gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Biological Response of Size-Specific, Monodisperse Drug–Silica Nanoconjugates (2012)

Drug-containing nanoparticles (NPs) with monodisperse, controlled particle sizes are highly desirable for drug delivery. Accumulating evidence suggests that NPs with sizes less than 50 nm demonstrate superior performance in vitro and in vivo. However, it is difficult to fabricate monodisperse, drug-containing NPs with discrete sizes required for studying and characterizing existing relationships among particle size, biologic processing, and therapeutic functionality. Here, we report a scalable process of fabricating drug-silica conjugated nanoparticles, termed drug-silica nanoconjugates (drug-NCs), which possess monodisperse size distributions and desirable particle sizes as small as 20 nm. We find that 20 nm NCs are superior to their 50 and 200 nm NC analogues by 2-5- and 10-20-fold, respectively, with regard to tumor accumulation and penetration and cellular internalization. These fundamental findings underscore the importance and necessity of further miniaturizing nanomedicine size for optimized drug delivery applications.
Diversity in the Sir2 family of protein deacetylases (2004)

The silent information regulator (Sir2) family of protein deacetylases (Sirtuins) are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)(+)-dependent enzymes that hydrolyze one molecule of NAD(+) for every lysine residue that is deacetylated. The Sirtuins are phylogenetically conserved in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and Archeal species. Prokaryotic and Archeal species usually have one or two Sirtuin homologs, whereas eukaryotes typically have multiple versions. The founding member of this protein family is the Sir2 histone deacetylase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is absolutely required for transcriptional silencing in this organism. Sirtuins in other organisms often have nonhistone substrates and in eukaryotes, are not always localized in the nucleus. The diversity of substrates is reflected in the various biological activities that Sirtuins function, including development, metabolism, apoptosis, and heterochromatin formation. This review emphasizes the great diversity in Sirtuin function and highlights its unusual catalytic properties.
Microbial Transformation of Prochiral 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol into Optically Active 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol (1991)

Journal Article Microbial Transformation of Prochiral 1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol into Optically Active 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol Tetsuji Nakamura, Tetsuji Nakamura Central Research Laboratory, Nit to Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 10–1 Daikoku-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Fujio Yu, Fujio Yu Central Research Laboratory, Nit to Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 10–1 Daikoku-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Wataru Mizunashi, Wataru Mizunashi Central Research Laboratory, Nit to Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 10–1 Daikoku-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Ichiro Watanabe Ichiro Watanabe Central Research Laboratory, Nit to Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 10–1 Daikoku-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 55, Issue 7, 1 July 1991, Pages 1931–1933, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1991.10870882 Published: 01 July 1991 Article history Received: 18 March 1991 Published: 01 July 1991
The ‘microflora hypothesis’ of allergic diseases (2005)

Increasingly, epidemiologic and clinical data support the hypothesis that perturbations in the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota because of antibiotic use and dietary differences in 'industrialized' countries have disrupted the normal microbiota-mediated mechanisms of immunological tolerance in the mucosa, leading to an increase in the incidence of allergic airway disease. The data supporting this 'microflora hypothesis' includes correlations between allergic airway disease and (1) antibiotic use early in life, (2) altered fecal microbiota and (3) dietary changes over the past two decades. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that mice can develop allergic airway responses to allergens if their endogenous microbiota is altered at the time of first allergen exposure. These experimental and clinical observations are consistent with other studies demonstrating that the endogenous microbiota plays a significant role in shaping the development of the immune system. Data are beginning to accumulate that a 'balanced' microbiota plays a positive role in maintaining mucosal immunologic tolerance long after post-natal development. Other studies have demonstrated that even small volumes delivered to the nasopharynx largely end up in the GI tract, suggesting that airway tolerance and oral tolerance may operate simultaneously. The mechanism of microbiota modulation of host immunity is not known; however, host and microbial oxylipins are one potential set of immunomodulatory molecules that may control mucosal tolerance. The cumulative data are beginning to support the notion that probiotic and prebiotic strategies be considered for patients coming off of antibiotic therapy.
Implementing online tools and resources to help nurses apply evidence based care. (2010)

While nurses maybe aware of tools and resources for quality improvement, this does not necessarily mean they are used in practice. An alliance between NHS Quality Improvement Scotland and The Joanna Briggs Institute in Australia has been set up to promote and facilitate the use of online tools and resources to support the development of practice and, ultimately, to enhance care. This article summarises the tools available and discusses the implementation and evaluation of this project.
Seismic data compression methods (1974)

Abstract This paper discusses two ways of compressing seismic data prior to long-distance transmission for display. A Walsh transform technique and an analogous time-domain method eliminate redundant seismic information allowing data sets to be compressed with little visual degradation. The basic approach consists of using an average 3-bit code to describe data in such a way as to minimize information loss; the method also uses the Walsh transform to achieve further compaction through sequency bandlimiting. A second technique is entirely a time-domain operation and does not use transforms. The Walsh method, however, produces larger compression ratios than the time technique before serious image degradation occurs. Both schemes have six basic parts: bandlimiting, quantization, encoding, decoding, interpolation, and band-pass filtering; they differ only in band limiting and interpolation. Band limiting sequencies in the Walsh domain is very similar to, but not the same as, alias filtering and resampling in time. Reducing Walsh bandwidths by some power of two has a time-domain implementation consisting of an averaging procedure with subsequent resampling, while the inverse Walsh transform step can be viewed as a means of interpolating in the time domain.The convergence properties of three Rademacher derived transforms--Hadamard, Paley, and Walsh--are studied with regard to exploration seismic data. Hadamard energy has been found to be uniformly distributed over its entire spectrum, whereas Walsh and Paley transforms concentrate about 80 percent of the total energy into a major lobe occupying about 15 percent of the total bandwidth (2 msec sampling). Smaller minor lobes containing the remaining 20 percent are discarded while bandlimiting. The major lobe energy suffices for many seismic applications such as VA/VD plot displays. Optimum quantization and encoding of major lobe energy results in an overall 28:1 compression factor for 12 bit data sampled every 2 msec. Analogous time domain compression, on the other hand, only achieves a 16:1 reduction because of the power of two restriction imposed by the resampling and averaging process.
Synthesis of Novel Zwitterionic Heterogemini Surfactants Derived from Fatty Acid and Investigation of Their Behavior at the Air-Water Interface (2015)

A series of novel cationic–non-ionic heterogemini surfactants (Cn-1EC-s-Cm where n and m represents the hydrocarbon chain length of fatty acid and aliphatic amine, n=12, 14, 16, 18, m=12, 14, 16) were synthesized from fatty acid, epichlorohydrin and aldciphatic amine. The chemicals tructures of the surfactants were characterized by IR spectra, NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis. Their critical micelle concentrations (CMC) in the aqueous solutions were determined by surface-tension at 25°C.Relationship between γcmc and hydrophobic chain length was established which showed a large increase upon increasing of chain length with ester. The surface-tension measurements ofCn-1EC-s-Cm showed a low CMC, which greatly improve the efficiency in lowering the surface tension. Furthermore, adsorption and micellization behavior of Cn-1EC-s-Cm were investigated by measuring minimum average area per surfactant molecule and standard free energy. Keywords: Zwitterionic, heterogemini, surfactants, fatty acid, cationic, non-ionic.
Principles and Current Strategies for Targeting Autophagy for Cancer Treatment (2011)

Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved, intracellular self-defense mechanism in which organelles and proteins are sequestered into autophagic vesicles that are subsequently degraded through fusion with lysosomes. Cells, thereby, prevent the toxic accumulation of damaged or unnecessary components, but also recycle these components to sustain metabolic homoeostasis. Heightened autophagy is a mechanism of resistance for cancer cells faced with metabolic and therapeutic stress, revealing opportunities for exploitation as a therapeutic target in cancer. We summarize recent developments in the field of autophagy and cancer and build upon the results presented at the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP) Early Drug Development meeting in March 2010. Herein, we describe our current understanding of the core components of the autophagy machinery and the functional relevance of autophagy within the tumor microenvironment, and we outline how this knowledge has informed preclinical investigations combining the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Finally, we describe ongoing clinical trials involving HCQ as a first generation autophagy inhibitor, as well as strategies for the development of novel, more potent, and specific inhibitors of autophagy.
Protective immunization of mice with specific HSV-1 glycoproteins. (1983)

Two herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) antigens of apparent molecular weight 123,000 and 63,000 which are associated with the viral glycoprotein complex have been identified and purified using virus-specific monoclonal antibodies. Mice immunized with either glycoprotein showed marked resistance to challenge with virulent HSV-1. Therefore purified glycoproteins of HSV-1 free of nucleic acid can be used in protective immunization of mice against human herpes simplex type 1.
Electromagnetic conductivity imaging with an iterative Born inversion (1993)

A technique which uses low frequency electromagnetic fields to image the Earth's conductivity structure between two boreholes is developed. The scheme employs the Born approximation to linearize the integral equation formulation, and a regularized least squares method to invert the data for an initial estimate of the conductivity. A second Born approximation is then applied in a iterative manner to achieve better estimates of the structure. Numerical experiments show that this iterative method improves resolution when compared to normal Born inversion due to the fact that coupling between scattering currents is accounted for. The image quality is shown to be dependent on the operating frequency with the optimal frequency corresponding to the peak of a sensitivity function the authors have termed the Born kernel, which is the product of the primary electric field and the Green's function.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Wild-type intracellular bacteria deliver DNA into mammalian cells (2002)

Gene transfer in vitro from intracellular bacteria to mammalian phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells and in vivo in mice has been reported. The bacteria used as DNA delivery vectors were engineered to lyze upon entry in the cell due to impaired cell wall synthesis for Shigella flexneri and invasive Escherichia coli, or production of a phage lysin for Listeria mono- cytogenes. In vivo gene transfer was obtained with attenuated Salmonella typhimurium and resulted in stimulation of mucosal immunity. We report that wild-type intracellular human pathogens, such as L. monocytogenes EGD or LO28 and S. flexneri M90T, mediate efficient in vitro transfer of functional genes into epithelial and macrophage cell lines. A low- efficiency transfer was obtained from strain EGD to mouse peritoneal macrophages. DNA transfer with S. typhimurium was observed only from atten-uated aroA strain SL7207 into COS-1 cell line. As demonstrated by the study of listeriolysin-defective L. monocytogenes or of S. typhimurium SL7207 aroA engineered to secrete listeriolysin, escape of bacteria or of plasmid DNA from the intracytoplasmic vacuole is required for transfer of genetic information to occur.
All-fused-silica miniature optical fiber tip pressure sensor (2006)

An all-fused-silica pressure sensor fabricated directly onto a fiber tip of 125 microm diameter is described. Simple fabrication steps include only cleaving and fusion splicing. Because no chemical processes are involved, the fabrication is easy, safe, and cost effective. Issues in sensor design and loss analysis are discussed. The sensor has been tested for static pressure response, showing a sensitivity of 2.2 nm/psi, a resolution of 0.01 psi (68.9 Pa), a hysteresis of 0.025%, and capability of operation at temperatures up to 600 deegrees C. This miniature sensor may be suitable for medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and other industrial applications.
Photoconductor fatigue. 1. Photochemistry of hydrazone-based hole-transport molecules in organic layered photoconductors: spectroscopic characterization and effect on electrical properties (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotoconductor fatigue. 1. Photochemistry of hydrazone-based hole-transport molecules in organic layered photoconductors: spectroscopic characterization and effect on electrical propertiesJ. Pacansky, R. J. Waltman, R. Grygier, and R. CoxCite this: Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 3, 454–462Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00015a019https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00015a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views89Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Finger User Information Protocol (1990)

This memo describes the Finger user information protocol. This is a simple protocol which provides an interface to a remote user information program.
NCBI BLASTN Stage 1 in Reconfigurable Hardware (2005)

Recent advances in DNA sequencing have resulted in several terabytes of DNA sequences. These sequences themselves are not informative. Biologists usually perform comparative analysis of DNA queries against these large terabyte databases for the purpose of developing hypotheses pertaining to function and relation. This is typically done using software on a general multiprocessor. However, these data sets far exceed the capabilities of the modern processor and performing sequence similarity analysis is increasingly becoming less efficient. There is an urgent need for more efficient ways of querying large DNA sequences for sequence similarities. Here, we describe an FPGA-based hardware solution that implements Stage 1 of NCBI BLASTN, a commonly used sequence analysis application.
Anti-phospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid-binding inhibitor of coagulation: beta 2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H). (1990)

Anti-phospholipid (aPL) antibodies that exhibit binding in cardiolipin (CL) ELISA can be purified to greater than 95% purity by sequential phospholipid affinity and ion-exchange chromatography. However, these highly purified aPL antibodies do not bind to the CL antigen when assayed by a modified CL ELISA in which the blocking agent does not contain bovine serum, nor do they bind to phospholipid affinity columns. Binding to the phospholipid antigen will only occur if normal human plasma, human serum, or bovine serum is present, suggesting that the binding of aPL antibodies to CL requires the presence of a plasma/serum cofactor. Using sequential phospholipid affinity, gel-filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography, we have purified this cofactor to homogeneity and shown that the binding of aPL antibodies to CL requires the presence of this cofactor in a dose-dependent manner. N-terminal region sequence analysis of the molecule has identified the cofactor as beta 2-glycoprotein I (beta 2GPI) (apolipoprotein H), a plasma protein known to bind to anionic phospholipids. These findings indicate that the presence of beta 2GPI is an absolute requirement for antibody-phospholipid interaction, suggesting that bound beta 2GPI forms the antigen to which aPL antibodies are directed. Recent evidence indicates that beta 2GPI exerts multiple inhibitory effects on the coagulation pathway and platelet aggregation. Interference with the function of beta 2GPI by aPL antibodies could explain the thrombotic diathesis seen in association with these antibodies.
Synthesis and Anti-HIV-1 Activity of a Series of 1-Alkoxy-5-alkyl-6-(arylthio)uracils (1997)

A series of 1-alkoxy-5-alkyl-6-(arylthio)uracils was synthesized and tested for their ability to inhibit HIV-1 replication. Treatment of 2-alkyl-3,3-bis(methylthio)acryloyl chlorides (5a-e) with AgOCN in benzene followed by reaction of the resulting isocyanates 6a-e with an appropriate alkoxyamine gave N-alkoxy-N'-((2-alkyl-3,3-bis(methylthio)acryloyl)ureas (10a-z) in good to excellent yields. Cyclization of 10a-z in AcOH containing a catalytic amount of p-TsOH produced 1-alkoxy-5-alkyl-6-(methylthio)uracils (11a-z). Oxidation of 11a-z with 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid in CH2Cl2 resulted in high yields of 1-alkoxy-5-alkyl-6-(methylsulfonyl)uracils (12a-x and 12z) and 1-(benzyloxy)-6-(methylsulfinyl)thymine (12y), which were subsequently reacted with an appropriate arenethiol in ethanolic NaOH solution to afford 1-alkoxy-5-alkyl-6-(arylthio)uracils (14-49). Substitution at the 3- and 5-positions of the C-6-(phenylthio) ring by two methyl groups significantly increased its original anti-HIV-1 activity (EC50: 6-((3,5-dimethylphenyl)thio)-5-isopropyl-1-propoxyuracil (18), 0.064 microM; 6-((3,5-dimethylphenyl)thio)-1-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-5-isopropyluracil++ + (23), 0.19 microM). Among the various alkoxy substituents at the N-1, the propoxy group was the most beneficial for improving the anti-HIV-1 activity. The 1-propoxy derivative 18 proved to be the most potent inhibitor of HIV-1 replication, followed by the 1-(3-hydroxypropoxy) derivative 23. Introduction of an isopropyl group at C-5 of the uracil base also remarkably enhanced the activity. When compound 18 was incubated with a rat liver homogenate preparation, no metabolite was observed, thus confirming the metabolic stability of the N-O bond in these 1-alkoxyuracils.
Ribozymes as Human Therapeutic Agents (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRibozymes as Human Therapeutic AgentsRalph E. Christoffersen and J. Joseph MarrCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1995, 38, 12, 2023–2037Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00012a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00012a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views311Altmetric-Citations88LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Prolonged biologically active transgene expression driven by HSV LAP2 in brain in vivo (2004)

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) naturally establishes a life-long latent state in neurons, characterized by the expression of latency-associated transcripts (LATs) in the absence of viral lytic functions, and the latency-associated promoter (LAP2) has been identified as a moveable element responsible for the expression of LATs from latent HSV genomes. Prolonged transgene expression will be required for the treatment of chronic diseases of the CNS using HSV vectors. We therefore examined the ability of LAP2 to drive prolonged expression of a biologically active transgene from latent HSV vector genomes in brain in vivo using the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) models of Parkinson disease. A replication-incompetent HSV vector containing the glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) under the control of LAP2 was injected into the substantia nigra and 5 and a half months later 6-OHDA was injected into the striatum. GDNF expression from the vector preserved dopaminergic function measured by histology and behavior 6 months after vector inoculation. Mice inoculated with the LAP2-GDNF replication-incompetent HSV vector followed by 3 months of daily low-dose MPTP injections were substantially protected against the consequences of that treatment measured by weekly behavioral testing and histologic measures at the conclusion of the experiment. These studies using subacute and chronic models of neurodegeneration demonstrate that the HSV LAP2 promoter element provides prolonged expression of relevant amounts of a transgene to produce significant biological effects in brain in vivo over the course of many months.