gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrolytically degradable amino acid-containing polymers (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrolytically degradable amino acid-containing polymersAndrea Staubli, Eyal Ron, and Robert LangerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 11, 4419–4424Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00167a045https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00167a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views440Altmetric-Citations88LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Drugs II (1990)

Journal Article Drugs II Get access Edward Smith Edward Smith Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Washington, DC 20204 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Volume 73, Issue 1, 1 January 1990, Page 89, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.1.89 Published: 14 January 2020
Effect of cell–cell interactions in preservation of cellular phenotype: cocultivation of hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells (1999)

Heterotypic cell interaction between parenchymal cells and nonparenchymal neighbors has been reported to modulate cell growth, migration, and/or differentiation. In both the developing and adult liver, cell-cell interactions are imperative for coordinated organ function. In vitro, cocultivation of hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells has been used to preserve and modulate the hepatocyte phenotype. We summarize previous studies in this area as well as recent advances in microfabrication that have allowed for more precise control over cell-cell interactions through 'cellular patterning' or 'micropatterning'. Although the precise mechanisms by which nonparenchymal cells modulate the hepatocyte phenotype remain unelucidated, some new insights on the modes of cell signaling, the extent of cell-cell interaction, and the ratio of cell populations are noted. Proposed clinical applications of hepatocyte cocultures, typically extracorporeal bioartificial liver support systems, are reviewed in the context of these new findings. Continued advances in microfabrication and cell culture will allow further study of the role of cell communication in physiological and pathophysiological processes as well as in the development of functional tissue constructs for medical applications.
Update on the detection and treatment of atherogenic low-density lipoproteins (2013)

Much of the controversy vanishes once the physiologically driven differences in the composition of the apoB lipoprotein particles are taken into account, illustrating that epidemiology, not directed by physiology, is like shooting without aiming.
Perfluoroalkylation with Organosilicon Reagents (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPerfluoroalkylation with Organosilicon ReagentsG. K. Surya Prakash and Andrei K. YudinView Author Information Donald P. and Katherine B. Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, University Park, Los Angeles, California 90089-1661 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 3, 757–786Publication Date (Web):May 8, 1997Publication History Received15 October 1996Revised21 January 1997Published online8 May 1997Published inissue 1 May 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr9408991https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9408991research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views11337Altmetric-Citations934LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Alcohols,Anions,Ketones,Reaction products,Trifluoromethylation Get e-Alerts
Image Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry: Pushing the Envelope with Sensitivity and Accuracy (2011)

A novel image charge detection mass spectrometer (CDMS) with improved sensitivity and mass accuracy is described. The improved detector design and method of data analysis allow us to measure a reliable mass for a single macroion that is an order of magnitude smaller than previously achieved with CDMS. The apparatus employs an image charge detector array consisting of 22 detectors. The detectors are divided into two groups that can be floated at different potentials. The signals from the detector array are analyzed using a correlation approach to yield the velocities in the two groups of detectors and the charge. These quantities, together with the voltage difference between the two groups of detectors, provide a value for the mass. The mass, m/z, and charge distributions recorded for 300 kDa poly(ethylene oxide) (PEG) are presented. The mass distribution shows a peak at around 300 kDa with a width close to that expected from the polymer size distribution. In addition, there are broad peaks in the mass distribution at around 100 and 500 MDa. The 300 kDa ions have m/z ratios of ∼2 kDa/e, and the 100 and 500 MDa ions have m/z ratios of ∼40 kDa/e. The 100 and 500 MDa ions probably result from PEG aggregates that are either present in solution or the residue of large electrospray droplets.
Defining clusters from a hierarchical cluster tree: the Dynamic Tree Cut package for R (2007)

The Dynamic Tree Cut method is implemented in an R package available at http://www.genetics.ucla.edu/labs/horvath/CoexpressionNetwork/BranchCutting.
MULTI-seq: Scalable sample multiplexing for single-cell RNA sequencing using lipid-tagged indices (2018)

ABSTRACT We describe MULTI-seq: A rapid, modular, and universal scRNA-seq sample m ultiplexing strategy u sing l ipid- t agged i ndices. MULTI-seq reagents can barcode any cell type from any species with an accessible plasma membrane. The method is compatible with enzymatic tissue dissociation, and also preserves viability and endogenous gene expression patterns. We leverage these features to multiplex the analysis of multiple solid tissues comprising human and mouse cells isolated from patient-derived xenograft mouse models. We also utilize MULTI-seq’s modular design to perform a 96-plex perturbation experiment with human mammary epithelial cells. MULTI-seq also enables robust doublet identification, which improves data quality and increases scRNA-seq cell throughput by minimizing the negative effects of Poisson loading. We anticipate that the sample throughput and reagent savings enabled by MULTI-seq will expand the purview of scRNA-seq and democratize the application of these technologies within the scientific community.
Differential Roles of CC Chemokine Ligand 2/Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 and CCR2 in the Development of T1 Immunity (2002)

