gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface segregation in bimetallic nanoclusters: Geometric and thermodynamic effects (2001)

Abstract Nanocluster morphology (size, crystallographic faces, surface defects), coupled to thermodynamic driving forces, influence surface segregation phenomena. These geometric and thermodynamic effects are studied at several temperatures and overall compositions for Cu–Ni, Ag–Cu, and Ag–Rh. The bond order metal simulation model [Zhu, L.; DePristo, A. E. J Catal 1997, 167, 400] is used in Monte Carlo simulations to describe interatomic interactions. Nanoclusters from 110 to 729 atoms are arranged on stacks of layers corresponding to face‐centered cubic crystals. The exposed surfaces are (111), (110), and (331) faces, and the overall composition of the clusters defined in terms of the segregating atoms ranges from 5 to 95%. The effect of surface steps on surface segregation is also investigated. It is found that as overall concentration increases, the effect of surface defects on segregation phenomena becomes more pronounced. The increase in the number of low coordination sites due to the presence of surface steps modifies the layer‐by‐layer composition profile, causing surface and inner sites in the proximity of the step to become occupied by the segregating atoms. The population on other surfaces becomes depleted, resulting in a lowered total surface segregation. These effects are more noticeable not only at high overall composition but also at high temperatures, especially for the less segregating system, Ag–Cu. © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2001
Self-immolative dendritic probe for direct detection of triacetone triperoxide (2008)

A new self-immolative dendritic probe directly detects triacetone triperoxide through amplification of a single cleavage event initiated by one molecule of hydrogen peroxide into multiple-release of fluorogenic end-groups.
Intravital Imaging of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Trafficking and Association With Platelets and Neutrophils (2014)

Early events of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) adhesion to and transmigration through the vascular wall following systemic infusion are important for MSC trafficking to inflamed sites, yet are poorly characterized in vivo. Here, we used intravital confocal imaging to determine the acute extravasation kinetics and distribution of culture-expanded MSC (2-6 hours postinfusion) in a murine model of dermal inflammation. By 2 hours postinfusion, among the MSC that arrested within the inflamed ear dermis, 47.8% ± 8.2% of MSC had either initiated or completed transmigration into the extravascular space. Arrested and transmigrating MSCs were equally distributed within both small capillaries and larger venules. This suggested existence of an active adhesion mechanism, since venule diameters were greater than those of the MSC. Heterotypic intravascular interactions between distinct blood cell types have been reported to facilitate the arrest and extravasation of leukocytes and circulating tumor cells. We found that 42.8% ± 24.8% of intravascular MSC were in contact with neutrophil-platelet clusters. A role for platelets in MSC trafficking was confirmed by platelet depletion, which significantly reduced the preferential homing of MSC to the inflamed ear, although the total percentage of MSC in contact with neutrophils was maintained. Interestingly, although platelet depletion increased vascular permeability in the inflamed ear, there was decreased MSC accumulation. This suggests that increased vascular permeability is unnecessary for MSC trafficking to inflamed sites. These findings represent the first glimpse into MSC extravasation kinetics and microvascular distribution in vivo, and further clarify the roles of active adhesion, the intravascular cellular environment, and vascular permeability in MSC trafficking.
Nonshivering thermogenesis and its adequate measurement in metabolic studies (2010)

Alterations in nonshivering thermogenesis are presently discussed as being both potentially causative of and able to counteract obesity. However, the necessity for mammals to defend their body temperature means that the ambient temperature profoundly affects the outcome and interpretation of metabolic experiments. An adequate understanding and assessment of nonshivering thermogenesis is therefore paramount for metabolic studies. Classical nonshivering thermogenesis is facultative, i.e. it is only activated when an animal acutely requires extra heat (switched on in minutes), and adaptive, i.e. it takes weeks for an increase in capacity to develop. Nonshivering thermogenesis is fully due to brown adipose tissue activity; adaptation corresponds to the recruitment of this tissue. Diet-induced thermogenesis is probably also facultative and adaptive and due to brown adipose tissue activity. Although all mammals respond to injected/infused norepinephrine (noradrenaline) with an increase in metabolism, in non-adapted mammals this increase mainly represents the response of organs not involved in nonshivering thermogenesis; only the increase after adaptation represents nonshivering thermogenesis. Thermogenesis (metabolism) should be expressed per animal, and not per body mass [not even to any power (0.75 or 0.66)]. A 'cold tolerance test' does not examine nonshivering thermogenesis capacity; rather it tests shivering capacity and endurance. For mice, normal animal house temperatures are markedly below thermoneutrality, and the mice therefore have a metabolic rate and food consumption about 1.5 times higher than their intrinsic requirements. Housing and examining mice at normal house temperatures carries a high risk of identifying false positives for intrinsic metabolic changes; in particular, mutations/treatments that affect the animal's insulation (fur, skin) may lead to such problems. Correspondingly, true alterations in intrinsic metabolic rate remain undetected when metabolism is examined at temperatures below thermoneutrality. Thus, experiments with animals kept and examined at thermoneutrality are likely to yield an improved possibility of identifying agents and genes important for human energy balance.
Immunoenzymatic labeling of monoclonal antibodies using immune complexes of alkaline phosphatase and monoclonal anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP complexes). (1984)

A murine monoclonal antibody specific for calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase has been prepared and used in an unlabeled antibody bridge technique for labeling monoclonal antibodies. This procedure--the alkaline phosphatase monoclonal anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) method--gives excellent immunocytochemical labeling of tissue sections and cell smears, comparable in clarity and intensity to that achieved with immunoperoxidase labeling. If the enzyme label is developed with a naphthol salt as a coupling agent and Fast Red or hexazotized new fuchsin as a capture agent, a vivid red reaction product is obtained which is very easily detected by the human eye. For this reason the APAAP technique was found particularly suitable for labeling cell smears (for both cytoplasmic and surface-membrane antigens) and for detecting low numbers of antigen-bearing cells in a specimen (e.g., carcinoma cells in a malignant effusion). It was found possible to enhance the intensity of the APAAP labeling reaction substantially by repeating the second and third incubation steps (i.e., the unlabelled "bridge" antibody and APAAP complexes). The APAAP technique was superior to immunoperoxidase labeling for staining tissues rich in endogenous peroxidase, and could be used in conjunction with immunoperoxidase methods for double immunoenzymatic staining. The method was also applicable to the detection of antigenic molecules following their electrophoretic transfer from SDS-polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets ("immunoblotting").
Fully analogue photonic reservoir computer (2016)

Introduced a decade ago, reservoir computing is an efficient approach for signal processing. State of the art capabilities have already been demonstrated with both computer simulations and physical implementations. If photonic reservoir computing appears to be promising a solution for ultrafast nontrivial computing, all the implementations presented up to now require digital pre or post processing, which prevents them from exploiting their full potential, in particular in terms of processing speed. We address here the possibility to get rid simultaneously of both digital pre and post processing. The standalone fully analogue reservoir computer resulting from our endeavour is compared to previous experiments and only exhibits rather limited degradation of performances. Our experiment constitutes a proof of concept for standalone physical reservoir computers.
Effect of Upgraded Lignite Product Water Content on the Propensity for Spontaneous Ignition (2012)

The spontaneous ignition that occurs with upgraded lignite products is a concern for its storage, handling, and transportation. The Basket testing method and Oxidation Kinetics testing method were used to identify the propensity for upgraded lignite products to spontaneously ignite. The evaluation index for the Basket testing method was spontaneous ignition temperatures and duration. The fundamental evaluation index (I) for the Oxidation Kinetics testing method was used to evaluate the propensity for spontaneous ignition. For both testing methods, all three of the lignite samples (Huolinhe lignite, Hailaer lignite, and Indonesia lignite) showed that the propensity for spontaneous ignition decreased linearly with the increase in water content of the upgraded lignite product. Commonly used Chinese bituminous coals, which are not prone to spontaneous ignition, were used as a benchmark for determining the recommended water content for upgraded lignite products. For Huolinhe lignite, Hailaer lignite, and Indonesia lignite, the recommended water contents of the upgraded products are 6.53%, 4.28%, and 7.83%, respectively. The method that was developed to determine the recommended water content could be used to guide engineering design and operations when using upgraded lignite that is highly susceptible to spontaneous ignition.
Prognostic Value of EMT-inducing Transcription Factors (EMT-TFs) in Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2016)

