gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The recycling of apolipoprotein E and its amino-terminal 22 kDa fragment (2004)

A portion of apolipoprotein E (apoE) internalized by hepatocytes is spared degradation and is recycled. To investigate the intracellular routing of recycling apoE, primary hepatocyte cultures from LDL receptor-deficient mice and mice deficient in receptor-associated protein [a model of depressed expression of LDL receptor-related protein (LRP)] were incubated with human VLDL containing 125I-labeled human recombinant apoE3. Approximately 30% of the internalized intact apoE was recycled after 4 h. The N-terminal 22 kDa fragment of apoE was also resecreted, demonstrating that this apoE domain contains sufficient sequence to recycle. The 22 kDa fragment has reduced affinity for lipoproteins, suggesting that apoE recycling is linked to the ability of apoE to bind directly to a recycling receptor. Finally, apoE was found to recycle equally well in the presence of brefeldin A, a drug that blocks transport from the endoplasmic reticulum and leads to collapse of the Golgi stacks. Our studies demonstrate that apoE recycling occurs 1) in the absence of the LDL receptor or under conditions of markedly reduced LRP expression; 2) when apoE lacks the carboxyl-terminal domain, which allows binding to the lipoprotein; and 3) in the absence of an intact Golgi apparatus. We conclude that apoE recycling occurs through multiple redundant pathways.
Evidence for the Stereoelectronic Control of the Acid Hydrolysis of Adenosine Cyclic 3′,5′-Phosphoramidate Diastereoisomers (1989)

Abstract The substitution by a methyl group of the axial 5′hydrogen atom of adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-phosphoramidate diastereoisomers significantly increases the P-N bond breaking for the R−p diastereoisomer, but does not change that for the S−p diastereoisomer as anticipated on the basis of ground state stereoelectronic effects.
Enhanced conduction and minimized charge trapping in electrically alterable read-only memories using off-stoichiometric silicon dioxide films (1984)

An electrically alterable read-only memory using silicon dioxide and silicon-rich silicon dioxide layers capable of being cycled ≳107 times by minimizing electron charge trapping in the SiO2 layers of the device by incorporation of small amounts of silicon is discussed in detail. Charge transfer to and from a floating polycrystalline silicon layer from a control gate electrode is accomplished by means of a modified dual-electron-injector-structure stack. This modified stack has the intervening silicon dioxide layer, which is sandwiched between silicon-rich silicon dioxide injectors, replaced by a slightly off-stoichiometric oxide containing between 1 and 6% excess atomic silicon above the normal 33% found in silicon dioxide. The operation of the electrically alterable device structures in terms of write/erase voltages, cyclability, breakdown, and retention is related to current-voltage characteristics obtained from capacitors. A physical model based on direct tunneling between Si islands in the off-stoichiometric oxide layer is proposed to account for the observed increase in the moderate electric field conductance and decrease in charge trapping in these oxide layers incorporated into devices and capacitors. This model and the observed current-voltage characteristics are used to predict device operation for a variety of conditions.
The Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21CIP/WAF Is a Positive Regulator of Insulin-like Growth Factor I-induced Cell Proliferation in MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells (2003)

To study the role of IGF-I receptor signaling on cell cycle events we utilized MCF-7 breast cancer cells. IGF-I at physiological concentrations increased the level of p21CIP/WAF mRNA after 4has well as protein after 8hby 10- and 6-fold, respectively, in MCF-7 cells. This IGF-1 effect was reduced by 50% in MCF-7-derived cells (SX13), which exhibit a 50% reduction in IGF-1R expression, demonstrating that IGF-1 receptor activation was involved in this process. Preincubation with the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 significantly reduced the IGF-1 effect on the amount of p21CIP/WAF protein in MCF-7 cells. These results were confirmed by the expression of a dominant negative construct for MEK-1 suggesting that the increase of the abundance of p21CIP/WAF in response to IGF-1 occurs via the ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Using an antisense strategy, we demonstrated that abolition of p21CIP/WAF expression decreased by 2-fold the IGF-1 effect on cell proliferation in MCF-7. This latter result is explained by a delay in G1 to S cell cycle progression due partly to a reduction in the activation of some components of cell cycle including the induction of cyclin D1 expression in response to IGF-1. MCF-7 cells transiently overexpressing p21 showed increased basal and IGF-I-induced thymidine incorporation. Taken together, these results define p21CIP/WAF as a positive regulator in the cell proliferation induced by IGF-1 in MCF-7 cells.
Absorption Spectra of Co-ordination Compounds. I (1938)

Abstract (1) The origins of absorption bands of co-ordination compounds have been discussed. (2) The first band is attributed to electron transitions in the unsaturated transition shell of the central ion. The band, therefore, appears only when the central ion is of a transition element. (3) The shift of the first band by substitution of ligands may be explained by postulating that the electron transitions are more or less depressed by the negative field of the ligand, which may conveniently be represented by P, the energy of approach of the ligand, i.e., the work done by the ligand if it were to approach from infinity to the seat of coordination. The ascending order of P i.e., the sequence of hypsochromic effect, is theoretically NH_3, H_2O, F^-, Cl^-, Br^-, I^-. The empirically obtained order of hypsochromic effect on the first band is &amp; NO_2^-, NH_3, ONO^-, H_2O, NCS^-, NO_3^-, SO_4^-, &amp; OH^-, C_2O_4^-, CO_3^-, S_2O_3^-, Cl^-, CrO_4^-, Br^-. All the experimental rules so far obtained of the shifts of the first bands by substitutions of ligands may be explained by the hypothesis. (4) The first is more or less additive. The complexes which have ligands situated far apart in the spectrochemical series have broader and less symmetrical first bands than those which contain only one kind of ligands. (5) The second band may be attributed to the co-ordination electrons, and is, therefore, the most general characteristic which a co-ordination compound should possess. Postulating that by absorption of a quantum hv2(v2=frequency of the second band) the co-ordinate linkage is broken to produce an excited metastable ligand in the original seat of co-ordination, the following relations have been derived: (Remark: Graphics omitted.) and S=hν2 where Q = heat of formation per co-ordination, R = activation energy, S = co-ordination energy, Φ = lattice energy of the co-ordination compound Φ1’s= lattice energies of the component compounds of first order, and n = co-ordination number.
Unstructured lumigraph rendering (2001)

We describe an image based rendering approach that generalizes many current image based rendering algorithms, including light field rendering and view-dependent texture mapping. In particular, it allows for lumigraph-style rendering from a set of input cameras in arbitrary configurations (i.e., not restricted to a plane or to any specific manifold). In the case of regular and planar input camera positions, our algorithm reduces to a typical lumigraph approach. When presented with fewer cameras and good approximate geometry, our algorithm behaves like view-dependent texture mapping. The algorithm achieves this flexibility because it is designed to meet a set of specific goals that we describe. We demonstrate this flexibility with a variety of examples.
Dual wavelength surface emitting InGaAsP l.e.d.s (1980)

Surface emitting l.e.d.s capable of simultaneous emission near 1.14 μm and 1.3 μm wavelengths, from an area 75 μm × 75 μm. have been fabricated and tested. Outputs of 0.5 mW and 0.8 mW, respectively, were obtained at the two wavelengths in initial devices driven at 50 mA d c. The measured crosstalk was −23.9 dB (electrical).
Susceptibility of 1,500 Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Gentamicin, Carbenicillin, Colistin, and Polymyxin B (1974)

A series of 1,500 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was collected from a variety of sources to provide a group of strains which would truly represent the species. All of them were pyocine typed, and a wide range of types was included among the isolates from each source. The gentamicin, carbenicillin, colistin, and polymyxin minimal inhibitory concentration of each strain was measured by the agar dilution method employing the Steers inocula replicator. Over 99% of strains were inhibited by 8 mug of gentamicin per ml, by 256 mug of carbenicillin per ml, and by 4 mug of colistin per ml. The small number of strains more resistant to each antibiotic comprised a variety of different pyocine types. Few strains were found to be susceptible to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, or streptomycin at the single concentration tested.
Diagnostic Value of Hepatocellular Nodule Vascularity After Microbubble Injection for Characterizing Malignancy in Patients with Cirrhosis (2007)

Assessment of hepatocellular nodule vascularity after microbubble injection allowed characterization of malignancy, but characterization was limited for hypervascular nodules 2 cm or less in diameter.
Nanostructured Garnet-Type Solid Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries: Electrospinning Synthesis of Li7La3Zr2O12 Nanowires and Particle Size-Dependent Phase Transformation (2015)

Lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO) is a promising ceramic solid electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium batteries with improved safety characteristics. However, the different phases of LLZO differ in lithium ionic conductivity by several orders of magnitude, with extrinsic dopants often required to stabilize the high conductivity cubic phase. Here we show that cubic LLZO can be stabilized at room temperature in nanostructured particles without the use of extrinsic dopants. LLZO nanowires were synthesized using electrospinning and formed cubic phase materials after only 3 h calcination at 700 °C. Bulk LLZO with tetragonal structure was transformed to the cubic phase using particle size reduction via ball milling. Heating conditions that promoted particle coalescence and grain growth induced a transformation from the cubic to tetragonal phases in both types of nanostructured LLZO. Detailed structural characterizations with XRD and TEM were performed to understand the LLZO formation processes and phase transformations. This work demonstrates another strategy, namely the use of nanostructuring, as an alternative to extrinsic doping for obtaining cubic phase LLZO.
Electric-field-induced accumulation and alignment of carbon nanotubes (2003)

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were grown by chemical vapor deposition. It was found that, following suspension of the nanotubes in a solvent, they could be accumulated and aligned by an inhomogeneous radio-frequency electric field in the high-field regions of an interdigitated electrode structure. Increasing capacitance and conductance of the structure, which were monitored by dielectric spectroscopy, correlated with onset and densification of microscopically visible accumulations of aligned tubes on the electrodes. Sudden and drastic increases in conductance ("bridging") were observed in some cases.
How BCG Led to the Discovery of Immunostimulatory DNA (1999)

The concept of immunostimulatory DNA was borne in a long series of studies on BCG-mediated tumor resistance. DNA purified from BCG inhibited the growth of various syngeneic animal tumors, augmented NK cell activity and induced IFN-alpha/beta and -gamma from mouse spleen cells and human PBL. Extending the lines of study, we found two biologically remarkable facts that (i) DNAs from invertebrates, but not from vertebrates and plants, showed the above-mentioned biologic activities, and (ii) the activities were completely dependent on particular base sequences having CpG motifs but in a senseless manner. Details of those early studies carried out mainly in the 1980's have been reviewed in the first part of this paper. In the middle part of this review, the results of toxicity and pharmacology studies and clinical trials of BCG- DNA, performed by other groups in Japan in the late 1980's, were introduced. Since a large amount of DNA had never been administered repeatedly into experimental animals or human, those experiences obtained seem to be worthwhile to introduce. Research interests of immunostimulatory DNA were galvanized in 1995 by the report of Krieg et al. showing murine B cell activation with bacterial DNA containing CpG motifs. Within a short period of time, a huge number of papers have been published in this field, and the study has expanded rapidly and largely. Now, it includes a number of research fields, for example, host-defense mechanisms against infection, allergy, autoimmune diseases, cytokine networks, plasmid vaccination, and therapeutic application of certain diseases. This paper reviewed briefly recent advances of immunostimulatory DNA research. The response of higher animals against immunostimulatory DNA must be the most primitive but important mechanism for self-nonself discrimination against foreign DNA. By utilizing immunostimulatory DNA or controlling this primitive response, it seems possible to offer many beneficial means to human health. For instance, more potent peptide- or plasmid- vaccines could be developed by the use of immunostimulatory DNA. On the other hand, many study results suggest that immunostimulatory DNA works either beneficially or harmfully for the hosts. We assume that further extensive and careful studies are required.
Addition of bisphosphonate to antibiotic and anti‐inflammatory treatment reduces bone resorption in experimental Staphylococcus aureus‐induced arthritis (2006)

Bacterial arthritis is a disease with high morbidity leading to rapidly progressive bone resorption. We have shown earlier that treatment with antibiotics in combination with corticosteroids decreases joint inflammation and mortality but does not significantly affect bone/cartilage destruction of the joints. This study was performed to assess the effect of treatment with bisphosphonate [zoledronic acid (ZA)] in combination with antibiotics and corticosteroids, on the course and outcome of Staphlococcus aureus-induced arthritis. Three days after intravenous inoculation with S. aureus, mice were treated with antibiotics alone, ZA alone, ZA and antibiotics, or ZA combined with antibiotics and corticosteroids, respectively. One group served as controls and received PBS. Clinical assessment of arthritis was performed as well as histological analysis of bone and cartilage destruction in the joints. One femur from each mouse was collected for bone mineral density (BMD) analysis. In addition, serum levels of type I collagen fragments (RatLaps), and osteocalcin, markers for osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity, respectively, were analyzed. Mice treated with ZA and antibiotics or with ZA in combination with antibiotics and corticosteroids lost significantly less in trabecular bone density compared to infected control mice. Furthermore, the addition of corticosteroids to animals treated with ZA and antibiotics, significantly decreased serum levels of RatLaps and osteocalcin, compared to animals treated with ZA and antibiotics or ZA alone. Treatment with bisphosphonates in combination with antimicrobial agents and corticosteroids significantly decreases the activity of osteoclasts in septic arthritis, thereby reducing the risk of skeletal destruction.
Studies of hemoglobin expression in erythroid cells of early human fetuses using anti-gamma- and anti-beta-globin chain fluorescent antibodies. (1983)

Cells from early human fetuses were analyzed for gamma- and beta-globin expression by means of monospecific and monoclonal anti-gamma- and anti-beta-chain antibodies. We found that gamma-chain synthesis in embryonic (yolk sac) nucleated cells is either absent or it is below the threshold of sensitivity of the fluorescent antibody method (about 0.1 pg of hemoglobin per cell or less). In the earliest embryo studied (38 days old) all the liver-origin erythroid cells were labeled intensely by the anti-gamma-chain monoclonal. The majority of the liver-origin erythroblasts in a 45-day-old fetus were labeled with the anti-beta-chain monoclonal. These findings suggest that beta-gene expression is present in the earliest fetus in which globin expression was studied immunochemically. Histochemical and immunochemical staining of early fetal livers clearly shows that this organ is infiltrated by embryonic erythroblasts of hematogenous origin. The coexistence of embryonal and liver-origin erythroid cells in the early fetuses makes biochemical and molecular analyses of erythropoiesis in these fetuses uninformative unless care is taken to separate the two populations from each other with density methods.
Covalent coupling of nucleosides to low density lipoprotein (LDL) generates macrophage specific (drug)-carriers. (1993)

Covalent coupling of thymidine and azidothymidine (ZIDOVUDINE) to epsilon-amino groups of lysine side chains of LDL-Apo B is described. This procedure generates LDL-nucleoside particles that exhibits affinity solely for the scavenger receptor pathway on macrophages which is demonstrated by cell culture experiments. Autoradiography shows that 3H-thymidine, as representative of nucleosides, is delivered to the cell nucleus. Hence internalization, lysosomal cleavage and triphosphorylation of thymidine evidently had occurred. The application of this new method of drug targeting is macrophage selective inhibition of HIV-reverse transcriptase in AIDS.
Surface topography analysis of the ryanodine receptor/junctional channel complex based on proteolysis sensitivity mapping. (1990)

The ryanodine receptor/junctional channel complex (JCC) has been isolated and identified morphologically as the foot structure spanning the gap between sarcoplasmic reticulum and the transverse tubule. Functionally, the JCC contains the calcium release channel which mediates calcium release in excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. The three-dimensional structure of the JCC, obtained by image analyses of electron micrographs, reveals two distinct faces and an efflux pathway indicated by a central pore with a diameter of approximately 20 A and four radial canals leading to the myoplasm. The JCC consists of four identical protomers, with Mr = 565,233 each. In the present study, proteolytic digestion of native JCC was carried out to obtain insight into its surface topography. Peptides generated by cleavages with endoproteinases Lys-C and Glu-C were separated by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography and sequenced. Twenty-four cleavage sites have been identified and are equated to surface exposed peptides. Surface probability analysis, combined with protease sensitivity, has been used to provide independent information identifying sequences with high likelihood of appearing on the surface. This analysis also predicts sequences with low surface probability which may be buried within the hydrophobic core of the structure. Furthermore, regions of high surface probability, not cleaved by proteases, are potential candidates for surface-surface association and/or the hydrophilic internal calcium efflux pathway.
T Cell Responses to the RTS,S/AS01E and RTS,S/AS02D Malaria Candidate Vaccines Administered According to Different Schedules to Ghanaian Children (2011)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00360230.
Receptor-targeted lentiviral vectors are exceptionally sensitive toward the biophysical properties of the displayed single-chain Fv (2015)

