gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cosuppression of I Transposon Activity in Drosophila by I-Containing Sense and Antisense Transgenes (1999)

We have previously shown that the activity of functional I elements introduced into Drosophila devoid of such elements can be repressed by transgenes containing an internal nontranslatable part of the I element itself and that this repressing effect presents features characteristic of homology-dependent gene silencing or cosuppression. Here we show that transgenes containing a fragment of the I element in antisense orientation induce I-element silencing with the same characteristic features as the corresponding sense construct: namely, repression takes several generations to be fully established, with similar rates for sense and antisense constructs, and it is only maternally transmitted, with reversal of the effect through paternal transmission. We also show that transcription of the transgenes is necessary to produce the silencing effect and that repression can be maintained for at least one generation following elimination of the transgenes, thus strongly suggesting that a transgene product and not the transgene per se is the essential intermediate in the silencing effect. The data presented strongly support models in which the repressing effect of antisense transcripts involves the same mechanisms as cosuppression by sense constructs and emphasize the role of symmetrically acting nucleic acid structures in mediating repression.
Imatinib Mesylate Inhibits CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cell Activity and Enhances Active Immunotherapy against BCR-ABL− Tumors (2008)

Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI571), a selective inhibitor of a restricted number of tyrosine kinases, has been effectively used for the treatment of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemias and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Imatinib may also directly influence immune cells. Suppressive as well as stimulating effects of this drug on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes or dendritic cells have been reported. In the current study, we have investigated the influence of imatinib mesylate on CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg), a critical population of lymphocytes that contributes to peripheral tolerance. Used at concentrations achieved clinically, imatinib impaired Treg immunosuppressive function and FoxP3 expression but not production of IL-10 and TGF-beta in vitro. Imatinib significantly reduced the activation of the transcription factors STAT3 and STAT5 in Treg. Analysis of Treg TCR-induced signaling cascade indicated that imatinib inhibited phosphorylation of ZAP70 and LAT. Substantiating these observations, imatinib treatment of mice decreased Treg frequency and impaired their immunosuppressive function in vivo. Furthermore, imatinib mesylate significantly enhanced antitumor immune responses to dendritic cell-based immunization against an imatinib-resistant BCR-ABL negative lymphoma. The clinical applications of imatinib mesylate might thus be expanded with its use as a potent immunomodulatory agent targeting Treg in cancer immunotherapy.
Muller cells are a preferred substrate for in vitro neurite extension by rod photoreceptor cells (1991)

To define the factors important in photoreceptor cell morphogenesis, we have examined the ability of rods to extend neurites in vitro. Retinas from neonatal rats were dissociated and plated onto substrate-bound extracellular matrix (ECM) components or cell monolayers. When rods, identified with monoclonal antibodies to opsin, were in contact exclusively with purified ECM (e.g., laminin, fibronectin, type I collagen, or Matrigel), neurite outgrowth was extremely limited. By contrast, rods extended long neurites on Müller cells. Retinal or brain astrocytes, endothelial cells, 3T3 fibroblasts, or other retinal neurons were less supportive of rod process outgrowth. These data demonstrate regional specificity in the promotion of neurite outgrowth by glia and suggest that not all neurons within the retina require the same morphogenic factors.
XJoin: Getting Fast Answers From Slow and Bursty Networks (1999)

The combination of increasingly ubiquitous Internet connectivity and advances in heterogeneous and semistructured databases has the potential to enable database-style querying over data from sources distributed around the world. Traditional query processing techniques, however, fail to deliver acceptable performance in such a scenario for two main reasons: First, they optimize for delivery of the entire query result, while on-line users would typically benefit from receiving initial results as quickly as possible. Second, slow or bursty delivery of data from remote sources can stall query execution, making the already inadequate batchlike behavior even worse. Both of these problems can be addressed using fully pipelined query execution. The symmetric hash join operator supports such pipelining, but it requires all base data and intermediate results to be memory-resident, which is unacceptable for complex queries over large datasets. In this paper we present a multi-threaded extension o...
Studies on the steroidal components of domestic plants. Part LIV. Synthesis of isodiotigenin (1968)

Diotigenin (I), isolated from the Dioscorea tenuipes complex is deduced to be a 2β,3α,4β-trihydroxy-5β,25L-spirostan. In order to confirm this structure, 2β,3α,4β-trihydroxy-5β,25D-spirostan was synthesised from the naturally occuring yonogenin (III), and was found to be identical with isodiotigenin (II) obtained on isomerisation of (I).
Synthesis and evaluation of DNA-targeted spatially separated bis(aniline mustards) as potential alkylating agents with enhanced DNA cross-linking capability (1991)

DNA-targeted separated bis-mustards were synthesized by attaching aniline mono-mustards at the 4- and 9-positions of the DNA-intercalating ligand 9-aminoacridine-4-carboxamide, with the intention of improving the low cross-link to monoadduct ratio found with most alkylating agents. The geometry of these compounds requires that, when the acridine binds to DNA by intercalation, one alkylating moiety is delivered to each DNA groove. Gel electrophoretic studies show that only one arm of these compounds (probably that attached to the 9-position) alkylates DNA, such alkylation occurring specifically in the major groove at the N7 of guanines. Cell-line studies confirm that the mode of cytotoxicity of these compounds (unlike that of untargeted aniline bis-mustards of comparable reactivity) is due to bulky DNA monoadduct formation. It is concluded that more information is required about the exact orientation of the initial monoadducts before ligands with specific DNA cross-linking ability can be designed.
Protein A of Staphylococcus aureus and related immunoglobulin receptors produced by streptococci and pneumonococci. (1982)

Publisher Summary Several hundred strains of staphylococci and related organisms have been tested for the production of cell surface and/or extracellular SPA. Techniques for detecting the cell-bound protein include agglutination of erythrocytes sensitized with SPA-reactive antibody. Results have demonstrated the presence of extracellular as well as cell-bound SPA and implied that SPA on the membrane had easy access to Ig molecules in the fluid phase or bound to cell-surface antigens in such a way that the Fc region could interact with SPA receptors. Indeed, studies have shown that SPA is located primarily on the surface of Cowan strain I and is linked covalently to the peptidoglycan portion of the membrane. Studies on biosynthesis have been carried out in strains that produce cell-bound, as well as extracellular SPA (e.g., Cowan I) or only the extracellular product. The physicochemical properties of SPA prepared by lysostaphin treatment of Cowan strain I are summarized. The high frictional ratio (2:1) and intrinsic viscosity (29 ml/gm) compared to values normally obtained for globular proteins (1.1- 1.25 and 3-4 mg/gm, respectively) suggest that SPA is a relatively elongated molecule. The molecular weight of 42,000 is the average of several determinations and is the generally accepted value. This compares to the molecular weight of 29,500 found in the most active fraction obtained after chromatography of heat-extracted material. This chapter discusses the occurrence, properties, applications, biological activity, and potential significance of Ig receptors produced mainly by staphylococci and streptococci. Although they act primarily as Fc receptors, for this discussion they have been classified more broadly as Ig receptors. This is because SPA displays secondary binding activity localized in the Fab region of certain species and classes of Ig, and this has been reported to be the sole type of activity associated with polyclonal human IgE.
Isolation and characterization of Clostridium acetobutylicum mutants with enhanced amylolytic activity (1991)

Clostridium acetobutylicum mutants BA 101 (hyperamylolytic) and BA 105 (catabolite depressed) were isolated by using N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine together with selective enrichment on the glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose. Amylolytic enzyme production by C. acetobutylicum BA 101 was 1.8- and 2.5-fold higher than that of the ATCC 824 strain grown in starch and glucose, respectively. C. acetobutylicum BA 105 produced 6.5-fold more amylolytic activity on glucose relative to that of the wild-type strain. The addition of glucose at time zero to starch-based P2 medium reduced the total amylolytic activities of C. acetobutylicum BA 101 and BA 105 by 82 and 25%, respectively, as compared with the activities of the same strains grown on starch alone. Localization studies demonstrated that the amylolytic activities of C. acetobutylicum BA 101 and BA 105 were primarily extracellular on all carbohydrates tested.
Hydrazine as a Reducing Agent for Organic Compounds (Catalytic Hydrazine Reductions) (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrazine as a Reducing Agent for Organic Compounds (Catalytic Hydrazine Reductions)Arthur Furst, Robert C. Berlo, and Shirley HootonCite this: Chem. Rev. 1965, 65, 1, 51–68Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr60233a002https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60233a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6980Altmetric-Citations261LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Antihepcidin antibody treatment modulates iron metabolism and is effective in a mouse model of inflammation-induced anemia (2010)

Abstract Iron maldistribution has been implicated in multiple diseases, including the anemia of inflammation (AI), atherosclerosis, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. Iron metabolism is controlled by hepcidin, a 25-amino acid peptide. Hepcidin is induced by inflammation, causes iron to be sequestered, and thus, potentially contributes to AI. Human hepcidin (hHepc) overexpression in mice caused an iron-deficient phenotype, including stunted growth, hair loss, and iron-deficient erythropoiesis. It also caused resistance to supraphysiologic levels of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent, supporting the hypothesis that hepcidin may influence response to treatment in AI. To explore the role of hepcidin in inflammatory anemia, a mouse AI model was developed with heat-killed Brucella abortus treatment. Suppression of hepcidin mRNA was a successful anemia treatment in this model. High-affinity antibodies specific for hHepc were generated, and hHepc knock-in mice were produced to enable antibody testing. Antibody treatment neutralized hHepc in vitro and in vivo and facilitated anemia treatment in hHepc knock-in mice with AI. These data indicate that antihepcidin antibodies may be an effective treatment for patients with inflammatory anemia. The ability to manipulate iron metabolism in vivo may also allow investigation of the role of iron in a number of other pathologic conditions.
State of Transition Metal Catalysts During Carbon Nanotube Growth (2009)

We study catalyst−support and catalyst−carbon interactions during the chemical vapor deposition of single-walled carbon nanotubes by combining environmental transmission microscopy and in situ, time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We present direct evidence of what constitutes catalyst functionality by comparing the behavior of Ni, Fe, Pd, and Au model catalyst films on SiO2 during preannealing in O2 and NH3 and during C2H2 decomposition. The catalyst metal surface supplies sites to dissociate the hydrocarbon precursor and then guides the formation of a carbon lattice and the liftoff of a carbon cap. The catalysts are sharply distinguished by their reactivity toward activation of the hydrocarbon precursor, following trends known from heterogeneous catalysis. For Fe and Ni, the active state of the catalyst is a crystalline metallic nanoparticle. Graphitic networks do not form on oxidized Fe. Pd forms a silicide on SiO2 under our reducing conditions. Pd (silicides) and Au nanocrystals are catalytically less efficient in terms of precursor dissociation, while the low adhesion of C on Au surfaces impedes nanotube nucleation.
Structural and functional relationships in two families of β‐1,4‐glycanases (1991)

CenA and Cex are beta-1,4-glycanases produced by the cellulolytic bacterium Cellulomonas fimi. Both enzymes are composed of two domains and contain six Cys residues. Two disulfide bonds were assigned in both enzymes by peptide analysis of the isolated catalytic domains. A further disulfide bond was deduced in both cellulose-binding domains from the absence of free thiols under denaturing conditions. Corresponding Cys residues are conserved in eight of nine other known C. fimi-type cellulose-binding domains. CenA and Cex belong to families B and F, respectively, in the classification of beta-1,4-glucanases and beta-1,4-xylanases based on similarities in catalytic domain primary structure. Disulfide bonds in the CenA catalytic domain correspond to the two disulfide bonds in the catalytic domain of Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase II (family B) which stabilize loops forming the active-site tunnel. Sequence alignment indicates the probable occurrence of disulfides at equivalent positions in the two other family B enzymes. Partial resequencing of the gene encoding Streptomyces KSM-9 beta-1,4-glucanase CasA (family B) revealed five errors in the original nucleotide sequence analysis. The corrected amino acid sequence contains an Asp residue corresponding to the proposed proton donor in hydrolysis catalysed by cellobiohydrolase II. Cys residues which form disulfide bonds in the Cex catalytic domain are conserved in XynZ of Clostridium thermocellum and Xyn of Cryptococcus albidus but not in the other eight known family F enzymes. Like other members of its family, Cex catalyses xylan hydrolysis. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for hydrolysis of the heterosidic bond of p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xylobioside is 14,385 min-1.mM-1 at 25 degrees C; the corresponding kcat/Km for p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-cellobioside hydrolysis is 296 min-1.mM-1.
Mice Lacking the Type I Interferon Receptor Are Resistant to Listeria monocytogenes (2004)

Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen that induces a cytosolic signaling cascade resulting in expression of interferon (IFN)-beta. Although type I IFNs are critical in viral defense, their role in immunity to bacterial pathogens is much less clear. In this study, we addressed the role of type I IFNs by examining the infection of L. monocytogenes in BALB/c mice lacking the type I IFN receptor (IFN-alpha/betaR-/-). During the first 24 h of infection in vivo, IFN-alpha/betaR-/- and wild-type mice were similar in terms of L. monocytogenes survival. In addition, the intracellular fate of L. monocytogenes in macrophages cultured from IFN-alpha/betaR-/- and wild-type mice was indistinguishable. However, by 72 h after inoculation in vivo, IFN-alpha/betaR-/- mice were approximately 1,000-fold more resistant to a high dose L. monocytogenes infection. Resistance was correlated with elevated levels of interleukin 12p70 in the blood and increased numbers of CD11b+ macrophages producing tumor necrosis factor alpha in the spleen of IFN-alpha/betaR-/- mice. The results of this study suggest that L. monocytogenes might be exploiting an innate antiviral response to promote its pathogenesis.
Modulation of Lipoprotein B Binding to the LDL Receptor by Exogenous Lipids and Apolipoproteins CI, CII, CIII, and E (1995)

We have recently shown that apo B-containing lipoproteins isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography bind to the LDL receptor with an affinity dependent on their apo E or apo CIII content. However, these lipoproteins--LpB:E, LpB:CIII, and LpB:CIII:E--isolated from whole plasma have variable lipid and apolipoprotein contents, and it is difficult to consider each parameter separately, particularly because an increase in the apo CIII content is always associated with an increase in the content of other C apolipoproteins. Therefore, we used affinity-purified LpB free of other apolipoproteins. Lipid content of LpB was increased by incubation with a lipid emulsion, and this triglyceride-enriched LpB was named TG-LpB. Free apo CI, apo CII, apo CIII, and apo E were added to LpB and TG-LpB and their associations to the lipoprotein were assessed by gel filtration, nondenaturing electrophoresis, and immunoblotting. Molar ratios of 6 (apo E), 30 (apo CII), 20 (apo CIII), and 30 (apo CI) for 1 apo B were obtained. The association of apo CII to LpB and TG-LpB induced modifications to the LpB structure and a redistribution of lipids and apolipoproteins on the lipoprotein particles. The binding of these LpBs and TG-LpBs with and without added apo CI, CII, CIII, and E was tested at 4 degrees C on the LDL receptors of HeLa cells. The increased content of lipids reduced TG-LpB binding to the LDL receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
D-11-50 A Novel Fast Block Type Decision Algorithm for Intra Prediction in H.264/AVC High Profile (2008)

The latest video coding standard H.264/AVC significantly increases video compression efficiency but also increases computation complexity. Intra prediction is an important part in H.264/AVC encoder and it’s also time consuming. This paper proposes a fast block type decision algorithm which can reduce intra prediction’s computation complexity with slight PSNR reduction. The relation between intra prediction block type and macrblocks’ frequency feature has been discussed. Based on these observations, this algorithm can select only one or two block type in 4x4, 8x8 and 16x16 intra prediction instead of three of them. Experimental results show that this algorithm is suitable to perform on large frame size sequences.
Relationship of Plasma Adiponectin With Sex Hormone and Insulin‐like Growth Factor Levels (2007)

With the exceptions of SHBG, c-peptide, and IGFBP-1, the studied analytes were modestly associated with adiponectin and the associations were, in large part, mediated by body fat.
Overcoming the Inflammatory Toxicity of Cationic Gene Vectors (2002)

Cationic lipid- and polymer-based vectors are the most extensively studied synthetic gene vectors. These vectors have been widely used in animal models and some have been tested in clinical trials. The clinical progress of these vectors has been slowed by their inflammatory toxicity. This review summarizes the observations, the mechanisms, and various strategies employed to overcome the inflammatory toxicity of cationic gene vectors.
ChemInform Abstract: Introduction to Hydroformylation: Phosphorus Ligands in Homogeneous Catalysis (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Chitosan Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Perspectives (2004)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChitosan Chemistry and Pharmaceutical PerspectivesM. N. V. Ravi Kumar, R. A. A. Muzzarelli, C. Muzzarelli, H. Sashiwa, and A. J. DombView Author Information Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab-160 062, India, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University, Via Ranieri 67, IT-60100 Ancona, Italy, Green Biotechnology Research Group, The Special Division for Human Life Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka-563-8577, Japan, and Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Natural Products, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, School of Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem 91120, Israel Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 12, 6017–6084Publication Date (Web):December 8, 2004Publication History Received2 March 2004Published online8 December 2004Published inissue 1 December 2004https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr030441bhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr030441bresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2004 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views24587Altmetric-Citations2304LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Anatomy,Biopolymers,Nanoparticles,Peptides and proteins,Pharmaceuticals Get e-Alerts