gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat hippocampal slices in vitro (2004)

The effects of uniform steady state (DC) extracellular electric fields on neuronal excitability were characterized in rat hippocampal slices using field, intracellular and voltage-sensitive dye recordings. Small electric fields (</40/ mV mm(-1)), applied parallel to the somato-dendritic axis, induced polarization of CA1 pyramidal cells; the relationship between applied field and induced polarization was linear (0.12 +/- 0.05 mV per mV mm(-1) average sensitivity at the soma). The peak amplitude and time constant (15-70 ms) of membrane polarization varied along the axis of neurons with the maximal polarization observed at the tips of basal and apical dendrites. The polarization was biphasic in the mid-apical dendrites; there was a time-dependent shift in the polarity reversal site. DC fields altered the thresholds of action potentials evoked by orthodromic stimulation, and shifted their initiation site along the apical dendrites. Large electric fields could trigger neuronal firing and epileptiform activity, and induce long-term (>1 s) changes in neuronal excitability. Electric fields perpendicular to the apical-dendritic axis did not induce somatic polarization, but did modulate orthodromic responses, indicating an effect on afferents. These results demonstrate that DC fields can modulate neuronal excitability in a time-dependent manner, with no clear threshold, as a result of interactions between neuronal compartments, the non-linear properties of the cell membrane, and effects on afferents.
The vacuolar H+-ATPase: a universal proton pump of eukaryotes (1997)

The vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a universal component of eukaryotic organisms. It is present in the membranes of many organelles, where its proton-pumping action creates the low intra-vacuolar pH found, for example, in lysosomes. In addition, there are a number of differentiated cell types that have V-ATPases on their surface that contribute to the physiological functions of these cells. The V-ATPase is a multi-subunit enzyme composed of a membrane sector and a cytosolic catalytic sector. It is related to the familiar FoF1 ATP synthase (F-ATPase), having the same basic architectural construction, and many of the subunits from the two display identity with one another. All the core subunits of the V-ATPase have now been identified and much is known about the assembly, regulation and pharmacology of the enzyme. Recent genetic analysis has shown the V-ATPase to be a vital component of higher eukaryotes. At least one of the subunits, i.e. subunit c (ductin), may have multifunctional roles in membrane transport, providing a possible pathway of communication between cells. The structure of the membrane sector is known in some detail, and it is possible to begin to suggest how proton pumping is coupled to ATP hydrolysis.
Autologous thrombin: intraoperative production from whole blood. (2008)

Thrombin is routinely combined in surgical practice with a fibrinogen source to prepare fibrin sealant to promote hemostasis or with platelet concentrates to prepare platelet gels to enhance wound healing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the robustness and reproducibility of a new sterile handheld disposable thrombin-processing device (TPD) to generate autologous human thrombin in the intraoperative setting, using whole blood as the starting source material. By using whole blood instead of plasma as the starting material, it is possible to eliminate the plasma separation step from whole blood and reduce the thrombin production time and increase its availability to the surgical team intraoperatively. Active thrombin was prepared by combining 4 mL of thrombin reagent (a mixture of calcium chloride and ethanol) to 11 mL of blood in a reaction chamber containing negatively charged particles. The whole blood, reagent and particle mixture was incubated for 25 minutes at either 18 degrees C or 24 degrees C (n = 25/group) to assess stability of the thrombin activity. The mean activity of the thrombin produced at 18 degrees C and 24 degrees C was 52 +/- 14 (n = 25) and 61 +/- 12.2 IU/mL (n = 25), respectively. The average volume of thrombin harvested from each aliquot of blood at 18 degrees C and 24 degrees C was 10 +/- 0.4 and 9 +/- 0.6 mL, respectively. The thrombin concentration generated was shown to rapidly (<5 seconds) coagulate fibrinogen concentrate and retained clotting activity for 1 hour at room temperature (18-26 degrees C) and up to 4 hours when stored on ice. The results show that the TPD is able to consistently generate high thrombin activity from human whole blood. The device offers a robust and rapid approach for preparing active thrombin from whole blood.
Phase I Study of the Intravenous Administration of AttenuatedSalmonella typhimuriumto Patients With Metastatic Melanoma (2002)

