gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 1-year multicenter placebo-controlled study of acetyl-L-carnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease (1996)

A 1-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel-group study compared the efficacy and safety of acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride (ALCAR) with placebo in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD). Subjects with mild to moderate probable AD, aged 50 or older, were treated with 3 g/day of ALCAR or placebo (1 g tid) for 12 months. Four hundred thirty-one patients entered the study, and 83% completed 1 year of treatment. The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognitive component and the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale were the primary outcome measures. Overall, both ALCAR- and placebo-treated patients declined at the same rate on all primary and most secondary measures during the trial. In a subanalysis by age that compared early-onset patients (aged 65 years or younger at study entry) with late-onset patients (older than 66 at study entry), we found a trend for early-onset patients on ALCAR to decline more slowly than early-onset AD patients on placebo on both primary endpoints. In addition, early-onset patients tended to decline more rapidly than older patients in the placebo groups. Conversely, late-onset AD patients on ALCAR tended to progress more rapidly than similarly treated early-onset patients. The drug was very well tolerated during the trial. The study suggests that a subgroup of AD patients aged 65 or younger may benefit from treatment with ALCAR whereas older individuals might do more poorly. However, these preliminary findings are based on past hoc analyses. A prospective trial of ALCAR in younger patients is underway to test the hypothesis that young, rapidly progressing subjects will benefit from ALCAR treatment.
A study in developing visual systems with a new method of staining neurones and their processes in fixed tissue (1987)

Carbocyanine dyes, fluorescent lipophilic substances used for optical recordings of membrane voltage and for studies of membrane fluidity, have recently been shown to provide intense and long-lasting staining of neurones in vivo and in vitro (Schwartz & Agranoff, 1981; Honig & Hume, 1985, 1986; Catsicas, Thanos & Clarke, 1986; Landmesser & Honig, 1986; Thanos & Bonhoeffer, 1987). We report here that two of these dyes, diI (1,1',dioctadecyl-3,3,3'3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate) and diO (3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate), can also label neurones in embryonic mouse and chicken brain tissue that has been previously fixed in aldehyde fixatives. Neuronal processes and perikarya can be labelled along considerable distances in both anterograde and retrograde directions. The staining of processes and cells, including their finest extensions is smooth and clear, rivalling intracellular injections of HRP or Lucifer Yellow. The appearance and time course of progression of the staining along axons suggest that the staining in fixed tissue occurs due to a process of diffusion of dyes along the plasma membranes of cells. This technique has allowed us to study the first stages in the development of optic fibres in mouse embryos, especially at the optic chiasm. The early retinal projection (E13-E13 1/2) is mainly crossed, but some optic fibres grow to the ipsilateral side of the brain at the outset. Retrogradely labelled ganglion cells from the dorsocentral area of the retina participate in the formation of both the ipsilateral and the contralateral projection. Thus, at early stages, crossed and uncrossed projections arise from identical subregions of the retina and the partition of the retina with respect to the laterality of its projection arises later.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the production of mammalian somatic cell hybrids (1976)

Low trauma fractures are amongst the most frequently encountered problems in the clinical assessment and treatment of bones, with dramatic health consequences for individuals and high financial costs for health systems. Consequently, significant research efforts have been dedicated to the development of accurate computational models of bone biomechanics and strength. However, the estimation of the fabric tensors, which describe the microarchitecture of the bone, has proven to be challenging using in vivo imaging. On the other hand, existing research has shown that isotropic models do not produce accurate predictions of stress states within the bone, as the material properties of the trabecular bone are anisotropic. In this paper, we present the first biomechanical study that uses statistically-derived fabric tensors for the estimation of bone strength in order to obtain patient-specific results. We integrate a statistical predictive model of trabecular bone microarchitecture previously constructed from a sample of ex vivo micro-CT datasets within a biomechanical simulation workflow. We assess the accuracy and flexibility of the statistical approach by estimating fracture load for two different databases and bone sites, i.e., for the femur and the T12 vertebra. The results obtained demonstrate good agreement between the statistically-driven and micro-CT-based estimates, with concordance coefficients of 98.6 and 95.5% for the femur and vertebra datasets, respectively.
Energy characterization and optimization of image sensing toward continuous mobile vision (2013)

