gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Estradiol and Its Metabolites on Glomerular Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Mesangial Cell Growth (2001)

Reduced nitric oxide synthesis by glomerular endothelial cells and increased proliferation of glomerular mesangial cells is associated with glomerular remodeling that leads to accelerated glomerulosclerosis. Estradiol induces nitric oxide synthesis and slows the progression of renal disease. Because the estradiol metabolites 2-hydroxyestradiol and 2-methoxyestradiol are more potent than estradiol in inhibiting growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, which are phenotypically similar to mesangial cells, we compared the effects of estradiol, 2-hydroxyestradiol, and 2-methoxyestradiol on growth of glomerular mesangial cells and on basal nitric oxide synthesis by glomerular endothelial cells. In human glomerular mesangial cells, estradiol and its metabolites concentration-dependently (1 nmol/L to 10 micromol/L) inhibited serum (2.5%)-induced DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and collagen synthesis with the order of potency being 2-methoxyestradiol > 2-hydroxyestradiol > estradiol. ICI182780 (100 micromol/L, an estrogen receptor antagonist) blocked the growth inhibitory effects of estradiol but not 2-hydroxyestradiol or 2-methoxyestradiol. Treatment with estradiol, but not 2-hydroxyestradiol and 2-methoxyestradiol, induced nitric oxide synthesis (P<0.05, assayed by the formation of (3)H-L-citrulline from (3)H-L-arginine) in human glomerular endothelial cells, and these effects were blocked by ICI182780 and L-NMA (a nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor). In conclusion, estradiol may attenuate glomerulosclerosis by inducing nitric oxide synthesis via an estrogen receptor-dependent mechanism and by conversion to 2-hydroxyestradiol and 2-methoxyestradiol, which inhibit glomerular mesangial cell proliferation independent of estrogen receptors.
Selenium Depletion in Burn Patients (1984)

Victims of major burns may be at risk for selenium (Se) depletion because increased postinjury nutrient needs are often met by total parental nutrition and tube feedings which contain little Se. This study compared Se status of 17 burn patients and 191 healthy control subjects. Se intake of burn patients was lower than the intake of control subjects when total parenteral nutrition or tube feedings were used as primary nutrient sources but was comparable to the control intake when burn patients consumed oral diets. Serial determinations each 10 days during recovery showed that burn patients had lower plasma Se, erythrocyte Se, and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase levels, and lower 24-hr urine Se excretion. These results provide biochemical evidence of Se depletion despite exogenous Se intake within the range recommended for healthy adults. Further studies are indicated to determine if Se depletion in burn patients can be prevented by Se supplementation of total parenteral nutrition and tube feeding solutions.
Acupuncture Research in Military and Veteran Populations: A Rapid Evidence Assessment of the Literature (2011)

Background: In recent years, both the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) have begun to turn to complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) therapies to help address chronic physical (pain) and psychological (post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression) conditions. One of the most prominent CIM therapies for these conditions is acupuncture. While there has been considerable acupuncture research performed in civilian populations, the level of research conducted within military and veteran populations is unclear. Objective: The main objectives of this review were to survey the number of published acupuncture studies in military and veteran populations and to assess and summarize the quality of the included studies. Design: A Rapid Evidence Assessment of the Literature (REAL©) was conducted to identify, assess, and characterize published studies of acupuncture among military and veteran populations (from inception until March 2011). Results: A total of 340 citations were reviewed. Studies that met the criteria for inclusion were evaluated for study quality and bias using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network 50 (SIGN 50) checklist for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Only 2 RCTs that fit the inclusion criteria were found and were able to be assessed using the SIGN quality scoring tool. Conclusions: This review shows that, although there have been several studies examining acupuncture efficacy and effectiveness in a military and/or veteran population, only one of the published studies had a sound methodological design. At present, there is a paucity of acupuncture research in military and veteran populations.
Analysis of NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H Cofactors by Imprinted Polymer Membranes Associated with Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistor Devices and Au−Quartz Crystals (2002)

