gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the current in a point-to-plane corona discharge and the effect of a back-ionising layer on the plane (1985)

The increase in the current that flows in a negative point-to-plane corona discharge when a porous layer is present on the plane was studied by using a fast storage oscilloscope. It was found that the current increase is due primarily to an increase in the frequency of the Trichel pulses at the cathode, and less than 0.1% can be attributed to pulsed phenomena at the anode. It is proposed that the increase in Trichel pulse frequency is caused by neutralisation of the negative ion space charge by positive ions produced by discharges in the porous layer. These positive ions are not detected in the current measured in the external circuit because of their low mobility. Breakdown in the porous layer is thus a source of positive ions, which increase the corona current by modifying the Trichel pulse frequency and not by contributing directly to the measured current.
Decision Analysis: A Progress Report (1987)

Since its introduction into medicine 15 years ago, decision analysis has been applied to difficult clinical problems. Several important advances have made the process more practical and acceptable: computer programs that eliminate the need for burdensome calculations, improved techniques for designing analytic models, the ability to carry out sensitivity analyses over several dimensions simultaneously, and the elaboration of clinically relevant measures of utility. Using these techniques, analysts have addressed many important clinical issues including screening for and prevention of disease, tradeoffs among tests and treatments, and the interpretation of clinical data under conditions of uncertainty. Problems with the approach remain and applications have not been extensive, but decision analysis is evolving as a powerful clinical tool and gradually is gaining acceptance in medical practice.
New developments in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. (2000)

The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is one of the most common gastrointestinal conditions encountered by general practitioners, and it accounts for a great deal of the workload of gastroenterologists in secondary care. Research to date indicates that several factors contribute to the development of IBS, of which disturbed gastrointestinal motility, altered visceral perception and psychosocial factors are regarded as the three most important mechanisms interacting in the development of this disorder. Most pharmacological research has been based on these insights. Several agents capable of modulating either motility or sensitivity are currently under investigation. Potential drugs in the treatment of diarrhoea-predominant IBS are the more selective antispasmodics, such as the M3-receptor antagonists (e.g. zamifenacin, darifenacin). In constipation-predominant IBS the colokinetic effects of the selective 5HT4 agonists prucalopride and tegaserod are of great interest. Since altered visceral perception is thought to play an important role in the genesis of abdominal pain and bloating in many patients with IBS, new drugs are targeted at modulating the sensitivity, such as 5HT3 antagonists (e.g. alosetron), kappa-agonists (e.g. fedotozine) and somatostatin analogues. Furthermore, psychosocial factors should not be overlooked, since these appear to be of great influence on the clinical outcome of IBS.
Wavelets applied to loseless compression and progressive transmission of floating point data in 3-D curvilinear grids (1996)

A method of lossless compression using wavelets is presented that enables progressive transmission of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data in PLOT3D format. The floating point data is first converted to double-precision floating point format to maintain adequate precision throughout the transform process. It is then transformed using Haar wavelets-four times in two spatial dimensions, twice in the third spatial dimension, and twice in time for a total compression factor of 64 times. The double precision format will maintain enough precision during the transform to keep the process lossless. Next, the transformed data is compressed using Huffman coding and transmitted progressively using spectral selection. This allows most of the information to be transmitted in the first pass. Details are transmitted in later passes which ultimately provide for lossless reconstruction of the original data.
DNA Polymerase III holoenzyme of Escherichia coli. IV. The holoenzyme is an asymmetric dimer with twin active sites. (1988)

Pol III, a subassembly of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase III holoenzyme lacking only the auxiliary beta subunit, was purified to homogeneity by an improved procedure. This assembly consists of nine different polypeptides, likely in a 1:1 stoichiometry: a catalytic core (pol III) of alpha (132 kDa), epsilon (27 kDa), and theta (10 kDa), and six auxiliary subunits: tau (71 kDa), gamma (52 kDa), delta (35 kDa), delta' (33 kDa), chi (15 kDa), and psi (12 kDa). The assembly behaves on gel filtration as a particle of about 800 kDa, indicating a content of two each of the subunits. A new procedure for purifying the core yielded a novel dimeric form which may provide the foundation for the dimeric nature of the more complex pol III and holoenzyme forms. Pol III readily dissociates into several subassemblies including pol III', likely a dimeric core with two tau subunits. The holoenzyme, purified by a similar procedure with ATP and Mg2+ present throughout, retained the beta subunit (37 kDa) as well as all the subunits present in pol III; the mass of the holoenzyme was estimated to be 900 kDa. The isolated initiation complex of holoenzyme with a primed template DNA and the elongation complex (formed in the presence of three deoxynucleoside triphosphates) had the same composition and stoichiometry as observed for pol III with two beta dimers in addition. An initiation complex assembled from a mixture of monomeric pol III core, gamma 2 delta delta' chi psi complex (gamma complex), beta, and tau retained the core, one beta dimer, and two tau subunits but was deficient in the gamma complex. When tau was omitted from the assembly mixture, the initiation complex contained one or two gamma complexes instead of the tau subunit. Based on these data, pol III holoenzyme is judged to be an asymmetric dimeric particle with twin pol III core active sites and two different sets of auxiliary units designed to achieve essentially concurrent replication of both leading and lagging strand templates.
Apoiando as inquirições matemáticas dos alunos através da leitura (2019)

O propósito deste artigo é identificar funções especificas que a leitura, em combinação com a escrita e a expressão oral, pode cumprir na inquirição matemática e deste modo contribuir para uma melhor compreensão do modo como as experiências de inquirição podem ser planeadas e apoiadas nas aulas de matemática. Este propósito é atingido através de uma análise de 3 experiências de sala de aula em que alunos do ensino secundário se envolvem em "ciclos de inquirição" sobre tópicos bastante diferentes. Estas experiências de ensino foram desenvolvidas por uma equipa formada por professores, investigadores em educação matemática e um investigador da área da leitura no contexto da investigação-acção e da investigação sobre os professores. A análise dos dados permitiu identificar 30 funções da leitura que são características de diferentes elementos do ciclo de inquirição. Com base nestas descobertas sugerimos que a leitura pode cumprir diferentes papéis nas aulas de matemática baseadas na inquirição e que pode proporcionar aos alunos oportunidades únicas para aprender matemática. Artigo publicado sob o título “Supporting Students’ Mathematical Inquires Through Reading”. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 29(4), 378-413,1998. Tradução elaborada por Fernando Nunes e Joana Porfírio e revista por Hélia Oliveira e Lurdes Serrazina.
Role of C-terminal direct repeating units of the Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase-S in glucan binding (1995)

The C-terminal glucan-binding domain of the glucosyltransferase-S of Streptococcus mutans GS-5 contains five 65-amino-acid direct repeating units. A series of deletion derivatives of both the glucosyltransferase-S and its glucan-binding domain were constructed and analyzed. The results demonstrated that the four C-terminal direct repeating units constituted part of the minimum domain required for glucan binding.
The study of LED uniform lightguide for liquid crystal display backlight applications (2008)

A conventional backlight unit (BLU) is used to as the light module to present uniform light of liquid crystal display (LCD). In general, cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) is utilized to be the light source of BLU. The light emitting diode (LED) is now considered well known as a promising device for solid state lighting. It has the advantages of long durability, no mercury substance and good endurance of heavy impact. To satisfy the market demands of the thin-film liquid crystal display (LCD) and the green product, the LED is applied to as the light source to make display thinner, lighter, no Hg containing. In this research, the LED uniform lightguide is demonstrated because it enables the point-like light to distribute propagating-light line pattern successfully. By optimizing the size and the radian of the device, the designed LED uniform lightguide can achieve the output efficiency more than 85%, and its illuminative uniformity is improved about 85%. Thus, the LED uniform lightguide not only can decrease the number of LED to save the space, but also enhance the optical efficiency. In the future, a novel LED uniform module could make displays thinner and lighter for backlight system applications.
Tricresyl Phosphate Neurotoxicity Potential (2000)

Mr. Sherk discusses the potential effects of ongoing human exposure to ordinary doses of neurotoxicants.
The diagnosis and management of factor VIII and IX inhibitors: a guideline from the United Kingdom Haemophilia Centre Doctors Organisation (2006)

The revised UKHCDO factor (F) VIII/IX Inhibitor Guidelines (2000) are presented. A schema is proposed for inhibitor surveillance, which varies according to the severity of the haemophilia and the treatment type and regimen used. The methodological and pharmacokinetic approach to inhibitor surveillance in congenital haemophilia has been updated. Factor VIII/IX genotyping of patients is recommended to identify those at increased risk. All patients who develop an inhibitor should be considered for immune tolerance induction (ITI). The decision to attempt ITI for FIX inhibitors must be carefully weighed against the relatively high risk of reactions and the nephrotic syndrome and the relatively low response rate observed in this group. The start of ITI should be deferred until the inhibitor has declined below 10 Bethesda Units/ml, where possible. ITI should continue, even in resistant patients, where it is well tolerated and so long as there is a convincing downward trend in the inhibitor titre. The choice of treatment for bleeding in inhibitor patients is dictated by the severity of the bleed, the current inhibitor titre, the previous anamnestic response to FVIII/IX, the previous clinical response and the side-effect profile of the agents available. We have reviewed novel dose-regimens and modes of administration of FEIBA (factor VIII inhibitor bypassing activity) and recombinant activated FVII (rVIIa) and the extent to which these agents may be used for prophylaxis and surgery. Bleeding in acquired haemophilia is usually treated with FEIBA or rVIIa. Immunosuppressive therapy should be initiated at the time of diagnosis with Prednisolone 1 mg/kg/d +/- cyclophosphamide. In the absence of a response to these agents within 6 weeks, second-line therapy with Rituximab, Ciclosporin A, or other multiple-modality regimens may be considered.
Natural CD4 CD25+ regulatory T cells control the burst of superantigen-induced cytokine production: the role of IL-10 (2002)

In normal mice a subpopulation of CD4 T cells constitutively expresses the IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25). This natural CD4 CD25(+) subset is thymus-born, constitutively expresses IL-10 mRNA,does not produce IL-2 and is resistant to apoptosis. These cells behave as regulatory T cells in the control of self-tolerance, inflammatory reactions and T cell homeostasis. The mechanisms by which natural CD4 CD25(+) cells control the immune response is unclear. We examined CD25-deficient mice, which over-express various cytokines, including proinflammatory molecules, after bacterial superantigen stimulation in vivo. We observed that this abnormal cytokine production could be controlled by the injection of natural CD4 CD25(+) T cells and that IL-10 production is needed, as CD4 CD25(+) T cells from IL-10 knockout mice do not correct cytokine over-production in vivo. As the circulating IL-10 produced by CD25-deficient mice was ineffective, we deduced that the key source of IL-10 was the regulatory T cell population. IL-10 is also involved in the control of cytokine production by normal T cells. However, the target of IL-10 in this control is undefined. Whether it acts directly on the effector T cells or on the regulatory CD4 CD25(+) T cells themselves to induce their functional maturation has to be clarified.
Combining Statistical and Rule-Based Approaches to Morphological Tagging of Czech Texts (2008)

Combining Statistical and Rule-Based Approaches to Morphological Tagging of Czech Texts This article is an extract of the PhD thesis (Spoustová, 2007) and it extends the article (Spoustová et al., 2007). Several hybrid disambiguation methods are described which combine the strength of hand-written disambiguation rules and statistical taggers. Three different statistical taggers (HMM, Maximum-Entropy and Averaged Perceptron) and a large set of hand-written rules are used in a tagging experiment using Prague Dependency Treebank. The results of the hybrid system are better than any other method tried for Czech tagging so far.
Synthetic, mechanistic and photochemical studies of phosphate esters of substituted benzoins (1992)

Synthesis of the phosphate esters of several benzoins, variously substituted with methoxy groups in one or both aromatic rings, proceeds via the corresponding cyclic ethylene ketals. These are phosphitylated with bis-(2-cyanoethyl) diisopropylphosphoramidite and the phosphites are oxidised to phosphates. Cleavage of the 2-cyanoethyl groups with methanolic alkali, followed by acid-catalysed hydrolysis of the ethylene ketal, yields the required phosphate monoesters. Application of the same reaction sequence to benzoin itself, not protected as the cyclic ketal, leads to at least three products, the phosphate monoester 5, the phosphate diester 7 and a substance not containing phosphorus, which appeared to be the ketal 8. The likely origin of these three products is discussed. The potential of these phosphate esters and their derivatives for study of rapid biochemical processes by fast photochemical cleavage of the benzoin group was examined. Best results were obtained with 3′,5′-dimethoxybenzoin phosphate 23b, where a single pulse of 347 nm light (100 mJ in 50 ns) resulted in 10% conversion into products, with a first-order rate constant > 105 s-1.
Rapid and Reliable Site-Directed Mutagenesis Using Kunkel’s Approach (2002)

Site-specific mutagenesis is a powerful tool in molecular biology research. A number of techniques are available today for carrying out site-directed mutagenesis (SDM). Common among them is the oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis (). Three widely used procedures, which are based on this principle, are the polymerase chian reaction (PCR)-based approach (), and Kunkel’s () and Eckstein’s () methods. Kunkel’s method, which takes advantage of a strong biological selection, although inexpensive, has a drawback, in that its efficiency of selecting against the wild-type parent strand from the heteroduplex is not efficient. In addition, the enzymes used in this procedure are contaminated with uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG), which may also contribute to the overall low efficiency of mutagenesis.
Conserved Molecular Components for Pollen Tube Reception and Fungal Invasion (2010)

During sexual reproduction in flowering plants such as Arabidopsis, a tip-growing pollen tube (PT) is guided to the synergid cells of the female gametophyte, where it bursts and releases the two sperm. Here we show that PT reception and powdery mildew (PM) infection, which involves communication between a tip-growing hypha and a plant epidermal cell, share molecular components. NORTIA (NTA), a member of the MLO family originally discovered in the context of PM resistance, and FERONIA (FER), a receptor-like kinase, both control PT reception in synergids. Homozygous fer mutants also display PM resistance, revealing a new function for FER and suggesting that conserved components, such as FER and distinct MLO proteins, are involved in both PT reception and PM infection.
An analytical back-gate bias effect model for ultrathin SOI CMOS devices (1993)

An analytical back-gate bias effect model for ultrathin SOI CMOS devices is presented. As verified by PISCES results, the analytical SOI CMOS back-gate bias effect model provides a much better accuracy in the integral potential distribution and the threshold voltage as the back-gate bias is changed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Sigma Gamma Epsilon Student Research Poster Session, Geological Society of America Meeting 2014, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (2015)

The 2014 Sigma Gamma Epsilon Undergraduate Research (Poster Session) took place during the 2014 Geological Society of American annual meeting in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada on Tuesday, 21 October 2014. Fifty-two posters were presented at the SGE poster session. The National Council of Sigma Gamma Epsilon awarded the Austin A. Sartin Best Poster Award to Megan Flansburg a student at the College of William and Mary. Emily Lubicich, a student at the State University of New York - New Paltz, was awarded the National Council Best Poster Award.
Heterotrimeric Kinesin-II Is Required for the Assembly of Motile 9+2 Ciliary Axonemes on Sea Urchin Embryos (1997)

Heterotrimeric kinesin-II is a plus end- directed microtubule (MT) motor protein consisting of distinct heterodimerized motor subunits associated with an accessory subunit. To probe the intracellular transport functions of kinesin-II, we microinjected fertilized sea urchin eggs with an anti-kinesin-II monoclonal antibody, and we observed a dramatic inhibition of ciliogenesis at the blastula stage characterized by the assembly of short, paralyzed, 9+0 ciliary axonemes that lack central pair MTs. Control embryos show no such defect and form swimming blastulae with normal, motile, 9+2 cilia that contain kinesin-II as detected by Western blotting. Injection of anti-kinesin-II into one blastomere of a two-cell embryo leads to the development of chimeric blastulae covered on one side with short, paralyzed cilia, and on the other with normal, beating cilia. We observed a unimodal length distribution of short cilia on anti-kinesin-II-injected embryos corresponding to the first mode of the trimodal distribution of ciliary lengths observed for control embryos. This short mode may represent a default ciliary assembly intermediate. We hypothesize that kinesin-II functions during ciliogenesis to deliver ciliary components that are required for elongation of the assembly intermediate and for formation of stable central pair MTs. Thus, kinesin-II plays a critical role in embryonic development by supporting the maturation of nascent cilia to generate long motile organelles capable of producing the propulsive forces required for swimming and feeding.
A COMPARISON OF GENE EXPRESSION IN MURINE CARDIAC ALLOGRAFTS AND ISOGRAFTS BY MEANS DNA MICROARRAY ANALYSIS1 (2001)

Background. Acute rejection of allografts remains a significant problem in clinical transplantation, and the fundamental mechanism underlying this rejection are as yet only poorly elucidated. Recently, DNA microarrays have come into use for the study of gene expression profiles, and we have taken advantage of this new technology to investigate acute rejection. We compared mRNA profiles in murine cardiac allografts with isografts using DNA microarrays with probe sets corresponding to more than 11,000 mice genes. Methods. We screened for gene expression changes in murine cardiac allografts between fully incompatible mice strains (BALB/c H2d to C3H/He H2k) using a DNA microarray. The heart was heterotopically transplanted. Allografts (BALB/c to C3H/He) were removed on days 1, 3, and 5. As a control, isografts (C3H/He to C3H/He) harvested on days 1, 3, and 5 and native hearts of both strain mice (C3H/He and BALB/c) were obtained. Results. On day 5, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and many IFN-γ-inducible genes were profoundly induced in the allograft relative to isograft. Monokine induced by IFN-γ was most profoundly induced followed by inducibly expressed GTPase and Lmp-2. IFN-γ was also profoundly induced. The induction was detectable from day 3. In contrast, genes regulated by other cytokines exhibited only modest changes. Conclusion. IFN-γ-inducible genes are specifically up-regulated in murine cardiac allografts, suggesting that signaling mediated by IFN-γ may play an important role in the late phase of acute rejection in vivo.
Site-Isolated Luminescent Europium Complexes with Polyester Macroligands:  Metal-Centered Heteroarm Stars and Nanoscale Assemblies with Labile Block Junctions (2002)

The synthesis of a series of polymeric Eu(III) complexes with polyester ligands, along with supporting emission spectra, luminescence lifetimes, and, for a Eu block copolymer film, atomic force microscopy (AFM) data, is presented. Dibenzoylmethane was derivatized with a hydroxyl initiator site (dbmOH, 1) for tin octoate catalyzed ring opening polymerization of dl-lactide. The resulting poly(lactic acid) macroligand, dbmPLA (2), was combined with EuCl3 to generate Eu(dbmPLA)3 (3). Chelation of both dbmPLA and a polycaprolactone-functionalized bipyridine ligand (bpyPCL2) led to the Eu(III)-centered heteroarm star Eu(dbmPLA)3(bpyPCL2) (4). Unpolarized emission spectra and luminescence lifetimes were recorded for the Eu polymers in CH2Cl2 and for Eu(dbmPLA)3, as a film. Solution data for Eu(dbm)3 and Eu(dbm)3(bpy) were collected for comparison. For Eu tris(dbm) complexes, data were fit to a double exponential decay, indicating the presence of multiple species. Relative amounts of the longer lifetime component increase in the series Eu(dbm)3 solutions to Eu(dbmPLA)3 solutions to Eu(dbmPLA)3 films, perhaps suggesting benefits of the "polymer shell effect" and the diminishment of aquo adducts known to shorten lifetimes. As with the nonpolymeric analogue, data for Eu(dbmPLA)3(bpyPCL2) fit to a single-exponential decay. The sharpness of the feature at 579.7 nm, attributable to the 5D0 --> 7F0 transition in the emission spectrum of 4, lends further support for a homogeneous sample. AFM studies of "as cast" thin films of 4 reveal a lamellar structure with a 17.5 nm repeat. These microstructures, inferred to contain Eu luminophores at the glassy PLA-crystalline PCL domain interfaces, are modified by thermal treatment.