gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Error Driven Paraphrase Annotation using Mechanical Turk (2010)

The source text provided to a machine translation system is typically only one of many ways the input sentence could have been expressed, and alternative forms of expression can often produce a better translation. We introduce here error driven paraphrasing of source sentences: instead of paraphrasing a source sentence exhaustively, we obtain paraphrases for only the parts that are predicted to be problematic for the translation system. We report on an Amazon Mechanical Turk study that explores this idea, and establishes via an oracle evaluation that it holds the potential to substantially improve translation quality. 1
Induction of a CD8+ T-cell response to the MAGE cancer testis antigen by combined treatment with azacitidine and sodium valproate in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplasia (2010)

Epigenetic therapies, including DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors, represent important new treatment modalities in hematologic malignancies, but their mechanism of action remains unknown. We reasoned that up-regulation of epigenetically silenced tumor antigens may induce an immunologically mediated antitumor response and contribute to their clinical activity. In this study, we demonstrate that azacitidine (AZA) and sodium valproate (VPA) up-regulate expression of melanoma-associated antigens (MAGE antigens) on acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myeloma cell lines. In separate studies, we observed that prior exposure to AZA/VPA increased recognition of myeloma cell lines by a MAGE-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) clone. We therefore measured CTL responses to MAGE antigens in 21 patients with AML or myelodysplasia treated with AZA/VPA. CTL responses to MAGE antigens were documented in only 1 patient before therapy; however, treatment with AZA/VPA induced a CTL response in 10 patients. Eight of the 11 patients with circulating MAGE CTLs achieved a major clinical response after AZA/VPA therapy. This is the first demonstration of a MAGE-specific CTL response in AML. Furthermore, it appears that epigenetic therapies have the capacity to induce a CTL response to MAGE antigens in vivo that may contribute to their clinical activity in AML.
Odor Response Properties of Rat Olfactory Receptor Neurons (1999)

Molecular biology studies of olfaction have identified a multigene family of molecular receptors that are likely to be involved in odor transduction mechanisms. However, because previous functional data on peripheral coding were mainly collected from inferior vertebrates, it has been difficult to document the degree of specificity of odor interaction mechanisms. As a matter of fact, studies of the functional expression of olfactory receptors have not demonstrated the low or high specificity of olfactory receptors. In this study, the selectivity of olfactory receptor neurons was investigated in the rat at the cellular level under physiological conditions by unitary extracellular recordings. Individual olfactory receptor neurons were broadly responsive to qualitatively distinct odor compounds. We conclude that peripheral coding is based on activated arrays of olfactory receptor cells with overlapping tuning profiles.
Proteolytic cleavage of Ii to p25. (1988)

The 25,000-Da protein that is seen in immunoprecipitates with antibodies to class II MHC molecules or to Ii was shown to be a C-terminal fragment of Ii. [35S]Methionine pulse-chase labeling of polyclonally activated B lymphocytes or lymphoblastoid cell lines demonstrated maximal appearance of p25 in Percoll-separated endosomal fractions at 20- to 40-min chase times (studies in progress). This finding was consistent with the view that proteolysis of Ii to p25 and its release might catalyze the binding of digested foreign peptides to class II molecules and/or govern release of such charged complexes to traffic to the cell surface. We examined the structural relationship of p25 to Ii and the basis for cleavage of a relatively restricted site just external to the transmembranal segment. [35S]Methionine-labeled Ii and associated molecules were immunoprecipitated with a mAb to native Ii and then denatured, resolubilized, and subjected to a second immunoprecipitation with various antibodies. Two antisera to C-terminal peptides of Ii (183 to 193 and 192 to 211), but not antibodies to an N-terminal peptide (12 to 28), did immunoprecipitate p25. The three antibodies to C-terminal and N-terminal peptides all immunoprecipitated denatured Ii proteins. The mAb to Ii immunoprecipitated [35S]methionine-labeled p25 but not [35S]cysteine-labeled p25. This finding was consistent with loss of a portion of Ii containing the only cysteine in Ii, Cys28. Digestion of class II MHC Ag-Ii complexes with various proteases yielded proteins migrating at and near p25 in two-dimensional electrophoretic gels. Upon increasing the duration of protease digestion, the 25,000-Da fragments were relatively resistant to further digestion. This observation was consistent with the presence of secondary structures (domains) leaving a relatively protease-sensitive (Ig hinge-like) region in Ii near its insertion into the membrane.
Rapid Identification of Nine Microorganisms Causing Acute Respiratory Tract Infections by Single-Tube Multiplex Reverse Transcription-PCR: Feasibility Study (1999)

