gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding and Optimizing High-Speed Serial Memory System Protocols (2007)

Performance improvements in memory systems have traditionally been obtained by scaling data bus width and speed. Maintaining this trend while continuing to satisfy memory capacity demands of server systems is challenging due to the electrical constraints posed by high-speed parallel buses. To satisfy the dual needs of memory bandwidth and memory system capacity, new memory system protocols have been proposed by the leaders in the memory system industry. These protocols replace the conventional memory bus interface between the memory controller and the memory modules with narrow, high-speed, uni-directional point-to point interfaces. The memory controller communicates with the memory modules using a packet-based protocol, which is translated to the conventional DRAM commands at the memory modules. Memory latency has been widely accepted as one of the key performance bottlenecks in computer architecture. Hence, any changes to memory sub-system architecture and protocol can have a significant impact on overall system performance. In the first part of this dissertation, we did an extensive study and analysis of how the behavior of newly proposed memory architecture to identify clearly how it impacts memory sub-system performance and what the key performance limiters are. We then went on to use the insights we gained from this analysis to propose two optimization techniques focussed on improving the performance of the memory system. We first evaluated the performance of the current de facto serial memory system standard, FBDIMM (Fully Buffered DIMM) with respect to the conventional wide-bus architectures that have been in use for decades. We found that the relative performance of a FBDIMM system with respect to a conventional DDRx system was a strong function of the bandwidth utilization, with FBDIMM systems doing worse in low utilization systems and often out-performing DDRx systems at higher system utilizations. More interestingly, we found that many of the memory controller policies that have been in use in DDRx systems performed similarly on a FBDIMM system. Memory latency typically has a significant impact on overall system performance. FBDIMM systems, by using daisy chaining and serialization, increase the default latency cost of a memory transaction. In a longer memory channel, i.e. a channel with 8 DIMMs of memory, inefficient link utilization and memory controller scheduling policies can contribute to a further reduction in system performance. We propose two main optimization techniques to tackle these inefficiencies - reordering data on the return link and buffering at the memory module. Both these policies lower read latency by 10-20% and improve application performance by 2-25%.
Novel Anti-CD37 Small Modular Immunopharmaceutical (SMIP) Induces B-Cell-Specific, Caspase-Independent Apoptosis in Human CLL Cells. (2004)

Abstract Tru 16.4 is a single chain protein with a modified CD37 binding Fv domain linked to a modified human IgG1 hinge, CH2 and CH3 domains. It is a member of a novel composition class called small modular immunopharmaceuticals (SMIP) construct. CD37 is a stable marker for B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BCLL) and non-Hodgkins lymphoma (NHL). Although radiolabeled murine anti-CD37 antibody MB-1 has been evaluated in NHL patients and shown to be able to target tumors, efficacy was not established. There has been no evaluation of an unconjugated anti-CD37 antibody in human clinical trials. Here we report that Tru 16.4, binds to CD37 on primary CLL cells surface, and induces caspase-independent apoptosis that is further enhanced by a secondary crosslinking with goat anti-human antibody. The percentage of dead cell population over control based upon Annexin V/PI staining of 12 BCLL patient samples (28.3%, SD 15.4%) is significantly greater than that of isotype control, trastuzumab (3.4%, SD 7.6%). The expression of CD37 on T cells is low, and the exposure of Tru 16.4 under the same conditions does not demonstrate significant binding or induce noticeable apoptosis on normal T cells at 24 hours (0.47%, SD 0.99%). This provides a selective advantage for BCLL antibody therapy. Results from a comparison study utilizing 6 additional patient samples demonstrated that Tru 16.4 induced apoptosis (31.8%, SD 12.2%) is significantly higher than that of the anti-CD20 antibody, rituximab (21.8%, SD 5.25%) and similar to that observed with the anti-CD52 antibody, alemtuzumab (36.6%, SD 19.5%). The cell death induced by Tru 16.4 is dependent upon dose and duration of treatment, indicating 5μg/mL as a saturation concentration and 24 hours as the optimal time for maximal in vitro apoptosis. The degree of CLL cell death was found to be directly proportionate to cell surface membrane expression of CD37, based on nonparametric Spearman rank correlation analysis of the mean fluoresecnce intensity (MFI) after PE-labelled anti-CD37 antibody immunostaining and percentages of Annexin V/PI positive cells, with a correlation factor rs = 0.80 ( P &amp;lt; 0.01). Ongoing studies suggest Tru 16.4 induces intracellular signaling following CD37 antigen ligation and current efforts are focused on identifying the specific death pathways mediated by this treatment. Overall, these findings indicate that Tru 16.4 mediates B-cell specific apoptosis through a novel caspase independent mechanism and supports effort for further clinical investigation in CLL.
Relationships between cytoprotection and mutation prevention by WR-1065. (2002)

WR-2721, the leading compound that has emerged from the U.S. Army's Drug Synthesis and Development Program, has become the first clinically used cytoprotector in cancer therapy. The ability of its active thiol, WR-1065, to act as an antioxidant to scavenge free radicals, donate hydrogen atoms, and induce auto-oxidation is related to its cytoprotective effectiveness. However, at concentrations 10 to 20 times lower than those required for cytoprotection, this nonprotein thiol also affects gene expression, transcription factor binding, protein phosphorylation levels, and mutagenesis. For example, WR-1065 treatment activates binding of the redox-sensitive transcription factor NF-kappa B to DNA and affects expression of a number of genes, including thymidine kinase, c-myc, and manganese superoxide dismutase. At these lower drug concentrations, phosphorylation levels and subsequent activities on intracellular enzymes are also inhibited. These observations suggest that the mechanisms of action of WR-2721 and its metabolites to protect against cell killing are different from those that protect against mutagenesis and cancer formation. The ability to affect these postexposure processes makes WR-2721 an important agent in the reduction of the carcinogenic risks of environmental exposure to radiation or deleterious chemicals.
Visual evoked potentials and long latency event‐related potentials in chronic renal failure (1983)

We studied auditory event-related potentials elicited in a target detection paradigm (P300) and pattern shift visual evoked potentials (PVEPs) in 22 patients with chronic renal failure and no clinical evidence of cognitive or visual impairment. Thirteen patients were maintained on chronic hemodialysis, and 9 patients were receiving a low-protein diet. Thirty-three percent of patients receiving the low-protein diet and 58% of the dialysis patients had abnormal P300 latencies. Most patients tested had abnormal PVEP. Four hemodialysis patients had elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, and 9 had normal or slightly elevated values. P300 and PVEP latencies were abnormal in both groups. These observations indicate that elevated PTH levels are not solely responsible for the abnormalities in all patients. P300 and PVEP may be valuable in evaluating neuronal dysfunction in the patient with chronic renal failure.
Understanding the Macro-Financial Effects of Household Debt: A Global Perspective (2018)

We confirm the negative relationship between household debt and future GDP growth documented in Mian, Sufi, and Verner (2017) for a wider set of countries over the period 1950–2016. Three mutually reinforcing mechanisms help explain this relationship. First, debt overhang impairs household consumption when negative shocks hit. Second, increases in household debt heighten the probability of future banking crises, which significantly disrupts financial intermediation. Third, crash risk may be systematically neglected due to investors’ overoptimistic expectations associated with household debt booms. In addition, several institutional factors such as flexible exchange rates, higher financial development and inclusion are found to mitigate this impact. Finally, the tradeoff between financial inclusion and stability nuances downside risks to growth.
Genomic deletion of the whole IgH 3′ regulatory region (hs3a, hs1,2, hs3b, and hs4) dramatically affects class switch recombination and Ig secretion to all isotypes (2010)

The immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IgH) undergoes multiple changes along B-cell differentiation. In progenitor B cells, V(D)J assembly allows expression of μ heavy chains. In mature B cells, class switch recombination may replace the expressed constant (C)μ gene with a downstream C(H) gene. Finally, plasma cell differentiation strongly boosts IgH transcription. How the multiple IgH transcriptional enhancers tune these changes is unclear. Here we demonstrate that deletion of the whole IgH 3' regulatory region (3'RR) allows normal maturation until the stage of IgM/IgD expressing lymphocytes, but nearly abrogates class switch recombination to all C(H) genes. Although plasma cell numbers are unaffected, we reveal the role of the 3'RR into the transcriptional burst normally associated with plasma cell differentiation. Our study shows that transcriptional changes and recombinations occurring after antigen-encounter appear mainly controlled by the 3'RR working as a single functional unit.
Complete genome sequence of Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 (2003)

The 3,308,274-bp sequence of the chromosome of Lactobacillus plantarum strain WCFS1, a single colony isolate of strain NCIMB8826 that was originally isolated from human saliva, has been determined, and contains 3,052 predicted protein-encoding genes. Putative biological functions could be assigned to 2,120 (70%) of the predicted proteins. Consistent with the classification of L. plantarum as a facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacterium, the genome encodes all enzymes required for the glycolysis and phosphoketolase pathways, all of which appear to belong to the class of potentially highly expressed genes in this organism, as was evident from the codon-adaptation index of individual genes. Moreover, L. plantarum encodes a large pyruvate-dissipating potential, leading to various end-products of fermentation. L. plantarum is a species that is encountered in many different environmental niches, and this flexible and adaptive behavior is reflected by the relatively large number of regulatory and transport functions, including 25 complete PTS sugar transport systems. Moreover, the chromosome encodes >200 extracellular proteins, many of which are predicted to be bound to the cell envelope. A large proportion of the genes encoding sugar transport and utilization, as well as genes encoding extracellular functions, appear to be clustered in a 600-kb region near the origin of replication. Many of these genes display deviation of nucleotide composition, consistent with a foreign origin. These findings suggest that these genes, which provide an important part of the interaction of L. plantarum with its environment, form a lifestyle adaptation region in the chromosome.
Photovoltaic energy conversion with n-CdS&#8212;p-CdTe heterojunctions and other II-VI junctions (1977)

n-CdS-p-CdTe heterojunctions have been prepared by close-spaced vapor transport of p-CdTe films onto single crystal n-CdS, by vacuum evaporation of n-CdS films onto single crystal p-CdTe, and by solution spraying of n-CdS films onto single crystal p-CdTe. In addition, a number of other II-VI p-n heterojunctions have been prepared by the close-spaced vapor transport technique. The highest solar efficiency to date has been obtained with a cell prepared by vacuum evaporation of n-CdS film onto p-CdTe crystal, in which the CdS is covered with an indium-tin-oxide coating and then with an antireflection coating; the photovoltaic parameters of this cell are an open-circuit voltage of 0.63 V, a quantum efficiency of 0.82, a fill factor of 0.66, and a solar efficiency of 7.9 percent. II-VI heterojunction cells with efficiency greater than 10 percent are expected in the near future.
Bovine herpesvirus 1: immune responses in mice and cattle injected with plasmid DNA (1993)

Mice and cattle injected with plasmids encoding bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) glycoproteins developed gene-specific antibody responses capable of neutralizing BHV-1. The ability of animals to respond serologically to DNA injections was in part dependent on the quantity of DNA injected and was also negatively affected by carrier DNA. Calves injected with a plasmid encoding BHV-1 gIV developed significant antibody titers to gIV and shed less virus than did the control calf after challenge. This report indicates the potential of DNA injection as a method of vaccination.
Incorporation of deoxynucleotides into DNA by diethylaminoethyldextran-treated lymphocytes (1977)

&lt;p&gt;Following our two previous publications on material synthesis and on ex situ characterization, we present an experimental in situ study to evaluate the effects of using gas diffusion layers with patterned wettability at the cathode side of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. The operando performance was assessed using traditional electrochemical diagnostics (such as polarization curves) combined with the pulsed gas analysis (PGA) method, which allows measuring the mass transport losses. Neutron radiography was performed simultaneously in order to image the water distribution during operation. Using this methodology, the effects of changing the pattern, including a microporous layer (MPL), and varying the operation conditions (temperature and relative humidity of the cathode gas) have been systematically evaluated. It has been confirmed that water redistributes according to the engineered pattern and that the power density is significantly increased thanks to reduced mass transport losses under various conditions.&lt;/p&gt;
Monogenic Recessive Mutations Causing Both Late Floral Initiation and Excess Starch Accumulation in Arabidopsis. (1995)

A recessive Arabidopsis mutation, carbohydrate accumulation mutant1 (cam1), which maps to position 22.8 on chromosome 3, was identified by screening leaves of ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized M2 plants stained with iodine for altered starch content. Increased starch content in leaves of the cam1 mutant was observed at the onset of flowering. This mutant also had a delayed floral initiation phenotype with more rosette leaves than the parental line. In addition, activities of several enzymes associated with starch metabolism were altered in the cam1 mutant. The late-flowering mutant gigantea (gi) also manifested an elevated starch level in leaves. However, not all late-flowering mutants had increased leaf starch content. Double mutants cam1 adg1 (for ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase), cam1 pgm (for phosphoglucomutase), and gi pgm had no observable starch in leaves but showed the late-flowering phenotype, demonstrating that the elevated starch content is not the cause of late floral initiation. The pleiotropic effects of cam1 and gi suggest that they may play regulatory roles in starch metabolism and floral initiation. These data suggest that starch accumulation and floral initiation may share a common regulatory pathway.
Organization of Au Colloids as Monolayer Films onto ITO Glass Surfaces: Application of the Metal Colloid Films as Base Interfaces To Construct Redox-Active Monolayers (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrganization of Au Colloids as Monolayer Films onto ITO Glass Surfaces: Application of the Metal Colloid Films as Base Interfaces To Construct Redox-Active MonolayersAmihood Doron, Eugenii Katz, and Itamar WillnerCite this: Langmuir 1995, 11, 4, 1313–1317Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00004a044https://doi.org/10.1021/la00004a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3330Altmetric-Citations451LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Global Assessment Scale (1976)

The Global Assessment Scale (GAS) is a rating scale for evaluating the overall functioning of a subject during a specified time period on a continuum from psychological or psychiatric sickness to health. In five studies encompassing the range of population to which measures of overall severity of illness are likely to be applied, the GAS was found to have good reliability. GAS ratings were found to have a greater sensitivity to change over time than did other ratings of overall severity or specific symptom dimensions. Former inpatients in the community with a GAS rating below 40 had a higher probability of readmission to the hospital than did patients with higher GAS scores. The relative simplicity, reliability, and validity of the GAS suggests that it would be useful in a wide variety of clinical and research settings.
Accuracy of Genotyping of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms by PCR-ELISA Allele-specific Oligonucleotide Hybridization Typing and by Amplification Refractory Mutation System (1999)

Early methods for the detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were based on restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (1) and the effects of base-pair changes on DNA fragment melting temperatures (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) (2). More recently, detection techniques have utilized allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) hybridization (3)(4), the single-stranded conformational polymorphism method (5), allele-specific priming of PCR (6)(7), primer-guided nucleotide incorporation assays (8), and oligonucleotide ligation assays (9).

The technique of differential hybridization to ASO probes has been widely used. Under high stringency conditions, synthetic DNA probes will only anneal to their complementary target sequences in the sample DNA if they are perfectly matched, with a single base-pair mismatch sufficient to prevent formation of a stable probe-target duplex (10)(11). PCR-amplified genomic DNA products are applied to nylon filters as a series of “dot blots” to which radiolabeled ASOs are hybridized (4). The reverse approach can also be used with ASO probes fixed to a membrane support (12) or in a microtiter plate format (13). A combination of PCR amplification with allele-specific hybridization in a microtiter plate format using colorimetric ELISA-based detection was developed (PCR-ELISA ASO typing) that provided highly sensitive and quantitative detection; this method was initially applied to HLA typing (14)(15). The PCR-ELISA ASO typing method amplifies the number of copies of a DNA segment from a sample of genomic DNA by PCR with the incorporation of digoxigenin-11-dUTP. Samples are analyzed in a microtiter plate format by alkaline denaturation and hybridization to biotinylated allele-specific capture probes bound to streptavidin-coated plates. The hybridized DNA is detected by ELISA, using anti-digoxigenin horseradish peroxidase conjugate and the colorimetric substrate 2,2′-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazolinsulfonate) (14).

Detection of SNPs by allele-specific PCR, also known as the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS), utilizes a primer with a 3′ mismatch at …
A COMPARISON OF THREE NON-INVASIVE MEASUREMENTS FOR CORONARY PERFUSION PRESSURE AND PREDICTION OF RETURN OF SPONTANEOUS CIRCULATION DURING CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (1993)

Griffith, Robert F.; Drobny, Eric; Hoitink, Jon; Persse, David E.; Brown, Charles G. Author Information
Characterization of thiolate-protected gold nanoparticles by mass spectrometry (2010)

Thiolate-protected gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a highly versatile nanomaterial, with wide-ranging physical properties dependent upon the protecting thiolate ligands and gold core size. These nanoparticles serve as a scaffold for a diverse and rapidly increasing number of applications, extending from molecular electronics to vaccine development. Key to the development of such applications is the ability to quickly and precisely characterize synthesized AuNPs. While a unique set of challenges have inhibited the potential of mass spectrometry in this area, recent improvements have made mass spectrometry a dominant technique in the characterization of small AuNPs, specifically those with discrete sizes and structures referred to as monolayer-protected gold clusters (MPCs). Additionally, the unique fragmentation data from mass spectrometry enables the characterization of the protecting monolayer on larger AuNPs. The development of mass spectrometry techniques for AuNP characterization has begun to reveal interesting new areas of research. This report is a discussion of the historical challenges in this field, the emerging techniques which aim to meet those challenges, and the future role of mass spectrometry in the growing field of thiolate-protected AuNPs.
Murine leukemia virus-based Tat-inducible long terminal repeat replacement vectors: a new system for anti-human immunodeficiency virus gene therapy (1996)

We have constructed new murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based vectors (TIN vectors) which, following integration, contain human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 U3 and R sequences in place of the MLV U3 and R regions. This provides, for the first time, single transcriptional unit retroviral vectors under the control of Tat. TIN vectors have several advantages for anti-HIV gene therapy applications.
Radiation Sensitivity of Cultured Human Glioblastoma Cells (1977)

Glial cells from 2 normal brains and 9 astrocytomas were cultured in vitro. The most rapidly proliferating cell lines were obtained from Grades III-IV astrocytomas. Normal glia proliferated slowly and growth ceased after 20 to 40 generations. The response of 3 Grade III-IV lines to graded doses of radiation was determined by colony formation and end point dilution technique. Two of the 3 lines were relatively radioresistant compared to other human cell lines; this may partially account for the radiation resistance of high grade astrocytoma tumors.