gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increased N-glycosylation of Asn88 in serum pancreatic ribonuclease 1 is a novel diagnostic marker for pancreatic cancer (2014)

Alterations of carbohydrate structures in cancer cells are the most promising targets for developing clinical diagnostic reagents. Pancreatic cancer is one of the most difficult cancers to diagnose because it lacks definitive symptoms. Two antibodies were raised against human pancreatic ribonuclease 1 that bind to the enzyme containing unglycosylated Asn(88), but not when its Asn(88) is N-glycosylated. Differential studies using these antibodies in immunoassays and Western blot analyses showed a significant increase in the serum levels of pancreatic ribonuclease 1 containing N-glycosylated Asn(88) in pancreatic cancer patients compared with normal human subjects. Focusing on the increase in an N-glycosylated Asn residue of serum pancreatic ribonuclease 1, specifically Asn(88), affords a new diagnostic marker for pancreatic cancer. This is the first report of a diagnostic cancer marker that takes advantage of the presence or absence of N-glycosylation at a specific Asn residue of a glycoprotein.
Assessment of Meibomian Gland Function in Dry Eye Using Meibometry (1999)

Compared with controls, lid lipid levels are reduced in patients with MGD, and increased in women with AD. Lipid layer thickness is increased in women with AD compared with patients with MGD. Both meibometric techniques may be useful for evaluating MGD. Although DM requires special equipment (the Meibometer), it provides a record of immediate diagnostic value. Although IM is less effective than DM, it offers visual documentation of the lipid imprint, which may itself be of diagnostic value, and uses equipment available in many laboratories.
Scaly Graphene Oxide/Graphite Fiber Hybrid Electrodes for DNA Biosensors (2015)

The demand for a highly sensitive and stable DNA biosensor that can be used for implantable or on‐time monitoring is constantly increasing. In this work, for the first time graphene oxide (GO) sheets are synthesized in situ at the surface of graphite fibers to yield scaly GO/graphite fiber hybrid electrodes. The partially peeled GO sheets, directly connected with the graphite fibers, not only provide a large number of binding sites for single‐stranded DNA, but also favor high electron transfer rates from GO to the graphite fibers. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) confirms that the scaly GO/graphite fiber hybrid electrode has excellent electrochemical activity. As a working electrode in an electrochemical impedance DNA biosensor, the fiber hybrid electrode exhibits high selectivity, sensitivity, and stability. Due to its simplicity, low cost, high stability, small size, and unique microfiber morphology, the scaly GO/graphite fiber hybrid electrode is an excellent candidate for an implantable biosensor. The method developed here could have a profound impact on the design of GO‐based biosensors for DNA detection.
The Political Science Profession in 1970: Basic Characteristics (1971)

The number of political scientists registered in the National Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel increased 25% from 1968 to 1970, from 5,176 to 6,493. This reflects a “natural” growth of perhaps 15–20%, over the two years while the remaining increase can be attributed to the greater scope of the American Political Science Association survey of political scientists in 1970. This growth in the political science section of the Register occurred despite a more restrictive definition of “professional political scientist” than had been used in 1968. Insofar as the APSA membership list can be used to gauge the completeness of the response, it would suggest that the Register is substantially complete for political science, allowing for the non-professional members of the Association and a probable residue of non-respondents. Political scientists comprise 2% of the total number of United States scientists (313,000 in 1970) in both years. More than half of National Register scientists are in three disciplines, chemistry, biology and physics.
Revised Grain-Scattering Formulas and Tables (1965)

The current theory of Rayleigh and stochastic scattering in polycrystalline materials is reviewed and compared with (1) former theory and (2) experiment. Rayleigh scattering giving ultrasonic attenuation equal to STf4 (S is the Rayleigh scattering factor, T the average scattering volume, f the frequency) occurs when λ &amp;gt; 2πD̄ (λ is the wavelength, D̄ the average grain diameter); stochastic scattering yielding ultrasonic attenuation equal to ΣD̄f2 (Σ is the stochastic scattering factor) occurs when λ &amp;lt; 2πD̄. The average scattering volume and average grain diameter must be evaluated by taking their averages over the grain-size distribution in the metal. When this is done, the current theory accounts rather well for the scattering component of the ultrasonic attenuation in polycrystalline metals. Former theory underestimated the scattering. A tabulation is made of the scattering factors S and Σ in various materials. The computed scattering factors show that polycrystalline samples of the following materials should have low attenuation: aluminum, chromite, chromium, magnesium, magnetite, silicon strontium nitrate, tungsten, vanadium, and YIG.
Biotinylated poly(p-phenylene ethynylene): unexpected energy transfer results in the detection of biological analytes (2004)

Decreased spectral overlap between a donor biotinylated poly(p-phenylene ethynylene) and a chromophore-labeled streptavidin acceptor leads to better observed fluorescence resonance energy transfer.
Restoring Kangaroo Grass (Themeda triandra) to grassland and woodland understoreys: a review of establishment requirements and restoration exercises in south‐east Australia (2005)

Summary Temperate grassy ecosystems are amongst Australia's most endangered ecosystems. Most remnants are small, fragmented and highly degraded. Practical methods for restoring native understorey species are urgently required. Dominant native grasses such as Kangaroo Grass ( Themeda triandra Forssk.) and Tussock‐grasses ( Poa species) have been eliminated from many remnants by heavy grazing in the past. The reintroduction of these grasses is a critical step for understorey restoration. This paper (i) reviews the literature on Themeda seed biology and seedling establishment; (ii) summarizes the lessons learnt from three major attempts to establish Themeda stands in south‐east Australia; and (iii) identifies the research needed to enhance Themeda restoration. Considerable information is available on Themeda seed and establishment biology, and restoration exercises have shown that Themeda stands can be readily established by surface‐spreading awned seeds in seed‐bearing hay. However, many practical challenges remain, including the need to identify optimal sowing periods, create better seedbed conditions, develop practical mulching techniques, and improve weed control. The use of seed‐bearing hay has constrained restoration to relatively small areas in the past. Future trials may benefit by using more concentrated seed products such as seed‐bearing florets and pure seeds which permit larger areas to be restored at one time.
Polyolefin Spheres from Metallocenes Supported on Noninteracting Polystyrene (1998)

To obviate the destructive interaction of highly reactive metallocene catalysts with classical silica-based supports while retaining the advantage of supported catalysts, a noninteracting polystyrene support was developed. Supported catalysts for the polymerization of alpha-olefins are prepared by treating lightly cross-linked, chloromethylated polystyrene beads consecutively with a secondary amine, an ammonium salt of a weakly coordinating anion, and a neutral dialkylmetallocene. Catalytic sites are distributed homogeneously throughout the support particle, and the polymerization occurs within the bead, in contrast to traditional surface-supported metallocene catalysts. The copolymerization of ethylene and 1-hexene at 40 degreesC affords discrete spherical polyolefin beads with a size (0.3 to 1.4 millimeters) that varies according to the polymerization time.
Unleashing the therapeutic potential of oncolytic viruses (2018)

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are a versatile new class of therapeutic agents based on native or genetically modified viruses that selectively replicate in tumor cells and can express therapeutic transgenes designed to target cells within the tumor microenvironment and/or host immunity. To date, however, confirmation of the underlying mechanism of action and an understanding of innate and acquired drug resistance for most OVs have been limited. In this issue of the JCI, Zamarin et al. report a comprehensive analysis of an oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) using both murine melanoma tumor models and human tumor explants to explore how the virus promotes tumor eradication and details of the mechanisms involved. These findings have implications for the optimization of oncolytic immunotherapy, at least that based on NDV, and further confirm that specific combinatorial approaches are promising for clinical development.
Cytokines Contribute to Airway Dysfunction in Antigen-challenged Guinea Pigs: Inhibition of Airway Hyperreactivity, Pulmonary Eosinophil Accumulation, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Generation by Pretreatment with an Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (1993)

