gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dataflow architectures for 10Gbps line-rate key-value-stores (2013)

Presents a collection of slides covering the following topics: key-value stores; TCP-IP stack; synchronization overhead; L3 cache; FPGA-based dataflow architecture; hash table architecture; memcached evaluation; and code complexity.
A scheme for analyzing electronic payment systems (2002)

The paper presents a scheme for the design, analysis and comparison of electronic payment systems. Three systems are described in detail through this scheme. PayWord is a micro payment system designed by R. Rivest and A. Shamir (1995). It is efficient for repeated payments to the same vendor, and is designed to reduce the use of public key algorithms through the use of hash functions and fast symmetric ciphers. Digicash's E-cash is one of the most popular electronic payment systems in use today. It is an Internet based system with full user anonymity by the use of blind signatures (D. Chaum, 1982). The central authority must apply a signature on a blinded user generated token. The Internet Keyed Protocol was designed by IBM's research labs. It is an adequate system for transactions using credit cards or account numbers on open networks, such as the Internet. iKP (P. Janson and M. Waidner, 1996) is in reality, a system that may be used to securely transmit account numbers on the Internet.
Transient or steady‐state? Using vertical temperature profiles to quantify groundwater–surface water exchange (2009)

Abstract Heat is recognized as a natural tracer to identify the exchange of water between the groundwater and surface water compartment. One‐dimensional (1D) heat transport models have the ability to obtain quantitative estimates of vertical fluxes through the sediment matrix. Input to these models can come from temperatures observed in the surface water and in the bed material of rivers and lakes. The upper thermal boundary condition at the groundwater–surface water interface is affected by seasonal and diurnal temperature variations. We hypothesize that effects of these transient influences are negligible at certain times of the year, such that the vertical temperature distribution can be approximated to be at steady state. Temperature time series observed over a year in the surface water and at several depths below a river in Belgium and in sediments of an acid mine lake in Eastern Germany were simulated with a heat balance model implemented in FEMME and the water and energy model VS2DH to obtain seepage fluxes. Temperature variations throughout the year at all depths could be adequately reproduced with the transient models. Vertical temperature profiles at several measuring times during the year were also fitted with an analytical, steady‐state solution for 1D heat transport and the obtained fluxes compared to the results from transient simulations. Fluxes obtained from the much simpler steady‐state solution were compared well with the flux rates from transient simulations for moments between mid and late summer, as well as during the winter. During transitional seasons (fall and spring), the fluxes from the steady‐state solution deviated significantly from the transient estimates with a tendency to underestimate at the beginning and to overestimate towards the end of those seasons. We conclude that fitting a simple analytical solution for 1D vertical heat transport to temperature data observed at particular well‐selected times of the year can provide an inexpensive, simple method to obtain accurate point estimates of groundwater–surface water exchange in rivers and lakes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Amyloidogenic processing of the human amyloid precursor protein in primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons (1996)

The aim of this study was to investigate the proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in polarized primary cultures of hippocampal neurons. We have used the Semliki Forest virus (SFV) vector to express human APP695 in hippocampal neurons, sympathetic ganglia, and glial cells. The latter two cells secrete little or no APP, whereas hippocampal neurons secrete two forms of APP695, which differ in sialic acid content and in their kinetic appearance in the culture medium. In addition, rat hippocampal neurons expressing human APP produced significant amounts of the 4 kDa peptide beta A4. After 3 hr of metabolic labeling, the relative amount of beta A4 peptide to total cellular APP was 5.3%. Fibroblasts expressing APP695 using the same SFV vector mainly produced a related 3 kDa p3 peptide, a nonamyloidogenic fragment. Remarkably, the hippocampal neurons also produced significant amounts of beta A4-containing C-terminal fragments (10-12 kDa) intracellularly. Radiosequencing showed that these fragments were created at a previously described beta-secretase cleavage site and at a cleavage site 12 residues from the N terminus of the beta A4 domain (Thr584 of APP695), which we named delta-cleavage. Based on the observation that mature hippocampal neurons produce two potentially amyloidogenic fragments and secrete substantial amounts of beta A4 when expressing human APP, our results strengthen the hypothesis that neurons play a central role in the process of beta A4 deposition in cases of Alzheimer's disease and in aged primates.
Biodegradable Metals for Cardiovascular Stent Application: Interests and New Opportunities (2011)

During the last decade, biodegradable metallic stents have been developed and investigated as alternatives for the currently-used permanent cardiovascular stents. Degradable metallic materials could potentially replace corrosion-resistant metals currently used for stent application as it has been shown that the role of stenting is temporary and limited to a period of 6-12 months after implantation during which arterial remodeling and healing occur. Although corrosion is generally considered as a failure in metallurgy, the corrodibility of certain metals can be an advantage for their application as degradable implants. The candidate materials for such application should have mechanical properties ideally close to those of 316L stainless steel which is the gold standard material for stent application in order to provide mechanical support to diseased arteries. Non-toxicity of the metal itself and its degradation products is another requirement as the material is absorbed by blood and cells. Based on the mentioned requirements, iron-based and magnesium-based alloys have been the investigated candidates for biodegradable stents. This article reviews the recent developments in the design and evaluation of metallic materials for biodegradable stents. It also introduces the new metallurgical processes which could be applied for the production of metallic biodegradable stents and their effect on the properties of the produced metals.
Antineoplastic efficacy of doxorubicin enzymatically assembled on galactose residues of a monoclonal antibody specific for the carcinoembryonic antigen. (1999)

We have developed a novel procedure to couple enzymatically the antineoplastic agent doxorubicin (Dox) on the galactose residues of a monoclonal antibody specific for the tumor-associated carcinoembryonic antigen. The synthesis of the immunoconjugate consists of covalent attachment of the NH2 terminus of Dox to oxidized galactose residues of desialylated monoclonal antibody, followed by concurrent stabilization of Schiff bases by mild reduction with pyridine borane. The immunoconjugate preserved both antibody specificity and drug cytotoxicity. At equimolar concentrations, the immunoconjugate was 8 times more cytotoxic against two carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing carcinoma cell lines, LoVo and SW-480, than Dox alone. The intracellular drug accumulation was 8-8.5 times higher than that obtained with free Dox, and >50% of the drug delivered by the conjugate was retained for 24 h in the tumor cells. Only 4 days after treatment with a single dose of immunoconjugate carrying 2.5 ng of Dox, LoVo and SW-480 tumor transplants on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated hen eggs showed reduced tumor-induced angiogenesis and tumor progression by half, with no detectable damage to surrounding tissues. In contrast, the same amount of free drug induced insignificant changes in tumor progression and tumor-induced angiogenesis. Enzymatically mediated, glycosidic coupling of antineoplastic agents to antibodies specific for tumor-associated antigens may represent a novel platform for the development of more efficient anticancer agents with reduced side effects.
Prostatic growth factor: purification and structural relationship to basic fibroblast growth factor (1987)

Prostatic growth factor (PrGF) was purified from alkaline homogenates of human benign prostatic hyperplastic tissue by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, heparin affinity chromatography, and cation-exchange chromatography. The 17,600-dalton, basic (pI 10.2) PrGF is related to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) since antisera raised against synthetic peptides with sequence homologies corresponding to an internal peptide and amino- and carboxyl-terminal peptides of bFGF react with the growth factor. The growth factor appears larger than bFGF, suggesting that additional amino-terminal sequences may be present as a result of alkaline extraction in the presence of protease inhibitors.
Evasion of CD8 + T Cells Is Critical for Superinfection by Cytomegalovirus (2010)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can superinfect persistently infected hosts despite CMV-specific humoral and cellular immunity; however, how it does so remains undefined. We have demonstrated that superinfection of rhesus CMV-infected rhesus macaques (RM) requires evasion of CD8+ T cell immunity by virally encoded inhibitors of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) antigen presentation, particularly the homologs of human CMV US2, 3, 6, and 11. In contrast, MHC-I interference was dispensable for primary infection of RM, or for the establishment of a persistent secondary infection in CMV-infected RM transiently depleted of CD8+ lymphocytes. These findings demonstrate that US2-11 glycoproteins promote evasion of CD8+ T cells in vivo, thus supporting viral replication and dissemination during superinfection, a process that complicates the development of preventive CMV vaccines but that can be exploited for CMV-based vector development.
Rapid, Stable, Chemoselective Labeling of Thiols with Julia–Kocieński‐like Reagents: A Serum‐Stable Alternative to Maleimide‐Based Protein Conjugation (2013)

Exquisite chemoselectivity for cysteine has been found for methylsulfonylphenyloxadiazole compounds under various buffer conditions. Furthermore, the resulting protein conjugates have superior stability to cysteine–maleimide conjugates in human plasma (HSA=human serum albumin, MBP-C-HA=maltose-binding protein). This new thiol-click reaction offers a new approach to generate stable protein conjugates and Pegylated proteins.
Effect of Anthrax Toxin's Lethal Factor on Ion Channels Formed by the Protective Antigen (1995)

Protective antigen (PA), a component of anthrax toxin, mediates translocation of the toxin's lethal and edema factors (LF and EF, respectively) to the cytoplasm, via a pathway involving their release from an acidic intracellular compartment. PA63, a 63-kDa proteolytic fragment of PA, can be induced to form ionconductive channels in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells by acidification of the medium. These channels are believed to be comprised of dodecyl sulfate-resistant oligomers (heptameric rings) of PA63 seen by electron microscopy of the purified protein. Here we report that the PA63-mediated efflux of 86Rb+ from preloaded CHO-K1 cells under acidic conditions is strongly inhibited (> or = 70%) by LF or LFN, a PA-binding fragment of LF. Control proteins caused no inhibition. Evidence is presented that the inhibition involves partial blockage of ion conductance by the PA63 channel. Also, oligomer formation is slowed somewhat by LF at pH values near the pH threshold of channel formation (pH approximately 5.3), suggesting that channel formation may also be retarded under these conditions. The relevance of these results to the location of the LF-binding site on PA63 and the mechanism of LF and EF translocation is discussed.
Changing factors and changing needs in women's health care. (1986)

The aforementioned social trends affecting women, including women in poverty, women in the labor force, and elderly women, are all ultimately related to problems of access to health care. In almost every age group, women use more health and medical services. Women are hospitalized more often, although their stays in hospitals tend to be shorter. Women also make more visits to health care providers for preventive health care, such as examinations and dental care. Access to care, however, is tied to ability to pay for the care. Medicaid payments for medical care are related to eligibility criteria in each state. Recent cuts in federal programs targeted eligibility for welfare and Medicaid. In 1982, 725,000 welfare recipients were declared ineligible. Given the earlier discussion of the predominance of women among those labeled poor in this country and the fact that two thirds of Medicaid recipients are women, these cutbacks have serious implications for women's health. Women are less likely to have medical insurance than men. Insurance coverage as a benefit is least likely to be offered in those areas where women work: part-time employment, small businesses, and manufacturing industries. Insurance eligibility is often dependent on a woman's marital status, despite the fact that 41.5 per cent of all American women are not spousal dependents. Insurance companies frequently adjust premiums for sex, age, income, race, and workforce characteristics, a policy which works against women. As the field of women's health expands and receives more emphasis, the data reflecting the experiences of large groups of women will have to be collected and analyzed ever more carefully. Information collected should include physiologic, psychosocial, and economic factors that together affect the health status of women. These data may then be used to guide health policy decision making, as well as provide a basis for health promotion and disease prevention interventions with individual clients.
Adrenal corticosteroid-induced renal cystic disease in the newborn hamster. (1973)

A new model of renal cystic disease was developed in newborn Syrian hamsters by the repeated injection of 9-fluoroprednisolone acetate (9-FPA), a long-acting adrenal corticosteroid. Kidneys harvested from the tenth to the fourteenth day of age showed diffuse cystic dilatation of nearly all cortical convoluted tubules. Microdissection revealed that cystic changes primarily involved proximal convoluted tubules and, to a lesser degree, the distal tubules. Electron microscopy showed immaturity of development and varying degrees of degeneration of the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule. Intraluminal obstruction was not detected and therefore could not account for the cystic changes. Analysis of electrolytes in serum and selected tissues showed a significant reduction in potassium and sodium of serum, and significant depletion of potassium, magnesium and calcium in the skeletal muscle. Thus, there was no direct relationship between an electrolyte deficiency and the cystic changes.
Challenges in Securing Voice over IP (2005)

Although VoIP offers lower cost and greater flexibility, it can also introduce significant risks and vulnerabilities. This article explains the challenges of VoIP security and outlines steps for helping to secure an organization's VoIP network.
Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency (1991)

We report the first demonstration of a technique by which an optically thick medium may be rendered transparent. The transparency results from a destructive interference of two dressed states which are created by applying a temporally smooth coupling laser between a bound state of an atom and the upper state of the transition which is to be made transparent. The transmittance of an autoionizing (ultraviolet) transition in Sr is changed from exp(-20) without a coupling laser present to exp(-1) in the presence of a coupling laser.
Limiting Laws and Counterion Condensation in Polyelectrolyte Solutions. III. An Analysis Based on the Mayer Ionic Solution Theory (1969)

The interaction with point ions of a line charge supplemented by a distance of closest approach is studied by means of the Mayer theory of ionic solutions. A number of points involved in a recent theory of polyelectrolyte solutions (Papers I and II of this series) are thereby clarified. It is demonstrated that the counterion condensation phenomenon occurs in the limit of zero concentration, that the Debye–Hückel approximation is applicable to the coions and uncondensed counterions, and that the relevant dielectric constant is that of the pure bulk solvent.
Discovery of Tertiary Sulfonamides as Potent Liver X Receptor Antagonists (2010)

Tertiary sulfonamides were identified in a HTS as dual liver X receptor (LXR, NR1H2, and NR1H3) ligands, and the binding affinity of the series was increased through iterative analogue synthesis. A ligand-bound cocrystal structure was determined which elucidated key interactions for high binding affinity. Further characterization of the tertiary sulfonamide series led to the identification of high affinity LXR antagonists. GSK2033 (17) is the first potent cell-active LXR antagonist described to date. 17 may be a useful chemical probe to explore the cell biology of this orphan nuclear receptor.
Asfotase alfa therapy for children with hypophosphatasia (2016)

<b>Background.</b> Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is caused by loss-of-function mutation(s) of the gene that encodes the tissue-nonspecific isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). Consequently, cell-surface deficiency of TNSALP phosphohydrolase activity leads to extracellular accumulation of inorganic pyrophosphate, a natural substrate of TNSALP and inhibitor of mineralization. Children with HPP can manifest rickets, skeletal pain, deformity, fracture, muscle weakness, and premature deciduous tooth loss. Asfotase alfa is a recombinant, bone-targeted, human TNSALP injected s.c. to treat HPP. In 2012, we detailed the 1-year efficacy of asfotase alfa therapy for the life-threatening perinatal and infantile forms of HPP. <b>Methods.</b> Here, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of asfotase alfa treatment administered to children 6-12 years of age at baseline who were substantially impaired by HPP. Two radiographic scales quantitated HPP skeletal disease, including comparisons to serial radiographs from similarly affected historical control patients. <b>Results.</b> Twelve children receiving treatment were studied for 5 years. The 6-month primary endpoint was met, showing significant radiographic improvement. Additional significant improvements included patient growth, strength, motor function, agility, and quality of life, which for most patients meant achieving normal values for age- and sex-matched peers that were sustained at 5 years of treatment. For most, pain and disability resolved. Mild to moderate injection-site reactions were common and were sometimes associated with lipohypertrophy. Low anti-asfotase alfa antibody titers were noted in all patients. No evidence emerged for clinically important ectopic calcification or treatment resistance. <b>Conclusions.</b> Asfotase alfa enzyme replacement therapy has substantial and sustained efficacy with a good safety profile for children suffering from HPP. <b>Trial Registration.</b> ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00952484 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00952484) and NCT01203826 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01203826). <b>Funding.</b> Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Shriners Hospitals for Children.
Fast electro-optic liquid crystal switch and attenuator with large extinction ratio at 1550 nm (2005)

We demonstrate an electro-optic switch and a variable attenuator for telecommunication applications at &lambda;=1550nm by employing the ferroelectric and electroclinic properties of an organosiloxane liquid crystal. In the ferroelectric SmC* phase an optical switch has been realised with an extinction ratio of 36dB between crossed polarisers. The switching time was ~200microseconds. In the SmA* phase the analogue nature of the electroclinic effect was employed to obtain a variable attenuator. The maximum attenuation range between crossed polarisers was 35dB for an applied electric field of +-9V/micron. The response time of the device was about 100microseconds, independent of the applied electric field. Both devices where demonstrated in the same 21.5micron thick cell which provided a retardance of &lambda;/2 at &lambda;=1550nm.
Folic Acid Is Able to Polarize the Inflammatory Response in LPS Activated Microglia by Regulating Multiple Signaling Pathways (2016)

We investigated the ability of folic acid to modulate the inflammatory responses of LPS activated BV-2 microglia cells and the signal transduction pathways involved. To this aim, the BV-2 cell line was exposed to LPS as a proinflammatory response inducer, in presence or absence of various concentrations of folic acid. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was determined by the Griess test. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-<i>α</i>), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1<i>β</i>), and IL-10 were determined by ELISA. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS), nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-<i>κ</i>B) p65, MAPKs protein, and suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)1 and SOCS3 were analyzed by western blotting. TNF-<i>α</i> and IL-1<i>β</i>, as well as iNOS dependent NO production, resulted significantly inhibited by folic acid pretreatment in LPS-activated BV-2 cells. We also observed that folic acid dose-dependently upregulated both SOCS1 and SOCS3 expression in BV-2 cells, leading to an increased expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Finally, p-I<i>κ</i>B<i>α</i>, which indirectly reflects NF-<i>κ</i>B complex activation, and JNK phosphorylation resulted dose-dependently downregulated by folic acid pretreatment of LPS-activated cells, whereas p38 MAPK phosphorylation resulted significantly upregulated by folic acid treatment. Overall, these results demonstrated that folic acid was able to modulate the inflammatory response in microglia cells, shifting proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory responses through regulating multiple signaling pathways.
On the Properties of Neural Machine Translation: Encoder-Decoder Approaches (2014)

Neural machine translation is a relatively new approach to statistical machine translation based purely on neural networks. The neural machine translation models often consist of an encoder and a decoder. The encoder extracts a fixed-length representation from a variable-length input sentence, and the decoder generates a correct translation from this representation. In this paper, we focus on analyzing the properties of the neural machine translation using two models; RNN Encoder--Decoder and a newly proposed gated recursive convolutional neural network. We show that the neural machine translation performs relatively well on short sentences without unknown words, but its performance degrades rapidly as the length of the sentence and the number of unknown words increase. Furthermore, we find that the proposed gated recursive convolutional network learns a grammatical structure of a sentence automatically.
Intraflagellar Transport: The Eyes Have It (1999)

Unlike most organelles, which are surrounded by cytoplasm, the flagellum protrudes from the cell surface extending tens or even hundreds of microns into the external medium. This elongated organelle must import all the macromolecules required for its assembly, maintenance, and function including >
Transcription of broadcast news-system robustness issues and adaptation techniques (2002)

This paper describes some of the main problems and issues specific to the transcription of broadcast news and describes some of the methods for solving them that have been incorporated into the IBM Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition System.