gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low‐Cost Serum‐Free Medium for the BTI‐Tn5B1–4 Insect Cell Line (1998)

Abstract The BTI‐Tn5B1–4 insect cell line, commercially available as the High Five cell line (Invitrogen), supports higher levels of recombinant protein production compared to existing insect cell lines. Proprietary serum‐free media such as ExCell 405 (JRH Biosciences), Express Five (Life Technologies), IS BAC (Irvine Scientific), and CCM3 (HyClone) are available which were developed specifically for a suspension culture of High Five cells. While these media are highly optimized, a lower cost alternative is desirable for large‐scale protein production which is also serum‐free and supports good cell growth (&gt;5 × 10 6 cells/mL) and recombinant protein production (&gt;50 mg/L of secreted protein). The amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism of the Tn5B1–4 cells was first examined. It was found that asparagine was nearly depleted during batch growth in Ex‐Cell 405, without limitations in glutamine, other amino acids, or glucose. Alanine also accumulated to about 35 mM during growth. We then extended the formulation techniques for medium development used for Spodoptera cell lines to the Tn5B1–4 cell line. A medium based on IPL‐41 basal medium, Hy‐Soy protein hydrolysate (Quest, International), yeastolate ultrafiltrate, a lipid−sterol emulsion, and Pluronic F‐68 was developed. Dextran sulfate (100 μg/mL) was used to induce a single cell suspension culture. This medium is denoted as ISYL and performs best when supplemented with a 2.5% lipid−Pluronic F‐68 mixture. Supplementation with additional aspargine in a 1.5% lipid−Pluronic F‐68 mixture did not improve growth, suggesting that a lipid was growth‐limiting and not an amino acid. Ex‐Cell 405 and ISYL with 2.5% lipid−Pluronic F‐68 supplement supported virtually identical growth rates, extent of growth (ca. 6.0 × 10 6 cells/mL) in an 80% oxygen atmosphere, and supported production of SEAP (secreted human alkaline phosphatase) at a volumetric level of about 65−70 mg/L. Thus, the less expensive ISYL medium can deliver acceptable performance and may be suitable for large‐scale insect cell cultures.
Role of A2B adenosine receptor signaling in adenosine-dependent pulmonary inflammation and injury (2006)

Adenosine has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In vitro studies suggest that activation of the A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) results in proinflammatory and profibrotic effects relevant to the progression of lung diseases; however, in vivo data supporting these observations are lacking. Adenosine deaminase-deficient (ADA-deficient) mice develop pulmonary inflammation and injury that are dependent on increased lung adenosine levels. To investigate the role of the A2BAR in vivo, ADA-deficient mice were treated with the selective A2BAR antagonist CVT-6883, and pulmonary inflammation, fibrosis, and airspace integrity were assessed. Untreated and vehicle-treated ADA-deficient mice developed pulmonary inflammation, fibrosis, and enlargement of alveolar airspaces; conversely, CVT-6883-treated ADA-deficient mice showed less pulmonary inflammation, fibrosis, and alveolar airspace enlargement. A2BAR antagonism significantly reduced elevations in proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines as well as mediators of fibrosis and airway destruction. In addition, treatment with CVT-6883 attenuated pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in wild-type mice subjected to bleomycin-induced lung injury. These findings suggest that A2BAR signaling influences pathways critical for pulmonary inflammation and injury in vivo. Thus in chronic lung diseases associated with increased adenosine, antagonism of A2BAR-mediated responses may prove to be a beneficial therapy.
Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of interferon beta -1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis analysed by area under disability/time curves (1999)

Summary measure analysis using the AUC of serial disability/time plots, confirms and extends the results of conventional end point analysis of disability from the PRISMS Study data. AUC evaluations show that high dose INFbeta-1a (44 microg three times weekly) was beneficial on all of the clinical rating scale scores used in this study. This method provides a statistically powerful and clinically meaningful assessment of treatment effects on in trial disability in patients with multiple sclerosis with fluctuating and highly heterogeneous disease courses.
Apoptosis of human melanoma cells induced by inhibition of B-RAFV600E involves preferential splicing of bimS (2010)

