gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Potential tumor- or organ-imaging agents. 23. Sterol esters of iopanoic acid (1982)

A series of sterol esters of iopanoic acid was synthesized and evaluated for their potential to selectively localize in liver and steroid-secreting tissues for possible application in either computed tomography or nuclear medicine imaging. Unlike free iopanoic acid (1), which was rapidly cleared following intravenous administration to rats, cholesteryl iopanoate (2) was found to accumulate in liver, adrenal cortex, and ovary. At 24 h, the ovary was found to contain the highest concentration of 2. The ability of 2 to accumulate in the above tissues was attributed to its resistance to hydrolysis. Pregnenolone iopanoate (3) and dehydroepiandrosterone iopanoate (4), on the other hand, were shown to reach unusually high concentrations in the adrenal cortex within 0.5 h of administration but declined to much lower levels by 24 h. Lipid extraction of tissues showed 3 and 4 to be susceptible to in vivo hydrolysis, which undoubtedly was a major factor in their clearance from adrenal tissue.
[A new international classification of gastritis]. (1991)

New, published in 1989-90, international classifications of gastritis take into consideration its topography, the degree of morphological changes and etiology. This approximates the morphological diagnosis of gastritis to the nosological one. The most frequent cause of the gastritis is pyloric Helicobacter. Their presence should be indicated in the morphological diagnosis as this predetermines the therapeutic policy.
Direct HIV Cytopathicity Cannot Account for CD4 Decline in AIDS in the Presence of Homeostasis: A Worst-Case Dynamic Analysis (1998)

The central paradox of HIV pathogenesis is that the viral burden, either free or cellular, seems too low to deplete the CD4 population by direct killing. Until recently, little data could be used to compare direct and indirect pathogenic theories critically. Clinical trials with potent new antiviral agents have measured important kinetic parameters of HIV infection, including viral and infected cell half-lives. This has led to the construction of explicit models of direct killing. Using a worst-case dynamic analysis, we show that such cytopathic models are untenable. Rates of infected cell removal are orders of magnitude too low to suppress steady state CD4 counts significantly in the face of lymphocyte replenishment, especially in early infection. Furthermore, the direct cytopathic models, as proposed, predict an extremely variable disease course across the broad range of observed viral burdens (five orders of magnitude), which is inconsistent with the relatively small differences in disease progression observed between patients. In contrast, immunologic theories of pathogenesis, such as homeostatic dysregulation based on immune activation, do not suffer from these difficulties and are more consistent with the natural history of HIV infection.
Direct myocardial transfection in two animal models. Evaluation of parameters affecting gene expression and percutaneous gene delivery. (1993)

The results of the present study demonstrate that increasing the amount of DNA employed for direct myocardial transfection fails to produce a statistically significant increase in the level of gene expression. In contrast, increasing the volume of injectate used to directly transfect a constant amount of DNA (50 micrograms) produced significantly augmented expression of the reporter luciferase gene. Luciferase expression was detected 6 months posttransfection. Successful transfection after fluoroscopic-guided direct percutaneous delivery suggests that it may be feasible to deliver genetic material into the myocardium of patients in a similar fashion.
PPP for Data Compression in Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment (DCE) (1996)

This document defines a specific set of parameters for these protocols
and an LCP extension to define a standard way of using PPP for data
compression of serial data in Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment
(DCE). This memo provides information for the Internet community. This
memo does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.
A radical approach to stroke therapy (2001)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Biosynthesis, Uptake, and Degradation of Anandamide and Palmitoylethanolamide in Leukocytes (1997)

Anandamide (arachidonoylethanolamide, AnNH) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) have been proposed as the physiological ligands, respectively, of central and peripheral cannabinoid receptors. Both of these receptors are expressed in immune cells, including macrophages and mast cells/basophils, where immunomodulatory and/or anti-inflammatory actions of AnNH and PEA have been recently reported. We now provide biochemical grounds to these actions by showing that the biosynthesis, uptake, and degradation of AnNH and PEA occur in leukocytes. On stimulation with ionomycin, J774 macrophages and RBL-2H3 basophils produced AnNH and PEA, probably through the hydrolysis of the corresponding N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines, also found among endogenous phospholipids. Immunological challenge of RBL-2H3 cells also caused AnNH and PEA release. The chemical structure and the amounts of AnNH and PEA produced upon ionomycin stimulation were determined by means of double radiolabeling experiments and isotope dilution gas chromatography/electron impact mass spectrometry. Both cell lines rapidly sequestered the two amides from the culture medium through temperature-dependent, saturable and chemically inactivable mechanisms. Once uptaken by basophils, AnNH and PEA compete for the same inactivating enzyme which catalyzes their hydrolysis to ethanolamine. This enzyme was found in both microsomal and 10,000 x g fractions of RBL cell homogenates, and exhibited similar inhibition and temperature/pH dependence profiles but a significantly higher affinity for PEA with respect to neuronal "anandamide amidohydrolase." The finding of biosynthetic and inactivating mechanisms for AnNH and PEA in macrophages and basophils supports the previously proposed role as local modulators of immune/inflammatory reactions for these two long chain acylethanolamides.
Peripheral serum corticosteroid concentrations in relation to the rat adrenal cortical circadian rhythm in androgen-induced hypertension. (1980)

Adrenal function was assessed in control rats and in rats treated for 2 and 4 weeks with 17 alpha-methylandrostenediol (MAD; 17 alpha-methyl-5-androstene-3 beta-diol), a synthetic androgen known to produce hypertensive cardiovascular disease. In both groups and at both time periods, a circadian rhythm of blood corticosteroid concentrations was observed. The high point for serum corticosterone (B), 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-hydroxy-DOC), and 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) concentrations occurred at the beginning of the dark period (1800 hours), and the low point occurred at the onset of the light period (0600 hours). Serum concentrations of DOC were always found to be higher in MAD-treated rats as compared with controls. The serum concentrations of B and 18-hydroxy-DOC were lower than control values at 1800 hours but higher than control concentrations at 0600 hours. The in vitro 11 beta- and 18-hydroxylation of DOC was markedly reduced with MAD treatment. In contrast, cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity was higher in animals treated with MAD. These in vitro findings correlated with spectral studies that showed a decreased binding of DOC to cytochrome P450(11) beta and increased binding of cholesterol to cytochrome P450scc. These studies suggest that MAD treatment selectively decreases 11 beta- and 18-hydroxylation in adrenal mitochondria, and this results in an increased serum concentration of DOC, a hypertensinogenic steroid. This effect of MAD on peripheral serum DOC concentration is most readily observed in quiescent animals at the high point of the circadian rhythm.
DNS Support for Load Balancing (1995)

This RFC is meant to first chronicle a foray into the IETF DNS Working
Group, discuss other possible alternatives to provide/simulate load
balancing support for DNS, and to provide an ultimate, flexible
solution for providing DNS support for balancing loads of many types.
This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.
Pulsed laser deposition of Ga-La-S chalcogenide glass thin film optical waveguides (1993)

Thin film optical waveguides of the chalcogenide glass Ga-La-S have been deposited on substrates of CaF2 and microscope glass by the technique of pulsed laser deposition. The chalcogenide properties of photobleaching, photodoping, and photoinduced refractive index changes have been observed and preliminary experiments carried out. The refractive index and thickness of the layer were verified using a waveguide ‘‘dark mode’’ analysis technique.
Low Molecular Weight Disulfide Cross-Linking Peptides as Nonviral Gene Delivery Carriers (2000)

Cross-linking peptides have been developed by inserting multiple Cys residues into a 20 amino acid condensing peptide that polymerizes through disulfide bond formation when bound to DNA resulting in small, highly stable DNA condensates that mediate efficient in vitro gene transfer [McKenzie et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 9970-9977]. In the present study, a minimal peptide of four Lys and two terminal Cys residues was found to substitute for Cys-Trp-(Lys)(17)-Cys, resulting in DNA condensates with similar particle size and gene expression in HepG2 cells. Substitution of His for Lys residues resulted in an optimal peptide of Cys-His-(Lys)(6)-His-Cys that, in addition to the attributes described above, also provided buffering capacity to enhance in vitro gene expression in the absence of chloroquine. The reported structure-activity relationships systematically explore peptides with combinations of Lys, Cys, and His residues resulting in low molecular weight peptides with improved gene transfer properties.
NuRD and CAF-1-mediated silencing of the D4Z4 array is modulated by DUX4-induced MBD3L proteins (2018)

The DUX4 transcription factor is encoded by a retrogene embedded in each unit of the D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat. DUX4 is normally expressed in the cleavage-stage embryo, whereas chromatin repression prevents DUX4 expression in most somatic tissues. Failure of this repression causes facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) due to mis-expression of DUX4 in skeletal muscle. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 engineered chromatin immunoprecipitation (enChIP) locus-specific proteomics to characterize D4Z4-associated proteins. These and other approaches identified the Nucleosome Remodeling Deacetylase (NuRD) and Chromatin Assembly Factor 1 (CAF-1) complexes as necessary for DUX4 repression in human skeletal muscle cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Furthermore, DUX4-induced expression of MBD3L proteins partly relieved this repression in FSHD muscle cells. Together, these findings identify NuRD and CAF-1 as mediators of DUX4 chromatin repression and suggest a mechanism for the amplification of DUX4 expression in FSHD muscle cells.
Evaluation of hemolysis in patients with prosthetic heart valves (1998)

The primary mechanism and most common cause of hemolytic disease in patients with prosthetic heart valves are mechanical trauma to red blood cells and paraprosthetic valvular regurgitation, respectively. Presenting features in patients with this condition include anemia, congestive heart failure, fatigue, jaundice, dark urine, and a regurgitant murmur. Various laboratory studies can be utilized to diagnose hemolytic anemia and to assess the severity of hemolysis. Transthoracic echocardiography, transesophageal echocardiography, and Doppler studies including color Doppler are useful imaging methods to assess valve function. Treatment is usually medical (oral iron); however, in patients with paravalvular regurgitation, surgery is often required to correct the anemia.
Auditory evoked fields elicited by spectral, temporal, and spectral–temporal changes in human cerebral cortex (2012)

Natural sounds contain complex spectral components, which are temporally modulated as time-varying signals. Recent studies have suggested that the auditory system encodes spectral and temporal sound information differently. However, it remains unresolved how the human brain processes sounds containing both spectral and temporal changes. In the present study, we investigated human auditory evoked responses elicited by spectral, temporal, and spectral-temporal sound changes by means of magnetoencephalography. The auditory evoked responses elicited by the spectral-temporal change were very similar to those elicited by the spectral change, but those elicited by the temporal change were delayed by 30-50 ms and differed from the others in morphology. The results suggest that human brain responses corresponding to spectral sound changes precede those corresponding to temporal sound changes, even when the spectral and temporal changes occur simultaneously.
Route to phase control of ultrashort light pulses (1996)

A feasibility study of controlling the carrier phase in ultrashort light-wave packets emitted by a sub-10-fs laser is reported. An experimental apparatus capable of exploring the phase sensitivity of nonlinear-optical interactions is presented.
Developing a natural language interface to complex data (1978)

Aspects of an intelligent interface that provides natural language access to a large body of data distributed over a computer network are described. The overall system architecture is presented, showing how a user is buffered from the actual database management systems (DBMSs) by three layers of insulating components. These layers operate in series to convert natural language queries into calls to DBMSs at remote sites. Attention is then focused on the first of the insulating components, the natural language system. A pragmatic approach to language access that has proved useful for building interfaces to databases is described and illustrated by examples. Special language features that increase system usability, such as spelling correction, processing of incomplete inputs, and run-time system personalization, are also discussed. The language system is contrasted with other work in applied natural language processing, and the system's limitations are analyzed.
A New Rounding Algorithm for Variable Latency Division and Square Root Implementations (2008)

The aim of this work is to present a method for rounding quadratically converging algorithms that improves their performance. This method is able to reduce significantly the number of cases where the remainder calculation is necessary. It is based on previous methods and incorporates additional bits of the result approximation to be checked. This work includes the result of exhaustive simulations that permit us to measure exactly how many calculations are avoided. Using these simulations, it is concluded that the presented method is able to reduce by half the number of remainder calculations. Using adequate result approximations the remainder calculation is necessary in only 5% of the total cases.
Convenient Synthetic Approach to 2,4-Disubstituted Quinazolines (2006)

[reaction: see text] 2,4-Dialkyl or aryl quinazolines have been prepared in three steps starting from easily available anilides. A photochemically induced Fries rearrangement of the anilides gave several ortho-aminoacylbenzene derivatives that were acylated at the NH2. These acylamides underwent rapid cyclization to 2,4-disubstituted quinazolines (and benzoquinazolines) in the presence of ammonium formate under microwave activation. This procedure is compatible with different functional groups and allowed also the preparation of new quinazolines derived from naturally occurring amino acids.
Cellular localization of type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor messenger RNA and protein in murine renal tissue. (1993)

Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) may be markedly increased in the plasma of patients with endotoxemia and/or renal disease. To investigate renal PAI-1 production during acute endotoxemia, a murine model system was used. Mice were injected with either saline alone or saline containing 50 micrograms endotoxin, and sacrificed 3 hours later and their tissues analyzed for PAI-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and antigen. Northern blot analysis confirmed that the level of renal PAI-1 mRNA was greatly increased in the endotoxemic mice relative to the saline controls. In situ hybridization was then performed to determine the cellular localization of PAI-1 mRNA within the renal tissues. In the control kidneys, low levels of PAI-1 mRNA were detected in the renal papilla and in the muscular walls of renal arteries. However, in the endotoxemic mice, an intense hybridization signal for PAI-1 mRNA was observed in glomerular and peritubular cells. These cells also stained positively for von Willebrand factor antigen, an endothelial cell-specific marker. The PAI-1 mRNA hybridization signal could further be observed in peritubular endothelial cells in the medulla and in endothelial cells of veins and arteries throughout the kidney. Immunochemical analysis revealed that PAI-1 antigen co-localized to the cytoplasm of cells expressing PAI-1 mRNA. This study provides the first direct evidence that PAI-1 is induced in endothelial cells of the kidney during endotoxemia in vivo and suggests a role for PAI-1 in the pathogenesis of renal disease.
pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves (2011)

pROC is a package for R and S+ specifically dedicated to ROC analysis. It proposes multiple statistical tests to compare ROC curves, and in particular partial areas under the curve, allowing proper ROC interpretation. pROC is available in two versions: in the R programming language or with a graphical user interface in the S+ statistical software. It is accessible at http://expasy.org/tools/pROC/ under the GNU General Public License. It is also distributed through the CRAN and CSAN public repositories, facilitating its installation.
Ferromagnetic resonance in ferrite nanoparticles with uniaxial surface anisotropy (1999)

Magnetization oscillations in a single-domain spherical ferromagnetic particle with uniaxial surface and bulk anisotropies are studied. In a linear approximation we consider a weakly nonuniform precession mode and derive the dispersion relationships for the cases of the applied field either parallel or normal to the particle easy axis. It is shown that in both situations the surface can produce a considerable shift of the precession frequency as observed with the conventional ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique. The data obtained for fine particle assemblies (frozen magnetic fluids based on γ-Fe2O3 nanosize grains) support the conclusion. Moreover, in the systems under study the surface anisotropy contribution to the FMR resonance field appears to entirely dominate the bulk one.
Biocompatible graphene oxide as a folate receptor-targeting drug delivery system for the controlled release of anti-cancer drugs (2014)

A novel graphene oxide (GO)-based nanocarrier has been designed for the targeting and pH-responsive controlled release of anti-cancer drugs.
Combined Implicit or Explicit Integration Steps for Hybrid Simulation (2007)

Explicit integration procedures have been widely adapted and applied to hybrid simulations of the seismic response of structures due to their simplicity. However, these procedures are conditionally stable and require small time steps for stiff systems, or systems involving high-frequency modes. In this study, a combined implicit or explicit integrator is proposed to solve the equation of motion for hybrid simulations. In this method, command displacement predictions are determined to load the experimental substructures beyond the current step using explicit kinematics expressions. The displacement and force measurements are then used to iteratively correct the explicit displacement prediction within the numerical model until an implicit formulation is satisfied. An explicit solution is accepted only in time steps for which the iterative correction of displacement fails to convergence after maximum number of iterations. This procedure limits communication between the experimental substructures and the numerical integrator, thus it is well suited for networked applications of hybrid simulation. Numerical and experimental simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of this numerical integration scheme, especially in utilization of longer time steps, prevention of excitation of higher modes, and testing of stiff systems.
Infrared detector epitaxial designs for suppression of surface leakage current (2010)

Excessive surface leakage currents, and their associated noise, deteriorate the performance of infrared photodetectors. The conventional approach to suppress surface leakage is post-epitaxy deposition of polycrystalline or amorphous passivation layers. Disadvantages of such passivation layers are the cost and complexity of the required additional processing steps, and the fact that they do not always work well. An alternative approach, presented here, is to design the photodetectors' epitaxial structures so that surface leakage currents are suppressed without the need for ex-situ deposition of passivation layers. Two examples of such epitaxial designs are the nBn detector and the unipolar barrier photodiode.
Autophosphorylation of Type I Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Kinase Regulates Its Lipid Kinase Activity (2000)

Phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases (PIPKs) have important roles in the production of various phosphoinositides. For type I PIP5Ks (PIP5KI), a broad substrate specificity is known. They phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate most effectively but also phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate (PI(3, 4)P(2)), resulting in the production of phosphatidylinositol (4, 5)-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P(2)), phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P(2)), phosphatidylinositol (3,5)-bisphosphate (PI(3,5)P(2)), and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate. We show here that PIP5KIs have also protein kinase activities. When each isozyme of PIP5KI (PIP5KIalpha, -beta, and -gamma) was subjected to in vitro kinase assay, autophosphorylation occurred. The lipid kinase-negative mutant of PIP5KIalpha (K138A) lost the protein kinase activity, suggesting the same catalytic mechanism for the lipid and the protein kinase activities. PIP5KIbeta expressed in Escherichia coli also retains this protein kinase activity, thus confirming that no co-immunoprecipitated protein kinase is involved. In addition, the autophosphorylation of PIP5KI is markedly enhanced by the addition of PI. No other phosphoinositides such as phosphatidylinositol phosphate, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, or phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate have such an effect. We also found that the PI-dependent autophosphorylation strongly suppresses the lipid kinase activity of PIP5KI. The lipid kinase activity of PIP5KI was decreased to one-tenth upon PI-dependent autophosphorylation. All these results indicate that the lipid kinase activity of PIP5KI that acts predominantly for PI(4,5)P(2) synthesis is regulated by PI-dependent autophosphorylation in vivo.