gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CH3NH3PbCl3 Single Crystals: Inverse Temperature Crystallization and Visible-Blind UV-Photodetector (2015)

Single crystals of hybrid perovskites have shown remarkably improved physical properties compared to their polycrystalline film counterparts, underscoring their importance in the further development of advanced semiconductor devices. Here we present a new method of growing sizable CH3NH3PbCl3 single crystals based on the retrograde solubility behavior of hybrid perovskites. We show, for the first time, the energy band structure, charge recombination, and transport properties of CH3NH3PbCl3 single crystals. These crystals exhibit trap-state density, charge carrier concentration, mobility, and diffusion length comparable with the best quality crystals of methylammonium lead iodide or bromide perovskites reported so far. The high quality of the crystal along with its suitable optical band gap enabled us to build an efficient visible-blind UV-photodetector, demonstrating its potential in optoelectronic applications.
Contribution of interleukin‐1β to the inflammation‐induced increase in nerve growth factor levels and inflammatory hyperalgesia (1995)

1. Peripheral inflammation is associated with the local production of neuroactive inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. These may contribute to inflammatory pain and hyperalgesia by directly or indirectly altering the function or chemical phenotype of responsive primary sensory neurones. 2. To investigate this, inflammation was produced by the intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in adult rats. This resulted in a significant elevation in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and nerve growth factor (NGF) levels in the inflamed tissue and of the peptides, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the L4 dorsal root ganglion 48 h post CFA injection. 3. The effects of a steroidal (dexamethasone) and a non-steroidal (indomethacin) anti-inflammatory drug on the levels of NGF and IL-1 beta in inflamed tissue were investigated and compared with alterations in behavioural hyperalgesia and neuropeptide expression in sensory neurones. 4. Systemic dexamethasone (120 micrograms kg-1 per day starting the day before the CFA injection) had no effect on the inflammatory hyperalgesia. When the dose was administered 3 times daily, a reduction in mechanical and to a lesser extent thermal sensitivity occurred. Indomethacin at 2 mg kg-1 daily (i.p.) had no effect on the hyperalgesia and a dose of 4 mg kg-1 daily was required to reduce significantly mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. 5. The increase in NGF produced by the CFA inflammation was prevented by both dexamethasone and indomethacin, but only at the higher dose levels. Dexamethasone at the lower and higher dose regimes diminished the upregulation of IL-1 beta whereas indomethacin had an effect only at the higher dose. 6. The increase in SP and CGRP levels produced by the CFA inflammation was prevented by dexamethasone and indomethacin at the lower and higher dose regimes. 7. Intraplantar injections of IL-1 beta (0.01, 0.1 and 1 ng) produced a brief (6 h) thermal hyperalgesia and an elevation in cutaneous NGF levels which was prevented by pretreatment with human recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 ra) (0.625 microgram, i.v.). The thermal hyperalgesia but not the NGF elevation produced by intraplantar IL-1 beta (1 ng) was prevented by administration of a polyclonal neutralizing anti-NGF serum. 8. IL-1 ra significantly reduced the mechanical hyperalgesia produced by CFA for 6 h after administration as well as the CFA-induced elevation in NGF levels. Anti-NGF pretreatment substantially reduced CFA-induced mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia without reducing the elevation in IL-1 beta. 9. Intraplantar NGF (0.02, 0.2 and 2 microg) injections produced a short lasting thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia but did not change IL-1beta levels in the hindpaw skin.10. Our results demonstrate that IL-1beta contributes to the upregulation of NGF during inflammation and that NGF has a major role in the production of inflammatory pain hypersensitivity.
Anemia in the Treatment of Hepatitis C Virus Infection (2003)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant worldwide health care problem. Nearly one-third of all patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are coinfected with HCV. Compared with HIV-monoinfected persons, coinfected individuals experience more rapid progression of fibrosis and higher incidence of cirrhosis and death as a result of liver disease. Treatment for HCV infection includes ribavirin (RBV) plus interferon alfa (IFN-alpha) or pegylated IFN, a combination treatment associated with anemia that may require RBV dose reduction or discontinuation. IFN-RBV-associated anemia is more profound among coinfected patients, who have a high prevalence of pretreatment anemia and may also be taking other medications causing anemia. Epoetin alfa administration to HCV-infected patients with IFN-RBV-related anemia can significantly increase hemoglobin levels and maintain significantly higher RBV doses compared with patients treated with RBV dose reduction alone. Higher RBV doses and adherence to HCV therapy have been associated with higher sustained virologic response (SVR) rates. Maintenance of RBV dose with epoetin alfa may improve adherence, thereby affecting SVR.
A critical review of the literature on foot orthoses (2000)

Many reports have been published on the value of foot orthoses in treating a variety of biomechanical problems. This article reports on the application of rules developed in the 1980s to assess the scientific rigor, and hence the clinical applicability, of these publications.
Wavelength-selectable laser emission from a multistripe array grating integrated cavity laser (1992)

We report laser operation of a multistripe array grating integrated cavity (MAGIC) laser in which the wavelength of the emission from a single output stripe is chosen by selectively injection pumping a second stripe. We demonstrate a device that lases in the 1.5 μm fiber band at 15 wavelengths, evenly spaced by ∼2 nm. The single-output/wavelength-selectable operation, together with the accurate predefinition of the lasing wavelengths, makes the MAGIC laser a very attractive candidate for use in multiwavelength networks.
By Carrot or by Stick: Cognitive Reinforcement Learning in Parkinsonism (2004)

To what extent do we learn from the positive versus negative outcomes of our decisions? The neuromodulator dopamine plays a key role in these reinforcement learning processes. Patients with Parkinson's disease, who have depleted dopamine in the basal ganglia, are impaired in tasks that require learning from trial and error. Here, we show, using two cognitive procedural learning tasks, that Parkinson's patients off medication are better at learning to avoid choices that lead to negative outcomes than they are at learning from positive outcomes. Dopamine medication reverses this bias, making patients more sensitive to positive than negative outcomes. This pattern was predicted by our biologically based computational model of basal ganglia-dopamine interactions in cognition, which has separate pathways for "Go" and "NoGo" responses that are differentially modulated by positive and negative reinforcement.
Human-human hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies of predefined antigenic specificity. (1980)

We report the establishment of human-human hybridomas producing monoclonal antibody of predefined antigenic specificity. The U-266 human myeloma cell line was incubated in the presence of 8-azaguanine, and a rapidly growing, 8-azaguanine-resistant, hypoxanthine/amethopterin/thymidine (HAT) medium-sensitive mutant line, U-266AR1, was selected. These cells were fused with lymphoid cells from uninvolved spleens removed at staging laparotomy from patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease who had been previously sensitized to the chemical allergen 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzne. Hybrid cell cultures growing in HAT medium were screened for IgG production. Positive cultures were selected and their supernatants were tested in a solid-phase radioimmunoassay for reactivity with dinitrophenyl hapten coupled to bovine serum albumin. Cultures producing specific antibody were subcloned and expanded, and their antibody products were shown to be monoclonal by biosynthetic labeling and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Effects of Storage Times and Temperatures on T3, T4, LH, Prolactin, Insulin, Cortisol and Progesterone Concentrations in Blood Samples from Cows (1983)

Little is known about stability of hormones in blood samples stored under various conditions. This study was conducted to examine stability of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, insulin, cortisol and progesterone in blood and serum samples. Experiment 1 was designed to determine if concentrations of these hormones were affected by exposure to cellular elements of anticoagulated and coagulated blood when stored at 4 C and room temperature (22 to 26 C). Jugular venous blood was collected from six diestrous Holstein cows into evacuated bottles containing sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), heparin or no anticoagulant. Subsamples of EDTA-treated and heparinized blood were stored .25, .5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 and 72 h at 4 C or room temperature. Subsamples of blood without anticoagulant were stored in polypropylene tubes (clot tubes) or serum separator tubes for 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 ad 72 h. Mean concentrations of T3, T4, LH, prolactin and cortisol did not change in plasma or serum from either of the four types of samples stored at 4 C or room temperature for 72 h. The mean insulin concentration decreased 18% by 72 h in serum from serum separator tubes stored at room temperature. At 4 C, mean progesterone concentrations decreased 55% by 24 h and 73% by 72 h in plasma from EDTA-treated blood; 41% by 72 h in serum from clot tubes, and 26% by 24 h and 36% by 72 h in serum from serum separator tubes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Improved survival in multiple myeloma and the impact of novel therapies (2007)

Treatments for myeloma have expanded in the last decade, but it is not clear if the introduction of novel therapies and the increased use of high-dose therapy have translated into better outcome for patients with myeloma. We examined the outcome of 2 groups of patients seen at a single institution, one from time of diagnosis and the other from the time of relapse, to examine the survival trends over time. Among 387 patients relapsing after stem-cell transplantation, a clear improvement in overall survival from the time of relapse was seen, with those relapsing after 2000 having a median overall survival of 23.9 versus 11.8 months (P < .001) for those who relapsed prior to this date. This improvement was independent of other prognostic factors. Patients treated with one or more of the newer drugs (thalidomide, lenalidomide, bortezomib) had longer survival from relapse (30.9 vs 14.8 months; P < .001). In a larger group of 2981 patients with newly diagnosed myeloma, those diagnosed in the last decade had a 50% improvement in overall survival (44.8 vs 29.9 months; P < .001). In this study, we demonstrate improved outcome of patients with myeloma in recent years, both in the relapsed setting as well as at diagnosis.
Mitochondrial localization of telomerase as a determinant for hydrogen peroxide-induced mitochondrial DNA damage and apoptosis (2006)

We have previously shown that the protein subunit of telomerase, hTERT, has a bonafide N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence, and that ectopic hTERT expression in human cells correlated with increase in mtDNA damage after hydrogen peroxide treatment. In this study, we show, using a loxP hTERT construct, that this increase in mtDNA damage following hydrogen peroxide exposure is dependent on the presence of hTERT itself. Further experiments using a dominant negative hTERT mutant shows that telomerase must be catalytically active to mediate the increase in mtDNA damage. Etoposide, but not methylmethanesulfate, also promotes mtDNA lesions in cells expressing active hTERT, indicating genotoxic specificity in this response. Fibroblasts expressing hTERT not only show a approximately 2-fold increase in mtDNA damage after oxidative stress but also suffer a 10-30-fold increase in apoptotic cell death as assayed by Annexin-V staining, caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. Mutations to the N-terminal mitochondrial leader sequence causes a complete loss of mitochondrial targeting without affecting catalytic activity. Cells carrying this mutated hTERT not only have significantly reduced levels of mtDNA damage following hydrogen peroxide treatment, but strikingly also do not shown any loss of viability or cell growth. Thus, localization of hTERT to the mitochondria renders cells more susceptible to oxidative stress-induced mtDNA damage and subsequent cell death, whereas nuclear-targeted hTERT, in the absence of mitochondrial localization, is associated with diminished mtDNA damage, increased cell survival and protection against cellular senescence.
Enhancement of sensitivity of urinary bladder tumor cells to cisplatin by c-myc antisense oligonucleotide (1994)

This study demonstrates that combination treatment with c-myc antisense oligonucleotide and CDDP can overcome the CDDP-resistance of UBT cells and that the increased intracellular accumulation of CDDP by c-myc antisense oligonucleotide may play a role in the enhanced cytotoxicity obtained. The synergistic effect obtained with established UBT cells and freshly isolated UBT cells suggests that combination treatment with c-myc antisense oligonucleotide and CDDP may have clinical application in the therapy of CDDP-resistant UBT.
Biochemical Aspects Of Obesity (1990)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Studies on hydrogen production by continuous culture system of hydrogen-producing anaerobic bacteria (1997)

Characteristics of continuous hydrogen production and fatty acid formation by an active hydrogen-producing anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium butyricum strain SC-E1, was examined under vacuum and non-vacuum culture systems. The continuous cultures were performed using 1040 ml anaerobic glass bottles containing 600 ml of medium including glucose and polypeptone at a concentration of 0.5 or 1.0% as substrate, and were conducted at pH 6.7, hydraulic retention time (HRT) 8h, and 30°C on a reciprocal shaker. The non-vacuum cultures at 16 days of incubation showed 2.0 to 2.3 mol-H2/mol-glucose and 1.4 to 2.0 mol-H2/mol-glucose of hydrogen productivity at 0.5 and 1.0% of substrate concentration, respectively. The vacuum cultures conducted at 0.28 atm gave 1.8 to 2.3 mol-H2/mol-glucose and 1.3 to 2.2 mol-H2/mol-glucose of hydrogen productivity at 0.5 and 1.0% of substrate concentration, respectively. The fatty acid production from the vacuum cultures exhibited approximately the same yield of fatty acids as those of the non-vacuum cultures. It was concluded that the maximal hydrogen production potential by anaerobic bacteria is 1.3 to 2.2 mol-H2/mol-glucose, which is less than 50% of theoretical. In addition, the total hydrogen production rate by a two-stage bioreactor consisting of a 1-litre anaerobic fermenter (HRT 10h) and a 4-litre photobioreactor (HRT 36h) feeding at 2.4-litre of 1.0% glucose per day was estimated at 1.4 to 5.6 mol-H2/mol-glucose, which is 12 to 47% theoretical.
Laser Electron Accelerator (1979)

An intense electromagnetic pulse can create a weak of plasma oscillations through the action of the nonlinear ponderomotive force. Electrons trapped in the wake can be accelerated to high energy. Existing glass lasers of power density ${10}^{18}$W/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ shone on plasmas of densities ${10}^{18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ can yield gigaelectronvolts of electron energy per centimeter of acceleration distance. This acceleration mechanism is demonstrated through computer simulation. Applications to accelerators and pulsers are examined.
Iridium Complexes Containing Three Different Ligands as White OLED Dopants (2006)

Previously, we studied the luminescence characteristics of Ir(ppy)2(F2-ppy) and Ir(ppy)2(piq-F), which are heteroleptic iridium complexes involving two kinds of ligands, where F2-ppy, ppy and piq-F represent 2-(2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-pyridine, 2-phenylpyridine and 1-(4′-fluoroyphenyl)isoquinoline, respectively. Photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of Ir(ppy)2(F2-ppy) showed an emission peak at 495 nm in bluish green area. Ir(ppy)2(piq-F) showed two peaks at 513 nm and 600 nm in the PL spectrum. In order to make a white phosphorescent emitter for OLED, we herein designed a heteroleptic iridium complex containing three different ligands. We thought that reaction of F2-ppy, ppy and piq-F ligands all together with Ir(acac)3 might lead to Ir(F2-ppy)(ppy)(piq-F) among the mixture, displaying red and bluish green emission simultaneously. Ir(F2-ppy)(ppy)(piq-F) and other double-heteroleptic complex mixture are prepared from various concentration combination of ligands. The heteroleptic iridium complex mixture displays a variety of emission color, depending upon the combination ratio of ligands in the iridium complex synthesis. UV-vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the mixtures are analyzed and compared with the double-heteroleptic complexes. The white-yellow emission is observed when the mole ratio of ligands is 5:1:3 for F2-ppy, ppy and piq-F, respectively.
BLIND GENE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ICA OF MICROARRAY DATA (2001)

The present study shows that an ICA-based method can, e®ectively and blindly, classify a vast amount of gene expression data into biologically meaningful groups. Speci¯cally, we show (1) that genes, whose expression data are sampled at di®erent times, can be classi¯ed into several groups, based on the correlation of each gene with independent component curves over time, and (2) that these classi¯ed groups by ICA-based method have a good match with the classi¯ed groups that are determined by use of domain knowledge and considered to be a benchmark. These results suggest that the ICA-based method can be a powerful approach to discover unknown gene functions. 1.
Analysis of genetic instability during mammary tumor progression using a novel selection-based assay for in vivo mutations in a bacteriophage lambda transgene target. (1996)

Genetic instability is thought to be responsible for the numerous genotypic changes that occur during neoplastic transformation and metastatic progression. To explore the role of genetic instability at the level of point mutations during mammary tumor development and malignant progression, we combined transgenic mouse models of mutagenesis detection and oncogenesis. Bitransgenic mice were generated that carried both a bacteriophage lambda transgene to assay mutagenesis and a polyomavirus middle T oncogene, mammary gland-targeted expression of which led to metastatic mammary adenocarcinomas. We developed a novel assay for the detection of mutations in the lambda transgene that selects for phage containing forward mutations only in the lambda cII gene, using an hfl- bacterial host. In addition to the relative ease of direct selection, the sensitivity of this assay for both spontaneous and chemically induced mutations was comparable to the widely used mutational target gene, lambda lacI, making the cII assay an attractive alternative for mutant phage recovery for any lambda-based mouse mutagenesis assay system. The frequencies of lambda cII- mutants were not significantly different in normal mammary epithelium, primary mammary adenocarcinomas, and pulmonary metastases. The cII mutational spectra in these tissues consisted mostly of G/C-->A/T transitions, a large fraction of which occurred at CpG dinucleotides. These data suggest that, in this middle T oncogene model of mammary tumor progression, a significant increase in mutagenesis is not required for tumor development or for metastatic progression.
Social gliding is correlated with the presence of pili in Myxococcus xanthus. (1979)

Myxococcus xanthus, an organism whose motility involves cell interactions, normally bears pili. Myxococcal pili are found only at cell poles, are less than 10 nm in diameter, and may be longer than a cell. Myxococcus has two basic patterns of cell movement, adventurous (A-motility) and social (S-motility). Pili are found to be completely correlated with the presence of S-motility. (The S-motility pattern has many groups of cells, almost no single cells, and is governed by a set of genes called system S.) On the other hand, A-motility is in dependent of piliation. (The A-motility pattern has many single, isolated cells and it is governed by a second set of genes called system A.) Electron microscopic examination of more than 40 genetically different strains shows that all A+S+ (wild-type) and A-S+ strains have pili, but A+S- and A-S- strains lack them. Mutations in four different loci belonging to system S were tested and were found to stop productions of pili: the loci sg1A, sg1B, sg1G, and tg1. When brought into contact with tg1+ cells, cells of a tg1- strain, which lack pili, become phenotypically S+, produce pili, and become S-motile. Both motility and the production of pili are transient when initiated in this way. Thus it appears that pili permit cells that are close to one another to move.
Reduction of stromal fibroblast-induced mammary tumor growth, by retroviral ribozyme transgenes to hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and its receptor, c-MET. (2003)

Retroviral ribozyme transgenes targeting HGF/SF in fibroblasts or its receptor cMET in mammary cancer cells can reduce the growth of mammary cancer and associated angiogenesis by inhibiting paracrine stromal-tumor cell interactions.
Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome (2008)

In management of metabolic syndrome, the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an excellent representative in alternative and complementary medicines with a complete theory system and substantial herb remedies. In this article, basic principle of TCM is introduced and 25 traditional Chinese herbs are reviewed for their potential activities in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Three herbs, ginseng, rhizoma coptidis (berberine, the major active compound) and bitter melon, were discussed in detail on their therapeutic potentials. Ginseng extracts made from root, rootlet, berry and leaf of Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) and Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng), are proved for anti-hyperglycemia, insulin sensitization, islet protection, anti-obesity and anti-oxidation in many model systems. Energy expenditure is enhanced by ginseng through thermogenesis. Ginseng-specific saponins (ginsenosides) are considered as the major bioactive compounds for the metabolic activities of ginseng. Berberine from rhizoma coptidis is an oral hypoglycemic agent. It also has anti-obesity and anti-dyslipidemia activities. The action mechanism is related to inhibition of mitochondrial function, stimulation of glycolysis, activation of AMPK pathway, suppression of adipogenesis and induction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor expression. Bitter melon or bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is able to reduce blood glucose and lipids in both normal and diabetic animals. It may also protect beta cells, enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce oxidative stress. Although evidence from animals and humans supports the therapeutic activities of ginseng, berberine and bitter melon, multi-center large-scale clinical trials have not been conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these herbal medicines.