gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Apoptotic Cell Clearance and Autoimmune Disorder (2007)

In multicellular organisms, unnecessary or harmful cells, such as those that are cancerous or infected with a virus, are eliminated by apoptosis. After apoptosis, cell corpses are rapidly recognized and phagocytosed by professional phagocytes, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. The rapid removal of cell corpses by phagocytes prevents the release of potentially toxic or immunogenic materials from dying cells. Although a number of molecules on phagocytes have been found to be involved in apoptotic cell clearance in vitro, only a few have been proved to be involved in apoptotic cell clearance in vivo by analyses of knockout animals. These knockout mice commonly suffer from autoimmunity, indicating that the complete removal of apoptotic cells is essential for the maintenance of self-tolerance. In this review, we present an overview of the molecular mechanisms of apoptotic cell clearance by phagocytes and the pathological relevance of the failure of apoptotic cell clearance to autoimmune disorder.
Interference in determination of ammonia with the hypochlorite-alkaline phenol method of Berthelot (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInterference in determination of ammonia with the hypochlorite-alkaline phenol method of BerthelotT. T. Ngo, A. P. H. Phan, C. F. Yam, and H. M. LenhoffCite this: Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 1, 46–49Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00238a015https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00238a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1681Altmetric-Citations132LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The T cell antigen receptor zeta chain is tyrosine phosphorylated upon activation. (1988)

The T cell antigen receptor is composed of at least seven chains derived from six different gene products. Upon stimulation, several chains can be phosphorylated. Two of these, CD3-gamma and CD3-epsilon are phosphorylated on serine residues. In addition, a 21-kDa nonglycosylated receptor component is phosphorylated, upon activation, on tyrosine residues. We have referred to this phosphoprotein as p21 because we have previously not been able to assign the tyrosine phosphorylation to any of the described receptor subunits (Samelson, L. E., Patel, M. D., Weissman, A. M., Harford, J. B., and Klausner, R. D. (1986) Cell 46, 1083-1090). In this paper, we demonstrate that it is the 16-kDa zeta chain which is the tyrosine phosphorylated subunit, and thus the p21 nomenclature can be replaced. This phosphorylation results in a shift of the apparent Mr of zeta to 21 kDa. Proof that p21 is tyrosine phosphorylated zeta was afforded by a number of approaches. Specific anti-zeta antibodies directly precipitated phospho-p21. Metabolically labeled protein corresponding to p21 could only be observed after activation. When this 21-kDa band was isolated after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reanalyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after treatment with alkaline phosphatase, its migration was identical with that of zeta. Furthermore, peptide mapping of metabolically labeled p21 (after gel isolation and dephosphorylation) showed it to be indistinguishable from p21. Thus, one of the early events of T cell activation is the tyrosine phosphorylation of the zeta chain of the T cell antigen receptor.
The effect of charge density and hydrophobic modification on dextran-based paper strength enhancing polymers (2000)

Article The effect of charge density and hydrophobic modification on dextran-based paper strength enhancing polymers was published on December 1, 2000 in the journal Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal (volume 15, issue 5).
TRANSIENT HOLES IN THE ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE DURING HYPOTONIC HEMOLYSIS AND STABLE HOLES IN THE MEMBRANE AFTER LYSIS BY SAPONIN AND LYSOLECITHIN (1967)

