gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Data mining with differential privacy (2010)

We consider the problem of data mining with formal privacy guarantees, given a data access interface based on the differential privacy framework. Differential privacy requires that computations be insensitive to changes in any particular individual's record, thereby restricting data leaks through the results. The privacy preserving interface ensures unconditionally safe access to the data and does not require from the data miner any expertise in privacy. However, as we show in the paper, a naive utilization of the interface to construct privacy preserving data mining algorithms could lead to inferior data mining results. We address this problem by considering the privacy and the algorithmic requirements simultaneously, focusing on decision tree induction as a sample application. The privacy mechanism has a profound effect on the performance of the methods chosen by the data miner. We demonstrate that this choice could make the difference between an accurate classifier and a completely useless one. Moreover, an improved algorithm can achieve the same level of accuracy and privacy as the naive implementation but with an order of magnitude fewer learning samples.
Oxathiin carboxanilide, a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus reproduction. (1991)

Oxathiin carboxanilide (OC), NSC 615985, a compound originally synthesized as a potential fungicide, was demonstrated to be highly active in preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced cell killing and in inhibiting HIV reproduction. Virus-infected CD4+ lymphocytes were completely protected by 0.5 microM OC, whereas no toxicity was observed at concentrations below 50 microM OC. Production of infectious virus, viral p24 antigen, and virion reverse transcriptase were reduced by OC at concentrations that prevented viral cell killing. A variety of CD4+ T-cell lines were protected by OC from HIV cytopathicity, and OC inhibited two distinct strains of HIV-1. However, HIV-2 infections were unaffected by OC. OC had no direct effect on virions of HIV or on the enzymatic activities of HIV reverse transcriptase or HIV protease. Time-limited treatments of cells with OC before, during, or after exposure of cells to virus failed to protect cells from the eventual cytopathic effects of HIV, and OC failed to inhibit the production of virus from cells in which infection was established or from chronically infected cells. We conclude that the highly active OC has a reversible effect on some early stage of HIV-1 reproduction and cytopathicity. Pilot in vivo experiments showed that circulating concentrations of OC exceeding 1 microM could be achieved and sustained in hamsters for at least a week with no remarkable toxicological sequelae. OC represents a new class of anti-HIV agents that are promising candidates for drug development.
Promoting organisational excellence in the Scottish public sector (2000)

As part of the UK’s major policy of constitutional devolution, the first Scottish Parliament in 300 years was established in Summer 1999. This paper examines how that decentralisation of political decision making is connected to organisational excellence in the Scottish public sector via Governmental policy on public management. The paper focuses on both UK and Scottish Government management of the wider Scottish public sector. Some policies and practices arise from devolution; some are coincident with it. Overall, they comprise an unprecedented mix. The paper concludes that, following the establishment of the Parliament, no single policy promotes organisational excellence; devolution has already led to significant change; territorial policy discretion is an important factor; overall, the pursuit of organisational excellence in the Scottish public sector is enjoying considerable attention; existing discussion of “new public management” may have to be updated.
An Efficient DNA Sequencing Strategy Based on the Bacteriophage Mu in Vitro DNA Transposition Reaction (1999)

A highly efficient DNA sequencing strategy was developed on the basis of the bacteriophage Mu in vitro DNA transposition reaction. In the reaction, an artificial transposon with a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene as a selectable marker integrated into the target plasmid DNA containing a 10.3-kb mouse genomic insert to be sequenced. Bacterial clones carrying plasmids with the transposon insertions in different positions were produced by transforming transposition reaction products into Escherichia coli cells that were then selected on appropriate selection plates. Plasmids from individual clones were isolated and used as templates for DNA sequencing, each with two primers specific for the transposon sequence but reading the sequence into opposite directions, thus creating a minicontig. By combining the information from overlapping minicontigs, the sequence of the entire 10,288-bp region of mouse genome including six exons of mouse Kcc2 gene was obtained. The results indicated that the described methodology is extremely well suited for DNA sequencing projects in which considerable sequence information is on demand. In addition, massive DNA sequencing projects, including those of full genomes, are expected to benefit substantially from the Mu strategy.
Chemical vapor deposition of fluoroalkylsilane monolayer films for adhesion control in microelectromechanical systems (2000)

We have developed a new process for applying a hydrophobic, low adhesion energy coating to microelectromechanical (MEMS) devices. Monolayer films are synthesized from tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2- tetrahydrooctyltrichlorosilane (FOTS) and water vapor in a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition process at room temperature. Film thickness is self-limiting by virtue of the inability of precursors to stick to the fluorocarbon surface of the film once it has formed. We have measured film densities of ∼3 molecules nm2 and film thickness of ∼1 nm. Films are hydrophobic, with a water contact angle &amp;gt;110°. We have also incorporated an in situ downstream microwave plasma cleaning process, which provides a clean, reproducible oxide surface prior to film deposition. Adhesion tests on coated and uncoated MEMS test structures demonstrate superior performance of the FOTS coatings. Cleaned, uncoated cantilever beam structures exhibit high adhesion energies in a high humidity environment. An adhesion energy of 100 mJ m−2 is observed after exposure to &amp;gt;90% relative humidity. Fluoroalkylsilane coated beams exhibit negligible adhesion at low humidity and ⩽20 μJ m−2 adhesion energy at &amp;gt;90% relative humidity. No obvious film degradation was observed for films exposed to &amp;gt;90% relative humidity at room temperature for ∼24 h.
United Kingdom Videotex Service and the European Unified Videotex Standard (1983)

Videotex was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1971 with the Prestel public videotex service display standard finalized in 1976. Shortly afterwards, a slightly enhanced but unfortunately incompatible test standard (Antiope) was introduced by France. In CEPT (the European PTT harmonizing body) work has been successfully undertaken to produce a considerably enhanced alphamosaic standard that is upwards compatible to both the Prestel and Antiope systems, and also with the relevant CCITT videotex recommendations. A number of European countries, including the Federal Republic of Germany and the United Kingdom, have announced intentions to adopt the new standard. It permits the introduction of videotex services using low-cost alphamosaic terminals, and is structured to allow the further compatible enhancements of geometric and photographic picture creation, when these methods receive international standardization.
A Technique for Collision Block of Peripheral Nerve: Single Stimulus Analysis (1981)

A technique for nerve stimulation has been developed to elicit a single unidirectionally propagated action potential. A quasitrapezoidal stimulus current wave delivered through an asymmetric tripolar electrode effectively blocks propagation in one direction from the stimulus site.
Scanning electron microscopy of the trabecular meshwork in normal and glucomatous eyes. (1977)

The ultrastructure of trabeculectomy specimens obtained from enucleated eyes was compared to that of 23 similar specimens extracted from glaucomatous eyes. It was thus possible to study the trabecular meshwork from Schwalbe's line to the iris root, the corneal endothelium, the canal of Schlemm, its inner and outer walls, and the collectors. In the glaucomatous specimens it was possible to verify, for the first time, two aspects which show clinical correlation. The first aspect is pseudoexfoliation: we find in the trabecular meshwork two types of deposits in great quantity. One is formed by a dense irregular fibrillar net, with a diameter oscillating betwwwn 600 and 830 A, surrounding the trabeculae; the others are pigment granules. Both fill the intertrabecular spaces. The first type is also observed on the corneal endothelium lining Schwalbe's ring, stressing the visibility of the intercellular spaces. The second aspect is the pectinate ligament (mesodermic remnant) in late-onset congenital glaucoma. Its pattern is characteristically different from that of the corneoscleral meshwork.
A Novel Thermo‐Induced Self‐Bursting Microcapsule with Magnetic‐Targeting Property (2009)

A novel thermo-induced self-bursting microcapsule with magnetic-targeting property is developed (see figure). The Fe3O4 nanoparticles-embedded PNIPAM shell enables magnetic-targeting and thermo-induced self-bursting of the microcapsules. Lipophilic chemicals dissolved in the oil core are completely released with the burst release of the encapsulated oil. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Light Emitting Diodes (2005)

Abstract Inorganic semiconductor light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) are environmentally benign and have already found widespread use as indicator lights, large‐area displays, and signage applications. In addition, LEDs are very promising candidates for future energy‐saving light sources suitable for office and home lighting applications. Today, the entire visible spectrum can be covered by light‐emitting semiconductors: AlGaInP and AlGaInN compound semiconductors are capable of emission in the red to yellow wavelength range and ultraviolet (uv) to green wavelength range, respectively. Currently, two basic approaches exist for white light sources: The combination of one or more phosphorescent materials with a semiconductor LED and the use of multiple LEDs emitting at complementary wavelengths. Both approaches are suitable for high efficiency sources that have the potential to replace incandescent and fluorescent lights. In this article, the properties of inorganic LEDs will be presented, including emission spectra, electrical characteristics, and current‐flow patterns. Structures providing high internal quantum efficiency, namely, heterostructures and multiple quantum well structures, will be discussed. Advanced techniques enhancing the external quantum efficiency will be reviewed, including resonant‐cavities, die shaping (chip shaping), omnidirectional reflectors, and photonic crystals. Different approaches to white LEDs will be presented and figures‐of‐merit such as the color rendering index, luminous efficacy, and luminous efficiency will be explained. Finally, the packaging of low power and high power LED dies will be discussed.
Urine cyclic nucleotide concentrations in cancer and other conditions; cyclic GMP: a potential marker for cancer treatment. (1982)

Cyclic guanosine 3',5' monophosphate (cyclic GMP) and cyclic adenosine 3',5' monophosphate (cyclic AMP) have been determined in random urine specimens from 95 healthy individuals, 60 patients with non-cancerous conditions, 52 patients with benign tumours, and 74 patients with malignant tumours. Concentrations of cyclic GMP have also been determined in a number of other groups, including some undergoing cancer treatment. Ninety-three per cent of cancer patients had raised urinary cyclic GMP concentrations compared to the reference range for healthy subjects. For the non-cancerous and benign groups, 33% and 42% respectively had raised concentrations. The urine cyclic AMP concentrations were similar in all groups. Urine cyclic GMP appeared to rise early in the onset of malignant growth. Successful cancer treatment was accompanied by a dramatic fall in the urine cyclic GMP concentrations, whereas if the treatment was unsuccessful the level did not change. It is concluded that urine cyclic GMP may have important applications in the monitoring of cancer treatment.
A Single Amino Acid Substitution in 1918 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Changes Receptor Binding Specificity (2005)

The receptor binding specificity of influenza viruses may be important for host restriction of human and avian viruses. Here, we show that the hemagglutinin (HA) of the virus that caused the 1918 influenza pandemic has strain-specific differences in its receptor binding specificity. The A/South Carolina/1/18 HA preferentially binds the alpha2,6 sialic acid (human) cellular receptor, whereas the A/New York/1/18 HA, which differs by only one amino acid, binds both the alpha2,6 and the alpha2,3 sialic acid (avian) cellular receptors. Compared to the conserved consensus sequence in the receptor binding site of avian HAs, only a single amino acid at position 190 was changed in the A/New York/1/18 HA. Mutation of this single amino acid back to the avian consensus resulted in a preference for the avian receptor.
Isolation and characterization of the testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin from human plasma. Use of a novel affinity column (1975)

This report concerns the purification and characterization of the testosterone-estradiol-binding globulin (TeBG) from human plasma. Cohn fraction IV was submitted sequentially to ammonium sulfate preciptation, affinity chromatography, gel filtration, and isoelectric focusing. The final product was homogeneous in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Its activity was demonstrated by the finding of slightly more than one binding site/mole for dihydrotestosterone. Association constants (M-1) at 4 and 37degreesC were ascertained for three steroids: dihydrotestosterone; 2.4 x 10(9) and 0.99 x 10(9); testosterone, 1.1 x 10(9) and 0.35 x 10(9); estradiol, 0.60 x 10(9) and 0.22 x 10(9). TeBG is a glycoprotein having a molecular weight of 94000 and both the amino acid and carbohydrate content are presented along with other physical properties.
An RNA transcription-based amplification technique (NASBA) for the detection of viable Salmonella enterica (2000)

Possession of mRNA is indicative of cell viability. RTPCR is not appropriate for mRNA detection as it cannot unambiguously detect mRNA in a DNA background. The alternative amplification technique, NASBA, avoids the disadvantages of RTPCR. We have devised a method for detection of viable Salmonella enterica. This involves NASBA amplification of mRNA transcribed from the dnaK gene. Amplification of mRNA extracted from viable and heat-killed cells from the same population produced consistent and highly significant (P > 0.01) differences between the respective signals. The signal obtained from viable cells was completely eradicated by RNase treatment, while PCR amplification of treated and untreated samples was unaffected, indicating that NASBA was unaffected by background DNA.
Blind separation of convolutive mixtures: a Gauss-Newton algorithm (2002)

This paper addresses the blind separation of convolutive mixtures of independent and non-Gaussian sources. We present a block-based Gauss-Newton algorithm which is able to obtain a separation solution using only a specific set of output cross-cumulants and the hypothesis of soft mixtures. The order of the cross-cumulants is chosen to obtain a particular form of the Jacobian matrix that ensures convergence and reduces computational burden. The method can be seen as an extension and improvement of the Van-Gerven's symmetric adaptive decorrelation (SAD) method. Moreover the convergence analysis presented in the paper provides a theoretical background to derive an improved version of the Nguyen-Jutten (1995) algorithm.
Scaling description for the growth of condensation patterns on surfaces (1988)

The growth of a droplet pattern condensing on a surface (e.g., breath figures) is analyzed for the case of arbitrary dimensionality. The growth of a droplet occurs through a two-step process: (i) continuous growth by condensation on its surface and/or on the substrate and (ii) coalescence with neighboring droplets. As long as the one-droplet growth remains scale invariant, the growth of the entire pattern is shown to be self-similar in time and very general growth laws can be deduced, whose exponents are functions only of the dimensionality of the space of the droplets, and of the condensing substrate. In particular, for the case of three-dimensional droplets condensing on a plane substrate (breath figures), the growth exponent of a single droplet should be (1/3, whereas the exponent corresponding to a mean droplet, averaged over the pattern, should be unity. Comparison with experiment is performed and possible deviations from the predictions are considered.
Phase III Study of Capecitabine Plus Oxaliplatin Compared With Continuous-Infusion Fluorouracil Plus Oxaliplatin As First-Line Therapy in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Final Report of the Spanish Cooperative Group for the Treatment of Digestive Tumors Trial (2007)

This randomized study shows a similar TTP of XELOX compared with FUOX in the first-line treatment of MCRC, although there was a trend for slightly lower RR and survival. XELOX can be considered as an alternative to FUOX.
Efficacy of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplements (Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid) in the Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease (2012)

Our meta-analysis showed insufficient evidence of a secondary preventive effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplements against overall cardiovascular events among patients with a history of cardiovascular disease.
Defective Chromatin Structure in Somatic Cell Cloned Mouse Embryos (2009)

Epigenetic reprogramming plays a central role in the development of cloned embryos generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer, and it is believed that aberrant reprogramming leads to the abnormal development of most cloned embryos. Recent studies show that trimethylation of H3K27 (H3K27me3) contributes to the maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency because the differentiation genes are always occupied by nucleosomes trimethylated at H3K27, which represses gene expression. Here, we provide evidence that differential H3K27me3 modification exists between normal fertilization-produced blastocysts and somatic cell nuclear transfer cloned blastocysts; H3K27me3 was specifically found in cells of the inner cell mass (ICM) of normal blastocysts, whereas there was no modification of H3K27me3 in the ICM of cloned blastocysts. Subsequently, we demonstrated that the differentiation-related genes, which are marked by H3K27me3 in embryonic stem cells, were expressed at significantly higher levels in cloned embryos than in normal embryos. The polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) component genes (Eed, Ezh2, and Suz12), which are responsible for the generation of H3K27me3, were expressed at lower levels in the cloned embryos. Our results suggest that reduced expression of PRC2 component genes in cloned embryos results in defective modification of H3K27me3 to the differentiation-related genes in pluripotent ICM cells. This results in premature expression of developmental genes and death of somatic cloned embryos shortly after implantation. Taken together, these studies suggest that H3K27me3 might be an important epigenetic marker with which to evaluate the developmental potential of cloned embryos.
Effect of formulation variables on oral grittiness and preferences of multiparticulate formulations in adult volunteers (2016)

Multiparticulate formulations are composed of multiple solid dosage units which can be administered directly to the mouth or sprinkled on food. Oral grittiness (i.e. rough mouthfeel) may arise from the presence of particles in the mouth, limiting palatability. In this work, multiparticulate formulations were prepared by dispersion of spherical granules into orange flavoured vehicles thickened with hypromellose (HPMC) at different viscosities in order to assess oral perception of grittiness by a panel of thirty adults through direct scaling on a 100mm visual analogue scale. The effect of formulation factors such as particle size (90, 127, 263μm), amount of particles per 10ml (0.25, 0.50, 1.00g) and viscosity of the vehicle (0.08, 0.43, 2.80Pas) were investigated. Grittiness was increasingly perceived with increasing amount and size of particles. Increasing viscosity of the administration media had a masking effect on the perception of particles. Less gritty samples were generally regarded as 'more pleasant' by the participants of the study. However, samples dispersed in thickened vehicles seemed to be less preferred despite being less gritty; which could be ascribed to an unpleasant mouthfeel of the vehicle. In the design of multiparticulate formulations acceptable for a targeted patient group all these formulation factors will need to be considered and optimised.
Selective Sorting of Cargo Proteins into Bacterial Membrane Vesicles (2010)

In contrast to the well established multiple cellular roles of membrane vesicles in eukaryotic cell biology, outer membrane vesicles (OMV) produced via blebbing of prokaryotic membranes have frequently been regarded as cell debris or microscopy artifacts. Increasingly, however, bacterial membrane vesicles are thought to play a role in microbial virulence, although it remains to be determined whether OMV result from a directed process or from passive disintegration of the outer membrane. Here we establish that the human oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis has a mechanism to selectively sort proteins into OMV, resulting in the preferential packaging of virulence factors into OMV and the exclusion of abundant outer membrane proteins from the protein cargo. Furthermore, we show a critical role for lipopolysaccharide in directing this sorting mechanism. The existence of a process to package specific virulence factors into OMV may significantly alter our current understanding of host-pathogen interactions.
Inhibition of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway–mediated IκBα degradation by a naturally occurring antibacterial peptide (2000)

Induction of NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression plays an important role in a number of biological processes including inflammation and ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, few attempts aimed at selective regulation of this transcription factor have been successful. We report here that a naturally occurring antibacterial peptide PR39 reversibly binds to the alpha 7 subunit of the 26S proteasome and blocks degradation of NF-kappa B inhibitor I kappa B alpha by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway without affecting overall proteasome activity. I kappa B alpha phosphorylation and ubiquitination occur normally after PR39 treatment, and binding of valosin-containing proteins is not impaired. The inhibition of I kappa B alpha degradation abolishes induction of NF-kappa B-dependent gene expression in cell culture and in mouse models of acute pancreatitis and myocardial infarction, including upregulation of endothelial adhesion proteins VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. In the latter model, sustained infusion of PR39 peptide resulted in significant reduction of myocardial infarct size. PR39 and related peptides may provide novel means to regulate cellular function and to control of NF-kappa B-dependent gene expression for therapeutic purposes.