gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
LPC speech coding based on variable-length segment quantization (1988)

A low-bit-rate linear predictive coder (LPC) that is based on variable-length segment quantization is presented. In this vocoder, the speech spectral-parameter sequence is represented as the concatenation of variable-length spectral segments generated by linearly time-warping fixed-length code segments. Both the sequence of code segments and the segment lengths are efficiently determined using a dynamic programming procedure. This procedure minimizes the spectral distance measured between the original and the coded spectral sequence in a given interval. An iterative algorithm is developed for designing fixed-length code segments for the training spectral sequence. It updates the segment boundaries of the training spectral sequence using an a priori codebook and updates the codebook using these segment sequences. The convergence of this algorithm is discussed theoretically and experimentally. In experiments, the performance of variable-length segment quantization for voice coding is compared to that of fixed-length segment quantization and vector quantization.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Wide Measurement Range and Fast Update Rate Integrated Interface for Capacitive Sensors Array (2013)

A CMOS Capacitance-to-Digital Converter (CDC) for capacitive sensors array applications is presented. It consists of a 16:1 multiplexer, a capacitance-to-voltage front-end and a 16-bit voltage-to-pulses converter. The proposed capacitance-to-voltage front-end circuit extends the dynamic range by charging or discharging the measured capacitive sensors indirectly. For low power consumption and short conversion time, hardware reuse technique and multi-steps quantization method have been applied in voltage-to-digital pulse converter design. This 16-ch CDC's maximum absolute input capacitance is 350 pF under a non-uniform distributed sampling interval of 0.15-0.75 ms with 90 μA current consumption under ±0.9 V voltage supply. This prototype chip has been designed and fabricated in 0.18- μm 1P6M CMOS process with active area of 640 × 630 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Analysis of periodically segmented waveguide mode expanders (1995)

Periodically segmented waveguide (PSW) mode expanders can be realized simply, using a single step lithography. In this paper such devices are studied numerically, with respect to high-/spl Delta/ silica waveguides and InP strip waveguides. The efficiency of such expanders is shown to be high, for proper length and segmentation period, and back reflection is negligible. It is shown that lithographical grids of 0.125-0.25 /spl mu/m resolution are sufficient to obtain efficient out-coupling. Basic design rules are outlined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Biphasic Induction of Pdx1 in Mouse and Human Embryonic Stem Cells Can Mimic Development of Pancreatic β-Cells (2008)

Embryonic stem (ES) cells represent a possible source of islet tissue for the treatment of diabetes. Achieving this goal will require a detailed understanding of how the transcription factor cascade initiated by the homeodomain transcription factor Pdx1 culminates in pancreatic beta-cell development. Here we describe a genetic approach that enables fine control of Pdx1 transcriptional activity during endoderm differentiation of mouse and human ES cell. By activating an exogenous Pdx1VP16 protein in populations of cells enriched in definitive endoderm we show a distinct lineage-dependent requirement for this transcription factor's activity. Mimicking the natural biphasic pattern of Pdx1 expression was necessary to induce an endocrine pancreas-like cell phenotype, in which 30% of the cells were beta-cell-like. Cell markers consistent with the different beta-cell differentiation stages appeared in a sequential order following the natural pattern of pancreatic development. Furthermore, in mouse ES-derived cultures the differentiated beta-like cells secreted C-peptide (insulin) in response to KCl and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, suggesting that following a natural path of development in vitro represents the best approach to generate functional pancreatic cells. Together these results reveal for the first time a significant effect of the timed expression of Pdx1 on the non-beta-cells in the developing endocrine pancreas. Collectively, we show that this method of in vitro differentiation provides a template for inducing and studying ES cell differentiation into insulin-secreting cells.
The Dynamic Energy Landscape of Dihydrofolate Reductase Catalysis (2006)

We used nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation dispersion to characterize higher energy conformational substates of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase. Each intermediate in the catalytic cycle samples low-lying excited states whose conformations resemble the ground-state structures of preceding and following intermediates. Substrate and cofactor exchange occurs through these excited substates. The maximum hydride transfer and steady-state turnover rates are governed by the dynamics of transitions between ground and excited states of the intermediates. Thus, the modulation of the energy landscape by the bound ligands funnels the enzyme through its reaction cycle along a preferred kinetic path.
Cystatin C and cathepsin B in CSF from patients with inflammatory neurologic diseases (2000)

Cystatin C levels in CSF measured by ELISA may help the physician recognize GBS, CIDP, and MS. Decreased levels of cystatin C may be related to the high levels of cathepsin B activity seen in the CSF of patients with GBS, CIDP, and MS.
3-D motion estimation in model-based facial image coding (1993)

An approach to estimating the motion of the head and facial expressions in model-based facial image coding is presented. An affine nonrigid motion model is set up. The specific knowledge about facial shape and facial expression is formulated in this model in the form of parameters. A direct method of estimating the two-view motion parameters that is based on the affine method is discussed. Based on the reasonable assumption that the 3-D motion of the face is almost smooth in the time domain, several approaches to predicting the motion of the next frame are proposed. Using a 3-D model, the approach is characterized by a feedback loop connecting computer vision and computer graphics. Embedding the synthesis techniques into the analysis phase greatly improves the performance of motion estimation. Simulations with long image sequences of real-world scenes indicate that the method not only greatly reduces computational complexity but also substantially improves estimation accuracy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Solar cell contact resistance&#8212;A review (1984)

An overview of ohmic contacts on solar cells is presented. The fundamentals of metal-semiconductor contacts are reviewed, including the Schottky approach, Fermi level pinning by surface states, and the mechanisms of thermionic emission, thermionic/field emission, and tunneling for current transport. The concept of contact resistance is developed and contact resistance data for several different contact materials on both silicon and gallium arsenide over a range of doping densities are summarized. Finally, the requirements imposed by solar cells on contact resistance are detailed.
Integrated feature selection and higher-order spatial feature extraction for object categorization (2008)

In computer vision, the bag-of-visual words image representation has been shown to yield good results. Recent work has shown that modeling the spatial relationship between visual words further improves performance. Previous work extracts higher-order spatial features exhaustively. However, these spatial features are expensive to compute. We propose a novel method that simultaneously performs feature selection and feature extraction. Higher-order spatial features are progressively extracted based on selected lower order ones, thereby avoiding exhaustive computation. The method can be based on any additive feature selection algorithm such as boosting. Experimental results show that the method is computationally much more efficient than previous approaches, without sacrificing accuracy.
Nuclear localization of pyrrole–imidazole polyamide–fluorescein conjugates in cell culture (2003)

A series of hairpin pyrrole-imidazole polyamide-fluorescein conjugates were synthesized and assayed for cellular localization. Thirteen cell lines, representing 11 human cancers, one human transformed kidney cell line, and one murine leukemia cell line, were treated with 5 microM polyamide-fluorescein conjugates for 10-14 h, then imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy. A conjugate containing a beta-alanine residue at the C terminus of the polyamide moiety showed no nuclear localization, whereas an analogous compound lacking the beta-alanine residue was strongly localized in the nuclei of all cell lines tested. The localization profiles of several other conjugates suggest that pyrrole-imidazole sequence and content, dye choice and position, linker composition, and molecular weight are determinants of nuclear localization. The attachment of fluorescein to the C terminus of a hairpin polyamide results in an approximately 10-fold reduction in DNA-binding affinity, with no loss of binding specificity with reference to mismatch binding sites.
Activation of Protease-Activated Receptor-1 Triggers Astrogliosis after Brain Injury (2005)

We have studied the involvement of the thrombin receptor [protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1)] in astrogliosis, because extravasation of PAR-1 activators, such as thrombin, into brain parenchyma can occur after blood-brain barrier breakdown in a number of CNS disorders. PAR1-/- animals show a reduced astrocytic response to cortical stab wound, suggesting that PAR-1 activation plays a key role in astrogliosis associated with glial scar formation after brain injury. This interpretation is supported by the finding that the selective activation of PAR-1 in vivo induces astrogliosis. The mechanisms by which PAR-1 stimulates glial proliferation appear to be related to the ability of PAR-1 receptor signaling to induce sustained extracellular receptor kinase (ERK) activation. In contrast to the transient activation of ERK by cytokines and growth factors, PAR-1 stimulation induces a sustained ERK activation through its coupling to multiple G-protein-linked signaling pathways, including Rho kinase. This sustained ERK activation appears to regulate astrocytic cyclin D1 levels and astrocyte proliferation in vitro and in vivo. We propose that this PAR-1-mediated mechanism underlying astrocyte proliferation will operate whenever there is sufficient injury-induced blood-brain barrier breakdown to allow extravasation of PAR-1 activators.
Consciousness the Trickster: Or, Tailors for the Emperor (2002)

We can admit that meaning has no existence of its own beyond its utterance and its interpretation….meaning is not immanent to a text as a message, but as a situation of communication including, moveover, a transmitter and a receiver…as well as a set of conditions (norms, including the textual genre and determined social practice). Rastier, p.5, 1997 In the general schema of things as they are, what I am going to relate happened not too long ago, and unfortunately can still happen, perhaps is happening to someone else—if not in the same way, then in a Bach variation on the theme. The children I am going to discuss are growing up, or at least with the passage of years they are moving toward adulthood. I wonder, Trickster paper that this is, what that means as far as understanding the strange form and dynamic of Consciousness, who I perceive as the master of all game players. Consciousness seems to me to be a devious, evasive, slip-sliding being, nothing as well-conceived as raven, wolf, or coyote, or many of the other forms the Trickster so often takes. Consciousness lurks shadow-like, suddenly thrusting itself forward, sometimes unbidden and too often unrepentant. I am going to explore my meetings with two nine year old children, referred to me by their teachers. These children had to be both self-aware and at the same time suppress consciousness in order to cope with the dynamics of the world they existed within. As children they could perceive the world with clarity of vision and yet, that perceptual awareness did not necessarily allow them to be able to dictate the course of their lives. As for the adults around them, although they were often insightful and certainly conscious of the constraints and the plight of the children, they were nevertheless limited in their ability to act upon what they knew.
Group A Streptococci Among School-Aged Children: Clinical Characteristics and the Carrier State (2004)

GAS infections are common among school-aged children. The majority of positive throat cultures observed in this longitudinal study were obtained from children who were carriers of GAS. Carriers switched emm types but tended to become carriers repeatedly during the study. Practitioners should consider treating children known to be GAS carriers when they develop a new illness that is consistent with streptococcal pharyngitis, because they may acquire new emm types and be at risk for rheumatic heart disease.
[The antagonistic effect of PI3K-gamma inhibitor AS605240 on cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis induced by isoproterenol in rats]. (2011)

AS605240 may be an effective antagonist for cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis.
What's the Point: Semantic Segmentation with Point Supervision (2015)

The semantic image segmentation task presents a trade-off between test time accuracy and training-time annotation cost. Detailed per-pixel annotations enable training accurate models but are very time-consuming to obtain, image-level class labels are an order of magnitude cheaper but result in less accurate models. We take a natural step from image-level annotation towards stronger supervision: we ask annotators to point to an object if one exists. We incorporate this point supervision along with a novel objectness potential in the training loss function of a CNN model. Experimental results on the PASCAL VOC 2012 benchmark reveal that the combined effect of point-level supervision and objectness potential yields an improvement of 12.9% mIOU over image-level supervision. Further, we demonstrate that models trained with point-level supervision are more accurate than models trained with image-level, squiggle-level or full supervision given a fixed annotation budget.
Electro-Spinning and Electro-Blowing of Hyaluronic Acid (2004)

In this study, hyaluronic acid (HA) was electro-spun and electro-blown to prepare nonwoven nanofibrous membranes. Critical parameters for processing and corresponding effects on the membrane morphology were investigated using the methods of rheology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). During electro-spinning, the optimal HA concentration window for nanofibrous formation was determined within a narrow range of 1.3-1.5 w/v %, corresponding to a solution viscosity range of 3-30 Pa s at a shear rate of 1 s(-1). SEM results indicated that, with increases in (1) the total concentration by blending of low molecular weight HA, (2) the evaporation rate by the addition of ethanol, and/or (3) the feeding rate of solution, the electro-spinning performance for creating nanofibers was improved. However, the improvement was not sufficient to achieve a consistent production of high quality nonwoven nanofiber membranes. This problem was overcome by a new electro-blowing process using the combination of air flow and electro-spinning. Although air blowing at room temperature around the spinneret orifice did not exhibit a remarkable enhancement of nanofiber formation of HA, the performance was significantly improved with an increase in the air blowing rate. SEM results showed that the temperature of air-blowing was the most effective parameter in ensuring HA nanofiber formation. As the temperature of the blown air increased from 25 to 57 degrees C, the nanofiber formation became consistent and uniform. A high quality HA nonwoven membrane of nanofibers was successfully produced by blowing air at 57 degrees C with a 70 ft(3)/hr flow rate.
Diphtheria toxin and its mutant crm 197 differ in their interaction with lipids (1987)

The interaction of diphtheria toxin and its enzymatically deficient mutants crm 176 and crm 197 with liposomes has been studied by turbidity measurement and hydrophobic photolabelling with photoactivatable phosphatidylcholines. Diphtheria toxin and crm 176 at neutral pH bind to the surface of lipid bilayers while crm 197 also appears to interact with the fatty acid chains of phospholipids. All proteins undergo a change in conformation over the same range of acidic pH and become able to insert in the lipid bilayer. The tighter lipid interaction of crm 197 may account for its higher cell association constant. The possibility is discussed that the binding of diphtheria toxin to cells is mediated by both a protein receptor and an interaction with the head group of phospholipids.
Using Genetics to Enable Studies on the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease (2012)

Curing Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains an elusive goal; indeed, it may even prove to be impossible, given the nature of the disease. Although modulating disease progression is an attractive target and will alleviate the burden of the most severe stages, this strategy will not reduce the prevalence of the disease itself. Preventing or (as described in this article) delaying the onset of cognitive impairment and AD will provide the greatest benefit to individuals and society by pushing the onset of disease into the later years of life. Because of the high variability in the age of onset of the disease, AD prevention studies that do not stratify participants by age-dependent disease risk will be operationally challenging, being large in size and of long duration. We present a composite genetic biomarker to stratify disease risk so as to facilitate clinical studies in high-risk populations. In addition, we discuss the rationale for the use of pioglitazone to delay the onset of AD in individuals at high risk.
Location of translational initiation factor IF3 on the small ribosomal subunit (1999)

The location of translational initiation factor IF3 bound to the 30S subunit of the Thermus thermophilus ribosome has been determined by cryoelectron microscopy. Both the 30S.IF3 complex and control 30S subunit structures were determined to 27-A resolution. The difference map calculated from the two reconstructions reveals three prominent lobes of positive density. The previously solved crystal structure of IF3 fits very well into two of these lobes, whereas the third lobe probably arises from conformational changes induced in the 30S subunit as a result of IF3 binding. Our placement of IF3 on the 30S subunit allows an understanding in structural terms of the biochemical functions of this initiation factor, namely its ability to dissociate 70S ribosomes into 30S and 50S subunits and the preferential selection of initiator tRNA by IF3 during initiation.
Inhibition of steroid 5α-reductase by specific aliphatic unsaturated fatty acids (1992)

Human or rat microsomal 5 alpha-reductase activity, as measured by enzymic conversion of testosterone into 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone or by binding of a competitive inhibitor, [3H]17 beta-NN-diethulcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5 alpha-androstan-3-one ([3H]4-MA) to the reductase, is inhibited by low concentrations (less than 10 microM) of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The relative inhibitory potencies of unsaturated fatty acids are, in decreasing order: gamma-linolenic acid greater than cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid = cis-6,9,12,15-octatetraenoic acid = arachidonic acid = alpha-linolenic acid greater than linoleic acid greater than palmitoleic acid greater than oleic acid greater than myristoleic acid. Other unsaturated fatty acids such as undecylenic acid, erucic acid and nervonic acid, are inactive. The methyl esters and alcohol analogues of these compounds, glycerols, phospholipids, saturated fatty acids, retinoids and carotenes were inactive even at 0.2 mM. The results of the binding assay and the enzymic assay correlated well except for elaidic acid and linolelaidic acid, the trans isomers of oleic acid and linoleic acid respectively, which were much less active than their cis isomers in the binding assay but were as potent in the enzymic assay. gamma-Linolenic acid had no effect on the activities of two other rat liver microsomal enzymes: NADH:menadione reductase and glucuronosyl transferase. gamma-Linolenic acid, the most potent inhibitor tested, decreased the Vmax. and increased Km values of substrates, NADPH and testosterone, and promoted dissociation of [3H]4-MA from the microsomal reductase. gamma-Linolenic acid, but not the corresponding saturated fatty acid (stearic acid), inhibited the 5 alpha-reductase activity, but not the 17 beta-dehydrogenase activity, of human prostate cancer cells in culture. These results suggest that unsaturated fatty acids may play an important role in regulating androgen action in target cells.
The sequence context of the initiation codon in the encephalomyocarditis virus leader modulates efficiency of internal translation initiation (1992)

Translation initiation on poliovirus and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) mRNAs occurs by a cap-independent mechanism utilizing an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). However, no unifying mechanism for AUG initiation site selection has been proposed. Analysis of initiation of mRNAs translated in vitro has suggested that initiation of poliovirus mRNA translation likely involves both internal binding of ribosomes and scanning to the first AUG which is in a favorable context for initiation. In contrast, internal initiation on EMCV mRNA may not utilize scanning, since ribosomes bind directly or very close to the initiation codon AUG-11. We have studied in vivo the sequence requirements for internal initiation around the EMCV initiation codon, both in monocistronic and in dicistronic mRNAs. Our studies show that the upstream AUG-10 is normally not used and that there is no specific sequence requirement for nucleotides between AUG-10 and AUG-11. However, the sequence context of AUG-11 does influence the efficiency of initiation at AUG-11. Efficient IRES-mediated internal initiation at AUG-11 exhibits a requirement for an adenine in the -3 position, similar to cap-dependent initiation. These results support a model for internal initiation on EMCV mRNA in which scanning starts at or near AUG-11. Although initiation primarily occurs at AUG-11, initiation at multiple downstream AUG codons can be detected. In addition, a poor sequence context around AUG-11 results in increased initiation at one or more downstream AUG codons, indicative of leaky scanning or jumping by the ribosome from AUG-11 mediated by the EMCV IRES.