gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Patients with Iron-Deficiency Anemia (1993)

Gastrointestinal lesions (in both the upper gastrointestinal tract and the colon) are frequently found in patients with iron-deficiency anemia. Since site-specific symptoms are predictive of abnormalities in the corresponding portion of the bowel, the initial evaluation should be directed by the location of the symptoms. Concomitant lesions of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract are rare; thus, detection of a likely source of blood loss during the initial examination may obviate the need for further procedures.
Multifrequency electrical impedance tomography (1992)

Multifrequency tomography may be conveniently achieved by sequentially sweeping the probing drive current and measuring the resultant voltages at each frequency. If events change during measurement comparisons between frequencies cannot be made. Mixing several frequency components may decrease acquisition time but increase the complexity of the instrumentation. A third method is described using Fourier transformation that enables simultaneous multifrequency measurements without an increase in instrumentation. A signal is constructed from a number of sinusoidal components of known amplitude and phase. This group of components is transformed into a time series by the inverse Fourier transform and applied to the object via a voltage or current source. Transforming the detected voltage back into Fourier components will provide the frequency response of the object. Data are collected in this way for all projections and tomograms reconstructed for each frequency. This has the advantage that no special detector is required; both in-phase and quadrature components are available and systematic errors may be easily corrected by software. This technique is demonstrated using a resistor phantom with known frequency-dependent perturbations.
Membrane-associated Hsp72 from tumor-derived exosomes mediates STAT3-dependent immunosuppressive function of mouse and human myeloid-derived suppressor cells (2010)

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been identified in humans and mice as a population of immature myeloid cells with the ability to suppress T cell activation. They accumulate in tumor-bearing mice and humans and have been shown to contribute to cancer development. Here, we have isolated tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) from mouse cell lines and shown that an interaction between TDE-associated Hsp72 and MDSCs determines the suppressive activity of the MDSCs via activation of Stat3. In addition, tumor-derived soluble factors triggered MDSC expansion via activation of Erk. TDE-associated Hsp72 triggered Stat3 activation in MDSCs in a TLR2/MyD88-dependent manner through autocrine production of IL-6. Importantly, decreasing exosome production using dimethyl amiloride enhanced the in vivo antitumor efficacy of the chemotherapeutic drug cyclophosphamide in 3 different mouse tumor models. We also demonstrated that this mechanism is relevant in cancer patients, as TDEs from a human tumor cell line activated human MDSCs and triggered their suppressive function in an Hsp72/TLR2-dependent manner. Further, MDSCs from cancer patients treated with amiloride, a drug used to treat high blood pressure that also inhibits exosome formation, exhibited reduced suppressor functions. Collectively, our findings show in both mice and humans that Hsp72 expressed at the surface of TDEs restrains tumor immune surveillance by promoting MDSC suppressive functions.
Review: Antimicrobial and immunoregulatory functions of lactoferrin and its potential therapeutic application (2002)

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein present in various secretions ( e.g. milk, tears, saliva, pancreatic juice, etc.). It is also stored in specific granules of polymorphonuclear granulocytes from which it is released following activation. Lactoferrin exerts a bactericidal activity by damagingthe outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, as well as immunoregulatory functions by decreasing the release of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and enhancing monocyte and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Lactoferrin binds with high affinity to lipid A, the toxic moiety of the lipopolysaccharide, or endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide interaction with monocytes/macrophages results in the production and release of TNF- , that plays an important role in inducing septic shock. In this respect, it has recently been demonstrated that lactoferrin inhibits the lipopolysaccharide interaction with CD14 on monocytes/macrophages by competition with the lipopolysaccharide binding protein. Therefore, besides its bactericidal activity, lactoferrin may also act by neutralizing the toxic effects of lipopolysaccharide and this protective role against endotoxin lethal shock has been demonstrated in animal models. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo neutralization of endotoxin by a human lactoferrin-derived peptide was also reported and lactoferrin or lactoferrin-derived peptides could represent useful tools for the treatment of endotoxin-induced septic shock. The recent production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against different epitopes of human lactoferrin, including monoclonal antibodies selectively neutralizinglactoferrin binding to lipid A, may allow a better elucidation of the consequence of lactoferrin-lipopolysaccharideinteraction.
Modulation of Lipid Rafts by Ω‐3 Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Cancer: Implications for Use of Lipids During Nutrition Support (2007)

