gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nutrient potential and capacity. III. Minimum value of potassium potential for availability to Trifolium subterraneum in soil and in solution culture (1967)

Plants of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were grown in a range of soils until the supplies of potassium were exhausted. The potassium potential of each soil was then measured by determining the free energy of exchange of potassium for calcium plus magnesium. In soils of very high buffering capacity the potassium potential of the exhausted soil was about –6000 cal/equiv. In soils of lower buffering capacity the potential of the exhausted soil was higher but this may have been an artefact due to release of potassium from fine root material left in the soil at harvest. Subterranean clover plants were also grown in large volumes of well-stirred nutrient solutions which were held at a range of potassium concentrations. Again it was found that the plants were unable to take up potassium when the potassium potential was about –6000 cal/equiv. It is suggested that the potentials were similar because diffusion gradients were negligible in the exhausted soil and also in the swiftly flowing solutions. At potentials above –6000 cal/equiv. availability of potassium appeared to be greater in the solution cultures than in soils. It is suggested that this occurred because, in soils, the uptake of potassium causes the potential at the plant root to be lower than in the bulk of the soil.
Identification of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) as a phosphorylation target by Pim‐1 kinase and the effect of phosphorylation on the transcriptional repression function of HP11 (2000)

Pim-1, a protooncogene product, is a serine/threonine kinase and is thought to play a role in signal transduction in blood cells. Few phosphorylated target proteins for Pim-1, however, have been identified. In the present study, two-hybrid screening to clone cDNAs encoding proteins binding to Pim-1 was carried out, and a cDNA for heterochromatin protein 1gamma (HP1gamma) was obtained. Binding assays both in yeast and in vitro pull-down using the purified HP1gamma and Pim-1 expressed in Escherichia coli showed that Pim-1 directly bound to the chromo shadow domain of HP1gamma. HP1gamma was also associated with Pim-1 in human HeLa cells and the serine clusters located at the center of HP1gamma were phosphorylated by Pim-1 in vitro. Furthermore, a transcription repression activity of HP1gamma was further stimulated by the deletion of the serine clusters targeted by Pim-1. These results suggest that Pim-1 affects the structure or silencing of chromatin by phosphorylating HP1.
Porcine CTLA4-Ig Lacks a MYPPPY Motif, Binds Inefficiently to Human B7 and Specifically Suppresses Human CD4+ T Cell Responses Costimulated by Pig But Not Human B7 (2000)

The CTLA4 receptor (CD152) on activated T lymphocytes binds B7 molecules (CD80 and CD86) on APC and delivers a signal that inhibits T cell proliferation. Several regions involved in binding to B7 are known, but the relative importance of these is not clear. We have cloned porcine CTLA4 (pCTLA4). Although highly homologous to human CTLA4 (hCTLA4), the predicted protein sequence contains a leucine for methionine substitution at position 97 in the MYPPPY sequence. A fusion protein constructed from the extracellular regions of pCTLA4 and the constant regions of human IgG1 (pCTLA4-Ig) bound porcine CD86 with equivalent affinity to that of hCTLA4-Ig. However, pCTLA4-Ig bound poorly to human CD80 and CD86 expressed on transfectants and EBV-transformed human B cells. In functional assays with MHC class II-expressing porcine endothelial cells and human B cells, pCTLA4-Ig blocked human CD4+ T cell responses to pig but not human cells, whereas control hCTLA4-Ig inhibited responses to both. Comparison between mouse, human, and porcine CTLA4-Ig suggests that the selective binding of pCTLA4-Ig to porcine CD86 molecules is due to the L for M substitution at position 97. Our results indicate that pCTLA4-Ig may be a useful reagent to define the precise nature of the interaction between B7 and CTLA4. By failing to inhibit the delivery of costimulatory signals provided by human B7, it may also prove to be a relatively specific inhibitor of the direct human T cell response to immunogenic pig tissue.
The Complete Genome Sequence of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’, the Bacterium Associated with Potato Zebra Chip Disease (2011)

