gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
1139 Central Sleep Apnea with Cheyne-Stokes Breathing Induced by Use of Ticagrelor (2018)

Ticagrelor (Brilinta) is a P2Y(12) platelet inhibitor commonly prescribed in patients with acute coronary syndromes. We report a case of central sleep apnea with Cheyne-Stokes breathing after initiation of ticagrelor. The patient is a 78-year-old man who presented at age 71 years with snoring, non-restorative sleep and daytime sleepiness in the setting of hypertension. His baseline polysomnogram showed an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 16.1/hour, including a central apnea index (CAI) of 0.7/hour, and minimum oxygen saturation of 86%. His titration study recommended CPAP of 9 cm of water, which he used with excellent compliance and clinical response and annual follow-up. Four years after diagnosis, a routine data download was obtained which showed an AHI of 22/hour, with a CAI of 19.4/hour and 34% of the night spent in Cheyne-Stokes breathing. He underwent a retitration study, which also demonstrated the presence of central sleep apnea (CSA) with Cheyne-Stokes breathing (CSB) and recommended continued use of CPAP of 9 cm of water. Further work up demonstrated a normal neurological examination; the patient deferred neuroimaging. Transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrated preserved cardiac systolic function with a left ventricular ejection fraction of 60%. Review of the electronic medical record and patient reporting indicated that the emergence CSA-CSB correlated with the use of ticagrelor. Upon discontinuation of ticagrelor, repeat evaluation revealed complete resolution of CSA-CSB. Of note, during the time period observed the patient was not on any other medications known to induce central apneas and he had not developed any new medical conditions. To our knowledge, there are no other reported cases of ticagrelor and central sleep apnea. CSA-CSB is associated with congestive heart failure but not coronary atherosclerosis. Our observation suggests further evaluation, as ticagrelor use is common among patients with coronary atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes. Proper identification of ticagrelor as a potential cause of CSA-CSB may lead to improved medical management in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
Intradermal influenza vaccine using Portojet 1976. (1977)

ruling out the presence of bony secondaries, confirming the indication for primary surgical treatment.Whole-body bone scanning is easy to perform, non-invasive in nature, takes 30 minutes of the patient's time, and costs approximately £6.It should be routinely performed in the staging of carcinoma of the bronchus.
The age and evolution of non-LTR retrotransposable elements (1999)

A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis was conducted of non-long-terminal-repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons based on an extended sequence alignment of their reverse transcriptase (RT) domain. The 440 amino acid positions used included a region proposed to be similar to the "thumb" of the right-handed RT structure found in retroviruses. All identified non-LTR elements could be grouped into 11 distinct clades. Using the rates of sequence change derived from studies of the vertical inheritance of R1 and R2 elements in arthropods as a comparison, we found no evidence for the horizontal transmission of non-LTR elements. Assuming vertical descent, the phylogeny suggested that non-LTR elements are as old as eukaryotes, with each of the 11 clades dating back to the Precambrian era. The analysis enabled us to propose a simple chronology for the acquisition of different enzymatic domains in the evolution of the non-LTR class of retrotransposons. The first non-LTR elements were sequence specific by virtue of a restriction-enzyme-like endonuclease located downstream of the RT domain. Evolving from this original group were elements (eight clades) that acquired an apurinic-apyrimidic endonuclease-like domain upstream of the RT domain. Finally, four of these clades have inherited an RNase H domain downstream of the RT domain. The phylogenies of the AP endonuclease and RNase H domains were also determined for this report and are consistent with the monophyletic acquisition of these domains. These studies represent the most comprehensive effort to date to trace the evolution of a major class of transposable elements.
Coolstreaming/DONet: a data-driven overlay network for peer-to-peer live media streaming (2005)

This paper presents DONet, a data-driven overlay network for live media streaming. The core operations in DONet are very simple: every node periodically exchanges data availability information with a set of partners, and retrieves unavailable data from one or more partners, or supplies available data to partners. We emphasize three salient features of this data-driven design: 1) easy to implement, as it does not have to construct and maintain a complex global structure; 2) efficient, as data forwarding is dynamically determined according to data availability while not restricted by specific directions; and 3) robust and resilient, as the partnerships enable adaptive and quick switching among multi-suppliers. We show through analysis that DONet is scalable with bounded delay. We also address a set of practical challenges for realizing DONet, and propose an efficient member and partnership management algorithm, together with an intelligent scheduling algorithm that achieves real-time and continuous distribution of streaming contents. We have extensively evaluated the performance of DONet over the PlanetLab. Our experiments, involving almost all the active PlanetLab nodes, demonstrate that DONet achieves quite good streaming quality even under formidable network conditions. Moreover, its control overhead and transmission delay are both kept at low levels. An Internet-based DONet implementation, called CoolStreaming v.0.9, was released on May 30, 2004, which has attracted over 30000 distinct users with more than 4000 simultaneously being online at some peak times. We discuss the key issues toward designing CoolStreaming in this paper, and present several interesting observations from these large-scale tests; in particular, the larger the overlay size, the better the streaming quality it can deliver.
Design of delay elements in a binary optical true-time-delay device that uses a White cell (2003)

A White-cell-based binary optical true-time-delay device has two parts: the controller, or switching engine, and the delay elements. Here we discuss in detail the design of both glass blocks and lens trains as delay elements. Glass blocks can be used in our design for delays ranging from one to a few hundred picoseconds. Lens trains are suitable for longer delays. We also analyze the loss associated with each design and give design limits.
The differentiation‐related gene 1, Drg1, is markedly upregulated by androgens in LNCaP prostatic adenocarcinoma cells (1999)

A differential display technique was used to identify androgen-regulated genes in LNCaP prostatic adenocarcinoma cells. One of the genes markedly upregulated by androgens proved to be identical to differentiation-related gene 1 (Drg1; also described as RTP, Cap43 and rit42), a gene whose expression has recently been shown to be diminished in colon, breast and prostate tumors. We show that Drg1 is abundantly expressed in the (androgen-exposed) human prostate and that its expression is stimulated some 14-fold in androgen-treated LNCaP cells. The ligand specificity of the induction reflects the altered specificity of the mutated androgen receptor in LNCaP. In androgen receptor negative tumor lines basal expression is slightly higher than in LNCaP but inducibility is absent. These data suggest that Drg1 is a novel marker of androgen-induced differentiation in the human prostate.
Craniosynostosis. (2004)

Skull deformity in infants continues to be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Deformational plagiocephaly is a common and somewhat benign cause of skull deformity in infants that must be distinguished from the more serious craniosynostosis, which occurs alone or as a syndrome. Examining an infant's head from above can help the physician distinguish true lambdoid synostosis from deformational plagiocephaly. In infants with lambdoid synostosis, the posterior bossing is in the parietal area contralateral to the flat part of the head. Deformational plagiocephaly causes frontal bossing ipsilateral to the flat part of the head. In infants with lambdoid synostosis, the ear is displaced posteriorly toward the fused suture. In infants with deformational plagiocephaly, the ear is displaced anteriorly. Isolated sagittal synostosis is the most common type of craniosynostosis. Of the more than 150 craniosynostosis syndromes, Crouzon's disease and Apert's syndrome account for the majority of cases. The diagnosis of craniosynostosis relies on physical examination, plain radiography, and computed tomography. Untreated progressive craniosynostosis leads to inhibition of brain growth, and an increase in intracranial and intraorbital pressure. Infants should be evaluated as soon as they are diagnosed.
Inactivation of Brassinosteroid Biological Activity by a Salicylate-inducible Steroid Sulfotransferase from Brassica napus (1999)

Recent discoveries from brassinosteroid-deficient mutants led to the recognition that plants, like animals, use steroids to regulate their growth and development. We describe the characterization of one member of a Brassica napus sulfotransferase gene family coding for an enzyme that catalyzes the O-sulfonation of brassinosteroids and of mammalian estrogenic steroids. The enzyme is specific for the hydroxyl group at position 22 of brassinosteroids with a preference for 24-epicathasterone, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of 24-epibrassinolide. Enzymatic sulfonation of 24-epibrassinolide abolishes its biological activity in the bean second internode bioassay. This mechanism of hormone inactivation by sulfonation is similar to the modulation of estrogen biological activity observed in mammals. Furthermore, the expression of the B. napus steroid sulfotransferase genes was found to be induced by salicylic acid, a signal molecule in the plant defense response. This pattern of expression suggests that, in addition to an increased synthesis of proteins having antimicrobial properties, plants respond to pathogen infection by modulating steroid-dependent growth and developmental processes.
Laser Flash Photolysis of Azocumenes. Direct Observation of Stepwise Decomposition (1987)

Abstract The mechanism of the decomposition of α,α′-azocumene and 2,2′-di-p-tolyl-2,2′-azopropane was studied by means of laser flash photolysis (λ=347 nm) and the optical absorption of 1-methyl-1-phenylethyl (α-cumyl) and α-cumyldiazenyl radicals was observed. The α-cumyl radicals were formed in two modes, a fast mode occurring during the flash and a slow mode after the flash. The ratio of the optical densities pertaining to the two modes depended on the absorbed dose rate. The higher the absorbed dose per flash, the more dominant was the fast mode. The transient band at λ=285 nm which decayed simultaneously with the grow- in of the α-cumyl radicals was assigned to α-cumyldiazenyl radicals. The experimental results strongly suggested the occurrence of the stepwise decomposition mechanism. The dose rate dependent kinetics of the slow formation process was explained in terms of the competition between the unimolecular decomposition and the dimerization of α-cumyldiazenyl radicals. The rate constants of the decomposition and the dimerization were estimated to be 1.1×105 s−1 and 5×109 M−1 s−1, respectively.
Surface modifications of natural fibers and performance of the resulting biocomposites: An overview (2001)

Abstract A review of biocomposites highlighting recent studies and developments in natural fibers, bio-polymers, and various surface modifications of natural fibers to improve fiber-matrix adhesion is presented. One of the most important factors which determine the final performance of the composite materials is the quality of the fiber-matrix interface. A sufficient degree of adhesion between the surface of hydrophilic ligno-cellulosic natural fibers and the polymer matrix resin is usually desired to achieve optimum performance of the biocomposite. Dewaxing, alkali treatment, isocyanate treatment, peroxide treatment, vinyl grafting, bleaching, acetylation, and treatment with coupling agents are useful ways to improve fiber-matrix adhesion in natural fiber composites. Two major areas of biocomposites will be discussed in this article. One is the most predominant biocomposite currently being commercialized for semi-structural use in the durable goods industries, e.g. auto-industries, i.e. natural fiber-polypropylene composites. The second type is the biocomposites from natural fibers and biodegradable plastics. Two major classes of biodegradable plastics are available, one being derived from renewable resources and the second type being synthesized in the laboratory from petrochemical sources which can also be used as matrix materials to make value-added biocomposites. Keywords: NATURAL FIBERSSURFACE MODIFICATIONBIODEGRADABLE POLYMERSBIOCOMPOSITESMECHANICAL PROPERTIES
RNA 3′ Readthrough of Oncoretrovirus and Lentivirus: Implications for Vector Safety and Efficacy (2002)

The expression of reporter genes driven by the same human elongation factor 1alpha (EF1alpha) promoter in murine leukemia virus (MLV)- and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-based vectors was studied in either transfected or virally transduced cells. The HIV-1 vectors consistently expressed 3 to 10 times higher activity than the MLV vectors at both the RNA and protein levels. The difference was not attributable to transcriptional interference, alternative enhancer/silencer, or differential EF1alpha intron splicing. Based on nuclear run-on assays, both vectors exhibited similar EF1alpha transcriptional activity. The reduced RNA levels of MLV vectors could not be explained by the decrease in RNA half-lives. Southern analysis of proviral DNA indicated that both HIV-1 and MLV vectors efficiently propagated the EF1alpha intron in the transduced cells. To decipher the discrepancy in transgene expression between MLV and HIV-1 vectors, the role of RNA 3'-end processing was examined using a sensitive Cre/lox reporter assay. The results showed that MLV vectors, but not HIV-1 vectors, displayed high frequencies of readthrough of the 3' polyadenylation signal. Interestingly, the polyadenylation signal of a self-inactivating (SIN) HIV-1 vector was as leaky as that of the MLV vectors, suggesting a potential risk of oncogene activation by the lentiviral SIN vectors. Together, our results suggest that an efficient polyadenylation signal would improve both the efficacy and the safety of these vectors.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Two Selected Textile Dye Derivatives, Eosine Yellowish andp-Rosaniline, in Aqueous Suspensions of Titanium Dioxide (2003)

Thephotocatalytic degradation of two selected textile dye derivatives, eosine yellowish (1) and p-rosaniline (2) has been investigated in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide under a variety of conditions. The degradation was studied by monitoring the change in substrate concentration employing UV spectroscopic technique and decrease in Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content as a function of irradiation time under a variety of conditions. The degradation of the dye was studied under different conditions such as pH, catalyst concentration, substrate concentration, different types of TiO2 and in the presence of electron acceptor such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), potassium bromate (KBrO3), and ammonium persulphate (NH4)2S2O8) besides molecular oxygen. The degradation rates were found to be strongly influenced by all the above parameters. The photocatalyst Degussa P25 was found to be more efficient as compared with other photocatalyst in the case of p-rosaniline, whereas UV100 was found to be better for the degradation of eosine yellowish. The xanthene dye (1) was found to degrade faster as compared to the triphenylmethane dye (2). The degradation products were analyzed by GC/MS technique and plausible mechanism for the formation of products have been proposed.
Cytogenetic analysis by chromosome painting (1994)

Chromosome painting is a term used to describe the direct visualisation using in situ hybridisation of specific chromosomes in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei. Chromosome painting, coupled with fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH), is now used routinely to enhance the identification of chromosomal rearrangements, the assignment of breakpoints, and the determination of the origin of extra chromosomal material. Amplification of small numbers of flow-sorted chromosomes by the polymerase chain reaction allows labelled chromosome paints to be generated in a matter of days. These technologies have enabled the development of reverse chromosome painting, in which the paint is produced from sorted aberrant chromosomes and hybridised back onto normal metaphase spreads to identify directly the composition of the aberrant chromosome. Reverse chromosome painting is able to identify not only the chromosomal origin of marker chromosomes but also the regions and breakpoints involved. In some cases, such as interstitial translocations and complex marker chromosomes, the combination of conventional (forward) chromosome painting and reverse chromosome painting combine to provide a definitive analysis of the rearrangement. With the availability of chromosome paints and painting kits from a variety of commercial sources, multicolour chromosome painting has now become a routine method of analysis in the clinical cytogenetic laboratory.
Beyond PSA: The Next Generation of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers (2012)

Since the introduction of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening 25 years ago, prostate cancer diagnosis and management have been guided by this biomarker. Yet, PSA has proven controversial as a screening assay owing to several inherent limitations. The next wave of prostate cancer biomarkers has emerged, introducing new assays in serum and urine that may supplement or, in time, replace PSA because of their higher cancer specificity. This expanding universe of biomarkers has been facilitated, in large part, by new genomic technologies that have enabled an unbiased look at cancer biology. Such efforts have produced several notable success stories that involve rapidly moving biomarkers from the bench to the clinic. However, biomarker research has centered on disease diagnostics, rather than prognosis and prediction, which would address disease management. The development of biomarkers to stratify risk of prostate cancer aggressiveness at the time of screening remains the greatest unmet clinical need in prostate cancer. We review the current state of prostate cancer biomarker research, including the PSA revolution, its impact on early cancer detection, the recent advances in biomarker discovery, and the future efforts that promise to improve clinical management of this disease.
Steroid Hormone Receptor Status of Mouse Mammary Stem Cells (2006)

The estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), progesterone receptor (PR), and erbB2 (Her2 in humans) are important prognostic markers of human breast cancer, and they are variably expressed in different subtypes of breast cancer. The basal subtype, for example, is negative for ERalpha, PR, and Her2 by immunohistochemistry. We investigated the expression of these signaling molecules in enriched populations of mouse mammary stem cells and luminal cells that were isolated according to their differential expression of CD24 and the alpha6beta1-integrin complex. We found that the basal population, which is enriched in mouse mammary stem cells, did not express ERalpha, PR, or ErbB2/Her2 but did express epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/ErbB1, whereas the subset of cells enriched for luminal cells expressed ERalpha (37% of cells) and PR (40% of cells) but not ErbB2/Her2 or EGFR/ErbB1. Ovariectomy confirmed the importance of estrogen signaling to luminal cell proliferation but had no effect on the size of the mouse mammary stem cell-enriched population. Thus, mouse mammary stem cells were negative for ERalpha, PR, and ErbB2 and appeared to share common properties with poor-prognosis basal breast cancer.
Neutrophil transendothelial migration potential predicts rejection severity in human cardiac transplantation☆ (2006)

This study demonstrates a potentially greater role for neutrophils in cardiac transplantation than previously recognised, and suggests that blockade of the early allograft neutrophil infiltration might prevent subsequent lymphocyte recruitment and attenuate rejection.
Sildenafil Treatment of Women With Antidepressant-Associated Sexual Dysfunction (2008)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00375297.
The role of chondrocyte senescence in osteoarthritis (2002)

Replicative senescence occurs when normal somatic cells stop dividing. Senescent cells remain viable, but show alterations in phenotype, e.g. altered expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); these enzymes are known to be involved in cartilage destruction. It is assumed that cells deplete their replicative potential during aging, and age is a major risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, we hypothesized that chondrocytes in aging or diseased cartilage become senescent with associated phenotypic changes contributing to development or progression of OA. Articular cartilage was obtained from OA patients undergoing arthroplasty, with 'normal' cartilage from trauma surgery for hip fracture. Senescent cells were identified using the senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-gal) marker. Telomere length was assessed using Southern blot. MMP expression was measured at the mRNA level using Taqman RT-PCR. No SA-beta-gal staining was observed in control cartilage regardless of patient age. In contrast, SA-beta-gal staining was observed in damaged OA cartilage adjacent to the lesion. Cultured chondrocytes isolated from sites near a lesion contained a greater percentage of SA-beta-gal positive cells than cultures isolated from distal sites or normal cartilage. Mean telomere length was shorter in cells near the lesion compared to distal sites in the same joint; thus the former population has undergone cell division. The expression of collagenases MMP-1, -8 and -13 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 was altered in OA cartilage, but no difference was detected between lesion and distal sites in the same joint (i.e. no correlation was found between senescent cells and proteinase/ inhibitor expression).
Microbiota Transfer Therapy alters gut ecosystem and improves gastrointestinal and autism symptoms: an open-label study (2017)

This trial was registered on the ClinicalTrials.gov, with the registration number NCT02504554.