gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dissolved Carbon Dioxide Measurement and Its Correlation with Operating Parameters in Fermentation Processes (1993)

A silicone tubing probe was used to measure dissolved carbon dioxide in two industrial fermentation processes. The two processes differed markedly in their broth viscosities: one had high viscosity (2000-3000 cP) and the other had low viscosity (< 100 cP). The goal was to study changes in dissolved carbon dioxide concentration in fermentation broth when operating parameters, such as total pressure, air flow rate and, agitation rate, were modified. It was shown that in high-viscosity fermentation broths the dissolved carbon dioxide concentration can reach as high as 190% of that calculated by assuming an equilibrium between the air coming out of the fermentor and the fermentation broth. For low-viscosity broth, the highest dissolved carbon dioxide concentration was found to be about 133% of the equilibrium value. On the basis of the material balance over the entire fermentor, the ratio of actual dissolved carbon dioxide partial pressure and carbon dioxide partial pressure in air leaving the fermentor was correlated to the operating parameters of pressure, air flow, and carbon dioxide transfer coefficient. Since carbon dioxide transfer coefficients are not readily available, we recommend a method of using oxygen transfer coefficients to develop a correlation that can be used on-line to predict changes in dissolved carbon dioxide concentration when operating parameters are changed or when process improvements and scale-up are undertaken.
Automatic generation of type abstraction hierarchies for cooperative query answering (1995)

A cooperative query answering (CQA) system is a database system that provides approximate answers when the exact ones are not available. A CQA system also allows conceptual queries where concepts can be used in place of actual values in a query. These capabilities of a CQA system are made possible by using Type Abstraction Hierarchy (TAH)--a knowledge structure that organizes database objects in an IS-A hierarchy where each node represents a concept and approximate answers can be derived by generalization and specialization operations.
TAH can be manually generated for small or common sense domains. For large or unfamiliar domains, it is extremely difficult and time consuming to manually generate TAH and, therefore, it is necessary to rely on machine for TAH generation. In this dissertation, we thoroughly investigate the problem of automatic TAH generation.
The most important task for automatic TAH generation is to develop a quality measure for TAH, without which it is impossible for a machine to select among numerous possibilities the optimal TAH to generate. Since the major application of TAH is to derive approximate answers, we propose a quality measure for approximate answers called relaxation error. Based on the minimization of relaxation error, efficient algorithms for TAH generation are then developed. Next we generalize the methodology of TAH generation from a single attribute to multiple attributes such that inter-relationship among attributes can be better captured. Finally, we further generalize TAH generation to temporal data. We propose new distance function for time sequences which takes into consideration several important factors that are necessary for deriving good approximate answers but are not accounted for by the existing work.
We have implemented the proposed algorithms for TAH generation. Empirical experiments were performed to evaluate the algorithms and the generated TAHs based on a large transportation database. The results are reported in this dissertation which show that the algorithms are very efficient and the generated TAH can be used to derive good approximate answers.
Low-friction cell for piston-cylinder high-pressure apparatus (1975)

A high-temperature cell has been developed in which a weak salt such as NaCl is used as a pressure medium. This cell exhibits extremely low friction. The behavior of the cell was studied in detail by observing the melting temperature of metals by dta over the range 10–60 kbar and 300°–1400°C. Melting temperatures determined on compression and decompression strokes coincide. Friction corrections are eliminated. Transition pressures determined in this cell agree with those determined in gas apparatus over the range of overlap. Comparison with other cells indicates systematic overestimation of pressure in the other dta cells studied. Applicability to geologic phase studies is discussed. Over the range 10–60 kbar the precision of pressure determination in this cell is ±(0.3–0.5) kbar. Absolute accuracy is estimated to be ±(1% + 0.5) kbar.
Fully Human Monoclonal Antibodies to Hepatocyte Growth Factor with Therapeutic Potential against Hepatocyte Growth Factor/c-Met–Dependent Human Tumors (2006)

c-Met is a well-characterized receptor tyrosine kinase for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Compelling evidence from studies in human tumors and both cellular and animal tumor models indicates that signaling through the HGF/c-Met pathway mediates a plethora of normal cellular activities, including proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion, that are at the root of cancer cell dysregulation, tumorigenesis, and tumor metastasis. Inhibiting HGF-mediated signaling may provide a novel therapeutic approach for treating patients with a broad spectrum of human tumors. Toward this goal, we generated and characterized five different fully human monoclonal antibodies that bound to and neutralized human HGF. Antibodies with subnanomolar affinities for HGF blocked binding of human HGF to c-Met and inhibited HGF-mediated c-Met phosphorylation, cell proliferation, survival, and invasion. Using a series of human-mouse chimeric HGF proteins, we showed that the neutralizing antibodies bind to a unique epitope in the beta-chain of human HGF. Importantly, these antibodies inhibited HGF-dependent autocrine-driven tumor growth and caused significant regression of established U-87 MG tumor xenografts. Treatment with anti-HGF antibody rapidly inhibited tumor cell proliferation and significantly increased the proportion of apoptotic U-87 MG tumor cells in vivo. These results suggest that an antibody to an epitope in the beta-chain of HGF has potential as a novel therapeutic agent for treating patients with HGF-dependent tumors.
Cancer-related inflammation, the seventh hallmark of cancer: links to genetic instability (2009)

Inflammatory conditions in selected organs increase the risk of cancer. An inflammatory component is present also in the microenvironment of tumors that are not epidemiologically related to inflammation. Recent studies have begun to unravel molecular pathways linking inflammation and cancer. In the tumor microenvironment, smoldering inflammation contributes to proliferation and survival of malignant cells, angiogenesis, metastasis, subversion of adaptive immunity, reduced response to hormones and chemotherapeutic agents. Recent data suggest that an additional mechanism involved in cancer-related inflammation (CRI) is induction of genetic instability by inflammatory mediators, leading to accumulation of random genetic alterations in cancer cells. In a seminal contribution, Hanahan and Weinberg [(2000) Cell, 100, 57-70] identified the six hallmarks of cancer. We surmise that CRI represents the seventh hallmark.
ABC Medium, a New Chromogenic Agar for Selective Isolation of Salmonella spp (1999)

We describe a new chromogenic agar medium, ABC medium (alphabeta-chromogenic medium), which includes two substrates, 3, 4-cyclohexenoesculetin-beta-D-galactoside and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside, to facilitate the selective isolation of Salmonella spp. This medium exploits the fact that Salmonella spp. may be distinguished from other members of the family Enterobacteriaceae by the presence of alpha-galactosidase activity in the absence of beta-galactosidase activity. A total of 1, 022 strains of Salmonella spp. and 300 other gram-negative strains were inoculated onto this medium. Of these, 1,019 (99.7%) strains of Salmonella spp. produced a characteristic green colony, whereas only 1 strain (0.33%) of non-Salmonella produced a green colony. A total of 283 stool samples were cultured onto desoxycholate citrate (DC) agar and ABC medium by direct inoculation and after selective enrichment in selenite broth. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity were superior for ABC medium (100 and 90.5%, respectively) than for DC agar (88 and 26.9%, respectively). We conclude that ABC medium offers a high degree of specificity for the detection of Salmonella spp. in stool samples.
Why a Co-substrate is Required for Anaerobic Growth of Escherichia coli on Citrate (1980)

Citrate was fermented by Escherichia coli if a second substrate, such as glucose, lactose or lactate, was available to the organism. The function of the second substrate was to provide reducing power for the formation of succinate from oxaloacetate. Citrate lyase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarase and fumarate reductase were present in cell extracts of E. coli at high activity. Oxaloacetate decarboxylate could not be detected, and it is assumed that this lack is the reason for the inability of E. coli to grow anaerobically with citrate as the only carbon and energy source.
Deformability analysis of sickle blood using ektacytometry (2014)

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by decreased erythrocyte deformability, microvessel occlusion and severe painful infarctions of different organs. Ektacytometry of SCD red blood cells (RBC) is made difficult by the presence of rigid, poorly-deformable irreversibly sickled cells (ISC) that do not align with the fluid shear field and distort the elliptical diffraction pattern seen with normal RBC. In operation, the computer software fits an outline to the diffraction pattern, then reports an elongation index (EI) at each shear stress based on the length and width of the fitted ellipse: EI=(length-width)/(length+width). Using a commercial ektacytometer (LORCA, Mechatronics Instruments, The Netherlands) we have approached the problem of ellipse fitting in two ways: (1) altering the height of the diffraction image on a computer monitor using an aperture within the camera lens; (2) altering the light intensity level (gray level) used by the software to fit the image to an elliptical shape. Neither of these methods affected deformability results (elongation index-shear stress relations) for normal RBC but did markedly affect results for SCD erythrocytes: (1) decreasing image height by 15% and 30% increased EI at moderate to high stresses; (2) progressively increasing the light level increased EI over a wide range of stresses. Fitting data obtained at different image heights using the Lineweaver-Burke routine yielded percentage ISC results in good agreement with microscopic cell counting. We suggest that these two relatively simple approaches allow minimizing artifacts due to the presence of rigid discs or ISC and also suggest the need for additional studies to evaluate the physiological relevance of deformability data obtained via these methods.
Preparation and Characterization of Self-Assembled Polymer−Metal Complex Micelle from cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and Poly(ethylene glycol)−Poly(α,β-aspartic acid) Block Copolymer in an Aqueous Medium (1998)

Block copolymer micelles (polymer−metal complex micelles) containing platinum(II) complexes in the core were prepared through the complexation of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cisplatin, CDDP) with poly(ethylene glycol)−poly(α,β-aspartic acid) block copolymer (PEG−P(Asp)) in an aqueous medium. Dynamic light scattering measurements revealed that CDDP-complexed micelles had diameters of approximately 20 nm with considerably narrow distribution. The critical substitution molar ratio of CDDP to Asp residues in PEG−P(Asp) (CDDP/Asp) to form a stable micelle structure was determined to be 0.5. The CDDP-complexed micelle, which was stable in distilled water at room temperature, started to dissociate in approximately 10 h of the induction period accompanying the sustained release of platinum(II) complex from the micelle in physiological saline (0.15 M NaCl solution) at 37 °C. The release rate of CDDP was inversely correlated with the chain length of P(Asp) segments in the block copolymer. This property of sustained CDDP release with modulated micelle dissociation leads to the potential utility of the CDDP-complexed micelle as a tumor-directed carrier system.
Systematic lossy source/channel coding (1998)

The fundamental limits of "systematic" communication are analyzed. In systematic transmission, the decoder has access to a noisy version of the uncoded raw data (analog or digital). The coded version of the data is used to reduce the average reproduced distortion D below that provided by the uncoded systematic link and/or increase the rate of information transmission. Unlike the case of arbitrarily reliable error correction (D/spl rarr/0) for symmetric sources/channels, where systematic codes are known to do as well as nonsystematic codes, we demonstrate that the systematic structure may degrade the performance for nonvanishing D. We characterize the achievable average distortion and we find necessary and sufficient conditions under which systematic communication does not incur loss of optimality. The Wyner-Ziv (1976) rate distortion theorem plays a fundamental role in our setting. The general result is applied to several scenarios. For a Gaussian bandlimited source and a Gaussian channel, the invariance of the bandwidth-signal-to-noise ratio (SNR, in decibels) product is established, and the optimality of systematic transmission is demonstrated. Bernoulli sources transmitted over binary-symmetric channels and over certain Gaussian channels are also analyzed. It is shown that if nonnegligible bit-error rate is tolerated, systematic encoding is strictly suboptimal.
Role of Nox Family NADPH Oxidases in Host Defense (2006)

The phagocytic NADPH oxidase is recognized as a critical component of innate immunity, responsible for generation of microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS). This enzyme is one representative of the Nox family of oxidases (Nox1-Nox5, Duox1, and Duox2) that exhibit diverse expression patterns and appear to serve a variety of functions related to ROS generation. Mounting evidence now suggests that several of these novel oxidases also serve in host defense, particularly those showing high expression along epithelial surfaces exposed to the external environment. Within these sites, Nox enzymes tend to be located on apical cell surfaces and release ROS into extracellular environments, where they can be used by known antimicrobial peroxidases. Moreover, microbial factors were shown in several cases to cause higher ROS production, either by direct oxidase activation or by inducing higher oxidase expression. Several oxidases are also induced by immune cytokines, including interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-13. Although most of the evidence supporting host defense roles for mammalian nonphagocytic oxidases remains circumstantial, recent evidence indicates that Drosophila Duox plays a role in host resistance to infection. Finally, oxidative defense against invading pathogens appears to be an ancient protective mechanism, because related oxidases are known to participate in disease resistance in plants.
AN EFFICIENT LARGE OPTICAL CAVITY INJECTION LASER (1970)

A new GaAs injection laser structure is described in which the optical cavity thickness is very large and is varied independently of that of the pair recombination region. Large optical cavities are possible because the radiation propagates predominantly in low-loss n-type material. The problem of catastrophic degradation is greatly reduced because of the lower optical flux density.
Melanoma-targeting properties of (99m)technetium-labeled cyclic alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptide analogues. (2000)

Preliminary reports have demonstrated that (99m)technetium (Tc)-labeled cyclic [Cys(3,4,10), D-Phe7]alpha-MSH(3-13) (CCMSH) exhibits high tumor uptake and retention values in a murine melanoma mouse model. In this report, the tumor targeting mechanism of 99mTc-CCMSH was studied and compared with four other radiolabeled alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) peptide analogues: 125I-(Tyr2)-[Nle4, D-Phe7]alpha-MSH [125I-(Tyr2)-NDP]; 99mTc-CGCG-NDP; 99mTc-Gly11-CCMSH; and 99mTc-Nle11-CCMSH. In vitro receptor binding, internalization, and cellular retention of radiolabeled alpha-MSH analogues in B16/F1 murine cell line demonstrated that >70% of the receptor-bound radiolabeled analogues were internalized together with the receptor. Ninety % of the internalized 125I-(Tyr2)-NDP, whereas only 36% of internalized 99mTc-CCMSH, was released from the cells into the medium during a 4-h incubation at 37 degrees C. Two mouse models, C57 mice and severe combined immunodeficient (Scid) mice, inoculated s.c. with B16/F1 murine and TXM-13 human melanoma cells were used for the in vivo studies. Tumor uptake values of 11.32 and 2.39 [% injected dose (ID)/g] for 99mTc-CCMSH at 4 h after injection, resulted in an uptake ratio of tumor:blood of 39.0 and 11.5 in murine melanoma-C57 and human melanoma-Scid mouse models, respectively. Two strategies for decreasing the nonspecific kidney uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH, substitution of Lys11 in CCMSH with Gly11 or Nle11, and lysine coinjection, were evaluated. The biodistribution data for the modified peptides showed that Lys11 replacement dramatically decreased the kidney uptake, whereas the tumor uptakes of 99mTc-Nle11- and 99mTc-Gly11-CCMSH were significantly lower than that of 99mTc-CCMSH. Lysine coinjection significantly decreased the kidney uptake (e.g., from 14.6% ID/g to 4.5% ID/g at 4 h after injection in murine melanoma-C57 mice) without significantly changing the value of tumor uptake of 99mTc-CCMSH. In conclusion, the compact cyclic structure of 99mTc-CCMSH, its resistance to degradation, and its enhanced intracellular retention are the major contributing factors to the superior in vivo tumor targeting properties of 99mTc-CCMSH. Lys11 residue in 99mTc-CCMSH is critical to the tumor targeting in vivo, and lysine coinjection rather than lysine replacement can significantly decrease the nonspecific renal radioactivity accumulation without impeding the high melanoma-targeting properties of 99Tc-CCMSH. The metal-cyclized CCMSH molecule displays excellent potential for the development of melanoma-specific diagnostic and therapeutic agents.
Carboxylate-histidine-zinc interactions in protein structure and function (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarboxylate-histidine-zinc interactions in protein structure and functionDavid W. Christianson and Richard S. AlexanderCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 16, 6412–6419Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00198a065https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00198a065research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views731Altmetric-Citations137LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Processivity of DNA exonucleases. (1978)

A homopolymer system has been developed to examine the digestion strategies of DNA exonucleases. Escherichia coli exonuclease I and lambda-exonuclease, are processive enzymes. However, T7 exonuclease, spleen exonuclease, E. coli exonuclease III, the 3' leads to 5'-exonuclease of T4 DNA polymerase, and both the 3' leads to 5' and the 5' leads to 3' activity of E. coli DNA polymerase I dissociate frequently from the substrate during the course of digestion. Regions of duplex DNA are a dissociation signal for exonuclease I.
Device model for single carrier organic diodes (1997)

We present a unified device model for single layer organic light emitting diodes (LEDs) which includes charge injection, transport, and space charge effects in the organic material. The model can describe both injection limited and space charge limited current flow and the transition between them. We specifically considered cases in which the energy barrier to injection of electrons is much larger than that for holes so that holes dominate the current flow in the device. Charge injection into the organic material occurs by thermionic emission and by tunneling. For Schottky energy barriers less than about 0.3–0.4 eV, for typical organic LED device parameters, the current flow is space charge limited and the electric field in the structure is highly nonuniform. For larger energy barriers the current flow is injection limited. In the injection limited regime, the net injected charge is relatively small, the electric field is nearly uniform, and space charge effects are not important. At smaller bias in the injection limited regime, thermionic emission is the dominant injection mechanism. For this case the thermionic emission injection current and a backward flowing interface recombination current, which is the time reversed process of thermionic emission, combine to establish a quasi-equilibrium carrier density. The quasi-equilibrium density is bias dependent because of image force lowering of the injection barrier. The net device current is determined by the drift of these carriers in the nearly constant electric field. The net device current is much smaller than either the thermionic emission or interface recombination current which nearly cancel. At higher bias, injection is dominated by tunneling. The bias at which tunneling exceeds thermionic emission depends on the size of the Schottky energy barrier. When tunneling is the dominant injection mechanism, a combination of tunneling injection current and the backflowing interface recombination current combine to establish the carrier density. We compare the model results with experimental measurements on devices fabricated using the electroluminescent conjugated polymer poly[2-methoxy, 5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] which by changing the contacts can show either injection limited behavior or space charge limited behavior.