gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Digital filters for coherent optical receivers (2008)

Digital filters underpin the performance of coherent optical receivers which exploit digital signal processing (DSP) to mitigate transmission impairments. We outline the principles of such receivers and review our experimental investigations into compensation of polarization mode dispersion. We then consider the details of the digital filtering employed and present an analytical solution to the design of a chromatic dispersion compensating filter. Using the analytical solution an upper bound on the number of taps required to compensate chromatic dispersion is obtained, with simulation revealing an improved bound of 2.2 taps per 1000ps/nm for 10.7GBaud data. Finally the principles of digital polarization tracking are outlined and through simulation, it is demonstrated that 100krad/s polarization rotations could be tracked using DSP with a clock frequency of less than 500MHz.
OPTICAL AND ELECTRO-OPTICAL INFORMATION PROCESSING, (1965)

Contents: An optically accessed memory using the hippmann process for information storage; A quantum optical phenomenon, implications for logic; Picture processing; Use of Fourier transformable properties of lenses for signal spectrum analysis; Contribution of diffraction optics to optical information technology; Coherent optical technology; Character-reading by optical spatial filtering; Machine perception of three-dimensional solids; Spatial filtering for pattern recognition; Optical correlator with time variable coding; Semiconductors in coherent optical transducers and spatial filters; Injection lasers; All-optical computers; Laser effects in optical logic functions; Laser digital devices; Fiber optics and lasers; Very fast opto-electronic digital logic; Thin magnetic film wall panel display; Light emission from GaAs tunnel diodes in computers; Laser deflection and scanning; Optical signal processing systems; Digital light deflector; Gain in opto-electronic logic; Di-scan; Opticalogical recognition; Thermoplastic recordings; Photochromic semirandom access memory; Fidac; Optical image processing; Optical logic; Silicon avalanche light sources; Electrooptical signal processors for phased arrays; Optical holography (Wavefront reconstruction imaging).
Imide- and Amide-Functionalized Polymer Semiconductors (2014)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTImide- and Amide-Functionalized Polymer SemiconductorsXugang Guo*†, Antonio Facchetti*‡§, and Tobin J. Marks*‡View Author Information† Department of Materials Science and Engineering, South University of Science and Technology of China, No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China‡ Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States§ Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States*E-mail: [email protected]*E-mail: [email protected]*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 18, 8943–9021Publication Date (Web):September 2, 2014Publication History Received23 April 2014Published online2 September 2014Published inissue 24 September 2014https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr500225dhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr500225dreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2014 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views15362Altmetric-Citations877LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Chemical structure,Electrical conductivity,Polymers,Semiconductors,Thermoresponsive polymers Get e-Alerts
Development of a TT Virus DNA Quantification System Using Real-Time Detection PCR (2000)

Although TT virus (TTV) was isolated from a cryptogenic posttransfusion hepatitis patient, its pathogenic role remains unclear. It has been reported that the majority of the healthy population is infected with TTV. To elucidate the differences between TTV infection in patients with liver diseases and TTV infection in the healthy population, a quantification system was developed. TTV DNA was quantified by a real-time detection PCR (RTD-PCR) assay on an ABI Prism 7700 sequence detector. With this system, TTV DNA was quantified in 78 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients (63 with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase [ALT] levels and 15 with normal ALT levels) and in 70 voluntary blood donors (BDs). The quantification range was 2.08 to 7.35 log copies/ml. The intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation were 0.37 to 6.33% and 0.60 to 7.07%, respectively. The mean serum TTV DNA levels in the HCV-infected patients with both elevated and normal ALT levels and BDs were 3.69 +/- 0.89, 3.45 +/- 0.76, and 3.45 +/- 0.67 log copies/ml, respectively. Comparison of the serum TTV DNA levels among the HCV-infected patients revealed that they were not related to the serum ALT and HCV core protein levels or to the histopathological score on liver biopsy. This study showed that (i) the RTD-PCR assay for the detection of TTV was accurate and had a high degree of sensitivity, (ii) the mean serum TTV DNA level was similar among HCV-infected patients, irrespective of their ALT level, and also among BDs, and (iii) a high serum TTV DNA level does not affect the serum ALT and HCV levels or liver damage in HCV-infected patients.
Mapping of a dengue virus neutralizing epitope critical for the infectivity of all serotypes: insight into the neutralization mechanism (2001)

Dengue virus infections are a growing public health concern and strategies to control the spread of the virus are urgently needed. The murine monoclonal antibody 4E11 might be of interest, since it neutralizes dengue viruses of all serotypes by binding to the 296-400 segment of the major dengue virus envelope glycoprotein (DE). When phage-displayed peptide libraries were screened by affinity for 4E11, phage clone C1 was selected with a 50% frequency. C1 shared three of nine residues with DE(306-314) and showed significant reactivity to 4E11 in ELISA. C1-induced antibodies cross-reacted with DE(296-400) in mice, suggesting that it was a structural equivalent of the native epitope of 4E11 on DE. Accordingly, 4E11 bound to the DE(306-314) synthetic peptide and this reaction was inhibited by DE(296-400). Moreover, DE(306-314) could block dengue virus infection of target cells in an in vitro assay. A three-dimensional model of DE revealed that the three amino acids shared by DE(296-400) and C1 were exposed to the solvent and suggested that most of the amino acids comprising the 4E11 epitope were located in the DE(306-314) region. Since 4E11 blocked the binding of DE(296-400) to heparin, which is a highly sulfated heparan sulfate (HSHS) molecule, 4E11 may act by neutralizing the interaction of DE(306-314) with target cell-displayed HSHS. Our data suggest that the DE(306-314) segment is critical for the infectivity of all dengue virus serotypes and that molecules that block the binding of DE(306-314) to HSHS may be antiviral reagents of therapeutic interest.
Wavelet-based multiresolution local tomography (1997)

We develop an algorithm to reconstruct the wavelet coefficients of an image from the Radon transform data. The proposed method uses the properties of wavelets to localize the Radon transform and can be used to reconstruct a local region of the cross section of a body, using almost completely local data that significantly reduces the amount of exposure and computations in X-ray tomography. The property that distinguishes our algorithm from the previous algorithms is based on the observation that for some wavelet bases with sufficiently many vanishing moments, the ramp-filtered version of the scaling function as well as the wavelet function has extremely rapid decay. We show that the variance of the elements of the null-space is negligible in the locally reconstructed image. Also, we find an upper bound for the reconstruction error in terms of the amount of data used in the algorithm. To reconstruct a local region 16 pixels in radius in a 256x256 image, we require 22% of full exposure data.
A Stereospecific Total Synthesis of 18-Substituted Steroids. Application to the Synthesis of dl-Conessine (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Stereospecific Total Synthesis of 18-Substituted Steroids. Application to the Synthesis of dl-ConessineGilbert. Stork, S. D. Darling, Ian T. Harrison, and Peter S. WhartonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 10, 2018–2020Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00869a060https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00869a060research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views665Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Presentation Counts: Microenvironmental Regulation of Stem Cells by Biophysical and Material Cues (2010)

Stem cells reside in adult and embryonic tissues in a broad spectrum of developmental stages and lineages, and they are thus naturally exposed to diverse microenvironments or niches that modulate their hallmark behaviors of self-renewal and differentiation into one or more mature lineages. Within each such microenvironment, stem cells sense and process multiple biochemical and biophysical cues, which can exert redundant, competing, or orthogonal influences to collectively regulate cell fate and function. The proper presentation of these myriad regulatory signals is required for tissue development and homeostasis, and their improper appearance can potentially lead to disease. Whereas these complex regulatory cues can be challenging to dissect using traditional cell culture paradigms, recently developed engineered material systems offer advantages for investigating biochemical and biophysical cues, both static and dynamic, in a controlled, modular, and quantitative fashion. Advances in the development and use of such systems have helped elucidate novel regulatory mechanisms controlling stem cell behavior, particularly the importance of solid-phase mechanical and immobilized biochemical microenvironmental signals, with implications for basic stem cell biology, disease, and therapeutics.
CeO2-Modified Fe2O3 for CO2 Utilization via Chemical Looping (2013)

Both pure and mixed CeO2–Fe2O3 were prepared for CO2 reduction to CO by chemical looping. The crystallographic structure of the investigated materials was monitored in situ during H2 reduction and CO2 oxidation. A solid solution of iron in ceria was identified. Up to 70 wt % CeO2, a distinct Fe2O3 hematite phase occurred next to the solid solution. At higher CeO2 content, no diffraction patterns corresponding to iron oxide phases were present, but upon H2 temperature programmed reduction, a metal iron phase appeared. The Fe2O3 phase at lower CeO2 content, during H2 temperature programmed reduction, completely reduced at 700 °C while the solid solution was only partially reduced. For all investigated samples, CO2 reoxidized iron in one-step to Fe3O4 from 500 °C during temperature programmed oxidation. Adding CeO2 to Fe2O3 was beneficial for the materials activity and stability. Isothermal redox cycles were performed without significant loss of CO2 conversion. The highest CO yield was obtained for 20 wt % CeO2–Fe2O3, but 50 and 70 wt % CeO2–Fe2O3 were the most stable combinations.
The electric discharge of the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus) (1937)

The electrical power developed by certain fishes has stirred the imagination of investigators since the earliest times, but an adequate, thorough, explanation of the phenomenon is still unavailable.Since there is still much to be explained in the physiology of skin and muscle, from which the electric organs of the various electric fishes are derived, we thought it well to attempt an explanation of the external manifestation by an analysis of the electrical currents and potentials as they may be examined at present and, perhaps, to suggest the internal electrical mechanism from this analysis.The present paper then, is largely concerned with the physics of the external electrical phenomena.Of all the electric fishes the Electric Eel is the largest and develops most power, and to our minds offers the most suitable medium for investigation.Besides, the other electric fishes, Torpedo ( Raia ), Malopterurus, the Electric Mormyridae, and Astroscopus, are not so easily available to us as the eel, and do not withstand the necessary laboratory manipulation as well.The Electric Eel is more or less circular in cross-section, depressed at the head and compressed at the tail.The length is roughly ten times the greatest diameter.
Reaction Rates and Heats by the Temperature Rise in a Stirred Flow Reactor1 (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction Rates and Heats by the Temperature Rise in a Stirred Flow Reactor1Myron J. Rand and Louis P. HammettCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 1, 287–293Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01157a077https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01157a077research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views106Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effect of mutations in the nucleocapsid protein (NCp7) upon Pr160(gag-pol) and tRNA(Lys) incorporation into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (1997)

COS-7 cells were transfected with DNAs containing mutations in the NCp7 sequences of human immunodeficiency virus. Selective incorporation into the virus of tRNA(Lys) was measured by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and Pr160(gag-pol) incorporation into the virus was detected in Western blots of viral protein. Mutations tested included cysteine and histidine mutations in either of the Cys-His boxes, as well as mutations in the N- and C-terminal flanking regions and in the linker region between the two Cys-His boxes. Of 10 mutations tested, only 2 inhibited tRNA(Lys) incorporation: a P31L mutation in the linker region and a deletion which removed both Cys-His boxes and the linker region (deltaK14-T50). The P31L mutation prevents the incorporation of Pr160(gag-pol) into the virus. Cotransfection of COS cells with both P31L DNA and a plasmid coding only for unprocessed Pr160(gag-pol) resulted in the viral incorporation of Pr160(gag-pol) and the rescue of selective packaging of tRNA(Lys) into the virion. In the deltaK14-T50 mutant, Pr160(gag-pol) is incorporated into the virus. Selective tRNA(Lys) packaging is not rescued by cotransfection with a plasmid coding for Pr160(gag-pol) but is rescued by cotransfection with DNA coding for wild-type Pr55(gag). Since Pr55(gag) does not by itself selectively package tRNA(Lys), the deltaK14-T50 mutation may be affecting tRNA(Lys) binding to a cytoplasmic Pr55(gag)/Pr160(gag-pol) complex.
Toward a New Readability: A Mixed Model Approach (2007)

This study is a preliminary examination into the use of Coh-Metrix, a computational tool that measures cohesion and text difficulty at various levels of language, discourse, and conceptual analysis, as a means of measuring English text readability.The study uses 3 Coh-Metrix variables to analyze 32 academic reading texts and their corresponding readability scores.The results show that two indices, one measuring lexical co-referentiality and one measuring word frequency, mixed with an estimate of syntactic complexity, yield a prediction of reading difficulty that is similar to traditional readability formulas.The study demonstrates that Coh-Metrix variables can contribute to a readability prediction that better reflects the psycholinguistic factors of reading comprehension.
Production of xanthan gum by Sphingomonas bacteria carrying genes from Xanthomonas campestris (1997)

Twelve genes coding for assembly, acetylation, pyruvylation, polymerization, and secretion of the polysaccharide xanthan gum are clustered together on the chromosome of the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. These genes (gumBCDEFGHIJKLM) are sufficient for synthesis of xanthan gum when placed in bacteria from a different genus, Sphingomonas. The polysaccharide from the recombinant microorganism is largely indistinguishable, structurally and functionally, from native xanthan gum. These results demonstrate that a complex pathway for biosynthesis of a specific polysaccharide can be acquired by a single inter-generic transfer of genes between bacteria. This suggests the biological and commercial feasibility of synthesizing xanthan gum or other polysaccharides in non-native hosts.
Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins isolated by selected-affinity anti-apolipoprotein B immunosorption from human atherosclerotic plaque. (1994)

We isolated and characterized immunoreactive apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins from human atherosclerotic plaque and plasma to determine whether very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) can enter and become incorporated into the atherosclerotic lesion and how plaque apoB-containing lipoproteins differ from apoB-containing lipoproteins isolated from plasma. Atherosclerotic plaques were obtained during aortic surgery and processed immediately. Lipoproteins were extracted from minced plaque in a buffered saline solution (extract A). In selected cases a second extraction was done after plaque was incubated with collagenase (extract B). Lipoproteins were then isolated from the extracts by anti-apoB immunosorption and separated into VLDL + intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) (d < 1.019 g/mL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (1.019 < d < 1.070 g/mL) fractions by ultracentrifugation. The VLDL + IDL fractions from plaque contained more than one third of the total apoB-associated lipoprotein cholesterol in both extracts A and B. The lipid composition of VLDL + IDL in both extracts was related to that of plasma VLDL + IDL. By electron microscopy mean particle diameters of VLDL + IDL from extracts A and B were 9% and 23%, respectively, greater than VLDL + IDL diameters from plasma. Mean diameters of LDL from extracts A and B were 11% and 31% greater than LDL diameters from plasma. The apoE-apoB ratio of extract A VLDL + IDL was nearly twice that of plasma VLDL + IDL and severalfold higher than that of extract A LDL. Immunoblots of both VLDL + IDL and LDL from extract A demonstrated minimal fragmentation of apoB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cancer statistics, 2019 (2019)

Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data, available through 2015, were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data, available through 2016, were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2019, 1,762,450 new cancer cases and 606,880 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Over the past decade of data, the cancer incidence rate (2006-2015) was stable in women and declined by approximately 2% per year in men, whereas the cancer death rate (2007-2016) declined annually by 1.4% and 1.8%, respectively. The overall cancer death rate dropped continuously from 1991 to 2016 by a total of 27%, translating into approximately 2,629,200 fewer cancer deaths than would have been expected if death rates had remained at their peak. Although the racial gap in cancer mortality is slowly narrowing, socioeconomic inequalities are widening, with the most notable gaps for the most preventable cancers. For example, compared with the most affluent counties, mortality rates in the poorest counties were 2-fold higher for cervical cancer and 40% higher for male lung and liver cancers during 2012-2016. Some states are home to both the wealthiest and the poorest counties, suggesting the opportunity for more equitable dissemination of effective cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment strategies. A broader application of existing cancer control knowledge with an emphasis on disadvantaged groups would undoubtedly accelerate progress against cancer.