Current understanding of biologic membrane structure and function is largely based on the concept of lipid rafts. Lipid rafts are composed primarily of tightly packed, liquid-ordered sphingolipids/cholesterol/saturated phospholipids that float in a sea of more unsaturated and loosely packed, liquid-disordered lipids. Lipid rafts have important clinical implications because many important membrane-signaling proteins are located within the raft regions of the membrane, and alterations in raft structure can alter activity of these signaling proteins. Because rafts are lipid-based, their composition, structure, and function are susceptible to manipulation by dietary components such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and by cholesterol depletion. We review how alteration of raft lipids affects the raft/nonraft localization and hence the function of several proteins involved in cell signaling. We focus our discussion of raft-signaling proteins on inflammation and cancer.
Chondrex (YKL-40), a potential new serum fibrosis marker in patients with alcoholic liver disease (2000)

The severity of liver fibrosis is associated with elevated circulating Chondrex levels. The overlap in YKL-40 values prevents use of Chondrex in a screening programme. High levels of Chondrex (above 330 microg/l) are predictive of severe liver fibrosis. Increased plasma YKL-40 may reflect the remodelling of liver fibrosis in alcoholics.
Strategies for target cell recognition by natural killer cells (2001)

Stimulation of natural killer (NK) cells is regulated by a complex balance of inhibitory and stimulatory receptors expressed by NK cells. However, the interaction of stimulatory receptors and their ligands is poorly understood. One stimulatory receptor, NKG2D, is expressed by all NK cells, stimulated CD8+ T cells, gammadelta T cells and macrophages. Recently, progress has been made in defining cellular ligands for NKG2D. Four different families of ligands have been identified in mice and humans, all of which are distantly related to MHC class I molecules. Some of the ligands are upregulated in transformed and infected cells, provoking an attack by the innate and adaptive immune systems. It appears that these "induced-self" ligands recognized by the NKG2D receptor may be a precedent for a new strategy of target cell recognition by the immune system.
Comparison of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with tramadol versus morphine after microvascular breast reconstruction (2000)

Tramadol is a weak centrally acting analgesic and it might provide efficacious postoperative pain relief with minimal sedative effects in the use of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Sixty women scheduled to undergo microvascular breast reconstruction under standard general anaesthesia were enrolled in a study on the performance of patient-controlled analgesia with tramadol or morphine with special emphasis on drug- and technique-related side-effects. Seven patients were re-operated within the same day, leaving 25 patients in the tramadol group and 28 in the morphine group for comparison. When postoperative pain occurred, loading doses of either 10 mg tramadol or 1 mg morphine intravenous increments were administered in a double-blind fashion until the pain control was judged to be satisfactory by the patient. After that the patients received tramadol or morphine by a PCA apparatus (lockout 5 min, tramadol 450 μg kg−1, morphine 45 μg kg−1 bolus). In addition, all patients received 500 mg paracetamol rectally, three times a day. The potency ratio of tramadol to morphine was found to be between 8.5:1 (loading) and 11:1 (PCA). There was neither a significant difference between the groups in the overall satisfaction of the analgesic medication nor in the visual analogue and verbal rate scales for pain. Women in the tramadol group had more nausea and vomiting during the administration of loading doses (P < 0.05) and more patients in the tramadol group (7) than in the morphine group (3) (NS) wanted to discontinue the PCA therapy before the end of the study due to nausea. Sedation or blurred vision prevented the performance of the psychomotor tests in 22 and 32% of the tramadol and morphine patients, respectively. The remaining patients performed similarly in the Digit Symbol Substitution Test. In women receiving intravenous PCA for analgesia after microvascular breast reconstruction tramadol and morphine provided comparable postoperative analgesia with similar sedative effects. However, tramadol was associated with a disturbingly high incidence of nausea and vomiting.
Probabilistic encryption & how to play mental poker keeping secret all partial information (1982)

This paper proposes an Encryption Scheme that possess the following property : An adversary, who knows the encryption algorithm and is given the cyphertext, cannot obtain any information about the clear-text.
Therapy of refractory/relapsed acute leukemia with cytosine arabinoside plus tetrahydrouridine (an inhibitor of cytidine deaminase)--a pilot study. (1991)

