gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effects of n-3 fatty acids on atherosclerosis and the vascular response to injury. (1993)

The potentially beneficial effects of dietary fatty acids on vascular disease continues to generate intense clinical and investigative interest throughout the world. In particular, attention has focused on the highly unsaturated n-3 fatty acids found in marine and certain plant oils in the prevention of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. This article will review the impact of these fatty acids on vascular disease in epidemiologic studies, in animal models of atherosclerosis and vascular injury, and in human clinical trials of restenosis following angioplasty. Some of the more specific cellular effects of n-3 fatty acids will also be discussed. The data accumulated in the last 15 years suggest that additional prospective clinical trials of n-3 fatty acids in the prevention or treatment of vascular disease are warranted in humans.
Quinolinic acid selectively induces apoptosis of human astrocytes: potential role in AIDS dementia complex (2005)

There is evidence that the kynurenine pathway (KP) and particularly one of its end products, quinolinic acid (QUIN) play a role in the pathogenesis of several major neuroinflammatory diseases, and more particularly AIDS dementia complex (ADC). We hypothesized that QUIN may be involved in astrocyte apoptosis because: 1) apoptotic astrocytes have been observed in the brains of ADC patients, 2) ADC patients have elevated cerebrospinal fluid QUIN concentrations, and 3) QUIN can induce astrocyte death. Primary cultures of human fetal astrocytes were treated with three pathophysiological concentrations of QUIN. Numeration of apoptotic cells was assessed using double immunocytochemistry for expression of active caspase 3 and for nucleus condensation. We found that treatment of human astrocytes with QUIN induced morphological (cell body shrinking) and biochemical changes (nucleus condensation and over-expression of active caspase 3) of apoptosis. After 24 hours of treatment with QUIN 500 nM and 1200 nM respectively 10 and 14% of astrocytes were undergoing apoptosis. This would be expected to lead to a relative lack of trophic support factors with consequent neuronal dysfunction and possibly death. Astroglial apoptosis induced by QUIN provides another potential mechanism for the neurotoxicity of QUIN during ADC.
Posttranslational modifications of fibromodulin. (1991)

Tyrosine sulfate residues were identified in fibromodulin produced by tracheal chondrocytes, by tendon and sclera fibroblasts in primary culture, as well as in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with a construct containing fibromodulin cDNA. The tyrosine sulfate residues were located in the N-terminal part of fibromodulin. Thus, Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing a deleted variant of fibromodulin lacking the N-terminal 52 amino acids following the predicted signal peptide did not contain any tyrosine sulfate residues. The substitution with keratan sulfate chains was not restricted to chondrocytes, but was also identified in fibromodulin synthesized by bovine tendon fibroblasts and sclera fibroblasts, as well as in fibromodulin isolated from tendon. Digestion of fibromodulin with N-glycosidase F reduced the apparent size of fibromodulin to that of the core protein, as predicted from sequence analysis (Oldberg, A., Antonsson, P., Lindblom, K., and Heinegård, D. (1989) EMBO J.8, 2601-2604). Thus fibromodulin from cartilage, tendon, and sclera contains N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides, some of which are extended to keratan sulfate chains.
Overview and Outlook of Toll-like Receptor ligand–antigen Conjugate Vaccines (2012)

The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) facilitated our understanding of the innate and adaptive immune systems, and has raised the potential to develop novel methods of vaccine and immunotherapy. For effective vaccination, antigens and adjuvants must be administered simultaneously via the same route. Many studies have demonstrated that TLR ligands covalently coupled to the antigens have several benefits over nonconjugated antigens. This review introduces the applications of TLR ligands as vaccine adjuvants, focusing on the development of vaccines composed of antigen and TLR ligand in single molecules (TLR ligand-antigen conjugates) using Pam3/2Cys, lipid A analogues, recombinant flagellin, imidazoquinoline analogues and unmethylated CpG motifs to activate immune systems through TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7/8 and TLR9, respectively.
Duplicate record elimination in large data files (1983)

The issue of duplicate elimination for large data files in which many occurrences of the same record may appear is addressed. A comprehensive cost analysis of the duplicate elimination operation is presented. This analysis is based on a combinatorial model developed for estimating the size of intermediate runs produced by a modified merge-sort procedure. The performance of this modified merge-sort procedure is demonstrated to be significantly superior to the standard duplicate elimination technique of sorting followed by a sequential pass to locate duplicate records. The results can also be used to provide critical input to a query optimizer in a relational database system.
Determination of ornithine, putrescine, N‐methylputrescine and N‐methylpyrroline pools in tobacco tissue by high‐performance liquid chromatography (1989)

A procedure for the determination of metabolites of the biochemical pathway ornithine to N‐methyl‐δ 1 ‐pyrrolinium salt (N‐methylpyrroline) is described. Plant tissue was extracted with 0.5 M HCl and the extract purified on C 18 ‐cartridges. Ornithine was reacted with o ‐phthaldialdehyde, putrescine and N‐methylputrescine with dansyl chloride and the products were separated by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). N‐methylpyrroline was determined by cation‐exchange HPLC without derivatization. The metabolites in the roots of tobacco ( Nicotiana ) species with different nicotine‐producing capacities were determined. Furthermore, the specific activities of the enzymes ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17), putrescine N‐methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.53) and N‐methylputrescine oxidase were determined. Both the metabolite pools and the enzyme activities were correlated with the different nicotine‐producing capacities of the different tobacco species.
Encoding Source Language with Convolutional Neural Network for Machine Translation (2015)

The recently proposed neural network joint model (NNJM) (Devlin et al., 2014) augments the n-gram target language model with a heuristically chosen source context window, achieving state-of-the-art performance in SMT. In this paper, we give a more systematic treatment by summarizing the relevant source information through a convolutional architecture guided by the target information. With different guiding signals during decoding, our specifically designed convolution+gating architectures can pinpoint the parts of a source sentence that are relevant to predicting a target word, and fuse them with the context of entire source sentence to form a unified representation. This representation, together with target language words, are fed to a deep neural network (DNN) to form a stronger NNJM. Experiments on two NIST Chinese-English translation tasks show that the proposed model can achieve significant improvements over the previous NNJM by up to +1.08 BLEU points on average
Audio Oracle Analysis of Musical Information Rate (2011)

This paper presents a method for analysis of changes in information contents in music based on an audio representation called Audio Oracle (AO). Using compression properties of AO we estimate the amount of information that passes between the past and the present at every instance in a musical signal. This formulation extends the notion of Information Rate (IR) to individual sequences and allows an optimal estimation of the AO threshold parameter. We show that changes in IR correspond to significant musical structures such as sections in a sonata form. Relation to musical perception and applications for composition and improvisation are discussed in the paper.
Salmonella typhimurium cobalamin (vitamin B12) biosynthetic genes: functional studies in S. typhimurium and Escherichia coli (1996)

In order to study the Salmonella typhimurium cobalamin biosynthetic pathway, the S. typhimurium cob operon was isolated and cloned into Escherichia coli. This approach has given the new host of the cob operon the ability to make cobalamins de novo, an ability that had probably been lost by this organism. In total, 20 genes of the S. typhimurium cob operon have been transferred into E. coli, and the resulting recombinant strains have been shown to produce up to 100 times more corrin than the parent S. typhimurium strain. These measurements have been performed with a quantitative cobalamin microbiological assay which is detailed in this work. As with S. typhimurium, cobalamin synthesis is only observed in the E. coli cobalamin-producing strains when they are grown under anaerobic conditions. Derivatives of the cobalamin-producing E. coli strains were constructed in which genes of the cob operon were inactivated. These strains, together with S. typhimurium cob mutants, have permitted the determination of the genes necessary for cobalamin production and classification of cbiD and cbiG as cobl genes. When grown in the absence of endogenous cobalt, the oxidized forms of precorrin-2 and precorrin-3, factor II and factor III, respectively, were found to accumulate in the cytosol of the corrin-producing E. coli. Together with the finding that S. typhimurium cbiL mutants are not complemented with the homologous Pseudomonas denitrificans gene, these results lend further credence to the theory that cobalt is required at an early stage in the biosynthesis of cobalamins in S. typhimurium.
Murine cerebral microvascular endothelium incorporate and metabolize 12‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (1988)

