gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of Gender, Breed and Age on Maturity Characteristics of Sheep (1989)

Fifty-one ewes, 50 wethers and 51 rams of Finn x whiteface or Suffolk x whiteface breeding were slaughtered at an average age of 271, 361, 459, 557 or 652 d to study changes in maturity characteristics with changes in age. When metacarpal epiphyseal cartilage (growth plates) ossifies with age, break joints on the distal end of the metacarpals fuse and the end of the bone then appears as a spool joint rather than as a break joint. This fusion occurs earlier chronologically in ewes than in rams or wethers. Most Finn x whiteface-cross ewes, which normally reach reproductive maturity earlier than Suffolk x whiteface-cross ewes, exhibited ossified metacarpal growth plates by 459 d of age; break joints of Suffolk x whiteface crosses were not fused until 557 d of age. Both breed groups of rams exhibited fused joints by 557 d of age, but only 3 of 10 wethers exhibited spool joints at 652 d of age. Microscopic examination showed that even in these three wethers the epiphyseal growth plate could still be detected. Yearling 2-yr-old classifications of sheep from teeth were not gender-dependent within the discrete age classes of this study. About half the sheep in each gender group were classified as yearlings at 459 d of age and about half in each group were classified as 2-yr-olds by 652 d of age. Stepwise multiple regression equations to estimate age of sheep in days were developed. Overall maturity, lean color and texture and rib bone maturity were the best carcass measures of maturity. Maturity scores for characteristics of the break joint did not enter any of the equations studied. When eye lens weight was included in equations with the best measures of carcass maturity, accuracy of estimates for age of sheep was improved.
Further Characterization of Escherichia coliEndonuclease V (1997)

Endonuclease V from Escherichia coli has a wide substrate spectrum. In addition to deoxyinosine-containing DNA, the enzyme cleaves DNA containing urea residues, AP sites, base mismatches, insertion/deletion mismatches, flaps, and pseudo-Y structures. The gene coding for the enzyme was identified to be orf 225 or nfi (endonuclease five). Using enzyme purified from an overproducing strain, the deoxyinosine- and mismatch-specific activities of endonuclease V was found to have different divalent metal requirements. The affinity of the enzyme is greater than 20-fold higher for DNA containing deoxyinosine than deoxynebularine or base mismatches. Under optimal cleavage conditions, endonuclease V forms two stable complexes with DNA containing deoxyinosine, but not with DNA containing base mismatches or deoxynebularine, suggesting that the 6-keto group of hypoxanthine in DNA is critical for stable interactions with the protein. The enzyme recognizes deoxyuridine in DNA but exhibits a much lower affinity to DNA containing deoxyuridine compared with DNA containing deoxyinosine. Interestingly, deoxyuridine-specific endonuclease activity of endonuclease V has a divalent metal requirement similar to the mismatch activity. A model for the mechanism of substrate recognition is proposed to explain these different activities.
Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationships of Linear and Conformationally Constrained Peptide Analogues of CIYKYY as Src Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (2006)

A series of peptide analogues of Ac-CIYKYY (1) were synthesized by functional group modifications in peptide side chains or by introducing conformational constraints, to improve the inhibitory potency against active Src kinase. Ac-CIYKF(4-NO2)Y (2, IC50 = 0.53 microM) and conformationally constrained peptide 31 (IC50 = 0.28 microM) exhibited 750- and 1400-fold higher inhibitory activities, respectively, versus that of 1 (IC50 = 400 microM). Compound 2 exhibited a partial competitive inhibition pattern against ATP.
Biocatalytic Conversion of Epoxides (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Effect of Excess Iron in Milk Replacer on Calf Performance (1987)

Milk replacers containing 100, 500, 1000, 2000, or 5000 ppm iron were fed to 3-d-old calves for 6 wk to estimate the lowest amount of dietary iron (added as ferrous sulfate) that would reduce calf performance. Calves tolerated all iron treatments except 5000 ppm. At this intake calves showed reduced weight gains, DM intake, feed efficiency, and digestibility of DM and protein. There were no other signs of iron toxicity and no gross abnormalities were found on postmortem examination. Percent of dietary iron in feces increased with higher dietary iron and ranged from 65 to 84%. Elevated iron intakes caused relatively small increases in iron concentration of blood plasma, bile, kidney, heart, and muscle but marked increased in spleen and liver iron, particularly in liver for the 2000 and 5000 ppm treatments. At 100 ppm iron intake, nonheme iron in liver, spleen, and kidney was composed of similar proportions of ferritin and hemosiderin, but at 5000 ppm iron intake, hemosiderin predominated in these tissues. Thus, the preruminant calf tolerated between 2000 and 5000 ppm iron in milk replacer. At toxic iron intake, calf performance and feed efficiency were reduced; there was a characteristic change to higher liver than spleen iron; and hemosiderin became the predominant iron storage compound in both tissues.
Particle-size effect of nanoscale platinum catalysts in oxygen reduction reaction: an electrochemical and 195Pt EC-NMR study (2006)

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) measurements and (195)Pt electrochemical nuclear magnetic resonance (EC-NMR) spectroscopy were combined to study a series of carbon-supported platinum nanoparticle electrocatalysts (Pt/CB) with average diameters in the range of roughly 1-5 nm. ORR rate constants and H(2)O(2) yields evaluated from hydrodynamic voltammograms did not show any particle size dependency. The apparent activation energy of 37 kJ mol(-1), obtained for the ORR rate constant, was identical to that obtained for bulk platinum electrodes. Pt/CB catalysts on Nafion produced only 0.7-1% of H(2)O(2), confirming that the direct four-electron reduction of O(2) to H(2)O is the predominant reaction. NMR spectral features showed characteristic size dependence, and the line shapes were reproduced by using the layer-deconvolution model. Namely, the variations in the NMR spectra with particle size can be explained as due to the combined effect of the layer-by-layer variation of the s-type and d-type local density of states. However, the surface peak position of (195)Pt NMR spectra and the spin-lattice relaxation time of surface platinum atoms showed practically no change with the particle size variation. We conclude that there is a negligible difference in the surface electronic properties of these Pt/CB catalysts due to size variations and therefore, the ORR activities are not affected by the differences in the particle size.
Effect of Surface Properties on Nanoparticle–Cell Interactions (2009)

The interaction of nanomaterials with cells and lipid bilayers is critical in many applications such as phototherapy, imaging, and drug/gene delivery. These applications require a firm control over nanoparticle-cell interactions, which are mainly dictated by surface properties of nanoparticles. This critical Review presents an understanding of how synthetic and natural chemical moieties on the nanoparticle surface (in addition to nanoparticle shape and size) impact their interaction with lipid bilayers and cells. Challenges for undertaking a systematic study to elucidate nanoparticle-cell interactions are also discussed.
Cellular Transport Mechanisms (1978)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Mobiflage: Deniable Storage Encryptionfor Mobile Devices (2014)

Data confidentiality can be effectively preserved through encryption. In certain situations, this is inadequate, as users may be coerced into disclosing their decryption keys. Steganographic techniques and deniable encryption algorithms have been devised to hide the very existence of encrypted data. We examine the feasibility and efficacy of deniable encryption for mobile devices. To address obstacles that can compromise plausibly deniable encryption (PDE) in a mobile environment, we design a system called Mobiflage. Mobiflage enables PDE on mobile devices by hiding encrypted volumes within random data in a devices free storage space. We leverage lessons learned from deniable encryption in the desktop environment, and design new countermeasures for threats specific to mobile systems. We provide two implementations for the Android OS, to assess the feasibility and performance of Mobiflage on different hardware profiles. MF-SD is designed for use on devices with FAT32 removable SD cards. Our MF-MTP variant supports devices that instead share a single internal partition for both apps and user accessible data. MF-MTP leverages certain Ext4 file system mechanisms and uses an adjusted data-block allocator. These new techniques for soring hidden volumes in Ext4 file systems can also be applied to other file systems to enable deniable encryption for desktop OSes and other mobile platforms.
Daily serum interleukin-6 monitoring in multiple organ transplantation with or without liver allografts. (1996)

We previously reported that daily monitored serum or plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels maybe a good premonitor of liver allograft rejection and also a useful predictor of long-term graft prognosis.1

Histopathologically, liver allograft rejection is characterized by a cellular infiltration consisting mainly of monocytes/macrophages and activated T lymphocytes. IL-6 is an inflammatory cytokine mainly secreted by monocytes/macrophages and endothelial cells. Kupffer cells and vascular endothelial cells in the liver may also secrete IL-6. Therefore, both infiltrating host immune cells and allograft cells (activated Kupffer and endothelial cells) may play a role in producing IL-6. The liver is the largest organ in the human body and potentially produces IL-6. The liver is also the major target organ of IL-6.

To clarify this phenomenon (ie. that the major source of IL-6 is the liver allograft), we evaluated sequential serum IL-6 levels in various organ transplants with and without liver allografts.
Selective growth and chracterization of InGaAs Quantum Dots on patterned InP substrates utilizaing a diblock copolymer template (2009)

To realize the theoretical advantages of Quantum Dots (QDs) as the active region for diode lasers, the selective growth of QDs on patterned substrates were investigated. The substrate nanopatterning and QD formation was realized by diblock copolymers combined with selective MOCVD growth. Using a CF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> reactive ion etch (RIE) and a sacrificial SiN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> mask, diblock copolymer nanopattern was transferred to InGaAs QDs on top of prepared InGaAsP / InP substrates and then QDs were grown selective ly by MOCVD. Since growth temperature of patterned QDs is free from QD formation mechanism, unlike self-assembled QDs, two samples were grown at relatively higher temperatures (550 degC and 630 degC) and a significant improvement in photoluminescence (PL) was observed from the sample grown at higher temperature.
A New Humanized Mouse Model of Epstein‐Barr Virus Infection That Reproduces Persistent Infection, Lymphoproliferative Disorder, and Cell‐Mediated and Humoral Immune Responses (2008)

The functional human immune system, including T, B, and natural killer lymphocytes, is reconstituted in NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rgamma(null) (NOG) mice that receive hematopoietic stem cell transplants. Here, we show that these humanized mice can recapitulate key aspects of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in humans. Inoculation with approximately 1 x 10(3) TD(50) (50% transforming dose) of EBV caused B cell lymphoproliferative disorder, with histopathological findings and latent EBV gene expression remarkably similar to that in immunocompromised patients. Inoculation with a low dose of virus (<or=1 x 10(1) TD(50)), in contrast, resulted in apparently asymptomatic persistent infection. Levels of activated CD8(+) T cells increased dramatically in the peripheral blood of infected mice, and enzyme-linked immunospot assay and flow cytometry demonstrated an EBV-specific T cell response. Immunoglobulin M antibody specific to the EBV-encoded protein BFRF3 was detected in serum from infected mice. The NOG mouse is the most comprehensive small-animal model of EBV infection described to date and should facilitate studies of the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of EBV infection.
Missense Mutations at Lysine 350 in b2-Tubulin Confer Altered Sensitivity to Microtubule Inhibitors in Chlamydomonas (1990)

Vincent D. Lee, Bessie Huang, Missense Mutations at Lysine 350 in β2-Tubulin Confer Altered Sensitivity to Microtubule Inhibitors in Chlamydomonas, The Plant Cell, Vol. 2, No. 11 (Nov., 1990), pp. 1051-1057
Protein Engineering Strategies to Expand CRISPR-Cas9 Applications (2018)

The development of precise and modulated methods for customized manipulation of DNA is an important objective for the study and engineering of biological processes and is essential for the optimization of gene therapy, metabolic flux, and synthetic gene networks. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat- (CRISPR-) associated protein 9 is an RNA-guided site-specific DNA-binding complex that can be reprogrammed to specifically interact with a desired DNA sequence target. CRISPR-Cas9 has been used in a wide variety of applications ranging from basic science to the clinic, such as gene therapy, gene regulation, modifying epigenomes, and imaging chromosomes. Although Cas9 has been successfully used as a precise tool in all these applications, some limitations have also been reported, for instance (i) a strict dependence on a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) sequence, (ii) aberrant off-target activity, (iii) the large size of Cas9 is problematic for CRISPR delivery, and (iv) lack of modulation of protein binding and endonuclease activity, which is crucial for precise spatiotemporal control of gene expression or genome editing. These obstacles hinder the use of CRISPR for disease treatment and in wider biotechnological applications. Protein-engineering approaches offer solutions to overcome the limitations of Cas9 and generate robust and efficient tools for customized DNA manipulation. Here, recent protein-engineering approaches for expanding the versatility of the <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> Cas9 (SpCas9) is reviewed, with an emphasis on studies that improve or develop novel protein functions through domain fusion or splitting, rational design, and directed evolution.
Possible involvement of differential splicing in regulation of the activity of Arabidopsis ANP1 that is related to mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) (1997)

Three types of Arabidopsis cDNA (cANP1, cANP2 and cANP3) have been isolated that encode putative protein kinases, designated ANP1, ANP2 and ANP3. These kinases exhibit a high degree of homology to NPK1, a tobacco protein that is a member of the family of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs), which appears to function in the proliferation of tobacco cells. The predicted amino acid sequences of the kinase domains in the amino-terminal halves of the ANPs were more than 80% identical to that of NPK1, while the kinase-unrelated regions in the carboxy-terminal halves exhibited relatively low homology. Two species of cANP1 were identified, ANP1L cDNA (cANP1L) and ANP1S cDNA (cANP1S), which were derived from a single ANP1 gene: the former had an intron-like sequence in the coding region for the kinase-unrelated region, while the latter did not include such an intron-like sequence. cANP1L encoded a putative protein with both kinase and kinase-unrelated domains, resembling NPK1, whereas cANP1S encoded only the amino-terminal kinase domain because the intron-like sequence was absent, with resulting elimination of most of the kinase-unrelated region. Genetic analysis with mutant yeast cells showed that over-expression of cANP1L or of cANP1S activated the mating pheromone-responsive signal pathway which is mediated by a MAP kinase cascade. Moreover, the extent of such activation by cANP1S was greater than that by cANP1L. These results predict that differential splicing of the intron-like sequence in the ANP1 transcript might be at least one of the molecular mechanisms involved in the generation of active ANP1 protein kinase.
Transdermal Delivery of Metoprolol (1996)

Because metoprolol, a β1-selective adrenergic blocking agent used for treatment of hypertension and stable angina, has a short half-life after oral injection, reduction of systolic blood pressure was measured in male spontaneously hypertensive rats after administration of the drug through a transdermal patch.



Systolic pressure was reduced from a pretreatment pressure of 209 ± 16 mmHg to a post-treatment pressure of 188 ± 13 mmHg (P < 0·001) within 4 h. Pressure continued to fall until 12 h when it became steady at 173 ± 10 mmHg and remained in that range for up to 24 h. When the patch was removed after 24 h the pressure gradually increased and reached its pretreatment value within 2 h.



These results indicate that the systemic availability of metoprolol can be increased by transdermal administration.
Two Binding Modes of Netropsin are Involved in the Complex Formation with Poly(dA-dT)·Poly(dA-dT) and other Alternating DNA Duplex Polymers (1985)

Using CD measurements we show that the interaction of netropsin to poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) involves two binding modes at low ionic strength. The first and second binding modes are distinguished by a defined shift of the CD maximum and the presence of characteristic isodichroic points in the long wavelength range from 313 nm to 325 nm. The first binding mode is independent of ionic strength and is primarily determined by specific interaction to dA.dT base pairs. Employing a netropsin derivative and different salt conditions it is demonstrated that ionic contacts are essential for the second binding mode. Other alternating duplexes and natural DNA also exhibit more or less a second step in the interaction with netropsin observable at high ratio of ligand per nucleotide. The second binding mode is absent for poly(dA).poly(dT). The presence of a two-step binding mechanism is also demonstrated in the complex formation of poly(dA-dT).poly(dA-dT) with the distamycin analog consisting of pentamethylpyrrolecarboxamide. While the binding mode I of netropsin is identical with its localization in the minor groove, for binding mode II we consider two alternative interpretations.
Micro air bubble formation and its control during polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microreactors (2007)

Air bubble formation during polymerase chain reaction (PCR) thermocycling in microreactors has been reported as one of the major causes for PCR failure. In this paper we investigate the locations, mechanisms and other characteristics of the micro bubble formation inside a PCR microreactor array chip made by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) bonded with glass. The bubble formation is found to be strongly related to the micro features inside the microreactors and inside the chip bonding interface, especially near the inner corners of the microreactors, which are dependent on the micro-fabrication methods used. Gas permeability of PDMS and the wetting property of PCR sample also have influence on the air bubble formation. After investigation of various methods to control the bubble formation, we present the two most viable ones through micro bubble absorption and chip bonding interface modification. Finally, a bubble-free PCR in PDMS microreactors is demonstrated, in which the micro bubbles are suppressed with a bonding interface cladding technique.
Growth hormone treatment of obese women for 5 wk: effect on body composition and adipose tissue LPL activity (1994)

Because it has been found that growth hormone (GH) treatment of GH-deficient adults is able to reduce the total fat mass, the present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of GH treatment in obese subjects. The investigation was a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study in which nine obese females were treated with GH (0.03 mg.kg ideal body wt-1.day-1) and placebo for 5 wk. Body composition was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the quantity of intra-abdominal adipose tissue was determined by CT scan. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity was determined in fat biopsies taken from the subcutaneous abdominal and gluteal region. GH treatment significantly reduced the total fat mass from 40.5 to 38.4 kg (i.e., 5% reduction of the total fat mass; P < 0.01), whereas the fat-free mass increased from 50.5 to 53.5 kg (P < 0.01). In addition, GH treatment significantly reduced the intra-abdominal adipose tissue determined by CT scan (reduction by 7 +/- 0.3%; P < 0.02). CT scan performed at the level of the femur showed a 7% reduction in adipose tissue and a 5% increase in muscle volume in the GH group (P < 0.05). Thus no clear regional differences in the GH-mediated reduction of the adipose tissue mass were observed. GH reduced the LPL activity by approximately 50% (P < 0.01) in the adipose tissue. Finally, GH treatment significantly increased the level of plasma free fatty acids (P < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
T CELL MEMORY (1998)

Immunological memory can be defined as the faster and stronger response of an animal that follows reexposure to the same antigen. By this definition, it is an operational property of the whole animal or the immune system. Memory cells express a different pattern of cell surface markers, and they respond in several ways that are functionally different from those of naive cells. Murine memory cells are CD44 high and low in the expression of activation markers such as CD25 (IL-2R), whereas human memory cells are CD45RA-, CD45RO+. In contrast to naive cells, memory cells secrete a full range of T cell cytokines and can be polarized to secrete particular restricted patterns of secretion for both CD4 and CD8 T cells. The requirements for the activation of memory cells for proliferation and cytokine production are not quite as strict as those of naive cells, but costimulation in the broad sense is required for optimum responses and for responses to suboptimum antigen concentrations. It would appear that memory cells can persist in the absence of antigenic stimulation and persist as nondividing cells. Reencounter with the same antigen can expand the population to a new, stable, higher level and generate a separate population of CD44 high effectors that may be required for protection, while competition from other antigens can drive it down to a lower stable level. It is unclear how or where memory cells arise, but once generated they have different pathways of recirculation and homing.