gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biochemical characterization of autologous fibrinogen adhesive (1987)

Fibrinogen-based adhesive, derived from pooled human plasma, has been used in Europe with great success in otologic surgery, but has not been approved for use in the U.S. because of the risk of transmitting hepatitis. Autologous fibrinogen, derived by polyethylene glycol precipitation from the blood of an individual patient would avoid this risk, and has been shown to be relatively safe to the ear in animal studies. A study of the biochemical composition of this autologous fibrinogen concentrate derived from 15 human volunteer donors was performed. The mean starting plasma fibrinogen was 2.12 mg/ml (range 1.59-3.22 mg/ml). When 10% polyethylene glycol was used to precipitate the fibrinogen, the concentrate contained, on the average, 31.8 mg of fibrinogen/ml. The percent yield averaged 54.9%, and the protein in the final product was 91.9% fibrinogen. Increasing the polyethylene glycol concentration in the precipitation process to as high as 15% resulted in an increased yield as high as 91%, but the protein in the final product was only 42.5% fibrinogen. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed that the predominant protein in the 10% polyethylene glycol precipitate was fibrinogen. These data suggest that highly concentrated fibrinogen can be derived with relative ease from single donor human plasma, and that the product is relatively pure. When combined with thrombin and calcium chloride, this concentrate should provide an adhesive that avoids the risks associated with fibrinogen adhesive derived from pooled blood.
Nucleophilic Attack on 4,5-Dihydro-4-alkyl-3H-dinaphtho[2,1-c:1',2'-e]thiepinium Salts. A Convenient Approach to New 2,2'-Bidentate 1,1'-Binaphthalene Ligands with Sulfur Donor Atoms (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNucleophilic Attack on 4,5-Dihydro-4-alkyl-3H-dinaphtho[2,1-c:1',2'-e]thiepinium Salts. A Convenient Approach to New 2,2'-Bidentate 1,1'-Binaphthalene Ligands with Sulfur Donor AtomsIrena G. Stara, Ivo Stary, Milos Tichy, Jiri Zavada, and Pavel FiedlerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 6, 1326–1332Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00085a021RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views531Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (921 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Targeting B-Cell Maturation Antigen in Multiple Myeloma (2015)

Novel effective immunotherapies are needed for patients with multiple myeloma (MM), since disease recurrence remains a major obstacle. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), a cell surface protein universally expressed on malignant plasma cells , has emerged as a very selective antigen to be targeted in novel treatments for MM. We here first review BCMA-related biology, and then highlight the recent clinical development of a novel afucosylated anti-BCMA monoclonal antibody conjugated with monomethyl auristatin F via noncleavable linker (GSK2857916). Chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells targeting BCMA may also induce specific and durable anti-MM responses by patients' own effector cells. Clinical trials testing these two approaches (NCT02064387, NCT02215967) are currently ongoing in relapsed and refractory MM patients.
Pathophysiology and First-Line Treatment of Osteoarthritis (2002)

More research needs to be done before the pathophysiology of OA can be clearly determined. In the meantime, treatment should be based on clinical data and patient response. Studies have shown that APAP and NSAIDs have comparable efficacy, as do traditional NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors. APAP is associated with fewer toxicities than are the traditional NSAIDs. Due to their mechanism of action, the new COX-2 inhibitors should result in fewer adverse effects compared with traditional NSAIDs, but evidence from clinical trials has not been conclusive. Therefore, APAP should still be considered the drug of choice for OA.
High Accuracy Stereovision Approach for Obstacle Detection on Non-Planar Roads (2004)

Abstract–This paper will present an obstacle detection system that that relies on the 3D information provided by stereo reconstruction. The 3D features must be separated in road features and obstacle features. Instead of relying on the flatness of the road, the vertical road profile is modeled as a clothoid, and is estimated from the lateral projection of the 3D points. The points above the road are selected for grouping into objects, based on vicinity criteria and the variation of the point density with the distance. The resulted objects are used as measurements for a model-based tracking algorithm. The resulted system is a high-accuracy, far distance obstacle detector, able to function in a large variety of real-world scenarios. I.
Paclitaxel Nanocrystals for Overcoming Multidrug Resistance in Cancer (2010)