The role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in an animal model of allergic lung disease was examined by use of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and a specific bioassay for tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs exhibit a marked bronchial hyperreactivity (assessed by airway responsiveness to intravenous histamine) and pulmonary eosinophil accumulation (assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage) 24 h after challenge with aerosolized antigen. Exposure of animals to an aerosol of IL-1ra (50 micrograms over 30 min) immediately before antigen challenge resulted in a marked protection against bronchial hyperreactivity and pulmonary eosinophil accumulation compared with IL-1ra vehicle-pretreated animals. Additionally, we report for the first time generation of TNF bioactivity in the bronchoalveolar lavage of antigen-challenged animals, which was significantly reduced in animals exposed to aerosolized IL-1ra before challenge. These studies point to a key role for the cytokines IL-1 and possibly TNF in the pulmonary changes observed during allergic airway disease.
Learning for Disparity Estimation through Feature Constancy (2017)

Stereo matching algorithms usually consist of four steps, including matching cost calculation, matching cost aggregation, disparity calculation, and disparity refinement. Existing CNN-based methods only adopt CNN to solve parts of the four steps, or use different networks to deal with different steps, making them difficult to obtain the overall optimal solution. In this paper, we propose a network architecture to incorporate all steps of stereo matching. The network consists of three parts. The first part calculates the multi-scale shared features. The second part performs matching cost calculation, matching cost aggregation and disparity calculation to estimate the initial disparity using shared features. The initial disparity and the shared features are used to calculate the feature constancy that measures correctness of the correspondence between two input images. The initial disparity and the feature constancy are then fed to a sub-network to refine the initial disparity. The proposed method has been evaluated on the Scene Flow and KITTI datasets. It achieves the state-of-the-art performance on the KITTI 2012 and KITTI 2015 benchmarks while maintaining a very fast running time.
Sequential Immunization with a Subtype B HIV-1 Envelope Quasispecies Partially Mimics the In Vivo Development of Neutralizing Antibodies (2011)

A major goal of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine efforts is the design of Envelope (Env)-based immunogens effective at eliciting heterologous or broad neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). We hypothesized that programming the B-cell response could be achieved by sequentially exposing the host to a collection of env variants representing the viral quasispecies members isolated from an individual that developed broad NAbs over time. This ordered vaccine approach (sequential) was compared to exposure to a cocktail of env clones (mixture) and to a single env variant (clonal). The three strategies induced comparable levels of the autologous and heterologous neutralization of tier 1 pseudoviruses. Sequential and mixture exposure to quasispecies led to epitope targeting similar to that observed in the simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected animal from which the env variants were cloned, while clonal and sequential exposure led to greater antibody maturation than the mixture. Therefore, the sequential vaccine approach best replicated the features of the NAb response observed in that animal. This study is the first to explore the use of a collection of HIV-1 env quasispecies variants as immunogens and to present evidence that it is possible to educate the B-cell response by sequential exposure to native HIV-1 quasispecies env variants derived from an individual with a broadened NAb response.
Characterization of the physiological requirements for the bactericidal effects of a monoclonal antibody to OspB of Borrelia burgdorferi by confocal microscopy (1997)

A confocal microscopy study was undertaken to characterize the bactericidal effects of the Fab fragments of CB2, an immunoglobulin G1kappa murine monoclonal antibody, to an epitope in the carboxy region of the outer surface protein B (OspB) of Borrelia burgdorferi. Simultaneous direct labeling of both fixed and live spirochetes with fluorochrome-labeled Fab-CB2 and 11G1, and an immunoglobulin Mkappa monoclonal antibody to OspA, showed that OspA and OspB seem to colocalize in dead spirochetes but do not appear to be physically associated when the organisms are alive. A polar bleb composed of a Fab-CB2-OspB complex, followed by incorporation of 11G1-OspA, precedes the formation of a spheroplast. The spheroplasts contain both OspA and OspB and are a terminal stage in the bactericidal process induced by Fab-CB2. Outer membrane destabilization by Fab-CB2, but not cell wall or cytoplasmic membrane alterations, was demonstrated experimentally by the sequential treatment of spirochetes with Fab-CB2 and monoclonal antibodies to flagellin and DnaK. The action of Fab-CB2 is epitope specific, as another monoclonal antibody to an epitope in the amino terminus of OspB was not bactericidal. The bactericidal effect of Fab-CB2 is not dependent on the induction of spirochetal proteases but is dependent on the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+. Supplementation of Ca2(+)- and Mg2(+)-free medium with these cations restored the bactericidal effects of Fab-CB2. The mechanism by which a Fab fragment of an antibody destroys a bacterium directly may represent a novel form of antibody-organism interaction.
A frequent alteration of p53 gene in carcinoma in adenoma of colon. (1994)

In general, colorectal carcinoma is thought to originate mainly from adenoma, and this pathway is called the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Carcinoma in adenoma is an appropriate model for analysis of this mechanism, because adenoma and carcinoma tissues coexist in the same polyp and the carcinoma is thought to have originated from the surrounding adenoma. Expression of the p53 protein was analyzed in 36 cases of carcinoma in adenoma in the colon by immunohistochemistry using an anti-human p53 monoclonal antibody (PAb1801). Alterations of the p53 gene were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction for microanalysis of normal mucosa, adenoma, and carcinoma from histological slides. Mutations were assessed by the polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and identified by DNA sequencing in some cases. Loss of heterozygosity was studied by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Positive staining for p53 was detected in three (8%) of 37 adenomas and 20 (53%) of 38 focal carcinomas. One (7%) of 15 adenomas with mild dysplasia, three (14%) of 22 adenomas with moderate dysplasia, and 16 (42%) of 38 focal carcinomas had a mutation in exon 5 through exon 8 of the p53 gene. As for allelic loss in the p53 gene locus, only one adenoma with moderate dysplasia had loss of heterozygosity, whereas six (40%) of 15 focal carcinomas had loss of heterozygosity. Of those tumors (3 of 37 adenomas and 20 of 38 focal carcinomas) that reacted with PAb1801, 78% (18 of 23) showed genetic alterations. Among 52 tumors which showed negative staining, five tumors had a p53 mutation and four of them were nonsense mutations. Putting all of these results together, 71% (24 of 34) of the cases underwent p53 gene and protein alterations during the conversion from adenoma to focal carcinoma. These data clearly indicate that genetic alterations of p53 are involved mainly in the malignant transformation from adenoma to focal carcinoma in colon carcinogenesis. In addition, some cases show heterogeneity of the p53 gene in carcinoma in adenoma of the colon. There may be other pathways than p53 responsible for malignant change in the colon.
Prior Hospitalization for Epilepsy, Diabetes, and Stroke and Subsequent Glioma and Meningioma Risk (2005)

We conducted a case-control study to evaluate the preclinical association between epilepsy, diabetes, and stroke and primary adult brain tumors. We first identified all 1,501 low-grade glioma, 4,587 high-grade glioma (HGG), and 4,193 meningioma cases reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry from 1987 to 1999. Next, controls (137,485) were randomly selected from the continuously updated Swedish Population Registry and matched to cases diagnosed that year on age and sex. Finally, cases and controls were linked to the Swedish Hospital Discharge Registry (1969-1999). We found that > or =8 years before HGG diagnosis (or control reference year) there was an elevated risk of HGG among people discharged with epilepsy [odds ratio (OR), 3.01; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.73-5.22]. Two to 3 years before HGG diagnosis, this risk increased (OR, 5.33; 95% CI, 3.58-7.93) and was especially strong among people ages <55 years (OR, 13.49; 95% CI, 6.99-25.94). During this 2- to 3-year prediagnostic period, we also found an increased risk of HGG among people discharged with meningitis (OR, 3.02; 95% CI, 1.06-8.59) or viral encephalitis (OR, 12.64; 95% CI, 2.24-71.24). Results are similar for glioblastoma multiforme, low-grade glioma, and meningioma. In contrast, risk of HGG among people discharged with diabetes or stroke does not increase until year of brain tumor diagnosis. The occurrence of excess epilepsy > or =8 years before HGG diagnosis suggests a relatively long preclinical phase, but excess diabetes or stroke appear late in HGG development.
A general tactile approach for grasping unknown objects with a humanoid robot (2013)

In this paper, we present a tactile approach to grasp large and unknown objects, which can not be easily manipulated with a single end-effector or two-handed grasps, with the whole upper body of a humanoid robot. Instead of conventional joint level force sensing, we equip the robot with various patches of HEX-o-SKIN - a self-organizing, multi-modal cellular artificial skin. Low-level controllers, one allocated to each sensor cell, utilize a self-explored inverted jacobian-like sensory-motor map to directly transfer tactile stimulation into reactive arm motions, altering basic grasping trajectories to the need of the current object. A high-level state machine guides those low-level controllers during the different states of the grasping action. Desired contact points, and key poses for the trajectory generation, are taught through forceless tactile stimulation. First experiments on a position controlled robot, an HRP-2 humanoid, demonstrate the feasibility of our approach. Our paper contributes to the first realization of a self-organizing tactile sensor-behavior mapping on a full-sized humanoid robot, which enables: 1) a new general approach for grasping unknown objects with the whole-body; and 2) a novel way of teaching behaviors using pre-contact tactile sensing.
Mitochondrial DNA deletions in coronary artery bypass grafting patients (2003)

Our results reveal a novel mitochondrial DNA deletion occurring within the genome region coding for the mitochondrial genes of oxidative phosphorylation that is significantly increased during ischemia and reperfusion. The incidence and prevalence of mitoDNA(7.3) deletions in patients with clinical indications of poor recovery suggests that mitoDNA(7.3) deletions may provide an important indicator to surgical outcome in the cardiac surgical patient.
Crystallography of Co/Cr bilayer magnetic thin films (1990)

Various crystallographic textures of Co-alloy/Cr bilayer thin films are discussed based on microdiffraction and selected-area diffraction (SAD) results. In order to understand the origin of the crystallographic texture of the Co thin films, the orientation relationships between the Co and Cr grains were determined by the electron microdiffraction technique. From this information, we suggest that the {110} Cr underlayer texture may not necessarily be required to obtain the highest in-plane coercivity in Co films. In order to evaluate the crystallographic texture of the film by SAD patterns, normalized intensity of SAD patterns for various thin-film textures have been calculated. Using these calculations, we interpret the SAD patterns taken from various Co and Cr thin films.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Controlled Free-Radical Polymerization of Styrene and n-Butyl Acrylate in the Presence of an Acyclic β-Phosphonylated Nitroxide (2000)

This study investigates the kinetics of free radical polymerization of styrene and n-butyl acrylate carried out in the presence of N-tert-butyl-N-[1-diethylphosphono-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)] nitroxide (DEPN). With this stable radical as chain growth moderator, it is demonstrated that the polymerization of these two monomers exhibits a controlled character. The mechanism of polymerization is essentially the same as that described for other "living"/controlled radical polymerizations: the chains form a large pool of dormant species that can be reversibly activated, and only a minute fraction of them propagate at a given time. Using dilatometry and electron spin resonance (ESR), the evolution of the concentration of polymeric radicals and that of DEPN could be measured as a function of time. It appears that these DEPN-mediated polymerizations are driven toward a pseudo-stationary state that is reached after an initial period of a few minutes. During this pseudo-stationary phase, the concentration of polymeric radicals and that of DEPN remained essentially constant, which allowed us to determine the (K) equilibrium constant between dormant and active species and also the rate constants of reversible activation (kd) and deactivation (krec) for each monomer. For purposes of comparison, a series of polymerizations were simulated using the PREDICI package: both experimental and simulated data were found to fall in rather good agreement.
Standard Nomenclature for the Superantigens Expressed byStaphylococcus (2004)

The International Nomenclature Committee for Staphylococcal Superantigens proposes an international procedure for the designation of newly described superantigens and putative superantigens, a procedure that will be compatible with the new age of genomics.