gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
What Do We Know About the Shadow Economy (2001)

Estimates of the size of the shadow economy in 21 OECD countries are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (as a percentage of â€˜official' GDP) over 1999/2000 in these countries is 16.7%. The author concludes that it is the increasing burden of taxation and social security contributions, combined with rising state regulatory activities, that are the driving forces for the recent growth in size of the shadow economy in the countries concerned.
Identification of 5-Lipoxygenase as a Major Gene Contributing to Atherosclerosis Susceptibility in Mice (2002)

We previously reported the identification of a locus on mouse chromosome 6 that confers almost total resistance to atherogenesis, even on a hypercholesterolemic (LDL receptor-null) background. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in leukotriene synthesis and was among the chromosome 6 locus candidate genes that we examined. The levels of 5-LO mRNA were reduced about 5-fold in a congenic strain, designated CON6, containing the resistant chromosome 6 region derived from the CAST/Ei strain (CAST), as compared with the background C57BL/6J (B6) strain. 5-LO protein levels were similarly reduced in the CON6 mice. Sequencing of the 5-LO cDNA revealed several differences between CON6 and the B6 strain. To test the whether 5-LO is responsible for the resistant phenotype, we bred a 5-LO knockout allele onto an LDL receptor-null (LDLR(-/-)) background. On this background, the mice bred poorly and only heterozygous 5-LO knockout mice were obtained. These mice showed a dramatic decrease (>26-fold; P<0.0005) in aortic lesion development, similar to the CON6 mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed that 5-LO was abundantly expressed in atherosclerotic lesions of apoE(-/-) and LDLR(-/-) deficient mice, appearing to colocalize with a subset of macrophages but not with all macrophage-staining regions. When bone marrow from 5-LO(+/-) mice was transplanted into LDLR(-/-), there was a significant reduction in atherogenesis, suggesting that macrophage 5-LO is responsible, at least in part, for the effect on atherosclerosis. These results indicate that 5-LO contributes importantly to the atherogenic process and they provide strong presumptive evidence that reduced 5-LO expression is partly responsible for the resistance to atherosclerosis in CON6 mice.
A single base mutation in the androgen receptor gene causes androgen insensitivity in the testicular feminized rat. (1990)

The complete form of androgen insensitivity is an inherited X-linked syndrome in which genetic males fail to undergo masculinization in utero due to defective functioning of the androgen receptor (AR). The molecular basis of androgen insensitivity was investigated in the testicular feminized (Tfm) rat with this syndrome. AR mRNA size and amount, as well as nuclear AR protein revealed by immunocytochemistry, suggested normal expression of the AR gene in the Tfm rat. Sequence analysis of the AR coding region from Tfm and wild-type littermate male rats revealed a single transition mutation, guanine to adenine, within exon E, changing arginine 734 to glutamine within the steroid-binding domain of the AR. This arginine is highly conserved among the family of nuclear receptors and may be part of a phosphorylation recognition site. A recreated mutant AR (Arg734----Gln) expressed in COS cells had only 10-15% of the androgen-binding capacity of wild-type AR; the reduced androgen-binding capacity was similar to that of AR in tissue extracts of the Tfm rat. Stimulation of transcriptional activity by the recreated mutant AR was reduced relative to wild-type AR in cotransfection assays in CV1 cells using as reporter plasmid the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter linked to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Thus, arginine 734 appears essential for normal AR function both in androgen binding and transcriptional activation. Absence of these functions results in androgen insensitivity and lack of male sexual development.
Gas detection using low-temperature reduced graphene oxide sheets (2009)

We demonstrate a high-performance gas sensor using partially reduced graphene oxide (GO) sheets obtained through low-temperature step annealing (300 °C at maximum) in argon flow at atmospheric pressure. The electrical conductance of GO was measured after each heating cycle to interpret the level of reduction. The thermally reduced GO showed p-type semiconducting behavior in ambient conditions and were responsive to low-concentration NO2 diluted in air at room temperature. The sensitivity is attributed to the electron transfer from the reduced GO to adsorbed NO2, which leads to enriched hole concentration and enhanced electrical conduction in the reduced GO sheet.
Eye movement prediction by Kalman filter with integrated linear horizontal oculomotor plant mechanical model (2008)

