gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery (2002)

Laparoscopic surgery offers patients distinct benefits but is not without its disadvantages to surgeons in terms of maneuverability and visualization. Robotic telemanipulation systems were introduced with the objective of providing a solution to the problems in this field of surgery. The feasibility of robot-assisted surgery was assessed by performing 35 laparoscopic cholecystectomies with the da Vinci robotic system. Time necessary for system setup and operation was recorded, as were complications, technical problems, postoperative hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality. Thirty-four of 35 cholecystectomy procedures were completed laparoscopically with the da Vinci system. Technical problems occurred in three cases, resulting in one intraoperative complication (a minilaparotomy caused by the loss of an instrument part). Median hospitalization was 2 days. There were no postoperative deaths or morbidity within 30 days after surgery. System setup time decreased as the experience of the operating team increased. Operating times were comparable with those reported for standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Robot-assisted surgery was repeatedly proven as a safe and feasible approach to laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Breaking Audio CAPTCHAs (2008)

CAPTCHAs are computer-generated tests that humans can pass but current computer systems cannot. CAPTCHAs provide a method for automatically distinguishing a human from a computer program, and therefore can protect Web services from abuse by so-called bots. Most CAPTCHAs consist of distorted images, usually text, for which a user must provide some description. Unfortunately, visual CAPTCHAs limit access to the millions of visually impaired people using the Web. Audio CAPTCHAs were created to solve this accessibility issue; however, the security of audio CAPTCHAs was never formally tested. Some visual CAPTCHAs have been broken using machine learning techniques, and we propose using similar ideas to test the security of audio CAPTCHAs. Audio CAPTCHAs are generally composed of a set of words to be identified, layered on top of noise. We analyzed the security of current audio CAPTCHAs from popular Web sites by using AdaBoost, SVM, and k-NN, and achieved correct solutions for test samples with accuracy up to 71%. Such accuracy is enough to consider these CAPTCHAs broken. Training several different machine learning algorithms on different types of audio CAPTCHAs allowed us to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the algorithms so that we could suggest a design for a more robust audio CAPTCHA.
Techniques for Hemagglutination and Hemagglutination-Inhibition with Arthropod-Borne Viruses (1958)

Preparation of Antigens 561; Preparation of Sera 567; Preparation of Erythrocytes 568; Chemical Reagents 569; Technique of HA and HI Tests 570; HA Titrations 571; HI Tests 572; References 573During the past few years, the methods for conducting hemagglutination (HA) and hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests with arthropod-borne (arbor) viruses have undergone a number of modifications, directed toward simplification and improvement as well as extension of the tests to include a larger number of arbor viruses. Accordingly, it seems desirable at this time to bring together, in one publication rather than in a series of papers, a description of the procedures currently in use in The Rockefeller Foundation Virus Laboratories. Some of the procedures were initially developed elsewhere; of those developed in this laboratory, most aspects have not been previously reported.It was stated by Hallauer (1946) that he had obtained a hemagglutinating antigen from viscerotropic but not from neurotropic strains of yellow fever.
Adverse Reactions of Ferric Carboxymaltose (2014)

The author reports a 55-year-old female diagnosed of chronic kidney disease grade-5 with associated co-morbidities like type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy and hypothyroidism was admitted for arteriovenous fistula construction. She was started on ferric carboxymaltose for the treatment of anaemia. She was given a test dose before administering the drug intravenously and she did not develop any reaction. The drug ferric carboxymaltose was then administered over a period of one hour. About half an hour after drug administration, the patient developed breathlessness and myalgia. After half hour of the above episode of breathlessness and myalgia she also developed vomiting (one episode). Patient was managed with oxygen therapy, IV fluids and other drugs like corticosteroids, phenaramine maleate and nalbuphine which controlled the above symptoms.
Novel Surface Graft Copolymerization Method with Micron-Order Regional Precision (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNovel Surface Graft Copolymerization Method with Micron-Order Regional PrecisionTakashi Sugawara and Takehisa MatsudaCite this: Macromolecules 1994, 27, 26, 7809–7814Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00104a040https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00104a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views406Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Combinatorial Optimization of Heterogeneous Catalysts Used in the Growth of Carbon Nanotubes (2000)

Libraries of liquid-phase catalyst precursor solutions were printed onto iridium-coated silicon substrates and evaluated for their effectiveness in catalyzing the growth of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The catalyst precursor solutions were composed of inorganic salts and a removable triblock copolymer (EO)20(PO)70(EO)20 (EO = ethylene oxide, PO = propylene oxide) structure-directing agent (SDA), dissolved in ethanol/methanol mixtures. Sample libraries were quickly assayed using scanning electron microscopy after CVD growth to identify active catalysts and CVD conditions. Composition libraries and focus libraries were then constructed around the active spots identified in the discovery libraries to understand how catalyst precursor composition affects the yield, density, and quality of the nanotubes. Successful implementation of combinatorial optimization methods in the development of highly active, carbon nanotube catalysts is demonstrated, as well as the identification of catalyst formulations that lead to varying densities and shapes of aligned nanotube towers.
Transport in molecular junctions with different metallic contacts (2006)

Ab initio calculations of phenyl dithiol connected to Au, Ag, Pd, and Pt electrodes are performed using nonequilibrium Green's functions and density functional theory. For each metal, the properties of the molecular junction are considered both in equilibrium and under bias. In particular, we consider in detail charge transfer, changes in the electrostatic potential, and their subsequent effects on the $I\text{\ensuremath{-}}V$ curves through the junctions. Gold is typically used in molecular junctions because it forms strong chemical bonds with sulfur. We find, however, that Pt and Pd make better electrical contacts than Au. The zero-bias conductance is found to be greatest for Pt, followed by Pd, Au, and then Ag.
Small ring compounds. 21. Addition of acid chlorides to azirines. Functionalized aziridines and oxazolines (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSmall ring compounds. 21. Addition of acid chlorides to azirines. Functionalized aziridines and oxazolinesAlfred Hassner, Susan S. Burke, and Jesse C. ICite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 16, 4692–4700Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00849a035https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00849a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views536Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Expanded newborn screening in Europe 2007 (2007)

By January 2007 seven European countries had expanded, and more are considering the expansion of their newborn screening programmes by inclusion of ESI tandem mass spectrometry. We present an overview of the current status of expanded newborn screening programmes in Europe. While the first pilot programmes were initiated in 1998 in Germany, most countries started within the last 3 years. The number of disorders screened for by MS/MS ranges from two disorders (phenylketonuria and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency) in some countries to 20 in others. The number of live births investigated per screening centre varies from 18,000 to 77,000. Few programmes have reported the number of positively identified cases and technical data, although many participate in quality assurance and proficiency test schemes. Given the relatively common genetic background of most European populations and similar health care systems, the reasons for the differences observed appear arbitrary and contrary to the optimal benefit of this important preventive health measure. Harmonization of disease screening panels, spectrum of metabolites analysed, sizes of screening laboratories, analytical procedures, follow-up management and proficiency and quality testing is urgently warranted on the European level. This will hopefully occur before screening by novel applications of tandem mass spectrometry for additional groups of disorders including lysosomal storage disorders and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy are implemented.
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED Activation of capsaicin‐sensitive primary sensory neurones induces anandamide production and release (2003)

The inhibitory cannabinoid 1 receptor and the excitatory vanilloid receptor 1, both of which are responsive to the endogenous ligand anandamide, are co-expressed on a subpopulation of primary sensory neurones. We report that activation of the cannabinoid 1 receptor/vanilloid receptor 1-co-expressing primary sensory neurones induces the production and release of anandamide. Application of capsaicin (3 nm-1 micro m) to cultured primary sensory neurones evoked calcitonin gene-related peptide release, which was significantly increased by the selective cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonist, SR141716A (200 nm). Mass spectrometric analyses of the extracellular solution revealed that exposure to capsaicin (10 nm or 100 nm) enhanced the anandamide concentration of the medium from less then 0.05 pmol/ micro L to more then 2 pmol/ micro L. Depolarization of the neurones with 50 mm KCl also enhanced the anandamide content of the buffer. Both the capsaicin- and KCl-induced anandamide release depended on extracellular Ca2+. Prolonged treatment of the cultures with capsaicin (10 micro m) reduced both the capsaicin- and KCl-induced anandamide release. These findings indicate that activation of capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory neurones evokes anandamide production and release, and that anandamide might be a key endogenous regulator of the excitability of these neurones.
Inference of S-system models of genetic networks using a cooperative coevolutionary algorithm (2004)

We propose a new method for inferring S-system models of large-scale genetic networks. The proposed method is based on the problem decomposition strategy and a cooperative coevolutionary algorithm. As the subproblems divided by the problem decomposition strategy are solved simultaneously using the cooperative coevolutionary algorithm, the proposed method can be used to infer any S-system model ready for computational simulation. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, we apply it to two artificial genetic network inference problems. Finally, the proposed method is used to analyze the actual DNA microarray data.
Kinetics of the inhibition of thrombin by hirudin (1986)

The dissociation constant for hirudin was determined by varying the concentration of hirudin in the presence of a fixed concentration of thrombin and tripeptidyl p-nitroanilide substrate. The estimate of the dissociation constant determined in this manner displayed a dependence on the concentration of substrate which suggested the existence of two binding sites at which the substrate was able to compete with hirudin. A high-affinity site could be correlated with the binding of the substrate at the active site, and the other site had an affinity for the substrate that was 2 orders of magnitude lower. Extrapolation to zero substrate concentration yielded a value of 20 fM for the dissociation constant of hirudin at an ionic strength of 0.125. The dissociation constant for hirudin was markedly dependent on the ionic strength of the assay; it increased 20-fold when the ionic strength was increased from 0.1 to 0.4. This increase in dissociation constant was accompanied by a decrease in the rate with which hirudin associated with thrombin. This rate could be measured with a conventional recording spectrophotometer at higher ionic strength and was found to be independent of the binding of substrate at the active site.
Engineered Expression of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus (2017)

This review discusses recent progress made in developing a vaccine and novel treatments for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It highlights the shortcomings of the RV144 vaccination trial [ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) and AIDSVAX B/E] and the current standard of care and proposes that engineered expression of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 could overcome these shortcomings. Current developments in three major lines of research on HIV prevention and treatment using bNAbs are reviewed: firstly, the use of sequential immunogens to activate B cells to express bNAbs; secondly, the delivery of novel and extremely potent bNAbs through passive administration; and finally, the use of gene transfer using adeno-associated viral vectors to deliver bNAbs.
Rare genetic mutations shed light on the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (2003)

Parkinson disease (PD); dopamine (DA); Alzheimer disease (AD); autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism (
A Systematic Review on the Practice of Evaluating Visualization (2013)

We present an assessment of the state and historic development of evaluation practices as reported in papers published at the IEEE Visualization conference. Our goal is to reflect on a meta-level about evaluation in our community through a systematic understanding of the characteristics and goals of presented evaluations. For this purpose we conducted a systematic review of ten years of evaluations in the published papers using and extending a coding scheme previously established by Lam et al. [2012]. The results of our review include an overview of the most common evaluation goals in the community, how they evolved over time, and how they contrast or align to those of the IEEE Information Visualization conference. In particular, we found that evaluations specific to assessing resulting images and algorithm performance are the most prevalent (with consistently 80-90% of all papers since 1997). However, especially over the last six years there is a steady increase in evaluation methods that include participants, either by evaluating their performances and subjective feedback or by evaluating their work practices and their improved analysis and reasoning capabilities using visual tools. Up to 2010, this trend in the IEEE Visualization conference was much more pronounced than in the IEEE Information Visualization conference which only showed an increasing percentage of evaluation through user performance and experience testing. Since 2011, however, also papers in IEEE Information Visualization show such an increase of evaluations of work practices and analysis as well as reasoning using visual tools. Further, we found that generally the studies reporting requirements analyses and domain-specific work practices are too informally reported which hinders cross-comparison and lowers external validity.
Fast Colorimetric Sensing of Adenosine and Cocaine Based on a General Sensor Design Involving Aptamers and Nanoparticles (2005)

Apt to change color: DNA aptamers have been used to assemble DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles to produce highly sensitive and selective colorimetric sensors with an instantaneous color response on addition of a substrate. The general method has been shown for adenosine and cocaine (see picture), but should be applicable to any aptamer of choice.
Magnetite Nanocrystals:  Nonaqueous Synthesis, Characterization, and Solubility (2005)

A novel nonaqueous route has been applied for the preparation of nanocrystalline magnetite. In a simple one-pot reaction process, iron(III) acetylacetonate was dissolved in benzyl alcohol and treated in an autoclave between 175 and 200 °C. This approach leads to monocrystalline magnetite particles with sizes ranging from 12 to 25 nm, as evidenced by X-ray analysis, HRTEM, and Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The isolated particles can be redispersed either in polar or nonpolar solvents by coating them just after synthesis with undecanoic acid or dopamine. Simple sedimentation after redispersion in hexane can be used to lower the polydispersity of the sample.
Antidepressant choice in the patient with cardiac disease: lessons from the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST) studies. (1994)

At one point it was believed that the systematic study of the cardiovascular effects of therapeutic levels of tricyclic antidepressants had established the relative safety of these drugs even in patients with significant cardiovascular disease. However, recent studies demonstrating a deleterious effect of antiarrhythmic agents in patients with ischemic heart disease have significant implication for conclusions about tricyclic safety. Studies in cardiology designed to demonstrate that suppression of ventricular arrhythmia in the post-myocardial infarction period would reduce mortality produced the unexpected opposite result, i.e., patients treated with class I antiarrhythmic drugs actually had an increase in their mortality rate. Since tricyclics are classified as type IA antiarrhythmics, it would seem prudent to assume that they have similar risks unless proven otherwise. Other drugs such as the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors or bupropion, which may be safer than the tricyclics from the cardiovascular perspective, have yet to establish their efficacy in the older and more severely depressed patient population.
Repeat scanning technology for laser ultrasonic propagation imaging (2013)

Laser ultrasonic scanning in combination with contact or non-contact sensors provides new paradigms in structural health management (SHM) and non-destructive in-process quality control (IPQC) for large composite structures. Wave propagation imaging technology based on laser ultrasonic scanning and fixed-point sensing shows remarkable advantages, such as minimal need for embedded sensors in SHM, minimum invasive defect visualization in IPQC and general capabilities of curved and complex target inspection, and temporal reference-free inspection. However, as with other SHM methods and non-destructive evaluation based on ultrasound, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is a prevalent issue in real structural applications, especially with non-contact thin-composite sensing or with thick and heterogeneous composites. This study proposes a high-speed repeat scanning technique for laser ultrasonic propagation imaging (UPI) technology, which is realized with the scanning speed of 1 kHz of a Q-switched continuous wave laser, and precise control of the laser beam pulses for identical point scanning. As a result, the technique enables the achievement of significant improvement in the SNR to inspect real-world composite structures. The proposed technique provides enhanced results for impact damage detection in a 2 mm thick wing box made of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic, despite the low sensitivity of non-contact laser ultrasonic sensing. A field-applicable pure laser UPI system has been developed using a laser Doppler vibrometer as the non-contact ultrasonic sensor. The proposed technique enables the visualization of the disbond defect in a 15 mm thick wind blade specimen made of glass-fiber-reinforced plastic, despite the high dissipation of ultrasound in the thick composite.
Cationic polymerization of cyclic amines, 3. Polymerization of azetidine (1974)

Abstract Azetidine ( 1 ) polymerizes under the influence of various cationic initiators. In methanol and with perchloric acid as initiator, the monomer 1 is first converted into a dimer ( N ‐(3‐aminopropyl)azetidine ( 3 )) which then polymerizes further to polymer. When all monomer has disappeared, the reaction mixture consists for 70% of the dimer 3 . The rate constant of dimer formation at 70°C is 1,50·10 −3 dm 3 mol −1 s −1 . The formation of 3 is attributed to the higher basicity of 1 compared to 3 , which causes a transfer of a proton from the protonated 3 to 1 . The structure of the polymer was determined by 300 MHz 1 H‐NMR spectroscopy. It contains 20% of tertiary, 60% of secondary and 20% of primary amino functions.
Gratitude and Caring Labor (2011)

I argue that it is appropriate for adult recipients of personal care to feel and express gratitude whenever care providers are inspired partly by benevolence, and deliver a real benefit in a manner that conveys respect for the recipient. My focus on gratitude is consistent with important aspects of feminist ethics of care, including its attention to the particularities and vulnerabilities of caregivers and care recipients, and its concern with how relations of care are shaped by social hierarchies and public institutions. In addition, it goes beyond the current preoccupations of care ethicists both by introducing gratitude as an important aspect of morally valuable relations of care and by stressing the significance of attending not only to the needs but also the capacities of recipients of care.