gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
REVIEW ■ : Physical Injury of Neurons: Important Roles for Sodium and Chloride Ions (1997)

There is growing evidence that ions other than Ca 2 + play important roles in the deterioration of neuronal elements in both gray and white matter after physical injury. This review features information gathered with a tissue culture model of dendrite transection regarding the contributions of Na+ and CI - to ultrastructural damage and neuronal death. This information and the results of other in vitro investigations of physical and ischemic/excitotoxic injuries indicate that elevation of internal Na+ is an early event that may contribute significantly to neuronal injury through effects on Na + -driven transport mechanisms. Proposed deleterious consequences include cytoplasmic acidification, reduced mitochondrial energy production, and elevation of intracellular Ca 2+ and extracellular excitatory amino acids to toxic levels. Prevention of Na + entry into neurons after injury has been found to limit ultrastructural damage, prevent death, and preserve electrophysiological function. Although the role of CI - in neuronal injury is less well defined, there is also evidence that elevation of intracellular CI - contributes to structural damage, particularly to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In terventions that limit Na+- and CI - -mediated damage to injured neurons may have utility in neurosurgery and as acute phase treatments for nervous system trauma and other pathological states. NEURO SCIENTIST 3:89-101, 1997
Detection of abnormal electrocardiograms using a neural network approach (2003)

The results of using an artificial neural network system (ANNS) for detection and recognition of abnormal electrocardiograms in heart-rate-variability studies are reported. The ANNS is trained initially by standard abnormal EKG patterns. Once the network has been trained, it detects abnormal EKGs in real time with less than 10% error. In this particular case the bidirectional associative memory model was used for the neural network.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Small-geometry, high-performance, Si-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ heterojunction bipolar transistors (1989)

Si-Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) with very heavily doped bases, fabricated using electron-beam lithography to obtain very small feature sizes, are discussed. Emitter, base, and collector epitaxial layers were grown in situ in a lamp-heated, chemical-vapor-deposition reactor. Transistors with common-emitter current gain of approximately 50 and f/sub t/ of about 28 GHz have been obtained. Analysis indicates that the frequency response is limited by parasitic resistances and capacitances in the simple demonstration structure used, rather than by the intrinsic device characteristics. Simple ring oscillators have been fabricated using HBTs in the inverse-active mode of operation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Structural changes required for activation of protein C are induced by Ca2+ binding to a high affinity site that does not contain gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. (1983)

W e have examined the calcium-binding properties and metal ion-dependent conformational changes of a proteolytically modified derivative of bovine protein C that lacks y-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues.Equilibrium dialysis experiments demonstrated that each Gla-domainless protein C molecule retains one high affinity calcium ion-binding site (Kd = 61 k 6 p ~) .Ca2+ binding to this site is accompanied by a 14% decrease in intrinsic fluorescence emission intensity (Kd = 44 k 5 p ~) and a substantial change in circular dichroism.The spectral changes were reversible upon the addition of EDTA, and M&' caused little change in fluorescence intensity below 400 p ~. Titration with Mn2+ or T b 3 + resulted in fluorescence changes similar to those obtained with Ca".Tb3+ and Ca2+ appear to bind to the s a m e site because tryptophan-dependent terbium fluorescence was reduced by the addition of Ca2+.The metal ion-dependent changes in the fluorescence of unmodified protein C were equivalent to those of Gla-domainless protein C at low concentrations of metal ions.However, higher concentrations of Ca2+ induced an additional fluorescence change in protein C with an apparent Kd in excess of 200 p ~.The close correlation of the Kd value inferred from kinetic studies and the Kd values obtained from equilibrium dialysis and fluorescence data indicate that the conformation of Gla-domainless protein C that is recognized and activated b y the soluble thrombin-thrombomodulin complex is nucleated and/or stabilized by calcium binding to a high affinity site which does not include Gla residues.Additional Gla domain-dependent calcium binding and conformational changes are then required for the activation of intact protein C b y the thrombin-thrombomodulin complex.
Ultrastrong, Stiff, and Lightweight Carbon‐Nanotube Fibers (2007)

Carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers that are many times stronger and stiffer per weight than the best existing engineering fibers and over twenty times better than other reported CNT fibers are described (see figure). Additionally, these CNT fibers are nonbrittle and tough, making them far superior to existing materials for preventing catastrophic failure. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2007/c0776_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Abyssomicin C—A Polycyclic Antibiotic from a Marine Verrucosispora Strain as an Inhibitor of the p ‐Aminobenzoic Acid/Tetrahydrofolate Biosynthesis Pathway (2004)

