0. 2. The purified enzyme was a glycoprotein. The carbohydrate content was approximately 30%, consisting of mannose, glucose, and glucosamine. The amino acid composition was also determined. 3. The ratio of monoacyl-hydrolase to diacyl-hydrolase activities was influenced by the physical state of the substrate in the assay system. It was about 1 : 1 or 100 : 1 in the presence of absence of Triton X-100, respectively, and the latter value remained constant throughout the purification procedures. 4. Both enzyme activities had the same pH optimum, 4.0, and were heat-labile. None of the metals tested had any effect on either activity except for Fe2+ and Fe3+. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate at relatively high concentrations completely inhibited both enzyme activities. 5. The Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) of the enzyme for egg lecithin were about 1.5 and 25 mM in the absence and presence of Triton X-100, respectively. The Km value for dicaproyllecithin was 9.8 mM in the absence of Triton X-100. 6. Using a mixture of 1-[14C]stearoyl-lecithin and 2-[14C]oleoyl-lecithin in the presence of Triton X-100 as a substrate, it was found that the P. notatum phospholipase B attacked the acyl ester bonds sequentially, first the 2-acyl and then 1-acyl groups.
FTIR analysis of hydrogen bonding in amorphous linear aromatic polyurethanes. I. Influence of temperature (1994)

Abstract Fourier‐transform infrared spectral studies of an amorphous linear aromatic polyurethane at various temperatures were performed. Hydrogen bonding was studied in the NH stretching (3347 cm −1 ) and the bending (1535 cm −1 ) regions, using the band decomposition technique. The variations with temperature are used to calculate the ratio of the absorptivity coefficients for the H‐bonded to the “free” NH vibrations. This ratio is found to be independent of temperature. The enthalpy and the entropy of hydrogen bond dissociation are also obtained as 9.6 kJ mol −1 and 44.8 J mol −1 K −1 , respectively. Two CC in‐plane vibrational bands of the aromatic rings at 1614 and 1598 cm −1 were studied at different temperatures. The integrated absorbance for both bands decreases clearly and regularly with increasing temperature, and both bands shift to lower wavenumbers. This strongly suggests a specific interaction for the aromatic rings, probably NH … π hydrogen bonds, which will be discussed in detail in the second part of this series. © 1994 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Total synthesis of methymycin (2009)

Methynolide and 10-epi-methynolide were synthesized from the necessary segments, which were prepared by the addition of Grignard reagents to the corresponding alpha-alkoxyketones utilizing 1,2-stereochemical selection based on Cram chelation control. Ring-closing metathesis, as the key reaction, was carried out to combine the segments for the synthesis of methynolide and 10-epi-methynolide. The total synthesis of methymycin was also achieved by the glycosylation of methynolide with the trichloroimidate derivative of D-desosamine.
Avian encephalomyelitis virus is a picornavirus and is most closely related to hepatitis A virus. (1999)

The complete RNA genome of avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV) has been molecularly cloned and sequenced. This revealed AEV to be a member of the Picornaviridae and consequently it is the first avian picornavirus for which the genome has been sequenced. Excluding the poly(A) tail the genome comprises 7032 nucleotides, which is shorter than that of any mammalian picornavirus sequenced to date. An open reading frame commencing at nucleotide 495 and terminating at position 6896 (6402 nucleotides) potentially encodes a polyprotein of 2134 amino acids. The polyprotein sequence has 39% overall amino acid identity with hepatitis A virus (HAV; genus Hepatovirus), compared to 19 to 21% for viruses from the other five picornavirus genera. Eleven cleavage products were predicted. The highest identity (49%) with HAV was in the P1 region, encoding the capsid proteins. The 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) comprise 494 and 136 nucleotides, respectively. The 5' UTR is the shortest of any picornavirus sequenced to date and, unlike HAV, it does not contain a long polypyrimidine tract.
A Computer-Based Learning System for Remote Manipulator Control (1971)

A concept of adaptive aiding for performance improvement in remote handling is described. The concept incorporates an autonomous control subsystem (ACS) that is able to supplement the operator's control function. The behavior of the ACS is established through a process of learning by observing the operator's control function in relation to the environment and manipulator output. The computer-based system establishes a decision-making policy which is based on conditional probability. Initially, the output device is totally controlled by the operator, while the computer system acts as a passive observer. As the operation continues, the computer system gradually assumes the role of active controller, reducing the operator's function to that of an action initiator and inhibitor. A pilot experiment indicates the feasibility of the concept; with a relatively short training period, the ACS was able to assume the bulk of the decision-making load and guide a three-dimensional manipulator satisfactorily through a series of manipulative tasks.
Animal models for intranasal drug delivery studies. A review article. (1990)

