gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Linking Trehalose Self-Association with Binary Aqueous Solution Equation of State (2010)

In aqueous solutions, trehalose possesses a high propensity to form hydrogen bonds with water as well as other trehalose molecules. This hydrogen bonding not only affects water structure but also promotes extensive concentration dependent aggregation of trehalose molecules, which may impact trehalose's role as a protective cosolute to biomacromolecules. To study the association of trehalose in aqueous solutions over a wide concentration range, we used molecular dynamics simulations based on two different force fields, as well as vapor pressure osmometry. By analyzing trehalose cluster size and fractal dimension in simulations, we estimate the cluster percolation threshold at 1.5-2.2 m. Experimentally, trehalose solutions showed positive deviations from ideal van't Hoff's law that grew with concentration. These variations in osmotic pressure can be explained using a simple equation of state that accounts for the repulsive excluded volume interactions between trehalose molecules as well as attractions reflected in sugar clustering. We find that simulations with both applied force fields result in reasonable representations of the solution equation of state. However, in contrast to experiments, the balance between the repulsive and attractive trehalose-trehalose interactions in simulations results in a slightly negative deviation from ideality, probably due to the moderately overaggregative nature of the force fields used.
Parenting in Gay and Lesbian Families (1990)

The purpose of the present study was to gather descriptive data on gay and lesbian parents and to examine differences between lesbian mothers and gay fathers. The study consisted of structured interviews with 10 gay fathers and 11 lesbian mothers with custody of or regular contact with their children. The parents has a total of 37 children, ranging in age from 4 to 22 years. Lesbian mother had significantly lower incomes than gay fathers, had more multiple marriages, were less likely to live with a lover, were more liklely to tell their children themselves of their homosexuality, and were more likely to have difficulty reconiling their gay and parenting roles. Gay fathers reported better relationships with ex-spouses than lesbian mothers. Both sets of parents reported few lingering problems with their children as a result of their homosexuality.
Cellular Internalization of Fluorescent Proteins via Arginine-rich Intracellular Delivery Peptide in Plant Cells (2005)

The protein delivery across cellular membranes or compartments is limited by low biomembrane permeability because of the hydrophobic characteristics of cell membranes. Usually the delivery processes utilize passive protein channels or active transporters to overcome the membrane impediment. In this report, we demonstrate that arginine-rich intracellular delivery (AID) peptide is capable of efficiently delivering fused fluorescent proteins unpreferentially into different plant tissues of both tomato (a dicot plant) and onion (a monocot plant) in a fully bioactive form. Thus, cellular internalization via AID peptide can be a powerful tool characterized by its simplicity, non-invasion and high efficiency to express those bioactive proteins in planta or in plant cells in vivo. This novel method may alternatively provide broader applications of AID chimera in plants without the time-consuming transgenic approaches.
Monoclonal antibodies to mouse MHC antigens. III. Hybridoma antibodies reacting to antigens of the H-2b haplotype reveal genetic control of isotype expression. (1981)

Eleven hybridoma antibodies directed against mouse major histocompatibility complex products of the H-2b haplotype have been produced and characterized. Of 7 antibodies reacting to H-2Kb and/or H-2Db antigens, all cross-reacted with other H-2 antigens, and 5 exhibited no correspondence with a known H-2 specificity established in the H-2 chart. Four anti-Iab antibodies all reacted with antigens encoded by the I-A subregion. Some of these antibodies showed no cross-reaction with other haplotypes, indicating reactions to private specificities of the I-Ab antigen. In addition, these anti-Ia antibodies appeared to be capable of distinguishing fine determinant differences, which corresponding alloantisera failed to reveal. A high frequency of hybridomas secreting IgM antibodies was found after fusions of spleen cells obtained from C3H anti-C3H.SW immunized mice, in contrast to the dominance of IgG hybridomas produced previously by fusions of spleen cells from mice immunized in the reverse direction. An isotype analysis of conventional cytotoxic alloantisera from the same strain combinations was therefore performed. The same correlation with respect to isotype expression was found, indicating that hybridoma antibodies reflect normal antibody responses and suggesting H-2-linked control of this expression.
Paired Ig-like receptor homologs in birds and mammals share a common ancestor with mammalian Fc receptors (2000)

Paired Ig-like receptors (PIR) that can reciprocally modulate cellular activation have been described in mammals. In the present study, we searched expressed sequence tag databases for PIR relatives to identify chicken expressed sequence tags predictive of approximately 25% amino acid identity to mouse PIR. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)-PCR extension of expressed sequence-tag sequences using chicken splenic cDNA as a template yielded two distinct cDNAs, the sequence analysis of which predicted protein products with related extracellular Ig-like domains. Chicken Ig-like receptor (CHIR)-A was characterized by its transmembrane segment with a positively charged histidine residue and short cytoplasmic tail, thereby identifying CHIR-A as a candidate-activating receptor. Conversely, CHIR-B was characterized by its nonpolar transmembrane segment and cytoplasmic tail with two immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs, indicating that it may serve as an inhibitory receptor. The use of CHIR amino acid sequences in a search for other PIR relatives led to the recognition of mammalian Fc receptors as distantly related genes. Comparative analyses based on amino acid sequences and three-dimensional protein structures provided molecular evidence for common ancestry of the PIR and Fc receptor gene families.
Low frequency mutation of the Ephrin receptor A3 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma (2009)

EphA3 is a component of the Eph/ephrin tyrosine kinase system, which participates in vasculature development. This receptor/ligand system is associated with various signaling pathways related to cell growth and viability, cytoskeletal organization, cell migration, and anti-apoptosis. Accumulated evidence suggests that aberrant regulation of EphA3 and its genetic alterations are implicated in the development and progression of various cancers. However, despite a high incidence of EphA3 over-expression, no such investigation has been performed in hepatocellular carcinoma. Thus, we investigated genetic alterations of the EphA3 gene in 73 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma by single-strand conformational polymorphism and sequencing. One novel D219V missense mutation was found in the extracellular domain of EphA3, and two genetic alterations in the intracellular sterile-alpha-motif (SAM) domain of EphA3 appeared to be polymorphisms. Although the functional assessments of this mutant are incomplete, it is believed that this novel EphA3 mutation may contribute to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Efficacy of 3,4-Diaminopyridine and Pyridostigmine in the Treatment of Lambert–Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study (2009)

3,4-Diaminopyridine and pyridostigmine are widely used to treat Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), either alone or in combination. 3,4-Diaminopyridine enhances the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular synapse, and pyridostigmine inhibits the degradation of this neurotransmitter. Although this could lead to a synergistic effect on neuromuscular transmission, no studies have compared the effects of these drugs in patients with LEMS. Therefore, we performed a placebo-controlled, double-dummy, double-blind, randomized, crossover study in nine patients with LEMS.
Factors That Control Extravascular Fibrinolysis (1996)

The physiological and pathophysiological state of tissues determines the exudation of plasma proteins, hemostasis, and fibrinolysis, i.e., inflammation, injury, and malignancy. The physiological controls of extravascular fibrinolysis ultimately rest on a balance between generation of the fibrinolytic enzyme(s), i.e., plasmin, elastase, cathepsins, etc., and inhibitors of the fibrinolytic enzyme(s), i.e., plasminogen activator inhibitors, alpha-2 plasmin inhibitor, alpha 1-protease inhibitors, etc. Moreover, it is the structural modification of fibrin that determines its stability toward proteolytic enzymes and physical duress. The structural modification of fibrin involves factor XIIIa-mediated cross-linking of interfibrin chains and alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor to fibrin. In turn, there are a number of agents that influence factor XIIIa catalytic activity (e.g., sulfhydryl agents, albumin, erythrocytes). The two key proenzymes, factor XIII and plasminogen, are tightly bound with the circulating fibrinogen molecules. Such high selective affinity for fibrin(ogen) provides the reaction specificity in a complex tissue fluid milieu and governs the kinetics of fibrinolysis. Any agents that interfere with such binding reactions, e.g., autoantibodies, may also affect the fibrinolytic reactions. Understanding these unique biochemical controls of factors involved in fibrinolysis may provide an insight into the complex regulatory process of extravascular fibrinolysis.
Nursing Facility Coverage Under Medicare (2012)

Many beneficiaries believe that Medicare provides substantial coverage for nursing home care. The coverage actually available is of short duration, incomplete, and riddled with limitations. This article discusses the various requirements to receive Medicare benefits for skilled nursing facility admissions, and it also discusses the appeals process for denied benefit claims.
Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy after bilateral nephrectomy (2005)

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is common inhypertensive patients and predicts heart failure,arrhythmia, cerebrovascular complications and death.LVH is endemic in end-stage renal disease (ESRD).Risk factors for LVH in ESRD patients includehypertension, anaemia, secondary hyperparathyroid-ism and arteriovenous ﬁstulae. LVH is a powerfulpredictor of cardiac morbidity and mortality in theESRD population [1,2]. Regression of LVH has beenreported in ESRD patients after blood pressure (BP)reduction with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibi-tors (ACE-Is), or angiotensin receptor antagonists(ARB) [3,4], and after erythropoietin therapy foranaemia.We report a case in which dramatic regression inLVH was documented on magnetic resonance images(MRIs) of the heart performed before and afterbilateral nephrectomy.Cardiologists use measurements of left ventricular(LV) mass, relative wall thickness and mass–volumeratio to diagnose LVH. Data about LV mass andgeometry in dialysis patients are based on echocardio-graphy which is highly dependent upon operatorskill, individual patient anatomy and mathematicalassumptions. Changes in extracellular volume duringand between dialysis treatments can also cause sub-stantial variations in echocardiographic measurements.Cardiac MRI measures the heart independent ofoperator skill or patient habitus. MRI assessments ofLVmass,relativewallthicknessandmass–volumeratiorely on direct measurements rather than geometricalassumptions which have never been proven to apply tothe ESRD ventricle [5].
Evaluation of Smart Grid and Civilian UAV Vulnerability to GPS Spoofing Attacks (2018)

Test results are presented from over-the-air civil GPS&#13;\nspoofing tests from a non-negligible stand-off distance.&#13;\nThese tests were performed at White Sands&#13;\nMissile Range (WSMR) against two systems dependent&#13;\non civil GPS, a civilian unmanned aerial vehicle&#13;\n(UAV) and a GPS time-reference receiver used in&#13;\n“smart grid” measurement devices. The tests against&#13;\nthe civil UAV demonstrated that the UAV could be&#13;\nhijacked by a GPS spoofer by altering the UAV’s perceived&#13;\nlocation. The tests against the time-reference&#13;\nreceiver demonstrated the spoofer’s capability of precisely&#13;\ncontrolling timing from a distance, which means&#13;\na spoofer could manipulate measurements used for&#13;\nsmart grid control without requiring physical access&#13;\nto the measurement devices. Implications of spoofing&#13;\nattacks against each of these systems are also given.&#13;\nRecommendations are presented for regulations regarding&#13;\nGPS receivers used in critical infrastructure&#13;\napplications. These recommendations include creating&#13;\na certification process by which receivers are declared&#13;\nspoof-resistant if they are able to detect or mitigate&#13;\nspoofing attacks in a set of canned scenarios.&#13;\nThe recommendations also call for a mandate that&#13;\nonly spoof-resistant receivers be used in applications&#13;\nclassified by the Department of Homeland Security&#13;\n(DHS) as national critical infrastructure.
Effect of Vascular Normalization by Antiangiogenic Therapy on Interstitial Hypertension, Peritumor Edema, and Lymphatic Metastasis: Insights from a Mathematical Model (2007)

