gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Cocaine Abuse: Pharmacotherapy (2007)

Until recently the treatment of cocaine addicts was limited to non-pharmacological methods because cocaine abuse was viewed as a psychological addiction to the drug's euphoriant effects. Chronic stimulant abuse is now known to lead to neurophysiological adaptation. This physiological evidence, and the failure of many patients to respond adequately to psychological treatment, prompted clinicians and researchers to explore numerous pharmacological agents in the early 1980s. Promising medications that may affect the euphoria, the craving, withdrawal, or the toxic effects associated with cocaine are under development. Potential pharmacological agents being studied include tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, neurotransmitter precursors, stimulants and dopamine agonists, serotonin re-uptake blockers and agonists, neuroleptics and opioid agonists/antagonists. Most of the research to date is on anti-craving agents. While many positive clinical reports exist, most reports are anecdotal and uncontrolled. The available data are reviewed. Potential pharmacotherapies require further research to elucidate the differences between treatments, the target populations, the optimal dosages and duration, and the interaction with behavioural and psychotherapeutic approaches.
Structure of Fipexide Hydrochloride Monohydrate (2006)

The crystal of the title compound, C20H21ClN2O4·HCl·H2O, belongs to space group Pccn with cell dimensions a = 30.76(1), b = 11.795(4), and c =11.524(4)Å. The final R value is 0.051. The title molecule as a whole takes an extended conformation with the benzodioxole and chlorophenyl groups being placed on opposite sides with respect to the line through the two nitrogen atoms in the piperazine ring. The dioxole moiety adopts a slightly puckered envelope conformation.
Spherical Silicon Photovoltaics: Material Characterization and Novel Device Structure (2008)

Single crystalline silicon spheres have been used as alternative material for solar cell fabrication. This innovative technology has several advantages over traditional wafer technology. However, the material, process flow and characterization techniques are very different from the planar technology due to the spherical geometry. In material characterization, microwave photoconductivity decay is used to measure carrier lifetime. This technique is analyzed theoretically by mathematical treatment in this thesis. Furthermore, the carrier lifetime is measured in order to investigate rapid thermal grown oxide quality in the role of surface passivation of silicon sphere. &#13;\nA traditional way of making spherical cells is to create a p-n junction by high temperature diffusion of phosphorous dopants into p-type silicon spheres. To further reduce the fabrication cost, a low temperature epitaxial film highly doped with phosphorous is deposited on the sphere surface to form an emitter layer using Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD). The process flow of device fabrication is very different from silicon wafer thus a new set of process steps are derived for silicon spheres. Two main device structures, omission of insulating layer and silicon nitride as insulating layer between emitter film and substrate, are proposed. The deposition parameters, pressure, power, and deposition time are optimized for spherical geometry. The quality of the junction is evaluated by its current-voltage characteristic and capacitance-voltage characteristic. The results are also compared to similar device structures in planar technology. To examine the photovoltaic performance, illuminated current-voltage measurement is taken to provide information on short circuit current, open circuit voltage and fill factor. Furthermore, spectral response of quantum efficiency is investigated to assess the ability of carrier collection for a spectrum of wavelength. Limitations on spherical diode performance are concluded from the measurement results.
Multiuser communications using passive time reversal (2006)

A recent paper [Song et al., IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 31, 165–173 (2006)] demonstrated multipleinput/multiple-output (MIMO) multi user communications in shallow water using active time reversal where the time reversal array (i.e., base station) sent different messages to multiple users simultaneously over a common bandwidth channel. Passive time reversal essentially is equivalent to active time reversal with the communications link being in the opposite direction. This paper describes MIMO passive time reversal communications, which enables multiple users to send information simultaneously to the time reversal array. Experimental results at 3.5 kHz with a 1-kHz bandwidth demonstrate that as many as six users can transmit information over a 4-km range in 120-m-deep shallow water using QPSK modulation, achieving an aggregate data rate of 6 kbits/s. Moreover, the same data rate has been achieved at 20 km range by three users using 16-QAM modulation.
Mast Cells as Early Responders in the Regulation of Acute Blood–Brain Barrier Changes after Cerebral Ischemia and Hemorrhage (2010)

The inflammatory response triggered by stroke has been viewed as harmful, focusing on the influx and migration of blood-borne leukocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages. This review hypothesizes that the brain and meninges have their own resident cells that are capable of fast host response, which are well known to mediate immediate reactions such as anaphylaxis, known as mast cells (MCs). We discuss novel research suggesting that by acting rapidly on the cerebral vessels, this cell type has a potentially deleterious role in the very early phase of acute cerebral ischemia and hemorrhage. Mast cells should be recognized as a potent inflammatory cell that, already at the outset of ischemia, is resident within the cerebral microvasculature. By releasing their cytoplasmic granules, which contain a host of vasoactive mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, histamine, heparin, and proteases, MCs act on the basal membrane, thus promoting blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, brain edema, prolonged extravasation, and hemorrhage. This makes them a candidate for a new pharmacological target in attempts to even out the inflammatory responses of the neurovascular unit, and to stabilize the BBB after acute stroke.
Testosterone therapy for sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women (2008)

Background After menopause, both surgical and natural, increases occur in the number of women experiencing sexual dysfunction. Although a direct link between sexual dysfunction and endogenous testosterone levels has not been clearly established, testosterone therapy is known to improve the signs and symptoms related to hypoactive sexual desire. However, testosterone supplementation is not approved in the United States for these clinical indications, primarily because of a lack of data evaluating the possible side-effects of these drugs.Method A MEDLINE search was performed, with a priority for well-designed studies (randomized, controlled trials, meta-analysis), for published data related to the efficacy and safety of testosterone therapy in postmenopausal women.Results Randomized trials have demonstrated an improvement in sexual function with testosterone in postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder, particularly after oophorectomies. Side-effects have been well tolerated and reversible upon discontinuation.Conclusion Exogenous testosterone treatment provides a rational therapeutic alternative to consider in women whose hypoactive sexual desire disorder negatively affects their quality of life and who have no biologic or psychosocial causes not related to decreased androgen levels for their sexual disorder. Women receiving testosterone should be monitored for clinical improvement and for adverse reactions. Transdermal patches and topical gels avoid the hepatic first-pass metabolism and are the preferred formulations. Testosterone therapy is usually administered concomitantly with estrogen therapy due to a lack of adequate safety and efficacy data on testosterone alone.
Induction of Diabetes Mellitus in Rats Using Intraperitoneal Streptozotocin: A Comparison between 2 Strains of Rats (2009)

The purpose of this study was to determine species related differences in the diabetogenic response to streptozotocin (STZ) after single intraperitoneal injection. Twenty adult, male, nude rats (NR, strain Crl:NIH-Fox1 RNU ) and 8 adult, male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used to induce diabetes using streptozotocin. A single, 150mg/kg STZ was injected intraperitoneally in both strains of rats. Four rats (2 from each strain) were injected buffer and served as control. Severity of the induced diabetic state was assessed by daily monitoring of body weights, clinical signs, and blood glucose levels. Four rats in the NR group died in an average of 5 days following STZ injection and 4 rats of the SD group died in an average of 2 days. In the NR group, non fasting serum glucose levels (267 ± 80 mg/dl) rose significantly (P ≤ 0.05) only in 7 (35%) rats while all SD group experienced glucose levels above 300 mg/dl (324 ± 20 mg/dl) and required insulin treatment all over the
Divergent effects of matrix metalloproteinases 3, 7, 9, and 12 on atherosclerotic plaque stability in mouse brachiocephalic arteries (2005)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are thought to be involved in the growth, destabilization, and eventual rupture of atherosclerotic lesions. Using the mouse brachiocephalic artery model of plaque instability, we compared apolipoprotein E (apoE)/MMP-3, apoE/MMP-7, apoE/MMP-9, and apoE/MMP-12 double knockouts with their age-, strain-, and sex-matched apoE single knockout controls. Brachiocephalic artery plaques were significantly larger in apoE/MMP-3 and apoE/MMP-9 double knockouts than in controls. The number of buried fibrous layers was also significantly higher in the double knockouts, and both knockouts exhibited cellular compositional changes indicative of an unstable plaque phenotype. Conversely, lesion size and buried fibrous layers were reduced in apoE/MMP-12 double knockouts compared with controls, and double knockouts had increased smooth muscle cell and reduced macrophage content in the plaque, indicative of a stable plaque phenotype. ApoE/MMP-7 double knockout plaques contained significantly more smooth muscle cells than controls, but neither lesion size nor features of stability were altered in these animals. Hence, MMP-3 and MMP-9 appear normally to play protective roles, limiting plaque growth and promoting a stable plaque phenotype. MMP-12 supports lesion expansion and destabilization. MMP-7 has no effect on plaque growth or stability, although it is associated with reduced smooth muscle cell content in plaques. These data demonstrate that MMPs are directly involved in atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and clearly show that members of the MMP family have widely differing effects on atherogenesis.
Abnormal Centrosome Amplification in the Absence of p53 (1996)

The centrosome plays a vital role in mitotic fidelity, ensuring establishment of bipolar spindles and balanced chromosome segregation. Centrosome duplication occurs only once during the cell cycle and is therefore highly regulated. Here, it is shown that in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking the p53 tumor suppressor protein, multiple copies of functionally competent centrosomes are generated during a single cell cycle. In contrast, MEFs prepared from normal mice or mice deficient in the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product do not display these abnormalities. The abnormally amplified centrosomes profoundly affect mitotic fidelity, resulting in unequal segregation of chromosomes. These observations implicate p53 in the regulation of centrosome duplication and suggest one possible mechanism by which the loss of p53 may cause genetic instability.
An Assay for Erythropoietin in Vitro at the Milliunit Level (1975)

A method is described for the assay of erythropoietin using primary cultures of adult rat bone marrow cells. Either total labeled iron uptake by the cells or hematin synthesis from labeled iron may be used as the measure of erythropoietin action. The method is useful in the range 0.001 to 0.010 U, where the log response is linear with the log dose, and can be carried out in 2 working days. This method has the disadvantage of detecting asialoerythropoietin which has no activity in vivo.
The prognostic significance of the immunotype in diffuse large-cell lymphoma: a comparative study of the T-cell and B-cell phenotype (1988)

Abstract The clinical significance of immunophenotyping of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas is controversial. Therefore, we conducted the present study of 103 consecutively accrued diffuse large-cell lymphoma (DLCL) patients to define, independently of histologic subtypes, the prognostic importance of phenotyping. We used an extensive panel of monoclonal antibodies to T- and B-cell antigens to assign all patients immunologically into the T-cell (20 patients) or B-cell group (83 patients). The only significant differences in pretreatment clinical variables between the two patient groups were the higher frequency of bulky disease (greater than 10 cm) in B-cell patients (P = .008) and more frequent skin involvement in the T-cell group (P less than or equal to .001). Multiagent doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy regimens were employed as initial therapy in over 83% of the patients in each group. Our study revealed that disease-free survival (DFS) was significantly shorter in the T-cell patients than in the B-cell DLCL patients (median DFS, 10.8 months for T-cell and 42.7 months for B- cell; P = .01, log rank). No patient with T-cell DLCL remained disease free for longer than 2 years, whereas 55% of the B-cell group were disease free at 2 years. Univariate and multivariate analyses of all major prognostic factors of DFS suggest that the T-cell phenotype indicates an incurable subset of DLCL patients. Although the B-cell group had a twofold advantage in median survival (35 months v 18 months), actuarial overall survival was not significantly different between the two patient groups (P = .23). Our results indicate the need for new approaches in the search for a curative treatment for T-cell DLCL.
Gap Junction Intercellular Communication Mediates the Competitive Cell Proliferation Disadvantage of Irradiated Mouse Preimplantation Embryos in Aggregation Chimeras (1999)

Gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) is thought to play a role in the growth modulation that occurs within cell populations. An example of heterologous growth inhibition (competitive cell proliferation disadvantage) occurs within mouse aggregation chimeras comprised of irradiated and nonirradiated cleavage-stage embryos. The goal of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that GJIC participates in the competitive cell proliferation disadvantage that is expressed by the irradiated embryo in aggregation chimeras. Specifically, we tested the capacity of the GJIC inhibitor 18 alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid (AGA) to inhibit competitive cell proliferation disadvantage in heterologous aggregation chimeras that were comprised of one embryo that was irradiated with 1.0 Gy of (137)Cs gamma rays and then paired with one nonirradiated embryo. We found that AGA successfully inhibited fluorescent dye transfer between irradiated and nonirradiated embryos in heterologous chimeras. Chronic exposure to AGA prevented competitive cell proliferation disadvantage in these radiation chimeras, while exposure to AGA for the first 15 h of culture (prior to gap junction development) did not prevent competitive cell proliferation disadvantage. An unexpected observation was the apparent lack of any effect of inhibiting GJIC by exposure to AGA on blastocyst formation and cell number allocation in the two principal stem cell lineages of the preimplantation mammalian embryo, trophectoderm and inner cell mass.
Dual actions of caffeine on voltage-dependent currents and intracellular calcium in taste receptor cells (2002)

Although the numerous stimuli representing the taste quality of bitterness are known to be transduced through multiple mechanisms, recent studies have suggested an unpredicted complexity of the transduction pathways for individual bitter stimuli. To investigate this notion more thoroughly, a single prototypic bitter stimulus, caffeine, was studied by using patch-clamp and ratiometric imaging techniques on dissociated rat taste receptor cells. At behaviorally relevant concentrations, caffeine produced strong inhibition of outwardly and inwardly rectifying potassium currents. Caffeine additionally inhibited calcium current, produced a weaker inhibition of sodium current, and was without effect on chloride current. Consistent with its effects on voltage-dependent currents, caffeine caused a broadening of the action potential and an increase of the input resistance. Caffeine was an effective stimulus for elevation of intracellular calcium. This elevation was concentration dependent, independent of extracellular calcium or ryanodine, and dependent on intracellular stores as evidenced by thapsigargin treatment. These dual actions on voltage-activated ionic currents and intracellular calcium levels suggest that a single taste stimulus, caffeine, utilizes multiple transduction mechanisms.
The Role of Gold Acetylides as a Selectivity Trigger and the Importance of gem-Diaurated Species in the Gold-Catalyzed Hydroarylating-Aromatization of Arene-Diynes (2012)

Terminal 1,2-dialkynylarenes undergo an unexpected cyclization hydroarylation reaction toward naphthalene derivatives in benzene as the solvent. The regioselectivity of the reaction can be controlled by careful catalyst tuning. Also, the preparation of a bench-stable cationic amine complex or simple heterogenization of the catalyst on neutral aluminum oxide, which enables efficient catalyst recycling, was possible. Intensive mechanistic investigations were undertaken, giving new insights into the so-far underestimated role of acetylides in gold chemistry. The gold plays a fascinating dual role serving to both catalyze the reaction and activate the substrate by Au–C-σ bond formation. Evidence of gem-diaurated compounds playing an important part for gold catalysis is also reported.
Lac UV5 transcription in vitro. Rate limitation subsequent to formation of an RNA polymerase-DNA complex (1979)

The kinetics of transcription of lac UV5 mRNA using purified DNA restriction fragment as template has been studied. This template, which contains only 203 base pairs, directs the formation of a 67-base lac mRNA with high specificity. The half-time for formation of a DNA-RNA polymerase complex is approximately 0.2 min. However, upon addition of 200 micron nucleoside triphosphates to this complex, RNA production proceeds with a half-time of approximately 1 min. Therefore, it is suggested that the rate-limiting step for lac UV5 mRNA production, under typical in vitro conditions, occurs subsequent to the formation of a promoter-specific complex.
Mutational inactivation of the proapoptotic gene BAX confers selective advantage during tumor clonal evolution (2000)

A remarkable instability at simple repeated sequences characterizes gastrointestinal cancer of the microsatellite mutator phenotype (MMP). Mutations in the DNA mismatch repair gene family underlie the MMP, a landmark for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. These tumors define a distinctive pathway for carcinogenesis because they display a particular spectrum of mutated cancer genes containing target repeats for mismatch repair deficiency. One such gene is BAX, a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, which plays a key role in programmed cell death. More than half of colon and gastric cancers of the MMP contain BAX frameshifts in a (G)(8) mononucleotide tract. However, the functional significance of these mutations in tumor progression has not been established. Here we show that inactivation of the wild-type BAX allele by de novo frameshift mutations confers a strong advantage during tumor clonal evolution. Tumor subclones with only mutant alleles frequently appeared after inoculation into nude mice of single-cell clones of colon tumor cell lines with normal alleles. In contrast, no clones of BAX-expressing cells were found after inoculation of homozygous cell clones without wild-type BAX. These results support the interpretation that BAX inactivation contributes to tumor progression by providing a survival advantage. In this context, survival analyses show that BAX mutations are indicators of poor prognosis for both colon and gastric cancer of the MMP.
El ictioplancton en la region canaria: abundancia, distribucion y composicion taxonomica larvaria (1997)

En esta memoria se presentan los resultados del estudio del ictioplancton de la región Canaria y su relación con los procesos oceanográficos mesoescalares que afectan a la zona.&#13;\nLa región Canaria, bañada por la corriente de Canarias, está afectada por diferentes procesos oceanográficos que operan a mesoescala. Unos son inducidos por la presencia de las propias islas, que funcionan como una barrera para los flujos atmosférico (vientos alisios) y oceánico (corriente de Canarias), lo que introduce una fuerte variabilidad en dichos flujos, que induce la formación de estructuras como remolinos entre islas y remolinos y estelas cálidas a sotavento de aquellas; estos fenómenos, en el ámbito biológico, en esencia, se traducen en un incremento en la producción planctónica y, de forma genérica, se denominan efecto de isla. Otros dependen de los efectos que el afloramiento del noroeste africano tiene sobre aquella región, como son el fuerte gradiente térmico que, en sentido este-oeste, producen las aguas afloradas, o los filamentos de afloramiento que, durante la estación de máxima intensidad de aquel, llegan a alcanzar la parte oriental de la región Canaria. Afloramientos y filamentos convierten esta región en una zona de transición entre un ambiente típicamente oceánico, oligotrófico, y otro de afloramiento costero, altamente productivo. Todo lo anterior hace que las condiciones oceanográficas en esta región sean relativamente variables, tanto espacial como temporalmente.&#13;\nPara estudiar la variabilidad introducida por las islas y la influencia del afloramiento africano en la región se llevó a cabo la campaña Canarias-9110. La influencia del afloramiento africano en el área se estudió a través de un filamento de éste durante la primera parte de la campaña Canarias-9308.&#13;\n[Ver Resumen completo en pdf].
[Studies on transdermal delivery system of dihydroetorphine hydrochloride]. (1996)

A transdermal delivery system of dihydroetorphine hydrochloride (DHE-TDS) was developed. The DHE-TDS mainly composed of polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and lactose. Tests on rabbits showed only slight skin irritation according to federal hazardous substances act. By giving DHE-TDS to rabbits, DHE release was shown to be governed by first-order mechanism. When DHE-TDS was given to Wistar rats, a relatively stable blood drug concentration was observed from 4-32 h after drug administration. Writhing tests showed that one dose of DHE-TDS would maintain the narcotic action on rats for at least 48 h.