Ferritin and colloidal gold were found to permeate human erythrocytes during rapid or gradual hypotonic hemolysis. Only hemolysed cells contained these particles; adjacent intact cells did not contain the tracers. Ferritin or gold added 3 min after the onset of hypotonic hemolysis did not permeate the ghost cells which had, therefore, become transiently permeable. By adding ferritin at various times after the onset of hemolysis, it was determined that for the majority of the cells the permeable state (or interval between the time of development and closure of membrane holes) existed only from about 15 to 25 sec after the onset of hemolysis. It was possible to fix the transient "holes" in the open position by adding glutaraldehyde only between 10 and 20 sec after the onset of hemolysis. The existence of such fixed holes was shown by the cell entry of ferritin and gold which were added to these prefixed cells. Membrane defects or discontinuities (of the order of 200-500 A wide) were observed only in prefixed cells which were permeated by ferritin subsequently added. Adjacent prefixed cells which did not become permeated by added ferritin did not reveal any membrane discontinuities. Glutaraldehyde does not per se induce or create such membrane defects since cells which had been fixed by glutaraldehyde before the 10-sec time point or after the 180-sec time point were never permeable to added ferritin, and the cell membranes never contained any defects. It was also observed that early in hemolysis (7-12 sec) a small bulge in one zone of the membrane often occurred. Ghost cells produced by holothurin A (a saponin) and fixed by glutaraldehyde became permeated by ferritin subsequently added, but no membrane discontinuities were seen. Ghosts produced by lysolecithin and fixed by glutaraldehyde also became permeated by subsequently added ferritin, and many membrane defects were seen here (about 300 A wide).
Cloning and recombinant expression of rat and human kynureninase (1997)

Kynureninase [E.C.3.7.1.3.] is one of the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of NAD cofactors from tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway. By tryptic and CNBr digestion of purified rat liver kynureninase, we obtained about 28% of the amino acid sequence of the enzyme. The rat kynureninase cDNA, isolated by means of reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction and hybridization screening, codes for a polypeptide of 464 amino acids. Northern blot analysis revealed the synthesis of a 2.0 kb rat kynureninase mRNA. A cDNA encoding human liver kynureninase was also isolated. The deduced amino acid sequence is 85% identical to that of the rat protein. COS-1 cells were transfected with both cDNAs. The Km values of the rat enzyme, for L-kynurenine and DL-3-hydroxykynurenine, were 440 +/- 20 microM and 32 +/- 5 microM and of the human enzyme 440 /- 20 microM and 49 +/- 6 microM, respectively. Interestingly, COS-1 cells transfected with the cDNA coding for rat kynureninase also display cysteine-conjugate beta-lyase activity.
Oligonucleotide primers for polymerase chain reaction amplification of human immunoglobulin variable genes and design of family‐specific oligonucleotide probes (1991)

In recent work, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used to amplify rearranged mouse and human immunoglobulin heavy and kappa light chain variable (V) genes. Here we have optimized the design of the PCR primers for human V genes and used them to amplify cDNA from human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cloning and sequencing revealed a diverse repertoire of V genes, and the presence of members of each human V gene family. After alignment of the sequences, we identified a region conserved within V gene families, but differing between families, and used this to design family-specific oligonucleotide probes.
Mammalian neo-oogenesis and expression of meiosis-specific protein SCP3 in adult human and monkey ovaries (2008)

The concept of neo-oogenesis and follicular renewal during adulthood in mammalian females, including humans, is a novel concept with major significance for ovarian physiology and mammalian reproductive biology. Previous observations from our laboratory demonstrated that mesenchymal cells in the tunica albuginea are bipotent progenitors for both granulosa and germ cells in adult human ovaries. In the present studies, we demonstrate that the antibodies against meiotic entry synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SCP3)--a marker or meiosis, showed reactivity with segments of tunica albuginea and ovarian surface epithelium, and in oocytes of some primordial follicles in functional human and monkey ovaries. These observations suggest that SCP3 is expressed in adult human and monkey ovaries. Preparation for meiotic activity may have already occurred at the level of tunica albuginea stem cells, and meiotic prophase activity may continue and terminate in oocytes of newly formed primordial follicles.
Inhibition of Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis and Cell Growth following Inactivation of the kdtA Gene in Escherichia coli (1995)

