gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Observations on intra‐abdominal pressure and patterns of abdominal intra‐muscular activity in man (1992)

The aim was to investigate possible relationships between activities of the individual muscles of the ventrolateral abdominal wall and the development of pressure within the abdominal cavity. Intra-muscular activity was recorded bilaterally from transversus abdominis, obliquus internus, obliquus externus and rectus abdominis with fine-wire electrodes guided into place using real-time ultrasound. Intra-abdominal pressure was measured intragastrically using a micro tip pressure transducer. Six males were studied during loading and movement tasks with varied levels of intra-abdominal pressure. During both maximal voluntary isometric trunk flexion and extension, transversus abdominis activity and intra-abdominal pressure remained constant, while all other abdominal muscles showed a marked reduction during extension. When maximal isometric trunk flexor or extensor torques were imposed upon a maximal Valsalva manoeuvre, transversus abdominis activity and intra-abdominal pressure remained comparable within and across conditions, whereas obliquus internus, obliquus externus and rectus abdominis activities either markedly increased (flexion) or decreased (extension). Trunk twisting movements showed reciprocal patterns of activity between the left and right sides of transversus abdominis, indicating an ability for torque development. During trunk flexion--extension, transversus abdominis showed less distinguished changes of activity possibly relating to a general stabilizing function. In varied pulsed Valsalva manoeuvres, changes in peak intra-abdominal pressure were correlated with mean amplitude electromyograms of all abdominal muscles, excluding rectus abdominis. It is concluded that the co-ordinative patterns shown between the muscles of the ventrolateral abdominal wall are task specific based upon demands of movement, torque and stabilization. It appears that transversus abdominis is the abdominal muscle whose activity is most consistently related to changes in intra-abdominal pressure.
Ehrlichia PlatysInfection and Disease in Dogs in Spain (1999)

spirochaetes in poultry flocks in Western Australia. Aust Vet J 74:319–321. 10. McClaren AJ, Trott DJ, Swayne DE, et al.: 1997, Genetic and phenotypic characterization of intestinal spirochetes colonizing chickens and allocation of known pathogenic isolates to three distinct genetic groups. J Clin Microbiol 35:412–417. 11. Messier S: 1992, Sensibilite in vitro d’isolats quebecois de Serpulina (Treponema) hyodysenteriae envers differents agents antibacteriens. Med Vet Que 22:32–34. 12. Messier S, Higgins R, Moore C: 1990, Minimal inhibitory concentrations of five antimicrobials against Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens. J Vet Diagn Invest 2:330– 333. 13. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards: 1993, Methods for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria, approved standard, 3rd ed. vol. 13 (6). NCCLS, Villanova, PA. 14. Radostitis OM, Blood DC, Gay CC: 1994, Practical antimicrobial therapeutics. In: Veterinary Medicine, 8th ed., pp. 141–145. Bailliere Tindall, Philadelphia, PA. 15. Sagartz JE, Swayne DE, Eaton KA, et al.: 1992, Necrotizing typhlocolitis associated with a spirochete in rheas (Rhea americana). Avian Dis 36:282–289. 16. Stanton TB, Fournie-Amazouz E, Postic D, et al.: 1997, Recognition of two new species of intestinal spirochetes: Serpulina intermedia sp. nov. and Serpulina murdochii sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 47:1007–1012. 17. Stanton TB, Postic D, Jensen NS: 1998, Serpulina alvinipulli, sp. nov., a new Serpulina species enteropathogenic for chickens. Int J Syst Bacteriol 48:669–676. 18. Swayne DE, Bermudez AJ, Sagartz JE, et al.: 1992, Association of cecal spirochetes with pasty vents and dirty eggshells in layers. Avian Dis 36:776–781. 19. Swayne DE, Eaton KA, Stoutenberg J, et al.: 1995, Identification of a new intestinal spirochete with pathogenicity for chickens. Infect Immun 63:430–436. 20. Swayne DE, McClaren AJ: 1997, Avian intestinal spirochaetes and avian intestinal spirochaetosis. In: Intestinal spirochaetes in domestic animals and humans, ed. Hampson DJ, Stanton TB, CAB International, NY, NY. pp 267–300. 21. Tanner AC: 1993, Antimicrobial drug use in poultry. In: Antimicrobial therapy in veterinary medicine, ed. Prescott JF, Baggot JD, 2nd ed., pp. 507–523. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 22. Trampel DW, Jensen NS, Hoffman LJ: 1994, Cecal spirochetosis in commercial laying hens. Avian Dis 38:895–898. 23. Trott DJ, Stanton TB, Jensen NS, et al.: 1996, Serpulina pilosicoli sp. nov., the agent of porcine intestinal spirochetosis. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46:206–215.
Circulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Levels in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (2002)