A major hurdle to frequently performing mobile computer vision tasks is the high power consumption of image sensing. In this work, we report the first publicly known experimental and analytical characterization of CMOS image sensors. We find that modern image sensors are not energy-proportional: energy per pixel is in fact inversely proportional to frame rate and resolution of image capture, and thus image sensor systems fail to provide an important principle of energy-aware system design: trading quality for energy efficiency. We reveal two energy-proportional mechanisms, supported by current image sensors but unused by mobile systems: (i) using an optimal clock frequency reduces the power up to 50% or 30% for low-quality single frame (photo) and sequential frame (video) capturing, respectively; (ii) by entering low-power standby mode between frames, an image sensor achieves almost constant energy per pixel for video capture at low frame rates, resulting in an additional 40% power reduction. We also propose architectural modifications to the image sensor that would further improve operational efficiency. Finally, we use computer vision benchmarks to show the performance and efficiency tradeoffs that can be achieved with existing image sensors. For image registration, a key primitive for image mosaicking and depth estimation, we can achieve a 96% success rate at 3 FPS and 0.1 MP resolution. At these quality metrics, an optimal clock frequency reduces image sensor power consumption by 36% and aggressive standby mode reduces power consumption by 95%.
O2‐05‐03: Immunotherapy targeting abnormal protein conformation (2009)

Alzheimer's disease is the most common of the conformational neurodegenerative disorders, where the pathogenesis is linked to a normal protein undergoing a shape change into a pathological conformer with a high β-sheet content. In the case of AD this involves both amyloid β and abnormally phosphorylated tau forming toxic oligomeric structures. In the case of another conformational disorder, the prion diseases, the pathogenesis is linked to a change in the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the disease associated PrPSc. Currently there is no effective therapy for any of these disorders. However, immunomodulation holds great promise. Major problems with this approach include: the potential of toxicity from neuroinflamation related to excessive cell mediated autoimmunity and the immunological targeting of both the normal and abnormal Aβ peptide. In addition, tau related pathology has not been addressed. We have developed a novel immunotherapeutic approach that may potentially overcome many of these weaknesses. We used active immunization with aggregated British amyloid (ABri) related peptides. This rare form of familial human amyloidosis is associated with a mis-sense mutation in a stop codon resulting in the production of a highly amyloidogenic protein with no sequence homology to other native human proteins. Our preliminary data indicates that mice immunized with aggregated/oligomerized preparations of ABri recognized heterologous amyloid structures including oligomeric Aβ and PrPSc. Monoclonal antibodies were derived from successfully vaccinated animals and interestingly some of them recognize oligomeric Aß but not monomeric Aβ, as well as paired helical filaments and PrPSc. ABri has no sequence homology with Aβ, tau or PrP; hence, this immune response is not amino acid sequence specific but represents a preferential targeting of the pathological protein/peptide conformations shared by Aβ, tau and PrPSc. We also show that active immunization of APP/PS1 AD Tg mice with ABri produces significant cognitive benefits. Our results suggest that it is possible to immunologically target the abnormal protein conformation that underlies the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders with minimal or no risk of inducing a deleterious autoimmune reaction. Such an approach has the potential added advantage of addressing the pathological deposition of more then one protein/peptide concurrently.
Abscisic Acid Accumulation Maintains Maize Primary Root Elongation at Low Water Potentials by Restricting Ethylene Production (2000)

Previous work showed that primary root elongation in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings at low water potentials (psi(w)) requires the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) (R.E. Sharp, Y. Wu, G.S. Voetberg, I.N. Saab, M.E. LeNoble [1994] J Exp Bot 45: 1743-1751). The objective of the present study was to determine whether the inhibition of elongation in ABA-deficient roots is attributable to ethylene. At a psi(w) of -1.6 MPa, inhibition of root elongation in dark-grown seedlings treated with fluridone to impose ABA deficiency was largely prevented with two inhibitors of ethylene synthesis (aminooxyacetic acid and aminoethoxyvinylglycine) and one inhibitor of ethylene action (silver thiosulfate). The fluridone treatment caused an increase in the rate of ethylene evolution from intact seedlings. This effect was completely prevented with aminooxyacetic acid and also when ABA was supplied at a concentration that restored the ABA content of the root elongation zone and the root elongation rate. Consistent results were obtained when ABA deficiency was imposed using the vp5 mutant. Both fluridone-treated and vp5 roots exhibited additional morphological symptoms of excess ethylene. The results demonstrate that an important role of ABA accumulation in the maintenance of root elongation at low psi(w) is to restrict ethylene production.
DIFFERENTIAL NEURAL CONTROL OF GLOMERULAR ULTRAFILTRATION (2004)

The renal nerves constrict the renal vasculature, causing decreases in renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Whether renal haemodynamics are influenced by changes in renal nerve activity within the physiological range is a matter of debate. We have identified two morphologically distinct populations of nerves within the kidney, which are differentially distributed to the renal afferent and efferent arterioles. Type I nerves almost exclusively innervate the afferent arteriole whereas type II nerves are distributed equally on the afferent and efferent arterioles. We have also demonstrated that type II nerves are immunoreactive for neuropeptide Y, whereas type I nerves are not. This led us to hypothesize that, in the kidney, distinct populations of nerves innervate specific effector tissues and that these nerves may be selectively activated, setting the basis for the differential neural control of GFR. In physiological studies, we demonstrated that differential changes in glomerular capillary pressure occurred in response to graded reflex activation of the renal nerves, compatible with our hypothesis. Thus, sympathetic outflow may be capable of selectively increasing or decreasing glomerular capillary pressure and, hence, GFR by differentially activating separate populations of renal nerves. This has important implications for our understanding of the neural control of body fluid balance in health and disease.
The role of Kupffer cells in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis of rats chronically fed with high-fat diet. (2001)

The number and activity of Kupffer cells are increased significantly in NASH induced by high-fat diet, and Kupffer cells might be involved in the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis.
Cloning and Heterologous Expression of the Phenazine Biosynthetic Locus fromPseudomonas aureofaciens30-84 (1992)

Pseudomonas aureofaciens strain 30-84 suppresses take-all disease of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Three antibiotics, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, 2-hydroxyphenazine-1-carboxylic acid, and 2-hydroxyphenazine, were responsible for disease suppression. Tn5-induced mutants deficient in production of one or more of the antibiotics (Phz-) were significantly less suppressive than the parental strain. Cosmids pLSP259 and pLSP282 from a genomic library of strain 30-84 restored phenazine production and fungal inhibition to 10 different Phz- mutants. Sequences required for production of the phenazines were localized to a segment of approximately 2.8 kilobases that was present in both cosmids. Expression of this locus in Escherichia coli required the introduction of a functional promoter, was orientation-specific, and resulted in the production of all three phenazine antibiotics. These results strongly suggest that the cloned sequences encode a major portion of the phenazine biosynthetic pathway.
Interleukin-like epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition inducer activity is controlled by proteolytic processing and plasminogen–urokinase plasminogen activator receptor system–regulated secretion during breast cancer progression (2014)

Our findings point out extracellular serine proteases, in particular plasmin, and uPAR as valuable therapeutic targets against ILEI-driven tumor progression and emphasize the prognostic relevance of ILEI localization and a combined ILEI-uPAR marker analysis in human breast cancer.
Structures of 4-hydroxyimino-4-phenylbutanoic acid, C10H11NO3 (I), and 5-hydroxyimino-5-phenylpentanoic acid, C11H13NO3 (II), at 223 K (1994)

Infinite polar chains of molecules with strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds (O-H...N and O-H...O) are observed between carboxyl and oxime groups [N...O 2.697 (1) and O...O 2.784 (1) A for (I), and 2.690 (2) and 2.744 (2) A for (II), respectively]. There are no carboxyl-carboxyl or oxime-oxime interactions
Investigating the association between polymorphism of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene and ovarian response in controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (2011)

FSH receptor polymorphism is correlated with response to ovarian stimulation.
Effects of Bay m 1099, an α-Glucosidase Inhibitor, on Starch Degradation in Germinating Mung Beans (1998)

To examine the mechanism of starch degradation in legume cotyledons and the physiological role of α-glucosidase, mung bean seeds were germinated in the presence of Bay m 1099, an α-glucosidase inhibitor. Bay m 1099 (10 μg/ml medium), which minimized the growth deterioration of the mung bean seedlings, caused no changes in the overall rate of starch degradation and of soluble carbohydrate production in the cotyledons, although α-glucosidase activity had been completely suppressed. Total amylase and phosphorylase activities were not influenced by Bay m 1099. These results suggest that the mung bean α-glucosidase is less responsible for starch degradation, unlike wheat α-glucosidase [Konishi et al., Biosci. Biotech. Biochem., 58, 135-139 (1994)].
Ultrafast Exciton Dynamics and Two‐Photon Pumped Lasing from ZnSe Nanowires (2013)

The carrier recombination dynamics in ZnSe nanowires (NWs) remain poorly understood despite more than a decade of research since their inception in 2001. Herein, through a comprehensive pump fluence‐ and temperature‐dependent two‐photon excitation (TPE) study, a clear picture of the carrier relaxation pathways, intrinsic lifetimes, exciton oscillator strengths, and exciton‐phonon interactions is presented for this NW system. Contrary to a common perception that the higher pump intensities needed to achieve two‐photon‐excited photoluminescence correspond to a higher exciton density threshold ( n th ) for two‐photon pumped lasing, it is found that a much lower n th is needed to achieve lasing with TPE compared to single‐photon excitation (SPE) of the same ZnSe NWs. This measurement is further supported by the greatly enhanced lasing action photostability characteristics of the ZnSe NWs under TPE. These findings have significant implications on the design and the tailoring of the optoelectronic properties of nanowire lasers.
A Multicenter Study: North American Islet Donor Score in Donor Pancreas Selection for Human Islet Isolation for Transplantation (2016)

