gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
More than Conformational “Twisting” or “Coplanarity”: Molecular Strategies for Designing High-Efficiency Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells (2016)

The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells are lower than that of recently emerging perovskite solar cells. Can a PCE of >12% be achieved with single-junction organic solar cells? To achieve a high PCE, much effort has been focused on the design and synthesis of electron-donor materials, including polymers and small molecules, and on innovative solar cell device structures. In this perspective, we focus on a different approach—replacing traditional fullerene acceptors with nonfullerene organic acceptors. This method is an interesting and powerful alternative for achieving more efficient organic solar cells because the molecular structures of organic acceptors can be easily chemically modified and their optoelectronic properties and aggregation behaviors are tunable. However, the film morphology affects charge separation, transport and collection and must therefore be considered when improving the electrical performance of nonfullerene organic solar cells (NF-OSCs). Herein, we discuss molecular strategies for obtaining high-efficiency nonfullerene organic acceptors, with particular focus on small molecules. We also highlight the challenges and opportunities in this field, namely, selecting novel donor–acceptor combinations, enhancing the material absorptivity to capture more solar photons, controlling the donor–acceptor interface structure to improve the charge separation, and tailoring the π–π-stacking structures and orientations to enhance mobile carrier transport and collection. NF-OSCs that are more efficient than traditional fullerene-based organic solar cells should be obtained by tailoring the organic acceptor structure and developing appropriate film-processing techniques, because these approaches are expected to produce NF-OSCs with a higher open-circuit voltage than their fullerene counterparts and comparable short-circuit current densities and fill factors.
Trimethylsilyl anions: direct synthesis of trimethylsilylbenzenes (1977)

The reaction of aryl halides with hexamethyldisilane&#13;\nand potassium methoxide (or sodium methoxide or&#13;\nmethyllithium) in hexamethylphosphoric triamide (HMPT)&#13;\naffords the corresponding trimethylsilyl-substituted benzene&#13;\nand some reduction product.
Role of Toll-like receptor 4/NF-kappaB pathway in monocyte-endothelial adhesion induced by low shear stress and ox-LDL. (2005)

TLR4 plays an important role in atherosclerosis, but little is known about the precise mechanism. Herein, we investigated the role of TLR4/NF-kappaB signaling pathway in monocyte-endothelial adhesion induced by low shear stress and Ox-LDL. We found that low shear stress up-regulated TLR4 expression in endothelial cells, and that ox-LDL exerted an obvious synergistic action as revealed by RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. Low shear stress also significantly up-regulated IL-8 expression in endothelial cells. Meanwhile, NF-kappaB activity and the adhesion force of monocytes were increased, and there was a synergetic action of ox-LDL. However, following transfection with a functional mutant of TLR4 (C3H/HeJ, TLR4 Dicd) or addition of anti-human TLR4 mAb, IL-8 expression was obviously decreased, NF-kappaB activity in cells remarkably inhibited, and the adhesion force of monocyte significantly reduced. Nevertheless, anti-human TLR2 mAb had no similar effects. These findings suggest that TLR4 may be involved in the early stages of atherosclerosis, associating ox-LDL, inflammation/infection, and low shear stress. Therefore, TLR4 is expected to be a new target for preventing and treating atherosclerosis.
Human hallucinogen interactions with drugs affecting serotonergic neurotransmission. (1992)

The absence of relevant human research studies of hallucinogenic drugs has not curtailed their unsupervised use. Two cases are presented that suggest decreased sensitivity to the serotonergic hallucinogens psilocybin and LSD induced by drugs with effects on serotonergic neurotransmission, allopurinol and fluoxetine. These reports suggest that hallucinogens' effects in humans are mediated by serotonergic receptors.
Differentiation status of human squamous cell carcinoma xenografts does not appear to correlate with the repopulation capacity of clonogenic tumour cells during fractionated irradiation (2004)

Less pronounced repopulation for irradiation under ambient compared to clamped hypoxic conditions might be explained by preferential survival of hypoxic and therefore non-proliferating clonogenic cells. Taken together with previous studies on poorly differentiated FaDu and moderately well differentiated GL hSCC, the results are consistent with considerable variability in the magnitude and kinetics of repopulation in different experimental squamous cell carcinomas, and with a relationship between reoxygenation and repopulation during fractionated irradiation. The differentiation status of hSCC growing in nude mice does not to appear to correlate with the proliferative capacity of clonogenic tumour cells during treatment. The results do not support the hypothesis gained from clinical data of higher repopulation in well-differentiated tumours.
Structure of the Variable and Conserved Lipopolysaccharide Oligosaccharide Epitopes Expressed by Haemophilus influenzae Serotype b Strain Eagan, (1997)

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major virulence determinant of Haemophilus influenzae. The organism is capable of expressing a heterogeneous population of LPS which exhibits extensive antigenic diversity among multiple oligosaccharide (OS) epitopes. Structural elucidation of variable and conserved OS epitopes of H. influenzae serotype b strain Eagan was determined by the application of high-field NMR techniques and MS-based methods on oligosaccharides obtained from LPS samples by a deacylation strategy. LPS extracted by the hot aqueous phenol method gave complex electrophoretic patterns consisting of at least six low-molecular mass bands. Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry of O-deacylated LPS revealed a series of related structures differing in the number of hexose residues as well as subpopulations of glycoforms containing additional phosphoethanolamine (PEA) groups. It was demonstrated that the LPS contains a conserved PEA-substituted, heptose-containing trisaccharide inner core moiety attached via a KDO 4-phosphate unit to a lipid A component. Tandem MS experiments unambiguously established the presence of a KDO 4-pyrophosphoethanolamine unit in the subpopulation of LPS containing additional PEA groups. The occurrence of LPS containing this structural feature was found to be dependant on the isolation procedure used. Each heptose of the common inner core element L-alpha-D-Hepp(1-->2)-L-alpha-D-Hepp(1-->3)-L-alpha-D-Hep p(1-->5)-alpha-KDO is substituted by a hexose residue with further chain elongation from the central unit. The structures of the major glycoforms containing four (three Glcs and one Gal), five (three Glcs and two Gals), and six (three Glcs and three Gals) hexoses were determined in detail. The Hex6 glycoform contains the terminal structure, alpha-D-Galp(1-->4)-beta-D-Galp(1-->4)-beta-D-Glc, providing, for the first time, definitive structural evidence for the expression of the Pk-blood group antigen in H. influenzae LPS. Moreover, an analogue of the Hex4 glycoform was identified in which the third heptose residue carries phosphate at 0-4.
Visual object tracking using adaptive correlation filters (2010)

Although not commonly used, correlation filters can track complex objects through rotations, occlusions and other distractions at over 20 times the rate of current state-of-the-art techniques. The oldest and simplest correlation filters use simple templates and generally fail when applied to tracking. More modern approaches such as ASEF and UMACE perform better, but their training needs are poorly suited to tracking. Visual tracking requires robust filters to be trained from a single frame and dynamically adapted as the appearance of the target object changes. This paper presents a new type of correlation filter, a Minimum Output Sum of Squared Error (MOSSE) filter, which produces stable correlation filters when initialized using a single frame. A tracker based upon MOSSE filters is robust to variations in lighting, scale, pose, and nonrigid deformations while operating at 669 frames per second. Occlusion is detected based upon the peak-to-sidelobe ratio, which enables the tracker to pause and resume where it left off when the object reappears.
Intratumoral Delivery of Immunotherapy—Act Locally, Think Globally (2016)

Immune mechanisms have evolved to cope with local entry of microbes acting in a confined fashion but eventually inducing systemic immune memory. Indeed, in situ delivery of a number of agents into tumors can mimic in the malignant tissue the phenomena that control intracellular infection leading to the killing of infected cells. Vascular endothelium activation and lymphocyte attraction, together with dendritic cell-mediated cross-priming, are the key elements. Intratumoral therapy with pathogen-associated molecular patterns or recombinant viruses is being tested in the clinic. Cell therapies can be also delivered intratumorally, including infusion of autologous dendritic cells and even tumor-reactive T lymphocytes. Intralesional virotherapy with an HSV vector expressing GM-CSF has been recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of unresectable melanoma. Immunomodulatory monoclonal Abs have also been successfully applied intratumorally in animal models. Local delivery means less systemic toxicity while focusing the immune response on the malignancy and the affected draining lymph nodes.
Vaccination of 1-day-old pigs with a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modified live attenuated virus vaccine is able to overcome maternal immunity (2018)

The efficacy of the attenuated PRRSV-1 vaccine in 1-day-old pigs seropositive to PRRSV prior to a PRRSV-1 challenge was demonstrated by improvement of clinical, virological and immunological variables. With the current experimental design, maternal immunity did not interfere with the development of a protective immune response against a PRRSV-1 challenge, after vaccination of 1 day-old pigs. Confirmation of these results under field conditions will be needed.
Robust techniques for background subtraction in urban traffic video (2004)

Identifying moving objects from a video sequence is a fundamental and critical task in many computer-vision applications. A common approach is to perform background subtraction, which identifies moving objects from the portion of a video frame that differs significantly from a background model. There are many challenges in developing a good background subtraction algorithm. First, it must be robust against changes in illumination. Second, it should avoid detecting non-stationary background objects such as swinging leaves, rain, snow, and shadow cast by moving objects. Finally, its internal background model should react quickly to changes in background such as starting and stopping of vehicles. In this paper, we compare various background subtraction algorithms for detecting moving vehicles and pedestrians in urban traffic video sequences. We consider approaches varying from simple techniques such as frame differencing and adaptive median filtering, to more sophisticated probabilistic modeling techniques. While complicated techniques often produce superior performance, our experiments show that simple techniques such as adaptive median filtering can produce good results with much lower computational complexity.
Contribution of the Functional 5‐HTTLPR Variant of the SLC6A4 Gene to Obesity Risk in Male Adults (2008)

In conclusion, our findings indicate that 5-HTTLPR polymorphism may be linked with BMI and also with obesity and/or overweight in adult male population, reinforcing the role of the serotonin transporter as a risk factor for the obesity phenotype and suggesting potential new avenues for its pharmacological treatment.
Pertuzumab for the treatment of ovarian cancer (2010)

Pertuzumab may have value for the treatment of ovarian cancer. Further prospective biomarker-led trials are warranted.
Autophagy stimulation by rapamycin suppresses lung inflammation and infection byBurkholderia cenocepaciain a model of cystic fibrosis (2011)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common inherited lethal disease of Caucasians which results in multi organ dysfunction. However, 85% of the deaths are due to pulmonary infections. Infection by Burkholderia cenocepacia (B. cepacia) is a particularly lethal threat to CF patients because it causes severe and persistent lung inflammation and is resistant to nearly all available antibiotics. In CFTR ΔF508 mouse macrophages, B. cepacia persists in vacuoles that do not fuse with the lysosomes and mediates increased production of IL-1β. It is believed that intracellular bacterial survival contributes to the persistence of the bacterium. Here we show for the first time that in wild-type macrophages but not in ΔF508 macrophages, many B. cepacia reside in autophagosomes that fuse with lysosomes at later stages of infection. Accordingly, association and intracellular survival of B. cepacia are higher in CFTR-ΔF508 (ΔF508) macrophages than in WT macrophages. An autophagosome is a compartment that engulfs non-functional organelles and parts of the cytoplasm then delivers them to the lysosome for degradation to produce nutrients during periods of starvation or stress. Furthermore, we show that B. cepacia downregulates autophagy genes in WT and ΔF508 macrophages. However, autophagy dysfunction is more pronounced in ΔF508 macrophages since they already have compromised autophagy activity. We demonstrate that the autophagy-stimulating agent, rapamycin markedly decreases B. cepacia infection in vitro by enhancing the clearance of B. cepacia via induced autophagy. In vivo, Rapamycin decreases bacterial burden in the lungs of CF mice and drastically reduces signs of lung inflammation. Together, our studies reveal that if efficiently activated, autophagy can control B. cepacia infection and ameliorate the associated inflammation. Therefore, autophagy is a novel target for new drug development for CF patients to control B. cepacia infection and accompanying inflammation.
Detection of Heavy Metals by Immunoassay:  Optimization and Validation of a Rapid, Portable Assay for Ionic Cadmium (1998)

An immunoassay is described that measured Cd(II) in aqueous samples at concentrations from approximately 7 to 500 ppb. The assay utilized a monoclonal antibody that bound tightly to a cadmium−ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) complex but not to metal-free EDTA. A inhibition immunoassay format was employed for this analysis; ionic cadmium was diluted into an excess of EDTA before being incubated with the antibody in the presence of an immobilized Cd(II)−EDTA conjugate. Ca(II), Na(I), and K(I), cations commonly encountered in ambient water samples, did not interfere with the cadmium immunoassay at concentrations approaching their solubility limit. The assay reliably measured Cd(II) in the presence of a 1 mM excess of Fe(III), Mg(II), and Pb(II). Zn(II) and Ni(II) had minimal effect on the assay at levels below 100 μM, and the immunoassay was relatively insensitive to interferences by In(III) and Mn(II) at concentrations up to 10 μM. Hg(II) had the ability to cause a false positive in the assay, but only at concentrations higher than 1 μM. The assay compared favorably with atomic absorption spectroscopy in its ability to measure cadmium in spiked water samples taken from a Louisiana bayou.
Changes in brain orexin levels in a rat model of depression induced by neonatal administration of clomipramine (2008)

Depression is associated with a deficiency of serotonergic neurons that have been found to suppress orexinergic neurons, which in turn activate these neurons in a feedback loop. This evidence suggests that orexins may be involved in the pathology of depression. Long Evans rats were treated with clomipramine (CLI) and saline (SAL) from postnatal days 8 through 21. One set of rats from both groups was sacrificed at 35 days of age for quantification of orexins in multiple brain regions. At 3-4 months of age a second set of rats was tested for immobility in a forced swim procedure, a common test for depressive signs in rats, and a third set was sacrificed for the quantification of orexins. Compared with the control rats, adult rats with neonatal CLI treatment had (1) increased forced swim immobility and (2) increased orexins A and B in the hypothalamus. However, both orexins A and B levels were decreased in multiple brain regions in the juvenile CLI rats compared with same-age controls. We concluded that although orexin levels were decreased in juvenile CLI rats, adult CLI rats with features of depression had significantly higher levels of hypothalamic orexins compared with adult controls. These results imply that orexins are likely to be involved in the pathological regulation of depression.
Noninactivating voltage-gated sodium channels in severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (2004)

Mutations in SCN1A, the gene encoding the brain voltage-gated sodium channel alpha(1) subunit (Na(V)1.1), are associated with at least two forms of epilepsy, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus and severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI). We examined the functional properties of five SMEI mutations by using whole-cell patch-clamp analysis of heterologously expressed recombinant human SCN1A. Two mutations (F902C and G1674R) rendered SCN1A channels nonfunctional, and a third allele (G1749E) exhibited minimal functional alterations. However, two mutations within or near the S4 segment of the fourth repeat domain (R1648C and F1661S) conferred significant impairments in fast inactivation, including persistent, noninactivating channel activity resembling the pattern of channel dysfunction observed for alleles associated with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus. Our data provide evidence for a range of SCN1A functional abnormalities in SMEI, including gain-of-function defects that were not anticipated in this disorder. Our results further indicate that a complex relationship exists between phenotype and aberrant sodium channel function in these inherited epilepsies.
33.2: A New Process and Structure for Oxide Semiconductor LCDs (2014)

Abstract A coplanar TFT structure has excellent characteristics in Δ Vp and channel length compared to conventional etch stopper TFT structure in AOS TFT LCD. In this paper, we introduce new 5 mask coplanar structure which reduces two mask steps compared to conventional 7 mask process. And we fabricated 4.5‐inch HD resolution panel in our R&amp;D line with our new structure, and its transmittance is 12.5% improved by eliminating contact hole pattern.
The Hepatix Extracorporeal Liver Assist Device: Initial Clinical Experience (1994)

Eleven patients were treated with the Hepatix extracorporeal liver assist device (ELAD) between June 1991 and August 1993. The first 2 patients were treated according to Food and Drug Administration guidelines ("Emergency Use of Unapproved Medical Devices," October 22, 1985), and the remaining 9 were treated according to an Investigational Device Exemption (IDE). The goal of the study was to establish the short-term safety of ELAD therapy, with a focus on acute medical complications such as hemodynamic instability, complement activation, and deterioration of vital organ function. As secondary goals, the metabolic capacity of ELAD cartridges and their clinical impact were assessed. Treatment was considered successful if the patient recovered sufficient liver function to survive weaning from the ELAD or was stabilized until orthotopic liver transplantation was performed. No short-term safety problems were associated with ELAD use. In addition, metabolic support was documented in 10 of the 11 patients, and 6 patients reached a successful end-point. The Hepatix ELAD is safe, and it provides measurable metabolic support in patients with late-stage liver failure. This pilot study provides the impetus to perform controlled trials of ELAD therapy in the treatment of various types of end-stage liver disease.
A novel technique for nonvolitional assessment of quadriceps muscle endurance in humans (2007)

Assessment of quadriceps endurance is of interest to investigators studying human disease. We hypothesized that repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) of the intramuscular branches of the femoral nerve could be used to induce and quantify quadriceps endurance. To test this hypothesis, we used a novel stimulating coil to compare the quadriceps endurance properties in eight normal humans and, to confirm that the technique could be used in clinical practice, in eight patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To validate the method, we compared in vivo contractile properties of the quadriceps muscle with the fiber-type composition and oxidative enzyme capacity. We used a Magstim Rapid(2) magnetic nerve stimulator with the coil wrapped around the quadriceps. Stimuli were given at 30 Hz, a duty cycle of 0.4 (2 s on, 3 s off), and for 50 trains. Force generation and the surface electromyogram were measured throughout. Quadriceps twitch force, elicited by supramaximal magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve, was measured before and after the protocol. Quadriceps muscle biopsies were analyzed for oxidative (citrate synthase, CS) and glycolytic (phosphofructokinase, PFK) enzyme activity and myosin heavy chain isoform protein expression. The time for force to fall to 70% of baseline (T(70)) was shorter in the COPD group than the control group: 55.6 +/- 26.0 vs. 121 +/- 38.7 s (P = 0.0014). Considering patients and controls together, positive correlations were observed between T(70) and the proportion of type I fibers (r = 0.68, P = 0.004) and CS-to-PFK ratio (CS/PFK) (r = 0.67, P = 0.005). We conclude that quadriceps endurance assessed using rMS is feasible in clinical studies.
Anatomically constrained electrical impedance tomography for anisotropic bodies via a two-step approach (1995)

Discusses the inclusion of anatomical constraints and anisotropy in static Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) using a two-step approach to EIT. In the first step, the boundaries between regions of different conductivities are anatomically constrained using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data. In the second step, the conductivity values in different regions are determined. Anisotropic conductivity regions are included to allow better modeling of the muscle regions (e.g., skeletal muscle) which exhibit a greater conductivity in the direction parallel to the muscle fiber. This two-step approach is used to reconstruct the conductivity profile of a canine torso, illustrating its potential application in extracting conductivity values for bioelectric modeling.