gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrolithiation of .alpha.-olefins by a regiospecific two-step process. Transformation of alkyl phenyl sulfides to alkyllithium reagents (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrolithiation of .alpha.-olefins by a regiospecific two-step process. Transformation of alkyl phenyl sulfides to alkyllithium reagentsConstantinos G. Screttas and Maria Micha-ScrettasCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 6, 1064–1071Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00400a008https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00400a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1349Altmetric-Citations174LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
High power ultrafast lasers (1998)

In this article, we review progress in the development of high peak-power ultrafast lasers, and discuss in detail the design issues which determine the performance of these systems. Presently, lasers capable of generating terawatt peak powers with unprecedented short pulse duration can now be built on a single optical table in a small-scale laboratory, while large-scale lasers can generate peak power of over a petawatt. This progress is made possible by the use of the chirped-pulse amplification technique, combined with the use of broad-bandwidth laser materials such as Ti:sapphire, and the development of techniques for generating and propagating very short (10–30 fs) duration light pulses. We also briefly summarize some of the new scientific advances made possible by this technology, such as the generation of coherent femtosecond x-ray pulses, and the generation of MeV-energy electron beams and high-energy ions.
Induced Resistance in Hypersensitive Tobacco Against Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Injection of Intercellular Fluid from Tobacco Plants with Systemic Acquired Resistance (1987)

Abstract Acquired resistance in hypersensitive tobacco plants against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was induced by components occurring in the intercellular fluid (IV) obtained from virus‐infected plants or by plant cell wall components. Induced resistance could be transmitted through seed to the progeny. Lesion size and number were reduced significantly when the progeny was tested by TMV‐inoculation. IV was extracted from the upper uninoculated leaves of four times TMV‐inoculated Nicotiana tabacum cv. ‘Xanthi’ nc plants. Injection of IV from induction‐inoculated plants (SAR‐IV) into leaves of healthy plants followed by TMV‐infection reduced lesion size significantly. A concentration of 5 × 10 −7 g SAR‐IV/ml was still active. IV from healthy plants was inactive. The IV's were partly purified by gel filtration on a Sephadex G‐50 column. Some fractions were active in inducing resistance as expressed in reduction of lesion size. Fractions of control‐IV were inactive. It is still unknown whether the active substances in SAR‐IV are in fact cell wall fragments acting as regulatory molecules in disease resistance.
CD73-Deficient Mice Have Increased Antitumor Immunity and Are Resistant to Experimental Metastasis (2011)

CD73 is a cell-surface enzyme that suppresses immune responses by producing extracellular adenosine. In this study, we employed CD73 gene-targeted mice to investigate the role of host-derived CD73 on antitumor immunity and tumor cell metastasis. We found that CD73 ablation significantly suppressed the growth of ovalbumin-expressing MC38 colon cancer, EG7 lymphoma, AT-3 mammary tumors, and B16F10 melanoma. The protective effect of CD73 deficiency on primary tumors was dependent on CD8(+) T cells and associated with an increased frequency of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in peripheral blood and tumors and increased antigen-specific IFN-γ production. Replicate studies in bone marrow chimeras established that both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic expression of CD73 was important to promote tumor immune escape. Using adoptive reconstitution of T regulatory cell (Treg)-depleted DEREG (depletion of regulatory T cells) mice, we demonstrated that part of the protumorigenic effect of Tregs was dependent on their expression of CD73. CD73-deficient mice were also protected against pulmonary metastasis of B16F10 melanoma cells after intravenous injection. Unexpectedly, we found that the prometastatic effect of host-derived CD73 was dependent on CD73 expression on nonhematopoietic cells. CD73 expression on nonhematopoietic cells, most likely endothelial cells, was critical for promoting lung metastasis in a manner independent from immunosuppressive effects. Notably, in vivo blockade of CD73 with a selective inhibitor or anti-CD73 monoclonal antibody significantly reduced tumor growth and metastasis of CD73-negative tumors. Taken together, our findings indicate that CD73 may be targeted at multiple levels to induce anticancer effects including at the level of tumor cells, Tregs, and nonhematopoietic cells.
A Wireless Sensor Network for Growth Environment Measurement and Multi-Band Optical Sensing to Diagnose Tree Vigor (2017)

We have tried to develop the guidance system for farmers to cultivate using various phenological indices. As the sensing part of this system, we deployed a new Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). This system uses the 920 MHz radio wave based on the Wireless Smart Utility Network that enables long-range wireless communication. In addition, the data acquired by the WSN were standardized for the advanced web service interoperability. By using these standardized data, we can create a web service that offers various kinds of phenological indices as secondary information to the farmers in the field. We have also established the field management system using thermal image, fluorescent and X-ray fluorescent methods, which enable the nondestructive, chemical-free, simple, and rapid measurement of fruits or trees. We can get the information about the transpiration of plants through a thermal image. The fluorescence sensor gives us information, such as nitrate balance index (NBI), that shows the nitrate balance inside the leaf, chlorophyll content, flavonol content and anthocyanin content. These methods allow one to quickly check the health of trees and find ways to improve the tree vigor of weak ones. Furthermore, the fluorescent x-ray sensor has the possibility to quantify the loss of minerals necessary for fruit growth.
Inhibition of Escherichia coli chemotaxis by omega-conotoxin, a calcium ion channel blocker (1993)

Escherichia coli chemotaxis was inhibited by omega-conotoxin, a calcium ion channel blocker. With Tris-EDTA-permeabilized cells, nanomolar levels of omega-conotoxin inhibited chemotaxis without loss of motility. Cells treated with omega-conotoxin swam with a smooth bias, i.e., tumbling was inhibited.
The growth factor fusion construct containing B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) and the toxin rGel induces apoptosis specifically in BAFF-R–positive CLL cells (2006)

The cytokine B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) mediates its effect through cell-surface receptors BAFF-R, TACI, and BCMA. BLyS receptors are expressed only on B cells and not present in other normal cells including normal T lymphocytes. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell disease and CLL lymphocytes express BLyS receptors. Gelonin, a type 1 ribosome-inactivating toxin, lacks cell membrane binding domain and hence is nontoxic to intact cells. We generated a construct of recombinant gelonin (rGel) fused to BLyS to specifically target quiescent B-CLL lymphocytes. The construct rGel/BLyS specifically binds and internalizes through BAFF-R into CD19(+) B-CLL lymphocytes and induces apoptosis at nanomolar concentrations. In contrast, rGel alone was not able to internalize into these leukemic lymphocytes. Mechanistically, the rGel/BLyS construct inhibits protein synthesis with an IC(50) of less than 3 nM compared with more than 5000 nM for rGel toxin alone. This rGel/BLyS-mediated decrease in protein synthesis was associated with a decline in short-lived proteins such as MCL-1 and XIAP, the 2 survival proteins in B-CLL. There was a strong relationship between a decrease in these proteins and the cleavage of PARP, a hallmark feature of apoptosis. Taken together, these data suggest that the rGel/BLyS fusion toxin may have potential therapeutic efficacy for B-CLL patients.
A model phage display subtraction method with potential for analysis of differential gene expression (1996)

In order to establish a subtractive procedure that makes it possible to enrich selectively phage displayed antibodies directed against proteins constituting a difference between two populations of cells, a competitive selection strategy utilising two solid phases was developed and tested. Antibodies recognising a defined difference between two otherwise identical protein mixtures were isolated and their specificity confirmed. To test further the efficacy of selection inhibition during the competitive selections, selections towards a total cell extract were performed with and without competition from the same extract. An analysis of the resulting phage antibodies confirmed the subtractive nature of the system described.
N‐locking stabilization of covalent helical peptides: Application to Bfl‐1 antagonists (2020)

Recently, it was reported that tetrapeptides cyclized via lactam bond between the amino terminus and a glutamic residue in position 4 (termed here N-lock) can nucleate helix formation in longer peptides. We applied such strategy to derive N-locked covalent BH3 peptides that were designed to selectively target the anti-apoptotic protein Bfl-1. The resulting agents were soluble in aqueous buffer and displayed a remarkable (low nanomolar) affinity for Bfl-1 and cellular activity. The crystal structure of the complex between such N-locked covalent peptide and Bfl-1 provided insights on the geometry of the N-locking strategy and of the covalent bond between the agent and Bfl-1.
Viral and Bacterial Interactions in the Upper Respiratory Tract (2013)

Respiratory infectious diseases are mainly caused by viruses or bacteria that often interact with one another. Although their presence is a prerequisite for subsequent infections, viruses and bacteria may be present in the nasopharynx without causing any respiratory symptoms. The upper respiratory tract hosts a vast range of commensals and potential pathogenic bacteria, which form a complex microbial community. This community is assumed to be constantly subject to synergistic and competitive interspecies interactions. Disturbances in the equilibrium, for instance due to the acquisition of new bacteria or viruses, may lead to overgrowth and invasion. A better understanding of the dynamics between commensals and pathogens in the upper respiratory tract may provide better insight into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Here we review the current knowledge regarding specific bacterial-bacterial and viral-bacterial interactions that occur in the upper respiratory niche, and discuss mechanisms by which these interactions might be mediated. Finally, we propose a theoretical model to summarize and illustrate these mechanisms.
Preparation of certain pyrylium salts by using chalcone and boron trifluoride etherate (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of certain pyrylium salts by using chalcone and boron trifluoride etherateJames A. VanAllan and George Arthur ReynoldsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 3, 1102–1105Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01267a037https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01267a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1049Altmetric-Citations55LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Diversified strategies for improving iron bioavailability of maize (2007)

xii General Introduction Rationale Research Questions Organization of the study References 1 2
Pralatrexate, a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor for the potential treatment of several malignancies. (2008)

Pralatrexate, a 10-deazaaminopterin derivative, is being developed by Allos Therapeutics Inc for the potential treatment of malignancies. The folate analog inhibits dihydrofolate reductase and was developed to overcome the limitations of the folate analog methotrexate. Compared with methotrexate in preclinical studies, pralatrexate demonstrated superior intracellular transport via the reduced folate carrier, and increased accumulation within cells by enhanced polyglutamylation. Preclinical studies in vitro and in models of B-cell lymphomas, T-cell lymphomas and NSCLC indicated that pralatrexate exhibited antitumor activity that was superior to the activity of other antifolates. In phase I clinical trials, the DLT for pralatrexate was mucositis, which could be abrogated with folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation. The administration of pralatrexate to patients with T-cell lymphomas and NSCLC resulted in significant tumor remissions. At the time of publication, pralatrexate was in phase II clinical trials for the treatment of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, a phase I/II trial in combination with gemcitabine for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and a phase IIb trial in comparison with erlotinib in patients with NSCLC. Because of the limited therapies available for peripheral T-cell lymphoma, pralatrexate could have a secure niche for the treatment of this indication, if ongoing clinical trials and future phase III trials confirm the efficacy of the drug. In contrast, for pralatrexate to be incorporated into the accepted treatment options for NSCLC, the drug will need to prove clear superiority to established agents.
Isolation and Characterization of Rat Liver Amphisomes (1998)

Amphisomes, the autophagic vacuoles (AVs) formed upon fusion between autophagosomes and endosomes, have so far only been characterized in indirect, functional terms. To enable a physical distinction between autophagosomes and amphisomes, the latter were selectively density-shifted in sucrose gradients following fusion with AOM-gold-loaded endosomes (endosomes made dense by asialoorosomucoid-conjugated gold particles, endocytosed by isolated rat hepatocytes prior to subcellular fractionation). Whereas amphisomes, by this criterion, accounted for only a minor fraction of the AVs in control hepatocytes, treatment of the cells with leupeptin (an inhibitor of lysosomal protein degradation) caused an accumulation of amphisomes to about one-half of the AV population. A quantitative electron microscopic study confirmed that leupeptin induced a severalfold increase in the number of hepatocytic amphisomes (recognized by their gold particle contents; otherwise, their ultrastructure was quite similar to autophagosomes). Leupeptin caused, furthermore, a selective retention of endocytosed AOM-gold in the amphisomes at the expense of the lysosomes, consistent with an inhibition of amphisome-lysosome fusion. The electron micrographs suggested that autophagosomes could undergo multiple independent fusions, with multivesicular (late) endosomes to form amphisomes and with small lysosomes to form large autolysosomes. A biochemical comparison between autophagosomes and amphisomes, purified by a novel procedure, showed that the amphisomes were enriched in early endosome markers (the asialoglycoprotein receptor and the early endosome-associated protein 1) as well as in a late endosome marker (the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor). Amphisomes would thus seem to be capable of receiving inputs both from early and late endosomes.
Evaluation of UDP‐GlcN Derivatives for Selective Labeling of 5‐(Hydroxymethyl)cytosine (2013)

5-(hydroxymethyl)cytosine (5-hmC) is a newly identified oxidative product of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in the mammalian genome, and is believed to be an important epigenetic marker influencing a variety of biological processes. In addition to its relatively low abundance, the fluctuation of 5-hmC levels over time during cell development poses a formidable challenge for its accurate mapping and quantification. Here we describe a specific chemoenzymatic approach to 5-hmC detection in DNA samples by using new uridine 5'-diphosphoglucosamine (UDP-GlcN) probes. Our approach requires modification of the glucose moiety of UDP-Glc with small amino groups and transfer of these glucose derivatives to the hydroxy moiety of 5-hmC by using T4 phage glucosyltransferases. We evaluated the transfer efficiencies of three glucosyltransferases (wild-type α- and β-GTs and a Y261L mutant β-GT) with five different UDP-Glc derivatives containing functionalized groups for subsequent bioconjugation and detection. Our results indicate that UDP-6-N3 -Glc, UDP-6-GlcN, and UDP-2-GlcN can be transferred by β-GT with efficiencies similar to that seen with the native UDP-Glc cofactor. 6-N3 -Glc- and 6-GlcN-containing oligonucleotides were selectively labeled with reactive fluorescent probes. In addition, a 2 kb DNA fragment modified with 2-GlcN groups was specifically detected by use of a commercially available antiglucosamine antibody. Alternative substrates for β-GT and correlated glycosyltransferases might prove useful for the study of the function and dynamics of 5-hmC and other modified nucleotides, as well as for multiplex analysis.
Enzymic Synthesis of Oligo- and Polysaccharides. (1993)

