gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mucosal and systemic immunity to Campylobacter jejuni in rabbits after gastric inoculation (1988)

The mucosal and systemic immune responses to Campylobacter jejuni were studied in rabbits receiving gastric inoculation with live organisms. A lavage procedure was used to facilitate repeated monitoring of the intestinal immune response to C. jejuni. Immunity to C. jejuni was determined by secondary challenge by using the removable intestinal tie adult rabbit diarrhea (RITARD) model and monitoring for resistance to colonization and bacteremia. Oral-gastric inoculation of normal rabbits produced a transient intestinal colonization without diarrhea. C. jejuni serotypes differed in their ability to colonize the intestines of rabbits and to stimulate primary intestinal and serum antibody responses. Animals previously colonized were resistant to recolonization and the development of bacteremia after homologous challenge by the RITARD procedure but were not resistant to heterologous challenges. Anticampylobacter intestinal and serum IgA titers before this secondary infection were the most reliable predictors of resistance to colonization and bacteremia.
Flow trace analysis to access water use (1996)

Analyzing flow traces from residential water meters enabled researchers to collect precise data about water use by individual fixtures. Precise information about water use patterns can be gathered by analyzing flow traces obtained from residential customer water meters that are fitted with portable data loggers. Flow traces are precise enough that signatures associated with all major water use categories can be identified. For this study, more than 10,000 water use events were recorded, classified, and entered into a database. The technique is both accurate and reliable and can be used to collect time‐specific and disaggregated water use data. Measuring directly instead of inferring measurements from aggregated data is a quick and cost‐effective way to analyze water use patterns and directly assess how conservation measures influence water demand
In vivo selective and distant killing of cancer cells, using adenovirus‐mediated decorin gene transfer (2003)

Decorin is a well-known, ubiquitous proteoglycan that is a normal component of the ECM. Upon transgenic expression of decorin, tumor cells with diverse histogenetic background overexpress p21WAF1, a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase activity, become arrested in G1, and fail to generate tumors in immunocompromised animals. Because decorin is a secreted protein, it has been recently suggested that decorin could act as an autocrine and paracrine regulator of tumor growth. Here, we demonstrate that adenovirus (Ad)-mediated transfer and expression of human decorin cDNA induced in vivo apoptosis of xenograft tumor cells in nude mice. This oncolytic activity was observed when the Ad vector encoding the decorin cDNA was injected intratumorally (i.t.) or i.v. Importantly, i.t. injection of the decorin Ad vector led to growth inhibition of the injected tumor associated with similar growth inhibition of a distant contralateral tumor, demonstrating a distant decorin antitumoral effect. Immunochemistry against human decorin and decorin quantitation in tumors confirmed that decorin migrated to the tumor distant site. Furthermore, decorin effect was specific to tumor cells, because neither apoptosis nor growth inhibition were observed in nontumoral human cells such as hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, despite p21 overexpression.
A zinc finger directory for high-affinity DNA recognition (1996)

We have used two monovalent phage display libraries containing variants of the Zif268 DNA-binding domain to obtain families of zinc fingers that bind to alterations in the last 4 bp of the DNA sequence of the Zif268 consensus operator, GCG TGGGCG. Affinity selection was performed by altering the Zif268 operator three base pairs at a time, and simultaneously selecting for sets of 16 related DNA sequences. In this way, only four experiments were required to select for all possible 64 combinations of DNA triplet sequences. The results show that (i) for high-affinity DNA binding in the range observed for the Zif268 wild-type complex (Kd = 0.5-5 nM), finger 1 specifically requires the arginine at the carboxy terminus of its recognition helix that forms a bidentate hydrogen-bond with the guanine base (G) in the crystal structure of Zif268 complexed to its DNA operator sequence GCG TGG GCG; (ii) when the guanine base (G) is replaced by A, C, or T, a lower-affinity family (Kd > or = 50 nM) can be detected that shows an overall tendency to bind G-rich DNA; (iii) the residues at position 2 on the finger 2 recognition helix do not appear to interact strongly with the complementary 5' base in the finger 1 binding site; and (iv) unexpected substitutions at the amino terminus of finger 1 can occasionally result in specificity for the 3' base in the finger 1 binding site. A DNA recognition directory was constructed for high-affinity zinc fingers that recognize all three bases in a DNA triplet for seven sequences of the type GNN. Similar approaches may be applied to other zinc fingers to broaden the scope of the directory.
Liquid‐Crystalline and Electron‐Deficient Coronene Oligocarboxylic Esters and Imides By Twofold Benzogenic Diels–Alder Reactions on Perylenes (2006)

Alkyl esters, imides and imido-esters of coronene-tri-, -tetra- and -octacarboxylic acids are accessible by a twofold oxidative benzogenic Diels-Alder reaction. Alkyl acrylates add to perylene, and maleic alkyl imides react twice with perylene as well as with perylene-tetracarboxylic tetraesters. Coronenes substituted with a greatly variable number of electron-withdrawing substituents are thus accessible, and di- and tetraimide derivatives are shown to be very pronounced electron-acceptor materials. The tri- and tetraalkyl esters and imidoesters self-assemble into columnar liquid-crystalline phases.
Modulation of activity and substrate specificity by modifying the backbone length of the distant interdomain loop of D‐amino acid aminotransferase (2000)

The activity and substrate specificity of D-amino acid aminotransferase (D-AAT) (EC 2.6.1.21) can be rationally modulated by replacing the loop core (P119-R120-P121) with glycine chains of different lengths: 1, 3, or 5 glycines. The mutant enzymes were much more active than the wild-type enzyme in the overall reactions between various amino acids and pyruvate. The presteady-state kinetic analyses of half-reactions revealed that the 5-glycine mutant has the highest affinity (Kd) among all mutant enzymes and the wild-type enzyme towards various amino acids except D-aspartate. The 5-glycine mutant was much more efficient as a catalyst than the wild-type enzyme because the mutant enzyme showed the highest value of specificity constant (kmax/Kd) for all amino acids except D-aspartate and D-glutamate. The kmax/Kd values of the three mutants decreased with decrease in glycine chain length for each amino acid examined. Our findings may provide a new approach to rational modulation of enzymes.
HOX deregulation in acute myeloid leukemia (2007)

The deregulation of homeobox (HOX) genes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the potential for these master regulators to perturb normal hematopoiesis is well established. To date, overexpression of HOX genes in AML has been attributed to specific chromosomal aberrations and abnormalities involving mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL), an upstream regulator of HOX genes. The finding reported in this issue of the JCI by Scholl et al. that caudal-type homeobox transcription factor 2 (CDX2), which is capable of affecting HOX gene expression during embryogenesis, is overexpressed in 90% of patients with AML and induces a transplantable AML in murine models provides an alternative mechanism for HOX-induced leukemogenesis and yields important insights into the hierarchy of HOX gene regulation in AML (see the related article beginning on page 1037).
Biological characterization of stem cell present in mobilized peripheral blood of CML patients. (1994)

Peripheral blood stem cell grafts are now frequently used for autologous transplantation of patients with malignancies. In this report we address the question of whether true long-term repopulating pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (PHSC) are mobilized into peripheral blood and whether stem cells isolated from CML patients are depleted of Philadelphia chromosome positive cells. The presence of stem cells in mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) was examined by staining the CD34+Lineage- (Lin-) population for the expression of the Thy-1 antigen. The extent and kinetics of mobilization of CD34+Thy-1+ Lin- cells into peripheral blood were studied. In our analysis the percentage of these cells was found to vary widely depending on the day of leukapheresis and the individual patient. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to isolate Thy-1 subsets from MPB which were analyzed for activity in in vitro long term cultures and in two in vivo models in which SCID-hu mice were implanted with human fetal bone or thymus grafts. The long term culture assay shows that the cells which express Thy-1 are enriched for cobblestone area forming activity (CAFC), an assay which can be used as a measure of detecting PBSC's in vitro. This CD34+Thy-1+ Lin- cell population was capable of producing both B and myeloid cells, and maintaining CD34+Lin- cells in these long term cultures. Moreover, the CD34+Thy-1+Lin- cell subset possessed a higher ability to engraft and to produce multilineage hematopoietic lineages in the SCID-hu bone assay and T cells in the SCID-hu thymus assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Stimulation of clonal growth of normal fibroblasts with substrata coated with basic polymers. (1976)

Improved media have reduced the amount of serum protein required for clonal growth of normal human and chicken fibroblast-like cells. In the presence of limiting amounts of serum protein, attachment of colonies to tissue culture plastic surfaces is weak. Treatment of the culture surface with polylysine or other basic polymers causes the cells to adhere much more tightly. Growth is also improved on the surfaces treated with basic polymers, and further reductions in the concentration of serum as possible. At sufficiently low protein concentrations, growth of some types of cells is totally dependent on the use of a treated surface. Several different types of normal human and chicken fibroblast-like cells show improved growth on polylysine-coated surfaces, but no improvement was obtained in growth of a line of SV-40 transformed WI-38 cells. Acidic and neutral polymers are generally inactive. Collagen and gelatin improve growth slightly, but the effect is much less than that obtained with basic polymers. Both natural and synthetic polymers with an excess of basic groups are active, including histone, polyarginine, polyhistidine, polylysine, polyornithine, and protamine. The only critical requirement appears to be a polymer that carries a positive charge at a physiological pH.
Tumor-Associated Macrophages Press the Angiogenic Switch in Breast Cancer (2007)

The development of a supportive vasculature is essential for tumor progression. In a mouse model of breast cancer, we found that tumor-associated macrophages that are recruited to the tumor just before malignant conversion are essential for the angiogenic switch. These findings establish a causal linkage to explain well-documented clinical correlations between macrophages, microvessel density, and poor prognosis in breast tumors.
Messenger RNA for G1 protein of French bean seeds: Cell-free translation and product characterization (1978)

The fraction of poly(A)-containing RNA isolated from ripening bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cotyledons that sedimented at 16 S in linear logarithmic sucrose gradients was at least as active a messenger as viral RNA when added to a cell-free protein-synthesizing system from wheat germ. The major products synthesized in vitro were polypeptides of about 47,000 and 43,000 daltons, corresponding to two of the three subunits of G1 protein, the most abundant bean seed storage protein. No trace of the largest (53,000 daltons) subunit was found among the polypeptides synthesized in vitro. Proof that the 47,000- and 43,000-dalton polypeptides coded by the 16S RNA were indeed subunits of G1 protein was obtained by immunoprecipitation with monovalent antibody to G1 protein and by electrophoretic mapping of peptides on acrylamide gels after digestion of mixtures of authentic protein and radioactive translation products with protease V8, chymotrypsin, and trypsin. The subunits synthesized in vitro were slightly smaller than the native subunits, probably because they lacked the sugar residues present on the holoprotein.
Laboratory and clinical evaluation of conjugate vaccines composed of Staphylococcus aureus type 5 and type 8 capsular polysaccharides bound to Pseudomonas aeruginosa recombinant exoprotein A (1993)

The synthesis, standardization, and immunogenicity in young outbred mice and clinical evaluation in adult volunteers of investigational vaccines designed to induce serum antibodies to the type 5 and type 8 capsular polysaccharides (CPs) of Staphylococcus aureus are described. Conjugates composed of the type 5 CP and a sonicated preparation of a high-molecular-weight type 8 CP bound to a nontoxic recombinant protein derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (rEPA) were synthesized. The conjugates were nontoxic and elicited serum CP antibodies after two subcutaneous injections into young outbred mice; a third injection elicited a booster response. The lower-molecular-weight type 8 CP was not immunogenic in the mice, and the high-molecular-weight type 8 CP elicited low levels of antibodies without a booster effect. In the volunteers, neither the conjugates nor the type 8 CP alone caused significant local reactions or fever. The conjugates elicited type-specific antibodies of both the immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG classes after the first injection; a second injection 6 weeks later did not stimulate a booster effect. The high-molecular-weight type 8 CP alone, injected once only, elicited levels of IgG and IgM type-specific antibodies similar to those of the conjugate. The vaccine-induced CP antibodies were mostly of the IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses and had opsonophagocytic activity. The conjugates elicited IgG antibodies to the native exotoxin A with neutralizing activity. In summary, the type 5 and type 8 conjugates were safe and elicited biologically active antibodies to both the CP and rEPA components.
Hemocompatibility Assessment of Carbonic Anhydrase Modified Hollow Fiber Membranes for Artificial Lungs (2010)

Hollow fiber membrane (HFM)-based artificial lungs can require a large blood-contacting membrane surface area to provide adequate gas exchange. However, such a large surface area presents significant challenges to hemocompatibility. One method to improve carbon dioxide (CO(2)) transfer efficiency might be to immobilize carbonic anhydrase (CA) onto the surface of conventional HFMs. By catalyzing the dehydration of bicarbonate in blood, CA has been shown to facilitate diffusion of CO(2) toward the fiber membranes. This study evaluated the impact of surface modifying a commercially available microporous HFM-based artificial lung on fiber blood biocompatibility. A commercial poly(propylene) Celgard HFM surface was coated with a siloxane, grafted with amine groups, and then attached with CA which has been shown to facilitate diffusion of CO(2) toward the fiber membranes. Results following acute ovine blood contact indicated no significant reduction in platelet deposition or activation with the siloxane coating or the siloxane coating with grafted amines relative to base HFMs. However, HFMs with attached CA showed a significant reduction in both platelet deposition and activation compared with all other fiber types. These findings, along with the improved CO(2) transfer observed in CA modified fibers, suggest that its incorporation into HFM design may potentiate the design of a smaller, more biocompatible HFM-based artificial lung.
Enzymic Synthesis, Characterisation and Nuclear‐Magnetic‐Resonance Spectra of pppA2′p5′A2′p5′A and Related Oligonucleotides: Comparison with Chemically Synthesised Material (1979)

We have previously shown that a low‐molecular‐weight inhibitor (pppA2′p5′A2′p5′A) of cell‐free protein synthesis, effective at subnanomolar concentrations, is formed on incubation of extracts from interferon‐treated cells or rabbit reticulocytes with double‐stranded RNA and ATP. The inhibitors synthesised with the reticulocyte or interferon‐mediated enzymes, i.e. (2′‐5′)A n synthetases, behave identically on thin‐layer chromatography and electrophoresis and have the same biological activity in the inhibition of cell‐free protein synthesis. Here we show that they also behave identically on chromatography on DEAE‐Sephadex in the presence of urea and yield identical products on enzymic and sequential degradation by periodate oxidation and β‐elimination. As previously shown with the interferon inhibitor, preparations of the reticulocyte pppA2′p5′A2′p5′A also include the corresponding biologically inactive dimer, pppA2′p5′A, and biologically active tetramer, ppp(A2′p) 3 5′A, and occasionally higher oligomers in decreasing amounts. Further purification of the pppA2′p5′A2′p5′A yielded small amounts of the corresponding 5′‐diphosphates and 5′‐monophosphates. The 5′‐diphosphate has the same specific biological activity in the inhibition of cell‐free protein synthesis as the triphosphate. The 5′‐monophosphate is essentially inactive. Milligram quantities of the reticulocyte inhibitor can be conveniently synthesised by incubating the (2′‐5′)A n synthetase from these cells bound either to poly(I) · poly(C)‐Sepharose or poly(I) · poly(C)‐paper with ATP. Simple methods for the fractionation of the resultant (2′‐5′)A n , into its individual components are described. Proton and phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were obtained for the putative pppA2′p5′A2′p5′A and the corresponding 5′‐monophosphate and 5′‐diphosphate from this material and for the A2′p5′A2′p5′A ′core′ derived from these by treatment with bacterial alkaline phosphatase. The spectra were compared with those for chemically synthesised A2′p5′A2′p5′A and commercially available A3′p5′A3′p5′A, AMP, ADP and ATP. The results are in accord with the proposed structure. Phosphorylation of chemically synthesised A2′p5′A2′p5′A yielded material with chromatographic properties and a specific biological activity in the inhibition of cell‐free protein synthesis apparently identical to those of biologically synthesised pppA2′p5′A2′p5′A.
Axillary versus combined axillary and pectoral drainage after modified radical mastectomy. (1992)

Initial attempts to obliterate dead space and minimize fluid accumulation in patients after mastectomy using closed suction drainage, used insertion of a single axillary drain. Today, surgeons often insert two drains in the postoperative wound, one in the axilla and the other beneath the pectoral flaps. The current study was done to determine whether or not there is an advantage in using two drains rather than a single axillary drain after mastectomy. A randomized, clinical trial was conducted with 84 women undergoing modified radical mastectomy. Thirty-seven patients had one axillary drain and 47 had two drains placed postoperatively, one in the axilla and the other beneath the pectoral flaps. Follow-up results were obtained four weeks postoperatively for complication data, including seroma and hematoma formation, flap necrosis and infection. The average total drainage was 870.4 milliliters per patient in the group with one drain and 997.4 milliliters per patient in the group with two drains (p value not significant). The overall complication rate in the group with one drain was 35.0 percent compared with a rate of 31.9 percent for all complications observed in the group with two drains. These differences did not reach statistical significance. Comparing the frequency of each complication in the two groups again showed no significant difference. However, the data suggest a trend toward an increased incidence of flap necrosis in the group with two drains that used a drain beneath the pectoral flaps. Use of a single axillary drain after modified radical mastectomy seems to result in no increase in postoperative complications, is less costly and may assist in reducing the incidence of flap necrosis.
Abnormal Ion Permeation Through Cystic Fibrosis Respiratory Epithelium (1983)

The epithelium of nasal tissue excised from subjects with cystic fibrosis exhibited higher voltage and lower conductance than tissue from control subjects. Basal sodium ion absorption by cystic fibrosis and normal nasal epithelia equaled the short-circuit current and was amiloride-sensitive. Amiloride induced chloride ion secretion in normal but not cystic fibrosis tissue and consequently was more effective in inhibiting the short-circuit current in cystic fibrosis epithelia. Chloride ion-free solution induced a smaller hyperpolarization of cystic fibrosis tissue. The increased voltage and amiloride efficacy in cystic fibrosis reflect absorption of sodium ions across an epithelium that is relatively impermeable to chloride ions.
Development, Validation, and Interlaboratory Comparison of an HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibition Assay for Quantitation of Atorvastatin in Plasma Matrices (1998)

An HMG-CoA reductase inhibition assay was developed and validated for quantitation of atorvastatin in human, dog, rat, and mouse plasma. Atorvastatin was isolated from plasma by protein precipitation. Rat-liver microsomes were used to provide the reductase enzyme. The method was validated by assaying calibration standards and quality controls in triplicate on each of the 3 days. A customized computer program was used for data calculation. Quantitation of the assay ranged from 0.36 to 16 ng/ml of atorvastatin in different plasma matrices. Assay precision and accuracy, based on the coefficient of variation and percent relative error, respectively, of quality controls were 10.4% to 14.5% and within +/- 6.25% in human; 4.89% to 10.6% (+/- 8.13%) in dog; 2.68% to 8.62% (+/- 5.00%) in rat; and 3.68% to 8.96% (+/- 5.38%) in mouse plasma. The method has been applied to pharmacokinetic studies of atorvastatin in human and toxicokinetic studies in dog, rat, and mouse after atorvastatin administration. Atorvastatin equivalent concentrations in a set of plasma samples from subjects receiving single and multiple doses of atorvastatin were determined by validated HMG-CoA reductase inhibition assays at four different laboratories. Results were compared using linear regression and concordance correlation statistical procedures. Good agreements among these data indicated that results from different laboratories with the same validated method can be used interchangeably.