gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-stage plasma-chemical process for particulates, NO/sub x/, and SO/sub x/ simultaneous removal (2002)

In a previous study, we investigated the simultaneous removal of NO/sub x/ and SO/sub x/ using a plasma-chemical hybrid process and showed nearly 100% of NO/sub x/ and SO/sub x/ removal. In this study, we investigated simultaneous removal of NO/sub x/, SO/sub x/, and particulates using a single-stage wet-type plasma reactor. This reactor consists of a discharge wire and pyrex cylinder, wrapped by the copper mesh where Na/sub 2/SO/sub 3/ and NaOH solutions flow along the inner wall of the cylinder from the top to the bottom of the reactor. Particulates are charged by pulse corona and collected on the inner wall, and then removed by solutions flow. This method is effective for extremely low. and high-resistivity particles to cause reentrainment or back corona. The plasma was used to oxidize NO to NO/sub 2/, Na/sub 2/SO/sub 3/ solution to reduce NO/sub 2/ to N/sub 2/ and Na/sub 2/SO/sub 4/, and NaOH solution to neutralize nitric and sulfuric acids in the solutions. Without Na/sub 2/SO/sub 3/ and NaOH solutions, 95% of NO removal and no SO/sub 2/ conversion were achieved at 2.5 W. With water, 97% of NO and 64% of NO/sub x/ removal were achieved at 2.6 W, and more than 95% of SO/sub 2/ removal was achieved regardless of the discharge power. With Na/sub 2/SO/sub 3/ and NaOH solutions, 98% of NO and 75% of NO/sub x/ removal were achieved at 2.9 W, and more than 93% of SO/sub 2/ removal was achieved regardless of the discharge power. For the purpose of enhancement of surface reaction on NO/sub 2/ reduction with Na/sub 2/SO/sub 3/, Raschig rings were placed beneath the plasma section with the effective lengths of 5, 10, and 15 cm. As a result, no significant NO/sub x/ removal was obtained in comparison with no Raschig rings. Regarding the removal efficiency of diesel soots using the plasma-chemical hybrid reactor, more than 90% of particulate removal efficiency was obtained.
Determination of the origin of self-pumped phase conjugation in barium titanate (1987)

Abstract : When a beam of extraordinarily polarized light is directed through a poled, single crystal of Barium titanate it fans in the direction of the optic axis. This thesis research investigates the origin of this fanning, or asymmetric self-defocusing, in barium titanate. Experimental observations and theoretical simulation suggest that this phenomenon is due to near forward stimulated photorefractive scattering. Additionally, observations of unique variegated beam patterns during phase conjugation are reported, including internally pumped rings and motion invariant patterns.
Cell Permeabilization and Uptake of Antisense Peptide-Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) into Escherichia coli (2002)

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is a DNA mimic with promising properties for the development of antisense agents. Antisense PNAs targeted to Escherichia coli genes can specifically inhibit gene expression, and attachment of PNA to the cell-permeabilizing peptide KFFKFFKFFK dramatically improves antisense potency. The improved potency observed earlier was suggested to be due to better cell uptake; however, the uptake kinetics of standard or modified PNAs into bacteria had not been investigated. Here we monitored outer and inner membrane permeabilization by using chemical probes that normally are excluded from cells but can gain access at points where membrane integrity is disturbed. Membrane permeabilization was much more rapid in the presence of peptide-PNA conjugates relative to the free components used alone or in combination. Indeed, peptide-PNAs permeabilized E. coli nearly as quickly as antimicrobial peptides. Furthermore, as expected for outer membrane-active compounds, added MgCl(2) reduced cell-permeabilization. Concurrent monitoring of outer and inner membrane permeabilization indicated that passage across the outer membrane is rate-limiting for uptake. The enhanced cell-permeation properties of peptide-PNAs can explain their potent antisense activity, and the results indicate an unanticipated synergy between the peptide and PNA components.
Timed Petri nets in modeling and analysis of cluster tools (2001)

Timed Petri nets are used as models of cluster tools representing the flow of wafers through the chambers of the tool as well as sequences of actions performed by the robotic transporter. Since the durations of all activities are also represented in the model, performance characteristics can be derived from the model for steady-state, as well as transient behaviors. The performance of single-blade tools is compared with that of dual-blade tools. The effects of multiple loadlocks, redundant chambers and multiple robots are discussed and, analyzed. Modeling of wafer routings with chamber revisiting and processing of wafers of multiple types is also briefly discussed.
Adult Rodent Neurogenic Regions: The Ventricular Subependyma Contains Neural Stem Cells, But the Dentate Gyrus Contains Restricted Progenitors (2002)

Neurogenesis persists in two adult brain regions: the ventricular subependyma and the subgranular cell layer in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). Previous work in many laboratories has shown explicitly that multipotential, self-renewing stem cells in the subependyma are the source of newly generated migrating neurons that traverse the rostral migratory stream and incorporate into the olfactory bulb as interneurons. These stem cells have been specifically isolated from the subependyma, and their properties of self-renewal and multipotentiality have been demonstrated in vitro. In contrast, it is a widely held assumption that the "hippocampal" stem cells that can be isolated in vitro from adult hippocampus reside in the neurogenic subgranular layer and represent the source of new granule cell neurons, but this has never been tested directly. Primary cell isolates derived from the precise microdissection of adult rodent neurogenic regions were compared using two very different commonly used culture methods: a clonal colony-forming (neurosphere) assay and a monolayer culture system. Importantly, both of these culture methods generated the same conclusion: stem cells can be isolated from hippocampus-adjacent regions of subependyma, but the adult DG proper does not contain a population of resident neural stem cells. Indeed, although the lateral ventricle and other ventricular subependymal regions directly adjacent to the hippocampus contain neural stem cells that exhibit long-term self-renewal and multipotentiality, separate neuronal and glial progenitors with limited self-renewal capacity are present in the adult DG, suggesting that neuron-specific progenitors and not multipotential stem cells are the source of newly generated DG neurons throughout adulthood.
High-Risk HPV E6 Oncoproteins Assemble into Large Oligomers that Allow Localization of Endogenous Species in Prototypic HPV-Transformed Cell Lines (2006)

The E6 oncoproteins of high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 are involved in the development of cervical cancer. Besides its determinant role in carcinogenic progression, HPV E6 oncoprotein has also been instrumental in elucidating fundamental aspects of p53 function and its ubiquitin-proteasome degradation, with counterpart activities in various DNA tumor viruses. Establishing the conformational state and cellular distribution unequivocally for the endogenous protein in HPV-transformed cell lines derived from carcinomas is essential for understanding the underlying mechanism. Recombinant E6 from high-risk strains 16 and 18 folds into soluble oligomers of approximately 1.2 MDa, which are thermostable and display cooperative loss of tertiary and secondary structure upon chemical denaturation. Antibodies raised against these assemblies locate E6 evenly distributed in the cells. By depleting the polyclonal serum by immunoblocking with monomeric E6, the nuclei of Hela and CaSki cells become completely devoid of label, indicating that monomeric species are mainly localized in the nucleus and that both monomers and oligomers share epitopes. The monomeric species promote degradation of p53 by the proteasome, which correlates with the nuclear localization we describe. In contrast, the oligomeric E6 does not promote p53 degradation, in agreement with its cytoplasmic localization inferred from the immunoneutralization experiments. Our results indicate that the cytoplasmic species contain conformational epitopes that may arise from yet undefined homo or hetero-oligomers, but its localization otherwise agrees with that of the other group of major E6 targets, those involving PDZ binding domains, which requires further investigation.
Scheduling Partially Ordered Events in a Randomised Framework: Empirical Results and Implications for Automatic Configuration Management (2001)

Automatic configuration management involves maintaining a set of shared and distributed resources in such a way that they serve a community of users fairly, promptly and reliably. In this context, this paper discusses experiments that measure the effect of adding randomized scheduling of partially ordered events to configuration management tools. Three characteristics of randomized scheduling are investigated: efficiency, robustness and security. A configuration management process is efficient if it minimizes the use of resources. It is robust if it is not vulnerable to malicious acts or inadvertent human errors. It is secure if its management model is hidden from observers. Several experiments suggest that randomized scheduling of partially ordered events has advantages over commonly used deterministic strategies, on average producing more efficient schedules. Further, randomized scheduling greatly degrades the accuracy of observer predictions of future behavior. In addition, randomized scheduling obscures the management model such that an observer will have to make a large number of observations in order to obtain the complete management model. The results of the study support the use of randomization in automatic configuration management tools.
Effects of Preventive, Early, and Late Antifungal Chemotherapy with Fluconazole in Different Granulocytopenic Models of Experimental Disseminated Candidiasis (1990)

To investigate the potential use of fluconazole for prevention and treatment of disseminated candidiasis in granulocytopenic patients, its in vivo antifungal activity was studied in three models of disseminated candidiasis in persistently granulocytopenic rabbits: acute, subacute, and chronic disseminated candidiasis. Fluconazole was compared with the combination of amphotericin B and flucytosine for preventive, early, and late treatment of disseminated candidiasis, depending on the model. Fluconazole was most effective when used for preventive or early treatment of acute and subacute disseminated candidiasis. When compared with the combination of amphotericin B plus flucytosine, fluconazole was similarly effective in early treatment of acute and subacute disseminated candidiasis. When treatment was delayed 6 days after established infection, fluconazole was less active in clearing tissues in comparison with its activity in preventive and early treatment. The combination of amphotericin B plus flucytosine, however, was significantly more active than fluconazole in treatment of chronic disseminated candidiasis in all tissues. In summary, fluconazole was most effective against disseminated candidiasis in persistently granulocytopenic rabbits when used for prevention or early treatment.
Aberrant patterns of DNA methylation, chromatin formation and gene expression in cancer (2001)

Gene function in cancer can be disrupted either through genetic alterations, which directly mutate or delete genes, or epigenetic alterations, which alter the heritable state of gene expression. The latter events are mediated by formation of transcriptionally repressive chromatin states around gene transcription start sites and an associated gain of methylation in normally unmethylated CpG islands in these regions. The genes affected include over half of the tumor suppressor genes that cause familial cancers when mutated in the germline; the selective advantage for genetic and epigenetic dysfunction in these genes is very similar. The aberrant methylation can begin very early in tumor progression and mediate most of the important pathway abnormalities in cancer including loss of cell cycle control, altered function of transcription factors, altered receptor function, disruption of normal cell-cell and cell-substratum interaction, inactivation of signal transduction pathways, loss of apoptotic signals and genetic instability. The active role of the aberrant methylation in transcriptional silencing of genes is becoming increasingly understood and involves a synergy between the methylation and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. This synergy can be mediated directly by HDAC interaction with DNA methylating enzymes and by recruitment through complexes involving methyl-cytosine binding proteins. In the translational arena, the promoter hypermethylation changes hold great promise as DNA tumor markers and their potentially reversible state creates a target for cancer therapeutic strategies involving gene reactivation.
Novel therapy for liver cancer: direct intraarterial injection of a potent inhibitor of ATP production. (2002)

Most types of cancer are difficult to eradicate and some, like liver carcinomas, are almost always fatal. Significantly, we report here that direct intraarterial delivery of 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA), a potent inhibitorof cell ATP production, to liver-implanted rabbit tumors, inflicts a rapid, lethal blow to most cancer cells therein. Moreover, systemic delivery of 3-BrPA suppresses "metastatic" tumors that arise in the lungs. In both cases, there is no apparent harm to other organs or to the animals. Thus, intraarterial delivery of agents like 3-BrPA directly to the site of the primary tumor, followed by systemic delivery only when necessary, may represent a powerful new strategy for arresting the growth of liver and other cancers while minimizing toxic side effects.
Role of adenosine in the sympathetic activation produced by isometric exercise in humans. (1994)

Isometric exercise increases sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure. This exercise pressor reflex is partly mediated by metabolic products activating muscle afferents (metabore- ceptors). Whereas adenosine is a known inhibitory neuromodu- lator, there is increasing evidence that it activates afferent nerves. We, therefore, examined the hypothesis that adenosine stimulates muscle afferents and participates in the exercise pressor reflex in healthy volunteers. Intraarterial administra- tion of adenosine into the forearm, during venous occlusion to prevent systemic effects, mimicked the response to exercise, increasing muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA, lower limb microneurography) and mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) at all doses studied (2, 3, and 4 mg). Heart rate in- creased only with the highest dose. Intrabrachial adenosine (4 mg) increased MSNA by 9625% (n = 6, P < 0.01) and MABP by 123 mmHg (P < 0.01). Adenosine produced forearm dis- comfort, but equivalent painful stimuli (forearm ischemia and cold exposure) increased MSNA significantly less than adeno- sine. Furthermore, adenosine receptor antagonism with intra- brachial theophylline (1 ytg/ml forearm per min) blocked the increase in MSNA (9215% vs. 286%, n = 7, P < 0.01) and MABP (386 vs. 274 mmHg, P = 0.01) produced by isomet- ric handgrip (30% of maximal voluntary contraction) in the in- fused arm, but not the contralateral arm. Theophylline did not prevent the increase in heart rate produced by handgrip, a response mediated more by central command than muscle af- ferent activation. We propose that endogenous adenosine contributes to the activation of muscle afferents involved in the exercise pressor reflex in humans. (J. Clin. Invest.
Differential Gene Expression in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Induced by Single and Mixtures of Potato Glycoalkaloids (2007)

Alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine are naturally occurring toxins. They account for 95% of the total glycoalkaloids in potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum L.). At high levels, these glycoalkaloids may be toxic to humans, mainly by disrupting cell membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. Gene-profiling experiments were performed, whereby Caco-2 cells were exposed to equivalent concentrations (10 microM) of pure alpha-chaconine or alpha-solanine or glycoalkaloid mixtures of varying alpha-chaconine/alpha-solanine ratios for 6 h. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase, cell cycle, and apoptosis analyses experiments were also conducted to further elucidate the effects of glycoalkaloids. The main aims of the study were to determine the transcriptional effects of these glycoalkaloid treatments on Caco-2 cells and to investigate DNA microarray utility in conjunction with conventional toxicology in screening for potential toxicities and their severity. Gene expression and pathway analyses identified changes related to cholesterol biosynthesis, growth signaling, lipid and amino acid metabolism, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-kappaB cascades, cell cycle, and cell death/apoptosis. To varying extents, DNA microarrays discriminated the severity of the effect among the different glycoalkaloid treatments.
[Gernet and GOW-70-Program intraocular lens calculation. Significance of the of the position of the principal plane of the lens in phakic and pseudophakic eyes for accuracy of the target refraction of different IOL types]. (2001)

The GOW 70 PC programme utilises the individual bio-anatomy of the phacic cataract eye in the IOL power calculation for multifocal or monofocal in-the-bag-implantation for all common IOL types. In addition, an aniseiconia evaluation programme is included. The Gernet IOL power calculation is based on the GOW 70, 71 formulae which consists of the PC programme (one disc), one table (the 60% rule), an instruction for use in personal computers (Windows, Word) and in the 60% procedure. This is based on ultrasound immersion measurements of about 20,000 phacic eyes with and without cataracts and after 2,000 IOL implantations by various surgeons using the d-values of the human eye lenses of the cataract eye and the d-values of the IOL types used. The d-value of a phacic eye is the distance between the corneal vertex and the principal plane (infinitely thin lenses) of the human eye lens and is formed from the depth of the anterior segment (cornea + AC) + 60% of the human lens thickness. The d-value of a pseudophacic eye is the distance between the corneal vertex and the principal plane of the chosen IOL type. In 1984, the first definite clinical connection between the d-values of human eye lenses and of implanted PC IOL (6.0 mm-1.5 mm = 4.5 mm) was established. In 1992 and 1998 it was extended to the "newer" 60% rule and to the 60% procedure, respectively.
Telesonography: Foundations and Future Directions (2011)

The practice of telesonography has yielded promising results in several domestic and international projects aimed at providing basic sonography services. Common themes that recur within telesonography-based research include the quality of transmitted images, clinical applications, and technical and nontechnical barriers to implementation. The research base continues to grow in concert with expanding telecommunications capabilities and refinement of small portable sonographic devices. Persistent barriers to the deployment of telesonography systems include a lack of telecommunications access, a lack of standard training and operational protocols, and a paucity of research regarding the long-term health impact of telesonography within target communities. Telesonography may be used directly to improve the standard of care within a given community; however, limited resources and interest may prevent sustained operations. Future projects may use telesonography to supplement the training of health care providers in remote locations in an effort to establish permanent sonography services for their respective communities.
Microcup Arrays for the Efficient Isolation and Cloning of Cells (2010)

Arrays of transparent, releasable micrometer-scale structures termed "microcups" were created for the purpose of patterning and isolating viable cells from small cell samples. Cells were captured by the microcups without the need for barriers or walls on the intervening substrate. Furthermore, in contrast to prior methods for creating cell arrays with releasable elements, no chemical modification of the substrate was required. Individual microcups were released from the array using a pulsed laser at very low energy. Improvements in microcup design enabled cells in suspension to be loaded into the microcups with greater than 90% efficiency. Cells cultured within the microcups displayed 100% viability and were cultured over 4 days yielding colonies that remained sequestered within the microcups to generate pure clonal populations. Standard microscopic imaging was used to identify cells or colonies of interest, and the microcups containing these cells were then released and collected. Individual target cells isolated in this manner remained viable as demonstrated by clonal expansion of 100% of collected cells. Direct comparisons with cell isolation by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and magnetic-bead-based isolation systems demonstrated that the microcup cell isolation procedure yielded higher purity, yield, and viability than these standard technologies when separating samples with small numbers of cells. The power of this technique was demonstrated by the isolation of hematopoietic stem cells from a human bone marrow aspirate possessing only 4000 total cells.
Intervehicular Information System (IVIS): The Basis for a Tactical Information System (1994)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The Intervehicular Information System (IVIS) is a computer driven communications network embedded in the vehicle electronics of the M1A2 main battle tank now entering international service. The system uses multifunction controls and displays to provide a graphics user interface for human-machine interaction, embedded sensors for the information integration, a distributed multiprocessor computer system for information processing, and a digital communications channel. While the Intervehicular Information System offers many features and benefits to the operators that are using it, its primary interest to commanders is its capability to integrate combined arms operations in a rapidly moving situation and support essential graphic and digital information requirements for mission accomplishments to provide the basis for automating mobile combined arms force integration. IVIS supports this by networking mobile information systems which provide a battle command capability. A discussion of IVIS and other emerging information system capabilities provides insights into the challenges of integrating information systems with mobility technologies as is required in the Intelligent Vehicle Highway System.&lt;/div&gt;
Unravelling the significance of cellular fatty acid-binding proteins (2001)

Cellular long-chain fatty acid (FA) transport and metabolism are believed to be regulated by membrane-associated and soluble proteins that bind and transport FAs. Several different classes of membrane proteins have been proposed as FA acceptors or transmembrane FA transporters. New evidence from in-vitro and whole-animal studies supports the existence of protein-mediated transmembrane transport of FAs, which is likely to coexist with passive diffusional uptake. The trafficking of FAs by intracellular fatty acid-binding proteins may involve their interaction with specific membrane or protein targets. Evidence is also emerging for concerted actions between the membrane and cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins that allow for efficient regulation of FA transport and metabolism.
URINARY HYALURONIC ACID AND HYALURONIDASE: MARKERS FOR BLADDER CANCER DETECTION AND EVALUATION OF GRADE (2000)

Our results show that the HA-HAase urine test is a noninvasive, highly sensitive and specific method for detecting bladder cancer and evaluating its grade.