gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heart involvement in muscular dystrophies due to sarcoglycan gene mutations (1999)

Mutations in the sarcoglycan genes cause autosomal-recessive muscular dystrophies. Because sarcoglycan genes and their protein products are highly expressed both in skeletal and cardiac muscle, patients with these mutations might be expected to be at risk to develop dilated cardiomyopathy. We therefore studied 13 patients with alpha-, beta-, gamma-sarcoglycan gene mutations by thorough cardiological assessment. Electrocardiographic or echocardiographic abnormalities were observed in about 30% of cases showing a severe course of muscular dystrophy. No correlation was found between the presence of cardiac abnormalities and the type of mutation or sarcoglycan gene involved. The cardiac involvement was never severe, but it may be detected in early stages of the muscle disease. The absence of overt cardiac dysfunction may be due to lower sarcoglycan protein expression in cardiac than skeletal muscle or to less sarcolemmal instability at the myocardial level, possibly related to the different distribution of forces generated by contraction of the myocardium with respect to proximal limb-girdle muscles.
Reduced neuronal size and mTOR pathway activity in the Mecp2 A140V Rett syndrome mouse model (2016)

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutation in the X-linked <i>MECP2</i> gene, encoding methyl-CpG-binding protein 2. We have created a mouse model ( <i>Mecp2</i> A140V "knock-in" mutant) expressing the recurrent human <i>MECP2</i> A140V mutation linked to an X-linked mental retardation/Rett syndrome phenotype. Morphological analyses focused on quantifying soma and nucleus size were performed on primary hippocampus and cerebellum granule neuron (CGN) cultures from mutant ( <i>Mecp2</i><sup>A140V/y</sup>) and wild type ( <i>Mecp2</i><sup>+/y</sup>) male mice. Cultured hippocampus and cerebellar granule neurons from mutant animals were significantly smaller than neurons from wild type animals. We also examined soma size in hippocampus neurons from individual female transgenic mice that express both a mutant (maternal allele) and a wild type <i>Mecp2</i> gene linked to an eGFP transgene (paternal allele). In cultures from such doubly heterozygous female mice, the size of neurons expressing the mutant (A140V) allele also showed a significant reduction compared to neurons expressing wild type MeCP2, supporting a cell-autonomous role for MeCP2 in neuronal development. IGF-1 (insulin growth factor-1) treatment of neuronal cells from <i>Mecp2</i> mutant mice rescued the soma size phenotype. We also found that <i>Mecp2</i><i> </i> mutation leads to down-regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway, known to be involved in neuronal size regulation. Our results suggest that i) reduced neuronal size is an important <i>in vitro</i> cellular phenotype of <i>Mecp2</i> mutation in mice, and ii) MeCP2 might play a critical role in the maintenance of neuronal structure by modulation of the mTOR pathway. The definition of a quantifiable cellular phenotype supports using neuronal size as a biomarker in the development of a high-throughput, <i>in vitro</i> assay to screen for compounds that rescue small neuronal phenotype ("phenotypic assay").
Short Notes (1981)

ACCURACY OF NEST COUNTS AT A MIXED COLONY OF HERRING AND LESSER BLACK-BACKED GULLS, by P. N. Ferns and G. P. Mudge SNIPE CENSUSING METHODS, by K. W. Smith
Electrostriction in field-structured composites: Basis for a fast artificial muscle? (1999)

The electrostriction of composites consisting of dielectric particles embedded in a gel or elastomer is discussed. It is shown that when these particles are organized by a uniaxial field before gelation, the resulting field-structured composites are expected to exhibit enhanced electrostriction in a uniform field applied along the same axis as the structuring field. The associated stresses might be large enough to form the basis of a polymer-based fast artificial muscle.
Sub-10 cm/sup 3/ interferometric accelerometer with nano-g resolution (2002)

A high-resolution accelerometer with a bulk-micromachined silicon proof mass and an interferometric position sensor was developed for measuring vibratory accelerations. The interferometer consists of interdigitated ringers that are alternately attached to the proof mass and support substrate. Illuminating the fingers with coherent light generates a series of diffracted beams. The intensity of a given beam depends on the out-of-plane separation between the proof mass fingers and support fingers. Proof masses with mechanical resonances ranging from 80 Hz to 1 kHz were fabricated with a two mask process involving two deep reactive ion etches, an oxide etch stop, and a polyimide protective layer. The structures were packaged with a laser diode and photodiode into 8.6-cm/sup 3/ acrylic housings. The 80-Hz resonant proof mass has a noise equivalent acceleration of 40 ng/rt Hz and a dynamic range of 85 dB at 40 Hz.
Hiding information and signatures in trapdoor knapsacks (1978)

The knapsack problem is an NP-complete combinatorial problem that is strongly believed to be computationally difficult to solve in general. Specific instances of this problem that appear very difficult to solve unless one possesses "trapdoor information" used in the design of the problem are demonstrated. Because only the designer can easily solve problems, others can send him information hidden in the solution to the problems without fear that an eavesdropper will be able to extract the information. This approach differs from usual cryptographic systems in that a secret key is not needed. Conversely, only the designer can generate signatures for messages, but anyone can easily check their authenticity.
Calorimetric evidence for structural relaxation in amorphous silicon (1989)

Differential scanning calorimetry of amorphous silicon (a-Si) prepared by ion implantation shows a one-time low-temperature heat release, equal to one-third of the heat of crystallization. This heat release is direct evidence for structural relaxation of a-Si. It is in agreement with predictions made on the basis of Raman spectrometry.
Vacuolar Chitinases of Tobacco: a New Class of Hydroxyproline-Containing Proteins (1992)

The fungicidal type I chitinases contribute to the defense response of plants against pathogens. Two tobacco chitinases represent a different class of hydroxyproline-containing proteins. Hydroxyproline-rich proteins are predominantly extracellular, structural glycoproteins proteins that lack enzymatic activity and contain many hydroxyproline residues. In contrast, type I chitinases are vacuolar enzymes. They are not glycosylated and contain a small number of hydroxyproline residues restricted to a single, short peptide sequence.
Fertilization and early embryology: Timing of development is a critical parameter for predicting successful embryogenesis (1994)

Development of embryos from the 1-cell stage into blastocysts in vitro is generally slower than the time-course for development in vivo. It was the objective of this work to determine whether embryos that reach the 8-cell stage within a normal time-frame have a developmental advantage (both in vitro and post-embryo transfer) over slower embryos. Hamster 1-cell embryos were collected 10 h post-egg activation (PEA) and cultured for 48 h (58 h PEA = t50 for 8-cell embryo development in vivo) in hamster embryo culture medium-6. Embryos were sorted according to stage reached, culture was continued in fresh medium and stage of development was observed at 78, 82 and 86 h PEA. At 58 h PEA, embryos were < 4-cell (4%), 4-cell (19%), 5- to 7-cell (16%) or 8-cell (61%). The 58 h 8-cell embryos had a significantly greater ability to develop to the blastocyst stage than 58 h 4-cell embryos at 78, 82 and 86 h PEA (74 versus 13%, 69 versus 25% and 65 versus 37% respectively). The percentages of 14-day-old fetuses collected after embryo transfer indicated that morulae and blastocysts derived from 58 h 4-cell embryos were, on average, less viable (26% fetuses) than morulae and blastocysts from 58 h 8-cell embryos (51% fetuses). Thus morulae and blastocysts developing in vitro from faster or slower cleaving embryos can be qualitatively as well as quantitatively different. These data indicate that the timing of development in vitro, specifically the timing of completion of the third cell cycle, is a critically important parameter for predicting successful embryogenesis in the hamster.
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Complex (1995)

Due to the massive data sets available for drug candidates, modern drug discovery has advanced to the big data era. Central to this shift is the development of artificial intelligence approaches to implementing innovative modeling based on the dynamic, ...Read More
Double Windings for Turbine Alternators (1930)

Large turbine alternators with two similar independent armature windings have recently been proposed, to permit the electrical segregation of bus sections in large stations without loss of synchronizing power. Several such generators have been installed, or are under construction, and it now seems that they will become of paramount importance in very large future stations. This paper explains the theory, and design limitations of these double winding generators, and describes their application in systems having different types of bus connections.
Cellular migration patterns in the developing mouse cerebral cortex (1990)

The migration patterns of embryonic mouse cortical cells were investigated using a replication-incompetent retrovirus vector (BAG). The lateral ventricles of embryonic day 12 mouse embryos were infected with BAG and brains were harvested 2, 3, 4 and 6 days after infection. The location and morphology of all infected cortical cells were recorded from serial sections of entire brains, which were then reconstructed in three dimensions. Examination of the distribution of labelled cells revealed that there were migration patterns characteristic of each medial-lateral domain of the cortex. In the medial and dorsal areas, migration was often radial, although tangential spread increased with survival time, in large part due to ramification of cells in the intermediate zone. In the dorsolateral and lateral areas of the cortex, radial migration was generally not observed. Rather, variable extents of tangential migration occurred, and often resulted in wide separation of cells in the cortical plate. Almost all of the cellular dispersion occurred in the intermediate zone, although a modest degree of dispersion also occurred within the cortical plate itself. Most dispersion occurred in the mediolateral plane, with relatively little dispersion along the anteroposterior axis. Though characteristic migration patterns could be defined, wide variability in the extents of radial migration and tangential separation of cells was seen. The patterns of migration paralleled the distribution of radial glial fibers in all areas, and are most likely a reflection of the role of this network in supporting the migration of cortical neurons. The extent and variability of cellular dispersion supports a lineage-independent mechanism of cortical column ontogenesis.
Expression and regulation of chemokine receptors in human natural killer cells (2001)

Using flow cytometric and RNase protection assays, this study examined the expression of chemokine receptors in nonactivated natural killer (NK) cells and compared this expression with NK cells activated with interleukin (IL)-2, which either adhered to plastic flasks (AD) or did not adhere (NA). None of the NK cell subsets expressed CXCR2, CXCR5, or CCR5. The major differences between these cells include increased expression of CXCR1, CCR1, CCR2, CCR4, CCR8, and CX(3)CR1 in AD when compared to NA or nonactivated NK cells. The chemotactic response to the CXC and CC chemokines correlated with the receptor expression except that all 3 populations responded to GRO-alpha, despite their lack of CXCR2 expression. Pretreatment of these cells with anti-CXCR2 did not inhibit the chemotactic response to GRO-alpha. In addition, nonactivated and NA cells responded to fractalkine, although they lack the expression of CX(3)CR1. This activity was not inhibited by anti-CX(3)CR1. Viral macrophage inflammatory protein (vMIP)-I, I-309, and TARC competed with the binding of (125)I-309 to AD cells with varying affinities. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 but not any other cytokine or chemokine examined including interferon (IFN)-gamma, MIP-3beta, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) or I-309, up-regulated the expression of CXCR3 and CXCR4 on NK cell surface. This is correlated with increased chemotaxis of NK cells treated with TGF-beta1 toward stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha and interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10). Messenger RNA for lymphotactin, RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta, but not IP-10, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, IL-8, or I-309 was expressed in all 3 NK cell subsets. Our results may have implications for the dissemination of NK cells at the sites of tumor growth or viral replication. (Blood. 2001;97:367-375)
Prospective Clinical Study of Hydron, a Synthetic Dressing, in Delivery of an Antimicrobial Drug to Second-Degree Burns (1987)

This clinical trial prospectively evaluates the potential beneficial effects of antimicrobial drug delivery from a synthetic dressing (Hydron-AgSD) formed on second-degree burn wounds. A paste composed of polyethylene glycol-400, poly 2-OH ethylmethacrylate, and silver sulfadiazine (AgSD 1%-3%) matured within one hour to form a solid dressing. In 27 patients, comparable areas of second-degree wounds on the same patient were selected at random for test and control (silver sulfadiazine 1% only) sites. The mean total time of the synthetic dressing application per patient was about nine days, and each dressing remained in place for nearly four days. During this interval the control sites required four dressings changes. In 17 tests for infections, the control areas were contaminated but no bacteria were detected under the synthetic dressing; in three tests, the controls had no bacteria, whereas the synthetic dressing did. Healing of burns was similar under both types of dressing. Benefits of Hydron treatment included increased patient comfort because of the reduced number of dressing changes and, in some cases, greater freedom from contaminating bacteria.
Synthesis of Mixed Sequence Borane Phosphonate DNA (2006)

A novel solid-phase phosphoramidite-based method has been developed for the synthesis of borane phosphonate DNA. Keys to this new approach are replacement of the common 5'-dimethoxytrityl blocking group with a 5'-silyl ether and the use of new protecting groups on the bases (adenine, N6-dimethoxytrityl; cytosine, N4-trimethoxytrityl; guanine, N2-[9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl]; thymine, N3-anisoyl). Because of these developments, it is now possible for the first time to synthesize oligodeoxynucleotides having any combination of the four 2'-deoxynucleosides and both phosphate and borane phosphonate internucleotide linkages (including oligomers having exclusively borane phosphonate linkages).
An Introduction to the Practical Aspects of Clinical Hyperthermia (1990)

Biological effects of hyperthermia, S.B.Field effects of hyperthermia on blood flow and metabolism, H.Reinhold fundamental aspects of hyperthermia biology, P.Rappoorst hyperthermia and chemotherapeutic agents, O.Dahl clinical hyperthermic practice - non invasive heating, D.Kapp clinical hyperthermic practice - interstitial heating, C.Coughlin clinical hyperthermic practice - total body heating, J.van der Zee the rationale for clinical trails, J.Overgaard electromagnetic field propagation and interaction with tissues, C.Durney electromagnetic applicators, J.B.Andersen power disposition patterns from hyperthermia applicators, K.Paulsen techniques for interstitial hyperthermia, P.Stauffer principles and practices of ultrasound hyperthermia, J.Hunt thermometry in clinical practice, T.Cetas thermal models - principles and implementation, J.Lagendijk quality assurance in hyperthermia, J.W.Hand safety considerations for hyperthermal equipment, C.K.Chou.
Induction of prostaglandin E synthesis in normal and neoplastic macrophages: role for colony-stimulating factor(s) distinct from effects on myeloid progenitor cell proliferation. (1979)

The biosynthesis of prostaglandin E (PGE) by normal and neoplastic macrophages is intrinsically linked to their synthesis of, and exposure to, myeloid colony-stimulating factors (CS-factors). The defect in responsiveness to endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice extends equally to the synthesis of CS-factor and PGE. However, C3H/HeJ macrophages can be stimulated to synthesize PGE by treatment with agents other than LPS [zymosan, tuberculin purified protein derivative, concanavalin A, poly(I).poly(C)], which also stimulate CS-factor production, or by the addition of various preparations of soluble CS-factor. In peritoneal wash preparations, constitutive PGE synthesis occurred in rapidly sedimenting macrophage cells, whereas constitutive CS-factor production and inducible PGE synthesis occurred in slower sedimenting adherent cells. A similar functional heterogeneity in CS-factor and PGE production was found in neoplastic macrophagae cell lines. The association of elevated CS-factor levels and PGE synthesis by macrophages suggests a role for CS-factor in many of the physiological responses heretofore associated with elevated tissue levels of the E type prostaglandins.
Antivirulence Isoquinolone Mannosides: Optimization of the Biaryl Aglycone for FimH Lectin Binding Affinity and Efficacy in the Treatment of Chronic UTI (2016)

Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) employ the mannose-binding adhesin FimH to colonize the bladder epithelium during urinary tract infection (UTI). Previously reported FimH antagonists exhibit good potency and efficacy, but low bioavailability and a short half-life in vivo. In a rational design strategy, we obtained an X-ray structure of lead mannosides and then designed mannosides with improved drug-like properties. We show that cyclizing the carboxamide onto the biphenyl B-ring aglycone of biphenyl mannosides into a fused heterocyclic ring, generates new biaryl mannosides such as isoquinolone 22 (2-methyl-4-(1-oxo-1,2-dihydroisoquinolin-7-yl)phenyl α-d-mannopyranoside) with enhanced potency and in vivo efficacy resulting from increased oral bioavailability. N-Substitution of the isoquinolone aglycone with various functionalities produced a new potent subseries of FimH antagonists. All analogues of the subseries have higher FimH binding affinity than unsubstituted lead 22, as determined by thermal shift differential scanning fluorimetry assay. Mannosides with pyridyl substitution on the isoquinolone group inhibit bacteria-mediated hemagglutination and prevent biofilm formation by UPEC with single-digit nanomolar potency, which is unprecedented for any FimH antagonists or any other antivirulence compounds reported to date.
Primary Tumor Xenografts of Human Lung Adeno and Squamous Cell Carcinoma Express Distinct Proteomic Signatures (2010)

Nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) accounts for 80% of lung cancers. The most prevalent subtypes of NSCLC are adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which combined account for approximately 90%. Ten resected NSCLC patient tumors (5 ADC and 5 SCC) were directly introduced into severely immune deficient (NOD-SCID) mice, and the resulting xenograft tumors were analyzed by standard histology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) and by proteomics profiling. Mass spectrometry (MS) methods involving 1- and 2-dimensional LC-MS/MS, and multiplexed selective reaction monitoring (SRM, or MRM), were applied to identify and quantify the xenograft proteomes. Hierarchical clustering of protein profiles distinguished between the ADC and SCC subtypes. The differential expression of 178 proteins, including a comprehensive panel of intermediate filament keratin proteins, was found to constitute a distinctive proteomic signature associated with the NSCLC subtypes. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was expressed in ADC and SCC xenografts, and EGFR network activation was assessed by phosphotyrosine profiling by Western blot analysis and SRM measurement of EGFR levels, and mutation analysis. A multiplexed SRM/MRM method provided relative quantification of several keratin proteins, EGFR and plakophilin-1 in single LC-MS/MS runs. The protein quantifications by SRM and MS/MS spectral counting were associated with superior dynamic range and reproducibility but were otherwise consistent with orthogonal methods including IHC and Western immuno blotting. These findings illustrate the potential to develop a comprehensive MS-based platform in oncologic pathology for better classification and potentially treatment of NSCLC patients.
Stabilization of protein structure by sugars (1982)

The preferential interaction of proteins with solvent components was measured in aqueous lactose and glucose systems by using a high precision densimeter. In all cases, the protein was preferentially hydrated; i.e., addition of these sugars to an aqueous solution of the protein resulted in an unfavorable free-energy change. This effect was shown to increase with an increase in protein surface area, explaining the protein stabilizing action of these sugars and their enhancing effect of protein associations. Correlation of the preferential interaction parameter with the effect of the sugars on the surface tension of water, i.e., their positive surface tension increment, has led to the conclusion that the surface free energy perturbation by sugars plays a predominant role in their preferential interaction with proteins. Other contributing factors are the exclusion volume of the sugars and the chemical nature of the protein surface.
Input preshaping with frequency domain information for flexible-linkmanipulator control (1989)

The application of an input preshaping scheme to flexible manipulators is considered. The resulting control corresponds to a feedforward term that convolves in real-time the desired reference input with a sequence of impulses and produces a vibration free output. The robustness of the algorithm with respect to injected disturbances and modal frequency variations is not satisfactory and can be improved by convolving the input with a longer sequence of impulses. The incorporation of the preshaping scheme to a closed-loop plant, using acceleration feedback, offers satisfactory disturbance rejection due to feedback and cancellation of the flexible mode effects due to the preshaping. A frequency domain identification scheme is used to estimate the modal frequencies on-line and subsequently update the spacing between the impulses. The combined adaptive input preshaping scheme provides the fastest possible slew that results in a vibration free output.