gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of Liquid Droplet Solidification on Substrates. (2000)

A mathematical model describing the deformation and solidification behavior of liquid droplets impinging on substrates is presented. The mathematical model is numerically solved using a finite element method. In the experiment, a molten tin droplet (2.2–4.3 mm diameter) impacts copper, stainless steel and glass substrates at various preimpact velocities (1.4–4.0 m/s). The values of the heat transfer coefficient at the droplet/substrate interface are evaluated by comparing the calculated splat diameters to the experimental ones. The estimated values are within the previously reported ranges. The model almost predicts the Weber number dependence of the experimental splat diameters. The time variations of the numerical splat diameters also agree with the experimental results. The simulation reveals that the frozen layer at the splat edge, rather than at the center region, affects deceleration of the droplet spreading. The effect of the solidification on the splat diameter is explained from the freezing rate at the splat edge.
Cytopathic effect inhibition assay for determining the in-vitro susceptibility of herpes simplex virus to antiviral agents (1999)

We compare a rapid dilution method for the determination of antiviral susceptibility of herpes simplex virus (HSV) with the plaque reduction assay. A total of 84 HSV clinical isolates were studied by both methods to detect in-vitro resistance to acyclovir and foscarnet. The rapid method showed for the detection of HSV isolates resistant to acyclovir and foscarnet, a sensitivity of 96. 8% and 100% and specificity of 100% and 100%, respectively. This method provides an easy and accurate screening procedure for the susceptibility testing of HSV to antiviral agents.
A strategy to reveal potential glycan markers from serum glycoproteins associated with breast cancer progression (2008)

Aberrant glycosylation on glycoproteins that are either presented on the surface or secreted by cancer cells is a potential source of disease biomarkers and provides insights into disease pathogenesis. N-Glycans of the total serum glycoproteins from advanced breast cancer patients and healthy individuals were sequenced by HPLC with fluorescence detection coupled with exoglycosidase digestions and mass spectrometry. We observed a significant increase in a trisialylated triantennary glycan containing alpha1,3-linked fucose which forms part of the sialyl Lewis x epitope. Following digestion of the total glycan pool with a combination of sialidase and beta-galactosidase, we segregated and quantified a digestion product, a monogalactosylated triantennary structure containing alpha1,3-linked fucose. We compared breast cancer patients and controls and detected a 2-fold increase in this glycan marker in patients. In 10 patients monitored longitudinally, we showed a positive correlation between this glycan marker and disease progression and also demonstrated its potential as a better indicator of metastasis compared to the currently used biomarkers, CA 15-3 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). A pilot glycoproteomic study of advanced breast cancer serum highlighted acute-phase proteins alpha1-acid glycoprotein, alpha1-antichymotrypsin, and haptoglobin beta-chain as contributors to the increase in the glycan marker which, when quantified from each of these proteins, marked the onset of metastasis in advance of the CA 15-3 marker. These preliminary findings suggest that specific glycans and glycoforms of proteins may be candidates for improved markers in the monitoring of breast cancer progression.
42.4L: Late‐News Paper : 4 inch QVGA AMOLED Driven by the Threshold Voltage Controlled Amorphous GIZO (Ga 2 O 3 ‐In 2 O 3 ‐ZnO) TFT (2008)

Abstract We successfully fabricated GIZO (Ga 2 O 3 ‐In 2 O 3 ‐ZnO) TFTs with high mobility of 2.6 cm 2 /Vs and threshold voltage standard deviation of 0.7V which is comparable to that of a‐Si TFTs. Because conventional 5 mask process and bottom gate TFT structure of back channel etch type with channel length of 5 μm is used, it is expected to be transferred to mass production line in near future. Also we report the dependency of threshold voltage on the post process after the back surface of GIZO is exposed and suggest the effective method for controlling the threshold voltage of amorphous GIZO TFTs. Finally we demonstrate 4 inch QVGA AMOLED display driven by GIZO TFTs.
Robust Fake Iris Detection Based on Variation of the Reflectance Ratio Between the IRIS and the Sclera (2006)

In this paper, we propose a new fake iris detection method based on the changes in the reflectance ratio between the iris and the sclera. The proposed method has four advantages over previous works. First, it is possible to detect fake iris images with high accuracy. Second, our method does not cause inconvenience to users since it can detect fake iris images at a very fast speed. Third, it is possible to show the theoretical background of using the variation of the reflectance ratio between the iris and the sclera. To compare fake iris images with live ones, three types of fake iris images were produced: a printed iris, an artificial eye, and a fake contact lens. In the experiments, we prove that the proposed fake iris detection method achieves high performance when distinguishing between live and fake iris.
Effect of biomaterial surface charge on the inflammatory reponse: Evaluation of cellular infiltration and TNF? production (1996)

A rat model was used to investigate the effect of net surface charge on polymer biocompatibility and its potential to modify and stimulate the inflammatory response. Poly(ether)urethane was taken as the base material and the net charge altered by introducing sulphonate ionic groups to the polymer backbone. Three differently charged poly(ether)urethanes were made with 10, 20, and 30% sulphonate substitution, giving a range of negative charge, with unmodified poly(ether)urethane used as a control. The polymers were implanted intramuscularly into rats for 2 days, and for 1, 2, and 12 weeks. After explantation, the cellular infiltration in the tissue surrounding the implants was evaluated using immunohistochemistry to stain for specific cell types: macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and the cytokine TNFα. In situ hybridization was used to detect expression of mRNA encoding TNFα. Stained sections were analyzed and the cellular response quantified using image analysis. Initially macrophages and neutrophils were observed around all the materials, but neutrophils were absent in all samples at 12 weeks. The 2-day time point had significantly more macrophages than the later time points. By 2 weeks the 20%-charged polymer elicited significantly less neutrophil infiltration than the other three polymers. In all samples where macrophages were observed, cells staining positive for TNFα protein and message also were observed. No T or B lymphocytes were observed in the infiltrates around the materials at any time point. The results indicate that surface charge can influence the early phase acute inflammatory response to an implanted material. © 1996 John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Theoretical approaches to x-ray absorption fine structure (2000)

Dramatic advances in the understanding of x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) have been made over the past few decades, which have led ultimately to a highly quantitative theory. This review covers these developments from a unified multiple-scattering viewpoint. The authors focus on extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) well above an x-ray edge, and, to a lesser extent, on x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) closer to an edge. The discussion includes both formal considerations, derived from a many-electron formulation, and practical computational methods based on independent-electron models, with many-body effects lumped into various inelastic losses and energy shifts. The main conceptual issues in XAFS theory are identified and their relative importance is assessed; these include the convergence of the multiple-scattering expansion, curved-wave effects, the scattering potential, inelastic losses, self-energy shifts, and vibrations and structural disorder. The advantages and limitations of current computational approaches are addressed, with particular regard to quantitative experimental comparisons.
1,2,3‐Triazine, III Synthese von N‐Aminopyrazolen und deren Oxidation zu 1,2,3‐Triazinen. Molekülstruktur des 1,2,3‐Triazins (1985)

Abstract Die Oxidation der N ‐Aminopyrazole 4a – i liefert die 1,2,3‐Triazine 5a – i . Es werden Spektren und Reaktionen – wie Oxidation, Reduktion und Cycloadditionen – einiger 1,2,3‐Triazine 5 beschrieben. Die Röntgenstrukturanalyse für 5a wird angegeben.
Molecular Changes in Tamoxifen-Resistant Breast Cancer: Relationship Between Estrogen Receptor, HER-2, and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (2005)

The molecular pathways driving tumor growth can change as the tumor progresses. Crosstalk between ER, HER-2, p38, and ERK may contribute to tamoxifen resistance and may provide molecular targets to overcome this resistance.
Mutation of the polo-box disrupts localization and mitotic functions of the mammalian polo kinase Plk (1998)

Members of the polo subfamily of protein kinases play pivotal roles in cell proliferation. In addition to the kinase domain, polo kinases have a strikingly conserved sequence in the noncatalytic domain, termed the polo-box. The function of the polo-box is currently undefined. The mammalian polo-like kinase Plk is a functional homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc5. Here, we show that Plk localizes at the spindle poles and cytokinetic neck filaments. Without impairing kinase activity, a conservative mutation in the polo-box disrupts the capacity of Plk to complement the defect associated with a cdc5-1 temperature-sensitive mutation and to localize to these subcellular structures. Our data provide evidence that the polo-box plays a critical role in Plk function, likely by directing its subcellular localization.
Numerical Simulation of Wave Fields Created by Loudspeaker Arrays (1999)

