gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive resource allocation in power constrained CDMA mobile networks (2003)

In this paper, we consider a DS-CDMA mobile network supporting real-time and non-real-time services. We study how the delay tolerance of non-real-time traffic can be exploited by allowing both transmission power control and variable spreading gain (transmission rate) control. Two control mechanisms adapt the received energy per bit to the current channel conditions and efficiently manage the multiple access interference so as to optimize performance. We provide the jointly optimal power and spreading gain allocation strategy of non-real-time sources. Our strategy maximizes non-real-time throughput subject to constraints on peak transmission power and protects QoS of real-time-services. We show that under the optimal strategy, the optimal spreading gains are inverse linear in the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR), and transmission power is allocated to the non-real-time sources in decreasing order of channel gain according to a greedy control strategy. We also present numerical results comparing the throughput and delay performance of the optimal strategy with other common strategies; the optimal strategy can offer substantial performance gains.
Development of THGEM-based photon detectors for Cherenkov Imaging Counters (2010)

Alexeev, M; Alfonsi, M; Birsa, R; Bradamante, F; Bressan, A; Chiosso, M; Ciliberti, P; Croci, G; Colantoni, M L; Dalla Torre, S; Denisov, O; Duarte Pinto, S; Duic, V; Ferrero, A; Finger, M; Finger, M Jr; Fischer, H; Giacomini, G; Giorgi, M; Gobbo, B; Hagemann, R; Heinsius, F H; Herrmann, F; Jahodova, V; Königsmann, K; Kramer, D; Lauser, L; Levorato, S; Maggiora, A; Martin, A; Menon, G; Mutter, A; Nerling, F; Panzieri, D; Pesaro, G; Polak, J; Rocco, E; Ropeleswki, L; Sauli, F; Sbrizzai, G; Schiavon, P; Schill, C; Schopferer, S; Slunecka, M; Sozzi, F; Steiger, L; Sulc, M; Takekawa, S; Tessarotto, F; Wollny, H
Coevolution of Morphology and Virulence in Candida Species (2011)

Many of the major human fungal pathogens are known to undergo morphological changes, which in certain cases are associated with virulence. Although there has been an intense research focus on morphology in fungi, very little is known about how morphology evolved in conjunction with a variety of other virulence properties. However, several recent important discoveries, primarily in Candida species, are beginning to shed light on this important area and answer many longstanding questions. In this minireview, we first provide a description of the major fungal morphologies, as well as the roles of morphology and morphology-associated gene expression in virulence. Next, focusing largely on Candida species, we examine the evolutionary relationships among specific morphological forms. Finally, drawing on recent findings, we begin to address the question of how specific morphological changes came to be associated with virulence of Candida species during evolution.
A sensitive, type-specific, fluorogenic probe assay for detection of human papillomavirus DNA (1997)

A simple method for the detection of a number of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes associated with cervical cancer has been developed. The assay exploits the 5'-->3' exonucleolytic activity of Taq DNA polymerase to increase the signal from fluorescent dyes by releasing them from genotype-specific probes during PCR. The probes are oligonucleotides with a 5' reporter dye (6-carboxyfluorescein), a quencher dye (6-carboxy-tetramethyl-rhodamine), and a phosphate-blocked 3' end. In the intact probe, the proximity of the reporter and the quencher results in suppression of reporter fluorescence by Förster-type energy transfer (V. T. Förster. Ann. Phys. 2:55-75, 1948). If the probe is bound downstream of either primer during PCR, the 5'-->3' exonucleolytic activity of Taq polymerase degrades it, allowing the reporter to diffuse away from the quencher, which results in an increase in reporter fluorescence. The increased fluorescence is directly related to the amount of target DNA and can be detected with an automated fluorometer. Probes for the L1 region of the cervical-cancer-associated HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35 were synthesized and the assays were optimized. The most sensitive assay can detect as few as two copies of HPV DNA in human cervical specimens.
Overexpression of MAP4 inhibits organelle motility and trafficking in vivo (1997)

