gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Localized epitaxial growth of hexagonal and cubic SiC films on Si by vacuum annealing (1996)

Localized epitaxial growth of hexagonal (6H) and cubic (3C) SiC films on Si by annealing the Si substrates at 700–850 °C in a vacuum of 1–2×10−6 Torr is presented. The orientation relationships of epitaxial SiC films grown on (111)Si and (100)Si were (0001)6H-SiC//(111)Si and [112̄0]6H-SiC//[011̄]Si, (111)3C-SiC//(111)Si and [1̄10]3C-SiC//[1̄10]Si, and (100)3C-SiC//(100)Si and [011]3C-SiC//[011]Si, respectively. The amount of 6H-SiC epitaxy was less than that of 3C-SiC epitaxy. For the films grown at 750–850 °C for 0.5 h, the area fraction of SiC epitaxy ranged from 60% to 80% and the film thickness ranged from 0.02 to 0.15 μm. The main carbon source for the growth of SiC on Si during vacuum annealing was the carbon-containing residue present at the chamber walls.
VGLUT2 expression in primary afferent neurons is essential for normal acute pain and injury-induced heat hypersensitivity (2010)

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, including the nociceptors that detect painful thermal, mechanical, and chemical stimuli, transmit information to spinal cord neurons via glutamatergic and peptidergic neurotransmitters. However, the specific contribution of glutamate to pain generated by distinct sensory modalities or injuries is not known. Here we generated mice in which the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) is ablated selectively from DRG neurons. We report that conditional knockout (cKO) of the Slc17a6 gene encoding VGLUT2 from the great majority of nociceptors profoundly decreased VGLUT2 mRNA and protein in these neurons, and reduced firing of lamina I spinal cord neurons in response to noxious heat and mechanical stimulation. In behavioral assays, cKO mice showed decreased responsiveness to acute noxious heat, mechanical, and chemical (capsaicin) stimuli, but responded normally to cold stimulation and in the formalin test. Strikingly, although tissue injury-induced heat hyperalgesia was lost in the cKO mice, mechanical hypersensitivity developed normally. In a model of nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain, the magnitude of heat hypersensitivity was diminished in cKO mice, but both the mechanical allodynia and the microgliosis generated by nerve injury were intact. These findings suggest that VGLUT2 expression in nociceptors is essential for normal perception of acute pain and heat hyperalgesia, and that heat and mechanical hypersensitivity induced by peripheral injury rely on distinct (VGLUT2 dependent and VGLUT2 independent, respectively) primary afferent mechanisms and pathways.
Optical image compression and encryption methods (2009)

Over the years extensive studies have been carried out to apply coherent optics methods in real-time communications and image transmission. This is especially true when a large amount of information needs to be processed, e.g., in high-resolution imaging. The recent progress in data-processing networks and communication systems has considerably increased the capacity of information exchange. However, the transmitted data can be intercepted by nonauthorized people. This explains why considerable effort is being devoted at the current time to data encryption and secure transmission. In addition, only a small part of the overall information is really useful for many applications. Consequently, applications can tolerate information compression that requires important processing when the transmission bit rate is taken into account. To enable efficient and secure information exchange, it is often necessary to reduce the amount of transmitted information. In this context, much work has been undertaken using the principle of coherent optics filtering for selecting relevant information and encrypting it. Compression and encryption operations are often carried out separately, although they are strongly related and can influence each other. Optical processing methodologies, based on filtering, are described that are applicable to transmission and/or data storage. Finally, the advantages and limitations of a set of optical compression and encryption methods are discussed.
A Facile Preparation of Imidazolinium Chlorides (2008)

A process for the preparation of symmetric and unsymmetric imidazolinium chlorides that involves reaction of a formamidine with dichloroethane and a base (a) is described. This method makes it possible to obtain numerous imidazolinium chlorides under solvent-free reaction conditions and in excellent yields with purification by simple filtration. Alternatively, symmetric imidazolinium chlorides can be prepared directly in moderate yields from substituted anilines by utilizing half of the formamidine intermediate as sacrificial base (b).
Docetaxel (Taxotere®), a review of preclinical and clinical experience. Part II (1995)

