gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A review of the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of silver and gold particulates: Particle attributes and biological mechanisms responsible for the observed toxicity (2010)

This review is concerned with evaluating the toxicity associated with human exposure to silver and gold nanoparticles (NPs), due to the relative abundance of toxicity data available for these particles, when compared to other metal particulates. This has allowed knowledge on the current understanding of the field to be gained, and has demonstrated where gaps in knowledge are. It is anticipated that evaluating the hazards associated with silver and gold particles will ultimately enable risk assessments to be completed, by combining this information with knowledge on the level of human exposure. The quantity of available hazard information for metals is greatest for silver particulates, due to its widespread inclusion within a number of diverse products (including clothes and wound dressings), which primarily arises from its antibacterial behaviour. Gold has been used on numerous occasions to assess the biodistribution and cellular uptake of NPs following exposure. Inflammatory, oxidative, genotoxic, and cytotoxic consequences are associated with silver particulate exposure, and are inherently linked. The primary site of gold and silver particulate accumulation has been consistently demonstrated to be the liver, and it is therefore relevant that a number of in vitro investigations have focused on this potential target organ. However, in general there is a lack of in vivo and in vitro toxicity information that allows correlations between the findings to be made. Instead a focus on the tissue distribution of particles following exposure is evident within the available literature, which can be useful in directing appropriate in vitro experimentation by revealing potential target sites of toxicity. The experimental design has the potential to impact on the toxicological observations, and in particular the use of excessively high particle concentrations has been observed. As witnessed for other particle types, gold and silver particle sizes are influential in dictating the observed toxicity, with smaller particles exhibiting a greater response than their larger counterparts, and this is likely to be driven by differences in particle surface area, when administered at an equal-mass dose. A major obstacle, at present, is deciphering whether the responses related to silver nanoparticulate exposure derive from their small size, or particle dissolution contributes to the observed toxicity. Alternatively, a combination of both may be responsible, as the release of ions would be expected to be greater for smaller particles.
Clinical review: hemorrhagic shock. (2004)

This review addresses the pathophysiology and treatment of hemorrhagic shock - a condition produced by rapid and significant loss of intravascular volume, which may lead sequentially to hemodynamic instability, decreases in oxygen delivery, decreased tissue perfusion, cellular hypoxia, organ damage, and death. Hemorrhagic shock can be rapidly fatal. The primary goals are to stop the bleeding and to restore circulating blood volume. Resuscitation may well depend on the estimated severity of hemorrhage. It now appears that patients with moderate hypotension from bleeding may benefit by delaying massive fluid resuscitation until they reach a definitive care facility. On the other hand, the use of intravenous fluids, crystalloids or colloids, and blood products can be life saving in those patients who are in severe hemorrhagic shock. The optimal method of resuscitation has not been clearly established. A hemoglobin level of 7-8 g/dl appears to be an appropriate threshold for transfusion in critically ill patients with no evidence of tissue hypoxia. However, maintaining a higher hemoglobin level of 10 g/dl is a reasonable goal in actively bleeding patients, the elderly, or individuals who are at risk for myocardial infarction. Moreover, hemoglobin concentration should not be the only therapeutic guide in actively bleeding patients. Instead, therapy should be aimed at restoring intravascular volume and adequate hemodynamic parameters.
Functional Analysis of the Tissue‐Engineered Stomach Wall (2002)

We have established a method for in situ tissue engineering of the stomach in a canine model using an acellular collagen scaffold graft. The current study was conducted to evaluate the functional aspects of the tissue-engineered stomach wall. The anterior wall of the stomach in beagle dogs was replaced with a collagen sponge scaffold measuring 4 x 4 cm. At 16 weeks after implantation, the animals were sacrificed and the stomach specimens were evaluated immunohistochemically and physiologically. Regeneration of the proton pump and thin muscle layer, which are essential for mechanical and chemical digestion by the stomach, was observed in the tissue-engineered gastric tissue. However, acetylcholine-induced contraction was not observed in the tissue-engineered stomach wall. Although there is still room for improvement, the tissue-engineered stomach wall had a highly organized structure, and it is anticipated that this approach could eventually become an alternative for stomach reconstruction after gastrectomy.
Quinazoline antifolate thymidylate synthase inhibitors: bridge modifications and conformationally restricted analogs in the C2-methyl series (1991)

Several C2-methylquinazoline-based antifolates have been prepared in which the C9,N10 bridge has been replaced by the reversed N9,C10 unit. This series was extensively studied by incorporating further substituents at N9 and C10 as well as by modifications to the p-aminobenzoate ring. The C2-methylquinazoline analogues 29, 30, and 31 containing the methyleneoxa, methylenethia, and thia bridge units were also synthesized. In general these isosteric replacements of the bridge unit in the parent C2-methyl-N10-propargylquinazoline antifolate 2 were much less potent as inhibitors of isolated thymidylate synthase (TS) but several were at least as potent as inhibitors of L1210 cell growth in culture. The fusion of the p-aminobenzoate ring into the bicyclic systems 75 and 76 also reduced activity against TS but again gave highly cytotoxic compounds. The cytotoxicities were largely prevented by thymidine, confirming that TS is the major locus.
Sensory effects of capsaicin congeners. Part II: Importance of chemical structure and pungency in desensitizing activity of capsaicin-type compounds. (1976)

The characteristic insensitivity of sensory nerve endings to chemically induced pain brought about by capsaicin could be reproduced on the rat's eye by pungent vanillylamides, homovanilloyl-alkylamides and piperine, while homovanilloyl-cycloalkylamides, -azacycloalkylamides, - alkylesters, -alkyl-homovanillylamides, undecenoyl-3-aminopropranololand zingerone were practically ineffective in this respect. Desensitizing potency was not parallel with the stimulating effect of the compounds, e.g. the strongly pungent homovanilloyl-octylester failed to desensitize the receptors, while the less pungent homovanilloyl-dodecylamide proved to be a more potent desensitizing agent than capsaicin itself. It is concluded that the inverse position of the acylamide linkage does not modify, while its replacement by an esteric group completely abolishes the desensitizing activity. In contrast to the stimulating effect, in desensitizing action the presence of an alkyl chain is essential and its optimal length corresponds to 10-12 C atoms. On the basis of these results the possible molecular interactions at the site of action are discussed.
Adult Cell Fate Reprogramming: Converting Liver to Pancreas (2010)

Regenerative medicine aims at producing new cells for repair or replacement of diseased and damaged tissues. Embryonic and adult stem cells have been suggested as attractive sources of cells for generating the new cells needed. The leading dogma was that adult cells in mammals, once committed to a specific lineage, become "terminally differentiated" and can no longer change their fate. However, in recent years increasing evidence has accumulated demonstrating the remarkable ability of some differentiated cells to be converted into a different cell type via a process termed developmental redirection or adult cells reprogramming. For example, abundant human cell types, such as dermal fibroblasts and adipocytes, could potentially be harvested and converted into other, medically important cell types, such as neurons, cardiomyocytes, or pancreatic beta cells. In this chapter, we describe a method of activating the pancreatic lineage and beta-cells function in adult human liver cells by ectopic expression of pancreatic transcription factors. This approach aims to generate custom-made autologous surrogate beta cells for treatment of diabetes, and possibly bypass both the shortage of cadaveric human donor tissues and the need for life-long immune-suppression.
Irrigation systems performance monitoring and evaluation: Reliability, resiliency and vulnerability criteria for assessing the impact of water shortage on rice yield (1988)

A simple and low-cost methodology for measuring the field-level water adequacy and equity of distribution in lowland rice irrigation systems has been successfully developed at the International Irrigation Management Institute.The method consists of measuring the inflow and outflow of water from the irrigation command area, and installing perforated PVC tubes to monitor the fluctuations of the perched water level in paddy fields.Indices for measuring the frequency, duration, and intensity of water shortage have been developed.These three indices, termed reliability, resiliency, and vulnerability, respectively, correlate very well with crop yield from sample irrigation systems in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines.The methodology appears applicable across countries, seasons, and sites.This paper briefly presents the methodology and the summary of results from the three countries.Detailed discussions of the methodology and its application as a management tool for continuous monitoring and evaluation of the performance of irrigation systems are included in an IIMI Research Report. Conceptual ApproachIrrigation development may generate efficiency and equity benefits, as well as improve the environment and human conditions.The efficiency benefits may derive from increase in yield per hectare in area already planted and/or in the expansion of new area for cropping.Yield increase may come from the direct effect of improved water conditions to crop, or from the use of additional inputs such as fertilizers that are complementary to water.In addition to increased production, irrigation
Anatomosurgical study of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve for submandibular surgical approach (2006)

The purpose of this study was to estimate the distance from the mandibular marginal branch of the facial nerve to the inferior margin of the mandible in order to determine the best and safest location to approach the posterior mandibular region. Forty-five hemi-faces of 27 Brazilian adult cadavers were dissected and the distance between the mandibular marginal branch and the inferior margin of the mandible was measured. The number of marginal branches and anastomoses with other branches of the facial nerve was also recorded. The evaluation of the anatomic pieces showed 1 to 3 branches of the marginal mandibular branch, anastomoses with the buccal and cervical branches of the facial nerve and distances between 1.3 cm to +1.2 cm from the inferior margin of the mandible. In 57.7% of the cases, the nerve passed superiorly and along the length of the inferior margin of the mandible. Based on the findings of the present anatomosurgical study, it may be recommended an incision 3 cm below the inferior margin of the mandible associated to a careful dissection in planes and flap retraction. This is expected to reduce the risk of neuropraxia of the marginal mandibular nerve making the submandibular incision a safe approach.
The high- and low-affinity receptor binding sites of growth hormone are allosterically coupled (2004)

Growth hormone regulates its biological properties via a sequential hormone-induced receptor homodimerization mechanism. Using a mutagenesis-scanning analysis of 81 single and 32 pairwise double mutations, we show that the hormone's two spatially distal receptor binding sites (Site1 and Site2) are allosterically coupled. These allosteric effects are focused among a relatively few residues centered around the interaction between Asp-116 of the hormone and Trp-169 of the receptor in Site2. A rearrangement of this interaction triggered by mutations in Site1 produces both a major conformation and energetic reorganization of Site2, surprisingly without a reduction in overall binding affinity. Additionally, the data suggest a change in the conformational dynamics of several groups in Site2 that appear to be important in defining the Site2 interaction. Changes in binding energy of the affected Site2 residues usually range in magnitude from 3- to 60-fold, but in one case are as large as 10(4).
Strong and macroporous calcium phosphate cement: Effects of porosity and fiber reinforcement on mechanical properties (2001)

Because of its excellent osteoconductivity and bone-replacement capability, self-setting calcium phosphate cement (CPC) has been used in a number of clinical procedures. For more rapid resorption and concomitant osseointegration, methods were desired to build macropores into CPC; however, this decreased its mechanical properties. The aims of this study, therefore, were to use fibers to strengthen macroporous CPC and to investigate the effects of the pore volume fraction on its mechanical properties. Water-soluble mannitol crystals were incorporated into CPC paste; the set CPC was then immersed in water to dissolve mannitol, producing macropores. Mannitol/(mannitol + CPC powder) mass fractions of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% were used. An aramid fiber volume fraction of 6% was incorporated into the CPC-mannitol specimens, which were set in 3 mm x 4 mm x 25 mm molds and then fractured in three-point flexure to measure the strength, work of fracture, and modulus. The dissolution of mannitol created well-formed macropores, with CPC at 40% mannitol having a total porosity of a 70.8% volume fraction. Increasing the mannitol content significantly decreased the properties of CPC without fibers (analysis of variance; p < 0.001). The strength (mean +/- standard deviation; n = 6) of CPC at 0% mannitol was 15.0 +/- 1.8 MPa; at 40% mannitol, it decreased to 1.4 +/- 0.4 MPa. Fiber reinforcement improved the properties, with the strength increasing threefold at 0% mannitol, sevenfold at 30% mannitol, and nearly fourfold at 40% mannitol. The work of fracture increased by 2 orders of magnitude, but the modulus was not changed as a result of fiber reinforcement. A scanning electron microscopy examination of specimens indicated crack deflection and bridging by fibers, matrix multiple cracking, and frictional pullout of fibers as the reinforcement mechanisms. Macroporous CPCs were substantially strengthened and toughened via fiber reinforcement. This may help extend the use of CPCs with macropores for bony ingrowth to the repair of larger defects in stress-bearing locations.
Genomic View of Energy Metabolism in <i>Ralstonia eutropha</i> H16 (2008)

Ralstonia eutropha is a strictly respiratory facultative lithoautotrophic beta-proteobacterium. In the absence of organic substrates, H2 and CO2 are used as sole sources of energy and carbon. In the absence of oxygen, the organism can respire by denitrification. The recent determination of the complete genome sequence of strain H16 provides the opportunity to reconcile the results of previous physiological and biochemical studies in light of the coding capacity. These analyses revealed genes for several isoenzymes, permit assignment of well-known physiological functions to previously unidentified genes, and suggest the presence of unknown components of energy metabolism. The respiratory chain is fueled by two NADH dehydrogenases, two uptake hydrogenases and at least three formate dehydrogenases. The presence of genes for five quinol oxidases and three cytochrome oxidases indicates that the aerobic respiration chain adapts to varying concentrations of dioxygen. Several additional components may act in balancing or dissipation of redox energy. Paralogous sets of nitrate reductase and nitric oxide reductase genes result in enzymatic redundancy for denitrification.
Energy Consumption in Mobile Devices: Why Future Systems Need Requirements-Aware Energy Scale-Down (2003)

Abstract. The current proliferation of mobile devices has resulted in a large diversity of designs, each optimized for a specific application, form-factor, battery life, and functionality (e.g., cell phone, pager, MP3 player, PDA, laptop). Recent trends, motivated by user preferences towards carrying less, have focused on integrating these different applications in a single general-purpose device, often resulting in much higher energy consumption and consequently much reduced battery life. This paper argues that in order to achieve longer battery life, such systems should be designed to include requirements-aware energy scale-down techniques. Such techniques would allow a general-purpose device to use hardware mechanisms and software policies to adapt energy use to the user’s requirements for the task at hand, potentially approaching the low energy use of a special-purpose device. We make two main contributions. We first provide a model for energy scale-down. We argue that one approach to design scale-down is to use special-purpose devices as examples of powerefficient design points, and structure adaptivity using insights from these design points. To understand the magnitude of the potential benefits, we present an energy comparison of a wide spectrum of mobile devices (to the best of our knowledge, the first study to do so). A comparison of these devices with general-purpose systems helps us identify scale-down opportunities. Based on these insights, we propose and evaluate three specific requirements-aware energy scale-down optimizations, in the context of the display, wireless, and CPU components of the system. Our optimizations reduce the energy consumption of their targeted subsystems by factors of 2 to 10 demonstrating the importance of energy scale-down in future designs. 1
Fusion splices for single-mode optical fibers (1978)

A practical low loss splicing method based on the discharge fusion for single-mode fibers was developed. Average splice losses of 0.4, 0.2, and 0.1 dB for fibers with 5.2, 7, and 10 μm core diameters, respectively, are obtained by a simple apparatus utilizing the self-alignment effect due to the surface tension of melted fiber ends. The surface tension effect is analyzed both experimentally and theoretically. Experimental splice losses, both after and during heating, coincide with the theoretical estimated values. It was found that the optimum heating temperature for low loss splices is near 2000°C at 8.5 W electric discharge power. Splicing loss causes are examined. The main cause of the practical splice loss is the residual core axis misalignment caused by an insufficient surface tension effect and core eccentricity with respect to cladding.
Complementation of mitochondrial electron transport chain by manipulation of the NAD + /NADH ratio (2016)

A decline in electron transport chain (ETC) activity is associated with many human diseases. Although diminished mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate production is recognized as a source of pathology, the contribution of the associated reduction in the ratio of the amount of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) to that of its reduced form (NADH) is less clear. We used a water-forming NADH oxidase from Lactobacillus brevis (LbNOX) as a genetic tool for inducing a compartment-specific increase of the NAD(+)/NADH ratio in human cells. We used LbNOX to demonstrate the dependence of key metabolic fluxes, gluconeogenesis, and signaling on the cytosolic or mitochondrial NAD(+)/NADH ratios. Expression of LbNOX in the cytosol or mitochondria ameliorated proliferative and metabolic defects caused by an impaired ETC. The results underscore the role of reductive stress in mitochondrial pathogenesis and demonstrate the utility of targeted LbNOX for direct, compartment-specific manipulation of redox state.
Human CD4 restores normal T cell development and function in mice deficient in murine CD4. (1994)

The ability of a human coreceptor to function in mice was investigated by generating human CD4 (hCD4)-expressing transgenic mice on a mouse CD4-deficient (mCD4-/-) background. From developing thymocyte to matured T lymphocyte functions, hCD4 was shown to be physiologically active. By examining the expansion and deletion of specific V beta T cell families in mutated mice with and without hCD4, it was found that hCD4 can participate in positive and negative selection. Mature hCD4 single positive cells also were found in the periphery and they were shown to restore MHC class II-restricted alloreactive and antigen-specific T cell responses that were deficient in the mCD4 (-/-) mice. In addition, these hCD4 reconstituted mice can generate a secondary immunoglobulin G humoral response matching that of mCD4 wild-type mice. The fact that human CD4 is functional in mice and can be studied in the absence of murine CD4 should facilitate studies of human CD4 activity in general and human immunodeficiency virus 1 gp120-mediated pathogenesis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome specifically.
.alpha.,.alpha.-Difluoroarylacetic acids: preparation from (diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride and .alpha.-oxoarylacetates (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT.alpha.,.alpha.-Difluoroarylacetic acids: preparation from (diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride and .alpha.-oxoarylacetatesW. J. Middleton and E. M. BinghamCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 14, 2883–2887Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01302a025https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01302a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2483Altmetric-Citations131LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts