gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anin situ study of plasticization of polymers by high-pressure gases (1998)

A high-pressure differential scanning calorimetric technique is described for studying polymer plasticization by compressed gases at pressures to 100 atm. The in situ measurements avoid problems due to gas desorption encountered with conventional DSCs, thus providing an accurate way to determine the change in glass transition temperature, Tg, with pressure, p. The entire Tg–p curve can be established in less than 2 days. The glass transition was observed as a sharp step in the case of 100–200-μm thin samples, whereas thicker samples gave a broad transition; highly reproducible results were obtained for the thin samples. For PS–CO2, the measured Tgs under various pressures were found to be in good agreement with literature values. Results for the systems PS–HFC134a, PVC–CO2, and PC–CO2 are also reported. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 977–982, 1998
Natural killer cell stimulatory factor (interleukin 12 [IL-12]) induces T helper type 1 (Th1)-specific immune responses and inhibits the development of IL-4-producing Th cells. (1993)

The effects exerted on the in vitro development of antigen-specific T cell lines and T cell clones by addition or neutralization of interleukin 12 (IL-12) in lymphocyte bulk culture were examined. T cell lines specific for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group I (Der p I) derived in the presence of IL-12 exhibited reduced ability to produce IL-4 and increased ability to produce interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and developed into Der p I-specific CD4+ T cell clones showing a T helper type 0 (Th0)- or Th1-, instead of Th2-, like cytokine profile. In contrast, purified protein derivative (PPD)-specific T cell lines derived in the presence of anti-IL-12 antibody exhibited an increased ability to produce IL-4 and developed into PPD-specific CD4+ T cell clones showing a Th0-, instead of Th1-, like profile. The influence of IL-12 on the cytokine secretion profile of Der p I-specific T cell lines was not prevented by addition to lymphocyte bulk cultures of anti-IFN-gamma antibody, but could be at least partially inhibited by the removal from bulk cultures of CD16+ cells. Thus, IL-12 and CD16+ cells appear to have inhibitory effects on the development of IL-4-producing cells and to play an inductive role in promoting Th1-like responses.
The Complexity of Structures Involved in T-Cell Activation (1983)

Whereas the discussion of epitope-antigen structure relating to B cells would not be very different from a similar consideration a decade ago, the nature of T-cell recognition and activation by encompasses a completely altered area of concern. Within the past 10 years, concepts of restriction to major histocompatibility-complex MHC molecules and in­ volvement of T cells in idiotypic interactions have revolutionized the view of the that activates the T cells. In this article we use a special definition for the term antigen structure, which includes all elements shown to be recognized by the diversity ofT-cell subpopulations: epitopes (from the nominal antigen), idiotopes (on secreted Ig or on other cell surfaces), and at least two types of MHC determinants, which will be defined later. We do not undertake a review of the basis and evidence for MHC restric­ tion, or T-cell idiotypic interactions: earlier excellent reviews on the former (57, 139, 148, 186) and latter (47,82,83, 175) exist, together with several in the present volume. Our focus is confined to current information describ­ ing the complexity of structures involved in T-cell activation.
Utility of Motor-Speed Measurements in Pumping-Well Analysis and Control (1987)

Summary This paper describes how motor speed can be used to deduce operating conditions in rod-pumped wells. Through the use of motor performance data, speed can be used to infer gearbox torque, unit balance, motor load, qualitative dynamometer cards, and power consumption. Pumpoff control and continuous monitoring are also applications of the methods discussed.
Synthesis and stability study of dental monomers containing methacrylamidoethyl phosphonic acids (2006)

Abstract Three new dental monomers containing methacrylamidoethyl phosphonic acids were synthesized. The structures of the synthesized monomers were determined with electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS), Fourier transform infrared, and NMR. The hydrolytic stabilities of the synthesized monomers and a commercial monomer, 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphoric acid (MEP; used as a control), were studied with flow injection (FI)/ESMS, 1 H NMR, and 31 P NMR analysis of a CD 3 OD/D 2 O (4:1 v/v) solution of each monomer before and after storage at 60 °C for 2 months. The 1 H NMR and 31 P NMR chemical shifts of the monomers 2‐methacrylamidoethylphosphonic acid ( I ) and N,N ′‐[4,4′‐(propane‐2,2‐diyl)‐bis(phenoxy‐2‐hydroxypropyl)]‐bis(2‐methacrylamidoethylphosphonic acid) ( II ) showed little change after storage at 60 °C for 2 months, but those of MEP changed significantly. FI/ESMS also showed that MEP was nearly completely decomposed, whereas monomers I and II remained largely intact. MEP could react with H 2 ZrF 6 to form ternary zirconium fluoride complexes that were partially soluble in methanol, but all the monomers containing phosphonic acids formed precipitates. This study demonstrates that ESMS is a more sensitive and effective method than NMR for studying the hydrolytic stability or degradation of dental monomers. The new monomers containing methacrylamidoethyl phosphonic acids have higher hydrolytic stability than methacrylate phosphate monomers and may be used in dental bonding agents and other dental materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 99–110, 2007
Lack of Neu5Gc Expression Contributes to the Severity of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in Humans (2011)

Muscular dystrophies are a hereditary diseases characterized by progressive degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibers. Duchenne muscle dystrophy (DMD), the most common type of muscular dystrophy, causes severe and rapidly progressive muscle wasting leading to early death. The disease is usually diagnosed when children are quite young (2-5 years of age) as they exhibit a waddling gait and have frequent falls. Because the mutation that causes DMD is X-linked and recessive, its symptoms appear almost exclusively in boys, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 3000-5000 births. Patients typically require a wheelchair by age 10-12 due to lack of ambulation and die from cardiac or respiratory failure in their 20s. Although the protein that is mutated in DMD, dystrophin, was identified more than 20 years ago, no cure for DMD is available. However, advances in medical technology have prolonged the life expectancy for patients with DMD by 5-10 years.
Long-term telemetric measurement of cardiovascular parameters in awake mice: a physiological genomics tool (2001)

The recent miniaturization of implantable radiotelemetric devices offers the possibility of an accurate, reliable, and simple phenotyping tool for long-term, hands-off measurement of blood pressure in unrestrained, untethered mice; however, use has been limited because of high morbidity and mortality in all but larger-than-average mice. Also, because the device was developed for abdominal aorta implantation at the renal artery level, its use has not been feasible in studies where infrarenal blood flow is critical, i.e., in pregnant mice. We provide details of a very successful alternative approach for implanting radiotelemeters in mice, whereby thoracic aortic implantation of the pressure-sensing catheter is combined with subcutaneous placement of the transmitter body along the right flank. We used female C57/BL6 (C57) or BPH/5 mice, a strain derived from the cross of inbred hypertensive and hypotensive mouse strains. We show that this is a reliable procedure for providing high-fidelity mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) recordings for 50-60 days in mice weighing 22 g on average but as small as 17 g. No morbidity or mortality was observed in either strain using this procedure. Importantly, neither strain fully recovered from anesthesia and surgery, as indicated by a return of normal circadian rhythms, until 5-7 days postsurgery. This was also reflected in significantly elevated baseline MAP and HR levels in both strains during this recovery period. Moreover, strain-related differences in relative increases in MAP during the first 5 days of recovery masked the significant elevation in BPH/5 baseline MAP (vs. C57) observed in fully recovered mice. This suggests that methods must allow at least 5-7 days recovery from surgery to provide accurate cardiovascular (CV) phenotyping in mice. Finally, we show that CV parameters can be monitored continuously before, during, and after pregnancy in mice using this alternative implantation approach. The device did not interfere with conception, gestation, delivery, or postnatal care of pups. These results demonstrate the feasibility of stress-free, long-term monitoring of CV parameters in pregnant or nonpregnant mice of typical size and offer exciting possibilities for application in CV functional genomic research.
Associating retinal drug exposure and retention with the ocular toxicity profiles of Hsp90 inhibitors. (2012)

3086 Background: In clinical trials certain Hsp90 inhibitors, including AUY922, SNX-5422, and 17-DMAG have caused visual symptoms suggesting retinal dysfunction; others, including ganetespib and 17-AAG, have not. Previous animal toxicology experiments have suggested that retinal changes may be linked to photoreceptor degeneration or cell death. Here histopathologic changes and/or exposure profiles of Hsp90 inhibitors with or without clinical reports of ocular toxicity were evaluated to understand the observed differences in toxicity profile between agents in this class. Methods: We reviewed visual symptoms among subjects administered ganetespib, a potent Hsp90 inhibitor currently in phase II trials; evaluated retinal morphology in rats and cyno monkeys given ganetespib; and compared TUNEL-positive photoreceptors and drug exposure profiles in the retina of rats treated with AUY922, 17-DMAG, and 17-AAG. Studies of ganetespib’s retinal pharmacokinetics and photoreceptor toxicity in rats are ongoing. Results: AUY922 and 17-DMAG induce visual disorders in the clinic. Both drugs induced marked photoreceptor cell death (increased TUNEL-positive cells) in rats with a high retina/plasma (R/P) exposure ratio, and a slow elimination rate (at 6 h post-dose, over 54% of AUY922 present at 30 min remained in the retina). In contrast, and consistent with an absence of clinical visual changes, 17-AAG at the maximum tolerated dose did not elicit photoreceptor injury. Further, retinal elimination was rapid (at 6 h post-dose, 94% of 17-AAG had been eliminated from the retina, resulting in a low R/P ratio). Ganetespib given by 1‑hour IV infusion on days 1 and 15 of four 21-day cycles did not cause histopathological changes in the retina of rats or cynos. This finding is consistent with very low rate (~3%) of drug-related visual symptoms observed among over 300 subjects to date that received ganetespib in the clinic. Conclusions: Unlike AUY922 and 17-DMAG, ganetespib is not associated with ocular toxicity in humans, primates, or rodents. The findings suggest that Hsp90 inhibitors may elicit visual disorders when associated with high retina/plasma exposure ratio and lower retinal elimination rate.
Adenovirus-vectored vaccines (2008)

Human adenovirus-vectored vaccines have important limitations that stem from their immunogenicity and restrict their utility. This has spurred intensive efforts to find alternative adenovirus vectors and strategies, each with its own advantages and shortcomings.
Cell-cell adhesion mediated by a receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase (1993)

Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatases (receptor-PTPs) represent a novel family of transmembrane proteins that are thought to play important roles in cellular regulation. They consist of a cytoplasmic catalytic region, a single transmembrane segment and an extracellular, putative ligand-binding domain, but the nature of their physiological ligands is unknown. We have recently cloned a new receptor-PTP (RPTP mu), the ectodomain of which includes an Ig-like and four fibronectin type III-like domains, suggesting that RPTP mu may be involved in cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions. To test this hypothesis, we expressed RPTP mu in insect Sf9 cells using recombinant baculovirus. We demonstrate that RPTP mu dramatically promotes cell-to-cell adhesion in a homophilic, Ca(2+)-independent manner. No adhesion is observed in Sf9 cells expressing a chimeric RPTP mu molecule containing the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Furthermore, cells expressing an enzymatically inactive, point-mutated RPTP mu or a truncated form of RPTP mu, lacking the entire catalytic region, show adhesive properties indistinguishable from those of wild-type RPTP mu, indicating that the catalytic domain is not essential for RPTP mu-mediated adhesion. These results assign a physiological role for RPTP mu in signaling cell-cell recognition.
Polyfluorene Homopolymers: Conjugated Liquid-Crystalline Polymers for Bright Blue Emission and Polarized Electroluminescence (2001)

Since the first report on blue electroluminescence from a soluble poly(9,9-di-alkylfluorene), fluorene-based homo- and copolymers have evolved as a major class of polymeric emitters for highly efficient organic light-emitting diodes. This Review is concerned with the particular properties of soluble derivatives of polyfluorene homopolymers with respect to emission properties, control of color stability and efficiency in electroluminescence, alignment in thin layers and polarized emission. A major point of discussion is the origin of unwanted emission contributions in the photoluminescence and electroluminescence spectra of solid layers as well as concepts to avoid these contributions in order to ensure stable device performance. Further, the alignment of polyfluorenes and their use in polarized light-emitting diodes is addressed.
Engineering a Homo-Ethanol Pathway in Escherichia coli : Increased Glycolytic Flux and Levels of Expression of Glycolytic Genes during Xylose Fermentation (2001)

Replacement of the native fermentation pathway in Escherichia coli B with a homo-ethanol pathway from Zymomonas mobilis (pdc and adhB genes) resulted in a 30 to 50% increase in growth rate and glycolytic flux during the anaerobic fermentation of xylose. Gene array analysis was used as a tool to investigate differences in expression levels for the 30 genes involved in xylose catabolism in the parent (strain B) and the engineered strain (KO11). Of the 4,290 total open reading frames, only 8% were expressed at a significantly higher level in KO11 (P < 0.05). In contrast, over half of the 30 genes involved in the catabolism of xylose to pyruvate were expressed at 1.5-fold- to 8-fold-higher levels in KO11. For 14 of the 30 genes, higher expression was statistically significant at the 95% confidence level (xylAB, xylE, xylFG, xylR, rpiA, rpiB, pfkA, fbaA, tpiA, gapA, pgk, and pykA) during active fermentation (6, 12, and 24 h). Values at single time points for only four of these genes (eno, fbaA, fbaB, and talA) were higher in strain B than in KO11. The relationship between changes in mRNA (cDNA) levels and changes in specific activities was verified for two genes (xylA and xylB) with good agreement. In KO11, expression levels and activities were threefold higher than in strain B for xylose isomerase (xylA) and twofold higher for xylulokinase (xylB). Increased expression of genes involved in xylose catabolism is proposed as the basis for the increase in growth rate and glycolytic flux in ethanologenic KO11.
[Application of tumor marker for immunotargeting therapy of cancer]. (1996)

For many years, attempts have been made to utilize the monoclonal antibody against tumor markers for diagnostic purposes. On the other hand, studies with various form of immunoconjugate have demonstrated some therapeutic promise. In this paper, the ideal tumor marker for immunotargeting therapy will be discussed. Results of clinical trials of radioimmunoconjugates, immunotoxin and chemoimmunoconjugates will be reviewed and prospects of these new approaches for the treatment of cancer patients will be presented.
The application of program verification techniques to hardware verification (1979)

The growing complexity of machine designs and costs of engineering changes are increasing the demand for tools and methods to detect errors earlier in the hardware development cycle. Because of similar concerns in the development of software there has been a great deal of work on methods for proving that a program satisfies a given specification. This paper examines one such program verification technique, based on the notion of symbolic execution, and then explores its application to the problem of establishing the correct behavior of a piece of hardware.
Ontogeny-related changes in proliferative potential of human hematopoietic cells. (1993)

Blood cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells that are located at different sites during ontogeny. Production of human stem cells and their progeny in culture is expected to have important implications for experimental therapeutic strategies involving gene transfer and transplantation. Here we report striking differences between primitive hematopoietic cells purified from adult bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and fetal liver in cytokine-supplemented, serum-free cultures. In such cultures both the fraction of responding cells and their ability to produce CD34+ progenitor cells decreased markedly with the age of the cell donor. These results document extensive, ontogeny-related functional differences between primitive hematopoietic cells.
Rat tau proteome consists of six tau isoforms: implication for animal models of human tauopathies (2009)

Human brain encompasses six tau isoforms, containing either three (3R) or four (4R) repeat domains, all of which participate in the pathogenesis of human tauopathies. To investigate the role of tau protein in the disease, transgenic rat models have been created. However, unlike humans, it has been suggested that rat brain expresses only three 4R tau isoforms. Because of the significance of the number of tau isoforms for faithful reproducibility of neurofibrillary pathology in transgenic rat models, we reopened this issue. Surprisingly, our results showed that adult rat brain contains six tau isoforms like humans. Protein expression of 4R tau isoforms was ninefold higher than 3R isoforms. Furthermore, the protein levels of tau isoforms with none, one or two N-terminal inserts were 30%, 35%, and 35% of total tau, respectively. Moreover, amount and ratio of tau isoforms were developmentally regulated. The levels of 4R tau isoforms progressively increased from early postnatal period until adulthood, whereas the expression of 3R tau isoforms reached maximum at P10 and then gradually declined. Our results show that rat brain encompasses full tau proteome similar to humans. These findings support the use of rat as an animal model in human tauopathies research.
The role of VLSI in multimedia (1994)

The opportunity to develop multimedia applications based on compressed video is the result of progress in three areas: standards, networking, and VLSI. Current video coding standards and their underlying algorithms use a variety of techniques to isolate and remove redundancies in the image sequence. Some of these techniques place severe demands on the underlying VLSI technology. Manufacturers of VLSI codecs have chosen a number of different architectural approaches. The advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed in the context of various applications with examples taken from existing or soon to be announced products. The AT&T AVP4000 chip set is described in some detail. Major design challenges included CAD tools for simulation and verification, packaging and the control of power dissipation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Obstructive sleep apnea related to rapid-eye-movement or non-rapid-eye-movement sleep: comparison of demographic, anthropometric, and polysomnographic features (2016)

We found that the severity of NREM-related OSA was associated mainly with s-AHI. Our findings suggest that the s-AHI has a more significant effect on the severity of OSA than does the AHI-REM. When interpreting OSA severity and choosing among treatment modalities, physicians should take into consideration the sleep stage and the sleep posture.
Personalized TMS: role of RNA genotyping (2019)

Historically, mental illnesses have been arguably some of the most challenging disorders to study and to treat because of the degree of biological variability across affected individuals, the role of genetic and epigenetic modifications, the diversity of clinical symptomatology and presentations and the interplay with environmental factors. In lieu of these challenges, there has been a push for personalized medicine in psychiatry that aims to optimize treatment response based on one's unique characteristics.
Stability of photocurable anhydrides: Methacrylic acid mixed anhydrides of nontoxic diacids (2001)

Abstract Disproportionation of the liquid mixed anhydride dimethacrylic sebacic anhydride (m‐SA) to methacrylic anhydride and polyanhydride oligomers, as well as vinylic polymerization, can occur on workup and storage at room temperature. Dimethacrylic 1,3‐bis( p ‐carboxyphenoxy) propane, being a solid, can also disproportionate, but the propensity to do so is lower than for m‐SA. These events can be suppressed with free‐radical inhibitors, and the inhibitor 2+3‐ t ‐butyl‐4‐methoxyphenol is a more effective stabilizer than 4‐methoxyphenol at 20 °C. © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 4189–4195, 2001
Adjustable Robotic Tendon Using a 'Jack Spring' (2005)

An adjustable robotic tendon is a spring based linear actuator in which the properties of a spring are crucial to its successful use in a gait assistance device. Like its human analog, the adjustable robotic tendon uses its inherent elastic nature to both reduce peak power and energy requirements for its motor. In the ideal example, peak power required of the motor for ankle gait is reduced from 250 W to just 81 W. In addition, ideal energy requirements are reduced from nearly 36 Joules to just 25 Joules per step. Using this approach, an initial prototype is expected to provide 100% of the power and energy necessary for ankle gait in a compact 0.84 kg package. This weight is 8 times less than that predicted for an equivalent direct drive approach.
Electrophoretic Codeposition of La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3−δ and Carbon Nanotubes for Developing Composite Cathodes for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (2009)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.8 Fe 0.2 O 3−δ (LSCF) composite films have been fabricated by electrophoretic codeposition on Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95 (CGO) substrates. CNTs are used as a sacrificial phase to produce ordered porous LSCF cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells. The synthesis of LSCF powder by a modified sol–gel route is presented. The possible mechanism of formation of CNT/LSCF composite nanoparticles in suspension is discussed. Moreover the optimal suspension composition and the conditions for achieving successful electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of CNTs/LSCF composite nanoparticles were evaluated. Experimental results showed that the CNTs were homogeneously distributed and mixed with LSCF nanoparticles forming a mesh‐like structure, which resulted in a highly porous LSCF film when the CNTs were burned out during heat treatment in air at 800°C for 2 h. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were employed to characterize the microstructure of the precursors and of the composite films.