gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Least L/sub p/-norm estimation of autoregressive model coefficients of symmetric /spl alpha/-stable processes (1997)

Most of the existing coefficient estimation techniques in the literature for autoregressive (AR) symmetric /spl alpha/-stable (S/spl alpha/S) processes require large amounts of data for efficient estimation. However, in many practical cases, either only a short length of data is available or the data is nonstationary. Motivated by the norm of /spl alpha/-stable variables, the AR model coefficient estimation problem is formulated as an l/sub p/-norm minimization problem, and the interactively reweighted least squares (IRLS) is suggested for the solution. The simulation results indicate superior performance when compared to existing methods, especially when only short length data are available.
Treatment of Behçet's disease. (1992)

Behçet's disease is a systemic inflammatory disorder capable of inducing thrombophlebitis. Clinicopathologically, it is characterized by neutrophil and platelet hyperfunction. Lesions are formed presumably because neutrophils infiltrating the affected tissue release active oxygen and lysosomal enzymes in large amounts. The mechanism of neutrophil hyperfunction was obscure, but in recent years attention has focused on the effects of cytokines released by mononuclear cells. As more has been learned about the etiopathogenesis of Behçet's disease, novel anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, anti-thrombotic agents, and anticoagulants have helped to achieve remarkable progress in treatment. Particularly notable is the effect on severe uveitis of cyclosporine, which is more effective than colchicine and conventional immunosuppressants. With the advent of cyclosporine, the number of patients with Behçet's disease who lose their eyesight has clearly decreased.
Inertial Navigation Aided by Monocular Camera Observations of Unknown Features (2007)

This paper presents an algorithm which can effectively constrain inertial navigation drift using monocular camera data. It is capable of operating in unknown and large scale environments and assumes no prior knowledge of the size, appearance or location of potential environmental features. Low cost inertial navigation units are found on most autonomous vehicles and a large number of smaller robots. Depending on the grade of the sensor, when used alone, inertial data for control and navigation will only be reliable for a matter of seconds or minutes. An algorithm is presented that simultaneously estimates relative feature location in sensor space and inertial position, velocity and attitude in world coordinates. Feature locations are maintained in sensor space to ensure measurement linearity. Image depth is represented by an inverse function which permits un-delayed feature initialization and improves linearity and convergence. It is shown that the resulting navigation solution is able to be constrained, providing results comparable to inertial-GPS systems. Results are presented for an autonomous aircraft operating in a large semi-structured environment.
An immunomodulatory role for CD4+CD25+ regulatory T lymphocytes in hepatitis C virus infection (2004)

The CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T lymphocytes have been implicated in suppressing T cell immune responses. Our aim was to characterize the frequency, phenotype, function, and specificity of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Peripheral CD4(+)CD25(+) cells from recovered (n = 15), chronic infected (n = 30), and normal control (n = 15) subjects were analyzed ex vivo for quantitation, phenotype, and effect on HCV-specific interferon gamma production and proliferation. CD4(+)CD25(+) specificity was determined by intracellular cytokine staining for interleukin 10 (IL-10). A higher proportion of CD4(+)CD25(+) were found in chronic infection (mean, 3.02%) when compared with recovered (1.64%, P = .001) and normal controls (2.27%, P = .02). CD4(+)CD25(+) cells display CD45RO(high), CD45RA(low), CD28(high), CD62L(high), and CD95(high) phenotype. HCV-specific interferon gamma activity was enhanced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells depleted of CD4(+)CD25(+) and suppressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells enriched with CD4(+)CD25(+). Depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+) cells also enhanced HCV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell proliferation. Cytokine analysis suggested CD4(+)CD25(+) cells secrete transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta(1)) and IL-10. The inhibitory role for TGF-beta(1) was confirmed by anti-TGF-beta(1). Transwell studies showed CD4(+)CD25(+) mediated suppression to be dose dependent and requiring cell contact. CD4(+)CD25(+) cells showed HCV-specificity through IL-10 production, with a frequency ranging from 1.9% to 5.3%. A positive correlation was detected between CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell frequency and HCV RNA titer, whereas an inverse relation was found with liver inflammatory activity. In conclusion, CD4(+)CD25(+) T lymphocytes constitute a highly differentiated population and appear to play a role in viral persistence by suppressing HCV-specific T cell responses in a cell-cell contact manner.
Electrorheological Suspensions of Laponite in Oil:  Rheometry Studies (2008)

We have studied the effect of an external direct current (DC) electric field ( approximately 1 kV/mm) on the rheological properties of colloidal suspensions consisting of aggregates of laponite particles in a silicone oil. Microscopy observations show that, under application of an electric field greater than a triggering electric field Ec approximately 0.6 kV/mm, laponite aggregates assemble into chain- and/or columnlike structures in the oil. Without an applied electric field, the steady-state shear behavior of such suspensions is Newtonian-like. Under application of an electric field larger than Ec, it changes dramatically as a result of the changes in the microstructure: a significant yield stress is measured, and under continuous shear the fluid is shear-thinning. The rheological properties, in particular the dynamic and static shear stress, were studied as a function of particle volume fraction for various strengths (including null) of the applied electric field. The flow curves at constant shear rate can be scaled with respect to both the particle fraction and electric field strength onto a master curve. This scaling is consistent with simple scaling arguments. The shape of the master curve accounts for the system's complexity; it approaches a standard power-law model at high Mason numbers. Both dynamic and static yield stresses are observed to depend on the particle fraction Phi and electric field E as PhibetaEalpha, with alpha approximately 1.85 and beta approximately 1 and 1.70 for the dynamic and static yield stresses, respectively. The yield stress was also determined as the critical stress at which there occurs a bifurcation in the rheological behavior of suspensions that are submitted to a constant shear stress; a scaling law with alpha approximately 1.84 and beta approximately 1.70 was obtained. The effectiveness of the latter technique confirms that such electrorheological (ER) fluids can be studied in the framework of thixotropic fluids. The method is very reproducible; we suggest that it could be used routinely for studying ER fluids. The measured overall yield stress behavior of the suspensions may be explained in terms of standard conduction models for electrorheological systems. Interesting prospects include using such systems for guided self-assembly of clay nanoparticles.
L'outburst di EX Lupi, 2008-2009 (2010)

A photometric V &amp; B study of EX lupi was performed with the Skylive remote telescope placed at Grove Creek, Australia. The star showed a huge activity, at short and long scales, in the first 8 months after the outburst of January 2008. During 2009 the activity declined together which a large reddening of the star. The decrease of luminosity of the star was correlated statistically with the changes of the BV index (p&lt;0.01).
ING2 in cell cycle regulation (2010)

Comment on: Larrieu D, et al. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:2984–90.
Glycoproteins from Insect Cells: Sialylated or Not? (2001)

Our growing comprehension of the biological roles of glycan moieties has created a clear need for expression systems that can produce mammalian-type glycoproteins. In turn, this has intensified interest in understanding the protein glycosylation pathways of the heterologous hosts that are commonly used for recombinant glycoprotein expression. Among these, insect cells are the most widely used and, particularly in their role as hosts for baculovirus expression vectors, provide a powerful tool for biotechnology. Various studies of the glycosylation patterns of endogenous and recombinant glycoproteins produced by insect cells have revealed a large variety of O- and N-linked glycan structures and have established that the major processed O- and N-glycan species found on these glycoproteins are (Gal beta1,3)GalNAc-O-Ser/Thr and Man3(Fuc)GlcNAc2-N-Asn, respectively. However, the ability or inability of insect cells to synthesize and compartmentalize sialic acids and to produce sialylated glycans remains controversial. This is an important issue because terminal sialic acid residues play diverse biological roles in many glycoconjugates. While most work indicates that insect cell-derived glycoproteins are not sialylated, some well-controlled studies suggest that sialylation can occur. In evaluating this work, it is important to recognize that oligosaccharide structural determination is tedious work, due to the infinite diversity of this class of compounds. Furthermore, there is no universal method of glycan analysis; rather, various strategies and techniques can be used, which provide glycobiologists with relatively more or less precise and reliable results. Therefore, it is important to consider the methodology used to assess glycan structures when evaluating these studies. The purpose of this review is to survey the studies that have contributed to our current view of glycoprotein sialylation in insect cell systems, according to the methods used. Possible reasons for the disagreement on this topic in the literature, which include the diverse origins of biological material and experimental artifacts, will be discussed. In the final analysis, it appears that if insect cells have the genetic potential to perform sialylation of glycoproteins, this is a highly specialized function that probably occurs rarely. Thus, the production of sialylated recombinant glycoproteins in the baculovirus-insect cell system will require metabolic engineering efforts to extend the native protein glycosylation pathways of insect cells.
Room-Temperature Superconductivity (2006)

This is the first book on the subject of room-temperature superconductivity. The main purpose of the book is twofold. First, to show that, under suitable conditions, superconductivity can occur above room temperature. Secondly, to present general guidelines on how to synthesize a room temperature superconductor. The book begins with an introduction into the physics of the superconducting state and superconducting materials. The mechanisms of conventional, half-conventional and unconventional superconductivity are discussed in the following chapters. The last three chapters of the book are devoted to room temperature superconductivity. In Chapter 2, an attempt to review the basic properties of the superconducting state independently of any specific mechanism is made for the first time. In addition, four principles of superconductivity valid for any type of superconductivity are introduced in Chapter 4. The book is mainly addressed to specialists in materials science and in the field of superconductivity. At the same time, students will also benefit from reading the first nine chapters of the book.
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Support of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Self-Renewal (2005)

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells have most commonly been cultured in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) either on fibroblast feeder layers or in fibroblast-conditioned medium. It has recently been reported that elevated concentrations of FGF2 permit the culture of human ES cells in the absence of fibroblasts or fibroblast-conditioned medium. Herein we compare the ability of unconditioned medium (UM) supplemented with 4, 24, 40, 80, 100, and 250 ng/ml FGF2 to sustain low-density human ES cell cultures through multiple passages. In these stringent culture conditions, 4, 24, and 40 ng/ml FGF2 failed to sustain human ES cells through three passages, but 100 ng/ml sustained human ES cells with an effectiveness comparable to conditioned medium (CM). Two human ES cell lines (H1 and H9) were maintained for up to 164 population doublings (7 and 4 months) in UM supplemented with 100 ng/ml FGF2. After prolonged culture, the cells formed teratomas when injected into severe combined immunodeficient beige mice and expressed markers characteristic of undifferentiated human ES cells. We also demonstrate that FGF2 is degraded more rapidly in UM than in CM, partly explaining the need for higher concentrations of FGF2 in UM. These results further facilitate the large-scale, routine culture of human ES cells and suggest that fibroblasts and fibro-blast-conditioned medium sustain human ES cells in part by stabilizing FGF signaling above a critical threshold.
Fibroblast growth factor 2 promotes microvessel formation from mouse embryonic aorta (2003)

To delineate the roles that oxygen and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play in the process of angiogenesis from the embryonic aorta, we cultured mouse embryonic aorta explants (thoracic level to lateral vessels supplying the mesonephros and metanephros) in a three-dimensional type I collagen gel matrix. During 8 days of culture under 5% O(2), but not room air, the addition of FGF2 to explants stimulated the formation of Gs-IB(4-)positive, CD31-positive, and Flk-1-positive microvessels in a concentration-dependent manner. FGF2-stimulated microvessel formation was inhibited by sequestration of FGF2 via addition of soluble FGF receptor (FGFR) chimera protein or anti-FGF2 antibodies. FGFR1 and FGFR2 were present on explants. Levels of FGFR1, but not FGFR2, were increased in embryonic aorta cultured under 5% O(2) relative to room air. Our data suggest that low oxygen upregulates FGFR1 expression in embryonic aorta in vitro and renders it more responsive to FGF2.
cDNA cloning and chromosome mapping of human dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, an enzyme associated with 5-fluorouracil toxicity and congenital thymine uraciluria. (1994)

The pig and human dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) cDNAs were cloned and sequenced. The pig enzyme, expressed in Escherichia coli, catalyzed the reduction of uracil, thymine, and 5-fluorouracil with kinetics approximating those published for the enzyme purified from mammalian liver. DPD could be expressed in significant quantities only when uracil was added to the bacterial growth medium. The pig and human enzymes contained 1025 amino acids and calculated M(r) = 111,416 and 111,398, respectively. Conserved domains corresponding to a possible NADPH binding site and FAD binding site were found in the NH2-terminal half of the proteins and two motifs of putative [4Fe-4S] binding sites were found near to the carboxyl terminus of the enzyme. The latter corresponds to the labile COOH-terminal fragment previously shown to contain the iron sulfur centers. A sequence encompassing a peptide corresponding to the uracil binding site was found between the NADPH/FAD-containing NH2-terminal portion of the protein and the iron-sulfur binding sites near to the COOH terminus. Thus, the DPD appears to be derived from at least three distinct domains. The DPYD gene was localized to the centromeric region of human chromosome 1 between 1p22 and q21.
Virtual Screening in Lead Discovery: A Viewpoint (2002)

Virtual screening (VS) methods have emerged as an adaptive response to massive throughput synthesis and screening technologies. Based on the structure-permeability paradigm, the Lipinski rule of five has become a standard property filtering protocol for VS. Three possible VS scenarios with respect to optimising binding affinity and pharmacokinetic properties are discussed. The parsimony principle for selecting candidate leads for further optimisation is advocated.
Simultaneous Measurement of Strain and Temperature of Structures Using Fiber Optic Sensor (2001)

This paper presents the simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature using fiber Bragg grating/extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (FBG/EFPI) sensor. This hybrid sensor consists of a FBG element encapsulated in EFPI sensor. Temperature can be measured from FBG part and strain from EFPI. We have analytically derived the relationship of the sensor outputs to measurands (strain and temperature) and yielded the characteristic matrix of sensor. Therefore, it is not necessary to perform sensor calibration for each sensor. By the derived relationship, we could measure directly and simultaneously the strain and temperature using a single sensing element. The fiber optic sensor was surface-mounted on an aluminum alloy beam together with an electrical resistance strain gauge and a thermocouple. The wavelength-swept fiber laser (WSFL) was used as a light source to supply high signal power. The simultaneous measurement of thermal strain and temperature was performed in a thermal chamber. Experimental results of fiber optic sensor show good agreements with those of conventional gauges such as strain gauge and thermocouple.
Overexpression of the Soluble Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor in Preeclamptic Patients: Pathophysiological Consequences (2003)

Several growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and placental growth factor (PlGF) are involved in the placental vascular development. We investigated whether dysregulation in the VEGF family may explain the defective uteroplacental vascularization characterizing preeclampsia. We compared pregnancies complicated by early onset severe preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation to normal pregnancies. Maternal plasma, placentas, and placental bed biopsies were collected. The mRNA levels of VEGF-A, PlGF, and their receptors were quantified in placentas and placental beds. Levels of VEGF-A, PlGF, and soluble VEGF receptor (VEGFR) were assessed in maternal plasma. In compromised pregnancies, elevated levels of VEGF-A and VEGFR-1 mRNAs may reflect the hypoxic status of the placenta. On contrast, the membrane-bound VEGFR-1 was decreased in the placental bed of preeclamptic patients. Preeclampsia was associated with low levels of circulating PlGF and increased levels of total VEGF-A and soluble VEGFR-1. Free VEGF-A was undetectable in maternal blood. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that VEGF-A and PlGF were localized in trophoblastic cells. Altogether, our results suggest two different pathophysiological mechanisms associated with preeclampsia. The first one is related to an overproduction of competitive soluble VEGFR-1 that may lead to suppression of VEGF-A and PlGF effects. The second one is the down-regulation of its membrane bound form (VEGFR-1) in the placental bed, which may result in the defective uteroplacental development.
A Deep Reinforcement Learning Chatbot (Short Version) (2018)

We present MILABOT: a deep reinforcement learning chatbot developed by the Montreal Institute for Learning Algorithms (MILA) for the Amazon Alexa Prize competition. MILABOT is capable of conversing with humans on popular small talk topics through both speech and text. The system consists of an ensemble of natural language generation and retrieval models, including neural network and template-based models. By applying reinforcement learning to crowdsourced data and real-world user interactions, the system has been trained to select an appropriate response from the models in its ensemble. The system has been evaluated through A/B testing with real-world users, where it performed significantly better than other systems. The results highlight the potential of coupling ensemble systems with deep reinforcement learning as a fruitful path for developing real-world, open-domain conversational agents.
A system for document analysis, translation, and automatic hypertext linking (1995)

A digital library database is a heterogeneous collection of documents. Documents may become available in different formats (e.g., ASCII, SGML, typesetter languages) and they may have to be translated to a standard document representation scheme used by the digital library. This work focuses on the design of a framework that can be used to convert text documents in any format to equivalent documents in different formats and, in particular, to SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language). In addition, the framework must be able to extract information about the analyzed documents, store that information in a permanent database, and construct hypertext links between documents and the information contained in that database and between the document themselves. For example, information about the author of a document could be extracted and stored in the database. A link can then be established between the document and the information about its author and from there to other documents by the same author. These tasks must be performed without any human intervention, even at the risk of making a small number of mistakes. To accomplish these goals we developed a language called DELTO (Description Language for Textual Objects) that can be used to describe a document format. Given a description for a particular format, our system is able to extract information from documents in that format, to store part of that information in a permanent database, and to use that information in constructing an abstract representation of those documents that can be used to generate equivalent documents in different formats. The system originated from this work is used for constructing the database of Envision, a Virginia Tech digital library research project.
Common variable immunodeficiency disorders: division into distinct clinical phenotypes (2008)

The European Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders registry was started in 1996 to define distinct clinical phenotypes and determine overlap within individual patients. A total of 7 centers contributed patient data, resulting in the largest cohort yet reported. Patients (334), validated for the diagnosis, were followed for an average of 25.6 years (9461 patient-years). Data were used to define 5 distinct clinical phenotypes: no complications, autoimmunity, polyclonal lymphocytic infiltration, enteropathy, and lymphoid malignancy. A total of 83% of patients had only one of these phenotypes. Analysis of mortality showed a considerable reduction in the last 15 years and that different phenotypes were associated with different survival times. Types of complications and clinical phenotypes varied significantly between countries, indicating the need for large, international registries. Ages at onset of symptoms and diagnosis were shown to have a Gaussian distribution, but were not useful predictors of phenotype. The only clinical predictor was polyclonal lymphocytic infiltration, which was associated with a 5-fold increased risk of lymphoid malignancy. There was widespread variation in the levels of serum immunoglobulin isotypes as well as in the percentages and absolute numbers of B cells, confirming the heterogeneity of these conditions. Higher serum IgM and lower circulating CD8 proportions were found to be predictive markers for polyclonal lymphocytic infiltration and autoimmunity, respectively.
Protein immobilization : fundamentals and applications (1991)

For those who carry out basic R&D in protein immobilization, as well as those who utilize protein immobilization technologies in their processes and products, this volume considers the role of immobilized proteins, including immobilized enzymes, antibodies, structural proteins, and macromolecular co