gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT AND MATURATION OF SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUES (1999)

The secondary lymphoid tissues are located at strategic sites where foreign antigens can be efficiently brought together with immune system regulatory and effector cells. The organized structure of the secondary lymphoid tissues is thought to enhance the sensitivity of antigen recognition and to support proper regulation of the activation and maturation of the antigen-responsive lymphoid cells. Although a substantial amount is known about the cellular elements that compose the lymphoid and nonlymphoid components of the secondary lymphoid tissues, information concerning the signals that control the development of the tissues and that maintain the organized tissue microenvironment remain undefined. Studies over the past few years have identified lymphotoxin as a critical signaling molecule not only for the organogenesis of secondary lymphoid tissues but for the maintenance of aspects of their microarchitecture as well. Additional signaling molecules that contribute to the formation of normal lymphoid tissue structure are being identified at an accelerating pace. Analyses of mouse strains with congenital defects in different aspects of secondary lymphoid tissue development are beginning to clarify the role of these tissues in immune responses and host defense. This review focuses on studies defining recently identified crucial signals for the biogenesis of secondary lymphoid organs and for the maintenance of their proper microarchitecture. It also discusses new insights into how the structure of these tissues supports effective immune responses.
Forced-Air Cooling of Bell Peppers in Bulk (1977)

ABSTRACT TEMPERATURE response, as a function of air velocity and position in load, was determined during cooling of bell peppers in bulk with 1.7 C (35 F) air. Data were analyzed to provide graphs and equations that can be used to predict mass average tempera-tures during cooling for any desired initial product temperature or cooling air temperature, and at any air velocity from 0.02 to 2.0 m/s (4 to 400 ft/min). Informa-tion is also presented on moisture loss during cooling and on static pressure drop through the load as a func-tion of airflow.
A real-time controller for sustaining thermally relevant acoustic cavitation during ultrasound therapy (2010)

A novel method for sustaining inertial cavitation during high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) exposure in an agar-based tissue-mimicking material is presented. Inertial cavitation occurs during HIFU therapy when the local rarefaction pressure exceeds the inertial cavitation threshold of the insonated medium, and is characterized by broadband acoustic emissions which can be easily detected non-invasively using a passive cavitation detector (PCD). Under the right conditions, inertial cavitation has been previously shown to greatly enhance the rate of heat deposition by redistributing part of the energy carried at the fundamental HIFU frequency to higher frequencies, which are more readily absorbed by visco-elastic media such as soft tissue. However, in the absence of any cavitation control, inertial cavitation activity at the focus decays rapidly over a few seconds of exposure because of the combined effects of cavitation nuclei depletion, bubble dissolution, bubble-bubble interactions, increased vapor pressure caused by heating, and focal shielding caused by pre-focal bubble activity. The present work describes the design, validation, and testing of a real-time adaptive controller, with integrated passive localization capabilities, for sustaining inertial cavitation within the focal region of a HIFU transducer by modulation of the HIFU amplitude. Use of the controller in agar gel, originally at room temperature, has enabled therapeutically relevant temperatures in excess of 55°C to be maintained continuously in the focal region for more than 20 s using significantly less acoustic energy than is required to achieve the same temperature rise in the absence of cavitation control.
Repair tracts in mismatched DNA heteroduplexes. (1976)

Heteroduplexes with mismatches at four sites were constructed from separated strands of lambda DNA and used to transfect Escherichia coli under recombinationless conditions. The output phages from 967 single cells in one experiment and 1016 in another were analyzed to determine the pattern of mismatch repair. A wide range of repair frequencies was found among the mismatches studied. Repair involving two or more close sites in the same heteroduplex occurs much more often on thesamestrandthanonopposite strands. Analysis of the pattern of repair suggeststhat repair tracts initiate at mismatches, propagate preferentially in the 5'leads to 3' direction, and extend an average distance of ca 3000 nucleotides.
Biosynthesis of diaminopimelic acid and lysine in Escherichia coli. 1. The incorporation of 14C from various organic precursors into the diaminopimelic acid of a lysine-requiring mutant (1959)

Research Article| July 01 1959 Biosynthesis of diaminopimelic acid and lysine in Escherichia coli. 1. The incorporation of 14C from various organic precursors into the diaminopimelic acid of a lysine-requiring mutant Pauline Meadow; Pauline Meadow 1Department of Biochemistry, University College London and Department of Chemical Pathology, University College Hospital Medical School, London Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Elizabeth Work Elizabeth Work 1Department of Biochemistry, University College London and Department of Chemical Pathology, University College Hospital Medical School, London Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1959) 72 (3): 396–400. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0720396 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation Pauline Meadow, Elizabeth Work; Biosynthesis of diaminopimelic acid and lysine in Escherichia coli. 1. The incorporation of 14C from various organic precursors into the diaminopimelic acid of a lysine-requiring mutant. Biochem J 1 July 1959; 72 (3): 396–400. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0720396 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1959 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1959 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Stabilization of proteins by a bacteriophage T4 gene cloned in Escherichia coli. (1983)

The cloned bacteriophage T4 pin gene functions to stabilize several different kinds of proteins in Escherichia coli bacteria. Incomplete proteins such as puromycyl polypeptides, abnormal but complete proteins such as the lambda phage tsO protein, and labile eukaryotic proteins encoded by genes cloned in E. coli such as mature human fibroblast interferon are stabilized in cells in which the T4 pin gene is expressed. The cloned T4 pin gene does not seem to affect the turnover of normal E. coli proteins.
Endogenous Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists Inhibit Neurogenic Inflammations in Guinea Pig Airways (2005)

These findings suggest that endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonists inhibit the activation of C fibers via cannabinoid CB2 receptors and maxi-K+ channels in guinea pig airways.
α‐Naphthylaminopropan‐2‐ol Derivatives as BACE1 Inhibitors (2008)

Fast and healthy (molecular) weight loss! A relatively large BACE1 inhibitor containing a hydroxyethylamine aspartyl protease inhibitor motif was identified by high-throughput screening, and has inspired the design of new “lighter”, biologically active derivatives, representing a promising new class anti-Alzheimer's drugs.
Measurement of Subresolution Terrain Displacements Using Spot Panchromatic Imagery (2005)

It is shown that satellite-derived imagery can be used to measure subresolution horizontal terrain displacements associated with present-day earthquakes, sand dune migration, glacial motion, coastal sediment transport, and pre-eruptive volcanic processes. This use of these data allows the detection of change and the determination of rates of many environmental processes worldwide. The premise of the method is that areally extensive, subresolution spatial differences in ground patterns between images acquired at different times can be accurately measured to high precision and can be distinguished from systematic image differences, such as those due to sensing-system attitude variations. Thus far, a preliminary algorithm has been tested that shows that the approach is reasonable.
Myostatin: a modulator of skeletal-muscle stem cells (2005)

Myostatin, or GDF-8 (growth and differentiation factor-8), was first identified through sequence identity with members of the BMP (bone morphogenetic protein)/TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily. The skeletal-muscle-specific expression pattern of myostatin suggested a role in muscle development. Mice with a targeted deletion of the myostatin gene exhibit a hypermuscular phenotype. In addition, inactivating mutations in the myostatin gene have been identified in 'double muscled' cattle breeds, such as the Belgian Blue and Piedmontese, as well as in a hypermuscular child. These findings define myostatin as a negative regulator of skeletal-muscle development. Myostatin binds with high affinity to the receptor serine threonine kinase ActRIIB (activin type IIB receptor), which initiates signalling through a smad2/3-dependent pathway. In an effort to validate myostatin as a therapeutic target in a post-embryonic setting, a neutralizing antibody was developed by screening for inhibition of myostatin binding to ActRIIB. Administration of this antimyostatin antibody to adult mice resulted in a significant increase in both muscle mass and functional strength. Importantly, similar results were obtained in a murine model of muscular dystrophy, the mdx mouse. Unlike the myostatin-deficient animals, which exhibit both muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia, the antibody-treated mice demonstrate increased musculature through a hypertrophic mechanism. These results validate myostatin inhibition as a therapeutic approach to muscle wasting diseases such as muscular dystrophy, sarcopenic frailty of the elderly and amylotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Silencing of Midgut Aminopeptidase N of Spodoptera litura by Double-stranded RNA Establishes Its Role asBacillus thuringiensis Toxin Receptor (2002)

Insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis bind to receptors in the midgut of susceptible insects leading to pore formation and death of the insect. The identity of the receptor is not clearly established. Recently a direct interaction between a cloned and heterologously expressed aminopeptidase (slapn) from Spodoptera litura and the Cry1C protein was demonstrated by immunofluorescence and in vitro ligand blot interaction. Here we show that administration of slapn double-stranded RNA to S. litura larvae reduces its expression. As a consequence of the reduced expression, a corresponding decrease in the sensitivity of these larvae to Cry1C toxin was observed. The gene silencing was retained during the insect's moulting and development and transmitted to the subsequent generation albeit with a reduced effect. These results directly implicate larval midgut aminopeptidase N as receptor for Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins.
Refining the Rules of Gliadin T Cell Epitope Binding to the Disease-Associated DQ2 Molecule in Celiac Disease: Importance of Proline Spacing and Glutamine Deamidation (2005)

