gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alternative energy supply options to substitute for carbon intensive fuels (1994)

The purpose of this report is to assess how much energy could be supplied by low carbon energy technologies in China over the coming decades, and how much an expnaded alternative energy program would cost. Alternatve energy supply scenarios have been prepared for China accoridng to the following general principles: 1) from a technical standpoint, how much energy could be supplied by various technologies by a given date; and 2) how much would it cost to supply various quantities of low carbon energy compared to the least-cost energy expansion plan. Becuase many alternative energy technologies are developing rapidly, there is a great deal of uncertainty in the estimates made in this report., to be kept in mind when evaluating specific technologies and their costs. Nonetheless it is clear that coal will continue to provide the majority of China's energy needs well into the 21st century. Therefore, this report focuses on the low carbon technologies that could be substituted for coal. Two broad types of technologies have been analyzed: 1) technologies that can substitute for coal to generate electric power and 2) technologies that can substitute for coal for direct energy applications, such as industrial process heat, residential cooking, and space heating. Both the carbon dioxide reduction potential and the costs of carbon dioxide reduction from alternative energy development have been analyzed.
Chemistry, Nutrition, and Microbiology ofd-Amino Acids (1999)

Exposure of food proteins to certain processing conditions induces two major chemical changes: racemization of all L-amino acids to D-isomers and concurrent formation of cross-linked amino acids such as lysinoalanine. Racemization of L-amino acids residues to their D-isomers in food and other proteins is pH-, time-, and temperature-dependent. Although racemization rates of the 18 different L-amino acid residues in a protein vary, the relative rates in different proteins are similar. The diet contains both processing-induced and naturally formed D-amino acids. The latter include those found in microorganisms, plants, and marine invertebrates. Racemization impairs digestibility and nutritional quality. The nutritional utilization of different D-amino acids varies widely in animals and humans. In addition, some D-amino acids may be both beneficial and deleterious. Thus, although D-phenylalanine in an all-amino-acid diet is utilized as a nutritional source of L-phenylalanine, high concentrations of D-tyrosine in such diets inhibit the growth of mice. Both D-serine and lysinoalanine induce histological changes in the rat kidney. The wide variation in the utilization of D-amino acids is illustrated by the fact that whereas D-methionine is largely utilized as a nutritional source of the L-isomer, D-lysine is totally devoid of any nutritional value. Similarly, although L-cysteine has a sparing effect on L-methionine when fed to mice, D-cysteine does not. Because D-amino acids are consumed by animals and humans as part of their normal diets, a need exists to develop a better understanding of their roles in nutrition, food safety, microbiology, physiology, and medicine. To contribute to this effort, this multidiscipline-oriented overview surveys our present knowledge of the chemistry, nutrition, safety, microbiology, and pharmacology of D-amino acids. Also covered are the origin and distribution of D-amino acids in the food chain and in body fluids and tissues and recommendations for future research in each of these areas. Understanding of the integrated, beneficial effects of D-amino acids against cancer, schizophrenia, and infection, and overlapping aspects of the formation, occurrence, and biological functions of D-amino should lead to better foods and improved human health.
Glucose Concentration Regulates Freeze Tolerance In the Wood Frog Rana Sylvatica (1993)

In spring, the lowest temperature during freezing that can be survived by wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) from southern Ohio is approximately -3 degrees C. We investigated whether the thermal limit of freeze tolerance in these frogs is regulated by tissue levels of glucose, a putative cryoprotectant that is distributed to tissues during freezing. Frogs receiving exogenous glucose injections prior to freezing showed dose-dependent increases in glucose within the heart, liver, skeletal muscle and blood. Tissue glucose concentrations were further elevated during freezing by the production of endogenous glucose. Most glucose-loaded frogs survived freezing to -5 degrees C, whereas all control (saline-injected) frogs succumbed. Further, we investigated some mechanisms by which glucose might function as a cryoprotectant in R. sylvatica. Organ dehydration, a normal, beneficial response that reduces freezing injury to tissues, occurred independently of tissue glucose concentrations. However, elevated glucose levels reduced both body ice content and in vivo erythrocyte injury. These results not only provided conclusive evidence for glucose's cryoprotective role in R. sylvatica, but also revealed that tissue glucose level is a critical determinant of freeze tolerance capacity in this species.
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in an Asplenic Patient with Hereditary Spherocytosis (1988)

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a severe multisystem disorder characterized by microangiopathic hemolysis, central nervous system and renal dysfunction, and a very poor prognosis. Recently, however, plasma exchange or infusion therapy has proven effective in the majority of patients with TTP. We report a patient who developed TTP several years after splenectomy for hereditary spherocytosis. Despite aggressive therapy with plasmapheresis (PP), plasma infusion, antiplatelet drugs, and corticosteroids, the patient had progression of TTP that eventually resulted in his death. The occurrence of TTP in an asplenic patient with an intrinsic red cell disorder, a previously unreported association, may predict a poor prognosis.
Comparison of Basic Audio Quality and Timbral and Spatial Fidelity Changes Caused by Limitation of Bandwidth and by Down-Mix Algorithms in 5.1 Surround Audio Systems (2005)

The effect on audio quality of controlled multichannel audio bandwidth limitation and selected down-mix algorithms was quantified using one generic attribute (basic audio quality) and three specific attributes (timbral fidelity, frontal spatial fidelity, and surround spatial fidelity). The investigation was focused on the standard 5.1 multichannel audio setup (ITU-R BS.775-1) and was limited to the optimum listening position. The results obtained from a panel of experienced listeners indicate that the basic audio quality of multichannel recordings is more affected by timbral fidelity than by spatial fidelities. Therefore it can be concluded that in the case of broadcasting multichannel audio under highly restricted transmission conditions, it is better, in terms of basic audio quality, to sacrifice spatial fidelity by down-mixing original multichannel audio material to a lower number of broadcast audio channels than to sacrifice the timbral fidelity by transmitting all channels with limited bandwidths.
Formation of peptide amides by peptidylglycine .alpha.-amidating monooxygenase: a new assay and stereochemistry of hydrogen loss (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation of peptide amides by peptidylglycine .alpha.-amidating monooxygenase: a new assay and stereochemistry of hydrogen lossShawn E. Ramer, Hengmiao. Cheng, Monica M. Palcic, and John C. VederasCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 25, 8526–8532Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00233a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00233a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views270Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cross-linking of cytochrome oxidase subunits with difluorodinitrobenzene (1980)

Cytochrome c oxidase was treated with 1,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene at molar ratios (DFDNB:oxidase) varying from 5 to 625. At the lowest ratio, there was virtually no effect of the probe on oxidase activity or on migration of oxidase subunits on sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. At ratios of 25 and greater, there was loss of oxidase activity and a change of the pattern of subunit migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. (i) Activity loss was probably a result of severely perturbing the cytochrome c binding site since oxidase activity with a low molecular weight reductant (N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine) was unaltered. Also unaltered were the oxidized, reduced, and carbon monoxide binding spectra of the treated oxidase. (ii) The staining pattern on sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis showed that subunits III and VI disappeared from their normal positions on the gel. A new band of higher molecular weight accompanied their loss from the gel indicating that the two subunits were being cross-linked. Subunits III and VI are thus shown to have two reactive groups within 4.8 A (1 A = 0.1 nm) of one another. This proximity has not been detected with other probes that react with the same groups.
Indexing via color histograms (2002)

This paper shows color histograms to be stable object representations over change in view, and demonstrates that they can differentiate among a large number of objects. The authors introduce a technique called histogram intersection for efficiently matching model and image histograms. Color can also be used to search for the location of an object. An algorithm called histogram backprojection performs this task efficiently in crowded scenes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Human P-selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 (PSGL-1) Interacts with the Skin-associated Chemokine CCL27 via Sulfated Tyrosines at the PSGL-1 Amino Terminus (2004)

P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), a sialomucin expressed on leukocytes, is a major ligand for P-selectin and mediates leukocyte rolling on the endothelium. Here we show that human PSGL-1 interacts with CCL27 (CTACK/ILC/ESkine), a skin-associated chemokine that attracts skin-homing T lymphocytes. A recombinant soluble form of PSGL-1 (rPSGL-Ig) preferentially bound CCL27 among several chemokines tested. This interaction was abrogated by arylsulfatase treatment of rPSGL-Ig, suggesting that sulfated tyrosines play a critical role. In contrast, removal of either N-glycans or O-glycans by glycosidase treatment of rPSGL-Ig did not affect the interaction. The binding of CCL27 to a recombinant PSGL-1 synthesized in the presence of a sulfation inhibitor was lower than that produced in normal medium. Moreover, mutation of the tyrosines at the amino terminus of PSGL-1 to phenylalanine abolished the binding, further supporting the role of sulfated tyrosines in the CCL27-PSGL-1 interaction. Functionally, rPSGL-Ig reduced the chemotaxis of L1.2 cells expressing CCR10, the receptor for CCL27. In addition, the expression of human PSGL-1 on CCR10-expressing L1.2 cells resulted in reduced chemotaxis to CCL27. These findings suggest a role for PSGL-1 in regulating chemokine-mediated responses, in addition to its role as a selectin ligand.
Dual-frequency slotted rectangular microstrip antenna (1998)

By embedding a pair of properly-bent narrow slots close to the non-radiating edges of a rectangular microstrip patch, a novel dual-frequency operation of microstrip antennas using a single probe feed is proposed and experimentally studied. The two operating frequencies have parallel polarisation planes and similar broadside radiation patterns, and the frequency ratio of the two frequencies is controlled by the bent angle of the embedded slots. Details of the obtained dual-frequency performance are presented and discussed.
Chemokine Receptors CCR6 and CXCR3 Are Necessary for CD4+ T Cell Mediated Ocular Surface Disease in Experimental Dry Eye Disease (2013)

CD4(+) T cells are essential to pathogenesis of ocular surface disease in dry eye. Two subtypes of CD4(+) T cells, Th1 and Th17 cells, function concurrently in dry eye to mediate disease. This occurs in spite of the cross-regulation of IFN-γ and IL-17A, the prototypical cytokines Th1 and Th17 cells, respectively. Essential to an effective immune response are chemokines that direct and summon lymphocytes to specific tissues. T cell trafficking has been extensively studied in other models, but this is the first study to examine the role of chemokine receptors in ocular immune responses. Here, we demonstrate that the chemokine receptors, CCR6 and CXCR3, which are expressed on Th17 and Th1 cells, respectively, are required for the pathogenesis of dry eye disease, as CCR6KO and CXCR3KO mice do not develop disease under desiccating stress. CD4(+) T cells from CCR6KO and CXCR3KO mice exposed to desiccating stress (DS) do not migrate to the ocular surface, but remain in the superficial cervical lymph nodes. In agreement with this, CD4(+) T cells from CCR6 and CXCR3 deficient donors exposed to DS, when adoptively transferred to T cell deficient recipients manifest minimal signs of dry eye disease, including significantly less T cell infiltration, goblet cell loss, and expression of inflammatory cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase expression compared to wild-type donors. These findings highlight the important interaction of chemokine receptors on T cells and chemokine ligand expression on epithelial cells of the cornea and conjunctiva in dry eye pathogenesis and reveal potential new therapeutic targets for dry eye disease.
An Alternative View of the Th1/Th2 Switch Hypothesis in HIV Infection (1994)

A theory that seeks to explain what induces the relentless progression of HIV-infected subjects to AIDS has received considerable attention. This theory holds that HIV infection results in a Th1/Th2 switch. However, analysis of constitutive cytokine mRNA expression in lymphoid tissues from HIV-infected individuals did not confirm an in vivo Th1/Th2 switch. Moreover, data available at the level of in vitro-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells or cloned T cells do not provide clear evidence for a definite switch to the Th2 responses in any HIV-infected subject and in any phase of HIV infection. At most, currently available data on the profile of cytokines released in response to in vitro stimulation suggest a Th1-to-Th0 shift in a proportion of memory CD4+ T cells. On the other hand, experiments of in vitro infection with HIV of already established CD4+ T cell clones indicated that Th2 and Th0 cells support HIV replication better than Th1 cells, suggesting that early destruction of Th2 cells by direct or indirect HIV-mediated cell killing may occur. Finally, in some HIV-infected individuals with low CD4+ T cell counts, a prevalence of CD8+ T cells producing type 2 cytokines was found in both peripheral blood and skin. Thus, although the induction of a general Th2 state in HIV infection is not proven, enhanced production of type 2 cytokines may occur in a proportion of HIV-infected individuals and play some role in the pathogenesis of the disease.
A Novel Membrane-associated Metalloprotease, Ste24p, Is Required for the First Step of NH2-terminal Processing of the Yeast a-Factor Precursor (1997)

Many secreted bioactive signaling molecules, including the yeast mating pheromones a-factor and alpha-factor, are initially synthesized as precursors requiring multiple intracellular processing enzymes to generate their mature forms. To identify new gene products involved in the biogenesis of a-factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we carried out a screen for MA Ta-specific, mating-defective mutants. We have identified a new mutant, ste24, in addition to previously known sterile mutants. During its biogenesis in a wild-type strain, the a-factor precursor undergoes a series of COOH-terminal CAAX modifications, two sequential NH2-terminal cleavage events, and export from the cell. Identification of the a-factor biosynthetic intermediate that accumulates in the ste24 mutant revealed that STE24 is required for the first NH2-terminal proteolytic processing event within the a-factor precursor, which takes place after COOH-terminal CAAX modification is complete. The STE24 gene product contains multiple predicted membrane spans, a zinc metalloprotease motif (HEXXH), and a COOH-terminal ER retrieval signal (KKXX). The HEXXH protease motif is critical for STE24 activity, since STE24 fails to function when conserved residues within this motif are mutated. The identification of Ste24p homologues in a diverse group of organisms, including Escherichia coli, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Haemophilus influenzae, and Homo sapiens, indicates that Ste24p has been highly conserved throughout evolution. Ste24p and the proteins related to it define a new subfamily of proteins that are likely to function as intracellular, membrane-associated zinc metalloproteases.
New combinations and immunotherapies for melanoma: latest evidence and clinical utility (2013)

Until recently there was no effective systemic therapy for metastatic melanoma. Increased understanding of tumor biology and immune regulation has led to the development of drugs targeting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway (BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors) and T-cell regulation (CTLA4 antibodies). These drugs are the new standard of care, however barriers to better patient outcomes include limited responses and significant toxicities (CTLA4 antibodies) and lack of durability in the majority of cases (BRAF and MEK inhibitors). This review discusses the next stages of development of treatments in melanoma, including immune checkpoint blocking drugs targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, and the use of BRAF and MEK inhibitors in combination. Both approaches lead to a higher proportion of durable responses coupled with less toxicity. In an effort to improve outcomes even further, clinical trials of combinations of MAPK inhibitors, immunotherapies and other signal pathway inhibitors are underway. Adjuvant studies of many of these drugs have commenced, with the hope of also improving outcomes in patients with early-stage melanoma.
Unravelling Genetic Data by Arrayed Primer Extension (2000)

We have developed a method for arrayed primer extension (APEX) on an oligonucleotide microchip together with the 4-color fluoresence imaging equipment and supporting software, that allows analysis of the DNA sequence and changes in it. Mutation analysis of BRCA1 gene and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip for genotyping were used as a model system. Chip surface chemistry, template preparation and APEX reaction conditions were optimised and the assay is ready to be implemented in variety of DNA analysis from SNP testing to DNA resequencing.
Iron-Based Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Esters to Alcohols (2014)

Hydrogenation of esters is vital to the chemical industry for the production of alcohols, especially fatty alcohols that find broad applications in consumer products. Current technologies for ester hydrogenation rely on either heterogeneous catalysts operating under extreme temperatures and pressures or homogeneous catalysts containing precious metals such as ruthenium and osmium. Here, we report the hydrogenation of esters under relatively mild conditions by employing an iron-based catalyst bearing a PNP-pincer ligand. This catalytic system is also effective for the conversion of coconut oil derived fatty acid methyl esters to detergent alcohols without adding any solvent.
Receptor Downregulation and DNA Synthesis Are Modulated by EGF and TPA in Cells Expressing an EGFR/neu Chimera (1989)

EGF was used to stimulate a chimeric receptor consisting of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) extracellular, transmembrane, and protein kinase C-substrate domains linked to the intracellular tyrosine kinase and carboxyl terminal domains of the rat neu protein in NIH/3T3 cells. EGF-induced rapid and delayed morphological changes consisted of membrane ruffling, increased pinocytosis, extension of lamellar actin-containing footpads at the cell periphery and partial reorganization of the actin stress fibers in the cells. EGF bound to the cells was rapidly internalized in a complex with the EGFR/neu protein, as shown by loss of EGF binding and EGFR antigens from the cell surface. The movement of the EGFR/neu protein was followed with indirect immunofluorescence into a vesicular intracellular compartment using antibodies against both EGFR and neu protein domains. Metabolic labeling and pulse-chase experiments indicated that the receptor was degraded soon after its internalization. EGF treatment also induced the junB transcription factor mRNA and a dose-dependent stimulation of DNA synthesis in cultures expressing the chimeric receptor. The tumor promoter TPA led to a transient loss of cell surface receptors and prevented EGF stimulation of DNA synthesis but did not completely abolish junB mRNA induction or increase degradation of the chimeric receptor. These results show that the chimeric EGFR/neu receptor undergoes typical downregulation upon ligand binding and TPA pretreatment and is capable of transducing an EGF-induced mitogenic signal.
Synaptotagmins I and II Act as Nerve Cell Receptors for Botulinum Neurotoxin G (2004)

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) induce muscle paralysis by selectively entering cholinergic motoneurons and subsequent specific cleavage of core components of the vesicular fusion machinery. Complex gangliosides are requisite for efficient binding to neuronal cells, but protein receptors are critical for internalization. Recent work evidenced that synaptotagmins I and II can function as protein receptors for BoNT/B (Dong, M., Richards, D. A., Goodnough, M. C., Tepp, W. H., Johnson, E. A., and Chapman, E. R. (2003) J. Cell Biol. 162, 1293-1303). Here, we report the protein receptor for a second BoNT serotype. Like BoNT/B, BoNT/G employs synaptotagmins I and II to enter phrenic nerve cells. Using pull-down assays we show that only BoNT/G, but neither the five remaining BoNTs nor tetanus neurotoxin, interacts with synaptotagmins I and II. In contrast to BoNT/B, interactions with both isoforms are independent of the presence of gangliosides. Peptides derived from the luminal domain of synaptotagmin I and II are capable of blocking the neurotoxicity of BoNT/G in phrenic nerve preparations. Pull-down and neutralization assays further established the membrane-juxtaposed 10 luminal amino acids of synaptotagmins I and II as the critical segment for neurotoxin binding. In addition, we show that the carboxyl-terminal domain of the cell binding fragment of BoNT/B and BoNT/G mediates the interaction with their protein receptor.