gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Instant notes in biochemistry (2000)

Cet ouvrage, destine aux etudiants des premiers cycles, est redige de maniere a eviter aux apprentis biochimistes de se perdre dans d’enormes textbooks, et de leur offrir des informations essentielles a une bonne comprehension de la discipline… surtout a l’approche des examens. Ce resume de la « preface » incite a regarder ce livre sous l’angle pedagogique deliberement choisi par les auteurs, qui ont d’ailleurs prepare cette seconde edition en tenant compte des remarques et suggestions des etudiants ! Quatorze sections (organisation cellulaire, acides amines et proteines, enzymes… metabolisme azote, specialisation cellulaire) regroupent les chapitres « normalement » attendus d’un manuel de biochimie, mais avec une presentation inattendue a « double detente » : un encadre (nomme key notes) presente les paragraphes (4 a 5 en moyenne) du chapitre avec un court resume et signale les autres chapitres egalement concernes par le theme, puis chaque paragraphe fait l’objet d’un developpement plus complet, mais toujours limite a l’essentiel (rarement plus d’une page). L’illustration est correcte, voire souvent un peu trop simplifiee. Neanmoins voici un manuel de « bioch » qui devrait faire reflechir les enseignants sur le contenu de leur cours, car, apres une premiere lecture qui denonce des lacunes, la seconde lecture laisse a penser que si les messages delivres au fil des key notes sont integres par nos etudiants, l’essentiel serait fait. J.-L. Dhondt B.D. Hames, N.M. Hooper. Bios Scientific Publishers Ltd, 2000, 422 pages.
Die Synthese von rac. 1,3‐Dioxy‐2‐amino‐octadecan (1951)

Abstract Es wird die Synthese von rac. Dihydro‐sphingosin (1,3‐Dioxy‐2‐amino‐octadecan (V)), ausgehend von Palmitinaldehyd und Nitroäthanol, beschrieben.
Active vs. Passive ETFs (2003)

This study compares the pricing efficiency and liquidity of a basket security with an arbitrage mechanism (the passive ETF) to one without an arbitrage mechanism (the active ETF). Theory suggests that deviations in market price from net asset value (NAV) should be lower when arbitrage is permitted. Consistent with theory, I find that the standard deviation of price deviations from NAV is larger for active ETFs than for passive ETFs. However, the mean price deviations are positive for passive ETFs and not different from zero for active ETFs. Theory also predicts that liquidity improves as the number of market makers increases and as the information advantage of a single informed trader decreases. This suggests that active ETFs, which have one market maker, who is the only market participant to know the NAV at all times, should have wider bid-ask spreads than passive ETFs, which have multiple makers and whose NAV is public knowledge at all times. Contrary to this view, I find that the bid-ask spreads for active ETFs are significantly narrower than those for passive ETFs. This result persists even after controlling for other determinants of the bid-ask spread.
Variation in Extracellular Protease Production among Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus Due to Different Levels of Expression of the Protease Repressor sarA (2002)

Staphylococcus aureus produces four major extracellular proteases: staphylococcal serine protease (V8 protease; SspA), cysteine protease (SspB), metalloprotease (aureolysin; Aur), and staphopain (Scp). Several in vitro studies have suggested that these enzymes are important virulence factors. Here we analyzed the protease production of 92 S. aureus strains from infected human soft tissue. Twenty-one strains produced variable zones of proteolysis on casein agar plates, while the remaining 71 strains appeared to be protease negative. The major protease genes were present in all protease-positive (n = 5) and protease-negative (n = 12) strains analyzed. Northern blotting showed that transcription of the protease genes was suppressed due to increased sigma factor B (SigB)-dependent expression of the protease repressor SarA. Other SigB-dependent traits such as pigmentation and expression of asp 23 were also increased in protease-negative compared to protease-positive strains. Inactivation of sarA in three protease-negative strains resulted in increased transcription of all protease genes and increased protease production, while overexpression of sarA in a strain producing protease at high levels repressed protease production. Our results suggest that the protease genes are conserved among clinical S. aureus strains and that the level of SigB-dependent expression of the protease repressor sarA determines the level of protease production in each strain.
Image-guided control of a robot for medical ultrasound (2002)

A robot-assisted system for medical diagnostic ultrasound has been developed by the authors. The paper presents the visual servo controller used in this system. While the ultrasound transducer is positioned by a robot, the operator, the robot controller, and an ultrasound image processor have shared control over its motion. Ultrasound image features that can be selected by the operator are recognized and tracked by a variety of techniques. Based on feature tracking, ultrasound image servoing in three axes has been incorporated in the interface and can be enabled to automatically compensate, through robot motions, unwanted motions in the plane of the ultrasound beam. The accuracy of the system is illustrated through a 3-D reconstruction of an ultrasound phantom. An Internet-based robot-assisted teleultrasound system has also been demonstrated.
Cytotoxic NK1.1 Ag+ alpha beta T cells with intermediate TCR induced in the liver of mice by IL-12. (1995)

Systemic administration of IL-12 greatly reduced the hepatic metastases of i.v.-injected liver metastatic EL4 tumor cells in C57BL/6 +/+ and nu/nu mice. Cytotoxic assay in vitro revealed that administration of IL-12 greatly enhanced cytotoxicity of hepatic mononuclear cells (MNC) against various NK- sensitive and -resistant tumor targets, including EL4 cells, whereas only slight or moderate augmentation of the cytotoxicity was observed in splenocytes in normal and nude mice. After IL-12 administration, hepatic MNC increased in number and showed vigorous proliferation in vitro. Hepatic MNC of control C57BL/6 +/+ mice contain alpha beta T cells with intermediate TCR (TCRint) as well as alpha beta T cells with bright TCR, whereas hepatic MNC of nu/nu mice have only TCRint cells. These TCRint cells are found to be NK1.1 Ag+ (NK1+ TCRint). Systemic administration of IL-12 into normal and nude mice markedly augments the NK1 expression of NK1+ TCRint cells (NK1high TCRint), which is comparable to or brighter than that of NK cells in the liver, whereas alpha beta T cells with bright TCR or gamma delta T cells in the liver are NK1-. Depletion of either NK1.1+ or CD3+ cells, but not CD8+ cells, of hepatic MNC from IL-12-treated normal mice by respective Abs and C in vitro abrogate their cytotoxicity. These results revealed that TCRint cells are potent cytotoxic effector cells and suggest that NK1high TCRint cells are the main antimetastatic population in the liver, and that TCRint cells are functionally different from regular T cells with bright TCR.
The Hunt For The Kill Switch (2008)

This paper has described the issues on electronic circuits which are made for military equipments.The DoD of U.S. recently launched its most ambitious program yet to verify the integrity of the electronics that will underpin future additions to its arsenal. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the Pentagon's R&D wing, and released details about a three-year initiative it calls the Trust in Integrated Circuits program. The findings from the program could give the military and defense contractors who make sensitive microelectronics like the weapons systems for the F-35 a guaranteed method of determining whether their chips have been compromised. The Trust program started its prequalifying rounds by sending to three contractors four identical versions of a chip that contained unspecified malicious circuitry, though U.S. military consumes only 1% of world's integrated circuits.
Endotracheal cuff pressure: role of tracheal size and cuff volume (2011)

To resolve conflicting issues of volume/pressure relationships in endotracheal (ETT) cuffs, we examined this using an animal model. Sengupta and colleagues concluded that cuff volumes were fairly consistent despite varying tracheal and ETT sizes [1]. Hoffman and colleagues concluded that the volume/pressure relationships in ETT cuffs are linear and that additional air volume above that necessary to reach safe sealing pressure would not result in a precipitous increase in pressure [2].
Loss of MKP3 mediated by oxidative stress enhances tumorigenicity and chemoresistance of ovarian cancer cells (2008)

The RAS-RAF-MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway plays a pivotal role in various cellular responses, including cellular growth, differentiation, survival and motility. Constitutive activation of the ERK pathway has been linked to the development and progression of human cancers. Here, we reported that mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP)-3, a negative regulator of ERK1/2, lost its expression particularly in the protein level, was significantly correlated with high ERK1/2 activity in primary human ovarian cancer cells using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. Intriguingly, the loss of MKP3 protein was associated with ubiquitination/proteosome degradation mediated by high intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation such as hydrogen peroxide in ovarian cancer cells. Functionally, short hairpin RNA knock down of endogenous MKP3 resulted in increased ERK1/2 activity, cell proliferation rate, anchorage-independent growth ability and resistance to cisplatin in ovarian cancer cells. Conversely, enforced expression of MKP3 in MKP3-deficient ovarian cancer cells significantly reduced ERK1/2 activity and inhibited cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth ability and tumor development in nude mice. Furthermore, the enforced expression of MKP3 succeeded to sensitize ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest a molecular mechanism by which the accumulation of ROS during ovarian cancer progression may cause the degradation of MKP3, which in turn leads to aberrant ERK1/2 activation and contributes to tumorigenicity and chemoresistance of human ovarian cancer cells.
The slowing of gastric emptying by nine acids (1969)

1. Test meals containing a range of concentrations of nine different acids were given to twenty healthy subjects. The acids used were hydrochloric, acetic, lactic, tartaric, phosphoric, citric, propionic, butyric and hexanoic.2. The greater the concentration of acid in the meal the greater was the volume of the meal recovered after a fixed interval.3. A rectilinear relationship between the mean concentrations of acid (m-equiv/l.) required to give a recovery of 450 ml. and the molecular weights of the acids used was found. The acids with high molecular weights were less effective than those with low molecular weights.4. The results indicate that the molecular weights of the anions play the dominant part in determining the effectiveness of the various acids. Slowing of gastric emptying by acids does not seem to be dependent upon their pK values provided they are less than 5. The oil/water partition coefficients are also apparently irrelevant to effectiveness.5. These findings are considered to be consistent with the view that a barrier to movement of the anions in an aqueous system limits the access of the hydrogen ions to duodenal receptors, which activate the mechanism slowing gastric emptying.
The foetal sheep: Morphogenesis of the nervous system and histochemical aspects of myelination (1969)

Abstract The development of the central nervous system of the sheep foetus with particular reference to myelin forming cells and myelination has been studied by morphological and histochemical methods. The development of the spinal cord resembles that described for other species and broadly similar patterns of development have been found for the other major regions. Differentiation of definitive cell types is marked by the appearance of cytochrome oxidase activity in their cytoplasm. In gray matter strong cytochrome oxidase activity persists into post‐natal life whereas in white matter activity declines following commencement of myelination. Lipids having the histochemical reactions of myelin first appear in a particular region as the capillary circulation of that region develops. It is suggested that phospholipid elements of perivascular lipid may be rapidly incorporated into the developing myelin sheath whilst galactolipids from the same location are more slowly utilized. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Inhibition of insulin fibrillation by osmolytes: Mechanistic Insights (2015)

We have studied here using a number of biophysical tools the effects of osmolytes, betaine, citrulline, proline and sorbitol which differ significantly in terms of their physical characteristics such as, charge distribution, polarity, H-bonding abilities etc, on the fibrillation of insulin. Among these, betaine, citrulline, and proline are very effective in decreasing the extent of fibrillation. Proline also causes a substantial delay in the onset of fibrillation in the concentration range (50-250 mM) whereas such an effect is seen for citrulline only at 250 mM, and in case of betaine this effect is not seen at all in the whole concentration range. The enthalpies of interaction at various stages of fibrillation process have suggested that the preferential exclusion of the osmolyte and its polar interaction with the protein are important in inhibition. The results indicate that the osmolytes are most effective when added prior to the elongation stage of fibrillation. These observations have significant biological implications, since insulin fibrillation is known to cause injection amyloidosis and our data may help in designing lead drug molecules and development of potential therapeutic strategies.
Leukotriene B4 plays a critical role in the progression of collagen-induced arthritis. (1995)

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a product of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. LTB4 is a potent chemotactic factor for neutrophils and has been postulated to play an important role in a variety of pathological conditions including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, and inflammatory bowel disease. The role of LTB4 in such diseases has not yet been defined but in this paper we provide direct evidence that LTB4 plays a critical role in a murine model of RA. CP-105,696, (+)-1-(3S,4R)-[3-(4-phenylbenzyl)- 4-hydroxychroman-7-yl]cyclopentane carboxylic acid, is an LTB4 receptor antagonist that inhibits LTB4 binding to human neutrophil membranes with an IC50 of 3.7 nM and inhibits LTB4-induced chemotaxis of these cells with an IC50 of 5.2 nM. CP-105,696 inhibits LTB4-induced neutrophil influx in mouse skin when administered orally with an ED50 of 4.2 mg/kg. CP-105,696 had a dramatic effect on both the clinical symptoms and histological changes of murine collagen-induced arthritis when administered at doses of 0.3-10 mg/kg. Inhibition was not associated with suppression of the humoral immune response to collagen and was equally effective if drug treatment was commenced just prior to the onset of arthritis or throughout the experiment. These results suggest that LTB4 receptor antagonists may be effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of RA.
Clioquinol down-regulates mutant huntingtin expressionin vitroand mitigates pathology in a Huntington's disease mouse model (2005)

In investigating the role of metal ions in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease, we examined the effects of clioquinol, a metal-binding compound currently in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease treatment, on mutant huntingtin-expressing cells. We found that PC12 cells expressing polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin exon 1 accumulated less mutant protein and showed decreased cell death when treated with clioquinol. This effect was polyglutamine-length-specific and did not alter mRNA levels or protein degradation rates. Clioquinol treatment of transgenic Huntington's mice ( R6 / 2 ) improved behavioral and pathologic phenotypes, including decreased huntingtin aggregate accumulation, decreased striatal atrophy, improved rotarod performance, reduction of weight loss, normalization of blood glucose and insulin levels, and extension of lifespan. Our results suggest that clioquinol is a candidate therapy for Huntington's disease and other polyglutamine-expansion diseases.
Daptomycin versus Standard Therapy for Bacteremia and Endocarditis Caused by Staphylococcus aureus (2006)

Daptomycin (6 mg per kilogram daily) is not inferior to standard therapy for S. aureus bacteremia and right-sided endocarditis. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00093067 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
Messenger RNA Expression Levels of CXCR4 Correlate with Metastatic Behavior and Outcome in Patients with Osteosarcoma (2005)

These data suggest that CXCR4 could be useful as a prognostic factor and as a predictor of potential metastatic development in osteosarcoma. If further studies confirm that it is relevant to metastases in this disease, it could represent a new therapeutic target.
Preparation and Characterization of Novel Bone Scaffolds Based on Electrospun Polycaprolactone Fibers Filled with Nanoparticles (2005)

Novel bone-scaffolding materials were successfully fabricated by electrospinning from polycaprolactone (PCL) solutions containing nanoparticles of calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)) or hydroxyapatite (HA). The diameters of the as-spun fibers were found to increase with the addition and increasing amounts of the nanoparticles. The observed increase in the diameters of the as-spun fibers with the addition and increasing amounts of the nanoparticulate fillers was responsible for the observed increase in the tensile strength of the obtained fiber mats. An increase in the concentration of the base PCL solution caused the average diameter of the as-spun PCL/HA composite fibers to increase. Increasing applied electrical potential also resulted in an increase in the diameters of the obtained PCL/HA composite fibers. Lastly, indirect cytotoxicity evaluation of the electrospun mats of PCL, PCL/CaCO(3), and PCL/HA fibers based on human osteoblasts (SaOS2) and mouse fibroblasts (L929) revealed that these as-spun mats posed no threat to the cells, a result that implied their potential for utilization as bone-scaffolding materials.
Alterations in the amino-terminal third of mouse interleukin 2: effects on biological activity and immunoreactivity. (1986)

In this report, we describe plasmids that direct the expression of active mouse interleukin 2 (mIL 2) in Escherichia coli, and the use of this expression system to perform a mutational analysis of the N-terminal region of the mIL 2 protein. We found that the N-terminus was tolerant to the addition of a few amino acids, and even the addition of 20 amino acids resulted in only a modest decrease in activity of the protein. The bioactivity of mIL 2 as defined by its ability to sustain the proliferation of cloned T cells was also only minimally affected by deletion of up to 13 N-terminal amino acids, or of the entire poly-GLN stretch (amino acids 15-26). Deletion of the 30 N-terminal amino acids drastically reduced but did not abolish activity. Deletion of the 41 N-terminal amino acids completely abolished activity, whereas certain changes in the initial 37 amino acids drastically reduced the biological activity of the protein. We also analyzed the immunoreactivity of the mutant proteins with the anti-IL 2 monoclonal antibodies S4B6 and DMS-1. This analysis showed that the determinant recognized by S4B6 required that the N-terminal mIL 2 amino acids 26-45 be intact, whereas the DMS-1 determinant was located to the C-terminal side of amino acid 46.
New strategies with anti-IgE in allergic diseases (2014)

IgE has long been known as a therapeutic target for allergic disease, but the difficulty has been in selecting agents that don't trigger cross linkage of IgE when bound to its high affinity receptor (FceR1) on mast cells and basophils. By "designing" a monoclonal antibody (mAb) which targets that part of IgE that binds to that binds to the a-chain of FceR1, the allergic cascade can be effectively interrupted and diseases such as asthma greatly improved, providing a substantial part of their phenotype engages IgE. Clinical trials and real life studies confirm this. Beyond asthma, a whole range of other diseases dependent upon IgE initiation and triggering are being identified. These diseases are now being explored as being amenable to anti-IgE therapy some of which are comorbidities of asthma and others not. The advent of an even more potent anti-IgE mAb - QGE031 - is creating further opportunities for anti-IgE therapy to improve the lives of so many people with IgE-related diseases.
Collagen gene expression during limb cartilage differentiation. (1986)

As limb mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes, they initiate the synthesis of type II collagen and cease synthesizing type I collagen. Changes in the cytoplasmic levels of type I and type II collagen mRNAs during the course of limb chondrogenesis in vivo and in vitro were examined using cloned cDNA probes. A striking increase in cytoplasmic type II collagen mRNA occurs coincident with the crucial condensation stage of chondrogenesis in vitro, in which prechondrogenic mesenchymal cells become closely juxtaposed before depositing a cartilage matrix. Thereafter, a continuous and progressive increase in the accumulation of cytoplasmic type II collagen mRNA occurs which parallels the progressive accumulation of cartilage matrix by cells. The onset of overt chondrogenesis, however, does not involve activation of the transcription of the type II collagen gene. Low levels of type II collagen mRNA are present in the cytoplasm of prechondrogenic mesenchymal cells at the earliest stages of limb development, well before the accumulation of detectable levels of type II collagen. Type I collagen gene expression during chondrogenesis is regulated, at least in part, at the translational level. Type I collagen mRNAs are present in the cytoplasm of differentiated chondrocytes, which have ceased synthesizing detectable amounts of type I collagen.
Growth of human mammary carcinoma cells from biopsy specimens in serum‐free medium on extracellular matrix (1986)

A method developed for the initiation and maintenance in primary culture of human normal mammary epithelial cells was adopted for the growth of epithelial cells from 45 primary human breast tumors. The cells were grown on a naturally produced extracellular matrix (ECM) or on regular tissue culture plastic in a serum-free medium containing growth supplements and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Successful enzymatic dissociation of the tumor biopsy into organoid structures and cell aggregates was crucial for subsequent cell attachment and growth. Fifty-five percent of the biopsy specimens were successfully dissociated and 87% of these gave rise to actively dividing epithelial cells forming monolayer cultures. In contrast, only 21% of the biopsies which were not optimally dissociated yielded growing cultures. Variations in sample size, duration of enzymatic digestion, and tumor composition affected the outcome of tumor dissociation. Omission of serum from the culture medium prevented the growth of fibroblasts, while plating on ECM greatly improved and in some cases was essential for cell attachment and subsequent outgrowth. The epithelial nature of the cells was verified by their cuboidal and closely apposed morphology and positive staining with antikeratin antibodies. The growth and subculture requirements and the expression of the B38.1 tumor marker were compared in human mammary epithelial cells derived from solid tumors, pleural effusion and normal breast tissue.