gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectre Attacks: Exploiting Speculative Execution (2019)

Modern processors use branch prediction and speculative execution to maximize performance. For example, if the destination of a branch depends on a memory value that is in the process of being read, CPUs will try to guess the destination and attempt to execute ahead. When the memory value finally arrives, the CPU either discards or commits the speculative computation. Speculative logic is unfaithful in how it executes, can access the victim's memory and registers, and can perform operations with measurable side effects. Spectre attacks involve inducing a victim to speculatively perform operations that would not occur during correct program execution and which leak the victim's confidential information via a side channel to the adversary. This paper describes practical attacks that combine methodology from side channel attacks, fault attacks, and return-oriented programming that can read arbitrary memory from the victim's process. More broadly, the paper shows that speculative execution implementations violate the security assumptions underpinning numerous software security mechanisms, including operating system process separation, containerization, just-in-time (JIT) compilation, and countermeasures to cache timing and side-channel attacks. These attacks represent a serious threat to actual systems since vulnerable speculative execution capabilities are found in microprocessors from Intel, AMD, and ARM that are used in billions of devices. While makeshift processor-specific countermeasures are possible in some cases, sound solutions will require fixes to processor designs as well as updates to instruction set architectures (ISAs) to give hardware architects and software developers a common understanding as to what computation state CPU implementations are (and are not) permitted to leak.
The Effect of Oral Rinses Extracted from Japanese Tea on the Experimental Gingivitis in Man. (1995)

古くから日本茶には抗う蝕, 口臭予防作用があることが知られ, その有効成分のカテキンは, 抗菌, 抗酸化作用を示すことが報告されている。そこで, 化学的プラークコントロール剤としての茶葉成分の有用性につ本論文の要旨は, 第436回日本歯科大学歯学会例会 (1994年12月15日) において発表した。いて検索した。被験者は15歳から25歳の男女45名とし, 研究開始までにP1I, GIを0の状態とした。被験者を2群に分け, 試験1は, 試験期間は, 茶エキス1.2%含有洗口剤 (以下カテキン), 対照期間は, カテキンから茶エキスのみを除外した洗口剤, 試験IIは, 試験期間はカテキン, 対照期間は蒸留水による洗口を行わせた。期間中は, 歯ブラシおよびその他の清掃機具の使用を中止させた。臨床検査は, 試験開始後0, 3, 7, 10日目にPII, GI, GCF量, 細菌学的検査, 口臭を測定した。その結果, カテキン群においてプラーク増加抑制, 歯肉炎抑制および, 口臭抑制傾向を示し, 茶葉成分が化学的プラークコントロール剤として有用であることが示唆された。
Tabu Search—Part I (1989)

This paper presents the fundamental principles underlying tabu search as a strategy for combinatorial optimization problems. Tabu search has achieved impressive practical successes in applications ranging from scheduling and computer channel balancing to cluster analysis and space planning, and more recently has demonstrated its value in treating classical problems such as the traveling salesman and graph coloring problems. Nevertheless, the approach is still in its infancy, and a good deal remains to be discovered about its most effective forms of implementation and about the range of problems for which it is best suited. This paper undertakes to present the major ideas and findings to date, and to indicate challenges for future research. Part I of this study indicates the basic principles, ranging from the short-term memory process at the core of the search to the intermediate and long term memory processes for intensifying and diversifying the search. Included are illustrative data structures for implementing the tabu conditions (and associated aspiration criteria) that underlie these processes. Part I concludes with a discussion of probabilistic tabu search and a summary of computational experience for a variety of applications. Part II of this study (to appear in a subsequent issue) examines more advanced considerations, applying the basic ideas to special settings and outlining a dynamic move structure to insure finiteness. Part II also describes tabu search methods for solving mixed integer programming problems and gives a brief summary of additional practical experience, including the use of tabu search to guide other types of processes, such as those of neural networks. INFORMS Journal on Computing, ISSN 1091-9856, was published as ORSA Journal on Computing from 1989 to 1995 under ISSN 0899-1499.
Transcriptional Profile of Mechanically Induced Genes in Human Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1999)

Vascular smooth muscle cells must monitor and respond to their mechanical environment; however, the molecular response of these cells to mechanical stimuli remains incompletely defined. By applying a highly uniform biaxial cyclic strain to cultured cells, we used DNA microarray technology to describe the transcriptional profile of mechanically induced genes in human aortic smooth muscle cells. We first identified vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a mechanically induced gene in these cells; VEGF served as a positive control for these experiments. We then used a DNA microarray with 5000 genes with putative functions to identify additional mechanically induced genes. Surprisingly, relatively few genes are mechanically induced in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Only 3 transcripts of 5000 were induced >2.5-fold: cyclooxygenase-1, tenascin-C, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Downregulated transcripts included matrix metalloproteinase-1 and thrombomodulin. The transcriptional profile of mechanically induced genes in human aortic smooth muscle cells suggests a response of defense against excessive deformation. These data also demonstrate that in addition to identifying large clusters of genes that respond to a given stimulus, DNA microarray technology may be used to identify a small subset of genes that comprise a highly specific molecular response.
Automated instrumentation for comprehensive two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography of proteins (1990)

A comprehensive two-dimensional (2-D) liquid chromatographic separation system is presented. The system uses a microbore cation exchange column, operated under gradient conditions, as the first dimension separation. Effluent from this first column alternately fills one of two loops on a computer-controlled eight-port valve. A second pump then forces loop material onto a second column, a size exclusion column. UV detection is used, and the system is applied to the separation of protein standards and serum proteins. The 2-D system has a higher resolving power and peak capacity than either of the two columns used alone. The entire first column effluent is analyzed on the second column in virtually the same time it takes to complete the first column separation, without the use of stopped flow methods. The entire system is automated and operated under computer control. Three-dimensional (3-D) data representation provides a means of viewing peak profiles in either separation dimension and contour mapping of the 3-D data provides a more reliable means of peak identification from run to run than that provided by single-column elution times.
Applying electric field sensing to human-computer interfaces (1995)

A non-contact sensor based on the interaction of a person with electric fields for human-computer interface is investigated. Two sensing modes are explored: an external electric field shunted to ground through a human body, and an external electric field transmitted through a human body to stationary receivers. The sensors are low power (milliwatts), high resolution (millimeter) low cost (a few dollars per channel), have low latency (millisecond), high update rate (1 kHz), high immunity to noise (>72 dB), are not affected by clothing, surface texture or reflectivity, and can operate on length scales from microns to meters. Systems incorporating the sensors include a finger mouse, a room that knows the location of its occupant, and people-sensing furniture. Haptic feedback using passive materials is described. Also discussed are empirical and analytical approaches to transform sensor measurements into position information.
Stand-off detection of solid targets with diffuse reflection spectroscopy using a high-power mid-infrared supercontinuum source (2012)

We measure the diffuse reflection spectrum of solid samples such as explosives (TNT, RDX, PETN), fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, urea), and paints (automotive and military grade) at a stand-off distance of 5 m using a mid-infrared supercontinuum light source with 3.9 W average output power. The output spectrum extends from 750-4300 nm, and it is generated by nonlinear spectral broadening in a 9 m long fluoride fiber pumped by high peak power pulses from a dual-stage erbium-ytterbium fiber amplifier operating at 1543 nm. The samples are distinguished using unique spectral signatures that are attributed to the molecular vibrations of the constituents. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations demonstrate the feasibility of increasing the stand-off distance from 5 to ~150 m, with a corresponding drop in SNR from 28 to 10 dB.
Growth and metabolism in somatotropin-treated steers: II. Carcass and noncarcass tissue components and chemical composition (1990)

Carcass and noncarcass tissue compositional characteristics were determined in growing Hereford steers treated with daily subcutaneous injections (20.6 mg/d) of recombinantly derived bovine somatotropin (rBST) for 112 d. For carcass primal cuts, weights and rates of gain of bone, lean and total fat and site of fat deposition were not significantly affected by rBST treatments with the exception of a few tissues (loin total weight, flank total and lean weight and shank total weight). Lean to fat ratios, however, were greater (P less than .1) for the loin, flank, chuck and brisket. Weights and growth of individual muscles from the hindquarter were not affected by rBST administration. Weights and(or) average daily gains of the liver, kidneys, lungs and trachea and head were greater (P less than .05) in rBST-treated animals. Weights and (or) average daily gains were greater (P less than .1) in rBST-treated steers for water in the total body and carcass, for CP in the total body and noncarcass, and for ash in the total body, carcass and noncarcass. Ratios of CP to ether-extractable fat in the total body were greater (P less than .1) in rBST steers. These data indicate that rBST modified carcass lean and fat composition in cattle, but responses were modest compared to effects of somatotropin treatment of swine.
Alpha-Lipoic Acid Protects against Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats (2007)

Since lipoic acid administration alleviated the I/R-induced liver injury and improved the hepatic structure and function, it seems likely that lipoic acid with its antioxidant and oxidant-scavenging properties may be of potential therapeutic value in protecting the liver against oxidative injury due to ischemia-reperfusion.
Antibody-Mediated Rejection Criteria - an Addition to the Banff ’97 Classification of Renal Allograft Rejection (2003)

Antibody-mediated rejection (AbAR) is increasingly recognized in the renal allograft population, and successful therapeutic regimens have been developed to prevent and treat AbAR, enabling excellent outcomes even in patients highly sensitized to the donor prior to transplant. It has become critical to develop standardized criteria for the pathological diagnosis of AbAR. This article presents international consensus criteria for and classification of AbAR developed based on discussions held at the Sixth Banff Conference on Allograft Pathology in 2001. This classification represents a working formulation, to be revisited as additional data accumulate in this important area of renal transplantation.
Correlation between mEPSC Amplitude and Rise Time upon the Blockade of AMPA Receptor Desensitization at Hippocampal Synapses (2002)

Conventional views of synaptic transmission generally overlook the possibility of 'postfusional-control' the regulation of the speed or completeness of transmitter release upon vesicular fusion. However, such regulation often occurs in non-neuronal cells where the dynamics of fusion-pore opening is critical for the speed of transmitter release. In case of synapses, the slower the transmitter release, the smaller the size and rate-of-rise of postsynaptic responses would be expected if postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors were not saturated. This prediction was tested at hippocampal synapses where postsynaptic AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPAR) were not generally saturated. Here, we found that the small miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) showed significantly slower rise times than the large mEPSCs when the sucrose-induced mEPSCs recorded in cyclothiazide (CTZ), a blocker for AMPAR desensitization, were sorted by size. The slow rise time of the small mEPSCs might result from slow release through a non-expanding fusion pore, consistent with postfusional control of neurotransmitter release at central synapses.
Quasisuperlattice storage: A concept of multilevel charge storage (2004)

A concept of the quasisuperlattice storage has been demonstrated in this study. Under suitably operated voltage, two apparent states of charge storage can be distinguished. The memory effects are due to the multilevel storage in the quasisuperlattice. Also, the a-Si quantum wells provide a feasible design for the 2 bit per cell nonvolatile memory devices. The operation of the 2 bit per cell needs to be performed by Fowler–Nordheim tunneling instead of conventional channel hot electron injection. Additionally, the dual read operation of the source and drain sides for conventional SONOS 2bit∕cell device is not necessary, which simplifies the circuit design engineering.
The vav exchange factor is an essential regulator in actin-dependent receptor translocation to the lymphocyte–antigen-presenting cell interface (2000)

During the interaction of a T cell with an antigen-presenting cell (APC), several receptor ligand pairs, including the T cell receptor (TCR)/major histocompatibility complex (MHC), accumulate at the T cell/APC interface in defined geometrical patterns. This accumulation depends on a movement of the T cell cortical actin cytoskeleton toward the interface. Here we study the involvement of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor vav in this process. We crossed 129 vav(-/-) mice with B10/BR 5C.C7 TCR transgenic mice and used peptide-loaded APCs to stimulate T cells from the offspring. We found that the accumulation of TCR/MHC at the T cell/APC interface and the T cell actin cytoskeleton rearrangement were clearly defective in these vav(+/-) mice. A comparable defect in superantigen-mediated T cell activation of T cells from non-TCR transgenic 129 mice was also observed, although in this case it was more apparent in vav(-/-) mice. These data indicate that vav is an essential regulator of cytoskeletal rearrangements during T cell activation.
Use of Prior Vaccinations for the Development of New Vaccines (1990)

There is currently a need for vaccine development to improve the immunogenicity of protective epitopes, which themselves are often poorly immunogenic. Although the immunogenicity of these epitopes can be enhanced by linking them to highly immunogenic carriers, such carriers derived from current vaccines have not proven to be generally effective. One reason may be related to epitope-specific suppression, in which prior vaccination with a protein can inhibit the antibody response to new epitopes linked to the protein. To circumvent such inhibition, a peptide from tetanus toxoid was identified that, when linked to a B cell epitope and injected into tetanus toxoid-primed recipients, retained sequences for carrier but not suppressor function. The antibody response to the B cell epitope was enhanced. This may be a general method for taking advantage of previous vaccinations in the development of new vaccines.
Paints, Coatings and Solvents (1998)

Types of Paints and Coatings (Binders). Paint Systems. Pigments and Extenders. Paint Additives. Paint Removal. Production Technology. Paint Application. Properties and Testing. Analysis. Uses. Environmental Protection and Toxicology. Economic Aspects. Solvents. References. Index.
The role of implantation damage in the production of silicon-on-insulator films by co-Implantation of He{sup +} and H{sup +} (1998)

Recent work has demonstrated that the process of silicon thin film separation by hydrogen implantation, as well as the more basic phenomenon of surface blistering, can occur at a much lower total dose when H and He are co-implanted than when H is implanted alone. Building on that work, this paper investigates the role of implantation damage in this process by separating the contributions of gas pressure from those of damage. Three different experiments using co-implantation were designed. In the first of these experiments, H and He implants were spatially separated thereby separating the damage from each implant. The second experiment involved co-implantation of H and He at a temperature of 77 K to retain a larger amount of damage for the same gas dose. In the third experiment, Li was co-implanted with H, to create additional damage without introducing additional gas. These experiments together show that increasing the implantation damage itself hampers the formation of surface blisters, and that the increased efficiency observed for He co-implantation with H is due to the supplementary source of gas provided by the He.
Bortezomib improves progression-free survival in multiple myeloma patients overexpressing preferentially expressed antigen of melanoma (2014)

PRAME overexpression might be an adverse prognostic factor of PFS in MM patients treated with non-bortezomib-containing regimens. Bortezomib improves PFS in patients overexpressing PRAME.
Association analysis of the monoamine oxidase A gene in bipolar affective disorder by using family-based internal controls. (1995)

It is well accepted that association studies are a major tool in investigating the contribution of single genes to the development of diseases that do not follow simple Mendelian inheritance pattern (so-called complex traits). Such major psychiatric diseases as bipolar affective disorder and schizophrenia clearly fall into this category of diseases. 7 refs., 1 tab.
Production of crystallizable human chymase from a Bacillus subtilis system (1997)

A Bacillus subtilis strain deficient in seven extracellular proteases was used to produce human mast cell chymase and is a viable expression system for serine proteases and other classes of proteins. Chymase is produced at 0.3-0.5 mg/l and is purified by three chromatography steps. Two crystal forms of PMSF-treated chymase were optimized. The first is C2 with a=47.94 A, b=85.23 A, c=174.18 A, beta=96.74 degrees, and diffracts to at least 2.1 A, while the second is P212121, with cell dimensions a=43.93 A, b=58.16 A, and c=86.09 A, and a diffraction limit of approximately 1.9 A. The first crystal form has either three or four molecules/asymmetric unit, while the second has one molecule/asymmetric unit.
Protein Analysis and Purification (1996)

How one goes about analyzing proteins is a constantly evolving field that is no longer solely the domain of the protein biochemist. Investi gators from diverse disciplines find themselves with the una
Consecutive Low-usage Leucine Codons Block Translation Only When Near the 5′ End of a Message in (1995)

Insertion of nine consecutive low-usage CUA leucine codons after codon 13 of a 313-codon test mRNA strongly inhibited its translation without apparent effect on translation of other mRNAs containing CUA codons. In contrast, nine consecutive high-usage CUG leucine codons at the same position had no apparent effect, and neither low- nor high-usage codons affected translation when inserted after codon 223 or 307. Additional experiments indicated that the strong positional effect of the low-usage codons could not be accounted for by differences in stability of the mRNAs or in stringency of selection of the correct tRNA. The positional effect could be explained if translation complexes are less stable near the beginning of a message: slow translation through low-usage codons early in the message may allow most translation complexes to dissociate before they read through.
New gadolinium contrast agents for MRI (2008)

A collaboration between Bracco Imaging S.p.A. and Durham University allowed the work described in this thesis on the design and synthesis of new contrast agents for MRI. Significant enhancements in the relaxivity of contrast agents for MRI can be gained by increasing the complex rotational correlation time ((_TR)). Incorporating a Gd(^111) ion within a ligand structure possessing a suitably large dendritic framework, inspired the first part of this project. Thus, the periphery of a Gd-DOTA derivative was adorned with carbohydrate containing wedges. The symmetry of the mono- aqua tetra-substituted structure places the gadolinium-water vector at the centre of any tumbling motion, allowing a coherent tumbling of the macromolecule and an optimization of its rotational correlation time. The carbohydrates ensured high water solubility and favoured a large second sphere hydration contribution to the relaxivity. An increase in the hydration around the metal centre and a rapid exchange of the water molecules with the bulk solvent can also significantly increase the contrast agent efficacy, by efficiently transmitting the paramagnetic effect from the Gd(^111) to the solvent. In a second part of the work, the development was undertaken of diaqua systems based on the seven-membered heterocycle 6-amino-6-methyl- perhydro-1,4-diazepin (AMPED). The three N-positions were substituted with different phosphinate and carboxylate groups and lanthanide complexes (Eu(^111), Gd(^111), Yb(^111)) prepared and studied by multinuclear NMR methods The alkylation of the amino groups with chiral 1,5-dicarboxylate pendant arms led to complex diastereisomers, possessing different water exchange rates. The individual water exchange rates of each isomer were determined, and differed by a factor of six. Furthermore, the periphery of the isomer possessing a faster water exchange rate was adorned with carbohydrate containing wedges, and the relaxation properties studied.
The MUOS-WCDMA Air Interface (2007)

WCDMA is a 3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> generation wireless communication system developed for terrestrial cellular systems. The Mobile User Objective System (MUOS) uses WCDMA as a basis for its waveform definition, thus exploiting the extensive development of this advanced commercial communications technology. MUOS is, however, a geosatellite system which in certain ways is a vastly different communications environment than the terrestrial cellular environment. This paper shall overview key changes to the WCDMA Layer 1 to yield the MUOS waveform definition.
Chemokine control of lymphocyte trafficking: a general overview (2005)

Chemokines are a large family of small, generally secreted polypeptides which guide lymphocyte movement throughout the body by controlling integrin avidity and inducing migration. Here, we look at recent, exciting findings on chemokine function throughout lymphocyte development and co-ordinated T and B cell migration during immune responses. Finally, we will review data on the regional control of immunity by tissue-specific chemokine receptors on effector/memory lymphocytes.
Makalu: fast recoverable allocation of non-volatile memory (2016)

Byte addressable non-volatile memory (NVRAM) is likely to supplement, and perhaps eventually replace, DRAM. Applications can then persist data structures directly in memory instead of serializing them and storing them onto a durable block device. However, failures during execution can leave data structures in NVRAM unreachable or corrupt. In this paper, we present Makalu, a system that addresses non-volatile memory management. Makalu offers an integrated allocator and recovery-time garbage collector that maintains internal consistency, avoids NVRAM memory leaks, and is efficient, all in the face of failures.