Plumbing the depths: Abyssomicin C (structure shown) from ocean floor sediment is a novel antibiotic that inhibits the biosynthesis steps between chorismate and p-aminobenzoic acid. Its activity may be explained by the irreversible trapping of the targeted enzymes by a Michael addition. Blocking the biosynthesis of p-aminobenzoic acid may be one approach to developing new antibiotics.
Safety and Tolerability of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Convection-Enhanced Delivery of AAV2-hAADC with a Novel Delivery Platform in Nonhuman Primate Striatum (2011)

Degeneration of nigrostriatal neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) causes progressive loss of aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), the enzyme that converts levodopa (l-DOPA) into dopamine in the striatum. Because loss of this enzyme appears to be a major driver of progressive impairment of response to the mainstay drug, l-DOPA, one promising approach has been to use gene therapy to restore AADC activity in the human putamen and thereby restore normal l-DOPA response in patients with PD. An open-label phase I clinical trial of this approach in patients with PD provided encouraging signs of improvement in Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale scores and reductions in antiparkinsonian medications. However, such improvement was modest compared with the results previously reported in parkinsonian rhesus macaques. The reason for this discrepancy may have been that the relatively small volume of vector infused in the clinical study restricted the distribution of AADC expression, such that only about 20% of the postcommissural putamen was covered, as revealed by l-[3-(18)F]-α-methyltyrosine-positron emission tomography. To achieve more quantitative distribution of vector, we have developed a visual guidance system for parenchymal infusion of AAV2. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the combined magnetic resonance imaging-guided delivery system with AAV2-hAADC under conditions that approximate the intended clinical protocol. Our data indicate that this approach directed accurate cannula placement and effective vector distribution without inducing any untoward effects in nonhuman primates infused with a high dose of AAV2-hAADC.
Increased Levels of Leukocyte-Derived MMP-9 in Patients with Stable Angina Pectoris (2011)

Measurements of MMPs and TIMPs in plasma may be of limited use. Despite similar plasma levels in SA patients and controls, the leukocyte-derived MMP-9 and TIMP-1 are significantly altered in patients. The findings indicate that the leukocytes are more prone to release and produce MMP-9 in symptomatic and angiographically verified CAD-a phenomenon that may have clinical implications in the course of disease.
Gravel packing feasible in horizontal well completions (1990)

Successful completion of horizontal wells in unconsolidated formations depends on proper equipment selection and installation method balanced with reservoir objectives, formation parameters, and costs. The guidelines for designing these completions are based on generalized field experience, including horizontal cases where applicable.
The target tissue of limb-bud polarizing activity in the induction of supernumerary structures (1979)

When polarizing mesoderm from the posterior border of the 4-day chick limb bud is placed adjacent to anterior limb mesoderm and ectodermal ridge, the anterior ridge thickens and mesodermal outgrowth ensues, resulting in supernumerary limb structures. This apposition of anterior and posterior limb tissues can be accomplished by cutting off the apical one third of the limb bud and reimplanting it on the stump with its anteroposterior axis reversed. The preaxial response to polarizing activity can be obtained after only 12--18 h in the reoriented position. Reversed apical mesoderm develops supernumerary digits when combined with untreated ectoderm. The reciprocal combination, reversed ectoderm and untreated mesoderm, fails to develop supernumerary structures. We have interpreted this as evidence that, in inducing supernumerary limb structures, polarizing activity acts only on the mesoderm.
The histone LSD1 demethylase in stemness and cancer transcription programs (2013)

DNA and histone chromatin modifying enzymes play a crucial role in chromatin remodeling in several biological processes. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), the first identified histone demethylase, is a relevant player in the regulation of a broad spectrum of biological processes including development, cellular differentiation, embryonic pluripotency and cancer. Here, we review recent insights on the role of LSD1 activity in chromatin regulatory complexes, its functional role in the epigenetic changes during embryonic development, in the establishment and maintenance of stemness and during cancer progression.
Smoking during pregnancy. (1968)

Theodore Roosevelt thanks Bill Purchase for his letter and the "result" at the Pend Oreille County Convention. He comments on the "fourteen Purchases" and asks that Purchase give Roosevelt's regards to Purchase's father, mother, seven brothers, and seven sister-in-laws, stating that whenever women have had votes in elections, those votes have gone to Roosevelt. He ends by reminiscing about his days spent with cow-punchers in Medora, North Dakota.
Design and applications of highly luminescent transition metal complexes (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDesign and Applications of Highly Luminescent Transition Metal ComplexesJ. N. Demas and Β. A. DeGraffCite this: Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 17, 829A–837APublication Date (Print):September 1, 1991Publication History Published online30 May 2012Published inissue 1 September 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00017a719https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00017a719research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1649Altmetric-Citations192LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Prognostic DNA Methylation Signature for Stage I Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2013)

The DNA methylation signature of NSCLC affects the outcome of stage I patients, and it can be practically determined by user-friendly polymerase chain reaction assays. The analysis of the best DNA methylation biomarkers improved prognostic accuracy beyond standard staging.
Viterbi detection of matched spectral null codes for PR4 systems (1992)

Practical considerations for implementation of trellis coding in magnetic storage channels are examined in a simulation study. Matched spectral null codes are shown to offer significant coding gains on magnetic channels over baseline PRML (class-4 partial response maximum likelihood sequence estimation). In magnetic storage products, requirements of minimum detection latency and guaranteed worst-case performance dictate the use of non-quasi-catastrophic codes. Degradation in simulated error rate performance due to quantization effects prior to Viterbi detection is characterized. Detector performance in the presence of colored noise, introduced in equalization of a Lorentzian channel to class-IV response via a zero-forcing or least-mean-square equalizer, is shown. The results shown are consistent with an asymptotic coding gain on the order of 3 dB over baseline PRML, despite the presence of colored noise.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Apolipoprotein E Genotype and Outcome in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (2002)

Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 genotype is related to poor outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.
DNA strand transfer reactions catalyzed by vaccinia topoisomerase: hydrolysis and glycerololysis of the covalent protein-DNA intermediate (1997)

Vaccinia topoisomerase forms a covalent protein-DNA intermediate at sites containing the sequence 5'-CCCTT. The T nucleotide is linked via a 3'-phosphodiester bond to Tyr-274 of the enzyme. Here, we report that the enzyme catalyzes hydrolysis of the covalent intermediate, resulting in formation of a 3'-phosphate-terminated DNA cleavage product. The hydrolysis reaction is pH-dependent (optimum pH = 9.5) and is slower, by a factor of 10(-5), than the rate of topoisomerase-catalyzed strand transfer to a 5'-OH terminated DNA acceptor strand. Mutants of vaccinia topoisomerase containing serine or threonine in lieu of the active site Tyr-274 form no detectable covalent intermediate and catalyze no detectable DNA hydrolysis. This suggests that hydrolysis occurs subsequent to formation of the covalent protein-DNA adduct and not via direct attack by water on DNA. Vaccinia topoisomerase also catalyzes glycerololysis of the covalent intermediate. The rate of glycerololysis is proportional to glycerol concentration and is optimal at pH 9.5.
From “magic bullets” to specific cancer immunotherapy (2013)

The immune system is able to specifically target antigen-expressing cancer cells. The promise of immunotherapy was to eliminate cancer cells without harming normal tissue and, therefore, with no or very few side effects. Immunotherapy approaches have, for several decades, been tested against several tumours, most often against malignant melanoma. However, although detectable immune responses have regularly been induced, the clinical outcome has often been disappointing. The development of molecular methods and an improved understanding of tumour immunosurveillance led to novel immunotherapy approaches in the last few years. First randomised phase III trials proved that immunotherapy can prolong survival of patients with metastatic melanoma or prostate cancer. The development in the field is very rapid and various molecules (mainly monoclonal antibodies) that activate the immune system are currently being tested in clinical trials and will possibly change our treatment of cancer. The ultimate goal of any cancer therapy and also immunotherapy is to cure cancer. However, this depends on the elimination of the disease originating cancer stem cells. Unfortunately, cancer stem cells seem resistant to most available treatment options. Recent developments in immunotherapy may allow targeting these cancer stem cells specifically in the future. In this review, we summarise the current state of immunotherapy in clinical routine and the expected developments in the near future.
The number of Na+ channels in cultured chick muscle is increased by ARIA, an acetylcholine receptor-inducing activity (1993)

ARIA is a glycoprotein purified from chick brain on the basis of its ACh receptor-inducing activity (ARIA). In this study we present evidence that ARIA increases the number of voltage-gated sodium channels in chick muscle as well as the number of ACh receptors (AChRs). Exposure of chick myotubes to ARIA increased by twofold the number of 3H-saxitoxin binding, an effect that is comparable to the increase of AChRs assayed by 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin (125I-alpha-BTX) binding. We also documented effects of ARIA on myoblasts: the number of 125I-alpha-BTX binding sites in the mononucleated muscle cells was increased by 1.5-fold, and the peak TTX-sensitive inward currents increased by the same amount. No change was detected in the voltage dependence of channel activation, in mean channel current, or in mean channel open time. Thus, the Na+ channel is the first molecule, other than AChR subunits, whose expression has been shown to be induced by ARIA. Since sodium channels are concentrated at motor end plates, our results provide circumstantial evidence that ARIA may regulate several genes expressed at developing neuromuscular junctions. Moreover, the finding that ARIA's effects extend to mononucleated myoblasts suggests that this protein may be important during the earliest stages of muscle formation and innervation.
Identification and quantification of apoptosis in the kidney using morphology, biochemical and molecular markers (2007)

Renal cell apoptosis is important in both physiological conditions such as normal renal development and pathological processes affecting the glomerular, vascular or tubulointerstitial compartments. Apoptosis may result in the detrimental loss of cells following many renal diseases or damaging changes, with significant loss of function. In contrast, apoptosis may control and limit inflammatory processes in both the acute and chronic phases of renal disease. Investigators interested in the presence of apoptotic cells in different forms of renal disease and development need methods to accurately determine the level of apoptosis within the kidney. Apoptosis is a gene-driven mode of cell death that may be identified by distinct morphological features, endonuclease-initiated DNA degradation, and by the involvement of specific apoptosis-regulating proteins. Many research papers that analyse the presence of apoptosis use the in situ terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay that detects DNA strand breaks in situ in tissue sections. Localization of activated caspase-3 is now seen as an alternative to TUNEL. This review will discuss some methods of identifying apoptosis in the kidney, using both morphological and biochemical or molecular characteristics, and also discuss some of the pitfalls of entire reliance on biochemical means of apoptotic cell identification without some morphological checks and balances. Although there are some caveats to the methods for identifying apoptotic cells in renal disease, those investigators who take the time to undertake such analysis often gain insightful data that provide explanations for the disease or condition being studied.
Reinforcement Learning Based Graph-to-Sequence Model for Natural Question Generation (2019)

Natural question generation (QG) aims to generate questions from a passage and an answer. Previous works on QG either (i) ignore the rich structure information hidden in text, (ii) solely rely on cross-entropy loss that leads to issues like exposure bias and inconsistency between train/test measurement, or (iii) fail to fully exploit the answer information. To address these limitations, in this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL) based graph-to-sequence (Graph2Seq) model for QG. Our model consists of a Graph2Seq generator with a novel Bidirectional Gated Graph Neural Network based encoder to embed the passage, and a hybrid evaluator with a mixed objective combining both cross-entropy and RL losses to ensure the generation of syntactically and semantically valid text. We also introduce an effective Deep Alignment Network for incorporating the answer information into the passage at both the word and contextual levels. Our model is end-to-end trainable and achieves new state-of-the-art scores, outperforming existing methods by a significant margin on the standard SQuAD benchmark.
Targeting of a nuclease to murine leukemia virus capsids inhibits viral multiplication. (1995)

Capsid-targeted viral inactivation is an antiviral strategy in which toxic fusion proteins are targeted to virions, where they inhibit viral multiplication by destroying viral components. These fusion proteins consist of a virion structural protein moiety and an enzymatic moiety such as a nuclease. Such fusion proteins can severely inhibit transposition of yeast retrotransposon Ty1, an element whose transposition mechanistically resembles retroviral multiplication. We demonstrate that expression of a murine retrovirus capsid-staphylococcal nuclease fusion protein inhibits multiplication of the corresponding murine leukemia virus by 30- to 100-fold. Staphylococcal nuclease is apparently inactive intracellularly and hence nontoxic to the host cell, but it is active extracellularly because of its requirement for high concentrations of Ca2+ ions. Virions assembled in and shed from cells expressing the fusion protein contain very small amounts of intact viral RNA, as would be predicted for nuclease-mediated inhibition of viral multiplication.
Preparation of Alkyl-Substituted Indoles in the Benzene Portion. Part 13. Enantiospecific Synthesis of Mitosene Analogues Related to FR 900482 and FR 66979. (1995)

An acid-catalyzed indole formation reaction previously reported by us was successfully applied to the preparation of variously substituted 4-hydroxy-1H-indoles 11a-g having carbon and/or heteroatom substituents at the benzene portion of the indole ring, using as substrates 3-(4, 4-dialkoxy-1-oxobutyl)-1H-pyrroles 10a-g, which are readily available from simple pyrroles in several steps. Employing one of these indoles, 11g, as a starting intermediate, an enantiospecific synthesis of the mitosene analogues 8, 9a and 9b related to antitumor antibiotics FR 900482 (1) and FR 66979 (2) was achieved by i) condensation of 20 with a chiral aldehyde 21, ii) transformation of 22a and 22b into the tricyclic compounds 29a and 29b, iii) introduction of the additional one-carbon unit as a formyl group, iv) formation of the aziridine ring, and v) removal of the benzyl protecting group. Elimination of the tert-butyloxycarbonyl group was also examined to provide the basis for a future project to synthesize 5a, the cross-linkage product of 2 and DNA.
Impact of autologous blood transfusion on the use of pack of red blood cells in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (2013)

Autologous erythrocyte transfusion with CS use reduces the use of intraoperative homologous pRBC in coronary artery bypass grafting surgeries associated with miniCPB.