gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Theoretical Study on the Diffusion Current at the Stationary Electrodes of Circular and Narrow Band Types (1968)

The oxygen diffusion current on the platinum electrode was studied theoretically in both circular and band type electrodes. For the oxygen current of the circular electrode the following equation was obtained; I=4naFDC0, where a is the radius of the electrode, D the diffusion coefficient and C0 the oxygen concentration in the bulk solution. The current of the band electrode was independent of the thickness of the band, as shown by the following; I=nΠlFDC2/Ψ, where l is the length of the band and Ψ is the parameter showing the extension of the boundary of the diffusion region; outside the boundary the concentration is maintained at a constant C0. The theoretical equation of the oxygen current of the circular electrode agreed well qualitatively with the experimental result. In the case of the band electrode, the oxygen diffusion current was found to be independent of the thickness; this was approximately ascertained by the experimental data.
Differential Sensitivity to Itk Kinase Signals for T Helper 2 Cytokine Production and Chemokine-Mediated Migration (2008)

Allergic asthma is dependent on chemokine-mediated Th2 cell migration and Th2 cytokine secretion into the lungs. The inducible T cell tyrosine kinase Itk regulates the production of Th2 cytokines as well as migration in response to chemokine gradients. Mice lacking Itk are resistant to developing allergic asthma. However, the role of kinase activity of Itk in the development of this disease is unclear. In addition, whether distinct Itk-derived signals lead to T cell migration and secretion of Th2 cytokines is also unknown. Using transgenic mice specifically lacking Itk kinase activity, we show that active kinase signaling is required for control of Th2 responses and development of allergic asthma. Moreover, dominant suppression of kinase Itk activity led to normal Th2 responses, but significantly reduced chemokine-mediated migration, resulting in prevention of allergic asthma. These observations indicate that signals required for Th2 responses and migration are differentially sensitive to Itk activity. Manipulation of Itk's activity can thus provide a new strategy to treat allergic asthma by differentially affecting migration of T cells into the lungs, leaving Th2 responses intact.
Pure hereditary spastic paraplegia. (1997)

The hereditary spastic paraplegias are a group of neurological conditions which are characterised by the presence of progressive spasticity, predominantly affecting the legs. They may be subclassified into pure and complicated forms based on the presence of additional neurological or non-neurological features.
Oral Analgesic Efficacy of Suprofen Compared to Aspirin, Aspirin plus Codeine, and Placebo in Patients with Postoperative Dental Pain (1983)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy and safety of single oral doses of suprofen 200 and 400 mg, compared with aspirin 650 plus codeine 60 mg, aspirin 650 mg, and placebo in the relief of moderate to severe pain resulting from the surgical removal of impacted third molars. 157 patients completed a randomized, double-blind, single-dose, stratified, parallel-groups trial, and were observed for at least 4 h. Based upon each of the summary efficacy measures, sum pain intensity difference (SPID), percent SPID, TOTPAR and a global evaluation, all four active treatments were approximately equally effective and all were statistically superior to placebo. In addition, suprofen at both dose levels was significantly more effective than placebo beginning at the 0.5-hour observation for mean pain intensity, whereas the two aspirin treatments were not superior to placebo until the 1-hour observation. Side effects were minimal; there was one in the suprofen 200 mg, three in the aspirin 650 mg, and one in the placebo treatment group. Thus, it appears that suprofen at 200 and 400 mg is a safe and effective oral analgesic for the relief of moderate or severe postoperative dental pain, and it is possible that compared to aspirin 650 mg and aspirin 650 mg plus codeine 60 mg, it has a more rapid onset of action.
Obestatin, a Peptide Encoded by the Ghrelin Gene, Opposes Ghrelin's Effects on Food Intake (2005)

Ghrelin, a circulating appetite-inducing hormone, is derived from a prohormone by posttranslational processing. On the basis of the bioinformatic prediction that another peptide also derived from proghrelin exists, we isolated a hormone from rat stomach and named it obestatin-a contraction of obese, from the Latin "obedere," meaning to devour, and "statin," denoting suppression. Contrary to the appetite-stimulating effects of ghrelin, treatment of rats with obestatin suppressed food intake, inhibited jejunal contraction, and decreased body-weight gain. Obestatin bound to the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR39. Thus, two peptide hormones with opposing action in weight regulation are derived from the same ghrelin gene. After differential modification, these hormones activate distinct receptors.
Effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on early stages of tendon healing: A rat patellar tendon model (2000)

We studied the effects of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on cell proliferation, type III collagen expression, ultimate stress and the pyridinoline content in the early stages of healing in rat patellar tendon. 96 male Sprague Dawley rats were injected with increasing doses of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) at 3 days after a "window defect" was induced in the mid-part of the patellar tendon. They were killed at 7 and 14 days after the injury. A dose-dependent increase in the number of proliferating cells and the level of expression of type III collagen was demonstrated at only 7 days post-injury. On the other hand, we found no effects of bFGF on ultimate stress and the pyridinoline content of healing tendons. Only time significantly affected both strength-associated parameters. We showed that in vivo supplementation with bFGF affected the initial events of healing such as cell proliferation and type III collagen expression.
Gas chromatography/flame ionisation detection mass spectrometry for the detection of endogenous urine metabolites for metabonomic studies and its use as a complementary tool to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2006)

Metabonomics is a relatively new field of research in which the total pool of metabolites in body fluids or tissues from different patient groups is subjected to comparative analysis. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the technology that is currently most widely used for the analysis of these highly complex metabolite mixtures, and hundreds of metabolites can be detected without any upfront separation. We have investigated in this study whether gas chromatography (GC) separation in combination with flame ionisation detection (FID) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection can be used for metabolite profiling from urine. We show that although GC sample preparation is much more involved than for NMR, hundreds of metabolites can reproducibly be detected and analysed by GC. We show that the data quality is sufficiently high--particularly if appropriate baseline correction and time-warping methods are applied--to allow for data comparison by chemometrics methods. A sample set of urines from eleven healthy human volunteers was analysed independently by GC and NMR, and subsequent chemometrics analysis of the two datasets showed some similar features. As judged by NIST database searches of the GC/MS data some of the major metabolites that are detected by NMR are also visible by GC/MS. Since in contrast to NMR every peak in GC corresponds to a single metabolite, the electron ionisation spectra can be used to quickly identify metabolites of interest if their reference spectra are present in a searchable database. In summary, we show that GC is a method that can be used as a complementary tool to NMR for metabolite profiling of urine samples.
Personal Neoantigen Cancer Vaccines: A Road Not Fully Paved (2020)

Personal neoantigen-based cancer vaccines are designed to target antigens arising from tumor-specific mutations within individual cancers and present a tremendous opportunity to capitalize on their favorable and intrinsic properties of escape from central tolerance and exquisite tumor specificity. With the endpoint of creating an optimal T-cell army to attack a tumor, neoantigen-based vaccines have demonstrated the ability to coax naïve T-cell recruits against epitopes that do not induce spontaneous immunity to raise long-lasting T-cell responses against multiple tumor-specific epitopes and subsequently to extend the breadth of responses, as immunity begets immunity via epitope spreading. Importantly, on both preclinical and clinical fronts, the association of T-cell responses to neoantigens and favorable outcomes has been demonstrated time and time again. We recognize, however, that the path forward remains long and winding and requires the field to address several key challenges, particularly overcoming evolved tumor escape mechanisms and optimizing vaccine-induced immunity. Some challenges stem from gaps in science that enable <i>in silico</i> prediction of antigen presentation and recognition by T-cell receptors, whereas others stem from the logistical obstacles and cost of personalization. Nevertheless, with perseverance and innovative solutions, we have little doubt that the ability of neoantigen vaccination to induce potent cancer-specific T cells will fundamentally succeed in enabling greater effectiveness of a broad array of immunotherapies. We provide our perspective on the progress and the remaining challenges to realizing the opportunity of personal neoantigen cancer vaccines.
Understanding and improving high-throughput sequencing data production and analysis (2011)

Advances in DNA sequencing revolutionized the field of genomics over the last 5 years. New sequencing instruments make it possible to rapidly generate large amounts of sequence data at substantially lower cost. These high-throughput sequencing technologies (e.g. Roche 454 FLX, Life Technology SOLiD, Dover Polonator, Helicos HeliScope and Illumina Genome Analyzer) make whole genome sequencing and resequencing, transcript sequencing as well as quantification of gene expression, DNA-protein interactions and DNA methylation feasible at an unanticipated scale. In the field of evolutionary genomics, high-throughput sequencing permitted studies of whole genomes from ancient specimens of different hominin groups. Further, it allowed large-scale population genetics studies of present-day humans as well as different types of sequence-based comparative genomics studies in primates. Such comparisons of humans with closely related apes and hominins are important not only to better understand human origins and the biological background of what sets humans apart from other organisms, but also for understanding the molecular basis for diseases and disorders, particularly those that affect uniquely human traits, such as speech disorders, autism or schizophrenia. However, while the cost and time required to create comparative data sets have been greatly reduced, the error profiles and limitations of the new platforms differ significantly from those of previous approaches. This requires a specific experimental design in order to circumvent these issues, or to handle them during data analysis. During the course of my PhD, I analyzed and improved current protocols and algorithms for next generation sequencing data, taking into account the specific characteristics of these new sequencing technologies. The presented approaches and algorithms were applied in different projects and are widely used within the department of Evolutionary Genetics at the Max Planck Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology. In this thesis, I will present selected analyses from the whole genome shotgun sequencing of two ancient hominins and the quantification of gene expression from short-sequence tags in five tissues from three primates.
Small-Angle X-ray Scattering and Rheological Characterization of Alginate Gels. 1. Ca−Alginate Gels (2000)

Ca−alginate gels were studied by small-angle X-ray scattering and rheology to determine relations between chemical composition and concentrations of the alginate and the elasticity and structure of the gels. The gels were prepared by in situ release of Ca2+ from either Ca−EGTA or CaCO3 with total Ca2+ concentration in the range 5−30 mM. Alginates with low (39%), intermediate (50%), and high (68%) fractions of α-l-GulA originating from the brown algae Ascophyllum nodosum, Laminaria hyperborea leaf, and Laminaria hyperborea stipe, respectively, were employed. Two to three different degrees of polymerization for each chemical composition were used in the experiments. The excess small-angle X-ray scattering for the alginates in solution yielded linear cross-sectional Guinier plots, and the cross-sectional radius of gyration, Rg,c, was determined to be 3.1−4.6 Å. The SAXS profiles of the alginate gels depended on the alginate concentration, Ca2+ concentration, and the alginate composition. The SAXS data suggested that dimerization of chain segments was the principal association mode at low fractional Ca2+ saturation of guluronic acid of the alginate. Increasing the fractional Ca2+ saturation of guluronic acid, either by the concentrations or selection of alginate source, yielded coexisting lateral association modes, as manifested in a curvature in the cross-sectional plots. The coexisting junction zone multiplicities occur because of a delicate balance between the block length distribution of the α-l-GulA residues, polymer concentration, and Ca2+. These results are quantitative extensions of the “egg-box” model used to describe ionotropic gelation of alginate and hence enhance the understanding of the structure−function relationship of alginate gels.
Use of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator for Acute Ischemic Stroke (2000)

A small proportion of patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke in Cleveland received tPA; they experienced a high rate of ICH. Cleveland community experience with tPA for acute ischemic stroke may differ from that reported in clinical trials.
Development of a Tissue Array for Primary Melanoma with Long-Term Follow-Up: Discovering Melanoma Cell Adhesion Molecule as an Important Prognostic Marker (2005)

Refining current prognostic capability is essential for improving the management of melanoma. This study was undertaken to develop a tumor array for the rapid assessment of novel prognostic markers in a series of specimens from melanoma patients with 7- to 10-year follow-up. A melanoma database of 120 patients with archival specimens was created after histopathological review of original specimens. A tissue array was developed allowing 480 biopsy samples from the 120 primary melanoma specimens to be embedded into a single paraffin block. This was sectioned and stained for the adhesion marker melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM); after further review, 76 of the 120 specimens were suitable for further analysis. The slides were assessed by two independent observers without previous knowledge of the clinical outcome for staining positivity and stain intensity. Assessment of association between MCAM and clinicopathological features was carried out using chi-squared analysis, and univariate and Cox multivariate analyses were performed on the data. There was a high correlation between MCAM intensity and both Clark's level and Breslow thickness (Spearman correlation p < 0.001 for both). The data revealed that MACM was a highly specific prognostic marker for survival in univariate analysis (chi2 = 18, p < 0.0001). Subgroup analysis by stratification of the staining intensity revealed a sequentially worsening survival with increasing staining intensity (chi2 = 22.33, p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis of survival showed MCAM to be an independent prognostic marker more accurate than all other clinicopathological parameters (p < 0.0001), including the Breslow depth. Further analysis within only intermediate-thickness tumors showed MCAM intensity added further refinement to outcome prediction (chi2 = 22.33, p < 0.0001). The tissue array provided a rapid method of analyzing up to 480 specimens within a single paraffin block. This will benefit many areas of plastic surgery research. The identification of adhesion markers revealed a valuable prognostic marker for predicting outcome and a potential target for therapeutic manipulation.
Leukotriene D 4 : a Potent Coronary Artery Vasoconstrictor Associated with Impaired Ventricular Contraction (1982)

Leukotriene D4 (2 c 10(-9) mole), injected into the left circumflex coronary artery of anesthetized sheep, produced profound coronary vasoconstriction and impaired regional ventricular wall motion. This cardiac effect was neither inhibited by prior treatment of the sheep with a cyclooxygenase inhibitor nor associated with thromboxane B2 release into the coronary sinus. Intravenous FPL 55712 completely abolished the coronary vasoconstriction of leukotriene D4, but a significant reduction of regional wall shortening persisted.
Effects of air gaps on winding loss in high-frequency planar magnetics (2003)

Lumped gaps incur unacceptably high eddy-current loss in small high-frequency magnetic geometries because of their close proximity to the winding. The problem is studied for four simulated inductor structures, using finite-element analysis. It is shown that distribution of the gaps uniformly around the core, which can be realized by using low-permeability magnetic material, reduces the AC-DC resistance ratio of series-connected windings to about two at large conductor width. Measures to reduce the field nonuniformity, such as arranging the series turns in multiple layers so that the winding window has better aspect ratio, further reduce winding loss. Loss reduction due to more uniform field distribution offsets the loss increase due to multilayer arrangement, at least for a small number of turns.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Size dependence of III-nitride microdisk light-emitting diode characteristics (2001)

Individual microdisk blue-light-emitting diodes (μ-LEDs) of varying diameters from 5 to 20 μm have been fabricated from InGaN/GaN quantum wells. Size effects on the μ-LED characteristics, including I–V and L–I characteristics, have been measured. The transient behavior of the μ-LEDs has also been studied. It was found that the turn-on time is on the order of our system response (30 ps) and the turn-off time is on the order of 0.2 ns and shows a strong size dependence. The ability of two-dimensional array integration with advantages of high speed, high resolution, low temperature sensitivity, and applicability under versatile conditions make III-nitride μ-LEDs a potential candidate for light sources in short-distance optical communications.
Full-chip harmonic balance (2002)

Fast and accurate computation of the steady-state response of large nonlinear networks under periodic and quasi-periodic drive is a key simulation problem for integrated RF designs. In this paper we describe recent work which extends the method of Harmonic Balance to networks containing several million unknowns. A new implementation is described, which includes new methods of preconditioning linear solves and an efficient method of storing derivative information. Then we report simulation and bench measurement results for several large designs, including a complete dual-conversion transmitter chip with extracted layout parasitics.
Vacuum ultraviolet to visible emission from hydrogen plasma: Effect of excitation frequency (2000)

The expanding use of low pressure (p⩽10 Torr), high frequency plasmas in various applications has stimulated research toward increased operating efficiency. In order to optimize a particular plasma process, the operator can vary several “external” (operator-set) parameters, among which the excitation frequency f has received relatively little attention in the literature over the years, probably due to the difficulties encountered in designing meaningful frequency-dependent experiments. These difficulties can be avoided by the use of surface-wave discharges (SWDs), which possess great flexibility: a very broad (continuous) range of excitation frequencies, and wide ranges of operating pressures and plasma densities, under noncritical, almost perfect impedance matching with the power source. In earlier work in these laboratories, we have examined the f dependence of plasma deposition and etching experiments; the present experiments have been designed to investigate the f dependence more “directly” by turning to the plasma through its optical emission. The vacuum ultraviolet to visible emission from SWD plasmas in pure hydrogen or 7%H2 in Ar mixture has been investigated over a broad range of excitation frequency (50⩽f⩽200 MHz) using a spectrophotometer with a known transfer function. The observed f dependence of emission intensity (atomic lines and molecular bands) as f is increased is interpreted in the case of the pure H2 discharge in terms of changes from a nonstationary to a stationary electron energy distribution function (EEDF) while, in the 7%H2/Ar mixture, it is related to changes in the form of the stationary EEDF.
Heart Valve Structure and Function in Development and Disease (2011)

The mature heart valves are made up of highly organized extracellular matrix (ECM) and valve interstitial cells (VICs) surrounded by an endothelial cell layer. The ECM of the valves is stratified into elastin-, proteoglycan-, and collagen-rich layers that confer distinct biomechanical properties to the leaflets and supporting structures. Signaling pathways have critical functions in primary valvulogenesis as well as the maintenance of valve structure and function over time. Animal models provide powerful tools to study valve development and disease processes. Valve disease is a significant public health problem, and increasing evidence implicates aberrant developmental mechanisms underlying pathogenesis. Further studies are necessary to determine regulatory pathway interactions underlying valve pathogenesis in order to generate new avenues for novel therapeutics.
Fast Competitive Reactions in Taylor−Couette Flow (2005)

Similarity parameters are derived to correlate the selectivity of mixing controlled parallel reactions within Taylor−Couette reactors. For the common case of laminar reactant feed the Kolmogoroff time is shown to correlate selectivity in turbulent, Taylor−Couette flows provided the reactor Reynolds number Re < ReC. The upper limit ReC for the reactor Reynolds number is shown to be constrained by the volumetric flow ratio of vortex cell-to-reactant feed. For larger and more probable reactor Reynolds numbers Re > ReC, the inertial time scale defined in terms of a reactor feed length is shown to correlate selectivity. The latter scaling law is used to correlate the present data and for comparison with similar stirred tank data. The advantages of the Taylor−Couette geometry are discussed. Attempts to improve selectivity with rotor-generated cavitation, however, were unsuccessful.