gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Taxonomy of Borrelia spp. (1991)

An increasing number of phenotypically heterogeneous borrelia isolates have been obtained by culture. Genetic analysis of some of them suggest that a reorganisation in delineation of the different species within the genus Borrelia may be necessary. Specifically increasing numbers of variants phenotypically different from the American type strain of B. burgdorferi have been described. In this workshop experts have discussed phenotypic and genotypic characters for (a) differentiation of B. burgdorferi strains from other borrelia and from treponemes, (b) characterization of B. burgdorferi isolates at the subspecies level. Ultrastructure was discussed by K. Hovind-Hougen, antigen structure by B. Wilske and genotypic characters by G. Baranton, A. G. Barbour, R. C. Johnson and V. Preac-Mursic. J. F. Anderson discussed differences between strains isolated from a wide range of vectors and hosts in North America. The outcome of the workshop was that B. burgdorferi may comprise different genomic species which however share common epitopes recognized by certain monoclonal antibodies. At the subspecies level a broad heterogeneity was demonstrated using methods as restriction endonuclease analysis, hybridization with whole B. burgdorferi-DNA or specific probes as well as plasmid analysis. A serotyping system based on monoclonal antibody reactivity against the outer surface protein OspA was proposed. A comparison of the different typing methods is impaired by use of different strains for analysis. In the future a broad variety of phenotypically different and defined strains need to be analysed for genotypic clusters and later on reexamined for phenotypic characters. To accomplish this close cooperation of different research groups is necessary.
Two-tier data-driven intrusion detection for automatic generation control in smart grid (2014)

Legacy energy infrastructures are being replaced by modern smart grids. Smart grids provide bi-directional communications for the purpose of efficient energy and load management. In addition, energy generation is adjusted based on the load feedback. However, due to the dependency on the cyber infrastructure for load monitoring and reporting, generation control is inherently vulnerable to attacks. Recent studies have shown that the possibility of data integrity attacks on the generation control can significantly disrupt the energy system. In this work, we present simple yet effective data-driven two-tier intrusion detection system for automatic generation control (AGC). The first tier is a short-term adaptive predictor for system variables, such as load and area control error (ACE). The first tier provides a real-time measurement predictor that adapts to the underlying changing behavior of these system variables, and flags out the abnormal behavior in these variables independently. The second tier provides deep state inspection to investigate the presence of anomalies by incorporating the overall system variable correlation using Markov models. Moreover, we expand our second tier inspection to include multi-AGC environment where a behavior of one AGC is validated against the behavior of the interconnected AGC. The combination of tier-1 light-weight prediction and tier-2 offline deep state inspection offers a great advantage to balance accuracy and real-time requirements of intrusion detection for AGC environment. Our results show high detection accuracy (95%) under different multi-attack scenarios. Second tier successfully verified all the injected intrusions.
Innovative localized lifetime control in high-speed IGBTs (1997)

An innovative method to control carrier lifetime locally and efficiently in Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) is presented. It is based on the formation of void layers by low-energy and high-dose He implants and annealing. Voids introduce two well-defined midgap trap levels in silicon. HFIELDS simulations demonstrate the increase of surface hole concentration when a well localized recombination region is introduced in the buffer layer. High-speed IGBTs were fabricated both with voids in the buffer layer or with unlocalized recombination centres. Devices with localized bandgap centres show a lower on-resistance with a fast turn-off behavior.
Type I Interferon Production Enhances Susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes Infection (2004)

Numerous bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharide potently induce type I interferons (IFNs); however, the contribution of this innate response to host defense against bacterial infection remains unclear. Although mice deficient in either IFN regulatory factor (IRF)3 or the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR)1 are highly susceptible to viral infection, we show that these mice exhibit a profound resistance to infection caused by the Gram-positive intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes compared with wild-type controls. Furthermore, this enhanced bacterial clearance is accompanied by a block in L. monocytogenes-induced splenic apoptosis in IRF3- and IFNAR1-deficient mice. Thus, our results highlight the disparate roles of type I IFNs during bacterial versus viral infections and stress the importance of proper IFN modulation in host defense.
Multi-level conversion: high voltage choppers and voltage-source inverters (2003)

The authors discuss high-voltage power conversion. Conventional series connection and three-level voltage source inverter techniques are reviewed and compared. A novel versatile multilevel commutation cell is introduced: it is shown that this topology is safer and more simple to control, and delivers purer output waveforms. The authors show how this technique can be applied to either choppers or voltage-source inverters and generalized to any number of switches.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Reduced oxidative and nitrosative damage in murine experimental colitis in the absence of inducible nitric oxide synthase (1999)

Data show that activation of iNOS is required for nitrosative and oxidative damage in experimental colitis.
Ghrelin promotes slow-wave sleep in humans (2003)

Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue (GHS) receptor, stimulates GH release, appetite, and weight gain in humans and rodents. Synthetic GHSs modulate sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) and nocturnal hormone secretion. We studied the effect of 4 x 50 microg of ghrelin administered hourly as intravenous boluses between 2200 and 0100 on sleep EEG and the secretion of plasma GH, ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, and leptin in humans (n = 7). After ghrelin administration, slow-wave sleep was increased during the total night and accumulated delta-wave activity was enhanced during the second half of the night. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep was reduced during the second third of the night, whereas all other sleep EEG variables remained unchanged. Furthermore, GH and prolactin plasma levels were enhanced throughout the night, and cortisol levels increased during the first part of the night (2200-0300). The response of GH to ghrelin was most distinct after the first injection and lowest after the fourth injection. In contrast, cortisol showed an inverse pattern of response. Leptin levels did not differ between groups. Our data show a distinct action of exogenous ghrelin on sleep EEG and nocturnal hormone secretion. We suggest that ghrelin is an endogenous sleep-promoting factor. This role appears to be complementary to the already described effects of the peptide in the regulation of energy balance. Furthermore, ghrelin appears to be a common stimulus of the somatotropic and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical systems. It appears that ghrelin is a sleep-promoting factor in humans.
Murine peritoneal macrophages support murine cytomegalovirus replication (1983)

Because there have been different conclusions regarding the susceptibility of murine macrophages to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection and replication, we have undertaken a detailed comparison of MCMV infection of macrophages with that of a permissive cell line, mouse embryo cells. Although both cell lines undergo productive infections with MCMV, there are marked differences in certain aspects of the viral replication which may account for some of the different conclusions regarding the MCMV cycle in macrophages. Although both cell lines produce MCMV after infection, the time course of the infection differed markedly between the cell types. Similarly, the proportion of infected macrophages that are releasing infection virions is much smaller than the proportion of a comparably infected mouse embryo cell culture. Tissue culture passage of MCMV first enhanced (after one passage) and then reduced the infectivity of the virus for macrophages in vitro. The delayed time course and lesser production at early intervals after infection of macrophage cultures could not be attributed to demonstrable inhibitors or to replication in contaminating fibroblasts in the macrophage cultures.
Hypotensive 1,2,4-Benzothiadiazines (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHypotensive 1,2,4-BenzothiadiazinesBarbara Ann Bierbaum, John J. Traverso, and Calvert W. WhiteheadCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1963, 6, 3, 272–275Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00339a012https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00339a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views240Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Mast cell chymase. A potent secretagogue for airway gland serous cells. (1989)

Submucosal glands are the major sources of airway secretions in most mammals. Mast cells are abundant in the environment of airway submucosal glands and are rich sources of secreted proteases. To investigate the hypothesis that mast cell proteases stimulate airway gland secretion, we studied the ability of the two major mast cell granule proteases, chymase and tryptase, to cause secretion of 35S-labeled macromolecules from a line of cultured bovine airway gland serous cells. Mast cell chymase and tryptase were purified from dog mastocytoma cells. Chymase markedly stimulated serous cell secretion in a concentration-dependent fashion with a threshold of 10(-10) M, whereas tryptase had no effect. The response to 10(-8) M chymase (1530 +/- 80% over base line) was approximately 10-fold higher than that evoked by other agonists such as histamine and isoproterenol. The predominant 35S-labeled macromolecule released by chymase was chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, the glycoconjugate present in serous cell secretory granules. The response to chymase was non-cytotoxic and was blocked by active site inhibitors of chymase (soybean trypsin inhibitor and chymostatin) and by inhibitors of cellular energy metabolism (azide,2,4-dinitrophenol, dicumarol). Supernatant obtained by degranulation of mastocytoma cells caused a secretory response of comparable magnitude to that caused by chymase. These findings demonstrate that chymase, but not tryptase, is a potent secretagogue for airway gland serous cells, and they suggest a possible role for chymase-containing mast cells in the pathogenesis of airway hypersecretion.
Reserved Top Level DNS Names (1999)

To reduce the likelihood of conflict and confusion, a few top level domain names are reserved for use in private testing, as examples in documentation, and the like. In addition, a few second level domain names reserved for use as examples are documented.
Chloroplast Transformation in Chlamydomonas with High Velocity Microprojectiles (1988)

Bombardment of three mutants of the chloroplast atpB gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with high-velocity tungsten microprojectiles that were coated with cloned chloroplast DNA carrying the wild-type gene permanently restored the photosynthetic capacity of the algae. In most transformants of one of the mutants, a fragment with a 2.5-kilobase deletion was restored to normal size by a homologous replacement event; in about 25 percent of the transformants the restored restriction fragment was 50 to 100 base pairs smaller or larger than that of wild type. About one-fourth of the transformants of this mutant contained unintegrated donor plasmid when first examined. This plasmid persisted in four different transformants after 65 cell generations of continuous liquid culture but was lost from all transformants maintained on plates of selective medium. The restored wild-type atpB gene remains in all transformants as an integral part of the chloroplast genome and is expressed and inherited normally.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT OF CYCLOSPORINE IN VIVO ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF T CELL SUBSETS IN THE THYMUS, SPLEEN, AND LYMPH NODES1 (1989)

Cyclosporine treatment of BALB/c mice (at a dose of 20 mg/kg every other day for 3 weeks) caused a remarkable reduction in the PNA-, L3T4+Lyt-2- subset of thymocytes. A significant reduction of the L3T4+Lyt-2-subset was also observed in both the lymph node and spleen cells of CsA-treated mice, though the degree of the reduction was lower than that in thymocytes. Both lymph node and spleen cells from CsA-treated mice showed a significant increase in the percentage of Thy-1.2 negative, L3T4-Lyt-2- cells (perhaps B cells). Thymocytes from CsA-treated mice showed a reduction in the in vitro proliferative responses to Con A and PHA. On the other hand, there was a slight, but not significant, decrease in the responses of lymph node cells to Con A, PHA and LPS. Spleen cells from CsA-treated mice showed a significant reduction in the responses to Con A and PHA, though the degree of the reduction was lower than that of thymocytes. There was a significant decrease in the proliferative response of spleen cells to LPS. These results suggest that CsA affects both thymus and spleen cells in vivo, preferentially impairing the L3T4+Lyt-2- subset (helper T cells or their precursors) within the thymus. The lymph node cells seem to be relatively spared from the in vivo effect of CsA compared with cells in the thymus and spleen.
Co-overexpression of DEAD box protein rck/p54 and c-myc protein in human colorectal adenomas and the relevance of their expression in cultured cell lines (2001)

The RCK gene was cloned through a study of the breakpoint of the t(11;14)(q23;q32) chromosomal translocation observed in a human B-cell lymphoma and overexpression of the protein (rck/p54) due to the translocation was shown to be associated with malignant transformation. The rck/p54 protein belongs to the DEAD box protein/RNA helicase family, which has a variety of functions such as translation initiation, pre-mRNA splicing and ribosome assembly. It is considered that rck/p54 protein may have significant effects on the mRNA structure of genes associated with cell proliferation, facilitating protein synthesis. Expression of rck/p54 in colorectal adenomas, which are a premalignant lesion of colorectal cancer, was examined by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The rck/p54 protein was found to be overexpressed in tumor tissues resected from 17 of 26 cases (65.4%) of colorectal adenomas and 13 of 14 c-myc-positive cases (92.8%) also co-overexpressed rck/p54 protein. Thus, a significant correlation between rck/p54 and c-myc co-overexpression was found (Spearman's rank correlation, P = 0.0018). We demonstrate that overexpression of rck/p54 in two different cell lines, COS 7 and human colorectal cancer cell line SW480, caused an increase in c-myc protein levels by enhancement of its translation efficiency and/or stabilization of its mRNA. These results suggest that rck/p54 of the DEAD box protein/RNA helicase family may contribute to cell proliferation and carcinogenesis in the development of human colorectal tumors at the translational level by increasing synthesis of c-myc protein.
The Role of T-Cell Costimulatory Activation Pathways in Transplant Rejection (1998)

Organ transplantation is now common. For patients with end-stage cardiac, hepatic, or pulmonary failure, it can be lifesaving.1 For patients with diabetes mellitus, pancreatic transplantation offers the chance of a cure and the arrest or reversal of diabetic complications such as neuropathy and retinopathy. In 1996 more than 19,410 organ and tissue transplantations were performed in the United States, and 53,755 patients were on waiting lists for transplantation.Over the past two decades, the development of new immunosuppressive drugs with improved efficacy and decreased toxicity has led to substantial improvement in the survival of patients and in short-term graft survival . . .
A Clue to the Therapy of Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (2004)

These results suggest that PAK1 is essential for the malignant growth of NF2-deficient cells, and that PAK1-blocking drugs could be potentially useful forthe treatment of neurofibromatosis types 2, in addition to Ras-induced cancers and neurofibromatosis type 1.
Evidence for the Presence of Hydrogen-Bonded Secondary Structure in Angiotensin II in Aqueous Solution (1972)

Automated tritium-hydrogen exchange measurements have been made on the linear octapeptide Val(5)-angiotensin II amide. All six amide hydrogens of the peptide backbone are observable, and are resolved into three classes according to their exchange rates. The rate of exchange of the slowest class, t(1/2) of 300 min at 0 degrees C (pH 2.5), is compared with that of hydrogens that exchange abnormally slowly in other peptides. It is concluded that these slow hydrogens in angiotensin II are involved in secondary structure with either one or both forming stable, intramolecular hydrogen bonds. This finding demonstrates that linear peptides may have hydrogen-bonded conformations in aqueous solutions. Analysis of the pH dependence of the rate of exchange indicates that one peptide amide hydrogen, namely that of the Asn(1)-Arg(2) peptide bond, is not involved in hydrogen bonding and is freely accessible to the solvent. Thus, the finding of internal hydrogen bonding, together with the assignment of the environment of one peptide bond, places major constraints on the number of allowable conformations of this linear polypeptide hormone.
In Vitro Characterization of Astaxanthin Biosynthetic Enzymes (1997)

Escherichia coli strains expressing the marine bacteria (Agrobacterium aurantiacum and Alcaligenes sp. strain PC-1) astaxanthin biosynthetic genes (crtZ and W), Haematococcus pluvialis bkt, and Erwinia uredovora crtZ genes were used for in vitro characterization of the respective enzymes. Specific enzyme assays indicated that all of the enzymes are bifunctional, in that the CrtZ enzymes formed zeaxanthin from beta-carotene via beta-cryptoxanthin, as well as astaxanthin from canthaxanthin via phoenicoxanthin (adonirubin). The BKT/CrtW enzymes synthesized canthaxanthin via echinenone from beta-carotene and 4-ketozeaxanthin (adonixanthin) with trace amounts of astaxanthin from zeaxanthin. Comparison of maximum catalytic activities as well as selectivity experiments carried out in the presence of both utilizable substrates indicated that the CrtZ enzymes from marine bacteria converted canthaxanthin to astaxanthin preferentially, whereas the Erwinia CrtZ possessed a favorability to the formation of zeaxanthin from beta-carotene. The CrtW/BKT enzymes were not so defined in their substrate preference, responding readily to fluctuations in substrate levels. Other properties obtained indicated that the enzymes were strictly oxygen-requiring; and a cofactor mixture of 2-oxoglutarate, ascorbic acid, and Fe2+ was beneficial to activity. Based on enzymological data, a predicted pathway for astaxanthin biosynthesis is described, and it is proposed that CrtZ-like enzymes be termed carotenoid 3, (3')-beta-ionone ring hydroxylase and CrtW/BKT carotenoid 4, (4')-beta-ionone ring oxygenase.
Complete plastic nanofluidic devices for DNA analysis via direct imprinting with polymer stamps (2011)

Development of all polymer-based nanofluidic devices using replication technologies, which is a prerequisite for providing devices for a larger user base, is hampered by undesired substrate deformation associated with the replication of multi-scale structures. Therefore, most nanofluidic devices have been fabricated in glass-like substrates or in a polymer resist layer coated on a substrate. This letter presents a rapid, high fidelity direct imprinting process to build polymer nanofluidic devices in a single step. Undesired substrate deformation during imprinting was significantly reduced through the use of a polymer stamp made from a UV-curable resin. The integrity of the enclosed all polymer-based nanofluidic system was verified by a fluorescein filling experiment and translocation/stretching of λ-DNA molecules through the nanochannels. It was also found that the funnel-like design of the nanochannel inlet significantly improved the entrance of DNA molecules into nanochannels compared to an abrupt nanochannel/microfluidic network interface.
Global Transcriptional Response of the Alkali-Tolerant CyanobacteriumSynechocystissp. Strain PCC 6803 to a pH 10 Environment (2008)

Many cyanobacterial strains are able to grow at a pH range from neutral to pH 10 or 11. Such alkaline conditions favor cyanobacterial growth (e.g., bloom formation), and cyanobacteria must have developed strategies to adjust to changes in CO2 concentration and ion availability. Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 exhibits similar photoautotrophic growth characteristics at pH 10 and pH 7.5, and we examined global gene expression following transfer from pH 7.5 to pH 10 to determine cellular adaptations at an elevated pH. The strategies used to develop homeostasis at alkaline pH had elements similar to those of many bacteria, as well as components unique to phototrophic microbes. Some of the response mechanisms previously identified in other bacteria included upregulation of Na+/H+ antiporters, deaminases, and ATP synthase. In addition, upregulated genes encoded transporters with the potential to contribute to osmotic, pH, and ion homeostasis (e.g., a water channel protein, a large-conductance mechanosensitive channel, a putative anion efflux transporter, a hexose/proton symporter, and ABC transporters of unidentified substrates). Transcriptional changes specific to photosynthetic microbes involved NADH dehydrogenases and CO2 fixation. The pH transition altered the CO2/HCO3(-) ratio within the cell, and the upregulation of three inducible bicarbonate transporters (BCT1, SbtA, and NDH-1S) likely reflected a response to this perturbed ratio. Consistent with this was increased transcript abundance of genes encoding carboxysome structural proteins and carbonic anhydrase. Interestingly, the transition to pH 10 resulted in increased abundance of transcripts of photosystem II genes encoding extrinsic and low-molecular-weight polypeptides, although there was little change in photosystem I gene transcripts.