gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of realistic office daylighting and electric lighting conditions on visual comfort, alertness and mood (2014)

Lighting conditions in workplaces contribute to a variety of factors related to work satisfaction, productivity and well-being. We tested whether different photometric variables also influence visual perception and the comfort of the lighting, as well as subjective non-visual variables such as mood, alertness and well-being. Twenty-five young subjects spent two afternoons either under electric light or daylighting conditions (without view from the window). Subjects overall preferred the daylighting for visual acceptance and glare. Changes of photometric variables modulated changes in visual light perception, alertness and mood in the course of the afternoon. Finally, we found several associations of visual and non-visual functions, indicating a potential relationship of visual comfort with other circadian and wake-dependent functions in humans, which consequently could impact office lighting scenarios in the future.
Laser action and photoluminescence in an indium-doped n-type Hg1−xCdxTe (x=0.375) layer grown by liquid phase epitaxy (1993)

Photoluminescence, carrier lifetime, and laser oscillation in an indium-doped n-type Hg1−xCdxTe (x=0.375) layer grown by liquid phase epitaxy on CdZnTe were studied. A single-line photoluminescence spectrum was observed up to room temperature. The temperature-dependence of the photoluminescence peak energy and linewidth agrees with a model of band-to-band transitions obeying the k-conservation rule. The carrier lifetime derived from the observed photoluminescence intensity agrees with the observed photodecay lifetime in the temperature range 12–200 K. Laser action was observed in the temperature range 12–90 K at λ=3.6 μm. The laser threshold power increased exponentially with temperature, with a characteristic temperature of 17.5 K. The calculated equivalent threshold current density was found to closely follow the observed one, indicating a maximum threshold gain of 150 cm−1. The calculation shows that at low temperature the threshold power is determined by radiative recombination, while above 50 K Auger recombination becomes dominant. The high value of the threshold gain is attributed to the gain guiding mechanism governing this laser device operation. The observed differential quantum efficiency decreased from 15% at 12 K to 4% at 90 K. A possible mechanism giving rise to this decrease in the efficiency is discussed. The spectrum of the laser with a 3-μm-thick active layer exhibited at high pumping power up to three lines, which were attributed to index guided transverse modes. The 9-μm-thick active layer device exhibited a quasisingle mode spectrum most probably due to gain guiding in both the lateral and the transversal directions.
Conformational Properties of Cylindrical Rod Brushes Consisting of a Polystyrene Main Chain and Poly(n-hexyl isocyanate) Side Chains (2008)

Conformational properties of cylindrical rod brushes consisting of a flexible polystyrene main chain and poly(n-hexyl isocyanate) (PHIC) rod side chains have thoroughly been studied by static light and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 25 °C. These rod brushes were prepared by radical homopolymerization of 4-vinylbenzyloxy-ended PHIC macromonomers (1) (VB-HIC-Ns, where Ns is the weight-averaged degree of polymerization of HIC and in a range from 21 to 80) in n-hexane at 60 °C. The mean-square cross-sectional radius of gyration (⟨Rc2⟩0) of the brush at an infinite dilution is determined by SAXS measurement and rationalized as a function of Ns. The experimental value of ⟨Rc2⟩0 gradually increases with Ns but above Ns higher than 20 increases to follow the scaling law of ⟨Rc2⟩0 ∝ Ns0.87. The experimental Ns dependence of ⟨Rc2⟩0 is compared to that from the wormlike comb model whose main and side chains have different stiffness parameters. The molecular weight dependence of z-averaged mean-square radius of gyration (⟨Rg2⟩z) of the brush is determined and analyzed in terms of the wormlike cylinder model taking into account the end effects. The parameters characteristic of the rod brush in THF solution, such as the main chain stiffness parameter (λM−1), the molecular weight per unit contour length (ML), and the excluded-volume strength (B), are determined and rationalized as a function of the contour length of the side rod. The polystyrene main chain stiffness of the rod brush remarkably increases by the densely located rod side chains to follow the scaling law of λM−1 ∝ Ns1. The backbone stiffness of the rod brush is higher than that of the flexible brush consisting of flexible polystyrene side chains with the corresponding contour length. A single rod brush of poly(VB-HIC-47) deposited on a mica surface is observed by the scanning force microscopy to reasonably demonstrate the cylindrical rod brushes.
The MEF2A 3′ Untranslated Region Functions as a cis -Acting Translational Repressor (1997)

Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) proteins serve as important muscle transcription factors. In addition, MEF2 proteins have been shown to potentiate the activity of other cell-type-specific transcription factors found in muscle and brain tissue. While transcripts for MEF2 factors are widely expressed in a variety of cells and tissues, MEF2 proteins and binding activity are largely restricted to skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle and to brain. This disparity between MEF2 protein and mRNA expression suggests that translational control may play an important role in regulating MEF2 expression. In an effort to identify sequences within the MEF2A message which control translation, we isolated the mouse MEF2A 3' untranslated region (UTR) and fused it to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene. Here, we show by CAT assay that the MEF2A 3' UTR dramatically inhibits CAT gene expression in vivo and that this inhibition is due to an internal region within the highly conserved 3' UTR. RNase protection analyses demonstrated that the steady-state level of CAT mRNA produced in vivo was not affected by fusion of the MEF2A 3' UTR, indicating that the inhibition of CAT activity resulted from translational repression. Furthermore, fusion of the MEF2A 3' UTR to CAT inhibited translation in vitro in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. We also show that the translational repression mediated by the 3' UTR of MEF2A is regulated during muscle cell differentiation. As muscle cells in culture differentiate, the translational inhibition caused by the MEF2A 3' UTR is relaxed. These results demonstrate that the MEF2A 3' UTR functions as a cis-acting translational repressor both in vitro and in vivo and suggest that this repression may contribute to the tissue-restricted expression and binding activity of MEF2A.
Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid Elevates Osteoblastic Intracellular Ca2+ (2001)

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) is widely used as a pharmacological tool to inhibit lipoxygenases; however, recent evidence suggests that it increases renal intracellular [Ca2+]i via novel mechanisms. Here the effect of NDGA on Ca2+ signaling in MG63 osteoblastic cells was explored using fura-2 as a Ca2+ indicator. NDGA (2-50 microM) increased [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner. The signal comprised an initial rise and an elevated phase over a time period of 4 min. Removing extracellular Ca2+ reduced 2-50 microM NDGA-induced signals by 62+/-2%. After incubation with 50 microM NDGA in Ca2+-free medium for several minutes, addition of 3 mM CaCl2 induced an increase in [Ca2+]i. NDGA (50 microM)-induced [Ca2+]i increases were not changed by pretreatment with 10 microM of verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine, nimodipine and nicardipine. In Ca2+-free medium, pretreatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ pump inhibitor thapsigargin (1 microM) inhibited 50 microM NDGA-induced [Ca2+]i increases by 69+/-3%. Inhibition of phospholipase C with 2 microM U73122 had little effect on 50 microM NDGA-induced Ca2+ release. Several other lipoxygenase inhibitors had no effect on basal [Ca2+]i. At a concentration that did not increase basal [Ca2+]i, NDGA (1 microM) did not alter 10 microM ATP- or 1 microM thapsigargin-induced [Ca2+]i increases. Alteration of protein kinase C activity with 1 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or 2 microM GF 109203X did not affect 50 microM NDGA-induced [Ca2+]i increases. Together, the results show that NDGA increased [Ca2+]i in osteoblasts in a lipoxygenase-independent manner, by releasing stored Ca2+ in a fashion independent of phospholipase C activity, and by causing Ca2+ influx.
Effects of Organic Solvents on the Reverse Transcription Reaction Catalyzed by Reverse Transcriptases from Avian Myeloblastosis Virus and Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (2010)

The use of certain organic chemicals has been found to improve yields and specificity in PCR. In this study, we examined the effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), formamide, and glycerol on the reverse transcription reaction catalyzed by reverse transcriptases (RTs) from avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) and Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV). At 42 °C, DMSO at 24% v/v and formamide at 12-14% inhibited the cDNA synthesis reaction, but DMSO at 12% and formamide at 6-8% improved the efficiency of the cDNA synthesis reaction at low temperatures (25-34 °C). Glycerol at 10% improved the efficiency of the cDNA synthesis reaction at high temperatures (49-61 °C). The effects of DMSO and formamide appeared to be accompanied by decreases in the melting temperatures of the primers, and the effect of glycerol was due to increases in the thermal stabilities of AMV RT and MMLV RT.
Applications of capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection in pharmaceutical and biomedical analyses (2000)

