gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
연구논문 : In vitro 3T3 NRU 광독성시험을 이용한 자외선 차단 원료의 광독성 여부 평가 (2013)

UV에 의한 피부 손상은 free radical을 생성하여 세포막 등의 손상을 초래하는 산소 의존적인 반응과 photo-products를 형성하여 핵이나 세포막을 손상시키는 산소 비의존적 반응으로 구분된다 (Gaspar et al., 2007). 일반적으로 화학적 자외선 차단제는 피부에 침투가 가능하며, 자외선영역의 에너지를 흡수하여 흥분상태가 되었다가 기저상태로 돌아오면서 에너지를 방출하여 세포를 손상시킨다 (Gaspara et al., 2013). 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 유기 자외선 차단제 중 하나인 Avobenzone은 UV에 노출되었을 때, 반응성이 매우 높아져서 singlet excited state가 될 수 있는 에너지를 제공하여 활성산소종을 생성한다 (Chatelain et al., 2010). 또한 유기 원료인 octocrylene, octylmethoxycinnamate, benzophenone-3, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), 2-phenylbenzimidazle-5-sulfonic acid (PBSA)가 포함된 자외선 차단제를 발랐을 때, 표피를 침투하여 nucleated layer 에 도달할 수 있으며 활성산소종을 생성한다고 보고되었다 (Hanson et al., 2006). 형성된 활성산소종은 DNA는 물론 세포막의 지질을 손상시켜 세포의 apoptosis와도 관련있으며 (Hensley et al., 2000), 피부암과 건선에도 영향을 미치는 것으로 보고되었다 (Trouba et al., 2002). 물리적 자외선 차단 성분은 피부에 투과되지 않기 때문에 화학적 자외선 차단 성분보다 상대적으로 안전하다고 알려져 있다. 그러나 물리적 자외선 차단제의 나노입자의 사용이 증가하고 있어서 피부 투과에 대한 부분은 논란이 되고 있다. 나노입자는 잠재적으로 폐나 혈류를 통하여 내부 장기에 손상을 줄 수 있기 때문에 독성학적인 측면에서도 이슈가 되고 있다 (Shi et al., 2013). 특히 Titanium dioxide의 경우 빛에 의해 활성화되어 광촉 매작용을 하며, 피부 세포와 반응하여 singlet oxygen, superoxide anions (O2-), hydroxyl radicals (OH-)와 같은 활성산소종을 생성하여 세포와 미토콘드리아 손상에 의해 독성을 나타낸다 (Yin et al., 2012). 그러나 이러한 독성은 광활성을 줄여주는 화학물질로 코팅했을 경우 크게 감소하여 태양광에 노출되어도 입자가 안정하게 유지되도록 한다 (Tang et al., 2013). 따라서 현재 자사에서는 코팅된 무기 원료를 사용하며, 유기 원료는 10% 이내, 무기 원료는 25% 이내 사용함으로써 보다 안전한 제품을 만들고 있다. 자외선 차단제 원료의 광독성에 대한 안전성 평가는 필수적이고, 그 동안은 동물 실험으로 안전성을 평가 하였으나 새로운 in vitro 평가 프로세스가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서 OECD에서 이미 인증한 in vitro 3T3 NRU 광독성 시험법을 이용하여 자외선 차단제의 광독성 판정 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 첫번째 실험에서는 주로 사용되는 자외선 차단 원료 (유기 자외선 차단 원료 8종, 무기 자외선 차단 원료 11종) 19종을 1,000 ㎍/㎖ 의 농도부터 serial dilution하였으며, 유기 자외선 차단 원료 1종, 무기 자외선 차단 원료 1종이 광독성 의심으로 판정되고 유기 자외선 차단 원료 1종이 광독성 양성으로 판정되었다. in vitro 3T3 NRU 광독성 시험법에서는 처리시 배지의 투명도를 유지하는 물질을 실험 시료로 권장하고 있으나, 자외선 차단 원료의 경우 대부분 배지에 대한 용해도가 낮아 불투명하게 변하였으며 불균일한 분산 형태로 존재하는 것이 많았다. 또한 용해되지 않고 분산되어 있던 입자들은 처리 시간 동안 가라앉아 plate의 바닥에 붙어있는 마우스 섬유모세포에 부착되어 세척이 잘 되지 않았다. OECD guideline 에는 시험 용액의 불투명성과 침전 등이 발생하지 않아야 한다고 제시되어있으며 (OECD, 2004), 위양성이 고려되어(Spielmann et al., 2000), 이러한 문제점을 줄이고자 최고 농도를 100 ㎍/㎖ 로 낮추어 재검정 한 결과(Yin et al., 2012), 광독성 의심 또는 양성으로 판정 되었던 4종의 원료 모두 광독성 음성으로 판정되었다. 이 원료 4종의 기존의 in vivo 연구에서 광독성이 없다고 보고된 바 있으므로 첫번째 실험의 결과는 자외선 차단 원료의 난용성에 의해 위양성으로 판정되었다고 추정된다. 최근 연구에서 나노입자의 in vitro 실험을 이용한 연구에서는 TiO2를 2시간 정도 초음파 처리하고 처리 직전까지 약 10분간 믹싱함으로써 세포에 점착되는 현상을 줄일 수 있다고 보고되었다(Tang et al., 2013). 자외선 차단 원료는 매일 반복적으로 노출되고, UV에 대한 방어 작용을 통하여 피부를 보호하는 기능을 하므로 광독성 평가법이 필수적이나, 기존의 in vitro 3T3 NRU 광독성 시험법을 자외선 차단 원료의 평가에 그대로 적용하는 데에는 여러 가지 한계점이 있었다. 보다 정확한 측정을 위해서는 시험물질의 용해도 개선 및 세포 생존율 평가에 간섭을 주는 현상에 대한 개선이 필요하며, 원료뿐만 아니라 제형에 따른 변화 혹은 제품 내에서 원료의 조합에 따른 광독성 발생 여부에 대하여 추가적인 연구가 필요하다.
Protocol for extraction of genomic DNA from swine solid tissues (2002)

