gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CloudNaaS (2011)

Enterprises today face several challenges when hosting line-of-business applications in the cloud. Central to many of these challenges is the limited support for control over cloud network functions, such as, the ability to ensure security, performance guarantees or isolation, and to flexibly interpose middleboxes in application deployments. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a novel cloud networking system called CloudNaaS. Customers can leverage CloudNaaS to deploy applications augmented with a rich and extensible set of network functions such as virtual network isolation, custom addressing, service differentiation, and flexible interposition of various middleboxes. CloudNaaS primitives are directly implemented within the cloud infrastructure itself using high-speed programmable network elements, making CloudNaaS highly efficient. We evaluate an OpenFlow-based prototype of CloudNaaS and find that it can be used to instantiate a variety of network functions in the cloud, and that its performance is robust even in the face of large numbers of provisioned services and link/device failures.
Clathrate formation by and self-assembled supramolecular structures of a “molecular spring” (2000)

The inclusion properties and self-assembly of racemic and optically active helicenediols have been thoroughly investigated. The racemic helicenediol (PM-1) crystallizes with ethanol or 1,2-dichloroethane in different host–guest stoichiometric ratios to form (PM-1)·(ethanol) or (PM-1)2·(1,2-dichloroethane), respectively. Single crystal X-ray analyses of the clathrates show that the helicenediol 1 has greater flexibility to accommodate guest molecules than might have been anticipated. The helical pitch of the helicenediol, which controls the interplanar angle between the terminal thiophene rings, ranges from 38.0, for the ethanol clathrate, to 54.5° for the 1,2-dichloroethane clathrate. This represents an increase of 16.5° or 44%. Testosterone is selectively incorporated into the left-handed helicenediol (M-1) to afford a 1∶1 inclusion complex, (M-1)·(testosterone), in which the interplanar angle decreases from 54.5 to 46.2°. Without guest molecules, racemic helicenediols self-assemble through a unique supramolecular network of hydrogen bonds to form an alternate-leaf motif, while right-handed helicenediols form a four-leaf clover motif in projection. In the self-assembled structures, the interplanar angle of the helicenediol 1 changes from 44.7, for the racemic case, to 33.8° for the right-handed helical case. All of the above evidence points to the surprising conclusion that helicenediol 1 can expand and contract as a “molecular spring”. The maximum elongation of the spring is about 61%.
Studies on the Inhibition of Synthesis of the Tyrosine-rich Proteins of Wool (1975)

Three treatments known to produce weak wool were imposed on sheep, and the effects on the synthesis of high-tyrosine wool proteins were noted. The treatments were: intravenous infusion of the amino acid mimosine (a potential chemical defleecing agent), intravenous injection of the synthetic steroid Opticortenol (dexamethasone-21-trimethylacetate), and the abomasal infusion of methionine into sheep consuming a diet of wheat. All three treatments caused a partial suppression of high-tyrosine protein synthesis. The inhibition caused by mimosine could not be prevented by the simultaneous infusion of tyrosine or phenylalanine, suggesting that in this system mimosine is not acting as a tyrosine antagonist. The role of phenylalanine in controlling the synthesis of the high-tyrosine proteins in wool was also investigated. Although the infusion of an amino acid mixture minus phenylalanine reduces the level of these proteins, supplements of phenylalanine or tyrosine do not stimulate their synthesis, irrespective of the initial level in the fibre. The improtance of aromatic amino acids in the regulation of the high-tyrosine proteins is therefore uncertain. Suppression of the high-tyrosine proteins is usually accompanied by a stimulation in the synthesis of the ultra-high-sulphur proteins, although there does not seem to be a simple stoichiometric relationship between the two protein types.
Effect of Feeding Frequency and Romet‐Medicated Feed on Survival, Antibody Response, and Weight Gain of Fingerling Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus after Natural Exposure to Edwardsiella ictaluri (1998)

Abstract The efficacy of restrictive feeding regimes and Romet®‐medicated feed (formulated at 40.5‐mg Romet‐30 premix/kg feed) fed at 2.0% body weight was evaluated under field trial conditions for the treatment of naturally induced Edwardsiella ictaluri infections in fingerling channel catfish. After detection of an Edwardsiella ictaluri epizootic, fish were fed medicated and non‐medicated feed every day, every other day and every third day for the duration of the experiment. In addition, experimental treatments also included fish that were completely withheld from feed and those provided Romet‐medicated feed for five consecutive days followed by non‐medicated feed fed daily. Feeding frequency and diet significantly affected survival and weight gain. Survival was greatest among fish that were completely withheld from feed or that were fed medicated feed every other or every third day. The use of non‐medicated feed every other or every third day was equally as effective for reducing Edwardsiella ictaluri associated mortalities as feeding Romet‐medicated feed on a daily basis. Feeding fish Romet‐medicated feed for five consecutive days was not an effective treatment. Agglutinating antibody titers against Edwardsiella ictaluri were significantly lower in all groups of fish fed Romet‐medicated feed for the duration of the experiment. These data indicate that feeding frequency is a primary factor affecting the severity of Edwardsiella ictaluri infection and that prolonged consumption of Romet‐medicated feed may suppress antibody production.
Potent, synergistic inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus upon exposure to a combination of the endopeptidase lysostaphin and the cationic peptide ranalexin (2007)

Combination of lysostaphin with ranalexin resulted in potent, synergistic inhibition of S. aureus MSSA476 and MRSA252. Synergistic inhibition was specific for lysostaphin-susceptible staphylococci and was not observed with clinical isolates of the Gram-negative Escherichia coli, or other Gram-positive organisms, such as Enterococcus faecalis. Lysostaphin was not specifically synergistic with ranalexin alone. Synergy was also observed with two other cationic antimicrobial peptides, magainin 2 and dermaseptin s3(1-16); although combination with ranalexin was most potent. Synergistic inhibition by ranalexin in combination with lysostaphin resulted in an enhanced bactericidal effect. Importantly, synergy between lysostaphin and ranalexin was also observed after impregnation and drying in filter paper discs that clearly inhibited growth of S. aureus on the surface of agar; a solid, porous matrix. Thus, the combination could represent a novel route to target wounds infected with drug-resistant MRSA via dressings impregnated with the two compounds.
The spectrum efficiency of a base station antenna array system for spatially selective transmission (2002)

The goal of this paper is to estimate the gain, in terms of system capacity at a given outage probability, which can be obtained by applying antenna arrays in the base stations of a mobile cellular network. For this purpose a propagation model which incorporates the angular distribution of the rays in the vicinity of the mobile is postulated. Also included in the model is the interference from co-channel cells. With the aid of the model, a weight selection algorithm is derived. The proposed system is simulated with different numbers of mobiles per channel in each cell and different numbers of antenna elements in the arrays. Also varied is the cluster size. This is done to determine the optimal trade-off between reduced cluster size and multiple mobiles per channel in each cell. The results show that it is possible to increase capacity between two and twelve times depending on the number of antennas in the arrays and the spread of the local scattering. >
Role of Antibody and Complement in the Immune Clearance and Destruction of Erythrocytes I. IN VIVO EFFECTS OF IgG AND IgM COMPLEMENT-FIXING SITES (1972)

A model which permits evaluation in molecular terms of the role of antibody and of complement in the immune destruction of erythrocytes was established in the guinea pig. IgM and IgG immunoglobulins were isolated from rabbit anti-guinea pig erythrocyte antisera and were used to sensitize (51)Cr-labeled guinea pig erythrocytes. The average number of complement-fixing sites per erythrocyte formed by antibody was determined for each of the various preparations by the Cla fixation and transfer test. The rate of clearance and of organ localization was determined for cells sensitized with either IgM or IgG antibodies, and dose-response curves were established in normal guinea pigs and guinea pigs with a genetically controlled, complete absence of the fourth component of complement (C4). At least 60 complement-fixing sites per cell were required for accelerated clearance of IgM-sensitized erythrocytes. The bulk of cells with IgM sites were cleared by the liver within 5 min after injection and were then slowly returned to the circulation where they survived normally. There was no accelerated clearance whatsoever of IgM-sensitized erythrocytes in C4-deficient guinea pigs. As few as 1.4 IgG complement-fixing sites per cell resulted in decreased erythrocyte survival. There was no evidence of immediate tissue sequestration and release. Progressive trapping and destruction of erythrocytes by the spleen was responsible for most of the clearance of IgG-sensitized cells. Clearance of IgG-sensitized cells was markedly impaired in guinea pigs with C4 deficiency; however, there was some decrease over normal survival. The data indicate that IgG and IgM antibodies interact with complement in vivo by mechanisms which are qualitatively or quantitatively different and produce different biologic effects.
Localization of the C terminus of the assembly domain of hepatitis B virus capsid protein: Implications for morphogenesis and organization of encapsidated RNA (1997)

The capsid protein of hepatitis B virus, consisting of an "assembly" domain (residues 1-149) and an RNA-binding "protamine" domain (residues 150-183), assembles from dimers into icosahedral capsids of two different sizes. The C terminus of the assembly domain (residues 140-149) functions as a morphogenetic switch, longer C termini favoring a higher proportion of the larger capsids, it also connects the protamine domain to the capsid shell. We now have defined the location of this peptide in capsids assembled in vitro by engineering a mutant assembly domain with a single cysteine at its C terminus (residue 150), labeling it with a gold cluster and visualizing the cluster by cryo-electron microscopy. The labeled protein is unimpaired in its ability to form capsids. Our density map reveals a single undecagold cluster under each fivefold and quasi-sixfold vertex, connected to sites at either end of the undersides of the dimers. Considering the geometry of the vertices, the C termini must be more crowded at the fivefolds. Thus, a bulky C terminus would be expected to favor formation of the larger (T = 4) capsids, which have a greater proportion of quasi-sixfolds. Capsids assembled by expressing the full-length protein in Escherichia coli package bacterial RNAs in amounts equivalent to the viral pregenome. Our density map of these capsids reveals a distinct inner shell of density-the RNA. The RNA is connected to the protein shell via the C-terminal linkers and also makes contact around the dimer axes.
Ghost imaging with partially coherent light in turbulent atmosphere (2010)

Ghost imaging in the presence of turbulent atmosphere in both arms of the arrangement is predicted to show the improvement if the propagation distances from the source are sufficiently large. For intermediate distances from the source ghost images are very weak or unavailable.
Clinical evidence for use of acetyl salicylic acid in control of flushing related to nicotinic acid treatment (2006)

Nicotinic acid (NA) is highly effective and widely used in the management of dyslipidaemia. For many patients, the side effect of flushing of the face and upper body leads to discontinuation. Flushing with NA is mediated by prostaglandins, and as acetyl salicylic acid (ASA, 'aspirin') is a highly effective inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, there is a rationale for its use to prevent or reduce the severity of NA-related flushing. This literature survey identified four studies specifically exploring the utility of ASA in preventing NA-related flushing in healthy volunteers. Twenty-three NA studies, where ASA was mandatory or optional within the protocol, and four studies, where background ASA therapy was reported in most participants, were also identified. Although the incidence of flushing in studies using ASA was often high, discontinuation rates due to flushing were low (mean 7.7%). This figure compares favourably with discontinuation rates with NA commonly reported in the literature (up to approximately 40%). There is good supportive evidence for the use of ASA in reducing the severity of NA-related flushing.
The application of genetically engineered herpes simplex viruses to the treatment of experimental brain tumors. (1996)

Due to lack of effective therapy, primary brain tumors are the focus of intense investigation of novel experimental approaches that use vectors and recombinant viruses. Therapeutic approaches have been both indirect, whereby vectors are used, or direct to allow for direct cell killing by the introduced virus. Genetically engineered herpes simplex viruses are currently being evaluated as an experimental approach to eradicate malignant human gliomas. Initial studies with gamma (1)34.5 mutants, R3616 (from which both copies of the gamma (1)34.5 gene have been deleted) and R4009 (a construct with two stop codons inserted into the gamma (1)34.5 gene), have been assessed. In a syngeneic scid mouse intracranial tumor model, recombinant herpes simplex virus can be experimentally used for the treatment of brain tumors. These viruses and additional engineered viruses were subsequently tested in human glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Using a xenogeneic scid mouse intracranial glioma model, R4009 therapy of established tumors significantly prolonged survival. Most importantly, long-term survival was achieved, with histologic evidence that R4009 eradicated intracranial tumors in this model. Furthermore, the opportunity to evaluate gamma (1)34.5 mutants that have enhanced oncolytic activity, e.g., R8309 where the carboxyl terminus of the gamma (1)34.5 gene has been replaced by the murine homologue, MyD116, are considered.
Involvement of the Proinflammatory Cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 But Not IL-8 in the Development of Heat Hyperalgesia: Effects on Heat-Evoked Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Release from Rat Skin (2000)

Proinflammatory cytokines contribute to the development of inflammatory and neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia in many in vivo models. The rat skin model was used to investigate the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on the basal and heat-evoked release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from nociceptors in vitro. In contrast to the excitatory effects of cytokines observed in vivo, none of the cytokines tested evoked any calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release at normal skin temperature of 32 degrees C. However, the cytokines IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-6 but not IL-8 induced a pronounced and transient sensitization of the heat-evoked CGRP release from nociceptors in vitro. This heat sensitization was dose dependent, with EC(50) for IL-1 beta of 2.7 ng/ml and for TNF-alpha of 3.1 ng/ml. The maximum IL-1 beta effect reached almost 600% of the heat-evoked release, and the maximum TNF-alpha effect induced a rise in CGRP release of 350%. In contrast to IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha, IL-6 did not induce heat sensitization when applied alone but was only effective in the presence of soluble IL-6 receptor. This suggests a constitutive expression of signaling receptors for TNF and IL-1 beta and the signal transduction molecule gp130 but not IL-6 receptor or IL-8 receptor. Furthermore, the acute cytokine signaling observed in the present study was independent of transcriptional pathways because sensitization occurred on short latency in vitro and under conditions that excluded chemotactic accumulation of immune cells from blood vessels. Our results demonstrate that interleukins may play an important role in the initiation of heat hyperalgesia in inflammation and neuropathy.
Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of a Human 4′-Phosphopantetheinyl Transferase with Broad Substrate Specificity (2003)

A single candidate 4'-phosphopantetheine transferase, identified by BLAST searches of the human genome sequence data base, has been cloned, expressed, and characterized. The human enzyme, which is expressed mainly in the cytosolic compartment in a wide range of tissues, is a 329-residue, monomeric protein. The enzyme is capable of transferring the 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety of coenzyme A to a conserved serine residue in both the acyl carrier protein domain of the human cytosolic multifunctional fatty acid synthase and the acyl carrier protein associated independently with human mitochondria. The human 4'-phosphopantetheine transferase is also capable of phosphopantetheinylation of peptidyl carrier and acyl carrier proteins from prokaryotes. The same human protein also has recently been implicated in phosphopantetheinylation of the alpha-aminoadipate semialdehyde dehydrogenase involved in lysine catabolism (Praphanphoj, V., Sacksteder, K. A., Gould, S. J., Thomas, G. H., and Geraghty, M. T. (2001) Mol. Genet. Metab. 72, 336-342). Thus, in contrast to yeast, which utilizes separate 4'-phosphopantetheine transferases to service each of three different carrier protein substrates, humans appear to utilize a single, broad specificity enzyme for all posttranslational 4'-phosphopantetheinylation reactions.
Interaction between clonal plasma cells and the immune system in plasma cell dyscrasias. (2005)

The term "monoclonal gammopathy" (MG) includes a group of clonal plasma cell disorders, which show heterogeneous clinical behavior. While multiple myeloma (MM) and plasma cell leukemia (PCL) are incurable malignant diseases, most patients with MG of undetermined significance (MGUS) show an indolent/benign clinical course. Evidence has accumulated which supports the role of the bone marrow microenvironment in MG. Accordingly, the survival, drug-resistance and proliferation of MM cells have been shown to be largely dependent on a supportive microenvironment. Among the different environment-associated parameters, those related to the status/activity of the immune system are particularly relevant. This review focuses on the different ways clonal plasma cells (PC) interact with the immune system in different models of MG, to characterize crucial events in the development and progression of MG. These advances may support the design of novel therapeutic approaches in patients with MG.
Preparation and Oxygen Permeation Properties of Highly Asymmetric La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−α Perovskite Hollow-Fiber Membranes (2008)

La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−α (LSCF) perovskite powders having a submicrometer size were synthesized by a sol−gel autocombustion method. From these powders, the gastight LSCF hollow-fiber membranes with a highly asymmetric structure comprising a dense layer of thickness ca. 88 μm integrated with a porous substrate were fabricated in a single step through a phase inversion/sintering technique with a mixture of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and water as internal coagulant. Oxygen permeation fluxes through the obtained hollow-fiber membranes were measured under air/He gradients at different temperatures. The results indicate that the highly asymmetric hollow-fiber membranes possess an oxygen permeation flux of 0.11−2.19 mL cm−2 min−1 in the temperature range of 650−1000 °C, which is 2.6−10.5 times higher than that of the sandwich-structured hollow-fiber membranes. Oxygen permeation in the hollow-fiber membranes is limited primarily by the surface exchange reactions at lower temperatures, but ionic bulk diffusion will have a rate-limiting effect at temperatures higher than 900 °C.
A case of forecast-based technology evaluation and its implications (2010)

As the importance of a national catch-up strategy, science and innovation policy, and forecasting the future is emphasised, a more advanced method of technology evaluation is needed for the emerging countries including South Korea. The methodology of forecast-based technology evaluation introduced by KISTEP consists of the Delphi survey, data analysis of papers and patents, technology growth curve fitting, and so on. Each nation's technological changes can be compared by using technology growth curves fitted from the data of the Delphi survey. With these results, R&D decision-makers can forecast the near future from a technology-level perspective.
Selective Targeting of Distinct Active Site Nucleophiles by Irreversible Src-Family Kinase Inhibitors (2012)

Src-family tyrosine kinases play pivotal roles in human physiology and disease, and several drugs that target members of this family are in clinical use. None of these drugs appear to discriminate among closely related kinases. However, assessing their selectivity toward endogenous kinases in living cells remains a significant challenge. Here, we report the design of two Src-directed chemical probes, each consisting of a nucleoside scaffold with a 5'-electrophile. A 5'-fluorosulfonylbenzoate (1) reacts with the conserved catalytic lysine (Lys295) and shows little discrimination among related kinases. By contrast, a 5'-vinylsulfonate (2) reacts with a poorly conserved, proximal cysteine (Cys277) found in three Src-family and six unrelated kinases. Both 1 and 2 bear an alkyne tag and efficiently label their respective endogenous kinase targets in intact cells. Using 1 as a competitive probe, we determined the extent to which ponatinib, a clinical Bcr-Abl inhibitor, targets Src-family kinases. Remarkably, while ponatinib had little effect on endogenous Fyn or Src, it potently blocked the critical T-cell kinase, Lck. Probes 1 and 2 thus enable competitive profiling versus distinct kinase subsets in living cells.
Boronic Acids:  New Coupling Partners in Room-Temperature Suzuki Reactions of Alkyl Bromides. Crystallographic Characterization of an Oxidative-Addition Adduct Generated under Remarkably Mild Conditions (2002)

The Suzuki reaction is an exceptionally useful cross-coupling process that has been widely applied in synthetic chemistry, and boronic acids are, by far, the most commonly employed coupling partner. To date, however, no versatile method has been developed for cross-coupling boronic acids with unactivated alkyl (as opposed to aryl or vinyl) electrophiles. This report describes a catalyst system that achieves this objective at room temperature. On the mechanistic side, this study demonstrates that Pd(P(t-Bu)2Me)2 undergoes oxidative addition under surprisingly mild conditions (0 degrees C). The resulting adduct is sufficiently stable toward beta-hydride elimination that it can be structurally characterized, and it is a chemically competent intermediate in the cross-coupling process.