gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Salt-Nucleic Acid Interactions (1995)

Coulombic interactions of salt ions with polymeric and oligomeric nucleic acids in solution have large and distinctive effects on ion distributions, on thermodynamic coefficients, and hence on equilibrium processes involving nucleic acids, such as their conformational transitions and binding interactions. In experimental or theoretical studies where an oligonucleotide is taken to represent the corresponding polynucleotide, the impact of coulombic end effects on molecular and thermodynamic properties must be taken into account. Observable consequences of coulombic interactions in nucleic acid solutions have been calculated by using models with varying degrees of detail and methods formulated at varying levels of rigor. From comparisons of experimental results with predictions of the prevalent theoretical approaches, this review concludes that the more rigorous methods have proved capable of accounting for thermodynamic (and some molecular) consequences of coulombic interactions with a minimal number of preaveraged parameters that represent the most important structural features of the nucleic acid solution.
Quasicontinuous gain in sol-gel derived CdS quantum dots (1995)

We report evidence for quasicontinuous optical gain in CdS quantum dots fabricated by the sol-gel process and embedded in glass. The gain spectra are obtained using the pump and probe technique and nanosecond (quasiresonant) excitation at 11 K. The dots are in the intermediate quantum confinement regime and the concentration of CdS is relatively high. The gain, which is spectrally broad, develops on the low energy side of the absorption band edge. The reason why the gain region is broad is not only the size distribution of the dots, but also the nature of the gain, which originates from the recombination of several excited levels between two and one electron-hole pairs states (i.e., biexciton to exciton). The maximum measured gain reaches 200 cm−1 at 11 K and 17 cm−1 at 170 K.
DNA-binding properties of the E1A-associated 300-kilodalton protein. (1992)

One of the major E1A-associated cellular proteins is a 300-kDa product (p300) that binds to the N-terminal region of the E1A products. The p300 binding site is distinct from sequences involved in binding the retinoblastoma product and other E1A-associated cellular products such as p60-cyclin A and p107. p300 binding to E1A is linked genetically to the enhancer repression function of E1A and the other E1A-mediated gene-regulating functions as well as to the transforming functions of E1A. However, the biochemical properties of p300 have not yet been characterized. We report here that p300 has an intrinsic DNA-binding activity and shows a preferential affinity for specific DNA sequences. The sequences selectively bound by p300 are related to those of a series of enhancer elements that are recognized by NF-kappa B. The direct physical interaction of p300 with enhancer elements provides a biochemical basis for the genetic evidence linking the E1A-mediated enhancer repression function with the p300-binding activity of E1A.
Topical Lidocaine Patch Relieves a Variety of Neuropathic Pain Conditions: An Open-Label Study (2000)

The Lidoderm patch provided clinically meaningful pain relief in most of these refractory neuropathic pain patients without side effects. Controlled trials need to be performed to confirm these preliminary findings.
Proposed Californium-252 User Facility for Neutron Science at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1996)

The Radiochemical Engineering Development Center (REDC) at ORNL has petitioned to establish a Californium-252 User Facility for Neutron Science for academic, industrial, and governmental researchers. The REDC Californium Facility (CF) stores the national inventory of sealed {sup 252}Cf neutron source for university and research loans. Within the CF, the {sup 252}Cf storage pool and two uncontaminated hot cells currently in service for the Californium Program will form the physical basis for the User Facility. Relevant applications include dosimetry and experiments for neutron tumor therapy; fast and thermal neutron activation analysis of materials; experimental configurations for prompt gamma neutron activation analysis; neutron shielding and material damage studies; and hardness testing of radiation detectors, cameras, and electronics. A formal User Facility simplifies working arrangements and agreements between US DOE facilities, academia, and commercial interests.
Nanolithography with an atomic force microscope for integrated fabrication of quantum electronic devices (1994)