Here we described a paclitaxel (PTX) nanocrystal formulation using d-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) as the sole excipient for overcoming multidrug resistance (MDR), a key challenge in current cancer therapy. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first report on PTX nanocrystals which can reverse MDR. TPGS serves as a surfactant to stabilize the nanocrystals and a P-gp inhibitor to reverse MDR. The size and morphology of the nanocrystals were studied by transmission electron microscopy, and the crystalline structure was determined by powder X-ray diffraction. An in vitro drug release profile showed that the nanocrystals exhibited sustained release kinetics compared to Taxol, which is the clinical paclitaxel formulation. The cytotoxicity and antitumor efficacy in xenograft models were also investigated. It is demonstrated that PTX/TPGS nanocrystals have significant advantages over Taxol in achieving better therapeutic effect in Taxol-resistant cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, which was also confirmed by apoptosis assays. We envision that further development of this type of nanocrystal will provide a novel strategy for drug delivery and multidrug resistance treatment.
Nucleoside phosphonates: part 7. Studies on the oxidation of nucleoside phosphonate esters (1987)

Oxidation of phosphonate mono- and di-esters with various oxidizing agents including diaryl disulphides, hexachloroacetone, and iodine, has been investigated under various reaction conditions. The most efficient oxidation procedure consists of treatment of phosphonate esters with iodine in pyridine–water. When the phosphonate esters were presilylated by treatment with trimethylsilyl chloride, the subsequent oxidation with aqueous iodine was faster. 31P N.m.r. spectroscopic studies have enabled us to propose the most likely pathway for the majority of the oxidations.
Interaction of powerful laser radiation with the surfaces of semiconductors and metals: nonlinear optical effects and nonlinear optical diagnostics (1985)

Р’РѕР·РґРµР№СЃС‚РІРёРµ РјРѕС‰РЅРѕРіРѕ Р»Р°Р·РµСЂРЅРѕРіРѕ РёР·Р»СѓС‡РµРЅРёСЏ РЅР° РїРѕРІРµСЂС…РЅРѕСЃС‚СЊ РїРѕР»СѓРїСЂРѕРІРѕРґРЅРёРєРѕРІ Рё РјРµС‚Р°Р»Р»РѕРІ: РЅРµР»РёРЅРµР№РЅРѕ-РѕРїС‚РёС‡РµСЃРєРёРµ СЌС„С„РµРєС‚С‹ Рё РЅРµР»РёРЅРµР№РЅРѕ-РѕРїС‚РёС‡РµСЃРєР°СЏ РґРёР°РіРЅРѕСЃС‚РёРєР°, РђС…РјР°РЅРѕРІ РЎ.Рђ., Р•РјРµР»СЊСЏРЅРѕРІ Р’.Р
Expression, purification and characterization of a mouse-human chimeric antibody and chimeric Fab' fragment (1992)

B72.3 is a mouse monoclonal antibody against a tumour-associated antigen, TAG72, which recognizes breast, ovarian and colorectal tumour tissue. A mouse-human chimeric version of B72.3 has been expressed in Chinese-hamster ovary cells. This molecule has the binding specificity of B72.3 and constant regions from human IgG4. The chimeric B72.3 assembles to intact IgG and recognizes TAG72 as well as B72.3 in competitive binding assays. A proportion of the chimeric B72.3 (approx. 10%) does not form inter-heavy-chain disulphide bonds but still assembles into the IgG tetramer. This appears to be a general property of human IgG4 molecules. Co-expression of the chimeric light chain with a chimeric Fd' gene resulted in the expression of functional Fab'. Very little F(ab')2 is produced, although the Fab' can be oxidized to the dimeric F(ab')2 in vitro. The production of Fab' and F(ab')2 by this method is an attractive alternative to proteolytic digestion of IgG. The ability to produce these molecules in large quantities will allow the production and testing of a range of anti-tumour antibody and antibody fragment conjugates.
Dietary Treatment of Homocystinuria (1967)

WE WERE fortunate while examining two older children with homocystinuria to learn that their mother was pregnant once again. We were able to obtain cord blood and urine from the baby (patient 1) on the first day; a further urine collection was taken on the third day; and plasma was obtained on the fourth day of life. A very small amount of homocystine was detected in the urine after 56 hours and after 72 hours the plasma methionine had risen from 0.8 to 1.5 mg/100 ml, and the homocystine was 0.4 mg/100 ml. We did not initiate dietary treatment at this stage, and on the ninth day of life life when the plasma methionine level was 26.8 mg/100 ml and the homocystine 1.2 mg/100 ml, dietary treatment was started on patient 1. This is a similar story to that described by Perry. 1 This treatment was similar to the diet
Droplet-based microfluidics with nonaqueous solvents and solutions (2006)

In droplet-based ("digital") microfluidics, liquid droplets in contact with dielectric surfaces are created, moved, merged and mixed by applying AC or DC potentials across electrodes patterned beneath the dielectric. We show for the first time that it is possible to manipulate droplets of organic solvents, ionic liquids, and aqueous surfactant solutions in air by these mechanisms using only modest voltages (<100 V) and frequencies (<10 kHz). The feasibility of moving any liquid can be predicted empirically from its frequency-dependent complex permittivity, epsilon*. The threshold for droplet actuation in air with our two-plate device configuration is /epsilon*/>8x10(-11). The mechanistic implications of these results are discussed, along with the greatly expanded range of applications for digital microfluidics that these results suggest are now feasible.
Myogenic Akt Signaling Regulates Blood Vessel Recruitment during Myofiber Growth (2002)

Blood vessel recruitment is an important feature of normal tissue growth. Here, we examined the role of Akt signaling in coordinating angiogenesis with skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Hypertrophy of C2C12 myotubes in response to insulin-like growth factor 1 or insulin and dexamethasone resulted in a marked increase in the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Myofiber hypertrophy and hypertrophy-associated VEGF synthesis were specifically inhibited by the transduction of a dominant-negative mutant of the Akt1 serine-threonine protein kinase. Conversely, transduction of constitutively active Akt1 increased myofiber size and led to a robust induction of VEGF protein production. Akt-mediated control of VEGF expression occurred at the level of transcription, and the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 regulatory element was dispensable for this regulation. The activation of Akt1 signaling in normal mouse gastrocnemius muscle was sufficient to promote myofiber hypertrophy, which was accompanied by an increase in circulating and tissue-resident VEGF levels and high capillary vessel densities at focal regions of high Akt transgene expression. In a rabbit hind limb model of vascular insufficiency, intramuscular activation of Akt1 signaling promoted collateral and capillary vessel formation and an accompanying increase in limb perfusion. These data suggest that myogenic Akt signaling controls both fiber hypertrophy and angiogenic growth factor synthesis, illustrating a mechanism through which blood vessel recruitment can be coupled to normal tissue growth.
Lysyl oxidase: Properties, specificity, and biological roles inside and outside of the cell (2002)

Lysyl oxidase (LO) plays a critical role in the formation and repair of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by oxidizing lysine residues in elastin and collagen, thereby initiating the formation of covalent crosslinkages which stabilize these fibrous proteins. Its catalytic activity depends upon both its copper cofactor and a unique carbonyl cofactor and has been shown to extend to a variety of basic globular proteins, including histone H1. Although the three-dimensional structure of LO has yet to be determined, the present treatise offers hypotheses based upon its primary sequence, which may underlie the prominent electrostatic component of its unusual substrate specificity as well as the catalysis-suppressing function of the propeptide domain of prolysyl oxidase. Recent studies have demonstrated that LO appears to function within the cell in a manner, which strongly modifies cellular activity. Newly discovered LO-like proteins also likely play unique roles in biology.
The Effect of Some Protein and Non‐Protein Amino Acids on the Growth of Cladosporium herbarum and Trichothecium roseum (1979)

Abstract The effect of ten amino acids as the sole nitrogen source for the growth of Cladosporium herbarum (Link.) Fr. and Trichothecium roseum (Bull.) Link. was studied in order to clarify the fungus‐host plant relationship. Special attention was paid to some rare non‐protein amino acids of legumes. The best nitrogen sources for both fungi were γ‐aminobutyric acid, arginine, serine and proline. Cladosporium could use homoarginine and canavanine, but these two amino acids were not used by Trichothecium when each was given as the only nitrogen source. Both fungi utilized ornithine, homoserine and a,γ‐diaminobutyric acid to a limited extent. Pipecolic acid was not growth promoting. The growth‐retarding effects of rare non‐protein amino acids (homoarginine, canavanine, a,γ‐diaminobutyric acid and pipecolic acid) were usually reversed by higher concentrations of their normal analogues. It is possible that rare non‐protein amino acids may slightly protect the host plant against fungal infections, but there are clear differences between fungi in their reaction to non‐protein amino acids.
Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles (2003)

Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction The Chemical and Physical Properties of Therapeutic DNA Preparation of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterization Rationale Synthesis, Characterization and Optimization of Surfactants Organization of the Surfactant– DNA Complexes Quantification of the Stability of Surfactant– DNA Complexes DNA Functionalization for Cell Recognition and Internalization Strategies for Functionalization Intercalation Triple Helix Formation with Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Peptide Nucleic Acids ( PNAs ) Interactions of DNA with Fusion Proteins Agents that Bind to the Minor Groove DNA Nanoparticles: Sophistication for Cell Recognition and Internalization Preparation of DNA Nanoparticles Enveloped with a Protective Coat and Cell Internalization Elements Biomedical Application: Cell Targeting and Internalization Properties of Folate– PEG ‐coated Nanoparticles Concluding Remarks
Aminopeptidases highly specific for glutamyl residues from Neisseria meningitidis and Moraxella urethralis (1980)

Cell-associated glutamyl aminopeptidase activity was detected in several strains of Neisseria meningitidis and Moraxella urethralis grown in liquid culture. Enzymatic activity was released from washed cells by ultrasonic treatment and monitored fluorometrically by measuring the release of aryl groups from 17 different aminoacyl-beta-naphthylamides. Substrates containing a glutamyl moiety were readily hydrolyzed by both N. meningitidis and M. urethralis. Glutamyl aminopeptidase activity was partially purified from crude sonicates by means of ion-exchange and gel chromatography, and samples were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Kinetic and pH studies were performed to partially characterize activities. The molecular weight of the M. urethralis enzyme was approximately 88,000, whereas the apparent molecular weight of the N. meningitidis enzyme was shown to be in excess of 200,000. M. urethralis produced two glutamyl aminopeptidases, one specific for a gamma-glutamyl moiety, the other specific for an alpha-glutamyl moiety. In contrast, N. meningitidis produced a single glutamyl aminopeptidase which hydrolyzed alpha- and gamma-glutamyl-substituted beta-naphthylamides.
Characterization of compositionally graded Si1−xGex alloy layers by photoluminescence spectroscopy and by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy and imaging (1993)

Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy and imaging, and preferential defect etching and optical microscopy have been used to characterize compositionally graded Si1−xGex alloy layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Si1−xGex capping layers grown on the compositionally graded layers have low threading dislocation densities, and both PL and low-beam energy CL spectra show bound exciton luminescence features identical with those observed in bulk Si1−xGex alloys and relatively weak dislocation related D-band features. Increasing the beam energy increases the relative strength of the D bands in the CL spectra, indicating that they are associated with the misfit dislocations in the compositionally graded layer. This has been confirmed by combined chemical etching and PL spectroscopy measurements. The misfit dislocations can be observed by monochromatic CL imaging at a high-beam energy using a narrow band pass filter centerd on the D4 band.
Effects of the excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists kynurenate and indole-2-carboxylic acid on behavioral and neurochemical outcome following experimental brain injury (1993)

