gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thin films for magnetic recording technology: A review (1986)

The impact of thin film materials science on disk-drive storage technology is in an evolutionary stage. The transition from ferrite heads and particulate disks to thin film disks and heads is in progress. This paper reviews the novel thin film structures, deposited by sputtering or evaporation, for use in direct-access-storage devices. An overview is presented to describe the issues involved in the deposition of soft magnetic materials, such as permalloy and amorphous alloy films, for yoke structures in the recording head. The future generation of film disks requires high coercivity and high induction. The thin film media must also be smooth and thinner than the present particulate surfaces to achieve higher recording densities. The relationship between deposition, structure, and magnetic properties of oxide and metal film media for longitudinal recording is described. Perpendicular recording appears to be the most promising technology to achieve ultrahigh recording densities (≥200 kBPI). Experimental results for CoCr, Co–X, and CoCr–X alloy films are presented and the correlation between structure and magnetic properties is emphasized. Research in magnetic materials for storage applications is an exciting area of materials science which may rival semiconductor materials studies in the future.
Molecular Determinants of the Response of Glioblastomas to EGFR Kinase Inhibitors (2005)

Coexpression of EGFRvIII and PTEN by glioblastoma cells is associated with responsiveness to EGFR kinase inhibitors.
Envelope-Targeted Retrovirus Vectors Transduce Melanoma Xenografts but Not Spleen or Liver (2002)

Many cancer gene therapy applications would benefit from the development of targeted vectors that could deliver genes in vivo. We have previously achieved efficient in vitro targeting of retrovirus vectors to melanoma cells by fusion of a single chain antibody recognizing the high-molecular-weight melanoma-associated antigen (HMWMAA), followed by a blocking peptide and a matrix metalloprotease cleavage site, to the amino terminus of the murine leukemia virus amphotropic strain envelope. Here we report that up to 3% of cells within an HMWMAA-positive tumor xenograft were infected following a single injection of targeted vector into the tumor and up to 10% of tumor cells became infected when they were co-injected with viral producer cells. No infected cells were detected after delivery of targeted vectors to HMWMAA-negative tumor xenografts. Intraperitoneal injection of amphotropic vectors or producer cells resulted in transduction in spleen and liver, which was not detected when targeted vectors or producer cells were used. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using targeted retroviral vectors for in vivo gene delivery to tumors and highlight the safety benefits of targeted vectors that do not infect other host tissues.
Cleavage of Protein A-Binding IgAl with IgAl Protease from Streptococcus Sanguis (1983)

Protein A-binding fractions of two IgA1 myeloma proteins failed to produce Fc fragments on digestion with IgA1 protease from Streptococcus sanguis. A polymeric protein A-binding IgA1 fraction yielded a protein A-non-binding monomer, which was further cleaved into Fab fragments but it did not yield Fc fragments. The protein A-binding fraction of a monomeric IgA1 yielded an IgA molecule lacking one Fab fragment. Subsequently, the remaining part of its cleaved alpha chain was degraded. Further digestion yielded Fab but not Fc fragments. Similarly, F(abc)2 and Fabc fragments, which lack the CH3 domain (8), yielded Fab fragments but not CH2 domains. Thus, the enzyme in addition to cleaving IgA in the hinge region, under certain conditions, also degrades its Fc fragments.
Positive charge generation in SiO2 by electron-impact emission of trapped electrons (1992)

Experiments are presented that firmly establish a common defect center for both positive and negative charges generated in thermally grown thin silicon oxide films and indicate the bridging oxygen vacancy as its probable origin (which is the well-established paramagnetic E′ center in crystalline and fused quartz and optical fibers). The positive oxide charge arises when one of the bound electrons at an initially neutral bridging oxygen vacancy, [(Si-O)3≡Si⋅⋅Si≡(O-Si)3], is emitted (released) by electron impact, VO0+e−*(kinetic energy≥7 eV)→VO++2e−. The measured electron impact threshold energy is 7 eV. An equal amount of negative oxide charge is generated at the same location (centroid about 9 nm from the SiO2/Si interface) by electron capture into the initially neutral oxygen vacancy, VO0+e−→VO−, whose peak density of charged state is located at 1 eV below the SiO2 conduction-band edge. The probable oxygen vacancy origin is deduced from an increase in the density of the shallow trap [VO−] and a higher positive charge generation rate at the deeper trap, d[VO+]/dt, in samples annealed in oxygen-deficient ambient (nitrogen and silicon gate) at 1000 °C, and from comparing the measured energies, (Ec−1 eV and Ec−7 eV), with the bound-state energies calculated by Fowler, Robinson, and associates. This origin is further supported by the oxide-electric-field dependence of the electron-impact emission coefficient of trapped electron at VO+, αnn=3500 cm−1 exp(−33 MV cm−1/EOX), and the electron capture cross section at a Coulombic VO+, σn∝EOX−n (n=2–4 and EOX=0.6–7.0 MV/cm); and by the steady-state balance between impact emission and thermal capture, which limits the buildup of positive oxide charge during electron injection into the oxide.
Mathematical prediction of core body temperature from environment, activity, and clothing: The heat strain decision aid (HSDA) (2017)

Physiological models provide useful summaries of complex interrelated regulatory functions. These can often be reduced to simple input requirements and simple predictions for pragmatic applications. This paper demonstrates this modeling efficiency by tracing the development of one such simple model, the Heat Strain Decision Aid (HSDA), originally developed to address Army needs. The HSDA, which derives from the Givoni-Goldman equilibrium body core temperature prediction model, uses 16 inputs from four elements: individual characteristics, physical activity, clothing biophysics, and environmental conditions. These inputs are used to mathematically predict core temperature (T<sub>c</sub>) rise over time and can estimate water turnover from sweat loss. Based on a history of military applications such as derivation of training and mission planning tools, we conclude that the HSDA model is a robust integration of physiological rules that can guide a variety of useful predictions. The HSDA model is limited to generalized predictions of thermal strain and does not provide individualized predictions that could be obtained from physiological sensor data-driven predictive models. This fully transparent physiological model should be improved and extended with new findings and new challenging scenarios.
Activation Mechanism and Steady State Kinetics of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (2007)

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a member of the Tec non-receptor tyrosine kinase family that is involved in regulating B cell proliferation. To better understand the enzymatic mechanism of the Tec family of kinases, the kinetics of BTK substrate phosphorylation were characterized using a radioactive enzyme assay. We first examined whether autophosphorylation regulates BTK activity. Western blotting with a phosphospecific antibody revealed that BTK rapidly autophosphorylates at Tyr(551) within its activation loop in vitro. Examination of a Y551F BTK mutant indicated that phosphorylation of Tyr(551) causes a 10-fold increase in BTK activity. We then proceeded to characterize the steady state kinetic mechanism of BTK. Varying the concentrations of ATP and S1 peptide (biotin-Aca-AAAEEIY-GEI-NH2) revealed that BTK employs a ternary complex mechanism with KmATP = 84 +/- 20 microM and KmS1 = 37 +/- 8 microM. Inhibition studies were also performed to examine the order of substrate binding. The inhibitors ADP and staurosporine were both found to be competitive with ATP and non-competitive with S1, indicating binding of ATP and S1 to BTK is either random or ordered with ATP binding first. Negative cooperativity was also found between the S1 and ATP binding sites. Unlike ATP site inhibitors, substrate analog inhibitors did not inhibit BTK at concentrations less than 1 mm, suggesting that BTK may employ a "substrate clamping" type of kinetic mechanism whereby the substrate Kd is weaker than Km. This investigation of BTK provides the first detailed kinetic characterization of a Tec family kinase.
Conductor microstructures by laser curing of printed gold nanoparticle ink (2004)

The laser-based curing of printed nanoparticle ink to create microlines (resistors) of electrical resistivity approaching that of bulk gold was investigated. The present work relies on laser absorption in both the nanoparticle ink and the sintered gold layer, as well as the transport of thermal energy in the substrate and the resulting solvent vaporization and nanoparticle deposition and sintering. The morphology and electrical properties of the gold line can be controlled by modulating the spatial distribution of the laser beam intensity. Based on the understanding of the underlying physics, a process that circumvents a serious drawback on the functionality of cured gold microlines is produced. Microconductors with resistivity approaching that of bulk gold are produced, while loss of gold nanoparticles and cross sectional nonuniformities are avoided.
Insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA expression in the interstitial cells of the rat testis (1993)

