gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Switching Memory Systems during Learning: Changes in Patterns of Brain Acetylcholine Release in the Hippocampus and Striatum in Rats (2003)

This experiment measured acetylcholine (ACh) release simultaneously in the hippocampus and striatum while rats were trained in a cross maze. Consistent with past findings, rats initially showed learning on the basis of place (i.e., turning to the correct position relative to the room), but after extensive training, rats shifted to learning on the basis of response (i.e., turning to the right/left to find the food). Profiles of ACh release in the hippocampus and striatum were markedly different during training. In the hippocampus, ACh release increased by approximately 60% at the onset of training and remained at that level of release throughout training, even after the rats began to show learning on the basis of turning rather than place. In the striatum, increases in ACh release occurred later, reaching asymptotic increases of 30-40%, coincident with a transition from expressing place learning to expressing response learning. These findings suggest that the hippocampal and striatal systems both participate in learning in this task, but in a manner characterized by differential activation of the neural systems. The hippocampal system is apparently engaged first before the striatum is activated and, to the extent the hippocampus is important for place learning, promotes the use of a place solution to the maze. Later in training, although the hippocampus remains activated, the striatum is also activated in a manner that may enable the use of a response strategy to solve the maze. These findings may offer a neurobiological marker of a transition during skill learning from declarative to procedural learning.
Tautomerism, ionisation, and methylation of 2-(methylthio)- and 2,8-bis(methylthio)-hypoxanthines (1973)

Anion formation in 2-(methylthio)- and 2,8-bis(methylthio)-hypoxanthine occurs first at the 1-NH group and then at 7(9)-NH. Protonation involves the imidazole ring, with the exception of the 3-methyl derivatives, which attach the proton to N-1.3-Methylhypoxanthine is methylated to form the 1,3-dimethylhypoxanthinium cation, but in the 3-methyl derivatives of 2-(methylthio)- and 2,8-bis(methylthio)-hypoxanthine attack at N-7 is predominant over that at N-1. Formation of the cations [RNC(SMe)NMe]+ is followed by S-demethylation.
Molecular population genetics of the Arabidopsis CAULIFLOWER regulatory gene: Nonneutral evolution and naturally occurring variation in floral homeotic function (1998)

The evolution of interspecies differences in morphology requires sufficient within-species variation in developmental regulatory systems on which evolutionary forces can act. Molecular analyses of naturally occurring alleles of the Arabidopsis thaliana CAULIFLOWER locus reveal considerable intraspecific diversity at this floral homeotic gene, and the McDonald-Kreitman test suggests that this gene is evolving in a nonneutral fashion, with an excess of intraspecific replacement polymorphisms. The naturally occurring molecular variation within this floral regulatory gene is associated with functionally different alleles, which can be distinguished phenotypically by their differential ability to direct floral meristem development.
A synthesis of dibenz[b,f]azecines from 1-halogenobenzyl-1H-2-benzazepines. (1977)

The reaction of 1-(2-bromo-4, 5-dimethoxybenzyl)-2, 3, 4, 5-tetrahydro-7, 8-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1H-2-benzazepine (17) with dimsylsodium afforded 13, 14-cis-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-2, 3, 10, 11-tetramethoxy-5-methyldibenz [b, f] azecine (28) and 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14-hexahydro-2, 3, 10, 11-tetramethoxy-5-methyl-13-(methylsulfinyl) methyldibenz [b, f] azecine (29). Similar reaction using 1-(2-bromo-4, 5-dimethoxybenzyl)-2, 3, 4, 5-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-8-methoxy-2-methyl-1H-2-benzazepine (18) gave the 13, 14-trans-isomer (39) accompanying with the formation of 13-(methylsulfinyl) methyl derivative (40). The reaction fo the 2, 3, 4, 5-tetrahydro-8-hydroxy-1H-2-benzazepine (19) with dimsylsodium was also examined to give the 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydrodibenz [b, f] azecines (42) and (43), and the 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14-hexa-hydro-13-(methylsulfinyl) methyl derivative (44).
해안조망경관 보전을 위한 관리 방안에 관한 연구 -관동팔경 중 망양정, 월송정을 중심으로 (2011)

본 연구는 관동팔경 중 경상북도 울진군에 위치한 망양정과 월송정을 대상으로 해안조망경관 보전을 위한 관리 방안을 도출하기 위하여 관동팔경의 옛 문헌 검토를 바탕으로 현 실태 분석과 조망점 및 조망대상을 중심으로 문화유산 주변 특정 경관 계획을 통해 경관보전 방안을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구의 결과는 첫째, 망양정 및 월송정에 관련된 고전 시가 및 그림에 나타난 경관자원 인식과 대표 경관자원을 분석한 결과, 망양정(望洋亭)은 절벽과 파도, 백사장이며, 월송정(越松亭)은 송림과 백사장으로 나타났다. 둘째, 대상지의 주변 경관자원을 유형별로 분류하여 경관자원의 선정 기준에 따라 우선 순위를 정한다. 대표 조망점 및 조망 경로에서 경관가시성 분석을 통하여 선정된 조망경관을 등급화 한다. 셋째, 대상지 주변 경관자원의 분석과 이여 중점 관리 구역의 위계를 두어 등급별 관리를 한다. 본 연구는 향후 해안 조망 경관보전을 위한 문화유산 주변 특정 경관 계획 시 기초 자료로 활용되는데 의의가 있다.
Hubble Space Telescope prescription retrieval (1993)

Prescription retrieval is a technique for directly estimating optical prescription parameters from images. We apply it to estimate the value of the Hubble Space Telescope primary mirror conic constant. Our results agree with other studies that examined primary-mirror test fixtures and results. In addition they show that small aberrations exist on the planetary-camera repeater optics.
Rapid, scalable, and low-cost purification of recombinant adeno-associated virus produced by baculovirus expression vector system (2016)

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) are largely used for gene transfer in research, preclinical developments, and clinical trials. Their broad in vivo biodistribution and long-term efficacy in postmitotic tissues make them good candidates for numerous gene transfer applications. Upstream processes able to produce large amounts of rAAV were developed, particularly those using baculovirus expression vector system. In parallel, downstream processes present a large panel of purification methods, often including multiple and time consuming steps. Here, we show that simple tangential flow filtration, coupled with an optimized iodixanol-based isopycnic density gradient, is sufficient to purify several liters of crude lysate produced by baculovirus expression vector system in only one working day, leading to high titers and good purity of rAAV products. Moreover, we show that the viral vectors retain their in vitro and in vivo functionalities. Our results demonstrate that simple, rapid, and relatively low-cost methods can easily be implemented for obtaining a high-quality grade of gene therapy products based on rAAV technology.
Creation of Enantioselective Biocatalysts for Organic Chemistry by In Vitro Evolution (1997)

Evolution in the test tube: With the help of the error-prone polymerase chain reaction as a method for random mutagenesis, an efficient gene-expression system, and a screening test for the rapid identification of enantioselective catalysts, it is possible to increase sequentially the ee value of an unselective lipase-catalyzed ester hydrolysis (see picture on the right).
Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition (1993)

Each new ability to visualize analyte concentrations in real-time portends the fabrication of new sensors. Potential applications include fiber optic-based remoting sensing of solution species and the monitoring of concentrations within living cells. A fluorescent chemosensor is a compound of abiotic origin that complexes to an analyte reversibly with concomitant fluorescence signal transduction. Such chemosensors have been used for fluorimetric metal ion determination for over 100 years. The advent of ligand engineering has introduced a more systematic approach to the design of chemosensors with new selectivities and signal transduction schemes. The technological driving force to achieve useful chemosensors will stimulate investigation of new topics in molecule recognition, fluorescent signal transduction, and their intersection.
Characterization of synthetic DNA bar codes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene-deletion strains (2004)

Incorporation of strain-specific synthetic DNA tags into yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene-deletion strains has enabled identification of gene functions by massively parallel growth rate analysis. However, it is important to confirm the sequences of these tags, because mutations introduced during construction could lead to significant errors in hybridization performance. To validate this experimental system, we sequenced 11,812 synthetic 20-mer molecular bar codes and adjacent sequences (>1.8 megabases synthetic DNA) by pyrosequencing and Sanger methods. At least 31% of the genome-integrated 20-mer tags contain differences from those originally synthesized. However, these mutations result in anomalous hybridization in only a small subset of strains, and the sequence information enables redesign of hybridization probes for arrays. The robust performance of the yeast gene-deletion dual oligonucleotide bar-code design in array hybridization validates the use of molecular bar codes in living cells for tracking their growth phenotype.
Nephrotoxicity of Hemoglobin Solutions (1990)

Nephrotoxicity is a problem of hemoglobin solutions (HbS) that still awaits full elucidation and correction. Therefore, a study was conducted using five HbS with different characteristics to replace 1/3 of blood volume in five groups of rabbits. All HbS contained bovine Hb, 6.5 g/dl, dissolved into a balanced electrolyte solution. HbS-I was Hb incompletely purified of stromal phospholipids and environmental bacterial endotoxins, and uncrosslinked; HbS-II was pure Hb non crosslinked; HbS-III was completely purified and crosslinked; HbS-IV was like HbS-III, but with pH 8.4; and HbS-V was like HbS-III, with the addition of mannitol. The effects of blood replacement with these solutions were studied on: (a) PAH clearance (expression of renal plasma flow); (b) endogenous creatinine clearance (expression of glomerular filtration); (c) fractional excretion of sodium and (d) urine/plasma osmolarity (expressions of tubular function). Histological changes were assessed after 24 hours. Significant alterations were observed in decrescent order following the administration of HbS-I, -II and -III, while HbS-IV and -V were well tolerated. These results suggest that the nephrotoxicity of Hb solutions can be prevented by the following steps: (1) complete purification of Hb; (2) complete crosslinking; and (3) protection of the kidney by alkalinization of the urine and/or the addition of mannitol.
Co‐stimulatory pathways controlling activation and peripheral tolerance of human CD4+CD28− T cells (1997)

Co-stimulation mediated by the CD28 molecule is considered critical in the activation of CD4+ T cells. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis and infrequently in normal individuals, CD4+ T cells lacking CD28 expression are expanded and contain clonogenic populations. To analyze whether these cells are independent of co-stimulatory requirements or whether they use co-stimulatory signals distinct from the CD28 pathway, we have compared CD4+ CD28+ and CD4+ CD28- T cell clones isolated from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Accessory cells supported the induction of CD25 expression as well as of proliferative responses after anti-CD3 cross-linking and prevented the induction of anergy in CD4+ CD28- T cell clones. In contrast to CD4+CD28+ T cells, the presence of accessory cells did not enhance the secretion of interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma, or IL-4. The co-stimulatory signals did not involve CD28/CTLA-4-CD80/CD86 receptor-ligand interactions. The proliferative response of CD4+CD28- T cells could not be blocked by anti-CD2, anti-CD18, and anti-CD58 antibodies, suggesting that these receptor-ligand interactions cannot provide CD28- independent co-stimulation. Our data suggest that CD4+CD28- T cells require co-stimulatory signals for optimal induction of cell growth and CD25 expression as well as for the prevention of anergy. The co-stimulatory receptor-ligand interaction is independent of the CD28 pathway and may be involved in the oligoclonal expansion of the CD4+ CD28- T cell subset in rheumatoid arthritis.
Hereditary motor and sensory polyneuropathy (peroneal muscular atrophy)* (1974)

SUMMARY 1. The clinical, electrodiagnostic and nerve biopsy findings gained in a study of 17 families with hereditary motor and sensory polyneuropathy of autosomal dominant inheritance (peroneal muscular atrophy) are presented. 2. The families fall into two groups: the first, of 12 families, shows in all the affected individuals examined a marked reduction in nerve conduction velocity; in the second group of five families no individuals examined show a marked reduction in conduction velocity. Many, but not all, of the first group show palpable nerve hypertrophy. None in the second group does. In the first group, six nerve biopsies all show conoentric Schwann cell proliferation around myelinated axons or with no central axon, whether peripheral nerve thickening was found or not. No biopsies have been taken in the second group. 3. The electrodiagnostic findings are held to show that at least two different autosomal loci are involved in the genesis of the disorder. In addition, the clinical findings in the first group are held to indicate the possibility of further genetic heterogeneity in that group. 4. Data relating to age of onset and its correlation between parents and children, between sibs and between first cousins are discussed; they indicate the possibility of allelic modification in the production of the extensive intrafamilial variation found in all families. 5. It is held that the classical diagnostic categories of peroneal muscular atrophy, hereditary hypertrophic polyneuropathy and the Roussy‐Lévy syndrome cannot be applied to families and are poor descriptions of genetic entities though they may describe individual cases. It is suggested that hereditary motor and sensory polyneuropathy of autosomal dominant inheritance is at present a satisfactory title for the group of disorders.
The VP16 Activation Domain Interacts with Multiple Transcriptional Components as Determined by Protein-Protein Cross-linking in Vivo (2002)

Transcriptional activator proteins recruit the RNA polymerase II machinery and chromatin-modifying activities to promoters. Biochemical experiments indicate that activator proteins can associate with a large number of proteins, and many such proteins have been proposed to be direct targets of activators. However, there is great uncertainty about which biochemical interactions are physiologically relevant. Here, we develop a formaldehyde-based cross-linking procedure to identify protein-protein interactions that occur under physiological conditions. We show that the VP16 activation domain directly interacts with TATA-binding protein (TBP), TFIIB, and the SAGA histone acetylase complex in vivo.
Deoxynucleoside Triphosphate and Pyrophosphate Binding Sites in the Catalytically Competent Ternary Complex for the Polymerase Reaction Catalyzed by DNA Polymerase I (Klenow Fragment) (1995)

We have employed site-directed mutagenesis to identify those amino acid residues that interact with the deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) and pyrophosphate in the Klenow fragment-DNA-dNTP ternary complex. Earlier structural, mutagenesis, and labeling studies have suggested that the incoming dNTP molecule contacts a region on one side of the polymerase cleft, primarily involving residues within the so-called "fingers" subdomain. We have made mutations in residues seen to be close to the dNTP in the crystal structure of the Klenow fragment-dNTP binary complex and have examined their kinetic parameters, particularly Km(dNTP). The results are consistent with the notion that there are significant differences between the dNTP interactions in the binary and ternary complexes, although some contacts may be present in both. When dTTP is the incoming nucleotide, the side chains of Arg754 and Phe762 make the largest contributions to binding; measurement of Km(PPi) suggests that Arg754 contacts the beta- or gamma-phosphate of the dNTP. With dGTP, the contribution of Arg754 remains the same, but the additional interactions are provided by both Lys758 and Phe762, suggesting that the binding of the incoming dNTP is not identical under all circumstances. Mutations in Arg754 and Lys758 also cause a substantial decrease in the rate of polymerase-catalyzed incorporation, and sulfur elemental effect measurements indicate that loss of Arg754 (and perhaps also Lys758) slows the rate of the chemical step of the reaction. Mutations of Arg682, His734, and Tyr766 affect the binding of DNA, suggesting that these mutations, whose effect on dNTP binding is small, may influence dNTP binding indirectly via the positioning of the DNA template-primer.
TRA-8 anti-DR5 monoclonal antibody and gemcitabine induce apoptosis and inhibit radiologically validated orthotopic pancreatic tumor growth (2007)

Pancreatic cancer cell lines express varying levels of DR5 and differ in their sensitivity to TRA-8 and gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity. TRA-8 with two cycles of gemcitabine therapy produced the best overall survival.
Iron deficiency and new insights into therapy (2017)

Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia remain prevalent in Australia. The groups at highest risk are pre-menopausal women, socially disadvantaged people and those of Indigenous background. Diagnosing iron deficiency using a full blood examination and iron studies can be difficult and can be further complicated by concomitant inflammation. Results of iron studies should always be interpreted as an overall picture rather than focusing on individual parameters. In difficult clinical scenarios, soluble transferrin receptor assays can be useful. Management of iron deficiency involves identification and treatment of the cause of iron deficiency, as well as effective iron replacement. Clinicians should always take a detailed history and perform a comprehensive physical examination of a patient with iron deficiency. Patients should be monitored even if a likely cause of iron deficiency is identified. Patients who fail to respond to iron replacement or maintain iron status should be referred for further investigation, including endoscopy to exclude internal bleeding. Both enteral and parenteral iron are effective at replacing iron. For most adult patients, we recommend trialling daily oral iron (30-100 mg of elemental iron) as the first-line therapy. Safety and efficacy of intravenous iron infusions have improved with the availability of a newer formulation, ferric carboxymaltose. Patients who fail to respond to oral iron replacement can be safely managed with intravenous iron. Blood transfusion for iron deficiency anaemia should be reserved for life-threatening situations and should always be followed by appropriate iron replacement.
In Vivo Confocal Microscopy of Filtering Blebs After Trabeculectomy (2006)

In vivo confocal microscopy using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph/Rostock Cornea Module permits diagnostic imaging of filtering blebs and differentiation between good and insufficient bleb function. Moreover, the postoperative inflammatory reaction can be monitored directly for adapted postoperative anti-inflammatory treatment.
Lactation performance and amino acid utilization of cows fed increasing amounts of reduced-fat dried distillers grains with solubles (2010)

The use of a solvent-extraction process that removes corn oil from distillers grains produces a reduced-fat co-product (RFDG). To determine the optimal concentration of RFDG in mid-lactation diets, 22 multiparous and 19 primiparous Holstein cows were used in a completely randomized design for 8 wk, including a 2-wk covariate period. The RFDG was included at 0, 10, 20, and 30% of the diet on a dry matter basis, replacing soybean feedstuffs. Increasing RFDG in diets had no effect on dry matter intake (23.1 kg/d) or milk production (35.0 kg/d). Milk fat percentage increased linearly from 3.18 to 3.72% as RFDG increased from 0 to 30% of the diet. Similarly, milk fat yield tended to increase linearly from 1.08 to 1.32 kg/d. Milk protein percentage (2.99, 3.06, 3.13, and 2.99% for diets with RFDG from 0 to 30%) responded quadratically, whereas protein yield was not affected by treatment. Milk urea N decreased linearly from 15.8 to 13.1mg/dL. The efficiency of N utilization for milk production was not affected by including RFDG (26.1%), whereas the efficiency of milk production (energy-corrected milk divided by dry matter intake) tended to increase linearly with increasing RFDG in the diet. Similarly, concentrations of plasma glucose increased linearly. Arterial Lys decreased linearly from 66.0 to 44.8 microM/L, whereas arterial Met increased linearly from 16.5 to 29.3 microM/L. Arteriovenous difference of Lys decreased linearly from 42.6 to 32.5 microM/L, whereas that of Met was unaffected. The extraction of Lys by the mammary gland increased linearly from 64.3 to 72.2%, whereas that of Met decreased linearly from 71.6 to 42.7%. Feeding up to 30% of RFDG in a mid-lactation diet supported lactation performance similarly to cows fed the soybean protein-based diet (0% RFDG).
Dynamic wavelength shift of vertical-cavity surface-emittinglasers (1994)

The dynamic wavelength shift of directly modulated vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) has been measured for the first time. The maximum wavelength shift at the resonance frequency of a 0.98 µm InGaAs/GaAs VCSEL is ~0.7 Å. The authors calculated the wavelength shift by a large signal analysis using rate equations. The linewidth enhancement factor α is estimated to be 4 by fitting the measured data with the theory.
Statistical method of noise estimation in a synchronous system (1994)

This paper describes a process developed by IBM engineers and programmers to analyze coupled noise within a synchronous digital machine. Former methods simply summed noise components or used root mean square techniques to estimate the total cross-talk on a quiet line. A method that considers the spatial relationship of the noise generating components as well as the timing of the incident pulses is discussed. Consideration is given to factors such as path delay, reflected noise, driver slew rate, noise pulse width, termination, net topology, noise from other sources and the probabilistic nature of the time when a signal is launched as well as other parameters. The result is a probability of achieving a noise level on the circuit and a noise versus time envelope. The method is more accurate than previous techniques due to timing and statistical considerations. Treatment of the resultant output is discussed and compared to simpler deterministic methods. Failure criterion, critical time periods and some sources of errors are also considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>