gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biochemical and cytological changes associated with expression of deregulated pp60src in Xenopus oocytes. (1992)

We have examined the effects of Xenopus pp60c-src with constitutive kinase activity on the morphology and maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes. When RNA encoding this deregulated variant was injected into stage VI oocytes, we observed a gross alteration in the cortex of the oocyte. This alteration involved aggregation of pigment and invagination of the cortex in a large area proximal to the site of injection. This phenomenon was not seen in oocytes injected with RNA encoding wild-type pp60c-src. We have correlated this phenomenon with the tyrosine phosphorylation of 84- and 100-kDa proteins. These phosphorylated proteins colocalized with the alteration in the oocyte cortex when assayed by both biochemical and immunocytochemical methods. Neither the pigment aggregation nor phosphorylation of the 84- and 100-kDa proteins was observed in oocytes expressing a nonmyristoylated version of the deregulated pp60c-src. Expression of deregulated Xenopus fyn, a src-family member, resulted in a phenotype similar to that seen with deregulated src. However, in the fyn-injected oocytes, many more proteins were phosphorylated on tyrosine than in the src-injected oocytes. Progesterone stimulation of oocytes expressing deregulated pp60c-src resulted in an increase in the number of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. This change may represent the response of pp60src to the resumption of the cell cycle in maturing oocytes. These data suggest that the oocyte may be a particularly useful system for investigating the role of pp60c-src in the regulation of cytoskeletal structure and in the regulation of events associated with the cell cycle.
Electroluminescence: Confinement of Long‐Lived Triplet Excitons in Organic Semiconducting Host–Guest Systems (Adv. Funct. Mater. 40/2017) (2017)

In article number 1703902, Ryota Kabe, Chihaya Adachi, and co-workers investigate the confinement of longlived triplet excitons in organic semiconducting host-guest systems. Dispersing an organic emitter (center) in an organic host with an insufficiently high triplet energy (right) shortens emission duration because of energy transfer from emitter to host. Only with a host having a very large triplet energy (left) can energy transfer be suppressed and the longest emission obtained.
Synthetic retrotransposon vectors for gene therapy (1993)

New gene therapy methods are rapidly being developed to permit the expression of tumor suppressor genes, cytotoxins, anticancer antigens, and immunoregulatory proteins in the treatment of cancer. Large-scale testing in humans has been delayed by questions concerning the safety and effectiveness of preferred retroviral vectors and helper cells. These vector systems are limited by their ability to undergo homologous recombination with endogenous retroviruses or helper-viral sequences, resulting in release of replication-competent retrovirus (RCR). In addition, transcriptional inactivation of the retroviral promoter often occurs, caused in part by methylation of CpG islands in the retroviral long terminal repeats (LTRs). We report the production of highly specific retrovectors using gene amplification together with oligonucleotide building blocks. The synthetic vectors were based on mouse VL30 retrotransposon NVL3, and lacked homology to retroviral helper gene sequences. Three of four constructs made by gene amplification yielded biologically active vectors. These constructs efficiently transmitted and stably inserted a neomycin resistance marker gene into the genome of recipient cells, expressing an abundant RNA species of the expected size in the absence of detectable replication competent retrovirus. The vectors and techniques described enable widely applicable expression modes using generic helper cells, and require only approximately 1.3 kb of cis-acting vector RNA sequences for faithful transfer and expression of genetic material.
Pathophysiological role of calpain in experimental demyelination (1999)

Calcium-activated neutral proteinase (calpain) has been extensively studied over the past three decades such that many enzymatic and structural properties of this enzyme are well understood. However, the pathophysiological roles of calpain remain poorly defined. In addition to recent studies delineating a role for calpain in various pathological conditions, this proteinase has been implicated in the degradation of myelin proteins in autoimmune demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). In EAE, calpain translational expression is significantly increased in activated glial/inflammatory cells that participate in myelinolysis while calpain substrates (axonal and myelin proteins) are lost. Thus, since all major myelin proteins are calpain substrates, early studies suggest calpain may play an important role in demyelination of the central nervous system.
Requirements for Internet Hosts - Communication Layers (1989)

This RFC is an official specification for the Internet community.It incorporates by reference, amends, corrects, and supplements the primary protocol
The human milk oligosaccharide 2′-fucosyllactose modulates CD14 expression in human enterocytes, thereby attenuating LPS-induced inflammation (2014)

HMOSs and 2'-FL directly inhibit LPS-mediated inflammation during ETEC invasion of T84 and H4 IECs through attenuation of CD14 induction. CD14 expression mediates LPS-TLR4 stimulation of portions of the 'macrophage migration inhibitory factors' inflammatory pathway via suppressors of cytokine signalling 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/NF-κB. HMOS direct inhibition of inflammation supports its functioning as an innate immune system whereby the mother protects her vulnerable neonate through her milk. 2'-FL, a principal HMOS, quenches inflammatory signalling.
Wide bandgap semiconductor devices and MMICs for RF power applications (2002)

High power densities of 5.2 W/mm and 63% power added efficiency (PAE) have been demonstrated for SiC MESFETs at 3.5 GHz. Wide bandwidth MMICs have also been demonstrated with SiC MESFETs, yielding 37 W at 3.5 GHz. Even higher power densities have been obtained with GaN HEMTs, showing up to 12 W/mm under pulsed conditions. Hybrid amplifiers using GaN HEMTs on SiC substrates have demonstrated a pulsed output power level of 50.1 W, with 8 dB gain and PAE of 28% at 10 GHz, and CW power levels of 36 W have also been obtained. A wide bandwidth GaN MMIC amplifier had a peak pulsed power level of 24.2 watts, with a gain of 12.8 dB and PAE of 22% at 16 GHz.
Assessment of parameters associated to the risk of PVC catheter reuse (2001)

The practice of single use devices (SUD) recycling raises public health concerns, primarily with regard to the potential risks of infection and device malfunction. These concerns have led to a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) revision of the present regulations. The purpose of our work is to identify different material parameters that could contribute to the health risks associated with the practice of reprocessing PVC catheters for use in other patients. Ethylene oxide hospital-reprocessed central venous catheter samples were obtained from the stock of a health-care institution. One device trademark was selected, and samples that had been used 8 and 24 times were compared with new ones. In order to determine the total percentage of extractables, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was used, and off-line gas-chromatography-flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) was employed for identification and quantitation of bis-(2-ethyl hexil)phthalate (DEHP). Storage modulus (E') and dissipation factor (tan delta curves were obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Successive catheter recycles produced increased plasticizer loss, increased glass transition temperature (T(g)) and E', widening of tan delta curve with a simultaneous shift to higher temperature, small decrease of weight average molecular weight (M(w)), increased surface roughness, and increased appearance of surface grooves (severe damage). The magnitude of biomaterial parameter changes measured suggests that reuse could alter the original device performance. Examples of possible adverse clinical events include leaching of toxic agents, device rigidization or breakage, increased catheter protein retention, or the promotion of bacterial adhesion by device topography modification.
NO Inhibitions: Antimicrobial Properties of Nitric Oxide (1995)

The past decade has witnessed a veritable explosion of interest in the simple molecule nitric oxide (NO) as a vasodilator, neurotransmitter, and antimicrobial agent. NO and other reactive nitrogen intermediates exhibit cytostatic or cytocidal activity against a remarkable breadth of pathogenic microorganisms. Mammalian cells, including human cells, produce nitric oxide both constitutively and inducibly in response to inflammatory stimuli. This review will provide a brief overview of current knowledge regarding the antimicrobial activity of NO and the possible importance of this activity in infection, particularly with regard to intracellular pathogens.
Sceptrin, an antimicrobial agent from the sponge Agelas sceptrum (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSceptrin, an antimicrobial agent from the sponge Agelas sceptrumRoger P. Walker, D. John Faulkner, Donna Van Engen, and Jon ClardyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 22, 6772–6773Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00412a052https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00412a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1048Altmetric-Citations205LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Switching on pluripotency: a perspective on the biological requirement of Nanog (2011)

Pluripotency is a transient cellular state during early development which can be recreated in vitro by direct reprogramming. The molecular mechanisms driving entry into and exit from the pluripotent state are the subject of intense research interest. Here, we review the role of the homeodomain-containing transcription factor Nanog in mammalian embryology and induced pluripotency. Nanog was originally thought to be confined to the maintenance of pluripotency, but recent insights from genetic studies uncovered a new biological function. Embryonic stem cells deficient in Nanog alleles are more prone to differentiate but do not lose pluripotency per se. Instead, Nanog is transiently required for the specification of the naive pluripotent epiblast and development of primordial germ cells. Nanog is also essential to finalize somatic cell reprogramming during induction of pluripotency. We propose that this unique transcription factor acts as a molecular switch to turn on the naive pluripotent programme in mammalian cells. In this context, the capacity of Nanog to resist differentiation can be regarded as recapitulation of effects normally associated with the specification of pluripotency. Pertinent questions are how Nanog specifies naive pluripotency and whether this mechanism is evolutionarily conserved.
Interactions between Sindbis virus RNAs and a 68 amino acid derivative of the viral capsid protein further defines the capsid binding site (1994)

In previous studies of encapsidation of Sindbis virus RNA, we identified a 570nt fragment (nt 684-1253) from the 12 kb genome that binds to the viral capsid protein with specificity and is required for packaging of Sindbis virus defective interfering RNAs. We now show that the capsid binding activity resides in a highly structured 132nt fragment (nt 945-1076). We had also demonstrated that a 68 amino acid peptide derived from the capsid protein retained most of the binding activity of the original protein and have now developed an RNA mobility shift assay with this peptide fused to glutathione-S-transferase. We have used this assay in conjunction with the original assay in which the intact capsid protein was immobilized on nitrocellulose to analyze more extensive deletions in the 132-mer. All of the deletions led to a reduction in binding, but the binding of a 5' 67-mer was enhanced by the addition of nonspecific flanking sequences. This result suggests that the stability of a particular structure within the 132nt sequence may be important for capsid recognition.
Fault-tolerance improvement for a MSET model of the Crystal River-3 feedwater flow system (2002)

In this paper we expand on the results reported previously to include an effective method for improving the fault tolerance of an empirical PWR feedwater flow system model.
Multiple stromal populations contribute to pulmonary fibrosis without evidence for epithelial to mesenchymal transition (2011)

There are currently few treatment options for pulmonary fibrosis. Innovations may come from a better understanding of the cellular origin of the characteristic fibrotic lesions. We have analyzed normal and fibrotic mouse and human lungs by confocal microscopy to define stromal cell populations with respect to several commonly used markers. In both species, we observed unexpected heterogeneity of stromal cells. These include numerous cells with molecular and morphological characteristics of pericytes, implicated as a source of myofibroblasts in other fibrotic tissues. We used mouse genetic tools to follow the fates of specific cell types in the bleomcyin-induced model of pulmonary fibrosis. Using inducible transgenic alleles to lineage trace pericyte-like cells in the alveolar interstitium, we show that this population proliferates in fibrotic regions. However, neither these cells nor their descendants express high levels of the myofibroblast marker alpha smooth muscle actin (Acta2, aSMA). We then used a Surfactant protein C-CreER(T2) knock-in allele to follow the fate of Type II alveolar cells (AEC2) in vivo. We find no evidence at the cellular or molecular level for epithelial to mesenchymal transition of labeled cells into myofibroblasts. Rather, bleomycin accelerates the previously reported conversion of AEC2 into AEC1 cells. Similarly, epithelial cells labeled with our Scgb1a1-CreER allele do not give rise to fibroblasts but generate both AEC2 and AEC1 cells in response to bleomycin-induced lung injury. Taken together, our results show a previously unappreciated heterogeneity of cell types proliferating in fibrotic lesions and exclude pericytes and two epithelial cell populations as the origin of myofibroblasts.
Blood-Based Indicators of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) (2013)

Similar to people with metabolic syndrome, bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) can have a sustained postprandial hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and fatty liver disease. A panel of potential postprandial blood-based indicators of insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome were compared among 34 managed collection dolphins in San Diego Bay, CA, USA (Group A) and 16 wild, free-ranging dolphins in Sarasota Bay, FL, USA (Group B). Compared to Group B, Group A had higher insulin (2.1 ± 2.5 and 13 ± 13 μIU/ml), glucose (87 ± 19 and 108 ± 12 mg/dl), and triglycerides (75 ± 28 and 128 ± 45 mg/dl) as well as higher cholesterol (total, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol), iron, transferrin saturation, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), alanine transaminase, and uric acid. Group A had higher percent unmodified adiponectin. While Group A dolphins were older, the same blood-based differences remained when controlling for age. There were no differences in body mass index (BMI) between the groups, and comparisons between Group B and Group A dolphins have consistently demonstrated lower stress hormones levels in Group A. Group A dolphins with high insulin (greater than 14 μIU/ml) had higher glucose, iron, GGT, and BMI compared to Group A dolphins with lower insulin. These findings support that some dolphin groups may be more susceptible to insulin resistance compared to others, and primary risk factors are not likely age, BMI, or stress. Lower high-molecular weight adiponectin has been identified as an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes in humans and may be a target for preventing insulin resistance in dolphins. Future investigations with these two dolphin populations, including dietary and feeding differences, may provide valuable insight for preventing and treating insulin resistance in humans.
Mutational Analysis of Residues in the Coiled-Coil Domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmembrane Protein gp41 (1998)

