gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Peripheral neuropathy associated with mitochondrial disease in children (2012)

Mitochondrial diseases in children are often associated with a peripheral neuropathy but the presence of the neuropathy is under-recognized because of the overwhelming involvement of the central nervous system (CNS). These mitochondrial neuropathies are heterogeneous in their clinical, neurophysiological, and histopathological characteristics. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of childhood mitochondrial neuropathy. Early recognition of neuropathy may help with the identification of the mitochondrial syndrome. While it is not definite that the characteristics of the neuropathy would help in directing genetic testing without the requirement for invasive skin, muscle or liver biopsies, there appears to be some evidence for this hypothesis in Leigh syndrome, in which nuclear SURF1 mutations cause a demyelinating neuropathy and mitochondrial DNA MTATP6 mutations cause an axonal neuropathy. POLG1 mutations, especially when associated with late-onset phenotypes, appear to cause a predominantly sensory neuropathy with prominent ataxia. The identification of the peripheral neuropathy also helps to target genetic testing in the mitochondrial optic neuropathies. Although often subclinical, the peripheral neuropathy may occasionally be symptomatic and cause significant disability. Where it is symptomatic, recognition of the neuropathy will help the early institution of rehabilitative therapy. We therefore suggest that nerve conduction studies should be a part of the early evaluation of children with suspected mitochondrial disease.
Factors of humoral resistance in workers exposed to vinyl chloride with a view to smoking habits. (1988)

Serum samples were assayed in 110 workers (59 smokers and 51 non-smokers) at PVC manufacturing factory, the results being compared with those obtained in a group of age-matched healthy controls. Non-smokers had significantly higher levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM), while in smokers there was an increase in IgM only. Lysozyme levels (LYS) were elevated in all exposed subjects, but there was a highly significant decrease in the total protein (TP) content. Alfa-2-macroglobulin (A2M) and orosomucoid (ORO) were also elevated in exposed workers. A significant increase was found in ceruloplasmin (CPL), with smokers having higher levels than non-smokers. No difference was detected between the examined groups in transferrin (TRF) and alfa-1-antitrypsin (A1AT). Exposure duration did not correlate with any of the assayed parameters. The positive correlation of IgA levels and inverse correlation of CPL with age in the control group could not be confirmed in the exposed subjects where a significant inverse correlation between age and AlAT levels, which was found to be positive in exposed non-smokers, proved to be inverse in the subgroup of smokers. The authors discuss possible explanations of the reported findings.
DIVERSITY IN NURSING (2002)

After more than 40 years in nursing-25 of them in academia-I am convinced that our profession is the least tolerant of any. Most nurses don't appreciate diversity in culture, age, sex, religion, weight, psychosocial or financial status, educational background, clinical experience or specialty, intelligence, or ambition. Unfortunately, I'm not sure how we can help nurses to value those who they perceive to be “different.” Barbara F. Bell, MSN, RN Wellsboro, PA
A tunable kinetic energy harvester with dynamic over range protection (2010)

This paper describes the development and implementation of a self-powered control system that autonomously adapts the resonant frequency of an electromagnetic vibration-based energy harvester to ambient vibration frequency. The tuning mechanism adjusts the harvester’s spring stiffness by varying the axial tensile force between two permanent magnets. The system adjusts the resonant frequency of the harvester from 64 to 78 Hz, increasing the operational bandwidth of the harvester from 0.26 to 14 Hz, using a single structure. The same tuning principle is also applied to protect the harvester from over range acceleration which could cause physical damage to its structure. The closed loop control uses the phase difference between the harvester output signal and ambient vibration, measured by an accelerometer attached to the vibration source, to adjust the tuning mechanism.
Organometallics: A Concise Introduction (1989)

Partial table of contents: Historical Development and Current Trends in Organometallic Chemistry Enery, Polarity and Reactivity of the M-C Bond MAIN-GROUP ORGANOMETALLICS Methods of Preparation in Perspective Organometallics of the Boron Group (Group 13) Organoelement Compounds of Selenium and Tellurium (Group 16) ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS OF THE TRANSITION ELEMENTS The 18-Valence-Electron (18-VE) Rule R-Acceptor Ligands Y, R-Donor R-Acceptor Ligands Metals - Metal Bonds and Transition Metal Atom Clusters Organometallic Catalysis Literature.
Competitive Inhibition In Vivo and Skewing of the T Cell Repertoire of Antigen-Specific CTL Priming by an Anti-Peptide-MHC Monoclonal Antibody (2001)

We have recently described a mAb, KP15, directed against the MHC-I/peptide molecular complex consisting of H-2D(d) and a decamer peptide corresponding to residues 311-320 of the HIV IIIB envelope glycoprotein gp160. When administered at the time of primary immunization with a vaccinia virus vector encoding gp160, the mAb blocks the subsequent appearance of CD8(+) CTL with specificity for the immunodominant Ag, P18-I10, presented by H-2D(d). This inhibition is specific for this particular peptide Ag; another H-2D(d)-restricted gp160 encoded epitope from a different HIV strain is not affected, and an H-2L(d)-restricted epitope encoded by the viral vector is also not affected. Using functional assays and specific immunofluorescent staining with multivalent, labeled H-2D(d)/P18-I10 complexes (tetramers), we have enumerated the effects of blocking of priming on the subsequent appearance, avidity, and TCR Vbeta usage of Ag-specific CTL. Ab blocking skews the proportion of high avidity cells emerging from immunization. Surprisingly, Vbeta7-bearing Ag-specific TCR are predominantly inhibited, while TCR of several other families studied are not affected. The ability of a specific MHC/peptide mAb to inhibit and divert the CD8(+) T cell response holds implications for vaccine design and approaches to modulate the immune response in autoimmunity.
A multibaseline stereo system with active illumination and real-time image acquisition (2002)

We describe our implementation of a parallel depth recovery scheme for a four-camera multibaseline stereo in a convergent configuration. Our system is capable of image capture at video rate. This is critical in applications that require three-dimensional tracking. We obtain dense stereo depth data by projecting a light pattern of frequency modulated sinusoidally varying intensity onto the scene, thus increasing the local discriminability at each pixel and facilitating matches. In addition, we make most of the camera view areas by converging them at a volume of interest. Results show that we are able to extract stereo depth data that are, on the average, less than 1 mm in error at distances between 1.5 to 3.5 m away from the cameras.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Knox–Thompson and triple-correlation imaging through atmospheric turbulence (1988)

A comparative study is made of the Knox–Thompson and triple-correlation techniques as applied to image restoration. Both photon-noise-degraded imaging and atmospheric-turbulence-degraded imaging are considered. The signal-to-noise ratios of the methods are studied analytically and with the aid of computer simulations. The ability to retain diffraction-limited information on imaging through turbulence is considered in terms of phase-closure relationships. On the basis of this work it is found that the two image-restoration techniques are effectively equivalent.
Reconstruction of Chemically Burned Rat Corneal Surface by Bone Marrow–Derived Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2005)

To examine whether transplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could reconstruct the corneal damage and also whether grafted MSCs could differentiate into corneal epithelial cells, we isolated MSCs from healthy donors. After growth and expansion on amniotic membrane, cells were transplanted into rat corneas 7 days after chemical burns. Reconstruction of the damaged cornea and the rat vision were measured once a week by slit lamp and by an optokinetic head-tracking instrument, respectively. Corneas were then cut out, fixed, and imbedded for immunofluorescent study of the expression of keratin 3 and keratin-pan as epithelial cell markers. Expression of CD45, interleukin 2, and metalloproteinase-2 was also investigated for inflammation and inflammation-related angiogenesis. The data showed that transplantation of MSCs, like limbal epithelial stem cells, successfully reconstructed damaged rat corneal surface. Interestingly, the therapeutic effect of the transplantation may be associated with the inhibition of inflammation and angiogenesis after transplantation of MSCs rather than the epithelial differentiation from MSCs. This study provides the first line of evidence that MSCs can be used for reconstruction of damaged corneas, presenting a new source for autotransplantation in the treatment of corneal disorders.
Contribution of Poly(Amino Acids) to Advances in Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (2003)

Recently, protein biotechnology generates tremendous impacts in therapeutic products. These products include enzymes, antibodies, hormones, blood factors, growth factors and regulatory factors. Protein, vaccine and gene therapy drugs could be formulated with suitable biomaterials to deliver active agents to their target sites at the right time and maintain therapeutic effects for proper durations. In this review article, we focus on poly(amino acids) or polymerized amino acids for their applications in drug delivery systems, vaccines, and gene therapy. The nomenclatures of poly(amino acids) are briefly introduced to systematically express synthetic polypeptides. In drug delivery systems, we introduce two applications of poly(amino acids) in pharmaceutical biotechnology, either as carriers to facilitate drug delivery, or as biomaterials to be formulated as suitable delivery systems for application in tissue engineering. Many short polypeptides are mapped from antigen motifs and used for vaccination. These poly(amino acids) provide protective effects in animal challenge tests and potential application in vaccine development to be briefly introduced. Finally, some reports related to new developed poly(amino acids) as DNA carriers for achieving gene delivery are also described in the text.
<title>Incorporating the viewer's point of regard (POR) in gaze-contingent virtual environments</title> (1998)

Awareness of the viewer's gaze position in a virtual environment can lead to significant savings in scene processing if fine detail information is presented `just in time' only at locations corresponding to the participant's gaze, i.e., in a gaze-contingent manner. This paper describes the evolution of a gaze-contingent video display system, `gcv'. Gcv is a multithreaded, real-time program which displays digital video and simultaneously tracks a subject's eye movements. Treating the eye tracker as an ordinary positional sensor, gcv's architecture shares many similarities with contemporary virtual environment system designs. Performance of the present system is evaluated in terms of (1) eye tracker sampling latency and video transfer rates, and (2) measured eye tracker accuracy and slippage. The programming strategies developed for incorporating the viewer's point-of-regard are independent of proprietary eye tracking equipment and are applicable to general gaze- contingent virtual environment designs.
Epigenetic Modifiers Are Necessary but Not Sufficient for Reprogramming Non-Myelinating Cells into Myelin Gene-Expressing Cells (2010)

These results suggest that reprogramming of fibroblasts into myelin gene-expressing cells not only requires transcriptional activation, but also chromatin manipulations that go beyond histone acetylation and DNA methylation.
Azide–Alkyne Coupling: A Powerful Reaction for Bioconjugate Chemistry (2003)

Tying together biological molecules is a challenge for molecular biologists and chemists. The azide–alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition has recently been introduced as a highly chemoselective ligation reaction in chemical biology. It has found application in the preparation of carbohydrate arrays, in the modification of viruses such as the capsid of the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV; see scheme), and in the activity-based protein profiling of whole cells.
Electrochemical Oxidation and Structural Changes of 5,6-Dihydrobenzo[c]cinnolines (1996)

The anodic oxidation of tetraphenylhydrazine (1) and various 5,6-dihydrobenzo[c]cinnoline derivatives (2−10) in liquid SO2 and CH2Cl2 was studied by cyclic voltammetry at different temperatures. All compounds could be oxidized to their respective dications and in some cases to their trications. The unusual results indicate a high internal reorganization energy during the first oxidation step. X-ray structure determinations and other findings reveal that the electron transfer reactions are accompanied by structural changes of the molecular framework. The mechanism of oxidation will be dicussed in terms of different variants. Digital simulations and experimental data give strong evidence for an EiE−DISP mechanism.
Investigations on protein crystal growth by the gel acupuncture method (1994)

In this work we explore the possibilities of the gel-acupuncture technique, proposed previously for the growth of protein single crystals [García-Ruiz, Moreno, Viedma & Coll (1993). Mater. Res. Bull. 28, 541-546]. The main advantage of the technique is that the crystals are obtained inside an X-ray capillary and, unlike classical microdiffusion techniques, it involves a very simple and accurate technical arrangement that permits the continuous monitoring of the crystals in their growth environment. In particular, we describe the growth of single crystals of lysozyme, concanavalin A and ribonuclease A. Different starting conditions have been used to grow single crystals of these proteins into different types of capillaries at several protein and precipitating-agent concentrations. It is demonstrated that the technique works for a wide range of precipitating agents commonly used in protein crystal growth, such as large polymers (PEG 4000 and PEG 6000), organic solvents (from methanol to butanol) and salts [NaCl, (NH(4))(2)SO(4)]. The range of inner diameter of the capillaries for which the technique works correctly has been also studied. The growth process and possible crystal movement was followed by video microscopy. Lysozyme crystals up to 3.1 mm were obtained but the average maximum linear crystal sizes were 2.0 mm for lysozyme, 0.4 mm for concanavalin A and 1.2 mm for ribonuclease, respectively. The waiting times to reach such a size, measured from the set-up of the experiments, were 72 h, 10 d and 5 d, respectively. Gels of tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, sodium silicate, agar, high-strength agar and gel-gro have been tested in relation to their mechanical properties and their chemical interaction with the reactants. Finally, we discuss briefly the advantages of the gel-acupuncture technique and plausible applications other than crystal growth.
Mechanical stress and ATP synthesis are coupled by mitochondrial oxidants in articular cartilage (2012)

Metabolic adaptation of articular cartilage under joint loading is evident and matrix synthesis seems to be critically tied to ATP. Chondrocytes utilize the glycolytic pathway for energy requirements but seem to require mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) to sustain ATP synthesis. The role of ROS in regulating ATP reserves under a mechanically active environment is not clear. It is believed that physiological strains cause deformation of the mitochondria, potentially releasing ROS for energy production. We hypothesized that mechanical loading stimulates ATP synthesis via mitochondrial release of ROS. Bovine osteochondral explants were dynamically loaded at 0.5 Hz with amplitude of 0.25 MPa for 1 h. Cartilage response to mechanical loading was assessed by imaging with dihydroethidium (ROS indicator) and a Luciferase-based ATP assay. Electron transport inhibitor rotenone and mitochondrial ROS scavenger MitoQ significantly suppressed mechanically induced ROS production and ATP synthesis. Our findings indicate that mitochondrial ROS are produced as a result of physiological mechanical strains. Taken together with our previous findings of ROS involvement in blunt impact injuries, mitochondrial ROS are important contributors to cartilage metabolic adaptation and their precise role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis warrants further investigation.
Association of fluoxetine treatment with reductions in CSF concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin in patients with major depression (1993)

The authors measured CSF concentrations of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin in nine depressed patients before and after fluoxetine treatment. They found significant decreases in CSF CRH, CSF arginine vasopressin, and Hamilton depression ratings. Thus, the therapeutic effect of this serotonin-uptake inhibitor may be related to diminution of these arousal-promoting neuropeptides.
Monosaccharide Detection with 4,7-Phenanthrolinium Salts:  Charge-Induced Fluorescence Sensing (2003)

Herein we report the preparation of novel boronic acid-substituted 4,7-phenanthrolinium viologens and demonstrate their ability to quench the fluorescence of 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (pyranine). In an aqueous buffer solution at pH 7.4, the quenching is suppressed upon binding to monosaccharides, as was determined by Stern−Volmer analysis. Thus, the combination of the viologen and pyranine is shown to act as a saccharide sensor. A spectroscopic study reveals a ground-state complexation between the viologens and pyranine. In the presence of monosaccharide, the complex dissociates, resulting in a relative increase in the fluorescence. In comparison to the dipyridyl-derived viologen, the phenanthroline-derived viologen shows a greater fluorescence quenching as well as sensitivity to and an unusual selectivity for glucose.
Real time implementation of MPEG-4 video decoder on ARM7TDMI (2002)

MPEG-4 simple profile is being used as the video compression standard in mobile video communications. Video compression requires a significant amount of processing power. Currently, ARM cores are widely used in mobile applications because of their low power consumption. As the processing power available is limited, optimization of the applications is inevitable. This paper describes in detail the implementation of MPEG-4 simple profile video decoder on ARM7TDMI.
Lymphocyte Count Reductions in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) Patients Treated with Delayed-Release Dimethyl Fumarate: An Integrated Analysis of the Placebo-Controlled Studies (P3.179) (2014)

OBJECTIVE: Describe the clinical relevance of lymphocyte count reductions associated with delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF), based on an integrated analysis of the placebo-controlled Phase 2b, DEFINE, and CONFIRM studies. BACKGROUND: Delayed-release DMF demonstrated significant efficacy and an acceptable safety profile in clinical trials. Adverse events associated with delayed-release DMF included flushing and gastrointestinal events, as well as a reduction in lymphocyte counts. DESIGN/METHODS: This integrated analysis comprised 2,428 RRMS patients randomized to receive placebo (n=836) or delayed-release DMF 240mg twice (BID; n=769) or three times daily (TID; n=823) for up to 96 weeks. CONFIRM included a glatiramer acetate reference comparator arm (n=351; results not shown). RESULTS: In delayed-release DMF-treated patients, mean WBC and lymphocyte counts decreased by approximately 11% and 30%, respectively, through Week 48, then plateaued, but remained within normal limits throughout the observation period. The percentages of patients with worst post-baseline Common Terminology Criteria (CTC) Grades 1, 2, or 3, respectively, were higher in the BID (10%, 22%, 6%) and TID (8%, 18%, 3%) groups than in the placebo group (2%, 2%, <1%). The percentages of patients with >1 Grade 3 or 4 lymphocyte count were 0% (placebo), 3% (BID), and 1% (TID), and with consecutive Grade 3 or 4 lymphocyte counts were 0% (placebo), 2% (BID), and 1% (TID). The incidence of Grade 3 or 4 lymphopenia increased over time through Week 48, then stabilized. There was no clear pattern of an increased incidence of infections or serious infections with increasing post-baseline lymphocyte CTC grade. No patients discontinued study drug due to lymphopenia. Four weeks after stopping delayed-release DMF, mean lymphocyte counts increased but did not return to baseline. CONCLUSIONS: In placebo-controlled clinical trials, delayed-release DMF was associated with a decrease in lymphocyte counts. Study supported by: Biogen Idec, Inc.
The CYP701B1 of Physcomitrella patens is an ent-kaurene oxidase that resists inhibition by uniconazole-P (2011)

The moss Physcomitrella patens produces both ent-kaurene and ent-kaurenoic acid, which are intermediates of gibberellin biosynthesis in flowering plants. The CYP701 superfamily of cytochrome P450s functions as ent-kaurene oxidases in the biosynthesis of ent-kaurenoic acid. A candidate gene encoding ent-kaurene oxidase in P. patens, CYP701B1, was cloned and heterologously expressed in yeast to examine enzyme activities in vitro. The recombinant CYP701B1 protein catalyzed the oxidation reaction from ent-kaurene to ent-kaurenoic acid. CYP701B1 activity was highly resistant to the ent-kaurene oxidase inhibitor uniconazole-P (IC(50) 64 μM), even though the activity of Arabidopsis ent-kaurene oxidase (CYP701A3) was sensitive (IC(50) 0.26 μM).
Fluorescence-Based Quantitative Methods for Detecting Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Induced Syncytia (2000)

Cell fusion induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is usually assessed by counting multinucleated giant cells (syncytia) visualized by light microscopy. Currently used methods do not allow quantification of syncytia, nor do they estimate the number of cells involved in cell fusion. We describe two fluorescence-based methods for the detection and quantification of HIV-1-induced in vitro syncytium formation. The lymphoblastoid cell lines MT-2 and SupT1 were infected with syncytium-inducing (SI) HIV-1 isolates. Syncytia were detected by DNA staining with propidium iodide using flow cytometry to determine cell size or by two-color cytoplasmic staining of infected cell populations by using fluorescence microscopy. Both methods were able to detect and quantify HIV-induced syncytia. The methods could distinguish between SI and non-SI HIV isolates and could be used with at least two separate types of CD4(+) T-cell lines. Small syncytia can be readily identified by the two-color cytoplasmic staining method. Both methods were also shown to be useful for evaluating antiretroviral compounds, as demonstrated by the accurate assessment of HIV inhibition by azidothymidine (zidovudine), dideoxycytidine (zalcytibine), and hydroxyurea. These fluorescence-based assays allow a rapid and practical method for measuring HIV replication and anti-HIV activity of potential inhibitory compounds.