Acute respiratory tract infections (ARIs) are leading causes of morbidity and, in developing countries, mortality in children. A multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay was developed to allow in one test the detection of nine different microorganisms (enterovirus, influenza A and B viruses, respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], parainfluenzaviruses type 1 and type 3, adenovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydia pneumoniae) that do not usually colonize the respiratory tracts of humans but, if present, must be assumed to be the cause of respiratory disease. Clinical samples from 1,118 children admitted to the Department of Pediatrics because of an ARI between November 1995 and April 1998 were used for a first clinical evaluation. Detection of one of the microorganisms included in the assay was achieved for 395 of 1,118 (35%) clinical samples, of which 37.5% were RSV, 20% were influenza A virus, 12.9% were adenovirus, 10.6% were enterovirus, 8.1% were M. pneumoniae, 4.3% were parainfluenzavirus type 3, 3.5% were parainfluenzavirus type 1, 2.8% were influenza B virus, and 0.2% were C. pneumoniae. Seasonal variations in the rates of detection of the different organisms were observed, as was expected from the literature. The levels of concordance with the data obtained by commercially available enzyme immunoassays were 95% for RSV and 98% for influenza A. The results show that the multiplex RT-PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay is a useful and rapid diagnostic tool for the management of children with ARI. Studies of the overall benefit of this method with regard to the use of antibiotics, the use of diagnostic procedures including additional microbiological tests, and hospitalization rate and duration are warranted.
FTY720, a Synthetic Sphingosine 1 Phosphate Analogue, Inhibits Development of Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Deficient Mice (2007)

The present results demonstrate that an S1P analogue inhibits atherosclerosis by modulating lymphocyte and macrophage function, and these results are consistent with the notion that S1P contributes to the antiatherogenic potential of high-density lipoprotein.
Reversal of Chloroquine Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum by Verapamil (1987)

The parasite Plasmodium falciparum , like neoplastic cells, develops resistance to multiple structurally unrelated drugs. If the mechanisms by which P. falciparum and neoplastic cells become resistant are similar, then it may be possible to reverse the resistance in the two types of cells by the same pharmacological agents. Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, completely reversed chloroquine resistance in two chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum clones from Southeast Asia and Brazil. Verapamil reversed chloroquine resistance at the same concentration (1 × 10 -6 M ) as that at which it reversed resistance in multidrug-resistant cultured neoplastic cells. This same concentration of verapamil had no effect on chloroquine-sensitive parasites. Hence, chloroquine resistance in P. falciparum may fit the criteria for the multidrug-resistant phenotype.
Magnonic Spin-Transfer Torque MRAM With Low Power, High Speed, and Error-Free Switching (2011)

A new class of spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) is discussed, in which writing is achieved using thermally initiated magnonic current pulses as an alternative to conventional electric current pulses. The magnonic pulses are used to destabilize the magnetic free layer from its initial direction, and are followed immediately by a bipolar electric current exerting conventional spin-transfer torque on the free layer. The combination of thermal and electric currents greatly reduces switching errors, and simultaneously reduces the electric switching current density by more than an order of magnitude as compared to conventional STT-MRAM. The energy efficiency of several possible electro-thermal circuit designs have been analyzed numerically. As compared to STT-MRAM with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, magnonic STT-MRAM reduces the overall switching energy by almost 80%. Furthermore, the lower electric current density allows the use of thicker tunnel barriers, which should result in higher tunneling magneto-resistance and improved tunnel barrier reliability. The combination of lower power, improved reliability, higher integration density, and larger read margin make magnonic STT-MRAM a promising choice for future non-volatile storage.
Dysregulation of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase and downstream effectors in human breast cancer (2001)

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) is a growth factor-activated transforming lipid (and protein) kinase, involved in cell motility and invasion, that has multiple effectors. Relatively little is known about its expression and enzymatic activity in human breast cancer. Since growth factor receptors are amplified in breast cancer, and the tumor suppressor PTEN may be mutated in human breast cancer, it was hypothesized that PI3-K and its downstream effectors would be activated in this disease. In 11 resected tumors analyzed for expression of this kinase, a mean 3-fold increase in protein expression was observed over the corresponding adjacent control tissue. Using an in vitro lipid kinase assay of the immunoprecipitated PI3-K protein, a greater than 2-fold increase in activation was observed. These changes were observed in the absence of an activation of either protein kinase B (PKB, akt1) or p70 S6 kinase (p70 S6K). However, p21-activated kinase (Pak), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK 2) were all overexpressed and demonstrated increased enzyme activity. It may be concluded that aberrant mitogenic signaling in human breast cancer in vivo involves Pak, p38 MAPK and MAPKAPK2 downstream of PI3-K, but neither of PKB or p70 S6K. It is proposed that this pathway may serve as a useful targeting nexus for investigation of small molecule inhibitors in human breast cancer.
Elevated Plasma Growth Differentiation Factor-15 Correlates with Lymph Node Metastases and Poor Survival in Endometrial Cancer (2011)

Based on findings indicated in a primary investigation set and confirmed in the large secondary validation set, we report for the first time plasma GDF-15 as a biomarker for endometrial cancer phenotype, including presence of lymph node metastasis and reduced survival. Its applicability as a predictor of metastatic nodes and in monitoring treatment of endometrial cancer needs to be further studied.
A Bifunctional Enzyme Catalyzes the First Two Steps in N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Biosynthesis of Rat Liver (1997)

Biosynthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a prominent component of glycoconjugates, is initiated by the action of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase (UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase, EC 5.1. 3.14) and N-acetylmannosamine kinase (ManNAc kinase, EC 2.7.1.60). We demonstrate for the first time that the two activities are parts of one bifunctional enzyme in rat liver. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity from rat liver cytosol using salmine sulfate precipitation and chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose, ATP-agarose, and Mono Q. The purification resulted in one polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of 75 kDa. Immunoprecipitation with a polyclonal antibody against the polypeptide reduced both enzyme activities in equal amounts. Gel filtration analysis of purified UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase showed that the polypeptide self-associates as a dimer and as a hexamer with apparent molecular masses of 150 and 450 kDa, respectively. The hexamer was fully active for both enzyme activities, whereas the dimer catalyzed only the phosphorylation of N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc). Incubation of the dimer with UDP-N-acetylglucosamine led to reassembly of the fully active hexamer; maximal quantities of the hexamer were produced after incubation for 3 h. Kinetic analysis of purified hexameric and dimeric enzyme revealed significantly lower Michaelis constants (93 +/- 3 to 121 +/- 15 microM for ManNAc and 1.18 +/- 0. 13 to 1.67 +/- 0.20 mM for ATP) and higher cooperativity (Hill coefficients of 1.42 +/- 0.16 to 1.17 +/- 0.06 for ManNAc and 1.30 +/- 0.09 to 1.05 +/- 0.14 for ATP) for the hexamer for both substrates of ManNAc kinase. The Michaelis constant of UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase for its substrate was 11 +/- 2 microM. The Hill coefficient of 0.45 +/- 0.07 represents strongly negative cooperativity in substrate binding. UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase was feedback inhibited by CMP-Neu5Ac. Complete inhibition was achieved with 60 microM CMP-Neu5Ac, and highly positive cooperativity (Hill coefficient of 4.1) was found for inhibitor binding.
A review of piezoelectric polymers as functional materials for electromechanical transducers (2014)

Polymer based MEMS and microfluidic devices have the advantages of mechanical flexibility, lower fabrication cost and faster processing over silicon based ones. Also, many polymer materials are considered biocompatible and can be used in biological applications. A valuable class of polymers for microfabricated devices is piezoelectric functional polymers. In addition to the normal advantages of polymers, piezoelectric polymers can be directly used as an active material in different transduction applications. This paper gives an overview of piezoelectric polymers based on their operating principle. This includes three main categories: bulk piezoelectric polymers, piezocomposites and voided charged polymers. State-of-the-art piezopolymers of each category are presented with a focus on fabrication techniques and material properties. A comparison between the different piezoelectric polymers and common inorganic piezoelectric materials (PZT, ZnO, AlN and PMN–PT) is also provided in terms of piezoelectric properties. The use of piezopolymers in different electromechanical devices is also presented. This includes tactile sensors, energy harvesters, acoustic transducers and inertial sensors.
Plasma Membrane Channels Formed by Connexins: Their Regulation and Functions (2003)

Members of the connexin gene family are integral membrane proteins that form hexamers called connexons. Most cells express two or more connexins. Open connexons found at the nonjunctional plasma membrane connect the cell interior with the extracellular milieu. They have been implicated in physiological functions including paracrine intercellular signaling and in induction of cell death under pathological conditions. Gap junction channels are formed by docking of two connexons and are found at cell-cell appositions. Gap junction channels are responsible for direct intercellular transfer of ions and small molecules including propagation of inositol trisphosphate-dependent calcium waves. They are involved in coordinating the electrical and metabolic responses of heterogeneous cells. New approaches have expanded our knowledge of channel structure and connexin biochemistry (e.g., protein trafficking/assembly, phosphorylation, and interactions with other connexins or other proteins). The physiological role of gap junctions in several tissues has been elucidated by the discovery of mutant connexins associated with genetic diseases and by the generation of mice with targeted ablation of specific connexin genes. The observed phenotypes range from specific tissue dysfunction to embryonic lethality.
Cadmium selenide nanocrystals as white-light phosphors (2006)

Recently, there has been great interest in developing direct white-light phosphors for solid state lighting. Current commercial white light emitting diodes (LEDs) rely on complicated fabrication methods to produce white light. Utilizing magic-sized, white-light emitting cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanocrystals as a direct white-light phosphor eliminates the need for complex doping schemes and deposition techniques. Herein we report preliminary data representing the first elementary steps in designing and optimizing device architectures for building high-quality, highly efficient white-light emitting LEDs for solid state lighting.
Reverse signaling via CD30 ligand (1996)

Abstract CD30 ligand (CD30L), a member of the TNF family, is a type II membrane protein with a C-terminal extracellular domain that is homologous with the extracellular domains of other TNF family members. Also, like most TNF family members, the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of CD30L is conserved across species, but not between family members, suggesting a possible biological function. Motivated by this observation, we investigated the potential for CD30L, when activated by cross-linking, to directly transduce a signal to the ligand-bearing cell. Cross-linking of CD30L by a mAb or by CD30-Fc fusion protein induced the production of IL-8 by freshly isolated neutrophils. Further, both cross-linking mechanisms produced a rapid oxidative burst. Indirect effects through CD30 were ruled out, since CD30L, but not CD30, is expressed on neutrophils. Expression of CD30L can be induced in peripheral blood T cells by cross-linking the CD3 component of the TCR. Peripheral blood T cells exposed to suboptimal concentrations of anti-CD3 increased metabolic activity, proliferated, and produced IL-6 in response to cross-linking of CD30L. These results indicate that cross-linked CD30L can transduce a signal to the ligand-bearing cell. This "reverse signaling" via CD30L taken together with previously published data concerning other ligands in the TNF family strongly suggest that, as a rule, TNF family members and their cognate receptors signal bidirectionally, blurring the distinction between ligand and receptor.
The bis benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, tetrandine and fangchinoline, enhance the cytotoxicity of multidrug resistance-related drugs via modulation of P-glycoprotein (1998)

The occurrence of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a major problem for successful cancer treatment and reducing drug accumulation by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is one of the major mechanisms of multidrug resistance (MDR). The present study was performed to evaluate the MDR-reversal abilities of two bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, tetrandine (TET) and fangchinoline (FAN), compared with verapamil (VER), a well-known P-gp modulator. TET (3.0 microM), FAN (3.0 microM) and VER (10.0 microM) reduced the paclitaxel (TAX) concentration required to achieve 50% inhibition of cell growth (EC50) to HCT15 (P-gp-positive) cells about 3100-, 1900- and 410-fold, and these compounds also reduced the EC50 value of actinomycin D (AMD) about 36.0-, 45.9- and 18.2-fold in the cells, respectively. Meanwhile, TET, FAN and VER had no effect on the cytotoxicity of the drugs to SK-OV-3 (P-gp-negative) cells. On the other hand, TET (3.0 microM), FAN (3.0 microM) and VER (10.0 microM) similarly enhanced the accumulation rates of rhodamine 123, a well known P-gp substrate, in HCT15 cells (200-250%). After efflux for 2 h with fresh medium, TET and FAN also enhanced the residual rate of rhodamine 123 about 5.0- and 2.6-fold in comparison with control, respectively. TET, FAN and VER could not affect the accumulation and residual rate of rhodamine 123 in SK-OV-3 cells. From the result, we conclude that TET and FAN enhanced the cytotoxicity of MDR-related drugs via modulation of P-gp.
FEN1 Stimulation of DNA Polymerase β Mediates an Excision Step in Mammalian Long Patch Base Excision Repair (2000)

In mammalian cells, single-base lesions, such as uracil and abasic sites, appear to be repaired by at least two base excision repair (BER) subpathways: "single-nucleotide BER" requiring DNA synthesis of just one nucleotide and "long patch BER" requiring multi-nucleotide DNA synthesis. In single-nucleotide BER, DNA polymerase beta (beta-pol) accounts for both gap filling DNA synthesis and removal of the 5'-deoxyribose phosphate (dRP) of the abasic site, whereas the involvement of various DNA polymerases in long patch BER is less well understood. Recently, we found that beta-pol plays a role in mammalian cell extract-mediated long patch BER, in that formation of a key excision product, 5'-dRP-trinucleotide (5'-dRP-N(3)), is dependent upon beta-pol (Dianov, G. L., Prasad, R., Wilson, S. H., and Bohr, V.A. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 13741-13743). The structure-specific endonuclease flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) has also been suggested to be involved in long patch BER excision. Here, we demonstrate by immunodepletion experiments that 5'-dRP-N(3) excision in long patch BER of uracil-DNA in a human lymphoid cell extract is, indeed, dependent upon FEN1. Next, we reconstituted the excision step of long patch BER using purified human proteins and an oligonucleotide substrate with 5'-dRP at the margin of a one-nucleotide gap. Formation of the excision product 5'-dRP-N(3) was dependent upon both strand displacement DNA synthesis by beta-pol and FEN1 excision. FEN1 stimulated strand displacement DNA synthesis of beta-pol. FEN1 acting either alone, or without DNA synthesis by beta-pol, produced a two-nucleotide excision product, 5'-dRP-N(1), but not 5'-dRP-N(3). These results demonstrate that human FEN1 and beta-pol can cooperate in long patch BER excision and specify the predominant excision product seen with a cell extract.
Why "Radiation Oncology" (2006)

Radiotherapy continues to be a major treatment for solid tumours and is a cornerstone of modern oncology. The term 'radiation oncology' describes the integration of radiation therapy into the complexity of multi-modal therapy. Over the last ten years the crucial role of radiation therapy as part of multi-modality protocols in cancer care has been documented in numerous Phase III trials. Advances in treatment technology as well as the underlying biology of tumour resistance mechanisms will further strengthen the role of radiation oncology. The scientific role of radiation oncology is reflected by the increase in the number of papers related to radiation oncology in resources like Medline. In order to reflect the growing scientific importance of radiation oncology, radiation physics and radiation biology, we have initiated Radiation Oncology as the first open access journal in the field. Open access allows for a rapid and transparent publication process together with an unequalled opportunity to reach the widest reader spectrum possible.