gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Controlled Composition Study of Calcium Carbonate Crystal Growth: The Influence of Scale Inhibitors (1981)

The precipitation of calcium carbonate is of considerable importance in a wide variety of scale forming situations since carbonate concentrations in the environment are usually quite appreciable. As a first-formed solid phase, calcium carbonate may induce the growth of other scale minerals on its surface. Since the solubility of calcium carbonate polymorphs decreases with increasing temperature, the problem is also aggravated by the relatively high ambient temperatures in many processes. This paper describes a new highly reproducible, seeded crystal growth method in which the activity of ion species is automatically maintained constant during the crystal growth reaction so that the kinetics can be studied over a wide range of supersaturation. The rate of calcite growth, over a 30X range of ionic strength, is proportional to the square of the relative supersaturation ([{Ca2+}{CO32−}]1/2-Kso1/2)2 expressed in terms of the activities of the ionic species. The rate is directly proportional to the seed concentration over a 3X range of the latter. The constant composition method has also been used to investigate the mineralization rate of a rotating disc of calcite (~1 cm2 area) having very well defined hydrodynamic parameters. The rate of reaction (per m2 seed surface) is in striking agreement with that obtained using seed crystals (typically 500 cm2) despite the large difference in available growth sites. The evidence points to a surface controlled crystallization mechanism. Traces of orthophosphate and typical phosphonate scale inhibitors markedly inhibit the rate of calcium carbonate scale formation. Even with the sustained driving force provided by the constant composition method, a concentration of 9.1 × 10−8 M hydroxyethylidene-1, 1-diphosphonic acid completely inhibits the crystallization of calcite for more than 100 hours. The effectiveness of this scale inhibitor is clearly due to adsorption at active growth sites on the developing crystal surfaces.
Effects of altered FcγR binding on antibody pharmacokinetics in cynomolgus monkeys (2013)

Antibody interactions with Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), like FcγRIIIA, play a critical role in mediating antibody effector functions and thereby contribute significantly to the biologic and therapeutic activity of antibodies. Over the past decade, considerable work has been directed towards production of antibodies with altered binding affinity to FcγRs and evaluation of how the alterations modulate their therapeutic activity. This has been achieved by altering glycosylation status at N297 or by engineering modifications in the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region. While the effects of these modifications on biologic activity and efficacy have been examined, few studies have been conducted to understand their effect on antibody pharmacokinetics (PK). We present here a retrospective analysis in which we characterize the PK of three antibody variants with decreased FcγR binding affinity caused by amino acid substitutions in the Fc region (N297A, N297G, and L234A/L235A) and three antibody variants with increased FcγRIIIA binding affinity caused by afucosylation at N297, and compare their PK to corresponding wild type antibody PK in cynomolgus monkeys. For all antibodies, PK was examined at a dose that was known to be in the linear range. Since production of the N297A and N297G variants in Chinese hamster ovary cells results in aglycosylated antibodies that do not bind to FcγRs, we also examined the effect of expression of an aglycosylated antibody, without sequence change(s), in E. coli. All the variants demonstrated similar PK compared with that of the wild type antibodies, suggesting that, for the six antibodies presented here, altered FcγR binding affinity does not affect PK.
<title>Blazed phase liquid crystal beam steering</title> (1994)

In this paper we describe a novel liquid crystal device for rapidly steering laser beams for high-power and large-aperture applications. The device consists of an array of optical phase modulators that contain a thin, active, liquid crystal layer sandwiched between two substrates. The unique aspect of the device is that each phase modulator can produce a linear (blazed) phase gradient, rather than the constant phase profile typical of other liquid crystal beam- steering devices. It is designed for use over a wide range of wavelengths and is particularly well suited for the deflection of short-wavelength laser beam. In this paper, we will describe device design, theoretical performance (diffraction efficiency and time response), and present experimental results of a device built to deflect a 1.064-micrometers laser beam.
Swing dynamics as primal-dual algorithm for optimal load control (2012)

In electricity transmission networks, loads can provide flexible, fast responsive, and decentralized sources for frequency regulation and generation-demand balancing, complementary to generation control. We consider an optimal load control (OLC) problem in a transmission network, when a disturbance in generation occurs on an arbitrary subset of the buses. In OLC, the frequency-insensitive loads are reduced (or increased) in real-time in a way that balances the generation shortfall (or surplus), resynchronizes the bus frequencies, and minimizes the aggregate disutility of load control. We propose a frequency-based load control mechanism and show that the swing dynamics of the network, together with the proposed mechanism, act as a decentralized primal-dual algorithm to solve OLC. Simulation shows that the proposed mechanism can resynchronize the bus frequencies, balance demand with generation and achieve the optimum of OLC within several seconds after a disturbance in generation. Through simulation, we also compare the performance of the proposed mechanism with automatic generation control (AGC), and discuss the effect of their incorporation.
Clustering via the Bayesian information criterion with applications in speech recognition (2002)

