gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methods for Nuclei Detection, Segmentation, and Classification in Digital Histopathology: A Review—Current Status and Future Potential (2014)

Digital pathology represents one of the major evolutions in modern medicine. Pathological examinations constitute the gold standard in many medical protocols, and also play a critical and legal role in the diagnosis process. In the conventional cancer diagnosis, pathologists analyze biopsies to make diagnostic and prognostic assessments, mainly based on the cell morphology and architecture distribution. Recently, computerized methods have been rapidly evolving in the area of digital pathology, with growing applications related to nuclei detection, segmentation, and classification. In cancer research, these approaches have played, and will continue to play a key (often bottleneck) role in minimizing human intervention, consolidating pertinent second opinions, and providing traceable clinical information. Pathological studies have been conducted for numerous cancer detection and grading applications, including brain, breast, cervix, lung, and prostate cancer grading. Our study presents, discusses, and extracts the major trends from an exhaustive overview of various nuclei detection, segmentation, feature computation, and classification techniques used in histopathology imagery, specifically in hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining protocols. This study also enables us to measure the challenges that remain, in order to reach robust analysis of whole slide images, essential high content imaging with diagnostic biomarkers and prognosis support in digital pathology.
A Novel Sensory Mapping Design for Bipedal Walking on a Sloped Surface (2012)

This paper presents an environment recognition method for bipedal robots using a time-delay neural network. For a robot to walk in a varying terrain, it is desirable that the robot can adapt to any environment encountered in real-time. This paper aims to develop a sensory mapping unit to recognize environment types from the input sensory data based on an artificial neural network approach. With the proposed sensory mapping design, a bipedal walking robot can obtain real-time environment information and select an appropriate walking pattern accordingly. Due to the time-dependent property of sensory data, the sensory mapping is realized by using a time-delay neural network. The sensory data of earlier time sequences combined with current sensory data are sent to the neural network. The proposed method has been implemented on the humanoid robot NAO for verification. Several interesting experiments were carried out to verify the effectiveness of the sensory mapping design. The mapping design is validated for the uphill, downhill and flat surface cases, where three types of environment can be recognized by the NAO robot online.
Response of human oral mucosa and skin to histamine provocation: laser Doppler perfusion imaging discloses differences in the nociceptive nervous system (2009)

Intra-oral flare could be induced by activating histamine-excitable nerve fibers. Both duration and intensity of the flare were considerably less pronounced than in the control skin site. Histamine application was not clearly associated with itch.
Compound prism design principles, III: linear-in-wavenumber and optical coherence tomography prisms (2011)

We extend the work of the first two papers in this series [Appl. Opt. 50, 4998-5011 (2011), Appl. Opt. 50, 5012-5022 (2011)] to design compound prisms for linear-in-wavenumber dispersion, especially for application in spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). These dispersive prism designs are believed to be the first to meet the requirements of high resolution OCT systems in direct-view geometry, where they can be used to shrink system size, to improve light throughput, to reduce stray light, and to reduce errors resulting from interpolating between wavelength- and wavenumber-sampled domains. We show prism designs that can be used for thermal sources or for wideband superluminescent diodes centered around wavelengths 850, 900, 1300, and 1375 nm.
Curriculum Learning for Domain Adaptation in Neural Machine Translation (2019)

Xuan Zhang, Pamela Shapiro, Gaurav Kumar, Paul McNamee, Marine Carpuat, Kevin Duh. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers). 2019.
Localized non-Hodgkin lymphoma involving the thyroid gland (2001)

The prognosis of patients with localized NHL involving the thyroid gland appears to be very good, especially when CMT is used. Distant recurrences appear to account for the majority of treatment failures. The IPI was found to be a significant prognostic factor for OS and a marginal one for FFS.
Inhibition of the key metabolic pathways, glycolysis and lipogenesis, of oral cancer by bitter melon extract (2019)

Our study revealed that bitter melon extract inhibits glycolysis and lipid metabolism and induces ER and oxidative stress-mediated cell death in oral cancer. Thus, BME-mediated metabolic reprogramming of oral cancer cells will have important preventive and therapeutic implications along with conventional therapies.
T Cell Costimulation by TNFR Superfamily (TNFRSF)4 and TNFRSF25 in the Context of Vaccination (2012)

TNFR superfamily (TNFRSF)4 (OX40, CD134) and TNFRSF25 are costimulatory receptors that influence CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses to cognate Ag. Independently, these receptors have been described to stimulate overlapping functions, including enhanced proliferation and activation for both regulatory T cells (CD4(+)Foxp3(+); Tregs) and conventional T cells (CD4(+)Foxp3(-) or CD8(+)Foxp3(-); Tconvs). To determine the relative functionality of TNFRSF4 and TNFRSF25 in T cell immunity, the activity of TNFRSF4 and TNFRS25 agonistic Abs was compared in the context of both traditional protein/adjuvant (OVA/aluminum hydroxide) and CD8(+)-specific heat shock protein-based (gp96-Ig) vaccine approaches. These studies demonstrate that both TNFRSF4 and TNFRSF25 independently and additively costimulate vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cell proliferation following both primary and secondary Ag challenge. In contrast, the activities of TNFRSF4 and TNFRSF25 were observed to be divergent in the costimulation of CD4(+) T cell immunity. TNFRSF4 agonists were potent costimulators of OVA/aluminum hydroxide-induced CD4(+) Tconv proliferation, but they only weakly costimulated Treg proliferation and IgG2a production, whereas TNFRSF25 agonists were strong costimulators of Treg proliferation, producers of IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b, and weak costimulators of CD4(+) Tconv proliferation. Interestingly, Ag-specific cellular and humoral responses were uncoupled upon secondary immunization, which was dramatically affected by the presence of TNFRSF4 or TNFRSF25 costimulation. These studies highlight the overlapping but nonredundant activities of TNFRSF4 and TNFRSF25 in T cell immunity, which may guide the application of receptor agonistic agents as vaccine adjuvants for infectious disease and tumor immunity.
Naturalistic Driver Intention and Path Prediction Using Recurrent Neural Networks (2019)

Understanding the intentions of drivers at intersections is a critical component for autonomous vehicles. Urban intersections that do not have traffic signals are a common epicenter of highly variable vehicle movement and interactions. We present a method for predicting driver intent at urban intersections through multi-modal trajectory prediction with uncertainty. Our method is based on recurrent neural networks combined with a mixture density network output layer. To consolidate the multi-modal nature of the output probability distribution, we introduce a clustering algorithm that extracts the set of possible paths that exist in the prediction output and ranks them according to probability. To verify the method's performance and generalizability, we present a real-world dataset that consists of over 23 000 vehicles traversing five different intersections, collected using a vehicle-mounted lidar-based tracking system. An array of metrics is used to demonstrate the performance of the model against several baselines.
Dabrafenib; Preclinical Characterization, Increased Efficacy when Combined with Trametinib, while BRAF/MEK Tool Combination Reduced Skin Lesions (2013)

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway activation has been implicated in many types of human cancer. BRAF mutations that constitutively activate MAPK signalling and bypass the need for upstream stimuli occur with high prevalence in melanoma, colorectal carcinoma, ovarian cancer, papillary thyroid carcinoma, and cholangiocarcinoma. In this report we characterize the novel, potent, and selective BRAF inhibitor, dabrafenib (GSK2118436). Cellular inhibition of BRAF(V600E) kinase activity by dabrafenib resulted in decreased MEK and ERK phosphorylation and inhibition of cell proliferation through an initial G1 cell cycle arrest, followed by cell death. In a BRAF(V600E)-containing xenograft model of human melanoma, orally administered dabrafenib inhibited ERK activation, downregulated Ki67, and upregulated p27, leading to tumor growth inhibition. However, as reported for other BRAF inhibitors, dabrafenib also induced MAPK pathway activation in wild-type BRAF cells through CRAF (RAF1) signalling, potentially explaining the squamous cell carcinomas and keratoacanthomas arising in patients treated with BRAF inhibitors. In addressing this issue, we showed that concomitant administration of BRAF and MEK inhibitors abrogated paradoxical BRAF inhibitor-induced MAPK signalling in cells, reduced the occurrence of skin lesions in rats, and enhanced the inhibition of human tumor xenograft growth in mouse models. Taken together, our findings offer preclinical proof of concept for dabrafenib as a specific and highly efficacious BRAF inhibitor and provide evidence for its potential clinical benefits when used in combination with a MEK inhibitor.
LOCK trek: navigating uncharted space (2003)

The design principles of the logical coprocessing kernel (LOCK) project are considered. LOCK is an advanced development of hardware-based computer security and cryptographic service modules. Much of the design and some of the implementation specifications are complete. The formal top level specification (FTLS) also is complete and the advanced noninterference proofs are beginning. This hardware-based approach has brought the LOCK project into many uncharted areas in the design, verification, and evaluation of an integrated information security system. System integration currently appears to be the single largest programatic problem. The authors examine two important design areas: design verification and porting Unix System V to a LOCK host. The verification tools seem able to verify design only and not implementation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Relation of Structure to Antioxidant Activity of Quercetin and Some of Its Derivatives I. Primary Activity (1966)

SUMMARY The primary antioxidant activity of quercetin and some of its derivatives was studied in the 36–70°C range in dry systems, using two fatty‐ester substrates, respectively with linoleate and linolenate, as the main constituent undergoing oxidation. Metal contamination was avoided as far as possible, and any residual traces of metals in the thoroughly purified esters were chelated with citric acid. Methylation of the 3, or 5, or 3 and 7, or 5 and 7 hydroxyls of the quercetin molecule led to considerable reduction of the antioxidant activity, while reduction due to methylation of the 7 hydroxyl was slight. Methylation of the 3′, or 4′, or 3′ and 4′ hydroxyls, or of any single hydroxyl of the B ring, and of an additional hydroxyl or hydroxyls of the A ring, led to a drastic reduction (to 11% or less); the 3,7,3′,4′ tetramethoxy derivative was found to be completely inactive. Hydrogenation of the 2,3 double bond resulted in an antioxidant (dihydroquercetin) with only about half the activity of qnercetin. The primary antioxidant activity of quercetin seems to be a function of the molecule as a whole and cannot be regarded as an additive property of active hydroxyls. The effect produced by methylation of a particular hydroxyl may, however, be related to the probability of formation of a stabilized free radical by the hydroxyl in question. The type of the substituted alkyl radical had little or no effect on the activity of the derivative, but replacement of a hydroxyl with hydrogen failed to produce the same effect as methylation of the same hydroxyl. No indication was found of pro‐oxidant activity of the meta‐hydroxyl grouping in the A ring.
Synthesis of 2' -Deoxypyrihidine Nucleosides Via Copper (I) Iodide Catalysis (1989)

Abstract The high current interest in the use of 2′-deoxypyrimidine nucleosides as potential anti-viral agents has made a high-yield route favoring the biologically active 8-anocaers deslrable. To this end the coupling of pyrimidine with 2 in EDC or CHC1, was studied using weak Lewis Acid catalysts. Of the catalysts studied only copper (I) iodide gave 6-selective reactions.
The immunogenicity of tumor cell death (2008)

A combination of signals elicits an efficient immune response against tumor cells that are dying in response to anthracyclines or ionizing irradiation. During early apoptosis, caspase activation and endoplasmic reticulum stress facilitate the surface exposure of immunogenic effectors followed by the release of soluble factors that are indispensable for effective immune response. Failure of tumor cells to expose/secrete such immunogenic factors and/or failure of the immune system to sense such effectors may compromise the efficacy of conventional anticancer therapies.
Off-State Breakdown Characterization in AlGaN/GaN HEMT Using Drain Injection Technique (2010)

AlGaN/GaN high-electron mobility transistor's (HEMT's) off-state breakdown is investigated using drain-current injection techniques with different injection current levels. Competitions between the source leakage and gate leakage, pure leakage and impact ionization, and source- and gate-injection-induced impact ionization during the drain-injection measurement are discussed in detail. It was found that the breakdown originates from the source/gate leakage at low drain injection levels but is dominated by source/gate-induced impact ionization process at high drain injection currents. The source-induced impact ionization usually precedes the gate-induced impact ionization in low-gate leakage devices, resulting in a premature three-terminal off-state breakdown. We also found that the gate-bias value affects the breakdown voltage in the conventional three-terminal off-state breakdown I-V measurement and should be carefully considered.
Negotiation by software agents in electronic marketplace (2002)

Negotiation, an important facet of business, is an iterative and complex process. Depending on the nature of business and the type of transaction, negotiation criteria, duration and complexity vary widely. An intelligent software agent can help the consumers and enterprises in business negotiation. It can negotiate with humans or with other software agents to arrive at mutually agreeable terms and conditions of a business transaction. For instance, a buyer agent may negotiate with several seller agents, or take part in bidding in an online auction. The online automated negotiation has many advantages and overcomes some of the problems and limitations of human negotiation. In this paper, we identify specific demands on and major issues in online negotiation and outline major negotiation agents developed for electronic marketplace. We also highlight a few research issues for further work.
The Antoine Equation for Vapor-pressure Data. (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Antoine Equation for Vapor-pressure Data.George Wm. ThomsonCite this: Chem. Rev. 1946, 38, 1, 1–39Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1946Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1946https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60119a001https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60119a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views10656Altmetric-Citations315LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Inhibition of DNA replication in Escherichia coli by cyanide and carbon monoxide. (1975)

