gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Induce the Expression of the Immediate Early Growth Regulatory Gene CYR61 (2000)

In brain, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) modulate neuronal functions including long term potentiation and synaptic plasticity in neuronal circuits that are involved in learning and memory formation. To identify mAChR-inducible genes, we used a differential display approach and found that mAChRs rapidly induced transcription of the immediate early gene CYR61 in HEK 293 cells with a maximum expression after 1 h of receptor stimulation. CYR61 is a member of the emerging CCN gene family that includes CYR61/CEF10, CTGF/FISP-12, and NOV; these encode secretory growth regulatory proteins with distinct functions in cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, and survival. We found that CYR61, CTGF, and NOV were expressed throughout the human central nervous system. Stimulation of mAChRs induced CYR61 expression in primary neurons and rat brain where CYR61 mRNA was detected in cortical layers V and VI and in thalamic nuclei. In contrast, CTGF and NOV expression was not altered by mAChRs neither in neuronal tissue culture nor rat brain. Receptor subtype analyses demonstrated that m1 and m3 mAChR subtypes strongly induced CYR61 expression, whereas m2 and m4 mAChRs had only subtle effects. Increased CYR61 expression was coupled to mAChRs by both protein kinase C and elevations of intracellular Ca(2+). Our results establish that CYR61 expression in mammalian brain is under the control of cholinergic neurotransmission; it may thus be involved in cholinergic regulation of synaptic plasticity.
The Development of Cable Data Communications Standards (1985)

Commercially successful application of data communications technology to coaxial cable distribution networks requires the creation of systems useful to large numbers of subscribers sharing common communications procedures. Furthermore, it is desirable, particularly in entertainment CATV networks, that subscriber ownership of some or all terminal equipment and peripheral attachments be possible since such ownership enables the sharing of capital costs between the network operator and the subscriber. Systems designers are led inescapably to the need for standard interfaces and protocols. The paper describes some of the major types of cable data systems currently under development for both institutional and entertainment network applications. Common to both is the concept of a local interface unit to act as a link between the subscriber's terminal equipment and the cable drop. The design of the drop-side interface of this unit raises some major standardization issues. Another important issue is that of compatibility between data and video channels where both types of services are offered on the same cable television plant. The major thrust of present standardization activity has been founded upon the open systems interconnection (OSI) reference model and has taken place within a joint CVCC/EIA committee on teletext and within the IEEE Project 802.6 subcommittee on metropolitan area networks. The paper reviews this activity and explains the principal issues to be resolved.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors α and γ Are Activated by Indomethacin and Other Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (1997)

Indomethacin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and cyclooxygenase inhibitor that is frequently used as a research tool to study the process of adipocyte differentiation. Treatment of various preadipocyte cell lines with micromolar concentrations of indomethacin in the presence of insulin promotes their terminal differentiation. However, the molecular basis for the adipogenic actions of indomethacin had remained unclear. In this report, we show that indomethacin binds and activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a ligand-activated transcription factor known to play a pivotal role in adipogenesis. The concentration of indomethacin required to activate PPARgamma is in good agreement with that required to induce the differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells to adipocytes. We demonstrate that several other NSAIDs, including fenoprofen, ibuprofen, and flufenamic acid, are also PPARgamma ligands and induce adipocyte differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells. Finally, we show that the same NSAIDs that activate PPARgamma are also efficacious activators of PPARalpha, a liver-enriched PPAR subtype that plays a key role in peroxisome proliferation. Interestingly, several NSAIDs have been reported to induce peroxisomal activity in hepatocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings define a novel group of PPARgamma ligands and provide a molecular basis for the biological effects of these drugs on adipogenesis and peroxisome activity.
Microbial reduction of 2-phenylpropionic acid, 2-benzyloxypropionic acid and 2-(2-furfuryl)propionic acid. (1985)

Racemic 2-phenylpropionic acid ((±)-1) and 2-benzyloxypropionic acid ((±)-4) were subjected to microbial reduction and simultaneous resolution with several molds, i.e., Malus and Prunus strains of Glomerella cingulata, Gloeosporium olivarum and Gloeosporium laeticolor, yielding (R)-2-phenylpropanol ((R)-2) and (S)-2-benzyloxypropanol ((S)-5), and leaving (R)-2-phenylpropionic acid ((R)-1) and (R)-2-benzyloxypropionic acid ((R)-4), respectively. The microbial reduction of racemic 2-(2-furfuryl) propionic acid ((±)-8) gave optically inactive (±)-2-(2-furfuryl) propanol ((±)-9).
Tau Polymerization:  Role of the Amino Terminus (2003)

The abnormal polymerization of the tau molecule into insoluble filaments is a seminal event in the neurodegenerative process underlying Alzheimer's disease. Previous experimentation has shown that the microtubule-binding repeat region of the molecule is vital for its ability to polymerize in vitro into filaments similar to those found in Alzheimer's disease. However, it is becoming clear that regions outside the microtubule-binding repeat, such as exons 2 and 3 and the carboxy-terminal tail, can greatly influence its polymerization. Since it has been previously postulated that the amino terminus of tau could be involved in generating pathological conformations in the disease state, its role in the polymerization process was investigated. This report demonstrates that the removal of the amino terminus greatly inhibits the polymerization of the tau molecule, reducing both the rate and extent of polymerization. These results support the hypothesis that the ability of tau to form specific conformations involving the amino terminus is an early event in the formation of tau polymers in the disease state. Furthermore, the mutation of arginine 5 to leucine ((R)5(L)), mimicking an amino-terminal tau mutation found in a single case of FTDP-17, enhances the polymerization of the tau molecule. Therefore, the amino terminus of the tau molecule, while largely overlooked in studies of its polymerization, is a significant contributor to the polymerization process.
Robust vehicle tracking fusing radar and vision (2002)

Many driver assistance systems are based on vehicle detection and tracking including adaptive cruise control, collision warning and fully autonomous driving. A large detection range is required, especially while driving at higher speeds on highways. A reliable and precise detection is needed even under adverse weather conditions. In this paper we present a fusion approach combining radar and monocular image processing. The approach enables one to track vehicles up to a distance of 130 m and to assign them reliably to specific lanes.
Novel therapeutic approach for cancer using four cardiovascular hormones (2004)

These results suggest that these peptide hormones have useful anticancer properties, as they each inhibited the growth of the human pancreatic adenocarcinomas in vivo and three of the four peptide hormones decreased the volume of the tumours (up to 49%, i.e. vessel dilator). Part of their mechanism of action appears to be mediated by cyclic GMP.
A heparin-binding domain in the amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimer's disease is involved in the regulation of neurite outgrowth (1994)

The amyloid protein precursor (APP) of Alzheimer's disease is synthesized as an integral transmembrane protein that is released from cells in culture following proteolytic cleavage. The function of released APP is not known, although there is evidence that the protein may bind to components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In the present study, substratum-bound APP stimulated neurite outgrowth in cultures of chick sympathetic and mouse hippocampal neurons. This effect was dependent upon the presence of substratum-bound heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG). The effect of APP on neurite outgrowth was comparable to that of laminin. A 14 K N-terminal fragment of APP was found to bind heparin and a region close to the N-terminus of APP (residues 96-110) identified as a potential heparin-binding domain based on secondary structure predictions and molecular modeling. Mutagenesis of three basic residues (lysine-99, arginine-100, and arginine-102) resulted in a recombinant protein (APPhep) with decreased heparin-binding capacity. A peptide homologous to the heparin-binding domain was synthesized and found to bind strongly to heparin and to inhibit binding of 125I-labeled APP to heparin (IC50 approximately 10(-7) M). The peptide blocked the effect of APP on neurite outgrowth (IC50 approximately 10(-7) M), whereas two other peptides homologous to other domains in APP had no effect. The results indicate that the binding of APP to HSPG in the ECM may stimulate the effects of APP on neurite outgrowth.
Editor's Introduction (1982)

Educational knowledge in the Soviet Union flows through what appears to be a clearly defined and well-organized structure for research and development, That structure is pyramidal with the USSR Academy of Pedagogical Sciences at the top, the educational research institutes affiliated with the education ministries of the fifteen union republics which make up the USSR under the Academy, and the research faculties of the country's universities and pedagogical (or teacher training) institutes arrayed underneath. These three tiers of research institutions are linked organizationally to the national school system, whose development they serve, by in-service institutes for advanced teacher training and by teaching methods associations of school personnel.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Analysis of Trypanosoma cruzi Trans-Sialidase Reveals a Classical Ping-Pong Mechanism with Acid/Base Catalysis (2008)

The trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma cruzi catalyzes the transfer of a sialic acid moiety from sialylated donor substrates to the terminal galactose moiety of lactose and lactoside acceptors to yield alpha-(2,3)-sialyllactose or its derivatives with net retention of anomeric configuration. Through kinetic analyses in which the concentrations of two different donor aryl alpha-sialoside substrates and the acceptor substrate lactose were independently varied, we have demonstrated that this enzyme follows a ping-pong bi-bi kinetic mechanism. This is supported for both the native enzyme and a mutant (D59A) in which the putative acid/base catalyst has been replaced by the demonstration of the half-reaction in which a sialyl-enzyme intermediate is formed. Mass spectrometric analysis of the protein directly demonstrates the formation of a covalent intermediate, while the observation of release of a full equivalent of p-nitrophenol by the mutant in a pre-steady state burst provides further support. The active site nucleophile is confirmed to be Tyr342 by trapping of the sialyl-enzyme intermediate using the D59A mutant and sequencing of the purified peptic peptide. The role of D59 as the acid/base catalyst is confirmed by chemical rescue studies in which activity is restored to the D59A mutant by azide and a sialyl azide product is formed.
A robust scoring system to evaluate sepsis severity in an animal model (2014)

The MSS reliably predicts disease progression and mortality in an animal model of polymicrobial sepsis. More importantly, it may be used to assess and compare outcomes among various experimental models of sepsis, and serve as an ethically acceptable alternative to death as an endpoint.
Zinc oxysulfide thin films grown by atomic layer deposition (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTZinc oxysulfide thin films grown by atomic layer depositionB. W. Sanders and A. KitaiCite this: Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 5, 1005–1011Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00023a015https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00023a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views976Altmetric-Citations66LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Interleukin (IL)-3 and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, but not IL-4, induce tyrosine phosphorylation, activation, and association of SHPTP2 with Grb2 and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase. (1994)

Binding of interleukin (IL)-3 and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to their high affinity cell surface receptors induces tyrosine phosphorylation of a similar set of protein substrates. We have identified one of these common substrates (p70) as the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHPTP2. The Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of the adaptor protein Grb2 bound with high affinity to tyrosine-phosphorylated SHPTP2 following treatment of cells with IL-3 or GM-CSF, but not IL-4. This interaction was inhibited by two phosphotyrosine peptides, based on sequences within SHPTP2, which conform to the postulated consensus sequence for Grb2 SH2 recognition. Following treatment with IL-3 or GM-CSF, but not IL-4, SHPTP2 co-immunoprecipitated with antibodies directed against the p85 subunit of PI 3'-kinase. This was partially blocked by the same phosphopeptides that blocked Grb2-SH2 binding to SHPTP2. Importantly, treatment with IL-3 resulted in a 2-3-fold increase in SHPTP2 phosphatase activity. These results suggest that SHPTP2 may play an important role in integrating signals from the IL-3 and GM-CSF receptors to both Ras and PI 3'-kinase.
Complementation of adenovirus virus-associated RNA I gene deletion by expression of a mutant eukaryotic translation initiation factor. (1989)

Adenovirus VA RNAs (virus-associated RNAs) are small polymerase III transcripts that are required for efficient initiation of mRNA translation late in adenovirus infection. VAI RNA prevents double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) activation of the interferon-induced protein kinase (DAI kinase). Activation of this kinase results in phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2 alpha) and correlates with inhibition of translation initiation. In this report we show growth complementation of adenoviruses harboring deletions in the VAI gene in cell lines expressing a serine-to-alanine mutant of eIF-2 alpha. This serine-to-alanine mutant is resistant to phosphorylation by DAI kinase. These results directly show that the primary function of VAI RNA in the lytic adenovirus infection is the inhibition of eIF-2 alpha phosphorylation by DAI kinase and identify eIF-2 alpha as the target that mediates the effects of DAI kinase activation. Cells that express a mutant eIF-2 alpha will enable the isolation of specific host-range mutants for other types of viruses that are defective in the ability to inhibit DAI kinase.
Cardiovascular risk factors and migraine (2005)

Migraineurs, particularly with aura, have a higher cardiovascular risk profile than individuals without migraine.
Transcatheter treatment of thrombosed hemodialysis access grafts. (1995)

Thrombosis of access grafts is a frequent problem for patients being treated with long-term hemodialysis. Transcatheter techniques have recently been used in the primary management of failed dialysis grafts. This article reviews current methods for transcatheter treatment. Several thrombolytic techniques are discussed, including pharmacologic, pharmacomechanical, and mechanical methods. Methods for treatment of underlying graft stenosis are considered. Complications associated with these procedures are reviewed. The percutaneous techniques are compared among themselves and with standard surgical procedures for graft revision. Finally, several evolving methods for prevention of dialysis graft thrombosis are considered.
The Heat-Shock Element Is a Functional Component of the Arabidopsis APX1 Gene Promoter (1998)

Ascorbate peroxidases are important enzymes that detoxify hydrogen peroxide within the cytosol and chloroplasts of plant cells. To better understand their role in oxidative stress tolerance, the transcriptional regulation of the apx1 gene from Arabidopsis was studied. The apx1 gene was expressed in all tested organs of Arabidopsis; mRNA levels were low in roots, leaves, and stems and high in flowers. Steady-state mRNA levels in leaves or cell suspensions increased after treatment with methyl viologen, ethephon, high temperature, and illumination of etiolated seedlings. A putative heat-shock cis element found in the apx1 promoter was shown to be recognized by the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) heat-shock factor in vitro and to be responsible for the in vivo heat-shock induction of the gene. The heat-shock cis element also contributed partially to the induction of the gene by oxidative stress. By using in vivo dimethyl sulfate footprinting, we showed that proteins interacted with a G/C-rich element found in the apx1 promoter.
A review of single-mode fibers with modified dispersion characteristics (1986)

Standard first-generation single-mode fibers are optimized for operation at a wavelength of 1.3 μm, where they exhibit zero dispersion. By modifying the fiber design it is possible to shift the zero dispersion wavelength to 1.55 μm, where the lowest losses occur in silica-based fibers. Advanced fiber structures can also be designed such that relatively flat dispersion spectra can be achieved over a wide range of wavelengths. In this paper, the theoretical and practical attempts to develop advanced fiber designs have been reviewed.
Saxagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (2008)

Saxagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, is currently under development by Bristol-Myers Squibb Co, AstraZeneca plc and Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The compound has high selectivity for DPP-IV compared with other dipeptidyl peptidases and a duration profile designed for once-daily dosing. DPP-IV inhibitors act by increasing levels of glucagon-like peptide-1, which stimulates insulin secretion. In animal studies, saxagliptin improved glucose clearance and raised insulin levels in rodents. Clinical trials have demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of DPP-IV by saxagliptin without serious side effects. Results have demonstrated that treatment with saxagliptin lowers blood glucose levels, with good tolerability and safety. The specific advantages of saxagliptin over other DPP-IV inhibitors may lie in its long-lived, effective and highly specific inhibition of DPP-IV, making once-daily treatment feasible, effective and safe.
The Sorcerer's Apprentice Guide to Fault Attacks (2006)

The effect of faults on electronic systems has been studied since the 1970s when it was noticed that radioactive particles caused errors in chips. This led to further research on the effect of charged particles on silicon, motivated by the aerospace industry, which was becoming concerned about the effect of faults in airborne electronic systems. Since then various mechanisms for fault creation and propagation have been discovered and researched. This paper covers the various methods that can be used to induce faults in semiconductors and exploit such errors maliciously. Several examples of attacks stemming from the exploiting of faults are explained. Finally a series of countermeasures to thwart these attacks are described.
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Changes After Renal Sympathetic Denervation in Patients With Resistant Hypertension (2013)

RDN reduced office BP and improved relevant aspects of ambulatory BP monitoring, commonly linked to high cardiovascular risk, in patients with true-treatment resistant hypertension, whereas it only affected office BP in pseudoresistant hypertension.
Learning in Wubble World (2007)

Why do children master language so quickly and thoroughly, whereas gigabytes of text and enormously sophisticated learning algorithms produce at best shallow semantics in machines? Because children have help from competent speakers who relate language to what's happening in the child's environment. To facilitate the task of machine word learning, we developed a simulated environment, called "Wubble World," and populated it with entities called wubbles. Children interact with the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">wubbles </i> using natural language, and act as teachers when the wubble needs help. This paper presents our word learning algorithms and provides some empirical results.