gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of the epilepsies. (1996)

Accurate diagnostic and case ascertainment methods are a prerequisite for epidemiological research. In epilepsy, a common problem is diagnostic accuracy as it can be diagnosed only by taking a history of the index event or by chance observation of a seizure.' The diagnosis is fundamentally a discretionary judge- ment which depends on the skill and experience of the physician and the quality of witness information available.2 Common sources of confusion are syncope or psy- chogenic attacks.'-6 As many as 10%-20% of cases referred to specialised epilepsy units with seemingly intractable seizures do not have epilepsy.' 2 4-6 Up to 30% of patients develop- ing epilepsy will eventually be classified as hav- ing chronic epilepsy.7-8 The inclusion of patients with non-epileptic attacks in the "chronic epilepsy" group may artificially inflate the proportion of chronic cases.8 By contrast, many patients with epilepsy have the condition for some time before the correct diagnosis is achieved.' 9 10 Most studies lack clear and reproducible diagnostic definitions, a recent exception being one in Ecuador." 4] It is likely, therefore, that field studies miss patients
Concanavalin A protects hair cells against gentamicin ototoxicity in rat cochlear explant cultures (1999)

Degeneration of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons due to acoustic trauma and various ototoxins is a major cause of hearing loss. Although our previous study demonstrates that specific neurotrophins protect spiral ganglion neurons from ototoxic insult, they do not protect hair cells. In the present experiments, we used postnatal rat cochlear explant cultures to identify molecules that protect hair cells from ototoxic damage. Of 51 compounds examined, only concanavalin A (Con A) significantly protected hair cells from gentamicin. A dose-dependent study of Con A showed that maximal protection occurred at 100 nM. The protective effects of Con A on hair cells were confirmed with confocal microscopy and paraffin sectioning of the cultures. Several experiments were performed to examine the mechanism of protection by Con A. Incubation of Con A with gentamicin did not form a complex and coaddition of Con A and gentamicin to Escherichia coli cultures did not interfere with the antibiotic activity of gentamicin. However, Lyso-Tracker staining and gentamicin immunocytochemistry provided evidence that preincubation with Con A blocked gentamicin uptake into hair cells. Considered together, these findings may help elucidate the ototoxic mechanism of aminoglycoside antibiotics, and suggest that Con A may be of therapeutic value in prevention of aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 39: 29–40, 1999
Trehalose accumulation in the tardigrade Adorybiotus coronifer during anhydrobiosis (1991)

Abstract Changes in the trehalose level in the tardigrade Adorybiotus coronifer were observed during induction of, and arousal from, anhydrobiosis. A trehalose accumulation surpassing 1.6% dry weight (d.w.) in anhydrobiotic animals collected dry on their biotope was rapidly reduced on rehydration, reaching the level of active animals (0.1–0.2% d.w.) after 6 hours. Tardigrades dried while embedded in sand in the laboratory accumulated trehalose from 0.1% to 2.3% d.w. within 5–7 hours. Induction of aerobic acidosis in arousing tardigrades by CO 2 perfusion reversibly arrested reactivation for at least 36 hours and induced a reduction in anabolic and catabolic activities, measured as a significant reduction in trehalose degradation, and a sevenfold reduction in the rate of protein synthesis. These data support the hypotheis that trehalose generally serves a protective role in desiccationtolerant Metazoa, but indicate that tardigrades require only a moderate level for efficient protection.
Superconducting Circuits for Quantum Information: An Outlook (2013)

The performance of superconducting qubits has improved by several orders of magnitude in the past decade. These circuits benefit from the robustness of superconductivity and the Josephson effect, and at present they have not encountered any hard physical limits. However, building an error-corrected information processor with many such qubits will require solving specific architecture problems that constitute a new field of research. For the first time, physicists will have to master quantum error correction to design and operate complex active systems that are dissipative in nature, yet remain coherent indefinitely. We offer a view on some directions for the field and speculate on its future.
Entry of simian virus 40 is restricted to apical surfaces of polarized epithelial cells. (1988)

