gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proximity Sensing Technique using the Photothermal Effect. (1992)

A new optical method for the proximity sensing is proposed. The distance from the object surface to the sensor is measured by using the thermal wave generated by the light absorbed at the surface. The proposed method is useful for the surface with a high absorption coefficient. Moreover, the technique can be applied to the specular surface as well as the rough surface if the light is absorbed somewhat at the surface. A modified mirage technique was used for monitoring the amplitude and phase signals of the thermal wave. In the experiment, a black rubber plate and an aluminum mirror were used as the objects. The accuracies of measuring distance are discussed.
Highly Enantioselective Aza‐Michael Reaction between Alkyl Amines and β‐Trifluoromethyl β‐Aryl Nitroolefins (2015)

The aza-Michael addition reaction is a vital transformation for the synthesis of functionalized chiral amines. Despite intensive research, enantioselective aza-Michael reactions with alkyl amines as the nitrogen donor have not been successful. We report the use of chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as noncovalent organocatalysts to promote a highly selective aza-Michael reaction between primary alkyl amines and β-trifluoromethyl β-aryl nitroolefins. In contrast to classical conjugate-addition reactions, a strategy of HOMO-raising activation was used. Chiral trifluoromethylated amines were synthesized in high yield (up to 99 %) with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 98 % ee).
Covering a Non-Democracy: A Japanese Coverage of China and Implications for Media Balancing (2007)

Scholarly debate on the political role of the Japanese media is based almost exclusively on analyzing their domestic coverage. International reportage is implicitly dismissed as following the same logic and process as its domestic counterpart. However, foreign correspondents, especially those stationed in authoritarian states, have to deal with daunting hurdles that their home-based colleagues can hardly imagine. This paper examines Japan’s top two largest newspapers’ coverage of China, one of Japan’s most important neighbors and also a non-democracy that remains deeply suspicious of foreign press. By analyzing their general patterns of China coverage, the paper discusses how Japanese journalists maintain their autonomy while making nominal concessions in order to remain on the ground. The paper also reveals how commercial instinct and market strategies account for the similarities and differences between these two papers on covering China. It concludes with an assessment on both the Japan-unique and general recognitions that this case study can offer to our understanding of media autonomy and media as a business institution. Key words: international reportage, media autonomy, commercial media, Japanese media, newspaper studies, Japan-China Relations
Chemokines and Glycoprotein120 Produce Pain Hypersensitivity by Directly Exciting Primary Nociceptive Neurons (2001)

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection is associated with numerous effects on the nervous system, including pain and peripheral neuropathies. We now demonstrate that cultured rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons express a wide variety of chemokine receptors, including those that are thought to act as receptors for the HIV-1 coat protein glycoprotein120 (gp120). Chemokines that activate all of the known chemokine receptors increased [Ca(2+)](i) in subsets of cultured DRG cells. Many neurons responded to multiple chemokines and also to bradykinin, ATP, and capsaicin. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the expression of the CXCR4 and CCR4 chemokine receptors on populations of DRG neurons that also expressed substance P and the VR1 vanilloid receptor. RT-PCR analysis confirmed the expression of CXCR4, CX3CR1, CCR4, and CCR5 mRNAs in DRG neurons. Chemokines and gp120 produced excitatory effects on DRG neurons and also stimulated the release of substance P. Chemokines and gp120 also produced allodynia after injection into the rat paw. Thus these results provide evidence that chemokines and gp120 may produce painful effects via direct actions on chemokine receptors expressed by nociceptive neurons. Chemokine receptor antagonists may be important therapeutic interventions in the pain that is associated with HIV-1 infection and inflammation.
Cyclosporin A nephropathy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (1993)

Patients with RA are at risk of cyclosporin A (CyA) toxicity as they have an increased incidence of underlying renal pathology and because of the probable co-administration of NSAIDs. CyA dose, blood levels, and changes in serum creatinine are linked to the severity of renal biopsy changes in patients with RA and other autoimmune disorders, but only limited data regarding the safety of long-term CyA therapy have been reported. Low-dose CyA (preferably without NSAID co-administration) should be reserved for those patients with a poor prognosis who can be carefully monitored using a combination of renal function studies, CyA blood levels and renal biopsy assessment. Consideration should be given to the development of a management strategy that includes renal biopsy at defined intervals in order to detect the onset of progressive renal damage, and which could potentially allow eligible patients to benefit from long-term CyA therapy.
Pattern collapse mitigation strategies for EUV lithography (2012)

In this study, a comprehensive approach towards assessing pattern collapse challenges and solutions for Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUV) resists beyond the 14nm node is undertaken. The fundamental forces that drive pattern deformation are reassessed in order to propose a generalized design criterion for EUV photoresists and aqueous surfactanated rinses. Furthermore, ultimate pattern collapse solutions such as solvent drying utilizing pressurized fluids (supercritical CO2) are exemplified for sub-60nm pitch EUV patterning. In parallel, alternative EUV integration schemes that use a metal-based hardmask (MHM) are studied using a specifically tailored self-assembled monolayer (SAM) to prevent delamination-driven pattern collapse due to resist-hardmask interfacial adhesion failure. Finally, the marginal image transfer of 40nm pitched L/S of ultrathin EUV resist into a SiARC-underlayer stack appears to be gated by the EUV resist resolution limit and the reduced film thickness budget. An alternative method for achieving improved postetch line width roughness (LWR) with an ultrathin MHM-based integration scheme is herein demonstrated.
Geometry of binding of the Nα‐tosylated piperidides of m‐amidino‐, p‐amidino‐ and p‐guanidino phenylalanine to thrombin and trypsin (1991)

The X-ray crystal structures of the complexes formed with bovine trypsin and the N alpha-tosylated piperidides of m-amidino-, p-amidino- and p-guanidino-D,L-phenylalanine (3-TAPAP, 4-TAPAP and 4-TGPAP) were determined with data to 1.8 A resolution. The L-stereoisomer of 3-TAPAP binds as a compact entity into the active site of trypsin, with the amidino and the carbonyl groups of the central amidinophenylalanyl residue hydrogen-bonded to Gly216 of trypsin. According to modeling and energy minimization, 3-TAPAP fits perfectly in this conformation to the more restrictive thrombin active site also (Bajusz et al. (1978) Int. J. Pept. Prot. Res. 12, 217-221); the piperidine moiety extends into the cage-like S2 subsite of thrombin, but leaves room for additional substituents which might help to improve binding and pharmacological properties. In contrast, 4-TAPAP and 4-TGPAP bind only weakly and in an extended conformation to trypsin; their considerably enhanced affinities for thrombin would suggest a more compact binding to thrombin.
An Argonaute Transports siRNAs from the Cytoplasm to the Nucleus (2008)

Ribonucleoprotein complexes consisting of Argonaute-like proteins and small regulatory RNAs function in a wide range of biological processes. Many of these small regulatory RNAs are predicted to act, at least in part, within the nucleus. We conducted a genetic screen to identify factors essential for RNA interference (RNAi) in nuclei of Caenorhabditis elegans and identified the Argonaute protein NRDE-3. In the absence of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), NRDE-3 resides in the cytoplasm. NRDE-3 binds siRNAs generated by RNA-dependent RNA polymerases acting on messenger RNA templates in the cytoplasm and redistributes to the nucleus. Nuclear redistribution of NRDE-3 requires a functional nuclear localization signal, is required for nuclear RNAi, and results in NRDE-3 association with nuclear-localized nascent transcripts. Thus, specific Argonaute proteins can transport specific classes of small regulatory RNAs to distinct cellular compartments to regulate gene expression.
Use and comparison of different internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES) in tricistronic retroviral vectors (2004)

Translation of the exogenous gene is directed by the IRES and its high level of expression not only depends on the type of cell that is transduced but also on the presence of other genetic elements within the vector.
Structural Determinants of Slippage-mediated Mutations by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase (2006)

Single-base deletions at nucleotide runs or -1 frameshifting by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) result from template slippage during polymerization. In crystal structures of HIV-1 RT complexed with DNA-DNA template-primer, the palm subdomain in the template cleft contacts the template backbone near the proposed site of slippage via the Glu(89) side chain. We investigated the role of Glu(89) in frameshifting by perturbing this interaction. Substitutions with Asp, Gly, Ala, Val, Ser, Thr, Asn, or Lys were created in recombinant HIV RT, and frameshift frequencies of the resulting mutant RTs were measured. All substitutions led to reduced -1 frameshifting by HIV-1 RT (2-40-fold). Interestingly, the suppression of -1 frameshifting frequently coincided with an enhancement of +1 frameshifting (3-47-fold) suggesting that Glu(89) can influence the slippage of both strands. Glu(89) substitutions also led to reduced rates of dNTP misincorporation that paralleled reductions in -1 frameshifting, suggesting a common structural mechanism for both classes of RT error. Our results reveal a major influence of Glu(89) on slippage-mediated errors and dNTP incorporation fidelity. The crystal structure of HIV-1 RT reveals a salt bridge between Glu(89) and Lys(154), which may facilitate -1 frameshifting; this concept is supported by the observed reduction in -1 frameshifting for K154A and K154R mutants.
Progenitor cell populations in the periodontal ligament of mice (1985)

Stem cells in a variety of renewal tissues exhibit a slow rate of cell proliferation (Potten et al., 1979). The periodontal ligament of mouse molars was examined for the presence of slowly cycling progenitor cells to provide evidence for the existence of stem cells in this tissue. A pulse injection of 3H-thymidine was administered and mice were sacrificed between 1 hour and 14 days after injection. Analysis of radioautographs using percentage of labeled cells and grain counts demonstrated that a population of label-retaining cells within 10 micron of blood vessels traversed the cell cycle more slowly than proliferating cells located greater than 10 micron from blood vessels. These data suggest that there is a slowly dividing population of progenitor cells in paravascular sites in mouse molar periodontal ligament which may be stem cells.
Determinants of coactivator LXXLL motif specificity in nuclear receptor transcriptional activation (1998)

Ligand-dependent activation of gene transcription by nuclear receptors is dependent on the recruitment of coactivators, including a family of related NCoA/SRC factors, via a region containing three helical domains sharing an LXXLL core consensus sequence, referred to as LXDs. In this manuscript, we report receptor-specific differential utilization of LXXLL-containing motifs of the NCoA-1/SRC-1 coactivator. Whereas a single LXD is sufficient for activation by the estrogen receptor, different combinations of two, appropriately spaced, LXDs are required for actions of the thyroid hormone, retinoic acid, peroxisome proliferator-activated, or progesterone receptors. The specificity of LXD usage in the cell appears to be dictated, at least in part, by specific amino acids carboxy-terminal to the core LXXLL motif that may make differential contacts with helices 1 and 3 (or 3') in receptor ligand-binding domains. Intriguingly, distinct carboxy-terminal amino acids are required for PPARgamma activation in response to different ligands. Related LXXLL-containing motifs in NCoA-1/SRC-1 are also required for a functional interaction with CBP, potentially interacting with a hydrophobic binding pocket. Together, these data suggest that the LXXLL-containing motifs have evolved to serve overlapping roles that are likely to permit both receptor-specific and ligand-specific assembly of a coactivator complex, and that these recognition motifs underlie the recruitment of coactivator complexes required for nuclear receptor function.
Raising yield potential in wheat (2009)

Recent advances in crop research have the potential to accelerate genetic gains in wheat, especially if co-ordinated with a breeding perspective. For example, improving photosynthesis by exploiting natural variation in Rubisco's catalytic rate or adopting C(4) metabolism could raise the baseline for yield potential by 50% or more. However, spike fertility must also be improved to permit full utilization of photosynthetic capacity throughout the crop life cycle and this has several components. While larger radiation use efficiency will increase the total assimilates available for spike growth, thereby increasing the potential for grain number, an optimized phenological pattern will permit the maximum partitioning of the available assimilates to the spikes. Evidence for underutilized photosynthetic capacity during grain filling in elite material suggests unnecessary floret abortion. Therefore, a better understanding of its physiological and genetic basis, including possible signalling in response to photoperiod or growth-limiting resources, may permit floret abortion to be minimized for a more optimal source:sink balance. However, trade-offs in terms of the partitioning of assimilates to competing sinks during spike growth, to improve root anchorage and stem strength, may be necessary to prevent yield losses as a result of lodging. Breeding technologies that can be used to complement conventional approaches include wide crossing with members of the Triticeae tribe to broaden the wheat genepool, and physiological and molecular breeding strategically to combine complementary traits and to identify elite progeny more efficiently.
Self-Assembled Metal Colloid Monolayers: An Approach to SERS Substrates (1995)

The self-assembly of monodisperse gold and silver colloid particles into monolayers on polymer-coated substrates yields macroscopic surfaces that are highly active for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Particles are bound to the substrate through multiple bonds between the colloidal metal and functional groups on the polymer such as cyanide (CN), amine (NH(2)), and thiol (SH). Surface evolution, which can be followed in real time by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and SERS, can be controlled to yield high reproducibility on both the nanometer and the centimeter scales. On conducting substrates, colloid monolayers are electrochemically addressable and behave like a collection of closely spaced microelectrodes. These favorable properties and the ease of monolayer construction suggest a widespread use for metal colloid-based substrates.
A cytomegalovirus-encoded mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis structurally unrelated to Bcl-2 (1999)

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV), a herpesvirus that causes congenital disease and opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals, encodes functions that facilitate efficient viral propagation by altering host cell behavior. Here we show that CMV blocks apoptosis mediated by death receptors and encodes a mitochondria-localized inhibitor of apoptosis, denoted vMIA, capable of suppressing apoptosis induced by diverse stimuli. vMIA, a product of the viral UL37 gene, inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis at a point downstream of caspase-8 activation and Bid cleavage but upstream of cytochrome c release, while residing in mitochondria and associating with adenine nucleotide translocator. These functional properties resemble those ascribed to Bcl-2; however, the absence of sequence similarity to Bcl-2 or any other known cell death suppressors suggests that vMIA defines a previously undescribed class of anti-apoptotic proteins.
Will silicon be the photonic material of the third millenium? * (2003)

Silicon microphotonics, a technology which merges photonics and silicon microelectronic components, is rapidly evolving. Many different fields of application are emerging: transceiver modules for optical communication systems, optical bus systems for ULSI circuits, I/O stages for SOC, displays, .... In this review I will give a brief motivation for silicon microphotonics and try to give the state-of-the-art of this technology. The ingredient still lacking is the silicon laser: a review of the various approaches will be presented. Finally, I will try to draw some conclusions where silicon is predicted to be the material to achieve a full integration of electronic and optical devices.
Biological and clinical aspects in laser hair removal (2004)

Photoepilation, when properly used, offers clear advantages when compared with older, traditional techniques. Although an ever-increasing number of published studies have confirmed the safety and short and long-term efficacy of photoepilation, the technology still has limits and risks.
High‐Throughput‐Compatible Assay for glmS Riboswitch Metabolite Dependence (2006)

A fluorescent varient of the glmS ribozyme was used to develop a fluorescence polarization-dependent screeening and metabolite-detection assay. The metabolite-induced in-cis cleavage of the naturally occurring ribozyme could be shown to be stable and allows efficient monitoring of the ribozyme-catalyzed reaction even in bacterial extracts. The standard deviations and z′ values of the assay format indicate the high-throughput screening compatibility of the applied system for the identification of compounds that act on RNA structures. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2268/2006/z500490_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A Baseline GPS RAIM Scheme and a Note on the Equivalence of Three RAIM Methods (1992)

The RTCA GPS Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) have now been released, and airborne equipment manufacturers will be expected to meet the specifications therein. A considerable portion of the MOPS is devoted to GPS integrity requirements and the associated receiver testing procedures. The GPS Integrity Channel (GIC) is still a few years away, so some form of Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) must be relied upon in the interim period (and perhaps beyond). Many different RAIM schemes have been proposed over the past few years, each with its respective advantages and disadvantages. This paper proposes a baseline RAIM scheme that can serve as a standard for performance comparisons. The proposed scheme is based on a unified theory which says that under the condition of equal alarm rates, the range-comparison, least-squares-residuals, and parity RAIM methods all yield identical results. This scheme is a straightforward, workable RAIM method that is easily understood by all. It is a good scheme, but there is no claim that it is optimal.
Ablation of Polymers and Biological Tissue by Ultraviolet Lasers (1986)

When pulsed, ultraviolet laser radiation falls on the surface of an organic polymer or biological tissue, the material at the surface is spontaneously etched away to a depth of 0.1 to several micrometers. In the process, the depth of etching is controlled by the width of the pulse and the fluence of the laser, and there is no detectable thermal damage to the substrate. The material that is removed by etching consists of products ranging from atoms to small fragments of the polymer. They are ejected at supersonic velocities. This dry photoetching technique is useful in patterning polymer films. It is also under serious investigation in several areas in surgery.
Nucleotide sequence of 16-kilobase pairs of DNA 5' to the human epsilon-globin gene. (1985)

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a 16-kilobase pair (kb) region of DNA on the 5' side of the human embryonic globin gene (epsilon). This sequence, when combined with previously published sequences, gives an uninterrupted sequence of 21 kb extending from approximately 19.5 kb upstream of the epsilon-globin gene to 0.3 kb 3' to its poly(A)-addition site. Computer-assisted analysis of this DNA reveals no large regions of self-homology but it shows the presence of seven members of the Alu family of repeated DNA, two very short members of the Kpn family of repeated DNA, one unusual direct repeat of 39 base pairs, and two potential stem and loop structures. The overall frequencies of mono- and dinucleotides within the 21 kb approximate those found in the total human genome but the distribution of (G + C)-rich regions signal many sequences of interest. The occurrences of some of the polynucleotides and polydinucleotides also differ appreciably from randomness, and the region contains several large stretches of these simple sequences. We found no evidence of strand asymmetry in the region. Homology between the nucleotide sequences of the human epsilon- and G gamma-globin genes extends only 100 base pairs 5' to the genes. One region, about 10 kb upstream of the gene, shows an apparent clustering of unusual sequence features. We discuss our sequence data in relation to the studies by others of DNAase hypersensitive sites and 5' transcription endpoints in this part of the beta-globin gene cluster.