gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emerging Therapeutic Strategies in Alzheimer's Disease (2013)

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in midto late-life. It currently affects about 10% of individuals older than 65 years old, counting for more than 25 million people in the world (Chiba et al., 2007; Huang and Mucke, 2012; Mattson, 2004). A century has passed since the famous neurologist Alois Alzheimer first described about a 51-year-old female patient with severe progressive memory deficit, brain atrophy, senile plaques (SPs, or neuritic plaques), and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in 1906 (1987). SPs and NFTs are abnormal protein aggregates consisting of extracellular amyloid β protein (Aβ) and intracellular hyperphos‐ phorylated microtubule associated protein tau (Braak and Braak, 1991; Perrin et al., 2009). The worst affected areas in AD brains are the olfactory bulb, the cerebral neocortex, and the hippocampus. SPs and NFTs are spatially and temporally disjointed: SPs occur in the cerebral neocortex, preceding the occurrence of NFTs, which is predominant in the entorhinal cortex, by about 10 years (Fig. 1). The onset of mild dementia, or currently described as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), is better correlated with significant synaptic and neuronal loss, which is about 10-15 years behind the occurrence of NFTs.
Dynamic and Steady Shear Properties of Reversibly Cross-Linked Guar Solutions and Their Effects on Particle Settling Behavior (2008)

Rheological properties of guar of molecular weight MW = 2.2×106 reversibly cross‐linked with borate ion at different cross‐linker concentrations were investigated using small amplitude oscillatory sweep (SAOS) and steady shear at 25 °C and atmospheric pressure. Polymer concentration was fixed at 0.003 g/ml above the overlap concentration (C* = 5×10−4 g/ml). Four borate ion concentrations of 31, 62, 93 and 125 ppm were used. A transparent Couette cell was used to study the settling behavior of particles under simple shear. Dynamic settling (i.e. under shear) results reveal that both shear thinning and elasticity of the suspending fluid affect settling rate. For a lightly cross‐linked sample, settling rate increases with increasing imposed shear rate; the settling rate decreases for a highly cross‐linked sample. Full‐field images of the Couette during settling show the development of a non‐homogeneous particulate structure during sedimentation in a highly cross‐linked sample. Extended particulate structures form in the direction of gravity for the zero‐imposed shear experiment (static settling), and in the shearing direction for the dynamic settling experiment.
The N54 mutant of Gαs has a conditional dominant negative phenotype which suppresses hormone‐stimulated but not basal cAMP levels (1999)

The phenotype of a Ser to Asn mutation at position 54 of the alpha subunit of G(s)(N54-alpha(s)) was characterized in transient transfection experiments in COS and HEK293 cells. Expression of either wild type or N54-alpha(s) increased basal cAMP levels. In contrast, expression of wild type alpha(s), potentiated agonist-stimulated cAMP levels, while expression of N54-alpha(s)caused a decrease. Thus, the N54-alpha(s) mutant possesses a conditional dominant negative phenotype, suppressing preferentially hormone-stimulated effects.
Approach to a general classification of solvents using a multivariate statistical treatment of quantitative solvent parameters (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVarticleNEXTApproach to a general classification of solvents using a multivariate statistical treatment of quantitative solvent parametersM. Chastrette, M. Rajzmann, M. Chanon, and Keith F. PurcellCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1985, 107, 1, 1–11Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 January 1985Published inissue 1 January 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00287a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00287a001research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1985 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views851Altmetric-Citations133LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Removal torque values of titanium implants in the maxilla of miniature pigs. (1998)

The purpose of this study was to compare side-by-side two different titanium screw-type implants in the maxillae of miniature pigs. The test implants had a machined and acid-etched surface (Osseotite) whereas the control implants were sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA). After 4, 8, and 12 weeks of healing, removal torque testing was performed to evaluate the shear strength of the bone-implant interface for both implant types. The results demonstrated significant differences between both implant types (P < .01). Osseotite implants revealed mean removal torque values (RTV) of 62.5 Ncm at 4 weeks, 87.6 Ncm at 8 weeks, and 95.7 Ncm at 12 weeks of healing. In contrast, the SLA implants demonstrated mean RTV of 109.6 Ncm, 196.7 Ncm, and 186.8 Ncm at corresponding healing periods. The mean RTV for SLA implants was 75% to 125% higher than for Osseotite implants up to 3 months of healing.
西藏——真实与谎言的实地检验（之一） (2001)

本文作者为印度《前线》杂志总编辑。2000年7月底他对西藏进行了为期5天的访问。期间，作者用感性和理性的眼睛，对外界传说的有关西藏的种种问题进行了实地检验。回去后写下了洋洋数万言的长文。经作者同意，本刊分两次选载，以飨读者。
Complex formation in yeast double-strand break repair: participation of Rad51, Rad52, Rad55, and Rad57 proteins. (1995)

The repair of DNA double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires genes of the RAD52 epistasis group, of which RAD55 and RAD57 are members. Here, we show that the x-ray sensitivity of rad55 and rad57 mutant strains is suppressible by overexpression of RAD51 or RAD52. Virtually complete suppression is provided by the simultaneous overexpression of RAD51 and RAD52. This suppression occurs at 23 degrees C, where these mutants are more sensitive to x-rays, as well as at 30 degrees C and 36 degrees C. In addition, a recombination defect of rad55 and rad57 mutants is similarly suppressed. Direct in vivo interactions between the Rad51 and Rad55 proteins, and between Rad55 and Rad57, have also been identified by using the two-hybrid system. These results indicate that these four proteins constitute part of a complex, a "recombinosome," to effect the recombinational repair of double-strand breaks.
Metered-Dose Transdermal Spray (MDTS) (2002)

The growth of specialty pharmaceuticals in the marketplace continues to provide the impetus to further explore the practical application of basic pharmaceutical research. New drug products utilizing oral controlled-release, inhalation, implant, and transdermal delivery systems will be responsible for driving the growth of this sector into the next decade [1].
Development and Evaluation of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines: Clinical Trials and Control Tests (2002)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of pneumonia, meningitis, and otitis media and is responsible for disease in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Emerging high-level resistance to penicillin, multiple antibiotics, and tolerance to vancomycin emphasizes the importance of preventing pneumococcal infection by alternative methods such as immunization. The development of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines using the same carrier proteins as those used in Hemophilus influenzae type b vaccines has enhanced the immune response in infants and children compared with polysaccharide vaccines and has significantly improved the ability to prevent pneumococcal disease in this population worldwide. Here we review the clinical trials of multivalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines under evaluation, identify potential carrier proteins considered for development of future pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, discuss issues regarding licensure of new candidate vaccines from a clinical trial and quality control perspective, and alternative vaccine strategies for the prevention of pneumococcal disease.
Brain Hemodynamic Changes in Preterm Infants after Maintenance Dose Caffeine and Aminophylline Treatment (2000)

Caffeine does not significantly affect brain hemodynamics, while aminophylline induces a significant transient increase in O(2)Hb and HHb concentration and CBV.
Long-Term Results of Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Therapy for the Treatment of Crohn's Fistula (2015)

A previous phase II clinical trial of adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) therapy for fistulae associated with Crohn's disease, a devastating condition with a high recurrence rate, demonstrated safety and therapeutic potential with a 1-year sustained response. In the present study, 41 of the 43 phase II trial patients were followed for an additional year, regardless of response in the initial year. At 24 months, complete healing was observed in 21 of 26 patients (80.8%) in modified per protocol analysis and 27 of 36 patients (75.0%) in modified intention-to-treat analysis. No adverse events related to ASC administration were observed. Furthermore, complete closure after initial treatment was well-sustained. These results strongly suggest that autologous ASCs may be a novel treatment option for Crohn's fistulae.
Identification of the disulfide bond pattern in albolabrin, an RGD-containing peptide from the venon of trimeresurus albolabris: Significance for the express of platelet aggregation inhibitory activity (1991)

Albolabrin is a 73 amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of Trimeresurus albolabris. It contains an RGD sequence and 12 cysteines and is a potent inhibitor of both platelet aggregation and fibrinogen binding to the GPIIb/IIIa complex. This protein shows a high degree of analogy (primarily due to the alignment of all cysteines and the RGD) with a number of other viper venom proteins which inhibit cell adhesion and platelet aggregation and are referred to as disintegrins: rhodostomin, trigramin, flavoridin, applagin, elegantin, and batroxostatin. In this study, we found that the reduction and vinylpyridylethylation of albolabrin and flavoridin decreased their platelet aggregation inhibitory activity approximately 40-50 times. It can be postulated that the higher potency of native and reduced flavoridin as compared to albolabrin depends on the substitution of the Asp of albolabrin with a Phe at the C-terminal end of the RGD in flavoridin. The activity of a synthetic C-terminal peptide derived from flavoridin (residues 35-65) containing four cysteines was about 75 times lower than that of the original flavoridin. The substitution of a pair of cysteine residues with alanines in this peptide resulted in further loss of activity. In order to identify the disulfide bonds in albolabrin, the molecule was digested consecutively by trypsin and porcine pancreatic elastase. Peptides resulting from this digestion were isolated by reverse-phase HPLC and identified by amino acid composition and mass spectrometry.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ballistocardiography in sitting and horizontal positions (2008)

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of posture in the sitting and supine positions on ballistocardiography (BCG) measurements by using EMFi (electromechanical film) sensors. The experiment, measuring the subject's electrocardiography (ECG), BCG and carotid pulse (CP) signal, was repeated in the sitting and different horizontal positions. Additionally, the duration and the amplitudes of the BCG and CP signal components were studied. Certain properties of BCG differed significantly in the sitting and horizontal positions. Amplitudes of measured signals were larger, and time intervals were greater in the sitting position compared to the supine position. Thus, posture significantly influences cardiac performance evaluated by BCG. Sitting and supine positions are clearly distinguishable in the BCG signal. This provides new methods for evaluation of the hemodynamic changes induced by the body position.
Sporadic inclusion-body myositis and hereditary inclusion-body myopathies: current concepts of diagnosis and pathogenesis (1998)

We discuss the pathologic diagnostic criteria and review the major new advances related to seeking the pathogenic mechanism of sporadic inclusion-body myositis (s-IBM) and hereditary inclusion-body myopathy (h-IBM). A classification of the various h-IBM syndromes is also presented. The several forms of the h-IBMs have different genetic transmissions and probably different genetic defects. In neither s-IBM nor the h-IBMs are the sequential steps of the pathogenic cascade understood. Because s-IBM and the h-IBMs have a number of characteristic pathologic features in common, we postulate that their different causes trigger the same upstream aberration leading to a similar downstream cascade of pathologic events, which are ultimately responsible for the characteristic muscle-fiber degeneration. Muscle-biopsy and experimental evidence is given supporting our hypothesis that overexpression of beta-amyloid precursor protein within abnormal muscle fibers is an early upstream event causing the pathogenic cascade. We also present evidence supporting our concept that muscle aging and oxidative stress are important factors contributing to the s-IBM-specific muscle fiber destruction. Additionally, the intriguing parallels between the pathologic phenotype of IBM muscle fibers and Alzheimer's disease brain are summarized.
C/EBPα induces adipogenesis through PPARγ: a unified pathway (2002)

PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha are critical transcription factors in adipogenesis, but the precise role of these proteins has been difficult to ascertain because they positively regulate each other's expression. Questions remain about whether these factors operate independently in separate, parallel pathways of differentiation, or whether a single pathway exists. PPARgamma can promote adipogenesis in C/EBPalpha-deficient cells, but the converse has not been tested. We have created an immortalized line of fibroblasts lacking PPARgamma, which we use to show that C/EBPalpha has no ability to promote adipogenesis in the absence of PPARgamma. These results indicate that C/EBPalpha and PPARgamma participate in a single pathway of fat cell development with PPARgamma being the proximal effector of adipogenesis.
An Estimate of the Odds Ratio That Always Exists (2002)

This article proposes an estimate of the odds ratio in a (2 × 2) table obtained from studies in which the row totals are fixed by design, such as a phase II clinical trial. Our estimate, based on the median unbiased estimate of the probabilities of success in the (2× 2) table, will always be in the interval (0, ∞). Another estimate of the odds ratio which has such properties is obtained when adding .5 to each cell of the table. Using simulations, we compared our proposed estimate to that obtained by adding .5 to every cell, and found that our estimate had smaller finite sample bias, and larger mean square error. We also propose the use of the bootstrap to form a confidence interval for the odds ratio based on our proposed estimate. Instead of a Monte Carlo bootstrap, one can easily calculate the “exact” bootstrap distribution of our estimate of the odds ratio, and use this distribution to calculate confidence intervals.
Cloning and structural analysis of the melanin biosynthesis gene SCD1 encoding scytalone dehydratase in Colletotrichum lagenarium (1996)

Appressoria of the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum lagenarium contain melanin, which has been implicated as an important factor in the penetration of host plants. A cDNA clone containing the melanin biosynthetic gene encoding scytalone dehydratase (SCD1) from C. lagenarium was identified by hybridization with a heterologous cDNA probe from Magnaporthe grisea. The cDNA clone was used to identify a cosmid containing SCD1 in a genomic library of C. lagenarium, and the nucleotide sequence was determined for both the cDNA and genomic clones. The SCD1 gene contained one open reading frame composed of 188 codons and two deduced introns of 57 and 67 nucleotides. The deduced amino acid sequence of the N-terminal region of SCD1 showed high similarity to the amino acid sequence of scytalone dehydratase from Cochliobolus miyabeanus. A plasmid containing the SCD1 gene transformed the melanin-deficient mutant 9201Y (Scd-) to the wild phenotype but did not complement the conditional scytalone dehydratase-deficient mutant C. lagenarium 8015. Genomic DNA analysis indicated that the SCD1 gene is a single locus in C. lagenarium. Transcripts of the SCD1 gene were detected 2 h after the start of conidial germination.
Redox Modification of Ryanodine Receptors Contributes to Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca 2+ Leak in Chronic Heart Failure (2008)

Abnormal cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) function is recognized as an important factor in the pathogenesis of heart failure (HF). However, the specific molecular causes underlying RyR2 defects in HF remain poorly understood. In the present study, we used a canine model of chronic HF to test the hypothesis that the HF-related alterations in RyR2 function are caused by posttranslational modification by reactive oxygen species generated in the failing heart. Experimental approaches included imaging of cytosolic ([Ca(2+)](c)) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) luminal Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]SR) in isolated intact and permeabilized ventricular myocytes and single RyR2 channel recording using the planar lipid bilayer technique. The ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione, as well as the level of free thiols on RyR2 decreased markedly in failing versus control hearts consistent with increased oxidative stress in HF. RyR2-mediated SR Ca(2+) leak was significantly enhanced in permeabilized myocytes, resulting in reduced [Ca(2+)](SR) in HF compared to control cells. Both SR Ca(2+) leak and [Ca(2+)](SR) were partially normalized by treating HF myocytes with reducing agents. Conversely, oxidizing agents accelerated SR Ca(2+) leak and decreased [Ca(2+)](SR) in cells from normal hearts. Moreover, exposure to antioxidants significantly improved intracellular Ca(2+)-handling parameters in intact HF myocytes. Single RyR2 channel activity was significantly higher in HF versus control because of increased sensitivity to activation by luminal Ca(2+) and was partially normalized by reducing agents through restoring luminal Ca(2+) sensitivity oxidation of control RyR2s enhanced their luminal Ca(2+) sensitivity, thus reproducing the HF phenotype. These findings suggest that redox modification contributes to abnormal function of RyR2s in HF, presenting a potential therapeutic target for treating HF.
Collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 protein, periostin and versican in primary and metastatic breast cancer: an immunohistochemical study (2011)

Background Collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 (CTHRC1) affects Wnt signalling, collagen deposition and bone formation. It is an extracellular matrix protein which is also abnormally expressed in the tumour microenvironment. CTHRC1 has not been studied in breast cancer by immunohistochemistry. Aims To examine expression of CTHRC1 together with periostin and versican in breast cancer patients and investigate its association with clinicopathological characteristics. Methods The formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of 173 invasive carcinomas (classified into WHO histotypes and luminal, triple negative and Her2 subtypes), as well as normal tissues, precursor lesions and metastatic lymph nodes were stained by relevant antibodies, assessed semiquantitatively by histoscore and statistically evaluated. Results Expression of CTHRC1, versican and periostin was significantly higher in breast cancer than in normal tissue or precursor lesions. CTHRC1 stromal expression was enhanced in triple negative cases and also in patients with bone metastasis. Periostin expression was high in primary tumours, in particular triple negative ones, and also in their lymph node metastases. Cox regression analysis showed that in patients with high periostin, the risk of bone metastases increased with increased CTHRC1 expression. Conclusions CTHRC1 and periostin play important roles in breast cancer progression. These preliminary results show that combined evaluation of CTHRC1 and periostin could serve as a potential marker for breast cancer bone metastasis; the other observations contribute to the description of the tumour microenvironment, with implications for lymph node and bone metastasis.
Hydrogenation of CO2 to Formic Acid Promoted by a Diamine‐Functionalized Ionic Liquid (2009)

Amines to an end: The basic diamine-functionalized ionic liquid 1,3-di(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl)-2-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate was prepared and used in the hydrogenation of CO(2) to formic acid. One mole of the ionic liquid coordinates two moles of formic acid to promote the reaction. Both the ionic liquid and catalyst can be reused directly after their separation from the formic acid produced.
Low-Density Parity-Check Codes (1963)

This is a complete presentation of all important theoretical and experimental work done on low-density codes. Low-density coding is one of the three techniques thus far developed for efficient communication over noisy channels with an arbitrarily low probability of error. A principal result of information theory is that if properly coded information is transmitted over a noisy channel at a rate below channel capacity, the probability of error can be made to approach zero exponentially with the code length. Any practical use of this theorem, however, requires a coding scheme in which the cost of storage and computation equipment grows slowly with code length. The present book analyzes a class of coding schemes for which costs grow approximately linearly with code length. It demonstrates that error probability approaches zero exponentially with a root of the block length and cites experimental evidence that this coding scheme has profitable aplicability in many communications situations.
Access to Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Suspected Sleep Apnea (2004)

Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Respiratory Medicine, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Pneumology Department, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; and Department of Respiratory Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Wentworthville, New South Wales, Australia