gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Local Minima on Adiabatic Quantum Optimization (2008)

We present a perturbative method to estimate the spectral gap for adiabatic quantum optimization, based on the structure of the energy levels in the problem Hamiltonian. We show that, for problems that have an exponentially large number of local minima close to the global minimum, the gap becomes exponentially small making the computation time exponentially long. The quantum advantage of adiabatic quantum computation may then be accessed only via the local adiabatic evolution, which requires phase coherence throughout the evolution and knowledge of the spectrum. Such problems, therefore, are not suitable for adiabatic quantum computation.
Effect of intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone (Prasterone) on libido and sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women (2009)

By a local action in the vagina, DHEA applied daily at doses at which serum steroids remain well within normal postmenopausal values exerts relatively potent beneficial effects on all four aspects of sexual dysfunction. Such data indicate that combined androgenic/estrogenic stimulation in the three layers of the vagina exerts important beneficial effects on sexual function in women without systemic action on the brain and other extravaginal tissues.
Role of Neuroimaging in Alzheimer's Disease, with Emphasis on Brain Perfusion SPECT (2007)

Structural MRI and functional imaging by SPECT as well as 18F-FDG PET are widely used in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Metabolic and perfusion reductions in the parietotemporal association cortex are recognized as a diagnostic pattern for AD. Outstanding progress in the diagnostic accuracy of these modalities has been achieved with statistical analysis on a voxel-by-voxel basis after anatomic standardization of individual scans to a standardized brain volume template instead of visual inspection or a volume-of-interest technique. In a very early stage of AD, this statistical approach revealed losses of gray matter in the entorhinal and hippocampal areas and hypometabolism or hypoperfusion in the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus. This statistical approach also offers a prediction of the conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD. The presence of hypometabolism or hypoperfusion in parietal association areas and entorhinal atrophy at the MCI stage have been reported to predict a rapid conversion to AD. A recent advance in voxel-based statistical analysis has markedly enhanced the value of brain perfusion SPECT in diagnosing early AD at the stage of MCI.
Hemodialysis leukopenia. Pulmonary vascular leukostasis resulting from complement activation by dialyzer cellophane membranes. (1977)

Acute leukopenia occurs in all patients during the first hour of hemodialysis with cellophanemembrane equipment. This transient cytopenia specifically involves granulocytes and monocytes, cells which share plasma membrane reactivity towards activated complement components. The present studies document that complement is activated during exposure of plasma to dialyzer cellophane, and that upon reinfusion of this plasma into the venous circulation, granulocyte and monocyte entrapment in the pulmonary vasculature is induced. During early dialysis, conversion of both C3 and factor B can be demonstrated in plasma as it leaves the dialyzer. Moreover, simple incubation of human plasma with dialyzer cellophane causes conversion of C3 and factor B, accompanied by depletion of total hemolytic complement and C3 but sparing of hemolytic C1. Reinfusion of autologous, cellophane-incubated plasma into rabbits produces selective granulocytopenia and monocytopenia identical to that seen in dialyzed patients. Lungs from such animals reveal striking pulmonary vessel engorgement with granulocytes. The activated complement component(s) responsible for leukostasis has an approximate molecular weight of 7,000-20,000 daltons. Since it is generated in C2-deficient plasma and is associated with factor B conversion, it is suggested that activation of complement by dialysis is predominantly through the altermative pathway.
Benzalkonium Chlorides: Uses, Regulatory Status, and Microbial Resistance (2019)

Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are chemicals with widespread applications due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review provides an overview of the market for BACs, as well as regulatory measures and available data on safety, toxicity, and environmental contamination. We focus on the effect of frequent exposure of microbial communities to BACs and the potential for cross-resistant phenotypes to emerge. Toward this goal, we review BAC concentrations in consumer products, their correlation with the emergence of tolerance in microbial populations, and the associated risk potential. Our analysis suggests that the ubiquitous and frequent use of BACs in commercial products can generate selective environments that favor microbial phenotypes potentially cross-resistant to a variety of compounds. An analysis of benefits versus risks should be the guidepost for regulatory actions regarding compounds such as BACs.
Right ventricular pacing: the best site is yet to be defined (2005)

