gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Resistance of borate-treated Douglas-fir to the Formosan subterranean termite. (1992)

Toxicity of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT as TIM-BOR ®) to Formosan subterranean termites and termite feeding on treated Douglas-fir heartwood were evaluated in laboratory and field tests.
Parallel Algorithm for Multiplication on Elliptic Curves. (2002)

Given a positive integer n and a point P on an elliptic curve E, the computation of nP , that is, the result of adding n times the point P to itself, called the scalar multiplication, is the central operation of elliptic curve cryptosystems. We present an algorithm that, using p processors, can compute nP in time O(log n +H(n)=p+ log p), where H(n) is the Hamming weight of n. Furthermore, if this algorithm is applied to Koblitz curves, the running time can be reduced to O(H(n)=p + log p).
Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) (2016)

The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) is one of the checkpoints that regulates the immune response. Ligation of PD1 with its ligands PDL1 and PDL2 results in transduction of negative signals to T-cells. PD1 expression is an important mechanism contributing to the exhausted effector T-cell phenotype. The expression of PD1 on effector T-cells and PDL1 on neoplastic cells enables tumor cells to evade anti-tumor immunity. Blockade of PD1 is an important immunotherapeutic strategy for cancers. Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) is a humanized monoclonal anti-PD1 antibody that has been extensively investigated in numerous malignancies. In melanoma refractory to targeted therapy, pembrolizumab induced overall response rates (ORRs) of 21-34%. It was superior to another immune checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab (Yervoy) in stage III/IV unresectable melanoma. In refractory non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pembrolizumab induced ORRs of 19-25%. Based on these results, pembrolizumab was approved by the USA FDA for the treatment of advanced melanoma and NSCLC. Tumor cell PDL1 expression may be a valid response predictor. Molecular analysis also showed that tumors with high gene mutation burdens, which might result in the formation of more tumor-related neo-antigens, had better responses to pembrolizumab. In malignancies including lymphomas and other solid tumors, preliminary data showed that ORRs of around 20-50 % could be achieved. Adverse events occurred in up to 60% of patients, but grade 3/4 toxicities were observed in <10% of cases. Immune-related adverse events including thyroid dysfunction, hepatitis and pneumonitis are more serious and may lead to cessation of treatment.
Transport Properties of Electrons in Inverted Silicon Surfaces (1968)

Measurements of the effective mobility, field effect mobility, Hall mobility, and carrier density of Si as a function of field perpendicular to the surface are reported. At all temperatures from 4.2 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, at least one maximum in the mobility was observed. The temperature dependence is reported for different fields. At room temperature, a single maximum in the mobility was observed close to the threshold for inversion. As the temperature was lowered, this peak increased. At temperatures near 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, it then decreased. Another maximum appeared at about 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K at higher fields; it increased as the temperature was lowered. An anomalous shift in the conductance threshold between 77.3 and 4.2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is reported and is correlated with the charge in the oxide. Effects of substrate bias are reported. Some comments are made on possible scattering mechanisms. The effect of interface states was measured and their density near the conduction band is reported.
Diagnostic Architectural and Dynamic Features at Breast MR Imaging: Multicenter Study (2006)

Architectural and dynamic features are important in breast MR imaging interpretation. Multivariate models involving feature assessment have a diagnostic accuracy superior to that of qualitative characterization of the dynamic enhancement pattern.
Influence of Dietary Calcium Level and Particle Size of Calcium Source on In Vivo Calcium Solubilization by Commercial Leghorns (1989)

Six experiments were conducted in which hens with oviposition times between 0730 h and 0930 h were intubated with limestone at different levels or particle sizes at time of oviposition. Feed was withdrawn from all hens approximately 15.5 to 17.5 h prior to intubation, and the same feed but without supplemental Ca was immediately returned after limestone intubation. Excrement of each hen was collected from intubation (oviposition) until the next oviposition (24 to 27 h duration) in all experiments except Experiment 4. In Experiment 4, excreta were collected for 25 h after first oviposition. Five hens prior to intubation of Ca source and all hens at termination of an experiment were killed, and the contents of the digestive system were collected. Excreta and digestive system contents were analyzed for total Ca and quantity of insolubilized limestone. Approximately 50% of the Ca found in the excreta from hens with 3.75 g Ca intake was recovered in the same form as ingested (limestone). Percentage of Ca solubilized in the digestive system decreased (P less than .05) as Ca intake increased. Although in vitro solubility of larger limestone particles (2 to 5 mm) was much less than smaller particles (.5 to .8 mm), percentage of Ca solubilized in the digestive system during the 25 h following intubation increased (P less than .05) as particle size increased, suggesting a greater retention time of the larger limestone particles in the gizzard.
Lab-on-a-chip based immunosensor principles and technologies for the detection of cardiac biomarkers: a review (2010)

This review examines the current state of the art lab-on-a-chip and microfluidic based biosensor technologies used in the detection of cardiac biomarkers. The determination and quantification of blood based, cardiac biomarkers are crucial in the triage and management of a range of cardiac related conditions, where time delay has a major impact on short and longer-term outcomes of a patient. The design and manufacturing of biomarker detection systems are multi-disciplinary in nature and require researchers to have knowledge of both life sciences and engineering for the full potential of this field to be realised. This review will therefore provide a comprehensive overview of chip based immunosensing technology as applied to cardiac biomarker detection, while discussing the potential suitability and limitations of each configuration for incorporation within a clinical diagnostics device suitable for point-of-care applications.
A survey of acid catalysts in dipyrromethanecarbinol condensations leading to meso-substituted porphyrins (2001)

The successful use of dipyrromethanecarbinols in rational routes to porphyrinic macrocycles requires catalysis conditions that enable irreversible condensation, thereby avoiding substituent scrambling and formation of undesired porphyrin products. Previously, successful conditions of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) (30 mM) in acetonitrile were identified following a lengthy survey of TFA and BF 3 -etherate catalysis in diverse solvents. In this study, focus was placed on the acid catalyst by examining 17 acids in CH 2 Cl 2 , the traditional solvent for two-step, one-flask porphyrin syntheses. In the self-condensation of the carbinol derived from 1-(4-methylbenzoyl)-5-phenyldipyrromethane, porphyrin yields of 9–55% were obtained from the various acids, compared to 20% under TFA catalysis in acetonitrile. A number of catalytic conditions that produce little to no porphyrin in reactions of pyrrole + benzaldehyde afforded good yields of porphyrin and the suppression of scrambling in reactions of dipyrromethanecarbinols. The four best acid catalysts ( InCl 3 , Sc ( OTf ) 3 , Yb ( OTf ) 3 , and Dy ( OTf ) 3 ) initially identified were then examined with dipyrromethanecarbinols bearing challenging substituents (alkyl, pyridyl, or no substituent). The greatest improvement was obtained with the pyridyl substrates. Selected reactions performed on a preparative scale (115 to 460 mg of isolated porphyrin) verified the results of the analytical-scale experiments and revealed the more facile isolation of the porphyrin from reactions performed in CH 2 Cl 2 rather than acetonitrile. This study provides alternatives to the use of TFA/acetonitrile that offer advantages in terms of yield and isolation of the porphyrin without sacrificing suppression of scrambling. Furthermore, the finding that poor catalysts for the benzaldehyde + pyrrole reaction can be excellent catalysts for dipyrromethanecarbinols provides guidance for the identification of other catalysts for use with reactive precursors in porphyrin-forming reactions.
Waste-Free Chemistry of Diazonium Salts and Benign Separation of Coupling Products in Solid Salt Reactions (2002)

Gas-solid and solid-solid techniques allow for waste-free and quantitative syntheses in the chemistry of diazonium salts. Five techniques for diazotations with the reactive gases NO(2), NO and NOCl are studied. Two types are mechanistically investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and are interpreted on the basis of known crystal packings. The same principles apply to the cascade reactions that had been derived from one-step reactions. Solid diazonium salts couple quantitatively with solid diphenylamine and anilines to give the triazenes. Azo couplings are achieved with quantitative yields by cautious co-grinding of solid diazonium salts with beta-naphthol and C-H acidic heterocycles, such as barbituric acids or pyrazolinones. Solid diazonium salts may be more easily applied in a stoichiometric ratio for couplings in solution. Co-grinding of solid diazonium salts with KI gives quantitative yields of various solid aryl iodides. The unavoidable coupling products in salt reactions are completely separated from the insoluble products in a highly benign manner. The solid-state reactions compare favourably with similar solution reactions that produce much waste. The structures of the products are elucidated with IR and NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, while the tautomeric properties of the compounds are studied with density functional calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* and BLYP/6-31G** levels.
The d‐alanine content of lipoteichoic acid is crucial for Lactobacillus plantarum‐mediated protection from visceral pain perception in a rat colorectal distension model (2008)

The mechanisms leading to positive effects of probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease have not been clarified, but the possible involvement of cell wall components is widely discussed. Reduction of the D-alanine content of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in Lactobacillus plantarum (Dlt(-) mutant) enhanced its anti-inflammatory properties in a mouse colitis model. Another lactobacillus species inhibited visceral pain perception in response to colorectal distension (CRD) in rats. Therefore, we investigated if LTA modification influences the constitutive intestinal pain perception in addition to modulation of cytokine release. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were gavaged with L. plantarum, L. plantarum Dlt(-) mutant or buffer control, respectively and the responses to CRD were tested in this non-inflammatory model. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-10 release were measured in colon tissue homogenates and upon anti-CD3/CD28 activation of isolated splenocytes and mesenteric lymphocytes. Control animals showed significant bradycardia following noxious CRD, whereas only the L. plantarum Dlt(-) mutant inhibited the response. The mutant also decreased the activation-induced release of TNF and IFN-gamma from mesenteric T cells and the IL-10 concentration in colonic tissue, while increasing the activation-induced secretion of IL-10 in splenocytes and mesenteric lymphocytes and the baseline IL-10 release of splenocytes. In conclusion, d-alanine depletion of LTA in L. plantarum inhibited visceral pain perception in healthy, non-inflamed rats. Regardless of the non-inflammatory nature of the model decreased visceral pain perception was seen in parallel with anti-inflammatory properties.
Crystal structure of the channel-forming polypeptide antiamoebin in a membrane-mimetic environment (1998)

Crystals of an ion-channel-forming peptaibol peptide in a partial membrane environment have been obtained by cocrystallizing antiamoebin with n-octanol. The antiamoebin molecule has a bent helical conformation very similar to that established for Leu-zervamicin, despite a significantly different sequence for residues 1-8. The bent helices assemble to form a polar channel in the shape of an hour glass that is quite comparable to that of Leu-zervamicin. The molecules of cocrystallized octanol are found in two different areas with respect to the assembly of peptide molecules. One octanol molecule mimics a membrane segment along the hydrophobic exterior of the channel assembly. The other octanol molecules fill the channel in such a way that their OH termini satisfy the C==O moieties directed into the interior of the channel. Structure parameters for C82 H27 N17 O20(.3) C8H18O are space group P2(1) 2(1) 2(1), a = 9.143(2) A, b = 28.590(8) A, c = 44.289(8) A, Z = 4, agreement factor R1 = 11.95% for 4,113 observed reflections [>4sigma(F)], resolution approximately 1.0 A.
Aging alters the inflammatory and endothelial cell adhesion molecule profiles during human cutaneous wound healing. (1998)

Age-related changes in the human inflammatory response in vivo have been largely ignored, resulting in a lack of understanding of the patho-physiologic processes involving inflammation that become increasingly important with age, of which wound repair is an important example. We have tested the hypothesis that the delay in wound healing resulting from old age is associated with an altered inflammatory response and endothelial cell adhesion molecule (CAM) profile, because CAMs influence the temporal and lineage profiles of extravasated leukocytes within a wound. Cutaneous punch biopsies were taken from 138 healthy subjects, aged 19 to 96 years; the wounds were rebiopsied at fixed time-points from Day 1 up to 3 months postwounding. Quantitative image analysis showed that there was a marked early increase in the neutrophil response in the aged with a less pronounced peak in the wounds of young subjects. Monocyte/macrophage and lymphocyte appearance was delayed in the aged with cell numbers peaking at Day 84, compared to Day 7 for monocytes and Day 21 for lymphocytes in the young, but with increased numbers of mature macrophages in the aged. E-selectin was strongly expressed in a perivascular distribution in the early wounds of the aged; however, only faint staining was seen from Day 3 to 7 in the wounds of the young. Intracellular CAM-1 and vascular CAM-1 expression exhibited an age-related delay in appearance and a reduction in staining intensity. This altered CAM profile may affect the early inflammatory wound healing response in aged humans and suggests a target for future therapeutic manipulations.
LDLR-Gene therapy for familial hypercholesterolaemia: problems, progress, and perspectives (2010)

Coronary artery diseases (CAD) inflict a heavy economical and social burden on most populations and contribute significantly to their morbidity and mortality rates. Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) associated familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most frequent Mendelian disorder and is a major risk factor for the development of CAD. To date there is no cure for FH. The primary goal of clinical management is to control hypercholesterolaemia in order to decrease the risk of atherosclerosis and to prevent CAD. Permanent phenotypic correction with single administration of a gene therapeutic vector is a goal still needing to be achieved. The first ex vivo clinical trial of gene therapy in FH was conducted nearly 18 years ago. Patients who had inherited LDLR gene mutations were subjected to an aggressive surgical intervention involving partial hepatectomy to obtain the patient's own hepatocytes for ex vivo gene transfer with a replication deficient LDLR-retroviral vector. After successful re-infusion of transduced cells through a catheter placed in the inferior mesenteric vein at the time of liver resection, only low-level expression of the transferred LDLR gene was observed in the five patients enrolled in the trial. In contrast, full reversal of hypercholesterolaemia was later demonstrated in in vivo preclinical studies using LDLR-adenovirus mediated gene transfer. However, the high efficiency of cell division independent gene transfer by adenovirus vectors is limited by their short-term persistence due to episomal maintenance and the cytotoxicity of these highly immunogenic viruses. Novel long-term persisting vectors derived from adeno-associated viruses and lentiviruses, are now available and investigations are underway to determine their safety and efficiency in preparation for clinical application for a variety of diseases. Several novel non-viral based therapies have also been developed recently to lower LDL-C serum levels in FH patients. This article reviews the progress made in the 18 years since the first clinical trial for gene therapy of FH, with emphasis on the development, design, performance and limitations of viral based gene transfer vectors used in studies to ameliorate the effects of LDLR deficiency.
Diastereocontrolled Synthesis of Dinucleoside Phosphorothioates Using a Novel Class of Activators, Dialkyl(cyanomethyl)ammonium Tetrafluoroborates (2002)

A novel class of activators, dialkyl(cyanomethyl)ammonium tetrafluoroborates 1a-c, has been developed and applied to the condensations of diastereopure 5'-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilylthymidine 3'-cyclic phosphoramidites 3a-d with 3'-O-tert-butyldimethylsilylthymidine (4a). Among them, the condensation of 3a with 4a in the presence of 1a completed within 5 min and gave only one diastereoisomer of the corresponding phosphite 5a. After sulfurization and deprtection, almost diastereopure (Rp)-TpsT 7 was obtained (d.r. = 99:1). Next the 5'-O-(DMTr)nucleoside 3'-phosphoramidites 8a-d containing thymine, N6-benzoyladenine, N4-benzoylcytosine, and N2-phenylacetylguanine have been synthesized and allowed to condense with 3'-O-protected thymidine and 2'-deoxyadenosine. The 5'-O-DMTr group and the N-acyl groups of the nucleobases were compatible with the reaction conditions and the condensations completed quickly with excellent diastereoselectivity.
Protein Kinase C-ε Regulates Local Calcium Signaling in Airway Smooth Muscle Cells (2008)

Protein kinase C (PKC) is known to regulate ryanodine receptor (RyR)-mediated local Ca(2+) signaling (Ca(2+) spark) in airway and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), but its specific molecular mechanisms and functions still remain elusive. In this study, we reveal that, in airway SMCs, specific PKCepsilon peptide inhibitor and gene deletion significantly increased the frequency of Ca(2+) sparks, and decreased the amplitude of Ca(2+) sparks in the presence of xestospogin-C to eliminate functional inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptors. PKCepsilon activation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate significantly decreased Ca(2+) spark frequency and increased Ca(2+) spark amplitude. The effect of PKCepsilon inhibition or activation on Ca(2+) sparks was completely lost in PKCepsilon(-/-) cells. PKCepsilon inhibition or PKCepsilon activation was unable to affect Ca(2+) sparks in RyR1(-/-) and RyR1(+/-) cells. Modification of RyR2 activity by FK506-binding protein 12.6 homozygous or RyR2 heterozygous gene deletion did not prevent the effect of PKCepsilon inhibition or activation. RyR3 homogenous gene deletion did not block the effect of PKCepsilon inhibition and activation, either. PKCepsilon inhibition promotes agonist-induced airway muscle contraction, whereas PKCepsilon activation produces an opposite effect. Taken together, these results indicate that PKCepsilon regulates Ca(2+) sparks by specifically interacting with RyR1, which plays an important role in the control of contractile responses in airway SMCs.
Doppler spectroscopy of hydrogen and deuterium balmer alpha line in an abnormal glow discharge (2003)

The results of hydrogen and deuterium Balmer alpha line shapes and line intensities study in an abnormal glow discharge are reported and analyzed. The Doppler shifts along line wings are used to determine energies of excited hydrogen and deuterium atoms. For 12 different cathodes, intensity and shape of line wings are examined and dependence upon cathode material is determined. Tentative explanation of line wings intensity dependence is related to the sputtering of cathode material and back-scattering coefficients of incident hydrogen or deuterium ions and atoms from cathode surface. The influence of the light reflected on a cathode surface to the line shape measurements along discharge axis is considered. In hydrogen, deuterium, and Ar+3%H/sub 2/ discharges, basic mechanisms of fast hydrogen generation and excitation are studied. The shape and intensities of the H/sub /spl alpha// line profiles in pure hydrogen and in argon-hydrogen mixture may be correlated with hydrogen atom-carrier gas collision excitation cross sections. In order to assess the importance of reflected fast hydrogen atoms back scattered from the cathode surface, for the Balmer line shape formation, a simulation program is used. The results are in a qualitative agreement with Balmer line shapes observations.
Biocompatibility of atomic layer‐deposited alumina thin films (2007)

Presented in this paper is a study of the biocompatibility of an atomic layer-deposited (ALD) alumina (Al2O3) thin film and an ALD hydrophobic coating on standard glass cover slips. The pure ALD alumina coating exhibited a water contact angle of 55 degrees +/- 5 degrees attributed, in part, to a high concentration of -OH groups on the surface. In contrast, the hydrophobic coating (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydro-octyl-methyl-bis(dimethylamino)silane) had a water contact angle of 108 degrees +/- 2 degrees. Observations using differential interference contrast microscopy on human coronary artery smooth muscle cells showed normal cell proliferation on both the ALD alumina and hydrophobic coatings when compared to cells grown on control substrates. These observations suggested good biocompatibility over a period of 7 days in vitro. Using a colorimetric assay technique to assess cell viability, the cellular response between the three substrates can be differentiated to show that the ALD alumina coating is more biocompatible and that the hydrophobic coating is less biocompatible when compared to the control. These results suggest that patterning a substrate with hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups can control cell growth. This patterning can further enhance the known advantages of ALD alumina, such as conformality and excellent dielectric properties for bio-micro electro mechanical systems (Bio-MEMS) in sensors, actuators, and microfluidics devices.
Correlation between mesh size and equilibrium degree of swelling of polymeric networks (1989)

A correlation is established between the mesh size of a swollen cross-linked network and its equilibrium polymer volume fraction, for hydrogels isothermally swollen up to semidilute, dilute, or concentrated conditions. The exponent of this correlation decreases as the water concentration of the hydrogel decreases. Experimental results with hydrogels of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate) are used to verify the new scaling laws.