gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Native Low-Density Lipoprotein Increases Endothelial Cell Nitric Oxide Synthase Generation of Superoxide Anion (1995)

To examine mechanisms by which native low-density lipoprotein (n-LDL) perturbs endothelial cell (EC) release of superoxide anion (O2-) and nitric oxide (NO), ECs were incubated with n-LDL at 240 mg cholesterol per deciliter for 4 days with media changes every 24 hours. n-LDL increases EC release of O2- by more than fourfold and increases nitrite production by 57%. In the conditioned media from day-4 incubations, n-LDL increases total nitrogen oxides 20 times control EC (C-EC) levels. However, n-LDL did not alter EC NO synthase (eNOS) enzyme activity as measured by the [3H]citrulline assay. N omega-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, a specific inhibitor of eNOS activity, increases C-EC release of O2- by > 300% but decreases LDL-treated EC (LDL-EC) release by > 95%. L-Arginine inhibits the release of O2- from LDL-ECs by > 95% but did not effect C-EC release of O2-. Indomethacin and SKF 525A partially attenuate LDL-induced increases in O2- production by approximately 50% and 30%, respectively. Thus, n-LDL increases O2- and NO production, which increases the likelihood of the formation of peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a potent oxidant. n-LDL increases the levels of nitrotyrosine, a stable oxidation product of ONOO-, and tyrosine by approximately 50%. In spite of this increase in oxidative metabolism, analysis of thiobarbituric acid substances reveals that no significant changes in the oxidation of n-LDL occur during the 24-hour incubations with ECs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Molecular Characterization of Human T-Cell Leukemia (Lymphotropic) Virus Type III in the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (1984)

The human T-cell leukemia (lymphotropic) virus type III (HTLV-III) appears to be central to the causation of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Two full-length integrated proviral DNA forms of HTLV-III have now been cloned and analyzed, and DNA sequences of the virus in cell lines and fresh tissues from patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC) have been characterized. The results revealed that (i) HTLV-III is an exogenous human retrovirus, approximately 10 kilobases in length, that lacks nucleic acid sequences derived from normal human DNA; (ii) HTLV-III, unlike HTLV types I and II, shows substantial diversity in its genomic restriction enzyme cleavage pattern; (iii) HTLV-III persists in substantial amounts in cells as unintegrated linear DNA, an uncommon property that has been linked to the cytopathic effects of certain animal retroviruses; and (iv) HTLV-III viral DNA can be detected in low levels in fresh (primary) lymphoid tissue of a minority of patients with AIDS or ARC but appears not to be present in Kaposi's sarcoma tissue. These findings have important implications concerning the biological properties of HTLV-III and the pathophysiology of AIDS and Kaposi's sarcoma.
Epinephrine (adrenaline) in the First‐Aid, Out‐Of‐Hospital Treatment of Anaphylaxis (2004)

Epinephrine (adrenaline), the initial treatment of choice for systemic anaphylaxis, is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist with bidirectional, cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated pharmacological effects on target organs, and a narrow therapeutic index. In a recent study, 0.95% of a geographically-defined population was found to have had epinephrine dispensed for out-of-hospital use; dispensing rates within this population varied from 1.44% for individuals under age 17 years to 0.32% for those older than 65 years. Although epinephrine is widely available in the community, it is not necessarily given in a timely manner when anaphylaxis occurs. Individuals with anaphylaxis may fail to respond to first-aid treatment with epinephrine for a variety of reasons. These include: (1) delay in treatment (in an animal model, epinephrine injection at the nadir of shock fails to provide sustained haemodynamic recovery); (2) administration of epinephrine by sub-optimal routes such as subcutaneous injection or inhalation from a pressurized metered-dose inhaler instead of intramuscular injection; (3) administration of an inappropriately low epinephrine dose due to the limitations currently imposed by the availability of only two fixed-dose auto-injectors: EpiPen Jr 0.15 mg or EpiPen 0.3 mg; and (4) injection of 'outdated' epinephrine, with inadvertent administration of an inadequate dose. Additional fixed-dose formulations of epinephrine are needed to facilitate optimal first-aid dosing in patients of all ages and sizes.
VanD-Type Vancomycin-ResistantEnterococcus faecium10/96A (2002)

