gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human CD38 is an authentic NAD(P)+ glycohydrolase (1998)

The leucoyte surface antigen CD38 has been shown to be an ecto-enzyme with multiple catalytic activities. It is principally a NAD+ glycohydrolase that transforms NAD+ into ADP-ribose and nicotinamide. CD38 is also able to produce small amounts of cyclic ADP-ribose (ADP-ribosyl cyclase activity) and to hydrolyse this cyclic metabolite into ADP-ribose (cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase activity). To classify CD38 among the enzymes that transfer the ADP-ribosyl moiety of NAD+ to a variety of acceptors, we have investigated its substrate specificity and some characteristics of its kinetic and molecular mechanisms. We find that CD38-catalysed cleavage of the nicotinamide-ribose bond results in the formation of an E.ADP-ribosyl intermediary complex, which is common to all reaction pathways; this intermediate reacts (1) with acceptors such as water (hydrolysis), methanol (methanolysis) or pyridine (transglycosidation), and (2) intramolecularly, yielding cyclic ADP-ribose with a low efficiency. This reaction scheme is also followed when using nicotinamide guanine dinucleotide as an alternative substrate; in this case, however, the cyclization process is highly favoured. The results obtained here are not compatible with the prevailing model for the mode of action of CD38, according to which this enzyme produces first cyclic ADP-ribose which is then immediately hydrolysed into ADP-ribose (i.e. sequential ADP-ribosyl cyclase and cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase activities). We show instead that the cyclic metabolite was a reaction product of CD38 rather than an obligatory reaction intermediate during the glycohydrolase activity. Altogether our results lead to the conclusion that CD38 is an authentic 'classical' NAD(P)+ glycohydrolase (EC 3.2.2.6).
Lip prints as evidence (2011)

The United Nation Journal declares that every human has a right to independent identity and its importance cannot be overemphasized anywhere else than in the court of law. Finger prints have long been used for identification; similarly, even the lip print is unique of an individual and hence beholds the potential for identification purpose. In India lipstick is used by females of all socioeconomic status, thus, lip prints can be used to verify the presence or absence of a person at the scene of crime by these prints on the accused or his clothes. The wrinkles and grooves on labial mucosa called as sulci-labiorum form a characteristic pattern called lip-prints and the study of which is referred to as chieloscopy. The study group comprised of 25 females and 25 males. The materials used were lipstick, bond paper and a magnifying lens. Present study shows that lip-prints are unique to an individual and behold the potential for identification of accused especially in sexual offences like rape.
Frequent Detection of Respiratory Viruses without Symptoms: Toward Defining Clinically Relevant Cutoff Values (2011)

Highly sensitive techniques, such as PCR, have greatly improved the detection of respiratory viruses. However, the sensitivity of PCR tests also complicates clinical interpretation, as the presence of small amounts of viral targets may not necessarily have clinical relevance. We performed a prospective case-control study in asymptomatic and symptomatic young children. PCR detection of 14 respiratory viruses was performed in nasal washes, and results were quantified in copies per milliliter. A total of 141 cases and 157 controls were included. In 72% of the cases and 28% of the controls, at least one virus was identified. When stratified for age, at least one virus was identified in 47% of the controls younger than 1 year old. Rhinovirus (RV) was frequently detected in both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Receiver operating characteristic analysis for quantitative rhinovirus detection showed that cutoff values for clinical relevance are feasible for RV. In contrast to rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was rarely detected in controls, suggesting that a positive RSV test result is almost always of clinical relevance, independent of viral quantity. In conclusion, our study shows that asymptomatic carriage of a respiratory virus occurs frequently in young children. However, significant differences in the amount of virus present were observed between cases and controls. This suggests that defining cutoff levels should be feasible and represents the next necessary step for diagnosing viral respiratory infections using molecular tests.
Organoboron Compounds. II. The Reducing Action of Some Organoboronic Acids1 (1938)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrganoboron Compounds. II. The Reducing Action of Some Organoboronic Acids1John R. Johnson, M. G. Van Campen Jr., and Oliver GrummittCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1938, 60, 1, 111–115Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1938Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1938https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01268a034https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01268a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views912Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Characterization of Two Genes Encoding Ferritin‐Like Protein in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (2001)

Two genes encoding ferritin-like protein, designated afnA and afnB, were identified in the upstream region of actX on the Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans chromosomal DNA. The actX has been reported to be a regulatory gene homologous to the Escherichia coli fnr, which controls the growth and virulence of A. actinomycetemcomitans under anaerobic conditions. The afnB located 340 bp-upstream from the actX, and the afnA located just 15 bp-upstream from afnB. The afnA and afnB encoded 161 and 165 amino acid residues, respectively, which were similar to ferritin-like proteins of other microorganisms. Western immunoblotting using rabbit antiserum against E. coli ferritin showed these two proteins, which are reactive with the serum with 19-kDa molecular masses, are produced from A. actinomycetemcomitans. The N-terminal amino acid sequences of the two proteins were consequent with those deduced from afnA and afnB. Northern hybridization revealed that the afnA and afnB constituted a bicistronic operon and the accumulation of afnA and afnB mRNA was upregulated under aerobic conditions. These findings suggested that the operon was regulated by the presence of oxygen. The two ferritin-like proteins may have important roles in the adaptation of A. actinomycetemcomitans to oxidative environmental changes.
Emulsion copolymerization of butyl acrylate with cationic monomer using interfacial redox initiator system (2001)

Abstract The polymerization kinetics of butyl acrylate/[2‐(methacryloyoxy)ethyl]trimethyl ammonium chloride (BA/MAETAC) macroemulsion and miniemulsion copolymerizations was investigated with cumene hydroperoxide/tetraethylenepentamine as a redox initiator system. The postulate of an interfacial copolymerization with the two‐component redox initiator system (one hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic) was confirmed. Adding MAETAC had a complex effect on the polymerization kinetics of BA. The influence was ascribed to variations in the nucleation mechanism, which were dependent on the level of MAETAC, and the polymerization method (macroemulsion vs miniemulsion). It was proposed that at the beginning of a macroemulsion copolymerization with high MAETAC composition the micellar copolymerization occurred, which controlled the nucleation process. The hydration properties of the latex were used to characterize the copolymer composition. The composition of the copolymer from the interfacial polymerization was very heterogeneous. The copolymer composition was lower in BA when there was an increase in BA conversion or the particle size. Adding salt increased the MAETAC content and decreased the BA content in the copolymer. © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2696–2709, 2001
Zwitterionic capsular polysaccharides: the new MHCII-dependent antigens (2005)

The immune system has evolved the ability for T cells to recognize nearly any biological polymer, including peptides, protein superantigens, and glycolipids through presentation by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins such as MHC class I (MHCI), MHC class II (MHCII), and CD1. A recent and unexpected addition to this list is the zwitterionic capsular polysaccharide (ZPS). These bacterial molecules utilize MHCII presentation to activate T cells via recognition by alphabeta T cell receptor (alphabetaTCR) proteins. In this review, we explore what is currently known about ZPS processing and presentation within antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and the immune response that follows.
Studies on Regeneration of Heterotopic Splenic Autotransplants (1973)

Abstract Fragments of spleen autotransplanted to subcutaneous tissue of the abdomen in the rat undergo almost complete necrosis and then regenerate into splenic tissue with a microscopic structure indistinguishable from the structure of the original organ. The regenerative process reminiscent of the spleen’s embryogenesis, originates from a shell of surviving splenic tissue at the surface of the implant. The regenerative zone first consists of almost monotonous connective tissue cells interspersed with red blood cells; it develops into splenic red pulp consisting of sinuses and intersinal cords. As capillaries develop, the structure of small arteries and peri-arterial lymphatic sheaths appear, and soon the structure of splenic white pulp becomes evident. Some 5 wk after autotransplantation, the splenic reconstruction is complete. The weight of the recovered tissue is a linear function of the weight of the implanted tissue; yet the linearity is lost when the weight of the implanted tissue exceeds 100 mg.
Head up and head mounted display performance improvements through advanced techniques in the manipulation of light (2009)

Since their introduction a number of years ago, head up and helmet mounted displays have undergone continuous and intensive development in aerospace applications. To date, the designs have been performed using geometric optic design techniques and have progressed to the point where very little further improvement in their characteristics is possible. This paper describes a display realised by the use of new optical design techniques based on wave-guiding principles that have enabled substantial further significant improvements to be made. These improvements are not only in respect of size, weight and volume for a given optical performance, but also in the optical characteristics that currently limit the usability of such displays in many applications. Displays that have been realised and tested through these methods are described and their performance in laboratory and flight trials discussed, together with considerations for further progress in their development.
Aggrecanase and Aggrecan Degradation in Osteoarthritis: A Review (2008)

Aggrecanase-mediated aggrecan degradation is a significant event in early-stage osteoarthritis (OA). Aggrecanases belonging to the 'A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin motifs' (ADAMTS) family of proteinases play a significant role in aggrecan depletion in osteoarthritic cartilage. There has been considerable interest in the possible role of these aggrecanases, especially ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5, as therapeutic targets in OA. This article discusses recent data regarding ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5 in OA, with emphasis on the relationship between aggrecanase and aggrecan degradation as well as the role of aggrecanase in OA.
BEAT® the bispecific challenge: a novel and efficient platform for the expression of bispecific IgGs (2013)

Background The binding of two biological targets with a single IgGbased molecule is thought to be beneficial for clinical efficacy. However the technological challenges for the development of a bispecific platform are numerous. While correct pairing of heterologous heavy and light chains (Hc and Lc) can be achieved by engineering native IgG scaffolds, crucial properties such as thermostability, effector function and low immunogenicity should be maintained [1]. The molecule has to be expressed at industrially relevant levels with a minimum fraction of contaminants and a scalable purification approach is needed to isolate the product from potentially complex mixtures. This article introduces a novel bispecific platform based on the proprietary BEAT technology (Bispecific Engagement by Antibodies based on the T cell receptor) developed by Glenmark.
Clustering of modified nucleotides at the functional center of bacterial ribosomal RNA. (1993)

An aryl trifluoromethyl diazirine photoreactive derivative was attached to the 2-thiocytidine residue at position 32 of tRNA(IArg) and this derivatized tRNA was bound to Escherichia coli 70S ribosomes. After irradiation at 350 nm the site of cross-linking to the 16S RNA was analyzed by our standard procedures and found to lie within the secondary structural element comprising bases 956-983; this region contains two modified nucleotides at positions 966 and 967. Similarly, an aryl azido photoreactive derivative was attached to the phenylalanine residue of Phe-tRNA(Phe), and the derivatized aminoacyl tRNA was bound to the ribosome either at the A- or the P-site. In both cases, after irradiation at 250 nm, the cross-link site was localized to position 2439 of the 23S RNA; in the secondary structure of the latter the neighboring nucleotide 2442 is base-paired to a modified nucleotide at position 2069. Taken together with other cross-linking data, these results now directly implicate a total of 27 out of the 29 modified nucleotides in E. coli 16S and 23S RNA as lying within or close to the functional center of the ribosome.
MRI reconstruction using real-time motion tracking: A simulation study (2008)

Previous efforts to compensate for patient motion in MRI invariably assume that the patient is motionless for some part of the scan. In this paper, we propose the use of motion-tracking data to enable motion-correction during the entire scan, including the acquisition stage. Using a simulated MRI scanner, we compare the different ways to use the motion-tracking data (both retrospectively and prospectively) and compare the reconstruction results to motion compensation using navigator echoes. The results show that full motion compensation can reduce motion artifacts that navigator methods miss.
Complex regional pain syndrome with special emphasis on the knee (2007)

Complex regional pain syndrome is characterised by an exaggerated response to injury in a limb with intense prolonged pain, vasomotor disturbance, delayed functional recovery and trophic changes. This review describes the current knowledge of the condition and outlines the methods of treatment available with particular emphasis on the knee.
Epothilones and their analogues - a new class of promising microtubule inhibitors (2001)

Epothilones A and B are naturally occurring microtubule depolymerisation inhibitors, which inhibit the growth of human cancer cells in vitro at nanomolar or even sub-nanomolar concentrations. In contrast to paclitaxel (Taxol®, Bristol-Myers Squibb) epothilones are also active against multi-drug resistant cancer cell lines and epothilone B exhibits potent in vivo antitumour activity against multidrug-resistant tumours. In addition, epothilones A and B have been shown to be active in vitro against cell lines whose paclitaxel-resistance is derived from specific tubulin mutations. Their attractive preclinical profile has made epothilones important lead structures in the search for improved cytotoxic anticancer drugs and hundreds of analogues and derivatives of epothilones have been prepared and biologically characterised over the past four years. While chemical modifications have been reported for almost every position of the epothilone structural framework, the major focus has been on modifications of the epoxide moiety at C-12/C-13, the C-6- position, the ester linkage and the unsaturated heterocyclic side-chain. Several of the compounds thus produced exhibit low nM IC50 values for the inhibition of human cancer cell proliferation and may represent potential development candidates. Currently, two compounds, natural epothilone B and BMS247550, the lactam analogue of epothilone B, are undergoing clinical trials. An additional analogue, epothilone D, also known as deoxyepothilone B, appears to be in late stage preclinical development and may enter clinical trials in the near future.
Copper-Catalyzed Coupling of Alkylamines and Aryl Iodides:  An Efficient System Even in an Air Atmosphere (2002)

[reaction: see text] A mild method for the copper-catalyzed amination of aryl iodides is reported. This operationally simple C-N bond-forming protocol uses CuI as the catalyst and ethylene glycol as ligand in 2-propanol. A variety of functionalized aryl iodides as well as several amines were efficiently coupled using this method. This catalytic amination procedure is relatively insensitive to moisture and can be performed under an air atmosphere with comparable yield. Preliminary results on the amination of aryl bromides are also described.
Design and development of an Air Supply Unit for Circulation Control Wing-based UAVs (2015)

The main contribution of this paper is the design, development and evaluation of a light-weight Air Supply Unit (ASU) and its associated speed controller, suitable for use in Circulation Control Wings (CCW) of small-scale Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). An iterative process, presented here, is used to optimize the design of the centrifugal compressor for the ASU through extensive simulation. The implemented speed controller provides the necessary mass flow rate on-demand by maintaining a fixed velocity ratio (V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">jet</inf> =V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∞</inf> ) thereby reducing the power penalties associated with operating the ASU continuously. The ASU/controller system is evaluated by integrating with a CCW plenum design capable of distributing air evenly across the span and measuring the V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">jet</inf> at the slot exit in a laboratory environment. Results obtained demonstrate a close match between experimental tests and simulation in all cases considered. In particular, the velocity at the slot (V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">jet</inf> ) is measured to be 24.5 m/s, which provides sufficient velocity to accomplish Circulation Control during both take off and cruise flight for the purposes of this research.
One-volt silicon photonic crystal nanocavity modulator with indium oxide gate (2018)

The ever-increasing global network traffic requires a high level of seamless integration between optical interconnect systems and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) circuits. Therefore, it brings stringent requirements for future electro-optic (E-O) modulators, which should be ultracompact, energy efficient, high bandwidth, and in the meanwhile, able to be directly driven by the state-of-the-art CMOS circuits. In this Letter, we report a low-voltage silicon photonic crystal nanocavity modulator using an optimized metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor consisting of an In<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/HfO<sub>2</sub>/p-Si stacked nanostructure. The strong light-matter interaction from the accumulated free carriers with the nanocavity resonant mode results in holistic improvement in device performance, including a high tuning efficiency of 250 pm/V and an average modulation strength of 4 dB/V with a moderate Q factor of ∼3700 and insertion loss of ∼6 dB using an ultrashort electrode length of only 350 nm. With 1 V driving voltage over a capacitive loading of only 13 fF, the silicon photonic nanocavity modulator can achieve more than 3 dB extinction ratio with energy consumption of only 3 fJ/bit. Such a low-voltage, low-capacitance silicon nanocavity modulator provides the feasibility to be directly driven by a CMOS logic gate for single-chip integration.
Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers:  A New Class of High Capacity Chelating Agents for Cu(II) Ions (1999)

This communication describes preliminary results of an experimental investigation of the binding of Cu(II) ions to poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers in aqueous solutions. Dendrimers are highly branched polymers with controlled composition and architecture consisting of three structural components: a core, interior branch cells, and terminal branch cells. PAMAM dendrimers possess functional nitrogen and amide groups arranged in regular “branched upon branched” patterns which are displayed in geometrically progressive numbers as a function of generation level. Terminal groups of PAMAM dendrimers may be any organic substituent such as primary amines, carboxylic groups, etc. In aqueous solutions, PAMAM dendrimers can serve as high capacity nanoscale containers for toxic metal ions such as Cu(II). Compared to traditional chelating agents (e.g., triethylene tetramine) and macrocyles (e.g., cyclams) with nitrogen donors, which can typically bind only one Cu(II) ion per molecule, a generation eight (G8) PAMAM dendrimer can bind up 153 ± 20 Cu(II) ions per molecule. This clearly illustrates a distinct advantage of dendrimers over traditional chelating agents and macrocycles; that is the covalent attachment of nitrogen ligands to conformationally flexible PAMAM chains enclosed within a nanoscopic structure results in a substantial increase in binding capacity.
Mucoactive drugs (2010)

Mucus hypersecretion is a clinical feature of severe respiratory diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Airway mucosal infection and/or inflammation associated with these diseases often gives rise to inflammatory products, including neutrophil-derived DNA and filamentous actin, in addition to bacteria, apoptotic cells and cellular debris, that may collectively increase mucus production and viscosity. Mucoactive agents have been the medication of choice for the treatment of respiratory diseases in which mucus hypersecretion is a clinical complication. The main purpose of mucoactive drugs is to increase the ability to expectorate sputum and/or decrease mucus hypersecretion. Many mucoactive drugs are currently available and can be classified according to their putative mechanism of action. Mucoactive medications include expectorants, mucoregulators, mucolytics and mucokinetics. By developing our understanding of the specific effects of mucoactive agents, we may result in improved therapeutic use of these drugs. The present review provides a summary of the most clinically relevant mucoactive drugs in addition to their potential mechanism of action.