One difficult problem we are often faced with in clustering analysis is how to choose the number of clusters. We propose to choose the number of clusters by optimizing the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), a model selection criterion in the statistics literature. We develop a termination criterion for the hierarchical clustering methods which optimizes the BIC criterion in a greedy fashion. The resulting algorithms are fully automatic. Our experiments on Gaussian mixture modeling and speaker clustering demonstrate that the BIC criterion is able to choose the number of clusters according to the intrinsic complexity present in the data.
Molecular Basis of the Neurodegenerative Disorders (1999)

Neurodegenerative disorders, which are chronic and progressive, are characterized by selective and symmetric loss of neurons in motor, sensory, or cognitive systems. Delineation of the patterns of cell loss and the identification of disease-specific cellular markers have aided in nosologic classification: senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss, and acetylcholine deficiency define Alzheimer's disease1,2; Lewy bodies and depletion of dopamine characterize Parkinson's disease3; cellular inclusions and swollen motor axons are found in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis4; and γ-aminobutyric acid–containing neurons of the neostriatum are lost in Huntington's disease.5 Mendelian inheritance can be demonstrated in many of these disorders . . .
Gastric Bypass Surgery for Morbid Obesity Leads to an Increase in Bone Turnover and a Decrease in Bone Mass (2004)

Abstract Little is known about the effects on the skeleton of laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRGB) surgery for morbid obesity and subsequent weight loss. We compared 25 patients who had undergone LRGB 11 ± 3 months previously with 30 obese controls matched for age, gender, and menopausal status. Compared with obese controls, patients post LRGB had significantly lower weight (92 ± 16 vs. 133 ± 20 kg; P &amp;lt; 0.001) and body mass index (31 ± 5 vs. 48 ± 7 kg/m2; P &amp;lt; 0.001). Markers of bone turnover were significantly elevated in patients post LRGB compared with controls (urinary N-telopeptide cross-linked collagen type 1, 93 ± 38 vs. 24 ± 11 nmol bone collagen equivalents per mmol creatinine; and osteocalcin, 11.6 ± 3.4 vs. 7.6 ± 3.6 ng/ml; both P &amp;lt; 0.001). Fifteen patients were studied prospectively for an average of 9 months after LRGB. They lost 37 ± 9 kg and had a 29 ± 8% fall in body mass index (both P &amp;lt; 0.001). Urinary N-telopeptide cross-linked collagen type 1 increased by 174 ± 168% at 3 months (P &amp;lt; 0.01) and 319 ± 187% at 9 months (P &amp;lt; 0.01). Bone mineral density decreased significantly at the total hip (7.8 ± 4.8%; P &amp;lt; 0.001), trochanter (9.3 ± 5.7%; P &amp;lt; 0.001), and total body (1.6 ± 2.0%; P &amp;lt; 0.05), with significant decreases in bone mineral content at these sites. In summary, within 3 to 9 months after LRGB, morbidly obese patients have an increase in bone resorption associated with a decrease in bone mass. Additional studies are needed to examine these findings over the longer term.
Summary of image theory expressions for the quasi-static fields of antennas at or above the earth's surface (1979)

Expressions for the quasi-static range (the measurement distance is much less than a free-space wavelength) field components produced by infinitesimal dipole antennas located at or above that of the earth have been derived by employing finitely conducting earth theory techniques. Formulas for the field components produced by an elevated, finite-length, horizontal electric antenna are also presented. Image theory is employed because most of the resulting integrals encountered cannot be evaluated analytically. The image theory and previously derived analytical (or in some cases, numerical integration) results are in agreement throughout the quasi-static range.
STAT3 inhibition enhances CDN-induced STING signaling and antitumor immunity (2019)

Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway is a key regulator in innate immunity and has emerged as a promising drug target in cancer treatment, but the utility of this pathway in therapeutic development is complicated by its dichotomous roles in tumor development and immunity. The activation of the STING pathway and the induced antitumor immunity could be attenuated by the feedback activation of IL-6/STAT3 pathway. Here we reported that STAT3 inhibition significantly enhanced the intensity and duration of STING signaling induced by the STING agonist c-diAM(PS)<sub>2</sub>. Such sensitization effect of STAT3 inhibition on STING signaling depended on STING rather than cGAS, which was mediated by simultaneously upregulating the positive modulators and downregulating the negative modulators of the STING pathway. Furthermore, the combination treatment with the STAT3 inhibitor and STING agonist markedly regressed tumor growth in syngeneic mice by increasing CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells and reducing regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor microenvironment. Our work provides a rationale for the combination of STAT3 inhibitors and STING agonists in cancer immunotherapy.
Hepatocyte growth factor activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase by Ca2+- and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt-dependent phosphorylation in aortic endothelial cells (2003)

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) causes endothelium-dependent vasodilation, but its relation to endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity remains to be elucidated. Treatment of bovine aortic endothelial cells with HGF increased eNOS activity within minutes, accompanied by an increase of activity-related site-specific phosphorylation of eNOS. The phosphorylation was completely abolished by pretreatment of the cells with a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (wortmannin) and by transfection of dominant-negative Akt, and the enzyme activity was inhibited by wortmannin. In addition, eNOS activity and phosphorylation were abolished by pretreatment of the cells with an intracellular Ca(2+)-chelator, bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester) (BAPTA/AM), with a suppression of Akt phosphorylation. These results suggest that HGF stimulates eNOS activity by a PI3K/Akt-dependent phosphorylation in a Ca(2+)-sensitive manner in vascular endothelial cells.
Follicular stromal cells and lymphocyte homing to follicles (2000)

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), the best defined stromal cell subset within lymphoid follicles, play a critical role in presenting intact antigen to B lymphocytes. The discovery that many follicular stromal cells make B-lymphocyte chemoattractant (BLC), a CXC chemokine that attracts CXCR5+ cells, provides a basis for understanding how motile B cells come into contact with stationary FDCs. Here we review our work on BLC and discuss properties of BLC-expressing follicular stromal cells. We also review the properties of primary follicle and germinal center FDCs and suggest a model of FDC development that incorporates information about BLC expression. Finally, we consider how antigen recognition causes T and B lymphocytes to undergo changes in chemokine responsiveness that may help direct their movements into, or out of, lymphoid follicles.
Zerovalent Metals in Controlled/“Living” Radical Polymerization (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTZerovalent Metals in Controlled/"Living" Radical PolymerizationKrzysztof Matyjaszewski, Simion Coca, Scott G. Gaynor, Mingli Wei, and Brian E. WoodworthView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213 Cite this: Macromolecules 1997, 30, 23, 7348–7350Publication Date (Web):November 17, 1997Publication History Received19 August 1997Revised17 September 1997Published online17 November 1997Published inissue 1 November 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma971258lhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma971258lrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2602Altmetric-Citations288LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Alkyls,Metals,Organic compounds,Polymerization,Radical polymerization Get e-Alerts
A new bioinformatics analysis tools framework at EMBL-EBI (2010)

The EMBL-EBI provides access to various mainstream sequence analysis applications. These include sequence similarity search services such as BLAST, FASTA, InterProScan and multiple sequence alignment tools such as ClustalW, T-Coffee and MUSCLE. Through the sequence similarity search services, the users can search mainstream sequence databases such as EMBL-Bank and UniProt, and more than 2000 completed genomes and proteomes. We present here a new framework aimed at both novice as well as expert users that exposes novel methods of obtaining annotations and visualizing sequence analysis results through one uniform and consistent interface. These services are available over the web and via Web Services interfaces for users who require systematic access or want to interface with customized pipe-lines and workflows using common programming languages. The framework features novel result visualizations and integration of domain and functional predictions for protein database searches. It is available at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/sss for sequence similarity searches and at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa for multiple sequence alignments.
Dynamic bending compensation while focusing through a multimode fiber (2013)

Multimode fiber endoscopes have recently been shown to provide sub-micrometer resolution, however, imaging through a multimode fiber is highly sensitive to bending. Here we describe the implementation of a coherent beacon source placed at the distal tip of the multimode fiber, which can be used to compensate for the effects of bending. In the first part of this paper, we show that a diffraction limited focused spot can be generated at the distal tip of the multimode fiber using the beacon. In the second part, we demonstrate focusing even when the fiber is bent by dynamically compensating for it. The speckle pattern at the proximal fiber end, generated by the beacon source placed at its distal end, is highly dependent on the fiber conformation. We experimentally show that by intensity correlation, it is possible to identify the fiber conformation and maintain a focus spot while the fiber is bent over a certain range. Once the fiber configuration is determined, previously calibrated phase patterns could be stored for each fiber conformation and used to scan the distal spot and perform imaging.
Donor-Derived Ip-10 Initiates Development of Acute Allograft Rejection (2001)

An allograft is often considered an immunologically inert playing field on which host leukocytes assemble and wreak havoc. However, we demonstrate that graft-specific physiologic responses to early injury initiate and promulgate destruction of vascularized grafts. Serial analysis of allografts showed that intragraft expression of the three chemokine ligands for the CXC chemo-kine receptor CXCR3 was induced in the order of interferon (IFN)-gamma-inducible protein of 10 kD (IP-10, or CXCL10), IFN-inducible T cell alpha-chemoattractant (I-TAC; CXCL11), and then monokine induced by IFN-gamma (Mig, CXCL9). Initial IP-10 production was localized to endothelial cells, and only IP-10 was induced by isografting. Anti-IP-10 monoclonal antibodies prolonged allograft survival, but surprisingly, IP-10-deficient (IP-10(-/-)) mice acutely rejected allografts. However, though allografts from IP-10(+/+) mice were rejected by day 7, hearts from IP-10(-/-) mice survived long term. Compared with IP-10(+/+) donors, use of IP-10(-/-) donors reduced intragraft expression of cytokines, chemokines and their receptors, and associated leukocyte infiltration and graft injury. Hence, tissue-specific generation of a single chemokine in response to initial ischemia/reperfusion can initiate progressive graft infiltration and amplification of multiple effector pathways, and targeting of this proximal chemokine can prevent acute rejection. These data emphasize the pivotal role of donor-derived IP-10 in initiating alloresponses, with implications for tissue engineering to decrease immunogenicity, and demonstrate that chemokine redundancy may not be operative in vivo.
Developmental expression of the platelet-derived growth factor alpha-receptor gene in mammalian central nervous system. (1993)

We recently reported that the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) A-chain gene is highly expressed in neurons of embryonic and adult mouse central nervous system and suggested that its secretion by neurons may support development and maintenance of glia. We have now analyzed the levels and sites of expression of the cognate PDGF alpha-receptor gene in brain and spinal cord of embryonic and adult mice by in situ hybridization. The predominant cell populations in both gray and white matter expressing transcripts of the PDGF alpha-receptor gene are glial cells or their precursors. Transcripts consistently were not detected in neurons. Expression of the PDGF alpha-receptor gene was first observed at embryonic day 15, increased through postnatal day 14, and fell to lower levels in adults. Expression of the alpha-receptor gene corresponds in temporal sequence to the developmental period of glial migration and proliferation and to the expression of PDGF A by neurons. The results indicate that glia but not neurons have the potential to respond to PDGF A and suggest that neurons influence glial cell development through paracrine regulation.
First-in-Humans Trial of an RNA Interference Therapeutic Targeting VEGF and KSP in Cancer Patients with Liver Involvement (2013)

The fi ndings in this report show safety, pharmacokinetics, RNAi mechanism of action, and clinical activity with a novel fi rst-in-class LNP-formulated RNAi therapeutic in patients with cancer. The ability to harness RNAi to facilitate specifi c multitargeting, as well as increase the number of druggable targets, has important implications for future drug development in oncology.
Impact of Baseline Nasal Polyp Size and Previous Surgery on Efficacy of Fluticasone Delivered with a Novel Device: A Subgroup Analysis (2010)

The highly significant progressive treatment effect of Opt-FP was observed regardless of baseline polyps score. Coupled with the complete removal of polyps in many patients with small polyps, this suggests that improved deposition to target sites achieved with the bidirectional delivery device may translate into true clinical benefits and reduced need for surgery.
Novel Prodrugs of SN38 Using Multiarm Poly(ethylene glycol) Linkers (2008)

CPT-11, also known as irinotecan, is a prodrug that is approved for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. The active metabolite of CPT-11, SN38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin), has 100- to 1000-fold more potent cytotoxic activity in tissue cell culture compared with CPT-11. However, parental administration of SN38 is not possible because of its inherently poor water solubility. It is reported here that a multiarm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) backbone linked to four SN38 molecules (PEG-SN38) has been successfully prepared with high drug loading and significantly improved water solubility (400- to 1000-fold increase). Three different protecting strategies have been developed in order to selectively acylate the 20-OH of SN38 to preserve its E-ring in the lactone form (the active form of SN38 with cytotoxic activities) while PEG is still attached. One chemical process has been optimized to make a large quantity of the PEG-SN38 conjugate with a high yield that can be readily adapted for scale-up production. The PEG-SN38 conjugates have shown excellent in vitro anticancer activity, with potency similar to that of native SN38, in a panel of cancer cell lines. The PEG-SN38 conjugates also have demonstrated superior anticancer activity in the MX-1 xenograft mice model compared with CPT-11. Among the four conjugates, PEG-Gly-(20)-SN38 (23) has been selected as the lead candidate for further preclinical development.