We previously prepared cell lines that inducibly overexpress MAP4, a microtubule (MT)-associated protein widely expressed in non-neuronal cells. Overexpression of either the full-length MAP4 molecule or its MT-binding domain, MTB, stabilized MTs and retarded cell growth, suggesting that overexpressed MAP4 impacts on MT-dependent functions in vivo. To test this hypothesis, we examined MT-based vesicle movements in living cells, using high resolution DIC microscopy. Overexpression of either MAP4 or MTB yielded a dose-dependent reduction in the frequency of MT-dependent organelle movements, relative to control cells. At steady state, both MAP4- and MTB-overexpressing cells showed unusual distributions of transferrin, LDL, dextran, and Golgi elements, as compared to control cells. MAP4 preferentially inhibited receptor-dependent uptake and degradation of LDL, and repositioning of Golgi elements after disruption by the drug, brefeldin A. L-MOCK cells treated with Taxol to stabilize the MTs to an extent equivalent to MAP4 overexpression did not show similar inhibition of vesicle motility or organellar trafficking, suggesting that deficits in organelle movements in vivo represent a direct effect of the presence of MAP4 or MTB, rather than an indirect effect of the stabilization of MTs by overexpressed MAP constructs. Our results show that MAP4 has the capacity to affect transport along MTs in vivo; these findings suggest a potential mechanism by which MAP4 could contribute to polarization or morphogenesis of cells.
Human cells contain protein specifically binding to a single 1,N6-ethenoadenine in a DNA fragment. (1991)

A human DNA binding protein has been characterized from cell-free extracts of liver, placenta, and cultured cells. This protein, apparent molecular mass approximately 35 kDa, to our knowledge, does not resemble other proteins reported to bind to carcinogen-modified DNA. The probe used for characterization was a 25-base oligonucleotide containing a single site-specifically placed 1,N6-ethenoadenine (epsilon A), a product of vinyl chloride metabolism. When annealed to form an epsilon A.T or epsilon A.C pair, a strong affinity to the protein was observed, with a binding constant of approximately 1 x 10(9) M-1. In contrast, very little binding was found with an epsilon A.A pair and none was found with an epsilon A.G pair. This suggests protein recognition of a specific structural alteration. Other defined probes with alkyl adducts did not bind. In addition, the human cell extracts and a rat liver extract were found to nick specifically at the 5' side of the epsilon A adduct, which could indicate a possible associated repair activity.
The toxicity of Escherichia coli L-asparaginase. (1969)

Summary l-Asparaginase-containing extracts from Escherichia coli have undergone toxicologic evaluation in mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, beagle dogs, and Rhesus monkeys. The preparation elicited acute anaphylaxis in sensitized guinea pigs and produced precipitating antibodies in one of six rabbits. In five of nine batches, temperature elevations of one degree Fahrenheit or more, associated with leukocytosis, were observed in the monkey. With continued treatment the monkey demonstrated varying degrees of weight loss, colitis, leukopenia, and abnormal liver function and histology, which could not be directly correlated with dose or specific activity of the enzyme preparation. The dog was resistant to all toxic effects other than a reversible anemia. Measurement of plasma enzyme concentration after dosing revealed that the monkey maintained significantly higher peak levels than the dog one hour after injection. Both the monkey and dog maintained high plasma activity for the eight hours after the first injection of a twice-daily schedule, and in the monkey the enzyme remained at detectable levels for at least 18 hours. The role that contaminating bacterial endotoxin may be contributing to the overall toxicity is discussed.
BSR and BHPR guidelines for the management of giant cell arteritis (2010)

Scope and purpose GCA is the commonest of all the vasculitides. Visual loss occurs in up to one-fifth of patients, which may be preventable by prompt recognition and treatment [1,2]. The aim of these guidelines is to encourage the prompt diagnosis and management of GCA, with emphasis on the prevention of visual loss. Their scope is to provide evidence-based advice for the assessment and diagnosis of GCA, for initial and further management and for monitoring of disease activity, complications and relapse. This is a summary of the guidelines and the full guideline is available at Rheumatology online.
Ordered Restriction Maps of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Chromosomes Constructed by Optical Mapping (1993)

A light microscope-based technique for rapidly constructing ordered physical maps of chromosomes has been developed. Restriction enzyme digestion of elongated individual DNA molecules (about 0.2 to 1.0 megabases in size) was imaged by fluorescence microscopy after fixation in agarose gel. The size of the resulting individual restriction fragments was determined by relative fluorescence intensity and apparent molecular contour length. Ordered restriction maps were then created from genomic DNA without reliance on cloned or amplified sequences for hybridization or analytical gel electrophoresis. Initial application of optical mapping is described for Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes.
Induction of mammary tumors in aging rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene: role of DNA synthesis during carcinogenesis. (1980)

Two routes of administration were used to test the susceptibility of the mammary gland of the rat to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) carcinogenesis in relation to age of the tissue. In one series of experiments, 60-, 70-, 90-, 120-, 150-, and 200-day-old female noninbred Sprague-Dawley rats were given DMBA iv. In parallel experiments, rats of the same ages as those above were given DMBA by local application. Mammary tumors developed in 80-90% of the 60- and 70-day-old rats and in 40% of the 90-day-old rats. Rats 120 days old and older were completely "refractory" to DMBA. In contrast, all rats, irrespective of their ages, developed tumors when DMBA was applied locally. The DNA synthesis labeling index (LI) of mammary glands of rats in two series of experiments was examined by [3H]thymidine incorporation and autoradiography at 24, 48, and 72 hours after DMBA treatment. DMBA, given iv significantly inhibited DNA synthesis in mammary glands, but DMBA applied locally significantly increased the LI of the mammary glands. Thus the LI of the mammary glands in 60-day-old rats increased from 8% (control, untreated) to 16% (rats receiving local applications of DMBA), whereas the LI of the mammary glands in 150-day-old rats increased from 1.15% (control, untreated) to 8% (rats receiving local application of DMBA).
Effect of Glycemic Exposure on the Risk of Microvascular Complications in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial—Revisited (2008)

A1C explains virtually all of the difference in risk of complications between the intensive and conventional groups, and a given A1C level has similar effects within the two treatment groups. While other components of hyperglycemia, such as glucose variation, may contribute to the risk of complications, such factors can only explain a small part of the differences in risk between intensive and conventional therapy over time.
Catalysis of Nuclear Reactions between Hydrogen Isotopes byμ−Mesons (1957)

The mechanism by which negative $\ensuremath{\mu}$ mesons catalyze nuclear reactions between hydrogen isotopes is studied in detail. The reaction rate for the process ($p+d+{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{He}}^{3}+{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+5.5$ Mev), observed recently by Alvarez et al., is calculated and found to be in accord with the available data. The ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson binds two hydrogen nuclei together in the $\ensuremath{\mu}$-mesonic analog of the ordinary ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}^{+}$ molecular ion. In their vibrational motion the nuclei have a finite, although small, probability of penetrating the Coulomb barrier to zero separation where they may undergo a nuclear reaction. The intrinsic reaction rates for other, more probable, reactions are also estimated. The results are \ensuremath{\sim}0.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the observed $p\ensuremath{-}d$ reaction, \ensuremath{\sim}0.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{11}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the $d\ensuremath{-}d$ reaction, and \ensuremath{\sim}0.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{13}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the $d\ensuremath{-}t$ reaction. For the reaction observed by Alvarez rough estimates are made of the partial widths for nonradiative and radiative decay of the excited ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ nucleus. The ejection of the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson by "internal conversion" seems somewhat less likely. Speculations are made on the release of useful amounts of nuclear energy by these catalyzed reactions. The governing factors are not the intrinsic reaction rate once the molecule is formed, but rather the time spent (\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ sec) by the ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson between the breakup of one molecule and the formation of another and the loss of ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons in "dead-end" processes. These factors are such that practical power production is unlikely. In liquid deuterium, each ${\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson will catalyze only \ensuremath{\sim}10 reactions in its lifetime, while for the $d\ensuremath{-}t$ process it will induce \ensuremath{\sim}100 disintegrations. A longer lived particle will not be able to catalyze appreciably more reactions.
Microenvironments Engineered by Inkjet Bioprinting Spatially Direct Adult Stem Cells Toward Muscle- and Bone-Like Subpopulations (2007)

In vivo, growth factors exist both as soluble and as solid-phase molecules, immobilized to cell surfaces and within the extracellular matrix. We used this rationale to develop more biologically relevant approaches to study stem cell behaviors. We engineered stem cell microenvironments using inkjet bioprinting technology to create spatially defined patterns of immobilized growth factors. Using this approach, we engineered cell fate toward the osteogenic lineage in register to printed patterns of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 contained within a population of primary muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) isolated from adult mice. This patterning approach was conducive to patterning the MDSCs into subpopulations of osteogenic or myogenic cells simultaneously on the same chip. When cells were cultured under myogenic conditions on BMP-2 patterns, cells on pattern differentiated toward the osteogenic lineage, whereas cells off pattern differentiated toward the myogenic lineage. Time-lapse microscopy was used to visualize the formation of multinucleated myotubes, and immunocytochemistry was used to demonstrate expression of myosin heavy chain (fast) in cells off BMP-2 pattern. This work provides proof-of-concept for engineering spatially controlled multilineage differentiation of stem cells using patterns of immobilized growth factors. This approach may be useful for understanding cell behaviors to immobilized biological patterns and could have potential applications for regenerative medicine.
Molecular cloning and functional expression of gibberellin 2- oxidases, multifunctional enzymes involved in gibberellin deactivation (1999)

A major catabolic pathway for the gibberellins (GAs) is initiated by 2beta-hydroxylation, a reaction catalyzed by 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. To isolate a GA 2beta-hydroxylase cDNA clone we used functional screening of a cDNA library from developing cotyledons of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) with a highly sensitive tritium-release assay for enzyme activity. The encoded protein, obtained by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, converted GA9 to GA51 (2beta-hydroxyGA9) and GA51-catabolite, the latter produced from GA51 by further oxidation at C-2. The enzyme thus is multifunctional and is best described as a GA 2-oxidase. The recombinant enzyme also 2beta-hydroxylated other C19-GAs, although only GA9 and GA4 were converted to the corresponding catabolites. Three related cDNAs, corresponding to gene sequences present in Arabidopsis thaliana databases, also encoded functional GA 2-oxidases. Transcripts for two of the Arabidopsis genes were abundant in upper stems, flowers, and siliques, but the third transcript was not detected by Northern analysis. Transcript abundance for the two most highly expressed genes was lower in apices of the GA-deficient ga1-2 mutant of Arabidopsis than in wild-type plants and increased after treatment of the mutant with GA3. This up-regulation of GA 2-oxidase gene expression by GA contrasts GA-induced down-regulation of genes encoding the biosynthetic enzymes GA 20-oxidase and GA 3beta-hydroxylase. These mechanisms would serve to maintain the concentrations of biologically active GAs in plant tissues.
Using temperature sensitive paint technology (2002)

New facilities and test techniques afford research aerodynamicists many opportunities to investigate complex aerodynamic phenomena. For example, NASA Langley Research Center's National Transonic Facility (NTF) can hold Mach number, Reynolds number, dynamic pressure, stagnation temperature and stagnation pressure constant during testing. This is important because the wing twist associated with model construction may mask important Reynolds number effects associated with the flight vehicle. Beyond this, the NTF's ability to vary Reynolds number allows for important research into the study of boundary layer transition. The capabilities of facilities such as the NTF coupled with test techniques such as temperature sensitive paint yield data that can be applied not only to vehicle design but also to validation of computational methods. Development of Luminescent Paint Technology for acquiring pressure and temperature measurements began in the mid-1980s. While pressure sensitive luminescent paints (PSP) were being developed to acquire data for aerodynamic performance and loads, temperature sensitive luminescent paints (TSP) have been used for a much broader range of applications. For example, TSP has been used to acquire surface temperature data to determine the heating due to rotating parts in various types of mechanical systems. It has been used to determine the heating pattern(s) on circuit boards. And, it has been used in boundary layer analysis and applied to the validation of full-scale flight performance predictions. That is, data acquired on the same model can be used to develop trends from off design to full scale flight Reynolds number, e.g. to show the progression of boundary layer transition. A discussion of issues related to successfully setting-up TSP tests and using TSP systems for boundary layer studies is included in this paper, as well as results from a variety of TSP tests. TSP images included in this paper are all grey-scale so that similar to pictures from sublimating chemical tests areas of laminar flow appear "lighter," or white, and areas of turbulent flow appear "darker."
Integrated Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis-Electrospray Ionization Devices with Online MS Detection for the Separation and Characterization of Intact Monoclonal Antibody Variants (2015)

Here, we demonstrate an integrated microfluidic capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization (CE-ESI) device for the separation of intact monoclonal antibody charge variants with online mass spectrometric (MS) identification. The need for dynamic coating and zwitterionic background electrolyte (BGE) additives has been eliminated by utilizing surface chemistry within the device channels to control analyte adsorption and electroosmotic flow (EOF) while maintaining separation efficiency. The effectiveness of this strategy was illustrated with the separation of charge variants of Infliximab. Three major species corresponding to C-terminal lysine variants were separated with an average resolution of 0.80 and identified by mass difference. In addition to the lysine variants, masses were determined for minor acidic and basic species. The separation of these variants prior to MS analysis facilitated the identification of glycosylation patterns for each of the variants. The general applicability of this method was demonstrated by analyzing two additional monoclonal antibody species: an IgG2 antibody and an IgG1 antibody conjugate. The IgG2 proved to have similar modifications to Infliximab with lower relative abundances of the lysine variants. Analysis of the IgG1 drug conjugate further exemplified the advantages of MS detection; differences in the extent of antibody conjugation were detectable despite limited CE resolution. The CE-ESI-MS methodology described here is a rapid and generic strategy for the separation of intact mAb charge variants and facilitates the identification of variants through MS detection.
Intraocular microsurgery with a picosecond Nd:YAG laser (1994)

We investigated the use of picosecond Nd:YAG laser pulses for intraocular microsurgery. With a pulse duration of 100 picoseconds, only 70 microJ of pulse energy is required to consistently produce optical breakdown in the deep vitreous. This pulse energy is nearly two orders of magnitude less than the typical pulse energies used in conventional (nanosecond) photodisruptors. The reduced pulse energy results in a smaller zone of tissue damage, an important consideration when operating close to the retina or other sensitive ocular structures. Efficient cutting action is achieved by applying multiple pulses at a moderately high repetition rate of 50-200 Hz. An in vitro model was developed to assess axial confinement of picosecond photodisruption. In vivo vitreous membrane surgery was performed in experimental rabbit eyes to demonstrate a potential clinical application of picosecond laser-induced optical breakdown.
Protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4): Current understanding and future therapeutic potential. (2009)

The protein arginine deiminases (PADs), and in particular PAD4, have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this review, evidence linking dysregulated PAD activity to the onset and progression of RA is presented, and the potential role of such aberrant activity in other human diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and cancer, is discussed. The known physiological roles of the PADs, particularly PAD4, and current knowledge regarding PAD structure, catalysis and inhibition are also described.
Advances in silicon-on-insulator optoelectronics (1998)

Recent developments in silicon based optoelectronics relevant to fiber optical communication are reviewed. Silicon-on-insulator photonic integrated circuits represent a powerful platform that is truly compatible with standard CMOS processing. Progress in epitaxial growth of silicon alloys has created the potential for silicon based devices with tailored optical response in the near infrared. The deep submicrometer CMOS process can produce gigabits-per-second low-noise lightwave electronics. These trends combined with economical incentives will ensure that silicon-based optoelectronics will be a player in future fiber optical networks and systems.