gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Low-temperature direct bonding using pressure and temperature</title> (1997)

We have developed a three-step process to low temperature direct bond silicon and/or SiO<SUB>2</SUB> surfaces. The process activates the surface with various plasma treatments including NH<SUB>3</SUB>, Ar and O. These activation processes allow a very strong low temperature bond to be created. The process requires techniques distinctly different from those found in previous work for reproducible results. The plasma processes do not result in a bond that propagates as a wave resulting from a point source initiation. A substantial pressure is required to initiate the bond. We have found that the three-step process using pressure and temperature results in very strong, reproducible bonds. The basic process consists of 1) the application of pressure for a period of 10 minutes, followed by 2) pressure and low temperature for another 30 minutes at 200 degrees C and finally 3) an anneal at low temperature of 200 degrees C for 24 hours. The bonds created by this process have a strength &gt; 1000 ergs/cm<SUP>2</SUP>, which compares favorably with a conventional direct bond requiring an anneal &gt; 1000 degrees C.
Point by Point: An Introductory Guide to Sample Preparation for Single‐Molecule, Super‐Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy (2015)

Single-molecule, localization-based, super resolution microscopy is able to reveal detailed subcellular structures and protein distributions below the classical ∼250-nm diffraction limit of light, but utilizing this technique effectively requires a combination of careful sample preparation, data acquisition, and data analysis, which can be daunting to novice researchers. In this protocol, detailed instructions on preparation of robust reference samples for super-resolution microscopy, including the cytoskeleton (microtubules), membrane-bound organelles (peroxisomes), and scaffold proteins (clathrin), are provided. These samples also constitute a representative subset of imaging targets of interest to biological researchers and highlight the differences and similarities in sample preparation.
Tridentate Chelate Compounds. I (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTridentate Chelate Compounds. IFrancis Lions and Kenneth V. MartinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 11, 2733–2738Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01568a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01568a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1058Altmetric-Citations98LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effects of surfactants and synthetic conditions on the sizes and self-assembly of monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticlesElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: XRD data of iron oxide nanoparticles, Fig. S1 and S2. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/jm/b3/b311610g/ (2004)

Monodisperse iron oxide nanoparticles made from the thermal decomposition of iron carbonyl in octyl ether in the presence of oleic and stearic acids have been examined under various reaction conditions. Monodisperse particles with diameters of 3, 5, 10, 16 and 25 nm have been made. Ostwald ripening could be the key reason for making monodisperse nanoparticles with diameters of up to 25 nm, above the largest sizes that have been reported so far for this class of materials. When stearic acid was used as surfactant, the reaction mixtures can reflux at a lower temperature than the reaction using oleic acid, and monodisperse 3 nm Fe2O3 particles can be made. By controlling the temperatures during the drop casting, different superstructures and superlattices can be created. The nanoparticles and their assembly have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy.
Architectural Control Syntheses of CdS and CdSe Nanoflowers, Branched Nanowires, and Nanotrees via a Solvothermal Approach in a Mixed Solution and Their Photocatalytic Property (2006)

Wurtzite CdS and CdSe nanostructures with complex morphologies such as urchin-like CdS nanoflowers, branched nanowires, and fractal nanotrees can be produced via a facile solvothermal approach in a mixed solution made of diethylenetriamine (DETA) and deionized water (DIW). The morphologies of CdS and CdSe nanocrystals can be easily controlled via tuning the volume ratio of DETA and DIW. Urchin-like CdS nanoflowers made of CdS nanorods are in a form of highly ordered hierarchical structures, while the nanowires are branched nanowires, and the fractal CdS nanotrees are a buildup of branched nanopines. The results demonstrated that solvothermal reaction in a mixed amine/water can access a variety of complex morphologies of semiconductor materials. The photocatalytic activity of CdS particles with different morphologies has been tested by the degradation of acid fuchsine under both UV and visible light, showing that the as-prepared branched CdS nanowires exhibit high photocatalytic activity for degradation of acid fuchsine.
S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase as a target for antiviral chemotherapy (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTS-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase as a target for antiviral chemotherapyMichael S. Wolfe and Ronald T. BorchardtCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 5, 1521–1530Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00109a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00109a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views513Altmetric-Citations173LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A blueprint for demonstrating quantum supremacy with superconducting qubits (2018)

A key step toward demonstrating a quantum system that can address difficult problems in physics and chemistry will be performing a computation beyond the capabilities of any classical computer, thus achieving so-called quantum supremacy. In this study, we used nine superconducting qubits to demonstrate a promising path toward quantum supremacy. By individually tuning the qubit parameters, we were able to generate thousands of distinct Hamiltonian evolutions and probe the output probabilities. The measured probabilities obey a universal distribution, consistent with uniformly sampling the full Hilbert space. As the number of qubits increases, the system continues to explore the exponentially growing number of states. Extending these results to a system of 50 qubits has the potential to address scientific questions that are beyond the capabilities of any classical computer.
Tunable, substrate integrated, high Q filter cascade for high isolation (2010)

A combination of tunable bandpass/bandstop filter substrate integrated cavity filters is shown for high spectral isolation. Greater than 90 dB of isolation is shown, which is potentially useful for isolating small signals in the presence of large interferers. Both filters are created using the same substrate integrated evanescent-mode cavity resonators which are placed in series or in shunt by changing the cavity feeds. The resonators are tuned using deformation of a copper membrane induced by a piezo electric actuator. The bandstop filter is able to place deep nulls on the skirt of the bandpass filter function on both the high and low frequency sides. The notch can be tuned from 2.1% to 9.6% away from the center frequency of the band-pass filter. The bandstop filter is also designed with a tunable shape which allows for wider bandwidth isolation on demand.
Dynamics of Place-Exchange Reactions on Monolayer-Protected Gold Cluster Molecules (1999)

Monolayer-protected gold clusters (Au MPCs) are stable, easily synthesized, organic solvent-soluble, nanoscale materials. MPCs with protecting monolayers composed of alkanethiolate ligands (RS) can be functionalized (R‘S) by ligand place-exchange reactions, i.e., x(R‘SH) + (RS)mMPC → x(RSH) + (R‘S)m(RS)m-xMPC, where x is the number of ligands place-exchanged (1 to 108) and m is the original number (ca. 108) of alkanethiolate ligands per Au314 cluster. The dynamics and mechanism of this reaction were probed by determining its kinetic order and final equilibrium position relative to incoming (R‘S) and initial (RS) protecting thiolate ligands. The reactions were characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy, and the dispersity of place-exchange reaction products was preliminarily inspected by chromatography. The results of these experiments show that ligand exchange is an associative reaction and that the displaced thiolate becomes a thiol solution product. Disulfides and oxidized sulfur species are not involved in the reaction. Cluster-bound thiolate ligands differ widely in susceptibility to place-exchange, presumably owing to differences in binding sites (Au core edge and vertice sites are presumably more reactive than terrace sites). The rate of place-exchange decreases as the chain length and/or steric bulk of the initial protecting ligand shell is increased. The exchange results and proposed mechanism are compared to those for place-exchange reactions on self-assembled monolayers confined to flat gold surfaces.
Seeing Molecules by Eye: Surface Plasmon Resonance Imaging at Visible Wavelengths with High Spatial Resolution and Submonolayer Sensitivity (2008)

Plasmonic crystal optics: Highly uniform, fully 3D plasmonic crystals exhibiting exceptional analytical sensitivity at visible wavelengths can image surface binding events with high spatial resolution and can distinguish adsorbates with masses that differ by only 25 amu. The picture shows a transmitted white-light plasmonic image of microcontact-printed lines (ca. 8 μm wide) of 1-octadecanethiol on the Au surface of a 3D plasmonic crystal. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Structural control of co-receptor binding in porphyrin–bipyridinium supramolecular assemblies (1998)

A new series of porphyrin-based receptors for the bipyridinium ions paraquat and diquat, consisting in each case of a porphyrin with an over-arching dibenzo-crown ether, and related structures with hydroquinol-containing polyether straps is described. In all cases, the appended superstructure is connected to the porphyrin via ether linkages from the o-positions of the meso-aryls of the octaalkyl-5,15-diaryl substituted porphyrins. Solution studies of the complexes are compared to those of a previously reported set of related structures with amide linkages in place of the ethers and, at variance with the amide series, reveal conformations in which the complexed bipyridinium is parallel to the porphyrin sub-unit rather than perpendicular. Binding constants for all of the free-base and zinc porphyrin derivatives with both paraquat and diquat in various solvents allow the following principles to be established: (i) the binding strength decreases with increasing solvent polarity, (ii) there is little difference in the binding strength between the free base and zinc derivatives for a given receptor, (iii) binding is stronger for the more constrained 4(i) compared to the looser 4(ii), (iv) in general, paraquat binds more strongly than diquat, (v) the single-strapped analogues 6 are relatively ineffective as receptors for these bipyridinium guests, (vi) for a given sized dibenzo-crown ether cap or polyether strap, the substitution of ether linkages for the amide linkages in the related family of receptors 1 results in stronger binding. A similar binding motif is described for a naphthoquinol-strapped porphyrin 5. The solution studies are supported by X-ray crystal structures of two of the paraquat complexes which indicate that the guest is held by face-to-face π–π interactions with the porphyrin, by C–H· · ·O hydrogen bonds, by electrostatic forces, and by either face-to-face π-stacking with the hydroquinol unit or by edge-to-face interactions in the case of the dibenzo-crown strapped molecule.
Activated protooncogenes in human lung tumors from smokers. (1991)

Fourteen primary human lung tumor DNAs from smokers were analyzed for transforming activity by two DNA transfection assays. Activated protooncogenes were detected in 3 of 11 tumor DNAs by the NIH 3T3 focus assay, whereas activated protooncogenes were detected in 11 of 13 tumor DNAs by the NIH 3T3 cotransfection-nude mouse tumorigenicity assay. K- or NRAS genes activated by point mutation at codons 12 or 61 were detected in a large cell carcinoma, a squamous cell carcinoma, and 5 adenocarcinomas. An HRAS oncogene activated by a different mechanism was detected in an epidermoid carcinoma. One adenocarcinoma was found to contain an activated RAF gene. Two unidentified transforming genes were detected in a squamous cell carcinoma DNA and two adenocarcinoma DNAs. Eight of 10 lung adenocarcinomas that had formed metastases at the time of surgery were found to contain RAS oncogenes. No significant increase in metastasis was observed in the lung adenocarcinomas that contained one or more 6-kilobase EcoRI alleles of the LMYC gene. Overall, 12 of 14 (86%) of the lung tumor DNAs from smokers were found to contain activated protooncogenes. RAS oncogenes appear to play a role in the development of metastases in lung adenocarcinomas.
Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Tongue and Floor of Mouth (2002)

Background and Objectives:Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity is a well known tumor with frequent nodal meta- stases, but reports on detailed prevalence of nodal metastases by primary subunits and neck level are lacking. Patients and Method:A retrospective review of 63 previously untreated patients (who visited the hospital from 1992 to 2001 with pri- mary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue and floor of the mouth, were undertaken to ascertain the prevalence of ips- ilateral neck node metastases by neck level; of elective dissection in cN0 neck (n=43, and of therapeutic dissection in cN+ neck (n=20. Results:Overall incidence of neck metastases, cancer of the oral tongue, and cancer of the floor of the mouth were 44.4%, 50% (24/48 and 26.7% (4/15, retrospectively. False negative and false positive rates were 27.9% and 20%, respectively. Neck metastasis was predominantly revealed in levels I, II, and III. Metastases at level IV and V were exclusiv- ely accompanied with metastases to other levels. Conclusion:Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral tongue and floor of the mouth metastasized to the neck frequently and neck metastasis correlated to T-stage. Elective treatment is needed to ipsilate- ral neck level I, II, and III. However, comprehensive neck dissection is needed for cN+ neck. (Korean J Otolaryngol 2002; 45:154-8
The Effect of Preservative and Temperature on the Analysis of Circulating Tumor DNA (2016)

<b>Purpose:</b> Analysis of genomic alterations in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is evolving as an approach to detect, monitor, and genotype malignancies. Methods to separate the liquid from the cellular fraction of whole blood for circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) analyses have been largely unstudied, although these may be a critical consideration for assay performance.<b>Experimental Design:</b> To evaluate the influence of blood processing on cfDNA and ctDNA quality and yield, we compared the cfDNA levels in serum with those in plasma. Given the limitations of serum for ctDNA analyses, we evaluated the effects of two plasma processing approaches, K<sub>2</sub>EDTA and Cell-Free DNA BCT (BCT) tubes, on cfDNA and ctDNA recovery. A total of 45 samples from nine patients with cancer were collected in both tube types. Once collected, blood was processed into plasma immediately or kept at room temperature and processed into plasma at 1, 3, 5, or 7 days.<b>Results:</b> As early as 24 hours after collection, plasma isolated from blood collected in K<sub>2</sub>EDTA tubes contained an elevated level of cfDNA that increased over time compared with BCT tubes where no significant increase in cfDNA levels was observed. When samples from an additional six patients with cancer, collected in the same manner, were stored at 4°C in K<sub>2</sub>EDTA tubes over the course of 3 days, total cfDNA and ctDNA levels were comparable between samples collected in BCT tubes. At day 3, there was a trend toward a decrease in ctDNA levels in both tubes that was more pronounced when measuring the mutant allele fraction for cases stored at 4°C in K<sub>2</sub>EDTA tubes.<b>Conclusions:</b> In summary, methods of blood processing have a strong influence on cfDNA and ctDNA levels and should be a consideration when evaluating ctDNA in peripheral circulation. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 23(10); 2471-7. ©2016 AACR</i>.
Praktische Folgerungen (1966)

ZusammenfassungFür die Arbeit mit frei gehaltenen Gliedmaßen, bei denen ein Abstützen an festen Punkten nicht möglich ist, folgt aus diesen Ergebnissen, daß keine Zunahme des Tremors durch Ermüdung auftritt, wenn die gehaltene Kraft nicht höher als 13 bis 14% derjenigen Maximalkraft ist, die gerade noch wenige Sekunden gehalten werden kann. Der geringste Tremor tritt auf, wenn die Gegenkraft entweder durch Gewichte oder durch Federn mit hoher Federkonstante dargestellt wird. Für Haltearbeiten mit Belastungen über 15% der Maximalkraft gilt, daß sie ermüden, die Ausdauer verkürzen und den Tremor vermehren. Stört der Tremor praktische Tätigkeit, so kann man nicht einfach statische Arbeit über 15% der Maximalkraft dadurch ermöglichen, daß man durch entsprechende Erholungspausen die Ermüdung jeweils wieder beseitigt, weil im Durchschnitt die Arbeit mit höherem Tremor zu verrichten wäre. Man muß dann auf jeden Fall unter der 15%-Grenze bleiben.
CD8+ T Cells Become Nonresponsive (Anergic) Following Activation in the Presence of Costimulation (1999)

CD8+ T cells stimulated in vitro with anti-TCR mAb and B7-1 or ICAM-1 produce IL-2 and clonally expand. Effector function is acquired within 3 days, but proliferation ceases and the cells begin to die by apoptosis. Stimulation in vivo with B7-1-expressing allogeneic tumor results in the same sequence of events with a comparable time course. In both cases, the cells become anergic within 3 or 4 days of responding; they can no longer respond by producing IL-2 and proliferating, but can still be stimulated to proliferate in response to exogenous IL-2. This activation-induced nonresponsiveness (AINR) is not simply a consequence of ongoing cell death; cytokines that promote survival (IL-7 or IFN-alpha) or proliferation (human IL-2) do not restore the ability to produce IL-2 in response to costimulation. Although similar to the anergy described for CD4+ T cell clones, AINR differs in that it results from an initial stimulation with both signal 1 and signal 2. AINR appears to be an aspect of the normal differentiation of fully stimulated CD8+ T cells. It is probably important in regulating CTL responses; it limits the initial T helper-independent response and converts it to a response that requires T cell help to be sustained and further expanded. When the initial helper-independent response is not sufficient to clear Ag, and if help is not available, AINR likely results in tolerance to the Ag.
Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Using Silver Nanostructures Fabricated by Glancing Angle Deposition (2007)

Glancing angle deposition was used to produce approximately 150-nm-thick silver nanoparticle films, which were evaluated as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) biosensors. The films have a strong extinction peak around 368 nm in air due to LSPR. As the refractive index of the surrounding environment is increased, the extinction peak red-shifts with a linear dependence. The films were functionalized with 11-amino-1-undecanethiol and rabbit immunoglobulin G (rIgG) to allow for the detection of anti-rIgG binding. Binding of biomolecules to the nanoparticle surface increases the local refractive index and results in a red-shifting of the extinction peak. The wavelength shift at varying concentrations of anti-rIgG was measured and fit to the Langmuir isotherm. This yielded approximate values for the saturation response, Delta lambda max = 29.4 +/- 0.7 nm, and the surface confined binding constant, Ka = (2.7 +/- 0.3) x 10(6) M(-1). The response to nonspecific binding was also investigated.
Real-Time Quantification of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase mRNA in Tumors and Healthy Tissues (2000)

The present study demonstrates that accurate quantitative measurement of hTERT expression has high potential for discrimination between healthy and tumor cells in tissues and urine and supports future measurements in pancreatic fluid, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, esophageal brushings, and urine or bladder washings.
Enterococcus faecalis Infection Causes Inflammation, Intracellular Oxphos-Independent ROS Production, and DNA Damage in Human Gastric Cancer Cells (2013)

Array Express accession number E-MEXP-3496.
A novel approach for quantitative analysis of intracoronary optical coherence tomography: High inter‐observer agreement with computer‐assisted contour detection (2008)

Highly accurate computer-assisted quantitative analysis ofintracoronary OCT pullbacks is feasible with low inter-observer variability. The presented approach allows for observer independent analysis of detailed vessel structures, and may be a valuable tool for future longitudinal studies incorporating OCT.