The inhibition of DNA replication in aerobically growing Escherichia coli by cyanide or carbon monoxide occurs within about 20 s at 15 degrees, as previously reported by Cairns and Denhardt (Cairns, J., and Denhardt, D.T. (1968) J. Mol. Biol. 36, 335-342). This rapid inhibition can be explained by the nearly complete depletion of both intracellular ATP and deoxynucleoside triphosphates which occurs during the time that replication stops. There is probably no direct effect of carbon monoxide on any of the enzymes involved in replication because this reagent has no effect on replication rate or ATP level in anaerobic cells. These cells produce ATP by glycolysis. The inhibition of replication by cyanide, a highly reactive compound, appears to be more complex since anaerobically growing cells can still be completely inhibited, although higher concentrations are required than for aerobically growing cells. The sensitivity of anaerobic cells to cyanide is probably due to the ability of this highly reactive compound to react nonspecifically with many proteins and other molecules.
Some Observations on the Immunochemistry of Dextrans (1961)

Summary Purified native dextrans, crude native dextran and clinical dextrans did not sensitize guinea pigs actively. Dextran sensitivity could be induced in guinea pigs by inoculation with Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL strains B-1374, B-1377, B-1424 and Leuconostoc dextranicum, strain B-1375. However, no sensitivity could be induced with Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512(F). The sensitivity induced in guinea pigs by Leuconostoc mesenteroides could be inhibited by prior administration of dextran. Antidextran rabbit serum was produced by immunizing rabbits with Leuconostoc dextranicum B-1375 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-1424. Rabbits immunized with Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512(F), without adjuvants, produced antiserum to a minor component of dextran, probably a somatic antigen. Rabbits immunized with B-512(F) with adjuvants produced antibodies both to dextran and to the minor component. The precipitating capacity of dextran with antiserum diminished with deceased molecular size. The lowest fraction with a molecular weight of 10,700 precipitated about one-half of the antibody content of the serum. Hydrolysis increased the shocking capacity of native dextran in passively sensitized guinea pigs. The most effective molecular size was between 41,600 and 35,400.
Ambient Stable Quantitative PCR Reagents for the Detection of Yersinia pestis (2010)

The vacuum-dried reagents for real-time PCR maintain accuracy and reproducibility for at least 49 days at 37 degrees C, indicating that they can be easily transported at room temperature for field application if the machine for performing real-time PCR is available. This dry reagent is of great significance for routine plague surveillance.
Identification of a novel prostate cancer‐associated tumor antigen (2006)

The highly restricted expression pattern of T21 makes it an attractive vaccine target for prostate cancer. Several CTAs reportedly induce cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses, therefore it is reasonable to assume that T21 will be a valuable target for cancer immunotherapy.
General mechanism for modulating immunoglobulin effector function (2013)

Immunoglobulins recognize and clear microbial pathogens and toxins through the coupling of variable region specificity to Fc-triggered cellular activation. These proinflammatory activities are regulated, thus avoiding the pathogenic sequelae of uncontrolled inflammation by modulating the composition of the Fc-linked glycan. Upon sialylation, the affinities for Fcγ receptors are reduced, whereas those for alternative cellular receptors, such as dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN)/CD23, are increased. We demonstrate that sialylation induces significant structural alterations in the Cγ2 domain and propose a model that explains the observed changes in ligand specificity and biological activity. By analogy to related complexes formed by IgE and its evolutionarily related Fc receptors, we conclude that this mechanism is general for the modulation of antibody-triggered immune responses, characterized by a shift between an "open" activating conformation and a "closed" anti-inflammatory state of antibody Fc fragments. This common mechanism has been targeted by pathogens to avoid host defense and offers targets for therapeutic intervention in allergic and autoimmune disorders.
Molecular and Cytological Analyses of Large Tracks of Centromeric DNA Reveal the Structure and Evolutionary Dynamics of Maize Centromeres (2003)

We sequenced two maize bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones anchored by the centromere-specific satellite repeat CentC. The two BACs, consisting of approximately 200 kb of cytologically defined centromeric DNA, are composed exclusively of satellite sequences and retrotransposons that can be classified as centromere specific or noncentromere specific on the basis of their distribution in the maize genome. Sequence analysis suggests that the original maize sequences were composed of CentC arrays that were expanded by retrotransposon invasions. Seven centromere-specific retrotransposons of maize (CRM) were found in BAC 16H10. The CRM elements inserted randomly into either CentC monomers or other retrotransposons. Sequence comparisons of the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of individual CRM elements indicated that these elements transposed within the last 1.22 million years. We observed that all of the previously reported centromere-specific retrotransposons in rice and barley, which belong to the same family as the CRM elements, also recently transposed with the oldest element having transposed approximately 3.8 million years ago. Highly conserved sequence motifs were found in the LTRs of the centromere-specific retrotransposons in the grass species, suggesting that the LTRs may be important for the centromere specificity of this retrotransposon family.