Celiac disease is driven by intestinal T cells responsive to proline-rich gluten peptides that often harbor glutamate residues formed by tissue transglutaminase-mediated glutamine conversion. The disease is strongly associated with the HLA variant DQ2.5 (DQA1*05, DQB1*02), and intestinal gluten-reactive T cells from DQ2.5-positive patients are uniquely restricted by this HLA molecule. In this study, we describe the mapping of two novel T cell epitopes of gamma-gliadin and the experimental identification of the DQ2.5 binding register of these and three other gamma-gliadin epitopes. The new data extend the knowledge base for understanding the binding of gluten peptides to DQ2.5. The alignment of the experimentally determined binding registers of nine gluten epitopes reveal positioning of proline residues in positions P1, P3, P6, and P8 but never in positions P2, P4, P7, and P9. Glutamate residues formed by tissue transglutaminase-mediated deamidation are found in position P1, P4, P6, P7, or P9, but only deamidations in positions P4 and P6, and rarely in P7, seem to be crucial for T cell recognition. The majority of these nine epitopes are recognized by celiac lesion T cells when presented by the related but nonassociated DQ2.2 (DQA1*0201, DQB1*02) molecule. Interestingly, the DQ2.2 presentation for most epitopes is less efficient than presentation by the DQ2.5 molecule, and this is particularly prominent for the alpha-gliadin epitopes. Contrary to previous findings, our data do not show selective presentation of DQ2.5 over DQ2.2 for gluten epitopes that carry proline residues at the P3 position.
The deficiency of Akt1 is sufficient to suppress tumor development in Pten +/− mice (2006)

The tumor suppressor PTEN is frequently inactivated in human cancers. A major downstream effector of PTEN is Akt, which is hyperactivated via PTEN inactivation. It is not known, however, whether diminished Akt activity is sufficient to inhibit tumorigenesis initiated by Pten deficiency. Here we showed that the deficiency of Akt1 is sufficient to dramatically inhibit tumor development in Pten+/- mice. Akt1 deficiency had a profound effect on endometrium and prostate neoplasia, two types of human cancer, in which PTEN is frequently mutated, and also affected thyroid and adrenal medulla tumors and intestinal polyps. Even haplodeficiency of Akt1 was sufficient to markedly attenuate the development of high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and endometrial carcinoma. These results have significant implications for cancer therapy.
Molecular characterization and regulation of the human endothelin receptors. (1993)

Endothelin receptors (ETRs) are distributed throughout a variety of tissues. Two human cDNAs were identified which encode distinct ETR proteins. One cDNA encoded a 427-amino acid protein that shared 91% identity to rat ETAR. The second cDNA encoded a 442-amino acid protein that was 88% identical to rat ETBR. Ligand binding studies of the cloned receptors expressed in COS cells confirmed that they were pharmacologically ETAR and ETBR subtypes; although the selective antagonist BQ123 showed a potency similar to ET-3 in displacing 125I-ET-1 binding to ETAR. This observation contrasts with rat ETAR pharmacology where BQ123 has a 100-fold higher affinity than ET3. Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the human ETAR displayed equal potencies in displacing 125I-ET-1 binding, which indicates that rat and human ETAR are pharmacologically distinct. Electrophysiological studies of both ETRs expressed in Xenopus oocytes revealed that they are functional. Northern analysis indicated that the two ETRs are differentially expressed in many tissues. Marmosets maintained on a high fat/high cholesterol diet exhibited 3-fold increase in ETBR mRNA levels with little change in ETAR mRNA levels. Availability of cDNA clones for ETR subtypes can open avenues for future analysis of their role in pathophysiology of various diseases.
Characterization and comparison of hydrophilic and hydrophobic room temperature ionic liquids incorporating the imidazolium cation (2001)

A series of hydrophilic and hydrophobic 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have been prepared and characterized to determine how water content, density, viscosity, surface tension, melting point, and thermal stability are affected by changes in alkyl chain length and anion. In the series of RTILs studied here, the choice of anion determines water miscibility and has the most dramatic effect on the properties. Hydrophilic anions (e.g., chloride and iodide) produce ionic liquids that are miscible in any proportion with water but, upon the removal of some water from the solution, illustrate how sensitive the physical properties are to a change in water content. In comparison, for ionic liquids containing more hydrophobic anions (e.g., PF6− and N(SO2CF3)2−), the removal of water has a smaller affect on the resulting properties. For a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations, increasing the alkyl chain length from butyl to hexyl to octyl increases the hydrophobicity and the viscosities of the ionic liquids increase, whereas densities and surface tension values decrease. Thermal analyses indicate high temperatures are attainable prior to decomposition and DSC studies reveal a glass transition for several samples. ILs incorporating PF6− have been used in liquid/liquid partitioning of organic molecules from water and the results for two of these are also discussed here. On a cautionary note, the chemistry of the individual cations and anions of the ILs should not be overlooked as, in the case of certain conditions for PF6− ILs, contact with an aqueous phase may result in slow hydrolysis of the PF6− with the concomitant release of HF and other species.
Bisphosphonates Inhibit the Growth of Mesothelioma Cells In vitro and In vivo (2006)

In conclusion, risedronate and zoledronate inhibit the mevalonate pathway and induce p38 activation in mesothelioma cells in vitro. The effects on the mevalonate pathway dominate because the net result is growth inhibition. Both bisphosphonates also inhibit mesothelioma tumor growth in vivo and prolong the survival of mesothelioma-bearing mice. These results support further study of bisphosphonates in the management of mesothelioma.
An arduous journey from human pluripotent stem cells to functional pancreatic β cells (2017)

Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are caused by a destruction and decrease in the number of functional insulin-producing β cells, respectively; therefore, the generation of functional β cells from human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells, collectively known as human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), for potential cell replacement therapy and disease modelling is an intensely investigated area. Recent scientific breakthroughs enabled derivation of large quantities of human pancreatic β-like cells in vitro, although with varied glucose-stimulated insulin secretion kinetics. In the present review, we comprehensively summarize, compare and critically analyze the intricacies of these developing technologies, including differentiation platforms, robustness of protocols, and methodologies used to characterize hPSC-derived β-like cells. We also discuss experimental issues that need to be resolved before these β-like cells can be used clinically.
Tendons and ligaments: A morphological and biochemical comparison (1983)

The purpose of this study was to compare selected rabbit tendons and ligaments morphologically and biochemically. Five representative structures from each of six age- and sex-matched rabbits were compared. Biochemical analyses included total collagen, reducible collagen cross-links, quantitative collagen typing, DNA, and glycosaminoglycans. Histological and chemical differences were demonstrated between the tendons and the ligaments. Smaller differences were also found between the individual ligaments (collateral and cruciate) and between the two tendons (patellar and Achilles) that were examined. These findings suggest that ligaments are more metabolically active than tendons, having more plump cellular nuclei, higher DNA content, larger amounts of reducible cross-links, and the presence of more type III collagen, as compared with tendons. They also contain slightly less total collagen than tendons and more glycosaminoglycans. We conclude that the tendons and ligaments studied have unique histological and biochemical characteristics, despite their gross similarities. Relatively increased metabolic activity in ligaments, implied by our findings, may be species specific, age related (transient), or may truly represent a structural expression of functional need for more rapid adaptation. Further investigation of other similarities or differences between particular ligaments (or tendons) is indicated, and attention is directed toward the importance of such variables in development of models for tendon and ligament studies.
Coded excitation using periodic and unipolar M-sequences for photoacoustic imaging and flow measurement (2016)

Photoacoustic imaging is an emerging imaging technology combining optical imaging with ultrasound. Imaging of the optical absorption coefficient and flow measurement provides additional functional information compared to ultrasound. The issue with photoacoustic imaging is its low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to scattering or attenuation; this is especially problematic when high pulse repetition frequency (PRF) lasers are used. In previous research, coded excitation utilizing several pseudorandom sequences has been considered as a solution for the problem. However, previously proposed temporal coding procedures using Golay codes or M-sequences are so complex that it was necessary to send a sequence twice to realize a bipolar sequence. Here, we propose a periodic and unipolar sequence (PUM), which is a periodic sequence derived from an m-sequence. The PUM can enhance signals without causing coding artifacts for single wavelength excitation. In addition, it is possible to increase the temporal resolution since the decoding start point can be set to any code in periodic irradiation, while only the first code of a sequence was available for conventional aperiodic irradiation. The SNR improvement and the increase in temporal resolution were experimentally validated through imaging evaluation and flow measurement.
LEAFY COTYLEDON1 Is an Essential Regulator of Late Embryogenesis and Cotyledon Identity in Arabidopsis. (1994)

LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) is an embryo defective mutation that affects cotyledon identity in Arabidopsis. Mutant cotyledons possess trichomes that are normally a leaf trait in Arabidopsis, and the cellular organization of these organs is intermediate between that of cotyledons and leaves from wild-type plants. We present several lines of evidence that indicate that the control of late embryogenesis is compromised by the mutation. First, mutant embryos are desiccation intolerant, yet embryos can be rescued before they dry to yield homozygous recessive plants that produce defective embryos exclusively. Second, although many genes normally expressed during embryonic development are active in the mutant, at least one maturation phase-specific gene is not activated. Third, the shoot apical meristem is activated precociously in mutant embryos. Fourth, in mutant embryos, several genes characteristic of postgerminative development are expressed at levels typical of wild-type seedlings rather than embryos. We conclude that postgerminative development is initiated prematurely and that embryonic and postgerminative programs operate simultaneously in mutant embryos. The pleiotropic effects of the mutation indicate that the LEC1 gene plays a fundamental role in regulating late embryogenesis. The role of LEC1 and its relationship to other genes involved in controlling late embryonic development are discussed.