gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring: is there a consensus view? The results of a UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme (UK NEQAS) for Antibiotic Assays questionnaire (2002)

This study investigated vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and issues related to patient management. Questionnaires were distributed to 310 participants in the UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme (NEQAS) for Antibiotic Assays. The response rate was 57.4%. The majority (76%) had an 'in-house' assay service based, almost exclusively, in the microbiology department, and a fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) was used by 97%. Almost half (48.7%) had an assay service available for 24 h/day, 7 days/week and 92.7% expected same-day results. The majority (80%) had issued guidelines for vancomycin use. A 12 hourly initial dosing regimen was used by 89%. Trough assay samples were taken <10 min before the dose by 91.5%. For post-dose assay samples, 44% took a sample at 1 h, 28% at 2 h and the remainder at 'other' times. For trough target ranges, 93% quoted <10 mg/L or 5-10 mg/L. There was no consensus with regard to post-dose assay sample times and 23 ranges were quoted. The majority (74.4%) regarded a trough level of >or=10 mg/L as 'toxic' but 13 concentrations were quoted as toxic post-dose measurements. In conclusion, there was a wide variability and poor consensus with regard to post-dose vancomycin assay sampling times, target ranges and what constituted a toxic level.
GaAs-AlxGa1-xAs injection lasers with distributed Bragg reflectors (1975)

Room-temperature operation of an optically integrated double heterostructure (DH) GaAs-AlxGa1-xAs injection laser with a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR), with threshold current densities of 5 kA/cm2 is reported. The DBR was in the form of a third-order grating which was ion milled on a passive single heterostructure (SH) waveguide section with the latter taper coupled to the active DH section. The observed half-power spectral bandwidth was ≲1 Å. A highly collimated beam output with a half-power divergence angle of ≲0.3° was also achieved by coupling the scattered light from the oil-immersed grating at the Bragg angle with a prism.
Subdermal fat grafting for Parry-Romberg syndrome (2014)

Female PRS patients whose donor site was gluteal region had better perception than those with abdominal grafting. Similarly in immediate postoperative period, they felt that their outcome was not satisfactory. The morphology and metabolic activity of gluteal adipocytes are unique and probably accounts for the better survival rates.
Rheological Properties of Guar Galactomannan Solutions during Hydrolysis with Galactomannanase and α-Galactosidase Enzyme Mixtures (2007)

Guar galactomannan, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, is susceptible to hydrolysis by three enzymes: beta-mannosidase, beta-mannanase, and alpha-galactosidase. The beta-mannosidase cleaves a single mannose unit from the nonreducing end of the guar molecule, the beta-mannanase cleaves interior glycosidic bonds between adjacent mannose units, and the alpha-galactosidase cleaves the galactose side branches off the guar. In this study, hydrolysis of guar solutions using hyperthermopilic versions of these enzymes together in different proportions and combinations are examined. The enzymatic reactions are carried out in situ in a rheometer, and the progress of the reaction is monitored through measuring the variation in zero shear viscosity. We find the presence of alpha-galactosidase to affect the action of both beta-mannanase and beta-mannosidase with respect to solution rheology. However, this effect is more pronounced when the alpha-galactosidase and beta-mannanase or beta-mannosidase enzymes were added sequentially rather than simultaneously. This likely is the result of debranching of the guar, which facilitates attack on beta-1,4-linkages by both the beta-mannanase and the beta-mannosidase enzymes and increases hydrolytic rates by the individual enzymes. A rheology-based kinetic model is developed to estimate the reaction rate constants and interpret synergistic effects of multiple enzyme contributions. The model fits the experimental data well and reveals that both the native and the debranched guar have the same activation energy for beta-mannanase action, although debranching considerably increases the frequency of enzyme-guar interactions.
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists (2001)

A comprehensive review of pharmacological and medical aspects of the muscarinic class of acetylcholine agonists and antagonists is presented. The therapeutic benefits of achieving receptor subtype selectivity are outlined and applications in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease are discussed. A selection of chemical routes are described, which illustrate contemporary methodology for the synthesis of chiral medicinal compounds (asymmetric synthesis, chiral pool, enzymes). Routes to bicyclic intrannular amines and intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions are highlighted.
Cell-permeable GPNA with appropriate backbone stereochemistry and spacing binds sequence-specifically to RNA (2004)

Guanidine-based peptide nucleic acid (GPNA) with a d-backbone configuration and alternate spacing binds sequence-specifically to RNA and is readily taken up by both human somatic and embryonic stem (ES) cells.
Reconstitution of a Frizzled8·Wnt3a·LRP6 Signaling Complex Reveals Multiple Wnt and Dkk1 Binding Sites on LRP6 (2010)

Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is initiated at the cell surface by association of secreted Wnt with its receptors Frizzled (Fz) and low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6). The study of these molecular interactions has been a significant technical challenge because the proteins have been inaccessible in sufficient purity and quantity. In this report we describe insect cell expression and purification of soluble mouse Fz8 cysteine-rich domain and human LRP6 extracellular domain and show that they inhibit Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in cellular assays. We determine the binding affinities of Wnts and Dickkopf 1 (Dkk1) to the relevant co-receptors and reconstitute in vitro the Fz8 CRD.Wnt3a.LRP6 signaling complex. Using purified fragments of LRP6, we further show that Wnt3a binds to a region including only the third and fourth beta-propeller domains of LRP6 (E3E4). Surprisingly, we find that Wnt9b binds to a different part of the LRP6 extracellular domain, E1E2, and we demonstrate that Wnt3a and Wnt9b can bind to LRP6 simultaneously. Dkk1 binds to both E1E2 and E3E4 fragments and competes with both Wnt3a and Wnt9b for binding to LRP6. The existence of multiple, independent Wnt binding sites on the LRP6 co-receptor suggests new possibilities for the architecture of Wnt signaling complexes and a model for broad-spectrum inhibition of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by Dkk1.
3D-Parameterization of the 3D Geological Space – The GeoChron Model (2004)

A004 3D-PARAMETERIZATION OF THE 3D GEOLOGICAL SPACE – THE GEOCHRON MODEL Abstract 1 One of the key points in reservoir modeling is the building of a complex 3D-mesh which must integrate various constraints: respecting the geometry of the fault network taking into account stratigraphic knowledge computing petrophysical properties by geostatistical methods allowing upscaling and/or flow simulation… The building of this mesh relies on the use of a parametric coordinate system (u v t) such that (u v) corresponds to “horizontal” curvilinear coordinates tangent to the horizons while (t) corresponds to the “vertical” curvilinear axis approximately orthogonal to the horizons. So
BCL2 Overexpression Associated With Chromosomal Amplification in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (1997)

Gene activation by translocation between an oncogene and an immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene, which leads to increased expression of the oncoprotein, is a well-known mechanism in the genesis of B-cell lymphomas. In contrast, the role of gene amplification in activation of oncogenes in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas is poorly characterized. To study the BCL2 amplification we performed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), Southern blot hybridization, Western analysis, immunohistochemistry, metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization, and chromosome analysis on 26 cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (large noncleaved cell lymphoma). The gain or high-level amplification of 18q was found in eight tumors (31%) by CGH, and Southern analysis revealed BCL2 amplification in these cases, but not in the cases with normal chromosome 18 or t(14; 18)(q32; q21). Western immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry revealed a high-level expression of BCL2 protein in the cases with BCL2 amplification and t(14; 18)(q32; q21). However, translocation (14; 18)(q32; q21) was not detected in any of the cases with BCL2 amplification. Therefore, our results suggest that amplification of the BCL2 gene is an important mechanism for BCL2 protein overexpression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-Acetic Acid in the Treatment of Refractory Tumors: a Phase I Safety Study of a Vascular Disrupting Agent (2006)