The goal of this paper is to predict future horizontal eye movement trajectories within a specified time interval. To achieve this goal a linear horizontal oculomotor plant mechanical model is developed. The model consists of the eye globe and two extraocular muscles: lateral and medial recti. The model accounts for such anatomical properties of the eye as muscle location, elasticity, viscosity, eye-globe rotational inertia, muscle active state tension, length tension and force velocity relationships. The mathematical equations describing the oculomotor plant mechanical model are transformed into a Kalman filter form. Such transformation provides continuous eye movement prediction with a high degree of accuracy. The model was tested with 21 subjects and three multimedia files. Practical application of this model lies with direct eye gaze input and interactive displays systems as a method to compensate for detection, transmission and processing delays.
Advances in vortex via fabrication (2004)

Vortex masks composed of rectangles with nominal phases of 0&deg;, 90&deg;, 180&deg; and 270&deg; have been shown to print sub-100nm vias and via arrays when projected into negative resist using 248nm light. Arrays with pitches down to 210nm and CDs as small as 64nm have been reported. While promising, 248nm vortex via images showed some anomalies: The developed contacts were somewhat elliptical, with four different repeating via shapes. The common depth of focus for these four classes of via was limited by their different behaviors through focus. Phase edges in isolated vortex pair structures tended to print, also limiting the useful DOF. These issues can be ameliorated by employing 193nm illumination and a new negative-tone resist. Smaller NAs and higher coherence extend the common depth of focus and larger NAs can be used to print even more tightly spaced patterns. Advanced optical proximity correction techniques can also be applied to reduce the via ellipticity and placement error, and a more optimal choice of geometrical phase depth reduces pattern variability. Further developments and incremental improvements in vortex via design and processing may make it the method of choice for via patterning at the 45nm node.
Influence of parasitism on plasma concentrations of growth hormone, somatomedin-C and somatomedin-binding proteins in calves (1988)

A parasitic disease model (sarcocystosis) was used to study the effects of infection and associated plane of nutrition on GH and somatomedin-C (SM-C) patterns in plasma, and SM-C binding protein patterns in plasma from 4-month-old male Holstein calves. Calves, matched by age and rate of growth before the experiment, were divided into three treatment groups (n = 7). In the first (control), animals were uninfected and food was available ad libitum; in the second, animals were infected with Sarcocystis cruzi and food was available ad libitum. The third group consisted of uninfected animals pair-fed to the level of feed intake of the infected animals. Blood samples were obtained at various times after infection for analysis of the secretory patterns of GH (day 27 after infection, samples every 10 min for 6 h), SM-C (days 27, 35 and 58 after infection) or binding protein (day 42 after infection). Samples were analysed for GH and SM-C by radioimmunoassay. Relative molecular weights of binding proteins were assessed by elution patterns from gel permeation columns. Clinical signs of infection were manifest abruptly on day 26 after infection. Voluntary feed intakes of infected calves as a per cent of control calves were 18, 46 and 78 on days 27, 35 and 58 after infection respectively. Plasma GH concentrations were lower in infected and pair-fed than in control calves (P less than 0.05). Plasma SM-C concentrations were reduced in calves with diminished feed intakes and lower still in infected calves (P less than 0.05). Plasma SM-C was positively correlated with nitrogen retention across treatment groups (r = 0.81). Two classes of binding proteins differing in molecular weight were identified. The relative amounts of each binding protein in plasma were reduced during low feed intake with some differences in the endogenous saturation affected by infection. These data suggest that altered growth and metabolism in parasitized calves may arise in part from both nutritional and infection-mediated effects on the regulation of GH, SM-C and SM-C binding proteins.
Psychophysical experiments for tactile sensors/displays promoted by complex systems science (2010)