Selection of an optimal donor pancreas is the first key task for successful islet isolation. We conducted a retrospective multicenter study in 11 centers in North America to develop an islet donor scoring system using donor variables. The data set consisting of 1,056 deceased donors was used for development of a scoring system to predict islet isolation success (defined as postpurification islet yield >400,000 islet equivalents). With the aid of univariate logistic regression analyses, we developed the North American Islet Donor Score (NAIDS) ranging from 0 to 100 points. The c index in the development cohort was 0.73 (95% confidence interval 0.70-0.76). The success rate increased proportionally as the NAIDS increased, from 6.8% success in the NAIDS < 50 points to 53.7% success in the NAIDS ≥ 80 points. We further validated the NAIDS using a separate set of data consisting of 179 islet isolations. A comparable outcome of the NAIDS was observed in the validation cohort. The NAIDS may be a useful tool for donor pancreas selection in clinical practice. Apart from its utility in clinical decision making, the NAIDS may also be used in a research setting as a standardized measurement of pancreas quality.
INHERITANCE OF CYCLIC HYDROXAMATES IN Zea mays L. (1981)

Hydroxamic acids have been implicated in the resistance of corn (Zea mays L.) to both fungi and insects. In this study, five selected crosses were used among the four inbreds BxBx, bxbx, B49 and B37 to study inheritance of hydroxamates. Hydroxamate concentration in the parental, F 1 , F 2 and backcross generations for each cross was estimated by a rapid procedure based upon the colorimetric reaction of hydroxamates with FeCl 3 . Components of variance and estimates of heritability were obtained by the procedures of Warner (1952). F 2 and backcross data indicated that concentration of hydroxamates is controlled monogenically in the cross bxbx × BxBx and polygenically in the crosses bxbx × B49 and bxbx × B37. Estimates of gene number using the Castle-Wright formula indicated that hydroxamate concentration is conditioned in B49 and B37 by five and two loci, respectively. The addition of BxBx to either B49 or B37 increased the frequency of genotypes in F 2 with a high concentration of hydroxamates. Additive genetic variance was the most important component of the phenotypic variance and resulted in estimates of heritability from 0.64 to 0.79. However, the dominance component of variance was considerably higher for crosses involving BxBx than for the crosses bxbx × B49 and bxbx × B37.
Cloning of a novel tumor necrosis factor-α-inducible primary response gene that is differentially expressed in development and capillary tube-like formation in vitro (1992)

TNF is a proinflammatory cytokine that has pleiotropic effects on cells and tissues, mediated in large part by alterations in target tissue gene expression. We have used the technique of differential hybridization to identify several primary response genes induced by TNF in human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVE) cells, a cell type that is profoundly activated by cytokine treatment. One of these cDNA, designated B94, detects a rapidly and transiently induced 4-kb transcript in TNF-treated HUVE cells, and this transcript is superinduced in the concomitant presence of cycloheximide. Other proinflammatory stimuli including IL-1 beta and LPS are also able to induce B94 mRNA expression. Nuclear run-on experiments demonstrate that TNF induction of B94 transcript occurs primarily at the level of transcriptional activation. Further, B94 is shown to be a single copy gene that is evolutionarily conserved. The gene is localized to the q32 region of chromosome 14, a region that is often rearranged in lymphoid neoplasms. B94 transcript expression is also found to be regulated during mouse development and in an in vitro model of endothelial capillary tube formation. Developmental regulation occurs most prominently in mouse embryonic liver and kidney, and a second smaller form of B94 transcript is detected in the placenta and testes. B94 and other TNF-responsive transcripts are also induced during capillary tube formation suggesting overlap between genes induced by TNF and those induced during angiogenesis. Sequence analysis of the B94 cDNA reveals an open reading frame encoding a 73-kDa polypeptide that has no homology to any known protein. Polyclonal antisera directed against the carboxyl-terminal portion of the B94 protein immunoprecipitates a protein of the predicted molecular mass both from COS cells transfected with a B94 expression vector and from TNF-treated HUVE cells.
Estimation of the Critical Current Density From the Measured Values of Perpendicular Magnetization Losses in HTS Coated Conductors (2011)

Stacking of conductors for large current capacity and striation for low loss are needed in large scale power applications of HTS superconductor. It, however, was difficult to measure superconducting properties of the HTS coated conductor non-destructively. Instead of direct measurement of the critical current of HTS coated conductor, indirect estimation from the measured magnetization loss can be used for the practical estimation of the critical current. The magnetization loss of a superconductor can be affected by the full penetrating magnetic field, and it tends to show an inflection point at the full penetrating magnetic field in the plot of magnetization loss vs. external magnetic field. The full penetrating magnetic field depends on the shape of the conductor and its critical current density, and so the effective critical current density can be estimated from the measured magnetization loss. In this paper, to prove the effectiveness of this indirect estimation of the critical current, we measured the perpendicular magnetization losses in short samples of 2G HTS coated conductors with different shapes which includes striated coated conductors were measured, and the estimated critical current densities were compared with those directly measured.