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a vital control point in metastatic breast cancer (MBC). TWIST1, SNAIL1, SLUG, and ZEB1, as key EMT-inducing transcription factors (EMT-TFs), are involved in MBC through different signaling cascades. This updated meta-analysis was conducted to assess the correlation between the expression of EMT-TFs and prognostic value in MBC patients. A total of 3,218 MBC patients from fourteen eligible studies were evaluated. The pooled hazard ratios (HR) for EMT-TFs suggested that high EMT-TF expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis in MBC patients (HRs = 1.72; 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 1.53-1.93; P = 0.001). In addition, the overexpression of SLUG was the most impactful on the risk of MBC compared with TWIST1 and SNAIL1, which sponsored fixed models. Strikingly, the increased risk of MBC was less associated with ZEB1 expression. However, the EMT-TF expression levels significantly increased the risk of MBC in the Asian population (HR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.70-2.62) without any publication bias (t = 1.70, P = 0.11). These findings suggest that the overexpression of potentially TWIST1, SNAIL1 and especially SLUG play a key role in the aggregation of MBC treatment as well as in the improvement of follow-up plans in Asian MBC patients.
Pharmacological characterization of [3H]‐prostaglandin E2 binding to the cloned human EP4 prostanoid receptor (2000)

Prostaglandin (PG) E(2) (PGE(2)) is a potent prostanoid derived from arachidonic which can interact with EP(1), EP(2), EP(3) and EP(4) prostanoid receptor subtypes. Recombinant human EP(4) receptors expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells were evaluated for their binding characteristics using [(3)H]-PGE(2) and a broad panel of natural and synthetic prostanoids in order to define their pharmacological properties. [(3)H]-PGE(2) binding was optimal in 2-[N-Morpholino]ethanesulphonic acid (MES) buffer (pH 6.0) yielding 98+/-0.7% specific binding. The receptor displayed high affinity (K(d)=0.72+/-0.12 nM; n=3) for [(3)H]-PGE(2) and interacted with a saturable number of binding sites (B(max)=6.21+/-0.84 pmol mg(-1) protein). In competition studies, PGE(2) (K(i)=0.75+/-0.03 nM; n=12) and PGE(1) (K(i)=1.45+/-0.24 nM; n=3) displayed high affinities, as did two derivatives of PGE(1), namely 11-deoxy-PGE(1) (K(i)=1.36+/-0.34 nM) and 13,14-dihydro-PGE(1) (K(i)=3.07+/-0.29 nM). Interestingly, synthetic DP receptor-specific agonists such as BW245C (K(i)=64.7+/-1.0 nM; n=3) and ZK118182 (K(i)=425+/-42 nM; n=4), and the purported EP(3) receptor-specific ligand enprostil (K(i)=43.1+/-4.4 nM), also displayed high affinity for the EP(4) receptor. Two known EP(4) receptor antagonists were weak inhibitors of [(3)H]-PGE(2) binding akin to their known functional potencies, thus: AH23848 (K(i)=2690+/-232 nM); AH22921 (K(i)=31,800+/-4090 nM). These studies have provided a detailed pharmacological characterization of the recombinant human EP(4) receptor expressed in HEK-293 cells.
Introduction to Plant Disease Epidemiology (1990)

Epidemics and Plant Disease Epidemiology Monitoring Epidemics: Host Monitoring Epidemics: Environment Monitoring Epidemics: Pathogen Monitoring Epidemics: Disease Modeling and Data Analysis Temporal Analysis of Epidemics I Temporal Analysis of Epidemics Spatial Aspects of Plant Disease Epidemics I: Dispersal Gradients of Long Range Transport Spatial Aspects of Plant Disease Epidemics II: Analysis of Spatial Pattern Simulation Models of Plant Disease Designing Experiments and Sampling Crop Loss Assessment and Modelling Forecasting Plant Diseases.
The 33-kDa Platelet α-granule Membrane Protein (GMP-33) Is an N-terminal Proteolytic Fragment of Thrombospondin (2001)

GMP-33 is a platelet membrane associated protein that is recognised by RUU-SP 1.77, an antibody raised against activated platelets. GMP-33 is predominantly associated with the membrane of platelet alpha-granules and it is translocated to the plasma membrane upon platelet activation (Metzelaar et al. Blood 1992; 79: 372-9). In this study we have isolated the protein by immunoaffinity chromatography. The N-terminus was sequenced and was identical to the N-terminal sequence of human thrombospondin. The protein was N-glycosylated and bound to heparin as would be expected of the N-terminal part of thrombospondin. RUU-SP 1.77 reacted only with reduced thrombospondin. Plasmin and trypsin digestion of thrombospondin yielded fragments of approximately the same size as GMP 33 that reacted with RUU-SP 1.77 after reduction. No evidence for alternative splicing was found. We postulate that GMP 33 is an N-terminal proteolytic fragment of thrombospondin that is membrane associated.
Process Diagnostics of Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition of Titanium Nitride (1994)

Titanium nitride (TiN) films are grown on Ti-6Al-4V substrates with a cw CO2 laser and precursor gas mixtures of TiCl4, H2, and N2. In situ diagnostic techniques are applied to study the kinetics of this laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) process. Pulsed dye laser induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy is employed to obtain gas phase species concentrations at different instances relative to the processing laser. Multi-wavelength pyrometry is applied simultaneously to measure the substrate surface temperature. Post-processing materials analyses, namely, Stylus Profilometry and Auger Electron Spectroscopy yield growth rates and film compositions that are linked to the diagnostic results. Experiments are carried out for different laser powers and reactant gas pressures. Thus an empirical relationship between the growth rate and reactant partial pressures, the rate-controlling steps, and activation energy are determined.Titanium nitride (TiN) films are grown on Ti-6Al-4V substrates with a cw CO2 laser and precursor gas mixtures of TiCl4, H2, and N2. In situ diagnostic techniques are applied to study the kinetics of this laser chemical vapor deposition (LCVD) process. Pulsed dye laser induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy is employed to obtain gas phase species concentrations at different instances relative to the processing laser. Multi-wavelength pyrometry is applied simultaneously to measure the substrate surface temperature. Post-processing materials analyses, namely, Stylus Profilometry and Auger Electron Spectroscopy yield growth rates and film compositions that are linked to the diagnostic results. Experiments are carried out for different laser powers and reactant gas pressures. Thus an empirical relationship between the growth rate and reactant partial pressures, the rate-controlling steps, and activation energy are determined.
EVI2B , ATP2A2 , S100B , TM4SF3 , and OLFM4 As Potential Prognostic Markers for Postoperative Taiwanese Colorectal Cancer Patients (2011)

Undetected micrometastasis may play a key role in the early relapse of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The aim of this study was to detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs) for predicting early relapse of CRC patients by a weighted enzymatic chip array (WEnCA) and analyze 15 candidate genes associated with CRC carcinogenesis. The genes of 105 postoperative CRC patients were analyzed by membrane array and direct sequencing. We constructed a WEnCA platform including five prognosis-related genes and analyzed the detection rate of WEnCA for CTCs in 30 clinically confirmed CRC relapse patients. Postoperative relapse was significantly correlated with gene overexpression, including EVI2B (p=0.001, OR=4.622), ATP2A2 (p=0.006, OR=4.688), S100B (p=0.001, OR=11.521), TM4SF3 (p=0.001, OR=6.756), and OLFM4 (p=0.008, OR=3.545). Using WEnCA (weighting score of each gene: 5 to EVI2B, 5 to ATP2A2, 12 to S100B, 7 to TM4SF3, and 4 to OLFM4), we could detect CTCs presenting these genotypes in relapsed CRC patients. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 94.7%, 93.5%, and 97%, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that EVI2B, ATP2A2, S100B, TM4SF3, and OLFM4 could be potential prognostic markers for CRC patients.
Monitoring of Interferon Therapy by Assay of (2′-5′) Oligo-Isoadenylate Synthetase in Human Peripheral White Blood Cells (1981)

