gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Platelet-activating factor synergizes with phorbol myristate acetate in activating phospholipase D in the human promonocytic cell line U937. Evidence for different mechanisms of activation. (1991)

The activation of phospholipase D by platelet-activating factor (PAF) in the human promonocytic cell line U937 has been investigated. In cells prelabeled with [3H]palmitic acid, addition of PAF or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced the synthesis of [3H]phosphatidylethanol, indicating phospholipase D activation. When U937 cells were preincubated for 5 min with PMA, and then stimulated with PAF, formation of phosphatidylethanol was greatly enhanced. In contrast, under the same experimental conditions PMA treatment blocked completely the PAF-induced inositol phosphates formation in cells prelabeled with [3H]inositol. Thus, PMA treatment demonstrates that phospholipase D activation can occur independently from phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C activation during PAF stimulation in U937 cells. On the other hand, the data herein presented suggest that influx of external calcium is required for phospholipase D activation by PAF, as assessed by complete inhibition of the enzyme activity by chelation of extracellular calcium or by treatment with the calcium channel blocker verapamil. Based on these findings, a hypothetical model for phospholipase D activation is discussed.
As We May Think (1945)

As Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, Dr. Vannevar Bush has coordinated the activities of some six thousand leading American scientists in the application of science to warfare. In this significant article he holds up an incentive for scientists when the fighting has ceased. He urges that men of science should then turn to the massive task of making more accessible our bewildering store of knowledge. For years inventions have extended man's physical powers rather than the powers of his mind. Trip hammers that multiply the fists, microscopes that sharpen the eye, and engines of destruction and detection are new results, but not the end results, of modern science. Now, says Dr. Bush, instruments are at hand which, if properly developed, will give man access to and command over the inherited knowledge of the ages. perfection of these pacific instruments should be the first objective of our scientists as they emerge from their war work. Like Emerson's famous address of 1837 on The American Scholar, this paper by Dr. Bush calls for a new relationship between thinking man and the sum of our knowledge.
Isolation of a cDNA clone for the human lysosomal proteinase cathepsin B. (1986)

The cysteine proteinase cathepsin B is one member of the lysosomal acid hydrolases. Based on the peptide sequence of rat liver cathepsin B, an oligonucleotide mixture containing 128 different 17-mers was synthesized and used as a probe to screen adult and fetal human liver cDNA libraries. A recombinant clone with a 1540-nucleotide insert was identified from the fetal library, and DNA sequence analysis confirmed that this clone encodes human cathepsin B. The clone, designated pCB-1, has sequences for 81% of the coding region (for amino acid residues 50-252) together with approximately equal to 880 nucleotides of the 3' untranslated region of the mRNA. The DNA sequence also shows that the predicted carboxyl terminus of the coding sequence is longer than the mature protein by 6 amino acid residues. Southern blot analysis of restriction enzyme digests of human placental DNA revealed a simple pattern of hybridizing fragments using the cathepsin B coding sequence as probe. The result suggests that there is a single copy of cathepsin B gene per haploid genome.
Fatty acid and endotoxin activate inflammasomes in mouse hepatocytes that release danger signals to stimulate immune cells (2011)

Our novel findings indicate that saturated FAs represent an endogenous danger in the form of a first hit, up-regulate the inflammasome in NASH, and induce sensitization to a second hit with LPS for IL-β release in hepatocytes. Furthermore, hepatocytes exposed to saturated FAs release danger signals that trigger inflammasome activation in immune cells. Thus, hepatocytes play a key role in orchestrating tissue responses to danger signals in NASH.
Rab GTPases, Membrane Trafficking and Diseases (2011)

The Rab family of GTPases contains over 60 genes in the human genome and contributes to regulation of intracellular membrane trafficking along endocytic and exocytic pathways as well as specialized pathways in specific cell types. It has become increasingly clear that disruption of the intracellular membrane trafficking system at different stages can cause various diseases. In the past decade, altered expression levels and mutations of Rab GTPases have been associated with such diseases as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and various genetic disorders. This review discusses the specific Rab GTPases and their involvement in the diseases.
Soluble Aβ Oligomers Inhibit Long-Term Potentiation through a Mechanism Involving Excessive Activation of Extrasynaptic NR2B-Containing NMDA Receptors (2011)

