gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stabilization of a Short Juxta-Articular Bone Segment with a Circular External Fixator (2002)

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the stabilization of a simulated juxta-articular bone segment with a circular external fixator, and to determine which method of fixation improved bending stabilization while preserving the axial dynamization of a three-wire configuration. Frames were divided into three groups: wire, half-pin and hybrid and tested in axial compression, torsion, anteroposterior bending and mediolateral bending. Hybrid frames using 4 mm half-pins improved the anteroposterior stabilization of the short bone segment while maintaining axial characteristics similar to a three-wire frame. Increasing the bending stabilization will improve bone segment alignment while permitting axial micromotion beneficial to bone healing.
The influence of the nutritive value of proteins on the level of protein synthesis in vitro in rat skeletal muscle (1972)

1. The amino acid incorporating activity of skeletal muscle ribosomes was studied in rats under various nutritional conditions using labelled amino acids. 2. Ribosomes were obtained from rats that were given a protein-free diet for 5 d followed by a high-protein diet containing casein, gelatin or wheat gluten for 16.5 h and from others that were given one of these protein-containing diets or one containing protein from polished rice for 6 d. 3. The level of isotope incorporation relative to RNA was somewhat higher when the protein source given for 16.5 h was a good-quality protein such as casein than with gelatin or wheat gluten, but fine discrimination between proteins was not considered to be feasible with this system. 4. In the rats that were given the protein-containing diets for 6 d the differences were more pronounced and the amino acid incorporating activity was correlated with the biological value of the protein.
Thrombin-induced expression of endothelial P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1: a mechanism for stabilizing neutrophil adhesion. (1992)

Thrombin-induced expression of endothelial adhesivity toward neutrophils (PMN) was studied using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HUVEC were challenged with human alpha-thrombin for varying durations up to 120 min, after which the cells were fixed with 1% paraformaldehyde and 51Cr-labeled human PMN were added to determine PMN adhesion. Endothelial adhesivity increased within 15 min after alpha-thrombin exposure, and the response persisted up to 120 min. Expression of endothelial adhesion proteins, P-selectin (GMP-140, PADGEM, CD62), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1; CD54) on the endothelial surface was quantitated by increase in the specific binding of anti-P-selectin mAb G1 and anti-ICAM-1 mAb RR1/1 labeled with 125I. P-selectin expression was maximal at 5-15 min alpha-thrombin exposure and decayed to basal levels within 90 min. In contrast, ICAM-1 activity increased at 30 min and remained elevated for 120 min after alpha-thrombin challenge. The initial endothelial adhesivity was dependent on P-selectin expression since PMN adhesion occurring within the first 30 min after alpha-thrombin challenge was inhibited by mAb G1. The later prolonged PMN adhesion was ICAM-1 dependent since this response was inhibited by mAb RR1/1 and to the same degree by the anti-CD18 mAb IB4. Anti-ELAM-1 mAb BB11 had no effect on adhesion of PMN to the alpha-thrombin-challenged cells. The initial P-selectin expression and PMN adhesion responses were reproduced by the 14-amino peptide (SFLLRNPNDKYEPF) (thrombin-receptor activity peptide; TRP-14) which comprised the NH2 terminus created by thrombin's proteolytic action on its receptors. However, TRP-14-induced PMN adhesion was transient, and TRP-14 did not cause ICAM-1 expression. The ICAM-1-dependent PMN adhesion mediated by alpha-thrombin was protein synthesis independent since ICAM-1 expression and PMN adhesion were not inhibited by cycloheximide pretreatment of HUVEC. Moreover, Northern blot analysis indicated absence of ICAM-1 mRNA signal up to 180 min after alpha-thrombin challenge. In conclusion, thrombin-induced endothelial adhesivity involves early- and late-phase responses. The initial reversible PMN adhesion is mediated by rapid P-selectin expression via TRP-14 generation. Thrombin-induced PMN adhesion is stabilized by a protein synthesis-independent upregulation of the constitutive ICAM-1 activity which enables the interaction of ICAM-1 with the CD18 beta 2 integrin on PMN.
Single-Cell Analysis of T-Cell Receptor Repertoire of HTLV-1 Tax-Specific Cytotoxic T Cells in Allogeneic Transplant Recipients with Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (2010)

Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a lymphoproliferative malignancy associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Recently, it has been shown that allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is an effective treatment for ATL, and that HTLV-1 Tax-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells (CTL) contribute to the graft-versus-ATL effect. In the present study, we, for the first time, analyzed the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of isolated Tax(301-309) (SFHSLHLLF)-specific CTLs in HLA-A*2402(+) ATL patients before and after allo-HSCT by single-cell reverse transcription-PCR. The Tax(301-309)-specific CTLs in bone marrow and peripheral blood showed highly restricted oligoclonal diversity. In addition, a unique conserved amino acid motif of "P-D/P-R" in TCR-beta complementarity-determining region 3 in either BV7- or BV18-expressing CTLs was observed not only in all of the samples from ATL patients, but also in samples from the same patient before and after HSCT. Furthermore, the P-D/P-R motif-bearing CTL clones established from peripheral blood samples after HSCT exhibited strong killing activity against the HTLV-1-infected T cells of the patient. CTL clones were not established in vitro from samples prior to allo-HSCT. In addition, CTL clones with a strong killing activity were enriched in vivo after HSCT in the patient. Hence, Tax(301-309)-specific CTLs in ATL patients might have a preference for TCR construction and induce strong immune responses against the HTLV-1-infected T cells of patients, which contribute to the graft-versus-ATL effects after allo-HSCT. However, further analyses with a larger number of patients and more frequent sampling after allo-HSCT is required to confirm these findings.
Fluid-rock interaction in retrograde granulites of the Southern Marginal Zone, Limpopo high grade terrain, South Africa (2014)

Fluid infiltration into retrograde granulites of the Southern Marginal Zone（Limpopo high grade terrain）is exemplified by hydration reactions.shear zone hosted metasomatism,and lode gold mineralisation.Hydration reactions include the breakdown of cordierite and orthopyroxene to gedrite kyanite,and anthophyllite,respectively.Metamorphic petrology,fluid inclusions,and field data indicate that a low H2O-activity carbon-saturated CO2-rich and a saline aqueous fluid infiltrated the Southern Marginal Zone during exhumation.The formation of anthophyllite after orthopyroxene eslablished a regional retrograde anthophyllite-in isograd and occurred at P-T conditions of- 6 kbar and 610 C,which fixes the minimum mole fraction of II.0 in the CO2-rich fluid phase at- 0.1.The maximum H2O mole fraction is hxed by the lower temperature limit（800℃） for partial melting at 0.3.C-O-H fluid calculations show that the CO2-rich fluid had an oxygen fugacity that was 0.6 log10 units higher than that of the fayalite-magnetitequartz buffer and that the CO2/（CO2+CH4） mole ratio of this fluid was 1.The presence of dominantly relatively low density CO2-rich fluid inclusions in the hydrated granulites indicates that the fluid pressure was less than the lithostatic pressure.This can be explained by strike slip faulting and/or an increase of the rock permeability caused by hydration reactions.
Direct Detection of 16S rRNA in Soil Extracts by Using Oligonucleotide Microarrays (2001)

We report on the development and validation of a simple microarray method for the direct detection of intact 16S rRNA from unpurified soil extracts. Total RNAs from Geobacter chapellei and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans were hybridized to an oligonucleotide array consisting of universal and species-specific 16S rRNA probes. PCR-amplified products from Geobacter and Desulfovibrio were easily and specifically detected under a range of hybridization times, temperatures, and buffers. However, reproducible, specific hybridization and detection of intact rRNA could be accomplished only by using a chaperone-detector probe strategy. With this knowledge, assay conditions were developed for rRNA detection using a 2-h hybridization time at room temperature. Hybridization specificity and signal intensity were enhanced using fragmented RNA. Formamide was required in the hybridization buffer in order to achieve species-specific detection of intact rRNA. With the chaperone detection strategy, we were able to specifically hybridize and detect G. chapellei 16S rRNA directly from a total-RNA soil extract, without further purification or removal of soluble soil constituents. The detection sensitivity for G. chapellei 16S rRNA in soil extracts was at least 0.5 microg of total RNA, representing approximately 7.5 x 10(6) Geobacter cell equivalents of RNA. These results suggest that it is now possible to apply microarray technology to the direct detection of microorganisms in environmental samples, without using PCR.
Influenzavirus neuraminidase and neuraminidase-inhibition test procedures. (1973)

The adequate characterization of type A influenzaviruses requires the identification not only of the haemagglutinin but also of the neuraminidase. The neuraminidase-inhibition test, as performed in the two WHO international reference centres for influenza, is described and its use in other laboratories-particularly those collaborating in the WHO programme-is recommended.
<title>Holographic PDLCs for optical beam modulation, deflection, and dynamic filter applications</title> (1998)

A new type of electro-optical device, a switchable hologram, has emerged from the combination of two technologies, namely, photopolymer holographic materials and polymer- dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs). Starting from a simple homogeneous mixture containing a polymerizable monomer, a liquid crystal (LC), and a photoinitiator dye, this system cures under holographic illumination to form well defined channels of PDLCs interspersed between dense, LC-free polymer channels. These periodic PDLC planes produce diffraction of light in the Bragg regime with surprisingly good optical quality. LC droplets within the PDLC channels can be remarkably small, ranging in size from 20 nm to 200 nm. Even within this small domain, the molecules can be reoriented by an applied field, leading to electro-optical modulation of the diffraction efficiency. The polarization properties and sharp threshold switching of the diffracted light may be partially explained by the unique shape and consequent nematic ordering of the LC droplets. Complex holograms can be written in this material, and electro- optical switching at &lt; 5 V/micrometers with response and relaxation times in the 20-40 microsecond(s) regime have been consideration. Spatial light modulators which modulate the intensity can make use of these switchable holograms. Some of the potential applications are in fiber optic switches, programmable optical interconnects, digital zoom lenses, optically assisted true-time-delay phased array radar, flat panel display, and dynamic filters.
Gene Therapy for Brain Tumors (1995)

Gene therapy has opened new doors for treatment of neoplastic diseases. This new approach seems very attractive, especially for glioblastomas, since treatment of these brain tumors has failed using conventional therapy regimens. Many different modes of gene therapy for brain tumors have been tested in culture and in vivo. Many of these approaches are based on previously established anti-neoplastic principles, like prodrug activating enzymes, inhibition of tumor neovascularization, and enhancement of the normally weak anti-tumor immune response. Delivery of genes to tumor cells has been mediated by a number of viral and synthetic vectors. The most widely used paradigm is based on the activation of ganciclovir to a cytotoxic compound by a viral enzyme, thymidine kinase, which is expressed by tumor cells, after the gene has been introduced by a retroviral vector. This paradigm has proven to be a potent therapy with minimal side effects in several rodent brain tumor models, and has proceeded to phase 1 clinical trials. In this review, current gene therapy strategies and vector systems for treatment of brain tumors will be described and discussed in light of further developments needed to make this new treatment modality clinically efficacious.
Comparison of the Signaling Abilities of the Cytoplasmic Domains of the Insulin Receptor and the Insulin Receptor-Related Receptor in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes1 (1998)

In the present work a chimeric receptor containing the intracellular domain of the insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR) and the extracellular domain of the colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) receptor was expressed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and compared with the parallel chimeric receptor containing the cytoplasmic domain of the insulin receptor (IR). Both chimeric receptors exhibited CSF-stimulated tyrosine kinase activity when assayed in vitro after in vivo activation comparable to that of the endogenous IR present in these cells. No cross-activation of the expressed chimeric and endogenous receptors was observed. The cytoplasmic domain of the IRR was found to 1) mediate activation of the Ser/Thr kinase Akt/PKB, 2) stimulate glucose uptake, 3) inhibit lipolysis, and 4) stimulate glycogen synthase, all with a potency comparable to those of the expressed CSF-1R/IR chimera and the endogenous insulin receptors. These results indicate that despite the extensive differences in sequence between the cytoplasmic domains of the IRR and IR, the elements required for insulin-specific responses have been conserved in this distinct member of the insulin receptor family.
Effects of the nootropic agents adafenoxate, meclofenoxate and the acetylcholine precursor citicholine on the brain muscarinic receptors (experiments on rats). (1987)

The effect of adafenoxate (Af), meclofenoxate (Mf) and citicholine on the brain muscarinic receptors was studied in groups of ten male Wistar rats. The compounds were administered in doses of 50 mg/kg body weight twice daily for 7 days. One hour after the last treatment the animals were killed and the frontal cerebral cortex striatum, the hypothalamus and the hippocampus were removed immediately. Af and Mf were found to diminish significantly and to an analogous extent the density (Bmax) of the muscarinic receptors in the cerebral cortex, striatum and the hippocampus. At the same time, however, the greater decrease of Kd induced by these two nootropic agents, i.e. the increased affinity of the muscarinic binding sites, exceeded considerably the decreased number of the binding sites. These differences in the effects on Bmax and Kd suggest that the functional capacity of the cerebral cholinergic system increases under the action of Mf and Af. The surprising increase in the number of muscarinic receptors in the striatum, observed in citicholine-treated animals, is assumed to be due to the great increase of the dopamine content in this structure, induced by this acetylcholine precursor, observed in other experiments. This increase would result in reduced acetylcholine production by the inhibited cholinergic neurones, with a subsequent increase in the number of the muscarinic receptors.
MEN1 Is a Melanoma Tumor Suppressor That Preserves Genomic Integrity by Stimulating Transcription of Genes That Promote Homologous Recombination-Directed DNA Repair (2013)

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is a familial cancer syndrome resulting from loss-of-function mutations in the MEN1 gene. We previously identified the tumor suppressor MEN1 as a gene required for oncogene-induced senescence in melanocytes, raising the possibility that MEN1 is a melanoma tumor suppressor. Here we show that MEN1 expression is lost in a high percentage of human melanomas and melanoma cell lines. We find that melanocytes depleted of MEN1 are deficient in homologous recombination (HR)-directed DNA repair, which is accompanied by increased nonhomologous end-joining activity. Following DNA damage, MEN1 levels increase as a result of phosphorylation by the DNA damage kinase ATM/ATR. Most importantly, we show that MEN1 functions by directly stimulating the transcription of several genes, including BRCA1, RAD51, and RAD51AP1, that encode proteins involved in HR. MEN1 and its coactivator, the mixed-lineage leukemia histone methyltransferase, are recruited to the BRCA1, RAD51, and RAD51AP1 promoters by estrogen receptor 1, resulting in increased histone H3-lysine 4 trimethylation and transcription. Collectively, our results indicate that MEN1 is a melanoma tumor suppressor that functions by stimulating the transcription of genes involved in HR-directed DNA repair.
Detection of penicillin tolerance in Streptococcus pyogenes (1993)

Three traditional assays were used to determine the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci) in two phases of growth and the time taken to kill the organisms. Three other methods were used for the determination of penicillin tolerance: a cell-lysis assay, the beta-lactamase disk method and the replication method. Twenty strains, comprising penicillin-tolerant clinical isolates and two laboratory mutants, were used to evaluate the six tests. Results indicated that two groups of S. pyogenes can be distinguished--four highly tolerant and three moderately tolerant strains. The moderately tolerant strains were not recognised when rapidly growing instead of stationary cultures were used for the MBC and MIC determinations. The MBC/MIC ratio for tolerant strains was > 100. Tolerance percentage ranged from 0.30 to 1.07 and 0.29 to 3.96 for cultures in the mid-logarithmic and stationary phases of growth, respectively. The cell-lysis assay, the beta-lactamase disk method and the replication method may be used to screen for tolerance. Detection of high or moderate tolerance by determining the MBC/MIC ratio for mid-logarithmic or stationary cultures is recommended.
An annotation tool for web browsers and its applications to information retrieval (2000)

With bookmark programs, current Web browsers provide a limited support to personalize the Web. We present a new Web annotation tool which uses the Document Object Model Level 2 and Dynamic HTML to deliver a system where speed and privacy are important issues. We report on several experiments showing how annotations improve document access and retrieval by providing user-directed document summaries. Preliminary results also show that annotations can be used to produce user-directed document clustering and classification. Introduction Current Web browsers provide a limited support to personalize the Web, namely bookmarks. In two recent surveys, users report that the use of bookmarks is among the three main problems they have when using the Internet (Abrams, 1998 ; Cockburn, 1999). We see several problems when using bookmarks : The number of bookmarks grows linearly with time (Abrams, 1998) and it becomes a real challenge for many users to organize this amount of data By storing the...
Maximizing Therapeutic Benefit of Rituximab: Maintenance Therapy Versus Re-Treatment at Progression in Patients With Indolent Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma—A Randomized Phase II Trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network (2005)

In patients who have objective response or stable disease with single-agent rituximab therapy, duration of rituximab benefit is substantially prolonged with either scheduled maintenance treatment or rituximab re-treatment at the time of progression. At present, the magnitude of benefit with either approach appears similar. However, additional follow-up of this trial is required, and completion of phase III randomized trials is necessary to definitively answer this question.
Lymphocytes, neuropeptides, and genes involved in alopecia areata (2007)

Many lessons in autoimmunity - particularly relating to the role of immune privilege and the interplay between genetics and neuroimmunology - can be learned from the study of alopecia areata, the most common cause of inflammation-induced hair loss. Alopecia areata is now understood to represent an organ-restricted, T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of hair follicles. Disease induction is associated with collapse of hair follicle immune privilege in both humans and in animal models. Here, the role of HLA associations, other immunogenetic factors, and neuroendocrine parameters in alopecia areata pathogenesis are reviewed. This instructive and clinically significant model disease deserves more widespread interest in the immunology community.
Artificial neural networks in medical diagnosis (2013)

An extensive amount of information is currently available to clinical specialists, ranging from details of clinical symptoms to various types of biochemical data and outputs of imaging devices. Each type of data provides information that must be evaluated and assigned to a particular pathology during the diagnostic process. To streamline the diagnostic process in daily routine and avoid misdiagnosis, artificial intelligence methods (especially computer aided diagnosis and artificial neural networks) can be employed. These adaptive learning algorithms can handle diverse types of medical data and integrate them into categorized outputs. In this paper, we briefly review and discuss the philosophy, capabilities, and limitations of artificial neural networks in medical diagnosis through selected examples.
Early postoperative peripheral blood reverse transcription PCR assay for prostate-specific antigen is associated with prostate cancer progression in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. (2003)

Preoperative peripheral blood reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) [RT-PCR-PSA] is not associated with an increased risk of progression after radical prostatectomy. We tested the hypothesis that early postoperative peripheral blood RT-PCR-PSA would detect prostate cancer cells persisting in the circulation that would be associated with disease progression. The study group consisted of 145 consecutive patients who underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized disease (median follow-up, 54.5 months) for whom pre- and postoperative peripheral blood samples were available. RT-PCR-PSA was performed on preoperative and postoperative peripheral blood specimens. Pre- and postoperative RT-PCR-PSA were positive in 27% and 12%, respectively, of patients. Most (64%) preoperative RT-PCR-PSA-positive patients converted to a negative RT-PCR-PSA status after prostate removal (P < 0.001). Whereas preoperative RT-PCR-PSA was not associated with prostate cancer characteristics or outcome, a positive postoperative RT-PCR-PSA assay was associated with extracapsular extension (P = 0.044) and seminal vesicle involvement (P = 0.024). Furthermore, postoperative RT-PCR-PSA was an independent predictor of disease progression (P = 0.027). In patients who experienced disease progression, postoperative RT-PCR-PSA was associated with a more aggressive pattern of failure (P = 0.005). Whereas a significant number of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer have prostate cells detectable preoperatively by RT-PCR-PSA circulating in their blood, most of these cells are clinically insignificant because the majority of these patients convert to RT-PCR-PSA-negative status and maintain disease-free status after prostate removal. In contrast, postoperative RT-PCR-PSA detection of prostate cells in the peripheral blood is associated with established markers of aggressive prostate cancer and is an early independent predictor of disease progression, presumably because of an association with established micrometastatic disease.