gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Superior Cu fill with highly reliable Cu/ULK integration for 10nm node and beyond (2013)

It is possible to overcome Cu void issues beyond 10nm node device by adapting CVD-Ru liner instead of conventional PVD Ta liner. However, CVD Ru liner integration degrades TDDB performance without optimizing its scheme. In this paper, superior gap-fill performance without TDDB performance degradation will be described in our optimized integration scheme along with a proposal for the mechanism of TDDB degradation in the Ru integration scheme. CVD-Ru liner is the prime candidate for Cu metallization at 10nm node and beyond.
Enabling technologies for forming and contacting shallow junctions in Si: HF-vapor cleaning and selective epitaxial growth of Si and SiGe (1999)

Future generation devices with critical dimensions of less than 130 nm will have source/drain areas with junction depths of less than about 70 nm and a sheet resistance of around 3 Ω/sq. Conventional technologies used to form and contact such shallow and low resistance source/drain areas are concluded to no longer be feasible in manufacturing. Elevated source/drain technology is shown to be very attractive for manufacturing sub-130 nm devices. In this article we describe two critical processes to form such elevated source/drains. First, a novel HF-vapor clean chemistry for native oxide removal is described. The etch chemistry uses acetic acid vapor as a catalyst to initiate and control etching with HF vapor. Excellent repeatability and selectivity are achieved. Second, in situ doped selective epitaxial growth (SEG) of Si and SiGe is addressed. The advantages of adding Ge to the epitaxial film are discussed. Issues like microloading and facet formation are also discussed and are demonstrated as solvable. Vacuum integration of the above two mentioned processes eliminates the need for a high temperature H2 bake. The elimination of the H2 bake and the addition of Ge to enable SEG at lower temperatures are demonstrated to substantially decrease the thermal budget, increase throughput, and eliminate queue time in the factory. These improvements make elevated source/drain technology technically and economically feasible for the manufacturing of 130–70 nm devices.
A new convergent approach to monodisperse dendritic macromolecules (1990)

A novel convergent approach for the synthesis of dendritic macromolecules is presented and its scope and versatility demonstrated with the synthesis of a series of monodisperse dendritic polyether macromolecules based on 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol as the monomer unit up to a molecular weight of 40 689.
Telomeres, telomerase, oncogenesis and measure of health (2010)

SUMMARY Review includes broad spectrum of data concerning telomeres and telomerase. Along with description of telomere length and telomerase activity alterations in the process of development there are data about telomere and telomerase roles in the oncogenesis, the consequences of hereditary decreasing of telomerase activity, and principles of cancer treatment in the context of telomerase. Some attention paid to recent discoveries of nontelomeric functions of telomerase, the history of Nobel prize awarding in 2009 and to linkage of peripheral blood leucocytes telomere length with the development of various pathologies associated with aging. Some data are presented concerning telomere biology of stem cells and forced expression of telomerase in human cells (telomerization).
Cross-domain video concept detection using adaptive svms (2007)

Many multimedia applications can benefit from techniques for adapting existing classifiers to data with different distributions. One example is cross-domain video concept detection which aims to adapt concept classifiers across various video domains. In this paper, we explore two key problems for classifier adaptation: (1) how to transform existing classifier(s) into an effective classifier for a new dataset that only has a limited number of labeled examples, and (2) how to select the best existing classifier(s) for adaptation. For the first problem, we propose Adaptive Support Vector Machines (A-SVMs) as a general method to adapt one or more existing classifiers of any type to the new dataset. It aims to learn the "delta function" between the original and adapted classifier using an objective function similar to SVMs. For the second problem, we estimate the performance of each existing classifier on the sparsely-labeled new dataset by analyzing its score distribution and other meta features, and select the classifiers with the best estimated performance. The proposed method outperforms several baseline and competing methods in terms of classification accuracy and efficiency in cross-domain concept detection in the TRECVID corpus.
Effect of stress treatments on the detection of Listeria monocytogenes and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by the polymerase chain reaction (1994)

The relationship between viability assessed by plate counts and detectability by gene probe-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques was examined with cells of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes previously exposed to a range of stress treatments. In all cases the organisms were detectable by PCR after plate counts had declined to zero. Treatment with acid or hydrogen peroxide caused loss of PCR soon after viability was lost, but strong PCR signals were obtained from starved or desiccated cells long after cells became non-viable. Exposure to temperatures up to 100 degrees C had little effect on detection by PCR and even autoclaving cells at 121 degrees C for 15 min failed to abolish PCR detection completely. There is thus no simple relationship between viability and detectability by PCR. Detection of pathogens by PCR in environmental monitoring requires additional evidence of viability before risk can be properly assessed.
ROS generated by pollen NADPH oxidase provide a signal that augments antigen-induced allergic airway inflammation (2005)

Pollen exposure induces allergic airway inflammation in sensitized subjects. The role of antigenic pollen proteins in the induction of allergic airway inflammation is well characterized, but the contribution of other constituents in pollen grains to this process is unknown. Here we show that pollen grains and their extracts contain intrinsic NADPH oxidases. The pollen NADPH oxidases rapidly increased the levels of ROS in lung epithelium as well as the amount of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in airway-lining fluid. These oxidases, as well as products of oxidative stress (such as GSSG and 4-HNE) generated by these enzymes, induced neutrophil recruitment to the airways independent of the adaptive immune response. Removal of pollen NADPH oxidase activity from the challenge material reduced antigen-induced allergic airway inflammation, the number of mucin-containing cells in airway epithelium, and antigen-specific IgE levels in sensitized mice. Furthermore, challenge with Amb a 1, the major antigen in ragweed pollen extract that does not possess NADPH oxidase activity, induced low-grade allergic airway inflammation. Addition of GSSG or 4-HNE to Amb a 1 challenge material boosted allergic airway inflammation. We propose that oxidative stress generated by pollen NADPH oxidases (signal 1) augments allergic airway inflammation induced by pollen antigen (signal 2).
ChemInform Abstract: Gold: A Relatively New Catalyst. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Dysregulation of Autoantigen Genes in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis Involves Alternative Transcripts and New Protein Synthesis (2014)

Proteinase 3 (PR3) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) are two major autoantigens in patients with vasculitis with ANCA. The genes encoding these autoantigens are abnormally expressed in peripheral granulocytes of patients with active ANCA-associated vasculitis. This study provides evidence that this transcriptional dysregulation results in a variety of mRNA processing events from the PRTN3 gene locus. In addition to elevated levels of PR3 message, leukocyte RNA from patients contained PR3 transcripts with an alternative 3' untranslated region. Furthermore, we detected usage of an alternative transcription start site within intron 1 of the PRTN3 gene locus that coincided with active disease (odds ratio, 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.3 to 8.4; P=0.01). This promoter may be developmentally regulated, because it was active in normal human bone marrow, multiple leukemia cell lines, MCF-7 cells, and subjects after GM-CSF treatment but not subjects with a neutrophil left shift. This transcript, which lacks exon 1 of PRTN3, encodes a 24-kD protein (p24(PR3/MBN)) with a sequence similar to that previously described for myeloblastin. Notably, PR3, p24(PR3/MBN), and MPO were synthesized in cultured neutrophils from patients with active ANCA-associated vasculitis, indicating that increased transcription results in newly synthesized autoantigens in peripheral neutrophils of patients. The synthesis of p24(PR3/MBN) seems to expand the autoantigen repertoire, because immunoblots showed that sera from patients recognized p24(PR3/MBN). These findings emphasize the importance of transcriptional dysregulation of the autoantigen in autoimmune disease.
Intrathecal administration of the mGluR compound, (S)-4CPG, attenuates hyperalgesia and allodynia associated with sciatic nerve constriction injury in rats (1998)

The present study examined the effects of intrathecal (i.t.) treatment (twice-daily injections on post-operative (PO) days 0-8) with the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) compound, (S)-4-carboxyphenylglycine ((S)-4CPG), or the non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist, dizocilipine maleate (MK-801), on mechanical allodynia and cold hyperalgesia associated with chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats. Also, the effects of early (twice-daily injections on days 0-3) or late (twice-daily injections on days 8-11) (S)-4CPG treatment on the injury-related mechanical allodynia and cold hyperalgesia were assessed in CCI rats. Results demonstrated that 8-day (S)-4CPG or MK-801 treatment attenuated mechanical allodynia (up to PO days 12 or 16, respectively) and cold hyperalgesia (up to PO days 8 or 16, respectively). Results also demonstrated that early (S)-4CPG treatment significantly attenuated the development of mechanical allodynia (90 and 270 nmol) and cold hyperalgesia (270 nmol). However, late treatment with (S)-4CPG did not reduce the nociceptive behaviours in either behavioural task. These data not only confirm that the NMDA receptor plays a role in chronic nociception, but also suggest that Group I mGluRs are more critically involved in the development, and not the maintenance, of mechanical allodynia and cold hyperalgesia associated with CCI in rats.
Natural course of delta superinfection in chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients: Histopathologic study with multiple liver biopsies (1986)

We evaluated the natural course of delta superinfection in patients with chronic B viral hepatitis by examining serial liver biopsy specimens from 23 patients. The mean follow-up period was 2.5 years, and the average number of liver biopsies per patient was 2.8. The striking features were: (i) the prolonged acute hepatitis-like necroinflammatory activity (mean = 15 months) following acute delta hepatitis and (ii) rapid progression to severe forms of liver disease within a mean interval of 24 months from the onset of delta superinfection. Although there was a high frequency of stainable delta antigen (90%) in these liver biopsy specimens, there was no correlation between the degree of positivity and the histopathological changes.
Metabotropic glutamate receptors modulate feedback inhibition in a developmentally regulated manner in rat dentate gyrus (2004)

We investigated group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) modulation of glutamatergic input onto hilar-border interneurones and its regulation of feedback inhibition in the dentate gyrus. Selective activation of group II mGluRs with (2S,2'R,3'R)-2-(2',3'-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine (DCG-IV) depressed mossy fibre (MF)-evoked excitatory drive to these interneurones with significantly greater depression in juvenile than adult rats. During 20 Hz MF stimulus trains, EPSCs became depressed. Depression during the early, but not later part of the train was significantly greater in juvenile than adult rats and was blocked by the mGluR antagonist (2S)-2-amino-2-[(1S,2S)-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl]-3-(xanth-9-yl) propanoic acid (LY341495). In dentate granule cells from juvenile rats polysynaptic feedback IPSCs, but not monosynaptic IPSCs, were strongly suppressed by DCG-IV. DCG-IV also suppressed feedback inhibition of perforant path-evoked population spikes. In contrast, in adult animals DCG-IV did not significantly depress feedback inhibition. During 20 Hz stimulus trains in juvenile animals the summation of polysynaptic, but not monosynaptic IPSCs was suppressed by synaptically activated group II mGluRs. Blockade of these mGluRs with LY341495 significantly increased the area and duration of the summated IPSC, causing greater feedback inhibition of granule cell firing. In contrast, in adult animals LY341495 did not alter feedback inhibition following the stimulus train. These findings indicate that group II mGluRs modulate excitatory drive to interneurones in a developmentally regulated manner and thereby modulate feedback inhibition in the dentate gyrus.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibition by Sodium Butyrate Chemotherapy Ameliorates the Neurodegenerative Phenotype in Huntington's Disease Mice (2003)

The precise cause of neuronal death in Huntington's disease (HD) is unknown. Although no single specific protein-protein interaction of mutant huntingtin has emerged as the pathologic trigger, transcriptional dysfunction may contribute to the neurodegeneration observed in HD. Pharmacological treatment using the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate to modulate transcription significantly extended survival in a dose-dependent manner, improved body weight and motor performance, and delayed the neuropathological sequelae in the R6/2 transgenic mouse model of HD. Sodium butyrate also increased histone and Specificity protein-1 acetylation and protected against 3-nitropropionic acid neurotoxicity. Microarray analysis showed increased expression of alpha- and beta-globins and MAP kinase phosphatase-1 in sodium butyrate-treated R6/2 mice, indicative of improved oxidative phosphorylation and transcriptional regulation. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that transcriptional dysfunction plays a role in the pathogenesis of HD and suggest that therapies aimed at modulating transcription may target early pathological events and provide clinical benefits to HD patients.
Involvement of the low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein in the transcytosis of the brain delivery vector Angiopep‐2 (2008)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts the entry of proteins as well as potential drugs to cerebral tissues. We previously reported that a family of Kunitz domain-derived peptides called Angiopeps can be used as a drug delivery system for the brain. Here, we further characterize the transcytosis ability of these peptides using an in vitro model of the BBB and in situ brain perfusion. These peptides, and in particular Angiopep-2, exhibited higher transcytosis capacity and parenchymal accumulation than do transferrin, lactoferrin, and avidin. Angiopep-2 transport and accumulation in brain endothelial cells were unaffected by the P-glycoprotein inhibitor, cyclosporin A, indicating that this peptide is not a substrate for the efflux pump P-glycoprotein. However, competition studies show that activated alpha(2)-macroglobulin, a specific ligand for the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) and Angiopep-2 can share the same receptor. In addition, LRP1 was detected in glioblastomas and brain metastases from lung and skin cancers. Fluorescent microscopy also revealed that Alexa488-Angiopep-2 co-localized with LRP1 in brain endothelial cell monolayers. Overall, these results suggest that Angiopep-2 transport across the BBB is, in part, mediated by LRP1.
The role of bone morphogenetic proteins in kidney development and repair (2002)

Members of TGF-β superfamily are secreted glycoproteins and have been shown to regulate biological processes as diverse as migration, proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent progenitor cells involved in the development of several organ systems during embryogenesis and in adult tissue repair [1, 2]. The kidney has been identified as a major site of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) synthesis during embryonal and post-natal development [1, 3, 4]. Gene knock-out [5, 6] and in vitro experiments [4, 7] demonstrated the importance of BMP-7 in kidney development. Many developmental features are recapitulated during renal injury, and BMPs may be important in both preservation of function and resistance to injury [8, 9]. BMP-7 has a cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory effect in models of acute and chronic renal failure [8, 9].
Role of phenolic derivatives in photopolymerization of an acrylate coating (2000)

The photopolymerization of acrylate resins on wood surfaces suffers from retardation and inhibition effects due to the phenolic derivatives present at the interface. This article details the study of the effect of a set of phenolic compounds on the initiation step. The global effect was recorded by differential scanning calorimetry and photocalorimetry. A comparison between a direct photocleavable initiator such as 2,2-dimethyloxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA) and a two-component system like benzophenone/N-methyldiethanolamine (BP/MDEA) suggests that the retardation effect observed in the latter case is due to the interaction between phenols and the triplet state of BP. Subsequently, nanosecond transient absorption (NTA) spectroscopy was used to measure in acetonitrile the quenching rate constants kQ. A hydrogen abstraction occurred, and the ketyl radical quantum yield was also determined by NTA experiments. In comparison with the photoreduction mechanisms proposed in the literature, the high kQ values obtained were tentatively correlated to the half-wave oxidation potentials of phenols in order to discuss the involvement of an electron transfer within the reaction. Some EPR experiments were done to confirm in situ the photoreduction process at the wood surface and the creation of phenoxyl radicals. The interaction of phenols with some initiating radicals was also studied. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 78: 2061–2074, 2000
Fabrication and microwave performance of the permeable base transistor (1979)

A new transistor with the potential for extremely high frequency performance has been fabricated. A two-dimensional numerical simulation has indicated that a transistor with a maximum frequency of oscillation approaching 1000 GHz is achievable. The unique feature of this device is an extremely fine tungsten grating which is embedded inside a single crystal of n-type gallium arsenide.
RDFStats - An Extensible RDF Statistics Generator and Library (2009)

In this paper RDFStats is introduced, which is a generator for statistics of RDF sources like SPARQL endpoints and RDF documents. RDFStats does not only provide a statistics generator, but also a powerful API for persisting and accessing statistics including several estimation functions that also support SPARQL filter-like expressions. For many Semantic Web applications like the Semantic Web Integrator and Query Engine (SemWIQ), which is currently developed at the University of Linz, detailed statistics about the contents of RDF data sources are very important. RDFStats has been primarily designed and implemented for the SemWIQ federator and optimizer, but it can also be used for other applications like linked data browsers, aggregators, or visualization tools. It is based on the popular Semantic Web framework Jena developed by HP Labs Bristol and can be easily extended and integrated into other applications.
Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Blockade by Antisense Oligonucleotides and Small Interfering RNAs Suppresses Growth of Human Mammary Tumor Xenografts in Mice (2004)

Colony-stimulating factor (CSF)-1 is the primary regulator of tissue macrophage production. CSF-1 expression is correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer and is believed to enhance mammary tumor progression and metastasis through the recruitment and regulation of tumor-associated macrophages. Macrophages produce matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and vascular endothelial growth factor, which are crucial for tumor invasion and angiogenesis. Given the important role of CSF-1, we hypothesized that blockade of CSF-1 or the CSF-1 receptor (the product of the c-fms proto-oncogene) would suppress macrophage infiltration and mammary tumor growth. Human MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cell xenografts in mice were treated with either mouse CSF-1 antisense oligonucleotide for 2 weeks or five intratumoral injections of either CSF-1 small interfering RNAs or c-fms small interfering RNAs. These treatments suppressed mammary tumor growth by 50%, 45%, and 40%, respectively, and selectively down-regulated target protein expression in tumor lysates. Host macrophage infiltration; host MMP-12, MMP-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor A expression; and endothelial cell proliferation within tumors of treated mice were decreased compared with tumors in control mice. In addition, mouse survival significantly increased after CSF-1 blockade. These studies demonstrate that CSF-1 and CSF-1 receptor are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of mammary cancer.
DNA-Mikroarrays (1999)

Sämtliche menschlichen Gene (ca. 100 000) sowie auch das ganze Spektrum der biologischen Vielfalt werden demnächst durch die Verwendung von DNA-Mikroarrays simultan analysierbar sein, wenn die rasante Technikentwicklung auf diesem Gebiet weiterhin anhält. Die besondere Stärke der Array-Analytik, die typischerweise auf der Hybridisierung Mikrochip-gebundener Nucleinsäure-Sonden mit markierter Proben-RNA oder -DNA beruht, liegt dabei in der hochredundanten Messung vieler paralleler Hybridisierungsereignisse (siehe Bild), was eine hohe Nachweissicherheit gewährleistet.
Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, update April 2010 (2010)

The following sequences have been submitted to the Nomenclature Committee since the February 2010 nomenclature update and, following agreed policy, have been assigned official allele designations (1). Full details of all sequences will be published in a forthcoming report. Below are listed the newly assigned sequences (Table 1) and confirmations of previously reported sequences (Table 2). The accession number of each sequence is given and these can be used to retrieve the sequence files from the EMBL, GenBank or DDBJ data libraries. Although accession numbers have been assigned by the data libraries and most sequences are already available, there is still the possibility that an author may not yet have allowed the sequence to be released; in such a case you will have to contact the submitting author directly. Additional information pertaining to new sequences is often included in the publications describing these alleles; a listing of recent publications that describe new HLA sequences is given in Table 3. All new and confirmatory sequences should now be submitted directly to the WHO Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA System via the IMGT/HLA Database using the sequence submission tool provided (5). The IMGT/HLA Database may be accessed via the World Wide Web at: www.ebi.ac.uk/imgt/hla