We describe a novel technique using an atomic force microscope (AFM) for integrated nanometer-scale lithography on various mask materials such as photoresist or gold covering a mesa-etched GaAs-AlGaAs heterostructure at ambient conditions. The generated patterns can be transferred to the two-dimensional electron gas by wet chemical etching or by ion beam irradiation. We succeed in fabricating hole arrays with a periodicity down to 35 nm and a hole diameter of only a few nanometers. In magnetoresistance studies on so-called antidot devices with 95 nm period at T=4.2 K we can clearly observe commensurability oscillations, demonstrating the successful pattern transfer to the electron system. With the AFM we can also pattern lines of varying width and depth into prefabricated devices.
Apodization of annular apertures: Strehl ratio (1988)

We show that for any rotationally symmetric apodizer on the full aperture, there is a family of apodizers on the annular aperture with the same functional Strehl ratio vs defocus (W(20)) and vs spherical aberration (W(40)). However, in the latter case, the coefficients W(20) and W(40) are reduced by the factors (1 - epsilon(2)) and (1 - epsilon(2))(2) respectively, where is the central obscuration ratio. We indicate that the best focal plane is shifted from W(20) = - W(40) to W(20) = -(1 + epsilon(2)) W(40). These general results allow us to design and to compare novel apodizers on annular apertures which reduce the influence of W(20) and W(40). The Strehl ratios of a novel family of apodizers are discussed to illustrate our general results.
Precipitation of stoichiometric apatitic tricalcium phosphate prepared by a continuous process (1995)

Various stages of the continuous precipitation of a stoichiometric apatitic tricalcium phosphate (Ca : P =1.50) have been observed with increasing duration of precipitation, particularly during the first 3 h necessary for the reactor to reach a steady state. The results show that an amorphous Ca2+-deficient phosphate close to the composition of octacalcium phosphate is formed in the early minutes of precipitation, then, after hydrolysis, it is transformed into an apatitic phase which leads to a stoichiometric apatitic tricalcium phosphate.
Thermoregulation in multiple sclerosis (2010)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive neurological disorder that disrupts axonal myelin in the central nervous system. Demyelination produces alterations in saltatory conduction, slowed conduction velocity, and a predisposition to conduction block. An estimated 60-80% of MS patients experience temporary worsening of clinical signs and neurological symptoms with heat exposure. Additionally, MS may produce impaired neural control of autonomic and endocrine functions. This review focuses on five main themes regarding the current understanding of thermoregulatory dysfunction in MS: 1) heat sensitivity; 2) central regulation of body temperature; 3) thermoregulatory effector responses; 4) heat-induced fatigue; and 5) countermeasures to improve or maintain function during thermal stress. Heat sensitivity in MS is related to the detrimental effects of increased temperature on action potential propagation in demyelinated axons, resulting in conduction slowing and/or block, which can be quantitatively characterized using precise measurements of ocular movements. MS lesions can also occur in areas of the brain responsible for the control and regulation of body temperature and thermoregulatory effector responses, resulting in impaired neural control of sudomotor pathways or neural-induced changes in eccrine sweat glands, as evidenced by observations of reduced sweating responses in MS patients. Fatigue during thermal stress is common in MS and results in decreased motor function and increased symptomatology likely due to impairments in central conduction. Although not comprehensive, some evidence exists concerning treatments (cooling, precooling, and pharmacological) for the MS patient to preserve function and decrease symptom worsening during heat stress.
Functional equivalence between radial basis function networks and fuzzy inference systems (1993)

It is shown that, under some minor restrictions, the functional behavior of radial basis function networks (RBFNs) and that of fuzzy inference systems are actually equivalent. This functional equivalence makes it possible to apply what has been discovered (learning rule, representational power, etc.) for one of the models to the other, and vice versa. It is of interest to observe that two models stemming from different origins turn out to be functionally equivalent.
Sex Steroids and the Construction and Conservation of the Adult Skeleton (2002)