The overactivation of the NMDA receptor is thought to be a major contributor to the pathophysiologic sequelae of traumatic brain injury (TBI), which commonly includes memory dysfunction. Uniquely, potentiation of the NMDA receptor is dependent on the binding of glycine to a distinct site on the receptor. Despite the potential role of the NMDA receptor in the development of post-TBI cognitive deficits, no studies to date have evaluated the efficacy of NMDA receptor antagonists on memory dysfunction after brain injury. Moreover, glycine site antagonists have not been employed as potential therapeutic agents in models of TBI. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of two glycine site antagonists, kynurenate (KYNA) and indole-2-carboxylic acid (I2CA), on memory and motor dysfunction, cerebral edema formation, and changes in regional total tissue brain [Na], [K], [Ca], [Mg], and [Zn], following lateral fluid-percussion brain injury in the rat. We found that both KYNA (300 mg/kg) and I2CA (50 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) administered 15 min postinjury dramatically attenuated trauma-induced cognitive dysfunction (p < 0.01). In addition, both compounds improved neurologic motor deficits measured at 2 weeks following injury (p < 0.05). KYNA (300 mg/kg) reduced edema in the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus, while I2CA (20 mg/kg) reduced edema formation only in the thalamus. Differential effects of KYNA and I2CA on cation concentrations were also noted. KYNA attenuated the postinjury increase in regional tissue [Ca]; however, it had little effect on other cation concentrations. I2CA reversed the postinjury regional increases in [Na] and decreases in [K], [Mg], and [Zn], but had little effect on [Ca] changes. These results indicate that KYNA and I2CA may have differential, but beneficial effects on both behavioral and neurochemical sequelae of TBI.
Culture, Languages, and Economics 1 (2012)

The impact of various facets of cultural diversity on economic outcomes has become a topic of intensive research in economics. This paper focuses on linguistic diversity as one of the important aspects of cultural heterogeneity, and more specifically, The aim of this paper is to formally examine two opposing forces, standardization and efficiency on the one hand, and cultural attachment and linguistic disenfranchisement, on the other, and to outline ways of bringing them to balance each other. In our measurement of disenfranchisement and fractionalization we heavily rely on the notion of linguistic distances or proximity between various linguistic groups. We also analyze the impact of linguistic diversity on trade, migration and markets for translation. We conclude by examining the issue of disenfranchisement in the European Union and possible standardization policies to address this issue.
Botulinum toxin type-A in the treatment of glabellar lines (2009)

The current literature and state of the art on use of botulinum toxin type-A in the treatment of glabellar rhytids was reviewed. Botulinum toxin type-A is a safe and effective way to manage glabellar rhytids. Mastery of the anatomy of the glabellar region, familiarity with the products currently available on the market and judicious dosing results in excellent cosmetic results with minimal adverse events.
Synthesis and Structure‐Activity Relationships of 3H‐Quinazolin‐4‐ones and 3H‐Pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐ones as CXCR3 receptor antagonists (2007)

CXC chemokine receptor-3 (CXCR3) is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly expressed on activated T lymphocytes that promote Th1 responses. Previously, we described the 3H-quinazolin-4-one containing VUF 5834 (decanoic acid {1-[3-(4-cyano-phenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-quinazolin-2-yl]-ethyl}-(2-dimethylamino-ethyl)-amide) as a small-molecule CXCR3 antagonist with submicromolar affinity and as a lead structure for the development of CXCR3 antagonists. More recently, the related 3H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one compounds AMG 487 and NBI-74330 have been reported as nanomolar CXCR3 antagonists and these ligands are currently under clinical investigation. The aim of this study is to link the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the previously published class of 3H-quinazolin-4-one containing CXCR3 ligands with these novel clinical candidates. From the modification of the lead structure VUF 5834 emerged the importance of the (4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acetyl and the 3-methylen-pyridine as substituents to improve the affinity at the human CXCR3 receptor, whereas other features are less important. The described molecules serve as tool to investigate the role of the CXCR3 receptor in various inflammatory conditions.