gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human immunoglobulin A (IgA)‐specific ligands from combinatorial engineering of protein A (2002)

Affinity reagents capable of selective recognition of the different human immunoglobulin isotypes are important detection and purification tools in biotechnology. Here we describe the development and characterization of affinity proteins (affibodies) showing selective binding to human IgA. From protein libraries constructed by combinatorial mutagenesis of a 58-amino-acid, three-helix bundle domain derived from the IgG-binding staphylococcal protein A, variants showing IgA binding were selected by using phage display technology and IgA monoclonal antibodies (myeloma) as target molecules. Characterization of selected clones by biosensor technology showed that five out of eight investigated affibody variants were capable of IgA binding, with dissociation constants (K(d)) in the range between 0.5 and 3 microm. One variant (Z(IgA1)) showing the strongest binding affinity was further analyzed, and showed that human IgA subclasses (IgA(1) and IgA(2)) as well as secretory IgA were recognized with similar efficiencies. No detectable cross-reactivity towards human IgG, IgM, IgD or IgE was observed. The potential use of the Z(IgA1) affibody as a ligand in affinity chromatography applications was first demonstrated by selective recovery of IgA protein from a spiked Escherichia coli total cell lysate, using an affinity column containing a divalent head-to-tail Z(IgA1) affibody dimer construct as a ligand. In addition, efficient affinity recovery of IgA from unconditioned human plasma was also demonstrated.
The Molecular Biology of Endometrial Cancers and the Implications for Pathogenesis, Classification, and Targeted Therapies (2009)

Novel targeted agents, either alone or in combination with cytotoxic agents, may result in superior treatment for patients.
TIMP1 and SERPIN‐A overexpression and TFF3 and CRABP1 underexpression as biomarkers for papillary thyroid carcinoma (2004)

This is the first report to our knowledge that compares the gene expression profiles of PTC and goiter. Our results suggest that PTC and goiter share very limited overlap in transcript expression.
Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (2003)

1. Introduction 2. Neurobiological basis of behaviour 3. Neuropsychiatric assessment 4. Treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders 5. Principles of neuropsychiatry 6. Disorders of speech and language 7. Memory disorders 8. Visuospatial, visuoperceptual, and right hemisphere disturbances 9. Frontal lobe dysfunction 10. Dementia 11. Delirium 12. Psychosis, delusions, and schizophrenia 13. Hallucinations 14. Disturbances of mood and affect 15. Apathy and other personality disorders 16. Obsessive-compulsive disorder and syndromes with repetitive behaviours 17. Anxiety disorders 18. Movement disorders 19. Tics, startle syndromes, and myoclonus 20. Catatonia, motoric manifestations of psychiatric illnesses, and drug-induced motor system disturbances 21. Epilepsy and temporal-limbic syndromes 22. Dissociative states, multiple personality, and hysteria 23. Disturbances of sleep, appetite, and sexual function 24. Violence and aggression 25. Developmental neuropsychiatric syndromes 26. Focal brain disorders and related conditions
A chiral synthesis of dapoxetine hydrochloride, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and its 14C isotopomer (1992)

Abstract The 14 C‐isotopomer of dapoxetine‐[ 14 C] HCl ( S (+)‐ N,N ‐dimethyl‐α‐[2‐(1‐naphthalenyloxy)ethyl‐2‐ 14 C]benzenemethanamine hydrochloride, 1a ), a potent serotonin re‐uptake inhibitor has been prepared by a chiral synthesis, starting with tert. ‐butyloxyphenylglycine ( 3 ). Borane reduction, followed by activation of the resulting alcohol 4 as its mesylate 5b , provided the chiral starting material. The radiolabel was introduced by reaction of 5b with sodium cyanide‐[ 14 C]. The desired product ( 1 ) was then elaborated from nitrile 6a , b via a five step synthesis in an overall 19.5% radiochemical yield.
Treatment of Acute Massive Pulmonary Embolism by Streptokinase during Labour and Delivery (1972)

