gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular charge heterogeneity of human serum erythropoietin (1990)

The charge heterogeneity of human serum erythropoietin (S-Epo) was studied in 89 serum specimens from 78 subjects by zone electrophoresis in 0.17% agarose suspension at pH 8.6. The electrophoretic elution profiles of S-Epo were determined with a radioimmunoassay for Epo. The number of Epo peaks indicated that at least 20-30 different forms of Epo were present in a single serum specimen. The median charge of Epo, estimated as its median electrophoretic mobility, was determined for each serum specimen. This median charge was measured in 10 healthy adults, 46 patients with anaemia, six patients with secondary polycythaemia, one patient with polycythaemia vera treated by phlebotomy, and six healthy newborn infants (cord sera). Forty-four of the patients with anaemia had a median charge of S-Epo within the reference range for healthy adults, while all the patients with polycythaemia and the newborn infants had less negatively charged forms of S-Epo. In nine patients in whom the S-Epo level had a circadian rhythm, the forms of S-Epo in the evening were less negative than those in the morning. The median charge of recombinant preparations was much less negative than that of S-Epo in healthy individuals, while that of the 2nd International Reference Preparation was more negative than in any of the 78 subjects analysed. A significant change to less negatively charged S-Epo forms was observed 24 h after a subcutaneous injection of recombinant Epo in one patient, who before the injection had a normal median charge and concentration of S-Epo. In conclusion, Epo exhibits a considerable charge heterogeneity in individual serum specimens, the forms of S-Epo in the morning may differ from those in the evening, those in adults differ from those in newborn infants, and those in patients with anaemia differ from those in polycythaemia. The results also suggest that the methods used in this study may be useful for detecting the presence of injected recombinant Epo in the blood in persons with a normal endogenous Epo production.
Human osteosarcoma cell lines are dependent on insulin-like growth factor I for in vitro growth. (1994)

Osteogenic sarcoma is the most common bone tumor of childhood and typically occurs during the adolescent growth spurt when growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) may be at their lifetime highest levels. Since IGF-I is involved in normal bone growth and differentiation, we have evaluated the possible role of IGF-I signaling in the growth of human osteogenic sarcoma cell lines. In this study, we demonstrate that in vitro survival of cells is dependent on exogenously supplied IGF-I. Furthermore, we show that these cells display functional IGF-I receptors on their surface and that in vitro growth is inhibited by blocking these receptors either by monoclonal antibodies or by antisense oligonucleotides. These data demonstrate that human osteogenic sarcoma cell lines are dependent on signaling through the IGF-I receptor for in vitro survival and proliferation. Furthermore, they suggest that modulation of the growth hormone/IGF-I axis may affect the growth of these tumors in vivo.
Bone Morphogenic Protein-4 Induces Hypertension in Mice (2006)

These results suggest that BMP4 infusion induces hypertension in mice in a vascular NADPH oxidase-dependent manner and the subsequent endothelial dysfunction. We suggest that BMP4 is a novel mediator of endothelial dysfunction and hypertension and that noggin and its analogs could be used as therapeutic agents for treating vascular diseases.
Web-scale distributional similarity and entity set expansion (2009)

Computing the pairwise semantic similarity between all words on the Web is a computationally challenging task. Parallelization and optimizations are necessary. We propose a highly scalable implementation based on distributional similarity, implemented in the MapReduce framework and deployed over a 200 billion word crawl of the Web. The pairwise similarity between 500 million terms is computed in 50 hours using 200 quad-core nodes. We apply the learned similarity matrix to the task of automatic set expansion and present a large empirical study to quantify the effect on expansion performance of corpus size, corpus quality, seed composition and seed size. We make public an experimental testbed for set expansion analysis that includes a large collection of diverse entity sets extracted from Wikipedia.
Adenocarcinoma of the canine prostate: Immunohistochemical examination for secretory antigens (1987)

Thirty-one canine adenocarcinomas of prostatic origin were examined immunohistochemically with antibodies generated against three prostate-specific antigens by using a peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. Primary antibodies included two generated with human prostatic antigens (PSA, PSAP) and one generated with a canine prostatic antigen (CPSP). Eight of 31 adenocarcinomas were positive with CPSP, two were positive with PSA, and three were PSAP positive. Normal and hyperplastic canine prostatic epithelium was strongly positive with all three markers. These results contrast with those in human studies in which PSA and PSAP stain normal and neoplastic epithelium with comparable intensity in all but the most anaplastic tumors.
Myocardial regeneration with bone‐marrow‐derived stem cells (2005)