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia severity correlates strongly with decreased synapse density in hippocampus and cortex. Numerous studies report that hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) can be inhibited by soluble oligomers of amyloid β-protein (Aβ), but the synaptic elements that mediate this effect remain unclear. We examined field EPSPs and whole-cell recordings in wild-type mouse hippocampal slices. Soluble Aβ oligomers from three distinct sources (cultured cells, AD cortex, or synthetic peptide) inhibited LTP, and this was prevented by the selective NR2B inhibitors ifenprodil and Ro 25-6981. Soluble Aβ enhanced NR2B-mediated NMDA currents and extrasynaptic responses; these effects were mimicked by the glutamate reuptake inhibitor dl-threo-β-benzyloxyaspartic acid. Downstream, an Aβ-mediated rise in p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was followed by downregulation of cAMP response element-binding protein, and LTP impairment was prevented by inhibitors of p38 MAPK or calpain. Thus, soluble Aβ oligomers at low nanomolar levels present in AD brain increase activation of extrasynaptic NR2B-containing receptors, thereby impairing synaptic plasticity.
Survival, Maturation, and Function of CD11c− and CD11c+ Peripheral Blood Dendritic Cells Are Differentially Regulated by Cytokines (1999)

Two types of dendritic cells (DC) are circulating in human blood and can be identified by their differential expression of the myeloid Ag CD11c. In this study, we show that CD11c- peripheral blood (PB)-DC correspond to plasmacytoid DC of lymphoid tissue not only by their surface Ag expression profile but, more impressively, by their peculiar ultramorphology. We also demonstrate that CD11c- and CD11c+ DC differ in the quality of their response to and in their requirement for certain cytokines. Freshly isolated CD11c- cells depend on IL-3 for survival and use autocrine or exogenous TNF-alpha as maturation signal, leading to the appearance of a highly dendritic phenotype, the up-regulation and redistribution of MHC class II from lysosomal compartments to the plasma membrane, the increased expression of costimulatory molecules, and the switch from a high Ag-processing to a low Ag-processing/potent accessory cell mode. Surprisingly, IL-4 efficiently killed freshly isolated CD11c- PB-DC, but did not impair the viability of CD11c+ PB-DC and, together with GM-CSF, induced maturation of these cells. A direct functional comparison revealed that neo-Ag-modified and subsequently matured CD11c- but to a lesser extent CD11c+ DC were able to prime naive Ag-specific CD4+ T cells. Our findings show that two diverse DC types respond to certain T cell-derived cytokines in a differential manner and, thus, suggest that suppression or activation of functionally diverse DC types may be a novel mechanism for the regulation of the quantity and quality of immune responses.
Pathological Diagnosis and Classification of Lung Cancer in Small Biopsies and Cytology: Strategic Management of Tissue for Molecular Testing (2011)

Standardized lung cancer classifications by the World Health Organization have traditionally been based on the histological characteristics of resected tumors with little guidance about diagnosis based on small biopsies and cytology. The focus has mainly been on the separation of small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Until recently there have been no therapeutic implications to further classification of NSCLC, so little attention has historically been given to the distinction of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in these small tissue samples. This situation has changed dramatically in recent years with the discovery of several therapeutic options that are only available to patients with adenocarcinoma or NSCLC, not otherwise specified (NSCLC-NOS), rather than squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore this article reviews new criteria and terminology recently proposed by the new International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (IASLC/ATS/ERS) lung adenocarcinoma classification. This includes recommendation for use of special stains as an aid to diagnosis, particularly in the setting of poorly differentiated tumors that do not show clear differentiation by light microscopy. The need for every institution to develop a multidisciplinary strategy to obtain these small specimens and process them not only for diagnosis but also for molecular testing is emphasized.
Peptide Bond Isosteres:  Ester or (E)-Alkene in the Backbone of the Collagen Triple Helix (2005)

[structure: see text] Collagen is the most abundant protein in animals. Interstrand N-H...O=C hydrogen bonds between backbone amide groups form a ladder in the middle of the collagen triple helix. Isosteric replacement of the hydrogen-bond-donating amide with an ester or (E)-alkene markedly decreases the conformational stability of the triple helix. Thus, this recurring hydrogen bond is critical to the structural integrity of collagen. In this context, an ester isostere confers more stability than does an (E)-alkene.
Combining Aqueous Extraction and Membrane Isolation Techniques to Recover Protein and Oil from Soybeans (1981)

ABSTRACT Two relatively new protein isolation techniques (the Aqueous Extraction Process and the Membrane Isolation Process) were combined to obtain a single isolation procedure to produce protein and oil food products from undefatted soybeans. Three lots of soybeans were processed using aqueous extraction, centrifugation and industrial ultrafiltration membranes to obtain either a full‐fat, low‐fat or intermediate‐fat product and an oil cream. Proximate and amino acid analyses, nitrogen solubility profiles, and storage tests were made on spray dried products. Mean membrane permeation rates achieved ranged from 20–42.6 gfd. Protein products possessed high nitrogen solubilities below pH 3.5 and above pH 7, and were desirably light in collor.
Iron Metabolism in Cancer (2018)

Demanded as an essential trace element that supports cell growth and basic functions, iron can be harmful and cancerogenic though. By exchanging between its different oxidized forms, iron overload induces free radical formation, lipid peroxidation, DNA, and protein damages, leading to carcinogenesis or ferroptosis. Iron also plays profound roles in modulating tumor microenvironment and metastasis, maintaining genomic stability and controlling epigenetics. in order to meet the high requirement of iron, neoplastic cells have remodeled iron metabolism pathways, including acquisition, storage, and efflux, which makes manipulating iron homeostasis a considerable approach for cancer therapy. Several iron chelators and iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) has recently been developed for cancer intervention and presented considerable effects. This review summarizes some latest findings about iron metabolism function and regulation mechanism in cancer and the application of iron chelators and IONPs in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Tripodal, Cooperative, and Allosteric Transphosphorylation Metallocatalysts (2006)

Three artificial amino acids derived from l-serine by replacing the hydroxyl moiety with 1,4,7-triazacyclononane, 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane, and 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, respectively, have been connected to the three arms of the tetraamine tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, Tren, to obtain tripodal ligands. They are able to bind up to four metal ions (like CuII and ZnII), three with the polyazamacrocycles and one with the Tren platform. Some of the ZnII complexes of these tripodal ligands proved to be good catalysts for the cleavage of the RNA model substrate 2-hydroxypropyl-p-nitrophenylphosphate (HPNP). Studies of the catalytic activity in the presence of increasing amounts of ZnII show that the complexes represent minimalist examples of metallocatalysts with cooperativity between the metal centers and allosteric control by a metal ion. The Tren binding site constitutes the allosteric regulation unit, while the three ZnII-azacrown complexes provide the cooperative, catalytic site. The allosteric role of the ZnII ion located in the Tren binding site was unambiguously demonstrated by studying the catalytic activity of a derivative unable to complex ZnII in that site. In this case, the cooperativity between the three ZnII ions bound to the peripheral azacrowns was totally suppressed. The kinetic analysis has shown that cooperativity is due to neither the occurrence of general-acid/general-base catalysis nor a decreased binding of the substrate because of the deprotonation of a water molecule bound to the complex but, rather, stabilization of the complexed substrate in its transformation into the transition state.
Precursor structures in the crystallization/precipitation processes of CaCO3 and control of particle formation by polyelectrolytes (2007)

The formation of CaCO3 is usually discussed within the classical picture of crystallization, i.e. assuming that the formation of CaCO3 crystals proceeds via nucleation and growth. This may be true for the case of low supersaturation. In this work it is shown that the formation process is far more complex at high supersaturation, i.e. during precipitation. New insight into the mechanisms of precipitation is obtained by analyzing structure formation with a time resolution down to the millisecond range from the initiation of the reaction. The techniques used are scanning electron microscopy, electron diffraction, X-ray microscopy and cryo-transmission electron microscopy combined with a special quenching technique. It is seen that upon mixing CaCl2 and Na2CO3 solutions (0.01 M) first an emulsion-like structure forms. This structure decomposes to CaCO3-nanoparticles. These nanoparticles aggregate to form vaterite spheres of some micrometers in diameter. The spheres transform via dissolution and recrystallization to calcite rhombohedra. Once a suitable amount of additive, in our case polycarboxylic acid, is present during the precipitation the nanoparticles are stabilized against compact aggregation; instead they form flocs. This stabilization is either of a temporary nature if the amount of polymer is insufficient to cover the surface of the nanoparticles formed or more long lived if there is enough polymeric material present. By means of Ca-activity measurements it can be shown that the polymers are partially incorporated into the forming crystals.
Catalytic Two-Electron Reductions of N2O and N3- by Myoglobin in Surfactant Films (1999)

Myoglobin (Mb), in films of dimethyldidodecylammonium bromide (ddab) on graphite electrodes, is used as a catalyst to mediate the electrochemical reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) as well as the isoelectronic ion azide (N3-) in aqueous solutions. The electrocatalytic reductions are characterized by a rate-dependent irreversibility in cyclic voltammograms of Mb/ddab in the presence of the substrates. Bulk electrolysis shows that the reduction of 15N15NO by Mb/ddab yields 15N15N as shown by GC/MS. The catalytic reduction of azide results in almost quantitative formation of ammonia. These electrocatalytic processes are rationalized as two-electron reductions, with the catalyst cycling between the Fe(I) and Fe(III) states of Mb. To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of N2O reduction by an Fe porphyrin or heme protein.
Coordinated control of a DC electrical power system in the more electric aircraft integrated with energy storage (2015)

This paper deals with the coordinated control of load sharing among multiple sources in DC microgrid with energy storage system. The DC electrical power system (EPS) with parallel sources in the more electric aircraft (MEA) are under study in this paper. Permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSGs) are the main sources to supply power to meet the load demand on board. An adaptive droop characteristic for energy storage system (ESS) is proposed. It can not only adjust the energy storage charge/discharge rate but also realize the “offline” working mode. The converter loss is reduced by avoiding the repetitive charging and discharging process and the battery life is extended. State-space model of the studied system is established and the impact of the on the parallel PMSGs is also investigated. Finally, simulation studies validate the theoretical analysis done with Matlab/Simulink.
The power of thiol‐ene chemistry (2010)

Abstract As a tribute to Professor Charlie Hoyle, we take the opportunity to review the impact of thiol‐ene chemistry on polymer and materials science over the past 5 years. During this time, a renaissance in thiol‐ene chemistry has occurred with recent progress demonstrating its unique advantages when compared with traditional coupling and functionalization strategies. Additionally, the robust nature of thiol‐ene chemistry allows for the preparation of well‐defined materials with few structural limitations and synthetic requirements. To illustrate these features, the utility of thiol‐ene reactions for network formation, polymer functionalization, dendrimer synthesis, and the decoration of three‐dimensional objects is discussed. Also, the development of the closely related thiol‐yne chemistry is described. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 743–750, 2010
Structural features of endotoxin required for stimulation of endothelial cell tissue factor production; exposure of preformed tissue factor after oxidant-mediated endothelial cell injury. (1985)

Cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells synthesize the procoagulant, tissue factor, after exposure to bacterial endotoxin. Wild-type lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli 0127:B8 stimulates a five- to 20-fold increase in cellular tissue factor. Similarly, rough or incomplete lipopolysaccharide subunits from mutant bacterial strains, or lipid A prepared by mild acid hydrolysis of whole endotoxin, are also stimulatory. In addition, a lipid A biosynthetic precursor, consisting of a phosphorylated glucosamine disaccharide substituted with four beta-hydroxymyristoyl residues, is stimulatory at nanomolar concentrations. Endothelial cell tissue factor is not detectable on the surface of undisrupted cells, but can activate clotting on the cell surface after oxidant-mediated cell injury. The procoagulant, tissue factor, is synthesized by endothelial cells after stimulation mediated by a moiety contained within the lipid A region of lipopolysaccharide. Exposure of clotting factors at the endothelial cell surface after cell injury suggests a mechanism for the microvascular thrombosis associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation with sepsis.
Epidermal Growth Factor Enhances the Expression of an Endogenous Lectin in Aggregating Fetal Brain Cell Cultures (1989)

Aggregating cell cultures prepared from fetal rat telencephalon express the two subunits [cerebellar soluble lectins (CSL) 1 and 2] of a soluble, mannose-specific endogenous lectin (CSL) in a development-dependent manner. Increased CSL synthesis was found at an early postmitotic stage as well as during the period of maximal myelination. Repetitive treatment of early cultures with epidermal growth factor (EGF, 3nM) caused a great stimulation of CSL biosynthesis. Immunocytochemical studies revealed particularly intense CSL-specific staining in small, EGF-responsive cells, presumably glial cells. Large quantities of CSL-immunoreactive material were found also in the extracellular space and on the external side of the plasma membrane, indicating abundant release of CSL. The present findings suggest that EGF or EGF-related factors in the brain are able to regulate the expression of an endogenous lectin, affecting brain ontogeny.
The Effect of Recombinant Heavy Metal-Resistant Endophytic Bacteria on Heavy Metal Uptake by Their Host Plant (2001)

ABSTRACT The ncc-nre nickel resistance system of Ralstonia metallidurans 31A was efficiently expressed in Burkholderia cepacia L.S.2.4 and Herbaspirillum seropedicae LMG2284. The heterologous expression of ncc-nre encoded nickel resistance was accompanied by nickel removal from the culture medium. B. cepacia L.S.2.4:: ncc-nre and H. seropedicae LMG2284::ncc-nre were able to remove 35 and 15% nickel, respectively. The capacity to remove nickel through sequestration or bio-precipitation processes and consequently lowering the free nickel concentration could offer interesting benefits for these endophytic bacteria and their host plants. Once inoculated in their host plant, they could possibly alter the nickel speciation and therefore decrease the free ions and thus toxic concentration for the plant metabolism. Lupinus luteus L, when grown on a nickel enriched substrate and inoculated with B. cepacia L.S.2.4::ncc-nre, showed a significant increase (30%) of nickel concentration in the roots, whereas the nickel concentration in the shoots remained comparable with that of the control plants. The inoculation of Lolium perenne (cv Atlas) with the nickel resistance derivative of H. seropedicae LMG2284::ncc-nre resulted in a significant decrease of the nickel concentration in the roots (11%) as well as in the shoots (14%). As this phenomenon was also observed in the Lolium perenne plants inoculated with the wild-type strain LMG2284, the nickel resistance characteristics probably are not responsible for the altered nickel uptake observed.
Cloning and uterus/oviduct-specific expression of a novel estrogen-regulated gene (ERG1). (2000)

Page 32217: The nucleotide sequence of ERG1, a uterus/oviduct-specific gene, is nearly identical to that of an unpublished cDNA reported in the GenBank™ (accession no. AFO22147). This information was inadvertently omitted in our manuscript and we regret this oversight. Although it may preclude us from describing ERG1 as a “novel” gene, the merit and importance of our findings regarding the spatio-temporal expression and hormonal regulation of this gene during early pregnancy and the reproductive cycle remain unaffected.
An ultra low power lateral bipolar polysilicon emitter technology on SOI (2002)

Until now the lateral bipolar transistor on SOI has been presented as an option in a CMOS process. In this investigation we show that this device structure is also very attractive for purely bipolar applications, enabling high frequency operation at ultra low power levels. Excellent devices with emitter areas down to 0.15 /spl mu/m/sup 2/, with scaled junction capacitances and f/sub T/ as high as 15 GHz are demonstrated. Due to the properly scaled junction capacitances a f/sub max/ of 15 GHz is realised at collector currents as low as 15 /spl mu/A.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>