gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Engineering of Osteochondral Tissue with Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells in a Derivatized Hyaluronan-Gelatin Composite Sponge (1999)

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of a composite matrix, containing esterified hyaluronic acid and gelatin, to facilitate the osteochondral differentiation of culture-expanded, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells. The cell loading characteristics and the effects of the matrix on cell differentiation were examined in vitro and in vivo. Empty and cell-loaded composites were cultivated for up to 28 days in a chemically defined medium with or without transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1). A type II collagen-rich extracellular matrix was produced by cells loaded in the matrix and cultured in the presence of TGF-beta1. Empty and cell-loaded matrices were also implanted subcutaneously in immunodeficient mice. Three types of implant were used: empty (group I), cell-loaded matrices (Group II), and cell-loaded matrices cultured for 14 days in vitro in defined medium with TGF-beta1 (group III). No osteochondral differentiation was found in implanted empty matrices; however, the matrix supported osteochondrogenic cell differentiation in the cell-loaded implants. Preculture in vitro in a chondrogenic medium increased the percentage of osteochondral tissue found in the constructs after 3 weeks. These results indicate the potential use of this composite matrix for delivery of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells for the repair of chondral and osseous defects. The results also indicate that this composite matrix is useful for in vitro tissue engineering.
Anti-interleukin-6 Receptor Antibody (Tocilizumab) Treatment of Multicentric Castleman's Disease (2007)

We report three cases of multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD) successfully treated with anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody (tocilizumab). Tocilizumab was administered intravenously at a dose of 8 mg/kg every 2 weeks. In each case, tocilizumab alleviated symptoms, including generalized fatigue, pyrexia, and alleviated biochemical abnormalities, including anemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and increased C-reactive protein (CRP). Side effects included hypercholesterolemia, acute pyelonephritis, mild inflammation of the parotid glands, and upper respiratory system inflammation. Other severe side effects were not observed. These results indicate that tocilizumab is effective for the treatment of MCD. This is the first report on tocilizumab efficacy for Castleman's disease after approval for use for Castleman's disease.
Zero-Shot Learning — The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (2017)

Due to the importance of zero-shot learning, the number of proposed approaches has increased steadily recently. We argue that it is time to take a step back and to analyze the status quo of the area. The purpose of this paper is three-fold. First, given the fact that there is no agreed upon zero-shot learning benchmark, we first define a new benchmark by unifying both the evaluation protocols and data splits. This is an important contribution as published results are often not comparable and sometimes even flawed due to, e.g. pre-training on zero-shot test classes. Second, we compare and analyze a significant number of the state-of-the-art methods in depth, both in the classic zero-shot setting but also in the more realistic generalized zero-shot setting. Finally, we discuss limitations of the current status of the area which can be taken as a basis for advancing it.
The Optical Coherence Tomography Microsurgical Augmented Reality System (OCT-MARS): A Novel Device for Microsurgeries (2016)

This thesis describes the development and testing of the Optical Coherence Tomography Microsurgical Augmented Reality System (OCT-MARS). This system allows surgeons to view real-time medical image data as an in situ overlay within the surgical field. There are a number of clinical applications for which real time, in situ visualization of otherwise transparent structures of the eye would be beneficial to surgeons. The primary motivating application for this project is the surgical treatment of glaucoma. We have built a projection system capable of producing flat and tilted images in the normal field of view of the microscope with sufficient brightness and resolution to be viewed under magnification. We have studied the perception of tilted surfaces under magnification and found that OCT images provide sufficient stereo information to be correctly perceived. Finally, we have tested stereo perception under magnification using surgically relevant tasks to evaluate the effectiveness of the system.
Quality control test for immunoreactivity of radiolabeled antibody. (1990)

