gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Androgenic Therapy in Women (1942)

In a recent letter to the Editor1 Dr. E. C. Hamblen sharply condemns the use of androgens in the prac tice of gynecology. He bases his discussion upon a particular case that came to his attention, one in which a total of 2500 mg. of testosterone propionate was administered by some physician over a period of 10 months to a girl of but 15 years of age. This was truly an astonishing procedure. One point which is fundamental and with which none will take issue is that the excessive use of any pharmacologic agent, hormonal or otherwise, is harmful. It must be admitted that following large parenteral doses (500 to 600 mg. per month) of testosterone propionate, undesirable side-reactions such as temporary virilization may develop. Such dosage used parenterally has given cause for protestation that androgens are ‘contrasexual.’ But it well may be that it is the dosage and not the hormone that is contraphysiologic.
Mold Surface Treatment for Imprint Lithography. (2001)

An adhesion problem is one of the most significant problems in nano imprint lithography. A mold should be released from a resist polymer without adhesion. We investigate a surface coating of a mold by fluorine polymers to reduce surface tension and making it easy to release the mold from the resist polymer. Evaporation of a FEP polymer in vacuum atmosphere and surface treatment for a mold by a silane-coupling agent with perfluoropolyether (PFPE-S) is examined. The releasing characteristics of molds are quantitatively evaluated by a contact angle for a water droplet. Durability of the fluorine polymers is also evaluated by continuous imprinting and the abrasion examinations.
Informing the Design of Proxemic Interactions (2012)

Proxemic interactions can help address six key challenges of ubicomp interaction design and how devices can sense or capture proxemic information via five dimensions-distance, orientation, movement, identity, and location.
Liquid crystals and life (1998)

Abstract The molecules of living systems invariably exhibit both thermotropic and/or lyotropic liquid crystalline properties. In some cases the mesophases formed by bio-materials have lamellar structures, whereas in other situations they form columnar phases. Many liquid crystal biomaterials are found in cell membranes, indicating that such structures have properties that are dependent on liquid crystallinity for their behaviour of a variety of bio-materials is discussed. function. In this article the mesomorphic
Cutting Edge: Inhibiting TBK1 by Compound II Ameliorates Autoimmune Disease in Mice (2015)

TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a crucial role in innate immunity. Enhanced TBK1 function is associated with autoimmune diseases and cancer, implicating the potential benefit of therapeutically targeting TBK1. In this article, we examined a recently identified TBK1 inhibitor Compound II on treating autoimmune diseases. We found that Compound II is a potent and specific inhibitor of TBK1-mediated IFN response. Compound II inhibited polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-induced immune activation in vitro and in vivo. Compound II treatment also ameliorated autoimmune disease phenotypes of Trex1(-/-) mice, increased mouse survival, and dampened the IFN gene signature in TREX1 mutant patient lymphoblasts. In addition, we found that TBK1 gene expression is elevated in systemic lupus erythematosus patient cells, and systemic lupus erythematosus cells with high IFN signature responded well to Compound II treatment. Together, our findings provided critical experimental evidence for inhibiting TBK1 with Compound II as an effective treatment for TREX1-associated autoimmune diseases and potentially other interferonopathies.
Exercise for breast cancer survival: the effect on cancer risk and cancer-related fatigue (CRF). (2006)

To date, all epidemiological research in this area has focused on the relationship between physical activity level and the risk of breast cancer in healthy women, or more recently, those who have recovered from the disease. Most of this research highlights the fact that those women who are physically active are at a reduced risk of the disease. Although physical activity is similar to exercise, it lacks the specificity of a prescribed exercise training program. Consequently, such research can only be viewed as a promising indicator of the beneficial effect that regular exercise may have for breast cancer survivors. Furthermore, due to the nature of such research, there has been a failure to provide specific evidence concerning the most suitable modality, duration, intensity, and frequency of training for risk reduction in breast cancer survivors. Thus, evidence aiding the correct prescription of exercise for this population has been lacking. More promising evidence is provided by randomized controlled trials, which examine the effect of exercise on specific risk factors and provide convincing scientific rationale for the use of exercise among breast cancer survivors. These studies not only provide understanding of the physiological mechanisms by which exercise can be effective at aiding a reduction in breast cancer risk, but also allow conclusions on the correct prescription to be drawn. Additionally, exercise has proven to be effective in combating cancer-related fatigue (CRF), significantly improving both quality of life outcomes (QOL) and physiological capacity in women who have survived breast cancer. In order to promote a wider understanding of the beneficial effect that exercise holds for this population regarding reduction of breast cancer risk and CRF, this review discusses this research, making conclusions regarding the necessary training prescription to elicit such benefits.
A phase 2 multiple ascending dose trial of bapineuzumab in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease (2009)

Due to varying doses and a lack of statistical precision, this Class II ascending dose trial provides insufficient evidence to support or refute a benefit of bapineuzumab.
Genetic transformation of germinated conidia of the thermophilic fungusHumicola griseavar.thermoideato hygromycin B resistance (1998)

Germinated conidia of the thermophilic fungus Humicola grisea var. thermoidea were transformed to hygromycin B resistance using the plasmid pAN7.1. Transformation was achieved using lithium acetate treatment or electroporation. The efficiency of transformation was up to 32 and 25 transformants per microgram of plasmid DNA with the two methods, respectively. Transformants obtained by the lithium acetate method were more stable and showed a high copy number of the hph gene integrated into their genome. The other transformants, from the electroporation procedure, were stable, but unable to grow in the presence of high levels of hygromycin, and detection of the hph gene was only possible by polymerase chain reaction analysis.
Competition for Ammonium between Nitrifying and Heterotrophic Bacteria in Dual Energy-Limited Chemostats (1991)

The absence of nitrification in soils rich in organic matter has often been reported. Therefore, competition for limiting amounts of ammonium between the chemolithotrophic ammonium-oxidizing species Nitrosomonas europaea and the heterotrophic species Arthrobacter globiformis was studied in the presence of Nitrobacter winogradskyi in continuous cultures at dilution rates of 0.004 and 0.01 h. Ammonium limitation of A. globiformis was achieved by increasing the glucose concentration in the reservoir stepwise from 0 to 5 mM while maintaining the ammonium concentration at 2 mM. The numbers of N. europaea and N. winogradskyi cells decreased as the numbers of heterotrophic bacteria rose with increasing glucose concentrations for both dilution rates. Critical carbon-to-nitrogen ratios of 11.6 and 9.6 were determined for the dilution rates of 0.004 and 0.01 h, respectively. Below these critical values, coexistence of the competing species was found in steady-state situations. Although the numbers were strongly reduced, the nitrifying bacteria were not fully outcompeted by the heterotrophic bacteria above the critical carbon-to-nitrogen ratios. Nitrifying bacteria could probably maintain themselves in the system above the critical carbon-to-nitrogen ratios because they are attached to the glass wall of the culture vessels. The numbers of N. europaea decreased more than did those of N. winogradskyi. This was assumed to be due to heterotrophic growth of the latter species on organic substrates excreted by the heterotrophic bacteria.
2 The Pathway and Mechanism of Initiation of Protein Synthesis (2000)

Elucidation of the detailed molecular mechanism of protein synthesis is essential for understanding translational controls. This chapter is concerned with the prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways of initiation, where most translational controls are found (Chapter 1). In general terms, it focuses on (1) how the initiation factors catalyze the binding of the initiator tRNA and mRNA to the small ribosomal subunit; (2) how the initiation codon is recognized; and (3) how the large ribosomal subunit joins to form an initiation complex capable of elongation. Considerable progress has been made during the past 5 years in refining our knowledge of the pathway and in determining the three-dimensional structures of some of the macromolecular components of initiation. Emphasis is placed on the structures of the initiation factors and how the factors function to promote and regulate the pathway. The reader is directed to other chapters in this volume for descriptions of elongation (Chapter 3) and termination (Chapter 11). The process of translation initiation was elucidated during the late 1960s through the 1970s primarily by biochemical studies that utilized radiolabeled amino acids and fractionated lysates derived from bacterial or mammalian cells. The major macromolecular components were identified by purifying proteins and nucleic acids required to reconstitute translation in vitro. The ribosome itself was viewed essentially as a “black box” that appeared to provide a rigid surface onto which the other translational components bind. Surprisingly, genetic approaches contributed only modestly to the identification of the 200 or more macromolecular components that comprise the translational apparatus.
Regulation of glutathione S-transferase Ya subunit gene expression: identification of a unique xenobiotic-responsive element controlling inducible expression by planar aromatic compounds. (1990)

We have identified a region in the 5' flanking sequence of the glutathione S-transferase (RX:glutathione R-transferase, EC 2.5.1.18) Ya subunit gene that contains a unique xenobiotic-responsive element (XRE). The regulatory region spans nucleotides -722 to -682 of the 5' flanking sequence and is responsible for part of the basal level as well as inducible expression of the Ya subunit gene by planar aromatic compounds such as beta-naphthoflavone (beta-NF) and 3-methyl-cholanthrene. The DNA sequence of this region (beta-NF-responsive element) is distinct from the DNA sequence of the XRE found in the cytochrome P-450 IA1 gene. In addition to the region containing the beta-NF-responsive element, two other regulatory regions of the Ya subunit gene have been identified. One region spans nucleotides -867 to -857 and has a DNA sequence with identity to the hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 recognition motif found in several liver-specific genes. The second region spans nucleotides -908 to -899 and contains a DNA sequence with identity to the XRE found in the cytochrome P-450 IA1 gene. The XRE sequence also contributes to part of the responsiveness of the Ya subunit gene to planar aromatic compounds. Our data suggest that regulation of gene expression by planar aromatic compounds can be mediated by a DNA sequence that is distinct from the XRE sequence.
Combination of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin and CC-5013 has synergistic activity in multiple myeloma (2004)

Previous studies have demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo activity of CC-5013 (Revlimid), an immunomodulatory analog (IMiD) of thalidomide, in multiple myeloma (MM). In the present study, we have examined the anti-MM activity of rapamycin (Rapamune), a specific mTOR inhibitor, combined with CC-5013. Based on the Chou-Talalay method, combination indices of less than 1 were obtained for all dose ranges of CC-5013 when combined with rapamycin, suggesting strong synergism. Importantly, this combination was able to overcome drug resistance when tested against MM cell lines resistant to conventional chemotherapy. Moreover, the combination, but not rapamycin alone, was able to overcome the growth advantage conferred on MM cells by interleukin-6 (IL-6), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), or adherence to bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Combining rapamycin and CC-5013 induced apoptosis of MM cells. Differential signaling cascades, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt kinase (PI3K/Akt) pathways, were targeted by these drugs individually and in combination, suggesting the molecular mechanism by which they interfere with MM growth and survival. These studies, therefore, provide the framework for clinical evaluation of mTOR inhibitors combined with IMiDs to improve patient outcome in MM.
Creation of a high-temperature plasma through merging and compression of supersonic field reversed configuration plasmoids (2011)

A new device, the Inductive Plasma Accelerator, was employed to simultaneously form and accelerate two oppositely directed field reversed configurations (FRCs) where the relative velocity (600 km s −1 ) of the plasmoids was much larger than their internal thermal motion. Upon collision all of the FRC directional energy was observed to be rapidly thermalized concurrent with complete magnetic reconnection of the two FRCs. Upon merging, the resulting FRC was compressed to kilovolt ion temperatures exhibiting a configuration lifetime better than predicted by past scaling of in situ formed FRCs. With the improved FRC confinement scaling, a pulsed plasma device based on this approach capable of achieving fusion gain is examined. For an FRC with a poloidal flux 20 mWb or greater, the fusion energy yield per pulse exceeds the plasma energy for compression fields of 10 T or more. The scaling is insensitive to the compression chamber radial scale, providing for the possibility of a very compact fusion neutron source.
Material and process limits in silicon VLSI technology (2001)

The integrated circuit (IC) industry has followed a steady path of shrinking device geometries for more than 30 years. It is widely believed that this process will continue for at least another ten years. However there are increasingly difficult materials and technology problems to be solved over the next decade if this is to actually occur, and beyond ten years there is great uncertainty about the ability to continue scaling metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) structures. This paper describes some of the the most challenging materials and process issues to be faced in the future and where possible solutions are known, describes these potential solutions. The paper is written with the underlying assumption that the basic metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) transistor will remain the dominant switching device used in ICs and it further assumes that silicon will remain the dominant substrate material.
A novel spliced fusion of MLL with CT45A2in a pediatric biphenotypic acute leukemia (2010)

We have identified CT45A2 as a novel spliced MLL fusion partner in a pediatric patient with de novo biphenotypic acute leukemia, as a result of a cryptic insertion of 11q23 in Xq26.3. Since CT45A2 is the first Cancer/Testis antigen family gene found fused with MLL in acute leukemia, future studies addressing its biologic relevance for leukemogenesis are warranted.
Minimal-length short hairpin RNAs: The relationship of structure and RNAi activity (2009)

Small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) are widely used in RNAi studies and typically consist of a stem of 19-29 base pairs (bp), a loop of at least 4 nucleotides (nt), and a dinucleotide overhang at the 3' end. Compared with shRNAs with 21-29 bp stems, we have found that shRNAs with 19-bp or shorter stems (sshRNAs) possess some unique structure-activity features that depend on whether the antisense strand is positioned 5' or 3' to the loop (L- or R-type sshRNAs, respectively). L sshRNAs can have IC(50)s in the very low picomolar range, and sshRNAs with nominal loop sizes of 1 or 4 nt were at least as active as those with longer loops. L sshRNAs remained highly potent even when the 3' end of the antisense strand was directly linked with the 5' end of the sense strand. In this case, the sense strand can be shorter than the antisense strand, and the loop can be formed entirely by the 3' end of the antisense strand. Monomer sshRNAs are not processed by recombinant Dicers in vitro. Although they can form dimers that are sometimes Dicer substrates, their RNAi activity is not dependent on the formation of such structures. Our findings have implications for the mechanism of action of sshRNAs, and the ability to design highly potent shRNAs with minimal length is encouraging for the prospects of the therapeutic use of direct-delivered shRNAs.
Ultrastructural analysis of primary human urethral epithelial cell cultures infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1997)

In men with gonococcal urethritis, the urethral epithelial cell is a site of infection. To study the pathogenesis of gonorrhea in this cell type, we have developed a method to culture primary human urethral epithelial cells obtained at the time of urologic surgery. Fluorescent analysis demonstrated that 100% of the cells stained for keratin. Microscopic analyses indicated that these epithelial cells arrayed in a pattern similar to that seen in urethral epithelium. Using immunoelectron and confocal microscopy, we compared the infection process seen in primary cells with events occurring during natural infection of the same cell type in men with gonococcal urethritis. Immunoelectron microscopy studies of cells infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae 1291 Opa+ P+ showed adherence of organisms to the epithelial cell membrane, pedestal formation with evidence of intimate association between the gonococcal and the epithelial cell membranes, and intracellular gonococci present in vacuoles. Confocal studies of primary urethral epithelial cells showed actin polymerization upon infection. Polyclonal antibodies to the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) demonstrated the presence of this receptor on infected cells in the primary urethral cell culture. In situ hybridization using a fluorescent-labeled probe specific to the ASGP-R mRNA demonstrated this message in uninfected and infected cells. These features were identical to those seen in urethral epithelial cells in exudates from males with gonorrhea. Infection of primary urethral cells in culture mimics events seen in natural infection and will allow detailed molecular analysis of gonococcal pathogenesis in a human epithelial cell which is commonly infected.
Differential gene and protein expression in primary breast malignancies and their lymph node metastases as revealed by combined cDNA microarray and tissue microarray analysis (2004)

The results of the current study suggest that extracellular matrix protein expression and nuclear gene expression are associated via a negative-feedback regulatory mechanism. Therefore, gene expression profiling and tissue array validation should be combined to elucidate molecular events associated with the metastatic process.
Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Graphite Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries by Dry Coating with Hydrophobic Fumed Silica (2012)

Coating of electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries is usually performed in order to improve performance, safety and the processability of the raw material. Here, we apply a dry coating method of graphite with hydrophobic fumed silica particles. This method excludes the use of any harmful solvents and the nano-scale particles cover and stick to the graphite substrate by only adhesive forces. Furthermore, this dry coating method is easily mass-scalable and a high throughput can be obtained in a short processing time. The nanoparticle coating reduces the van-der-Waals forces between the graphite particles and leads in this way to better flowability of the graphite powder which is important for further processing and the production of electrode tapes. Furthermore, these core-shell particles were processed to composite negative graphite electrodes in combination with the water soluble binder sodium carboxy-methylcellulose. Electrodes obtained with the coated material displayed a smooth surface, a high mechanical stability and outperformed the unmodified ones in the electrochemical investigations.
Growth factor delivery for bone tissue repair: an update (2004)

Growth factors (GFs) are endogenous proteins capable of acting on cell-surface receptors and directing cellular activities involved in the regeneration of new bone tissue. The specific actions and long-term effects of GFs on bone-forming cells have resulted in exploration of their potential for clinical bone repair. The concerted efforts have led to the recent approval of two GFs, bone morphogenetic protein-2 and osteogenic protein-1, for clinical bone repair, and human parathryroid hormone (1-34) for augmentation of systemic bone mass. This review provides a selective summary of recent (2001-2004) attempts for GF delivery in bone tissue regeneration. First, a summary of non-human primate studies involving local regeneration and repair is provided, with special emphasis on the range of biomaterials used for GF delivery. Next, efforts to administer GFs for systemic augmentation of bone tissue are summarised. Finally, an alternative means of GF delivery, namely the delivery of genes coding for osteogenic proteins, rather than the delivery of the proteins, is summarised from rodent models. To conclude, future avenues of research considered promising to enhance the clinical application of GFs are discussed.
The 6‐minute walk test in Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy: Longitudinal observations (2010)

In this study we used the 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) to characterize ambulation over time in Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy (DBMD). The 6MWD was assessed in 18 boys with DBMD and 22 healthy boys, ages 4-12 years, over mean [range] intervals of 58 [39-87] and 69 [52-113] weeks, respectively. Height and weight increased similarly in both groups. At 52 weeks, 6MWD decreased in 12 of 18 (67%) DBMD subjects (overall mean [range]: 357 [125-481] to 300 [0-510] meters; Δ -57 meters, -15.9%), but increased in 14 of 22 (64%) healthy subjects (overall mean [range]: 623 [479-754] to 636 [547-717] meters; Δ +13 meters, +2.1%). Two DBMD subjects lost ambulation. Changes in 6MWD depended on stride length and age; improvements usually occurred by 7-8 years of age; older DBMD subjects worsened, whereas older healthy subjects were stable. The 6MWD changes at 1 year confirm the validity of this endpoint and emphasize that preserving ambulation must remain a major goal of DBMD therapy.
Clinical Trials of Interstitial Microwave Hyperthermia by Use of Coaxial-Slot Antenna With Two Slots (2004)

In recent years, various types of applications of electromagnetic techniques to microwave thermal therapies have been developed. The authors have been studying the coaxial-slot antenna, which is one of the thin microwave antennas, for the minimally invasive microwave thermal therapies, such as interstitial microwave hyperthermia. From the results of our previous studies, it was clear that the coaxial-slot antenna with two slots generates a localized heating region only around the tip of the antenna. In this paper, we confirm the heating characteristics of the coaxial-slot antennas with two slots from a viewpoint of clinical use, and introduce the results of two clinical trials.