gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Competitive costing : ABC data collection in an Australian university (2006)

Universities are facing an intensifying competitive environment where value for money involves quality, convenience and well priced services. Thus, to be able to sustain competitive advantage, universities require appropriate cost management strategies to determine the costs of their various activities. Activity based costing (ABC) focuses on the activities performed to produce particular outcomes while avoiding the cost distortion that is an inherent failing of traditional methods of costing. This paper presents a non-traditional method of collecting staff activity data at an Australian university for use in an ABC model as part of broader activity-based management.
Human α(1,3/1,4)-Fucosyltransferases Discriminate between Different Oligosaccharide Acceptor Substrates through a Discrete Peptide Fragment (1995)

Five different human alpha(1,3)-fucosyltransferase (alpha(1,3)-Fuc-T) genes have been cloned. Their corresponding enzymes catalyze the formation of various alpha(1,3)- and alpha(1,4)-fucosylated cell surface oligosaccharides, including several that mediate leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion during inflammation. Inhibitors of such enzymes are predicted to operate as anti-inflammatory agents; in principle, the isolation or design of such agents may be facilitated by identifying peptide segment(s) within these enzymes that interact with their oligosaccharide acceptor substrates. Little is known, however, about the structural features of alpha(1,3)-Fuc-Ts that dictate acceptor substrate specificity. To begin to address this problem, we have created and functionally characterized a series of 21 recombinant alpha(1,3)-Fuc-T chimeras derived from three human alpha(1,3)-Fuc-Ts (Fuc-TIII, Fuc-TV, and Fuc-TVI) that maintain shared and distinct polypeptide domains and that exhibit common as well as idiosyncratic acceptor substrate specificities. The in vivo acceptor substrate specificities of these alpha(1,3)-Fuc-T chimeras, and of their wild type progenitors, were determined by characterizing the cell surface glycosylation phenotype determined by these enzymes, after expressing them in a mammalian cell line informative for the synthesis of four distinct alpha(1,3)- and alpha(1,4)-fucosylated cell surface oligosaccharides (Lewis x, sialyl Lewis x, Lewis a, and sialyl Lewis a). Our results indicate that as few as 11 nonidentical amino acids, found within a "hypervariable" peptide segment positioned at the NH2 terminus of the enzymes' sequence-constant COOH-terminal domains, determines whether or not these alpha(1,3)-Fuc-T can utilize type I acceptor substrates to form Lewis a and sialyl Lewis a moieties.
Regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes introduced into intact maize tissues by microprojectiles (1989)

We have employed microprojectiles to deliver genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis to cells within intact aleurone and embryo tissues of maize. Clones of the A1 or Bz1 genes were introduced into aleurone tissue that lacked anthocyanins due to mutations of the endogenous A1 or Bz1 gene. Following bombardment, cells within the aleurone developed purple pigmentation, indicating that the mutation in the a1 or bz1 genotypes was corrected by the introduced gene. To analyze the expression of these genes in different genetic backgrounds, chimeric genes containing the 5' and 3' regions of the A1 or Bz1 genes fused to a luciferase coding region were constructed. These constructs were introduced into aleurones of genotypes carrying either dominant or recessive alleles of the C1 and R genes, which are known to regulate anthocyanin production. Levels of luciferase activity in permissive backgrounds (C1, R) were 30- to 200-fold greater than those detected in tissue carrying one or both of the recessive alleles (c1, r) of these genes. These results show that genes delivered to intact tissues by microprojectiles are regulated in a manner similar to the endogenous genes. The transfer of genes directly to intact tissues provides a rapid means for analyzing the genetic and tissue-specific regulation of gene expression.
Hypertension Treatment and Control in Five European Countries, Canada, and the United States (2003)

Levels of hypertension treatment and control have been noted to vary between Europe and North America, although direct comparisons with similar methods have not been undertaken. In this study, we sought to estimate the relative impact of hypertension treatment strategies in Germany, Sweden, England, Spain, Italy, Canada, and the United States by using sample surveys conducted in the 1990s. Hypertension was defined as a blood pressure of 160/95 mm Hg or 140/90 mm Hg, plus persons taking antihypertensive medication. "Controlled hypertension" was defined as a blood pressure less than threshold among persons taking antihypertensive medications. Among persons 35 to 64 years, 66% of hypertensives in the United States had their blood pressure controlled at 160/95 mm Hg, compared with 49% in Canada and 23% to 38% in Europe. Similar discrepancies were apparent at the 140/90 mm Hg threshold, at which 29% of hypertensives in the United States, 17% in Canada, and </=10% in European countries had their blood pressure controlled. At the 140/90 mm Hg cutpoint, two thirds to three quarters of the hypertensives in Canada and Europe were untreated compared with slightly less than half in the United States. Although guidelines vary among countries, resulting in different case definitions, this does not account entirely for the varying success of different national control efforts. Low treatment and control rates in Europe, combined with a higher prevalence of hypertension, could contribute to a higher burden of cardiovascular disease risk attributable to elevated blood pressure compared with that in North America.
Tumor-promoting phorbol esters stimulate C3b and C3b' receptor-mediated phagocytosis in cultured human monocytes. (1982)

Monocytes were isolated in high yield (approximately 80%) and purity (greater than 90%) by Percoll gradient centrifugation and incubated in Teflon culture vessels. Using this culture method, we routinely recovered 80% of the cells originally placed into culture. Studies of the C3b and C3b' receptors of these monocytes showed that the function of both receptors could be dramatically altered by treating the cells with tumor-promoting phorbol esters. Both C3b and C3b' receptors of human monocytes efficiently mediate attachment of erythrocytes coated with the corresponding ligands, but do not promote their ingestion. However, monocytes treated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or phorbol didecanoate ingest C3b- and C3b'-coated erythrocytes. Phorbol esters that are inactive as tumor promoters do not stimulate C3 receptor-mediated phagocytosis. The ability of monocytes to respond to PMA by activation of C3 receptors is developmentally regulated. Freshly isolated monocytes do not take up C3b- or C3b'-coated erythrocytes in response to PMA, but after 3 d of culture they show strong PMA-stimulated uptake. The stimulatory effect of PMA on monocyte C3b and C3b' receptor function occurs within minutes, is stable for hours, is cycloheximide insensitive, and can be inhibited with colchicine. Several lines of evidence indicates that phagocytosis of C3b or C3b'-coated erythrocytes is specifically mediated by the monocytes' C3b and C3b' receptors. First, erythrocytes attached to monocytes with concanavalin A are not ingested when the monocytes are treated with PMA. Second, monocytes plated on IgG-bearing substrates lose Fc receptor activity on their nonadherent surfaces but retain the capacity to ingest C3b- or C3b'-coated erythrocytes after PMA treatment. Third, PMA-treated monocytes plated on C3b-coated surfaces lose C3b receptor activity on their nonadherent surfaces but retain the capacity to ingest C3b'-coated erythrocytes. Conversely, PMA-treated monocytes plated on C3b'-coated surfaces show reduced C3b' receptors activity on their nonadherent surfaces but retain the capacity to ingest C3b-coated erythrocytes.
Proliferation of endothelial cells on surface-immobilized albumin-heparin conjugate loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor (1999)

Seeding of endothelial cells (ECs) on the luminal surface of small-diameter vascular grafts is a promising method to avoid occlusion of these prostheses. Immobilization of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) to substrates used to coat or fill porous prostheses may enhance the formation of a confluent monolayer of ECs. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were grown on bFGF-loaded albumin-heparin conjugate bound to CO2 gas-plasma-treated polystyrene. In the order of 2-3 ng/cm2 bFGF had to be immobilized to form a confluent monolayer of HUVECs. The most prominent effect of surface-immobilized bFGF was stimulation of the proliferation shortly after seeding, resulting within 3 days in confluent cell monolayers with high density. In contrast, in cultures with 0.3 ng/mL bFGF in the medium instead of bFGF bound to the surface, it took almost a week before the cell layers reached confluency. Binding of bFGF to heparin and the biological activity of bFGF towards ECs were not influenced by the (radio-)labeling of bFGF with iodine. However, only a minor part of the bFGF used in this study displayed heparin affinity. Furthermore, degradation and multimerization of labeled bFGF in time occurred when the growth factor was stored at 20 degrees -37 degrees C. This limits the use of labeled bFGF to short-term (hours) experiments. In conclusion, bFGF loading of vascular graft surfaces through complexation of bFGF with a heparin-containing matrix probably will lead to more rapid formation of a confluent monolayer of ECs on graft surfaces upon seeding of the cells.
ERK6, a mitogen-activated protein kinase involved in C2C12 myoblast differentiation. (1996)

ERK6, a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-related serine/threonine kinase, is highly expressed in human skeletal muscle and appears to function as a signal transducer during differentiation of myoblasts to myotubes. In transfected 293 cells, activation of the 45-kDa enzyme results in tyrosine-phosphorylated 46- and 56-kDa forms, which phosphorylate myelin basic protein. Overexpression of wild-type ERK6 or the inactive mutant Y185F has no effect on fibroblast and myoblast proliferation, but it enhances or inhibits C2C12 cell differentiation to myotubes, respectively. Our findings suggest ERK6 to be a tissue-specific, differentiation signal-transducing factor that is connected to phosphotyrosine-mediated signaling pathways distinct from those activating other members of the MAP kinase family such as LRK1 and ERK2.
Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies (2000)

People who stop smoking, even well into middle age, avoid most of their subsequent risk of lung cancer, and stopping before middle age avoids more than 90% of the risk attributable to tobacco. Mortality in the near future and throughout the first half of the 21st century could be substantially reduced by current smokers giving up the habit. In contrast, the extent to which young people henceforth become persistent smokers will affect mortality rates chiefly in the middle or second half of the 21st century.
Vascular endothelial growth factor is inactivated by binding to alpha 2-macroglobulin and the binding is inhibited by heparin. (1993)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a mitogen for cultured endothelial cells, and a potent angiogenic factor in vivo. Incubation of 125I-VEGF with human or bovine serum led to the formation of 125I-VEGF containing complexes that had a molecular mass greater than 300 kDa. These complexes were specifically immunoprecipitated with anti-human alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) antibodies. Similar high molecular weight complexes were formed when 125I-VEGF was incubated with commercially available alpha 2M. The 125I-VEGF.alpha 2M complexes were resistant to boiling in the presence of SDS. The formation of 125I-VEGF.alpha 2M complexes was inhibited by iodoacetic acid, indicating that free sulfhydryl groups are required for complex assembly. Tryptic digestion of alpha 2M did not affect its VEGF binding ability. Tryptic digestion of 125I-VEGF.alpha 2M complexes on the other hand, resulted in the degradation of bound 125I-VEGF, indicating that alpha 2M does not protect bound 125I-VEGF from proteolytic digestion. The binding of 125I-VEGF to alpha 2M was partially inhibited by an excess of basic fibroblast growth factor. Other growth factors which bind to alpha 2M, such as platelet-derived growth factor and insulin, did not inhibit the binding of 125I-VEGF. The binding of VEGF to alpha 2M inhibited its receptor binding ability, indicating that alpha 2M may function as a VEGF removal and inactivation factor. Heparin and heparan sulfate, but not other glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate, efficiently inhibited the binding of 125I-VEGF to alpha 2M. It is possible that heparin-like molecules released from extracellular matrixes could prevent the inactivation of VEGF by alpha 2M resulting in the potentiation of processes such as tumor angiogenesis.
Rapid analysis of whole blood by paper spray mass spectrometry for point-of-care therapeutic drug monitoring (2012)

Paper spray mass spectrometry is applied to oncology drugs in fresh whole blood samples supported on filter paper substrates instead of dry blood as done previously. Addition of the coagulant alum clotted the blood and allowed for immediate sample analysis. The coagulant did not interfere with the function of the paper spray nor did it add features to the mass spectra. Quantitative analysis of therapeutic drugs in the blood was achieved utilizing internal standards which were pre-spotted onto the filter paper. Eight oncology drugs were examined, with lower limits of detection ranging between 0.5 and 17 ng mL(-1) and linear dynamic ranges greater than two orders of magnitude. Inter-day accuracies of quality controls for pazopanib ranged from 102 to 118%, with imprecisions of 9 to 13%. This one-step method requires 10 μL of blood, a drop of solvent, and takes 45 seconds per trial. These results indicate applicability to point-of-care therapeutic drug monitoring in a clinical setting.
Noninfluenza Respiratory Virus Infection in Long-Term Care Facilities (1991)

Acute respiratory infections are a common problem in the general population, particularly during the winter months. Nonbacterial causes such as viruses, mycoplasma, and Chlamydia predominate,’ but with the exception of influenza virus, comprehensive studies are lacking that define the impact of these agents on the elderly. The institutionalized elderly represent a special subgroup of older persons who are prone to excess morbidity and mortality with respiratory infections. Each year, many residents of long-term care facilities become ill with respiratory illnesses not proven to be influenza, either by culture or serology. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of a variety of viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza, which can cause significant disease in this high-risk population. This article will review several of these epidemiologic studies and discuss in detail a number of viruses that are emerging as significant pathogens in the long-term care facility, with attention to modes of transmission and infection control.
Osteoarthritis in horses - Part 1: relationship between clinical and radiographic examination for the diagnosis (2016)

Locomotor disorders are very common in the equine clinic, which may be partly due to the different types of activities horses develop. Osteoarthritis (OA), commonly known as degenerative joint disease, presents an considerable role in the series of disorders of the musculoskeletal system and may be associated with other problems such as navicular syndrome, periostitis or osteochondrosis. This affection causes progressive deterioration of articular cartilage, accompanied by bone and soft-tissue periarticular changes. In fact, it results from a complex interaction between biochemical and biomechanical factors. The objective of this article is to review information about clinical and radiographic findings of OA, the biochemical and biomechanical changes manifested in the disease and the importance of the synovial fluid. Additionally, some information on other species is also presented. This review refers to Part 1 of a study whose sequence is entitled "Osteoarthritis in horses - Part 2: a review of the intra-articular use of corticosteroids as a method of treatment."
Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Antagonists Promote the Expansion of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells (2010)

Although practiced clinically for more than 40 years, the use of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplants remains limited by the ability to expand these cells ex vivo. An unbiased screen with primary human HSCs identified a purine derivative, StemRegenin 1 (SR1), that promotes the ex vivo expansion of CD34+ cells. Culture of HSCs with SR1 led to a 50-fold increase in cells expressing CD34 and a 17-fold increase in cells that retain the ability to engraft immunodeficient mice. Mechanistic studies show that SR1 acts by antagonizing the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The identification of SR1 and AHR modulation as a means to induce ex vivo HSC expansion should facilitate the clinical use of HSC therapy.
Cardiac phantom evaluation of simultaneously acquired dual-isotope rest thallium-201/stress technetium-99m SPECT images. (1993)

Simultaneously acquired dual-isotope 201Tl/99mTc SPECT studies were performed using cardiac and thoracic phantoms to evaluate the dual-isotope myocardial perfusion technique. Cardiac phantom images representing infarction, viable myocardium and various levels of ischemia were analyzed. Studies with and without attenuating media were performed, and myocardium-to-defect count ratios and defect sizes from dual-isotope SPECT images were compared to myocardium-to-defect count ratios and defect sizes from single-isotope (201Tl and 99mTc) SPECT images. Dual-isotope studies also were interpreted qualitatively. Studies with background activity simulating clinical conditions were performed and interpreted qualitatively. Myocardium-to-defect count ratios from both 99mTc and 201Tl were similar in single-isotope and dual-isotope SPECT images. Thallium-201 and 99mTc defect sizes were decreased slightly (mean +/- s.d., 1.0 +/- 1.7 cc for 201Tl and 0.7 +/- 1.0 cc for 99mTc) on dual studies when compared to single studies but were not statistically significant. Dual-isotope image simulations of normal, ischemic and infarcted and viable myocardium were correctly identified by experienced clinicians in 95% of the cases (21/22). Simultaneous dual-isotope 201Tl/99mTc SPECT imaging of cardiac phantoms produced images that had similar myocardium-to-defect count ratios to those produced using single-isotope techniques and were correctly evaluated on qualitative analysis. Changes in defect size related to dual-isotope imaging were minimal and not qualitatively important.
Targeted treatments for multiple myeloma: specific role of carfilzomib (2015)

Carfilzomib is a selective, irreversible proteasome inhibitor, initially approved in the US in 2012 as single-agent therapy for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Numerous Phase II studies have evaluated carfilzomib in the relapsed and refractory as well as the newly diagnosed setting, and Phase III studies are entering their final analysis. Data continue to grow to support its use as both single-agent therapy and in combination with immunomodulatory and other novel agents. This review discusses the role of carfilzomib in the treatment of multiple myeloma. Its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and role in clinical management will be reviewed.
Similarities and Differences in the Properties of Substituted Benzimidazoles: A Comparison between Pantoprazole and Related Compounds (1995)

The novel antiulcer drugs omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole are members of the class of substituted benzimidazoles. They potently inhibit the gastric proton pump by a common mechanism which depends on the acid-induced conversion of the parent compounds to the pharmacologically active principles: thiophilic cyclic sulfenamides. This transformation takes place in the luminal compartment of the secreting parietal cell. However, while the three proton pump inhibitors belong to the same chemical class, their two ring systems bear different functional substituents. This leads to essential modification of the physiochemical, metabolic, and pharmacokinetic properties of these drugs, possibly resulting in differences in tissue selectivity and thereby, in the long term, drug safety. Both preclinical and clinical data have accumulated that point to advantages of pantoprazole related to the above parameters: pantoprazole shows a higher stability at moderately acidic pH values and less inhibitory potential against cytochrome P450 than the other two drugs. In addition, pantoprazole displays linear pharmacokinetics with a high bioavailability.
Preparative High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the High-Throughput Purification of Combinatorial Libraries (2002)

Accurate results for the testing of combinatorial libraries necessitates high purity of the library members. Therefore, combinatorial libraries derived from a combinatorial solution or solid-phase synthesis often require the purification of compounds that do not achieve a certain purity threshold. This study describes that preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-mass spectrometry (MS) is the method of choice for the purification of large arrays of diverse compounds. The adoption of this technology to the workflow of a solution phase combinatorial chemistry laboratory producing more than 20,000 compounds per year is described. Furthermore, the setup and logistics are discussed as well as the purity achievable for large libraries. Efficiency, speed, quality, and universality of preparative HPLC-MS are presented in detail for a library of 140 compounds, including data logistics and downstream processes as well.
Thin-film silicon multichip technology (2003)

A hybrid technique that uses pretested integrated circuits mounted in holes etched in a silicon wafer is presented. The chips are interconnected with planar, thin-film metallization. This approach achieves near wafer-scale-integration (WSI) density, while allowing the use of separately fabricated and tested devices. Test wafers with three monolithic chips and one chip mounted in a hole were fabricated as proof of the concept. The key processes developed include fabrication of metallized and patterned wafers with etched holes, mounting of die in etched holes with planar topside topology, and deposition and patterning of the interlevel dielectric and metal links. A new organic resin derived from benzocyclobutene was evaluated as the interlevel dielectric. Wafers were thermally cycled to evaluate the compatibility of the materials and the process. No cracks or chip movement were observed after 50 cycles from -25 degrees C to +85 degrees C.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The utility of MAS5 expression summary and detection call algorithms (2007)

Abstract Background Used alone, the MAS5.0 algorithm for generating expression summaries has been criticized for high False Positive rates resulting from exaggerated variance at low intensities. Results Here we show, with replicated cell line data, that, when used alongside detection calls, MAS5 can be both selective and sensitive. A set of differentially expressed transcripts were identified that were found to be changing by MAS5, but unchanging by RMA and GCRMA. Subsequent analysis by real time PCR confirmed these changes. In addition, with the Latin square datasets often used to assess expression summary algorithms, filtered MAS5.0 was found to have performance approaching that of its peers. Conclusion When used alongside detection calls, MAS5 is a sensitive and selective algorithm for identifying differentially expressed genes.