gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Location, Location, Location: The Impact of Migratory Heterogeneity on T Cell Function (2013)

T cell migration is crucial for an effective adaptive immune response to invading pathogens. Naive and memory T cells encounter pathogen antigens, become activated, and differentiate into effector cells in secondary lymphoid tissues, and then migrate to the site(s) of infection where they exert effector activities that control and eliminate pathogens. To achieve activation, efficient effector function, and good memory formation, T cells must traffic between lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues within the body. This complex process is facilitated by chemokine receptors, selectins, CD44, and integrins that mediate the interactions of T cells with the environment. The expression patterns of these migration receptors (MR) dictate the tissues into which the effector T cells migrate and enable them to occupy specific niches within the tissue. While MR have been considered primarily to facilitate cell movement, we highlight how the heterogeneity of signaling through these receptors influences the function and fate of T cells in situ. We explore what drives MR expression heterogeneity, how this affects migration, and how this impacts T cell effector function and memory formation.
CEA in tumors of other than colorectal origin (1991)

Carcinoembryonic antigen has been demonstrated to be a valuable clinical aid in the management of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Its elevation in the serum prior to evidence of clinical recurrence in up to 80% of patients highlights its utility. CEA has also been found to be elevated in the serum of patients with other epithelial malignancies, but these have not been as well studied as has colorectal carcinoma. In patients with breast cancer CEA elevations may be found in 40-73% of patients presenting with disease in stages I-IV. In addition, 80% of patients will have a CEA elevation 3-10 months prior to clinical symptoms of recurrence. Seventy-seven percent of patients with bronchogenic lung cancer will have an elevated preoperative value. However, cigarette smoking also causes an increase in the CEA assay level and, thus, differentiation between benign and malignant conditions is more difficult. In small cell carcinoma of the lung, CEA assay levels above 10 ng/ml correlate highly with metastatic disease, while values less than 2.5 ng/ml correlate with localized disease. Pancreatic and gastric malignancies demonstrate CEA level elevations in just over 50% of cases. But these, however, have not been clinically useful. Epithelial neoplasms of the female reproductive tract (cervix, uterus, and ovary) also produce CEA in 47-75% of cases and may correlate with stage of disease at diagnosis and level of cellular differentiation. CEA assay levels are elevated in a variety of tumors and correlate with tumor stage, degree of differentiation, and effectiveness of therapy; they may also be the earliest marker of recurrence.
Expedient Synthesis of N-Methyl Tubulysin Analogues with High Cytotoxicity (2008)

An optimized and highly efficient synthesis of potent, bioactive N-methyl tubulysin analogues 2 and 4 has been achieved with > 40% overall yields. This synthesis represents a significant improvement over previously reported syntheses of these and related tubulysin analogues. The stereoselective synthesis of the unnatural amino acid tubuvaline is accomplished using tert-butanesulfinamide chemistry. N-Alkylation to form N-methyl tubuvaline is performed without protection of the tubuvaline alcohol by implementing a unique N-methylation strategy via formation and reduction of a 1,3-tetrahydrooxazine heterocycle. Acylation of the hindered N-methyl tubuvaline amine utilizes a novel sequence of O-acylation followed by an O- to N-acyl transfer to form the hindered amide bond between N-methyl tubuvaline and isoleucine. This high-yielding synthesis should enable the production of large quantities of material for biological studies.
Fractalkine and CX3CR1 Mediate Leukocyte Capture by Endothelium in Response to Shiga Toxin (2008)

Shiga toxins (Stx) are the virulence factors of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7, a worldwide emerging diarrheal pathogen, which precipitates postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome, the leading cause of acute renal failure in children. In this study, we show that Stx2 triggered expression of fractalkine (FKN), a CX3C transmembrane chemokine, acting as both adhesion counterreceptor on endothelial cells and soluble chemoattractant. Stx2 caused in HUVEC expression of FKN mRNA and protein, which promoted leukocyte capture, ablated by Abs to either endothelial FKN or leukocyte CX3CR1 receptor. Exposure of human glomerular endothelial cells to Stx2 recapitulated its FKN-inducing activity and FKN-mediated leukocyte adhesion. Both processes required phosphorylation of Src-family protein tyrosine kinase and p38 MAPK in endothelial cells. Furthermore, they depended on nuclear import of NF-kappaB and other stress-responsive transcription factors. Inhibition of their nuclear import with the cell-penetrating SN50 peptide reduced FKN mRNA levels and FKN-mediated leukocyte capture by endothelial cells. Adenoviral overexpression of IkappaBalpha inhibited FKN mRNA up-regulation. The FKN-mediated responses to Stx2 were also dependent on AP-1. In mice, both virulence factors of Stx-producing E. coli, Stx and LPS, are required to elicit hemolytic uremic syndrome. In this study, FKN was detected within glomeruli of C57BL/6 mice injected with Stx2, and further increased after Stx2 plus LPS coadministration. This was associated with recruitment of CX3CR1-positive cells. Thus, in response to Stx2, FKN is induced playing an essential role in the promotion of leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction thereby potentially contributing to the renal microvascular dysfunction and thrombotic microangiopathy that underlie hemolytic uremic syndrome due to enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 infection.
Providing over-the-horizon awareness to driver support systems by means of multi-hop ad hoc vehicle -to-vehicle communication (2008)

The application of Driver Support Systems (DSS) is an emerging trend in the automotive industry. Advances in technology enable faster, smaller and more versatile hard- and software systems while consumers demand safer and more e�cient cars. A DSS aims to meet the consumer's demand
with technologically feasible solutions. The Ph.D. Thesis \Driver Support in by C.J.G. van Driel proposes a suite of Driver Support Systems called the Congestion Assistant. The Congestion Assistant functions by means of over-the-horizon awareness to aid the driver in
traversing traffic congestion on highways. Subsystems are proposed to aid the driver and supply the driver with information. The Congestion Assistant has been tested at a functional level, but an information dissemination system was not presented in the study. In the design information
was assumed to be instantaneously and reliably available.
A DSS, which relies on over-the-horizon awareness in a mobile environment, poses some interesting demands on the communication system designed to distribute this information. For instance, latency must be minimal in order to guarantee freshness of information, even if it has
travelled several kilometers along the road. This thesis covers the design of a communication system aimed to provide the over-thehorizon awareness to the Congestion Assistant.
C1 Esterase Inhibitor Reduces Lower Extremity Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Associated Lung Damage (2013)

C1 INH reduced edema formation locally in reperfused muscle as well as in lung, and improved muscle viability. C1 INH did not primarily act via inhibition of the complement system, but via the kinin and coagulation cascade. APT070 did not show beneficial effects in this model, despite potent inhibition of complement activation. Taken together, C1 INH might be a promising therapy to reduce peripheral ischemia/reperfusion injury and distant lung damage in complex and prolonged surgical interventions requiring tourniquet application.
Porosity of the Yeast Cell Wall and Membrane (1974)

The limiting sizes of molecules that can permeate the intact cell wall and protoplast membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were determined from the inflection points in a triphasic pattern of passive equilibrium uptake values obtained with a series of inert probing molecules varying in molecular size. In the phase identified with the yeast protoplast, the uptake-exclusion threshold corresponded to a monodisperse ethylene glycol of molecular weight = 110 and Einstein-Stokes hydrodynamic radius (r(ES)) = 0.42 nm. In the cell wall phase, the threshold corresponded to a polydisperse polyethylene glycol of number-average molecular weight ( M(n)) = 620 and average radius (r(ES)) = 0.81 nm. The third phase corresponded to complete exclusion of larger molecules. The assessment of cell wall porosity was confirmed by use of a second method involving analytical gel chromatographic analyses of the molecular weight distribution for a single polydisperse polyglycol before and after uptake by the cells, which indicated a quasi-monodisperse threshold for the cell wall of M(n) = 760 and r(ES) = 0.89 nm. The results were reconciled with two situations in which much larger protein molecules previously have been reported able to penetrate the yeast cell wall.
Inhibition of both paracrine and autocrine VEGF/ VEGFR-2 signaling pathways is essential to induce long-term remission of xenotransplanted human leukemias (2001)

