gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor Subtypes: DEFINING THERAPEUTIC TARGETS (2004)

Humans have appreciated the beneficial properties of the tobacco plant for thousands of years. These effects include alertness, reduced anxiety, muscle relaxation, and analgesia. Yet it has been less than two decades since the central actions of nicotine have been examined in earnest for potential therapeutic applications. In fact, the cholinergic systems, in comparison to other neurotransmitter systems of the body, have been relatively poorly exploited in terms of therapeutic agents, and the muscarinic cholinergic systems have been relegated mainly to the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and glaucoma; for the nicotinic system, antagonists are used to induce muscle paralysis during certain surgical procedures. For both families of cholinergic receptors, widespread exploitation in terms of therapeutics has been limited by significant side effect profiles associated with available cholinergic drugs.
A drug naive parkinsonian patient successfully treated with weak electromagnetic fields (1994)

Brief cerebral application of picotesla (pT) electromagnetic fields (EMF) has been demonstrated an efficacious, revolutionary treatment modality for the therapy of Parkinson's disease (PD) with clinical benefits being evident in all motor aspects of the disease as well as in nonmotor symptoms such as mood, sleep, pain, sexual dysfunction, autonomic regulation and cognitive functions. Since treatment with pT EMF has involved PD patients who were treated with dopaminergic agents at the time they received EMF there may have been a synergistic interaction between dopaminergic drugs and EMF. The present communication concerns a 49-year-old male Parkinsonian patient with stage 3 disability on the Hoehn and Yahr scale (1967) who, in response to brief extracranial applications of pT EMF, demonstrated a marked improvement in motor, depressive symptomatology and cognitive functions and was classified as stage 1 several weeks later. This case is remarkable in that the patient did not receive treatment with dopaminergic drugs prior to or during the course of EMF therapy. It suggests that (a) pT range EMF may be efficacious as a monotherapy for PD and should be considered also as a treatment modality for de novo diagnosed patients, and (b) application of these EMF improves Parkinsonism by a mechanism which involves, among others, augmentation of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission.
Serum chemokine profiles in patients with alopecia areata (2007)

These results suggest that MIG and RANTES play an important role in the development of AA and are useful as markers of disease activity and as therapeutic targets.
Achromatopsia-associated Mutation in the Human Cone Photoreceptor Cyclic Nucleotide-gated Channel CNGB3 Subunit Alters the Ligand Sensitivity and Pore Properties of Heteromeric Channels (2003)

Cone photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels are thought to form by assembly of two different subunit types, CNGA3 and CNGB3. Recently, mutations in the gene encoding the CNGB3 subunit have been linked to achromatopsia in humans. Here we describe the functional consequences of two achromatopsia-associated mutations in human CNGB3 (hCNGB3). Co-expression in Xenopus oocytes of human CNGA3 (hCNGA3) subunits with hCNGB3 subunits containing an achromatopsia-associated mutation in the S6 transmembrane domain (S435F) generated functional heteromeric channels that exhibited an increase in apparent affinity for both cAMP and cGMP compared with wild type heteromeric channels. In contrast, co-expression of a presumptive null mutation of hCNGB3 (T383f.s.Delta C) with hCNGA3 produced channels with properties indistinguishable from homomeric hCNGA3 channels. The effect of hCNGB3 S435F subunits on cell-surface expression of green fluorescent protein-tagged hCNGA3 subunits and of non-tagged hCNGA3 subunits on surface expression of green fluorescent protein-hCNGB3 S435F subunits were similar to those observed for wild type hCNGB3 subunits, suggesting that the mutation does not grossly disturb subunit assembly or plasma membrane targeting. The S435F mutation was also found to produce changes in the pore properties of the channel, including decreased single channel conductance and decreased sensitivity to block by l-cis-diltiazem. Overall, these results suggest that the functional properties of cone CNG channels may be altered in patients with the S435F mutation, providing evidence supporting the pathogenicity of this mutation in humans. Thus, achromatopsia may arise from a disturbance of cone CNG channel gating and permeation or from the absence of functional CNGB3 subunits.
Biological Bleaching of Chemical Pulps (2004)

