gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Today's IUDs offer safe, effective contraception. (1993)

Even though IUDs are safe and effective when correctly inserted in women in monogamous relationships, both providers and users hold misperceptions about the safety of IUD, thereby restricting womens access to IUDs. Such practices include providers requiring numerous follow-up pelvic examinations and restrictions on who may insert IUDs. Yet research shows that follow-up pelvic examinations are not cost effective and do not necessarily improve the quality of care. Instead, providers should inform women of what symptoms and side effects warrant a follow-up examination, (e.g. irregular or excessive bleeding). Nurses, midwives, assistant midwives as well as physicians who have undergone competency-based training, including 10 to 15 correct insertions under supervision, can safely insert IUDs. Still, some countries restrict IUD insertions to just physicians, e.g., Egypt. On the other hand, midwives and assistant midwives can insert IUDs in Indonesia. The leading medical barrier is the belief that IUDs increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), especially in countries where IUD use is low. Providers inserted the first generation of IUDs in women at high risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); thus, many people attributed PID to the IUD rather than to the STDs. Studies showing an association between the Dalkon Shield and PID also fueled the fear. Research indicates that women are at an increased risk of PID, only during the first 4 to 6 weeks after IUD insertion, but thereafter no risk exists for women in monogamous relationships. Other obstacles are cost (e.g., US private physicians, US $1609-400), no promotional campaigns to improve the image of the IUD, and rumors (e.g., IUD migrates to the stomach or heart). Today most providers insert the copper-releasing IUDs, the second generation IUDs.
Calibration and Prediction of Streaming-Server Performance (2005)

performance evaluation, server modeling, streaming media Streaming media is gaining in popularity for viewing both, video-ondemand content as well as live Webcasts. Streaming servers must meet strict data-delivery timing constraints in order to provide acceptable viewing quality. These constraints can be achieved only if the servers are not allowed to exceed their operational saturation point. At the same time, providers of streaming services need to maximize the use of their infrastructure to remain cost-effective. These competing goals motivate development of detailed models that predict server saturation points under extremely diverse workloads. Due to the intricate effects of distinct usage patterns on low-level measurements, no single server-side or client-side metric can adequately predict saturation for a non-controlled mixture of workloads. Furthermore, the dynamically changing nature of streaming workloads render simple linear statistics inadequate. Instead, we propose a methodology that can build predictive models using a relatively small number of calibration workloads. These models include both server- and client-side metrics and are accurate in predicting server performance, not only for the calibration workloads but also for arbitrary mixtures. We contend that the strength of our approach to modeling streaming-server behavior is its highly data-driven nature. The same calibration regime and modeling method are shown to be applicable to different streaming servers and across the wide variety of workloads seen in today&amp;apos;s environments.
Type I Signal Peptidase and Protein Secretion in Staphylococcus aureus (2012)

Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen whose virulence relies on the secretion of many different proteins. In general, the secretion of most proteins in S. aureus, as well as other bacteria, is dependent on the type I signal peptidase (SPase)-mediated cleavage of the N-terminal signal peptide that targets a protein to the general secretory pathway. The arylomycins are a class of natural product antibiotics that inhibit SPase, suggesting that they may be useful chemical biology tools for characterizing the secretome. While wild-type S. aureus (NCTC 8325) is naturally resistant to the arylomycins, sensitivity is conferred via a point mutation in its SPase. Here, we use a synthetic arylomycin along with a sensitized strain of S. aureus and multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) mass spectrometry to identify 46 proteins whose extracellular accumulation requires SPase activity. Forty-four possess identifiable Sec-type signal peptides and thus are likely canonically secreted proteins, while four also appear to possess cell wall retention signals. We also identified the soluble C-terminal domains of two transmembrane proteins, lipoteichoic acid synthase, LtaS, and O-acyteltransferase, OatA, both of which appear to have noncanonical, internal SPase cleavage sites. Lastly, we identified three proteins, HtrA, PrsA, and SAOUHSC_01761, whose secretion is induced by arylomycin treatment. In addition to elucidating fundamental aspects of the physiology and pathology of S. aureus, the data suggest that an arylomycin-based therapeutic would reduce virulence while simultaneously eradicating an infection.
Immunotherapy of prostate cancer: A review (1984)

Tumors are antigenic and patients can mount an immune response against their tumors. Prostate cancer patients are sensitized to their malignancies and immunotherapeutic efforts have been successful. As with other tumors, it is unlikely that immunotherapy alone will be curative, but will play a role in combination therapy along with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. But before its rightful place can be delineated, additional clinical and laboratory studies must be completed.
A hybrid CMOS-microfluidic contact imaging microsystem (2009)

A hybrid CMOS/Microfluidic microsystem is presented. The microsystem integrates a soft polymer microfluidic network with a 64x128 pixel imager fabricated in low-cost standard 0.35 micron CMOS technology. The multiple microfluidic channels facilitate in-situ photochemical reactions of analytes and their detection directly on the surface of the CMOS photosensor array. The promixity between the analyte and the photosensor enhances the microsystem sensitivity, thus requiring only microliter volumes of the sample. Circuit techniques such as pixel binning and a two transistor reset path technique are employed to improve the imager sensitivity. The integrated microsystem is validated in on-chip chemiluminescence detection of luminol for the two microfluidic network prototypes designed.
Markedly Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effects Induced by Photo-immunotherapy of Tumors (2012)

A major barrier to cancer treatment is the inability to deliver sufficient concentrations of drug to the tumor without incurring systemic toxicities. Nanomaterials are appealing because they can carry a large drug payload; however, tumor delivery is limited by modest leakage and retention in most tumors. We observed that after photoimmunotherapy (PIT), which is a light-mediated treatment based on an antibody-photosensitizer conjugate, there was surprisingly high leakage of nanosized (10-200 nm) agents into the tumor bed. PIT rapidly induced death in perivascular cancer cells, leading to immediate and dramatic increases in vascular permeability, resulting in up to 24-fold greater accumulation of nanomaterials within the PIT-treated tumor compared with controls, an effect termed "super-enhanced permeability and retention". In a treatment study, PIT followed by liposome-containing daunorubicin, DaunoXome (diameter 50 nm), resulted in greater survival in tumor-bearing mice than either PIT or DaunoXome alone. Thus, PIT greatly enhances delivery of nanosized reagents and thus holds promise to improve therapeutic responses.
The Purification and Properties of the Aspartate Aminotransferase and Aromatic‐Amino‐Acid Aminotransferase from Escherichia coli (1978)

A simple and convenient procedure is described for the isolation in good yield of two amionotransferases from various strains of Escherichia coli . On the basis of thier substrate specificities on of the enzymes has been classified as an aromatic amino acid aminotransferase and the other as an aspartate aminotransferate. But both act on a wide range of substrates Pyridioxal phosphate is bound more strongly to the aspartate aminotransferate than to the aromatic amino transferase which cannot be fully re‐activated afer removal of the prosthetic group. Both enzymes are composed of two subunits which appear to be identical.
Inhibition of interleukin-17, interleukin-23 and the TH17 cell pathway in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis (2015)

This article reviews the relevant biology, efficacy and safety of new medications targeting the TH17 pathway, including inhibition of IL17 and IL23, particularly in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Especially for patients who have not gained benefit from, lost effectiveness to or could not use antitumour necrosis factor (TNF) medications for safety or tolerability reasons, having effective medicines with an alternative mechanism of action will improve our ability to diminish disease activity impact on patient lives.
De Novo Central Nervous System Processing of Myelin Antigen Is Required for the Initiation of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (2002)

We demonstrate the absolute requirement for a functioning class II-restricted Ag processing pathway in the CNS for the initiation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). C57BL/6 (B6) mice deficient for the class II transactivator, which have defects in MHC class II, invariant chain (Ii), and H-2M (DM) expression, are resistant to initiation of myelin oligodendrocyte protein (MOG) peptide, MOG(35-55)-specific EAE by both priming and adoptive transfer of encephalitogenic T cells. However, class II transactivator-deficient mice can prime a suboptimal myelin-specific CD4(+) Th1 response. Further, B6 mice individually deficient for Ii and DM are also resistant to initiation of both active and adoptive EAE. Although both Ii-deficient and DM-deficient APCs can present MOG peptide to CD4(+) T cells, neither is capable of processing and presenting the encephalitogenic peptide of intact MOG protein. This phenotype is not Ag-specific, as DM- and Ii-deficient mice are also resistant to initiation of EAE by proteolipid protein peptide PLP(178-191). Remarkably, DM-deficient mice can prime a potent peripheral Th1 response to MOG(35-55), comparable to the response seen in wild-type mice, yet maintain resistance to EAE initiation. Most striking is the demonstration that T cells from MOG(35-55)-primed DM knockout mice can adoptively transfer EAE to wild-type, but not DM-deficient, mice. Together, these data demonstrate that the inability to process antigenic peptide from intact myelin protein results in resistance to EAE and that de novo processing and presentation of myelin Ags in the CNS is absolutely required for the initiation of autoimmune demyelinating disease.
Stable Transformation of an Arabidopsis Cell Suspension Culture with Firefly Luciferase Providing a Cellular System for Analysis of Chaperone Activity in vivo (1997)

Christoph Forreiter, Marc Kirschner, Lutz Nover, Stable Transformation of an Arabidopsis Cell Suspension Culture with Firefly Luciferase Providing a Cellular System for Analysis of Chaperone Activity in vivo, The Plant Cell, Vol. 9, No. 12 (Dec., 1997), pp. 2171-2181
NADP + Reduction with Reduced Ferredoxin and NADP + Reduction with NADH Are Coupled via an Electron-Bifurcating Enzyme Complex in Clostridium kluyveri (2010)

It was recently found that the cytoplasmic butyryl-coenzyme A (butyryl-CoA) dehydrogenase-EtfAB complex from Clostridium kluyveri couples the exergonic reduction of crotonyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA with NADH and the endergonic reduction of ferredoxin with NADH via flavin-based electron bifurcation. We report here on a second cytoplasmic enzyme complex in C. kluyveri capable of energetic coupling via this novel mechanism. It was found that the purified iron-sulfur flavoprotein complex NfnAB couples the exergonic reduction of NADP+ with reduced ferredoxin (Fdred) and the endergonic reduction of NADP+ with NADH in a reversible reaction: Fdred2-+NADH+2 NADP++H+=Fdox+NAD++2 NADPH. The role of this energy-converting enzyme complex in the ethanol-acetate fermentation of C. kluyveri is discussed.
DATAPLEX: an access to heterogeneous distributed databases (1990)

Diverse database management systems are used in large organizations. The heterogeneous distributed database system (DDS) can provide a flexible intergration of diverse databases for users and applications. This is because it allows for retrieval and update of distributed data under different data systems giving the illusion of accessing a single centralized database system.
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus in Chronic Prostatitis (1992)

Three male patients with a clinical history of prostatitis with coagulase-negative staphylococci localized to the expressed prostatic secretion and who did not respond to antibiotics were studied intensively 4 weeks after cessation of therapy with repeat culture of the prostatic fluid, as well as with culture, and histological and ultrastructural examination of multiple prostatic biopsies. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were cultured in the biopsied prostatic tissue, and gram-positive staphylococci were identified in sparse and focal microcolonies adherent to the prostatic ductal walls. Coagulase-negative staphylococci may be implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic bacterial prostatitis.
Alkylphenol Activity against Candida spp. and Microsporum canis: A Focus on the Antifungal Activity of Thymol, Eugenol and O-Methyl Derivatives (2011)

In recent years there has been an increasing search for new antifungal compounds due to the side effects of conventional antifungal drugs and fungal resistance. The aims of this study were to test in vitro the activity of thymol, eugenol, estragole and anethole and some O-methyl-derivatives (methylthymol and methyleugenol) against Candida spp. and Microsporum canis. The broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) for both Candida spp. and M. canis were found by subculturing each fungal suspension on potato dextrose agar. Thymol, methylthymol, eugenol, methyl-eugenol, anethole, estragole and griseofulvin respectively, presented the following MIC values against M. canis: 4.8-9.7; 78-150; 39; 78-150; 78-150; 19-39 µg/mL and 0.006-2.5 mg/mL. The MFC values for all compounds ranged from 9.7 to 31 µg/mL. Concerning Candida spp, thymol, methylthymol, eugenol, methyleugenol, anethole, estragole and amphotericin, respectively, showed the following MIC values: 39; 620-1250; 150-620; 310-620; 620; 620-1250 and 0.25-2.0 mg/mL. The MFC values varied from 78 to 2500 µg/mL. All tested compounds thus showed in vitro antifungal activity against Candida spp. and M. canis. Therefore, further studies should be carried out to confirm the usefulness of these alkylphenols in vivo.
Inhibiting the integrated stress response pathway prevents aberrant chondrocyte differentiation thereby alleviating chondrodysplasia (2018)

The integrated stress response (ISR) is activated by diverse forms of cellular stress, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and is associated with diseases. However, the molecular mechanism(s) whereby the ISR impacts on differentiation is incompletely understood. Here, we exploited a mouse model of Metaphyseal Chondrodysplasia type Schmid (MCDS) to provide insight into the impact of the ISR on cell fate. We show the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway that mediates preferential synthesis of ATF4 and CHOP, dominates in causing dysplasia by reverting chondrocyte differentiation via ATF4-directed transactivation of <i>Sox9</i>. Chondrocyte survival is enabled, cell autonomously, by CHOP and dual CHOP-ATF4 transactivation of <i>Fgf21.</i> Treatment of mutant mice with a chemical inhibitor of PERK signaling prevents the differentiation defects and ameliorates chondrodysplasia. By preventing aberrant differentiation, titrated inhibition of the ISR emerges as a rationale therapeutic strategy for stress-induced skeletal disorders.
Template-Independent Web Object Extraction (2005)

There are various kinds of objects embedded in static Web pages and online Web databases. Extracting and integrating these ob-jects from the Web is of great significance for Web data manage-ment. The existing Web information extraction (IE) techniques cannot provide satisfactory solution to the Web object extraction task since objects of the same type are distributed in diverse Web sources, whose structures are highly heterogeneous. The classic information extraction (IE) methods, which are designed for pro-cessing plain text documents, also fail to meet our requirements. In this paper, we propose a novel approach called Object-Level Information Extraction (OLIE) to extract Web objects. This ap-proach extends a classic IE algorithm, Conditional Random Fields (CRF), by adding Web-specific information. It is essentially a com-bination of Web IE and classic IE. Specifically, visual information on the Web pages is used to select appropriate atomic elements for extraction and also to distinguish attributes, and structured information from external Web databases is applied to assist the extraction process. The experimental results show OLIE can sig-nificantly improve the Web object extraction accuracy. 1.
Fill-up versus Interpolation Methods for Phrase-based SMT Adaptation (2011)

This paper compares techniques to combine diverse parallel corpora for domain-specific phrase-based SMT system training. We address a common scenario where little in-domain data is available for the task, but where large background models exist for the same language pair. In particular, we focus on phrase table fill-up: a method that effectively exploits background knowledge to improve model coverage, while preserving the more reliable information coming from the in-domain corpus. We present experiments on an emerging transcribed speech translation task – the TED talks. While performing similarly in terms of BLEU and NIST scores to the popular log-linear and linear interpolation techniques, filled-up translation models are more compact and easy to tune by minimum error training.
Recent Developments in the Immunology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2000)

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are caused by excessive immune reactivity in the gut wall. Analysis of the type of immune responses ongoing in diseased gut has revealed important features which suggest that these conditions are different. In Crohn's disease tissue there is considerable evidence for an ongoing T helper cell type 1 response, with excess interleukin-12, interferon-gamma and TNF-alpha. There is circumstantial evidence in patients that this response is directed against the normal bacterial flora and definitive evidence in mouse models that T cell responses to the flora cause gut disease. In ulcerative colitis, the role of tissue damaging T cell responses in the gut mucosa is much less clear and there is more evidence that the lesion is owing to antibody-mediated hypersensitivity. Although different types of immune reactions initiate tissue injury in both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the downstream events which actually damage the tissue are the same in each condition. Elevated cytokine concentrations in the mucosa lead to the production of excess matrix degrading enzymes by gut fibroblasts, loss of mucosal integrity and ulceration. The same process also leads to an increased production of epithelial growth factors such as KGF Keratinocyte Growth Factor by gut fibroblasts and produces the crypt cell hyperplasia characteristic of all gut inflammatory conditions.
Soft-Tissue Augmentation with Injectable Alginate and Syngeneic Fibroblasts (2000)

Tissue engineering, a field that combines polymer scaffolds with isolated cell populations to create new tissue, may be applied to soft-tissue augmentation-an area in which polymers and cell populations have been injected independently. We have developed an inbred rat model in which the subcutaneous injection of a hydrogel, a form of polymer, under vacuum permits direct comparison of different materials in terms of both histologic behavior and their ability to maintain the specific shape and volume of a construct. Using this model, we compared three forms of calcium alginate, a synthetic hydrogel, over an 8-week period-standard alginate that was gelled following injection into animals (alginate post-gel), standard alginate that was gelled before injection into animals (alginate pre-gel) and alginate-RGD, to which the cell adhesion tripeptide RGD was linked covalently (RGD post-gel). Parallel groups that included cultured syngeneic fibroblasts suspended within each of these three gels were also evaluated (alginate post-gel plus cells, alginate pre-gel plus cells, and RGD post-gel plus cells). The study used 54 inbred Lewis rats (n = 9 for each of the six groups). Construct geometry was optimally maintained in the alginate post-gel group in which 58 percent of the original volume was preserved at 8 weeks and increased to 88 percent at 8 weeks when syngeneic fibroblasts were included within the gel. Volume was not as well preserved in the RGD post-gel group (25 percent of original volume at 8 weeks), but again increased when syngeneic fibroblasts were included (41 percent of original volume at 8 weeks). Maintenance of volume was poorest in the alginate pre-gel group (31 percent of original volume at 8 weeks) and failed to be augmented by the addition of fibroblasts (19 percent of original volume at 8 weeks). Histologically, the gel remained a uniform sheet surrounded by a fibrous capsule in the alginate post-gel groups. In the alginate pre-gel and RGD post-gel groups, there was significant ingrowth of a fibrovascular stroma into the gel with fragmentation of the construct. In constructs in which syngeneic fibroblasts were included, cells were visualized throughout the gel but did not extend processes or appear to contribute to new tissue formation. Material compression testing indicated that the alginate and RGD post-gel constructs became stiffer over a 12-week period, particularly in the cell-containing groups. Our results suggest that calcium alginate could be a suitable agent for soft-tissue augmentation when gelled subcutaneously following injection. The addition of syngeneic fibroblasts enhanced the ability of the gel to maintain the volume of a construct; this seems to be mediated by increased gel stiffness rather than by de novo tissue formation. Our animal model, in combination with material testing data, permits rigorous comparison of different materials used for soft-tissue augmentation.
Materials Challenges and Opportunities of Lithium Ion Batteries (2011)

Lithium ion batteries have revolutionized the portable electronics market, and they are being intensively pursued now for transportation and stationary storage of renewable energies like solar and wind. The success of lithium ion technology for the latter applications will depend largely on the cost, safety, cycle life, energy, and power, which are in turn controlled by the component materials used. Accordingly, this Perspective focuses on the challenges and prospects associated with the electrode materials. Specifically, the issues associated with high-voltage and high-capacity cathodes as well as high-capacity anodes and the approaches to overcome them are presented.