gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Virtual instrumentation and virtual environments (1999)

The objective of this work is to chart intriguing new possibilities and challenges resulting from the driving force and enabling factors of computing power and bandwidth that lie ahead of the instrumentation-and-measurement community. We do so by describing research and applications on the boundary between measurement, instrumentation, and virtual environments, and elucidate trends with some examples. We focus on three issues that are relevant to our view. The first issue deals with some of the essentials of instrument computer coupling. This part has a review-like character, and shows how the traditional hardware instrument was transformed into a network-accessible virtual instrument. The second issue deals with the changes in the programming paradigm and user interface of the virtual instrument. Here, we discuss how the notions of object and the advances of computer graphics transformed the programming model and the interaction of the user with it and its associated data. The third part deals with new developments, which we label virtual environments. It also deals with (sensor) data fusion in abstract environments. We show how this work can be seen as a logical fusion of the previous two developments.
RNA Chaperones and the RNA Folding Problem (1995)

Functional and structural inter-relationships of RNA and proteins in the execution and control of biological processes such as RNA processing, RNA splicing, and translation are increasingly apparent. In this minireview, I present an RNA chaperone hypothesis, which fosters the view that constraints imposed by fundamental problems in the folding of RNA have profoundly influenced the nature of RNA/protein interactions in biology. The origin of this view is outlined as follows. RNA has two fundamental folding problems: a tendency to fold into and become kinetically trapped in alternative conformations and a difficulty in specifying a single tertiary structure that is thermodynamically strongly favored over competing structures.
Electrochemistry and Structural Chemistry of LiNiO2 (R3m) for 4 Volt Secondary Lithium Cells (1993)

The synthesis and characterization of for a 4 V secondary lithium cell was done. The was prepared by ten different methods and characterized by x‐ray diffraction and electrochemical methods. prepared from and [or ] exhibited more than 150 mAh · g−1 of rechargeable capacity in the voltage range between 2.5 and 4.2 V in 1M propylene carbonate solution. The reaction mechanism was also examined and explained in terms of topotactic reaction. Lithium nickelate(III) (R3m; , in hexagonal setting) was oxidized to nickel dioxide (R3m; , ) via having a monoclinic lattice (C2/m). The nickel dioxide could be reversibly reduced to lithium nickelate(III). Factors affecting the electrochemical reactivity of are given and the possibility of using for 4 V secondary lithium cells is described.
CD30 Discriminates Heat Shock Protein 60-Induced FOXP3+CD4+ T Cells with a Regulatory Phenotype (2010)

In many animal models, the manifestations of inflammatory diseases can be prevented by the adoptive transfer of CD4(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs). CD4(+)FOXP3(+) Tregs can be obtained by isolation and expansion of polyclonal naturally occurring Tregs or by Ag-specific activation of CD4(+)CD25(-)FOXP3(-) T cells. Two major obstacles are hampering the translation of this latter protocol into therapeutic application. First, there is a lack of knowledge on relevant autoantigens. Second, the resulting population is contaminated with activated CD4(+) T cells that transiently express Forkhead box P3 but gain no regulatory function. Therefore, these cells may not be safe for clinical application. In this study, we demonstrate that highly suppressive FOXP3(+) Tregs can be induced in vitro by the activation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells with the self-Ag human 60-kDa heat shock protein (HSP60). The activation induced suppressive FOXP3(+) Tregs can be distinguished by surface expression of CD30 from nonsuppressive FOXP3(+) effector cells. We confirm that the induced CD30(+)FOXP3(+) Tregs recognize HSP60 epitopes and that the induction of Tregs by HSP60 is enhanced by signaling via TLR4 on APCs. These findings have implications for the generation and isolation of pure populations of Ag-specific Tregs, with the potential to prevent and treat human inflammatory diseases.
Development of a PCR Assay for Identification of Staphylococci at Genus and Species Levels (2001)

We have developed a PCR-based assay which allows the detection of staphylococci at the genus level by targeting the tuf gene, which encodes the elongation factor Tu. Degenerate PCR primers derived from consensus regions of several tuf genes were used to amplify a target region of 884 bp from 11 representative staphylococcal species. Subsequently, the entire nucleotide sequence of these amplicons was determined. The analysis of a multiple alignment of these sequences revealed regions conserved among staphylococci but distinct from those of other gram-positive bacteria genetically related to staphylococci. PCR primers complementary to these regions could amplify specifically and efficiently a DNA fragment of 370 bp for all of 27 different staphylococcal species tested. There was no amplification with genomic DNA prepared from 53 nonstaphylococcal species tested to verify the specificity of the assay (20 gram positive and 33 gram negative). Furthermore, this assay amplified efficiently all 27 American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) staphylococcal reference strains as well as 307 clinical isolates of staphylococci from the Québec City region. Analysis of the multiple sequence alignment for the 884-bp fragment for the 11 staphylococcal species as well as comparison of the sequences for the 370-bp amplicon from five unrelated ATCC and clinical strains for each of the species S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, and S. saprophyticus demonstrated sufficient interspecies polymorphism to generate genus- and species-specific capture probes. This sequence information allowed the development of Staphylococcus-specific and species-specific (targeting S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, or S. saprophyticus) capture probes hybridizing to the 370-bp amplicon. In conclusion, this PCR assay is suitable for detection of staphylococci at both genus and species levels.
SIMPLIFICATION OF THE ANTHRONE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INULIN IN CLEARANCE STUDIES. (1963)

Abstract The anthrone method of Young and Raisz 1 was modified by a decrease in the concentration of anthrone in the reagent from 0.4 per cent to 0.08 per cent and by a reduction of the temperature for color development from 75 °C. to 38 °C. Under these conditions, interference by glucose is minimized so that inulin can be determined directly without prior removal of glucose by incubation of samples with yeast or sodium hydroxide. The modified anthrone method was compared with a standard diphenylamine method for inulin in a series of clinical studies. The mean ratio of clearances (C In anthrone/C In diphenylamine) in 12 patients was 0.996 (S.D. = ± 0.026). These data confirm the earlier findings of Walser, Davidson, and Orloffs that alkali-stable inulin has the same clearance as alkali-labile inulin.
Biphasic effects of static magnetic fields on cutaneous microcirculation in rabbits (1999)

The biphasic effects of locally applied static magnetic fields (SMF) on the cutaneous microcirculation within a rabbit ear chamber (REC) were evaluated under conscious conditions. The microcirculatory vasomotion within a REC was measured continuously and analyzed multilaterally by microphotoelectric plethysmography, a real-time image analyzer and an image shearing monitor. SMF intensities at the REC were controlled at 1 mT and the duration of exposure was 10 min. Seventy-eight experimental trials were carried out on 22 healthy adult rabbits weighing 2.6-3.5 kg. Five experimental groups were chosen at random: 1) no pharmacological treatment or SMF exposure, 2) increased vascular tone induced by noradrenaline infusion without SMF exposure, 3) increased vascular tone induced by noradrenaline infusion with SMF exposure, 4) decreased vascular tone induced by acetylcholine infusion without SMF exposure, 5) decreased vascular tone induced by acetylcholine infusion with SMF exposure. The results demonstrated that SMF significantly enhanced vasodilatation, with increased vasomotion under noradrenaline-induced high vascular tone as well as vasoconstriction with reduced vasomotion under acetylcholine-induced low vascular tone. This suggests, therefore, that SMF can modulate vascular tone due to biphasic modification of vasomotion in the cutaneous tissue.
On the Role of Dendritic Cells in Peripheral T Cell Tolerance and Modulation of Autoimmunity (2002)

Recently, it has become clear that dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for the priming of T cell responses. However, their role in the maintenance of peripheral T cell tolerance remains largely undefined. Herein, an antigen-presenting cell (APC) transfer system was devised and applied to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), to evaluate the contribution that DCs play in peripheral T cell tolerance. The CD8alpha(-)CD4(+) subset, a minor population among splenic DCs, was found to mediate both tolerance and bystander suppression against diverse T cell specificities. Aggregated (agg) Ig-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), an Ig chimera carrying the MOG 35-55 peptide, binds and cross-links FcgammaR on APC leading to efficient peptide presentation and interleukin (IL)-10 production. Furthermore, administration of agg Ig-MOG into diseased mice induces relief from clinical EAE involving multiple epitopes. Such recovery could not occur in FcgammaR-deficient mice where both uptake of Ig-MOG and IL-10 production are compromised. However, reconstitution of these mice with DC populations incorporating the CD8alpha(-)CD4(+) subset restored Ig-MOG-mediated reversal of EAE. Transfer of CD8alpha(+) or even CD8alpha(-)CD4(-) DCs had no effect on the disease. These findings strongly implicate DCs in peripheral tolerance and emphasize their functional potency, as a small population of DCs was able to support effective suppression of autoimmunity.
CXCR3‐deficiency protects influenza‐infected CCR5‐deficient mice from mortality (2008)

Mice lacking the chemokine receptor CCR5 are susceptible to mortality from a normally non-lethal influenza infection. Here we found that CXCR3-deficiency rescued CCR5-deficient (CCR5(-/-)) mice from influenza-induced mortality. The number of mononuclear phagocytes in the airways was transiently increased in CCR5(-/-) mice but not in CXCR3-CCR5 double-deficient mice. Antigen-specific CXCR3-CCR5 double-deficient CD8 effector cells were less efficient at entering the airways compared with WT or CCR5(-/-) CD8 effector cells. The decrease in inflammatory cell infiltrates in CXCR3-CCR5 double-deficient-infected mice correlated with a decrease in CCL2 and IFN-gamma production in the airways. Finally, CXCR3-CCR5 double-deficient mice that survived the primary viral challenge were protected from a lethal secondary challenge, indicating that T-cell-mediated protective memory was not compromised in mice lacking these chemokine receptors. In conclusion, CXCR3-deficiency attenuated the lethal cellular immune response in CCR5(-/-) influenza-infected mice without hindering viral clearance or long-term immunity.
A self-convergence erasing scheme for a simple stacked gate flash EEPROM (2002)

A novel erasing method for simple stacked gate flash EEPROMs is described. The method makes use of avalanche hot carrier injection after erasure by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. The threshold voltages converge to a certain 'steady-state' as a result of the injection. The steady-state is caused by a balance between avalanche hot electron injection into the floating gate and avalanche hot hole injection into the floating gate, and can be controlled easily by the channel doping. Tight distribution of threshold voltages and stable erasure without over-erased cells are demonstrated by applying cells using 0.6- mu m CMOS technology. In addition, short erase time is realized using the novel erase sequence.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Specific Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Measuring β-Amyloid Protein Oligomers in Human Plasma and Brain Tissue of Patients With Alzheimer Disease (2009)

An oAbeta-specific ELISA reveals a tight link between oAbeta and Abeta(42) monomer levels in plasma and brain. Both forms can decline over time in plasma, presumably reflecting their increasing insolubility in the brain.
Regulation of Lipid Signaling by Diacylglycerol Kinases during T Cell Development and Function (2013)

Diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid (PA) are bioactive lipids synthesized when the T cell receptor binds to a cognate peptide-MHC complex. DAG triggers signaling by recruiting Ras guanyl-releasing protein 1, PKCθ, and other effectors, whereas PA binds to effector molecules that include mechanistic target of rapamycin, Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1, and Raf1. While DAG-mediated pathways have been shown to play vital roles in T cell development and function, the importance of PA-mediated signals remains less clear. The diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) family of enzymes phosphorylates DAG to produce PA, serving as a molecular switch that regulates the relative levels of these critical second messengers. Two DGK isoforms, α and ζ, are predominantly expressed in T lineage cells and play an important role in conventional αβ T cell development. In mature T cells, the activity of these DGK isoforms aids in the maintenance of self-tolerance by preventing T cell hyper-activation and promoting T cell anergy. In this review, we discuss the roles of DAG-mediated pathways, PA-effectors, and DGKs in T cell development and function. We also highlight recent work that has uncovered previously unappreciated roles for DGK activity, for instance in invariant NKT cell development, anti-tumor and anti-viral CD8 responses, and the directional secretion of soluble effectors.
General primer polymerase chain reaction in combination with sequence analysis for identification of potentially novel human papillomavirus genotypes in cervical lesions (1992)

We recently described the detection of potentially novel human papillomaviruses (HPV) genotypes (HPV types X [HPV X]) in cervical smears (A. J. C. van den Brule, C. J. L. M. Meijer, V. Bakels, P. Kenemans, and J. M. M. Walboomers, J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:2739-2743, 1990) by using the general primer-mediated polymerase chain reaction method (GP-PCR). In this study, the HPV specificities of GP-PCR products were determined by sequence analyses. M13 bacteriophage clones of PCR products derived from cloned unsequenced HPV genotypes 13, 32, 35, 43, 44, 45, 51, and 56 were subjected to dideoxy sequencing. Analyses of the putative amino acid sequences of these HPV types in addition to published HPV sequence data revealed stretches of highly conserved amino acid residues present in all HPV types, resulting in an HPV amino acid consensus sequence. Subsequently, HPV X-specific PCR products found in premalignant cervical lesions (n = 3), carcinomas in situ (n = 6), and invasive cancer (n = 6) were analyzed for their nucleotide sequences. Comparison of these sequences with published HPV nucleotide sequences and data obtained in this study revealed three HPV type 35, two HPV type 45, one HPV type 51, two HPV type 56, and six unique HPV X sequences, of which three types were present in four cases of carcinomas (in situ). The nucleotide sequences determined appeared to be unique after a data bank search. Furthermore, the sequences of all HPV X isolates matched the HPV amino acid consensus sequence, thus confirming HPV specificity. This study illustrates the power of GP-PCR in combination with sequence analysis to determine HPV specificity and genotyping of PCR products derived from sequenced as well as unsequenced HPVs, including novel, not yet identified HPV types.
A Well-Defined, Silica-Supported Tungsten Imido Alkylidene Olefin Metathesis Catalyst (2006)

The reaction of [W(NAr)(CHtBu)(CH2tBu)2] (1; Ar = 2,6-iPrC6H3) with a silica partially dehydroxylated at 700 °C, SiO2-(700), gives syn-[(⋮SiO)W(NAr)(CHtBu)(CH2tBu)] (2) as a major surface species, which was fully characterized by mass balance analysis, IR, NMR, EXAFS, and DFT periodic calculations. Similarly, complex 1 reacts with [(c-C5H9)7Si7O12SiOH] to give [(SiO)W(NAr)(CHtBu)(CH2tBu)] (2m), which shows similar spectroscopic properties. Surface complex 2 is a highly active propene metathesis catalyst, which can achieve a TON of 16 000 within 100 h, with only a slow deactivation.
Endogenous production of cytotoxic factors in serum of BCG-primed mice by monophosphoryl lipid A, a detoxified form of endotoxin. (1988)

Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a detoxified form of endotoxin, was evaluated for its ability to elicit cytotoxic factors in the serum of mice pretreated with BCG. BDF1 mice were given a priming dose of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) intravenously (i.v.). Two weeks later, these mice were challenged with MPL i.v. and their serum was tested for cytotoxicity against Lewis lung carcinoma cells growing in culture. A well-tolerated dose of MPL induced substantial serum cytotoxic activity comparable to that found after a toxic dose of endotoxin. The effective dose of MPL for eliciting serum cytotoxicity was 20 times less than the toxic dose of MPL in BCG-primed mice. No serum cytotoxicity was induced by MPL without prior treatment with BCG or in mice exposed to BCG for less than 10 days. The i.v. route of administration was superior to intraperitoneal, intrapleural, or subcutaneous routes for both BCG priming and induction of serum activity with MPL. Serum manifested TNF-like activity in that it was heat-stable, not species-specific, more effective against tumor than normal cell lines, and more effective against a TNF-sensitive than a TNF-resistant cell line. We conclude that MPL is an effective, well-tolerated biological response modifier that triggers production of cytotoxic factors in serum of mice with an activated reticuloendothelial system.
Estimation of wavefront arrival delay for acoustical signals using the cross-power spectrum phase technique (1996)

In order to provide spatially selective sound capture in a teleconferencing environment, microphone array systems require accurate determination of the location of the desired source. Sound source location in turn relies on estimating time delay of arrival (TDOA) of a sound wavefront across a given microphone sensor pair. The cross-power spectrum phase (CPSP) method [M. Omologo and P. Svaizer, ICASSP 94] may be used for TDOA estimation. It is desirable to operate microphone array systems in untreated acoustical environments. Such an environment may produce multipath sound propagation and may contain moderate sources of interfering noise. The TDOA estimates computed using CPSP may become unreliable in such an environment. A strategy is presented to extract reliable TDOA information from the CPSP algorithm. The following measures are included: spectral weighting of the CPSP function based on knowledge of noise and sound source statistics, measuring the accuracy of the CPSP function by examining its shape, and evaluating the CPSP only when the captured signal has appropriate energy and spectral characteristics. This strategy enables less error-prone performance, and allows more effective utilization of computing resources in a constrained real-time system. Simulation and real-time results are presented to demonstrate system improvement.
Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems (2014)

The principle objective of formulation of lipid-based drugs is to enhance their bioavailability. The use of lipids in drug delivery is no more a new trend now but is still the promising concept. Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS) are one of the emerging technologies designed to address challenges like the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Lipid-based formulations can be tailored to meet a wide range of product requirements dictated by disease indication, route of administration, cost consideration, product stability, toxicity, and efficacy. These formulations are also a commercially viable strategy to formulate pharmaceuticals, for topical, oral, pulmonary, or parenteral delivery. In addition, lipid-based formulations have been shown to reduce the toxicity of various drugs by changing the biodistribution of the drug away from sensitive organs. However, the number of applications for lipid-based formulations has expanded as the nature and type of active drugs under investigation have become more varied. This paper mainly focuses on novel lipid-based formulations, namely, emulsions, vesicular systems, and lipid particulate systems and their subcategories as well as on their prominent applications in pharmaceutical drug delivery.
Statistics of chaotic binary sequences (1997)

Statistical properties of binary sequences generated by a class of ergodic maps with some symmetric properties are discussed on the basis of an ensemble-average technique. We give a simple sufficient condition for such a class of maps to produce a fair Bernoulli sequence, that is, a sequence of independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) binary random variables. This condition is expressed in terms of binary function, which is a generalized version of the Rademacher function for the dyadic map.
An efficient and operationally convenient general synthesis of tertiary amines by direct alkylation of secondary amines with alkyl halides in the presence of Huenig’s base (2005)

A general method for the direct formation of tertiary amines via direct N-alkylation of secondary amines by alkyl halides in acetonitrile in the presence of Hunig's base is reported. In contrast to methods previously reported in the literature, this procedure is highly functional group tolerant and employs operationally convenient conditions in the absence of transition metal catalysts or solid supports and without formation of the undesired quaternary ammonium salt.
Kinetics and regulation of site-specific endonucleolytic cleavage of human IGF-II mRNAs (2001)

Human insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) mRNA can be cleaved at a specific site in its 4 kb long 3'-UTR. This yields a stable 3' cleavage product of 1.8 kb consisting of a 3'-UTR and a poly(A) tail and an unstable 5' cleavage product containing the IGF-II coding region. After cleavage, the 5' cleavage product is targeted to rapid degradation and consequently is no longer involved in IGF-II protein synthesis. Cleavage is therefore thought to provide an additional way to control IGF-II gene expression. In this paper the kinetics and the efficiency of cleavage of IGF-II mRNAs are examined. The cleavage efficiency of IGF-II mRNAs carrying four different leaders (L1-L4) is enhanced in the highly structured leaders L1 and L3. Additionally, under standard cell culture conditions cleavage is a slow process that only plays a limited role in destabilisation and translation of the IGF-II mRNAs. However, in human Hep3B cells and CaCo2 cells which express IGF-II endogenously, cleavage is upregulated 3-5-fold at high cell densities. Regulated endonucleolytic cleavage of IGF-II mRNAs is restricted to cells in which IGF-II expression is related to specific cell processes.