Antiangiogenic agents block the effects of tumor-derived angiogenic factors (paracrine factors), such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), on endothelial cells (EC), inhibiting the growth of solid tumors. However, whether inhibition of angiogenesis also may play a role in liquid tumors is not well established. We recently have shown that certain leukemias not only produce VEGF but also selectively express functional VEGF receptors (VEGFRs), such as VEGFR-2 (Flk-1, KDR) and VEGFR1 (Flt1), resulting in the generation of an autocrine loop. Here, we examined the relative contribution of paracrine (EC-dependent) and autocrine (EC-independent) VEGF/VEGFR signaling pathways, by using a human leukemia model, where autocrine and paracrine VEGF/VEGFR loops could be selectively inhibited by neutralizing mAbs specific for murine EC (paracrine pathway) or human tumor (autocrine) VEGFRs. Blocking either the paracrine or the autocrine VEGF/VEGFR-2 pathway delayed leukemic growth and engraftment in vivo , but failed to cure inoculated mice. Long-term remission with no evidence of disease was achieved only if mice were treated with mAbs against both murine and human VEGFR-2, whereas mAbs against human or murine VEGFR-1 had no effect on mice survival. Therefore, effective antiangiogenic therapies to treat VEGF-producing, VEGFR-expressing leukemias may require blocking both paracrine and autocrine VEGF/VEGFR-2 angiogenic loops to achieve remission and long-term cure.
The Phase Vocoder: A Tutorial (1986)

For composers interested in the modification of natural sounds, the phase vocoder is a digital signal processing technique of potentially great significance. By itself, the phase vocoder can perform very high fidelity time-scale modification or pitch transposition of a wide variety of sounds. In conjunction with a standard software synthesis program, the phase vocoder can provide the composer with arbitrary control of individual harmonics. But use of the phase vocoder to date has been limited primarily to experts in digital signal processing. Consequently, its musical potential has remained largely untapped. In this article, I attempt to explain the operation of the phase vocoder in terms accessible to musicians. I rely heavily on the familiar concepts of sine waves, filters, and additive synthesis, and I employ a minimum of mathematics. My hope is that this tutorial will lay the groundwork for widespread use of the phase vocoder, both as a tool for sound analysis and modification, and as a catalyst for continued musical exploration.
Vaccine-based therapy directed against carcinoembryonic antigen demonstrates antitumor activity on spontaneous intestinal tumors in the absence of autoimmunity. (2002)

By virtue of its tissue-specific expression, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is an important self, tumor-associated antigen, which is expressed by different human adenocarcinomas and also serves as a target for active-specific immunotherapy. Similar to humans, CEA expression in mice transgenic for the human CEA gene (CEA.Tg) occurs predominantly along the gastrointestinal tract. CEA.Tg mice were crossed with mice bearing a mutation in the Apc gene (MIN mice), and the CEA.Tg/MIN progeny developed multiple intestinal neoplasms, which overexpress CEA to levels that are reminiscent of those reported for tubulovillous intestinal adenomas from patients. CEA.Tg/MIN mice were vaccinated with an aggressive diversified prime/boost vaccine regimen: (a) a primary vaccine consisting of recombinant vaccinia virus-expressing CEA and a triad of costimulatory molecules (TRICOM): B7.1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3 (rV-CEA-TRICOM); and (b) a booster vaccine using CEA-TRICOM in a recombinant avipox (fowlpox) virus (rF-CEA-TRICOM). Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor was administered as a biological adjuvant with all vaccinations, either as a recombinant protein (with rV-CEA-TRICOM) or as a recombinant avipox virus (with rF-CEA-TRICOM). That vaccine regimen generated strong CEA-specific host immune responses in CEA.Tg/MIN mice, which resulted in (a) a delayed onset of adult anemia and weight loss, (b) a significant reduction in the number of intestinal tumors, and (c) improved overall survival. No evidence of autoimmunity directed against normal tissues expressing CEA was observed in mice in which the CEA-based vaccine significantly reduced intestinal tumor load. The CEA.Tg/MIN mice present a clinically relevant model in which different CEA-based vaccine strategies can be tested on the spontaneous onset of intestinal tumorigenesis.
In vitro response to bactericidal activity of cell wall-active antibiotics does not support the general opinion that enterococci are naturally tolerant to these antibiotics (1990)

