gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemistry of myelin basic proteins in adult rat oligodendroglia. (1985)

Immunocytochemical demonstration of myelin basic protein (MBP) in oligodendroglia of the developing rat and human central nervous system has been reported. However, reaction with MBP antiserum was detectable only prior to and during the early phase of myelination. The lack of reaction with still actively myelinating and mature oligodendroglia has been puzzling. We report here that by the use of mild fixation and by a modification of the staining technique previously used for detection of MBP on vibratome sections, staining of oligodendroglia in sections of adult rat brain has been achieved.
Immunological Activity of Cytochrome c (1970)

Antibodieswhich fail to precipitate with the monomeric homologous cytochromes c were elicited in rabbits by the conjugate of bovine y-globulin and cytochrome c (tuna and turkey proteins)or by free monomeric cytochrome c (kangaroo and, in one case, the horse protein).Such antibodies do form precipitates and fix complement when allowed to react with the polymerized homologous antigen.In contrast, antisera elicited by monomeric human, MQCQCQ mulaffa,
Genetically Similar Transduction Mechanisms for Touch and Hearing in Drosophila (2000)

To test the effects of mechanosensory mutations on hearing in Drosophila, we have recorded sound-evoked potentials originating from ciliated sensory neurons in Johnston's organ, the chordotonal organ that is the sensory element of the fly's antennal ear. Electrodes inserted close to the antennal nerve were used to record extracellular compound potentials evoked by near-field sound stimuli. Sound-evoked potentials are absent in atonal mutant flies, which lack Johnston's organ. Mutations in many genes involved in mechanotransduction by tactile bristles also eliminate or reduce the Johnston's organ response, indicating that related transduction mechanisms operate in each type of mechanosensory organ. In addition, the sound-evoked response is affected by two mutations that do not affect bristle mechanotransduction, beethoven (btv) and touch-insensitive-larvaB (tilB). btv shows defects in the ciliary dilation, an elaboration of the axoneme that is characteristic of chordotonal cilia. tilB, which also causes male sterility, shows structural defects in sperm flagellar axonemes. This suggests that in addition to the shared transduction mechanism, axonemal integrity and possibly ciliary motility are required for signal amplification or transduction by chordotonal sensory neurons.
Renal denervation normalizes pressure and baroreceptor reflex in high renin hypertension in conscious rats. (1992)

High renin hypertension is usually accompanied by impairment of the baroreceptor reflexes. This feature has been mostly ascribed to overactivity of the renin-angiotensin system. However, renal nerves could also modulate the baroreceptor reflexes. In the present experiments, the effect of renal denervation on the depressed baroreceptor reflexes was studied in rats subjected to aortic ligation between the renal arteries. Renal denervation of the ischemic kidney was performed at the same time as aortic ligation. The resulting effects on arterial pressure, heart rate, plasma renin activity, and baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate were studied 10-12 days after ligation and denervation. Aortic ligation induced high levels of mean arterial pressure (166 +/- 6 versus 110 +/- 3 mm Hg in controls), heart rate (380 +/- 9 versus 352 +/- 8 beats per minute in controls), and plasma renin activity (44 +/- 5 versus 6 +/- 1.2 ng angiotensin I/ml/hr). The baroreceptor reflex sensitivity for bradycardia and tachycardia was significantly reduced (-0.18 +/- 0.04 and -0.18 +/- 0.05, respectively, versus -2.3 +/- 0.01 and -2.4 +2- 0.1 beats per minute per mm Hg in controls). Denervation of the ischemic kidney attenuated the development of hypertension in aortic-ligated rats (122 +/- 3 mm Hg), lowering heart rate (319 +/- 8 beats per minute) and normalizing baroreceptor reflex sensitivity to bradycardia (-2.0 +/- 0.2 beats per minute per mm Hg) and to tachycardia (-4.0 +/- 0.1 beats per minute per mm Hg). Plasma renin activity was also normalized (4.3 +/- 2.4 ng angiotensin I/ml/hr).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Defending against path-based DoS attacks in wireless sensor networks (2005)

Denial of service (DoS) attacks can cause serious damage in resource-constrained, wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper addresses an especially damaging form of DoS attack, called PDoS (Path-based Denial of Service). In a PDoS attack, an adversary overwhelms sensor nodes a long distance away by flooding a multi-hop end-to-end communication path with either replayed packets or injected spurious packets. This paper proposes a solution using one-way hash chains to protect end-to-end communications in WSNs against PDoS attacks. The proposed solution is lightweight, tolerates bursty packet losses, and can easily be implemented in modern WSNs. The paper reports on performance measured from a prototype implementation.
Reinforcement and Imitation Learning via Interactive No-Regret Learning (2014)

Recent work has demonstrated that problems-- particularly imitation learning and structured prediction-- where a learner's predictions influence the input-distribution it is tested on can be naturally addressed by an interactive approach and analyzed using no-regret online learning. These approaches to imitation learning, however, neither require nor benefit from information about the cost of actions. We extend existing results in two directions: first, we develop an interactive imitation learning approach that leverages cost information; second, we extend the technique to address reinforcement learning. The results provide theoretical support to the commonly observed successes of online approximate policy iteration. Our approach suggests a broad new family of algorithms and provides a unifying view of existing techniques for imitation and reinforcement learning.
Fully Homomorphic Encryption without Bootstrapping. (2011)

We present a radically new approach to fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) that dramatically improves performance and bases security on weaker assumptions. A central conceptual contribution in our work is a new way of constructing leveled fully homomorphic encryption schemes (capable of evaluating arbitrary polynomial-size circuits), without Gentry’s bootstrapping procedure. Specifically, we offer a choice of FHE schemes based on the learning with error (LWE) or ring-LWE (RLWE) problems that have 2 λ security against known attacks. For RLWE, we have: • A leveled FHE scheme that can evaluate L-level arithmetic circuits with Õ(λ · L3) per-gate computation – i.e., computation quasi-linear in the security parameter. Security is based on RLWE for an approximation factor exponential in L. This construction does not use the bootstrapping procedure. • A leveled FHE scheme that uses bootstrapping as an optimization, where the per-gate computation (which includes the bootstrapping procedure) is Õ(λ2), independent of L. Security is based on the hardness of RLWE for quasi-polynomial factors (as opposed to the sub-exponential factors needed in previous schemes).
Paraguay - social development issues for poverty alleviation : country social analysis (2004)

The Country Social Analysis (CSA) is a new type of World Bank-financed study that seeks to provide an overview of key opportunities and constraints to sustainable development from a social development perspective. This Paraguay case study analyzes existing information and summarizes the main features of the socioeconomic, cultural, political and institutional context of Paraguay. It identifies constraints for poverty alleviation and inclusive development, opportunities for addressing those constraints, and the social development inputs that can contribute to the advancement of the Bank's strategy in Paraguay. The CSA is intended to feed into the World Bank's Country Assistance Strategy and other economic and sector work, as well as into project-related work. This report was prepared between December 2002 and March 2003 by a team of Bank Staff and consultants. It is based on currently available information and in-depth interviews with a broad range of stakeholders. In August 2003, a new administration took office, and since then many and positive significant changes have taken place. However, this report has not been updated to reflect these changes. Rather, it should be read as a baseline of social issues and attitudes prevalent in Paraguay prior to the current administration assuming office.
Enhancing throughput over wireless LANs using channel state dependent packet scheduling (2002)

Unlike wired networks, packets transmitted on wireless channels are often subject to burst errors which cause back to back packet losses. Most wireless LAN link layer protocols recover from packet losses by retransmitting lost segments. When the wireless channel is in a burst error state, most retransmission attempts fail thereby causing poor utilization of the wireless channel. Furthermore, in the event of multiple sessions sharing a wireless link, FIFO packet scheduling can cause the HOL blocking effect, resulting in unfair sharing of the bandwidth. This observation leads to a new class of packet dispatching methods which explicitly take the wireless channel characteristics into consideration in making packet dispatching decisions. We compare a variety of channel state dependent packet (CSDP) scheduling methods with a view towards enhancing the performance of the transport layer sessions. Our results indicate that by employing a CSDP scheduler at the wireless LAN device driver level, significant improvement in the channel utilization can be achieved in typical wireless LAN configurations.
Rebound Weight Gain as Associated With High Plasma Norepinephrine Levels That Are Mediated Through Polymorphisms in the β2-Adrenoceptor (2005)

A high initial degree of body fat mass and high plasma NE levels as determined by the Gly16 allele for the beta2-adrenoceptor polymorphisms predict those individuals who will have rebound weight gain after their initial successful weight loss.
Nonequilibrium Mechanics of Active Cytoskeletal Networks (2007)

Cells both actively generate and sensitively react to forces through their mechanical framework, the cytoskeleton, which is a nonequilibrium composite material including polymers and motor proteins. We measured the dynamics and mechanical properties of a simple three-component model system consisting of myosin II, actin filaments, and cross-linkers. In this system, stresses arising from motor activity controlled the cytoskeletal network mechanics, increasing stiffness by a factor of nearly 100 and qualitatively changing the viscoelastic response of the network in an adenosine triphosphate-dependent manner. We present a quantitative theoretical model connecting the large-scale properties of this active gel to molecular force generation.
Stimulation of arteriogenesis; a new concept for the treatment of arterial occlusive disease (2001)

After birth two forms of vessel growth can be observed; angiogenesis and arteriogenesis. Angiogenesis refers to the formation of capillary networks. Arteriogenesis refers to the growth of preexistent collateral arterioles leading to formation of large conductance arteries that are well capable to compensate for the loss of function of occluded arteries. The process of arteriogenesis is initiated when shear stresses increase in the preexistent collateral pathways upon narrowing of a main artery. The increased shear stress leads to an upregulation of cell adhesion molecules for circulating monocytes, which accumulate subsequently around the proliferating arteries and provide the several required cytokines and growth factors. Several strategies are currently tested for their potential to stimulate the process of arteriogenesis. These strategies focus either at shear stress, at direct stimulation of endothelial and smooth muscle cell growth or at the monocytic pathway and promising results were obtained from experimental studies. However, some important questions remain to be answered before arteriogenesis can be brought from bench to bedside.
Laser welding in high production (1983)

This paper discusses washing and handling combinations, fit-up, and joint design in high power/high production carbon dioxide laser welding. If a bad washing and handling combination is picked, one runs the risk of up to 30% leakers if a leakproof joint is desired. Parameters used for fit-up in high volume production is discussed. Finally, joint design discusses the entry side of the beam for lap welds, spatter problems, and joint design for stampings.
Controlling Electroosmotic Flow in Microchannels with pH-Responsive Polyelectrolyte Multilayers (2003)

A polyelectrolyte multilayer coating comprising acrylic acid or imidazole units afforded precise control over the rate and direction of electroosmotic flow within fused silica capillaries. Morphological changes accompanying the pH-induced switching of surface charge were minimized by diluting the pH-responsive polyelectrolyte with permanently charged polymer. Electroosmotic stability over many runs was demonstrated.
Catalytic editing properties of DNA polymerases. (1995)

Enzymatic incorporation of 2',3'-dideoxynucleotides into DNA results in chain termination. We report that 3'-esterified 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates (dNTPs) are false chain-terminator substrates since DNA polymerases, including human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase, can incorporate them into DNA and, subsequently, use this new 3' end to insert the next correctly paired dNTP. Likewise, a DNA substrate with a primer chemically esterified at the 3' position can be extended efficiently upon incubation with dNTPs and T7 DNA polymerase lacking 3'-to-5' exonuclease activity. This enzyme is also able to use dTTP-bearing reporter groups in the 3' position conjugated through amide or thiourea bonds and cleave them to restore a DNA chain terminated by an amino group at the 3' end. Hence, a number of DNA polymerases exhibit wide catalytic versatility at the 3' end of the nascent DNA strand. As part of the polymerization mechanism, these capabilities extend the number of enzymatic activities associated with these enzymes and also the study of interactions between DNA polymerases and nucleotide analogues.
Fuel/time optimal control of the benchmark two-mass/spring system (2005)

Design of fuel/time optimal control of the benchmark two-mass/spring system is addressed in the frequency domain. The optimal control profile is represented as the output of a time-delay filter, where the amplitude of the time-delayed signals are constrained to satisfy the control bounds. The time-delays of the filter are determined by solving a parameter optimization problem which minimizes a weighted fuel/time cost function subject to the constraint that the time-delay filter cancel all the poles of the system and the control profile satisfies the rigid body boundary conditions. It is shown that three control structures exist. A three switch profile corresponding to the time-optimal control problem which changes to a six switch profile corresponding to a cost function that includes a small weight on the fuel. As the weight on the fuel increases beyond a critical value, the control profile changes to a two switch profile. The value of the critical weight that represents the transition of the control profile from a 6 switch to a 2 switch control profile is determined.
Description of primordial germ cells, oogonia, oocytes and embryo-like growth in squash preparations of tissues from hematological malignancies. (1996)

This study evidences the presence of primordial germ cells, in tissue squash preparations and sections from hematological malignancies. Primordial germ cells were identified by their morphology, the intense PAS, PAS-D reaction and presence of calcium-activated neutral proteinase. Primordial germ cells gave rise to nuclear vlimata. Immature oogonia exhibited a nuclear envelope and a star-shaped nuclear core, arising from acellular globose bodies impregnated by a nuclear vlima of primordial germ cell. Bone marrow tissue oogonia were PAS and PAS-D positive, identical to fungal ones. Calcium-activated neutral proteinase was demonstrated in the plasma of the acellular globose bodies, the nuclear envelope and the conglomerated primordial germ cells. Immature bone marrow oogonia progressed into mature ones, leptotene, diplotene, dictyotene and mature oocytes. Nuclear vlimata fertilized primordial germ cells, oogonia and oocytes, giving rise to round embryos at the morula and hatching morula-like stages. Embryos consisted of a zonapellucida-like cortex, composed of glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, protease and diffuse nuclear material, enclosing developing cells. Primordial germ cells, oogonia and embryos were also demonstrated in squash preparations of adult rat testis and sections of normal rat bone marrow tissues. The observations document that primordial germ cells are the primary stem cells which give rise to nuclear vlimata and oogonia, which constitute the secondary stem germ cells. The results are discussed in terms of stem cell renewal according to the events: primordial germ cells-gametes-fertilization-embryos-primordial germ cells.
Comparative Genomics of Emerging Human Ehrlichiosis Agents (2006)

Anaplasma (formerly Ehrlichia) phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Neorickettsia (formerly Ehrlichia) sennetsu are intracellular vector-borne pathogens that cause human ehrlichiosis, an emerging infectious disease. We present the complete genome sequences of these organisms along with comparisons to other organisms in the Rickettsiales order. Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. display a unique large expansion of immunodominant outer membrane proteins facilitating antigenic variation. All Rickettsiales have a diminished ability to synthesize amino acids compared to their closest free-living relatives. Unlike members of the Rickettsiaceae family, these pathogenic Anaplasmataceae are capable of making all major vitamins, cofactors, and nucleotides, which could confer a beneficial role in the invertebrate vector or the vertebrate host. Further analysis identified proteins potentially involved in vacuole confinement of the Anaplasmataceae, a life cycle involving a hematophagous vector, vertebrate pathogenesis, human pathogenesis, and lack of transovarial transmission. These discoveries provide significant insights into the biology of these obligate intracellular pathogens.
A V1-like receptor mediates vasopressin-induced flank marking behavior in hamster hypothalamus (1986)

A vasopressin-sensitive mechanism within the medial preoptic area-anterior hypothalamus (MPOA-AH) appears to be essential for expression of a complex behavior involved in olfactory communication in Golden hamsters called flank marking. The present study investigated whether the induction of flank marking by arginine-vasopressin (AVP) within the MPOA-AH is mediated by a receptor that is more similar to the vasopressor (V1) or the antidiurectic (V2) AVP receptor. Adult male hamsters were anesthetized and implanted with a 26 gauge guide cannula stereotaxically aimed at the MPOA-AH and then microinjected with analogs of vasopressin, oxytocin, and selective V1 and V2 antagonists. Hamsters were tested for flank-marking behavior during a 5 or 10 min observation period following the injection of peptide in a vehicle of 100 nl of saline. None of the 15 analogs of AVP and oxytocin produced more flank marking than the 50.8 +/- 16.2 and 76.8 +/- 4.4 (mean +/- SEM; n = 4) flank marks observed following injection of AVP at the 1 or 10 ng dose, respectively. The number of flank marks produced by each analog was found to be highly related to the pressor activity of that analog at both the 1 ng (rho = +0.74, p less than 0.01) and 10 ng (rho = +0.82, p less than 0.01) doses. In contrast, no statistically reliable relationship between flank marking and the antidiuretic activity of these analogs was found at either dose (1 ng: rho = +0.07, p greater than 0.05; 10 ng: rho = +0.10, p greater than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Psychiatry in Traditional Chinese Medicine (1981)

Psychiatry in traditional Chinese medicine had a long evolution, but is now under re-evaluation. Modern psychiatry in China is based on Western psychiatry, and has a history of less than one hundred years since the first lunatic asylum was set up in Guangzhou (Canton) in 1898 (1, 2, 3) and the first generation of Chinese psychiatrists was trained by an American psychiatrist, Dr Lyman, in Peking Union Medical College, in the 1930s. The present paper is a brief introduction to psychiatry in traditional Chinese medicine.
Production of interleukin 10 by islet cells accelerates immune-mediated destruction of beta cells in nonobese diabetic mice. (1994)

The T helper type 2 (Th2) cell product interleukin 10 (IL-10) inhibits the proliferation and function of Th1 lymphocytes and macrophages (M phi). The nonobese diabetic mouse strain (NOD/Shi) develops a M phi and T cell-dependent autoimmune diabetes that closely resembles human insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The objective of the present study was to explore the consequences of localized production of IL-10 on diabetes development in NOD/Shi mice. Surprisingly, local production of IL-10 accelerated the onset and increased the prevalence of diabetes, since diabetes developed at 5-10 wk of age in 92% of IL-10 positive I-A beta g7/g7, I-E- mice in first (N2) and second (N3) generation backcrosses between IL-10 transgenic BALB/c mice and (NOD/Shi) mice. None of the IL-10 negative major histocompatibility complex-identical littermates were diabetic at this age. Furthermore, diabetes developed in 33% of I-A beta g7/d, I-E+ N3 mice in the presence of IL-10 before the mice were 10 wk old. Our findings support the notion that IL-10 should not simply be regarded as an immunoinhibitory cytokine, since it possesses powerful, immunostimulatory properties as well. Furthermore, our observations suggest that beta cell destruction in NOD mice may be a Th2-mediated event.