The uptake of simian virus 40 (SV40) by polarized epithelial cells was investigated by growth of cells on permeable supports and inoculation on either the apical or the basolateral surface. Binding of radiolabeled SV40 occurred on the apical but not the basolateral surfaces of permissive polarized Vero C1008 cells and nonpermissive polarized MDCK cells. When similar experiments were performed on nonpolarized Vero or CV-1 cells, virus binding occurred regardless of the direction of virus input. Electron micrographs of Vero C1008 cells infected at high multiplicities revealed virions lining the surfaces of apically infected cells, while the surfaces of basolaterally infected cells were devoid of virus particles. Analysis of the binding data revealed a single class of virus receptors (9 x 10(4) per cell) with a high affinity for SV40 (Kd = 3.76 pM) on the apical surfaces of Vero C 1008 cells. Indirect immunofluorescence studies revealed that synthesis of viral capsid proteins in Vero C1008 cells occurred only when input virions had access to the apical surface. Virus yields from apically infected Vero C1008 cells were 10(5) PFU per cell, while yields obtained from basolaterally infected cells were less than one PFU per cell. These results indicate that a specific receptor for SV40 is expressed exclusively on the apical surfaces of polarized Vero C1008 cells.
Structure of the RGD Protein Decorsin: Conserved Motif and Distinct Function in Leech Proteins That Affect Blood Clotting (1994)

The structure of the leech protein decorsin, a potent 39-residue antagonist of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa and inhibitor of platelet aggregation, was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. In contrast to other disintegrins, the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-containing region of decorsin is well defined. The three-dimensional structure of decorsin is similar to that of hirudin, an anticoagulant leech protein that potently inhibits thrombin. Amino acid sequence comparisons suggest that ornatin, another glycoprotein IIb-IIIa antagonist, and antistasin, a potent Factor Xa inhibitor and anticoagulant found in leeches, share the same structural motif. Although decorsin, hirudin, and antistasin all affect the blood clotting process and appear similar in structure, their mechanisms of action and epitopes important for binding to their respective targets are distinct.
Spiral Waves in Disinhibited Mammalian Neocortex (2004)

Spiral waves are a basic feature of excitable systems. Although such waves have been observed in a variety of biological systems, they have not been observed in the mammalian cortex during neuronal activity. Here, we report stable rotating spiral waves in rat neocortical slices visualized by voltage-sensitive dye imaging. Tissue from the occipital cortex (visual) was sectioned parallel to cortical lamina to preserve horizontal connections in layers III-V (500-mum-thick, approximately 4 x 6 mm(2)). In such tangential slices, excitation waves propagated in two dimensions during cholinergic oscillations. Spiral waves occurred spontaneously and alternated with plane, ring, and irregular waves. The rotation rate of the spirals was approximately 10 turns per second, and the rotation was linked to the oscillations in a one-cycle- one-rotation manner. A small (<128 mum) phase singularity occurred at the center of the spirals, about which were observed oscillations of widely distributed phases. The phase singularity drifted slowly across the tissue ( approximately 1 mm/10 turns). We introduced a computational model of a cortical layer that predicted and replicated many of the features of our experimental findings. We speculate that rotating spiral waves may provide a spatial framework to organize cortical oscillations.
Stimulation-evoked changes in extracellular pH, calcium and potassium activity in the frog spinal cord. (1988)

Double-barrel ion-sensitive microelectrodes were used to measure activity-related changes in extracellular pH (pHe), potassium and calcium concentration ([K+]e and [Ca2+]e) in the spinal dorsal horns of frogs. Repetitive stimulation (30-100 Hz) of the dorsal root evoked transient acidification in the lower dorsal horn by 0.25 pH units, which was accompanied by an increase in [K+]e by 4-5 mmol/l and a decrease in [Ca2+]e by 0.5 mmol/l. The pHe changes were found to have a typical depth profile and increased with the stimulation frequency, intensity and duration. The maximum of pHe changes was reached in 25-30 s of stimulation, and when stimulation continued further no greater pHe changes were achieved. Similarly as the K+ and Ca2+ transients, the pHe reached a ceiling level, which was 0.2-0.25 pH units more acid than the pH of the Ringer solution. The poststimulation K+ undershoot below the resting K+ level (3 mmol/l) was accompanied by an alkaline shift before the original pH base line. The rise time of the pHe changes was slower than that of [K+]e and [Ca2+]e changes. However, the redistribution of all the ionic changes had a similar time course. The clearance of changes in [K+]e and pHe was slowed by ouabain. The depression of the acid shift required higher concentrations of ouabain than the depression of the alkaline shifts. Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, depressed the acid and enhanced the alkaline shift. Superfusion of the cord with elevated [K+]e was accompanied by a prompt and progressive acid shift, the lowering of [K+]e by an alkaline shift. The stimulus-evoked K+ increase and acid shift were depressed during the elevated [K+]e, while the alkaline shift was enhanced. Spontaneous elevations of [K+]e were accompanied by acid shifts of a similar time course. The results are discussed in terms of stimulus-evoked changes in extracellular strong ion differences [SID]e, and of their possible physiological significance.
Correspondence (1992)

