gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Angle and space diversity comparisons in different mobile radio environments (1998)

The angle diversity performance of two types of high-gain multibeam antennas-24 vertically polarized 15/spl deg/ beams and 12 vertically polarized 30/spl deg/ beams-were tested and compared to the space diversity performance of traditional sector antenna configurations. The antennas were tested at 850 MHz in dense urban and rural cellular mobile radio environments. A vehicle equipped with a mobile transmitter was driven in the coverage area, while the received signal strength (RSS) was recorded on multiple receiver channels attached to multibeam and sector antennas at the base site. The RSS data recorded included fast (Rayleigh) fading and was averaged into local means based on the mobile's position/speed. The fast fading was extracted from the recorded RSS and the fading distributions of the two multibeam antennas tested were studied in two distinctly different mobile environments. Fading cumulative distributions for the angular diverse antennas were compared to those of spatially diverse antennas. Diversity gain was calculated and compared to traditional space diversity in these mobile environments. Results in urban environments indicated that the angular diversity performance was comparable to the space diversity (/spl sim/8 dB improvement). Rural tests typically suggested that both space diversity and angular diversity provided little or no (<2 dB) fading reduction. A description of the experiment, data reduction and analyses, and calculation of diversity gain are presented. The motivation for this experiment is the application of fixed multiple beam antennas (FMBA) in cellular radio and digital personal communication systems.
[Molecular mimicry of bacterial polysaccharides and their role in etiology of infectious and autoimmune diseases]. (2001)

Molecular mimicry is one of the most important pathogenic factor of microorganism and is defined as a structural similarity of microbial molecules to host tissue contributing to the pathogenicity. Mimicry can be observed at the molecular, serological and functional level. In the review the infectious diseases have been discussed where the mimicry phenomenon may occur, and also autoimmune disease where due to the molecular mimicry bacterial structures are potent to induce adverse immune reactions. The cross-reacting molecules mimicking the host structures comprise colominic acid, sialic acid containing capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus group B, phosphocholine containing antigen, lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni contributing in induction of Guillain-Barré syndrome or Lewis antigen containing lipopolysaccharides of Helicobacter pylori inducing gut carcinoma. Knowledge on the phenomenon of molecular mimicry is important when new conjugate vaccine has to be constructed, because great care should be paid not to induce autoantibodies with synthetic immunogen. Investigation of microbial factors reveal that many autoimmune diseases are of infection etiology.
IFN-γ/TNF-α Synergism as the Final Effector in Autoimmune Diabetes: A Key Role for STAT1/IFN Regulatory Factor-1 Pathway in Pancreatic β Cell Death (2001)

Fas ligand (FasL), perforin, TNF-alpha, IL-1, and NO have been considered as effector molecule(s) leading to beta cell death in autoimmune diabetes. However, the real culprit(s) in beta cell destruction have long been elusive, despite intense investigation. We and others have demonstrated that FasL is not a major effector molecule in autoimmune diabetes, and previous inability to transfer diabetes to Fas-deficient nonobese diabetic (NOD)-lpr mice was due to constitutive FasL expression on lymphocytes from these mice. Here, we identified IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha synergism as the final effector molecules in autoimmune diabetes of NOD mice. A combination of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, but neither cytokine alone, induced classical caspase-dependent apoptosis in insulinoma and pancreatic islet cells. IFN-gamma treatment conferred susceptibility to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis on otherwise resistant insulinoma cells by STAT1 activation followed by IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-1 induction. IRF-1 played a central role in IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity because inhibition of IRF-1 induction by antisense oligonucleotides blocked IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity, and transfection of IRF-1 rendered insulinoma cells susceptible to TNF-alpha-induced cytotoxicity. STAT1 and IRF-1 were expressed in pancreatic islets of diabetic NOD mice and colocalized with apoptotic cells. Moreover, anti-TNF-alpha Ab inhibited the development of diabetes after adoptive transfer. Taken together, our results indicate that IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha synergism is responsible for autoimmune diabetes in vivo as well as beta cell apoptosis in vitro and suggest a novel signal transduction in IFN-gamma/TNF-alpha synergism that may have relevance in other autoimmune diseases and synergistic anti-tumor effects of the two cytokines.
Olig2 + neuroepithelial motoneuron progenitors are not multipotent stem cells in vivo (2006)

Neurons and glia are thought to arise from multipotent and self-renewing stem cells, which comprise the majority of neuroepithelial cells in the ventricular zone (VZ) of the early embryonic CNS. However, this idea remains to be tested rigorously, because CNS stem cells have been identified only by using in vitro assays, from which their abundance in vivo cannot be directly inferred. In the hematopoietic system, stem cells are characterized by using prospective isolation and direct in vivo transplantation. Here we have used this approach to ask whether most VZ progenitors behave as stem cells in vivo. The best-studied region of the embryonic CNS for addressing this problem is, arguably, the ventral spinal cord, within which progenitors in the motoneuron progenitor (pMN) domain sequentially generate motoneurons (MNs) and oligodendrocyte precursors (OPs). Virtually all VZ cells in pMN express the transcription factor Olig2. If most of these cells are stem cells, then they should maintain neurogenic potential, even at later, gliogenic stages. To test this hypothesis, we have prospectively isolated Olig2(+) cells from murine embryonic day (E)9.5 and E13.5 spinal cord and directly transplanted them to E2 chick spinal cord. Transplanted E9.5 cells generate both neurons, including MNs and OPs, whereas E13.5 cells generate. The observation that most Olig2(+) progenitors do not maintain neurogenic potential into the period of gliogenesis argues that they do not self-renew. These results do not support the commonly held view that most neuroepithelial cells in the embryonic CNS VZ are stem cells in vivo.
Brentuximab Vedotin in Transplant-Naïve Relapsed/Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma: Experience in 30 Patients (2015)

These data suggest that BV can normalize PET status in a subset of HL patients refractory to conventional chemotherapy salvage treatments, such as ifosfamide-containing regimens, cytarabine- and platinum-containing regimens, prior to ASCT.
A Cyclic Metallopeptide Induces α Helicity in Short Peptide Fragments of Thermolysin (2003)

Coordination of [Pd(en)]2+ to histidine residues in 5-, 10-, and 15-residue peptides results in α-helical structures that mimic the Zn2+-binding domain of thermolysin. The novel 22-membered metallacycle 1 (e.g. R1=Ac, R2=NH2) is an α-helix-inducing template. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2003/z19863_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Expression of erbB-4/HER-4 growth factor receptor isoforms in ovarian cancer. (2001)

Immunohistochemical expression of erbB4 protein was identified in 93% (49 of 53) of ovarian cancers using the HFR-1 antibody (targeted to the cytoplasmic domain of the erbB4 receptor) and in 89% (47 of 53) of ovarian cancers using the H4.77.16 antibody (targeted to the extracellular domain). Tumors of serous histology were more likely to express a higher level of erbB4 than endometrioid tumors, and for stage III serous tumors, long-term survival was associated with moderate to high coexpression of erbB4 and erbB2. Within ovarian cancer cell lines, high erbB4 expression was associated with cisplatin resistance. Using reverse transcription-PCR, the presence of multiple isoforms of erbB4 mRNA was identified in both ovarian primary tumors and cell lines. Splice variants in the juxtamembrane (JM-a and JM-d) and cytoplasmic (CT-a and CT-b) regions were identified in mRNA of both cell lines and primary tumors. The use of an anti-erbB4 blocking antibody suggested that erbB4 was not the mediator of the growth stimulatory effects of neuregulin in ovarian cancer cells and indeed could potentially antagonize this effect.
Review article: methods of measuring gastric acid secretion (2011)

Several methods of measuring gastric acid exist. Invasive tube tests are uncomfortable and time consuming, whereas most of the non-invasive methods are at best semiquantitative and useful in detecting low or absent acid secretion. Further attempts to explore new methods for measuring gastric acid are therefore warranted.
CMV Oophoritis in an AIDS Patient (1995)

The increasing prevalence and incidence of AIDS in women should make us aware of the possibility of opportunistic, symptomatic CMV pelvic infection.
LGR5-Targeted Antibody–Drug Conjugate Eradicates Gastrointestinal Tumors and Prevents Recurrence (2016)

Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality in men and women worldwide. The adult stem cell marker LGR5 (leucine-rich repeat-containing, G protein-coupled receptor 5) is highly expressed in a significant fraction of gastrointestinal tumors of the colon, liver, pancreas, and stomach, relative to normal tissues. LGR5 is located on the cell surface and undergoes rapid, constitutive internalization independent of ligand. Furthermore, LGR5-high cancer cells have been shown to exhibit the properties of tumor-initiating cells or cancer stem cells (CSC). On the basis of these attributes, we generated two LGR5-targeting antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) by tethering the tubulin-inhibiting cytotoxic drug monomethyl auristatin E to a highly specific anti-LGR5 mAb via a protease cleavable or noncleavable chemical linker and compared them in receptor binding, cell internalization, and cytotoxic efficacy in cancer cells. Here, we show that both ADCs bind LGR5 with high specificity and equivalent nanomolar affinity and rapidly internalize to the lysosomes of LGR5-expressing gastrointestinal cancer cells. The anti-LGR5 ADCs effectively induced cytotoxicity in LGR5-high gastrointestinal cancer cells, but not in LGR5-negative or -knockdown cancer cell lines. Overall, we demonstrate that the cleavable ADC exhibited higher potency in vitro and was able to eradicate tumors and prevent recurrence in a xenograft model of colon cancer. These findings provide preclinical evidence for the potential of LGR5-targeting ADCs as effective new therapeutics for the treatment and eradication of gastrointestinal tumors and CSCs with high LGR5 expression. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(7); 1580-90. ©2016 AACR.
[C−H···O] Interactions as a Control Element in Supramolecular Complexes:  Experimental and Theoretical Evaluation of Receptor Affinities for the Binding of Bipyridinium-Based Guests by Catenated Hosts1 (1999)

Macrocyclic receptors incorporating two facing π-electron-rich aromatic surfaces, held at a distance of approximately 7 Å by polyether spacers, bind bipyridinium-based guests. This recognition motif, which is dictated by π−π stacking and [C−H···O] hydrogen-bonding interactions, has led to the development of efficient template-directed syntheses of mechanically interlocked molecules, such as catenanes and rotaxanes. By employing a supramolecularly assisted synthetic methodology based on these interactions, we have self-assembled two novel [3]catenanes, each incorporating two 1,5-dioxynaphtho-38-crown-10 components and one bipyridinium-based tetracationic cyclophane component. Single-crystal X-ray analyses of these [3]catenanes revealed that they possess internal cavities bounded on two opposite sites by π-electron-rich 1,5-dioxynaphthalene units separated by a distance of approximately 7−8 Å. Despite the presence of apparently ideal “binding pockets”, these mechanically interlocked compounds steadfastly refuse to bind bipyridinium-based guests in solution, as demonstrated by both 1H NMR and UV−vis spectroscopy. AMBER* and HF/3-21G calculations on appropriate models show that the absence of [C−H···O] hydrogen-bonding interactions is responsible for the instability of these geometrically ideal complexes. The [C−H···O] bond appears to be quantitatively much more important than π−π stacking interactions in these particular systems.
The Adenovirus Type 40 Hexon: Sequence, Predicted Structure and Relationship to Other Adenovirus Hexons (1989)

The gene encoding the major capsid protein (hexon) of human adenovirus type 40 (Ad40) has been isolated and sequenced. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence of the Ad40 hexon with the corresponding polypeptide of the human enteric adenovirus, Ad41, reveals an overall identity of 88%. The majority of the changes in sequence are located in two areas, amino acids 131 to 287 and 390 to 425. Regions in the hexon protein that vary between Ad40 and Ad41 (subgroup F) were the same regions that varied between Ad2 and Ad5 (subgroup C) suggesting that these areas of the protein represent type-specific antigenic determinants. Other areas were conserved within members of a subgroup but varied between subgroups. Fitting of the Ad40 hexon sequence to the known three-dimensional structure of the Ad2 hexon demonstrates that the variable regions are located in the 1(1), 1(2) and 1(4) loops that form the surface of the virion. Of major significance is the absence in Ad40 of the highly acidic region present in both Ad2 and Ad5. In Ad2 this region stretches down into the D-strand of the beta-barrel forming the P1 domain. Molecular modelling indicates that the amino acids in Ad40 which correspond to the acidic region of Ad2 can also be accommodated in the eight-stranded beta-barrel, thereby maintaining the integrity of the barrel. Since the acidic region is also absent from the hexon of Ad41, the sequence of amino acids that replaces the acidic residues may be responsible for some of the distinctive biological properties of the subgroup F adenoviruses.
Ustekinumab decreases work limitations, improves work productivity, and reduces work days missed in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis: Results from PHOENIX 2 (2010)

Ustekinumab 45 mg or 90 mg significantly increased productivity, reduced work days missed, and improved work limitations compared with placebo in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis.
Against the grade : in search of continuity in schooling and learning (2005)

Learning is enhanced when learning opportunities are matched to individuals' current levels of knowledge, skill and understanding, so classroom activities are likely to be most effective in raising achievement levels if they are differentiated, in other words, if teachers recognise the wide variation in children's levels of progress; if they identify individuals' interests and current levels or attainment; and if they expect different kinds of learning from different students. Uniformly high expectations and a common curriculum for all may be less effective, and ultimately more inequitable, than providing differentiated learning and differentiate expectations of individual progress towards the same high performance standards. Issues addressed in this article include: variability within grades, condition for learning, classroom structures, standards-based reforms, achieving continuity, deep learning, shared maps of learning, assessment for learning, flexible learning arrangements, and monitoring growth.
anthocyanin1 of Petunia Encodes a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein That Directly Activates Transcription of Structural Anthocyanin Genes (2000)

Cornelis Spelt, Francesca Quattrocchio, Joseph N. M. Mol, Ronald Koes, anthocyanin1 of Petunia Encodes a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein That Directly Activates Transcription of Structural Anthocyanin Genes, The Plant Cell, Vol. 12, No. 9 (Sep., 2000), pp. 1619-1631
Cell surface protein glycosylation in cancer (2013)

Glycosylation of proteins is one of the most important PTMs, with more than half of all human proteins estimated to be glycosylated. It is widely known that aberrant glycosylation has been implicated in many different diseases due to changes associated with biological function and protein folding. In cancer, there is increasing evidence pertaining to the role of glycosylation in tumour formation and metastasis. Alterations in cell surface glycosylation, particularly terminal motifs, can promote invasive behaviour of tumour cells that ultimately lead to the progression of cancer. While a majority of studies have investigated protein glycosylation changes in cancer cell lines and tumour tissue for individual cancers, the review presented here represents a comprehensive, in-depth overview of literature on the structural changes of glycosylation and their associated synthetic enzymes in five different cancer types originating from the breast, colon, liver, skin and ovary. More importantly, this review focuses on key similarities and differences between these cancers that reflect the importance of structural changes of cell surface N- and O-glycans, such as sialylation, fucosylation, degree of branching and the expression of specific glycosyltransferases for each cancer. It is envisioned that the understanding of these biologically relevant glycan alterations on cellular proteins will facilitate the discovery of novel glycan-based biomarkers which could potentially serve as diagnostic and prognostic indicators of cancer.
Expanded CTG repeats within the DMPK 3′ UTR causes severe skeletal muscle wasting in an inducible mouse model for myotonic dystrophy (2008)

Severe skeletal muscle wasting is the most debilitating symptom experienced by individuals with myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). We present a DM1 mouse model with inducible and skeletal muscle-specific expression of large tracts of CTG repeats in the context of DMPK exon 15. These mice recapitulate many findings associated with DM1 skeletal muscle, such as CUG RNA foci with Muscleblind-like 1 (MBNL1) protein colocalization, misregulation of developmentally regulated alternative splicing events, myotonia, characteristic histological abnormalities, and increased CUGBP1 protein levels. Importantly, this DM1 mouse model recapitulates severe muscle wasting, which has not been reported in models in which depletion of MBNL1 is the main feature. Using these mice, we discovered previously undescribed alternative splicing events that are responsive to CUGBP1 and not MBNL, and these events were found to be misregulated in individuals with DM1. Our results indicate that increased CUGBP1 protein levels are associated with DMPK-CUG RNA expression, suggesting a role for CUGBP1-specific splicing or cytoplasmic functions in muscle wasting.
The Rufus System: Information Organization for Semi-Structured Data (1993)

While database systems provide good function for writing applications on structured data, computer system users are inundated wit.11 a flood of semistructured information, such as documents, electronic mail, programs, and images. Today, this information is typically stored in filesystems that provide limited support for organizing, searching, and operating upon this data. Current database systems are inappropriate for semi-structured information because they require that the data be translated to their data model, breaking all current applications that use the data. Although research in database systems has concentrated on extending them to handle more varieties of fully structured data, database systems provide important function that could help users of semi-structured informat,ion. The Rufus syst*em attacks the problems of semi-structured data. It provides searching, organizing, and browsing for the semi-structured information commonly stored in computer systems. Rufus models information with an extensible objectoriented class hierarchy a.nd provides automatic classification of user data within that hierarchy. Query access is provided to help users search for needed information. Various ways of structuring user information are provided to help users browse. Methods Permission to copy without fee all or part of this m.aterial is granted provided Ihat the copies are not m,ade or distributed for direct com.nrrrcial advantage, the VLDB copyrighf n.otice and the title of the publication and its date appear! and n.otice is given that copying is by permission of the Very Large Data Base Endowment. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or special permission front 2h.e Endowment. Proceedings of the 19th VLDB Conference Dublin, Ireland 1993 a.ssocia.ted with Rufus classes encapsulate actions that users can t,ake on the data. These capabilities a.re pa.ckaged in a framework for use by applications. We have built. two demonstration applications using this framework: a generic search and browse application called xrufus and an extension to the Usenet news reading program trn. These applications are in daily use at our research laboratory. This paper describes the design and implementation of our framework, our experiences using it, and their influence on the next version ‘of Rufus
Mucosal Immunization with Inactivated Human Immunodeficiency Virus plus CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Induces Genital Immune Responses and Protection against Intravaginal Challenge (2002)

Vaccines capable of protecting against sexually transmitted infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), will depend on the induction of potent long-lasting mucosal immune responses in the genital tract. We evaluated vaginal and systemic immune responses and protection from vaginal challenge elicited after intranasal immunization of mice with inactivated glycoprotien 120-depleted HIV-1 immunogen alone or in combination with immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs). Mice immunized with HIV-1 immunogen plus CpG ODN had significantly enhanced levels of anti-protein 24 immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA antibodies in serum and vaginal washes and increased production of beta-chemokines and interferon-gamma, compared with mice immunized with HIV-1 immunogen alone or with control ODN. Furthermore, mice intranasally immunized with HIV-1 immunogen plus CpG were protected against intravaginal challenge with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1 gag. These results indicate that mucosal immunization with whole-killed HIV-1 plus CpG ODN may be an effective means of inducing local immunity and protection against genital infection.
An answer passage retrieval strategy for web-based question answering (2007)

A passage retrieval strategy for our web-based Question Answering (QA) system is proposed in this paper. We utilize Google to retrieve web documents for answer passage finding. We propose a new method to rewrite the query for passage retrieval. We calculate the relevancy between the query and the passage by combining the term frequency and semantic relevancy. The method has been found effective in the experiment on factoid questions of TREC 2003.