gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Industrial Synthesis of Hydrocarbons from Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide (1940)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIndustrial Synthesis of Hydrocarbons from Hydrogen and Carbon MonoxideA. J. V. UnderwoodCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1940, 32, 4, 449–454Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1940Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1940https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50364a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50364a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views284Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Single-molecule optical detection, imaging and spectroscopy (1997)

Physical Principles and Methods of Single-Molecule Spectroscopy in Solids Excitation and Emission Spectroscopy and Quantum Optical Measurements Polarization and Lifetime Measurements, External Pertubations and Microscopy Spectral Jumps of Single Molecules Theoretical Models for the Spectral Dynamics of Individual Molecules in Solids Magnetic Resonance of Single Molecular Spins Near -Field Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy of Single Molecules Single-Molecules Detection in Analytical Chemistry.
A Model of Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity: One or Two Coincidence Detectors? (2002)

In spike-timing dependent plasticity (STDP), synapses exhibit LTD or LTP depending on the order of activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells. LTP occurs when a single presynaptic spike precedes a postsynaptic one (a positive interspike interval, or ISI), while the reverse order of activity (a negative ISI) produces LTD. A fundamental question is whether the "standard model" of plasticity in which moderate increases in Ca(2+) influx through the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) channels induce LTD and large increases induce LTP, can account for the order and interval sensitivity of STDP. To examine this issue we developed a model that captures postsynaptic Ca(2+) influx dynamics and the associativity of the NMDA receptors. While this model can generate both LTD and LTP, it predicts that LTD will be observed at both negative and positive ISIs. This is because longer and longer positive ISIs induce monotonically decreasing levels of Ca(2+), which eventually fall into the same range that produced LTD at negative ISIs. A second model that incorporated a second coincidence detector in addition to the NMDA receptor generated LTP at positive intervals and LTD only at negative ones. Our findings suggest that a single coincidence detector model based on the standard model of plasticity cannot account for order-specific STDP, and we predict that STDP requires two coincidence detectors.
Causes and Prevalence of Visual Impairment Among Adults in the UnitedStates (2004)

Blindness or low vision affects approximately 1 in 28 Americans older than 40 years. The specific causes of visual impairment, and especially blindness, vary greatly by race/ethnicity. The prevalence of visual disabilities will increase markedly during the next 20 years, owing largely to the aging of the US population.
Modulators of the Glutamatergic System: Implications for the Development of Improved Therapeutics in Mood Disorders (2025)

ine levels may be of limited benefit. This article reviews the growing body of data suggesting that agents which modulate the glutamatergic system may have utility in the long-term treatment of severe, recurrent mood disorders. Such strategies may serve to enhance and maintain normal synaptic connectivity, thereby allowing the chemical signal to reinstate the optimal functioning of critical circuits necessary for normal affective functioning. There are a number of glutamatergic plasticity enhancing" strategies which may be of considerable utility in the treatment of mood disorders. Among the most immediate ones are N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists, glutamate release-reducing agents, and a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid potentiators. This research progress holds much promise for the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of severe, refractory mood disorders.
Guidelines for the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis 2002 Update (2002)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a progressive polyarthritis that is responsible for over nine million office visits annually. It is likely that most nurse practitioners will care for one or more patients with RA because approximately 1% of the adult population is affected by this disabling disorder. The guideline reviewed in this month's column describes the recommended care of patients who have been previously diagnosed with RA.
Inhibitors of Ocular Neovascularization (2005)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Metabolic equivalents (METS) in exercise testing, exercise prescription, and evaluation of functional capacity (1990)

One metabolic equivalent (MET) is defined as the amount of oxygen consumed while sitting at rest and is equal to 3.5 ml O2 per kg body weight x min. The MET concept represents a simple, practical, and easily understood procedure for expressing the energy cost of physical activities as a multiple of the resting metabolic rate. The energy cost of an activity can be determined by dividing the relative oxygen cost of the activity (ml O2/kg/min) x by 3.5. This article summarizes and presents energy expenditure values for numerous household and recreational activities in both METS and watts units. Also, the intensity levels (in METS) for selected exercise protocols are compared stage by stage. In spite of its limitations, the MET concept provides a convenient method to describe the functional capacity or exercise tolerance of an individual as determined from progressive exercise testing and to define a repertoire of physical activities in which a person may participate safely, without exceeding a prescribed intensity level.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a clinical dilemma (2014)

