gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Micropuncture studies of the sweat formation in cystic fibrosis patients (1969)

In order to determine whether the precursor solution of sweat is abnormal in cystic fibrosis, osmolality and concentrations of sodium and chloride were measured in fluid obtained by micropuncture from the sweat gland coil of the nail fold of patients with this disease. Osmolality was 323+/-4.8 SE (mOsm/kg of water), sodium concentration was 151+/-1.1 SE (mEq/liter), and chloride concentration was 124+/-6.0 SE (mEq/liter). The sweat:plasma ratio for osmolality averaged 1.1+/-0.015 SE. These values are not significantly different from the corresponding ones obtained previously in normal individuals. It is concluded therefore that the disturbance of sweat gland function as far as electrolytes are concerned is restricted to the excretory ducts. In a second series of experiments the stop-flow pressure which is generated by sweat glands during secretion was measured. Values up to 500 mm Hg were found in both patients and normals. According to van't Hoff's law (DeltaP = RTDeltaC) hydrostatic pressure differences of this magnitude can be generated by the osmotic difference of 27 mOsm/kg of water observed between precursor sweat and plasma in the present experiments. With respect to the mechanism of sweat secretion this finding supports the hypothesis that active solute transport creates an osmotic gradient which causes osmotic water flux.
Induction of Differentiation of Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells (HL-60) by Nucleosides and Methotrexate (1981)

Various purine and pyrimidine analogs and methotrexate were tested to determine whether they induce morphologic and functional myeloid differentiation in HL-60, a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line. Functional maturity was assessed by nitro blue tetrazolium reduction assays. 3-Deazauridine caused nearly all of the cells to differentiate during 6 days of treatment. Pyrazofurin, virazole, puromycin aminonucleoside, and the tricyclic nucleoside 3-amino-1,5-dihydro-5-methyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene induced maturation in 44-64% of the cells, whereas 5-azacytidine, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-iodo-2' deoxyuridine, thymidine, and the antimetabolite methotrexate induced maturation in 28-36% of the cells. In terms of effective concentration, the most potent inducer was methotrexate (10-8 M). The predominant cell types after treatment with all of these compounds were the metamyelocyte and banded neutrophilic granulocyte.
Deep Voice 3: Scaling Text-to-Speech with Convolutional Sequence Learning (2017)

We present Deep Voice 3, a fully-convolutional attention-based neural text-to-speech (TTS) system. Deep Voice 3 matches state-of-the-art neural speech synthesis systems in naturalness while training ten times faster. We scale Deep Voice 3 to data set sizes unprecedented for TTS, training on more than eight hundred hours of audio from over two thousand speakers. In addition, we identify common error modes of attention-based speech synthesis networks, demonstrate how to mitigate them, and compare several different waveform synthesis methods. We also describe how to scale inference to ten million queries per day on one single-GPU server.
Editable polycube map for GPU-based subdivision surfaces (2011)

In this paper we propose an editable polycube mapping method that, given an arbitrary high-resolution polygonal mesh and a simple polycube representation plus optional sketched features indicating relevant correspondences between the two, provides a uniform, regular and artist-controllable quads-only mesh with a parameterized subdivision scheme. The method introduces a global parameterization, based on a divide and conquer strategy, which allows to create polycube-maps with a much smaller number of patches, and gives much more control over the quality of the induced subdivision surface. All this makes it practical for real-time rendering on modern hardware (e.g. OGL 4.1 and D3D11 tessellation hardware). By sketching these correspondence features, processing large-scale models with complex geometry and topology is now feasible. This is crucial for obtaining watertight displaced Catmull-Clark subdivision surfaces and high-quality texturing on real-time applications.
Differential response of human cells to deletions and stop codons in the gamma(1)34.5 gene of herpes simplex virus (1994)

Earlier studies have shown that herpes simplex virus mutants lacking the gamma(1)34.5 gene are totally avirulent on intracerebral inoculation of the virus into mice and induce premature shutoff of protein synthesis in human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells but not in Vero cells. We report the following. (i) Whereas deletion mutant R3616, lacking 1,000 bp of the gamma(1)34.5 gene, caused premature shutoff of protein synthesis in both SK-N-SH and human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF), mutants R4009 and R930 (mutant F), carrying stop codons in all six frames, 27 and 210 codons from the initiation codon of the gamma(1)34.5 genes, respectively, induced shutoff of protein synthesis in SK-N-SH cells but not in HFF. The differences in behavior between the R3616 deletion and R4009 stop codon mutants cannot be attributed to differences in the rate of induction of premature shutoff of protein synthesis and the multiplicity of infection. HFF do not produce detectable truncated gamma(1)34.5 protein or truncated mRNA. (ii) Some clonal lines of SK-N-SH cells carrying a gamma(1)34.5 gene driven by a metallothionein promoter express the gamma(1)34.5 gene constitutively and do not require induction by cadmium to complement the gamma(1)34.5- virus. One clonal cell line complements the gamma(1)34.5- virus only after induction by cadmium. These results are consistent with previous conclusions that the phenotype of premature shutoff of protein synthesis is associated with absence of the gamma(1)34.5 protein and indicate that the amounts of gamma(1)34.5 protein necessary to complement the gamma(1)34.5- viruses are small. We conclude that human cells differ in the manner in which they respond to the presence of stop codons. Shutoff of protein synthesis in HFF infected with the stop codon mutants could have been precluded by small amounts of gamma(1)34.5 protein produced by splicing out of an intron containing the stop codon, downstream initiation of translation, or tRNA suppression of the stop codon.
Resistance to Metastatic Disease in STAT6-Deficient Mice Requires Hemopoietic and Nonhemopoietic Cells and Is IFN-γ Dependent (2002)

Mice deficient for the STAT6 gene (STAT6(-/-) mice) have enhanced immunosurveillance against primary and metastatic tumors. Because STAT6 is a downstream effector of the IL-4R, and IL-13 binds to the type 2 IL-4R, IL-13 has been proposed as an inhibitor that blocks differentiation of tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells. Immunity in STAT6(-/-) mice is unusually effective in that 45-80% of STAT6(-/-) mice with established, spontaneous metastatic 4T1 mammary carcinoma, whose primary tumors are surgically excised, survive indefinitely, as compared with <10% of STAT(+/+) (BALB/c) mice. Surprisingly, STAT6(-/-) and BALB/c reciprocal bone marrow chimeras do not have increased immunosurveillance, demonstrating that immunity requires STAT6(-/-) hemopoietic and nonhemopoietic components. Likewise, CD1(-/-) mice that are NKT deficient and therefore IL-13 deficient also have heightened tumor immunity. However, STAT6(-/-) and CD1(-/-) reciprocal bone marrow chimeras do not have increased survival, suggesting that immunity in STAT6(-/-) and CD1(-/-) mice is via noncomplementing mechanisms. Metastatic disease is not reduced in BALB/c mice treated with an IL-13 inhibitor, indicating that IL-13 alone is insufficient for negative regulation of 4T1 immunity. Likewise, in vivo depletion of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in BALB/c mice does not increase survival, demonstrating that CD4(+)CD25(+) cells do not regulate immunity. Cytokine production and tumor challenges into STAT6(-/-)IFN-gamma(-/-) mice indicate that IFN-gamma is essential for immunity. Therefore, immunosurveillance in STAT6(-/-) mice facilitates survival against metastatic cancer via an IFN-gamma-dependent mechanism involving hemopoietic and nonhemopoietic derived cells, and is not exclusively dependent on counteracting IL-13 or CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells.
Approximation and Radial-Basis-Function Networks (1993)

This paper concerns conditions for the approximation of functions in certain general spaces using radial-basis-function networks. It has been shown in recent papers that certain classes of radial-basis-function networks are broad enough for universal approximation. In this paper these results are considerably extended and sharpened.
Simple Acid−Base Hydrolytic Chemistry Approach to Molecular Self-Assembly:  Thin Films of Long Chain Alcohols Terminated with Alkyl, Phenyl, and Acetylene Groups on Inorganic Oxides Surfaces (1998)

Self-assembled monolayers of long chain alcohols containing terminal alkyl, phenyl, and acetylene groups on Si(100) (Si/SiO2) substrates have been prepared by a new simple acid−base hydrolytic chemistry route. The two-step process, using Si(NEt2)4 and the desired alcohol, is more efficient than the three-step process, employing SiCl4 and then NEt2H, to yield surface-anchored NEt2 moieties, which react with alcohols to produce self-assembled thin films. The newly formed thin films were characterized by surface wettability measurements, ellipsometry, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the results show that the monolayers from the two-step process are densely packed and the simple acid−base hydrolytic chemistry route is effective in producing thin films of similar quality as trichlorosilanes on silica and alkanethiols on gold.
Investigations of materials and device structures for organic semiconductor solar cells (1993)

In our work with the phthalocyanines and perylenes, we have formulated a hierarchy of placement of dyes in <i>p-n</i> heterojunction devices to optimize the short-circuit current density. Computer modeling of Schottky barrier cells, with parameters fit to experimental results and incorporating field-dependent carrier generation, were used to optimize the power efficiency. The model predicts an optimum carrier concentration density and suggests different hierarchies for utilization of Förster radiationless energy transfer. Synthesis and purification of materials is also discussed. In terms of purity, most materials used in the literature are shown to have been quite below solar grade. A newly devised purification technique is introduced. A hydration mechanism is shown to exist for chloroaluminum phthalocyanine, previously thought immune to hydration. The latter mechanism had been mistaken before for a simple phase transformation and can be induced by various different treatments with organic nonsolvents for chloroaluminum phthalocyanine. Testing of <i>p-n</i> and Schottky barrier cells is also discussed. The different capacitance versus voltage (C-V) spectroscopies are compared, and the case for the small-signal method is argued over the triangular voltage sweep. Several cautions on the interpretation of the <i>C-V</i> curves are noted.
Spectral windowing of frequency-modulated optical pulses in a grating compressor (1985)

Spectral windowing or apodization of the spatially dispersed frequency components within a grating compressor has been used to control the temporal shape of compressed optical pulses. Windowing of undesirable high and low-frequency components, which are not linearly chirped, results in nearly complete elimination of the energy in the wings of the compressed pulse. We have applied this technique to improve the quality of pulses from a mode-locked neodymium: yttrium aluminum garnet laser compressed to less than 2 ps using a fiber and double-pass grating pair with an internal aperture.
Acetylcholine is synthesized by and acts as an autocrine growth factor for small cell lung carcinoma. (2003)

It is well established that small cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) express receptors for acetylcholine (ACh) and that stimulation of these receptors by nicotine or other cholinergic agonists stimulates cell growth via activation of nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs) and/or muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChRs). The aim of this study was to determine whether SCLC cells synthesize and secrete ACh and respond to endogenous ACh to create a functioning cholinergic autocrine loop. Reverse transcription-PCR was used to screen a panel of SCLC cell lines for components of cholinergic signaling. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT), as well as alpha3, alpha5, alpha7, beta2, and beta4, nAChR subunits and M3 and M5 mAChRs, were found to be present in most of the SCLC cell lines tested. Real-time PCR showed that mRNA levels for ChAT, VAChT, and alpha7 and beta2 nAChR subunits varied significantly among different SCLC cell lines tested. The H82 cell line was found to express the highest levels of ChAT, and that cell line was chosen for additional studies of ACh release and cell proliferation. ACh was easily detectable in H82 cell culture media, and levels of ACh were increased by the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor neostigmine. Vesamicol, an inhibitor of VAChT, and hemicholinium-3, an inhibitor of choline transport, both reduced H82 cell ACh basal release in a dose-dependent manner. In parallel with the reductions of ACh release, vesamicol and hemicholinium-3 also decreased H82 cell proliferation. H82 cell proliferation was also inhibited by the muscarinic and nicotinic antagonists atropine and mecamylamine, respectively, in dose- and time-dependent manners. Finally, archival cases of SCLC were screened by immunohistochemistry for expression of ChAT. Thirteen of 26 tumors screened were positive for ChAT. These findings demonstrate that SCLC can synthesize, secrete, and degrade ACh and that released ACh stimulates SCLC cell growth. Identification of this new autocrine loop provides a potential new target for therapeutic intervention.
Sequence Finishing and Mapping of Drosophila melanogaster Heterochromatin (2007)

Genome sequences for most metazoans and plants are incomplete because of the presence of repeated DNA in the heterochromatin. The heterochromatic regions of Drosophila melanogaster contain 20 million bases (Mb) of sequence amenable to mapping, sequence assembly, and finishing. We describe the generation of 15 Mb of finished or improved heterochromatic sequence with the use of available clone resources and assembly methods. We also constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome–based physical map that spans 13 Mb of the pericentromeric heterochromatin and a cytogenetic map that positions 11 Mb in specific chromosomal locations. We have approached a complete assembly and mapping of the nonsatellite component of Drosophila heterochromatin. The strategy we describe is also applicable to generating substantially more information about heterochromatin in other species, including humans.
Thyroid Autograft (1967)

TWO patients with lingual thyroid have had autotransplantation of thyroid tissue in this hospital. The first patient, reported in 1952,1underwent total excision of the lesion followed by a rapidly improvised attempt at autotransplantation. The latter was partially successful in that the autografts concentrated radioiodine. However, hormone secretion was inadequate for the maintenance of euthyroidism. Subsequently, experimental studies2resulted in standardization of surgical techniques required for successful thyroid autotransplantation, so that we were better prepared to undertake this procedure again when the second case of lingual thyroid was encountered in 1954. The procedure used in the latter patient and the results observed over a three-year period of follow-up were reported in 1958.3This paper describes the patient's course and the fate of the autograft over a 12-year period following transplantation. Report of Case A 7-year-old girl was admitted to the Colorado General Hospital in October 1954 because
BIOMECHANICAL STUDY OF TRANSCORTICAL OR TRANSTRABECULAR BONE FIXATION OF PATELLAR TENDON GRAFT WITH BIOABSORBABLE PINS IN ACL RECONSTRUCTION IN SHEEP (2012)

fixation of the bone-tendon-bone graft with 2 bioabsorbable pines, regardless of the rotational position inside the femoral tunnel, gave a comparable fixation in terms of initial resistance to the metal interference screw, in this experimental model.
Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells transfected with human insulin genes can secrete insulin stably. (2006)

Beta-cell replacement therapy by pancreatic islet transplantation has become a promising treatment for type 1 diabetes. However, the limited supply of human islet tissue prevents this therapy from being widely used to treat patients with type 1 diabetes. In order to obtain insulin-secreting cells, retrovirus vector pLNCX was used to transfer the human insulin gene into human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The hMSCs were isolated from bone marrow of healthy volunteers and were expanded in vitro. The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify the insulin DNA fragment from a healthy pancreas sample. The recombinant vector pLNCX-Ins was constructed by cloning the insulin DNA fragment into retrovirus vector pLNCX. After being packaged by BD RetroPack PT67 packaging cells, the virus that contained the insulin gene was used to infect hMSCs. Transcription and expression of the insulin gene in transfected hMSCs were examined by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The transfected hMSCs stably secreted insulin into culture media for >3 weeks. Thus, insulin gene-transfected hMSCs can secrete insulin and provide a new way to cope with the shortage of beta cells for therapy of type 1 diabetes.
The development of a sialic acid specific lectin‐immunoassay for the measurement of human chorionic gonadotrophin glycoforms in serum and its application in normal and Down's syndrome pregnancies (2000)

This assay will allow analysis of serum samples for the investigation of sialylated variants of hCG glycoforms in various pathological and physiological situations.
Activation of Drosophila heat shock factor: conformational change associated with a monomer-to-trimer transition. (1993)

The induction of heat shock genes in eukaryotic cells is regulated by the transcription factor heat shock factor (HSF). Activation of HSF occurs at two independent levels, DNA binding and the acquisition of transcriptional competence. The binding of HSF to DNA is accomplished by a stress-induced oligomeric switch of HSF protein. We have defined the oligomeric state of the latent and induced forms of HSF by measuring the sedimentation coefficient and the Stokes radius of the protein in Drosophila cell extracts. Calculation of the native molecular mass indicates that the two forms of Drosophila HSF are best described as a monomer and trimer, respectively, of the 77-kDa HSF polypeptide. The monomeric and trimeric states of HSF were verified by chemical cross-linking experiments. The finding of a monomeric composition for the latent form of HSF is incompatible with speculative models which suggest that molecular chaperones such as hsp70 feed back to inhibit trimerization of HSF by forming a stable heteromeric complex. We also found that both HSF monomers and HSF trimers exhibit unusually high frictional ratios, indicating that they have asymmetric shapes. The degree of asymmetry is significantly greater for the HSF trimer, suggesting that the monomer undergoes a conformational change to a more extended structure upon trimerization. These findings are consistent with a model for the inert HSF protein that is based on a monomer constrained by intramolecular coiled-coil interactions between amino- and carboxy-terminal domains.
Atypical multiple drug resistance in a human leukemic cell line selected for resistance to teniposide (VM-26). (1987)

Resistance to the cytotoxic effects of many natural product drugs after exposure to a single agent is a common observation. The classes of drugs included in the "classic" multiple drug resistance phenotype are Vinca alkaloids, anthracyclines, epipodophyllotoxins, and antibiotics. We report here the characterization of a human leukemic cell line (CEM/VM-1) with "atypical" multiple drug resistance: despite resistance and cross-resistance to etoposide, anthracyclines, mitoxantrone, and 4'-[(9-acridinyl)amino]methanesulphon-m-anisidide (mAMSA), these cells retain sensitivity to the Vinca alkaloids. Further, even though this cell line is approximately equal to 40-fold cross-resistant to the cytotoxic effect of etoposide (VP-16), it is similar to drug-sensitive CEM cells in the cellular pharmacology of [3H]VP-16 as determined by zero time binding, initial influx rate, steady state drug concentration, and unidirectional efflux. Our studies suggest that the resistance of CEM/VM-1 cells to epipodophyllotoxins is due to an altered interaction between drug and its cellular target(s) by a mechanism unrelated to the decreased cellular concentration of drug associated with the "classic" multiple drug resistance phenotype.
New induction of leukotriene A4 hydrolase by interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (2000)

Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, and IL-13, Th2 cell–derived cytokines, play major roles in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases. These cytokines up-regulate or down-regulate the production of arachidonic acid metabolites. In this study, we have investigated the effect of IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and other cytokines on A23187-stimulated synthesis of leukotriene (LT) B4 in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Production of LTB4 was measured by specific radioimmunoassay and high performance liquid chromatography. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), and LTA4 hydrolase, which were involved in the synthesis of LTB4, was determined by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis. Protein synthesis of their enzymes was determined by Western blot analysis. IL-4 and IL-13 enhanced A23187-stimulated LTB4 synthesis and increased mRNA expression and protein synthesis of LTA4hydrolase, but not those of cPLA2 or 5-LO. These results indicate that IL-4 and IL-13 transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally up-regulate the synthesis of LTB4, a potent chemotactic factor to PMNs, at the enzyme level of LTA4 hydrolase, and this up-regulation mechanism may participate in the development of allergic inflammation.
VI. On the capillary phenomena of jets (1879)

Abstract When water issues under high pressure from a circular orifice in a thin plate, a jet is formed whose section, though diminished in area, retains the circular form. But if the orifice be not circular, the section of the jet undergoes remarkable transformations, which were elaborately investigated by Bidone, many years ago.
Characterization of two antigenic sites recognized by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed against the fusion glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus (1992)

Two antigenic sites recognized by neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against the fusion (F) glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus were mapped on the primary structure of the protein by (i) the identification of amino acid substitutions selected in antibody-escape mutants and (ii) the reactivity of synthetic peptides with MAbs. The first site contained several overlapping epitopes which were located within the trypsin-resistant amino-terminal third of the large F1 subunit. Only one of these epitopes was faithfully reproduced by a short synthetic peptide; the others might require specific local conformations to react with MAbs. The second antigenic site was located in a trypsin-sensitive domain of the F1 subunit towards the carboxy-terminal end of the cysteine-rich region. One of these epitopes was reproduced by synthetic peptides. In addition, mutagenized F protein with a substitution of serine for arginine at position 429 did not bind MAbs to the second site. These results are discussed in terms of F protein structure and the mechanisms of virus neutralization.