gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Village Building Identification Based on Ensemble Convolutional Neural Networks (2017)

In this study, we present the Ensemble Convolutional Neural Network (ECNN), an elaborate CNN frame formulated based on ensembling state-of-the-art CNN models, to identify village buildings from open high-resolution remote sensing (HRRS) images. First, to optimize and mine the capability of CNN for village mapping and to ensure compatibility with our classification targets, a few state-of-the-art models were carefully optimized and enhanced based on a series of rigorous analyses and evaluations. Second, rather than directly implementing building identification by using these models, we exploited most of their advantages by ensembling their feature extractor parts into a stronger model called ECNN based on the multiscale feature learning method. Finally, the generated ECNN was applied to a pixel-level classification frame to implement object identification. The proposed method can serve as a viable tool for village building identification with high accuracy and efficiency. The experimental results obtained from the test area in Savannakhet province, Laos, prove that the proposed ECNN model significantly outperforms existing methods, improving overall accuracy from 96.64% to 99.26%, and kappa from 0.57 to 0.86.
Current Status of Biomarker Discovery in Human clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (2012)

The incidence of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) continues to increase while very few treatment options are available for therapy. Development of metastatic disease dramatically decreases patient survival; therefore detection at an early stage while still localized to the renal capsule is imperative for a favorable prognosis. With recent advances in molecular technologies and subsequent understanding of the underlying pathology of disease, molecular markers have been defined that are predicative of tumor stage, metastatic potential and patient prognosis. Analysis of these biomarkers along with current staging techniques already used in the clinic may allow for implementation of personalized post-surgical treatment plans as well provide further molecular pathways for targeted therapeutic interventions. In this review we will highlight the potential ccRCC biomarkers that have been identified through a variety of molecular techniques to date, and provide insight into research models for biomarker discovery.
Solvent Density-Dependent Steric Stabilization of Perfluoropolyether-Coated Nanocrystals in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (2004)

Gold nanocrystals, 5 nm in diameter, were synthesized with coatings of thiolated perfluoropolyether (PFPE) ligands. These nanocrystals are dispersed in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). Because of the high CO2 compressibility, the particle dispersibility is a strong function of solvent density, with higher interparticle attraction and increased aggregation at lower density. Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), the interparticle interactions between PFPE-coated nanocrystals in scCO2 were measured as a function of pressure (from 310 to 120 bar) under isothermal conditions (35 °C). A small peak, which increases in intensity with decreasing pressure, appears at low q in the scattering curve because of interparticle clustering. A model that approximates the nanocrystal interactions with an attractive square-well potential and accounts for the scattering contribution from clustering particles provides excellent agreement with the data. For 5.25-nm-diameter gold nanocrystals dispersed in scCO2 at 35 °C, the square-well potential minimum decreases from −0.6kT to −1.3kT as the pressure is lowered from 310 to 120 bar.
Palladium-catalyzed vinylic substitution reactions with heterocyclic bromides (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPalladium-catalyzed vinylic substitution reactions with heterocyclic bromidesWalter C. Frank, Yong C. Kim, and Richard F. HeckCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 15, 2947–2949Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00409a002https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00409a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views750Altmetric-Citations103LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
NEUROPEPTIDE Y AND HUMAN PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE STIMULATE FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN RATS (1984)

Observations that a pancreatic polypeptide-like substance, possibly neuropeptide Y, is present in hypothalamic areas and may coexist with catecholamines prompted evaluation of its role in controlling feeding behavior. Intracerebroventricular administration of 2 or 10 micrograms of human pancreatic polypeptide to ovariectomized rats pretreated with estradiol benzoate plus progesterone significantly increased the number of animals feeding, and total food intake in tests conducted during the light phase of the day. Administration of neuropeptide Y, 2 or 10 micrograms, induced feeding in all rats, and food intake was 3 times greater than that observed after human pancreatic polypeptide injection. These findings imply that neuropeptide Y, or a closely related pancreatic polypeptide-like neuropeptide, plays an important role in neural regulation of feeding behavior.
Aberrant Retinoblastoma (RB)-E2F Transcriptional Regulation Defines Molecular Phenotypes of Osteosarcoma (2015)

We previously identified two distinct molecular subtypes of osteosarcoma through gene expression profiling. These subtypes are associated with distinct tumor behavior and clinical outcomes. Here, we describe mechanisms that give rise to these molecular subtypes. Using bioinformatic analyses, we identified a significant association between deregulation of the retinoblastoma (RB)-E2F pathway and the molecular subtype with worse clinical outcomes. Xenotransplantation models recapitulated the corresponding behavior for each osteosarcoma subtype; thus, we used cell lines to validate the role of the RB-E2F pathway in regulating the prognostic gene signature. Ectopic RB resets the patterns of E2F regulated gene expression in cells derived from tumors with worse clinical outcomes (molecular phenotype 2) to those comparable with those observed in cells derived from tumors with less aggressive outcomes (molecular phenotype 1), providing a functional association between RB-E2F dysfunction and altered gene expression in osteosarcoma. DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors similarly reset the transcriptional state of the molecular phenotype 2 cells from a state associated with RB deficiency to one seen with RB sufficiency. Our data indicate that deregulation of RB-E2F pathway alters the epigenetic landscape and biological behavior of osteosarcoma.
Treatment-refractory depression: Definitions and characteristics (1997)

Forty to 50% of depressed patients who are initially prescribed antidepressant medications or administered electroconvulsive therapy do not experience a timely remission. This group typifies treatment-refractory depression (TRD), defined as a failure to demonstrate an "adequate" response to an "adequate" treatment trial (i.e., sufficient intensity of treatment for sufficient duration). The approach to the patient with TRD must be methodical. The clinician should examine potential factors contributing to apparent non-response: trial adequacy, compliance, differential diagnosis, and treatable comorbid conditions. After addressing these variables, a patient who does not demonstrate a remission may be considered treatment resistant (relative or absolute). Although many of these patients will respond to a subsequent treatment regimen, there are no (or only nominally useful) predictors for the initial selection of that "subsequent" antidepressant treatment. Hence, the initial treatment is typically chosen on the basis of safety and convenience, not differential efficacy. The search for the clinical and biological correlates of long-term or acute outcome presents a major nosologic conundrum: Who will respond to treatment? Which treatment? In this manner, TRD challenges the prognostic utility of our current phenomenologic-based diagnostic system.
Methionine Metabolism in Plants (2004)

The subcellular distribution of Met and S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) metabolism in plant cells discloses a complex partition between the cytosol and the organelles. In the present work we show that Arabidopsis contains three functional isoforms of vitamin B(12)-independent methionine synthase (MS), the enzyme that catalyzes the methylation of homocysteine to Met with 5-methyltetrahydrofolate as methyl group donor. One MS isoform is present in chloroplasts and is most likely required to methylate homocysteine that is synthesized de novo in this compartment. Thus, chloroplasts are autonomous and are the unique site for de novo Met synthesis in plant cells. The additional MS isoforms are present in the cytosol and are most probably involved in the regeneration of Met from homocysteine produced in the course of the activated methyl cycle. Although Met synthesis can occur in chloroplasts, there is no evidence that AdoMet is synthesized anywhere but the cytosol. In accordance with this proposal, we show that AdoMet is transported into chloroplasts by a carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion process. This carrier is able to catalyze the uniport uptake of AdoMet into chloroplasts as well as the exchange between cytosolic AdoMet and chloroplastic AdoMet or S-adenosylhomocysteine. The obvious function for the carrier is to sustain methylation reactions and other AdoMet-dependent functions in chloroplasts and probably to remove S-adenosylhomocysteine generated in the stroma by methyltransferase activities. Therefore, the chloroplastic AdoMet carrier serves as a link between cytosolic and chloroplastic one-carbon metabolism.
Spurious resonance free bulk acoustic wave resonators (2004)

In this paper a device structure eliminating the spurious modes arising from lateral standing Lamb waves is presented. The operating principle behind the device is described with the use of a simple model. Experimental results of ZnO and AlN based resonators in SMR configuration are given. Laser interferometer measurements are presented that confirm applicability of the idea.
Nonselective Cation Channels (1993)