The purpose of this review is to introduce the investigators to sources of information and to guiding principles regarding the choice of animal models for experimental and clinical studies on intranasal application studies. It focuses also on the anatomical and physiological variations that can influence the selection of the correct animal model. A topical overview is given for following animal models which are all involved in intranasal drug or vaccine delivery research; dog, guinea pig, hamster, mouse, rabbit (in vivo and in situ), rat (in vivo, in vivo surgical and in situ) and sheep. In the selection of an animal model, both advantages and disadvantages must be considered. Small animals such as guinea pigs, hamsters, mice and rats, are easy to handle and inexpensive, but their nasal cavity is small and therefore preferred for absorption studies and for studying the influence of absorption promoters. Dogs, monkeys, sheep and rabbits are particularly useful in pharmacokinetic and formulation studies.
A Deep Reinforcement Learning Chatbot (2017)

We present MILABOT: a deep reinforcement learning chatbot developed by the Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms (MILA) for the Amazon Alexa Prize competition. MILABOT is capable of conversing with humans on popular small talk topics through both speech and text. The system consists of an ensemble of natural language generation and retrieval models, including template-based models, bag-of-words models, sequence-to-sequence neural network and latent variable neural network models. By applying reinforcement learning to crowdsourced data and real-world user interactions, the system has been trained to select an appropriate response from the models in its ensemble. The system has been evaluated through A/B testing with real-world users, where it performed significantly better than many competing systems. Due to its machine learning architecture, the system is likely to improve with additional data.
Pathophysiological Role of Amadori-Glycated Proteins in Diabetic Microangiopathy (2002)

Early and advanced nonenzymatic glycation of proteins are increased in diabetes. Although Amadori-glycated proteins are the major glycated modifications, most studies so far have focused on the role of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in diabetes-related vascular complications. It was only recently that the role of Amadori-glycated proteins has come under consideration. Here we review data that point to an important role of Amadori-modified glycated serum proteins in diabetic microangiopathy. Amadori-glycated albumin induces the activation of glomerular mesangial and endothelial cells to a phenotype that may be linked to the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy, that is, by the stimulation of protein kinase C, activation of transforming growth factor beta, and the expression of extracellular matrix proteins. In type 1 diabetic patients, levels of Amadori-glycated proteins are independently associated with nephropathy and retinopathy. Reduction of Amadori-glycated albumin levels in diabetic animal models ameliorates the progression of nephropathy and retinopathy, indicating a causal role of Amadori-glycated proteins in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. Based on these data, inhibition of Amadori-glycated albumin may be a target for reduction of diabetic vascular complications.
Experimental ISDN system with multimedia storage and intelligent service control capabilities (1988)

ISDN involves three integrations: media, functional, and user-interface integration. With this understanding, the authors have developed teleconferencing, multimedia mail, and electronic secretary services which make use of two strong points of ISDN: a clean B channel and advanced D channel signalling. Multimedia communication using multiple digitized B channels can be applied in both real-time communication service (teleconferencing) and store/forward service (multimedia mail service). The D channel allows user network control and provides users with customized services such as the electronic secretary service. The basic concept of these services and the experimental ISDN system for evaluating them are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Fabrication of Protein Nanotubes Using Template-Assisted Electrostatic Layer-by-Layer Methods (2009)

One-dimensional protein nanostructures offer many advantages for biomedical applications. Rather than fabricate primary nanostructures with inorganic materials and then functionalize with proteins, it is desirable to develop a fabrication method to make nanostructures that are entirely protein. Fabrication of protein and polymer nanostructures is possible by layer-by-layer assembly within nanoporous templates. Typically these structures are composites of two or more materials. Few studies have demonstrated the fabrication of single component protein nanostructures using this method. In this paper, we report our effort toward the fabrication of single-component avidin nanotubes using a layer-by-layer electrostatic assembly method adapted from the literature. We investigated the use of two different template pretreatment methods to strengthen the attraction between the initial protein layer and our template. During our investigation, we revealed a significant flaw with the published works upon which our fabrication method was based which seriously compromised the legitimacy of the approach. As a result, we modified our initial method, and we are able to demonstrate the fabrication of glucose oxidase/avidin nanostructures using an electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly in conjunction with one of the template pretreatment methods we investigated.
Effect of pH and Temperature on Lipase and Phospholipase of Adult Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) (1986)

