gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epigenetic mechanisms in virus-induced tumorigenesis (2011)

About 15-20% of human cancers worldwide have viral etiology. Emerging data clearly indicate that several human DNA and RNA viruses, such as human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human T-cell lymphotropic virus, contribute to cancer development. Human tumor-associated viruses have evolved multiple molecular mechanisms to disrupt specific cellular pathways to facilitate aberrant replication. Although oncogenic viruses belong to different families, their strategies in human cancer development show many similarities and involve viral-encoded oncoproteins targeting the key cellular proteins that regulate cell growth. Recent studies show that virus and host interactions also occur at the epigenetic level. In this review, we summarize the published information related to the interactions between viral proteins and epigenetic machinery which lead to alterations in the epigenetic landscape of the cell contributing to carcinogenesis.
TGF-β1 influences the relative development of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas in vitro (1994)

Pancreatic rudiments from E12.5 mouse embryos undergo extensive development and differentiation when cultured in three-dimensional gels of extracellular matrix proteins for up to 12 days. Whereas collagen gels promote the formation of numerous exocrine acini and relatively small clusters of endocrine cells, in basement membrane (EHS) matrices the development of endocrine cells is dramatically favoured over that of acinar tissue. Buds embedded in a collagen gel contiguous to an EHS gel also fail to develop acini, suggesting the involvement of diffusible factor(s). Addition of cytokines to cultures of pancreatic buds in collagen gels modifies the relative proportions of the epithelial components of the gland. In the presence of EGF the proportion of the tissue occupied by ducts overrides that of acinar structures, whereas the endocrine portion of the tissue is not significantly modified. TGF-beta 1 partially mimicks the effect of EHS matrix in inhibiting the development of acinar tissue without decreasing the amount of ducts and mesenchyme; TGF-beta 1 also promotes the development of endocrine cells, in particular of insulin-containing beta cells and of cells expressing genes of the PP-fold family. These results show that cytokines can modulate the development of the pancreas and suggest a role for TGF-beta 1 in regulating the balance between the acinar and endocrine portions of the gland in vivo. More generally, they are compatible with the notion that, during organogenesis, cytokines act as paracrine factors responsible for the development and maintenance of appropriate proportions of different tissue constituents.
Reduction criterion of separability and limits for a class of protocols of entanglement distillation (1997)

We analyse the problem of distillation of entanglement of mixed states in higher dimensional compound systems. Employing the positive maps method [M. Horodecki et al., Phys. Lett. A 223 1 (1996)] we introduce and analyse a criterion of separability which relates the structures of the total density matrix and its reductions. We show that any state violating the criterion can be distilled by suitable generalization of the two-qubit protocol which distills any inseparable two-qubit state. Conversely, all the states which can be distilled by such a protocol must violate the criterion. The proof involves construction of the family of states which are invariant under transformation $\varrho\to U\otimes U^*\varrho U^\dagger\otimes U^{*\dagger}$ where $U$ is a unitary transformation and star denotes complex conjugation. The states are related to the depolarizing channel generalized to non-binary case.
The Ergonomics Society – The Society Lectures 2003 (2003)

Spinal rotation, though being a very common motion of the body, is poorly understood. Furthermore, this motion and the extent of its development is unique to the human. Beyond the extent of its need in common activities, spinal rotation is a destabilizating motion for an inherently unstable structure. Spinal rotation has been argued to be an essential feature for an efficient bipedal gait. Also, it provides leverage to the upper extremities in delivering a forceful impact. An artificial restriction/elimination of spinal rotation resulted in significantly shorter stride length, slower walking velocity, and higher energy consumption in walking (p < 0.05). Spinal rotation also decreases the amount of force the spinal muscles can generate (to 25% of spinal extension). However, its extensive employment in industrial activities has been associated with 60.4% of back injuries. It is further stated that the amount of scientific information currently available is inadequate to biomechanically model the spinal response in a working environment. For example, when the spine is pre-rotated, a further rotation in the direction of pre-rotation decreases the force production significantly (p < 0.01) and increases the EMG activity significantly (p < 0.01) but the pattern changes with effort in the opposite direction. This and other properties (described in the paper) render biomechanical models inadequate. Muscle activation pattern and neuromotor behaviour of spinal muscles in flexion/extension and rotation of the spine are significantly different from each other (p < 0.01). The localized fatigue in different spinal muscles in the same contraction is significantly different and has been called differential fatigue. Finally, the trunk rotation, being pivotal for bipedal locomotion has brought many back problems to the human race.
Monoclonal antibodies to the dentate gyrus: immunocytochemical characterization and flow cytometric analysis of hippocampal neurons bearing a unique cell-surface antigen (1986)

Monoclonal antibodies were generated using 5 d neonatal rat dentate gyrus as immunogen. One antibody of this panel, G6E3, recognized a cell-surface protein with an Mr = 43,000 that was found only in the nervous system. The antigen was expressed as early as embryonic day 13 in the rat in both the brain and spinal cord. In the adult rat the antigen was demonstrated immunohistochemically to be restricted to dentate gyrus granule, hippocampal pyramidal, and cerebellar Purkinje neurons. These results suggested that the antigen recognized by G6E3 may be developmentally regulated. Moreover, G6E3 did not appear to bind to mitotic cells, implying that the antigen was expressed after the terminal mitosis. The antibody also bound to hippocampal and cerebellar cells from mouse brain, including the reeler mutant, and rat hippocampal neurons in vitro. Double-labeling experiments performed on embryonic rat hippocampal cultures with G6E3 and antibodies to neuron-specific enolase (NSE) or anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) revealed that only NSE-positive cells were immunoreactive for G6E3 and, while G6E3-positive cells were decorated with GAD-positive boutons, their cell bodies did not contain GAD. With the use of a fluorescence-activated cell sorter it was possible to analyze the immune reaction on embryonic and postnatal hippocampal cells and to sort G6E3-positive neurons for maintenance in vitro.
Deep Reflectance Maps (2016)

Undoing the image formation process and therefore decomposing appearance into its intrinsic properties is a challenging task due to the under-constrained nature of this inverse problem. While significant progress has been made on inferring shape, materials and illumination from images only, progress in an unconstrained setting is still limited. We propose a convolutional neural architecture to estimate reflectance maps of specular materials in natural lighting conditions. We achieve this in an end-to-end learning formulation that directly predicts a reflectance map from the image itself. We show how to improve estimates by facilitating additional supervision in an indirect scheme that first predicts surface orientation and afterwards predicts the reflectance map by a learning-based sparse data interpolation. In order to analyze performance on this difficult task, we propose a new challenge of Specular MAterials on SHapes with complex IllumiNation (SMASHINg) using both synthetic and real images. Furthermore, we show the application of our method to a range of image editing tasks on real images.
The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis of Schizophrenia, Revisited (2009)

While multiple theories have been put forth regarding the origin of schizophrenia, by far the vast majority of evidence points to the neurodevelopmental model in which developmental insults as early as late first or early second trimester lead to the activation of pathologic neural circuits during adolescence or young adulthood leading to the emergence of positive or negative symptoms. In this report, we examine the evidence from brain pathology (enlargement of the cerebroventricular system, changes in gray and white matters, and abnormal laminar organization), genetics (changes in the normal expression of proteins that are involved in early migration of neurons and glia, cell proliferation, axonal outgrowth, synaptogenesis, and apoptosis), environmental factors (increased frequency of obstetric complications and increased rates of schizophrenic births due to prenatal viral or bacterial infections), and gene-environmental interactions (a disproportionate number of schizophrenia candidate genes are regulated by hypoxia, microdeletions and microduplications, the overrepresentation of pathogen-related genes among schizophrenia candidate genes) in support of the neurodevelopmental model. We relate the neurodevelopmental model to a number of findings about schizophrenia. Finally, we also examine alternate explanations of the origin of schizophrenia including the neurodegenerative model.
Cardiomyopathy of Friedreich Ataxia (2013)

Friedreich's ataxia is a rare hereditary, predominantly neurologically defined multisystem disorder of mitochondrial function. Although the gene defect has been identified, the precise pathophysiology of the deficient mitochondrial protein, frataxin, is unknown. Besides the characteristic features of spinocerebellar ataxia the heart may also be affected, and patients may experience a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy eventually progressing toward heart failure and death. So far, research focused on the neurological aspects and little attention has been paid to better characterize and understand the cardiac involvement in Friedreich's ataxia. For that, a better understanding of longitudinal progression, cardiac complications and long-term cardiac outcome is warranted. In addition, the clinician should be familiar with the therapeutic option in Friedreich cardiomyopathy. This review discusses important clinical and diagnostic features of the cardiomyopathy in Friedreich's ataxia and potential therapeutic developments.
ChemInform Abstract: Computer Storage and Retrieval of Generic Chemical Structures in Patents. Part 17. Evaluation of the Refined Search. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Recombinant human thrombopoietin: clinical experience and in vivo biology. (1998)

Thrombopoietin (TPO) has rapidly moved from the laboratory to the clinic in less than 2 years since its cloning. Two forms of recombinant TPO have been developed for clinical use. The full-length molecule (Genentech Inc, San Francisco, CA) is referred to as recombinant human thrombopoietin, and the truncated version of the molecule (Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA) is referred to as pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor. Both of these forms have been evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials. Administration of either of these agents elicits an increase in circulating platelet counts by several-fold in patients who have normal hematopoiesis before chemotherapy. The response in platelets is accompanied by a significant increase in bone marrow megakaryocytes, an increase in frequency and the number of bone marrow progenitor cells of multiple cell lineages, and a marked mobilization of progenitor cells into the peripheral blood. The results of early trials suggest that TPO attenuates thrombocytopenia and enhances platelet recovery after chemotherapy. Several clinical trials are investigating the potential of this cytokine to enhance platelet recovery after high-dose chemotherapy with or without progenitor cell support, bone marrow transplantation, and leukemia treatment, and for increasing the apheresis yield of platelets in normal donors and cancer patients. Based on the encouraging results of the initial clinical trials, TPO holds promise as a useful therapeutic agent in the prevention and treatment of thrombocytopenia in cancer patients and other disorders.
Aluminium exposure from parenteral nutrition in preterm infants and later health outcomes during childhood and adolescence (2011)

Aluminium is the most common metallic element, but has no known biological role. It accumulates in the body when protective gastrointestinal mechanisms are bypassed, renal function is impaired, or exposure is high - all of which apply frequently to preterm infants. Recognised clinical manifestations of aluminium toxicity include dementia, anaemia and bone disease. Parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions are liable to contamination with aluminium, particularly from acidic solutions in glass vials, notably calcium gluconate. When fed parenterally, infants retain >75% of the aluminium, with high serum, urine and tissue levels. Later health effects of neonatal intravenous aluminium exposure were investigated in a randomised trial comparing standard PN solutions with solutions specially sourced for low aluminium content. Preterm infants exposed for >10 d to standard solutions had impaired neurologic development at 18 months. At 13-15 years, subjects randomised to standard PN had lower lumbar spine bone mass; and, in non-randomised analyses, those with neonatal aluminium intake above the median had lower hip bone mass. Given the sizeable number of infants undergoing intensive care and still exposed to aluminium via PN, these findings have contemporary relevance. Until recently, little progress had been made on reducing aluminium exposure, and meeting Food and Drug Administration recommendations (<5 μg/kg per d) has been impossible in patients <50 kg using available products. Recent advice from the UK Medicines and Healthcare regulatory Authority that calcium gluconate in small volume glass containers should not be used for repeated treatment in children <18 years, including preparation of PN, is an important step towards addressing this problem.
Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems — Amendment for Physical and Medium Access Control Layers for Combined Fixed and Mobile Operation in Licensed Bands (2003)

This Amendment updates and expands IEEE Standard 802.16 to allow for mobile sub- scrib er stations.
Procholeragenoid: a safe and effective antigen for oral immunization against experimental cholera (1983)

The immunogenicity and safety of procholeragenoid, a minimally toxic, heat-induced aggregate of cholera toxin (CT), were studied in enterically immunized rats and dogs. Although 99% less toxic than CT, procholeragenoid was only slightly less efficient in causing jejunal anti-CT responses in rats; in contrast, choleragenoid, the nontoxic B subunit pentamer of CT, was much less effective. The immunogenicity of procholeragenoid was due almost entirely to its large-molecular-weight components (MW = 10(6) to 10(7)) and was markedly reduced by preincubation with GM1 ganglioside or treatment with Formalin to eliminate residual toxicity. These findings suggest that molecular aggregation, binding to GM1 receptors on cell membranes, and stimulation of cellular adenylate cyclase each contributed to the effectiveness of procholeragenoid as a mucosal immunogen. In dogs, oral immunization with five 500-micrograms doses of procholeragenoid evoked vigorous anti-CT responses in jejunal mucosa without causing significant diarrhea. When subsequently challenged with virulent Vibrio cholerae, immunized dogs showed 83% protection against the development of severe or lethal diarrhea compared with non-immunized controls. These results confirm a protective role for mucosal antitoxin in experimental cholera and show that procholeragenoid is both safe and effective as an oral immunogen. Procholeragenoid, combined with other antigens of V. cholerae, may constitute a simple, safe, and effective oral vaccine for cholera.
Downsizing in Australia (2000)

This article investigates the extent of downsizing and asks whether it is still occurring in the Australian economy. It also ask what types of organisations are more prone to downsizing, whether large firms downsize more than small, whether private firms downsize more than the government, and whether manufacturing organisations are more likely to downsize than those in the services sector.
Caching Function Results: Faster Arithmetic by Avoiding Unnecessary Computation (1992)

This paper discusses trivial computation, where simple operands trivialize potentially complex operations. An example of a trivial operation is integer division, where the divisor is two; the division becomes a simple shift operation. The paper also discusses the concept of redundant computation, where some operation repeatedly does the same function because it repeatedly sees the same operands. Experiments on two separate benchmark suites, the SPEC benchmarks and the Perfect Club, find a surprisingly large amount of trivial and redundant operation. Various architectural means of exploiting this knowledge to improve computational efficiency include detection of trivial operands and the result cache. Further experimen-tation shows significant speedup from these techniques, as measured on three different styles of machine architecture.
Pharmacological Studies on Cadralazine (1981)

Cadralazine is a new, orally effective antihypertensive vasodilator. Acute experiments indicate that the compound reduces blood pressure and increases heart rate. The doses which reduce systolic blood pressure by 25% (ED25) are very similar after oral and intravenous administration (spontaneously hypertensive rats, 1.8 mg/kg, p.o.; 2.3 mg/kg, i.v.; renal hypertensive dogs, 0.26 mg/kg, p.o.; 0.24 mg/kg, i.v.; awake normotensive dogs, 0.98 mg/kg, p.o.; 1.01 mg/kg, i.v.). By both routes the peak effect is reached after 3-5 hr, and the activity lasts more than 24 hr. Repeated oral administration in spontaneously hypertensive rats reduces blood pressure with no evidence of tolerance. Cadralazine reverses hypertensive responses to epinephrine in awake normotensive dogs and anesthetized cats. The inhibition of the increase in blood pressure induced by sympathetic outflow activation in pithed rats parallels the antihypertensive activity in onset, intensity, and duration. The effects of cadralazine are not due to a blockade of alpha-adrenoceptors, sympathetic neurons, or ganglionic transmission. Cadralazine has no antihistaminic, anticholinergic, or spasmolytic activity and no specific effect on behavioral tests. In comparison with hydralazine, cadralazine has less acute toxicity and a greater activity by the oral route.
Execution mining (2012)

Operating systems represent large pieces of complex software that are carefully tested and broadly deployed. Despite this, developers frequently have little more than their source code to understand how they behave. This static representation of a system results in limited insight into execution dynamics, such as what code is important, how data flows through a system, or how threads interact with one another. We describe Tralfamadore, a system that preserves complete traces of machine execution as an artifact that can be queried and analyzed with a library of simple, reusable operators, making it easy to develop and run new dynamic analyses. We demonstrate the benefits of this approach with several example applications, including a novel unified source and execution browser.
Syntheses and Properties of Luminescent Lanthanide Chelate Labels and Labeled Haptenic Antigens for Homogeneous Immunoassays (1995)

Lanthanide chelate labels containing substituted 4-(arylethynyl)pyridine as the chromogenic moiety and iminobis(acetic acid) groups as the chelating part were synthesized. N-Succinimidyl esters of the carboxy derivatives of thyroxine and progesterone were prepared and coupled to the aliphatic amino groups of the synthesized lanthanide chelates. The luminescence properties of the chelates and labeled haptenic antigens were measured in ethanol and in an aqueous buffer containing either albumin or detergents as luminescence-modulating compounds. The energy transfer enhanced ion luminescence of the derivatives containing a para-amino-substituted phenyl ring showed particularly strong dependence on environmental changes, which makes these derivatives well suited for homogeneous time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay based on the use of external luminescence modulators.
Deep Learning-Based Gaze Detection System for Automobile Drivers Using a NIR Camera Sensor (2018)

A paradigm shift is required to prevent the increasing automobile accident deaths that are mostly due to the inattentive behavior of drivers. Knowledge of gaze region can provide valuable information regarding a driver's point of attention. Accurate and inexpensive gaze classification systems in cars can improve safe driving. However, monitoring real-time driving behaviors and conditions presents some challenges: dizziness due to long drives, extreme lighting variations, glasses reflections, and occlusions. Past studies on gaze detection in cars have been chiefly based on head movements. The margin of error in gaze detection increases when drivers gaze at objects by moving their eyes without moving their heads. To solve this problem, a pupil center corneal reflection (PCCR)-based method has been considered. However, the error of accurately detecting the pupil center and corneal reflection center is increased in a car environment due to various environment light changes, reflections on glasses surface, and motion and optical blurring of captured eye image. In addition, existing PCCR-based methods require initial user calibration, which is difficult to perform in a car environment. To address this issue, we propose a deep learning-based gaze detection method using a near-infrared (NIR) camera sensor considering driver head and eye movement that does not require any initial user calibration. The proposed system is evaluated on our self-constructed database as well as on open Columbia gaze dataset (CAVE-DB). The proposed method demonstrated greater accuracy than the previous gaze classification methods.
Hydrogels based on amphiphilic PEG star block polymers (2011)

PEG-(PLA) 8 ) are described. The physical and mechanical properties of hydrogels prepared from these block copolymers are compared to previously described block copolymers containing an ester linking unit. Moreover, the degradation mechanism of both hydrogel types is investigated in detail.