gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Voice User Interface Design (2004)

This book is a comprehensive and authoritative guide to voice user interface (VUI) design. The VUI is perhaps the most critical factor in the success of any automated speech recognition (ASR) system, determining whether the user experience will be satisfying or frustrating, or even whether the customer will remain one. This book describes a practical methodology for creating an effective VUI design. The methodology is scientifically based on principles in linguistics, psychology, and language technology, and is illustrated here by examples drawn from the authors' work at Nuance Communications, the market leader in ASR development and deployment.The book begins with an overview of VUI design issues and a description of the technology. The authors then introduce the major phases of their methodology. They first show how to specify requirements and make high-level design decisions during the definition phase. They next cover, in great detail, the design phase, with clear explanations and demonstrations of each design principle and its real-world applications. Finally, they examine problems unique to VUI design in system development, testing, and tuning. Key principles are illustrated with a running sample application.A companion Web site provides audio clips for each example: www.VUIDesign.orgThe cover photograph depicts the first ASR system, Radio Rex: a toy dog who sits in his house until the sound of his name calls him out. Produced in 1911, Rex was among the few commercial successes in earlier days of speech recognition. Voice User Interface Design reveals the design principles and practices that produce commercial success in an era when effective ASRs are not toys but competitive necessities.
A Population-Based Study of Multiple Sclerosis in Twins (1986)

Results from studies of twin concordance in multiple sclerosis have not conclusively differentiated between environmental and genetic factors that determine susceptibility to the disease. Published studies that have been based on case finding by public appeal have been characterized by difficulties in ascertainment. The data reported here are from a large population-based study of multiple sclerosis in twins, in which ascertainment has been relatively unbiased and the cooperation of patients nearly complete. A total of 5463 patients attending 10 multiple sclerosis clinics across Canada were surveyed. Twenty-seven monozygotic and 43 dizygotic twin pairs were identified, and the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis was verified by examination and laboratory investigation. Seven of 27 monozygotic pairs (25.9 percent) and 1 of 43 dizygotic pairs (2.3 percent) were concordant for multiple sclerosis. The concordance rate for 4582 nontwin siblings of patients at two multiple sclerosis clinics was 1.9 percent, closely paralleling the concordance rate in dizygotic twins. To the extent that the difference in concordance rates between monozygotic and dizygotic twins indicates genetic susceptibility, the results of this study show a major genetic component in susceptibility to multiple sclerosis.
Infrequent frameshift mutations of polynucleotide repeats in multiple primary cancers affecting the esophagus and other organs (1998)

Frequent frameshift mutations of simple nucleotide repeats in the protein-encoding regions, as well as replication errors (RERs) at microsatellite loci, have recently been demonstrated in gastrointestinal tumors. These genetic instabilities have been considered indicative of an increased risk of accumulating mutations in cancer-associated genes and of developing multiple cancers. We studied frameshift (or insertion/deletion) mutations of simple nucleotide repeats in five genes (TGFbeta type II receptor [TGFbetaRII], E2F4, MSH2, MSH3, and MSH6) in 23 tumors from 12 patients who had synchronous cancers of the esophagus and other organs. Genetic instability at four microsatellite loci, as well as mutations in the TP53, APC, and KRAS2 genes, were also studied. No frameshift mutations were observed in the TGFbetaRII, MSH3, and MSH6 genes. RER and a deletion mutation of BAT26 in MSH2 were present in one (1/23; 4%) gastric cancer. This tumor also carried a deletion mutation in the serine (AGC) repeat of the E2F4 gene. Mutation screening of the TP53, APC, and KRAS2 genes revealed that the synchronous cancers did not carry the same mutations. Our results suggested that genetic instability, such as insertion/deletion mutations in simple nucleotide repeats, is not significantly associated with the development of multiple primary cancers of the esophagus and other organs, and that these synchronous cancers developed independently according to their different environmental factors.
Peptide pheromone induced cell death ofStreptococcus mutans (2005)

Streptococcus mutans is considered one of the main causative agents of human dental caries. Cell-cell communication through two-component signal transduction systems (TCSTS) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of S. mutans. One of the S. mutans TCSTS, ComDE, controls both competence development and biofilm formation. In this study, we showed that addition of exogenous competence-stimulating peptide (CSP) beyond the levels necessary for competence inhibited the growth of S. mutans in a ComDE-dependent manner. We also demonstrated that further increases of CSP stopped S. mutans cell division leading to cell death. Use of CSP as a possible therapeutic agent is discussed.
Aquathermolysis:  Reactions of Organic Compounds with Superheated Water (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleAquathermolysis: Reactions of Organic Compounds with Superheated WaterAlan R. Katritzky, Steven M. Allin, and Michael SiskinView Author Information Center for Heterocyclic Compounds, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7022 Products Research Division, Exxon Research and Engineering Company, 1900 E. Linden Avenue, Linden, New Jersey 07036 Cite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1996, 29, 8, 399–406Publication Date (Web):August 13, 1996Publication History Received23 June 1995Published online13 August 1996Published inissue 13 August 1996https://doi.org/10.1021/ar950144wCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1477Altmetric-Citations175LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (370 KB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Alcohols,Chemical reactions,Ethers,Hydrolysis,Organic reactions Get e-Alerts
Interactions between the Class II Transactivator and CREB Binding Protein Increase Transcription of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Genes (1999)

