gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Paralog chromatography. (1990)

As a mixed mode ligand, a small peptide can mimic an antibody's paratope (antigen recognition site). This report describes the construction of a representative set of paratope analogs, or "paralogs," which can be conjugated to a chromatographic sorbent to combine desirable characteristics of traditional high-performance liquid chromatography columns with the specificity of a moderate affinity antibody. The broad utility of this novel set of protein separatory reagents is illustrated on the complex mixture of proteins in a yeast lysate.
A self-routing multistage switching network for broadband ISDN (1990)

A switching network that approaches a maximum throughput of 100% as buffering is increased is proposed. This self-routing switching network consists of simple 2*2 switching elements, distributors, and buffers located between stages and in the output ports. The proposed switching requires a speedup factor of two. The structure and the operation of the switching network are described, and its performance is analyzed. The switch has log/sub 2/N stages that move packets in a store-and-forward fashion, incurring a latency of log/sub 2/N time periods. The performance analysis of the switch under uniform traffic pattern shows that the additional delay is small, and a maximum throughput of 100% is achieved as buffering is increased.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effects of the long acting beta agonist formoterol on asthma control in asthmatic patients using inhaled corticosteroids. The Netherlands and Canadian Formoterol Study Investigators (1997)

BACKGROUND: The long acting beta 2 agonist formoterol has proved to be an effective bronchodilator with a prolonged action of 12-14 hours. However, the precise role of formoterol in the maintenance treatment of asthma is still under debate. A study was performed to investigate the efficacy and safety of treatment with formoterol for six months in subjects with asthma. METHODS: In a multicentre double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group study 239 subjects with mild to moderate asthma were randomly assigned to treatment with either inhaled formoterol 24 micrograms twice daily (n = 125) or placebo (n = 114) during eight months. The study consisted of a four week run in period, a 24 week treatment period, and a four week washout period. All subjects were using regular inhaled corticosteroids (100-3200 micrograms daily) but were still needing at least five inhalations of short acting beta 2 agonist per week for symptom relief. The study was performed in 10 outpatient clinics in Canada, and five outpatient clinics and one coordinating centre for 44 Dutch general practitioners in The Netherlands. Twice daily self-reported peak expiratory flow (PEF) measurements, symptom scores, and rescue beta 2 agonist use during the last 28 treatment days compared with baseline values were used as main outcome measures. Spirometric values were measured at entry, at the start of treatment, after four, 12 and 24 weeks of treatment, and after four weeks washout. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty five subjects received formoterol 24 micrograms twice daily via Turbohaler and 114 received placebo. Baseline FEV1 was 67.1% predicted and mean bronchodilator reversibility was 26%. The mean total asthma symptom score was 3.6 (maximum possible 21). A significant decrease in symptoms in favour of formoterol (difference from placebo -0.64, 95% CI -0.04 to -1.23, p = 0.04) was observed. Compared with placebo, morning PEF increased (difference from placebo 28 l/min, 95% CI 18.3 to 37.7, p = 0.0001) and the use of short acting beta 1 agonists decreased (daytime difference from placebo -1.1 inhalation, 95% CI -1.4 to -0.7, p = 0.0001) in the formoterol group. PEF returned to baseline following discontinuation of formoterol, as did asthma symptom scores. Thirty three patients treated with formoterol and 32 treated with placebo required treatment with prednisolone during the study (58 and 55 courses, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Adding formoterol 24 micrograms twice daily by Turbohaler to inhaled corticosteroids was effective in improving symptom scores and morning PEF, and decreasing the use of rescue beta 2 agonists. There was no apparent loss of asthma control during 24 weeks of treatment with formoterol. Record 2 of 2 - SilverPlatter MEDLINE(R)
The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle: A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution (2009)

To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.
Silicon Modulators and Germanium Photodetectors on SOI: Monolithic Integration, Compatibility, and Performance Optimization (2009)

Si modulators and Ge photodetectors are monolithically integrated on Si-on-insulator. The carrier-depletion-type Si modulators achieved high modulation efficiency and speed ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">¿</sub> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">¿</sub> = 2.56 V·cm, 10 Gb/s). Low-voltage operation ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RF</sub> = 1 <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pp</sub> ) was also demonstrated. Introducing a low-thermal-budget postepitaxy anneal improves the performance of the Ge photodetectors, thus resulting in significantly improved dark current. The responsivity and speed in the low-voltage regime are also enhanced, which enhances low-voltage or even short-circuit ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Bias</sub> = 0 V) operation.
Gamma gene rearrangement and expression in autoreactive helper T cells. (1986)

gamma gene rearrangements similar to those described for cytotoxic T cell lines are found in L3T4+, autoreactive, or KLH-specific cloned helper T cell lines. High levels of gamma RNA transcripts were, in addition, detected in four out of five L3T4+, class II MHC-specific, autoreactive T cell clones, and in at least one of three KLH-specific, class II MHC-restricted clones. This contrasts with previously reported (9) expression of gamma RNA in only 1 of 11 antigen-specific helper T cell lines.
Depletion of Kcnq1ot1 non-coding RNA does not affect imprinting maintenance in stem cells (2011)