PURPOSE: A strain of Salmonella typhimurium (VNP20009), attenuated by chromosomal deletion of the purI and msbB genes, was found to target to tumor and inhibit tumor growth in mice. These findings led to the present phase I study of the intravenous infusion of VNP20009 to patients with metastatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In cohorts consisting of three to six patients, 24 patients with metastatic melanoma and one patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma received 30-minute intravenous bolus infusions containing 10 6 to 10 9 cfu/m 2 of VNP20009. Patients were evaluated for dose-related toxicities, selective replication within tumors, and antitumor effects. RESULTS: The maximum-tolerated dose was 3 × 10 8 cfu/m 2 . Dose-limiting toxicity was observed in patients receiving 1 × 10 9 cfu/m 2 , which included thrombocytopenia, anemia, persistent bacteremia, hyperbilirubinemia, diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, elevated alkaline phosphatase, and hypophosphatemia. VNP20009 induced a dose-related increase in the circulation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6, and IL-12. Focal tumor colonization was observed in two patients receiving 1 × 10 9 cfu/m 2 and in one patient receiving 3 × 10 8 cfu/m 2 . None of the patients experienced objective tumor regression, including those patients with colonized tumors. CONCLUSION: The VNP20009 strain of Salmonella typhimurium can be safely administered to patients, and at the highest tolerated dose, some tumor colonization was observed. No antitumor effects were seen, and additional studies are required to reduce dose-related toxicity and improve tumor localization.
Chimeric and Molecular Genetic Analysis of Myelin‐Deficient (Shiverer and Mld) Mutant Mice (1990)

The shiverer and myelin-deficient (mld) mutants are two allelic mutations. Both are characterized by hypomyelination in the CNS and deficient expression of the MBP gene. Chimeric analysis of the pathogenesis of shiverer showed that shiverer mutation acts intrinsic to the oligodendrocyte, which is the only cell type expressing the MBP gene in the CNS. Molecular genetic studies by several groups demonstrated that shiverer is a deletion mutation in the MBP gene. Consequently, no MBP is produced in the shiverer mutant. In mld, however, partial expression of the MBP gene was observed. Interestingly, MBP was expressed in a mosaic fashion in the CNS of mld mice. Molecular genetic studies revealed that the mld mutant has duplicated MBP genes in tandem on a distal part (E2-4) of chromosome 18q. The reduced expression was based on the level of mRNA. A large portion is inverted in the upstream copy, and an intact copy is located downstream. We showed in mld mutants that antisense RNA corresponding to the inverted segment is transcribed, and it forms RNA duplex, with the RNA transcribed from the normal gene located downstream.
Heterotopic transplantation of a decellularized and recellularized whole porcine heart (2016)

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of heterotopic transplantation of a decellularized whole porcine heart with mesenchymal stem cells. The scaffolds endured surgical procedures. We detected short-term coronary artery perfusion in the transplanted scaffolds by angiography. Future studies should analyse the histological features of transplanted decellularized scaffolds and optimize the system for recellularization to apply this unique technology clinically.
Lysyl Oxidase Plays a Critical Role in Endothelial Cell Stimulation to Drive Tumor Angiogenesis (2012)

Identification of key molecules that drive angiogenesis is critical for the development of new modalities for the prevention of solid tumor progression. Using multiple models of colorectal cancer, we show that activity of the extracellular matrix-modifying enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) is essential for stimulating endothelial cells in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. We show that LOX activates Akt through platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) stimulation, resulting in increased VEGF expression. LOX-driven angiogenesis can be abrogated through targeting LOX directly or using inhibitors of PDGFRβ, Akt, and VEGF signaling. Furthermore, we show that LOX is clinically correlated with VEGF expression and blood vessel formation in 515 colorectal cancer patient samples. Finally, we validate our findings in a breast cancer model, showing the universality of these observations. Taken together, our findings have broad clinical and therapeutic implications for a wide variety of solid tumor types.
HyperMaps: telling your users where to go (1990)

While you were trying to figure out how to use on-line documentation effectively, along came HyperText, promising your users better ways to assimilate information but complicating your already chaotic world. If you have the time, look over your shoulder and you'll discover an even newer technology, HyperMaps. HyperMaps will allow you to deliver information in ways you probably have not even imagined — and to users who would not normally use computers.
Generalized Quadrature Bandpass Sampling with FIR Filtering (2005)

In this paper, generalized quadrature bandpass sampling (BPS) in voltage-mode with inherent FIR filtering is presented. By using the theory of sampling equivalence, this sampling strategy is comparable to another strategy, charge sampling with intrinsic IIR filtering. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that this inherent FIR filtering not only has the advantage of rejecting or attenuating images and interference, but is also helpful in suppressing noise aliasing. A realizable implementation of the proposed sampling strategy by uniform quadrature BPS (UQBPS) promises to suppress noise aliasing in BPS systems to a large extent.
Cloning and Characterization of Two Evolutionarily Conserved Subunits (TFIIIC102 and TFIIIC63) of Human TFIIIC and Their Involvement in Functional Interactions with TFIIIB and RNA Polymerase III (1999)

Human transcription factor IIIC (hTFIIIC) is a multisubunit complex that mediates transcription of class III genes through direct recognition of promoters (for tRNA and virus-associated RNA genes) or promoter-TFIIIA complexes (for the 5S RNA gene) and subsequent recruitment of TFIIIB and RNA polymerase III. We describe the cognate cDNA cloning and characterization of two subunits (hTFIIIC63 and hTFIIIC102) that are present within a DNA-binding subcomplex (TFIIIC2) of TFIIIC and are related in structure and function to two yeast TFIIIC subunits (yTFIIIC95 and yTFIIIC131) previously shown to interact, respectively, with the promoter (A box) and with a subunit of yeast TFIIIB. hTFIIIC63 and hTFIIIC102 show parallel in vitro interactions with the homologous human TFIIIB and RNA polymerase III components, as well as additional interactions that may facilitate both TFIIIB and RNA polymerase III recruitment. These include novel interactions of hTFIIIC63 with hTFIIIC102, with hTFIIIB90, and with hRPC62, in addition to the hTFIIIC102-hTFIIIB90 and hTFIIIB90-hRPC39 interactions that parallel the previously described interactions in yeast. As reported for yTFIIIC131, hTFIIIC102 contains acidic and basic regions, tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs), and a helix-loop-helix domain, and mutagenesis studies have implicated the TPRs in interactions both with hTFIIIC63 and with hTFIIIB90. These observations further document conservation from yeast to human of the structure and function of the RNA polymerase III transcription machinery, but in addition, they provide new insights into the function of hTFIIIC and suggest direct involvement in recruitment of both TFIIIB and RNA polymerase III.
Regulated Production of the T Helper 2–Type T-Cell Chemoattractant TARC by Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro and in Human Lung Xenografts (2001)

The chemokine TARC is a ligand for the chemokine receptor CCR4 expressed on T helper (Th)2-type CD4 T cells. Allergic airway inflammation is characterized by a local increase in cells secreting Th2-type cytokines. We hypothesized that bronchial epithelial cells may be a source of chemokines known to chemoattract Th2 cells. Regulated TARC expression was studied using normal human bronchial epithelial cells and a human lung xenograft model. TARC expression was increased in normal human bronchial epithelial cells in response to tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulation, and further upregulation of TARC was observed with interferon (IFN)-gamma but not interleukin (IL)-4 costimulation. TARC functions as a nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B target gene, as shown by the abrogation of TARC expression in response to proinflammatory stimuli when NF-kappa B activation is inhibited. In an in vivo model, minimal constitutive TARC expression was observed in human lung xenografts. Consistent with our findings in vitro, TARC messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was upregulated in the xenografts in response to IL-1, and costimulation with IFN-gamma but not IL-4 further increased TARC mRNA and protein expression. In addition, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asthmatic subjects after allergen challenge contained significantly increased levels of TARC, suggesting that TARC production by bronchial epithelial cells may play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma.
Strategies to Improve Photostabilities in Ultrasensitive Fluorescence Spectroscopy (2006)

Given the particular importance of dye photostability for single-molecule and fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy investigations, refined strategies were explored for how to chemically retard dye photobleaching. These strategies will be useful for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), fluorescence-based confocal single-molecule detection (SMD) and related techniques. In particular, the effects on the addition of two main categories of antifading compounds, antioxidants (n-propyl gallate, nPG, ascorbic acid, AA) and triplet state quenchers (mercaptoethylamine, MEA, cyclo-octatetraene, COT), were investigated, and the relevant rate parameters involved were determined for the dye Rhodamine 6G. Addition of each of the compound categories resulted in significant improvements in the fluorescence brightness of the monitored fluorescent molecules in FCS measurements. For antioxidants, we identify the balance between reduction of photoionized fluorophores on the one hand and that of intact fluorophores on the other as an important guideline for what concentrations to be added for optimal fluorescence generation in FCS and SMD experiments. For nPG/AA, this optimal concentration was found to be in the lower micromolar range, which is considerably less than what has previously been suggested. Also, for MEA, which is a compound known as a triplet state quencher, it is eventually its antioxidative properties and the balance between reduction of fluorophore cation radicals and that of intact fluorophores that defines the optimal added concentration. Interestingly, in this optimal concentration range the triplet state quenching is still far from sufficient to fully minimize the triplet populations. We identify photoionization as the main mechanism of photobleaching within typical transit times of fluorescent molecules through the detection volume in a confocal FCS or SMD instrument (<1-20 ms), and demonstrate its generation via both one- and multistep excitation processes. Apart from reflecting a major pathway for photobleaching, our results also suggest the exploitation of the photoinduced ionization and the subsequent reduction by antioxidants for biomolecular monitoring purposes and as a possible switching mechanism with applications in high-resolution microscopy.
Organization of the gene for platelet glycoprotein IIb (1990)

The glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa heterodimer functions as a receptor for fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and fibronectin on activated platelets; it is dysfunctional in the bleeding diathesis Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. This receptor is a member of the integrin family, which includes homologous membrane receptors involved in a number of different cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive interactions. Knowledge of the sequence and organization of the GPIIb and GPIIIa genes will help in understanding evolutionary relationships and functional homologies of this family of adhesion protein receptors and will facilitate analysis of molecular defects responsible for thrombasthenia. Using the GPIIb cDNA as a probe, we have isolated overlapping genomic clones encompassing the entire coding region, the 5'- and 3'-untranslated sequences, and the immediate flanking regions for the GPIIb gene. The gene spans approximately 17.2 kilobases (kb); all but approximately 2.6 kb of intronic DNA sequence has been determined. The GPIIb gene contains 30 exons whose demarcations do not correlate with previously suggested functional domains. Two intron/exon borders have the rare GC splice donor sequence instead of the consensus GT sequence. There are at least seven complete and three partial AluI sequence repeats within the intron sequences. RNase protection, S1 nuclease analysis, and primer extension studies using human erythroleukemia (HEL) cell RNA and platelet RNA map a major transcription start site 32 base pairs (bp) 5' to the beginning of the coding region; however, there are no canonical consensus TATA or CAAT boxes in the region immediately 5' to the proposed cap site. The immediate 5'-flanking sequence of rodent GPIIb demonstrates complete identity near the proposed cap site with its human counterpart, but again, no TATA or CAAT boxes are apparent.
Monolithic, “Molded”, Porous Materials with High Flow Characteristics for Separations, Catalysis, or Solid-Phase Chemistry:  Control of Porous Properties during Polymerization (1996)

The porosity and flow characteristics of macroporous polymer monoliths that may be used to prepare separation media, flow-through reactors, catalysts, or supports for solid-phase chemistry can be controlled easily during their preparation. Key variables such as temperature, composition of the pore-forming solvent mixture, and content of cross-linking divinyl monomer allow the tuning of average pore size within a broad range spanning 2 orders of magnitude. The polymerization temperature, through its effects on the kinetics of polymerization, is a particularly effective means of control, allowing the preparation of macroporous polymers with different pore size distributions from a single composition of the polymerization mixture. The choice of pore-forming solvent is also important, larger pores being obtained in a poor solvent due to an earlier onset of phase separation. Increasing the proportion of the cross-linking agent present in the monomer mixture not only affects the composition of the final monoliths but also decreases their average pore size as a result of early formation of highly cross-linked globules with a reduced tendency to coalesce. The synergy of different effects has also been observed under specific polymerization conditions using two monomer pairs, styrene−divinylbenzene and glycidyl methacrylate−ethylene dimethacrylate polymerized in close molds. Mercury intrusion porosimetry measurements, inverse size exclusion chromatography, and back pressure measured at different flow rates with the macroporous monoliths were used for the characterization of the porous properties. A good correlation between pore size and flow resistance that follows the Hagen−Poiseuille equation used previously to describe flow through a straight tube has been found.
The SGOT/SGPT ratio in alcoholic liver disease. (1982)

The SGOT/SGPT ratio has been estimated in 207 patients with alcoholic liver disease and in 3 control groups (43 viral hepatitis, 30 non-alcoholic chronic liver disease and 42 obstructive jaundice). The SGOT/SGTP ratio in alcoholic liver disease group was significantly higher (2.63 ± 1.82) than in any of the 3 control groups. If we consider the different alcoholic liver diseases the ratio is 1.82 ± 1.27 in Steatosis, lowest value of all; 3.00 ± 2.33 in Acute alcoholic hepatitis; 2.45 ± 1.62 in Cirrhosis; 2.19 ± 1.94 in Cirrhosis with Steatosis; 3.48 ± 1.63 in Cirrhosis with AAH. Values higher than 1.5 are suggestive of alcoholic liver disease and higher than 2.0 are almost diagnostic and found in 56% of the patients with alcoholic liver disease and only in 1 case of non-alcoholic liver disease.
A real-time system for high-level video representation: application to video surveillance (2003)

The steadily increasing need for video content accessibility necessitates the development of stable systems to represent video sequences based on their high-level (semantic) content. The core of such systems is the automatic extraction of video content. In this paper, a computational layered framework to effectively extract multiple high-level features of a video shot is presented. The objective with this framework is to extract rich high-level video descriptions of real world scenes. In our framework, high-level descriptions are related to moving objects which are represented by their spatio-temporal low-level features. High-level features are represented by generic high-level object features such as events. To achieve higher applicability, descriptions are extracted independently of the video context. Our framework is based on four interacting video processing layers: enhancement to estimate and reduce noise, stabilization to compensate for global changes, analysis to extract meaningful objects, and interpretation to extract context-independent semantic features. The effectiveness and real-time response of the our framework are demonstrated by extensive experimentation on indoor and outdoor video shots in the presence of multi-object occlusion, noise, and artifacts.
Cancer immunity after treatment of Ehrlich tumor with diphtheria toxin. (1974)

Summary In vivo and in vitro treatment of Ehrlich cancer cells with diphtheria toxin resulted in loss of oncogenicity and in immunization against these tumor cells in mice. The animals that survived a 1st i.p. transplantation of virulent cancer cells treated with diphtheria toxin failed to develop an ascites tumor after a 2nd transplantation up to 200 days later. Ehrlich cancer cells lost oncogenicity also by prolonged incubation in phosphate-buffered saline in the presence of diphtheria toxin. This loss of oncogenicity was time dependent and influenced by the pH. Cells incubated for 8 hr with diphtheria toxin failed to induce an ascites tumor in both normal and immunosuppressed mice. Incubations performed at 5 pH9s ranging from 6.5 to 7.5 demonstrated that the lower values were more effective in inhibiting oncogenicity than were the higher ones. Eighty % of the normal mice that survived an i.p. transplantation of 1 × 10 6 cancer cells incubated with diphtheria toxin became resistant to a challenge with 1 × 10 6 virulent cancer cells. Only 50% of the immunized mice survived a challenge with 2 × 10 6 cancer cells, while the survival rate fell to nearly 0% after a challenge with 5 × 10 6 cells. In Swiss albino mice immunized with Ehrlich cancer cells, a cross-resistance against ascites Sarcoma 180 was observed, while all Ehrlich tumor-immunized DBA/2 mice died within 10 days after a challenge with L1210 tumor.