gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bioengineering Organs Using Small Intestinal Submucosa Scaffolds: In Vivo Tissue-Engineering Technology (2000)

Tissue engineering is a promising field of research that has the potential to revolutionize urinary bladder reconstruction. Currently, two techniques for the induction of bladder regeneration are being researched. The first, the in vivo technique, involves the use of a biodegradable scaffold that the host bladder can use to remodel and regenerate. This technique takes advantage of the cell's natural ability to heal or regenerate itself back to a normal state. The second technology, the in vitro technique, involves establishment of primary cell cultures from the host's native bladder. These cells are seeded on a biodegradable scaffold to create a composite graft that is then transplanted back into the host for continuation of the regeneration process. Clearly, both techniques have advantages and disadvantages, and both will have some role in future urinary reconstruction. To date, the most successful results utilizing in vivo techniques have been with small intestinal submucosa (SIS). In this article, we discuss in vivo tissue engineering technology and the preclinical studies that have been performed utilizing SIS for urinary tract regeneration.
Adrenergic regulation of cardiac myocyte apoptosis (2001)

The direct effects of catecholamines on cardiac myocytes may contribute to both normal physiologic adaptation and pathologic remodeling, and may be associated with cellular hypertrophy, apoptosis, and alterations in contractile function. Norepinephrine (NE) signals via alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors (AR) that are coupled to G-proteins. Pharmacologic studies of cardiac myocytes in vitro demonstrate that stimulation of beta1-AR induces apoptosis which is cAMP-dependent and involves the voltage-dependent calcium influx channel. In contrast, stimulation of beta2-AR exerts an anti-apoptotic effect which appears to be mediated by a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein. Stimulation of alpha1-AR causes myocyte hypertrophy and may exert an anti-apoptotic action. In transgenic mice, myocardial overexpression of either beta1-AR or G(alpha)s is associated with myocyte apoptosis and the development of dilated cardiomyopathy. Myocardial overexpression of beta2-AR at low levels results in improved cardiac function, whereas expression at high levels leads to dilated cardiomyopathy. Overexpression of wildtype alpha1B-AR does not result in apoptosis, whereas overexpression of G(alpha)q results in myocyte hypertrophy and/or apoptosis depending on the level of expression. Differential activation of the members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily and production of reactive oxygen species appear to play a key role in mediating the actions of adrenergic pathways on myocyte apoptosis and hypertrophy. This review summarizes current knowledge about the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of cardiac myocyte apoptosis via stimulation of adrenergic receptors and their coupled effector pathways.
Antibodies to the Central Conserved Region of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) G Protein Block RSV G Protein CX3C-CX3CR1 Binding and Cross-Neutralize RSV A and B Strains (2012)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a primary cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants, young children, and the elderly worldwide, and despite decades of effort, there remains no safe and effective vaccine. RSV modifies the host immune response during infection by CX3C chemokine mimicry adversely affecting pulmonary leukocyte chemotaxis and CX3CR1+ RSV-specific T-cell responses. In this study we investigated whether immunization of mice with RSV G protein polypeptides from strain A2 could induce antibodies that block G protein-CX3CR1 interactions of both RSV A and B strains. The results show that mice immunized with RSV A2 G polypeptides generate antibodies that block binding of RSV A2 and B1 native G proteins to CX3CR1, and that these antibodies effectively cross-neutralize both A and B strains of RSV. These findings suggest that vaccines that induce RSV G protein-CX3CR1 blocking antibodies may provide a disease intervention strategy in the efforts to develop safe and efficacious RSV vaccines.
Phase retrieval with the transport-of-intensity equation: matrix solution with use of Zernike polynomials (1995)

A new technique is proposed for the recovery of optical phase from intensity information. The method is based on the decomposition of the transport-of-intensity equation into a series of Zernike polynomials. An explicit matrix formula is derived, expressing the Zernike coefficients of the phase as functions of the Zernike coefficients of the wave-front curvature inside the aperture and the Fourier coefficients of the wave-front boundary slopes. Analytical expressions are given, as well as a numerical example of the corresponding phase retrieval matrix. This work lays the basis for an effective algorithm for fast and accurate phase retrieval.
The Interleukin-2 Receptor γ Chain: Its Role in the Multiple Cytokine Receptor Complexes and T Cell Development in XSCID (1996)

Interleukin 2 (IL-2), a T cell-derived cytokine, targets a variety of cells to induce their growth, differentiation, and functional activation. IL-2 inserts signals into the cells through IL-2 receptors expressed on cell surfaces to induce such actions. In humans, the functional IL-2 receptor consists of the subunit complexes of the alpha, beta and gamma chains, or the beta and gamma chains. The third component, the gamma chain, of IL-2 receptor plays a pivotal role in formation of the full-fledged IL-2 receptor, together with the beta chain, the gamma chain participates in increasing the IL-2 binding affinity and intracellular signal transduction. Moreover, the cytokine receptors for at least IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 utilize the same gamma chain as an essential subunit. Interestingly, mutations of the gamma chain gene cause human X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) characterized by a complete or profound T cell defect. Among the cytokines sharing the gamma chain, at least IL-7 is essentially involved in early T cell development in the mouse organ culture system. The molecular identification of the gamma chain brought a grasp of the structures and functions of the cytokine receptor and an in-depth understanding of the cause of human XSCID. To investigate the mechanism of XSCID and development of gene therapy for XSCID, knockout mice for the gamma chain gene were produced that showed similar but not exactly the same phenotypes as human XSCID.
Optimizing Recombinant Protein Expression in Soybean (2011)

The production of biopharmaceuticals represents the fastest growing segment in the pharmaceutical industry. Currently, the majority of biopharmaceuticals are produced in recombinant microbe expression systems. However, microbes have certain limitations in the classes of proteins that can be economically produced, and in the post-translational processing that can be achieved. To solve this problem, insect and mammalian cell cultures have also been utilized for eukaryotic protein production (Lubiniecki and Lupker, 1994; Kost and Condreay, 1999). However, a significant problem with these systems, in particular cell cultures, is that production costs are prohibitively high for many proteins. Therefore, an increased demand for biopharmaceuticals will require improved and cost effective manufacturing practices as well as practical transportation and delivery methods for a global community. Over the past two decades, there has been substantial research on the expression of heterologous proteins in plants as a means to produce biopharmaceuticals that can meet current and future global needs. Several excellent review articles describe these recent advances (Streatfield 2007; Karg and Kallio 2009; Franconi et al., 2010). While numerous plant systems have been shown to support expression of heterologous proteins, we believe that soybean is perhaps the most practical of these systems. Soybean is often overlooked as an expression system in part due to a technically challenging, lengthy, and costly transformation process. However, there is enormous potential for the use of transgenic soybean as a factory for the economic production of pharmaceutical proteins. The soybean system has distinct advantages which offer a practical alternative to existing expression systems. First, while soybeans are traditionally thought of as high oil seeds, they are also high protein seeds. Soybeans contain nearly 40% protein by dry mass, and represent one of the richest natural sources of protein known. Given this high protein content, it is therefore possible to express in excess of a milligram of transgenic protein in a single soybean seed. There are few, if any, host systems (plant or non-plant) that can produce such levels of foreign protein based on weight. Second, soybean is a relatively easy and inexpensive plant to grow. Therefore, the production of biopharmaceuticals in soybeans is extremely cost-effective. For example, given the high protein content of seeds and a foreign protein expression level of 1%-4% of total soluble protein (TSP), large greenhouses could produce millions of doses of a vaccine for pennies per dose. Also contributing to the low cost of heterologous protein expression in soy are the well-known and established procedures for processing soybeans
Development of PDMS-based Microfluidic Device for Cell-based Assays (2004)

In a single step photolithography, muhi-level microfluidic device is fabricated by printing novel architectures on a film photomasks. The whole fabrication process is executed by classical PCB technology without the need to access clean room facilities. Different levels of protruding features on PCB master are produced by exposing a photomask with specifically arranged windows and rims architectures, followed by chemical wet etching. Poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS) is then molded against the positive relief master to generate microfluidic device featured with multi-level sandbag structure and peripheral microchannels. This sandbag structure is an analog to traditional dam or weir for particle entrapment. The microstructure does not collapse when subjected to applied pressure, which is suitable for operation on elastic PDMS substrate.Typical immunocytochemcial staining assays were performed in the microdevice to demonstrate the applicability of the sandbag structure for cellular analysis. This simplified microfabrication process employs low-cost materials and minimal specialized equipment and can reproducibly produce mask lines with about 20 μm in width, which is sufficient for most microfluidic applications.
Estimation of the diversity performance of several two-antenna systems in different propagation environments (2007)

In this paper, we propose the computation of the envelope correlation (rho <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</sub> ), the diversity system gain (DSG) and the mean effective gain (MEG) of two-antenna systems (with and without the neutralization technique) in indoor and outdoor environments from the simulated radiation patterns. The analysis of the results demonstrates the overall improvement brought back by the neutralization technique.
THE RELATION OF BLOOD PLATELETS TO HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE (1910)

It is my purpose in this paper to report three cases and experiments which furnish additional evidence to show that the blood platelets play a part in stopping hemorrhage, and that one type of hemorrhagic disease may be attributed to an extreme reduction in the number of platelets. The cases possibly explain the relief which sometimes follows transfusion in hemorrhagic disease. It is my purpose also to describe a method for studying hemorrhage called the bleeding time, and to describe briefly a simple method for determining the coagulation time. In the cases there was marked hemorrhagic diathesis, a normal coagulation time, and almost an absence of platelets. Transfusion was performed in each case. After transfusion there was a marked increase in the number of platelets and remarkable relief of hemorrhage. When the platelet counts returned to their previous low level, hemorrhages returned. Later in the course of the disease in
Substance P signaling contributes to the vascular and nociceptive abnormalities observed in a tibial fracture rat model of complex regional pain syndrome type I (2004)

Wrist and ankle fractures are the most frequent causes of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS type I). The current study examined the temporal development of vascular, nociceptive and bony changes after distal tibial fracture in rats and compared these changes to those observed after cast immobilization in intact normal rats. After baseline testing the right distal tibial was fractured and the hindlimb casted. A control group was simply casted without fracturing the tibia. After 4 weeks the casts were removed and the rats retested. Subsequent testing was performed at 6, 8, 10, 16, and 20 weeks after onset of treatment. Distal tibial fracture or cast immobilization alone generated chronic hindlimb warmth, edema, spontaneous protein extravasation, allodynia, and periarticular osteoporosis, changes resembling those observed in CRPS. Hindlimb warmth and allodynia resolved much more quickly after cast immobilization than after fracture. Previously we observed that the substance P receptor (NK(1)) antagonist LY303870 reversed vascular and nociceptive changes in a sciatic section rat model of CRPS type II. Postulating that facilitated substance P signaling may also contribute to the vascular and nociceptive abnormalities observed after tibial fracture or cast immobilization, we attempted to reverse these changes with LY303870. Hindpaw warmth, spontaneous extravasation, edema, and allodynia were inhibited by LY303870. Collectively, these data support the hypotheses that the distal tibial fracture model simulates CRPS, immobilization alone can generate a syndrome resembling CRPS, and substance P signaling contributes to the vascular and nociceptive changes observed in these models.
Addition of Pentoxifylline Could Reduce the Side Effects of Fumaric Acid Esters in the Treatment of Psoriasis (2001)

Sir, then gradually decreased to normal levels as the disease activity decreased. We report on a possible association between epidermolysis This appears to be the ® rst reported case of EBA in which bullosa acquisita (EBA) and elevated levels of circulating IgE. IgE has been evaluated. Although the potential pathophysioA 23-year-old man with a 3-month history of intensely itchy logical relevance of our ® ndings is not clear as yet, we suggest blisters ful® lled the diagnostic criteria for EBA (subepidermal that it may be useful to evaluate total immunoglobulin levels blisters, linear IgG deposits in basement membrane zone, in new patients with EBA and possibly also in other blistering circulating IgG antibodies to dermal part of the basement diseases (3, 4). membranezone in split skin test, circulatingantibodies reacting with a 290 kD component in dermal extracts by immunoblotting) (1, 2). The patient was successfully treated with a REFERENCES combination of betamethasone and dapsone. After 10 months 1. Woodley DT, Briggaman RA, O’Keefe EJ, Inman AO, Queen LL, of treatment, direct immuno uorescence had become negative, Gammon WR. Identi® cation of the skin basement-membrane and circulating antibodies to basement membrane zone comautoantigen in epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. N Engl J Med 1984; ponents could no longer be detected. Treatment was discon310: 1007± 1013. tinued after 15 months, and the patient has been in remission 2. Shimizu H, McDonald JN, Gunner DB, Black MM, Bhogal B, Leigh IM, et al. Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita antigen and the during the 2 months that have elapsed since the treatment carboxy terminus of type VII collagen have a common immunowas stopped. localization to anchoring ® brils and lamina densa of basement Interestingly, the patient had elevated serum levels of IgE membrane. Br J Dermatol 1990; 122: 577± 585. (3,480 IU/ml vs. normally <250IU/ml) at the ® rst visit. 3. Maekawa N, Hosokawa H, Soh H, Kasahara M, Izumi H, Radio-allergosorbent tests showed polyclonal IgE against a Yodoi J, et al. Serum levels of soluble CD23 in patients with wide variety of common environmental allergens such as dustbullous pemphigoid. J Dermatol 1995; 22: 310± 315. and house mites, and Candida albicans. The serum IgE levels 4. Soh H, Hosokawa H, Asada Y. IgE and its related phenomena in bullous pemphigoid. Br J Dermatol 1993; 128: 371± 377. remained high as long as the patient had skin symptoms, but
Extracellular Matrix Assembly (1988)

Fibronectin remains unique among matrix components because it exists in both soluble and matrix forms. It seems likely that the necessity to prevent inappropriate matrix assembly from soluble fibronectin results in a strict requirement for catalysis by specific cells to deposit fibronectin fibrils. Moreover, many cell types possess adhesive receptors for fibronectin (Buck & Horwitz 1987), but only certain mesenchymal cells appear capable of depositing organized matrices. These professional matrix-organizing cells somehow interact with the aminoterminus of fibronectin and construct fibrils, preventing diffusion of fibronectin away from sites of synthesis and forming an extracellular matrix with a very high concentration of fibronectin. The resulting matrix should facilitate the attachment and migration of macrophages and neural crest cells that possess adhesive receptors but lack matrix-forming ability. Thus, it is possible that this system of dual cell interactive cells evolved in order to allow careful modulation of cell interactions with fibronectin leading primarily to synthesis and deposition (fibroblasts), or to cell recognition (neural crest, macrophages). Elucidation of the cell surface molecules interacting with fibronectin's aminoterminus is a critical first step in further understanding this adhesive and matrix assembly system.
Infliximab treatment maintains employability in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (2006)

The actual employment rates among patients in the 2 treatment groups were not different. However, patients with early RA who were treated with MTX plus infliximab had a higher probability of maintaining their employability compared with those who were treated with MTX alone.
Structure and Lithium-Ion Dynamics in Fluoride-Doped Cubic Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) Garnet for Li Solid-State Battery Applications (2018)

The lithium-stuffed garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO), when suitably doped, is a promising candidate material for use as a solid-state electrolyte within advanced Li-ion batteries. It possesses the thermal and mechanical stability of many inorganic ceramics, while exhibiting high Li+ ionic conductivities often associated with conventional liquid electrolytes, making it an ideal component for large-scale energy storage. However, only the high-temperature cubic phase has any meaningful Li-ion conductivity. Typically the formation of this phase is achieved through cation doping (e.g., Al3+ on the Li site) to lower the Li content and so disrupt Li ordering. However, Li-site doping, in particular, may potentially lead to some disruption of the Li-ion conduction pathways and suboptimal ionic conductivities. Consequently, other novel doping strategies involving the anion site are gaining traction, for example, F– for O2– as an alternative strategy to lower the Li content without directly blocking the lithium-diffusion pathways. For the first time, classical potential-based simulations have been employed to simulate the incorporation of fluoride anions into LLZO. Low incorporation energies have been calculated, suggesting fluoride anions are stable on the oxygen sites with a compensating lithium-ion vacancy defect. Molecular dynamics calculations suggest a definitive phase transition to the more desirable cubic phase of LLZO when doped with fluoride at temperature significantly lower than that for the tetragonal–cubic phase transition found for pure LLZO. Remarkably, the lithium-ion transport properties are shown to improve in the fluoride-doped samples particularly at low temperatures due to the stabilization of the cubic phase, suggesting anion doping of garnet systems may be a compelling alternative route to optimize the ionic conductivity.
B cell abnormalities induced by a mu Ig transgene extend to L chain isotype usage (1991)

We have analyzed the phenotype of B cell populations from mice transgenic for a rearranged Ig mu H chain gene. We find a decrease in the number of B cells in the spleens of these mice. Transgenic B cells have decreased surface levels of both IgM and IgD. The circulating IgM in these mice is 3- to 10-fold enriched in lambda L chains, compared with that in non-transgenic mice. Analysis of IgM-producing hybridomas, from transgenic mice that express the transgene at high levels, demonstrates that this higher lambda frequency is observed in transgene-nonexpressing as well as transgene-expressing hybridomas. A partial loss of L chain isotype exclusion is also noted in these hybridomas, and a significant proportion of primary B cells expressing both kappa and lambda L chains on their surface can be demonstrated. These findings suggest an ability of the transgenic Ig H chain to affect events in B cell ontogeny beyond the H chain locus. Our results support a quantitative model of exclusion for both the H chain alleles and the L chain isotypes.
Light-armor program. Fifth progress report (1971)

Techniques are given for the fabrication of new lightweight armor materials that provide a 15% weight savings over the best available lightweight armor. The effect of ceramic microstructure on ballistic limits is discussed. Direction is given for the synthesis of an avant garde material for applications other than lightweight armor. Information is given for scaling .30-cal data to different ballistic threats. 51 figures, 11 tables.
Exploiting hardware advances for software testing and debugging (NIER track) (2011)

Despite the emerging ubiquity of hardware monitoring mechanisms and prior research work in other fields, the applicability and usefulness of hardware monitoring mechanisms have not been fully scrutinized for software engineering.
Protection from chemotherapy-induced alopecia by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. (1992)

We have previously reported that several biological agents, when given simultaneously with cytosine arabinoside or cytoxan, will protect from cytosine arabinoside-induced but not from cytoxan-induced alopecia. In the present study we used the secosteroid 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in a different timing schedule to protect from chemotherapy-induced alopecia. In three separate experiments, 0.2 microgram of topical, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 protected rats from alopecia induced by etoposide, cytoxan, and an Adriamycin-cytoxan combination. In another experiment, 0.1 microgram protected rats from etoposide-induced alopecia at the site of application. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 may offer a new and exciting approach to the prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia.