gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved numerical inverse kinematics for human pose estimation (2011)

We propose a real-time pose estimation method that addresses the weaknesses of the numerical inverse kinematics method. Using conventional inverse kinematics based on the numerical method requires many iterations; moreover, a singularity in the Jacobian matrix as well as a local minimum problem can occur. To solve these problems, we propose an inverse kinematics method combined with an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to recover intermediate joint information. Because the numerical inverse kinematics method optimizes a state, the solution can often converge to the local minimum and require many iterations. We use several sigma points for analysis to find the optimum state by using an unscented transform. The improved method using a UKF converges faster than the numerical inverse kinematics method for the global minimum of the existing inverse kinematics. We use 2-D image processes to extract body areas from the input images, and a 3-D reconstruction algorithm is used to estimate the 3-D positions of the extracted human body area. Using the improved method, we generate intermediate joints for each body part and the results show that the proposed method reduces the computational complexity and increases the accuracy of estimation compared to conventional numerical inverse kinematics.
Radiation efficiency and apparent stress of small earthquakes in a South African gold mine (2005)

Nine triaxial borehole accelerometers were installed within 200 m along a 2650‐m‐deep haulage tunnel in the Mponeng gold mine in South Africa. We analyzed the high sample rate recordings (15 kHz) to determine source parameters of small earthquakes in the mine. To study the source processes, we carried out multiple time window waveform inversions for five larger events (0.8 &lt; M &lt; 1.4) that occurred within 150 m of the stations. From the inversion results we could determine the fault planes for all five events and estimate the range of rupture speed. We can conclude that rupture speeds were faster than 2.5 km/s (65% of the shear wave velocity). The radiation efficiency is written as a function of the rupture speed and becomes greater with increasing rupture speed. This study indicates that radiation efficiencies of small earthquakes in the South African gold mine are almost equal to those of larger natural earthquakes. We also calculated radiated seismic energies and static stress drops of the five events to investigate their apparent stresses. Apparent stresses of the five events were from 1 to 10 MPa and static stress drops were 1 to 20 MPa. We found that the source parameters (rupture speed, apparent stress, radiation efficiency, and static stress drop) did not largely differ from values for larger natural earthquakes. This suggests that the dynamic rupture processes of these small events were similar to those of the larger natural earthquakes.
HMGB1-RAGE pathway drives peroxynitrite signaling-induced IBD-like inflammation in murine nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (2017)

Recent clinical studies found a strong association of colonic inflammation and Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-like phenotype with NonAlcoholic Fatty liver Disease (NAFLD) yet the mechanisms remain unknown. The present study identifies high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as a key mediator of intestinal inflammation in NAFLD and outlines a detailed redox signaling mechanism for such a pathway. NAFLD mice showed liver damage and release of elevated HMGB1 in systemic circulation and increased intestinal tyrosine nitration that was dependent on NADPH oxidase. Intestines from NAFLD mice showed higher Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation and proinflammatory cytokine release, an outcome strongly dependent on the existence of NAFLD pathology and NADPH oxidase. Mechanistically intestinal epithelial cells showed the HMGB1 activation of TLR-4 was both NADPH oxidase and peroxynitrite dependent with the latter being formed by the activation of NADPH oxidase. Proinflammatory cytokine production was significantly blocked by the specific peroxynitrite scavenger phenyl boronic acid (FBA), AKT inhibition and NADPH oxidase inhibitor Apocynin suggesting NADPH oxidase-dependent peroxynitrite is a key mediator in TLR-4 activation and cytokine release via an AKT dependent pathway. Studies to ascertain the mechanism of HMGB1-mediated NADPH oxidase activation showed a distinct role of Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) as the use of inhibitors targeted against RAGE or use of deformed HMGB1 protein prevented NADPH oxidase activation, peroxynitrite formation, TLR4 activation and finally cytokine release. Thus, in conclusion the present study identifies a novel role of HMGB1 mediated inflammatory pathway that is RAGE and redox signaling dependent and helps promote ectopic intestinal inflammation in NAFLD.
New Investigations on Ferrofluidics: Ferrofluidic Marbles and Magnetic-Field-Driven Drops on Superhydrophobic Surfaces (2008)

The motion of ferrofluidic marbles on flat polymer substrates is reported. Nanopowders of polyvinylidene fluoride and gammaFe2O3 were used for the preparation of ferrofluidic marbles. The marbles are activated easily with an external magnetic field. A microfluidic device based on ferrofluidic marbles (the ferrofluidic bearing) is described. Velocities of marbles as high as 25+/-3 cm/s were registered. The sliding of ferrofluidic drops on superhydrophobic surfaces was studied. It was demonstrated that the threshold magnetic force necessary for the drop displacement depends linearly on the drop radius, thus the motion of the drop is defined by the processes occurring in the vicinity of the triple line only.
Gender classification from hand shape (2008)

Many social interactions and services today depend on gender. In this paper, we investigate the problem of gender classification from hand shape. Our work has been motivated by studies in anthropometry and psychology suggesting that it is possible to distinguish between male and female hands by considering certain geometric features. Our system segments the hand silhouette into six different parts corresponding to the palm and fingers. To represent the geometry of each part, we use region and boundary features based on Zernike moments and Fourier descriptors. For classification, we compute the distance of a given part from two different eigenspaces, one corresponding to the male class and the other corresponding to female class. We have experimented using each part of the hand separately as well as fusing information from different parts of the hand. Using a small database containing 20 males and 20 females, we report classification results close to 98% using score-level fusion and LDA.
Naseseazines A and B: A New Dimeric Diketopiperazine Framework from a Marine-Derived Actinomycete, Streptomyces sp. (2009)

Chemical analysis of a Streptomyces sp. (CMB-MQ030) isolated from a Fijian marine sediment yielded two new diketopiperazines, naseseazines A and B (1, 2), featuring a new dimeric framework. Structures were determined by detailed spectroscopic analysis and C(3) Marfey's analysis.
Translational Control of Viral Gene Expression in Eukaryotes (2000)

As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses rely exclusively on the translational machinery of the host cell for the synthesis of viral proteins. This relationship has imposed numerous challenges on both the infecting virus and the host cell. Importantly, viruses must compete with the endogenous transcripts of the host cell for the translation of viral mRNA. Eukaryotic viruses have thus evolved diverse mechanisms to ensure translational efficiency of viral mRNA above and beyond that of cellular mRNA. Mechanisms that facilitate the efficient and selective translation of viral mRNA may be inherent in the structure of the viral nucleic acid itself and can involve the recruitment and/or modification of specific host factors. These processes serve to redirect the translation apparatus to favor viral transcripts, and they often come at the expense of the host cell. Accordingly, eukaryotic cells have developed antiviral countermeasures to target the translational machinery and disrupt protein synthesis during the course of virus infection. Not to be outdone, many viruses have answered these countermeasures with their own mechanisms to disrupt cellular antiviral pathways, thereby ensuring the uncompromised translation of virion proteins. Here we review the varied and complex translational programs employed by eukaryotic viruses. We discuss how these translational strategies have been incorporated into the virus life cycle and examine how such programming contributes to the pathogenesis of the host cell.
Dendrimer-Metalloporphyrins:  Synthesis and Catalysis (1996)