Thirty two patients with refractory or recurrent acute leukemia or blast crisis of chronic myelocytic leukemia were treated with 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C), 100 mg/m2 [group I (n = 15)] or 200 mg/m2 [group II (n = 18)], and tetrahydrouridine (THU) 350 mg/m2, given concurrently as a 3 h continuous intravenous infusion at 12 h interval for eight doses. Two of 13 (15.3%) evaluable patients in group I achieved a complete response, both of whom had acute myelocytic leukemia. In group II, seven of 14 evaluable patients (50%) obtained objective responses--six with complete responses (42.8%) and one with partial response (7%). Myelosuppression was seen in all patients with a median duration of 32.5 days (group I) and 36.3 days (group II), respectively. Non-hematologic toxicity consisted of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, skin rash, hepatocellular toxicity, hemorrhage, and renal toxicity. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed, for group I, mean peak plasma Ara-C levels at 3 h (Cp3h) of 1254 ng/ml, area under the curve (AUC) 4651 ng x h/ml, total body clearance (TBC) 32.65 l/h/m2, renal clearance (RC) 7.04 l/h/m2 with a mean of 12.36% of the injected amount of Ara-C excreted unchanged in urine over the first 24 h. The corresponding mean values for group II are Cp3h 3305 ng/ml, AUC 15080 ng x h/ml, TBC 20.48 l/h/m2, RC 7.02 l/h/m2 and 26.23%. Ara-C 200 mg/m2 combined with THU gave serum Ara-C levels and response rates comparable to those achieved with high dose Ara-C (HiDAC) (greater than or equal to 1 g/m2). Central nervous system toxicity associated with HiDAC was not seen. Pharmacokinetics for uracil arabinoside (Ara-U) in patients treated with Ara-C 200 mg/m2 plus THU, were comparable to values seen with Ara-C for Cp3h, AUC and 24 h urine, amounting to 3160 ng/ml, 21717 ng x h/ml and 23.62% whereas TBC was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) for Ara-U than for Ara-C (3.02 versus 20.48 l/h/m2).
The Past, Present and Future of Space Photovoltaics (2006)

This paper discusses the migration of crystalline space solar cell technology from silicon, to gallium arsenide then to the multiple junction devices in use today. Thin film technologies have migrated from the Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> S/CdS and similar cells to the amorphous silicon multijunction devices to copper indium diselenide devices. Array technologies have moved from flat plate arrays with shingled cells to concentrator arrays of several designs - some of which have reinvented 40-year old approaches. Crystalline cell efficiency in space has risen from about 10% to 30%, whereas thin film cell efficiency has risen from about 5% to 12%. Array specific power has gone from about 20 W/kg to over 300 W/kg (in design). Arrays have flown away from the sun to about 3 AU and are on their way to Mercury. Opportunities for future cell research will be included with the promise of devices with efficiencies over 40%
Fundamental principles of an anti-VEGF treatment regimen: optimal application of intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy of macular diseases (2017)

Intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is now considered the gold standard for the treatment of various retinal disorders. As therapy has evolved, so too have the treatment regimens employed by physicians in clinical practice; however, visual outcomes observed in the real world have typically not reflected those reported in clinical trials. Possible reasons for this include a lack of consensus on treatment regimens and a lack of clarity about what the aims of treatment should be. The Vision Academy Steering Committee met to discuss the principles of an ideal treatment regimen, using evidence from the literature to substantiate each point. Literature searches were performed using the MEDLINE/PubMed database (cut-off date: March 2016) and restricted to English-language publications. Studies with fewer than ten patients were excluded from this review. The Steering Committee identified the following four key principles for the ideal treatment regimen for anti-VEGF management of retinal diseases: It is proposed that the adoption of a proactive and more personalized approach in the clinic such as a treat-and-extend regimen will lead to benefits for both the patient and the physician, through a reduction in the associated treatment burden and better utilization of clinic resources. Implementation of the four principles should also lead to better VA outcomes for each patient, with a minimized risk of vision loss.
Mutational and biochemical analysis of the DNA-entry nuclease EndA from Streptococcus pneumoniae (2010)

