gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of gamma irradiation on red cells from donors with sickle cell trait (1997)

BACKGROUND: Transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease can be prevented by gamma irradiation of blood components. Red cells (RBCs) from sickle cell disease patients may exhibit oxidative changes of RBC membranes due to the instability of hemoglobin (Hb) S. Persons with sickle cell trait are eligible to donate blood, and 35 to 45 percent of their total Hb is Hb S. The effect of gamma irradiation on RBCs from such persons is of interest. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: RBCs from 12 donors with sickle cell trait (Hb AS) and from 12 with normal Hb (Hb AA) were studied. Each of the 24 RBC units was divided equally into two transfer bags via a sterile connecting device. One bag from each RBC unit received a 2500‐cGy dose of gamma irradiation at its mid‐plane and was stored at 4 degrees C; the second set of bags was stored without irradiation. For RBCs from 6 donors with Hb AS and 6 donors with Hb AA, units were irradiated on Day 7 and studied on Day 35 of storage (Group 1). For the RBCs from the other 6 donors with Hb AS and the other 6 donors with Hb AA, units were irradiated on Day 28 and studied on Day 42 of storage (Group 2). RESULTS: For Group 1 and Group 2, plasma potassium and plasma Hb concentrations were significantly higher and RBC ATP concentrations were slightly lower in the irradiated units than in the nonirradiated units. In Group 1 and Group 2, there were no significant differences in the plasma potassium or RBC ATP concentrations in either the irradiated or the nonirradiated units of RBCs from donors with Hb AS and donors with Hb AA. Plasma Hb concentrations were consistently lower in the units from donors with Hb AS, whether or not they were irradiated. However, in both groups, proportionally similar changes in plasma Hb concentration were detected when the irradiated Hb AS and Hb AA units were compared to nonirradiated Hb AS and Hb AA units. CONCLUSION: Gamma irradiation of RBCs from donors with Hb AS or with Hb AA resulted in comparable changes in plasma potassium, RBC ATP, and plasma Hb concentrations, although donors with Hb AS had lower plasma Hb. RBCs from donors with Hb AS subjected to 2500 cGy of gamma irradiation did not evidence a storage lesion greater than that seen in RBCs from donors with Hb AA.
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein is required for regulatory T cell homeostasis (2007)

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) is essential for optimal T cell activation. Patients with WAS exhibit both immunodeficiency and a marked susceptibility to systemic autoimmunity. We investigated whether alterations in Treg function might explain these paradoxical observations. While WASp-deficient (WASp(-/-)) mice exhibited normal thymic Treg generation, the competitive fitness of peripheral Tregs was severely compromised. The total percentage of forkhead box P3-positive (Foxp3(+)) Tregs among CD4(+) T cells was reduced, and WASp(-/-) Tregs were rapidly outcompeted by WASp(+) Tregs in vivo. These findings correlated with reduced expression of markers associated with self-antigen-driven peripheral Treg activation and homing to inflamed tissue. Consistent with these findings, WASp(-/-) Tregs showed a reduced ability to control aberrant T cell activation and autoimmune pathology in Foxp3(-/-)Scurfy (sf) mice. Finally, WASp(+) Tregs exhibited a marked selective advantage in vivo in a WAS patient with a spontaneous revertant mutation, indicating that altered Treg fitness likely explains the autoimmune features in human WAS.
Derivation, Characterization, and In Vitro Differentiation of Canine Embryonic Stem Cells (2007)

