gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Characterization, and Hydrolytic Degradation of PLA/PEO/PLA Triblock Copolymers with Long Poly(l-lactic acid) Blocks (1996)

A series of triblock PLA/PEO/PLA copolymers were synthesized by polymerization of l-lactide in the presence of PEG2000, a bifunctional OH-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (M̄n = 1800) using Zn metal or CaH2 as catalyst. The resulting copolymers were analyzed by various techniques including 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, size-exclusion chromatography, X-ray diffractometry, optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. NMR spectra showed that Zn and CaH2 catalyzed lactide polymerization under the selected experimental conditions to yield long PLA blocks at both ends of the PEG macroinitiator. The copolymer composition was comparable to that of the feed even after purification by dissolution/precipitation. Hydrolysis of the triblock copolymers conclusively showed that the early stages of ester bond cleavage proceeded at random along the PLA blocks. As degradation advanced, a highly swollen hydrogel layer expanded from the surface of a still compact, partially degraded specimen. According to NMR analysis, this layer was composed of PLA/PEO/PLA copolymers bearing short PLA blocks which resulted from the degradation of parent long blocks. It remained attached to the surface via physical interactions within hydrophobic microdomains composed of clustered PLA segments.
Altered decidual leucocyte populations in the placental bed in pre-eclampsia and foetal growth restriction: a comparison with late normal pregnancy (2009)

Alterations in the balance of leucocyte populations in uterine decidua may lead to the generation of an unfavourable cytokine environment that is associated with unsuccessful pregnancy. Single and double immunohistochemical labelling was used to examine leucocyte populations in decidua from normal third trimester, foetal growth-restricted and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Placental bed biopsies from 12 women undergoing elective Caesarean section with no hypertension or foetal growth restriction (FGR), 8 women with FGR without maternal hypertension and 12 women with pre-eclampsia (PE) were used to quantify decidual CD56+ uterine NK cells, CD14+ macrophages, CD3+T-lymphocytes and CD8+ lymphocytes. CD3+CD56+, CD8+CD56+ and CD161+CD3+ double-labelled cells in decidua were compared in PE and control decidua. Decidual CD3+T-lymphocytes (P<0.01), CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (P<0.05), CD14+ macrophages (P<0.0001) and CD56+ uterine natural killer (uNK) cells (P=0.01) were decreased in placental bed biopsies from women with PE compared with control third trimester decidua. By contrast, only CD56+ uNK cells were decreased in FGR decidua (P<0.05). Double-positive CD8+CD56+ cells were also decreased in PE compared with control third trimester decidua (P<0.05). The reduction in specific leucocyte subset numbers in PE and uNK cells in FGR suggests that altered local cytokine balance may be important in defective trophoblast invasion and spiral artery transformation in these pathological pregnancies.
Preliminary Economics for Hydrocarbon Fuel Production from Cellulosic Sugars (2014)

Biorefinery process and economic models built in CHEMCAD and a preliminary, genome-scale metabolic model for the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi were used to simulate the bioconversion of corn stover to lipids, and the upgrading of these hydrocarbon precursors to diesel and jet fuel. The metabolic model was based on the recently released genome sequence for L. starkeyi and on metabolic pathway information from the literature. The process model was based on bioconversion, lipid extraction, and lipid oil upgrading data found in literature, on new laboratory experimental data, and on yield predictions from the preliminary L. starkeyi metabolic model. The current plant gate production cost for a distillate-range hydrocarbon fuel was estimated by the process model Base Case to be $9.5/gallon ($9.0 /gallon of gasoline equivalent) with assumptions of 2011$, 10% internal return on investment, and 2205 ton/day dry feed rate. Opportunities for reducing the cost to below $5.0/gallon, such as improving bioconversion lipid yield and hydrogenation catalyst selectivity, are presented in a Target Case. The process and economic models developed for this work will be updated in 2014 with new experimental data and predictions from a refined metabolic network model for L. starkeyi. Attaining a production cost of $3.0/gallon will require finding higher value uses for lignin other than power generation, such as conversion to additional fuel or to a co-product.
Synthesis and Structure Elucidation of 5‐Aminomethinimino‐3‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolecarboxylic Acid Phenylamides and Their Immunological Activity (1997)

