gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Categories of coherence relations in discourse annotation (2016)

Over the last decennia, annotating discourse coherence relations has gained increasing interest of the linguistics research community. Because of the complexity of coherence relations, there is no agreement on an annotation standard. Current annotation methods often lack a systematic order of coherence relations. In this article, we investigate the usability of the cognitive approach to coherence relations, developed by Sanders et al. (1992, 1993), for discourse annotation. The theory proposes a taxonomy of coherence relations in terms of four cognitive primitives. In this paper, we first develop a systematic, step-wise annotation process. The reliability of this annotation scheme is then tested in an annotation experiment with non-trained, non-expert annotators. An implicit and explicit version of the annotation instruction was created to determine whether the type of instruction influences the annotator agreement. The results show that two of the four primitives, polarity and order of the segments, can be applied reliably by non-trained annotators. The other two primitives, basic operation and source of coherence, are more problematic. Participants using the explicit instruction show higher agreement on the primitives than participants used the implicit instruction. These results are comparable to agreement statistics of other discourse corpora annotated by trained, expert annotators. Given that non-trained, non-expert annotators show similar amounts of agreement, these results indicate that the cognitive approach to coherence relations is a promising method for annotating discourse.
Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing. (1994)

Journal Article Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing Get access Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing. William H. Press, Saul A. Teukolsky, William T. Vetterling and Brian P. Flannery. Cambridge University Press, Second Edition, 1992 Chris Birchenhall Chris Birchenhall University of Manchester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 104, Issue 424, 1 May 1994, Pages 725–726, https://doi.org/10.2307/2234664 Published: 01 May 1994
The Use of Subatmospheric Pressure Dressing for the Coverage of Radial Forearm Free Flap Donor- Site Exposed Tendon Complications (1999)

Since its description in China in 1978, the radial forearm free flap has become a workhorse for the reconstructive surgeon. However, the flap has known disadvantages in complications of the wrist donor site. Skin graft breakdown with exposure of the flexor tendons of the wrist is the most common. The authors describe in a patient series a new treatment for this complication. They used subatmospheric pressure dressing to stimulate granulation tissue coverage of the tendon and to facilitate epithelialization. As many as one third of all patients undergoing radial forearm free flaps develop exposed tendon complications and may benefit from Vacuum Assisted Closure (VAC) therapy.
Reassessment of interactions between hematopoietic receptors using common beta-chain and interleukin-3–specific receptor beta-chain–null cells: no evidence of functional interactions with receptors for erythropoietin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, or stem cell factor (2000)

Mice lacking both the gene encoding the shared receptor for granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-3 (IL-3), and IL-5 common beta-chain (B(c)) and the gene for the IL-3 specific receptor (BIL3) were generated. This was achieved by targeting the B(c) locus in embryonic stem cells that were heterozygous for a null mutation of BIL3. Cells from mice generated with the doubly targeted embryonic stem cells were unresponsive to all 3 cytokines. Considerable previous data suggested a role for common beta-chain (beta(c)) in modulating signaling of cytokines including erythropoietin (EPO), G-CSF, and stem cell factor (SCF). However, bone marrow cells from mice lacking beta(c) and beta(IL3) showed normal responsiveness to these cytokines. Thus, there was no evidence for a biologically significant interaction between signaling via beta(c) or beta(IL3) and signaling by EPO, G-CSF, or SCF. Previously documented biochemical phenomena, including receptor transmodulation, receptor transphosphorylation, and even direct physical interaction, involving the beta(c)/beta IL-3 receptor systems do not reflect genuine interactions of physiological significance in primary hematopoietic cells. This study provided results that challenge conclusions previously established using a variety of biochemical assays. (Blood. 2000;96:1588-1590)
Formation of AlN and GaN nanocolumns on Si(111) using molecular beam epitaxy with ammonia as a nitrogen source (2005)

We have demonstrated growth of AlN and GaN nanocolumns using molecular beam epitaxy with ammonia as a nitrogen source. The appearance of the columnar structure is correlated with the use of a low-temperature AlN buffer layer, grown at about 650 oC. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicate that the column diameters range from 12 to 30 nm. Layers were grown on Si(111) substrates with a variety of AlN buffer layer growth conditions. The AlN columns are distinct though tightly packed, and the tips of the columns are separated. Large, platelet-like protrusions are observed for low growth temperatures. Results from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) are also discussed. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gene Integration and Expression and Extracellular Secretion of Erwinia chrysanthemi Endoglucanase CelY ( celY ) and CelZ ( celZ ) in Ethanologenic Klebsiella oxytoca P2 (2001)

The development of methods to reduce costs associated with the solubilization of cellulose is essential for the utilization of lignocellulose as a renewable feedstock for fuels and chemicals. One promising approach is the genetic engineering of ethanol-producing microorganisms that also produce cellulase enzymes during fermentation. By starting with an ethanologenic derivative (strain P2) of Klebsiella oxytoca M5A1 with the native ability to metabolize cellobiose, the need for supplemental beta-glucosidase was previously eliminated. In the current study, this approach has been extended by adding genes encoding endoglucanase activities. Genes celY and celZ from Erwinia chrysanthemi have been functionally integrated into the chromosome of P2 using surrogate promoters from Zymomonas mobilis for expression. Both were secreted into the extracellular milieu, producing more than 20,000 endoglucanase units (carboxymethyl cellulase activity) per liter of fermentation broth. During the fermentation of crystalline cellulose with low levels of commercial cellulases of fungal origin, these new strains produced up to 22% more ethanol than unmodified P2. Most of the beneficial contribution was attributed to CelY rather than to CelZ. These results suggest that fungal enzymes with substrate profiles resembling CelY (preference for long-chain polymers and lack of activity on soluble cello-oligosaccharides of two to five glucosyl residues) may be limiting in commercial cellulase preparations.
Detection of Zika virus RNA in whole blood of imported Zika virus disease cases up to 2 months after symptom onset, Israel, December 2015 to April 2016 (2016)

Zika virus RNA presence in serum, whole-blood and urine samples from six Israeli travellers symptomatic for Zika virus disease was examined. Whole-blood samples were positive for as late as 2 months (58 days) post-symptom onset, longer than for urine (26 days) and serum (3 days). These findings suggest the utility of whole blood in Zika infection diagnosis.
Identification of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus transcripts in macrophages of infected adult mink (1992)

We examined Aleutian mink disease parvovirus (ADV) mRNA expression in lymph nodes of adult mink infected with ADV by Northern (RNA) blot and in situ hybridization. In Northern blot analysis, ADV transcripts were detected in the poly(A) RNA fraction extracted from mesenteric lymph nodes of two of five mink 10 days after intraperitoneal inoculation with the virulent Utah I strain of ADV. In strand-specific in situ hybridization, ADV DNA and mRNA were detected in some macrophagelike cells located in the medullary sinus in mesenteric lymph node sections from two of six infected mink by using biotinylated probes. In suspensions of lymph node cells, about 30% of the cells phagocytic for latex particles contained ADV DNA and about 1% of these cells contained ADV mRNA. In peritoneal exudate cells, about 20% of the macrophagelike cells contained ADV DNA and about 2% of these cells contained ADV mRNA. These results indicated that some macrophages in ADV-infected mink contained ADV mRNA and were target cells in ADV infection.
Pharmacophore Mapping of a Series of 2,4-Diamino-5-deazapteridine Inhibitors of Mycobacterium avium Complex Dihydrofolate Reductase (2001)

Pharmacophore hypotheses were developed for a series of 2,4-diamino-5-deazapteridine inhibitors of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and human dihydrofolate reductase (hDHFR). Training sets consisting of 20 inhibitors were selected in each case on the basis of the information content of the structures and activity data as required by the HypoGen program in the Catalyst software. In the case of MAC DHFR inhibitors, the best pharmacophore in terms of statistics and predictive value consisted of four features: two hydrogen bond acceptors (HA), one hydrophobic (HY) feature, and one ring aromatic (RA) feature. The selected pharmacophore hypothesis yielded an rms deviation of 0.730 and a correlation coefficient of 0.967 with a cost difference (null cost minus total cost) of approximately 52. The pharmacophore was validated on a large set of test inhibitors. For the test series, a classification scheme was used to distinguish highly active from moderately active and inactive compounds on the basis of activity ranges. This classification scheme is more practical than actual estimated values because these values have no meaning for compounds yet to be tested except that they indicate whether the compounds will be active or inactive in a biological assay. For the training set, the success rate for predicting active and inactive compounds was 100%. For the test set, the success rate in predicting active compounds was greater than 92% while about 7% of the inactive compounds were predicted to be active. This successful prediction was further validated on three structurally diverse compounds active against MAC DHFR. Two compounds mapped well onto three of the four features of the pharmacophore. The third compound was mapped to all four features of the pharmacophore. This validation study provided confidence for the usefulness of the selected pharmacophore model to identify compounds with diverse structures from a database search. Comparison of pharmacophores for inhibitors of human and MAC DHFR is expected to reveal fundamental differences between these two pharmacophores that may be effectively exploited to identify and design compounds with high selectivity for MAC DHFR.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the tumor necrosis factor region in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (1991)

Although ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is known to be strongly associated with the class I major histocompatibility complex antigen HLA-B27, B27 is probably not the only genetic factor involved in the pathogenesis of AS. Because of the involvement of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in cartilage damage and the localization of the TNF genes in the proximity of the HLA-B locus, we investigated the association between AS and TNF alleles. The frequencies of the restriction fragment length polymorphisms linked to the TNF genes were determined in 73 AS patients and 81 controls. No differences were observed between AS patients and controls with respect to the frequencies of the TNF restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
Simplification of Product Ion Spectra Derived from Multiply Charged Parent Ions via Ion/Ion Chemistry (1998)

High-mass multiply charged ions fragment to yield a mixture of products of varying mass and charge. When the measurement of mass-to-charge ratio is used to determine products ion mass, product ion charge must first be established. To minimize charge-state ambiguity in product ion spectra derived from multiply charged parent ions, product ions have been subjected to proton-transfer reactions with oppositely charged ions to reduce product ion charge states largely to +1. This procedure greatly simplifies the interpretation of product ion spectra derived from multiply charged ions. Illustrative data are presented for the +4 and +3 parent ions derived from electrospray of melittin and the +12 to +4 parent ions of bovine ubiquitin, whereby product ions were formed in a conventional quadrupole ion trap tandem mass spectrometry experiment. Data are also shown for product ion mixtures derived from interface-induced dissociation of multiply charged ions derived from bovine ubiquitin, tuna cytochrome c, bovine cytochrome c, and equine cytochrome c. The use of ion/ion chemistry to simplify product ion spectra derived from multiply charged parent ions significantly extends the size range of macromolecules for which the quadrupole ion trap can derive structural information.
Isolation of Human C-Reactive Protein Complementary DNA and Localization of the Gene to Chromosome 1 (1983)

With a synthetic oligonucleotide mixture as probe, complementary DNA clones of C-reactive protein were isolated from an adult human liver complementary DNA library. The clones ranged in size from 700 to 1100 base pairs and were identified by partial DNA sequence analysis. One complementary DNA clone was used as a probe for hybridization with human-rodent DNA's isolated from somatic cell hybrids and bound to nitrocellulose filters (Southern blot analysis) to assign the human C-reactive protein gene to chromosome 1.
Asymmetric dynamics of DNA entering and exiting a strongly confining nanopore (2017)

In nanopore sensing, changes in ionic current are used to analyse single molecules in solution. The translocation dynamics of polyelectrolytes is of particular interest given potential applications such as DNA sequencing. In this paper, we determine how the dynamics of voltage driven DNA translocation can be affected by the nanopore geometry and hence the available configurational space for the DNA. Using the inherent geometrical asymmetry of a conically shaped nanopore, we examine how DNA dynamics depends on the directionality of transport. The total translocation time of DNA when exiting the extended conical confinement is significantly larger compared to the configuration where the DNA enters the pore from the open reservoir. By using specially designed DNA molecules with positional markers, we demonstrate that the translocation velocity progressively increases as the DNA exits from confinement. We show that a hydrodynamic model can account for these observations.Translocation of a charged polymer through confined nanoenvironments is highly dependent on their geometrical parameters. Here, the authors investigate experimentally the translocation dynamics of DNA through conical nanopores and provide a quantitative model for the translocation into and out of confinement.
VisLink: Revealing Relationships Amongst Visualizations (2007)

We present VisLink, a method by which visualizations and the relationships between them can be interactively explored. VisLink readily generalizes to support multiple visualizations, empowers inter-representational queries, and enables the reuse of the spatial variables, thus supporting efficient information encoding and providing for powerful visualization bridging. Our approach uses multiple 2D layouts, drawing each one in its own plane. These planes can then be placed and re-positioned in 3D space: side by side, in parallel, or in chosen placements that provide favoured views. Relationships, connections, and patterns between visualizations can be revealed and explored using a variety of interaction techniques including spreading activation and search filters.
Characterization of a cloned DNA sequence that is present at centromeres of all human autosomes and the X chromosome and shows polymorphic variation. (1984)

We have identified a human DNA recombinant (p308) with a 3.0-kilobase (kb) BamHI insert that hybridizes in situ exclusively to the centromeric region of all human autosomes and the X chromosome. This highly repetitive sequence is significantly enriched on several chromosomes, most prominently on chromosome 6. In all individuals, the majority of genomic repeats are organized as tandem 3.0-kb BamHI repeats, each containing one Taq I site; the others are organized into BamHI and Taq I repeats of variable size that have some chromosome specificity. Using mouse-human hybrids, we have defined the specific organization of this sequence on chromosomes 6, 3, and X. In some individuals, there are differences in the number and nature of the tandem repeats. These polymorphisms segregate in families as if chromosome specific. Although variable from one chromosome to another, 308 contains sequences homologous to DNA present in centric heterochromatin of essentially all human chromosomes and is evolutionarily conserved. Therefore, a significant component of pericentric DNA is similar for all human chromosomes.
Two-dimensional high-resolution stepper image monitor (1992)

A two-dimensional image monitor with high resolution has been implemented on a deep-UV 0.6 NA stepper. The aerial intensity sensor uses a photodiode which is integrated in the wafer chuck and a chromium coated quartz wafer with an array of 0.2 (im pinholes. The aerial image is scanned by the sensor which is positioned by the stepper stage. The image monitor is suitable for stepper setup and a performance characterization. The two-dimensional measurement makes possible the detection of lens aberrations. The aberrations may be determined in type and magnitude by slicing the image at various focus levels. The image monitor has shown significant capability for experimental investigation of a great variety of issues for lithographic projection printers
Small wideband PIFA for mobile phones at 1800 MHz (2005)

A small PIFA applicable to mobile telephones is described. To minimize the volume of the antenna a tapered type patch with corrugation is employed. The antenna is designed using CST microwave studio and its characteristics are compared with a basic PIFA with similar volume. The obtained volume was less than 50% of a conventional 1/4 wavelength PIFA.
Effect of monoclonal antibodies in preventing carboxypeptidase A aggregation (1996)

With an increase in temperature, carboxypeptidase A shows a decrease in solubility that is accompanied by loss of enzymic activity and conformational changes leading to its aggregation. In the present study we investigated the suppression of enzyme aggregation via its interaction with two monoclonal antibodies raised against the native protein. The protein aggregation process was monitored by ELISA measurements and determination of residual enzymic activity. As previously found, selected monoclonal antibodies which do not inhibit the biological activity of the antigen and bind with a similar affinity constant to their epitopes on the molecule exhibit a chaperone-like activity in the refolding of their antigen. These antibodies have an inhibitory effect on the aggregation of the enzyme which seems to be related to the location of the antigenic site recognized by each antibody. Identifying the aggregating epitopes' as sequences that are related to the sites where protein aggregation is initiated and preparing monoclonal antibodies against these regions may facilitate the understanding and prevention of protein-aggregation processes.
Identification and analysis of genes from Streptomyces pristinaespiralis encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of the 4‐dimethylamino‐l‐phenylalanine precursor of pristinamycin I (1997)

Four pap genes (papA, papB, papC, papM) were found by sequencing near to snbA, a Streptomyces pristinaespiralis gene which was previously shown to encode one of the pristinamycin I (PI) synthetases. Analysis of the homologies observed from the deduced amino acid sequences suggested that these four genes could be involved in the biosynthesis of the PI precursor 4-dimethylamino-L-phenylalanine (DMPAPA). This was first verified when disruption of papA in S. pristinaespiralis led to a PI- phenotype, which was reversed by the addition of DMPAPA into the culture medium. Further confirmation was obtained when papM was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and the corresponding protein purified to homogeneity. It catalysed the two successive N-methylation steps of 4-amino-L-phenylalanine leading to DMPAPA via 4-methylamino-L-phenylalanine. These results allowed us to assign a function to each of the four pap genes and to propose a biosynthetic pathway for DMPAPA.
Specific Capsular Polysaccharide of Type 46 Streptococcus pneumoniae (American Type 73) (1981)

The specific capsular polysaccharide of type 46 Streptococcus pneumoniae (American type 73) was isolated in pure form and shown to be a high-molecular-weight, glycosidically linked polymer composed of d-galactose (2 mol), N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (1 mol), N-acetyl-d-galactosamine (1 mol), and N-acetyl-l-fucosamine (1 mol).
“Culture Is the Way They Live Here”: Young Latin@s and Parents Navigate Linguistic and Cultural Borderlands in U.S. Schools (2007)

Throughout the United States, deficit perspectives contribute to Latino students' failure in terms of school success. This happens because many educators still regard bilingualism as a deficit. We examined the discourse of one family to better understand how deficit, assimilationist discourse affected them and their two children. We came to understand that, influenced by deficit messages, parents celebrated accelerated English acquisition. Implications for teachers include the recognition and support of linguistic and cultural diversity in the classroom. We suggest a sociocultural perspective that embraces the culture and humanity of every student and helps support the maintenance of multiple cultures.
Lifetime treatment costs of β-thalassaemia major (1999)

Beta-thalassaemia major is a serious genetic disorder, which results in a considerable increase in both acute and chronic morbidity, and mortality. Although beta-thalassaemia major is a rare disease affecting approximately 600 people in the UK, treatment is intensive and predictions of the costs incurred may aid health care planning. In this report, the cost to the health service of providing treatment services for beta-thalassaemia major patients, over the course of a lifetime, is calculated in order to assist resource allocation decisions. A cost model was developed, incorporating data from disparate sources. The undiscounted lifetime cost of treating a beta-thalassaemia major patient was estimated to be pound 803,002, although when the costs were discounted at a rate of 6%, the lifetime cost was reduced to pound 219,068. Within sensitivity analyses, the discounted cost ranged from approximately pound 188,000 to pound 226,000. This report may act as a guide to those involved in the planning of health care provision with regard to the resources required to treat beta-thalassaemia major patients. Such information may also be incorporated into the decision-making process for the provision of antenatal screening programmes for beta-thalassaemia major.
Capsular Polysaccharide Masks Clumping Factor A–Mediated Adherence ofStaphylococcus aureusto Fibrinogen and Platelets (2007)

CP expression inhibits S. aureus ClfA-mediated binding to fibrinogen and platelets, and a full-length repeat region cannot overcome this inhibition. These findings have important implications for vaccine development, given that CP may mask surface adhesins.