gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural Features of Nonionic Polyglycol Polymer Molecules Responsible for the Protective Effect in Sparged Animal Cell Bioreactors (1990)

The nonionic surfactant Pluronic F-68 polyol is commonly used to protect cultured animal cells from the detrimental effects of sparging. In this study we investigated the structural features of the Pluronic F-68 molecule responsible for this protective behavior. Poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxypropylene) block copolymer polyols of various molecular weights and percentages of hydrophobe (poly(oxypropylene], including both Pluronic and reverse Pluronic polyols, were considered. The potential toxicity of these agents was examined in the absence of sparging (i.e., in spinner flasks) by using the attachment-independent Sf9 insect cell line as a model system. Each polyol resulted in one of three distinct types of behavior in these spinner flask experiments: (1) cells lysed at an exponential rate, (2) inhibition of cell growth (i.e., no net cell growth), or (3) uninhibited cell growth. It was then shown that all of the Pluronic and reverse Pluronic polyols that did not inhibit cell growth provided protection from sparging in the bioreactors used in this study; thus, finding a polyol that protected cells was synonymous with finding one that did not inhibit cell growth. The ability of these polyols to protect animal cells in sparged bioreactors was found to correlate well with the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB). Those polyols with the largest HLB values were found to be protective agents. These poly(oxyethylene)-poly(oxypropylene) polyols were also shown to be more effective protective agents than pure poly(oxyethylene); thus, the presence of the hydrophobe (poly(oxypropylene] is important in their ability to serve as protective agents.
Integrating Symbolic and Statistical Methods for Prepositional Phrase Attachment (1999)

This paper’ presents a novel methodology of resolving prepositional phrase attachment ambiguities. The approach consists of three phases. First, we rely on a publicly available database to classify a large corpus of prepositional attachments extracted from the Treebank parses. As a by-product, the arguments of every prepositional relation are semantically disambiguated. In the second phase, the thematic interpretation of the prepositional relations provides additional knowledge. The third phase is concerned with learning attachment decisions from word class knowledge and relation type features. The learning technique builds upon some of the most popular current statistical techniques. We have tested this methodology on (1) Wall Street Journal articles, (2) textual definitions of concepts from a dictionary and (3) an ad-hoc corpus of Web documents, used for conceptual indexing and information extraction.
Computational investigation of the DEMON unmanned air vehicle thrust vectoring system (2009)

A computational investigation of the interaction of the vectored primary jet from the main engine with the subsonic flow around a tailless unmanned air vehicle (UAV) configuration, with a cropped diamond wing planform, has been carried out. An initial study has been completed using Reynolds-averaged Navier—Stokes methods in conjunction with the shear-stress transport k—ω model. Various sets of simulations were performed on the basis of quantifying the thrust vectoring (TV) jet entrainment effects by means of aerodynamic forces and moments when key factors are combined, such as angles of thrust velocity deflection at different jet Mach number and angles of attack. It was found that reaction forces induced by the modified pressure on the integrated boundary of the body results in an enhancement of the TV effectiveness in producing the forces and moments required for the flight vehicle trim and manoeuvring. Those reaction forces were found to be independent of the angle of attack.
Why Do So Many Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease Fail in Development? Time for New Methods and New Practices? (2008)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug developments and clinical trials (CT) remain vulnerable to problems that undermine research validity. Investigations of CT methods reveal how numerous factors decrease active drug-placebo group differences and increase variance, thereby reducing power to reach statistical significance for outcome measure differences in AD CTs. Such factors include, amongst many, inaccuracy, imprecision, bias, failures to follow or lack of operational protocols for applying CT methods, inter-site variance, and lack of homogeneous sampling using disorder criteria. After a review of the literature and survey of a sample of AD and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) CTs, the authors question whether problems of human error preclude AD researchers from continuing their dependence on rated outcome measures for CTs. The authors propose that the realities of AD, especially a probable irreversible progression of neuropathology prior to onset of clinical symptoms or signs capable of differentiating persons at risk for AD from normal aged, require AD investigators and clinicians to privilege biomarkers and encourage their development as surrogate targets for preventive AD treatment developments, testing, and use in clinical practice.
Heritable nephroblastoma (Wilms' tumor) in the Upjohn Sprague Dawley rat. (1996)

There has been no satisfactory animal model for hereditary nephroblastoma (NB; Wilms' tumor), the most common malignant renal tumor in children. A rat subline with a high incidence of NB, designated Upj:TUC(SD)spf.nb, was established from tumor-bearing Upjohn Sprague Dawley (Upj:TUC[SD]spf) stock rats by inbreeding. Incidence of NB was increased from 2.2% (1/46) to 33.0% (4/12) in males and from 10.0% (5/50) to 58.3% (7/12) in females through four successive generations of sister-to-brother mating. The overall incidence of NB-6.5% (14/214) in males and 21.6% (49/227) in females-was over 150-fold higher than the incidence of the tumor in other strains of rats. Of the 63 tumors, 47 (75%) developed at 4 to 12 months of age, and 32 (51%) developed at 7 to 9 months of age. Twelve of the tumors (19%) were bilateral, and in four rats (6.3%) the tumor was triphasic Wilms' tumor. Five of the tumors invaded the adjoining abdominal organs; none metastasized to distant organs. The tumor was consistently transplanted to syngeneic rats through 10 successive passages. The transplanted tumor, as the primary tumor, was composed of blastemoepithelial cells. The Upj:TUC(SD) spf.nb rat with a high incidence of NB, established at the Upjohn Company and donated to the Cleveland Clinic, may be an appropriate animal model for NB (Wilms' tumor) in children.
Analysis and quantitation of biotinylated apoB-containing lipoproteins with streptavidin-Cy3 (2002)

Non denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE) is commonly used to analyze the size distribution of lipoprotein particles. Its relatively low sensitivity and linear dynamic range limit use of GGE to quantify protein content of lipoproteins. We demonstrate a new high sensitivity method for analysis and quantitation of biotinylated apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins using a fluorescent streptavidin-Cy3 conjugate and non covalent preelectrophoretic binding. Forty-four lipoprotein subfractions spanning the VLDL and LDL particle spectrum subfractions (11 each from four human subjects) were prepared by density gradient ultracentrifugation. An aliquot of each sample was biotinylated and GGE was performed. Gels also were stained for lipid with Oil Red O (32 samples) and for protein with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (30 samples). There was a significant relationship between the Cy3 fluorescent label area under the curve and the mass of apoB (P < 0.02-0.004) and total cholesterol (P < 0.03-0.004). Particle diameters of each absorbence/fluorescent peak were comparable between Oil-Red O and streptavidin-Cy3 treated biotinylated lipoproteins (+/-3.54 A, P = 0.3). Biotinylation and prestaining of lipoprotein particle with streptavidin-Cy3 provides a new fluorescence-based method for detection and quantitative analysis of lipoprotein subspecies by gradient gel electrophoresis.
Hysteresis current regulation for single-phase multilevel inverters using asynchronous state machines (2004)

This paper describes the use of asynchronous state machines for the hysteresis current regulation of multi-level inverters. The state machines exploit the redundant states in order to balance the switching losses between the semiconductor devices, and to balance the voltages across the capacitors of topologies with series connected capacitors. The current regulators achieve a robust transient and steady state operation that fully utilises both the multiple DC levels available and the redundant states. Theory, simulation and experimental results are presented.
Concise Preparation of Amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolines and Amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolines via Catalytic Hydrogenation of Acetamidoquinolines and Acetamidoisoquinolines (2002)

A method to prepare amino-substituted 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinolines and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroisoquinolines via catalytic hydrogenation of the corresponding acetamido-substituted quinolines and isoquinolines followed by acetamide hydrolysis is described. The yields of the products are good when the acetamido substituent is present on the pyridine ring and moderate with the acetamido substituent on the benzene ring. This method has also been applied to the regioselective reduction of quinoline substrates bearing other substituents (R = OMe, CO(2)Me, Ph).
Investigation of Early Surface Delamination Observed in Retrieved Heat-Pressed Tibial Inserts (1991)

The objective was to examine possible reasons for delamination observed in tibial inserts of the porous-coated anatomic (PCA) knee replacement. To date, 33 PCA inserts have been forwarded to the authors' labs. Of these 33, 52% showed severe delamination within four years of implantation. Visual, structural, and mechanical analyses were conducted and data compared on the heat-pressed PCA type and the common machined inserts. Twenty inserts of the two different types were examined. Visual data using polarized light microscopy showed the presence of a surface layer separated from the middle region of the heat-pressed inserts by a line of demarcation 250-580 microns beneath the articulating surface. This anomaly was not observed in machined inserts. Structural analysis showed the new heat-pressed inserts had increased crystallinity in the surface layer when compared to new machined inserts. The retrieved heat-pressed inserts showed increased crystallinity in the surface and middle regions. There was a slight increase in surface crystallinity in the retrieved machined inserts. Microhardness data showed that there was an increased hardness associated with the crystallinity seen on the heat-pressed inserts. Orthopedic surgeons should be aware of early delamination and surface failure in heat-pressed inserts.
A Mutation in Arabidopsis That Leads to Constitutive Expression of Systemic Acquired Resistance (1994)

Scott A. Bowling, Ailan Guo, Hui Cao, A. Susan Gordon, Daniel F. Klessig, Xinnian Dong, A Mutation in Arabidopsis That Leads to Constitutive Expression of Systemic Acquired Resistance, The Plant Cell, Vol. 6, No. 12 (Dec., 1994), pp. 1845-1857
Glomerular deposition of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) indicates a novel mechanism of complement activation in IgA nephropathy (1998)

The lectin pathway of complement activation, which is initiated by the MBL/MASPs complex, evidently contributes to the development of glomerular injury in a significant number of cases with IgA-N. In addition, these findings will add insight to the pathogenesis of IgA-N, including its relation to infection, since MBL plays a crucial role in the host defense against various pathogens.
Rheumatic Manifestations of Infective Endocarditis in Non-Addicts (2001)

Infective endocarditis (IE) is due to a microbial infection of the heart valves or of the endocardium in close proximity to either congenital or acquired cardiac defects. This infection is associated with a high risk of complications. Rheumatic manifestations are known to be frequent complications of IE. Controversy, however, frequently exists about the actual incidence of these complications. This may be due to the small number of series describing the frequency and type of rheumatic manifestations, the absence of uniform criteria used for the diagnosis of IE, and the fact that some studies on rheumatic manifestations in IE have been described from tertiary referral centers, which implicates associated problems of referral bias and uncertainty of denominator population. To investigate further the incidence, clinical spectrum, and outcome of patients with IE and rheumatic manifestations, we examined the features of patients diagnosed with clinically definite IE according to the Duke classification criteria at the single reference hospital for a defined population in northwestern Spain during a 12-year period. Between 1987 and 1998, 100 consecutive patients had 110 episodes of clinically definite IE. Rheumatic manifestations were observed in 46 of the 110 episodes (41.8%). As in other western countries, they occurred more commonly in men aged in their 50s. The most frequent valve involved was the aortic (43.5%) followed by the mitral valve (30.4%). Myalgia was a frequent symptom. Peripheral arthritis, generally as monoarthritis, was clinically evident in 15 cases (13.6%), and sacroiliitis in 1 patient. Low back pain was described in 14 cases (12.7%). Septic discitis was observed in 2 cases, and biopsy-proved cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis was found in 4 cases. Other conditions such as trochanteric bursitis and polymyalgia were observed in 2 and 1 case, respectively. Apart from a significantly higher frequency of hematuria and a trend to lower serum complement levels in patients with rheumatic complications, no differences in clinical features, laboratory tests, or microbiologic blood culture results were found between cases with IE with or without rheumatic manifestations. Also, although patients with rheumatic manifestations had more embolic complications, the inhospital mortality rate in patients with rheumatic manifestations was not significantly different from that of the rest of the patients. The present study supports the claim that rheumatic complications are frequent in patients with clinically definite IE from southern Europe. The presence of musculoskeletal or vasculitic manifestations may be of some help, as warning signs, for the recognition of patients with severe disease who require rapid diagnosis and therapy.
Multiphoton polymerization (2007)

The inherent optical nonlinearity of multiphoton absorption allows such absorption to be localized in regions of high light intensity. This means that photochemical or photophysical transformations can be restricted to occur within the focal volume of a laser beam that has been focused through a microscope objective. By moving the focal position, intricate three-dimensional microstructures can be created. The most well-developed multiphoton fabrication technique – multiphoton absorption polymerization – enables the creation of large-scale structures with feature sizes as small as 100 nm.
Conservation of function between mammalian and plant steroid 5α-reductases (1997)

Arabidopsis det2 mutants are small dark-green dwarfs displaying pleiotropic defects in light-regulated development during multiple stages of the plant life cycle. The DET2 gene encodes a protein that shares approximately 40% sequence identity with mammalian steroid 5alpha-reductases and is implicated in the synthesis of a class of plant steroids, the brassinosteroids. Here we show that the DET2 protein, when expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, catalyzes the 5alpha-reduction of several animal steroid substrates and has similar kinetic properties to the mammalian steroid 5alpha-reductase enzymes. Moreover, human steroid 5alpha-reductases expressed in det2 mutant plants can substitute for DET2 in brassinosteroid biosynthesis. These data indicate that DET2 is an ortholog of the mammalian steroid 5alpha-reductases and provide further evidence that brassinosteroids play an essential role in light-regulated plant development. The structural and functional conservation between DET2 and human steroid 5alpha-reductases raise interesting issues concerning the evolutionary origin of the steroid hormone signaling system.
A Model For Representing Statistical Objects (1991)

In this paper the structure and the semantic properties of the entities stored in databases, whose data are only aggregate-type data, are defined and discussed. This choice is justified by the wide spread use of aggregate data without the corresponding raw data (i.e. micro-data, such as census data). Aggregate data are often derived by applying statistical aggregation (e.g. sum, count) and statistical analysis functions over micro-data, so that the relative databases are called &amp;quot;statistical databases&amp;quot;. For this reason in this paper the above entities are called statistical object and a new representation model based on a graph representation is proposed. Finally representational problems in current models are identified and some solutions are proposed.
No association between cytokine gene polymorphism and risk of Alzheimer´s disease in Slovaks (2010)

Clinical and immunopathological evidence support a potential role of inflammatory cytokines in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, studies examining the association between cytokine gene polymorphisms and risk of developing AD yielded conflicting results. The objective of our study was to evaluate the association between the functional polymorphisms in the TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1, IL-10, IL-6 and IFN-gamma genes, respectively and the risk of AD in Slovak individuals. Fifty sporadic AD patients and 140 non-demented age-matched control subjects were genotyped in our case-control study. The observed allele and genotype frequencies in AD patients and controls did not reveal any statistically significant differences. In conclusion, our data suggest that there is no involvement of cytokine gene genetic variance in the development of AD in the Slovak population.
Loss of the actin regulator HSPC300 results in clear cell renal cell carcinoma protection in Von Hippel-Lindau patients (2007)

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm of the kidney. The majority of hereditary and sporadic ccRCC cases are associated with germline and somatic mutations in the Von Hippel-Lindau gene (VHL), respectively. Gross deletions at the VHL locus can result either in ccRCC or in a mild clinical phenotype, with the absence of ccRCC development. Our goal in this study was to identify the molecular basis responsible for these differences in the clinical behavior in order to predict patients' phenotype. Using multiplex ligation-dependent amplification (MLPA), we identified and characterized gross VHL deletions in Spanish VHL families. A candidate gene related to this clinical association, HSPC300, was identified and depleted by RNA interference. It was possible to narrow the susceptibility region related to the mild clinical phenotype down to approximately 14 kb that included HSPC300 (C3orf10), a regulator of actin dynamics and cytoskeleton organization. Whereas 9 out of 10 families with ccRCC retained HSPC300 in the germline, loss of the HSPC300 locus was associated with mild clinical presentation of the disease in 6 out of 8 families. In fact, genetic depletion of HSPC300 resulted in cytoskeleton abnormalities and cytokinesis arrest in several tumor cell lines including ccRCC cells, suggesting that tumor cell proliferation was compromised in the absence of HSPC300. These clinical and functional data indicate a relevant function of HSPC300 in tumor cell progression, and suggest future therapeutic strategies based upon the inhibition of HSPC300 in renal cell carcinoma and possibly on other cancers.
Analysis of Polymerase Chain Reaction-Amplified DNA Fragments of Clostridium Botulinum Type E Neurotoxin Gene by High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis (1996)

Abstract Detection of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin-producing strains is primarily accomplished using the mouse bioassay. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method has proven to be a rapid, sensitive technique for amplifying target DNA sequences of pathogenic microorganisms. Four PCR-amplified gene fragments derived from the Clostridium botulinum Type E neurotoxin gene, ranging from 410–630 bp, were analyzed by capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE). Sample preparation of PCR fragments required membrane dialysis to remove salt ions. PCR fragments were analyzed by CGE using both linear and covalently cross-linked polymers. Conditions for low-viscosity entangled polymer solutions were optimized to achieve the desired separation efficiency. Assessment of both types of polymer systems included resolution, reproducibility, and sizing accuracy of the PCR fragments. Advantages and limitations of each polymer system are discussed. Electropherograms were compared to results obtained from the agarose slab gel method. CGE afforded more rapid analytical times, automation, higher resolution, and increased DNA sizing accuracy in comparison to the agarose slab gels.
Sky coverage and PSF shape with LGS AO on 8-m telescopes (1998)

We have analytically modeled the performances of a natural guide star and laser guide star adaptive optics system. The performance in terms of Strehl radio in J, H and K bands are presented for two atmospheric models. We use this model to derive values of sky coverage for both systems following two methods. The first one is statistical and uses a model of our Galaxy to give the stellar densities and the AO model to compute the off-axis performances. The second model uses a cross correlation of catalogues of astrophysical objects and reference stars. This gives the number of objects of a given kind that can be observed with a given Strehl. We have also modeled the PSF of a laser guide star system using the modal decomposition of the cone effect and the effect of tilt isoplanatism. It can be seen that the PSF from an LGS system differs significantly from that of a conventional AO system.
Protein disulphide isomerase mediates platelet aggregation and secretion (1999)

Platelet surface thiols and disulphides play an important role in platelet responses. Agents that reduce disulphide bonds expose the fibrinogen receptor in platelets and activate the purified glycoprotein (GP) IIbIIIa receptor. Protein disulphide isomerase (PDI), an enzyme that rearranges disulphides bonds, is found on the platelet surface where it is catalytically active. We investigated the role of PDI in platelet responses using (1) rabbit anti-PDI IgG specific for PDI, (2) a competing substrate (scrambled ribonuclease A), and (3) the PDI inhibitor, bacitracin. Fab fragments of the rabbit anti-PDI IgG inhibited platelet responses to the agonists tested (ADP and collagen), whereas Fab fragments prepared identically from normal rabbit IgG had no inhibitory effect. Scrambled ribonuclease A blocked platelet aggregation and secretion, but native ribonuclease A did not. When biphasic platelet aggregation was examined using platelets in citrated plasma, the principle effect of bacitracin was on second phase or irreversible aggregation responses and the accompanying secretion. Using flow cytometry and an antibody specific for activated GPIIbIIIa (PAC-1), the rabbit anti-PDI Fab fragments substantially inhibited activation of GPIIbIIIa when added before, but not after, platelet activation. In summary, we have demonstrated that protein disulphide isomerase mediates platelet aggregation and secretion, and that it activates GPIIbIIIa, suggesting this receptor as the target of the enzyme.