gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Pattern recognition using Hilbert space</title> (1992)

In this paper, we develop a new learning approach, the Hilbert learning. This approach is similar to Fractal learning, but the Fractal part is replaced by Hilbert space. Like the Fractal learning, the first stage is to encode an image to a small vector in the internal space of a learning system. The next stage is to quantize the internal parameter space. The internal space of a Hilbert learning system is defined as follows: A pattern can be interpreted as a representation of a vector in a Hilbert space. Any vectors in a Hilbert space can be expanded. If a vector happens to be in a subspace of a Hilbert space where the dimension L of the subspace is low (order of 10), the vector can be specified by its norm, an L-vector, and the Hermitian operator which spans the Hilbert space. This establishes a mapping from an image space to the internal space P. This mapping converts an input image to a 4-tuple: t (epsilon) P equals (Norm, T, N, L-vector), where T is an operator parameter space, N is a set of integers which specifies the boundary condition. The encoding is implemented by mapping an input pattern into a point in its internal space. We assume that a system uses local search algorithm, i.e., the system adjusts its internal data locally. The search is first conducted for an operator in a parameter space of operators, then an error function (delta) (t) is computed. The algorithm stops at a local minimum of (delta) (t). Finally, the input training set divides the internal space by a quantization procedure.
Coherence Cloning Using Semiconductor Laser Optical Phase-Lock Loops (2009)

We demonstrate the concept of coherence cloning where the coherence properties of a high-quality spectrally stabilized fiber laser are transferred to a commercially available high-power DFB semiconductor laser (SCL) using an optical phase-lock loop. The lineshapes and frequency noise spectra of the fiber laser and the free-running and phase-locked SCL are measured and compared. The bandwidth of coherence cloning is limited by physical factors such as the laser frequency modulation response and the loop propagation delay. The effect of this limited bandwidth on the laser field and on self-heterodyne interferometric measurements are analyzed.
Getting TRAIL back on track for cancer therapy (2014)

Unlike other members of the TNF superfamily, the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL, also known as Apo2L) possesses the unique capacity to induce apoptosis selectively in cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. This exciting discovery provided the basis for the development of TRAIL-receptor agonists (TRAs), which have demonstrated robust anticancer activity in a number of preclinical studies. Subsequently initiated clinical trials testing TRAs demonstrated, on the one hand, broad tolerability but revealed, on the other, that therapeutic benefit was rather limited. Several factors that are likely to account for TRAs' sobering clinical performance have since been identified. First, because of initial concerns over potential hepatotoxicity, TRAs with relatively weak agonistic activity were selected to enter clinical trials. Second, although TRAIL can induce apoptosis in several cancer cell lines, it has now emerged that many others, and importantly, most primary cancer cells are resistant to TRAIL monotherapy. Third, so far patients enrolled in TRA-employing clinical trials were not selected for likelihood of benefitting from a TRA-comprising therapy on the basis of a valid(ated) biomarker. This review summarizes and discusses the results achieved so far in TRA-employing clinical trials in the light of these three shortcomings. By integrating recent insight on apoptotic and non-apoptotic TRAIL signaling in cancer cells, we propose approaches to introduce novel, revised TRAIL-based therapeutic concepts into the cancer clinic. These include (i) the use of recently developed highly active TRAs, (ii) the addition of efficient, but cancer-cell-selective TRAIL-sensitizing agents to overcome TRAIL resistance and (iii) employing proteomic profiling to uncover resistance mechanisms. We envisage that this shall enable the design of effective TRA-comprising therapeutic concepts for individual cancer patients in the future.
Effect of Fasting and Refeeding on Basolateral Polyamine Uptake and Metabolism by the Rat Small Bowel (1991)

Fasting reduced the weight, protein, DNA, RNA and polyamine contents of the small intestine of rats, but its effects on the in vivo uptake of intraperitoneally injected 14C-spermidine through the basolateral membrane of the small intestine were small. The uptake of putrescine was nearly doubled by fasting for 48 h. Fasting for 48 h had reduced villus length but was without effects on the crypts. Refeeding for 6 h of rats fasted for 48 h led to hypertrophic growth: the length of both crypts and villi increased by about 50% without changes in cell number. The uptake of spermidine by the small intestine increased above not only that in fasted rats but also that in the controls fed ad libitum. The high putrescine uptake of rats fasted for 48 h was unchanged after refeeding for 6 h, but returned to control values after 12 h. Spermidine in the gut was well conserved, while most of the putrescine was transformed into non-polyamine metabolites. It is concluded that refeeding stimulates basolateral spermidine uptake, and this may be a general mechanism for polyamine accretion in adaptive growth of the small intestine.
Antitumor efficacy of cytotoxic drugs and the monoclonal antibody 806 is enhanced by the EGF receptor inhibitor AG1478 (2003)

Blockade of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling with specific inhibitors of the EGFR tyrosine kinase retards cellular proliferation and arrests the growth of tumor xenografts. AG1478, an inhibitor of the EGFR tyrosine kinase, is used in laboratory studies; however, its therapeutic potential has not been elucidated. Therefore, we evaluated an aqueous form of AG1478 for its antitumor activity in mice bearing human xenografts expressing the WT EGFR or a naturally occurring ligand-independent truncation of the EGFR [delta2-7 (de2-7) EGFR or EGFRvIII]. Parenteral administration of soluble AG1478 blocked phosphorylation of the EGFR at the tumor site and inhibited the growth of A431 xenografts that overexpress the WT EGFR and glioma xenografts expressing the de2-7 EGFR. Strikingly, even subtherapeutic doses of AG1478 significantly enhanced the efficacy of cytotoxic drugs, with the combination of AG1478 and temozolomide displaying synergistic antitumor activity against human glioma xenografts. AG1478 was also examined in combination with mAb 806, an anti-EGFR antibody that was raised against the de2-7 EGFR but unexpectedly also binds a subset of the EGFR expressed in cells exhibiting amplification of the EGFR gene. The combination of AG1478 and mAb 806 displayed additive, and in some cases synergistic, antitumor activity against tumor xenografts overexpressing the EGFR. Here, we demonstrate that different classes of inhibitors to the EGFR can have synergistic antitumor activity in vivo. These results establish the antitumor efficacy of the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 and provide a rationale for its clinical evaluation in combination with both chemotherapy and other EGFR therapeutics.
Seroepidemiologic studies of cytomegalovirus infection in a breeding population of rhesus macaques. (1994)

A protein immunoblot (western blot) assay was developed for detection of IgG and IgM antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV) in banked serum and was used to study the epidemiology of infection in a breeding population of rhesus macaques. All juveniles and adults were antibody-positive to CMV. Repeated samples from 1990-born infants (n = 28) over a 12-month period allowed retrospective assessment of CMV seroconversion. Most infants (23 of 25 seroconversions) were apparently exposed to CMV during their first year of life. The IgM testing permitted identification of seroconversion time points in eight infants. Risk factors that significantly affected seroconversion probabilities in the study population were not found. Cytomegalovirus-free rhesus macaques are potentially valuable for viral teratology and pathogenesis research projects; however, present epidemiologic findings suggest that establishment of CMV-free colonies will be difficult in conventional settings.
Automatic jog insertion for 2D mask compaction: a global optimization perspective (2003)

A novel approach is presented to global optimization in 2D symbolic layout compaction based on 'branch and bound' optimization, including automatic overconstraint resolution and jog insertion. The main characteristics are: an efficient generation in 2D of a nearly irredundant set of simple X and Y, diagonal and user constraints; incremental event-driven longest path calculation with positive cycle detection and identification simultaneously in the X and Y constraint graphs; jog insertion based on LP information from both graphs; and incremental update of constraints based on local information within the graphs whenever a diagonal constraint is relaxed or a jog is inserted. As both dimensions are processed concurrently from a global perspective, the method shows promising results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Electron Acceleration by a Short Relativistic Laser Pulse at the Front of Solid Targets (2000)

Acceleration of electrons in a low-density plasma in front of a solid target by a propagating short ultraintense laser pulse is studied. When the laser is reflected at the target surface the accelerated electrons, with energy scaling as the laser intensity, continue to move forward inertially and thus escape from the pulse. Electrons accelerated backwards by the reflected light can attain even higher energies due to their longer acceleration length and their high initial momentum from a relativistic return current.
Biologic Evidence Required for Zika Disease Enhancement by Dengue Antibodies (2017)

The sudden appearance of overt human Zika virus infections that cross the placenta to damage fetal tissues, target sexual organs, and are followed in some instances by Guillain-Barré syndrome raises questions regarding whether these outcomes are caused by genetic mutations or if prior infection by other flaviviruses affects disease outcome. Because dengue and Zika viruses co-circulate in the urban Aedes aegypti mosquito-human cycle, a logical question, as suggested by in vitro data, is whether dengue virus infections result in antibody-dependent enhancement of Zika virus infections. This review emphasizes the critical role for epidemiologic studies (retrospective and prospective) in combination with the studies to identify specific sites of Zika virus infection in humans that are needed to establish antibody-dependent enhancement as a possibility or a reality.
In vitro selection of RNA aptamers specific for cyanocobalamin (1994)