Jyotika Kapur, M. L. Sood, Effect of pH and Temperature on Lipase and Phospholipase of Adult Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae), The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 72, No. 2 (Apr., 1986), pp. 346-347
The human CAS (cellular apoptosis susceptibility) gene mapping on chromosome 20q13 is amplified in BT474 breast cancer cells and part of aberrant chromosomes in breast and colon cancer cell lines. (1996)

The CAS (cellular apoptosis susceptibility) gene is the human homolog of the yeast chromosome segregation gene CSE1. CAS may have a dual function in mammalian cells, one in apoptosis and another in cell proliferation. We have now mapped the CAS gene to chromosome 20q13. This region is known to harbor amplifications that correlate with aggressive breast cancer. Southern hybridizations with a CAS cDNA fragment and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a P1 clone containing the CAS gene show elevated copy numbers in one leukemia, three of four colon, and in three of seven breast cancer cell lines. Elevated CAS copy number in CEM leukemia and COLO201 colon cancer cells was attributable to additional copies of chromosome 20. In SW480 and COLO205 colon cancer cells CAS is part of aberrant chromosomes containing large parts of 20q. In breast cancer cells CAS is also part of aberrant 20q chromosomes (MDA-MB-157 and UACC-812) or of additional 20q isochromosome in MDA-MB-134. In MDA-MB361 and BT-474 breast cancer cells CAS is separated from other markers centromeric and telomeric of CAS on 20q. MDA-MB 361 contains one additional copy of CAS, separated from the centromeric 20q control probe. BT-474 cells have up to 12 additional CAS copies that we separated from nearby telomeric and centromeric probes on 20q and that are translocated to abnormal chromosomes.
An activated Th17-prone T cell subset involved in chronic graft-versus-host disease sensitive to pharmacological inhibition (2017)

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) remains a major complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation requiring novel therapies. CD146 and CCR5 are expressed by activated T cells and associated with increased T cell migration capacity and Th17 polarization. We performed a multiparametric flow cytometry analysis in a cohort of 40 HSCT patients together with a cGvHD murine model to understand the role of CD146-expressing subsets. We observed an increased frequency of CD146+ CD4 T cells in the 20 patients with active cGvHD with enhanced RORγt expression. This Th17-prone subset was enriched for cells coexpressing CD146 and CCR5 that harbor mixed Th1/Th17 features and were more frequent in cGvHD patients. Utilizing a murine cGvHD model with bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), we observed that donor T cells from CD146-deficient mice versus those from WT mice caused significantly reduced pulmonary cGvHD. Reduced cGvHD was not the result of failed germinal center B cell or T follicular helper cell generation. Instead, CD146-deficient T cells had significantly lower pulmonary macrophage infiltration and T cell CCR5, IL-17, and IFN-γ coexpression, suggesting defective pulmonary end-organ effector mechanisms. We, thus, evaluated the effect of TMP778, a small-molecule RORγt activity inhibitor. TMP778 markedly alleviated cGvHD in murine models similarly to agents targeting the Th17 pathway, such as STAT3 inhibitor or IL-17-blocking antibody. Our data suggest CD146-expressing T cells as a cGvHD biomarker and suggest that targeting the Th17 pathway may represent a promising therapy for cGvHD.
Identification of adenoviruses in faeces from patients with diarrhoea at the hospitals for sick children, London, 1989–1992 (1994)

Faecal samples from 137 patients that had been shown to contain adenoviruses by electron microscopy were identified in a series of enzyme immunoassays (EIA) using a single monoclonal antibody (Mab) to adenovirus 40 and four different Mabs to adenovirus 41. Adenoviruses were partially characterised by restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of DNA extracts using SmaI. Samples were also run in a commercial EIA (Adenovirus IDEIA; Dako, Ltd.) which detects group antigen. The majority (84%) of adenoviruses were subgenus F: adenovirus type 41, 87 (64%) and adenovirus type 40, 28 (20.4%). Subgenus A viruses were identified in ten, (7%) patients, eight were type 31, and two type 12. The adeno IDEIA test was sensitive and specific, detecting 127 of 131 positives and giving no false-positive results with other enteric viruses. Use of monoclonal-based EIAs showed significant differences depending on which adeno 41 Mab was used, although the restriction patterns obtained using SmaI appeared to be identical for 66 of 69 samples that produced recognisable bands. The Mab that performed best, M 4.3.1, was raised against strains obtained from children in England and detected 83 of 84 (99%) of the adenovirus 41 samples tested. In contrast Mab JH/41 raised against the prototype strain of adenovirus 41 (Tak) detected only 69 of 87 (79%).
A simple one‐step synthesis of unsaturated copolyesters (1989)

Abstract Copolyesters containing pendent vinylidine groups were prepared in a one‐step synthesis by reacting either chloro‐ or bromoacetic acid with 2‐(bromomethyl)acrylic acid and triethylamine in diethyl ether. Polymers were characterized by IR, 1 H‐ and 13 C‐NMR, DSC, and TGA. Copolymer formation supports a mechanism involving a triethylammonium carboxylate salt acting as an active nucleophilic species in a manner analogous to that seen in phase transfer catalysis involving carboxylate anions. Comparison of 13 C‐NMR spectra intensities indicates that 2‐(bromomethyl)acrylic acid is much more reactive than the haloacetic acids leading to higher copolymer incorporation than in the monomer feed. Unsaturation in the copolymers provides a site for crosslinking during radical polymerization with an added vinyl monomer, similar to the way unsaturated polyesters function in commercial fiberglass formulations. This was confirmed by polymerization of both styrene and methyl methacrylate in the presence of an unsaturated copolymer giving insoluble semi‐interpenetrating networks. These unsaturated copolymers are the first examples of soluble biodegradable glycolic acid polyesters containing such reactive functionality.
A Significant New Contribution to Radical Head and Neck Surgery: The Argon Beam Coagulator as an Effective Means of Limiting Blood Loss (1989)

A new argon beam coagulator system promises a radically different form of electrocoagulation. Rarely does a tool make such an important contribution to the surgical armamentarium. This instrument reduces blood loss by up to half via rapid superficial coagulation, even when severe bleeding occurs. It causes minimal tissue damage, coagulates large vessels (2 to 3 mm in diameter), reduces the risk of postoperative hemorrhage, and markedly reduces operative time. Since the coagulation is superficial, healing appears to be unimpaired. We describe our experience with this new instrument (video tape recordings demonstrating its use in surgical procedures are available).
Regulation of Expression of ob mRNA and Protein by Glucocorticoids and cAMP (1996)

Regulation of obese gene (ob) expression in ob/ob and db/db mice and in cultured rat adipocytes was examined. It has been demonstrated that exogenous human OB protein (leptin) treatment reduces food intake and weight gain, as well as insulin, glucose, and corticosterone levels in ob/ob mice. In the present report we show that leptin treatment down-regulates endogenous adipose ob mRNA. However, treatment of isolated rat adipocytes with 100 ng/ml human or murine leptin had no direct effect on expression of endogenous ob mRNA, suggesting that leptin may be able to down-regulate its own expression by an indirect, non-autocrine mechanism. Glucocorticoids increased both ob mRNA levels and secreted leptin levels in vitro. Conversely, agents that increase intracellular cAMP, such as beta-adrenergic agonists or Bt2cAMP itself, decreased ob mRNA expression and leptin secretion. Therefore, increased glucocorticoid levels and decreased sympathetic neural activity may contribute to the elevated ob mRNA expression observed in genetically obese, hyperglucocorticoid rodents. Furthermore, leptin might regulate its own expression through a feedback mechanism involving the hypothalamic pituitary axis.
Platelet-derived growth factor enhances platelet recovery in a murine model of radiation-induced thrombocytopenia and reduces apoptosis in megakaryocytes via its receptors and the PI3-k/Akt pathway (2010)

Our findings show that platelet-derived growth factor enhances platelet recovery in mice with radiation-induced thrombocytopenia. This radioprotective effect is likely to be mediated via platelet-derived growth factor receptors with subsequent activation of the PI3-k/Akt pathway. We also provide a possible explanation that blockage of platelet-derived growth factor receptors may reduce thrombopoiesis and play a role in imatinib mesylate-induced thrombocytopenia.