A rapid method for the measurement of the immunoreactive fraction of a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody or antibody fragment has been developed. This may be used as a quality control test prior to patient administration of the radiolabeled antibody preparation. The test employs solid phase antigens and the assay is conducted under conditions of antigen excess. Assay parameters have been evaluated and a standardized procedure has been developed. The assay has been compared to a standard extrapolation method and found to give approximately the same result. The test has been used on four different radiolabeled antibodies currently in clinical trials in patients with colorectal cancer. Mean immunoreactive fractions for these radiolabeled antibodies ranged from 35 to 65% and the variability of the immunoreactive fraction ranged from 140 to 240% for different antibodies. We conclude that the quality, defined as the immunoreactive fraction, of radiolabeled antibodies is both low and highly variable, indicating the need for a quality control test of these radiopharmaceuticals in the clinic prior to patient administration.
Recognition of different domains of the Plasmodium falciparum CS protein by the sera of naturally infected individuals compared with those of sporozoite-immunized volunteers (1992)

Abstract The fine specificities of antibodies to the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium falciparum, present in the sera of volunteers immunized with irradiated P. falciparum sporozoites, were defined and compared to those of sera from persons living in a malaria-endemic area in West Africa. The specificity of these anti-CS antibodies was determined by ELISA, using recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides containing repeat and nonrepeat sequences of this CS protein. All 10 serum samples of the five sporozoite-immunized volunteers displayed very high antibody titers to the immunodominant repeat (NANP)n of the CS protein. However, only three of the serum samples of these vaccinees reacted with a single nonrepeat region and only at low titers. In contrast, a high percentage of sera from adults living in the malaria-endemic area who had been exposed to sporozoites, as well as liver and blood stages of P. falciparum, had high antibody levels, not only to the repeats but also to several nonrepeat regions of the CS protein. Furthermore, a number of sera from children living in this endemic area displayed appreciable levels of antibodies to the nonrepeat regions, in the absence of any antirepeat reactivity. Sera of Saimiri monkeys, which had undergone multiple blood-induced P. falciparum infections, consistently contained high titers of antibodies to several nonrepeat sequences of the CS protein, whereas only a few of these sera had low titers of antirepeat antibodies. Antibody binding sites, in nonrepeat regions, were mapped using synthetic polymers containing multiple copies of selected C-terminal sequences of the P. falciparum CS protein. The binding to sporozoites of antibodies to nonrepeat regions of the CS protein was determined. The basis for the differences in antibody binding sites of sera from persons immunized with irradiated sporozoites, compared to those from an endemic area, is discussed.
From magnetic resonance spectroscopy to classification of tumors. A review of pattern recognition methods (1998)

This article reviews the wealth of different pattern recognition methods that have been used for magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) based tumor classification. The methods have in common that the entire MR spectra is used to develop linear and non-linear classifiers. The following issues are addressed: (i) pre-processing, such as normalization and digitization, (ii) extraction of relevant spectral features by multivariate methods, such as principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and optimal discriminant vector, and (iii) classification by LDA, cluster analysis and artificial neural networks. Different approaches are compared and discussed in view of practical and theoretical considerations.
Simulating Energy Transfer and Upconversion in β-NaYF4: Yb3+, Tm3+ (2015)

The design of upconversion phosphors with higher quantum yield requires a deeper understanding of the detailed energy transfer and upconversion processes between active ions inside the material. Rate equations can model those processes by describing the populations of the energy levels of the ions as a function of time. However, this model presents some drawbacks: energy migration is assumed to be infinitely fast, it does not determine the detailed interaction mechanism (multipolar or exchange), and it only provides the macroscopic averaged parameters of interaction. Hence, a rate equation model with the same parameters cannot correctly predict the time evolution of upconverted emission and power dependence under a wide range of concentrations of active ions. We present a model that combines information about the host material lattice, the concentration of active ions, and a microscopic rate equation system. The extent of energy migration is correctly taken into account because the energy transfer processes are described on the level of the individual ions. This model predicts the decay curves, concentration, and excitation power dependences of the emission. This detailed information can be used to predict the optimal concentration that results in the maximum upconverted emission.
Structural Basis of glmS Ribozyme Activation by Glucosamine-6-Phosphate (2006)

The glmS ribozyme is the only natural catalytic RNA known to require a small-molecule activator for catalysis. This catalytic RNA functions as a riboswitch, with activator-dependent RNA cleavage regulating glmS messenger RNA expression. We report crystal structures of the glmS ribozyme in precleavage states that are unliganded or bound to the competitive inhibitor glucose-6-phosphate and in the postcleavage state. All structures superimpose closely, revealing a remarkably rigid RNA that contains a preformed active and coenzyme-binding site. Unlike other riboswitches, the glmS ribozyme binds its activator in an open, solvent-accessible pocket. Our structures suggest that the amine group of the glmS ribozyme-bound coenzyme performs general acid-base and electrostatic catalysis.
Proxy-based acceleration of dynamically generated content on the world wide web (2002)

As Internet traffic continues to grow and web sites become increasingly complex, performance and scalability are major issues for web sites. Web sites are increasingly relying on dynamic content generation applications to provide web site visitors with dynamic, interactive, and personalized experiences. However, dynamic content generation comes at a cost --- each request requires computation as well as communication across multiple components.To address these issues, various dynamic content caching approaches have been proposed. Proxy-based caching approaches store content at various locations outside the site infrastructure and can improve Web site performance by reducing content generation delays, firewall processing delays, and bandwidth requirements. However, existing proxy-based caching approaches either (a) cache at the page level, which does not guarantee that correct pages are served and provides very limited reusability, or (b) cache at the fragment level, which requires the use of pre-defined page layouts. To address these issues, several back end caching approaches have been proposed, including query result caching and fragment level caching. While back end approaches guarantee the correctness of results and offer the advantages of fine-grained caching, they neither address firewall delays nor reduce bandwidth requirements.In this paper, we present an approach and an implementation of a dynamic proxy caching technique which combines the benefits of both proxy-based and back end caching approaches, yet does not suffer from their above-mentioned limitations. Our dynamic proxy caching technique allows granular, proxy-based caching where both the content and layout can be dynamic. Our analysis of the performance of our approach indicates that it is capable of providing significant reductions in bandwidth. We have also deployed our proposed dynamic proxy caching technique at a major financial institution. The results of this implementation indicate that our technique is capable of providing order-of-magnitude reductions in bandwidth and response times in real-world dynamic Web applications.
Host cell membrane proteins on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 after in vitro infection of H9 cells and blood mononuclear cells. An immuno-electron microscopic study (1993)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected H9 and blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) were studied by immunogold electron microscopy for the presence of HIV-1 gag p24 protein, env gp41 and gp120 proteins, and host cell molecules CD4, CD11a, CD25, CD54, CD63, HLA class I and HLA-DR. Uninfected H9 cells and MNC membranes labelled for CD4, HLA class I and class II, and, at low density, CD11a and CD54; lysosomal structures in the cytoplasm labelled for CD63. The infected cell surface showed immunolabelling for HIV-1 proteins, as did budding particle-like structures. Immunogold labelling of the cell membrane for CD4 was almost non-existent. The level of immunolabelling for CD11a and CD54 on infected cells was greater than that on uninfected cells; this is presumably related to a state of activation during virus synthesis. Budding particle-like structures and free virions in the intercellular space were immunogold-labelled for all host cell markers investigated. This was confirmed by double immunogold labelling using combinations of HIV-1 gag p24 labelling and labelling for the respective host cell molecule. We conclude that virions generated in HIV-1-infected cells concentrate host-derived molecules on their envelope. Also molecules with a prime function in cellular adhesion concentrate on the virion.
NMOS and PMOS transistors fabricated in strained silicon/relaxed silicon-germanium structures (1992)

N- and P-MOSFETs have been fabricated in various epitaxial layer structures containing relaxed Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/, and strained Si active regions. Theoretical calculations predict that the strain-splitting of the conduction bands should produce a higher bulk electron mobility in strained Si. Enhanced electron mobilities have recently been observed in n-type modulation-doped structures employing strained Si. In this work we demonstrate NMOS transistors with peak room temperature electron mobilities which are a factor of 2.2 larger than those measured in devices fabricated in CZ Si substrates. By comparing the behavior of buried- and surface-channel structures, we have observed mobility enhancements associated with both the separation of the electrons from the semiconductor/oxide interface, and the strain-induced band splitting. The room temperature performance of PMOS devices fabricated in such structures is not significantly different from that of the Si control devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Structural characterization of a glycoprotein isolated from alveoli of patients with alveolar proteinosis. (1979)

A soluble glycoprotein of Mr = 80,000 has been isolated from lung lavage of patients with alveolar proteinosis and found to contain 5 residues of hydroxyproline, 91 residues of glycine, 3 residues of methionine, 3.8 molecules of sialic acid, 6 molecules of mannose, 5.9 molecules of galactose, 1 molecule of fucose, and 9.1 molecules of glucosamine. Cyanogen bromide (CNBr) treatment of the glycoprotein resulted in four peptides with molecular weights of 36,000, 27,000, 12,000, and 5,000. The chemical compositions of the CNBr peptides indicated the presence of hydroxyproline and high amounts of glycine in all but one of the peptides; two of the four CNBr peptides contained carbohydrate. Limited trypsin digestion of the glycoprotein of Mr = 80,000 resulted in four peptides with molecular weights of 62,000, 36,000, 26,000 and 18,000, the latter being the NH2-terminal peptide of the native glycoprotein molecule. The peptide of Mr = 26,000 was found to be the COOH-terminal peptide.
Mild and Reversible Dehydration of Primary Amides with PdCl2in Aqueous Acetonitrile (2005)

[reaction: see text] A new, mild, and reversible method to convert primary amides to nitriles in good yields using PdCl2 in aqueous acetonitrile is described.
New Trends in Physics and Physical Chemistry of Polymers (1990)

Between June 6-10, 1988, the Third Chemical Congress of North America was held at the Toronto Convention Center. At this rare gathering, fifteen thousand scientists attended various symposia. In one of the symposia, Professor Pierre-Gilles de Gennes of College de France was honored as the 1988 recipient of the Amer ican Chemical Society Polymer Chemistry Award, sponsored by Mobil Chemical Corporation. For Professor de Gennes, this international setting could not be more fitting. For years, he has been a friend and a lecturer to the world scientific community. Thus, for this special occasion, his friends came to recount many of his achievements or report new research findings mostly derived from his theories or stimulated by his thoughts. In this volume of Proceedings, titled New Trends in Physics and Physical Chemistry of Polymers, we are glad to present the revised papers for the Symposium and some contributed after the Symposium. In addition, we intend to include most of the lively discussions that took plaGe during the conference. This volume contains a total of thirty-six papers divided into six parts, primarily according to the nature of the subject matter: Adsorption of Colloids and Polymers. Adhesion, Fractal and Wetting of Polymers. Dynamics and Characterization of Polymer Solutions. Diffusion and Interdiffusion of Polymers. Entanglement and Reptation of Polymer Melts and Networks. Phase Transitions and Gel Electrophoresis.
The influence of the vehicle on the synthesis of porphyrins after topical application of 5-aminolaevulinic acid. Implications in cutaneous photodynamic sensitization (2000)

Background The optimal vehicle to ensure adequate penetration of 5‐aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) for its use in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of skin lesions has not been determined. Objectives We aimed to study the effects of ALA in various vehicle formulations [saline lotion with and without dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), cream, liposomes and vaseline] after topical application in a murine subcutaneous adenocarcinoma model. Methods The effect of DMSO on porphyrin synthesis and ALA penetration through the skin was studied by measuring the uptake of 14C label from ALA, ALA and porphobilinogen accumulation, and some haem enzyme activities. The tissue distribution and kinetics of porphyrin synthesis after topical application of ALA entrapped in large multilamellar liposomes was also determined. Results ALA in saline lotion, alone or with 10% DMSO, proved to be the most efficient vehicle for tumour porphyrin accumulation (mean ± SD 1·75 ± 0·25 and 2·09 ± 0·39 µg g−1, respectively), whereas cream and liposomes induced lower levels and identical porphyrin accumulation (0·60 µg g−1). Using ALA + DMSO saline lotion, a higher porphyrin accumulation was found in skin overlying the tumour tissue and in the first 2 mm of tumour, probably due to increased ALA penetration, or greater interconversion to porphyrins, or greater retention of ALA and/or porphyrins. Conclusions These findings reinforce the importance of the vehicle in topical ALA‐based PDT, and explain the mechanism of action of DMSO in enhancing protoporphyrin IX biosynthesis in superficial lesions.
Recent Advances in Transition Metal-Catalyzed Glycosylation (2012)

Having access to mild and operationally simple techniques for attaining carbohydrate targets will be necessary to facilitate advancement in biological, medicinal, and pharmacological research. Even with the abundance of elegant reports for generating glycosidic linkages, stereoselective construction of α- and β-oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates is by no means trivial. In an era where expanded awareness of the impact we are having on the environment drives the state-of-the-art, synthetic chemists are tasked with developing cleaner and more efficient reactions for achieving their transformations. This movement imparts the value that prevention of waste is always superior to its treatment or cleanup. This review will highlight recent advancement in this regard by examining strategies that employ transition metal catalysis in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. These methods are mild and effective for constructing glycosidic bonds with reduced levels of waste through utilization of sub-stoichiometric amounts of transition metals to promote the glycosylation.
Derepression of human embryonic ζ-globin promoter by a locus-control region sequence (1998)

A multiple protein-DNA complex formed at a human alpha-globin locus-specific regulatory element, HS-40, confers appropriate developmental expression pattern on human embryonic zeta-globin promoter activity in humans and transgenic mice. We show here that introduction of a 1-bp mutation in an NF-E2/AP1 sequence motif converts HS-40 into an erythroid-specific locus-control region. Cis-linkage with this locus-control region, in contrast to the wild-type HS-40, allows erythroid lineage-specific derepression of the silenced human zeta-globin promoter in fetal and adult transgenic mice. Furthermore, zeta-globin promoter activities in adult mice increase in proportion to the number of integrated DNA fragments even at 19 copies/genome. The mutant HS-40 in conjunction with human zeta-globin promoter thus can be used to direct position-independent and copy number-dependent expression of transgenes in adult erythroid cells. The data also supports a model in which competitive DNA binding of different members of the NF-E2/AP1 transcription factor family modulates the developmental stage specificity of an erythroid enhancer. Feasibility to reswitch on embryonic/fetal globin genes through the manipulation of nuclear factor binding at a single regulatory DNA motif is discussed.
Demonstration and Solubilization of Lycopene Cyclase from Capsicum Chromoplast Membranes (1986)

The conversion of phytoene into beta-carotene was demonstrated previously in chromoplast membranes prepared from Capsicum fruits (B. Camara et al. 1982 Eur J Biochem 127: 255-258). The direct cyclization of lycopene into beta-carotene and the successful solubilization of the enzymic activity involved in this reaction is reported.
Millimetre-wave propagation through hydrocarbon flame (1987)

The propagation of microwave and millimetre-wave signals through flame has been investigated with reference to the reliability of future communications systems on deep-water oil production platforms. The results show that the 0.5 m thick flame investigated produced little attenuation,>0.5 dB at frequencies between 37 and 210 GHz, but that scintillation effects were enhanced by the presence of flame, particularly at the higher frequencies, with ~4 dB peak-to-peak fluctuations at 210 GHz.