EndA is a membrane-attached surface-exposed DNA-entry nuclease previously known to be required for genetic transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae. More recent studies have shown that the enzyme also plays an important role during the establishment of invasive infections by degrading extracellular chromatin in the form of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), enabling streptococci to overcome the innate immune system in mammals. As a virulence factor, EndA has become an interesting target for future drug design. Here we present the first mutational and biochemical analysis of recombinant forms of EndA produced either in a cell-free expression system or in Escherichia coli. We identify His160 and Asn191 to be essential for catalysis and Asn182 to be required for stability of EndA. The role of His160 as the putative general base in the catalytic mechanism is supported by chemical rescue of the H160A variant of EndA with imidazole added in excess. Our study paves the way for the identification and development of protein or low-molecular-weight inhibitors for EndA in future high-throughput screening assays.
Fermentation characteristics and ruminal ciliate protozoal populations in cattle fed medium- or high-concentrate barley-based diets. (2001)

Fermentation characteristics were measured and numbers and distribution by genera of ciliate protozoa were determined in ruminal fluid samples collected from 10 ruminally cannulated steers during the first 30 d of their being fed barley-based diets containing 62% (Medium Barley) or 95% (High Barley) barley grain (DM basis). Ruminal samples were collected at 5-d intervals over the 30-d periods beginning after adaptation (i.e., at the first full feeding of each diet). Ruminal pH and ammonia concentrations were lower (P < 0.001) with the High Barley than with the Medium Barley diet. Concentrations of total VFA and propionate and amylase activity of ruminal fluid were higher (P < 0.001) on High Barley than on Medium Barley. Total protozoal numbers in ruminal fluid were 42% lower (P < 0.05) on High Barley (470 x 10(3)/mL) than on Medium Barley (804 x 10(3)/mL). On Medium and High Barley diets, respectively, Entodinium spp. made up 89 and 91% of the ciliate protozoal populations. With the Medium Barley diet, relative proportions of Dasytricha, Ophryoscolex, Ostracodinium, Diplodinium, and Metadinium spp. in the total ciliate population were 4.5, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.3%, respectively. When the High Barley diet was fed, these genera were not detected. In a subsequent survey, ruminal samples were collected from 200 finishing cattle at slaughter. Average protozoal population was 328 x 10(3)/mL, and Entodinium spp. constituted 97% of the total. These data demonstrate that a large population of Entodinium spp. can persist in the rumen of cattle fed high barley grain-based finishing diets.
Nutritional management of newborn infants： Practical guidelines (2008)

生长和机关开发的要求在新生的婴儿，特别早熟的新生儿和肠失败的婴儿的营养的管理创造挑战。因为他们喂可以增加引起坏死小肠结肠炎的风险，一些高风险的婴儿收到没有肠内的的喂，喂或非肠道的营养(PN ) 的小体积。这评论在新生的婴儿的营养的管理总结当前的研究进步。 MEDLINE ( 1998-2007 )的搜索，控制试用的 Cochrane 中央收款机( Cochrane 图书馆，第 3 期， 2007 )，摘要和会议论文录，从用英语语言的相关出版物的参考书被执行，显示出那母乳是为新生的婴儿喂的肠内的营养素的比较喜欢的来源。在人乳发现的营养素的数字在在婴儿公式建立最小、最大的层次被推荐为一个指南。引起坏死小肠结肠炎和喂的不耐的害怕是作为养育早产儿的主要工具限制肠内的线路的使用的主要因素。PN 可以帮助这些婴儿的营养的需要遇见许多，但是有重要有害副作用。营养的费用钟声(喂的小体积为至少 5 d 以一样的率给) 在 PN 期间是策略提高喂的忍耐和减少 PN 和时间到的副作用完成完整的喂。人乳是为所有婴儿的肠内的营养的任何策略的一个关键部件。然而，钙，磷，锌和另外的营养素的数量是不适当的满足低出生重量(VLBW ) 的需要婴儿在生长期间。因此，强化的安全、有效的工具人乳对 VLBW 婴儿的照顾必要。
Controlled Fabrication of High-Quality Carbon Nanoscrolls from Monolayer Graphene (2009)