Here we review and extend a new unitary model for the pathophysiology of involutional osteoporosis that identifies estrogen (E) as the key hormone for maintaining bone mass and E deficiency as the major cause of age-related bone loss in both sexes. Also, both E and testosterone (T) are key regulators of skeletal growth and maturation, and E, together with GH and IGF-I, initiate a 3- to 4-yr pubertal growth spurt that doubles skeletal mass. Although E is required for the attainment of maximal peak bone mass in both sexes, the additional action of T on stimulating periosteal apposition accounts for the larger size and thicker cortices of the adult male skeleton. Aging women undergo two phases of bone loss, whereas aging men undergo only one. In women, the menopause initiates an accelerated phase of predominantly cancellous bone loss that declines rapidly over 4-8 yr to become asymptotic with a subsequent slow phase that continues indefinitely. The accelerated phase results from the loss of the direct restraining effects of E on bone turnover, an action mediated by E receptors in both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In the ensuing slow phase, the rate of cancellous bone loss is reduced, but the rate of cortical bone loss is unchanged or increased. This phase is mediated largely by secondary hyperparathyroidism that results from the loss of E actions on extraskeletal calcium metabolism. The resultant external calcium losses increase the level of dietary calcium intake that is required to maintain bone balance. Impaired osteoblast function due to E deficiency, aging, or both also contributes to the slow phase of bone loss. Although both serum bioavailable (Bio) E and Bio T decline in aging men, Bio E is the major predictor of their bone loss. Thus, both sex steroids are important for developing peak bone mass, but E deficiency is the major determinant of age-related bone loss in both sexes.
Cracking of GaN films (2001)

Cracking of thick GaN films grown on sapphire is reexamined on the basis of a combination of microstructural observations of cracking and established mechanics of fracture of films. It is argued that cracking is motivated by tensile growth stresses once a critical thickness is reached. Subsequent growth on the cracked films occurs, perpetuating the cracked structure until the crack surfaces approach one another and touch. Continued film growth buries the crack. Once the crack faces touch, there are conditions under which it is energetically favorable for the cracks to close and heal. Crack healing can be kinetically limited. Whether the crack healing is complete within the growth time depends on several factors including, it is suggested, whether impurities have adsorbed to the surface during growth. Conditions under which cracks that have extended into the sapphire substrate during film growth can act as critical flaws for fracture of the substrate on cooling are also presented.
An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for Serological Diagnosis ofNeosporaSp. Infection in Cattle (1995)

A kinetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed and optimized for detection of antibodies to Neospora sp. in cattle. Sonicated tachyzoites of Neospora sp. isolated from an aborted bovine fetus were used as antigen. Variability in immunoblot patterns among positive sera, and the fact that all life stages of the parasites are unknown, justified use of a multiple-antigen ELISA to allow for maximum sensitivity. Immunoblot analysis revealed negligible cross-reactions between Toxoplasma gondii antigen and Neospora sp. antisera and between Neospora sp. antigen and antisera from various apicomplexan parasites. The maximum positive-to-negative Vmax (average maximum slope of the optical density over time) ratio was obtained using 200 ng/well of sonicated tachyzoite antigen and a 1:200 serum dilution. Using logistic regression to determine the optimal cutoff point between known infected and noninfected cattle, a sample-to-positive control Vmax ratio of 0.45 was found to maximize the percent correct classification, with an estimated sensitivity of 88.6% and specificity of 96.5%. Use of Neospora caninum antigen following the same protocol demonstrated no difference in ELISA interpretation. Comparison with an existing indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test showed the ELISA to be the more sensitive and specific test for serodiagnosis of Neospora infection in cattle.
CELP coding system based on mel-generalized cepstral analysis (2002)

This paper presents a CELP speech coding system based on mel-generalized cepstral analysis. In the mel-generalized cepstral analysis, we can vary the model spectrum continuously from AR to cepstral modeling by changing the value of a parameter /spl gamma/ and we can choose an appropriate model spectrum. Furthermore, the spectrum represented by mel-generalized cepstrum has frequency resolution similar to that of human ear. Since the perceptual weighting and postfiltering are carried out through the mel-generalized cepstrum, we expect the perceptual performance of the proposed coder to be improved. The subjective performance test indicates that the quality of the proposed CELP coder is about 2 dB higher than that of the conventional one.
DesempeÃ±o macroeconÃ³mico de Chile durante el perÃodo 1992 - 1993 (1993)

â€œEl aA±o 1992 registrA³ el mejor desempeA±o econA³mico de las Aoltimas tres dA©cadas. El PIB experimentA³ un crecimiento de 10.4%, lo que en tA©rminos per cAipita representa un aumento de 8.6%. A ello se suma un contexto de inflaciA³n moderada y decreciente, aumento del empleo y la productividad, y una sA³lida situaciA³n fiscal. Esta favorable evoluciA³n de la economA­a es especialmente relevante si se toma en consideraciA³n el entorno de escaso dinamismo de la economA­a mundial, demostrando que el paA­s ha experimentado una disminuciA³n importante de su vulnerabilidad ante ciclos recesivos externos. Desde el punto de vista del gasto, la expansiA³n tuvo sus componentes mAis dinAimicos en la inversiA³n y las exportaciones. Adicionalmente, el aumento en los salarios reales y el esfuerzo fiscal en tA©rminos de gasto social, permitiA³ que sectores postergados comenzaran a participar en forma gradual de los beneficios del crecimiento, sin poner en peligro los equilibrios macroeconA³micos bAisicos. No obstante, el aumento del gasto durante 1992, por encima de los niveles sostenibles en el largo plazo, llevA³ a las autoridades econA³micas a contener su velocidad de crecimiento mediante una polA­tica de tasas de interA©s. En relaciA³n con las cuentas externas, en 1992 se produjo nuevamente un superAivit comercial, aunque menor que en 1991. Esto es una muestra de que Chile mantuvo su capacidad competitiva durante 1992. En el presente aA±o, se ha observado que la polA­tica de ajuste por la vA­a del alza en las tasas de interA©s, sumada a un escenario externo desfavorable, ha moderado la tasa de crecimiento del producto. Dicho crecimiento serA­a explicado principalmente por una evoluciA³n dinAimica de la inversiA³n, que deberA­a continuar hacia 1994.â€
The Secreted Protein Discovery Initiative (SPDI), a Large-Scale Effort to Identify Novel Human Secreted and Transmembrane Proteins: A Bioinformatics Assessment (2003)

A large-scale effort, termed the Secreted Protein Discovery Initiative (SPDI), was undertaken to identify novel secreted and transmembrane proteins. In the first of several approaches, a biological signal sequence trap in yeast cells was utilized to identify cDNA clones encoding putative secreted proteins. A second strategy utilized various algorithms that recognize features such as the hydrophobic properties of signal sequences to identify putative proteins encoded by expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from human cDNA libraries. A third approach surveyed ESTs for protein sequence similarity to a set of known receptors and their ligands with the BLAST algorithm. Finally, both signal-sequence prediction algorithms and BLAST were used to identify single exons of potential genes from within human genomic sequence. The isolation of full-length cDNA clones for each of these candidate genes resulted in the identification of >1000 novel proteins. A total of 256 of these cDNAs are still novel, including variants and novel genes, per the most recent GenBank release version. The success of this large-scale effort was assessed by a bioinformatics analysis of the proteins through predictions of protein domains, subcellular localizations, and possible functional roles. The SPDI collection should facilitate efforts to better understand intercellular communication, may lead to new understandings of human diseases, and provides potential opportunities for the development of therapeutics.
Analysis of Square-Root Kalman Filters for Angles-Only Orbital Navigation and the Effects of Sensor Accuracy on State Observability (2021)

Angles-only navigation is simple, robust, and well proven in many applications. However, it is sometimes ill-conditioned for orbital rendezvous and proximity operations because, without a direct range measurement, the distance to approaching satellites must be estimated by firing thrusters and observing the change in the target's bearing. Nevertheless, the simplicity of angles-only navigation gives it great appeal. The viability of this technique for relative navigation is examined by building a high-fidelity simulation and evaluating the sensitivity of the system to sensor errors. The relative performances of square-root filtering methods, including Potter, Carlson, and UD factorization filters, are compared to the conventional and Joseph formulations. Filter performance is evaluated during closed-loop "station keeping" operations in simulation.
On triazoles. XXXV. The reaction of 5‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazoles with di‐ and triketones (1995)

Abstract The reaction of 5‐amino‐3‐Q‐1 H ‐1,2,4‐triazoles 1 with aliphatic, aromatic and cyclic 1,3‐diketones, 1,4‐diketones, and different linear and non linear triketones was studied. It was proved that in case of unsym‐metrical aliphatic 1,3‐diketones the regiochemical outcome of the reaction was influenced by steric factors. In case of triacetylmethane and 3‐(4‐chlorobenzyl)‐2,4‐pentanedione the splitting of one acetyl group from the reactant was observed during the reaction. A liner triketone, namely the 2,4,6‐trioxoheptane reacted as a simple 1,3‐diketone.
The epidemiology of prostate cancer part II: the risk factors. (1998)

The epidemiology of prostate cancer gives us some clues that its etiology is likely both environmental and genetic. There is extreme country to country variability in prostate cancer mortality. Countries in which dietary fat intake is greater have been shown to have higher prostate cancer mortality rates leaving some to conclude that dietary fat causes prostate cancer. Migration studies show that men moving from Japan and China adopt increased risks of prostate cancer. Second- and third-generation Japanese Americans and Chinese Americans actually have risks of prostate cancer similar to white American men. This is highly suggestive that prostate cancer has an environmental influence. The differences in black-white mortality and newer data suggesting a higher mortality among Jamaican and Brazilian men of African descent suggest there may be a genetic predisposition to prostate cancer. Some have suggested certain polymorphisms increase prostate cancer risk, whereas others are searching for genetic mutations that may increase prostate cancer risk. Africans may have an increased prevalence of these genetic risk factors. Ultimately, the cause of prostate cancer is likely to be a combination of environmental and genetic factors.
Robust Angle Invariant 1D Barcode Detection (2013)

Barcode reading mobile applications that identify products from pictures taken using mobile devices are widely used by customers to perform online price comparisons or to access reviews written by others. Most of the currently available barcode reading approaches focus on decoding degraded barcodes and treat the underlying barcode detection task as a side problem that can be addressed using appropriate object detection methods. However, the majority of modern mobile devices do not meet the minimum working requirements of complex general purpose object detection algorithms and most of the efficient specifically designed barcode detection algorithms require user interaction to work properly. In this paper, we present a novel method for barcode detection in camera captured images based on a supervised machine learning algorithm that identifies one-dimensional barcodes in the two-dimensional Hough Transform space. Our model is angle invariant, requires no user interaction and can be executed on a modern mobile device. It achieves excellent results for two standard one-dimensional barcode datasets: WWU Muenster Barcode Database and ArTe-Lab 1D Medium Barcode Dataset. Moreover, we prove that it is possible to enhance the overall performance of a state-of-the-art barcode reading algorithm by combining it with our detection method.
Transferrin receptor expression in normal skin and in various cutaneous tumors (1987)

In the majority of human cells the transferrin receptor (TFR) plays an important role by mediating the cellular iron uptake. The TFR is especially expressed by proliferating cells and has been found in high amounts in malignant tumors. The distribution of the TFR in frozen sections of 89 skin biopsies of normal skin and of various cutaneous tumors was investigated using an anti-TFR monoclonal antibody (OKT9) and a 3-step immunoperoxidase method. Our results indicate that in normal human skin the TFR shows a characteristic microanatomical distribution in the basal cell layer correlated to the architectural pattern of the dermal-epidermal interface. In cutaneous lymphomas of high grade malignancy the TFR was expressed in virtually all cells compared to only 25-75% in low grade lymphomas. Malignant melanomas were strongly positive in the whole tumor tissue, whereas benign melanocytic nevi were largely negative. Obviously the immunohistochemical demonstration of the TFR may serve as prognostic indicator or diagnostic aid, respectively.
A study of active queue management for congestion control (2002)

In this work, we investigate mechanisms for Internet congestion control in general, and random early detection (RED) in particular. We first study the current proposals for RED implementation and identify several structural problems such as producing large traffic oscillations and introducing unnecessary overhead in the fast path forwarding. We model RED as a feedback control system and discover fundamental laws governing the traffic dynamics in TCP/IP networks. Based on this understanding, we derive a set of recommendations for the architecture and implementation of congestion control modules in routers, such as RED.