gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photoresponsive Release from Azobenzene-Modified Single Cubic Crystal NaCl/Silica Particles (2011)

Azobenzene ligands were uniformly anchored to the pore surfaces of nanoporous silica particles with single crystal NaCl using 4-(3-triethoxysilylpropylureido)azobenzene (TSUA). The functionalization delayed the release of NaCl significantly. The modified particles demonstrated a photocontrolled release by trans/cis isomerization of azobenzene moieties. The addition of amphiphilic solvents, propylene glycol (PG), propylene glycol propyl ether (PGPE), and dipropylene glycol propyl ether (DPGPE) delayed the release in water, although the wetting behavior was improved and the delay is the most for the block molecules with the longest carbon chain. The speedup by UV irradiation suggests a strong dependence of diffusion on the switchable pore size. TGA, XRD, FTIR, and NMR techniques were used to characterize the structures.
Structures of Gram-Negative Cell Walls and Their Derived Membrane Vesicles (1999)

Gram-negative cell walls are strong enough to withstand ;3 atm of turgor pressure (40), tough enough to endure extreme temperatures and pHs (e.g., Thiobacillus ferrooxidans grows at ap H of’1.5) and elastic enough to be capable of expanding several times their normal surface area (41). Strong, tough, and elasti c...t hegram-negative cell wall is a remarkable structure which protects the contents of the cell and which has stood the test of time for many, many years. Presumably, these three descriptive traits, have much to do with the tremendous success gram-negative bacteria have had as a life-form on our planet; members of the domain Bacteria inhabit almost all imaginable habitats except those excruciatingly extreme environments in which (some) members of the domain Archaea thrive. Molecular biological methods have not yet given scientists a precise historical record of the origin of gram-negative bacteria, but ancient stromatolites containing fossilized remains of cyanobacterium-like prokaryotes date back to the Archean eon. Over such extraordinary periods of time (much of it when no other life existed), we can imagine that random mutation, selection, and the slowly but ever-changing global
Predictions of linear T‐cell and B‐cell epitopes in proteins encoded by HIV‐1, HIV‐2 and SIVMAC and the conservation of these sites between strains (1988)

An important consideration in the design of vaccines to prevent HIV-1 infection effective against different strains is the amino acid sequence conservation of antigenic determinants. Even one amino acid change can destroy the antigenicity of a site for the antibody or T-cell receptor. The comparisons of predicted T- and B-cell epitopes between human HIV-1, HIV-2 and monkey SIVMAC AIDS viruses are presented. The three major gene products (env, gag and pol) were examined. A number of epitopes were identical between strains of HIV-1. Our analysis highlights the problem of designing an effective HIV-1 and HIV-2 vaccine and also the problem of testing human vaccines in monkey models.
Oligomeric structure of gp41, the transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (1989)

We characterized the structural forms of the human immunodeficiency virus env-encoded proteins with a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Western blot (immunoblot) assays with antibodies specific for gp41 invariably recognized a major component of 160 kilodaltons and a less intense component of 120 kilodaltons in viral lysates. We demonstrated that these species are noncovalently associated tetramers and trimers of gp41 which represent the native form of this protein in virions. These complexes were stable when boiled in the presence of low concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate but were dissociated to gp41 monomers at high sodium dodecyl sulfate concentrations. Moreover, two human monoclonal antibodies preferentially recognized the oligomeric complexes over monomeric gp41 in Western blots, indicating the presence of epitopes recognized by the human immune system on the gp41 multimers which are not efficiently expressed by the dissociated monomers. The demonstration of the existence of multimeric env complexes and the enhanced and altered antigenicity of such multimers may be relevant to the design of subunit and recombinant human immunodeficiency virus env vaccines.
Aberrant Community Architecture and Attenuated Persistence of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in the Absence of Individual IHF Subunits (2012)

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) utilizes a complex community-based developmental pathway for growth within superficial epithelial cells of the bladder during cystitis. Extracellular DNA (eDNA) is a common matrix component of organized bacterial communities. Integration host factor (IHF) is a heterodimeric protein that binds to double-stranded DNA and produces a hairpin bend. IHF-dependent DNA architectural changes act both intrabacterially and extrabacterially to regulate gene expression and community stability, respectively. We demonstrate that both IHF subunits are required for efficient colonization of the bladder, but are dispensable for early colonization of the kidney. The community architecture of the intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs) is quantitatively different in the absence of either IhfA or IhfB in the murine model for human urinary tract infection (UTI). Restoration of Type 1 pili by ectopic production does not restore colonization in the absence of IhfA, but partially compensates in the absence of IhfB. Furthermore, we describe a binding site for IHF that is upstream of the operon that encodes for the P-pilus. Taken together, these data suggest that both IHF and its constituent subunits (independent of the heterodimer), are able to participate in multiple aspects of the UPEC pathogenic lifestyle, and may have utility as a target for treatment of bacterial cystitis.
Peroxiredoxin IV protects cells from oxidative stress by removing H2O2 produced during disulphide formation (2010)

Disulphide formation within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) requires the activity of the ER oxidase Ero1, and as a consequence, generates hydrogen peroxide. The production of hydrogen peroxide is thought to lead to oxidative stress that ultimately results in apoptosis. Here, we show that mammalian peroxiredoxin IV (PrxIV) metabolises hydrogen peroxide produced by Ero1. We demonstrate that the presence of PrxIV within the ER provides a cytoprotective effect against stresses known to enhance Ero1 activity and perturb ER redox balance. Increased Ero1 activity and production of hydrogen peroxide led to preferential hyperoxidation of PrxIV relative to peroxiredoxins in other cellular compartments. The hyperoxidation was increased by the upregulation of Ero1 and by the expression of a hyperactive Ero1. These findings provide the first evidence for an enzymatic mechanism that facilitates peroxide removal from the ER, and show that the oxidation status of PrxIV acts as a marker for ER oxidative stress.
Multigram Synthesis of NG-Methyl-(L)-Arginine and Its Analytical Characterization (1991)

Abstract A multigram preparation and analytical characterization of NG-methyl-(L)-arginine (L-NMMA) 1, the most important inhibitor of the biosynthesis of Endothelium-Derived Relaxing Factor (EDRF), is reported.
Protease inhibitor prevents bronchoconstriction in man. (1986)

In order to assess the potential role of protease inhibitors in airways regulation in asthma, we have studied the effects of para-aminomethylbenzoic acid (PAMBA) in 74 patients with various forms of bronchial asthma. The effects were assessed in challenge tests by changes in PEF or FEV1 following oral administration of analgesics, exercise or allergen inhalation. PAMBA was used in a single blind manner with lactose as placebo. PAMBA administered orally (1.0 g) was found to reduce significantly the maximal change in FEV1, PEF following challenge in patients with analgesic-induced asthma (n = 30; p less than or equal to 0.01), exercise-induced asthma (n = 37; p less than or equal to 0.01) or allergen-induced asthma (n = 7; p less than or equal to 0.05). We suggest that PAMBA reduces the accumulation of bronchoconstrictory metabolites of arachidonic acid via inhibition of phospholipase A2.
ESSENTIAL molecular biology : A Practical approach (2000)

1. Strategies for research in molecular biology 2. Construction of genomic libraries in lambda and cosmic vectors 3. Construction of a cDNA library 4. Nucleic acid labelling and detection 5. Immobilization of nucleic acids and hybridization analysis 6. DNA sequencing 7. The polymerase chain reaction 8. Protein expression in Escherichia coli 9. Transcript mapping APPENDICES 1. Health hazards and safety procedures 2. Equipment for molecular biology research 3. Important Escherichia coli strains 4. Recipes and general procedures 5. Restriction endonucleases 6. DNA and RNA modification enzymes 7. List of suppliers' addresses
Neurodegenerative disorders with extensive tau pathology: A comparative study and review (1996)

Many neurodegenerative disorders with onset in mid to late adult life present diagnostic challenges to clinicians and pathologists alike. A distinguishing neuropathological feature has traditionally been the presence or absence of neurofibrillary tangles. Recent biochemical and molecular biological studies have identified the microtubule-binding protein tau as the predominant component of these and related inclusions, and have provided powerful new reagents for the study of neurodegenerative diseases. Several diseases previously considered distinct pathophysiological entities contain similar tau-immunoreactive lesions, but qualitative and regional anatomical differences in vulnerability can differentiate the disorders. Comparison of tau-immunoreactive lesions in three relatively uncommon neurodegenerative diseases-progressive supranuclear palsy, Pick's disease, and corticobasal degeneration-illustrates the types of analyses that demonstrate unexpected pathological similarities, but also fundamental differences between these disorders. These results have important implications for the differential diagnosis of disorders containing tau-immunoreactive lesions, including Alzheimer's disease.
A Simple Optical Reader for Upconverting Phosphor Particles Captured on Lateral Flow Strip (2009)

A simple optical reader was developed for rapid and sensitive quantification of lateral flow (LF) strip with upconverting phosphor (UCP) particles as reporters. The excitation beam from a 980 nm laser diode (LD) was focused to a 4 mm (length) times 0.02 mm (width) rectangular spot on LF strip. A rectangular slit with 4 mm times 0.02 mm before the photomultiplier tube (PMT) which was selected as receiver was introduced as field diaphragm to prevent stray light from entering the PMT. The scanning resolution was 20 mum, and the scanning speed was 0.75 mm/s, and the scanning range was 10 mm. With the above optical reader, serial dilutions of Yersinia pestis F1 antigen were detected to achieve the test sensitivity was 5 ng/ml, and the dynamic range reached 150 ng/ml. The algorithms of the low-pass filter and the first derivative were used to search the boundaries of T line and C line from the original data acquired by the reader. A four-parameter logistic mathematical model was used to deduce the quantitative equation for determination of unknown F1 antigen concentration. Our 1-D optical reader possessed the following characteristics: high 1-D testing resolution, high sensitivity, simple structure, simple data processing method, high testing efficiency, and small total volume.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in lung cancer: preclinical and clinical data (2014)

Lung cancer leads cancer-related mortality worldwide. Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the most prevalent subtype of this recalcitrant cancer, is usually diagnosed at advanced stages, and available systemic therapies are mostly palliative. The probing of the NSCLC kinome has identified numerous nonoverlapping driver genomic events, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations. This review provides a synopsis of preclinical and clinical data on EGFR mutated NSCLC and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Classic somatic EGFR kinase domain mutations (such as L858R and exon 19 deletions) make tumors addicted to their signaling cascades and generate a therapeutic window for the use of ATP-mimetic EGFR TKIs. The latter inhibit these kinases and their downstream effectors, and induce apoptosis in preclinical models. The aforementioned EGFR mutations are stout predictors of response and augmentation of progression-free survival when gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib are used for patients with advanced NSCLC. The benefits associated with these EGFR TKIs are limited by the mechanisms of tumor resistance, such as the gatekeeper EGFR-T790M mutation, and bypass activation of signaling cascades. Ongoing preclinical efforts for treating resistance have started to translate into patient care (including clinical trials of the covalent EGFR-T790M TKIs AZD9291 and CO-1686) and hold promise to further boost the median survival of patients with EGFR mutated NSCLC.
Recursive Nth-band digital filters- Part I: Design and properties (1987)

We investigate the properties of a special class of recursive polyphase filters whose subfilters are distinct allpass filters. On the basis of the discovered properties, a Remez-type algorithm is constructed for designing these filters. The proposed algorithm is faster and gives higher filter selectivities than other existing methods. Better understanding of the filter properties allows us to select the branch filter orders such that the filter complexity is minimized. In addition to nonlinear-phase filters, the algorithm is applicable to the design of approximately linear-phase filters. Several examples are included illustrating the efficiency of the proposed design scheme. The characteristics of the resulting filters are exposed by means of experimental results, and the implementation of the allpass branch filters is discussed. In a companion paper [33], we use these polyphase filters as basic building blocks in constructing efficient filters for sampling rate alteration. In addition, it is shown how the don't care bands, which cannot be avoided in filters of this type, can be suppressed by using an additional correction filter stage.
Ethylene-insensitive tobacco lacks nonhost resistance against soil-borne fungi (1998)

Enhanced ethylene production is an early response of plants to pathogen attack and has been associated with both resistance and susceptibility to disease. Tobacco plants were transformed with the mutant etr1-1 gene from Arabidopsis, conferring dominant ethylene insensitivity. Besides lacking known ethylene responses, these transformants (Tetr) did not slow growth when contacting neighboring plants, hardly expressed defense-related basic pathogenesis-related proteins, and developed spontaneous stem browning. Whereas hypersensitive resistance to tobacco mosaic virus was unimpaired, Tetr plants had lost nonhost resistance against normally nonpathogenic soil-borne fungi.
Light emission from the shadows: Surface plasmon nano-optics at near and far fields (2002)

When light illuminates a thick metal film perforated with small holes, shadows appear. At the nanoscopic level, however, light can be emitted predominantly from the metal surfaces between the holes—shadows can be indeed brighter than the lighted holes. The symmetry of the near-field emission pattern is determined by the symmetry of the surface plasmon waves. Surprisingly, these nanoscopic emission patterns from the metal can be preserved to the far-field region, where the pattern becomes sinusoidal. This unusual behavior of light emission from the shadows is explained by efficient wave vector selection.
Research advances on animal genetics in China in 2015. (2016)

Chinese scientists have made significant achievements in the field of animal genetics in 2015. Incomplete statistics show that among all the publications of 2015 involving nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), fly (Drosophila melanogaster), zebrafish (Danio rerio), African clawed frog (Xenopus) or mice (Mus musculus), about 1/5 publications are from China. Many innovative studies were published in high-impact international academic journals by Chinese scientists, including the identification of a putative magnetic receptor MagR, the genetic basis for the regulation of wing polyphenism in the insect brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), DNA N<sup>6</sup>-methyladenine (6mA) modification in the Drosophila genome, a novel molecular mechanism regarding the dendritic spine pruning and maturation in the mammals, the mechanism for the CREB coactivator CRTC2 in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism, the control of systemic inflammation by neurotransmitter dopamine, the role of Gasdermin protein family in triggering pyroptosis, a parvalbumin-positive excitatory visual pathway to trigger fear responses in mice, etc. Chinese scientists have also made important contributions in genome editing via TALEN or CRISPR/Cas system. According to incomplete statistics, more than 1/5 of the publications related to genome editing in 2015 are from China, where a variety of animals with different approaches were targeted, ranging from the worm to primates. Particularly, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in human tripronuclear zygotes was successfully achieved for the first time. China has been one of the leading countries in genome sequencing in recent years, and Chinese scientists reported the sequence and annotation of the genomes of several important animal species in 2015, including goose (Anser cygnoides), Schlegel's Japanese Gecko (Gekko japonicus), grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) and pig (Sus scrofa). They further analyzed the genome-wide genetic basis of the species-specific physiological and pathological characteristics as well as their adaptation to environmental conditions. In this review, we make a first attempt to summarize the research advances on animal genetics in China in 2015, with an emphasis on the achievements led by Chinese scientists and carried out in Chinese institutions. We will briefly discuss the significance of their research and contributions of Chinese scientists in animal genetics.
Passive wireless smart-skin sensor using RFID-based folded patch antennas (2011)

Folded patch antennas were investigated for the development of low-cost and wireless smart-skin sensors that monitor the strain in metallic structures. When the patch antenna is under strain/deformation, its resonance frequency varies accordingly. The variation can be easily interrogated and recorded by a wireless reader. The patch antenna adopts a specially chosen substrate material with low dielectric attenuation, as well as an inexpensive off-the-shelf radiofrequency identification (RFID) chip for signal modulation. Since the RFID chip harvests electromagnetic power from the interrogation signal emitted by the reader, the patch antenna itself does not require other (internal) power sources and, thus, serves as a battery-less (passive) and wireless strain sensor. In this preliminary investigation, a prototype folded patch antenna has been designed and manufactured. Tensile testing results show strong linearity between the interrogated resonance frequency and the strain experienced by the antenna. Through experiments, the strain sensing resolution is demonstrated to be under 50 μϵ, and the wireless interrogation distance is shown to be over a few feet for this preliminary prototype.
Cemented Femoral Component Surface Finish Mechanics (1998)

A cemented femoral component's surface finish may influence implant function through variations in cement adhesion and abrasion properties. Morphologic characterization of historic and current femoral hip prosthesis surface finishes show greater than x 20 range in implant roughness. Early implants typically had relatively smooth surfaces, whereas many of the more recent implants have rougher surface finishes. Smoother implant surfaces have lower cement-metal interface fixation strength, whereas rougher surfaces have greater fixation strength. With interface motion, the smoother surfaces are less abrasive of bone cement, whereas rougher implant surfaces are more abrasive. Because of enhanced bone cement attachment, rougher implant surfaces may have a lower probability of interface motion, while at the same time, a higher debris generation consequence if motion occurs. In contrast, smoother implant surfaces may have a higher probability of interface motion with a lower debris generating consequence of that motion. The prolonged use of cemented total hip replacement may be approached by either extending the duration of implant function after cement-metal interface loosening with smooth surfaced implants or, in contrast, by extending the duration of cement-metal interface adhesion with rougher surfaced implants.
The Forkhead Transcription Factor FoxO Regulates Transcription of p27 Kip1 and Bim in Response to IL-2 (2002)

The cytokine IL-2 plays a very important role in the proliferation and survival of activated T cells. These effects of IL-2 are dependent on signaling through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. We and others have shown that PI3K, through activation of protein kinase B/Akt, inhibits transcriptional activation by a number of forkhead transcription factors (FoxO1, FoxO3, and FoxO4). In this study we have investigated the role of these forkhead transcription factors in the IL-2-induced T cell proliferation and survival. We show that IL-2 regulates phosphorylation of FoxO3 in a PI3K-dependent fashion. Phosphorylation and inactivation of FoxO3 appears to play an important role in IL-2-mediated T cell survival, because mere activation of FoxO3 is sufficient to trigger apoptosis in T cells. Indeed, active FoxO3 can induce expression of IL-2-regulated genes, such as the cdk inhibitor p27(Kip1) and the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim. Furthermore, we show that IL-2 triggers a rapid, PI3K-dependent, phosphorylation of FoxO1a in primary T cells. Thus, we propose that inactivation of FoxO transcription factors by IL-2 plays a critical role in T cell proliferation and survival.
3-Methylcalix[4]arene:  A New Versatile Precursor to Inherently Chiral Calix[4]arenes (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXT3-Methylcalix[4]arene: A New Versatile Precursor to Inherently Chiral Calix[4]arenesDian-Kui Fu, Bing Xu, and Timothy M. SwagerView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 2, 802–804Publication Date (Web):January 26, 1996Publication History Received22 May 1995Published online26 January 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo950929fhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo950929fbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views602Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Addition reactions,Cyclization,Functionalization,Materials,Receptors Get e-Alerts