The incidence of tolerance and paradoxical response to bactericidal activity of penicillin was investigated in 50 clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis. Of the isolates tested, 86% exhibited the paradoxical phenomenon whereby there were more survivors at high than at low concentrations above the MIC. Low penicillin concentrations caused decreases equal to or higher than 99.9% in 11 strains, from 99.9 to 99.5% in 23 strains, and lower than 99.5% in 9 strains. Of the total strains, 14% were killed to the same extent by all concentrations above the MIC. The bactericidal activities of other beta-lactams (ampicillin and piperacillin) and other cell wall inhibitors (vancomycin and daptomycin) were also tested against some of these strains. In general, beta-lactams exhibited the best bactericidal activity at 2 x MIC. Piperacillin was the most active, as at 2 x MIC it reduced the original inoculum by 99.9% or more in most of the strains. No concentration of vancomycin above the MIC caused 99.9% killing of the strains, whereas daptomycin was bactericidal at 8 x MIC in most cases. Paradoxical response to bactericidal activity of beta-lactams was abolished by incubation of the inoculum with 2 x MIC before exposure to higher antibiotic concentrations. These findings suggest that enterococci are not always tolerant to cell wall-active antibiotics and that accurate in vitro bactericidal tests may be useful for the choice of appropriate therapy for infections caused by these microorganisms.
Review of a research report on postpartum depression impacted by home health visits. (2013)

The research findings from Tamaki's (2008) study are important to EBNP for both maternity and psychiatric-mental health nurses. Although the findings demonstrated that mental health visits showed improvement in women with postpartum depression, one suggestion would be to implement a study with a larger sample population and in multiple cultures. With support supplied by numerous quantitative and qualitative studies, such as Tamaki's (2008) study, postpartum depression could be treated with a new non-pharmaceutical measure that would be more beneficial and effective to women and their babies. It will also open new doors for EBNP in mental health and revolutionize home health nursing.
Ocular safety and efficacy of an HSV-1 gD vaccine during primary and latent infection. (1990)

One potential complication of systemic herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccination is that subsequent ocular infection may lead to increased immunogenic corneal scarring. Therefore, V52, a genetically engineered vaccinia virus that expresses the HSV-1 glycoprotein gD, was tested for ocular safety and for protection against ocular challenge with a stromal-disease-producing strain (McKrae) of HSV-1. To maximize immune response, rabbits were vaccinated by a series of inoculations. V52-vaccinated rabbits developed significant HSV-1 neutralizing antibody titers; however, they were not as high as those induced by vaccination with live HSV-1 McKrae. One month after the final vaccination, all rabbits were challenged ocularly. Eyes were monitored for 35 days for epithelial keratitis, stromal keratitis, and iritis. In no case was epithelial keratitis, stromal keratitis, or iritis significantly exacerbated by vaccination. The gD V52 recombinant vaccine provided protection against HSV-1 induced epithelial keratitis (P = 0.02) and long-term stromal scarring (P = 0.04). There was no significant reduction in the incidence of trigeminal ganglionic latency in the vaccinated rabbits (P greater than 0.05). Thus, our results indicate that V52, a gD recombinant vaccine probably is safe with regard to corneal scarring, and may provide a small amount of protection against ocular HSV-1 infection. The amount of protection provided was less than that reported in mice and guinea pigs. This suggests that to provide high levels of ocular protection in rabbits (and probably in humans), HSV-1 vaccines may have to elicit a more vigorous immune response than that produced by normal HSV-1 infection.
Gibberellins Are Not Required for Normal Stem Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana in the Absence of GAI and RGA (2001)

The growth of Arabidopsis thaliana is quantitatively regulated by the phytohormone gibberellin (GA) via two closely related nuclear GA-signaling components, GAI and RGA. Here we test the hypothesis that GAI and RGA function as "GA-derepressible repressors" of plant growth. One prediction of this hypothesis is that plants lacking GAI and RGA do not require GA for normal stem growth. Analysis of GA-deficient mutants lacking GAI and RGA confirms this prediction and suggests that in the absence of GAI and RGA, "growth" rather than "no growth" is the default state of plant stems. The function of the GA-signaling system is thus to act as a control system regulating the amount of this growth. We also demonstrate that the GA dose dependency of hypocotyl elongation is altered in mutants lacking GAI and RGA and propose that increments in GAI/RGA repressor function can explain the quantitative nature of GA responses.
Subinhibitory Bismuth-Thiols Reduce Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2002)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen in mechanically ventilated patients and produces a wide array of virulence factors. Bismuth-thiols (BTs) are active in vitro against all bacterial lung pathogens, including P. aeruginosa. The objective of these studies was to examine the biochemical and morphologic effects of sublethal BT concentrations on P. aeruginosa and to evaluate virulence in cell culture. Bismuth-dimercaprol, at a fraction of the minimal inhibitory concentration, reduced alginate expression by 67% in P. aeruginosa, whereas subinhibitory bismuth-ethanedithiol (BisEDT) reduced alginate by 92% in P. syringae. BisEDT effects on lipopolysaccharide content and type III secreted cytoxins were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Subinhibitory BisEDT reduced cell-associated lipopolysaccharide, and inhibited processing of the secreted cytotoxic protein ExoU. BisEDT-induced outer membrane blebbing and aggregation of cytoplasmic material was noted in electron microscopy. Virulence of P. aeruginosa was assessed by adherence to epithelial cells and sensitivity to serum killing. BisEDT inhibited adherence of P. aeruginosa to 16HBE14o- cells by 28% and to a collagen matrix by 53%. BisEDT-treated bacteria were also 100-fold more sensitive to serum bactericidal activity. In summary, low BT concentrations affect P. aeruginosa in a variety of ways, the combination of which may help prevent or resolve respiratory tract infection.
Broadly tunable external cavity laser diodes with staggered thickness multiple quantum wells (1997)

Widely tunable low-threshold current laser diodes fabricated from an engineered multiple-quantum-well (MQW) gain structure consisting of three compressively strained In/sub 0.2/Ga/sub 0.8/As wells of different thicknesses are reported. Using a grating in an external cavity, a continuous-wave tuning range of 70 nm (911-981 nm) is measured for a 155-μm semiconductor cavity length device at a current of 32 mA. This is the lowest reported bias current for a semiconductor laser with this broad a tuning range. A maximum continuous wave tuning of 80 nm (901-981 nm) has been measured at a bias current of 95 mA. At long wavelengths, a suppression of amplified spontaneous emission and preferential population of the lowest energy well were observed.
Isolation and Sequence Analysis of a Novel Human Tyrosine Kinase Gene (1989)

Using v-abl probes, we have identified and cloned a novel fes/fps-homologous human cDNA, which we have designated FER (pronounced "fair"). This apparently full-length cDNA of 3.0 kilobases has an open reading frame of 2,466 base pairs and the capacity to encode a protein of 94,000 molecular weight. The cDNA contains regions homologous to the highly conserved tyrosine protein kinase domain of other oncogenes and growth factor receptors but lacks a clear transmembrane region, indicating that it encodes a tyrosine kinase of the nonreceptor type. The deduced amino acid sequence of FER resembles that of c-fes/fps. Our data indicate that the protein product of FER, p94FER, corresponds to a previously reported cellular phosphoprotein, NCP94, detected with a v-fps-specific antipeptide antiserum.
Porous polymer monoliths for extraction: Diverse applications and platforms (2008)

Polymer monoliths are becoming increasingly popular as sorbent materials, and, along with silica monoliths, they are sometimes touted as replacements for the particulate stationary phases used in HPLC. This critical and prospective review shows how polymer monoliths are in fact finding numerous extraction roles that do not resemble HPLC. They are showing great promise as extractors in a remarkable range of platforms, formats and hyphenated systems with functions ranging from chromatographic preconcentration to large-scale preparative extraction. Monolith surface chemistry, morphology and the approaches to monolith synthesis are discussed with regards to these emerging roles.
Treatment of acute cerebral infarction with a choline precursor in a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study. (1988)

A multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study of cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline) was conducted to evaluate possible clinical benefits of the drug in patients with acute, moderate to severe cerebral infarction. The patients included also suffered from moderate to mild disturbances of consciousness, and all were admitted within 14 days of the ictus. Patients were allocated randomly to treatment with either CDP-choline (1,000 mg/day i.v. once daily for 14 days) or with placebo (physiological saline). One hundred thirty-three patients received CDP-choline treatment, and 139 received placebo. The group treated with CDP-choline showed significant improvements in level of consciousness compared with the placebo-treated group, and CDP-choline was an entirely safe treatment.