gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-6 Functions as An Autocrine Invasion Factor of Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells (2004)

It was reported that serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were increased in pancreatic cancer patients. However, the relationship between IL-6 expression and invasion of the pancreatic cancer has not yet been clarified. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of IL-6 on tumor cell invasion by the invasion in human pancreatic cancer cell line (PSN-1) and two sub-clones. High invasive clone (5H) and low invasive clone (5L) were established from wild type PSN-1 (WT) after five times passage of invasion assay. The invasive ability of PSN-1 cells was enhanced by IL-6 administration. The invasive ability of 5H cells was approximately two-folds higher than that of 5L cells and WT, and the level of IL-6 in the conditioned medium of 5H cells was significantly higher than those of 5L cells and WT. Furthermore, IL-6 receptor expression was observed in 70 % of 5H cells while it was expressed only in 33 % of 5L cells. 5H cells were spindle-shaped with long pseudopodia, while 5L cells were relatively round and pseudopodia formation was not observed. Endogenous IL-6 administration induced dose dependent enhancement of invasive ability both in 5H and 5L cells and conferred a spindle-like phenotype to 5L cells, but it did not affect on the cell proliferation in all 5H, 5L and WT cells. Conditioned medium from 5H cells (HCM) enhanced the invasive abilities of both 5H cells and 5L cells and conferred a spindle-like phenotype to 5L cells. The 5L cell-derived conditioned medium (LCM) also showed a similar effect on the invasive ability of both 5H and 5L cells. The effect of HCM on the invasive ability of 5H cells was partially inhibited by addition of anti-human IL-6 neutralizing antibody. In conclusion, overexpression of IL-6 and its receptor may contribute to the highly invasive characteristic of some pancreatic cancer cells, and these data raise the possibility that the regulation of IL-6 ligand/receptor interaction may prove use- ful in the therapy of this malignancy.
Management of Multi-Item Retail Inventory Systems with Demand Substitution (2000)

Customers for retail merchandise can often be satisfied with one of several items. Accounting for demand substitution in defining customer service influences the choice of items to stock and the optimal inventory level for each item stocked. Further, when certain items are not stocked, the resulting substitutions increase the demand for other items, which also affects the optimal stock levels. In this paper, we develop a probabilistic demand model for items in an assortment that captures the effects of substitution and a methodology for selecting item inventory levels so as to maximize total expected profit, subject to given resource constraints. Illustrative examples are solved to provide insights concerning the behavior of the optimal inventory policies, using the negative binomial demand distribution, which has performed well in fitting retail sales data.
Therapeutic Applications of CpG-Containing Oligodeoxynucleotides (1998)

Bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) expressing unmethylated CpG motifs stimulate the mammalian immune system to mount a rapid innate immune response. This response is characterized by the production of polyreactive IgM, immunomodulatory cytokines and chemokines. CpG ODN directly stimulate lymphocytes, natural killer cells and professional antigen-presenting cells (such as macrophages and dendritic cells). Owing to the strength and nature of this stimulation, CpG ODN are being harnessed for a variety of therapeutic uses. They are being tested for their ability to act as immune adjuvants, boosting the immune response elicited by conventional and DNA vaccines. As a result of their ability to activate a strong interferon gamma-dominated Th1 response while blocking the development of Th2-dependent allergies, CpG ODN are being examined for their antiallergic properties. Finally, CpG ODN are being used as "immunoprotective agents", since the innate immune response they elicit can protect the host from a variety of pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites.
Macrophage colony stimulating factor prevents NMDA‐induced neuronal death in hippocampal organotypic cultures (2002)

Macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and its receptor are up-regulated in the brain in Alzheimer's disease (AD), in transgenic mouse models for AD, and experimental models for traumatic and ischemic brain injury. M-CSF induces activation and proliferation of microglial cells and expression of proinflammatory cytokines. We examined the role of M-CSF in excitotoxic neuronal cell death in organotypic hippocampal cultures. NMDA treatment induced neuronal apoptosis and caspase-3 activation in organotypic hippocampal cultures, whereas treatment with M-CSF protected hippocampal neurons from NMDA-induced apoptosis. Caspase-3 activation was inhibited by M-CSF treatment to the same degree as with the caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. These results suggest that M-CSF has neuroprotective properties through inhibition of caspase-3 that could promote neuronal survival after excitotoxic insult. The role of M-CSF in neurological disease should be reevaluated as a microglial activator with potentially neuroprotective effects.
Chlorotoxin‐sensitive Ca2+‐activated Cl− channel in type R2 reactive astrocytes from adult rat brain (2003)

Astrocytes express four types of Cl(-) or anion channels, but Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) (Cl(Ca)) channels have not been described. We studied Cl(-) channels in a morphologically distinct subpopulation ( approximately 5% of cells) of small (10-12 micro m, 11.8 +/- 0.6 pF), phase-dark, GFAP-positive native reactive astrocytes (NRAs) freshly isolated from injured adult rat brains. Their resting potential, -57.1 +/- 4.0 mV, polarized to -72.7 +/- 4.5 mV with BAPTA-AM, an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator, and depolarized to -30.7 +/- 6.1 mV with thapsigargin, which mobilizes Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. With nystatin-perforated patch clamp, thapsigargin activated a current that reversed near the Cl(-) reversal potential, which was blocked by Cl(-) channel blockers, 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoate (NPPB) and Zn(2+), by I(-) (10 mM), and by chlorotoxin (EC(50) = 47 nM). With conventional whole-cell clamp, NPPB- and Zn(2+)-sensitive currents became larger with increasing [Ca(2+)](i) (10, 150, 300 nM). Single-channel recordings of inside-out patches confirmed Ca(2+) sensitivity of the channel and showed open-state conductances of 40, 80, 130, and 180 pS, and outside-out patches confirmed sensitivity to chlorotoxin. In primary culture, small phase-dark NRAs developed into small GFAP-positive bipolar cells with chlorotoxin-sensitive Cl(Ca) channels. Imaging with biotinylated chlorotoxin confirmed the presence of label in GFAP-positive cells from regions of brain injury, but not from uninjured brain. Chlorotoxin-tagged cells isolated by flow cytometry and cultured up to two passages exhibit positive labeling for GFAP and vimentin, but not for prolyl 4-hydroxylase (fibroblast), A2B5 (O2A progenitor), or OX-42 (microglia). Expression of a novel chlorotoxin-sensitive Cl(Ca) channel in a morphologically distinct subpopulation of NRAs distinguishes these cells as a new subtype of reactive astrocyte.
Characteristic Flavor Constituents in Water Extract of Garlic (1990)

The flavoring effects of a water extract of garlic (Allium sativum L.) being added to common soups (Chinese soup and curry soup) were examined by a sensory evaluation. When a small amount (0.1 or 0.4% w/v) of the extract was added to the soups, it showed characteristic kokumi flavors (continuity, mouthfulness, and thickness), and other tests revealed that this effect was clearly recognized in the umami solution composed of 0.05% w/v of monosodium glutamate and 0.05% w/v of disodium inosinate. To find the key compounds which gave rise to the effect, the water extract was chromatographed on Duolite C-25 and the adsorbed fraction showed the activity. Further Chromatographic studies of the fraction showed that the key compounds were sulfur-containing components, such as alliin, (+)-S-methyl-l-cysteine sulfoxide, and γ-l-glutamyl-S-allyl-l-cysteine.
Starburst dendrimers. 5. Molecular shape control (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStarburst dendrimers. 5. Molecular shape controlAdel M. Naylor, William A. Goddard III, Garry E. Kiefer, and Donald A. TomaliaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 6, 2339–2341Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00188a079https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00188a079research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1152Altmetric-Citations463LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Divergence and conservation of SUP2(SUP35) gene of yeasts Pichia pinus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)

