gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preoperative Peribulbar Block in Patients Undergoing Retinal Detachment Surgery Under General Anesthesia: A Randomized Double-Blind Study (2006)

Retinal detachment surgery is frequently associated with significant postoperative pain and emesis in adults. In this randomized, double-blind, controlled study we sought to demonstrate that 1% ropivacaine peribulbar (PB) block in conjunction with general anesthesia (GA) improves operative conditions and postoperative analgesia compared with GA combined with subcutaneous normal saline injection into the inferior eyelid. Thirty-one patients were included in each group. Anesthesia was performed with target-controlled infusion propofol and continuous remifentanil infusion adjusted to maintain bispectral index values between 40 and 50. Postoperative analgesia included fixed-dose IV infusion of propacetamol and IV injection of nefopam via a patient-controlled analgesia device. Tramadol was infused IV as rescue medication. Demographic data were comparable between the groups and bispectral index values were maintained at the objective target. In the PB group, fewer patients presented an oculocardiac reflex (6 versus 17; P < 0.01); bleeding interfering with the surgical field was reduced (1 versus 11 patients; P < 0.01); mean time to first nefopam request was longer (148 +/- 99 versus 46 +/- 58 min; P < 0.01); mean nefopam consumption was diminished during the first 6 h after tracheal extubation (18.9 +/- 13.9 versus 28.5 +/- 14.7 mg; P < 0.05); immediate postoperative pain scores were lower; and fewer patients required rescue medication (5 versus 23; P < 0.01). The two groups were similar with respect to the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Overall, PB block combined with GA improved operating conditions and postoperative analgesia in retinal detachment surgery.
Digital rights management for the online music business (2002)

Digital rights management has become a pressing concern for the online music business. Existing digital rights management systems are backed by two license management models, the tethered model and the untethered model. These two license management models focus on the management of payments and usage rights. The problems with these models are that the tethered model forces consumers to be online, while the untethered model provides relatively less security to the license residing locally. This paper proposes an enhanced license management model for the online music business, which integrates both models together and thus enables online and offline purchasing.
Meningeal Mast Cells Affect Early T Cell Central Nervous System Infiltration and Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity through TNF: A Role for Neutrophil Recruitment? (2010)

Mast cells contribute to the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a rodent model of the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis. Yet their site and mode of action is unknown. In both diseases, myelin-specific T cells are initially activated in peripheral lymphoid organs. However, for disease to occur, these cells must enter the immunologically privileged CNS through a breach in the relatively impermeable blood-brain barrier. In this study, we demonstrate that a dense population of resident mast cells in the meninges, structures surrounding the brain and spinal cord, regulate basal CNS barrier function, facilitating initial T cell CNS entry. Through the expression of TNF, mast cells recruit an early wave of neutrophils to the CNS. We propose that neutrophils in turn promote the blood-brain barrier breach and together with T cells lead to further inflammatory cell influx and myelin damage. These findings provide specific targets for intervention in multiple sclerosis as well as other immune-mediated CNS diseases.
Separate Peripheral Pathways for Pruritus in Man (2008)

Recent findings suggest that itch produced by intradermal insertion of cowhage spicules in human is histamine independent. Neuronal mechanisms underlying nonhistaminergic itch are poorly understood. To investigate which nerve fibers mediate cowhage induced itch in man, action potentials were recorded from cutaneous C-fibers of the peroneal nerve in healthy volunteers using microneurography. Mechano-responsive and -insensitive C-nociceptors were tested for their responsiveness to cowhage spicules, histamine, and capsaicin. Cowhage spicules induced itching and activated all tested mechano-responsive C-units (24/24), but no mechano-insensitive C-fibers (0/17). Histamine also induced itch, but in contrast to cowhage, it caused lasting activation only in mechano-insensitive units (8/12). In mechano-responsive C-units, histamine caused no or only short and weak responses unrelated to the time course of itching. Capsaicin injections activated four of six mechano-responsive fibers and three of four mechano-insensitive C-fibers. Cowhage and histamine activate distinctly different nonoverlapping populations of C-fibers while inducing similar sensations of itch. We hypothesize that cowhage activates a pathway for itch that originates peripherally from superficial mechano-responsive (polymodal) C-fibers and perhaps other afferent units. It is distinct from the pathway for histamine-mediated pruritus and does not involve the histamine-sensitive mechano-insensitive fibers.
HIV-1 isolates are rapidly evolving quasispecies: evidence for viral mixtures and preferred nucleotide substitutions. (1989)