Since tactile sensing is dominated by the nonlinear contact problem between object and finger surfaces and is recognized in nonlinear brain systems, it is closely related to complex systems science. We consider two phenomena caused by complex systems related to tactile sensing: Stochastic Resonance (SR) and the velvet hand illusion (VHI). Elucidation of these mechanisms provides important hints to develop robotic tactile sensors and tactile displays. The SR can enhance sensitivity by superimposing proper noise upon undetectable weak signals to detect that signal. In the research on SR, we perform a series of psychophysical experiments to accumulate the basic data on the SR of human tactile sensations. Experimental results of SR show that a subtle stimulus of 3 µm in amplitude with appropriate noise is easily perceived with a difference threshold of 1 µm, if appropriate noise is applied to the stimulus. In the VHI, a person rubs his/her hands together on either side of wires strung through a frame, producing the sensation of rubbing a very smooth and soft surface like velvet. We investigate the relationship between wire distance and intensity of illusionary sensation using a series of psychophysical experiments under active and passive touch. According to the experiments, the strength of VHI depends on the distance between two adjacent wires, and VHI caused by passive touch is considerably stronger than that caused by active touch.
The INO80 chromatin remodeling complex prevents polyploidy and maintains normal chromatin structure at centromeres (2012)

The INO80 chromatin remodeling complex functions in transcriptional regulation, DNA repair, and replication. Here we uncover a novel role for INO80 in regulating chromosome segregation. First, we show that the conserved Ies6 subunit is critical for INO80 function in vivo. Strikingly, we found that loss of either Ies6 or the Ino80 catalytic subunit results in rapid increase in ploidy. One route to polyploidy is through chromosome missegregation due to aberrant centromere structure, and we found that loss of either Ies6 or Ino80 leads to defective chromosome segregation. Importantly, we show that chromatin structure flanking centromeres is altered in cells lacking these subunits and that these alterations occur not in the Cse4-containing centromeric nucleosome, but in pericentric chromatin. We provide evidence that these effects are mediated through misincorporation of H2A.Z, and these findings indicate that H2A.Z-containing pericentric chromatin, as in higher eukaryotes with regional centromeres, is important for centromere function in budding yeast. These data reveal an important additional mechanism by which INO80 maintains genome stability.
Regression of established tumors in mice mediated by the oral administration of a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes vaccine. (1995)

We have shown previously that Listeria monocytogenes, a gram-positive, facultative intracellular bacterium, is a potent vector for targeting tumor-specific antigens to the immune system. After parenteral administration, we observed protection against both renal and colorectal mouse tumors and regression of established renal tumors. In the present study, we have exploited the fact that the normal route of infection of this organism is through the gut. We show that an L. monocytogenes recombinant that expresses a model tumor antigen is an effective cancer immunotherapeutic agent when delivered orally in that it causes regression of established, macroscopic mouse renal and colorectal tumors expressing the same antigen.
Highly porous titanium scaffolds for orthopaedic applications (2010)

For many years, the solid metals and their alloys have been widely used for fabrication of the implants replacing hard human tissues or their functions. To improve fixation of solid implants to the surrounding bone tissues, the materials with porous structures have been introduced. By tissue ingrowing into a porous structure of metallic implant, the bonding between the implant and the bone has been obtained. Substantial pore interconnectivity, in metallic implants, allows extensive body fluid transport through the porous implant. This can provoke bone tissue ingrowth, consequently, leading to the development of highly porous metallic implants, which could be used as scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. The goal of this study was to develop and then investigate properties of highly porous titanium structures received from powder metallurgy process. The properties of porous titanium samples, such as microstructure, porosity, Young's modulus, strength, together with permeability and corrosion resistance were investigated. Porous titanium scaffolds with nonhomogeneous distribution of interconnected pores with pore size in the range up to 600 μm in diameter and a total porosity in the range up to 75% were developed. The relatively high permeability was observed for samples with highest values of porosity. Comparing to cast titanium, the porous titanium was low resistant to corrosion. The mechanical parameters of the investigated samples were similar to those for cancellous bone. The development of high-porous titanium material shows high potential to be modern material for creating a 3D structure for bone regeneration and implant fixation.
Low Water Potential Disrupts Carbohydrate Metabolism in Maize (Zea mays L.) Ovaries (1995)

