gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of cap (m7GpppXm)-dependent endonuclease of influenza virus by 4-substituted 2,4-dioxobutanoic acid compounds (1994)

Synthesis of influenza virus mRNA is primed by capped and methylated (cap 1, m7GpppXm) RNAs which the virus derives by endonucleolytic cleavage from RNA polymerase II transcripts in host cells. The conserved nature of the endonucleolytic processing provides a unique target for the development of antiviral agents for influenza viruses. A series of 4-substituted 2,4-dioxobutanoic acid compounds has been identified as selective inhibitors of this activity in both influenza A and B viruses. These inhibitors exhibited 50% inhibitory concentrations in the range of 0.2 to 29.0 microM for cap-dependent influenza virus transcription and had no effect on the activity of other viral and cellular polymerases when tested at 100- to 500-fold higher concentrations. The compounds did not inhibit the initiation or elongation of influenza virus mRNA synthesis but specifically inhibited the cleavage of capped RNAs by the influenza virus endonuclease and were not inhibitory to the activities of other nucleases. Additionally, the compounds specifically inhibited replication of influenza A and B viruses in cell culture with potencies comparable to the 50% inhibitory concentrations obtained for transcription.
Entity resolution with iterative blocking (2009)

Entity Resolution (ER) is the problem of identifying which records in a database refer to the same real-world entity. An exhaustive ER process involves computing the similarities between pairs of records, which can be very expensive for large datasets. Various blocking techniques can be used to enhance the performance of ER by dividing the records into blocks in multiple ways and only comparing records within the same block. However, most blocking techniques process blocks separately and do not exploit the results of other blocks. In this paper, we propose an iterative blocking framework where the ER results of blocks are reflected to subsequently processed blocks. Blocks are now iteratively processed until no block contains any more matching records. Compared to simple blocking, iterative blocking may achieve higher accuracy because reflecting the ER results of blocks to other blocks may generate additional record matches. Iterative blocking may also be more efficient because processing a block now saves the processing time for other blocks. We implement a scalable iterative blocking system and demonstrate that iterative blocking can be more accurate and efficient than blocking for large datasets.
Pulsed UV‐C Disinfection of Escherichia coli With Light‐Emitting Diodes, Emitted at Various Repetition Rates and Duty Cycles (2012)

A 2010 study exposed Staphylococcus aureus to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and thermal heating from pulsed xenon flash lamps. The results suggested that disinfection could be caused not only by photochemical changes from UV radiation, but also by photophysical stress damage caused by the disturbance from incoming pulses. The study called for more research in this area. The recent advances in light-emitting diode (LED) technology include the development of LEDs that emit in narrow bands in the ultraviolet-C (UV-C) range (100-280 nm), which is highly effective for UV disinfection of organisms. Further, LEDs would use less power, and allow more flexibility than other sources of UV energy in that the user may select various pulse repetition frequencies (PRFs), pulse irradiances, pulse widths, duty cycles and types of waveform output (e.g. square waves, sine waves, triangular waves, etc.). Our study exposed Escherichia coli samples to square pulses of 272 nm radiation at various PRFs and duty cycles. A statistically significant correlation was found between E. coli's disinfection sensitivity and these parameters. Although our sample size was small, these results show promise and are worthy of further investigation. Comparisons are also made with pulsed disinfection by LEDs emitting at 365 nm, and pulsed disinfection by xenon flash lamps.
Suggestions for the more ready employment of Adams' method of determining fat in milk (1886)

A. H. Allen and W. Chattaway, Analyst, 1886, 11, 71 DOI: 10.1039/AN8861100071
Identification of a human nuclear receptor defines a new signaling pathway for CYP 3 A induction (1998)