A 29-year-old woman sustained an acute massive pulmonary embolism in the 32nd week of pregnancy. Rapid clinical improvement followed the use of streptokinase. Treatment was continued for 41 hours, including labour and the first three hours after delivery. There was slow but severe postpartum haemorrhage. Partial uterine atony occurred, and may have been due, at least in part, to fibrin degradation products arising from thrombolysis. No adverse effects were noted in the baby.Our experience suggests that streptokinase may be given during labour but that an oxytocic agent may be needed; and that reversal of fibrinolysis before delivery is best achieved by the use of aprotinin (Trasylol) rather than aminocaproic acid.
Immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer: Progress and new paradigms (2015)

Although immunotherapy has the potential to affect advanced prostate cancer, additional research is needed to (1) identify predictive or surrogate markers of activity, (2) understand which agents are clinically effective alone or in combination with other therapies, and (3) define the optimal timing for an immunotherapy to achieve maximal benefit.
Nerve Growth Factor and Diabetic Neuropathy (2003)

Neuropathy is one of the most debilitating complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, with estimates of prevalence between 50-90% depending on the means of detection. Diabetic neuropathies are heterogeneous and there is variable involvement of large myelinated fibers and small, thinly myelinated fibers. Many of the neuronal abnormalities in diabetes can be duplicated by experimental depletion of specific neurotrophic factors, their receptors or their binding proteins. In experimental models of diabetes there is a reduction in the availability of these growth factors, which may be a consequence of metabolic abnormalities, or may be independent of glycemic control. These neurotrophic factors are required for the maintenance of the neurons, the ability to resist apoptosis and regenerative capacity. The best studied of the neurotrophic factors is nerve growth factor (NGF) and the related members of the neurotrophin family of peptides. There is increasing evidence that there is a deficiency of NGF in diabetes, as well as the dependent neuropeptides substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) that may also contribute to the clinical symptoms resulting from small fiber dysfunction. Similarly, NT3 appears to be important for large fiber and IGFs for autonomic neuropathy. Whether the observed growth factor deficiencies are due to decreased synthesis, or functional, e.g. an inability to bind to their receptor, and/or abnormalities in nerve transport and processing, remains to be established. Although early studies in humans on the role of neurotrophic factors as a therapy for diabetic neuropathy have been unsuccessful, newer agents and the possibilities uncovered by further studies should fuel clinical trials for several generations. It seems reasonable to anticipate that neurotrophic factor therapy, specifically targeted at different nerve fiber populations, might enter the therapeutic armamentarium.
An Effective Low-Complexity Method for PAPR Reduction in OFDM-Based Systems (2009)

OFDM-based system is a strong candidate for future wireless communication. One major disadvantage of OFDM is the high peak-to-average power ratios (PAPR). This paper concentrates on the PAPR reduction and proposes an effective method. In the method, the transmitted sequence in frequency domain is separated into two sequences and are implemented IFFT respectively, and one of the two sequences is cyclic shifted, and then they are added together. The OFDM symbol with minimum PAPR is transmitted. After FFT in receiver, the data only needs to be multiplied with a simple revising matrix. Simulations and computational complexity analysis show that the proposed method compared with SLM and PTS can reduce the PAPR significantly, and has lower computational complexity.
Drug delivery strategies for poorly water-soluble drugs (2007)

The drug candidates coming from combinatorial chemistry research and/or the drugs selected from biologically based high-throughput screening are quite often very lipophilic, as these drug candidates exert their pharmacological action at or in biological membranes or membrane-associated proteins. This challenges drug delivery institutions in industry or academia to develop carrier systems for the optimal oral and parenteral administration of these drugs. To mention only a few of the challenges for this class of drugs: their oral bioavailability is poor and highly variable, and carrier development for parenteral administration is faced with problems, including the massive use of surface-active excipients for solubilisation. Formulation specialists are confronted with an even higher level of difficulties when these drugs have to be delivered site specifically. This article addresses the emerging formulation designs for delivering of poorly water-soluble drugs.
DNA Analysis Chip Based on Field-Effect Transistors (2005)

We have been developing a genetic field-effect transistor (FET) based on the potentiometric detection of hybridization and intercalation on the Si 3 N 4 gate insulator. In this study, we demonstrated the detection of charge density change as a result of hybridization and intercalation using genetic FETs. Since the electrical output signal is obtained with the genetic FET without any labeling reagent, as compared with the conventional fluorescence-based DNA chips, the genetic FET platform is suitable for a simple and inexpensive system for genetic analysis in clinical diagnostics.
Role of Deacetylase Activity of N-Deacetylase/N-Sulfotransferase 1 in Forming N-Sulfated Domain in Heparan Sulfate (2015)

