gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of both enantiomers of nabilone from a common intermediate. Enantiodivergent synthesis of cannabinoids (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of both enantiomers of nabilone from a common intermediate. Enantiodivergent synthesis of cannabinoidsJohn W. Huffman, H. Howard Joyner, Melissa D. Lee, Robert D. Jordan, and William T. PenningtonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 6, 2081–2086Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00006a021https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00006a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views740Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Orientation and Mechanical Properties of Extrusion Cast PA 12 Films in Biaxial Stretching Process (2001)

Abstract The levels in biaxial orientations and mechanical properties of stretched extrusion cast polyamide 12 films were investigated with birefringence, wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) pole figure and mechanical testing. Introduction of a pseudo-orthogonal crystalline symmetry enabled the calculation of White-Spruiell biaxial orientation factors using WAXD pole figure data. The orientation was uniaxial or biaxial depending on the stretch ratios along two principal stretching directions that are the machine direction (MD) and the transverse direction (TD). According to the WAXD pole figure patterns, planar alignments of hydrogen bonded layers were formed with respect to the film surface from most of the stretched films. Balanced stretching at higher stretch ratios enhanced the planarity. It was found that the mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) of the films had a close correlation with the out-of-plane birefringences.
Comparison of Two Aquatic Alphaviruses, Salmon Pancreas Disease Virus and Sleeping Disease Virus, by Using Genome Sequence Analysis, Monoclonal Reactivity, and Cross-Infection (2002)

Cell culture isolates of salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) of farmed Atlantic salmon and sleeping disease virus (SDV) of rainbow trout were compared. Excluding the poly(A) tracts, the genomic nucleotide sequences of SPDV and SDV RNAs include 11,919 and 11,900 nucleotides, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis places SPDV and SDV between the New World viruses of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and Eastern equine encephalitis virus and the Old World viruses of Aura virus and Sindbis virus. When compared to each other, SPDV and SDV show 91.1% nucleotide sequence identity over their complete genomes, with 95 and 93.6% amino acid identities over their nonstructural and structural proteins, respectively. Notable differences between the two viruses include a 24-nucleotide insertion in the C terminus of nsP3 protein of SPDV and amino acid sequence variation at the C termini of the capsid and E1 proteins. Experimental infections of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout with SPDV and SDV confirmed that the disease lesions induced by SPDV and SDV were similar in nature. Although infections with SPDV and SDV produced similar levels of histopathology in rainbow trout, SDV induced significantly less severe lesions in salmon than did SPDV. Virus neutralization tests performed with sera from experimentally infected salmon indicated that SPDV and SDV belonged to the same serotype; however, antigenic variation was detected among SDV and geographically different SPDV isolates by using monoclonal antibodies. Although SPDV and SDV exhibit minor biological differences, we conclude on the basis of the close genetic similarity that SPDV and SDV are closely related isolates of the same virus species for which the name Salmonid alphavirus is proposed.
Laser-mediated, site-specific inactivation of RNA transcripts (1999)

The biological function of specific gene products often is determined experimentally by blocking their expression in an organism and observing the resulting phenotype. Chromophore-assisted laser inactivation using malachite green (MG)-tagged antibodies makes it possible to inactivate target proteins in a highly restricted manner, probing their temporally and spatially resolved functions. In this report, we describe the isolation and in vitro characterization of a MG-binding RNA motif that may enable the same high-resolution analysis of gene function specifically at the RNA level (RNA-chromophore-assisted laser inactivation). A well-defined asymmetric internal bulge within an RNA duplex allows high affinity and high specificity binding by MG. Laser irradiation in the presence of low concentrations of MG induces destruction of the MG-binding RNA but not of coincubated control RNA. Laser-induced hydrolysis of the MG-binding RNA is restricted predominantly to a single nucleotide within the bulge. By appropriately incorporating this motif into a target gene, transcripts generated by the gene may be effectively tagged for laser-mediated destruction.
Are Natriuretic Peptides Clinically Useful as Markers of Heart Failure? (2001)

Heart failure is a clinical syndrome of signs and symptoms caused by left ventricular dysfunc­ tion. It is the most serious expression of heart disease and encompasses a wide spectrum of pathophysiological states, ranging from those caused by sudden impairment of pump function (e.g. massive myocardial infarction) to the progressive and gradual impairment of myo­ cardial function, for example in patients whose heart is subjected to pressure or volume over­ load, or who have a chronic disorder of the heart muscle. In practical terms heart failure is diagnosed when symptoms of breathlessness (at rest or on exertion) or fatigue and signs of fluid retention (peripheral oedema, pulmonary crepitations or elevated jugular venous pressure) are found in a patient already suspected of having heart disease. Cardiac dysfunction is an essential element in the diagnosis of heart failure. The commonest cause is left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) due to myocardial disease. The syndrome of heart failure is primarily cardiac, but secondary multisystem dysfunction often follows, leading to a terminal state of multiorgan failure.
Inflammatory cell response to acute muscle injury (1995)

Nonmuscle cells play central roles in muscle repair and regeneration during the inflammation that follows muscle injury, although many aspects of the mechanisms by which inflammatory cells are attracted to injury sites and activated are unknown. Current evidence indicates that substances released from injured muscle can act as "wound hormones" that initiate inflammation. Most evidence supports the view that mononucleated cells that normally reside in muscle are activated by the injury, and then provide the chemotactic signal to circulating inflammatory cells. Three subsequent stages of inflammation can be identified, according to differences in the populations of inflammatory cells. First, neutrophils rapidly invade the injury site and promote inflammation by releasing cytokines that can attract and activate additional inflammatory cells. In at least some muscle injuries, neutrophils may further damage the injured muscle by releasing oxygen-free radicals that can damage cell membranes. Next, there is an increase in macrophages that invade damaged muscle fibers and phagocytose debris. Finally, there is an increase in a second subpopulation of macrophages that are associated with muscle regeneration. Although many of the potential mediators that underlie the proliferation, invasion, and activation of these inflammatory cell populations are known, few have been demonstrated conclusively to function in injured muscle in vivo.
Scrapie‐associated precursor proteins (1990)

We describe the antigenic properties and detection of a normal isoform of scrapie-associated precursor protein (PrP33-35C) in normal, and both normal and scrapie isoforms in scrapie- or Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)-infected mouse, hamster, and human brains, using a variety of specific antibodies. Polyclonal antibodies raised against mouse and hamster PrP27-30 and against a synthetic peptide of the N-terminal sequence of this protein were used as immunologic probes. PrP27-30 purified as a primary immunogen corresponded to the lower molecular mass peptide, with Mr between 9.3 and 13.5 kd as estimated by size-exclusion high-pressure liquid chromatography. ELISA and immunoblot techniques demonstrated that antibodies recognized homologous antigens as well as precursor proteins from brains (PrP33-35C) and the scrapie isoform of scrapie-associated proteins (PrP33-35Sc/CJD and PrP27-30) from scrapie- and CJD-infected brains. The normal, scrapie, and CJD isoforms of scrapie-associated proteins share common epitopes with varying degrees of interspecies homology. Specific antigen detected in neurons indicated that these proteins are synthesized primarily in these cells. In infected brains, extracellular amyloid deposits formed by the scrapie isoform of PrP protein also strongly reacted with anti-PrP antibodies.
Sequence determinants of improved CRISPR sgRNA design (2015)

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has revolutionized mammalian somatic cell genetics. Genome-wide functional screens using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout or dCas9 fusion-mediated inhibition/activation (CRISPRi/a) are powerful techniques for discovering phenotype-associated gene function. We systematically assessed the DNA sequence features that contribute to single guide RNA (sgRNA) efficiency in CRISPR-based screens. Leveraging the information from multiple designs, we derived a new sequence model for predicting sgRNA efficiency in CRISPR/Cas9 knockout experiments. Our model confirmed known features and suggested new features including a preference for cytosine at the cleavage site. The model was experimentally validated for sgRNA-mediated mutation rate and protein knockout efficiency. Tested on independent data sets, the model achieved significant results in both positive and negative selection conditions and outperformed existing models. We also found that the sequence preference for CRISPRi/a is substantially different from that for CRISPR/Cas9 knockout and propose a new model for predicting sgRNA efficiency in CRISPRi/a experiments. These results facilitate the genome-wide design of improved sgRNA for both knockout and CRISPRi/a studies.
Bismuth nanowire arrays: Synthesis and galvanomagnetic properties (2000)

This paper reports galvanomagnetic properties of arrays of single-crystal bismuth nanowires, with diameters of 7 to 200 nm, embedded in an amorphous porous anodic alumina matrix. A sample preparation technique is described that makes it possible to obtain nanowires with diameters below 10 nm. The wires are single crystals, with their long axes oriented in the bisectrix/trigonal plane, about 19\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} from the bisectrix axis. The temperature dependence $(1.4\mathrm{K}&lt;~T&lt;~300\mathrm{K})$ of the electrical resistance, longitudinal magnetoresistance $(0\mathrm{T}&lt;~B&lt;~5\mathrm{T}$ with $1.4&lt;~T&lt;~75\mathrm{K},$ and $0T&lt;~B&lt;~1\mathrm{T}$ with $80&lt;~T&lt;~300\mathrm{K})$ and transverse magnetoresistance $(0\mathrm{T}&lt;~B&lt;~5\mathrm{T}$ with $1.4&lt;~T&lt;~75\mathrm{K})$ of the nanowires are given. The results extend previous work to wires of narrower diameter, and confirm the existence of the semimetal-semiconductor phase transition seen in the magnetoresistance. The data are discussed qualitatively in terms of the interplay between the electron cyclotron radii, electron scattering on the wire walls, size-induced energy level quantization, and the transfer of carriers between the different carrier pockets of the Fermi surface. Nanowires of Bi are theoretically predicted to have a much higher thermoelectric figure of merit than bulk Bi.
Digital video coding standards and their role in video communications (1995)

The efficient digital representation of image and video signals has been subject of considerable research over the past 20 years. With the growing availability of digital transmission links, progress in signal processing, VLSI technology and image compression research, visual communications has become more feasible than ever. Digital video coding technology has developed into a mature field and a diversity of products has been developed-targeted for a wide range of emerging applications, such as video on demand, digital TV/HDTV broadcasting, and multimedia image/video database services. With the increased commercial interest in video communications the need for international image and video coding standards arose. Standardization of video coding algorithms holds the promise of large markets for video communication equipment. Interoperability of implementations from different vendors enables the consumer to access video from a wider range of services and VLSI implementations of coding algorithms conforming to international standards can be manufactured at considerably reduced costs. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of today's image and video coding standards and their role in video communications. The different coding algorithms developed for each standard are reviewed and the commonalities between the standards are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Modulation of the interleukin-6 signalling pathway and incidence rates of atherosclerotic events and all-cause mortality: analyses from the Canakinumab Anti-Inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study (CANTOS) (2018)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01327846.
Effects of Physostigmine on the Cardiopulmonary System of Conscious Pigs (1990)

Effects of Physostigmine on the Cardiopulmonary System of Conscious Pigs. STEMLER, F. W., CORCORAN, K. D., PARRISH, J. H., HURT, H. H., TEZAK-REID, T. M., KAMINSKJS, A., AND JAEGER, J. J. (1990). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 14, 96–103. Physostigmine, as a pretreatment candidate for nerve agent poisoning, was examined for cardiopulmonary side effects. Cardiovascular and pulmonary parameters were monitored in unanesthetized domestic pigs which received pulmonary arterial infusion of 5 μg/kg/min physostigmine salicylate for 2 hr. A level of 74% inhibition of red blood cell (RBC) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was attained in 45 min, and this level of carbamylation increased only slightly during the remaining infusion period. In addition to this large change in AChE activity, minor changes were observed in hemato-crit, heart rate, body temperature, mean aortic pressure, pulmonary arterial wedge pressure, and pulmonary artery pressure. Typically, these parameters showed a trend toward elevated levels. Blood gases, pH, respiratory rate, tidal and minute volume, cardiac output, nonelastic resistance, and dynamic compliance were not significantly different from baseline values. The unanesthetized pig responds to physostigmine in a manner similar to that reported for other species and appears to be a suitable model for evaluating cardiopulmonary effects of cholinesterase inhibitors.
Nanophotonic Waveguide Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Biological Submonolayers (2016)

Characterizing a monolayer of biological molecules has been a major challenge. We demonstrate nanophotonic waveguide enhanced Raman spectroscopy (NWERS) of monolayers in the near-infrared region, enabling real-time measurements of the hybridization of DNA strands and the density of submonolayers of biotin–streptavidin complex immobilized on top of a photonics chip. NWERS is based on enhanced evanescent excitation and collection of spontaneous Raman scattering near nanophotonic waveguides, which for a 1 cm silicon nitride waveguide delivers a signal that is more than 4 orders of magnitude higher in comparison to a confocal Raman microscope. The reduced acquisition time and specificity of the signal allows for a quantitative and real-time characterization of surface species, hitherto not possible using Raman spectroscopy. NWERS provides a direct analytic tool for monolayer research and also opens a route to compact microscopeless lab-on-a-chip devices with integrated sources, spectrometers, and detectors fabricated using a mass-producible complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology platform.
In vivo incorporation of an azide-labeled sugar analog to detect mammalian glycosylphosphatidylinositol molecules isolated from the cell surface (2012)

N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) linked to the first mannose of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) core has been previously reported to be heterogeneously present on some mammalian GPI-anchored proteins. Here we present a method for profiling GalNAc-containing GPI-anchored proteins in mammalian cells by metabolic labeling with tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (GalNAz) followed by biotinylation of the incorporated sugar analog. We have labeled both endogenous and recombinant GPI-anchored proteins with GalNAz, and demonstrated that the azide-activated sugar gets incorporated into the GPI glycan, likely as an unsubstituted side branch of the core structure. GalNAz was detected only on GPI molecules attached to proteins, and not on GPI precursors, indicating that GalNAc modification takes place after the GPI anchor is transferred to protein. We have highlighted the utility of this cell labeling approach by demonstrating the ability to examine specific GalNAc-containing GPI-anchored proteins isolated non-destructively from separate membrane domains (apical and basolateral) in polarized epithelial cells. This study represents the first demonstration of site-specific in vivo labeling of a GPI moiety with a synthetic sugar analog.
The PASCAL visual object classes challenge 2006 (VOC2006) results (2006)

12 University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. Abstract. The PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge ran from February to March 2005. The goal of the challenge was to recognize objects from a number of visual object classes in realistic scenes (i.e. not pre-segmented objects). Four object classes were selected: motorbikes, bicycles, cars and people. Twelve teams entered the challenge. In this chapter we provide details of the datasets, algorithms used by the teams, evaluation criteria, and results achieved. 1
Evolution of optical structure in image sensors (2012)

On-chip optics in image sensors has played an important role for image sensor pixel shrinkage and image sensor progression on the whole. There are three key functions; light collecting, color filtering and new specific functions, all of which are reviewed with their future trends. For light collecting technologies, 1.12 um pixel FSI (front side illumination) with noble lightpipe, which is suitable for large chief ray angle lenses, is explained.
What is Bluetooth? (2004)

Bluetooth is a standard for short range, low power, and low cost wireless communication that uses radio technology. Over 2100 companies around the world already support Bluetooth technology. The wireless personal area network (WPAN) technology, based on the Bluetooth specification, is now an IEEE standard under the denomination of 802.15 WPANs. This work presents an overview about the Bluetooth communication . Bluetooth wireless technology encompasses several key points that facilitate its widespread adoption: 1) it is an open specification that is publicly available and royalty free; 2) its short-range wireless capability allows peripheral devices to communicate over a single air-interface, replacing the cables that use connectors with a multitude of shapes, sizes and numbers of pins; 3) Bluetooth supports both voice and data, making it an ideal technology to enable many types of devices to communicate; and 4) Bluetooth uses an unregulated frequency band available anywhere in the world.. To fully realize the Bluetooth vision, full networking of multiple Bluetooth devices is required. This leads to the investigation of Bluetooth scatternets, which must address scatternet formation and reconfiguration, scheduling, and routing issues.
Efficacy of an Elective Regional Lymph Node Dissection of 1 to 4 mm Thick Melanomas for Patients 60 Years of Age and Younger (1996)

This is the first randomized study to prove the value of surgical treatment for clinically occult regional metastases. Patients 60 years or age or younger with intermediate-thickness melanomas, especially with nonulcerative melanoma and those with tumors 1 to 2 mm thick, may benefit from ELND. However, because some patients still are developing distant disease, these results should be considered an interim analysis.
Discovering the first microRNA-targeted drug (2012)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important post-transcriptional regulators of nearly every biological process in the cell and play key roles in the pathogenesis of human disease. As a result, there are many drug discovery programs that focus on developing miRNA-based therapeutics. The most advanced of these programs targets the liver-expressed miRNA-122 using the locked nucleic acid (LNA)-modified antisense oligonucleotide miravirsen. Here, we describe the discovery of miravirsen, which is currently in phase 2 clinical trials for treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
The UDP‐N‐acetylglucosamine 1‐carboxyvinyl‐transferase of Enterobacter cloacae Molecular cloning, sequencing of the gene and overexpression of the enzyme (1992)

The UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase (enolpyruvyltransferase, EC 2.5.1.7) which catalyses the first committed step in the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan was purified to near homogeneity from Enterobacter cloacae and the NH2-terminal amino-acid sequence determined. Using the polymerase chain reaction a 53-bp DNA fragment was synthesized; this fragment encodes the NH2-terminal sequence of the enzyme. A clone was then isolated which contained an open reading frame of 1257 bp coding for a protein of 419 amino acids. This protein was overexpressed 100-fold in transformed Escherichia coli cells and shown to possess the enolpyruvyltransferase activity. The overall amino-acid sequence of the enolpyruvyltransferase is significantly similar to that of the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase, the only other enzyme known to catalyse the transfer of the enolpyruvate moiety of phosphoenolpyruvate to a substrate.
Cutting Edge: Rapid Cloning of Tumor-Specific CTL Suitable for Adoptive Immunotherapy of Melanoma (1999)

Adoptive immunotherapy using CTL has provided some clinical benefit to patients with metastatic melanoma. Use of cloned CTL of known specificity might improve clinical effect, but technical difficulties have limited exploration of this possibility. We have used fluorescence-driven cell sorting to clone tumor-specific CTL after staining with tetrameric MHC class I/peptide complexes. CTL specific for the melanoma Ags melan-A, tyrosinase, and MAGE3 were cloned from the peripheral blood, tumor-infiltrated lymph nodes, and skin metastases of five patients. Clones were isolated and characterized in as little as 6 weeks, much faster than is possible with previous techniques. We show that these CTL clones express markers compatible with immunotherapeutic use in melanoma, including the cutaneous lymphocyte Ag, which is associated with homing to skin.