The right ventricular (RV) apex is the traditional site to provide stable and reliable chronic ventricular pacing. Interest in alternate site pacing has grown since RV apical pacing has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity compared to normal atrio-ventricular conduction. 1-4 Alternate pacing sites include the RV septum and outflow tract.
IL-8 secreted in a macrophage migration-inhibitory factor- and CD74-dependent manner regulates B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia survival (2007)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a malignant disease of small mature lymphocytes. Previous studies have shown that CLL B lymphocytes express relatively large amounts of CD74 mRNA relative to normal B cells. In the present study, we analyzed the molecular mechanism regulated by CD74 in B-CLL cells. The results presented here show that activation of cell-surface CD74, expressed at high levels from an early stage of the disease by its natural ligand, macrophage migration-inhibition factor (MIF), initiates a signaling cascade that contributes to tumor progression. This pathway induces NF-kappaB activation, resulting in the secretion of IL-8 which, in turn, promotes cell survival. Inhibition of this pathway leads to decreased cell survival. These findings could form the basis of unique therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking the CD74-induced, IL-8- dependent survival pathway.
Prevention of sevoflurane related emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy: A comparison of dexmedetomidine and propofol (2013)

Dexmedetomidine 0.3 ug/kg(1) was more effective than propofol 1 mg/kg in decreasing the incidence and severity of EA, when administered 5 min before the end of surgery in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy under sevoflurane anesthesia.
Signal transduction via CD4, CD8, and CD28 in mature and immature thymocytes. Implications for thymic selection (1991)

The positive and negative selection of immature thymocytes that shapes the mature T cell repertoire appears to occur at an intermediate stage of development when the cells express low levels of TCR/CD3. These cells are also CD4+CD8+ and CD28+ (dull), and signals delivered by these three accessory molecules have been implicated in the selection process. We have examined the regulatory function of these accessory molecules on responses of immature thymocytes stimulated through the TCR/CD3 complex. Cross-linking CD4 or CD8 with CD3 strongly enhanced signal transduction via CD3 as assessed by protein tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium mobilization. Subsequent cell proliferation could be induced by soluble anti-CD28 mAb, which was comitogenic for cells stimulated with CD3 x CD4 or CD3 x CD8 cross-linking, but was without effect on cells stimulated with CD3 x CD3 cross-linking. A potential role for CD28 signal transduction in thymic maturation is suggested by the demonstration that the BB-1 molecule, a natural ligand for CD28, is expressed on thymic stromal cells. Taken together, our data suggest a model of thymic development in which CD4 or CD8 may enhance TCR/CD3 signaling upon coligation by an MHC molecule. If the CD28 surface receptor is simultaneously stimulated by a BB-1 expressing stromal cell, this set of interactions could lead to proliferation and positive selection. In the absence of CD28 stimulation the enhanced TCR/CD3 signals might lead to apoptosis and negative selection.
Evolution of the M gene of the influenza A virus in different host species: large-scale sequence analysis (2009)

The M gene of influenza A virus has evolved independently, under different selective pressure on M1 and M2 among different hosts. We found potentially important sites that may be related to host tropism and immune responses. These sites may be important for evolutional process in different hosts and host adaptation.
Host–Guest Chemistry Aids and Abets a Stereospecific Photodimerization in the Solid State (2001)

A bis(dialkylammonium ion)-substituted stilbene derivative cocrystallizes with bisparaphenylene[34]crown-10 to form, in the solid state, a 2:2 host–guest complex wherein the stilbene double bonds are aligned with a relative geometry suitable for a stereospecific photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition. When irradiated with white light, this crystalline complex forms a single diastereoisomer of the corresponding cyclobutane derivative (see schematic presentation), the stereochemistry of which has been determined unambiguously in the solid state by X-ray crystallography to be syn-anti-syn.
Ketone-body utilization by adult and suckling rat brain in vivo (1971)

1. Ketone-body utilization in fed and starved adult and suckling rats has been investigated by measuring arterio-venous differences across the brain. Venous blood was collected from the confluence of sinuses and arterial blood from the femoral artery in adult rats and by cardiac puncture in suckling rats. 2. During starvation the arterio-venous difference of ketone bodies increased in proportion to their concentrations in the blood and reached a value of 0.16mm at 48h. At a given concentration of the respective ketone bodies the arterio-venous differences of acetoacetate were about twice those of 3-hydroxybutyrate. 3. Fed rats in which the concentrations of ketone bodies were raised by intravenous infusion of sodium acetoacetate had the same arterio-venous differences as starved rats at corresponding ketone-body concentrations. Thus the ability of the rat brain to utilize ketone bodies is independent of the nutritional state. 4. The concentrations of glucose, acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate were much lower in the brain than in the arterial blood. The measured (blood concentration)/(brain concentration) ratio was 4.4 for glucose, 4.5 for acetoacetate and 8.1 for 3-hydroxybutyrate in 48h-starved rats. 5. The mean arterio-venous difference of glucose across the brain was 0.51mm in fed rats and 0.43mm in 96h-starved rats. 6. Conversion of glucose into lactate rose from negligible values in the fed state to 0.2mm after 48h starvation and decreased to zero after 96h starvation. 7. In 16-22-day-old suckling rats the arterio-venous differences of ketone bodies across the brain were also proportional to the ketone-body concentration, but they were about 3-4 times greater than in adult rats at the same blood ketone-body concentration. 8. Arterio-venous differences of glucose were about the same in adult and suckling rats. 9. The brain of fed suckling rats formed more lactate from glucose than fed adult rats. 10. The results indicate that ketone bodies are major metabolic fuels of the brain of the suckling rat under normal conditions.
Improved Anti-Osteoporosis Potency and Reduced Endometrial Membrane Hyperplasia During Hormone Replacement Therapy with Estrogen−RGD Peptide Conjugates (2007)

To improve the specificity and potency of estrogen replacement therapy therapeutics while also minimizing the side effects such as bone resorption and thickening of the uterine wall, a series of novel estrogen-derived conjugates estradiol-3-RGD, estradiol-17-RGD, and estrone-3-RGD peptides have been prepared. In a mouse model, intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of these estrogen-RGD peptide conjugates resulted in decreased serum concentrations of calcium and alkaline phosphatase, as well as increased levels of calcium, phosphorus, and minerals in the mouse femur. Furthermore, the anti-osteoporosis action of these conjugates followed a dose-dependent manner and was accompanied with no observable effects on endometrial cell hyperplasia. In addition to all of these compounds exhibiting biological activity when administered by the i.p. route, we were particularly pleased to note that the estradiol-3-RGD and estradiol-17-RGD conjugates were both orally active.
Engineering Chinese hamster ovary cells to maximize effector function of produced antibodies using FUT8 siRNA (2004)

We explored the possibility of converting established antibody-producing cells to cells producing high antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) antibodies. The conversion was made by constitutive expression of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against alpha1,6 fucosyltransferase (FUT8). We found two effective siRNAs, which reduce FUT8 mRNA expression to 20% when introduced into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)/DG44 cells. Selection for Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA)-resistant clones after introduction of the FUT8 siRNA expression plasmids yields clones producing highly defucosylated (approximately 60%) antibody with over 100-fold higher ADCC compared to antibody produced by the parental cells (approximately 10% defucosylated). Moreover, the selected clones remain stable, producing defucosylated antibody even in serum-free fed-batch culture. Our results demonstrate that constitutive FUT8 siRNA expression can control the oligosaccharide structure of recombinant antibody produced by CHO cells to yield antibodies with dramatically enhanced ADCC.
<title>Optical switches for cross-connects using high-efficiency nematic liquid crystal gratings</title> (1999)

Telecommunications transport networks have to face the fast development of Internet-based data communications. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is a key enabling technology to satisfy this huge increase of traffic. In order to improve the flexibility and the survivability ofthese WDM transport, the introduction of optical routing techniques is foreseen during the next decade. In this context, the availability of reliable and cost-effective optical cross-connects (OXC) is a critical issue. Two main functions may be performed in these nodes, namely the spatial routing of the wavelength demultiplexed channels and the wavelength conversion of these channels. Many architectural options can be envisioned for OXC'3. In all cases, the performance and the cost of the space-switching technology used in OXC are key factors for the realization of these nodes. Among the different technologies under development for space routing in OXC the actually most advanced are optomechanical and thermo-optic switches4. But, in spite they are commercially available, the capacity of these devices is strongly limited. In this context, free space routing is an attractive solution because it could enable to benefit from the large theoretical capacity provided by two-dimensional beam deflection techniques. Moreover, the holographic approach which has yet proven its efficiency5 can be performed by using nematic liquid crystals (NLCs) gratings which may operate with infra-red wavelengths. These components take advantage ofthe rather good maturity ofNLC technology thanks to the display industry, including recent progresses in high resolution microdisplays. We present here our results in the perspective of developing large capacity switching matrices based on high efficiency twodimensional liquid crystal gratings. After a short review of the present state-of-the-art of electrically addressed liquid crystal gratings, we describe the approach followed in order to achieve accurate and continuous deflection angles, which is a strong requirement when interconnecting single mode fibers. We demonstrate that parallel aligned NLC devices can procure the blazed-profile phase needed for high efficiency routing. This approach is supported by experimental results obtained both with transmissive or reflective cells. The problem of the switch dimensioning with either 1 -D or 2-D deflectors, is then addressed. We emphasize the requirements in terms of electrical interconnection technology arising from the large number of electrodes (at least 1,000 I dimension), this analyze leads us to suggest the LC/VLSI technology. Then, we present our work for the development of a 8x8 capacity system based on 1-D deflection, including the adaptation of the LC process on Silicon and test-circuit evaluation results.
Systemic administration of MK-801 protects against ischemia-induced hippocampal neurodegeneration in the gerbil (1987)

The neuroprotective effects of MK-801, a noncompetitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, were evaluated in models of cerebral ischemia using Mongolian gerbils. Bilateral occlusion of the carotid arteries for a period of 5 min resulted in a consistent pattern of degeneration of hippocampal CA1 and CA2 pyramidal neurons, which was quantified using an image analyzer. Systemic administration of MK-801 (0.01-10 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 hr prior to the occlusion caused a dose-dependent protection of the CA1 and CA2 neurons. The ED50 value for neuroprotection by MK-801 was calculated to be 0.3 mg/kg, and at doses greater than or equal to 3 mg/kg the majority of animals were completely protected against the ischemic insult. Systemic administration of MK-801 (1 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 hr prior to unilateral occlusion of the right carotid artery resulted in significant protection against hippocampal neurodegeneration following 10 min of occlusion, and increased the survival rate after 30 min of occlusion. The potent neuroprotective effects of MK-801 in these cerebral ischemia models add further weight to the evidence that NMDA receptors are involved in the mechanism of ischemia-induced neuronal degeneration.
The Effect of an Arginine???Glycine???Aspartic Acid Peptide and Hyaluronate Synthetic Matrix on Epithelialization of Meshed Skin Graft Interstices (1996)

Keratinocytes and fibroblasts interact with proteins of the extracellular matrix such as fibronectin and vitronectin through RGD (arginine-glycine-aspartic acid) cell-attachment sequences. This study evaluated the ability of a provisional synthetic matrix composed of an RGD peptide and hyaluronic acid to accelerate the epithelialization of the interstices of meshed, human, split-thickness skin when placed on full-thickness wounds of athymic mice. Full-thickness skin defects, sparing the panniculus carnosus, were created on athymic mice and 3:1 meshed, human skin was placed on them. The grafts had four central, isolated interstices, which epithelialized by migration of human keratinocytes. Conditions were either the addition to the wound of the synthetic matrix or a matrix of hyaluronic acid alone. The time to closure of the graft interstices was decreased (p < 0.02) in the wounds treated with the RGD peptide-hyaluronic acid provisional matrix. The resultant epithelium of the closed interstices was significantly thicker 8 days after surgery for the RGD-treated wounds. Basement membrane proteins (laminin and type IV collagen) were also found to be present at the dermoepidermal junction earlier in the RGD-treated wounds. These results imply that use of the RGD peptide conjugate to effect cell-matrix interactions may have clinical significance in the field of wound healing.
Quantitative cerebral blood flow measurement with dynamic perfusion CT using the vascular-pixel elimination method: comparison with H2(15)O positron emission tomography. (2003)

Vascular pixels should be excluded from the calculation of CT-CBF to avoid overestimation of the CBF values. If vascular pixels are excluded, CBF calculation with CT perfusion imaging is considerably accurate.
The Short and Happy Life of Neutrophil Activation (1990)

This is largely a history of attempts from approximately 1960 until about 1980-81 to understand the mechanisms by which neutrophils are activated by chemotactic factors to induce chemotaxis and granule secretion. As such, it deals with the growth of our knowledge of neutrophil chemotactic factors and their receptors; the importance and role of cation fluxes, especially Ca2+, microfilaments and microtubules, membrane potential, cyclic nucleotides, and the start of our recognition of the importance of arachidonic acid and phospholipid metabolism and protein phosphorylation. In a very real sense this is a history of the origins of our present realization that reactions and functions which had been considered specific to the neutrophil are to be thought of as similar or identical to general biological and physiological processes such as muscle contraction, cellular secretion, etc.
Reassignment of the 92-kDa type IV collagenase gene (CLG4B) to human chromosome 20 (1996)

The collagenase type IV B gene (CLG4B) was previously mapped to human chromosome 16 by hybridization of a cDNA probe to DNAs from a somatic cell hybrid panel. We have relocalized CLG4B to chromosome 20 based on three different lines of evidence: screening a somatic cell hybrid mapping panel, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and linkage analysis using a newly identified polymorphism.
Uptake and mitochondrial dysfunction of alpha-synuclein in human astrocytes, cortical neurons and fibroblasts (2013)

The accumulation and aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in several tissue including the brain is a major pathological hallmark in Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we show that α-syn can be taken up by primary human cortical neurons, astrocytes and skin-derived fibroblasts in vitro. Our findings that brain and peripheral cells exposed to α-syn can lead to impaired mitochondrial function, leading to cellular degeneration and cell death, provides additional evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction as a mechanism of toxicity of α-syn in human cells.
Slicing*-tree based web page transformation for small displays (2005)

We propose a new Web page transformation method for browsing on mobile devices with small displays. In our approach, an original web page that does not fit into the screen is transformed into a set of pages, each of which fits into the screen. This transformation is done through slicing the original page. The resulting set of transformed pages form a multi-level tree structure, called a slicing*-tree, in which an internal node consists of a thumbnail image with hyperlinks and a leaf node is a block from the original web page. Our slicing*-tree based Web page transformation eases Web browsing on small displays by providing screen-fitting visual context and reducing page scrolling effort.
The Erythropoietin Receptor: Molecular Structure and Hematopoietic Signaling Pathways (2011)

The process of erythropoiesis in the fetal liver and adult bone marrow is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin (Epo), which is produced in the kidney at low levels under homeostatic conditions. Defects in Epo production result in severe anemia; use of recombinant hormone has improved the lives of patients with renal failure or anemia because of bone marrow suppression. Deletion of the Epo gene in mice leads to embryonic lethality at days 13 to 15, coincident with the establishment of definitive (adult-type) erythropoiesis and underscoring the absolute necessity of Epo function in vivo. Epo has proven to be a successful pharmaceutical agent, one of the early triumphs of recombinant protein technology. Because of its clinical importance, a great deal of attention has focused on the molecular mechanisms of Epo-regulated erythropoiesis. This review highlights the basic concepts of Epo signal transduction within the hematopoietic system, the major site of Epo action in vivo.