gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-threshold AlGaN-GaN heterostructure field effecttransistors for digital applications (1998)

The fabrication of an AlGaN-GaN based digital inverter circuit is reported, in which a large gain (up to 180) and a noise margin of ~0.5 V have been obtained. The measured temperature coefficient of the switching voltage of the inverter was ~3.5 mV/°C up to 90°C. The simulations predict that such an inverter should operate up to ~230°C.
Road transport informatics in Europe-major programs and demonstrations (1991)

A brief summary is given of the more significant developments leading toward the widespread implementation of road transport informatics (RTI), or intelligent vehicle highway systems (IVHS) as they are known in the US. The discussion covers route guidance system implementations in Berlin and London, and it includes descriptions of the major research programs, DRIVE and PROMETHEUS. The numerous current, or proposed, field trials and full implementations of RTI are summarized. Some of the issues surrounding the implementations of RTI systems in Europe are examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Video Segmentation via Object Flow (2016)

Video object segmentation is challenging due to fast moving objects, deforming shapes, and cluttered backgrounds. Optical flow can be used to propagate an object segmentation over time but, unfortunately, flow is often inaccurate, particularly around object boundaries. Such boundaries are precisely where we want our segmentation to be accurate. To obtain accurate segmentation across time, we propose an efficient algorithm that considers video segmentation and optical flow estimation simultaneously. For video segmentation, we formulate a principled, multiscale, spatio-temporal objective function that uses optical flow to propagate information between frames. For optical flow estimation, particularly at object boundaries, we compute the flow independently in the segmented regions and recompose the results. We call the process object flow and demonstrate the effectiveness of jointly optimizing optical flow and video segmentation using an iterative scheme. Experiments on the SegTrack v2 and Youtube-Objects datasets show that the proposed algorithm performs favorably against the other state-of-the-art methods.
Novel assay for the detection of immunoglobulin G antihuman immunodeficiency virus in untreated saliva and urine (1993)

Abstract Epidemiological evidence and laboratory studies indicate that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV 1) is rarely, if ever, transmitted in saliva or urine. In that both specimens are easy to collect, each may be a useful alternative to serum specimens for anti‐HIV screening. A rapid, simple, and robust IgG‐capture enzyme‐linked immunsorbent assay (GACELISA) suitable for the detection of anti‐HIV 1 and 2 in saliva and urine was developed. Following optimisation of the assay, 177 salivary and 568 urine specimens collected from individuals of known serostatus were investigated. The assay was 100% sensitive on 50 salivary (median OD/CO = 8.9) and 126 urinary (median OD/CO = 8.6) specimens collected from anti‐HIV‐positive patients. The specificity was 100% on 127 salivary specimens (median OD/CO = 0.37) and 422 urinary specimens (median OD/CO = 0.39) collected from anti‐HIV‐negative individuals. These findings demonstrate that GACELISA HIV 1 + 2 tests on saliva or on urine are an accurate alternative to a conventional anti‐HIV test of blood. This assay is satisfactory for surveillance purposes and, with appropriate precautions, could be used clinically.
Mechanisms used to restore ventilation after partial upper airway collapse during sleep in humans (2007)

Compensatory mechanisms (increased genioglossus muscle activity and/or duty cycle) often restore ventilation during sleep but may be less effective in obese patients with OSA than in non-snorers.
Toward rules for 1:1 polyamide:DNA recognition (2001)

