gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The “nanotriode:” A nanoscale field-emission tube (1999)

A nanoscale electron tube with a field-emission cathode and a control gate (nanotriode) has been fabricated and characterized. Electrons are field emitted from metal nanopillars with radii of about 1 nm into a vacuum nanochamber, collected at the anode, and controlled by a gate electrode. The nanochamber is sealed by an integrated anode and has vertical and horizontal dimensions of 100 nm. The turn-on voltage is less than 10 V and is independent of ambient temperature. Currents of 10 nA and transconductances of up to 6 nS per device have been observed; this would yield a transconductance of 60 S cm−2 at the maximum packing density of 1010 nanotriodes cm−2 for these devices. The emission stability is better than 3% at room temperature and improves to 0.1% at 20 K.
Silicon Photonic Switch Fabrics: Technology and Architecture (2018)

Photonic switching technologies show potential for transforming communication networks across diverse markets from long-haul to short-reach distance scales due to their large bandwidth density, high energy efficiency, and potential for low cost. In recent years, numerous outstanding advancements have been made in scaled silicon photonic switching fabrics: spanning a variety of manufacturing platforms and packaging methods, relying on different switching mechanisms, and assembled on-chip in a diverse mixture of loosely related architectures. This paper reviews the current approaches employed by leading researchers in this area, and surveys the state of the art in achieved performance at both the technological and the architectural level. Specifically, we consider thermo-optic, electro-optic, and MEMS-based switch actuation embedded in Mach-Zehnder interferometer, ring resonator, and directional coupler based silicon photonic switches. We define common metrics and compare performances. We outline critical requirements for constructing scaled switch fabrics from elementary cells. We investigate similarities and differences between a number of commonly utilized topologies. And, we survey recent accomplishments in scaled switch fabrics at the chip and package level. Moving these demonstrations from research to product will require many further advancements, and we highlight areas that we believe will be critical for market adoption.
New Classification of Neisseria meningitidis by Means of Bactericidal Reactions (1970)

A bactericidal assay is described which allows identification of distinct serotypes within a serogroup of Neisseria meningitidis. Antisera produced in rabbits against seven group C strains by two intravenous inoculations of live organisms were found to contain two types of bactericidal antibodies. One, directed against the group-specific polysaccharide, caused various degrees of killing of all strains. Absorption of this antibody by purified group C polysaccharide revealed the presence of the second bactericidal antibody. This antibody was directed against antigenically distinct factors associated with serotype specificity. Extensive cross-absorption yielded antisera with activity directed against four separate factors. The presence of a factor in a strain was indicated by its susceptibility to killing by antisera containing antibody to that factor. A serotype was defined by the particular combination of factors. Six different serotypes, containing one or two factors, were identified among 16 group C strains examined.
The G Protein–Gated Potassium CurrentIK,AChIs Constitutively Active in Patients With Chronic Atrial Fibrillation (2005)

Our results demonstrate that larger basal inward rectifier K+ current in cAF consists of increased IK1 activity and constitutively active I(K,ACh). Blockade of I(K,ACh) may represent a new therapeutic target in AF.
Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) infiltration in gastric cancer. (2004)

From the results of the current study, TAM infiltration may be used as a prognostic marker in gastric cancer. Negative correlation between TAM infiltration and CD3-zeta expression by TILs suggests that TAMs may be responsible for the immunological inactivity of T cells in gastric cancer.
Gazing at games (2010)

Welcome to the course: Gazing at Games: Using Eye Tracking to Control Virtual Characters. I will start with a short introduction of the course which will give you an idea of its aims and structure. I will also talk a bit about my background and research interests and motivate why I think this work is important.
The association of cytokines with disease activity and damage scores in systemic lupus erythematosus patients (2014)

Increased levels of a number of immunomodulatory cytokines relative to IL-12p70 in this Caucasian SLE patient population are seen in patients with renal involvement and are associated with increased accrual of damage at the 5-year follow-up.
Study of the Neutralization and Stabilization of a Mixed Hardwood Bio-Oil (2009)

Fast-pyrolysis bio-oil that is currently produced from lignocellulosic biomass in demonstration and semicommercial plants requires significant modification to become an acceptable transportation fuel. The high acidity and chemical instability of bio-oils render them incompatible with existing petroleum refinery processes that produce gasoline and diesel fuels. To facilitate the use of bio-oil as a feedstock in a traditional refinery infrastructure, there is considerable interest in upgrading bio-oils through chemical pathways that include converting the carboxylic acids and reactive carbonyl compounds into esters and acetals using low-cost alcohols. In this article, we discuss our observations with different approaches to esterification and etherification chemistry using a crude bio-oil derived from mixed hardwoods. The high water content in crude bio-oils (ca. 20−30%) creates equilibrium limitations in the condensation reactions that hamper the upgrading process in that the neutralization and stabilization steps cannot easily be driven to completion. The lowest acid number that we were able to obtain without causing serious degradation of the flow properties of the bio-oil had a total acid number of about 20, a value that is still too high for use in a traditional petroleum refinery.
FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS: Expression Cloning in the Test Tube (1997)

Using the URL at the end of this item, readers can immediately offer feedback and suggestions on this topic.

Traditional biochemical techniques such as protein purification are powerful tools for identifying proteins on the basis of their function. Yet, isolating the genes that encode these
Secrets of a covalent interaction for biomaterials and biotechnology: SpyTag and SpyCatcher (2015)

SpyTag is a short peptide that forms an isopeptide bond upon encountering its protein partner SpyCatcher. This covalent peptide interaction is a simple and powerful tool for bioconjugation and extending what protein architectures are accessible. Here we review the origin and mechanism of SpyTag/SpyCatcher, focusing on recent innovative applications. Ligation of targeting-antibody with antigen provided a simple route to vaccine generation. SpyRings, from head-to-tail cyclisation, gave major enhancements in enzyme resilience. Linking multiple SpyCatchers gave dendrimers for T-cell activation or Spy networks forming hydrogels for stem cell culture. Synthetic biology applications include integrating amyloid biomaterials with living bacteria, for irreversible derivatisation of biofilms with enzymes or nanoparticles. We also discuss further opportunities to apply and enhance SpyTag/SpyCatcher technology.
A Substrate-Based Difluoro Ketone Selectively Inhibits Alzheimer's γ-Secretase Activity (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetterNEXTA Substrate-Based Difluoro Ketone Selectively Inhibits Alzheimer's γ-Secretase ActivityMichael S. Wolfe, Martin Citron, Thekla S. Diehl, Weiming Xia, Isaac O. Donkor, and Dennis J. SelkoeView Author Information Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 1, 6–9Publication Date (Web):January 1, 1998Publication History Received15 September 1997Published online1 January 1998Published inissue 1 January 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm970621bhttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm970621brapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views893Altmetric-Citations188LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Biopolymers,Inhibitors,Ketones,Monomers,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
An Alternative History (2011)

Peter Strong is planning to turn Smiths Alternative Bookshop in Canberra into a bookshop, cafe and wine bar - once the liquor license comes through.
Thermodynamics of micellization of homologous series of n-alkyl methyl sulphoxides and n-alkyl(dimethyl)phosphine oxides (1975)

Thermodynamic quantities of micellization have been determined for two series of nonionic surface active agents, the n-alkyl methyl sulphoxides (RMSO) from n-hexyl to n-undecyl, and the n-alkyl(dimethyl)phosphine oxides (RDPO) from n-heptyl to n-dodecyl. Enthalpies of micellization (ΔHm) for the first three homologues in each series were calculated from direct calorimetry and colligative results using the multiple equilibrium model. ΔHm values for longer chain homologues were obtained from the temperature dependence of the critical micelle concentration. Although ΔHm is positive for all the homologues it decreases with increasing chain length. Within experimental error ΔG°m, ΔHm and hence ΔS°m are linear functions of chain length indicating the equivalence, with respect to micelle formation, of the methylene groups beyond six carbon atoms from the head groups. For both series the decrease per methylene group in ΔHm is less than half the decrease in ΔG°m and hence there is a significant increase in TΔS°m with increasing chain length. The change in all three thermodynamic quantities with increasing alkyl chain length for the RMSO and RDPO series of compounds is in reasonable agreement with the predictions of Nemethy and Scheraga based on the solution properties of n-alkanes.
Sweeping of Analyte Zones in Electrokinetic Chromatography (1999)

The sweeping phenomenon in electrokinetic chromatography under a considerably homogeneous electric field is theoretically examined and experimentally verified. The roles of analyte charge, retention factor, and electroosmotic flow are given consideration. Experimental studies are performed using micellar electrokinetic chromatography with sodium dodecyl sulfate as a micelle-forming agent. Uses and limitations of the new phenomenon are also critically conveyed.
An infectious arterivirus cDNA clone: Identification of a replicase point mutation that abolishes discontinuous mRNA transcription (1997)

Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is a positive-strand RNA virus that uses a discontinuous transcription mechanism to generate a nested set of six subgenomic mRNAs from which its structural genes are expressed. A stable bacterial plasmid (pEAV030) containing a full-length cDNA copy of the 12.7-kb EAV genome was constructed. After removal of a single point mutation in the replicase gene, RNA transcripts generated in vitro from pEAV030 were shown to be infectious upon electroporation into BHK-21 cells. A genetic marker mutation was introduced at the cDNA level and recovered from the genome of the progeny virus. The potential of pEAV030 as a tool to express foreign genes was demonstrated by the efficient expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene from two different subgenomic mRNAs. The point mutation that initially rendered the full-length clone noninfectious was found to result in a particularly intriguing phenotype: RNA carrying this mutation can replicate efficiently but does not produce the subgenomic mRNAs required for structural protein expression. To our knowledge, this mutant provides the first evidence that the requirements for arterivirus genome replication and discontinuous mRNA synthesis are, at least partially, different and that these processes may be separated experimentally.
Activators Regenerated by Electron Transfer for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Styrene (2005)

The amount of Cu-based catalysts in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene has been reduced to a few ppm in the presence of the appropriate reducing agents such as FDA approved tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(EH)2) or glucose. The reducing agents constantly regenerate ATRP activator, the Cu(I) species, from the Cu(II) species, formed during termination process, without directly or indirectly producing initiating species that generate new chains. Moreover, the reducing agents allow starting an ATRP with the oxidatively stable Cu(II) species. The reducing/reactivating cycle may also eliminate air or some other radical traps in the system. This new catalytic system is based on regeneration of the activators for an ATRP by electron transfer and therefore was named activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) ATRP. The optimum amount of reducing agent and minimal amount of ATRP Cu catalyst depend on the particular system. For example, styrene was polymerized with 10 ppm of CuCl2/Me6TREN and 100 ppm of Sn(EH)2 resulting in a polystyrene with Mn = 63 000 (Mn,th = 64 000) and Mw/Mn = 1.17.
Intense Pulsed Light Sintering of CH3NH3PbI3 Solar Cells (2016)

Perovskite solar cells utilizing a two-step deposited CH3NH3PbI3 thin film were rapidly sintered using an intense pulsed light source. For the first time, a heat treatment has shown the capability of sintering methylammonium lead iodide perovskite and creating large crystal sizes approaching 1 μm without sacrificing surface coverage. Solar cells with an average efficiency of 11.5% and a champion device of 12.3% are reported. The methylammonium lead iodide perovskite was subjected to 2000 J of energy in a 2 ms pulse of light generated by a xenon lamp, resulting in temperatures significantly exceeding the degradation temperature of 150 °C. The process opens up new opportunities in the manufacturability of perovskite solar cells by eliminating the rate-limiting annealing step, and makes it possible to envision a continuous roll-to-roll process similar to the printing press used in the newspaper industry.
Different Responses of Ear and Finger Pulse Oximeter Wave Form to Cold Pressor Test (2001)

The cold pressor test is often used to assess vasoconstrictive responses because it simulates the vasoconstrictive challenges commonly encountered in the clinical setting. With IRB approval, 12 healthy volunteers, aged 25–50 yr, underwent baseline plethysmographic monitoring on the finger and ear. The contralateral hand was immersed in ice water for 30 s to elicit a systemic vasoconstrictive response while the recordings were continued. The changes in plethysmographic amplitude for the first 30 s of ice water immersion (period of maximum response) of the finger and ear were compared. The data indicate a significant disparity between the finger and the ear signals in response to the cold stimulus. The average finger plethysmographic amplitude measurement decreased by 48% ± 19%. In contrast, no significant change was seen in the ear plethysmographic amplitude measurement, which decreased by 2% ± 10%. We conclude that the ear is relatively immune to the vasoconstrictive effects. These findings suggest that the comparison of the ear and finger pulse oximeter wave forms might be used as a real-time monitor of sympathetic tone and that the ear plethysmography may be a suitable monitor of the systemic circulation.
High Vascular Pressure–Induced Lung Injury Requires P450 Epoxygenase–Dependent Activation of TRPV4 (2007)

High vascular pressure targets the lung septal network, causing acute lung injury. While calcium entry in septal endothelium has been implicated, the channel involved is not known. This study tested the hypothesis that the vanilloid transient receptor potential channel, TRPV4, is a critical participant in the permeability response to high vascular pressure. Isolated lungs from TRPV4(+/+) or TRPV4(-/-) mice were studied at baseline or during high pressure challenge. Permeability was assessed via the filtration coefficient. Endothelial calcium transients were assessed using epifluorescence microscopy of the lung subpleural network. Light microscopy and point counting were used to determine the alveolar fluid volume fraction, a measure of alveolar flooding. Baseline permeability, calcium intensity, and alveolar flooding were no different in TRPV4(+/+) versus TRPV4(-/-) lungs. In TRPV4(+/+) lungs, the high pressure-induced permeability response was significantly attenuated by low calcium perfusate, the TRPV antagonist ruthenium red, the phospholipase A(2) inhibitor methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate, or the P450 epoxygenase inhibitor propargyloxyphenyl hexanoic acid. Similarly, the high pressure-induced calcium transient in TRPV4(+/+) lungs was attenuated with ruthenium red or the epoxygenase inhibitor. High vascular pressure increased the alveolar fluid volume fraction compared with control. In lungs from TRPV4(-/-) mice, permeability, calcium intensity, and alveolar fluid volume fraction were not increased. These data support a role for P450-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acid-dependent regulation of calcium entry via TRPV4 in the permeability response to high vascular pressure.
Expression of Tie‐2, angiopoietin‐1, angiopoietin‐2, ephrinB2 and EphB4 in pyogenic granuloma of human gingiva implicates their roles in inflammatory angiogenesis (2000)

Tie‐2, angiopoietin‐1 (Ang‐1), angiopoietin‐2 (Ang‐2), ephrin‐B2 and Eph‐B4 are all important vascular morphogenesis factors which exhibit their functions in angiogenesis and blood vessel remodeling in embryonic stage. However, their roles in post‐natal inflammatory angiogenesis are still unclear. Pyogenic granuloma is a benign inflammatory lesion that mostly occurs on the gingiva of females with high levels of steroid hormones. Prominent capillary growth in hyperplastic granulation tissue is characteristic histopathologically in pyogenic granuloma. The purpose of this study was to detect and compare the expressions of Tie‐2, Ang‐1, Ang‐2, ephrin‐B2 and Eph‐B4 among pyogenic granuloma on human gingiva, gingiva diagnosed with periodontitis and healthy gingiva by immunohistochemistry. The immunostaining revealed that all of the endothelial cells and some mesenchymal cells expressed Tie‐2. The cells which expressed Ang‐1 and Ang‐2 were mainly macrophage‐ or monocyte‐like mesenchymal cells and smooth muscle cells surrounding blood vessels. The expression of ephrin‐B2 and Eph‐B4 was not exclusively limited to the endothelial cells of arteries and veins, respectively, as in mice embryo. Eph‐B4 was expressed in the endothelial cells of newly budding capillaries and venules while ephrin‐B2 was expressed in macrophage‐like mesenchymal cells. Some of the ephrin‐B2 positive cells were in direct contact with endothelial cells. The statistical analysis demonstrated that all of the five factors were upregulated in pyogenic granuloma compared to healthy gingiva. In conclusion, the 5 polypeptides mentioned above may play important roles in the process of adult inflammatory neovascularization, especially in pyogenic granuloma. It is highly plausible that most of the new capillaries in inflammatory angiogenesis originated from venules instead of arterioles.
Electrically switchable volume gratings in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (1994)

We report electrical switching of the diffraction efficiency in volume Bragg gratings written holographically in polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs). Scanning electron microscopy confirms the volume nature of the gratings and shows that they consist of periodic PDLC planes. The diffraction efficiency can be switched from a high value (∼50%) to a value near zero at fields ∼11 V/μm.
The Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] Reductases FabI and FabL fromBacillus subtilis (2000)

Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] (ACP) reductase is a key enzyme in type II fatty-acid synthases that catalyzes the last step in each elongation cycle. The FabI component of Bacillus subtilis (bsFabI) was identified in the genomic data base by homology to the Escherichia coli protein. bsFabI was cloned and purified and exhibited properties similar to those of E. coli FabI, including a marked preference for NADH over NADPH as a cofactor. Overexpression of the B. subtilis fabI gene complemented the temperature-sensitive growth phenotype of an E. coli fabI mutant. Triclosan was a slow-binding inhibitor of bsFabI and formed a stable bsFabI.NAD(+). triclosan ternary complex. Analysis of the B. subtilis genomic data base revealed a second open reading frame (ygaA) that was predicted to encode a protein with a relatively low overall similarity to FabI, but contained the Tyr-Xaa(6)-Lys enoyl-ACP reductase catalytic architecture. The purified YgaA protein catalyzed the NADPH-dependent reduction of trans-2-enoyl thioesters of both N-acetylcysteamine and ACP. YgaA was reversibly inhibited by triclosan, but did not form the stable ternary complex characteristic of the FabI proteins. Expression of YgaA complemented the fabI(ts) defect in E. coli and conferred complete triclosan resistance. Single knockouts of the ygaA or fabI gene in B. subtilis were viable, but double knockouts were not obtained. The fabI knockout was as sensitive as the wild-type strain to triclosan, whereas the ygaA knockout was 250-fold more sensitive to the drug. YgaA was renamed FabL to denote the discovery of a new family of proteins that carry out the enoyl-ACP reductase step in type II fatty-acid synthases.
Gene therapy for prostate cancer. (1996)

Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the Western world and current therapies are of limited efficacy in advanced disease. Both ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy strategies offer exciting new possible approaches to the management of this disease. Ex vivo gene therapy involving interleukin-2 or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor transduced whole tumour cell vaccines has shown great promise in animal models. The feasibility of in vivo corrective gene therapy involving the replacement of mutant tumour suppressor genes, antisense strategies and the insertion of suicide genes has been demonstrated in preclinical models. Several of these therapies are now entering phase I/II studies in patients with prostate cancer.