Cultured murine cerebromicrovascular endothelial cells were employed to study the metabolism of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) in an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. These endothelial cells convert 12-HETE to at least four, more polar compounds. Analysis of the least polar and predominant metabolite by gas chromatography combined with chemical ionization and electron impact mass spectrometry of reduced and nonreduced derivatives indicate that the compound is 8-hydroxyhexadecatrienoic acid (8-HHDTrE). The uptake of 12-HETE into cell phospholipids peaks at 2 hr, and is not saturable up to the highest concentration tested, 5 microM. Seventy-five to 92% of this 12-HETE is incorporated into phosphatidylcholine, while the remainder is divided between the inositol and ethanolamine phospholipids. Incorporation into neutral lipids is slower, with radioactivity gradually accumulating in triglycerides over 24 hr. Saponification of cell lipids demonstrated that not only 12-HETE, but also its major metabolite, 8-HHDTrE, is incorporated into the cell lipids. Prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 production by the cerebral endothelial cells is inhibited by up to 56% with 1 microM and 90% with 5 microM 12-HETE. These data demonstrate that 12-HETE is actively metabolized by cerebral endothelium and suggest at least two mechanisms through which 12-HETE may alter cerebromicrovascular function: 1) incorporation into cerebral endothelial membranes and 2) inhibition of cerebral endothelial prostaglandin production. Conversion of 12-HETE to more polar compounds, particularly 8-HHDTrE, may be interpreted as either the inactivation of 12-HETE or the production of additional, biological mediators.
Radioimmunotherapy of Lymphoma: A UC Davis Experience (1995)

B-cell malignancies, such as malignant lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, commonly present with advanced disease and multiple sites of involvement. Consequently, systemic combination chemotherapy is the standard therapeutic approach and cures about one half of these patients. Development of novel therapies is required if the remaining patients are to be cured of their malignancy. Lym-1, a mouse monoclonal antibody that is reactive with these malignancies, has been coupled with 131I or 67Cu and used to treat 55 patients with advanced B-cell malignancies that had proven resistant to standard therapy. The majority of the patients responded to this therapy and the survival of responders was longer than that of non-responders. Similar results have recently been reported by others. These results represent a remarkable achievement for single agent therapy because these trials were exploratory in nature and most of the patients had failed many chemotherapy regimens. The toxicities were in general mild and readily manageable. It appears that enhancing strategies are likely to improve upon these results by increasing the therapeutic index.
Platelet‐derived growth factor is a survival factor for PSA‐NCAM + oligodendrocyte pre‐progenitor cells (1995)

Mature oligodendroglia, which synthesize and express lipids and proteins characteristic of myelin, are generated from precursor cells which are formed in germinal matrix, then migrate widely through the neuraxis. We now demonstrate that these precursor cells can be recognized at a very early stage by their surface expression of polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecules (PSA-NCAM), and only later bind anti-ganglioside antibodies that had previously been used to recognize "O-2A" oligodendroglial precursor cells. PSA-NCAM expression by these cells is likely to be of functional significance, since a recent study demonstrated that O-2A cells become immobile when stripped of PSA-NCAM. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) proved to be a survival factor for these PSA-NCAM+cells, and in a defined medium, PDGF was sufficient to ensure maturation of immunopurified PSA-NCAM+cells to oligodendroglia.
Substituted benzaldehydes designed to increase the oxygen affinity of human haemoglobin and inhibit the sickling of sickle erythrocytes (1984)

Substituted benzaldehydes have been designed to bind preferentially to the oxy conformation of human haemoglobin at a site between the amino terminal residues of the alpha-subunits. Such compounds should stabilize the oxygenated form of haemoglobin and thereby increase its oxygen affinity. The compounds produce the expected effect, left-shifting the oxygen saturation curve of dilute haemoglobin solutions and of whole blood, although the binding pattern to haemoglobin is more complex than envisaged by the design hypothesis. The predicted best compound is also a potent inhibitor, at low oxygen pressure, of the sickling of erythrocytes from patients homozygous for sickle cell disease, and may prove to be a clinically useful anti-sickling agent.
Passdoodles; a Lightweight Authentication Method (2004)