With the increasing number of patients undergoing experimental interferon therapy, there is a need for a method for monitoring how the patients respond to the drug. Interferon induces in cells exposed to it the accumulation of several enzymes, among them the (2'-5') oligo-A synthetase. A simple method previously developed was used to measure this enzyme in extracts of a small number of peripheral white blood cells. In 60 healthy volunteers, the enzyme level in the mononuclear cell fraction was found to be relatively high and constant. Daily intramuscular injections of 1--2 x 10(6) units leukocyte type interferon (IFN-alpha) increased the enzyme level 7--8 fold in mononuclear cells and in granulocytes. The enzyme stayed high until IFN injections were stopped. Patients with defective response to IFN were identified. We propose that this method be used for continuous monitoring of the patient's response whenever interferon therapy is undertaken.
Comparison of the efficacy of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin in achieving lipid goals: results from the STELLAR trial (2003)

In the Statin Therapies for Elevated Lipid Levels compared Across doses to Rosuvastatin (STELLAR) trial, the efficacy of rosuvastatin calcium (Crestor) was compared with that of atorvastatin (Lipitor), simvastatin (Zocor), and pravastatin (Pravachol) for lowering plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) after 6 weeks of treatment. In this multicenter, parallel-group, open-label trial, adults with hypercholesterolemia were randomized to treatments with rosuvastatin 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg, atorvastatin 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg, simvastatin 10, 20, 40, or 80 mg, or pravastatin 10, 20, or 40 mg. Efficacy and safety results from this trial have been previously published. The additional analyses included in this report show that 53% (83/156) to 80% (125/157) of patients in the rosuvastatin 10- to 40-mg groups achieved LDL-C levels < 100 mg/dl (< 2.6 mmol/l), compared with 18% (28/158) to 70% (115/165) of patients who received atorvastatin, 8% (13/165) to 53% (86/163) of patients who received simvastatin, and 1% (1/160) to 8% (13/161) of patients who received pravastatin. Other additional analyses showed that more patients in the rosuvastatin 10- to 40-mg groups than in the comparator groups who were at high risk of coronary heart disease according to National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III, Joint European Societies, or Canadian guidelines achieved the LDL-C goals of < 100 mg/dl (< 2.6 mmol/l) (55% to 77% compared with 0 to 64%), < 3.0 mmol/l (< 116 mg/dl) (76% to 94% compared with 6% to 81%), and < 2.5 mmol/l (< 97 mg/dl) (47% to 69% compared with 0 to 53%), respectively. Results favoring rosuvastatin versus the comparators were also reported for patients: (a) who had triglycerides > or = 200mg/dl (> or = 2.3 mmol/l), and achieved both ATP III LDL-C and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) goals (80% to 84% versus 15% to 84%); (b) overall who achieved the Canadian LDL-C goals of < 2.5 (< 97 mg/dl) to < 5.0 mmol/l (< 193 mg/dl) (85% to 91% versus 44% to 86%); and (c) who achieved all 3 Canadian goals for LDL-C, triglycerides (< 3.0 mmol/l [< 266 mg/dl] to < 2.0 mmol/l [< 177 mg/dl]), and the total cholesterol/high-density lipoproteincholesterol ratio (< 4 to < 7) (70% to 83% versus 35% to 79%).
Integration of a low frequency, tunable MEMS piezoelectric energy harvester and a thick film micro capacitor as a power supply system for wireless sensor nodes (2009)

This work presents an integration approach towards manufacturing a MEMS piezoelectric vibration energy harvester and an electrochemical capacitor on the same substrate. Vibration energy harvesters have been fabricated to resonate at low frequencies, matching ambient vibrations found abundantly in buildings. For cost-effective resonance tuning, a direct write dispenser printer can be used to print additional mass at the tips of the beams, and is also used to deposit a capacitor in the open space surrounding the beam. The implementation of a power supply on a single platform is of great value especially for autonomous wireless sensors with long lifetime and small device volume requirements.
Analysis Experiences Using Information Visualization (2004)

Professional analysts deal with a high volume of information and must constantly work to separate out the valuable data. However, analysts have difficulty determining what data is useful without reading or skimming almost all returned documents from a search. This presents them with a difficult tradeoff. Searching information broadly returns hundreds or thousands of documents. We present lessons learned from an observational study of the application of the InSpire visually oriented text exploitation system in an operational analysis environment.