gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Screening for mental disorders: performance of the Composite International Diagnostic – Screener (CID–S) (1999)

Abstract This paper introduces the Composite International Diagnostic – Screener (CID–S) for mental disorders, a 12‐item self‐report questionnaire that is based on core diagnostic questions from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview for the assessment of DSM‐IV and ICD‐10 disorders (CIDI) for use in two‐stage epidemiological designs. Data are reported relating to the performance of the CID–S in a two‐stage study of a random sample of 1095 respondents, using a wide range of DSM‐IV/CIDI diagnoses (somatoform, anxiety, depressive, other affective, and substance‐use disorders). In the first stage, all subjects filled out the screening instrument. Seven to 30 days later trained clinical interviewers administered the computer‐assisted full CIDI. The CID–S had an overall sensitivity of 85.3% (range for specific diagnoses 74.7% for alcohol use disorders to 100% for panic disorders) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 92.0% (range 91.0%–100%) for any current (12‐month) diagnosis and similar values for lifetime disorders (80.7%, NPV: 85.1%). Likelihood for a DSM‐IV diagnosis increased steadily from 10.5% among screen negatives, to 24.9% among those endorsing one screening item to 100% among those endorsing more than eight of the screening items. The performance of the individual CID–S items overall was good, except for three disorders: agoraphobia, somatoform disorders and substance use disorders. Overall, the CID–S was found to be a time‐efficient diagnostic screening tool for most mental disorders (except for some somatoform and substance use disorders), when used in a two‐stage design with a two to 12 week interval between investigations. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers, Ltd.
Thermogenesis and weight control. (1984)

Compound LY104119, [R-(R*,S*)]-4-[3-[(2-hydroxy-2-phenylethyl)amino]butyl]benzamide monohydrochloride, was found to be a potent beta-agonist in the mouse. Its Ki for displacing the binding of (-)-3H-dihydroalprenolol to beta-receptors on the lung membranes from either viable yellow obese mice (VY/WfL-Avy/a) or their corresponding normal controls (VY/WfL-a/a) was 3 X 10(-7) M, comparable to that of isoproterenol which was 2 X 10(-7) M. LY104119 increased the concentration of cyclic AMP in adipose tissue, stimulated lipolysis in vitro and in vivo and the expiration of CO2 in vivo. When given s.c. or p.o., LY104119 reduced the body weight of Avy/a mice without altering the food consumption. The loss of triacylglycerol accounted for a major portion of the weight loss and the weight was recovered after the treatment was withdrawn. When fed in the diet, LY104119 reduced the weight of Avy/a mice and caused a moderate increase of food intake. Thermogenesis (whole body heat production) of the treated mice increased. An elevated level of hepatic glucokinase activity regularly found in these mice was almost normalized to the level measured in normal mice. The kinetic properties of the beta-receptors were not altered, but the number of beta-receptors on lung membranes was reduced about 25 percent. The lipolytic response of epididymal adipose tissue to LY104119 or isoproterenol, however, was not changed. When slightly overweight a/a mice were treated with LY104119 in the diet, they lost weight, but a similar treatment of normal-weight a/a mice caused a loss of only a small amount of carcass triacylglycerol without affecting the body weight. These normal-weight a/a mice were able to maintain their weight by an exorbitant increase of food intake. When this large increase of food consumption was not allowed, ie by being restricted to normal amounts of food intake, normal-weight a/a mice fed LY104119 did lose weight. Thermogenesis increased in all LY104119-treated a/a mice. However, the increase in the LY104119-treated but diet-restricted a/a mice was smaller than that in the LY104119-treated a/a mice fed ad libitum. We conclude from these observations that: Compound LY104119 was able to decrease weight in Avy/a mice apparently through the stimulation of the beta-adrenergic system. The metabolic responses to LY104119 were not different in obese Avy/a mice and normal a/a mice. The difference between the Avy/a mice and the a/a mice was in their ability to increase their food consumption to compensate for the energy loss caused by LY104119.
Succession of microbial consortia in the developing infant gut microbiome (2010)

The colonization process of the infant gut microbiome has been called chaotic, but this view could reflect insufficient documentation of the factors affecting the microbiome. We performed a 2.5-y case study of the assembly of the human infant gut microbiome, to relate life events to microbiome composition and function. Sixty fecal samples were collected from a healthy infant along with a diary of diet and health status. Analysis of >300,000 16S rRNA genes indicated that the phylogenetic diversity of the microbiome increased gradually over time and that changes in community composition conformed to a smooth temporal gradient. In contrast, major taxonomic groups showed abrupt shifts in abundance corresponding to changes in diet or health. Community assembly was nonrandom: we observed discrete steps of bacterial succession punctuated by life events. Furthermore, analysis of ≈ 500,000 DNA metagenomic reads from 12 fecal samples revealed that the earliest microbiome was enriched in genes facilitating lactate utilization, and that functional genes involved in plant polysaccharide metabolism were present before the introduction of solid food, priming the infant gut for an adult diet. However, ingestion of table foods caused a sustained increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes, elevated fecal short chain fatty acid levels, enrichment of genes associated with carbohydrate utilization, vitamin biosynthesis, and xenobiotic degradation, and a more stable community composition, all of which are characteristic of the adult microbiome. This study revealed that seemingly chaotic shifts in the microbiome are associated with life events; however, additional experiments ought to be conducted to assess how different infants respond to similar life events.
Notes- Unsaturated Four-Membered Ring Compounds. III. The Reactivity of Benzocyclobutenes Toward Electrophilic Substitution (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes- Unsaturated Four-Membered Ring Compounds. III. The Reactivity of Benzocyclobutenes Toward Electrophilic SubstitutionFrederick Jensen and Gary MacielCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 4, 640–641Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1960Publication History Published online13 March 2003Published inissue 1 April 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01074a605https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01074a605research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views63Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Positive somatostatin receptor scintigraphy correlates with the presence of somatostatin receptor subtype 2. (1996)

Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) is positive in approximately 75% of all patients with neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumours. This study aimed to identify specific somatostatin receptor (sstr) subtypes, which are responsible for the in vivo binding of the widely used somatostatin analogue, octreotide in human neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumours. Twelve patients underwent SRS with radiolabelled octreotide. After surgical resection, tumour tissues were analysed in vitro for somatostatin and octreotide binding sites by autoradiography. In addition, for the first time, sstr subtype mRNA expression was examined by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Tumour tissues from all SRS positive patients were positive by autoradiography. Semiquantitative RT-PCR revealed most prominently sstr2 expression in scintigraphically positive tumours. Two SRS negative tumours contained in vitro octreotide binding sites as well as high levels of sstr1 and sstr2 mRNAs. Positive SRS is mainly due to sstr2. sstr1, 3, 4, and probably 5 are less important for in vivo octreotide binding. False negative scintigraphic results seem to be influenced by factors independent of the expression of specific sstr.
Pseudotyping with human T-cell leukemia virus type I broadens the human immunodeficiency virus host range (1991)

Several epidemiologic and clinical studies suggest that patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the primary etiologic agent in AIDS, and other viruses, such as cytomegalovirus or human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), have a more severe clinical course than those infected with HIV alone. Cells infected with two viruses can, in some cases, give rise to phenotypically mixed virions with altered or broadened cell tropism and could therefore account for some of these findings. Such pseudotypes could alter the course of disease by infecting more tissues than are normally infected by HIV. We show here that HIV type 1 (HIV-1) efficiently incorporates the HTLV type I (HTLV-I) envelope glycoprotein and that both HIV-1 and HTLV-II accept other widely divergent envelope glycoproteins to form infectious pseudotype viruses whose cellular tropisms and relative abilities to be transmitted by cell-free virions or by cell contact are determined by the heterologous envelope. We also show that the mechanism by which virions incorporate heterologous envelope glycoproteins is independent of the presence of the homologous glycoprotein or heterologous gag proteins. These results may have important implications for the mechanism of HIV pathogenesis.
Strategies for name recognition in automatic directory assistance systems (2002)

Recognition of large numbers of different names is the central problem in automatic directory assistance services and many other applications for spoken language dialogue systems. This paper investigates a methodology of stochastically combining N-best lists retrieved from multiple user utterances with the telephone database as an additional knowledge source. This strategy is used in a prototype of a fully automated directory information system which is designed to cover a whole country. After the city has been selected, the user is asked to spell and say the name of the desired person and if necessary also the first name and street. The number of active database entries is reduced in every turn until only a single database entry is left. Results for different recognition strategies are presented on a real-life data collection for databases of various sizes with up to 1 million entries (city of Berlin). The experiments show that a substantial part of all simple requests can be automated with the strategy presented (>80% correctly recognized, 10% rejected).
In vitroandin vivoanalyses of human embryonic stem cell‐derived dopamine neurons (2005)

