gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuregulin in Cardiovascular Development and Disease (2012)

Studies in genetically modified mice have demonstrated that neuregulin-1 (NRG-1), along with the erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog (ErbB) 2, 3, and 4 receptor tyrosine kinases, is necessary for multiple aspects of cardiovascular development. These observations stimulated in vitro and in vivo animal studies, implicating NRG-1/ErbB signaling in the regulation of cardiac cell biology throughout life. Cardiovascular effects of ErbB2-targeted cancer therapies provide evidence in humans that ErbB signaling plays a role in the maintenance of cardiac function. These and other studies suggest a conceptual model in which a key function of NRG-1/ErbB signaling is to mediate adaptations of the heart to physiological and pathological stimuli through activation of intracellular kinase cascades that regulate tissue plasticity. Recent work implicates NRG-1/ErbB signaling in the regulation of multiple aspects of cardiovascular biology, including angiogenesis, blood pressure, and skeletal muscle responses to exercise. The therapeutic potential of recombinant NRG-1 as a potential treatment for heart failure has been demonstrated in animal models and is now being explored in clinical studies. NRG-1 is found in human serum and plasma, and it correlates with some clinical parameters, suggesting that it may have value as an indicator of prognosis. In this review, we bring together this growing literature on NRG-1 and its significance in cardiovascular development and disease.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of 3,8‐Disubstituted 1,10‐Phenanthrolines and Their Ruthenium(II) Complexes (2009)

Abstract The palladium‐catalysed cross‐coupling reaction between 3,8‐dibromo‐1,10‐phenanthroline with phenylacetylene or 3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylboronic acid gives good yields of the 3,8‐disubstituted products. These 1,10‐phenanthroline derivatives are used for the formation of novel ruthenium complexes of the type [(tbbpy) 2 Ru(phenR 2 )] 2+ [where tbbpy = 4,4′‐di‐ tert ‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine, phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline, R represents the substituents at the 3,8 positions with bromine, phenylacetylene or 3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]. All compounds are completely characterised by NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy, MS, electrochemical measurements and Raman and resonance Raman spectroscopy. The photophysical properties indicate a strong influence of the substitution of the phenanthroline ligand on the absorption, emission and Raman properties. With resonance Raman spectroscopy the localisation of the singlet metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer ( 1 MLCT) excited state is determined. Thesolid‐state structures of 3,8‐dibromo‐1,10‐phenanthroline (phenBr 2 ) and the corresponding ruthenium complex [(tbbpy) 2 Ru(phenBr 2 )] 2+ and a structural motif of [(tbbpy) 2 Ru{phen‐3,8‐bis[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]}] 2+ are also reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Effects of oxygen on mouse embryonic stem cell growth, phenotype retention, and cellular energetics (2008)

Most embryonic stem (ES) cell research is performed with a gas phase oxygen partial pressure (pO(2)) of 142 mmHg, whereas embryonic cells in early development are exposed to pO(2) values of 0-30 mmHg. To understand effects of these differences, we studied murine ES (mES) growth, maintenance of stem cell phenotype, and cell energetics over a pO(2) range of 0-285 mmHg, in the presence or absence of differentiation-suppressing leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). With LIF, growth rate was sensitive to pO(2) but constant with time, and expression of self-renewal transcription factors decreased at extremes of pO(2). Subtle morphological changes suggested some early differentiation, but cells retained the ability to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers at low pO(2). Without LIF, growth rate decreased with time, and self-renewal transcription factor mRNA decreased further. Gross morphological changes occurred, and overt differentiation occurred at all pO(2). These findings suggested that hypoxia in the presence of LIF promoted limited early differentiation. ES cells survived oxygen starvation with negligible cell death by increasing anaerobic metabolism within 48 h of anoxic exposure. Decreasing pO(2) to 36 mmHg or lower decreased oxygen consumption rate and increased lactate production rate. The fraction of ATP generated aerobically was 60% at or above 142 mmHg and decreased to 0% under anoxia, but the total ATP production rate remained nearly constant at all pO(2). In conclusion, undifferentiated ES cells adapt their energy metabolism to proliferate at all pO(2) between 0 and 285 mmHg. Oxygen has minimal effects on undifferentiated cell growth and phenotype, but may exert more substantial effects under differentiating conditions.
A Phase II Evaluation of Combination Chemotherapy Plus Aminoglutethimide in Women with Metastatic or Recurrent Breast Carcinoma An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Pilot Study (1988)

