gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An mRNA Vaccine Encoding Rabies Virus Glycoprotein Induces Protection against Lethal Infection in Mice and Correlates of Protection in Adult and Newborn Pigs (2016)

Rabies is a zoonotic infectious disease of the central nervous system (CNS). In unvaccinated or untreated subjects, rabies virus infection causes severe neurological symptoms and is invariably fatal. Despite the long-standing existence of effective vaccines, vaccine availability remains insufficient, with high numbers of fatal infections mostly in developing countries. Nucleic acid based vaccines have proven convincingly as a new technology for the fast development of vaccines against newly emerging pathogens, diseases where no vaccine exists or for replacing already existing vaccines. We used an optimized non-replicating rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G) encoding messenger RNA (mRNA) to induce potent neutralizing antibodies (VN titers) in mice and domestic pigs. Functional antibody titers were followed in mice for up to one year and titers remained stable for the entire observation period in all dose groups. T cell analysis revealed the induction of both, specific CD4+ as well as CD8+ T cells by RABV-G mRNA, with the induced CD4+ T cells being higher than those induced by a licensed vaccine. Notably, RABV-G mRNA vaccinated mice were protected against lethal intracerebral challenge infection. Inhibition of viral replication by vaccination was verified by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CD4+ T cells are crucial for the generation of neutralizing antibodies. In domestic pigs we were able to induce VN titers that correlate with protection in adult and newborn pigs. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a non-replicating mRNA rabies vaccine in small and large animals and highlights the promises of mRNA vaccines for the prevention of infectious diseases.
Metal–Organic Framework‐Based Nanomedicine Platforms for Drug Delivery and Molecular Imaging (2015)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are a unique class of hybrid porous materials built from metal ions and organic linkers, have attracted significant research interest in recent years. Compared with conventional porous materials, MOFs exhibit a variety of advantages, including a large surface area, a tunable pore size and shape, an adjustable composition and structure, biodegradability, and versatile functionalities, which enable MOFs to perform as promising platforms for drug delivery, molecular imaging, and theranostic applications. In this article, the recent research progress related to nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (NMOFs) is summarized with a focus on synthesis strategies and drug delivery, molecular imaging, and theranostic applications. The future challenges and opportunities of NMOFs are also discussed in the context of translational medical research. More effort is warranted to develop clinically translatable NMOFs for various applications in nanomedicine.
Virulence Role of V Antigen ofYersinia pestisat the Bacterial Surface (1999)

Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, secretes a set of environmentally regulated, plasmid pCD1-encoded virulence proteins termed Yops and V antigen (LcrV) by a type III secretion mechanism (Ysc). LcrV is a multifunctional protein that has been shown to act at the level of secretion control by binding the Ysc inner-gate protein LcrG and to modulate the host immune response by altering cytokine production. LcrV also is essential for the unidirectional targeting of Yops to the cytosol of infected eukaryotic cells. In this study, we constructed an in-frame deletion within lcrG (DeltalcrG3) to further analyze the requirement of LcrV in Yop targeting. We confirmed the essentiality of LcrV and found that LcrG may have a facilitative role, perhaps by promoting efficient secretion of LcrV. We also constructed mutants of lcrV expressing LcrV truncated at the N or C terminus. Both the N and C termini of LcrV were required for the secretion of LcrV into the medium and targeting of Yops. LcrV was detected in punctate zones on the surface of fixed Y. pestis by laser-scanning confocal microscopy, and this localization required a functional Ysc. However, the truncated LcrV proteins were not found on the bacterial surface. Finally, we tested the ability of LcrV-specific Fab antibody fragments or full-length antibody to interfere with Yop targeting and found no interference, even though this antibody protects mice against plague. These results indicate that LcrV may function in Yop targeting at the extracellular surface of yersiniae and that the protective efficacy of LcrV-specific antibodies can be manifested without blocking Yop targeting.
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing of Toll-like receptor signaling components in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with ARDS (2017)

A key physiological feature of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is inflammation. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is required to combat the infection that underlies many ARDS cases but also contributes to pathological inflammation. Several TLR signaling pathway genes encoding positive effectors of inflammation also produce alternatively spliced mRNAs encoding negative regulators of inflammation. An imbalance between these isoforms could contribute to pathological inflammation and disease severity. To determine whether splicing in TLR pathways is altered in patients with ARDS, we monitored alternative splicing of <i>MyD88</i> and <i>IRAK1</i>, two genes that function in multiple TLR pathways. The <i>MyD88</i> and <i>IRAK1</i> genes produce long proinflammatory mRNAs (MyD88<sub>L</sub> and IRAK1) and shorter anti-inflammatory mRNAs (MyD88<sub>S</sub> and IRAK1c). We quantified mRNA encoding inflammatory cytokines and <i>MyD88</i> and <i>IRAK1</i> isoforms in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 104 patients with ARDS and 30 healthy control subjects. We found that <i>MyD88</i> pre-mRNA splicing is altered in patients with ARDS in a proinflammatory direction. We also observed altered <i>MyD88</i> isoform levels in a second critically ill patient cohort, suggesting that these changes may not be unique to ARDS. Early in ARDS, PBMC IRAK1c levels were associated with patient survival. Despite the similarities in <i>MyD88</i> and <i>IRAK1</i> alternative splicing observed in previous in vitro studies, there were differences in how <i>MyD88</i> and <i>IRAK1</i> alternative splicing was altered in patients with ARDS. We conclude that pre-mRNA splicing of TLR signaling genes is altered in patients with ARDS, and further investigation of altered splicing may lead to novel prognostic and therapeutic approaches.
Studies on the Zn‐containing S14 ribosomal protein from Thermus thermophilus (1998)

The S14 ribosomal protein from the thermophilic organism Thermus thermophilus , which contains a zinc‐finger‐like motif, namely ‐C‐X 2 ‐C‐X 12 ‐C‐X 2 ‐C‐ [Tsiboli, P. &amp; Choli, T. (1995) Biol. Chem. Hoppe‐Seyler 376, 127−130], has been overproduced, purified and investigated for its zinc content. According to atomic absorption experiments, the protein contains zinc at a molar ratio of one. Denaturation experiments with simultaneous use of denaturing and chelating agents (guanidine hydrochloride and EDTA), as well as renaturation experiments, have shown both that Zn is strongly bound to the protein and with 1 : 1 Zn/protein stoicheiometry. These findings provide very strong evidence in support of the participation of the zinc‐finger motif and the Zn in the formation of a zinc‐finger domain.
Encapsulation of Natural Polyphenolic Compounds; a Review (2011)

Natural polyphenols are valuable compounds possessing scavenging properties towards radical oxygen species, and complexing properties towards proteins. These abilities make polyphenols interesting for the treatment of various diseases like inflammation or cancer, but also for anti-ageing purposes in cosmetic formulations, or for nutraceutical applications. Unfortunately, these properties are also responsible for a lack in long-term stability, making these natural compounds very sensitive to light and heat. Moreover, polyphenols often present a poor biodisponibility mainly due to low water solubility. Lastly, many of these molecules possess a very astringent and bitter taste, which limits their use in food or in oral medications. To circumvent these drawbacks, delivery systems have been developed, and among them, encapsulation would appear to be a promising approach. Many encapsulation methods are described in the literature, among which some have been successfully applied to plant polyphenols. In this review, after a general presentation of the large chemical family of plant polyphenols and of their main chemical and biological properties, encapsulation processes applied to polyphenols are classified into physical, physico-chemical, chemical methods, and other connected stabilization methods. After a brief description of each encapsulation process, their applications to polyphenol encapsulation for pharmaceutical, food or cosmetological purposes are presented.
Physical chemistry of foods (1992)

Thermodynamics and vapour-liquid equilibra, Marc Le Maguer solid-liquid equilibrium - crystallization in foods, Richard W. Hartel glass transitions in foods, Harry Levine and Louise Slade surface thermodynamics, protein adsorption and biofilm development, Joseph McGuire and Viwat Krisdhasima gels and gelling, Allan H. Clark emulsions, Ganesan Narsimhan generation of engineered structures in gels, Jose Miguel Aguilera physiochemical aspects of muscle tissue behaviour, E. Allen Foegeding and Donald D. Hamann physical chemistry of bread dough, R. Carl Hoseney physical and chemical properties of nutrients affecting their absorption and utilization, Dennis T. Gordon and Lori Pellett the transduction of taste and olfactory stimuli, Joseph G. Brand and Pankaj S. Shah disintegration and segregation kinetics of dry food particulates, Micha Peleg mechanistic basis of rheological behaviour of foods, Edward B. Bagley the kinetics of nonenzymatic browning, Theodore P. Labuza and Wendy M. Baisier kinetics of lipid oxidation, Marcus Karel physical consequences of thermal reactions in food protein systems, David W. Stanley and Rickey Y. Yada.
Inflammatory Markers of the Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome (Clarkson Disease) (2014)

The presence of proinflammatory cytokines in acute SCLS sera suggests that inflammation or infection may have a role in triggering episodes. The enhanced capacity of monocytes from SCLS patients to produce CXCL10 suggests a new therapeutic avenue for SCLS.
Preparation of benzofuroxans and benzofurazans of 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydrobenzo[b] [1,4]dioxocin and related compounds (1990)

Abstract The novel benzofuroxans 1d, 2 and benzofurazans 3,4 have been prepared in good yields. Nitration of 5c furnished the mononitro‐derivatives 6a and 6b in the unusually high relative ratio 6a:6b of 23:77. Direct nitration of 5c or 6a + 6b afforded the unexpected dinitro‐derivative 8b as the major product along with the isomeric 8a, 8c and 8d . Improvement in the yield of 5c (to 86%) is reported.
Rate of disease progression: a prognostic biomarker in ALS (2015)

Rate of disease progression appears to be a simple and sensitive clinical prognostic biomarker in ALS that could be potentially utilised in clinical practice and future therapeutic trials.
Biochemical diagnosis of impaired left ventricular ejection fraction - comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and amino terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) (2004)

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and amino terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) for the detection of mild/moderate and severe impairment of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). In 180 subjects BNP and NT-proBNP were measured by two novel fully automated chemiluminescent assays (Bayer and Roche methods). LVEF as determined by echocardiography was categorized as normal (> 60%), mildly/moderately reduced (35-60%) and severely diminished (< 35%). Discriminating between patients with LVEF< 35% (n = 32) and subjects with LVEF > or = 35% (n = 148), receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.912 for BNP and of 0.896 for NT-proBNP (difference 0.016, p = 0.554). In contrast, BNP displayed an AUC of 0.843 and NT-proBNP an AUC of 0.927 (difference of 0.084, p = 0.034) when comparing patients with LVEF 35-60% (n = 37) and individuals with LVEF > 60% (n = 111). Evaluation of discordant false classifications at cut-off levels with the highest diagnostic accuracy showed advantages for BNP in the biochemical diagnosis of LVEF < 35% (4 misclassifications by BNP and 25 by NT-proBNP, p < 0.001) and for NT-proBNP in the detection of LVEF 35-60% (25 misclassifications by BNP and 7 by NT-proBNP, p = 0.002). In conclusion, the present study indicates a different diagnostic accuracy of BNP and NT-proBNP for the detection of mildly/moderately reduced LVEF and severely diminished LVEF. Advantages of BNP may be advocated for the biochemical diagnosis of more severely impaired LVEF, while NT-proBNP might be a more discerning marker of early systolic left ventricular dysfunction.
The Terminology of Sugars (1934)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Terminology of SugarsA. P. BryantCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1934, 26, 2, 231Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1934Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1934https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50290a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50290a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views199Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Xe-p9, a Xenopus Suc1/Cks homolog, has multiple essential roles in cell cycle control. (1996)

The small Suc1/Cks protein is a ubiquitous subunit of Cdk/cyclin complexes, but its precise function has remained unclear. We have isolated a Xenopus homolog, Xe-p9, of the Suc1/Cks protein by virtue of its ability to rescue a fission yeast mutant that enters mitosis prematurely. To assess its functional role in cell cycle control, we have both overexpressed p9 in Xenopus egg extracts and immunodepleted the protein from these extracts. We found that addition of recombinant His6-p9 to egg extracts results in a pronounced delay of mitosis that can be attributed to an inhibition of the tyrosine dephosphorylation of the inactive Cdc2/cyclin B complex. In immunodepletion studies, we observed that the consequences of removing p9 from egg extracts depend on the stage of the cell cycle. Specifically, in the case of interphase extracts, the removal of p9 abolishes the entry into mitosis as a result of a failure in the activation of the Cdc2/cyclin B complex by tyrosine dephosphorylation. Furthermore, mitotic extracts lacking p9 fail to exit mitosis because of a defect in the destruction of cyclin B. Collectively, these results indicate that p9 has multiple essential roles in the cell cycle by governing the interaction of the Cdc2/cyclin B complex with both positive and negative regulators.
Lyme Disease—a Tick-Borne Spirochetosis? (1982)

A treponema-like spirochete was detected in and isolated from adult Ixodes dammini, the incriminated tick vector of Lyme disease. Causally related to the spirochetes may be long-lasting cutaneous lesions that appeared on New Zealand White rabbits 10 to 12 weeks after infected ticks fed on them. Samples of serum from patients with Lyme disease were shown by indirect immunofluorescence to contain antibodies to this agent. It is suggested that the newly discovered spirochete is involved in the etiology of Lyme disease.
英国中古政治史研究的学术系谱与模式转换——关于斯塔布斯、麦克法兰和新宪政史的对话 (2013)

英国本土学界的中古政治史研究百年：彩经历了几次大的转向。斯塔布斯所代表的“追求民主”的宪政主义解读模式在20世纪中期就已被放弃。二战前后以麦克法兰为代表的学者引入群体人物学的研究方法，转而以“追求利益”的庇护关系解释中古政治现象。麦克法兰创立的功能主义解读模式强调中古王权与领主之间的基本和谐，突出政治史中人的因素和细节探索，从而推动了地方史和人物史研究的勃兴。麦克法兰比斯塔布斯更像是当代中古政治史研究的奠基者。近二十多年来，新生代史家试图改变麦克法兰模式造成的研究细碎化弊端，把思想因素重新引入中古政治史研究，其中卡彭特等人倡导的“新宪政史”力图对英国中古政治发展再次进行宏观的观察与解释，不过强调这是“没有宪政主义”的宪政史，并非试图回到斯塔布斯。然而这一探索也面临很多困难和挑战，至今尚无令人信服的成果问世。
Regulation of hematopoiesis. (1991)

Normal hematopoiesis is a well-regulated process in which the generation of mature blood elements occurs from a primitive pluripotent stem cell in an ordered sequence of maturation and proliferation. Regulation occurs at the level of the structured microenvironment (stroma), via cell-cell interactions and by way of the generation of specific hormones and cytokines: erythropoietin, interleukin 3, granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), monocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), interleukin 5, interleukin 4, and other less well-defined factors, including the megakaryocyte growth factors. Understanding of this complex process has revealed insights into the pathophysiology of human disease and provided a theoretical framework for the therapeutic use of bone marrow transplantation and potential gene transfer therapy. Furthermore, ongoing clinical trials suggest that the hematopoietic growth factors may represent a significant new group of therapeutic reagents for patients with hematological and oncologic disease.
Treatment of tardive dyskinesia (1978)

The causes and the pathogenesis of tardive dyskinesia are not well understood. There is no therapy currently available that has been shown to alter the overall course. However, it is possible to influence the development or the progression of this disorder. A decision tree of feasible therapeutic choices is presented here, to prevent or treat tardive dyskinesia in patients who need long term neuroleptic therapy.
Branch history table prediction of moving target branches due to subroutine returns (1991)

Ideally, a pipeline processor can run at a rate that is limited by its slowest stage. Branches in the instruction stream disrupt the pipeIine, and reduce processor performance to well below ideal. Since workloads contain a high percentage of taken branches, techniques are needed to reduce or eliminate thk degradation. Using traces of the SPEC benchmark suite running on an RS/6000, we provide an analysis of the performance enhancements possible using a BHT. We show that the proposed mechanism can reduce the number of branch wrong guesses by 18.2/0 on average.
Efficacy and biocompatibility of a photopolymerized, synthetic, absorbable hydrogel as a dural sealant in a canine craniotomy model (1998)

This novel hydrogel sealant is efficacious in sealing dural repair sites measuring up to 2 mm. Healing of the underlying dura is not compromised and exposed cortical tissue is not altered histologically.
Face Recognition by Humans: Nineteen Results All Computer Vision Researchers Should Know About (2006)

A key goal of computer vision researchers is to create automated face recognition systems that can equal, and eventually surpass, human performance. To this end, it is imperative that computational researchers know of the key findings from experimental studies of face recognition by humans. These findings provide insights into the nature of cues that the human visual system relies upon for achieving its impressive performance and serve as the building blocks for efforts to artificially emulate these abilities. In this paper, we present what we believe are 19 basic results, with implications for the design of computational systems. Each result is described briefly and appropriate pointers are provided to permit an in-depth study of any particular result
Antibody Response in Mice Inoculated with DNA Expressing Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Capsid Proteins (1998)

Candidate foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) DNA vaccines designed to produce viral capsids lacking infectious viral nucleic acid were evaluated. Plasmid DNAs containing a portion of the FMDV genome coding for the capsid precursor protein (P1-2A) and wild-type or mutant viral proteinase 3C (plasmids P12X3C or P12X3C-mut, respectively) were constructed. Cell-free translation reactions programmed with pP12X3C (wild-type 3C) and pP12X3C-mut produced a capsid precursor, but only the reactions programmed with the plasmid encoding the functional proteinase resulted in P1-2A processing and capsid formation. Baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells also produced viral capsid proteins when transfected with these plasmids. Plasmid P12X3C was administered to mice by intramuscular, intradermal, and epithelial (gene gun) inoculations. Anti-FMD virus (FMDV) antibodies were detected by radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) and plaque reduction neutralization assays only in sera of mice inoculated by using a gene gun. When pP12X3C and pP12X3C-mut were inoculated into mice by using a gene gun, both plasmids elicited an antibody response detectable by RIP but only pP12X3C elicited a neutralizing antibody response. These results suggest that capsid formation in situ is required for effective immunization. Expression and stimulation of an immune response was enhanced by addition of an intron sequence upstream of the coding region, while addition of the FMDV internal ribosome entry site or leader proteinase (L) coding region either had no effect or reduced the immune response.
Relevance weighting using distance between term occurrences (1996)

Recent work has achieved promising retrieval performance using distance between term occurrences as a primary estimator of document relevance. A major benefit of this approach is that relevance scoring does not rely on collection frequency statistics. A theoretical framework for lexical spans is now proposed which encompasses these approaches and suggests a number of important directions for future experimental work. Based on the formalism, approaches to issues such as scoring partial spans, treatment of repeated term occurrences within spans, and the importance of ordering are proposed. Consideration is given to the practical application of the formalism to both locating and scoring concept intersections and to locating phrases (with an estimate of confidence) despite intervening or substituted words. 1 Introduction The idea that the relative positions of query terms within a document may supply information about relevance arose nearly forty years ago. As early as 1958, Luhn [6] wrot...
Acousto-optic imaging spectropolarimetry for remote sensing (1994)

We review the operating principles of noncollinear acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTF's), emphasizing the use of two orthogonally polarized beams for narrow-band imaging. Spectral characterization and spectral broadening measurements of commercially available AOTF's agree with theoretical predictions and reveal difficulties associated with imaging noncollimated light. An AOTF imaging spectropolarimeter for ground-based astronomy that uses CCD's has been constructed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. It uses a TeO(2) noncollinear AOTF and a simple optical relay assembly to produce side-by-side orthogonally polarized spectral images. We summarize the instrument design and initial performance tests. We include sample spectral images acquired at the Goddard Geophysical and Astronomical Observatory.