gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A novel N18TG2 x mesencephalon cell hybrid expresses properties that suggest a dopaminergic cell line of substantia nigra origin (1992)

A dopaminergic neuroblastoma was derived using somatic cell fusion of rat embryonic mesencephalon cells and the murine neuroblastoma-glioma cell line N18TG2. The resulting interspecies hybrid, named MES23.5, has retained a stable phenotype and karyotype for a continuous culture period of 1 year. The hybrid exhibits several properties that suggest that the parent primary neurons originated in the substantia nigra. The cell line contains tyrosine hydroxylase, which is identifiable both by biochemical and immunological methods and synthesizes dopamine, but no other catecholamine. Additionally, the cell line expresses apparent voltage-gated CA2+ channels as measured by high-affinity omega-conotoxin binding. The MES23.5 omega-conotoxin receptors are of similar affinity class to those found in adult rat mesencephalon. No dihydropyridine receptors, as measured by PN200-100 ligand binding, are present. None of these properties are found in the N18TG2 parent. At least three neuronal features, namely, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine synthesis, and omega-conotoxin receptor expression, are quantitatively elevated after sustained treatment with cAMP analogs. The cell line expresses a complex range of neural properties found in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, and may therefore be useful elucidating further details of their cell biology.
Electricity Production from Steam-Exploded Corn Stover Biomass (2006)

Electricity generation using microbial fuel cells (MFCs) was examined from corn stover waste biomass using samples prepared through either neutral or acid steam-exploded hydrolysis processes that convert the hemicellulose to soluble sugars. Maximum power densities in fed-batch tests using an air-cathode MFC were 371 ± 13 mW/m2 and 367 ± 13 mW/m2 for the neutral and acid hydrolysates (1000 mg-COD/L, 250 Ω). Power output exhibited saturation kinetics with respect to fuel concentration, with predicted maximum power densities of Pmax = 475 mW/m2 and half-saturation constants of Ks = 347 mg/L (neutral) and Pmax = 422 mW/m2 and Ks = 170 mg/L (acid). Coulombic efficiencies (CEs) were comparable to that found using carbohydrates in this type of MFC, with values ranging from 20 to 30% for both hydrolysates. All sugars (monomeric or oligomeric) were completely utilized, with overall biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removal efficiencies of 93 ± 2% (neutral) and 94 ± 1% (acid). Power output could be increased by using a cathode containing a diffusion layer, resulting in maximum power densities of 810 ± 3 mW/m2 (neutral) and 861 ± 37 mW/m2 (acid). Power was further increased by increasing solution conductivity to 20 mS/cm, resulting in 933 mW/m2 (neutral) and 971 mW/m2 (acid) for the two hydrolysates. Additional increases in solution conductivity lowered the anode potential and did not increase power. These results demonstrate the potential for a new method of renewable energy production based on conversion of biomass to electricity using MFCs.
A Statistical Study of De-Embedding Applied to Eye Diagram Analysis (2011)

We describe a stable method for calibrating digital waveforms and eye diagrams by use of the measurement system response function and its regularized inverse. The function describing the system response includes the response of the oscilloscope and any associated cables and test fixtures. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by performing a statistical analysis of the calculated eye height and eye width obtained from a controlled experiment consisting of multiple cable lengths, bit rates, and oscilloscope samplers. We also demonstrate our approach by measuring the transmission through a test device consisting of a short length of cable, a ball-grid array socket, and complicated circuit board.
Prevention of Vertebrate Neuronal Death by the crmA Gene (1994)

Interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) is a mammalian homolog of CED-3, a protein required for programmed cell death in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The activity of ICE can be specifically inhibited by the product of crmA, a cytokine response modifier gene encoded by cowpox virus. Microinjection of the crmA gene into chicken dorsal root ganglion neurons was found to prevent cell death induced by deprivation of nerve growth factor. Thus, ICE is likely to participate in neuronal death in vertebrates.
THE ROLES OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN RHINOSINUSITIS (2001)

Since the last decade, new insights into inflammatory processes have become possible by investigating the pattern of cytokines in acute and chronic sinus diseases. This review aims to update and discuss the findings of in vitro and in vivo studies concerning the role of cytokines in sinusitis and nasal polyposis. The proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and the neutrophil-chemoattractant IL-8 may play a major role in acute sinusits, as shown in viral and allergic rhinitis. In chronic sinusitis IL-3 dominates the cytokine profiles, giving support to a variety of inflammatory cells. IL-5 is a key protein in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. Activation and survival of eosinophils in nasal polyps are thought to be regulated by IL-5. Further investigation of cytokine expression patterns in inflammatory sinus diseases will lead to a better understanding of their pathogenesis and to a development of new therapeutic modality.
A Comparison of Ligase Chain Reaction toPolymerase Chain Reaction in the Detection ofChlamydia trachomatis Endocervical Infections (1998)

Objective: To compare the reliability of ligase chain reaction (LCR) to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in detecting Chlamydia trachomatis endocervical infections. Methods: We conducted a prospective study of 486 patients at risk for chlamydial infection of the endocervix. We obtained two endocervical specimens from each patient and used LCR and PCR to detect C. trachomatis . Discrepant results between the two techniques were resolved by repeat testing and by testing for the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) gene, if necessary. We determined the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for each test, using concordant results or MOMP gene results as the “gold standard”. Results: Of the 486 patients, 42 (8.6%) had evidence of C. trachomatis infection after resolution of discrepant results. Of the 42 true positive specimens, 41 were positive by initial LCR and 38 were positive by initial PCR. Of the 444 true negative specimens, none had a positive initial LCR result, while 2 had a positive initial PCR test. Therefore, compared to the gold standard, LCR had a sensitivity of 97.6% and specificity of 100%, while PCR had a sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 99.5%. The positive and negative predictive values of LCR were 100% and 99.8%, respectively. PCR had a positive predictive value of 95% and a negative predictive value of 99.1%. The difference in sensitivity of LCR versus PCR was not statistically significant ( P = .125). Conclusion: LCR and PCR perform equally well in detecting C. trachomatis endocervical infections.
Chimeric Antigen Receptors for the Retargeting of Cytotoxic Effector Cells (2001)

T lymphocytes recognize specific antigens through interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with short peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I or II molecules. For initial activation and clonal expansion, naïve T cells are dependent on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that provide additional co-stimulatory signals. TCR activation in the absence of co-stimulation can result in unresponsiveness and clonal anergy. To bypass immunization, different approaches for the derivation of cytotoxic effector cells with grafted recognition specificity have been developed. Chimeric antigen receptors have been constructed that consist of binding domains derived from natural ligands or antibodies specific for cell-surface antigens, genetically fused to effector molecules such as the TCR alpha and beta chains, or components of the TCR-associated CD3 complex. Upon antigen binding, such chimeric receptors link to endogenous signaling pathways in the effector cell and generate activating signals similar to those initiated by the TCR complex. Since the first reports on chimeric antigen receptors, this concept has steadily been refined and the molecular design of chimeric receptors has been optimized. Aided by advances in recombinant antibody technology, chimeric antigen receptors targeted to a wide variety of antigens on the surface of cancer cells and of cells infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been generated. In initial clinical studies, infusion of such cells into patients proved to be safe and transient therapeutic effects have been observed.
Proton Conductivity Enhancement by Nanostructural Control of Poly(benzimidazole)‐Phosphoric Acid Adducts (2008)

Mesoporous polybenzimidazole doped with phosphoric acid shows enhanced proton conductivity compared to an equivalent, nonporous membrane. The introduction of a defined nanostructure into crosslinked poly(benzimidazole)/phosphoric acid composites is thus a promising approach towards membranes of high temperature stability suitable for fuel cell applications. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2008/adma200703159_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A Cut above the Rest: Targeted Genome Editing Technologies in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (2013)

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer unprecedented opportunities to study cellular differentiation and model human diseases. The ability to precisely modify any genomic sequence holds the key to realizing the full potential of hPSCs. Thanks to the rapid development of novel genome editing technologies driven by the enormous interest in the hPSC field, genome editing in hPSCs has evolved from being a daunting task a few years ago to a routine procedure in most laboratories. Here, we provide an overview of the mainstream genome editing tools, including zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CAS9 RNA-guided nucleases, and helper-dependent adenoviral vectors. We discuss the features and limitations of these technologies, as well as how these factors influence the utility of these tools in basic research and therapies.
A Novel Immunoradiometric Assay Detects Full-Length Human PTH but not Amino-Terminally Truncated Fragments: Implications for PTH Measurements in Renal Failure (1999)

In 8 adolescents with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), basal PTH concentrations measured with a novel immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) (Scantibodies Laboratory, Inc.; S-IRMA) were invariably lower than those estimated with an established assay (Nichols Institute; N-IRMA) (263 +/- 228 versus 645 +/- 442 pg/ml, respectively; p<0.00001). During in vivo dynamic testing, set points for calcium-regulated PTH release were indistinguishable for both IRMAs (1.21 +/- 0.05 versus 1.22 +/- 0.06). However, maximal PTH concentrations were significantly lower when measured by S-IRMA then by N-IRMA (557 +/- 448 and 1114 +/- 606 pg/ml, respectively); minimum PTH concentrations were 41 +/- 65 pg/ml (5.0 +/- 4.2% of maximum) and 189 +/- 137 pg/ml (13.6 +/- 7.2% of maximum), respectively. Correlation between PTH and blood ionized calcium indicated that PTH measured by S-IRMA decreased more readily than the concentrations determined by N-IRMA. The N-IRMA showed indistinguishable cross-reactivity with hPTH(1-84) and hPTH(7-84), while the S-IRMA detected only the full-length peptide. Furthermore, the radiolabeled detection antibody of the N-IRMA interacted equivalently with hPTH(1-34) and hPTH(2-34), while the S-IRMA showed crossreactivity only with hPTH(1-34). These differences in assay specificity could explain the observed differences in ESRD, and suggest that PTH concentrations estimated by the S-IRMA reflect more accurately the amount of biologically active PTH in the circulation. Since low concentrations of PTH are frequently associated with adynamic bone disease, our findings may have significant implications for the treatment of renal osteodystrophy with calcium and/or biologically active vitamin D analogs.
Characterization of Long Terminal Repeat Sequences of HTLV-III (1985)

The nucleotide sequence of the long terminal repeat sequence (LTR) of the human T-cell leukemia (lymphotropic) virus type III (HTLV-III) was determined. This virus is associated etiologically with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The LTR was found to be 634 base pairs in length with U3, R, and U5 regions of 453, 98, and 83 bp, respectively. The proviral DNA is flanked by a 7-base-pair direct repeat. The promoter and polyadenylation signals are situated 27 and 24 base pairs upstream from the respective transcriptional initiation and polyadenylation sites. The primer binding site is complementary to transfer RNA-lysine. The LTR of HTLV-III, like that of HTLV-I, showed a limited homology to enhancer-like sequences within two genes expressed specifically in T lymphocytes, T-cell growth factor, and gamma-interferon. Structural comparisons revealed that the LTR of HTLV-III is distantly related to those of HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and bovine leukemia virus.
The Biologic Roles of CD2, CD4, and CD8 in T-Cell Activation (1989)

The Biologic Roles of CD2, CD4, and CD8 in T-Cell Activation, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/immunol/7/1/annurev.iy.07.040189.003051-1.gif
Human peripheral blood B‐cell compartments: A crossroad in B‐cell traffic (2010)

A relatively high number of different subsets of B-cells are generated through the differentiation of early B-cell precursors into mature B-lymphocytes in the bone marrow (BM) and antigen-triggered maturation of germinal center B-cells into memory B-lymphocytes and plasmablasts in lymphoid tissues. These B-cell subpopulations, which are produced in the BM and lymphoid tissues, recirculate through peripheral blood (PB), into different tissues including mucosa and the BM, where long-living plasma cells produce antibodies. These circulating PB B-cells can be classified according to their maturation stage into i) immature/transitional, ii) naïve, and iii) memory B-lymphocytes, and iv) plasmablasts/plasma cells. Additionally, unique subsets of memory B-lymphocytes and plasmablasts/plasma cells can be identified based on their differential expression of unique Ig-heavy chain isotypes (e.g.: IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA). In the present paper, we review recent data reported in the literature about the distribution, immunophenotypic and functional characteristics of these cell subpopulations, as well as their distribution in PB according to age and seasonal changes. Additional information is also provided in this regard based on the study of a population-based cohort of 600 healthy adults aged from 20 to 80 years, recruited in the Salamanca area in western Spain. Detailed knowledge of the distribution and traffic of B-cell subsets through PB mirrors the immune status of an individual subject and it may also contribute to a better understanding of B-cell disorders related to B-cell biology and homeostasis, such as monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL).
Autotoxicity: Concept, Organisms, and Ecological Significance (1999)

The present review deals with the phenomenon of autotoxicity — a type of intraspecific allelopathy, where a plant species inhibits the growth of its own kind through the release of toxic chemicals into the environment. This phenomenon has been reported to occur in a number of weeds and crop plants in agroecosystem and wastelands causing the soil sickness. Besides, it plays a significant role in the orchards (of apple, pear, grapes, etc.) where it is the major reason of the replant problem, natural forests and coffee and tea plantations causing the regeneration problems. Not only the higher plants, but even some ferns and algae are also reported to show this phenomenon. Some plants have even developed extensive mechanisms to overcome this phenomenon, whereas the others have adapted to it by making structural and ecological changes providing to them a competitive ecological advantage over the others. Although autotoxicity is a natural phenomena providing selective benefit to the plant, yet the chemicals responsible for this have good potential for weed and pest management.
Improved coupled-mode equations for dielectric guides (1986)

An improved version of coupled-mode equations for parallel dielectric waveguides has been derived by using a newly found relationship that connects the propagation constants of the individual guides to the coupling coefficients via an overlap integral that measures the guides' proximity. The four parameters of these new coupled equations are simple functions of essentially one single quantity: the asynchronism of the individual guides properly normalized.
GaAs wafer bonding by atomic hydrogen surface cleaning (1999)

A method of large-area wafer bonding of GaAs is proposed. The bonding procedure was carried out in an ultrahigh vacuum. The wafer surfaces were cleaned at 400 and 500 °C by application of atomic hydrogen produced by thermal cracking. The wafers were brought into contact either immediately after the cleaning, or at temperatures as low as 150 °C, without application of a load, and successfully bonded over the whole area. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that the wafers could be directly bonded without any crystalline damage or intermediate layer. From a mechanical test, the fracture surface energy was estimated to be 0.7–1.0 J/m2, which is comparable to that of the bulk fracture. Furthermore, this bonding method needs no wet chemical treatment and has no limits to wafer diameter. Moreover, it is suitable for low temperature bonding.
Genomic organization and promoter characterization of human CXCR4 gene1 (1998)

CXCR4 is the receptor for the CXC chemokine SDF1 that has essential functions on embryo organogenesis, immunological functions and T lymphocyte trafficking. Recently, CXCR4 has drawn unexpected attention as it was recently identified as a co-factor required for entry of lymphotropic HIV isolates in CD4+ T lymphocytes. CXCR4 is the only SDF1 receptor identified so far. This suggests that CXCR4 expression is critical for the biological effects of SDF1. To investigate the mechanisms controlling both the constitutive and induced expression of CXCR4 receptors we have isolated and characterized the promoter region and determined the genomic structure of the human gene. The CXCR4 gene contains two exons separated by an intronic sequence. A 2.6 kb 5'-flanking region located upstream the CXCR4 open reading frame contains a TATA box and the transcription start site characteristic of a functional promoter. This region also contains putative consensus binding sequences for different transcription factors, some of them associated with the hemopoiesis and lymphocyte development.
A Study on Gait-Based Gender Classification (2009)

Gender is an important cue in social activities. In this correspondence, we present a study and analysis of gender classification based on human gait. Psychological experiments were carried out. These experiments showed that humans can recognize gender based on gait information, and that contributions of different body components vary. The prior knowledge extracted from the psychological experiments can be combined with an automatic method to further improve classification accuracy. The proposed method which combines human knowledge achieves higher performance than some other methods, and is even more accurate than human observers. We also present a numerical analysis of the contributions of different human components, which shows that head and hair, back, chest and thigh are more discriminative than other components. We also did challenging cross-race experiments that used Asian gait data to classify the gender of Europeans, and vice versa. Encouraging results were obtained. All the above prove that gait-based gender classification is feasible in controlled environments. In real applications, it still suffers from many difficulties, such as view variation, clothing and shoes changes, or carrying objects. We analyze the difficulties and suggest some possible solutions.
Scheduling and process planning for multiple material stereolithography (2010)

Purpose To operate a multiple material stereolithography (MMSL) system, a material build schedule is required. The purpose of this paper is to describe a scheduling and process‐planning software system developed for MMSL and designed to minimize the number of material changeovers by using low‐viscosity resins that do not require sweeping. Design/methodology/approach This paper employs the concept of using low‐viscosity resins that do not require sweeping to minimize the number of material changeovers required in MMSL fabrication. A scheduling and process‐planning software system specific to MMSL is introduced that implements four simple rules. Two rules are used to select the material to be built in the current layer, and two rules are used to determine at which layer a material changeover is required. The schedule for the material to be built depends on the material properties stored in a user‐defined materials library. The developed algorithm produces sliced loop data for each material using the predetermined layer thickness from an input CAD model, and the four rules are applied at each layer. The algorithm then determines the build order for each material, the material‐specific number of layers to be built, and whether or not sweeping is required. Output data from the program are the scheduling and process‐planning report and the partitioned computer‐aided design models to be built before changing a material according to the process planning. Two examples of the algorithm applied to multiple material parts are provided. Findings The MMSL scheduling and process‐planning software system is developed using Microsoft Visual C++7.0. For verification, a simple demonstration is conducted on a two material part where the process plan could be easily determined through intuition. A more complex multiple material part is also tested that consisted of four subparts. Several cases of resin assignment are tested showing that the ultimate scheduling and process planning vary significantly depending on the material combinations and specifications. These examples demonstrate that the strategy, method, and software developed in this paper can be successfully applied to prepare for MMSL fabrication. Research limitations/implications Although the software system is demonstrated on two multiple material parts, more extensive work will be performed in the future on fabricating multiple material parts using the MMSL machine. It is expected that additional rules will be developed as additional limitations of MMSL are identified. It is also anticipated that particular emphasis will be placed on building without sweeping as well as development of advanced non‐contact recoating processes. Originality/value As designs incorporating multiple materials increase in the future and additive manufacturing (AM) technologies advance in both building out of multiple materials and fabricating production parts, the scheduling and process‐planning concepts presented here can be applied to virtually any AM technology.