gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intermetallics as Zintl Phases: Yb2Ga4Ge6 and RE3Ga4Ge6 (RE=Yb, Eu): Structural Response of a [Ga4Ge6]4− Framework to Reduction by Two Electrons (2004)

Two new intermetallic compounds, Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) and Yb(3)Ga(4)Ge(6), were obtained from reactions in molten Ga. A third compound, Eu(3)Ga(4)Ge(6), was produced by direct combination of the elements. The crystal structures of these compounds were studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) crystallizes in an orthorhombic cell with a=4.1698(7), b=23.254(4), c=10.7299(18) A in the polar space group Cmc2(1). The structure of RE(3)Ga(4)Ge(6) is monoclinic, space group C2/m, with cell parameters a=23.941(6), b=4.1928(11), c=10.918(3) A, beta=91.426(4) degrees for RE=Yb, and a=24.136(2), b=4.3118(4), c=11.017(1) A, beta=91.683(2) degrees for RE=Eu. The refinement [I>2 sigma(I)] converged to the final residuals R(1)/wR(2)=0.0229/0.0589, 0.0411/0.1114, and 0.0342/0.0786 for Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6), Yb(3)Ga(4)Ge(6), and Eu(3)Ga(4)Ge(6), respectively. The structures of these two families of compounds can be described by a Zintl concept of bonding, in which the three-dimensional [Ga(4)Ge(6)](n-) framework serves as a host and electron sink for the electropositive RE atoms. The structural relation of RE(3)Ga(4)Ge(6) to of Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) lies in a monoclinic distortion of the orthorhombic cell of Yb(2)Ga(4)Ge(6) and reduction of the [Ga(4)Ge(6)] network by two electrons per formula unit. The results of theoretical calculations of the electronic structure, electrical transport data, and thermochemical and magnetic measurements are also reported.
Free amino acids in human fetal liver and fluids at 12–17 weeks of gestation (1999)

The concentration of 23 free amino acids was measured in homogenates of fetal liver and samples of fetal plasma from 20 pregnancies between 12 and 17 weeks gestation and compared with those found in matched samples of maternal plasma and amniotic fluid. A feto-maternal plasma concentration gradient was observed for 21 amino acids indicating that the feto-maternal amino acid gradient across the placenta is established from very early in pregnancy. The amino acid concentration pattern was similar in fetal plasma and amniotic fluid but different in fetal liver, supporting the concept that it is essentially placental transport and metabolism that provides the fetus with these molecules. The highest amino acid concentration was found for glutamine in fetal plasma and glutamic acid in fetal liver. Very low concentrations of glutamic acid in fetal plasma suggest that this amino acid is actively taken up by the fetal liver. Citrulline, alpha-aminobutyric acid, methionine, arginine and tryptophan were not measurable in fetal liver tissue, indicating that this organ has a limited role in utero in the metabolism of these amino acids. Significant positive correlations were found between fetal plasma and amniotic fluid for the concentration of most amino acids whereas only the concentration of threonine was found to be positively correlated between fetal liver and plasma. These results suggest that during the second trimester passive diffusion through the unkeratinized fetal skin is the main pathway for amino acids between the fetal circulation and the amniotic cavity.
Characterization of a monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody to human anti-factor VIII antibodies. (1990)

Approximately 15% of individuals with hemophilia A develop antibodies (inhibitors) to therapeutically infused factor VIII that interfere with F.VIII coagulant activity. By using isoelectric focusing and immunospecific detection of anti-factor VIII antibodies, inhibitor plasma showed varied patterns of reactivity characteristic of a polyclonal response. Inhibitor plasma from patient Bt was observed to have an isolated banding pattern, or spectrotype, at pI 8.4 (SP8.4) distinct from his remaining anti-factor VIII antibodies. SP8.4 antibodies from this patient were partially purified and used to prepare monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies. Monoclonal antibody Mab20-2H was found to detect a spectrotype in isoelectric-focused Bt plasma identical to SP8.4 and to bind anti-factor VIII antibodies. Furthermore, Mab20-2H binding could inhibit the binding of these anti-factor VIII antibodies to antigen, indicating that Mab20-2H recognizes an idiotope associated with antigen binding. Mab20-2H was also found to recognize antibodies from another inhibitor patient. This and other anti-idiotype reagents will be useful for defining genetic factors involved in the human immune response to factor VIII and in designing approaches to prevent or ameliorate this response.
The 3′→5′ Exonuclease of Apn1 Provides an Alternative Pathway To Repair 7,8-Dihydro-8-Oxodeoxyguanosine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2005)

The 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine (8oxoG), a major mutagenic DNA lesion, results either from direct oxidation of guanines or misincorporation of 8oxodGTP by DNA polymerases. At present, little is known about the mechanisms preventing the mutagenic action of 8oxodGTP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Herein, we report for the first time the identification of an alternative repair pathway for 8oxoG residues initiated by S. cerevisiae AP endonuclease Apn1, which is endowed with a robust progressive 3'-->5' exonuclease activity towards duplex DNA. We show that yeast cell extracts, as well as purified Apn1, excise misincorporated 8oxoG, providing a damage-cleansing function to DNA synthesis. Consistent with these results, deletion of both OGG1 encoding 8oxoG-DNA glycosylase and APN1 causes nearly 46-fold synergistic increase in the spontaneous mutation rate, and this enhanced mutagenesis is primarily due to G . C to T . A transversions. Expression of the bacterial 8oxodGTP triphosphotase MutT in the apn1Delta ogg1Delta mutant reduces the mutagenesis. Taken together, our results indicate that Apn1 is involved in an S. cerevisiae 8-oxoguanine-DNA glycosylase (Ogg1)-independent repair pathway for 8oxoG residues. Interestingly, the human major AP endonuclease, Ape1, also exhibits similar exonuclease activity towards 8oxoG residues, raising the possibility that this enzyme could participate in the prevention of mutations that would otherwise result from the incorporation of 8oxodGTP.
Model of the interactions between neuromodulators and prefrontal cortex during a resource allocation task (2012)

Neuromodulators such as dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and acetylcholine (ACh) are crucial to the representations of reward, cost, and attention respectively. Recent experiments suggest that the reward and cost of actions are also partially represented in orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortices in that order. Previous models of action selection with neuromodulatory systems have not extensively considered prefrontal contributions to action selection. Here, we extend these models of action selection to include prefrontal structures in a resource allocation task. The model adapts to its environment, modulating its aggressiveness based on its successes. Selective lesions demonstrate how neuromodulatory and prefrontal areas drive learning and performance of strategy selection.
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections: Clinical Description of the First 50 Cases (1998)

The working diagnostic criteria appear to accurately characterize a homogeneous patient group in which symptom exacerbations are triggered by GABHS infections. The identification of such a subgroup will allow for testing of models of pathogenesis, as well as the development of novel treatment and prevention strategies.
Improved methodfor gain/index measurements ofsemiconductor lasers (1996)

An improved experimental method for measuring gain and refractive index in semiconductor lasers from below-threshold amplified spontaneous emission spectra is presented. Broad-area, as opposed to narrow-stripe width, diode lasers and a far-field spatial filtering technique are employed to eliminate uncertainties associated with lateral waveguiding and carrier confinement.
Allergic rhinitis: managing the pediatric spectrum. (2006)

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common chronic disease in the pediatric population and its prevalence is increasing. AR can significantly impact a child's health. It causes uncomfortable symptoms, impairs quality of life, and can predispose to the development of comorbidities such as asthma. Although allergen avoidance is the first step in AR management, it often is impractical. Fortunately, there are a number of pharmacologic agents available for the treatment of AR. When choosing a medication, attention should be paid to the substance's risk/benefit ratio. First-line therapy consists of second-generation antihistamines, which lack many of the unwanted side effects caused by first-generation compounds, and intranasal corticosteroids, which are the preferred agents for children with persistent symptoms. Other pharmacologic options include decongestants, leukotriene-receptor antagonists, and intranasal cromolyn sodium. Allergen immunotherapy can be a valuable adjunctive modality. Issues of compliance and convenience also are important considerations.
Exogenous erythropoietin protects against dorsal root ganglion apoptosis and pain following peripheral nerve injury (2003)