Despite significant therapeutic advances, heart failure remains the predominant cause of mortality in the Western world. Ischaemic cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction are typified by the irreversible loss of cardiac muscle (cardiomyocytes) and vasculature composed of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, which are essential for maintaining cardiac integrity and function. The recent identification of adult and embryonic stem cells has triggered attempts to directly repopulate these tissues by stem cell transplantation as a novel therapeutic option. Reports describing provocative and hopeful examples of myocardial regeneration with adult bone-marrow-derived stem and progenitor cells have increased the enthusiasm for the use of these cells, yet many questions remain regarding their therapeutic potential and the mechanisms responsible for the observed therapeutic effects. In this review article we discuss the current preclinical and clinical advances in bone-marrow-derived stem or progenitor cell therapies for regeneration or repair of the ischaemic myocardium and their multiple related mechanisms involved in myocardial repair and regeneration.
Amino Acid Sequences of Trypsin Inhibitors from the Melon Cucumis melo1 (1995)

Two squash family trypsin inhibitors, CMeTI-A and CMeTI-B, were isolated from the melon (Cucumis melo) seeds, by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, affinity chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography, and their amino acid sequences were determined. All inhibitors contain 29 amino acid residues including 6 half-cystine residues. They differ by twelve amino acid residues. These polypeptides are strong inhibitors of bovine trypsin, with Ki values of 1.6 x 10(-10) M (CMeTI-A) and 4.7 x 10(-10) M (CMeTI-B). The products of CMeTI-A and CMeTI-B cleaved at their reactive sites by tryptic digestion during the purification by trypsin-Sepharose 4B affinity column chromatography are active against trypsin activity, but a molar ratio of inhibitor to trypsin of 2:1 for trypsin-treated CMeTI-B or 1:1 for trypsin-treated CMeTI-A is required.
Basic fibroblast growth factor enhancement of adenovirus-mediated delivery of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene results in augmented therapeutic benefit in a murine model of ovarian cancer. (1998)

A number of preclinical and human clinical gene therapy trials using adenoviral vectors have shown that the number of viral particles necessary to give adequate levels of gene transfer can be associated with significant vector-related toxicity. In an effort to reduce the number of adenoviral particles required for a given level of gene transfer, we sought to redirect adenoviral infection via a receptor that is highly expressed on the target cells. By using basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) as the targeting ligand, adenovirus-mediated gene transfer to the human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3.ip1 was significantly enhanced, permitting the transduction of a greater number of target cells to be achieved by a given dose of virus. In a murine model of human ovarian carcinoma, an FGF2-redirected adenoviral vector carrying the gene for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (AdCMVHSV-TK) was shown to result in a significant prolongation of survival compared with the same number of particles of unmodified AdCMVHSV-TK. In addition, equivalent survival rates were achieved with a 10-fold lower dose of the FGF2-redirected AdCMVHSV-TK compared with the unmodified vector. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that strategies to enhance the efficiency of in vivo transduction of adenoviral vectors will be of clinical utility.
Assessment of a hygroscopic heat and moisture exchanger for paediatric use (1991)

A laboratory study of a widely available heat and moisture exchanger marketed for paediatric use was undertaken. The deadspace, measured by volume displacement, was 12 ml, similar to that of a standard catheter mount for paediatric use. Pressure drop across the device was measured at several different flows in five samples of the device in both the dry and wet state. Calculated resistance proved to be markedly lower when compared with that of other anaesthetic equipment such as tracheal tubes, and with similar humidification devices for paediatric use.
Correlation between dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity in peripheral mononuclear cells and systemic clearance of fluorouracil in cancer patients. (1992)

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is the initial key enzyme in the catabolism of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We measured DPD activity in lymphocytes from 57 consecutive head and neck cancer patients while simultaneously monitoring 5-FU pharmacokinetics during 5-day, continuous infusion (1000 mg/m2/day) 5-FU therapy (82 cycles in total). The mean value for DPD activity was 0.186 +/- 0.068 (SD) nmol/min/mg of protein (range, 0.058 to 0.357). The mean value for 5-FU clearance was 2522.6 +/- 684.2 ml/min/m2 (range, 1052 to 4029). A significant linear correlation was observed between DPD activity and 5-FU clearance (r = 0.716, P less than 0.0001). DPD activity was poorly correlated to plasma uracil concentrations (r = -0.260, P = 0.0215). Likewise, plasma uracil concentrations were poorly correlated to 5-FU clearance (r = -0.214, P = 0.0595). In patients evaluated for more than one cycle (n = 18), there was large intrapatient variability in both DPD activity and 5-FU clearance. No significant difference was noted between cycles for DPD activity or 5-FU clearance (Kruskal-Wallis test). Monitoring DPD activity in lymphocytes may be useful in identifying patients at risk for altered 5-FU disposition.
Bovine immunoglobulin concentrate- Clostridium difficile retains C difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine (1999)

BIC-C difficile resists digestion in the human upper gastrointestinal tract and specific anti-C difficile toxin A binding and neutralising activity was retained. Passive oral immunotherapy with anti-C difficile BIC may be a useful non-antibiotic approach to the prevention and treatment of C difficile antibiotic associated diarrhoea and colitis.
Complexity of the primary genetic response to mitogenic activation of human T cells. (1989)

We describe the isolation and characterization of more than 60 novel cDNA clones that constitute part of the immediate genetic response to resting human peripheral blood T cells after mitogen activation. This primary response was highly complex, both in the absolute number of inducible genes and in the diversity of regulation. Although most of the genes expressed in activated T cells were shared with the activation response of normal human fibroblasts, a significant number were more restricted in tissue specificity and thus likely encode or effect the differentiated functions of activated T cells. The activatable genes could be further differentiated on the basis of kinetics of induction, response to cycloheximide, and sensitivity to the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A. It is of note that cyclosporin A inhibited the expression of more than 10 inducible genes, which suggests that this drug has a broad genetic mechanism of action.
Therapeutic Potential of Boron-Containing Compounds (2009)

Relative to carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, very little is currently known about boron in therapeutics. In addition, there are very few boron-containing natural products identified to date to serve as leads for medicinal chemists. Perceived risks of using boron and lack of synthetic methods to handle boron-containing compounds have caused the medicinal chemistry community to shy away from using the atom. However, physical, chemical and biological properties of boron offer medicinal chemists a rare opportunity to explore and pioneer new areas of drug discovery. Boron therapeutics are emerging that show different modes of inhibition against a variety of biological targets. With one boron-containing therapeutic agent on the market and several more in various stages of clinical trials, the occurrence of this class of compound is likely to grow over the next decade and boron could become widely accepted as a useful element in future drug discovery.
Facultative methanotrophy: false leads, true results, and suggestions for future research (2011)

Methanotrophs are a group of phylogenetically diverse microorganisms characterized by their ability to utilize methane as their sole source of carbon and energy. Early studies suggested that growth on methane could be stimulated with the addition of some small organic acids, but initial efforts to find facultative methanotrophs, i.e., methanotrophs able to utilize compounds with carbon-carbon bonds as sole growth substrates were inconclusive. Recently, however, facultative methanotrophs in the genera Methylocella, Methylocapsa, and Methylocystis have been reported that can grow on acetate, as well as on larger organic acids or ethanol for some species. All identified facultative methanotrophs group within the Alphaproteobacteria and utilize the serine cycle for carbon assimilation from formaldehyde. It is possible that facultative methanotrophs are able to convert acetate into intermediates of the serine cycle (e.g. malate and glyoxylate), because a variety of acetate assimilation pathways convert acetate into these compounds (e.g. the glyoxylate shunt of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the ethylmalonyl-CoA pathway, the citramalate cycle, and the methylaspartate cycle). In this review, we summarize the history of facultative methanotrophy, describe scenarios for the basis of facultative methanotrophy, and pose several topics for future research in this area.
2π spectrometer: A new apparatus for the investigation of ion surface interaction (1996)

A new spectrometer for studying ion surface interaction is described. This apparatus is built around a secondary electron and ion detector with a very large acceptance angle and made of 16 individual microchannel plate detectors located on a half sphere. A simultaneous detection of the scattered projectiles with an additional position sensitive detector allows measurements of the correlation between all these particles using a multicoincidence technique. With this spectrometer, a large variety of measurements are possible such as the energy spectra of the secondary electrons as well as the statistics of the number of ejected electrons, the scattering pattern of the reflected projectiles and their charge-state distribution, the analysis of the sputtered ions. Some examples are given concerning the impact of multiply charged ions on a LiF single crystal. The dependence of the secondary electron multiplicity as a function of the charge state, of the surface channeling condition, and of the scattering angle of the reflected ion, is given as a type of information provided by the analysis of the correlation.
ZYG11A serves as an oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer and influences CCNE1 expression (2016)

By analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we identified ZYG11A as a potential oncogene. We determined the expression of ZYG11A in NSCLC tissues and explored its clinical significance. And also evaluated the effects of ZYG11A on NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion both in vitro and in vivo. Our results show that ZYG11A is hyper-expressed in NSCLC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues, and increased expression of ZYG11A is associated with a poor prognosis (HR: 2.489, 95%CI: 1.248-4.963, p = 0.010). ZYG11A knockdown induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells. ZYG11A knockdown also results in decreased expression of CCNE1. Over-expression of CCNE1 in cells with ZYG11A knockdown restores their oncogenic activities. Our data suggest that ZYG11A may serve as a novel oncogene promoting tumorigenicity of NSCLC cells by inducing cell cycle alterations and increasing CCNE1 expression.
Binding of pertussis toxin to eucaryotic cells and glycoproteins (1989)