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a highly sulfated polysaccharide that plays important physiological roles. The biosynthesis of HS involves a series of enzymes, including glycosyltransferases (or HS polymerase), epimerase, and sulfotransferases. N-Deacetylase/N-Sulfotransferase isoform 1 (NDST-1) is a critical enzyme in this pathway. NDST-1, a bifunctional enzyme, displays N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase activities to convert an N-acetylated glucosamine residue to an N-sulfo glucosamine residue. Here, we report the cooperative effects between N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase activities. Using baculovirus expression in insect cells, we obtained three recombinant proteins: full-length NDST-1 and the individual N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase domains. Structurally defined oligosaccharide substrates were synthesized to test the substrate specificities of the enzymes. We discovered that N-deacetylation is the limiting step and that interplay between the N-sulfotransferase and N-deacetylase accelerates the reaction. Furthermore, combining the individually expressed N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase domains produced different sulfation patterns when compared with that made by the NDST-1 enzyme. Our data demonstrate the essential role of domain cooperation within NDST-1 in producing HS with specific domain structures.
High-current-density ITOx/NiOx thin-film diodes (1998)

Thin-film diodes 0.2–4×10−5 cm2 in size were fabricated on Al2O3–TiC ceramic substrates from junctions between p-type NiOx and n-type ITOx thin films sputter deposited at ambient temperature. These diodes show a room-temperature turn-on voltage of 0.3–0.6 V and a dc forward current density exceeding 104 A/cm2 at an applied voltage of ≃1.5 V. The current–voltage (I–V) and capacitance–voltage (C–V) characteristics of these diodes can be described by an exponential dependence of I on the applied V and by a linear I/C2 dependence on the reverse applied V, respectively, consistent with those predicted by the various models proposed for the mechanisms for charge-carrier transport in abrupt anisotype heterojunctions. The ideality factor at low-applied V (⩽0.3 V), the junction built-in potential, and the carrier concentration deduced from these I–V and C–V data are ≃1.5–2, 0.20–0.24 V, and 1.90–1.97×1018/cm3, respectively.
Working Sets Past and Present (1980)

A program's working set is the collection of segments (or pages) recently referenced. This concept has led to efficient methods for measuring a program's intrinsic memory demand; it has assisted in undetstanding and in modeling program behavior; and it has been used as the basis of optimal multiprogrammed memory management. The total cost of a working set dispatcher is no larger than the total cost of other common dispatchers. This paper outlines the argument why it is unlikely that anyone will find a cheaper nonlookahead memory policy that delivers significantly better performance.
Herpes Simplex (2004)

This chapter contains sections titled: The Viruses Replication Pathogenesis Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Management Specific Management References
Androgen responsiveness of the pituitary gonadotrope cell line LbetaT2 (2001)

Androgens have a profound effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis by reducing the synthesis and release of the pituitary gonadotropin LH. The effect on LH is partly a consequence of a direct, steroid-dependent action on pituitary function. Although androgen action has been well studied in vivo, in vitro cell models of androgen action on pituitary gonadotropes have been scarce. Recently, an LH-expressing cell line, LbetaT2, was generated by tumorigenesis targeted to the LH-producing cells of the mouse pituitary. The purpose of these studies was to determine the presence of androgen receptor (AR) and establish its function in this cell line. RT-PCR analysis indicated that the LbetaT2 cell line expresses AR mRNA. Transient transfection assays, using the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter, showed that a functional AR is also present. Testosterone (TEST), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 7alpha-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MENT), and fluoxymesterone (FLUOXY) increased reporter gene activity in the rank order of potencies MENT>DHT> TEST>FLUOXY. Additionally, activation of MMTV promoter activity by DHT in LbetaT2 cells was diminished by the AR antagonists casodex and 2-hydroxy-flutamide, indicating that the effects of DHT are mediated through AR. In summary, these studies showed that the LbetaT2 cell line is a useful model for the evaluation and molecular characterization of androgen action in pituitary gonadotropes.
Studies on Sulfonamide Derivatives as Analytical Reagent. I. 2'-Mercapto-sulfonanilide Derivatives (1965)