Bim is known to be critical in killing of melanoma cells by inhibition of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. However, the potential role of the most potent apoptosis-inducing isoform of Bim, Bim(S), remains largely unappreciated. Here, we show that inhibition of the mutant B-RAF(V600E) triggers preferential splicing to produce Bim(S), which is particularly important in induction of apoptosis in B-RAF(V600E) melanoma cells. Although the specific B-RAF(V600E) inhibitor PLX4720 upregulates all three major isoforms of Bim, Bim(EL), Bim(L), and Bim(S), at the protein and mRNA levels in B-RAF(V600E) melanoma cells, the increase in the ratios of Bim(S) mRNA to Bim(EL) and Bim(L) mRNA indicates that it favours Bim(S) splicing. Consistently, enforced expression of B-RAF(V600E) in wild-type B-RAF melanoma cells and melanocytes inhibits Bim(S) expression. The splicing factor SRp55 appears necessary for the increase in Bim(S) splicing, as SRp55 is upregulated, and its inhibition by small interfering RNA blocks induction of Bim(S) and apoptosis induced by PLX4720. The PLX4720-induced, SRp55-mediated increase in Bim(S) splicing is also mirrored in freshly isolated B-RAF(V600E) melanoma cells. These results identify a key mechanism for induction of apoptosis by PLX4720, and are instructive for sensitizing melanoma cells to B-RAF(V600E) inhibitors.
A similarity retrieval method for image databases using simple graphics (2003)

A retrieval method that uses key images is proposed for image databases. The key images represent layout information of the target image. Therefore, key images can appear explicitly in the target image. The layout information presentation scheme is also discussed. The key-image-matching method used to search for the target image in the database is described. Applying the concept of ambiguity to the matching method, users' requests can be reflected more accurately and flexibly.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Regression of Tumors in Guinea Pigs After Treatment with Synthetic Muramyl Dipeptides and Trehalose Dimycolate (1980)

A high incidence of tumor regression was observed in guinea pigs bearing transplantable, line-10 hepatocellular carcinomas when synthetic muramyl dipeptides combined with trehalose dimycolate in oil-in-water emulsions were injected directly into the tumors. These compounds are promising candidates to replace viable bacillus Calmette-Guérin in cancer immunotherapy in humans and animals.
Expression of lectin receptors on the surface of granulocyte‐macrophage progenitor cells (cfu‐gm) (1986)

It has been emphasized that specific bindings between membrane glycoproteins and membrane lectin-like substances are important in cell-to-cell interactions. We explored the surface of granulocyte-macrophage precursor cells (CFU-gm) by the differential agglutination technique. Enrichment of CFU-gm in the agglutinated fraction, containing the cells which have lectin receptors, from marrow treated with soybean agglutinin (SBA), peanut agglutinin (PNA) and concanavalin A (Con A), suggests the presence of reactive galactosyl and mannosyl residues on the surface of CFU-gm. On the other hand, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and ulex europaeus agglutinin (UEA), which bind to reactive N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and fucose, respectively, did not specifically agglutinate CFU-gm. Thus, reactive groups containing galactosyl and mannosyl structures on the surface of CFU-gm may possibly play a role in the process of cell-to-cell interactions between CFU-gm and marrow stromal cells.
Cytosolic components of the respiratory burst oxidase: resolution of four components, two of which are missing in complementing types of chronic granulomatous disease. (1989)

The respiratory burst oxidase of neutrophils can be activated in a cell-free system in which plasma membranes, cytosol, Mg2+, and a membrane-perturbing detergent, such as arachidonate or sodium dodecyl sulfate, are all required. Using the technique of preparative isoelectric focusing, the cytosol factor required for oxidase activation was resolved into four components termed C1-C4 with respective pI values of approximately 3.1, 6.0, 7.0, and 9.5. Individually, these components were incapable of activating the oxidase and could only be detected in the presence of suboptimal amounts of normal cytosol that served to supply at least a limited amount of each of the required components. Attempts to activate the oxidase with a combination of the four components failed, suggesting that there might be a yet undetected fifth cytosolic component. Patients with autosomal recessive cytochrome b-positive chronic granulomatous disease (type II CGD) are severely deficient in cytosol factor activity. When added to cytosol samples from two patients with this form of CGD, component C4 restored the ability of each patient's cytosol to activate dormant oxidase. None of the other three cytosol factor components (C1-C3) was effective in this regard, a finding supported by the direct demonstration that these three components were present in normal amounts in this type of CGD. A different form of type II CGD was identified in a third patient on the basis of complementation studies in which the patient's cytosol was able to activate the oxidase in the cell-free system when mixed with cytosol from one of the first two patients. The defect in this third patient's cytosol could be partially corrected by component C2, but not component C4, obtained from normal cytosol. These findings indicate that the role of cytosol in the activation of the respiratory burst oxidase is more complex than previously appreciated in that at least four cytosolic components appear to be required. Defects in two of these components have now been identified and appear to be responsible for two biochemically distinct forms of CGD.
Mrp2-related efflux of scutellarin in the intestinal absorption in rats. (2008)

This study was conducted to investigate the role of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2(Mrp2) in the rat intestinal absorption of scutellarin and explore the possible reasons for its low oral bioavailability. Verapamil had little effect on the transport amount of scutellarin shown by in vitro everted sac experiments and the apparent permeability of the drug demonstrated by in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion experiments (SPIP). Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) added to the mucosal side significantly enhanced the transport of scutellarin to the serosal side. The Papp value of scutellarin increased gradually on raising the L-Buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine (BSO) concentration to 0.5 mM in the perfusion solution (P < 0.05). When probenecid (1 mM) was coperfused, a 1.34-fold increase in the Papp was observed (P < 0.05). Coperfusion of 0.5 mM BSO and 1 mM probenecid with 4.33 microM scutellarin, the Papp is 2.24 times than that of the control rats (p < 0.01). As shown by in silico experiments the spatial structure of scutellarin was in good agreement with the pharmacophore of Mrp2. The efflux of Mrp2, not P-gp, in the intestinal of the rats may be one of the reasons that lead to the low oral bioavailability of scutellarin.
Noninvasive Prenatal Testing/Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis: the Position of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (2013)

The 1997 discovery of free fetal DNA in maternal plasma launched clinical researchers' efforts to establish a reliable method for non-invasive prenatal testing for fetal genetic conditions. Various methods, including, but not limited to, massively parallel sequencing (MPS) and selective analysis of cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma, have recently been developed as highly sensitive and specific noninvasive screening tools for common fetal chromosome aneuploidies. Incorporating these new noninvasive technologies into clinical practice will impact the current prenatal screening paradigm for fetal aneuploidy, in which genetic counseling plays an integral role. The National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) currently supports Noninvasive Prenatal Testing/Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis (NIPT/NIPD) as an option for patients whose pregnancies are considered to be at an increased risk for certain chromosome abnormalities. NSGC urges that NIPT/NIPD only be offered in the context of informed consent, education, and counseling by a qualified provider, such as a certified genetic counselor. Patients whose NIPT/NIPD results are abnormal, or who have other factors suggestive of a chromosome abnormality, should receive genetic counseling and be given the option of standard confirmatory diagnostic testing.
A prospective randomised comparison of cardiotomy suction and cell saver for recycling shed blood during cardiac surgery (2003)

Use of cell saver results in less fat being recycled during cardiopulmonary bypass.
Photoinduced Intracellular Controlled Release Drug Delivery in Human Cells by Gold-Capped Mesoporous Silica Nanosphere (2009)

A gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-capped mesoporous silica nanosphere (MSN)-based intracellular drug delivery system (PR-AuNPs-MSN) for the photoinduced controlled release of an anticancer drug, paclitaxel, inside of human fibroblast and liver cells was synthesized and characterized. We found that the mesopores of MSN could be efficiently capped by the photoresponsive AuNPs without leaking the toxic drug, paclitaxel, inside of live human cells. This "zero premature release" characteristic is of importance for delivery of toxic drugs in chemotherapy. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the cargo-release property of this PR-AuNPs-MSN system could be easily controlled by low-power photoirradiation under biocompatible and physiological conditions. We envision that our results would play a significant role in designing new generations of carrier materials for intracellular delivery of a variety of hydrophobic toxic drugs.
Genome-Wide Association Studies of Allergic Diseases (2013)

Allergic diseases are complex diseases caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. To determine the genetic components of these diseases and to discover the genes and cellular pathways underlying them, a large number of genetic studies have been conducted. Progress in genetics enables us to conduct genome-wide association studies (GWASs), which is a comprehensive and unbiased approach to identify susceptibility loci for multifactorial diseases. Recent GWASs have convincingly detected a large number of loci associated with allergic diseases. Candidate genes in the susceptibility loci suggest roles for epithelial barrier functions, innate-adaptive immunity, IL-1 family signaling, regulatory T cells and the vitamin D pathway in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Interestingly, the IL1RL1, HLA, IL13 and C11orf30 regions are overlapping susceptibility loci among atopic dermatitis and asthma or allergic rhinitis. Although a more complete collection of associated genes and pathways is needed, biologic insights revealed by GWASs improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of human allergic diseases and contribute to the development of better treatment and preventive strategies.
Multidrug resistance: molecular and clinical aspects. (1997)

Clinical drug resistance, a common and compromising side-effect during anticancer chemotherapy, is an acquired cellular resistance simultaneously to several cytotoxic drugs. Expression of the multidrug resistance gene (mdr) is one of the most-studied potential underlying mechanisms. The human mdr gene family encompasses two homologous members, the first of which, called the mdr1 gene, is the best-characterized so far. The human mdr1 gene has been shown to encode a membrane P-170 glycoprotein that, on the basis of its structure, is considered to act as a drug-efflux pump excreting various drugs from cells. The human mdr1 gene is thus a major regulated gene playing an important role in the molecular mechanism of multidrug resistance. Its bipartite structure of two similarly organized halves is explained by a gene fusion event during evolution. However, the clinical significance of this particular feature, if it seemed obvious in the 1980s as a factor producing chemoresistance, is currently revised-being a marker of tumor aggressiveness rather than the cause of drug resistance.
Catalytic pyrolysis of agricultural residues for bio-oil production (2007)

Agricultural residues from Thailand, namely stalk and rhizome of cassava plants, were employed as raw materials for bio-oil production via fast pyrolysis technology. There were two main objectives of this project. The first one was to determine the optimum pyrolysis temperature for maximising the organics yield and to investigate the properties of the bio-oils produced. To achieve this objective, pyrolysis experiments were conducted using a bench-scale (150 g/h) reactor system, followed by bio-oil analysis. It was found that the reactor bed temperature that could give the highest organics yield for both materials was 490±15ºC. At all temperatures studied, the rhizome gave about 2-4% higher organics yields than the stalk. The bio-oil derived from the rhizome had lower oxygen content, higher calorific value and better stability, thus indicating better quality than that produced from the stalk. The second objective was to improve the bio-oil properties in terms of heating value, viscosity and storage stability by the incorporation of catalyst into the pyrolysis process. Catalytic pyrolysis was initially performed in a micro-scale reactor to screen a large number of catalysts. Subsequently, seven catalysts were selected for experiments with larger-scale (150 g/h) pyrolysis unit. The catalysts were zeolite and related materials (ZSM-5, Al-MCM-41 and Al-MSU-F), commercial catalysts (Criterion-534 and MI-575), copper chromite and ash. Additionally, the combination of two catalysts in series was investigated. These were Criterion-534/ZSM-5 and Al-MSU-F/ZSM-5. The results showed that all catalysts could improve the bio-oils properties as they enhanced cracking and deoxygenation reactions and in some cases such as ZSM-5, Criterion-534 and Criterion-534/ZSM-5, valuable chemicals like hydrocarbons and light phenols were produced. The highest concentration of these compounds was obtained with Criterion-534/ZSM-5.
Quantitative Analysis of Urine Vapor and Breath by Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography (1971)

When a human being is placed for several days on a completely defined diet, consisting almost entirely of small molecules that are absorbed from the stomach into the blood, intestinal flora disappear because of lack of nutrition. By this technique, the composition of body fluids can be made constant (standard deviation about 10%) after a few days, permitting significant quantitative analyses to be performed. A method of temperature-programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography has been developed for this purpose. It permits the quantitative determination of about 250 substances in a sample of breath, and of about 280 substances in a sample of urine vapor. The technique should be useful in the application of the principles of orthomolecular medicine.
TRANSMITTANCE OF NONIONIZING RADIATION IN HUMAN TISSUES* (1981)

Abstract— Spectral transmittance of 400–865 nm radiation through various human structures, including the skull with scalp, the chest wall, abdominal wall and scrotum, is presented. There is essentially no visible light of wavelengths shorter than 500 nm transmitted through the chest or the abdominal wall. In contrast, 10 −5 –10 −4 of blue light can reach the brain and testes. Transmittance of all tissues increases progressively with wavelength from 600 to 814nm. The maximal transmittances are 10 −2 –10 −1 for skulls and scrota, and 10 −3 –10 −2 for chest and abdominal walls. Tissue thickness, optical absorption and scattering are major influencing factors.
[Isotyping of human C4 complement using differences in the functional activity of C4A and C4B isotypes]. (2000)

The difference in the functional activity of the isotypes A and B of component C4 of human complement was used to determine their ratio and to detect the inherited deficiency of the isotypes. ELISA methods were developed for the quantitative assay of component C4 (conventional sandwich method) and its functional activity. When determining the functional activity, the classic pathway of the complement and therefore of component C4 was activated by activators sorbed on ELISA microplates (immunoglobulin IgG3 or liposaccharide of the Shigella sonnei cell walls, which activates the complement by binding component C1). The nascent fragment C4b is covalently bound to the target activator; C4Ab binds better to the target protein (immunoglobulin), and C4Bb to the target carbohydrate (liposaccharide). Therefore, when immunoglobulin is a target activator, isotype C4A is bound and determined; and when the complement is activated by liposaccharide, isotype C4B is determined. The ratio of the activities determined by the two methods indicates a deficiency in the individual isotypes of component C4 or its absence. The rabbit polyclonal monospecific antibodies against the human component C4 and the conjugates of these antibodies with horseradish peroxidase were used in the methods described.
New Powers of Brown Fat: Fighting the Metabolic Syndrome (2011)

An understanding of the full powers of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is only successively being accumulated. In a paper in Nature Medicine, Bartelt et al. (2011) add further impressive aspects to the potential powers of BAT in the combat against the metabolic syndrome by demonstrating its vast capacity for triglyceride clearance and glucose disposal.
In vivo RNAi Library Screen to Identify Mediators of Disease Progression and Drug Resistance in CML (2006)

Abstract : Clinical data indicate a link of disease progression and resistance to imatinib therapy. While previous work on imatininb resistance has focused on mutations in the drug target these cannot explain the reduced effectiveness of imatinib in advanced disease stages. Usinga candidate approach we found that the p53 tumor suppressor is activated by and contributes to the antitumor activity of imatinib. Further p53 is implicated in disease progression inCML (Wendel et al. Proc NatI Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 9;103(19):7444-9). To further approach the problem using an unbiased approach we proposed an in vivo RNAiscreen. This turned out to be technically extremely challenging and we had to take a very systematic approach at resolving some of the problems. However we have developed i) an improved RNAi design ii) suitable library vectors for in vivo and in vitro work iii)nearly genome wide libraries in these vectors and iv) improved array-based detection methods. With these necessary and important improvements we now have promising preliminary data from in vitro screens.