gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Predicting lung cancer by detecting aberrant promoter methylation in sputum. (2000)

Despite the promise of using DNA markers for the early detection of cancer, none has proven universally applicable to the most common and lethal forms of human malignancy. Lung carcinoma, the leading cause of tumor-related death, is a key example of a cancer for which mortality could be greatly reduced through the development of sensitive molecular markers detectable at the earliest stages of disease. By increasing the sensitivity of a PCR approach to detect methylated DNA sequences, we now demonstrate that aberrant methylation of the p16 and/or O6-methyl-guanine-DNA methyltransferase promoters can be detected in DNA from sputum in 100% of patients with squamous cell lung carcinoma up to 3 years before clinical diagnosis. Moreover, the prevalence of these markers in sputum from cancer-free, high-risk subjects approximates lifetime risk for lung cancer. The use of aberrant gene methylation as a molecular marker system seems to offer a potentially powerful approach to population-based screening for the detection of lung cancer, and possibly the other common forms of human cancer.
ANTAGONISTS TO CORTISONE: AN ACTH-LIKE ACTION OF STEROIDS (1953)

THE experiments reported here were undertaken to determine if some of the effects of cortisone in rats could be antagonized or otherwise modified by the simultaneous administration of other steroids. In the course of the initial studies it was observed that both 17α-methyl-5-androstene- 3β,17β-diol, subsequently referred to as MAD, and testosterone propionate (TP) counteracted markedly the adrenal-inhibiting effects of cortisone (Gaunt, Howell and Antonchak, 1952) and subsequent work has been focused largely on that point. By coincidence Winter and Hollings (1951) and Winter, Hollings and Stebbins (1953) independently but earlier observed the same adrenal-maintaining effect of the same two compounds. They put their data at our disposal prior to its publication. We have extended their work particularly by studying the effects of a large number of steroids but in all instances in which duplication occurred we have confirmed their findings. It has been known since the original work of Cutuly, Cutuly and McCullagh (1938), confirmed by Leonard (1944) and Zizine, Simpson and Evans (1950)
[Use of citicoline in high dosages in acute cerebrovascular disease]. (1986)

The use of large doses (1 g) of citicoline was experimented in 30 patients with acute cerebrovascular disturbances. The treatment proved effective in resolving both mental disturbances and the focal condition.
Synthesis and characterization of a series of poly(alkylene carbonate) macrodiols and the effect of their structure on the properties of polyurethanes (1998)

A series of polycarbonate and copolycarbonate macrodiols was prepared by using an ester interchange reaction with ethylene carbonate and diols such as 1,6-hexanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, and 1,3-bis(4-hydroxybutyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane. The diols were chosen to prepare a series of macrodiols with different structural features including linear, branched, rigid, and flexible. The macrodiols were characterized by 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy and DSC. The commercial macrodiol based on 1,6-hexanediol exhibited a high level of crystallinity, while with the exception of 1,10-decanediol–based copolycarbonates all the others were completely amorphous. 1,10-Decanediol–based materials showed partial crystallinity under subambient conditions. A series of polyurethane elastomers with a constant hard segment percentage (40 wt %) was prepared using 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol as the hard segment. Tensile test results and Shore hardness measurements demonstrated that polyurethanes based on polycarbonate macrodiols prepared from 1,3-bis(4-hydroxybutyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane had the lowest modulus and hardness of the series of polyurethanes. The remaining polyurethanes had high tensile strength with poor elasticity. The morphology of the polyurethanes, as determined by DSC analysis, varied from completely phase-mixed to well phase-separated structures. Polyurethanes based on macrodiols prepared from 1,3-bis(4-hydroxybutyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane showed good phase-separated morphology, with sharp hard segment melting endotherms and soft segment glass transitions close to that of the pure soft segment. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 69: 1621–1633, 1998
Real time Muon tomography imaging simulation and fast threat target identification (2009)

We present a simple and efficient muon tomography simulation based on Data Modeling and a fast method for real-time threat target identification in obscured environments. Our approach introduces a fast form of statistical characterization in conjunction with equation based Data Models that makes the use of median calculation and Point of Closest Approach (POCA) reconstruction unnecessary. Our method enables accurate medium to high Z multi-target identification without background subtraction and in less than 10 seconds total processing time. Our method is general and applies to other volumetric/voxel processing as well.
Interleukin‐11 (IL‐11) acts as a synergistic factor for the proliferation of human myeloid leukaemic cells (1995)

Interleukin-11 is a stromal cells derived cytokine which stimulates the proliferation of primitive haemopoietic progenitor cells. For this paper we have studied the constitutive expression of IL-11 mRNA in a panel of wellknown leukaemic cell lines and samples from AML patients at diagnosis. Moreover, the same cellular populations were evaluated for their proliferative response to recombinant-human-(r-hu). IL-11 alone and combined with r-hu-IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and stem cell factor (SCF, c-kit ligand). The colony-forming ability of HL60, K562, KG1 cells and eight fresh AML cell populations was assessed by a clonogenic assay in methylcellulose. In eight additional AML cases the number of S-phase leukaemic cells induced by IL-11 was determined by the bromodeoxyuridine (BRDU) incorporation assay after 3d of liquid culture. IL-11, as single cytokine, did not stimulate the colony formation of the three myeloid cell lines under serum-containing and serum-free conditions. In contrast, the proliferation of the leukaemic cells in response to IL-3, GM-CSF and SCF was enhanced by co-incubation with IL-11, and this effect was reversed in blocking experiments by the anti-IL-11 Moab. When tested on primary AML samples, IL-11 alone showed little, if any, proliferative activity. However, it increased the IL-3-dependent blast colony formation in eight out of eight cases and GM-CSF in seven cases. IL-11 also augmented synergistically the number of CFU-L stimulated by SCF in seven cases. A combination of three factors (IL-11, SCF and IL-3) yielded optimal colony formation. The BRDU studies showed the significant increase of AML cells in S-phase when IL-11 was combined with SCF, whereas the two CSF had no activity on their own. Positive interaction was also observed when IL-11 was added to IL-3 supplemented cultures in five out of eight cases tested. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification (RT-PCR) demonstrated the constitutive expression of IL-11 mRNA in all the cell lines and 11/12 AML samples studied at diagnosis. These results indicate that IL-11 is expressed in leukaemic myeloid cells and that their proliferation is regulated by the cytokine which acts as a synergistic factor.
Redesigning Nature's Poisons to Create Anti-Tumor Reagents (1987)

Immunotoxins are conjugates of cell-reactive antibodies and toxins or their subunits. In this report, the chemistry, biology, pharmacokinetics, and anti-tumor effects of first generation immunotoxins; the preparation of improved second generation immunotoxins that display greater anti-tumor efficacy; and the role of genetic engineering in creating third-generation immunotoxins are discussed.
Positive‐ion fast‐atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry of peptide nucleic acids (1994)

The base sequence of synthetic peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), novel antisense agents, was analyzed by positive-ion fast-atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry (FAB-MS/MS). Upon high-energy collisional activation decomposition, PNA oligomers provided apparent MS/MS product ions resulting from specific cleavage along the PNA backbone.
Dilithiation of arenetricarbonylchromium(0) complexes with enantioselective quench: application to chiral biaryl synthesis (2001)

Dilithiation of methoxymethoxyarenetricarbonylchromium complexes with 2.5 equiv. of butyllithium and 6 equiv. of (−)-sparteine followed by enantioselective electrophilic quench gave the planar chiral (R)-complexes in up to 95% ee. This technique was applied to the synthesis of the chromium complexes of biaryl analogues 7 of actinoidinic acid.
Combining the concepts of compression and caching for a two-level filesystem (1991)

