gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Obesity and cancer. (2002)

This article reviews several aspects of the association between obesity and cancer. Current perspectives of cancers of the breast, endometrium, colon and prostate are described. Obesity is a growing problem in contemporary societies, due to the rapid adoption of a modernized lifestyle that results in increased carbohydrate and fat-rich dietary intake, reduced physical activity and extended life expectancy. More than half of adult Americans are overweight or obese, and so is the population of many other countries. There are several definitions for the state of obesity. The body mass index (BMI), which measures overall adiposity, is universally available, the easiest to determine, and therefore the most commonly studied. Anthropometric measurements of subcutaneous fat distribution, such as measurement of girth, circumference of the arms, hips and thighs, or of skinfolds in various body regions are also often used. They allow to categorize the distribution of subcutaneous fat into android and gynoid types (den Tonkelaar, Seidell et al., 1994; Huang, Willett et al., 1999). The android, or abdominal, fat is determined from the waist to hip ratio, and is of particular relevance to cancer. Increased body weight and fat are associated with high health risks, and therefore body fat distribution and BMI are major predictors of obesity associated risks (Calle, Thun et al., 1999; "Overweight, obesity, and health risk," Yanovski, 2000). These include diabetes mellitus type 2, coronary heart disease, sleep apnea and pulmonary dysfunction, stroke, diseases of the gallbladder, liver and the musculoskeleton, reproductive dysfunction, venous insufficiency, deep vein thrombosis, poor wound healing, and more (Pi Sunyer, 1993; "Overweight, obesity, and health risk", Yanovski, 2000). All these are associated with increased mortality, especially in individuals with other risk factors (Calle, Thun et al., 1999). Cancer is also associated with obesity (Garfinkel, 1985), and the present paper attempts to summarize current perspectives of this association, especially in cancers of the breast, endometrium, colon and prostate.
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase action is strongly stimulated by mutations of the THO complex (2007)

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a B cell enzyme essential for Ig somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. AID acts on ssDNA, and switch regions of Ig genes, a target of AID, form R-loops that contain ssDNA. Nevertheless, how AID action is specifically targeted to particular DNA sequences is not clear. Because mutations altering cotranscriptional messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) formation such as those in THO/TREX in yeast promote R-loops, we investigated whether the cotranscriptional assembly of mRNPs could affect AID targeting. Here we show that AID action is transcription-dependent in yeast and that strong and transcription-dependent hypermutation and hyperrecombination are induced by AID if cells are deprived of THO. In these strains AID-induced mutations occurred preferentially at WRC motifs in the nontranscribed DNA strand. We propose that a suboptimal cotranscriptional mRNP assembly at particular DNA regions could play an important role in Ig diversification and genome dynamics.
Responses of Glasshouse Grown Cotton to Irrigation with Carbon Dioxide‐Saturated Water (1988)

Experiments were conducted to test the suitability of using irrigation water as a carrier for CO 2 to enhance growth and productivity of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). Potted plants (‘DPL 61’) were irrigated daily with CO 2 ‐saturated water in a greenhouse in Phoenix, AZ. Growth, productivity, and physiological responses of these plants were compared to those irrigated with deionized water. All plants were fertilized twice weekly with a modified Hoagland's solution. Yield as measured by boll load at maturity was increased 70 and 53% in two sets of experiments. Carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER) was increased 38%. Leaf chlorophyll content and starch content were also increased. None of the carbon in lint samples was derived from the CO 2 in the irrigation water. Leaf Zn and Mn were deficient in the control plants but were sufficient in the plants watered with CO 2 ‐saturated water. The CO 2 ‐saturated irrigation water increased uptake of Zn and Mn, which supported a more robust photosynthetic apparatus in the treated compared to the control plants. The greater photosynthetic activity during boll loading resulted in a significant increase in yield of the treated plants.
Use special Erwa to determine the number of live bacteria in different models (2005)

Used in the study especially calibrated Erwa to determine the number of neighborhood or the Alayoshi number of bacteria in the count modeling and casting method dishes in addition to using the drop method yielded significant results for a match between the methods used ..
The glycosaminoglycan chain of decorin plays an important role in collagen fibril formation at the early stages of fibrillogenesis (2007)

Decorin is a multifunctional small leucine-rich proteoglycan involved in the regulation of collagen fibrillogenesis. In patients with a variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, about half of the secreted decorin lacks the single glycosaminoglycan side chain. Notably, these patients have a skin-fragility phenotype that resembles that of decorin null mice. In this study, we investigated the role of glycanated and unglycanated decorin on collagen fibrillogenesis. Glycosaminoglycan-free decorin, generated by mutating Ser4 of the mature protein core into Ala (DCN-S4A), showed reduced inhibition of fibrillogenesis compared with the decorin proteoglycan. Interestingly, using a 3D matrix generated by decorin-null fibroblasts, an increase in fibril diameter was found after the addition of decorin, and even greater effects were observed with DCN-S4A. To avoid potential side effects of artificial tags, adenoviruses containing decorin and DCN-S4A were used to transduce decorin-null fibroblasts prior to matrix formation. Both molecules were efficiently incorporated into the matrix, with no changes in collagen composition and network formation, or altered expression of the related proteoglycan biglycan. Both decorin and DCN-S4A mutants increased the collagen fibril diameter, with the latter showing the most prominent effects. These data show that at early stages of fibrillogenesis, the glycosaminoglycan chain of decorin has a reducing effect on collagen fibril diameter.
INSECT ODOR AND TASTE RECEPTORS (2005)

Insect odor and taste receptors are highly sensitive detectors of food, mates, and oviposition sites. Following the identification of the first insect odor and taste receptors in Drosophila melanogaster, these receptors were identified in a number of other insects, including the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae; the silk moth, Bombyx mori; and the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens. The chemical specificities of many of the D. melanogaster receptors, as well as a few of the A. gambiae and B. mori receptors, have now been determined either by analysis of deletion mutants or by ectopic expression in in vivo or heterologous expression systems. Here we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of odor and taste coding in insects.
T5 DNA polymerase: structural--functional relationships to other DNA polymerases. (1989)

T5 DNA polymerase, a highly processive single-polypeptide enzyme, has been analyzed for its primary structural features. The amino acid sequence of T5 DNA polymerase has a high degree of homology with that of DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli and retains many of the amino acid residues that have been implicated in the 3'----5' exonuclease and DNA polymerase activities of that enzyme. Alignment with sequences of polymerase I and T7 DNA polymerase was used to identify regions possibly involved in the high processivity of this enzyme. Further, amino acid sequence comparisons of T5 DNA polymerase with a large group of DNA polymerases previously shown to exhibit little similarity to polymerase I indicate certain sequence segments are shared among distantly related DNA polymerases. These shared regions have been implicated in the 3'----5' exonuclease function of polymerase I, which suggests that the proofreading domains of all these enzymes may be evolutionarily related.
Broadband SBS Slow Light in an Optical Fiber (2007)

In this paper, we investigate slow light via stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a room temperature optical fiber that is pumped by a spectrally broadened laser. Broadening the spectrum of the pump field increases the linewidth Deltaomega <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</sub> of the Stokes amplifying resonance, thereby increasing the slow-light bandwidth. One physical bandwidth limitation occurs when the linewidth becomes several times larger than the Brillouin frequency shift Omega <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</sub> so that the anti-Stokes absorbing resonance substantially cancels out the Stokes amplifying resonance and, hence, the slow-light effect. We find that partial overlap of the Stokes and anti-Stokes resonances can actually lead to an enhancement of the slow-light delay-bandwidth product when Deltaomega <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</sub> sime1.3Omega <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</sub> . Using this general approach, we increase the Brillouin slow-light bandwidth to over 12 GHz from its nominal linewidth of ~30 MHz obtained for monochromatic pumping. We controllably delay 75-ps-long pulses by up to 47 ps and study the data-pattern dependence of the broadband SBS slow-light system
Obese diet-induced mouse models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-tracking disease by liver biopsy (2016)

These data introduce the obese diet-induced DIO-NASH and ob/ob-NASH mouse models with biopsy-confirmed individual disease staging as a preclinical platform for evaluation of novel NASH therapeutics.
Prostacyclin production by perturbed bovine aortic endothelial cells in culture (1984)

This study reports that endotoxin (Escherichia coli serotype 026:B6) and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate stimulate cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells to generate prostacyclin. The prostacyclin concentration of the culture medium was measured indirectly by radioimmunoassay for 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. The amount of prostacyclin generated depended on the concentration of endotoxin or phorbol diester. Prostacyclin generation was not immediate, but occurred slowly after a six-hour lag period. The perturbed cells contracted and showed marked shape changes that correlated temporally with the start of enhanced prostacyclin production. Cytochalasins B and D, vinblastine, and colchicine inhibited prostacyclin production, indicating involvement of the cytoskeleton in the cellular response to endotoxin and phorbol diester. The increase in prostacyclin production was prevented by trifluoperazine, an inhibitor of the Ca++-calmodulin system, which is known to be involved in cytoskeletal function. Generation of prostacyclin was inhibited by cycloheximide and actinomycin D, indicating dependence on protein and ribonucleic acid synthesis. It is postulated that exposure to endotoxin or phorbol diester leads, via a series of reactions that involve RNA and protein synthesis and require intact cytoskeletal function, to the generation of toxic active intermediate(s) that stimulate the enzymes necessary for prostacyclin production.
Hunting the Emesis and Efficacy Targets of PDE4 Inhibitors:  Identification of the Photoaffinity Probe 8-(3-Azidophenyl)-6- [(4-iodo-1H-1-imidazolyl)methyl]quinoline (APIIMQ) (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetterNEXTHunting the Emesis and Efficacy Targets of PDE4 Inhibitors: Identification of the Photoaffinity Probe 8-(3-Azidophenyl)-6- [(4-iodo-1H-1-imidazolyl)methyl]quinoline (APIIMQ)Dwight Macdonald, Hélène Perrier, Susana Liu, France Laliberté,, Roberta Rasori, Annette Robichaud, Paul Masson, and Zheng HuangView Author Information Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, P.O. Box 1005, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Québec, Canada, H9R 4P8 Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 21, 3820–3823Publication Date (Web):September 30, 2000Publication History Received16 February 2000Published online30 September 2000Published inissue 1 October 2000https://doi.org/10.1021/jm000065cCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views757Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (64 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Inhibitors,Labeling,Peptides and proteins,Probes,Substituents Get e-Alerts
Purine nucleotides stimulate DNA synthesis in kidney epithelial cells in culture (1985)

Adenine nucleotides infused into animals with acute renal failure appear to enhance recovery of kidney function and structure. To determine whether these compounds could act by a direct effect on renal cell metabolism, their capacity to stimulate DNA synthesis was evaluated in cultures of monkey kidney epithelial cells (BSC-1 line). AMP and ADP enhanced DNA synthesis by threefold more than was previously observed with other mitogens for these cells. Guanosine and inosine and their nucleotides and adenosine and ATP were also mitogenic but to a lesser extent, whereas pyrimidine derivatives were ineffective. In the presence of AMP, autoradiography of [3H]thymidine-labeled cells indicated that a greater number of cells entered the S phase of the cell cycle, and assessment of cell number revealed increased multiplication. The mitogenic effect of adenine nucleotides was not reproduced by agents that raise the cellular content of cAMP and was serum independent. Adenine nucleotides did not alter DNA synthesis when added to cultures of mouse fibroblasts. These results indicate that provision of exogenous purine nucleosides and nucleotides stimulate DNA synthesis in renal epithelial cells in culture.
Improving network management with software defined networking (2013)

Network management is challenging. To operate, maintain, and secure a communication network, network operators must grapple with low-level vendor-specific configuration to implement complex high-level network policies. Despite many previous proposals to make networks easier to manage, many solutions to network management problems amount to stop-gap solutions because of the difficulty of changing the underlying infrastructure. The rigidity of the underlying infrastructure presents few possibilities for innovation or improvement, since network devices have generally been closed, proprietary, and vertically integrated. A new paradigm in networking, software defined networking (SDN), advocates separating the data plane and the control plane, making network switches in the data plane simple packet forwarding devices and leaving a logically centralized software program to control the behavior of the entire network. SDN introduces new possibilities for network management and configuration methods. In this article, we identify problems with the current state-of-the-art network configuration and management mechanisms and introduce mechanisms to improve various aspects of network management. We focus on three problems in network management: enabling frequent changes to network conditions and state, providing support for network configuration in a highlevel language, and providing better visibility and control over tasks for performing network diagnosis and troubleshooting. The technologies we describe enable network operators to implement a wide range of network policies in a high-level policy language and easily determine sources of performance problems. In addition to the systems themselves, we describe various prototype deployments in campus and home networks that demonstrate how SDN can improve common network management tasks.
Molecular and functional analysis of human natural killer cell-associated neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM/CD56) (1991)

Abstract The neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM/CD56) is a member of the Ig supergene family that has been shown to mediate homophilic binding. Several isoforms of N-CAM have been identified that are expressed preferentially in different tissues and stages of embryonic development. To examine the primary structure of N-CAM expressed in leukocytes, N-CAM cDNA were generated by polymerase chain reaction from RNA isolated from normal human NK cells and the KG1a hematopoietic leukemia cell line. The sequence of leukocyte-derived N-CAM cDNA was essentially identical with N-CAM cDNA from human neuroblastoma cells that encode the 140-kDa isoform of N-CAM. Inasmuch as N-CAM is preferentially expressed on human NK cells and a subset of T lymphocytes that mediate MHC-unrestricted cell-mediated cytotoxicity, we examined the potential role of N-CAM in cell-mediated cytotoxicity and heterotypic lymphocyte-tumor cell adhesion. N-CAM loss mutants were established from the human N-CAM+ KG1a leukemia cell line, and N-CAM cDNA was transfected into a human colon carcinoma cell line and murine L cells. Using this panel of mutants and transfectants, it was determined that expression of N-CAM on these target cells does not affect susceptibility to resting or IL-2-activated NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, expression of N-CAM in these transfectants failed to induce homotypic or heterotypic cellular adhesion. Collectively, these studies indicate that homophilic N-CAM interactions probably do not mediate a major role in the cytolytic interaction between NK cells and N-CAM+ tumor cell targets.
Transcription factor families: muscling in on the myogenic program. (1995)

