gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Characterizing user access to videos on the World Wide Web</title> (1999)

Despite evidence of rising popularity of video on the web (or VOW), little is known about how users access video. However, such a characterization can greatly benefit the design of multimedia systems such as web video proxies and VOW servers. Hence, this paper presents an analysis of trace data obtained from an ongoing VOW experiment in Lulea University of Technology, Sweden. This experiment is unique as video material is distributed over a high bandwidth network allowing users to make access decisions without the network being a major factor. Our analysis revealed a number of interesting discoveries regarding user VOW access. For example, accesses display high temporal locality: several requests for the same video title often occur within a short time span. Accesses also exhibited spatial locality of reference whereby a small number of machines accounted for a large number of overall requests. Another finding was a browsing pattern where users preview the initial portion of a video to find out if they are interested. If they like it, they continue watching, otherwise they halt it. This pattern suggests that caching the first several minutes of video data should prove effective. Lastly, the analysis shows that, contrary to previous studies, ranking of video titles by popularity did not fit a Zipfian distribution.
Review of passive imaging polarimetry for remote sensing applications (2006)

Imaging polarimetry has emerged over the past three decades as a powerful tool to enhance the information available in a variety of remote sensing applications. We discuss the foundations of passive imaging polarimetry, the phenomenological reasons for designing a polarimetric sensor, and the primary architectures that have been exploited for developing imaging polarimeters. Considerations on imaging polarimeters such as calibration, optimization, and error performance are also discussed. We review many important sources and examples from the scientific literature.
Spo0A directly controls the switch from acid to solvent production in solvent‐forming clostridia (2000)

The spo0A genes of Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 and Clostridium cellulolyticum ATCC 35319 were isolated and characterized. The C-terminal DNA-binding domains of the predicted products of spo0A from these two organisms, as well as 16 other taxonomically diverse species of Bacillus and Clostridium, show extensive amino acid sequence conservation (56% identity, 65% similarity over 104 residues). A 12-amino-acid motif (SRVERAIRHAIE) that forms the putative DNA recognition helix is particularly highly conserved, suggesting a common DNA target. Insertional inactivation of spo0A in C. beijerinckii blocked the formation of solvents (as well as spores and granulose). Sequences resembling Spo0A-binding motifs (TGNCGAA) are found in the promoter regions of several of the genes whose expression is modulated at the onset of solventogenesis in Clostridium acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii. These include the upregulated adc gene, encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1. 4), and the downregulated ptb gene, encoding phosphotransbutyrylase (EC 2.3.1.c). In vitro gel retardation experiments using C. acetobutylicum adc and C. beijerinckii ptb promoter fragments and recombinant Bacillus subtilis and C. beijerinckii Spo0A suggested that adc and ptb are directly controlled by Spo0A. The binding affinity was reduced when the 0A boxes were destroyed, and enhanced when they were modified to conform precisely to the consensus sequence. In vivo analysis of wild-type and mutagenized promoters transcriptionally fused to the gusA reporter gene in C. beijerinckii validated this hypothesis. Post-exponential phase expression from the mutagenized adc promoter was substantially reduced, whereas expression from the mutagenized ptb promoter was not shut down at the end of exponential growth.
The world according to LINQ (2011)

Big data is about more than size, and LINQ is more than up to the task.
Synthesis ofN-Substituted 2-Alkyl-3-amino-2-cyclopenten-1-ones (1991)

Several 2-alkyl-3-amino-2-cyclopenten-1-ones are prepared in 45-92 % yield from 2-alkyl-1,3-cyclopentanediones and a slight excess of an equimolar mixture of various primary and secondary amines and acetic or propionic acid in boiling toluene.
作为冲突来源的自治：关于高加索冲突的理论探讨（上） (2007)

自治的实践：1987-2000年发生在格鲁吉亚的冲突 在对亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆和格鲁吉亚的短暂调查中，由于这3个国家政治、经济发展的差异，使上述9个案例的可比性受到了挑战。一般性的政府政策、中央层面的混乱以及任何单个国家的外交关系都可能影响到它对少数民族的政策。尽管对全部9个案例的详尽研究超出了这篇论文的范围，但集中研究一下格鲁吉亚的案例既是适当的，也是有益的，因为格鲁吉亚的案例充分涵盖了此项研究中所发现的内容。格鲁吉亚仍然包含有5个聚居的少数民族；自20世纪20年代以来，阿扎尔人、南奥塞梯人和阿布哈兹人已经拥有自己的自治地区，而亚美尼亚人和阿泽里人却从来没有过任何自治。
A study of the yeast cell wall composition and structure in response to growth conditions and mode of cultivation (2003)

