gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detecting blockage in process connections of differential pressure transmitters (2002)

This paper presents the results of a study of methods for detecting blockage in process connections of differential pressure transmitters. Due to its simplicity, the combination of an orifice plate and differential pressure transmitter is widely used for flow measurement in process industries. However, one problem with this method is that the process connection of the DP transmitter is easily blocked by congealed fluid, or by accumulations of impurities from the fluid. At present, plant operators deduce that there is a blockage of the process connection based on their experience and intuition, when they observe abnormal output signals. If a blockage could be detected before the transmitter output signals become abnormal, it would improve the plant control. Usually the fluctuating "noise" component of process pressure is removed by a low-pass filter in the signal processing circuits of the transmitter. However, we found that this "noise" could be used to detect blockage of the process connection.
The scope of the strain gage principle (2003)

The 50-year-old strain-gage principle has found widespread application in the measurement of dynamometric quantities; i.e., sensors for force/mass, pressure, torque, or acceleration. It further plays an important role in the measurement of such geometric quantities as displacement and level. About 50% of all sensors (by value) rely on the strain-gage principle. A very important second application of strain gages is the experimental stress analysis of structural parts. The piezoresistive effect can be described by a gage factor k resulting from a geometric effect plus a stress-induced modulation of the electric-field charge transport. These gage factors range from near 2 in metals to more 100 in semiconductors. On this basis, a broad spectrum of sensors can be realized, reaching from the especially tailored super-precision transfer-load cell (maximum error 2*10/sup -5/, diameter 25 cm, price $25000) down to a mass-produced tiny monolithic silicon pressure sensor (error 1%, diameter 6 mm, price $5).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Nucleotide sequence and 3'-end deletion studies indicate that the K(+)-uptake protein kup from Escherichia coli is composed of a hydrophobic core linked to a large and partially essential hydrophilic C terminus (1993)

The kup (formerly trkD) gene from Escherichia coli encodes a minor K(+)-uptake system. The gene is located just upstream of the rbsDACBK operon at 84.5 min on the chromosome and is transcribed clockwise. kup codes for a 69-kDa protein, which may be composed of two domains. The first 440 amino acid residues appear to form an integral membrane protein that might traverse the cell membrane 12 times. The C-terminal 182 amino acid residues are predicted to form a hydrophilic domain located at the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Deletion studies from the 3' end of kup showed that removal of almost the complete hydrophilic domain of the protein reduced, but did not abolish, K(+)-uptake activity.
Meiotic Transmission of an In Vitro–Assembled Autonomous Maize Minichromosome (2020)

Autonomous chromosomes are generated in yeast (yeast artificial chromosomes) and human fibrosarcoma cells (human artificial chromosomes) by introducing purified DNA fragments that nucleate a kinetochore, replicate, and segregate to daughter cells. These autonomous minichromosomes are convenient for manipulating and delivering DNA segments containing multiple genes. In contrast, commercial production of transgenic crops relies on methods that integrate one or a few genes into host chromosomes; extensive screening to identify insertions with the desired expression level, copy number, structure, and genomic location; and long breeding programs to produce varieties that carry multiple transgenes. As a step toward improving transgenic crop production, we report the development of autonomous maize minichromosomes (MMCs). We constructed circular MMCs by combining DsRed and nptII marker genes with 7–190 kb of genomic maize DNA fragments containing satellites, retroelements, and/or other repeats commonly found in centromeres and using particle bombardment to deliver these constructs into embryogenic maize tissue. We selected transformed cells, regenerated plants, and propagated their progeny for multiple generations in the absence of selection. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and segregation analysis demonstrated that autonomous MMCs can be mitotically and meiotically maintained. The MMC described here showed meiotic segregation ratios approaching Mendelian inheritance: 93% transmission as a disome (100% expected), 39% transmission as a monosome crossed to wild type (50% expected), and 59% transmission in self crosses (75% expected). The fluorescent DsRed reporter gene on the MMC was expressed through four generations, and Southern blot analysis indicated the encoded genes were intact. This novel approach for plant transformation can facilitate crop biotechnology by (i) combining several trait genes on a single DNA fragment, (ii) arranging genes in a defined sequence context for more consistent gene expression, and (iii) providing an independent linkage group that can be rapidly introgressed into various germplasms.
Production of antibodies against influenza virus by somatic cell hybrids between mouse myeloma and primed spleen cells. (1977)

We have produced somatic cell hybrids between mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells derived from a BALB/c mouse immunized with purified influenza virus. The hybrid cells were found to produce large amounts of antibodies specific for the hemagglutinin of the virus and were able to induce tumor formation when injected into BALB/c mice.
CD52 mRNA is modulated by androgens and temperature in epididymal cell cultures (2000)