RNA viruses are renowed for their genetic variability. The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are no exception. A rapid method has been established for the genetic identification and differentiation of viral strains based on the sequencing of many M13 clones of gene-amplified products. Some isolates are internally relatively homogeneous while others are heterogeneous. There was no correlation between virus complexity and disease stage. One isolate was in fact a mixture of two distinct strains. A strong preference for G----A base substitutions was observed. These data indicate that HIV isolates cannot be described in simple molecular terms and should rather be considered as quasispecies.
Inactive matrix metalloproteinase 2 is a normal constituent of human glomerular basement membrane. An immuno‐electron microscopic study (2000)

Remodelling of the extracellular matrix requires tight control not only of matrix synthesis, but also of matrix degradation. Control of matrix degradation is achieved mainly through the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes. In the glomerulus, MMP-2 and MMP-9 are believed to be particularly important, as they have activity against type IV collagen. This study has demonstrated by immuno-electron microscopy that most of the immunoreactivity for MMP-2 in the normal glomerulus is located within the glomerular basement membranes and mesangial matrix. mRNA for MMP-2 is also detectable in normal glomeruli, but the other main gelatinase, MMP-9, could not be localized by immuno-electron microscopy. In the normal glomerulus, it seemed likely that MMP-2 is present in an inactive form. To confirm this, in situ zymography was carried out using frozen sections of normal kidney. Baseline activity of normal kidney was relatively weak, but this was dramatically increased by chemical activation of metalloproteinases. The results imply that MMP-2, in an inactive form, is a normal constituent of the extracellular matrix and glomerular basement membranes. Activation would presumably render the matrix ‘self-degrading’; membrane-bound MMPs (MT-MMPs) seem particularly likely to be involved in leukocyte penetration of basement membranes in inflammation. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ACTION OF CYTOCHALASIN D ON CELLS OF ESTABLISHED LINES (1974)

HeLa, Vero, L, HEp2, and MDBK cells respond immediately to 0.2-0.5 microg/ml cytochalasin D (CD) with sustained contraction (contracture), loss of microvilli, expression of endoplasmic contents (zeiosis), nuclear protrusion, and extension of cytoplasmic processes. The development of these changes is depicted, and the dose-response patterns in these cell lines are described. MDBK is generally most resistant and HeLa most sensitive to these effects of CD. Cells in G(1) are most sensitive to CD; responsiveness decreases progressively during early S and is least in mid S through G(2). CD inhibits transport of [(14)C]deoxyglucose in HeLa by about 45% but has no significant effect on hexose uptake in Vero and MDBK; sugar transport is thus apparently unrelated to any morphologic effect of CD. Although spreading and attachment are impeded, CD does not decrease and may even enhance the adhesiveness of established monolayers. Contraction appears to be a primary early effect of CD, upon which other visible changes follow. It is prevented by some inhibitors of energy metabolism (deoxyglucose and dinitrophenol) and does not occur in glycerinated models without ATP. The possible bases of the contractile response to CD are discussed. Although direct or indirect action of CD on some microfilaments may occur, a generalized structural disruption of contractile filaments by CD is considered unlikely.
Strong Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)–Specific CD4+T Cell Responses in a Cohort of Chronically Infected Patients Are Associated with Interruptions in Anti‐HIV Chemotherapy (2000)

Virus-specific CD4+ T-helper cell function is important in controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection but is impaired in patients with progressive HIV disease. It has been reported that after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-specific lymphoproliferative responses remain absent, whereas responses to non-HIV microbial antigens are restored. However, in analyzing immune responses in a cohort of chronically infected adults on HAART, we observed strong HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses of Th-1 phenotype in 11 of 22 patients. The magnitude and frequency of HIV-specific lymphoproliferative responses was strongly associated with previous interruptions in HAART (P=.001). In contrast, the magnitude of CD8+ T cell responses to HIV Gag, Pol, Env, and Nef was similar in patients who had and those who had not interrupted HAART. We conclude that (1) a significant proportion of chronically HIV-infected patients on HAART can generate strong HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunity and (2) transient interruptions in antiviral treatment may prime or boost HIV-specific CD4+ T-helper responses.
Alzheimer Disease Ethics (1999)

Post, Stephen G.; Whitehouse, Peter J.; Nelson, James Lindemann; Sachs, Greg A. Author Information
Evidence that tumor necrosis factor has an important role in antibacterial resistance. (1989)

TNF is produced in the spleens of Listeria-infected mice during the first 3 days of a sublethal immunizing infection. The production of Listeria-induced TNF coincides with the time when peak numbers of bacteria are present in the liver and spleen. Evidence suggesting that TNF produced in Listeria-infected organs functions in a T cell-independent resistance mechanism comes from results showing that listeriosis is exacerbated in both T cell-intact mice and T cell-deficient (athymic nude) mice treated with a monospecific anti-murine TNF IgG. Listeriosis is exacerbated, however, only if the anti-TNF IgG is given during the first 3 days of infection, i.e., at the time when TNF is being produced in the spleen. Anti-TNF IgG administered on the first day of infection neutralized all the cytotoxic activity of endogenously produced TNF in the spleen. Additional evidence that TNF plays an important role in antibacterial defenses was obtained by showing that administration of pure murine rTNF protects mice against a normally lethal Listeria challenge given 1 to 24 h later.
Automatic Intensity Quantification Of Fluorescence Targets From Microscope Images With Maximum Likelihood Estimation (2009)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Glasgow, Scotland, 2009
Nanodisk-Associated Amphotericin B Clears Leishmania major Cutaneous Infection in Susceptible BALB/c Mice (2006)

Nanometer-scale, apolipoprotein-stabilized phospholipid bilayer disk complexes (nanodisks [ND]) harboring the toxic and poorly soluble antileishmanial agent amphotericin B (AMB) were examined for efficacy in treatment of Leishmania major-infected BALB/c mice (Mus musculus). L. major-infected mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) treated with AMB-ND in 0-, 1-, and 5-mg/kg doses at 24 h, 48 h, and 4, 7, 14, and 21 days postinfection in two experiments. L. major-infected mice were i.p. treated with phosphate-buffered saline, 5 mg/kg AMB-ND, or 5 mg/kg lipid-associated amphotericin B (liposomal amphotericin B, AmBisome) at 24 h, 48 h, and 10, 20, 30, and 40 days postinfection in one experiment. Parasite numbers, footpad lesion size progression, and development of cytokine responses were assayed at days 7, 15, 30, 50, 140, and 250 or at days 14, 30, 50, 95, and 140 postinfection. Mice administered AMB-ND in 1- or 5-mg/kg doses were significantly protected from L. major, displaying decreases in lesion size and parasite burden, particularly at the 5-mg/kg dosage level. In contrast to the i.p. treated AmBisome group, BALB/c mice treated with i.p. AMB-ND completely cleared an L. major infection by 140 to 250 days postinfection, with no lesions remaining and no parasites isolated from infected animals. Restimulated mixed lymphocyte culture cytokine responses (interleukin-4 [IL-4], IL-12, IL-10, NO, and gamma interferon) were unchanged by AMB-ND administration compared to controls. The marked clearance of Leishmania parasites from a susceptible strain of mice without an appreciable change in the cytokine response suggests that AMB-ND represent a potentially useful formulation for treatment of intrahistiocytic organisms.
Flocculation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a review (2010)

The present work reviews and critically discusses the aspects that influence yeast flocculation, namely the chemical characteristics of the medium (pH and the presence of bivalent ions), fermentation conditions (oxygen, sugars, growth temperature and ethanol concentration) and the expression of specific genes such as FLO1, Lg-FLO1, FLO5, FLO8, FLO9 and FLO10. In addition, the metabolic control of loss and onset of flocculation is reviewed and updated. Flocculation has been traditionally used in brewing production as an easy and off-cost cell-broth separation process. The advantages of using flocculent yeast strains in the production of other alcoholic beverages (wine, cachaça and sparkling wine), in the production of renewal fuels (bio-ethanol), in modern biotechnology (production of heterologous proteins) and in environmental applications (bioremediation of heavy metals) are highlighted. Finally, the possibility of aggregation of yeast cells in flocs, as an example of social behaviour (a communitarian strategy for long-time survival or a means of protection against negative environmental conditions), is discussed.
The Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource Program 2003–2018: reflections and outlook (2019)

The Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB) contains information related to antibodies and T cells across an expansive scope of research fields (infectious diseases, allergy, autoimmunity, and transplantation). Capture and representation of the data to reflect growing scientific standards and techniques have required continual refinement of our rigorous curation and query and reporting processes beginning with the automated classification of over 28 million PubMed abstracts, and resulting in easily searchable data from over 20,000 published manuscripts. Data related to MHC binding and elution, nonpeptidics, natural processing, receptors, and 3D structure is first captured through manual curation and subsequently maintained through recuration to reflect evolving scientific standards. Upon promotion to the free, public database, users can query and export records of specific relevance via the online web portal which undergoes iterative development to best enable efficient data access. In parallel, the companion Analysis Resource site hosts a variety of tools that assist in the bioinformatic analyses of epitopes and related structures, which can be applied to IEDB-derived and independent datasets alike. Available tools are classified into two categories: analysis and prediction. Analysis tools include epitope clustering, sequence conservancy, and more, while prediction tools cover T and B cell epitope binding, immunogenicity, and TCR/BCR structures. In addition to these tools, benchmarking servers which allow for unbiased performance comparison are also offered. In order to expand and support the user-base of both the database and Analysis Resource, the research team actively engages in community outreach through publication of ongoing work, conference attendance and presentations, hosting of user workshops, and the provision of online help. This review provides a description of the IEDB database infrastructure, curation and recuration processes, query and reporting capabilities, the Analysis Resource, and our Community Outreach efforts, including assessment of the impact of the IEDB across the research community.
9-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine therapy of established simian immunodeficiency virus infection in infant rhesus macaques (1996)

The long-term therapeutic and toxic effects of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) were evaluated in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected newborn rhesus macaques. Four untreated SIV-infected newborn macaques developed persistently high levels of viremia, and three of the four animals had rapidly fatal disease within 3 months. In contrast, long-term PMPA treatment of four newborn macaques starting 3 weeks after virus inoculation resulted in a rapid, pronounced, and persistent reduction of viremia in three of the four animals. Emergence of virus with fivefold-decreased susceptibility to PMPA occurred in all four PMPA-treated animals and was associated with the development of a lysine-to-arginine substitution at amino acid 65 (K65R mutation) and additional mutations in the reverse transcriptase; however, the clinical implications of this low-level drug resistance are nuclear. No toxic side effects have been seen, and all PMPA-treated animals have remained disease-free for more than 13 months. Our data suggest that PMPA holds much promise for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-infected human infants and adults.
Quality Evaluation of Commercial Salted and Fermented Seafoods (1999)

The Microbiological, chemical and sensory analyses were carried to evaluate the quality of commercial salted and fermented seafoods and to establish a standardization. The results showed that amino nitrogen(AN) and volatile basic nitrogen(VBN) contents were appropriate in evaluating the quality of shrimp jeotkal. In the range of , AN and VBN contents were highly correlated to sensory scores, respectively. In the case of squid jeotkal, pH and VBN contents were appropriate to evaluate quality. The coefficients of the correlation between pH and sensory evaluation was 0.84 and the sensory acceptability was high and above pH 6.0. In addition, the coefficients of the correlation between VBN contents and sensory evaluation was 0.95, and the sensory acceptability was high but below 30 mg%. In the case of shell-fish jeotkal, the coefficient of the correlation between VBN content and sensory evaluation was 0.94, and sensory acceptability was high but below 40 mg%.
A 0.2V, 7.5 &#x03BC;W, 20 kHz &#x03A3;&#x0394; modulator with 69 dB SNR in 90 nm CMOS (2007)

This paper presents a frequency-to-digital SigmaDelta modulator designed in a digital 90nm CMOS process, operating with a supply voltage of 0.2 V. For a 7.5 muW power consumption, the SNR is 68.9 dB and the SNDR is 60.3 dB over a 20Hz-20kHz bandwidth. This work shows that the SNR/SNDR performance of this kind of SigmaDelta converter can be adjusted over a wide range, while maintaining a state-of-the-art flgure-of-merit of 82 fJ/conversion.
Bioimpedance spectroscopy technique: intra-, extracellular, and total body water (1997)

The purpose of this study was to test the validity of a multiple frequency bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) technique that estimates extracellular fluid volume (ECV), intracellular fluid volume (ICV), and total body water (TBW). Thirteen healthy males (mean +/- SD: age, 23 +/- 3 yr; body mass, 80.6 +/- 14.7 kg) had their TBW and ECV measured by ingesting dilution tracers (7.27 g deuterium oxide, 1.70 g sodium bromide; blood samples at 0 and 4 h). ICV was calculated as TBW minus ECV. Impedance was measured (50-500 kHz) at rest, on a nonconducting surface, with a BIS analyzer. Electrode placement, posture, exercise, food/fluid intake, and ambient temperature were controlled. Dilution measures (TBW, 51.00 +/- 9.30; ECV, 19.88 +/- 3.14; ICV, 31.12 +/- 6.80 L) and BIS volumes (TBW, 50.03 +/- 7.67; ECV, 20.95 +/- 3.33; ICV, 29.04 +/- 4.51 L) were significantly different for ECV (P < 0.01) and ICV (P < 0.05); some individual differences were large. The correlation coefficients of dilution versus BIS volumes (r = 0.93 to 0.96) were significant at P < 0.0001; SEEs were: TBW, 2.23 L; ECV, 1.26 L; and ICV, 1.71 L. We concluded that BIS is valid for between-subject comparisons of body fluid compartments, is appropriate in clinical settings where change in ECV/ICV ratio is important, and should be used by comparing the required level of accuracy to the inherent technique error/variance.
Mutator phenotype of Werner syndrome is characterized by extensive deletions. (1989)

Werner syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by the premature appearance of features of normal aging in young adults. The extensive phenotypic overlap between WS and normal aging suggests they may also share pathogenetic mechanisms. We reported previously that somatic cells from WS patients demonstrate a propensity to develop chromosomal aberrations, including translocations, inversions, and deletions, and that WS cell lines demonstrate a high spontaneous mutation rate to 6-thioguanine resistance. We report here the biochemical and molecular characterization of spontaneous mutations at the X chromosome-linked hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus in 6-thioguanine-resistant WS and control cells. Blot hybridization analysis of 89 independent spontaneous HPRT mutations in WS and control mutants lacking HPRT activity revealed an unusually high proportion of HPRT deletions in WS as compared with control cells (76% vs. 39%). Approximately half (58%) of the deletions in WS cells consisted of the loss of greater than 20 kilobases of DNA from the HPRT gene. These results suggest that an elevated somatic mutation rate, and particularly deletions, may play pathogenetically important roles in WS and in several associated age-dependent human disease processes.
Automating the organization of presentations for playout management in multimedia databases (2002)

We introduce a constraint-driven methodology for the automated assembly, organization and playout of presentations from multimedia databases. We use inclusion and exclusion constraints for extracting a semantically coherent set of multimedia segments. Presentation organization constraints are utilized for organizing the multimedia segments into a presentation, which in turn helps decide the playout order of the extracted multimedia segments. The playout order of the segments is represented in a presentation graph. If the specified set of organization constraints are not sufficient to construct a unique presentation graph, we propose two techniques so that a unique graph is constructible. We also propose playout algorithms, one for the generation, start and termination of playout agents, the other to provide dynamic controls for playout management of organized presentations. The characteristics of these algorithms are expressed in terms of presentation playout parameters.