IGF-I mRNA has been demonstrated in testicular tissue and, more recently, localized specifically to Leydig cells. This study investigated the expression of IGF-I and side-chain cleavage enzyme (SCC) mRNA in two preparations of rat interstitial testicular cells which were separated by buoyant density into Leydig cell-enriched and -depleted fractions. RNA was prepared from interstitial cells obtained from the testes of untreated adult and immature rats and adult rats treated with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) or ethane dimethanesulphonate (EDS; to destroy Leydig cells). IGF-I mRNA was detected in all samples, with five major transcripts ranging from 7.5 to 0.6 kb. Leydig cells (3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-positive and sensitive to EDS) expressed abundant IGF-I and SCC mRNAs, and levels of both were increased following hCG treatment. However, in addition, IGF-I mRNA which was derived from non-Leydig interstitial cells was detected, in the complete absence of SCC message, either in the more buoyant interstitial cells or in both interstitial cell fractions following the destruction of Leydig cells by EDS treatment. IGF-I expression in the Leydig cell-depleted cell fraction was also increased by hCG treatment, and it is therefore suggested that at least part of this non-Leydig interstitial cell IGF-I mRNA originates in Leydig cell precursors. In conclusion, Leydig cells are not the sole origin of IGF-I mRNA in the testis, and the non-Leydig cell expression may be an important component of testicular IGF-I production.
Comparing Rasch measurement and factor analysis (1996)

This article illustrates how Rasch measurement is preferable to factor analysis for reducing complex data matrices to unidimensional variables. The two methods: (a) address the same kind of data, but with different interpretations of numerical status; (b) use the same estimation methods, but with different measurement models; and (c) solve the same problems, but with substantially different utility. Factor analysis is faulted for mistaking ordinally labeled stochastic observations for linear measures and for failing to construct linear measurement. The motivation and mathematical basis for Rasch measurement are introduced. How to use Rasch measurement to replace factor analysis is developed for a dichotomy and demonstrated for a rating scale.
Purification and identification of intermediate catabolic products in the in vivo degradation of pig liver phosphofructokinase. (1986)

Phosphofructokinase (ATP:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11) was purified to homogeneity from pig livers. Polyclonal antibody against the enzyme was induced in a rabbit, and the IgG fraction was obtained by chromatography on a Protein A-Sepharose CL-4B column. The specific antibody was purified further by immunoaffinity chromatography on a phosphofructokinase-conjugated affinity column. Intermediate catabolic products of phosphofructokinase were extracted from fresh pig livers under conditions of inhibition of proteinases, concentrated by chromatography on an anti-phosphofructokinase IgG-conjugated affinity column, and purified by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their cross-reactivities to the purified phosphofructokinase were assessed by an immunoelectrotransfer blot method. The intact form of phosphofructokinase in pig liver was demonstrated as the major spot of 84 kDa on the blot. Polypeptides of 68, 64, 56, and 51 kDa showed apparent cross-reactivities to phosphofructokinase. The structural homology among them was confirmed by proteinase V8 digestion followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The possibility of artifacts in preparation was ruled out by an internal tracer method. Thus, it is concluded that the predominant isozyme of phosphofructokinase in pig liver (84 kDa) is in vivo degraded via intermediate catabolic products of 68, 64, 56, and 51 kDa.
Fluvastatin attenuates hepatic steatosis-induced fibrogenesis in rats through inhibiting paracrine effect of hepatocyte on hepatic stellate cells (2015)

We demonstrated PA-induced HSC activation through paracrine effect of hepatocyte in vitro that was significantly suppressed by pre-treating HSC with Flu. In vivo, Flu alleviated steatosis-induced HSC activation and hepatic fibrogenesis through mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress, suggesting possible therapeutic role of Flu against NASH.
Bitstream encryption and authentication with AES-GCM in dynamically reconfigurable systems (2008)

A high-speed and secure dynamic partial reconfiguration (DPR) system is realized with AES-GCM that guarantees both confidentiality and authenticity of FPGA bitstreams. In DPR systems, bitstream authentication is essential for avoiding fatal damage caused by unintended bitstreams. An encryption-only system can prevent bitstream cloning and reverse engineering, but cannot prevent erroneous or malicious bitstreams from being configured. Authenticated encryption is a relatively new concept that provides both message encryption and authentication, and AES-GCM is one of the latest authenticated encryption algorithms suitable for hardware implementation. We implemented the AES-GCM-based DPR system targeting the Virtex-5 device on an off-the-shelf board, and evaluated its throughput and hardware resource utilization. For comparison, we also implemented AES-CBC and SHA-256 modules on the same device. The experimental results showed that the AES-GCM-based system achieved higher throughput with less resource utilization than the AES/SHA-based system. The AES-GCM-module achieved more than 1 Gbps throughput and the entire system achieved about 800 Mbps throughput with reasonable resource utilization. This paper clarifies the advantage of using AES-GCM for protecting DPR systems.
Cellotriose and Cellotetraose as Inducers of the Genes Encoding Cellobiohydrolases in the Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium (2010)

The wood decay basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium produces a variety of cellobiohydrolases belonging to glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 6 and 7 in the presence of cellulose. However, no inducer of the production of these enzymes has yet been identified. Here, we quantitatively compared the transcript levels of the genes encoding GH family 6 cellobiohydrolase (cel6A) and GH family 7 cellobiohydrolase isozymes (cel7A to cel7F/G) in cultures containing glucose, cellulose, and cellooligosaccharides by real-time quantitative PCR, in order to evaluate the transcription-inducing effect of soluble sugars. Upregulation of transcript levels in the presence of cellulose compared to glucose was observed for cel7B, cel7C, cel7D, cel7F/G, and cel6A at all time points during cultivation. In particular, the transcription of cel7C and cel7D was strongly induced by cellotriose or cellotetraose. The highest level of cel7C transcripts was observed in the presence of cellotetraose, whereas the highest level of cel7D transcripts was found in the presence of cellotriose, amounting to 2.7 x 10(6) and 1.7 x 10(6) copies per 10(5) actin gene transcripts, respectively. These numbers of cel7C and cel7D transcripts were higher than those in the presence of cellulose. In contrast, cellobiose had a weaker transcription-inducing effect than either cellotriose or cellotetraose for cel7C and had little effect in the case of cel7D. These results indicate that cellotriose and cellotetraose, but not cellobiose, are possible natural cellobiohydrolase gene transcription inducers derived from cellulose.
Characterization of chimeric antibody producing CHO cells in the course of dihydrofolate reductase‐mediated gene amplification and their stability in the absence of selective pressure (1998)

Recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing a high-level of chimeric antibody against S surface antigen of hepatitis B virus were obtained by co-transfection of heavy and light chain cDNA expression vectors into dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr)-deficient CHO cells and subsequent gene amplification in medium containing stepwise increments in methotrexate (MTX) level such as 0.02, 0.08, 0.32, 1.0, and 4.0 μM. The highest producer (HP) subclone was isolated from each MTX level and was characterized with respect to cell growth and antibody production in the corresponding level of MTX. The specific growth rate of the HP subclone was inversely proportional to the MTX level. On the other hand, its specific antibody productivity (qAb) rapidly increased with increasing MTX level up to 0.08 μM, and thereafter, it gradually increased to 20 μg/106 cells/day at 4 μM MTX. Southern blot analysis showed that the enhanced qAb at higher MTX level resulted from immunoglobulin (Ig) gene amplification. The stability of the HP subclones isolated at 0.02, 0.08, 0.32, and 1.0 μM MTX in regard to antibody production was investigated during long-term culture in the absence of MTX. The qAb of all subclones significantly decreased during the culture. However, the relative extent of decrease in qAb was variable among the subclones. The HP subclone isolated at 1 μM MTX was most stable and could retain 59% of the initial qAb after 80 days of cultivation. Southern blot analysis showed that this decrease in qAb of the subclones resulted mainly from the loss of Ig gene copies during long-term culture. Despite the decreased qAb, the HP subclone isolated at 1 μM MTX could maintain high volumetric antibody productivity over three months because of improved cell growth rate during long-term culture. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 58:73–84, 1998.
Cardiovascular Events and Intensity of Treatment in Polycythemia Vera (2012)

In patients with polycythemia vera, those with a hematocrit target of less than 45% had a significantly lower rate of cardiovascular death and major thrombosis than did those with a hematocrit target of 45 to 50%. (Funded by the Italian Medicines Agency and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01645124, and EudraCT number, 2007-006694-91.).
Acceleration of Alzheimer's fibril formation by apolipoprotein E in vitro. (1994)

Numerous studies have established a linkage between the apolipoprotein (apo) E4 allele and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. It remains unclear if apo E plays a direct role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and what, if any, are its significant interactions with amyloid beta (A beta) and tau. Apo E has been found immunohistochemically in all types of amyloid deposits and apo E fragments have been isolated from amyloid. Furthermore, apo E has been shown to bind soluble A beta. It has been proposed that apo E acts to promote and/or modulate A beta fibril formation. It is well established that peptides homologous to A beta will form amyloid-like fibrils in solution. With the use of electron microscopy and a thioflavin T assay for fibril formation we found that apo E and apo E4 in particular enhance this spontaneous fibrillogenesis of A beta peptides under the in vitro conditions used. These in vitro data suggest that the apo E4 isoform is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease that acts to accelerate a process that can occur in its absence.
The Microbial Metabolites, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Regulate Colonic T reg Cell Homeostasis (2013)

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) that express the transcription factor Foxp3 are critical for regulating intestinal inflammation. Candidate microbe approaches have identified bacterial species and strain-specific molecules that can affect intestinal immune responses, including species that modulate Treg responses. Because neither all humans nor mice harbor the same bacterial strains, we posited that more prevalent factors exist that regulate the number and function of colonic Tregs. We determined that short-chain fatty acids, gut microbiota-derived bacterial fermentation products, regulate the size and function of the colonic Treg pool and protect against colitis in a Ffar2-dependent manner in mice. Our study reveals that a class of abundant microbial metabolites underlies adaptive immune microbiota coadaptation and promotes colonic homeostasis and health.
Prevention of oxidation and apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to calcium dobesilate (2005)

The antioxidant effects of calcium dobesilate (CD) (Doxium(R)) were investigated in relation to the oxidative status, apoptosis, and in vitro proliferation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from healthy donors. Calcium dobesilate alone did not modify cell growth in vitro until it reached 10 µM. This molecule counteracted oxidative damage generated by the highly reducing sugar 2-deoxy-D-ribose (dR) and was shown to reduce apoptosis by delaying both membrane permeability changes and DNA fragmentation. Calcium dobesilate (10 µM) was effective in a time-dependent manner on several parameters, representative of the cellular oxidative status. In particular, CD significantly increased the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) after 3 days of treatment and also the activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT). Both of these enzymes are known to be involved in the glutathione (GSH) metabolic cycle. This enzymatic behavior was reversed after 7 days of treatment, with a significant GST decrease and a gamma-GT activation. After 7 days of CD exposure, the intracellular GSH content was enhanced and this resulted in a dramatic decrease of lipid peroxidation, underlining the powerful antioxidant properties of CD in human PBMC.
IMMUNITY IN MUMPS (1946)

The results observed after experimental inoculation of active mumps virus into 41 vaccinated and 32 unvaccinated children,-with the consent of their parents or guardians,-indicated that formol-inactivated mumps virus obtained from the parotid gland of the infected monkey and employed as a vaccine in the manner which has been described increased the resistance of about half of those to whom it was administered.
Imaging with terahertz waves (1995)

We present what is to our knowledge the first imaging system based on optoelectronic terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Terahertz time-domain waveforms are downconverted from the terahertz to the kilohertz frequency range, and the waveform for each pixel is frequency analyzed in real time with a digital signal processor to extract compositional information at that point. We demonstrate applications to package inspection and chemical content mapping in biological objects.