gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Copolymers of Wheat Starch and Polyacrylonitrile. Effect of Aqueous-Organic Solvent Systems on Copolymer Composition (1968)

Abstract Starch-polyacrylonitrile graft copolymers prepared in a number of aqueous-organic solvent systems with ceric ammonium nitrate as the initiator had more grafted chains than those prepared in water alone, and these were of lower molecular weight. Substitution of methanol for 80% of the water produced grafted chains with a molecular weight of 15,700 and a grafting frequency of 253 anhydroglucose units per graft. The influence of catalyst concentration, increased reaction temperature, and sodium sulfate on the composition of the copolymer were investigated for the methanol-water system.
ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAYS FOR THE DETECTION OF CLASS-SPECIFIC IMMUNOGLOBULINS TO BORRELIA BURGDORFERI1 (1988)

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were developed to detect immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of Lyme disease. Of the 135 blood samples obtained during 1985-1986 from persons in Connecticut with erythema migrans or other clinical manifestations of this spirochetosis, 106 (79%) contained IgM antibody. In separate tests for IgG antibody, 106 (83%) of 128 specimens were considered positive. To assess the specificity of these assays, the authors analyzed sera from patients with other spirochetal infections or nonrelated diseases. Heterologous IgM antibody was detected in 32 (42%) of 77 samples, while cross-reactivity occurred in 17 (25%) of 69 sera screened for IgG antibody. Geometric mean titers for homologous reactions were usually twofold or more higher than those of heterologous reactions. Information on IgG antibody is particularly useful for serodiagnosis, but because of the cross-reactivity among Borrelia and Treponema, clinical data and the use of other serologic tests may be needed to separate Lyme disease from other spirochetal infections.
Evidence of Infection with Simian Type D Retrovirus in Persons Occupationally Exposed to Nonhuman Primates (2001)

Simian type D retrovirus (SRV) is enzootic in many populations of Asian monkeys of the genus Macaca and is associated with immunodeficiency diseases. However, the zoonotic potential of this agent has not been well defined. Screening for antibodies to SRV was performed as part of an ongoing study looking for evidence of infection with simian retroviruses among persons occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates (NHPs). Of 231 persons tested, 2 (0.9%) were found to be strongly seropositive, showing reactivity against multiple SRV antigens representing gag, pol, and env gene products by Western immunoblotting. Persistent long-standing seropositivity, as well as neutralizing antibody specific to SRV type 2, was documented in one individual (subject 1), while waning antibody with eventual seroreversion was observed in a second (subject 2). Repeated attempts to detect SRV by isolation in tissue culture and by using sensitive PCR assays for amplification of two SRV gene regions (gag and pol) were negative. Both individuals remain apparently healthy. We were also unable to transmit this seropositivity to an SRV-negative macaque by using inoculation of whole blood from subject 1. The results of this study provide evidence that occupational exposure to NHPs may increase the risk of infection with SRV and underscore the importance of both occupational safety practices and efforts to eliminate this virus from established macaque colonies.
The earlier the better : a theory of timed actor interfaces (2010)

Programming embedded and cyber-physical systems requires attention not only to functional behavior and correctness, but also to non-functional aspects and specifically timing and performance. A structured, compositional, model-based approach based on stepwise refinement and abstraction techniques can support the development process, increase its quality and reduce development time through automation of synthesis, analysis or verification. Toward this, we introduce a theory of timed actors whose notion of refinement is based on the principle of worst-case design that permeates the world of performance-critical systems. This is in contrast with the classical behavioral and functional refinements based on restricting sets of behaviors. Our refinement allows time-deterministic abstractions to be made of time-non-deterministic systems, improving efficiency and reducing complexity of formal analysis. We show how our theory relates to, and can be used to reconcile existing time and performance models and their established theories.
B-SOLANA: an approach for the analysis of two-base encoding bisulfite sequencing data (2011)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A Generic Communication Architecture for End to End Mobility Management in the Internet (2007)