As a high efficiency separation technique, capillary electrophoresis has been widely used in various fields of analytical science. This review discusses the applications of electrochemical detection systems combined with capillary electrophoresis in pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. These detection methods mainly involve amperometric detection but also include conductivity detection and potentiometric detection. Its applications in the field are divided into six parts, including catechol compounds, thiols, amino acids and peptides, carbohydrates, general pharmaceuticals, and other related compounds. A relatively detailed discussion is described for each compound under the current studied. On this basis, we have suggested several conceivable directions for capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection in the future.
T1ρ‐relaxation in articular cartilage: Effects of enzymatic degradation (1997)

Spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame (T1rho) dispersion spectroscopy and imaging were used to study normal and enzymatically degraded bovine articular cartilage. Normal specimens demonstrate significant T1rho "dispersion" (approximately 60 to approximately 130 ms) in the 100 Hz to 9 kHz frequency range. Proteoglycan-degraded specimens have 33% greater T1rho values than collagen-degraded or normal samples. T1rho-weighted images reveal structure not found in conventional T1- or T2-weighted images. Our results suggest that T1rho measurements are selectively sensitive to proteoglycan content. The potential of this method in distinguishing the early degenerative changes in cartilage associated with osteoarthritis is discussed.
The Role of Human Factors in Expert Systems Design and Acceptance (1988)

The goal of expert systems is to provide competent advice and assistance to users in tasks that require some degree of specialized knowledge. The success of expert systems depends not only on the quality and completeness of the knowledge elicited from experts but also on the compatibility of the recommendations and decisions with the end user's conceptualization of the task. This paper discusses the critical psychological and human factors issues that must be addressed in the design, prototyping, and acceptance of expert systems. Specifically, human factors considerations are addressed from the development, rapid proto typing, and end-user perspectives. Where possible, human factors guidelines are offered for each knowledge-processing stage underlying expert system development, prototyping, evaluation, and acceptance.
Identification of a mutation in the low density lipoprotein receptor gene associated with recessive familial hypercholesterolemia in swine (1998)

Elevated blood plasma cholesterol (hypercholesterolemia) is a major risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD) in humans. Genetic dissection of polygenic lipid and lipoprotein disorders in swine, a key animal model for the study of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) and CAD, led to the isolation of a monogenic subphenotype (FH-r), that is inherited in the recessive (r) manner. A genome scan mapped the FH-r locus close to the centromere of chromosome 2. Comparative mapping showed that this region shares homology with a part of human chromosome 19 that harbors the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) locus, and therefore suggested LDLR as the prime candidate gene for FH-r. Cloning and sequencing of hepatic LDLR cDNA from two FH-r/r and one normal (N/N) animals disclosed a single missense mutation (R84C) in a region that corresponds to human exon 4. The C84 mutation cosegregates invariantly with hypercholesterolemia, which strongly suggests that this mutation is responsible for the observed hyperlipidemia.
Liposome-Encapsulated Ropivacaine for Topical Anesthesia of Human Oral Mucosa (2007)

Liposomal-encapsulated 1% ropivacaine gel was equivalent to EMLA for reducing pain during needle insertion and for the duration of soft tissue anesthesia. None of the topical anesthetics was effective for inducing pulpal anesthesia.
Experimental verification of conditions for near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (2003)

when considering the phantom as a realistic geometrical model for the neonatal head, it can be concluded that the optode position at 90 degrees angle would be optimal for detecting an inhomogeneity at 15 mm depth, i.e. the location of the periventricular white matter. Since the rods are relatively strongly different from the base material the question remains to be answered whether local ischemia, which might lead to irreversible brain damage, can be detected by CW-NIRS
FIBRIN FOAM AS A HEMOSTATIC AGENT IN REHABILITATION NEUROSURGERY (1944)