The use of loudspeaker arrays to create a spatial impression within an auditorium requires the exact knowledge of the synthesized wave field. The interaction between loudspeaker array and the enclosure can be investigated by numerical simulation. A new method for the computation of dynamical 3D sound fields is applied to obtain the impulse response from a loudspeaker array to the listening positions. 1 Introduction The creation of a three-dimensional illusion of sound sources being positioned in a virtual acoustical environment was so far restricted to binaural rendering by headphones. Advanced loudspeaker-based approaches, like the 3/2-Surround format, or Ambisonics [1] still rely on a restrained listening area, the sweet spot. A volume solution for a large listening space is offered by the Wave Field Synthesis (WFS) method, a concept developed at Delft University [2], where arrays of independently driven loudspeakers generate a prespecified soundfield. Direct sound, reflections and ...
Ultrahigh finesse Fabry-Pérot superconducting resonator (2007)

The authors have built a microwave Fabry-Pérot resonator made of diamond-machined copper mirrors coated with superconducting niobium. Its damping time (Tc=130ms at 51GHz and 0.8K) corresponds to a finesse of 4.6×109, the highest ever reached for a Fabry-Pérot in any frequency range. This result opens many perspectives for quantum information processing, decoherence and nonlocality studies.
Formation and consumption of single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons and their precursors in premixed acetylene, ethylene and benzene flamesElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Thermodynamic and kinetic property data. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cp/b1/b110089k/ (2002)

Kinetic modeling is becoming a powerful tool for the quantitative description of combustion processes covering different fuels and large ranges of temperature, pressure and equivalence ratio. In the present work, a reaction mechanism which was developed initially for benzene oxidation, and included the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was extended and tested for the combustion of acetylene and ethylene. Thermodynamic and kinetic property data were updated. If available, data were taken from the recent literature. In addition, density functional theory as well as ab initio computations on a CBS-Q and CBS-RAD level, partially published previously, were carried out. Quantum Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel analysis was conducted in order to determine pressure-dependent rate constants of chemically activated reactions. The model was developed and tested using species concentration profiles reported in the literature from molecular beam mass-spectrometry measurements in four unidimensional laminar premixed low-pressure ethylene, acetylene and benzene flames at equivalence ratios (ϕ) of 0.75 and 1.9 (C2H4), 2.4 (C2H2) and 1.8 (C6H6). Predictive capabilities of the model were found to be at least fair and often good to excellent for the consumption of the reactants, the formation of the main combustion products as well as the formation and depletion of major intermediates including radicals. Self-combination of propargyl (C3H3) followed by ring closure and rearrangement was the dominant benzene formation pathway in both rich acetylene and ethylene flames. In addition, reaction between vinylacetylene (C4H4) and vinyl radical (C2H3) contributed to benzene formation in the ϕ = 1.9 ethylene flame. Propargyl formation and consumption pathways which involve reactions between acetylene, allene, propyne and singlet and triplet methylene were assessed. Significant overpredictions of phenoxy radicals indicate the necessity of further investigation of the pressure and temperature dependence and the product distribution of phenyl oxidation. The possible formation of benzoquinones, the ratio of the ortho and para isomers and their degradation pathways are of particular interest.
Vectorization for SIMD architectures with alignment constraints (2004)

When vectorizing for SIMD architectures that are commonly employed by today's multimedia extensions, one of the new challenges that arise is the handling of memory alignment. Prior research has focused primarily on vectorizing loops where all memory references are properly aligned. An important aspect of this problem, namely, how to vectorize misaligned memory references, still remains unaddressed.This paper presents a compilation scheme that systematically vectorizes loops in the presence of misaligned memory references. The core of our technique is to automatically reorganize data in registers to satisfy the alignment requirement imposed by the hardware. To reduce the data reorganization overhead, we propose several techniques to minimize the number of data reorganization operations generated. During the code generation, our algorithm also exploits temporal reuse when aligning references that access contiguous memory across loop iterations. Our code generation scheme guarantees to never load the same data associated with a single static access twice. Experimental results indicate near peak speedup factors, e.g., 3.71 for 4 data per vector and 6.06 for 8 data per vector, respectively, for a set of loops where 75% or more of the static memory references are misaligned.
Efficient Large‐Scale Synthesis of Picolinic Acid‐Derived Nickel(II) Complexes of Glycine (2003)