Research Article| September 01 1992 Correspondence Jon O. Newman, Jon O. Newman Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Michael Tonry Michael Tonry Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Federal Sentencing Reporter (1992) 5 (2): 115–118. https://doi.org/10.2307/20639521 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Jon O. Newman, Michael Tonry; Correspondence. Federal Sentencing Reporter 1 September 1992; 5 (2): 115–118. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/20639521 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentFederal Sentencing Reporter Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1992 Vera Institute of Justice, Inc. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
A high energy density Li-rich positive-electrode material with superior performances via a dual chelating agent co-precipitation route (2015)

A new Li-rich positive-electrode material is successfully achieved <italic>via</italic> a dual chelating agent co-precipitation route, which delivers a high volumetric energy density of over 2100 W h L<sup>−1</sup>, superior cycle life and stable high median-voltage.
The death receptor 3/TL1A pathway is essential for efficient development of antiviral CD4 + and CD8 + T‐cell immunity (2012)

Death receptor 3 (DR3, TNFRSF25), the closest family relative to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, promotes CD4(+) T-cell-driven inflammatory disease. We investigated the in vivo role of DR3 and its ligand TL1A in viral infection, by challenging DR3-deficient (DR3(KO)) mice and their DR3(WT) littermates with the β-herpesvirus murine cytomegalovirus or the poxvirus vaccinia virus. The phenotype and function of splenic T-cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and molecular biological techniques. We report surface expression of DR3 by naive CD8(+) T cells, with TCR activation increasing its levels 4-fold and altering the ratio of DR3 splice variants. T-cell responses were reduced up to 90% in DR3(KO) mice during acute infection. Adoptive transfer experiments indicated this was dependent on T-cell-restricted expression of DR3. DR3-dependent CD8(+) T-cell expansion was NK and CD4 independent and due to proliferation, not decreased cell death. Notably, impaired immunity in DR3(KO) hosts on a C57BL/6 background was associated with 4- to 7-fold increases in viral loads during the acute phase of infection, and in mice with suboptimal NK responses was essential for survival (37.5%). This is the first description of DR3 regulating virus-specific T-cell function in vivo and uncovers a critical role for DR3 in mediating antiviral immunity.
Single‐Layer Light‐Emitting Diodes Using Organometal Halide Perovskite/Poly(ethylene oxide) Composite Thin Films (2015)

Organometal halide perovskite and poly(ethylene oxide) composite thin films are studied. Single-layer light-emitting diodes using the composite thin film sandwiched between indium tin oxide and indium-gallium eutectic alloy exhibit a low turn-on voltage and high brightness because of the ionic conductivity of the composite film and the formation of a p-i-n homojunction.
HILN-the MPEG-4 parametric audio coding tools (2002)

The MPEG-4 Audio Standard combines tools for efficient and flexible coding of audio. For very low bitrate applications, tools based on a parametric signal representation are utilised. The parametric speech coding tools (HVXC) are already available in Version 1 of MPEG-4. The main focus of this paper is on the parametric audio coding tools "Harmonic and Individual Lines plus Noise" (KILN) which are included in Version 2 of MPEG-4. As already indicated by their name, the HILN tools are based on the decomposition of the audio signal into components which are described by appropriate source models and represented by model parameters. This paper gives an overview of the HILN tools, presents the recent advances in signal modelling and parameter coding, and concludes with an evaluation of the subjective audio quality.
Therapy of hepatitis C: Alpha interferon and ribavirin (1997)

Ribavirin is a nucleoside analogue that has been evaluated as a therapy of chronic hepatitis C alone and in combination with alpha interferon. Ribavirin is well absorbed orally and is typically given in doses of 1,000 to 1,200 mg/d. Three randomized, placebo-controlled studies comprising more than 150 patients have shown that therapy with ribavirin alone for 24 to 48 weeks resulted in a significant reduction in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels during therapy. However, ribavirin therapy did not lead to a substantial reduction in hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels; almost all patients remained viremic, and serum aminotransferase levels increased to pretreatment values when therapy was stopped. The most common adverse event was a moderate and reversible hemolysis during treatment that caused a decrease in hemoglobin by 10% to 20% of baseline levels. Combination therapy of ribavirin with alpha interferon has demonstrated promise both in pilot studies and a recently completed randomized controlled trial. Ribavirin in standard doses combined with alpha interferon in doses of 3 million units (MU) three times weekly for 6 months was found to significantly improve the sustained biochemical and virological response rates compared with interferon alone. Combination therapy offers a promise to become standard therapy for patients with nonsustained response to alpha interferon alone, because the majority of such patients achieve a durable response after treatment with combination therapy. However, nonresponders to alpha interferon alone rarely achieve a sustained beneficial response to combination treatment. For interferon-naive patients, combination therapy is superior to therapy with alpha interferon alone in achieving sustained biochemical and virological responses, but the combination demonstrates clear-cut superiority only in patients with unfavorable profiles for a response to interferon, in particular patients with high levels of HCV RNA. The optimal use and regimen of combination therapy awaits further investigation. New antiviral agents are still needed for the proportion of patients who do not respond to alpha interferon, even in combination with ribavirin.
Nonviral Vectors for Gene Therapy (2001)

