gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scattering induced microwave scintillations from clear air and rain on earth space paths and the influence of antenna aperture (1986)

The variance and spectrum of amplitude scintillations due to scattering in both turbulent clear air and rain, are investigated. Included are the important aspect of antenna aperture smoothing with special emphasis on earth-space paths and the equations derived are applicable to system design and remote sensing. A detailed comparison with published experimental results is carried out and the agreement found is good. Two approaches are described in detail: 1) the point receiver classical wave scattering results are modified to include aperture effects, 2) a scalar scattering cross-section approach is combined with the radar equation and the results derived are similar to those of 1). In addition, approach 2) includes the case of rain. Among the results found it is shown that because the scintillation intensity depends on the ratio between the antenna diameter and the diameter of the Fresnel zone in the turbulent region, low elevation paths counteract the tendency to smoothing by large earth station antennas and the scintillations observed remain large. Also pure scattering induced rain scintillations, even in the millimeter region, are in general reduced to an almost negligible level due to aperture smoothing even though for a theoretical point receiver they would be very intense. The time variability of rain attenuation and its polarization dependence as a source of apparent scintillations are also discussed.
Proteomic analysis of protein expression in prostate cancer. (2005)

The protein profile of prostate cancer differs from that of benign tissue. Several potential target proteins for detection or evaluation of prognosis in prostate cancer were identified.
CD8− Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Cross-Present Poly(D,L-lactate-co-glycolate) Acid Microsphere-Encapsulated Antigen In Vivo (2011)

The analysis of cell types involved in cross-priming of particulate Ag is essential to understand and improve immunotherapies using microparticles. In this study, we show that murine splenic dendritic cells (DCs) as well as macrophages (MΦs) are able to efficiently endocytose poly(D,L-lactate-co-glycolate) acid (PLGA) microspheres (MS) and to cross-present encapsulated Ags in the context of MHC class I molecules in vitro. A comparison of purified CD8(+) and CD8(-) DCs indicated that both DC subtypes are able to present OVA-derived epitopes on MHC class I and II in vitro. To determine the contribution of DCs and MΦs to cross-priming of PLGA MS in vivo, DCs were depleted in transgenic CD11c-DTR mice, and MΦs were depleted by clodronate liposomes in wild-type mice before immunizing mice with OVA-encapsulated MS. Our results show that the depletion of DCs or MΦs alone only led to minor differences in the OVA-specific immune responses. However, simultaneous depletion of DCs and MΦs caused a strong reduction of primed effector cells, indicating a redundancy of both cell populations for the priming of PLGA MS-encapsulated Ag. Finally, we analyzed PLGA MS trafficking to draining lymph nodes after s.c. injection. It was evident that fluorescent particles accumulated within draining lymph nodes over time. Further analysis of PLGA MS-positive lymphatic cells revealed that mainly CD8(-) DCs and MΦs contained MS. Moreover, immune responses in BATF3 knockout mice lacking CD8(+) DCs were normal. The results presented in this work strongly suggest that in vivo cross-priming of PLGA MS-encapsulated Ag is performed by CD8(-) DCs and MΦs.
Development of Fluorescent Film Sensors for the Detection of Divalent Copper (2003)

Monolayers of several peptide lipids at air-water and air-solid interfaces were prepared using Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film techniques, and tested as fluorescent sensors for copper ions in aqueous phase. In one method, both the ionophore and the fluorophore were in the same molecule (lipid A), so intramolecular interaction was responsible for the fluorescence quenching of monolayers of this lipid. In the other method, ionophore and fluorophore were located on two different molecules (lipids B and C) so the intramolecular coupling does not exist; instead the fluorescence quenching was realized by a through-space interaction mechanism. Several experimental techniques, including pi-A isotherm, epifluorescence microscopy, and absorption and emission spectroscopies were used to study the different characteristics of copper ion effect on the properties of the lipid monolayers. Additionally, the fluorescence quenching properties of the Langmuir monolayers were found to be transferred to the one-layer LB films. On LB films, the fluorescence response presented a clear selectivity for copper ions in comparison with several other transition metal ions. Further, an excellent reversibility was observed: the fluorescence was switched OFF by immersing the solid substrate in copper ion solution and ON by washing with HCl solution. The intermolecular approach used here seems to be a very flexible and general method to design surface-oriented fluorescent sensors to meet different analytic purposes.
Patterns of protein–protein interactions in salt solutions and implications for protein crystallization (2007)

The second osmotic virial coefficients of seven proteins-ovalbumin, ribonuclease A, bovine serum albumin, alpha-lactalbumin, myoglobin, cytochrome c, and catalase-were measured in salt solutions. Comparison of the interaction trends in terms of the dimensionless second virial coefficient b(2) shows that, at low salt concentrations, protein-protein interactions can be either attractive or repulsive, possibly due to the anisotropy of the protein charge distribution. At high salt concentrations, the behavior depends on the salt: In sodium chloride, protein interactions generally show little salt dependence up to very high salt concentrations, whereas in ammonium sulfate, proteins show a sharp drop in b(2) with increasing salt concentration beyond a particular threshold. The experimental phase behavior of the proteins corroborates these observations in that precipitation always follows the drop in b(2). When the proteins crystallize, they do so at slightly lower salt concentrations than seen for precipitation. The b(2) measurements were extended to other salts for ovalbumin and catalase. The trends follow the Hofmeister series, and the effect of the salt can be interpreted as a water-mediated effect between the protein and salt molecules. The b(2) trends quantify protein-protein interactions and provide some understanding of the corresponding phase behavior. The results explain both why ammonium sulfate is among the best crystallization agents, as well as some of the difficulties that can be encountered in protein crystallization.
Prevention of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Common Marmosets Using an Anti-IL-12p40 Monoclonal Antibody (2002)

The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in the common marmoset approximates recognized features of the human disease multiple sclerosis (MS) with regard to its clinical presentation as well as neuropathological and radiological aspects of the lesions in brain and spinal cord. IL-12 is a proinflammatory cytokine that is produced by APC and promotes differentiation of Th1 effector cells. IL-12 is produced in the developing lesions of patients with MS as well as in EAE-affected animals. Previously it was shown that interference in IL-12 pathways effectively prevents EAE in rodents. In this study we report that in vivo neutralization of IL-12p40 using a novel Ab has beneficial effects in the myelin-induced EAE model in common marmosets. The Ab was injected i.v. at 7-day intervals starting well after immunization (day 14) and was continued until the end of the study (day 86). Stable levels of the Ab were measured 3 days after each injection throughout the study period. During this period anti-Ab responses could not be detected. We demonstrate that anti-IL-12p40 treatment has a protective effect on the neurological dysfunction as well as on neuropathological changes normally observed in the brain and spinal cord of EAE-affected individuals.
Influence of achiral units with gem-dimethyl substituents on the helical character of aliphatic oligourea foldamers (2013)

The structures of various urea oligomers incorporating one or two central achiral 1,2-diamino-1,1-dimethylethane (DADME) units have been investigated in solution and in the crystalline state. These diamine monomers are analogous to the achiral helicogenic amino acid Aib (α-aminoisobutyric acid). Oligomers were found to fold into helical conformations with DADME units inducing local deviations from the canonical helix geometry of urea foldamers.
Comparative intraocular pressure effects of adsorbocarpine and isoptocarpine. (1978)

Nine symmetrical ocular hypertensives used Adsorbocarpine in one eye and Isoptocarpine in the other. Each medication was given twice daily for one week, then Isoptocarpine was used 4 time daily. The 2 drugs were equally effective as twice daily medications while Isoptocarpine 4 times daily was significantly more effective than either given twice daily. The pH of the Adsorbocarpine may not have been optimal although commercially available solutions were used. The results indicated that pilocarpine in either vehicle can lower intraocular pressure when given less than 4 times daily; however, conclusive studies are needed before this can be recommended as a widespread clinical practice.
A New Class of Electrochemically and Thermally Stable Lithium Salts for Lithium Battery Electrolytes: III. Synthesis and Properties of Some Lithium Organoborates (1996)

Synthesis, analysis, and purification of new lithium salts for lithium batteries, lithium bis[tetrafluoro‐1,2‐benzenediolato(2‐)‐O,O']borate and lithium bis[2,3‐naphthalenediolato(2‐)‐O,O']borate are described, and the results of electrochemical studies of these salts and of lithium bis[3‐fluoro‐1,2‐benzenediolato(2‐)‐O,O']borate, in propylene carbonate are reported. The effect of the electron‐withdrawing substituent fluorine results in an increase of the electrochemical window by 0.1 V/fluorine per one chelate ligand. The slope, which can be calculated from the linear correlation of the highest occupied molecular orbital energies with anodic oxidation potentials is −3.0 eV/V, a value equal to that known for aryl borates and fluoroaryl borates.
Vaccination and its adverse effects: real or perceived (1998)

Vaccines have been spuriously linked to sudden infant death syndrome,1 paediatric asthma,2 autism,3 inflammatory bowel disease,4 and permanent brain damage.5 Recently US researchers have suggested that vaccination after 28 days after birth may induce type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes mellitus in susceptible individuals.5 This theory, pounced on earlier this year by the US media, may have led to a lowering of confidence in childhood routine immunisation. In May several institutions (including the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Centres for Disease Control, the World Health Organisation, and the UK's Department of Health) sponsored a workshop at the US National Institutes for Health to assess the evidence of a possible causal link.

Immunologists, diabetologists, epidemiologists, policymakers, and observers debated the available evidence for two days and concluded that it does not support a causal link between vaccination and the onset of type 1 diabetes. Some short and longer term observational studies to test the hypothesis are currently underway. However, the results of a large randomised controlled trial of vaccine against …
Pendred syndrome and DFNB4‐mutation screening of SLC26A4 by denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography and the identification of eleven novel mutations (2003)

Mutations in SLC26A4 cause Pendred syndrome, an autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by sensorineural deafness and goiter, and DFNB4, a type of autosomal recessive nonsyndromic deafness in which, by definition, affected persons do not have thyromegaly. The clinical diagnosis of these two conditions is difficult, making mutation screening of SLC26A4 a valuable test. Although screening can be accomplished in a variety of ways, all techniques are not equally accurate, timely or cost effective. We found single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis (SSCP) to be 63% effective in detecting mutations a panel of different SLC26A4 allele variants when compared to data from direct sequencing. Because direct sequencing can be time consuming and expensive, especially for a gene with 21 exons, we studied DHPLC as an alternative screening method. We found DHPLC as accurate and reliable as direct sequencing but to be more rapid and cost effective. In addition, we report 11 novel disease-causing allele variants of SLC26A4.
The mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and ERK1/2 are increased in lesional psoriatic skin (2005)

Taken together, our results demonstrate that the activity of the MAPKs p38alpha, p38beta and p38delta and ERK1/2 are increased in lesional psoriatic skin compared with nonlesional psoriatic skin, and that clearance of psoriasis normalizes the p38 and ERK1/2 activity. Thus, p38 and ERK1/2 might be potential targets in the treatment of psoriasis.
Advances in kinase inhibition (2014)

First-generation pan-Jak inhibitors can be useful for a wide variety of diseases. They act on adaptive as well as innate immune cells and can promote tolerance. More specific inhibitors will soon be available and these may be used in a disease-specific manner.
Rapid construction of a dendritic cell vaccine through physical perturbation and apoptotic malignant T cell loading (2005)

We have demonstrated that adherence and release of monocytes from a plastic surface drives their differentiation into immature dendritic cells (DC,) that can mature further during overnight incubation in the presence of apoptotic malignant T cells. Based on these results, we sought to develop a clinically, practical, rapid means for producing DC loaded with malignant cells. A leukapheresis harvest containing the clonal, leukemic expansion of malignant CD4+ T cells was obtained from the blood of patients with cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). CTCL cells were purified with a CD3-magnetic bead column where CD3 engagement rendered the malignant T cells apoptotic. The monocyte fraction was simultaneously activated by column passage, re-added to the apoptotic CTCL cells and co-cultured overnight. CTCL cell apoptosis, DC differentiation and apoptotic malignant T cell ingestion were measured by immunostaining. The results demonstrate that as monocytes passed through the column matrix, they became activated and differentiated into semi-mature DC expressing significantly increased levels of class II, CD83 and CD86 (markers associated with maturing DC) and reduced expression of the monocyte markers CD14 and CD36. Apoptotic malignant T cells were avidly engulfed by the phagocytic transitioning DC. The addition of supportive cytokines further enhanced the number of DC that contained apoptotic malignant T cells. Functional studies confirmed that column passaged DC increased class II expression as shown by significantly enhanced stimulation in mixed leukocyte culture compared to control monocytes. In addition, DC loaded with apoptotic CTCL cells stimulated an increase in the percentage and absolute number of CD8 T cells compared to co-cultivation with non-loaded DC. After CD8 T cells were stimulated by DC loaded with malignant cells, they mediated increased apoptosis of residual CTCL cells and TNF-alpha secretion indicating development of enhanced cytolytic function. We report a simple one-step procedure where maturing DC containing apoptotic malignant T cells can be prepared rapidly for potential use in vaccine immunotherapy. Ready access to both the DC and apoptotic cells provided by this system will allow extension to other malignancies through the addition of a variety of apoptotic tumor cells and maturation stimuli.
Identification and functional analysis of SKA2 interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor (2008)

Glucocorticoid (GC) receptors (GRs) have profound anti-survival effects on human small cell lung cancer (SCLC). To explore the basis of these effects, protein partners for GRs were sought using a yeast two-hybrid screen. We discovered a novel gene, FAM33A, subsequently identified as a SKA1 partner and involved in mitosis, and so renamed Ska2. We produced an anti-peptide antibody that specifically recognized full-length human SKA2 to measure expression in human cell lines and tissues. There was a wide variation in expression across multiple cell lines, but none was detected in the liver cell line HepG2. A xenograft model of human SCLC had intense staining and archival tissue revealed SKA2 in several human lung and breast tumours. SKA2 was found in the cytoplasm, where it co-localized with GR, but nuclear expression of SKA2 was seen in breast tumours. SKA2 overexpression increased GC transactivation in HepG2 cells while SKA2 knockdown in A549 human lung epithelial cells decreased transactivation and prevented dexamethasone inhibition of proliferation. GC treatment decreased SKA2 protein levels in A549 cells, as did Staurosporine, phorbol ester and trichostatin A; all agents that inhibit cell proliferation. Overexpression of SKA2 potentiated the proliferative response to IGF-I exposure, and knockdown with shRNA caused cells to arrest in mitosis. SKA2 has recently been identified in HeLa S3 cells as part of a complex, which is critical for spindle checkpoint silencing and exit from mitosis. Our new data show involvement in cell proliferation and GC signalling, with implications for understanding how GCs impact on cell fate.
A method for designing primer sets for speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes (1999)

A simple method is described for designing primer sets that can amplify specific protein-encoding sequences in a wide variety of filamentous ascomycetes. Using this technique, we successfully designed primers that amplified the intergenic spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat, portions of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha, calmodulin, and chitin synthase 1 genes, and two other genes encoding actin and ras protein. All amplicons were sequenced and determined to amplify the target gene. Regions were successfully amplified in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and other sclerotiniaceous species, Neurospora crassa, Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergillus nidulans, Podospora anserina, Fusarium solani, and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. These regions are a potentially rich source of characters for population and speciation studies in filamentous ascomycetes. Each primer set amplified a DNA product of predicted size from N. crassa.
Osteolysis in alloarthroplasty of the hip. The role of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene wear particles. (1990)

Massive localized osteolysis around artificial joints has been seen more frequently in the past few years. It is still not generally accepted that ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear particles can induce massive bone resorption, even distant from the joint. This article describes a series of eight soft-top prostheses with large UHMWPE ball heads that contributed to the erosion of surrounding bone. Roentgenographically, all of the cases showed a marked loss of proximal cortical bone, more or less combined with osteolysis, which was distal to the femoral shaft and deep into the acetabulum. In two cases, remodeling and resorption transformed the bone into a tumorlike appearance. Tissue samples from areas of osteolysis as well as from the joint capsule were taken at revision surgery, processed for histology, examined microscopically, and evaluated semiquantitatively. The retrieved devices were also carefully inspected. Large amounts of UHMWPE wear debris were found not only in the joint capsule but also in layers of granulomatous tissue from the acetabulum and femur, whereas metal particles and fragmented polymethylmethacrylate were either completely absent or occurred only in very small amounts. The results of this study demonstrate that UHMWPE wear products alone can cause massive osteolysis by triggering foreign-body granuloma formation at the bone-cement interface; the bone cement may remain fixed in areas beyond the osteolytic transformation.
Vaccine pamphlets undermine immunization efforts (1992)

The August 1992 American Academy of Pediatrics News has a curious juxtaposition of counterproductive efforts in the immunization field. There is a strong effort to increase the immunization of our children, both by records showing the salutary effect of the HIB shots, and Secretary Sullivan9s point of view urging increased immunizations for all children, particularly the poor. There is an article on minority groups having many barriers to care, including immunizations, and the CDC9s strong recommendation to screen and vaccinate all preschool children.
Realization of Multilayer Occlusion between Real and Virtual Scenes in Augmented Reality (2006)

Augmented reality system is well suited for Computer Supported Cooperative Work. For achieving visual realism, correctly handling and representing occlusion between virtual and real objects in Augmented Reality scene is essential. Here, we present an approach for realizing multilayer occlusion. Differing qualitatively from previous work in AR occlusion, our algorithm realizes multilayer occlusion, and its application domain involves indoor-field occluded objects, which are several meters distant from the viewer. Previous related work has focused on monolayer occlusion, and near-field occluded objects, which are within or just beyond arm's reach. We designed a special scene graph tree comprised of some special nodes, namely EMO nodes. According to the location of real moving object, different EMO node will be activated in real-time, consequently realizing the multilayer occlusion. Experimental results are provided to demonstrate the multilayer indoor-field occlusion.
Myeloma cells suppress bone formation by secreting a soluble Wnt inhibitor, sFRP-2 (2005)

Multiple myeloma (MM) develops devastating bone destruction with enhanced bone resorption and suppressed bone formation. In contrast to enhanced osteoclastogenesis, little is known about the mechanism of impaired bone formation in MM. Because a canonical Wingless-type (Wnt) signaling pathway has recently been shown to play an important role in osteoblast differentiation, we examined whether MM cells affect a canonical Wnt pathway to suppress bone formation. Conditioned media from RPMI8226 and U266 MM cell lines and primary MM cells suppressed in vitro mineralization as well as alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblasts induced by bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2). These cell lines constitutively produced a soluble Wnt inhibitor, secreted Frizzled-related protein 2 (sFRP-2), but not other Wnt inhibitors including sFRP-1, sFRP-3, and dickkopf 1 (DKK-1) at the protein level. Most MM cells from patients with advanced bone destructive lesions also expressed sFRP-2. Furthermore, exogenous sFRP-2 suppressed osteoblast differentiation induced by BMP-2, and immunodepletion of sFRP-2 significantly restored mineralized nodule formation in vitro, suggesting a predominant role for MM cell-derived sFRP-2 in the impairment of bone formation by MM. Thus, in addition to enhanced osteolysis, MM cells also suppress bone formation at least in part through an inhibition of the canonical Wnt pathway by secreting sFRP-2.