Polyamides composed of four amino acids, imidazole (Im), pyrrole (Py), hydroxypyrrole (Hp), and beta-alanine (beta), are synthetic ligands that form highly stable complexes in the minor groove of DNA. Although specific pairing rules within the 2:1 motif can be used to distinguish the four Watson. Crick base pairs, a comparable recognition code for 1:1 polyamide:DNA complexes had not been described. To set a quantitative baseline for the field, the sequence specificities of Im, Py, Hp, and beta for the four Watson. Crick base pairs were determined for two polyamides, Im-beta-ImPy-beta-Im-beta-ImPy-beta-Dp (1, for Im, Py, and beta) and Im-beta-ImHp-beta-Im-beta-ImPy-beta-Dp (2, for Hp), in a 1:1 complex within the DNA sequence context 5'-AAAGAGAAGAG-3'. Im residues do not distinguish G,C from A,T but bind all four base pairs with high affinity. Py and beta residues exhibit > or = 10-fold preference for A,T over G,C base pairs. The Hp residue displays a unique preference for a single A.T base pair with an energetic penalty.
The Identification and Structure of the Membrane-spanning Domain of the Clostridium septicum Alpha Toxin (2004)

Alpha toxin (AT) is a pore-forming toxin produced by Clostridium septicum that belongs to the unique aerolysin-like family of pore-forming toxins. The location and structure of the transmembrane domains of these toxins have remained elusive. Using deletion mutagenesis, cysteine-scanning mutagenesis and multiple spectrofluorimetric methods a membrane-spanning amphipathic beta-hairpin of AT has been identified. Spectrofluorimetric analysis of cysteine-substituted residues modified with an environmentally sensitive fluorescent probe via the cysteine sulfydryl showed that the side chains of residues 203-232 alternated between the aqueous milieu and the membrane core when the AT oligomer was inserted into membranes, consistent with the formation of an amphipathic transmembrane beta-hairpin. AT derivatives that contained deletions that removed up to 90% of the beta-hairpin did not form a pore but were similar to native toxin in all other aspects of the mechanism. Furthermore, a mutant of AT that contained an engineered disulfide, predicted to restrict the movement of the beta-hairpin, functioned similarly to native toxin except that it did not form a pore unless the disulfide bond was reduced. Together these studies revealed the location and structure of the membrane-spanning domain of AT.
Autonomous robotic vehicle road following (1988)

A description is given of the system architecture of an autonomous vehicle and its real-time adaptive vision system for road-following. The vehicle is a 10-ton armored personnel carrier modified for robotic control. A color transformation that best discriminates road and nonroad regions is derived from labeled data samples. A maximum-likelihood pixel classification technique is then used to classify pixels in the transformed color image. The vision system adapts itself to road changes in two ways; color transformation parameters are updated infrequently to accommodate significant road color changes, and classifier parameters are updated every processing cycle to deal with gradual color and intensity changes. To reduce unnecessary computation, only the most likely road region in the segmented image is selected, and a polygonal representation of the detected road region boundary is transformed from the image coordinate system to the local vehicle coordinate system based on a flat-earth assumption.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Theory of self-assembly of hydrocarbon amphiphiles into micelles and bilayers (1976)

A simple theory is developed that accounts for many of the observed physical properties of micelles, both globular and rod-like, and of bilayer vesicles composed of ionic or zwitterionic amphiphiles. The main point of departure from previous theories lies in the recognition and elucidation of the role of geometric constraints in self-assembly. The linking together of thermodynamics, interaction free energies and geometry results in a general framework which permits extension to more complicated self-assembly problems.
Madagascar - Evaluation du climat des investissements (2005)

This report provides an assessment of Madagascar's investment climate, based on a detailed survey of 293 enterprises in the manufacturing sector across Madagascar. Smaller surveys were conducted on tourism and fisheries. A comprehensive array of topics is covered in the survey relating to entrepreneur and firm characteristics, accounting data, business environment, firm perceptions on trade and regulatory policies, access to finance, and characteristics of the labor market.
Purines, pyrimidines and imidazoles. Part 67. Some N-substituted o-(2-hydroxyethyl)benzyl-purines, -pyrimidines and -imidazoles as aromatic acylonucleoside analogues (1993)