CCR2 and its major ligand, chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)/monocyte chemotactic protein-1, have been found to influence T1/T2 immune response polarization. Our objective was to directly compare the roles of CCR2 and CCL2 in T1/T2 immune response polarization using a model of pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans infection. Either deletion of CCR2 or treatment of wild-type mice with CCL2 neutralizing Ab produced significant and comparable reductions in macrophage and T cell recruitment into the lungs following infection. Both CCL2 neutralization and CCR2 deficiency resulted in significantly diminished IFN-gamma production, and increased IL-4 and IL-5 production by lung leukocytes (T1 to T2 switch), but only CCR2 deficiency promoted pulmonary eotaxin production and eosinophilia. In the lung-associated lymph nodes (LALN), CCL2-neutralized mice developed Ag-specific IFN-gamma-producing cells, while CCR2 knockout mice did not. LALN from CCR2 knockout mice also had fewer MHCII(+)CD11c(+) and MHCII(+)CD11b(+) cells, and produced significantly less IL-12p70 and TNF-alpha when stimulated with heat-killed yeast than LALN from wild-type or CCL2-neutralized mice, consistent with a defect in APC trafficking in CCR2 knockout mice. Neutralization of CCL2 in CCR2 knockout mice did not alter immune response development, demonstrating that the high levels of CCL2 in these mice did not play a role in T2 polarization. Therefore, CCR2 (but not CCL2) is required for afferent T1 development in the lymph nodes. In the absence of CCL2, T1 cells polarize in the LALN, but do not traffic from the lymph nodes to the lungs, resulting in a pulmonary T2 response.
LGR5 Is a Negative Regulator of Tumourigenicity, Antagonizes Wnt Signalling and Regulates Cell Adhesion in Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines (2011)

We have modulated the expression of LGR5 by RNAi (inhibitory RNAs) or overexpression in colorectal cancer cell lines. Paradoxically, ablation of LGR5 induces increased invasion and anchorage-independent growth, and enhances tumourigenicity in xenografts experiments. Conversely, overexpression of LGR5 augments cell adhesion, reduces clonogenicity and attenuates tumourigenicity. Expression profiling revealed enhanced wnt signalling and upregulation of EMT genes upon knockdown of LGR5, with opposite changes in LGR5 overexpressing cells. These findings suggest that LGR5 is important in restricting stem cells to their niche, and that loss of LGR5 concomitant with activated wnt signalling may contribute to the invasive phenotype of colorectal carcinomas.
Multinuclear Magnesium Hydride Clusters: Selective Reduction and Catalytic Hydroboration of Pyridines (2014)

Multinuclear magnesium hydride complexes react with pyridine, forming 1,2- and 1,4-dihydropyridide (DHP) complexes. Reaction of PARA3Mg8H10 with pyridine initially formed 1,2-DHP and 1,4-DHP product mixtures which converted at 60 °C into PARA-[Mg(1,4-DHP)]2·(pyridine)2 (PARA = [(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC(Me)C(H)C(Me)N]2-(p-C6H4)). Reaction of [NN-(MgH)2]2 with pyridine gave exclusive formation of the 1,2-DHP product NN-[Mg(1,2-DHP)]2·(pyridine)2 (NN = [(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC(Me)CHC(Me)N−]2). Both products were characterized by crystal structure determinations. The unusual preference for 1,2-addition is likely caused by secondary intramolecular interactions based on mutual communication between the metal coordination geometries: an extended network of C–H···C π-interactions and π-stacking interactions is found. Whereas PARA3Mg8H10 is hardly active in magnesium-catalyzed hydroboration of pyridines with pinacolborane, [NN-(MgH)2]2 shows efficient coupling. However, the regioselectivity of the stoichiometric reaction is not translated to the catalytic regime. This result is taken as an indication for a potential alternative mechanism in which magnesium hydride intermediates do not play a role but the hydride is transferred from an intermediate borate complex.
Surround view pedestrian detection using heterogeneous classifier cascades (2011)

Pedestrian detection is of particular interest to the automotive domain, where an accurate estimation of a pedestrian's position is the first step towards reliable collision avoidance systems. Driven by rapid advances in technology, several systems to detect pedestrians in front of a moving vehicle have been proposed in recent years. This paper introduces a novel pedestrian detection system for low-speed driving scenarios, capable of detecting pedestrians in a 360-degree fashion around the vehicle. Detected pedestrians are displayed to the driver in an intuitive way using a dynamically generated Birds's Eye View image. Furthermore, a novel classifier architecture to efficiently handle this complex application scenario is provided. By combining the processing speed of a classifier cascade with the discriminative power of a multi-stage neural network, the system achieves state of the art performance while retaining real-time capability. To keep classifier complexity low, a new feature-based inter-stage information transfer method is presented. All classifier components are compared to recent pedestrian detection approaches and evaluated on a real-world data set.
Tumor dosimetry in radioimmunotherapy: Methods of calculation for beta particles (1993)