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is now recognized as a major and growing public health problem worldwide. Yet significant uncertainties still surround its pathophysiology and treatment, leaving clinicians in a dilemma regarding its optimal management. Whether HFpEF and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are two distinct entities or two ends of a common spectrum remains a matter of debate. In particular, the lack of benefit observed with renin-angiotensin system blockers has raised questions regarding our understanding of the pathophysiology of HFpEF. New paradigms including a prominent role of co-morbidities, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and pro-hypertrophic signalling pathways have been proposed. Recent proof-of-concept trials using a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, an angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitor, a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, or a sino atria, if current blocker provide important insight for the development of novel therapeutic strategies in HFpEF.
Molecular Mimics of Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) for Inhibiting IGF-1:  IGF-Binding Protein Interactions (1998)

IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) is a 70-residue protein hormone which has both metabolic and mitogenic activities mediated through IGF-1 binding to cell surface receptors. However, an unrelated class of proteins, the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) also bind IGF-1 in the serum and tissues and block or modulate its activity in vivo. Therefore, inhibitors of the IGFBPs can alter the distribution between free and bound IGF-1 [Loddick, S. A., Liu, X.-J., Lu, Z.-X., Liu, C., Behan, D. P., Chalmers, D. C., Foster, A. C., Vale, W. W., Ling, N., and De Souza, E. B. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 1894-1898] and potentially affect the distribution of IGF-1 among body tissues. We report here that phage-displayed peptide libraries have yielded a peptide that binds IGFBP-1 and produces IGF-like activity at sub-micromolar concentrations. The 14-residue peptide has an extremely well-defined solution conformation that can aid in the design of smaller, orally active compounds. Interestingly, the peptide structure contains a helix, as does one region of IGF-1 previously implicated in IGFBP binding, yet displays side chains different from those of the IGF-1 helix I. Furthermore, an IGF-1 variant lacking receptor-signaling activity in vitro is shown here to produce IGF-like mitogenic and metabolic activity in vivo. These results suggest that small antagonist mimetics of protein ligands, identified by binding selection to otherwise inhibitory factors, may be useful as indirect agonists for a variety of therapeutic applications.
Quantification of inflammatory bowel disease activity using technetium-99m HMPAO labelled leucocyte single photon emission computerised tomography (SPECT). (1995)

Technetium-99m HMPAO labelled white cell bowel uptake was quantified in 23 patients with suspected colitis by means of the novel technique of single photon emission computerised tomography (SPECT) using a standard gamma-camera. Uptake in colon segments was quantified on transaxial images and expressed as a fraction of marrow uptake (SPECT score). Segmental histological disease activity was assessed at colonoscopy (20) or at surgery (3). Segmental histology score correlated with SPECT score r = 0.79 (p < 0.001). Overall SPECT score for all affected segments correlated with Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) r = 0.66, p = 0.001 and with laboratory activity indices; erythrocyte sedimentation rate r = 0.44, p = 0.03, C reactive protein r = 0.38, p = 0.05, and albumin r = -0.46, p = 0.03. Small bowel SPECT score in 13 patients correlated with CDAI r = 0.65, p < 0.01 but not with erythrocyte sedimentation rate or C reactive protein. Five patients with positive small bowel white cell uptake had normal C reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Overall SPECT score for disease at all sites correlated with both CDAI and with laboratory indices of inflammation. 99mTc HMPAO SPECT provides non-invasive and accurate quantification of inflammatory bowel disease activity in both large and small bowel and may be useful in the objective evaluation of treatment for inflammatory bowel disease.
Distributed hypertext for collaborative research: the virtual notebook system (1989)

Article Free Access Share on Distributed hypertext for collaborative research: the virtual notebook system Authors: F. M. Shipman Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TexasView Profile , R. J. Chaney Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TexasView Profile , G. A. Gorry Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TexasView Profile Authors Info & Claims HYPERTEXT '89: Proceedings of the second annual ACM conference on HypertextNovember 1989Pages 129–135https://doi.org/10.1145/74224.74235Published:01 November 1989Publication History 34citation428DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations34Total Downloads428Last 12 Months24Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Relating distortion to performance in distortion oriented displays (2002)

Distortion oriented displays (DOD) are an interface approach for supporting navigation through large visual datasets (maps) whilst avoiding loss of context. DOD present the user with a movable virtual magnifying glass within which a detailed view of the point of focus is presented. Surrounding this the rest of the map is presented in a visually compressed view to ensure context is retained. The large quantity of data, spatial expansiveness and range of data sizes found in demanding applications produce two major performance problems for DOD; dynamic response and high magnification requirements. Fast dynamic response is an important feature of DOD; the user should be able to move the point of focus around the screen and experience no discernible delay in the redisplay of the map. Therefore computational overhead is very important when considering the use of a DOD for visualisations of large datasets. Screen size restrictions and the expansive and physically diverse nature of the data mean high magnification is needed to view the required level of detail in the focal region. This can produce unacceptable distortions in the context region for some types of DOD. This paper considers how distortion can affect DOD performance and how understanding this can help produce DOD with higher useable magnification factors and better dynamic response.
Microbicide Efficacy and Toxicity Tests in a Mouse Model for Vaginal Transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis (2002)

Microbicides can provide vaginal protection against in highly susceptible progestin-sensitized mice. Since N9 does not inactivate, it likely protects by killing target cells in the vagina. Despite the ability to both potently inactivate and kill target cells, two surface-active agents, SDS and chlorhexidine, failed to provide complete protection, a circumstance which emphasizes the importance of distributing microbicides to all susceptible surfaces.
Oligomerization of Dopamine Transporters Visualized in Living Cells by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Microscopy (2003)

To examine the oligomeric state and trafficking of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in different compartments of living cells, human DAT was fused to yellow (YFP) or cyan fluorescent protein (CFP). YFP-DAT and CFP-DAT were transiently and stably expressed in porcine aortic endothelial (PAE) cells, human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells, and an immortalized dopaminergic cell line 1RB3AN27. Fluorescence microscopic imaging of cells co-expressing YFP-DAT and CFP-DAT revealed fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between CFP and YFP, which is consistent with an intermolecular interaction of DAT fusion proteins. FRET signals were detected between CFP- and YFP-DAT located at the plasma membrane and in intracellular membrane compartments. Phorbol esters or amphetamine induced the endocytosis of YFP/CFP-DAT to early and recycling endosomes, identified by Rab5, Rab11, Hrs and EEA.1 proteins. Interestingly, however, DAT was mainly excluded from Rab5- and Hrs-containing microdomains within the endosomes. The strongest FRET signals were measured in endosomes, indicative of efficient oligomerization of internalized DAT. The intermolecular DAT interactions were confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. A DAT mutant that was retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) after biosynthesis was used to show that DAT is oligomeric in the ER. Moreover, co-expression of an ER-retained DAT mutant and wild-type DAT resulted in the retention of wild-type DAT in the ER. These data suggest that DAT oligomers are formed in the ER and then are constitutively maintained both at the cell surface and during trafficking between the plasma membrane and endosomes.
Further molecular characterization of the cloned Legionella pneumophila zinc metalloprotease (1994)

On the basis of DNA sequence similarities to other Zn metalloproteases, further studies of the synthesis, processing, and enzymatic structure of the cloned Legionella protease gene, proA, were initiated. TnphoA fusions indicated that the entire proA open reading frame was transcribed and translated, including the 5' leader sequence. The results also suggested that the entire polypeptide was exported to the periplasm before cleavage to produce the mature protease. A site-directed mutation in the putative active site, changing glutamate 378 to asparagine, abolished proteolytic activity and cytotoxicity.
An empirical technique to compensate for melanin when monitoring skin microcirculation using reflectance spectrophotometry (1995)

Errors can occur in measuring blood content and oxygenation in subjects with significant skin pigmentation using reflectance spectrophotometry. The melanin in the epidermis not only reduces the amount of back-scattered light, but also has a characteristic absorption spectrum that varies between individuals. Skin color is primarily influenced by the concentration of melanin, blood content and oxygenation in the superficial microvasculature. A three-step process was developed empirically to accommodate the effect of melanin in the absorption spectrum of skin. A melanin index was developed and applied for each individual tested. Spectral components attributable specifically to melanin were subtracted from the measured spectrum, and its amplitude was normalized. This technique was tested with 26 able-bodied subjects with different levels of skin pigmentation. The melanin-compensated spectra from pigmented and caucasian skin were indistinguishable and no correlation was found between calculated values for indices of blood content and oxygenation, and melanin index.
Curve stitching without thread (1976)

An analysis is made of the geometry required to construct by a computer controlled graph plotter a common curve stitching pattern within an equilateral triangle. Transformations are given for rotations and reflections which produce various symmetries giving attractive patterns.
Antibody-Mediated Targeting of Tau In Vivo Does Not Require Effector Function and Microglial Engagement (2016)

The spread of tau pathology correlates with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. In vitro, tau antibodies can block cell-to-cell tau spreading. Although mechanisms of anti-tau function in vivo are unknown, effector function might promote microglia-mediated clearance. In this study, we investigated whether antibody effector function is required for targeting tau. We compared efficacy in vivo and in vitro of two versions of the same tau antibody, with and without effector function, measuring tau pathology, neuron health, and microglial function. Both antibodies reduced accumulation of tau pathology in Tau-P301L transgenic mice and protected cultured neurons against extracellular tau-induced toxicity. Only the full-effector antibody enhanced tau uptake in cultured microglia, which promoted release of proinflammatory cytokines. In neuron-microglia co-cultures, only effectorless anti-tau protected neurons, suggesting full-effector tau antibodies can induce indirect toxicity via microglia. We conclude that effector function is not required for efficacy, and effectorless tau antibodies may represent a safer approach to targeting tau.
Poly(N-acryl amino acids):  A New Class of Biologically Active Polyanions (2000)

Poly(N-acryl amino acids) bearing side groups with a lipophilic character or having charged functional groups (i.e. -NH(2), -COOH, -SH, -OH, and phenols) were synthesized from the radical polymerization of N-acryl amino acid monomers. Monomers were prepared from the reaction of acryloyl chloride and amino acid esters in dry solvents. Polymers of a broad molecular weight ranging from 3 000 to 60 000 Da were obtained. The polymers were optically active, and their structures were confirmed by (1)H NMR and IR spectra and elemental analysis. Hydroxyl-containing polymers were sulfated in high conversion yields by SO(3)/pyridine complex. The newly synthesized linear homopolyanions were tested for heparin-like activities: (i) inhibition of heparanase enzyme, (ii) release of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) from the extracellular matrix (ECM), and (iii) inhibition of smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. Polymers based on tyrosine and leucine were highly active in all three tests (microgram level). Polymers based on phenylalanine, tert-leucine, and proline were active as heparanase inhibitors and FGF release, and polymers of trans-hydroxyproline, glycine, and serine were active only as heparanase inhibitors. The polymer of cis-hydroxyproline was inactive. It was found that a net anionic charge (i.e. carboxylic acid) is essential for biological activity. Thus, methyl ester derivatives of the active polymers, zwitterionic amino acid dependent groups (lysine, histidine), and decarboxylated amino acids (tyramine, ethanolamine) were inactive. The above active polymers did not exhibit anticoagulation activity which is considered the main limitation of heparin and heparinomimetics for clinical use. These synthetic poly(N-acryl amino acids) may have potential use in the inhibition of heparanase-mediated degradation of basement membranes associated with tumor metastasis, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Rate of depurination of native deoxyribonucleic acid (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRate of depurination of native deoxyribonucleic acidTomas Lindahl and Barbro NybergCite this: Biochemistry 1972, 11, 19, 3610–3618Publication Date (Print):September 12, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 12 September 1972https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00769a018RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views3830Altmetric-Citations1071LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts