gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Induction of cystic forms by different stress conditions in Borrelia burgdorferi (2004)

Cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi might represent a low metabolic activity state or phase of B. burgdorferi cells that allows the spirochete to survive in a hostile environment until conditions are favourable to multiply again. In this study we evaluated the rate of cyst formation induced by oxidative stress, pH variations, and heating, reconversion of cysts to vegetative forms, and some aspects of their metabolic activity. We observed cyst formation in the presence of extreme pH values, and at high temperature, but the best production of cystic forms was observed in the presence of H2O2. When transferred to BSK II medium, the cystic forms reconverted to spirochetes in relation to their age and type of induction treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrated a low metabolic activity of cystic forms by measuring amino acid incorporation. Overall, these data suggest that the phenomenon of conversion to cysts by B. burgdorferi provides a limited survival potential. This short-term survival, however, gives borreliae an additional chance to overcome unfavourable environmental conditions.
Synthesis of Size-Controlled Faceted Pentagonal Silver Nanorods with Tunable Plasmonic Properties and Self-Assembly of These Nanorods (2008)

Monodisperse size-controlled faceted pentagonal silver nanorods were synthesized by thermal regrowth of decahedral silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) in aqueous solution at 95 degrees C, using citrate as a reducing agent. The width of the silver nanorods was determined by the size of the starting decahedral particle, while the length was varied from 50 nm to 2 mum by the amount of new silver added to the growth solution. Controlled regrowth allowed us to produce monodisperse AgNPs with a shape of elongated pentagonal dipyramid (regular Johnson solid, J(16)). Faceted pentagonal particles exhibited remarkable optical properties with sharp plasmon resonances precisely tunable across visible and NIR. Due to the narrow size distribution, faceted pentagonal silver nanorods readily self-assembled into the 3-D arrays similar to smectic mesophases. Hexagonal arrangement in the array completely overrode five-fold symmetry of the nanorods. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of pentagonal symmetry in metal nanoparticles and offer a facile method of the preparation of monodisperse AgNPs with controlled dimensions and plasmonic properties that are promising for optical applications and functional self-assembly.
Characterization of Indigoidine Biosynthetic Genes in Erwinia chrysanthemi and Role of This Blue Pigment in Pathogenicity (2002)

In the plant-pathogenic bacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi production of pectate lyases, the main virulence determinant, is modulated by a complex network involving several regulatory proteins. One of these regulators, PecS, also controls the synthesis of a blue pigment identified as indigoidine. Since production of this pigment is cryptic in the wild-type strain, E. chrysanthemi ind mutants deficient in indigoidine synthesis were isolated by screening a library of Tn5-B21 insertions in a pecS mutant. These ind mutations were localized close to the regulatory pecS-pecM locus, immediately downstream of pecM. Sequence analysis of this DNA region revealed three open reading frames, indA, indB, and indC, involved in indigoidine biosynthesis. No specific function could be assigned to IndA. In contrast, IndB displays similarity to various phosphatases involved in antibiotic synthesis and IndC reveals significant homology with many nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). The IndC product contains an adenylation domain showing the signature sequence DAWCFGLI for glutamine recognition and an oxidation domain similar to that found in various thiazole-forming NRPS. These data suggest that glutamine is the precursor of indigoidine. We assume that indigoidine results from the condensation of two glutamine molecules that have been previously cyclized by intramolecular amide bond formation and then dehydrogenated. Expression of ind genes is strongly derepressed in the pecS background, indicating that PecS is the main regulator of this secondary metabolite synthesis. DNA band shift assays support a model whereby the PecS protein represses indA and indC expression by binding to indA and indC promoter regions. The regulatory link, via pecS, between indigoidine and virulence factor production led us to explore a potential role of indigoidine in E. chrysanthemi pathogenicity. Mutants impaired in indigoidine production were unable to cause systemic invasion of potted Saintpaulia ionantha. Moreover, indigoidine production conferred an increased resistance to oxidative stress, indicating that indigoidine may protect the bacteria against the reactive oxygen species generated during the plant defense response.
Intravascular Immune Surveillance by CXCR6+ NKT Cells Patrolling Liver Sinusoids (2005)

We examined the in vivo behavior of liver natural killer T cells (NKT cells) by intravital fluorescence microscopic imaging of mice in which a green fluorescent protein cDNA was used to replace the gene encoding the chemokine receptor CXCR6. NKT cells, which account for most CXCR6(+) cells in liver, were found to crawl within hepatic sinusoids at 10-20 microm/min and to stop upon T cell antigen receptor activation. CXCR6-deficient mice exhibited a selective and severe reduction of CD1d-reactive NKT cells in the liver and decreased susceptibility to T-cell-dependent hepatitis. CXCL16, the cell surface ligand for CXCR6, is expressed on sinusoidal endothelial cells, and CXCR6 deficiency resulted in reduced survival, but not in altered speed or pattern of patrolling of NKT cells. Thus, NKT cells patrol liver sinusoids to provide intravascular immune surveillance, and CXCR6 contributes to liver-based immune responses by regulating their abundance.
Treatment With the Radiolabeled Somatostatin Analog [ 177 Lu-DOTA 0 ,Tyr 3 ]Octreotate: Toxicity, Efficacy, and Survival (2008)

Treatment with [(177)Lu-DOTA(0),Tyr(3)]octreotate has few adverse effects. Tumor response rates and progression-free survival compare favorably to the limited number of alternative treatment modalities. Compared with historical controls, there is a benefit in OS from time of diagnosis of several years.
An Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide‐Doxorubicin Conjugate: Preparation and Its Reversal Multidrug Resistance of Human Carcinoma Cell Line In Vitro (2004)

An antisense oligodeoxynucleotide-doxorubicin conjugate was synthesized by an aminocaproic acid linker. The synthetic conjugate was identified by HPLC analysis and UV-vis spectra. Properties of the conjugate in vitro conditions were investigated. The results demonstrated that the conjugate was remarkably stabilized by doxorubicin. When incubated in Dulbecco Phosphate-Buflered Saline (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C, the conjugate was more stable than doxorubicin or the mixture of doxorubicin and antisense oligodeoxynucleotide. When incubated in 10% fetal serum at 37 degrees C, the conjugate showed a remarkable stabilization as compared to the unmodified oligodeoxynucleotide. Melting experiments demonstrated that the covalent attachment of doxorubicin strongly stabilized the binding of the oligodeoxynucleotide to its complementary sequence. In addition, in vitro reversion of multidrug resistance by the conjugate was assayed in a human carcinoma cell line (KB-A-1) resisting to doxorubicin. The result showed that the conjugate displayed very high reversal multdrug resistance activity in KB-A-1 cells in vitro. The conjugate lowered the IC50 value from 21.5 microM to 2.2 microM with a fold-reversal factor of 10. In contrast, a slight decrease of the IC50 value was observed when they combined with the "free" antisense oligodeoxynucleotide: the IC50 value was down from 21.5 microM to 16.8 microM. This study suggested that antisense oligodeoxynucleotide-doxorubicin conjugate might be helpful in multidrug resistance reversal.
Cortisol Levels, Binding, and Properties of Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin in the Serum of Primates* (1986)

New World primates have exceptionally high plasma levels of cortisol and other steroid hormones when compared with humans and other primates. It has been suggested that this difference can be explained by either low affinity or concentration of cellular steroid receptors. We have assessed cortisol availability in serum from several species of New and Old World primates under physiological conditions (whole serum at 37 degrees C). Measurements were made of total and free cortisol, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) binding capacity and affinity for cortisol, distribution of cortisol in serum, and its binding to albumin. In agreement with earlier reports, plasma free cortisol levels in Old World primates, prosimians, and humans range from 10-300 nM. However, very high total plasma cortisol together with low CBG binding capacity and affinity result in free cortisol concentrations of 1-4 microM in some New World primates (squirrel monkey and marmosets) but not in others such as the titi and capuchin. In squirrel monkeys, free cortisol levels are far greater than might be predicted from the affinity of the glucocorticoid receptor estimated in cultured skin fibroblasts. In addition to low affinity, CBG from squirrel monkeys and other New World primates exhibits differences in electrophoretic mobility and sedimentation behavior in sucrose density ultracentrifugation, suggestive of a molecular weight that is approximately twice that of CBG from other species. Together with other data these results indicate that the apparent glucocorticoid resistance found in New World primates is a complex phenomenon that is not easily explained by present concepts of glucocorticoid action.
Effect of co‐catalyst system on α‐olefin polymerization with rac‐ and meso‐[dimethylsilylenebis(2,3,5‐trimethyl‐cyclopentadienyl)]zirconium dichloride (1997)

Abstract Propene, 1‐butene and 1‐hexene polymerization was conducted with a mixture of rac ‐ and meso ‐[dimethylsilylenebis((2,3,5‐tetramethyl‐cyclopentadienyl))]zirconium dichloride (Me 2 Si(2,3,5‐Me 3 Cp) 2 ZrCl 2 ) ( 1 ) combined with methylaluminoxane (MAO), triethylaluminium (AlEt 3 )/triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (Ph 3 CB(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ) ( 2 ) and triisobutylaluminium (AliBu 3 )/Ph 3 CB(C 6 F 5 ) 4 , respectively, as co‐catalyst systems. The ratios of polymerization rates R p ( rac )/ R p ( meso ) were changed with the combined cocatalysts. It was found that in the case of using trialkylaluminium/ 2 as co‐catalyst R p ( rac )/ R p ( meso ) is lower than when using MAO in any kind of α‐olefin polymerization.
Substrate requirements of human rhinovirus 3C protease for peptide cleavage in vitro. (1990)

A series of synthetic peptides representing authentic proteolytic cleavage sites of human rhinovirus type 14 were assayed as substrates for purified 3C protease. Competition cleavage assays were employed to determine the relative specificity constants (Kcat/Km) for substrates with sequences related to the viral 2C-3A cleavage site. Variable length peptides representing the 2C-3A cleavage site were cleaved with comparable efficiency. These studies defined a minimum substrate of 6 amino acids (TLFQ/GP), although retention of the residue at position P5 (ETLFQ/GP) resulted in a better substrate by an order of magnitude. Amino acid substitutions at position P5, P4, P1', or P2' indicated that the identity of the residue at position P5 was not critical, whereas substitutions at position P4, P1' or P2' resulted in substrates with Kcat/Km values varying over 2 orders of magnitude. In contrast to the 2C-3A cleavage site, small peptide derivatives representative of the 3A-3B cleavage site were relatively poor substrates, which suggested that residues flanking the minimum core sequence may influence susceptibility to cleavage. The 3C protease of rhinovirus type 14 was also capable of cleaving peptides representing comparable cleavage sites predicted for coxsackie B virus and poliovirus.
Variation Within the Human Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor ( KIR) Gene Family (2002)

The killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) form a family of highly homologous immune receptors that regulate the response of natural killer (NK) cells and some T cells. The genetics of the human KIR family is reviewed in this article. In human populations, diversity in KIR genotype arises from variations in gene content and allelic polymorphism. Comparisons of 81 human KIR sequences reveal past events ofgene duplication and recombination, and indicate that individual KIR genes have diversified from the influence of natural selection. Comparison and compilation of population studies reveal extensive KIR genotype variability within human populations and among them. Genomic analysis shows the KIR genes to be close to each other and separated by homologous sequences that promote haplotype diversification through assymetric recombination. In contrast, homologous recombination appears favored at a unique sequence in the center of the KIR locus, and much haplotypic diversity can be explained by recombination between a limited number of gene-content motifs in the centromeric and telomeric halves of the locus. The importance of NK cells for early defenses against infection suggests that human KIR genotype diversity is the accumulated consequence of a history of numerous and successive selective episodes by different pathogens on human NK-cell responses.
Acceleration of Sugar Transport in Avian Erythrocytes by Catecholamines (1974)

Epinephrine accelerated the carrier-mediated transport of 3-O-methylglucose and galactose into avian erythrocytes. The magnitude of the effect was dependent upon the period of exposure and the concentration of epinephrine. With 0.1 m m epinephrine, 45 min were required for a significant increase in rate. After 60 min of exposure, a maximal effect was obtained with 0.4 m m epinephrine. Catechol, dopamine, norepinephrine, dl -isoproterenol, and ephedrine also increased transport rate. The stimulatory effect of epinephrine was partially blocked by desmethylimipramine and omission of extracellular potassium, but was unaffected by iproniazid (10 m m ), β-thujaplicin (0.2 m m ), propranolol (0.1 m m ), or phentolamine (0.1 m m ). Addition of a higher concentration (1 m m ) of propranolol accelerated 3-O-methylglucose transport. Cyclic adenosine 3′ : 5′-monophosphate or its dibutyryl derivative did not increase transport rate when added to the incubation medium. Addition of 1 m m propranolol lowered levels of cyclic adenosine 3′ : 5′-monophosphate in control and epinephrine-treated cells, but stimulated the control rate of sugar entry. In contrast to the stimulatory effects on transport of nonmetabolized sugars, epinephrine was ineffective in accelerating glucose uptake. Incubation of avian erythrocytes in buffer containing epinephrine, but not glucose, led to more rapid consumption of ATP, while inclusion of glucose maintained ATP levels either in the presence or absence of the catecholamine. These studies indicate that the acceleration of sugar transport in avian erythrocytes by epinephrine may be related to depletion of cellular ATP.
Preparation and electrochemical characterization of conical and hemispherical ultramicroelectrodes (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and electrochemical characterization of conical and hemispherical ultramicroelectrodesReginald M. Penner, Michael J. Heben, and Nathan S. LewisCite this: Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 15, 1630–1636Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00190a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00190a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views586Altmetric-Citations81LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
CXL.—Electrolytic oxidation (1906)

H. D. Law, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1906, 89, 1437 DOI: 10.1039/CT9068901437
DNA markers : protocols, applications, and overviews (1997)

Partial table of contents: PROTOCOLS. Molecular Hybridization (D. Grant & R. Shoemaker). Hybridization--Based Microsatellite Fingerprinting of Plants and Fungi (K. Weising & G. Kahl). Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Analysis (J. Rafalski). AFLP Analysis (P. Vos & M. Kuiper). Simple Sequence Repeat DNA Marker Analysis (P. Cregan & C. Quigley). Genomic Fingerprinting Using Oligonucleotide Arrays (K. Beattie). APPLICATIONS. Molecular Markers and Forest Trees (D. O'Malley & R. Whetten). Cultivar Identification and Varietal Protection (S. Smith). Arbitrarily Amplified DNA in Ecology and Evolution (B. Schierwater, et al.). Appendix. Glossary. Index.
A fast algorithm for large vocabulary keyword spotting application (1994)

Presents a fast algorithm for spotting a large number of keywords in unconstrained, continuous speech using an HMM-based continuous speech recognizer. This fast algorithm is based on a two stage scheme. In the first stage, the forward backward search is performed for detecting N most likely common subwords. In the second stage, the tree-trellis search is carried out to determine the optimum keyword by traversing the tree-structural vocabulary in an effective way. Compared with the conventional whole-word based keyword spotting algorithm, the proposed fast algorithm can drastically reduce the computational cost.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The receptors for gibbon ape leukemia virus and amphotropic murine leukemia virus are not downregulated in productively infected cells (2011)

A-MLV or GALV receptors remain on the surface of chronically infected cells and are detectable by respective antibodies, indicating that these receptors are not downregulated in these infected cells as previously proposed. We were also able to detect viral envelope proteins on the infected cell surface and infected cells are unable to bind soluble A-MLV or GALV envelopes indicating that receptor binding sites are masked by endogenously expressed A-MLV or GALV viral envelope. However, receptor masking does not completely prevent A-MLV or GALV superinfection.
Rotational stability and visual outcome after implantation of a new toric intraocular lens for the correction of corneal astigmatism during cataract surgery (2013)

Implantation of the new aspheric toric IOL was effective, safe, and stable in correcting preexisting regular corneal astigmatism during cataract surgery. Combined imaging and eye tracking seems to be a promising technology to evaluate the correct axis for IOL torus alignment.
Identification of Antihypertensive Drugs Which Inhibit Amyloid-β Protein Oligomerization (2009)

Recent studies suggest that certain cardiovascular antihypertensive agents decrease the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Based on this evidence and the fact that Abeta aggregation into high-molecular-weight-soluble oligomeric Abeta species is known to directly induce cognitive impairment, we tested the possibility that certain antihypertensive compounds may affect the progression of Alzheimer's disease, at least in part by influencing the formation of Abeta oligomers. High throughput screening of 55 commercially available antihypertensive drugs identified four compounds that significantly reduced Abeta(1-42) oligomerization in a dose dependent manner. These four compounds, furosemide (diuretic), nitrendipine (calcium channel blocker), candesartan cilextil (angiotensin II receptor antagonist) and diazoxide (vasodilator) showed no detectable Abeta lowering activities in primary neuron cultures generated from Tg2576 mouse embryos. However, furosemide, nitrendipine and candesartan cilextil prevented oligomerization of both Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42) in vitro. Furosemide also dissociated pre-aggregated Abeta(1-42) oligomers. Furthermore, short term furosemide treatment resulted in decreased amount of Abeta oligomers in the brain of Tg2576 mice. Our studies suggest that certain antihypertensive compounds may prevent AD-type neuropathology through inhibition of Abeta oligomer formation.
Novel targeted therapeutics: inhibitors of MDM2, ALK and PARP (2011)

We reviewed preclinical data and clinical development of MDM2 (murine double minute 2), ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) and PARP (poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase) inhibitors. MDM2 binds to p53, and promotes degradation of p53 through ubiquitin-proteasome degradation. JNJ-26854165 and RO5045337 are 2 small-molecule inhibitors of MDM2 in clinical development. ALK is a transmembrane protein and a member of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinases. EML4-ALK fusion gene is identified in approximately 3-13% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Early-phase clinical studies with Crizotinib, an ALK inhibitor, in NSCLC harboring EML4-ALK have demonstrated promising activity with high response rate and prolonged progression-free survival. PARPs are a family of nuclear enzymes that regulates the repair of DNA single-strand breaks through the base excision repair pathway. Randomized phase II study has shown adding PARP-1 inhibitor BSI-201 to cytotoxic chemotherapy improves clinical outcome in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. Olaparib, another oral small-molecule PARP inhibitor, demonstrated encouraging single-agent activity in patients with advanced breast or ovarian cancer. There are 5 other PARP inhibitors currently under active clinical investigation.
Specific requirement for CD3ɛ in T cell development (1998)

T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and pre-TCR complexes are composed of clonotypic heterodimers in association with dimers of signal transducing invariant subunits (CD3gamma, -delta, -epsilon, and zeta). The role of individual invariant subunits in T cell development has been investigated by generating gene-specific mutations in mice. Mutation of CD3gamma, -delta, or zeta results in an incomplete block in development, characterized by reduced numbers of mature T cells that express low levels of TCR. In contrast, mature T cells are absent from CD3epsilon-/- mice, and thymocyte development is arrested at the early CD4(-)CD8(-) stage. Although these results suggest that CD3epsilon is essential for pre-TCR and TCR expression/function, their interpretation is complicated by the fact that expression of the CD3gamma and CD3delta genes also is reduced in CD3epsilon-/- mice. Thus, it is unclear whether the phenotype of CD3epsilon-/- mice reflects the collective effects of CD3gamma, -delta, and -epsilon deficiency. By removing the selectable marker (PGK-NEO) from the targeted CD3epsilon gene via Cre/loxP-mediated recombination, we generated mice that lack CD3epsilon yet retain normal expression of the closely linked CD3gamma and CD3delta genes. These (CD3epsilonDelta/Delta) mice exhibited an early arrest in T cell development, similar to that of CD3epsilon-/- mice. Moreover, the developmental defect could be rescued by expression of a CD3epsilon transgene. These results identify an essential role for CD3epsilon in T cell development not shared by the CD3gamma, CD3delta, or zeta-family proteins and provide further evidence that PGK-NEO can influence the expression of genes in its proximity.