The envelope glycoprotein (Env) of human immunodeficiency virus mediates virus entry into cells by undergoing conformational changes that lead to fusion between viral and cellular membranes. A six-helix bundle in gp41, consisting of an interior trimeric coiled-coil core with three exterior helices packed in the grooves (core structure), has been proposed to be part of a fusion-active structure of Env (D. C. Chan, D. Fass, J. M. Berger, and P. S. Kim, Cell 89:263-273, 1997; W. Weissenhorn, A. Dessen, S. C. Harrison, J. J. Skehel, and D. C. Wiley, Nature 387:426-430, 1997; and K. Tan, J. Liu, J. Wang, S. Shen, and M. Lu, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:12303, 1997). We analyzed the effects of amino acid substitutions of arginine or glutamic acid in residues in the coiled-coil (heptad repeat) domain that line the interface between the helices in the gp41 core structure. We found that mutations of leucine to arginine or glutamic acid in position 556 and of alanine to arginine in position 558 resulted in undetectable levels of Env expression. Seven other mutations in six positions completely abolished fusion activity despite incorporation of the mutant Env into virions and normal gp160 processing. Single-residue substitutions of glutamic acid at position 570 or 577 resulted in the only viable mutants among the 16 mutants studied, although both viable mutants exhibited impaired fusion activity compared to that of the wild type. The glutamic acid 577 mutant was more sensitive than the wild type to inhibition by a gp41 coiled-coil peptide (DP-107) but not to that by another peptide corresponding to the C helix in the gp41 core structure (DP-178). These results provide insight into the gp41 fusion mechanism and suggest that the DP-107 peptide may inhibit fusion by binding to the homologous region in gp41, probably by forming a peptide-gp41 coiled-coil structure.
Formation of two-dimensional structures from colloidal particles on fluorinated oil substrate (1994)

We propose a new type of liquid substrate, perfluorinated oil (F-oil), for the formation of two-dimensional arrays from colloidal particles. The appropriate conditions for particle ordering (experimental cell, type and concentration of surfactants, etc.) are reported. Large and well ordered structures from µm-sized latex particles are obtained. Ordered clusters of globular protein (ferritin) macromolecules are also observed. The structures formed are directly transferred (after the F-oil evaporation) onto a solid substrate for subsequent study by means of optical and electron microscopy. The mechanism of the ordering process is studied and the advantages and disadvantages of the liquid substrates (in comparison with the solid ones) are discussed. Some possible ways for control of the ordering process and for improvement of the quality of the arrays are pointed out.
When to Switch to Flowering (1999)

At a certain stage in their life cycle, plants switch from vegetative to reproductive development. This transition is regulated by multiple developmental and environmental cues. These ensure that the plant switches to flowering at a time when sufficient internal resources have been accumulated and the environmental conditions are favorable. The use of a molecular genetic approach in Arabidopsis has resulted in the identification and cloning of many of the genes involved in regulating floral transition. The current view on the molecular function of these genes, their division into different genetic pathways, and how the pathways interact in a complex regulatory network are summarized.
Vital Signs: Update on Zika Virus–Associated Birth Defects and Evaluation of All U.S. Infants with Congenital Zika Virus Exposure — U.S. Zika Pregnancy Registry, 2016 (2017)

These findings highlight why pregnant women should avoid Zika virus exposure. Because the full clinical spectrum of congenital Zika virus infection is not yet known, all infants born to women with laboratory evidence of possible recent Zika virus infection during pregnancy should receive postnatal neuroimaging and Zika virus testing in addition to a comprehensive newborn physical exam and hearing screen. Identification and follow-up care of infants born to women with laboratory evidence of possible recent Zika virus infection during pregnancy and infants with possible congenital Zika virus infection can ensure that appropriate clinical services are available.
Differential effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors on absorptive hyperemia (1985)

To test whether the hydrolytic products of digestion could stimulate vasoactive prostaglandin synthesis in the intestine, the muscularis and mucosa of the rat jejunum were suffused with a bicarbonate-buffered Ringer vehicle containing cyclooxygenase inhibitors (meclofenamate or indomethacin; 3 X 10(-5) M). To evoke blood flow changes, either glucose (56 mM), oleic acid (20 or 40 mM), or sodium arachidonate was added to the mucosal vehicle. Bile salt (taurocholic acid, 10 mM) was added to emulsify oleic acid. Blood flow was calculated (BFc) in submucosal arterioles by use of video microscopy. Neither bile salt nor cyclooxygenase inhibitors altered resting BFc. Neither oleic acid concentration nor solution osmolality altered the magnitude of absorptive hyperemia. After 10 min of glucose, BFc increased 36 +/- 6% with vehicle (n = 16) and 39 +/- 8% with meclofenamate (n = 10). After 10 min of oleic acid, BFc increased 21 +/- 5% with vehicle (n = 17) and 34 +/- 6% with inhibitors (n = 17). In animals exposed twice to the same concentration of oleic acid, the paired difference between the vehicle and inhibitors (19 +/- 7%; n = 9) was significant. Arachidonate alone produced no dose-related (0.06-1.9 mM) effect on BFc (n = 41), but arachidonate (0.3 mM) combined with cyclooxygenase inhibitors (6 X 10(-5) M) produced a significant BFc increase of 35 +/- 7% (n = 6). These observations suggest that the absorption of oleic acid, but not glucose, stimulates the synthesis of a vasoactive metabolite of arachidonate. The mechanism for the differential effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors is unknown but could involve nonprostaglandin metabolites of arachidonate, such as lipoxygenase or cytochrome P-450 products.