This phase I safety study aimed to identify the optimal dose of the vascular disrupting agent 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) for combination studies. Using a crossover design, 15 patients with refractory tumors were allocated randomly to receive six sequential doses of DMXAA (300, 600, 1,200, 1,800, 2,400, and 3,000 mg m(-2)), each given once-weekly as a 20-minute i.v. infusion. The drug was generally well tolerated. Transient, moderate increases in the heart rate-corrected cardiac QT interval occurred at the two highest doses. DMXAA produced transient dose-dependent increases in blood pressure. Transient, dose-related visual disturbances occurred at the two highest doses. No significant changes in K(trans) and k(ep) were observed but V(e), a secondary dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging variable, increased significantly after giving DMXAA. At 1,200 mg m(-2), the Cmax and the area under the concentration-time curve over 24 hours for total and free DMXAA plasma concentrations were 315 +/- 25.8 microg/mL, 29 +/- 6.4 microg/mL x d, 8.0 +/- 1.77 microg/mL, and 0.43 +/- 0.07 microg/mL x d, respectively. Plasma levels of the vascular damage biomarker 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid increased in the 4 hours after treatment in a dose-dependent fashion up to 1,200 mg m(-2), with a plateau thereafter. Doses in the range of 1,200 mg m(-2) have been selected for further studies (phase II combination studies with taxanes and platins are under way) because this dose produced no significant effect on heart rate-corrected cardiac QT interval, produced near maximum levels of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, achieved DMXAA plasma concentrations within the preclinical therapeutic range, and was well tolerated.
Encapsulated transition metal catalysts comprising peripheral Zn(ii)salen building blocks: template-controlled reactivity and selectivity in hydroformylation catalysis (2005)

Encapsulated phosphane ligands can be easily constructed through coordinative interactions between Zn(II)-salphen complexes and pyridylphosphane templates; the template has a pronounced impact on the catalyst structure and consequently on the performance in the hydroformylation of 1-octene.
The Role of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Colon Cancer Prevention (1995)

(1995). The Role of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Colon Cancer Prevention. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology: Vol. 30, No. 6, pp. 497-502.
Wet Chemical and Plasma Etching of Ga2 O 3 ( Gd2 O 3 ) (1997)

Gallium arsenide metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (GaAs MOSFETs) were successfully demonstrated with a specially formulated gallium oxide/gadolinium oxide as the gate dielectric material. For the fabrication of MOSFETs, dry and wet etching of has been investigated. The content of in the oxide is dependent on the deposition conditions and can vary from 10 to approximately 44%. The etching characteristics of the film is affected by the content of Gd. An HCl based wet etch shows smooth surface morphologies of and would not attack the underlying GaAs. The etch rate of is linearly proportional to the concentration of HCl. Furthermore, the etching was determined to be a reaction‐limited process. For dry etching, the rates for both and based discharges are very low due to the incorporation of Gd and the lack of etch selectivity to the GaAs substrate.
Understanding Diastolic Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (2006)

ongestive heart failure (HF) is a frequent reason for hospital admission.Fifty percent of HF hospitalizations have normal ejection fraction (EF), 1 referred to as diastolic HF (DHF).In contrast, patients with systolic HF (SHF) have reduced EF.The DHF phenotype describes patients with signs and symptoms of HF, normal EF, normal left ventricular (LV) volume, hypertension with increased relative wall thickness, LV diastolic dysfunction, and predominantly elderly women. 1,2
Glioma cells showing IDH1 mutation cannot be propagated in standard cell culture conditions (2011)

The IDH1 mutation is expected to be almost mutually exclusive with EGFR amplification, so glioma cells with IDH1 mutations seem to represent a new group of tumour cells, which cannot be readily analysed in vitro because of their elimination. The reasons for this intriguing phenomenon should be investigated since its understanding can help to define a new therapeutic approach based on simulating in vivo conditions, responsible for tumour cells elimination in vitro. Moreover, a new model for culturing glioma cells in vitro should be designed since the current one does not provide conditions corresponding to in vivo growth.
The oligomer extension "hot blot": a rapid alternative to Southern blots for analyzing polymerase chain reaction products. (1991)

We report a modification of a liquid hybridization method that serves as a rapid, sensitive alternative to Southern hybridization for the analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. An aliquot of the completed PCR is mixed with an internally nested, end-labeled oligonucleotide probe, and one cycle of PCR is performed. The products are electrophoresed, dried and analyzed by autoradiography. The method is significantly more sensitive than standard Southern hybridization methods, is equally specific, requires as little as 1-10 picograms of probe and results can be obtained in less than an hour. The procedure is equally useful for identifying products in multiplex PCRs or single-stranded PCRs.
Antitachyphylactic Effects of Progesterone and Oxytocin on Term Human Myometrial Contractile Activity In Vitro (1993)

Objective: To determine whether progesterone causes any changes in the action of oxytocin on the contractile activity of term human myometrium in vitro. Methods: Myometrial biopsies from 13 term pregnant women undergoing cesarean delivery were immediately immersed in Hepes buffer or buffer containing 5 μg/mL progesterone. In the laboratory under a stereomicroscope, the specimens were dissected into 1 × 7.5-mm muscle strips. These were mounted into six tissue baths and superfused with Hepes buffer and buffer containing 5 μg/mL progesterone, 5 μg/mL progesterone plus 10 mU/mL oxytocin, 5 μg/mL progesterone plus 100 mU/mL oxytocin, 10 mU/mL oxytocin, and 100 mU/mL oxytocin. Isometric tension was recorded constantly for at least 3 hours. Results: The frequency of myometrial contractions and tonus increased by superfusion with progesterone, progesterone plus oxytocin, and oxytocin alone compared to buffer. In addition, a gradual decrease in frequency was observed after 60 minutes of contractions with oxytocin alone, whereas progesterone plus oxytocin had no such decrease. The activity area of contractions was greater with 10 mU/mL oxytocin and decreased with progesterone, progesterone plus both concentrations of oxytocin, and 100 mU/mL oxytocin alone, compared to buffer. Conclusion: Progesterone stimulated the frequency of contractions and tonus of strips from the lower uterine segment of term human myometrium. A lasting increase in the frequency of contractions was observed with superfusion of progesterone plus oxytocin, suggesting that progesterone counteracted the reaction of tachyphylaxis to oxytocin.(Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:532-8)
Methods to Design and Synthesize Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) (2016)

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have become a promising targeted therapy strategy that combines the specificity, favorable pharmacokinetics and biodistributions of antibodies with the destructive potential of highly potent drugs. One of the biggest challenges in the development of ADCs is the application of suitable linkers for conjugating drugs to antibodies. Recently, the design and synthesis of linkers are making great progress. In this review, we present the methods that are currently used to synthesize antibody-drug conjugates by using thiols, amines, alcohols, aldehydes and azides.
Recent progress in gas field ion source technology (1994)

The advent of nanostructurization technology has also strongly pushed the development of finely focused ion beams of high intensity. While the liquid-metal ion source, LMIS, has already marked a major breakthrough with regard to the available target current densities during the last decade, the gas field ion source, GFIS, has more recently presented an even more promising solution to the problem of ion-beam processing of macroscopic target areas in reasonable time scales. In particular, this progress has been achieved by controlled generation of a small protrusion, called supertip, on top of a regular field emitter tip. In this way, ion current densities of up to 100 A/cm<SUP>2</SUP> appear feasible for certain gases, such as hydrogen, helium, and neon with spot diameters down to 10 nm. Compared to the LMIS, this means an increase in target current density of more than one order of magnitude. The relevant parameters of our supertip GFIS system, characterizing source and ion optics, are given and some first ionographic applications in the fields of optical patterning and topographical structurization, demonstrating the state of the art, are discussed.
Caged nitric oxide. Stable organic molecules from which nitric oxide can be photoreleased. (1994)

We report the synthesis and testing of a series of "caged" nitric oxide compounds that are stable indefinitely in oxygen-containing solutions until photolyzed by ultraviolet irradiation, whereupon they release nitric oxide (NO) with quantum yields of delta 8% for 3a (CNO-1) and delta 2% for compounds 3b-e (CNO2-5). After a flash, NO release is complete within 5 ms, so that precise temporal control of NO release is possible. NO donor 3d (CNO-4) includes two carboxylate negative charges at physiological pH, which reduce membrane permeability and enable photolytic generation of NO to be selectively confined to either extracellular or intracellular compartments. Esterification of these carboxyls with acetoxymethyl groups produces 3e (CNO-5), which is membrane-permeant and intracellularly hydrolyzable. Therefore, large populations of intact cells can be conveniently intracellularly loaded with "caged" NO donor 3d by incubation with 3e (CNO-5). The biological efficacy of these NO donors and their absolute dependence on UV-irradiation was demonstrated by inhibition of thrombin-stimulated platelet aggregation. Extracellular hemoglobin blocked the effects of NO generated outside but not inside platelets, verifying the sidedness of the NO donors and the limited spatial range of NO action. These molecules should permit precise spatial, temporal, and concentration control of NO release for investigation of its important biological functions.
Stealing Webpages Rendered on Your Browser by Exploiting GPU Vulnerabilities (2014)

Graphics processing units (GPUs) are important components of modern computing devices for not only graphics rendering, but also efficient parallel computations. However, their security problems are ignored despite their importance and popularity. In this paper, we first perform an in-depth security analysis on GPUs to detect security vulnerabilities. We observe that contemporary, widely-used GPUs, both NVIDIA's and AMD's, do not initialize newly allocated GPU memory pages which may contain sensitive user data. By exploiting such vulnerabilities, we propose attack methods for revealing a victim program's data kept in GPU memory both during its execution and right after its termination. We further show the high applicability of the proposed attacks by applying them to the Chromium and Firefox web browsers which use GPUs for accelerating webpage rendering. We detect that both browsers leave rendered webpage textures in GPU memory, so that we can infer which web pages a victim user has visited by analyzing the remaining textures. The accuracy of our advanced inference attack that uses both pixel sequence matching and RGB histogram matching is up to 95.4%.
Radial basis functions (2000)

Radial basis function methods are modern ways to approximate multivariate functions, especially in the absence of grid data. They have been known, tested and analysed for several years now and many positive properties have been identified. This paper gives a selective but up-to-date survey of several recent developments that explains their usefulness from the theoretical point of view and contributes useful new classes of radial basis function. We consider particularly the new results on convergence rates of interpolation with radial basis functions, as well as some of the various achievements on approximation on spheres, and the efficient numerical computation of interpolants for very large sets of data. Several examples of useful applications are stated at the end of the paper.
Control of the geared neutral point in a traction drive CVT (2004)

The split-torque, geared-neutral transmission concept has potential for simplifying transmission design by eliminating the need for launching devices such as torque converters, fluid couplings, or slipping clutches. In addition, it can provide forward and reverse ratios without the need for additional clutches or gearing. Because of the theoretical infinite ratio range of the transmission, it has considerable potential for improving vehicle fuel economy and performance. However, the difficulty associated with the control of such transmissions has prevented the concept from being successfully implemented in automobiles. A dual-cavity, half-toroidal, traction-drive transmission design using the geared-neutral concept was developed. Several transmissions were built for control development and vehicle implementation. This paper describes the control system developed for the geared neutral part of the transmission operation. The control strategies and algorithms were developed based on a detailed dynamic mathematical model and computer simulation of the complete driveline of the vehicle. Both engine and transmission controls were coordinated to ensure smooth and stable operation of the geared neutral point. Specific attention was given to providing characteristics similar to those of a conventional automatic transmission, such as forward and reverse creep. Both simulation and vehicle test results are presented to show that stable geared neutral operation is possible under all conditions.
Synthesis and reactivity of a conveniently prepared two-coordinate bis(amido) nickel(ii) complex (2012)

A strictly two-coordinate nickel(II) bis(amido) complex has been prepared and its reactivity towards a variety of small molecules is described. Ni[N(SiMe(3))(DIPP)](2) reacts with DMAP and acetonitrile to form T-shaped three-coordinate complexes, and preliminary results show that Ni[N(SiMe(3))(DIPP)](2) is a catalyst for the hydrosilation of olefins with secondary silanes at ambient temperature.