Molecular diagnostics are performed by using DNA from different body tissues. However, it is necessary to obtain genomic DNA of good quality. Due to the impossibility of collecting blood from slaughtered animals, DNA extraction from solid tissues is necessary. The objective of this study was to describe a protocol of DNA extraction from swine skin, adipose, brain, liver, kidney and muscle tissues. We obtained high molecular weight DNA of good quality, shown by agarose gel and amplification of two DNA fragments, 605bp and 891pb, by PCR. Spectrophotometric analysis of DNA concentration showed variation among the DNA from different tissues, with the liver and adipose tissues presenting the greatest and the smallest concentration, respectively. The described protocol has proven to be advantageous due to its simplicity, quickness, affordable reagents and absence of phenol, resulting in a high molecular weight DNA of good quality from several tissues.
Noonan syndrome: A review (1985)

After an introduction dealing with the "historical evolution" of the Noonan syndrome (NS), we try to define the NS phenotype based on clinical descriptions published since 1883. The theories concerning the cause of the NS are discussed fully. The peculiar cardiac involvement deserves special attention and raises the question of whether the Watson and LEOPARD syndromes are indistinguishable from NS. Finally, the recent contributions to the variability of the NS phenotype (reports on lymphatic dysplasia, partial deficiency of factor XI, malignant hyperthermia, perceptual-motor disabilities, and endocrine evaluation) are also described.
Mobile in vivo biopsy and camera robot. (2006)

A mobile in vivo biopsy robot has been developed to perform a biopsy from within the abdominal cavity while being remotely controlled. This robot provides a platform for effectively sampling tissue. The robot has been used in vivo in a porcine model to biopsy portions of the liver and mucosa layer of the bowel. After reaching the specified location, the grasper was actuated to biopsy the tissue of interest. The biopsy specimens were gathered from the grasper after robot retraction from the abdominal cavity. This paper outlines the steps towards the successful design of an in vivo biopsy robot. The clamping forces required for successful biopsy are presented and in vivo performance of this robot is addressed.
The refined 2.0 Å X‐ray crystal structure of the complex formed between bovine β‐trypsin and CMTI‐I, a trypsin inhibitor from squash seeds (Cucurbita maxima) Topological similarity of the squash seed inhibitors with the carboxypeptidase A inhibitor from potatoes (1989)

The stoichiometric complex formed between bovine beta-trypsin and the Cucurbita maxima trypsin inhibitor I (CMTI-I) was crystallized and its X-ray crystal structure determined using Patterson search techniques. Its structure has been crystallographically refined to a final R value of 0.152 (6.0-2.0 A). CMTI-I is of ellipsoidal shape; it lacks helices or beta-sheets, but consists of turns and connecting short polypeptide stretches. The disulfide pairing is CYS-3I-20I, Cys-10I-22I and Cys-16I-28I. According to the polypeptide fold and disulfide connectivity its structure resembles that of the carboxypeptidase A inhibitor from potatoes. Thirteen of the 29 inhibitor residues are in direct contact with trypsin; most of them are in the primary binding segment Val-2I (P4)-Glu-9I (P4') which contains the reactive site bond Arg-5I-Ile-6I and is in a conformation observed also for other serine proteinase inhibitors.
Developmental Regulation of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and Its Receptor 1 in Rat Brain: Function of PACAP as a Neurotrophic Factora (1998)

To function as a trophic factor PACAP and PACAP-R must be expressed in the nervous system during early development. We report here on the distribution of PACAP mRNA in the developing nervous system of the rat and compare its expression with that of PACAP-R. We discuss primary neuron culture experiments that study the neurotrophic activity of PACAP. Experimental results that indicate the presence of PACAP and its receptor in the developing nervous system, together with the observed neuropeptide activity on various populations of neurons, support the view that PACAP exhibits important neurotrophic activities comparable to those of the classical neurotrophic factors.
The role of histamine in the neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary hormone secretion (1991)

The neurotransmitter histamine participates in the neuroendocrine regulation of pituitary hormone secretion by an indirect action at a hypothalamic level where histaminergic neurons are abundant. The effect of histamine is caused by activation of postsynaptic H1- or H2-receptors. Histamine stimulates the secretion of ACTH, beta-endorphin (mediated by CRH and AVP), alpha-MSH (mediated by dopamine and peripheral catecholamines), and PRL (mediated by dopamine, serotonin and AVP), and participates in the stress-induced release of these hormones and possibly in the suckling- and estrogen-induced PRL release. The release of GH and TSH is predominantly inhibited by histamine; however, uncertainty exists regarding its role and the hypothalamic factors involved. Histamine increases the secretion of LH in females (mediated by GnRH), and may be involved in the mediation of the estrogen-induced LH surge. AVP and oxytocin are stimulated by histamine, probably by an effect in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
Variable TE gradient and spin echo sequences for in Vivo MR microscopy of short T2 species (1998)

Abstract Collagen‐rich tissues such as skin or fibrous cartilage have very short T 2 and thus, in order to be visible, demand a commensurate reduction in echo time. Whereas short echo time for imaging of humans is straightforward at large fields of view with currently available whole body gradient hardware, the problem is more challenging in the microscopic resolution regime (&lt;100μm). In this work a simple approach consisting of shortening the echo time dynamically toward the lower spatial frequencies is described for three–dimensional partial flip‐angle gradient and spin‐echo sequences. Microimages obtained in vivo at 50 μm resolution on a 1.5 T whole body scanner are shown to afford a signal‐to‐noise gain of over 100% in the dermis of the human skin. A point–spread function analysis indicates that the variable echo time gradient–echo sequence produces a unique not previously reported off‐resonance artifact in the phase–encoding direction. The artifact results from the phase modulation occurring during the variable echo time and can manifest as both blurring and intensity fluctuations, as well as shifts of boundaries in the phase–encoding direction. However, for the on‐resonance condition, the images are free from these artifacts and exhibit significantly improved signal‐to‐noise ratio.
Spinal Cord Stimulation Restores Locomotion in Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease (2009)

