gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Dilator muscles of the pharynx and their implication in the sleep apnea syndrome of obstructive type. Review of the literature]. (1998)

Pathophysiology of the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome shows three components: intra and peripharyngeal obstacles, excessive pharyngeal wall compliance and upper airway dilator muscle dysfunction. The intent of this paper is to provide an overview of the anatomy, histology, physiology and pathophysiology of the upper airway dilator muscles based on previously published articles. The upper airway dilator muscles can be separated in three different systems, main and accessory dilators, local and regional. They act in synergy. Their contraction occurs at the beginning of inspiration, thus maintaining opened the pharyngeal lumen through inspiration. Their action is modulated by several chemo or physical stimuli. In some apneic patients, these muscles demonstrate a dysfunction: hyperactivity during wakefulness, electromyogram wave amplitude reduced, delayed contraction during sleep and abnormal response to stimuli. This dysfunction might be due to neuromuscular histological abnormalities, a "fatigue" phenomenon or a central nervous command abnormality. Current explorations underlining an upper airway dilator muscle dysfunction will enable practitioners to decide which treatment is best and understand therapeutical failures; it will also help develop new therapeutical techniques such as functional electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve/upper airway dilator muscles.
Universal Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Selectively Propagate T Cells Expressing Chimeric Antigen Receptor Independent of Specificity (2014)

T cells genetically modified to stably express immunoreceptors are being assessed for therapeutic potential in clinical trials. T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are endowed with a new specificity to target tumor-associated antigen (TAA) independent of major histocompatibility complex. Our approach to nonviral gene transfer in T cells uses ex vivo numeric expansion of CAR T cells on irradiated artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) bearing the targeted TAA. The requirement for aAPC to express a desired TAA limits the human application of CARs with multiple specificities when selective expansion through coculture with feeder cells is sought. As an alternative to expressing individual TAAs on aAPC, we expressed 1 ligand that could activate CAR T cells for sustained proliferation independent of specificity. We expressed a CAR ligand (designated CARL) that binds the conserved IgG4 extracellular domain of CAR and demonstrated that CARL aAPC propagate CAR T cells of multiple specificities. CARL avoids technical issues and costs associated with deploying clinical-grade aAPC for each TAA targeted by a given CAR. Using CARL enables 1 aAPC to numerically expand all CAR T cells containing the IgG4 domain, and simplifies expansion, testing, and clinical translation of CAR T cells of any specificity.
Modeling and minimization of routing congestion (2000)

Abstract| Typical placement objectives in volv e reducing net-cut cost or minimizing wirelength. Congestion minimization is least understood, ho w ev er, it models routability most accurately. In this paper, w estudy the congestion minimization problem during placement. First we pointed out that the bounding box router used in 12 is not an accurate measurement of the congestion in the placement. We use a realistic global router to evaluate congestion in the placement stage. This ensures that the nal placement is truely congestion minimized. We also proposed tw o new post processing algorithms, the ow-based cell-centric algorithm and the net-centric algorithm. While the o w-based cell-centric algorithm can move multiple cells at the same time to minimize the congestion, it su ers large consumption of memory. Experimental results show that the net-centric algorithm can e ectiv ely identify the congested spots in the placement and reduce the congestion. It can produce on an average 7:7 less congestion than the method proposed in 12 . Finally, w euse a nal global router to verify that the placement obtained from our algorithm has 39 less congestion than a wirelength-optimized placement obtained by TimberWolf commercial version 1.3.1.
Pattern theory in algorithm design (2002)

Pattern theory is an analytical approach for mathematically sifting the essential "pattern-ness" from a function or algorithm. Elements of function decomposition theory are used to minimize the mathematical representation of a function by iteratively searching for the minimal algorithm which will generate a particular function. Minimality is defined in terms of decomposed function cardinality (DFC), a general measure of the complexity of a function. By acquiring the minimal (or quasi-minimal) algorithm of a function, significant improvements in execution time and computer memory requirements of on-board avionics systems can be obtained. To this end, pattern theory is an algorithm design paradigm. This paper shows some of the theoretical foundations of pattern theory and describes how pattern theory techniques have been applied to small binary problems in machine learning, circuit design, data compression, algorithm design, and image processing. Pattern theory is compared with conventional artificial intelligence approaches for algorithm/machine learning (e.g., neural networks) and experimental results are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Trifluoropropenes as Dipolarophiles (1993)