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells, due to their capacity of multipotency and self-renewal, may serve as a valuable experimental tool for human developmental biology and may provide an unlimited cell source for cell replacement therapy. The purpose of this study was to assess the developmental potential of hES cells to replace the selectively lost midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons in Parkinson's disease. Here, we report the development of an in vitro differentiation protocol to derive an enriched population of midbrain DA neurons from hES cells. Neural induction of hES cells co-cultured with stromal cells, followed by expansion of the resulting neural precursor cells, efficiently generated DA neurons with concomitant expression of transcriptional factors related to midbrain DA development, such as Pax2, En1 (Engrailed-1), Nurr1, and Lmx1b. Using our procedure, the majority of differentiated hES cells (> 95%) contained neuronal or neural precursor markers and a high percentage (> 40%) of TuJ1+ neurons was tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+, while none of them expressed the undifferentiated ES cell marker, Oct 3/4. Furthermore, hES cell-derived DA neurons demonstrated functionality in vitro, releasing DA in response to KCl-induced depolarization and reuptake of DA. Finally, transplantation of hES-derived DA neurons into the striatum of hemi-parkinsonian rats failed to result in improvement of their behavioral deficits as determined by amphetamine-induced rotation and step-adjustment. Immunohistochemical analyses of grafted brains revealed that abundant hES-derived cells (human nuclei+ cells) survived in the grafts, but none of them were TH+. Therefore, unlike those from mouse ES cells, hES cell-derived DA neurons either do not survive or their DA phenotype is unstable when grafted into rodent brains.
Genioglossus muscle activity during rhythmic open–close jaw movements (2000)

The purpose of this study was to examine genioglossus muscle activity during rhythmic open-close jaw movements. The electromyographic activity of the genioglossus muscle was recorded with a bipolar fine-wire electrode in six healthy males. The electromyographic activities of the ipsilateral masseter and digastric muscles were simultaneously recorded with bipolar surface electrodes. The subjects were instructed to perform rhythmic open-close jaw movements in time with a metronome set at 23, 27, 33, 42 and 50 beats/min. In all of the subjects, rhythmic electromyographic activity of the genioglossus muscle was recorded in both the jaw-opening and jaw-closing phases. The activity of the genioglossus muscle was predominantly recorded in the jaw-opening phase in two subjects, and in the jaw-closing phase in two subjects. The burst duration of the electromyographic activity of the genioglossus muscle changed linearly in accordance with the cycle duration. However, the latency from the onset of the electromyographic activity of the masseter or digastric muscle to that of the genioglossus muscle was almost constant, independent of the cycle duration. Based on these findings, we conclude that the activity of the human genioglossus muscle is closely linked to that of masticatory muscles under the control of a closely related central pattern generator.
Effects of valinomycin on hexose transport and cellular ATP pools in mouse fibroblasts (1984)

The K+ ionophore valinomycin at concentrations of 1 X 10(-8) M and over, stimulated 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and 3-O-methylglucose (3OMG) uptake in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. The rate-limiting step of 2DG uptake was transport rather than phosphorylation, in the control or valinomycin-treated cells. Kinetic analysis showed that valinomycin increased the Vmax for 2DG uptake without change of the Km. The valinomycin-stimulated 2DG uptake was insensitive to 10 micrograms/ml cycloheximide, and extracellular K+ concentrations between 0.1 and 50 mM. On the other hand, valinomycin at the concentration of 1 X 10(-8) M and over, induced a rapid decrease in cellular ATP content, followed by stimulation of 2DG uptake and recovery of the ATP content. A similar relationship between the reduction of cellular ATP content and the subsequent stimulation of 2DG uptake was observed when the cells were treated not only with 2,4-dinitrophenol and iodoacetic acid, but also with other monovalent cation ionophores or inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. These results suggest that valinomycin may posttranslationally stimulate hexose transport by increasing the number of functional carriers of hexose or changing their mobility, and the rapid decrease in cellular ATP pools by valinomycin may be a trigger of the stimulation of the hexose transport in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts.
Parapharyngeal liposarcoma: a case report (2013)

The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1907794973876202.
Treatment of Epilepsy (2009)

This lengthy book aims to be the definitive text and practical clinical reference on medical and surgical treatment of epilepsy, one of the most common and ...
Alterations in Gene Expression of Proteins Involved in the Calcium Handling in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (1999)

AF-induced alterations in mRNA contents of proteins and ion channels involved in the calcium handling seem to occur in relation to the previous duration of AF. In the present patient population, these changes were significant only if AF lasted > 6 months.
Feed-forwards meet recurrent networks in vehicle trajectory prediction (2019)

For an autonomous car, getting surprised is the worst thing that can happen. To prevent that, plenty of studies are trying to forecast traffic participants’ actions especially in an urban scene using recurrent networks. Recurrent networks are used for temporal tasks in many application domains like Natural Language processing and computer vision. Despite the tendency in the literature to use recurrent neural networks for trajectory prediction, we argue that because of small dependency in trajectory sequences of a vehicle, a feed-forward neural network can be used, instead. In this paper, we will compare these two methods in vehicle trajectory prediction while considering the vanilla models or taking the scene into account. In order to have more variations in trajectories, roundabouts are used as a case study. Our results show that the proposed feed-forward network has competitive results with a recurrent network with 6 times faster processing time.
CLINICAL COUNTERPOINT: Vitamin D: New Actions, New Analogs, New Therapeutic Potential* (1992)

AN EXCITING new era has developed in the vitamin D field with the discovery of new target tissues, mechanisms of action, and selective analogs. As a clinical counterpoint article, this review will emphasize the potential clinical applications of these new discoveries. Many of the applications to be discussed remain untested, whereas others remain in their infancy. A major reason for optimism in predicting an expanding list of therapeutic applications for the vitamin D metabolites and analogs stems from the development of analogs of calcitriol that differ in their biological effects. In particular, analogs are now available that appear to separate the effects of calcitriol on growth and differentiation from effects on intestinal calcium absorption or bone mobilization. This apparent selectivity may reflect altered pharmacokinetic properties or may involve mechanistic differences at the cellular level as well. Regardless, the development of these drugs is likely to lead to clinical applications in which raising serum calcium need not accompany other actions. The initial portion of this review is devoted to a discussion of these analogs. The main goal of this article is to review those areas in which calcitriol and its analogs are being used in new ways and to describe potential applications that are suggested by the newly discovered actions of calcitriol. Thus, new concepts in vitamin D action have led to clinical trials of calcitriol and its analogs in the management of hyperparathyroidism and psoriasis, and trials of these drugs in certain malignancies or immunological disorders may not be far off. None of the clinical applications discussed are approved applications for these drugs. Rather, this review is intended to link the laboratory observations of the past decade with the bedside of the next decade.
Hypoxia and the hypoxia-inducible-factor pathway in glioma growth andangiogenesis (2005)

Glioblastomas, like other solid tumors, have extensive areas of hypoxia and necrosis. The importance of hypoxia in driving tumor growth is receiving increased attention. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is one of the master regulators that orchestrate the cellular responses to hypoxia. It is a heterodimeric transcription factor composed of alpha and beta subunits. The alpha subunit is stable in hypoxic conditions but is rapidly degraded in normoxia. The function of HIF-1 is also modulated by several molecular mechanisms that regulate its synthesis, degradation, and transcriptional activity. Upon stabilization or activation, HIF-1 translocates to the nucleus and induces transcription of its downstream target genes. Most important to gliomagenesis, HIF-1 is a potent activator of angiogenesis and invasion through its upregulation of target genes critical for these functions. Activation of the HIF-1 pathway is a common feature of gliomas and may explain the intense vascular hyperplasia often seen in glioblastoma multiforme. Activation of HIF results in the activation of vascular endothelial growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, matrix metalloproteinases, plasminogen activator inhibitor, transforming growth factors alpha and beta, angiopoietin and Tie receptors, endothelin-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, adrenomedullin, and erythropoietin, which all affect glioma angiogenesis. In conclusion, HIF is a critical regulatory factor in the tumor microenvironment because of its central role in promoting proangiogenic and invasive properties. While HIF activation strongly promotes angiogenesis, the emerging vasculature is often abnormal, leading to a vicious cycle that causes further hypoxia and HIF upregulation.
Reasoning About Pragmatics with Neural Listeners and Speakers (2016)

We present a model for pragmatically describing scenes, in which contrastive behavior results from a combination of inference-driven pragmatics and learned semantics. Like previous learned approaches to language generation, our model uses a simple feature-driven architecture (here a pair of neural "listener" and "speaker" models) to ground language in the world. Like inference-driven approaches to pragmatics, our model actively reasons about listener behavior when selecting utterances. For training, our approach requires only ordinary captions, annotated _without_ demonstration of the pragmatic behavior the model ultimately exhibits. In human evaluations on a referring expression game, our approach succeeds 81% of the time, compared to a 69% success rate using existing techniques.