Nuclear receptors regulate metabolic pathways in response to changes in the environment by appropriate alterations in gene expression of key metabolic enzymes. Here, a computational search approach based on iteratively built hidden Markov models of nuclear receptors was used to identify a human nuclear receptor, termed hPAR, that is expressed in liver and intestines. hPAR was found to be efficiently activated by pregnanes and by clinically used drugs including rifampicin, an antibiotic known to selectively induce human but not murine CYP3A expression. The CYP3A drug-metabolizing enzymes are expressed in gut and liver in response to environmental chemicals and clinically used drugs. Interestingly, hPAR is not activated by pregnenolone 16alpha-carbonitrile, which is a potent inducer of murine CYP3A genes and an activator of the mouse receptor PXR.1. Furthermore, hPAR was found to bind to and trans-activate through a conserved regulatory sequence present in human but not murine CYP3A genes. These results provide evidence that hPAR and PXR.1 may represent orthologous genes from different species that have evolved to regulate overlapping target genes in response to pharmacologically distinct CYP3A activators, and have potential implications for the in vitro identification of drug interactions important to humans.
Molecular Analysis of the Autoantibody Response in Peptide-Induced Autoimmunity (2000)

Immunization of nonautoimmune BALB/c mice with multimeric DWEYSVWLSN, a peptide mimotope of DNA, induces anti-DNA and other lupus-associated Abs. To further investigate the pathogenesis of the autoantibody response induced by peptide immunization, we generated hybridomas from peptide-immunized mice that bound peptide, dsDNA, cardiolipin, Sm/ribonucleoprotein (RNP), or some combination of these Ags. Analysis of 24 IgM Abs led to the identification of three groups of Abs: 1) Abs reactive with peptide alone, 2) anti-peptide Abs cross-reactive with one or more autoantigens, and 3) autoantibodies that do not bind to peptide. The gene families and particular VH-VL combinations used in those hybridomas binding DNA were similar to those used in the anti-DNA response in spontaneous murine lupus. Another similarity to the spontaneous anti-DNA response was the generation of arginines in the complementarity-determining region-3 of DNA-binding hybridomas. Interestingly, one Ab had the VH-VL combination present in the original R4A anti-DNA Ab used to select the DWEYSVWLSN peptide from a phage display library. Many of the heavy and light chains displayed evidence of somatic mutation, suggesting that they were made by Ag-activated B cells. Analysis of the Ab repertoire in peptide-induced autoimmunity may provide insights into the generation of anti-DNA Abs following exposure to foreign Ag. Furthermore, the recovery of an Ab with the heavy and light chain combination of the Ab originally used to isolate the immunizing peptide confirms the utility of phage display peptide libraries in generating true molecular mimics.
Autogenous cultured bone graft--bone reconstruction using tissue engineering approach. (1999)

Maniatopoulos et al. reported the formation of calcified bone-like tissue when rat bone marrow cells were cultured in the presence of dexamethasone and beta-glycerophosphate. We have succeeded to construct the in vitro cultured bone on the porous framework of hydroxyapatite ceramics (HA). After 2 weeks of the culture, the construct showed the existence of mineralized collagen fibers on the surface of HA determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The construct also demonstrated high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity together with noticeable level of osteocalcin. The results indicate that the construct consisted of thin layer of bone matrix covered hydroxyapatite surface and abundant bone forming active osteoblasts. After the in vivo implantation of the construct, volume of the matrix increased and obvious bone tissue was detected by ordinal microscopy even one-week after implantation and its high osteogenic activity was maintained for a long term (one year). The in vivo bone is biologically active tissue evidenced by Northern blot analysis of the implanted construct which showed ALP and osteocalcin mRNA expression comparable to those of normal cancellous bone. These results demonstrate that the in vitro fabricated cultured bone/HA construct can possess new bone forming capability in in vivo situations. We have also succeeded to fabricate the construct using aged human marrow cells and the construct showed thick lamellar bone formation after the in vivo implantation. Based on these findings, we propose alternative approach for bone reconstruction surgery using the autogenous cultured bone/HA construct. Importantly, we can fabricate the implantable autogenous bone tissue derived from patient's marrow cells and the cells can be obtained by needle aspiration without damaging the patient's normal tissue.
The activation of the male sex hormones. II (1936)

I. The activation of testosterone by esterification. WE showed in an earlier paper [1936, 1] that on injecting testosterone and palmitic acid at different sites in the body of the rat an activating effect could no longer be observed when the sites of injection were too far apart. In our opinion this suggested that the carboxylic acids have no effect on the sex organs themselves, but rather a local effect at the site of injection, in creating more favourable conditions for the absorption of the administered solution. Deanesly & Parkes [1936, 1], who confirmed the fact itself, suggested that the increased effect was due to retardation of the absorption of testosterone. They point to the retarded effects of benzoates of oestrone and oestradiol and are of the opinion that one cannot exclude the possibility of esterification of testosterone by the acid added, even during the preparation of the solution. However, the possibility of activating testosterone by primary alcohols and especially the fact
Electric field suppression of epileptiform activity in hippocampal slices (1996)

1. The effects of relatively small external DC electric fields on synchronous activity in CA1 and CA3 from transverse and longitudinal type hippocampal slices were studied. 2. To record neuronal activity during significant field changes, differential DC amplification was employed with a reference electrode aligned along an isopotential with the recording electrode. 3. Suppression of epileptiform activity was observed in 31 of 33 slices independent of region studied and type of slice but was highly dependent on field orientation with respect to the apical dendritic-somatic axis. 4. Modulation of neuronal activity in these experiments was readily observed at field strengths < or = 5-10 mV/mm. Suppression was seen with the field oriented (positive to negative potential) from the soma to the apical dentrites. 5. In vivo application of these results may be feasible.
Direct action of the parathyroid hormone-like human hypercalcemic factor on bone. (1988)

Peptides containing residues 1-34 of the human parathyroid hormone (PTH)-like hypercalcemic factor (hHCF), termed hHCF-(1-34)-NH2, produce effects similar to those of PTH in several biological systems in vitro and in vivo. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding the potency of hHCF on bone and, by implication, its role in calcium mobilization and the skeletal contribution to tumor-associated hypercalcemia. To resolve this conflict, the effects of infusing either hHCF-(1-34)-NH2 or a peptide containing residues 1-34 of bovine PTH [bPTH-(1-34)] into unrestrained thyroparathyroidectomized rats on a low calcium diet were compared. Direct effects on bone histology and serum calcium levels, which are totally dependent on calcium mobilization from bone in these animals, were examined. bPTH-(1-34) and hHCF-(1-34)-NH2 were equipotent in producing dose-dependent calcium mobilization from bone. At an infusion rate of 0.1 nmol/hr, both peptides produced hypercalcemia and extensive nephrocalcinosis. Histomorphometric analysis of tibiae from these animals after 48 hr of peptide infusion showed a dose-related increase in osteoclast number from 3-5 cells per mm2 at 0.01 nmol/hr to approximately equal to 32 cells per mm2 at 0.1 nmol/hr of hHCF or bovine PTH. These findings indicate that hHCF has a direct PTH-like effect on bone and, in this model system, the hHCF-(1-34)-NH2 is equipotent to bPTH-(1-34).
Evolutionary algorithms and their application to optimal control studies (2001)

Coherent control of a physical or chemical process can be achieved by using phase and amplitude modulated femtosecond laser pulses. A self-learning loop, which connects a femtosecond pulse shaper, an optimization algorithm, and an experimental feedback signal, can automatically steer the interaction between system and electric field and allows control even without any knowledge of the Hamiltonian. The dependability of such a loop is essential to the significance of the optimization results, assigning the optimization algorithm an important role within these learning loops. In this paper, an evolutionary strategy is presented in detail that has successfully been applied to femtosecond pulse shaping in optimal control experiments. A general introduction to evolutionary algorithms is given and the specific adaptation for femtosecond pulse shaping is described. The stability and effectiveness of the algorithm is investigated both in experiments and simulations with an emphasis on the influence of steering parameters of the algorithm, number of configurations in search space, and noise. The algorithm optimizes a set of variables parametrizing the electric field. This particular mapping greatly facilitates the dissection of the optimization goal which is demonstrated by three possible parametrizations and associated applications: polynomial phase functions and adaptive femtosecond pulse compression, periodic phase functions and control of nonlinear photon transitions, multiple pulse structures and control of molecular dynamics.
Minicomputers in Security Dealing (1976)

There are many business applications which fit far better the terminology and techniques of industrial control than they do that of conventional data processing. A dealer in any commodity whose price is continually fluctuating, be it money, stocks, or physical supplies, requires real-time information about the deals of his colleagues and competitors and the state of the market: he requires on-stream processing of this continually changing information against an on-line file system of historic data acquired about the market. His communication needs are best satisfied by interaction through visual displays even though his data processing requirements are those generally associated with small batch-processing EDP machines.
Identification and characterization of a gene regulating enzymatic glycosylation which is induced by diabetes and hyperglycemia specifically in rat cardiac tissue. (1995)

Primary cardiac abnormalities have been frequently reported in patients with diabetes probably due to metabolic consequences of the disease. Approximately 2,000 mRNA species from the heart of streptozotocin-induced diabetic and control rats were compared by the mRNA differential display method, two of eight candidate clones thus isolated (DH1 and 13) were confirmed by Northern blot analysis. The expression of clone 13 was increased in the heart by 3.5-fold (P < 0.05) and decreased in the aorta by twofold (P < 0.05) in diabetes as compared to control. Sequence analysis showed that clone 13 is a rat mitochondrial gene. DH1 was predominantly expressed in the heart with an expression level 6.8-fold higher in the diabetic rats than in control (P < 0.001). Insulin treatment significantly (P < 0.001) normalized the expression of DH1 in the hearts of diabetic rats. DH1 expression was observed in cultured rat cardiomyocytes, but not in aortic smooth muscle cells or in cardiac derived fibroblasts. The expression in cardiomyocytes was regulated by insulin and glucose concentration of culture media. The full length cDNA of DH1 had a single open-reading frame with 85 and 92% amino acid identity to human and mouse UDP-GlcNAc:Gal beta 1-3GalNAc alpha R beta 1-6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (core 2 GlcNAc-T), respectively, a key enzyme determining the structure of O-linked glycosylation. Transient transfection of DH1 cDNA into Cos7 cells conferred core 2 GlcNAc-T enzyme activity. In vivo, core 2 GlcNAc-T activity was increased by 82% (P < 0.05) in diabetic hearts vs controls, while the enzymes GlcNAc-TI and GlcNAc-TV responsible for N-linked glycosylation were unchanged. These results suggest that core 2 GlcNAc-T is specifically induced in the heart by diabetes or hyperglycemia. The induction of this enzyme may be responsible for the increase in the deposition of glycoconjugates and the abnormal functions found in the hearts of diabetic rats.
Femtopulse laser-based mask repair in the DUV wavelength regime (2006)

Deep ultraviolet (DUV) femtosecond-pulsed laser ablation has numerous highly desirable properties for subtractive photomask defect repair. These qualities include high removal rates, resolution better than the focused spot size, minimized redeposition of the ablated material (rollup and splatter), and a negligible heat affected zone. The optical properties of the photomask result in a broad repair process window because the absorber film (whether Cr or MoSi) and the transmissive substrate allow for a high degree of material removal selectivity. Repair results and process parameters from such a system are examined in light of theoretical considerations. In addition, the practical aspects of the operation of this system in a production mask house environment are reviewed from the standpoint of repair quality, capability, availability, and throughput. Focus is given to the benefit received by the mask shop, and to the technical performance of the system.
Langmuir–Blodgett membranes for separation and sensing (1991)

Abstract The current status of Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films is described with regard to biomimetic applications as separating membranes and sensor layers. In the first part, recent research activities on the utility of LB membranes for gas separation, liquid permeation, hyper‐ and ultrafiltration are reviewed. The morphological aspects of materials separation in LB films are discussed. In the second part, recent progress in the rapidly growing field of LB‐film‐based chemical sensors and blosensors is reviewed. The structure and function of gas and ion sensors, and enzyme and immunosensors is briefly discussed. Perspectives for future activities in the fields of LB membranes and sensors are outlined.
Prospects of Levetiracetam as a Neuroprotective Drug Against Status Epilepticus, Traumatic Brain Injury, and Stroke (2013)

Levetiracetam (LEV) is an anti-epileptic drug commonly used for the treatment of partial onset and generalized seizures. In addition to its neuromodulatory and neuroinhibitory effects via its binding to the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, multiple studies have suggested neuroprotective properties for LEV in both epileptic and non-epileptic conditions. The purpose of this review is to discuss the extent of LEV-mediated protection seen in different neurological conditions, the potential of LEV for easing epileptogenesis, and the possible mechanisms that underlie the protective properties of LEV. LEV has been found to be particularly beneficial for restraining seizures in animal models of spontaneous epilepsy, acute seizures, and status epilepticus (SE). However, its ability for easing epileptogenesis and cognitive dysfunction following SE remains controversial with some studies implying favorable outcomes and others reporting no beneficial effects. Efficacy of LEV as a neuroprotective drug against traumatic brain injury (TBI) has received much attention. While animal studies in TBI models have showed significant neuroprotection and improvements in motor and memory performance with LEV treatment, clinical studies suggest that LEV has similar efficacy as phenytoin in terms of its ability to prevent post-traumatic epilepsy. LEV treatment for TBI is also reported to have fewer adverse effects and monitoring considerations but electroencephalographic recordings suggest the presence of increased seizure tendency. Studies on stroke imply that LEV is a useful alternative to carbamazepine for preventing post-stroke seizures in terms of efficacy and safety. Thus, LEV treatment has promise for restraining SE-, TBI-, or stroke-induced chronic epilepsy. Nevertheless, additional studies are needed to ascertain the most apt dose, timing of intervention, and duration of treatment after the initial precipitating injury and the mechanisms underlying LEV-mediated beneficial effects.
Structure, expression, and function of, Ng‐CAM a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily involved in neuron‐neuron and neuron‐glia adhesion (1992)

The neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule (Ng-CAM) mediates neuron-neuron adhesion by a homophilic mechanism and neuron-astrocyte adhesion by a heterophilic mechanism. The protein is expressed on neurons and Schwann cells but not on astrocytes. It is most prevalent during development on cell bodies of migrating neurons and on axons during formation of nerves. Ng-CAM expression is greatly increased following nerve injury. Anti-Ng-CAM antibodies inhibited migration of granule cells along Bergmann glia in cerebellar explants and fasciculation of neurites in outgrowths from explants of dorsal root ganglia. The combined results indicate that Ng-CAM on neurons binds to Ng-CAM on adjacent neurons and to as yet unidentified ligands on astrocytes. Ng-CAM is synthesized in chicken neurons from a 6 kb mRNA as Mr approximately 200,000 forms which are cleaved to yield two components of Mr 135,000 and 80,000. It is glycosylated and can be phosphorylated. Amino acid sequence analysis indicates that it contains six immunoglobulin domains, five fibronectin type III repeats, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic region. Structural analyses indicate that Ng-CAM is most closely related to the mammalian glycoprotein L1 but significant differences between them strongly suggest that they are not equivalent molecules. The recent identification of another structurally related molecule in the chicken called Nr-CAM underscores the notion that these molecules are members of a subfamily of neural cell adhesion molecules within the immunoglobulin superfamily that have related or complementary functions in the nervous system.
Cloning of par region and the effect of par region on the stability of pUC9. (1992)

The par region of pSC101 was cloned into pUC9, and pEC302 was obtained. The stability of pEC302 and pUC9 in E. coli HB101 was tested on M9 medium to determine the effect of par region on the stability of plasmid. After 40 generations, pUC9 was almost completely lost, while pEC302 was 100% maintained in host cells.