gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methylation analysis of a marsupial X-linked CpG island by bisulfite genomic sequencing. (1996)

Paternal X chromosome inactivation occurs in rodent extraembryonic membranes and in all tissues of marsupials. Methylation of CpG islands occurs on the inactive X in eutherians and is considered to be a stabilizing mechanism. The only previous study of a marsupial X-linked CpG island was of the G6PD gene of the Virginia opossum, in which the paternally derived allele is not completely repressed. We have cloned the 5' end of the G6PD gene from an Australian marsupial, the common wallaroo, and sequenced the associated CpG island. The paternally derived G6PD allele is completely repressed in tissues of this species. Methylation analysis using HpaII and Cfol restriction enzymes and bisulfite genomic sequencing of 47 CpG dinucleotides in a 613-bp region reveals hypomethylation of male and female DNA from tissues, cultured fibroblasts (in which the paternal allele is partially expressed) and sperm. This suggests that methylation of CpG islands is not required for maintenance of X inactivation in marsupials even where repression of the paternal allele is complete.
Structure, Regulation and Function of NF-kappaB (1994)

Cells organize many of their biochemical reactions in non-membrane compartments. Recent evidence has shown that many of these compartments are liquids that form by phase separation from the cytoplasm. Here we discuss the basic physical concepts necessary ...Read More
Cloning of the bronze locus in maize by a simple and generalizable procedure using the transposable controlling element Activator ( Ac ) (1984)

The bronze (bz) locus of maize has been cloned by an indirect procedure utilizing the cloned transposable controlling element Activator (Ac). Restriction endonuclease fragments of maize DNA were cloned in bacteriophage lambda and recombinant phage with homology to the center of the Ac element were isolated. The cloned fragments were analyzed to determine which contained sequences that were structurally identical to a previously isolated Ac element. Two such fragments were identified. Sequences flanking the Ac element were subcloned and used to probe genomic DNA from plants with well-defined mutations at the bz locus. By this means, it was established that one of the genomic clones contained a bz locus sequence. The subcloned probe fragment was then used to clone a nonmutant Bz allele of the locus. The method described here should prove useful in cloning other loci with Ac insertion mutations.
Interaction of the Arabidopsis E2F and DP Proteins Confers Their Concomitant Nuclear Translocation and Transactivation (2002)

E2F transcription factors are required for the progression and arrest of the cell cycle in animals. Like animals, plants have evolved to conserve the E2F family. The Arabidopsis genome encodes E2F and DP proteins that share a high similarity with the animal E2F and DP families. Here, we show that Arabidopsis E2F and DP proteins are not predominantly localized to the nucleus in analyses with green fluorescent protein, and that the complete nuclear localization of some members is driven by the co-expression of their specific partner proteins. Both AtE2F1 and AtE2F3 were translocated to the nucleus and transactivate an E2F reporter gene when co-expressed with DPa but not DPb. In contrast, AtE2F2 was inactive for both nuclear translocation and transactivation even when Dpa or DPb was co-expressed. Because the DNA binding activities of the three E2Fs are equally stimulated by the interaction with DPa or DPb in vitro, the observed transactivation of AtE2F1 and AtE2F3 is DPa specific and nuclear import dependent. A green fluorescent protein fusion with an AtE2F3 mutant, in which a conserved nuclear export signal-like sequence in the dimerization domain was deleted, was localized to the nucleus. Thus, the concomitant nuclear translocation seems to be conferred by the DPa interaction to release an activity that inhibits an intrinsic nuclear import activity of AtE2Fs. Furthermore, the nuclear translocation of AtE2F3 stimulated by DPa was abolished by the deletion of the N-terminal region of AtE2F3, which is conserved among all the E2F proteins identified in plants to date. Replacement of the N-terminal region of AtE2F3 with a canonical nuclear localization signal only partially mimicked the effect of the DPa co-expression, demonstrating the function of plant E2F distinct from that observed for animal E2Fs. These observations suggest that the function of plant E2F and DP proteins is primarily controlled by their nuclear localization mediated by the interaction with specific partner proteins.
Performance of Selected Event Data Recorders (2001)

This study compares the performance of selected event data recorders (EDRs) in recording the crash environment for severe impact conditions. The EDRs were attached to the bed of a 2001 Ford F-150 pickup, which was crashed into a flat fixed rigid barrier at 30 mph. Three accelerometers were also attached to establish a baseline. The output of the crash deceleration pulse from the EDRs was compared to the output from the reference accelerometers. Although the sampling rate for one EDR was considered to be too low for comparison, one EDR showed very close readings to the reference accelerometers except for the event trigger, where it lagged by several milliseconds.
New kids on the block: Diagnostic and prognostic microRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma (2009)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignant cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Molecular profiling of changes in gene expression has improved our understanding of the HCC mechanism, allowing the identification of biomarkers for HCC diagnosis and HCC patient stratification for prognosis and therapy. Recently, a new group of molecules, microRNAs, has been discovered to be aberrantly expressed in HCC and some of them are functionally involved in HCC carcinogenesis and progression. Further, certain microRNAs are associated with HCC or related to HCC subtypes, implying the potential of microRNAs for HCC patient stratification of diagnosis and prognosis. Some of these HCC-associated microRNAs have been validated in independent cohorts, paving the way for developing clinically useful platforms to assess HCC risk, aiding HCC diagnosis and assisting in HCC patient stratification with the potential for personalized adjuvant therapy. Here, we mainly focus on the diagnostic and prognostic roles of miRNAs as a group of new biomarkers for HCC.
Caspase-3: A vulnerability factor and final effector in apoptotic death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (2000)

Caspase-3 is an effector of apoptosis in experimental models of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, its potential role in the human pathology remains to be demonstrated. Using caspase-3 immunohistochemistry on the postmortem human brain, we observed a positive correlation between the degree of neuronal loss in dopaminergic (DA) cell groups affected in the mesencephalon of PD patients and the percentage of caspase-3-positive neurons in these cell groups in control subjects and a significant decrease of caspase-3-positive pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of PD patients compared with controls that also could be observed in an animal model of PD. This suggests that neurons expressing caspase-3 are more sensitive to the pathological process than those that do not express the protein. In addition, using an antibody raised against activated caspase-3, the percentage of active caspase-3-positive neurons among DA neurons was significantly higher in PD patients than in controls. Finally, electron microscopy analysis in the human brain and in vitro data suggest that caspase-3 activation precedes and is not a consequence of apoptotic cell death in PD.
The epidemiology of respiratory tract pathogens in southern Netherlands (1988)

Results of sputum cultures and susceptibility tests have been reviewed for the years 1977-1986, with approximately 1,700 positive cultures per year. Haemophilus influenzae always occupied the first place, being grown in 65% of positive specimens in 1977 and 37% in 1986. Streptococcus pneumoniae occupied the second place, rising from 17 to 27% in the same period, during which Branhamella catarrhalis rose from 5 to 26%. Based on the frequency of occurrence of individual bacterial species in the sputum cultures and on the percentage of strains resistant to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, doxycycline, erythromycin and ofloxacin, theoretical chances of failure of blind therapy were calculated and found to be most advantageous for ofloxacin and cotrimoxazole. No explanation could be given for the increase in beta-lactamase production by B. catarrhalis, but the disappearance of Haemophilus parainfluenzae may have been due to improvements in the identification procedure.
Scaling scenario of floating body cell (FBC) suppressing V<inf>th</inf> variation due to random dopant fluctuation (2008)

A scaling scenario of fully-depleted floating body cell (FBC) is demonstrated in view of signal margin for stable array functionality. Measurement and numerical simulation reveal that the Vth variation of cell array transistors is mainly attributed to the random dopant fluctuation in channel region. By setting the channel impurity concentration in the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">16</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> or lower, Gbit array functionality is guaranteed for the 32nm node and further scaled generations.
Protocols for self-organization of a wireless sensor network (2000)

We present a suite of algorithms for self-organization of wireless sensor networks in which there is a scalably large number of mainly static nodes with highly constrained energy resources. The protocols further support slow mobility by a subset of the nodes, energy-efficient routing, and formation of ad hoc subnetworks for carrying out cooperative signal processing functions among a set of the nodes.
Hypothesis: Shifting the Equilibrium From Activity to Food Leads to Autonomic Unbalance and the Metabolic Syndrome (2003)

“The stability of the internal environment is the condition that life should be free and independent… So, far from the higher animal being indifferent to the external world, it is on the contrary in a precise and informed relation with it, in such a way that its equilibrium results from a continuous and delicate compensation, established as by the most sensitive of balances.” Claude Bernard (1865)
Aminocyclodextrins as Selective Hosts with Several Binding Sites for Nucleotides (1993)

A simultaneous discrimination between 3′- and 5′-phosphates, 2′-oxy- and 2′-deoxyriboses and nucleobases of nucleotides is made possible by the use of β-cyclodextrins with ammonio substituents in the 6 position; the corresponding host–guest complex (shown schematically) forms in water in the process. NMR spectroscopic investigations show that the sugar unit is found inside the cyclodextrin cavity.
Nonradiative recombination in 1.56 μm GaInNAsSb/GaNAs quantum-well lasers (2009)

We have shown experimentally that in GaInNAsSb/GaAs quantum-well lasers there are significant nonradiative contributions to threshold current from the barriers and the well. By matching a simulation to the experiment we find that Auger recombination in the barriers is very weak, due to the low carrier density. Shockley–Read–Hall recombination is the dominant source of nonradiative current, with the barriers making the major contribution, possibly due to their higher defect density than the wells. This suggests that significant improvements could be made by optimizing growth conditions and layer design, with particular attention to the barrier.
The effect of dihydrofolate reductase-mediated gene amplification on the expression of transfected immunoglobulin genes. (1987)

Murine/human chimeric gamma 1 and K Ig genes were cloned adjacent to the gene coding for methotrexate-resistant dihydrofolate reductase. These constructs were introduced into myeloma cells, and lines containing stably integrated genes were selected. The integrated Ig genes were then amplified by selection of the cells in increasing concentrations of methotrexate. The extent of gene amplification, mRNA accumulation, and production of Ig was studied in transfectomas containing introduced light chain genes, heavy chain genes, or both. When the light chain gene was introduced alone, it was expressed at low levels, but after selection with methotrexate, light chain expression was increased as much as 63-fold. In contrast, the transfected heavy chain genes were highly expressed, but production of the corresponding protein was increased a maximum of only fourfold by methotrexate treatment. Cellular toxicity of unassembled heavy chain monomer was not observed, even at amounts equivalent to 2% of total cellular protein. Cointroduction of the heavy and light chain constructs with subsequent amplification resulted in as much as 25-fold increase in secretion of intact antibody relative to unamplified cells. The results demonstrate that amplification of Ig genes can induce transfectomas to secrete antibody at nearly the rate of hybridomas.
Maize Photosystem I (1989)

Photosystem I (PSI) has been isolated from mesophyll chloroplasts of mature maize leaves. The isolated PSI (PSI-200) was used as starting material for preparing an antenna-depleted core (PSI-100). Both of these preparations appear to be quite analogous to PSI complexes isolated from other plant tissue sources, such as those from C3 plants, as judged from NADP photoreduction assays, immunoblotting, and the ability of the complexes to form a covalent crosslinked product with spinach plastocyanin. The study suggests that the PSI complex from a C4 plant is similar to that isolated from a C3 plant in that both contain the plastocyanin docking protein although the apparent molecular weight of these respective subunits differ slightly.
The expression of a gamma interferon-induced protein (IP-10) in delayed immune responses in human skin. (1987)

Our knowledge of the induction of new molecules by IFN-gamma has led to the characterization of IP-10 and the preparation of a monospecific, polyclonal antibody. Using this reagent we have now examined inflammatory states occurring in human skin and used immunocytochemical staining for the expression of both Ia and IP-10 determinants. After evoking a delayed-type response to purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD), we noted the presence of IP-10 in dermal macrophages and endothelial cells. Intense staining of the basal layer of epidermal keratinocytes was prominent at 41 h, and by 1 wk the entire epidermis was staining. The comparison of the amount of IP-10 secreted by keratinocytes vs. macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells revealed that keratinocytes were by far the major producers of this molecule. The expression of Ia occurred in conjunction with IP-10. The injection of rIFN-gamma mimicked many of the features of the PPD response, including the expression of both Ia and IP-10 by epidermal keratinocytes. Coexpression was also found in the natural lesions of tuberculoid leprosy and cutaneous Leishmaniasis. However, it was absent in lepromatous leprosy, a state where activated T lymphocytes are not present. We suggest that the local production of IFN-gamma by T cells of the dermal infiltrate induces IP-10 formation in both the dermis and epidermis. IP-10 and Ia then serve as specific markers of immune IFN and its possible influence on effector cells of the cell mediated immune response.
Central muscarinic cholinergic regulation of the systemic inflammatory response during endotoxemia (2006)

TNF has a critical mediator role in inflammation and is an important therapeutic target. We recently discovered that TNF production is regulated by neural signals through the vagus nerve. Activation of this "cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway" inhibits the production of TNF and other cytokines and protects animals from the inflammatory damage caused by endotoxemia and severe sepsis. Here, we describe a role for central muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the activation of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. Central muscarinic cholinergic activation by muscarine, the M1 receptor agonist McN-A-343, and the M2 receptor antagonist methoctramine inhibited serum TNF levels significantly during endotoxemia. Centrally administered methoctramine stimulated vagus-nerve activity measured by changes in instantaneous heart-rate variability. Blockade of peripheral muscarinic receptors did not abolish antiinflammatory signaling through the vagus nerve, indicating that peripheral muscarinic receptors on immune cells are not required for the cytokine-regulating activities of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway. The role of central muscarinic receptors in activating the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway is of interest for the use of centrally acting muscarinic cholinergic enhancers as antiinflammatory agents.
Optofluidic Microscope - A Novel Microscope-on-a-Chip System (2006)

We report the implementation of a novel microscope-on-a-chip system, termed the “Optofluidic Microscope (OFM)”. The OFM prototype is high resolution, compact and capable of high-throughput sample imaging. In addition, it has the capability to achieve super-resolution.
A Review on Electrohydrodynamic-inkjet Printing Technology (2014)

Abstract — Electrohydrodynamic (EHD)-inkjet printing is a novel high resolution inkjet printing technology with the advantages of being a maskless, non-contact, direct-write and additive process. Its printing resolution exceeds by about two orders of magnitude in comparison to the conventional inkjet printing systems. It is used in the field of micro/nano manufacturing for patterning of large class of materials on a variety of substrates with the options to use either Drop-On-Demand (D-O-D) or continuous mode. Printable electronics especially flexible electronics is one of the many fields where this technology has a lot to offer as the same EHD-inkjet set-up can be used for electrospraying for thin film layer deposition, electrospinning for interconnection and EHD jetting for making electrodes. A lot of research has been carried out in the recent past to make its transition from a research tool to a commercial manufacturing process. Many challenges such as increasing the process throughput (i.e. the printing speeds) have to be overcome before the commercialization of this technology. Another major challenge is to develop a compact, affordable and user friendly test platform to further develop the process and associated applications. This review gives a brief account of the EHD-inkjet technology; the research activities carried out in recent years and the wide areas of applications of this technology. The working of the EHD-inkjet system along with the physics of the process has also been discussed in brief. Keywords—Drop-on-Demand (D-O-D),
A family of chromatin remodeling factors related to Williams syndrome transcription factor (2000)

Chromatin remodeling complexes have been implicated in the disruption or reformation of nucleosomal arrays resulting in modulation of transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair. Here we report the isolation of WCRF, a new chromatin-remodeling complex from HeLa cells. WCRF is composed of two subunits, WCRF135, the human homolog of Drosophila ISWI, and WCRF180, a protein related to the Williams syndrome transcription factor. WCRF180 is a member of a family of proteins sharing a putative heterochromatin localization domain, a PHD finger, and a bromodomain, prevalent in factors involved in regulation of chromatin structure.
Calcium phosphate: a substitute for aluminum adjuvants? (2016)

Calcium phosphate was used as an adjuvant in France in diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and poliomyelitis vaccines. It was later completely substituted by alum salts in the late 80's, but it still remains as an approved adjuvant for the World Health Organization for human vaccination. Area covered: Thus, calcium phosphate is now considered as one of the substances that could replace alum salts in vaccines. The aim of this paper is to draw a review of existing data on calcium phosphate as an adjuvant in order to bring out the strengths and weaknesses for its use on a large scale. Expert commentary: Calcium phosphate is a compound naturally present in the organism, safe and already used in human vaccination. Beyond comparisons with the other adjuvants, calcium phosphate represents a good candidate to replace or to complete alum salts as a vaccine adjuvant.
Comparison of Effects of Angiotensin and Norepinephrine on Pulmonary Circulation, Systemic Arteries and Veins, and Systemic Vascular Capacity in the Dog (1962)

In dog experiments, angiotensin II and norepinephrine were compared in regard to some components of the generalized pressor response each of these agents produces. It was found that angiotensin II has no direct effect on pulmonary blood vessels, in contrast to the pulmonary vasoconstrictor effect of norepinephrine. Angiotensin II appeared to have no effects on veins or the systemic vascular capacity, while norepinephrine was a potent venoconstrictor with, therefore, a marked ability to reduce the systemic vascular capacity.
Assessing Glycemia in Diabetes Using Self-monitoring Blood Glucose and Hemoglobin A1c (2006)

Assessing glycemia in diabetes can be a challenge, but approaches are available that promote successful management of blood glucose and may thereby lead to a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality related to diabetes.
Kyrgyz Republic - Mountain rangeland and forest sector note (2001)

The objective of this review is to identify opportunities for improved pasture and forest management to contribute both to poverty reduction and increased living standards, and to improve management and protection of upper watersheds. The review has been undertaken within the context of the Interim National Strategy for Poverty Reduction (INSPR) process, and addresses three objectives of the Country Assistance Strategy: poverty reduction; sustained growth through removal of impediments to private sector activity; and improved governance. The review was designed to provide recommendations that could be implemented through existing natural resources management projects such as the Central Asia Transboundary Biodiversity project (World Bank/GEF), the Sheep Development Project (IDA), and the Agricultural Support Services Project (IDA). The audience for this review is stakeholders in the Kyrgyz Republic engaged in poverty reduction and natural resources management, including decision makers, line ministries, technical professionals, and non-governmental organizations.