gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrostriction of polymer films for microactuators (2002)

The investigation of electrostrictive polymers (EPs) as a means of microactuation is described. EP materials are squeezed and stretched by electrostatic forces generated with compliant electrodes. This approach offers several advantages over existing actuator technologies, including high strains (>30%), good actuation pressures (1.9 MPa), and high specific energy densities (0.1 J/g). In addition, the actuation is fast, uses lightweight materials, and has the potential for high energy efficiencies. Although EP actuators are electrostatics based, they offer 5 to 20 times the effective actuation pressure of conventional air-gap electrostatics at the same electric field strength. The gain is due to replacing air with a higher dielectric material, and to using two orthogonal modes of electromechanical coupling (stretching and squeezing) rather than one. Analysis of the mechanism of EP actuation is discussed. We also discuss fabrication techniques such as spin coating, casting, and dipping, as well as polymer and electrode materials. We describe demonstrations of prototype mini- and microactuators in a variety of configurations such as stretched films, stacks, rolls, tubes, and unimorphs. Last, we suggest potential applications of the technology in areas such as microrobots, sound generators, and displays.
Design and analysis of mismatch probes for long oligonucleotide microarrays (2008)

This study provides guidance on the design of MM probes for long oligonucleotides (e.g., 50 mers). The novel MPDNN model has improved the consistency for long MM probes, and this modeling method can potentially be used for the prediction of oligonucleotide microarray hybridizations.
Rapid Rh D genotyping by polymerase chain reaction-based amplification of DNA (1995)

Rh (rhesus) D is the dominant antigen of the Rh blood group system. Recent advances in characterization of the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA(s) encoding the Rh D polypeptide allow the determination of the Rh D genotype at the DNA level. This can be of help in cases in which red blood cells are not available for phenotyping, eg, when in concerns a fetus. We have tested three independent DNA typing methods based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for their suitability to determine the Rh D genotype. DNA derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 234 Rh-phenotyped healthy donors (178 Rh D positive and 56 Rh D negative) was used in the PCR. The Rh D genotypes, as determined with a method based on the allele-specific amplification of the 3' noncoding region of the Rh D gene described by Bennett et al (N Engl J Med 329:607, 1993), were not concordant with the serologically established phenotypes in all cases. We have encountered 5 discrepant results, ie, 3 false-positive and 2 false-negative (a father and child). Rh D genotyping with the second method was performed by PCR amplification of exon 7 of the D gene with allele-specific primers. In all donors phenotyped as D positive tested so far (n = 178), the results of molecular genotyping with this method were concordant with the serologic results, whereas a false-positive result was obtained in one of the D-negative donors (also false-positive in the first method). Complete agreement was found between genotypes determined in the third method, based on a 600-bp deletion in intron 4 of the Rh D gene described by Arce et al (Blood 82:651, 1993), and serologically determined phenotypes. The Rh blood group system is complex, and unknown polymorphisms at the DNA level are expected to exist. Therefore, although genotypes determined by the method of Arce et al were in agreement with serotypes, it cannot yet be regarded as the golden standard. More experience with this or other methods is still needed.
Expression of putative targets of immunotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia and healthy tissues (2014)

inhibitor (ibrutinib) or PI3Kd inhibitor (CAL-101) results in increased resistance to antitumor activity of anti-CD20 mAbs. Current study demonstrates that BCR inhibitors strongly downregulate CD20 expression in tumor cells, leading to decreased binding of anti-CD20 mAbs to the surface of tumor cells and impairment of CDC and ADCC mechanisms that mediate antitumor effects of anti-CD20 mAbs in vivo. Our observations strongly imply that before investigating novel therapeutic combinations in cancer patients, extensive preclinical studies should be carried out to evaluate possible interactions between drugs at the molecular level.
Recurrence of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: A Role for Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II Loss of Imprinting and Cytoplasmic E-Cadherin Immunolocalization (2008)

We suggest that CDH1 cytoplasmic immunolocalization as a result of increased IGF-II levels identifies those nonmuscle invasive presentations most likely to recur and therefore might benefit from more radical nonconserving bladder surgery.
Dexamethasone Represses Signaling through the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin in Muscle Cells by Enhancing Expression of REDD1 (2006)

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a critical modulator of cell growth, acts to integrate signals from hormones, nutrients, and growth-promoting stimuli to downstream effector mechanisms involved in the regulation of protein synthesis. Dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid that represses protein synthesis, acts to inhibit mTOR signaling as assessed by reduced phosphorylation of the downstream targets S6K1 and 4E-BP1. Dexamethasone has also been shown in one study to up-regulate the expression of REDD1 (also referred to RTP801, a novel stress-induced gene linked to repression of mTOR signaling) in lymphoid, but not nonlymphoid, cells. In contrast to the findings of that study, here we demonstrate that REDD1, but not REDD2, mRNA expression is dramatically induced following acute dexamethasone treatment both in rat skeletal muscle in vivo and in L6 myoblasts in culture. In L6 myoblasts, the effect of the drug on mTOR signaling is efficiently blunted in the presence of REDD1 RNA interference oligonucleotides. Moreover, the dexamethasone-induced assembly of the mTOR regulatory complex Tuberin. Hamartin is disrupted in L6 myoblasts following small interfering RNA-mediated repression of REDD1 expression. Finally, overexpression of Rheb, a downstream target of Tuberin function and a positive upstream effector of mTOR, reverses the effect of dexamethasone on phosphorylation of mTOR substrates. Overall, the data support the conclusion that REDD1 functions upstream of Tuberin and Rheb to down-regulate mTOR signaling in response to dexamethasone.
Progress in the Advanced Synthetic-Diamond Drill Bit Program (1995)

Cooperative research is currently underway among five drill bit companies and Sandia National Laboratories to improve synthetic-diamond drill bits for hard-rock applications. This work, sponsored by the US Department of Energy and individual bit companies, is aimed at improving performance and bit life in harder rock than has previously been possible to drill effectively with synthetic-diamond drill bits. The goal is to extend to harder rocks the economic advantages seen in using synthetic-diamond drill bits in soft and medium rock formations. Four projects are being conducted under this research program. Each project is investigating a different area of synthetic diamond bit technology that builds on the current technology base and market interests of the individual companies involved. These projects include: optimization of the PDC claw cutter; optimization of the Track-Set PDC bit; advanced TSP bit development; and optimization of impregnated-diamond drill bits. This paper describes the progress made in each of these projects to date.
A dictionary of modern legal usage (1996)

With double the length and coverage of the original, this new edition of A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage marshals and analyzesthe modern legal vocabulary more thoroughly than any other contemporary reference work can claim to do. Since the 1987 first edition, Bryan A. Garner has drawn on his unrivaled experience as a legal editor to refine his positions on legal usage and to add a wealth of new material. Here's how Garner's revision makes DMLU, Second Edition indispensable: - Updates every existing entry, making this a second edition in the fullest sense - adds hundreds of new entries - adds hundreds of new sections within existing entries - adds over 3,000 new illustrative quotations from judicial opinions and leading lawbooks by prominent legal commentators - Reconsiders previously held positions, now saying, for example, that contractions are sometimes permissible in legal writing - Fully elaborates ideas only hinted at in the first edition - Takes into account numerous comments received from first edition users - Expands and updates cross-references to guide readers quickly and easily Features Functions both as a style guide and as a law dictionary Guides writers to distinguish between true terms of law and mere jargon Illustrates recommended forms of expression as well as common blunders with thousands of quotations and citations Explains the origins of expressions lawyers regularly use, such as Know all men by these presents, or party of the first part Records and evaluates more than 100 twentieth-century neologisms, from conclusory to farminor Distinguishes American from British usage and refers to current practice among Australian, Canadian, and Scottish legal writers Solves editorial problems by dealing with practical writing issues Offers wit and erudition reminiscent of H.W. Fowler, author of the first so-called usage dictionary In short, in its Second Edition, DMLU remains, as one reviewer hailed it in 1987, truly unique in the literature of law. It is an essential resource for practising lawyers, scholars of the law, and libraries of all sizes and types.
Nanoscale CMOS (1999)

This paper examines the apparent limits, possible extensions, and applications of CMOS technology in the nanometer regime. Starting from device scaling theory and current industry projections, we analyze the achievable performance and possible limits of CMOS technology from the point of view of device physics, device technology, and power consumption. Various possible extensions to the basic logic and memory devices are reviewed, with emphasis on novel devices that are structurally distinct front conventional bulk CMOS logic and memory devices. Possible applications of nanoscale CMOS are examined, with a view to better defining the likely capabilities of future microelectronic systems. This analysis covers both data processing applications and nondata processing applications such as RF and imaging. Finally, we speculate on the future of CMOS for the coming 15-20 years.
Threshold switching in chalcogenide-glass thin films (1980)

We discuss bias-induced threshold switching in chalcogenide-glass thin films, with an emphasis on the unique aspects of this phenomenon. The electronic nature of both the ON state and the recovery process is now clear. In this paper, we also establish the fundamentally electronic origin of the initiation process. An isothermal model is presented and analyzed for filamentary ON-state solutions via a set of phenomenological kinetic equations consistent with recent advances in our understanding of the electronic structure of chalcogenide glasses. The predictions of this model compare favorably with a variety of experimental results. The model is basically that the switching transition develops when a critical electric field is reached somewhere in the sample, usually near an electrode. Field-induced carrier generation then causes the charged traps in the bulk to fill (neutralize). When all the traps are filled, carriers can transit the sample with an enhanced mobility and the generation rate required to keep the traps filled is reduced from its threshold value.
FINANCIAL INCLUSION: CONCEPTS AND OVERVIEW IN INDIAN CONTEXT (2014)

Financial inclusion plays a major role in driving a way the poverty from the country. Financial inclusion is delivery of banking services at an affordable cost to the vast sections of disadvantaged and low income groups. The main focus of financial inclusion in India is to promote sustainable development and generating employment in rural areas for the rural population .Financial inclusion is a critical for achieving inclusive growth in the country. The objective of this study is to discussed about the conceptual aspects of financial inclusion,  point out the reasons for financial exclusion, highlight the measures taken by Reserve Bank of India for promoting financial inclusion and the role of  banks towards financial inclusion. The present study is based on secondary data collected from different publications, journals, and news paper and websites. Government of India and Reserve Bank of India has taken various initiatives like opening of no-frills accounts, relaxation on know-your-customer norms, engaging business correspondents for promoting financial inclusion.
Synthesis of polycaprolactone: a review (2009)

Polycaprolactone (PCL) is an important polymer due to its mechanical properties, miscibility with a large range of other polymers and biodegradability. Two main pathways to produce polycaprolactone have been described in the literature: the polycondensation of a hydroxycarboxylic acid: 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, and the ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) of a lactone: epsilon-caprolactone (epsilon-CL). This critical review summarises the different conditions which have been described to synthesise PCL, and gives a broad overview of the different catalytic systems that were used (enzymatic, organic and metal catalyst systems). A surprising variety of catalytic systems have been studied, touching on virtually every section of the periodic table. A detailed list of reaction conditions and catalysts/initiators is given and reaction mechanisms are presented where known. Emphasis is put on the ROP pathway due to its prevalence in the literature and the superior polymer that is obtained. In addition, ineffective systems that have been tried to catalyse the production of PCL are included in the electronic supplementary information for completeness (141 references).
Rapid infectious diseases diagnostics using Smartphones. (2015)

The "Smartphone" is an almost universal possession in high-income populations, and is rapidly becoming so in lower-income regions, particularly among urban populations, and serves social networking and a quest for information and knowledge. The field of infectious disease diagnostics is at a potential watershed moment, with the essential building blocks for the development of diagnostic assays being ever more available and affordable, which is leading to creative innovative approaches to developing much-needed accurate and simple point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tools for high disease burden, low-income settings. We review the importance and implications of a paper published in Science Translational Medicine on the development of a smartphone-powered and -controlled multiplex immunological assay that tests for HIV and syphilis simultaneously. This is reviewed in the context of other prototype smartphone-enabled/assisted diagnostic devices, and how such developments might shape the future of the POC diagnostics field.
Massive Bone Allografts for Traumatic Skeletal Defects (1991)

Large bone allograft transplants have been successfully used to reconstruct skeletal defects created by tumor resections and failed arthroplasties, but little has been reported on their use in traumatic defects. Of approximately 500 allograft procedures done at the Massachusetts General Hospital from 1979 to 1988, 11 were done for restoration of traumatic bone loss. The average age of the patients was 30 (range 11 to 71 years), and the location of the defect was the tibia or femur in 10 of the 11 patients studied. Eight osteoarticular grafts (six hemicondylar and two total condylar) and three intercalary grafts were used for six open and five closed fractures. The time from injury to reconstruction averaged 17 months (3 to 96 months). Primary reconstruction was done in three cases and a salvage procedure in eight. Patients were assessed by the operating surgeon and a physical therapist using an evaluation system that considers function, life-style, and emotional acceptance. According to the system, nine patients had excellent or good results (six hemicondylar grafts, three intercalary grafts), one patient had a fair result (total elbow graft), and one patient had failure of a total condylar graft and subsequently required an amputation. This study suggests that large bone allografts are of value in reconstructing traumatic skeletal defects, especially those involving an articular surface in a young patient.
p70 s6k Integrates Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase and Rapamycin-Regulated Signals for E2F Regulation in T Lymphocytes (1999)

In T lymphocytes, the hematopoietic cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) uses phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)-induced signaling pathways to regulate E2F transcriptional activity, a critical cell cycle checkpoint. PI 3-kinase also regulates the activity of p70s6k, the 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase, a response that is abrogated by the macrolide rapamycin. This immunosuppressive drug is known to prevent T-cell proliferation, but the precise point at which rapamycin regulates T-cell cycle progression has yet to be elucidated. Moreover, the effects of rapamycin on, and the role of p70s6k in, IL-2 and PI 3-kinase activation of E2Fs have not been characterized. Our present results show that IL-2- and PI 3-kinase-induced pathways for the regulation of E2F transcriptional activity include both rapamycin-resistant and rapamycin-sensitive components. Expression of a rapamycin-resistant mutant of p70s6k in T cells could restore rapamycin-suppressed E2F responses. Thus, the rapamycin-controlled processes involved in E2F regulation appear to be mediated by p70s6k. However, the rapamycin-resistant p70s6k could not rescue rapamycin inhibition of T-cell cycle entry, consistent with the involvement of additional, rapamycin-sensitive pathways in the control of T-cell cycle progression. The present results thus show that p70s6k is able to regulate E2F transcriptional activity and provide direct evidence for the first time for a link between IL-2 receptors, PI 3-kinase, and p70s6k that regulates a crucial G1 checkpoint in T lymphocytes.
Application of PCR to multiple specimen types for diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection: comparison with cell culture and shell vial assay (1994)

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a herpesvirus that is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in congenitally infected infants and immunocompromised patients. Antiviral therapies are available, thus making timely diagnosis of significant importance to at-risk patients. A PCR system was devised. The newly devised system, unlike previously described systems, can be applied to a wide variety of specimen types in a clinical microbiology laboratory setting. Specimens from all sites routinely accepted for CMV culture were shown to be acceptable for CMV PCR. Sensitivity and specificity were established in comparison with those of both monolayer culture and shell vial assay (SVA). The sensitivity and specificity of PCR for detection of CMV in specimens exclusive of urine and blood were 97.5 (77 of 79 specimens) and 87.2% (41 of 47 specimens), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of PCR for urine and blood specimens were 100 (10 of 10) and 95.7% (45 of 47) and 66.7 (4 of 6) and 78.8% (41 of 52), respectively. Discrepancies of positive PCR results with negative culture or SVA results occurred for specimens flanked chronologically by other culture- or SVA-positive specimens and were likely culture failures, increasing the specificity (100%) of PCR. Discrepancies of negative PCR results with positive culture or SVA results occurred in specimens with few cells or infectious foci by SVA or culture and may represent sampling variability associated with low virus titers.
K transport and red cell dehydration in sickle and normal erythrocytes (1992)

Cell dehydration due to loss of KCl is an important determinant in the pathogeneSiS of sickle cell anemia. The polymerization of hemoglobin S and cell sickling are markedly affected by an increase in the intracellular concentration of hemoglobin. Den
Neurons and astrocytes express EPO mRNA: Oxygen-sensing mechanisms that involve the redox-state of the brain (2000)

Erythropoietin (Epo), the major hormone controlling the hypoxia-induced increase in the number of erythrocytes, has also a functional role in the brain. However, few data exist as to the cellular source of brain-derived Epo as well as to the molecular mechanisms that control Epo expression in the central nervous system. Using patch-clamp and RT-PCR methods, we provide direct evidence that, besides astrocytes, neurons are a source of Epo in the brain. Both the astrocytic and neuronal expression of Epo mRNA are induced not only by hypoxia, but also by desferrioxamine (DFX) and cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)), two agents known to mimic the hypoxic induction of Epo in hepatoma cells. This induction is blocked by cycloheximide suggesting that de novo protein synthesis is required. Furthermore, the addition of H(2)O(2) decreases the hypoxia-induced Epo mRNA levels. These data indicate that, following hypoxia, a common oxygen sensing and signaling pathway leads to increased Epo gene expression in both nervous and hepatoma cells; this pathway would be dependent on the redox-state of the brain. Furthermore, we show that the in vivo administration of CoCl(2) and DFX to mice induces an increased Epo mRNA level in the neocortex. As Epo protects the brain against ischemia, our in vivo experiments suggest that the use of molecules such as CoCl(2) or DFX, that provoke an increased Epo gene expression in the brain, could be useful in the development of potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of hypoxic or ischemic brain injury.
HSP70 Promoter-Driven Activation of Gene Expression for Immunotherapy Using Gold Nanorods and Near Infrared Light (2014)

Modulation of the cytokine milieu is one approach for vaccine development. However, therapy with pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12, is limited in practice due to adverse systemic effects. Spatially-restricted gene expression circumvents this problem by enabling localized amplification. Intracellular co-delivery of gold nanorods (AuNR) and a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) promoter-driven expression vector enables gene expression in response to near infrared (NIR) light. AuNRs absorb the light, convert it into heat and thereby stimulate photothermal expression of the cytokine. As proof-of-concept, human HeLa and murine B16 cancer cells were transfected with a HSP70-Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) plasmid and polyethylenimine (PEI)-conjugated AuNRs. Exposure to either 42 °C heat-shock or NIR light induced significant expression of the reporter gene. In vivo NIR driven expression of the reporter gene was confirmed at 6 and 24 h in mice bearing B16 melanoma tumors using in vivo imaging and flow-cytometric analysis. Overall, we demonstrate a novel opportunity for site-directed, heat-inducible expression of a gene based upon the NIR-absorbing properties of AuNRs and a HSP70 promoter-driven expression vector.