We report a simple and effective way of fabricating high-quality carbon nanoscrolls (CNSs), using isopropyl alcohol solution to roll up monolayer graphene predefined on SiO(2)/Si substrates. Transmission electron microscopy studies reveal that the CNS has a tube-like structure with a hollow core surrounded by graphene walls 0.35 nm apart. Raman spectroscopy studies show that the CNS is free of significant defects, and the electronic structure and phonon dispersion are slightly different from those of two-dimensional graphene. Finally, the CNS-based device is fabricated, directly on the SiO(2)/Si substrate. Electrical-transport measurements show that its resistance is weakly gate-dependent but strongly temperature-dependent. In addition, the CNS can sustain a high current density up to 5 x 10(7) A/cm(2), indicating that it is a good candidate for microcircuit interconnects. The controlled fabrication of high-quality CNSs may open up new opportunities for both fundamental and applied research of CNSs.
Finding New Treatments for Diabetes — How Many, How Fast . . . How Good? (2007)

Two modern-day epidemics, HIV–AIDS and type 2 diabetes mellitus, have inspired impassioned calls for more effective interventions. In the 1980s, the rapid spread of HIV, with its associated severe, acute illness and high mortality, prompted activist groups and others to call for the accelerated approval of medications that showed promise of efficacy. There was no treatment available, and people were dying quickly. More recently, pressure to develop new drugs for type 2 diabetes has been stimulated by the remarkable worldwide increase in the incidence of this disease (54% in the past 7 years in the United States1) and the . . .
Phase-only modulation of a twisted nematic liquid-crystal TV by use of the eigenpolarization states (1993)

We present the eigenpolarization states of a commercially available liquid-crystal television display and show that phase-only modulation can be achieved over a large dynamic range of video voltages for several bias voltage settings if the eigenpolarization states are used. A set of operating curves using these polarization states is given for the device.
Microarray Expression Profiling Identifies Early Signaling Transcripts Associated with 6-OHDA-Induced Dopaminergic Cell Death (2005)

The parkinsonian mimetic 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) has been shown to cause transcriptional changes associated with cellular stress and the unfolded protein response. As these cellular sequelae depend on upstream signaling events, the present study used functional genomics and proteomic approaches to aid in deciphering toxin-mediated regulatory pathways. Microarray analysis of RNA collected from multiple time points following 6-OHDA treatment was combined with data mining and clustering techniques to identify distinct functional subgroups of genes. Notably, stress-induced transcription factors such as ATF3, ATF4, CHOP, and C/EBP beta were robustly up-regulated, yet exhibited unique kinetic patterns. Genes involved in the synthesis and modification of proteins (various tRNA synthetases), protein degradation (e.g., ubiquitin, Herpud1, Sqstm1), and oxidative stress (Hmox1, Por) could be subgrouped into distinct kinetic profiles as well. Realtime PCR and/or two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with western blotting validated data derived from microarray analyses. Taken together, these data support the notion that oxidative stress and protein dysfunction play a role in Parkinson's disease, as well as provide a time course for many of the molecular events associated with 6-OHDA neurotoxicity.
Linked Linear Amplification for Simultaneous Analysis of the Two Most Common Hemochromatosis Mutations (2003)

LLA provides a reliable method to detect the common mutations in HFE that cause hereditary hemochromatosis.
Mastering Microsoft Office 2000 Professional (1999)

From the Publisher:
Written by two Office experts Mastering Microsoft Office 2000 Professional Edition teaches you everything you need to know to get the most out of this powerful collection of programs: Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, Access, and Publisher. You'll quickly reap all the benefits offered by Office 2000, including enhanced integration, more powerful macros, easier HTML conversion, and much more.
Advances in the understanding of host response associated with tumor PDT (2007)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is clinically established modality used for treatment of solid cancers and other conditions, which destroys lesions by localized generation of cytotoxic oxygen species mediated by administered drugs (photosensitizers) that are activated at targeted sites by exposure to light. Since over 20 years ago it has become increasingly clear that important contribution to the antitumor effect of PDT is secured by host reaction induced by this therapy and manifested as inflammatory and immune response. Presented is an overview of advances in the understanding of this host response associated with tumor PDT by tracing its evolution from initial breakthroughs and discoveries in the early 1980s, followed by advances preceding recent developments, and concluding with recently acquired knowledge and directions for clinical exploitation. Tribute is given to researchers making important contributions to this field during the last three decades including Drs. Gianfranco Canti, Julia Levy, and Barbara Henderson.