gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plant and plant-derived compounds employed in prevention of the osteoporosis (2002)

Actualmente la osteoporosis es reconocida como un problema de salud pública dado que esta enfermedad, que aumenta la fragilidad del hueso y por lo tanto el riesgo de fracturas, se asocia en todo el mundo a alta mortalidad y morbosidad y a altos costos médicos. El presente trabajo consiste en la revisión de la literatura con respecto a drogas vegetales, extractos semipuros y sustancias químicamente definidas, con actividad potencial en casos de osteoporosis. Esta revisión incluye 69 plantas, sus familias, partes utilizadas, tipos de extracto, modelos ensayados y la referencia correspondiente. Incluye también 46 sustancias aisladas de plantas superiores, clasificadas con respecto a su grupo químico. Se discuten algunos aspectos recientes de la investigación de productos naturales dirigida al tratamiento o prevención de la osteoporosis.
Pancreas organogenesis: From bud to plexus to gland (2011)

Pancreas oganogenesis comprises a coordinated and highly complex interplay of signaling events and transcriptional networks that guide a step-wise process of organ development from early bud specification all the way to the final mature organ state. Extensive research on pancreas development over the last few years, largely driven by a translational potential for pancreatic diseases (diabetes, pancreatic cancer, and so on), is markedly advancing our knowledge of these processes. It is a tenable goal that we will one day have a clear, complete picture of the transcriptional and signaling codes that control the entire organogenetic process, allowing us to apply this knowledge in a therapeutic context, by generating replacement cells in vitro, or perhaps one day to the whole organ in vivo. This review summarizes findings in the past 5 years that we feel are amongst the most significant in contributing to the deeper understanding of pancreas development. Rather than try to cover all aspects comprehensively, we have chosen to highlight interesting new concepts, and to discuss provocatively some of the more controversial findings or proposals. At the end of the review, we include a perspective section on how the whole pancreas differentiation process might be able to be unwound in a regulated fashion, or redirected, and suggest linkages to the possible reprogramming of other pancreatic cell-types in vivo, and to the optimization of the forward-directed-differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESC), or induced pluripotential cells (iPSC), towards mature β-cells.
Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants (2000)

There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations for practice. Further research should evaluate the practice of supplementation of human milk with fat. This may best be done in the context of the development of multicomponent fortifiers. Both short term growth outcomes and long term growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes should be evaluated. Adverse effects should be evaluated.
Ultrafast carrier trapping in microcrystalline silicon observed in optical pump–terahertz probe measurements (2001)

We report on direct evidence of ultrafast carrier dynamics displaying features on the picosecond time scale in microcrystalline silicon (μc-Si:H). The dynamics of photogenerated carriers is studied by using above-band-gap optical excitation and probing the instantaneous carrier mobility and density with a THz pulse. Within the first picoseconds after excitation, the THz transmission transients show a fast initial decay of the photoinduced absorption followed by a slower decrease due to carrier recombination. We propose that the initial fast decay in the THz transients is due to carrier capture in the trapping states.
Major Role for Arterial Disease in Morbidity and Mortality After Kidney Transplantation in Diabetic Recipients (1991)

Intrinsic arterial disease in diabetic renal allograft recipients contributes heavily to the long-term morbidity and mortality after transplantation and poses the major threat to survival. Diabetic transplant candidates greater than 35 yr of age or with clinical evidence of arterial disease should undergo an extensive vascular assessment, including stress thallium myocardial imaging and/or coronary arteriography. Such recipients should receive careful preoperative counseling about their excess risk for subsequent arterial disorders.
Functional Diversity of Human Protection of Telomeres 1 Isoforms in Telomere Protection and Cellular Senescence (2007)

Protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) proteins in various organisms bind telomeres and regulate their structure and function. In contrast to mice carrying two distinct POT1 genes encoding two POT1 proteins (POT1a and POT1b), humans have the single POT1 gene. In addition to full-length POT1 protein (variant v1), the human POT1 gene encodes four other variants due to alternative RNA splicing (variants v2, v3, v4, and v5), whose functions are poorly understood. The functional analyses of the NH(2)-terminally and COOH-terminally truncated POT1 variants in this study showed that neither the single-stranded telomere-binding ability of the NH(2)-terminal oligonucleotide-binding (OB) folds nor the telomerase-dependent telomere elongation activity mediated by the COOH-terminal TPP1-interacting domain was telomere protective by itself. Importantly, a COOH-terminally truncated variant (v5), which consists of the NH(2)-terminal OB folds and the central region of unknown function, was found to protect telomeres and prevent cellular senescence as efficiently as v1. Our data revealed mechanistic and functional differences between v1 and v5: (a) v1, but not v5, functions through the maintenance of telomeric 3' overhangs; (b) p53 is indispensable to v5 knockdown-induced senescence; and (c) v5 functions at only a fraction of telomeres to prevent DNA damage signaling. Furthermore, v5 was preferentially expressed in mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient cells and tumor tissues, suggesting its role in chromosome stability associated with MMR deficiency. This study highlights a human-specific complexity in telomere protection and damage signaling conferred by functionally distinct isoforms from the single POT1 gene.
Heterogeneous Films of Ionotropic Hydrogels Fabricated from Delivery Templates of Patterned Paper (2009)

The use of delivery templates makes it possible to fabricate shaped, millimeter-thick heterogeneously patterned films of ionotropic hydrogels. These structures include two-dimensional (2-D) patterns of a polymer cross-linked by different ions (e.g., alginic acid cross-linked with Ca2+ and Fe3+) and patterns of step gradients in the concentration of a single cross-linking ion. The delivery templates consist of stacked sheets of chromatography paper patterned with hydrophobic barriers (waterproof tape, transparency film, or toner deposited by a color laser printer). Each layer of paper serves as a reservoir for a different solution of cross-linking ions, while the hydrophobic barriers prevent solutions on adjacent sheets from mixing. Holes cut through the sheets expose different solutions of cross-linking ions to the surface of the templates. Films with shaped regions of hydrogels cross-linked by paramagnetic ions can be oriented with a bar magnet. Variations in the concentrations of cations used to cross-link the gel can control the mechanical properties of the film: for single alginate films composed of areas cross-linked with different concentrations of Fe3+, the regions cross-linked with high concentrations of Fe3+ are more rigid than regions cross-linked with low concentrations of Fe3+. The heterogeneous hydrogel films can be used to culture bacteria in various 2-D designs. The pattern of toxic and nontoxic ions used to cross-link the polymer determines the pattern of viable colonies of Escherichia coli within the film.
Immunotherapy of thyroid cancer by induction of autoimmune thyroiditis. (1983)

An animal model was used to investigate the most effective way to create autoimmune thyroiditis. Several modified forms of thyroglobulin (TG) with and without Freund adjuvant were tested. TG altered with the diazonium derivatives of arsanilic and sulfanilic acids was found to be the most effective immunizing agent for inducing autoimmunity. Human TG altered in the same manner was used to induce autoimmune thyroiditis in humans with untreatable metastatic thyroid cancer. There was minimal toxicity during the therapy and it was possible to create autoimmune thyroiditis in three of eight patients. Antibodies to TG were induced in five of eight patients. The clinical response to the immunotherapy was minimal, however, and it was not possible to demonstrate any significant measurable response to therapy.
Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activity of Amino Acid-Derived Sulfamides (2009)

Sulfamides are promising functions for the design of new antiepileptic drugs ( Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2007, 15, 1556-1567; 5604-5614 ). Following previous research in this line, a set of amino acid-derived sulfamides has been designed, synthesized, and tested as new anticonvulsant compounds. The experimental data confirmed the ability of some of the structures to suppress the convulsions originated by the electrical seizure (MES test) at low doses (100 mg/kg).
Second-order nonlinear optical materials: recent advances in chromophore design (1997)

This paper deals with recent and important developments in the field of organic materials for second-order nonlinear optics. Attention is drawn to current trends in chromophore design with a discussion of current progress and problems in this field. A number of important classes of chromophores, such as one-dimensional charge-transfer molecules, octopolar compounds, ionic materials, multichromophore systems and organometallics, are discussed.
The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N‐methyl‐aspartate (1983)

The interaction of two dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, with the responses of spinal neurones to the electrophoretic administration of amino acids and acetylcholine was studied in decerebrate or pentobarbitone-anaesthetized cats and rats. Both ketamine and phencyclidine selectively blocked excitation by N-methyl-aspartate (NMA) with little effect on excitation by quisqualate and kainate. Ketamine reduced responses to L-aspartate somewhat more than those of L-glutamate; the sensitivity of responses to these two putative transmitters was between that to NMA on one hand and that to quisqualate or kainate on the other. On Renshaw cells, ketamine and phencyclidine reduced responses to acetylcholine less than those to NMA but more than those to quisqualate or kainate. Dorsal root-evoked synaptic excitation of Renshaw cells was reduced to a greater extent than that following ventral root excitation. Intravenous ketamine, 2.5-20 mg/kg, and phencyclidine, 0.2-0.5 mg/kg, also selectively blocked excitation of neurones by NMA. Ketamine showed no consistent or selective effect on inhibition of spinal neurones by electrophoretically administered glycine or gamma-aminobutyricacid (GABA). The results suggest that reduction of synaptic excitation mediated via NMA receptors contributes to the anaesthetic/analgesic properties of these two dissociative anaesthetics.
Learning Mechanisms to account for the Speed, Selectivity and Invariance of Responses in the visual Cortex (2008)

Dans cette thèse je propose plusieurs mécanismes de plasticité synaptique qui pourraient expliquer la rapidité, la sélectivité et l'invariance des réponses neuronales dans le cortex visuel. Leur plausibilité biologique est discutée. J'expose également les résultats d'une expérience de psychophysique pertinente, qui montrent que la familiarité peut accélérer les traitements visuels. Au delà de ces résultats propres au système visuel, les travaux présentés ici créditent l'hypothèse de l'utilisation des dates de spikes pour encoder, décoder, et traiter l'information dans le cerveau - c'est la théorie dite du 'codage temporel'. Dans un tel cadre, la Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity pourrait jouer un rôle clef, en détectant des patterns de spikes répétitifs et en permettant d'y répondre de plus en plus rapidement.
Solid Phase Syntheses of Oligoureas (1997)

Isocyanates 7 were formed from monoprotected diamines 3 or 6, which in turn can be easily prepared from commercially available N-BOC- or N-FMOC-protected amino acid derivatives. Isocyanates 7, formed in situ, could be coupled directly to a solid support functionalized with amine groups or to amino acids anchored on resins using CH2Cl2 as solvent and an 11 h coupling time at 25 °C. Such couplings afforded peptidomimetics with an N-phthaloyl group at the N-terminus. The optimal conditions identified for removal of the N-phthaloyl group were to use 60% hydrazine in DMF for 1−3 h. Several sequences of amino acids coupled to ureas (“peptidic ureas”) and of sequential urea units (“oligoureas”) were prepared via solid phase syntheses and isolated by HPLC. Partition coefficients were measured for two of these peptidomimetics, and their water solubilities were found to be similar to the corresponding peptides. A small library of 160 analogues of the YGGFL-amide sequence was prepared via Houghten's tea bag methodology. This library was tested for binding to the anti-β-endorphin monoclonal antibody. Overall, this paper describes methodology for solid phase syntheses of oligourea derivatives with side chains corresponding to some of the protein amino acids. The chemistry involved is ideal for high-throughput syntheses and screening operations. The products can be expected to have an interesting range of pharmacological properties and enhanced proteolytic stabilities relative to the corresponding peptides.
Treatment of Human Tumor Xenografts with Monoclonal Antibody 806 in Combination with a Prototypical Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–Specific Antibody Generates Enhanced Antitumor Activity (2005)

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) 806 is a novel epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody with significant antitumor activity that recognizes a mutant EGFR commonly expressed in glioma known as delta2-7 EGFR (de2-7 EGFR or EGFRvIII) and a subset of the wild-type (wt) EGFR found in cells that overexpress the receptor. We have used two human xenograft mouse models to examine the efficacy of mAb 806 in combination with mAb 528, a prototypical anti-EGFR antibody with similar specificity to cetuximab. Treatment of nude mice, bearing s.c. or i.c. tumor human xenografts expressing the wt or de2-7 EGFR, with mAbs 806 and 528 in combination resulted in additive and in some cases synergistic, antitumor activity. Interestingly, mAb 528 was also effective against xenografts expressing the ligand independent de2-7 EGFR when used as a single agent, showing that its antitumor activity is not merely mediated through inhibition of ligand binding. When used as single agents, neither mAbs 806 or 528 induced down-regulation of the de2-7 EGFR either in vitro or in vivo. In contrast, the combination of antibodies produced a rapid and dramatic decrease in the total cell surface de2-7 EGFR both in vitro and in xenografts. Consistent with this decrease in total cell surface de2-7 EGFR, we observed up-regulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p27(KIP1) and a decrease in tumor cell proliferation as measured by Ki-67 immunostaining when the antibodies were used in combination in vivo. Thus, mAb 806 can synergize with other EGFR-specific antibodies thereby providing a rationale for its translation into the clinic.
Polymorph: morphing among multiple images (1998)

Polymorph extends conventional morphing to derive morphed images from more than two images at once, effectively integrating geometric manipulations and color blending. We present a general framework for polymorphing by extending the traditional image morphing paradigm that applies to two images. The authors formulate each input image as a vertex of an (n-1)-dimensional simplex, where n equals the number of input images. They look at the mathematical framework for polymorph, followed by warp function generation and propagation, blending function generation, and the implemented polymorph system. Metamorphosis examples demonstrate the use of polymorph for image composition.
Evaluation of distillers dried grains with solubles as a feed ingredient for broilers (2004)

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) from modern ethanol plants in broiler diets. Experiment 1 was a 2 x 2 factorial experiment with diets containing 2 levels of DDGS (0 and 15%) and 2 diet densities (high and low). The high- and low-density diets were formulated to contain 22% CP and 3,050 kcal MEn/kg and 20% CP and 3,000 kcal MEn/kg, respectively. Eight pens of 6 chicks were fed an experimental diet from 0 to 18 d of age. Weight gain and feed efficiency (gain:feed ratio) of the chicks receiving the high-density diets were (P < 0.05) better than those of chicks fed the low-density diets. However, within the 2 density levels there was no difference in performance of chicks fed diets with 0 or 15% DDGS. In experiment 2, 6 replications of 50 chicks were fed 1 of 4 dietary treatments for 42 d. The diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous and contained 0, 6, 12, or 18% DDGS. There was no significant difference in performance or carcass yield throughout the 42 d experiment except for a depression in BW gain and feed conversion when chicks were fed diets with 18% DDGS in the starter period. These studies indicate that DDGS from modern ethanol plants is an acceptable feed ingredient for broiler diets and can be safely used at 6% in the starter period and 12 to 15% in the grower and finisher periods.
The amino-terminal domain of the CCR2 chemokine receptor acts as coreceptor for HIV-1 infection. (1997)

The chemokines are a homologous serum protein family characterized by their ability to induce activation of integrin adhesion molecules and leukocyte migration. Chemokines interact with their receptors, which are composed of a single-chain, seven-helix, membrane-spanning protein coupled to G proteins. Two CC chemokine receptors, CCR3 and CCR5, as well as the CXCR4 chemokine receptor, have been shown necessary for infection by several HIV-1 virus isolates. We studied the effect of the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and of a panel of MCP-1 receptor (CCR2)-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) on the suppression of HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We have compelling evidence that MCP-1 has potent HIV-1 suppressive activity when HIV-1-infected peripheral blood lymphocytes are used as target cells. Furthermore, mAb specific for the MCP-1R CCR2 which recognize the third extracellular CCR2 domain inhibit all MCP-1 activity and also block MCP-1 suppressive activity. Finally, a set of mAb specific for the CCR2 amino-terminal domain, one of which mimics MCP-1 activity, has a potent suppressive effect on HIV-1 replication in M- and T-tropic HIV-1 viral isolates. We conjecture a role for CCR2 as a coreceptor for HIV-1 infection and map the HIV-1 binding site to the amino-terminal part of this receptor. This concurs with results showing that the CCR5 amino terminus is relevant in HIV-1 infection, although chimeric fusion of various extracellular domains shows that other domains are also implicated. We discuss the importance of CCR2 structure relative to its coreceptor role and the role of anti-CCR2 receptor antibodies in the prevention of HIV-1 infection.
Bone marrow stem cells contribute to repair of the ischemically injured renal tubule (2003)

The paradigm for recovery of the renal tubule from acute tubular necrosis is that surviving cells from the areas bordering the injury must migrate into the regions of tubular denudation and proliferate to re-establish the normal tubular epithelium. However, therapies aimed at stimulating these events have failed to alter the course of acute renal failure in human trials. In the present study, we demonstrate that Lin-Sca-1+ cells from the adult mouse bone marrow are mobilized into the circulation by transient renal ischemia and home specifically to injured regions of the renal tubule. There they differentiate into renal tubular epithelial cells and appear to constitute the majority of the cells present in the previously necrotic tubules. Loss of stem cells following bone marrow ablation results in a greater rise in blood urea nitrogen after renal ischemia, while stem cell infusion after bone marrow ablation reverses this effect. Thus, therapies aimed at enhancing the mobilization, propagation, and/or delivery of bone marrow stem cells to the kidney hold potential as entirely new approaches for the treatment of acute tubular necrosis.
Leydig cell–derived heme oxygenase-1 regulates apoptosis of premeiotic germ cells in response to stress (2002)

Stress-induced downregulation of spermatogenesis remains poorly understood. This study examined the induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a carbon monoxide-generating inducible enzyme, in modulation of spermatogenesis. Rats were exposed to cadmium chloride (CdCl(2)), a stressor causing oligozoospermia, and HO-1-induction was monitored by following HO isozyme expression. CdCl(2)-treated testes increased HO-1 activity and suppressed microsomal cytochromes P450, which are required for steroidogenesis. CdCl(2)-elicited HO-1 occurred mostly in Leydig cells and coincided with CO generation, as judged by bilirubin-IXalpha immunoreactivity. Under these circumstances, germ cells in peripheral regions of seminiferous tubules exhibited apoptosis; laser flow cytometry revealed that these apoptotic cells involve diploid and tetraploid germ cells, suggesting involvement of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes in CdCl(2)-elicited apoptosis. Pretreatment with zinc protoporphyrin-IX, an HO inhibitor, but not copper protoporphyrin-IX, which does not block the enzyme, attenuated the CdCl(2)-induced apoptosis. Such antiapoptotic effects of zinc protoporphyrin-IX were repressed by supplementation of dichloromethane, a CO donor. Upon CdCl(2)-treatment, both Sertoli cells and the germ cells upregulated Fas ligand; this event was also suppressed by zinc protoporphyrin-IX and restored by dichloromethane. Thus, Leydig cells appear to use HO-1-derived CO to trigger apoptosis of premeiotic germ cells and thereby modulate spermatogenesis under conditions of stress.
Expression and Function of IL-12 and IL-18 Receptors on Human Tonsillar B Cells (2000)

IL-12 activates murine and human B cells, but little information is available as to the expression and function of IL-12R on human B lymphocytes. Here we show that the latter cells, freshly isolated from human tonsils, expressed the transcripts of both beta1 and beta2 chains of IL-12R and that beta2 chain mRNA was selectively increased (4- to 5-fold) by incubation with Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I bacteria or IL-12. B cell stimulation with IL-12 induced de novo expression of the transcripts of the two chains of IL-18R, i.e., IL-1 receptor-related protein and accessory protein-like. Functional studies showed that both IL-12 and IL-18 signaled to B cells through the NF-kappaB pathway. In the case of IL-12, no involvement of STAT transcription factors, and in particular of STAT-4, was detected. c-rel and p50 were identified as the members of NF-kappaB family involved in IL-12-mediated signal transduction to B cells. IL-12 and IL-18 synergized in the induction of IFN-gamma production by tonsillar B cells, but not in the stimulation of B cell differentiation, although either cytokine promoted IgM secretion in culture supernatants. Finally, naive but not germinal center or memory, tonsillar B cells were identified as the exclusive IL-12 targets in terms of induction of NF-kappaB activation and of IFN-gamma production.
Angiogenesis in myocardial infarction. An acute or chronic process? (2002)

In the first 24h of acute MI, significant changes in levels of VEGF receptor sFlt-1, but not VEGF, are seen. Plasma VEGF and sFlt-1 levels are markedly changed in chronic MI patients, suggesting that the activation of angiogenesis in MI patients may be a delayed response.