gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Statistics of Speckle in Ultrasound B-Scans (1983)

the of the magnitude, i.e., intensity, of the field.) It is shown that Rayleigh statistics govern the fist-order behavior of the magnitude; and the autocorrelation of the resulting image speckle is obtained by the methodof Middleton. The corresponding power spectrum follows immediately by Fourier transformation. Theoretical and experimentally determined autocorrelation functions and power spectra derived from B-scans of a scattering phantom containing many scatterers per resolution cell are presented. These functions lead naturally to the definition of the average speckle spot or cell sue, and this inturn is comparable to the resolution cell. Each independent speckle servesas a degreeof freedom that determines the number of samples of tissue available over a target.As the speckle cell size decreases this number increases in a manner predictable from the physical parameters of the cell size. However, it is found that the speckle cellis broadened, the degrees of freedom diminished, when the object structureis correlated. This yields the possibilityof deducing information about the object structure from the second-order statistics of the speckle texture, in addition to that obtainable from the fiistorder statistics.
Fiber-optic-bundle-based optical coherence tomography (2005)

A fiber-optic-bundle-based optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe method is presented. The experimental results demonstrate this multimode optical fiber-bundle-based OCT system can achieve a lateral resolution of 12 microm and an axial resolution of 10 microm with a superluminescent diode source. This novel OCT imaging approach eliminates any moving parts in the probe and has a primary advantage for use in extremely compact and safe OCT endoscopes for imaging internal organs and great potential to be combined with confocal endoscopic microscopy.
Coordinated control of an underwater glider fleet in an adaptive ocean sampling field experiment in Monterey Bay (2010)

Abstract A full‐scale adaptive ocean sampling network was deployed throughout the month‐long 2006 Adaptive Sampling and Prediction (ASAP) field experiment in Monterey Bay, California. One of the central goals of the field experiment was to test and demonstrate newly developed techniques for coordinated motion control of autonomous vehicles carrying environmental sensors to efficiently sample the ocean. We describe the field results for the heterogeneous fleet of autonomous underwater gliders that collected data continuously throughout the month‐long experiment. Six of these gliders were coordinated autonomously for 24 days straight using feedback laws that scale with the number of vehicles. These feedback laws were systematically computed using recently developed methodology to produce desired collective motion patterns, tuned to the spatial and temporal scales in the sampled fields for the purpose of reducing statistical uncertainty in field estimates. The implementation was designed to allow for adaptation of coordinated sampling patterns using human‐in‐the‐loop decision making, guided by optimization and prediction tools. The results demonstrate an innovative tool for ocean sampling and provide a proof of concept for an important field robotics endeavor that integrates coordinated motion control with adaptive sampling. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Service Assurance for Voice over WiFi and 3G Networks (2005)

Due to key developments in the telecommunications industry, such as Voice over WiFi and 3G network integration, together with increasingly aggressive competition and rapid technology changes, service providers are faced with the challenge of creating a new, service-centric management model that provides for the creation of new services and assures superior service quality. This unique resource offers a practical view of the service model concept and discusses the management issues that you need to understand in order to implement an effective management solution for operating in today's competitive environment. Explaining how such a model can be integrated in your organization's operations flow, the book clearly explains the tight relationships among business, service, technology, and operations. You learn how to drastically improve the service quality of important advanced and emerging mobile services, solve service assurance and operations problems related to dual mode mobile phone service, and design a large scale operations system for supporting next generation wireless applications. This practical book guides you in migrating from traditional network-centric operations to service- based operations that are geared for today's known applications, and can be adapted for future service growth.
The origins of age-related proinflammatory state (2004)

We hypothesized that the rising levels of inflammatory markers with aging is explained by cardiovascular risk factors and morbidity becoming progressively more prevalent in older persons. Information on inflammatory markers, cardiovascular risk factors, and diseases was collected in 595 men and 748 women sampled from the general population (age, 20-102 years). In both men and women, older age was associated with higher levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-18, C-reactive protein (CRP), and fibrinogen, while soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6r) increased significantly with age only in men. Adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors and morbidity, the age regression coefficients became substantially smaller in models predicting IL-6, IL-1ra, IL-18, and fibrinogen and larger in the model predicting sIL6r. Adjustment for cardiovascular morbidity substantially reduced the effect of age on CRP in men but not in women. Findings were confirmed in a subgroup of 51 men and 45 women with low risk profile and no cardiovascular morbidity. Part of the "proinflammatory state" in older persons is related to the high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factor and morbidity.
Characterization of a newly derived human sarcoma cell line (HT-1080) (1974)

A tumor cell line was derived from the fibrosarcoma of a 35-year-old Caucasian man who died without having received chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The in vitro growth properties and transplantability into antithymocytic sera treated mice were characteristic of these malignant cells. An aberrant karyology with marker chromosomes was present. No virus particles were detected.
Operationeel prestatieverlies op een luchtmachtbasis onder NBC omstandigheden (1987)

De huidige NBC-beschermingsdoctrine is gericht op een uniforme, langdurige bescherming tegen de sterkst mogelijk dreiging. Dat betekent dat voor iedere militair de overeenkomstige belasting geldt. De vraag of dat echt nodig is, is aangepakt met computersimulaties van besmettingsaanvallen. Het blijkt dat de besmetting sterk zal verschillen tussen het personeel; slechts een kleine fractie heeft de huidige bescherming nodig en de rest kan met veel minder toe. Wel is het zo dat een Ã¬ichte mate van bescherming vrijwel permanent nodig zal zijn omdat een C-aanvaÃ op een niet gewaarschuwd doel in hoge mate effectief is. Met een gedifferentieerd gebruik van de huidige beschermingsmiddelen is al een aanzienlijke belastingsvermindering te bereiken, met voldoende bescherming tegen vloeistof. Voor gas is een dergelijk concept nog niet voorhanden, omdat daarbij de ademhalingsbescherming op gewenste niveaus instelbaar moet worden.
Affinity and selectivity of the optical isomers of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate and related muscarinic antagonists (1988)

All of the optical isomers of the muscarinic antagonists 3-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl) alpha-hydroxy-alpha,alpha-diphenylacetate (3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, QNB, 1) 3-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octyl) xanthene-9-carboxylate (3-quinuclidinyl xanthene-9-carboxylate, QNX, 2), and 3-(1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]ocytl) alpha-hydroxy-alpha-phenylpropionate (3-quinuclidinyl atrolactate, QNA, 3) were prepared and studied in binding and functional assays. In all instances the esters of (R)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-3-ol (3-quinuclidinol) had greater affinity for the M1 and M2 subpopulations of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M-AChRs) than did their S counterparts. The enantiomers of QNB (1), QNX (2), and QNA (3) in which the alcoholic portion of the muscarinic antagonists had the S absolute stereochemistry were more selective for the M1-AChRs. This selectivity was modulated by the nature and, in the case of QNA, the chirality of the acid portion. The most potent isomer in the series was (R)-QNB. In the QNA series the diastereoisomer with the absolute R configuration of the alcohol (a) and the R configuration of the acid (b) was the most potent in both binding and functional assays whereas (Sa,Rb)-QNA was the most selective for the M1 subtype of M-AChRs. In fact, the latter diastereomer was as potent and selective as pirenzepine for M1-AChRs.
Sikuli: Using GUI screenshots for search and automation (2009)

We present Sikuli, a visual approach to search and automa-tion of graphical user interfaces using screenshots. Sikuli allows users to take a screenshot of a GUI element (such as a toolbar button, icon, or dialog box) and query a help sys-tem using the screenshot instead of WKH HOHPHQW¶V name. Sikuli also provides a visual scripting API for automating GUI interactions, using screenshot patterns to direct mouse and keyboard events. We report a web-based user study showing that searching by screenshot is easy to learn and
Antiproliferative activity of a humanized anti-CD74 monoclonal antibody, hLL1, on B-cell malignancies (2004)

The humanized anti-CD74 monoclonal antibody (mAb) hLL1 is under evaluation as a therapeutic agent. The effects of hLL1-at times in comparison with the CD20 mAb rituximab-were assessed on non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines and in tumor-bearing SCID mice. In vitro, hLL1 caused growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in B-cell lines when cross-linked with an antihuman immunoglobulin G (IgG) second antibody. The sensitivity profile of the cell lines was different for hLL1 and rituximab, and antiproliferative activity was augmented when the 2 mAbs were combined. Unlike rituximab, hLL1 did not induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or complement-mediated cytotoxicity. In xenograft models of NHL and MM, treatment with hLL1 yielded significant survival benefits without cross-linking agents. Efficacy was greater in the MM model, in which median survival time was increased more than 4.5-fold. Thus, hLL1 has therapeutic potential as a naked mAb for B-cell malignancies because of high antigen expression on malignant cells, specifically MM, with limited expression on normal tissue, and because of its antiproliferative activity. Further, hLL1 may be a therapeutic candidate for rituximab-resistant disease because the 2 antibodies apparently act through distinct mechanisms and exhibit different expression and sensitivity profiles, and activity can be augmented when the mAbs are combined.
Cysteine 532 and Cysteine 545 Are the N-ethylmaleimide-reactive Residues of the Neurospora Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase (1989)

Previous studies from this laboratory (Brooker, R. J., and Slayman, C. W. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 222-226; Davenport, J. W., and Slayman, C. W. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 16007-16013) have used the sulfhydryl reagent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) to define two sites on the Neurospora plasma membrane H+-ATPase: a "fast" site which reacts in several minutes with no loss of enzymatic activity and a "slow" site which reacts in tens of minutes to produce complete inactivation of the enzyme. The slow site is protected when MgATP or MgADP is bound to the catalytic site of the ATPase. The present study demonstrates that the fluorescent reagent 5-[2-iodoacetamido)ethyl)-1-aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid (IAEDANS) can be used to label five of the eight cysteine residues of the Neurospora ATPase (Cys376, Cys409, Cys472, Cys532, Cys545). Tryptic peptides bearing those residues have been purified by high performance liquid chromatography and located within the known primary structure of the ATPase by amino acid analysis and/or sequencing. By pretreating the enzyme with NEM in the presence or absence of MgADP before incubation with IAEDANS, it has been possible to identify the fast NEM site as Cys545 and the slow MgADP-protectable NEM site as Cys532. Both residues lie within the central hydrophilic domain of the protein, close to a highly conserved stretch of amino acids that may be involved in nucleotide binding. However, all five IAEDANS-reactive cysteines can be nearly completely modified by the less bulky sulfhydryl reagent methyl methanethiosulfonate with less than 20% inhibition of enzyme activity; thus, none of the five cysteines can be considered to play a direct role in the reaction cycle of the ATPase.
Effects of Propionibacteria and Yeast Culture Fed to Steers on Nutrient Intake and Site and Extent of Digestion (2008)

The effects of feeding Propionibacterium strain P169 (P169), yeast culture (XPY), and their combination on nutrient intake, site and extent of digestion, and ruminal kinetics were evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design. Ruminally and duodenally cannulated Angus x Hereford steers (n = 12) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in each of 2 periods: 1) control, fed a sorghum silage-based total mixed ration; 2) P169, fed the control plus P169 (6 x 10(11) cfu/steer per d); 3) XPY, fed the control plus XPY (56 g/steer per d); and 4) P169 + XPY, fed the control plus P169 and XPY (at 6 x 10(11) cfu/steer per d and 56 g/steer per d, respectively). Each period lasted 21 d; d 1 to 15 were used for diet adaptation and d 16 to 21 were used for fecal, duodenal, ruminal, and blood sample collection. Steers were individually housed and fed. Feeding XPY tended to decrease intake of organic matter, acid detergent fiber, and N, and decreased intake of neutral detergent fiber. However, feeding XPY alone tended to increase total tract digestibility of organic matter, N, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber. Ruminal digestibility, duodenal flow, microbial N synthesis, microbial efficiency, and fluid and particulate passage rates were not affected by dietary treatments. Feeding P169 tended to decrease molar proportion of acetate, increased molar proportion of propionate (by 9.7%), and tended to decrease acetate:propionate ratio compared with control steers. No other effects of XPY or P169 on ruminal fermentation were observed. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were not affected by dietary treatment. Our results suggest that feeding P169 alters ruminal metabolism toward increased propionate without affecting feed intake or ruminal kinetics, whereas feeding XPY alone tended to increase total tract digestibilities of nutrients.
Production of High‐Purity Single‐Chirality Carbon Nanotube Hybrids by Selective Polymer Exchange (2013)

A scalable method to coat monochiral (7,5) semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes with a monolayer coating of a range of technologically useful polymers such as poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly(9,9'-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) is presented. Optical spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements show that the semiconducting tube purity (>99%) obtained from the selective wrapping of nanotubes by polymers such as poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PFO) can be transferred to these other nanotube-polymer combinations by polymer exchange.
Systemic Therapy in Men With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology and Cancer Care Ontario Clinical Practice Guideline (2014)

Continue androgen deprivation (pharmaceutical or surgical) indefinitely. Abiraterone acetate/prednisone, enzalutamide, or (223)Ra should be offered; docetaxel/prednisone should also be offered, accompanied by discussion of toxicity risk. Sipuleucel-T may be offered to asymptomatic/minimally symptomatic men. For men who have experienced progression with docetaxel, cabazitaxel may be offered, accompanied by discussion of toxicity risk. Mitoxantrone may be offered, accompanied by discussion of limited clinical benefit and toxicity risk. Ketoconazole or antiandrogens (eg, bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide) may be offered, accompanied by discussion of limited known clinical benefit. Bevacizumab, estramustine, and sunitinib should not be offered. There is insufficient evidence to evaluate optimal sequences or combinations of therapies. Palliative care should be offered to all patients.
Rearrangement and expression of the alpha, beta, and gamma chain T cell receptor genes in human thymic leukemia cells and functional T cells. (1986)

Using cDNA and genomic probes representing the alpha, beta, and gamma chain of the human T cell receptor genes, we have examined the structure and expression of these genes in 14 human leukemic T cell lines, representing different stages of thymic differentiation, and 15 functional human T cell clones. Rearrangement of the gamma and beta chain genes was found in all of the functional T cell clones and all but one (P30/OKUBO) thymic leukemia cell line; all of the lines that had rearrangement of the beta chain expressed beta mRNA. Expression of the alpha chain was found in all of the functional T cell clones examined, while rearrangement of the alpha chain gene, using currently available probes to the J region, could be shown in 10 of 13 functional clones. In contrast, expression of the alpha chain was found in 6 of 10 leukemic T cell lines, while rearrangement was found in six of these nine cell lines. Of the 14 leukemic cell lines studied for rearrangement of the alpha chain, rearrangement was found in six cases. The data obtained with the cell lines are consistent with an ordered rearrangement and expression of the gamma, beta, and alpha chains of the T cell antigen receptor (TcR) genes. The leukemic cell lines used in the present study have previously been characterized with regard to cell surface antigens and intracellular enzymes. Based on those results a scheme of thymic development was proposed. The developmental stages identified by those studies are not in complete agreement with stages of T cell development, as determined in the present study using molecular probes.
Combination Radioimmunotherapy and Chemoimmunotherapy Involving Different or the Same Targets Improves Therapy of Human Pancreatic Carcinoma Xenograft Models (2011)

Chemoimmunotherapy with antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) is emerging as a promising therapy for solid tumors, whereas radioimmunotherapy (RAIT) of solid tumors has been relatively ineffective because of their resistance to radiation. We developed antibody-SN-38 conjugates that have significant antitumor activity in xenograft models at nontoxic doses. The goal of this study was to determine if an ADC could be combined with RAIT to enhance efficacy without a commensurate increase in host toxicity. Nude mice bearing human pancreatic cancer xenografts (Capan-1 and BxPC-3) were treated with a single dose of 90Y-labeled antimucin antibody (hPAM4; clivatuzumab tetraxetan) alone or in combination with an anti-Trop-2-SN-38 conjugate, typically administered twice weekly over 4 weeks. The combination, even at RAIT's maximum tolerated dose, controlled tumor progression and cured established xenografts significantly better than the individual treatments without appreciable toxicity. The ADC could be started 1 week after or up to 2 weeks before RAIT with similar enhanced responses, but delaying RAIT for 2 weeks after the ADC was less effective. A nonspecific ADC provided additional benefit over using free drug (irinotecan), but the response was enhanced with the specific ADC. When targeting Capan-1 with ample mucin, hPAM4 could be used as the RAIT and the ADC agent without losing effectiveness, but in BxPC-3 with less mucin, targeting of different antigens was preferred. These studies show the feasibility of combining ADC and RAIT for improved efficacy without increased toxicity.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN δ OPIOID RECEPTORS AND α2A‐ADRENOCEPTORS (2004)

1. Several studies have reported functional interactions between different subtypes of opioid and alpha2A-adrenoceptors in the induction of spinal cord analgesia. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well characterized. We propose that direct receptor-receptor associations could account for some of the observed functional interactions. In the present study, we examined the presence of delta opioid receptors and alpha2A-adrenoceptors in interacting complexes and the functional implications of such interactions on receptor activity. 2. Using the proximity based bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay, we found that the delta opioid receptors and alpha2A-adrenoceptors are in close enough proximity (< 100 A) in live cells that can foster physical interactions. 3. Using coimmunoprecipitation of differentially epitope-tagged receptors, we found that delta opiate receptors exist in interacting complexes with alpha2A-adrenoceptors in heterologous cells. 4. Finally, using receptor activity mediated neurite outgrowth in Neuro 2A cells as a physiological readout, we found that interactions between delta opiate receptors and alpha2A-adrenoceptors have functional consequences. The expression of alpha2A-adrenoceptors is sufficient to promote delta opiate receptor-mediated neurite outgrowth, suggesting that the presence of inactive alpha2A-adrenoceptors can enhance delta opiate receptor-mediated signalling. 5. Taken together, these findings suggest that modulation of receptor function as a result of physical associations between delta opiate receptors and alpha2A-adrenoceptors may account for the observed synergy between opiate and adrenergic agonists in spinal analgesia.
Anti-tumoural activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells against melanoma cells: discrepant in-vitro and in-vivo effects (2006)

As tumour cells use multiple mechanisms to escape from chemotherapeutic drugs, the anti-tumoural activity of naive mouse peripheral blood mononuclear cells was examined in this study, using a mouse melanoma cell subline resistant to doxorubicin (B16R). Multicellular spheroids are known to be the most adapted in-vitro model to mimic solid tumours in vivo and are used to investigate many aspects of tumour biology. For in-vitro studies, murine peripheral blood mononuclear cells recovered by Ficoll gradient centrifugation after caudal puncture were co-cultured with multicellular tumour spheroids of B16R cells. Morphological investigations show that peripheral blood mononuclear cells were gathered and focused around the spheroids after 14 h of co-culture and contacts were established within 32 h. Between 38 and 62 h of co-culture, the size of the spheroids decreased significantly. The peripheral blood mononuclear cells exerted cytolytic effects that correlated with the induction of cell death in spheroids of B16R melanoma cells. Immunological investigations to localize and identify peripheral blood mononuclear cells that exerted anti-tumoural effects have shown that spheroids were deeply infiltrated by monocytes/macrophages at a stage in which a significant cytolytic activity and a strong cell death rate were observed. For in-vivo studies, intratumoural injections of syngeneic naive peripheral blood mononuclear cells were administered. A weak potential in-vivo anti-tumoural effect of these cells was observed (inhibition of B16R melanoma growth by 20-25%) but the median survival time of mice treated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells did not increase compared with untreated control mice. Thus, despite anti-tumoural activities of peripheral blood mononuclear cells against the poorly immunogenic and highly metastatic chemoresistant B16 melanoma cells in vitro, a potential anti-melanoma effect in vivo, if present, did not increase the life span of B16R melanoma-bearing mice.