gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and magnetic properties of FeCoN thin films (1998)

Effects of nitrogen contents and substrate temperatures to the microstructure and magnetic properties of the FeCoN films have been investigated. According to the TEM and x-ray Scherrer’s equation analyses, we found that the grain size of films with substrate temperature below 200 °C is roughly about 13 nm, however, it increases very fast for films with substrate temperature above 300 °C. N content in the films is saturated to 30 at. %, as N2 flow ratio N2/(Ar+N2) is higher than 5 vol. %. From the magnetization studies, we have found that the saturation magnetization 4πMs of the optimum samples (with the substrate temperature near 200 °C) is 23.9 kG. The improvement of the magnetic properties is attributed to the combination of α-Fe with N to form the high magnetic moment FeN phases.
Loss of SOCS3 in T helper cells resulted in reduced immune responses and hyperproduction of interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor–β1 (2006)

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)3 is a major negative feedback regulator of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3-activating cytokines. Transgenic mouse studies indicate that high levels of SOCS3 in T cells result in type 2 T helper cell (Th2) skewing and lead to hypersensitivity to allergic diseases. To define the physiological roles of SOCS3 in T cells, we generated T cell-specific SOCS3 conditional knockout mice. We found that the mice lacking SOCS3 in T cells showed reduced immune responses not only to ovalbumin-induced airway hyperresponsiveness but also to Leishmania major infection. In vitro, SOCS3-deficient CD4+ T cells produced more transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 and interleukin (IL)-10, but less IL-4 than control T cells, suggesting preferential Th3-like differentiation. We found that STAT3 positively regulates TGF-beta1 promoter activity depending on the potential STAT3 binding sites. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that more STAT3 was recruited to the TGF-beta1 promoter in SOCS3-deficient T cells than in control T cells. The activated STAT3 enhanced TGF-beta1 and IL-10 expression in T cells, whereas the dominant-negative form of STAT3 suppressed these. From these findings, we propose that SOCS3 regulates the production of the immunoregulatory cytokines TGF-beta1 and IL-10 through modulating STAT3 activation.
Characterization of immunoglobulin by mass spectrometry with applications for the clinical laboratory (2013)

Studies monitoring immunoglobulin (Ig) antigen specificity have brought to light key Ig biomarkers for immunity, autoimmunity, cancer detection, and immune system function evaluation. A fundamentally new approach to the detection of Igs based on the primary structure of the Ig is beginning to emerge in the literature. This approach has only become feasible in light of advances in proteomics and rapid improvements in mass spectrometry (MS). Driven primarily by the development of Ig pharmaceuticals, Ig MS-based proteomic methods are revealing structural features which were previously unavailable with other characterization techniques. The task of adapting these techniques to clinical chemistry is in its infancy, but these methods have the potential to dramatically alter testing for Ig biomarkers. The purpose of this article is to review the advances that have been made in proteomic characterization of Igs by MS and the early attempts to apply these methods to clinical samples.
Nano-opto-electro-mechanical switch based on a four-waveguide directional coupler (2017)

Optical switches connect optical circuits, and route optical signals in networks. Nano-electromechanical systems can in principle enable compact and power-effective switches that can be integrated in photonic circuits. We proposed an optical switch based on four coupled waveguides arranged in three-dimensional configuration. The switching operation is controlled by a cantilever displacement of only 55 nm. Simulations show that our proposed device requires a low switching voltage down to 3V and can operate at frequencies in the MHz range. Our results also pave the way towards novel optical components that electromechanically manipulate light in both the horizontal and the vertical direction in photonic circuits.
PDMS-based microfluidic device with multi-height structures fabricated by single-step photolithography using printed circuit board as masters (2003)

We have developed a method for fabricating microfluidic devices with multi-height structures using single step photolithography. The whole fabrication process is executed by conventional printed circuit board (PCB) technology without the need of having access to clean room facilities. Specifically designed "windows" and "rims" architectures were printed on films that were used as photomasks. Different levels of protruding features on the PCB master were produced by exposing a photomask followed by chemical wet etching. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was then moulded against the positive relief master to generate microfluidic structures. In this report, we described the fabrication of a microfluidic device featured with a multi-height "sandbag" structure for particle entrapment and peripheral microchannels. Controlled immobilization of biological cells and immunocytochemcial staining assays were performed to demonstrate the applicability of the microfluidic device for cellular analysis. The integrity of the microdevice remained stable under applied pressure, indicating the robustness of the elastic PDMS structures for analytical operation. The simple microfabrication process requires only low-cost materials and minimal specialized equipment and can reproducibly produce mask lines of about 20 microm in width, which is sufficient for most microfluidic applications.
Liposomal Doxorubicin (1996)

Doxorubicin is a potent antineoplastic agent with activity against numerous human cancers. Encapsulation of doxorubicin inside a liposome alters bioavailability, biodistribution and thus its biological activity significantly. The physical properties of the liposome (size, lipid components and lipid dose) play a major role in determining drug retention and pharmacokinetics. The therapeutic benefits of liposomal doxorubicin will therefore depend on these physical characteristics. Here we review the toxicity and efficacy of liposomal doxorubicin determined for various liposome compositions (size, lipid composition and drug-to-lipid ratio). These physical properties can be independently varied using the transmembrane pH gradient-dependent drug encapsulation procedure. The results show that the toxicity of the formulation is related to drug retention in the circulation. The antitumor activity is more sensitive to the size of the liposomes. By optimizing these parameters, liposomal doxorubicin formulations can be optimized for improved therapeutic activity.
Detection of Epstein-Barr virus genomes in AIDS related lymphomas: sensitivity and specificity of in situ hybridisation compared with Southern blotting. (1991)

Eighteen cases of AIDS related, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were examined for the presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomes using in situ hybridisation with a 35S-labelled probe. The results were compared with those obtained independently by Southern blot analysis with a 32P-labelled probe of frozen tissue from the same tumours. Technically satisfactory results were obtained with both methods in 15 lymphomas. EBV DNA was detected in seven of 15 (47%) cases by in situ hybridisation and in eight of 15 (53%) cases by Southern blotting (including all the cases positive by in situ hybridisation). The results of EBV DNA detection by the two techniques were identical in 14 of 15 (93%) cases. In situ hybridisation gave no false positive results. This study shows that the sensitivity and specificity of in situ hybridisation for the detection of EBV genomes in AIDS related lymphomas approaches that of Southern blotting, even when using routinely processed archival, paraffin wax embedded material.
개천절의 주역 홍암 나철의 홍익인간 사상 (2020)

1948년은 주목할 만한 해다. 분단의 관점에 볼 때 그해는 남과 북이 각각 정권을 수립한 해다. 하지만 한민족 전체에서 볼 때 그 해는 민족의 갈라지는 비극의 해이기도 하다. 같은 해 근동의 한 나라 이스라엘은 2000년의 길고 긴 망국의 시간을 보내고 각고 끝에 그들이 두고 떠났던 예루살렘을 중심으로 나라를 다시 세웠다. 어떠한 나라는 없던 나라도 다시 세우는데, 우리 한민족은 5000년을 이어오던 민족이 둘로 갈라졌다. 여러 가지 지정학적 정황을 무시하고 한민족과 이스라엘 민족을 단순 비교하는 것은 순진한 발상일지 모른다. 그러나 아무리 상황의 특수성을 고려하더라도 이스라엘의 건국사건과 비교해 한민족의 분단 사건은 이해는 할 수 있으나, 용인될 수는 없다.
이 두 민족의 건국과 파국을 가져온 근본적 차이는 민족구성원을 하나로 통합하는 민족정신(national psyche)의 유무다. 유대민족의 민족정신의 중심에는 모세오경을 중심으로 하는 구약정신이 존재한다. 2000년의 망국의 상황에서 언어와 국적이 갈라졌어도 그들은 오직 하나의 중심 구약정신으로 그 모든 차이를 극복하고 인류역사 전 과정에서 가장 위대한 정치사건인 건국을 이룩해 낸 것이다. 이스라엘의 건국사건이 시사하는 것은 물리적 국토가 없어도 민족을 통합하는 민족정신이 존재하면 그 민족은 결코 멸망하지 않는 다는 것이다.
우리 한민족은 5000년의 오랜 역사를 자랑스럽게 이야기 하지만 국파민멸(國破民滅) 비극을 맞이했다. 비극의 원인은 바로 민족을 하나로 통합하는 정신의 부재였다. 유구한 역사를 보유한 한민족에게 정신이 부재한 것은 아니었다. 각 시대마다 국가를 이끌어 가는 정신이 있었던 것은 사실이다. 그러나 문제는 그 정신이 외래의 것이었다는데 있었다. 한민족의 역사적 경험에서 민족정신이 자민족에서 생성된 고유의 것이 아닌 것이었을 때 민족이 맞이하게 될 운명을 간파한 집단이 있었다. 그 집단은 바로 대종교 중광을 산파역할한 백봉을 중심으로 구성된 선가(仙家) 집단이었다.
백봉은 조선을 지배했던 유교를 통렬히 비판하면서 조선사에서 변방으로 밀려나 있던 조선 고유 종교에 주목했다. 유구한 조선사에서 일찍이 하늘을 숭배하는 천신사상이 조선 고유의 종교로 면면히 이어져 온 것을 사실이다. 마한 시대의 천신(天神)·천군(天君)·소도(蘇塗)와 최치원의 풍류도 고려의 팔관회가 바로 천신숭배를 근본으로 하는 민족 고유의 종교였던 것은 명백한 사실이다. 그 천신숭배를 근본으로 하는 고유의 민족종교가 단군을 표상으로 하는 종교로 재탄생했던 것이다. 단군교 혹은 대종교의 탄생은 한말 우후죽순처럼 탄생한 여타의 민족종교와 마찬가지로 일개 종파의 탄생에 불과할지도 모른다. 하지만 적어도 백봉과 그 과업을 전수한 홍암 나철은 교세의 확장에 급급한 종파주의자가 아니었다. 그들은 한민족 모두의 동의를 확보하는 데는 실패했지만 적어도 민족정신은 자생적 민족종교 그것도 유구한 역사성을 갖는 그러한 것이어야 하고 그러한 민족고유정신이 민족의 생존과 어떠한 관련성을 맺고 있는지를 깊이 성찰한 선각자였다.
오늘 우리가 나철을 되새기는 것은 그가 홍익인간을 특수하고 보편적인 차원에서 가장 온전하게 실천한 표본임을 확인하는데 있다. 더욱이 그것을 훨씬 뛰어 넘어 오늘에 우리가 나철의 삶에 다시금 주목하는 것은 나철의 삶을 통해 개인과 사회와 민족이 직면한 난제에 대한 깊고 넓은 관점에서의 해결의 전망을 발견할 수도 있다는 낙관적 기대 때문이다.
Reactions of VX, HD, and Their Simulants with NaY and AgY Zeolites. Desulfurization of VX on AgY (1999)

The room-temperature reactions of the chemical warfare agents VX (O-ethyl S-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate), HD (2,2‘-dichloroethyl sulfide, or mustard), and their common simulants, O,S-diethyl phenylphosphonothioate (DEPPT) and 2-chloroethyl phenyl sulfide (CEPS), with NaY and silver-exchanged (AgY) zeolites have been studied using solid-state magic angle spinning NMR. VX hydrolyzes via exclusive cleavage of the P−S bond on both NaY and AgY to yield ethyl methylphosphonate (EMPA). The reaction is significantly faster on AgY than on NaY, suggesting catalysis by silver. On AgY, an intermediate silver salt of EMPA is apparently formed which is slowly converted to ethyl 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonate (QB, the desulfurized analogue of VX) in about a 78% yield. DEPPT similarly hydrolyzes via P−S cleavage on AgY to yield an apparent silver salt of ethyl phenylphosphonate, which does not undergo further reaction to the desulfurized analogue. No reaction is observed for DEPPT on NaY. HD on AgY forms both vinyl sulfide and the cyclic ether 1,4-thioxane. HD reacts faster on NaY to exclusively form the CH-TG sulfonium ion (HOCH2CH2SCH2CH2S+[CH2CH2OH]2). CEPS also reacts faster on NaY, forming 2-hydroxyethyl phenyl sulfide. On AgY, CEPS does not give the vinyl product, but does yield the ether product PhSCH2CH2OCH2CH2SPh. A mechanism is proposed for the silver-catalyzed hydrolysis of VX, the desulfurization of the cleaved thiol, and the formation of QB.
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein‐1 (CCL2) in Inflammatory Disease and Adaptive Immunity: Therapeutic Opportunities and Controversies (2003)

Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (CCL2) specifically attracts monocytes and memory T cells. Its expression occurs in a variety of diseases characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration, and there is substantial biological and genetic evidence for its essential role in atherosclerosis and multiple sclerosis. Despite intensive screening, there are as yet no small-molecule antagonists of the receptor of MCP-1/CCL2, CCR2. However, biological agents, including antibodies and inhibitory peptides, have been developed and may be useful for these indications. Recent evidence from genetically modified mice indicates that MCP-1 and CCR2 have unanticipated effects on T helper (Th) cell development. However, unlike the identical phenotypes of MCP-1/CCL2(-/-) and CCR2(-/-) mice in inflammatory diseases, the phenotypes of these mice are disparate in adaptive immunity: MCP-1 stimulates Th2 polarization, whereas CCR2 activation stimulates Th1 polarization. This presents both a challenge and an opportunity for targeting the MCP-1/CCL2/CCR2 axis in disease.
Molecular cloning and characterization of a chromosomal gene for human eosinophil peroxidase (1989)

Using human myeloperoxidase cDNA as a probe, a chromosomal gene related to myeloperoxidase was isolated from a human gene library. Comparison of the amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cloned gene with that of human eosinophil peroxidase purified from buffy coats has indicated that the isolated gene is the chromosomal gene for human eosinophil peroxidase. Like human myeloperoxidase gene, human eosinophil peroxidase gene consists of 12 exons and 11 introns spanning about 12 kilobases. The gene can code for a protein of 715 amino acids with a calculated Mr of 81,036. The heavy chain and the light chain of eosinophil peroxidase were located on the COOH and NH2 terminus of the protein, respectively. The coding sequences of eosinophil peroxidase and myeloperoxidase show homologies of 72.4% at the nucleotide and 69.8% at the amino acid level, while little homology was found in the 5'-flanking region. Northern hybridization and S1 mapping analysis of RNA from human leukemic cells have indicated that the eosinophil peroxidase gene is expressed in the eosinophilic subline of human HL-60 cells but not in the neutrophilic subline or in parental HL-60 cells.
Biological role of α-fetoprotein in cancer: prospects for anticancer therapy (2002)

alpha-fetoprotein has long been considered the 'gold-standard' in the field of tumor markers. During the several decades since the recognition of mammalian alpha-fetoprotein as a tumor-associated fetal protein, it has been purified, characterized, cloned and sequenced for use in the clinical diagnostic laboratory. However, the biological role of alpha-fetoprotein in the regulation of cancer growth has received comparatively little attention. Only during the last decade has the modulatory role of alpha-fetoprotein in neoplastic growth been realized and implemented in experimental models. This review examines the basis for the current consensus that alpha-fetoprotein does indeed regulate neoplastic growth through the presence of an alpha-fetoprotein cell surface receptor that undergoes internalization to the cell interior. Studies involving uptake of this fetal protein have since culminated in radio imaging reports as well as the use of alpha-fetoprotein as an anticancer drug conjugate. Finally, the therapeutic utilization of alpha-fetoprotein and its peptidic fragments as growth-response modifiers encompasses biological events, such as apoptosis G-coupled signal transduction, gene therapy, vaccination and cancer chemoprevention.
In situ measurements of P-wave attenuation in the methane hydrate- and gas-bearing sediments of the Blake Ridge (2000)

Recent drilling on the crest of the Blake Ridge during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 164 has provided an opportunity to compare estimates of attenuation from seismic data with direct samples of hydrate and gas in this region with the objective of using attenuation to remotely quantify hydrate and gas. Hydrate formation at the sediment grain contacts rather than in the pore spaces may significantly decrease the seismic attenuation. Because attenuation may be estimated from single-channel data, it would be more useful in hydrate detection than velocity, which requires more expensive multichannel data. In this analysis both single-channel seismic data and vertical seismic profile (VSP) data were inverted using a spectral modeling technique. For the single-channel data, this was performed using a simulated annealing algorithm, and for VSP data, the model updates were implemented manually. The results from both independent data sets are consistent with each other in each of the hydrate- and gas-stability zones. Values of the quality factor Q for hydrate-bearing sediments fall within the range expected of nonhydratebearing, fine-grained marine sediments, ranging from ~90 to 600, suggesting that small amounts of hydrate do not significantly affect Q. All values of Q less than ~90 were associated with gassy sediments; some were as low as Q = 6. Q within the hydratestability field changes systematically, reaching a minimum directly below the ridge crest. As expected, Q in the gassy sediments appears to correlate inversely with reflection strength.
Thermothickening in Solutions of Telechelic Associating Polymers and Cyclodextrins (2009)

Telechelic associating polymers (hydrophilic ethoxylated backbone, hydrophobic n-alkyl end-groups) form viscous solutions in water due to associations between the hydrophobes. The addition of alpha-, beta-, or gamma-cyclodextrin (CD) substantially reduces the solution viscosity because the CD molecules envelop and sequester the hydrophobes in their hydrophobic cavities. The present paper explores the variation in polymer-CD solution viscosity with temperature. We find that, in the case of alpha-CD alone, the solutions show "thermothickening", i.e., the viscosity increases from 25 to ca. 60 degrees C whereupon it reaches a peak value and then drops. In contrast, solutions with beta- and gamma-CD show monotonic drops in viscosity upon heating. At a fixed polymer content, the thermothickening is higher for higher alpha-CD concentrations. We have also studied how surfactants and lipids impact the thermothickening. Addition of single-tailed micelle-forming surfactants causes the viscosity to revert to the more typical decreasing trend with temperature. However, addition of double-tailed lipids to a polymer/alpha-CD solution accentuates the thermothickening behavior. The thermothickening is explained by the propensity of alpha-CDs to unbind from the hydrophobes and form inclusion complexes with the polymer backbone as the temperature is raised.
Role of p53 in human chondrocyte apoptosis in response to shear strain (2009)

Our findings indicate that p53 and p53AIP-1 play important roles in human chondrocyte apoptosis. Down-regulation of p53 expression prevents cartilage from undergoing apoptosis introduced by shear strain.
Antigenicity in hamsters of inactivated vaccines prepared from recombinant influenza viruses (1981)

Inactivated vaccines prepared form influenza virus strains obtained by the recombination of A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) or A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) viruses with A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2) virus, were tested for their antigenicity in hamsters. The parental origin of the genes of each cloned recombinant virus was determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and vaccines prepared from each strain by concentration, purification on sucrose density gradients and inactivation with formalin. All the recombinant strains used in these studies possessed surface haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens derived from the A/Victoria/75 parent strain. On inoculation into hamsters, at equivalent concentrations, these vaccines varied in their ability to induce haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies in the serum. This variation was not dependent on concentration and was observed using neutralization and single radial haemolysis, as well as HI. The possible reasons for the findings are discussed.
Influence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), p53 and intrinsic MAP kinase pathway status of tumour cells on the antiproliferative effect of ZD1839 (‘Iressa’) (2002)

of ZD1839 ("Iressa") is an orally active, selective epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), which blocks signal transduction pathways implicated in proliferation and survival of cancer cells, and other host-dependent processes promoting cancer growth. Permanent downstream activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway can theoretically bypass the upstream block of epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinase activation at the epidermal growth factor receptor level. We investigated the impact of epidermal growth factor receptor content, p53 status and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling status on ZD1839 sensitivity in a panel of human tumour cell lines: seven head and neck cancer cell lines and two colon cancer cell lines (LoVo, HT29) with derivatives differing only by a specific modification in p53 status (LoVo p53 wt + p53 mut cells, HT29 p53 mut + p53 wt rescued cells). The antiproliferative activity of ZD1839 was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide test. ZD1839 concentrations ranged from 0.2-200 microM (48 h exposure). Epidermal growth factor receptor expression, p53 status and p42/p44 (for testing a constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway status) were determined by competition analysis (Scatchard plots), denaturing gradient cell electrophoresis and Western blot, respectively. Epidermal growth factor receptor levels ranged from 388 to 33794 fmol mg(-1) protein, a range that is similar to that found in head and neck tumours. The IC(50) values for cell sensitivity to ZD1839 ranged from 6 to 31 microM and a significant inverse correlation (P=0.022, r=0.82) between IC(50) values and epidermal growth factor receptor levels was observed. There was no influence of p53 status on the sensitivity to ZD1839. In two head and neck cancer cell lines with comparably elevated epidermal growth factor receptor expression, a two-fold higher ZD1839 IC(50) value was found for the one with a constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase. In conclusion, ZD1839 was active against cells with a range of epidermal growth factor receptor levels, although more so in cells with higher epidermal growth factor receptor expression. Activity was unaffected by p53 status, but was reduced in cells strongly dependent on epidermal growth factor receptor signalling in the presence of an intrinsically activated mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
Improving International Research with Clinical Specimens: 5 Achievable Objectives (2012)

Our increased interest in translational research has created a large demand for blood, tissue, and other clinical samples, which find use in a broad variety of research including genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Hundreds of millions of dollars have been invested internationally on the collection, storage, and distribution of samples. Nevertheless, many researchers complain in frustration about their inability to obtain relevant and/or useful samples for their research. Lack of access to samples, poor condition of samples, and unavailability of appropriate control samples have slowed our progress in the study of diseases and biomarkers. In this perspective, I focus on five major challenges that thwart clinical sample use for translational research and propose near term objectives to address them. They include: (1) defining our biobanking needs; (2) increasing the use of and access to standard operating procedures; (3) mapping interobserver differences for use in normalizing diagnoses; (4) identifying natural internal protein controls; and (5) redefining the clinical sample paradigm by building partnerships with the public. In each case, I believe that we have the tools at hand required to achieve the objective within 5 years. Potential paths to achieve these objectives are explored. However we solve these problems, the future of proteomics depends on access to high quality clinical samples, collected under standardized conditions, accurately annotated and shared under conditions that promote the research we need to do.