Class II major histocompatibility (class II) genes are regulated in a B-cell-specific and gamma interferon-inducible fashion. The master switch for the expression of these genes is the class II transactivator (CIITA). In this report, we demonstrate that one of the functions of CIITA is to recruit the CREB binding protein (CBP) to class II promoters. Not only functional but also specific binding interactions between CIITA and CBP were demonstrated. Moreover, a dominant negative form of CBP decreased the activity of class II promoters and levels of class II determinants on the surface of cells. Finally, the inhibition of class II gene expression by the glucocorticoid hormone could be attributed to the squelching of CBP by the glucocorticoid receptor. We conclude that CBP, a histone acetyltransferase, plays an important role in the transcription of class II genes.
Rat liver metabolism of benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene (1992)

Thioarenes, sulfur-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, have been detected in a number of environmental sources. The metabolism of one thioarene, benzo[b]naphtho[2,1,d]thiophene ([2,1]BNT), by F344 rat liver 9000g supernatant (S-9) was studied. [2,1]BNT which is structurally analogous and has similar carcinogenic potency to chrysene, was metabolized to six ethyl acetate-extractable metabolites when incubated with S-9 from Aroclor 1254-treated F344 rats. Each metabolite was collected from reverse-phase HPLC, and their identities were determined by analysis of MS and NMR data. In order of elution from HPLC they are as follows: (1) trans-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrobenzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene, (2) benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]-thiophene sulfone, (3) benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene sulfoxide, (4) trans-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydrobenzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene, (5) 8- or 9-hydroxybenzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene, and (6) 7-hydroxybenzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene. In addition, the identities of metabolites 1, 2, 3, and 4 were confirmed by comparison to standards. The syntheses of the sulfone and sulfoxide of [2,1]BNT are reported here. The syntheses of the dihydrodiols were reported previously. Metabolite 5, a hydroxy[2,1]BNT, was the major metabolite formed by liver S-9 from untreated F344 rats. Microsomal preparations from these rats also produced significant amounts of the dihydrodiols, 1 and 4, and the sulfoxide, 3. Microsomes prepared from Wistar rats produced dihydrodiols and the sulfone and sulfoxide of [2,1]BNT. Therefore, [2,1]BNT is metabolized by both ring oxidation and sulfur oxidation in these two strains of rats.
Time for treating bone fracture using rhBMP-2: A randomised placebo controlled mouse fracture trial (2005)

Although the mechanisms of osteoinduction by bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are increasingly understood, the most appropriate time to administer BMPs exogenously is yet to be clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate when BMP may be administered to a fracture arena to maximise the enhancement of healing. Forty mice with externally fixed left femoral fractures were randomised into four groups: Group I, the control group was given a placebo of 30 microl saline at day 0; Groups II, III and IV were given 30 microl saline plus 2.5 microg rhBMP-2, at post-operative days 0, 4 or 8, respectively. Sequential radiographs were taken at days 0, 8, 16. On day 22 the mice were sacrificed and both femora were harvested for biomechanical assessment in 3-point bending and histological evaluation. Radiographic analysis indicated that healing of fractures in Groups II and III was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than those in Groups I and IV, at both 16 and 22 days post-fracture. The highest median bone mineral content at the fracture site was evidenced in Group III and II. Furthermore, Group III also had the highest relative ultimate load values, followed by Groups II, IV and I. Greater percentage peak loads were observed between Group I and both Groups II and III (p < 0.05). Histological examination confirmed that at 22 days post-fracture, only fractures in Groups II and III had united with woven bone, and Groups I and IV still had considerable amounts of fibrous tissue and cartilage at the fracture gap. Data presented herein indicates that there is a time after fracture when rhBMP administration is most effective, and this may be at the time of surgery as well as in the early fracture healing phases.
High-throughput characterization of protein–protein interactions by reprogramming yeast mating (2017)

