gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of antitumor activity in mice for anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies with different isotypes. (1986)

In previous studies of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) both 528 IgG2a and 225 IgG1 were shown to inhibit growth of A431 cell xenografts in athymic mice. The antitumor activities of the two mAbs were similar and, although they differ in their isotypes, they share many properties. The two mAbs bind to EGF receptors with identical affinities, compete with EGF for binding to EGF receptors, down regulate the receptors identically, block EGF-induced activation of tyrosine protein kinase activity to a comparable degree, and block EGF-induced changes in the proliferation of cultured cells. These similarities in physiological effects permit a direct comparison of the mechanisms of action mAbs of the IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes. We examined in vitro cytotoxicity against A431 cells, using 528 IgG2a and 225 IgG1 mAbs. 528 IgG2a, but not 225 IgG1, demonstrated partial complement-mediated cytotoxicity by the 51Cr release assay and by growth inhibition of cultured A431 cells. 528 IgG2a, but not 225 IgG1, was cytotoxic to A431 cells in the presence of activated peritoneal macrophages, as demonstrated by release of incorporated [3H]thymidine. Neither mAb showed any significant cytotoxicity to A431 cells in the presence of nonadherent spleen cells which contain K-cells. The results of in vitro cytotoxicity experiments suggested that the antitumor activity of 528 IgG2a, but not 225 IgG1, could be mediated by macrophages. This was verified by in vivo experiments in which s.c. tumor cell inocula containing activated macrophages showed enhancement of antitumor effects in animals treated i.p. twice weekly for 3 weeks with suboptimal doses of 528 IgG2a. This enhancement was not observed when 225 IgG1 was used with the same procedure. The results of these experiments suggest that immune mechanisms involving activated macrophages or complement could contribute to the antitumor activity of anti-EGF receptor mAb with the IgG2a isotype, but not with the IgG1 isotype. This observation confirms the findings of others who examined the antitumor activity of IgG2a mAbs in other model systems. IgG1 mAb 225, and possibly IgG2a mAb 528, may prevent growth of human tumor xenografts by altering the physiological functions of the EGF receptor rather than by immune mechanisms.
Fabrication of high-concentration rare-earth doped optical fibers using chelates (1990)

A process which uses rare-earth complexes of 2,2,6,6,-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedione for uniform incorporation of rare earths in the cores of optical fibers is demonstrated. It is a vapor-phase transport process capable of producing fibers having a rare-earth content of at least 11 wt.% and easily lends itself to incorporation of multiple rare-earth dopants. The process gives high rare-earth concentration with low loss and is readily adaptable to multiple rare-earth doping. High-concentration fibers, 1.0 wt.% Nd/sub 2/O/sub 3/, necessary for the double-clad fiber laser configuration with low loss, less than 10 dB/km, have been fabricated and shown to have efficiencies approaching quantum limits when pumping well above threshold.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Establishment of an oriP Replicon Is Dependent upon an Infrequent, Epigenetic Event (2001)

Plasmids containing oriP, the latent origin of replication for Epstein-Barr virus, support efficient replication in selected cell clones when the viral protein EBNA-1 is provided, being lost at a rate of 2 to 4% per cell generation after removal of selection (A. L. Kirchmaier and B. Sugden, J. Virol. 69:1280-1283, 1995; B. Sugden and N. Warren, Mol. Biol. Med. 5:85-94, 1988). We refer to these plasmids as established replicons in that they support efficient DNA synthesis and partitioning each cell cycle. Unexpectedly, we have found that upon introduction of oriP plasmids into a population of EBNA-1-positive cells, oriP plasmids replicate but are lost precipitously from cells during 2 weeks posttransfection (>25% rate of loss per cell generation). Upon investigation of these disparate observations, we have found that only 1 to 10% of cells transfected with an oriP plasmid expressing EBNA-1 and hygromycin phosphotransferase give rise to drug-resistant clones in which the oriP replicon is established. A hereditable alteration in these drug-resistant cell clones, manifested at the genetic or epigenetic level, does not underlie the establishment of oriP, as newly introduced oriP plasmids replicate but are also lost rapidly from these cells. In addition, a genetic alteration in the oriP plasmid is not responsible for establishment, as oriP plasmids isolated from an established cell clone, propagated in Escherichia coli, and reintroduced into EBNA-1-positive cells are likewise established inefficiently. Our findings demonstrate that oriP replicons are not intrinsically stable in EBNA-1-positive cell lines. Rather, the establishment of an oriP replicon is conferred upon the replicon by a stochastic, epigenetic event that occurs infrequently and, therefore, is detected in only a minority of cells.
Approaching Ideal NoC Latency with Pre-Configured Routes (2007)

In multi-core ASICs, processors and other compute engines need to communicate with memory blocks and other cores with latency as close as possible to the ideal of a direct buffered wire. However, current state of the art networks-on-chip (NoCs) suffer, at best, latency of one clock cycle per hop. We investigate the design of a NoC that offers close to the ideal latency in some preferred, run-time configurable paths. Processors and other compute engines may perform network reconfiguration to guarantee low latency over different sets of paths as needed. Flits in non-preferred paths are given lower priority than flits in preferred ones, and suffer a delay of one clock cycle per hop when there is no contention. To achieve our goal, we use the "mad-postman" technique: every incoming flit is eagerly (i.e. speculatively) forwarded to the input's preferred output, if any. This is accomplished with the mere delay of a single pre-enabled tri-state driver. We later check if that decision was correct, and if not, we forward the flit to the proper output. Incorrectly forwarded flits are classified as dead and eliminated in later hops. We use a 2D mesh topology tailored for processor-memory communication, and a modified version of XY routing that remains deadlock-free. Performance gains are significant and can be proven greatly useful in other application domains as well
Real-Time Affine Global Motion Estimation Using Phase Correlation and its Application for Digital Image Stabilization (2011)

We propose a fast and robust 2D-affine global motion estimation algorithm based on phase-correlation in the Fourier-Mellin domain and robust least square model fitting of sparse motion vector field and its application for digital image stabilization. Rotation-scale-translation (RST) approximation of affine parameters is obtained at the coarsest level of the image pyramid, thus ensuring convergence for a much larger range of motions. Despite working at the coarsest resolution level, using subpixel-accurate phase correlation provides sufficiently accurate coarse estimates for the subsequent refinement stage of the algorithm. The refinement stage consists of RANSAC based robust least-square model fitting for sparse motion vector field, estimated using block-based subpixel-accurate phase correlation at randomly selected high activity regions in finest level of image pyramid. Resulting algorithm is very robust to outliers such as foreground objects and flat regions. We investigate the robustness of the proposed method for digital image stabilization application. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is capable of estimating larger range of motions as compared to another phase correlation method and optical flow algorithm.
Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) induced neutrophil recruitment to synovial tissues: implications for TGF-beta-driven synovial inflammation and hyperplasia. (1991)

We have studied the consequences of introducing human recombinant transforming growth factor beta 1 (hrTGF-beta 1) into synovial tissue of the rat, to begin to better understand the significance of the fact that biologically active TGF-beta is found in human arthritic synovial effusions. Within 4-6 h after the intra-articular injection of 1 microgram of hrTGF-beta 1 into rat knee joints, extensive recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) was observed. Cytochemistry and high resolution histological techniques were used to quantitate the influx of PMNs, which peaked 6 h post-injection. In a Boyden chamber assay, hrTGF-beta 1 at 1-10 fg/ml elicited a chemotactic response from PMNs greater in magnitude than that evoked by FMLP, establishing that TGF-beta 1 is an effective chemotactic agent for PMNs in vitro as well as in vivo. That PMNs may represent an important source of TGF-beta in inflammatory infiltrates was strongly suggested by a demonstration that stored TGF-beta 1 was secreted during phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated degranulation in vitro. Acid/ethanol extracts of human PMNs assayed by ELISA contained an average of 355 ng of TGF/beta 1 per 10(9) cells potentially available for secretion during degranulation of PMNs. [3H]Thymidine incorporation in vivo and autoradiography of tissue sections revealed that widespread cell proliferation was triggered by TGF-beta 1 injection. Synovial lining cells and cells located deep within the subsynovial connective tissue were identified as sources of at least some of the new cells that contribute to TGF-beta 1-induced hyperplasia. Our results demonstrate that TGF-beta is capable of exerting pathogenic effects on synovial tissue and that PMNs may represent a significant source of the TGF-beta present in synovial effusions.
A decision feedback equalizer for dispersion compensation in high speed optical transmission systems (2003)

We investigate a class of decision feedback equalizers, which are suitable for the equalization of dispersion effects in optical fiber channels. Since the widely used standard single mode fiber can be described by a simple linear transfer function for the optical signal, the overall system, including electrical/optical conversion and vice versa is nonlinear. We derive equalizer structures that account approximately for the nonlinear nature. These structures are investigated by simulation. An improvement of approx. 10 dB in the BER is achieved with a simple 1/sup st/ order equalizer that may be implemented at high speed systems at 10 Gb/s and beyond.
Effects of alfalfa root saponins on digestive function in sheep. (1996)

The effects of alfalfa saponins on ruminal pH and VFA concentrations, protozoal numbers, forestomach motility, and digesta flow from the rumen were examined in this experiment. In a preliminary study, either 800 or 1600 mg/kg of saponins per kg BW were administered intraruminally in a single dose to one of two 60-kg wethers. Ruminal contractions were suppressed within 15 min. The study was terminated when one wether didn't recover. Saponins were then administered intraruminally in two equal doses daily into four ruminally and duodenally cannulated wethers (60 +/- 1 kg) in amounts equivalent to 0, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW daily in a 4 x 4 Latin Square arrangement. Saponins increased VFA concentrations (P = .001) and lowered ruminal pH (P = .001) after 2 d of administration. On d 2 and d 14, saponins decreased (P < .01) protozoal populations. On d 11, pressure changes during ruminal contractions increased by 79% during resting (P = .06), 202% during feeding (P = .05), and 53% during an 8-h period (P = .08) as the level of saponins increased from 0 to 800 mg/kg BW. Administered saponins increased duodenal flows of OM and total N by 19 and 26%, respectively (P = .04 and .01). Apparent total tract N digestibility was reduced (P = .02) by 5% at the highest saponin dosage. We conclude that alfalfa may contain enough saponins to adversely impact ruminoreticular motility. Saponins also caused decreased ruminal protozoal populations, increased flow of total duodenal N, and reduced ruminal and total tract apparent digestibilities.
Adhesion and interface investigation of polyimide on metals (1988)

The interface and adhesion of PMDA-ODA and PAA-ethyl ester polyimides to several metals including Cr, Ni, Cu, and Au have been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a 90° peel test. The adhesion strength of polyimide on metals is generally very high compared with that of metals on polyimide. The trend in both cases is the same, i.e., Cr has the highest adhesion strength followed by Ni, Cu, and Au. Cross-sectional TEM studies showed that very fine particles were precipitated in the polyimide near the interface in the case of polyimide on Cu (or Ni). The precipitates were not found closer than 80-200 nm from the polyimide/Cu (or Ni) interface. Some large particles were identified as Cu2O (NiO in the case of polyimide/Ni) by scanning transmission electron microscopy and microdiffraction analyses. The formation of these particles was ascribed to a process involving first the reaction of polyamic acid with Cu (or Ni) to form a polyamic acid complex. During subsequent thermal curing, the complex decomposes, resulting in Cu2O (or NiO) and aggregates to form particles during imidization. The precipitation-free zone is due either to heterogeneous nucleation of the oxide particles or to a temperature gradient during curing which causes the interfacial product to migrate from the vitrifying polyimide into still plasticized polyamic acid.
Controlled Synthesis of Millimeter-Long Silicon Nanowires with Uniform Electronic Properties (2008)

We report the nanocluster-catalyzed growth of ultralong and highly uniform single-crystalline silicon nanowires (SiNWs) with millimeter-scale lengths and aspect ratios up to approximately 100,000. The average SiNW growth rate using disilane (Si 2H 6) at 400 degrees C was 31 microm/min, while the growth rate determined for silane (SiH 4) reactant under similar growth conditions was 130 times lower. Transmission electron microscopy studies of millimeter-long SiNWs with diameters of 20-80 nm show that the nanowires grow preferentially along the 110 direction independent of diameter. In addition, ultralong SiNWs were used as building blocks to fabricate one-dimensional arrays of field-effect transistors (FETs) consisting of approximately 100 independent devices per nanowire. Significantly, electrical transport measurements demonstrated that the millimeter-long SiNWs had uniform electrical properties along the entire length of wires, and each device can behave as a reliable FET with an on-state current, threshold voltage, and transconductance values (average +/-1 standard deviation) of 1.8 +/- 0.3 microA, 6.0 +/- 1.1 V, 210 +/- 60 nS, respectively. Electronically uniform millimeter-long SiNWs were also functionalized with monoclonal antibody receptors and used to demonstrate multiplexed detection of cancer marker proteins with a single nanowire. The synthesis of structurally and electronically uniform ultralong SiNWs may open up new opportunities for integrated nanoelectronics and could serve as unique building blocks linking integrated structures from the nanometer through millimeter length scales.
Phase conjugation in underwater acoustics (1991)

Phase-conjugate mirrors are used in optics to compensate for aberrations caused by inhomogeneities in the propagation medium and by imperfections in optical components. In acoustics, analogous behavior can be achieved by a time-reversed retransmission of signals received by an array. Compensation for multipath propagation and array imperfections is automatic and does not require knowledge of the detailed properties of either the medium or the array. The behavior of acoustic phase-conjugate arrays is illustrated in several examples, some highly idealized and some more realistic. The effects of aperture size and inhomogeneities in the propagation medium are treated for both the near-field and far-field regions. It is concluded that phase-conjugate arrays offer an attractive approach to some long-standing problems in underwater acoustics.
The volterra series expansion of functionals defined on the finite‐dimensional vector space and its application to saving of computational effort for volterra kernels (1986)

Abstract The Volterra series can be used as a model for a wide range of nonlinear dynamical systems. However, it requires a large amount of computation to determine its kernel from the observation of the input and output of the system. If the input is a white Gaussian signal, the Volterra series can be represented by an expansion using Wiener's orthogonal series of functionals. In that case, numerous methods have already been proposed to reduce the computational complexity utilizing the white gaussian property of the input signal and the orthogonality of the functional series. These methods cannot be applied, however, to the system receiving general input. This paper considers first the space of all functionals defined on the general set of discrete functions, and constructs the set of base functionals spanning that space systematically from the family of linear funtionals with the orthonormal set as the kernels. Then the functional model for the discrete nonlinear system to be measured is determined as a finite‐dimensional approximation in the previously derived functional space. A method is derived to calculate the approximate Volterra kernel. The relation of the proposed method to the multiple correlation function method, which has been used widely as a standard method to determine the kernels, is discussed. Assuming the white gaussian input, the computational complexities are compared, indicacing that the proposed method is far better in reducing the complexity, especially for kernels of higher dimensions.
Sulfonyl-Containing Aldophosphamide Analogues as Novel Anticancer Prodrugs Targeted against Cyclophosphamide-Resistant Tumor Cell Lines (2004)

