gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GaAs broadband monolithic switches (1986)

Abstract A high‐frequency switch utilizing a GaAs FET as an analog switch is expected to operate in a broad band and can be integrated in a monolithic IC form. Since only a single power supply is needed for the gate bias and the power consumption of the switch can be made zero, it is useful in the area where a small size and low power consumption are required. To investigate the feasibility of a broadband GaAs monolithic switch, this paper first derives an equivalent circuit of the switch from the structural model of the FET and the relation between the switch characteristics and the device parameters of the FET. The design method of the switch is then developed. Next, the monolithic switches of SPDT and DPDT structures are fabricated by ion‐implantation technology and their characteristics are evaluated so that the validity of the equivalent circuit model is confirmed. The GaAs monolithic SPDT switch realized has the passband of dc to 3.3 GHz, insertion loss less than 0.7 dB (dc to 2 GHz), isolation more than 20 dB, switching time 2 ns and the maximum distortionless signal input power 20 dBm. Similarly, good performance has been obtained for the DPDT switch.
Beneficial Effect of Oral Sildenafil Therapy on Childhood Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (2005)

Oral sildenafil has the potential to improve hemodynamics and exercise capacity for up to 12 months in children with PAH. Confirmation of these results in a randomized, controlled trial is essential.
Dispenser Printed Zinc Microbattery with an Ionic Liquid Gel Electrolyte (2010)

Rapid trends show a steady decrease in electronic device form factors, which are miniaturizing and flattening, while demonstrating an increase in device functionality, requiring complex and exacting power needs. This movement has motivated a shift in energy storage design and manufacture to accommodate novel and unconventional materials, new device geometries, and non-traditional fabrication methods. A combination of these strategies will lead to a revolution in the way energy storage components are designed, integrated, and utilized in electronic devices.In this work, we present one possible strategy combining a materials innovation with simple engineering methods to fabricate and integrate batteries directly onto a device. A novel ionic liquid gel electrolyte compatible with zinc-metal oxide battery systems was synthesized. This gel electrolyte properties and its compatibility with the electrodes, current collector materials, packaging, and substrates were investigated.A simple, low-cost, solution-based printing method for integrating energy storage components directly onto a device is demonstrated with a direct write dispenser printing system. The dispenser printer is able to pattern "inks" into multilayer devices with custom dimensions.Printed 1 cm2 zinc-metal oxide microbatteries utilizing the ionic liquid gel electrolyte were fabricated and then various device quantities such as its storage capacity, power performance, self-discharge, and other properties were characterized. Prospective applications of this printable battery include flexible electronics and applications that need highly customized integrated or miniature energy storage such as printed circuit boards, permanent power supplies for autonomous wireless sensors, and active RFID tags.
Duke Forum for Law & Social Change Symposium: Keynote Address (2009)

We can impact the status quo only when we have the courage to address difficult problems directly.It is warming that law students are considering important issues of education, because they are the ones who can make change.We all will long remember where we were, and who we were with, when Barack Obama was declared the Forty-Fourth President of the United States of America.We are a long way from Dred Scott v. Sandford, which held that blacks had no rights that the white man was bound to respect. 1 Following that opinion, the separate but equal doctrine was reinforced by Jim Crow laws and other unjust opinions, including Plessy v. Ferguson. 2 For a guy who grew up on the West Side of Chicago, in the heart of the rough and tumble inner-city, as the fifth of six children, in a family of excruciatingly modest means, I am truly amazed by the events of the last two years on the national political scene.I didn't grow up with a silver spoon in my mouth.My father was a foreman at Sun Chemical Co., and my mother was a school crossing guard.Every grade school and high school I attended was a Chicago public school.Even as a child, within my district I could see huge differences from school to school, and neighborhood to neighborhood.A child might not be able to articulate that disparity, but he can feel it.I was fortunate enough to have parents who cared deeply about my education, and I had teachers who motivated me to strive for more.Having been born in 1956, two-and-a-half years after Brown v. Board of Education, 3 I know that I was lucky.Children face many obstacles growing up poor and black in America.Some of my peers didn't make it out, or aren't with us anymore.But thank goodness, I was able to go on to college, even though I couldn't afford to go immediately after graduation.My college degree has allowed me to get to know some pretty amazing people, including my former employer, Oprah Winfrey.Working for Oprah allowed me to dream of owning my own company, and I realized that dream in 2000 when I started Olympus, LLC.Since then, my company has provided contract negotiation and business management for its clients, who include several well-known athletes and entertainers.Now, it is simply awe-inspiring to witness a black man I know being addressed as "Mr.President" in the White
CD28-dependent Activation of Protein Kinase B/Akt Blocks Fas-mediated Apoptosis by Preventing Death-inducing Signaling Complex Assembly (2002)

The T cell costimulatory molecule CD28 is important for T cell survival, yet both the signaling pathways downstream of CD28 and the apoptotic pathways they antagonize remain poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that CD4(+) T cells from CD28-deficient mice show increased susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent pathway. Protein kinase B (PKBalpha/Akt1) is an important serine/threonine kinase that promotes survival downstream of PI3K signals. To understand how PI3K-mediated signals downstream of CD28 contribute to T cell survival, we examined Fas-mediated apoptosis in T cells expressing an active form of PKBalpha. Our data demonstrate that T cells expressing active PKB are resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. PKB transgenic T cells show reduced activation of caspase-8, BID, and caspase-3 due to impaired recruitment of procaspase-8 to the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Similar alterations are seen in T cells from mice which are haploinsufficient for PTEN, a lipid phosphatase that regulates phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP(3)) and influences PKBalpha activity. These findings provide a novel link between CD28 and an important apoptosis pathway in vivo, and demonstrate that PI3K/PKB signaling prevents apoptosis by inhibiting DISC assembly.
[Exenatide: use in humans]. (2007)

Exenatide is the first synthetic agonist of the GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) receptor approved for clinical use in patients with type 2 diabetes. The multiplicity of its effects over glucose metabolism, appetite, body weight and its potential capacity to preserve the ?cell mass, makes it an attractive therapeutic alternative. This article attempts to review the current literature on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of exenatide in humans, derived from the early phase I and II studies, and from the clinical controlled trials that led to its approval for clinical use as a combination therapy with sulphonylureas and metformin.
Entanglement of Formation for an Arbitrary Two-Mode Gaussian State (2008)

We write the optimal pure-state decomposition of any two-mode Gaussian state and show that its entanglement of formation coincides with the Gaussian one. This enables us to develop an insightful approach of evaluating the exact entanglement of formation. Its additivity is finally proven.
Entamoeba histolytica: Another Cause of Crohnʼs Disease (2009)

Purpose: Several pathogens cause intestinal inflammation clinically and endoscopically indistinguishable from Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Known causative agents of Crohn's Disease (CD) include Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), with 92% of CD patients carrying MAP,(1) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We report two cases of Entamoeba histolytica infection with a ‘classic’ CD appearance and complete disease resolution following antibiotic therapy. Case 1: A 60 year old male presented with a 1 year history of abdominal pain, fatigue and bloody diarrhea post-travel to Indonesia. Stool was negative for pathogens. Colonoscopy showed inflammation with erosions, micro-ulcers and contact bleeding distally; and large ulcers, haustration destruction and scarring in the ascending colon. Histopathology showed moderate crypt distortion with focal cryptitis. Terminal ileal biopsy showed moderate active colitis. Oval foamy structures containing red blood cells were strongly positive on PAS stain for amoebiasis. The patient was treated with an antibiotic combination. He showed a remarkable improvement, passing 2-3 semi-formed stools daily with no bleeding or urgency. Colonoscopy revealed a normal mucosa, confirmed on histology. No enteric pathogens were isolated in stool. Case 2: A 47 year old male presented with 3 months of 10 diarrheal stools daily, weight loss of 3-4kg, abdominal pain, fecal urgency and mucus. Three years prior he was treated for amoebiasis with deep ulcerations seen from the distal transverse to the proximal ascending colon, similar to CD. Parasite eradication was confirmed via a negative stool result, the symptoms resolved. Colonoscopy was not repeated. The illness ‘relapsed’ with rectal inflammation, pseudopolyps, and large ulcerations in the ascending colon and caecum. Stool was negative for parasites. PAS stain revealed trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica. The patient is currently on anti-parasite treatment with complete resolution of symptoms, passing one formed stool second daily without blood or mucus. Discussion: Classic endoscopic and clinical features of CD can be caused by known pathogens. The CD syndrome should now be considered a ‘phenotypic’ presentation of infection by a potential pathogen. It is timely to revise our entrenched belief in the etiology of CD as ‘an aberrant reaction to colonic flora’ and focus on a pathogen-driven etiology. Conclusion: Our finding of two cases of Entamoeba histolytica infection-like CD teaches us to search for an infective cause in each CD patient and not rely on stool parasite examination alone.
Persistent Charge-Density-Wave Order in Single-Layer TaSe2 (2018)

We present the electronic characterization of single-layer 1H-TaSe<sub>2</sub> grown by molecular beam epitaxy using a combined angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. We demonstrate that 3 × 3 charge-density-wave (CDW) order persists despite distinct changes in the low energy electronic structure highlighted by the reduction in the number of bands crossing the Fermi energy and the corresponding modification of Fermi surface topology. Enhanced spin-orbit coupling and lattice distortion in the single-layer play a crucial role in the formation of CDW order. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of the nature of CDW order in the two-dimensional limit.
Single chip MPEG audio decoder (1992)

An IC has been designed and fabricated which can take an MPEG system or MPEG audio stream and decode Layer I and Layer II (MUSICAM) encoded into 16-b pulse code modulation (PCM) data. Presentation can be delayed and audio frames skipped by means of the channel buffer, an external 256 K bit*4 DRAM controlled by this IC. This allows coarse synchronization of audio and video for skews of up to 1 s for Layer I and 2.5 s for Layer II. Control over which frames are played or provides cue/review features. The MPEG audio IC takes into account system-level, interface, and rate control issues, rather than just the computations involved in MPEG audio compression.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Biosynthesis of a hypermodified nucleotide in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 17S and HeLa-cell 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (1978)

The biosynthesis of a hypermodified nucleotide, similar to or identical with 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)-1-methylpseudouridine monophosphate, present in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis 17S and HeLa-cell 18S rRNA, was investigated with respect to the sequence of reactions required for synthesis and their timing in ribosome maturation. In both yeast and HeLa cells methylation precedes attachment of the 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl group. In yeast the methylated precursor nucleotide was tentatively characterized as 1-methylpseudouridine. This precursor nucleotide was demonstrated in both 37S and most of the cytoplasmic 18S pre-rRNA (rRNA precursor) molecules. The synthesis of the hypermodified nucleotide is completed just before the final cleavage of 18S pre-rRNA to give 17S rRNA, so that the final addition of the 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl group is a cytoplasmic event. Comparable experiments with HeLa cells indicated that formation of 1-methylpseudouridine occurs at the level of 45S RNA and addition of the 3-amino-3-carboxypropyl group occurs in the cytoplasm on newly synthesized 18S RNA.
Purification and Properties of Staphylococcal Delta Hemolysin (1971)

Large amounts (200 mg per liter of culture supernatant fluid) of highly purified staphylococcal soluble delta hemolysin were obtained by adsorption to and selective elution from hydroxyapatite followed by exhaustive dialysis against water, concentration by polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyethylene glycol 20,000 dialysis, and a final water dialysis. No carbohydrate, phosphorus, or inactive 280-nm absorbing material was detected in the preparation; however, analysis by density gradient centrifugation, gel filtration, analytical ultracentrifugation, carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography, polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and electron microscopy revealed that the lysin was molecularly heterogeneous. The preparation contained an acidic fibrous lysin (S(20,w) of 11.9) and a basic lysin component composed of a population of granular aggregates of various sizes, with a maximum S(20,w) of approximately 4.9. No other staphylococcal products were detected in the preparation. The lysin was active against erythrocytes from many animal species and acted synergistically with staphylococcal beta hemolysin against sheep erythrocytes. It was soluble in chloroform-methanol (2:1), was inactivated by various phospholipids, normal sera, and proteolytic enzymes, but was partially resistant to heat inactivation. Activity was not affected by Ca(2+), Mg(2+), citrate, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or cysteine. The lysin preparation also disrupted bacterial protoplasts and spheroplasts, erythrocyte membranes, lysosomes, and lipid spherules, was growth-inhibitory for certain bacteria, and clarified egg yolk-agar. Large amounts produced dermonecrosis in rabbits and guinea pigs. The minimum lethal intravenous dose for mice and guinea pigs was approximately 110 and 30 mg/kg, respectively.
First-in-class inhibitor of the T cell receptor for the treatment of autoimmune diseases (2016)

Modulating T cell activation is critical for treating autoimmune diseases but requires avoiding concomitant opportunistic infections. Antigen binding to the T cell receptor (TCR) triggers the recruitment of the cytosolic adaptor protein Nck to a proline-rich sequence in the cytoplasmic tail of the TCR's CD3ε subunit. Through virtual screening and using combinatorial chemistry, we have generated an orally available, low-molecular weight inhibitor of the TCR-Nck interaction that selectively inhibits TCR-triggered T cell activation with an IC<sub>50</sub> (median inhibitory concentration) ~1 nM. By modulating TCR signaling, the inhibitor prevented the development of psoriasis and asthma and, furthermore, exerted a long-lasting therapeutic effect in a model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, it did not prevent the generation of a protective memory response against a mouse pathogen, suggesting that the compound might not exert its effects through immunosuppression. These results suggest that inhibiting an immediate TCR signal has promise for treating a broad spectrum of human T cell-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Synthesis of stereochemically homogeneous oligoribonucleoside all-RP-phosphorothioates by combining H-phosphonate chemistry and enzymatic digestion (1994)

H. Almer, J. Stawinski and R. Strömberg, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 1459 DOI: 10.1039/C39940001459
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,5‐Dilithio‐1‐methylimidazole. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Unlocking Android (2009)

Android is a free, open source, Java-based mobile platform developed by Google. Unlocking Android prepares the reader to embrace the Android mobile platform in easy-to-understand language and builds on this foundation with reusable Java code examples. It's ideal for corporate developers and hobbyists who have an interest, or a mandate, to deliver mobile software. The book first covers the big picture so the reader can get comfortable with the Android approach to the mobile applications. Then the reader learns to apply Android by following the many practical examples. The book concludes with two deep and hands-on examples. Unlocking Android addresses the Android application framework, its graphical capabilities and media support, data storage, communications capabilities, phone interactions, and notifications. Unlocking Android covers Android SDK 1.x
Targeted Microbiome Intervention by Microencapsulated Delayed-Release Niacin Beneficially Affects Insulin Sensitivity in Humans (2017)

Targeted microbiome intervention by delayed-release NA might represent a future therapeutic option for prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.
Sketch-based image retrieval via Siamese convolutional neural network (2016)

Sketch-based image retrieval (SBIR) is a challenging task due to the ambiguity inherent in sketches when compared with photos. In this paper, we propose a novel convolutional neural network based on Siamese network for SBIR. The main idea is to pull output feature vectors closer for input sketch-image pairs that are labeled as similar, and push them away if irrelevant. This is achieved by jointly tuning two convolutional neural networks which linked by one loss function. Experimental results on Flickr15K demonstrate that the proposed method offers a better performance when compared with several state-of-the-art approaches.
Microbial Genomics as a Guide to Drug Discovery and Structural Elucidation:  ECO-02301, a Novel Antifungal Agent, as an Example (2005)

Analysis of the genome of Streptomyces aizunensis NRRL B-11277 indicated its potential to produce a compound of novel and highly predictable structure. The structure was predicted with sufficient accuracy to allow straightforward detection of the specific metabolite in HPLC profiles of fermentation extracts and hence to guide the isolation. The spectroscopic work was reduced to a confirmation of structure rather than a first principle determination. The compound, ECO-02301 (1), demonstrated potent antifungal activity. This work exemplifies not only the discovery of novel antibiotics from well-characterized organisms but also the utility of genomics as a further tool, complementary to spectroscopy, to enable rapid determination of complex structures.
Double-blind cross-over comparison of aceclidine and pilocarpine in open-angle glaucoma. (1970)

Aceclidine hydrochloride (3-acetoxyquinuclidine, "Glaucostat": Chibret) used topically in a strength of 2 per cent. is a parasympathomimetic drug acting directly on the motor end-plate (cholinergic nerve-endings). It is suitable for administration as eye drops, penetrating rapidly into the anterior chamber. It is a synthetic substance and was first prepared in Russia by Rubitzov and Miklina (i 960). The name "Aceclidine" was coined by Mashkovski and Zaitzeva (i960), who studied its pharmacological aspects. It was also described by Sharts and Shulpina (I96I).
History of Antisense Oligonucleotides (2003)

Biological science is a rapidly flowing experimental stream, at times encountering a dam that impedes further progress. At such a pomt, a single crack may induce a major breakthrough Discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953 (1) caused such an event, with flooding of new information into the area now known as molecular biology.
The Nature of Prostate Cancer Detected Through Prostate Specific Antigen Based Screening (1994)

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) based screening nearly doubles the detection rate of early prostate cancer. However, it is unknown whether the additional tumors detected are medically important. Traditional clinical and pathological features associated with medically important cancer include a palpable tumor, multifocal or diffuse involvement and moderately or poorly differentiated histology. In contrast, microfocal, well differentiated tumors are considered to be possibly medically unimportant. We sought to examine the clinical and pathological tumor stage and tumor grade in 1,169 consecutive men whose prostate cancer was detected during serial PSA based screening protocols involving 24,346 men screened at 6-month intervals. Of the patients 97% had clinically localized (clinical stage T1 or T2) tumors, of which 39% were not palpable (stage T1). Of the men whose cancer was detected through initial screening who underwent surgical staging 69% had pathologically organ confined (pathological stage whose cancer was detected through initial screening pT1 or pT2) disease compared to 74% whose cancer was detected through serial screening (after an initially negative screening). Impalpable, clinically focal, well differentiated minimal tumors were noted in 16% of the men. However, only 3% of the men who underwent surgical staging had impalpable, pathologically microfocal, well differentiated minimal tumors. We conclude that the majority of tumors detected through PSA based screening have the clinical and pathological features associated with medically important prostate cancer.
Modelling physical objects for simulation (1991)

The authors present a framework for modeling and simulating objects with physical attributes. Rather than attaching physical properties to geometric shapes, one directly designs and manipulates objects with intrinsic dynamic properties such as stiffness, mass, and angular momentum. Flexible and rigid bodies can interact in the same simulated physical environment, responding to collisions, fluid velocity fields, friction, and gravity. A modeler and simulator organized along these principles has been implemented and used in computer animation. The results obtained with these systems are presented. >