gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NOVEL ANTI-FACTOR D ANTIBODY INHIBITS COMPLEMENT, NEUTROPHIL, AND PLATELET ACTIVATION IN A SIMULATED PEDIATRIC CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS CIRCUIT (2000)

Purpose: Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces a complex inflammatory response characterized by complement, neutrophil, and platelet activation. To investigate the effects of an anti-factor D monoclonal antibody (Mab 166–32) on inhibition of the alternative complement cascade, we undertook the following study, using human blood in a simulated pediatric CPB circuit. Methods: We performed 5 paired experiments on Mab 166–32 and an irrelevant control Mab at 18 μg/ml of human blood. The extracorporeal circuit was primed with 250 ml of human blood and 100 ml of lactated Ringer's solution. During CPB, the hematocrit was maintained at 26–28%, and pump flow remained constant at 500 ml/min. After initiation of CPB, the blood temperature was reduced to 27°C, where it was maintained for 70 minutes, followed by 10 minutes of rewarming and 30 minutes of normothermic CPB. Extracorporeal circulation lasted for 120 minutes, and blood was sampled at 0, 5, 10, 25, 40, 55, 70, 80, and 120 minutes. Activation of complement, neutrophils, and platelets was assessed with immunofluorocytometry and ELISA. Results: After 120 minutes of CPB, the results (mean ± standard error) were as follows:TableConclusions: Complement activation via the alternative complement pathway induces the inflammatory responses in CPB, which are effectively inhibited by the anti-factor D Mab 166–32.
Efficacy of SMIP-016, a novel CD37-directed biologic therapy, in human NHL tumor xenograft models (2006)

2565 Background: Small Modular Immuno-Pharmaceuticals (SMIP) biopharmaceuticals belong to a novel proprietary biologic compound class that retain Fc mediated effector functions and are smaller than monoclonal antibodies. SMIP-016 is a SMIP product candidate that binds to CD37 on human B cells and has potent ADCC and apoptotic activity in vitro. CD-37 is known to be over-expressed in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We have evaluated the activity of SMIP-016 in established human tumor xenograft models in nude mice. Methods: Nude mice were injected subcutaneously with either Ramos or Daudi tumor cells. At approximately 7 days post tumor inoculation the mice were randomized to groups with roughly equivalent mean tumor volumes (&gt;200mm 3 ) and were treated with SMIP-016 or rituximab as a comparator. Groups were evaluated for median survival time (MST), tumor volume and percentage of tumor-free animals. Results: In nude mice bearing Daudi tumors, SMIP-016 treated mice showed a significant improvement in MST compared to control mice (p &lt; 0.0001). Nude mice bearing Ramos tumors treated with SMIP-016 also demonstrated a significant enhancement in their median survival time (MST) in comparison to control mice (p &lt; 0.0001). In addition, mice receiving SMIP-016 administered in combination with rituximab in this model demonstrated improvements in survival time over either single agent therapy alone. Conclusions: SMIP-016 is effective in treating established tumors in these human tumor xenograft models. Addition of SMIP-016 to rituximab therapy resulted in enhanced survival times compared to animals treated with rituximab alone. [Table: see text]
Natural Infection of Wild-Born Mandrills ( Mandrillus sphinx ) with Two Different Types of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (2001)

We found a novel primate lentivirus in mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx). To clarify the evolutionary relationships and transmission patterns of human/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV), we screened blood samples from 30 wild-born healthy Cameroonian mandrills. Five (16.7%) of them were seropositive for SIV. Three SIV strains were isolated from the five seropositive mandrills by cocultivation of their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with PBMCs of rhesus macaques, a human T cell line (M8166), and/or a cynomolgus macaque T cell line (HSC-F). One of the newly isolated SIV strains was intravenously inoculated into two rhesus macaques and resulted in chronic infection. In the SIV-infected macaques at 45 weeks after inoculation, we observed a mild decline in the number of peripheral CD4(+) lymphocytes, lymphadenopathy, and blastic follicular dendritic cells with mild follicular hyperplasia in the peripheral lymph nodes. A phylogenetic analysis based on the pol sequence showed that the newly found SIVs from Cameroonian mandrills did not cluster with SIVmndGB1, which is the former representative strain of SIVmnd. The SIVmnds from Cameroon formed a new, independent lineage that branched before the root of the HIV-1/SIVcpz lineage with 996 of 1000 bootstrap replications. They clustered host specifically, and exhibited about 16.9% diversity at the level of nucleotide sequence among Cameroonian SIVmnd strains. These results indicate that the SIVmnds isolated in Cameroon are a novel type of SIVmnd and have infected Cameroonian mandrills for a long time. We therefore designated the Cameroonian SIVmnd as SIVmnd type 2 and redesignated SIVmndGB1 as SIVmnd type 1. To date, M. sphinx is the only primate species other than humans that is naturally infected with two different types of SIV.
Conduction Band Lowering Effect in Crystalline Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide Thin Film Transistors (2013)

We have found out that in an IGZO-TFT, the energy barrier, i.e., the conduction band energy relative to the Fermi energy is lowered by electrons flowing from n + regions under source/drain electrodes to a channel region. We have named this phenomenon “conduction band lowering (CBL) effect”. Owing to this effect, even when the Fermi energy of an IGZO film gets closer to the midgap, a TFT formed using the film is always turned on around V g = 0 V. In other words, by use of an active layer including an IGZO film with a Fermi energy close to the midgap, the CBL effect makes the threshold voltage of I d - V g characteristics converge into a certain low value and the characteristics variation can be suppressed.
Adaptive interpolation approach for multislice helical CT reconstruction (2003)

Helical interpolation or weighting functions used in most multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) today are object independent. Although these algorithms have been shown to perform satisfactorily in most clinical settings, recent investigations have revealed significant image artifacts under special conditions. These artifacts are generated mainly when scanning objects wiht large variations at high helical pitches. In this paper, we present an adaptive interpolation approach that produces effective artifact reduction while keeping the SSP impact to a minimum. In the proposed scheme, two interplations are performed for each projection sample. The first interpolation has the property of producint excellent SSP while the second interpolation has the property of image artifacts suppression. The projection samples generated by the two interpolation processes are then compared and a differential signal is produced. The final interpolated projection is the weighted sum of the two interpolations, with the weight being derived from a scaling function. Extensive phantom and patient studies were conducted. A thin-disc phantom experiment shows that the proposed scheme produces identical SSP as compared to the first interpolation. Experiments with phantoms and clinical studies also show that the adaptive interpolation approach produces significantly reduced image artifacts as compared to the existing algorithms.
CspA, CspB, and CspG, Major Cold Shock Proteins of Escherichia coli , Are Induced at Low Temperature under Conditions That Completely Block Protein Synthesis (1999)

CspA, CspB, and CspG, the major cold shock proteins of Escherichia coli, are dramatically induced upon temperature downshift. In this report, we examined the effects of kanamycin and chloramphenicol, inhibitors of protein synthesis, on cold shock inducibility of these proteins. Cell growth was completely blocked at 37 degrees C in the presence of kanamycin (100 microgram/ml) or chloramphenicol (200 microgram/ml). After 10 min of incubation with the antibiotics at 37 degrees C, cells were cold shocked at 15 degrees C and labeled with [35S]methionine at 30 min after the cold shock. Surprisingly, the synthesis of all these cold shock proteins was induced at a significantly high level virtually in the absence of synthesis of any other protein, indicating that the cold shock proteins are able to bypass the inhibitory effect of the antibiotics. Possible bypass mechanisms are discussed. The levels of cspA and cspB mRNAs for the first hour at 15 degrees C were hardly affected in the absence of new protein synthesis caused either by antibiotics or by amino acid starvation.
Hyperparameter optimization with approximate gradient (2016)

Most models in machine learning contain at least one hyperparameter to control for model complexity. Choosing an appropriate set of hyperparameters is both crucial in terms of model accuracy and computationally challenging. In this work we propose an algorithm for the optimization of continuous hyperparameters using inexact gradient information. An advantage of this method is that hyperparameters can be updated before model parameters have fully converged. We also give sufficient conditions for the global convergence of this method, based on regularity conditions of the involved functions and summability of errors. Finally, we validate the empirical performance of this method on the estimation of regularization constants of L2-regularized logistic regression and kernel Ridge regression. Empirical benchmarks indicate that our approach is highly competitive with respect to state of the art methods.
Isolation and characterization of transposon mutants of Staphylococcus epidermidis deficient in capsular polysaccharide/adhesin and slime (1993)

We used transposon (Tn) mutagenesis to study the role of capsular polysaccharide/adhesin (PS/A) and slime in adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis to catheters. pLTV1, containing Tn917-LTV1, was transformed into S. epidermidis M187 by protoplast fusion with S. aureus RN4220(pLTV1), creating M187(pLTV1). Tn mutants were isolated following growth at 42 degrees C; mutants deficient in PS/A and slime production were selected. PS/A- and slime-deficient Tn mutants had a 10-fold decrease in vitro in the initial phase of adherence to catheters, comparable to levels of strains that do not produce PS/A. Introduction of Tn917-LTV1-interrupted DNA from PS/A-deficient mutant M187sn3 into the parental strain via transformation of protoplasts yielded recipients with inserts identical to those of the Tn mutant that were PS/A and slime deficient. Chromosomal DNA flanking the Tn in mutant M187sn3 was cloned into Escherichia coli. The cloned DNA was found to hybridize to approximately 5-kb EcoRI fragments from the parental strain and from control Tn mutants that express parental levels of PS/A and to either approximately 9- or approximately 14-kb EcoRI fragments from other highly adherent, PS/A-producing strains. Mapping studies demonstrated that in the eight PS/A-deficient mutants that have been isolated, the Tn insertions all occur within a region of approximately 11.6 kb that is defined by three EcoRI sites. These results support previous findings indicating that in S. epidermidis PS/A is involved with in vitro adherence to plastic biomaterials and elaboration of PS/A is closely associated with slime production.
The impact of sample storage time on estimates of association in biomarker discovery studies (2011)

BACKGROUND: Using serum, plasma or tumor tissue specimens from biobanks for biomarker discovery studies is attractive as samples are often readily available. However, storage over longer periods of time can alter concentrations of proteins in those specimens. We therefore assessed the bias in estimates of association from case-control studies conducted using banked specimens when maker levels changed over time for single markers and also for multiple correlated markers in simulations. Data from a small laboratory experiment using serum samples guided the choices of simulation parameters for various functions of changes of biomarkers over time. RESULTS: In the laboratory experiment levels of two serum markers measured at sample collection and again in the same samples after approximately ten years in storage increased by 15%. For a 15% increase in marker levels over ten years, odds ratios (ORs) of association were significantly underestimated, with a relative bias of -10%, while for a 15% decrease in marker levels over time ORs were too high, with a relative bias of 20%. CONCLUSION: Biases in estimates of parameters of association need to be considered in sample size calculations for studies to replicate markers identified in exploratory analyses.
1,4‐Addition of triorganozincates and silyldiorganozincates to α,β‐unsaturated ketones (1986)

Abstract Lithium and magnesium triorganozincates, prepared by combination of ZnCl 2 (TMEDA) with 3 molar equivalents of RLi or RMgX, or from dialkylzinc and 1 molar equivalent of RLi or RMgX, react with 2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one ( 1 ) under mild conditions to produce moderate to good yields of the 1,4‐addition products 2 . The approximate reactivity order obtained from the product distribution using unsymmetrical zincates is t BuCH 2 Lt; t Bu, Me &lt; Ph, i Bu &lt; Et, n Bu, i Pr, CHCH 2 ≪ Me 2 PhSi. The latter groups are transferred with good selectivity from mixed reagents derived from Me 2 Zn. This sequence differs strikingly from that exhibited by unsymmetrical cuprates which transfer neopentyl very easily, and also tert ‐butyl more easily than the corresponding zincates. The methylation with Me 3 ZnLi is catalyzed by cobalt complexes. Other enones ( 7 – 13 ) generally give poor yields, and the cobalt‐catalyzed methylation of isophorone ( 3 ) is complicated by a Kharasch‐type deconjugation. Mixed silyldialkylzincates, Me 2 PhSiZnR 2 Li, produce the β‐silyl ketones from a variety of unhindered or moderately hindered enones in practically useful yields; one example of an α,β‐unsaturated ester ( 12 ) is also included.
Co-localization of erythropoietin mRNA and ecto-5'-nucleotidase immunoreactivity in peritubular cells of rat renal cortex indicates that fibroblasts produce erythropoietin. (1993)