The introduction by Ingraham and Bailey 1 of fibrin foam 2 as a hemostatic agent in neurologic surgery marks a technical advance as significant as the earlier introductions of the silver clip and the electrocautery. The control of hemorrhage from small or moderate sized vessels in the brain or spinal neuroaxis by electrocoagulation or clipping is relatively standardized and has been proved satisfactory. The control of capillary bleeding from the substance of the brain or spinal cord, from small vessels over the surface of the medulla or spinal cord or from the vascular supply of peripheral nerves cannot be accomplished by these destructive measures. Nor is it feasible to control gross hemorrhage from tumor beds or lacerated venous sinuses by these technics. For these purposes, cotton patties soaked in warm saline solution or muscle stamps have been used. As Ingraham has pointed out, everyday experience has indicated that these methods
Detection and Genotyping of Varicella-Zoster Virus by TaqMan Allelic Discrimination Real-Time PCR (2004)

A proportion of individuals vaccinated with live attenuated Oka varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccine subsequently develop attenuated chicken pox and/or herpes zoster. To determine whether postvaccination varicella infections are caused by vaccine or wild-type virus, a simple method for distinguishing the vaccine strain from wild-type virus is required. We have developed a TaqMan real-time PCR assay to detect and differentiate wild-type virus from Oka vaccine strains of VZV. The assay utilized two fluorogenic, minor groove binding probes targeted to a single nucleotide polymorphism in open reading frame 62 that distinguishes the Oka vaccine from wild-type strains. VZV DNA could be genotyped and quantified within minutes of thermocycling completion due to real-time monitoring of PCR product formation and allelic discrimination analysis. The allelic discrimination assay was performed in parallel with two standard PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods on 136 clinical and laboratory VZV strains from Canada, Australia, and Japan. The TaqMan assay exhibited a genotyping accuracy of 100% and, when compared to both PCR-RFLP methods, was 100 times more sensitive. In addition, the method was technically simpler and more rapid. The TaqMan assay also allows for high-throughput genotyping, making it ideal for epidemiologic study of the live attenuated varicella vaccine.
Optimization of Labile Esters for Esterase-Assisted Accumulation of Nitroxides into Cells: A Model for In Vivo EPR Imaging (2008)

Nitroxide-based electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging agents are useful quantitative probes of O2 concentration in vivo in real time. Lipophilic, labile alkanoyloxymethyl esters of nitroxides can cross the blood-brain barrier, and after hydrolysis, the corresponding anionic nitroxide is intracellularly entrapped at levels sufficient to permit O2 measurements. The utility of nitroxides as EPR imaging agents depends critically on their ability to accumulate in the brain to high levels. In this study, we systematically investigated the relationship between the structure of the alkanoyl moiety and the ability of the corresponding labile ester to deliver nitroxide intracellularly. We demonstrate, in a cultured cell model, that for nitroxide labile esters with unbranched alkanoyl chains, increasing the chain length improves intracellular loading. Moreover, by studying an isomeric series of labile esters, we conclude that branching of the alkanoyl chain drastically reduces intracellular loading. These structural insights improve our general ability to use labile esters to deliver carboxylates intracellularly, and suggest a strategy for enhancing delivery of nitroxide imaging agents across the blood-brain barrier in a living animal.
Biological Psychiatry. By Michael R. Trimble. Chichester: John Wiley. 1988. 494 pp. $42.50. (1988)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Nanomotor-based ‘writing’ of surface microstructures (2010)

This communication demonstrates the 'writing' of surface microstructures by localized material deposition through the predefined movement of enzyme modified catalytic nanomotors.
Comparison of the effects of letrozole and clomiphene citrate on ovulation induction in PCOS (2008)

Objective To compare the effects of letrozole and clomiphene citrate (CC) on ovulation induction in polycystis ovarian syndrome (PCOS) patients. Methods Seventy - eight female patients with PCOS caused abnormal ovulation were divided into two groups randomly. One group were treated with letrozole (5 mg, qd × 5 d) and the other group were treated with clomiphene (100 mg, qd × 5 d). Ultrasound scan was performed to monitor follicle development. When the diameter of the biggest follicle reached 20 ram, 5 000 IU HCG was injected to trigger ovulation. The ovulation rates, pregnancy rates, abortion rates and the thickness of endometrium were compared between the two groups. Results In letrozole group the ovulation rate and pregnancy rate per cycle were similar to those of CC group (P > 0.05), but the abortion rate significantly decreased (P < 0. 05). The thickness of endometrium on the day of HCG administration in the letrozole group was much thicker than that in CC group (P < 0.01). Conclusion Letrozole can attain good ovulation and pregnancy rates in PCOS women and reduce early abortion rates significantly.

Key words: 
Letrozole;  Clomiphene;  Ovulation induction;  Polycystis ovarian syndrome
DevR–DevS is a bona fide two-component system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that is hypoxia-responsive in the absence of the DNA-binding domain of DevR (2004)

Two-component systems play a central role in the adaptation of pathogenic bacteria to the environment prevailing within host tissues. The genes encoding the response regulator DevR (Rv3133c/DosR) and the cytoplasmic portion (DevS(201)) of the histidine kinase DevS (Rv3132c/DosS), a putative two-component system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, were cloned and the protein products were overexpressed, purified and refolded as N-terminally His(6)-tagged proteins from Escherichia coli. DevS(201) underwent autophosphorylation and participated in rapid phosphotransfer to DevR in a Mg(2+)-dependent manner. Chemical stability analysis and site-directed mutagenesis implicated the highly conserved residues His(395) and Asp(54) as the sites of phosphorylation in DevS and DevR, respectively. Mutations in Asp(8) and Asp(9) residues, postulated to form the acidic Mg(2+)-binding pocket, and the invariant Lys(104) of DevR, abrogated phosphoryl transfer from DevS(201) to DevR. DevR-DevS was thus established as a typical two-component regulatory system based on His-to-Asp phosphoryl transfer. Expression of the Rv3134c-devR-devS operon was induced at the RNA level in hypoxic cultures of M. tuberculosis H37Rv and was associated with an increase in the level of DevR protein. However, in a devR mutant strain expressing the N-terminal domain of DevR, induction was observed at the level of RNA expression but not at that of protein. DevS was translated independently of DevR and induction of devS transcripts was not associated with an increase in protein level in either wild-type or mutant strains, reflecting differential regulation of this locus during hypoxia.
Multiplex holography with chirp-modulated binary phase-coded reference-beam masks (1979)

Certain binary codes developed for spread-spectrum communication applications can be used to construct families of pseudorandom diffuser masks suitable for multiplex holography. Binary codes are used so that fabrication of the diffuser masks can be relatively straightforward. A simple technique is described for chirp-modulating the binary diffuser masks to achieve the advantage of polyphase masks, i.e., improved correlation properties, without having to construct them. Numerical comparisons of the correlation properties of optimal binary codes with and without chirp-modulation are presented.
Overproduction of MalK protein prevents expression of the Escherichia coli mal regulon (1988)

The mal regulon of Escherichia coli comprises a large family of genes whose function is the metabolism of linear maltooligosaccharides. Five gene products are required for the active accumulation of maltodextrins as large as maltoheptaose. Two cytoplasmic gene products are necessary and sufficient for the intracellular catabolism of these sugars. Two newly discovered enzymes have the capacity to metabolize these sugars but are not essential for their catabolism in wild-type cells. A single regulatory protein, MalT, positively regulates the expression of all of these genes in response to intracellular inducers, one of which has been identified as maltotriose. In the course of studying the mechanism of the transport system, we have placed the structural gene for one of the transport proteins, MalK, under the control of the Ptrc promoter to produce large amounts of this protein. We found that although high-level expression of MalK was not detrimental to E. coli, the increased amount of MalK decreased the basal-level expression of the mal regulon and prevented induction of the mal system even in the presence of external maltooligosaccharides. Constitutive mutants in which MalT does not depend on the presence of the internal inducer(s) were unaffected by the increased levels of the MalK protein. These results are consistent with the idea that MalK protein somehow interferes with the activity of the MalT protein. Different models for the regulatory function of MalK are discussed.