gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of parathyroid hormone-like peptide in cultured normal human keratinocytes. Effect of growth factors and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on gene expression and secretion. (1991)

We have examined the expression and secretion of endogenous parathyroid hormone-like peptide (PLP) in primary cultures of normal human keratinocytes. In response to growth factors and fetal bovine serum, PLP mRNA expression and immunoreactive PLP release into conditioned medium was rapidly increased (within hours) whereas these effects were inhibited by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]. These early responses were not influenced by raising the medium calcium concentration from 0.15 to 1.0 mM. In contrast, increasing the medium calcium concentration to 1.0 mM, addition of 1,25(OH)2D3, or a combination of both, resulted in a delayed augmentation (after several days) in PLP production which was associated with an increase in cellular differentiation as assessed by production of high molecular weight keratin. To investigate whether these factors were acting at the level of transcription of the PLP gene, a series of vectors were prepared by fusing segments of the 5' flanking region of the rat PLP gene to a growth hormone reporter gene. Transient transfection of these constructs into cultured keratinocytes and measurement of immunoreactive growth hormone in the medium showed that a region stimulated by growth factors is located in a 1.9-kb fragment of the 5' flanking region and that a PLP gene promoter region less than 1.2 kb and greater than 0.3 kb upstream of the cap site contains cis-acting elements which respond positively to serum, and negatively to 1,25(OH)2D3. These combined studies demonstrate that, in normal human keratinocytes, growth factors may acutely stimulate PLP mRNA levels and PLP release, whereas 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits these responses. At least part of these effects are at the level of gene transcription. Additionally, PLP synthesis and release are enhanced under conditions in which keratinocyte differentiation is induced.
ChemInform Abstract: COMPOUNDS ACTING ON THE CNS PART 21, SYNTHESIS OF 2‐SUBSTITUTED 1,3,4,6,11,11A‐HEXAHYDRO‐2(H)PYRAZINO (1,2‐B)ISOQUINOLINE AND CORRESPONDING 8,9‐DIMETHOXY‐ AND 6‐PHENYL‐8,9‐DIMETHOXY ANALOGS (1975)

Abstract Das aus dem Kondensationsprodukt von Veratrumaldehyd (I) und Hippursäure (II) durch katalytische Reduktion und Verseifung erhältliche Alanin (IIIb) läßt sich mit Formaldehyd zu dem Hydrochlorid der Tetrahydroisochinolincarbonsäure (IVa) cyclisieren, deren Methylester (Va) mit Aziridin unter Bildung des Ketons (VIa) reagiert.
<title>Comparative study of i-line and DUV lithography for 0.35 um and beyond</title> (1995)

New I-line resists are claimed to be usable at 0.35 micrometers design rules. We have examined the suitability of several such materials (JSR IX750, Sumitomo PFi-38a, OCG RX64I) for this purpose and compared them with our production 0.5 micrometers resist, JSR IX700. A variety of criteria have been used, including the measured focus exposure windows at e-min and e-max, DOF vs. CD for grouped and isolated lines as well as contacts, linearity, and proximity response as a function of pitch. A limited study has been done on the impact of embedded phase shift reticles on printing small geometry contacts. We report upon the process improvements observed with two different reticle transmissions, their impact on isofocal bias, as well as the issue of sidelobe formation. Proponents of DUV claim that modern DUV materials exhibit significant advantages in terms of process window and more over are applicable to smaller geometries without the need for supplementary techniques such as phase shifting or modified illumination. In this study, we have examined the performance of a number of DUV materials (BASF ST3.5, OCG ARCH, JSR KRFL2 and an as yet experimental JSR resists) on ASM-L and Nikon excimer laser steppers. Limited results were also obtained using Shipley 2408 and dyed XP-9444 (0.8) on the SVG Micrascan II. Our studies conclude with a comparison of the CD swing observed over a variety of chemically mechanically planarized steps. This has been done for selected I-line and DUV resists with the aid of a TAR or BARC or as in the case of the broad band SVG system either a BARC or a dyed resist.
Dislocation density reduction via lateral epitaxy in selectively grown GaN structures (1997)

The microstructure and the lateral epitaxy mechanism of formation of homoepitaxially and selectively grown GaN structures within windows in SiO2 masks have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy. The structures were produced by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy for field emission studies. A GaN layer underlying the SiO2 mask provided the crystallographic template for the initial vertical growth of the GaN hexagonal pyramids or striped pattern. The SiO2 film provided an amorphous stage on which lateral growth of the GaN occurred and possibly very limited compliancy in terms of atomic arrangement during the lateral growth and in the accommodation of the mismatch in the coefficients of thermal expansion during cooling. Observations with TEM show a substantial reduction in the dislocation density in the areas of lateral growth of the GaN deposited on the SiO2 mask. In many of these areas no dislocations were observed.
Peptide mimicry of carbohydrate epitopes on human immunodeficiency virus (1997)

Cancer-related, mucin-type carbohydrate epitopes, principally mannose and sialo-syl residues, are expressed on the envelope protein gp 160 of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Anticarbohydrate antibodies directed toward these and other carbohydrate epitopes are known to neutralize HIV-1 infection by cell-free virus. Carbohydrates, however, being T cell-independent antigens, typically elicit diminished immune responses. To overcome this potential draw back, we have examined the ability of peptides that mimic such epitopes to elicit immune responses that cross-react with carbohydrate structures. We report that mouse polyclonal antisera generated against peptides that mimic mucin-related carbohydrate epitopes have anti-HIV-1 activity. Generation of antibodies was not lr-gene restricted, as at least two different strains of mice. Balb/c (H-2d) and C57Bl/6 (H-2b), responded equally to the peptides. The antipeptide sera displayed neutralizing activity against HIV-I/MN and HIV-I/3B viral strains. This neutralization was as good as human anti-HIV sera. These results indicate that peptide mimics of carbohydrates provide a novel strategy for the further development of reagents that elicit immune responses to carbohydrate epitopes associated with many infectious organisms and tumor cells.
An efficient drug delivery vehicle for botulism countermeasure (2009)

An effective BoNT-based drug delivery vehicle can be used to directly deliver toxin inhibitors into intoxicated nerve terminal cytosol. This approach can potentially be utilized for targeted drug delivery to treat other neuronal and neuromuscular disorders. This report also provides new knowledge of endocytosis and exocytosis as well as of BoNT trafficking.
Detection of B-RAF and N-RAS mutations in human melanoma (2005)

Activating mutations of B-RAF and N-RAS were present in approximately 60% and 18%, respectively, of samples tested. The site-directed mutagenesis system of mutation detection was both sensitive and specific in detecting these mutations and will likely prove very clinically useful in future studies.
Microbial Conversion of Glycerol to 1,3-Propanediol: Recent Progress (1997)

The microbial conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol has recently received much attention because of the appealing properties of 1,3-propanediol and the anticipated surplus of glycerol on the market. Our knowledge of the metabolic pathway, the intrinsic metabolic potential and kinetic limitation of this bioconversion process has been substantially augmented. Progress has also been made in improving the process performance and strains both on process engineering and molecular biology levels. These recent advances are summarized in this communication. Further research and development needs are also discussed.
Investigation of Capacitorless Double-Gate Single-Transistor DRAM: With and Without Quantum Well (2010)

We characterize and optimize double-gate single-transistor DRAM via extensive simulations. We propose a new kind of DRAM, namely, the single-transistor (1T) quantum well (QW) DRAM, which has a ¿storage pocket¿ for holes within the body. This memory employs the QW as a way of energy band engineering to introduce the storage pocket within the body of the device, which also gives the opportunity to engineer spatial hole distribution within the device, which is not possible with the conventional 1T DRAMs. With this ¿storage pocket¿ and spatial hole distribution engineering approach, we demonstrate improvement in the drain current ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sub> ) difference between the reads of two states of the memory and, hence, improvement in sense margin and scalability characteristics. Furthermore, it is found that the use of SiGe instead of pure germanium to form the QW has added advantages in terms of retention, erase scheme, and fabrication.
Isolation and activity of an alpha-amylase inhibitor from white kidney beans. (2007)

An alpha-amylase inhibitor (alpha-AI) was isolated from white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) by ethanol fractional precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration column chromatography. It was a homogeneity glycoprotein demonstrated by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration on CL-6B. The glycoprotein contained 88.2% protein and was rich in aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine, threonine and serine. The carbohydrate moiety was consisted of Man, Glc, Gal and Xyl in a mole ratio of 2.42: 1.50: 1.52: 1.00. The glycan and the core protein backbone was connected by O-linkage as determined by beta-elimination reaction. The continuous oral administration of the alpha-AI (150 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) for 7 days can lower fasting blood glucose and 300 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) alpha-AI for 7 days can improve the sugar tolerance on alloxan-dependent diabetic model rats. The result showed the alpha-AI obtained from white kidney beans had good hypoglycemic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats and may have high potential pharmaceutical value as a regulative digestive-starch degradation in patients suffering from diabetes.
Universal codeword sets and representations of the integers (1975)

Countable prefix codeword sets are constructed with the universal property that assigning messages in order of decreasing probability to codewords in order of increasing length gives an average code-word length, for any message set with positive entropy, less than a constant times the optimal average codeword length for that source. Some of the sets also have the asymptotically optimal property that the ratio of average codeword length to entropy approaches one uniformly as entropy increases. An application is the construction of a uniformly universal sequence of codes for countable memoryless sources, in which the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> th code has a ratio of average codeword length to source rate bounded by a function of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> for all sources with positive rate; the bound is less than two for <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n = 0</tex> and approaches one as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> increases.
Natural Interferon α/β–Producing Cells Link Innate and Adaptive Immunity (2000)

Innate immune responses to pathogens critically impact the development of adaptive immune responses. However, it is not completely understood how innate immunity controls the initiation of adaptive immunities or how it determines which type of adaptive immunity will be induced to eliminate a given pathogen. Here we show that viral stimulation not only triggers natural interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta-producing cells (IPCs) to produce vast amounts of antiviral IFN-alpha/beta but also induces these cells to differentiate into dendritic cells (DCs). IFN-alpha/beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha produced by virus-activated IPCs act as autocrine survival and DC differentiation factors, respectively. The virus-induced DCs stimulate naive CD4(+) T cells to produce IFN-gamma and interleukin (IL)-10, in contrast to IL-3-induced DCs, which stimulate naive CD4(+) T cells to produce T helper type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. Thus, IPCs may play two master roles in antiviral immune responses: directly inhibiting viral replication by producing large amounts of IFN-alpha/beta, and subsequently triggering adaptive T cell-mediated immunity by differentiating into DCs. IPCs constitute a critical link between innate and adaptive immunity.
Identification of Trait-Improving Quantitative Trait Loci Alleles From a Wild Rice Relative, Oryza rufipogon (1998)

Wild species are valued as a unique source of genetic variation, but they have rarely been used for the genetic improvement of quantitative traits. To identify trait-improving quantitative trait loci (QTL) alleles from exotic species, an accession of Oryza rufipogon, a relative of cultivated rice, was chosen on the basis of a genetic diversity study. An interspecific BC2 testcross population (V20A/O. rufipogon//V20B///V20B////Ce64) consisting of 300 families was evaluated for 12 agronomically important quantitative traits. The O. rufipogon accession was phenotypically inferior for all 12 traits. However, transgressive segregants that outperformed the original elite hybrid variety, V20A/Ce64, were observed for all traits examined. A set of 122 RFLP and microsatellite markers was used to identify QTL. A total of 68 significant QTL were identified, and of these, 35 (51%) had beneficial alleles derived from the phenotypically inferior O. rufipogon parent. Nineteen (54%) of these beneficial QTL alleles were free of deleterious effects on other characters. O. rufipogon alleles at two QTL on chromosomes 1 and 2 were associated with an 18 and 17% increase in grain yield per plant, respectively, without delaying maturity or increasing plant height. This discovery suggests that the innovative use of molecular maps and markers can alter the way geneticists utilize wild and exotic germplasm.
Bilateral Deep-Brain Stimulation of the Globus Pallidus in Primary Generalized Dystonia (2005)

These findings support the efficacy and safety of the use of bilateral stimulation of the internal globus pallidus in selected patients with primary generalized dystonia.
Expression, purification and subunit‐binding properties of cohesins 2 and 3 of the Clostridium thermocellum cellulosome (1995)

The enzymatic subunits of the cellulosome of Clostridium thermocellum are integrated into the complex by a major non-catalytic polypeptide, called scaffoldin. Its numerous functional domains include a single cellulose-binding domain (CBD) and nine subunit-binding domains, or cohesin domains. Two of the cohesin domains, together with the adjacent CBD, have been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant constructs were purified by affinity chromatography on a cellulosic matrix. Both cohesin domains, which differ by about 30% in their primary structure, showed a similar binding profile to the cellulosomal subunits. Calcium ions enhanced dramatically this binding. Under the conditions of the assay, only one major catalytic subunit of the cellulosome failed to bind to either cohesin domain. The results indicate a lack of selectivity in the binding of cohesin domains to the catalytic subunits and also suggest that additional mechanisms may be involved in cellulosome assembly.
Characterization of Human Metapneumoviruses Isolated from Patients in North America (2002)

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) was recently identified in The Netherlands and was linked to acute respiratory tract illness. In this study, 11 isolates from 10 patients with respiratory disease from Quebec, Canada, were tested by a reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction based on the fusion protein gene. Identified sequences were consistent with HMPV. The patients were 2 months to 87 years of age (median age, 58 years) and presented with acute respiratory tract illness during the winter season. Sequence studies of the nucleocapsid, fusion, and polymerase genes identified 2 main lineages of HMPV and cocirculation of both lineages during the same year. These findings support a previous finding that HMPV is a human respiratory pathogen that merits further study.
First Total Synthesis of Leucamide A (2003)

The first total synthesis of marine bioactive cyclic heptapeptide Leucamide A has been accomplished, including a simple method for construction of the 4,2-bisheterocycle tandem pair substructure that employs a DAST-mediated cyclization of beta-hydroxy amide and final HBTU-promoted ring closing.
Distribution of UDPglucuronosyltransferase in rat tissue. (1985)

UDPglucuronosyltransferase [UDPglucuronate beta-D-glucuronosyltransferase (acceptor-unspecific), EC 2.4.1.17] is a group of enzymes with distinct but partially overlapping substrate specificity. A rabbit antiserum raised against one purified rat liver UDPglycuronosyltransferase isoform was specific for UDPglucuronosyltransferase and recognized all transferase isoforms by immunodiffusion or immunotransblot analysis. The transferase activity toward all substrates was immunoabsorbed from solubilized rat liver microsomes by IgG purified from the antiserum. The purified IgG was used for immunocytochemical localization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in rat liver, jejunum, kidney, and adrenal gland. In the liver, UDPglucuronosyltransferase was present exclusively in hepatocytes and was uniformly distributed within all zones of the hepatic lobule. In the jejunum, the transferase was present exclusively in the epithelial cells and showed a progressive increase in concentration from the crypt to the villar tip. In the kidney, the greatest concentration of the transferase was observed in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. Adrenal medullary cells showed intense immunocytochemical staining; the zona glomerulosa and the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex were more intensely stained than the zona fasciculata. By light microscopy, UDPglucuronosyltransferase was found in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope of all the four organs; this was confirmed in the hepatocyte by electron microscopy. The transferase was not observed in mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and plasma membrane, even after 3- to 4-fold induction of various substrate-specific UDPglucuronosyltransferase activities.
The specific roles of finger and kringle 2 domains of tissue-type plasminogen activator during in vitro fibrinolysis. (1994)

The specific roles of the finger (F) and kringle 2 (K2) domains of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) were quantified with regard to fibrin binding and kinetic parameters for plasminogen activation by employing domain-deletion variants. On an intact fibrin clot, active site-blocked 125I-t-PA has a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.36 +/- 0.08 microM and a single binding site per fibrin monomer (n = 1.1 +/- 0.1). Deletion of the K2 domain results in a 3-fold increase of the Kd (1.1 +/- 0.2 microM) and a 2-fold increase of the binding sites per fibrin monomer (n = 2.0 +/- 0.3). Deletion of the F domain results in nonsaturable binding with high Kd (3.2 +/- 0.6 microM). These results indicate that the high affinity binding of t-PA to intact fibrin is the resultant of the cooperation of two low affinity binding sites assembled on intact t-PA. Furthermore, fibrin clot lysis experiments were performed, using polymerized fibrin and plasminogen. Enzymatic activity of t-PA (variants) was assessed by following the decrease in turbidity of the polymerized fibrin. Intact recombinant t-PA exhibited a Michaelis constant for plasminogen activation (Km) of 37 +/- 2 nM. Deletion of either the K2 or F domain results in an increase of the Km for plasminogen of 4- and 16-fold, respectively. We interpret these kinetic parameters in terms of the ternary complex model: binding of t-PA to fibrin, mediated simultaneously by both the F and K2 domain, is essential for a correct orientation of the enzyme on the fibrin polymer to yield the optimal "Km-driven" stimulation of fibrin on the activation of plasminogen. The different potencies of various deletion mutants in a plasma clot are explained by decreased affinity of the enzymes both for fibrin and for the substrate plasminogen.
Dominant expression of a 1.3 Mb human IgK locus replacing mouse light chain production (1996)

Expression studies of multigene families, such as the immunoglobulin (Ig) loci, are difficult because of their large size and the necessity to introduce germline configured regions into an animal. Antibody diversity from Ig gene miniloci is limited by the number of variable (V) region genes and the need for distal regulatory elements to control expression. Here, we show germline transfer into mice of a 1300 kb human Ig kappa light chain locus on a yeast artificial chromosome that resulted in early DNA rearrangement and highly efficient human light chain expression. The human locus was assembled from a 300 kb authentic region using contig extension by addition of cosmid multimers to supplement the variable gene cluster. This resulted in the addition of about 100 V region genes in germline configuration from different families. In transgenic animals with Ig kappa disruption, this large human kappa locus replaced the endogenous locus, and subsequent down-regulation of Ig lambda light chain contribution led to a dominant expression of the rearranged human genes. Contrary to expectation, rather than providing a solely selective advantage for ensuring repertoire formation controlled by the sheer number of introduced genes, the lambda/kappa ratio in serum appears to be the result of competition for early surface Ig expression maintained in the developing B cell.-Zou, X., Xian, J., Davies, N. P., Popov, A. V., Brüggemann, M. Dominant expression of a 1.3 Mb human Ig kappa locus replacing mouse light chain production.
Interactive shadows (1992)

It is often difficult in computer graphics applications to understand spatial relationships between objects in a 3D scene or effect changes to those objects without specialized visualization and manipulation techniques. We present a set of three-dimensional tools (widgets) called “shadows” that not only provide valuable perceptual cues about the spatial relationships between objects, but also provide a direct manipulation interface to constrained transformation techniques. These shadow widgets provide two advances over previous techniques. First, they provide high correlation between their own geometric feedback and their effects on the objects they control. Second, unlike some other 3D widgets, they do not obscure the objects they control.
New approaches in the treatment of Adamantiades-Behçet's disease (2005)

Biologic agents have proved effective in patients resistant to conventional treatment. However, disease subsets characterized by severe morbidity and mortality such as vasculo-Behçet and neuro-Behçet still pose major therapeutic challenges. Further studies are needed to devise better treatment strategies for severe Adamantiades-Behçet's disease.