“Assuming that acetylcholine produces a large non-selective increase of ion permeability, i.e. a short-circuit,...” wrote Fatt and Katz in 1951. That was a year before Hodgkin and Huxley (1952) published their pioneering papers in which they suggested selective changes of nerve membrane permeability for Na+-ions and K+-ions as an explanation for the characteristic shape of action potentials. Selectivity for different ions is an important criterion for classification of ion channels. We can now state that acetylcholine-sensitive ion channels are indeed nonselective for monovalent cations, and that there are even many more types of ion channels characterized by different degrees of nonselectivity. With this book the authors try to demonstrate the current state of research in this field.
Crystallography of metal–organic frameworks (2014)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are one of the most intensely studied material types in recent times. Their networks, resulting from the formation of strong bonds between inorganic and organic building units, offer unparalled chemical diversity and pore environments of growing complexity. Therefore, advances in single-crystal X-ray diffraction equipment and techniques are required to characterize materials with increasingly larger surface areas, and more complex linkers. In addition, whilst structure solution from powder diffraction data is possible, the area is much less populated and we detail the current efforts going on here. We also review the growing number of reports on diffraction under non-ambient conditions, including the response of MOF structures to very high pressures. Such experiments are important due to the expected presence of stresses in proposed applications of MOFs - evidence suggesting rich and complex behaviour. Given the entwined and inseparable nature of their structure, properties and applications, it is essential that the field of structural elucidation is able to continue growing and advancing, so as not to provide a rate-limiting step on characterization of their properties and incorporation into devices and applications. This review has been prepared with this in mind.
Mobility improvement for 45nm node by combination of optimized stress control and channel orientation design (2005)

Performance improvement of CMOSFET by adopting <100>-channel direction with high tensile stress gate capping layer (GC liner-SiN) was demonstrated. For pMOSFET, higher hole mobility of <100>-channel and lesser short channel effect (SCE) results in 20% improvement of I/sub on/. In addition, this improvement was not sensitive to local uniaxial strain. For nMOSFET, similar to <110>-channel, 10% improvement of I/sub on/ is realized in <100>-channel with high tensile stress gate capping layer. Thus, this technology can improve the performance of nMOSFET and pMOSFET without introducing specific additional processes for nMOSFET and pMOSFET.
Provably Secure Subsitution of Cryptographic Tools. (2006)

Many cryptographic protocols secure against malicious players use specially designed cryptographic tools. Essentially, these special tools function much like less-expensive tools, but give extra ‘powers’ to a reduction or simulation algorithm. Using these powers, cryptographers can construct a proof of security using standard techniques. However, these powers are not available to either the honest parties or the adversary. In a large class of protocols, by replacing the expensive, specially designed cryptographic tool with a corresponding less-expensive tool, we can improve the protocol’s efficiency without changing the functionality available to either the adversary or the honest parties. The key motivating question we address in this paper is whether the new, ‘substituted’ protocol is still secure. We introduce a framework for reasoning about this question. Our framework uses translators: special purpose oracles that map outputs of one cryptographic tool to corresponding outputs of a different tool. Translators are similar to, but generally weaker than, the “angels” of Prabhakaran and Sahai [29]. We introduce the notion of substitution-friendly protocols and show that such protocols remain secure after substitution in our framework. We also leverage existing proofs of security; there is no need to re-prove security from scratch. We demonstrate our framework with a non-interactive non-malleable bit commitment protocol.
Improved explanation of the electrocardiogram (1984)

A simple model is presented which is used to calculate the potential outside a nerve or muscle fiber embedded in a uniform conducting medium. The resulting integral is evaluated in the dipole approximation and agrees with equations which have been in the literature for a long time. The result can be used to interpret the electrocardiogram.
Expression of ROR1 in patients with renal cancer--a potential diagnostic marker. (2010)

We conclude that detection of a high level of ROR1 expression in blood cells might assist in early detection of renal malignancies, providing taking into consideration the clinical symptoms of the disease.
Impairment of Mycobacterial Immunity in Human Interleukin-12 Receptor Deficiency (1998)

In humans, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) receptor deficiency leads to a predisposition to mycobacterial infections and impairs the formation of mature granulomas. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) receptor deficiency was found in otherwise healthy individuals with mycobacterial infections. Mature granulomas were seen, surrounded by T cells and centered with epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells, yet reduced IFN-gamma concentrations were found to be secreted by activated natural killer and T cells. Thus, IL-12-dependent IFN-gamma secretion in humans seems essential in the control of mycobacterial infections, despite the formation of mature granulomas due to IL-12-independent IFN-gamma secretion.
[Cloning tumor-related genes and tumor suppressor genes in glioma with polymerase chain reaction-based subtractive hybridization]. (2005)

ndr2 gene is a candidate tumor suppressor gene, and may play a role in tumorigenesis of glioma.
Original CIN: reviewing roles for APC in chromosome instability (2008)