A series of sulfonyl-group containing analogues of aldophosphamide (Aldo) were synthesized as potential anticancer prodrugs that liberate the cytotoxic phosphoramide mustards (PM, IPM, and tetrakis-PM) via beta-elimination, a nonenzymatic activation mechanism. Kinetic studies demonstrated that all these compounds spontaneously liberate phosphoramide mustards with half-lives in the range of 0.08-15.2 h under model physiological conditions in 0.08 M phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C. Analogous to Aldo, the rates of beta-elimination in all compounds was enhanced in reconstituted human plasma under same conditions. The compounds were more potent than the corresponding phosphoramide mustards against V-79 Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts in vitro (IC(50) = 1.8-69.1 microM). Several compounds showed excellent in vivo antitumor activity in CD2F1 mice against both P388/0 (Wild) and P388/CPA (CP-resistant) tumor cell lines.
Molecular Basis of the Long-QT Syndrome Associated with Deafness (1997)

In 1957, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen reported a syndrome of congenital sensory deafness associated with a prolonged QT interval in four children of a Norwegian family.1 The affected children had multiple syncopal episodes, and three died suddenly at the ages of four, five, and nine years. Since 1957, other examples of the long-QT syndrome associated with deafness (the Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome) have been described.2–4 In all cases, the apparent mode of inheritance was autosomal recessive. This syndrome is rare (estimated incidence, 1.6 to 6 cases per million).2 Affected persons are susceptible to recurrent syncope, and they have a high . . .
Optical Techniques for Information Security (2009)

This paper presents an overview of the potential of free space optical technology in information security, encryption, and authentication. Optical waveform posses many degrees of freedom such as amplitude, phase, polarization, spectral content, and multiplexing which can be combined in different ways to make the information encoding more secure. This paper reviews optical techniques for encryption and security of two-dimensional and three-dimensional data. Interferometric methods are used to record and retrieve data by either optical or digital holography for security applications. Digital holograms are widely used in recording and processing three dimensional data, and are attractive for securing three dimensional data. Also, we review optical authentication techniques applied to ID tags with visible and near infrared imaging. A variety of images and signatures, including biometrics, random codes, and primary images can be combined in an optical ID tag for security and authentication.
Solution-Phase Synthesis of Sub-10 nm Au−Ag Alloy Nanoparticles (2002)

Gold−silver alloy nanoparticles were synthesized via reduction of varying mole fractions of HAuCl4 and AgNO3 by sodium borohydride in the presence of sodium citrate as a capping agent, in water. Solution concentrations were adjusted to avoid the precipitation of AgCl during the course of the reaction. The plasmon absorption band of Ag−Au nanoparticles shifts linearly to the red with increasing Au content. Due to the direct dependence of the metal salt ratio to the shift of the absorbance peak and the lack of an apparent core−shell structure in transmission electron microscope images, it is concluded that the nanoparticles are alloys, rather than core−shell composites.
Purification and characterisation of plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)

Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 2 (PAI-2) under the control of the protease B gene promoter in a mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, DS569, resulted in its accumulation intracellularly at up to 20% of the soluble cell protein. Provision of an N-terminal signal sequence resulted in the secretion of a hyperglycosylated molecule. The intracellularly produced PAI-2 was purified by copper-chelate and anion-exchange chromatography to greater than 95% pure and was fully active. The recombinant PAI-2 formed SDS-stable complexes with urokinase and tissue-type plasminogen activator and inhibited the proteases with similar reaction kinetics to placental PAI-2 (second-order rate constant for uPA, 2.4 x 10(6) M-1 s-1, and for two-chain tPA, 0.7 x 10(5) M-1 s-1). As is the case for placental PAI-2, the N-terminus of the yeast-derived recombinant PAI-2 was blocked. The high productivity and consequent ease of purification mean that S. cerevisiae provides an excellent source of recombinant PAI-2 for investigation of its therapeutic potential in the treatment of neoplastic and inflammatory diseases.