The proliferation of laptops, cellular phones, and other mobile computing platforms connected to the Internet has triggered numerous research works into mobile networking. The increasingly dense set of wireless access networks that can be potentially accessed by mobile users open the door to an era of pervasive computing. However, the puzzle of wireless access networks that tends to become the natural access networks to the Internet pushes legacy "wire- oriented" communication architectures to their limit. Indeed, there is a critical gap between the increasingly used stream centric multimedia applications and the incapacity of legacy communication stacks to insure the continuity of these multimedia sessions for mobile users. This paper proposes a generic communication architecture (i.e. not dedicated to a specific protocol or technology) that aims to fill the gap between the application layer continuity needs and the discontinuity of the communication service inherent to the physical layer of wireless mobile networks. This paper introduces an end to end communication architecture that preserves efficiently session continuity in the context of mobile and wireless networks. This architecture is mainly based on end to end mechanisms that could be integrated into a new generation reconfigurable transport protocol. The proposed contribution efficiently satisfies mobility requirements such as efficient location management, fast handover, and continuous connection support.
Collectins (2004)

Collectins are a family of collagenous calcium-dependent defense lectins in animals. Their polypeptide chains consist of four regions: a cysteine-rich N-terminal domain, a collagen-like region, an alpha-helical coiled-coil neck domain and a C-terminal lectin or carbohydrate-recognition domain. These polypeptide chains form trimers that may assemble into larger oligomers. The best studied family members are the mannan-binding lectin, which is secreted into the blood by the liver, and the surfactant proteins A and D, which are secreted into the pulmonary alveolar and airway lining fluid. The collectins represent an important group of pattern recognition molecules, which bind to oligosaccharide structures and/or lipid moities on the surface of microorganisms. They bind preferentially to monosaccharide units of the mannose type, which present two vicinal hydroxyl groups in an equatorial position. High-affinity interactions between collectins and microorganisms depend, on the one hand, on the high density of the carbohydrate ligands on the microbial surface, and on the other, on the degree of oligomerization of the collectin. Apart from binding to microorganisms, the collectins can interact with receptors on host cells. Binding of collectins to microorganisms may facilitate microbial clearance through aggregation, complement activation, opsonization and activation of phagocytosis, and inhibition of microbial growth. In addition, the collectins can modulate inflammatory and allergic responses, affect apoptotic cell clearance and modulate the adaptive immune system.
TU-EF-304-11: Therapeutic Benefits of Collimation in Spot Scanning Proton Therapy in the Treatment of Brain Cancer (2015)

Purpose: A dynamic collimation system (DCS) based on two orthogonal pairs of mobile trimmer blades has recently been proposed to reduce the lateral penumbra in spot scanning proton therapy (SSPT). The purpose of this work is to quantify the therapeutic benefit of using the DCS for SSPT of brain cancer by comparing un-collimated and collimated treatment plans. Methods: Un-collimated and collimated brain treatment plans were created for five patients, previously treated with SSPT, using an in-house treatment planning system capable of modeling collimated and un-collimated beamlets. Un-collimated plans reproduced the clinically delivered plans in terms of target coverage and organ-at-risk (OAR) sparing, whereas collimated plans were re-optimized to improve the organ-at-risk sparing while maintaining target coverage. Physical and biological comparison metrics such as dose distribution conformity, mean and maximum doses, normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and risk of secondary brain cancer were used to evaluate the plans. Results: The DCS systematically improved the dose distribution conformity while preserving the target coverage. The average reduction of the mean dose to the 10-mm ring surrounding the target and the healthy brain were 7.1% (95% CI: 4.2%–9.9%; p<0.01) and 14.3% (95% CI: 7.8%–20.8%; p<0.01), respectively. This yielded an average reduction of 12.0% (95% CI: 8.2%–15.7%; p<0.01) for the brain necrosis NTCP using the Flickinger model, and 14.2% (95% CI: 7.7%–20.8%; p<0.01) for the risk of secondary brain cancer. The average maximum dose reductions for the brainstem, chiasm, optic nerves, cochleae and pituitary gland when comparing un-collimated and collimated plans were 14.3%, 10.4%, 11.2%, 13.0%, 12.9% and 3.4%, respectively. Evaluating individual plans using the Lyman-Kutcher-Burman NTCP model also yielded improvements. Conclusion: The lateral penumbra reduction performed by the DCS increases the normal tissue sparing capabilities of SSPT for brain tumor treatment while preserving the target coverage. This research was financially supported by Ion Beam Applications S.A. (IBA, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium).
Rare antibodies from combinatorial libraries suggests an S.O.S. component of the human immunological repertoire (2011)

Convergence of observations from different sources is the norm in science. However, when convergence occurs in man for antibodies it is remarkable because the repertoire of possible immunoglobulin products is very large and diverse. Thus, one would not expect to see the same antibody twice from divergent populations unless there is special significance as to why the immune response is constrained. Now, broadly neutralizing antibodies isolated from combinatorial libraries from three separate populations have been shown to all use the same (V(H) 1-69) germ line gene and interact with the influenza virus in very similar ways. Here we discuss the reasons for this convergence in terms of how the immunological repertoire responds to emergency situations where time is short as occurs, for example, in potentially lethal infections. It is suggested that there is a first responder or S.O.S. component of the antibody repertoire that evolved to initiate rapid defense against infectious agents. The discovery of the homologies between these commonly produced antibodies may have significance for the design of novel vaccines. Finally, these convergent results may give much insight into why antibodies encoded by the V(H) 1-69 germ line gene are highly over represented in B-cell lymphomas.
The complex dielectric constant of pure and sea water from microwave satellite observations (2004)

We provide a new fit for the microwave complex dielectric constant of water in the salinity range between 0-40 ppt using two Debye relaxation wavelengths. For pure water, the fit is based on laboratory measurements in the temperature range between -20/spl deg/C and +40/spl deg/C including supercooled water and for frequencies up to 500 GHz. For sea water, our fit is valid for temperatures between -2/spl deg/C and +29/spl deg/C and for frequencies up to at least 90 GHz. At low frequencies, our new model is a modified version of the Klein-Swift model. We compare the results of the new fit with various other models and provide a validation using an extensive analysis of brightness temperatures from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager.
Contamination Event Detection with Multivariate Time-Series Data in Agricultural Water Monitoring (2017)

Time series data of multiple water quality parameters are obtained from the water sensor networks deployed in the agricultural water supply network. The accurate and efficient detection and warning of contamination events to prevent pollution from spreading is one of the most important issues when pollution occurs. In order to comprehensively reduce the event detection deviation, a spatial-temporal-based event detection approach with multivariate time-series data for water quality monitoring (M-STED) was proposed. The M-STED approach includes three parts. The first part is that M-STED adopts a Rule <b>K</b> algorithm to select backbone nodes as the nodes in the CDS, and forward the sensed data of multiple water parameters. The second part is to determine the state of each backbone node with back propagation neural network models and the sequential Bayesian analysis in the current timestamp. The third part is to establish a spatial model with Bayesian networks to estimate the state of the backbones in the next timestamp and trace the "outlier" node to its neighborhoods to detect a contamination event. The experimental results indicate that the average detection rate is more than 80% with M-STED and the false detection rate is lower than 9%, respectively. The M-STED approach can improve the rate of detection by about 40% and reduce the false alarm rate by about 45%, compared with the event detection with a single water parameter algorithm, S-STED. Moreover, the proposed M-STED can exhibit better performance in terms of detection delay and scalability.
Two-step immunological approaches for imaging and therapy. (1996)

Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies and their F(ab')2 and Fab fragments have been successful for imaging and therapy. However, their prolonged circulation and nonspecific accumulation in metabolic organs have resulted in high background radioactive levels and delayed imaging times. Current approaches are two- and three-step procedures consisting of first, the injection of a targeting moiety, which has specific binding affinity for both a lesion and a small molecular weight radiolabeled agent, and, second, a subsequently injected radioactive diagnostic or therapeutic agent. The rapid blood clearance of the free radiolabeled agent greatly reduces background levels and radiation dose and increases target-to-background ratios. This review will focus on two different approaches: 1) bispecific monoclonal antibodies and 2) monoclonal antibodies in conjunction with the streptavidin (avidin)/biotin system.
Manipulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Regenerative Medicine (2013)

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are defined by their capacity to self-renew and to differentiate into all blood cell lineages while retaining robust capacity to regenerate hematopoiesis. Based on these characteristics, they are widely used for transplantation and gene therapy. However, the dose of HSCs available for use in treatments is limited. Therefore, extensive work has been undertaken to expand HSCs in culture and to produce HSCs from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in order to improve the efficiency and outcome of HSC-based therapies. Various surface markers have been characterized to improve the purification of HSCs and a huge number of cytokines and small-molecule compounds have been screened for use in the expansion of HSCs. In addition, attempts to generate not only HSCs but also mature blood cells from ESCs and iPSCs are currently ongoing. This review covers recent approaches for the purification, expansion or production of human HSCs and provides insight into problems that need to be resolved.
Modification of Histones by Sugar β-N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) Occurs on Multiple Residues, Including Histone H3 Serine 10, and Is Cell Cycle-regulated (2011)

The monosaccharide, β-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), can be added to the hydroxyl group of either serines or threonines to generate an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) residue (Love, D. C., and Hanover, J. A. (2005) Sci. STKE 2005 312, 1-14; Hart, G. W., Housley, M. P., and Slawson, C. (2007) Nature 446, 1017-1022). This post-translational protein modification, termed O-GlcNAcylation, is reversible, analogous to phosphorylation, and has been implicated in many cellular processes. Here, we present evidence that in human cells all four core histones of the nucleosome are substrates for this glycosylation in the relative abundance H3, H4/H2B, and H2A. Increasing the intracellular level of UDP-GlcNAc, the nucleotide sugar donor substrate for O-GlcNAcylation enhanced histone O-GlcNAcylation and partially suppressed phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 (H3S10ph). Expression of recombinant H3.3 harboring an S10A mutation abrogated histone H3 O-GlcNAcylation relative to its wild-type version, consistent with H3S10 being a site of histone O-GlcNAcylation (H3S10glc). Moreover, O-GlcNAcylated histones were lost from H3S10ph immunoprecipitates, whereas immunoprecipitation of either H3K4me3 or H3K9me3 (active or inactive histone marks, respectively) resulted in co-immunoprecipitation of O-GlcNAcylated histones. We also examined histone O-GlcNAcylation during cell cycle progression. Histone O-GlcNAcylation is high in G(1) cells, declines throughout the S phase, increases again during late S/early G(2), and persists through late G(2) and mitosis. Thus, O-GlcNAcylation is a novel histone post-translational modification regulating chromatin conformation during transcription and cell cycle progression.
Valoración del patrimonio cultural: análisis económico y estadístico. Aplicación al museo nacional de escultura de valladolid (2004)

La presente tesis doctoral se inserta dentro del campo analitico de la Economia de la Cultura y mas concretamente en el terreno de la Economia del Patrimonio Historico, siendo el objetivo principal de la misma fundamentar una propuesta metodologica de valoracion economica del patrimonio cultural y desarrollar una aplicacion empirica pormenorizada a un ejemplo emblematico del patrimonio historico y cultural de la ciudad de Valladolid, el Museo Nacional de Escultura. Para lograr este objetivo emplearemos el metodo de valoracion contingente con la finalidad de obtener tanto el valor de uso directo del museo, como el valor de uso pasivo mediante dos encuestas diferentes, una entre los visitantes al museo y otra entre los ciudadanos de Valladolid, respectivamente. Como objetivos complementarios de la investigacion, se pretende tambien la aplicacion y comparacion de forma simultanea de tres metodos estadisticos distintos (no parametrico, parametrico y semiparametrico) para la obtencion de las estimaciones de la disposicion a pagar o valoracion revelada del objeto de estudio, y la realizacion de un analisis de segmentacion de la demanda de las valoraciones obtenidas, efectuando diversos estudios particulares para el valor de uso directo y para el valor de uso directo y para el valor de uso pasivo del Museo Nacional de Escultura de Valladolid, lo cual nos permitira proporcionar una tipologia de las diferentes voluntades de pago. En general, este tipo de informacion puede ser de informacion puede ser de gran utilidad, tanto para los gestores de museos, como para los responsables de la politica cultural, como estimacion de la intensidad de preferencias de los individuos sobre los bienes culturales y de definicion de los perfiles del publico con mayor disposicion a pagar.
The development of nanoscale morphology in polymer:fullerene photovoltaic blends during solvent casting (2010)

The power conversion efficiency in a conjugated polymer-functionalized fullerene bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic (OPV) device is dependent both on the electronic properties of the constituent materials and on the nanoscale morphology of the active semiconductor layer thin-film. Here we use in situ ellipsometry and grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GI-XS) to study molecular self-organization in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend films in real time, during the drying process as they are cast from solution. We illustrate the evolution of the extinction coefficient from a solution to a solid, semi-crystalline state. We show that once the solvent fraction in the film falls below 50%, the P3HT undergoes rapid crystallization via heterogeneous nucleation; a process that is complete in seconds. We also evidence a rapid, dynamic self-annealing process that reduces the characteristic lamella spacing in the P3HT crystallites. The mechanistic understanding of film-formation demonstrated here is an important component in optimizing deposition processes suitable for large-area OPV manufacture.
Editorial (2010)

Preview this article: Editorial, Page 1 of 1 < Previous page | Next page > /docserver/preview/fulltext/rj/8/1/s1-1.gif
IFN-γ Inhibits Presentation of a Tumor/Self Peptide by CD8α− Dendritic Cells Via Potentiation of the CD8α+ Subset (2000)

Using an in vivo model of tumor/self peptide presentation for induction of class I-restricted skin test reactivity, we have previously shown that a minority population of CD8+ dendritic cells (DC) negatively regulates the induction of T cell reactivity by peptide-loaded CD8- DC in DBA/2 mice. However, the CD8- fraction can be primed by IL-12 to overcome inhibition by the CD8+ subset when the two types of DC are cotransferred into recipient hosts. We report here that exposure of CD8+ DC to IFN-gamma greatly enhances their inhibitory activity on Ag presentation by the other subset, blocking the ability of IL-12-treated CD8- DC to overcome suppression. In contrast, IFN-gamma has no direct effects on the APC function of the latter cells and does not interfere with IL-12 signaling. The negative regulatory effect triggered by IFN-gamma in CD8+ DC appears to involve interference with tryptophan metabolism in vivo. Through tryptophan depletion affecting T cell responses, IFN-gamma acting on CD8+ DC may thus contribute to regulation of immunity to tumor/self peptides presented by the CD8- subset.
Photolabile precursors of glutamate: synthesis, photochemical properties, and activation of glutamate receptors on a microsecond time scale. (1994)

Newly synthesized photolabile derivatives of glutamate, caged glutamate, that release free glutamate on a microsecond time scale after a pulse of UV laser light are described. 2-Nitrobenzyl derivatives were attached to the amino or carboxyl groups of glutamate. Substitution with a -CO2- group at the benzylic carbon accelerates the photolysis reaction when compared to -H and -CH3 substituents. gamma-O-(alpha-Carboxy-2-nitrobenzyl)glutamate is stable at neutral pH. In 100 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.0, the compound is photolyzed at 308 nm with a quantum product yield of 0.14. The half-life of the major component of the photolytic reaction, as judged by the transient absorbance change at 430 nm, is 21 microseconds (approximately 90%); the half-life of a minor component (approximately 10%) is 0.2 ms. The amino-linked derivatives have half-lives in the millisecond region and a 4-fold lower quantum yield. The potential of the newly synthesized compound for use in rapid chemical kinetic investigations of glutamate receptors is demonstrated. (i) The caged glutamate at 1 mM concentration does not desensitize glutamate receptors in rat hippocampal neurons. (ii) Caged glutamate (1 mM) does not inhibit activation of the receptors by 50 microM glutamate. (iii) Photolysis of the compound induces rapid onset of transmembrane currents in rat hippocampal neurons.