gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma Lipids and Vascular Dysfunction in Preeclampsia (1998)

The dominating hypothesis of the preeclampsia syndrome (PES) is that placentally derived factors are released to the maternal circulation. These factors are believed to alter endothelial properties resulting in disturbed vasomotor function, increased endothelial permeability, and activation of thrombogenic factors. However, the impact of placentally derived factors on the endothelial cells is influenced by another major variable: the "sensitivity" of the maternal endothelium to the placental factors. Several maternal factors may play a role in determining this sensitivity. They include chronic hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. In this article we discuss the possible role of hyperlipidemia (especially high free fatty acids and hypertriglyceridemia) in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia, viewed from this perspective. Pregnancy in general, preeclamptic pregnancy in particular, is associated with a marked hyperlipidemia. We suggest a parallel to atherosclerotic diseases, wherein hyperlipidemia induces endothelial dysfunction, probably by promoting oxidative stress in the arterial wall. The hyperlipidemia of pregnancy may have a similar effect on the endothelial cells. When placentally derived endothelial disturbing factors, like lipid peroxides and trophoblastic components, are released into the maternal circulation, their effects on the endothelium may be enhanced because of hyperlipidemia-mediated activation or "sensitization" of the endothelial cells. Alternatively, placentally derived factors like peroxides may combine with lipoproteins, forming complexes that are more disturbing to cells than the placental factors or lipoproteins are individually. We also discuss the possible role of maternal hyperlipidemia in aggravating placental insufficiency caused by poorly transformed spiral arteries. The hemodynamic flow pattern may be markedly different in completely and incompletely transformed spiral arteries. By analogy to the fundamental role of hemodynamic factors in development of atherosclerosis, we pose the hypothesis that abnormally transformed spiral arteries have an "atherogenic" blood flow pattern that promotes lipid deposition and "acute atherosis".
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Epoxy Composites (2006)

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)-polymer composites have been fabricated to evaluate the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) of SWNTs. Our results indicate that SWNTs can be used as effective lightweight EMI shielding materials. Composites with greater than 20 dB shielding efficiency were obtained easily. EMI SE was tested in the frequency range of 10 MHz to 1.5 GHz, and the highest EMI shielding efficiency (SE) was obtained for 15 wt % SWNT, reaching 49 dB at 10 MHz and exhibiting 15-20 dB in the 500 MHz to 1.5 GHz range. The EMI SE was found to correlate with the dc conductivity, and this frequency range is found to be dominated by reflection. The effects of SWNT wall defects and aspect ratio on the EMI SE were also studied.
Polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases in fruits and vegetables (1981)

Polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases are among the most studied enzymes in fruits and vegetables. Owing to the deleterious effects of discoloration and off-flavor formation induced by their actions, these enzymes have not ceased to be a matter of concern to food technologists, while their versatility as catalyst and their diversity as protein present a challenge to the biochemist. This article gives an account on the present state of knowledge in this field. The occurrence of polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases in food and food raw materials, and their role and importance in food processing are briefly outlined. Results of biochemical research including catalytic properties, substrate specificity, susceptibility towards pH and temperature, action of inhibitors, isolation, purification, and characteristics of the enzymes are given, with special emphasis on recent achievements based on high resolution separation and isoenzyme techniques. Finally, the behavior of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase in selected major groups of fruits and vegetables is discussed. Some contradictions found in the literature are pointed out and some questions that have not been given the necessary attention by researchers so far are mentioned.
The Class II KNOX gene KNAT7 negatively regulates secondary wall formation in Arabidopsis and is functionally conserved in Populus (2012)

• The formation of secondary cell walls in cell types such as tracheary elements and fibers is a defining characteristic of vascular plants. The Arabidopsis transcription factor KNAT7 is a component of a transcription network that regulates secondary cell wall biosynthesis, but its function has remained unclear. • We conducted anatomical, biochemical and molecular phenotypic analyses of Arabidopsis knat7 loss-of-function alleles, KNAT7 over-expression lines and knat7 lines expressing poplar KNAT7. • KNAT7 was strongly expressed in concert with secondary wall formation in Arabidopsis and poplar. Arabidopsis knat7 loss-of-function alleles exhibited irregular xylem phenotypes, but also showed increased secondary cell wall thickness in fibers. Increased commitment to secondary cell wall biosynthesis was accompanied by increased lignin content and elevated expression of secondary cell wall biosynthetic genes. KNAT7 over-expression resulted in thinner interfascicular fiber cell walls. • Taken together with data demonstrating that KNAT7 is a transcriptional repressor, we hypothesize that KNAT7 is a negative regulator of secondary wall biosynthesis, and functions in a negative feedback loop that represses metabolically inappropriate commitment to secondary wall formation, thereby maintaining metabolic homeostasis. The conservation of the KNAT7 regulatory module in poplar suggests new ways to manipulate secondary cell wall deposition for improvement of bioenergy traits in this tree.
Amino Acid Sequence Requirements for the Incorporation of the Vpx Protein of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus into Virion Particles (1995)

Summary: To investigate the amino acid sequence determinants for the incorporation of Vpx protein into virion particles, several mutations were introduced into the vpx gene of SIVmac239 proviral DNA, and the effects of mutations on the expression and assembly of the Vpx protein were studied. The results show that deletions of amino acids from 78 to 80 or from 82 to 87 abolished the incorporation of the expressed Vpx protein into virion particles. Other Vpx mutants, including a full-length Vpx-Vpr fusion protein and a mutant with a deletion of the C-terminal polyproline tract, were packaged efficiently. This study suggests that amino acids from 78 to 80 and 82 to 87 are important for the assembly of the Vpx protein into virus particles.
Free Fatty Acids Inhibit Serum Deprivation-induced Apoptosis through GPR120 in a Murine Enteroendocrine Cell Line STC-1 (2005)

Free fatty acids (FFAs) provide an important energy source and also act as signaling molecules. FFAs are known to exert a variety of physiological responses via their G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the GPR40 family. Recently, we identified a novel FFA receptor, GPR120, that promotes secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (Hirasawa, A., Tsumaya, K., Awaji, T., Katsuma, S., Adachi, T., Yamada, M., Sugimoto, Y., Miyazaki, S., and Tsujimoto, G. (2005) Nat. Med. 11, 90-94). Here we showed that FFAs inhibit serum deprivation-induced apoptosis of murine enteroendocrine STC-1 cells, which express two types of GPCRs, GPR120 and GPR40, for unsaturated long chain FFA. We first found that linolenic acid potently activated ERK and Akt/protein kinase B (Akt) in STC-1 cells. ERK kinase inhibitors significantly reduced the anti-apoptotic effects of linolenic acid. Inhibitors for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), a major target of which is Akt, significantly reduced the anti-apoptotic effects. Transfection of STC-1 cells with the dominant-negative form of Akt also inhibited the anti-apoptotic effect. These results suggested that the activation of ERK and PI3K-Akt pathways is required for FFA-induced anti-apoptotic effects on STC-1 cells. Transient transfection of STC-1 cells with GPR120 cDNA, but not GPR40 cDNA, enhanced inhibition of caspase-3 activation. RNA interference experiments showed that reduced expression of GPR120, but not GPR40, resulted in reduced ERK activation and reduced effects of FFAs on caspase-3 inhibition. Collectively, these results demonstrated that FFAs promote the activation of ERK and PI3K-Akt pathways mainly via GPR120, leading to the anti-apoptotic effect of STC-1 cells.
Photoinduced electron transfer from tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium to cytochrome c oxidase. (1992)

Flash photolysis has been used to effect electron transfer from tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) to cytochrome c oxidase in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor, aniline. The observation that photoreduction occurs only at low ionic strength and high pH indicates that an electrostatic complex between the ruthenium compound and the enzyme is the reactive species. The reaction was followed at 830, 605, and 445 nm. The initial absorbance changes observed suggest that the copper ion CuA is the preferred electron acceptor and that electron transfer from the excited ruthenium complex takes place in less than 1 microsecond. Some rapid cytochrome a reduction is also observed. Absorbance changes after the initial transients suggest that the reduced CuA then equilibrates with cytochrome a with a rate constant of 2 x 10(4) s-1. Comparison of the absorbance changes at 605 and 445 nm and the kinetic difference spectrum in the Soret region indicate that no reduction of cytochrome a3 takes place. With the oxidized enzyme, no further reactions were detected, whereas, in the peroxide and ferryl intermediates, cytochrome a reoxidizes on a millisecond time scale. The reaction appears biphasic in both intermediates, with rate constants in the range 2 x 10(2) to 4 x 10(3) s-1. This is considerably slower than the maximal rates observed for electron transfer between cytochrome a and the bimetallic site found in earlier work and suggests rate limitation by other processes. The rates obtained for the slower phases are close to the rate for catalysis of cytochrome c oxidation.
State of the science: pathology and management of the patient with overactive bladder. (2002)

A relatively new term, overactive bladder is used to describe urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia with or without urinary incontinence. Normal micturition involves coordination among the nervous system, the bladder, and the sphincter. Theories about pathogenesis include disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system, lowered levels of neurotransmitters, and structural problems of the bladder and sphincter. Assessing the patient with overactive bladder incorporates a thorough history and focused physical exam. Current treatments for this condition include lifestyle changes, behavioral interventions, pharmacologic management, and neuromodulation therapy. Research into different medications and delivery systems proves promising for the patient with overactive bladder.
[Physiological and physiopathological aspects of the atrial natriuretic factor]. (1987)

The discovery of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) has opened a new field in modern biology. After rapid isolation and identification of this new peptide from atrial granules, it is now evident that this new hormone has a wide variety of actions with general implication in the control of vascular tone, sodium and water balance, hormonal secretion as well as neuronal functions. The major mode of action of this hormone is transmitted via its interaction with a membrane enzyme, particulate guanylate cyclase, leading to increases of cGMP levels. This nucleotide is a faithful marker of ANF action correlating with all functions ascribed to ANF up to date. Significant increases of ANF as well as of cGMP have been discovered in heart and renal failure, secondary hypertension and other states with altered salt-water balance, impairment of heart function and particularly increase of atrial pressure. The increases of levels and relative inefficiency of increased ANF have to be carefully interpreted in face of increased levels of cGMP. It can be expected that new pharmacological developments will occur in this area issuing from both our increasing knowledge concerning the peripheral mode of action of this hormone, its physiological implications as well as its pharmacological effectiveness in diseases with altered salt-water balance, cardiac function and blood pressure disregulation.
Cyclosporine as prophylaxis for graft-versus-host disease: a randomized study in patients undergoing marrow transplantation for acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (1985)

Seventy-five patients, 13 to 49 years of age, with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in first remission were treated with cyclophosphamide, fractionated total body irradiation, and marrow transplantation from an HLA-identical sibling and randomized to receive either cyclosporine (CSP) (n = 36) or methotrexate (MTX) (n = 39) as prophylaxis for graft-v-host disease (GVHD). All patients engrafted, and 22 who were given CSP and 21 who were given MTX, are alive at 20 to 47 (median, 35) months (P = .5). Engraftment as assessed by granulocyte recovery (P less than .0005) and platelet transfusion requirement (P = .01) was faster in patients on CSP. Twelve patients (33%) on CSP and 22 (56%) on MTX developed acute GVHD of grades II through IV (P = .07) and 15 of 30 on CSP and 14 of 32 on MTX that were at risk developed chronic GVHD. The most frequent causes of death were interstitial pneumonitis and marrow relapse of leukemia, which occurred with similar frequency in both groups. Beneficial effects observed in patients on CSP included less severe mucositis and shorter duration of hospitalization; adverse effects included renal function impairment and hypertension. These data confirm that CSP is a useful immunosuppressant in patients undergoing marrow transplantation but fail to show a significant improvement in survival as compared with the standard regimen of MTX.
Identification of ISC1 (YER019w) as Inositol Phosphosphingolipid Phospholipase C inSaccharomyces cerevisiae (2000)

Sphingolipids have emerged as novel bioactive mediators in eukaryotic cells including yeast. It has been proposed that sphingomyelin (SM) hydrolysis and the concomitant generation of ceramide are involved in various stress responses in mammalian cells. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has inositol phosphosphingolipids (IPS) instead of SM and glycolipids, and synthesis of IPS is indispensable to its growth. Although the genes responsible for the synthesis of IPS have been identified, the gene(s) for the degradation of IPS has not been reported. Here we show that ISC1 (YER019w), which has homology to bacterial neutral sphingomyelinase (SMase), encodes IPS phospholipase C (IPS-PLC). First, we observed that overexpression of ISC1 greatly increased neutral SMase activity, and this activity was dependent on the presence of phosphatidylserine. Cells deleted in ISC1 demonstrated negligible neutral SMase activity. Because yeast cells have IPS instead of SM, we investigated whether IPS are the physiologic substrates of this enzyme. Lysates of ISC1-overexpressing cells demonstrated very high PLC activities on IPS. Deletion of ISC1 eliminated endogenous IPS-PLC activities. Labeling yeast cells with [(3)H]dihydrosphingosine showed that IPS were increased in the deletion mutant cells. This study identifies the first enzyme involved in catabolism of complex sphingolipids in S. cerevisiae.
Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation in mammalian tissues (1978)

A compilation, from the original papers, is presented of the data on the acoustic properties (i.e., velocity and attenuation) of mammalian tissues in the megahertz range of frequencies used in medical ultrasonics. The actual values reported have been quoted to present a clear picture of the current state of knowledge in order to enable it to be assessed and to enable future workers to compare their own results directly. In the 20 years since the last such compilation, the progress in estimating the relative contributions of the animal species, the condition of the tissues, the temperature and frequency at which measurements were made, and the method of measurement to the observed variation has been small. It is hoped that this compilation together with summarizing tables will both be of practical use to the worker in the field and also encourage the establishment of a stronger body of fundamental information for the application of ultrasonics in biology and medicine.
Nutritional modulation of aging in nonhuman primates. (1999)

Caloric restriction (CR), undernutrition without malnutrition, remains the only experimental paradigm that has been shown consistently to extend lifespan and slow aging in short-lived species. Decades of research, mostly in laboratory rodents, have shown that CR consistently extends lifespan, reduces or delays the onset of many age-related diseases and slows aging in many physiological systems. In recent years gerontologists interested in CR have focused on two unanswered questions. 1) What is the relevance of this nutritional paradigm to human aging? and 2) What biological mechanism(s) underlie the diverse effects of CR leading to a retardation of aging and disease?. To address the question of human relevance, researchers in the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging began a study of CR in nonhuman primates in the late 1980s. In addition to assessing the effects of CR on aging in primates, a major focus of this work relates to possible metabolic mechanisms of CR. A subsequent study at the University of Wisconsin Madison was initiated in the early 1990s. Certain aspects of experimental design differ between these two important ongoing investigations, but generally these studies compliment each other in many ways and have begun to provide much important data regarding the effects of CR in primates. Emerging data from these studies strongly support that physiological responses to CR in monkeys parallel the extensive findings reported in rodents. Lifespan data will not be available for several years, however, the remarkable consistency with rodent studies, in which lifespan extension is documented extensively, strengthens the possibility that CR will also extend lifespan in primates, perhaps including humans. This review summarizes the major findings from the primate CR studies after over a decade of research in this model.
arrayQualityMetrics—a bioconductor package for quality assessment of microarray data (2008)

arrayQualityMetrics is a free and open source package, under LGPL license, available from the Bioconductor project at www.bioconductor.org. A users guide and examples are provided with the package. Some examples of HTML reports generated by arrayQualityMetrics can be found at http://www.microarray-quality.org
HIFα Targeted for VHL-Mediated Destruction by Proline Hydroxylation: Implications for O 2 Sensing (2001)

HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) is a transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in cellular adaptation to changes in oxygen availability. In the presence of oxygen, HIF is targeted for destruction by an E3 ubiquitin ligase containing the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL). We found that human pVHL binds to a short HIF-derived peptide when a conserved proline residue at the core of this peptide is hydroxylated. Because proline hydroxylation requires molecular oxygen and Fe(2+), this protein modification may play a key role in mammalian oxygen sensing.
The MIRD Perspective 1999 (1999)

iluclear medicine procedures provide valuable diagnostic information and noninvasive approaches to therapy. However, as with any medical procedure, the risks and benefits must be weighed. The radiation absorbed dose is an essential part of assessing the risk from diagnostic radiologie procedures and predicting efficacy in radiation therapy. The generalized MIRD schema was formulated to facilitate the calculation of radiation absorbed dose from distributed sources of radioactivity (I). This article provides a historical account of the events leading to the development of the MIRD schema, a concise presentation of the formalism and its early application to organ dosimetry as elaborated in MIRD Pamphlet No. 11 (2) and a discussion on the general applicability of the formalism for dosimetry at all spatial levels ranging from organ to cellular dimensions. This article also introduces four new MIRD Pamphlets that will appear in upcoming issues of The Journal of Nuclear Medicine: MIRD Pamphlet No. 14 Revised: A Dynamic Urinary Bladder Model for Radiation Dose Calculations (3); MIRD Pamphlet No. 15: Radionuclide S Values in a Revised Dosimetrie Model of the Adult Head and Brain (4); MIRD Pamphlet No. 16: Techniques for Quantitative Radiopharmaceutical Biodistribution Data Acquisition and Analysis for Use in Human Radiation Dose Estimates (5); and MIRD Pamphlet No. 17: The Dosim etry of Nonuniform Activity Distributionsâ€”Radionuclide S Values at the Voxel Level (6). These pamphlets are part of the MIRD Committee's ongoing efforts to provide new tools for a
Nerve growth factor receptor and choline acetyltransferase colocalization in neurons within the rat forebrain: Response to fimbria‐fornix transection (1989)

Although it is well known that magnocellular cholinergic basal forebrain neurons are trophically responsive to nerve growth factor (NGF) and contain NGF receptors (NGFr), the exact distribution of forebrain NGFr-immunoreactive neurons and the degree to which cholinergic neurons are colocalized with them have remained in question. In this study we employed a very sensitive double-labelling method and examined in the same tissue section the distribution and cellular features of NGFr-positive and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunolabelled neurons within the rat basal forebrain. Throughout this region the majority of magnocellular basal forebrain neurons were immunoreactive for both NGFr and ChAT. However, a small percentage of neurons in the ventral portion of the vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca were immunoreactive only for NGFr, whereas a larger population of magnocellular neurons in the substantia innominata exhibited only ChAT immunoreactivity. No NGFr-immunoreactive cells were found associated with ChAT-positive neurons in the striatum, neocortex, or hippocampus, and no single-labelled NGFr-immunoreactive neurons were found outside the basal forebrain area, except for a large number of positive-labelled cells along the ventricular walls of the third ventricle. In addition to its function in maintaining the normal integrity of the basal forebrain and cholinergic, peripheral sympathetic, and neural-crest-derived sensory neurons, NGF may also have a role in the growth of these neurons after damage to the nervous system. To examine this postulate the hippocampus was denervated of its septal input and examined 8 weeks later. Two populations of neurons were found to have undergone collateral sprouting--namely, the midline magnocellular cholinergic neurons of the dorsal hippocampus and the sympathetic noradrenergic neurons of the superior cervical ganglion. Both of these neuronal populations also stained strongly for NGFr. In contrast, the small intrinsic cholinergic neurons of the hippocampus exhibited neither sprouting response nor staining for NGFr. In view of these results, we suggest that the differing sprouting responses demonstrated by these three neuronal populations may be due to their responsiveness to NGF, as indicated by the presence or absence of NGF receptors.