Abstract The cycloaddition of C-phenyl-N-methylnitrone with 3,3,3-trifluoropropene and methyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-2-butenoate regio- and stereoselectively gave trans-2-methyl-3-phenyl-5-trifluoromethylisoxazolidine (3a) and methyl 2-methyl-c-3-phenyl-t-5-trifluoromethyl-r-4-isoxazolidinecarboxylate (3b), respectively, as major products. The cycloaddition with 3,3,3-trifluoro-1-nitropropene proceeded regiospecifically to give 2-methyl-c-4-nitro-r-3-phenyl-t-5-trifluoromethylisoxazolidine (3c) and 2-methyl-t-4-nitro-r-3-phenyl-c-5-trifluoromethylisoxazolidine (4c), stereoisomer with 3,4-cis-configuration being predominantly produced. This regioselectivity is explained by both the nitrone-HOMO controlled orbital interaction and the steric hindrance in a transition state. Under more drastic conditions c-3, r-4-isoxazolidine 3b isomerized to the more stable c-3, t-4- and regioisomeric isoxazolidines via 1,3-dipolar cycloreversion. The similar treatment of 3c and 4c resulted in the formation of trans-1-methyl-4-phenyl-3-trifluoromethyl-2-azetidinone.
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia (2004)

Current guidelines recommend that the clinician, radiologist, and pathologist work together to establish a diagnosis of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Three clinicians, two radiologists, and two pathologists reviewed 58 consecutive cases of suspected idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Each participant was provided information in a sequential manner and was asked to record their diagnostic impression and level of confidence at each step. Interobserver agreement improved from the beginning to the end of the review. After the presentation of histopathologic information, radiologists changed their diagnostic impression more often than did clinicians. In general, as more information was provided the confidence level for a given diagnosis improved, and the diagnoses rendered with a high level of confidence were more likely congruent with the final pathologic consensus diagnosis. The final consensus pathologist diagnosis was idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in 30 cases. Clinicians identified 75% and radiologists identified 48% of these cases before presentation of the histopathologic information. Histopathologic information has the greatest impact on the final diagnosis, especially when the initial clinical/radiographic diagnosis is not idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We conclude that dynamic interactions between clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists improve interobserver agreement and diagnostic confidence.
Revealing latent value of clinically acquired CTs of traumatic brain injury through multi-atlas segmentation in a retrospective study of 1,003 with external cross-validation (2015)

Medical imaging plays a key role in guiding treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and for diagnosing intracranial hemorrhage; most commonly rapid computed tomography (CT) imaging is performed. Outcomes for patients with TBI are variable and difficult to predict upon hospital admission. Quantitative outcome scales (e.g., the Marshall classification) have been proposed to grade TBI severity on CT, but such measures have had relatively low value in staging patients by prognosis. Herein, we examine a cohort of 1,003 subjects admitted for TBI and imaged clinically to identify potential prognostic metrics using a "big data" paradigm. For all patients, a brain scan was segmented with multi-atlas labeling, and intensity/volume/texture features were computed in a localized manner. In a 10-fold cross-validation approach, the explanatory value of the image-derived features is assessed for length of hospital stay (days), discharge disposition (five point scale from death to return home), and the Rancho Los Amigos functional outcome score (Rancho Score). Image-derived features increased the predictive R<sup>2</sup> to 0.38 (from 0.18) for length of stay, to 0.51 (from 0.4) for discharge disposition, and to 0.31 (from 0.16) for Rancho Score (over models consisting only of non-imaging admission metrics, but including positive/negative radiological CT findings). This study demonstrates that high volume retrospective analysis of clinical imaging data can reveal imaging signatures with prognostic value. These targets are suited for follow-up validation and represent targets for future feature selection efforts. Moreover, the increase in prognostic value would improve staging for intervention assessment and provide more reliable guidance for patients.
Cardiac Mast Cells Mediate Left Ventricular Fibrosis in the Hypertensive Rat Heart (2009)

