gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preclinical and phase I and II trials of rituximab. (1999)

The CD20 antigen is an attractive target for antibody-directed therapy due to its stable, high-level surface expression on normal and malignant B cells. Rituximab (Rituxan; IDEC Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, and Genentech, Inc, San Francisco, CA) is an anti-CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody that has shown single-agent activity in phase I and II clinical trials in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This antibody has a long serum half-life and low immunogenicity. Infusional symptoms are common with the initial infusion but rare with subsequent treatments. Temporary B-cell depletion occurs but has not been associated with immunodeficiency. The mechanism of action likely includes both immune-mediated effects and direct effects. The generally mild toxicity profile and excellent single-agent activity provide the rationale for use with or following chemotherapy. Additional studies evaluating these and other combinations are under way.
Influence of a reconstituted basement membrane and its components on casein gene expression and secretion in mouse mammary epithelial cells. (1987)

When primary mouse mammary epithelial cells are cultured on plastic, they rapidly lose their ability to synthesize and secrete most milk proteins even in the presence of lactogenic hormones, whereas cells cultured on released type I collagen gels show greatly enhanced mRNA levels and secretion rates of beta-casein and of some other milk proteins. We show here that culture on a reconstituted basement membrane from Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm tumor (EHS) allows greater than 90% of cells to produce high levels of beta-casein. By comparison, 30-40% of cells on released type 1 gels and only 2-10% of cells on plastic express beta-casein after 6 days in culture. Because only 40% of cells from late pregnant gland produced beta-casein before culture, the EHS matrix can both induce and maintain an increased level of casein gene expression. Individual basal lamina components were also evaluated. Type IV collagen and fibronectin had little effect on morphology and beta-casein mRNA levels. In contrast, both laminin and heparan sulfate proteoglycan increased beta-casein mRNA levels (1.5- to 4-fold and 2- to 8-fold, respectively). However, for heparan sulfate proteoglycan, increased message was not accompanied by increased secretion of beta-casein. Profound morphological differences were evident between cells cultured on plastic and on EHS matrix, the latter cells forming ducts, ductules, and lumina and resembling secretory alveoli. These results emphasize the vital role of the extracellular matrix in receiving and integrating structural and functional signals that can direct specific gene expression in differentiated tissues.
Dependence of 24 h energy expenditure in man on the composition of the nutrient intake (1983)

The influence of the nutrient composition of food on energy expenditure during a 24 h period was investigated in adult volunteers. The maximum probable effect was determined using iso-energetic diets high in either protein or in glucose. Two men and four women took part in the study. Their body-weights and body composition were within the normal range. Each subject lived for 28 h in a whole-body calorimeter set at 26 degrees, on two separate occasions. During each session they ate one of the following iso-energetic diets: high-protein-low-carbohydrate or high-glucose-low-protein. Energy expenditure was determined while the subject followed a pre-set pattern of activity. A 24 h collection of urine was made and total nitrogen, creatinine and urea excretions were determined, so that heat production could be corrected for protein metabolism. Two independent measures of energy expenditure were made: direct calorimetry was used to obtain heat loss partitioned into its sensible and evaporative components, while indirect calorimetry was used to estimate heat production from oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production and N excretion. There was good agreement between the two estimates of 24 h energy expenditure: for the twelve sessions in the calorimeter the mean difference between heat production and heat loss was only 0.4 (SEM 0.39)%. The results showed that nutrient composition can have a marked influence on 24 h energy expenditure in adult humans. Mean values of 8659 (SEM 230) kJ and 7735 (SEM 250) kJ were obtained for the high-protein and high-glucose diets respectively. This 12% increase in energy expenditure on the high-protein intake was significant (P less than 0.001). On the high-glucose intake, total heat loss comprised 22 and 78% evaporative and sensible heat losses respectively. The increase in heat loss on the high-protein intake was accounted for by a 39% increase in evaporative heat loss and a 7% increase in sensible heat loss. It is concluded that the composition of the nutrient intake has a greater influence on the metabolic rate of adult humans than has been suggested by some groups of workers in recent years.
Comparative analysis of non‐random DNA repair following Ac transposon excision in maize and Arabidopsis (1997)

Ac/Ds transposable elements often leave short DNA rearrangements, or 'footprints,' at the sites where they excise. Previous studies at the maize waxy (wx) gene suggest that the DNA repair that forms transposon footprints is not random. Each excision site consistently displays a different, predominant repair product suggesting flanking DNA may influence footprint formation. We have expanded these studies to show that predominant end-joining products also form in association with Ac/Ds excision in Arabidopsis and that chromosomal location of the Ac-containing construct does not appear to influence this repair. The predominant repair product is identical in both maize and Arabidopsis for Ac elements with the same adjacent DNA sequences. However, a broader range of minor footprint types is observed in Arabidopsis, including footprints that are rare in maize, suggesting potential differences in the host proteins involved in either transposition, repair or both. The data also suggest that the sequences influencing footprint formation are within 39 bp 5' and 18 bp 3' of the transposon. These studies demonstrate that transgenic Ac/Ds-containing plants will be useful tools in dissecting plant DNA repair processes.
Surface‐Enhanced Raman Sensors for Metabolic Analytes (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Background Experimental Setup Results and Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgments References
Humoral and Cellular Responses in Scrub Typhus Patients Reflecting Primary Infection and Reinfection with Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi (1982)

"Humoral and Cellular Responses in Scrub Typhus Patients Reflecting Primary Infection and Reinfection with Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi" published on May 1982 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.
Recombination Kinetics in Organic-Inorganic Perovskites: Excitons, Free Charge, and Subgap States (2014)

It has been proposed that organic-inorganic perovskites may provide the ``disruptive'' technology needed to deliver widespread and affordable solar power. To reach this goal, a detailed understanding of their material properties and behavior in working devices is needed. The authors present a robust model that explains charge recombination in the presence of subgap trap states in these materials. This study provides concrete predictions regarding the most important material parameters for improved solar-cell performance of these perovskites.
Isolation of two molecular populations of human complement factor H by hydrophobic affinity chromatography (1984)

Human complement factor H was prepared in highly purified form from fresh serum by euglobulin precipitation, DEAE-Sephacel chromatography and Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. This preparation allowed the recovery of 37% of the initial factor H. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis revealed that factor H was homogeneous both in reduced and non-reduced media and exhibited a molecular mass of 150 kDa. Charge-shift experiments clearly showed the presence of hydrophobic sites in the factor H molecule. Charge shifts were observed with two detergent systems (Triton/sodium deoxycholate and Triton/cetyltrimethylammonium bromide). Factor H was able to bind to phenyl-Sepharose. This property allowed us to study two populations of factor H. These two populations exhibited the same physicochemical parameters, but revealed differences in their ability to aggregate in low- and iso-ionic-strength media. The molecular basis and biological significance of this heterogeneity are discussed.
Dual Oncostatin M (OSM) Receptors (1996)

Oncostatin M (OSM) is a cytokine whose structural and functional features are similar to other members of the interleukin (IL)-6 family of cytokines (IL-6, IL-11, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), granulocyte colonystimulating factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor, and cardiotrophin-1), many of which utilize gp130 as a common receptor subunit. A biologically active OSM receptor has been previously described that consists of a heterodimer of leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) and gp130. This LIFR.gp130 complex is also a functional receptor for LIF. We have cloned and characterized an alternative subunit (OSMRbeta) for an OSM receptor complex (a heterodimer of gp130 and OSMRbeta) that is activated by OSM but not by LIF. The signaling capability of specific receptor subunit combinations was analyzed by independent assays measuring cell proliferation or induction of acute phase protein synthesis. Our results demonstrate that both LIF and OSM cause tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the gp130.LIFR combination, but the gp130.OSMRbeta complex is activated by OSM only. OSM-induced cellular responses, initiated through low affinity binding to gp130, are mediated by two heterodimeric receptor complexes that utilize alternative signal transducing subunits that confer different cytokine specificities to the receptor complex.
Potential benefits of co-transplanting autologous adult stem cells together with human embryonic stem cells or their differentiated derivatives. (2005)

In recent years, adult stem cells isolated from postnatal tissues have aroused tremendous interest as to their potential applications in human regenerative medicine [1]. The overwhelming majority of studies in animal models and phase I human clinical trials have focused on the transplantation of relatively uncommitted or undifferentiated adult stem cells. This has disadvantages that could reduce the efficacy of tissue/organ regeneration by the transplanted cells. Undifferentiated or uncommitted adult stem cells obviously lack expression of specific cell-surface markers that could facilitate their rapid engraftment and integration within the recipient tissue or organ, ie, gap-junction connexin proteins, surface ligands for interaction with extracellular matrix. Further complications may arise from the pathological state of damaged or diseased tissues/organs providing an abnormal milieu for the differentiation of the transplanted adult stem cells. The presence of necrotic/apoptotic cells, free radicals, and inflammatory cytokines within the pathological environment may exert an adverse effect on the differentiation pathway of the transplanted adult stem cells. This could reduce the proportion of transplanted cells giving rise to the required lineage of interest, as well as result in the formation of undesired tissue lineages at the transplantation site, which could impair tissue/organ regeneration. Thus, in a study by Wang et al [2], transplantation of undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells into the pathological environment of damaged cardiac muscles resulted in differentiation of some of these cells into fibroblastic scar tissue, which could impair the subsequent recovery of cardiac function after myocardial infarction. A possible solution to these problems would be to direct adult stem cell commitment or differentiation into specific lineages prior to transplantation in situ. This may be achieved by exposing adult stem cells to exogenous cytokines, growth factors, chemicals, or extracellular matrix substratum during prolonged in vitro culture [3]. However, this has disadvantages if autologous cells are to be utilized for transplantation therapy. Obviously, this would delay treatment of the patient, who is likely to be in dire need of therapeutic intervention. There is also evidence that prolonged duration of ex vivo culture can somehow alter the immunogenicity of cultured autologous cells, which may lead to immuno-rejection following transplantation [4-6]. Adult stem cells in the pathway of terminal differentiation may have reduced proliferative potential, which could reduce their ability to contribute to tissue/organ regeneration. Hence, differentiated derivatives of autologous adult stem cells that arise from prolonged ex vivo culture may not be ideal for cell-transplantation therapy. Genetic modulation with recombinant DNA technology could potentially offer a rapid and efficient means of directing autologous adult stem
R&#x00026;D on Next-Generation Optical Communications and Broadband Access in Japan (2006)

Major R&D activities on next-generation optical communications in Japan are reviewed with emphasis on those in the academia and the governmental laboratoreis. National policies as a background to accelerate optical braodband access deployment are also described.
A comparison of the oxidation of octanoate-1-C14, -7-C14, and butyrate-1-C14 by neoplastic and normal mouse tissues. (1954)

1. A study was made of the incorporation of C14 of octanoate-1-C14, octanoate-7-C14, and butyrate-1-C14 into acetoacetate and CO2 by ( a ) slices prepared from normal mouse liver, ( b ) a cell suspension of a mouse hepatoma, and ( c ) liver slices of a tumor-bearing mouse. In addition, the acetoacetate derived from these substrates was degraded, and the distribution of the C14 within the molecule was determined.

2. The distribution of C14 in the two moieties of acetoacetate, as represented by the C\*O:C\*OOH ratio, was compatible with the concept of a normal β-oxidation-cleavage-condensation mechanism in the tumor as well as in the liver and kidney.
▪ History and Current Status of Percutaneous Arthroscopic Disc Surgery (1996)

Proper patient selection is paramount to a successful outcome of arthroscopic disc surgery. Sequestered migrated herniations and large central herniations at L5-S1 in individuals with elevated iliac crests will require open surgery.
The conjugate gradient method as applied to electromagnetic field problems (1986)

The conjugate gradient method is developed for the solution of an arbitary operator equation. The fundamental differences between the conjugate gradient method and the conventional matrix methods, denoted by the generic name "method of moments" are also outlined. One of the major advantages of the conjugate gradient method is that a clearcut exposition on the nature of convergence can be defined. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the efficiency of this method and the FFT for certain special classes of problems.
4-[(Alkylamino)methyl]furo[3,2-c]pyridines: A New Series of Selective .kappa.-Receptor Agonists (1994)

The synthesis of 5-(arylacetyl)-4-[(alkylamino)methyl]furo[3,2-c] pyridines (16-23, 26, 27) and their activities as kappa-opioid receptor agonists are described. kappa-Agonist potency was particularly sensitive to the nature of the basic moiety. In particular, in the rabbit vas deferens (kappa-specific tissue), the 3-pyrrolidinol analogue 17 (IC50 = 2.7 nM) was found to be approximately 5-fold more potent than the corresponding pyrrolidine analogue 16 (IC50 = 15 nM). In the rat and hamster vasa deferentia (mu-specific and delta-specific tissues, respectively), 17 showed only weak antagonist activity (pKB > 5.5), underlining its selectivity for the kappa-opioid receptor. The major activity for 17 is resident in the 4S,3'S-isomer 26 (rabbit vas deferens IC50 = 1.1 nM). Compound 26 displays excellent antinociceptive activity, as determined in the mouse acetylcholine-induced abdominal constriction test (ED50 = 0.001 mg/kg, sc).
Treatment of Severe Ocular-Surface Disorders with Corneal Epithelial Stem-Cell Transplantation (1999)

Transplantation of corneal epithelial stem cells can restore useful vision in some patients with severe ocular-surface disorders.
Silicon Odometer: An On-Chip Reliability Monitor for Measuring Frequency Degradation of Digital Circuits (2008)

Precise measurement of digital circuit degradation is a key aspect of aging tolerant digital circuit design. In this study, we present a fully digital on-chip reliability monitor for high-resolution frequency degradation measurements of digital circuits. The proposed technique measures the beat frequency of two ring oscillators, one stressed and the other unstressed, to achieve 50 X higher delay sensing resolution than that of prior techniques. The differential frequency measurement technique also eliminates the effect of common-mode environmental variation such as temperature drifts between each sampling points. A 265 X 132 mum <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> test chip implementing this design has been fabricated in a 1.2 V, 130 nm CMOS technology. The measured resolution of the proposed monitoring circuit was 0.02%, as the ring oscillator in this design has a period of 4 ns; this translates to a temporal resolution of 0.8 ps. The 2 mus measurement time was sufficiently short to suppress the unwanted recovery effect from concealing the actual circuit degradation.
Improved specific radioactivity of the PET radioligand [11C]FLB 457 by use of the GE medical systems PETtrace MeI microlab (2000)

[11C]FLB 457 is a high affinity dopamine D2 receptor radioligand that is used for visualisation and quantitation of extrastriatal dopamine D2 receptors with positron emission tomography (PET). In this study, we report a comparison regarding the specific radioactivity of [11C]FLB 457 obtained by two different methods of synthesising [11C]methyl iodide. In addition, the synthesis of unlabelled FLB 457 and the corresponding desmethyl-precursor, starting from commercially available material, is reported. The first method used for [11C]methyl iodide synthesis was reduction of [11C]CO2 with lithium aluminium hydride in tetrahydrofuran to [11C]CH3OH, followed by conversion into [11C]CH3I= with hydrogen iodide. The second, recently developed method uses gas phase halogenation of [11C]CH4 with iodine. [11C]FLB 457 was labelled with [11C]methyl triflate produced on-line from [11C]methyl iodide. With the first method a specific radioactivity for [11C]FLB 457 of 2100 Ci/mmol (78 GBq/μmol) (n=13) at 40 min after end of bombardment (EOB) was achieved. Using the gas phase method a specific radioactivity of 3400 Ci/mmol (126 GBq/μmol) (n=7) at 40 min EOB could be obtained. The use of the gas phase method also resulted in shorter time for set-up compared to the regular method since no wet chemistry is involved in the preparation of [11C]methyl iodide. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen Interacts with Bromodomain Protein Brd4 on Host Mitotic Chromosomes (2006)

The latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is required for viral episome maintenance in host cells during latent infection. Two regions of the protein have been implicated in tethering LANA/viral episomes to the host mitotic chromosomes, and LANA chromosome-binding sites are subjects of high interest. Because previous studies had identified bromodomain protein Brd4 as the mitotic chromosome anchor for the bovine papillomavirus E2 protein, which tethers the viral episomes to host mitotic chromosomes (J. You, J. L. Croyle, A. Nishimura, K. Ozato, and P. M. Howley, Cell 117:349-360, 2004, and J. You, M. R. Schweiger, and P. M. Howley, J. Virol. 79:14956-14961, 2005), we examined whether KSHV LANA interacts with Brd4. We found that LANA binds Brd4 in vivo and in vitro and that the binding is mediated by a direct protein-protein interaction between the ET (extraterminal) domain of Brd4 and a carboxyl-terminal region of LANA previously implicated in chromosome binding. Brd4 associates with mitotic chromosomes throughout mitosis and demonstrates a strong colocalization with LANA and the KSHV episomes on host mitotic chromosomes. Although another bromodomain protein, RING3/Brd2, binds to LANA in a similar fashion in vitro, it is largely excluded from the mitotic chromosomes in KSHV-uninfected cells and is partially recruited to the chromosomes in KSHV-infected cells. These data identify Brd4 as an interacting protein for the carboxyl terminus of LANA on mitotic chromosomes and suggest distinct functional roles for the two bromodomain proteins RING3/Brd2 and Brd4 in LANA binding. Additionally, because Brd4 has recently been shown to have a role in transcription, we examined whether Brd4 can regulate the CDK2 promoter, which can be transactivated by LANA.
In Vitro Targeting of Acoustically Reflective Immunoliposomes to Fibrin Under Various Flow Conditions (1998)

We have previously demonstrated the development of acoustically reflective liposomes as a novel ultrasound contrast agent, that can be conjugated to antibodies for site specific acoustic enhancement of pathologically altered vascular tissue. The liposomes are echogenic due to the lipid composition, without gas entrapment, and have a size of less than one micron (Alkan-Onyuksel et al., 1996). When conjugated to anti-fibrinogen antibodies, the liposomes have the ability to attach to fibrin coated surfaces and thrombi in vitro as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy and ultrasound imaging (Demos et al., 1997a). Anti-fibrinogen liposomes were shown to attach to fibrous atheroma and thrombi in a Yucatan miniswine model of induced atherosclerosis whereas liposomes conjugated to anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (anti-ICAM-1) were demonstrated to target early stage atherosclerotic plaques (Demos et al., 1997b). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the binding characteristics of anti-fibrinogen liposomes in vitro under a variety of flow conditions in order to optimize the targeting ability of the immunoliposomes. Radiolabeled anti-fibrinogen liposomes were applied to fibrin coated filter paper and placed in a flow circuit under controlled flow conditions. Flow conditions were altered to study the effects of different shear stresses, temperature, plasma flow and pulsatile flow on the retention of liposomes to fibrin after set time periods. The retention of liposomes conjugated to polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies as well as Fab fragments made from monoclonal antibodies were compared. The binding characteristics of liposomes conjugated to different quantities of polyclonal antibodies were analyzed. At physiological shear stress of 1.5 N/m2 (15 dynes/cm2) over 70% of the liposomes remained attached to fibrin after two hours. A smaller and greater portion of the liposomes remained attached at higher and lower shear stresses respectively. Plasma components and temperature had no effect on liposomal retention whereas pulsatile flow resulted in a slight reduction in binding. Monoclonal antibodies showed a slight trend of reduced retention to fibrin over time as compared with polyclonal antibodies and Fab fragments. The quantity of antibody conjugated to the liposomes plays a role in liposome retention as demonstrated by the reduction in liposome retention caused by reducing the quantity of antibody conjugated to the liposomes. Anti-fibrinogen liposomes were retained to the fibrin surface to a large extent under all flow conditions likely to occur in vivo and therefore can provide site specific ultrasound contrast for a long enough time period to allow for imaging after injection.