gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Fluorescence-Based Method for Determining the Surface Coverage and Hybridization Efficiency of Thiol-Capped Oligonucleotides Bound to Gold Thin Films and Nanoparticles (2000)

Using a fluorescence-based method, we have determined the number of thiol-derivatized single-stranded oligonucleotides bound to gold nanoparticles and their extent of hybridization with complementary oligonucleotides in solution. Oligonucleotide surface coverages of hexanethiol 12-mer oligonucleotides on gold nanoparticles (34 +/- 1 pmol/cm2) were significantly higher than on planar gold thin films (18 +/- 3 pmol/cm2), while the percentage of hybridizable strands on the gold nanoparticles (1.3 +/- 0.3 pmol/cm2, 4%) was lower than for gold thin films (6 +/- 2 pmol/cm2, 33%). A gradual increase in electrolyte concentration over the course of oligonucleotide deposition significantly increases surface coverage and consequently particle stability. In addition, oligonucleotide spacer sequences improve the hybridization efficiency of oligonucleotide-modified nanoparticles from approximately 4 to 44%. The surface coverage of recognition strands can be tailored using coadsorbed diluent oligonucleotides. This provides a means of indirectly controlling the average number of hybridized strands per nanoparticle. The work presented here has important implications with regard to understanding interactions between modified oligonucleotides and metal nanoparticles, as well as optimizing the sensitivity of gold nanoparticle-based oligonucleotide detection methods.
Bayesian and geometric subspace tracking (2004)

We address the problem of tracking the time-varying linear subspaces (of a larger system) under a Bayesian framework. Variations in subspaces are treated as a piecewise-geodesic process on a complex Grassmann manifold and a Markov prior is imposed on it. This prior model, together with an observation model, gives rise to a hidden Markov model on a Grassmann manifold, and admits Bayesian inferences. A sequential Monte Carlo method is used for sampling from the time-varying posterior and the samples are used to estimate the underlying process. Simulation results are presented for principal subspace tracking in array signal processing.
SP22: A Novel Fertility Protein From a Highly Conserved Gene Family (1998)

Three nucleotide sequences encoding SP22, a protein originally identified in detergent extracts of cauda epididymal sperm, were isolated from a rat testis cDNA library. While two of these cDNA sequences differed only in their 5' untranslated regions, a third cDNA was predicted to contain an additional 13 amino acids of coding sequence. Amino acid sequences obtained following Edman degradation of purified SP22 protein and cDNA sequence data both indicated that SP22 was a member of a highly conserved and widely expressed gene family found in organisms as diverse as human and Escherichia coli. Interestingly, while a 1-kb mRNA transcript was widely expressed in somatic tissues, a unique pattern of testicular expression was observed, including the appearance of a novel 1.5-kb transcript and an increase in the abundance of the 1-kb transcript during spermatogenic cell development. Anti-SP22 peptide antiserum was shown to recognize a family of 22-kDa proteins on western blots of detergent-extracted cauda epididymal sperm protein, suggesting that multiple charge variants of SP22 coexist. Moreover, affinity-purified anti-SP22 peptide immunoglobulin localized in a highly specific manner to the anterior-ventral surface of the equatorial segment of the sperm head. This is an extremely intriguing finding as SP22 was originally shown to be highly correlated with, and predictive of, the fertilizing ability of cauda epididymal sperm. Although no conclusive function has been attributed to any members of the SP22 gene family, the localization of SP22 over a discrete region of the sperm head suggests a pivotal role in sperm-egg interactions.
Differentiation of Vaccine Strains and Georgia Field Isolates of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus by Their Restriction Endonuclease Fragment Patterns (1990)