VanD type Enterococcus faecium 10/96A is constitutively resistant to vancomycin and to low levels of teicoplanin by nearly exclusive synthesis of peptidoglycan precursors terminating in D-alanyl-D-lactate (L. M. Dalla Costa, P. E. Reynolds, H. A. Souza, D. C. Souza, M. F. Palepou, and N. Woodford, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44:3444-3446, 2000). A G(184)S mutation adjacent to the serine involved in the binding of D-Ala1 in the D-alanine:D-alanine ligase (Ddl) led to production of an impaired Ddl and accounts for the lack of D-alanyl-D-alanine-containing peptidoglycan precursors. The sequence of the vanD gene cluster revealed eight open reading frames. The organization of this operon, assigned to a chromosomal location, was similar to those in other VanD type strains. The distal part encoded the VanH(D) dehydrogenase, the VanD ligase, and the VanX(D) dipeptidase, which were homologous to the corresponding proteins in VanD-type strains. Upstream from the structural genes for these proteins was the vanY(D) gene; a frameshift mutation in this gene resulted in premature termination of the encoded protein and accounted for the lack of penicillin-susceptible D,D-carboxypeptidase activity. Analysis of the translated sequence downstream from the stop codon, but in a different reading frame because of the frameshift mutation, indicated homology with penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) with a high degree of identity with VanY(D) from VanD-type strains. The 5' end of the gene cluster contained the vanR(D)-vanS(D) genes for a putative two-component regulatory system. Insertion of ISEfa4 in the vanS(D) gene led to constitutive expression of vancomycin resistance. This new insertion belonged to the IS605 family and was composed of two open reading frames encoding putative transposases of two unrelated insertion sequence elements, IS200 and IS1341.
A Novel Class of Heat and Secretion Stress-Responsive Genes Is Controlled by the Autoregulated CssRS Two-Component System ofBacillus subtilis (2002)

Bacteria need dedicated systems that allow appropriate adaptation to the perpetual changes in their environments. In Bacillus subtilis, two HtrA-like proteases, HtrA and HtrB, play critical roles in the cellular response to secretion and heat stresses. Transcription of these genes is induced by the high-level production of a secreted protein or by a temperature upshift. The CssR-CssS two-component regulatory system plays an essential role in this transcriptional activation. Transcription of the cssRS operon is autoregulated and can be induced by secretion stress, by the absence of either HtrA or HtrB, and by heat stress in a HtrA null mutant strain. Two start sites are used for cssRS transcription, only one of which is responsive to heat and secretion stress. The divergently transcribed htrB and cssRS genes share a regulatory region through which their secretion and heat stress-induced expression is linked. This study shows that CssRS-regulated genes represent a novel class of heat-inducible genes, which is referred to as class V and currently includes two genes: htrA and htrB.
Point-of-gaze estimation in three dimensions (2008)

Binocular eye-gaze tracking can be used to estimate the point-of-gaze (POG) of a subject in real-world three-dimensional (3D) space using the vergence of the eyes. In this thesis, a novel non-contact, model-based technique for 3D POG estimation is presented. The non-contact system allows people to select real-world objects in 3D physical space using their eyes, without the need for head-mounted equipment. Using a model-based POG estimation algorithm allows for free head motion and a single stage of calibration. The users were free to naturally move and reorient their heads while operating the system, within an allowable headspace of 3.2 x 9.2 x 14 cm. A rela tively high precision, as measured by the standard deviation of the 3D POG estimates, was measured to be 0.26 cm and was achieved with the use of high speed sampling and digital filtering techniques. When observing points in a 3D volume, large head and eye rotations are far more common than when observing a 2D screen. A novel corneal reflection pattern matching algorithm is presented for increasing image feature tracking reliability in the presence of large eye rotations. It is shown that an average accuracy of 3.93 cm was achieved over seven different subjects and a workspace volume of 30 x 23 x 25 cm (width x height x depth). An example application is presented illustrating the use of the 3D POG as a human computer interface in a 3D game of Tic-Tac-Toe on a 3 x 3 x 3 volumetric display.
A Similar Dichotomy of Sugar Modulation and Developmental Expression Affects Both Paths of Sucrose Metabolism: Evidence from a Maize Invertase Gene Family (1996)

