gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controlled Crystalline Structure and Surface Stability of Cobalt Nanocrystals (2005)

The synthesis of monodispersed 10 nm cobalt nanocrystals with controlled crystal morphology and investigation of the surface stability of these nanocrystals are described. Depending on the surfactants used, single crystalline or multiple grain nanocrystals can be reproducibly produced. The relative surface stability of these nanocrystals is analyzed using the temperature dependences of the dc magnetic susceptibility. The novel method, which allows sensitive monitoring of the surface stability, is based on the observation that, with particle oxidation, an anomalous peak appears at 8 K in zero-field-cooled magnetization measurements. It is found that the surfactant protective layer is more important for long-term stability at room temperature, while the high-temperature oxidation rate is controlled by the crystal morphology of the nanoparticles.
Bayesian Optimization with Unknown Constraints (2014)

Recent work on Bayesian optimization has shown its effectiveness in global optimization of difficult black-box objective functions. Many real-world optimization problems of interest also have constraints which are unknown a priori. In this paper, we study Bayesian optimization for constrained problems in the general case that noise may be present in the constraint functions, and the objective and constraints may be evaluated independently. We provide motivating practical examples, and present a general framework to solve such problems. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on optimizing the performance of online latent Dirichlet allocation subject to topic sparsity constraints, tuning a neural network given test-time memory constraints, and optimizing Hamiltonian Monte Carlo to achieve maximal effectiveness in a fixed time, subject to passing standard convergence diagnostics.
Self-Assembled Mono- and Multilayers on Gold from 1,4-Diisocyanobenzene and Ruthenium Phthalocyanine (1999)

Self-assembled monolayers of 1,4-diisocyanobenzene on gold were used to bind ruthenium phthalocyanines to the surface by axial ligation of the macrocycle with isocyanide groups pointing out from the SAM. The 1,4-diisocyanobenzene SAM and the RuPc-1,4-diisocyanobenzene bilayer were characterized by ellipsometry, IRRAS, XPS, and SPM. The grafting of RuPc to the SAM is stable. The thickness of the film increases from 10 to 15 Å upon RuPc ligation. IRRAS reveals that both ends of the 1,4-diisocyanobenzene are affected by the N⋮C to metal interaction occurring at the other end. XPS indicates that each RuPc macrocycle covers ∼12 1,4-diisocyanobenzene molecules in the bilayer.
Heat-shock protein 70 antisense oligomers enhance proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis (1999)

Recent evidence supports a role for heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) and the 26 S proteasome in regulating apoptosis, although the precise nature of their involvement is not known. In the present study, control and Bcl-xL-overexpressing, interleukin-3-dependent FL5.12 cell lines were treated with the proteasome inhibitor N-benzoyloxycarbonyl (Z)-Leu-Leu-leucinal (MG132). Basal proteasome activity appeared to be ≈ 30% lower in bcl-xL cells compared with control cells using a substrate for the chymotrypsin-like activity. However, no difference in proteasome activity was detected using substrates for the trypsin-like or peptidylglutamyl peptide-hydrolysing activities. In addition, protein levels of the 20 S proteasome β-subunit, as determined by Western blot analyses, were similar in control and bcl-xL cells, leading to the conclusion that proteasome activities were the same in these two cell lines. At 24 h after treatment with 500 nM MG132, apoptosis in bcl-xL cells (22%) was less than that observed in control cells (34%). Concomitantly, caspase activity in control cells, as assessed by N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-L-glutamyl-L-valyl-L-aspartyl-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (Ac-DEVD-AMC), was twice that observed in bcl-xL cells. By 48 h after MG132 treatment, apoptosis and caspase activity in bcl-xLcells were similar to those observed in control cells at 24 h. Proteasome inhibition stimulated increases in hsp70 protein levels in control and bcl-xL cells by 12 h, although the maximal increases found in bcl-xL cells were less. Blocking this induction with hsp70 antisense oligonucleotides potentiated apoptosis after treatment with MG132. Inhibiting caspase activity with a broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor, t-butoxycarbonyl-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethyl ketone, prevented MG132-induced apoptosis. The more specific caspase-3 inhibitor, Ac-DEVD-aldehyde, afforded less protection, although both inhibitors completely inhibited Ac-DEVD-AMC cleavage. These data indicate that both hsp70 and Bcl-xL provide some protection against proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis.
IL-20 Is Regulated by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and Up-Regulated after Experimental Ischemic Stroke (2009)

IL-20, an IL-10 family member, is involved in various inflammatory diseases, such as psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis. We investigated whether hypoxia in vitro and an in vivo model of ischemic stroke would up-regulate IL-20 expression. In vitro, IL-20 expression increased in hypoxic HaCaT, HEK293 cells, chondrocytes, monocytes, and glioblastoma cells. Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha inhibited CoCl(2)-induced IL-20 expression. We identified two putative hypoxia response elements in the human il20 gene promoter. Promoter activity assays showed that CoCl(2) mimicked hypoxia-activated luciferase reporter gene expression. In vivo, experimental ischemic stroke up-regulated IL-20 in the sera and brain tissue of rats. IL-20 stained positively in glia-like cells in peri-infarcted lesions, but not in contralateral tissue. Administration of IL-20 mAb ameliorated ischemia-induced brain infarction of rats after experimental ischemic stroke. In vitro, RT-PCR analysis showed that glioblastoma cells, GBM8901, expressed IL-20 and its receptor subunits IL-20R1, IL-20R2, and IL-22R1. IL-20 induced cell proliferation in GBM8901 cells by activating the JAK2/STAT3 and ERK1/2 pathways. IL-20 also induced production of IL-1beta, IL-8, and MCP-1 in GBM8901 cells. We conclude that IL-20 was responsive to hypoxia in vitro and in the ischemic stroke model and that up-regulation of IL-20 in the ischemic brain may contribute to brain injury.
Optical transport network evolving with 100 gigabit Ethernet evolving with 100 gigabit ethernet [100 gigabit ethernet transport (2010)

This article overviews requirements, standardization activities, as well as enabling technologies regarding the evolution of the optical transport network with 100 Gigabit Ethernet. Joint requirements raised by the R&D activities of two international carriers are described. Technical assessment for a realistic roadmap is also described.
Spectrum of tardive syndromes: clinical recognition and management (2010)

Tardive syndrome (TS) refers to a group of delayed onset disorders characterised by abnormal movements and caused by dopamine receptor blocking agents (DRBAs). Classical tardive dyskinesia is a specific type of oro-buccal-lingual dyskinesia. However, TS may exist in other forms--for example, stereotypy, dystonia, and akathisia--and frequently occur in combination. The onset typically is insidious and after reaching its maximum severity it often stabilises. Frequently reported risk factors are age, dose and duration of neuroleptic exposure, the use of conventional DRBAs, and co-existing mood disorders. This review highlights the broad spectrum of TS, not limited to classical tardive dyskinesia, as well as the clues for its recognition. Despite challenges in the treatment of TS, dictated by the different phenomenology, severity of TS and the need for ongoing neuroleptic treatment, the authors provide evidence based recommendations for patient management, which is not restricted to only withdrawal of the offending neuroleptics or the selection of an alternative medication, such as clozapine. In a minority of cases with significant functional disability, symptomatic or suppressive treatments should be considered. Recently, there has been a resurgence of stereotactic pallidal surgery for the treatment of TS. Although the efficacy of both pallidotomy and pallidal deep brain stimulation in dystonia has been encouraging, the evidence is still limited.
Expression of HLA Class II Molecules in Humanized NOD.Rag1KO.IL2RgcKO Mice Is Critical for Development and Function of Human T and B Cells (2011)

Background: Humanized mice able to reconstitute a surrogate human immune system (HIS) can be used for studies on human immunology and may provide a predictive preclinical model for human vaccines prior to clinical trials. However, current humanized mouse models show sub-optimal human T cell reconstitution and limited ability to support immunoglobulin class switching by human B cells. This limitation has been attributed to the lack of expression of Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA) molecules in mouse lymphoid organs. Recently, humanized mice expressing HLA class I molecules have been generated but showed little improvement in human T cell reconstitution and function of T and B cells.
Role of platelets in smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration after vascular injury in rat carotid artery. (1989)

Intimal lesion formation was investigated in rats made thrombocytopenic by a single i.p. injection of a polyclonal antibody made against rat platelets that reduced circulating platelet counts to less than 1% of normal. The carotid artery was then denuded of endothelium with a 2 French balloon catheter, after which no platelets were found adhering to the exposed subendothelium. In control animals, platelets adhered instantly to the denuded artery. Six hours after denudation mRNA for ornithine decarboxylase, a marker for early G1 events, was found to be elevated in both thrombocytopenic and control arteries. Two days after injury the smooth muscle cell replication rate in thrombocytopenic rats was found to be significantly elevated as compared with that in uninjured carotids (13.7% +/- 8.4% vs. 0.65% +/- 0.23%) but was similar to the replication rate observed in denuded carotid arteries from animals treated with nonimmune IgG. One important difference between these animals was that no intimal thickening was observed in thrombocytopenic animals at day 4, and by day 7 the intimas were still significantly smaller than those from control rats. In a separate group of animals which were thrombocytopenic for the entire experiment, no intimal lesions were observed 7 days after injury by balloon catheter. From these results, we conclude that platelets do not play a role in the initiation of smooth muscle cell proliferation after injury by balloon catheter but may regulate their movement into the intima.
Eosinophils, eosinophilic cytokines (interleukin-5), and antieosinophilic therapy in asthma (2002)

Eosinophils are believed to be key effector cells in producing the bronchial mucosal inflammation characteristic of allergic asthma. Given the perceived importance of eosinophils in allergic inflammation, they have been logical therapeutic targets. As knowledge of eosinophil biology increases, eosinophils are targeted with specific therapies blocking their maturation, activation, and chemotaxis. Therapeutic targets include eosinophil-specific cytokines, primarily interleukin-5, and chemokines, eg, eotaxin. Several studies over the last year have reported on therapies effective at reducing eosinophil numbers in asthmatics, including two humanized monoclonal antibodies against interleukin-5 and recombinant human interleukin-12. Surprisingly, despite their effectiveness at depleting eosinophils, there was no evidence of clinical improvement in any of the parameters studied. These and all other relevant studies published within the last year are reviewed by this article. After publication of these studies, some commentators questioned the role of eosinophils in allergic inflammation. Current evidence for and against eosinophils as effector cells in asthma is reviewed.
VERTEBRATE NEURAL INDUCTION (1997)

During early vertebrate development, the cells of the ectoderm choose between two possible fates: neural and epidermal. The process of neural induction was discovered nearly 70 years ago in vertebrates, and molecular analyses in recent years using Xenopus laevis embryos have identified several secreted factors with direct neural-inducing ability. There is considerable evidence that the mechanism of neuralization by these inducing factors is under inhibitory control and involves derepression. This review focuses on factors involved in the specification of neural fate within the frame of the default model of neural induction.
Pilot trial: Pioglitazone versus placebo in patients with plaque psoriasis (the P6) (2005)

This is the first report from a controlled trial demonstrating that pioglitazone could be considered as an efficacious and safe agent for the treatment of plaque psoriasis. The optimum dose and duration of pioglitazone therapy remain to be determined.
Near-terminus axonal structure and function following rat sciatic nerve regeneration through a collagen-GAG matrix in a ten-millimeter gap (2000)

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the regenerated axon structure at near-terminal locations in the peroneal and tibial branches 1 year following implantation of several tubular devices in a 10-mm gap in the adult rat sciatic nerve and to determine the extent of recovery of selected sensory and motor functions. The devices were collagen and silicone tubes implanted alone or filled with a porous collagen-glycosaminoglycan matrix. Intact contralateral nerves and autografts were used as controls. Nerves were retrieved at 30 and 60 weeks postoperatively for histological evaluation of the number and diameter of regenerated axons proximal and distal to the gap and in the tibial and peroneal nerve branches, near the termination point. Several functional evaluation methods were employed: gait analysis, pinch test, muscle circumference, and response to electrical stimulation. A notable finding was that the matrix-filled collagen tube group had a significantly greater number of large-diameter myelinated axons (> or =6 microm in diameter) in the distal nerve branches than any other group, including the autograft group. These results were consistent with previously reported electrophysiological measurements that showed that the action potential amplitude for the A fibers in the matrix-filled collagen tube group was greater than for the autograft control group. Functional testing revealed the existence of both sensory and motor recovery following peripheral nerve regeneration through all devices; however, the tests employed in this study did not show differences among the groups with regeneration. Electrical stimulation in vivo showed that threshold parameters to elicit muscle twitch were the same for reinnervating and control nerves. The investigation is of importance in showing for the first time the superiority of a specific fully resorbable off-the-shelf device over an autograft for bridging gaps in peripheral nerve, with respect to the near-terminus axonal structure.
Single-λ 112Gbit/s 80-km Transmission of PAM4 Signal with Optical Signal-to-Signal Beat Noise Cancellation (2018)

We present a novel scheme of PAM4 with optical signal-to-signal beat noise cancellation for short reach applications. The required OSNR at FEC threshold is only 27.3 dB for a single-λ 112-Gb/s signal after 80km transmission.
NADPH Oxidase Inhibition Attenuates Oxidative Stress but Not Hypertension Produced by Chronic ET-1 (2004)

Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that hypertension produced by chronic ET-1 infusion is mediated by NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was continuously monitored in male Sprague Dawley rats by telemetry. After baseline measurements, rats were placed on a high-salt diet (8% NaCl) and osmotic minipumps were implanted to infuse ET-1 (5 pmol/kg per minute intravenous) for 12 days. Control rats were maintained on the high-salt diet only. Separate groups of rats were also infused with ET-1 and given the superoxide dismutase mimetic, tempol (1 mmol/L), or the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin (1.5 mmol/L), in the drinking water. Infusion of ET-1 significantly increased MAP when compared with baseline values (132+/-3 versus 114+/-2 mm Hg, P<0.05). Neither tempol nor apocynin treatment had any effect on the increase in MAP produced by ET-1 when compared with baseline values (127+/-5 versus 113+/-2 and 130+/-3 versus 115+/-2 mm Hg, respectively). Plasma 8-isoprostane, an indicator of oxidative stress, was significantly increased in ET-1-infused rats compared with rats on a high-salt diet alone (128+/-33 versus 51+/-5 pg/mL; P<0.05). Both tempol and apocynin treatment significantly attenuated the ET-1-induced increase in plasma 8-isoprostane (72+/-10 and 61+/-6 pg/mL, respectively). Similarly, ET-1 infusion also significantly increased aortic superoxide production (chemiluminescence and dihydroethidium staining techniques), which was prevented by both tempol and apocynin. These data provide evidence that chronic ET-1 infusion increases vascular NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production but does not account for chronic ET-1-induced hypertension.
Ribosomal protein S17: Characterization of the three-dimensional structure by proton and nitrogen-15 NMR (1993)

The structure of ribosomal protein S17 from Bacillus stearothermophilus was investigated by two-dimensional homonuclear and heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The 1H and 15N chemical shift assignments are largely complete, and a preliminary structural characterization is presented. The protein consists of five beta-strands that form a single antiparallel beta-sheet with Greek-key topology. The beta-strands are connected by several extended loops, and two of these contain residue types that are frequently seen in the RNA-binding sites of proteins. Additionally, two point mutations that affect antibiotic resistance, translational fidelity, and ribosome assembly are located in these two regions of the protein. Since these potential RNA-binding sites are distributed over a large surface of the protein, it appears that the molecule may interact with several regions of 16S rRNA.
Evaluation of the clastogenic, DNA intercalative, and topoisomerase II‐interactive properties of bioflavonoids in Chinese hamster V79 cells (2002)

Bioflavonoids are naturally occurring polyphenols with intriguing and varied therapeutic and chemoprotective activities generally ascribed to their antioxidant properties. However, many flavonoids have also been shown to be genotoxic in a variety of prokaryotic, eukaryotic, and in vivo systems. The mechanistic basis for this genotoxicity has not been fully elucidated, although structure-activity relationship studies have identified requisite flavonoid structural features. We utilized Chinese hamster V79 cells to evaluate the relationships between DNA intercalation ability, topoisomerase II interactions, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and clastogenicity in a series of 14 bioflavonoids. Five of the flavonoids examined, luteolin, quercetin, genistein, apigenin, and acacetin, were strongly clastogenic. This clastogenicity was shown to require DNA intercalation (with the exception of genistein) and was substantially reduced by catalytic inhibitors of DNA topoisomerase II. The transition metals Cu(II) and Mn(II) formed chelates with and/or modified the structure and biological activity of some flavonoids but no consistent relationship could be demonstrated between metal reactivity and clastogenicity. There was no clear association between generation of ROS and clastogenicity. The data presented herein are consistent with a model in which the genotoxicity of most flavonoids arises via DNA intercalation and topo II poisoning, likely mediated through metabolism to flavonoid quinones. Interestingly, other flavonoids such as myricetin, daidzein, baicalein, fisetin, and galangin were catalytic topo II inhibitors, rather than poisons. These studies further validate the use of cell-based approaches for detecting drug/topo II interactions and raise interesting questions relating to biological and chemical mechanisms of flavonoids.
Process performance monitoring usingmultivariate statisticalprocess control (1996)

Statistical process control (SPC) is a tool for achieving and maintaining product quality. Classical univariate statistical techniques have focused on the monitoring of one quality variable at a time and are not appropriate for analysing process data where variables exhibit collinear behaviour. Minimal information is derived on the interactions between variables which are so important in complex manufacturing processes. These limitations are addressed through the application of multivariate statistical process control (MSPC). The bases of MSPC are the projection techniques of principal components analysis and projection to latent structures. The philosophy behind these approaches is to reduce the dimensionality of the problem by forming a new set of latent variables to obtain an enhanced understanding of the process behaviour. If the variables are highly correlated, then the process can be defined in terms of a reduced set of latent variables, which are a linear combination of the original variables. The authors present an overview of multivariate statistical process control and its nonlinear extension for process monitoring. The power of the methodology is demonstrated by application to two industrial processes.
The Shared Reading Experience (1992)

WHAT IS SHARED READING?Shared Reading is an interactive process between the children, the teacher and the book.As the teacher reads the story, the children join in on key phrases.During subsequent readings the children read more and more of the text until they can read it independently.Holdaway compares the Shared Reading Experience to the enjoyment and success a child experiences during the reading of a bedtime story.During Shared Reading many of the same qualities of a bedtime story are evident: A warm, supportive environment. The adult models behaviors of a good reader. Favorites are read over and over again as long as the child requests. Less able
Dystrophic Psoriatic Fingernails Treated with 1% 5-Fluorouracil in a Nail Penetration-Enhancing Vehicle: A Double-Blind Study (1999)

Addition of 1% 5-fluorouracil to the nail permeation enhancer Belanyx does not increase the efficacy of the active agent in psoriatic nail dystrophy of this study population. The obtained results also suggest that Belanyx lotion can be used in this indication since it has shown a favourable efficacy-safety ratio.
Direct Effects of Wood Characteristics on Pulp and Handsheet Properties of Eucalyptus globulus (2002)

Summary Fibre length, microfibril angle and wood density were measured in eight-year-old Eucalyptus globulus clones planted on three different sites. Samples were chipped and pulped, and the pulps beaten prior to preparation of 60g/m 2 handsheets. Eleven physical handsheet properties, together with pulp freeness, were measured using standard methods. Direct relationships between wood properties and pulp/paper properties were studied using path analysis. Fibre length had a strong, direct effect on tear index, bending stiffness, freeness, pulp yield and active alkali consumption. Wood density was a strong predictor of most handsheet properties: high density woods produced bulkier, more porous sheets with higher bending stiffness, while lower density woods produced smoother, denser sheets with higher tensile strength.The effect of microfibril angle was small and more evident in handsheets made from beaten pulp.