gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Systematic Mapping of WNT-FZD Protein Interactions Reveals Functional Selectivity by Distinct WNT-FZD Pairs (2015)

The seven-transmembrane-spanning receptors of the FZD1-10 class are bound and activated by the WNT family of lipoglycoproteins, thereby inducing a complex network of signaling pathways. However, the specificity of the interaction between mammalian WNT and FZD proteins and the subsequent signaling cascade downstream of the different WNT-FZD pairs have not been systematically addressed to date. In this study, we determined the binding affinities of various WNTs for different members of the FZD family by using bio-layer interferometry and characterized their functional selectivity in a cell system. Using purified WNTs, we show that different FZD cysteine-rich domains prefer to bind to distinct WNTs with fast on-rates and slow off-rates. In a 32D cell-based system engineered to overexpress FZD2, FZD4, or FZD5, we found that WNT-3A (but not WNT-4, -5A, or -9B) activated the WNT-β-catenin pathway through FZD2/4/5 as measured by phosphorylation of LRP6 and β-catenin stabilization. Surprisingly, different WNT-FZD pairs showed differential effects on phosphorylation of DVL2 and DVL3, revealing a previously unappreciated DVL isoform selectivity by different WNT-FZD pairs in 32D cells. In summary, we present extensive mapping of WNT-FZD cysteine-rich domain interactions complemented by analysis of WNT-FZD pair functionality in a unique cell system expressing individual FZD isoforms. Differential WNT-FZD binding and selective functional readouts suggest that endogenous WNT ligands evolved with an intrinsic natural bias toward different downstream signaling pathways, a phenomenon that could be of great importance in the design of FZD-targeting drugs.
Microresonator soliton dual-comb spectroscopy (2016)

Measurement of optical and vibrational spectra with high resolution provides a way to identify chemical species in cluttered environments and is of general importance in many fields. Dual-comb spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful approach for acquiring nearly instantaneous Raman and optical spectra with unprecedented resolution. Spectra are generated directly in the electrical domain, without the need for bulky mechanical spectrometers. We demonstrate a miniature soliton-based dual-comb system that can potentially transfer the approach to a chip platform. These devices achieve high-coherence pulsed mode locking. They also feature broad, reproducible spectral envelopes, an essential feature for dual-comb spectroscopy. Our work shows the potential for integrated spectroscopy with high signal-to-noise ratios and fast acquisition rates.
Chemopreventive activity of celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, and indomethacin against ultraviolet light-induced skin carcinogenesis (1999)

Epidemiological and dietary studies suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the risk of colon cancer, possibly through a mechanism involving inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, which is overexpressed in premalignant adenomatous polyps and colon cancer. Because ultraviolet light (UV) can induce COX-2 and nonspecific NSAIDs can decrease UV-induced skin cancer, we evaluated the ability of two compounds, celecoxib (a specific COX-2 inhibitor) and indomethacin (a nonspecific NSAID), to block UV-induced skin tumor development in SKH:HR-1-hrBr hairless mice. Mice fed 150 or 500 ppm celecoxib showed a dose-dependent reduction (60% and 89%, respectively) in tumor yield. Indomethacin (4ppm) reduced tumor yield by 78%. Although both acute and chronic UV exposure increased cell proliferation and edema, neither compound reduced these parameters. In contrast, UV-induced prostaglandin synthesis in the epidermis was effectively blocked by both compounds. UV-induced increases in COX-2 expression in skin were also not altered in any of the treatment groups. Similarly, tumors that constitutively express high levels of COX-2 displayed no reduction by treatment with celecoxib or indomethacin. The dramatic protective effects of celecoxib suggests that specific COX-2 inhibitors may offer a way to safely reduce the risk of skin cancer in humans.
Photonic jets produced by dielectric micro cuboids (2015)

The formation of photonic jets produced by dielectric micro cuboids is reported. The spatial electromagnetic field has been numerically analyzed on the basis of the finite-difference time-domain calculation. The characteristics of photonic jets, such as propagation length and location, can be drastically changed by controlling the cuboid dimensions. Visually three morphological types of photonic jets are introduced for classification. Combining key parameters of photonic jets, the quality criterion is used to describe the jet quality. The super resolution imaging of the dielectric micro cuboid can be expected from the long focal length and small beam waist. The simulation results show that it can be of interest for several potential applications, such as subdiffraction resolution optical microlenses, ultradirectional optical antennae, and nanolithography based on the micro cuboid.
Endometrial stromal cells regulate epithelial cell growth in vitro: a new co-culture model (2001)

The regulation of epithelial cell function and morphogenesis by the paracrine effectors from the mesenchyme or stroma has been well established using in-vivo studies. A more complete understanding of these relationships has been delayed due, in part, to a lack of appropriate co-culture models. In this study, we describe a co-culture model which demonstrates that normal paracrine relationships can be reconstituted in vitro and that human endometrial stromal cells regulate both growth and differentiation of primary human endometrial epithelial cells. Interesting differences in the proliferation of stromal and epithelial cells were noted in response to the basement membrane extract, Matrigel((R)). Exposure of stromal cells to Matrigel((R)) enhanced the paracrine capacity of these cells in vitro. When epithelial cells were co-cultured in contact with stromal cells embedded in Matrigel((R)), epithelial cell growth was inhibited by 65-80% compared to controls. Stromal cells in contact with Matrigel((R)) also regulated epithelial cell differentiation, as shown by induction of glycodelin expression. These co-culture studies show great promise as a method to investigate the cellular interactions between endometrial stromal and epithelial cells and their environment and to understand the molecular basis for the regulation of normal growth and differentiation of cells within complex tissues such as the endometrium.
Endonuclease III (nth) mutants of Escherichia coli. (1985)

Two strains that overproduce endonuclease III were found in a colony bank containing hybrid ColE1-Escherichia coli plasmids. The enzyme was identified in crude extracts by the degradation of partially depyrimidinated DNA in the presence of EDTA, by its sedimentation velocity, and by its associated thymine glycol-DNA glycosylase activity. An insertion mutation was produced by cloning the kanamycin-resistance gene of Tn5 into the plasmid copy of the nth gene. The mutation was then transferred to the chromosome in the following steps: (i) selection for chromosomal integration of the plasmid at 42 degrees C in a temperature-sensitive polA strain, (ii) curing via temperature shifts, and (iii) phage P1-mediated transduction of a new host. The insertion mutant, as well as a separately isolated deletion mutant, had no measurable glycosylase activity for DNA containing thymine glycol. Although such residues are common lesions in oxidized or irradiated DNA, the mutants were not unusually sensitive to H2O2 or gamma-rays. The insertion mutation had a mutator effect (4- to 22-fold enhancement) on one tested allele.
A review on recent advances of enteric coating (2012)

Enteric coated tablets are solid unit dosage forms which are designed to bypass the stomach and release the drug in small intestine and are meant for oral administration. The word "enteric" indicates small intestine; therefore enteric coatings prevent release of medication before it reaches the small intestine. Most enteric coatings work by presenting a coated surface that is stable at the highly acidic pH found in the stomach, but breaks down rapidly at a less acidic (relatively more basic) pH. Materials used for enteric coatings include CAP, CAT, PVAP and HPMCP, fatty acids, waxes, shellac, plastics and plant fibers. The present review describes enteric coating, their ideal properties, benefits and limitation, various polymers used, their chemical structure, criteria for drug selection and mechanism, methods of manufacturing and evaluation of enteric coated tablets. Recently, these have attracted the interest of many formulators due to their advantages over the conventional drug delivery systems as they prolong the dosing intervals and also increase patient compliance. The study provides an overview of the recent advances that have taken place in this arena.
Transfer of zona-free embryos improves outcome in poor prognosis patients: a prospective randomized controlled study (2000)

Assisted zona hatching (AZH) has been used in IVF programmes for several years. Recently one group has reported successful pregnancies after transfer of zona-free blastocysts. The aim of our study was to evaluate outcomes after transfer of zona-free day 3 embryos. Two groups of women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) were included in the study. Group A consisted of 52 women under the age of 40 years undergoing their first ICSI attempt. They were alternately randomized to receive zona-free embryos (27 women) and zona-intact embryos (25 women). The second group (group B) included 71 women with a poor prognosis, as defined by age 40 years or more, and/or at least two previous failed IVF/ICSI attempts. They were randomized in a 3:4 ratio (30 zona-free, 41 zona-intact). Acid Tyrode's solution was used to remove the zona pellucida before embryo transfer on day 3 after oocyte collection. The pregnancy rate in group A was not significantly improved when the zona pellucida was removed. However, in the poor prognosis group B, zona removal resulted in a significantly higher pregnancy rate when compared with controls (23 versus 7.3%). We conclude that complete removal of the zona pellucida can improve pregnancy rates in women with poor IVF/ICSI prognosis.
In vivo degradation of secreted fusion proteins by the Escherichia coli outer membrane protease OmpT (1990)

The Escherichia coli outer membrane protease OmpT (protease VII) has been shown to degrade several proteins in vitro, but its function in vivo is uncertain. We demonstrate that OmpT participates in the degradation of a fusion protein secreted into the periplasmic space. A strain with mutations in degP (K.L. Strauch and J. Beckwith, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:1576-1580, 1988) and ompT exhibits a cumulative decrease in protein degradation and should be useful for the expression of proteolytically sensitive secreted proteins.
[Comparison of the use of classic diazoanalgesia in surgery and an applicative variant with buprenorphine]. (1989)

The authors have compared two different techniques of anaesthesia: the classical anaesthesia with benzodiazepine-analgesic (diazepam and fentanyl) and one of its variant obtained by using flunitrazepam and buprenorphine. The 45 patients submitted to gynaecological surgery were causally divided in two groups in connection with the two different anaesthesiological techniques. The clinical and statistical analysis of the collected data demonstrated the real validity of this anaesthesiological variant: either for premedication by perfect anxiolysis and sedation, or for the maintenance by low incidence on cardiocirculation system and perfect analgesia that extended its effects for many hours after surgical operation.
Evidence for a Trade‐Off between Survival and Fitness Caused by Resveratrol Treatment of Caenorhabditis elegans (2007)

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound commonly found in plant-derived products, including red wine. A large number of beneficial effects including anticarcinogenic action and protection from atherosclerotic disease have been attributed to resveratrol. Increased resveratrol intake has been suggested as an explanation for the beneficial effects of moderate red wine consumption. Resveratrol also consistently extends the mean and maximum life span in model organisms including nematode worms. It has been suggested that resveratrol exerts its life-span-extending effect through calorie restriction or hormesis mimetic effects. We have characterized the effect of resveratrol on stress resistance, developmental rate, growth, and fecundity in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans in order to determine whether the beneficial effects of resveratrol on life span are associated with trade-offs in terms of early life fitness in nematodes. We find that resveratrol treatment increases stress resistance, specifically to oxidative stress, and causes a small but significant decrease in fecundity early in life without affecting overall fecundity. Resveratrol increased mean and maximum life span by delaying the onset of the exponential increase in mortality characterizing the "dying phase" in C. elegans, but did not affect the dying phase itself, suggesting that it did not act by directly affecting metabolism.
Antigenic site II of the rabies virus glycoprotein: structure and role in viral virulence (1988)

Twelve monoclonal antibodies neutralizing the CVS strain of rabies virus were used to characterize antigenic site II of the viral glycoprotein. Nineteen antigenic mutants resistant to neutralization by some of these antibodies were selected; some continued to normally or partially bind the antibody, whereas others did not. Mutations conferring resistance to neutralization by site II-specific monoclonal antibodies were localized into two clusters, the first between amino acids 34 and 42 (seven groups of mutants) and the second at amino acids 198 and 200 (three groups of mutants). Two intermediate mutations were identified at positions 147 and 184. Four mutations resulted in reduced pathogenicity after intramuscular inoculation of the virus in adult mice. One of the mutants, M23, was 300 times and the others were 10 to 30 times less pathogenic than CVS. In three cases the attenuated phenotype was related to an important modification of antigenic site II, whereas the other known antigenic sites were unchanged.
Silicon Photomultiplier Technology at STMicroelectronics (2009)

In this paper we present the results of the first electrical and optical characterization performed on 1 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> total area Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) fabricated in standard silicon planar technology at the STMicroelectronics Catania R&D clean room facility. The device consists of 289 microcells and has a geometrical fill factor of 48%. Breakdown voltage, gain, dark noise rate, crosstalk, photon detection efficiency and linearity have been measured in our laboratories. The optical characterization has been performed by varying the temperature applied to the device. The results shown in the manuscript demonstrate that the device already exhibits relevant features in terms of low dark noise rate and inter-pixel crosstalk probability, high photon detection efficiency, good linearity and single photoelectron resolution. These characteristics can be considered really promising in view of the final application of the photodetector in the Positron Emission Tomography (PET).
Programmed cell death in the Drosophila CNS is ecdysone-regulated and coupled with a specific ecdysone receptor isoform (1993)

At adult emergence, the ventral CNS of Drosophila shows a group of approximately 300 neurons, which are unique in that they express 10-fold higher levels of the A isoform of the ecdysone receptor (EcR-A) than do other central neurons. This expression pattern is established early in metamorphosis and persists throughout the remainder of the pupal stage. Although these cells represent a heterogeneous group of neurons, they all share the same fate of undergoing rapid degeneration after the adult emerges from the pupal case. One prerequisite for this death is the decline of ecdysteroids at the end of metamorphosis. Treatment of flies with 20-hydroxyecdysone blocks the death of the cells, but only if given at least 3 hours before the normal time of degeneration. The correlation of a unique pattern of receptor isoform expression with a particular steroid-regulated fate suggests that variations in the pattern of receptor isoform expression may serve as important switches during development.
The Neisseria Transcriptional Regulator PilA Has a GTPase Activity (1995)

The pilA gene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae encodes the response regulator of a two-component regulatory system that controls pilin gene expression. Examination of the primary sequence of PilA indicates that the protein contains at least two functional domains. The N-terminal region has a proposed helix-turn-helix motif thought to be involved in DNA binding. This region also contains the residues that are presumed to form the acidic pocket involved in phosphorylation by PilB, the sensor kinase of the system. The C terminus of the protein has extensive homology to the G (GTP-binding) domains of the eukaryotic signal recognition particle (SRP) 54-kDa protein and the alpha subunit of the SRP receptor, or docking protein. This homology also extends to similar regions of the bacterial SRP homologs Ffh and FtsY. Here, we demonstrate that purified PilA has significant GTPase activity, and that this activity has an absolute requirement for MgCl2 and is sensitive to KCl and low pH. We also show that PilA has a strict specificity for GTP, and that GTP hydrolysis follows first order kinetics, with a maximum velocity (Vmax) of 1900 pmol of Pi produced per min per mg of protein and a Km for GTP of 9.6 microM at 37 degrees C.
A new flow chamber and processing electronics for combined laser and mercury arc illumination in an impulscytophotometer flow cytometer (1983)

A flow cytometer of the impulse cytophotometer (ICP)-type has been developed for two-parameter flow cytometry. It uses two different methods of excitation simultaneously: an argon laser beam focused onto the cell stream within a modified flow chamber, and the light of a high pressure mercury (Hg) lamp using Köhler illumination. The two fluorescence signals are collected sequentially by the same photomultiplier tube. The signals are processed on a cell-by-cell basis using new hardwired analog signal processing electronics enabling their accumulation and display as two-parameter frequency distribution histograms.
Lipid signal extraction by SLIM: Application to 1H MR spectroscopic imaging of human calf muscles (2006)

