gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Skin Temperature and Heart Rate Can Be Used to Estimate Physiological Strain During Exercise in the Heat in a Cohort of Fit and Unfit Males (2013)

The previously developed model relating heart rate and skin temperature to PSI is highly accurate at assessing heat risk status. Participants classified as "At Risk" had lower physical performance scores and different body weights compared to the "Not at Risk" group and perceived themselves as working harder during exercise in the heat.
Nitric Oxide: A Novel Mediator of Inflammation (1995)

Nitric oxide (NO), first identified as an endothelium-derived relaxation factor, is now recognized to regulate the functions of many mammalian cells and tissues. Nitric oxide is synthesized via the oxidation of arginine by a family of nitric oxide synthases (NOS), which are either constitutive and calcium dependent (cNOS) or inducible and calcium independent (iNOS). The endogenous production of nitric oxide plays a vital role in the regulation of physiological processes (e.g., blood vessel tone, neurotransmission) as well as in host defense and immunity. There is increasing evidence that nitric oxide also plays a complex role in the modulation of the inflammatory response. The induction of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in tissues can lead to the sustained production of high concentrations of nitric oxide which may exert pro-inflammatory effects including vasodilation, edema, cytotoxicity, and the mediation of cytokine dependent processes. Conversely, the production of NO by endothelial cell cNOS may serve a protective, or anti-inflammatory, function by preventing the adhesion and release of oxidants by activated neutrophils in the microvasculature. In this review we describe the multifaceted role of nitric oxide in inflammation, particularly focusing on the regulation of inflammatory cells and the repertoire of molecular processes targeted by NO that control cellular functions. Nitric oxide is synthesized via L-arginine oxidation by a family of nitric oxide synthases (NOS). Isomeric forms of nitric oxide synthase, representing at least three distinct gene products, have been cloned in bovine, rat, mice, and human tissues (1-5) (Table I). The three isoforms of the enzyme vary in calcium dependence, kinetics, and regulation. However, all nitric oxide synthases are flavoproteins which require NADPH and tetrahydrobiopterin as co-factors. The amino acid sequences deduced from the cDNA of the endothelial and neuronal cNOSs and iNOS have been reported (1-3, 6).
Community annotation: Procedures, protocols, and supporting tools: Table 1. (2006)

Investigators at the Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center (BCM-HGSC) and BeeBase organized a community-wide effort to manually annotate the honey bee (Apis mellifera) genome. Although various strategies for manual annotation have been used in the past, the value of dispersed community annotation has not yet been demonstrated. Here we make a case for the merit of dispersed community annotation. We present annotation procedures, standard protocols, and tools used for sequence analysis, data submission, and data management. We also report lessons learned from this dispersed community annotation effort for a metazoan genome.
The impact of prophages on bacterial chromosomes (2004)

Prophages were automatically localized in sequenced bacterial genomes by a simple semantic script leading to the identification of 190 prophages in 115 investigated genomes. The distribution of prophages with respect to presence or absence in a given bacterial species, the location and orientation of the prophages on the replichore was not homogeneous. In bacterial pathogens, prophages are particularly prominent. They frequently encoded virulence genes and were major contributors to the genetic individuality of the strains. However, some commensal and free-living bacteria also showed prominent prophage contributions to the bacterial genomes. Lysogens containing multiple sequence-related prophages can experience rearrangements of the bacterial genome across prophages, leading to prophages with new gene constellations. Transfer RNA genes are the preferred chromosomal integration sites, and a number of prophages also carry tRNA genes. Prophage integration into protein coding sequences can lead to either gene disruption or new proteins. The phage repressor, immunity and lysogenic conversion genes are frequently transcribed from the prophage. The expression of the latter is sometimes integrated into control circuits linking prophages, the lysogenic bacterium and its animal host. Prophages are apparently as easily acquired as they are lost from the bacterial chromosome. Fixation of prophage genes seems to be restricted to those with functions that have been co-opted by the bacterial host.
The dexamethasone-induced inhibitor of fibrinolytic activity in hepatoma cells. A cellular product which specifically inhibits plasminogen activation. (1982)

Dexamethasone induces an inhibitor of plasminogen-dependent fibrinolysis in rat hepatoma (HTC) cells. The specificity of the inhibitor for urokinase and plasmin was investigated using both fibrinolytic and esterolytic assays. Urokinase, but not plasmin, was inhibited by serum-free conditioned medium from cells incubated with 0.1 microM dexamethasone. The specificity of the inhibitor for plasminogen activator was demonstrated directly by the inhibition of the urokinase-catalyzed activation of 125I-plasminogen to 125I-plasmin. The inhibitory activity was stable to pH 3 for 2 h at 37 degrees C, a condition which inactivated fibrinolytic inhibitors in serum, suggesting a cellular origin for the inhibitor. Further evidence for the cellular origin was the constant daily production of inhibitor throughout a 4-day incubation with dexamethasone in serum-free medium. SF HTC-H1 cells, selected for their ability to grow in serum-free medium (Thompson, E. B., Anderson, C. U., and Lippman, M. E. (1975) J. Cell Physiol. 86, 403-412), were grown for 76 days (at least 30 generations) in the presence or absence of serum; dexamethasone induced equivalent amounts of inhibitory activity in cells which had been grown under both conditions. We conclude that the dexamethasone-induced inhibitor from HTC cells is a cellular product which is specific for the inhibition of plasminogen activation and which differs from other reported fibrinolytic inhibitors.
The Governor's Constituency For Children: Concerned Adults Unite in Lobbying Efforts (1984)

In the political lexicon of the 1980s, a "constituency" has come to mean a special interest group coalesced around a single issue. These single-issue constituencies, or special interest lobbies, range from right wing to left wing, from neighborhood associations to well-organized political action committees, from environmental causes to tax-slashing referenda.
THE VIOLOGEN INDICATORS (1933)

The tabulation gives the normal potentials of the various indicators at 30 degrees C.; referred to the normal hydrogen electrode, the accuracy is estimated to be +/-0.002 volt. Normal potentials of the viologens at 30 degrees C.: Methyl viologen -0.446 volts Ethyl viologen -0.449 volts Betaine viologen -0.444 volts Benzyl viologen -0.359 volts Supposing some solution brings about a coloration of one of these indicators to the extent of A per cent of the maximum color, the oxidation-reduction potential of this solution is E = E(o) - 0.06 log See PDF for Equation where E(o) is the normal potential according to the above tabulation. This normal potential is independent of pH.
Pressure-induced amorphization of cubicZrW2O8studiedin situandex situby synchrotron x-ray diffraction and absorption (2005)

The behavior of cubic $\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{W}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ on compression in a DAC to $7.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ was examined in situ by a combination of synchrotron x-ray diffraction and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). These data were compared with x-ray absorption measurements on an amorphous sample of $\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{W}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ recovered from $7.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ in a multianvil apparatus. The in situ diffraction data show the complete formation of orthorhombic $\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{W}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{8}$ at low pressure $(&lt;0.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa})$, and amorphization onset at $&gt;2.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$ with completion at $&lt;7.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. The corresponding in situ XAS data suggest a continuous evolution of the local tungsten coordination environment on compression after forming the orthorhombic phase, with the average $\mathrm{W}\mathrm{O}$ bond length increasing, indicating an increase in the average coordination number, and the W ${L}_{I}$ pre-edge peak decreasing in magnitude, indicating a movement toward tungsten coordination that is closer to centrosymmetric These observations are inconsistent with a model for the amorphization that simply involves a loss of orientational/positional order among existing coordination polyhedra. The XANES data for the amorphous sample recovered from the multianvil apparatus are unlike any of the XANES seen in the in situ measurements, suggesting that the local structure in the glassy material relaxes on decompression. The XANES for the recovered sample are very similar to those for ammonium paratungstate, a material that contains tungsten in a variety of heavily distorted octahedral environments.
Clinical hyperthermia and chemotherapy. (1989)

Hyperthermia may act additively or synergistically with a majority of clinically useful chemotherapeutic agents in vitro. In some cases enhanced responses are essentially linear at temperatures from 39 to 43 degrees C (thiotepa, the nitrosoureas, cisplatin), while other drugs become more effective only at 42 to 43 degrees (doxorubicin, bleomycin, amphotericin B). Synergism has been observed in vivo with methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, the nitrosoureas, doxorubicin, bleomycin, and cisplatin. Optimum enhancement occurs when heat and drug are given simultaneously. Clinical studies employing WBH at 41 to 41.8 degrees C have shown evidence of potential usefulness, but have been limited by high toxicity and a low benefit-to-risk ratio. Regional perfusion of metastatic melanoma of the extremity treated with L-phenylalanine mustard at 40 to 41 degrees C was significantly better than when treated with the drug alone, but some investigations suggest that heat alone may be just as effective. Localized hyperthermia combined with nearly all the standard types and doses of single and combination agents has shown objective responses in about one third of patients treated, without evidence of increased drug toxicity by either the IV or IA route. Responses appear to be thermal-dose related. Maximum enhancement appears at about 40 to 43 degrees C and prior drug resistance does not appear to confer heat resistance. The lack of enhanced drug toxicity with loco-regional hyperthermia with potential improvement in response of advanced disease suggests that thermochemotherapy is a viable and important option to drug treatment alone. Further in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies are needed to increase our understanding of drug-heat interactions for the optimization of therapy.
A learning framework for nearest neighbor search (2007)