CachingStorage systems have always attempted to use properties of the files that are stored in the system to optimize access time, capacity, and/or cost.Compression exploits patterns within files, and file migration and file caching exploit file access patterns, but the combination of these concepts has not been reported on before.We discuss here the effectiveness of a filesystem that integrates caching and compression to provide two levels of file storage on disks.This investigation is based on measurements that were collected on nine computers at three different sites.Tfie data indicate that automatic compression of least recently used files doubles the amount of data that can be stored on a given disk system, while incurring only a slight performance cost.
Killer cell receptors: keeping pace with MHC class I evolution (1997)

NK cells express receptors that bind to polymorphic determinants of MHC class I heavy chains. MHC ligands vary greatly between mammalian species, and the use of distinct molecular families of NK cell receptors by humans and mice suggests that the receptors too can be evolving rapidly. The KIR (killer cell inhibitory receptor) family of receptors are found in primates and recognize class I epitopes that are of relatively recent origin in primate evolution. Therefore, KIR molecules have probably evolved class I receptor function more recently than C-type lectins, which are represented in both humans and mice. Individual humans express NK cell receptors for which they have no class I ligand, demonstrating a looseness in the coupling of expression between the receptors and their ligands. However, study of a single donor suggests that every NK cell expresses at least one inhibitory receptor for a self-HLA class I allotype, consistent with the missing self hypothesis. Thus the NK-cell receptor-class I interaction appears to control the NK-cell repertoire during ontogeny of the individual and has the potential to be a selective factor influencing both MHC class I and NK cell receptor diversity in the evolution of populations and species.
Temporal coupling of parahippocampal ripples, sleep spindles and slow oscillations in humans (2007)

Ripples are high-frequency oscillation bursts in the mammalian hippocampus mainly present during Non-REM sleep. In rodents they occur in association with sharp waves and are grouped by the cortical slow oscillation such that, in parallel with sleep spindles, ripple activity is suppressed during the hyperpolarized down-state and enhanced during the depolarized up-state. The temporal coupling between slow oscillations, spindles and ripples has been suggested to serve a hippocampo-neocortical dialogue underlying memory consolidation during sleep. Here, we examined whether a similar coupling exists between these oscillatory phenomena in humans. In sleep recordings from seven epileptic patients, scalp-recorded slow oscillations and spindles as well as parahippocampal ripples recorded from foramen ovale electrodes were identified by automatic algorithms. Additionally, ripple and spindle root mean square activity was determined for relevant frequency bands. Ripple density was higher during Non-REM than REM sleep (P < 0.001). Ripple activity distinctly decreased time-locked to slow oscillation negative half-waves in the three patients without temporal structural alterations (P < 0.001), whereas in the four patients with severe mesiotemporal structural alterations this coupling was obscure. Generally, in the patients ripple activity was increased before spindle peaks and distinctly decreased after the peak (P < 0.001). Ripples were consistently associated with interictal spikes suggesting that spike–ripple complexes represent an epileptic transformation of sharp wave–ripple complexes in the epileptic hippocampus. Our findings are consistent with the notion of a hippocampo-to-neocortical information transfer during sleep that is linked to coordinate ripple and spindle activity, and that in the intact temporal lobe is synchronized to cortical slow oscillations.
Effects of Specific Antibodies against Streptococcus pneumoniae on Pharmacodynamic Parameters of β-Lactams in a Mouse Sepsis Model (2002)

A dose-ranging study to investigate the in vivo effects of the presence of specific antibodies on the efficacy of beta-lactam treatment of sepsis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (non-beta-lactam-susceptible serotype 6B isolate) was performed with a BALB/c mouse model. Hyperimmune serum was obtained from mice immunized with the heat-inactivated strain. The rate of mortality was 100% in nontreated animals in the absence of specific antibodies. A single injection of a one-half or one-quarter dilution of hyperimmune serum produced 60 to 40% survival rates. In the absence of specific antibodies, the minimal effective doses of amoxicillin and cefotaxime that produced survival rates of 100 and 80% were 25 and 50 mg/kg of body weight (three times a day for up to six doses), respectively. These doses produced times that the levels in serum remained above the MIC (deltaT > MICs) approximately 30% of the dosing interval. When specific antibodies were present (by administration of a one-half or one-quarter dilution of hyperimmune serum), the minimal effective doses of the antibiotics were 3.12 and 6.25 mg/kg ( approximately 8 times lower), with the deltaT > MICs being approximately 3 and 5% of the dosing interval for amoxicillin and cefotaxime, respectively. This in vivo combined pharmacodynamic effect offers possibilities that can be used to address penicillin resistance.
Potentiation of antiaggregating effect of prostaglandins by α-tocopherol and quercetin (2004)

Prostaglandin (PG) I2 (prostacyclin), PGE1 and their analogues are effective inhibitors of platelet aggregation. However, a clinical use of these compounds for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases is restricted due to unwanted side effects. Alpha-tocopherol and quercetin are weak antiplatelet agents. At the same time, they have mild if any side effects when consumed medicinally. The aim of this work was to study the possibility to decrease the effective antiplatelet concentrations of PGs combining them with alpha-tocopherol or quercetin. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was prepared from human blood. The inhibition of adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation was caused by PGs in the presence and absence of alpha-tocopherol or quercetin and corresponding concentration-effect curves were obtained. At a subthreshold concentration 200 and 2 microM, respectively, both alpha-tocopherol and quercetin essentially increased the antiplatelet effects of PGI2, PGE1 and iloprost. Especially effective was the combination of alpha-tocopherol with low concentrations of iloprost. Thus, combination of PGs with alpha-tocopherol or quercetin allows the use of prostaglandins at lower concentrations to inhibit platelet aggregation.
Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of D–A Copolymers Based on Dithienosilole and Benzotriazole (2011)

Two new donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymers containing dithienosilole (DTS) donor unit and benzotriazole (BTA) acceptor unit without and with thiophene bridge, PDTS-BTA and PDTS-DTBTA, were synthesized to study their structure–property relationships for the application in polymer solar cells (PSCs). Compared to PDTS-BTA, adding thiophene bridges in PDTS-DTBTA improves planarity and increases effective conjugation of the polymer main chain, which translated into broader and stronger absorption, higher hole mobility, and better photovoltaic performance. Under the illumination of AM1.5G, 100 mW/cm2, the PSC based on PDTS-DTBTA/PC70BM demonstrated a power conversion efficiency of 3.80%, which is significantly improved in comparison with that (1.64%) of the device based on PDTS-BTA/PC70BM under the same experimental conditions.
A Two-Amino Acid Change in the Hemagglutinin of the 1918 Influenza Virus Abolishes Transmission (2007)

The 1918 influenza pandemic was a catastrophic series of virus outbreaks that spread across the globe. Here, we show that only a modest change in the 1918 influenza hemagglutinin receptor binding site alters the transmissibility of this pandemic virus. Two amino acid mutations that cause a switch in receptor binding preference from the human alpha-2,6 to the avian alpha-2,3 sialic acid resulted in a virus incapable of respiratory droplet transmission between ferrets but that maintained its lethality and replication efficiency in the upper respiratory tract. Furthermore, poor transmission of a 1918 virus with dual alpha-2,6 and alpha-2,3 specificity suggests that a predominant human alpha-2,6 sialic acid binding preference is essential for optimal transmission of this pandemic virus. These findings confirm an essential role of hemagglutinin receptor specificity for the transmission of influenza viruses among mammals.
Gene regulation : biology of antisense RNA and DNA (1992)

This volume examines the biology of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides, RNA, and ribozymes and explores their potential therapeutic applications, particularly for inhibition of viral replication and cancer gene expression. Leading international experts from academic institutions and industry describe approaches to development of pharmaceuticals using antisense ribozymes, oligonucleosides, and RNA. Close attention is also given to drug approval and other practical issues involved in introducing these agents into clinical practice.
Effects of gate structures on the RF performance in PD SOI MOSFETs (2005)

The radio-frequency (RF) performance of PD silicon-on-insulator metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors with T-gate and H-gate structures has been investigated. Our measurement shows that H-gate devices have larger cutoff frequency and smaller minimum noise figure than T-gate devices. This improved RF performance in H-gate devices can be explained mainly by the enhancement of transconductance resulting from the gate extension induced inversion charges and the low gate resistance. We conclude that the H-gate structure is superior to the T-gate structure for the design of the low-noise amplifier (LNA).
Controllable Video Generation with Sparse Trajectories (2018)

Video generation and manipulation is an important yet challenging task in computer vision. Existing methods usually lack ways to explicitly control the synthesized motion. In this work, we present a conditional video generation model that allows detailed control over the motion of the generated video. Given the first frame and sparse motion trajectories specified by users, our model can synthesize a video with corresponding appearance and motion. We propose to combine the advantage of copying pixels from the given frame and hallucinating the lightness difference from scratch which help generate sharp video while keeping the model robust to occlusion and lightness change. We also propose a training paradigm that calculate trajectories from video clips, which eliminated the need of annotated training data. Experiments on several standard benchmarks demonstrate that our approach can generate realistic videos comparable to state-of-the-art video generation and video prediction methods while the motion of the generated videos can correspond well with user input.
Thematic Review Series: Glycerolipids. Phosphatidylcholine and choline homeostasis (2008)

Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is made in mammalian cells from choline via the CDP-choline pathway. Animals obtain choline primarily from the diet or from the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to PC followed by catabolism to choline. The main fate of choline is the synthesis of PC. In addition, choline is oxidized to betaine in kidney and liver and converted to acetylcholine in the nervous system. Mice that lack choline kinase (CK) alpha die during embryogenesis, whereas mice that lack CKbeta unexpectedly develop muscular dystrophy. Mice that lack CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT) alpha also die during early embryogenesis, whereas mice that lack CTbeta exhibit gonadal dysfunction. The cytidylyltransferase beta isoform also plays a role in the branching of axons of neurons. An alternative PC biosynthetic pathway in the liver uses phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase to catalyze the formation of PC from PE. Mice that lack the methyltransferase survive but die from steatohepatitis and liver failure when placed on a choline-deficient diet. Hence, choline is an essential nutrient. PC biosynthesis is required for normal very low density lipoprotein secretion from hepatocytes. Recent studies indicate that choline is recycled in the liver and redistributed from kidney, lung, and intestine to liver and brain when choline supply is attenuated.
Low-temperature storage of mammalian spermatozoa (1957)

Abstract Experiments in this and other countries on the preservation of spermatozoa at very low temperatures have shown that no mammalian spermatozoa so far examined survive freezing when they are cooled ultra-rapidly from temperatures above freezing point to temperatures of — 79° C or below. Slow cooling and the addition of glycerol to the media in which the spermatozoa are suspended, however, permits survival of the spermatozoa of many species. In different animals, there are marked variations in the resistance of their spermatozoa to freezing and the proportion of spermatozoa which can be revived from very low temperatures may be influenced both by the concentration of glycerol added to the semen and by the composition of the diluting fluid. In experiments with the spermatozoa of the bull, ram, stallion and boar it has been found that during slow cooling to — 79° C there is a critical temperature range between — 15 and — 25° C at which the greatest amount of damage occurs. The rate at which the capacity for motility of the spermatozoa is destroyed within this critical temperature range is considerably reduced by allowing the spermatozoa to stand at 2° C in contact with a medium containing egg yolk and glycerol for 18 h before freezing. The extent of damage in the critical temperature range may also be reduced by cooling the specimens at a rate of 0-25 to 0-5° per second between —15 and —25° C.