Reaction of isochromane with hydrogen bromide in acetic acid and further reaction of the products formed with potassium phthalimide gave a mixture of N-[o-(2-bromoethyl)benzyl]phthalimide and N-[o-(2-acetoxyethyl)benzyl]phthalimide. The mixture, on reaction with silver acetate, gave the latter compound, which with hydrazine gave o-(2-hydroxyethyl)benzylamine. The amine, on reaction with 2-cyano-2-(ethoxymethylenamino)acetamide, gave 5-amino-1-[o-(2-hydroxyethyl)benzyl] imidazole-4-carboxamide, which was cyclised to 9-[o-(2-hydroxyethyl) benzyl]-guanine, -hypoxanthine and -adenine. With N-ethoxycarbonyl-3-methoxy-2-methylacrylamide, 3-methoxy-2-methylacryloyl isothiocyanate and ethoxymethylenemalonyl urethane, the amine produced 1-[o-(2-hydroxyethyl)benzyl]thymine, -2-thiothymine and -N-ethoxycarbonyluracil-5-carboxamide respectively. The latter, on reaction with alkali, gave 1-[o-(2-hydroxyethyl)benzyl]uracil-5-carboxylic acid, which was decarboxylated to 1-[o-(2-hydroxyethyl)benzyl]uracil. Structures were confirmed by El, FAB and 1H NMR spectra.
In situ investigations of thermal conductivity, heat production, and past hydrothermal circulation in the Cajon Pass Scientific Drillhole, California (1988)

Wireline logs from the Cajon Pass drillhole provide observations of crustal properties and processes near the San Andreas fault. Mineralogical profiles developed from geochemical logs are combined with a technique for calculating thermal conductivity from the volume fractions of component minerals. Variations in the equilibrium temperature gradient correlate with conductivity contrasts, and thus with lithology, rather than with fluid circulation. K, U, and Th contents calculated from gamma spectroscopy logs yield heat production values which range from 1.3 to 2.4 µW/m³, averaging 1.8 µW/m³ in the section from 500 to 1800 m. Evidence for depletion of U relative to Th raises the possibility of extensive fluid circulation in the past. However, discontinuity of depletion across faults suggests that the fluid regime responsible for U depletion predated San Andreas faulting.
Radiopharmaceuticals for the study of 4 inflammatory processes (1997)

Recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of inflammatory processes at the molecular level, combined with progress in radiopharmaceutical sciences, has boosted the development of nuclear medicine techniques for the diagnosis of infection/inflammation. The use of radiolabelled white blood cells has been studied and evaluated in several pathologies and is still the reference method. Several alternative approaches, however, have been developed that may, in the future, improve the specificity and the ease of use of the technique. For the first time, a radiopharmaceutical that may distinguish between sterile and septic inflammation, 99Tcm-Infecton, has been developed. Also, monoclonal antibody fragments, cytokines and a variety of new synthetic peptides that bind specifically to granulocytes have been prepared. Particularly promising appears to be the detection of the expression of adhesion molecules by activated endothelium as a first-line technique for the detection of inflammatory foci. For the diagnosis of autoimmunity and chronic inflammatory processes, important progress has also been made. Autoimmunity can now be studied by in vivo detection of tissue-infiltrating activated lymphocytes by radiolabelled interleukin-2. A radiopharmaceutical for the diagnosis of monocyte infiltration, J001X, is also available, and the commercially available Octreoscan holds promise in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. The efforts of the scientific community have given us new perspectives in diagnostic nuclear medicine: easier techniques that promise better sensitivity and specificity are now also being tested for the study of new disease conditions. The results of the clinical trials now in progress will determine the future of this challenging and fascinating field and the role of nuclear medicine in the management of patients with infection/inflammation.
Different human vaccine adjuvants promote distinct antigen-independent immunological signatures tailored to different pathogens (2016)

The majority of vaccine candidates in clinical development are highly purified proteins and peptides relying on adjuvants to enhance and/or direct immune responses. Despite the acknowledged need for novel adjuvants, there are still very few adjuvants in licensed human vaccines. A vast number of adjuvants have been tested pre-clinically using different experimental conditions, rendering it impossible to directly compare their activity. We performed a head-to-head comparison of five different adjuvants Alum, MF59®, GLA-SE, IC31® and CAF01 in mice and combined these with antigens from M. tuberculosis, influenza, and chlamydia to test immune-profiles and efficacy in infection models using standardized protocols. Regardless of antigen, each adjuvant had a unique immunological signature suggesting that the adjuvants have potential for different disease targets. Alum increased antibody titers; MF59® induced strong antibody and IL-5 responses; GLA-SE induced antibodies and Th1; CAF01 showed a mixed Th1/Th17 profile and IC31® induced strong Th1 responses. MF59® and GLA-SE were strong inducers of influenza HI titers while CAF01, GLA-SE and IC31® enhanced protection to TB and chlamydia. Importantly, this is the first extensive attempt to categorize clinical-grade adjuvants based on their immune profiles and protective efficacy to inform a rational development of next generation vaccines for human use.
Analyses of the molecular basis of kindling development (1995)

Kindling has become the most widely studied animal model of limbic epilepsy. Understanding the molecular basis of kindling development may provide novel therapeutic approaches to prevention of limbic epileptogenesis. I briefly describe the kindling model and outline the basis for my thinking that kindling represents a synaptic reorganization triggered by pathologic activity in the mature nervous system. The pathologic activity is postulated to evoke a cascade of gene expression driven, at least in part, by glutamate receptor activation. Evidence in support of this hypothesis is presented, as are future challenges that permit critical tests of these ideas.
Development of a two-dimensional space-resolved high speed sampling camera (1999)

We developed a two-dimensional spatial resolved high-speed UV sampling camera (HISAC) to study energy transport in laser-produced plasmas. The HISAC is composed of an optical bundle of fibers coupled to a streak camera to obtain a two-dimensional spatial resolution with a temporal resolution of less than a few 10 ps. This HISAC system was demonstrated in the experiments on inferred uniformity measurements of laser-ablation pressures as well as on energy transport in ultraintense laser-plasma interactions. Two-dimensional shock heating was temporally resolved in a hemispherical target, resulting in the distribution of the ablation pressure as a function of laser incidence angle.
Transcriptional and post-transcriptional impact of toxic RNA in myotonic dystrophy (2009)

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is an RNA dominant disease in which mutant transcripts containing an expanded CUG repeat (CUG exp ) cause muscle dysfunction by interfering with biogenesis of other mRNAs. The toxic effects of mutant RNA are mediated partly through sequestration of splicing regulator Muscleblind-like 1 (Mbnl1), a protein that binds to CUG exp RNA. A gene that is prominently affected encodes chloride channel 1 (Clcn1), resulting in hyperexcitability of muscle (myotonia). To identify DM1-affected genes and study mechanisms for dysregulation, we performed global mRNA profiling in transgenic mice that express CUG exp RNA, when compared with Mbnl1 knockout and Clcn1 null mice. We found that the majority of changes induced by CUG exp RNA in skeletal muscle can be explained by reduced activity of Mbnl1, including many changes that are secondary to myotonia. The pathway most affected comprises genes involved in calcium signaling and homeostasis. Some effects of CUG exp RNA on gene expression are caused by abnormal alternative splicing or downregulation of Mbnl1-interacting mRNAs. However, several of the most highly dysregulated genes showed altered transcription, as indicated by parallel changes of the corresponding pre-mRNAs. These results support the idea that trans-dominant effects of CUG exp RNA on gene expression in this transgenic model may occur at the level of transcription, RNA processing and mRNA decay, and are mediated mainly but not entirely through sequestration of Mbnl1.
Vaccine-Induced HIV-Specific CD8+ T Cells Utilize Preferential HLA Alleles and Target-Specific Regions of HIV-1 (2011)

Most T cell-based HIV-1 vaccine candidates induce responses of limited breadth for reasons that are unclear. We evaluated vaccine-induced T-cell responses in individuals receiving an HIV-1 recombinant adenoviral vaccine. Certain HLA alleles (B27, B57, B35, and B14) are preferentially utilized to mount HIV-specific responses, whereas other alleles (A02 and B07) are rarely utilized (P < 0.001). This preference seems due to 4 following factors individually or in combination: higher affinity of specific peptides to specific HLA alleles; higher avidity of T-cell receptor; HLA and peptide interaction; and/or higher surface expression of certain HLA. Thus, HLA immunodominance plays a substantial role in vaccine-induced T-cell responses.
Difficult asthma: beyond the guidelines (1999)

The current guidelines for prophylactic treatment of paediatric asthma culminate in the addition of regular oral corticosteroids after a stepwise increase in treatment.1-3 However, there are still a few patients whose asthma is not controlled despite such maximal conventional treatment and these children are often referred to a tertiary paediatric respiratory centre. Childhood asthma has several manifestations and different approaches may be required for different patterns of asthma. Unfortunately, some of these children are difficult to treat. These include infants with severe recurrent viral wheezing who respond poorly to medication but generally have a good prognosis. There are those said to have “brittle asthma”; this has been classified into those with a wide peak flow variation despite maximal treatment (type 1), and those who are well controlled in between attacks, which when they occur are often sudden and severe (type 2).4 This article concentrates on another group—children who have severe chronic background symptoms with acute exacerbations superimposed.

The first question when confronted by a child with severe symptoms despite conventional treatment is: does the child really have asthma? There are several alternative diagnoses that should be considered, some more rare than others. Relevant investigations should be carried out when the history or examination suggests one of these other diagnoses (table 1). In particular, the presence of finger clubbing is incompatible with the lone diagnosis of asthma. An asthmatic child may be affected by another condition that contributes to or worsens the asthma symptoms. In particular, gastro-oesophageal reflux should be looked for and treated although its significance is not always clear.5 Immunodeficiencies should also be excluded; an initial screen should include serum immunoglobulins and IgG subclasses, complement concentrations, and antibody responses to common antigens (diphtheria, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and pneumococcus) (Jones A, personal communication, 1998).

View this table:

Table 1 
Some …
Quantification of Circulating DNA in the Plasma and Serum of Cancer Patients (2004)

A variety of tumor-genetic alterations have been identified circulating free-form in the plasma and serum of cancer patients that may have diagnostic and prognostic implications. Currently, no consensus exists as to whether plasma or serum is preferable for circulating nucleic acid analysis, and the impact of collection and processing on yield is unknown. We prospectively assessed DNA content in paired plasma and serum obtained from 10 patients with AJCC stage IV advanced metastatic melanoma. Blood (30 mL) was collected from each patient as follows: 10 mL each was processed immediately for serum and plasma and an additional 10 mL was incubated overnight at 37 degrees C and processed for serum. In addition, blood was collected from 25 normal healthy donor volunteers to determine the concentration of free DNA circulating in paired plasma and serum. DNA was isolated from 800 microl of plasma or serum and quantified. Median-free DNA concentrations were fourfold greater in serum than in the corresponding plasma sample. Serum isolated from blood allowed to clot overnight yielded four times more DNA than serum processed immediately. Among normal healthy volunteers, only serum contained detectable free DNA. These findings provide conclusive evidence that elevated levels of circulating DNA could be identified consistently in patients with cancer than in normal healthy donors. Furthermore, the method of blood processing may significantly affect the levels of circulating nucleic acids and impact the investigator's results. Significant consideration must be given to the methods by which circulating nucleic acids are obtained for clinical analysis.
Towards 1-Tb/s per-channel optical transmission based on multi-carrier modulation (2010)

We review recent advances in the generation, detection, and transmission of high-speed optical multi-carrier signals, with particular emphasis on the use of optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) based multi-carrier modulation for high-spectral-efficiency optical transmission towards 1-Tb/s per-channel data rate.