gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of bacteriophages as surrogates for mammalian viruses: a case for use in filter validation based on precedents and current practices in medical and environmental virology. (2000)

Infectivity-based assays are the assays of choice for the detection of pathogenic mammalian viruses. While it is intuitively appropriate to conduct testing and validation studies with the known viral burden or a closely related mammalian species, logistic considerations often dictate otherwise. Consequently, bacteriophages have served as suitable surrogates for mammalian viruses in both medical and environmental virology applications. The wide range of bacteriophages available offers a powerful analytical tool amenable to several different applications: filter validation studies (where removal is based on size exclusion), investigations into virus contamination control issues, evaluation of barrier materials, etc. There is a considerable body of evidence to suggest and support the use of bacteriophages as surrogates for mammalian viruses. Use of appropriately sized bacteriophages provides an innocuous, efficacious and expeditious method for economical testing and validation of viral clearance capabilities of virus removal filters, thus facilitating performance of filter validation studies in biopharmaceuticals under product- and process-specific conditions in an overall effort towards ensuring the virological safety of biologicals. This paper discusses the limitations associated with mammalian virus assays and provides a rationale for the use of bacteriophages as surrogates for mammalian viruses. Data from published literature documenting applicability of bacteriophages in filter validation studies, especially when removal is based on size exclusion, is reviewed along with examples of studies from the fields of medical and environmental virology.
Dynamic observations of the effect of pressure and temperature conditions on the selective synthesis of carbon nanotubes (2007)

In situ transmission electron microscopy studies have been carried out to determine the effect of temperature and pressure on the growth of carbon nanotubes by the Ni-catalyzed chemical vapour deposition of acetylene. The temperature range explored was 450–650 °C and the acetylene pressure range was 0.8–20 mTorr. Our observations show that straight, single-wall, carbon nanotubes tend to form at higher temperatures and lower pressures while bent, zigzag, multi-wall carbon nanotubes form at lower temperatures and higher pressures. These results can be understood as the result of competition between the arrival rate of carbon and the nucleation rate of carbon hexagons (which increases at high pressure and low temperature), and the annealing rate of the 5-ring and 7-ring defects that are responsible for the nanotube curvature.
The Timing of Hamster Sperm Nuclear Decondensation and Male Pronucleus Formation is Related to Sperm Nuclear Disulfide Bond Content1 (1987)

The relationship between the timing of both sperm nuclear decondensation and male pronucleus formation in the oocyte and the relative level of disulfide bonds within the sperm nucleus was evaluated. Since reduction of sperm nuclear disulfide (S-S) bonds is a prerequisite for sperm nuclear decondensation in vitro and in vivo, we hypothesized that sperm nuclei with relatively few S-S bonds would require less time to decondense in the oocyte than sperm nuclei with higher numbers of S-S bonds, and that male pronucleus formation would occur more rapidly as well. Four types of hamster sperm nuclei, in which the extent of S-S bonding differed, were microinjected into hamster oocytes, and the time course of sperm nuclear decondensation and male pronucleus formation was charted. Cauda epididymal sperm nuclei, which are rich in S-S bonds, required 45-60 min to decondense. In contrast, nuclei containing few S-S bonds (namely sonication-resistant spermatid nuclei and cauda epididymal sperm nuclei treated in vitro with the S-S bond-reducing agent dithiothreitol) decondensed within 5-10 min of microinjection. Caput epididymal sperm nuclei, with intermediate S-S bond content, decondensed in 10-20 min. Regardless of when decondensation occurred, formation of the male pronucleus never preceded that of the female pronucleus, which occurred 1.25-1.5 h after microinjection. However, sperm nuclei with few S-S bonds were more likely than S-S rich nuclei to transform into male pronuclei in synchrony with the formation of the female pronucleus. We conclude that the timing sperm nuclear decondensation and pronucleus formation depends in part upon the S-S bond content of the sperm nucleus.
First Established Pregnancies in Mediterranean Italian Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) Following Deposition of Sexed Spermatozoa near the Utero Tubal Junction (2005)

At the time of AI following Ovsynch protocol, a total of 51 buffaloes were randomly divided in a first group (n = 30) subjected to conventional AI into the uterine body with 20 million non-sex sorted frozen-thawed spermatozoa, while a second group (n = 21) was inseminated near the utero-tubal junction (UTJ) ipsilateral to the ovary carrying the preovulatory follicle with 2.5 million live (4 million total) sex-sorted frozen-thawed spermatozoa. The semen used for flowcytometric sorting was collected and processed on a farm in Italy, and then shipped to a laboratory in Germany. Eleven buffaloes were inseminated with X-chromosome bearing spermatozoa and 10 with Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa. Conception rates after conventional and UTJ inseminations were 43.3% (n = 13) and 42.8% (n = 9) respectively (p = 0.97). Eight of the nine foetuses obtained after insemination with sexed spermatozoa corresponded to the sex as predicted by the cell sorting procedure (five male and four female foetuses by ultrasound vs six male and three female foetuses by cell sorting). In conclusion, for the first time buffalo semen has been successfully subjected to procedures for flowcytometric sperm sorting and freezing. Low doses of sexed spermatozoa have been deposited near the UTJ giving conception rates similar to those of conventional AI with full dose.
1,2‐Mannobioside Mimic: Synthesis, DC‐SIGN Interaction by NMR and Docking, and Antiviral Activity (2007)

The design and preparation of carbohydrate ligands for DC-SIGN is a topic of high interest because of the role played by this C-type lectin in immunity and infection processes. The low chemical stability of carbohydrates against enzymatic hydrolysis by glycosylases has stimulated the search for new alternatives more stable in vivo. Herein, we present a good alternative for a DC-SIGN ligand based on a mannobioside mimic with a higher enzymatic stability than the corresponding disaccharide. NMR and docking studies have been performed to study the interaction of this mimic with DC-SIGN in solution demonstrating that this pseudomannobioside is a good ligand for this lectin. In vitro studies using an infection model with Ebola pseudotyped virus demonstrates that this compound presents an antiviral activity even better than the corresponding disaccharide and could be an interesting ligand to prepare multivalent systems with higher affinities for DC-SIGN with potential biomedical applications.
Recent Applications of Polyethylene Glycols (PEGs) and PEG Derivatives (2014)

Numerous applications of polyethylene glycol derived polymers (PEGs) have been reported in the scientific literature for many years. With increasing experience and comfort by regulatory authorities, worldwide, in the utilization of these materials in drug and medical device applications, their use in a variety of research and development areas is expanding. This review will focus on just the range of applications of PEGs published in the first half of 2014 in the medical device, drug development, and diagnostics areas, including drug delivery, wound healing, cell culture models, and tissue regeneration.
Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) (2003)

This document describes the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. The protocol is an optimization of the classical link state algorithm tailored to the requirements of a mobile wireless LAN. The key concept used in the protocol is that of multipoint relays (MPRs). MPRs are selected nodes which forward broadcast messages during the flooding process. This technique substantially reduces the message overhead as compared to a classical flooding mechanism, where every node retransmits each message when it receives the first copy of the message. In OLSR, link state information is generated only by nodes elected as MPRs. Thus, a second optimization is achieved by minimizing the number of control messages flooded in the network. As a third optimization, an MPR node may chose to report only links between itself and its MPR selectors. Hence, as contrary to the classic link state algorithm, partial link state information is distributed in the network. This information is then used for route calculation. OLSR provides optimal routes (in terms of number of hops). The protocol is particularly suitable for large and dense networks as the technique of MPRs works well in this context.
Reperfusion injury following cerebral ischemia: pathophysiology, MR imaging, and potential therapies (2006)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide extensive information on this process of injury, and may have a role in the future in stratifying patients' risk for reperfusion injury following recanalization. Moreover, different MRI modalities can be used to investigate the various mechanisms of reperfusion injury. Antileukocyte antibodies, brain cooling and conditioned blood reperfusion are potential therapeutic strategies for lessening or eliminating reperfusion injury, and interventionalists may play a role in the future in using some of these therapies in combination with thrombolysis or embolectomy. The present review summarizes the mechanisms of reperfusion injury and focuses on the way each of those mechanisms can be evaluated by different MRI modalities. The potential therapeutic strategies are also discussed.
Audio-visual enhancement of speech in noise (2001)

A key problem for telecommunication or human-machine communication systems concerns speech enhancement in noise. In this domain, a certain number of techniques exist, all of them based on an acoustic-only approach--that is, the processing of the audio corrupted signal using audio information (from the corrupted signal only or additive audio information). In this paper, an audio-visual approach to the problem is considered, since it has been demonstrated in several studies that viewing the speaker's face improves message intelligibility, especially in noisy environments. A speech enhancement prototype system that takes advantage of visual inputs is developed. A filtering process approach is proposed that uses enhancement filters estimated with the help of lip shape information. The estimation process is based on linear regression or simple neural networks using a training corpus. A set of experiments assessed by Gaussian classification and perceptual tests demonstrates that it is indeed possible to enhance simple stimuli (vowel-plosive-vowel sequences) embedded in white Gaussian noise.
VirtualRC (2012)

Numerous studies have shown significant performance and power benefits of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Despite these benefits, FPGA usage has been limited by application design complexity caused largely by the lack of code and tool portability across different FPGA platforms, which prevents design reuse. This paper addresses the portability challenge by introducing a framework of architecture and middleware for virtualization of FPGA platforms, collectively named VirtualRC. Experiments show modest overhead of 5-6% in performance and 1% in area, while enabling portability of 11 applications and two high-level synthesis tools across three physical platforms.
Tardive Dyskinesia in the Era of Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics. Part 1: Pathophysiology and Mechanisms of Induction (2005)