Nonviral gene therapy-an emerging field with great clinical promise-avoids many problems associated with viral gene therapy and offers the possibility of superior clinical effectiveness. In Nonviral Vectors for Gene Therapy: Methods and Protocols, Mark A. Findeis has assembled a panel of active researchers to present their best methods not only for preparing, handling, and characterizing gene delivery agents, but also for gene delivery. To help those preparing and characterizing gene transfer agents, the contributors examine a broad range of compounds that bind with DNA to form the compact complexes that facilitate cellular delivery-among them peptide conjugates, synthetic polymers, and lipids. They also outline specific approaches to gene transfer in vivo, including direct delivery by intratumoral injection and indirect delivery by cell-specific targeting of DNA complexes, and discuss in detail many spectroscopic techniques for characterizing nonviral gene delivery agents. Opportunities for the development and application of these novel vectors in the research lab and eventually, in the clinic, are highlighted. Comprehensive and state-of-the-art, Nonviral Vectors for Gene Therapy: Methods and Protocols illuminates for today's investigators the powerful new approaches to the creation of nonviral materials, as well as their efficacious use in delivering therapeutic genes to patients across the spectrum of human disease
Practical data acquisition method for human brain tumor amide proton transfer (APT) imaging (2008)

Amide proton transfer (APT) imaging is a type of chemical exchange-dependent saturation transfer (CEST) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in which amide protons of endogenous mobile proteins and peptides in tissue are detected. Initial studies have shown promising results for distinguishing tumor from surrounding brain in patients, but these data were hampered by magnetic field inhomogeneity and a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Here a practical six-offset APT data acquisition scheme is presented that, together with a separately acquired CEST spectrum, can provide B(0)-inhomogeneity corrected human brain APT images of sufficient SNR within a clinically relevant time frame. Data from nine brain tumor patients at 3T shows that APT intensities were significantly higher in the tumor core, as assigned by gadolinium-enhancement, than in contralateral normal-appearing white matter (CNAWM) in patients with high-grade tumors. Conversely, APT intensities in tumor were indistinguishable from CNAWM in patients with low-grade tumors. In high-grade tumors, regions of increased APT extended outside of the core into peripheral zones, indicating the potential of this technique for more accurate delineation of the heterogeneous areas of brain cancers.
Lipid-dependent Targeting of G Proteins into Rafts (2000)

Domains rich in sphingolipids and cholesterol, or rafts, may organize signal transduction complexes at the plasma membrane. Raft lipids are believed to exist in a state similar to the liquid-ordered phase. It has been proposed that proteins with a high affinity for an ordered lipid environment will preferentially partition into rafts (Melkonian, K. A., Ostermeyer, A. G., Chen, J. Z., Roth, M. G., and Brown, D. A. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 3910-3917). We investigated the possibility that lipid-lipid interactions between lipid-modified proteins and raft lipids mediate targeting of proteins to these domains. G protein monomers or trimers were reconstituted in liposomes, engineered to mimic raft domains. Assay for partitioning of G proteins into rafts was based on Triton X-100 insolubility. Myristoylation and palmitoylation of Galpha(i) were necessary and sufficient for association with liposomes and partitioning into rafts. Strikingly, the amount of fatty-acylated Galpha(i) in rafts was significantly reduced when myristoylated Galpha(i) was thioacylated with cis-unsaturated fatty acids instead of saturated fatty acids such as palmitate. Prenylated betagamma subunits were excluded from rafts, whether reconstituted alone or with fatty-acylated alpha subunits. These results suggest that the structural difference between lipids that modify proteins is one basis for the selectivity of protein targeting to rafts.
Experiments with Furochromones. Synthesis of Ammiol and Khellol (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExperiments with Furochromones. Synthesis of Ammiol and KhellolAHMED MUSTAFA, NICOLAS A. STARKOVSKY, and TAYSEER I. SALAMACite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 3, 886–890Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01062a059https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01062a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views95Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts