gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bicarbonate-dependent chloride secretion in Calu-3 epithelia in response to 7,8-benzoquinoline (2003)

Stimulation of Calu-3 epithelia with 7,8-benzoquinoline, under short circuit current conditions, produced a current increase that was completely accounted for by the net flux of chloride, measured simultaneously with 36Cl-. Nevertheless the current stimulated by 7,8-benzoquinoline was sensitive to acetazolamide, which caused up to 50 \\% inhibition of the stimulated current, the remainder being sensitive to the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransport inhibitor bumetanide. The effects of acetazolamide could be mimicked by either amiloride or by the di-sodium salt of 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (DNDS) added to the basolateral side of the epithelium, but their actions were not additive. Amiloride was needed in sufficient concentration to inhibit the sodium-proton exchanger NHE1. DNDS blocks both the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger AE2 and the sodium-bicarbonate transporter NBC1. However, since 7,8-benzoquinoline activates basolateral K+ channels, causing hyperpolarisation, it is unlikely NBC1 is active after addition of 7,8-benzoquinoline. The effect of DNDS is, therefore, mainly on AE2. It is concluded that chloride enters the basolateral aspect of the cells using the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter and a parallel arrangement of NHE1 with AE2, these latter two being sensitive to acetazolamide because of their association with the cytoplasmic form of carbonic anhydrase CAII. The effects of acetazolamide could be mimicked by removal of HCO3-/CO2 from the bathing medium, and furthermore showed that the NHE1-AE2 mechanism is particularly important when the transport rate is high. Thus part of the current stimulated by 7,8-benzoquinoline and inhibited by acetazolamide or HCO3-/CO2 removal can be said to represent bicarbonate-dependent chloride secretion.
An approach to correlate tandem mass spectral data of peptides with amino acid sequences in a protein database (1994)

A method to correlate the uninterpreted tandem mass spectra of peptides produced under low energy (10-50 eV) collision conditions with amino acid sequences in the Genpept database has been developed. In this method the protein database is searched to identify linear amino acid sequences within a mass tolerance of ±1 u of the precursor ion molecular weight A cross-correlation function is then used to provide a measurement of similarity between the mass-to-charge ratios for the fragment ions predicted from amino acid sequences obtained from the database and the fragment ions observed in the tandem mass spectrum. In general, a difference greater than 0.1 between the normalized cross-correlation functions of the first- and second-ranked search results indicates a successful match between sequence and spectrum. Searches of species-specific protein databases with tandem mass spectra acquired from peptides obtained from the enzymatically digested total proteins of E. coli and S. cerevisiae cells allowed matching of the spectra to amino acid sequences within proteins of these organisms. The approach described in this manuscript provides a convenient method to interpret tandem mass spectra with known sequences in a protein database.
Comparative Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis Crystal Proteins in vivo and in vitro (1988)

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis crystal proteins were purified by FPLC on a Mono Q column to yield 130, 65, 28, 53, 30-35 and 25 kDa proteins. All the purified proteins killed Aedes aegypti larvae after citrate precipitation, but the 65 kDa protein was the most toxic. A precipitated mixture of 27 and 130 kDa proteins was almost as toxic as solubilized crystals. In assays against a range of insect cell lines, the activated form (25 kDa) of the 27 kDa protein was generally cytotoxic with the lowest LC50 values in vitro. By contrast, the activated forms of the 130 kDa and 65 kDa protoxins (53 kDa and 30-35 kDa proteins, respectively) were much more specific than the 25 kDa protein in their action on dipteran cells, and each showed a unique toxicity profile which, in the case of the 130 kDa preparation, was restricted to Anopheles and Culex cell lines.
Integrated interferometric injection laser: novel fast and broad-band tunable monolithic light source (1991)

A wide-range electronically wavelength-tunable InGaAsP-InP laser has been developed. This monolithic single-mode light source is based on interferometric principles. The authors report on successful fabrication and first experimental device characteristics obtained with these novel Y-coupled-cavity integrated interferometric injection lasers. For both the 1300 and 1500 nm wavelength regions, very large tuning ranges for 22 and 23 nm. respectively, were achieved by proper current adjustment. The minimum achieved linewidth of the nonoptimized devices is 35 MHz. Within the complete tuning range, the selection of 12 individual single-mode channels spaced by 2 nm is demonstrated with high-modulation bandwidths up to 5 GHz. A preliminary test of the wavelength switching behavior between two individual single modes indicates promising high-speed switching capabilities in the gigahertz range.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Geometry-Based Edge Clustering for Graph Visualization (2008)

Graphs have been widely used to model relationships among data. For large graphs, excessive edge crossings make the display visually cluttered and thus difficult to explore. In this paper, we propose a novel geometry-based edge-clustering framework that can group edges into bundles to reduce the overall edge crossings. Our method uses a control mesh to guide the edge-clustering process; edge bundles can be formed by forcing all edges to pass through some control points on the mesh. The control mesh can be generated at different levels of detail either manually or automatically based on underlying graph patterns. Users can further interact with the edge-clustering results through several advanced visualization techniques such as color and opacity enhancement. Compared with other edge-clustering methods, our approach is intuitive, flexible, and efficient. The experiments on some large graphs demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
Coordinated Multilevel Buffer Cache Management with Consistent Access Locality Quantification (2007)

This paper proposes a protocol for effective coordinated buffer cache management in a multilevel cache hierarchy typical of a client/server system. Currently, such cache hierarchies are managed suboptimally-decisions about block placement and replacement are made locally at each level of the hierarchy without coordination between levels. Though straightforward, this approach has several weaknesses: 1) Blocks may be redundantly cached, reducing the effective total cache size, 2) weakened locality at lower-level caches makes recency-based replacement algorithms such as LRU less effective, and 3) high-level caches cannot effectively identify blocks with strong locality and may place them in low-level caches, The fundamental reason for these weaknesses is that the locality information embedded in the streams of access requests from clients is not consistently analyzed and exploited, resulting in globally nonsystematic, and therefore suboptimal, placement and replacement of cached blocks across the hierarchy. To address this problem, we propose a coordinated multilevel cache management protocol based on consistent access-locality quantification. In this protocol, locality is dynamically quantified at the client level to direct servers to place or replace blocks appropriately at each level of the cache hierarchy. The result is that the block layout in the entirely hierarchy dynamically matches the locality of block accesses. Our simulation experiments on both synthetic and real-life traces show that the protocol effectively ameliorates these caching problems. As anecdotal evidence, our protocol achieves a reduction of block accesses of 11 percent to 71 percent, with an average of 35 percent, over uniLRU, a unified multilevel cache scheme
EXTENDING RENEGOTIATION-PROOFNESS TO INFINITE HORIZON GAMES (1988)

game theory ; optimization ; economic equilibrium
Wide Baseline Stereo Matching based on Local, Affinely Invariant Regions (2000)

‘Invariant regions’ are image patches that automatically deform with changing viewpoint as to keep on covering identical physical parts of a scene. Such regions are then described by a set of invariant features, which makes it relatively easy to match them between views and under changing illumination. In previous work, we have presented invariant regions that are based on a combination of corners and edges. The application discussed then was image database retrieval. Here, an alternative method for extracting (affinely) invariant regions is given, that does not depend on the presence of edges or corners in the image but is purely intensity-based. Also, we demonstrate the use of such regions for another application, which is wide baseline stereo matching. As a matter of fact, the goal is to build an opportunistic system that exploits several types of invariant regions as it sees fit. This yields more correspondences and a system that can deal with a wider range of images. To increase the robustness of the system even further, two semi-local constraints on combinations of region correspondences are derived (one geometric, the other photometric). They allow to test the consistency of correspondences and hence to reject falsely matched regions.
Disruption of the sphingolipid Δ8-desaturase gene causes a delay in morphological changes in Candida albicans (2008)

Ceramides and glycosylceramides, including desaturated long-chain bases, are present in most fungi as well as animals and plants. However, as the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is not capable of desaturating long-chain bases, little is known about the physiological roles of these compounds in fungi. To investigate the necessity of desaturation of long-chain backbones in ceramides and glucosylceramides in fungal cells, we have identified and characterized a sphingolipid Delta8-desaturase (SLD) gene from the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Gene disruption of the C. albicans SLD homologue led to the accumulation of (E)-sphing-4-enine, a main substrate for the SLD enzyme. Introducing the Candida SLD gene homologue into these mutant cells resulted in the recovery of synthesis of (4E, 8E)-sphinga-4,8-dienine and this gene homologue was therefore identified as a Ca-SLD gene. Additionally, the sld disruptant of C. albicans had a decreased hyphal growth rate compared with the wild-type strain. These results suggest that Delta8-desaturation of long-chain bases in ceramides plays a role in the morphogenesis of C. albicans.
Modification of soft tissue vibrations in the leg by muscular activity (2001)

Vibration characteristics were recorded for the soft tissues of the triceps surae, tibialis anterior, and quadriceps muscles. The frequency and damping of free vibrations in these tissues were measured while isometric and isotonic contractions of the leg were performed. Soft tissue vibration frequency and damping increased with both the force produced by and the shortening velocity of the underlying muscle. Both frequency and damping were greater in a direction normal to the skin surface than in a direction parallel to the major axis of each leg segment. Vibration characteristics further changed with the muscle length and between the individuals tested. The range of the measured vibration frequencies coincided with typical frequencies of impact forces during running. However, observations suggest that soft tissue vibrations are minimal during running. These results support the strategy that increases in muscular activity may be used by some individuals to move the frequency and damping characteristics of the soft tissues away from those of the impact force and thus minimize vibrations during walking and running.
The evolutionarily conserved Krüppel-associated box domain defines a subfamily of eukaryotic multifingered proteins. (1991)

We have previously shown that the human genome includes hundreds of genes coding for putative factors related to the Krüppel zinc-finger protein, which regulates Drosophila segmentation. We report herein that about one-third of these genes code for proteins that share a very conserved region of about 75 amino acids in their N-terminal nonfinger portion. Homologous regions are found in a number of previously described finger proteins, including mouse Zfp-1 and Xenopus Xfin. We named this region the Krüppel-associated box (KRAB). This domain has the potential to form two amphipathic alpha-helices. Southern blot analysis of "zoo" blots suggests that the Krüppel-associated box is highly conserved during evolution. Northern blot analysis shows that these genes are expressed in most adult tissues and are down-regulated during in vitro terminal differentiation of human myeloid cells.
Immediate reactions to fruits and vegetables (1977)

Common fruits and vegetables were tested as such with the “scratch‐chamber” method in 388 patients with various atopic disorders. Of the patients with hypersensitivity to birch pollen, 36% showed immediate positive responses to these natural, fresh materials. Apple, carrot, parsnip and potato elicited reactions more often than, e.g. swede, tomato, onion and parsley. On the basis of clinical data, the relevancy of the results of the skin tests was 80–90%. Both “false positive” and “false negative” responses were seen. Itching and tingling with or without oedema of the lips, mouth and tongue were the most common complaints after eating raw fruits and vegetables. In addition, laryngeal and abdominal disturbances, rhinitis and hand dermatitis were recorded. Among patients without allergy to birch pollen, reactions to fruits and vegetables were rare. The nature of the allergens could not be determined.
Ayurvedic medicinal plants for Alzheimer's disease: a review (2012)

Alzheimer's disease is an age-associated, irreversible, progressive neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by severe memory loss, unusual behavior, personality changes, and a decline in cognitive function. No cure for Alzheimer's exists, and the drugs currently available to treat the disease have limited effectiveness. It is believed that therapeutic intervention that could postpone the onset or progression of Alzheimer's disease would dramatically reduce the number of cases in the next 50 years. Ayurvedic medicinal plants have been the single most productive source of leads for the development of drugs, and over a hundred new products are already in clinical development. Indeed, several scientific studies have described the use of various Ayurvedic medicinal plants and their constituents for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Although the exact mechanism of their action is still not clear, phytochemical studies of the different parts of the plants have shown the presence of many valuable compounds, such as lignans, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, triterpenes, sterols, and alkaloids, that show a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-amyloidogenic, anti-cholinesterase, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant effects. This review gathers research on various medicinal plants that have shown promise in reversing the Alzheimer's disease pathology. The report summarizes information concerning the phytochemistry, biological, and cellular activities and clinical applications of these various plants in order to provide sufficient baseline information that could be used in drug discovery campaigns and development process, thereby providing new functional leads for Alzheimer's disease.
Comparative evaluation of the effects of treatment with tocilizumab and TNF-α inhibitors on serum hepcidin, anemia response and disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients (2013)

Hepcidin-mediated iron metabolism may contribute to the pathogenesis of RA-related anemia. In our cohort, tocilizumab was more effective than TNF-α inhibitors for improving anemia and normalizing iron metabolism in RA patients by inhibiting hepcidin production.
Mechanisms of Neuronal Injury and Death in HIV-1 Associated Dementia (2006)

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) remain a persistent and even growing health problem worldwide. Besides its detrimental systemic effects on the immune system, HIV-1 seems to enter the brain very soon after peripheral infection and can induce severe and debilitating neurological problems that include behavioral abnormalities, motor dysfunction and frank dementia. Infected peripheral immune cells, in particular macrophages, appear to infiltrate the CNS and provoke a neuropathological response involving all cell types in the brain. Both viral and host factors, such as the viral strain and the response of the host's immune system, strongly influence the course of HIV-1 disease. Moreover, HIV-1-dependent disease processes in the periphery have a substantial effect on the pathology developing in the central nervous system (CNS), although the brain eventually harbors a distinctive viral population of its own. In the CNS, HIV-1 also initiates activation of chemokine receptors, inflammatory mediators, extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes and glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity, all of which can activate numerous downstream signaling pathways and disturb neuronal and glial function. Although there have been substantial improvements in the control of viral infection in the periphery, an effective therapy for HIV-1 associated dementia (HAD) is still not in sight. This article will review recently identified injurious mechanisms potentially contributing to neuronal death in association with HIV-1 disease and discuss recent and prospective approaches for therapy and prevention of HAD.
Site-Specific Glycosylation of Bovine Butyrophilin1 (1995)

Our previous studies showed that the N-linked sugar chains of most bovine glycoproteins from milk fat globule membranes (MFGM) contain the GalNAc beta 1-->4GlcNAc group [Sato et al. (1993) J. Biochem. 114, 890-900]. Since expression of the disaccharide structure is influenced by peptide sequences near the glycosylation sites [Smith and Baenziger (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 329-333], the site-specificity of the N-acetylgalactosaminylated sugar chains was investigated using bovine butyrophilin, a major MFGM glycoprotein with known primary structure. Two glycopeptide fragments which contained the N-linked sugar chains linked to either Asn-55 or Asn-215 residue were obtained by digestion of the protein with Achromobacter protease I. The sugar chains released from each glycopeptide by hydrazinolysis were reduced with NaB3H4. Structural analyses of the oligosaccharides by sequential exoglycosidase digestion and methylation analysis revealed that only complex-type sugar chains with the GalNAc beta 1-->4GlcNAc structure are included in Asn-55-linked oligosaccharides, while only novel hybrid-type sugar chains detected previously in bovine MFGM glycoproteins are included in Asn-215-linked oligosaccharides. The results show that the glycosylation of butyrophilin occurs in a site-specific manner.
The Nature of Lunar Soil: Considerations for Simulants (2004)

It is obvious that many factors must be considered in making lunar simulants for various ISRU projects. This subject is of major importance (also, see abstract by Carter et al., this meeting) as we move into the near-future endeavors associated with a return to the Moon. Herein, we address the detailed geologic specifics of lunar soil and list many of the geotechnical properties that should be considered before we produce simulants for definitive study purposes.
Selective reflex activation of the genioglossus in humans (1990)

In anesthetized or decerebrate animals, negative pressure applied to the upper airway selectively activates the hypoglossal nerve compared with the phrenic nerve. Conversely, positive pressure reduces hypoglossal nerve activity out of proportion to any change in the phrenic neurogram. We have tested the hypothesis that analogous pressure changes applied to awake humans would selectively inhibit or activate genioglossal electromyographic (EMGge) activity relative to diaphragmatic electromyographic activity (EMGdi). We studied seven normal subjects in a head-out body plethysmograph. Pressure at the mouth was either atmospheric, +10 cmH2O, or -10 cmH2O, and lung volume was held constant by applying an identical pressure to the body surface. Thus the transmural pressure distorting the respiratory system was applied only to the upper airway. Subjects breathed CO2-enriched (2-3%) room air to stimulate phasic respiratory EMGge activity. We found that -10 cmH2O pressure applied selectively to the upper airway resulted in a 49% enhancement of peak-integrated EMGge activity, but EMGdi activity remained at control levels. Positive pressure did not result in any changes in EMGge or EMGdi activity. Neither pressure resulted in significant changes in the magnitude or pattern of ventilation. We conclude that reflex mechanisms maintaining upper airway patency are demonstrable in awake humans and probably have an important role in moment-to-moment modulation of upper airway muscle activity in normal awake humans.
Multi‐layer fusion techniques using a CNN for multispectral pedestrian detection (2018)

In this study, a novel multi‐layer fused convolution neural network (MLF‐CNN) is proposed for detecting pedestrians under adverse illumination conditions. Currently, most existing pedestrian detectors are very likely to be stuck under adverse illumination circumstances such as shadows, overexposure, or nighttime. To detect pedestrians under such conditions, the authors apply deep learning for effective fusion of the visible and thermal information in multispectral images. The MLF‐CNN consists of a proposal generation stage and a detection stage. In the first stage, they design an MLF region proposal network and propose to use summation fusion method for integration of the two convolutional layers. This combination can detect pedestrians in different scales, even in adverse illumination. Furthermore, instead of extracting features from a single layer, they extract features from three feature maps and match the scale using the fused ROI pooling layers. This new multiple‐layer fusion technique can significantly reduce the detection miss rate. Extensive evaluations of several challenging datasets well demonstrate that their approach achieves state‐of‐the‐art performance. For example, their method performs 28.62% better than the baseline method and 11.35% better than the well‐known faster R‐CNN halfway fusion method in detection accuracy on KAIST multispectral pedestrian dataset.
A NOVEL DECARBOXYLATION OF α-AMINO ACIDS. A FACILE METHOD OF DECARBOXYLATION BY THE USE OF 2-CYCLOHEXEN-1-ONE AS A CATALYST (1986)

Abstract In the presence of a catalytic amount of 2-cyclohexen-1-one, decarboxylation of α-amino acids proceeds smoothly and affords the corresponding amino compounds in good yields. Optically active amino compounds, (3R)-(−)-3-hydroxypyrrolidine and (2R)-(−)-2-hydroxypropylamine are obtained in 93% and 80% yields, respectively.
Alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonists are neuroprotective in a rat model of optic nerve degeneration. (1999)

In addition to their known effect of lowering intraocular pressure, alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonists, unlike timolol, exert a neuroprotective effect. Use of the rat optic nerve model of partial crush injury can serve as a method of screening compounds that are potentially capable of alleviating the progression of secondary neuronal degeneration.