gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gesundheit! Modeling Contagion through Facebook News Feed (2009)

Whether they are modeling bookmarking behavior in Flickr or cascades of failure in large networks, models of diffusion often start with the assumption that a few nodes start long chain reactions, resulting in large-scale cascades. While reasonable under some conditions, this assumption may not hold for social media networks, where user engagement is high and information may enter a system from multiple disconnected sources. Using a dataset of 262,985 Facebook Pages and their associated fans, this paper provides an empirical investigation of diffusion through a large social media network. Although Facebook diffusion chains are often extremely long (chains of up to 82 levels have been observed), they are not usually the result of a single chain-reaction event. Rather, these diffusion chains are typically started by a substantial number of users. Large clusters emerge when hundreds or even thousands of short diffusion chains merge together. This paper presents an analysis of these diffusion chains using zero-inflated negative binomial regressions. We show that after controlling for distribution effects, there is no meaningful evidence that a start node’s maximum diffusion chain length can be predicted with the user's demographics or Facebook usage characteristics (including the user's number of Facebook friends). This may provide insight into future research on public opinion formation.
On bromine chloride (1929)

Abstract It is curious, in view of the close attention which has been paid to many of the compounds formed between the halogens, that our knowledge of bromine chloride should be so vague that its very existence has frequently been denied. In 1826 Balard described a compound between bromine and chlorine formed by direct union, and a few years later Loewig claimed to have isolated a hydrate. BrCl. 5H2O, from solutions. Berthelot threw some doubt upon this early work on account of the small heat of solution of chlorine gas in liquid bromine. Lebeau found that the crystals prepared in accordance with Balard’s directions were variable in their composition and concluded from this and from the melting point curve of chlorine-bromine mixtures that no compound really exists. The same conclusion was reached by Karsten and has been very generally adopted, except that the behaviour of bromine-chlorine mixtures in certain organic reactions, has occasionally led to suspicions of compound formation. One very cogent argument in favour of compound formation was touched upon by Balard, but has ever since been neglected—the marked diminution in the colour of bromine produced by admixture of chlorine. Our attention was drawn to this phenomenon by Mr. G. M. B. Dobson, of the Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford, who observed it in preparing filters for ultra-violet light from mixtures of the two gases and who found further that the ultraviolet absorptions are not additive in these mixtures. It is with his kind permission that we have now investigated the matter more fully. The obvious explanation of the colour change is the formation of a compound between the two halogens, which is more transparent in the visible than is bromine; though some physical influence of the chlorine on the bromine cannot immediately be ruled out as a hypothesis. The experiments described in the present communication were designed to test the chemical explanation, and to determine, if possible, the formula of the compound and the amount of it formed.
Modern applications of biostratigraphy in exploration and production (1998)

Paleontology has played a long and distinguished role in the petroleum industry. Traditionally, paleontology has been used for two main purposes: dating of sedimentary rocks and stratigraphic correlations. The primary method for achieving both objectives was the recognition of index fossils. Based on the observed ranges of these index fossils, the stratigraphic column was divided into biozones which then became the primary units for correlation. Although this approach has had many successful applications, this venerable methodology is not without limitations: time resolution is not very precise, the presence of index fossils can be controlled by lithology and/or depositional environment, and index fossils may have different ranges in different basins.
Bicontinuous Macroporous Materials from Bijel Templates (2010)

Particle-stabilized emulsion gels, or bijels, are used as a general platform for the synthesis of bicontinuous composite materials with various chemistries and morphologies. The method enables the use of ceramics and metals in novel applications where the unique transport and electrochemical properties offered by minimal surface structures may be exploited.
Spontaneous and Reversible Switch from Amphiphilic to Oil-Like Structures (2005)

Current theories assume that the amphiphilicity of biological membranes is always preserved. We observed that two hydrogen-bonding lipid layers in contact can spontaneously and reversibly lose their amphiphilic structure and turn into an assembly of oily complexes. This result opens a new angle for understanding the reorganization of lipids during membrane fusion, since similar complexes could fill the troubling hydrophobic voids displayed in the current models. The unique tribological properties described here may also find application in the development of novel nanolubricants.
Asymmetric Synthesis of the Volatile Anesthetic 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl Chlorofluoromethyl Ether Using a Stereospecific Decarboxylation of Unusual Stereochemical Outcome (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAsymmetric Synthesis of the Volatile Anesthetic 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl Chlorofluoromethyl Ether Using a Stereospecific Decarboxylation of Unusual Stereochemical OutcomeLeonid A. Rozov, Patrice W. Rafalko, Suzanne M. Evans, Linda Brockunier, and Keith RamigCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 5, 1319–1325Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00110a041https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00110a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views369Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The RNA editing enzyme APOBEC1 induces somatic mutations and a compatible mutational signature is present in esophageal adenocarcinomas (2014)

The AID/APOBECs are deaminases that act on cytosines in a diverse set of pathways and some of them have been linked to the onset of genetic alterations in cancer. Among them, APOBEC1 is the only family member to physiologically target RNA, as the catalytic subunit in the Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing complex. APOBEC1 has been linked to cancer development in mice but its oncogenic mechanisms are not yet well understood. We analyze whether expression of APOBEC1 induces a mutator phenotype in vertebrate cells, likely through direct targeting of genomic DNA. We show its ability to increase the inactivation of a stably inserted reporter gene in a chicken cell line that lacks any other AID/APOBEC proteins, and to increase the number of imatinib-resistant clones in a human cellular model for chronic myeloid leukemia through induction of mutations in the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. Moreover, we find the presence of an AID/APOBEC mutational signature in esophageal adenocarcinomas, a type of tumor where APOBEC1 is expressed, that mimics the one preferred by APOBEC1 in vitro. Our findings suggest that the ability of APOBEC1 to trigger genetic alterations represents a major layer in its oncogenic potential. Such APOBEC1-induced mutator phenotypes could play a role in the onset of esophageal adenocarcinomas. APOBEC1 could be involved in cancer promotion at the very early stages of carcinogenesis, as it is highly expressed in Barrett's esophagus, a condition often associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Role of the FcγR subclasses FcγRII and FcγRIII in the activation of human neutrophils by low and high valency immune complexes (1995)

Two Fc gamma receptor (Fc gamma R) subclasses on human neutrophils, Fc gamma RII and Fc gamma RIII, activate different cellular functions. To examine the involvement of each receptor subtype in polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation, Fab and F(ab')2 fragments of subclass-specific monoclonal antibodies ([mAbs] mAb IV.3 against Fc gamma RII and mAb 3G8 against Fc gamma RIII, respectively) were used to block the binding of low valency immune complexes (LICs) and high valency immune complexes (HICs). Flow cytometry then permitted the simultaneous quantitation of antibody and ligand binding, the elicited intracellular Ca2+ concentration (delta[Ca2+]int), initiation of the oxidative burst, and/or the phospholipase A activation in the same cell. We have previously demonstrated that subsaturating dosages of HIC bind uniformly to all the cells but elicit an "all-or-none" (i.e., dose independent) maximal delta[Ca2+]int in a dose-dependent subpopulation of the cells. In contrast, both the proportion of cells responding and the magnitude of the delta[Ca2+]int transient depend on the subsaturating dose of LIC, even though it too binds uniformly to all the cells, nonresponding as well as responding. These earlier findings have here been extended by single cell flow cytometric analysis to demonstrate that F(ab')2 Fc gamma RIII is the major Fc gamma R involved in HIC binding (and [Ca2+]int mobilization), as well as in oxidative burst and phospholipase A activation. In contrast, both receptor subclasses must be available for LIC-elicited delta[Ca2+]int, as blockage by either of the mAb Fab or F(ab')2 fragments abrogates this response, even though LIC binding to the receptors is not decreased. Furthermore, LIC elicited little oxidative burst activity and failed to activate phospholipase A but cross-linking to achieve multivalency, previously shown to induce [Ca2+]int and oxidative burst responses, elicited phospholipase A activity via Fc gamma RIII. Fc gamma RII's role appears to be modulation of the small, late Ca2+ influx observed at > 1 min, whereas Fc gamma RIII modulates all the earlier larger events. Thus, simultaneous observation of receptor identity, receptor occupancy, and consequent activation parameters in the same cell by flow cytometry permits use to demonstrate that Fc gamma RII is necessary for the small signal transduction elicited by LIC; it plays a relatively small role in polymorphonuclear leukocyte stimulation by HIC. Fc gamma RIII is the main receptor responsible for immune complex-elicited polymorphonuclear leukocyte responses; its efficacy is greatly enhanced when the receptors are cross-linked, either by preequilibrated multivalent complexes or by in situ cross-linking of bound LIC with excess antibody.
Induction of a cellular immune response to a defined T-cell epitope as an insert in the flagellin of a live vaccine strain of Salmonella (1995)

Attenuated strains of Salmonella have been used as vaccines to deliver heterologous antigens mainly to generate a humoral immune response. However, little is known about their ability to induce a cell-mediated immune response to the T-cell epitopes of another infectious agent or how optimally to deliver these epitopes to the host immune system. In order to study this question, a well defined MHC class II-restricted epitope (residues 88-103) from moth cytochrome C (MCC) was inserted into the central hypervariable domain of the flagellin of an attenuated strain of Salmonella dublin. The resulting flagellin was exported to the bacterial surface and polymerized into flagellar filaments that contained multiple copies of the MCC epitope. When flanked by Lys-Lys cathepsin B cleavage sites to facilitate its proteolytic release within the endosomal compartment of antigen-presenting cells, the MCC-chimeric flagellin epitope was efficiently processed in vitro by mouse peritoneal macrophages and presented to 2B4 T-hybridoma cells (specific for the MCC epitope 88-103). Stable expression of the epitope and a higher immune response was obtained in H-2k mice by integrating the chimeric flagellin gene into the chromosome of the vaccine strain. Bacteria with MCC-chimeric flagellins that were expressed from a stable chromosomal locus and flanked by cathepsin B cleavage sites were cleared more rapidly from the livers and spleens of transgenic mice with T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta chains specific for the MCC epitope than were bacteria lacking the epitope. Antigen processing and presentation of class II-restricted epitopes expressed as chimeric proteins by attenuated bacterial vaccine vectors may be facilitated by the presence of endosomal protease cleavage sites on each side of the epitope and by chromosomal integration of the coding sequence.
Enbucrilate as Cartilage Adhesive in Augmentation Rhinoplasty (1985)

Enbucrilate (Histoacryl) as a cartilage adhesive in augmentation rhinoplasty was used in 39 cases. The unique properties of this tissue adhesive enhances the ability to augment the nose during cosmetic and reconstructive rhinoplasty. Enbucrilate interacts superbly well with local tissues, causing no systemic or local untoward effects. Its main attribute stems from its ability to bond cartilage instantaneously and with great reliability, which allows for intricate fabrication of cartilage implant components. Five subcategories of dorsal, tip, and columella augmentation are presented with their technical details outlined. The aesthetic and functional results in 39 cases were deemed excellent, safe, and effective.
Learning Induces Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampus (2006)

Years of intensive investigation have yielded a sophisticated understanding of long-term potentiation (LTP) induced in hippocampal area CA1 by high-frequency stimulation (HFS). These efforts have been motivated by the belief that similar synaptic modifications occur during memory formation, but it has never been shown that learning actually induces LTP in CA1. We found that one-trial inhibitory avoidance learning in rats produced the same changes in hippocampal glutamate receptors as induction of LTP with HFS and caused a spatially restricted increase in the amplitude of evoked synaptic transmission in CA1 in vivo. Because the learning-induced synaptic potentiation occluded HFS-induced LTP, we conclude that inhibitory avoidance training induces LTP in CA1.
Increased plasma levels of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB + PDGF-AB) in patients with never-treated mild essential hypertension (1998)

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) could play a role in both vascular hypertrophy and atherosclerotic disease associated with hypertension. To assess whether plasma PDGF level is increased in mild essential hypertension, we measured plasma PDGF concentration in 25 never-treated patients with uncomplicated mild essential hypertension and in 22 normotensive healthy subjects. To evaluate the contribution of platelets to plasma PDGF in the two groups, we also measured plasma beta-thromboglobulin (BTG). Measurement of PDGF was carried out through an enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay, which detects two PDGF dimers, namely PDGF-BB and PDGF-AB. Both plasma PDGF and BTG were higher in the hypertensive than in the normotensive subjects. The ratio of PDGF to BTG was similar in the two groups. Plasma PDGF was weakly correlated with plasma BTG in the normotensive subjects, whereas this relationship was lost in the hypertensive patients. Our results suggest that the increase in plasma PDGF (PDGF-AB + PDGF-BB) in never-treated essential hypertension is mainly due to platelet activation. The increased circulating level of PDGF could play a role in the vascular structural changes associated with hypertension.
Prognostic significance of VEGF and its receptors in endometrioid endometrial cancer. (2010)

Immunohistochemical evaluation of VEGF and VEGFR-1 overexpression may be a useful marker for predicting 5-year DFS in endometrioid endometrial cancer.
The dichroism of DNA in electric fields (1972)

Abstract We have studied the dichroism of various samples of calf thymus DNA (of molecular weight from 3 × 10 5 to 7 × 10 6 ) in pulsed electric fields. The results may be summarized as follows: We find that calf thymus DNA behaves in electrical orientation as if it possessed a large permanent dipole moment. This apparent moment is sensitive to such effects as Mg ++ binding which lower the net charge on DNA. The limiting dichroism at infinite field corresponds to an angle of at least 80% between the transition moments at 265 nm and the helix axis, and could be consistant with a number of known forms of DNA. This result is independent of DNA molecular weight. There is evidence that the conformation may be different in 80% ethanol. The dichroism relaxation curves contain a component with a relaxation time of about 8 μsec, which is nearly independent of molecular weight, and a longest component which behaves either according to the Broersma theory for low‐molecular‐weight samples, or the Zimm‐Rouse theory at high molecular weights.
The Mitogenic Action of Bradykinin on Thymic Lymphocytes and its Dependence on Calcium (1969)

Bradykinin, a naturally occurring nonapeptide which causes an acute inflammatory response to injury, was found to be a potent, fast-acting mitotic stimulant for rat thymic lymphocytes suspended in vitro. This response was only obtained when calcium ions were also present in the suspension medium. It appears that bradykinin sensitizes cells to the environmental calcium and that calcium is the actual mitotic stimulator.
Pholipomycin, a new member of phosphoglycolipid antibiotics. I. Taxonomy of producing organism and fermentation and isolation of pholipomycin. (1977)

Pholipomycin is a new member of the phosphoglycolipid family of antibiotics. Taxonomic studies of the producing organism revealed that it has morphologically characteristic aerial mycelia in which two to three spores are borne usually on short and clavate side branches. The species name, Streptomyces lividoclavatus, has been proposed. Pholipomycin is produced mainly in the solid residue of the fermentation culture broth and is isolated by methanol extraction of the mycelial cake followed by purification on ion-exchange resin and silica gel chromatography.
Thein vivoEffect of VIP, PACAP-38 and PACAP-27 and mRNA Expression of Their Receptors in Rat Middle Meningeal Artery (2009)

The parasympathetic nervous system is probably involved in migraine pathogenesis. Its activation releases a mixture of signalling molecules including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), which subsequently stimulate VPAC(1), VPAC(2) and PAC(1) receptors. The objective of the present study was to investigate the in vivo effect of VIP, PACAP-27, PACAP-38, the selective VPAC(1) agonist ([Lys15, Arg16, Leu27]-VIP(1-7)-GRF(8-27)) and a PAC(1) agonist, maxadilan on rat middle meningeal artery (MMA) diameter using the closed cranial window model. Selective antagonists were used for further characterization of the responses. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction experiments were also conducted to determine expression of mRNA of PACAP receptors in the MMA. The results showed that VIP, PACAP-38, PACAP-27 and the VPAC(1) specific agonist evoked significant dilations with the rank order of potency; VIP = PACAP-38 > PACAP-27 = [Lys15, Arg16, Leu27]-VIP(1-7)-GRF(8-27). Significant inhibition of dilation was only observed for the VPAC(1) antagonist PG97-269 on PACAP-38-induced dilation of MMA. The VPAC(2) antagonist PG99-465 and PAC(1) antagonist PACAP(6-38) did not significantly block VIP- or PACAP-induced dilation. Expression of mRNA of all three receptors was detected in the MMA. In conclusion, the VPAC(1) receptor seems to be predominant in mediating MMA dilation. A selective VPAC(1) antagonist may be a candidate molecule in the treatment of migraine headache.
Mannose Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Serum Glycoprotein Homeostasis (2002)

Carbohydrates are thought to function as tags that mark circulatory glycoproteins for rapid clearance. To examine the role of the mannose receptor (MR) in glycoprotein clearance, we generated mice genetically deficient in MR. MR-/- mice were defective in clearing proteins bearing accessible mannose and N-acetylglucosamine residues and had elevated levels of eight different lysosomal hydrolases. Proteomic analysis of MR-/- and control mouse sera showed that an additional 4 out of 52 proteins identified were elevated in MR-/- serum. Each of these is up-regulated during inflammation and wound healing. Thus, MR appears to operate as an essential regulator of serum glycoprotein homeostasis.
Viral vectors for gene therapy : methods and protocols (2003)

The promise of gene therapy can be realized only if workable vectors can be found to deliver therapeutic genes. In Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy: Methods and Protocols, leading researchers from academia and biotechnology describe proven molecular methods for the construction, development, and use of virus vectors for gene transfer and gene therapy. Offering detailed step-by-step instructions to ensure successful results, these experts detail the use of herpes viruses, adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, simple and complex retroviruses, including lentiviruses, and other virus systems for vector development and gene transfer. Additional chapters demonstrate the use of virus vectors in the brain and central nervous system. Each protocol includes a discussion of the principles involved, numerous charts and tables, ample references, and notes on possible problems, troubleshooting, and alternative procedures. Comprehensive and highly practical, Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy: Methods and Protocols provides not only researchers with the basic tools needed to design targeted gene delivery vectors, but also clinicians with an understanding of how to apply viral vectors to the treatment of genetic disorders
Nitrile oxide cycloaddition routes to 2‐(isoxazolyl)‐benzoates and 2‐(1,2,4‐oxadiazol‐3‐yl)benzoates (1982)

Abstract Cycloaddition of aromatic nitrile oxides to methyl o ‐vinylbenzoate produced methyl 2‐(3‐aryl‐2‐isoxazolin‐5‐yl)benzoates; the isoxazolines were converted to methyl 2‐(3‐arylisoxazol‐5‐yl)benzoates. Reaction of the nitrile oxide from o ‐methoxycarbonylbenzohydroximinoyl chloride ( 11 ) with phenylacetylene, styrenes, and aromatic nitriles resulted in methyl 2‐(5‐phenylisoxazol‐3‐yl)benzoate, methyl 2‐(5‐aryl‐2‐isoxazolin‐3‐yl)‐benzoates ( 15 ), and methyl 2‐(5‐aryl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazol‐3‐yl)benzoates, respectively. The isoxazolines 15 were converted to the corresponding isoxazoles 16 .