gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
cis-acting elements in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNAs direct viral transcripts to distinct intranuclear locations (1996)

Two distinct intranuclear locations were identified for alternatively spliced RNA transcripts expressed from the pNL4-3 infectious molecular clone of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1. Multiply spliced HIV RNA encoding tat was detected within the nucleus in large clusters; immunostaining and colocalization studies using laser-scanning confocal microscopy revealed that these structures contained the non-small nuclear ribonucleoprotein RNA processing factor, SC35. In contrast, unspliced gag RNA was detected in much smaller granules distributed throughout the nucleus, with little or no association with SC35-containing granules. Analyses of nuclear RNA expressed from recombinant plasmids encoding gag (pCMVgag-2) alone or tat (pCMVtat-2) alone revealed distributions corresponding to those obtained with pNL4-3, indicating that expression within the context of the HIV provirus was not required for the distinct RNA locations detected for these transcripts. The presence of unspliced gag RNA in small granules was confirmed in infections of H9 T-lymphocytic cells, indicating that gag localization was not restricted to transient expression systems. The intranuclear distribution of gag RNA was dependent on specific RNA sequences. Deletion of a portion of the gag gene of pCMVgag-2, containing a cis-repressing inhibitory region, resulted in redirection of unspliced gag RNA from small granules into large SC35-containing clusters. The addition of the Rev-responsive element, RRE, to the deleted pCMVgag-2 construct resulted in RNA transcripts which were no longer associated with SC35. We also identified a cellular intron, rabbit beta-globin-intervening sequence 2 (IVS-2) which, when introduced into pCMVgag-2, redirected unspliced gag RNA into SC35-containing granules and permitted rev-independent Gag expression. These findings suggest that redirecting intranuclear RNA localization may influence gene expression. Color micrographs from this article are available for view at http//128.231.216.2/lmmhome.htm.
Experimental validation of the 'improved directivity element'-elevation plane control (2003)

The authors present experimental verification of an improved directivity element (the Corum element) for controlling the elevation plane directivity of a vertical monopole element. The results suggest that, if an image plane version of the Corum element is used to surround an existing tower, the resulting antenna will improve the sky-wave suppression in all cases, with a modest increase in ground wave. While performing an antifade engineering study for a broadcast antenna at 530 kHz, the authors decided to run a study on a typical 1 kW GWEN (ground-wave emergency network) station (300 ft tower in the 160-190 kHz band). It was found that the Corum element makes a significant improvement in useful GWEN coverage.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Energy consumption of piezoelectric actuators for inertial drives (2004)

Energy consumption is a major issue for inertial drives with piezoelectric actuators that are integrated in autonomous devices. This paper discusses some theoretical aspects and some experimental results about the energy consumption of inertial drives with piezoelectric actuators. For a given velocity the energy consumption per traveled distance should be minimized. The step efficiency of inertial drives is deduced and should be optimized. Next, the trade-off between driving voltage and driving frequency is discussed. Some scale effects of piezo actuators for inertial drives are shortly discussed. Mechanical amplification increases step sizes, but at the same time lowers the actuator stiffness and so it lowers the limit of the driving frequency. The developed theory is illustrated with experimental results pf four prototypes of a micro robotic platform based on stick-slip motion.
DNA topoisomerase II as the primary target of anti-tumor anthracyclines. (1990)

Recent structure-activity relationship studies emphasize the critical role of topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage on the cytotoxic activity of anthracycline anti-tumor antibiotics. Such studies have also given evidence of the peculiar features of the drug interference with DNA topoisomerase II activity. In contrast to other cytotoxic topoisomerase II inhibitors (acridines, epipodophyllotoxins), anthracyclines produce persistent DNA cleavable complexes. This property is more evident with doxorubicin derivatives than with daunorubicin derivatives. The strength of DNA binding apparently does not correlate with the stimulatory effect of anthracyclines on topoisomerase II-mediated DNA cleavage and with their cytotoxic potency. However, drug intercalation is still required for optimal drug activity. Such an observation suggests that the specific mode of DNA interaction, rather than the strength of binding, is important in determining the cytotoxic potency. The extent of anthracycline-induced cleavage results from a balance between a stimulation and a suppressive effect of the drug on topoisomerase II DNA cleavage. Anthracyclines are sequence selective in the induction of DNA cleavage by purified topoisomerase II. Despite the extensive effort in developing DNA intercalating agents as anti-tumor drugs, the limited success of such an approach could be rationalized in terms of the still inadequate 'rational design', since the molecular basis of specific drug-DNA topoisomerase II interaction (e.g. sites of cleavage, cell response to DNA damage, etc.) is not completely understood. Such studies indicating structural requirements in anthracycline molecules, which are critical for specific drug interference with topoisomerase II functions, provide the opportunity to re-examine the mechanism of action of these agents and to design new, more selective derivatives.
A Unified Hybrid Recorder: Combining Hard Disk Drives, Betacam SX, and Analog Betacam (1996)

Digital video and signal compression technologies have created an increasing demand for high performance, efficient systems with the promise of streamlined operations and increased productivity. The transition of the broadcast industry to an all-digital environment for the creation of television news programming and television broadcast operations poses some unique challenges. For a new system to satisfy these requirements, the core design imperative has to incorporate novel networked system concepts, and the best of contemporary digital compression technology with an efficient total video and audio data rate that supports higher quality than that of current analog ENG systems.
Systemic immunization with papillomavirus L1 protein completely prevents the development of viral mucosal papillomas. (1995)

Infection of mucosal epithelium by papillomaviruses is responsible for the induction of genital and oral warts and plays a critical role in the development of human cervical and oropharyngeal cancer. We have employed a canine model to develop a systemic vaccine that completely protects against experimentally induced oral mucosal papillomas. The major capsid protein, L1, of canine oral papillomavirus (COPV) was expressed in Sf9 insect cells in native conformation. L1 protein, which self-assembled into virus-like particles, was purified on CsCl gradients and injected intradermally into the foot pad of beagles. Vaccinated animals developed circulating antibodies against COPV and became completely resistant to experimental challenge with COPV. Successful immunization was strictly dependent upon native L1 protein conformation and L1 type. Partial protection was achieved with as little as 0.125 ng of L1 protein, and adjuvants appeared useful for prolonging the host immune response. Serum immunoglobulins passively transferred from COPV L1-immunized beagles to naive beagles conferred protection from experimental infection with COPV. Our results indicate the feasibility of developing a human vaccine to prevent mucosal papillomas, which can progress to malignancy.
A Titanium Disilicide Derived Semiconducting Catalyst for Water Splitting under Solar Radiation—Reversible Storage of Oxygen and Hydrogen (2007)

Divide and separate: Photocatalytic splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen is achieved with a catalyst which is formed on the surface of titanium dicilicide (see picture). The two product gases are reversibly physisorbed by the catalyst. Desorption of hydrogen occurs at ambient temperature, but oxygen is entirely stored up to 100 °C in light and can be released upon heating at this temperature in the dark, which allows convenient separation of the gases. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z701626_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Renal expression of galectin-3 in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with nephritis (2008)

The aim of the study is to characterize the expression pattern of galectin-3 (Gal-3) in renal tissues of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) nephritis and to determine whether tissue and serum Gal-3 are associated with SLE nephritis. Gal-3 expressions were examined with immunohistochemistry in renal biopsy specimens of 88 patients with SLE nephritis and in five normal specimens. Activity and chronicity indexes and glomerular Gal-3 expressions were analysed in each specimen. Serum Gal-3 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in 20 patients with SLE, including 11 with nephritis, and in 50 healthy controls. Glomerular Gal-3 expression was observed in 81.8% (72/88) of patients with SLE nephritis but not in 5 controls. Gal-3 staining was attributed mainly to its cellular expression rather than its deposition, and Gal-3 expression levels were correlated with histologic activity indexes, anti-dsDNA titers, and complement 3 and 4 levels. Serum Gal-3 levels were higher in patients with SLE, particularly in those with nephritis, than in healthy controls, and correlated with anti-dsDNA titers. In conclusion, glomerular Gal-3 expression in renal tissue and serum Gal-3 levels were elevated in patients with SLE nephritis versus healthy controls; moreover, they reflected disease activity. These findings suggest that Gal-3 might contribute to the inflammatory process in SLE.
Induction of HLA-A2-restricted CTLs to the mucin 1 human breast cancer antigen (1997)

HLA-A*0201/Kb transgenic mice were immunized with oxidized mannan-mucin 1 (MUC1) as a fusion protein (containing five repeats of the 20-amino-acid MUC1 VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) that generated highly active CD8+ CTLs to MUC1 peptides. In a direct CTL assay, the MUC1 peptides could be presented specifically by both the transgenic murine HLA-A*0201/Kb and human HLA-A*0201 molecules. The 9-mer MUC1 peptide sequences (APDTRPA and STAPPAHGV) were presented by HLA-A*0201, although they did not contain L at P2 and L/V at P9, the preferred motifs; as a consequence, the binding was of relatively low affinity when compared with a high affinity-binding HIV peptide (ILKEPVHGV). In addition, when mice were immunized separately with the HLA-A*0201-binding peptides (STAPPAHGV or APDTRPAP-containing peptides-keyhole limpet hemocyanin-mannan), direct lysis of MCF-7 (HLA-A*0201+, MUC1+) also occurred. The findings are of interest for tumor immunotherapy, particularly as the CTLs generated to low affinity-binding peptides were highly active and could specifically lyse an HLA-A*0201+ human breast cancer cell line without further in vitro stimulation. The findings demonstrate that the range of peptides that can generate CTLs is broader than formerly considered.
Application of the thermal dose concept for predicting the necrosed tissue volume during ultrasound surgery (1993)

The concept of calculated thermal dose was used to predict the size of the necrosed tissue volume during high-intensity focused ultrasound surgery. The model presented was verified using experimental data in rabbit muscle and cat brain. The agreement is good and therefore, this model can be used to give guidelines for the sonication prior to clinical ultrasound surgery
Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugates: A New Generation of Vaccines (1990)

Journal Article Polysaccharide-Protein Conjugates: A New Generation of Vaccines Get access John B. Robbins, John B. Robbins From the Laboratory of Developmental and Molecular Immunity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Rachel Schneerson Rachel Schneerson From the Laboratory of Developmental and Molecular Immunity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 161, Issue 5, May 1990, Pages 821–832, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/161.5.821 Published: 01 May 1990 Article history Received: 08 December 1989 Revision received: 08 January 1990 Published: 01 May 1990
Identification and characterization of TnphoA mutants of Salmonella that are unable to pass through a polarized MDCK epithelial cell monolayer (1988)

Surface protein mutants of the invasive Salmonella species, S. choleraesuis, were generated using the transposon TnphoA. 626 alkaline phosphatase (PhoA+) fusion mutants were identified and screened for their ability to pass through (transcytose) polarized epithelial monolayers of Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells grown on membrane filters. Forty two mutants were unable to pass through this barrier. All of these transcytosis mutants were unable to adhere to or invade MDCK monolayers, yet these mutations were not in the genes encoding type 1 pili or mannose-resistant haemagglutination (MRHA). These transcytosis mutants could be grouped into six classes. Class 1 mutants had altered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O side-chain structures while Class 2 mutants had defects in their LPS core. Mutants belonging to Classes 5 and 6 did not decrease the transepithelial electrical resistance of polarized MDCK cell monolayers, in contrast to the parental strain and the other mutants (Classes 1, 2, 3 and 4). Mutants belonging to Class 1 were less virulent in mice, while Class 2 (defective core) and Classes 4 and 5 (normal LPS) mutant strains were avirulent in mice. Mutants from Classes 3 and 6 were as virulent in mice as S. choleraesuis. These results suggest that the ability to pass through epithelial barriers may be an important virulence characteristic of Salmonella. These data indicate that bacterial adherence, internalization and monolayer transcytosis are closely linked events. It was also demonstrated that a mutant with decreased rates of intracellular replication still passed through the monolayer at rates similar to wild-type S. choleraesuis.
Cancer stem cells – an old idea that’s new again: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer (2007)

The medical treatment of solid tumors is beset by two fundamental problems: the fact that even striking initial responses are often followed by drug-resistant recurrences, and the lack of predictive tools to design individualized treatment strategies. These therapeutic problems have a biological basis in the genetic heterogeneity and genomic instability of solid tumors. Traditionally, these were thought to result from accumulated mutations in random tissue cells, leading first to transformation and eventually to loss of differentiation and the selection of drug-resistant clones. The cancer stem cell theory posits that tumors arise specifically from the transformation of rare tissue stem cells or progenitor cells, which generate the bulk of the cancer through proliferation and abortive differentiation akin to aberrant tissue self-renewal. Cancer stem cells are slow-dividing and inherently drug-resistant, and their eradication would be necessary for long-term success in cancer treatment. The authors present a brief overview of this theory, its potential implications and the evidence supporting it, focusing specifically on breast cancer.
Epithelial cells bearing class II molecules stimulate allogeneic human colonic intraepithelial lymphocytes. (1992)

HLA-DR+ gut epithelial cells may present antigen to intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). This study aimed to isolate an IEL population from the human colon to activate CD3 + IEL by a human colonic epithelial cell line (HT-29), bearing different concentrations of class II antigen (HLA-DR). IEL were isolated by a mechanical method from six patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and from 14 control patients. IEL were cocultured with HT-29 which had been induced to express class II molecules by gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) in a dose dependent manner. The phenotype and the subsequent expression of activation markers by the IEL were determined to two colour flow cytometry. The IEL population had a CD4/CD8 ratio similar to that seen in tissue sections. In the mixed cell culture, the degree of IEL activation showed a positive correlation with the degree of HLA-DR expression by the HT29 cells and the IEL secreted a IFN-gamma like factor that in turn stimulated the HT-29. Thus, depending on their expression of HLA molecules, colonic epithelial cells are able to activate CD3+CD8+IEL.
Role of ABCC1 in export of sphingosine-1-phosphate from mast cells (2006)

Mast cells play a pivotal role in inflammatory and immediate-type allergic reactions by secreting a variety of potent inflammatory mediators, including sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). However, it is not known how S1P is released from cells. Here, we report that S1P is exported from mast cells independently of their degranulation and demonstrate that it is mediated by ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Constitutive and antigen-stimulated S1P release was inhibited by MK571, an inhibitor of ABCC1 (MRP1), but not by inhibitors of ABCB1 (MDR-1, P-glycoprotein). Moreover, down-regulation of ABCC1 with small interfering RNA, which decreased its cell surface expression, markedly reduced S1P export from both rat RBL-2H3 and human LAD2 mast cells. Transport of S1P by ABCC1 influenced migration of mast cells toward antigen but not degranulation. These findings have important implications for S1P functions in mast cell-mediated immune responses.
The analysis of X‐linkage (1971)

SUMMARY The estimation of the recombination fraction between pairs of loci on the X‐chromosome is discussed, with special reference to the bias from defined forms of ascertainment. Tables are presented which give lods corrected for the common forms of ascertainment. The interpretation of lods is discussed, and the concept of equivalent observations introduced. A simple counting system is described for use in close linkage.
Vitamin E as an in Vitro and in Vivo Antioxidanta (1989)

alpha-Tocopherol has near optimal activity as a chain-breaking antioxidant. Inherent antioxidant activity plays an important part in determining overall biological activity but the phytyl tail also exerts a very important influence. The new deuterated alpha-tocopherol/GC-MS technique is providing unprecedented insight into the importance of the stereochemistry of the phytyl tail in determining bioavailability, as well as helping to discover how rapidly and effectively absorption, transport, uptake, and loss occur. Measurements of rate of turnover in tissues indicate that differences exist between different types of animals. It is possible that these tissue differences may explain the diverse range of vitamin E deficiency symptoms observed across a wide variety of animals. It is not known what is responsible for the differences in biokinetic behavior.
The leptin receptor promoter controls expression of a second distinct protein (1997)

The leptin receptor (OB-R) is a single membrane- spanning protein that mediates the weight-regulatory effects of leptin (OB protein). Several mRNA splice variants have been described which either encode OB-R proteins with cytoplasmic domains of different length or the OB-R and B219/OBR variants, which have different 5'-untranslated regions. Here we report evidence for the synthesis of a human mRNA splice variant of the OB-R gene that potentially encodes a novel protein, leptin receptor gene-related protein (OB-RGRP), which displays no sequence similarity to the leptin receptor itself. This OB-RGRP transcript contains the first two OB-R gene 5'-untranslated exons, but then is alternatively spliced to two novel exons which were mapped to a yeast artificial chromosome containing the leptin receptor gene. First identified by analysis of a large human expressed sequence tag database, the OB-RGRP transcript has now also been found in human and mouse tissues by the use of PCR. Preliminary experiments suggest that OB-RGRP and the OB-R variants share similar patterns of expression that are distinct from that of the B219/OBR variant. OB-RGRP is highly homologous to putative open reading frames in both yeast and Caenorhabditis elegans , suggesting a phylogenetically conserved role for this novel protein.
Microarray Gene Expression Profiling of B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Subgroups Defined by Genomic Aberrations and VH Mutation Status (2004)

The finding that the most significantly differentially expressed genes are located in the corresponding aberrant chromosomal regions indicates that a gene dosage effect may exert a pathogenic role in B-CLL. The significant difference in the partitioning of male and female B-CLL samples suggests that the genomic signature for the VH mutational status might be sex-related.
The instantaneous apparent resistivity tensor: a visualization scheme for LOTEM electric field measurements (1998)

Long-offset transient electromagnetic (LOTEM) data have traditionally been represented as early- and late-time apparent resistivities. Time-varying electric field data recorded in a LOTEM survey made with multiple sources can be represented by an ‘instantaneous apparent resistivity tensor’. Three independent, coordinate-invariant, time-varying apparent resistivities can be derived from this tensor. For dipolar sources, the invariants are also independent of source orientation. In a uniform-resistivity half-space, the invariant given by the square root of the tensor determinant remains almost constant with time, deviating from the half-space resistivity by a maximum of 6 per cent. For a layered half-space, a distance-time pseudo-section of the determinant apparent resistivity produces an image of the layering beneath the measurement profile. As time increases, the instantaneous apparent resistivity tensor approaches the direct current apparent resistivity tensor. An approximate time-to-depth conversion can be achieved by integrating the diffusion depth formula with time, using the determinant apparent resistivity at each instant to represent the resistivity of the conductive medium. Localized near-surface inhomogeneities produce shifts in the time-domain apparent resistivity sounding curves that preserve the gradient, analogous to static shifts seen in magnetotelluric soundings. Instantaneous apparent resistivity tensors calculated for 3-D resistivity models suggest that profiles of LOTEM measurements across a simple 3-D structure can be used to create an image that reproduces the main features of the subsurface resistivity. Where measurements are distributed over an area, maps of the tensor invariants can be made into a sequence of images, which provides a way of ‘time slicing’ down through the target structure.