Water deficit during pollination increases the frequency of kernel abortion in maize (Zea mays L.). Much of the kernel loss is attributable to lack of current photosynthate, but a large number of kernels fail to develop on water-deficient plants even when assimilate supply is increased. We examined the possibility that assimilate utilization by developing ovaries might be impaired at low water potential ([Psi]w). Plants were grown in the greenhouse in 20-L pots containing 22 kg of amended soil. Water was withheld on the first day silks emerged, and plants were hand-pollinated 4 d later when leaf [Psi]w decreased to approximately - 1.8 MPa and silk [Psi]w was approximately -1.0 MPa. Plants were rehydrated 2 d after pollination. The brief water deficit inhibited ovary growth (dry matter accumulation) and decreased kernel number per ear by 60%, compared to controls. Inhibition of ovary growth was associated with a decrease in the level of reducing sugars, depletion of starch, a 75-fold increase in sucrose concentration (dry weight basis), and inhibition of acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activity. These results indicate that water deficits during pollination disrupt carbohydrate metabolism in maize ovaries. They suggest that acid invertase activity is important for establishing and maintaining reproductive sink strength during pollination and early kernel development.
Automating sleep stage classification using wireless, wearable sensors (2019)

Polysomnography (PSG) is the current gold standard in high-resolution sleep monitoring; however, this method is obtrusive, expensive, and time-consuming. Conversely, commercially available wrist monitors such as ActiWatch can monitor sleep for multiple days and at low cost, but often overestimate sleep and cannot differentiate between sleep stages, such as rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM. Wireless wearable sensors are a promising alternative for their portability and access to high-resolution data for customizable analytics. We present a multimodal sensor system measuring hand acceleration, electrocardiography, and distal skin temperature that outperforms the ActiWatch, detecting wake and sleep with a recall of 74.4% and 90.0%, respectively, as well as wake, non-REM, and REM with recall of 73.3%, 59.0%, and 56.0%, respectively. This approach will enable clinicians and researchers to more easily, accurately, and inexpensively assess long-term sleep patterns, diagnose sleep disorders, and monitor risk factors for disease in both laboratory and home settings.
Peptidergic control of the autonomic regulation system in the orofacial region. (1989)

Many biologically active peptides are localized in autonomic nerves of the orofacial region. Substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are released from capsaicin-sensitive afferents and are candidates as mediators of plasma protein extravasation and antidromic vasodilatation. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and peptide with N- and C-terminal histidine (PHI) are released together with acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves. VIP and PHI may be involved in both non-cholinergic vasodilatation and enhancement of cholinergic exocrine secretion (especially protein content). Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is coreleased with noradrenaline from perivascular sympathetic nerves. NPY exerts prejunctional inhibitory actions on noradrenaline release and may also mediate non-adrenergic sympathetic vasoconstriction. A variety of both anticholinergic and sympathoactive drugs influence not only the classical transmitters acetylcholine and noradrenaline but also the respective coexisting peptides VIP and NPY.
Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss is Delayed Following Optic Nerve Crush in NLRP3 Knockout Mice (2016)

The NLRP3 inflammasome, a sensor for a variety of pathogen- and host-derived threats, consists of the adaptor ASC (Apoptosis-associated Speck-like protein containing a Caspase Activation and Recruitment Domain (CARD)), pro-caspase-1, and NLRP3 (NOD-Like Receptor family Pyrin domain containing 3). NLRP3-induced neuroinflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of eye diseases, but it remains unclear whether activation of NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death. Here we examined NLRP3-induced neuroinflammation and RGC survival following partial optic nerve crush (pONC) injury. We showed that NLRP3 was up-regulated in retinal microglial cells following pONC, propagating from the injury site to the optic nerve head and finally the entire retina within one day. Activation of NLRP3-ASC inflammasome led to the up-regulation of caspase-1 and a proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In NLRP3 knockout mice, up-regulation of ASC, caspase-1, and IL-1β were all reduced, and, importantly, RGC and axon loss was substantially delayed following pONC injury. The average survival time of RGCs in NLRP3 knockout mice was about one week longer than for control animals. Taken together, our study demonstrated that ablating the NLRP3 gene significantly reduced neuroinflammation and delayed RGC loss after optic nerve crush injury.
Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Genetic Loci Associated with Iron Deficiency (2011)

The existence of multiple inherited disorders of iron metabolism in man, rodents and other vertebrates suggests genetic contributions to iron deficiency. To identify new genomic locations associated with iron deficiency, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using DNA collected from white men aged≥25 y and women≥50 y in the Hemochromatosis and Iron Overload Screening (HEIRS) Study with serum ferritin (SF)≤12 µg/L (cases) and iron replete controls (SF>100 µg/L in men, SF>50 µg/L in women). Regression analysis was used to examine the association between case-control status (336 cases, 343 controls) and quantitative serum iron measures and 331,060 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes, with replication analyses performed in a sample of 71 cases and 161 controls from a population of white male and female veterans screened at a US Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center. Five SNPs identified in the GWAS met genome-wide statistical significance for association with at least one iron measure, rs2698530 on chr. 2p14; rs3811647 on chr. 3q22, a known SNP in the transferrin (TF) gene region; rs1800562 on chr. 6p22, the C282Y mutation in the HFE gene; rs7787204 on chr. 7p21; and rs987710 on chr. 22q11 (GWAS observed P<1.51×10(-7) for all). An association between total iron binding capacity and SNP rs3811647 in the TF gene (GWAS observed P=7.0×10(-9), corrected P=0.012) was replicated within the VA samples (observed P=0.012). Associations with the C282Y mutation in the HFE gene also were replicated. The joint analysis of the HEIRS and VA samples revealed strong associations between rs2698530 on chr. 2p14 and iron status outcomes. These results confirm a previously-described TF polymorphism and implicate one potential new locus as a target for gene identification.
Forty Years of Optical Manipulation (2010)

This year, as the laser celebrates its 50th anniversary, a field that was made possible through laser technology reaches an important milestone as well. Over the past 40 years, optical manipulation research has deepened our understanding of physics and biology, and it has yielded the optical-tweezer technique that is used across all the sciences.
Clinical companion to the Molecular and genetic basis of neurological disease (1998)

Molecular Genetics and Neurologic Disease: An Introduction Chromosome Disorders Prions Mitochondrial Disorders Peroxisomal Disorders Lysosomal Disorders Degenerative Disorders Multiple Sclerosis Neuro-oncology Ion Channel Disorders The Genetic Epilepsies Neuropathies and Neuronopathies Muscle Disorders The Phakomatoses: Disorders of Skin and Brain Lipoprotein Disorders Carbohydrate Disorders Amino Acid Disorders Purines The Porphyrias Metal Metabolism Vitamins The Genetics of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia Gene Therapy and the Human Genome
GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF THE DIATOMS CYCLOTELLA CRYPTICA AND NAVICULA SAPROPHILA (1995)

ABSTRACT Two species of diatoms were genetically transformed by introducing plasmid vectors containing the Escherichia coli neomycin phosphotransferase II (npt II ) gene. Expression of the bacterial npt II gene in the diatoms was achieved using the putative promoter and terminator sequences from the acetyl‐CoA carboxylase gene from the centric diatom Cyclotella cryptica T13L Reimann, Lewin, and Guillard. The vectors were introduced into C. cryptica and the pennate diatom Navicula saprophila NAVIC1 Lange‐Bertalot and Bonik by microprojectile bombardment. Putative transformants were selected based on their ability to grow in the presence of the antibiotic G418, and production of the neomycin phosphotransferase protein by the transformed cells was confirmed by western blotting. The foreign DNA integrated into one or more random sites within the genome of the transformed algal cells, often in the form of tandem repeats. This is the first report of reproducible, stable genetic transformation of a chlorophyll c ‐containing alga .