We conclude that circulating VEGF levels are frequently elevated in OSA patients, and may play a role in the regulation of tissue oxygen delivery.
Multi-prototype waveform coding using frame-by-frame analysis-by-synthesis (2002)

A new mechanism for using analysis-by-synthesis techniques in low rate waveform interpolation based coders is introduced. The algorithm, implemented as part of a multi-prototype waveform coder, exploits the high quality speech produced by interpolating unquantised speech-domain prototype waveforms. In the new scheme, a frame of prototype waveforms is quantised using two sets of codebook searches, one representing the slowly evolving prototype shape and the other the rapid, noisy components. The scheme offers performance advantages over the previous open-loop multi-prototype waveform coder, particularly when perceptual weighting is incorporated in the search. Reductions in search complexity and the use of the scheme for quantisation at higher rates are also considered. This results in a generalised analysis-by-synthesis waveform interpolation architecture with closed-loop optimisation of all prototype waveform properties.
Glutathione metabolism in cancer progression and treatment resistance (2018)

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant antioxidant found in living organisms and has multiple functions, most of which maintain cellular redox homeostasis. GSH preserves sufficient levels of cysteine and detoxifies xenobiotics while also conferring therapeutic resistance to cancer cells. However, GSH metabolism plays both beneficial and pathogenic roles in a variety of malignancies. It is crucial to the removal and detoxification of carcinogens, and alterations in this pathway can have a profound effect on cell survival. Excess GSH promotes tumor progression, where elevated levels correlate with increased metastasis. In this review, we discuss recent studies that focus on deciphering the role of GSH in tumor initiation and progression as well as mechanisms underlying how GSH imparts treatment resistance to growing cancers. Targeting GSH synthesis/utilization therefore represents a potential means of rendering tumor cells more susceptible to different treatment options such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Molecular analysis of the armadillo locus: uniformly distributed transcripts and a protein with novel internal repeats are associated with a Drosophila segment polarity gene. (1989)

During Drosophila embryogenesis, the segment polarity genes are required for the formation of specific pattern domains within each segment. Mutations in the armadillo (arm) gene primarily affect the posterior part of the segment and lead to the production of anterior structures within this region. To examine the molecular basis for these effects, we have cloned the arm region and identified the gene by germ-line transformation. The arm gene produces two types of very abundant 3.2-kb transcripts that differ only in their first exons. These RNAs appear to be formed by independent transcriptional initiation but have similar patterns of expression throughout development. Both arm transcripts are present in virtually all of the cell types contained in embryos, third-instar larvae, and adult ovaries, suggesting that arm may be required in all cells. In addition, the arm transcripts are uniformly distributed in embryonic segments, so the regional pattern defects associated with its embryonic phenotype may result from interactions between arm and other localized factors. Both arm RNAs encode the same 91-kD polypeptide. This protein has no probable secretory or membrane-spanning regions and contains a series of novel internal repeats that are conserved in sequence, length, and spacing. Considering these results and previous genetic observations, we discuss potential roles for the arm gene in pattern formation processes.
SNP screening of central MHC-identified HLA-DMB as a candidate susceptibility gene for HIV-related Kaposi’s sarcoma (2014)

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on chromosome 6p21.3 is suspected to host susceptibility loci for HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma (HIV-KS). A nested case-control study in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study was designed to conduct fine genetic association mapping across central MHC. Individuals co-infected with HIV-1 and human herpes virus-8 who later developed KS were defined as cases (n=354) and were matched 1:1 with co-infected KS-free controls. We report data for new independent MHC class II and III susceptibility loci. In particular, class II HLA-DMB emerged as a strong candidate, with the intronic variant rs6902982 A>G associated with a fourfold increase of risk (odds ratio (OR)=4.09; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.90-8.80; P=0.0003). A striking multiplicative effect on the estimated risk was associated with further carriage of two non-synonymous variants, rs1800453 A>G (Asp697Gly) and rs4148880 A>G (Ile393Val), in the linked TAP1 gene (OR=10.5; 95% CI=2.54-43.6; P=0.0012). The class III susceptibility variant is moderately associated with HIV-KS and lies within a 120-kb-long haplotype (OR=1.52; 95% CI=1.01-2.28; P=0.047) formed by rs7029 A>G (GPANK1 3' untranslated region), rs1065356 G>A (LY6G6C), rs3749953 A>G (MSH5-SAPCD1 read through) and rs707926 G>A (VARS). Our data suggest that antigen processing by MHC class II molecules is a target pathway in the pathogenesis of HIV-KS.
Monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy. (1989)

Monoclonal antibodies directed at tumor-associated antigens have been used clinically since 1981. In most of the completed clinical trials, the McAbs were of murine origin. Twenty-six of 184 patients (14%) receiving McAbs demonstrated a major clinical response, including 3 complete responders. Toxicities are primarily related to immune responses. The immune response triggering the toxic manifestations may be mediated by interactions between the administered McAb and the target tumor-associated antigens, or between the McAb and host antibodies made in response to its administration. Analysis of the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of McAb administration should lead to improved design of clinical protocols, and provide a basis for the use of human McAbs and McAbs conjugated to radioisotopes, toxins or chemotherapeutic agents.
Percutaneous Cell Delivery into the Heart Using Hydrogels Polymerizing in Situ (2009)

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the US. Following an acute myocardial infarction, a fibrous, noncontractile scar develops, and results in congestive heart failure in more than 500,000 patients in the US each year. Muscle regeneration and the induction of new vascular growth to treat ischemic disorders of the heart can have significant therapeutic implications. Early studies in patients with chronic ischemic systolic left ventricular dysfunction (SLVD) using skeletal myoblasts or bone marrow-derived cells report improvement in left ventricular ejection function (LVEF) and clinical status, without notable safety issues. Nonetheless, the efficacy of cell transfer for cardiovascular disease is not established, in part due to a lack of control over cell retention, survival, and function following delivery. We studied the use of biocompatible hydrogels polymerizable in situ as a cell delivery vehicle, to improve cell retention, survival, and function following delivery into the ischemic myocardium. The study was conducted using human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and fibrin glue, but the methods are applicable to any human stem cells (adult or embryonic) and a wide range of hydrogels. We first evaluated the utility of several commercially available percutaneous catheters for delivery of viscous cell/hydrogel suspensions. Next we characterized the polymerization kinetics of fibrin glue solutions to define the ranges of concentrations compatible with catheter delivery. We then demonstrate the in vivo effectiveness of this preparation and its ability to increase cell retention and survival in a nude rat model of myocardial infarction.
Synthetic peptides: managing lipid disorders (2006)

Synthetic peptides much smaller than exchangeable human plasma apolipoproteins but with physical and chemical characteristics similar to the plasma apolipoproteins have shown promise in the management of lipid disorders and their vascular complications in animal models. The initial success of these animal studies suggests that synthetic peptides have the potential to emerge as a new therapeutic class of agents in the management of patients with lipid disorders.
Regulation of a New Cell Wall Hydrolase Gene, cwlF , Which Affects Cell Separation in Bacillus subtilis (1998)

Bacillus subtilis produces a 35-kDa cell wall hydrolase, CwlF, during vegetative growth. The CwlF protein was extracted from B. subtilis cwlB sigD mutant cells and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. N-terminal amino acid sequencing revealed that its sequence is completely identical to that of the internal region of the papQ gene product. Disruption of the papQ gene in the B. subtilis chromosome led to the complete loss of CwlF, indicating that papQ is identical to cwlF. CwlF exhibits high sequence similarity to the p60 proteins of Listeria species, NlpC proteins of Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae, and Enp2 protein of Bacillus sphaericus. The beta-galactosidase activity of the cwlF-lacZ transcriptional fusion and Northern blot analysis of the cwlF gene indicated that the gene is expressed as a monocistronic operon during the exponential growth phase, and primer extension analysis suggested that the cwlF gene is transcribed mainly by EsigmaA RNA polymerase and weakly by EsigmaH RNA polymerase. While the cells of the cwlF-deficient mutant were about twice as long as those of the wild-type strain, the cwlF sigD double mutant cells exhibited extraordinary microfiber formation, in contrast to the filamentation of the sigD mutant. The CwlF production was not affected by the pleiotropic mutations flaD1 and degU32(Hy), which endow cells with the ability of extensive filamentation.
BER analysis of QAM with MRC and SC space diversity in Rayleigh fading channels using Log likelihood relation (2008)

The bit error probability for quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with L -fold space diversity in Rayleigh fading channels using earlier Log-likelihood ratio (LLR) approach is presented in this article. Two combining techniques, Maximal Ratio Combiner (MRC) and Selection Combining (SC) are considered for the analysis. LLR is used for the individual bits forming a QAM symbol to derive expression for the probability of error for various bits in the QAM symbol on flat fading channels with MRC and SC space diversity. The average bit error rate (BER) is determined from this expression. The analytical results show that the probability of bit error decreases with the order of diversity for both cases of MRC and SC. The derived formula can be used to achieve the desired BER at specific order of diversity in wireless mobile communication systems employing QAM modulation.
Antibody Production in the Baculovirus Expression System (1993)

The proven ability of insect cells to produce murine and human antibodies renders the baculovirus system amenable to the synthesis of both naturally occurring antibodies and designed mutants. Study of these antibodies should provide a basis for rational antibody design useful in human therapy.
Interleukin‐4–Transgenic hu‐PBL‐SCID Mice: A Model for the Screening of Antiviral Drugs and Immunotherapeutic Agents against X4 HIV‐1 Viruses (2007)

CXCR4-tropic (X4) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) does not efficiently infect and replicate in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, termed "hu-PBL-SCID mice," due to, at least in part, relatively low levels of expression of the CXCR4 coreceptor. To overcome this limitation, interleukin (IL)-4-transgenic hu-PBL-SCID mice were derived that spontaneously synthesized human IL-4, which has been shown to enhance CXCR4 expression and promote X4 virus infection in vitro. Experiments reported here show that (1) synthesis of human IL-4 in vivo augmented CXCR4 expression on human CD4(+) lymphocytes and importantly led to productive infection of not only X4 HIV-1(NL4-3) but also multidrug-resistant primary clinical isolates and that (2) the in vivo infection could be significantly blocked by the administration of a CXCR4 antagonist. Altogether, IL-4-transgenic hu-PBL-SCID mice provide a useful model for X4 HIV-1 study and testing/screening of anti-X4 viral drugs.
[Changes in sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle to calcium and its role in the biphasic change in vascular reactivity following hemorrhagic shock in rats]. (2005)

Sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle to calcium following hemorrhagic displays a biphasic change. It plays important roles in biphasic vascular reactivity.
Acid a-Glucosidase Deficiency (Glycogenosis Type II, Pompe Disease) (2002)

Glycogenosis type II (GSDII, Pompe disease) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of acid alpha-glucosidase (acid maltase, GAA). The enzyme degrades alpha -1,4 and alpha -1,6 linkages in glycogen, maltose, and isomaltose. Deficiency of the enzyme results in accumulation of glycogen within lysosomes and in cytoplasm eventually leading to tissue destruction. The discovery of the acid a-glucosidase gene has led to rapid progress in understanding the molecular basis of glycogenosis type II and the biological properties of the GAA protein. The last decade has seen several developments: 1) extensive mutational analysis in patients with different forms of the disease, 2) characterization of the enzyme biosynthesis, processing, and lysosomal targeting, 3) generation of knockout mouse models, 4) development of viral vectors for gene replacement therapy, 5) the production of recombinant human enzyme, and 6) a shift in the enzyme replacement therapy approach from theory to practice. It is anticipated that the enzyme replacement therapy will be widely available for human use in the near future. Several recent reviews (including the most comprehensive one by R. Hirschhorn and A. Reuser [1]), address clinical, biochemical and genetic aspects of the disease, as well as development of new therapies for GSDII [2, 3, 4]. In this article we will review recent findings in the area including rapidly accumulating molecular genetic data (more than 20 mutations need to be added to the list), transcriptional control of gene expression, studies in mouse models, and new approaches to gene therapy. We will also highlight some emerging questions following the introduction of enzyme replacement therapy.
The Adsorption and Reaction of HCl on Pd(111) (2001)

HCl adsorbed onto clean Pd(111) produces three distinct HCl desorption states in thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), all of which are populated simultaneously, even at exposures as low as 0.33 L. One desorption state emanates from molecularly adsorbed HCl (220 K), while the other two (300 and 470 K) emanate from recombination of H plus Cl atoms. The lowest temperature recombinative peak (β at ∼300 K) belongs to recombination of chlorine adatoms with surface hydrogen. This reaction is competitive with the recombinative desorption of H2. Finally, the highest temperature peak with an onset at 470 K (α) is the recombination of the remaining Cl with hydrogen dissolved in the Pd crystal, which emerges from the bulk onto the surface at approximately 470 K. Some of the chlorine adatoms order on the Pd surface to yield a √3 × √3 R 30° overlayer structure at coverages as low as θ = 0.13 ML. This structure persists through a range of temperatures from 100 to 320 K, when initially adsorbed at 100 K. The order−disorder transition at ∼320 K is reversible.
A therapeutic strategy uses histone deacetylase inhibitors to modulate the expression of genes involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (2003)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by progressive destruction of the affected joints. The pathophysiology results from genetic susceptibility and autoimmune phenomena, leading to tissue inflammation and synovial hyperplasia termed pannus, which irreversibly destroys cartilage and bone. The current treatment options, which suppress immune responses or ameliorate inflammation, do not halt the destructive process. We found that the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (phenylbutyrate and trichostatin A) causing histone hyperacetylation to modulate multiple gene expression not only induced the expression of p21(Cip1) and p16(INK4) in synovial cells but also inhibited the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in affected tissues in adjuvant arthritis, an animal model of RA. Based on the observations that joint swelling is reduced, subintimal mononuclear cell infiltration is decreased, synovial hyperplasia is inhibited, pannus formation is suppressed, and no cartilage or bone destruction is seen, the HDAC inhibitors may represent a new class of compounds for the treatment of RA by simultaneously, coordinately, synergistically, or epigenetically modulating multiple molecular targets in the pathogenesis of RA.
Physics-inspired upsampling for cloth simulation in games (2011)

We propose a method for learning linear upsampling operators for physically-based cloth simulation, allowing us to enrich coarse meshes with mid-scale details in minimal time and memory budgets, as required in computer games. In contrast to classical subdivision schemes, our operators adapt to a specific context (e.g. a flag flapping in the wind or a skirt worn by a character), which allows them to achieve higher detail. Our method starts by pre-computing a pair of coarse and fine training simulations aligned with tracking constraints using harmonic test functions. Next, we train the upsampling operators with a new regularization method that enables us to learn mid-scale details without overfitting. We demonstrate generalizability to unseen conditions such as different wind velocities or novel character motions. Finally, we discuss how to re-introduce high frequency details not explainable by the coarse mesh alone using oscillatory modes .