To understand the complex regulation of genomic imprinting it is important to determine how early embryos establish imprinted gene expression across large chromosomal domains. Long non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been associated with the regulation of imprinting domains, yet their function remains undefined. Here, we investigated the mouse Kcnq1ot1 ncRNA and its role in imprinted gene regulation during preimplantation development by utilizing mouse embryonic and extra-embryonic stem cell models. Our findings demonstrate that the Kcnq1ot1 ncRNA extends 471 kb from the transcription start site. This is significant as it raises the possibility that transcription through downstream genes might play a role in their silencing, including Th, which we demonstrate possesses maternal-specific expression during early development. To distinguish between a functional role for the transcript and properties inherent to transcription of long ncRNAs, we employed RNA interference-based technology to deplete Kcnq1ot1 transcripts. We hypothesized that post-transcriptional depletion of Kcnq1ot1 ncRNA would lead to activation of normally maternal-specific protein-coding genes on the paternal chromosome. Post-transcriptional short hairpin RNA-mediated depletion in embryonic stem, trophoblast stem and extra-embryonic endoderm stem cells had no observable effect on the imprinted expression of genes within the domain, or on Kcnq1ot1 imprinting center DNA methylation, although a significant decrease in Kcnq1ot1 RNA signal volume in the nucleus was observed. These data support the argument that it is the act of transcription that plays a role in imprint maintenance during early development rather than a post-transcriptional role for the RNA itself.
Rapid and specific detection of RNA base sequence using fluorescence polarization (1999)

Rapid and specific determination of the RNA gene of hepatitis C virus (HCV), which had been multiplied by NASBA, was performed using a fluorescence polarization assay. The polarization of the probe DNA in the presence of HCV positive sample, amplified by NASBA, was obviously different from those in the presence of negative control samples. The total time for the gene amplification and detection was about 90 min, while the polarization detection was completed within 10 min. The slight increase of polarization was also confirmed with the hybridization between probe oligo-DNA 25-mers and the synthesized complementary oligo-RNA 25-mers. The polarization of positive and negative samples showed excellent agreement with the results obtained from electrophoresis and dot-blot hybridization.
Genetically augmenting tau levels does not modulate the onset or progression of Aβ pathology in transgenic mice (2007)

The two hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are amyloid plaques, composed of the small amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide, and neurofibrillary tangles, comprised aggregates of the microtubule binding protein, tau. The molecular linkage between these two lesions, however, remains unknown. Based on human and mouse studies, it is clear that the development of Abeta pathology can trigger tau pathology, either directly or indirectly. However, it remains to be established if the interaction between Abeta and tau is bidirectional and whether the modulation of tau will influence Abeta pathology. To address this question, we used the 3xTg-AD mouse model, which is characterized by the age-dependent buildup of both plaques and tangles. Here we show that genetically augmenting tau levels and hyperphosphorylation in the 3xTg-AD mice has no effect on the onset and progression of Abeta pathology. These data suggest that the link between Abeta and tau is predominantly if not exclusively unidirectional, which is consistent with the Abeta cascade hypothesis and may explain why tauopathy-only disorders are devoid of any Abeta pathology.
Activation of heat shock factor 2 during hemin-induced differentiation of human erythroleukemia cells. (1992)

Hemin induces nonterminal differentiation of human K562 erythroleukemia cells, which is accompanied by the expression of certain erythroid cell-specific genes, such as the embryonic and fetal globins, and elevated expression of the stress genes hsp70, hsp90, and grp78/BiP. Previous studies revealed that, as during heat shock, transcriptional induction of hsp70 in hemin-treated cells is mediated by activation of heat shock transcription factor (HSF), which binds to the heat shock element (HSE). We report here that hemin activates the DNA-binding activity of HSF2, whereas heat shock induces predominantly the DNA-binding activity of a distinct factor, HSF1. This constitutes the first example of HSF2 activation in vivo. Both hemin and heat shock treatments resulted in equivalent levels of HSF-HSE complexes as analyzed in vitro by gel mobility shift assay, yet transcription of the hsp70 gene was stimulated much less by hemin-induced HSF than by heat shock-induced HSF. Genomic footprinting experiments revealed that hemin-induced HSF and heat shock-induced HSF, HSF2, and HSF1, respectively, occupy the HSE of the human hsp70 promoter in a similar yet not identical manner. We speculate that the difference in occupancy and/or in the transcriptional abilities of HSF1 and HSF2 accounts for the observed differences in the stimulation of hsp70 gene transcription.
One polymer for all: benzotriazole containing donor–acceptor type polymer as a multi-purpose material (2009)

A polymer switching between all RGB colors, black and transmissive states was synthesized. The polymer (PTBT) is soluble, processable, both p- and n-dopable, fluorescent and its properties in entire spectrum offer potential uses in NIR devices, LEDs and solar cells. PTBT possesses almost all properties in a single polymer for optoelectronic applications.
Three-Dimensional Visualization of Velocity Profiles in the Ascending Aorta in Humans. (1988)

Blood velocities were recorded intraoperatively in the ascending aorta approximately 6 cm downstream of the aortic annulus in eight patients with normal aortic valves (prior to coronary bypass surgery) and in seven patients after implantation of a St. Jude Medical valve (4) or Starr-Edwards Silastic Ball valve (3) in the aortic position by means of constant temperature hot-film anemometry. The velocities were measured during 5-15 heart cycles at 41 predetermined measurement points almost evenly distributed in the cross sectional area. Velocity profiles were visualized three-dimensionally at 100 time intervals during one mean heart cycle. The standard deviation of velocities was correspondingly three-dimensionally visualized. For the patients with normal aortic valves the velocity profiles were generally flat but skew, with the highest velocity closer to the left vessel wall at the start of systole. During systole the skewness turned counter-clockwise with the highest velocities closer to the posterior, right and finally anterior vessel wall at the end of systole. In patients with an artificial heart valve in the aortic position the design of the valve was reflected on the contour of the profiles. The findings correspond well with model studies.
A humanized non–FcR-binding anti-CD3 antibody, visilizumab, for treatment of steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (2002)

Visilizumab is a humanized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody characterized by a mutated IgG2 isotype, lack of binding to Fcgamma-receptors, and ability to induce apoptosis selectively in activated T cells. To test pharmacokinetics, safety, and immunosuppressive activity of visilizumab, 17 patients with glucocorticoid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were enrolled in a phase 1 study. Six patients were given 7 doses of visilizumab (0.25 or 1.0 mg/m(2)) on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13. Because multiple doses of 1 mg/m(2) caused delayed visilizumab accumulation and prolonged lymphopenia, the next 11 patients received a single dose of 3.0 mg/m(2) on day 1. GVHD improved in all patients; 15 were evaluable through day 42. Multiple dosing resulted in 1 of 6 complete responses (CRs) and 5 partial responses (PRs), but all 6 patients died at a median of 87 days after starting visilizumab therapy. Single dosing resulted in 6 of 9 CRs, 3 PRs, and 7 of 11 patients surviving after 260 to 490 days (median, 359 days; P =.03). There were no allergic reactions and 3 grade 1 acute infusional toxicities. Plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA titers more than 1000 copies/mL and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) developed in 2 of the first 7 patients. Based on rising EBV DNA titers, 5 of the next 10 patients were given the B cell-specific monoclonal antibody, rituximab. EBV DNA became undetectable and no overt PTLD developed. Visilizumab is well tolerated and has activity in advanced GVHD. A phase 2 study incorporating preemptive therapy for PTLD is warranted to determine the efficacy of visilizumab in GVHD.
Iron Chelators for the Treatment of Cancer (2012)

The study of iron chelators as anti-tumor agents is still in its infancy. Iron is important for cellular proliferation and this is demonstrated by observations that iron-depletion results in cell cycle arrest and also apoptosis. In addition, many iron chelators are known to inhibit ribonucleotide reductase, the iron-containing enzyme that is the rate-limiting step for DNA synthesis. Desferrioxamine is a well known chelator used for the treatment of iron-overload disease, but it has also been shown to possess anti-cancer activity. Another class of chelators, namely the thiosemicarbazones, have been shown to possess anti-cancer activity since the 1950's, although their mechanism(s) of action have only recently been more comprehensively elucidated. In fact, the redox activity of thiosemicarbazone iron complexes is thought to be important in mediating their potent cytotoxicity. Moreover, unlike typical iron chelators which simply act to deplete tumors of iron, several thiosemicarbazones (i.e., Bp44mT and Dp44mT) do not induce this effect, their anti-cancer efficacy being due to other mechanisms e.g., redox activity. Other reports have also shown that some thiosemicarbazones inhibit topoisomerase IIα, demonstrating that this class of agents have multiple molecular targets and act by various mechanisms. The most well characterized thiosemicarbazone iron chelator in terms of its assessment in humans is 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP). Observations from these clinical trials highlight the less than optimal activity of this ligand and several side effects related to its use, including myelo-suppression, hypoxia and methemoglobinemia. The mechanisms responsible for these latter effects must be elucidated and the design of the ligand altered to minimize these problems and increase efficacy. This review discusses the development of chelators as unique agents for cancer treatment.
De novo Lipogenesis Protects Cancer Cells from Free Radicals and Chemotherapeutics by Promoting Membrane Lipid Saturation (2010)

Activation of de novo lipogenesis in cancer cells is increasingly recognized as a hallmark of aggressive cancers and has been implicated in the production of membranes for rapid cell proliferation. In the current report, we provide evidence that this activation has a more profound role. Using a mass spectrometry-based phospholipid analysis approach, we show that clinical tumor tissues that display the lipogenic phenotype show an increase in the degree of lipid saturation compared with nonlipogenic tumors. Reversal of the lipogenic switch in cancer cells by treatment with the lipogenesis inhibitor soraphen A or by targeting lipogenic enzymes with small interfering RNA leads to a marked decrease in saturated and mono-unsaturated phospholipid species and increases the relative degree of polyunsaturation. Because polyunsaturated acyl chains are more susceptible to peroxidation, inhibition of lipogenesis increases the levels of peroxidation end products and renders cells more susceptible to oxidative stress-induced cell death. As saturated lipids pack more densely, modulation of lipogenesis also alters lateral and transversal membrane dynamics as revealed by diffusion of membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein and by the uptake and response to doxorubicin. These data show that shifting lipid acquisition from lipid uptake toward de novo lipogenesis dramatically changes membrane properties and protects cells from both endogenous and exogenous insults. These findings provide important new insights into the role of de novo lipogenesis in cancer cells, and they provide a rationale for the use of lipogenesis inhibitors as antineoplastic agents and as chemotherapeutic sensitizers.
Pharmacological treatment of asthma today: Table 1 (2001)

The current concept of asthma therapy is based on a stepwise approach, depending on disease severity, and the aim is to reduce the symptoms that result from airway obstruction and inflammation, to prevent exacerbations and to maintain normal lung function. Beta2-adrenoceptor agonists and glucocorticoids are at present the most effective drugs for the treatment of airway obstruction and inflammation, with theophylline, leukotriene receptor antagonists and anticholinergics as second- or third-line therapy. There are, to date, no additional or newly developed drugs available that add substantially to the current strategies or even replace beta2-adrenoceptor agonists or glucocorticoids. New approaches in asthma therapy recommend drug combinations of inhaled steroids, primarily with long-acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists, based on their improved efficacy and the potential for a steroid-sparing effect. Although existing drug entities are able to control the vast majority of patients with mild and moderate asthma, patients' (and doctors') adherence to guidelines and treatment strategies falls well short of the desired standards. Treatment choices, however, differ between countries and should take into account convenience to the patient and the occurrence of side-effects. Additionally, the cost of therapy and reimbursement policies also influences therapeutic strategies.
Ultraviolet Light (UV) Inactivation of Porcine Parvovirus in Liquid Plasma and Effect of UV Irradiated Spray Dried Porcine Plasma on Performance of Weaned Pigs (2015)

A novel ultraviolet light irradiation (UV-C, 254 nm) process was designed as an additional safety feature for manufacturing of spray dried porcine plasma (SDPP). In Exp. 1, three 10-L batches of bovine plasma were inoculated with 10(5.2 ± 0.12) tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50) of porcine parvovirus (PPV) per mL of plasma and subjected to UV-C ranging from 0 to 9180 J/L. No viable PPV was detected in bovine plasma by micro-titer assay in SK6 cell culture after UV-C at 2295 J/L. In Exp. 2, porcine plasma was subjected to UV-C (3672 J/L), then spray dried and mixed in complete mash diets. Diets were a control without SDPP (Control), UV-C SDPP either at 3% (UVSDPP3) or 6% (UVSDPP6) and non-UV-C SDPP at 3% (SDPP3) or 6% (SDPP6). Diets were fed ad libitum to 320 weaned pigs (26 d of age; 16 pens/diet; 4 pigs/pen) for 14 d after weaning and a common diet was fed d 15 to 28. During d 0 to 14, pigs fed UVSDPP3, UVSDPP6, or SDPP6 had higher (P < 0.05) weight gain and feed intake than control. During d 0 to 28, pigs fed UVSDPP3 and UVSDPP6 had higher (P < 0.05) weight gain and feed intake than control and SDPP3, and SDPP6 had higher (P < 0.05) feed intake than control. Also, pigs fed UVSDPP had higher (P < 0.05) weight gain than pigs fed SDPP. In conclusion, UV-C inactivated PPV in liquid plasma and UVSDPP used in pig feed had no detrimental effects on pig performance.