Jian Xu, Wayne T. Avigne, Donald R. McCarty, Karen E. Koch, A Similar Dichotomy of Sugar Modulation and Developmental Expression Affects Both Paths of Sucrose Metabolism: Evidence from a Maize Invertase Gene Family, The Plant Cell, Vol. 8, No. 7 (Jul., 1996), pp. 1209-1220
The Youth Labor Market Problem: Its Nature, Causes, and Consequences (1983)

This volume brings together a massive body of much-needed research information on a problem of crucial importance to labor economists, policy makers, and society in general: unemployment among the young. The thirteen studies detail the ambiguity and inadequacy of our present standard statistics as applied to youth employment, point out the error in many commonly accepted views, and show that many critically important aspects of this problem are not adequately understood. These studies also supply a significant amount of raw data, furnish a platform for further research and theoretical work in labor economics, and direct attention to promising avenues for future programs.
Intraischemic Nitrous Oxide Alters Neither Neurologic Nor Histologic Outcome: A Comparison with Dizocilpine (2004)

N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism contributes to the anesthetic action of nitrous oxide (N(2)O). We examined the effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists N(2)O and dizocilpine on outcome from filament occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO). Rats breathed 70% nitrogen/30% oxygen or 70% N(2)O/30% oxygen during MCAO. A third group breathed 70% nitrogen/30% oxygen and was given dizocilpine (0.25 mg/kg IV). After 75 min of MCAO, the rats recovered for 3 or 14 days. Pericranial temperature was maintained at 37.5 degrees C +/- 0.2 degrees C during ischemia and for 20 h postischemia. N(2)O did not alter neurologic scores at 3 days (N(2)O, 21 +/- 6; nitrogen, 22 +/- 8; P = 0.95; 0 = normal; 48 = maximal deficit; mean +/- sd; n = 15) or 14 days (N(2)O, 13 +/- 6; nitrogen, 12 +/- 6; P = 0.93; n = 15-16) postischemia. N(2)O had no effect on infarct size at 3 days (N(2)O, 162 +/- 45 mm(3); nitrogen, 162 +/- 61 mm(3); P > 0.99) or 14 days (N(2)O, 147 +/- 56 mm(3); nitrogen, 151 +/- 62 mm(3); P = 0.99) postischemia. Dizocilpine treatment caused smaller infarcts (3 days: 66 +/- 49 mm(3), P < 0.0001 versus nitrogen; 14 days: 84 +/- 50 mm(3), P < 0.006 versus nitrogen) and reduced the neurologic deficit (3 days: 10 +/- 10, P = 0.002 versus nitrogen; 14 days: 6 +/- 7, P = 0.006 versus nitrogen). N(2)O (70%) had no effect on either behavioral or histologic outcome from transient focal cerebral ischemia when compared with results in rats breathing 70% nitrogen. These results indicate that normobaric N(2)O does not alter the response of rat brain to a focal ischemic insult.
Discrimination between two subsets of porcine CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes by the expression of CD5 antigen. (1994)

Previous work has revealed striking differences in the peripheral T-lymphocyte compartments of swine compared to other species. The key difference is the existence of four T-lymphocyte subpopulations defined by their CD4/CD8 expression. Besides this difference in the CD4/CD8 antigen expression, we report here another unusual antigen distribution on porcine extrathymic T lymphocytes: the expression of the 63,000 MW CD5 antigen. In porcine thymus the CD5 antigen shows a biphasic antigen density, whereas the majority of thymocytes are characterized by an intermediate CD5 expression. In the extrathymic T-lymphocyte compartment, CD5 also shows a heterogeneous antigen distribution as defined by three subsets: CD5high, CD5dim and CD5- T lymphocytes. Analyses of the CD5 expression on the four CD4/CD8-defined peripheral T-cell subpopulations revealed that all CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD4+ CD8+ as well as CD4+ CD8- T lymphocytes, belonged to the subset with high CD5 antigen density. The CD4- CD8- subpopulation, containing in the majority T-cell receptor (TcR) gamma delta T lymphocytes, was characterized by dim CD5 expression. The most notable difference was the division of the CD4- CD8+ cytolytic T-lymphocyte subpopulation into two CD5-defined subsets: CD4- CD5- CD8+ lymphocytes with spontaneous cytolytic activity against tumour cells, and CD4- CD5+ CD8+ T lymphocytes with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytolytic function. Thus, the porcine CD5 antigen is an important marker to discriminate between CD5- CD8+ natural killer (NK) cells and CD5+ CD8+ progenitors of MHC-restricted cytolytic T lymphocytes.
On Inter-Realm Authentication in Large Distributed Systems (1993)