Specific recognition sites for the NAD(P)+ and NAD(P)H cofactors are imprinted in a cross-linked acrylamide-acrylamidophenylboronic acid copolymer membrane. The imprinted membranes, associated with pH-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs) or Au-quartz piezoelectric crystals, enable the potentiometric or microgravimetric analysis of the oxidized NAD(P)+ cofactors and the reduced NAD(P)H cofactors, respectively. The NAD+- and NADP+-imprinted membranes associated with the ISFET allow the analysis of NAD+ and NADP+ with sensitivities that correspond to 15.0 and 18.0 mVdecade(-1) and detection limits of 4 x 10(-7) and 2 x 10(-7) M, respectively. The NADH- and NADPH-imprinted membranes associated with the ISFET device enable the analysis of NADH and NADPH with sensitivities that correspond to 24.2 and 21.8 mV x decade(-1) and lower detection limits that are 1 x 10(-7) and 2 x 10(-7) M, respectively. The ISFET devices functionalized with the NADH and NADPH membranes are employed in the analysis of the biocatalyzed oxidation of lactic acid and ethanol in the presence of lactate dehydrogenase and alcohol dehydrogenase, respectively.
CCXIV.—The preparation of methylguanidine, and of ββ-dimethylguanidine by the interaction of dicyanodiamide, and methylammonium and dimethylammonium chlorides respectively (1922)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
Summary of human responses to ventilation (2004)

The review shows that ventilation has various positive impacts on health and productivity of building occupants. Ventilation reduces the prevalence of airborne infectious diseases and thus the number of sick leave days. In office environment a ventilation rate up to 20-25 L/s per person seem to decrease the prevalence of SBS-symptoms. Air conditioning systems may increase the prevalence of SBS-symptoms relative to natural ventilation if not clean. In residential buildings the air change rate in cold climates should not be below app. 0.5 ach. Ventilation systems may cause pressure differences over the building envelope and bring harmful pollutants indoors.
Fifteen Years of Cell-Penetrating, Guanidinium-Rich Molecular Transporters: Basic Science, Research Tools, and Clinical Applications (2013)

All living systems require biochemical barriers. As a consequence, all drugs, imaging agents, and probes have targets that are either on, in, or inside of these barriers. Fifteen years ago, we initiated research directed at more fully understanding these barriers and at developing tools and strategies for breaching them that could be of use in basic research, imaging, diagnostics, and medicine. At the outset of this research and now to a lesser extent, the "rules" for drug design biased the selection of drug candidates mainly to those with an intermediate and narrow log P. At the same time, it was becoming increasingly apparent that Nature had long ago developed clever strategies to circumvent these "rules." In 1988, for example, independent reports documented the otherwise uncommon passage of a protein (HIV-Tat) across a membrane. A subsequent study implicated a highly basic domain in this protein (Tat49-57) in its cellular entry. This conspicuously contradictory behavior of a polar, highly charged peptide passing through a nonpolar membrane set the stage for learning how Nature had gotten around the current "rules" of transport. As elaborated in our studies and discussed in this Account, the key strategy used in Nature rests in part on the ability of a molecule to change its properties as a function of microenvironment; such molecules need to be polarity chameleons, polar in a polar milieu and relatively nonpolar in a nonpolar environment. Because this research originated in part with the protein Tat and its basic peptide domain, Tat49-57, the field focused heavily on peptides, even limiting its nomenclature to names such as "cell-penetrating peptides," "cell-permeating peptides," "protein transduction domains," and "membrane translocating peptides." Starting in 1997, through a systematic reverse engineering approach, we established that the ability of Tat49-57 to enter cells is not a function of its peptide backbone, but rather a function of the number and spatial array of its guanidinium groups. These function-oriented studies enabled us and others to design more effective peptidic agents and to think beyond the confines of peptidic systems to new and even more effective nonpeptidic agents. Because the function of passage across a cell membrane is not limited to or even best achieved with the peptide backbone, we referred to these agents by their shared function, "cell-penetrating molecular transporters." The scope of this molecular approach to breaching biochemical barriers has expanded remarkably in the past 15 years: enabling or enhancing the delivery of a wide range of cargos into cells and across other biochemical barriers, creating new tools for research, imaging, and diagnostics, and introducing new therapies into clinical trials.
Targeted drug delivery. (1992)

Achieving adequate dosage of a drug to be effective, without crossing the line into toxicity, can be a problem. This paper reviews ongoing research into methods of delivering drugs only to diseased tissue or cells, minimally affecting surrounding tissue. In particular, the author discusses encapsulating drugs in liposomes (artificial phospholipid microcapsules) which will only bind to certain cells.
Activation of electrophilic aromatic substitution by the substituent –CH2Co(dmgH)2py. Products of reaction of benzylcobaloximes with halogens in acetic acid (1972)

Benzyl-, 2-methylbenzyl-, and 4-methylbenzyl-cobaloxime react rapidly with low concentrations of chlorine and bromine in acetic acid to give the corresponding benzyl and methylbenzyl halides. 3-Methylbenzylcobaloxime undergoes a substantial proportion of ring substitution by both bromine and chlorine in competition with the cleavage of the carbon–cobalt bond. 3,5-Dimethylbenzylcobaloxime undergoes ring substitution before carbon–cobalt bond cleavage and at rates greater than those for the comparable substitution reactions of mesitylene, but comparable with those of 3,5-dimethylanisole. The p-xylylenedicobaloxime does not undergo ring substitution, but m-xylylenedibaloxime undergoes considerable substitution at both the positions para- to the organometallic substituents, before carbon–cobalt bond cleavage occurs. In contrast, iodine causes carbon–cobalt bond cleavage without prior ring substitution in all the cases studied. The results are discussed in terms of the substituent effect of the organometallic group, which is greater than that of the methyl group, but less than that of the methoxy-group.
Proteome and Transcriptome Analysis of the Virulence Genes Regulated by the VirR/VirS System in Clostridium perfringens (2002)

The proteins under the control of the two-component system VirR/VirS in Clostridium perfringens were analyzed by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the culture supernatant from the wild type and the virR mutant. Based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/mass spectrometry, seven positively regulated proteins and eight negatively regulated proteins were identified. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that 7 of the 15 proteins were regulated by the VirR/VirS system at the transcriptional level, but the remaining proteins were modified with a VirR/VirS-directed protease at the posttranslation and secretion levels. We purified and characterized the VirR/VirS-directed protease from the culture supernatant and identified it as a kind of clostripain. Because this proteolytic activity was strongly inhibited by leupeptin and antipain, it was concluded that this protease was a member of the family of cysteine proteases of C. perfringens.
High-Throughput Identification and Validation of In Situ-Expressed Genes of Lactococcus lactis (2008)

Understanding the functional response of bacteria to their natural environment is one of the current challenges in microbiology. Over the past decades several techniques have been developed to study gene expression in complex natural habitats. Most of these methods, however, are laborious, and validation of results under in situ conditions is cumbersome. Here we report the improvement of the recombinase-based in vivo expression technology (R-IVET) by the implementation of two additional reporter genes. The first one is an alpha-galactosidase gene (melA), which facilitates the rapid identification of in vivo-induced genes. Second, the bacterial luciferase genes (luxAB) are transcriptionally coupled to the resolvase gene, which allows rapid validation and characterization of in vivo-induced genes. The system is implemented and validated in the industrially important lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis. We demonstrate the applicability of the advanced R-IVET system by the identification and validation of lactococcal promoter elements that are induced in minimal medium compared to the commonly used rich laboratory medium M17. R-IVET screening led to the identification of 19 promoters that predominantly control expression of genes involved in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism and in transport functions. Furthermore, the luciferase allows high-resolution transcription analysis and enabled the identification of complex medium constituents and specific molecules involved in promoter control. Rapid target validation exemplifies the high-throughput potential of the extended R-IVET system. The system can be applied to other bacterial species, provided that the reporter genes used are functional in the organism of interest.
Angular momentum primitives for human walking: biomechanics and control (2005)

Towards the goal of developing stable humanoid robots and leg prostheses, we present a biologically motivated control strategy for walking where system angular momentum is explicitly controlled. Using human kinematic gait data, we calculate the distribution of spin angular momentum throughout the human body at slow and self-selected walking speeds. Principal component analysis reveals three angular momentum primitives that explain 99% of the walking data for sagittal plane body rotations. In addition, our analysis shows that the angular momentum primitives are invariant with walking speed. Using these biomechanical results, we simulate human walking during the single support phase using a morphologically realistic humanoid model walking in the sagittal plane. There is minimal predefined specification of the desired gait motion. With only the model's walking speed and stride length as an input, our control system searches for joint reference trajectories that minimize the error between the model's angular momentum distribution and the biologically determined distribution. Resulting model joint kinematics are in qualitative agreement with human gait data, suggesting that exploiting invariant angular momentum primitives In humanoid control may prove critical to achieving biological realism in legged robots and prostheses. The angular momentum primitives framework can substantially simplify the process of gait synthesis and enable the operator of a humanoid robot or powered leg prosthesis to easily change stride length and/or walking speed.
Coons Award Lecture (1988)

The 1987 recipient of the Steven A. Coons Award speaks out on the state of the art in computer graphics and what the future can bring the industry under the right influences.
Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Methane at the Cu Electrode in Methanol with Sodium Supporting Salts and Its Comparison with Other Alkaline Salts (2005)

The electrochemical reduction of CO2 at the Cu electrode was investigated in methanol-based electrolyte using various sodium supporting salts, such as acetate, chloride, bromide, iodide, thiocyanate, and perchlorate, at a low temperature (243 K). The main products from CO2 by the electrochemical reduction were methane, ethylene, carbon monoxide, and formic acid. The formation of methane from CO2 predominated in all sodium supporting salts, and the efficiencies were relatively high. A maximum faradaic efficiency of methane was 70.5% in NaClO4/methanol-based electrolyte at −3.0 V versus Ag/AgCl-saturated KCl. In the sodium salts/methanol-based electrolyte system, except for the case of acetate, the efficiency of hydrogen formation, being a competitive reaction against CO2 reduction, was depressed below 18%. Especially, the efficiency was below 1% when sodium thiocyanate salt was used as a supporting salt. On the basis of this work, the high-efficiency electrochemical CO2−methane conversion method is achieved.
Use of C-reactive protein to guide duration of empiric antibiotic therapy in suspected early neonatal sepsis (2000)

The use of serial CRP measurements to guide antibiotic therapy is a safe and practical approach in neonates with suspected sepsis in a developing country.
Developments in conducting polymer fibres: from established spinning methods toward advanced applications (2016)

This review provides a comprehensive picture of the history and latest developments in the field of conducting polymer fibres as well as their current/future applications.
Phosphorylation and identification of a major tyrosine phosphorylation site in protein tyrosine phosphatase 1C. (1994)

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1C (PTP1C) was the first member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family demonstrated to contain the src homology 2 (SH2) domain. This enzyme is believed to play a role in regulating downstream signaling in hematopoietic cells since it was predominantly expressed in these cells. However, recent studies have revealed that the protein is expressed in other tissues as well. This report describes both the phosphorylation of PTP1C in non-hematopoietic cells treated with growth factors (in vivo) and incubation of purified PTP1C with a variety of protein kinases (in vitro). PTP1C was transiently phosphorylated in A431 and 293 cells and also when the purified enzyme was incubated with receptor protein tyrosine kinases. In vitro, the tyrosine-phosphorylated PTP1C underwent rapid auto-dephosphorylation, an effect which could be blocked by the addition of sodium vanadate. On the other hand, cells containing a PTP1C in which the catalytic site had been inactivated through mutagenesis, stably phosphorylated the phosphatase. These results suggested that PTP1C was responsible for its own auto-dephosphorylation. The sites of tyrosine phosphorylation were characterized from purified enzyme following treatment with insulin receptor kinase and from PTP1C expressed in 293 cells which had been stimulated with platelet-derived growth factor. Through the techniques of peptide mapping and microsequencing, Tyr538 was determined to be the major phosphorylation site. This result was confirmed in vivo through site-specific mutagenesis of PTP1C expressed in 293 cells; changing Tyr538 to Phe538 completely abolished tyrosine phosphorylation of the molecule. In addition, Tyr538 lies within the sequence ESEYGNI which can be correlated with the consensus sequence pYXNX associated with GRB2 binding. These results suggest that PTP1C plays a prominent role in growth factor receptor-mediated signal transduction within both hematopoietic cells and tissues of non-lymphoid origin.
Discovery of Sodium R-(+)-4-{2-[5-(2-Fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2-fluoro-6-[trifluoromethyl]benzyl)-4-methyl-2,6-dioxo-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl]-1-phenylethylamino}butyrate (Elagolix), a Potent and Orally Available Nonpeptide Antagonist of the Human Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor (2008)

The discovery of novel uracil phenylethylamines bearing a butyric acid as potent human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (hGnRH-R) antagonists is described. A major focus of this optimization was to improve the CYP3A4 inhibition liability of these uracils while maintaining their GnRH-R potency. R-4-{2-[5-(2-fluoro-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2-fluoro-6-[trifluoromethyl]benzyl)-4-methyl-2,6-dioxo-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl]-1-phenylethylamino}butyric acid sodium salt, 10b (elagolix), was identified as a potent and selective hGnRH-R antagonist. Oral administration of 10b suppressed luteinizing hormone in castrated macaques. These efforts led to the identification of 10b as a clinical compound for the treatment of endometriosis.
Dynamics of large proteins through hierarchical levels of coarse‐grained structures (2001)

Elastic network models have been successful in elucidating the largest scale collective motions of proteins. These models are based on a set of highly coupled springs, where only the close neighboring amino acids interact, without any residue specificity. Our objective here is to determine whether the equivalent cooperative motions can be obtained upon further coarse-graining of the protein structure along the backbone. The influenza virus hemagglutinin A (HA), composed of N = 1509 residues, is utilized for this analysis. Elastic network model calculations are performed for coarse-grained HA structures containing only N/2, N/10, N/20, and N/40 residues along the backbone. High correlations (>0.95) between residue fluctuations are obtained for the first dominant (slowest) mode of motion between the original model and the coarse-grained models. In the case of coarse-graining by a factor of 1/40, the slowest mode shape for HA is reconstructed for all residues by successively selecting different subsets of residues, shifting one residue at a time. The correlation for this reconstructed first mode shape with the original all-residue case is 0.73, while the computational time is reduced by about three orders of magnitude. The reduction in computational time will be much more significant for larger targeted structures. Thus, the dominant motions of protein structures are robust enough to be captured at extremely high levels of coarse-graining. And more importantly, the dynamics of extremely large complexes are now accessible with this new methodology.
Behavioural Approaches to Social and Community Issues (1991)

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Photocatalytic Activities of Plasma Sprayed TiO<sub>2</sub>-Based Coatings (2005)

Plasma spraying technique was used to deposit thin TiO2-based photocatalytic coatings on a foamed aluminum. Before spraying, the composites of nano-TiO2 powder (P25) and nano- ZnO/CeO2/SnO2 powders were agglomerated into microsized powders by a spray-drying process. XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS and the photocatalytic activity evaluation by the decomposition of benzene were applied to characterize the starting powders and the coatings, respectively. The results showed that all the three plasma sprayed TiO2-based coatings were the mixture phases of anatase and rutile. The XPS spectra results revealed that the oxygen element was composed of three kinds of chemical states, i.e., crystal lattice oxygen, hydroxyl oxygen and physical-adsorbed oxygen. The plasma sprayed 90%TiO2-10%CeO2 coating and 90%TiO2-10%SnO2 coating exhibited similar photocatalytic activity, which was higher than that of 90%TiO2-10%ZnO coating.