gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Serum and WBC pharmacokinetics of 1500 mg of azithromycin when given either as a single dose or over a 3 day period in healthy volunteers (2001)

Owing to azithromycin's prolonged half-life, shorter and shorter dosage regimens are being studied for treatment of respiratory tract infections. Previous studies have concluded that the 3 and 5 day (1.5 g total) regimens not only provide at least equal serum and WBC exposures but also equal efficacy rates. An earlier clinical study using the entire 1.5 g dose at once or the current 3 day regimen in patients with atypical pneumonia noted equal efficacy. Similar trials are currently underway in both adult and paediatric populations. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether there were equal serum and WBC exposures when azithromycin was dosed as the current 3 day regimen or as a single large dose. Equal exposures would help validate future clinical trials of single dose regimens. Twelve healthy volunteers received both azithromycin regimens (1.5 g single dose and 500 mg/day for 3 days) in random order. Serum and WBC samples were collected at baseline and repeatedly for 10 days following the first dose of each regimen. Serum samples were assayed via HPLC (CV% < 10) and WBC samples via liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (CV% < 10). Data were modelled using noncompartmental methods. Statistics were via ANOVA with significance defined as P < 0.05. All subjects completed both regimens with minimal incidence of adverse effects. Serum data [mean (range)] demonstrated no significant difference in exposure between the two regimens [single 13.1 (3.02-20.6) mg x h/L versus 3 day 11.2 (2.98-24.5) mg x h/L: P = 0.12], although it favoured the shorter regimen. WBC results demonstrated much higher exposures than seen with serum, but no significant difference between the two regimens was identified. These results suggest that a single oral 1.5 g regimen of azithromycin for respiratory tract infections should provide exposure at least equal to currently approved treatment regimens.
The Baker Plan : progress, shortcomings, and future (1989)

The Baker Plan essentially made existing strategy on the debt problem more concrete. Like existing policy, it rejected a bankruptcy approach to the problem. It assumed that the principal debtor countries could grow their way out of the debt problem and could expand their exports enough over time to reduce their debt burden to normal levels. It called for structural reform, and it continued the adjustment efforts in the debtor country in return for financial support from foreign official and bank creditors. The plan did shift emphasis, however: from short-term balance of payments stabilization to longer-term development objectives, and thus from the IMF to the World Bank as the lead institution in debt management. The basic international debt strategy remains valid, but intensified policy efforts are necessary. Banks should provide multiyear new money packages, exit bonds should be guaranteed to allow voluntary debt reduction by banks, and net capital flows to the highly indebted countries should be raised 15 billion dollars a year. Successful emergence from the debt crisis, however, will depend primarily on sound economic policies in the debtor countries themselves.
Structural domains in RNAi (2005)

Structural and biochemical studies have begun to elucidate the pathway of RNA silencing that leads to the formation of the RISC complex. The outstanding feature of this pathway is the precise recognition and processing of double-stranded RNA. We present a review of recent structures that illustrate the molecular mechanisms contributing to these two related functions, highlighting models of Drosha, Dicer, and RISC function.
Effective image annotation via active learning (2003)

Images must be annotated to support keyword searches. Sometimes, annotation can be extracted from the surrounding text, but often times, laborious manual annotation cannot be avoided. To minimize effort in manual annotation, we propose using active learning. Active learning selects the most semantically ambiguous images for users to label, and then propagates these labels to the rest of the images. Our experiments on a sample image-dataset show that active learning can drastically reduce manual annotation effort (by as much as 70%) to achieve high annotation accuracy.
Exit pupil expander for wearable see-through displays (2012)

We present in this paper a novel implementation of a wearable see through display including a diffractive exit pupil expander element. The optical system is a pupil forming system which integrates also a diffractive beam combiner.
Multi-dimensional adaptation and multi-user scheduling techniques for wireless OFDM systems (2004)

This paper considers techniques to increase the performance of the broadband wireless OFDM system through adaptation in both the time and frequency domains. System throughput estimates are provided for frequency non-selective coding and frequency selective coding for single antenna, Alamouti, and selective closed-loop MIMO configurations. Additional gains from performing multi-user frequency-domain scheduling are achieved and determined using proportional fair and maximum C/I schedulers. The performance gains of multi-dimensional adaptation and scheduling techniques are contrasted with the amount of feedback required. Measured data from a 20 MHz experimental system and turbo coding simulations are used to estimate the size of each feedback report, and an accepted user speed distribution is used to estimate an appropriate feedback rate.
A new broad-spectrum protease inhibitor from the entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens (2000)

A new protease inhibitor was purified to apparent homogeneity from a culture medium of Photorhabdus luminescens by ammonium sulfate precipitation and preparative isoelectric focusing followed by affinity chromatography. Ph. luminescens, a bacterium symbiotically associated with the insect-parasitic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, exists in two morphologically distinguishable phases (primary and secondary). It appears that only the secondary-phase bacterium produces this protease inhibitor. The protease inhibitor has an M r of approximately 12000 as determined by SDS-PAGE. Its activity is stable over a pH range of 3·5–11 and at temperatures below 50 °C. The N-terminal 16 amino acids of the protease inhibitor were determined as STGIVTFKND(X)GEDIV and have a very high sequence homology with the N-terminal region of an endogenous inhibitor (IA-1) from the fruiting bodies of an edible mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. The purified protease inhibitor inactivated the homologous protease with an almost 1:1 stoichiometry. It also inhibited proteases from a related insect-nematode-symbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila. Interestingly, when present at a molar ratio of 5 to 1, this new protease inhibitor completely inactivated the activity of both trypsin and elastase. The activity of proteinase A and cathepsin G was partially inhibited by this bacterial protease inhibitor, but it had no effect on chymotrypsin, subtilisin, thermolysin and cathepsins B and D. The newly isolated protease inhibitor from the secondary-phase bacteria and its specific inhibition of its own protease provides an explanation as to why previous investigators failed to detect the presence of protease activity in the secondary-phase bacteria. The functional implications of the protease inhibitor are also discussed in relation to the physiology of nematode-symbiotic bacteria.
Complete nucleotide sequence of the influenza A/PR/8/34 virus NS gene and comparison with the NS genes of the A/Udorn/72 and A/FPV/Rostock/34 strains (1980)

The nucleotide sequence of the NS gene of the human influenza virus A/PR/8/34 was determined and found to be the same length (890 nucleotides) as the NS gene of another human influenza virus A/Udorn/72 and of the avian isolate A/FPV/Rostock/34. Comparison of the sequences of the NS genes of the two human influenza viruses shows an 8.9% difference whereas the NS gene of the avian isolate differs by only 8% from that of the human strain A/PR/8/34. The extensive sequence similarity among these three genes does not support the notion of species specific homology groups among NS genes of avian and human influenza virus strains. The primary sequence of the A/PR/8/34 NS gene is consistent with the findings that the influenza virus NS gene may code for two overlapping polypeptides. In addition, an open reading frame potentially coding for a polypeptide 167 amino acids in length was found in the negative strand RNA of the A/PR/8/34 virus NS gene.
MicroRNAs play a role in the development of human hematopoietic stem cells (2008)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of recently discovered noncoding RNA genes that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. It is becoming clear that miRNAs play an important role in the regulation of gene translation during development. However, in mammals, expression data are principally based on whole tissue analysis and are still very incomplete. We isolated CD34(+)CD38(-) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from human umbilical cord blood, on the basis of cell-surface markers using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Also, CD34(+) subpopulation was FACS isolated as the control. Next, using microarray containing oligonucleotides corresponding to 517 miRNAs from human, mouse, and rat genomes, we obtained miRNA gene expression profiles of both subpopulations. We focused on the HSCs correlative miRNAs with comparison to the control. The miRNAs of particular interest were confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. HSCs-overexpressed hsa-miR-520h and underexpressed hsa-miR-129 were selected for target prediction and analysis. The result showed that EIF2C3 and CAMTA1, genes related to miRNAs processing or transcription regulation, were proved to be real targets for hsa-miR-129. And ABCG2, involved in stemness maintaining, a real target for hsa-miR-520h. Finally, we chose hsa-miR-520h, enriched in HSCs but low in CD34(+) cells, for functional characterization, because of its possible role in differentiation of HSCs by regulating ABCG2. As a result, hsa-miR-520h transduction into CD34(+) cells greatly increased number of different progenitor colonies in Colony-Forming-Cell assays, suggesting that hsa-miR-520h may promote differentiation of HSCs into progenitor cells by inhibiting ABCG2 expression. This study paves the way for identifying HSC-specific miRNAs and their roles in HSC development.
Layer-by-layer deposition of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes on the surface of condensed DNA particles (1999)

DNA can be condensed with an excess of poly-cations in aqueous solutions forming stable particles of submicron size with positive surface charge. This charge surplus can be used to deposit alternating layers of polyanions and polycations on the surface surrounding the core of condensed DNA. Using poly-L-lysine (PLL) and succinylated PLL (SPLL) as polycation and polyanion, respectively, we demonstrated layer-by-layer architecture of the particles. Polyanions with a shorter carboxyl/backbone distance tend to disassemble binary DNA/PLL complexes by displacing DNA while polyanions with a longer carboxyl/backbone distance effectively formed a tertiary complex. The zeta potential of such complexes became negative, indicating effective surface recharging. The charge stoichiometry of the DNA/PLL/SPLL complex was found to be close to 1:1:1, resembling poly-electrolyte complexes layered on macrosurfaces. Recharged particles containing condensed plasmid DNA may find applications as non-viral gene delivery vectors.
YANG - A Data Modeling Language for the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) (2010)

YANG is a data modeling language used to model configuration and state
data manipulated by the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)
protocol, NETCONF remote procedure calls, and NETCONF notifications.
Detection of plagiarism in computer programming using abstract syntax trees (2007)

Plagiarism in connection with computer programming education is a serious problem. This problem is common to many universities around the world, and the University of Oslo (UoO) makes no exception. The major problem is that students plagiarize homework programming assignments written by fellow students. To deal with this situation plagiarism detection software has been developed to assess the similarity between program listings. Such software is exposed to the daunting task of minimizing the numbers of false negatives and false positives at the same time, i.e. finding the highest number of copies while avoiding those which are not. UoO uses a distributed system for delivering such assignments, called Joly. This system compares program listings by using an attribute counting metric. This is a very general metric and here I investigate whether a less general-purpose metric tuned to the particularities of programming code may perform better than the one currently being used in Joly. To this end\nI have developed two new structure based similarity measures which quantify the structural similarity between abstract syntax trees (AST). More specifically, I have (i) modified the standard AST representation to ease the comparison between trees, (ii) identified the most common cheating strategies employed by students, (iii) assessed the changes these strategies have on the AST structures, (iv) developed and implemented two new AST similarity measuring algorithms, ASTSIM-NWand ASTSIM-LCS, focused on uncovering plagiarism based on the most common cheating strategies leaving the most distinct AST footprints, and (v) compared the performance of the two new algorithms relative to the one being currently used in Joly. Even though the test results need to be interpreted with caution, the combined use of the two new algorithms appears to perform better in terms of false negatives and false positives. This suggests that they should be considered as candidates for complementing the current attribute counting approach in Joly and thus be exposed to more extensive testing and polishing.
Propionic Acid Produced by Propionibacterium acnes Strains Contributes to Their Pathogenicity (2015)

Propionibacterium acnes is an important member of the skin microbiome. The bacterium can initiate signalling events and changes in cellular properties in keratinocytes. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of the bacterium on an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line. The results show that various P. acnes strains affect the cell-growth properties of these cells differentially, inducing cytotoxicity in a strain-specific and dose-dependent manner. We propose that bacterially secreted propionic acid may contribute to the cytotoxic effect. This acid has a role in maintaining skin pH and exhibits antimicrobial properties, but may also have deleterious effects when the local concentration rises due to excessive bacterial growth and metabolism. These results, together with available data from the literature, may provide insight into the dual role of P. acnes in healthy skin and during pathogenic conditions, as well as the key molecules involved in these functions.
The reverse Warburg Effect: Glycolysis inhibitors prevent the tumor promoting effects of caveolin-1 deficient cancer associated fibroblasts (2010)

We and others have previously identified a loss of stromal caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) as a powerful single independent predictor of breast cancer patient tumor recurrence, metastasis, tamoxifen-resistance, and poor clinical outcome. However, it remains unknown how loss of stromal Cav-1 mediates these effects clinically. To mechanistically address this issue, we have now generated a novel human tumor xenograft model. In this two-component system, nude mice are co-injected with i) human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), and ii) stromal fibroblasts (wild-type (WT) versus Cav-1 (-/-) deficient). This allowed us to directly evaluate the effects of a Cav-1 deficiency solely in the tumor stromal compartment. Here, we show that Cav-1-deficient stromal fibroblasts are sufficient to promote both tumor growth and angiogenesis, and to recruit Cav-1 (+) micro-vascular cells. Proteomic analysis of Cav-1-deficient stromal fibroblasts indicates that these cells upregulate the expression of glycolytic enzymes, a hallmark of aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect). Thus, Cav-1-deficient stromal fibroblasts may contribute towards tumor growth and angiogenesis, by providing energy-rich metabolites in a paracrine fashion. We have previously termed this new idea the "Reverse Warburg Effect". In direct support of this notion, treatment of this xenograft model with glycolysis inhibitors functionally blocks the positive effects of Cav-1-deficient stromal fibroblasts on breast cancer tumor growth. Thus, pharmacologically-induced metabolic restriction (via treatment with glycolysis inhibitors) may be a promising new therapeutic strategy for breast cancer patients that lack stromal Cav-1 expression. We also identify the stromal expression of PKM2 and LDH-B as new candidate biomarkers for the "Reverse Warburg Effect" or "Stromal-Epithelial Metabolic Coupling" in human breast cancers.
The Molecular Biology of Parasporal Crystal Body Formation in Bacillus Thuringiensis (1986)

Data obtained using several experimental methods (curing, transconjugation, cloning, and hybridization) indicate that crystal protein genes in many subspecies of BT that are toxic to lepidopterans are located on one or more large plasmids; in some subspecies, the gene may be located on the chromosome. Detailed mapping has shown that in three plasmids (each from a different strain) the genes are surrounded by multiple copies of two repeated DNA elements; the arrangement of these elements is the same in the three plasmids. An analysis of the sequence of one of these repeated DNAs strongly suggests that it contains a transposase. Thus, transfer of crystal protein genes between plasmids and/or between plasmids and the chromosome would be possible either by transposition or by recombinational events mediated by the repeated DNAs. Crystal protein genes have been cloned from several plasmids and were expressed in E. coli and B. subtilis, whereas two genes cloned from chromosomal preparations were not expressed. Some of the factors that regulate expression of a plasmid-borne gene in E. coli and B. subtilis have been identified. Very little is known about the role of sporulation genes in regulating expression of the crystal protein gene in B. subtilis or BT. In BT, expression may also be affected by genes on other plasmids. Three homologous crystal protein genes have been identified and cloned from subsp. kurstaki and thuringiensis; different strains of these subspecies may contain one, two, or three of these genes. It seems probable that additional gene families will be found, since the crystals of different subspecies contain immunologically distinguishable proteins. The DNA sequences of the three homologous genes have been published as has the sequence of the crystal protein gene from subsp. sotto. These four genes have regions of identity (the promoter region) and similarity (the N-terminal approximately 280 amino acids, the C-terminal half of the protein, and the terminator). It is interesting that the divergent portions of the molecules are not in precisely the same positions and that all overlap the toxin-encoding portion of the gene. It would be worthwhile to determine if the differences in the amino acid sequence are related to differences in the toxicity and/or the host range of the cloned genes, and to establish how the complement of genes in a given strain contributes to the overall toxicity of that strain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Recombinant IgA Is Sufficient To Prevent Influenza Virus Transmission in Guinea Pigs (2013)

A serum hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titer of 40 or greater is thought to be associated with reduced influenza virus pathogenesis in humans and is often used as a correlate of protection in influenza vaccine studies. We have previously demonstrated that intramuscular vaccination of guinea pigs with inactivated influenza virus generates HAI titers greater than 300 but does not protect vaccinated animals from becoming infected with influenza virus by transmission from an infected cage mate. Only guinea pigs intranasally inoculated with a live influenza virus or a live attenuated virus vaccine, prior to challenge, were protected from transmission (A. C. Lowen et al., J. Virol. 83:2803-2818, 2009.). Because the serum HAI titer is mostly determined by IgG content, these results led us to speculate that prevention of viral transmission may require IgA antibodies or cellular immune responses. To evaluate this hypothesis, guinea pigs and ferrets were administered a potent, neutralizing mouse IgG monoclonal antibody, 30D1 (Ms 30D1 IgG), against the A/California/04/2009 (H1N1) virus hemagglutinin and exposed to respiratory droplets from animals infected with this virus. Even though HAI titers were greater than 160 1 day postadministration, Ms 30D1 IgG did not prevent airborne transmission to passively immunized recipient animals. In contrast, intramuscular administration of recombinant 30D1 IgA (Ms 30D1 IgA) prevented transmission to 88% of recipient guinea pigs, and Ms 30D1 IgA was detected in animal nasal washes. Ms 30D1 IgG administered intranasally also prevented transmission, suggesting the importance of mucosal immunity in preventing influenza virus transmission. Collectively, our data indicate that IgG antibodies may prevent pathogenesis associated with influenza virus infection but do not protect from virus infection by airborne transmission, while IgA antibodies are more important for preventing transmission of influenza viruses.
A monolithic p-channel JFET quad op amp with in-package trim and enhanced gain-bandwidth product (1987)

An amplifier that uses an analog resistive trim element (trimistor) that can be reduced in value by Al/Si filaments formed by an alloying process is described. Filament generation and their lengths are controlled by current pulses through the element. A general in-package trim technique was developed using the trimistor and a high-voltage high-current diode, allowing the package pins to be multifunctional. This combination permits the input offset voltage for each channel of a quad op amp to be trimmed in the package to 10 /spl mu/V. The differential input stage utilizes JFET followers, which allows the separation of JFET/bipolar biasing currents. This results in a low offset voltage temperature coefficient (1/spl sigma/) of 2.5 /spl mu/V//spl deg/C. The gain-bandwidth product is enhanced over the unity-gain frequency by using a dual-doublet frequency-compensation technique. One doublet is defined using the JFET follower with feedforward capacitance, and the second doublet is formed by local positive AC feedback applied to the input current mirror. The amplifier is unity-gain stable, with a 100 MHz gain-bandwidth product (at 100 kHz) and 25 V//spl mu/S slew rate. The symmetrical quad layout is 80/spl times/120 mil/SUP 2/ with 6% of the area dedicated to trim. The die is suitable for a 14-pin narrow-body surface-mount package.