RNA receptors (aptamers) capable of specifically binding cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) have been isolated by in vitro selection from a pool of 5 x 10(14) RNAs of random sequence. After eight rounds of selection by affinity chromatography and enzymatic amplification, the pool was dominated by two sequences. The major sequence, comprising 60% of the pool, was studied further. It was found to bind vitamin B12 in solution with a dissociation constant (Kd) of approximately 320 +/- 90 nM and to bind cobinamide dicyanide with a Kd of 8.8 +/- 0.5 microM. The aptamer does not detectably bind adenosylcobalamin (coenzyme B12). The selection was conducted in 1 M LiCl, and binding is dependent on the presence of high concentrations of Li+ but independent of Mg2+. To define the binding site for cyanocobalamin, a second cyanocobalamin-binding selection was carried out using a pool of sequences derived from the major aptamer sequence randomized at a level of 30%. The sequence data from this selection revealed a 31-base highly conserved region, on the basis of which was synthesized a smaller aptamer of 35 nucleotides. This small aptamer binds cyanocobalamin in solution with a Kd of 88 +/- 19 nM and cobinamide dicyanide with a Kd of 20 +/- 9 microM. This aptamer has the highest affinity yet reported for a small molecule ligand. A number of covarying positions were found in the conserved region of the sequences from this second, mutagenized pool selection. On the basis of these data, an unusual pseudoknot secondary structure is proposed for the aptamer. Chemical modification protection experiments are consistent with this structure and have demonstrated that the RNA undergoes a conformational change upon binding its ligand. Possible contacts with the cyanocobalamin have also been mapped. A third selection was carried out in which the salt specificity of the aptamer was changed from LiCl to NaCl plus MgCl2. Sequence analysis of the final round pool of RNAs from this selection revealed several conserved changes from the original vitamin B12 aptamer sequence.
Azetidines, ß-lactams, diazetidines, and diaziridines (1983)

Azetidines (J. Moore and R. Ayers). The Synthesis of the B-Lactam Function (G. Koppel). Four-Membered Rings Containing Two Nitrogen Heteroatoms (R. Richter and H. Ulrich). Diaziridines, 3H-Diaziridines, Diaziridinones, and Diaziridinimines (H. Heine). Author and Subject Indexes.
Tumors of the lung (1991)

Covers the pathology of tumors of the lung, with emphasis on lung carcinomas. It incorporates cytologic diagnosis, histology, fine needle aspiration biopsy, electron microscopy, and immunocytochemistry to help the reader diagnose tumors early and differentiate lung tumors accurately.
Regulation of beta catenin signaling and parathyroid hormone anabolic effects in bone by the matricellular protein periostin (2012)

Periostin (Postn) is a matricellular protein preferentially expressed by osteocytes and periosteal osteoblasts in response to mechanical stimulation and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Whether and how periostin expression influences bone anabolism, however, remains unknown. We investigated the skeletal response of adult Postn(-/-) and Postn(+/+) mice to intermittent PTH. Compared with Postn(+/+), Postn(-/-) mice had a lower bone mass, cortical bone volume, and strength response to PTH. PTH-stimulated bone-forming indices were all significantly lower in Postn(-/-) mice, particularly at the periosteum. Furthermore, in vivo stimulation of Wnt-β-catenin signaling by PTH, as evaluated in TOPGAL reporter mice, was inhibited in the absence of periostin (TOPGAL;Postn(-/-) mice). PTH stimulated periostin and inhibited MEF2C and sclerostin (Sost) expression in bone and osteoblasts in vitro. Recombinant periostin also suppressed Sost expression, which was mediated through the integrin αVβ3 receptor, whereas periostin-blocking antibody prevented inhibition of MEF2C and Sost by PTH. In turn, administration of a Sost-blocking antiboby partially restored the PTH-mediated increase in bone mass in Postn(-/-) mice. In addition, primary osteoblasts from Postn(-/-) mice showed a lower proliferation, mineralization, and migration, both spontaneously and in response to PTH. Osteoblastic gene expression levels confirmed a defect of Postn(-/-) osteoblast differentiation with and without PTH, as well as an increased osteoblast apoptosis in the absence of periostin. These data elucidate the complex role of periostin on bone anabolism, through the regulation of Sost, Wnt-β-catenin signaling, and osteoblast differentiation.
1 Gb/s gated-oscillator burst mode CDR with half-rate clock recovery (2004)

A new burst mode clock and data recovery circuit is realized that improves the previously-known gated-oscillator technique with half rate clock recovery. The circuit was fabricated with O.25um CMOS technology, and its functions were confirmed up to 1 Gbps.
Evidence for occurrence of the ESAT-6 protein in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and virulent Mycobacterium bovis and for its absence in Mycobacterium bovis BCG (1996)

ESAT-6 is a secreted protein present in the short-term culture filtrate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after growth on a synthetic Sauton medium. ESAT-6 has recently been demonstrated to induce strong T-cell responses in a mouse model of memory immunity after infection with M. tuberculosis. In Western blotting (immunoblotting), the monoclonal antibody HYB76-8, reacting with ESAT-6, gave a 6-kDa region was observed in filtrates from four of eight substrains of M. bovis BCG that produced high levels of MPB64, while no band occurred in the 6-kDa region with any of these BCG substrains. Southern blotting and PCR experiments with genomic mycobacterial DNA showed the presence of the esat-6 gene in reference strains and clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis as well as in virulent M. bovis. The esat-6 gene could not be demonstrated in any of the eight substrains of M. bovis BCG tested by these techniques. Two gene deletions that distinguish M. bovis BCG from virulent M. bovis have thus now been demonstrated. Deletion of mpb64 affects four of the eight substrains tested; deletion of esat-6 affects all of them. The reaction of HYB76-8 AT 26 kDa with four of the BCG substrains was demonstrated to result from cross-reactivity with MPB64. HYB76-8 was also shown to cross-react with the A, B, and C components of the antigen 85 complex and MPT51.
Brief Report: Self-Organizing Neuroepithelium from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Facilitates Derivation of Photoreceptors (2012)

Retinitis pigmentosa, other inherited retinal diseases, and age-related macular degeneration lead to untreatable blindness because of the loss of photoreceptors. We have recently shown that transplantation of mouse photoreceptors can result in improved vision. It is therefore timely to develop protocols for efficient derivation of photoreceptors from human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells. Current methods for photoreceptor derivation from hPS cells require long periods of culture and are rather inefficient. Here, we report that formation of a transient self-organized neuroepithelium from human embryonic stem cells cultured together with extracellular matrix is sufficient to induce a rapid conversion into retinal progenitors in 5 days. These retinal progenitors have the ability to differentiate very efficiently into Crx(+) photoreceptor precursors after only 10 days and subsequently acquire rod photoreceptor identity within 4 weeks. Directed differentiation into photoreceptors using this protocol is also possible with human-induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cells, facilitating the use of patient-specific hiPS cell lines for regenerative medicine and disease modeling.
A study of matching fluid loss in a biomedical microwave tomography system (2013)

There exists a relatively large-range of matching fluid losses (i.e., salt concentrations) that provide similar image quality. In particular, it is not necessary to spend time highly optimizing the level of loss in the matching fluid.
DNA sequence of a genomic clone encoding anArabidopsisacyl carrier protein (ACP) (1989)

Journal Article DNA sequence of a genomic clone encoding an Arabidopsis acyl carrier protein (ACP) Get access Martha A. Post-Beittenmiller, Martha A. Post-Beittenmiller Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824-1312, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Alenka Hloušek-Radočič, Alenka Hloušek-Radočič Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824-1312, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John B. Ohlrogge John B. Ohlrogge Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824-1312, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 17, Issue 4, 25 February 1989, Page 1777, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/17.4.1777 Published: 25 February 1989 Article history Received: 19 December 1988 Published: 25 February 1989
Synthesis of diphenyl ether models of thyroid hormones. Diphenyl ethers linked to the 3-oxo-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane ring system as substrates for conformational analysis (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of diphenyl ether models of thyroid hormones. Diphenyl ethers linked to the 3-oxo-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane ring system as substrates for conformational analysisPaul H. Mazzocchi, Herman L. Ammon, Leslie Liu, Elena Colicelli, Prasad Ravi, and Elizabeth BurrowsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 22, 4530–4536Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00335a042https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00335a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views210Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Reversal of Bone Loss in Mice by Nongenotropic Signaling of Sex Steroids (2002)

We show that sex steroids protect the adult murine skeleton through a mechanism that is distinct from that used to preserve the mass and function of reproductive organs. The classical genotropic actions of sex steroid receptors are dispensable for their bone protective effects, but essential for their effects on reproductive tissues. A synthetic ligand (4-estren-3alpha,17beta-diol) that reproduces the nongenotropic effects of sex steroids, without affecting classical transcription, increases bone mass and strength in ovariectomized females above the level of the estrogen-replete state and is at least as effective as dihydrotestosterone in orchidectomized males, without affecting reproductive organs. Such ligands merit investigation as potential therapeutic alternatives to hormone replacement for osteoporosis in both women and men [corrected].
Saturation Mutagenesis (2003)

Directed protein evolution is usually accomplished by generating random or targeted mutations in the protein coding sequence and screening the mutant proteins (library) for functional improvements. By targeting mutations to certain amino acids, we can map the enzyme active site, investigate mechanisms, and study structure-function relationships. With saturation mutagenesis, it is possible to create a library of mutants containing all possible mutations at one or more pre-determined target positions in a gene sequence.