gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of TMR With Alternative Fault-Tolerant Design Techniques for FPGAs (2007)

With growing interest in the use of SRAM-based FPGAs in space and other radiation environments, there is a greater need for efficient and effective fault-tolerant design techniques specific to FPGAs. Triple-modular redundancy (TMR) is a common fault mitigation technique for FPGAs and has been successfully demonstrated by several organizations. This technique, however, requires significant hardware resources. This paper evaluates three additional mitigation techniques and compares them to TMR. These include quadded logic, state machine encoding, and temporal redundancy, all well-known techniques in custom circuit technologies. Each of these techniques are compared to TMR in both area cost and fault tolerance. The results from this paper suggest that none of these techniques provides greater reliability and often require more resources than TMR.
Segmentation and tracking in echocardiographic sequences: active contours guided by optical flow estimates (1998)

This paper presents a method for segmentation and tracking of cardiac structures in ultrasound image sequences. The developed algorithm is based on the active contour framework. This approach requires initial placement of the contour close to the desired position in the image, usually an object outline. Best contour shape and position are then calculated, assuming that at this configuration a global energy function, associated with a contour, attains its minimum. Active contours can be used for tracking by selecting a solution from a previous frame as an initial position in a present frame. Such an approach, however, fails for large displacements of the object of interest. This paper presents a technique that incorporates the information on pixel velocities (optical flow) into the estimate of initial contour to enable tracking of fast-moving objects. The algorithm was tested on several ultrasound image sequences, each covering one complete cardiac cycle. The contour successfully tracked boundaries of mitral valve leaflets, aortic root and endocardial borders of the left ventricle. The algorithm-generated outlines were compared against manual tracings by expert physicians. The automated method resulted in contours that were within the boundaries of intraobserver variability.
Autocalibrated coil sensitivity estimation for parallel imaging (2006)

Parallel imaging has proven to be a robust solution to the problem of acquisition speed in MRI. These methods are based on extracting spatial information from an array of multiple surface coils in order to speed up image acquisition. One of the most essential elements of any parallel imaging method is the information describing the coil sensitivity distribution throughout the sample. This paper covers some of the advanced methods to obtain coil sensitivity-related information, focusing particularly on the class of methods referred to as autocalibrating. These methods all acquire the data for coil sensitivity estimation directly before, during or directly after the reduced data acquisition. After a review of standard methods for coil sensitivity estimation, some of the basic and advanced autocalibrating methods are reviewed, and some example applications shown.
The Use Of Rank Transformation And Multiple Regression Analysis In Estimating Residential Property Values With A Small Sample (1986)

Conventional multiple regression analysis which has been used in estimating residential property values typically relies upon cardinal data. This paper argues that appraisal theory requires the appraiser to rank the comparables from best to worst and use a regression technique which can be applied to ordinal data. The rank regression procedure illustrated here was successfully used on small sample sizes, and did not violate the critical assumptions underlying conventional multiple regression. The results indicate that the rank regression technique illustrated here is more theoretically correct than conventional multiple regression and produces a better model with more accurate price estimates.
[Myeloarchitectonics of visceral nerves during human ontogeny]. (1981)

In transversal electively stained histological sections of the vascular-neural complexes of the nephric ovarian, proper hepatic, common carotid, femoral arteries neural trunklets were counted, their diameters were measured, myelin fibres were divided into thin, middle and thick groups. In mature persons, the number of the neural trunklets (including those of microscopic diameter) in every paravasal plexus is greater than in newborns and in old persons. Total number of the myelin fibres, in mature persons, is greater than in newborns: in nerves of the ovarian plexus 13, in nerves of the nephric plexus 4.5, in nerves of the hepatic plexus 2.5, in nerves of common carotid artery 6, in the femoral artery 1.5 times as great in the former than in the latter. In old persons total number of myelin fibres grows smaller comparing to those in mature persons. The thick and middle fibres (their part is maximal in mature persons) undergo resorption to a greater extent than the thin ones in the nerves of old persons. In the individuals of the same age group, as well as in separate groups, the total number of myelin fibres varies within a wide range. As quantitative factors demonstrate, the definitive ensemble of the myelin conductors mature asynchronously in nerves of different organs. Difference in quantitative and qualitative contents of the myelin component reflect certain specificity of the conductive link of innervation, peculiar for each organ at every stage of the individual development.
Early Experience with Telemanipulative Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Using da Vinci (2002)

In the past decade, robot-assisted surgery has become increasingly used to assist in minimally invasive surgical procedures. In this article we review the evolution of robotic devices, from the first use of an industrial robot for stereotactic biopsies to pioneering work with robots used for hip and prostate surgery, to the development of robotic guidance systems that enabled solo endoscopic surgery, to telemanipulative surgery with master-servant computer-enhanced robotic devices. In addition, we review our early experience with da Vinci Robotic Surgical Systems (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Mountain View, CA, U.S.A.), which we used to perform robot-assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomies.
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: results of treatment with coil embolization in 53 patients. (1995)

Our results show that coil embolization is an effective and well-tolerated method for treatment of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. Improvements in pulmonary gas exchange and lung function and a decrease in right-to-left shunting occurred after treatment. The procedure was well tolerated and had a low complication rate.
The role of glioma stem cells in chemotherapy resistance and glioblastoma multiforme recurrence (2015)

Glioma stem cells (GSCs) constitute a slow-dividing, small population within a heterogeneous glioblastoma. They are able to self-renew, recapitulate a whole tumor, and differentiate into other specific glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) subpopulations. Therefore, they have been held responsible for malignant relapse after primary standard therapy and the poor prognosis of recurrent GBM. The failure of current therapies to eliminate specific GSC subpopulations has been considered a major factor contributing to the inevitable recurrence in GBM patients after treatment. Here, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance of GSCs and the reasons why complete eradication of GSCs is so difficult to achieve. We will also describe the targeted therapies currently available for GSCs and possible mechanisms to overcome such chemoresistance and avoid therapeutic relapse.
High-throughput screening identifies inhibitors of DUX4-induced myoblast toxicity (2014)

These data suggest that oxidative stress is a dominant pathway through which DUX4-provoked toxicity is mediated in this system, and we speculate that enhancing the oxidative stress response pathway might be clinically beneficial in FSHD.
In vivo priming effect during various stages of ontogeny of an influenza A virus nucleoprotein peptide (1993)

In vivo priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) by an influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) peptide was studied at various stages of development. Adult mice immunized twice with the NP peptide in complete Freund's adjuvant and incomplete Freund's adjuvant, respectively, produce significant CTL responses. Neonates immunized at birth with large amounts of NP peptide and boosted twice with the peptide during adulthood, also mount a weak but significant CTL response. By contrast, offspring from mothers immunized with the NP peptide at days 15, 17, and 19 of pregnancy showed unresponsiveness to the peptide subsequent to a similar regimen of peptide immunization at the age of 1 month. The data indicate that the contact of T cell precursors with antigen during fetal life induces CTL tolerance, whereas, after birth the precursors are not susceptible to tolerogenic signals.
Strong Purifying Selection in Transmission of Mammalian Mitochondrial DNA (2008)

There is an intense debate concerning whether selection or demographics has been most important in shaping the sequence variation observed in modern human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Purifying selection is thought to be important in shaping mtDNA sequence evolution, but the strength of this selection has been debated, mainly due to the threshold effect of pathogenic mtDNA mutations and an observed excess of new mtDNA mutations in human population data. We experimentally addressed this issue by studying the maternal transmission of random mtDNA mutations in mtDNA mutator mice expressing a proofreading-deficient mitochondrial DNA polymerase. We report a rapid and strong elimination of nonsynonymous changes in protein-coding genes; the hallmark of purifying selection. There are striking similarities between the mutational patterns in our experimental mouse system and human mtDNA polymorphisms. These data show strong purifying selection against mutations within mtDNA protein-coding genes. To our knowledge, our study presents the first direct experimental observations of the fate of random mtDNA mutations in the mammalian germ line and demonstrates the importance of purifying selection in shaping mitochondrial sequence diversity.
T cell responses to a mixture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis peptides with complementary HLA-DR binding profiles (1996)

The T cell response to a mixture of eight peptides derived from sequences of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 16-, 19- and 38-kD antigens (MTBmix-8) has been studied. The peptides were selected on the basis of complementary binding to nine HLA-DR molecules (HLA-DR1 to DR9). MTBmix-8 at 6.25 and 50 micrograms/ml gave rise to significant stimulation (P < 0.05) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy tuberculin-positive and both untreated and treated diseased subjects, but not in any of a control group of healthy tuberculin-negative subjects. MTB-mix-8 stimulated proliferation of PBMC from healthy tuberculin-positive individuals at lower concentrations than the individual component peptides. However, the maximal stimulation achieved was only slightly higher than that achieved with individual peptides. MTBmix-8 also stimulated the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in vitro. Using the mean +/- 2 s.d. of the values for IFN-gamma production in the tuberculin-negative population as a cut-off, MTBmix-8 at 6.25 micrograms/ml was able to detect infection with a sensitivity of 100% in untreated patients, 87% in treated patients, and 82% in tuberculin-positive controls. The corresponding figures for the most potent single peptide (16p91-110) were: 66% in untreated patients, 71% in treated patients and only 42% in controls. Thus, using the IFN-gamma-based assay, which has the additional advantages of speed and does not require radioactivity, the mixture of peptides is more sensitive than single peptides in diagnosing infection.
Review article: current and emerging therapies for functional dyspepsia (2006)

Functional dyspepsia represents a heterogeneous group of gastrointestinal disorders marked by the presence of upper abdominal pain or discomfort. Although its precise definition has evolved over the last several decades, this disorder remains shrouded in controversy. The symptoms of functional dyspepsia may overlap with those of other functional bowel disorders including irritable bowel syndrome and non-erosive reflux disease. There may be coexistent psychological distress or disease complicating its presentation and response to therapy. Given the prevalence and chronicity of functional dyspepsia, it remains a great burden to society. Suspected physiological mechanisms underlying functional dyspepsia include altered motility, altered visceral sensation, inflammation, nervous system dysregulation and psychological distress. Yet the exact pathophysiological mechanisms that cause symptoms in an individual patient remain difficult to delineate. Numerous treatment modalities have been employed including dietary modifications, pharmacological agents directed at various targets within the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system, psychological therapies and more recently, complementary and alternative treatments. Unfortunately, to date, all of these therapies have yielded only marginal results. A variety of emerging therapies are being developed for functional dyspepsia. Most of these therapies are intended to normalize pain perception and gastrointestinal motor and reflex function in this group of patients.
Induction of alloantigen-specific tolerance by B cells from CD40-deficient mice. (1996)

Interaction between CD40 on B cells and CD40 ligand molecules on T cells is pivotal for the generation of a thymus-dependent antibody response. Here we show that B cells deficient in CD40 expression are unable to elicit the proliferation of allogeneic T cells in vitro. More importantly, mice immunized with CD40-/- B cells become tolerant to allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens as measured by a mixed lymphocyte reaction and cytotoxic T-cell assay. The failure of CD40-/- B cells to serve as antigen presenting cells in vitro was corrected by the addition of anti-CD28 mAb. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide stimulation, which upregulates B7 expression, reversed the inability of CD40-/- B cells to stimulate an alloresponse in vitro and abrogated the capacity of these B cells to induce tolerance in vivo. These results suggest that CD40 engagement by CD40 ligand expressed on antigen-activated T cells is critical for the upregulation of B7 molecules on antigen-presenting B cells that subsequently deliver the costimulatory signals necessary for T-cell proliferation and differentiation. Our experiments suggest a novel strategy for the induction of antigen-specific tolerance in vivo.
Conservative synchronization of large-scale network simulations (2004)

Parallel discrete event simulation techniques have enabled the realization of large-scale models of communication networks containing millions of end hosts and routers. However, the performance of these parallel simulators could be severely degraded if proper synchronization algorithms are not utilized. In this paper, we compare the performance and scalability of synchronous and asynchronous algorithms for conservative parallel network simulation. We develop an analytical model to evaluate the efficiency and scalability of certain variations of the well-known null message algorithm, and present experimental data to verify the accuracy of this model. This analysis and initial performance measurements on parallel machines containing hundreds of processors suggest that for scenarios simulating scaled network models with constant number of input and output channels per logical process, an optimized null message algorithm offers better scalability than efficient global reduction based synchronous protocols.
Synthesis and DNA Binding Properties of γ-Carbolinium Derivatives and Benzologues (1996)

The 5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole, 11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinoline, 5H-benzo[f]pyrido[4,3-b]indole, and 13H-benz[5,6]indolo[3,2-c]quinoline heteroaromatic nuclei have been synthesized by the Graebe−Ullmann method by classical heating or under microwave irradiation. These tri-, tetra-, and pentacyclic compounds were transformed into the corresponding cationic derivatives by N-alkylation, and the DNA-binding properties of the resulting cationic systems were examined using UV−vis spectroscopy, viscometric determinations, and molecular modeling techniques. The tetracyclic cations were transformed into bis-salts by means of a diethyl bispiperidine rigid chain and a more flexible polyamide linker, but the low solubility of these bis-salts made the study of their bisintercalating properties difficult.
Emission rates and the personal cloud effect associated with particle release from the perihuman environment (2016)

Inhalation exposure to elevated particulate matter levels is correlated with deleterious health and well-being outcomes. Despite growing evidence that identifies humans as sources of coarse airborne particles, the extent to which personal exposures are influenced by particle releases near occupants is unknown. In a controlled chamber, we monitored airborne total particle levels with high temporal and particle-size resolution for a range of simulated occupant activities. We also sampled directly from the subject's breathing zone to characterize exposures. A material-balance model showed that a sitting occupant released 8 million particles/h in the diameter range 1-10 μm. Elevated emissions were associated with increased intensity of upper body movements and with walking. Emissions were correlated with exposure, but not linearly. The personal PM<sub>10</sub> exposure increment above the room-average levels was 1.6-13 μg/m<sup>3</sup> during sitting, owing to spatial heterogeneity of particulate matter concentrations, a feature that was absent during walking. The personal cloud was more discernible among larger particles, as would be expected for shedding from skin and clothing. Manipulating papers and clothing fabric was a strong source of airborne particles. An increase in personal exposure was observed owing to particle mass exchange associated with a second room occupant.
Effect of the antiprogestin onapristone on follicular growth in women (1994)

The effects of the antiprogestin onapristone on the menstrual cycle were assessed in surgically sterilized volunteer women. The steroid was given orally at the dose of 5, 15 or 50 mg/day, from day 5 to day 11 of the cycle. Ovarian ultrasonography and hormonal determinations in plasma and urine were used to monitor the pre-treatment, treated and post-treatment cycles. Onapristone, given at a dose of 5 mg/day, affected follicular growth inconsistently. The dose of 15 or 50 mg/day arrested follicular growth and oestradiol increase and delayed gonadotrophin surge, extending the length of the follicular phase in five of seven women in each group. After discontinuation of treatment the leading follicle resumed its growth and ovulation occurred as judged by the elevation of plasma progesterone, preceded in most but not all cases by an echographic image of follicular collapse. The ensuing luteal phases were not significantly altered in length or plasma progesterone concentration. Cortisol concentrations were unaffected and no serious side-effects were recorded. The antifolliculotrophic effect of onapristone demonstrated here, together with previous reports of similar activity of mifepristone in women, indicate that this may be a general property of compounds that interfere with progesterone receptor function.
Two intersectional hybrids in Liatris (Asteraceae) from east Texas (2012)

A hybrid between Liatris squarrosa var.glabrata (sect.Liatris ) andL.pycnostachya (sect.Suprago ) from Lamar Co., Texas, is described and named here as L. xjohnsonii M. White.A hybrid between L. elegans var.elegans (sect.Liatris ) and L. tenuis (sect.Vorago ) from Newton and Angelina counties, Texas, is described and named as L. x 0 rzellii Nesom.Documentation is provided for each hybrid.
Agomelatine for depression: expanding the horizons? (2019)

Agomelatine is an antidepressant with unique pharmacological actions; it is both a melatonin agonist and selective serotonin antagonist. Both actions combined are necessary for antidepressant efficacy. Effects on melatonin receptors enable resynchronisation of disrupted circadian rhythms with beneficial effects on sleep patterns. Areas covered: The issue of use of an antidepressant for depression co-morbid with somatic disorders is covered by the authors. A review of the literature from 2000 to August 2018 was undertaken using Scopus and Web of Science with the key words: agomelatine, depression, medical illness. Depression in Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular illness and type II diabetes is reviewed with evidence of efficacy. Bipolar depression and seasonal affective disorder may also react favourably. Agomelatine may have specific efficacy on symptoms of anhedonia. Expert opinion: Despite approval in some major jurisdictions, the drug has failed to gain registration in the United States. A defining issue may be questions about longer term efficacy: unequivocal effectiveness in placebo-controlled relapse prevention studies has not always been demonstrated. Continuation studies suggest maintenance of clinical responsiveness. A major disadvantage of the drug is its' potential hepatotoxicity and the need for repeated clinical laboratory tests.
“Seduced Away”: Early Mormon Documents in Australia (1995)

The only handwritten documents concerning early Australian Latter-day Saints demonstrate the converts' urgent desire to gather to Zion and the exploitation of public misconceptions.
A novel factor‐dependent human myelodysplastic cell line, MDS92, contains haemopoietic cells of several lineages (1995)

A novel long-term cultured interleukin (IL)-3-dependent human myelodysplastic cell line, MDS92, was shown to contain several myeloid-lineage cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, and a small number of megakaryocyte-lineage cells. Therefore this cell line possesses at least bipotential characteristics of myeloid- and megakaryocyte-lineages. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor clearly promoted the neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity of MDS92 cells. To the contrary, the incidence and growth of CD41-positive cells were hardly affected by the addition of IL-6, IL-11, c-mpl ligand (thrombopoietin, TPO) or erythropoietin. TPO slightly supported the growth of CD34-positive cell fraction, but not CD41-positive cell fraction of MDS92 cells in combination with IL-3 or Steel factor. This cell line will be a useful tool for the study of MDS stem cells, but the mechanism of commitment of differentiation in MDS stem cells remains unknown.
The first high yield green route to a pharmaceutical in a room temperature ionic liquid (2000)

The synthesis of the pharmaceutical Pravadoline is achieved in high yield without the production of noxious waste products; the ionic liquid can be recycled and reused in this methodology.
A mouse gene homologous to the Drosophila gene caudal is expressed in epithelial cells from the embryonic intestine. (1988)

A mouse gene, Cdx-1, was isolated from an embryonic cDNA library using a Drosophila caudal gene probe. The deduced amino acid sequence of Cdx-1 contains conserved sequence domains along the entire gene, as well as a highly conserved caudal-type homeo box. A structural comparison suggests a common ancestral origin of mouse Cdx-1 and Drosophila caudal. The expression of Cdx-1 during embryogenesis was analyzed by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. Cdx-1-specific transcripts are localized in the epithelial lining of the intestines beginning at 14 days' gestation. The expression of Cdx-1 in the intestine continues into adulthood, but cannot be detected in any other tissues. The Cdx-1 gene is the first homeo-box-containing gene expressed in cells derived from the embryonic endoderm.