Erythropoietin (Epo) has been shown to have potent anti-apoptotic activity in central nervous system neurons in animal models of ischaemic injury. Recently, Epo and its receptor (EpoR) have been identified in the peripheral nervous system [Campana & Myers (2001), FASEB J., 15, 1804-1806]. Herein, we demonstrate that in painful neuropathy caused by L5 spinal nerve crush (SNC), therapy with recombinant human Epo (rhEpo) reduced dorsal root ganglion (DRG) apoptosis and pain behaviours. Quantification of both DRG neurons and satellite cells revealed that vehicle-treated, crush-injured DRGs had 35.5 +/- 8.3% apoptotic neurons and 23.5 +/- 2.36% satellite cells compared with 7.5 +/- 6.3% apoptotic neurons and 6.4 +/- 3.94% satellite cells in rhEpo-treated, crush-injured DRGs (P < 0.05). While rhEpo-treated animals were not initially protected from mechanical allodynia associated with L5 SNC, rhEpo did significantly improve recovery rates compared to vehicle-treated animals (P < 0.01). Systemic rhEpo therapy increased JAK2 phosphorylation, a key anti-apoptotic signalling molecule for Epo-induced neuroprotection, in DRGs after crush. Dual immunofluorescence demonstrated Epo-induced JAK2-p was associated with both neuronal and glial cells. JAK2-p was associated with NF200-positive large neurons and with smaller neurons. This population of small neurons did not colocalize with IB4, a marker of nonpeptidergic, glial derived growth factor-responsive neurons. The findings link anti-apoptosis activities of Epo/EpoR/JAK2 in DRG neurons capable of inducing protracted pain states with reductions in pain behaviours, and therefore support a role for Epo therapy in the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Properties of dysprosium-doped gallium lanthanum sulfide fiber amplifiers operating at 13  µm (1997)

In light of recent progress in the fabrication of gallium lanthanum sulfide (GaLaS) fibers, we have modeled the performance of dysprosium-doped GaLaS fiber amplifiers operating at 1.3 microm . Based on experimental data, we find that the incorporation of a codopant (terbium) in the fiber core significantly shortens the optimum amplifier length from >30 m to approximately 3 m . Such a device may be practical, given the fiber losses currently achieved in GaLaS fibers.
Association between Variant Y402H in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Susceptibility Gene CFH and Treatment Response of AMD: A Meta-Analysis (2012)

rs1061170 might be associated with treatment response of neovascular AMD, especially for the anti-VEGF agents. It might be the first meta-analytically confirmed genetic marker predictive for AMD treatment response though a further validation in larger studies is needed.
Activation of Dual T Cell Signaling Pathways by the Chemokine RANTES (1995)

The chemokine RANTES induced biphasic mobilization of Ca2+ in T cells. The initial peak, a transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+ mediated by a heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)--coupled pathway, was associated predominantly with chemotaxis. The second peak, Ca2+ release and sustained influx dependent on protein tyrosine kinases, was associated with a spectrum of cellular responses--Ca2+ channel opening, interleukin-2 receptor expression, cytokine release, and T cell proliferation--characteristic of T cell receptor activation. Other chemokines did not produce these responses. Thus, in addition to inducing chemotaxis, RANTES can act as an antigen-independent activator of T cells in vitro.
Purification and Characterization of a Novel Thermostable Lipase from <italic>Bacillus</italic> sp. (1991)

A thermostable lipase from Bacillus sp. has been purified to homogeneity as judged by disc-PAGE, SDS-PAGE, and isoelectric focusing. The purification included ammonium sulfate fractionation, treatment with acrinol, and sequential column chromatographies on DEAE-Sephadex A-50, Toyopearl HW-55F, and Butyl Toyopearl 650M. The purified enzyme was found to be a monomeric protein with Mr of 22,000, and pI of 5.1. The optimal pH at 30 degrees C, and optimal temperature at pH 5.6 were 5.5-7.2, and 60 degrees C, respectively, when olive oil was used as the substrate. The substrate specificity towards simple triglycerides was broad and 1- and 3-positioned ester bonds were hydrolyzed in preference to a 2-positioned ester bond. The addition of acetone to the assay mixture in the range of 0-60% (v/v) stimulated the enzyme remarkably, whereas n-hexane had an inhibitory effect.
World's highest efficiency triple-junction solar cells fabricated by inverted layers transfer process (2010)

A world record-setting efficiency of 35.8% at AM1.5G (x1) has been demonstrated by an InGaP (1.88 eV)/GaAs/InGaAs (0.97 eV) triple-junction solar cell fabricated using the inverted layer transfer process. Lattice-matched top and middle cells are grown first. Then, a lattice-mismatched bottom cell is grown to attain good crystal quality for the top and middle cells. A large stress caused by the increasing lattice constant is successfully released in a buffer layer between the middle and bottom cells, and a high Voc close to Eg/q-0.4 V has been achieved for the lattice-mismatched InGaAs bottom cell. The high Voc of over 3.0 V contributed to the record efficiency. After epitaxial growth, the cell layers on the GaAs substrate are transferred on a handling substrate. As the cell layer is transferred onto a film substrate, a lightweight flexible cell can be fabricated. New triple-junction cells will be applied to a flexible module, called a “space solar sheet,” after optimization of the cell structure for the AM0 spectrum and radiation tolerance. A heat-resistant concentrator cell can be obtained by transferring the cell layer onto a heat sink substrate. A terrestrial concentrator cell using the new structure is also attractive, because a high efficiency of close to 45% can be expected.
Mutagenic oligonucleotide-directed PCR amplification (Mod-PCR): an efficient method for generating random base substitution mutations in a DNA sequence element. (1993)

Saturation mutagenesis is one approach for determining the contributions of individual base pairs to the structure and function of defined DNA sequence elements. In this paper, we describe a novel method for saturation mutagenesis involving PCR amplification with degenerate synthetic oligonucleotides as primers. The degeneracy is confined to a specific target within the primer by mixing a low percentage of the three non-wild type (non-WT) nucleotide precursors with WT at specific positions during primer synthesis. PCR amplification of WT template DNA with the degenerate primer and an opposing WT primer, followed by subsequent cloning using restriction sites designed into the primers, results in recovery of a population of randomly mutated products. Since primers with multiple mutations hybridize less efficiently to WT template DNA during PCR amplification, the recovery of mutants with multiple base changes is greatly reduced. The efficient generation of random point mutations with this method allows the construction of separate mutant populations, each mutagenized over a different portion of the DNA sequence element. If a phenotypic assay is available, these populations can be screened directly to define those regions within the element that are important for activity. Only those populations containing mutations in the important regions require further characterization by DNA sequence analysis.
Mortality in patients with Clostridium difficile infection correlates with host pro-inflammatory and humoral immune responses (2013)

Host anti-toxin immune responses play important roles in Clostridium difficile disease and outcome. The relationship between host immune and inflammatory responses during severe C. difficile infection (CDI) and the risk of mortality has yet to be defined. We aimed to investigate the host systemic IgG anti-toxin immune responses, the in vitro cytotoxicity of the infecting C. difficile ribotyped strain, and the host inflammatory markers and their relationship to CDI disease severity and risk of mortality. Inflammatory markers, co-morbidities and CDI outcomes were recorded in a prospective cohort of 150 CDI cases. Serum anti-cytotoxin A (TcdA) and anti-TcdB IgG titres were measured by ELISA and the infecting C. difficile isolate was ribotyped and the in vitro cytotoxin titre assessed. A low median anti-TcdA IgG titre was significantly associated with 30-day all-cause mortality (P<0.05). Ribotype 027 isolates were significantly more toxinogenic than other ribotypes (P<0.00001). High cytotoxin titres correlated with increased inflammatory markers but also higher anti-TcdA and -TcdB (P<0.05) IgG responses resulting in a lower risk of mortality. On multivariate analysis, predictors of mortality were peak white cell count >20 × 10(9) l(-1) [odds ratio (OR) 11.53; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.38-55.92], creatinine concentration >133 µmol l(-1) (OR 6.54; 95 % CI 1.47-29.07), Horn's index >3 (OR 4.09; 95 % CI 0.76-22.18) and low anti-TcdA IgG (OR 0.97; 95 % CI 0.95-0.99), but not ribotype, cytotoxin titre or anti-TcdB IgG. Thus, host pro-inflammatory and humoral responses correlate with the cytotoxin titre of the infecting strain and effective anti-toxin immune responses reduce the risk of mortality.
Microglial activation mediates neurodegeneration related to oligodendroglial α‐synucleinopathy: Implications for multiple system atrophy (2007)

The role of microglial activation in multiple system atrophy (MSA) was investigated in a transgenic mouse model featuring oligodendroglial alpha-synuclein inclusions and loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons by means of histopathology and morphometric analysis. Our findings demonstrate early progressive microglial activation in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) associated with increased expression of iNOS and correlating with dopaminergic neuronal loss. Suppression of microglial activation by early long-term minocycline treatment protected dopaminergic SNc neurons. The results suggest that oligodendroglial overexpression of alpha-synuclein may induce neuroinflammation related to nitrosive stress which is likely to contribute to neurodegeneration in MSA. Further, we detected increased toll-like receptor 4 immunoreactivity in both transgenic mice and MSA brains indicating a possible signaling pathway in MSA which needs to be further studied as a candidate target for neuroprotective interventions.
Logistics and Fulfillment for e-business (2001)

Logistics and fulfillment management is unglamorous, complex and expensive, but it is one of the primary factors determining whether an e-business will be profitable. Many enterprises (large and small) rush into the e-business model without adequate consi
NAT64: Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers (2009)

NAT64 is a mechanism for translating IPv6 packets to IPv4 packets and
vice-versa. DNS64 is a mechanism for synthesizing AAAA records from A
records. These two mechanisms together enable client-server
communication between an IPv6-only client and an IPv4-only server,
without requiring any changes to either the IPv6 or the IPv4 node, for
the class of applications that work through NATs. They also enable
peer-to-peer communication between an IPv4 and an IPv6 node, where the
communication can be initiated by either end using existing, NAT-
traversing, peer-to-peer communication techniques. This document
specifies NAT64, and gives suggestions on how they should be deployed.
A Novel Link between Integrins, Transmembrane-4 Superfamily Proteins (CD63 and CD81), and Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase (1997)

Enzymatic and immunochemical assays show a phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase in novel and specific complexes with proteins (CD63 and CD81) of the transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF) and an integrin (alpha3beta1). The size (55 kDa) and other properties of the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase (PI 4-K) (stimulated by nonionic detergent, inhibited by adenosine, inhibited by monoclonal antibody 4CG5) are consistent with PI 4-K type II. Not only was PI 4-K associated with alpha3beta1-CD63 complexes in alpha3-transfected K562 cells, but also it could be co-purified from CD63 in untransfected K562 cells lacking alpha3beta1. Thus, TM4SF proteins may link PI 4-K activity to the alpha3beta1 integrin. The alpha5beta1 integrin, which does not associate with TM4SF proteins, was not associated with PI 4-K. Notably, alpha3beta1-CD63-CD81-PI 4-K complexes are located in focal complexes at the cell periphery rather than in focal adhesions. The novel linkage between integrins, transmembrane 4 proteins, and phosphoinositide signaling at the cell periphery may play a key role in cell motility and provides a signaling pathway distinct from conventional integrin signaling through focal adhesion kinase.
SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma (2021)

SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 (B.1.351), a novel lineage of coronavirus causing COVID-19, contains substitutions in two immunodominant domains of the spike protein. Here, we show that pseudovirus expressing 501Y.V2 spike protein completely escapes three classes of therapeutically relevant antibodies. This pseudovirus also exhibits substantial to complete escape from neutralization, but not binding, by convalescent plasma. These data highlight the prospect of reinfection with antigenically distinct variants and foreshadows reduced efficacy of spike-based vaccines.
The impact of the Orphan Drug Act on drug discovery (2006)

For nearly a quarter of a century the FDA Office of Orphan Products Development has administered the US Orphan Drug Act, which assists in bringing a wide variety of drug and biological (drug) products to treat rare diseases to market. Enthusiasm for rare disease product development has been sustained, seen throughout a wide spectrum of product types and disease conditions, and has resulted in clinically meaningful medical advances. Development of programmes for rare disease treatment worldwide, coupled with the development of drugs for diseases affecting developing countries, attests to the strength of this legislation. The marketing of almost 300 products in the US for rare diseases also testifies to the depth and intensity of scientific endeavour in this area.
Increased urinary orosomucoid excretion: a proposed marker for inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes (2008)

Asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes and increased UOER displayed signs of chronic low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. UOER was independently related to markers of proinflammation and endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. The previously shown relation between increased UOER and cardiovascular mortality is proposed to be caused by chronic low-grade inflammation and early endothelial dysfunction.