In adults, the kidneys are the major site of production of the glycoprotein hormone erythropoietin (EPO), but the type of renal cell producing EPO has not yet been identified. In the present study we used non-radioactive in situ hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled cRNA probe to localize cells that produce erythropoietin (EPO) in kidneys of anemic rats. Cryostat sections from both native and perfusion-fixed tissue were used. Cells containing EPO mRNA were found exclusively in the peritubular space of the renal cortex. Using high-resolution interference contrast optics, we found that cells expressing EPO mRNA were not associated with the lumina of peritubular capillaries but rather were located in the angles between adjacent tubules or between tubules and vessels. These spaces are predominantly occupied by resident interstitial fibroblasts and by their cytoplasmic processes. To further identify the type of cell containing EPO mRNA, a double-labeling protocol was established that permitted on the same tissue section both in situ hybridization for EPO mRNA and parallel immunolabeling of ecto-5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nu), a surface marker of peritubular interstitial fibroblasts. The combined labeling technique revealed that a clear majority of cells expressing EPO mRNA also displayed staining for anti-5'-Nu. Staining for EPO mRNA was localized in central perinuclear parts of the interstitial cells, whereas 5'-Nu label was present on the cell surface, including the cytoplasmic processes. These data indicate that peritubular fibroblasts are cellular sites for production of erythropoietin.
A short history of voltage‐gated calcium channels (2006)

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 147 , S56–S62. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706442
Interactions between Au and Cu across a Ni barrier layer (1986)

The interactions between Au and Cu across a Ni barrier layer have been studied using a wide range of Ni thickness. Above 300 °C, extensive interdiffusion between Au and Cu has been observed, with little involvement of the Ni layer. The interdiffusion between Au and Cu results in a nearly continuous change and uniform distribution in composition for both the parent Au and Cu layers, different from those of the binary Au/Cu system. Reaction mechanisms involved are suggested, and the impact of such interactions on the packaging metallurgy is discussed.
[Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies]. (1999)

Measurement of anti-thyroglobulin antibody(TgAb) is used for diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid disease(AITD). Approximately 82-100% of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 60-70% of patients with Graves' disease are TgAb positive using high sensitive radioimmunoassay. In patients with subacute thyroiditis(SAT), TgAb is usually negative. Therefore, measurement of TgAb is useful to diagnose painless thyroiditis or acute worsening of Hashimoto's thyroiditis from SAT. To predict the post-partum thyroid dysfunction and thyroid dysfunction after interferon treatment, TgAb measurement is important, since patients with positive TgAb are apt to progress thyroid dysfunction.
Modulation of the immune response to tetanus toxoid by polylactide-polyglycolide microspheres. (1998)

The cellular and antibody responses in mice to tetanus toxoid (TT), alone or adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide TT were compared to those obtained with TT incorporated in polylactide-polyglycolide (PLGA) microspheres, a candidate single dose vaccine. After subcutaneous injection, the serum IgM antibody to TT followed similar overall patterns for all preparations although the highest levels were achieved with the alum-adsorbed material. A similar pattern was observed with the overall IgG antibody responses. The isotype distribution of antibodies was broadly similar for all types of preparation although considerable qualitative differences were observed. IgG1 antibodies predominated although IgG2a and IgG2b made a substantial contribution, especially at three months in the case of the two adjuvanted preparations. The IgG3 responses to each type of vaccine were very low. Both alum and microsphere vaccines induced proliferative responses to TT in splenic lymphocytes at three months after vaccination. Each type of vaccine was much less effective in inducing proliferative responses in lymph node cells. There was evidence of induction of IL2, IL4 and interferon-gamma genes by microsphere vaccines in splenic but not lymph node cells. There were indications that PLGA microspheres alone exerted a modulating effect on cellular responses after immunization. These results suggest that TT encapsulated in microspheres induces a pattern of cellular and antibody responses qualitatively similar to those induced by conventional TT vaccines.
β-TrCP recognizes a previously undescribed nonphosphorylated destruction motif in Cdc25A and Cdc25B phosphatases (2005)

Beta-TrCP, the F-box protein of the SCF(beta-TrCP) ubiquitin ligase (SCF, Skp1/Cul1/F-box protein), recognizes the doubly phosphorylated DSG motif (DpSGPhiXpS) in various SCF(beta-TrCP) target proteins. The Cdc25A phosphatase, a key cell-cycle regulator in vertebrate cells, undergoes a rapid ubiquitin-dependent degradation in response to genotoxic stress. Beta-TrCP binds to the DSG motif of human Cdc25A in a manner dependent on Chk1 and other unknown kinases. However, Xenopus Cdc25A does not have a DSG motif at the corresponding site of human Cdc25A. Here, we report that both Xenopus Cdc25A and human Cdc25A have a previously undescribed nonphosphorylated DDG motif (DDGPhiXD) for recognition by beta-TrCP. When analyzed by using Xenopus eggs, the binding of beta-TrCP to the DDG motif is essential for the Chk1-induced ubiquitination and degradation of Xenopus Cdc25A and also plays a role in the degradation of human Cdc25A. The DDG motif also exists in human Cdc25B phosphatase (another key cell-cycle regulator), binds beta-TrCP strongly, and is essential for the ubiquitination and degradation of the (labile) phosphatase in normal conditions. We provide strong evidence that, in both Cdc25A and Cdc25B, the binding (efficiency) of beta-TrCP to the DDG motif is regulated by nearby residues, while ubiquitination is regulated by other events in addition to the beta-TrCP binding. Finally, our additional data suggest that beta-TrCP may recognize nonphosphorylated DDG-like motifs in many other proteins, including X11L (a putative suppressor of beta-amyloid production) and hnRNP-U (a pseudosubstrate of SCF(beta-TrCP)).
Dextran Therapy in Thrombophlebitis (1965)

The value of dextran has increased far beyond that of a volume expander. Low-molecularweight fractions (average molecular weight [mol wt] 40,000) have the ability to disrupt red cell agglutination and in some states to improve blood flow<sup>1</sup>; this has proved useful in ischemic and low flow situations.<sup>2</sup>Clinical Dextran (average mol wt 75,000) has been found useful in preventing experimental arterial and venous thrombosis.<sup>3,4</sup>These properties suggest that dextran would be useful in the treatment of acute thrombophlebitis. Sodium heparin is presently accepted by clinicians as the optimum therapy for nonembolic thrombophlebitis. However, there are multiple problems associated with its administration, and proof that its administration causes more than symptomatic relief is lacking. To be properly used, heparin should be given intravenously, frequently, and with careful laboratory control. This is expensive and laborious, and still does not eliminate the danger of secondary hemorrhage. One aim of anticoagulation
Two-level ray tracing with recordering for highly complex scenes (2009)

We introduce a ray tracing architecture which is able to handle highly complex geometry modeled by the classic production approach of surface patches tessellated to micro-polygons, where the number of micro-polygons can exceed the available memory. Two novel techniques allow us to carry out global illumination computations in such scenes and to trace the resulting incoherent sets of rays efficiently. For one, we introduce a technique for building the BVH over tessellated patches in time linear in the number of micro-polygons. Second, we present a two-stage ray tracing system which is highly parallel and minimizes the number of tessellation steps by reordering rays. The technique can accelerate rendering scenes of billions of micro-polygons and objects with complex reflection shaders using deferred shading.
Antiatherogenic effects of adjuvant antiestrogens: a randomized trial comparing the effects of tamoxifen and toremifene on plasma lipid levels in postmenopausal women with node-positive breast cancer. (1996)

These results provide positive evidence that toremifene has antiatherogenic properties with potency to improve all lipoproteins that are associated with increased coronary heart disease (CHD) risk.
Long-Term Implantation of Gentamicin???Polymethylmethacrylate Antibiotic Beads (1993)

Fifty-two chronic osteomyelitis patients treated with gentamicin-polymethylmethacrylate (Septopal) antibiotic bead chains were observed retrospectively to explore the relationship between the duration of bead implantation and clinical results. Group A contained 35 asymptomatic patients who had elective bead removal based on protocol, surgeon's preference, and patient variables. Group B consisted of 17 patients who retained the antibiotic beads. The presence or absence of redness, abscess, drainage, pain, or swelling at the wound site was documented for clinical evaluation. Findings indicate that Septopal bead chain implants exhibit higher success (remission) rates with increasing length of duration without increasing the risk of complications.