gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current methods of controlling post-operative pain. (1992)

Until recently, the clinical significance of post-surgical pain and its undertreatment were for the most part unappreciated. Recognition that inadequate analgesia adversely affects the patient's cardiovascular, pulmonary, and emotional status has spurred development of new and highly effective methods of controlling pain. With the introduction of spinal opioid and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) came the realization that, while such forms of therapy provided superior pain relief, they were not without their own unique and occasionally serious side effects. For this reason, both techniques are more safely provided by highly trained members of a dedicated acute/post-surgical pain service. Although spinal opioid (epidural, intrathecal) techniques are invasive and require patient cooperation, they have a high degree of safety in low-risk populations (ASA 1 and 2). The major therapeutic advantage of spinal opioids is their ability to prevent pain from being perceived. PCA permits patients to titrate intravenous opioids in proportion to their particular level of pain intensity. Although PCA provides effective pain "relief," the technique is incapable of preventing pain from being appreciated. A number of studies have observed that pain scores in patients successfully employing PCA were significantly higher than those noted in individuals treated with epidural opioids. Nevertheless, the control gained by self-administration, uniformity of analgesia, and low level of adverse results associated with PCA provides higher patient satisfaction and decreased sedation when compared with traditional intramuscular dosing. The effectiveness of PCA may be improved by adjusting for patient variables, utilizing opioids having rapid onset, the addition of a basal infusion, and supplementation with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Interpleural analgesia represents an important therapeutic option in patients sensitive to opioid-induced respiratory depression. The technique is more effective when local anesthetic solutions are continually infused. Analgesic efficacy may be further enhanced by the addition of "low-dose" PCA.
Human α2,3-Sialyltransferase (ST3Gal II) Is a Stage-specific Embryonic Antigen-4 Synthase (2003)

Monosialosyl globopentaosylceramide (MSGb5), originally described as stage-specific embryonic antigen-4, is expressed in testicular germ cell tumors and in aggressive cases of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Clarification of the molecular mechanisms regulating synthesis of MSGb5 is very important to understand testicular carcinogenesis and the malignant progression of human RCC. For this purpose, we have investigated alpha2,3-sialyltransferase involved in the synthesis of MSGb5. We used the method of expression cloning combined with polymerase chain reaction targeted to sialylmotif to isolate a cDNA clone from RCC cell line ACHN library. The cloned cDNA was found to be identical to the previously cloned ST3Gal II in sequence. A soluble recombinant form of the protein in COS-1 cells showed an enzyme activity of alpha2,3-sialyltransferase toward globopentaosylceramide (Gb5) in addition to asialo-GM1 and GM1a. Transient transfection of COS-7 and ACHN cells with this cDNA induced an increase of MSGb5, whereas stable transfection of antisense ST3Gal II cDNA suppressed expression of MSGb5 in ACHN cells. The ST3Gal II mRNA level was increased in 7 of 8 RCC cell lines and in all six RCC tissues surgically obtained, although it was not necessarily consistent with the MSGb5 level in RCC cell lines. This study indicates that ST3Gal II is a MSGb5 (stage-specific embryonic antigen-4) synthase and that its increased expression level is closely related to renal carcinogenesis.
A Theoretical Analysis of Contrastive Unsupervised Representation Learning (2019)

Recent empirical works have successfully used unlabeled data to learn feature representations that are broadly useful in downstream classification tasks. Several of these methods are reminiscent of the well-known word2vec embedding algorithm: leveraging availability of pairs of semantically "similar" data points and "negative samples," the learner forces the inner product of representations of similar pairs with each other to be higher on average than with negative samples. The current paper uses the term contrastive learning for such algorithms and presents a theoretical framework for analyzing them by introducing latent classes and hypothesizing that semantically similar points are sampled from the same latent class. This framework allows us to show provable guarantees on the performance of the learned representations on the average classification task that is comprised of a subset of the same set of latent classes. Our generalization bound also shows that learned representations can reduce (labeled) sample complexity on downstream tasks. We conduct controlled experiments in both the text and image domains to support the theory.
Improved i.p. drug delivery with bioadhesive nanoparticles (2016)

The i.p. administration of chemotherapy in ovarian and uterine serous carcinoma patients by biodegradable nanoparticles may represent a highly effective way to suppress peritoneal carcinomatosis. However, the efficacy of nanoparticles loaded with chemotherapeutic agents is currently hampered by their fast clearance by lymphatic drainage. Here, we show that a unique formulation of bioadhesive nanoparticles (BNPs) can interact with mesothelial cells in the abdominal cavity and significantly extend the retention of the nanoparticles in the peritoneal space. BNPs loaded with a potent chemotherapeutic agent [epothilone B (EB)] showed significantly lower systemic toxicity and higher therapeutic efficacy against i.p. chemotherapy-resistant uterine serous carcinoma-derived xenografts compared with free EB and non-BNPs loaded with EB.
Expression of Genetically Engineered Immunoconjugates of Lymphotoxin and a Chimeric Anti-Ganglioside GD2 Antibody (1991)

Human lymphotoxin was genetically conjugated to the constant region of a human gamma 1 immunoglobulin gene at the end of either the second (CH2-LT) or third (CH3-LT) constant region domain. The altered heavy chain constant regions were combined in a plasmid vector together with the variable regions of a mouse anti-ganglioside GD2 antibody 14.18 and the human kappa constant region. The resulting immunoconjugate constructs were expressed in transfected hybridoma cells and tested for both their antibody and lymphotoxin activities. The two constructs were assembled to varying degrees depending on whether the third heavy chain constant region was present. Both forms retained their ability to bind antigen and mediate ADCC but only CH3-LT was able to mediate the lysis of melanoma target cells in the presence of human complement. Lymphotoxin activity, as defined in a cytolytic assay with mouse fibroblasts, was found to increase significantly as a function of heavy chain assembly and to be equivalent to unconjugated lymphotoxin. Neither of the constructs were cytotoxic for antigen-bearing melanoma cells that are normally resistant to lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Such immunoconjugates may prove useful in targeting cytokines to the site of antigen-bearing cells in vivo. In this case, as a means of eliciting an inflammatory response at the site of a solid tumor.
An Olfactory Sensory Neuron Line,Odora, Properly Targets Olfactory Proteins and Responds to Odorants (1999)

The site for interactions between the nervous system and much of the chemical world is in the olfactory sensory neuron (OSN). Odorant receptor proteins (ORPs) are postulated to mediate these interactions. However, the function of most ORPs has not been demonstrated in vivo or in vitro. For this and other reasons, we created a conditionally immortalized cell line derived from the OSN lineage, which we term odora. Odora cells, under control conditions, are phenotypically similar to the OSN progenitor, the globose basal cell. After differentiation, odora cells more closely resemble OSNs. Differentiated odora cells express neuronal and olfactory markers, including components of the olfactory signal transduction pathway. Unlike other cell lines, they also efficiently target exogenous ORPs to their surface. Strikingly, differentiated odora cells expressing ORPs respond to odorants, as measured by an influx of calcium. In particular, cells expressing one ORP demonstrate a specific response to only one type of tested odorant. Odora cells, therefore, are ideal models to examine the genesis and function of olfactory sensory neurons.
Use of the Coaxial-Core Profile in the Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier for Self-Regulation of Gain Spectrum (1999)

This paper is also published in tj IEICE Trans. Electlec - Vol.E82-C, No.8, pp.1539--1548,August 1999.
Potential therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease (2008)

Better treatments for levodopa-unresponsive aspects of Parkinson's will depend upon improved understanding of the pathophysiology of these complications. Dopamine-based therapies have been extensively developed and further improvements in treatment of established disease are likely to be based on modification of other neurotransmitter systems, including 5-hydroxytryptamine, adenosine receptors, amino acid receptors and possibly neuropeptides. The failure of neuroprotective and neurorescue strategies to keep pace with expectations probably reflects a combination of inadequate models of disease pathogenesis and poor biomarkers to assess the impact of these interventions. The development of novel therapies will be heavily dependent on improvements in these arenas. Most gene therapies under development will address the symptoms of Parkinson's disease but will at best only partially address the underlying disease.
A Symmetrical Component-Based GPS Signal Failure-Detection Algorithm for use in Feeder Current Differential Protection (2008)

Current differential relays are now widely used for the protection of transmission feeders. Simplicity of operation and the ability to clearly discriminate internal and external faults ensures their popularity, particularly when digital communication systems are available. Increasing availability of digital communication systems creates tremendous opportunities for protection but the move to switched hierarchical communication networks has created problems for phasor synchronization. The solution is the global positioning system (GPS). GPS provides time synchronization to an accuracy of plusmn1 mus, this relates to a 50-Hz differential phasor error of 0.04deg. Although the normal phasor error is insignificant, concerns remain about the temporary loss of the GPS time reference signal. The performance of the differential relay is investigated on the EMTDC simulator for the loss of the GPS time reference signal. This paper presents a technique to cope with such a scenario using symmetrical component analysis and discusses how an adaptive bias can be used to maintain system stability.
Nlk is a murine protein kinase related to Erk/MAP kinases and localized in the nucleus (1998)

Extracellular-signal regulated kinases/microtubule-associated protein kinases (Erk/MAPKs) and cyclin-directed kinases (Cdks) are key regulators of many aspects of cell growth and division, as well as apoptosis. We have cloned a kinase, Nlk, that is a murine homolog of the Drosophila nemo (nmo) gene. The Nlk amino acid sequence is 54. 5% similar and 41.7% identical to murine Erk-2, and 49.6% similar and 38.4% identical to human Cdc2. It possesses an extended amino-terminal domain that is very rich in glutamine, alanine, proline, and histidine. This region bears similarity to repetitive regions found in many transcription factors. Nlk is expressed as a 4. 0-kb transcript at high levels in adult mouse brain tissue, with low levels in other tissues examined, including lung, where two smaller transcripts of 1.0 and 1.5 kb are expressed as well. A 4.0-kb Nlk message is also present during embryogenesis, detectable at day E10. 5, reaching maximal steady state levels at day E12.5, and then decreasing. Nlk transiently expressed in COS7 cells is a 60-kDa kinase detectable by its ability to autophosphorylate. Mutation of the ATP-binding Lys-155 to methionine abolishes its ability to autophosphorylate, as does mutation of a putative activating threonine in kinase domain VIII, to valine, aspartic, or glutamic acid. Subcellular fractionation indicates that 60-70% of Nlk is localized to the nucleus, whereas 30-40% of Nlk is cytoplasmic. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirms that Nlk resides predominantly in the nucleus. Nlk and Nmo may be the first members of a family of kinases with homology to both Erk/MAPKs and Cdks.
Targeted Genome Editing Across Species Using ZFNs and TALENs (2011)

Evolutionary studies necessary to dissect diverse biological processes have been limited by the lack of reverse genetic approaches in most organisms with sequenced genomes. We established a broadly applicable strategy using zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) for targeted disruption of endogenous genes and cis-acting regulatory elements in diverged nematode species.
A multistage controlled intervention to increase stair climbing at work: effectiveness and process evaluation (2016)

This study shows a successful stair-climbing intervention at the worksite. The main barriers to adoption and implementation were related to location and visibility of posters. Process evaluation was useful in identifying these barriers throughout the study, and in finding appropriate solutions.
Criteria for Annotation of Plant MicroRNAs (2008)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are approximately 21 nucleotide noncoding RNAs produced by Dicer-catalyzed excision from stem-loop precursors. Many plant miRNAs play critical roles in development, nutrient homeostasis, abiotic stress responses, and pathogen responses via interactions with specific target mRNAs. miRNAs are not the only Dicer-derived small RNAs produced by plants: A substantial amount of the total small RNA abundance and an overwhelming amount of small RNA sequence diversity is contributed by distinct classes of 21- to 24-nucleotide short interfering RNAs. This fact, coupled with the rapidly increasing rate of plant small RNA discovery, demands an increased rigor in miRNA annotations. Herein, we update the specific criteria required for the annotation of plant miRNAs, including experimental and computational data, as well as refinements to standard nomenclature.
Experimental verification of modified command shaping using a flexible manipulator (1991)

A brief discussion introduces the original input shaping method applied to a system with varying parameters. A change in parameters causes a vibration in the system and a modified command shaping technique is created to eliminate this unwanted motion. Using a two degree of freedom (DOF) flexible manipulator, experiments are conducted by varying perturbations to input trajectories to compare the modified method to a previously used adaptive proportional plus derivative (P.D.) control method. The control scheme that produces the smaller magnitude of resonant vibration at the first natural frequency of the robot is considered the more effective control method.
PERITRANSPLANT TOLERANCE INDUCTION WITH ANTI-CD3-IMMUNOTOXIN (1998)

Background. Tolerance is gaining momentum as an approach to reduce lifelong immunosuppressive therapy while improving transplant longevity. Anti-CD3 immunotoxin (IT), FN18-CRM9, has potential to induce tolerance owing to its exceptional ability to deplete sessile lymph node T cells. However, if initiated at the time of transplantation, α-CD3-IT alone elicits a proinflammatory cytokine response, precluding establishment of tolerance. Methods. Four groups of rhesus monkeys received kidney allografts and immunosuppression. Three groups received α-CD3-IT alone orα-CD3-IT supplemented with 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG) and/or methylprednisolone (MP). One group received α-CD3-monoclonal antibody with DSG and MP. Cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. Supplementing peritransplant α-CD3-IT treatment with a brief course of DSG and MP promoted rejection-free kidney allograft acceptance in 75% of macaques followed for up to 550 days. Among those given α-CD3-IT alone or with MP, none were long-term survivors. Tolerance developed afterα-CD3-IT, DSG, and MP treatment, but not when the unconjugatedα-CD3 monoclonal antibody was substituted for IT. Systemic production of proinflammatory cytokines interferony-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α induced after peritransplant α-CD3-IT was prevented only in animals given DSG. Despite high levels of interleukin (IL)-12 in the first month after transplant, tolerant recipients exhibited IL-12 resistance, as evidenced by baseline plasma levels of IFN-γ but elevated IL-4. DSG was shown to inhibit IL-12-driven IFN-γ production by a mechanism associated with inhibition of nuclear factor κ-B. Conclusions. In this model, peritransplant induction of tolerance is promoted by efficient elimination of sessile lymph node T cells and control of the proinflammatory IFN-γ response by a mechanism that appears to involve resistance to IL-12.
Trace Hydrazine Detection with Fluorescent Conjugated Polymers: A Turn‐On Sensory Mechanism (2006)

Exposure of hydrazine vapor to conjugated-polymer films reduces the small number of oxidized trap sites that quench excitons. This scheme is effective for trace hydrazine detection with a detection limit of less than 1 ppm. The introduction of an oxidizing dopant quenches the polymer emission and permits detection of hydrazine with larger on/off ratios (see figure).
Noradrenaline and the kidney: friends or foes? (2001)

Septic shock, systemic inflammation and pharmacological vasodilatation are often complicated by systemic hypotension, despite aggressive fluid resuscitation and an increased cardiac output. If the physician wishes to restore arterial pressure (>80-85 mmHg), with the aim of sustaining organ perfusion pressure, the administration of systemic vasopressor agents, such as noradrenaline, becomes necessary. Because noradrenaline induces vasoconstriction in many vascular beds (visibly in the skin), however, it may decrease renal and visceral blood flow, impairing visceral organ function. This unproven fear has stopped clinicians from using noradrenaline more widely. In vasodilated states, unlike in normal circulatory conditions, however, noradrenaline may actually improve visceral organ blood flow. Animal studies show that the increased organ perfusion pressures achieved with noradrenaline improve the glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow. There are no controlled human data to define the effects of noradrenaline on the kidney, but many patient series show a positive effect on glomerular filtration rate and urine output. There is no reason to fear the use of noradrenaline. If it is used to support a vasodilated circulation with a normal or increased cardiac output, it is likely to be the kidney's friend not its foe.
Aromatic side-chain contribution to far-ultraviolet circular dichroism of helical peptides and its effect on measurement of helix propensities (1993)

Peptides of the sequence Ac-XKAAAAKAAAAKAAAAK-amide, where X is Tyr, Trp, or Ala, produce circular dichroism spectra that are typical of the alpha-helix; there are, however, significant differences between the Tyr, Trp, or Ala peptides in the magnitudes of the far-ultraviolet bands. A tyrosine or tryptophan residue is needed in each peptide in order to measure accurately the peptide concentration and the mean residue ellipticity. The N- or C-terminal position is chosen because helix fraying is greatest at each end and the Tyr or Trp residue should influence the helix content of the peptide least at these positions. Amide proton exchange measurements by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicate that the Tyr, Trp, and Ala peptides possess similar amounts of H-bonded secondary structure. Comparison of the far-ultraviolet circular dichroism and absorption spectra of these peptides suggests that the differences in circular dichroism arise in each case from an induced aromatic circular dichroism band, which is positive for Tyr and negative for Trp. Insertion of one to three Gly residues between the aromatic residue and the rest of the helical sequence reduces the induced aromatic band to insignificant levels. Using this procedure of inserting Gly residues between the Tyr and the rest of the helical sequence, we remeasured the helix propensity of Gly. We find that the Ala:Gly ratio of helix propensities is 40, as opposed to our previous estimate of 100 determined using the Tyr peptide without considering the aromatic contribution of Tyr in the analysis [Chakrabartty, A., Schellman, J. A., & Baldwin, R. L. (1991) Nature 351, 586-588].
[Experience with topical brimonidine (Alphagan (R) 0,2%) in the treatment of glaucomas] (2000)

Purpose: The main purpose of our study was to assess the systemic safety of brimonidine tartrate 0.2 %, an alpha 2 highly selective agonist in patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension\nMaterial-Methods: Brimonidine was administered alone or in combination in 128 patients suffering from glaucoma or ocular hypertension in order to improve the IOP effect and/or to replace a drug which prescription was limited due to its secondary effects. in addition to the standard follow up and IOP reduction evaluation, our study was focused on the appreciation of the systemic tolerance to brimonidine.\nResults: The average age of our patients was 65.2 +/- 13.8 years and the mean follow up was 4.5 +/- 3.4 months. Brimondine was administered in monotherapy in 15 patients (7.8%) and in combination with another drug in the others (92.2%), the combination with a beta-blocking agent being the most frequent combination. 113 among the 128 patients suffered from POAG. 51.6% of patients described systemic side effects at various degrees (drowsiness. fatigue, general uneasiness, mouth dryness...). All these systemic side effects were significantly more frequent in patients older than 60 years (p &lt; 0.05). They did not seem to be influenced by an intercurrent illness or a systemic concurrent treatment with drugs potentially acting with the noradrenergic transmission (monoamine oxydase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, mianserine, alpha-sympatholytics...).\nBrimonidine was interrupted in 82 patients (64.1%) secondary to a systemic intolerance in 21 patients, an allergic blepharo-conjunctivitis in 12 patients, and a non optimal IOP reduction in 42 patients.\nConsidering the all patients and treatments, IOP dropped from 20.5 +/- 3.6mmHg to 19.8 +/- 4.6mmHg at the last examination (p &lt; 0.05). in bitherapies, the observed IOP reduction was not significantly different from the one achieved with the previous association.\nConclusion: Our medium-term results have shown that brimonidine was an efficient ocular hypotensive agent and had a satisfactory ocular tolerance in nearly all the patients. However, its systemic tolerance appeared to be less favourable than previously reported. A systematic eyelid closure and punctal occlusion following each instillation is advisable in older patients.