Summary form only given. The authors define formally and rationalize a set of policy rules for the propagation of authentication trust across realm boundaries. The use of these rules helps limit global security exposures that ensue whenever an authentication service is compromised. The authors present the design of a simple, general protocol which satisfies these rules and shares the simplicity and generality goals of the protocol outlined by A. D. Birrell et al. (1986) and of the protocols implemented in Kerberos V (J. Kohl and C. Neuman, 1990) and in SPX (J. J. Tardo and K. Alagappan 1991).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The Mechanism of Acupuncture in Treating Essential Hypertension: A Narrative Review (2019)

Essential hypertension has a high incidence worldwide, and patients with essential hypertension endure a lifetime of medication, leading to a heavy economic burden on the patient's family and causing serious impacts on the patient's quality of life. Much evidence has demonstrated that acupuncture as an adjunctive therapy can lower blood pressure in patients with hypertension, but the mechanism of its action is unclear. This article reviews the research from 2000 to 2018 regarding the mechanism of acupuncture for hypertension, and we summarize the current knowledge about using acupuncture for hypertension. We found that the mechanism whereby acupuncture lowers blood pressure is related to the regulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, vascular endothelium, oxidative stress, neuroendocrine system, and so on. Besides, there may be cross-talk between multiple systems and multiple targets. We also investigate the influence factors of acupuncture for hypertension. These results may provide evidence and research ideas for the treatment of hypertension via acupuncture.
Three‐dimensional nanocharacterization of porous hydrogel with ion and electron beams (2012)

Porous hydrogels provide an excellent environment for cell growth and tissue regeneration, with high permeability for oxygen, nutrients, and other water-soluble metabolites through their high water-content matrix. The ability to image three-dimensional (3D) cell growth is crucial for understanding and studying various cellular activities in 3D context, particularly for designing new tissue engineering scaffold, but it is still challenging to study cell-biomaterial interfaces with high resolution imaging. We demonstrate using focused ion beam (FIB) milling, electron imaging, and associated microanalysis techniques that novel 3D characterizations can be performed effectively on cells growing inside 3D hydrogel scaffold. With FIB-tomography, the porous microstructures were revealed at nanometer resolution, and the cells grown inside. The results provide a unique 3D measurement of hydrogel porosity, as compared with those from porosimetry, and offer crucial insights into material factors affecting cell proliferation at specific regions within the scaffold. We also proved that high throughput correlative imaging of cell growth is viable through a silicon membrane based environment. The proposed approaches, together with the protocols developed, provide a unique platform for analysis of the microstructures of novel biomaterials, and for exploration of their interactions with the cells as well.
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography for imaging human atherosclerosis (2007)

Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) combines the advantages of OCT with image contrast enhancement, which is based on its ability to detect phase retardation and the fast-axis angle. Both PS-OCT images and histopathology have demonstrated similar features that allowed differentiation of atherosclerotic structures (i.e., plaques) from normal tissue. Moreover, the picrosirius polarization method was used to confirm PS-OCT assessment of collagen in the fibrous cap of atherosclerotic plaques, and high-frequency (40 MHz) ultrasound images were used to identify calcium in the vessel wall. Our preliminary ex vivo investigation of human aortic specimens indicated that PS-OCT might help to identify atherosclerotic lesions.
Efficient Concerted Integration by Recombinant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase without Cellular or Viral Cofactors (2002)