Canine embryonic stem (cES) cell lines were generated to establish a large-animal preclinical model for testing the safety and efficacy of embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived tissue replacement therapy. Putative cES cell lines were initiated from canine blastocysts harvested from natural matings. Times of harvest were estimated as 12-16 days after the presumed surge in circulating levels of luteinizing hormone. Four lines established from blastocysts harvested at days 13-14 postsurge satisfied most of the criteria for embryonic stem cells, whereas lines established after day 14 did not. One line, Fred Hutchinson dog (FHDO)-7, has been maintained through 34 passages and is presented here. FHDO-7 cells are alkaline phosphatase-positive and express both message and protein for the Oct4 transcription factor. They also express message for Nanog and telomerase but do not express message for Cdx2, which is associated with trophectoderm. Furthermore, they express a cluster of pluripotency-associated microRNAs (miRs) (miR-302b, miR-302c, and miR-367) characteristic of human and mouse ES cells. The FHDO-7 cells grow on feeder layers of modified mouse embryonic fibroblasts as flat colonies that resemble ES cells from mink, a close phylogenetic relative of dog. When cultured in nonadherent plates without feeders, the cells form embryoid bodies (EBs). Under various culture conditions, the EBs give rise to ectoderm-derived neuronal cells expressing gamma-enolase and beta 3-tubulin; mesoderm-derived cells producing collagen IIA1, cartilage, and bone; and endoderm-derived cells expressing alpha-fetoprotein or Clara cell-specific protein.
Differences among techniques for high‐abundant protein depletion (2005)

The need to identify protein or peptide biomarkers via readily available biological samples like serum, plasma, or cerebrospinal fluid is often hindered by a few particular proteins present at relatively high concentrations. The ability to remove these proteins specifically, reproducibly, and with high selectivity is increasingly important in proteomic studies, and success in this procedure is leading to an ever-increasing list of lower abundant proteins being identified in these biological fluids. The current work addresses some of the potential problems in depleting proteins in typical biomarker studies, including nonspecific binding during depletion procedures and whether low molecular weight (LMW) species bind to the column in a so-called "sponge" effect caused by the ability of albumin or other high-abundant proteins to bind peptides or protein fragments. LC-MS/MS methods were applied to the comparative analysis of an IgG-based immunodepletion method and a Cibacron blue (CB)-dye-based method, for specificity of removing targeted proteins (binding fraction), as well as for assessing efficiency of target removal. This analysis was extended to examine the effects of repeated use of materials (cycles of binding and elution), in order to assess potential for carryover of one sample to the next. Capacity studies and efficiency of protein removal from the serum samples were followed for the IgG-based system using both immunochemical assays (ELISA) as well as LC-MS/MS methods. Additionally, the IgG-based system was further characterized for the removal of LMW polypeptides by nonspecific binding. We conclude that the IgG-based system provided effective removal of targeted proteins, with minimal carryover, high longevity, and minimal nonspecific binding. Significant differences are noted between the depletion techniques employed, and this should be considered based on the expectations set during experimental design.
Effects of Combined Receptor Antagonists of Leukotriene D<sub>4</sub>(LTD<sub>4</sub>) and Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) on Rhesus Airway Responses to LTD<sub>4</sub>, PAF and Antigen (1989)

Rhesus monkeys with IgE-mediated asthmatic-type responses to Ascaris suum antigen were pretreated with a combination of 2 receptor antagonists to leukotriene D4 (LTD4) and platelet-activating factor (PAF). This combination of anti-LTD4 and anti-PAF was shown to inhibit airway responses to either LTD4 or PAF in separate experiments in these Ascaris airway-reactive animals. When the same combination of LTD4 and PAF receptor antagonists was used to pretreat the same animal prior to aerosol challenge with Ascaris antigen we could not demonstrate inhibition of the antigen-induced airway response. Thus, combined receptor blockade for LTD4 and PAF did not alter IgE-mediated acute airway responses to antigen in this species. We review the current status of rhesus asthma and LTD4 and PAF receptor antagonist activity in this model.
Effects of chondroitinase ABC on degenerative intervertebral discs. (1995)

The effects of chondroitinase ABC on surgically induced degenerative rabbit intervertebral discs were determined during a 12-week period by magnetic resonance imaging, radiography, and histologic examination. Rabbit intervertebral discs were surgically extruded, inducing disc degeneration 12 weeks before injection of chondroitinase ABC. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a hypointense area in the center of the surgically induced disc degeneration. After injection of chondroitinase ABC, the hypointense area became more intense, but reversed somewhat by the end of the 12-week period. Additional evidence of the effects of chondroitinase ABC on a surgically induced degenerative disc model was shown by radiographic evidence of shrinkage of the disc after injection. Histologic examination revealed a fibrous degenerative disc induced by surgical extrusion. However, the staining properties of the matrix of the nucleus pulposus was similar to that of normal discs before chondroitinase ABC injection, but diminished after the injection, with slight recovery at 12 weeks. The results suggest that chondroitinase ABC induces chemonucleolysis in the degenerated disc. Also, chondroitinase ABC does not destroy the degenerative disc matrix ability to regenerate after 12 weeks.
A modular VME or IBM PC based data acquisition system for multi-modality PET/CT scanners of different sizes and detector types (2002)

A modular, digital system, fully programmable and scalable for a multi-modality, open (to accommodate claustrophobic or overweight patients, with the option of closing the detector, to increase efficiency), 3-D Complete Body Scan (3D-CBS) utilizing both positron emission tomography (PET) and Computed Tomography (CT) in one unit with no moving parts, has been designed for VME and IBM-PC based platforms. This device fully exploits the double photon emission and allows for annual whole-body screening for cancer and other systemic anomalies; only 1/30 the radiation dosage; a reduction in scan time to 4 minutes for a field of view (FOV) of 137.4 cm as opposed to 55 minutes for a FOV of 70 cm; a decrease in examination cost by 90%; an increase in sensitivity, providing physicians with additional clinical information on a specific organ or area and contribute to the specificity in detecting and assessing cancer. These advantages allow for early detection-the best way to defeat cancer. The system collects digital data from multiple electronic channels. Each electronic channel carries the information (64-bit) of all sensors included in a given view angle of the detector. The 64-bits data packets acquired at 20 MHz by each channel with zero dead-time are correlated with neighboring information and processed in real time by a 3D-Flow DSP to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and extract and measure particle properties, resulting in the identification of the particles' position, accurate energy measurement, depth of interaction (DOI), and the timing measurements. A thorough real-time algorithm that best identifies the photons can be executed because the 3D-Flow sequentially-implemented, parallel architecture (SIPA) allows for processing time to be extended in a pipeline stage beyond the time interval between two consecutive input data. Very low power consumption drivers drive short, equal-length PCB traces between 3D-Flow chips, solving the problem of signal skew, ground bounce, cross-talk and noise. The electronics validates and separates events from the different modalities (PET/CT); PET events are checked for coincidences using a circuit sensitive to radiation activity rather than the number of detector elements. Both PET and CT examinations occur at the same time in a stationary bed position using a detector with a long FOV, avoiding motion artifacts, increasing throughput, reducing examination cost, reducing radiation to patients, increasing resolution, improving data quality, and reducing erroneous readings (false positives). The saturation of the electronics of current PET is eliminated by using a system with an input bandwidth of 35 billion events per second distributed over 1,792 channels. The output bandwidth is selectable to sustain the activity generated by the maximum radiation that a PET/CT should ever receive. The overall events are gathered by IBM PC or VME CPU board, formatted and sent to the image processing workstation. The entire system can be simulated from top level to gate level before construction.
Fragile X and autism: Intertwined at the molecular level leading to targeted treatments (2010)

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by an expanded CGG repeat (> 200 repeats) in the 5' untranslated portion of the fragile mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1), leading to deficiency or absence of the FMR1 protein (FMRP). FMRP is an RNA carrier protein that controls the translation of several other genes that regulate synaptic development and plasticity. Autism occurs in approximately 30% of FXS cases, and pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) occurs in an additional 30% of cases. Premutation repeat expansions (55 to 200 CGG repeats) may also give rise to autism spectrum disorders (ASD), including both autism and PDD-NOS, through a different molecular mechanism that involves a direct toxic effect of the expanded CGG repeat FMR1 mRNA. RNA toxicity can also lead to aging effects including tremor, ataxia and cognitive decline, termed fragile X-associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), in premutation carriers in late life. In studies of mice bearing premutation expansions, there is evidence of early postnatal neuronal cell toxicity, presenting as reduced cell longevity, decreased dendritic arborization and altered synaptic morphology. There is also evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in premutation carriers. Many of the problems with cellular dysregulation in both premutation and full mutation neurons also parallel the cellular abnormalities that have been documented in autism without fragile X mutations. Research regarding dysregulation of neurotransmitter systems in FXS, including the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)1/5 pathway and γ aminobutyric acid (GABA)A pathways, have led to new targeted treatments for FXS. Preliminary evidence suggests that these new targeted treatments will also be beneficial in non-fragile X forms of autism.
Long-range anticorrelations and non-Gaussian behavior of the heartbeat (1993)

We find that the successive increments in the cardiac beat-to-beat intervals of healthy subjects display scale-invariant, long-range anticorrelations (up to 10(4) heart beats). Furthermore, we find that the histogram for the heartbeat intervals increments is well described by a Lévy stable distribution. For a group of subjects with severe heart disease, we find that the distribution is unchanged, but the long-range correlations vanish. Therefore, the different scaling behavior in health and disease must relate to the underlying dynamics of the heartbeat.
Parallel fabrication and single-electron charging of devices based on ordered, two-dimensional phases of organically functionalized metal nanocrystals (1997)

A parallel technique for fabricating single-electron, solid-state capacitance devices from ordered, two-dimensional closest-packed phases of organically functionalized metal nanocrystals is presented. The nanocrystal phases were prepared as Langmuir monolayers and subsequently transferred onto Al-electrode patterned glass substrates for device construction. Alternating current impedance measurements were carried out to probe the single-electron charging characteristics of the devices under both ambient and 77 K conditions. Evidence of a Coulomb blockade and step structure reminiscent of a Coulomb staircase is presented.
Effectiveness of different methods to eliminate interference by thyroglobulin antibodies in the ELISA for thyroid microsomal autoantibodies. (1989)

Thyroid microsomal autoantibodies (TMA) have been mostly detected by means of either immunofluorescence (IF), tanned red cell haemagglutination (TRCH), or radioimmunoassay (RIA) until the recent development of ELISA. False positives in the ELISA for the detection of TMA due to interference by thyroglobulin antibodies (TGA) present in some test sera reacting with thyroglobulin (Tg) present as a contaminant in the thyroid microsomal preparation (TMP) appears to be common. In this study we tried various ways of removing any Tg contaminant in the TMP by further gel filtration, affinity chromatography of the microsomal preparation or preincubation of the test sera with either Tg or Tg-sepharose 4B immunoadsorbent to absorb out TGA present in the sera. Further gel filtration and affinity purification of the TMP failed to totally remove all the contaminating Tg. Preincubation with Tg effectively removed any TGA present in the test sera but resulted in inhibition of the TMA-thyroid microsomal antigen reaction in the test sera including those without TGA. Preincubation with Tg-immunoadsorbent equally effectively absorbed out any TGA present in the test sera but without significant inhibition of the assay reaction in TGA-free sera. The preincubation of the TMP with Tg-immunoadsorbent is an effective way of removing TGA present in sera without inhibiting the test reaction and thus resulting in false negatives especially in low-titre sera as occurs with the presence of free Tg in the test system.
The microarchitecture of superscalar processors (1995)

Superscalar processing is the latest in along series of innovations aimed at producing ever-faster microprocessors. By exploiting instruction-level parallelism, superscalar processors are capable of executing more than one instruction in a clock cycle. This paper discusses the microarchitecture of superscalar processors. We begin with a discussion of the general problem solved by superscalar processors: converting an ostensibly sequential program into a more parallel one. The principles underlying this process, and the constraints that must be met, are discussed. The paper then provides a description of the specific implementation techniques used in the important phases of superscalar processing. The major phases include: (1) instruction fetching and conditional branch processing, (2) the determination of data dependences involving register values, (3) the initiation, or issuing, of instructions for parallel execution, (4) the communication of data values through memory via loads and stores, and (5) committing the process state in correct order so that precise interrupts can be supported. Examples of recent superscalar microprocessors, the MIPS R10000, the DEC 21164, and the AMD K5 are used to illustrate a variety of superscalar methods.
Direct and Quantitative Detection of Bacteriophage by “Hearing” Surface Detachment Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance (2001)

We show that it is possible to detect specifically adsorbed bacteriophage directly by breaking the interactions between proteins displayed on the phage coat and ligands immobilized on the surface of a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). This is achieved through increasing the amplitude of oscillation of the QCM surface and sensitively detecting the acoustic emission produced when the bacteriophage detaches from the surface. There is no interference from nonspecifically adsorbed phage. The detection is quantitative over at least 5 orders of magnitude and is sensitive enough to detect as few as 20 phage. The method has potential as a sensitive and low-cost method for virus detection.
Writer Retrieval and Writer Identification Using Local Features (2012)

Writer identification determines the writer of one document among a number of known writers where at least one sample is known. Writer retrieval searches all documents of one particular writer by creating a ranking of the similarity of the handwriting in a dataset. This paper presents a method for writer retrieval and writer identification using local features and therefore the proposed method is not dependent on a binarization step. First the local features of the image are calculated and with the help of a predefined codebook an occurrence histogram can be created. This histogram is compared to determine the identity of the writer or the similarity of other handwritten documents. The proposed method has been evaluated on two datasets, namely the IAM dataset which contains 650 writers and the Trigraph Slant dataset which contains 47 writers. Experiments have shown that it can keep up with previous writer identification approaches. Regarding writer retrieval it outperforms previous methods.
Glycogenesis and glyconeogenesis in human platelets (1970)

Washed human platelets are capable of depositing 1-4 as well as probable 1-6 glucosyl linkages onto preexistent glycogen primer. They are also capable of degrading (glycogenolysis) newly synthesized 1-4 as well as probable 1-6 glucosyl linkages. A higher rate of glycogen synthesis was found in platelet suspensions containing lower concentrations of platelets. This was shown to result from decreased glycogen degradation and consequent increased residual glycogen primer in low platelet suspensions. The increased glycogen content of low platelet suspensions was not a result of platelet washing, removal of platelets from plasma, or release of platelet metabolites into the media. The enzyme glycogen synthetase was found to be present at a rate of 5.2 mumoles of uridine diphosphate (UDP) glucose incorporated into glycogen per gram platelets per hour at 37 degrees C. The K(m) for UDP glucose was 6.6 mmoles/liter. At optimum concentration of glucose 6-phosphate, the K(m) was reduced 4.6 fold and V(max) was increased 4.3-fold. Human platelets contain the glyconeogenic pathway. They incorporate pyruvate-(14)C and citrate-(14)C into platelet glycogen and contain an apparent fructose-1,6-diphosphatase. The apparent fructose-1,6-diphosphatase was activated by adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), inhibited by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and shown to be rate limiting for glyconeogenesis at physiologic concentration of adenine nucleotide.
Internet CNN Newsroom : the design of a digital video news magazine (1995)

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1995.
Neuregulin‐1‐β1 enters brain and spinal cord by receptor‐mediated transport (2004)

Proteins of the neuregulin (NRG) family play important regulatory roles in neuronal survival and synaptic activity. NRG-1-beta1 has particular potential as a therapeutic agent because it enhances myelination of neurites in spinal cord explants. In this study, we determined the permeation of NRG-1-beta1 across the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers (BBB and BSCB respectively). Intact radioactively labeled NRG-1-beta1 had a saturable and relatively rapid influx rate from blood to the CNS in mice. Capillary depletion studies showed that NRG-1-beta1 entered the parenchyma of the brain and spinal cord rather than being trapped in the capillaries that compose the BBB. The possible mechanism of receptor-mediated transport was shown by the ability of antibodies to erbB3 and erbB4 receptors to inhibit the influx. Lipophilicity, less important for such saturable transport mechanisms, was measured by the octanol : buffer partition coefficient and found to be low. The results indicate that NRG-1-beta1 enters spinal cord and brain by a saturable receptor-mediated mechanism, which provides the opportunity for possible therapeutic manipulation at the BBB level.