gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generation of CD1+RelB+ dendritic cells and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells from human monocytes (1996)

We previously showed that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) stimulate the differentiation of human monocytes into two phenotypically distinct types of macrophages. However, in vivo, not only CSF but also many other cytokines are produced under various conditions. Those cytokines may modulate the differentiation of monocytes by CSFs. In the present study, we showed that CD14+ adherent human monocytes can differentiate into CD1+relB+ dendritic cells (DC) by the combination of GM-CSF plus interleukin-4 (IL-4) and that they differentiate into tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive osteoclast-like multinucleated giant cells (MGC) by the combination of M-CSF plus IL-4. However, the monocyte-derived DC were not terminally differentiated cells; they could still convert to macrophages in response to M-CSF. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulated the terminal differentiation of the DC by downregulating the expression of the M-CSF receptor, cfms mRNA, and aborting the potential to convert to macrophages. In contrast to IL-4, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) had no demonstrable effect on the differentiation of monocytes. Rather, IFN-gamma antagonized the effect of IL-4 and suppressed the DC and MGC formation induced by GM-CSF + IL-4 and M-CSF + IL-4, respectively. Taken together, these results provide a new aspect to our knowledge of monocyte differentiation and provide evidence that human monocytes are flexible in their differentiation potential and are precursors not only of macrophages but also of CD1+relB+DC and TRAP-positive MGC. Such a diverse pathway of monocyte differentiation may constitute one of the basic mechanisms of immune regulation.
Automated texture-based identification of ovarian cancer in confocal microendoscope images (2005)

The fluorescence confocal microendoscope provides high-resolution, in-vivo imaging of cellular pathology during optical biopsy. There are indications that the examination of human ovaries with this instrument has diagnostic implications for the early detection of ovarian cancer. The purpose of this study was to develop a computer-aided system to facilitate the identification of ovarian cancer from digital images captured with the confocal microendoscope system. To achieve this goal, we modeled the cellular-level structure present in these images as texture and extracted features based on first-order statistics, spatial gray-level dependence matrices, and spatial-frequency content. Selection of the best features for classification was performed using traditional feature selection techniques including stepwise discriminant analysis, forward sequential search, a non-parametric method, principal component analysis, and a heuristic technique that combines the results of these methods. The best set of features selected was used for classification, and performance of various machine classifiers was compared by analyzing the areas under their receiver operating characteristic curves. The results show that it is possible to automatically identify patients with ovarian cancer based on texture features extracted from confocal microendoscope images and that the machine performance is superior to that of the human observer.
The Zinc Finger Protein Zat12 Is Required for Cytosolic Ascorbate Peroxidase 1 Expression during Oxidative Stress in Arabidopsis (2004)

Cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase 1 (Apx1) is a key H(2)O(2) removal enzyme in plants. Microarray analysis of Apx1-deficient Arabidopsis plants revealed that the expression of two zinc finger proteins (Zat12 and Zat7) and a WRKY transcription factor (WRKY25) is elevated in knock-out Apx1 plants grown under controlled conditions. Because mutants lacking Apx1 accumulate H(2)O(2), we examined the correlation between H(2)O(2) and the expression of Zat12, Zat7, WRKY25, and Apx1. The expression of Zat12, Zat7, and WRKY25 was simultaneously elevated in cells in response to oxidative stress (i.e. H(2)O(2) or paraquat application), heat shock, or wounding. In contrast, light or osmotic stress did not enhance the expression of these putative transcription factors. All stresses tested enhanced the expression of Apx1. Transgenic plants expressing Zat12 or Zat7 could tolerate oxidative stress. In contrast, transgenic plants expressing WRKY25 could not. Although the expression of Zat12, Zat7, or WRKY25 in transgenic plants did not enhance the expression of Apx1 under controlled conditions, Zat12-deficient plants were unable to enhance the expression of Apx1, Zat7, or WRKY25 in response to H(2)O(2) or paraquat application. Zat12-deficient plants were also more sensitive than wild type plants to H(2)O(2) application as revealed by a higher level of H(2)O(2)-induced protein oxidation detected in these plants by protein blots. Our results suggest that Zat12 is an important component of the oxidative stress response signal transduction network of Arabidopsis required for Zat7, WRKY25, and Apx1 expression during oxidative stress.
Human Heat Shock Protein 60 Induces Maturation of Dendritic Cells Versus a Th1-Promoting Phenotype (2003)

Heat shock protein (HSP) 60 nonspecifically activates cells of the innate immune system. In the present study, we characterized the effects of human HSP60 maturation, cytokine release, and T cell-activating capacity of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC). Furthermore, we analyzed HSP60-induced signal transduction in DC. HSP60 strongly stimulated DC for maturation and release of TNF-alpha, IL-12, and IL-1 beta. However, HSP60 elicited only a weak IL-10 response in DC suggesting a Th1 bias. HSP60-treated DC induced proliferation of allogeneic T cells. Again, a Th1 bias was noted in that cocultures of allogeneic T cells and HSP60-treated DC released IFN-gamma but only small amounts of IL-10 and no detectable IL-4. Signaling via Toll-like receptor 4 was involved in HSP60-induced cytokine release and maturation because DC of C3H/HeJ mice with a mutant Toll-like receptor 4 showed deficient response to HSP60. HSP60 was found to rapidly activate the mitogen-activated protein kinases p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase as well as I kappa B in DC. Phosphorylation of these signaling molecules was also mediated by LPS, but with much slower kinetics. Thus, HSP60 stimulates DC more rapidly than LPS and elicits a Th1-promoting phenotype. These results suggest that DC play a pivotal role in priming for destructive Th1-type responses at sites of local HSP60 release.
Extracellular matrix components induce endocrine differentiation in vitro in NCI-H716 cells. (1993)

Endocrine cells occur in +/- 30% of colorectal adenocarcinomas. The significance of this phenomenon in terms of tumor behavior is still controversial. Endocrine differentiation in colorectal cancer cell lines is almost confined to tumor xenografts in vivo, suggesting that endocrine differentiation might be regulated by epithelial-stromal interactions. This hypothesis was studied in the cecal adenocarcinoma-derived cell line NCI-H716 by comparing the expression of chromogranin A protein and messenger RNA in vivo and in vitro and by attempts to induce differentiation in vitro. We found that chromogranin A expression, which was strongest in vivo, could be significantly enhanced in vitro by culturing tumor cells in the presence of native extracellular matrix, on fibroblast feeder layers, and in a defined medium with basic fibroblast growth factor. The results suggest that the extracellular matrix induces endocrine differentiation through factors (e.g., basic fibroblast-growth factor) that may be produced by stromal cells and after secretion bind to the extracellular matrix.
A unique signal transduction from FLT tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF. (1995)

Flt-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase-1), a receptor-type tyrosine kinase of sharing similar features with two other flt-family encoded proteins KDR/Flk-1 and Flt-4, has been recently identified as a receptor for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) known to induce the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. In this study, we demonstrate that Flt-1 encodes for a 180 kDa glycoprotein, binds VEGF with high affinity, undergoes autophosphorylation but does not generate any mitogenic response in transfected NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Interestingly, the immediate early gene c-myc was not induced, whereas the c-fos was induced very weakly in Flt-1 expressing NIH3T3 cells. A comparative analysis of the Flt-1 signal cascade in the environment of endothelial cells with that of Flt-1 expressing NIH3T3 cells showed that VEGF induced phosphorylation of PLC gamma and GAP complex on tyrosine in both type of cells. However, a strong activation of MAP kinases was observed only in endothelial cells. Further, different from many other receptor tyrosine kinases, tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc protein, an important adaptor for signal transduction from many receptor kinases, was very weak in both Flt-1-NIH3T3 cells and endothelial cells. These results suggest that Flt-1 kinase utilizes a unique signal transduction system in endothelial cells, and the activation of the Flt-1 kinase is insufficient to trigger a mitogenic response in NIH3T3 fibroblasts.
A 50-ns 16-Mb DRAM with a 10-ns data rate and on-chip ECC (1990)

A high-speed 16-Mb DRAM chip with on-chip error-correcting code (ECC), which supports either 11/11 or 12/0 RAS/CAS addressing and operates on a 3.3- or 5-V power supply, is described. It can be packaged as a 2-Mb*8, 4-Mb*4, 8-Mb*2, or 16-Mb*1 DRAM, And is capable of operating in fast page mode, static column mode, or toggle mode. Speed and flexibility are achieved by a pipeline layout and on-chip SRAMs that buffer entire ECC words. The use of redundant word and bit lines in conjunction with the ECC produces a synergistic fault-tolerance effect.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
New Depth Coding Techniques With Utilization of Corresponding Video (2011)

With the development of 3D display and interactive multimedia systems, new 3D video applications, such as 3DTV and Free Viewpoint Video, are attracting significant interests. In order to enable these new applications, new data formats including captured 2D video sequences and corresponding depth maps have been proposed. Compared to conventional video frames, depth maps have very different characteristics. First, they typically consist of homogeneous areas partitioned by sharp edges representing depth discontinuities, while the sharp discontinuities play very important roles in view rendering. Second, there exists structure similarity between depth map and corresponding video, in which the edges in depth exhibit quite similar behaviors as the edges in the corresponding video. In conventional video coding techniques with transforms followed by quantization, there usually exist large artifacts along sharp edges and it costs significant more bits to represent the edges with higher accuracy. In order to suppress the coding artifacts while preserving edges, and to better compress depth information, we propose in this paper two new depth compression techniques: Trilateral Filter and Sparse Dyadic Mode. Both techniques utilize the structure similarity between depth and corresponding video while focusing on different aspects in depth compression. As a new in-loop filter, Trilateral Filter is designed to filter depth with coding artifacts based on the proximity of pixel positions, the similarity among depth samples, as well as the similarity among the collocated pixels in the video frame. While Sparse Dyadic Mode is used as an intra mode to reconstruct depth map with sparse representations of depth blocks and effective reference of edge information from video frames. With these two new coding tools, we can achieve up to about 1.5 dB gain on rendering quality as compared to depth sequences coded using MVC under the same coding rate.
Detection of ganglioside GD2 in tumor tissues and sera of neuroblastoma patients. (1984)

A murine monoclonal antibody (monoclonal antibody 126) produced against cultured human neuroblastoma cells (LAN-1) was found to be specifically directed to a disialoganglioside (GD2) antigen preferentially expressed on both cell lines and tissues derived from melanoma and neuroblastoma. In enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, monoclonal antibody 126 failed to react with leukemic and lymphoblastoid cells as well as with a variety of carcinoma and sarcoma cell lines. Immunohistological analysis by the immunoperoxidase technique revealed strong reactivity of monoclonal antibody 126 with frozen and formaldehyde-fixed neuroblastoma and melanoma tissues. Tissues from patients with glioma or with small cell cancer of the lung showed faint staining, whereas those from individuals with sarcoma, lymphoma, and a variety of other neoplasms proved to be negative. Sera of neuroblastoma patients showed significantly elevated GD2 levels compared to normal children (p less than 0.001) and children with other tumors (p less than 0.001) as determined by a quantitative competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, the GD2 serum level of one neuroblastoma patient, when followed serially, was found to correlate with progression of disease, suggesting the potential usefulness of this assay for the diagnosis and monitoring of neuroblastoma.
A highly fluorescent simultaneous azo dye technique for demonstration of nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity. (1990)

We describe a fluorescent histochemical technique for detection of nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (APase) in cells. The technique utilizes standard azo dye chemistry with naphthol AS-MX phosphate as substrate and fast red TR as the diazonium salt. The reaction product is a highly fluorescent red precipitate. Pre-implantation mouse embryos were used to establish optimal fixation and staining protocols and the specificity and sensitivity of the method. Fixation was in 4% paraformaldehyde for 1 hr, as glutaraldehyde induced autofluorescence of the cells. Maximal discriminable staining was detected after 15-20 min in the stain solution. The stain solution itself proved to be non-fluorescent, thus allowing visual observation of the progress of the staining reaction by fluorescence microscopy in its presence. To test the specificity of this fluorescent APase stain, a variety of cell types of known APase reactivity were stained by this protocol. Mouse lymphocytes and STO fibroblasts were negative, whereas F9 teratocarcinoma cells, intestinal epithelial cells, and rat fetal primordial germ cells were all found to be highly positive for APase activity, in agreement with published results on APase localization in these cells.
Role of catechol siderophore synthesis in Vibrio vulnificus virulence (1996)

We isolated a Vibrio vulnificus TnphoA mutant that was unable to produce catechol siderophores or to acquire iron from transferrin. This mutant showed reduced virulence in an infant mouse model. The TnphoA insertion was in an open reading frame designated venB. The venB gene cloned on a plasmid restored catechol production to the mutant. The deduced amino acid sequence of venB is 41% identical to the enzyme isochorismatase of Escherichia coli (EntB), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the catechol siderophore enterobactin.
Novel staggered resonator array superconducting 2.3-GHz bandpass filter (1993)

A stripline bandpass filter structure is presented which consists of a parallel array of equally spaced half-wavelength resonators. Couplings are controlled by introducing a small amount of stagger in the positions of the resonators. A very compact narrowband superconducting filter of this type was fabricated with excellent results. Attention is given to the electrical design and to the packaging and interface designs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Antenna–Filter–Antenna Arrays as a Class of Bandpass Frequency-Selective Surfaces (2004)

A method is introduced for designing bandpass frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs) using arrays of antenna-filter-antenna (AFA) modules. An AFA module is a filter with radiation ports, which is obtained by integrating two antennas and a nonradiating resonant structure in between. AFA modules are designed based on circuit models and microwave filter design techniques. Three types of these AFA modules are designed using microstrip antennas and coplanar-waveguide resonators, and are used to form FSSs with three- and four-pole shaped bandpass response at 35 GHz. FSS structures are formed by arraying these modules in a periodic grid with an optimal cell size. The proposed concept and the design method are validated using numerical simulation (finite-element method), as well as experimental results.
The human B lymphocyte and carcinoma antigen, CDw40, is a phosphoprotein involved in growth signal transduction. (1989)

The human B lymphocyte and carcinoma-associated Ag, CDw40, (p50, Bp50) is a receptor candidate for normal growth regulation. Interaction of mAb with this pan-B Ag, together with preactivating agents such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or anti-mu, deliver strong growth-promoting signals to the cells. We here demonstrate that signaling through this Ag is dependent on its aggregation on the cell surface. Thus, monovalent antibody fragments were relatively inefficient in this respect but effectively blocked stimulation by intact antibody. By using affinity purified CDw40 protein we have also demonstrated that it is antigenically distinct from other B cell-associated Ag, including the six differentiation clusters CD19 to CD24. The mAb S2C6 and G28.5, prepared by immunizing mice with human bladder carcinoma cells or tonsillar B-cells, respectively, were the only antibodies giving detectable binding. Either of these antibodies could also completely block the binding of the other, suggesting an identity or structural proximity of the epitopes recognized. The CDw40 Ag was shown to be a phosphoprotein lacking intrinsic protein kinase activity. The results provide further evidence for CDw40 being an important B cell growth factor receptor which may also have growth regulatory functions in the development of certain human carcinomas.
Large Scale GAN Training for High Fidelity Natural Image Synthesis (2018)

Despite recent progress in generative image modeling, successfully generating high-resolution, diverse samples from complex datasets such as ImageNet remains an elusive goal. To this end, we train Generative Adversarial Networks at the largest scale yet attempted, and study the instabilities specific to such scale. We find that applying orthogonal regularization to the generator renders it amenable to a simple "truncation trick," allowing fine control over the trade-off between sample fidelity and variety by reducing the variance of the Generator's input. Our modifications lead to models which set the new state of the art in class-conditional image synthesis. When trained on ImageNet at 128x128 resolution, our models (BigGANs) achieve an Inception Score (IS) of 166.5 and Frechet Inception Distance (FID) of 7.4, improving over the previous best IS of 52.52 and FID of 18.6.
Insulin Peptides. XII. Human Insulin Generation by Combination of Synthetic A and B Chains1 (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInsulin Peptides. XII. Human Insulin Generation by Combination of Synthetic A and B Chains1Panayotis G. Katsoyannis, Andrew Tometsko, and Clyde ZalutCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 1, 166–167Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1966https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00953a033RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views124Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (300 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Serum and tissue level of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) and IGF‐I binding proteins as an index of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer (2002)

Previously we have found deregulation of collagen metabolism in human pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer tissues. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is known to stimulate collagen biosynthesis through interaction with IGF-I receptor. IGF-I binding proteins (BPs) regulate the activity of IGF-I. We investigated whether serum and tissue IGF-I and IGF-BPs as well as tissue IGF-I receptor expression may reflect disturbances of collagen metabolism in patients with pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. In pancreatitis tissue, a significant increase in IGF-I and IGFBP-3 content was accompanied by a distinct increase in IGF-I receptor expression, compared to control pancreas tissue. In contrast, serum from patients with pancreatitis did not show significant increases in IGF-I and IGFBP-3 levels, however, significant increases in IGFBP-1 level (2.5 fold). Moreover, a distinct decrease in radioactive IGF-binding to the BPs, compared to control serum, was found. Pancreatic cancer tissue and serum of patients with pancreatic cancer showed significant increases in IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-1 content, accompanied by dramatic increases in IGF-I tissue receptor expression, compared to controls. In serum of patients with pancreatic cancer distinct increases in radioactive IGF-binding to 46 kDa BP, compared to control serum, were observed. The data suggest that disturbances in tissue collagen metabolism during pancreatic diseases may result from deregulation of IGF-I homeostasis and that elevated serum levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-1 may serve as markers of pancreatic cancer.
N‐terminal modifications of cellular proteins: The enzymes involved, their substrate specificities and biological effects (2015)

The vast majority of eukaryotic proteins are N-terminally modified by one or more processing enzymes. Enzymes acting on the very first amino acid of a polypeptide include different peptidases, transferases, and ligases. Methionine aminopeptidases excise the initiator methionine leaving the nascent polypeptide with a newly exposed amino acid that may be further modified. N-terminal acetyl-, methyl-, myristoyl-, and palmitoyltransferases may attach an acetyl, methyl, myristoyl, or palmitoyl group, respectively, to the α-amino group of the target protein N-terminus. With the action of ubiquitin ligases, one or several ubiquitin molecules are transferred, and hence, constitute the N-terminal modification. Modifications at protein N-termini represent an important contribution to proteomic diversity and complexity, and are essential for protein regulation and cellular signaling. Consequently, dysregulation of the N-terminal modifying enzymes is implicated in human diseases. We here review the different protein N-terminal modifications occurring co- or post-translationally with emphasis on the responsible enzymes and their substrate specificities.