gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
OSTEOBLASTIC CELLS ARE INVOLVED IN OSTEOCLAST FORMATION (1988)

We developed a co-culture system with mouse spleen cells and osteoblastic cells to examine the role of osteoblasts in osteoclast formation. When mouse spleen cells and osteoblastic cells isolated from fetal mouse calvariae were co-cultured in the presence of 10 nM 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25(OH)2D3], numerous tartrate-resistant acid phosphate (TRACP)-positive mononuclear and multinucleated cells were formed within 8 days. Neither the same co-cultures without the vitamin nor separate cultures of either spleen cells or osteoblastic cells with the vitamin produced TRACP-positive cells. Salmon calcitonin (CT) markedly increased cAMP production in the co-cultures treated with 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3. Autoradiographic studies clearly demonstrated that [125I]-CT specifically bound to the TRACP-positive cells formed in the co-cultures with the vitamin. When spleen cells and osteoblastic cells were co-cultured on dentine slices in the presence of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3, numerous resorption lacunae were formed on the slices. Neither co-cultures of alveolar macrophages and osteoblastic cells nor those of spleen cells and mouse skin-derived fibroblasts induced TRACP-positive cells even in the presence of 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3. When spleen cells and osteoblastic cells were cultured separately from each other by a membrane filter (0.45 micron), no TRACP-positive cells were formed. These results indicate that osteoblastic cells are required for the differentiation of osteoclast progenitors in splenic tissues into multinucleated osteoclasts.
Novel Insight into Polymer Injectivity for Polymer Flooding (2013)

Abstract A considerable portion of world reserves are located in mature and viscous oil reservoirs having thickness less than 15 m. Polymer flooding is a mature technology and is the most important EOR method based on full field case histories. Accurate assessment of injectibility of viscous polymer solutions into these reservoirs without induced fractures is a major challenge. Therefore, the objective of this study is to experimentally investigate and model polymer injectivity in porous media using unfiltered partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) solutions for wide range of polymer concentrations (125–5000 ppm) and salinities (5–20 g/L) in high permeability sandstones. Data from rheological measurements and single phase linear core flood studies carried out as a part of this study were utilized for understanding the key microscopic (pore level) mechanisms and for quantifying the injectivity. Based on the experimental analyses, it was found that viscous nature of polymer solutions and their retention in porous media were the main mechanisms for loss in injectivity. Data obtained from the experiments were used to validate and fine tune the model. Subsequently, with the help of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, filtration theory, permeability reduction model, Non-Newtonian viscosity and Darcy laws numerical modeling was performed for predicting the injectivity losses during polymer injection. A good quality match was obtained with experimental data. Finally, sensitivity of polymer concentration and salinity on injectivity was studied. Further, the results from this study, will serve as an auxiliary input for field scale simulations, will help operators in the selection, design and execution of the field projects and will stand as guidelines for extending the polymer flooding technology for heavy oil reservoirs.
Room Temperature Molten Salts (Ionic Liquids) as Electrolytes in Rechargeable Lithium Batteries (1999)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Molten salts are ionic, nonflammable, nonvolatile liquids with high ionic conductivity, oxidation voltage greater than 5 V vs. Li and high thermal stability (&amp;gt;300°C). So far the application of molten salts in batteries has been limited to those operating at relatively high temperature (&amp;gt;150°C). Rechargeable lithium-ion and lithium batteries have attained wide acceptance in both commercial and military applications. However, most of the solvents used in these cells are volatile and flammable; hence, they represent a significant safety hazard, especially, when operated at higher temperatures. Therefore the application of molten salts as electrolytes in lithium and lithium-ion cells containing LiMn&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; (cathode) was investigated. The preliminary results show that rechargeable lithium and lithium-ion cells can be constructed and operated using molten salts as electrolytes. Test cells were cycled at ambient temperature and at higher temperature (55°C). They were cathode limited and their capacities ranged from 0.6 to 2 mAh. The open circuit voltage of charged cell was 4.2 V. Charge/discharge efficiencies were high (80%). However, the cells showed an increase of cell resistance with cycling which decreased the charge capacity (voltage limited) and efficient utilization of the cell capacity.&lt;/div&gt;
A trimodal directional modem transducer (2003)

With suitable voltage distribution, higher order extensional modes of a piezoelectric cylinder can be excited which produce directional radiation patterns. These modal radiation patterns can then be combined to synthesize desired beam patterns which may be steered by incrementing the excitation. This paper describes a directional modem communication transducer which uses the combined acoustic response of the first three extensional modes of vibration of a piezoelectric ceramic cylinder, a method of synthesizing a desired radiation pattern and an experimental implementation of a two-ring directional modem transducer that uses these techniques. This trimodal transducer has a smooth response in the band from 15 kHz to 20 kHz, with a frequency-independent 90 degree beam width which may be steered in 45 degree increments from a coded input. The interior of the transducer contains the electronics and the unit may be deployed from a Type A launch tube. (Works supported by a Phase II, SBIR from ONR and SPAWAR).
Blind contact detection in the irregularly periphery area using leap & scan e-beam inspection (2011)

• Key Technology for Invisible Defects Detection: Electron beam inspection (EBI) system using the Leap & Scan mode with external electric field is a key technology for root cause analysis of invisible defects. • Issues in Continuous Inspection Mode : Continuous inspection mode suffers serious misalignment and low voltage contrast issues, it is hard to inspect the irregularly periphery area. • Choose the Right Inspection Mode: Leap & Scan mode with external electric field have good alignment performance and significant voltage contrast differences. It has higher sensitivity to verify the voltage contrast difference both in array and periphery. • Effective Inspection in Irregularly Periphery Area: External electron filed suppresses the surface charging, and extracts the electrons to surface then enhancing the voltage contrast among the contact plugs. The blind contact plugs in the irregularly periphery area can be monitored effectively under this optimized e-beam inspection condition.
Rapid thermal processing of CIS precursors (2003)

An alternative process for CuInSe/sub 2/ formation is presented. In this approach, a binary two-layer precursor CuSe/In-Se is first deposited on a Mo/glass substrate at low temperature by migration enhanced epitaxy (MEE). When the Se ambient is controlled, rapid thermal processing (RTP) is able to synthesize single phase CuInSe/sub 2/. The structure, morphology, and composition of the films were characterized by XRD, SEM and ICP.
Flow Cytometry:A Tool in Immunohematology for D+w (D^u) Antigen Evaluation? (1994)

We performed a flow-cytometric analysis of the expression of D antigen in D+w samples (previously termed D^u). We also analysed a series of D-positive and D- negative (cde phenotype) samples to obtain positive and negative controls, respectively. The evaluation was carried out by immunofluorescence and the intensity of positivity was expressed as mean channel value (MCV) of fluorescence. Results demonstrated that D+w samples have lower expression (less than 1 log) than D-positive cases (p>0.001, Student ttest), while cde samples show the same MCVs as negative controls. Moreover, it was also possible to set a grading of D antigen expression and to analyze cases difficult to assess by agglutination only.
Molecular diagnostic testing for infectious diseases using TMA technology (2001)

Molecular diagnostic tests based on nucleic acid amplification technologies (NAATs) have become widely established in clinical microbiology laboratories in recent years. The acceptance of these tests has been driven by the development of more accurate and less labor-intensive commercial assay kits by diagnostic manufacturers. Infectious disease diagnostic assays using transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) NAAT have become increasingly popular in many clinical microbiology laboratories. Recent technology developments have improved the performance and simplified the use of the TMA assays. These new technologies have been applied to the development of multiplex TMA tests to improve the testing accuracy for organisms, such as Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in clinical microbiology laboratories. TMA tests for HIV-1 and HCV have also led to improvements in blood bank testing which can improve the safety of the public blood supply.
Bile acids inhibit duodenal secretin expression via orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) (2009)

Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is an orphan nuclear receptor in which gene expression can be upregulated by bile acids. It regulates its target genes by repressing the transcriptional activities of other nuclear receptors including NeuroD, which has been shown to regulate secretin gene expression. Here, we evaluated the regulation on duodenal secretin gene expression by SHP and selected bile acids, cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). In vitro treatment of CDCA or fexaramine elevated the SHP transcript level and occupancy on secretin promoter. The increase in the SHP level, induced by bile acid treatment or overexpression, reduced secretin gene expression, whereas this gene inhibitory effect was reversed by silencing of endogenous SHP. In in vivo studies, double-immunofluorescence staining demonstrated the coexpression of secretin and SHP in mouse duodenum. Feeding mice with 1% CA-enriched rodent chow resulted in upregulation of SHP and a concomitant decrease in secretin transcript and protein levels in duodenum compared with the control group fed with normal chow. A diet enriched with 5% cholestyramine led to a decrease in SHP level and a corresponding increase in secretin expression. Overall, this study showed that bile acids via SHP inhibit duodenal secretin gene expression. Because secretin is a key hormone that stimulates bile flow in cholangiocytes, this pathway thus provides a novel means to modulate secretin-stimulated choleresis in response to intraduodenal bile acids.
Melatonin treatment stabilizes chronobiologic and cognitive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease. (2000)

OBJECTIVES: A retrospective study on the efficacy of melatonin in treatment of sleep and cognitive disorders of Alzheimer's disease was conducted. METHODS: Fourteen patients (8 females, 6 males), mean +/- S.D. age 72 +/- 9 years were included. All patients received 9 mg gelatin melatonin capsules p.o. daily at bedtime for 22 to 35 months. Overall quality of sleep was assessed from sleep logs filled in by the patients or their caretakers. Neuropsychological evaluation was performed by Functional Assessment Tool For Alzheimer's Disease (FAST), Mini-Mental, Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS), and Mattis' and Blessed's scales. At diagnosis, all patients had cognitive and neuroimaging alterations (cortical and bitemporal atrophy) compatible with different evolutionary stages of the disease. RESULTS: At the time of assessment, a significant improvement of sleep quality was found in all cases examined. There were no significant differences between initial and present evaluation in scores of FAST, Mini-Mental, and ADAS, and of Mattis' and Blessed's scales. Clinically, the patients exhibited lack of progression of the cognitive and behavioral signs of the disease during the time they received melatonin. Sundowning was no longer detectable in 12 patients and persisted, although attenuated, in 2 patients. CONCLUSION. The results suggest that melatonin can be useful for treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-mediated angiogenesis in a fibrin-collagen matrix (2003)

Adult angiogenesis, associated with pathologic conditions, is often accompanied by the formation of a fibrinous exudate. This temporary matrix consists mainly of fibrin but is intermingled with plasma proteins and collagen fibers. The formation of capillary structures in a fibrinous matrix in vivo was mimicked by an in vitro model, in which human microvascular endothelial cells (hMVECs) seeded on top of a fibrin-10% collagen matrix form capillarylike tubular structures after stimulation with basic fibroblast growth factor/tumor necrosis factor alpha (bFGF/TNF-alpha) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/TNF-alpha. In the fibrin-collagen matrix the metalloproteinase inhibitor BB94 inhibited tubule formation by 70% to 80%. Simultaneous inhibition of plasmin and metalloproteinases by aprotinin and BB94 caused a nearly complete inhibition of tubule formation. Adenoviral transduction of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-3 into endothelial cells revealed that TIMP-3 markedly inhibited angiogenesis, whereas TIMP-1 had only a minor effect. Immunohistochemical analysis showed the presence of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-2, and membrane-type 1 (MT1)-MMP, whereas MMP-9 was absent. The endothelial production of these MMPs was confirmed by antigen assays and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MT1-MMP mRNA was markedly increased in endothelial cells under conditions that induced tubular structures. The presence of MMP-1, MMP-2, and MT1-MMP was also demonstrated in vivo in the newly formed vessels of a recanalized arterial mural thrombus. These data suggest that MMPs, in particular MT-MMPs, play a pivotal role in the formation of capillarylike tubular structures in a collagen-containing fibrin matrix in vitro and may be involved in angiogenesis in a fibrinous exudate in vivo.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: How It Transmits Its Signal (1998)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an essential molecule in the development and formation of mammalian blood vessels in health and disease. VEGF is also increasingly implicated in other biological processes including renal development and pathophysiology. The biological activities of VEGF in vivo and in its target cells in culture are mediated through two receptor protein tyrosine kinases, KDR/Flk-1 and Flt-1. KDR/Flk-1 is able to mediate the tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular components as well as the generation of second messengers. Recent findings have revealed novel signaling mechanisms which may mediate the biological actions of VEGF. In contrast, the signal transduction mechanisms triggered by Flt-1 remain largely unknown.
Defective Expression of the Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Receptor CCR2 in Macrophages Associated with Human Ovarian Carcinoma (2000)

Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2) is an important determinant of macrophage infiltration in tumors, ovarian carcinoma in particular. MCP-1 binds the chemokine receptor CCR2. Recent results indicate that proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory signals regulate chemokine receptor expression in monocytes. The present study was designed to investigate the expression of CCR2 in tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) from ovarian cancer patients. TAM isolated from ascitic or solid ovarian carcinoma displayed defective CCR2 mRNA (Northern blot and PCR) and surface expression and did not migrate in response to MCP-1. The defect was selective for CCR2 in that CCR1 and CCR5 were expressed normally in TAM. CCR2 gene expression and chemotactic response to MCP-1 were decreased to a lesser extent in blood monocytes from cancer patients. CCR2 mRNA levels and the chemotactic response to MCP-1 were drastically reduced in fresh monocytes cultured in the presence of tumor ascites from cancer patients. Ab against TNF-alpha restored the CCR2 mRNA level in monocytes cultured in the presence of ascitic fluid. The finding of defective CCR2 expression in TAM, largely dependent on local TNF production, is consistent with previous in vitro data on down-regulation of chemokine receptors by proinflammatory molecules. Receptor inhibition may serve as a mechanism to arrest and retain recruited macrophages and to prevent chemokine scavenging by mononuclear phagocytes at sites of inflammation and tumor growth. In the presence of advanced tumors or chronic inflammation, systemic down-regulation of receptor expression by proinflammatory molecules leaking in the systemic circulation may account for defective chemotaxis and a defective capacity to mount inflammatory responses associated with advanced neoplasia.
Sulphonylurea–metformin combination therapy, cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality: the Fremantle Diabetes Study (2010)

Combination metformin-sulphonylurea appears as safe as other blood glucose-lowering therapies used for type 2 diabetes.
The use of adaptive mechanisms for selection of search strategies in document retrival systems (1984)

A document retrieval system can incorporate many types of flexibility. One example of this is the ability to choose a search strategy that is appropriate for a particular user and query. This paper investigates the use of adaptive mechanisms to control the selection of search strategies. The experimental results indicate that, although an adaptive mechanism is capable of learning the appropriate response in simple situations, there are serious problems with using them to make complex decisions in a document retrieval system.
Acute subdural hematomas: an age-dependent clinical entity (1989)

Reports prior to 1980 describe overall mortality rates for acute subdural hematomas (SDH's) ranging from 40% to 90% with poor outcomes observed in all age groups. Recently, improved results have been reported with rapid diagnosis and surgical treatment. A relatively large number of older patients (34 patients over 65 years old) were treated recently at Harborview Medical Center, enabling a retrospective comparison with similarly treated younger patients (33 patients aged 18 to 40 years). Clinical information and computerized tomography morphometric data were obtained. Patients in the younger group were most often injured in motor-vehicle accidents (15 cases), whereas falls were most frequent in the older group (19 cases). Patients in both groups were rapidly resuscitated in the field; more than 30% were treated within 1 hour after the time of injury. Injury severity, determined by the admission Glasgow Coma Scale score, was similar for the two groups. Mean acute SDH volume was significantly larger in the older patients than in the younger group (mean +/- standard deviation: 96.2 +/- 117.2 vs. 21.6 + 27.7 cu cm), as was the amount of midline shift (1.2 +/- 1.69 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.75 cm). Surgical treatments were similar, but outcomes were dramatically different for the younger and older patients. Mortality rates were more than four times higher in older patients than in younger ones (74% vs. 18%). Three older patients and 25 younger patients were functional survivors. Old age, a larger SDH volume, and a larger midline shift all correlated with a poor outcome. The results of this study suggest that the pathophysiology of acute SDH varies with age, and that currently employed resuscitation and treatment methods have differentially improved the outcome for younger patients.
Automatic display of electron density in a plasma column (1970)

A method is described to obtain a voltage proportional to the average electron density in a gas discharge tube of small diameter. The method is based on the well known cavity method. The cavity in which the plasma column is placed is inserted in a feedback circuit known as the Pound stabilization circuit, which was originally devised as a means to stabilize the output frequency of a microwave oscillator on the resonant frequency of a cavity. In the method described here, the oscillator frequency is made to follow the cavity resonant frequency. The voltage which controls the oscillator frequency is made to vary linearly with the frequency and hence with the electron density.
Amending the National Science Foundation Act (1984)

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Gut Microbiota and Inflammation (2011)

Systemic and local inflammation in relation to the resident microbiota of the human gastro-intestinal (GI) tract and administration of probiotics are the main themes of the present review. The dominating taxa of the human GI tract and their potential for aggravating or suppressing inflammation are described. The review focuses on human trials with probiotics and does not include in vitro studies and animal experimental models. The applications of probiotics considered are systemic immune-modulation, the metabolic syndrome, liver injury, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer and radiation-induced enteritis. When the major genomic differences between different types of probiotics are taken into account, it is to be expected that the human body can respond differently to the different species and strains of probiotics. This fact is often neglected in discussions of the outcome of clinical trials with probiotics.
Different Transcription Factors Regulate nestin Gene Expression during P19 Cell Neural Differentiation and Central Nervous System Development (2009)

Nestin is a molecular marker for neural progenitor cells. Rat and human nestin genes possess a central nervous system-specific enhancer within their second introns. However, the transcription factors that bind to the nestin enhancer have not been fully elucidated. Here, we show that the second intron of the mouse nestin gene is sufficient to drive reporter gene expression in the developing nervous system. The core sequence of this central nervous system-specific enhancer localizes to the 3' 320-bp region. The cis-elements for Sox and POU family transcription factors and the hormone-responsive element are essential for nestin expression during embryonic carcinoma P19 cell neural differentiation and in the developing chick neural tube. Interestingly, different transcription factors bind to the nestin enhancer at different stages of P19 cell neural differentiation and central nervous system development. Sox2 and SF1 may mediate basal nestin expression in undifferentiated P19EC cells, whereas Sox2, Brn1, and Brn2 bind to the enhancer in P19 neural progenitor cells. Similarly, in vivo, Oct1 binds to the nestin enhancer in embryonic day 8.5 (E8.5) mouse embryos, and Oct1, Brn1, and Brn2 bind to this enhancer in E10.5 and E12.5 mouse embryos. Our studies therefore suggest a temporal coordination of transcription factors in determining nestin gene expression.