Transglycosylation reactions catalyzed by the fungal p-transglycosylases as well as the bacterial fructosyltransferase are reviewed with respect to their mechanisms and specificities in the biosynthesis of corresponding oligo- and polysaccharides. β-Transglycosylases (β-TG) of Sclerotinia libertiana . and Trichoderma longibrachiatum catalyzed the intermolecular transglycosylation using cellooligosaccharides as both glycosyl donors and acceptors. High molecular weight components synthesized by the reactions were identified as linear β-1, 4-glucans having average d. p. of 14 or more. Both enzymes were defined as new enzymes with a disproportionating activity on β-1, 4-glucosidic linkage. Interaction of β-TG with native cellulose fiber was demonstrated in the enzyme of T. longibrachiatum, suggesting its functional contribution to the fungal cell wall synthesis. The manner of fructosyl transfer by Bacillus subtilis levansucrase was easily modified with the environmental conditions. The enzyme showed jS-fructosidase-like activity, catalyzing the hydrolysis of sucrose at a high temperature as well as the fructosyl transfer to the acceptor molecule when it was present at a high concentration. The enzyme lost the ability to synthesize highly branched levan of high molecular weight in the mixture with high ionic strength where it preferably synthesized low molecular weight levan of 4 or 5 branches.
Trem-Like Transcript 2 Is Expressed on Cells of the Myeloid/Granuloid and B Lymphoid Lineage and Is Up-Regulated in Response to Inflammation (2006)

The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM) gene cluster encodes a group of transmembrane proteins that are emerging as important components in innate and adaptive immunity. In both mice and humans, the TREM gene cluster encodes eight receptors; only four of these, however, are direct homologs: TREM-1, TREM-2, TREM-like transcript 1 (TLT1), and TLT2. Of the transmembrane receptors encoded by the four conserved genes within this cluster, TLT2 has not been studied previously. Data presented in this study demonstrate that TLT2 is expressed early in B cell development in conjunction with B220 and is detected on all developing mouse B cell populations as well as B cells in the periphery. TLT2 expression on B cells in the periphery exhibits a distinct hierarchy with the highest detectable levels observed on B1 B cells in the peritoneum. The overall gradation of TLT2 expression on B cells is: B1 > marginal zone/transitional 2 > transitional 1 > follicular. Additionally, TLT2 expression was observed on mouse neutrophils throughout the body. Although monocytes were not observed to express TLT2, resident peritoneal and lung macrophages do express TLT2, suggesting that it is up-regulated in association with terminal differentiation of monocytes. Finally, both neutrophils and macrophages were observed to up-regulate TLT2 expression in vivo in response to inflammatory stimuli, whereas TLT2 expression on B cells remained unchanged. In conclusion, the data suggest that TLT2 may be involved in the innate immune response based on its expression profile and the fact that it is up-regulated in response to inflammation.
Mutational inactivation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD4 gene in Escherichia coli (1987)

The RAD4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is required for the incision of damaged DNA during nucleotide excision repair. When plasmids containing the wild-type gene were transformed into various Escherichia coli strains, transformation frequencies were drastically reduced. Most plasmids recovered from transformants showed deletions or rearrangements. A minority of plasmids recovered from E. coli HB101 showed no evidence of deletion or rearrangement, but when they were transformed into S. cerevisiae on centromeric vectors, little or no complementation of the UV sensitivity of rad4 mutants was observed. Deliberate insertional mutagenesis of the wild-type RAD4 allele before transformation of E. coli restored transformation to normal levels. Plasmids recovered from these transformants contained an inactive rad4 allele; however, removal of the inserted DNA fragment restored normal RAD4 function. These experiments suggest that expression of the RAD4 gene is lethal to E. coli and show that lethality can be prevented by inactivation of the gene before transformation. Stationary-phase cultures of some strains of E. coli transformed with plasmids containing an inactivated RAD4 gene showed a pronounced delay in the resumption of exponential growth, suggesting that the mutant (and, by inference, possibly wild-type) Rad4 protein interferes with normal growth control in E. coli. The rad4-2, rad4-3, and rad4-4 chromosomal alleles were leaky relative to a rad4 disruption mutant. In addition, overexpression of plasmid-borne mutant rad4 alleles resulted in partial complementation of rad4 strains. These observations suggest that the Rad4 protein is relatively insensitive to mutational inactivation.