Seven restriction endonucleases (REs) were used to cleave the DNA from seven vaccine strains of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus and from six Georgia field isolates of ILT virus. After electrophoresis of the resulting RE fragments, the patterns were compared in order to differentiate strains of ILT virus. The six chicken-embryo-origin (CEO) vaccines were identical with each RE, but the tissue-culture-origin (TCO) vaccine strain differed from the CEO vaccines using five of the REs. Four of the six field isolates were identical by each RE, but two field isolates differed from each other and from the four identical field isolates on the basis of patterns produced by some but not all of the REs. The four identical field isolates could not be differentiated from the CEO vaccine strains by any RE, but the other two field isolates were not identical to either strain of vaccine virus. This work demonstrates that differentiable strains of ILT virus exist in the United States and that viruses other than vaccine viruses are involved in field outbreaks of ILT.
Transcatheter Interatrial Shunt Device for the Treatment of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (REDUCE LAP-HF I [Reduce Elevated Left Atrial Pressure in Patients With Heart Failure]) (2017)

URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02600234.
Early Childhood Education Issues. (2002)

Albert Jeremiah Beveridge congratulates Theodore Roosevelt on securing twenty of thirty Indiana delegates.
Phosphorylation Meets Ubiquitination: The Control of NF-κB Activity (2000)

NF-kappaB (nuclear factor-kappaB) is a collective name for inducible dimeric transcription factors composed of members of the Rel family of DNA-binding proteins that recognize a common sequence motif. NF-kappaB is found in essentially all cell types and is involved in activation of an exceptionally large number of genes in response to infections, inflammation, and other stressful situations requiring rapid reprogramming of gene expression. NF-kappaB is normally sequestered in the cytoplasm of nonstimulated cells and consequently must be translocated into the nucleus to function. The subcellular location of NF-kappaB is controlled by a family of inhibitory proteins, IkappaBs, which bind NF-kappaB and mask its nuclear localization signal, thereby preventing nuclear uptake. Exposure of cells to a variety of extracellular stimuli leads to the rapid phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and ultimately proteolytic degradation of IkappaB, which frees NF-kappaB to translocate to the nucleus where it regulates gene transcription. NF-kappaB activation represents a paradigm for controlling the function of a regulatory protein via ubiquitination-dependent proteolysis, as an integral part of a phosphorylationbased signaling cascade. Recently, considerable progress has been made in understanding the details of the signaling pathways that regulate NF-kappaB activity, particularly those responding to the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1. The multisubunit IkappaB kinase (IKK) responsible for inducible IkappaB phosphorylation is the point of convergence for most NF-kappaB-activating stimuli. IKK contains two catalytic subunits, IKKalpha and IKKbeta, both of which are able to correctly phosphorylate IkappaB. Gene knockout studies have shed light on the very different physiological functions of IKKalpha and IKKbeta. After phosphorylation, the IKK phosphoacceptor sites on IkappaB serve as an essential part of a specific recognition site for E3RS(IkappaB/beta-TrCP), an SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, thereby explaining how IKK controls IkappaB ubiquitination and degradation. A variety of other signaling events, including phosphorylation of NF-kappaB, hyperphosphorylation of IKK, induction of IkappaB synthesis, and the processing of NF-kappaB precursors, provide additional mechanisms that modulate the level and duration of NF-kappaB activity.
Inflammatory and immune processes in the human lung in health and disease: evaluation by bronchoalveolar lavage. (1979)

Bronchoalveolar lavage is an invaluable means of accurately evaluating the inflammatory and immune processes of the human lung. Although lavage recovers only those cells and proteins present on the epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract, comparison with open lung biopsies shows that these constituents are representative of the inflammatory and immune systems of the alveolar structures. With the use of these techniques, sufficient materials are obtained from normal individuals to allow characterization of not only the types of cells and proteins present but their functions as well. Such observations have been useful in defining the inflammatory and immune capabilities of the normal lung and provide a basis for the study of lung disease. Lavage methods have been used to characterize inflammatory and immune processes of the lower respiratory tract in destructive, infectious, neoplastic, and interstitial disorders. From the data already acquired, it is apparent that bronchoalveolar lavage will yield major insights into the pathogenesis, staging, and therapy decisions involved in these disorders. (Am J Pathol 97:149--206, 1979).
Safety and efficacy of ofatumumab, a fully human monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody, in patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a phase 1-2 study (2007)

Safety and efficacy of the fully human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, ofatumumab, was analyzed in a multicenter dose-escalating study including 33 patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Three cohorts of 3 (A), 3 (B), and 27 (C) patients received 4, once weekly, infusions of ofatumumab at the following doses: (A) one 100 mg and three 500 mg; (B) one 300 mg and three 1000 mg; (C) one 500 mg and three 2000 mg. Sixty-seven percent of the patients were Binet stage B, and the median number of previous treatments was 3. The maximum tolerated dose was not reached. The majority of related adverse events occurred at first infusion, and the number of adverse events decreased at each subsequent infusion. Seventeen (51%) of 33 patients experienced infections, 88% of them of grade 1-2. One event of interstitial pneumonia was fatal; all other cases resolved within one month. The response rate of cohort C was 50% (13/26), one patient having a nodular partial remission and 12 patients partial remission. In conclusion, ofatumumab was found to be well tolerated in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in doses up to 2000 mg. Preliminary data on safety and objective response are encouraging and support further studies on the role of ofatumumab in CLL patients. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as no. NCT00093314.
Mass production of bio-inspired structured surfaces (2007)

Bio-inspired surface structures offer significant commercial potential for the creation of antireflective, self-cleaning and drag reducing surfaces, as well as new types of adhesive systems. The current article explores how the current understanding of the basic science of the biological structures occurring on the surface of moth eyes, leaves, sharkskin, and the feet of reptiles can be transferred to functional man-made materials, some of the drawbacks of which are shown to offer a long-term challenge to engineers. Explored also is the related topic of how such surfaces can be mass-produced, encompassing the important areas of current surface replication techniques and the associated acquisition of good master structures.
The Physiology of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (2007)

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a 30-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the intestinal epithelial endocrine L-cells by differential processing of proglucagon, the gene which is expressed in these cells. The current knowledge regarding regulation of proglucagon gene expression in the gut and in the brain and mechanisms responsible for the posttranslational processing are reviewed. GLP-1 is released in response to meal intake, and the stimuli and molecular mechanisms involved are discussed. GLP-1 is extremely rapidly metabolized and inactivated by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV even before the hormone has left the gut, raising the possibility that the actions of GLP-1 are transmitted via sensory neurons in the intestine and the liver expressing the GLP-1 receptor. Because of this, it is important to distinguish between measurements of the intact hormone (responsible for endocrine actions) or the sum of the intact hormone and its metabolites, reflecting the total L-cell secretion and therefore also the possible neural actions. The main actions of GLP-1 are to stimulate insulin secretion (i.e., to act as an incretin hormone) and to inhibit glucagon secretion, thereby contributing to limit postprandial glucose excursions. It also inhibits gastrointestinal motility and secretion and thus acts as an enterogastrone and part of the "ileal brake" mechanism. GLP-1 also appears to be a physiological regulator of appetite and food intake. Because of these actions, GLP-1 or GLP-1 receptor agonists are currently being evaluated for the therapy of type 2 diabetes. Decreased secretion of GLP-1 may contribute to the development of obesity, and exaggerated secretion may be responsible for postprandial reactive hypoglycemia.
Antiepidermal growth factor receptor antibodies augment cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents on squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (2000)

Recent literature by Fan et al (1993) demonstrated that addition of cisplatin and monoclonal antibody to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR MAb) of the human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), A431, eradicated gross tumors in nude mice. To determine whether a combination of either cisplatin or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with EGFR MAb could affect an SCC other than the A431 tumor model, an assay using 2 human tongue SCC cell lines, BroTo and SCC-25, was performed. Cells were pretreated with 1.25 microgram/mL cisplatin or 10 microgram/mL 5-FU. After a 4-hour incubation period, cisplatin-treated cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline solution. Various concentrations of EGFR MAb were then added, and after a 24-hour incubation period, an MTT cell growth assay was performed. SCC-25 cells exhibited a greater decrease in growth with the addition of 16 nmol/L EGFR MAb to cisplatin compared with the cytotoxicity of cisplatin alone (P < 0.001). However, this combination did not produce similar results with BroTo cells (P > 0.05). The combination of EGFR MAb and 5-FU produced a growth inhibition versus control (unexposed cells) in both cell lines (P < 0.05). These findings suggest the possible augmentation of the activity of chemotherapeutic agents, cisplatin and/or 5-FU, with the addition of EGFR MAb on SCC cell lines other than A431.
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels of Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A and the Proform of Eosinophil Major Basic Protein: Expression in Human Reproductive and Nonreproductive Tissues1 (1999)

PAPP-A/proMBP, the complex of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and the proform of eosinophil major basic protein (proMBP), circulates at increasing levels during pregnancy. The major site of synthesis is the placenta, in which PAPP-A mRNA has been localized to the syncytiotrophoblast and the placental X cells, whereas proMBP mRNA has been localized to the placental X cells only. The function of PAPP-A/proMBP and its components has remained speculative for years. Recently, however, it has been shown that PAPP-A specifically cleaves insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding protein-4 in an IGF-dependent manner. Female reproductive and nonreproductive tissues have previously been reported to contain PAPP-A immunoreactivity, based on studies using preparations of anti(PAPP-A/proMBP), now known to recognize both PAPP-A and proMBP, and other irrelevant antigens. To analyze for the presence of PAPP-A and proMBP mRNA, a sensitive semiquantitative reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed. Reverse-transcribed poly(A)(+) RNA was used as a template in a competitive PCR. PAPP-A and proMBP mRNA levels were normalized against the level of beta-actin mRNA. Both mRNA species were significantly more abundant in term placenta than in other tissues analyzed. All analyzed tissues, including endometrium, myometrium, colon, and kidney, contained both PAPP-A and proMBP mRNA.
Mechanisms of Edema Formation After Intracerebral Hemorrhage (2001)

These results suggest that ischemia is not present at 24 or 72 hours after hematoma induction by injection of intact or lysed RBCs. RBC constituents that appear after delayed lysis, however, increase blood-brain barrier permeability, which contributes to edema formation.
U.K. Court rejects prisoner's application for needle exchange. (2006)

The U.K. Court of Appeal has ruled against prisoner John Shelley's challenge to the Prison Service refusal to provide needle exchange in prison.
CD14 Employs Hydrophilic Regions to “Capture” Lipopolysaccharides (2000)

CD14 participates in the host innate inflammatory response to bacterial LPS obtained from Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacteria. Evidence from several laboratories suggests that different regions of the amino-terminal portion of the molecule may be involved in LPS binding. In this report a series of single-residue serine replacement and charge reversal mutations were generated to further elucidate the mechanism by which this protein may bind a multitude of different LPS ligands. Single-residue CD14 mutation proteins were examined for their ability to bind LPS obtained from E. coli, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Helicobacter pylori and facilitate the activation of E-selectin from human endothelial cells. In addition, the single-residue CD14 mutation proteins were employed to perform monoclonal epitope-mapping studies with three LPS-blocking Abs that bound tertiary epitopes. Evidence that several different hydrophilic regions of the amino-terminal region of CD14 are involved in LPS binding was obtained. Epitope-mapping studies revealed that these hydrophilic regions are located on one side of the protein surface. These studies suggest that CD14 employs a charged surface in a manor similar to the macrophage scavenger receptor to "capture" LPS ligands and "present" them to other components of the innate host defense system.
Fabrication, magnetic, and ferroelectric properties of multiferroic BiFeO3 hollow nanoparticles (2011)

Hollow BiFeO3 nanoparticles were synthesized by an electrospray route for the first time. The phase purity and structure have been investigated by x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Transmission and scanning electron microscope investigations revealed that the as-obtained BiFeO3 hollow spheres were polycrystalline, with a shell thickness of 35 nm. The formation mechanism can be possibly explained by Ostwald ripening. Raman spectra have verified decreased vibrational frequencies in BiFeO3 nanoparticles. These hollow and core-shell multiferroic nanoparticles exhibit significantly enhanced ferromagnetism from 5 to 600 K due to a broken spiral spin structure. The ferroelectricity of hollow BiFeO3 particles exhibits a lower switching electric field, which is confirmed by Kelvin probe force microscopy.
GABA and glycine are protective to mature but toxic to immature rat cortical neurons under hypoxia (2005)

Although recent studies suggest that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine may be 'inhibitory' to mature neurons, but 'excitatory' to immature neurons under normoxia, it is unknown whether inhibitory neurotransmitters are differentially involved in neuronal response to hypoxia in immature and mature neurons. In the present study, we exposed rat cortical neurons to hypoxia (1% O2) and examined the effects of three major inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine and taurine) on the hypoxic neurons at different neuronal ages [days in vitro (DIV)4-20]. Our data showed that the cortical neurons expressed both GABA(A) and glycine receptors with differential developmental profiles. GABA (10-2000 microm) was neuroprotective to hypoxic neurons of DIV20, but enhanced hypoxic injury in neurons of <DIV20. Glycine at low concentrations (10-100 microm) exhibited a similar pattern to GABA. However, higher concentrations of glycine (1000-2000 microm) for long-term exposure (48-72 h) displayed neuroprotection at all ages (DIV4-20). Taurine (10-2000 microm), unlike GABA and glycine, displayed protection only in DIV4 neurons, and was slightly toxic to neurons>DIV4. In comparison with delta-opioid receptor (DOR)-induced protection in DIV20 neurons exposed to 72 h of hypoxia, glycine-induced protection was weaker than that of DOR but stronger than that of GABA and taurine. These data suggest that the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitters on hypoxic cortical neurons are age-dependent, with GABA and glycine being neurotoxic to immature neurons and neuroprotective to mature neurons.
Reduced Connexin 43 Expression and Its Effect on the Development of Vascular Lesions in Retinas of Diabetic Mice (2010)

PURPOSE. To examine whether diabetes-induced connexin 43 downregulation promotes retinal vascular lesions characteristic of diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS. Two animal models, streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and Cx43 heterozygous knockout (Cx43(+/-)) mice, were studied to directly assess whether diabetes reduces the expression of retinal Cx43, which, in turn, contributes to retinal vascular cell loss by apoptosis. Retinal Cx43 protein levels were assessed in nondiabetic control mice, diabetic mice, and Cx43(+/-) mice by Western blot analysis, and Cx43 localization and distribution in the retinal vascular cells were studied by immunostaining of retinal trypsin digests (RTDs). In parallel, RTDs were stained with hematoxylin and periodic acid Schiff to determine pericyte loss (PL) and acellular capillaries (AC), and TUNEL assays were performed to determine retinal vascular cell apoptosis. RESULTS. Western blot analysis indicated significant reductions in retinal Cx43 protein levels in diabetic mice and Cx43(+/-) mice compared with those of nondiabetic mice. Similarly, a significant reduction in Cx43 immunostaining was observed in the retinal capillaries of diabetic mice and Cx43(+/-) mice compared with those of control mice. Both diabetic and age-matched Cx43(+/-) mice exhibited increased amount of PL, AC, and TUNEL-positive cells compared with control mice. CONCLUSIONS. Diabetes-induced inhibition of Cx43 expression contributes to vascular cell apoptosis in retinas of diabetic mice. This suggests that reduced Cx43 expression plays a critical role in the development of AC and PL associated with DR.