gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aberrant activation of interleukin-9 receptor and downstream Stat3/5 in primary T-cell lymphomas in vivo in susceptible B6 and resistant C3H mice. (2009)

Aberrant expression, modification and activation of IL-9Ralpha and Stat proteins contribute to in vivo growth of TL in a manner linking to the genetic susceptibility to TL induction.
Random access preamble format for systems with many antennas (2014)

The computational complexity of FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) processing in an OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) based receiver is large with a large amount of receiver antennas. In LTE (Long Term Evolution) release 8, FFTs of different size are used for user data and random-access preambles [1] requiring additional FFTs to be implemented for random-access reception. Within the current paper, a 5G random-access preamble format is proposed based on a short sequence of the same length as the length of the OFDM symbols that are used for other uplink physical channels, such as user data, control signaling, and reference signals. The preamble sequence is constructed by repeating the short sequence multiple times. A corresponding preamble detector in which FFTs of the same size as for other uplink channels and signals are used is also described. In this way, the amount of special random-access related processing and hardware support is significantly reduced for multi-antenna systems with frequency-domain beamforming. This preamble detector is also robust against inter-carrier interference from other uplink channels and signals. Furthermore, the proposed preamble detector scheme can be used in 5G scenarios with a high amount of phase noise and frequency errors. For time-domain beamforming, the beamforming weights can be changed during preamble reception such that the number of spatial directions is increased for which preamble detection is done. Simulation results are used to compare preamble formats for different lengths of the sequences.
Buried Heterostructure GaAs/GaAlAs Distributed Bragg Reflector Surface Emitting Laser with Very Low Threshold (5.2 mA) under Room Temperature CW Conditions (1989)

We would like to report on the performance of buried heterostructure (BH) GaAs/Ga 0.65 Al 0.35 As surface emitting (SE) lasers with p-type Ga 0.9 Al 0.1 As/Ga 0.4 Al 0.6 As and SiO 2 /TiO 2 multilayer Bragg reflectors (MBR) under room temperature CW conditins. The buried heterostructure was formed by a selective LPE growth technique with a Ga 0.55 Al 0.45 As mask instead of the conventional SiO 2 mask. The GaAlAs mask was very useful for forming uniformly small active regions of about 5 µm in diameter. Under room temperature CW conditions, the threshold current was 5.2 mA. The external differential quantum efficiency was about 16% and more than 0.6 mW of output power was obtained. The lasing wavelength was about 897 nm.
Photonic nanojets in coupled microcavities (2009)

Dielectric transparent microspheres are three-dimensional spherical microcavities which provide high Q-factors and a small mode volume leading to strong optical feedback within the cavity. This paper investigates the optical properties of symmetrically arranged micrcavities (photonic molecules) with regards to resonance modes and directional beam emission by means of photonic nanojets. The unique feature of nanojets is a directional beam with a beam waist smaller than the diffraction limit. In contrast to diffraction-limited microlensing, the nano-jet phenomenon is a near-field effect due to the proximity of the focus position and the microsphere surface. Also because of the nano-scale beam waist, the photonic nano-jets can reach a very high intensity. This offers new opportunities for a broad range of applications in biophotonics, plasmonics, optical data storage and ultramicroscopy. One of the motivations for this research is to examine the feasibility of subdiffractional resolution of imaging and sub-wavelength optical signal waveguiding. Using finite-element computational approach,it is found that a plane-wave-illuminated lossless dielectric microsphere generates a photonic nanojet propagating for a distance of approximately one micrometer in the attached microsphere. Strongly directed far field emission in 3-sphere, 5-sphere and 7-sphere structures are expirementally observed. The directional emission from the photonic molecules matches the symmetry of the structure with 3 jets located at 120 degrees with respect to each other for the triangular photonic molecule.
Elderly and sun-affected skin. Distinguishing between changes caused by aging and changes caused by habitual exposure to sun. (2001)

Knowledge of these common skin changes will help physicians diagnose and manage the skin abnormalities of elderly people and of people with dermatoheliosis.
Transplantation of Expanded Fetal Intestinal Progenitors Contributes to Colon Regeneration after Injury (2013)

Regeneration and homeostasis in the adult intestinal epithelium is driven by proliferative resident stem cells, whose functional properties during organismal development are largely unknown. Here, we show that human and mouse fetal intestine contains proliferative, immature progenitors, which can be expanded in vitro as Fetal Enterospheres (FEnS). A highly similar progenitor population can be established during intestinal differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Established cultures of mouse fetal intestinal progenitors express lower levels of Lgr5 than mature progenitors and propagate in the presence of the Wnt antagonist Dkk1, and new cultures can be induced to form mature intestinal organoids by exposure to Wnt3a. Following transplantation in a colonic injury model, FEnS contribute to regeneration of colonic epithelium by forming epithelial crypt-like structures expressing region-specific differentiation markers. This work provides insight into mechanisms underlying development of the mammalian intestine and points to future opportunities for patient-specific regeneration of the digestive tract.
Photoluminescent Porous Si/SiO2 Core/Shell Nanoparticles Prepared by Borate Oxidation (2014)

A systematic study on the activation of photoluminescence from luminescent porous silicon nanoparticles (LPSiNPs) by oxidation in aqueous media containing sodium tetraborate (borax) is presented. The treatment promotes surface oxidation of the porous silicon skeleton and consequently generates an electronically passivated material. Photoluminescence is ascribed to quantum confinement effects and to defects localized at the Si‐SiO 2 interface, and the strong photoluminescence is attributed to passivation of nonradiative surface defects. The oxidation treatment (carried out at 20 °C) generates a gradual blue shift of the photoluminescence peak wavelength (from 800 nm to 630 nm), while the bandwidth remains relatively constant (≈210 nm). During the treatment period, the external quantum yield ( λ ex = 365 nm) of photoluminescence increases to a maximum value of 23% after 200 min, and then it decreases at longer treatment times. The decrease in photoluminescence intensity at longer times is attributed to degradation and dissolution of the nanoparticles, which is inhibited at higher nanoparticle concentrations or by addition of free silicic acid.
Photo‐acceleration of protein release from endosome in the protein transduction system (2004)

The protein transduction system has been employed for delivery of bioactive proteins into cells via an endocytotic mechanism. However, trapping of endocytosed proteins in the endosome may significantly attenuate biological actions in cells. The present investigation demonstrated that endosomal release of transduced protein could be artificially accelerated by exposure to fluorescent light. Exposure to light at 480 nm stimulated endosomal release of transduced FITC-11 arginine-protein transduction domain (11R-PTD), TAT-PTD and Antennapedia-PTD. Moreover, FITC-11R-p53 protein was released from endosomes following stimulation with light. These data suggest that photo-acceleration is a more efficient strategy in terms of the protein transduction system.
DEGRADATION OF CELL PROTEINS AND THE GENERATION OF MHC CLASS I-PRESENTED PEPTIDES (1999)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules display on the cell surface 8- to 10-residue peptides derived from the spectrum of proteins expressed in the cells. By screening for non-self MHC-bound peptides, the immune system identifies and then can eliminate cells that are producing viral or mutant proteins. These antigenic peptides are generated as side products in the continual turnover of intracellular proteins, which occurs primarily by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Most of the oligopeptides generated by the proteasome are further degraded by distinct endopeptidases and aminopeptidases into amino acids, which are used for new protein synthesis or energy production. However, a fraction of these peptides escape complete destruction and after transport into the endoplasmic reticulum are bound by MHC class I molecules and delivered to the cell surface. Herein we review recent discoveries about the proteolytic systems that degrade cell proteins, how the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway generates the peptides presented on MHC-class I molecules, and how this process is stimulated by immune modifiers to enhance antigen presentation.
Highly birefringent index-guiding photonic crystal fibers (2001)

Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) offer new possibilities of realizing highly birefringent fibers due to a higher intrinsic index contrast compared to conventional fibers. In this letter, we analyze theoretically the levels of birefringence that can be expected using relatively simple PCF designs. While extremely high degrees of birefringence may be obtained for the fibers, we demonstrate that careful design with respect to multimode behavior must be performed. We further discuss the cutoff properties of birefringent PCFs and present experimental results in agreement with theoretical predictions on both single- and multimode behavior and on levels of birefringence.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein protects lymphoid, epithelial, and neuronal cell lines from death by apoptosis. (1993)

We report here that the tat gene product of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 was able to protect lymphoblastoid (Jurkat), epithelial (293) and neuronal (PC12) cell lines from apoptotic death induced by serum withdrawal. The rescue from apoptosis by Tat was reflected by an increased expression of Bcl-2 protein in tat-positive Jurkat cells with respect to mock-transfected Jurkat cells after 3-6 days of serum-free cultures. We propose that the ability of the regulatory human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein to suppress apoptosis might have important implications in understanding the pathogenesis of frequent neoplastic disorders observed in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive individuals.
Research and Evaluation Plans for the TravTek IVHS Operational Field Test (1991)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;TravTek is a joint public sector/private sector operational field test of an advanced driver information and traffic management system. The year-long project will be operational in the greater Orlando area in 1992. In addition to the demonstration of navigation and traffic management technology, a major goal of TravTek is to evaluate project objectives and answer questions about driver behavior. The data collected will be used to examine system benefits and costs in a fully deployed system. The foci of this paper are 1) the concept of TravTek as a person-machine system, 2) the process of planning a comprehensive research program and 3) an overview of the planned evaluation approaches. Although the TravTek evaluation will not be completed until after 1992, it is hoped that this status report will assist in the research planning efforts of future Intelligent Vehicle Highway System (IVHS)/Advanced Driver Information System (ADIS) demonstrations.&lt;/div&gt;
The use of lasers as the basis for combustion equipment control (2000)

In recent years, a large number of linear and nonlinear laser-based diagnostic techniques for nonintrusive measurements of species concentrations, temperatures, and gas velocities in a wide pressure and temperature range with high temporal and spatial resolution were developed and have become extremely valuable tools to study many aspects of combustion. Laminar flames are ideal objects to develop the application of laser spectroscopic methods for practical combustion systems and to test and improve gas-phase reaction mechanism in combustion models. The potential of laser techniques for active combustion control in various devices is illustrated for pressurized fluidized-bed reactors, gas fired power plants and municipal waste incinerators. (orig.)
Assessment of intracellular methotrexate and methotrexate‐polyglutamate metabolite concentrations in erythrocytes by ultrafast matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (2011)

A new ultrafast quantitative and high-throughput mass spectrometric method using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry has been developed and validated for determination of intracellular erythrocyte concentrations of the antifolate drug methotrexate (MTX) and its polyglutamate metabolites. The method consists of a solid-phase extraction of MTX and MTX-polyglutamate metabolites from deproteinized erythrocyte lysates spiked with aminopterin as internal standard. The newly developed method was validated according to the most recent FDA guidelines on linearity, recovery, within-run and between-run accuracy and precision and stability of the analytes. The low limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 10 nmol/L for all analytes while the limit of detection (LOD) determined at a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio = 3:1 in drug- free erythrocyte lysate was on average 0.3 nmol/L. After validation, the new method was used in the measurement of intracellular erythrocyte concentrations of MTX and MTX-polyglutamate metabolites (MTXPG2 to MTXPG7) in packed human erythrocyte samples collected from patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving low-dose oral methotrexate therapy. Mean (SD) intracellular erythrocyte concentrations observed in patient samples were 12.8 (12.6), 12.4 (9.4), 44.4 (30.0), 33.6 (35.9) and 9.4 (8.2) nmol/L for MTX to MTXPG5, respectively, in 10(6) erythrocytes. The highest observed glutamylation degree of MTX was MTXPG5, the very long chain MTX-polyglutamate metabolites MTXPG6 and MTXPG7 were not detected in the packed erythrocyte pellets collected from rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Thermal regulation of membrane fluidity in Escherichia coli. Effects of overproduction of beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase I. (1983)

Multicopy plasmids bearing the structural gene (fabB) for beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase I were constructed in vitro and transformed into various Escherichia coli strains. Introduction of these plasmids into fabB strains resulted in a fabB+ phenotype and a large (8- to 10-fold) overproduction of synthase I activity. Strains carrying these plasmids were also unusually resistant to cerulenin (an antibiotic that specifically inhibits beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase activity) and overproduced cis-vaccenic acid. Strains (fabF-) lacking beta-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II are deficient in both cis-vaccenic acid synthesis and thermal regulation. Introduction of the fabB plasmids into these strains resulted in the restoration of cis-vaccenic acid synthesis. However, the plasmid-engendered cis-vaccenic acid synthesis of these strains was unaffected by temperature. These results demonstrate that synthase II, the product of the fabF gene, is the sole enzyme regulating the temperature-dependent composition of the membrane phospholipid acyl chains.
Is standardization of left ventricular chamber elastance necessary? (1990)

Because of the relation between left ventricular (LV) chamber elastance and heart size, it has been hypothesized that maximum time-varying elastance (Emax) must be standardized to differentiate between preserved and depressed LV systolic performance. To test this hypothesis, we studied 66 patients, of whom 25 had a normal LV, 20 had aortic regurgitation, 14 had mitral regurgitation, and seven had cardiomyopathy, with micromanometer-determined LV pressures and radionuclide angiograms during multiple LV loading conditions. Multiple regression analysis established that Emax was independently related to LV end-diastolic volume (r = -0.69). When the Emax and LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) data from all patients were plotted, a curvilinear relation was evident. Data transformation to the base e identified two distinct linear relations, one in the normal patients of lnEmax = -0.60 (lnEDV) +4.34 (r = -0.67, p less than 0.001); and one in the patients with cardiac pathology of lnEmax = -1.06 (lnEDV) +6.12 (r = -0.73, p less than 0.001), which differed from each other (p less than 0.01). When a mathematical standardization was applied to these data to eliminate the independent contribution of heart size to the reduction in lnEmax, the normal patients had a standardized lnEmax versus lnEDV slope of 0, whereas that in the patients with cardiac pathology remained negative and continued to differ from that in the normal patients (p less than 0.001). Dichotomization of patients with cardiac pathology into those with preserved and depressed LV chamber elastance by lnEmax or standardized lnEmax provided highly concordant data (k = 0.73, p less than 0.001). Moreover, the estimated contribution of LVEDV to the reduction in Emax in patients with cardiac pathology averaged only 14 +/- 7%. We conclude from these data that LV chamber elastance calculated with radionuclide angiography has an independent relation with LVEDV, that a mathematical standardization of Emax for heart size does not significantly alter the dichotomization of patients with cardiac pathology into those with preserved and depressed LV systolic performance, and that heart size makes a relatively small contribution to the reduction in this index of LV systolic performance. Thus, standardization for heart size may not be necessary to identify whether preserved or depressed LV chamber elastance exists in an individual adult patient with cardiac pathology compared with normal adult patients.
Auditory responses in cats produced by pulsed ultrasound (1978)

Auditory-nerve responses and cochlear microphonics are produced in cats by pulsed 5-MHz ultrasonic energy from a transducer placed against the dura mater. The pulses must be relatively intense (∠30 W/cm2) to produce a response, but can be sufficiently brief (less than 70 μs) that the brain tissue is not observably heated. The cats apparently respond to radiation pressure transients accompanying the absorption of the ultrasound in the brain tissue. Both the amplitude and latency of the N1 neural responses to the ultrasound can be matched to those produced by relatively weak tone pips or clicks from an external source. The cochlear microphonic (CM) produced by a pulse shows a prominent ringing at 5–10 kHz in different cats; the amplitude of the N1 response exhibits broad maximum, for constant amplitude pulses, at pulse widths of 20–60 μs. This variation of N1 response amplitude with pulse width is similar to that of a high-pass filter with a cutoff frequency at the dominent frequency of the CM, which is tentatively identified with a ringing frequency of the skull.
Expression of a dominant negative cadherin mutant inhibits proliferation and stimulates terminal differentiation of human epidermal keratinocytes (1996)

Cell adhesion molecules are not only required for maintenance of tissue integrity, but also regulate many aspects of cell behaviour, including growth and differentiation. While the regulatory functions of integrin extracellular matrix receptors in keratinocytes are well established, such functions have not been investigated for the primary receptors that mediate keratinocyte intercellular adhesion, the cadherins. To examine cadherin function in normal human epidermal keratinocytes we used a retroviral vector to introduce a dominant negative E-cadherin mutant, consisting of the extracellular domain of H-2Kd and the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of E-cadherin. As a control a vector containing the same construct, but with the catenin binding site destroyed, was prepared. High levels of expression of the constructs were achieved; the dominant negative mutant, but not the control, formed complexes with alpha-, beta- and gamma-catenin. In cells expressing the dominant negative mutant there was a 5-fold decrease in the level of endogenous cadherins and a 3-fold increase in the level of beta-catenin. Cell-cell adhesion and stratification were inhibited by the dominant negative mutant and desmosome formation was reduced. Expression of the mutant resulted in reduced levels of the alpha 2 beta 1 and alpha 3 beta 1 integrins and increased cell motility, providing further evidence for cross-talk between cadherins and the beta 1 integrins. In view of the widely documented loss of E-cadherin in keratinocyte tumours it was surprising that the dominant negative mutant had an inhibitory effect on keratinocyte proliferation and stimulated terminal differentiation even under conditions in which intercellular adhesion was prevented. These results establish a role for cadherins in regulating keratinocyte growth and differentiation and raise interesting questions as to the relative importance of cell adhesion-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
Type D Retrovirus Capsid Assembly and Release Are Active Events Requiring ATP (1998)

Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (M-PMV), the prototype type D retrovirus, differs from most other retroviruses by assembling its Gag polyproteins into procapsids in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Once assembled, the procapsids migrate to the plasma membrane, where they acquire their envelope during budding. Because the processes of M-PMV protein transport, procapsid assembly, and budding are temporally and spatially unlinked, we have been able to determine whether cellular proteins play an active role during the different stages of procapsid morphogenesis. We report here that at least two stages of morphogenesis require ATP. Both procapsid assembly and procapsid transport to the plasma membrane were reversibly blocked by treating infected cells with sodium azide and 2-deoxy-D-glucose, which we show rapidly and reversibly depletes cellular ATP pools. Assembly of procapsids in vitro in a cell-free translation/assembly system was inhibited by the addition of nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs, suggesting that ATP hydrolysis and not just ATP binding is required. Since retrovirus Gag polyproteins do not bind or hydrolyze ATP, these results demonstrate that cellular components must play an active role during retrovirus morphogenesis.
Evaluation of Sympathetic Nerve Terminals With [ 11 C]Epinephrine and [ 11 C]Hydroxyephedrine and Positron Emission Tomography (2000)

Both tracers showed high selectivity for neuronal uptake in the heart, with a significant reduction in tracer retention in transplant recipients compared with volunteers. Compared with HED, EPI showed greater retention in volunteers and a lower retention ratio in transplant recipients, suggesting that EPI may be the superior tracer with higher sensitivity to neuronal abnormalities. Because EPI reflects neuronal uptake, metabolism, and storage, it may be more suitable for the study of neuronal integrity than HED, which primarily traces uptake-1 capacity.