Dopamine replacement therapy is useful for treating motor symptoms in the early phase of Parkinson's disease, but it is less effective in the long term. Electrical deep-brain stimulation is a valuable complement to pharmacological treatment but involves a highly invasive surgical procedure. We found that epidural electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns in the spinal cord restores locomotion in both acute pharmacologically induced dopamine-depleted mice and in chronic 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats. The functional recovery was paralleled by a disruption of aberrant low-frequency synchronous corticostriatal oscillations, leading to the emergence of neuronal activity patterns that resemble the state normally preceding spontaneous initiation of locomotion. We propose that dorsal column stimulation might become an efficient and less invasive alternative for treatment of Parkinson's disease in the future.
Null mutation of Dlx-2 results in abnormal morphogenesis of proximal first and second branchial arch derivatives and abnormal differentiation in the forebrain. (1995)

Genetic analysis of the development and evolution of the vertebrate head is at a primitive stage. Many homeo box genes, including the Distal-less family, are potential regulators of head development. To determine the function of Dlx-2, we generated a null mutation in mice using gene targeting. In homozygous mutants, differentiation within the forebrain is abnormal and the fate of a subset of cranial neural crest cells is respecified. The latter causes abnormal morphogenesis of the skeletal elements derived from the proximal parts of the first and second branchial arches. We hypothesize that the affected skull bones from the first arch have undergone a transformation into structures similar to those found in reptiles. These results show that Dlx-2 controls development of the branchial arches and the forebrain and suggests its role in craniofacial evolution.
Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine (2011)

These contribution books collect reviews and original articles from eminent experts working in the interdisciplinary arena of biomaterial development and use. From their direct and recent experience, the readers can achieve a wide vision on the new and ongoing potentialities of different synthetic and engineered biomaterials. Contributions were selected not based on a direct market or clinical interest, but on results coming from a very fundamental studies. This too will allow to gain a more general view of what and how the various biomaterials can do and work for, along with the methodologies necessary to design, develop and characterize them, without the restrictions necessary imposed by industrial or profit concerns. Biomaterial constructs and supramolecular assemblies have been studied, for example, as drug and protein carriers, tissue scaffolds, or to manage the interactions between artificial devices and the body. In this volume of the biomaterial series have been gathered in particular reviews and papers focusing on the application of new and known macromolecular compounds to nanotechnology and nanomedicine, along with their chemical and mechanical engineering aimed to fit specific biomedical purposes.
From Sparse Solutions of Systems of Equations to Sparse Modeling of Signals and Images (2009)

A full-rank matrix ${\bf A}\in \mathbb{R}^{n\times m}$ with $n<m$ generates an underdetermined system of linear equations ${\bf Ax} = {\bf b}$ having infinitely many solutions. Suppose we seek the sparsest solution, i.e., the one with the fewest nonzero entries. Can it ever be unique? If so, when? As optimization of sparsity is combinatorial in nature, are there efficient methods for finding the sparsest solution? These questions have been answered positively and constructively in recent years, exposing a wide variety of surprising phenomena, in particular the existence of easily verifiable conditions under which optimally sparse solutions can be found by concrete, effective computational methods. Such theoretical results inspire a bold perspective on some important practical problems in signal and image processing. Several well-known signal and image processing problems can be cast as demanding solutions of undetermined systems of equations. Such problems have previously seemed, to many, intractable, but there is considerable evidence that these problems often have sparse solutions. Hence, advances in finding sparse solutions to underdetermined systems have energized research on such signal and image processing problems—to striking effect. In this paper we review the theoretical results on sparse solutions of linear systems, empirical results on sparse modeling of signals and images, and recent applications in inverse problems and compression in image processing. This work lies at the intersection of signal processing and applied mathematics, and arose initially from the wavelets and harmonic analysis research communities. The aim of this paper is to introduce a few key notions and applications connected to sparsity, targeting newcomers interested in either the mathematical aspects of this area or its applications.
Development of Spontaneous Autoimmune Peripheral Polyneuropathy in B7-2–Deficient Nod Mice (2001)

An increasing number of studies have documented the central role of T cell costimulation in autoimmunity. Here we show that the autoimmune diabetes-prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse strain, deficient in B7-2 costimulation, is protected from diabetes but develops a spontaneous autoimmune peripheral polyneuropathy. All the female and one third of the male mice exhibited limb paralysis with histologic and electrophysiologic evidence of severe demyelination in the peripheral nerves beginning at 20 wk of age. No central nervous system lesions were apparent. The peripheral nerve tissue was infiltrated with dendritic cells, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells. Finally, CD4+ T cells isolated from affected animals induced the disease in NOD.SCID mice. Thus, the B7-2–deficient NOD mouse constitutes the first model of a spontaneous autoimmune disease of the peripheral nervous system, which has many similarities to the human disease, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). This model demonstrates that NOD mice have “cryptic” autoimmune defects that can polarize toward the nervous tissue after the selective disruption of CD28/B7-2 costimulatory pathway.
Use of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) for studying control of gene expression: correct regulation of the genes of a human beta-globin locus YAC following transfer to mouse erythroleukemia cell lines. (1993)

We demonstrate that transfer of a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) containing 230 kb of the human beta-globin locus into mouse erythroleukemia cells by fusion results in correct developmental regulation of the human beta-like globin genes. Additionally, we show that early after hybrid formation, human embryonic epsilon- and fetal gamma-globin genes are coexpressed with the adult beta gene but that after 10-20 weeks in culture, globin gene expression switches to predominantly adult. Thus, in contrast to shorter gene constructs, the globin genes of the beta-globin locus YAC are regulated like the chromosomal globin genes. These results indicate that transfer of YACs into established cell lines can be used for the analysis of the developmental control of multigenic and developmentally regulated human loci.
The Effect of Chromium Picolinate and Biotin Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Poorly Controlled Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blinded, Randomized Trial (2006)

This pilot study demonstrates that supplementation with a combination of chromium picolinate and biotin in poorly controlled patients with diabetes receiving antidiabetic therapy improved glucose management and several lipid measurements. Chromium picolinate/ biotin supplementation may represent an effective adjunctive nutritional therapy to people with poorly controlled diabetes with the potential for improving lipid metabolism.
All-Glass Large-Core Leakage Channel Fibers (2009)

Leakage channel fibers (LCFs) have demonstrated their ability to significantly extend the effective mode area of a fundamental mode while maintaining robust single-mode operation. These fibers are designed to have strong built-in mode filtering that effectively suppresses the propagation of all higher order modes while keeping fundamental-mode loss to a minimum, and, therefore, effectively extending the regime of single-mode operation. Recently, all-glass LCFs have been demonstrated as a significant improvement over designs with air holes. These all-glass LCFs can not only be manufactured with much improved consistence and uniformity, but can also be handled and used as conventional fibers. More importantly, mode distortions from collapse of air holes in photonic crystal fibers during splicing and other endface treatments are largely eliminated. We will review some of the recent progress in this area.
Gamma-enolase: a well-known tumour marker, with a less-known role in cancer (2015)