Embryonic skeletal muscle development has become a paradigm for understanding the molecular basis of how cell lineages are established and how cells differentiate into specialized structures. Most vertebrate muscles are derived from individual somites that produce two distinct muscle populations: the myotomal muscles that generate the axial and trunk musculature and a second migratory cell population that colonizes regions of the developing limbs. In both instances, muscle differentiation is accompanied by cell cycle arrest, fusion of individual myoblasts into multinucleate myotubes, and the transcriptional activation of muscle-specific genes. Recent experimental progress has led to greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control myogenesis in the embryo. Most of the advances have come from the identification and isolation of regulatory genes that are involved in controlling specific transcriptional events. In particular, the muscle regulatory factor (MRF) and myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) families have been implicated in establishing the myogenic lineage as well as controlling terminal differentiation. Two additional transcription factors, Pax-3 and MLP, also appear to play a role in the production of a mature muscle cell. This review focuses on these four vertebrate transcription factor families and discusses the experimental evidence that these factors play important, non-overlapping roles in regulating skeletal muscle development.
Purification and properties of rabbit reticulocyte protein synthesis initiation factors M2Balpha and M2Bbeta. (1976)

The active protein components of initiation factor M2B (IF-M2B) have been resolved into two homogeneous factors. These proteins, IF-M2Balpha and IF-M2Bbeta, were purified 300- and 500-fold, respectively, with a yield of about 15% of the original starting activity. The low molecular weight (approximately 17,000) of these two proteins is in contrast with the much greater molecular weights that have been found for other initiation factors. IF-M2Balpha is also unique among the initiation factors in that it contains no tryptophan and is capable of self-association. Both proteins are required for model assays which utilize 40 S and 60 S subunits (poly(U)-directed polyphenylalanine synthesis or AUG-directed methionyl-puromycin synthesis). IF-M2Bbeta has been shown to be required for hemoglobin synthesis, however, the presence of high concentrations of IF-M2Balpha in the 100,000 X g lysate supernatant has precluded the demonstration of an IF-M2Balpha requirement in hemoglobin synthesis.
Novel Gold Catalysts for the Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide at a Temperature far Below 0 °C (1987)

Abstract A variety of gold catalysts can be used to catalyze the oxidation of carbon monoxide at temperatures as low as −70 °C and are stable in a moistened gas atmosphere. The novel catalysts, prepared by coprecipitation, are composed of ultra-fine gold particles and one of the oxides of 3d transition metals of group VIII, namely, Fe, Co, and Ni.
A hypoxia-responsive element mediates a novel pathway of activation of the inducible nitric oxide synthase promoter. (1995)

Picolinic acid, a catabolite of L-tryptophan, activates the transcription of the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene (iNOS) in IFN-gamma-treated murine macrophages. We performed functional studies on the 5' flanking region of the iNOS gene linked to a CAT reporter gene to identify the cis-acting element(s) responsible for the activation of iNOS transcription by picolinic acid. Transient transfection assays showed that the full-length iNOS promoter in the murine macrophage cell line ANA-1 was activated by the synergistic interaction between IFN-gamma and picolinic acid. Deletion or mutation of the iNOS promoter region from -227 to -209, containing a sequence homology to a hypoxia-responsive enhancer (iNOS-HRE), decreased picolinic acid- but not LPS-induced CAT activity by more than 70%. Functional studies using a tk promoter-CAT reporter gene plasmid demonstrated that the iNOS-HRE was sufficient to confer inducibility by picolinic acid but not by IFN-gamma or LPS. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed that picolinic acid alone induced a specific binding activity to the iNOS-HRE. Furthermore, we found that the iNOS-HRE activity was inducible by hypoxia and that hypoxia in combination with IFN-gamma activated the iNOS promoter in transient transfection assays and induced iNOS transcription and mRNA expression. These data establish that the iNOS-HRE is a novel regulatory element of the iNOS promoter activity in murine macrophages and provide the first evidence that iNOS is a hypoxia-inducible gene.