Correlative data suggest that cardiac mast cells are a component of the inflammatory response that is important to hypertension-induced adverse myocardial remodeling. However, a causal relationship has not been established. We hypothesized that adverse myocardial remodeling would be inhibited by preventing the release of mast cell products that may interact with fibroblasts and other inflammatory cells. Eight-week-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats were treated for 12 weeks with the mast cell stabilizing compound nedocromil (30 mg/kg per day). Age-matched Wistar-Kyoto rats served as controls. Nedocromil prevented left ventricular fibrosis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat independent of hypertrophy and blood pressure, despite cardiac mast cell density being elevated. The mast cell protease tryptase was elevated in the spontaneously hypertensive rat myocardium and was normalized by nedocromil. Treatment of isolated adult spontaneously hypertensive rat cardiac fibroblasts with tryptase induced collagen synthesis and proliferation, suggesting this as a possible mechanism of mast cell-mediated fibrosis. In addition, nedocromil prevented macrophage infiltration into the ventricle. The inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma and interleukin (IL)-4 were increased in the spontaneously hypertensive rat and normalized by nedocromil, whereas IL-6 and IL-10 were decreased in the spontaneously hypertensive rat, with nedocromil treatment normalizing IL-6 and increasing IL-10 above the control. These results demonstrate for the first time a causal relationship between mast cell activation and fibrosis in the hypertensive heart. Furthermore, these results identify several mechanisms, including tryptase, inflammatory cell recruitment, and cytokine regulation, by which mast cells may mediate hypertension-induced left ventricular fibrosis.
Some Broad-Band Transformers (1959)

Several transmission line transformers are described which have bandwidth ratios as high as 20,000:1 in the frequency range of a few tens of kilocycles to over a thousand megacycles. Experimental data are presented on both transformers and hybrid circuits. Typical applications are: interstage transformers for broad-band amplifiers; baluns for driving balanced antennas and broad-band oscilloscopes; and hybrids for use in pulse reflectometers, balanced modulators, etc. These transformers can be made quite small. Excellent transformers have been made using ferrite toroids having an outside diameter of 0.080 inch.
Protein Engineering in the Development of Functional Hydrogels (2010)

Proteins, which are natural heteropolymers, have evolved to exhibit a staggering array of functions and capabilities. As scientists and engineers strive to tackle important challenges in medicine, novel biomaterials continue to be devised, designed, and implemented to help to address critical needs. This review aims to cover the present advances in the use of protein engineering to create new protein and peptide domains that enable the formation of advanced functional hydrogels. Three types of domains are covered in this review: (a) the leucine zipper coiled-coil domains, (b) the EF-hand domains, and (c) the elastin-like polypeptides. In each case, the functionality of these domains is discussed as well as recent advancements in the use of these domains to create novel hydrogel-based biomaterials. As protein engineering is used to both create and improve protein domains, these advances will lead to exciting new biomaterials for use in a variety of applications.
Administration of Control-Released Hepatocyte Growth Factor Enhances the Efficacy of Skeletal Myoblast Transplantation in Rat Infarcted Hearts by Greatly Increasing Both Quantity and Quality of the Graft (2005)

In SM Tx, HGF can greatly increase the graft volume and vascularity and reduce fibrosis inside the graft, which enhances the efficacy of SM Tx to infarcted hearts.
The IgA/IgM Receptor Expressed on a Murine B Cell Lymphoma Is Poly-Ig Receptor (2000)

T560, a mouse B lymphoma that originated in gut-associated lymphoid tissue, expresses receptors that bind dimeric IgA and IgM in a mutually inhibitory manner but have little affinity for monomeric IgA. Evidence presented in this paper indicates that the receptor is poly-Ig receptor (pIgR) known in humans and domestic cattle to bind both IgA and IgM. The evidence includes the demonstration that binding of IgM is J chain dependent, and that pIg-precipitated receptor has an appropriate Mr of 116-120 kDa and can be detected on immunoblots with specific rabbit anti-mouse pIgR. Overlapping RT-PCR performed using template mRNA from T560 cells and oligonucleotide primer pairs designed from the published sequence of mouse liver pIgR indicate that T560 cells express mRNA virtually identical with that of the epithelial cell pIgR throughout its external, transmembrane, and intracytoplasmic coding regions. Studies using mutant IgAs suggest that the Calpha2 domain of dimeric IgA is not involved in high-affinity binding to the T560 pIgR. Inasmuch as this mouse B cell pIgR binds IgM better than IgA, it is similar to human pIgR and differs from rat, mouse, and rabbit epithelial cell pIgRs that bind IgA but not IgM. Possible explanations for this difference are discussed. All clones of T560 contain some cells that spontaneously secrete both IgG2a and IgA, but all of the IgA recoverable from the medium and from cell lysates is monomeric; it cannot be converted to secretory IgA by T560 cells.
Classification-based multidimensional adaptation prediction for scalable video coding using subjective quality evaluation (2005)

Scalable video coding offers a flexible representation for video adaptation in multiple dimensions comprising spatial detail and temporal resolution, thus providing great benefits for universal media access (UMA) applications. However, currently most of the approaches address the multidimensional adaptation (MDA) problem in an ad hoc manner. One challenging issue affecting the systematic MDA solution is the difficulty in constructing analytical models in theoretical optimization that capture the relations between video utility and MDA operations. In this paper, we propose a general classification-based prediction framework for selecting the preferred MDA operations based on subjective quality evaluation. For this purpose, we first apply domain-specific knowledge or general unsupervised clustering to construct distinct categories within which the videos share similar preferred MDA operations. Thereafter, a machine learning based method is applied where the low level content features extracted from the compressed video streams are employed to train a framework for the problem of joint signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-temporal adaptation selection based on the motion compensated three-dimensional subband coding (MC-3DSBC) system. We conduct extensive subjective tests involving 31 subjects, 128 video clips, and formal subjective quality metrics. Statistical analysis of the experimental results confirms the excellent accuracy in using domain knowledge and content features to predict the MDA operation.
Architecture of a broadband mediaprocessor (2002)

A broadband mediaprocessor is a general-purpose computer system which reaches the goal of communicating and processing at broadband rates using compiled software rather than special-purpose hardware. MicroUnity's architectural family of broadband mediaprocessors reduce costs of broadband communications systems and enable deployment of new communications services by transmitting software through digital networks.
Manipulation of the hepcidin pathway for therapeutic purposes (2013)

Hepcidin, the liver-produced peptide hormone, is a principal regulator of iron homeostasis. Abnormal hepcidin production has emerged as a causative factor in several common iron disorders. Hepcidin insufficiency results in iron overload in hereditary hemochromatosis and iron-loading anemias, whereas hepcidin excess causes or contributes to the development of iron-restricted anemias in inflammatory diseases, infections, some cancers and chronic kidney disease. Not surprisingly, hepcidin and related pathways have become the target for the development of novel therapeutics for iron disorders. In this review, we will summarize the strategies and development programs that have been devised for agonizing or antagonizing hepcidin and its receptor ferroportin.
Authentication in office system internetworks (1983)

In a distributed office system, authentication data (such as passwords) must be managed in such a way that users and machines from different organizations can easily authenticate themselves to each other. The authentication facility must be secure, but user convenience, decentralized administration, and a capability for smooth, long-term evolution are also important. In addition, the authentication arrangements must not permit failures at a single node to cause systemwide down time. The design used in the Xerox 8000 Series products is described. This design anticipates applications in an opennetwork architecture where there are nodes from diverse sources and one node does not trust authentication checking done by other nodes. Furthermore, in some offices encryption will be required to authenticate data transmissions despite hostile intruders on the network. Requirements and design constraints when applying encryption for authentication in office systems are discussed. It is suggested that protocol standards for use in office systems should allow unencrypted authentication as well as two options for encrypted authentication. Issues that will arise as an office system evolves to deal with increasingly sophisticated threats from users of the system are described.
The Economic Burden of Schizophrenia in the United States in 2013 (2016)

Schizophrenia is associated with a significant economic burden where, in addition to direct health care costs, indirect and non-health care costs are strong contributors, suggesting that therapies should aim at improving not only symptom control but also cognition and functional performance, which are associated with substantial non-health care and indirect costs.
Release Characteristics of Cardiac Biomarkers and Ischemia-modified Albumin as Measured by the Albumin Cobalt-binding Test after a Marathon Race (2002)

Numerous studies have monitored the appearance of both cardiac and skeletal muscle proteins and enzymes after short- and long-term exercise regimens. Both animal and human exercise models have attempted to determine whether the stress of long-duration exercise, such as a marathon race (42.2 km), could cause myocardial necrosis and the release of cardiac-specific proteins, such as cardiac troponin I (cTnI) or T (cTnT) (1)(2)(3)(4). In a rat animal model, the severe stress of swimming for 5 h caused microscopic evidence of myocardial necrosis, which led to substantially increased serum cTnT concentrations (1). However, in a less stressful regimen of 1–3 h of swimming, no evidence of ischemic injury and only very minor alterations in serum cTnT concentrations were detected. Middle-aged male marathon runners had increases in inflammatory and prothrombotic markers within 4 h after completion of a race (5). Increases in cTnI were also observed (6). However, no evidence of microinfarction was found by sestamibi imaging, nor was evidence of left ventricular dysfunction found by B-natriuretic peptide testing (6).

Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), measured by the albumin cobalt-binding (ACB) test (7), is reported to predict subsequent cTnI results for patients presenting with symptoms of acute coronary syndromes. Furthermore, studies that included percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty as a model of transient myocardial ischemia have demonstrated that serum IMA concentrations, as measured by the ACB test, were increased very early after an ischemic event (8); thus, IMA may be a very early indicator of myocardial ischemia before necrosis. To test this hypothesis in healthy persons at very low risk for cardiac disease but at high risk for skeletal muscle damage, we studied the appearance and clearance characteristics of the IMA marker compared with cTnI, cTnT, and myoglobin in runners after a marathon race.

Nineteen Caucasian runners, …
[Effect of C-terminal derivatives of sorbin on ileal ion transport stimulated by VIP in rats]. (1994)

Results show that C20-sorbin and C7-sorbin decreased the VIP-stimulated net flux of water (inhibition of 40 and 37%, respectively), Na (inhibition of 31 and 30%), C1 (inhibition of 80 and 63%) and HCO3 (inhibition of 15 and 25%). These effects are evidently greater than those produced by equimolar doses of NPY, somatostatin, and 32 times higher dose of metenkephalinamide. Sorbin acts as a potent anti-secretor, anti-VIP, in rat ileum.
Preparation and biological characterization of conjugates consisting of ricin and a tumor-specific non-internalizing MAb. (1991)

MOv18, a non-internalizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) with restricted tumor specificity, was conjugated to ricin toxin (RT). According to their ability to bind to galactose residues of Sepharose 6B, the immunoconjugates were fractionated into Bound and Unbound MOv18-RT. The two conjugates could be distinguished by SDS-PAGE, in vivo toxicity and agglutination capability. When the binding activity of both fractions was compared by solid-phase RIA to that of native MAb, it proved to be similar on the relevant target cells but significantly increased on the non relevant cells. On the latter, galactose totally cancelled the binding of the Unbound immunoconjugate, whereas it could only partially reverse that of the Bound MOv18-RT. By in vitro cytotoxic activity, either in the presence or absence of galactose, only a slight selectivity for relevant versus non-relevant target cells was observed for both conjugates. It seems that in the presence of a MAb which is incapable of internalization, the conjugate cytotoxicity could only be attributed to RT, with a loss of the MAb's specificity.