A new class of sterically hindered dendrimer-metalloporphyrins was synthesized for use as shape-selective oxidation catalysts. A series of oxidatively robust poly(phenylesters) dendrimers were prepared through a convergent synthesis. Monodendrons were appended to the meta-positions of the 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3‘,5‘-hydroxyphenyl)porphinatomanganese(III) chloride to obtain a sterically protected metal center. These complexes have been examined as regioselective oxidation catalysts for both intra- and intermolecular cases. Epoxidation of nonconjugated dienes and alkene mixtures of 1-alkene and cyclooctene catalyzed by dendrimer-metalloporphyrins has been carried out using iodosylbenzene as the oxygen donor. Significantly greater regioselectivity is observed with the dendrimer-metalloporphyrins, relative to the corresponding parent, 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinatomanganese(III) cation. To examine the extent of steric crowding around the porphyrin from the dendrimers, molecular modeling studies were performed on these dendrimer-porphyrins. Although the top access is extremely limited in the dendrimer-metalloporphyrins, a significant side opening permits substrate entrance and limits the regioselectivity that can be achieved with meta-substitution of a tetraphenylporphyrin.
Basicity of 3-aminopropionamidine derivatives in water and dimethyl sulphoxide. Implication for a pivotal step in the synthesis of distamycin A analogues (1996)

The acid-base properties of eight 3-aminopropionamidine derivatives R1R2N(CH2)2C((DOUBLE BOND)NH)NR3R4 (1, R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = H; 2, R1 = R3 = R4 = H, R2 = Me; 3, R1 = R2 = R4 = H, R3 = Me; 4, R1 = R2 = H, R3 = R4 = Me; 5, R1 = Tos, R2 = R3 = R4 = H; 6, R1 = Tos, R2 = Me R3 = R4 = H; 7, R1 = Tos, R2 = R4 = H, R3 = Me; 8, R1 = Tos, R2 = H, R3 = R4 = Me; Tos = 4-toluenesulphonyl) related to the antiviral natural product distamycin A were investigated in water and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). The measured pKa values for the ammonium function in 1–4 in water ranged between 7·48 and 7·73, whereas the corresponding values in DMSO were 9·4 ± 0·3. The amidinium moiety of these compounds displayed pKa values in the range 11·4–12·0 and 13·4–13·6 in water and DMSO, respectively. The tosylamide group in compounds 5–8 was deprotonated in the expected pH region and exhibited pKa values between 9·49 and 10·02 in water, but was considerably less acidic in DMSO (14·5 ≤ pKa ≤ 15·7). The behaviour of the amidinium cation of 5–8 in water and DMSO resembled that of 1–4. The measured pKa values are discussed and the solvent-induced pKa shifts are explained in terms of solvent and substituent effects. The observed pKa differences between the ammonium and the amidinium functions in 1–4 render these compounds suitable intermediates in an alternative synthesis of distamycin A.
Emerging N‐Type Redox‐Active Radical Polymer for a Totally Organic Polymer‐Based Rechargeable Battery (2009)

A n-type and redox-active radical polymer bearing galvinoxyl radicals, poly(galvinoxylstyrene), is utilized as an anode-active material, which enabled, for the first time, the fabrication of a totally organic polymer- based rechargeable battery in conjunction with p-type redox-active radical polymer. This battery was characterized by its remarkably high power rate capability. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Detection of inter-turn short-circuit and broken rotor bars in induction motors using the Partial Relative Indexes: Application on the MCSA (2010)

Nowadays, the induction motors became the key element in all industrial plants. Early detection of abnormalities during motor operation would reduce the repair cost and the motor outage time. It was observed that most methods which are presented in literature for diagnosing motor faults are belonged to signal approach. Their philosophy supposes that each fault is characterized by specific spectral signatures on the spectra of acquired signals. However, practical cases show that occurrence of any kind of faults is often accompanied by complicated physical phenomena which extend its influences to other spectral components different from its signatures; this makes too difficult to locate the machine faults and poses then a big question about the concept of: Fault Signatures. In this context and in order to ameliorate the fault detection task, the present paper proposes the use of Partial Relative Indexes (PRI) as new fault indicators. Many experimental tests which are carried out on 3kW three-phase induction motors with broken bars and inter turn short-circuit corroborate our theoretical ideas and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique to detect such faults under different operation loads.
Cytokine expression by germinal center cells (1993)

Germinal centers (GC) primarily consist of B cells along with a small number of T cells (5 to 10%) and follicular dendritic cells (FDC) (< or = 1%). Although extensive Ag-driven B cell proliferation and maturation occurs in GC, very little is known about the role of cytokines in the development of GC B cells. Therefore, to identify cytokines present in the GC microenvironment that may influence B cell development, we systematically examined cytokine gene expression by GC cells. GC T cells (CD57+/CD4+), GC B cells (CD77+), and FDC (HJ2+) were isolated from human tonsils by cell sorting using a flow cytometer. Freshly isolated GC cells were examined for mRNA expression for IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Freshly isolated GC T cells consistently expressed IL-4 mRNA (11 of 12 tonsils), whereas CD57- Th cells (mostly non-GC Th cells) were often negative for IL-4 mRNA. When the other nine cytokine mRNA were studied, freshly isolated CD57+ Th cells occasionally expressed mRNA for IL-10, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma. CD57- Th cells were occasionally positive for IL-1 beta, IL-10, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha, and negative for IL-2 and IL-6. Freshly isolated GC B cells as well as FDC failed to express detectable quantities of mRNA for all 10 cytokines that were studied. Thus, IL-4 is the only cytokine out of 10 that is consistently expressed in GC and may be important for the development of B cells in GC. After stimulation of CD57+ Th cells with PWM, production of IL-4 mRNA was dramatically reduced, whereas CD57- Th cell production of IL-4 was greatly augmented. This finding indicates that GC T cells may differ from other Th cells in cytokine gene expression and that results of cytokine production obtained after in vitro stimulation do not always reflect in vivo results.
Purification of streptococcal protein g expressed by Escherichia coli by high performance liquid affinity chromatography using immobilized immunoglobulin G and albumin (1987)

A one-step HPLC method was developed for the purification of protein G, a cell wall molecule from group C and G streptococci with immunoglobulin G- and albumin-binding properties. Lysed Escherichia coli bacteria infected with lambda-phages containing the protein G gene from group G streptococci were used as a starting material for the preparations. The lysate was applied to a column with immobilized human immunoglobulin G or human serum albumin. Protein G was selectively bound and eluted at pH 2.0. A 750-fold purification was achieved. Sodium dodecylsulfate + polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the highly purified protein G consisted of three sets of doublets with the apparent molecular weight of 64 and 67, 56 and 58, and 45 and 47 kilodaltons, respectively. A specific method for quantitation of small amounts of protein G was developed and used for specific tracing of the protein after the affinity chromatography. Goat polyclonal antibodies were bound to an antigen coated to the plastic walls of microtiter plates, causing the Fc-region of the immunoglobulins to be directed outwards. Unknown samples of protein G were then allowed to compete with radio-iodinated protein G (solid phase radioassay) or protein G coupled to alkaline phosphatase (enzyme linked sorbent assay) for the Fc-regions.
Targeting Rare Populations of Murine Antigen-Specific T Lymphocytes by Retroviral Transduction for Potential Application in Gene Therapy for Autoimmune Disease (2000)

CD4+ T cells are important mediators in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and would therefore provide ideal candidates for lymphocyte-based gene therapy. However, the number of Ag-specific T cells in any single lesion of autoimmunity may be quite low. Successful gene transfer into autoantigen-specific CD4+ T cells would serve as an ideal vehicle for site-targeted gene therapy if it were possible to transduce preferentially the small number of autoantigen-specific T cells. In this study we have demonstrated that retroviral infection of CD4+ lymphocytes from either autoantigen-stimulated TCR transgenic mice, or Ag-activated immunized nontransgenic mice, with a retroviral vector (pGCIRES), resulted in the transduction of only the limited number of Ag-reactive CD4+ T cells. In contrast, polyclonal activation of the same cultures resulted in transduction of non-antigen-specific lymphocytes. Transduction of Ag-reactive CD4+ T cells with pGCIRES retrovirus encoding the regulatory genes IL-4 (IL4) and soluble TNF receptor (STNFR) resulted in stable integration and long-term expression of recombinant gene products. Moreover, expression of the pGCIRES marker protein, GFP, directly correlated with the expression of the upstream regulatory gene. Retroviral transduction of CD4+ T cells targeted specifically Ag-reactive cells and was cell cycle-dependent and evident only during the mitosis phase. These studies suggest that retroviral transduction of autoantigen-specific murine CD4+ T cells, using the pGCIRES retroviral vector, may provide a potential method to target and isolate the low frequency of autoantigen-specific murine CD4+ T cells, and provides a rational approach to gene therapy in animal models of autoimmunity.
Tissue-engineered heart valve leaflets: does cell origin affect outcome? (1997)

Autologous TEL derived from vascular fibroblasts seem to develop functionally and morphologically like the native valve leaflets in the pulmonary circulation. Use of arterial myofibroblasts for the creation of TEL seems preferable to dermal fibroblasts with current tissue culture conditions.
Responsive Assemblies: Gold Nanoparticles with Mixed Ligands in Microphase Separated Block Copolymers (2008)

A simple method for controlling the spatial distribution of nanoparticles in a diblock copolymer is shown. By varying the ligand functionality of the nanoparticles, as well as the processing conditions, the distribution of gold nanoparticles in the microdomains of the diblock copolymer was controlled and altered. In addition, the nanoparticlesare found to affect the diblock copolymer morphologies. Thermal treatment caused a redistribution of the nanoparticles inside one microdomain.
Developing a cost effective environmental solution for produced water and creating a ''new'' water resource (2000)

The project goal is to convert a currently usable by-product of oil production, produced water, into a valuable drinking water resource. The project was located at the Placate Oil Field in Santa Clarita, California, approximately 25 miles north of Los Angeles. The project included a literature review of treatment technologies; preliminary bench-scale studies to refine a planning level cost estimate; and a 10-100 gpm pilot study to develop the conceptual design and cost estimate for a 44,000 bpd treatment facility. A reverse osmosis system was constructed, pilot tested, and the data used to develop a conceptual design and operation of four operational scenarios, two industrial waters levels and two irrigation/potable water.
Wound Fluids and the Pathogenesis of Chronic Wounds (1996)

In Brief Purpose To describe two areas of ongoing investigation into analysis of wound fluids that may eventually lead to better understanding of pathophysiology of chronic wounds and to improved care and treatment. Methods Studies used Lowry protein assay, sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blotting, and zymography to analyze fluids from acute and chronic wounds and serum samples collected from healthy and affected volunteers. Subjects Thirty-one subjects with ages ranging from 32 to 79 years participated in the research; fluid was collected from chronic wounds in 10 patients (two female, four male, and four unrecorded), fluid was collected from acute mastectomy wounds in 15 patients (all female); blister fluid and blood were collected from two volunteers (one male, one female); and blood for serum preparation was collected from four volunteers (two female, two male). Primary outcome variables (1) Fibronectin degradation and (2) expression of matrix metalloproteinases. Results Fibronectin can be degraded in fluid from chronic wounds but remains intact in blood-derived serum, plasma-derived serum, blister fluid, and mastectomy wound fluid. Matrix metalloproteinases are overexpressed in fluid from chronic wounds compared with mastectomy wound fluid, blood-derived serum, and plasma-derived serum. Matrix metalloproteinases are also expressed at somewhat higher levels in mastectomy fluid than in blood-derived and plasma-derived serum. Conclusions These studies identified two factors that may contribute to delayed healing of chronic wound: fibronectin degradation and overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases. A review of basic science investigations of the constituents in acute and chronic wounds, and an outline for research to link this important work to clinical practice.