gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrically pumped hybrid AlGaInAs-silicon evanescent laser (2006)

An electrically pumped light source on silicon is a key element needed for photonic integrated circuits on silicon. Here we report an electrically pumped AlGaInAs-silicon evanescent laser architecture where the laser cavity is defined solely by the silicon waveguide and needs no critical alignment to the III-V active material during fabrication via wafer bonding. This laser runs continuous-wave (c.w.) with a threshold of 65 mA, a maximum output power of 1.8 mW with a differential quantum efficiency of 12.7 % and a maximum operating temperature of 40 degrees C. This approach allows for 100's of lasers to be fabricated in one bonding step, making it suitable for high volume, low-cost, integration. By varying the silicon waveguide dimensions and the composition of the III-V layer, this architecture can be extended to fabricate other active devices on silicon such as optical amplifiers, modulators and photo-detectors.
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) Regulate Fibrin-invasive Activity via MT1-MMP–dependent and –independent Processes (2002)

Cross-linked fibrin is deposited in tissues surrounding wounds, inflammatory sites, or tumors and serves not only as a supporting substratum for trafficking cells, but also as a structural barrier to invasion. While the plasminogen activator-plasminogen axis provides cells with a powerful fibrinolytic system, plasminogen-deleted animals use alternate proteolytic processes that allow fibrin invasion to proceed normally. Using fibroblasts recovered from wild-type or gene-deleted mice, invasion of three-dimensional fibrin gels proceeded in a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-dependent fashion. Consistent with earlier studies supporting a singular role for the membrane-anchored MMP, MT1-MMP, in fibrin-invasive events, fibroblasts from MT1-MMP-null mice displayed an early defect in invasion. However, MT1-MMP-deleted fibroblasts circumvented this early deficiency and exhibited compensatory fibrin-invasive activity. The MT1-MMP-independent process was sensitive to MMP inhibitors that target membrane-anchored MMPs, and further studies identified MT2-MMP and MT3-MMP, but not MT4-MMP, as alternate pro-invasive factors. Given the widespread distribution of MT1-, 2-, and 3-MMP in normal and neoplastic cells, these data identify a subset of membrane-anchored MMPs that operate in an autonomous fashion to drive fibrin-invasive activity.
A theory of the action of cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. (1967)

This paper presents an analysis of the results of cancer therapy, based on the histories of treated and untreated cancers taking into account the biology of immunity and drug action. Cancer chemotherapeutic drugs in addition to a direct action on the malignant cells, act on the host's immune system. The importance of tumour–host interactions in determining the overall progress of the tumour is emphasized. It is postulated that in the early stages of therapy, remission occurs because the drug is given at a time when the host has either some degree of immunity against the tumour, or has a reversible immune tolerance with respect to the tumour antigen. In contrast, in the later stages of treatment, immunity against the tumour is depressed and this is a major cause of therapeutic failure.
Warfarin and Aspirin in Patients with Heart Failure and Sinus Rhythm (2012)

Among patients with reduced LVEF who were in sinus rhythm, there was no significant overall difference in the primary outcome between treatment with warfarin and treatment with aspirin. A reduced risk of ischemic stroke with warfarin was offset by an increased risk of major hemorrhage. The choice between warfarin and aspirin should be individualized. (Funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; WARCEF ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00041938.).
Role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in primary glioblastoma multiforme cells (2011)

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a protein that is overexpressed in many tumors, such as colon and prostate cancer, melanoma, and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). In its function as a cytokine, MIF induces angiogenesis, promotes cell cycle progression, and inhibits apoptosis. Recently, the molecular signal transduction has been specified: MIF has been found to be a ligand to the CD74/CD44-receptor complex and to activate the ERK1/2 MAPK cascade. In addition MIF binds to the chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4. This effects an integrin-dependent leukocyte arrest and mediates leukocyte chemotaxis. Recent work has described a clearer role of MIF in GBM tumor cell lines. The current study used human primary GBM cells. We show that inhibition of MIF with ISO-1, an inhibitor of the D-dopachrome tautomerase site of MIF, reduced the growth rate of primary GBM cells in a dose-dependent manner, and in addition ISO-1 increased protein expression of MIF and its receptors CD74, CXCR2, and CXCR4 in vitro but decreased expression of CD44. Furthermore, hypoxia as cell stressor increases the protein expression of MIF in primary GBM cells. These results underscore the importance of MIF in GBM and show that MIF and its receptors may be a promising target for the treatment of malignant gliomas.
Sphingomyelinase in normal human spleens and in spleens from subjects with Niemann-Pick disease (1967)

This paper describes the purification and some of the properties of an enzyme from human spleen that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin with the formation of ceramide and phosphoryl choline. The enzyme, which is located in the subcellular particulate fraction that sediments between 700 and 8500 g, is readily made soluble and has been partially purified. Its pH optimum is between 4.5 and 5.0. It is unaffected by divalent cations, chelating agents, and sulfhydryl reagents, but is inhibited by phosphate. The enzyme attacks sphingomyelin and dihydrosphingomyelin, but is inactive toward sphingosine phosphoryl choline, O-acetylsphingomyelin, and lecithin. In some of its properties, the enzyme from human spleen is different from the previously studied sphingomyelinase from rat tissues. The enzyme is absent or markedly reduced in spleens from patients with classical and visceral varieties of Niemann-Pick disease, but is present in normal amounts in the late infantile type of the disease. In the present study another enzyme, this one magnesium-dependent, capable of catalyzing the cleavage of sphingomyelin has been detected in the spleens of patients with the classical form of Niemann-Pick disease. Some implications of these findings for theories of the metabolic defect in Niemann-Pick disease are discussed.
Polysialic acids: potential in drug delivery (1993)

A number of bacterial polysialic acids were injected intravenously into mice. Half-lives (up to 40 h) in the blood circulation were dependent on the polysialic acid used, increased by deacylation of their phospholipid moiety, decreased with shorter chain derivatives and appeared to be dose independent. A model drug (fluorescein) covalently coupled to a polysialic acid was found to assume the half-life of its carrier. Results suggest that intact or deacylated polysialic acids and shorter chain derivatives can be used to augment the half-lives of drugs, small peptides, proteins and drug delivery systems in the blood circulation, thus prolonging their pharmacological action.
High-Triplet-Energy Dendrons: Enhancing the Luminescence of Deep Blue Phosphorescent Iridium(III) Complexes (2009)

Solution-processable blue phosphorescent emitters with high luminescence efficiency are highly desirable for large-area displays and lighting applications. This report shows that when a fac-tris[1-methyl-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-n-propyl-1H-[1,2,4]triazolyl]iridium(III) complex core is encapsulated by rigid high-triplet-energy dendrons, both the physical and photophysical properties can be optimized. The high-triplet-energy and rigid dendrons were composed of twisted biphenyl dendrons with the twisting arising from the use of tetrasubstituted branching phenyl rings. The blue phosphorescent dendrimer was synthesized using a convergent approach and was found to be solution-processable and to possess a high glass transition temperature of 148 degrees C. The dendrimer had an exceptionally high solution photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 94%, which was more than three times that of the simple parent core complex (27%). The rigid and high-triplet-energy dendrons were also found to control the intermolecular interactions that lead to the quenching of the luminescence in the solid state, and the film PLQY was found to be 60% with the emission having Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage coordinates of (0.16, 0.16). The results demonstrate that dendronization of simple chromophores can enhance their properties. Single layer neat dendrimer organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) had an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 0.4% at 100 cd/m(2). Bilayer devices with an electron transport layer gave improved EQEs of up to 3.9%. Time-resolved luminescence measurements suggest that quenching of triplets by the electron transport layer used in the bilayer OLEDs limits performance.
The gene responsible for a severe form of peripheral neuropathy and agenesis of the corpus callosum maps to chromosome 15q. (1996)

Peripheral neuropathy with or without agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACCPN) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. Genealogical studies in a large number of affected French Canadian individuals suggest that ACCPN results from a single founder mutation. A genomewide search using 120 microsatellite DNA markers in 14 French Canadian families allowed the mapping of the ACCPN gene to a 5-cM region on chromosome 15q13-q15 that is flanked by markers D15S1040 and D15S118. A maximum two-point LOD score of 11.1 was obtained with the marker D15S971 at a recombination fraction of 0. Haplotype analysis and linkage disequilibrium support a founder effect. These findings are the first step in the identification of the gene responsible for ACCPN, which may shed some light on the numerous conditions associated with the progressive peripheral neuropathy or agenesis of the corpus callosum.
Significance of intracranial hypertension in severe head injury (1977)

Measurements of intracranial pressure (ICP) were begun within hours of injury in 160 patients with severe brain trauma, and continued in the intensive care unit. Some degree of increased ICP (greater than 10 mm Hg) was present on admission in most cases (82%), and in all but two of the 62 patients with intracranial mass lesions requiring surgical decompression; ICP was over 20 mm Hg on admission in 44% of cases, and over 40 mm Hg in 10%. In patients with mass lesions only very high ICP (greater than 40 mm Hg) on admission was significantly associated with a poor neurological picture and outcome from injury, while in patients with diffuse brain injury any increase in ICP above 10 mm Hg was associated with a poorer neurological status and a worse outcome. Despite intensive measures aimed at prevention of intracranial hypertension, ICP rose over 20 mm Hg during the monitoring period in 64 of the 160 patients (40%). Postoperative increases in ICP over 20 mm Hg (mean) were seen in 52% of the patients who had had intracranial masses evacuated, and could not be controlled by therapy in half of these cases. Even in patients without mass lesions, ICP rose above 20 mm Hg in a third of the cases, despite artificial ventilation and steroid therapy. Of the 48 patients who died, severe intracranial hypertension was the primary cause of death in nearly half and even moderately increased ICP (greater than 20 mm Hg) was associated with higher morbidity in patients with mass lesions and those with diffuse brain injury. Measurement of ICP should be included in management of patients with severe head injury.
Microwave fixation of cells in tissue culture. (1980)

Use of microwave irradiation has been evaluated for the in situ fixation of cells grown in tissue culture prior to fluorescent antibody staining. The results show total retention of cell protein in the matrix with microwave fixation, whereas 40-50% of the protein is lost during conventional formaldehyde fixation. Fluorescent antibody staining of cells shows that this protein loss reflects cell loss. A further advantage of microwave fixation is that photometric quantitation of fluorescence appears possible by random scanning of fluorescent antibody stained populations.
Innovative chemical compound microarrays for drug screening (2006)

As chemical libraries increase in size and, in the post genomic era, the number of possible drug targets grows, more advanced high throughput screening (HTS) technologies are needed. Miniaturisation of biological assays from 384-well plate to 1536- or higher well-formats has become the trend in today’s assay development and lab automation processes in order to meet this demand; however, further increase in throughput is a challenge. Chemical compound microarrays, with the potential of screening millions of compounds per day in parallel against multi-targets, has given new insight into today’s miniaturisation and ultra-HTS.
Enhanced Magnetoresistance Induced by Spin Transfer Torque in Granular Films with a Magnetic Field (2006)

Spin-transfer torques (STT) provide a mechanism to alter the magnetic configurations of magnetic heterostructures, a result previously only achieved by an external magnetic field. In granular solids, we demonstrate a new form of STT effect that can be exploited to induce a large spin disorder when combined with a large magnetic field. We have obtained a very large magnetoresistance effect in excess of 400% at 4.2 K in a large magnetic field, the largest ever reported in any metallic systems. The STT characteristics of granular solids differ significantly from those of multilayers, showing no STT effect at low magnetic fields but prominent STT effects at high fields.
Sp1-binding Elements in the Promoter of RAGE Are Essential for Amphoterin-mediated Gene Expression in Cultured Neuroblastoma Cells (1998)

Receptor for AGE (RAGE) and the polypeptide amphoterin are highly expressed and co-localized in neurons of the developing central nervous system of the rat. In vitro, the interaction of amphoterin with neuronal RAGE induces neurite outgrowth. We tested the hypothesis that interaction of amphoterin with neuronal cells enhances RAGE expression, thereby providing a mechanism by which amphoterin-mediated regulation of RAGE might contribute to promotion of neurite growth and spreading. Incubation of cultured neuroblastoma cells with amphoterin resulted in increased transcription and translation of RAGE, a process largely inhibited in the presence of anti-RAGE IgG but not by nonimmune IgG. To begin to delineate molecular mechanisms underlying these findings, we identified multiple putative binding elements within the 5'-flanking region of the RAGE gene for Sp1, a transcription factor that has been critically linked to the process of normal development. DNase I footprinting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated multiple functional Sp1-binding sites within the region -245 to -40 of the RAGE promoter. Transient transfection of cultured SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells with chimeric 5'-deletion constructs linked to luciferase reporter revealed that the region containing Sp1-binding elements did not contribute uniquely to basal expression of the RAGE gene. Simultaneous mutation of the multiple Sp1-binding elements in this region did not affect basal promoter function; however, promoter responsiveness to amphoterin was markedly attenuated. These results point to Sp1-dependent mechanisms underlying amphoterin-mediated increases in RAGE expression in neuroblastoma cells and further link amphoterin-RAGE interaction to development of the nervous system.
Molecular anatomy of BCL6 translocations revealed by long-distance polymerase chain reaction-based assays. (2000)

BCL6 translocations involve not only immunoglobulin (IG) genes but also a number of non-IG loci as partners. Junctional sequences of three IG/BCL6 translocations were readily obtained by long-distance PCR. In cases where partner loci were not determined, we developed a long-distance inverse PCR method, which amplifies unknown fragments flanked by known BCL6 sequences. Using these two long-distance PCR-based approaches, we cloned junctional areas of BCL6 translocations from a total of 58 cases of B-cell tumors. Nucleotide sequencing and database searches revealed that 30 cases involved IGs as partners: IG heavy chain gene in 22, IG kappa light chain gene in 1, and IG lambda light chain gene in 7. In contrast, 23 cases affected non-IG loci, including the H4 histone gene, heat shock protein genes HSP89alpha and HSP90beta, and PIM-1 proto-oncogene. On der(3) chromosomes, complete sets of the promoters of these partner genes replaced that of BCL6 in the same transcriptional orientation. These results suggest that BCL6 gene affected by the translocation is transcriptionally activated by a variety of stimuli, including cell cycle control, changes in the physical environment, and response to cytokines. Break points on BCL6 occurred within the major translocation cluster, and we identified a 120-bp hyper-cluster region a short distance from the 3' end of exon 1. Gel mobility-shift assay suggested the presence of a protein(s) that bound to this particular region.
Anticoagulant repertoire of the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum. (1996)

Hookworms are hematophagous nematodes that infect a wide range of mammalian hosts, including humans. There has been speculation for nearly a century as to the identity of the anticoagulant substances) used by these organisms to subvert host hemostasis. Using molecular cloning, we describe a family of potent small protein (75-84 amino acids) anticoagulants from the hookworm Ancylostoma caninum termed AcAP (A. caninum anticoagulant protein). Two recombinant AcAP members (AcAP5 and AcAP6) directly inhibited the catalytic activity of blood coagulation factor Xa (fXa), while a third form (AcAPc2) predominantly inhibited the catalytic activity of a complex composed of blood coagulation factor VIIa and tissue factor (fVIIa/TF). The inhibition of fVIIa/TF was by a unique mechanism that required the initial formation of a binary complex of the inhibitor with fXa at a site on the enzyme that is distinct from the catalytic center (exo-site). The sequence of AcAPc2 as well as the utilization of an exo-site on fXa distinguishes this inhibitor from the mammalian anticoagulant TFPI (tissue factor pathway inhibitor), which is functionally equivalent with respect to fXa-dependent inhibition of fIIa/TF. The relative sequence positions of the reactive site residues determined for AcAP5 with the homologous regions in AcAP6 and AcAPc2 as well as the pattern of 10 cysteine residues present in each of the inhibitors suggest that the AcAPs are distantly related to the family of small protein serine protease inhibitors found in the nonhematophagous nematode Ascaris lumbricoides var. suum.
Differences in transcription and promoters of Xmrk-1 and Xmrk-2 genes suggest a role for Xmrk-2 in pigment pattern development in the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus. (1994)

Pigment (macromelanophore) patterns in the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus are due to a complex pigmentary locus; for example, the spotted-dorsal (Sd) fin pattern is due to the Sd locus. In interspecific backcross hybrids with the swordtail X. helleri, the Sd pattern changes into benign or malignant dorsal fin melanoma as a result of hemi- or homozygous loss of a platyfish regulatory (R) gene, the tumor suppressor gene Diff, that appears to play a role in the final differentiation of macromelanophores. Closely linked to the pigmentary locus is an epidermal growth factor receptor-like gene, Xmrk-2, that has arisen by duplication from the linked Xmrk-1. The transcriptional expression of the Xmrk genes was determined in various tissues including Sd pigment patterns and melanomas of various growth potential using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. While Xmrk-1 expression was found in all tissues examined, Xmrk-2 expression correlated with pigment cell growth. Xmrk-2 was highly expressed in the dorsal fin exhibiting the Sd pattern but drastically reduced in a platyfish mutant which has lost the capacity to form these pigment cells in the dorsal fin. Most interestingly, Xmrk-2 expression increased with the proliferative capacity of the melanomas but declined once melanoma growth ceased. We conclude that Xmrk-2 plays a role in the formation of the pigment pattern cell type, perhaps in proliferation of precursor cells, which, in melanoma, are kept in a proliferative state due to loss of Diff.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Facile Route for the Synthesis of Some New Spiro[indoline-3,3'-indan]-2,1'-dione Derivatives (1995)

Indole-2,3-dione (1) was treated with malonic acid in a mixture of ethanollpyridine tb afford 1-[3-(2-oxoindolinylidene]acetic acid (5).Compound (5) reacted with arenes in the presence of aluminium chloride as catalyst to yield spiro[indoline-3,3'-indanl-2,l'-dione derivatives (6a-e).The synthesis and photochromism of indolinospirochromenes containing condensed fragments in the indoline part of the molecule was achieved.'Photochromic spiro[2H-l,4-benwxazine-2,2'-inoline]
Novel acoustic-wave micromixer (2002)

This paper describes a novel Fresnel Annular Sector Actuator (FASA) and FASA-based micromixers built on PZT substrate. This actuator generates strong lateral acoustic thrusts in liquid, and is very effective in micromixing fluids. Almost any lateral fluidic motion can be produced with appropriate electrode patterns on FASA and with a combination of various FASA elements. We have developed the following three micromixers based on FASA elements: overlap design, four-sector design and six-sector design. Experimental results obtained on the fabricated FASA and micromixers confirm the theory and simulation.
3‐D optical data storage by two‐photon excitation (1993)

Increased data density and media capacity is a constant goal of research into optical storage. These‐dimensional optical storage offers this large increase because the volume density limit is 1/λ 3 rather than the 1/λ 2 achievable with 2‐D storage. Holographic storage and spectral hole burning have been examined in the past; here an alternative is presented based on two‐photon excitation.
A critical review of CO2 photoconversion: Catalysts and reactors (2014)

Photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to either a renewable fuel or valuable chemicals, using solar energy has attracted more and more attention, due to the great potential to provide an alternative clean fuel and solve the problems related to the global warming. This review covers the current progress of photocatalytic conversion of CO2 by photocatalysis over the metal oxides. A brief overview of the fundamental aspects for artificial photosynthesis has been given and the development of novel photocatalysts for CO2 photoreduction has been discussed. Several key factors for high-efficiency CO2 photoreduction and the recent development of photocatalytic reactor design for this artificial photosynthesis have also been highlighted.