The binding of pertussis toxin and its subunits to cell surface receptors and purified glycoproteins was examined. The interaction of pertussis toxin with components of two variant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines was studied. These cell lines are deficient in either sialic acid residues (LEC 2) or sialic acid and galactose residues (LEC 8) on cell surface macromolecules. The binding of pertussis toxin to components of these cells differed from the binding of the toxin to wild-type components. Although the toxin bound to a 165,000-dalton glycoprotein found in N-octylglucoside extracts of wild-type cells, it did not bind to components found in extracts of LEC 2 cells. In contrast, the toxin bound to components found in extracts of LEC 8 cells, which are variant cells that contain increased amounts of terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues on cell surface macromolecules. These results suggest that the receptor for pertussis toxin on CHO cells contains terminal acetamido-containing sugars. The cytopathic effect of the toxin on both types of variant cells was much reduced compared with its effects on wild-type cells. Thus, optimal functional binding of pertussis toxin appears to require a complete sialyllactosamine (NeuAc----Gal beta 4GlcNAc) sequence on surface macromolecules. In addition to studying the nature of the eucaryotic receptor for pertussis toxin, we examined corresponding binding sites for glycoproteins on the toxin molecule. Binding of both S2-S4 and S3-S4 dimers of the toxin to cellular components and purified glycoproteins was observed. The two dimers bound to a number of glycoproteins containing N-linked oligosaccharides but not O-linked oligosaccharides, and differences in the binding of the two dimers to some glycoproteins was noted. These data indicate that the holotoxin molecule contains at least two glycoprotein-binding sites which may have slightly different specificities for glycoproteins.
Cascade-mediated binding and bending of negatively supercoiled DNA (2012)

Prokaryotes possess various defense mechanisms against invading DNA. Adaptive defense by CRISPR/Cas relies on incorporation of invader DNA sequences in the host genome. In Escherichia coli, processed transcripts of these incorporated sequences (crRNAs) guide Cascade-mediated invader DNA recognition. ( 1) (-) ( 4) Cascade is a multisubunit ribonucleoprotein complex, consisting of one crRNA and five proteins: Cse1, Cse2, Cas7, Cas5 and Cas6e. ( 1) (, ) ( 2) Cascade-mediated DNA recognition requires a conserved sequence adjacent to the target (protospacer adjacent motif, PAM) and a negatively supercoiled DNA topology. ( 3) (, ) ( 4) While Cse1 carries out PAM recognition, ( 5) the Cascade structure suggests that Cse2 may interact with target DNA in the PAM-distal end of the protospacer. ( 6) Using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays, we here describe the function of the Cse1 and Cse2 subunits in the context of protospacer recognition on negatively supercoiled DNA. While Cse1 is required for nonspecific DNA binding, Cse2 appears to be important for specific binding, presumably by mediating stabilizing interactions with the displaced strand, the R-loop, or both. Furthermore, we performed Scanning Force Microscopy using linearized DNA molecules, which facilitates accurate and reliable measurements of Cascade-mediated bending. This analysis reveals that Cascade binding induces flexibility in the DNA target, most likely due to single stranded DNA regions flanking the R-loop.
ABA, ethylene and the control of shoot and root growth under water stress (2002)

The question of whether abscisic acid (ABA) acts as an inhibitor or promoter of shoot growth in plants growing in drying soil is examined, drawing on current understanding of the role of ABA in root growth maintenance. Particular consideration is given to studies of endogenous ABA deficiency, which have shown that an important role of ABA is to limit ethylene production, and that this interaction is involved in the effects of ABA status on shoot and root growth.
The effect of probiotic bacteria on the adhesion of pathogens to human intestinal mucus (1999)

Human intestinal glycoproteins extracted from faeces were used as a model for intestinal mucus to investigate adhesion of pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella strains, and the effect of probiotics on this adhesion. S-fimbriated E. coli expressed relatively high adhesion in the mucus model, but the other tested pathogens adhered less effectively. Probiotic strains Lactobacillus GG and L. rhamnosus LC-705 as well as a L. rhamnosus isolated from human faeces were able to slightly reduce S-fimbria-mediated adhesion. Adhesion of S. typhimurium was significantly inhibited by probiotic L. johnsonii LJ1 and L. casei Shirota. Lactobacillus GG and L. rhamnosus (human isolate) increased the adhesion of S. typhimurium suggesting that the pathogen interacts with the probiotic.
[Preparation of antigen and antibody against aflatoxin B1]. (1992)

Carboxymethyloxime of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was synthesized by refluxing AF B1 with carboxymethoxylamine hemihydrochloride for 4 hours in the presence of pyridine. AF B1-BSA (antigen) was made successfully by coupling AF B1-oxime with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the presence of a water soluble carbodiimide. The rabbits were immunized with the artificial immunogen which had been purified by dialysis. The titers of antisera were determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which was developed by ourselves. The highest titer was 1:100,000.