This paper investigates the use of unique finger traces, or doodles, as a means of authentication in a pervasive environment. Velocity here is investigated as means to uniquely identify a doodle. A blurred distribution grid created from combined training samples and the variance across this grid is also used for recognition. These three systems used together have produced accurate results for a population of ten users. The research presented here may have applications to hand writing and drawing recognition as well. 1 Lightweight Authentication Mechanisms New demands of authentication today are simplicity and effortlessness. Biometric technologies offer a partial solution but are be too robust for the relatively small issues such as personalization. Privacy concerns and trust also inhibit public acceptance due to the inextricable ties of biometric imprinting. The remainder of this paper discusses the design and implementation of a lightweight “passdoodle” system where a unique finger trace or doodle is used to quickly identify users in an integrated intelligent (or pervasive) computing environment. 1
Discovery of TBC11251, a Potent, Long Acting, Orally Active Endothelin Receptor-A Selective Antagonist (1997)

Previously we reported the discovery of amidothiophenesulfonamides as endothelin receptor-A antagonists with high potency and selectivity. Replacement of an amide group in this class of compounds with an acetyl group maintained the in vitro binding affinity and in vivo activity while providing a compound with oral bioavailability and longer duration of action. The optimal compound discovered during these studies, 15q (TBC11251), binds competitively to human ETA receptors with a Ki of 0.43 +/- 0.03 nM and an IC50 of 1.4 nM (IC50 for ETB = 9800 nM). This compound inhibits ET-1-induced stimulation of phosphoinositide turnover with a Ki of 0.686 nM and a pA2 of 8.0. The compound has a serum half-life in the rat and the dog of 6-7 h and 60-100% oral bioavailability. This compound is one of the most selective ETA antagonists reported and therefore is suitable for additional pharmacological and clinical investigation of the role of ETA receptors in diseases.
Institutionelle Formen des internationalen Markteintritts durch den Vertrieb (2001)

Für den Erfolg in Studium und Beruf ist aktuelles und methodisches Wirtschaftswissen das A und O. Die Zeitschrift WiSt liefert dieses Wissen Monat für Monat. Hochaktuelle Wirtschaftsthemen werden vor dem Hintergrund der volks- und betriebswirtschaftlichen Modelle erörtert und diskutiert. So bleiben Sie up-to-date, kennen die brisanten Details und durchschauen schnell komplexe Wirtschaftsstrukturen.
Monitoring dynamic characteristics of treated region during high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment (2011)

In this paper, two differential imaging methods using differential integrated backscatter (DIBS) and sum absolute differences (SAD) techniques to monitor the dynamic integral changes of treated region before, during and after high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment based on a quasi real-time data acquisition system were investigated. Simultaneously, the dynamic local changes of mean IBS value and attenuation coefficient in treated region during HIFU treatment were also studied with different exposure parameters. Two-dimension RF data frames were acquired between HIFU exposures with the HIFU completely off during the acquisition to avoid interference from the HIFU beam. The results indicated that DIBS images obtained from RF data frames acquired before and after HIFU treatment can provide quantitative integral information about changes of the treated area and SAD images obtained from the two temporally adjacent RF data frames have very important relationship to cavitation during HIFU treatments.
Über 2,5‐Diketopiperazine, II. Die Umsetzung des 2,5‐Diketopiperazins mit Aldehyden und Nitrosoverbindungen (1966)

