gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IL-6/IFN-beta2 in synovial effusions of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other arthritides. Identification of several isoforms and studies of cellular sources. (1989)

We have looked for IL-6, a cytokine that has immunomodulating and inflammation-associated activities, in joint exudates (fluid and mononuclear cells) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other arthritides using both biologic and biochemical assays. IL-6 was assessed by its ability to stimulate alpha 1-antichymotrypsin secretion from the human hepatoma cell line Hep3B clone 2, an activity which is blocked by an antiserum to Escherichia coli derived IL-6, and by the growth of the IL-6-dependent murine hybridoma 7TD1 cell line. IL-6 isoforms in synovial fluid were characterized by immunoaffinity chromatography followed by Western blotting. The presence of IL-1 in synovial fluids and its production by synovial fluid mononuclear cells was monitored by Western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence with polyclonal anti-IL-1 beta antisera. In an analysis of 30 effusions from 27 rheumatoid patients with acutely inflamed joints, abundant quantities of IL-6 (greater than 2 ng/ml) were detected in 23 by the alpha 1-antichymotrypsin bioassay. Several rheumatoid synovial fluids also had elevated IL-6 levels in the 7TD1 bioassay. Seven of nine nonrheumatoid effusions also contained high levels of IL-6 (greater than 2 ng/ml). No IL-1 (less than 0.25 ng/ml) could be detected by Western blotting in 10 rheumatoid effusions even though eight of these contained high levels of IL-6. The IL-6 activity could be neutralized with a rabbit antiserum to rIL-6. Multiple IL-6 isoforms (25, 30, 45 kDa) were present in two rheumatoid and one traumatic effusion studied. Fresh mononuclear cells isolated from various synovial effusions did not appear to make IL-6 constitutively, as no IL-6 could be detected in the media of cells cultured for 12 to 18 h after isolation. Similarly, there was no constitutive production of IL-1 by these cells. However, synovial fluid mononuclear cells could be induced to secrete both IL-6 and IL-1 after stimulation with LPS. The LPS-responsive cells were monocytes and not lymphocytes or dendritic cells. These findings suggest that IL-6 is involved in inflammatory joint disease. However, the primary cells synthesizing it may be located in the synovial lining instead of the joint exudate.
Multilevel interconnect planarization by voltage and laser programmable links using ion implantation (2003)

A technique is described whereby implantation of silicon through a mask into the intermetal insulator modifies the insulation. After deposition and definition of the upper metal, the implanted regions between metal levels act as voltage programmable links. Application of a voltage between upper and lower metal electrodes causes the implanted insulation to become conductive, producing a low-resistance, planar, vertical connection. Alternatively, these implanted areas can be rendered conducting by exposure to a focused laser beam.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The 99 and 170 Loop-modified Factor VIIa Mutants Show Enhanced Catalytic Activity without Tissue Factor (2002)

To elucidate the functions of the surface loops of VIIa, we prepared two mutants, VII-30 and VII-39. The VII-30 mutant had all of the residues in the 99 loop replaced with those of trypsin. In the VII-39 mutant, both the 99 and 170 loops were replaced with those of trypsin. The k(cat)/K(m) value for hydrolysis of the chromogenic peptidyl substrate S-2288 by VIIa-30 (103 mm(-)1s(-)1) was 3-fold higher than that of wild-type VIIa (30.3 mm(-)1 s(-)1) in the presence of soluble tissue factor (sTF). This enhancement was due to a decrease in the K(m) value but not to an increase in the k(cat) value. On the other hand, the k(cat)/K(m) value for S-2288 hydrolysis by VIIa-39 (17.9 mm(-)1 s(-)1) was 18-fold higher than that of wild-type (1.0 mm(-)1 s(-)1) in the absence of sTF, and the value was almost the same as that of wild-type measured in the presence of sTF. This enhancement was due to not only a decrease in the K(m) value but also to an increase in the k(cat) value. These results were in good agreement with their susceptibilities to a subsite 1-directed serine protease inhibitor. In our previous paper (Soejima, K., Mizuguchi, J., Yuguchi, M., Nakagaki, T., Higashi, S., and Iwanaga, S. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 17229-17235), the replacement of the 170 loop of VIIa with that of trypsin induced a 10-fold enhancement of the k(cat) value for S-2288 hydrolysis as compared with that of wild-type VIIa in the absence of sTF. These results suggested that the 99 and the 170 loop structures of VIIa independently affect the K(m) and k(cat) values, respectively. Furthermore, we studied the effect of mutations on proteolytic activity toward S-alkylated lysozyme as a macromolecular substrate and the activation of natural macromolecular substrate factor X.
Immunobiology of Primary Murine Melanomas (1992)

Primary cutaneous melanomas can be induced in inbred mice by applying a dose of dimethylbenz[a]anthracene to the skin of 4-day-old mice, and then applying repeated doses of a tumor promoter to the same site over a long period of time. Preliminary experiments suggest that the final incidence of melanomas is strongly influenced by the age at which the initiating dose of carcinogen is applied. Melanomas induced by this method in C3H mice are immunogenic and exhibit a high degree of cross-reactivity when tested by immunization and challenge in vivo. Exposing the mice to ultraviolet (UV) radiation during carcinogenesis dramatically accelerates the appearance of melanoma. We are attempting to determine how UV radiation potentiates melanoma induction by studying the growth of melanoma cells transplanted into UV-irradiated skin. Our studies suggest that UV irradiation accelerates the outgrowth of melanoma cells by means of a local, immunosuppressive effect on the skin. However, this effect is distinct from the ability of UV irradiation to alter epidermal Langerhans cells and interfere with the induction of contact hypersensitivity responses. We postulate that UV irradiation augments melanoma development by interfering with the efferent arm of the immune response in the UV-irradiated site.
Self-quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation in the proton-exchanged LiNbO3 optical waveguide with periodically domain-inverted regions (1991)

A self-quasi-phase matching technique for second-harmonic generation (SHG) that uses a proton-exchanged LiNbO3 optical waveguide with periodically domain-inverted regions is proposed and demonstrated. The fundamental wave satisfying quasi-phase-matching (QPM) condition was generated by an InP/InGaAsP laser diode (LD) with antireflection coated facets which was optically connected to the LiNbO3 waveguide. As the domain-inverted regions in the optical waveguide act as the distributed Bragg reflector (DBR), the LD is lased by the feedback waves from the DBR. We designed the period of domain-inverted regions to satisfy the QPM conditions and the high-reflectance conditions of the fundamental wave. We confirmed that the LD was lased at the wavelength satisfying the QPM conditions and SHG was observed simultaneously.
A targeted mutation in the murine gene encoding the high density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor scavenger receptor class B type I reveals its key role in HDL metabolism (1997)

Plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL), which protects against atherosclerosis, is thought to remove cholesterol from peripheral tissues and to deliver cholesteryl esters via a selective uptake pathway to the liver (reverse cholesterol transport) and steroidogenic tissues (e.g., adrenal gland for storage and hormone synthesis). Despite its physiologic and pathophysiologic importance, the cellular metabolism of HDL has not been well defined. The class B, type I scavenger receptor (SR-BI) has been proposed to play an important role in HDL metabolism because (i) it is a cell surface HDL receptor which mediates selective cholesterol uptake in cultured cells, (ii) its physiologically regulated expression is most abundant in the liver and steroidogenic tissues, and (iii) hepatic overexpression dramatically lowers plasma HDL. To test directly the normal role of SR-BI in HDL metabolism, we generated mice with a targeted null mutation in the SR-BI gene. In heterozygous and homozygous mutants relative to wild-type controls, plasma cholesterol concentrations were increased by approximately 31% and 125%, respectively, because of the formation of large, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)-containing particles, and adrenal gland cholesterol content decreased by 42% and 72%, respectively. The plasma concentration of apoA-I, the major protein in HDL, was unchanged in the mutants. This, in conjunction with the increased lipoprotein size, suggests that the increased plasma cholesterol in the mutants was due to decreased selective cholesterol uptake. These results provide strong support for the proposal that in mice the gene encoding SR-BI plays a key role in determining the levels of plasma lipoprotein cholesterol (primarily HDL) and the accumulation of cholesterol stores in the adrenal gland. If it has a similar role in controlling plasma HDL in humans, SR-BI may influence the development and progression of atherosclerosis and may be an attractive candidate for therapeutic intervention in this disease.
Three populations of cells with dendritic morphology exist in peripheral blood, only one of which is infectable with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. (1995)

Conflicting data have been reported with regard to the infectability, dysfunction, and depletion of dendritic cells (DCs) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. These discrepancies could potentially be explained by the existence of multiple subsets of cells with dendritic morphology in peripheral blood. The isolation of DCs in humans is accomplished through negative selection until a morphologically pure population is obtained. Recently, DC precursors purified from peripheral blood by negative selection have been observed to develop into functionally and morphologically mature DCs. In this report we identify three populations of cells in peripheral blood that have or can develop a dendritic morphology. The first population, when allowed to mature in culture, develops a dendritic morphology and gains the expression of HB15, a marker of DCs in blood, thymus, skin, and lymphoid organs. The second population expresses HB15 and has the phenotypic and morphologic characteristics of mature DCs. The third population is morphologically very similar to mature DCs but does not share the same T-cell-stimulatory activity and is the only population that is infectable with HIV. Understanding the heterogeneity of cells of dendritic lineage and/or morphology in the peripheral blood will aid in understanding their role as antigen-presenting cells in general and as potential participants in the immunopathogenesis of HIV disease.
Loss of the p21(Cip1/Waf1) cyclin kinase inhibitor results in propagation of horizontally transferred DNA. (2002)

We have shown previously that phagocytosis of cells dying by apoptosis results in transfer of whole or fragments of chromosomes into the nucleus of the recipient cell. Although DNA transfer was detected in normal cells, stable propagation of the transferred DNA was only observed in cells deficient in p53. Here we show that mouse embryonic fibroblast cells lacking the p21 (Cip1/Waf1) cyclin-kinase inhibitor are able to propagate DNA engulfed by phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies. Feeding mouse embryonic fibroblast p21(-/-) cells with apoptotic bodies derived from a rat fibrosarcoma resulted in focus formation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. In contrast, cells lacking the p19 alternative reading frame gene did not show any evidence of transformation. These data indicate that p53, via the activation of p21, blocks normal cells from replicating transferred DNA from engulfed apoptotic bodies. This may be one protection level against the propagation of potentially pathological DNA.
Antibiotic Production by Erwinia herbicola Eh1087: Its Role in Inhibition of Erwinia amylovora and Partial Characterization of Antibiotic Biosynthesis Genes (1998)

Mutants of Erwinia herbicola Eh1087 (Ant-), which did not produce antibiotic activity against Erwinia amylovora, the fire blight pathogen, were selected after TnphoA mutagenesis. In immature pear fruit Ant- mutants grew at the same rate as wild-type strain Eh1087 but did not suppress development of the disease caused by E. amylovora. These results indicated that antibiosis plays an important role in the suppression of disease by strain Eh1087. All of the Ant- mutations obtained were located in a 2.2-kb region on a 200-kb indigenous plasmid. Sequence analysis of the mutated DNA region resulted in identification of six open reading frames, designated ORF1 through ORF6, four of which were essential to antibiotic expression. One gene was identified as a gene which encodes a translocase protein which is probably involved in antibiotic secretion. A sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of plasmid proteins produced in Escherichia coli minicells confirmed the presence of proteins whose sizes corresponded to the sizes of the predicted open reading frame products.
In vitro imaging of embryonic stem cells using multiphoton luminescence of gold nanoparticles. (2007)

Recent advances in nonlinear optical techniques and materials such as quantum wells, nanowires and noble-metal nanoparticles have led to advances in cellular imaging wherein various nanoparticles have been shown to improve both in vitro and in vivo visualization. In this paper, we demonstrate in vitro imaging using multi-photon photoluminescence of gold nanoparticles from two different cell types Dictyostelium discoideum and mouse embryonic stem cells. By observing nanoparticles we show that embryonic stem cells maintained their ability to proliferate for several passages while grown in the presence of gold nanoparticles. The advantages of multi-photon luminescence using gold nanoparticles have important implications for use in stem cell proliferation experiments and in vitro experiments to monitor differentiation.
The ETS oncogene family in development, proliferation and neoplasia. (1994)

V-ets was found as an oncogenic sequence in the E26 avian retrovirus, which produced leukemias in chickens. There are a large number of mammalian homologues of v-ets, all sharing a common sequence called the ETS domain. These mammalian homologues have been found to be transcriptional activators, and the ETS domain is the DNA binding portion of the gene. This family has been found to be important in regulating embryonic development and the response to growth stimuli. In addition, PU.1 and FLI-1 are dysregulated by Friend leukemia virus insertion in mice resulting in erythroleukemia. Significantly, the DNA binding portion of FLI-1 is the 3' part of an oncogenic fusion transcript (termed EWS-FLI) in human Ewing's sarcoma and neuroepithelioma.
Alkylation of ribose in RNA reacted with ethylnitrosourea at neutrality (1976)

Ribose oxygens in TMV-RNA are ethylated by the carcinogen ethylnitrosourea in neutral aqueous solution (pH 6.1-7.3). 2'-O-ethyluridine, and 2'-O-ethylcytidine have been identified as reaction products. The four 2'-O-ethyl nucleosides are found in approximately equal amounts and the total extent of ribose alkylation is about 15% of the total ethylation. This finding, in conjunction with earlier results showing that all ring and phosphate oxygens can be ethylated, signifies that every oxygen in RNA or polyribonucleotides can react with ethylnitrosourea. The possible biological significance of ribose alkylation, resulting from chemical rather than enzymatic reaction, is discussed. The preparation of the new derivative 2'(3')-Oethylguanosine is described.
Interleukin‐1β and tetradecanoylphorbol acetate‐induced biosynthesis of tumor necrosis factor α in human hepatoma cells involves the transcription factors ATF2 and c‐Jun and stress‐activated protein kinases (2006)

The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha is mainly produced in cells from the monocyte/macrophage lineage. TNFalpha is also a key signaling molecule in the liver functioning as an important physiological and pathogenic mediator. In hepatocytes or human hepatoma cells TNFalpha is expressed at extremely low levels but TNFalpha biosynthesis can be induced by interleukin (IL)-1beta or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Here, we show that IL-1beta and TPA stimulated TNFalpha gene transcription in hepatoma cells mediated by a composite TPA-responsive element/cAMP response element. Both IL-1beta and TPA triggered phosphorylation and activation of the basic region leucine zipper transcription factors c-Jun and ATF2 and expression of dominant-negative mutants of c-Jun and ATF2-reduced TNFalpha promoter activity and secretion of TNFalpha. Expression of the nuclear dual-specific MAP kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) blocked TNFalpha promoter activity and TNFalpha secretion following IL-1beta or TPA stimulation, indicating that MKP-1 functions as a nuclear shut-of-device of IL-1beta and TPA-induced TNFalpha expression.
Raman spectral study of silicon nanowires (1999)

Raman spectra of silicon nanowires (Si NW's) have been analyzed, and the observed Raman peaks were assigned. The typical features of the first-order Raman peaks of the optical phonons were found matching those predicted by the quantum confinement effect. However, the sizes of Si NW's, derived from the microcrystal model (MCM) of Raman spectra do not fit the usual confined size, the diameter, of the nanowires from transmission electron microscope images. Abundant structure defects can be observed in Si NW's so that the Si NW's actually consist of many smaller Si grains. The size of such Si grains was found to give a better agreement with the size derived from the Raman spectra. This indicates that MCM can be used to interpret the Raman spectrum of Si NW's as long as one takes into account the influence of defect on the confined size.
Response of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) to Atrazine, Ammonium Sulfate, and Glyphosate1 (2000)

Experiments were conducted to determine whether antagonism between atrazine and glyphosate on shattercane observed in field studies could be duplicated under greenhouse conditions on ‘Rox Orange’ forage sorghum and whether it could be overcome by the addition of ammonium sulfate, other adjuvants, or additional glyphosate. Atrazine or surfactant added to glyphosate did not significantly affect sorghum dry weights compared to glyphosate alone. The Colby equation for synergism indicated that atrazine did not antagonize sorghum control with glyphosate in the greenhouse. Glyphosate at 0.43 kg ae/ha plus ammonium sulfate provided greater control of sorghum than glyphosate at 0.43 kg/ha without ammonium sulfate; however, glyphosate at 0.84 kg/ha plus ammonium sulfate did not provide greater control of sorghum than glyphosate at 0.84 kg/ha without ammonium sulfate. Reduced activity of glyphosate at 0.43 kg/ha in the absence of ammonium sulfate was likely due to an abundance of calcium cations in the carrier water that associated with glyphosate molecules and subsequently reduced herbicide uptake by plants. Thus, antagonism observed under cool conditions in field studies was not evident in controlled-temperature greenhouse studies.Nomenclature: Atrazine, 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine; ‘Rox Orange’ sorghum and shattercane, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench #3 SORVU.Additional index words: Antagonism, surfactant.
Purification and characterization of the Fas-ligand that induces apoptosis. (1994)