Our results indicate that the cell wall structure is merely determined by cross-linking between cell wall polymers, pointed out the role of beta-1,6-glucan in this process. Hence, this study reinforces the idea that enzymes involved in these cross-linking reactions are potential targets for antifungal drugs.
α‐Boryl Isocyanides Enable Facile Preparation of Bioactive Boropeptides (2013)

Entry to bioactive boropeptides: MIDA-containing α-boryl isocyanides are isolable molecules which allow one-step access to boroalkyl-functionalized heterocycles as well as biologically active boropeptides through a multicomponent approach. Among these derivatives are 6-boromorpholinones, novel borocycles with nanomolar IC50 values for 20S proteasome inhibition. MIDA=N-methyliminodiacetyl. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Production of Human IgM Anti‐D in Tissue Culture by EB‐Virus‐transformed Lymphocytes (1980)

Lymphocytes obtained from two donors who were producing anti-D were transformed with Epstein-Barr virus and grown in tissue culture. The lymphoblasts from both donors produced anti-D antibody, which agglutinated Rh-positive cells in saline. Both antibodies belonged to the IgM class; the concentration of anti-D in the culture fluid from one of the donors was approximately 250--500 ng/ml and bound firmly to Rh-positive cells with a functional affinity constant of approximately 1 x 10(9) M-1.
Occupancy Networks: Learning 3D Reconstruction in Function Space (2019)

With the advent of deep neural networks, learning-based approaches for 3D reconstruction have gained popularity. However, unlike for images, in 3D there is no canonical representation which is both computationally and memory efficient yet allows for representing high-resolution geometry of arbitrary topology. Many of the state-of-the-art learning-based 3D reconstruction approaches can hence only represent very coarse 3D geometry or are limited to a restricted domain. In this paper, we propose Occupancy Networks, a new representation for learning-based 3D reconstruction methods. Occupancy networks implicitly represent the 3D surface as the continuous decision boundary of a deep neural network classifier. In contrast to existing approaches, our representation encodes a description of the 3D output at infinite resolution without excessive memory footprint. We validate that our representation can efficiently encode 3D structure and can be inferred from various kinds of input. Our experiments demonstrate competitive results, both qualitatively and quantitatively, for the challenging tasks of 3D reconstruction from single images, noisy point clouds and coarse discrete voxel grids. We believe that occupancy networks will become a useful tool in a wide variety of learning-based 3D tasks.
Serum levels of interferons in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. (1987)

Serum levels of alpha (alpha) and gamma (gamma)-interferons (IFN) were measured in 30 patients with untreated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with a solid-phase, sandwich immunoradiometric assay using specific monoclonal antibodies. The serum levels of alpha-IFN were higher in patients with SLE than in normal subjects, and correlated with the clinical activity index (rs = 0.60, P less than 0.01), but not with renal histological activity. The serum level of alpha-IFN correlated with the serum level of immune complexes (r = 0.46, P less than 0.01) and the number of peripheral lymphocytes inversely (r = -0.49, P less than 0.01). Serum gamma-IFN levels were also higher in patients with SLE than in control subjects but no correlations were found between it and either clinical activity, renal histological activity or various laboratory parameters. Serum levels of both alpha-IFN and gamma-IFN were higher in SLE patients with erythema than in those without. These results suggested that serum levels of alpha-IFN were more closely related to clinical activity of SLE than were those of gamma-IFN, and that peripheral lymphocytes were probably not the source of the elevated serum IFN-alpha concentration.
Clinical Results with the Pineal Hormone Melatonin in Advanced Cancer Resistant to Standard Antitumor Therapies (1991)

The pineal hormone melatonin (MLT) is able to exert an oncostatic action. Its possible use in the treatment of human tumors, however, has not yet been investigated. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of MLT in patients with metastatic solid tumors resistant to conventional therapies. The study included 54 patients, most of them were affected by lung cancer or colorectal carcinoma. MLT was given intramuscularly at a daily dose of 20 mg at 3.00 p.m. for 2 months; this induction phase was followed by a maintenance period at a dose of 10 mg orally in responder patients or in those with an improvement in performance status (PS). The clinical response was as follows: 1 partial response (cancer of pancreas), 2 minor responses (colon cancer and hepatocarcinoma) and 21 with stable disease. The remaining 30 patients rapidly progressed within the first 2 months of therapy. An evident improvement in PS was achieved in 18 of 54 (33%) cases. These results, by showing an apparent control of the neoplastic growth and an improvement in the quality of life in a reasonable number of cancer patients for whom no other standard therapy is available, would justify further clinical trials to better define the impact of MLT therapy on the survival and quality of life of untreatable advanced cancer patients.
Long-term enhancement of skeletal muscle mass and strength by single gene administration of myostatin inhibitors (2008)

Increasing the size and strength of muscles represents a promising therapeutic strategy for musculoskeletal disorders, and interest has focused on myostatin, a negative regulator of muscle growth. Various myostatin inhibitor approaches have been identified and tested in models of muscle disease with varying efficacies, depending on the age at which myostatin inhibition occurs. Here, we describe a one-time gene administration of myostatin-inhibitor-proteins to enhance muscle mass and strength in normal and dystrophic mouse models for >2 years, even when delivered in aged animals. These results demonstrate a promising therapeutic strategy that warrants consideration for clinical trials in human muscle diseases.
Effectiveness of Antiestrogens in Infertile Men (1993)

Eighty-nine oligozoospermic men, treated by clomiphene or tamoxifen or with no treatment at all, were evaluated during a 4-year follow-up period. Ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, and sperm motility were determined and concentrations of prolactin (PRL), estradiol, beta hCG, prostaglandin E2, zinc, and fructose were ascertained. Isoenzyme LDH-C4 activity and serum PRL and follicle stimulating hormone were also determined. During treatment there was only a minimum increase in sperm concentration. No improvement in sperm motility and no alteration in ejaculate volume were observed. The pregnancy rate was lower in the partners of patients receiving treatment (23.8%) than in the partners of those receiving none (29.6%). Statistically the difference is insignificant. After antiestrogen therapy, prolactin concentrations in serum decreased and zinc concentrations in seminal plasma increased. For the treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia in infertile men, clomiphene and tamoxifen were ineffective medication.
The Appropriation of St Cuthbert: Architecture, History-writing, and Ecclesiastical Politics in Durham, 1083-1250 (2008)

This paper describes the use of the cult of Saint Cuthbert in the High Middle Ages by both the bishops of Durham and the Benedictine community that was tied to the Episcopal see. Its central contention is that the churchmen of Durham adapted this popular cult to the political expediencies of the time. In the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, when Bishop William de St. Calais ousted the entrenched remnants of the Lindisfarne community and replaced them with Benedictines, Cuthbert was primarily a monastic saint and not, as he would become, a popular pilgrimage saint. However, once the Benedictine community was firmly entrenched in Durham, the bishops, most prominently Hugh de Puiset, sought to create a saint who would appeal to a wide audience of pilgrims, including the women who had been excluded from direct worship in the earlier, Benedictine version of the saint. Evidence for this shift in the image of Cuthbert occurs both in the historical writings of the town’s monks—Symeon in the earlier period and Reginald in the later—and in the evolving architecture of Durham cathedral.
High temperature superconducting cables for power transmission and distribution (2004)

Several demonstration projects around the world have proven technical feasibility of high temperature superconducting power cable systems. These demonstration projects have shown that various cable designs can be implemented to provide reliable service with little maintenance when operated on a continuous basis. Key system parameters of interest to the utility industry are discussed including system interfaces, cryogenic cooling, operation and reliability.
A B-cell receptor-specific selection step governs immature to mature B cell differentiation (2000)

Seventy percent of peripheral immature conventional (B2) B cells fail to develop into mature B cells. The nature of this cell loss has not been characterized; the process that governs which immature B cells develop into long-lived peripheral B cells could be either stochastic or selective. Here, we demonstrate that this step is in fact selective, in that the fate of an immature B cell is highly dependent on its Ig receptor specificity. A significant skewing of the B cell receptor repertoire occurs by the time cells enter the mature B cell fraction, which indicates that there is selection of only a minority of immature B cells to become mature B cells. Because only a few heavy-light chain pairs are enhanced of the diverse available repertoire, we favor the idea that selection is positive for these few heavy-light chain pairs rather than negative against nearly all others. Because most immature B cells are lost at this transition, this putative positive selection event is likely to be a major force shaping the mature B cell receptor repertoire available for adaptive immune responses.
Molecular and biophysical mechanisms regulating hypertrophic differentiation in chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells (2012)

Chondrocyte hypertrophy is one of the key physiological processes involved in the longitudinal growth of long bones, yet the regulation of hypertrophy is also becoming increasingly relevant for clinical application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and screening for drugs to treat hypertrophic osteoarthritis. The extraordinary cell volume increase during hypertrophy is accompanied by an up-regulation of collagen X, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), all which are targets of the runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). Many pathways, including parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)/Indian Hedgehog, Wingless/Int (Wnt)/β-catenin, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)/Sma and Mad Related Family (Smad) pathways, can regulate hypertrophy, but factors as diverse as hypoxia, co-culture, epigenetics and biomaterial composition can also potently affect Runx2 expression. Control of hypertrophic differentiation can be exploited both for cartilage repair, where a stable phenotype is desired, but also in bone regeneration, where hypertrophic cartilage could act as a template for endochondral bone formation. We hope this review will motivate the design of novel engineered microenvironments for skeletal regeneration applications.
Nef-Mediated Downregulation of CD4 Enhances Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Primary T Lymphocytes (2002)

The accessory protein Nef plays a crucial role in primate lentivirus pathogenesis. Nef enhances human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infectivity in culture and stimulates viral replication in primary T cells. In this study, we investigated the relationship between HIV-1 replication efficiency in CD4(+) T cells purified from human blood and two various known activities of Nef, CD4 downregulation and single-cycle infectivity enhancement. Using a battery of reporter viruses containing point mutations in nef, we observed a strong genetic correlation between CD4 downregulation by Nef during acute HIV-1 infection of activated T cells and HIV-1 replication efficiency in T cells. In contrast, HIV-1 replication ability was not significantly correlated with the ability of Nef to enhance single-cycle virion infectivity, as determined by using viruses produced in cells lacking CD4. These results demonstrate that CD4 downregulation by Nef plays a crucial role in HIV-1 replication in activated T cells and underscore the potential for the development of therapies targeting this conserved activity of Nef.
Electron transfer between glucose oxidase and electrodes via redox mediators bound with flexible chains to the enzyme surface (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectron transfer between glucose oxidase and electrodes via redox mediators bound with flexible chains to the enzyme surfaceWolfgang Schuhmann, Timothy J. Ohara, Hans Ludwig Schmidt, and Adam HellerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 4, 1394–1397Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00004a048https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00004a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2191Altmetric-Citations314LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Associations between change in C-reactive protein and serum lipids during statin treatment (2000)

Hypolipidaemic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor (statin) treatment reduces cardiovascular risk and is also associated with the reduction of C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations. However, there is scant data concerning the relationship between CRP and lipid changes during statin treatment. We studied 60 hypercholesterolaemic coronary patients who participated in the Treat to Target (3T) study comparing atorvastatin and simvastatin. Serum lipids and CRP (with a sensitive method) were measured before treatment at baseline and after 12 months of statin treatment. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was substantially decreased and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased during statin treatment. CRP decreased significantly (sign test P = 0.03) during treatment, and the changes of CRP were significantly associated with changes in HDL cholesterol (r = -0.45; P < 0.001) and apolipoprotein A1 (r = -0.40; P < 0.001) but not with changes in LDL cholesterol or triglycerides. The change in HDL cholesterol explained 20% of the change in CRP during statin treatment. The results are in line with previous suggestions that HDL has anti-inflammatory properties.
Overexpression of sigma receptors in nonneural human tumors. (1991)

Previous data indicated that opioid receptors occur in both neural and nonneural human tumors. However, it has recently been shown that some of the putative opioid binding may be attributable to sigma sites. In this study the occurrence of sigma and opioid receptors in nonneural human tumors was assessed. The neoplasms included renal and colon carcinomas and a sarcoma. [3H]1,3-di-o-tolylguanidine was used to assay sigma receptors by homologous competition binding assays, which when analyzed provided dissociation constant and receptor density values. Opioid binding was measured with [3H]-(-)-ethylketocyclazocine, a ligand which interacts with mu, delta, and kappa subtypes. Fresh surgical specimens were obtained from 9 human neoplasms, selected for their large size, and compared with nonmalignant tissues. All 9 tumors contained sigma sites, and dissociation constant values were within the range of 27-83 nM. Occasionally, two-site fit the data better than one-site binding, suggesting the presence of multiple sigma sites. Opioid binding was not detected. Intratumoral variability was evaluated by sampling several locations on the periphery of the mass and one in the center. Each of the samples was bisected, with a portion reserved for histological examination to correlate morphological features with receptor data. Changes in sigma binding were not associated with the extent of fibrosis, viability, or necrosis. Receptor density values displayed moderate intra- and intertumoral variation (coefficients of variation, 8-39 and 27-49%, respectively). More important, sigma binding in tumors was found to be greater than or equal to 2-fold higher than that of control nonmalignant tissue.