gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bispecific F(ab′)2 monomer prepared with anti‐CD3 and anti‐tumor monoclonal antibodies is most potent in induction of cytolysis of human T cells (1989)

Induction of cytolytic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells towards target cells was studied by preparing bispecific F(ab')2 which was composed of two Fab' fragments, one of which was derived from anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody and the other from anti-tumor monoclonal antibody. After reduction of the interchange disulfide bonds of these fragments by dithiothreitol, a thiol-disulfide interchain reagent, 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid, was added to convert the free SH groups of one of the Fab' fragments to mixed disulfide derivatives. These were then coupled with the other Fab' fragment bearing free SH groups, producing a bispecific hybrid F(ab')2 monomer of high yield. The bispecific F(ab')2 monomers were able to render nonactivated peripheral blood mononuclear cells cytotoxic against natural killer-resistant tumor cell lines at doses as low as 1 microgram/ml. The polymeric forms of the F(ab')2 fragments prepared by use of cross-linking reagents such as N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithiol)-propionate (SPDP) or S-acetylmercaptosuccinic acid anhydride (SAMSA) were less efficient for induction of cytolytic activity than the monomeric one. It may be feasible to use bispecific F(ab')2 monomers in cancer immunotherapy because of the ease of preparation, as well as the efficiency in inducing cytolytic activity and their high tissue permeability due to their small size (100-110 kDa). In addition, redirected cytolytic activity towards peripheral blood mononuclear cells by reticuloendothelial system cells, resulting from linking these two types of cells through Fc-Fc receptor interactions, does not occur.
3D‐Printing of Lightweight Cellular Composites (2014)

A new epoxy-based ink is reported, which enables 3D printing of lightweight cellular composites with controlled alignment of multiscale, high-aspectratio fiber reinforcement to create hierarchical structures inspired by balsa wood. Young's modulus values up to 10 times higher than existing commercially available 3D-printed polymers are attainable, while comparable strength values are maintained.
Diode Pumped 18W Long Nd: glass Waveguide Laser (2006)

A long Nd-doped phosphate glass waveguide laser pumped by laser diodes is demonstrated. The Nd:glass waveguide provides around 18W CW output with M y 2 × M x 2 = 16 × 3.2 Influence of the thermal lensing and pump distribution is also discussed.
Superhydrophobic Tracks for Low‐Friction, Guided Transport of Water Droplets (2011)

We demonstrate a simple yet efficient approach for droplet transport, in which the droplet is moving on a superhydrophobic surface, using gravity or electrostatic forces as the driving force for droplet transportation and using tracks with vertical walls as gravitational potential barriers to design trajectories. We further demonstrate splitting of a droplet using a superhydrophobic knife, and drop-size selection using superhydrophobic tracks with a local widening. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Spatial Learning and Localization in Rodents: A Computational Model of the Hippocampus and its Implications for Mobile Robots (1999)

The ability to acquire a representation of the spatial environment and the ability to localize within it are essential for successful navigation in a-priori unknown environments. The hippocampal forma tion is believed to play a key role in spatial learning and localization in animals in general and rodents in particular. This paper briefly reviews the relevant neurobiological and cognitive data, and their relation to computational models of spatial learning and localization used in contempo rary mobile robots. It proposes a hippocampal model of spatial learning and localization, and characterizes it using a Kalman filter based tool for information fusion from multiple uncertain sources. The resulting model not only explains neurobiological and behavioral data from rodent experiments, but also allows a robot to learn a place-based metric representation of space and to localize itself in a stochastically optimal manner. The paper presents an algorithmic implementa tion of the model and results of several experiments that demonstrate its capabilities. These include the ability to disambiguate perceptually similar places, scale well with increasing errors, and the automatic acquisition of spatial information at multiple resolutions.
Understanding Neural Networks; Computer Explorations (1992)

From the Publisher:
Understanding Neural Networks is a textbook and workbook that provides a unique interactive learning environment. With or without the aid of a classroom instructor, it allows students and other users to learn about neural networks while gaining practical, hands-on experience with all of the leading network models. Each model is presented as realistically as possible. Also included are chapter exercises and questions, many with illustrations. 
The key feature of this workbook is the software. Available for PC-ATs and compatibles and the Macintosh, these disks contain a collection of full-featured commercial-quality simulators for the most important network paradigms. The user interface is graphic and easy to use, and the simulators are consistent across all networks. The simulators can also build and train significantly large networks, allowing users to construct networks on their own with data relevant to their problems. 
Volume 1 covers learning, attractor networks, and hierarchical networks (including back-propagation networks). Volume 2 takes up temporal networks (including recurrent networks), self-organizing networks, higher-order networks, and such new directions in neural networks as fuzzy networks and evolutionary networks. Both volumes contain instructions on how to use the workbook, an introduction, appendixes, a table of random numbers, a glossary, a bibliography, and index. 
Maureen Caudill is a consultant on neural networks in San Diego. Charles Butler is Senior Principal Scientist at Physical Sciences in Alexandria, Virginia. He is a specialist in the development of neural-network applications. They are the authors of Naturally IntelligentSystems, a comprehensive nonmathematical introduction to neural networks.
Generation of mice carrying a mutant apolipoprotein E gene inactivated by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. (1992)

We have inactivated the endogenous apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene by using gene targeting in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. Two targeting plasmids were used, pJPB63 and pNMC109, both containing a neomycin-resistance gene that replaces a part of the apoE gene and disrupts its structure. ES cell colonies targeted after electroporation with plasmid pJPB63 were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by genomic Southern analysis. Of 648 G418-resistant colonies analyzed, 9 gave a positive signal after PCR amplification, and 5 of them were confirmed as targeted by Southern blot analysis. The second plasmid, pNMC109, contains the negatively selectable thymidine kinase gene in addition to the neomycin-resistance gene. After electroporation with this plasmid, 177 colonies resistant both to G418 and ganciclovir were analyzed; 39 contained a disrupted apoE gene as determined by Southern blotting. Chimeric mice were generated by blastocyst injection with 6 of the targeted lines. One of the lines gave strong chimeras, three of which transmitted the disrupted apoE gene to their progeny. Mice homozygous for the disrupted gene were produced from the heterozygotes; they appear healthy, even though they have no apolipoprotein E in their plasma.
A single-rail re-implementation of a DCC error detector using a generic standard-cell library (2002)

We present a fully asynchronous implementation of a DCC Error Detector. The circuit uses 4-phase handshake signaling and single-rail data encoding, and has been realized using standard cells from a generic cell library. The circuit is obtained by fully automatic translation from a high-level (Tangram) description, using handshake circuits as intermediate architecture. In comparison with a previous double-rail implementation the fabricated IC is 40% smaller (core area), three times faster, and consumes only a quarter of the power. Switching between two power supplies is described as a technique to reduce power dissipation even further. A comparative evaluation also includes an improved double-rail implementation and two synchronous circuits.
Introduction (2003)

In 1990 an American-based private business association used its power not only to reject, but to actively shape, the legislation of a foreign, sovereign government. Up until 1991 Chile, like many developing countries, refused to grant patent protection for pharmaceutical products. This refusal was an effort to keep the prices of necessary medicines affordable by placing public health considerations above property rights concerns. In the late 1980s Chile faced increasing pressure from the US-based Pharmaceutical Manufacturers of America (PMA) to revise its laws to extend patent protection to pharmaceutical products. The PMA sought a law providing for monopoly pricing protection for twenty-five years, potentially placing necessary medicines out of reach for the average Chilean. In 1990 the Chilean government proposed a revised patent law, which the PMA rejected as inadequate. In response, the Chileans went back to the drawing board. Chile finally came up with a law providing patent protection for pharmaceutical products for a fifteen-year period. The PMA declared that it was satisfied. The PMA's role in this matter was intriguing. Where did this power come from? How had this situation come to pass?
Novel synthesis of polyethylene–poly(dimethylsiloxane) copolymers with a metallocene catalyst (2004)

Abstract Polyethylene–poly(dimethylsiloxane) copolymers were synthesized in solution from an ethylene monomer and an ω‐vinyl poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) macromonomer at 363 and 383 K with EtInd 2 ZrCl 2 /methylaluminoxane as a catalyst. The copolymers obtained were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1 H and 13 C NMR, size exclusion chromatography, and differential scanning calorimetry. The rheological properties of the molten polymers were determined under dynamic shear flow tests at small‐amplitude oscillations, whereas the physical arrangement of the phase domains was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX). The analysis of the catalyst activity and the resulting polymers supported the idea of PDMS blocks or chains grafted to polyethylene. The changes in the rheological behavior and the changes in the Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectra were in agreement with this proposal. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2462–2473, 2004
Characterization and permeation properties of ZSM‐5 tubular membranes (1997)

Abstract ZSM‐5 zeolite membranes with reproducible properties were prepared by in‐situ synthesis on porous α‐ and γ‐alumina tubular supports and characterized by XRD, SEM and electron microprobe analysis. Single‐gas permeances for H 2 , CH 4 , N 2 , CO 2 , n‐butane, and i‐butane increase over some temperature range, but some gases exhibit maxima or minima. The highest ideal selectivities at room temperature are 299 for N 2 /SF 6 , 392 for H 2 /n‐butane, and 2,820 for H 2 /i‐butane. These membranes can separate n‐butane/i‐butane, H 2 /n‐butane and H 2 /i‐butane mixtures. All n‐butane/i‐butane separation selectivities have maxima as a function of temperature and are higher than ideal selectivities because n‐butane inhibits i‐butane permeation. Thus, separation is not by size selectivity, but is due to pore blocking. Temperature depenencies of single‐gas permeances and separation selectivities depend strongly on the location of zeolite crystals and the location is determined by preparation procedure. Ideal selectivities also depend strongly on the preparation procedure. When the zeolite forms a continuous layer on the inside surface of the support tubes, pure i‐butane permeates faster than pure n‐butane so that the single‐gas permeances are not determined just by molecular size. The i‐butane permeance also increases much more with temperature than the n‐butane permeance. The permeation behavior may be the result of permeation through nonzeolitic pores in parallel with zeolite pores. When zeolite crystals are dispersed throughout the pores of α‐alumina supports, permeances are lower and gas permeation and separation properties are quite different. Ideal selectivities are lower, pure n‐butane permeates faster than i‐butane, and the permeances increase much less with temperature. Separation selectivities are lower but can be maintained to higher temperatures.
`The stress of dying': the role of heat shock proteins in the regulation of apoptosis (2004)

Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a family of highly homologous chaperone proteins that are induced in response to environmental, physical and chemical stresses and that limit the consequences of damage and facilitate cellular recovery. The underlying ability of Hsps to maintain cell survival correlates with an inhibition of caspase activation and apoptosis that can, but does not always, depend upon their chaperoning activities. Several mechanisms proposed to account for these observations impact on both the "intrinsic", mitochondria-dependent and the "extrinsic", death-receptor-mediated pathways to apoptosis. Hsps can inhibit the activity of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins to prevent permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane and release of apoptogenic factors. The disruption of apoptosome formation represents another mechanism by which Hsps can prevent caspase activation and induction of apoptosis. Several signaling cascades involved in the regulation of key elements within the apoptotic cascade are also subject to modulation by Hsps, including those involving JNK, NF-kappaB and AKT. The coordinated activities of the Hsps thus modulate multiple events within apoptotic pathways to help sustain cell survival following damaging stimuli.
Effectiveness of intensified rotational combination chemotherapy for late hematologic relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1996)

Relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) usually carries a dire prognosis. We evaluated the effectiveness and long-term complications of intensive rotational combination chemotherapy for late hematologic relapse (median, 16 months after elective cessation of therapy) among 34 children and young adults (ages 4 to 23 years). Concurrent central nervous system (CNS) relapse was present in 3 cases and testicular relapse in 4. Secondary therapy comprised an intensive five-drug reinduction (6 weeks) followed by continuation treatment with four drug pairs, rotated weekly in 4-week cycles over 120 weeks. Intrathecal chemotherapy (methotrexate, hydrocortisone, cytarabine) was given three times during reinduction and every 8 weeks during continuation. Treatment was electively discontinued at week 120 in the absence of detectable disease. Thirty-three patients (97%) attained a second complete remission. At a median follow-up of 9.3 years (range, 4.5 to 11.4), estimates of 5-year second event-free and overall survival (+/- SE) are 65% +/- 8% and 79% +/- 7%, respectively. Eleven patients had a second relapse (9 marrow, 2 testicular) and one developed secondary myeloid leukemia. There have been no CNS relapses or deaths in remission. Treatment was well-tolerated and was given largely on an outpatient basis. Late effects are primarily endocrinologic; one child had a second malignant solid tumor (presumed related to initial radiation therapy) that was treated successfully. Intensive treatment with alternating non-cross-resistant drug pairs for late hematologic relapses of ALL is effective and well-tolerated, and produces results similar to those achieved in patients with newly diagnosed ALL. Event- free survival compares favorably with reports of other relapse regimens, including those incorporating bone marrow transplantation.
Effect of curcumin and ferulic acid on modulation of expression pattern of p53 and bcl-2 proteins in 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. (2010)

The modulating effect of curcumin and ferulic acid was investigated on expression pattern of apoptosis regulatory p53 and bcl-2 proteins in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The OSCC was induced in the buccal pouch of golden Syrian hamster by painting with 0.5% 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) three-times a week for 14 weeks. The expression pattern of p53 and bcl-2 proteins was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. We noticed 100% tumor formation in hamsters painted with DMBA alone for 14 weeks. Overexpression of p53 and bcl-2 proteins was observed in the buccal mucosa of tumor-bearing hamsters. Oral administration of curcumin (80 mg/kg body wt) and ferulic acid (40 mg/kg body wt) to DMBA painted hamsters on days alternate to DMBA painting for 14 weeks completely inhibited tumor formation and down-regulated the expression pattern of p53 and bcl-2 proteins. Our results thus demonstrated the protective role of curcumin and ferulic acid on DMBA-induced abnormal expression of p53 and bcl-2 proteins in the buccal mucosa of golden Syrian hamsters.
The effect of fixation on detection of B-cell clonality by polymerase chain reaction. (1999)

It has been suggested that neutral buffered formalin (NBF)-fixed, paraffin-embedded, or fresh specimens might provide satisfactory DNA templates for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays used in establishing the clonality and presumptive B-cell lineage of lymphoma. The suitability of other fixatives used by hematopathologists, such as B5, is still undetermined. Thirty cases were identified from the files of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland Ohio, that showed abnormal immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) rearrangement by Southern blot analysis (SBA). Corresponding paraffin-embedded tissue samples fixed in NBF (21 cases), B5 (18 cases), Hollande's fixative (17 cases), zinc formalin (ZF) (5 cases), and Bouin's fixative (3 cases) were studied. With use of consensus primers against the framework 3 (FR3) and FR2 regions of the VH gene, paired against JH primer(s), PCR analysis was performed. bcl-2/IgH translocation was also studied. Ten reactive lymphoid samples were used as controls, and 40 cases were evaluated. Successful amplification of a clonal proliferation was manifested as one or two discrete narrow bands in the appropriate size range. The sensitivity of detecting clonality was 95, 94, 67, 80, and 0% for NBF, Hollande's fixative, B5, ZF, and Bouin's fixative, respectively. Although NBF and Hollande's fixative were 100% specific, consistent false-positive results were a major problem with B5-fixed tissue. Paraffin-embedded tissue, fixed in NBF, Hollande's fixative, and ZF solutions, may be used for DNA extraction and PCR assays for establishing B-cell clonality. The precipitating fixative B5 and Bouin's solution should not be used for this purpose until the issue of false-positive results is resolved.
Haplotype analysis in Australian hemochromatosis patients: evidence for a predominant ancestral haplotype exclusively associated with hemochromatosis. (1995)

Hemochromatosis (HC), an inherited disorder of iron metabolism, shows a very strong founder effect in Australia, with the majority of patients being of Celtic (Scots/Irish) origin. Australian HC patients thus provide an ideal group in which to examine HC-gene-region haplotypes, to analyze the extent of linkage disequilibrium and genetic heterogeneity in HC. We have analyzed chromosomes from 26 multiply affected HC pedigrees, and we were able to assign HC status unambiguously to 107 chromosomes--64 as affected and 43 as unaffected. The haplotypes examined comprise the following highly polymorphic markers: the serological marker HLA-A and the microsatellites D6S248, D6S265, HLA-F, and D6S105. All show highly significant allelic association with HC and no evidence of separation from the disease locus by recombination. Analysis identified a predominant ancestral haplotype comprising alleles 5-1-3-2-8 (marker order: D6S248-D6S265-HLA-A-HLA-F-D6S105), present in 21 (33%) of 64 affected chromosomes, and exclusively associated with HC (haplotype relative risk 903). No other common haplotype was significantly associated with HC. Haplotype analysis in Australian HC patients thus provides strong evidence for (a) the introduction of HC into this population on an ancestral haplotype, (b) a common mutation associated with HC in Australian patients, and (c) a candidate HC-gene region extending between and including D6S248 and D6S105.
A New, More Efficient, and Effective Process for the Synthesis of a Key Pentacyclic Intermediate for Production of Ecteinascidin and Phthalascidin Antitumor Agents (2000)

An efficient process is described for the synthesis of 5, a key intermediate for the synthesis of the potent antitumor agents ecteinascidin 743 (1) and phthalascidin (2) from the readily available building blocks 3b and 4.
Intervention research with persons at high risk for suicidality: safety and ethical considerations. (2001)

There is a critical need for studies designed to reduce suicidality. Individuals at high risk for suicidality deserve safe and effective treatments, just as do other individuals with mental disorders who do not experience suicidality. Points for consideration regarding safety and monitoring procedures are offered to help researchers who conduct treatment trials with individuals who have mental disorders and investigators specifically interested in developing treatments to reduce suicidality. Issues such as study design, increased monitoring and supervision, research clinician competencies, and liability concerns are addressed. Points to consider in planning an intervention trial, a checklist of informed consent issues, and a list of relevant active federal regulations are provided.