Although the ultimate model for TD is not yet understood, it is plausible that several of these vulnerabilities and mechanisms act together to produce TD. The lower incidence of TD with atypical antipsychotics has helped to elucidate the,mechanisms of TD.
Pharmaceutical compounding of aflibercept in prefilled syringes does not affect structural integrity, stability or VEGF and Fc binding properties (2018)

Macular edema due to neovascular age-related macular degeneration, diabetes or retinal vein occlusion can cause central vision loss. Intravitreal treatment with antibody-based biopharmaceutical compounds designed to neutralize vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has proven to be an efficient strategy to ameliorate macular edema and restore visual acuity. At the same time, the use of anti-VEGF drugs places an economic burden on the health care system; the drugs are expensive, and repeated injections are usually required to maintain the therapeutic effect. Thus, there is an unmet need for more cost-effective procedures. We here describe how the most recently approved anti-VEGF drug, aflibercept, can be compounded into prefilled sterile syringes and stored for up to 4 weeks without compromising its quality, stability or functional properties, including VEGF and neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) binding. The novel compounding method for repackaging of aflibercept in sterile plastic syringes can greatly reduce both cost and time spent per patient in the injection room.
The Identity of Plant Glutamate Receptors (2001)

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Vision-Assisted Control for Manipulation Using Virtual Fixtures (2004)

We present the design and implementation of a vision-based system for cooperative manipulation at millimeter to micrometer scales. The system is based on an admittance control algorithm that implements a broad class of guidance modes called virtual fixtures. A virtual fixture, like a real fixture, limits the motion of a tool to a prescribed class or range of motions. We describe how both hard (unyielding) and soft (yielding) virtual fixtures can be implemented in this control framework. We then detail the construction of virtual fixtures for point positioning and curve following as well as extensions of these to tubes, cones, and sequences thereof. We also describe an implemented system using the JHU Steady Hand Robot. The system uses computer vision as a sensor for providing a reference trajectory, and the virtual fixture control algorithm then provides haptic feedback to implemented direct, shared manipulation. We provide extensive experimental results detailing both system performance and the effects of virtual fixtures on human speed and accuracy.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Is Required for Maintaining the Neural Stem Cell Pool in the Mouse Brain Subventricular Zone (2004)

Cells within the subventricular zone (SVZ) express basic Fgf (Fgf2) and Fgf receptor proteins. We show that the absence of Fgf2 gene products reduces by 50% the dividing progenitor population of the anterior SVZ (SVZa) without changing their cell cycle time. Every 2-3 cell cycles of the SVZa progenitor cell population, 30,000 newly generated neurons capable of long-term survival are added to the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb. Fgf2 knockout mice have smaller olfactory bulbs due to decreased output of these newly generated cells into the bulbs. A population of slow-dividing neural stem cells (NSCs) residing in the SVZa is identified by its slow cell cycle kinetics (cell cycle approx. 20 days); these cells, called 'S' cells, are negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein and occasionally express brain-lipid-binding protein, a molecular marker of radial glia. The number of these dividing NSCs is reduced from about 13,000 in wild-type to 8,500 cells in Fgf2 knockout mice. Thus, FGF2 regulates the number of proliferative cells and olfactory bulb neurogenesis by maintaining a slow-dividing stem cell pool within the SVZa.
Performance of multicusp plasma ion source for focused ion beam applications (2000)

The multicusp plasma ion source has found many uses such as in ion implanters, ion projection lithography, and injectors for particle accelerators. This source is favorable for such applications because of its low ion temperature, small energy spread, and good stability. These properties also offer the tantalizing possibility of utilizing such a source to create a noncontaminating focused ion beam (FIB) system for semiconductor fabrication line use and advanced photomask repair applications. We have made measurements of the brightness of this ion source and have done some preliminary applications work with a Kr+-enabled FIB system for mask repair and ion milling. A specially designed multicusp plasma ion source has been used to measure focused beam spot size versus current relationships for several inert gas ion species. From these data the axial brightness of the ion source was ascertained. For the extraction of Kr+ from the source we find an angular intensity of 12 μA/sr and a virtual source size of 16.9 μm, giving an approximate value for the image-side brightness (at 30 keV) of 1650 A/cm2 sr. We find good sputtering rates for the Kr+ beam, and the Aerial image measurement system measurements show essentially 100% transmission of 193 nm light through photomask quartz that had been implanted with a significant dose of krypton.
LEGEND: a language for generic component library description (2002)

LEGEND is a novel generator-generator language for the definition, generation, and maintenance of generic component libraries used in high-level hardware synthesis. Each LEGEND description generates a library generator GENUS, which is organized as a hierarchy of generic component generators, templates, and instances. High-level synthesis systems typically transform the abstract behavior of a design into an interconnection of generic component instances derived from a library such as GENUS. Although existing hardware description languages (such as VHDL) can effectively describe particular component libraries, they lack the capability of generating these component libraries from a high-level description. LEGEND complements a language such as VHDL by providing a component library generator-generator with behavioral models for simulation and subsequent synthesis. LEGEND generated components have realistic register transfer semantics, including clocking, asynchrony, and data bidirectionality. LEGEND's simple and extensible syntax allows users to add and modify component types easily. LEGEND is currently implemented on SUN3s under C/UNIX.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Method for Fast and Accurate Calibration of Litho Simulator for Hot Spot Analysis (2006)

Deploying OPC that is robust over the process window is becoming more and more challenging as geometries shrink. This challenge has a major impact in time-to-market and yield of new products. This paper describes a litho simulator calibration flow using a streamlined OPC verification methodology. This new methodology successfully bridges design and manufacturing to accelerate the OPC development process and proactively identifies weak OPC locations that can reduce yield. The method includes an accurate simulator calibration using automatically obtained 'on silicon' measurement data, followed by full-chip litho simulation using the calibrated model to identify potential hot spots on product. The method also enabled a short cycle feedback loop to the OPC model generation resulting in improved OPC optimization and verification.
Combination of Perfluoroalkyl and Triazole Moieties: A New Recovery Strategy for TEMPO (2008)

The attachment of multiple triazole moieties and perfluoroalkyl chains to TEMPO promotes emulsion formation in dichloromethane/water, giving a highly active and easily recoverable catalyst for the oxidation of alcohols.
Pilot-Plant Preparation of an αvβ3 Integrin Antagonist. Part 2. Synthesis of N-[2-(5-Hydroxy-4,6-tetrahydropyrimidine)]-3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic Acid (2004)

Studies directed toward the process research and development of a scalable method for preparing tetrahydropyrimidine 2, a key intermediate to the αvβ3 integrin antagonist 1, are described. A linear approach employing 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl isothiocyanate, and 1,3-diaminopropan-2-ol as key reagents is detailed. The results of process development research, a successful pilot run, and a production campaign are explained.
Synthesis and rat lens aldose reductase inhibitory activity of some benzopyran-2-ones (1986)

A number of 4,7-disubstituted benzopyran-2-ones were synthesized and evaluated for crude rat lens aldose reductase inhibitory activity. Substituents on position 4 included CH3, CO2H, CH2CO2H, CH = CHCO2H, and CH2CH2CO2H. The aromatic substituents included OH, OCH3, OCOCH3, CH2CH3, and Cl. Also included in the study were 3-oxo-3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran-1-acetic, 2-oxo-2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran-4-acetic, and 1-naphthylacetic acids. The benzopyran and naphthopyran derivatives were prepared by the classical von Pechmann reaction. General structure-activity relationships reveal that optimal enzyme inhibitory activity is displayed by those compounds possessing the acetic acid moiety. For example, the most potent derivative, 3-oxo-3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran-1-acetic acid with an IC50 of 0.020 microM, is as potent as sorbinil (IC50 = 0.017 microM) in the crude rat lens aldose reductase assay.
Automated control of multiple virtualized resources (2009)

Virtualized data centers enable sharing of resources among hosted applications. However, it is difficult to satisfy service-level objectives(SLOs) of applications on shared infrastructure, as application workloads and resource consumption patterns change over time. In this paper, we present AutoControl, a resource control system that automatically adapts to dynamic workload changes to achieve application SLOs. AutoControl is a combination of an online model estimator and a novel multi-input, multi-output (MIMO) resource controller. The model estimator captures the complex relationship between application performance and resource allocations, while the MIMO controller allocates the right amount of multiple virtualized resources to achieve application SLOs. Our experimental evaluation with RUBiS and TPC-W benchmarks along with production-trace-driven workloads indicates that AutoControl can detect and mitigate CPU and disk I/O bottlenecks that occur over time and across multiple nodes by allocating each resource accordingly. We also show that AutoControl can be used to provide service differentiation according to the application priorities during resource contention.
Human interferon‐γ lacking 23 COOH‐terminal amino acids is biologically active (1988)

We constructed five mutated cDNAs encoding human interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) derivatives lacking 19-23 COOH-terminal residues and expressed them in Escherichia coli. All the derivatives were purified to homogeneity. They showed substantially the same order of antiviral activity in vitro as the intact molecule, and behaved as a dimer. The far- and near-UV circular dichroism spectra of the derivatives were quite similar to those of the intact one. These results indicate that the 23 COOH-terminal amino acids at least are not essential for achieving the full antiviral activity and constructing the higher structure of human IFN-gamma.