Docetaxel, a promising inhibitor of microtubule depolymerization has shown significant anti-cancer activity during phase I and early phase II trials. The recommended dosage for phase II trials is 100 mg/m2 every 3 weeks which provides optimal activity with tolerable adverse effects. Docetaxel has shown high single agent activity including use as first- or second-line therapy and in anthracycline refractory breast cancer patients. Results have been comparable to that of established treatments for breast cancer. In addition, docetaxel has shown significant activity in non-small cell lung cancer and a range of other tumors, but no activity in renal or colo-rectal tumors. At present it is undergoing further evaluation in combination therapy. The safety profile of docetaxel is well defined. Major adverse effects include hypersensitivity reactions, fluid retention and neutropenia. Peripheral neuropathy is not a significant adverse effect. The aims of phase II trials with regard to counteracting side-effects are therefore 2-fold: firstly, to evaluate the use of premedication with corticosteroids and antihistamines as a means of counteracting hypersensitivity reactions and fluid retention; secondly, to determine whether granulocyte colony stimulating factor may be useful for attenuating neutropenia.
Isolation and Characterization of PBP, a Protein That Interacts with Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor (1997)

In an attempt to identify cofactors that could possibly influence the transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), we used a yeast two-hybrid system with Gal4-PPARgamma as bait to screen a mouse liver cDNA library and have identified steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1) as a PPAR transcriptional coactivator. We now report the isolation of a cDNA encoding a 165-kDa PPARgamma-binding protein, designated PBP which also serves as a coactivator. PBP also binds to PPARalpha, RARalpha, RXR, and TRbeta1, and this binding is increased in the presence of specific ligands. Deletion of the last 12 amino acids from the carboxyl terminus of PPARgamma results in the abolition of interaction between PBP and PPARgamma. PBP modestly increased the transcriptional activity of PPARgamma, and a truncated form of PBP (amino acids 487-735) acted as a dominant-negative repressor, suggesting that PBP is a genuine coactivator for PPAR. In addition, PBP contains two LXXLL signature motifs considered necessary and sufficient for the binding of several coactivators to nuclear receptors. In situ hybridization and Northern analysis showed that PBP is expressed in many tissues of adult mice, including the germinal epithelium of testis, where it appeared most abundant, and during ontogeny, suggesting a possible role for this cofactor in cellular proliferation and differentiation.
Nucleotide Exchange in Genomic DNA of Rat Hepatocytes Using RNA/DNA Oligonucleotides (1999)

Chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides have been shown to promote single nucleotide exchange in genomic DNA. A chimeric molecule was designed to introduce an A to C nucleotide conversion at the Ser365 position of the rat factor IX gene. The oligonucleotides were encapsulated in positive, neutral, and negatively charged liposomes containing galactocerebroside or complexed with lactosylated polyethyleneimine. The formulations were evaluated for stability and efficiency in targeting hepatocytes via the asialoglycoprotein receptor. Physical characterization and electron microscopy revealed that the oligonucleotides were efficiently encapsulated within the liposomes, with the positive and negative formulations remaining stable for at least 1 month. Transfection efficiencies in isolated rat hepatocytes approached 100% with each of the formulations. However, the negative liposomes and 25-kDa lactosylated polyethyleneimine provided the most intense nuclear fluorescence with the fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotides. The lactosylated polyethyleneimine and the three different liposomal formulations resulted in A to C conversion efficiencies of 19-24%. In addition, lactosylated polyethyleneimine was also highly effective in transfecting plasmid DNA into isolated hepatocytes. The results suggest that both the liposomal and polyethyleneimine formulations are simple to prepare and stable and give reliable, reproducible results. They provide efficient delivery systems to hepatocytes for the introduction or repair of genetic mutations by the chimeric RNA/DNA oligonucleotides.
Spurious mode suppression in BAW resonators (2006)

Designing bulk acoustic wave resonators for RF filter applications is governed by the need for a high quality factor (Q-value), a large piezoelectric coupling and the purity of the main resonance. The most powerful method to suppress spurious modes is terminating the edges of the resonators by a specific border region with a different eigenresonance. In this paper, we demonstrate the design constraints according to the dispersion diagrams and discuss specific realizations of this border regions, particularly for resonators of dispersion type II. Contrary to mirror type resonators with monotonic dispersion branches, membrane resonators comprising AlN as the piezoelectric layer show a negative slope in the main dispersion branch. Conse- quently, a border region of higher eigenresonance frequency is required for spurious mode suppression. Based on dispersion calculations and FEM simulations, we demonstrate how it has to be designed and discuss the sensitivity to processing induced layer thickness variations. The additional modes emerging between series and parallel resonance are analyzed and related to the respective branches of the dispersion diagram.
Monocular Vehicle Self-localization method based on Compact Semantic Map (2018)

High precision localization is a crucial requirement for the autonomous driving system. Traditional positioning methods have some limitations in providing stable and accurate vehicle poses, especially in an urban environment. Herein, we propose a novel self-localizing method using a monocular camera and a 3D compact semantic map. Pre-collected information of the road landmarks is stored in a self-defined map with a minimal amount of data. We recognize landmarks using a deep neural network, followed with a geometric feature extraction process which promotes the measurement accuracy. The vehicle location and posture are estimated by minimizing a self-defined re-projection residual error to evaluate the map-to-image registration, together with a robust association method. We validate the effectiveness of our approach by applying this method to localize a vehicle in an open dataset, achieving the RMS accuracy of 0.345 meter with reduced sensor setup and map storage compared to the state of art approaches. We also evaluate some key steps and discuss the contribution of the subsystems.
The self-inhibited structure of full-length PCSK9 at 1.9 Å reveals structural homology with resistin within the C-terminal domain (2007)

Mutations in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) are strongly associated with levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the blood plasma and, thereby, occurrence or resistance to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Despite this importance, relatively little is known about the biology of PCSK9. Here, the crystal structure of a full-length construct of PCSK9 solved to 1.9-A resolution is presented. The structure contains a fully folded C-terminal cysteine-rich domain (CRD), showing a distinct structural similarity to the resistin homotrimer, a small cytokine associated with obesity and diabetes. This structural relationship between the CRD of PCSK9 and the resistin family is not observed in primary sequence comparisons and strongly suggests a distant evolutionary link between the two molecules. This three-dimensional homology provides insight into the function of PCSK9 at the molecular level and will help to dissect the link between PCSK9 and CHD.
P‐16: Light‐Bias Induced Instability and Persistent Photoconductivity in In‐Zn‐O/Ga‐In‐Zn‐O Thin Film Transistors (2011)

Abstract Stress/recovery measurements demonstrate that even high‐performance passivated In‐Zn‐O/ Ga‐In‐Zn‐O thin film transistors with excellent in‐dark stability suffer from light‐bias induced threshold voltage shift (ΔV T ) and defect density changes. Visible light stress leads to ionisation of oxygen vacancy sites, causing persistent photoconductivity. This makes the material act as though it was n‐doped, always causing a negative threshold voltage shift under strong illumination, regardless of the magnitude and polarity of the gate bias.
Optimising the Performances of Hollow Antiresonant Fibres (2011)

We study the loss of novel antiresonant hollow core fibres, demonstrate the existence of a wavelength independent optimum distance between core surround and solid outer cladding, and provide useful guidelines for the fabrication of practical low loss fibres.
Photoconductive terahertz antenna with radial symmetry (2005)

It has been demonstrated recently that it is possible to guide broadband terahertz pulses utilising a novel coaxial waveguide. This technique is hindered by the difficulty in exciting the radially polarised fundamental mode of the waveguide. To optimise mode matching, a novel radially symmetric photoconductive terahertz antenna is proposed. Using finite element method simulations and analytical calculations, it is shown that this antenna can generate the desired radial polarisation.
Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems (1999)

From the Publisher:
This title introduces the basic concepts and specific applications of antennas and propagation to wireless systems, covering terrestrial and satellite radio systems in both mobile and fixed contexts. Includes:
Illustrations of the significance and effect of the wireless propagation channelOverview of the fundamental electromagnetic principles underlying propagation and antennasBasic concepts of antennas and their application to specific wireless systemsPropagation measurement, modeling, and predication for fixed links for macrocells, microcells, picocells, and megacellsNarrowband and wideband channel modeling and the effect of the channel on communication system performanceMehtods that overcome and transform channel impairments to enhance performance using diversity, adaptive antennas, and equalizersExamples of real-world practical system problems of communications design and operationExtensive worked examplesEnd-chapter questionsTopical and relevant information for and about the wireless communications industry.
Self-Assembling Cyclic d,l-α-Peptides as Modulators of Plasma HDL Function. A Supramolecular Approach toward Antiatherosclerotic Agents (2017)

There is great interest in developing new modes of therapy for atherosclerosis to treat coronary heart disease and stroke, particularly ones that involve modulation of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Here, we describe a new supramolecular chemotype for altering HDL morphology and function. Guided by rational design and SAR-driven peptide sequence enumerations, we have synthesized and determined the HDL remodeling activities of over 80 cyclic d,l-α-peptides. We have identified a few distinct sequence motifs that are effective <i>in vitro</i> in remodeling human and mouse plasma HDLs to increase the concentration of lipid-poor pre-beta HDLs, which are key initial acceptors of cholesterol in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) process, and concomitantly promote cholesterol efflux from macrophage cells. Functional assays with various control peptides, such as scrambled sequences, linear and enantiomeric cyclic peptide variants, and backbone-modified structures that limit peptide self-assembly, provide strong support for the supramolecular mode of action. Importantly, when the lead cyclic peptide c[wLwReQeR] was administered to mice (ip), it also promoted the formation of small, lipid-poor HDLs in vivo, displayed good plasma half-life (∼6 h), did not appear to have adverse side effects, and exerted potent anti-inflammatory effects in an acute in vivo inflammation assay. Given that previously reported HDL remodeling peptides have been based on α-helical apoA-I mimetic architectures, the present study, involving a new structural class, represents a promising step toward new potential therapeutics to combat atherosclerosis.
Enzyme replacement in Tay‐Sachs disease (1979)

Enzyme replacement therapy was attempted with two Tay-Sachs-diseased individuals--a 14-month-old child and a 7-week-old infant. Treatment consisted of repeated weekly intrathecal injections of pure hexosaminidase A. Injection of this enzyme resulted in almost complete disappearance of GM2 from the serum, but did not bring about dissolution of the GM2 membranous cytoplasmic bodies in the brain, as detected by electronmicroscopy. Both patients tolerated the treatment without apparent clinical complications, but no clear-cut improvement was noted as a result of prolonged injections of hexosaminidase A. Since this treatment was initiated in both an advanced stage and a very early stage of the disease, we conclude that enzyme replacement treatment by this route is not beneficial for patients with Tay-Sachs disease.
Chemical structure and surface phonons associated with H on Si (1998)

The vibrational characteristics of H atoms on Si surfaces were investigated by infrared spectroscopy while surface electric fields were controlled on several vicinal (111) surfaces. These surfaces were prepared in solution. By analyzing the response to the electric fields, the orientation of the dynamic polarizations, Pdyns, for specific vibration modes such as Si–H stretching and wagging were determined. These vibration modes are associated with specific bulk-terminated chemisorption sites for H atoms on such surfaces as the top layer of Si atoms of the (111) terrace, the [111̄] micro facet of the [112̄] step edge, and the [001] micro facet of the [1̄1̄2] step edge. The anisotropy of Pdyns also showed that these step edges were atomically straight along [1̄10] and had the translational symmetry of a Si crystal, meaning that these vibrations were not isolated but collective, and thus should be treated as parts of surface phonons. The deduced surface structures confirm previous infrared analyses. The scissoring vibration of dihydride at the [1̄1̄2] step edge, which had been missed previously, was also observed. It was found that the [1̄1̄2] step edge had a strained vertical dihydride and a strained monohydride complex. By adopting a three-layer model with an experimentally determined screening factor when analyzing Pdyns, we concluded that the dihydride was pulled up at an orientation angle of 21° from its bulk-terminated position, in contrast with the other bulk-terminated structures. This is consistent with a Raman result [M. A. Hines et al., J. Chem. Phys. 101, 8055 (1994)] and explains the discrepancy with the previous results of energy loss and infrared spectra regarding the step-edge structure.
Smooth and collision-free navigation for multiple robots under differential-drive constraints (2010)

We present a method for smooth and collision-free navigation for multiple independent robots under differential-drive constraints. Our algorithm is based on the optimal reciprocal collision avoidance formulation and guarantees both smoothness in the trajectories of the robots and locally collision-free paths. We provide proofs of these guarantees and demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in experimental scenarios using iRobot Create mobile robots navigating amongst each other.
THE AIDS EPIDEMIC Challenges for Nursing Homes (1993)

Caring for persons with AIDS and HIV-related illness is extremely rare within long-term care facilities. A survey of 54 Illinois nursing facilities indicated that homes were reluctant to care for persons with AIDS due to concerns about cost, staff capabilities or resistance, and concerns about mix with other residents. Although nursing homes are often blamed for the limited care provided for persons with HIV infection, this study indicated that the demand on facilities to provide this care is quite limited to date.
The habitat, double life, citizenship, and forgetfulness of IgA (2011)

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the main secretory immunoglobulin of mucous membranes and is powerfully induced by the presence of commensal microbes in the intestine. B cells undergo class switch recombination to IgA in the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, particularly mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and Peyer's patches, through both T-dependent and T-independent pathways. IgA B cells primed in the mucosa traffic from the intestinal lymphoid structures, initially through the lymphatics and then join the bloodstream, to home back to the intestinal mucosa as IgA-secreting plasma cells. Once induced, anti-bacterial IgA can be extremely long-lived but is replaced if there is induction of additional IgA specificities by other microbes. The mucosal immune system is anatomically separated from the systemic immune system by the MLNs, which act as a firewall to prevent penetration of live intestinal bacteria to systemic sites. Dendritic cells sample intestinal bacteria and induce B cells to switch to IgA. In contrast, intestinal macrophages are adept at killing extracellular bacteria and are able to clear bacteria that have crossed the mucus and epithelial barriers. There is both a continuum between innate and adaptive immune mechanisms and compartmentalization of the mucosal immune system from systemic immunity that function to preserve host microbial mutualism.
Stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus modulates the activity of gut-sensitive neurons in the vagal complex (1999)

There is good evidence that stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus excites neurons in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), but the data regarding the role of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in vagal function are less clear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effect of PVN stimulation on the activity of neurons in the DVC. We utilized extracellular and intracellular neuronal recordings with intracellular injections of a neuronal tracer to label individual, physiologically characterized neurons in the DVC of rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Most (80%) of the gut-sensitive dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV) neurons characterized in this study exhibited a change in activity during electrical stimulation of the PVN. Stimulation of the PVN caused an increase in the spontaneous activity of 59% of the PVN-sensitive DMNV neurons, and the PVN was capable of modulating the response of a small subset of DMNV neurons to gastrointestinal stimuli. This study also demonstrated that the PVN was capable of influencing the activity of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST). Electrical stimulation of the PVN decreased the basal activity of 66% of the NST cells that we characterized and altered the gastrointestinal response of a very small subset of NST neurons. It is likely that these interactions play a role in the modulation of a number of gut-related homeostatic processes. Increased or decreased activity in the descending pathway from the PVN to the DVC has the potential to alter ascending satiety signals, modulate vago-vagal reflexes and the cephalic phase of feeding, and affect the absorption of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract.