gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactions of organic anions. 161. Dihalomethylation of nitroarenes via vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen with trihalomethyl carbanions (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of organic anions. 161. Dihalomethylation of nitroarenes via vicarious nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen with trihalomethyl carbanionsM. Makosza and Z. OwczarczykCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 21, 5094–5100Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00282a025https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00282a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2286Altmetric-Citations75LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Stretchable Semiconductor Technologies with High Areal Coverages and Strain‐Limiting Behavior: Demonstration in High‐Efficiency Dual‐Junction GaInP/GaAs Photovoltaics (2012)

Notched islands on a thin elastomeric substrate serve as a platform for dual-junction GaInP/GaAs solar cells with microscale dimensions and ultrathin forms for stretchable photovoltaic modules. These designs allow for a high degree of stretchability and areal coverage, and they provide a natural form of strain-limiting behavior, helping to avoid destructive effects of extreme deformations. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The spirit of the law over its letter: the role of culture and social norms in shielding cooperative banks from systemic shocks (2016)

The macroeconomic impact of banks' misconduct led users of financial services to be deterred from using the system to the detriment of market integrity and called upon policymakers and supervisors to turn to “culture” as a means to regain public trust and eventually guarantee the stability of the real economy. From this vantage point, the crisis showed that culture did indeed matter, as it can significantly influence the effectiveness of the decision-making process and, thus, the risk appetite/profile of banks. Culture and behaviour have been shown to be the main threats to financial stability that policymakers and supervisors have currently to cope with. What is already clear is that culture is an important subject to focus on when supervising banks. Nevertheless, the problem is that current academic thinking lacks both clarity and expertise on what “culture” is all about and how it should be implemented by banks. This article addresses this gap by exploring the illustrative case of cooperative banks. Extensive empirical evidence shows indeed that cooperative banks turned out to be more stable than commercial banks for several reasons related to the ownership structure and the business model. However, the extant literature fails to take into account whether cooperative values (ie, solidarity; mutualism; proximity; social commitment) contributed in motivating employees to do the right thing and to steer them away from reckless behaviour. The investigation brings to the fore the main questions of whether and how cooperative banks' values and culture played a role in ensuring the soundness and efficiency of risk-taking policies.
Treatment Of NZB/NZW F1 Hybrid Mice with Mycobacterium Bovis Strain BCG or Type II Interferon Preparations Accelerates Autoimmune Disease (1981)

NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mice develop a spontaneous autoimmune disease characterized by the appearance of antinuclear antibodies and premature death due to immune complex glomerulonephritis. To investigate the possible effects of cellular immune stimulation on this disorder, groups of female NZB/NZW mice, aged 2, 5, and 7 months, were treated either with the nonspecific immunostimulatory agent Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG or with saline. Mice treated with BCG at ages 5 and 7 months died sooner than age-matched controls, and death was associated with severe glomerulonephritis, suggesting that BCG may have accelerated autoimmunity in these mice. Since BCG is known to stimulate the production of type II (or gamma) interferon, a substance with potent immunoregulatory effects, a second study was carried out to assess the effects of type II interferon on NZB/NZW disease. A greater number of type II interferon-treated mice died by 9 months of age when compared to controls, and the increased death rate was associated with a more rapid development of antinuclear antibodies and histologically confirmed glomerulonephritis. These data, together with a recent report of increases in the level of serum type II interferon in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus, suggest that type II interferon may play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease.
CNI-1493 ATTENUATES HEMODYNAMIC AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES TO LPS (1998)

The increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide have been postulated to contribute to the deleterious sequella of LPS administration. To date, clinical strategies to control these responses using individual specific inhibitors have been disappointing. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a tetravalent guanylhydrazone compound (CNI-1493) attenuates LPS-induced stress responses by suppressing multiple inflammatory mediators. Rats were injected intravenously with either CNI-1493 (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (1 mL NaCl) 60 min prior to the injection of LPS (100 microg/100 g body weight). LPS produced a 20% decrease in mean arterial blood pressure and a significant increase in circulating TNF-alpha levels as well as in tissue content of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6. This was associated with a marked increase in lung and gut apoptosis and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities as well as with an increase in lung and spleen nitric oxide end products (NOx). Pretreatment with CNI-1493 attenuated the LPS-induced drop in mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and blunted (40%) the rise in circulating TNF-alpha levels. CNI-1493 attenuated the LPS-induced increase in tissue cytokine (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6) content in lung and spleen but did not alter that of liver or gut. CNI-1493 pretreatment protected both lung and gut from LPS-induced apoptosis and in addition attenuated the rise in MPO activity in the gut. These results suggest diverse effects of CNI-1493 that are tissue specific and that confer protection against the hemodynamic and inflammatory responses to LPS.
When Gold Is Not Noble: Catalysis by Nanoparticles (2003)

Bulk gold is chemically inert and is generally regarded as a poor catalyst. However, when gold is in very small particles with diameters below 10 nm and is deposited on metal oxides or activated carbon, it becomes surprisingly active, especially at low temperatures, for many reactions such as CO oxidation and propylene epoxidation. The catalytic performance of Au is defined by three major factors: contact structure, support selection, and particle size. The role of the perimeter interfaces of Au particles as the sites for reactions is discussed as well as the change in chemical reactivity of Au clusters composed of fewer than 300 atoms.
A novel optical duobinary encoding using OTDM method (2002)

A novel optical duobinary coding (ODC) using an OTDM method is proposed. The OTDM duobinary spares the expensive high speed electronics and generates little signal intersymbol interference, while keeping intact all the benefits of conventional optical duobinary.
Planar Er:Yb glass ion exchanged waveguide laser (1995)

A planar, single-transverse-mode waveguide laser has been fabricated in erbium-ytterbium codoped silicate glass using potassium ion exchange. The laser operates at 1536.8 nm, has a slope efficiency of 5.5%, and exhibits a launched pump power threshold of 14.8 mW when pumped at 966.6 nm.
Impact of High-InoculumStaphylococcus aureuson the Activities of Nafcillin, Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Daptomycin, Alone and in Combination with Gentamicin, in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model (2004)

We evaluated the impact of high (9.5 log10 CFU/g) and moderate (5.5 log10 CFU/g) inocula of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA, respectively) on the activities of nafcillin, linezolid, vancomycin, and daptomycin, alone and in combination with gentamicin in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations over 72 h. Human therapeutic dosing regimens for nafcillin, daptomycin, vancomycin, linezolid, and gentamicin were simulated. At a moderate inoculum, nafcillin (MSSA only), vancomycin, and daptomycin demonstrated equivalent and significant (P < 0.01) bactericidal (99.9% kill) activities (decreases of 3.34 +/- 1.1, 3.28 +/- 0.4, and 3.34 +/- 0.8 log10 CFU/g, respectively). Bactericidal activity was demonstrated at 4 h for nafcillin and daptomycin and at 32 h for vancomycin. Linezolid demonstrated bacteriostatic activity over the course of the study period. At a high inoculum, daptomycin exhibited bactericidal activity against both MSSA and MRSA by 24 h (decrease of 5.51 to 6.31 +/- 0.10 log10 CFU/g). Nafcillin (versus MSSA), vancomycin, and linezolid (MSSA and MRSA) did not achieve bactericidal activity throughout the 72-h experiment. The addition of gentamicin increased the rate of 99.9% kill to 8 h for daptomycin (P < 0.01) and 48 h for nafcillin (MSSA only) (P = 0.01). The addition of gentamicin did not improve the activity of vancomycin or linezolid for either isolate for the 72-h period. Overall, high-inoculum Staphylococcus aureus had a significant impact on the activities of nafcillin and vancomycin. In contrast, daptomycin was affected minimally and linezolid was not affected by inoculum.
Synergistic Inhibition of HIV-1 Envelope-Mediated Cell Fusion by CD4-Based Molecules in Combination with Antibodies to gp120 or gp41 (1993)

CD4-based molecules were tested in combination with HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies directed against the V3 loop of gp120 or against gp41, for inhibition of HIV-1 envelope-mediated cell fusion. A virus-free cell fusion assay was developed, using Chinese hamster ovary cells that stably express HIV-1 gp120/gp41. These cells were incubated with dilutions of CD4-based molecules, antibodies, or mixtures of both, then overlaid with C8166 CD4+ T cells. Syncytia were counted and the degree of inhibition of cell fusion was determined. Synergy, additivity, or antagonism was calculated by the combination index (CI) method. The CD4-based molecules included soluble human CD4 as well as fusion proteins composed of CD4 linked to human immunoglobulin gamma 1 or gamma 2 heavy chains. Combinations of CD4-based molecules and monoclonal or polyclonal anti-V3 loop antibodies were synergistic in blocking HIV-1 envelope-mediated cell fusion (CI = 0.21-0.91 at 95% inhibition). Synergy was also observed with combinations of the CD4-based molecules and a broadly neutralizing anti-gp41 monoclonal antibody (2F5) (CI = 0.29-0.65 at 95% inhibition). These results demonstrate that molecules inhibiting HIV attachment act synergistically with molecules inhibiting HIV-1 fusion. The results suggest that CD4-based therapeutics would be more effective in patients with naturally occurring anti-V3 loop or anti-gp41 antibodies. In addition, there may be an advantage in coadministering CD4-based molecules and antibodies that block fusion, especially broadly neutralizing anti-gp41 antibodies, as a combination therapy for HIV-1 infections.
Role of the Leader Sequence during Thermal Repression of Translation in Maize, Tobacco, and Carrot Protoplasts (1992)

The 5'-untranslated leader of maize (Zea mays) heat-shock protein (hsp) 70 mRNA is required for translational competence during heat shock in protoplasts. When the beta-glucuronidase gene was used as a reporter mRNA, expression at elevated temperatures increased more than 10-fold when the hsp70 leader constituted the 5'-untranslated region. The hsp70 leader did not affect the physical half-life of the mRNA and, therefore, does not function at the level of transcript stability. The maize hsp70 leader was required to escape thermal repression in both maize and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) but was less effective in carrot. In addition, mRNAs containing the tobacco mosaic virus untranslated leader (omega) were also efficiently translated during heat shock, data suggesting that the presence of the omega sequence enables the transcript to escape the translational repression that occurs during thermal stress.
The Finite Element Modeling of the Free Vibration of a Read/Write Head Floppy Disk System (1985)

The configuration of read/write head designs in floppy disk drive units is of import as some designs witness vibration phenomena which lead to signal loss and excessive wearing of the disk media. This paper presents finite element modeling, and results thereof of a read/write head floppy disk system in free vibration. The objective of this work, of which this study marks but the beginning, is to determine the design parameters of read/write head support structure which will reduce the vibration phenomena.
Visible-blind GaN Schottky barrier detectors grown on Si(111) (1998)

We report novel GaN detectors grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si(111) substrates. Wurtzite structure epitaxial GaN exhibits room-temperature photoluminescence with a band-edge-related emission width as narrow as 7 nm and intensities comparable to high quality layers grown on sapphire by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Spectral response of lateral geometry Schottky detectors shows a sharp cutoff at 365 nm with peak responsivities of ∼0.05 A/W at 0 V, and ∼0.1 A/W with a −4 V bias. The dark current is ∼60 nA at −2 V bias. The noise equivalent power is estimated to be 3.7×10−9 W over the response bandwidth of 2.2 MHz.
Estimation of the shelf-life of drugs with mixed effects models (1995)

This paper proposes a normal mixed effects model for stability analysis. An EM algorithm is developed to compute the maximum likelihood estimates of regression coefficients of the fixed effects and random effects, and variance components. The likelihood ratio test is used for the preliminary testing of batch-to-batch variation. An example from a marketing stability study is given to illustrate the proposed procedure.
Reversal of Obesity- and Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance with Salicylates or Targeted Disruption of Ikkβ (2001)

We show that high doses of salicylates reverse hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia in obese rodents by sensitizing insulin signaling. Activation or overexpression of the IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta) attenuated insulin signaling in cultured cells, whereas IKKbeta inhibition reversed insulin resistance. Thus, IKKbeta, rather than the cyclooxygenases, appears to be the relevant molecular target. Heterozygous deletion (Ikkbeta+/-) protected against the development of insulin resistance during high-fat feeding and in obese Lep(ob/ob) mice. These findings implicate an inflammatory process in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and identify the IKKbeta pathway as a target for insulin sensitization.
Review Paper: A Review on Brain Stimulation Using Low Intensity Focused Ultrasound (2016)

Brain stimulation techniques are important in both basic and clinical studies. Majority of well-known brain stimulating techniques have low spatial resolution or entail invasive processes. Low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) seems to be a proper candidate for dealing with such deficiencies. This review recapitulates studies which explored the effects of LIFU on brain structures and its function, in both research and clinical areas. Although the mechanism of LIFU action is still unclear, its different effects from molecular level up to behavioral level can be explored in animal and human brain. It can also be coupled with brain imaging assessments in future research.
Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Investigation into the Amphiphilic Nature of Sulforhodamine B (2011)

Sulforhodamine B (SRB), a common fluorescent dye, is often considered to be a purely hydrophilic molecule, having no impact on bulk or interfacial properties of aqueous solutions. This assumption is due to the high water solubility of SRB relative to most fluorescent probes. However, in the present study, we demonstrate that SRB is in fact an amphiphile, with the ability to adsorb at an air/water interface and to incorporate into sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. In fact, SRB reduces the surface tension of water by up to 23 mN/m, and the addition of SRB to an aqueous SDS solution induces a significant decrease in the cmc of SDS. Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to gain a deeper understanding of these findings. The simulations revealed that SRB has defined polar "head" and nonpolar "tail" regions when adsorbed at the air/water interface as a monomer. In contrast, when incorporated into SDS micelles, only the sulfonate groups were found to be highly hydrated, suggesting that the majority of the SRB molecule penetrates into the micelle. To illustrate the implications of the amphiphilic nature of SRB, an interesting case study involving the effect of SRB on ultrasound-mediated transdermal drug delivery is presented.
Analysis of light scattering from surface roughness in hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers (2012)

We present a theoretical method for analyzing radiation loss from surface roughness scattering in hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers (HC-PBGFs). We treat the scattering process as induced dipole radiation and combine statistical information about surface roughness, mode field distribution and fibre geometry to accurately describe the far-field scattering distribution and loss in fibers with an arbitrary cross-sectional distribution of air holes of any shape. The predicted angular scattering distribution, total scattering loss and the loss wavelength dependence are all shown to agree well with reported experimental data. Our method yields a simpler result than that obtained by more complex approaches and is to the best of our knowledge the first successful attempt to accurately describe roughness scattering in HC-PBGFs.
Protein corona significantly reduces active targeting yield (2013)

When nanoparticles (NPs) are exposed to the biological environment, their surfaces become covered with proteins and biomolecules (e.g. lipids). Here, we report that this protein coating, or corona, reduces the targeting capability of surface engineered NPs by screening the active sites of the targeting ligands.
An ATP‐binding cassette‐type cysteine transporter in Campylobacter jejuni inferred from the structure of an extracytoplasmic solute receptor protein (2005)

Campylobacter jejuni is a Gram-negative food-borne pathogen associated with gastroenteritis in humans as well as cases of the autoimmune disease Guillain-Barré syndrome. C. jejuni is asaccharolytic because it lacks an active glycolytic pathway for the use of sugars as a carbon source. This suggests an increased reliance on amino acids as nutrients and indeed the genome sequence of this organism indicates the presence of a number of amino acid uptake systems. Cj0982, also known as CjaA, is a putative extracytoplasmic solute receptor for one such uptake system as well as a major surface antigen and vaccine candidate. The crystal structure of Cj0982 reveals a two-domain protein with density in the enclosed cavity between the domains that clearly defines the presence of a bound cysteine ligand. Fluorescence titration experiments were used to demonstrate that Cj0982 binds cysteine tightly and specifically with a K(d) of approximately 10(-7) M consistent with a role as a receptor for a high-affinity transporter. These data imply that Cj0982 is the binding protein component of an ABC-type cysteine transporter system and that cysteine uptake is important in the physiology of C. jejuni.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Total Synthesis and Structure Determination of the Mercapturic Acid Sulfoxide Conjugate. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Biochemical and Histopathological Changes in Wistar Rats Following Chronic Administration of Diherbal Mixture of Zanthoxylum leprieurii and Piper guineense (2012)

The effects of chronic administration of three oral doses (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight) of ethanol extract of diherbal mixture of Zanthoxylum leprieurii and Piper guineense on some biochemical parameters, liver and testicular histology of male wistar rats weighing between 190 – 230 g was investigated. The twenty rats used for the study were randomly divided into four groups of five rats each, group A (Control) were orally administered once daily with 1ml of distilled water (vehicle), the test groups B, C and D received 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg body weight of the extract once daily in 1ml of the vehicle. At the end of the treatment period of 42 days the animals were sacrificed with blood samples, liver and testes collected for analysis. There were significant increase ( P  0.05), serum albumin (ALB), globulin (GLO), albumin globulin ratio (A/G), total bilirubin (TB) and conjugated bilirubin (CB) were all significantly affected ( P < 0.05) in a dose related manner except the 50mg/kg body weight on conjugated bilirubin levels. Histopathological examination of testes of the treated group’s revealed distortion of seminiferous tubules with no proper coordination between boundaries and delay in the maturation of germ cells which may adversely affect reproductive function, the liver of the treated groups showed micro to macrovesicular steatosis (fatty change) which is an obvious signs of toxicity. Keywords: Biochemical, Histopathology, Diberbal, Zanthoxylum leprieurii and Piper guineense