gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
APPENDIX 4 Genetics (1988)

Part A: Genetic Nomenclature GUIDELINES Guidelines for C. elegans nomenclature have been published elsewhere (Horvitz et al. 1979); a brief account of the main conventions follows. Gene Names Genes are given names consisting of three italicized letters, a hyphen, and an arabic number, e.g., dpy-5 or let-37. These gene names refer to the mutant phenotype originally detected and/or most easily scored: dumpy in the case of dpy-5, and lethal in the case of let-37. The gene name may be followed by an italicized Roman numeral, to indicate the linkage group on which the gene maps, e.g., dpy-5 I or let-37 X. Mutation Names Every mutation has a unique designation. Mutations are given names consisting of one or two italicized letters followed by an italicized Arabic number, e.g., e61 or mn138. The letter prefix refers to the laboratory of isolation (listed below), as registered with the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC). Mutations known to be chromosomal rearrangements, rather than intragenic lesions, are named somewhat differently. When gene and mutation names are used together, the mutation name is included in parentheses after the gene name, e.g., dpy-5(e61), let-37(mn138). When unambiguous (e.g., if only one mutation is known for a given gene), gene names are used in preference to mutation names ( let-37 rather than mn138 ). Suffixes indicating characteristics of a mutation can follow a mutation name: These are usually two-letter nonitalicized letters, e.g., e61 sd, where sd stands for semidominant. The wild-type allele of a gene is defined as that present in the Bristol N2...
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide regulate endothelial tissue factor expression in vivo in the sickle transgenic mouse (2009)

Activation of the coagulation system is a characteristic feature of sickle cell anemia, which also includes clinical thrombosis. The sickle transgenic mouse abnormally expresses tissue factor (TF) on the pulmonary vein endothelium. Knowing that this aberrancy is stimulated by inflammation, we sought to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) contributes to regulation of endothelial TF expression in the sickle mouse model. We used the NY1DD sickle mouse, which exhibits a low-TF to high-TF phenotype switch on exposure to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Manipulations of NO biology, such as breathing NO or addition of arginine or L-NAME (N-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester) to the diet, caused significant modulations of TF expression. This was also seen in hBERK1 sickle mice, which have a different genetic background and already have high-TF even at ambient air. Study of NY1DD animals bred to overexpress endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS; eNOS-Tg) or to have an eNOS knockout state (one eNOS(-/-) animal and several eNOS(+/-) animals) demonstrated that eNOS modulates endothelial TF expression in vivo by down-regulating it. Thus, the biodeficiency of NO characteristic of patients with sickle cell anemia may heighten risk for activation of the coagulation system.
Universal service creation and provision environment for intelligent network (1991)

The evolution of the intelligent network (IN) is summarized, and its service creation requirements and provision environment are clarified. A prototype system called the ISDN development experimental system for advanced services (IDEA), which has been developed to validate the foregoing, is described. The evaluation of the system design and its future evolution are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Tendinopathy: Why the Difference Between Tendinitis and Tendinosis Matters (2012)

Think tendinitis and you think pain and burning in the affected area, decreased strength and flexibility, and pain caused by everyday activities. As it turns out, tendinosis is far more often responsible for these symptoms than tendinitis(1,2,3). It is important for health care practitioners to distinguish between these disorders in order to apply the most appropriate treatment.
Adeno-associated viral vectors as gene delivery vehicles. (2000)

Adeno-associated virus (AAV), a non-pathogenic human parvovirus, is gaining attention for its potential use as a human gene therapy vector. One of the most attractive features of recombinant AAV vectors is the ability to be stably maintained in host cells as integrated proviruses. This property is particularly desireable for therapies requiring long-term correction of a genetic defect. This review highlights recent advances made in the AAV field and will discuss some limitations of rAAV vector integration. A novel method for enhancing the integration efficiency of these vectors will be presented.
Molecular Cloning and Sequence Analysis of Full-Length cDNA for Rabbit Liver NADPH-Cytochrome P-450 Reductase mRNA1 (1986)

The nucleotide sequence of the mRNA for NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase from rabbit liver was determined from a full-length cDNA clone (pFP105). The clone contains 2,269 nucleotides complementary to rabbit liver reductase mRNA. The single open reading frame of 2,037 nucleotides codes for a 679-amino acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular weight of 76,583 daltons. The cloned cDNA contains the complete 3'-noncoding region of 193 nucleotides, including 68 nucleotides of poly(A), and 39 nucleotides of the 5'-noncoding region. The nucleotide sequence in the coding region of cDNA of rabbit reductase (pFP105) showed 85% homology to that of rat reductase (Porter, T.D. & Kasper, C.B. (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 82, 973-977, and Murakami, H. et al. (1986) DNA 5, 1-10). Rabbit reductase has one more amino acid residue than the rat enzyme, and the amino acid compositions of the two enzymes are similar. The amino acid sequence of the rabbit enzyme showed 91% identity with that of the rat enzyme. The segment related to binding of FMN and FAD was well conserved among rabbit, rat, and pig reductases. The sequence related to AMP moiety-binding was also conserved among these species, and was found in the amino acid sequence of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, another flavoenzyme in the microsomal electron transport system.
Factors influencing face aging. Literature review. (2011)

The aim of this review is to analyze different factors which can affect natural face aging by delaying or expediting the process. Various studies shows that different factors such as ultraviolet light, gravity, habits, teeth loss may affect face appearance during aging. The articles from 1959 to 2011 related to topic were identified. 47 articles were selected for data collection.
Template-free solvothermal synthesis of yolk–shell V2O5 microspheres as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries (2011)

Uniform yolk-shell V(2)O(5) microspheres were synthesized via a facile template-free solvothermal route and subsequent calcination treatment in air. The resulting cathode materials showed a high specific capacity of 220 mA h g(-1) after 30 cycles and good rate capability.
Differences between young adults and elderly in thermal comfort, productivity, and thermal physiology in response to a moderate temperature drift and a steady-state condition (2010)

Because the stock of fossil fuels is limited, energy savings play an important role. Thermal comfort is one of the most important performance indicators to successfully apply measures to reduce the energy need in buildings. Allowing drifts in indoor temperature is one of the options to reduce the energy demand. This study contributes to the knowledge concerning the effects of a moderate temperature drift and the age of the inhabitants on their thermal comfort.
The com locus controls genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae (1997)

Genetic exchange by natural transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae occurs in a cell-density dependent process and is initiated by a small extracellular signalling molecule, the competence-stimulating peptide (CSP). comC, the gene for this peptide, has previously been identified and encodes a 44 amino acid pre-peptide that is apparently processed to an active molecule that consists of the C-terminal 17 amino acids. We have sequenced the region adjacent to comC and shown that it is the first gene of an operon, com, consisting of two downstream elements, comD and comE, which encode members of the two-component family of sensor regulators. Null mutants with defects in either comC or comD were transformation deficient and failed to respond to exogenous CSP. A comC mutant did not exhibit any detectable CSP activity, while a comD mutant that contained an intact comC produced minimal CSP activity. In mixed-culture experiments consisting of isogenic pairs of pneumococci (Csp+ and Csp-), we showed that induction of competence by quorum sensing was independent of CSP. Northern analysis showed that com was transcribed as a single polycistronic message, while analysis of strains with transcriptional fusions showed that com was constitutively expressed under conditions that both promoted or repressed the development of competence. Finally, we showed genetically and biochemically a CSP-dependent transcription of rec, a competence-induced locus, and that ComD and ComE are required for this CSP-dependent expression.
HIV-1 Tat protein exits from cells via a leaderless secretory pathway and binds to extracellular matrix-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans through its basic region (1997)

These results demonstrate that Tat exits from intact cells through a leaderless secretion pathway which shares several features with that of acid FGF or bFGF. The released Tat binds to HSPG through its basic region and this determines its storage into the ECM, as occurs for bFGF.
EGFRMutations in Small-Cell Lung Cancers in Patients Who Have Never Smoked (2006)

cipient was instigated by undetected HTLV-I in the asymptomatic donor. The possibility of an acquired infection of donor T cells by HTLV-I in the recipient has not been excluded. We propose that the profound immunosuppression attributable to pretransplantation conditioning and prophylaxis against post-transplantation graft-versus-host disease could have accelerated the development of ATL. 2 Even if the donor was a healthy carrier of HTLV-I, proviral integration occurs in only about 0.1 to 1.0 percent of peripheral-blood mononuclear cells. However, although it is "T-cell lymphotropic," HTLV-I can infect extrahematopoietic cell types in vitro.
Direct formation of dielectric thin films on silicon by low energy ion beam bombardment (1986)

Dielectric films with thickness of the order of 50 Å are obtained at room temperature by bombarding exposed silicon surfaces with an oxygen-containing ion beam of energy 60 eV. Silicon nitride thin films have also been formed using the same technique. The film thickness is self-limited and largely independent of ion dose. AES and XPS analysis of the produced thin films indicate that the films are not entirely stoichiometric and contain lower oxidation states of silicon. The high electrical quality of the oxide films is demonstrated by the successful fabrication of n-channel MOS transistors with gate dielectrics obtained by ion beam oxidation at room temperature.
A critical evaluation of the hydropathy profile of membrane proteins (1990)

New membrane-preference scales are introduced for categories of membrane proteins with different functions. A statistical analysis is carried out with several scales to verify the relative accuracy in the prediction of the transmembrane segments of polytopic membrane proteins. The correlation between some of the scales most used and those calculated here provides criteria for selecting the most appropriate methods for a given type of protein. The parameters used in the evaluation of the hydropathy profiles have been carefully ascertained in order to develop a reliable methodology for hydropathy analysis. Finally, an integrated hydropathy analysis using different methods has been applied to several sequences of related proteins. The above analysis indicates that (a) microsomal cytochrome P450 contains only one hydrophobic region at the N-terminus that is consistently predicted to transverse the membrane: (b) only four of the six or seven putative transmembrane helices of cytochrome oxidase subunit III are predicted and correspond to helices I, III, V and VI of the previous nomenclature; (c) the product of the mitochondrial ATPase-6 gene (or the chloroplast ATPase-IV gene) of F0-F1-ATPase shows that helix IV is not consistently predicted to traverse the membrane, suggesting a four-helix model for this family of proteins.
Instance-Level Segmentation for Autonomous Driving with Deep Densely Connected MRFs (2015)

Our aim is to provide a pixel-wise instance-level labeling of a monocular image in the context of autonomous driving. We build on recent work [Zhang et al., ICCV15] that trained a convolutional neural net to predict instance labeling in local image patches, extracted exhaustively in a stride from an image. A simple Markov random field model using several heuristics was then proposed in [Zhang et al., ICCV15] to derive a globally consistent instance labeling of the image. In this paper, we formulate the global labeling problem with a novel densely connected Markov random field and show how to encode various intuitive potentials in a way that is amenable to efficient mean field inference [Krähenbühl et al., NIPS11]. Our potentials encode the compatibility between the global labeling and the patch-level predictions, contrast-sensitive smoothness as well as the fact that separate regions form different instances. Our experiments on the challenging KITTI benchmark [Geiger et al., CVPR12] demonstrate that our method achieves a significant performance boost over the baseline [Zhang et al., ICCV15].
Opsonic Requirements for Intravascular Clearance after Splenectomy (1981)

We investigated the opsonic requirements for intravascular clearance of pneumococci in guinea pigs and of sensitized erythrocytes in human beings after splenectomy. The impaired clearance of injected pneumococci in splenectomized guinea pigs was corrected by immunization. This improvement in clearance was due to increased hepatic sequestration of organisms. There was a significant delay in antibody-mediated clearance of autologous erythrocytes sensitized with IgG (P < 0.001), although the rate of complement-mediated clearance in splenectomized patients was normal. A fourfold increase in sensitizing antibody resulted in a significant improvement in clearance that was due to increased hepatic sequestration (P < 0.005). One patient who had an intact spleen and who had previously received Thorotrast (thorium oxide) had impaired antibody-mediated clearance despite increased sensitization. These observations suggest that, after splenectomy the remaining macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system require increased amounts of antibody to mediate efficient intravascular clearance of opsonized particles.
A tale of three fingers: the family of mammalian Sp/XKLF transcription factors (1999)

One of the most common regulatory elements is the GC box and the related GT/CACC box, which are widely distributed in promoters, enhancers and locus control regions of housekeeping as well as tissue-specific genes. For long it was generally thought that Sp1 is the major factor acting through these motifs. Recent discoveries have shown that Sp1 is only one of many transcription factors binding and acting through these elements. Sp1 simply represents the first identified and cloned protein of a family of transcription factors characterised by a highly conserved DNA-binding domain consisting of three zinc fingers. Currently this new family of transcription factors has at least 16 different mammalian members. Here, we will summarise and discuss recent advances that have been directed towards understanding the biological role of these proteins.
Cutaneous and Transdermal Delivery—Processes and Systems of Delivery (2002)

The skin forms the body’s defensive perimeter against what is in reality the biologically hostile environment we humans live in. As such, in the normal course of living, it suffers more physical and chemical insult than any other tissue of the body. It is inadvertently scraped, abraded, scratched, bruised, cut, nicked, and burned. Insects bite it, sting it, and occasionally furrow through it. It is exposed to detergents, solvents, and myriad other chemicals and residues. Bacteria, yeasts, molds, and fungi live on its surface and within its cracks and crevices. It is brushed, smeared, dusted, sprayed, and otherwise anointed with toiletries, cosmetics, and drugs. Any of these exposures can rile the skin and/or provoke allergy. If there is only minor damage associated with such insults, the skin repairs itself in short order without a trace left of the injury. If the insult is severe, its reconstruction takes far longer and may occur with scarring. Such repair is essential in that humans cannot survive for long with an extensively damaged skin because it is the skin that keeps us from losing water and life’s other essential chemicals to the external environment. In its intact state the skin is a formidable barrier, resistant to chemicals and tissue-harmful ultraviolet rays and virtually impenetrable to life-threatening microorganisms. To perform these necessary functions, the skin has to be tough and at the same time flexible, for it is stretched and flexed continually as we move around within it. In its healthy state it is thus a remarkable fabric, strong and far more complex than any man-made material [1].
Power Drive Circuits for Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound (2006)

Ultrasound imaging is widely used as a medical diagnostic tool by providing both anatomical and physiological information. In cardiology, the heart's shape and motion are visualized in addition to the blood's flow pattern. In radiology, various tumors, inflammatory diseases and other malignancies can be detected. Ultrasound is the best-suited diagnostic modality to visualize homodynamics in organs and the vascular system. An ultrasound image is acquired by launching acoustic waves and receiving echoes that are reflected from cell boundaries. The role of power electronics in medical ultrasound arises from the specific requirements of launching the acoustic waves. The waves are generated with transducers made of ferroelectric material. The transducer is electrically excited and the ferroelectric material creates a vibration that couples as a wave into the human body. Generating this electrical waveform poses a substantial challenge. The electrical load impedance is typically highly capacitive and drive signals of several hundred volts are required to generate the necessary acoustic pressure. Further, the introduction of 2D arrays requires that several thousand parallel drive circuits be placed in a space of only a few cubic centimeters. An efficient implementation of the drive circuitry is essential to the progress of ultrasound imaging. Depending on the application either signal switches, bior tri-level pulse generation circuits or high voltage linear drivers are required. This talk derives the need for more advanced and higher integrated power electronics to transmit the ultrasound waves. It further focuses on the pulser's particular requirements stemming from the ultrasound application
Programmable Release of Multiple Protein Drugs from Aptamer-Functionalized Hydrogels via Nucleic Acid Hybridization (2012)

Polymeric delivery systems have been extensively studied to achieve localized and controlled release of protein drugs. However, it is still challenging to control the release of multiple protein drugs in distinct stages according to the progress of disease or treatment. This study successfully demonstrates that multiple protein drugs can be released from aptamer-functionalized hydrogels with adjustable release rates at predetermined time points using complementary sequences (CSs) as biomolecular triggers. Because both aptamer-protein interactions and aptamer-CS hybridization are sequence-specific, aptamer-functionalized hydrogels constitute a promising polymeric delivery system for the programmable release of multiple protein drugs to treat complex human diseases.
Randomized Dimensionality Reduction for Full–waveform Inversion (2010)

Full-waveform inversion relies on the collection of large multi-experiment data volumes in combination with a sophisticated back-end to create high-fidelity inversion results. While improvements in acquisition and inversion have been extremely successful, the current trend of incessantly pushing for higher quality models in increasingly complicated regions of the Earth reveals fundamental shortcomings in our ability to handle increasing problem size numerically. Two main culprits can be identified. First, there is the so-called ``curse of dimensionality&apos;&apos; exemplified by Nyquist&apos;s sampling criterion, which puts disproportionate strain on current acquisition and processing systems as the size and desired resolution increases. Secondly, there is the recent ``departure from Moore&apos;s law&apos;&apos; that forces us to lower our expectations to compute ourselves out of this. In this paper, we address this situation by randomized dimensionality reduction, which we adapt from the field of compressive sensing. In this approach, we combine deliberate randomized subsampling with structure-exploiting transform-domain sparsity promotion. Our approach is successful because it reduces the size of seismic data volumes without loss of information. With this reduction, we compute Newton-like updates at the cost of roughly one gradient update for the fully-sampled wavefield.
Essential role of phospholipase A2 activity in endothelial cell-induced modification of low density lipoprotein. (1985)

Previous studies have established that incubation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) with cultured endothelial cells (EC) converts it to a new form (EC-modified LDL) that is now recognized by a specific receptor on macrophages (the acetyl LDL receptor) and is taken up and degraded 3-10 times more rapidly than native LDL (biological modification). The formation of EC-modified LDL depended on generation of free radicals with consequent peroxidation of LDL lipids and was accompanied by extensive hydrolysis of LDL phosphatidylcholine at the 2-position. The present studies show that p-bromophenacyl bromide, a site-specific irreversible inhibitor of phospholipase A2 activity, blocks this hydrolysis and, at the same time, the enhanced macrophage degradation. We show further that during EC modification the apoprotein B of LDL undergoes considerable modification and that this also is prevented by the phospholipase inhibitor. Finally, as reported previously, changes similar to those observed on incubation of LDL with EC can be induced by incubation in the absence of cells but in the presence of a sufficiently high concentration of Cu2+. This also is accompanied by hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine at the 2-position and breakdown of apoprotein B. These changes are also inhibited by p-bromophenacyl bromide, suggesting the presence of a phospholipase A2 activity associated with LDL as it is isolated. A hypothesis is presented linking lipid peroxidation, phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis, and changes in the LDL apoprotein during EC modification.
Conducting polymers: What does the future hold? (1987)

The conducting polymer field has continued its rapid expansion during the past 10 years since the discovery that an organic polymer, polyacetylene, could be doped to the metallic regime. A number of new conducting polymers have since been synthesized and many chemical, structural and physical studies have helped in elucidating the doping processes and electronic and magnetic properties of these materials; however, an adequate understanding of many fundamental phenomena will only be attained by further research. Such understanding will be assisted by the synthesis and study of new types of conducting polymers and composites. The first significant signs of technological applications of these polymers now appearing are expected to stimulate even more basic and applied research in this field in the future.