The enzyme 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) transferase is encoded by the kdtA gene in Escherichia coli. The enzyme is a single polypeptide that catalyzes the transfer of two Kdo residues to a tetraacyldisaccharide-1,4'-bisphosphate precursor of lipid A, designated lipid IVA (Belunis, C.J., and Raetz, C.R.H. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 9988-9997). To determine if Kdo transfer to lipid IVA is required for growth, we constructed a strain of E. coli with a chromosomal kdtA::kan insertion mutation. In mutants carrying the kdtA::kan allele on the chromosome, cell growth and Kdo transferase activity were dependent upon a copy of the intact kdtA gene on a plasmid. When the kdtA-bearing plasmid was itself temperature sensitive for replication, the growth of these strains was inhibited after several hours at 44 degrees C, and Kdo transferase activity in extracts became undetectable. Concomitantly, the cells accumulated massive amounts of lipid IVA, the precursor of (Kdo)2-lipid IVA. The kdtA::kan mutation could also be complemented by hybrid plasmids bearing the gseA gene of Chlamydia trachomatis. gseA specifies a distinct Kdo transferase that adds three Kdo moieties to lipid IVA. Lipopolysaccharide from E. coli kdtA::kan constructs complemented by gseA reacts strongly with antibodies directed against the genus-specific epitope of Chlamydia, whereas lipopolysaccharide from parental E. coli K-12 does not. Our studies prove that Kdo attachment during lipid A biosynthesis is essential for cell growth and accounts for the conditional lethality associated with mutations in Kdo biosynthesis.
Ganglioside inhibition of fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion to collagen. (1979)

Fibronectin mediates the adhesion of cells to collagen by first binding to the collagen substrate, followed by attachment of the cells to the fibronectin-collagen complex. Bovine brain gangliosides were found to block fibronectin-mediated cell adhesion to collagen in a concentration-dependent manner. The gangliosides did not block the binding of fibronectin to collagen but did prevent the attachment of the cells to the fibronectin-collagen complex. Of the individual gangliosides tested, GT1 and GD1a were the most effective inhibitors followed by GD1b greater than GM1 greater than GM2; GM3 was not an inhibitor. The inhibition of cell adhesion also was observed with the oligosaccharide portion of the gangliosides, but not with ceramides or with a variety of free sugars or glycosaminoglycans. Mild periodate oxidation of mixed gangliosides or of GD1a modified their sialic acid residues and the oxidized gangliosides were no longer inhibitory; subsequent reduction with NaBH4 did not restore the inhibitory activity of the modified gangliosides. These results suggest that specific gangliosides or related sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates on the cell surface may act as the receptors for fibronectin.
Localization of a fibrinogen calcium binding site between gamma-subunit positions 311 and 336 by terbium fluorescence. (1985)

Calcium is required for effective fibrin polymerization. The high affinity Ca2+ binding capacity of fibrinogen was directly localized to the gamma-chain by autoradiography of nitrocellulose membrane blots of fibrinogen subunits incubated with 45Ca2+. Terbium (Tb3+) competitively inhibited 45Ca2+ binding to fibrinogen during equilibrium dialysis, accelerated fibrin polymerization, and limited fibrinogen fragment D digestion by plasmin. The intrinsic fluorescence of Ca2+-depleted fibrinogen was maximally enhanced by Ca2+ and Tb3+, but not by Mg2+, at about 3 mol of cation/mol of fibrinogen. Protein-bound Tb3+ fluorescence at 545 nm was maximally enhanced by resonance energy transfer from tryptophan (excitation at 290 nm) at about 2 mol of Tb3+mol of fibrinogen and about 1 mol of Tb3+/mol of plasmic fragment D94 (Mr 94,000). Fibrinogen fragments D78 (Mr 78,000) and E did not show effective enhancement of Tb3+ fluorescence, suggesting that the Ca2+ site is located within gamma 303 to gamma 411, the peptide which is absent in fragment D78 but present in D94. When CNBr fragments of the carboxyamidated gamma-subunit were assayed for enhancement of Tb3+ fluorescence, peptide CBi (gamma 311-336) bound 1 mol of Tb3+/mol of CBi. Thus, the Ca2+ site is located within this peptide. The sequence between gamma 315 and gamma 329 is homologous to the calmodulin and parvalbumin Ca2+ binding sites.
Use of dielectrophoresis in the fabrication of an atomic force microscope tip with a carbon nanotube: experimental investigation (2006)