Fas is a 45-kD cell surface protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor family, and transduces the signal for apoptosis. The cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) hybridoma, PC60-d10S requires the presence of Fas on target cells to induce cytolysis in target cells. This CTL cell line was weakly but specifically stained by a chimeric protein that consisted of the extracellular domain of mouse Fas and the Fc portion of human immunoglobulin G1 (mFas-Fc). Moreover, mFas-Fc inhibited the cytotoxic activity of PC60-d10S. Sublines of d10S that were stained intensively by mFas-Fc were isolated by repetitive fluorescence-activated cell sorter sorting. A cell-surface protein of about 40 kD was specifically precipitated by mFas-Fc from the lysates of these sublines. This protein was homogeneously purified by sequential affinity chromatographies using mFas-Fc and concanavalin A beads. The purified protein exhibited cytotoxic activity against cells expressing Fas but not to the cells which do not express Fas. These results indicated that the 40-kD membrane glycoprotein expressed on PC60-d10S cells is the Fas-ligand that induces the apoptotic signal by binding to Fas.
Seroprevalence of Cryptosporidial Antibodies During Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence (1994)

Cryptosporidium parvum causes mild to moderately severe diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals. Cryptosporidial antibodies in the sera of 803 children seen at Children's Hospital of Oklahoma were measured by means of an ELISA. Thirteen percent of children younger than 5 years of age were seropositive for antibodies to C. parvum. The seropositivity rate for children who attended day-care facilities was higher than that for those who did not. In addition, children in this age group with a history of recent diarrhea were seropositive at a higher rate than were children without diarrhea. Thirty-eight percent of children (5-13 years of age) and 58% of adolescents (14-21 years of age) were seropositive for antibodies to C. parvum. Blacks and Native Americans in these age groups had higher seropositivity rates than did White non-Hispanics. There were no differences in seropositivity rates between sexes or between residents of the largest urban counties in Oklahoma and residents of the more rural counties. Exposure to C. parvum during childhood is common in Oklahoma. Socioeconomic factors may play a role in early exposure to this protozoal pathogen.
<title>Can a mechanism based on changes in redox properties of cytochrome c oxidase be crucial in explaining low-power laser effects?</title> (1999)

The aim of these experiments was a direct measurement of changes in absorption of cellular monolayers under diode laser irradiation. First, a sensitive method for multichannel registration of absorption of a cell monolayer in range 500 - 860 nm was developed. Second, absorption spectra of intact HeLa cells and those after irradiation the monolayer with light at 670 and 820 nm were recorded. Third, the comparison of the absorption spectra and action spectra (five dependences of DNA and RNA synthesis rate and adhesive properties of HeLa cell membrane on wavelength) was performed.
A Virtual Keyboard Based on True-3D Optical Ranging (2005)

In this paper, a complete system is presented which mimics a QWERTY keyboard on an arbitrary surface. The system consists of a pattern projector and a true-3D range camera for detecting the typing events. We exploit depth information acquired with the 3D range camera and detect the hand region using a pre-computed reference frame. The fingertips are found by analyzing the hands' contour and fitting the depth curve with different feature models. To detect a keystroke, we analyze the feature of the depth curve and map it back to a global coordinate system to find which key was pressed. These steps are fully automated and do not require human intervention. The system can be used in any application requiring zero form factor and minimized or no contact with a medium, as in a large number of cases in human-to-computer interaction, virtual reality, game control, 3D designs, etc.
The S/KEY One-Time Password System (1995)

This document describes the S/KEY* One-Time Password