A series of 5-aminomethinimino-3-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxylic acid phenylamides 4 has been prepared by condensation of 5-amino-3-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxylic acid phenylamides 1 with trichloroacetic aldehyde. Alcoholysis of trichloro derivatives 2 gave 5-alkoxymethine derivatives 3 which, on reaction with an appropriate amine, formed the corresponding compounds 4. The compounds obtained were evaluated for their immunological activity. The properties of three compounds, described in this report, permitted inhibition of the immune response in all possible ways: diminishing both types of immune response (4d), humoral immune response (4a), or cellular immune response (4c). Preparation 4d is comparable in its effectiveness to CsA, so it may be potentially used as an agent for prolongation of the function of transplanted organs. Two other compounds may potentially be used in cases where only one type the immune response is required for combating pathogen invasion.
Constitutive neuregulin‐1/ErbB signaling contributes to human vestibular schwannoma proliferation (2006)

Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) are benign tumors that arise from the Schwann cells (SCs) lining the vestibular nerve. VS cells survive and proliferate far from neurons and axonally derived growth factors. We have previously shown that VSs produce the glial growth factor, neuregulin-1 (NRG1), and its receptors, ErbB2 and ErbB3. In the present work, we explore the contribution of constitutive NRG1:ErbB signaling to human VS cell proliferation. We confirm that human VSs, which express markers of immature and denervated SCs, also express endogenous NRG1 and activated ErbB2. We find that a blocking anti-NRG1 antibody and trastuzumab (Herceptin, HCN), a humanized anti-ErbB2 inhibitory monoclonal antibody, effectively inhibit NRG1 induced SC proliferation. Treatment of primary VS cultures with anti-NRG1 or HCN reduces cell proliferation in the absence of exogenous NRG1. Furthermore, conditioned medium from VS cell cultures contains NRG1 and stimulates SC proliferation in SC cultures, an effect that is inhibited by anti-NRG1 and HCN. These data suggest an autocrine pathway of VS growth stimulation involving NRG and ErbB receptors. Inhibition of constitutive NRG:ErbB signaling reduces VS cell proliferation in vitro and may have therapeutic potential for patients with VSs.
Wine, Diet, Antioxidant Defenses, and Oxidative Damage (2002)

Oxidative stress is a central mechanism for the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease and atherogenesis, for cancer and other chronic diseases in general, and it also plays a major role in the aging process. Dietary antioxidants constitute a large group of compounds that differ in mechanism of action, bioavailability and side effects. A systematic analysis of the role of the various antioxidants in chronic diseases is hampered by the difficulty of employing death or clinical events as end points in intervention studies. Therefore, valid markers for oxidative stress, which show dose response and are sensitive to changes in dietary supply of antioxidants, are potentially of great value when trying to establish healthy dietary patterns, or when one component, like red wine, is evaluated specifically. To evaluate potential oxidative stress markers we have studied the effect of different diets plus wine supplementation on antioxidant defenses and oxidative damage. In three experimental series, four groups of young male university students, one of older men and other of older women, 20-24 volunteers each, received Mediterranean or occidental (high-fat) diets alone or supplemented with red wine, white wine, or fruits and vegetables. Measurements included, leukocyte DNA 8-OH-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG), plasma 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol, TBARS and well-characterized antioxidants, and plasma and urine polyphenol antioxidants. In all experimental groups that received red wine, consumption resulted in marked decrease in 8OHdG. The changes observed in 8OHdG correlate positively with the other markers of oxidative damage, and shows a clear inverse correlation with the plasma level of well established antioxidants and with measurements of total antioxidant capacity. Urinary total polyphenol content as well as the sum of some specific plasma species also correlate inversely with 8OHdG. In conclusion, the results identify 8OHdG as a very promising general marker of oxidative stress in nutrition intervention studies in humans, and red wine shows a remarkable protective effect.
Site-directed Mutagenesis of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/α-Ketoglutarate Dioxygenase (2000)

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)/alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-KG) dioxygenase (TfdA) is an Fe(II)-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the first step in degradation of the herbicide 2,4-D. The active site structures of a small number of enzymes within the alpha-KG-dependent dioxygenase superfamily have been characterized and shown to have a similar HXDX(50-70)HX(10)RXS arrangement of residues that make up the binding sites for Fe(II) and alpha-KG. TfdA does not have obvious homology to the dioxygenases containing the above motif but is related in sequence to eight other enzymes in the superfamily that form a distinct consensus sequence (HX(D/E)X(138-207) HX(10)R/K). Variants of TfdA were created to examine the roles of putative metal-binding residues and the functions of the other seven histidines in this protein. The H167A, H200A, H213A, H245A, and H262A forms of TfdA formed inclusion bodies when overproduced in Escherichia coli DH5alpha; however, these proteins were soluble when fused to the maltose-binding protein (MBP). MBP-TfdA exhibited kinetic parameters similar to the native enzyme. The H8A and H235A variants were catalytically similar to wild-type TfdA. MBP-H213A and H216A TfdA have elevated K(m) values for 2,4-D, and the former showed a decreased k(cat), suggesting these residues may affect substrate binding or catalysis. The H113A, D115A, MBP-H167A, MBP-H200A, MBP-H245A and MBP-H262A variants of TfdA were inactive. Gel filtration analysis revealed that the latter two proteins were highly aggregated. The remaining four inactive variants were examined in their Cu(II)-substituted forms by EPR and electron spin-echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopic methods. Changes in EPR spectra upon addition of substrates indicated that copper was present at the active site in the H113A and D115A variants. ESEEM analysis revealed that two histidines are bound equatorially to the copper in the D115A and MBP-H167A TfdA variants. The experimental data and sequence analysis lead us to conclude that His-113, Asp-115, and His-262 are likely metal ligands in TfdA and that His-213 may aid in catalysis or binding of 2,4-D.
Lysophosphatidic Acid Regulates Trafficking of β2-Adrenergic Receptors (2007)

Lysophosphatidic acid is an important lipid ligand regulating many aspects of cell function, including proliferation and migration. Operating via heterotrimeric G proteins to downstream effectors, lysophosphatidic acid was shown to regulate the function and trafficking of the G protein-coupled beta(2)-adrenergic receptor. C3 exotoxin, expression of dominant negative RhoA, and inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal kinase blocked the ability of lysophosphatidic acid to sequester the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor, whereas expression of constitutively active Galpha(13), p115RhoGEF, or RhoA mimicked lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) action, stimulating the internalization of the Galpha(s)-coupled beta(2)-adrenergic receptor. This study revealed a novel cross-talk exerted from the LPA/Galpha(13)/p115RhoGEF/RhoA pathway to the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor/Galpha(s)/adenylyl cyclase pathway, attenuating the ability of beta-adrenergic agonists to act following stimulation of cells by LPA as may occur during beta-adrenergic therapy of an inflammatory response.
Defining the invasive phenotype of proximal gastric cancer cells (1994)

There are distinct phenotypic differences between invasive and noninvasive proximal gastric cancer cell lines both at the level of expression of mRNA for collagenase Type IV 72-kD and at the level of scanning electron microscopy with the expression of cytoplasmic projections. Clinical outcome may be associated with these phenotypic differences.
Frequency dispersion in partially depleted SOI MOSFET output resistance (2002)

Floating body effect (FBE) in partially depleted SOI MOSFET has become the focus of research recently. So far, most researcher concentrated their study on switching type circuit operation. However, in order to quantify the impact of floating body on analog circuit, small signal characteristic in frequency domain should be investigated. This paper reports an enhancement of output resistance (R/sub out/) at high frequency in partially depleted devices. The effect is explained by the floating body potential fluctuation under the influence of hole accumulation in the neutral body and gate coupling. At high current level, self heating effect overrides FBE and decreases R/sub out/ at high frequency.
Properties of Alkaline Protease Isolated from Nocardiopsis dassonvillei (1993)

ATCC 21944인 노카디옵시스 다손빌레이 균주로부터 새로운 알칼리언 단백질분해효소를 분리하였다. 크로마토그래피 방법과 이온교환 HPLC를 사용하여 분리한 효소는 SDS-전기영동 젤상에서 순수한 것으로 나타났으며, 겉보기 분자량은 33,500 달톤인 것으로 나타났다. 이 효소의 pI는 6.3는 부근으로 나타났으며 효소의 활성은 PMSF 및 chymostatin과 같은 Serine 단백질 분해효소의 억제제들에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 온도에 따른 효소활성 실험결과 $55^{\circ}C$ 에서 활성이 가장 크며 $65^{\circ}C$ 까지는 최대 활성의 70%를 유지하며 또한 pH 11에서도 활성을 계속 유지하는 것으로 보여졌다. 분리된 단백질분해효소는 높은 온도에서 그리고 강한 알칼리성에서도 활성을 유지하므로 산업적으로 이용할 가치를 포함하고 있는 것으로 사료된다. 【We have purified a novel alkaline protease from actinomycete Nocardiopsis dassonvillei, ATCC 21944, using conventional chromatographic methods and an ion-exchange HPLC at the final stage. SDS-PAGE of purified enzyme showed that the enzyme is homogeneous, and the apparent molecular weight is 33,500 daltons. Isoelectricfocusing indicates its pI is around 6.3. The enzyme is inhibited by serine protease inhibitors such as phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and chymostatin. Temperature-dependent activity profile of the protease indicates that it is thermally stable and retains 70% of the activity at $65^{\circ}C$ compared to the maximum activity shown at $55^{\circ}C$ . It also appears to be highly alkalophilic, maintaining almost full activity at pH 11.】
Advanced Glycation End-products and Atherosclerosis (1996)

The late rearrangements of the covalent nonenzymatic modification of proteins by glucose, called advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), have been shown to accumulate in diabetic and ageing tissues. AGEs elicit a wide range of cell-mediated responses leading to vascular dysfunction, matrix expansion and athero- and glomerulosclerosis. Cellular responses are thought to be largely induced through an AGE-specific cell-surface receptor complex (AGEr). Interaction of AGE-modified proteins with these cells may serve diverse purposes, including disposal of senescent AGE-modified molecules and initiation of tissue repair and protein turnover. In humans, the normal renal clearance rate for the AGE-degradation products found in serum, AGE peptides (AGEp), correlates inversely with renal creatinine clearance rate. Of note, circulating AGEp include reactive intermediates which readily attach covalently to either insoluble matrix collagen or serum proteins, e.g. low-density lipoproteins (LDL), to form AGEp collagen and AGEp-LDL. Consistent with this, diabetic and nondiabetic patients with renal failure (a group highly susceptible to accelerated atherosclerosis) exhibit markedly elevated AGE-modified serum LDL. In summary, in addition to glucose-derived AGEs, the endogenously produced degradation products, AGE peptides, can amplify tissue damage and thus account as distinct toxins. The effects may particularly accelerate glucose toxicity in certain individuals that are genetically susceptible to diabetic renal and extrarenal disease.
A Review of Current Flame Retardant Systems for Epoxy Resins (2004)

The review covers materials currently available or which appear to be in serious development, with emphasis on electrical laminates and encapsulation, and brief coverage of other applications. The dominant technology for FR-4 printed wiring boards uses tetrabromobisphenol-A reacted into the epoxy resin. Nonhalogen systems include additives such as alumina trihydrate, alumina trihydrate plus red phosphorus, and aromatic phosphates. Reactives include a dihydrooxaphosphaphenanthrene oxide and various adducts thereof, and hydroxyl-terminated oligomeric phosphorus-containing esters. A further approach is the modification of the epoxy resin by placement of aromatic groups between the glycidyloxyphenyl groups, and/or by use of a triazine-modified novolac as crosslinker. Flame retardant epoxy coatings continue to make use of ammonium polyphosphate plus char-forming additives.
Calcium-Antagonist Drugs (1999)

Drugs classified as calcium antagonists or calcium-channel blockers were introduced into clinical medicine in the 1960s and are now among the most frequently prescribed drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.1 Although the currently available calcium antagonists are chemically diverse, they share the common property of blocking the transmembrane flow of calcium ions through voltage-gated L-type (slowly inactivating) channels.2 These drugs have proved effective in patients with hypertension, angina pectoris, and cardiac arrhythmias and may be beneficial in patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, Raynaud's phenomenon, migraine, preterm labor, esophageal spasm, and bipolar disorders.L-Type Calcium ChannelsAll calcium antagonists . . .
Efficacy of Bacillus coagulans tablets in the treatment of acute and chronic diarrhea (2004)

To observe the efficacy and safety of Bacillus coagulans tablets in the treatment of acute and chronic diarrhea, eligible patients were randomly allocated to two groups. There were 103 patients in the study group (51 with acute diarrhea and 52 with chronic diarrhea) and 101 in the control group (51 with acute diarrhea and 50 with chronic diarrhea). The study group received B. coagulans tablets at a dose of 10 8 CFU, three times daily for 3-7 days (acute diarrhea) and 14-21 days (chronic diarrhea), while the control group received Golden Bifid (Bifidobacterium longium) tablets at a dose of 10 8 CFU three times daily for 3-7 days and 14-21 days. Administration of these probiotic preparations was randomized and double blind. The results showed that: (i) The best effectiveness rate of B. coagulans tablets in acute diarrhea was 78% and the total effectiveness rate was 98%, while the corresponding rates of Golden Bifid tablets were 70% and 92%, respectively (ii) The best effectiveness rate of chronic diarrhea of B. coagulans tablets was 48%, and its total effectiveness rate was 90%. The corresponding rates of Golden Bifid tablets were 37% and 80%, respectively. No statistically significant differences were found between these two groups. Moreoever, no adverse reactions were found in either drug. (iii) The number of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in gut significantly increased. We conclude that the B. coagulans tablets are an effective agent in the treatment of acute and chronic diarrhea and that their efficacy and safety are similar to that of Golden Bifid tablets.
Exogenous ATP and other nucleoside phosphates modulate epidermal growth factor receptors of A-431 epidermoid carcinoma cells. (1989)

The binding of epidermal growth factor (EGF) by A-431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells was reduced after exposure of the cells to low concentrations (0.01-1 mM) of ATP and other nucleoside 5'-triphosphates at 37 degrees C, but not at 0 degree C. This was due to loss of high-affinity EGF binding sites. The modulation was associated with transient increases in inositol phosphate synthesis and intracellular Ca2+ and with phosphorylation of the EGF receptor on serine and threonine. There was no evidence for entry of labeled ATP into the cells. ATP appeared to bind to specific cell surface receptors. Such binding was demonstrated directly with the nonmetabolizable ATP analogue adenosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate.
Treatment of U937 cells with bufalin induces the translocation of casein kinase 2 and modulates the activity of topoisomerase II prior to the induction of apoptosis. (1997)

The treatment of human leukemia U937 cells with 10(-8) M bufalin in the absence of serum resulted in the immediate translocation of casein kinase 2 (CK 2) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, as determined by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Concomitantly, the activity of topoisomerase (topo) II, as determined by monitoring activities specific to this enzyme such as DNA relaxation, DNA decatenation, and topo II-mediated DNA cleavage, was enhanced. The activity reached a maximum after 3 h and then decreased markedly after treatment with bufalin for 9 h. The amount of a complex of CK 2 and topo IIalpha in U937 cells was estimated by immunoprecipitation with antibodies raised against subunits of CK 2 and against topo IIalpha. The amount increased just after the start of treatment with bufalin and reached a maximum at 6 h. The results suggest that the topo IIalpha in the complex might have been phosphorylated by the translocated CK 2 and that the topo activity was stimulated by such phosphorylation. Apoptotic U937 cells with fragmented nuclei were observed between 9 and 12 h after the start of treatment using 10(-8) M bufalin. Therefore, it appears that the bufalin signal was transmitted to the nucleus by the translocation of CK 2, which formed a complex with topo IIalpha and modulated the activity of this enzyme, leading to the induction of apoptosis.
Sequence of theC. eleganstransposable element Tcl (1983)

The complete nucleotide sequence was determined for Tc1, a transposable element in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The 1610-base-pair element terminates in 54-base-pair perfect inverted repeats and is flanked by a 2-base-pair duplication of the target sequence. The Tc1 sequence contains two long open reading frames on the same DNA strand but in different translational reading frames. The positions of transcriptional control sequences suggest that a single transcript is made, which could produce two polypeptides, 273 and 112 amino acids in length. These features, i.e. terminal repeats, target site duplication and open reading frames, make Tc1 similar to transposable elements from other species.