gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photonic switching in ring-based optic networks (1989)

The potential of incorporating electronically controlled photonic switching components in fiber-optic ring-based communication networks is explored. Possible extensions to fiber ring architectures with lithium niobate switches are proposed, and potential problems that limit wide-scale use of these devices are identified. The use of 2*2 directional couplers to provide faulty node bypass is investigated. This concept is extended to larger photonic switches with multiple fibers to provide higher throughput. This approach also provides multiple redundant paths that enable the network to be reconfigured based on traffic demands and faults on the ring. The concept of distributing switching capabilities among all the nodes in a network is introduced. Two networks with distributed switching capabilities are examined. Switching parameters that impact the application of photonic devices in ring networks are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Identification of a New Subclass of Alu DNA Repeats Which Can Function as Estrogen Receptor-dependent Transcriptional Enhancers (1995)

We have utilized a genetic selection system in yeast to identify novel estrogen-responsive genes within the human genome and to define the sequences in the BRCA-1 gene responsible for its estrogen responsiveness. This approach led to the identification of a new subclass within the Alu family of DNA repeats which have diverged from known Alu sequences and have acquired the ability to function as estrogen receptor-dependent enhancers. Importantly, these new elements confer receptor-dependent estrogen responsiveness to a heterologous promoter when assayed in mammalian cells. This transcriptional activity can be attenuated by the addition of either of three different classes of estrogen receptor antagonists, indicating that these elements function as classical estrogen receptor-dependent enhancers. Furthermore, this enhancer activity is restricted to a specific subset of DNA repeats because consensus Alu elements of four major subfamilies do not respond to the estrogen receptor. Previously, most Alu sequences have been considered to be functionally inert. However, this work provides strong evidence that a significant subset can confer estrogen responsiveness upon a promoter within which they are located. Clearly, Alu sequences must now be considered as important contributors to the regulation of gene transcription in estrogen receptor-containing cells.
Microbial Biosynthesis of Alkanes (2010)

Alkanes, the major constituents of gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, are naturally produced by diverse species; however, the genetics and biochemistry behind this biology have remained elusive. Here we describe the discovery of an alkane biosynthesis pathway from cyanobacteria. The pathway consists of an acyl-acyl carrier protein reductase and an aldehyde decarbonylase, which together convert intermediates of fatty acid metabolism to alkanes and alkenes. The aldehyde decarbonylase is related to the broadly functional nonheme diiron enzymes. Heterologous expression of the alkane operon in Escherichia coli leads to the production and secretion of C13 to C17 mixtures of alkanes and alkenes. These genes and enzymes can now be leveraged for the simple and direct conversion of renewable raw materials to fungible hydrocarbon fuels.
Morphology of globus pallidus neurons: Its correlation with electrophysiology in guinea pig brain slices (1997)

Intracellular recordings obtained from globus pallidus neurons in guinea pig revealed, on the basis of their membrane properties, the existence of at least two major (types I and II) and one minor (type III) groups of neurons. Type I neurons were silent at the resting membrane level and generated a burst of spikes with strong accommodation to depolarizing current injection. Type II neurons fired at the resting membrane level or with small membrane depolarization, and their repetitive firing (≤200 Hz) was very sensitive to the amplitude of injected current and showed weak accomodation. Type III neurons did not fire spontaneously at the resting membrane level. These neurons were morphologically characterized by intracellular injection of biocytin following the electrophysiological recordings. Among the major groups, the soma size of type I neurons (40 × 23 μm) was larger than that of type II neurons (29 × 17 μm). Both types of neurons had three to six primary dendrites. Dendritic spines were very sparse. Occasionally, dendrites exhibited varicosities, especially in their terminal branches. Dendritic fields were disc-like in shape and were perpendicular to striopallidal fibers. Most of the axons had intranuclear collaterals. Main axonal branches projected rostrally or caudally, and in some neurons one axonal branch could be followed caudally, and another rostrally, into the striatum. These two types were major neurons in the globus pallidus and were considered to be projection neurons. Type III neurons were small (18 × 12 μm), and their dendrites were covered with numerous spines. They were considered to be interneurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 377:85-94, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cloning of OL1, a putative olfactory receptor and its expression in the developing rat heart. (1995)

By using a strategy based on nucleotide sequence homology, we have cloned an intronless DNA encoding a new putative member of G protein-coupled receptors. The deduced amino acid sequence of the rat OL1 receptor, together with its expression at high levels in a small subset of cells in the olfactory neuroepithelium indicate that OL1 is related to the recently discovered olfactory multigene family. PCR and in situ hybridization analyses showed the OL1 transcripts to be not only expressed in the olfactory epithelium, but also in the heart. This unexpected cardiac expression was developmentally regulated, being maximal at early postnatal stages and hardly detectable at adult stages. Moreover, this observation was not restricted to OL1 since it was extended to other putative olfactory receptors. Although its functional significance remains unknown, this transient cardiac expression suggests that receptors belonging to the olfactory superfamily, could be not only involved in odor coding, but also in cardiac morphogenesis. Another olfactory-specific gene transcript encoding PTP NE-3, a recently cloned receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase, could also be detected in heart. The very low levels of expression observed in rat embryo and at early postnatal stages as compared to adult stages, suggest that protein-tyrosine phosphatases, as well as protein-tyrosine kinases, may play a role in the control of cardiac cell growth and morphogenetic processes.
Biological Role of the CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein Family of Transcription Factors (1998)

CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) comprise a family of transcription factors that are critical for normal cellular differentiation and function in a variety of tissues. The prototypic C/EBP is a modular protein, consisting of an activation domain, a dimerization bZIP region, and a DNA-binding domain. All family members share the highly conserved dimerization domain, required for DNA binding, by which they form homo- and heterodimers with other family members. C/EBPs are least conserved in their activation domains and vary from strong activators to dominant negative repressors. The pleiotropic effects of C/EBPs are in part because of tissue- and stage-specific expression. Dimerization of different C/EBP proteins precisely modulates transcriptional activity of target genes. Recent work with mice deficient in specific C/EBPs underscores the effects of these factors in tissue development, function, and response to injury.
Novel optical materials and applications (1997)

Partial table of contents: Molecular Nonlinear Optics: Fundamentals and Applications (I. Ledoux & J. Zyss). Cascading: A Promising Approach to Nonlinear Optical Phenomena (G. Stegeman, et al.). Nonlinear Effects in Nematics Doped by Dyes and Chiral Agents (G. Abbate, et al.). New Nonlinear Materials for High--Power Frequency Conversion: From the Near--Ultraviolet to the Long--Wave Infrared (M. Rosker & H. Marcy). Intersubband Transitions for Infrared Electro--Optics and Nonlinear Optics (J. Meyer, et al.). Fullerene--Doped Liquid Crystal Fibers and Fiber Arrays for All--Optical Switching (I. Khoo). Photoinduced Circular Birefringence: Principles, Materials, and Applications (C. Buss, et al.). Index.
Activation of microcarrier‐attached lymphocytes in microgravity (1992)

A technology has been developed to achieve optimal attachment of adhesion-independent lymphocytes to microcarrier beads. The activation of T-lymphocytes by concanavalin A was tested under microgravity conditions in an experiment carried out in space during the first Spacelab Life Science Mission. Activation, measured as the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the production of interferon-gamma, more than doubled in attached lymphocytes in microgravity. The depression of the activation discovered in previous space experiments is due to an impairment not of the lymphocyte but of the macrophage function. The system described here may be useful for radiobiological investigations on the effect of high-energy particles and for testing the efficiency of the immune system in humans during the long-duration space flight planned in the future. The biotechnological significance of the increased lymphokine production in space remains to be assessed.
Regulation of Light Harvesting in Green Plants (Indication by Nonphotochemical Quenching of Chlorophyll Fluorescence) (1994)

ce has become one of the most powerful methods for assessing photosynthetic performance in plant physiological experiments (Horton and Bowyer, 1990; Krause and Weis, 1991). This has resulted almost entirely from the development of methods to distinguish photochemical and nonphotochemical quenching of fluorescence. Moreover, it is now clear that the process of nonphotochemical quenching itself indicates important regulatory adjustments in the photosynthetic membrane in response to altered external and internal conditions (Demmig-Adams and Adams, 1992; Horton and Ruban, 1992). In particular, the dissipation of excess absorbed excitation that is monitored by the main component of nonphotochemical quenching is a process that is necessary if plants are to avoid photoinhibition and photodestruction under conditions of light stress. When light is absorbed by the Chl molecules in the thylakoid membrane, the excited state has several alternative and competing fates: a small proportion is emitted as fluorescence, but, under light-limiting conditions, the major pathway of de-excitation is through photosynthetic electron transfer. The effect of photochemical utilization of energy is to quench fluorescence, and it is well known that when photosynthetic electron flow is saturated the yield of fluorescence rises. This photochemical quenching has been termed qP and, using the light-doubling principle as applied with modulated fluorimetry, it is easy to calculate it in leaves, chloroplasts, and cells (Schreiber et al., 1986; Horton and Bowyer, 1990; van Kooten and Snel, 1990). However, qP does not account for all of the quenching observed. Indeed, in light saturating for electron transport, qP tends to zero, yet there can be large amounts of quenching. Such quenching is therefore called nonphotochemical quenching and refers to the difference between the initial, dark-adapted maximum level of fluorescence and that recorded after a period of illumination. This quenching can be calculated in a number of ways, leading to it being termed variously as qN (Schreiber et al., 1986; van Kooten and Snel, 1990), NPQ (Bilger and Bjorkman, 1994), or SV, (Gilmore and Bjorkman, 1994); these all refer to the
A facile and surfactant-free route for nanomanufacturing of tailored ternary nanoalloys as superior oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts (2017)

Laser ablation synthesis in solution-galvanic replacement reaction (LASiS-GRR) enables tuning of elemental ratios and bonding properties for Pt based ternary nanoalloys as ORR electrocatalysts.
GPR119 Regulates Murine Glucose Homeostasis Through Incretin Receptor-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms (2010)

G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119) was originally identified as a β-cell receptor. However, GPR119 activation also promotes incretin secretion and enhances peptide YY action. We examined whether GPR119-dependent control of glucose homeostasis requires preservation of peptidergic pathways in vivo. Insulin secretion was assessed directly in islets, and glucoregulation was examined in wild-type (WT), single incretin receptor (IR) and dual IR knockout (DIRKO) mice. Experimental endpoints included plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), and peptide YY. Gastric emptying was assessed in WT, Glp1r-/-, DIRKO, Glp2r-/-, and GPR119-/- mice treated with the GPR119 agonist AR231453. AR231453 stimulated insulin secretion from WT and DIRKO islets in a glucose-dependent manner, improved glucose homeostasis, and augmented plasma levels of GLP-1, GIP, and insulin in WT and Gipr-/- mice. In contrast, although AR231453 increased levels of GLP-1, GIP, and insulin, it failed to lower glucose in Glp1r-/- and DIRKO mice. Furthermore, AR231453 did not improve ip glucose tolerance and had no effect on insulin action in WT and DIRKO mice. Acute GPR119 activation with AR231453 inhibited gastric emptying in Glp1r-/-, DIRKO, Glp2r-/-, and in WT mice independent of the Y2 receptor (Y2R); however, AR231453 did not control gastric emptying in GPR119-/- mice. Our findings demonstrate that GPR119 activation directly stimulates insulin secretion from islets in vitro, yet requires intact IR signaling and enteral glucose exposure for optimal control of glucose tolerance in vivo. In contrast, AR231453 inhibits gastric emptying independent of incretin, Y2R, or Glp2 receptors through GPR119-dependent pathways. Hence, GPR119 engages multiple complementary pathways for control of glucose homeostasis.
Recent progress on the topical therapy of onychomycosis (2007)

Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the fingernails and toenails that results in thickening, discoloration, splitting of the nails and lifting of the nail from the nail bed. The disease is caused by dermatophytes and has a high incidence within the general population, especially among older individuals. Present treatment options include both oral and topical drugs, with oral therapies giving better outcomes; however, neither of these treatment options provides high cure rates that are durable. The difficulty in treating onychomycosis results from the deep-seated nature of the infection within the nail unit (nail plate, nail bed and surrounding tissue) and the inability of drugs to effectively reach all sites. Ongoing drug development activities have focused on novel delivery technologies to facilitate penetration of existing antifungal drugs through the nail plate and on the discovery of inherently penetrable antifungals. AN-2690 represents an oxaborole antifungal that is designed to penetrate the nail plate and is showing promising results in clinical trials.
Purification to homogeneity of a beta-galactoside alpha2 leads to 3 sialyltransferase and partial purification of an alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha2 leads to 6 sialyltransferase from porcine submaxillary glands. (1979)

Two different sialyltransferases (EC 2.4.99.1) have been resolved from Triton X-100 extracts of porcine submaxillary glands by affinity chromatography on CDP-hexanolamine agarose. The predominant sialyltransferase of this tissue, a CMP-N-acetylneuraminate: alpha-D-N-acetylgalactosaminide alpha2 leads to 6 sialyltransferase, has been obtained in a partially purified and stable form. A less abundant but highly active enzyme, a CMP-N-acetylneuraminate: beta-D-galactoside alpha2 leads to 3 sialyltransferase, was purified over 90,000-fold to homogeneity. Chromatography of the latter enzyme on Sephadex G-200 separated two noninterconverting forms, designated A and B, with Stokes radii of 51 A and 31 A, respectively. Both forms have equal specific activity toward lactose and contain a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of about 50,000 as estimated by gel electrophoresis. Form A appears to bind 1.18 g of Triton X-100 per g of protein, or nearly an entire detergent micelle per polypeptide, while Form B binds little or no detergent. The enzymatic properties of both forms are similar (Rearick, J.I., Sadler, J.E., Paulson, J.C., and Hill, R.L. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 4444-4451) supporting the conclusion that Form A may represent the native sialyltransferase with an intact membrane-binding site, and Form B may be a large proteolytic fragment of Form A.
Resistivity of thin TaS2 crystals (1976)

Resistivity measurements on thin crystals of 1T-, 2H-, and 6R-TaS 2 show that anomalies persist down to sample thicknesses of 100 Å. The resistivity of 1T-TaS 2 can be described by an activation energy of 5 meV between 50 and 150 K. 6R-TaS 2 is metallic and has resistive anomalies around 325 K.
L-735,524: an orally bioavailable human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor. (1994)

To date, numerous inhibitors of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease have been reported, but few have been studied extensively in humans, primarily as a consequence of poor oral bioavailability in animal models. L-735,524 represents a class of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitors, termed hydroxyaminopentane amides, that incorporate a basic amine into the hydroxyethylene inhibitor backbone. L-735,524 is a potent inhibitor of virus replication in cell culture and inhibits the protease-mediated cleavage of the viral precursor polyproteins that results in the production of noninfectious progeny viral particles. The compound is effective against viruses resistant to reverse transcriptase inhibitors and is synergistically active when used in combination with reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Most importantly, L-735,524 exhibits good oral bioavailability and plasma pharmacokinetic profiles in two species of laboratory animals by using clinically acceptable formulations. Accordingly, the compound was selected for evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetic studies in humans.
Deficits in Sensory Gating in Schizophrenic Patients and Their Relatives (1984)

A deficit in inhibitory gating of auditory evoked responses was examined in 15 schizophrenic patients, their first-degree relatives, and normal subjects, using a conditioning-testing paradigm with the P50 wave of the auditory evoked response. This paradigm demonstrates inhibition by presenting paired stimuli to the subject; the P50 wave evoked by the second stimulus is reduced because of inhibitory mechanisms activated during the response to the first stimulus. In normal subjects, the mean amplitude of the second P50 response was reduced to less than 20%. In the schizophrenics, the mean amplitude of the second response was more than 85% of the first, a result that replicates our previous finding of a deficit in inhibition in schizophrenia. Approximately half the first-degree relatives, generally including at least one parent, had a similar deficit. Presence of this deficit in the parents was associated with a family history of schizophrenia. Family members with this deficit also had significantly higher scores on several scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory than did family members without the deficit. Despite the deficit in inhibition, other characteristics of the P50 wave were normal in the relatives, in contrast to unmedicated schizophrenics, who showed additional abnormalities in wave latency and amplitude.
Estimation of absolute risk for prostate cancer using genetic markers and family history (2009)

This risk prediction model may be used to identify men at considerably elevated PCa risk who may be selected for chemoprevention.
Two Pharmacodynamic Models for Assessing the Efficacy of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate against Experimental Respiratory Tract Infections Caused by Strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae (1999)

Two models of respiratory tract infection were used to investigate the pharmacodynamics of amoxicillin-clavulanate against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Eight strains of S. pneumoniae were used in a mouse model in which the animals were infected intranasally and were then treated with a range of doses and dose intervals. The time that the plasma amoxicillin concentration remained above the MIC (T>MIC) correlated well with bacterial killing, such that if T>MIC was below 20% there was no effect on bacterial numbers in the lungs. As T>MIC increased, the response, in terms of decreased bacterial load, improved and at T>MICs of greater than 35 to 40% of the dosing interval, bacteriological cure was maximal. On the basis of equivalent T>MICs, these data would suggest that in humans a dosage of 500 mg three times daily (t.i.d.) should have efficacy equal to that of a dosage of 875 mg twice daily (b.i.d.). This hypothesis was evaluated in a rat model in which amoxicillin-clavulanate was given by computer-controlled intravenous infusion to achieve concentrations that approximate the concentrations achieved in the plasma of humans following oral administration of 500/125 mg t.i.d. or 875/125 mg b.i.d. Infusions continued for 3 days and bacterial numbers in the lungs 2 h after the cessation of the infusion were significantly reduced (P < 0.01) by both treatments in strains of S. pneumoniae for which amoxicillin MICs were below 2 microg/ml. When tested against a strain of S. pneumoniae for which the amoxicillin MIC was 4 microg/ml, the simulated 500/125-mg dose was ineffective but the 875/125-mg dose demonstrated a small but significant (P < 0. 01) reduction in bacterial numbers. These data confirm the findings in the mouse and indicate that amoxicillin-clavulanate administered at 875/125 mg b.i.d. would be as effective clinically as amoxicillin-clavulanate administered at 500/125 mg t.i.d.
Dirigent Proteins and Dirigent Sites Explain the Mystery of Specificity of Radical Precursor Coupling in Lignan and Lignin Biosynthesis (2000)

The recent discovery of dirigent proteins ([Davin and Lewis, 1995][1]; [Davin et al., 1997][2]; [Gang et al., 1999][3]) gives a new perspective into how free radical coupling of monolignol plant phenols is controlled in planta to yield lignans and lignins. With the biochemical pathways to the
A Hematopoietic Cell L-Selectin Ligand Exhibits Sulfate-Independent Binding Activity (1997)

L-selectin is a leukocyte cell-surface glycoprotein that mediates adhesive interactions between circulating cells and vascular endothelium. All endothelial ligands of L-selectin characterized to date are glycoproteins that require sulfation for activity and share reactivity with MECA 79, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a sulfate-dependent epitope involved in L-selectin attachment. We have recently identified by functional assay a glycoprotein L-selectin ligand expressed on the human hematopoietic cell line KG1a. We report here that this ligand is not recognized by MECA 79 and that it retains binding activity after metabolic inhibition of sulfation by chlorate. A native membrane L-selectin ligand exhibiting sulfate-independent function has not been described previously. Identification of this novel ligand on a nonendothelial cell type suggests that structural determinants conferring L-selectin binding may vary in a cell- and tissue-specific manner.