gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of interleukin 3 and GM-CSA-2 on megakaryocyte and myeloid clonal colony formation (1985)

Abstract Two separate helper T cell-derived lymphokines, interleukin 3 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating activity-2, were found to stimulate a broad and similar range of hemopoietic colonies in in vitro soft agar cultures including granulocyte, macrophage, granulocyte- macrophage, megakaryocyte, and mixed megakaryocyte colonies. Both lymphokines were potent stimulators of in vitro megakaryocyte colony formation. At plateau levels of IL-3, megakaryocyte colony formation was increased by biologic activity in pokeweed mitogen spleen- conditioned media.
Evaluation of off-target and on-target scoring algorithms and integration into the guide RNA selection tool CRISPOR (2016)

To make these guidelines easily accessible to anyone planning a CRISPR genome editing experiment, we built a new website ( http://crispor.org ) that predicts off-targets and helps select and clone efficient guide sequences for more than 120 genomes using different Cas9 proteins and the eight efficiency scoring systems evaluated here.
A 192 ks/s sigma-delta ADC with integrated decimation filters providing -97.4 dB THD (2002)

Previous sigma-delta A/D converters predominantly focused on digital audio applications with sampling rates 50 kHz and below. Some modulators feature higher sampling rates, but usually lack on-chip decimation filters to complete signal processing. This monolithic sigma-delta ADC, includes a 64x oversampled 4th-order modulator, 2.5 V fully-differential bandgap reference and integrated decimation filters, with a final sampling rate of 192 kHz. The design is in a 5 V 1 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process with well-matched poly-diffusion capacitors and 6.5 GHz vertical npn bipolar transistors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effects of input shaping on two-dimensional trajectory following (1996)

Input shaping is a method of reducing residual vibrations in computer-controlled machines. Input shaping is implemented by convolving the desired command signal with a sequence of impulses. The result of the convolution is then used to drive the system. Because input shaping alters the commanded trajectory, it has had questionable utility for trajectory following applications such as painting, cutting, and scanning. The effects of input shaping on trajectory following were investigated by simulating the response of a fourth-order system with orthogonal modes and conducting experiments on an XY positioning stage. For nearly all values of experimental parameters, input shaping improved trajectory following.
Influenza Virus Inactivation for Studies of Antigenicity and Phenotypic Neuraminidase Inhibitor Resistance Profiling (2010)

Introduction of a new influenza virus in humans urges quick analysis of its virological and immunological characteristics to determine the impact on public health and to develop protective measures for the human population. At present, however, the necessity of executing pandemic influenza virus research under biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) high-containment conditions severely hampers timely characterization of such viruses. We tested heat, formalin, Triton X-100, and beta-propiolactone treatments for their potencies in inactivating human influenza A(H3N2) and avian A(H7N3) viruses, as well as seasonal and pandemic A(H1N1) virus isolates, while allowing the specimens to retain their virological and immunological properties. Successful heat inactivation coincided with the loss of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) characteristics, and beta-propiolactone inactivation reduced the hemagglutination titer and NA activity of the human influenza virus 10-fold or more. Although Triton X-100 treatment resulted in inconsistent HA activity, the NA activities in culture supernatants were enhanced consistently. Nonetheless, formalin treatment permitted the best retention of HA and NA properties. Triton X-100 treatment proved to be the easiest-to-use influenza virus inactivation protocol for application in combination with phenotypic NA inhibitor susceptibility assays, while formalin treatment preserved B-cell and T-cell epitope antigenicity, allowing the detection of both humoral and cellular immune responses. In conclusion, we demonstrated successful influenza virus characterization using formalin- and Triton X-100-inactivated virus samples. Application of these inactivation protocols limits work under BSL-3 conditions to virus culture, thus enabling more timely determination of public health impact and development of protective measures when a new influenza virus, e.g., pandemic A(H1N1)v virus, is introduced in humans.
167. Both Oncolysis and Tumor Immunity Are Involved in an Autitumoral Efficacy by Intratumoral Injection of Recombinant Vaccinia Virus (TK Deleted, hGM-CSF Inserted Wyeth Strain) in a VX2 Rabbit Model (2005)

Several approaches to gene therapy for cancer have yielded promising results in rodent models. The translation of these results to the clinical realm has been delayed by the lack of tumor models in large animals. We investigated the efficacy of thymidine kinase (TK) deleted human GM-CSF inserted mutants of Wyeth strain of vaccinia virus (JX-594) using in VX-2 rabbit hepatoma model. VX-2 rabbit carcinoma cells were maintained by serial transplantation in the thigh muscles of New Zealand White rabbits, and VX-2 tumor fragment (1mm3) was injected into left hepatic lobe. The primary tumor formation was detected by U/S on week 2 to week 3 post VX-2 injection. JX-594 (10^9 pfu) was injected by U/S guide immediately after tumor detection (<1.5 cm2 in a diameter) into intratumorally (IT) or intravenously, and then CT was taken every a week to monitor hepatoma growth. The tumor growth after both IT or IV injection significantly was significantly inhibited. Furthermore, the metastatic tumor nodule was not observed after IT or IV JX-594 injection while 100 % was observed in rabbits without vv administration. Serum human GM-CSF was maintained to at least one week both in IT and IV injected groups, and the degree of therapeutic efficacy was related with GM-CSF production. Based on in vitro and in vivo tumor-specific replication capacity of JX-594 replication capacity, both direct viral growth and increased tumor immunity by GM-CSF produced by JX-594 might be responsible for antitumoral efficacy and antimetastatic effect. This preclinical study of hepatoma treatment shows JX-594 acts as an oncolytic vaccinia virus suggesting that JX-594 might be potent and safe viral vector for the clinical application for tumor-directed gene therapy.
ChemInform Abstract: A Photochemical Approach to Phenylalanines and Related Compounds by Alkylation of Glycine. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Expression of human malaria parasite purine nucleoside phosphorylase in host enzyme-deficient erythrocyte culture. Enzyme characterization and identification of novel inhibitors. (1986)

The intraerythrocytic human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, requires a source of hypoxanthine for nucleic acid synthesis and energy metabolism. Adenosine has been implicated as a major source for intraerythrocytic hypoxanthine production via deamination and phosphorolysis, utilizing adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase, respectively. To study the expression and characteristics of human malaria purine nucleoside phosphorylase, P. falciparum was successfully cultured in purine nucleoside phosphorylase-deficient human erythrocytes to an 8% parasitemia level. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase activity was undetectable in the uninfected enzyme-deficient host red cells but after parasite infection rose to 1.5% of normal erythrocyte levels. The parasite purine nucleoside phosphorylase was not cross-reactive with antibody against human enzyme, exhibited a calculated native molecular weight of 147,000, and showed a single major electrophoretic form of pI 5.4 and substrate specificity for inosine, guanosine and deoxyguanosine but not xanthosine or adenosine. The Km values for substrates, inosine and guanosine, were 4-fold lower than that for the human erythrocyte enzyme. In these studies we have identified two novel potent inhibitors of both human erythrocyte and parasite purine nucleoside phosphorylase, 8-amino-5'-deoxy-5'-chloroguanosine and 8-amino-9-benzylguanine. These enzyme inhibitors may have some antimalarial potential by limiting hypoxanthine production in the parasite-infected erythrocyte.
Codeposition of Cystatin C with Amyloid-β Protein in the Brain of Alzheimer Disease Patients (2001)

Immunohistochemical analysis of brains of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) revealed that the cysteine proteinase inhibitor cystatin C colocalizes with amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) in parenchymal and vascular amyloid deposits. No evidence of cerebral hemorrhage was observed in any of the brains studied. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated dual staining of amyloid fibrils with anti-Abeta and anti-cystatin C antibodies. Cystatin C immunoreactivity was also observed in amyloid deposits in the brain of transgenic mice overexpressing human beta amyloid precursor protein. Massive deposition of the variant cystatin C in the cerebral vessels of patients with the Icelandic form of hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis is thought to be responsible for the pathological processes leading to stroke. Anti-cystatin C antibodies strongly labeled pyramidal neurons within cortical layers most prone to amyloid deposition in the brains of AD patients. Immunohistochemistry with antibodies against the carboxyl-terminus of Abeta(x-42) showed intracellular immunoreactivity in the same neuronal subpopulation. It remains to be established whether the association of cystatin C to Abeta plays a primary role in amyloidogenesis of AD or is a late event in which the protein is bound to the previously formed Abeta amyloid fibrils.
Regulating Immune Response Using Polyvalent Nucleic Acid−Gold Nanoparticle Conjugates (2009)

The immune response of macrophage cells to internalized polyvalent nucleic acid-functionalized gold nanoparticles has been studied. This study finds that the innate immune response (as measured by interferon-beta levels) to densely functionalized, oligonucleotide-modified nanoparticles is significantly less (up to a 25-fold decrease) when compared to a lipoplex carrying the same DNA sequence. The magnitude of this effect is inversely proportional to oligonucleotide density. It is proposed that the enzymes involved in recognizing foreign nucleic acids and triggering the immune response are impeded due to the local surface environment of the particle, in particular high charge density. The net effect is an intracelluar gene regulation agent that elicits a significantly lower cellular immune response than conventional DNA transfection materials.
Phenotypic Characterization of Quality Protein Maize Endosperm Modification and Amino Acid Contents in a Segregating Recombinant Inbred Population (2008)

The protein quality of maize ( Zea mays L.) can be improved by replacing normal Opaque2 alleles with nonfunctional recessive alleles ( o2 ). Homozygous o2 kernels have increased levels of lysine and tryptophan. Unfortunately, the associated soft texture of the o2 kernels causes poor yield and susceptibility to diseases and insects. Breeding has resulted in the development of o2 genotypes with improved endosperm hardness; such genotypes are referred to as quality protein maize (QPM). Quality protein maize germplasm is utilized in breeding programs worldwide and has been competitive in yield trials. To understand the genetics of endosperm modification, a population of 146 recombinant inbred lines (S 5 to S 7 ) derived from a cross between the o2 inbred B73 o2 and the QPM inbred CML161 was evaluated in two Texas locations from 2004 to 2006. The endosperm traits texture, opacity, and vitreousness were highly affected by inbred line genotype, were highly correlated with each other, and exhibited high broad‐sense heritability. Relative content of the essential amino acids lysine, tryptophan, and methionine were also highly affected by the inbred line genotype, and exhibited high broad‐sense heritability. Negative correlation was observed between endosperm texture traits and amino acid contents. Favorable responses to selection can be expected for both endosperm texture modification and relative content of the essential amino acids if they are efficiently monitored.
Acylierungsaktivität O‐acetylierter Hydroxylamin‐Derivate (1970)

Abstract Es werden Zahlenwerte über den Zusammenhang zwischen chemischer Konstitution und der Acylierungsaktivität O ‐acetylierter, N ‐substituierter Hydroxylamin‐Verbindungen angegeben (Tabb. 1–4). Hierfür werden neue Verbindungen dargestellt und eine spezielle Analytik wird ausgearbeitet. Die Acylierungsaktivität steigt mit der Elektronen‐anziehenden Wirkung der Substituenten. Sterische Einflüsse machen sich kaum bemerkbar.
Trace analysis of proteins by capillary zone electrophoresis with on‐column transient isotachophoretic preconcentration (1993)

The qualitative and quantitative aspects of transient isotachophoretic (ITP) sample preconcentration in the capillary zone electrophoretic analysis of protein samples have been demonstrated. By the proper selection of components of the background electrolyte and/or additives to the sample solution, two basic electrolyte arrangements have been employed. In the first, a typical isotachophoretic electrolyte system consisting of a leading and terminating electrolyte was used, and after focusing and preconcentration, the terminating electrolyte was replaced by the leading electrolyte, with the separation being continued in the zone electrophoretic mode. In the second, only one background electrolyte was used, containing a co-ion with low electrophoretic mobility, and the sample was supplemented with a salt of a highly mobile co-ion. In this case transient isotachophoretic migration of the sample ions took place at the beginning of the migration and gradually changed to the zone electrophoretic mode. Sample mixtures containing basic (positively charged) or acidic (negatively charged) proteins were examined using surface-coated fused-silica capillaries. For acidic proteins, bare silica was also tested. The isotachophoretic sample stacking permitted injection and preconcentration of sample volumes two to three orders of magnitude higher than usual in capillary zone electrophoresis. For example, up to 1 microL was injected into a 75 microns ID capillary. This approach afforded quantitative analysis of protein samples in the concentration range of 10(-7)-10(-8) M, with detection limits of approximately 10(-9) M. Furthermore, with constant sample volume injected, good reproducibility of migration times was obtained. Finally, the determination of trace components in the presence of a major sample component using transient ITP preconcentration has been demonstrated.
IHN preventive therapy (IPT) in HIV-infected South African children : guideline (2011)

HIV-infected children have a high risk of acquiring tuberculosis. The World Health Organization (WHO) has released isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) recommendations for adults and children living with HIV, based on efficacy studies, mainly in adults. Data from children appear conflicting. IPT guidelines for children were developed in response to WHO guidelines at a local meeting, followed by discussions. 
IPT should be given to all HIV-infected children after exposure to a source case if treatment for active disease is not required. For children whose mothers' HIV status was known antentally, when tuberculosis has been actively excluded in mothers and at infant follow-up, and when infants have commenced antiretroviral therapy in the first 3 months of life, IPT is not required. Otherwise, all infants and children should be given IPT for 6 months once active tuberculosis has been excluded.
Xenobiotics, chimerism and the induction of tolerance following organ transplantation. (1994)

The successful results seen after organ transplantation are largely attributable to the potency and specificity of modern immunosuppressive agents. Although drug-free unresponsiveness to graft alloantigens has not been routinely achieved in clinical practice, recent appreciation of the importance of cell chimerism, which develops after the migration from donor to host of leukocytes contained in solid organ grafts, has introduced a concept which may explain the mechanism of graft tolerance. Recent evidence has indicated that immunosuppressive drugs may have a common potential to induce graft tolerance, even though they act through diverse mechanisms, and that this potential may be mediated by a permissive effect on the migration and survival of donor-derived leukocytes. This review briefly examines the mechanisms by which immunosuppressive drugs function and analyses the different methods which these agents might use to induce chimerism associated with graft tolerance. Furthermore, we describe ongoing clinical studies in which the chimerism produced after solid organ transplantation is augmented with donor bone marrow in an attempt to facilitate the induction of tolerance.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation is required for Asp816 mutant c-Kit–mediated cytokine-independent survival and proliferation in human leukemia cells (2001)

Activating mutations of c-kit at codon 816 (Asp(816)) have been implicated in a variety of malignancies, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The mutant c-Kit receptor confers cytokine-independent survival of leukemia cells and induces tumorigenicity. Changes in the signal transduction pathways responsible for Asp(816) mutant c-Kit-mediated biologic effects are largely undefined. The results of this study show that Asp(816) mutant c-Kit induces constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and STAT1, and up-regulates STAT3 downstream targets, Bcl-x(L) and c-myc. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI-3K)/Akt pathway, but not the Ras-mediated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway, is also constitutively activated by Asp(816) mutant c-Kit. Suppression of STAT3 activation by a dominant negative molecule in MO7e leukemia cells transduced with mutant c-kit inhibits stem cell factor (SCF)-independent survival and proliferation, accompanied by the down-regulation of Bcl-x(L) and c-myc. However, activated STAT3 does not appear to be the sole mediator that is responsible for the phenotypic changes induced by Asp(816) mutant c-Kit, because expression of constitutively activated STAT3 in MO7e cells does not completely reconstitute cytokine independence. Activation of other signaling components by mutant c-Kit, such as those in the PI-3K/Akt pathway, is demonstrated and may also be needed for the mutant c-Kit-mediated biologic effects. The investigation of altered signal transduction pathways and the resulting functional consequences mediated by Asp(816) mutant c-Kit should provide important information for the characterization of subsets of leukemia and potential molecular pathways for therapeutic targeting. (Blood. 2001;97:3559-3567)
Visualizing program execution using user abstractions (2006)

A practical system that uses visualization for understanding the execution of complex programs must offer the user views of the execution that are specific to the program being understood and the particular problem at hand without significantly slowing down or perturbing the system being examined. This paper describes a visualization data model and its implementation that accomplishes this. The model starts with program events that can be instrumented efficiently and with little overhead. It uses extended finite state automata to model program behaviors in terms of events. It builds time-varying data structures based on these automata. The data structures are then made available to various visualizations through a set of mappings that let the user dynamically control the visualization. The model and its implementation have been demonstrated on a range of specific understanding problems with a variety of different visualizations.
Heterogeneity of virulence among strains of Bacteroides gingivalis (1989)

The ability of fresh isolates of B. gingivalis to establish abscesses in the mouse model was studied by comparing them with established laboratory strains of B. gingivalis. Eight fresh isolates obtained from plaque associated with periodontal disease and grown under similar conditions as established strains were injected subcutaneously on the back of the mouse. All of these strains produced secondary lesions on the abdomen. Septicemia was associated with seven of the strains. Two commonly used laboratory strains, W50 and W83, also produced secondary lesions and septicemia. Five other laboratory strains produced only localized abscesses. On histologic examination, the strains that produced disseminated disease showed invasion of connective disease by individual bacteria that were not in clumps. The strains that produced localized abscesses were characterized by growing in colonies or clumps in the abscess cavity. Four synthetic enzyme substrates were examined to determine whether the differences between invasive and non-invasive strains were due to differences in proteolytic enzyme production. No differences in enzyme production could be demonstrated with the selected substrates.
Cerebral Cortex Responds Rapidly to Thyroid Hormones (1981)

In rats subjected to thyroidectomy there was a two- to fourfold increase in cerebral cortex iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase activity within 24 hours. This increase was prevented by thyroxine replacement. The increased cortical 5'-deiodinase in chronically hypothyroid rats was normalized within 4 hours by a single intravenous injection of triiodothyronine. These results indicate that the adult central nervous system can give a very rapid biochemical response to thyroid hormone.
B-FABP-Expressing Radial Glial Cells: The Malignant Glioma Cell of Origin? (2007)

Brain fatty acid-binding protein (B-FABP) is normally expressed in radial glial cells, where it plays a role in the establishment of the radial glial fiber network required for neuronal migration. B-FABP is also expressed in astrocytoma tumors and in some malignant glioma cell lines. To address the role of B-FABP in malignant glioma, we have studied the growth properties of clonal populations of malignant glioma cells modified for B-FABP expression. Here, we demonstrate that expression of B-FABP in B-FABP-negative malignant glioma cells is accompanied by the appearance of radial glial-like properties, such as increased migration and extended bipolar cell processes, as well as reduced transformation. Conversely, B-FABP depletion in B-FABP-positive malignant glioma cells results in decreased migration, reduction in cell processes, and a more transformed phenotype. Moreover, expression of B-FABP in astrocytomas is associated with regions of tumor infiltration and recurrence. Rather than being a direct manifestation of the tumorigenic process, we propose that the ability of high-grade astrocytoma cells to migrate long distances from the primary tumor reflects properties associated with their cell of origin. Thus, targeting B-FABP-expressing cells may make a significant impact on the treatment of these tumors.
2008년 미대통령 선거에서 라티노의 투표 성향 (2008)

2008년 라티노 유권자들은 차기 미국 대통령을 선택하는 데\n\n결정적인 역할을 할 것이다. 백악관으로의 길은 상당한 라티노 인구수를 확보한 핵심 격전지인 플로리다, 네바다, 콜로라도, 뉴멕시코와 같은 주를 통과할 것이다.\n\n라티노 유권자들의 정치적 성향에 대한 통념에 따르면, 다음\n\n두 가지 의문시되는 가정도 명백한 사실이 되고 만다. 1) 힐러리 클린턴 상원 의원은 라티노 문제를 지닌 버럭 오바마 의원을 누르고 라티노들의 표를 얻었다. 2) 존 매케인 의원은 의회에서 포괄적 이민개혁안(comprehensive immigration reform)을2) 주도\n\n하였기 때문에 라티노 유권자들과 연줄이 닿아 있다. 예를 들어, 최근 《크리스천 사이언스 모니터》의 한 글은 오바마는 히스패닉 유권자들의 마음을 얻기 어려울지도 모른다… 오바마의 어려움은… 격전지로 거론되는 뉴멕시코와 네바다 같은 주, 서부에서 두드러지게 증명될 것 같다라고 말하고 있다.