SUP2 (SUP35) is an omnipotent suppressor gene, coding for an EF-1 alpha-like protein factor, intimately involved in the control of translational accuracy in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the present study a SUP2 gene analogue from yeast Pichia pinus was isolated by complementation of the temperature-sensitive sup2 mutation of S. cerevisiae. The nucleotide sequence of the SUP2 gene of P. pinus codes for a protein of 82.4 kDa, exceeding the Sup2 protein of S. cerevisiae by 6 kDa. Like the SUP2 gene product of S. cerevisiae, the Sup2 protein of P. pinus represents a fusion of a unique N-terminal part and a region homologous to EF-1 alpha. The comparison of amino acid sequences of the Sup2 proteins reveals high conservation (76%) of the C-terminal region and low conservation (36%) of the N-terminal part where, in addition, the homologous correspondence is ambiguous. Proteins related to the Sup2 of S. cerevisiae were found in P. pinus and some other yeast species by the immunoblotting technique. The relation between the evolutionary conservation of different regions of the Sup2 protein and their functional significance is discussed.
Neurotrophic factors [activity-dependent neurotrophic factor (ADNF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)] interrupt excitotoxic neurodegenerative cascades promoted by a PS1 mutation (1999)

Although an excitotoxic mechanism of neuronal injury has been proposed to play a role in chronic neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, and neurotrophic factors have been put forward as potential therapeutic agents, direct evidence is lacking. Taking advantage of the fact that mutations in the presenilin-1 (PS1) gene are causally linked to many cases of early-onset inherited Alzheimer's disease, we generated PS1 mutant knock-in mice and directly tested the excitotoxic and neurotrophic hypotheses of Alzheimer's disease. Primary hippocampal neurons from PS1 mutant knock-in mice exhibited increased production of amyloid beta-peptide 42/43 and increased vulnerability to excitotoxicity, which occurred in a gene dosage-dependent manner. Neurons expressing mutant PS1 exhibited enhanced calcium responses to glutamate and increased oxyradical production and mitochondrial dysfunction. Pretreatment with either basic fibroblast growth factor or activity-dependent neurotrophic factor protected neurons expressing mutant PS1 against excitotoxicity. Both basic fibroblast growth factor and activity-dependent neurotrophic factor stabilized intracellular calcium levels and abrogated the increased oxyradical production and mitochondrial dysfunction otherwise caused by the PS1 mutation. Our data indicate that neurotrophic factors can interrupt excitotoxic neurodegenerative cascades promoted by PS1 mutations.
<title>New opportunities in ultrasonic transducers emerging from innovations in piezoelectric materials (Invited Paper)</title> (1992)

Piezoelectric materials lie at the heart of ultrasonic transducers. These materials convert electrical energy into mechanical form when generating an interrogating acoustic pulse and convert mechanical energy into an electric signal when detecting its echoes. This paper first surveys the piezoelectric materials in current use: piezoceramics, such as barium titanate, lead zirconate titanate, and modified lead titanate; piezopolymers, such as polyvinylidene difluoride and its copolymer with trifluroethylene; and piezocomposites, consisting of piezoceramic rods in a passive polymer matrix. Each material system has properties which commend them for use in the present single element transducers, annular arrays, sequenced linear arrays, and steered phased arrays. Looking to the future, new transducer possibilities are opening up due to recent piezoelectric material developments, such as, for example, synthesis techniques for fine-grained high-density piezoceramics, electrostrictive relaxor ferroelectric ceramics, novel piezoceramic forming methods, piezoceramic fiber synthesis, piezoceramic/metal multilayer structures, composite acoustoelectric materials, ferroelectric thin film growth and processing, and new piezopolymers. These innovations lead to fabrication of conventional transducers at high frequencies, fine-scale piezocomposites, 11/2-D and 2-D arrays, small intravascular transducers, as well as provide opportunities for new ultrasonic imaging techniques, using pitch-catch and non-resonant traveling wave transducers.
Perceptual Segment Clustering For Music Description And Time-Axis Redundancy Cancellation. (2004)

[TODO] Add abstract here.
High‐throughput microscopy must re‐invent the microscope rather than speed up its functions (2007)

Knowledge gained from the revolutions in genomics and proteomics has helped to identify many of the key molecules involved in cellular signalling. Researchers, both in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry, now screen, at a sub-cellular level, where and when these proteins interact. Fluorescence imaging and molecular labelling combine to provide a powerful tool for real-time functional biochemistry with molecular resolution. However, they traditionally have been work-intensive, required trained personnel, and suffered from low through-put due to sample preparation, loading and handling. The need for speeding up microscopy is apparent from the tremendous complexity of cellular signalling pathways, the inherent biological variability, as well as the possibility that the same molecule plays different roles in different sub-cellular compartments. Research institutes and companies have teamed up to develop imaging cytometers of ever-increasing complexity. However, to truly go high-speed, sub-cellular imaging must free itself from the rigid framework of current microscopes.
Protein Kinase C-ζ Mediates Angiotensin II Activation of ERK1/2 in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (1997)

Activation of 44 and 42 kDa extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2 by angiotensin II (angII) plays an important role in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function. The dual specificity mitogen-actived protein (MAP) kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) activates ERK1/2 in response to angII, but the MEK activating kinases remain undefined. Raf is a candidate MEK kinase. However, a kinase other than Raf appears responsible for angII-mediated signal transduction because we showed previously that treatment with 1 microM phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDBU) for 24 h completely blocked Raf-Ras association in VSMC but did not inhibit activation of MEK and ERK1/2 by angII. We hypothesized that an atypical protein kinase C (PKC) isoform, which lacks a phorbol ester binding domain, mediated ERK1/2 activation by angII. Western blot analysis of rat aortic VSMC with PKC isoform-specific antibodies showed PKC-alpha, -beta1, -delta, -epsilon, and -zeta in relative abundance. All isoforms except PKC-zeta were down-regulated by 1 microM PDBU for 24 h suggesting that PKC-zeta was responsible for angII-mediated ERK1/2 activation. In response to angII, PKC-zeta associated with Ras as shown by co-precipitation of PKC-zeta with anti-H-Ras antibody. To characterize further the role of PKC-zeta, PKC-zeta protein was depleted specifically by transfection with antisense PKC-zeta oligonucleotides. Antisense PKC-zeta oligonucleotide treatment significantly decreased PKC-zeta protein expression (without effect on other PKC isoforms) and angII-mediated ERK1/2 activation in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, ERK1/2 activation by platelet-derived growth factor and phorbol ester was not significantly inhibited. These results demonstrate an important difference in signal transduction by angII compared with PDGF and phorbol ester in VSMC, and suggest a critical role for PKC-zeta and Ras in angII stimulation of ERK1/2.
The cost of prematurity: quantification by gestational age and birth weight (2003)

Prematurity, whether examined by gestational age or birth weight, is associated with significant neonatal hospital costs, all of which decrease exponentially with advancing gestational age. Because total costs for each gestational age group from 25 to 36 weeks were roughly the same (38,000,000 dollars), opportunity for intervention to prevent preterm delivery and decrease costs is potentially available at all preterm gestational ages.
Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39 (1998)

Abstract Objective: To determine whether tight control of blood pressure with either a β blocker or an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor has a specific advantage or disadvantage in preventing the macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes. Design: Randomised controlled trial comparing an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (captopril) with a β blocker (atenolol) in patients with type 2 diabetes aiming at a blood pressure of &lt;150/&lt;85 mm Hg. Setting: 20 hospital based clinics in England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Subjects: 1148 hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes (mean age 56 years, mean blood pressure 160/94 mm Hg). Of the 758 patients allocated to tight control of blood pressure, 400 were allocated to captopril and 358 to atenolol. 390 patients were allocated to less tight control of blood pressure. Main outcome measures: Predefined clinical end points, fatal and non-fatal, related to diabetes, death related to diabetes, and all cause mortality. Surrogate measures of microvascular and macrovascular disease included urinary albumin excretion and retinopathy assessed by retinal photography. Results: Captopril and atenolol were equally effective in reducing blood pressure to a mean of 144/83 mm Hg and 143/81 mm Hg respectively, with a similar proportion of patients (27% and 31%) requiring three or more antihypertensive treatments. More patients in the captopril group than the atenolol group took the allocated treatment: at their last clinic visit, 78% of those allocated captopril and 65% of those allocated atenolol were taking the drug (P&lt;0.0001). Captopril and atenolol were equally effective in reducing the risk of macrovascular end points. Similar proportions of patients in the two groups showed deterioration in retinopathy by two grades after nine years (31% in the captopril group and 37% in the atenolol group) and developed clinical grade albuminuria ≥300 mg/l (5% and 9%). The proportion of patients with hypoglycaemic attacks was not different between groups, but mean weight gain in the atenolol group was greater (3.4 kg v 1.6 kg). Conclusion: Blood pressure lowering with captopril or atenolol was similarly effective in reducing the incidence of diabetic complications. This study provided no evidence that either drug has any specific beneficial or deleterious effect, suggesting that blood pressure reduction in itself may be more important than the treatment used.
Mild to moderate hyperhomocysteinaemia in cardiovascular disease. (1998)

Elevated serum levels of homocysteine, a sulphur-containing amino acid, are increasingly recognized as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic and thrombotic vascular disease. Presence of a thermolabile variant of methylenetetrahydrofolatereductase and an inadequate folate status are the most common causes of hyperhomocysteinaemia. Homocysteine damages the vessel wall mainly through generation of oxygen radicals and creates a prothrombotic environment. In the majority of cases, normalization of homocysteine levels can be achieved with administration of vitamins of the B-group. The effect of this treatment on cardiovascular outcome, however, remains undefined.
Depth map super resolution (2011)

The objective of this work is to increase the range resolution of time-of-flight (ToF) cameras. Our work aims to produce a super-resolution depth map and reduce the depth error within the whole work volume using a novel multi-exposure data acquisition technique and Projection Onto Convex Sets(POCS) reconstruction. The proposed methods will also be applicable to other imaging modalities which have the capability of acquiring range data, such as LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging). Performance is demonstrated on ToF and CCD camera jointly to increase both depth map and form high resolution point cloud.
Letrozole Is More Effective Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy Than Tamoxifen for ErbB-1– and/or ErbB-2–Positive, Estrogen Receptor–Positive Primary Breast Cancer: Evidence From a Phase III Randomized Trial (2001)

ER+, ErbB-1+, and/or ErbB-2+ primary breast cancer responded well to letrozole, but responses to tamoxifen were infrequent. This suggests that ErbB-1 and ErbB-2 signaling through ER is ligand-dependent and that the growth-promoting effects of these receptor tyrosine kinases on ER+ breast cancer can be inhibited by potent estrogen deprivation therapy.
Feasibility Study of CO2 Injection for Heavy Oil Reservoir After Cyclic Steam Stimulation: Liaohe Oil Field Test (2005)

ABSTRACT Because of the favorable properties of CO2 it has been used to enhance the recovery of oil for a long time. But this technology is under slow development in China for lack of rich CO2 resource until some CO2 reservoirs were found in recent years. Using simulation and reservoir-engineering method, this paper presents the feasibility study of CO2 injection for heavy oil reservoirs following cyclic steam stimulation. Pilot tests were conducted to several wells in Lengjiabao heavy oil reservoirs in Liaohe oilfield, China. Some wells got good effect, while some wells got poor effect. And the results from the simulation and field pilot tests are evaluated economically. Study shows that for common heavy oil reservoir after cyclic steam stimulation, the higher the oil viscosity, the greater the CO2 utilization ratio, and the more feasible CO2 stimulation process; for extra-super heavy oil, 1-3 cycles steam huff-n-puff were performed as necessary, followed by CO2 stimulation process so that good benefit could be gained. These results are of significance for field operation and production of heavy oil.