gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chloroquine encapsulated in malaria-infected erythrocyte-specific antibody-bearing liposomes effectively controls chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium berghei infections in mice (1995)

The suitability of liposomes as drug carriers in the treatment of drug-resistant rodent malaria was examined after covalently attaching F(ab')2 fragments of a mouse monoclonal antibody (MAb), MAb F10, raised against the host cell membranes isolated from the Plasmodium berghei-infected mouse erythrocytes, to the liposome surface. The antibody-bearing liposomes thus formed specifically recognized the P. berghei-infected mouse erythrocytes under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. No such specific binding of the liposomes with the infected cells was observed when MAb F10 was replaced by another mouse monoclonal antibody, MAb D2. Upon loading with the antimalarial drug chloroquine, the MAb F10-bearing liposomes effectively controlled not only the chloroquine-susceptible but also the chloroquine-resistant P. berghei infections in mice. The chloroquine delivered in these liposomes intravenously at a dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight per day on days 4 and 6 postinfection completely cured the animals (75 to 90%) of chloroquine-resistant P. berghei infections. These results indicate that selective homing of chloroquine to malaria-infected erythrocytes may help to cure the chloroquine-resistant malarial infections with low doses of chloroquine.
Click reactions in protein chemistry: from the preparation of semisynthetic enzymes to new click enzymes (2012)

Click-chemistry is an approach based on cycloaddition reactions which has been successfully used as a chemical approach for complex organic molecules and which has recently starred in a boom in the world of protein chemistry. The advantage of the use of this technique in protein chemistry is based on a very high and efficient chemoselectivity, which usually requires simple or no purification and is extremely rate-accelerated in aqueous media. The perspective discusses some of the most recent advances in the application of this reaction in selective enzyme surface modification for the creation of new semisynthetic enzymes (fluorescence labeled enzymes, peptide-enzyme conjugates, glycosylated enzymes), and interestingly, the recent design and creation of "click" enzymes.
The Wavelengths in Sunlight Effective in Producing Skin Cancer: A Theoretical Analysis (1974)

DNA is taken as the target for skin cancer induced by ultraviolet light, and the known data on the sensitivity of DNA as a function of wavelength are summarized. The sun's spectrum at the surface of the earth and the DNA action spectrum are used to calculate the carcinogenic effectiveness as a function of wavelength. The most effective wavelengths at 30 degrees N latitude are <305 nm, and a 1% change in atmospheric ozone results in a 2% change in the effective dose of ultraviolet light. Since both the basic biological and physical data are reasonably precise, the major requirement for a quantitative evaluation of the dose response relation for ultraviolet-induced skin cancer in man is better epidemiological data to compare with data from animal models.
Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α Induces Lysosomal Biogenesis in Brain Cells (2015)

Lysosomes are ubiquitous membrane-enclosed organelles filled with an acidic interior and are central to the autophagic, endocytic, or phagocytic pathway. In contrast to its classical function as the waste management machinery, lysosomes are now considered to be an integral part of various cellular signaling processes. The diverse functionality of this single organelle requires a very complex and coordinated regulation of its activity with transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, at its core. However, mechanisms by which TFEB is regulated are poorly understood. This study demonstrates that gemfibrozil, an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α, alone and in conjunction with all-trans-retinoic acid is capable of enhancing TFEB in brain cells. We also observed that PPARα, but not PPARβ and PPARγ, is involved in gemfibrozil-mediated up-regulation of TFEB. Reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies confirmed the recruitment of retinoid X receptor α, PPARα, and PGC1α on the PPAR-binding site on the Tfeb promoter as well. Subsequently, the drug-mediated induction of TFEB caused an increase in lysosomal protein and the lysosomal abundance in cell. Collectively, this study reinforces the link between lysosomal biogenesis and lipid metabolism with TFEB at the crossroads. Furthermore, gemfibrozil may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders in which autophagy-lysosome pathway plays an important role.
Micromachined viscosity sensor for real-time polymerization monitoring (2002)

This paper reports on low-frequency micromachined viscosity sensors intended for real-time polymerization monitoring. The viscosity sensors consist of micromachined membrane resonators featuring electrothermal excitation and piezoresistive detection of transverse membrane vibrations. In contrast to high frequency (above 1 MHz) sensors, e.g. thickness-shear mode sensors or Lamb wave sensors, the use of low-frequency (1-20 kHz) resonators for viscosity sensing, which more closely mimics conventional resonant viscometers, is investigated in this work. The viscous fluid loads the membrane resonator and changes the quality factor of its fundamental resonance. The change in the Q-factor is most pronounced in the viscosity range from 10/sup -3/ Pa/spl middot/s to 1 Pa/spl middot/s.
Identification of four subsets of human CD3-CD16+ natural killer (NK) cells by the expression of clonally distributed functional surface molecules: correlation between subset assignment of NK clones and ability to mediate specific alloantigen recognition. (1990)

In previous studies we identified a surface molecule (termed GL183) capable of mediating cell activation and selectively expressed by a subset of human CD3-CD16+ natural killer (NK) cells. In this study we analyzed whether other subset-specific functional molecules were expressed in GL183- NK cells. To this end, mice were immunized with the PE29 (CD3-CD16+GL183-) NK clone. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were selected by screening the hybridoma supernatants for their ability to trigger the cytolytic activity of clone PE29 against the human myelomonocytic leukemia U937. The EB6 mAb (IgG1) triggered the PE29 clone, but not a GL183+ clone used as a control. EB6+ cells ranged between 1 and 13% of peripheral blood lymphocytes and were largely included in the CD3-CD16+CD56+ cell populations (only less than 2% of EB6+ cells were CD3+). Analysis of resting or activated CD3-CD16+ populations, or clones for the expression of EB6 or GL183 mAbs, allowed us to identify four distinct, phenotypically stable, NK subsets (EB6+GL183-; EB6+GL183+; EB6-GL183+; EB6-GL183-). Similar to GL183 mAb, the EB6 mAb selectively triggered the NK subset expressing the corresponding surface antigen to lyse human tumor cell lines including U937, IGROV-I, M14, and A549. In addition, EB6 mAb sharply inhibited the cytolytic activity of EB6+ clones against P815, M12, and P3U1 murine target cells. In EB6+GL183+ ("double-positive") clones both EB6 and GL183 mAb inhibited the redirected killing of P815 cells induced by anti-CD16, anti-CD2 mAbs and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Similar to GL183 molecules, molecules precipitated by EB6 mAb were represented by either single 58-kD chain or double chains of 55 and 58 kD (with no detectable differences in EB6+GL183- or EB6+GL183+ clones). In sequential immunoprecipitation experiments using the double-positive clones CEG52 and CA25.50, preclearing of cell lysates with EB6 or GL183 mAb removed only EB6 or GL183 molecules, respectively, thus indicating that the two antigenic determinants are carried by two distinct molecules. Peptide map analysis indicated that EB6 (or GL183) molecules precipitated from double-positive clones were identical to the corresponding molecules isolated from single-positive ones. On the other hand, comparison of the EB6 and GL183 maps revealed peptides that were unique to each molecule, although most of the major peptides migrated to identical positions. We further investigated whether correlation existed between the phenotypic assignment of NK clones and their ability to mediate specific lysis of normal allogeneic cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Preparation of Fully Active Chymopapain Free of Contaminating Proteinases (1990)

Chymopapain (EC 3.4.22.6) was purified from commercially available dried latex of papaya (Carica papaya) by extraction at acidic pH, cation-exchange chromatography and active site-directed affinity chromatography on immobilized alanyl-phenyl-alaninaldehyde semicarbazone, with elution by mercuric chloride. The product was found by immunoassay to be essentially free of the other cysteine proteinases from papaya, including papaya proteinase IV, and was fully active. The rate of alkylation of the active site cysteine of chymopapain by iodoacetate was found to be sufficiently rapid and selective for this reagent to be used as an active-site titrant.
Hydropyrolysis of Extracted Euphorbia rigida in a Well-Swept Fixed-Bed Tubular Reactor (2002)

Abstract Tubular reactor fixed-bed hydropyrolysis experiments have been conducted on a sample of extracted Euphorbia rigida to determine the possibility of being a potential source of renewable fuels and chemical feedstock. The effects of hydropyrolysis temperature and heating rate on the hydropyrolysis yields and chemical compositions have been investigated. The maximum bio-oil yield of 39.8 wt% was obtained in H 2 atmosphere at a hydrogen pressure of 150 bar, a hydrogen flow rate of 5 dm 3 min -1 , a hydropyrolysis temperature of 550°C, and a heating rate of 100°C min -1 . Then this bio-oil was characterized by elemental analysis and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. Keywords: Hydropyrolysis Euphorbia Rigida Biomass Bio-OIL Energy
Further studies of the role of transforming growth factor-beta in human B cell function. (1989)

This study was designed to address three specific questions in human B cells. First, to determine whether transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)2 has similar biologic effects on B cell function as does TGF-beta 1. Second, to test the hypothesis that TGF-beta 1 is an autocrine growth and differentiation inhibitor. Finally, because multiple receptor species for TGF-beta have been identified on other cell types, to determine by chemical cross-linking and competitive binding studies the nature of the TGF-beta 1 R present on normal and transformed B cells. Exogenous TGF-beta 2 was found to be functionally similar to TGF-beta 1 in its inhibition of factor dependent normal B cell proliferation and Ig secretion. When an antibody, specific for the active form of TGF-beta 1, was added in conjunction with IL-2 to previously stimulated B cell cultures, there was a 14.4 +/- 4.2% increase in B cell proliferation, a 22 +/- 6% increase in IgG production, and a 33 +/- 8.6% increase in IgM production when compared to control cultures. Chemical cross-linking of 125I-TGF-beta 1 to normal B cell membranes identified two major cross-linked species of 65 and 90 kDa. A fivefold excess of unlabeled TGF-beta 1 competitively inhibited the detection of both of these bands while a 50-fold excess of unlabeled TGF-beta 2 did not inhibit the 90-kDa band and only partially inhibited (60%) of the 65-kDa band. Chemical cross-linking of 125I-TGF-beta 1 to transformed B cell membranes identified only a single band of 60 kDa. Scatchard plot analysis of 125I-TGF-beta 1 binding to normal B cells that was competitively inhibited with increasing concentrations of unlabeled TGF-beta 1 revealed both high and low affinity binding sites whereas analysis of 125I-TGF-beta 1 binding in the presence of increasing concentrations of unlabeled TGF-beta 2 revealed only low affinity sites. These findings demonstrate that TGF-beta 2 is as effective as TGF-beta 1 in inhibiting human B cell function, that small amounts of active TGF-beta 1 are present endogenously in in vitro cultures which partially inhibit B cell function, that two major TGF-beta 1 R cross-linked complexes of 65 and 90 kDa are present on normal B cells, and that transformation of B cells may be accompanied by changes in the TGF-beta 1 R.
Inhibition of Sterol Synthesis in Cultured Mouse Cells by 7α-Hydroxycholesterol, 7β-Hydroxycholesterol, and 7-Ketocholesterol (1973)

Abstract Rates of sterol synthesis from acetate and the levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity (HMG-CoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.3.4) in liver cell cultures and in L cells were strongly inhibited by highly purified preparations of 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, and 7-keto-cholesterol. These steroids specifically diminished the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase without altering rates of acetate metabolism to CO2 or fatty acids, or rates of protein and RNA synthesis. The inhibitory activities of these steroids were associated with specific structural features which included the 7-ketone or 7-hydroxyl functions. The following steroids did not inhibit sterol synthesis significantly under the test conditions employed: purified cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, pregnenolone, cholestane, cholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid. 3-Keto-Δ4-cholesten-7α-ol inhibited sterol synthesis slightly but did not depress 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity. Other steroid preparations (cholestanol, cholestan-3-one, and cholest-4-en-3-one) appeared to be weakly inhibitory when they were added to liver cell cultures at relatively high concentrations. Sterol synthesis in L cells was more sensitive to inhibitory steroids than was that in liver cells, although primary liver cell cultures took up more [4-14C]cholesterol from the medium than did L cells or long term liver cell cultures. Measurements of the inhibitory activities of fractions isolated from impure cholesterol and from a mixture of preputial gland sterols by thin layer chromatography suggest that there are other inhibitors of sterol synthesis not yet identified.
Synthesis of N-(3-Azido-2-hydroxypropyl), N-(3-Phthalimido-2-hydroxypropyl) and N-(3-Amino-2-hydroxypropyl) Derivatives of Heterocyclic Bases (1994)

Alkylation of heterocyclic bases with azidomethyloxirane ( I ) under basic catalysis with potassium or cesium carbonate afforded N -(3-azido-2-hydroxypropyl) derivatives II . Hydrogenation of these compounds over palladium on carbon gave the corresponding 3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl derivatives III . The same compounds III were prepared by alkylation of heterocyclic bases with phthalimidomethyloxirane ( VII ) in the presence of cesium carbonate and subsequent reaction of the formed N -(3-phthalimido-2-hydroxypropyl) derivatives VIII with hydrazine. The phthalimido derivatives VIII are easily hydrolyzed already in weakly alkaline aqueous medium to give 9-[3-( o -carboxybenzoylamino)-2-hydroxypropyl] derivatives IX and X .
Associations between the Expression of Mucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6) and Clinicopathologic Parameters of Human Breast Ductal Carcinomas (2013)

PURPOSE: Mucins are members of the glycoprotein family expressed in benign and malignant epithelial cells. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationships between the expression of mucins in breast ductal carcinoma and clinicopathologic parameters. METHODS: We constructed tumor microarrays based on 240 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma and 40 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) using formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues. We examined the expressions of MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: MUC1 demonstrated cytoplasmic, membranous, apical, and combinative expressions. Other mucins demonstrated cytoplasmic expression. In invasive ductal carcinoma, MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 were expressed in 93.6%, 6.2%, 4.8%, and 12.4% of cases, respectively; these rates were slightly, but not significantly, higher than observed in cases of DCIS. MUC1 expression was associated with estrogen receptor (ER) expression and negative MUC1 expression was associated with triple negativity. MUC6 expression was correlated with higher histologic grade, lymphatic invasion, lymph node metastasis, and HER2 positivity. No associations with any other clinicopathologic parameters were observed. CONCLUSION: Most invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast express MUC1, and this expression is associated with ER expression. MUC6 expression is correlated with some clinicopathologic parameters that are indicators of poor prognosis. To evaluate the role of MUC6 as a potential biomarker, further studies are warranted.
Single-phase voltage-doubler rectifier using a capacitive energy storage/transfer mechanism (2003)

A switch-mode voltage-doubler rectifier using a capacitive energy storage/transfer mechanism is studied in the paper. The voltage doubling can be provided by means of a high frequency pumping action of the capacitor. Moreover, the rectifier is operated in the switching state for forcing the input current to follow its sinusoidal reference independently of the working conditions by discharging the capacitor to the circuit consisting of the supply and the boost inductor. The arrangement tested, using three insulated-gate bipolar transistors and a micro-computer as a PI controller, is used to investigate experimentally the steady-state and transient characteristics. The experimental and simulated results confirm that the rectifier can be operated with a good quality input current under steady-state and transient conditions.
An intein-cassette integration approach used for the generation of a split TEVprotease activated by conditional protein splicing (2011)

Abstract Ligand-induced conditional protein splicing (CPS) using a split intein allows the covalent reconstitution of a protein from two polypeptide fragments. The small molecule rapamycin binds to the fused FKBP and FRB dimerizer domains and thereby induces folding of the split intein, which then removes itself in the trans-splicing reaction. CPS has great potential for the experimental control of protein activity in living cells, however, only one such example was reported yet. This discrepancy is due to the challenging reconstitution of a protein from two inactive fragments because of folding, stability, and solubility issues. Moreover, in CPS the split intein must be active in the specific sequence context. We here report the novel concept, design, and application of a CPS cassette for facile target gene modification to identify active split inteininsertion sites. The CPS cassette encodes the split intein and dimerizer domain gene fragments as well as a selectable genetic marker for yeast. The addition of short sequences in the PCR-amplification of the CPS cassette allowed its site-specific insertion into the target gene by homologous recombination. Our approach thus avoids the extensive DNA cloning steps typically required. By this strategy, we identified two CPS variants of the tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease that are conditionally activated by rapamycin in yeast and we show their potential for the manipulation of intracellularproteins through proteolysis events. Our results suggest that more proteins will be amenable to CPS control and that intein cassette integration is a powerful tool for the development of such conditional variants as well as for other application of cis- and trans-splicing inteins.
Registered growth of mesoporous silica films on graphite (1997)

It has recently been demonstrated that hexagonal mesoporous silica films can be grown at mica/water interfaces. In this report it is established that the films can also be synthesized on cleaved pyrolytic graphite. Diffraction and microscopy studies of the growth, structure and form of the films indicate that the channels are aligned along the hexagonal symmetry axes of the graphite surface. The registry of the mesoporous silica film with the underlying substrate may be facilitated by an organized hemicylindrical surfactant monolayer assembly that is observed at the boundary between the graphite and water. Growth of the mesoporous silica film most likely begins within a liquid-crystal surfactant/silicate film that is aligned with the hemimicelle–graphite overstructure.
Clear-field reticle defect disposition for advanced sub-half-micron lithography (1997)

The focus of this work is to provide a methodology to accurately disposition clear field contaminants at the reticle inspection station. A test mask was designed with programmed resist and chrome defects to simulate clear field contamination. Wafers were printed using a variety of 0.50 micrometer/0.35 micrometer/0.25 micrometer lithography processes. We determine printability using I-line and DUV resist under different illumination conditions. We demonstrate that aerial image simulation and defect size are the most practical methodologies to disposition semi-transparent defects. We show aerial image simulation to correlate with printed wafer results for soft defects.
Isolation and primary structure of NGAL, a novel protein associated with human neutrophil gelatinase (1993)

A 25-kDa protein was found to be associated with purified human neutrophil gelatinase. Polyclonal antibodies raised against gelatinase not only recognized gelatinase but also this 25-kDa protein. Specific antibodies against the 25-kDa protein were obtained by affinity purification of the gelatinase antibodies. Immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated the 135-kDa form of gelatinase to be a complex of 92-kDa gelatinase and the 25-kDa protein, and the 220-kDa form was demonstrated to be a homodimer of the 92-kDa protein, thus explaining the 220-, 135-, and 92-kDa forms characteristic of neutrophil gelatinase. The 25-kDa protein was purified to apparent homogeneity from exocytosed material from phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated neutrophils. The primary structure of the 25-kDa protein was determined as a 178-residue protein. It was susceptible to treatment with N-glycanase, and one N-glycosylation site was identified. The sequence did not match any known human protein, but showed a high degree of similarity with the deduced sequences of rat alpha 2-microglobulin-related protein and the mouse protein 24p3. It is thus a new member of the lipocalin family. The function of the 25-kDa protein, named neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), remains to be determined.
[Acute rheumatoid aortic insufficiency treated by valve replacement. Apropos of a case]. (1991)

Rheumatoid valvular heart disease and aortic valve replacement for a rheumatoid lesion have been previously reported in the literature. The authors report the first case of emergency surgery for acute aortic regurgitation due to necrosis and rupture of a rheumatoid granuloma: the anatomopathological lesions observed were patholognomic.