gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust L‐Isomap with a Novel Landmark Selection Method (2017)

Isomap is a widely used nonlinear method for dimensionality reduction. Landmark‐Isomap (L‐Isomap) has been proposed to improve the scalability of Isomap. In this paper, we focus on two important issues that were not taken into account in L‐Isomap, landmark point selection and topological stability. At first, we present a novel landmark point selection method. It first uses a greedy strategy to select some points as landmark candidates and then removes the candidate points that are neighbours of other candidates. The remaining candidate points are the landmark points. The selection method can promote the computation efficiency without sacrificing accuracy. For the topological stability, we define edge density for each edge in the neighbourhood graph. According to the geometrical characteristic of the short‐circuit edges, we provide a method to eliminate the short‐circuit edge without breaking the data integrity. The approach that integrates L‐Isomap with these two improvements is referred to as Robust L‐Isomap (RL‐Isomap). The effective performance of RL‐Isomap is confirmed through several numerical experiments.
Surface-Engineered Dendrimers: a Solution for Toxicity Issues (2009)

The nature of the groups that reside on the periphery of dendrimers and have contact with the surrounding media is the primary factor that controls the surface-related physico-chemical characteristics of these macromolecules. Therefore, transformation/tailoring of the peripheral functionalities of dendrimers is an economical way to change the overall behaviour of a particular dendrimer class or to impart new properties. In addition, the yields of the completely modified macromolecules could provide valuable information for the accessibility and the back folding of the moieties placed at the dendritic surfaces. The present article reviews the parent toxicity issues associated with cationic dendrimers like PAMAM and PPI, and examines the possibility of addressing this aspect through surface engineering with conjugation of biocompatible molecules.
Development of a Versatile, Stable Droplet‐reactor for High Temperature Nanocrystal Synthesis (2010)

Colloidal nanocrystals exhibit interesting and useful size-dependent nanoscale phenomena (e.g. tunable fluorescence in quantum dots and optical absorptions in gold and silver nanoparticles), large surface areas and can be used for a variety of high-tech applications. Care must be taken to produce nanocrystals with well defined size, shape and composition, however, as these parameters directly affect the properties of the colloidal ensemble. Microreactors offer superior control over reaction conditions relative to traditional bulk batch methods and as such offer an attractive route to nanoparticle production. Hence there have been over a hundred papers reporting microfluidic synthesis of nanocrystalline colloids since the first reports in 2002. The work described in this thesis focussed on extending and improving the microfluidic method. Continuous-flow reactors were used initially, however, deposition was found to be a pervading problem with its severity varying with the material being synthesised. To address this problem a new capillary-based droplet-flow reactor was developed in which droplets are generated by the direct injection of confluent reagent streams within a stream of immiscible carrier fluid and, subsequently, can be heated and optically characterised further downstream. The reactor produced stable, controllable droplet flow over a wide range of flow rates, with droplet volumes down to 30 nL, and proved to be highly effective: CdSe quantum dots were synthesised via a high-temperature pyrolytic synthesis with strong control over particle size and size distribution. Crucially, unlike previously reported high temperature droplet reactors, the reactor could be operated indefinitely, without any degradation of the device and minimal variation in the product seen during 24 hours continuous production. To emphasise the versatility and applicability of the droplet reactor, Ag, TiO2 and InP nanocrystals were synthesised (using both organic and aqueous syntheses) and an automatic optimisation routine to reduce size distribution was applied to CdSe quantum dot synthesis.
Use of the Discrete Fourier Transform in the Measurement of Frequencies and Levels of Tones (1970)

This paper considers the application of a digital computer and discrete Fourier transform (DFT) techniques to the measurement of signals known to comprise only single-frequency tones. We discuss the use of weighting functions to improve the effective selectivity of a measurement system that estimates the frequencies and levels of tones from the coefficients of their DFT. We present three classes of weighting functions which may be used to improve the inherent accuracy of such a system. The form of the weighting functions was chosen to minimize the amount of computer memory required, without using too much computer time. Several formulas are derived for estimating the frequency and level of a tone from its DFT coefficients. We chose the formulas to minimize computation time. Simulation results indicate that, through the use of a proper weighting function, a DFT measurement system that uses 512 samples taken at a sampling frequency of 7040 Hz can be designed so that the maximum error in the frequency estimates of two tones near 1000 Hz and separated by approximately 50 Hz is about 0.03 Hz. The corresponding maximum error in the level estimate is on the order of 0.03 dB.
Specific killing of lymphocytes that cause experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by ricin toxin-acetylcholine receptor conjugates. (1984)

Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) is an autoimmune disease in which antibodies to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) cause loss of AChR from muscle, thereby impairing neuromuscular transmission. Here we report the use of a hybrid molecule that contains ricin toxin, irreversibly coupled to AChR to specifically suppress the immune response to AChR in vitro. Lymph node cell cultures from rats with EAMG pretreated with ricin toxin-AChR conjugates exhibited suppressed T helper cell proliferation and B cell antibody synthesis in response to the subsequent addition of AChR. Nonspecific toxicity of the conjugates was measured by suppression of the T cell proliferative response to the mitogen concanavalin A and the antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), and B cell antibody production to KLH. We have evaluated different pretreatment conditions and ricin toxin covalently coupled to AChR in different molar ratios to optimize specific immunosuppression. By varying the number of ricin molecules covalently bound to AChR in the immunotoxin, we were able to minimize the nonspecific toxicity while still maintaining specific killing of AChR-reactive lymphocytes. Furthermore, B cells were more susceptible to specific killing than were the T cells. The specific immunosuppression was potentiated by performing the pretreatment with immunotoxin in the presence of chloroquine. Chloroquine raises lysosomal pH and probably delays the degradation of immunotoxin in the cell. It should be noted that ricin toxin was covalently coupled to AChR by using a novel, non-reducible reaction. These in vitro results suggest that it may be feasible to use immunotoxin molecules to specifically suppress this autoimmune response in vivo.
effectiveness of planned teaching programme with mock drill on level of knowledge on fire accident preparedness. (2015)

Today’s child is tomorrow’s citizen. In India about 35% of the total population is children below 15 years of age. This group is considered vulnerable at the time of disasters but they also have the ability to take some steps to ensure their safety.Over the last two decades there has been reported about 800 disasters in India. Among these half of them are manmade disasters. India was affected with 133 disasters related to fire and other explosion.So disaster preparedness forms an integral part of the national system responsible for developing plans, programmes for disaster management.
Soluble T cell receptor‐like properties of an HLA‐B35‐specific monoclonal antibody (TÜ165) (1993)

A mouse monoclonal antibody of IgM class (TU165) was produced using Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected mutant cells derived from the human BJAB-B95.8.6 cell line as immunogen. Binding studies with several HLA deletion mutant cell lines indicated that TU165 recognized the HLA-B35 molecule. In a panel of 89 EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines, all HLA-B35+ cells (n = 24) reacted with TU165 while all but two HLA-B35- lines (n = 65) were unreactive (r = 0.95). Surprisingly, peripheral blood lymphocytes of HLA-B35+ donors were unreactive; however, strong enhancement of TU165 recognition was observed with B cells of one of these individuals after transformation with EBV (B95.8 strain). Transfection of both HLA-B35 and human beta 2-microglobulin genomic DNA into mouse P815 cells led to high expression of HLA-B molecules; yet, expression of the TU165 epitope was not observed. Furthermore, the EBV-negative cell line BJAB as well as the EBV-infected (P3HR1 strain) line BJAB-HR1K were only weakly reactive, whereas the BJAB-B95.8 cell line was strongly positive. These results indicate that EBV-encoded or -controlled peptide(s) must be bound by HLA-B35 antigens to create the epitope which allows efficient binding of TU165.
Nasal drug delivery devices: characteristics and performance in a clinical perspective—a review (2012)

Nasal delivery is the logical choice for topical treatment of local diseases in the nose and paranasal sinuses such as allergic and non-allergic rhinitis and sinusitis. The nose is also considered an attractive route for needle-free vaccination and for systemic drug delivery, especially when rapid absorption and effect are desired. In addition, nasal delivery may help address issues related to poor bioavailability, slow absorption, drug degradation, and adverse events in the gastrointestinal tract and avoids the first-pass metabolism in the liver. However, when considering nasal delivery devices and mechanisms, it is important to keep in mind that the prime purpose of the nasal airway is to protect the delicate lungs from hazardous exposures, not to serve as a delivery route for drugs and vaccines. The narrow nasal valve and the complex convoluted nasal geometry with its dynamic cyclic physiological changes provide efficient filtration and conditioning of the inspired air, enhance olfaction, and optimize gas exchange and fluid retention during exhalation. However, the potential hurdles these functional features impose on efficient nasal drug delivery are often ignored. With this background, the advantages and limitations of existing and emerging nasal delivery devices and dispersion technologies are reviewed with focus on their clinical performance. The role and limitations of the in vitro testing in the FDA guidance for nasal spray pumps and pressurized aerosols (pressurized metered-dose inhalers) with local action are discussed. Moreover, the predictive value and clinical utility of nasal cast studies and computer simulations of nasal airflow and deposition with computer fluid dynamics software are briefly discussed. New and emerging delivery technologies and devices with emphasis on Bi-Directional™ delivery, a novel concept for nasal delivery that can be adapted to a variety of dispersion technologies, are described in more depth.
Klinische Studien zur Verbesserung der Prognose von Postinfarktpatienten mittels antiarrhythmischer Therapie (1991)

ZusammenfassungFür die Prognose des Postinfarktpatienten sind der klinischen Erfahrung entsprechend und durch zahlreiche Literaturmitteilungen belegt zwei voneinander unabhängige Faktoren bestimmend: das Ausmaß der linksventrikulären Funktionseinschränkung bzw. die verbleibende linksventrikuläre Funktion und das Auftreten ventrikulärer Arrhythmien.
Lateral tunneling, ballistic transport, and spectroscopy in a two-dimensional electron gas (1989)

We report a direct observation, via electron energy spectroscopy, of lateral tunneling and lateral ballistic-electron transport in a two-dimensional electron gas (2D EG). This was accomplished through the use of a novel transistor structure employing two potential barriers, induced by 50-nm wide metal gates deposited on a GaAs/AlGaAs selectively doped heterostructure. Hot electrons with very narrow energy distributions (\ensuremath{\simeq}5 meV wide) have been observed to ballistically traverse 2D EG regions \ensuremath{\simeq}170 nm wide with a mean free path of about 480 nm.
Development of aluminum alloy sandwich panel using roll bonding and superplastic buldge forming. (1999)

The possibility of fabricating the metallic bonded truss structured aluminum board was studied by the combination of the roll bonding process and superplastic forming. Al–1.6%Mn alloy sheet was first pre-clad to the superplastic 5083 aluminum alloy sheet. These sheets were piled in three layers and then hot roll bonded. Here, the anti-bond coat was printed on both sides of the core sheet in striped pattern before hot roll bonding. These hot rolled bonded sheets were next subjected to cold rolling to obtain the superior superplasticity. The three layered roll bonded sheets were set between flat dies at superplastic temperature and the truss structured board was formed superplastically by applying the internal gas pressure to the un-bonded area with gradual opening of the flat dies. It was found that a higher pressure and a slower gap opening speed was desirable to obtain a flat surface board. As the results, the truss structured high rigidity board with flat surfaces was obtained.
Inner dynein arms but not outer dynein arms require the activity of kinesin homologue protein KHP1(FLA10) to reach the distal part of flagella in Chlamydomonas. (1996)

Inner dynein arms, but not outer dynein arms, require the activity of KHP1(FLA10) to reach the distal part of axonemes before binding to outer doublet microtubules. We have analyzed the rescue of inner or outer dynein arms in quadriflagellate dikaryons by immunofluorescence microscopy of p28(IDA4), an inner dynein arm light chain, or IC69(ODA6), an outer dynein arm intermediate chain. In dikaryons two strains with different genetic backgrounds share the cytoplasm. As a consequence, wild-type axonemal precursors are transported to and assembled in mutant axonemes to complement the defects. The rescue of inner dynein arms containing p28 in ida4-wild-type dikaryons progressively occurred from the distal part of the axonemes and with time was extended towards the proximal part. In contrast, the rescue of outer dynein arms in oda2-wild-type dikaryons progressively occurred along the entire length of the axoneme. Rescue of inner dynein arms containing p28 in ida4fla10-fla10 dikaryons was similar to the rescue observed in ida4-wild-type dikaryons at 21 degrees C, whereas it was inhibited at 32 degrees C, a nonpermissive temperature for KHP1(FLA10). In contrast, rescue of outer dynein arms in oda2fla10-fla10 dikaryons was similar to the rescue observed in oda2-wild-type dikaryons at both 21 degrees and 32 degrees C and was not inhibited at 32 degrees C. Positioning of substructures in the internal part of the axonemal shaft requires the activity of kinesin homologue protein 1.
Setting up 3D sequential integration for back-illuminated CMOS image sensors with highly miniaturized pixels with low temperature fully depleted SOI transistors (2008)

This paper presents an innovative 3D architecture capable of overcoming pixel miniaturization drawbacks. Back-illuminated photodiodes are realized on a first silicon layer, while readout transistors are located on a second silicon layer. Implications of a sequential integration are evaluated in the perspective of low noise pixel performances with a comprehensive study on: 1/ setting the thermal budget limit to 700degC to preserve transfer gate performances, 2/ transferring high quality SOI by direct bonding 3/ processing HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /TiN fully depleted transistors, exhibiting noise levels close to standard 2.2 mum pixels, with improvement solutions.
Filamin B Mediates ICAM-1-driven Leukocyte Transendothelial Migration (2008)

During inflammation, the endothelium mediates rolling and firm adhesion of activated leukocytes. Integrin-mediated adhesion to endothelial ligands of the Ig-superfamily induces intracellular signaling in endothelial cells, which promotes leukocyte transendothelial migration. We identified the actin cross-linking molecule filamin B as a novel binding partner for intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Immune precipitation as well as laser scanning confocal microscopy confirmed the specific interaction and co-localization of endogenous filamin B with ICAM-1. Importantly, clustering of ICAM-1 promotes the ICAM-1-filamin B interaction. To investigate the functional consequences of filamin B binding to ICAM-1, we used small interfering RNA to reduce filamin B expression in ICAM-1-GFP expressing HeLa cells. We found that filamin B is required for the lateral mobility of ICAM-1 and for ICAM-1-induced transmigration of leukocytes. Reducing filamin B expression in primary human endothelial cells resulted in reduced recruitment of ICAM-1 to endothelial docking structures, reduced firm adhesion of the leukocytes to the endothelium, and inhibition of transendothelial migration. In conclusion, this study identifies filamin B as a molecular linker that mediates ICAM-1-driven transendothelial migration.
Molecular biology of rotaviruses. I. Characterization of basic growth parameters and pattern of macromolecular synthesis (1981)

The United Kingdom tissue-adapted bovine rotavirus growing in African green monkey kidney (BSC-1) cells was selected as a model system with which to study the detailed molecular virology of rotavirus replication. Study of the kinetics of infectious virus production revealed a fairly rapid replication cycle, with maximum yield of virus after 10 to 12 h at 37 degrees C. Progeny genome synthesis was first detected during the virus latent period at 2 to 3 h postinfection. Study of the kinetics of viral polypeptide synthesis showed that virus rapidly inhibited cellular polypeptide synthesis such that by 4 h postinfection, only virus-induced polypeptides, 15 of which were detected, were being synthesized. No qualitative changes in the pattern of viral polypeptide synthesis were observed during infection, although, based on kinetic synthesis, three quantitative classes of polypeptides were defined. Pulse-chase analysis revealed three post-translational changes in viral proteins, two of which were shown to be due to glycosylation. Tunicamycin inhibition studies were used to identify the putative non-glycosylated precursors of the two glycoproteins. Comparison of the infected-cell polypeptides with those present in purified virions revealed that mot of the virus-induced proteins were incorporated into virions, with only VP9 being a truly nonstructural protein. Some localization of the various polypeptides within the purified virion was achieved by producing viral cores.
A high-throughput gene knockout procedure for Neurospora reveals functions for multiple transcription factors (2006)

The low rate of homologous recombination exhibited by wild-type strains of filamentous fungi has hindered development of high-throughput gene knockout procedures for this group of organisms. In this study, we describe a method for rapidly creating knockout mutants in which we make use of yeast recombinational cloning, Neurospora mutant strains deficient in nonhomologous end-joining DNA repair, custom-written software tools, and robotics. To illustrate our approach, we have created strains bearing deletions of 103 Neurospora genes encoding transcription factors. Characterization of strains during growth and both asexual and sexual development revealed phenotypes for 43% of the deletion mutants, with more than half of these strains possessing multiple defects. Overall, the methodology, which achieves high-throughput gene disruption at an efficiency >90% in this filamentous fungus, promises to be applicable to other eukaryotic organisms that have a low frequency of homologous recombination.
A batch algorithm using iterative application of the Viterbi algorithm to track cells and construct cell lineages (2012)

Advances in microscope hardware in the last couple of decades have made it possible to acquire large data sets with image sequences of living cells grown in cell culture. This has led to a demand for automated ways of analyzing the acquired images. This article presents a new algorithm for tracking cells and constructing cell lineages in such image sequences. The algorithm uses information from the entire sequence to make local decisions about cell tracks and can therefore make more robust decisions than algorithms that process the data sequentially. It also incorporates image-based likelihoods of cell division and cell death into the tracking, without having to resort to separate detection algorithms or post processing of tracks. The algorithm consists of a scoring function to rank tracks and an iterative algorithm that searches for the highest scoring tracks, in a computationally efficient way, using the Viterbi algorithm.
Design of a Human Synthetic Combinatorial Library of Single-Chain Antibodies (2008)

Antibody libraries came into existence 15 years ago when the accumulating sequence data of immunoglobulin genes and the advent of the PCR technology made it possible to clone antibody gene repertoires. Phage display (most common) and additional display and screening technologies were applied to pan out desired binding specificities from antibody libraries. "Synthetic" or "semi-synthetic" libraries are from naïve, non-immunized source and considered to be a source for many different targets, including self-antigens. We describe here how to construct a large human synthetic single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody library displayed on phages, where in vivo-formed complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) are shuffled combinatorially onto germline-derived human variable-region frameworks.
<title>Stimulatory effects of low-power laser irradiation on bone formation in vitro</title> (1995)

The effect of low-power laser irradiation on bone formation in vitro were assessed. Osteoblast-like cells were isolated from rat calvariae of 21d rat fetuses. The cultured calvarial cells were irradiated with a low-power laser (830 nm, 60 mW) one time only or once daily for 21d at various energy doses (10.8-108 J/day). The number and the total area of mineralized bone modules that had developed in the culture dish on day 21 were evaluated. DNA content, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the amount of extra-cellular collagen were also measured. Calcium and phosphorus in bone nodules were examined with an X-ray microanalyzer. Laser irradiation significantly increased the number and the total area of bone nodules in a dose-dependent manner. Cell proliferation and ALP activity in the irradiation group were higher in the early and middle culture periods, while the collagen content was higher in the middle an late periods compared with the control. Calcium and phosphorus were both higher in the irradiation group. These findings indicate that laser irradiation may play a principal role in stimulating differentiation of osteoblasts during the early stage of the culture, resulting in increased bone formation through acceleration of bone nodule maturation.