Replication of retroviruses requires integration of the linear viral DNA genome into the host chromosomes. Integration requires the viral integrase (IN), located in high-molecular-weight nucleoprotein complexes termed preintegration complexes (PIC). The PIC inserts the two viral DNA termini in a concerted manner into chromosomes in vivo as well as exogenous target DNA in vitro. We reconstituted nucleoprotein complexes capable of efficient concerted (full-site) integration using recombinant wild-type human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) IN with linear retrovirus-like donor DNA (480 bp). In addition, no cellular or viral protein cofactors are necessary for purified bacterial recombinant HIV-1 IN to mediate efficient full-site integration of two donor termini into supercoiled target DNA. At about 30 nM IN (20 min at 37 degrees C), approximately 15 and 8% of the input donor is incorporated into target DNA, producing half-site (insertion of one viral DNA end per target) and full-site integration products, respectively. Sequencing the donor-target junctions of full-site recombinants confirms that 5-bp host site duplications have occurred with a fidelity of about 70%, similar to the fidelity when using IN derived from nonionic detergent lysates of HIV-1 virions. A key factor allowing recombinant wild-type HIV-1 IN to mediate full-site integration appears to be the avoidance of high IN concentrations in its purification (about 125 microg/ml) and in the integration assay (<50 nM). The results show that recombinant HIV-1 IN may not be significantly defective for full-site integration. The findings further suggest that a high concentration or possibly aggregation of IN is detrimental to the assembly of correct nucleoprotein complexes for full-site integration.
Effect of freeze‐drying and gamma irradiation on the mechanical properties of human cancellous bone (2000)

Freeze-drying and gamma irradiation are commonly used for preservation and sterilization in bone banking. The cumulative effects of preparation and sterilization of cancellous graft material have not been adequately studied, despite the clinical importance of graft material in orthopaedic surgery. Taking benefit from the symmetry of the left and right femoral heads, the influence of lipid extraction followed by freeze-drying of a femoral head and a final 25-kGy gamma irradiation was determined, with the nonirradiated, nonprocessed counterpart as the control. Five hundred and fifty-six compression tests were performed (137 pairs for the first treatment and 141 pairs for the second). Mechanical tests were performed after 30 minutes of rehydration in saline solution. Freeze-dried femoral heads that had undergone lipid extraction experienced reductions of 18.9 and 20.2% in ultimate strength and stiffness, respectively. Unexpectedly, the work to failure did not decrease after this treatment. The addition of gamma irradiation resulted in a mean drop of 42.5% in ultimate strength. Stiffness of the processed bone was not modified by the final irradiation, with an insignificant drop of 24%, whereas work to failure was reduced by a mean of 71.8%. Freeze-dried bone was a bit less strong and stiff than its frozen control. Its work to failure was not reduced, due to more deformation in the nonlinear domain, and it was not brittle after 30 minutes of rehydration. Final irradiation of the freeze-dried bone weakened its mechanical resistance, namely by the loss of its capacity to absorb the energy (in a plastic way) and a subsequent greater brittleness.
Comparative effectiveness of the cholera toxin B subunit and alkaline phosphatase as carriers for oral vaccines (1993)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the B subunit of cholera toxin (CtxB) has adjuvant activity over and above serving as a carrier protein for orally administered vaccines. An oligonucleotide that encodes an antigenic determinant (GtfB.1) from the glucosyltransferase B gene (gtfB) of Streptococcus mutans was genetically fused to the 5' terminus of either the CtxB gene (ctxB) or the Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase gene (phoA). The resulting chimeric proteins were expressed in a phoA mutant strain of E. coli and then purified. The antigenicities of the proteins were confirmed by immunoblotting analysis using antisera specific for GtfB, CtxB, or PhoA. An equimolar amount of peptide on each carrier was administered by gastric intubation to mice three times at 10-day intervals. Antibody titers to the peptide, CtxB, and PhoA (in the serum, intestine, vagina, saliva, and bronchus) were determined by enzyme immunoassay. Antibody to the peptide was detected only in the sera of mice immunized with the peptide fused to CtxB. No antipeptide antibody was detected in mice immunized with the peptide fused to PhoA. The lack of detectable levels of antipeptide antibody in intestinal lavage fluid was attributed to dilution of the sample beyond the sensitivity of the assay. This was confirmed by cultivation of Peyer's patch and mesenteric lymph node tissue from mice orally immunized with the GtfB.1::CtxB chimera. Using this method, antipeptide antibody was detected in the culture fluid. We conclude that CtxB possesses unique properties that allow it to act as more than a simple carrier protein.