gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bursts of Superreflected Laser Light from Inhomogeneous Plasmas due to the Generation of Relativistic Solitary Waves (1999)

In an inhomogeneous plasma, low-frequency solitary waves, generated by superintense laser pulses, are accelerated towards the plasma-vacuum interface where they radiate their energy in the form of low-frequency electromagnetic bursts. The transverse inhomogeneity of the plasma inside the self-focusing radiation channel leads to guiding of the solitary waves. These solitary waves excite a two-ribbon magnetic field structure in their wake. These phenomena have been studied with two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations and are expected to be observed in present-day laser-plasma experiments.
Advanced Techniques for Modulation, Error Correction, Channel Equalization, and Diversity (1993)

Signal processing techniques play an important role in creating and maintaining reliable wireless digital communications. Many of these, such as low-bit-rate speech coding, convolutional channel coding with Viterbi decoding, and equalization, are already part of the first generation of digital cellular systems. Other techniques that can enhance the voice quality and system capacity include transmit and receive antenna diversity techniques, coded modulation, interference randomization and reduction, and advanced channel-decoding techniques.
Copper Coordination in Cu-SSZ-13 and Cu-SSZ-16 Investigated by Variable-Temperature XRD (2009)

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are a major atmospheric pollutant produced through the combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines. Copper-exchanged zeolites are promising as selective catalytic reduction catalysts for the direct conversion of NO into N2 and O2, and recent reports have shown the enhanced performance of Cu-CHA catalysts over other zeolite frameworks in the NO decomposition of exhaust gas streams. In the present study, Rietveld refinement of variable-temperature XRD synchrotron data obtained for Cu-SSZ-13 and Cu-SSZ-16 is used to investigate the location of copper cations in the zeolite pores and the effect of temperature on these sites and on framework stability. The XRD patterns show that the thermal stability of SSZ-13 is increased significantly when copper is exchanged into the framework compared with the acid form of the zeolite, H-SSZ-13. Cu-SSZ-13 is also more thermally stable than Cu-SSZ-16. From the refined diffraction patterns, the atomic positions of atoms, copper locations and occupancies, and thermal displacement parameters were determined as a function of temperature for both zeolites. Copper is found in the cages coordinated to three oxygen atoms of the six-membered rings.
The Use of a Cationic Liposome Formulation (DOTAP) Mixed with a Recombinant Tumor-Associated Antigen to Induce Immune Responses and Protective Immunity in Mice (1998)

The cationic liposome DOTAP is a well-known transfection reagent. It has been manufactured and approved for clinical use, is readily available, and can be easily used as an adjuvant. These characteristics prompted us to investigate the effectiveness of DOTAP as an adjuvant to induce immune responses and protective immunity in mice using baculovirus-derived carcinoembryonic antigen (bV-CEA) as a model antigen. Two routes of administration and a dose-response study of bV-CEA were used in BALB/c mice to define the magnitude of the immune response as well as the most effective route of immunization. The results demonstrate differences in antibody titers, immunoglobulin (Ig)G isotype, and T-cell responses between the intravenous (i.v.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) route of immunization. The titer of the anti-CEA antibodies induced by the s.c. immunization was greater than the response by i.v. immunization. The s.c. route enhanced the IgG2a/2b isotype, whereas i.v. immunization elicited primarily IgG1. T-cell proliferation responses and cytokine production paralleled the humoral response (i.e., production was higher in the s.c. immunized animals). No differences in immunological responses were seen using either 25 or 10 microg of bV-CEA three times. An amount of 25 microg of bV-CEA/DOTAP given by s.c. immunization was sufficient in protecting mice from the transplant of syngeneic tumor cells transduced with the human CEA gene. We conclude that the cationic liposome DOTAP may be a useful immunoadjuvant for active anti-tumor immunotherapy in future clinical trials. This study will help to define the most effective way to use such an adjuvant.
Nanoparticle Removal Using Laser-Induced Plasma Shock Waves (2007)

Removal of sub-100 nm particles from substrates such as wafers and photo masks is an essential requirement in semiconductor, microelectronics, and nanotechnology applications. The proposed laser-induced plasma (LIP) based approach is an effective technique for removal of sub-100 nm particles, as the minimum tolerable particle on the substrates shrinks to sub-100 nm levels with each technological node. In the current study, our progress in sub-100 nm particle removal is reviewed, and the results of the kinetic theory simulations conducted to understand the dynamics of the gas molecule-nanoparticle interactions excited by the shock front are discussed. It is shown from the simulations and experiments that particles as small as sub-100 nm can be successfully detached. To explain possible mechanisms for the nanoparticle detachment in nanoscale, the concepts of rolling resistance moment and rocking motion are utilized as novel detachment mechanisms. The pressure experiments illustrate that the peak pressure levels achieved with the LIP shock wave fields are below damage thresholds of most substrate materials. The potential of the proposed approach as a practical noncontact, dry, fast, and damage-free method for removal of sub-100 nm particles is discussed.
Chemokines and chemokine receptors: an overview (2009)

Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines orchestrating leukocyte recruitment in physiological and pathological conditions. This complex system includes 42 molecules and 19 receptors and is subjected to different levels of regulation, including ligand production, post-translational modifications and degradation, as well as receptor expression and signaling activity. Here we analyze the chemokine system, with particular attention to available information on clinical situations in which chemokines or their receptors might assume diagnostic value.
Photosensitized labeling of a functional multidrug transporter in living drug-resistant tumor cells. (1990)

A 170,000-Da glycoprotein (P170 multidrug transporter) becomes specifically labeled in multidrug-resistant human KB carcinoma cells by the photolabile lipophilic membrane probe 5-[125I]iodonaphthalene-1-azide ([125I]INA) when photoactivation of the probe is triggered by energy transfer from intracellular doxorubicin or rhodamine 123. In contrast, in drug-sensitive cells, drug-induced specific labeling of membrane proteins with [125I]INA was not observed. Instead, multiple membrane proteins became labeled in a nonspecific manner. This phenomenon of drug-induced specific labeling of P170 by [125I]INA is observed only in living cells, but not in purified membrane vesicles or lysed cells. It is generated by doxorubicin and rhodamine 123, drugs that are chromophores and to which the cells exhibit resistance; but it is not observed with other drugs or dyes. Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker which reverses resistance to doxorubicin, also abolishes doxorubicin-induced specific [125I]INA labeling of P170. These results reveal that a specific interaction between P170 and doxorubicin takes place in living cells and demonstrate that P170 is directly involved in the mechanism of drug resistance in vivo. They also provide a possible means to label functional domains in the multidrug transporter. The results demonstrate that photosensitized [125I]INA labeling is a technique which provides sufficient spatial and time resolution to detect specific intracellular interactions between chromophores and proteins in vivo.
CPU-assisted GPGPU on fused CPU-GPU architectures (2012)

This paper presents a novel approach to utilize the CPU resource to facilitate the execution of GPGPU programs on fused CPU-GPU architectures. In our model of fused architectures, the GPU and the CPU are integrated on the same die and share the on-chip L3 cache and off-chip memory, similar to the latest Intel Sandy Bridge and AMD accelerated processing unit (APU) platforms. In our proposed CPU-assisted GPGPU, after the CPU launches a GPU program, it executes a pre-execution program, which is generated automatically from the GPU kernel using our proposed compiler algorithms and contains memory access instructions of the GPU kernel for multiple thread-blocks. The CPU pre-execution program runs ahead of GPU threads because (1) the CPU pre-execution thread only contains memory fetch instructions from GPU kernels and not floating-point computations, and (2) the CPU runs at higher frequencies and exploits higher degrees of instruction-level parallelism than GPU scalar cores. We also leverage the prefetcher at the L2-cache on the CPU side to increase the memory traffic from CPU. As a result, the memory accesses of GPU threads hit in the L3 cache and their latency can be drastically reduced. Since our pre-execution is directly controlled by user-level applications, it enjoys both high accuracy and flexibility. Our experiments on a set of benchmarks show that our proposed pre-execution improves the performance by up to 113% and 21.4% on average.
Microdiesel: Escherichia coli engineered for fuel production (2006)

