gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Function of Bone Marrow in the Incorporation of a Bone Graft (1985)

Transplants of bone marrow into the anterior chamber of the eye were observed by Pfeiffer to produce migration, regression, and degeneration of myelogenous and hematopoietic cells at the same time that reticular cells proliferate and differentiate into bone. This key observation raised the question of whether the bone formation is the result of proliferation and osteogenetic activity of the reticular cells, or whether mesenchymal-type cells of the host are also induced by the transplant to differentiate into bone. From a comparison of bone marrow with epiphyseal cartilage, fracture callus, cancellous bone, muscle, and other tissues. Urist and McLean suggested that in the anterior chamber of the eye, one or another, or both, mechanisms are operative. Urist demonstrated that new bone formation occurs in postfetal life by the mechanism of induction alone in an implant of demineralized bone matrix in a muscle pouch. In recent years, the inductive agent and inductive response have been under intensive investigation with the aid of new and improved biochemic concepts and methods (Lindholm and Urist).
Identification of proteins regulated by interferon‐α in resistant and sensitive malignant melanoma cell lines (2004)

Treatment of patients with malignant melanoma with interferon-alpha achieves a response in a small but significant subset of patients. Currently, although much is known about interferon biology, little is known about either the particular mechanisms of interferon-alpha activity that are crucial for response or why only some patients respond to interferon-alpha therapy. Two melanoma cell lines (MeWo and MM418) that are known to differ in their response to the antiproliferative activity of interferon-alpha, have been used as a model system to investigate interferon-alpha action. Using a proteomics approach based on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, several proteins induced in response to interferon-alpha have been identified. These include a number of gene products previously known to be type I interferon responsive (tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase, leucine aminopeptidase, ubiquitin cross-reactive protein, gelsolin, FUSE binding protein 2 and hPNPase) as well as a number of proteins not previously reported to be induced by type I interferon (cathepsin B, proteasomal activator 28alpha and alpha-SNAP). Although the proteins upregulated by interferon-alpha were common between the cell lines when examined at the level of Western blotting, the disparity in the basal level of cathepsin B was striking, raising the possibility that the higher level in MM418 may contribute to the sensitivity of this cell line to interferon-alpha treatment.
The Complexity of Feeding Problems in 700 Infants and Young Children Presenting to a Tertiary Care Institution (2003)

A multidisciplinary team approach is essential for assessment and management because combined medical and oral problems are the most frequent cause of pediatric feeding problems. A significant relationship was found between the type of feeding problem and age. Infants born preterm and/or with a birthweight below the tenth percentile for gestational age are at greater risk for developing feeding disorders.
A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF ALGORITHMS FOR DROWSY AND INATTENTIVE DRIVER DETECTION ON THE ROAD (1998)

This study involved the collection of real-world driving data from a small sample of drivers, thought to be at heightened risk, to identify periods of drowsiness and inattention. Data included a variety of engineering measures including video of the driver and the road scene. One objective of the study was the identification of periods of drowsiness and inattention, documented on video, that would be made available for public education and outreach programs. A second objective was to validate, in a naturalistic driving setting, the drowsy driver detection algorithms developed by Wierwille, et al. in a simulator environment. Participants' personal vehicles were instrumented with the MicroDAS instrumentation system and all driving during the data collection was fully discretionary and independent of study objectives. The study thus offered the opportunity to implement highly unobtrusive data collection in subjects' own vehicles with the absence of an experimenter in an effort to gather naturalistic data with a minimum of experimental artifacts. Results highlight the importance of lanekeeping variation as a key predictor variable for detecting drowsiness while driving, although the drowsy detection algorithm did not perform as well as in the simulator studies. An attempt to relate algorithm results to the prediction of driver inattention was inconclusive. The results are discussed in terms of theoretical and procedural issues associated with inattention, drowsiness and driver responses to false positive epochs. It is suggested that the use of a multiplicity of approaches for addressing drowsy and inattentive driving would be most effective, and recommendations are made for future research on both technological and behavioral interventions.
[Overview of potential oncomarkers for detection of early stages of ovarian cancer]. (2011)

The causes of ovarian cancer have not been fully elucidated yet but genetic predisposition is found in approximately 10% of patients. When the disease is detected at an early stage, up to 90% of patients have a hope of recovery. However, no preventive measures or precise screening tests to detect early stages of this disease are known yet. Standard tumor markers (CA125) are usually investigated in women with an increased risk. Nevertheless, due to low sensitivity and specificity during the first stage of the cancer, CA125 determination showed a very low efficacy (less than 26%). There has been a considerable progress over the recent years in understanding the molecular mechanisms leading to tumor formation and metastasis. Gradually, 46 genes were identified, initially named tumor endothelial markers (TEM), the expression of which is increased in tumors compared to normal endothelial cells. Death receptor 6 (DR6) and glycoprotein M6B (GPM6B), both detectable from patients serum, are among the most promising candidates for a marker of an early stage of ovarian cancer. This review aims to clearly describe potential as well as clinically used tumor markers useful in an early detection of ovarian cancer. Search for new markers, characterized by increased expression in patients'blood is a highly topical issue.
The cross-pathway control gene of Neurospora crassa, cpc-1, encodes a protein similar to GCN4 of yeast and the DNA-binding domain of the oncogene v-jun-encoded protein. (1988)

Expression of the gene cpc-1 is required for cross-pathway-mediated regulation of amino acid-biosynthetic genes in Neurospora crassa. We have cloned cpc-1 and present an analysis of its structure and regulation. The cpc-1-encoded transcript contains three open reading frames, two of which are located in the 720-nucleotide leader segment preceding the cpc-1 coding region. The two leader open reading frames, if translated, would produce peptides 20 and 41 residues in length. The deduced amino acid sequence of the cpc-1 polypeptide, CPC1, contains segments similar to the DNA-binding and transcriptional activation domains of GCN4, the major cross-pathway regulatory protein of yeast. The structural and functional similarities of CPC1 and GCN4 proteins suggest that cpc-1 encodes the analogous transcriptional activator of N. crassa. Messenger RNA measurements indicate that cpc-1 is transcriptionally regulated in response to amino acid starvation. The segment of CPC1 similar to the DNA-binding domain of GCN4 also is similar to the DNA-binding domains of the avian sarcoma virus oncogene-encoded v-JUN protein and human c-JUN protein.
Alternating Copolymerization of Ethylene and Butadiene with a Neodymocene Catalyst (2005)

A new route to poly(ethylene-alt-butadiene) uses a homogeneous neodymocene/dialkylmagnesium catalyst which exhibits high activity and allows the polymerization to be easily controlled, both in terms of molecular weight and microstructure of the product. The s-trans-η4-butadiene complex shown in the picture is thought to be an essential intermediate of this reaction. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z462019_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Selective up‐regulation of the growth arrest DNA damage‐inducible gene Gadd45 alpha in sensory and motor neurons after peripheral nerve injury (2003)

The growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 45 alpha (Gadd45a) was one of 240 genes found previously by high density oligonucleotide microarray analysis to be regulated in the rat L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia 3 days after transection of the sciatic nerve (>four-fold up-regulation). The Gadd45a mRNA expression profile investigated by northern blot, RNase protection assay and in situ hybridization in the rat shows negligible constitutive mRNA levels in embryonic, neonatal or adult intact dorsal root ganglia. Within 24 h of a sciatic nerve injury, a very large induction is found that persists for as long as regeneration of injured fibres is prevented by peripheral nerve ligation. When axons are allowed to regrow following sciatic nerve crush injury, Gadd45a expression is terminated at later time points, when levels of other markers of injury return towards normal. Colocalization with activating transcription factor 3-LI and c-jun mRNA implies that all peripherally injured primary sensory and motor neurons express Gadd45a mRNA. Injury to the central axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons produces only a minimal induction of Gadd45a while peripheral inflammation is without effect. Gadd45a is a specific marker of the presence of peripheral axonal injury in adult primary sensory and motor neurons.
Enantioselective Kita Oxidative Spirolactonization Catalyzed by In Situ Generated Chiral Hypervalent Iodine(III) Species (2010)

The iodines(III) have it: The rational design of a conformationally flexible C2-symmetric iodosylarene catalyst has been used for the enantioselective Kita oxidative spirolactonization. The reaction occurs through secondary n–σ* or hydrogen-bonding interactions between the chiral catalyst and the substrate. Mes=mesityl (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Resonant Scattering of Gamma Rays from Nuclear Levels with a Linear Accelerator (1962)

Several elements have been irradiated with a high-intensity bremsstrahlung beam and a search has been made for $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays scattered from nuclear levels. A 6-in.\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}5-in.-diameter NaI(Tl) crystal was used as the detector. Resonant scattering was seen from ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$, ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$, ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$, Mg, and Si. Pulse-height spectra for $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays scattered from each of these are shown. Application of these spectra to previous experiments in which level widths and branching ratios were calculated is discussed. Levels in ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}$, ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}$, and ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ were observed which have not been seen with this technique previously.
Angiogenesis and tumor grading in primary breast cancer patients: an analysis of 158 needle core biopsies. (2006)

Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from a preexisting vascular bed, is a complex multistep process. To investigate how tumor angiogenesis correlates with tumor grading in breast carcinoma diagnosed on core biopsy, microvessels were counted (and graded the density of microvessels) within the initial invasive carcinomas of 158 patients. Using light microscopy, the number of microvessels was counted manually in a subjectively selected hot spot (in the most active areas of neovascularization per 400x field), and their values were separated as above or below median (low and high), without knowledge of the outcome in the patient or any other pertinent variable. When the mean values of MVD of the various groups defined by tumor grading were compared, significant difference was noted (P=2.61E-17). When the mean values of MVD of the groups defined by tumor grading risk were compared, significant difference was noted (P=7.68E-05). When tumors were classified as high or low MVD, based on a cut-off value (30.70175 microvessels/mm2), cases with high MVD were significantly more numerous in MSBR four patients. MVD did show a relationship with groups defined by MSBR grade (P=3.25209E-07) or with tumor grading risk (P=2.54181E-06). Assessment of tumor angiogenesis may therefore prove valuable in selecting patients with early breast carcinoma for aggressive therapy.
Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1): a surface antigen distinct from Lyt-2,3 that participates in T lymphocyte-mediated killing. (1981)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) have been used to probe the relationship of cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) surface molecules to CTL function. Rat MAb to mouse CTL were generated. Twelve MAb so obtained gave preferential binding to T cells as compared to B cells, and three of these recognized previously undescribed surface polypeptides. These Mab and more broadly reactive and previously obtained MAb were tested for their ability to block CTL-mediated killing in the absence of complement. To ensure that any observed blocking was due to binding of MAb to the effector cell rather than the target cell, a xenogeneic mouse CTL anti-rat BN lymphoma target cell system was utilized (MAb and target cells both of rat origin). Of 24 MAb tested here, 21 had little or no effect on CTL function, including those to H-2, Thy-1, Lyt-1, Ly 5, Ly 6, Lgp 100, and at least six other defined antigens. We confirmed inhibition of killing with two MAb to Lyt-2,3. Another MAb, M7/14, gave profound and consistent blockade of CTL function. It was confirmed that M7/14 MAb blocks killing by binding to the mouse CTL and does not bind to the rat lymphoma target cells used for the CTL assay. The findings suggest that the antigen defined by M7/14, termed a lymphocyte function-associated antigen, LFA-1, participates in or is closely associated with the mechanism of CTL-mediated killing. LFA-1 contains two polypeptide chains of 180,000 and 95,000 Mr and is distinct from other described lymphocyte glycoproteins. LFA-1 thus represents both a previously undescribed lymphocyte surface antigen and molecular site for blockade of CTL-mediated killing.
Polyhalogenoaromatic compounds. Part 41. Photochemical dehalogenation and arylation reactions of polyhalogenoaromatic and polyhalogenoheteroaromatic compounds (1980)

Photolysis of pentachloro- and pentabromo-pyridine in diethyl ether or methanol leads to loss of β-halogen. A product (9) derived from attack on diethyl ether was also identified. 4-Bromotetrachloropyridine also undergoes loss of bromine and tetrachloro-4-iodopyridine loses iodine exclusively. Photodehalogenation of some perhalogenothiophens, tetrachloropyrimidine, and hexachlorobenzene is also described. Photolysis of pentachloroiodobenzene, tetrachloroiodopyridines, and trichloro-5-iodothiophen in benzene gives the corresponding polychloroaryl- or polychloroheteroaryl-benzenes.Photolysis of tetrachloro-4-(phenylthio)pyridine (3) gives 1,3,4-trichloro[1]benzothieno[3,2-c]pyridine (6), and the analogous perchloro(phenylthio)pyridine (37) gives the corresponding perchlorobenzothienopyridine (61). The scope of this type of photocyclisation has been explored; starting materials investigated include various arylthiopolyhalogenopyridines, some arylamino- and aryloxy-tetrachloropyridines, and 4-anilinotrichloropyrimidine.
Sex determination in dioecious plants Melandrium album and M. rubrum using high‐resolution flow cytometry (1995)

Abstract High‐resolution flow cytometry was used to analyze nuclear DNA content in dioecious plants Melandrium album and M. rubrum . Very low coefficients of variation (0.53–0.70%) of G 0/1 peaks were obtained after the analysis of nuclei isolated by chopping leaf tissues. In both species, females have lower DNA content than males due to sex chromosome heteromorphism. This made it possible to discriminate peaks belonging to female and male nuclei on the same histogram and permitted unambiguous sex identification in both species. The results indicated the possibility of diagnosing sex also in other heterogametic dioecious plants. The assay described here might be interesting in any area where rapid sex identification is required at an early stage of plant development. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hodgkin cells accumulate mRNA for bcl-2. (1995)

Hodgkin cells in all types of Hodgkin's disease demonstrated high levels of bcl-2 mRNA, while the bcl-2 protein expression was inhomogenous. In nodular lymphocyte predominant type, the bcl-2 mRNA and protein pattern is comparable to germinal center cells. This finding is a further argument for the germinal center cell origin of this type of Hodgkin's disease.
Recruiting a New Substrate for Triacylglycerol Synthesis in Plants: The Monoacylglycerol Acyltransferase Pathway (2012)

This study demonstrates the concept of a new method of increasing oil content in vegetative tissues by using MAG as a substrate for TAG biosynthesis. Based on in vitro yeast assays and expression results in N. benthamiana, we propose that co-expression of a MAG synthesising enzyme such as A. thaliana GPAT4 and a MGAT or bifunctional M/DGAT can result in DAG and TAG synthesis from G-3-P via a route that is independent and complementary to the endogenous Kennedy pathway and other TAG synthesis routes.
Subunit interactions of vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein stabilized by binding to viral matrix protein (1992)

The mechanism by which viral glycoproteins are incorporated into virus envelopes during budding from host membranes is a major question of virus assembly. Evidence is presented here that the envelope glycoprotein (G protein) of vesicular stomatitis virus binds to the viral matrix protein (M protein) in vitro with the specificity, reversibility, and affinity necessary to account for virus assembly in vivo. The assay for the interaction is based on the ability of M protein to stabilize the interaction of G protein subunits, which exist as trimers of identical subunits in the virus envelope. The interaction with M protein was shown by using G proteins labeled with fluorescent probes capable of detecting subunit dissociation and reassociation in vitro. The results show that the M protein isolated from virions either as purified soluble protein or as nucleocapsid-M protein complexes interacts with the G protein in vitro and that the reaction is reversible. The interaction between the G and M proteins was not serotype specific, but no interaction between the vesicular stomatitis virus M protein and the influenza virus hemagglutinin could be detected. These results support the conclusion that the interactions described here are the ones that govern assembly of G protein into virus envelopes in vivo.
Aminoglycoside antibiotics: Synthesis of pseudotrisaccharides derived from neamine and paromamine (1978)

Pseudotrisaccharides of paromamine having a 6-O-(β-D-ribofuranosyl) and 6-O-(α-D-arabinofuranosyl) moieties were prepared from appropriately N,O-substituted derivatives of paromamine by glycosylation reactions. Selective functionalization at C-6′ in 6-O-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)paromamine led to the corresponding neamine-containing pseudotrisaccharide. None of these semisynthetic aminoglycosides possessed antibacterial activity, although at least one of them has been shown to be a substrate for the phosphotransferases I and II. The unnatural attachment of a pentofuranosyl moiety at C-6 of the 2-deoxystreptamine unit in these pseudotrisaccharides is, therefore, detrimental to their antibacterial action, unlike amino sugar containing analogs at the same position.
Carbohydrates as organic raw materials. (1991)

In view of the impending transition of chemical industry from depleting fossil raw materials to renewable feedstocks — the end of cheap oil is predicted around 2040 — this account gives an overview on chemically and enzymatically transforming carbohydrates, by far the major part of the annually regrowing biomass, into products with versatile industrial application profiles and the potential to eventually replace those presently derived from petrochemical sources.



The article contains sections titled: 

1.	Introduction	
2.	Availability of Carbohydrates	
3.	Current Nonfood Industrial Products from Sugars	
3.1.	Ethanol	
3.2.	Furfural	
3.3	d-Sorbitol	
3.4	Lactic Acid and Polylactic Acid (PLA)	
3.5.	Sugar-Based Surfactants	
3.5.1.	‘Sorbitan’ Esters	
3.5.2.	N-Methyl-N-acyl-glucamides (NMCA)	
3.5.3.	Alkylpolyglucosides (APG)	
3.5.4.	Sucrose Fatty Acid Monoesters	
3.6.	Pharmaceuticals and Vitamins	
4.	Toward Further Sugar-based Chemicals: Potential Development Lines	
4.1.	Furan Compounds	
4.1.1.	5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)	
4.1.2.	2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF)	
4.1.3.	Furans with a Tetrahydroxybutyl Side Chain	
4.2.	Dihydropyrones	
4.3.	Sugar-Derived Unsaturated Nitrogen Heterocycles	
4.3.1.	Pyrroles	
4.3.2.	Pyrazoles	
4.3.3.	Imidazoles	
4.3.4.	3-Pyridinols	
4.4.	Toward Sugar-Based Aromatic Chemicals	
4.5.	Microbial Conversion of Six-Carbon-Sugars into Simple Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols	
4.5.1.	Carboxylic Acids	
4.5.2.	Potential Sugar-Based Alcohol Commodities by Microbial Conversions	
4.6.	Chemical Conversion of Sugars into Carboxylic Acids	
4.7.	Biopolymers from Polymerizable Sugar Derivatives	
4.7.1.	Synthetic Biopolyesters	
4.7.2.	Microbial Polyesters	
4.7.3.	Polyamides	
5.	Outlook	
6.	References
A theoretical study of the influence of the surface on the electronic structure of CdSe nanoclusters (1994)

The effect of the cluster surface on the ground state electronic properties of CdSe nanoclusters is calculated using a tight-binding method. The calculation of optical matrix elements between selected surface and interior states is described. We find that the density of states is strongly dependent on the nature of the cluster surface and that there is a significant probability of an optical transition into unoccupied surface states.
Birinci Dünya Savaşı Döneminde Ekonomide Bir Kurumsallaşma Çabası: İaşe Nezareti (2009)

Bu calismada Birinci Dunya Savasi‟nin zorlu sartlarinda ekonomi alaninda kurumsallasma yonunde atilan onemli bir adim olan Iase Nezareti‟nin incelenmesi amaclanmaktadir. Ittihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti savas sirasinda ozellikle baskent Istanbul‟un iasesi konusunda ve savasin ozellikle ulasim yonunde verdigi aksakliklardan dolayi zorlanmistir. Iase konusundaki karmasayi, vurgunculugu ve stokculugu onlemek amaciyla Iase Nezareti kurulmustur. Calismanin birinci bolumunde klasik donemden Birinci Dunya Savasi‟na kadar olan iase konusunda Osmanli Imparatorlugu‟nun nasil bir iktisadi politika yuruttugu incelenmektedir. Ikinci bolumde ise savas sirasinda kurumsallasma cabalari, Iase Nezaretinin kurumsal yapisi ve iase konusunda karsilasilan zorluklara deginilmistir.