gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A conceptual study of OFDM-based multiple access schemes: Part 3 - Performance evaluation of a coded system (1996)

This paper is part of a conceptual study of a multiuser OFDM system. In previous reports we have examined requirements for the air interface and presented uncoded performance (in terms of bit error rate) for the uplink of such systems. In this report we adopt the user allocation structure from the previous parts of the study and examine the role of channel coding. We present performance simulations that illustrate the effects of a convolutional code exploiting channel diversity, and channel estimator performance exploiting the channel correlation.
The gene encoding the common alpha subunit of the four human glycoprotein hormones. (1981)

The gene encoding the common alpha subunit of the four human glycoprotein hormones, chorionic gonadotropin (CG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), has been cloned in a bacteriophage lambda vector. Restriction endonuclease digestion of total human DNA suggests that the common alpha subunit is coded for by a single gene. Three distinct polymorphic hybridization patterns have been observed for this gene in the human population. The cloned gene encompasses a total of 9.4 kilobases (kb) and contains three intervening sequences whose locations have been established by restriction enzyme mapping and by DNA sequencing. One of the intervening sequences is located in the 5' untranslated region, generating a leader sequence that is separated from the rest of the gene by 6.4 kb. The other two intervening sequences are 1.7 and 0.4 kb long and are located within codon number 6, and between codons 67 and 68, respectively. The location of the 5' end of the mature transcript has been established by priming placental mRNA with a restriction fragment obtained from the cloned cDNA. A transcript of similar size for the alpha subunit gene has been detected in both the pituitary, where the gene is expressed for the synthesis of LH, FSH, and TSH, and the placenta, where the gene is expressed for the synthesis of CG. When parts of the 5' untranslated nucleotide sequences of the alpha subunit and the human growth hormone genes are compared a highly homologous region is observed. These otherwise unrelated genes share the common feature that they encode a secreted pituitary polypeptide hormone.
The Intracellular Localization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lectins (1983)

The localization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lectins (PA-I and PA-II) was studied using methods of osmotic shock, freezing and thawing and spheroplast formation. Very slight release of the two lectins occurred when P. aeruginosa was exposed to magnesium-osmotic shock or was frozen and thawed. Under these conditions, release of the periplasmic 5'-nucleotidase occurred, whereas no release of cytoplasmic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was detected. Formation of spheroplasts from P. aeruginosa by gradual removal of the bacterial envelopes revealed low lectin activity in the treatment fluids. Osmotic shock treatment of the lysozyme treated mureinoplasts resulted in low release of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the two lectins (10-13%) and a considerable activity (38.4%) of 5'-nucleotidase. The presence of the lectins on the outer and the cytoplasmic membranes enabled intact cells and spheroplasts of P. aeruginosa to agglutinate papain-treated human erythrocytes. These results indicate that the two lectins are located mainly in the cytoplasm with small fractions on the cytoplasmic and outer membranes and in the periplasmic space.
Menopause and the skin (2001)

Women live one-third of their lives in the post-menopausal state. Significant hormonal alterations occur at the time of menopause, leading to a range of physiological disorders affecting multiple organ systems in the body. The effects of menopause on the skin have been underresearched. Many skin changes occur at the time of menopause and the cutaneous effects of hormone replacement therapy are significant. Menopausal changes in hormones may alter the biomechanical properties of the skin and certain disorders are more common in menopausal women, such as lichen sclerosus, atrophic vulvovaginitis, flushing and dysaesthetic vulvodynia. Hair and oral changes may also be associated. As the average life expectancy increases, dermatologists need to be familiar with skin diseases affecting women in this age group.
Biosynthesis of Phytosterol Esters: Identification of a Sterol O-Acyltransferase in Arabidopsis (2007)

Fatty acyl esters of phytosterols are a major form of sterol conjugates distributed in many parts of plants. In this study we report an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene, AtSAT1 (At3g51970), which encodes for a novel sterol O-acyltransferase. When expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), AtSAT1 mediated production of sterol esters enriched with lanosterol. Enzyme property assessment using cell-free lysate of yeast expressing AtSAT1 suggested the enzyme preferred cycloartenol as acyl acceptor and saturated fatty acyl-Coenyzme A as acyl donor. Taking a transgenic approach, we showed that Arabidopsis seeds overexpressing AtSAT1 accumulated fatty acyl esters of cycloartenol, accompanied by substantial decreases in ester content of campesterol and beta-sitosterol. Furthermore, fatty acid components of sterol esters from the transgenic lines were enriched with saturated and long-chain fatty acids. The enhanced AtSAT1 expression resulted in decreased level of free sterols, but the total sterol content in the transgenic seeds increased by up to 60% compared to that in wild type. We conclude that AtSAT1 mediates phytosterol ester biosynthesis, alternative to the route previously described for phospholipid:sterol acyltransferase, and provides the molecular basis for modification of phytosterol ester level in seeds.
An 8gb multi-level NAND flash memory with 63nm STI CMOS process technology (2005)

An 8 Gb multi-level NAND flash memory is fabricated in a 63 nm CMOS technology with shallow trench isolation. The cell and chip sizes are 0.02 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ and 133 mm/sup 2/, respectively. Performance improves to 4.4 MB/s by using the 2/spl times/ program mode and by decreasing the cycle time from 50 ns to 30 ns. This also improves the read throughput to 23 MB/s.
HDL Cholesterol, Very Low Levels of LDL Cholesterol, and Cardiovascular Events (2007)

In this post hoc analysis, HDL cholesterol levels were predictive of major cardiovascular events in patients treated with statins. This relationship was also observed among patients with LDL cholesterol levels below 70 mg per deciliter. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00327691 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
Molecular Analysis of Maleatecis-transIsomerase from Thermophilic Bacteria (2000)

Several strains of thermophilic bacteria containing maleate cis-trans isomerase were isolated from soil samples and identified as Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus brevis, and Deleya halophila. The maleate cis-trans isomerase was purified and characterized from one of the isolated strains, B. stearothermophilus MI-102. The purified enzyme of strain MI-102 showed higher thermal stability than the enzyme of a mesophile, Alcaligenes faecalis IFO13111. The seven maleate cis-trans isomerase genes (maiA) of thermophile were cloned and sequenced. B. stearothemophilus MI-102 MaiA has 67% amino acid identity with A. faecalis MaiA. All eight amino acid sequences of maiA gene products had significant conserved regions containing cysteine residues, which were previously suggested to be involved in an active site of the enzyme. To probe the catalytic mechanism, three cysteine residues in the conserved regions of A. faecalis MaiA were replaced with serine by site-directed mutagenesis. The results suggest that Cys80 and Cys198 play important roles in the enzyme activity.
Sequence‐Specific Recognition and Modification of Double‐Helical DNA by Oligonucleotides (1993)

Abstract Nucleic acids can be selectively recognized by a large number of natural and synthetic ligands. Oligonucleotides provide the highest specificity of recognition. They can bind to a complementary single‐stranded sequence by forming Watson–Crick hydrogen bonds. They can also recognize the major groove of double‐helical DNA at specific sequences by forming Hoogsteen or reverse Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds with purine bases of the Watson‐Crick base pairs, resulting in a triple helix. Triple‐helix formation through oligonucleotide binding to DNA is a sequence–specific interaction involving primarily homopurine·homopyrimidine sequences in the double‐helical target. Extending the range of recognition sequences remains a challenge to chemists. Both thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for triplex formation have been determined. These parameters indicate, for example, that triple‐helix formation is a much slower process than duplex formation. Nuclease‐resistant oligonucleotides synthesized with the anomers of nucleosides (instead of the natural β‐anomers) also form triple helices with double–stranded DNA. Triple‐helix‐forming oligonucleotides can be modified, for example, by attaching DNA intercalating agents to enhance their binding affinity. They may also be modified with reagents that induce irreversible reactions in their target sequence upon chemical or photochemical activation. Thus, artificial nucleases can be developed with very high sequence specificity on megabase‐size DNA. Furthermore, triple‐helix‐forming oligonucleotides can be used to selectively control gene expression. When bound to the regulatory region(s) of specific genes they may prevent activation (or repression) of transcription. When binding occurs near or downstream from the transcription initiation site, elongation of the transcript may be inhibited. Therefore, the potential exists for developing new gene‐blocking agents with therapeutic applications in the treatment of gene disorders.
Electron mobility in inversion and accumulation layers on thermally oxidized silicon surfaces (1980)

Accurate modeling of MOS devices requires quantitative knowledge of carrier mobilities in surface inversion and accumulation layers. Optimization of device structures and accurate circuit simulation, particulary as technologies push toward fundamental limits, necessitate an understanding of how impurity doping levels, oxide charge densities, process techniques, and applied electric fields affect carrier surface mobilities. It is the purpose of this paper to present an extensive set experimental results on the behavior of electron surface mobility in thermally oxidized silicon structures. Empirical equations are developed which allow the calculation of electron mobility under a wide variety of substrate, process, and electrical conditions. The experimental results are interpreted in terms of the dominant physical mechanisms responsible for mobility degradation at the Si/SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> interface. From the observed effects of process parameters on mobility roll-off under high vertical fields, conclusions are drawn about optimum process conditions for maximizing mobility. The implications of this work for performance limits of several types of MOS devices are described.
WT1 (Wilms' Tumor Gene 1): Biology and Cancer Immunotherapy (2010)

Wilms' tumor gene WT1 encodes a transcription factor and plays an important role in cell growth and differentiation. The WT1 gene is highly expressed in leukemia and various types of solid tumors, whereas WT1 is a tumor marker convenient for the detection of minimal residual disease of leukemia. The WT1 gene was originally defined as a tumor suppressor gene, but we proposed that it was, on the contrary, an oncogene. Furthermore, the WT1 protein has proven to be a promising tumor-associated antigen, in which many human leukocyte antigen class I- or II-restricted WT1 epitopes have been identified. Clinical trials of WT1-targeted immunotherapy have confirmed its safety and clinical efficacy. WT1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and WT1 antibodies are spontaneously induced in tumor-bearing patients, probably because of high immunogenicity of the WT1 protein. WT1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes make a major contribution to the graft-versus-leukemia effect after allogenic stem cell transplantation. When 75 cancer antigens including WT1 were prioritized according to several criteria such as therapeutic function and immunogenicity, WT1 was ranked as the top antigen. These findings suggest that a new era of WT1 immunotherapy is imminent.
Detection of adeno-associated virus type 2 in sorted human bone marrow progenitor cells. (1997)

Wild-type adeno-associated virus (wtAAV) is a helper-dependent human parvovirus which has the ability to integrate into the genome of a wide variety of human cells, including those of the hemopoietic lineages. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is becoming a good candidate for virally mediated gene therapy. rAAV is likely to be a safe vector in clinical gene transfer, as it has never been associated with any disease despite previous studies showing that up to 70% of adults are seropositive for wtAAV. Seroconversion appears to occur early in life. wtAAV is an upper respiratory tract virus that is gut secreted, but little is known about the integration of latent wtAAV in hemopoietic lineages. Unlike retroviruses, which have been the most common vehicles for gene transfer to date, wtAAV appears to have a preferred integration site in the target cell which has been termed AAVS1. Several studies have shown that wtAAV can only integrate into only one of the pair of chromosome 19 in a cell. This may have implications for the use of rAAV in gene transfer because patients with latent virus would be refractory to further infection with rAAV. We used a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect the presence of wtAAV in the bone marrow samples from 106 patients who presented at our institution. We were able to detect the presence of integrated virus in 18 whole marrow samples. Subsequently CD34+ and CD3+ cell subsets were sorted from the cryopreserved marrow of three PCR-positive individuals to assess integration of virus in these cell lineages. In all three samples tested, we were unable to detect wtAAV virus in the CD34+ hematological precursor cells, but a detectable level of integrated viral DNA was demonstrated in the CD3+ cell fraction. Our findings therefore suggest that CD34+ cells might remain a good target for rAAV-mediated gene transfer despite previous wtAAV infection.
Tissue expression and biochemical characterization of human 2‐amino 3‐carboxymuconate 6‐semialdehyde decarboxylase, a key enzyme in tryptophan catabolism (2007)

2-amino 3-carboxymuconate 6-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD, EC 4.1.1.45) plays a key role in tryptophan catabolism. By diverting 2-amino 3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde from quinolinate production, the enzyme regulates NAD biosynthesis from the amino acid, directly affecting quinolinate and picolinate formation. ACMSD is therefore an attractive therapeutic target for treating disorders associated with increased levels of tryptophan metabolites. Through an isoform-specific real-time PCR assay, the constitutive expression of two alternatively spliced ACMSD transcripts (ACMSD I and II) has been examined in human brain, liver and kidney. Both transcripts are present in kidney and liver, with highest expression occurring in kidney. In brain, no ACMSD II expression is detected, and ACMSD I is present at very low levels. Cloning of the two cDNAs in yeast expression vectors and production of the recombinant proteins, revealed that only ACMSD I is endowed with enzymatic activity. After purification to homogeneity, this enzyme was found to be a monomer, with a broad pH optimum ranging from 6.5 to 8.0, a K(m) of 6.5 microM, and a k(cat) of 1.0 s(-1). ACMSD I is inhibited by quinolinic acid, picolinic acid and kynurenic acid, and it is activated slightly by Fe(2+) and Co(2+). Site-directed mutagenesis experiments confirmed the catalytic role of residues, conserved in all ACMSDs so far characterized, which in the bacterial enzyme participate directly in the metallocofactor binding. Even so, the properties of the human enzyme differ significantly from those reported for the bacterial counterpart, suggesting that the metallocofactor is buried deep within the protein and not as accessible as it is in bacterial ACMSD.
Induction of Primary Virus-Cross-Reactive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Neutralizing Antibodies in Small Animals by Using an Alphavirus-Derived In Vivo Expression System (2003)

We have studied the induction of neutralizing antibodies by in vivo expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope by using a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) replicon system with mice and rabbits. The HIV-1 envelope, clone R2, has broad sensitivity to cross-reactive neutralization and was obtained from a donor with broadly cross-reactive, primary virus-neutralizing antibodies (donor of reference serum, HIV-1-neutralizing serum 2 [HNS2]). It was expressed as gp160, as secreted gp140, and as gp160deltaCT with the cytoplasmic tail deleted. gp140 was expressed in vitro at a high level and was predominantly uncleaved oligomer. gp160deltaCT was released by cells in the form of membrane-bound vesicles. gp160deltaCT induced stronger neutralizing responses than the other forms. Use of a helper plasmid for replicon particle packaging, in which the VEE envelope gene comprised a wild-type rather than a host range-adapted sequence, also enhanced immunogenicity. Neutralizing activity fractionated with immunoglobulin G. This activity was cross-reactive among a panel of five nonhomologous primary clade B strains and a Chinese clade C strain and minimally reactive against a Chinese clade E (circulating recombinant form 1) strain. The comparative neutralization of these strains by immune mouse sera was similar to the relative neutralizing effects of HNS2, and responses induced in rabbits were similar to those induced in mice. Together, these results demonstrate that neutralizing antibody responses can be induced in mice within 2 to 3 months that are similar in potency and cross-reactivity to those found in the chronically infected, long-term nonprogressive donor of HNS2. These findings support the expectation that induction of highly cross-reactive HIV-1 primary virus-neutralizing activity by vaccination may be realized.
Calcium Influx via the NMDA Receptor Induces Immediate Early Gene Transcription by a MAP Kinase/ERK-Dependent Mechanism (1996)

The regulation of gene expression by neurotransmitters is likely to play a key role in neuroplasticity both during development and in the adult animal. Therefore, it is important to determine the mechanisms of neuronal gene regulation to understand fully the mechanisms of learning, memory, and other long-term adaptive changes in neurons. The neurotransmitter glutamate stimulates rapid and transient induction of many genes, including the c-fos proto-oncogene. The c-fos promoter contains several critical regulatory elements, including the serum response element (SRE), that mediate glutamate-induced transcription in neurons; however, the mechanism by which the SRE functions in neurons has not been defined. In this study, we sought to identify transcription factors that mediate glutamate induction of transcription through the SRE in cortical neurons and to elucidate the mechanism(s) of transcriptional activation by these factors. To facilitate this analysis, we developed an improved calcium phosphate coprecipitation procedure to transiently introduce DNA into primary neurons, both efficiently and consistently. Using this protocol, we demonstrate that the transcription factors serum response factor (SRF) and Elk-1 can mediate glutamate induction of transcription through the SRE in cortical neurons. There are at least two distinct pathways by which glutamate signals through the SRE: an SRF-dependent pathway that can operate in the absence of Elk and an Elk-dependent pathway. Activation of the Elk-dependent pathway of transcription seems to require phosphorylation of Elk-1 by extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), providing evidence for a physiological function of ERKs in glutamate signaling in neurons. Taken together, these findings suggest that SRF, Elk, and ERKs may have important roles in neuroplasticity.
Monte Carlo localization: efficient position estimation for mobile robots (1999)

This paper presents a new algorithm for mobile robot localization, called Monte Carlo Localization (MCL). MCL is a version of Markov localization, a family of probabilistic approaches that have recently been applied with great practical success. However, previous approaches were either computationally cumbersome (such as grid-based approaches that represent the state space by high-resolution 3D grids), or had to resort to extremely coarse-grained resolutions. Our approach is computationally efficient while retaining the ability to represent (almost) arbitrary distributions. MCL applies sampling-based methods for approximating probability distributions, in a way that places computation &amp;quot;where needed.&amp;quot; The number of samples is adapted on-line, thereby invoking large sample sets only when necessary. Empirical results illustrate that MCL yields improved accuracy while requiring an order of magnitude less computation when compared to previous approaches. It is also much easier to implement....
The physiology of lactic acid production by Lactobacillus delbreuckii in a cell recycle fermenter (2022)

The physiology of lactic acid production by Lactobacillus deZbreuckii NRRL B-445 in a continuous fermenter with partial cell recycle has been studied and compared with that observed in a conventional chemostat .Increased formation of ethanol and acetate occurred in the recycle fermenter although lactic acid remained the major product. The yield of lactic acid from biomass and the molar product ratio, lactate: ethanol + acetate, decreased with increasing recycle ratio. The volumetric productivity of lactic acid was enhanced in the recycle fermenter due to the complete utilization of glucose, the greatest productivity (12.1 Gl 1 h-1 at D=0.3 h-1) being achieved using the lowest recycle ratio (0.5). The change in product profile was phenotypic in nature and due to glucose limitation. The specific activity of lactate dehydrogenase and the specific rate of ATP formation were maintained during cell recycle fermentation. The cellular content of polysaccharide, protein, carbon and nitrogen also remained constant and culture viability was maintained. The biomass growth yield was reduced with increasing recycle ratio. A simple mathematical model was derived which described the biomass concentration produced in the recycle fermenter at steady state over a five-fold range of concentrating effect. The derived model included a constant specific rate of glucose consumption for non-anabolic (e. g. maintenance) functions. The results suggest that catabolism and anabolism were less closely coupled in the cell recycle fermenter than in the conventional chemostrat.