Biodiesel is an alternative energy source and a substitute for petroleum-based diesel fuel. It is produced from renewable biomass by transesterification of triacylglycerols from plant oils, yielding monoalkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids with short-chain alcohols such as fatty acid methyl esters and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs). Despite numerous environmental benefits, a broader use of biodiesel is hampered by the extensive acreage required for sufficient production of oilseed crops. Therefore, processes are urgently needed to enable biodiesel production from more readily available bulk plant materials like sugars or cellulose. Toward this goal, the authors established biosynthesis of biodiesel-adequate FAEEs, referred to as Microdiesel, in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. This was achieved by heterologous expression in E. coli of the Zymomonas mobilis pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase and the unspecific acyltransferase from Acinetobacter baylyi strain ADP1. By this approach, ethanol formation was combined with subsequent esterification of the ethanol with the acyl moieties of coenzyme A thioesters of fatty acids if the cells were cultivated under aerobic conditions in the presence of glucose and oleic acid. Ethyl oleate was the major constituent of these FAEEs, with minor amounts of ethyl palmitate and ethyl palmitoleate. FAEE concentrations of 1.28 g l(-1) and a FAEE content of the cells of 26 % of the cellular dry mass were achieved by fed-batch fermentation using renewable carbon sources. This novel approach might pave the way for industrial production of biodiesel equivalents from renewable resources by employing engineered micro-organisms, enabling a broader use of biodiesel-like fuels in the future.
Plasma 24S-hydroxycholesterol and other oxysterols in acute closed head injury (2008)

Plasma 24S-hydroxycholesterol levels do not change with severe closed head injury.
From context to content (2004)

The recent popularity of mobile camera phones allows for new opportunities to gather important metadata at the point of capture. This paper describes a method for generating metadata for photos using spatial, temporal, and social context. We describe a system we implemented for inferring location information for pictures taken with camera phones and its performance evaluation. We propose that leveraging contextual metadata at the point of capture can address the problems of the semantic and sensory gaps. In particular, combining and sharing spatial, temporal, and social contextual metadata from a given user and across users allows us to make inferences about media content.
The dynamic range of protein expression: A challenge for proteomic research (2000)

Proteomic research, for its part, is benefiting enormously from the last decade of genomic research as we now have archived, annotated and audited sequence databases to correlate and query experimental data. While the two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels are still a central part of proteomics, we reflect on the possibilities and realities of the current 2-DE technology with regard to displaying and analysing proteomes. Limitations of analysing whole cell/tissue lysates by 2-DE alone are discussed, and we investigate whether extremely narrow p/ranges (1 pH unit/25 cm) provide a solution to display comprehensive protein expression profiles. We are confronted with a challenging task: the dynamic range of protein expression. We believe that most of the existing technology is capable of displaying many more proteins than is currently achievable by integrating existing and new techniques to prefractionate samples prior to 2-DE display or analysis. The availability of a "proteomics toolbox", consisting of defined reagents, methods, and equipment, would assist a comprehensive analysis of defined biological systems.
Complete Workplace Indoor Smoking Ban and Smoking Behavior among Male Workers and Female Nonsmoking Workers’ Husbands: A Pseudo Cohort Study of Japanese Public Workers (2014)

A pseudo cohort study using national cross-sections (2001, 2004, 2007, and 2010) was conducted to examine differences in smoking prevalence under different smoking ban policies such as a complete workplace indoor smoking ban (early or recent implementation) and a partial smoking ban among male public workers and husbands of female nonsmoking public workers. The effectiveness of smoking bans was estimated by difference-in-differences (DID) with age group stratification. The results varied considerably by age and implementation period. Although DID estimates (positive value of DID estimate represents smoking cessation percentage) for both smoking bans on total male smoking were not significant, the over-40 age group indicated a significant DID estimate of 5.0 (95% CI: 0.2, 9.8) for the recent smoking ban. For female workers' husbands' smoking, the over-40 age group indicated positive, but not significant, DID estimates for the early and recent smoking bans of 7.2 (-4.7, 19.2) and 8.4 (-2.0, 18.7), respectively. A complete indoor workplace smoking ban, particularly one recently implemented among public office workers aged over 40, may reduce male workers' smoking and female workers' husbands' smoking compared with a partial smoking ban, but the conclusion remains tentative because of methodological weaknesses in the study.
In vitro and in vivo antileukemic activity of B43-pokeweed antiviral protein against radiation-resistant human B-cell precursor leukemia cells (1995)

B-cell precursor (BCP) leukemia is the most common form of childhood cancer and represents one of the most radiation-resistant forms of human malignancy. In this study, we examined the antileukemic efficacy of the B43 (anti-CD19)-pokeweed antiviral protein (B43-PAP) immunotoxin against radiation-resistant BCP leukemia cells. B43-PAP caused apoptosis of radiation-resistant primary BCP leukemia cells, killed greater than 99% of radiation-resistant primary leukemic progenitor cells from BCP leukemia patients, and conferred extended survival to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice xenografted with radiation-resistant human BCP leukemia. Furthermore, the combination of B43-PAP and total body irradiation (TBI) was more effective than TBI alone in two SCID mouse bone marrow transplantation models of radiation-resistant human BCP leukemia. Thus, B43-PAP may prove useful in the treatment of radiation-resistant BCP leukemia.
Kinetic Studies of the Alternating Copolymerization of Cyclic Acid Anhydrides and Epoxides, and the Terpolymerization of Cyclic Acid Anhydrides, Epoxides, and CO2 Catalyzed by (salen)CrIIICl (2012)

Copolymerization of a series of cyclic acid anhydrides with several epoxides using (salen)CrCl/onium salt catalysts has afforded polyesters with high molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. The (salen)CrCl catalyst in the presence of the onium salts with formula PPNX (X = Cl–, N3–) for the copolymerization of the anhydrides, maleic (MA), succinic (SA), phthalic (PA), cyclohexene (CHE), and cyclohexane (CHA) with the epoxides, cyclohexene oxide (CHO), propylene oxide (PO), and styrene oxide (SO) resulted in completely alternating enchainment of monomers to provide pure polyesters. Temperature dependent studies of the ring-opening copolymerization of phthalic anhydride and cyclohexene oxide monomers in toluene solution have yielded activation parameters of ΔH‡ = 67.5 kJ mol–1 and ΔS‡ = −95.3 J mol–1, where the rate limiting step was ring-opening of the epoxide by the enchained anhydride. For the cyclic acid anhydride (CHA), the relative order of reactivity with epoxides decreased PO > CHO ≥ SO, and for the epoxide (CHO) the relative rate of copolymerization was CHA > PA > CHE. The (salen)CrCl/PPNN3 catalyst system was also shown to effectively terpolymerize CHO/phthalic anhydride/CO2 to afford diblock copolymers, thereby producing in a one pot synthesis poly(ester-co-carbonate). Tg values of the synthesized polyesters displayed a temperature range over 130 °C, from +95 °C to −39 °C.
Glycoprotein C of herpes simplex virus type 1 plays a principal role in the adsorption of virus to cells and in infectivity (1991)

The purpose of this study was to identify the herpes simplex virus glycoprotein(s) that mediates the adsorption of virions to cells. Because heparan sulfate moieties of cell surface proteoglycans serve as the receptors for herpes simplex virus adsorption, we tested whether any of the viral glycoproteins could bind to heparin-Sepharose in affinity chromatography experiments. Two glycoproteins, gB and gC, bound to heparin-Sepharose and could be eluted with soluble heparin. In order to determine whether virions devoid of gC or gB were impaired for adsorption, we quantitated the binding of wild-type and mutant virions to cells. We found that at equivalent input concentrations of purified virions, significantly fewer gC-negative virions bound to cells than did wild-type or gB-negative virions. In addition, the gC-negative virions that bound to cells showed a significant delay in penetration compared with wild-type virus. The impairments in adsorption and penetration of the gC-negative virions can account for their reduced PFU/particle ratios, which were found to be about 5 to 10% that of wild-type virions, depending on the host cell. Although gC is dispensable for replication of herpes simplex virus in cell culture, it clearly facilitates virion adsorption and enhances infectivity by about a factor of 10.
Evidence-Based Guidelines for Prevention of Perioperative Hypothermia (2009)

Forbes, Shawn S. MD; Eskicioglu, Cagla MD; Nathens, Avery B. MD, FACS; Fenech, Darlene S. MD; Laflamme, Claude MD; McLean, Richard F. MD; McLeod, Robin S. MD, FACS Best Practice in General Surgery Committee, University of Toronto Author Information
Distributed Preservation in a National Context (2006)

The Library of Congress (LC), under direction from the U. S. Congress, is leading the development of a distributed digital preservation network that is to include public- and private-sector content creators, distributors, stewardship organizations, and technology enterprises. This article will summarize the progress of that initiative ¿ the National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP) ¿ five and a half years after its inception. Specific actions that address the development of LC's internal preservation infrastructure, as well as LC's participation in international efforts, will not be addressed. This article will focus instead on NDIIPP's strategic approach; first-round investments, achievements, and lessons learned; plans for second-round investments; and a look ahead at remaining challenges
Scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI) is the major route for the delivery of high density lipoprotein cholesterol to the steroidogenic pathway in cultured mouse adrenocortical cells (1997)

The class B, type I scavenger receptor, SR-BI, binds high density lipoprotein (HDL) and mediates the selective uptake of HDL cholesteryl ester (CE) by cultured transfected cells. The high levels of SR-BI expression in steroidogenic cells in vivo and its regulation by tropic hormones provides support for the hypothesis that SR-BI is a physiologically relevant HDL receptor that supplies substrate cholesterol for steroid hormone synthesis. This hypothesis was tested by determining the ability of antibody directed against murine (m) SR-BI to inhibit the selective uptake of HDL CE in Y1-BS1 adrenocortical cells. Anti-mSR-BI IgG inhibited HDL CE-selective uptake by 70% and cell association of HDL particles by 50% in a dose-dependent manner. The secretion of [3H]steroids derived from HDL containing [3H]CE was inhibited by 78% by anti-mSR-BI IgG. These results establish mSR-BI as the major route for the selective uptake of HDL CE and the delivery of HDL cholesterol to the steroidogenic pathway in cultured mouse adrenal cells.
Beta-catenin accumulation and mutation of the CTNNB1 gene in hepatoblastoma. (1999)

Hepatoblastoma is a rare malignant tumor of the liver that occurs in children at an average age of 2 to 3 years. Epidemiologic studies have shown an increased frequency of this tumor type in families affected by adenomatous polyposis coli. In addition to the epidemiologic data, molecular genetic studies suggest that inactivation of the APC tumor suppressor may be involved in hepatoblastoma tumorigenesis. A major function of APC is the downregulation of beta-catenin, a transcription-activating protein with oncogenic potential. In an ongoing immunohistochemical study of beta-catenin expression in sporadic cases of tumor types that are associated with adenomatous polyposis coli, we observed increased beta-catenin levels in the cytoplasm and in the nuclei of three investigated hepatoblastomas. Sequencing of exon 3 of the beta-catenin gene (CTNNB1) revealed an activating mutation in one of the tumor samples. Our data indicate for the first time that beta-catenin accumulation may play a role in the development of hepatoblastoma and that activating mutations of the beta-catenin gene may substitute biallelic APC inactivation in this tumor type. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 25:399-402, 1999.