gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Swelling of the ball of the foot (bumblefoot) in birds of prey]. (1985)

Bumblefoot is an inflammation of the talons of birds of prey which can be caused by various (exogenous and endogenous) factors. Falcons and eagles suffer more than other species of prey from this complaint. Affected birds show all stages from acute to chronic inflammation. Bumblefoot must be distinguished diagnostically from pox-infections and skin tuberculosis. To a large extent the inflammation can be prevented by providing the bird with a properly designed perch, with a correct diet, and with adequate grooming. Surgical treatment is the only promising therapy, though the chances of success depend on the extent of the inflammation. Generally all healing processes in region close to the talons are difficult and lengthy.
Transduction of a Drug-Sensitive Toxic Gene into Human Leukemia Cell Lines with a Novel Retroviral Vector (1993)

To investigate the possibility of killing tumor cells by the expression of an exogenously introduced toxic gene, we have constructed a novel retroviral vector (LTRNL) which has the polyA signal deleted herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) gene. The vector becomes toxic by treating cells expressing HSV1-tk with the antiherpetic drugs acyclovir or ganciclovir (GCV). Cells of the human leukemia lines (K562, MEG-01) were infected with this vector and two transduced cell lines (K562/LTRNL, MEG-01/LTRNL) were established. Southern blot analysis confirmed the integration of the HSV1-tk transgene in these cells and Northern blot analysis exhibited the expression of 4.8-kb viral mRNA containing the HSV1-tk gene. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay for the in vitro cytotoxic effects of GCV to these cells demonstrated that concentrations of about 2.5 microM for K562/LTRNL and 1.25 microM for MEG-01/LTRNL cells resulted in 50% inhibition of cell growth after 72 hr. Subcutaneous tumors of MEG-01/LTRNL in KSN nude mice, but not those of uninfected MEG-01 cells, showed durable regressions after exposure of the mice to 40 mg/kg of GCV given subcutaneously once a day for 15 days. This study indicates that the LTRNL-infected human leukemia cells exhibit inducible susceptibility to GCV.
Effects of adenosine, exercise, and moderate acute hypoxia on energy substrate utilization of human skeletal muscle (2011)

Glucose metabolism increases in hypoxia and can be influenced by endogenous adenosine, but the role of adenosine for regulating glucose metabolism at rest or during exercise in hypoxia has not been elucidated in humans. We studied the effects of exogenous adenosine on human skeletal muscle glucose uptake and other blood energy substrates [free fatty acid (FFA) and lactate] by infusing adenosine into the femoral artery in nine healthy young men. The role of endogenous adenosine was studied by intra-arterial adenosine receptor inhibition (aminophylline) during dynamic one-leg knee extension exercise in normoxia and acute hypoxia corresponding to ∼3,400 m of altitude. Extraction and release of energy substrates were studied by arterial-to-venous (A-V) blood samples, and total uptake or release was determined by the product of A-V differences and muscle nutritive perfusion measured by positron emission tomography. The results showed that glucose uptake increased from a baseline value of 0.2 ± 0.2 to 2.0 ± 2.2 μmol·100 g(-1)·min(-1) during adenosine infusion (P < 0.05) at rest. Although acute hypoxia enhanced arterial FFA levels, it did not affect muscle substrate utilization at rest. During exercise, glucose uptake was higher (195%) during acute hypoxia compared with normoxia (P = 0.058), and aminophylline had no effect on energy substrate utilization during exercise, despite that arterial FFA levels were increased. In conclusion, exogenous adenosine at rest and acute moderate hypoxia during low-intensity knee-extension exercise increases skeletal muscle glucose uptake, but the increase in hypoxia appears not to be mediated by adenosine.
Vertebrate Olfactory Reception (1986)

Through his sense of smell man has long encountered the phenomenon of molecular recognition. As early as first century BC, the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius wrote (based on Democritus' atomic theory), Such substances as agreeably titilate the senses are composed of smooth round atoms; those that seem bitter and harsh are more tightly compacted of hooked particles . . . (Lucretius 55 BC). The last century has brought the realization that similar recognition of atomic or molecular configurations constitutes the basis of all life processes. Probably because olfaction has been a subject of study and speculation long before the advent of modern biochemistry, numerous olfactory theories have been proposed (Davies 1971, Amoore 1982). However, in the eyes of a contemporary molecular biologist, a special theory accounting for the initial steps in olfaction may seem superfluous, as the sensory cells in the nose are not unique in their ability to receive chemical signals selectively. It would be most parsi­ monious to assume that odorant recognition involves membrane protein receptors and transduction components analogous to those which mediate the specific responses to hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters, and antigens. This notion, which corresponds to the combined Stereo­ chemical/Functional-group theories of olfaction (Amoore 1982, Beets 1971), is validated by many of the studies reviewed here. Olfactory recognition is mediated by a large ensemble' of sensory cells, each conveying a fraction of the information that signifies the nature of the odorant and its concentration. The sensory neurons receive chemical signals at their dendritic membrane and respond by firing action potentials down their axons. The olfactory response is therefore analogous to neurotransmitter reception, and the sensory organ is a simple but
Accumulation and Storage of Ionized Duplex DNA Molecules in a Quadrupole Ion Trap (1994)

Evidence for the accumulation and storage of ionized duplex DNA molecules in a quadrupole ion trap is presented. Aqueous solutions of complementary single-strand molecules of DNA were annealed to form duplexes in solution and subjected to electrospray ionization. The ions liberated in this process were transported through an atmosphere/vacuum interface and injected into a quadrupole ion trap operated with a bath gas present at a pressure of 1 mTorr. Despite the roughly 2 order of magnitude poorer signal levels noted for electrospray of aqueous solutions relative to those observed for single-strand oligonucleotides in methanol solutions, aqueous solutions were used to avoid denaturing the duplexes. Ion trap mass spectra are reported here for duplexes consisting of two complementary 20-mer single strands and two complementary 10-mers. Tandem mass spectrometry results are also reported for the 10-mer duplex. These results are significant in that they indicate that the ions are kinetically stable under the ion injection, storage, and mass analysis conditions of the quadrupole ion trap operated with a relatively high pressure of bath gas. The tools of ion trap mass spectrometry can therefore be applied to this important class of compounds.
Chance-Constrained Optimal Path Planning With Obstacles (2011)

Autonomous vehicles need to plan trajectories to a specified goal that avoid obstacles. For robust execution, we must take into account uncertainty, which arises due to uncertain localization, modeling errors, and disturbances. Prior work handled the case of set-bounded uncertainty. We present here a chance-constrained approach, which uses instead a probabilistic representation of uncertainty. The new approach plans the future probabilistic distribution of the vehicle state so that the probability of failure is below a specified threshold. Failure occurs when the vehicle collides with an obstacle or leaves an operator-specified region. The key idea behind the approach is to use bounds on the probability of collision to show that, for linear-Gaussian systems, we can approximate the nonconvex chance-constrained optimization problem as a disjunctive convex program. This can be solved to global optimality using branch-and-bound techniques. In order to improve computation time, we introduce a customized solution method that returns almost-optimal solutions along with a hard bound on the level of suboptimality. We present an empirical validation with an aircraft obstacle avoidance example.
Deficiency in the anti‐aging gene Klotho promotes aortic valve fibrosis through AMPK α‐mediated activation of RUNX 2 (2016)

Fibrotic aortic valve disease (FAVD) is an important cause of aortic stenosis, yet currently there is no effective treatment for FAVD due to its unknown etiology. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether deficiency in the anti-aging Klotho gene (KL) promotes high-fat-diet-induced FAVD and to explore the underlying molecular mechanism. Heterozygous Klotho-deficient (KL(+/-) ) mice and WT littermates were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) or normal diet for 13 weeks, followed by treatment with the AMPKα activator (AICAR) for an additional 2 weeks. A HFD caused a greater increase in collagen levels in the aortic valves of KL(+/-) mice than of WT mice, indicating that Klotho deficiency promotes HFD-induced aortic valve fibrosis (AVF). AMPKα activity (pAMPKα) was decreased, while protein expression of collagen I and RUNX2 was increased in the aortic valves of KL(+/-) mice fed with a HFD. Treatment with AICAR markedly attenuated HFD-induced AVF in KL(+/-) mice. AICAR not only abolished the downregulation of pAMPKα but also eliminated the upregulation of collagen I and RUNX2 in the aortic valves of KL(+/-) mice fed with HFD. In cultured porcine aortic valve interstitial cells, Klotho-deficient serum plus cholesterol increased RUNX2 and collagen I protein expression, which were attenuated by activation of AMPKα by AICAR. Interestingly, silencing of RUNX2 abolished the stimulatory effect of Klotho deficiency on cholesterol-induced upregulation of matrix proteins, including collagen I and osteocalcin. In conclusion, Klotho gene deficiency promotes HFD-induced fibrosis in aortic valves, likely through the AMPKα-RUNX2 pathway.
Fibrinogen Protects Against Barrier Dysfunction Through Maintaining Cell Surface Syndecan-1 In Vitro (2018)

These data suggest that in vitro, fibrinogen associated with cell surface syndecan-1 and enhanced endothelial barrier integrity.
A 900 MHz 100 W VD-MOSFET with silicide gate self-aligned channel (1984)

A planar vertical double-diffused field-effect transistor (VD-MOSFET) that can deliver maximum output power of 100 W with 8-dB gain at 900 MHz has been developed. Silicide gate (MoSi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> ) is employed for the reduction of gate series resistance. Also, the silicide is used as a shield plate beneath the bonding area of the gate to reduce the feedback capacitance Cgd. One-micron-long self-aligned channel is formed by using the gate as a mask against the double diffusion of boron and phosphorous. Power gain is increased by 3 dB due to the decrease of the feedback capacitance Cgd, when the shield plate is grounded. Parallel operation of the MOSFETs has been successfully achieved to deliver maximim output power of 100 W CW with 8-dB gain and 46 % drain efficiency at Vds = 45 V and f = 900 MHz in a common-source, push-pull configuration. Power density is 11 W/mm2, twice as high as that of conventional lateral MOSFETs.
Isolation of Primary and Immortalized CD34−Hematopoietic and Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Various Sources (2000)

Based on historical radiation experiments in rodents, the hematopoietic stem cell was defined by its biological properties and later by the expression of certain surface antigens (e.g., CD34), as well as the absence of lineage-specific markers (e.g., DR). Quite recently it was shown that hematopoietic reconstitution can also be achieved by CD34- stem cells, which can be isolated from the bone marrow, peripheral blood and cord blood cells. CD34-stem cells are considered to be predominately part of the quiescent stem cell pool of hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells. Due to novel techniques, CD34-stem cells can be expanded on the level of a true stem cell but also directed towards their differentiation into specified tissues or organ systems. This requires the establishment of primary fibroblast-like CD34- stem cells in vitro and their possible reversible and transient immortalization with optimized vector systems.
Suppression of type II collagen‐induced arthritis by the endogenous estrogen metabolite 2‐methoxyestradiol (1997)

The development of CIA is suppressed by 2-methoxyestradiol, possibly via inhibition of angiogenesis. Diminished NO production could be of importance in vivo because it is a potent proinflammatory mediator. Since 2-methoxyestradiol exerts only mild side effects compared with estradiol, it is an interesting candidate for therapeutic use in inflammatory diseases.
Nanotubes and Nanowires (2004)

Introduction Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis Multi-Walled Nanotubes Aligned Carbon Nanotube Bundles Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Structure and Characterization Mechanism of Formation Chemically Modified Carbon Nanotubes Doping with Boron and Nitrogen Opening, Filling and Functionalizing Nanotubes Electronic Structure, Properties and Devices Electronic Structure and Properties Electronic and Electrochemical Devices Inorganic Nanotubes Preliminaries General Synthetic Strategies Structures Useful Properties of Inorganic Nanotubes Nanowires Preliminaries Synthetic Strategies Vapor Phase Growth of Nanowires Other Processes in the Gas Phase Solution-Based Growth of Nanowires Growth Control Properties of Nanowires References
Beer in Greco-Roman antiquity (2009)

This thesis is an attempt to collect all the evidence for beer found in ancient Greek and Latin authors, from 700 B.C. to A.D. 900, and to provide analysis of and commentary on this material. The thesis is divided into three parts, one on the philology of beer, dealing with the various words and expressions for the beverage in Greek and Latin, one on the technology of beer, dealing with the methods of beer production in antiquity and the characteristics of the final product, and finally, one on the ideology of beer, dealing with Greek and Roman views concerning the drink and their subsequent influence on others.
Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in peripheral nerve contributes to paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain (2017)

Background Paclitaxel is commonly used as a cancer chemotherapy drug that frequently causes peripheral neuropathic pain. Inflammasome is a multiprotein complex consisting of Nod-like receptor proteins (NLRPs), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, and caspase-1, which functions to switch on the inflammatory process and the release of interleukin-1β. Growing evidences have supported that peripheral interleukin-1β is critical in enhancing paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. However, whether activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in peripheral nerve contributes to paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain is still unclear. Results Paclitaxel induced mechanical allodynia of rats from day 3 and worsened gradually till 3 weeks after injection. Paclitaxel resulted in expression of NLRP3 and activated fragments of caspase-1 and interleukin-1β in L4-6 dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerve three weeks after injection, indicating activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. The expression of NLRP3 was located in CD68-labeled macrophages infiltrating in L4-6 dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerve, and paclitaxel increased the expression of NLRP3 in macrophage. Moreover, the paclitaxel elicited mitochondria damage, which became swollen and enlarged in macrophages and axons of sciatic nerve three weeks after injection. In vitro, paclitaxel increased the number of damaged mitochondria and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in the rat alveolar macrophage cell line NR8383. The administration of a non-specific reactive oxygen species scavenger, phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone, markedly alleviated mechanical allodynia and inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in L4-6 dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerve of the paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain model. Conclusions Paclitaxel induced mechanical allodynia and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in infiltrated macrophages of L4-6 dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerve. Paclitaxel elicited mitochondria damage and reactive oxygen species production may result in activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in peripheral nerve, which contributes to paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain.
Disruptions, Interruptions and Information Attack: Impact on Situation Awareness and Decision Making (2001)

This paper presents a model of depicting the ways in which disruptions, interruptions and information attack can effect situation awareness and decision making in a variety of contexts. Those effected in military aviation include not just those in the cockpit, but also forward air controllers, ground based air traffic controllers and those in intelligence and support functions. The model incorporates the ways in which information attacks can effectively disrupt human decision making at various points in information processing. By carefully examining not just what cues might depict an attack to information systems, but also how human observers will be effected by such cues, more robust systems for protecting against disruptions and information attack can be developed.
IL-13 expression at the sites of allergen challenge in patients with asthma (1995)

Atopic asthma is characterized by inflammatory responses of the airway and is associated with up-regulation of Th2 cytokines, notably IL-4 and IL-5. A recently described human cytokine, IL-13, is a potent in vitro modulator of various cell types, including monocytes, B cells, and endothelial cells. Similar to IL-4, it is also involved in the induction of IgE synthesis. However, the in vivo expression and function of IL-13 and its relation to disease remain to be defined. Using a segmental allergen challenge model, we have examined the in vivo expression of IL-13 in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells of atopic patients. We found a significant enhancement of both IL-13 transcripts and secreted proteins in the allergen-challenged BAL compared with the saline-challenged control sites of asthmatic and rhinitic patients. In contrast, the expression of IL-13 transcripts was not detected in the BAL of two normal subjects challenged with the same dose of ragweed allergen. The cellular source of IL-13 mRNA was identified in the mononuclear cell fraction of the allergen-challenged BAL. The allergen-induced quantitative differences in the level of transcripts were confirmed by competitive PCR assays. These results suggest that the significant increase in IL-13 in the allergen-challenged BAL is primarily from the mononuclear cells and is involved in the regulation of allergen-induced late phase inflammatory responses.
In vitro packaging of individual genomic segments of bacteriophage phi 6 RNA: serial dependence relationships (1995)

Bacteriophage phi 6 has a genome of three segments of double-stranded RNA enclosed in a procapsid composed of four different proteins. The preformed procapsid is capable of packaging plus-strand transcripts of the genomic segments in an in vitro reaction. The packaging of the three segments shows a strong order of dependence in that segment S packages alone, but segment M requires S and and segment L requires S and M for efficient packaging. Packaging of individual segments is dependent on unique packaging sequences of about 200 nucleotides near the 5' ends of the segments. Deletions that invade these regions destroy packaging competence for the particular segment and for the dependent segments as well. In the presence of 2 mM phosphate and at magnesium ion concentrations above 4 mM, packaging becomes progressively more independent and ultimately nonspecific with respect to phi 6 sequences.
High Glucose Induces Lipid Accumulation via 25-Hydroxycholesterol DNA-CpG Methylation (2020)

This work investigates the relationship between high-glucose (HG) culture, CpG methylation of genes involved in cell signaling pathways, and the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. The results indicate that HG leads to an increase in nuclear 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), which specifically activates DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1), and regulates gene expression involved in intracellular lipid metabolism. The results show significant increases in <sup>5m</sup>CpG levels in at least 2,225 genes involved in 57 signaling pathways. The hypermethylated genes directly involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are of PI3K, cAMP, insulin, insulin secretion, diabetic, and NAFLD signaling pathways. The studies indicate a close relationship between the increase in nuclear 25HC levels and activation of DNMT1, which may regulate lipid metabolism via DNA CpG methylation. Our results indicate an epigenetic regulation of hepatic cell metabolism that has relevance to some common diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome.
SMG-2 Is a Phosphorylated Protein Required for mRNA Surveillance in Caenorhabditis elegans and Related to Upf1p of Yeast (1999)

mRNAs that contain premature stop codons are selectively degraded in all eukaryotes tested, a phenomenon termed "nonsense-mediated mRNA decay" (NMD) or "mRNA surveillance." NMD may function to eliminate aberrant mRNAs so that they are not translated, because such mRNAs might encode deleterious polypeptide fragments. In both yeasts and nematodes, NMD is a nonessential system. Mutations affecting three yeast UPF genes or seven nematode smg genes eliminate NMD. We report here the molecular analysis of smg-2 of Caenorhabditis elegans. smg-2 is homologous to UPF1 of yeast and to RENT1 (also called HUPF1), a human gene likely involved in NMD. The striking conservation of SMG-2, Upf1p, and RENT1/HUPF1 in both sequence and function suggests that NMD is an ancient system, predating the divergence of most eukaryotes. Despite similarities in the sequences of SMG-2 and Upf1p, expression of Upf1p in C. elegans does not rescue smg-2 mutants. We have prepared anti-SMG-2 polyclonal antibodies and identified SMG-2 on Western blots. SMG-2 is phosphorylated, and mutations of the six other smg genes influence the state of SMG-2 phosphorylation. In smg-1, smg-3, and smg-4 mutants, phosphorylation of SMG-2 was not detected. In smg-5, smg-6, and smg-7 mutants, a phosphorylated isoform of SMG-2 accumulated to abnormally high levels. In smg-2(r866) and smg-2(r895) mutants, which harbor single amino acid substitutions of the SMG-2 nucleotide binding site, phosphorylated SMG-2 accumulated to abnormally high levels, similar to those observed in smg-5, smg-6, and smg-7 mutants. We discuss these results with regard to the in vivo functions of SMG-2 and NMD.
Impact of Near-End Residual Reflectivity on the Spectral Performance of High-Power Pump Lasers (2004)

Abnormal spectral characteristics are observed in high-power semiconductor pump laser modules with ultralow chip front-facet reflectivity levels. We have identified the root cause as destructive interference in an external-cavity reflection from an antireflection (AR) coated fiber tip. This suppressive external cavity imposes a practical limit on the lower desirable bound for front-facet AR coatings for high-power lasers and uncooled fiber Bragg grating stabilized semiconductor devices.