gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Essential role of retinoblastoma protein in mammalian hair cell development and hearing (2006)

The retinoblastoma protein pRb is required for cell-cycle exit of embryonic mammalian hair cells but not for their early differentiation. However, its role in postnatal hair cells is unknown. To study the function of pRb in mature animals, we created a new conditional mouse model, with the Rb gene deleted primarily in the inner ear. Progeny survive up to 6 months. During early postnatal development, pRb(-/-) hair cells continue to divide and can transduce mechanical stimuli. However, adult pRb(-/-) mice exhibit profound hearing loss due to progressive degeneration of the organ of Corti. We show that pRb is required for the full maturation of cochlear outer hair cells, likely in a gene-specific manner, and is also essential for their survival. In addition, lack of pRb results in cell division in postnatal auditory supporting cells. In contrast, many pRb(-/-) vestibular hair cells survive and continue to divide in adult mice. Significantly, adult pRb(-/-) vestibular hair cells are functional, and pRb(-/-) mice maintain partial vestibular function. Therefore, the functional adult vestibular pRb(-/-) hair cells, derived from proliferation of postnatal hair cells, are largely integrated into vestibular pathways. This study reveals essential yet distinct roles of pRb in cochlear and vestibular hair cell maturation, function, and survival and suggests that transient block of pRb function in mature hair cells may lead to propagation of functional hair cells.
Amyloid and polypeptide hormones: What is their interrelationship? (1994)

Amyloid deposits are common in certain polypeptide-producing tissues and are sometimes a characteristic feature of diseases affecting these tissues. Recent years have given us increasing knowledge about the nature of this type of amyloid and its pathogenesis.A hyaline stroma, different in appearance from collagen, was observed in some endocrine tissues and tumors at an early date'2. Fairly soon, the amyloid nature of this stroma was discussed and designations like “atypical amyloid” or “paraamyloid” 3 were used. For a long time, the amyloid was regarded as a non-specific product of degeneration but when the nature of some systemic amyloids started to become elucidated in 1971, there was a growing suspicion that the amyloid in endocrine tissues reflected a specific pathologic event. This suspicion was verified in 1976 with the clarification of the hormonal nature of the amyloid (calcitonin derived) in a medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Since then, three more polypeptide hormones have been identified as major amyloid fibril proteins, (islet amyloid polypeptide (1APP); atrial natriuretic factor derived amyloid (ANF); insulin derived amyloid).
High-Throughput Variation Detection and Genotyping Using Microarrays (2001)

The genetic dissection of complex traits may ultimately require a large number of SNPs to be genotyped in multiple individuals who exhibit phenotypic variation in a trait of interest. Microarray technology can enable rapid genotyping of variation specific to study samples. To facilitate their use, we have developed an automated statistical method (ABACUS) to analyze microarray hybridization data and applied this method to Affymetrix Variation Detection Arrays (VDAs). ABACUS provides a quality score to individual genotypes, allowing investigators to focus their attention on sites that give accurate information. We have applied ABACUS to an experiment encompassing 32 autosomal and eight X-linked genomic regions, each consisting of approximately 50 kb of unique sequence spanning a 100-kb region, in 40 humans. At sufficiently high-quality scores, we are able to read approximately 80% of all sites. To assess the accuracy of SNP detection, 108 of 108 SNPs have been experimentally confirmed; an additional 371 SNPs have been confirmed electronically. To access the accuracy of diploid genotypes at segregating autosomal sites, we confirmed 1515 of 1515 homozygous calls, and 420 of 423 (99.29%) heterozygotes. In replicate experiments, consisting of independent amplification of identical samples followed by hybridization to distinct microarrays of the same design, genotyping is highly repeatable. In an autosomal replicate experiment, 813,295 of 813,295 genotypes are called identically (including 351 heterozygotes); at an X-linked locus in males (haploid), 841,236 of 841,236 sites are called identically.
A new method of solvent free O- and N-glycosylation using activated carbon fiber (ACF) as a promoter. Application to the synthesis of saponin and nucleoside analogues (2004)

By using activated carbon fiber (ACF) as solid acid promoter, we display a new system for solvent free O- and N-glycosylation, with a simple process which takes place in a drying oven; this method has been applied to the synthesis of sterol and triterpene O-glycosides (saponin analogues), as well as nucleoside analogues.
Interleukins 6 and 11 protect mice from mortality in a staphylococcal enterotoxin-induced toxic shock model (1996)

BALB/By mice given doses of D-galactosamine plus Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B die within 48 h of administration. The cause of death is a syndrome much like toxic shock syndrome in humans. We used this model to investigate the role of two cytokines, interleukin 6 and interleukin 11, which share the signal transducing subunit, gp130, of their respective receptors. We observed that pretreatment of mice with antibody to interleukin 6 increased mortality from 55% to nearly 90% (P < 0.001), while pretreatment with either cytokine reduced death. The protection was dose dependent; however, interleukin 6 was about 10-fold more potent that interleukin 11. These data indicate that endogenous interleukin 6 plays a protective role in attenuating acute inflammatory responses; furthermore, interleukin 6 and interleukin 11 can abrogate T-cell activation due to triggering by superantigen. A possible clinical role for these cytokines in the treatment of toxic shock merits further investigation.
Jojoba Meal in Poultry Diets (1982)

Five experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the supplemental value of detoxified jojoba meal for broiler chick performance. Meal samples subjected to solvent extraction, heat and chemical treatments, as well as Lactobacilli treatments, were used in these studies. Of the seven samples tested, only the Lactobacillus acidophilus #1911 detoxified meal supported adequate growth when added to the diet at a level of 10%. Compared to the basal diet, feed conversion was poor with 5% supplementation of this meal and was worse at the 10% level. Failure of detoxified jojoba meal to support maximum growth reflects its low nutritive value. This was evidenced by low availabilities of lysine (33.7%) and methionine (43.4%) and by low starch digestibility (21.7%). The true metabolizable energy content of jojoba meal was determined as 1.71 kcal/g on an air-dry basis.
Synthesis and Hydrophilicity of Multifunctionally Hydroxylated Poly(acrylamides) (1996)

This paper reports synthesis and hydrophilicity of hydroxylated poly(acrylamides), in which one, three, and six hydroxyl groups were attached to the terminal of their side chains, respectively: poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylamide), poly(N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl] acrylamide), and poly(N,N-di(N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]-2-acetamido) acrylamide). The initial hypothesis of molecular design of a very hydrophilic polymer was that hydrophilicity increases with an increase in the number of hydroxyl groups per repeating unit due to the enhanced shielding effect on hydrophobic main chains. Contrary to expectations, the relative hydrophilicity of these polymers, determined from the surface tension of these aqueous solutions, tended to decrease with an increase in the number of hydroxyl groups per repeating unit. As the number of hydroxyl groups per repeating unit increased, the chain mobility of the methylene groups adjacent to the terminal hydroxyl groups (determined from the spin−lattice relaxation time (T1) measurement) was restricted, the fraction of bound water (determined from the DSC measurement) was decreased, and the proton-deuterium exchange rate of hydroxyl groups in D2O−DMSO-d6 (DMSO-d6 = dimethyl sulfoxide-d6) mixed solution (determined from 1H NMR spectroscopic measurement) was decreased. These results indicate that the degree of intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl groups is enhanced with an increase in the number of hydroxyl groups per repeating unit, which eventually reduces the hydrogen bonding with water, resulting in a reduction of the hydrophilicity.
Hypercholesterolaemia and its treatment in Singapore with implications for screening. (1997)

The National University of Singapore Heart Study is a cross-sectional survey of the whole of Singapore from 1993 to 1995 with a random sample of 961 persons aged 30 to 69 years (response rate 71.2%). Serum lipids were measured enzymatically on an autoanalyser (Ektachem, kodak). Hypercholesterolaemia was diagnosed if the person was on lipid lowering drugs or had a serum cholesterol > or = 6.5 mmol/L (250 mg/dL). Results for the 40 to 64 age group are presented. The proportion and number in Singapore with hypercholesterolaemia were high, 23.7% and 186,544 persons respectively. However, they declined with the additional requirement of coronary heart disease (CHD) or risk factors (i.e. cigarette smoking, hypertension or diabetes mellitus), and were small if only hypercholesterolaemic persons with CHD were included, 1.6% and 13,126 persons respectively. For both genders, the proportions on drugs increased with the added options of CHD or risk factors, so that for persons with hypercholesterolaemia and CHD the proportion on drugs was very high i.e. 84.0%. However, 11.2% of persons with only hypercholesterolaemia (i.e. without CHD or other risk factors) had been prescribed drugs. The main conclusions were:1) The use of different criteria for the screening and treatment of hypercholesterolaemia would involve large differences in the number of Singaporeans on lipid lowering drugs and this should be considered when deciding policy and 2) Medical practitioners currently to some extent do consider the presence of CHD or other risk factors when prescribing lipid lowering drugs for hypercholesterolaemia.
Light Guide for Pixel Crosstalk Improvement in Deep Submicron CMOS Image Sensor (2004)

Light guide, a novel dielectric structure consisting of PE-Oxide and FSG-Oxide, has been developed to reduce crosstalk in 0.18-μm CMOS image sensor technology. Due to the difference in refraction index (1.46 for PE-Oxide and 1.435 for FSG-Oxide), major part of the incident light can be totally reflected at the interface of PE-Oxide/FSG-Oxide, as the incidence angle is larger than total reflection angle. With this light guide, the pixel sensing capability can be enhanced and to reduce pixel crosstalk. Small pixels with pitch 3.0-μm and 4.0-μm have been characterized and examined. In 3.0-μm pixel, optical crosstalk achieves 30% reduction for incidence angle of light at 10/spl deg/.
<title>Approaches and analysis for on-focal-plane analog-to-digital conversion</title> (1994)

This paper presents approaches for on-focal-plane analog-to-digital conversion (ADC). Common approaches and architectures for ADC and their utility for on-focal-plane integration are discussed. Candidate approaches are analyzed with respect to required amplifier gain, bandwidth, capacitance matching, noise and offsets as a function of ADC resolution. A column-parallel ADC architecture appears to be an effective compromise of chip area, power, circuit speed and ADC resolution. The discussion is valid for both infrared focal-plane arrays and visible image sensors.
当代政治哲学：“通情达理方面”对“真实方面”，世界观的道德或者 (2002)

J．罗尔斯主张，他关于“公正即公平”的观念是一种“特立独行的”观念：它被假定为一种“完全在政治领域内部运动”、“使哲学维持现状”的观念：这种回避策略所具有的目标和可行性，取决于我们如何理解“政治的”这个术语。罗尔斯首先用它来具体说明研究一个(现代)社会的制度性框架和基本结构的政治理论所具有的对象领域。存在于人们对基本概念的选择之中的惯例性成份，向来是人们争论的焦点之一；但是，一旦一种理论具体证明了它自己所具有的实用性。
Functional intestinal stem cells after Paneth cell ablation induced by the loss of transcription factor Math1 (Atoh1) (2012)

Intestinal epithelium has the capacity to self-renew and generate differentiated cells through the existence of two types of epithelial stem cells: active crypt base columnar cells (CBCs) and quiescent +4 cells. The behaviors of these cells are regulated both by intrinsic programs and by extrinsic signals sent by neighboring cells, which define the niche. It is clear that the β-catenin pathway acts as an essential intrinsic signal for the maintenance and proliferation of CBC, and it was recently proposed that Paneth cells provide a crucial niche by secreting Wingless/Int (Wnt) ligands. Here, we examined the effect of disrupting the intestinal stem cell niche by inducible deletion of the transcription factor Math1 (Atoh1), an essential driver of secretory cell differentiation. We found that complete loss of Paneth cells attributable to Math1 deficiency did not perturb the crypt architecture and allowed the maintenance and proliferation of CBCs. Indeed, Math1-deficient crypt cells tolerated in vivo Paneth cell loss and maintained active β-catenin signaling but could not grow ex vivo without exogenous Wnt, implying that, in vivo, underlying mucosal cells act as potential niche. Upon irradiation, Math1-deficient crypt cells regenerated and CBCs continued cycling. Finally, CBC stem cells deficient in adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc) and Math1 were able to promote intestinal tumorigenesis. We conclude that in vivo, Math1-deficient crypts counteract the absence of Paneth cell-derived Wnts and prevent CBC stem cell exhaustion.
Detection and Characterization of Sp1 Binding Activity in Human Chondrocytes and Its Alterations during Chondrocyte Dedifferentiation (1997)

We have detected DNA binding activity for a synthetic oligonucleotide containing an Sp1 consensus sequence in nuclear extracts from human chondrocytes. Changes in the levels of Sp1 oligonucleotide binding activity were examined in nuclear extracts from freshly isolated human chondrocytes, from chondrocytes that had been cultured under conditions that allowed the maintenance of a chondrocyte-specific phenotype on plastic dishes coated with the hydrogel poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), and from chondrocytes induced to dedifferentiate into fibroblast-like cells by passage in monolayer culture on plastic substrata. It was observed that Sp1 binding was 2-3-fold greater in nuclear extracts from dedifferentiated chondrocytes than in nuclear extracts from either freshly isolated chondrocytes or from cells cultured in suspension. The Sp1 binding activity was specific, since it was competed by unlabeled Sp1 but not by AP1 or AP2. The addition of a polyclonal antibody against Sp1 to nuclear extracts from freshly isolated chondrocytes or to extracts isolated from chondrocytes cultured in monolayer decreased the binding of Sp1 by approximately 85%. However, when the same experiment was carried out with nuclear extracts prepared from cells cultured on poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)-coated plates, only a very slight inhibition of Sp1 binding was observed. When fragments of the COL2A1 promoter containing putative Sp1 binding sites amplified by polymerase chain reaction were examined, it was found that the amounts of DNA-protein complex formed with nuclear extracts from dedifferentiated chondrocytes were 2-3-fold greater than the amounts formed with nuclear extracts from freshly isolated chondrocytes or from cells cultured in suspension. Quantitation of DNA binding activity by titration experiments demonstrated that nuclear extracts from fibroblast-like cells contained approximately 2-fold greater Sp-1 specific binding activity than nuclear extracts from chondrocytes. The direct role of Sp1 in type II collagen gene transcription was demonstrated by co-transfection experiments of COL2A1 promoter-CAT constructs in Drosophila Schneider line L2 cells that lack Sp1 homologs. This is the first demonstration of Sp1 binding activity in human chondrocytes and of differences in Sp1 DNA binding activity between differentiated and dedifferentiated chondrocytes.
Careers in 2020? (1995)

Twenty years ago an article was published which speculated about the shape of a career in ILS in the mid‐1990s. Many of the forecasts turned out to be correct. Continues the projections forward to the year 2020 and discusses the trends towards portfolio careers and forms of flexible employment, together with the conditions which have forced changes in the workplace. Discusses the benefits which can emerge when the worker has greater control over his or her career.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antitumor Activity of a Series of Polypyridyl Complexes (2000)

A series of polypyridyl complexes have been synthesized. All polypyridyl complexes and some of the soluble ligands have been assayed for antitumor activity in vitro against the HL-60 (the human leucocytoma) cells, BEL-7402 (the human liver carcinoma) cells, KB (the human nasopharyngeal carcinoma) cells and HELA (the human adenocarcinoma of cervix) cells. The results indicate that several complexes have relative activity against different cell lines. Especially, the complexes [Co(bpy)(2)(pip)](3+), [Co(phen)(2)(pip)](3+), [Ru(bpy)(2)(pztp)](2+) and [Ru(pztp)(2)(bpy)](2+) show relative high activity against four tumor cell lines. Moreover, they are slightly more effective than cisplatin. At the concentration of 100 mug/mL, the complexes show inhibitory rate of 72 approximately 86% for the cancer cells and have no toxicity for MDCK and Vero cells. It is indicated that these complexes can inhibit cancer cells selectively.
Performance evaluation of Code-Spread OFDM using Vandermonde spreading (2009)

Spectral nulls present in a channel can severely degrade or cancel out OFDM tones, resulting in an irreducible error rate. To combat this, standards typically employ forward error correction (FEC) techniques. In code-spread OFDM (CS-OFDM), each sinewave carries a weighted sum of all the information symbols being transmitted in an OFDM block interval. In this paper, the MMSE estimator is derived for each symbol for a number of cases, including when the number of carriers is greater than the number of symbols. The performance of CS-OFDM is evaluated using Hadamard and Vandermonde spreading and compared to standard OFDM1.
Effect of Particle Size on Lithium Intercalation into α-Fe[sub 2]O[sub 3] (2002)

The electrochemical reaction of lithium with crystallized (hematite) has been studied by means of in situ X-ray diffraction. When reacting large particles we observed the well-known transformation of the close-packed anionic array from hexagonal (hc) to cubic (ccp) stacking. At the early stage of the reduction, a very small amount of lithium can be inserted before this structural transformation occurs. Nanosize made of fine monolithic particles (200 Å) behaves very different, since up to one Li per formula unit can be inserted in the corundum structure without phase transformation. To our knowledge, this is the first time this phase is maintained for such large values. This cationic insertion was found to come with a small cell volume expansion evaluated to 1%. Unsuccessful attempts to increase the values on large particles by decreasing the applied discharge current density suggest that the particle size is the only parameter involved. The better structural reversibility of this monophasic process compared to the biphasic one was confirmed by electrochemical cycling tests conducted with hematite samples of various particle sizes. Therefore, by using nanosize particles, we can drastically increase the critical Li concentration required to observe the transition. This work demonstrates that a careful control of the texture/particle size of electrochemically active oxide particles is likely an important variable that has been largely disregarded for such properties. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Molecular characterization and proposal of a neotype strain for Bartonella bacilliformis (1991)

Bartonella bacilliformis, the etiologic agent of bartonellosis, was characterized biochemically and by DNA hybridization, guanine-plus-cytosine content, genome size, and 16S rRNA sequencing. DNAs from the two strains in our collection exhibited 97% relatedness in hydroxyapatite reactions done at 55 degrees C (optimal reassociation criterion) and 100% relatedness in reactions done at 70 degrees C (stringent reassociation criterion). There was no evidence of divergence within the related sequences. B. bacilliformis DNA showed no relatedness to the cat scratch disease bacillus or to a strain of a second species in the same genus as the cat scratch disease bacillus in hybridization reactions done at 65 degrees C. The guanine-plus-cytosine contents of DNAs from the two B. bacilliformis strains were 39 and 40 mol%. Time course reassociation, done by determining spectrophotometrically the time required for one-half of the denatured DNA to form duplexes, indicated that B. bacilliformis has a genome size of approximately 4 x 10(8). The 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that B. bacilliformis is in the alpha-2 subgroup of the purple bacteria, class Proteobacteria, and that its closest relatives are Rochalimaea quintana and Brucella abortus. Strain KC583 (= Herrer 020/F12,63 = ATCC 35685) is proposed as the type strain of B. bacilliformis.
Multipotent cells can be generated in vitro from several adult human organs (heart, liver, and bone marrow) (2007)

The aims of our study were to verify whether it was possible to generate in vitro, from different adult human tissues, a population of cells that behaved, in culture, as multipotent stem cells and if these latter shared common properties. To this purpose, we grew and cloned finite cell lines obtained from adult human liver, heart, and bone marrow and named them human multipotent adult stem cells (hMASCs). Cloned hMASCs, obtained from the 3 different tissues, expressed the pluripotent state-specific transcription factors Oct-4, NANOG, and REX1, displayed telomerase activity, and exhibited a wide range of differentiation potential, as shown both at a morphologic and functional level. hMASCs maintained a human diploid DNA content, and shared a common gene expression signature, compared with several somatic cell lines and irrespectively of the tissue of isolation. In particular, the pathways regulating stem cell self-renewal/maintenance, such as Wnt, Hedgehog, and Notch, were transcriptionally active. Our findings demonstrate that we have optimized an in vitro protocol to generate and expand cells from multiple organs that could be induced to acquire morphologic and functional features of mature cells even embryologically not related to the tissue of origin.
Development of p53 protein transduction therapy using membrane-permeable peptides and the application to oral cancer cells. (2002)

Recent studies suggest that several proteins can transverse biological membranes through protein transduction. The protein transduction domains of these proteins, 10-16 residues long, have been identified as critical domains for the protein transduction. Poly-arginine peptide also has the ability of protein transduction. Here, we show that the protein delivery system using 11 poly-arginine peptides (11R) is a powerful tool for the transduction of the biologically active tumor suppressor protein, p53, to suppress the proliferation of oral cancer cells. The 11R-fused p53 proteins (11R-p53) effectively penetrated across the plasma membrane of the cancer cells and translocated into the nucleus. The proteins induced the activity of the p21/WAF promoter and inhibited the proliferation of human oral cancer cells, in which the p53 gene was mutated. The effect was equivalent to that of the adenovirus-mediated p53 gene transduction system. Moreover, 11R-p53 enhanced the cisplatin-dependent induction of apoptosis of the cells. These data suggest that this protein transduction method may become a promising cancer therapy.