You may have seen the bumper sticker "Eve was framed." Thousands of years of being blamed for original sin and still many wonder, where's the evidence? Today, the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) may have the same complaint about accusations of a different type of CIN, chromosome instability. A series of recent papers, including three in this journal, propose that loss of APC function plays an important role in the CIN seen in many colon cancer cells. However, a closer look reveals a complex story that raises more questions than answers.
Approximating the DCT with the lifting scheme: systematic design and applications (2002)

A systematic approach to design two families of multiplierless approximations of the DCT with the lifting scheme is presented, based on Chen's (1977) and Loeffler's (1989) factorizations of the DCT matrix, respectively. The analytical values of all the lifting steps are derived, which can be approximated by dyadic values to enable fast implementations with only shifts and additions. Different trade-offs between the complexity and the performance can be easily obtained. A scaled lifting structure is proposed to further reduce its complexity. The performance of the lifting-based DCT implementation is demonstrated in the frameworks of JPEG and H.263+. Besides, the lossless compression capability is also presented.
WhyBacillus thuringiensisinsecticidal toxins are so effective: unique features of their mode of action (2001)

The spore-forming bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produces intracellular inclusions comprised of protoxins active on several orders of insects. These highly effective and specific toxins have great potential in agriculture and for the control of disease-related insect vectors. Inclusions ingested by larvae are solubilized and converted to active toxins in the midgut. There are two major classes, the cytolytic toxins and the delta-endotoxins. The former are produced by B. thuringiensis subspecies active on Diptera. The latter, which will be the focus of this review, are more prevalent and active on at least three orders of insects. They have a three-domain structure with extensive functional interactions among the domains. The initial reversible binding to receptors on larval midgut cells is largely dependent upon domains II and III. Subsequent steps involve toxin insertion into the membrane and aggregation, leading to the formation of gated, cation-selective channels. The channels are comprised of certain amphipathic helices in domain I, but the three processes of insertion, aggregation and the formation of functional channels are probably dependent upon all three domains. Lethality is believed to be due to destruction of the transmembrane potential, with the subsequent osmotic lysis of cells lining the midgut. In this review, the mode of action of these delta-endotoxins will be discussed with emphasis on unique features.
Muir–Torre-like syndrome in Fhit-deficient mice (2000)

To investigate the role of the Fhit gene in carcinogen induction of neoplasia, we have inactivated one Fhit allele in mouse embryonic stem cells and produced (129/SvJ x C57BL/6J) F(1) mice with a Fhit allele inactivated (+/-). Fhit +/+ and +/- mice were treated intragastrically with nitrosomethylbenzylamine and observed for 10 wk posttreatment. A total of 25% of the +/+ mice developed adenoma or papilloma of the forestomach, whereas 100% of the +/- mice developed multiple tumors that were a mixture of adenomas, squamous papillomas, invasive carcinomas of the forestomach, as well as tumors of sebaceous glands. The visceral and sebaceous tumors, which lacked Fhit protein, were similar to those characteristic of Muir-Torre familial cancer syndrome.
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (1998)

This study confirmed both the efficacy and the safety of IL-1Ra in a large cohort of patients with active and severe RA. IL-1Ra is the first biologic agent to demonstrate a beneficial effect on the rate of joint erosion.
Endocannabinoid signaling via cannabinoid receptor 1 is involved in ethanol preference and its age-dependent decline in mice (2003)

Cannabinoids and ethanol can activate the same reward pathways, which could suggest endocannabinoid involvement in the rewarding effects of ethanol. The high ethanol preference of young (6-10 weeks) C57BL6J mice is reduced by the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist SR141716A to levels observed in their CB1 knockout littermates or in old (26-48 weeks) wild-type mice, in both of which ethanol preference is unaffected by SR141716A. Similarly, SR141716A inhibits food intake in food-restricted young, but not old, wild-type mice. There are no age-dependent differences in the tissue levels of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol or the density of CB1 in the hypothalamus, limbic forebrain, amygdala, and cerebellum. CB1-stimulated guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate (GTP[gammaS]) binding is selectively reduced in the limbic forebrain of old compared with young wild-type mice. There is no age-dependent difference in G(i) or G(o) subunit protein expression in the limbic forebrain, and the selective reduction in GTP[gammaS] labeling in tissue from old mice is maintained in a receptorG protein reconstitution assay by using functional bovine brain G protein. These findings suggest that endocannabinoids acting at CB1 contribute to ethanol preference, and decreased coupling of CB1 to G proteins in the limbic forebrain by mechanisms other than altered receptor or G protein levels may be involved in the age-dependent decline in the appetite for both ethanol and food.