High-throughput methods for screening protein-protein interactions enable the rapid characterization of engineered binding proteins and interaction networks. While existing approaches are powerful, none allow quantitative library-on-library characterization of protein interactions in a modifiable extracellular environment. Here, we show that sexual agglutination of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> can be reprogrammed to link interaction strength with mating efficiency using synthetic agglutination (SynAg). Validation of SynAg with 89 previously characterized interactions shows a log-linear relationship between mating efficiency and protein binding strength for interactions with <i>K</i><sub>d</sub>s ranging from below 500 pM to above 300 μM. Using induced chromosomal translocation to pair barcodes representing binding proteins, thousands of distinct interactions can be screened in a single pot. We demonstrate the ability to characterize protein interaction networks in a modifiable environment by introducing a soluble peptide that selectively disrupts a subset of interactions in a representative network by up to 800-fold. SynAg enables the high-throughput, quantitative characterization of protein-protein interaction networks in a fully defined extracellular environment at a library-on-library scale.
First‑line pharmacotherapies for depression – what is the best choice? (2009)

Major depressive disorder is a significant public health problem and the leading cause of suicide worldwide. Since the discovery of the first effective medications for depression in the late 1950s, a variety of pharmacotherapies have been developed that are useful for treating the full range of depressive disorders. The availability of safer classes of antidepressants, as well as other factors, has resulted in a large increase in the number of depressed individuals who are treated for depression by their primary care providers. This review examines the antidepressants that are currently used as the initial or "first-line" therapies for major depressive disorder (MDD). These newer medications may be grouped into three classes: the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, the serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and the norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor. While the modern classes of antidepressants offer superior tolerability and safety over older medications such as the tricyclic antidepressants, there remains no universally effective pharmacologic treatment for MDD, and effective disease management requires careful attention to ongoing assessment of medication response and management of side effects.
Synthesis of civetone from palm oil products (1994)

Abstract Metathesis of ethyl oleate, catalyzed by WCl 6 and SnMe 4 , provided diethyl 9‐octadecenedioate (the desired starting material for the synthesis of civetone) in 99% yield. Dieckmann condensation of diethyl 9‐octadecenedioate gave 2‐ethoxycarbonyl‐9‐cycloheptadecenone (63% yield), the hydrolysis‐decarboxylation reaction of which yielded civetone (93%). Identification of all products was by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and mass spectroscopic data. This is the first report of the synthesis of civetone from palm oil‐derived products.
High agonist-independent activity is a distinguishing feature of the dopamine D1B receptor subtype. (1994)

Dopamine D1A and D1B receptor subtypes belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. Both receptors are coupled to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and exhibit distinct brain distribution. To identify functional differences, binding and stimulation of adenylyl cyclase were assessed in 293 cells expressing transiently either dopamine D1A or D1B receptors. Membranes expressing D1B receptors displayed higher affinities for agonists than those expressing D1A receptors, whereas antagonist affinities were lower at the D1B than at the D1A receptor. Basal activity of adenylyl cyclase in whole 293 cells expressing various levels of D1B receptors was significantly higher than the basal activity measured in cells expressing D1A receptors. Maximal activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting from stimulation of the D1B receptor was less than that obtained following agonist activation of the D1A receptor. In cells expressing D1B receptors, agonists displayed an increased potency for stimulating adenylyl cyclase in comparison with the potencies determined for the D1A receptor. On the other hand, certain antagonists displayed "negative efficacy" at both receptor subtypes but had a more profound inhibition on the agonist-independent signaling activity of the D1B receptor. The properties described here are reminiscent of those of constitutively active G protein-coupled receptors obtained by site-directed mutations. Thus, the D1B receptor may represent a naturally occurring receptor subtype with properties akin to those of constitutively active G protein-coupled receptors. The different anatomical distribution and biochemical properties of these D1 receptors strengthen the functional distinctions between the two subtypes and could account for the basis of heterogeneity within a given class of neurotransmitter or hormone receptors. In addition, if these properties are recapitulated in cells expressing the D1B receptors, they may underlie important role in the regulation of physiological effects by dopamine. Finally, these results raise the interesting possibility that psychotropic antagonist drugs used in the management of certain brain disorders may have their beneficial actions as negative efficacy compounds.
Prenatal Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure Promotes Adult Atherogenesis and Mitochondrial Damage in Apolipoprotein E −/− Mice Fed a Chow Diet (2004)

These data support the hypothesis that prenatal ETS exposure is sufficient to promote adult cardiovascular disease development.
Faces of Federalism: From Bullinger to Jefferson (2000)

This study argues that the eighteenth-century political philosophy of federalism found its roots in covenant theology of early Reformed Protestantism in Zurich. It contends that there was a progression covenant or federal thought from the first published articulation of the theological covenant by Bullinger in 1534, through the use of the covenant notion in defense of tyrannicide by Philippe Mornay, to Johannes Althusius's political philosophy of federalism, as well as the political theories Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. These different faces or variations of federalism shared several common elements over the 250-year span.
Erythromycin series. Part 11. Ring expansion of erythromycin A oxime by the Beckmann rearrangement (1986)

The synthesis of 10-dihydro-10-deoxo-11-azaerythromycin A (11) by the Beckmann rearrangement of erythromycin A oxime (2) and reduction of the imino ether so obtained (5) is described. The structure elucidation of the new ring-expanded semisynthetic erythromycins (5) and (11) has been established on the basis of their analytical and spectral data and acid-catalysed degradation into the aglycones (7) and (13), respectively. Finally, the complete structure of ring-expanded erythronolides (7) and (13) has been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Sensory Perceptual Issues in Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Different Sensory Experiences, Different Perceptual Worlds (2003)

Foreword, Wendy Lawson. Foreword, Theo Peeters. Introduction to the Problem. 1. Sensory Dysfunction or Different Sensory Experiences. 2. Perception. 3. Possible Sensory Experiences in Autism. 4. Perceptual Styles 5. Cognitive Styles. 6. Other Sensory Conditions. 7. Treatments. 8. Sensory Perceptual Profile. 9. Recommendations: rainbows and Umbrellas. Conclusion. References. Appendix 1: Sensory Profile Checklist. Appendix 2: Key for Decoding Questionnaire. Photocopiable Rainbow and Table.
Active Immunotherapy Induces Antibody Responses That Target Tumor Angiogenesis (2010)

The inhibition of VEGF signaling with antibodies or small molecules achieves clinical benefits in diverse solid malignancies. Nonetheless, therapeutic effects are usually not sustained, and most patients eventually succumb to progressive disease, indicating that antiangiogenic strategies require additional optimization. Vaccination with lethally irradiated, autologous tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and antibody blockade of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) trigger a tumor vasculopathy in some long-term responding subjects. These reactions are characterized by disrupted tumor blood vessels in association with lymphocyte and granulocyte infiltrates and zonal areas of ischemic tumor necrosis. However, the mechanisms underlying this immune-mediated destruction of the tumor vasculature remain to be clarified. Here, we show that GM-CSF-secreting tumor cell vaccines and CTLA-4 blockade elicit a functionally important humoral reaction against multiple angiogenic cytokines. Antibodies to angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 block Tie-2 binding, downstream signaling, endothelial cell tube formation, and macrophage chemotaxis. Antibodies to macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) attenuate macrophage Tie-2 expression and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) production. Together, these results delineate an immunotherapy-induced host response that broadly targets the angiogenic network in the tumor microenvironment.
Using Queries to Associate Metadata with Data (2007)

As relational databases proliferate and become increasingly complex, both in their internal structure and in their interactions with other databases and applications, there is a growing need to associate a variety of metadata with the underlying data. Even though the need has been apparent, a simple, elegant approach to uniformly model and query both data and metadata has been elusive. In this paper, we argue that the relational model augmented with queries as data values is a natural way to uniformly model data, arbitrary metadata and their association.
Prolonged disturbances ofin vitrocytokine production in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) treated with ribavirin and steroids (2004)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new disease which has spread rapidly and widely. We wished to know whether evaluation of in vitro cytokine production could contribute to improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and to better patient management. Numbers of unstimulated and mitogen-stimulated cytokine-secreting peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured repeatedly during and after hospitalization in 13 patients with SARS using enzyme-linked immunospot technology. Numbers of interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 secreting cells induced by T cell activators were below normal in many or most patients before and during treatment with corticosteroids and ribavirin but returned essentially to normal after completion of treatment. Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 (SAC)-stimulated IL-10 secreting cells were increased in early SARS but fell during treatment. SAC-induced IL-12 secreting cells were deficient before, during and long after treatment. Numbers of cells induced to produce IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha by T cell or monocyte activators were higher than normal in many early SARS patients and were still increased in some during and after treatment. We conclude that prolonged dysregulated cytokine production occurs in SARS and that future studies should be directed at improving anti-inflammatory and antiviral therapies in order to limit cytokine impairment.
Production of cellulase(s) by Myriococcum albomyces. (1991)

The ability of the facultative thermophilic fungi Myriococcum albomyces (Cooney et Emerson) to produce extracellular cellulase(s) in a stationary liquid medium was studied. Diverse cellulosic carbon sources were used, assessing the different cellulolytic activities and enzymes different celluloytic activities and enzymes of the fungus (expressed in the classic terms C1-, Cx-activity) and their temperature and pH optima. The optimum temperature for "C1"-"Cx"-activity was 45 degrees C. The optimum pH for "C1"-activity was pH 6 while that for "Cx"-activity was pH 5.