gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Tyrosinase-related Protein-2, S-100, and Melan A Immunoreactivity in Canine Amelanotic Melanomas (2003)

Tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) is a highly conserved melanogenic enzyme expressed in both pigmented and unpigmented melanomas of the mouse. To determine whether TRP-2 would be a good diagnostic marker for amelanotic melanomas of the dog, we performed immunohistochemistry for TRP-2, S-100, and Melan A on 21 canine tumors identified as amelanotic melanomas based on routine histopathologic examination. Thirteen of the tumors were TRP-2 positive, 10 were Melan A positive, and 19 were S-100 positive. TRP-2 was expressed in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in both primary and metastatic melanomas. S-100 staining was positive in all of three schwannomas and two of three gastrointestinal stromal tumors (one fibrosarcoma and one leiomyosarcoma) tested. Neither Melan A nor TRP-2 antibodies reacted with these tumors. Our findings indicate that staining for TRP-2 is a sensitive and specific method for confirming the diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma in dogs.
Differential expression of SAP and EAT‐2‐binding leukocyte cell‐surface molecules CD84, CD150 (SLAM), CD229 (Ly9) and CD244 (2B4) (2004)

The CD150 (SLAM) family consists of nine leukocyte cell-surface proteins involved in lymphocyte activation that belong to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. Six members of this family--CD84, CD150 (SLAM), CD229 (Ly9), CD244 (2B4), NTB-A, and CS1--associate with adapter proteins--SLAM-associated protein (SAP) and EAT-2. SAP is a short intracellular molecule that is mutated in humans with X-linked lymphoproliferative disease. Flow cytometric analysis of the expression of CD84, CD150, CD229, and CD244 cell-surface receptors on several leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets was performed. CD84 and CD150 were present on thymocytes, mature T cells and antigen-presenting cells. The expression of CD84 and CD150 was high on memory T cells. CD150 expression was strongly up-regulated after cell activation. In contrast to CD84, CD150 was absent on resting monocytes and immature dendritic cells (DCs). CD229 presented a pattern of expression restricted to lymphocytes. CD244 was preferentially expressed on natural killer cells, CD8(+) effector cells, resting monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils. We describe a broader distribution of CD84, CD150, CD229, and CD244 than previously reported and show that they are differentially expressed on hematopoietic cells. The heterogeneous expression of these receptors indicates that these molecules may play non-redundant functions in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses.
Birefringence measurements in human skin using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (2004)

Optical coherence tomography enables cross-sectional imaging of tissue structure to depths of around 1.5 mm, at high-resolution and in real time. Incorporation of polarization sensitivity (PS) provides an additional contrast mechanism which is complementary to images mapping backscattered intensity only. We present here polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of human skin in vivo, demonstrating the ability of the technique to visualize and quantify the birefringent properties of skin. Variation in normal skin birefringence according to anatomical location is demonstrated, and discussed in relation to collagen distribution at each location. From measurements on a sample of five human volunteers, mean double-pass phase retardation rates of 0.340+/-0.143, 0.250+/-0.076, and 0.592+/-0.142 deg/microm were obtained for the dorsal hand, temple, and lower back regions, respectively. We demonstrate how averaging the Stokes parameters of backscattered light over a range of axial and lateral dimensions results in a reduction of speckle-induced noise. Examples of PS-OCT images from skin sites following wound healing and repair are also presented and discussed.
A clinical and immunologic phase 2 trial of Wilms tumor gene product 1 (WT1) peptide vaccination in patients with AML and MDS (2009)

This study investigated the immunogenicity of Wilms tumor gene product 1 (WT1)-peptide vaccination in WT1-expressing acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients without curative treatment option. Vaccination consisted of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor subcutaneously days 1 to 4, and WT1.126-134 peptide and 1 mg keyhole limpet hemocyanin on day 3. The initial 9 patients received 4 vaccinations biweekly, then monthly, and the subsequent 10 patients received continual biweekly vaccination. Seventeen AML patients and 2 refractory anemia with excess blasts patients received a median of 11 vaccinations. Treatment was well tolerated. Objective responses in AML patients were 10 stable diseases (SDs) including 4 SDs with more than 50% blast reduction and 2 with hematologic improvement. An additional 4 patients had clinical benefit after initial progression, including 1 complete remission and 3 SDs. WT1 mRNA levels decreased at least 3-fold from baseline in 35% of patients. In 8 of 18 patients, WT1-tetramer(+) T cells increased in blood and in 8 of 17 patients in bone marrow, with a median frequency in bone marrow of 0.18% at baseline and 0.41% in week 18. This WT1 vaccination study provides immunologic, molecular, and preliminary evidence of potential clinical efficacy in AML patients, warranting further investigations.
Characteristics of the Delayed Rectifier Current (IKrand IKs) in Canine Ventricular Epicardial, Midmyocardial, and Endocardial Myocytes (1995)

Recent studies have described regional differences in the electrophysiology and pharmacology of ventricular myocardium in canine, feline, rat, guinea pig, and human hearts. In this study, we use standard microelectrode and whole-cell patch-clamp techniques to examine the characteristics of the action potential and the delayed rectifier K+ current (IK) in epicardial, M region (deep subepicardial to midmyocardial), and endocardial cells isolated from the canine left ventricle. Cells from the M region displayed much longer action potential durations (APDs) at slow rates. At a basic cycle length of 4 s, APD measured at 90% repolarization was 358 +/- 16 (mean +/- SEM), 262 +/- 12, and 287 +/- 11 ms in cells from the M region, epicardium, and endocardium, respectively. Steady state APD-rate relations were steeper in cells from the M region. In complete Tyrode's solution, IK was smaller in myocytes from the M region when compared with those isolated from the epicardium or endocardium. Further characterization of IK was conducted in a Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(2+)-free bath solution to isolate the slowly activating component of the delayed rectifier (IKs) from the rapidly activating component (IKr). IKs was significantly smaller in M cells than in epicardial and endocardial cells. With repolarization to -20 mV, IKs tail current density was 1.99 +/- 0.30 pA/pF (mean +/- SEM) in epicardial cells, 1.83 +/- 0.18 pA/pF in endocardial cells, and 0.92 +/- 0.14 pA/pF in M cells. Voltage dependence and time course of activation and deactivation of IKs were similar in the three cell types. The relative contribution of IKr and IKs among the three cell types was examined by using 6 mmol/L [K+]o Tyrode's solution with and without E-4031, a highly selective blocker of IKr. An E-4031-sensitive current was observed in the presence but not in the absence of extracellular K+. This rapidly activating component showed characteristics similar to those of IKr as described in rabbit and cat ventricular cells. Deactivation of IKr was significantly slower than that of IKs. IKr (E-4031-sensitive component) tail current density was similar in the three cell types, whereas IKs (E-4031-insensitive component) tail current density was significantly smaller in the M cells. Our results suggest that the distinctive phase-3 repolarization features of M cells are due in part to a lesser contribution of IKs and that this distinction may also explain why M cells are the main targets for agents that prolong APD in ventricular myocardium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Abolishing Youth Justice Systems: Children First, Offenders Nowhere (2020)

The 1980s decade of diversion in UK youth justice consolidated critiques of iatrogenic systemic contact and generated an abolitionist momentum that was significantly reversed by the 1990s punitive turn and ‘new youth justice’ strategies of modernisation, expansionism, interventionism and risk management. However, the tentative rejection of risk management and the rebirth of diversion in contemporary youth justice offer new hope for abolitionist arguments. This article critically evaluates contemporary abolitionist arguments, asserting that Children First definitions and diversionary, Bureau model responses could coalesce to form an innovative paradigm to replace traditional, formal conceptions of youth justice ‘systems’.
Clostridium Neurotoxin Fragments as Potential Targeting Moieties for Liposomal Gene Delivery to the CNS (2007)

Targeted transfection of the CNS with synthetic, nonviral vectors represents a huge technical challenge. The approach explored here attempts to combine self-assembly ABCD nanoparticles (Kostarelos and Miller, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2005, 34, 970), with the potential of Clostridium neurotoxin fragments to effect receptor-mediated transfection of neuronal cells. Cationic liposome-plasmid DNA complexes were first modified with a PEG stealth layer, before the addition of C-terminal fragments of tetanus toxin (TH(C)), botulinum toxin (BH(C)) or the truncated C-terminal domain of TH(C) as biological "targeting" ligands. First-generation nanoparticles were identified for the transfection of two neuronal cell lines (human SH-5YSY and rat/mouse hybrid N18-RE105); control studies were also performed with HeLa cells. ABCD nanoparticle transfections of the neuronal cell lines were up to 30-fold higher than corresponding control transfections with nanoparticles that lacked the protein ligand. We also demonstrate apparent receptor-mediated uptake by means of competition-binding and real-time confocal experiments. By contrast, nanoparticle transfection of HeLa cells appeared to involve alternative nonspecific enhanced cellular uptake mechanism(s). Receptor-mediated and nonspecific mechanisms appear to be in competition, potentially harming the capacity of receptor-mediated delivery to effect proper targeted delivery of nucleic acids to cells ex vivo and in vivo.
New repetition polar code over double blocks for the BEC channel (2012)

Although polar codes, introduced recently by Arυkan, can achieve the capacity of symmetric channels, their finite-length performance is not optimal. The repetition technique proposed by Seidl in [4] is an efficient method to improve the performance of polar code. Nevertheless the problem is that the decoding complexity becomes very high as the repetition length or the number of inner codes increases. We propose a new repetition technique over double subblocks, called double repetition polar code (dRPC) in this paper. The code construction rules are described, and a suboptimal decoding algorithm, the parallel successive cancellation (SC) algorithm is proposed. Simulation results illustrate that the BLER of dRPC with Belief Propagation (BP) decoding outperforms that of Seidl's scheme and even approaches to that of polar code with MAP decoding.
Gate Dielectrics for Organic Field‐Effect Transistors: New Opportunities for Organic Electronics (2005)

Abstract In this contribution we review the motivations for, and recent advances in, new gate dielectric materials for incorporation into organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) for organic electronics. After a general introduction to OTFT materials, operating principles, and processing requirements for optimizing low‐cost organic electronics, this review focuses on three classes of OTFT‐compatible dielectrics: i) inorganic (high‐ k ) materials; ii) polymeric materials; and iii) self‐assembled mono‐ and/multilayer materials. The principal goals in this active research area are tunable and reduced OTFT operating voltages, leading to decreased device power consumption while providing excellent dielectric/insulator properties and efficient low‐cost solution‐phase processing characteristics.
Intracranial Aneurysms (1997)

Intracranial aneurysms are acquired lesions that are most commonly located at the branching points of the major arteries coursing through the subarachnoid space at the base of the brain (Figure 1). A subarachnoid hemorrhage due to the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm is a devastating event associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Approximately 12 percent of patients die before receiving medical attention,1 40 percent of hospitalized patients die within one month after the event,26 and more than one third of those who survive have major neurologic deficits.26 Furthermore, persistent cognitive deficits are present in many patients . . .
Scott syndrome erythrocytes contain a membrane protein capable of mediating Ca2+-dependent transbilayer migration of membrane phospholipids. (1997)

Phospholipid (PL) scramblase is a plasma membrane protein that mediates accelerated transbilayer migration of PLs upon binding Ca2+, facilitating rapid mobilization of phosphatidylserine to the cell surface upon elevation of internal Ca2+. In patients with Scott syndrome, a congenital bleeding disorder related to defective expression of membrane coagulant activity, circulating blood cells show decreased cell surface exposure of phosphatidylserine at elevated cytosolic [Ca2+], implying an underlying defect or deficiency of PL scramblase. To gain insight into the molecular basis of this disorder, we compared PL scramblase in Scott erythrocyte membranes to those of normal controls. Whereas membranes of Scott cells were unresponsive to Ca2+-induced activation of PL scramblase at neutral pH, apparently normal PL scramblase activity was induced at pH < 6.0. After extraction with octylglucoside, a membrane protein was isolated from the Scott cells which exhibited normal PL scramblase activity when reconstituted in vesicles with exogenous PLs. Like PL scramblase from normal erythrocytes, PL scramblase from Scott erythrocytes was maximally activated either by addition of Ca2+ (at pH 7.4) or by acidification to pH < 6.0, and similar apparent affinities for Ca2+ and rates of transbilayer transfer of PLs were observed. This suggests that the defect in Scott syndrome is related to an altered interaction of Ca2+ with PL scramblase on the endofacial surface of the cell membrane, due either to an intrinsic constraint upon the protein preventing interaction with Ca2+ in situ, or due to an unidentified inhibitor or cofactor in the Scott cell that is dissociated by detergent.
Lipo-γ-AApeptides as a New Class of Potent and Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Agents (2012)

There is increasing demand to develop antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as next generation antibiotic agents, as they have the potential to circumvent emerging drug resistance against conventional antibiotic treatments. Non-natural antimicrobial peptidomimetics are an ideal example of this, as they have significant potency and in vivo stability. Here we report for the first time the design of lipidated γ-AApeptides as antimicrobial agents. These lipo-γ-AApeptides show potent broad-spectrum activities against fungi and a series of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including clinically relevant pathogens that are resistant to most antibiotics. We have analyzed their structure-function relationship and antimicrobial mechanisms using membrane depolarization and fluorescent microscopy assays. Introduction of unsaturated lipid chain significantly decreases hemolytic activity and thereby increases the selectivity. Furthermore, a representative lipo-γ-AApeptide did not induce drug resistance in S. aureus, even after 17 rounds of passaging. These results suggest that the lipo-γ-AApeptides have bactericidal mechanisms analogous to those of AMPs and have strong potential as a new class of novel antibiotic therapeutics.
Infectivity of chimeric human T-cell leukemia virus type I molecular clones assessed by naked DNA inoculation. (1996)

Two human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) molecular clones, K30p and K34p were derived from HTLV-I-infected rabbit cell lines. K30p and K34p differ by 18 bp with changes in the long terminal repeats (LTRs) as well as in the gag, pol, and rex but not tax or env gene products. Cells transfected with clone K30p were infectious in vitro and injection of the K30p transfectants or naked K30p DNA into rabbits leads to chronic infection. In contrast, K34p did not mediate infection in vitro or in vivo, although the cell line from which it was derived is fully infectious and K34p transfectants produce intact virus particles. To localize differences involved in the ability of the clones to cause infection, six chimeric HTLV-I clones were constructed by shuffling corresponding fragments containing the substitutions in the LTRs, the gag/pol region and the rex region between K30p and K34p. Cells transfected with any of the six chimeras produced virus, but higher levels of virus were produced by cells transfected with those constructs containing the K30p rex region. Virus production was transient except in cells transfected with K30p or with a chimera consisting of the entire protein coding region of K30p flanked by K34p LTRs; only the transfectants showing persistent virus production mediated in vitro infection. In vivo infection in rabbits following intramuscular DNA injection was mediated by K30p as well as by a chimera of K30p containing the K34p rex gene. Comparisons revealed that virus production was greater and appeared earlier in rabbits injected with K30p. These data suggest that several defects in the K34p clone preclude infectivity and furthermore, provide systems to explore functions of HTLV-I genes.
Ex vivo culture of adult microglial cells from previously lesioned rat brains. (1994)

In an attempt to study more precisely the glial cells involved in reactions following specific brain injuries, we tried to culture cells derived from surgically-lesioned rat brains or adult rat hippocampus previously treated with kainic acid, a convulsant which induces status epilepticus associated with structural modifications. We find that, contrary to cultures derived from normal adult rat brain, cultures from lesioned rat brains can survive and proliferate in vitro. Characterization of the cell types using double labeling with isolectin B4 for microglia and GFAP antisera for astrocytes shows that cultures from KA-treated adult rats consist of nearly 100% macrophagic-microglial cells, whereas those obtained from surgically-lesioned brains are composed of a mixed population of microglial cells and astrocytes. These models are proposed as suitable for the further study of microglial-neuronal interactions involved in brain damage and repair.
A novel costimulatory signaling in human T lymphocytes by a splice variant of CD28 (2002)

Abstract We have characterized a splice variant (isoform) of the human CD28 T cell costimulatory receptor. The nucleotide sequence of this CD28 isoform was identical to that of CD28 in the signal peptide, the transmembrane domain, and the cytoplasmic tail, but it was missing a large segment of the extracellular ligand-binding domain, which is encoded by the second exon. This isoform (CD28i), whose message level exceeded 25% of CD28, was a transmembrane homodimer. CD28i was found noncovalently associated with CD28 and was tyrosine-phosphorylated/PI3-kinase–complexed following the crosslinking of CD28, and the CD28 costimulatory signal was enhanced in T cells expressing CD28i. These data demonstrate that CD28i, via noncovalent association with CD28, plays a role as a costimulatory signal amplifier in human T cells.
Charge Transport and Storage in Metal-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (MNOS) Structures (1969)

A simple physical model that predicts charge accumulation at the dielectric interface of metal-nitride-oxide-silicon (MNOS) structures is proposed and verified experimentally. The model is based on the presence of steady-state current flow in the dielectric structure. Interface-charge accumulation is shown to be determined by the requirement for continuity of current through the structure under steady-state conditions. Continuity of current is established by accumulation of either positive or negative charge for a given polarity of charging voltage, depending on the relative current-field characteristics of the silicon nitride and silicon dioxide layers. Due to the exponential nature of the current-field characteristics, the time required to reach steady state is a strong function of the applied charging voltage. This leads to the observed charge storage property of MNOS devices. The hysteresis characteristic observed in MNOS structures is shown to be time-dependent with a tendency to merge into a single-valued dependence of accumulated charge on charging voltage as the steady-state condition is approached. The validity of the theoretical model for both steady-state and transient behavior is confirmed by current-voltage, capacitance-voltage, and turn-on measurements of MNOS capacitors and transistors for different dielectric thickness ratios and over a wide temperature range. The underlying concept that charge accumulation establishes current continuity in a two-layer dielectric structure should be valid, in general, for any two-dielectric structure.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in an Exploratory Trial of Intravenous Minocycline for Acute Ischemic Stroke (2011)

Lower plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 was seen among tPA-treated subjects in the MINOS trial. Combining minocycline with tPA may prevent the adverse consequences of thrombolytic therapy through suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity.
Introduction (2014)

Extract In 2004 the European Union expanded to include the countries of Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia –the largest round of enlargement in its history. In 2007, the EU was further joined by Bulgaria and Romania. In the years that preceded the enlargements, much academic attention focused on EU accession preparations. Since then, attention has shifted to analyse the impact of the new Member States upon the EU, particularly with respect to decision-making within the Council (Arregui and Thomson, 2009; Mattila, 2008; Naurin and Lindahl, 2008; Plechanovová, 2011; Thomson, 2009). But what has been the impact of the 2004 and 2007 enlargements upon the process of European integration as a political project? At the heart of the European integration process is the political economy debate over whether the EU should be a market-making project, or if it should combine this with integration in...
High Oxidation State Molybdenum Imido Heteroatom-Substituted Alkylidene Complexes (2013)

Reactions between Mo(NAr)(CHR)(Me<sub>2</sub>Pyr)-(OTPP) (Ar = 2,6-<i>i</i>-Pr<sub>2</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>, R = H or CHCMe<sub>2</sub>Ph, Me<sub>2</sub>Pyr = 2,5-dimethylpyrrolide, OTPP = O-2,3,5,6-Ph<sub>4</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H) and CH<sub>2</sub>=CHX where X = B(pin), SiMe<sub>3</sub>, <i>N</i>-carbazolyl, <i>N</i>-pyrrolidinonyl, PPh<sub>2</sub>, OPr, or SPh lead to Mo(NAr)(CHX)-(Me<sub>2</sub>Pyr)(OTPP) complexes in good yield. All have been characterized through X-ray studies (as an acetonitrile adduct in the case of X = PPh<sub>2</sub>). The efficiencies of metathesis reactions initiated by Mo(NAr)(CHX)(Me<sub>2</sub>Pyr)(OTPP) complexes can be rationalized on the basis of steric factors; electronic differences imposed as a consequence of X being bound to the alkylidene carbon do not seem to play a major role. Side reactions that promote catalyst decomposition do not appear to be a serious limitation for Mo=CHX species.