gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 2-Keto-imidazoles Utilizing N-Arylamino-Substituted N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (2011)

A new method for the synthesis of 2-aroyl-, 2-heteroaroyl-, and 2-cinnamoyl-substituted imidazoles in very good yields has been developed. The reaction employs novel nitrogen heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), namely, N-arylamino-substituted NHCs, formed in situ from the corresponding imidazolium salts, and subsequent reaction with aromatic, heteroaromatic, and cinnamic aldehydes without utilizing transition metals or expensive specialized catalysts.
Development of a New Type of High-strength Dental Machinable Ceramic (2002)

To develop a new type of high strength calcium mica containing dental machinable ceramic Materials compositions were selected and glass ceramics were obtained through the treatment of glass preparation and nucleation Then crystal contents of glass ceramics were analysed by X ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and the 3 point bending strength of the new ceramic were recorded A new type of calcium mica containing glass ceramic was developed and its 3 point bending strength of (210 2±14 7) MPa was recorded [Conclusion] The new type of high strength dental machinable ceramic can be obtained by means of the modification of the crystal structure of phlogopite glass ceramic
Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure and Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy Reveal that NifB-co, a FeMo-co Precursor, Comprises a 6Fe Core with an Interstitial Light Atom (2008)

NifB-co, an Fe-S cluster produced by the enzyme NifB, is an intermediate on the biosynthetic pathway to the iron molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) of nitrogenase. We have used Fe K-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy together with (57)Fe nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) to probe the structure of NifB-co while bound to the NifX protein from Azotobacter vinelandii. The spectra have been interpreted in part by comparison with data for the completed FeMo-co attached to the NafY carrier protein: the NafY:FeMo-co complex. EXAFS analysis of the NifX:NifB-co complex yields an average Fe-S distance of 2.26 A and average Fe-Fe distances of 2.66 and 3.74 A. Search profile analyses reveal the presence of a single Fe-X (X = C, N, or O) interaction at 2.04 A, compared to a 2.00 A Fe-X interaction found in the NafY:FeMo-co EXAFS. This suggests that the interstitial light atom (X) proposed to be present in FeMo-co has already inserted at the NifB-co stage of biosynthesis. The NRVS exhibits strong bands from Fe-S stretching modes peaking around 270, 315, 385, and 408 cm(-1). Additional intensity at approximately 185-200 cm(-1) is interpreted as a set of cluster "breathing" modes similar to those seen for the FeMo-cofactor. The strength and location of these modes also suggest that the FeMo-co interstitial light atom seen in the crystal structure is already in place in NifB-co. Both the EXAFS and NRVS data for NifX:NifB-co are best simulated using a Fe 6S 9X trigonal prism structure analogous to the 6Fe core of FeMo-co, although a 7Fe structure made by capping one trigonal 3S terminus with Fe cannot be ruled out. The results are consistent with the conclusion that the interstitial light atom is already present at an early stage in FeMo-co biosynthesis prior to the incorporation of Mo and R-homocitrate.
Narrow-band-interference suppression in multiuser CDMA systems (1998)

This paper handles the simultaneous suppression of narrow-band and multiaccess interference in code division multiple-access (CDMA) direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DSSS) systems. The basic structure we refer to is reminiscent of the decorrelating detector, but here the design strategy relies on the concept of combating jointly the two interference sources-precisely, a decision as to the bit transmitted by each user is made based on the projection of the observables onto the orthogonal complement to the subspace spanned by the other users' signatures and the narrow-band interference. We focus on several different implementations of such a strategy, assuming a different degree of prior knowledge as to the narrow-band interference. An important side result of the proposed approach is that, in general, complete suppression of data-like interference may be achieved through periodically time-varying processing. An adaptive version of such a receiver is also presented, wherein the projection direction is estimated based on suitable estimates of the covariance properties of the observables. The value of this method is also assessed by studying the rate of convergence of the estimated direction to the true projection direction.
Rapid and simple PCR assay for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma: application to acute retroviral infection (1994)

A method for quantitating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 plasma viremia may be useful in monitoring disease progression and the responsiveness of patients to a therapeutic regimen or vaccine. A quantitative assay for viral RNA in plasma or sera that differs in several aspects from those reported previously was developed. First, whereas conventional reverse transcriptase-PCR assays involve a two-step process and use two enzymes, the method described uses a single enzyme, rTth DNA polymerase, for both reverse transcription and PCR. The reactions are carried out in a single tube and with a single buffer solution with uninterrupted thermal cycling. Second, uracil-N-glycosylase and dUTP are incorporated into the reaction mixtures to ensure that any carryover of DNA from previous amplifications will not compromise quantitation. Third, a quantitation standard is incorporated into each reaction mixture so that differences in amplification efficiency caused by sample interferents, variability in reaction conditions, or thermal cycling can be normalized. To ensure comparable amplification efficiency, the quantitation standard has the same primer-binding regions as the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 target and generates an amplified product of the same size and base composition. The probe-binding region was replaced with a sequence that can be detected separately. Fourth, a colorimetric detection format was modified to provide at least a four-log-unit dynamic range. The quantitative assay requires only a single amplification of the sample and can be completed in less than 8 h. The procedure was used on archival samples to demonstrate the viremic spike in acute infection and the suppressed levels of circulating virus following seroconversion.
Initial studies of a new approach to the design and use of enzyme-based reactor/sensor systems: amperometric system for glucose (1993)

This paper describes the development and evaluation of a new approach to the design and use of enzyme-based reactor/sensor systems (so-called "enzyme electrodes"). In the new approach, the reactor/sensor design is such that the measured response corresponds to reaction of all substrate in a fixed volume of solution. The result is that equilibrium-based measurements can be made, which in turn should result in advantages such as extended linear ranges and reduced dependencies on experimental variables such as enzyme activity, temperature, activators, inhibitors, etc. The concept was implemented with a glucose oxidase/electron-mediator reactor system immobilized on a glassy-carbon electrode operated in an amperometric mode. The reactor/sensor system was used in a thin-layer (14 microns) cell such that the mean diffusion time of substrate (glucose) across the cell was very short (< 1 s) and the rate-limiting process was the chemical reaction at the reactor surface. In this way, it was possible to quantify the electrical charge corresponding to reaction of all the substrate in a fixed volume of solution perpendicular to the plane of the reactor system. Because the determined charge is dependent only on the total amount of substrate in the fixed volume, results exhibit linear range up to at least 2-fold the Michaelis constant and reduced dependency on pH relative to results obtained with steady-state responses from the same experimental system. A mathematical treatment is presented which yields equations that are consistent with time-dependent responses for current and charge and which provide a rational basis for several data-processing options evaluated.
Betaglycan can act as a dual modulator of TGF-beta access to signaling receptors: mapping of ligand binding and GAG attachment sites (1994)

Betaglycan, also known as the TGF-beta type III receptor, is a membrane-anchored proteoglycan that presents TGF-beta to the type II signaling receptor, a transmembrane serine/threonine kinase. The betaglycan extracellular region, which can be shed by cells into the medium, contains a NH2-terminal domain related to endoglin and a COOH-terminal domain related to uromodulin, sperm receptors Zp2 and 3, and pancreatic secretory granule GP-2 protein. We identified residues Ser535 and Ser546 in the uromodulin-related region as the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) attachment sites. Their mutation to alanine prevents GAG attachment but does not interfere with betaglycan stability or ability to bind and present TGF-beta to receptor II. Using a panel of deletion mutants, we found that TGF-beta binds to the NH2-terminal endoglin-related region of betaglycan. The remainder of the extracellular domain and the cytoplasmic domain are not required for presentation of TGF-beta to receptor II; however, membrane anchorage is required. Soluble betaglycan can bind TGF-beta but does not enhance binding to membrane receptors. In fact, recombinant soluble betaglycan acts as potent inhibitor of TGF-beta binding to membrane receptors and blocks TGF-beta action, this effect being particularly pronounced with the TGF-beta 2 isoform. The results suggest that release of betaglycan into the medium converts this enhancer of TGF-beta action into a TGF-beta antagonist.
Encryption-based protection protocols for interactive user-computer communication over physically unsecured channels. (1976)

Thesis. 1976. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.
Controlled Foaming of Polymer Films through Restricted Surface Diffusion and the Addition of Nanosilica Particles or CO2-philic Surfactants (2005)

Synergistic use of surface barriers and nanoscale additives is investigated as alternate means by which to promote bubble nucleation in, and thus improve the porosity of, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films (i) constrained between impenetrable plates, (ii) modified with either nanosilica particles, commercial short-chain fluorosurfactants, or designer CO2-philic block/graft copolymers, and (iii) exposed to high-pressure CO2. Resultant foamed films exhibit a vast array of micro/mesocellular morphologies in the presence of supercritical, as well as liquid, CO2 and demonstrate that copolymer micelles afford better control over bubble nucleation (with pore cell densities, N, approaching 1012 cells/cm3) relative to hard nonporous nanoparticles, which alone increase N by more than 2 orders of magnitude at low CO2 pressures. Incorporation of these nanoscale additives in a surface-constrained polymer matrix serves to enhance foaming through concurrent restriction of CO2 diffusion, heterogeneous nucleation of CO2 bubbles, and/or reduced interfacial tension between PMMA and CO2.
A simple and rapid procedure for the large scale purification of the recA protein of Escherichia coli. (1981)

A simple and rapid three-step procedure for the large scale purification of the recA protein of Escherichia coli is described. The method depends primarily on a single chromatographic step which is highly specific for recA protein: elution by ATP from single-stranded DNA cellulose. With this procedure, gram quantities of recA protein, greater than 99% pure, can be reproducibility prepared for biochemical and biophysical analysis.
Phase III Study Comparing a Semimonthly With a Monthly Regimen of Fluorouracil and Leucovorin As Adjuvant Treatment for Stage II and III Colon Cancer Patients: Final Results of GERCOR C96.1 (2007)

DFS and OS were not statistically different between treatment groups and treatment durations. These data confirm the value of LV5FU2 as control arm in the Multicenter International Study of Oxaliplatin/5FU-LV in the Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer and Pan-European Trials in Adjuvant Colon Cancer studies.
Immunotherapeutic approaches in biliary tract carcinoma: Current status and emerging strategies (2015)

For biliary tract carcinoma (BTC), complete surgical resection of tumor is only feasible in a minority of patients, and the treatment options for patients with unresectable or metastatic disease are limited. Advances in cancer immunology have led to identification of tumor-infiltrating immune cells as indicators of prognosis and response to treatment in BTC. This has also facilitated development of immunotherapy that focuses on enhancing the immune system against biliary tumors. This includes peptide- and dendritic cell-based vaccines that stimulate in-vivo immune responses against tumor-specific antigens. Adoptive immunotherapy, which entails the ex-vivo expansion of tumor-infiltrating immune cells for subsequent reintroduction, and cytokine-based therapies have been developed in BTC. Clinical studies indicate that this type of therapy is generally well tolerated. Combination therapy with dendritic cell-based vaccines and adoptive immunotherapy has shown particularly good potential. Emerging strategies through discovery of novel antigen targets and by reversal of tumor-associated immunosuppression are expected to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in BTC. Collaborative efforts by integration of targeted immunotherapeutics with molecular profiling of biliary tumor will hopefully make a positive impact on advancing towards the goal of developing precision treatment of patients with this highly lethal disease.
Carotenoids and retinoids in human nutrition (1992)

Since the discovery of vitamin A as a fat-soluble growth factor in the early part of the century, research into carotenoids and retinoids has attracted the attention of many scientists. These two groups of compounds are still being actively studied all over the world since many gaps in knowledge exist and new frontiers are being pursued. Recent developments in studies into the possible roles of carotenoids and retinoids beyond their classical functions in vision have created a great deal of excitement in the biomedical community. This review covers a wide range of topics pertaining to these two closely related compounds. Particular emphasis is given to the functions of these compounds and their roles in human nutrition. Various aspects of vitamin A deficiency and studies on carotenoids and retinoids in cancer development and prevention are reviewed in some detail.
Variation in Ligand Binding Specificities of a Novel Class of Poxvirus-encoded Tumor Necrosis Factor-binding Protein (2006)

The Yatapoxviruses encode a distinct class of secreted TNF-binding protein (TNF-BP) that resembles an MHC class I heavy chain but distinct from any other known TNF inhibitor. Characterization of these viral TNF inhibitors from Tanapox virus, Yaba monkey tumor virus (YMTV) and a closely related version from Swinepox virus revealed dramatically differential TNF binding specificities for different mammalian species. The Tanapox virus 2L protein (TPV-2L) formed inhibitory complexes with human TNF, and interacted with monkey and canine TNF with high affinity but rabbit TNF with low affinity. On the other hand, YMTV-2L bound human and monkey TNF with high affinity but rabbit TNF with only low affinity. The TNF-BP from swinepox virus (SPV003/148) only interacted with porcine TNF with high affinity. The observed TNF binding analysis mirrored the biological activity of these TNF-binding protein to block TNF-induced cellular cytolysis. TPV-2L and YMTV-2L also inhibited the human TNF-mediated signaling in cells but TPV-2L exhibited higher affinity for human TNF (KD, 43 pm) compared with monkey (KD, 120 pm) whereas for YMTV-2L, the affinities were reversed (human TNF KD, 440 pm; monkey TNF KD, 230 pm). The interaction domain of human TNF with TNF-binding proteins is significantly different from that of TNFRs, as determined using human TNF mutants. We conclude that these poxvirus TNF-binding proteins represent a new class of TNF inhibitors and are distinct from the viral TNF receptor homologues characterized to date.
Photoshop Elements 3 for Windows & Macintosh (Visual QuickStart Guide) (2002)

Photoshop Elements 3, Adobe's more accessible version of its flagship product, Photoshop, opens the door for amateur photographers, business users, students, and home users who want professional-looking images for their print and Web projects.Photoshop Elements 3 for Windows and Macintosh: Visual QuickStart Guide uses task-based lessons to show readers how to capture photos from traditional or digital cameras, reduce red eye, correct color, work with layers, erase backgrounds, create photo-illustrations and Web graphics, simulate painting and drawing techniques, apply artistic effects, and more. Longtime graphic designer and digital imaging expert Craig Hoeschen provides concise, step-by-step instructions and plenty of screenshots to help users look up just what they need to know, while an eight-page color gallery shows off sample filters, effects, and plenty of retouching and compositing examples for additional inspiration.
De novo design of a transmembrane Zn 2+ -transporting four-helix bundle (2014)

The design of functional membrane proteins from first principles represents a grand challenge in chemistry and structural biology. Here, we report the design of a membrane-spanning, four-helical bundle that transports first-row transition metal ions Zn(2+) and Co(2+), but not Ca(2+), across membranes. The conduction path was designed to contain two di-metal binding sites that bind with negative cooperativity. X-ray crystallography and solid-state and solution nuclear magnetic resonance indicate that the overall helical bundle is formed from two tightly interacting pairs of helices, which form individual domains that interact weakly along a more dynamic interface. Vesicle flux experiments show that as Zn(2+) ions diffuse down their concentration gradients, protons are antiported. These experiments illustrate the feasibility of designing membrane proteins with predefined structural and dynamic properties.
DECT-digital European cordless telecommunications (2003)

The author presents advanced applications for cordless telecommunications, clarifies the differences between cordless telecommunications and mobile radio, and outlines the steps towards European standardization which have been made so far, Professional applications such as business cordless telecommunications using the microcellular concept are discussed. It is shown that cordless telecommunication systems differ considerably in service requirements and market structure, with resulting differences in the technical realization of systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent preservation of nitric oxide–mediated endothelial function in diabetes by targeted transgenic GTP–cyclohydrolase I overexpression (2003)

Increased production of reactive oxygen species and loss of endothelial NO bioactivity are key features of vascular disease states such as diabetes mellitus. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a required cofactor for eNOS activity; pharmacologic studies suggest that BH4 may mediate some of the adverse effects of diabetes on eNOS function. We have now investigated the importance and mechanisms of BH4 availability in vivo using a novel transgenic mouse model with endothelial-targeted overexpression of the rate-limiting enzyme in BH4 synthesis, guanosine triphosphate-cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH). Transgenic (GCH-Tg) mice demonstrated selective augmentation of endothelial BH4 levels. In WT mice, induction of diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ) increased vascular oxidative stress, resulting in oxidative loss of BH4, forming BH2 and biopterin. Endothelial cell superoxide production in diabetes was increased, and NO-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilatation was impaired. In diabetic GCH-Tg mice, superoxide production from the endothelium was markedly reduced compared with that of WT mice, endothelial BH4 levels were maintained despite some oxidative loss of BH4, and NO-mediated vasodilatation was preserved. These findings indicate that BH4 is an important mediator of eNOS regulation in diabetes and is a rational therapeutic target to restore NO-mediated endothelial function in diabetes and other vascular disease states.
Use of the Acute Cardiac Ischemia Time-Insensitive Predictive Instrument (ACI-TIPI) To Assist with Triage of Patients with Chest Pain or Other Symptoms Suggestive of Acute Cardiac Ischemia: A Multicenter, Controlled Clinical Trial (1998)

Use of ACI-TIPI was associated with reduced hospitalization among emergency department patients without acute cardiac ischemia. This result varied as expected according to the CCU and cardiac telemetry unit capacities and physician supervision at individual hospitals. Appropriate admission for unstable angina or acute infarction was not affected. If ACI-TIPI is used widely in the United States, its potential incremental impact may be more than 200000 fewer unnecessary hospitalizations and more than 100000 fewer unnecessary CCU admissions.
Stereocontrolled synthesis of H-phosphonate DNA (2006)

Stereocontrolled synthesis of H-phosphonate DNA by an oxazaphospholidine approach is described. Diastereopure 2'-deoxynucleoside 3'-oxazaphospholidine monomers having two substituents at the 5-position of the oxazaphospholidine ring were allowed to condense with the 5'-hydroxy group of nucleosides in the presence of a less-nucleophilic acidic activator to afford the diastereopure dinucleoside phosphite intermediates. Upon treatment with an anhydrous acid, the phosphite intermediates were stereospecifically converted into the diastereopure dinucleoside H-phosphonates. The method was applied to the solid-phase synthesis of stereoregulated H-phosphonate DNA oligomers containing four kinds of nucleobases.
Cross-link in Fibrin Polymerized by Factor XIII: ε-(γ-Glutamyl)lysine (1968)

(epsilon)-((gamma)-Glutamyl)lysine has been isolated from enzymatic hydrolyzates of cross-linked human fibrin. This compound was not detected in "non-cross-linked" fibrin prepared with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, which inhibits factor XIII; intermediate amounts were observed when the fibrin was prepared with glycine ethyl ester, which inhibits factor XIII competitively. These and ancillary experiments furnish conclusive evidence that epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links form in human fibrin during polymerization catalyzed by factor XIII.