gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Six quantitative trait loci influence task thresholds for hygienic behaviour in honeybees (Apis mellifera) (2010)

Honeybee hygienic behaviour provides colonies with protection from many pathogens and is an important model system of the genetics of a complex behaviour. It is a textbook example of complex behaviour under simple genetic control: hygienic behaviour consists of two components--uncapping a diseased brood cell, followed by removal of the contents--each of which are thought to be modulated independently by a few loci of medium to large effect. A worker's genetic propensity to engage in hygienic tasks affects the intensity of the stimulus required before she initiates the behaviour. Genetic diversity within colonies leads to task specialization among workers, with a minority of workers performing the majority of nest-cleaning tasks. We identify three quantitative trait loci that influence the likelihood that workers will engage in hygienic behaviour and account for up to 30% of the phenotypic variability in hygienic behaviour in our population. Furthermore, we identify two loci that influence the likelihood that a worker will perform uncapping behaviour only, and one locus that influences removal behaviour. We report the first candidate genes associated with engaging in hygienic behaviour, including four genes involved in olfaction, learning and social behaviour, and one gene involved in circadian locomotion. These candidates will allow molecular characterization of this distinctive behavioural mode of disease resistance, as well as providing the opportunity for marker-assisted selection for this commercially significant trait.
Energy Efficiency in Telecom Optical Networks (2010)

Since the energy crisis and environmental protection are gaining increasing concerns in recent years, new research topics to devise technological solutions for energy conservation are being investigated in many scientific disciplines. Specifically, due to the rapid growth of energy consumption in ICT (Information and Communication Technologies), lot of attention is being devoted towards "green" ICT solutions. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of the most relevant research activities for minimizing energy consumption in telecom networks, with a specific emphasis on those employing optical technologies. We investigate the energy-minimization opportunities enabled by optical technologies and classify the existing approaches over different network domains, namely core, metro, and access networks. A section is also devoted to describe energy-efficient solutions for some of today's important applications using optical network technology, e.g., grid computing and data centers. We provide an overview of the ongoing standardization efforts in this area. This work presents a comprehensive and timely survey on a growing field of research, as it covers most aspects of energy consumption in optical telecom networks. We aim at providing a comprehensive reference for the growing base of researchers who will work on energy efficiency of telecom networks in the upcoming years.
Exceptional electro-optic properties through molecular design and controlled self-assembly (2005)

Recent breakthroughs in developing exceptional organic electro-optic (EO) materials are reviewed. Whole series of guest-host polymers furnished with high <i>&#956;&#946;</i> chromophores have shown large electro-optic coefficients around 100~160 pm/V @ 1.31&#956;m. Moreover, new generation of NLO chromophores based on pyrroline and pyrrolizine acceptors have been designed and synthesized. To go beyond the typical oriented gas model limit for poled polymers, new approach of using nanoscale architecture control and supramoleaular self-assembly has been proved as a very effective method to create a new paradigm for materials with very exciting properties. The approaches of employing Diels-Alder reactions for postfunctionalization and lattice hardening also provide a facile and reliable way to generate high-performance EO polymers and dendrimers. This type of "click" chemistry paves the way to systematically study the relationships between chromophore shape and number density, controlled self-assembly, in addition to provide the material properties needed for multi-layer device fabrication. Finally, a new generation of binary monolithic glasses has been developed that exhibit unprecedented high EO activities through careful manipulation of intricate supramolecular interactive forces for self-assembly. The results obtained from these poled binary organic glass materials (r<sub>33</sub> as high as 310 pm/V at 1.31&#956;m) are the highest values ever reported which are >10 times of the commercial lithium niobate crystals. The success of these material developments has recently inspired the exploration of new device concepts trying to take full advantage of the organic EO materials with ultrahigh r<sub>33</sub> values.
The New Nigeria (1997)

Debates about constitutional, ethnic, and religious questions are the substance out of which a nation is built. In Nigeria the policy of creating states has allowed these debates to contribute to creating a sense of inclusive pluralist nationalism. Recently, however, the state has abandoned its role as national arbiter and these issues have become fault-lines in a winner-take-all struggle over power. Debates that build the nation have been abandoned in favor of oppressive policies and authoritarian rule.
Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors and Neurological Gene Therapy (2014)

Gene therapy has strong potential for treating a variety of genetic disorders, as demonstrated in recent clinical trials. There is unfortunately no scarcity of disease targets, and the grand challenge in this field has instead been the development of safe and efficient gene delivery platforms. To date, approximately two thirds of the 1800 gene therapy clinical trials completed worldwide have used viral vectors. Among these, adeno-associated virus (AAV) has emerged as particularly promising because of its impressive safety profile and efficiency in transducing a wide range of cell types. Gene delivery to the CNS involves both considerable promise and unique challenges, and better AAV vectors are thus needed to translate CNS gene therapy approaches to the clinic. This review discusses strategies for vector design, potential routes of administration, immune responses, and clinical applications of AAV in the CNS.
A submicroscopic homozygous deletion at the D3S3 locus in a cell line isolated from a small cell lung carcinoma (1990)

We have used 14 DNA probes, which detect 19 different restriction enzyme length polymorphisms, to search for heterozygosity on chromosome 3 in five cell lines isolated from patients with small cell lung carcinoma. The cell lines on karyotype analysis did not show the deletion in chromosome 3 characteristic of this disease. Our objective was to determine if allelic loss had occurred by some chromosomal mechanism other than deletion. Two of the cell lines are consistent with allelic loss having occurred by whole chromosome loss and reduplication. The third may have lost only the short arm due to i(3q) formation. The fourth cell line has an i(3q) chromosome, together with a translocation product involving the distal portion of the short arm of chromosome 3. Lack of evidence of heterozygosity for this distal portion of 3p suggests that a copy of the 3p homologue is involved in the translocation and therefore does not explain allelic loss of of the other homologue. The fifth, while also likely to have lost one chromosome homologue, has a submicroscopic deletion on all chromosome 3s, only detectable by RFLP analysis. Such homozygous deletions have recently proved useful in the isolation of tumour suppressor genes.
Rapid Impedance Spectroscopy for Monitoring Tissue Impedance, Temperature, and Treatment Outcome During Electroporation-Based Therapies (2020)

The proposed waveform demonstrates the potential to perform inter-burst EIS using PEFs compatible with existing pulse generator topologies.
Characterization of Fetal Human Brain Cultures (1987)

Seven fetal human brain and three fetal human leptomeningeal cultures were characterized according to cell morphology, ultrastructural features, antigen expression, and collagen biosynthesis capabilities. Primary cultures derived from mechanically and enzymatically dissociated samples of fetal human brain consisted of a heterogeneous cell population in which astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, mesenchymal (leptomeningeal) cells, and macrophages were identified by light and electron microscopy. With progressive subcultivation, a homogeneous, leptomeningeal cell-derived population predominated. Fetal human brain and leptomeningeal specimens embedded in paraffin were analyzed immunohistochemically for the distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, factor-VIII-related antigen, fibronectin, laminin, type IV collagen, and procollagen III. Only GFAP and vimentin identified astrocytes and radial glia in the developing human brain; fibronectin, laminin, and the collagen types were immunolocalized largely to the leptomeninges and to the cerebral vasculature. The percentage of cells positively identified by antiserum to GFAP was greatest in primary cultures of fetal human brain; by the fourth passage, none of the fetal brain cultures were GFAP positive. The progressive decrease in the percentage of GFAP-positive cells was accompanied by an increase in the percentage of cells identified by collagen immunomarkers. Furthermore, in double immunolabeling experiments, antibodies to GFAP recognized a population of cells that was not identified by antibodies to laminin, fibronectin, type IV collagen, or procollagen III. SDS-PAGE and DEAE-cellulose chromatography of [3H]-proline-labeled early-passage fetal human brain cultures revealed collagen profiles identical to those obtained from direct cultures of the leptomeninges. The characteristics of later-passage fetal human brain cultures were identical in all respects to those of the fetal human leptomeningeal cultures. The proliferation of leptomeningeal cells could be inhibited by exposing the cells to cis-hydroxyproline (200 micrograms/ml). Primary fetal human brain cultures similarly treated with the proline analogue were found to be highly enriched for glial cells; these cultures were more than 90% GFAP positive. We conclude that primary fetal human brain cultures consist of a heterogeneous population of cells, most of which under the present culture conditions can be identified as glial cells. Subcultivation of human fetal brain cultures results in the overgrowth of mesenchymal cells, which are presumably derived from the leptomeninges.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Digestion of Histoplasma capsulatum yeasts by human macrophages (1992)

The strategies used by Histoplasma capsulatum yeasts to survive and multiply within human macrophages (M phi) are unknown. To better understand these strategies we studied the intracellular fate of viable vs heat-killed (HK) yeasts in human monocyte-derived M phi. Initial studies demonstrated that phagolysosome fusion was present in M phi ingesting either viable or HK yeasts. Viable yeasts multiplied within M phi phagolysosomes, whereas M phi completely digested intracellular FITC-labeled HK yeasts within 24 h after ingestion. This observation was confirmed by electron microscopy. M phi that had ingested colloidal gold-labeled HK yeasts contained gold particles but no visible yeasts at 24 h. Digestion of HK yeasts was evident as early as 4 h after phagocytosis, and was complete by 24 h. M phi digestion of HK yeasts was blocked completely when M phi were cultured for 24 h in the presence of chloroquine. In M phi simultaneously ingesting both viable and HK yeasts, viable yeasts multiplied, but HK yeasts were digested within the same cell. M phi that had ingested viable yeasts digested them completely when M phi were cultured for 24 h in the presence of cycloheximide or amphotericin B. Coculture of infected M phi with nystatin or ketoconazole resulted in inhibition of growth, but the yeasts were not digested. These data indicate that: 1), HK Hc yeasts are easily digested by preformed M phi lysosomal hydrolases; 2), viable Hc yeasts survive and multiply within M phi phagolysosomes, but the yeasts do not secrete a factor(s) that affects the ability of other phagolysosomes within the same M phi to digest killed yeasts; and 3), inhibition of yeast protein synthesis or cell wall biosynthesis is sufficient to render viable yeasts susceptible to digestion by human M phi.
Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. A new member of the interleukin 1 family. (1991)

This review has summarized recent information derived from many laboratories on the discovery, characteristics, and properties of a new member of the IL-1 family, IL-1 receptor antagonist. In addition to information, an emphasis has been placed on unanswered questions and new concepts. The existence of this first-described naturally occurring specific cytokine receptor antagonist may lead to a different perspective on the cytokine network. A major unanswered question emphasized throughout this review, that now can be addressed more directly, concerns what are the physiological roles of members of the IL-1 family. Although IL-1 beta is presumed to function primarily as an extracellular cytokine, this molecule lacks a leader peptide, is synthesized and handled by the cells in a manner suggestive of a cytoplasmic (not secretory) protein, and may only be released after cellular injury. Furthermore, although IL-1ra possesses a leader sequence, 50% or more of this protein remains cell associated. Do these observations suggest that members of the IL-1 family possess important intracellular functions, as yet undetermined? IL-1 alpha may play an intracellular role in regulating senescence; an IL-1 alpha antisense oligodeoxynucleotide was shown to prolong the life span of cultured human endothelial cells. Whether intracellular IL-1ra plays a role in influencing life span has not been determined. The discovery of IL-1ra has led to a first level of assumptions that this molecule may be functioning in vivo to regulate the pleiotropic extracellular effects of IL-1 in physiological or pathophysiological processes. Although enticing, these assumptions have not yet been proven to be true. Perhaps we need to look beyond, or within, and consider that IL-1ra and other members of the IL-1 family may have additional roles in normal or abnormal cell growth and development.
3 Lentiviral Vectors (1999)

Somatic gene therapy requires the efficient delivery and sustained expression of a therapeutic gene into the tissues of a human body. Such an approach has tremendous therapeutic potential for several inherited and acquired diseases. However, major obstacles must be overcome to fulfill these high expectations. Among them, the development of more effective gene delivery systems is widely viewed as a critical challenge to gene therapy investigators (Verma and Somia 1997). Retroviral vectors have long been favored as a gene transfer tool for several reasons. First, they integrate efficiently into the genome of the target cell. Second, they do not transfer any viral gene, thus alleviating the risk of immune response against the transduced cells. Both of these properties are likely to be crucial for achieving sustained expression of the transgene. Third, the genome and the life cycle of retroviruses are relatively simple and well studied, which has allowed a continuous improvement in the vector design and the generation of stable producer systems amenable to characterization and scaleup. Fourth, retroviral vectors can transfer a sizeable amount of DNA, up to 7.0 kb of foreign genetic material (Miller et al. 1993). Until now, the retroviral vectors used in clinical trials have been derived from onco-retroviruses such as the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV). A major drawback of these vectors is that they can only transduce cells that divide shortly after infection (Miller et al. 1990). While actively dividing cells are found in several body tissues, they are short-lived and continuously replaced. The...
The expression of the protective antigen of Bacillusanthracis in Bacillus subtilis (1998)

The expression of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) in B. subtilis from the pag gene in pPA101-1 was explored in different genetic backgrounds in an attempt to identify opportunities to maximize expression. Introduction of AtxA, which positively regulates PA expression in B. anthracis did not improve expression levels in the protease-deficient strain WB600. Plasmid pPA101-1 was found to carry a deletion which created a new fusion point between vector and insert sequence, and which removed part of the AtxA binding site. The deletion may have occurred as a consequence of recombination between TCTAT sequences within both the vector and insert. Host mutations could influence expression; PA levels from pPA101-1 are threefold higher in a ccpA mutant than in an otherwise isogenic parent, and eightfold higher in an abrB mutant. These data demonstrate that the introduction of mutations affecting catabolite repression and growth phase regulation results in an increase in the yield of PA in this host-vector system. Combining these mutations with a multiply protease-negative background could potentially allow further improvements in PA yield.
Identification of eight determinants in the hemagglutinin molecule of influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) which are recognized by class II-restricted T cells from BALB/c mice (1991)

Eight nonoverlapping regions of the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule of influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (PR8), which serve as recognition sites for class II-restricted T cells (TH) from BALB/c mice, have been identified in the form of 10- to 15-amino-acid-long synthetic peptides. These TH determinants are located between residues 110 to 313 of the HA1 polypeptide. From a total of 36 HA-specific TH clones and limiting-dilution cultures of independent clonal origins, 33 (90%) responded to stimulation with one of these peptides. The residual three TH clones appeared to recognize a single additional determinant on the HA1 polypeptide which could not be isolated, however, in the form of a stimulatory peptide. None of the motifs that have been proposed to typify TH determinants were displayed by more than half of these recognition sites. Most unexpected was the finding that none of the TH determinants was located in the ectodomain of the HA2 polypeptide that makes up roughly one-third of the HA molecule. Possible reasons for the preferential recognition of HA1 as opposed to HA2 by TH are discussed.
In-database distributed machine learning (2019)

Machine learning has enabled many interesting applications and is extensively being used in big data systems. The popular approach - training machine learning models in frameworks like Tensorflow, Pytorch and Keras - requires movement of data from database engines to analytical engines, which adds an excessive overhead on data scientists and becomes a performance bottleneck for model training. In this demonstration, we give a practical exhibition of a solution for the enablement of distributed machine learning natively inside database engines. During the demo, the audience will interactively use Python APIs in Jupyter Notebooks to train multiple linear regression models on synthetic regression datasets and neural network models on vision and sensory datasets directly inside Teradata SQL Engine.
Solvent Diffusion Model for Aging of Lithium-Ion Battery Cells (2004)

This work presents a rigorous continuum mechanics model of solvent diffusion describing the growth of solid-electrolyte interfaces (SEIs) in Li-ion cells incorporating carbon anodes. The model assumes that a reactive solvent component diffuses through the SEI and undergoes two-electron reduction at the carbon-SEI interface. Solvent reduction produces an insoluble product, resulting in increasing SEI thickness. The model predicts that the SEI thickness increases linearly with the square root of time. Experimental data from the literature for capacity loss in two types of prototype Li-ion cells validates the solvent diffusion model. We use the model to estimate SEI thickness and extract solvent diffusivity values from the capacity loss data. Solvent diffusivity values have an Arrhenius temperature dependence consistent with solvent diffusion through a solid SEI. The magnitudes of the diffusivities and activation energies are comparable to literature values for hydrocarbon diffusion in carbon molecular sieves and zeolites. These findings, viewed in the context of recent SEI morphology studies, suggest that the SEI may be viewed as a single layer with both micro- and macroporosity that controls the ingress of electrolyte, anode passivation by the SEI, and cell performance during initial cycling as well as long-term operation. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
OCR with no shape training (2002)

We present a document-specific OCR system and apply it to a corpus of fixed business letters. Unsupervised classification of the segmented character bitmaps on each page, using a "clump" metric, typically yields several hundred clusters with highly skewed populations. Letter identities are assigned to each cluster by maximizing matches with a lexicon of English words. We found that for 2/3 of the pages, we can identify almost 80% of the words included in the lexicon, without any shape training. Residual errors are caused by mis-segmentation including missed lines and punctuation. This research differs from earlier attempts to apply cipher decoding to OCR in: (1) using real data; (2) a more appropriate clustering algorithm; and (3) decoding a many-to-many instead of a one-to-one mapping between clusters and letters.
Dead or alive: immunogenicity of human melanoma cells when presented by dendritic cells. (2000)

Uveal melanoma is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis despite current therapeutic intervention. These tumors have been shown to be antigenic because they express a number of melanoma-associated antigens and are therefore attractive targets for immunotherapy. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of uveal melanoma cells that have undergone apoptosis and compared this with their necrotic or live counter-parts. The fate of the tumor antigens in these cells largely depends on their ability to be processed and phagocytosed by dendritic cells (DCs). Flow cytometric analysis shows that human DCs form conjugates more efficiently with dead uveal melanoma cells, and consequently these are effective stimuli of lymphocyte proliferation. However, only DCs pulsed with apoptotic cells were able to induce proliferation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and stimulate antigen-specific T cells. This study demonstrates for the first time that DCs derived from melanoma patients process and present antigens derived from both HLA-matched or HLA-mismatched human apoptotic tumor cells stimulating both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. This approach may be important to the development of DC-based immunotherapies for melanoma.
Olefin Metathesis Reactions Initiated by d2 Molybdenum or Tungsten Complexes (2005)

Dimeric or monomeric imido complexes of Mo(IV) or W(IV) will slowly catalyze some olefin metathesis reactions, although it is estimated that <2% of the d2 species is "activated" by the olefin. An ethylene adduct of {W(NAr')[OCMe2(CF3)]2}2 can be isolated, which upon heating is transformed into a new dimeric species that contains an ethyl group and a CH activated ortho methyl group in the NAr' ligand.