The C-terminal part of the molecule, which is not related to glycolytic pathway, was shown to promote survival of neuronal cells by regulating neuronal growth factor receptor dependent signalling pathways, resulting also in extensive actin cytoskeleton remodelling. This additional function could be important also in cancer cells either to protect cells from stressful conditions and therapeutic agents or to promote tumour cell migration and invasion. Gamma-enolase might therefore have a multifunctional role in cancer progression: it supports increased tumour cell metabolic demands, protects tumour cells from stressful conditions and promotes their invasion and migration.
ADH1B*1, ADH1C*2, DRD2 (−141C Ins), and 5‐HTTLPR Are Associated With Alcoholism in Mexican American Men Living in Los Angeles (2004)

Together, the data reveal unique genetic patterns in Mexican Americans that may be in part responsible for the heightened risk for alcoholism and alcohol-associated health problems in this population.
Suppression of the floating-body effect using SiGe layers in vertical surrounding-gate MOSFETs (2001)

The use of silicon germanium (SiGe) heterostructures in vertical surrounding-gate MOSFETs provides an additional means for tailoring current-voltage (I-V) characteristics by controlling physical effects inside the device. Incorporation of an SiGe layer in the vertical MOSFET source can delay the floating-body effect by changing the back injection efficiency and current gain of the parasitic bipolar junction transistor (BJT). Structures with abrupt and ramped SiGe source layers showed up to 2 V and 6 V increases in breakdown voltage at low gate voltages with suppression of the floating-body effect kink. Comparison of simulation to experiment displayed the difficulties of accurately predicting device parameters, but demonstrated the usefulness of simulation to qualitatively predict device behavior.
A randomized parallel study to assess the safety and efficacy of two different dosing regimens of 5% imiquimod in the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma (2008)

Five weeks of 5% imiquimod cream once daily with a 1-week interval was more effective but as well tolerated as the 8-week alternate week regimen for sBCC.
AVA: A large-scale database for aesthetic visual analysis (2012)

With the ever-expanding volume of visual content available, the ability to organize and navigate such content by aesthetic preference is becoming increasingly important. While still in its nascent stage, research into computational models of aesthetic preference already shows great potential. However, to advance research, realistic, diverse and challenging databases are needed. To this end, we introduce a new large-scale database for conducting Aesthetic Visual Analysis: AVA. It contains over 250,000 images along with a rich variety of meta-data including a large number of aesthetic scores for each image, semantic labels for over 60 categories as well as labels related to photographic style. We show the advantages of AVA with respect to existing databases in terms of scale, diversity, and heterogeneity of annotations. We then describe several key insights into aesthetic preference afforded by AVA. Finally, we demonstrate, through three applications, how the large scale of AVA can be leveraged to improve performance on existing preference tasks.
Solid‐State Cells with Buffer Electrodes for the Measurement of Thermodynamic Properties of IrO2, CaIrO3, Ca2IrO4, and Ca4IrO6 (1999)

The standard Gibbs energies of formation of , , and have been measured in the temperature range 940–1350 K using solid‐state cells with as the electrolyte and pure oxygen gas at a pressure of 0.1 MPa as the reference electrode. For the design of appropriate working electrodes, phase relations in the ternary system Ca‐Ir‐O were investigated at 1300 K. The only stable oxide detected along the binary Ir‐O was . Three ternary oxides. , , and , compositions of which fall on the join , were found to be stable. Each of the oxides coexisted with pure metal Ir. Therefore, five working electrodes were prepared, consisting of mixtures of , and . These mixtures unambiguously define unique oxygen chemical potentials under isothermal and isobaric conditions. A novel apparatus, incorporating a buffer electrode between reference and working electrodes to absorb the electrochemical flux of oxygen through the solid electrolyte, was used for measurement. The buffer electrode prevented polarization of the measuring electrode and ensured accurate data. The standard Gibbs energies of formation of the compounds, obtained from the emf of the cells, can be represented by the equations