Use of biotechnology in pulp bleaching has attracted considerable attention and achieved interesting results in recent years. Enzymes of the hemicellulolytic type, particularly xylan-attacking enzymes, xylanases are now used commercially in the mills for pulp treatment and subsequent incorporation into bleach sequences. The aims of the enzymatic treatment depend on the actual mill conditions and may be related to environmental demands, reduction of chemical costs or maintenance or even improvement of product quality. The use of oxidative enzymes from white-rot fungi, that can directly attack lignin, is a second-generation approach, which could produce larger chemical savings than xylanase but has not yet been developed to the full scale. It is being studied in several laboratories in Canada, Japan, the U.S.A. and Europe. Certain white-rot fungi can delignify kraft pulps increasing their brightness and their responsiveness to brightening with chemicals. The fungal treatments are too slow but the enzyme manganese peroxidase and laccase can also delignify pulps and enzymatic processes are likely to be easier to optimize and apply than the fungal treatments. Development work on laccase and manganese peroxidase continues. This article presents an overview of developments in the application of hemicellulase enzymes, lignin-oxidizing enzymes and white-rot fungi in bleaching of chemical pulps. The basic enzymology involved and the present knowledge of the mechanisms of the action of enzymes as well as the practical results and advantages obtained on the laboratory and industrial scale are discussed.
Role of neutrophils in acute inflammatory liver injury (2006)

Hepatic infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) is an early response to tissue injury, cellular stress or systemic inflammation. Neutrophil activation is vital for host-defense and the removal of cell debris but can also cause additional tissue damage or even liver failure. In order to prevent the detrimental effects of neutrophils without compromising host-defense reactions, it is important to understand the mechanisms of neutrophil hepatotoxicity. The first step in the pathophysiology is the priming and recruitment of neutrophils into the liver vasculature by inflammatory mediators, e.g. cytokines, chemokines, or complement factors. Most critical for parenchymal cell damage is the accumulation in sinusoids, which does not depend on cellular adhesion molecules. The next step is the extravasation into the parenchyma. This process requires a chemotactic signal from hepatocytes or already extravasated neutrophils and depends on cellular adhesion molecules on neutrophils (beta(2) or beta(1) integrins) and on endothelial cells (intercellular or vascular cell adhesion molecules). The third step is the direct contact with target cells (hepatocytes), which involves beta(2) integrins and triggers the full activation of the neutrophil with a long-lasting adherence-dependent oxidant stress and degranulation. The oxidants diffuse into hepatocytes and trigger an intracellular oxidant stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and eventually cause oncotic necrotic cell death. Neutrophil-derived proteases facilitate extravasation and are involved in the regulation of inflammatory mediator production. Based on these mechanisms, it appears that strengthening of the intracellular defense mechanisms in hepatocytes may be the most promising therapeutic approach to selectively prevent neutrophil-mediated tissue damage without compromising their host-defense function.
High-Dose B Vitamin Supplementation and Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer Disease (2008)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00056225.
Molecular cloning of Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin genes in Escherichia coli K-12. (1982)

Hybridization probes derived from the A and B subunit genes of the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of Escherichia coli were used to analyze DNA from Vibrio cholera strain 569B for cholera toxin gene sequences. Southern blot analysis indicated that the cholera toxin A and B subunit genes were each duplicated in the strain. One of the two toxin subunit gene pairs was cloned as a 5.1-kilobase DNA insert in plasmid pBR322. E. coli cells carrying the recombinant plasmid pJM17 were shown to produce cholera toxin, which was found to be largely cell associated. Protein chemical analysis indicated that the toxin was in its unnicked form and required additional proteolytic processing by trypsin to exhibit full toxicity in tissue culture. The alteration in E. coli of the secretion and proteolytic processing of cholera toxin parallels that previously observed for LT. An in vitro generated insertion mutation in the A subunit gene on pJM17 was shown to abolish production of the A chain but still allow production of the B chain. These observations, together with restriction mapping data, have demonstrated that the cholera toxin and LT genes are very similar in their genetic organization.
II . Oxidation of Al Films (1982)

Ultrahigh vacuum‐deposited (111) oriented thin films of Al were oxidized at temperatures from 300 to 600 K with pressures from 25 to 600 Torr, using in situ ellipsometric measurements to monitor oxide growth and optical properties. films with thicknesses from ∼13 to 35Å were formed with exposure times varying from a few to almost 10,000 min. These oxide layers were slightly light absorbing, indicative of the presence of dopant levels of excess Al. The experimental data were analyzed on the basis of an inverse logarithmic growth law.
Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in the cell fraction of saliva before and after oral surgery (1995)

The presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in serum, whole saliva, and saliva from the submaxillary glands was investigated before and after oral surgery. The presence of HCV RNA (positive and negative-strand RNA) was determined in serum and saliva by a nested polymerase chain reaction in 26 anti-HCV positive patients, of whom 11 were coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus-1. Oral surgery was carried out on five occasions on four of the patients. HCV RNA was detected in the sera of 23 of 26 (88%) patients, and in the saliva of 4 of the 23 (17%) of the viremic patients. In all four cases, HCV RNA was detected only in the cell fraction derived from centrifugation of whole saliva. Negative-stranded HCV RNA was not detected. At one of five occasions of oral surgery, HCV RNA was detected in saliva sampled immediately after surgery, but not before or 24 hours after surgery. The results suggest that HCV is present in saliva in less than 25% of HCV viremic persons. The presence of the virus in saliva is restricted to the cell fraction. Thus, saliva may serve as a possible, but low, nonparenteral transmission route of HCV. Contamination of saliva by blood during and after oral surgery may result in an increased risk of viral exposure. Except for trauma caused by sharp instruments during surgery, this might contribute to the higher HCV seropositivity found among dentists.
Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells As Pharmacological Tools for Cancer Immunotherapy (2017)

Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are a heterogeneous population of effector CD3<sup>+</sup>CD56<sup>+</sup> natural killer T cells, which can be easily expanded <i>in vitro</i> from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. CIK cells work as pharmacological tools for cancer immunotherapy as they exhibit MHC-unrestricted, safe, and effective antitumor activity. Much effort has been made to improve CIK cells cytotoxicity and treatments of CIK cells combined with other antitumor therapies are applied. This review summarizes some strategies, including the combination of CIK with additional cytokines, dendritic cells, check point inhibitors, antibodies, chemotherapeutic agents, nanomedicines, and engineering CIK cells with a chimeric antigen receptor. Furthermore, we briefly sum up the clinical trials on CIK cells and compare the effect of clinical CIK therapy with other immunotherapies. Finally, further research is needed to clarify the pharmacological mechanism of CIK and provide evidence to formulate uniform culturing criteria for CIK expansion.
Well-Defined Block Copolymers Comprising Styrene−Acrylonitrile Random Copolymer Sequences Synthesized by “Living” Radical Polymerization (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTWell-Defined Block Copolymers Comprising Styrene−Acrylonitrile Random Copolymer Sequences Synthesized by "Living" Radical PolymerizationTakeshi Fukuda, Tomoya Terauchi, Atsushi Goto, Yoshinobu Tsujii, Takeaki Miyamoto, and Yusuke ShimizuView Author Information Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611, Japan Toyobo Research Center, Katada, Otsu, Shiga 520-02, JapanCite this: Macromolecules 1996, 29, 8, 3050–3052Publication Date (Web):April 8, 1996Publication History Received5 December 1995Revised6 February 1996Published online8 April 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma951792yhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma951792yrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1960Altmetric-Citations196LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Copolymerization,Copolymers,Monomers,Polymers,Styrenes Get e-Alerts
Extraction of features for indexing MPEG-compressed video (2002)

Development of various multimedia applications is dependent on the availability of fast and efficient storage, browsing, indexing, and retrieval techniques. Given that video is stored efficiently in a compressed format, the costly overhead of decompression can be avoided by analyzing the compressed representation directly. We describe techniques that can be used to extract viable features for indexing shots of video directly from the compressed domain. We develop a type independent representation of frames present in an MPEG video and show how it can be used directly for indexing.
Non-Traditional Management of the Neurogenic Bladder: Tissue Engineering and Neuromodulation (2007)

Patients with spina bifida and a neurogenic bladder have traditionally been managed with clean intermittent catheterization and pharmacotherapy in order to treat abnormal bladder wall dynamics, protect the upper urinary tract from damage, and achieve urinary continence. However, some patients will fail this therapy and require surgical reconstruction in the form of bladder augmentation surgery using reconfigured intestine or stomach to increase the bladder capacity while reducing the internal storage pressure. Despite functional success of bladder augmentation in achieving a low pressure reservoir, there are several associated complications of this operation and patients do not have the ability to volitionally void. For these reasons, alternative treatments have been sought. Two exciting alternative approaches that are currently being investigated are tissue engineering and neuromodulation. Tissue engineering aims to create new bladder tissue for replacement purposes with both "seeded" and "unseeded" technology. Advances in the fields of nanotechnology and stem cell biology have further enhanced these tissue engineering technologies. Neuromodulation therapies directly address the root of the problem in patients with spina bifida and a neurogenic bladder, namely the abnormal relationship between the nerves and the bladder wall. These therapies include transurethral bladder electrostimulation, sacral neuromodulation, and neurosurgical techniques such as selective sacral rhizotomy and artificial somatic-autonomic reflex pathway construction. This review will discuss both tissue engineering techniques and neuromodulation therapies in more detail including rationale, experimental data, current status of clinical application, and future direction.
Remote ultrasound diagnostic system (2002)

This paper presents a master-slave type remote ultrasound diagnostic system. In the system, the motion of the master manipulator is controlled by a medical doctor and is reproduced by a slave manipulator carrying an ultrasound probe. The contact force between the probe and a patient is fed back to the master manipulator. High rigidity was achieved by adopting radius-guides in the slave manipulator. These allow precise position and orientation control of the ultrasound probe. In the master manipulator, a special mechanism keeps the orientation of the force sensor constant. The mechanism separates the functions determining the orientation and position of the probe. The control algorithm implements impedance control to reflect force, with the viscosity of the system varied depending on the measured force at the slave manipulator. Furthermore, a control strategy to enhance the safety of the system is proposed. Using the developed system, remote ultrasound diagnosis experiments through ISDN lines were successfully executed.
A canine model of hemophilic (factor VIII:C deficiency) bleeding (1982)

A model of bleeding due to clotting factor deficiency has been developed in dogs. Normal and hemophilic (factor VIII:C deficient) animals were used. Bleeding was induced in lightly anesthetized animals by severing the apex of the nail cuticle using a guillotine device. In normal animals, bleeding usually ceased spontaneously after 2-8 min. In contrast, in hemophilic animals, bleeding continued for up to 20 min and necessitated either cauterization or the application of topical thrombin to achieve hemostasis. Pretreatment of the hemophilic animals with canine cryoprecipitate corrected the cuticle bleeding time to within the range noted for normal animals. The method is simple and reproducible and has the advantage that a number of observations can be made sequentially on the same animal. Rebleeding of the cauterized cuticle of the hemophilic animals did not usually occur. This model has considerable potential for the preclinical testing of products considered to bypass or replace factor VIII:C in patients with acquired inhibitors of factor VIII:C and may be adapted to the study of other mechanisms involved in normal and abnormal hemostasis.
Gene therapy strategies for novel cancer therapeutics (1996)

The context of this review highlights current strategies being employed in gene therapy for neoplastic diseases. Three main approaches, mutation compensation, molecular chemotherapy, and genetic immunopotentiation, have been undertaken. Mutation compensation relies on strategies to ablate activated oncogenes or augment tumor-suppressor gene expression. Molecular chemotherapy uses delivery of a toxin gene to tumor cells for eradication. Genetic immunopotentiation augments the host immune response against tumor-associated antigens via delivery of immune stimulatory molecules or delivery of foreign genes. Rapid implementation of a variety of gene therapy strategies have been undertaken for human clinical trials.
Swallowing disorders in closed head trauma patients. (1987)

Fifty-three closed head trauma patients with dysphagia were examined videofluorographically to determine the specific nature of their swallowing disorder. Eighty-one percent of the patients exhibited a delayed or absent swallowing reflex while approximately 50% of the patients suffered from reduced tongue control, and 33% had reduced peristalsis. Laryngeal disorders and cricopharyngeal dysfunction occurred in a small number of patients. The average head trauma patient exhibited more than one swallowing motility problem. Twenty patients aspirated, with delayed or absent swallowing reflex as the most common etiology for the aspiration. Many of these patients did not produce a reflexive cough during or after they had aspirated material into their airway. For this reason, and since the pharyngeal stage of the swallow is extremely difficult to assess with presently available bedside techniques, videofluorographic evaluation becomes an invaluable tool for identification of the precise nature of the swallowing disturbance, the presence of aspiration, and the etiology of the aspiration.
Multiple site-specific cleavage of HIV RNA by transcribed ribozymes from shotgun-type trimming plasmid. (1993)

We have constructed a multiple-ribozyme expression system (designated shotgun type expression system). This system made it possible to express multiple ribozymes without reducing of the activities of each ribozyme. By using this system, multiple ribozymes specific for five different target sites in HIV-1 RNA were transcribed; all of them functioned independently of the others, and each cleaved the RNA at the respective predetermined target site only. Transient HIV-1 infection assay revealed that this kind of construct can disarm AIDS virus up to 96%, at least in a cultured cell. This proves that our system is effective in vivo as well.
Fluorescence Imaging of Nerves During Surgery (2019)

Fluorescence-based nerve enhancement has advanced rapidly over the past 10 years with potential for continued utilization and progression in translational research. An ideal agent would be easily administered perioperatively, would not cross the blood-brain barrier, and would fluoresce in the near-infrared spectrum. Agents administered systemically that target nerve-specific moieties have shown the greatest promise. Based on the heterogeneity of published studies and methods for reporting outcomes, it appears that the development of an optimal nerve imaging agent remains challenging.