Zebra Chip (ZC) is an emerging plant disease that causes aboveground decline of potato shoots and generally results in unusable tubers. This disease has led to multi-million dollar losses for growers in the central and western United States over the past decade and impacts the livelihood of potato farmers in Mexico and New Zealand. ZC is associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum', a fastidious alpha-proteobacterium that is transmitted by a phloem-feeding psyllid vector, Bactericera cockerelli Sulc. Research on this disease has been hampered by a lack of robust culture methods and paucity of genome sequence information for 'Ca. L. solanacearum'. Here we present the sequence of the 1.26 Mbp metagenome of 'Ca. L. solanacearum', based on DNA isolated from potato psyllids. The coding inventory of the 'Ca. L. solanacearum' genome was analyzed and compared to related Rhizobiaceae to better understand 'Ca. L. solanacearum' physiology and identify potential targets to develop improved treatment strategies. This analysis revealed a number of unique transporters and pathways, all potentially contributing to ZC pathogenesis. Some of these factors may have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Taxonomically, 'Ca. L. solanacearum' is related to 'Ca. L. asiaticus', a suspected causative agent of citrus huanglongbing, yet many genome rearrangements and several gene gains/losses are evident when comparing these two Liberibacter. species. Relative to 'Ca. L. asiaticus', 'Ca. L. solanacearum' probably has reduced capacity for nucleic acid modification, increased amino acid and vitamin biosynthesis functionalities, and gained a high-affinity iron transport system characteristic of several pathogenic microbes.
Analysis of tyrosine kinase mRNAs including four FGF receptor mRNAs expressed in MCF‐7 breast‐cancer cells (1992)

The MCF-7 cell line is a hormone-responsive human breast-cancer cell line, which has been extensively used in studies of estrogen regulation of cell growth. These studies have indicated that the growth stimulation of the MCF-7 cells by estrogens may be effected by an autocrine mechanism involving several growth factors, such as EGF, TGF alpha and IGF-I and their receptors. We have amplified and cloned tyrosine-kinase-related sequences from the MCF-7 cell mRNA using the polymerase chain reaction and characterized the partial cDNAs obtained by nucleic acid sequencing. Nine tyrosine kinase cDNAs and one serine/threonine kinase cDNA were identified among the amplified sequences. Four different tyrosine kinase genes encoding receptors for fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) were found to be expressed by the MCF-7 cells. In addition, differences were observed in the expression of these members of FGF receptor family in different breast-cancer cells. A putative tyrosine-kinase receptor and a novel serine/threonine kinase were preferentially expressed in estrogen-responsive tumor cell lines. However, no estrogen-dependent regulation of any of the novel tyrosine-kinase receptor mRNAs was found in any of the cell lines including the MCF-7 or ZR-75-I cells, where the expression of the neu proto-oncogene mRNA was decreased during estrogen treatment. The expression of several FGF receptors by breast-cancer cells suggests that FGFs may be involved in their growth regulation and tumorigenesis.
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of a Highly PolymorphicCryptosporidium parvumGene Encoding a 60-Kilodalton Glycoprotein and Characterization of Its 15- and 45-Kilodalton Zoite Surface Antigen Products (2000)

The apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum is a major cause of serious diarrheal disease in both humans and animals. No efficacious chemo- or immunotherapies have been identified for cryptosporidiosis, but certain antibodies directed against zoite surface antigens and/or proteins shed by gliding zoites have been shown to neutralize infectivity in vitro and/or to passively protect against, or ameliorate, disease in vivo. We previously used monoclonal antibody 11A5 to identify a 15-kDa surface glycoprotein that was shed behind motile sporozoites and was recognized by several lectins that neutralized parasite infectivity for cultured epithelial cells. Here we report the cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding this 11A5 antigen. Surprisingly, the gene encoded a 330-amino-acid, mucin-like glycoprotein that was predicted to contain an N-terminal signal peptide, a homopolymeric tract of serine residues, 36 sites of O-linked glycosylation, and a hydrophobic C-terminal peptide specifying attachment of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The single-copy gene lacked introns and was expressed during merogony to produce a 60-kDa precursor which was proteolytically cleaved to 15- and 45-kDa glycoprotein products that both localized to the surface of sporozoites and merozoites. The gp15/45/60 gene displayed a very high degree of sequence diversity among C. parvum isolates, and the numerous single-nucleotide and single-amino-acid polymorphisms defined five to six allelic classes, each characterized by additional intra-allelic sequence variation. The gp15/45/60 single-nucleotide polymorphisms will prove useful for haplotyping and fingerprinting isolates and for establishing meaningful relationships between C. parvum genotype and phenotype.
Mode Coupling in Few-Mode Fibers Induced by Mechanical Stress (2015)

We investigate mode coupling in few-mode fibers induced by homogeneously and periodically applied mechanical stress. To view the power transfer between individual modes, a modal decomposition is performed at the end of the fiber using computer-generated holograms. Coupling between polarization and angular degenerated modes as well as between non-degenerated modes is confirmed experimentally and coupling parameters are inferred. The presented studies pave the way to detailed investigations of mode coupling in mode-multiplexed telecommunication systems and high-power high beam quality fiber lasers.
The Inhibitory Effect of Disodium Cromoglycate on the Growth of Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae in Vitro (2006)

Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae is associated with asthma and several other respiratory illnesses. Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) is known to inhibit both immediate and late asthmatic responses. In this study, the inhibitory effect of DSCG on the growth of C. pneumoniae was examined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and pre-inoculation minimal cidal concentration (MCC) assays using HL cells and C. pneumoniae AR-39. DSCG below the clinically relevant concentration inhibited the growth of C. pneumoniae in a dose-dependent manner in both the MCC and MIC assays. The inhibitory effect was also time-dependent in the MCC assay at 20 mg/ml of DSCG. These results warrant further clinical study on the connection between C. pneumoniae infections and use of DSCG.
Extended storage of platelets in SSP+ platelet additive solution (2006)

The results suggest that SSP+ could be used for platelet storage for up to 9 days. However, the preparation of platelets in the additive requires some optimization. In vivo studies are required to confirm these in vitro results.
RBR E3 ubiquitin ligases: new structures, new insights, new questions (2014)

The RBR (RING-BetweenRING-RING) or TRIAD [two RING fingers and a DRIL (double RING finger linked)] E3 ubiquitin ligases comprise a group of 12 complex multidomain enzymes. This unique family of E3 ligases includes parkin, whose dysfunction is linked to the pathogenesis of early-onset Parkinson's disease, and HOIP (HOIL-1-interacting protein) and HOIL-1 (haem-oxidized IRP2 ubiquitin ligase 1), members of the LUBAC (linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex). The RBR E3 ligases share common features with both the larger RING and HECT (homologous with E6-associated protein C-terminus) E3 ligase families, directly catalysing ubiquitin transfer from an intrinsic catalytic cysteine housed in the C-terminal domain, as well as recruiting thioester-bound E2 enzymes via a RING domain. Recent three-dimensional structures and biochemical findings of the RBRs have revealed novel protein domain folds not previously envisioned and some surprising modes of regulation that have raised many questions. This has required renaming two of the domains in the RBR E3 ligases to more accurately reflect their structures and functions: the C-terminal Rcat (required-for-catalysis) domain, essential for catalytic activity, and a central BRcat (benign-catalytic) domain that adopts the same fold as the Rcat, but lacks a catalytic cysteine residue and ubiquitination activity. The present review discusses how three-dimensional structures of RBR (RING1-BRcat-Rcat) E3 ligases have provided new insights into our understanding of the biochemical mechanisms of these important enzymes in ubiquitin biology.
Surface rheological properties of hyaluronic acid solutions (1985)

Using an oscillating ring surface rheometer, surface shear rheological studies of hyaluronic acid solutions at physiological pH have demonstrated the elastico-viscous nature of the surface films. The properties of these surface films change with time and are shown to be related to bulk concentration, ionic strength and pH. This ageing behaviour can be explained on the basis of molecular conformational changes and molecular segmental kinetics. The results are discussed in relation to the postulated function of hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid.
Phase I study of the humanised anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody matuzumab (EMD 72000) combined with gemcitabine in advanced pancreatic cancer (2006)

The humanised anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody matuzumab (formerly EMD 72000) is active against pancreatic cancer in preclinical studies. This phase I study assessed the safety and potential benefit of combined treatment with matuzumab and standard-dose gemcitabine. Three groups of chemotherapy-naive advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients (n=17) received escalating doses of matuzumab (400 mg weekly, 800 mg biweekly, or 800 mg weekly) and gemcitabine (1000 mg m-2 weekly in weeks 1-3 of each 4-week cycle). Toxicity, antitumour activity, pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters, and pharmacodynamic (PD) markers in skin biopsies were evaluated. Severe treatment-related toxicities were limited to grade 3 neutropenia (n=3), leucopenia (n=1), and decreased white blood cell count (n=1). Common study drug-related adverse events were skin toxicities (grade 2=6, grade 1=7) and fever (grade 1=4). Matuzumab inhibited phosphorylated EGFR and affected receptor-dependent signalling and transduction; effects were seen even in the lowest-dose group. Pharmacokinetic data were consistent with results of matuzumab monotherapy. Partial response (PR) or stable disease occurred in eight of 12 evaluated patients (66.7%), with three PRs among six evaluated patients in the group receiving 800 mg weekly. Matuzumab in biologically effective doses with standard gemcitabine therapy appears well tolerated. The combination is feasible and may have enhanced activity.
Retinoic acid receptor alpha expression correlates with retinoid-induced growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells regardless of estrogen receptor status. (1997)

Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) alpha has been shown to play a role in retinoid-induced growth inhibition of human breast cancer cell lines that express the estrogen receptor (ER). The dogma in the field has been that ER-positive breast cancer cell lines respond to retinoid treatment because they express RAR alpha, whereas ER-negative breast cancer cell lines are refractory to retinoid treatment and have been thought to express little or no RAR alpha. We set out to test several ER-negative breast cancer cell lines for expression of RAR alpha protein and responsiveness to retinoids in growth inhibition assays. Of six ER-negative breast cancer cell lines that were tested, one (SK-BR-3) had high levels of RAR alpha protein as measured by ligand-binding immunoprecipitation (approximately 55 fmol/mg protein) and also displayed sensitivity to growth inhibition by retinoids (9-cis-retinoic acid; EC50, approximately 3 nM). These cells were more sensitive than an ER-positive cell line, T-47D, which expressed approximately 35 fmol RAR alpha/mg total protein (9-cis retinoic acid; EC50, approximately 50-100 nM). Another ER-negative cell line, Hs578T, also expressed RAR alpha (approximately 23 fmol/mg) and was sensitive to retinoid-induced growth inhibition, albeit to a lesser extent than SK-BR-3 or T-47D cells. In contrast, the other ER-negative cell lines tested expressed low (<10 fmol/mg) or no detectable levels of RAR alpha protein and also did not respond to retinoids in growth inhibition assays. A RAR alpha agonist displayed 100 times greater potency than a RARgamma agonist in growth inhibition of both T-47D and SK-BR-3 cells, suggesting RAR alpha involvement in the process. Furthermore, a RAR alpha antagonist completely abolished the growth inhibition induced by RAR agonists, implying that the activity of the agonists is exerted solely through RAR alpha, not RARgamma, which is also expressed in both cell lines. Additionally, although retinoid X receptor (RXR) compounds are weakly active in growth inhibition of the RAR alpha-positive cell lines, they markedly increased the growth-inhibitory activity of RAR ligands. RXR compounds also potentiated the action of the antiestrogen 4-hydroxytamoxifen to inhibit the growth of T-47D cells. These findings have clinical ramifications in that patients with ER-negative tumors that are RAR alpha positive may be candidates for retinoid therapy. Additionally, combinations of RXR ligands with RAR ligands (especially RAR alpha agonists) and/or antiestrogens may have utility in the treatment of breast cancer.
A prospective study of nutritional factors and hypertension among US men. (1992)

BACKGROUNDAn effect of diet in determining blood pressure is suggested by epidemiological studies, but the role of specific nutrients is still unsettled.METHODS AND RESULTSThe relation of various nutritional factors with hypertension was examined prospectively among 30,681 predominantly white US male health professionals, 40-75 years old, without diagnosed hypertension. During 4 years of follow-up, 1,248 men reported a diagnosis of hypertension. Age, relative weight, and alcohol consumption were the strongest predictors for the development of hypertension. Dietary fiber, potassium, and magnesium were each significantly associated with lower risk of hypertension when considered individually and after adjustment for age, relative weight, alcohol consumption, and energy intake. When these nutrients were considered simultaneously, only dietary fiber had an independent inverse association with hypertension. For men with a fiber intake of < 12 g/day, the relative risk of hypertension was 1.57 (95% confidence in...
Future trends in television (1988)

The author examines technology trends and ideas that are considered likely to influence the future of television and related products and services. He discusses extended-definition and high-definition television services, and television signal transmission via satellite. He describes advanced television products, namely, large TV displays, small TV displays, VCR and video disk systems, education/games, and 3-D television.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Papr Reduction in OFDM Systems Using Polynomial-Based Compressing and Iterative Expanding (2006)

In this paper we propose a novel algorithm for PAPR reduction of an OFDM system, based on a companding scheme. In this method a compressing polynomial is appended to the IFFT block at the transmitter and at the receiver the FFT block is combined with a reverse expanding function where the iterative Jacobi's method is used for solving equations. The proposed method entails less complexity at the transmitter in comparison with other PAPR reduction algorithms. It also requires less increase in SNR for the same BER compared to other companding methods. A trade off between complexity and performance can set the order of compressing polynomial and the number of iterations for the proposed algorithm at the receiver
Elevation of the placental glutathione S-transferase form (GST-pi) in tumor tissues and the levels in sera of patients with cancer. (1989)

The content of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-pi) in colon and esophageal cancer tissues was determined by single radial immunodiffusion or activity inhibition tests. Average levels in colon adenomas and carcinomas were 163 +/- 38 and 143 +/- 30 micrograms/g, respectively, about 6-fold higher than the value of 25 +/- 4 micrograms/g observed for normal colonic mucosa. The content in esophageal cancer was similarly increased at 240 +/- 160 micrograms/g, about 6-fold higher than the level found in normal mucosa, 42 +/- 21 micrograms/g. The content was significantly higher in highly differentiated carcinoma (331 +/- 138 micrograms/g) than in moderately (205 +/- 123) or poorly (125 +/- 61) differentiated carcinomas, suggesting that GST-pi content seems to be related to the degree of differentiation of esophageal cancer. GST-pi was also expressed in cell lines derived from various cancers, including IMR 32, TE-9, and Ca Ski cells. The results thus indicate that GST-pi may be a useful marker for a wide range of cancers. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay developed to determine serum GST-pi content is described. Using this method GST-pi could be accurately measured in the range between 0.7 and 150 ng/ml, without interference of other isoenzymes. The serum GST-pi content was 1.3 +/- 1.2 ng/ml in 35 healthy controls and values of over 3.7 ng/ml (control mean + 2 SD) were found in patients with cancers of the stomach (10 of 23 cases), esophagus (26/43), bile duct (3/9), and colon (3/9), and in some leukemic cases. Although elevation of the serum content was not so often as that of tissue content, the fact that higher serum values of patients with esophageal cancer often reverted to the normal range after surgical removal of the cancer suggested a direct derivation of serum GST-pi from tumor tissues. Thus, follow-up of elevated serum GST-pi levels may be useful for monitoring cancer patients during the course of treatment.
Zinc, copper and magnesium concentration in serum and CSF of patients with neurological disorders (1989)

Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum were determined with atomic absorption spectrophotometry in 74 patients suffering from various neurological diseases, and in 28 healthy controls. Increased CSF zinc levels were found in the group of peripheral nervous system diseases (P less than 0.01) and in the cases of different neurological syndromes with increased CSF protein concentration (P less than 0.001). Increased CSF and serum copper levels were found in the cases with increased CSF protein levels (P less than 0.05). It is probable that the damaged blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permits the passage of the trace elements Zn, Cu and of Mg into the subarachnoid space. Decreased serum Cu levels (P less than 0.01) were found in the group of multiple sclerosis (MS). The findings are correlated to those of previous communications.