We have developed a method for fabricating a carbon nanotube (CNT) tip for an atomic force microscope (AFM). To attach a CNT to the tip apex, we used dielectrophoresis (DEP) with a non-uniform electric field. After inserting a drop of CNT solution and applying an AC electric field between a metal-coated AFM tip and an electrode plate, CNTs were deposited directly on the tip so that they protruded from the tip. We fabricated tips with individual multi-walled carbon nanotubes and found the experimental conditions that gave high fabrication yields. From AFM measurements of the nanoscale anodized aluminium oxide (AAO) structure, we have shown that a CNT tip assembled using DEP can produce high-resolution images and have a good wear resistance.
Subband based MPEG audio mixing for Internet streaming applications (2002)

We investigate a special-purpose application of MPEG-1 layer II audio streaming. First, we discuss how two or more already coded MPEG-audio bitstreams can be manipulated and mixed within the coded subband domain by using an appropriate algorithm for combining and recalculating the bit allocation. Next, we show that very significant speedups can be obtained compared with mixing in the temporal domain. We also illustrate that, at the same time, the system can act as a bit rate scaling device, using one of the bit allocation-combination algorithms which we implemented. The results obtained with these different algorithms are discussed and compared. Finally, we report on how the developed software was integrated into an Internet audio streaming system, which is now able to allow simple, yet efficient, real-time mixing of several MPEG-audio coded signals.
Bacterial stress responses as determinants of antimicrobial resistance (2012)

Bacteria encounter a myriad of stresses in their natural environments, including, for pathogens, their hosts. These stresses elicit a variety of specific and highly regulated adaptive responses that not only protect bacteria from the offending stress, but also manifest changes in the cell that impact innate antimicrobial susceptibility. Thus exposure to nutrient starvation/limitation (nutrient stress), reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (oxidative/nitrosative stress), membrane damage (envelope stress), elevated temperature (heat stress) and ribosome disruption (ribosomal stress) all impact bacterial susceptibility to a variety of antimicrobials through their initiation of stress responses that positively impact recruitment of resistance determinants or promote physiological changes that compromise antimicrobial activity. As de facto determinants of antimicrobial, even multidrug, resistance, stress responses may be worthy of consideration as therapeutic targets.
BitML: a calculus for Bitcoin smart contracts. (2018)

We introduce BitML, a domain-specific language for specifying contracts that regulate transfers of bitcoins among participants, without relying on trusted intermediaries. We define a symbolic and a computational model for reasoning about BitML security. In the symbolic model, participants act according to the semantics of BitML, while in the computational model they exchange bitstrings, and read/append transactions on the Bitcoin blockchain. A compiler is provided to translate contracts into standard Bitcoin transactions. Participants can execute a contract by appending these transactions on the Bitcoin blockchain, according to their strategies. We prove the correctness of our compiler, showing that computational attacks on compiled contracts are also observable in the symbolic model.
[Levels of plasminogen and alpha 2-antiplasmin in blood of patients with prostatic tumor]. (1996)

In the blood of 20 patients with prostatic carcinoma the level of alpha 2-antiplasmin and plasminogen were examined. The control group consisted of 20 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. The low activity of alpha 2-antiplasmin in the blood of the patients with prostatic carcinoma was observed. The level of plasminogen was similar in both groups and it was in the low part of laboratory normal range. We concluded that the low levels of plasminogen and alpha 2-antiplasmin were a result of their consumption during activation of fibrinolysis process. The measurement of the alpha 2-antiplasmin and plasminogen can be useful to predict a risk of bleeding complications in the patients with prostatic carcinoma and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Phase 1 study of lenvatinib combined with carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (2013)

The MTD for lenvatinib with carboplatin/paclitaxel is 4 mg BID in advanced NSCLC patients. This regimen demonstrated manageable tolerability and encouraging antitumor activity.
ChemInform Abstract: CAMOFORM ANALOGS AS POTENTIAL AGENTS AGAINST MEFLOQUINE RESISTANT MALARIA (1983)

Abstract An dem Aminomethyl‐phenyl (III) und den Camoform‐Analogen [Camofornn (Va) (A: ‐NEt2)] (V) [(Va) als Diethylether isoliert (Ausb. 4%)] und (XI) werden Struktur‐Aktivitäts‐Zusammenhänge untersucht.
GaAs high-speed devices : physics, technology, and circuit applications (1994)

The Development of Gallium Arsenide Devices and Integrated Circuits. Gallium Arsenide Crystal Structure and Growth. Epitaxial Growth Processes. Process Techniques. Lithography. Device--Related Physics and Principles. Metal--to--GaAs Contacts. GaAs Metal--Semiconductor Field--Effect Transistor. High Electron--Mobility Transistor (HEMT). Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors. Resonant--Tunneling Transistors. Hot--Electron Transistors and Novel Devices. GaAs FET Amplifiers and Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits. GaAs Digital Integrated Circuits. High--Speed Photonic Devices. Index.
Up‐Regulation of Protein Chaperones Preserves Viability of Cells Expressing Toxic Cu/Zn‐Superoxide Dismutase Mutants Associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (1999)

Mutations in the Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) gene underlie some familial cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of cortical, brainstem, and spinal motor neurons. We present evidence that SOD-1 mutants alter the activity of molecular chaperones that aid in proper protein folding and targeting of abnormal proteins for degradation. In a cultured cell line (NIH 3T3), resistance to mutant SOD-1 toxicity correlated with increased overall chaperoning activity (measured by the ability of cytosolic extracts to prevent heat denaturation of catalase) as well as with up-regulation of individual chaperones/stress proteins. In transgenic mice expressing human SOD-1 with the G93A mutation, chaperoning activity was decreased in lumbar spinal cord but increased or unchanged in clinically unaffected tissues. Increasing the level of the stress-inducible chaperone 70-kDa heat shock protein by gene transfer reduced formation of mutant SOD-containing proteinaceous aggregates in cultured primary motor neurons expressing G93A SOD-1 and prolonged their survival. We propose that insufficiency of molecular chaperones may be directly involved in loss of motor neurons in this disease.
Nuclear and Neuropil Aggregates in Huntington’s Disease: Relationship to Neuropathology (1999)

The data we report in this study concern the types, location, numbers, forms, and composition of microscopic huntingtin aggregates in brain tissues from humans with different grades of Huntington's disease (HD). We have developed a fusion protein antibody against the first 256 amino acids that preferentially recognizes aggregated huntingtin and labels many more aggregates in neuronal nuclei, perikarya, and processes in human brain than have been described previously. Using this antibody and human brain tissue ranging from presymptomatic to grade 4, we have compared the numbers and locations of nuclear and neuropil aggregates with the known patterns of neuronal death in HD. We show that neuropil aggregates are much more common than nuclear aggregates and can be present in large numbers before the onset of clinical symptoms. There are also many more aggregates in cortex than in striatum, where they are actually uncommon. Although the striatum is the most affected region in HD, only 1-4% of striatal neurons in all grades of HD have nuclear aggregates. Neuropil aggregates, which we have identified by electron microscopy to occur in dendrites and dendritic spines, could play a role in the known dendritic pathology that occurs in HD. Aggregates increase in size in advanced grades, suggesting that they may persist in neurons that are more likely to survive. Ubiquitination is apparent in only a subset of aggregates, suggesting that ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of aggregates may be late or variable.