Preclinical and clinical evidence shows that antiangiogenic agents can decrease tumor vessel permeability and interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) in a process of vessel "normalization." The resulting normalized vasculature has more efficient perfusion, but little is known about how tumor IFP and interstitial fluid velocity (IFV) are affected by changes in transport properties of the vessels and interstitium that are associated with antiangiogenic therapy. By using a mathematical model to simulate IFP and IFV profiles in tumors, we show here that antiangiogenic therapy can decrease IFP by decreasing the tumor size, vascular hydraulic permeability, and/or the surface area per unit tissue volume of tumor vessels. Within a certain window of antiangiogenic effects, interstitial convection within the tumor can increase dramatically, whereas fluid convection out of the tumor margin decreases. This would result in increased drug convection within the tumor and decreased convection of drugs, growth factors, or metastatic cancer cells from the tumor margin into the peritumor fluid or tissue. Decreased convection of growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C), would limit peritumor hyperplasia, and decreased VEGF-A would limit angiogenesis in sentinel lymph nodes. Both of these effects would reduce the probability of lymphatic metastasis. Finally, decreased fluid convection into the peritumor tissue would decrease peritumor edema associated with brain tumors and ascites accumulation in the peritoneal or pleural cavity, a major complication with a number of malignancies.
P- and E-selectin use common sites for carbohydrate ligand recognition and cell adhesion. (1993)

The selectins are a family of three calcium-dependent lectins that mediate adhesive interactions between leukocytes and the endothelium during normal and abnormal inflammatory episodes. Previous work has implicated the carbohydrate sialyl Lewis(x) (sLe(x); sialic acid alpha 2-3 galactose beta 1-4 [Fucose alpha 1-3] N-acetyl glucosamine) as a component of the ligand recognized by E- and P-selectin. In the case of P-selectin, other components of the cell surface, including 2'6-linked sialic acid and sulfatide (galactose-4-sulfate ceramide), have also been proposed for adhesion mediated by this selectin. We have recently defined a region of the E-selectin lectin domain that appears to be directly involved with carbohydrate recognition and cell adhesion (Erbe, D. V., B. A. Wolitzky, L. G. Presta, C. R. Norton, R. J. Ramos, D. K. Burns, R. M. Rumberger, B. N. N. Rao, C. Foxall, B. K. Brandley, and L. A. Lasky. 1992. J. Cell Biol. 119:215-227). Here we describe a similar analysis of the P-selectin lectin domain which demonstrates that a homologous region of this glycoprotein's lectin motif is involved with carbohydrate recognition and cell binding. In addition, we present evidence that is inconsistent with a biological role for either 2'6-linked sialic acid or sulfatide in P-selectin-mediated adhesion. These results suggest that a common region of the E- and P-selectin lectin domains appears to mediate carbohydrate recognition and cell adhesion.
Serum Immune Responses to the Proteins of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Virus (1994)

The antibody responses of pigs to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (isolate VR-2332) were evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence, virus neutralization, and immunoblotting. All pigs in each group were positive by indirect immunofluorescence 14-21 days postexposure (DPE), and antibodies to specific viral proteins (15, 19 or 26 kD) were initially demonstrated by immunoblotting at 7-21 days DPE. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in only 2 pigs that were inoculated intranasally and given additional parenteral injections with adjuvant. These antibodies appeared much later, 51-70 DPE, than did antibodies detected by indirect immunofluorescence. The titer of the neutralizing antibodies increased until 127 DPE, after which the titers decreased, and 1 animal became seronegative for neutralizing antibody by 262 DPE.
Linear subspaces for illumination robust face recognition (2005)

In this paper, we present a segmented linear subspace model for face recognition that is robust under varying illumination conditions. The algorithm generalizes the 3D illumination subspace model by segmenting the image into regions that have surface normals whose directions are close to each other. This segmentation is performed using a K-means clustering algorithm and requires only a few training images under different illuminations. When the linear subspace model is applied to the segmented image, recognition is robust to attached and cast shadows, and the recognition rate is equal to that of computationally more complex systems that require constructing the 3D surface of the face.
Thickness-Dependent Properties of Polyzwitterionic Brushes (2008)

This paper describes detailed studies on the controlled synthesis of poly[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide (polyMEDSAH) from initiator-modified gold surfaces and the properties of these brushes as a function of grafting density and thickness. Improved control over polymerization was achieved by preforming the catalytically active complex to ensure that the monomers did not coordinate to the catalyst. We observed an intriguing transition thickness (hcrit) in which the polyMEDSAH brushes switched from hydrophilic to hydrophobic due to the strong inter- and intrachain associations. We studied this transition as a function of the rate of polymerization and grafting density and found that both factors strongly influence the value of hcrit. Faster grown polyMEDSAH brushes have higher hcrit values, and brushes grown from higher grafting density have higher hcrit value. These observations suggest that the hcrit is governed by the density of the brushes, the polymer chain length, and the degree of alignment. Furthermore, the inter- or intrachain associations can be reversed by increasing the temperature, leading to a hydrophobic to hydrophilic switch, where the magnitude of the switching is governed by the grafting density.
Structural basis for Notch1 engagement of Delta-like 4 (2015)

Notch receptors guide mammalian cell fate decisions by engaging the proteins Jagged and Delta-like (DLL). The 2.3 angstrom resolution crystal structure of the interacting regions of the Notch1-DLL4 complex reveals a two-site, antiparallel binding orientation assisted by Notch1 O-linked glycosylation. Notch1 epidermal growth factor-like repeats 11 and 12 interact with the DLL4 Delta/Serrate/Lag-2 (DSL) domain and module at the N-terminus of Notch ligands (MNNL) domains, respectively. Threonine and serine residues on Notch1 are functionalized with O-fucose and O-glucose, which act as surrogate amino acids by making specific, and essential, contacts to residues on DLL4. The elucidation of a direct chemical role for O-glycans in Notch1 ligand engagement demonstrates how, by relying on posttranslational modifications of their ligand binding sites, Notch proteins have linked their functional capacity to developmentally regulated biosynthetic pathways.
THE USE OF "ARTIFICIAL SKIN" FOR BURNS (1987)

An artificial skin composed of epidermal and dermal analogues has been successfully used in animal models and in severely burned patients. The development of skin substitutes, the clinical use of artificial skin, and future physiologic skin replacements are discussed.
In vivo phase variation of MR/P fimbrial gene expression in Proteus mirabilis infecting the urinary tract (1997)

Proteus mirabilis, associated with complicated urinary tract infection, expresses mannose-resistant/Proteus-like (MR/P) fimbriae. Expression of these surface structures, which mediate haemagglutination and have a demonstrated role in virulence, undergoes phase variation. By DNA sequence analysis, a 252 bp invertible element was found in the intergenic region between mrpl, the putative site-specific recombinase gene, and mrpA, the primary structural subunit gene. The invertible segment is flanked by identical 21 bp inverted repeats and the presumptive half-sites for recombinase binding show homology to those recognized by FimB and FimE encoded by the Escherichia coli fim (Type 1 fimbriae) gene cluster. When amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from static broth cultures expressing MR/P fimbriae, the switch region was found in both ON and OFF positions. When PCR was used to amplify agar cultures which do not express the fimbriae, the switch region was OFF only. A canonical sigma 70 promoter inside the invertible element drives the transcription of mrpA when in the ON position; in the OFF position it is directed away from mrpA but does not appear to drive expression of mrpI. The mrpI gene was able to confer inversion of the mrp switch region in trans from both ON to OFF and OFF to ON. To examine the position of the switch in vivo, urine, bladder, and kidneys from mice transurethrally infected with P. mirabilis were used to prepare template DNA for PCR amplification. In the absence of urolithiasis (urease-mediated stone formation), the switch was found 100% in the ON position, a condition never observed following in vitro culture. We conclude that MR/P phase variation is regulated at the transcriptional level by the action of MrpI on an invertible element and that there is strong selective pressure for the expression of MR/P fimbriae in vivo.