Can we leverage learning techniques to build a fast nearest-neighbor (ANN) re-trieval data structure? We present a general learning framework for the NN prob-lem in which sample queries are used to learn the parameters of a data structure that minimize the retrieval time and/or the miss rate. We explore the potential of this novel framework through two popular NN data structures: KD-trees and the rectilinear structures employed by locality sensitive hashing. We derive a gener-alization theory for these data structure classes and present simple learning algo-rithms for both. Experimental results reveal that learning often improves on the already strong performance of these data structures. 1
Treatment of Obese Diabetic Mice With a Heme Oxygenase Inducer Reduces Visceral and Subcutaneous Adiposity, Increases Adiponectin Levels, and Improves Insulin Sensitivity and Glucose Tolerance (2008)

This study provides strong evidence for the existence of an HO-1-adiponectin regulatory axis that can be manipulated to ameliorate the deleterious effects of obesity and the metabolic syndrome associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Gastric mucosal atrophy: interobserver consistency using new criteria for classification and grading (2002)

By using the definition of atrophy as the loss of appropriate glands and distinguishing the two main morphological entities of metaplastic and non-metaplastic types, a high level of agreement was achieved by a group of gastrointestinal pathologists trained in different cultural contexts.
Core/Shell Au/CuPt Nanoparticles and Their Dual Electrocatalysis for Both Reduction and Oxidation Reactions (2014)

We report a facile synthesis of monodisperse core/shell 5/1.5 nm Au/CuPt nanoparticles by coreduction of platinum acetylacetonate and copper acetylacetonate in the presence of 5 nm Au nanoparticles. The CuPt alloy effect and core/shell interactions make these Au/CuPt nanoparticles a promising catalyst for both oxygen reduction reaction and methanol oxidation reaction in 0.1 M HClO4 solution. Their specific (mass) reduction and oxidation activities reach 2.72 mA/cm(2) (1500 mA/mg Pt) at 0.9 V and 0.755 mA/cm(2) (441 mA/mg Pt) at 0.8 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode), respectively. Our studies show that the existence of the Au nanoparticle core not only minimizes the Pt usage but also improves the stability of the Au/CuPt catalyst for fuel cell reactions. The results suggest that the core/shell design is indeed effective for optimizing nanoparticle catalysis. The same concept may be extended to other multimetallic nanoparticle systems, making it possible to tune nanoparticle catalysis for many different chemical reactions.
A Real Time Digital Coincidence Processor for Positron Emission Tomography (1986)

A Real Time Digital Coincidence Processor has been developed for use in the Positron Emission Tomograph (PET) ECAT® scanners manufactured by Computer Technology and Imaging, Inc. (CTI). The primary functions of the Coincidence Processor include: receive from the BGO detector modules serial data, which includes timing information and detector identification; process the received data to form coincidence detector pairs; and present the coincidence pair data to a Real Time Sorter . The primary design emphasis was placed on the Coincidence Processor being able to process the detector data into coincidence pairs at real time rates. This paper will briefly describe the Coincidence Processor and some of the considerations that went into its design.
Crucial Role of Interleukin-4 in the Survival of Colon Cancer Stem Cells (2008)

Colon tumors may be maintained by a rare fraction of cancer stem-like cells (CSC) that express the cell surface marker CD133. Self-renewing CSCs exhibit relatively greater resistance to clinical cytotoxic therapies and recent work suggests that this resistance may be mediated in part by an autocrine response to the immune cytokine interleukin 4 (IL-4). Blocking IL-4 signaling can sensitize CSCs to apoptotic stimuli and increase the in vivo efficacy of cytotoxic therapy. These findings suggest that inhibitors of IL-4 signaling may offer a new therapeutic tool in colon carcinoma.
Incretin Secretion in Relation to Meal Size and Body Weight in Healthy Subjects and People with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2003)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) are incretin hormones secreted in response to meal ingestion, thereby enhancing postprandial insulin secretion. Therefore, an attenuated incretin response could contribute to the impaired insulin responses in patients with diabetes mellitus. The aim of the present investigation was to investigate incretin secretion, in obesity and type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and its dependence on the magnitude of the meal stimulus. Plasma concentrations of incretin hormones (total, reflecting secretion and intact, reflecting potential action) were measured during two meal tests (260 kcal and 520 kcal) in eight type 1 diabetic patients, eight lean healthy subjects, eight obese type 2 diabetic patients, and eight obese healthy subjects. Both in diabetic patients and in healthy subjects, significant increases in GLP-1 and GIP concentrations were seen after ingestion of both meals. The incretin responses were significantly higher in all groups after the large meal, compared with the small meal, with correspondingly higher C-peptide responses. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients had normal GIP responses, compared with healthy subjects, whereas decreased GLP-1 responses were seen in type 2 diabetic patients, compared with matched obese healthy subjects. Incremental GLP-1 responses were normal in type 1 diabetic patients. Increased fasting concentrations of GIP and an early enhanced postprandial GIP response were seen in obese, compared with lean healthy subjects, whereas GLP-1 responses were the same in the two groups. beta-cell sensitivity to glucose, evaluated as the slope of insulin secretion rates vs. plasma glucose concentration, tended to increase in both type 2 diabetic patients (29%, P = 0.19) and obese healthy subjects (22% P = 0.04) during the large meal, compared with the small meal, perhaps reflecting the increased incretin response. We conclude: 1) that a decreased GLP-1 secretion may contribute to impaired insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes mellitus, whereas GIP and GLP-1 secretion is normal in type 1 diabetic patients; and 2) that it is possible to modulate the beta-cell sensitivity to glucose in obese healthy subjects, and possibly also in type 2 diabetic patients, by giving them a large meal, compared with a small meal.
Clinical significance of histological classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (2002)

Patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) can be subdivided into groups based on the histological appearance of lung tissue obtained by surgical biopsy. The quantitative impact of histological diagnosis, baseline factors and response to therapy on survival has not been evaluated. Surgical lung biopsy specimens from 168 patients with suspected IIP were reviewed according to the latest diagnostic criteria. The impact of baseline clinical, physiological, radiographic and histological features on survival was evaluated using Cox regression analysis. The predictive value of honeycombing on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) as a surrogate marker for usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) was examined. The response to therapy and survival of 39 patients treated prospectively with high-dose prednisone was evaluated. The presence of UIP was the most important factor influencing mortality. The risk ratio of mortality when UIP was present was 28.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.5-148.0; p=0.0001) after controlling for patient age, duration of symptoms, radiographic appearance, pulmonary physiology, smoking history and sex. Honeycombing on HRCT indicated the presence of UIP with a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 86%. Patients with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia were more likely to respond or remain stable (9 of 10) compared to patients with UIP (14 of 29) after treatment with prednisone. Patients remaining stable had the best prognosis. The risk ratio of mortality for stable patients compared to nonresponders was 0.32 (95% CI 0.11-0.93; p=0.04) in all patients and 0.33 (95% CI 0.12-0.96; p=0.04) in patients with UIP. The histological diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia is the most important factor determining survival in patients with suspected idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. The presence of honeycombing on high-resolution computed tomography is a good surrogate for usual interstitial pneumonia and could be utilized in patients unable to undergo surgical lung biopsy. Patients with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia are more likely to respond or remain stable following a course of prednisone. Patients remaining stable following prednisone therapy have the best prognosis.
Collagen–proteoglycan interactions. Localization of proteoglycans in tendon by electron microscopy (1980)

Proteoglycan in foetal- and adult-rat tail tendon and adult-rabbit achilles tendon was stained for electron microscopy with a cationic phthalocyanin-like dye, based on cinchomeronic acid, in a 'critical electrolyte concentration' method [Scott (1973) Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1, 787-806). Provided that the tissue was fixed with glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde, regular orthogonal perifibrillar arrays of filamentous material (proteoglycan) were observed, but no intra-fibrillar proteoglycan was seen. Specific proteoglycan-collagen interactions are inferred, and a model is proposed. Without fixation, the filamentous arrays disaggregated in the MgCl2 solutions (0.3 M) used during staining. End-to-end proteoglycan aggregation is implied. Tendon and cartilage are compared. Problems of electron-histochemical localization of extended space-filling polyanions by the use of cationic electron-dense precipitants are discussed, particularly polyanion-domain collapse, specificity of staining and fixation. A two-stage staining procedure that markedly enhances contrast is described, based on the multivalent nature of the dye, and the consequent anion-exchange properties of the dye-polyanion complex.
Effect of manganese doping on Li-ion intercalation properties of V2O5 films (2010)

Mn-doped V2O5 has been prepared by sol–gel processing with H2O2 and V2O5 as precursors with Mn2+ added directly during sol preparation. Stable and homogeneous Mn-doped vanadium oxide sol was obtained and the films were fabricated by dip-coating, drying at ambient, and then annealing at 250 °C in air for 3 h. X-Ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and electrochemical analyses have been employed to characterize and analyze the crystal- and microstructures, surface morphology and Li-ion intercalation properties of both Mn-doped and undoped V2O5 films. Mn-doped V2O5 films exhibit excellent cyclic stability with a fading rate of less than 0.06% per cycle, significantly better than that of the pure V2O5 films (0.8% per cycle). Mn-doped V2O5 films have demonstrated a large discharge capacity of ∼283mAh/g with a current density of 68 mA/g, again much higher than 237 mAh/g of V2O5 films. A possible explanation for such significant enhancement in lithium ion intercalation capacity, cyclic stability, and rate performance of Mn-doped V2O5 films has been discussed.