gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How to measure the amplitude and phase of an ultrashort light pulse with an autocorrelator and a spectrometer (1994)

The measurement of the spectrum of the output of an autocorrelator is proven to be sufficient for a complete determination of the complex electric field of an ultrashort light pulse, both in amplitude and phase, except for the time-reversal ambiguity which can be easily overcome in experiments. An iterative algorithm is proposed to retrieve the complex electric held from the experimental data. A numerical simulation proves the remarkable reliability and efficiency of the method. An experimental demonstration shows the simplicity of this technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Multidimensional ultrasonic imaging for cardiology (1988)

Previous extensions of two-dimensional ultrasonic imaging to three dimensions used lattice diagrams which give measurement information, but no anatomic detail. The authors conducted three sets of experiments to test the hypothesis that complete acoustic backscatter data should be retained to produce useful information about heart structure and function. First, in vitro compound B-scans were taken under ideal conditions; second, in vitro rotating conventional sector scans were taken to test clinically applicable methods; and third, clinical in vivo rotating conventional sector scans were taken of a human volunteer. It is concluded that the resulting images show details of cardiac anatomy and have great clinical promise. Interactive analysis and surface and volume displays give context and perspective information which should improve diagnostic accuracy, communication with noncardiologists and yield more precise measurements of anatomical structure and function.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (2000)

Despite extensive evaluation of many different treatment modalities, metastatic renal cell carcinoma remains highly resistant to systemic therapy. A few patients exhibit complete or partial responses to interferon and/or IL-2 but most do not respond, and there are few long-term survivors. Preclinical research, and clinical evaluation of new agents and treatment programs to identify improved antitumor activity against metastases remain the highest priorities in this refractory disease.
RAD4 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: molecular cloning and partial characterization of a gene that is inactivated in Escherichia coli. (1987)

In contrast to other Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD genes involved in nucleotide excision repair of DNA, the RAD4 gene could not be isolated by screening a yeast genomic library for recombinant plasmids which complement the UV sensitivity of rad4 mutants (Pure et al., J. Mol. Biol. 183:31-42, 1985). We therefore attempted to walk to RAD4 from the neighboring SPT2 gene and obtained an integrating derivative of a plasmid isolated by Roeder et al. (Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:1543-1553, 1985) which contains a 4-kilobase fragment of yeast DNA including a mutant allele of SPT2. When integrated into several different rad4 mutant strains, this plasmid (pR169) complements UV sensitivity at a frequency of approximately 10%. However, a centromeric plasmid containing rescued sequences which include flanking yeast DNA no longer complements the phenotype of rad4 mutants. Complementing activity was restored by in vivo repair of a defined gap in the centromeric plasmid. The repaired plasmid fully complements the UV sensitivity of all rad4 mutants tested when isolated directly from yeast cells, but when this plasmid is propagated in Escherichia coli complementing activity is lost. We have mapped the physical location of the RAD4 gene by insertional mutagenesis and by transcript mapping. The gene is approximately 2.3 kilobases in size and is located immediately upstream of the SPT2 gene. Both genes are transcribed in the same direction. RAD4 is not an essential gene, and no increased transcription of this gene is observed in cells exposed to the DNA-damaging agent 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide. The site of inactivation of RAD4 in a particular plasmid propagated in E. coli was localized to a 100-base-pair region by gene disruption and gap repair experiments. In addition, we have identified the approximate locations of the chromosomal rad4-2, rad4-3, and rad4-4 mutations.
Coexisting Ovarian Malignancy in Young Women With Endometrial Cancer (2005)

Careful preoperative and intraoperative assessment of the adnexa is mandatory in young women with endometrial cancer. Those who desire ovarian preservation should be counseled regarding the high rate of coexisting ovarian malignancy.
Risk factors and incidence of long-COVID syndrome in hospitalized patients: does remdesivir have a protective effect? (2021)

Treatment with remdesivir leads to a 35.9% reduction in LCS rate in follow-up. Severity of illness, need of ICU admission and length of hospital stay were factor associated with the persistence of PCS at 6 months of follow-up.
The Bps polysaccharide of Bordetella pertussis promotes colonization and biofilm formation in the nose by functioning as an adhesin (2010)

Many respiratory pathogens establish persistent infection or a carrier state in the human nasopharynx without overt disease symptoms but the presence of these in the lungs usually results in disease. Although the anatomy and microenvironments between nasopharynx and lungs are different, a virulence factor with an organ-specific function in the colonization of the nasopharynx is unknown. In contrast to the severity of pertussis and mortality in non-vaccinated young children, Bordetella pertussis results in milder and prolonged cough in vaccinated adolescents and adults. Individuals harbouring bacteria in the nasopharynx serve as reservoirs for intrafamilial and nosocomial transmission. We show that the Bps polysaccharide of B. pertussis is critical for initial colonization of the mouse nose and the trachea but not of the lungs. Our data reveal a biofilm lifestyle for B. pertussis in the nose and the requirement of Bps in this developmental process. Bps functions as an adhesin by promoting adherence of B. pertussis and Escherichia coli to human nasal but not to human lung epithelia. Patient serum specifically recognized Bps suggesting its expression during natural human infections. We describe the first bacterial factor that exhibits a differential role in colonization and adherence between the nasopharynx and the lungs.
The FET4 gene encodes the low affinity Fe(II) transport protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)

Previous studies on Fe(II) uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae suggested the presence of two uptake systems with different affinities for this substrate. We demonstrate that the FET3 gene is required for high affinity uptake but not for the low affinity system. This requirement has enabled a characterization of the low affinity system. Low affinity uptake is time-, temperature-, and concentration-dependent and prefers Fe(II) over Fe(III) as substrate. We have isolated a new gene, FET4, that is required for low affinity uptake, and our results suggest that FET4 encodes an Fe(II) transporter protein. FET4's predicted amino acid sequence contains six potential transmembrane domains. Overexpressing FET4 increased low affinity uptake, whereas disrupting this gene eliminated that activity. In contrast, overexpressing FET4 decreased high affinity activity, while disrupting FET4 increased that activity. Therefore, the high affinity system may be regulated to compensate for alterations in low affinity activity. These analyses, and the analysis of the iron-dependent regulation of the plasma membrane Fe(III) reductase, demonstrate that the low affinity system is a biologically relevant mechanism of iron uptake in yeast. Furthermore, our results indicate that the high and low affinity systems are separate uptake pathways.
Regulation by Sulfanylurea Receptor Type 1 of a Non-selective Cation Channel Involved in Cytotoxic Edema of Reactive Astrocytes (2003)

Hypoxia-ischemia and ATP depletion are associated with cytotoxic edema of glial cells, but mechanisms involved remain incompletely characterized. We examined morphologic and electrophysiological responses of freshly isolated native reactive astrocytes (NRAs) following exposure to NaN3, which depletes cellular ATP. NaN3 caused profound and sustained depolarization due to activation of a novel 35 pS Ca2+-activated, [ATP]i-sensitive non-selective cation (NCCa-ATP) channel found in >90% of excised membrane patches. This channel exhibited significantly different properties compared with previously reported NCCa-ATP channels, including different sensitivity to block by various adenine nucleotides (EC50=0.79 microM for [ATP]i, with no block by AMP or ADP), and activation by submicromolar [Ca]i. In addition, the channel was found to be regulated in a manner identical to that of SUR1-regulated KATP channels, including high affinity block by glybenclamide and tolbutamide, and opening by diazoxide. mRNA transcription and protein expression of SUR1 but not SUR2 were confirmed in reactive astrocytes both in situ and after isolation, whereas Kir6.x, which forms the pore-forming subunit of the KATP channel, was not expressed. Channel opening by [ATP]i depletion or exposure to diazoxide caused blebbing of the cell membrane, whereas [ATP]i depletion in the presence of glybenclamide did not. These findings are consistent with participation of this channel in cation flux involved in cell swelling. This novel channel may play an important role in the pathogenesis of brain swelling.
Predicting short‐term disease progression among HIV‐infected patients in Asia and the Pacific region: preliminary results from the TREAT Asia HIV Observational Database (TAHOD) (2005)

Similar to the situation in Western countries, baseline CD4 count was the strongest predictor of short-term disease progression. Prognostic models based on readily available clinical data and haemoglobin level should be useful in estimating short-term clinical risk in HIV-infected patients in Asia and the Pacific region.
G86-797 Causes of Vaccination-Immunization Failures in Livestock (1986)

This NebGuide discusses reasons why vaccinations fail to provide immunity against disease, and how to prevent this from happening. To comprehend the many reasons for vaccine failure, it is important to understand how animals and humans have the ability to resist infectious diseases. It is also important to know what a disease is and how it affects the animal. According to Stedman's Dictionary, disease is an interruption, cessation or disorder of body functions, systems or organs. Diseases may be obvious even to the untrained eye, or detectable only by sophisticated testing procedures (subclinical disease). Serious irreversible damage may be done even at the subclinical level if therapeutic or preventive measures are not taken early.
Noncanonical NF-κB regulates inducible costimulator (ICOS) ligand expression and T follicular helper cell development (2011)

Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells have a central role in mediating humoral immune responses. Generation of Tfh cells depends on both T-cell intrinsic factors and the supporting function of B cells, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here we show that NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), a central component of the noncanonical NF-κB signaling pathway, is required for Tfh cell development. Unlike other known Tfh regulators, NIK acts by controlling the supporting function of B cells. NIK and its upstream BAFF receptor regulate B-cell expression of inducible costimulator ligand (ICOSL), a molecule required for Tfh cell generation. Consistently, injection of a recombinant ICOSL protein into NIK-deficient mice largely rescues their defect in Tfh cell development. We provide biochemical and genetic evidence indicating that the ICOSL gene is a specific target of the noncanonical NF-κB. Our findings suggest that the noncanonical NF-κB pathway regulates the development of Tfh cells by mediating ICOSL gene expression in B cells.
Carbon nanotube sensors for exhaled breath components (2007)

A new method for the detection of nitric oxide (NO) in gas phase is based on a combination of acidic gas scrubbing, oxidation, and conductivity measurements using a chemically functionalized carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (NTFET) device. Gas mixtures containing NO are passed through an Ascarite scrubber and then an oxidizing material (CrO3) which converts NO into NO2. The latter is delivered to the surface of the NTFET sensor coated with poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) polymer. Interaction of the gas with a chemically functionalized NTFET results in a conductivity change that is proportional to the NO gas concentration. The wide range of NO gas concentrations from about 2 ppb up to 5 ppm was tested. A detection limit of NO has been measured as 5 ppb with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N = 3) in inert atmosphere at a fixed relative humidity (RH = 30%). Cross-sensitivity to CO2 and O2 was measured in the gas mixture, modeling human breath conditions. Compared to using chemiluminescence, a state-of-the-art technique for monitoring NO concentrations, this method offers the advantages of low cost, compact size and simplicity of set-up for monitoring NO concentrations while overcoming the limitations of cross-contaminants, possibly creating a foundation for enabling self-diagnostics and home care for asthma sufferers.
Techniques for trusted software engineering (1998)

How do we decide if it is safe to run a given piece of software on our machine? Software used to arrive in shrink-wrapped packages from known vendors. But increasingly, software of unknown provenance arrives over the internet as applets or agents. Running such software risks serious harm to the hosting machine. Risks include serious damage to the system and loss of private information. Decisions about hosting such software are preferably made with good knowledge of the software product itself, and of the software process used to build it. We use the term Trusted Software Engineering to describe tools and techniques for constructing safe software artifacts in a manner designed to inspire trust in potential hosts. Existing approaches have considered issues such as schedule, cost and efficiency; we argue that the traditionally software engineering issues of configuration management and intellectual property protection are also of vital concern. Existing approaches (e.g., Java) to this problem have used static type checking, run-time environments, formal proofs and/or cryptographic signatures; we propose the use of trusted hardware in combination with a key management infrastructure as an additional, complementary technique for trusted software engineering, which offers some attractive features.
Nitric Oxide Air Pollution: Detection by Optoacoustic Spectroscopy (1971)

Nitric oxide is detected by a new technique in which tunable infrared radiation from a spin-flip Raman laser is used to measure the absorption spectrumn of a gas sample by optoacoustic spectroscopy. This technique is sensitive enough to detect a concentration of 0.01 part per million of nitric oxide pollution in air samples.
A review of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of high-temperature superconducting thin films (1989)

A status report is given on the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of high-temperature superconducting thin films. The advantages of MOCVD processing manifest themselves in the quality of the films produced, and in the economy of the process. Metalorganic precursor requirements, deposition parameters and film properties are discussed. Also difficulties have been identified in making MOCVD a manufacturing technology. To solve these problems, future research directions are proposed.
Antitumor activity of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies and cisplatin in ten human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma lines. (1998)

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) frequently display increased levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and since the receptor is located on the cell surface, anti-EGFR antibodies appear to be suitable agents for antitumor therapy. We investigated the effect of murine EMD 55900 and rat ICR 62 monoclonal antibodies (MAb) directed against EGFR both as single agents and in combination with cisplatin. ELISA detection showed the amount of EGFR protein in HNSCC lines UM-SCC-10A, -10B, -11B, -14A, -14B, 14C, -22B and HLac 79, 8029NA, 8029DDP to range between 20 and 8100 fmol/mg protein. Compared to A431 cells, seven HNSCC lines were high and three low receptor expressors. Only low levels of TGF alpha were found in the supernatants of some untreated HNSCC lines, probably due to the consumption of TGF alpha by EGFR. Consequently, occupation of EGFR by MAb led to marked accumulation of TGF alpha in cell supernatants. Colorimetric MTT assay showed both MAbs (0.3-30nM) to have comparable dose-dependent growth inhibition which correlated with the EGFR content of the respective cell lines (p < 0.05). Using 30nM MAb, seven high receptor expressing HNSCC lines were growth inhibited by at least 20% to a maximum of 61% (mean = 38%). Combined treatment with MAb and cisplatin led to a significant decrease in cisplatin IC50 values in 5 cell lines expressing more than 1200 fmol EGFR/mg (dose modification by factor 2.1-4.1). In conclusion, anti-EGFR MAb exert direct antiproliferative activity in HNSCC lines and show additive effects in combination with cisplatin.
Molecular Design of Free Volume as a Route to Low-κ Dielectric Materials (2003)

Polymers incorporating the triptycene subunit were prepared for the molecular-level design of low dielectric constant (low-kappa) materials that can be used to manufacture faster integrated circuits. Triptycenes having restricted rotation by multiple point attachment to the polymer backbone are shown to introduce free volume into the films, thereby lowering their dielectric constants. The triptycene containing polymers exhibit a number of desirable properties including low-water absorption and high thermal stability. Systematic studies wherein comparisons are made between two separate classes of triptycene polymers and their non-triptycene containing analogues demonstrate that proper insertion of triptycenes into a polymer backbone can give rise to a reduction in the material's dielectric constant while also improving its mechanical properties. These characteristics are desired by the semiconductor industry for the next generation of microprocessors and memory to provide insulation of the increasingly shrinking features.
The mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase of Podospora anserina is a bifunctional enzyme active in protein synthesis and RNA splicing. (1992)

The Neurospora crassa mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (mt tyrRS), which is encoded by the nuclear gene cyt-18, functions not only in aminoacylation but also in the splicing of group I introns. Here, we isolated the cognate Podospora anserina mt tyrRS gene, designated yts1, by using the N. crassa cyt-18 gene as a hybridization probe. DNA sequencing of the P. anserina gene revealed an open reading frame (ORF) of 641 amino acids which has significant similarity to other tyrRSs. The yts1 ORF is interrupted by two introns, one near its N terminus at the same position as the single intron in the cyt-18 gene and the other downstream in a region corresponding to the nucleotide-binding fold. The P. anserina yts1+ gene transformed the N. crassa cyt-18-2 mutant at a high frequency and rescued both the splicing and protein synthesis defects. Furthermore, the YTS1 protein synthesized in Escherichia coli was capable of splicing the N. crassa mt large rRNA intron in vitro. Together, these results indicate that YTS1 is a bifunctional protein active in both splicing and protein synthesis. The P. anserina YTS1 and N. crassa CYT-18 proteins share three blocks of amino acids that are not conserved in bacterial or yeast mt tyrRSs which do not function in splicing. One of these blocks corresponds to the idiosyncratic N-terminal domain shown previously to be required for splicing activity of the CYT-18 protein. The other two are located in the putative tRNA-binding domain toward the C terminus of the protein and also appear to be required for splicing. Since the E. coli and yeast mt tyrRSs do not function in splicing, the adaptation of the Neurospora and Podospora spp. mt tyrRSs to function in splicing most likely occurred after the divergence of their common ancestor from yeast.
Two Concepts on the Immunological Aspect of Blastocyst Implantation (2012)

The process of blastocyst implantation is a series of interactions between the blastocyst and maternal tissues. The purpose of this process is (1) to provide nourishment to the embryo for developmental growth in appropriate physiological and endocrinological environment until a placenta is established, and (2) to protect the (semi-)allogeneic embryo from any attacks from the maternal immune system. To facilitate successful implantation, therefore, these two aspects of the embryonic demand must be satisfied in the embryo-maternal interface throughout the entire process of implantation. The first concept I present in this paper is that blastocyst implantation essential factors (BIEFs) have dual functions: one, for structural and functional modification of the endometrium to accommodate the developing embryo and provide nourishment and suitable environment for its development, and the other, for modulation, directly or indirectly, of the maternal immune system to prevent attacks by the maternal immune system. The second concept is that BIEFs convert the endometrium (or uterus) from an immunologically non-privileged site to a privileged site. This endometrial (uterine) conversion is the immunological aspect of the blastocyst implantation process. When the endometrium has become receptive for blastocyst implantation, it signifies that the immunological conversion of the endometrium by BIEFs has been sufficiently attained to let the embryo start contacting maternal tissues. During the early stages of placentation, as the trophoblast cells differentiate and make their way to the maternal blood vessels to establish the placenta, BIEFs continuously provide nourishment and immunological protection to the developing embryo. The immunological protection of the embryo/fetus from potential attacks by the maternal immune system appears to reach a peak at the time of establishment of the placenta. Thus, clarification of the roles of BIEFs in both the physiological/endocrinological aspect as well as the immunological aspect is essential for understanding the biological process of implantation.
The intra-absorber junction (IAJ) model for the device physics of copper indium selenide-based photovoltaics (2005)

The results of free-energy computational materials modeling (CMM) of the CIS ternary material system are applied to analysis of the processes of charge separation fundamental to the operation of all PV devices. It is known that all high-efficiency devices with CIS absorbers possess indium-rich compositions, which lie in the two-phase /spl alpha/+/spl beta/ domain of the equilibrium CIS phase diagram. The intra-absorber junction (IAJ) model presented here explores the implications of presuming that CIS absorbers are in fact two-phase mixtures and concludes that this heterogeneity is fundamental to charge separation in devices made from them. The model posits that photo-generated carrier pairs are first separated within the absorber, the holes into the /spl alpha/ and electrons into the /spl beta/-phase, respectively. These two phases segregate on a nanometer length scale to form an interpenetrating multiply-connected network which permits percolation transport of both excess carrier populations in physically distinct paths. Thus recombination of the hole and electron photocurrents within the absorber is reduced by their real-space separation.