2'-Mercaptosulfonanilide derivatives were prepared by the reduction of 2, 2'-dithiobissulfonanilide with sodium sulfide and tested as the analytical reagents. These compounds were found to be useful reagents for the identification of copper (II), cobalt (II), and nickel (II), and the spectrophotometric determination of cobalt (II).
Cerebral vascular responsiveness after experimental traumatic brain injury: the beneficial effects of delayed hypothermia combined with superoxide dismutase administration (2008)

The results of these studies demonstrate that delayed hypothermia partially preserves vascular function after TBI, while expanding the therapeutic window over which agents such as SOD can now provide enhanced protection.
Suramin, an anticancer and angiosuppressive agent, inhibits endothelial cell binding of basic fibroblast growth factor, migration, proliferation, and induction of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. (1994)

Suramin, an anticancer agent in current clinical trials, is a prototype of a pharmacological antagonist of growth factors, including basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Suramin inhibited angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay in a dose-dependent fashion. Suramin, 200 mg/kg i.v., inhibited rat corneal angiogenesis induced by bFGF-impregnated polymers; addition of heparin stimulated angiogenesis and counteracted the inhibition of suramin. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of suramin was determined for key cellular mechanisms that regulate angiogenesis: (a) low and high affinity cellular binding of bFGF to bovine capillary endothelial (BCE) cells with IC50s, respectively, of 24.3 and 71.5 micrograms/ml; (b) spontaneous migration of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial and normal AG 7680 fetal bovine aortic endothelial cells; bFGF-stimulated migration of BCE and transformed GM 7373 fetal bovine aortic endothelial cells with IC50s of 200-320 micrograms/ml; (c) proliferation of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells at > 100 micrograms/ml and of BCE cells at > 250 micrograms/ml; and (d) urokinase-type plasminogen activator activity of GM 7373 endothelial cells stimulated by bFGF with an IC50 of 211 micrograms/ml and of BCE cells stimulated by bFGF at > 100 micrograms/ml, but not plasminogen activator activity induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Suramin inhibited multiple control points of angiogenesis, including those stimulated by bFGF. Because tumor growth is angiogenesis dependent, the clinical efficacy of suramin may relate, in part, to angiosuppression.
Expression of the Yeast Δ-9 Fatty Acid Desaturase in Nicotiana tabacum (1992)

To examine the processes of plant cytoplasmic fatty acid desaturation and glycerolipid biosynthesis, the protein coding sequence of the endoplasmic reticulum cytochrome b(5)-dependent, Delta-9 fatty acid desaturase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was introduced into Nicotiana tabacum via Agrobacterium transformation. All transformed plants expressing the yeast gene at the mRNA level exhibited an approximately 10-fold increase in the levels of palmitoleic acid (16:1) in leaf tissue. This fatty acid species is found in very low levels (less than 2%) in wild-type plants. These results indicate that the yeast desaturase can function in plants, presumably by using a leaf microsomal cytochrome b(5)-mediated electron transport system. Lipid analysis demonstrated that the overproduced 16:1 is incorporated into most of the major polar lipid classes, including the cytoplasmically produced "eukaryotic" fraction of the chloroplast galactolipids. 16:1 was not found, however, in phosphatidyl glycerol, which is considered to be produced almost exclusively in the chloroplast. Despite these changes in membrane lipid composition, no obvious phenotypic differences were apparent in the transformed plants. Positional analysis shows that the cytoplasmically produced 16:1 is found primarily in the sn-2 position of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, and digalactosyldiacylglycerol. The positional data suggest that the sn-2 acyltransferases responsible for the "eukaryotic" arrangement of 16- and 18- carbon fatty acids in glycerolipids are selective for unsaturated fatty acids rather than chain length.
Steady‐state transposon mutagenesis in inbred maize (2005)

We implement a novel strategy for harnessing the power of high-copy transposons for functional analysis of the maize genome, and report behavioral features of the Mutator system in a uniform inbred background. The unique UniformMu population and database facilitate high-throughput molecular analysis of Mu-tagged mutants and gene knockouts. Key features of the population include: (i) high mutation frequencies (7% independent seed mutations) and moderation of copy number (approximately 57 total Mu elements; 1-2 MuDR copies per plant) were maintained by continuous back-crossing into a phenotypically uniform inbred background; (ii) a bz1-mum9 marker enabled selection of stable lines (loss of MuDR), inhibiting further transpositions in lines selected for molecular analysis; (iii) build-up of mutation load was prevented by screening Mu-active parents to exclude plants carrying pre-existing seed mutations. To create a database of genomic sequences flanking Mu insertions, selected mutant lines were analyzed by sequencing of MuTAIL PCR clone libraries. These sequences were annotated and clustered to facilitate bioinformatic subtraction of ancestral elements and identification of insertions unique to mutant lines. New insertions targeted low-copy, gene-rich sequences, and in silico mapping revealed a random distribution of insertions over the genome. Our results indicate that Mu populations differ markedly in the occurrence of Mu insertion hotspots and the frequency of suppressible mutations. We suggest that controlled MuDR copy number in UniformMu lines is a key determinant of these differences. The public database (http://uniformmu.org; http://endosperm.info) includes pedigree and phenotypic data for over 2000 independent seed mutants selected from a population of 31 548 F2 lines and integrated with analyses of 34 255 MuTAIL sequences.
In Vitro Effects of Therapeutic Ultrasound on the Nucleus of Human Fibroblasts (1995)

The dose-dependent lytic effect of nonthermal ultrasound could result in fractionation of cells, which might facilitate phagocytosis during chronic inflammation. In addition, we observed an increase in chromosomal aberrations and a loss of mitotic spindles as a result of an extremely short ultrasound treatment (30 seconds). Whether these alterations are mutagenic or not warrants further study. It is possible that in our in vitro experiments, the ultrasound received was greater than would occur in a clinical situation.
Immunomic, genomic and transcriptomic characterization of CT26 colorectal carcinoma (2014)

CT26 cells share molecular features with aggressive, undifferentiated, refractory human colorectal carcinoma cells. As CT26 is one of the most extensively used syngeneic mouse tumor models, our data provide a map for the rationale design of mode-of-action studies for pre-clinical evaluation of targeted- and immunotherapies.
Yeast Lipids: Extraction, Quality Analysis, and Acceptability (1992)

While a class of yeasts excrete lipid-containing surfactants, oleaginous yeasts produce and store lipids similar to vegetable oils and fats. Recovery of the oleaginous yeast lipids is problematic because of their intracellular nature and protection by well-knit biopolymers of the cell wall and other membrane systems. There is no suitable method of choice that ensures 100% recovery of intracellular lipids without affecting the native state during different unit operations. Several laboratory methods are available, but none can be adopted directly for commercial extractions due to technological limitations. However, as a result of the emergence of new downstream processing techniques, there is a positive indication for commercialization of yeast-lipid production in the future. Although most of the oleaginous yeasts are nonpathogenic, it is mandatory to analyze and report quality as well as toxicity of their lipids prior to market introduction as a component of human diet. This warrants specially formulated codes for edibility of yeast lipids and, in general, for similar products from other microbial sources.
Commitment and Differentiation of Osteoclast Precursor Cells by the Sequential Expression of C-Fms and Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κb (Rank) Receptors (1999)

Osteoclasts are terminally differentiated cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells. However, how their precursor cells diverge from macrophagic lineages is not known. We have identified early and late stages of osteoclastogenesis, in which precursor cells sequentially express c-Fms followed by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (RANK), and have demonstrated that RANK expression in early-stage of precursor cells (c-Fms(+)RANK(-)) was stimulated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Although M-CSF and RANKL (ligand) induced commitment of late-stage precursor cells (c-Fms(+)RANK(+)) into osteoclasts, even late-stage precursors have the potential to differentiate into macrophages without RANKL. Pretreatment of precursors with M-CSF and delayed addition of RANKL showed that timing of RANK expression and subsequent binding of RANKL are critical for osteoclastogenesis. Thus, the RANK-RANKL system determines the osteoclast differentiation of bipotential precursors in the default pathway of macrophagic differentiation.