gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temperature Control in Conventional Abdominal Surgery: Comparison between Conductive and the Association of Conductive and Convective Warming (2009)

The association of different warming methods delayed the beginning and reduced the severity of intraoperative hypothermia, but it did not reduce the complaints of feeling cold and tremors.
A review of physical and chemical protein-gel induction (2002)

Abstract Protein gelation is important to obtain desirable sensory and textural structures in foods. Gelation phenomenon requires a driving force to unfold the native protein structure, followed by an aggregation retaining a certain degree of order in the matrix formed by association between protein strands. Protein gelation has been traditionally achieved by heating, but some physical and chemical processes form protein gels in an analogous way to heat-induction. A physical means, besides heat, is high pressure. Chemical means are acidification, enzymatic cross-linking, and use of salts and urea, causing modifications in protein–protein and protein–medium interactions. The characteristics of each gel are different and dependent upon factors like protein concentration, degree of denaturation caused by pH, temperature, ionic strength and/or pressure.
TNF-α-Induced Optic Nerve Degeneration and Nuclear Factor-κB p65 (2006)

TNF-alpha causes axonal degeneration with probable delayed loss of retinal ganglion cell bodies. NF-kappaB p65 may play a pivotal role in axonal degeneration, with the possible involvement of microglial cells.
Structure–Function Relationships in Heme-Proteins (2002)

Biological systems rely on heme-proteins to carry out a number of basic functions essential for their survival. Hemes, or iron–porphyrin complexes, are the versatile and ubiquitous active centers of these proteins. In the past decade, discovery of new heme-proteins, together with functional and structural research, provided a wealth of information on these diverse and biologically important molecules. Structure determination work has shown that nature has used a variety of different scaffolds and architectures to bind heme and modulate functions such as redox properties. Structural data have also provided insights into the heme-linked protein conformational changes required in many regulatory heme-proteins. Remarkable efforts have been made towards the understanding of factors governing redox potentials. Site-directed mutagenesis studies and theoretical calculations on heme environments investigated the roles of hydrophobic and electrostatic residues, and analyzed the effect of heme solvent accessibility. This review focuses on the structure–function relationships underlying the association of heme in signaling and iron metabolism proteins. In addition, an account is given about molecular features affecting heme's redox properties; this briefly revisits previous conclusions in the light of some more recent reports.
Synthesis and characterization of DNA with ferrocenyl groups attached to their 5′-termini: electrochemical characterization of a redox-active nucleotide monolayer (1996)

R. C. Mucic, M. K. Herrlein, C. A. Mirkin and R. L. Letsinger, Chem. Commun., 1996, 555 DOI: 10.1039/CC9960000555
An Nth-harmonic oscillator using an N-push coupled oscillator array with voltage-clamping circuits (2003)

The push-push oscillator is commonly used for implementing a second-harmonic oscillator. By combining two out-of-phase oscillators, their fundamental frequency components are canceled and the second-harmonic components are enhanced. This structure can be extended to triple-push, quadruple-push and hence N-push harmonic oscillators. From the oscillator injection-locking phenomenon, the relative phase between coupled oscillators can be controlled by the oscillator free-running frequency. As the output phase-shifted version signals are properly shaped and combined, the desired harmonic components are constructively added and lower-order harmonic components are canceled. This structure can be viewed as the general case of push-push oscillators. Since the output power is combined in a passive circuit, it does not suffer from the power limit of the output device in the cascade structure. The desired harmonic component can be selected by tuning the relative phase of the coupled oscillators and the conductive angle of the voltage-clamping circuit. Second-harmonic, third-harmonic and fourth-harmonic oscillators are designed and verified experimentally.
Reviewing once more the c-myc and Ras collaboration (2011)

The c-myc is a proto-oncogene that manifests aberrant expression at high frequencies in most types of human cancer. C-myc gene amplifications are often observed in various cancers as well. Ample studies have also proved that c-myc has a potent oncogenicity, which can be further enhanced by collaborations with other oncogenes such as Bcl-2 and activated Ras. Studies on the collaborations of c-myc with Ras or other genes in oncogenicity have established several basic concepts and have disclosed their underlying mechanisms of tumor biology, including "immortalization" and "transformation". In many cases, these collaborations may converge at the cyclin D1-CDK4 complex. In the meantime, however, many results from studies on the c-myc, Ras and cyclin D1-CDK4 also challenge these basic concepts of tumor biology and suggest to us that the immortalized status of cells should be emphasized. Stricter criteria and definitions for a malignantly transformed status and a benign status of cells in culture also need to be established to facilitate our study of the mechanisms for tumor formation and to better link up in vitro data with animal results and eventually with human cancer pathology.
Anisotropic porothermoelastic solution and hydro‐thermal effects on fracture width in hydraulic fracturing (2013)

SUMMARY In this study, the effects of the temperature difference between hydraulic fracturing fluid and rock formation on the time‐dependent evolution of fracture width were investigated using a newly derived one‐dimensional anisotropic porothermoelastic analytical solution. The solution is shown to correctly reproduce existing solutions for special cases and corrections for an earlier publication are provided. An analysis of time‐dependent fracture width evolution using Woodford Shale data was also presented. It was found that when the fracturing fluid has the same temperature as the shale formation, the fracture gradually closes back after the initial opening due to the invasion of the fracturing fluid. Practically, in this scenario, proppants should be pumped into the fracture as soon as possible to obtain maximum fracture conductivity. On the other hand, with a fracturing fluid 60 °C colder than the formation, the thermal contraction of the rock dominates the fracture aperture evolution, resulting in a fracture aperture approximately 70% larger than that produced by the hotter fracturing fluid. Consequently, in this case, it is beneficial to delay proppant placement to take advantage of the widening fractures. Finally, it was found that the fracture aperture is directly controlled by the spacing of natural fractures. Therefore, the presence of natural fractures in the shale formation and their spacing influence not only the type of hydraulic fractures created but also what kind and size of proppants should be used to keep them open. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
FcRn: The Architect Behind the Immune and Nonimmune Functions of IgG and Albumin (2015)

The neonatal FcR (FcRn) belongs to the extensive and functionally divergent family of MHC molecules. Contrary to classical MHC family members, FcRn possesses little diversity and is unable to present Ags. Instead, through its capacity to bind IgG and albumin with high affinity at low pH, it regulates the serum half-lives of both of these proteins. In addition, FcRn plays an important role in immunity at mucosal and systemic sites through its ability to affect the lifespan of IgG, as well as its participation in innate and adaptive immune responses. Although the details of its biology are still emerging, the ability of FcRn to rescue albumin and IgG from early degradation represents an attractive approach to alter the plasma half-life of pharmaceuticals. We review some of the most novel aspects of FcRn biology, immune as well as nonimmune, and provide some examples of FcRn-based therapies.
Synthesis and Pharmacophore Modeling of Naphthoquinone Derivatives with Cytotoxic Activity in Human Promyelocytic Leukemia HL-60 Cell Line (2007)

Catalyst/HypoGen pharmacophore modeling approach and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR)/comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) methods have been successfully applied to explain the cytotoxic activity of a set of 51 natural and synthesized naphthoquinone derivatives tested in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell line. The computational models have facilitated the identification of structural elements of the ligands that are key for antitumoral properties. The four most salient features of the highly active beta-cycled-pyran-1,2-naphthoquinones [0.1 microM < IC50 < 0.6 microM] are the hydrogen-bond interactions of the carbonyl groups at C-1 (HBA1) and C-2 (HBA2), the hydrogen-bond interaction of the oxygen atom of the pyran ring (HBA3), and the interaction of methyl groups (HYD) at the pyran ring with a hydrophobic area at the receptor. The moderately active 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives accurately fulfill only three of these features. The results of our study provide a valuable tool in designing new and more potent cytotoxic analogues.
Bacteriophage T7 DNA Packaging (1990)

Recombinant plasmids carrying a bacteriophage T7 origin of DNA replication and sequences from the T7 concatemer junction are efficiently packaged into transducing particles during phage infection. With some constructs, as many as 50 transducing particles are produced per infected cell. We have used this plasmid packaging system to determine which T7 DNA sequences are required for the processing and packaging of the plasmid concatemers and to investigate the effects of altering the spacing and orientation of the required sequences. An origin of T7 DNA replication is essential for high-efficiency transduction, presumably to form the plasmid concatemers that are the substrates of the packaging reaction. In addition, two short sequences from the concatemer junction are required, one flanking the site where the right end of T7 DNA is formed (pacR) and the other flanking the site for formation of the left end (pacL). The spacing between pacR and pacL is not important, but the sequences must be positioned in the same orientation on the plasmid. With certain deletions of pacL, the specificity of end formation is reduced but the efficiency of packaging is near normal. Plasmids that contain only one of the two pac sites are packaged at about 10% of the efficiency of those with both sites. The residual packaging of these plasmids results from regeneration of the other packaging site by recombination with T7 phage DNA. To function in plasmid packaging, the sequences from the concatemer junction must be positioned on the plasmid in the same orientation relative to the T7 replication origin as is found in T7 DNA. This apparently results from a requirement for transcription through these sequences in the rightward direction from the T7 promoter that is associated with the replication origin. Such transcription from another T7 promoter (phi 10), that is not itself a replication origin, allows packaging when the origin is in the opposite orientation.
A Complex Composed of Tup1 and Ssn6 Represses Transcription in Vitro (1997)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Tup1 protein is a member of a family of WD repeat containing proteins that are involved in repression of transcription. Tup1, along with the Ssn6 protein, represses a wide variety of genes in yeast including cell type-specific and glucose-repressed genes. Tup1 and Ssn6 are recruited to these specific gene sets by interaction with sequence-specific DNA binding proteins. In this work, a protein complex containing Ssn6 and Tup1 was purified to determine its composition. The size of the complex is estimated to be 440 kDa. Tup1 and Ssn6, which are both phosphoproteins, are the only proteins present in stoichiometric amounts in the complex. We also demonstrate that this purified complex represses transcription in an in vitro assay.
The Golem Group/University of California at Los Angeles autonomous ground vehicle in the DARPA grand challenge (2006)

Abstract This paper presents the Golem Group/University of California at Los Angeles entry to the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge competition. We describe the main design principles behind the development of Golem 2, the race vehicle. The subsystems devoted to obstacle detection, avoidance, and state estimation are discussed in more detail. An overview of vehicle performance in the field is provided, including successes together with an analysis of the reasons leading to failures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Decreased Operating Temperature of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) by the Application of LaGaO3‐Based Oxide as Electrolyte. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Environmental Education in the Schoolyard: Learning Styles and Gender (2009)

The author examined the impact of environmental education lessons in a study that compared activities conducted in the schoolyard with traditional classroom activities involving elementary school boys and girls. Participants were 109 4th- and 5th-grade students. Researchers conducted a 2 (group: traditional/treatment) X 2 (gender) multivariate analysis of variance with gain scores for environmental (a) knowledge, (b) attitudes, (c) behaviors, and (d) comfort levels as dependent variables. Boys demonstrated statistically significantly greater gain scores in the outdoor treatment group than in the traditional classroom curriculum for all 4 outcome variables. Boys also scored statistically significantly greater in the treatment group on attitudes and behaviors than did girls in that treatment group. The author discusses the unique learning styles of girls and boys and the findings that indicate the potential for schoolyard lessons to enhance instruction, meeting the needs of boys and girls.
Toward Automated Synthesis of Oligosaccharides and Glycoproteins (2001)

The discovery of previously unknown functions associated with carbohydrates and the study of their structure-function relations are of current interest in carbohydrate chemistry and biology. Progress in this area is, however, hampered by the lack of convenient and effective tools for the synthesis and analysis of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. Development of automated synthesis of such materials is necessary to facilitate research in this field. This review describes recent advances in carbohydrate synthesis, with particular focus on developments that have potential application to the automated synthesis of oligosaccharides, glycopeptides, and glycoproteins.
Misfolding diverts CFTR from recycling to degradation (2004)

To investigate the degradation mechanism of misfolded membrane proteins from the cell surface, we used mutant cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulators (CFTRs) exhibiting conformational defects in post-Golgi compartments. Here, we show that the folding state of CFTR determines the post-endocytic trafficking of the channel. Although native CFTR recycled from early endosomes back to the cell surface, misfolding prevented recycling and facilitated lysosomal targeting by promoting the ubiquitination of the channel. Rescuing the folding defect or down-regulating the E1 ubiquitin (Ub)-activating enzyme stabilized the mutant CFTR without interfering with its internalization. These observations with the preferential association of mutant CFTRs with Hrs, STAM-2, TSG101, hVps25, and hVps32, components of the Ub-dependent endosomal sorting machinery, establish a functional link between Ub modification and lysosomal degradation of misfolded CFTR from the cell surface. Our data provide evidence for a novel cellular mechanism of CF pathogenesis and suggest a paradigm for the quality control of plasma membrane proteins involving the coordinated function of ubiquitination and the Ub-dependent endosomal sorting machinery.
Identification of a novel synthetic triterpenoid, methyl-2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oate, that potently induces caspase-mediated apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. (2002)

Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Therefore, new agents targeting prevention and treatment of lung cancer are urgently needed. In the present study, we demonstrate that a novel synthetic triterpenoid methyl-2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oate (CDDO-Me) is a potent inducer of apoptosis in human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells. The concentrations required for a 50% decrease in cell survival (IC50) ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 microM. CDDO-Me induced rapid apoptosis and triggered a series of effects associated with apoptosis including a rapid release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, activation of procaspase-9, -7, -6, and -3, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and lamin A/C. Moreover, the caspase-3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK and the pan caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK suppressed CDDO-Me-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that CDDO-Me induced apoptosis in human NSCLC cells via a cytochrome c-triggered caspase activation pathway. CDDO-Me did not alter the level of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins, and no correlation was found between cell sensitivity to CDDO-Me and basal Bcl-2 expression level. Furthermore, overexpression of Bcl-2 did not protect cells from CDDO-Me-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that CDDO-Me induces apoptosis in NSCLC cells irrespective of Bcl-2 expression level. In addition, no correlation was found between cell sensitivity to CDDO-Me and p53 status, suggesting that CDDO-Me induce a p53-independent apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that CDDO-Me may be a good candidate for additional evaluation as a potential therapeutic agent for human lung cancers and possibly other types of cancer.
ADP-Ribosylation Factor 6 Regulates Glioma Cell Invasion through the IQ-Domain GTPase-Activating Protein 1-Rac1–Mediated Pathway (2009)

A common pathobiological feature of malignant gliomas is the insidious infiltration of single tumor cells into the brain parenchyma, rendering these deadly tumors virtually incurable with available therapies. In this study, we report that ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6), a Ras superfamily small GTPase, is abundantly expressed in invasive human glioma cells. Cellular depletion of ARF6 by small interfering RNA decreased Rac1 activation, impaired HGF-stimulated and serum-stimulated glioma cell migration in vitro, and markedly decreased the invasive capacity of invasive glioma in the brain. Furthermore, ectopic expression of ARF6 in glioma cells promoted cell migration via the activation of Rac1. Upon stimulation of glioma cells with HGF, we show that IQ-domain GTPase-activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) is recruited and overlaps with ARF6 at the leading edge of migrating cells. However, cellular depletion of ARF6 abrogated this recruitment of IQGAP1 and attenuated the formation of surface protrusions. ARF6 forms complexes with Rac1 and IQGAP1 in glioma cells upon HGF stimulation, and knockdown of IQGAP1 significantly inhibits ARF6-induced Rac1 activation and cell migration. Taken together, these data suggest that ARF6-mediated Rac1 activation is essential for glioma cell invasion via a signaling pathway that requires IQGAP1.
Culture of ascitic ovarian cancer cells as a clinically-relevant ex vivo model for the assessment of biological therapies. (1998)

There are few in vitro models of human ovarian cancer suitable for the assessment of biological therapies. We have established short-term cultures of ovarian carcinoma cells from ascites, maintained in suspension in ascitic fluid to help preserve the original tumor cell microenvironment. We assessed the effects of a potential biological therapeutic agent, interferon-alpha (IFN alpha), on ovarian cell phenotype. In total, eight cultures were established from seven patients. Quantitative changes in cell surface phenotype were determined by flow cytometry for HLA-ABC, HLA-DR, TAG72, CA125, HMFG1 and HMFG2 antigens. The amount of CA125 antigen shed into the culture media was also assessed. Variations in cell surface phenotype between specimens probably reflected the specific cytokine milieu of the ascites as well as idiotypic differences between tumors. Nevertheless, there were consistent phenotypic responses to IFN alpha, with up-regulation of MHC Class I but down-regulation of the HMFG1 and HMFG2 antigens from the cell surface. The results suggest that this approach may be useful in patient selection and for optimizing biological therapies, as it enables patients' individual tumor responses to exogenous cytokine to be studied against the background of the endogenous cytokine milieu.
Molecular Biology of Prion Diseases (1991)

Prions cause transmissible and genetic neurodegenerative diseases, including scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy of animals and Creutzfeldt-Jakob and Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker diseases of humans. Infectious prion particles are composed largely, if not entirely, of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein, which is encoded by a chromosomal gene. A posttranslational process, as yet unidentified, converts the cellular prion protein into an abnormal isoform. Scrapie incubation times, neuropathology, and prion synthesis in transgenic mice are controlled by the prion protein gene. Point mutations in the prion protein genes of animals and humans are genetically linked to development of neuro-degeneration. Transgenic mice expressing mutant prion proteins spontaneously develop neurologic dysfunction and spongiform neuropathology. Understanding prion diseases may advance investigations of other neurodegenerative disorders and of the processes by which neurons differentiate, function for decades, and then grow senescent.
Randomized study of once-weekly interferon β-1a therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis: three-year data from the OWIMS study (2005)

In RRMS, once weekly IFN beta-1a, particularly 44 mcg, can induce a significant MRI, but not relapse, effect, compared with placebo. No significant dose effect was seen. In contrast to the significant effect observed with three-times-weekly dosing of subcutaneous IFN beta-1a compared with placebo, this study confirms the lack of meaningful clinical benefit with once-weekly dosing.
What We Know about Demand Surge: Brief Summary (2011)

Demand surge is a process resulting in a higher cost to repair building damage after large disasters than to repair the same damage after a small disaster; this higher cost can be an additional 20% or more. It is of interest to insurers, regulators, property owners, and others. Despite its importance, demand surge has no standard definition or generally accepted predictive theory of its mechanisms and quantitative effects. By studying the circumstances of natural disasters that did and did not cause demand surge, common explanatory themes emerge from these historical events that may describe why and how much losses increase in some disasters. The themes are: total amount of repair work; timing of reconstruction; costs of materials, labor, and equipment; contractor overhead and profit; the general economic situation; insurance claims handling; and decisions of an insurance company. The development of these themes will aid in constructing a mechanistic, empirically supported approach to modeling demand surge.