Abstract An efficient, large‐scale method for the preparation of 2‐[ N ‐(α‐picolyl)amino]acetophenone (PAAP) and 2‐[ N ‐(α‐picolyl)amino]benzophenone (PABP), the hitherto unknown 4‐methyl‐2‐[ N ‐(α‐picolyl)amino]benzophenone (4‐Me‐PABP) and 4‐nitro‐2‐[ N ‐(α‐picolyl)amino]benzophenone (4‐NO 2 ‐PABP), and their corresponding Ni II complexes with glycine is described. The key step of the method is the formation of the mixed anhydrides derived from o ‐picolinic acid and ethyl chloroformate or p ‐toluenesulfonyl chloride. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Hydrogenation of 12-oxo-5β-chol-9(11)-enates on platinum (1981)

Methyl 12-oxo-5β-chol-9(11)-enates with various substituents in the position 3 were prepared and the conditions were found under which hydrogenation of the supposedly resistent double bond to 9α-cholanates takes place. Under these conditions the products of deoxygenation in the position 12, and in the case of the hydrogenation of 3-oxo derivatives the products of deoxygenation in the position 3, were isolated as side-products of this reaction. The rate of the last mentioned reaction is a function of the excess of the catalyst.
High resolution virtual reality (1992)

An important component of many virtual reality systems is head-tracked stereo display. The head-tracker enables the image rendering system to produce images from a viewpoint location that dynamically tracks the viewers head movement, creating a convincing 3D illusion. A viewer can achieve intricate hand/eye coordination on virtual objects if virtual and physical objects can be registered [o within a fraction of a centimeter. Computer graphics has traditionally been concerned with forming the correct image on a screen. When this goal is expanded to forming the correct pair of images on the viewers retinas, a number of additional physical factors must be taken into account. This paper presents the general steps that must be taken to achieve accurate high resolution headtracked stereo display on a workstation CRT: the need for predictive head-tracking, the dynamic optical location of the viewers eyepoints, physically accurate stereo perspective viewing matrices, and corrections for refractive and curvature distortions of glass CRTs. Employing these steps, a system is described that achieves sub-centimeter virtual to physical registration.
Purification and properties of prostaglandin D synthetase from rat brain. (1979)

The prostaglandin D synthetase system was isolated from rat brain. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase solubilized from a microsomal fraction catalyzed the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 in the presence of heme and tryptophan. Prostaglandin D synthetase (prostaglandin endoperoxidase-D isomerase) catalyzing the isomerization of prostaglandin H2 to prostaglandin D2 was found predominantly in a cytosol fraction and was purified to apparent homogeneity with a specific activity of 1.7 mumol/min/mg of protein at 24 degrees C. The enzyme also acted upon prostaglandin G2 and produced a compound presumed to be 15-hydroperoxy-prostaglandin D2. Glutathione was not required for the enzyme reaction, but the enzyme was stabilized by thiol compounds including glutathione. The enzyme was inhibited by p-chloromercuribenzoic acid in a reversible manner. The purified enzyme was essentially free of the glutathione S-transferase activity which was found in the cytosol of brain.
Formation of bone in tibial defects in a canine model. Histomorphometric and biomechanical studies. (1991)

The histomorphometric, material, and structural properties of the reparative tissue and bone that formed in a two-millimeter tibial defect in dogs were determined at two, four, eight, and twelve weeks after the operation. At two weeks, the tibial defect was filled mainly with undifferentiated connective tissue. After two weeks, the relative proportion of undifferentiated connective tissue decreased and the amount of bone progressively increased throughout the twelve weeks. New bone formed primarily by intramembranous ossification, with a small degree of endochondral ossification. At twelve weeks, bone occupied 62 per cent of the defect. The calcium content of the reparative tissue increased between four and eight weeks and then, at twelve weeks, reached a plateau of 77 per cent that of normal cortical bone. Anisotropy of the new bone that formed in the defect increased from 13.8 per cent to 26 per cent, and the mean width of the trabecular bone increased 27 per cent between the eighth and twelfth weeks. Maximum torque and torsional stiffness increased between two and eight weeks and then, by twelve weeks, the values leveled off at 44 and 29 per cent of the values for intact bone. Indentation stiffness increased between the fourth and twelfth weeks; at twelve weeks, it was 22 per cent of the stiffness of normal cortical bone. Indentation stiffness increased 283 per cent between eight and twelve weeks, despite insignificant changes in calcium content, amount of new bone, non-osseous space, water content, or volume of trabecular bone during this time. This change in indentation stiffness did correlate with increases in anisotropy of the new bone between eight and twelve weeks.
Characterization of new gangliosides of the lactotetraose series in murine xenografts of a human glioma cell line (1986)

The major mono- and disialogangliosides of the extensively characterized established human glioma line D54MG were isolated and purified from subcutaneous solid xenografts grown in athymic (nu/nu) mice. Structural determination showed that they belonged to the lactotetraosylceramide series. The sialyllactotetraosylceramide contained 90% N-glycolyl- and 10% N-acetylneuraminic acid linked in an alpha 2-3 linkage (IV3NeuGc-LcOse4Cer, IV3NeuAc-LcOse4Cer). The disialogangliosides had a previously undescribed type of structure with sialic acids linked to the terminal galactose in an alpha 2-3 linkage and to N-acetylglucosamine in an alpha 2-6 linkage. Not only did species with NeuAc or NeuGc occur, but also species with mixtures of the two sialic acids, e.g. NeuAc and NeuGc. The schematic structures of the new disialogangliosides are (Formula:see text).
Genetic aberrations in prostate cancer by microarray analysis (2006)

The aim of this study was to screen genetic as well as expression alterations in prostate cancer. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to a 16K cDNA microarray was performed to analyze DNA sequence copy number alterations in 5 prostate cancer cell lines and 13 xenografts. The aCGH confirmed the previously implicated common gains and losses, such as gains at 1q, 7, 8q, 16p and 17q and losses at 2q, 4p/q, 6q, 8p, 13q, 16q, 17p and 18q, which have previously been identified by chromosomal CGH (cCGH). Because of the higher resolution of aCGH, the minimal commonly altered regions were significantly narrowed-down. For example, the gain of 8q was mapped to three independent regions, 8q13.3-q21.11, 8q22.2 and 8q24.13-q24.3. In addition, a novel recurrent gain at 9p13-q21 was identified. The concomitant expression analysis indicated that genome-wide DNA sequence copy number (gene dosage) was significantly associated with the expression level (p < 0.0001). The analyses indicated several individual genes whose expression was associated with the gene copy number. For example, gains of PTK2 and FZD6, were associated with the increased expression, whereas losses of TNFRSF10B (alias DR5) and ITGA4 with decreased expression. In conclusion, the aCGH mapping data will aid in the identification of genes altered in prostate cancer. The combined expression and copy number analysis suggested that even a low-level copy number change may have significant effect on gene expression, and thus on the development of prostate cancer.
Quantification of Global MicroRNA Abundance by Selective Isotachophoresis (2010)

We here present and demonstrate a novel technique based on isotachophoresis (ITP) for the quantification of global microRNA (miRNA) abundance in total RNA. We leverage the selectivity of ITP to concentrate miRNA and exclude longer RNA molecules from the focused zone. We designed a novel ITP strategy where we initially establish three contiguous zones of sieving polymer, electrolyte, and denaturant concentrations. This allows for successive preconcentration, selection, and detection of miRNA. We optimized chemistry in each zone for high sensitivity and exquisite selectivity for miRNA. This technique allows for the measurement of the total miRNA content in a sample and its comparison between different cell types and tissues. We demonstrated and validated the efficacy of this technique by comparing global miRNA abundance in subconfluent and confluent cell cultures.