Calculational methods of beta-particle dosimetry in radioimmunotherapy (RIT) are reviewed for clinical and experimental studies and computer modeling of tumors. In clinical studies, absorbed-dose estimates are usually based on the in-vivo quantitation of the activity in tumors from gamma camera images. Because of the limited spatial resolution of gamma cameras, clinical dosimetry is necessarily limited to the macroscopic level (macrodosimetry) and the MIRD formalism for absorbed-dose calculations is appropriate. In experimental RIT, tumor dimensions are often comparable to or smaller than the beta-particle range of commonly used radionuclides (for example, 131I, 67Cu, 186Re, 188Re, 90Y) and deviations from the equilibrium dose must be taken into account in absorbed-dose calculations. Additionally, if small tumors are growing rapidly at the time of RIT, the effects of tumor growth will need to be included in absorbed-dose estimates. In computer modeling of absorbed-dose distributions, analytical, numerical, and Monte Carlo methods have been used to investigate the consequences of uniform and nonuniform activity distributions and the effects of inhomogeneous media. Measurements and calculations of the local absorbed dose at the multicellular level have shown that variations in this dose are large. Knowledge of the absorbed dose is essential for any form of radiotherapy. Therefore, it is important that clinical, experimental, and theoretical investigations continue to provide information on tumor dosimetry that is necessary for a better understanding of the radiobiological effects of RIT.
Panoptic Feature Pyramid Networks (2019)

The recently introduced panoptic segmentation task has renewed our community's interest in unifying the tasks of instance segmentation (for thing classes) and semantic segmentation (for stuff classes). However, current state-of-the-art methods for this joint task use separate and dissimilar networks for instance and semantic segmentation, without performing any shared computation. In this work, we aim to unify these methods at the architectural level, designing a single network for both tasks. Our approach is to endow Mask R-CNN, a popular instance segmentation method, with a semantic segmentation branch using a shared Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) backbone. Surprisingly, this simple baseline not only remains effective for instance segmentation, but also yields a lightweight, top-performing method for semantic segmentation. In this work, we perform a detailed study of this minimally extended version of Mask R-CNN with FPN, which we refer to as Panoptic FPN, and show it is a robust and accurate baseline for both tasks. Given its effectiveness and conceptual simplicity, we hope our method can serve as a strong baseline and aid future research in panoptic segmentation.
γ‐VINYL GABA (4‐amino‐hex‐5‐enoic acid), A NEW SELECTIVE IRREVERSIBLE INHIBITOR OF GABA‐T: EFFECTS ON BRAIN GABA METABOLISM IN MICE1 (1977)

Abstract— γ‐Vinyl GABA (4‐amino‐hex‐5‐enoic acid, RMI 71754) is a catalytic inhibitor of GABA‐T in vitro. When given by a peripheral route to mice, it crosses the blood‐brain barrier and induces a long‐lasting, dose‐dependent, irreversible inhibition of brain GABA transaminase (GABA‐T). Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is only slightly affected even at the highest doses used. γ ‐Vinyl GABA has little or no effect on brain succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase activities. GABA‐T inhibition is accompanied by a sustained dose‐dependent increase of brain GABA concentration. From the rate of accumulation of GABA it was estimated that GABA turnover in brain was at least 6.5 μmol/g/h. Based on recovery of enzyme activity the half‐life of GABA‐T was found to be 3.4 days, that of GAD was estimated to be about 2.4 days. γ ‐Vinyl GABA should be valuable for manipulations of brain GABA metabolism.
A lentiviral vector bearing a reverse intron demonstrates superior expression of both proteins and microRNAs (2017)

While lentiviral expression vectors are widely used in many facets of molecular biology, due to their ability to stably express heterologous genes in both dividing and non-dividing cells, they suffer from the disadvantage that introns inserted into the vector genome are generally rapidly lost by splicing in packaging cell lines. The presence of an intron, if achievable, has the potential to facilitate the expression of transgene cDNAs, as splicing has been extensively shown to facilitate mRNA biogenesis and function. Moreover, if a stable intron could be introduced into a lentiviral vector, this could greatly facilitate the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs), and especially miRNA clusters, as the introduction of pri-miRNA stems into the exonic region of a lentiviral vector can strongly reduce both vector titer and the expression of any miRNA-linked indicator gene due to cleavage of the vector RNA genome by cellular Drosha. Here, we describe a novel lentiviral vector design in which transgenes and/or miRNAs are expressed using an antisense-orientated, inducible promoter driving an expression cassette bearing a functional intron. We demonstrate that this lentiviral vector, called pTREX, is able to express higher levels of both transgenes and pri-miRNA clusters when compared with a closely similar conventional lentiviral vector.
Hierarchical neural control of human postural balance and bipedal walking in sagittal plane (2006)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2006.
Chitosan-as a Biomaterial (1990)

Chitosan [a (1----4) 2-amino-2-deoxy-beta-D-Glucan] is a unique polysaccharide derived from chitin. Several attempts have been made to use this biopolymer in biomedical field. The use of this material in the development of hemodialysis membranes, artificial skin, drug targetting and other applications are discussed. It appears, this novel biomolecule, biodegradable, and biocompatible, find applications in substituting or regenerating the blood/tissue interfaces. This polysaccharide having structural characteristics similar to glycosaminoglycans, seems to mimic their functional behaviour.
Highly Selective Mechanism-Based Thrombin Inhibitors:  Structures of Thrombin and Trypsin Inhibited with Rigid Peptidyl Aldehydes (1998)

The crystal structures of three highly potent and selective low-molecular weight rigid peptidyl aldehyde inhibitors complexed with thrombin have been determined and refined to R values 0.152-0. 170 at 1.8-2.1 A resolution. Since the selectivity of two of the inhibitors was >1600 with respect to trypsin, the structures of trypsin-inhibited complexes of these inhibitors were also determined (R = 0.142-0.157 at 1.9-2.1 A resolution). The selectivity appears to reside in the inability of a benzenesulfonamide group to bind at the equivalent of the D-enantiomorphic S3 site of thrombin, which may be related to the lack of a 60-insertion loop in trypsin. All the inhibitors have a novel lactam moiety at the P3 position, while the two with greatest trypsin selectivity have a guanidinopiperidyl group at the P1 position that binds in the S1 specificity site. Differences in the binding constants of these inhibitors are correlated with their interactions with thrombin and trypsin. The kinetics of inhibition vary from slow to fast with thrombin and are fast in all cases with trypsin. The kinetics are examined in terms of the slow formation of a stable transition-state complex in a two-step mechanism. The structures of both thrombin and trypsin complexes show similar well-defined transition states in the S1 site and at the electrophilic carbon atom and Ser195OG. The trypsin structures, however, suggest that the first step in a two-step kinetic mechanism may involve formation of a weak transition-state complex, rather than binding dominated by the P2-P4 positions.
MPEG-4 BIFS streaming of large virtual environments and their animation on the web (2002)

Although the Virtual Reality Modeling Language has made viewing 3D content on the web possible, remotely accessing large and complex 3D worlds requires a great deal of bandwidth. In the absence of such bandwidth users will suffer substantial latency in receiving the entire scene before they are able to view and interact with it. Streaming the 3D content and displaying the parts currently available while allowing users to interact with and navigate through the world reduces the time users have to wait in order to become involved in the virtual scene and hence improves their experience. This paper presents the use of the MPEG-4 standard for streaming of 3D worlds and the corresponding animation over the web while allowing users navigation and manipulation of the content, as it becomes available.
Regulation of early enzymes of ergosterol biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1986)

In order to determine the regulation mechanisms of ergosterol biosynthesis in yeast, we developed growth conditions leading to high or limiting ergosterol levels in wild type and sterol-auxotrophic mutant strains. An excess of sterol is obtained in anaerobic sterol-supplemented cultures of mutant and wild type strains. A low sterol level is obtained in aerobic growth conditions in mutant strains cultured with optimal sterol supplementation and in wild type strain deprived of pantothenic acid, as well as in anaerobic cultures without sterol supplementation. Measurements of the specific activities of acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA) synthase and HMG-CoA reductase (the first three enzymes of the pathway), show that in cells deprived of ergosterol, acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and HMG-CoA synthase are generally increased. In an excess of ergosterol, in anaerobiosis, the same enzymes are strongly decreased. A 5-10-fold decrease is observed for acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and HMG-CoA synthase. In contrast, HMG-CoA reductase is only slightly affected by these conditions. These results show that ergosterol could regulate its own synthesis, at least partially, by repression of the first two enzymes of the pathway. Our results also show that exogenous sterols, even if strongly incorporated by auxotrophic mutant cells, cannot suppress enzyme activities in aerobic growth conditions. Measurement of specific enzyme activities in mutant cells also revealed that farnesyl pyrophosphate thwarts the enhancement of the activities of the two first enzymes.