Cultured rat epididymal tissue explants formed >90% pure, adherent growing epithelial cell monolayers. Despite their flattened and apparently androgen receptor-negative phenotype, these cells for a short period kept characteristics of the epididymal duct epithelium, i.e., expression of the tissue-specific marker CD52 and responsiveness of its mRNA toward temperature elevation and androgen withdrawal. When cells were grown on permeable supports at 33°C, androgen supplementation or withdrawal specifically modulated the levels as well as the length of the CD52 mRNA. Elevation of the culture temperature to a quasi abdominal milieu of 37°C selectively reduced the CD52 mRNA levels under all culture conditions. This reduction was not affected by the presence of androgens and was not accompanied by changes in length, suggesting that the modulation of CD52 mRNA in epididymal cells by androgens and by temperature is synergic, but may involve different molecular mechanisms. CD52 mRNA levels, however, were not stable in the primary cultures but decreased rapidly to undetectable levels after 4–5 days at all culture conditions. GAPDH mRNA levels, on the other hand, were stable throughout the culture period. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 56:26–33, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Intranet: A New Concept for Corporate Information Handling. (1996)

The World Wide Web model has evolved within companies from a repository for notice boards to a new tool that can improve work productivity. Intranets, the internal or corporate internets, are likely to be the key information technology revolution for the remainder of this century. The intranet concept is derived from the present Internet as a natural step in its own evolution. The same TCP/IP communication protocols and applications are used, in particular the Web server/client model. This paper gives first the rationale for setting up corporate intranets, providing the main reasons why the Internet technologies are having such a remarkable impact on the scope of business networking applications and why intranets are becoming so popular among a broad variety of companies. Secondly, the key distinctive functional features of internets are presented. A discussion on typical intranet applications follows: the new functionality offered to business people and other non-typical information technology users is stressed, and significant differences with existing groupware solutions are discussed. The paper concludes by outlining a practical ongoing project to digitize documents (thus reducing the need for printed materials and allowing the inclusion of multimedia contents) which can be delivered to each desktop and accessed by all individuals of an organization in a cost-effective, flexible and friendly way through an intranet Web interface. (Author) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** The Intranet: A New Concept for Corporate Information Handling PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
Mechanism, measurement, and prevention of oxidative stress in male reproductive physiology. (2005)

Numerous factors influence male fertility. Among these factors is oxidative stress (OS), which has elicited an enormous interest in researchers in recent period. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously produced by various metabolic and physiologic processes. OS occurs when the delicate balance between the production of ROS and the inherent antioxidant capacity of the organism is distorted. Spermatozoa are particularly sensitive to ROS as their plasma membrane contains polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which oxidizes easily. They also lack cytoplasm to generate a robust preventive and repair mechanism against ROS. The transition metal ions that are found in the body have a catalytic effect in the generation of ROS. Lifestyle behaviours such as smoking and alcohol use and environmental pollution further enhance the generation of ROS and thus, cause destructive effects on various cellular organelles like mitochondria, sperm DNA etc. This article analyzes the detrimental effects of OS on male fertility, measurement of OS and effective ways to decrease or eliminate them completely. We have also provided information on oxidative stress in other systems of the body, which may be applied to future research in the field of reproductive biology.
Causal Control of Medial–Frontal Cortex Governs Electrophysiological and Behavioral Indices of Performance Monitoring and Learning (2014)

Adaptive human behavior depends on the capacity to adjust cognitive processing after an error. Here we show that transcranial direct current stimulation of medial-frontal cortex provides causal control over the electrophysiological responses of the human brain to errors and feedback. Using one direction of current flow, we eliminated performance-monitoring activity, reduced behavioral adjustments after an error, and slowed learning. By reversing the current flow in the same subjects, we enhanced performance-monitoring activity, increased behavioral adjustments after an error, and sped learning. These beneficial effects fundamentally improved cognition for nearly 5 h after 20 min of noninvasive stimulation. The stimulation selectively influenced the potentials indexing error and feedback processing without changing potentials indexing mechanisms of perceptual or response processing. Our findings demonstrate that the functioning of mechanisms of cognitive control and learning can be up- or down-regulated using noninvasive stimulation of medial-frontal cortex in the human brain.
Free Radical Theory of Aging: An Update (2006)

Abstract: Aging is the progressive accumulation of diverse, deleterious changes with time that increase the chance of disease and death. The basic chemical process underlying aging was first advanced by the free radical theory of aging (FRTA) in 1954: the reaction of active free radicals, normally produced in the organisms, with cellular constituents initiates the changes associated with aging. The involvement of free radicals in aging is related to their key role in the origin and evolution of life. Aging changes are commonly attributed to development, genetic defects, the environment, disease, and an inborn aging process (IAP). The latter produces aging changes at an exponentially increasing rate with age, becoming the major risk factor for disease and death for humans after the age of 28 years in the developed countries. In them the IAP limits human average life expectancy at birth (ALE‐B)—a rough measure of the healthy life span—to about 85 years; few reach 100 years and only one is known to have lived to 122 years. In these countries, improvements in living conditions (ILC) have gradually raised ALE‐Bs to 76–79 years, 6–9 years less than the limit imposed by aging, with no change in the maximum life span (MLS). The extensive studies based on the FRTA hold promise that ALE‐B and the MLS can be extended, the ALE‐B possibly by a few years, and the MLS somewhat less.
Amide Backbones with Conformationally Restricted Furanose Rings: Highly Improved Affinity of the Modified Oligonucleotides for Their RNA Complements (1996)

An increased stability of duplexes between amide-modified oligonucleotides (depicted on the right) and RNA was achieved by the introduction of 2′-OMe groups. Since the modified oligonucleotides display a very high affinity for their RNA complement and are more stable towards nucleases, they can be considered as promising antisense agents. X = H, OH, OMe; Y = H, OMe.
Combination of the anti‐CD30‐auristatin‐E antibody‐drug conjugate (SGN‐35) with chemotherapy improves antitumour activity in Hodgkin lymphoma (2008)

The antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) cAC10-vcMMAE consists of the tubulin inhibitor monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) conjugated to the chimeric anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody cAC10. This ADC potently interferes with the growth of CD30-positive haematological tumours, including Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. This study found improved antitumour activity in a preclinical model of HL when SGN-35 was combined with chemotherapeutic regimens such as ABVD (doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine and dacarbazine) or gemcitabine. Improved efficacy was also observed in high tumour burden models, indicating that combining ADCs with chemotherapeutic agents may be advantageous for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory HL.
A Prochelator Activated by Hydrogen Peroxide Prevents Metal‐Induced Amyloid β Aggregation (2009)

The masked marvel: Elevated production of H2O2 by deviant species of Cu–Aβ (Cu–amyloid beta) might trigger neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. A new boronic ester-masked prochelator called QBP is activated under conditions that mimic early Alzheimer's pathology in which copper, Aβ, and reductants exacerbate reactive oxygen species formation. Once activated to its unmasked form, the released chelator diminishes copper's pro-oxidant reactivity and inhibits Aβ aggregation.
The Retinoblastoma Protein Binds to a Family of E2F Transcription Factors (1993)

E2F is a transcription factor that helps regulate the expression of a number of genes that are important in cell proliferation. Recently, several laboratories have isolated a cDNA clone that encodes an E2F-like protein, known as E2F-1. Subsequent characterization of this protein showed that it had the properties of E2F, but it was difficult to account for all of the suggested E2F activities through the function of this one protein. Using low-stringency hybridization, we have isolated cDNA clones that encode two additional E2F-like proteins, called E2F-2 and E2F-3. The chromosomal locations of the genes for E2F-2 and E2F-3 were mapped to 1p36 and 6q22, respectfully, confirming their independence from E2F-1. However, the E2F-2 and E2F-3 proteins are closely related to E2F-1. Both E2F-2 and E2F-3 bound to wild-type but not mutant E2F recognition sites, and they bound specifically to the retinoblastoma protein in vivo. Finally, E2F-2 and E2F-3 were able to activate transcription of E2F-responsive genes in a manner that was dependent upon the presence of at least one functional E2F binding site. These observations suggest that the E2F activities described previously result from the combined action of a family of proteins.
Asymmetric catalysis: science and opportunities (Nobel lecture). (2002)

Asymmetric catalysis, in its infancy in the 1960s, has dramatically changed the procedures of chemical synthesis, and resulted in an impressive progression to a level that technically approximates or sometimes even exceeds that of natural biological processes. The recent exceptional advances in this area attest to a range of conceptual breakthroughs in chemical sciences in general, and to the practical benefits of organic synthesis, not only in laboratories but also in industry. The growth of this core technology has given rise to enormous economic potential in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, animal health products, agrochemicals, fungicides, pheromones, flavors, and fragrances. Practical asymmetric catalysis is of growing importance to a sustainable modern society, in which environmental protection is of increasing concern. This subject is an essential component of molecular science and technology in the 21st century. Most importantly, recent progress has spurred various interdisciplinary research efforts directed toward the creation of molecularly engineered novel functions. The origin and progress of my research in this field are discussed.
The wavelength- and solvent-dependent photochemistry of 1,1-dicyano-2-methyl-4-phenylbut-1-ene; reaction from two excited states1 (1981)

1,1-Dicyano-2-methyl-4-phenylbut-1-ene (4), on u.v. irradiation in solution, yields two products, 3,3-dicyano-2-methyl-4-phenylbut-1-ene (5) and 1-dicyanomethyl-1-methylindane (6). The photoreaction is dependent both on solvent polarity and on the excitation wavelength. A long-wavelength band in the absorption spectrum of (4), not present in the spectra of its isolated chromophores, is attributed to an intramolecular charge-transfer interaction. The unusual dependence on solvent and wavelength is explained in terms of a reaction mechanism in which (5) is formed from a delocalised excited state, with a staggered conformation, and (6) from a charge-transfer excited state, with an eclipsed conformation.
Downlink Training Techniques for FDD Massive MIMO Systems: Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Training With Memory (2014)

The concept of deploying a large number of antennas at the base station, often called massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), has drawn considerable interest because of its potential ability to revolutionize current wireless communication systems. Most literature on massive MIMO systems assumes time division duplexing (TDD), although frequency division duplexing (FDD) dominates current cellular systems. Due to the large number of transmit antennas at the base station, currently standardized approaches would require a large percentage of the precious downlink and uplink resources in FDD massive MIMO be used for training signal transmissions and channel state information (CSI) feedback. To reduce the overhead of the downlink training phase, we propose practical open-loop and closed-loop training frameworks in this paper. We assume the base station and the user share a common set of training signals in advance. In open-loop training, the base station transmits training signals in a round-robin manner, and the user successively estimates the current channel using long-term channel statistics such as temporal and spatial correlations and previous channel estimates. In closed-loop training, the user feeds back the best training signal to be sent in the future based on channel prediction and the previously received training signals. With a small amount of feedback from the user to the base station, closed-loop training offers better performance in the data communication phase, especially when the signal-to-noise ratio is low, the number of transmit antennas is large, or prior channel estimates are not accurate at the beginning of the communication setup, all of which would be mostly beneficial for massive MIMO systems.
Polymorphisms of Adrenergic Receptors: Variations on a Theme (2003)

Recent studies have revealed that most of the adrenergic receptor genes are polymorphic, leading to changes in the amino sequence of the encoded receptor. The variations occur in multiple functional regions of the receptors, and appear as haplotypes with other coding and noncoding polymorphisms in their genes. The consequences of such genetic variability have been explored in recombinant cell-based systems and in human studies. Adrenergic receptor polymorphisms have been shown to alter receptor binding, G-protein coupling, regulation, and expression compared with their allelic counterparts. Here, the genetic and molecular characterization of these polymorphisms is reviewed, as well as their potential impact on pharmacogenetics, disease risk, and disease modification.
State-of-the-Art Therapeutics: Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (2005)

This article is a review of the improvement in the treatment of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma made during the last 10 years. Patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma now have a better outcome with longer survival because of two major developments: (1) increasing the dose of active drugs with shortening the time between cycles, resulting in dose-dense and/or dose-intense regimens; and (2) combining rituximab with chemotherapy. Both strategies were associated with higher response rates, lower relapse rates, longer event-free survival, longer time to progression, and longer overall survival, particularly in patients without adverse prognostic parameters. A combination of dose-dense, dose-intense regimens plus rituximab is currently being tested for poor-risk patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. However, much work has to be done for patients with high-risk lymphoma. It may come with a better definition of genetic abnormalities specifically associated with refractoriness to chemotherapy.
Macrophages Recognize Size and Shape of Their Targets (2010)

Recognition by macrophages is a key process in generating immune response against invading pathogens. Previous studies have focused on recognition of pathogens through surface receptors present on the macrophage's surface. Here, using polymeric particles of different geometries that represent the size and shape range of a variety of bacteria, the importance of target geometry in recognition was investigated. The studies reported here reveal that attachment of particles of different geometries to macrophages exhibits a strong dependence on size and shape. For all sizes and shapes studied, particles possessing the longest dimension in the range of 2-3 microm exhibited highest attachment. This also happens to be the size range of most commonly found bacteria in nature. The surface features of macrophages, in particular the membrane ruffles, might play an important role in this geometry-based target recognition by macrophages. These findings have significant implications in understanding the pathogenicity of bacteria and in designing drug delivery carriers.