The measurement of intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) using in vivo (1)H MRS is important for better understanding muscle physiology. However, the accurate measurement of IMCL in muscle adjacent to subcutaneous fat (SF) and bone marrow (BM) is often hampered by contaminations from the fat. In this article a new postacquisition processing method is proposed that selectively removes unwanted lipid signals based on the spectral localization by imaging (SLIM) technique, which can localize spectra from arbitrarily shaped regions. The effectiveness of this lipid extraction method is demonstrated by both computer simulation and in vivo experiments in the human calf. The advantage of this method is that unwanted lipid signal, such as SF signal, can be selectively and completely removed. After the contaminating fat signals are removed, the quality of muscle spectra adjacent to SF improves such that it becomes comparable to that in uncontaminated muscle regions in (1)H MRSI of the calf.
Rapid Ischemic Cell Death in Immature Oligodendrocytes: A Fatal Glutamate Release Feedback Loop (2000)

Ischemic injury of immature oligodendrocytes is a major component of the brain injury associated with cerebral palsy, the most common human birth disorder. We now report that cultured immature oligodendrocytes [O4(+)/galactoceramide (GC)(-)] are exquisitely sensitive to ischemic injury (80% of cells were dead after 25.5 min of oxygen and glucose withdrawal). This rapid ischemic cell death was mediated by Ca(2+) influx via non-NMDA glutamate receptors. The receptors were gated by the release of glutamate from the immature oligodendrocytes themselves via reverse glutamate transport and included a significant element of autologous feedback of glutamate from cells onto their own receptors. High (> or = 100 microM) extracellular glutamate was protective against ischemic injury as a result of non-NMDA glutamate receptor desensitization. Other potential pathways of Ca(2+) influx, such as voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels, NMDA receptors, or the Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger, did not significantly contribute to ischemic Ca(2+) influx or cell injury. Release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores was also not an important factor. In agreement with previous studies, more mature oligodendrocytes (O4(-)/GC(+)) were found to be less sensitive to ischemic injury than were the immature cells studied here.
Adenoviral - P53 Gene Transfer to Orthotopic and Peritoneal Murine Bladder Cancer (1996)

Bladder tumor-directed gene transfer using adenoviral vectors is an efficient and powerful tool for evaluating the adjuvant role of therapeutic gene products.
Standardized Human Olfactory Thresholds (1990)

Abstract In the past, data on olfactory thresholds have not been standardized; different values have been scattered throughout the relevant literature. Using a systematic approach to standardization, this book provides the first homogeneous inventory of weighted and averaged human olfactory thresholds for over 500 chemicals. A list of the literature references cited is included, as is a short explanation of the mathematical methods used by the authors. This book will be invaluable to scientists working in academic and industrial chemoreception, zoology, food science, government health regulation, and others for whom measurement of air-borne chemicals is important.
Inactivation of the p34 cdc2 -Cyclin B Complex by the Human WEE1 Tyrosine Kinase (1992)

Entry into mitosis in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is negatively regulated by the wee1+ gene, which encodes a protein kinase with serine-, theonine-, and tyrosine-phosphorylating activities. The wee1+ kinase negatively regulates mitosis by phosphorylating p34cdc2 on tyrosine 15, thereby inactivating the p34cdc2-cyclin B complex. The human homolog of the wee1+ gene (WEE1Hu) was overproduced in bacteria and assayed in an in vitro system. Unlike its fission yeast homolog, the product of the WEE1Hu gene encoded a tyrosine-specific protein kinase. The human WEE1 kinase phosphorylated the p34cdc2-cyclin B complex on tyrosine 15 but not on threonine 14 in vitro and inactivated the p34cdc2-cyclin B kinase. This inhibition was reversed by the human Cdc25C protein, which catalyzed the dephosphorylation of p34cdc2. These results indicate that the product of the WEE1Hu gene directly regulates the p34cdc2-cyclin B complex in human cells and that a kinase other than that encoded by WEE1Hu phosphorylates p34cdc2 on threonine 14.
Benign and Malignant Breast Disease in South Wales: A Study of Urinary Steroids (1970)

The levels of aetiocholanolone, androsterone, and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids were measured in women without known disease of the breast, in women with benign breast disease, and in women with primary and advanced breast cancer. Statistical analysis showed there was no difference in the excretion of urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in the various groups of patients. Detailed analysis of the aetiocholanolone and androsterone levels, however, indicated that patients with advanced localized disease excreted significantly less of these 11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids than those in the other groups.