gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bistable Nematic Liquid Crystal Device (2009)

With the increasing use of liquid crystal-based displays in everyday life, led both by the development of new portable electronic devices and the desire to minimize the use of printed paper, Nematic Liquid Crystals (NLCs) are now hugely important industrial materials; and research into ways to engineer more efficient display technologies is crucial. Modern electronic display technology mostly relies on the ability of NLC materials to rotate the plane of polarized light (birefringence). The degree to which they can do this depends on the orientation of the molecules within the liquid crystal, and this in turn is affected by factors such as an applied electric field (the molecules, which are typically long and thin, line up in an applied field), or by boundary effects (a phenomenon known as surface anchoring). Most devices currently available use the former effect: an electric field is applied to control the molecular orientation of a thin film of nematic liquid crystal between crossed polarizers (which are also the electrodes), and this in turn controls the optical effect when light passes through the layer. A schematic of a typical pixel in such a device is shown in figure 1. The main disadvantage of this set-up is that the electric field must be applied constantly in order for the display to maintain its configuration if the field is removed, the molecules of the NLC relax into the unique, stable, field-free state (giving no contrast between pixels, and a monochrome display). This is expensive in terms of power consumption, leading to generally short battery lifetimes. On the other hand, if one could somehow exploit the fact that the bounding surfaces of a cell affect the molecular configuration the anchoring effect, which can, to a large extent, be controlled by mechanical or chemical treatments then one might be able to engineer a bistable system, with two (or more) stable field-free states, giving two optically-distinct stable steady states of the device, without any electric field required to sustain them. Power is required only to change the state of the cell from one steady state to the other (and this issue of “switchability”, which can be hard to achieve, is really the challenging part of the design). Such technology is particularly appropriate for LCDs that change only infrequently, e.g. “electronic paper” applications such as e-books, e-newspapers, and so on. Certain technologies for bistable devices already exist, and most use the surface anchoring effect, combined with a clever choice of bounding surface geometry. The goal of this project will be to investigate simpler designs for liquid crystal devices that exhibit bistability. With
Binary Adaptive Coded Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation Over Rayleigh Fading Channels Without Feedback (2005)

Pilot symbol assisted modulation (PSAM) is a standard approach for transceiver design for time-varying channels, with channel estimates obtained from pilot symbols being employed for coherent demodulation of the data symbols. In this paper, we show that PSAM schemes can be improved by adapting the coded modulation strategy at the sender to the quality of the channel measurement at the receiver, without requiring any channel feedback from the receiver. We consider performance in terms of achievable rate for binary signaling schemes. The transmitter employs interleaved codes, with data symbols coded according to their distance from the nearest pilot symbols. Symbols far away from pilot symbols encounter poorer channel measurements at the receiver and are therefore coded with lower rate codes, while symbols close to pilot symbols benefit from recent channel measurements and are coded with higher rate codes. The performance benefits from this approach are quantified in the context of binary signaling over time-varying Rayleigh fading channels described by a Gauss-Markov model. The spacing of the pilot symbols is optimized to maximize the mutual information between input and output in this setting. Causal and noncausal channel estimators of varying complexity and delay are considered. It is shown that, by appropriate optimization for the spacing between consecutive pilot symbols, the adaptive coding techniques proposed can improve achievable rate, without any feedback from the receiver to the sender. Moreover, channel estimation based on the two closest pilot symbols is generally close to optimal.
Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Gene Therapy for Rat Malignant Brain Tumors (1996)

Transfer of a herpes simplex virus-derived thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene into brain tumor cells and subsequent ganciclovir (GCV) treatment has been shown by others to be an effective treatment in rats with intracerebrally inoculated 9L gliosarcomas. Mechanism of action and reproducibility are, however, still a matter of debate. We have used the same model to test the therapeutic effects of both retrovirus- and adenovirus-mediated transfer of the HSV-tk gene followed by GCV treatment. Survival time of rats with intracerebral 9L tumors was significantly prolonged after a single administration of adenovirus carrying a HSV-tk gene as compared to controls. Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer also resulted in significantly prolonged survival time when recombinant retrovirus-producing cells were transplanted. Direct injection of the recombinant retrovirus, HSV-tk-expressing cells, virus-producing cells without GCV administration and recombinant retrovirus-lacZ or interleukin-2 (IL-2)-producing cells did not result in tumor cell kill. In the present study, no significant difference in survival of 9L brain tumor carrying rats was found after treatment with adenovirus as compared to retrovirus-mediated HSV-tk-mediated gene transfer and subsequent GCV treatment.
A Novel PTEN-Dependent Link to Ubiquitination Controls FLIPS Stability and TRAIL Sensitivity in Glioblastoma Multiforme (2009)

Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) loss and activation of the Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway increases mRNA translation, increases levels of the antiapoptotic protein FLIP(S), and confers resistance to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In PTEN-deficient GBM cells, however, the FLIP(S) protein also exhibited a longer half-life than in PTEN mutant GBM cells, and this longer half-life correlated with decreased FLIP(S) polyubiquitination. FLIP(S) half-life in PTEN mutant GBM cells was reduced by exposure to an Akt inhibitor, but not to rapamycin, suggesting the existence of a previously undescribed, mTOR-independent linkage between PTEN and the ubiquitin-dependent control of protein stability. Total levels of the candidate FLIP(S) E3 ubiquitin ligase atrophin-interacting protein 4 (AIP4) were comparable in PTEN wild-type (WT) and PTEN mutant GBM cells, although in PTEN-deficient cells, AIP4 was maintained in a stable polyubiquitinated state that was less able to associate with FLIP(S) or with the FLIP(S)-containing death inducing signal complex. Small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of AIP4 levels in PTEN WT cells decreased FLIP(S) ubiquitination, prolonged FLIP(S) half-life, and increased TRAIL resistance. Similarly, the Akt activation that was previously shown to increase TRAIL resistance did not alter AIP4 levels, but increased AIP4 ubiquitination, increased FLIP(S) steady-state levels, and suppressed FLIP(S) ubiquitination. These results define the PTEN-Akt-AIP4 pathway as a key regulator of FLIP(S) ubiquitination, FLIP(S) stability, and TRAIL sensitivity and also define a novel link between PTEN and the ubiquitin-mediated control of protein stability.
Characterization of sorCS1, an Alternatively Spliced Receptor with Completely Different Cytoplasmic Domains That Mediate Different Trafficking in Cells (2003)

We previously isolated and sequenced murine sorCS1, a type 1 receptor containing a Vps10p-domain and a leucine-rich domain. We now show that human sorCS1 has three isoforms, sorCS1a-c, with completely different cytoplasmic tails and differential expression in tissues. The b tail shows high identity with that of murine sorCS1b, whereas the a and c tails have no reported counterparts. Like the Vps10p-domain receptor family members sortilin and sorLA, sorCS1 is synthesized as a proreceptor that is converted in late Golgi compartments by furin-mediated cleavage. Mature sorCS1 bound its own propeptide with low affinity but none of the ligands previously shown to interact with sortilin and sorLA. In transfected cells, about 10% of sorCS1a was expressed on the cell surface and proved capable of rapid endocytosis in complex with specific antibody, whereas sorCS1b presented a high cell surface expression but essentially no endocytosis, and sorCS1c was intermediate. This is an unusual example of an alternatively spliced single transmembrane receptor with completely different cytoplasmic domains that mediate different trafficking in cells.
Kinetics of J-Aggregation of Cyanine Dyes in the Presence of Gelatin (2006)

The kinetics of formation of J-aggregates for 3,3'-bis[sulfopropyl]-R-4',5'-dibenzo-9-ethylthiacarbocyanines (R=5-methoxy; R=4,5-dibenzo) and 3,3'-bis[sulfopropyl]-5,5'-diphenyl-9-ethyloxacarbocyanine were studied in aqueous solution in the presence of gelatin at different pH values and at room and elevated temperatures. Addition of gelatin at concentrations of 0.0005-0.05 wt % to solutions of dyes results in the production of J-aggregates in the tens of seconds to tens of minutes range. The rate of J-aggregate formation increases with increasing concentrations of dye and gelatin, correlates with the rate of decay of dimers, and is also dependent on the dye structure, temperature, and pH. The rate of J-aggregation is increased for and decreased for with an increase in temperature. For and, the rate increases with increasing [H+] and reaches the maximum value at pH 3.3-4.3 for 3. The interaction of with gelatin is considered to be a cooperative binding process, and J-aggregation is characterized by the time-dependent rate constant. Sigmoidal- and nonsigmoidal-type kinetic curves of both formation of J-aggregates and decay of the dimers are best fitted with a stretched exponential function.
T-cell responses against chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells: implications for immunotherapy (2002)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells are ineffective antigen-presenting cells (APCs) although CD40-activated CLL cells can stimulate proliferation of autologous and allogeneic T cells. We examined the antigen-presenting capacity of CD40-activated CLL cells as well as dendritic cells pulsed with apoptotic bodies of CLL cells to generate autologous and allogeneic immune responses against CLL cells. Both APC types were capable of generating T-cell lines that proliferate specifically in response to unstimulated CLL cells. Whereas cytotoxic responses against stimulated and unstimulated CLL cells could be repeatedly generated by allogeneic healthy donors, autologous cytotoxic immune responses against CD40-activated and native CLL cells were rarely detected. However, T cells isolated from patients with CLL could recognize and lyse allogeneic stimulated and unstimulated CLL cells, demonstrating that cytotoxic T cells from these tumor-bearing patients are functionally intact.
Fadrozole HCL (CGS-16949A) versus megestrol acetate treatment of postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma: Results of two randomized double blind controlled multiinstitutional trials (1996)

Fadrozole HCL was as efficacious as megestrol acetate in postmenopausal patients with metastatic breast carcinoma after one hormonal therapy. Adverse experiences were mild with both therapies, but megestrol acetate was associated wiht a higher frequency of weight gain, fluid retention and dyspnea, whereas fadrozole HCL was associated with a higher frequency of nausea and vomiting.
Complementary Decision Making System for Aiding Medical Image Diagnosis (2007)

Decision making is important in problem solving. Human makes decisions everyday rather effectively. This suggests that functionally model the decision making process could potentially offer a competent decision support system. Hence, a <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Complementary Decision Making System</i> (CDMS), which functionally models the neural decision making in human visual perception, is proposed. It is applied as a clinical decision support system for medical image diagnosis. Its feasibility as a diagnostician's adjunct is assessed in two experiments. The experimental results displayed CDMS as a promising tool for aiding medical image diagnosis.
Interleukin‐2‐induced, melanoma‐specific T cells recognize camel, an unexpected translation product of LAGE1 (1999)

Melanoma-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were induced by in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a melanoma patient with autologous IL-2-producing melanoma 518/IL2.14 cells. CTL clone 1/29 recognized, in addition to autologous melanoma cell lines, a panel of HLA-A*0201-expressing allogeneic melanoma cell lines but was not reactive with normal melanocytes. Here, we report the full molecular characterization of the target structure for CTL 1/29, which was identified by cDNA expression cloning. The recognized antigen was named CAMEL (CTL-recognized antigen on melanoma). The CAMEL cDNA turned out to be derived from the LAGE-1 gene, a recently described tumor antigen that is strongly homologous to NY-ESO-1. CAMEL, however, is not encoded by the putative open reading frame (ORF) of LAGE-1 but by an alternative frame starting from the second ATG of the mRNA. The first 11 amino acids of the CAMEL protein, MLMAQEALAFL, constitute the epitope of CTL 1/29. This epitope is also encoded by a similar alternative ORF in NY-ESO-1. In summary, CTL induction with IL-2-transfected melanoma cells has revealed a new tumor antigen that may serve as a target for immunotherapy. Int. J. Cancer 82:442–448, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Novel Method to Process Cystic Fibrosis Sputum for Determination of Oxidative State (2009)

The mechanical sputum-processing method presented had a similar yield of cells and fluids as the conventional DTT method and the advantage of omitting the introduction of reducing agents. This method allows a more reliable analysis of redox-dependent airway inflammation in sputum cells and fluid from CF patients than methods utilizing DTT.
Additive in vitro effects of anti‐sickling drugs (1994)

To study the effect of anti-sickling drugs on cellular dehydration induced by entry of Ca, sickle cells were subjected to cyclical oxygenation-deoxygenation for 15 h in Ca-containing buffer. The consequential loss of cation (K) via the Ca-dependent K efflux (Gardos) channel caused cell dehydration and loss of deformability. Inhibition of a specific fraction of Ca entry by verapamil had no rheologically protective effect, whereas inhibition of the Gardos channel by clotrimazole or nitrendipine had a marked protective effect. When Gardos channel inhibition (by either clotrimazole or nitrendipine) was combined with stabilization of the oxy-conformation of sickle haemoglobin (by the substituted benzaldehyde 12C79), an additive protective rheological effect was achieved with 60-78% reduction in clogging rate of 5 microns diameter pores when compared with no drug. Therapeutic use of anti-sickling compounds in combination may achieve increased efficacy with lower toxicity.
Intrapatient Dose Escalation of Anti–CTLA-4 Antibody in Patients With Metastatic Melanoma (2006)

We previously reported our experience in treating 56 patients with metastatic melanoma using a human anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) antibody. Durable tumor regressions were seen that correlated with the induction of autoimmune toxicities. In this study, we treated 46 additional patients using an intrapatient dose escalation schema to test whether higher doses of anti-CTLA-4 antibody would induce increased autoimmunity and concomitant tumor regression. Twenty-three patients started anti-CTLA-4 antibody administration at 3 mg/kg and 23 patients started treatment at 5 mg/kg, receiving doses every 3 weeks. Patients were dose-escalated every other dose to a maximum of 9 mg/kg or until objective clinical responses or grade III/IV autoimmune toxicity were seen. Escalating doses of antibody resulted in proportionally higher plasma concentrations. Sixteen patients (35%) experienced a grade III/IV autoimmune toxicity. Five patients (11%) achieved an objective clinical response. Two of the responses are ongoing at 13 and 16 months, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood revealed significant increases in both T-cell surface markers of activation and memory phenotype. Thus, higher serum levels and prolonged administration of anti-CTLA-4 antibody resulted in a trend toward a greater incidence of grade III/IV autoimmune toxicity than previously reported, but did not seem to increase objective response rates.
Antagonism of Toxigenic Clostridium difficile by Nontoxigenic C. difficile (1983)

Cefoxitin-treated hamsters were first colonized with a nontoxigenic strain of Clostridium difficile, and then a toxigenic strain of C. difficile was administered. Toxigenic C. difficile was suppressed to a mean cecal population level of less than 0.2% of that found in control animals given only toxigenic C. difficile after cefoxitin treatment. Colonization with nontoxigenic C. difficile before toxigenic C. difficile was associated with 93% survival, as opposed to 21% survival of the control animals. Simultaneous administration of nontoxigenic and toxigenic C. difficile did not lead to suppression of toxigenic C. difficile and conferred no protection. These results are in keeping with previously established concepts of bacterial interactions on body surfaces and may have therapeutic implications.
Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome (2001)

The human genome holds an extraordinary trove of information about human development, physiology, medicine and evolution. Here we report the results of an international collaboration to produce and make freely available a draft sequence of the human genome. We also present an initial analysis of the data, describing some of the insights that can be gleaned from the sequence.
Field-effect transistor versus analog transistor (static induction transistor) (1975)

The reason why the usual FET shows the saturated characteristics has been shown that with increasing drain voltage, the effect of the negative feedback action, increases through a marked increase of the Series channel resistance in the neighborhood of the pinch-off voltage, under which condition the apparent transfercon-ductance <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G_{m'}= G_{m}/(1 + r_{s}.G_{m})</tex> becomes <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G_{m'} \simeq r_{s}^{-1}</tex> . It is also pointed out that a transistor in analogy to the vacuum type proposed by Watanabe and Nishizawa in 1950, exhibits the nonsaturated build-up character only When the internal negative feedback action is as little as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G_{m'} \simeq G_{m}</tex> . In this case, when the channel has not yet pinched off, the characteristics are ohmic and then the transistor can operate as a good variable resistor; on the other hand, when the channel has already pinched, the transistor shows the build-up characteristics similar to those of a vacuum tube triode as a result of the static induction from the drain. The transistor similar to that of the vacuum tube triode type is named "Static Induction Transistor," because its output character is based on the static induction as well as input characteristics. The SIT has the exponential characteristics in contrast with the "Analog Transistor" which is expected by Shockley to follow the space-charge conduction law. The SIT has already been ascertained to have low noise, low distortion, and high-power capability, and its fabrication has been already realized in the form of a high-power transistor (2 kW, 8 MHz), a high-frequency transistor (a few watts, UHF), and a high-speed thyristor. Microwave transistors and very high-speed integrated circuits are being constructed, as well as variable resistors.
Optical Biopsy in Human Urologic Tissue Using Optical Coherence Tomography (1997)

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a recently developed non-invasive technique for obtaining high resolution, cross-sectional images of human tissue. This work investigated the capability of OCT to differentiate the architectural morphology of urologic tissue with the long term aim of using OCT as an adjunct to endoscopic imaging and to improve the efficiency of interventional procedures such as transurethral prostatectomy (TURP). Urologic tissues were taken postmortem, dissected, and imaged using OCT. Microstructure was delineated in different urologic tissues, including the prostatic urethra, prostate, bladder, and ureter, with an axial resolution of 16 +/- 1 microm., higher than any clinically available endoscopic intraluminal imaging technology. The ability of OCT to provide non-contact high resolution imaging of urologic tissue architectural morphology (i.e. optical biopsy), without the need for excisional biopsy, suggests the potential of using OCT to obtain information on tissue microstructure that could only previously be obtained with conventional biopsy.
Food and drink (1996)

The French take eating and drinking very seriously and like to talk about them. One of the results of this is that the language of food and drink is highly developed and can be quite difficult for foreigners to understand. It is useful to learn general terms like 'meat', 'fish' and 'vegetable', so that when you are trying to find out what something is you can ask.
Practical Synthesis of a Potent Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication Inhibitor (2004)

A practical, efficient synthesis of 1, a hepatitis C virus RNA replication inhibitor, is described. Starting with the inexpensive diacetone glucose, the 12-step synthesis features a novel stereoselective rearrangement to prepare the key crystalline furanose diol intermediate. This is followed by a highly selective glycosidation to couple the C-2 branched furanose epoxide with deazapurine.