gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The key role of peptidoglycan in the opsonization of Staphylococcus aureus. (1978)

In an effort to determine the staphylococcal cell surface component(s) of importance in opsonization, cell walls (peptidoglycan and teichoic acid) and peptidoglycan were isolated from Staphylococcus aureus strain H grown in [3H]glycine-containing broth. After incubation of the cell walls and peptidoglycan with various opsonic sources, uptake by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes was measured. The opsonic requirements for phagocytosis of cell walls and peptidoglycan were found to be similar to those of intact bacteria. Removal of teichoic acid from the cell wall did not affect opsonization. Likewise, a teichoic acid-deficient mutant strain of S. aureus H was opsonized in a manner similar to that of the parent strain. Immunoglobulin G functioned as the major heat-stable opsonic factor and both the classical and alternative pathways participated in opsonization. Kinetic studies revealed that opsonization of peptidoglycan, as well as C3-C9 consumption by peptidoglycan, proceeded at a slower rate via the alternative pathway (C2-deficient serum) than when the classical pathway was present (normal serum). The ability of peptidoglycan to activate C3-C9 was significantly reduced when normal and C2-deficient sera were preabsorbed with peptidoglycan at 2 degrees C suggesting that antibodies to peptidoglycan may be involved in activation of both the classical and alternative complement pathways. Thus, peptidoglycan appears to be the key cell wall component involved in staphylococcal opsonization, and it is suggested that host response to peptidoglycan, a major cell wall component of most gram-positive bacteria, may be related to the development of "natural immunity" to this group of microorganisms.
Towards a viable autonomous driving research platform (2013)

We present an autonomous driving research vehicle with minimal appearance modifications that is capable of a wide range of autonomous and intelligent behaviors, including smooth and comfortable trajectory generation and following; lane keeping and lane changing; intersection handling with or without V2I and V2V; and pedestrian, bicyclist, and workzone detection. Safety and reliability features include a fault-tolerant computing system; smooth and intuitive autonomous-manual switching; and the ability to fully disengage and power down the drive-by-wire and computing system upon E-stop. The vehicle has been tested extensively on both a closed test field and public roads.
Sequence analysis of the major outer membrane protein gene from Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 (1986)

The structural gene for the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) from Chlamydia trachomatis was cloned and sequenced. A lambda gt11 recombinant (lambda gt11/L2/33) that contains a portion of the MOMP coding sequence was used to probe a lambda 1059 library constructed from DNA obtained from C. trachomatis serovar L2. Selected lambda 1059 recombinants were mapped with endonuclease restriction enzymes. The MOMP gene was mapped to the 5' end of a BamHI fragment of approximately 9 kilobases. Contiguous endonuclease restriction fragments identified within this region permitted the selection of specific fragments for subcloning and DNA sequencing. The MOMP gene consisted of a 1,182-base-pair open reading frame that encoded 394 amino acids and ended with three stop codons. The known amino-terminal amino acid was preceded by 22 amino acids whose sequence was compatible with a leader or signal sequence. The primary structure of MOMP determined from the translated DNA sequence demonstrated nine cysteine residues and a remarkably homogeneous distribution of charged and hydrophobic residues.
Chromosomal lesions and uniparental disomy detected by SNP arrays in MDS, MDS/MPD, and MDS-derived AML (2007)

Using metaphase cytogenetics (MC), chromosomal abnormalities are found in only a proportion of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). We hypothesized that with new precise methods more cryptic karyotypic lesions can be uncovered that may show important clinical implications. We have applied 250K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) arrays (SNP-A) to study chromosomal lesions in samples from 174 patients (94 MDS, 33 secondary acute myeloid leukemia [sAML], and 47 myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disease [MDS/MPD]) and 76 controls. Using SNP-A, aberrations were found in around three-fourths of MDS, MDS/MPD, and sAML (vs 59%, 37%, 53% by MC; in 8% of patients MC was unsuccessful). Previously unrecognized lesions were detected in patients with normal MC and in those with known lesions. Moreover, segmental uniparental disomy (UPD) was found in 20% of MDS, 23% of sAML, and 35% of MDS/MPD patients, a lesion resulting in copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity undetectable by MC. The potential clinical significance of abnormalities detected by SNP-A, but not seen on MC, was demonstrated by their impact on overall survival. UPD involving chromosomes frequently affected by deletions may have prognostic implications similar to the deletions visible by MC. SNP-A-based karyotyping shows superior resolution for chromosomal defects, including UPD. This technique further complements MC to improve clinical prognosis and targeted therapies.
Trimethylsilylcyanid als Umpolungsreagens, XVI: Einfluß der Umpolungsgruppe auf die Diastereoselektivität der nucleophilen Acylierung α‐chiraler Carbonylverbindungen (1989)

Abstract Die Derivate 1a – h (umgepolter Benzaldehyd) addieren sich an die Aldehyde 2a und 2c sowie an die Methylketone 2b und 2d in hohen Ausbeuten, wenn durch Wahl der Reaktions‐ und Aufarbeitungsbedingungen Nebenreaktionen ausgeschaltet werden. Die Diastereoselektivität der Reaktion, bestimmt an den Acyloinen 4 oder deren Silylethern 5 , wird nur in geringem Ausmaß von den Umpolungsgruppen beeinflußt ( 1e &gt; 1c &gt; 1a ≈︁ 1b ≈︁ 1g &gt; 1h &gt; 1f ). Entscheidend ist das Substitutionsmuster am Chiralitätszentrum des Elektrophils 2 . Eine α‐Phenylgruppe bewirkt hohe chirale Induktion ( syn / anti ‐ 4 oder ‐ 5 ≈︁ 95:5). Bei einer α‐Ethylgruppe liegt das syn / anti ‐Verhältnis bei 52:48 bis 71:29. Durch Optimierung der Bedingungen steigt die Diastereoselektivität für 4c von syn / anti 63:37 auf 80:20. Die beobachtete Cram‐Selektivität ist mit dem Modell von Anh erklärbar.
Facile chemoenzymic preparation of enantiomerically pure 2-methylglycerol derivatives as versatile trifunctional C4-synthons (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFacile chemoenzymic preparation of enantiomerically pure 2-methylglycerol derivatives as versatile trifunctional C4-synthonsBeat Wirz, Richard Barner, and Joseph HuebscherCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 15, 3980–3984Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00067a034https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00067a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views568Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and 3β-methylandrost-5-en-17-one: inhibitors of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-initiated and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-promoted skin papilloma formation in mice (1984)

Long-term oral administration of the adrenal steroid, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), has previously been shown to inhibit the development of spontaneous breast cancer and chemically induced lung and colon tumors in various mouse strains. In the two-stage skin papilloma system in the mouse, topical application of DHEA inhibits both 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene initiation and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate promotion of these tumors. The synthetic steroid, 3 beta-methylandrost-5-en-17-one, which, unlike DHEA, is not demonstrably estrogenic in the rat, also inhibits papilloma development.
Logging, completing extended-reach and horizontal wells (1991)

The petroleum industry is using highly deviated, extended-reach and horizontal wellbores in ever-increasing numbers. In boreholes up to 45{degrees} off of vertical, standard wireline logging tools will free-fall due to gravity. However, in wellbores angled at greater than 60{degrees}, special hardware systems are required to guide, push or pump the logging tool assembly toward the end of the wellbore, and to log the interval of interest. Accordingly, this article discusses two pipe-conveyed logging systems and a coiled-tubing-conveyed system for logging and perforating extended-reach and horizontal wellbores. Open- and cased-hole field applications are used as a means to review the advantages and possible constraints of these logging and completion technologies.
The Missing Link in the Fungal l-Arabinose Catabolic Pathway, Identification of the l-Xylulose Reductase Gene, (2002)

The fungal L-arabinose pathway consists of five enzymes, aldose reductase, L-arabinitol 4-dehydrogenase, L-xylulose reductase, xylitol dehydrogenase, and xylulokinase. All the genes encoding the enzymes of this pathway are known except for that of L-xylulose reductase (EC 1.1.1.10). We identified a gene encoding this enzyme from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina). The gene was named lxr1. It was overexpressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the enzyme activity was confirmed in a yeast cell extract. Overexpression of all enzymes of the L-arabinose pathway in S. cerevisiae led to growth of S. cerevisiae on L-arabinose; i.e., we could show that the pathway is active in a heterologous host. The lxr1 gene encoded a protein with 266 amino acids and a calculated molecular mass of 28 428 Da. The LXRI protein is an NADPH-specific reductase. It has activity with L-xylulose, D-xylulose, D-fructose, and L-sorbose. The highest affinity is toward L-xylulose (K(m) = 16 mM). In the reverse direction, we found activity with xylitol, D-arabinitol, D-mannitol, and D-sorbitol. It requires a bivalent cation for activity. It belongs to the protein family of short chain dehydrogenases. The enzyme is catalytically similar and homologous in sequence to a D-mannitol:NADP 2-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.138).
Antitumor activity and structural characterization of polysaccharide fractions extracted with cold alkali from a fungus, Peziza vesiculosa. (1985)

Polysaccharides in the fruit body of Peziza vesiculosa were extracted with cold aqueous sodium hydroxide. The antitumor effect and structural features of the extracted fractions were examined. The above extraction gave a water-soluble heteroglycan fraction and a water-insoluble glucan fraction. The structural characteristics of these polysaccharides were estimated from the results of methylation analysis and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The heteroglycan fraction was composed of glucose and mannose (20 : 1). The fraction contained a large amount of β-1, 3-glucosidic linkages (about 64%) and a small amount of α-1, 4-glucosidic linkages (about 30%). Some of the β-1, 3-linked glucose residues included branching points. The water-insoluble fraction contained a large amount of β-1, 3-linkages (about 90%). Both fractions showed potent antitumor activity against the solid form of sarcoma 180 tumor in ICR mice.
TNF-α mediates chemokine and cytokine expression and renal injury in cisplatin nephrotoxicity (2002)

The purpose of these studies was to examine the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Injection of mice with cisplatin (20 mg/kg) led to severe renal failure. The expression of cytokines, chemokines, and ICAM-1 in kidney was measured by ribonuclease protection assays and RT-PCR. We found significant upregulation of TNF-α, TGF-β, RANTES, MIP-2, MCP-1, TCA3, IL-1β, and ICAM-1 in kidneys from cisplatin-treated animals. In addition, serum, kidney, and urine levels of TNF-α measured by ELISA were increased by cisplatin. Inhibitors of TNF-α production (GM6001, pentoxifylline) and TNF-α Ab’s reduced serum and kidney TNF-α protein levels and also blunted the cisplatin-induced increases in TNF-α, TGF-β, RANTES, MIP-2, MCP-1, and IL-1β, but not ICAM-1, mRNA. In addition, the TNF-α inhibitors also ameliorated cisplatin-induced renal dysfunction and reduced cisplatin-induced structural damage. Likewise, TNF-α–deficient mice were resistant to cisplatin nephrotoxicity. These results indicate cisplatin nephrotoxicity is characterized by activation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. TNF-α appears to play a central role in the activation of this cytokine response and also in the pathogenesis of cisplatin renal injury.
Expression of human parathyroid hormone in Escherichia coli (1989)

Human parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been expressed in Escherichia coli as a cro-beta-galactosidase-hPTH fusion protein under temperature-sensitive control of the lambda phage PR promoter. The lacZ gene has been truncated to a different extent revealing an optimal length of the prokaryotic peptide portion between 199 and 407 amino acid residues. Up to 250 mg of pure fusion protein have been obtained from 1-liter E. coli culture by stepwise solubilization with urea. The linkage between the prokaryotic and the eukaryotic protein moiety consists of an Asp-Pro peptide bond and therefore is easily cleavable by acid treatment. A simple procedure for the purification of the hormone is described. The resulting recombinant hormone reacts with anti-PTH antibodies and stimulates renal adenylate cyclase identically to bovine or human PTH.
[Expression of the extracellular matrix proteoglycan, versican, in human skin]. (1994)

Extracellular matrix chondroitin/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans are present in a wide variety of tissues including cartilage, placenta, aorta, tendon, brain and skin. They possibly participate in cellular processes such as cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. Recently, we have determined the entire primary structure of the large fibroblast proteoglycan, versican, on the basis of its cDNA sequence. Versican belongs to the family of large aggregating proteoglycans. Other members of the family, which have been characterized in terms of their primary structure, are aggrecan in cartilage and neurocan isolated from brain tissues. Due to the extensive sequence similarities between these three proteoglycans in the N- and C-terminal domains and due to the high degree of carbohydrate substitution, the generation of antibodies monospecific for versican has been difficult. To avoid cross-reactivity with aggrecan and neurocan, we therefore prepared unique portions of versican in a bacterial expression system and used them to immunize rabbits (Zimmermann et al., 1994). The affinity-purified anti-fusion protein antibodies specifically reacted with intact versican from an osteosarcoma cell line. First immunohistochemical experiments on cryo-sections of human skin revealed anti-versican staining in the stratum basale of the epidermis, as well as in the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis. By indirect immunofluorescence, Northern and Western blotting we could demonstrate that both, dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes express versican in primary cultures. A striking inverse correlation between versican expression and cell density was observed. Analogous to the in vivo situation, keratinocytes induced to terminally differentiate ceased to express versican.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Deletion of Ghrelin Impairs neither Growth nor Appetite (2003)

Pharmacological studies show that ghrelin stimulates growth hormone release, appetite, and fat deposition, but ghrelin's physiological role in energy homeostasis has not been established. Ghrelin was also proposed to regulate leptin and insulin release and to be important for the normal function of stomach, heart, kidney, lung, testis, and placenta. To help determine a definable physiological role for ghrelin, we generated ghrelin-null mice. In contrast to predictions made from the pharmacology of ghrelin, ghrelin-null mice are not anorexic dwarfs; their size, growth rate, food intake, body composition, reproduction, gross behavior, and tissue pathology are indistinguishable from wild-type littermates. Fasting produces identical decreases in serum leptin and insulin in null and wild-type mice. Ghrelin-null mice display normal responses to starvation and diet-induced obesity. As in wild-type mice, the administration of exogenous ghrelin stimulates appetite in null mice. Our data show that ghrelin is not critically required for viability, fertility, growth, appetite, bone density, and fat deposition and not likely to be a direct regulator of leptin and insulin. Therefore, antagonists of ghrelin are unlikely to have broad utility as antiobesity agents.
Analysis of the NF-kappa B p65 subunit, Fas antigen, Fas ligand and Bcl-2-related proteins in the synovium of RA and polyarticular JRA. (1998)

NF-kappa B appear to be activated in vivo, both Fas and its ligand being expressed by synovial cells. Apoptosis is ongoing in the ST with significant patient variations. Such variations could be in part due to the level of Bax expression. Finally, the upregulation of Bcl-xL expression may contribute to the accumulation of SF infiltrating T cells.
Amperometric Glucose Sensor with Glucose Oxidase Immobilized on SnO2 Electrode via a Monolayer of a Photoreactive Nitrophenylazide Derivative (1990)

Abstract Glucose oxidase (GOD) was immobilized on an SnO2 electrode via a monolayer of an amphiphilic nitrophenylazide derivative through its photochemical linking reaction. Amperometric glucose sensors with varied electrode-GOD distances were fabricated by the Langmuir–Blodgett technique to assess an efficiency factor in the electrochemical detection of the enzymatic reaction.
Characterization of the Ototoxicity of Difluoromethylornithine and Its Enantiomers (2000)

Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) is an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the essential enzyme in mammalian polyamine biosynthesis (Pasic et al., 1997, Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 123[12], 1281-1286). This cancer chemotherapeutic agent has significant ototoxic potential. Because the DFMO enantiomers differ in their ability to block ODC, the present study was designed to compare the ototoxic potential of each enantiomer with the racemic form of this drug for the rat and guinea pig. Determining differential ototoxicity of the enantiomers is one preliminary step in determining the optimal form of DFMO to use in human cancer chemotherapy. Daily intubation with D,L-DFMO does not produce any auditory dysfunction in rats with doses between 200 mg/kg/day and 1. 2 g/kg/day for up to 8 weeks, despite the fact that doses of 800 and 1200 mg/kg/day depressed body weight gain. In contrast to the data observed in rats, substantial ototoxicity was observed when guinea pigs were injected ip with doses of D,L-DFMO between 500 mg/kg/day and 1 g/kg/day. D,L-DFMO produced loss of compound action potential sensitivity, but not of cochlear microphonic amplitude. This finding correlated with histological data revealing loss of both outer and inner hair cells in the cochlea with inner more affected than outer hair cells, particularly in the basal turn. Higher exposure doses (2-3 g/kg/day) resulted in significant general toxicity including impaired growth and some mortality. When the enantiomers were evaluated in the guinea pig, it was found that 1 g/kg/day D-DFMO did not produce any significant hearing impairment, whereas 1 g/kg/day of the L-enantiomer of DFMO generated a threshold shift that surpassed that of 1 g/kg/day of the D,L-DFMO treatment.
Mixed donor-acceptor molecular heterojunctions for photovoltaic applications. I. Material properties (2005)

In this and the following paper (Parts I and II, respectively), we discuss the properties of mixed donor-acceptor organic thin films and their application to organic solar cells. In Part I, we present a study of the material properties of mixed donor-acceptor thin films. Through optical absorption, x-ray diffraction, microscopy, and charge transport measurements, we determine the relationships among film microstructure, mixing ratio, and charge conduction in mixtures of two organic molecular species. We find that mixed layers of the molecular pair of 1:1 (by weight) copper phthalocyanine in C60 have electron and hole mobilities reduced by more than one order of magnitude compared to corresponding films of pure composition. In Part II, we demonstrate that the performance of organic hybrid planar-mixed heterojunction photovoltaic cells based on a mixed donor-acceptor molecular layer sandwiched between the donor and acceptor layers of homogeneous composition can have improved performance over conventional planar heterojunction cells containing no mixed composition layers.
Planar negative refractive index media using periodically L-C loaded transmission lines (2002)

Recent demonstrations of negative refraction utilize three-dimensional collections of discrete periodic scatterers to synthesize artificial dielectrics with simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability. In this paper, we propose an alternate perspective on the design and function of such materials that exploits the well-known L-C distributed network representation of homogeneous dielectrics. In the conventional low-pass topology, the quantities L and C represent a positive equivalent permeability and permittivity, respectively. However, in the dual configuration, in which the positions of L and C are simply interchanged, these equivalent material parameters assume simultaneously negative values. Two-dimensional periodic versions of these dual networks are used to demonstrate negative refraction and focusing; phenomena that are manifestations of the fact that such media support a propagating fundamental backward harmonic. We hereby present the characteristics of these artificial transmission-line media and propose a suitable means of implementing them in planar form. We then present circuit and full-wave field simulations illustrating negative refraction and focusing, and the first experimental verification of focusing using such an implementation.