Abstract In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Reaktionsfähigkeit der beiden Methylengruppen im 2,5‐Diketopiperazin durch die Umsetzung mit aromatischen, heterocyclischen und aliphatischen Aldehyden eingehend untersucht. Dabei konnte festgestellt werden, daß auch aliphatische Aldehyde mit in Nachbarschaft zur CO‐Bindung stehenden aktivierenden Gruppen mit 2,5‐Diketopiperazin reagieren. Ebenfalls war es möglich, Nitrosoverbindungen auf diese Weise zur Umsetzung zu bringen. Einige Benzylidenderivate wurden reduktiv in die entsprechenden Benzylderivate überführt.
Lysyl oxidase activity and elastin/glycosaminoglycan interactions in growing chick and rat aortas. (1987)

Hydrophobic tropoelastin molecules aggregate in vitro in physiological conditions and form fibers very similar to natural ones (Bressan, G. M., I. Pasquali Ronchetti, C. Fornieri, F. Mattioli, I. Castellani, and D. Volpin, 1986, J. Ultrastruct. Molec. Struct. Res., 94:209-216). Similar hydrophobic interactions might be operative in in vivo fibrogenesis. Data are presented suggesting that matrix glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) prevent spontaneous tropoelastin aggregation in vivo, at least up to the deamination of lysine residues on tropoelastin by matrix lysyl oxidase. Lysyl oxidase inhibitors beta-aminopropionitrile, aminoacetonitrile, semicarbazide, and isonicotinic acid hydrazide were given to newborn chicks, to chick embryos, and to newborn rats, and the ultrastructural alterations of the aortic elastic fibers were analyzed and compared with the extent of the enzyme inhibition. When inhibition was greater than 65% all chemicals induced alterations of elastic fibers in the form of lateral aggregates of elastin, which were always permeated by cytochemically and immunologically recognizable GAGs. The number and size of the abnormal elastin/GAGs aggregates were proportional to the extent of lysyl oxidase inhibition. The phenomenon was independent of the animal species. All data suggest that, upon inhibition of lysyl oxidase, matrix GAGs remain among elastin molecules during fibrogenesis by binding to positively charged amino groups on elastin. Newly synthesized and secreted tropoelastin has the highest number of free epsilon amino groups, and, therefore, the highest capability of binding to GAGs. These polyanions, by virtue of their great hydration and dispersing power, could prevent random spontaneous aggregation of hydrophobic tropoelastin in the extracellular space.
Role of Lymphotoxin and the Type I TNF Receptor in the Formation of Germinal Centers (1996)

In mice deficient in either lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-alpha) or the type I tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor, but not the type II TNF receptor, germinal centers failed to develop in peripheral lymphoid organs. Germinal center formation was restored in LT-alpha-deficient mice by transplantation of normal bone marrow, indicating that the LT-alpha-expressing cells required to establish this lymphoid structure are derived from bone marrow.
Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on Formation of Coronary Collateral Vessels (1999)

Our findings suggest that CCV development is poorer in patients with than in patients without DM. Thus, we can speculate that DM is an important factor affecting CCV development.
Malaria as a Reemerging Disease (1996)

Malaria is a clear example of a reemerging disease. The annual number of cases (incidence) fell sharply 30-35 years ago as the result of a malaria eradication campaign (1, 2). At that time, malaria was eliminated from Europe, most Asian regions of the USSR, the United States, and most of the Caribbean (3). However, it was not eradicated in Southeast Asia, South America, or Africa, and has reemerged in Sri Lanka, Madagascar, and elsewhere (3). Thus, the incidence of malaria today is greater than 40 years ago and is increasing because of antimalarial drug resistance (4, 5), insecticide resistance (6), and the effects of civil strife—dislocation of susceptible refugee populations from nonendemic areas to areas with malaria transmission (7, 8). The incidence of malaria complications (morbidity) and deaths (mortality) is likewise increasing because of drug resistance (9). These changes also reflect the failure thus far of alternative control strategies, such as vaccine development. The net result is that the increasing morbidity and mortality of malaria affect not only the health of the developing world, but also (prevent) its economic development. This review begins by examining the two major reasons that the malaria eradication campaign was unsuccessful, antimalarial drug resistance and insecticide resistance. It then examines alternative malaria control strategies such as the development of antimalarial agents effective against drug-resistant parasites, of bednets and curtains impregnated with pyrethroid insecticides, and of malaria vaccines, concluding with a discussion of