An increasing number of applications require the expression of single-chain variable fragments (scFv) fusion proteins in mammalian cells at the cell surface membrane. Here we assessed the CD30-specific scFv HRS3, which is used in immunotherapy, for its ability to retarget lentiviral vectors (LVs) to CD30 and to mediate selective gene transfer into CD30-positive cells. Fused to the C-terminus of the type-II transmembrane protein hemagglutinin (H) of measles virus and expressed in LV packaging cells, gene transfer mediated by the released LV particles was inefficient. A series of point mutations in the scFv framework regions addressing its biophysical properties, which substantially improved production and increased the melting temperature without impairing its kinetic binding behavior to CD30, also improved the performance of LV particles. Gene transfer into CD30-positive cells increased ∼100-fold due to improved transport of the H-scFv protein to the plasma membrane. Concomitantly, LV particle aggregation and syncytia formation in packaging cells were substantially reduced. The data suggest that syncytia formation can be triggered by trans-cellular dimerization of H-scFv proteins displayed on adjacent cells. Taken together, we show that the biophysical properties of the targeting ligand have a decisive role for the gene transfer efficiency of receptor-targeted LVs.
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF EXTENDED RELEASE OXYBUTYNIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF URGE INCONTINENCE: AN ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM 3 FLEXIBLE DOSING STUDIES (2005)

Individualized dosing with ER oxybutynin was associated with highly effective and well tolerated control of urinary incontinence with more than 40% of patients achieving total dryness.
Photothermal Deoxygenation of Graphene Oxide to Graphitic Carbon for Distributed Ignition and Patterning Applications (Preprint) (2009)

Abstract : In recent years, several researchers have reported on an enhanced photothermal effect exhibited when nanoscale materials such as carbon nanotubes, polyaniline nanofibers or Si nanowires were irradiated using a photographic flash. In these studies, the high surface to volume ratio of the nanomaterials being flashed, coupled with the inability of the small structures to efficiently dissipate the absorbed energy, led to a rapid increase in temperature and subsequent ignition/welding of the materials. Although heating materials through the use of light energy is not a new phenomenon, achieving such a rapid and dramatic temperature change using only millisecond pulses of light demonstrates a tangible and technologically significant capability, unique to nanoscale materials. We have been able to achieve an enhanced photothermally activated reaction by exposing nanostructured graphene oxide (GO) porous networks, to a photographic flash. The exposure results in a pronounced photoacoustic effect along with a rapid temperature increase, which initiates a secondary deoxygenation reaction to yield graphitic carbon and CO2. A photo-initiated reaction could be used to achieve multiple nucleation sites simultaneously. This type of distributed ignition has applications in liquid fuel rocket engines and in high efficiency homogenous charge compression (HCCI) engines, where control is of paramount importance.
Matched filter identification of left-ventricular endocardial borders in transesophageal echocardiograms (1990)

The use of one-dimensional spatial matched filtering for identifying the left ventricular endocardial borders in human transesophageal echocardiograms recorded during surgery is investigated. A maximum-likelihood method was used to choose the endocardial intensity profiles centered within the ventricle. The computer-generated border points were compared to those identified by an experienced ultrasonographer. A 16-pixel step template located 63.2% of the border points within 2 mm of the manual border. Median prefiltering of the images reduced detection accuracy by 3% to 6%. No statistically significant difference in accuracy was found between longer and shorter templates or between data-derived and step templates. Compared to manual estimates, computer generated cross-sectional area determinations were correlated with a coefficient of 0.93. Matched filtering executes rapidly, does not require prefiltering, and performs as well as other reported methods in estimating ventricular area.