The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) conducted a pilot study of combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil plus aminoglutethimide (250 mg three times daily with hydrocortisone supplementation of 40 mg daily) as primary therapy for estrogen receptor-positive or unknown advanced breast carcinoma to assess whether these agents can be safely combined and to provide a preliminary estimate of response rate. A total of 47 patients, 45 with metastatic breast cancer and two with stage IV disease who were rendered clinically disease free following surgical resection of chest wall recurrence, were treated. Leukopenia and mucositis were the most frequent toxicities requiring dose reduction, but only five patients (10.6%; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-18.4%) experienced life-threatening leukopenia (less than 1000/mm3) at some point during their therapy. Neurologic side effects attributed to aminoglutethimide, predominantly lethargy, were reported in less than one-third of patients, and rarely required dose reduction. One elderly patient developed clinical hypothyroidism during the first 3 months on therapy and experienced a cardiac arrest at home while receiving supplemental thyroid hormones. The overall complete plus partial response rate in 45 patients was 55.5% (95% confidence interval, 41-70%). Among 16 patients with measurable disease, the complete plus partial response rate was 75% (95% confidence interval, 54-96%). The complete plus partial response rate in 29 patients with nonmeasurable but evaluable disease was 45% (95% confidence interval, 27-63%) and an additional 14% had improvement in bone pain. Eight patients electively discontinued chemotherapy after 7-24 months of therapy, but continued aminoglutethimide. The median time to disease progression is 462 days (15.4 months); 25% of patients died by 552 days (18.4 months), and the median duration of survival is predicted to be 889 days (29.6 months). We conclude that aminoglutethimide can be combined with this doxorubicin-based regimen with acceptable toxicity and an overall response rate which is similar to that observed on prior ECOG trials with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil.
A New Class of High Force, Low-Voltage, Compliant Actuation Systems (2000)

Although many actuators employing electrostatic comb drives [l] have been demonstrated in a laboratory environment, widespread acceptance in mass produced microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) may be limited due to issues associated with low drive force; large real estate demands, high operating voltages, and reliability concerns due to stiction.On the other hand, comb drives require very low drive currents, offer predictable response, and are highly compatible with the fabrication technology.To expand the application space and facilitate the widespread deployment of self-actuated MEMS, a new class of advanced actuation systems has been developed that maintains the highly desirable aspects of existing components, while significantly diminishing the issues that could impede large scale acceptance.In this paper we will present low-voltage electrostatic actuators that offer a dramatic increase in force over conventional comb drive designs.In addition, these actuators consume only a small fraction of the chip area previously used, yielding significant gains in power density.To increase the stroke length of these novel electrostatic actuators, we have developed highly efficient compliant stroke amplifiers [2].The coupling of compact, high-force actuators with fully compliant displacement multipliers sets a new paradigm for highly integrated microelectromechanical systems.The equation governing the drive force generated by an electrostatic comb drive [3] is given in equation 1: F= YEE t -v * (1) gWhere II = number of fingers, E= electrical permitivity, t = finger thickness, g = gap between fingers, and V = voltage applied.Note that n, t, and g are the parameters related to the mechanical design, with the goal being to maximize F while consuming the least amount of die area.Therefore, 12 and t should be as large as possible and g should be as small as possible.All of the devices presented in this paper were fabricated in the SUMMiT-V surface micromaching process [4,5] at Sandia's Microelectronics Development Laboratory, so t was maximized by always using every mechanical layer available in this technology to define the comb fingers.This leaves only n and g to work with.The highest finger density can be achieved by using the minimum width and space geometry permitted by the design rules, which are both 1.0 urn for this process.Although it is easy to design such a structure, to actually fabricate it and have it work is a different matter.This is because lateral instabilities become increasingly difficult to overcome as the comb geometry is downsized.
To search or to crawl? (2006)

Text is ubiquitous and, not surprisingly, many important applications rely on textual data for a variety of tasks. As a notable example, information extraction applications derive structured relations from unstructured text; as another example, focused crawlers explore the web to locate pages about specific topics. Execution plans for text-centric tasks follow two general paradigms for processing a text database: either we can scan, or 'crawl," the text database or, alternatively, we can exploit search engine indexes and retrieve the documents of interest via carefully crafted queries constructed in task-specific ways. The choice between crawl- and query-based execution plans can have a substantial impact on both execution time and output "completeness" (e.g., in terms of recall). Nevertheless, this choice is typically ad-hoc and based on heuristics or plain intuition. In this paper, we present fundamental building blocks to make the choice of execution plans for text-centric tasks in an informed, cost-based way. Towards this goal, we show how to analyze query- and crawl-based plans in terms of both execution time and output completeness. We adapt results from random-graph theory and statistics to develop a rigorous cost model for the execution plans. Our cost model reflects the fact that the performance of the plans depends on fundamental task-specific properties of the underlying text databases. We identify these properties and present efficient techniques for estimating the associated cost-model parameters. Overall, our approach helps predict the most appropriate execution plans for a task, resulting in significant efficiency and output completeness benefits. We complement our results with a large-scale experimental evaluation for three important text-centric tasks and over multiple real-life data sets.
Sequence‐specific inhibition of a transcription factor by circular dumbbell DNA oligonucleotides (1999)

The inhibition of specific transcription regulatory proteins is a new approach to control gene expression. The transcriptional activities of DNA-binding proteins can be inhibited by the use of double-stranded oligonucleotides that compete for the binding to their specific target sequences in promoters and enhancers. We used nicked (NDODN-kappaB) and circular (CDODN-kappaB) dumbbell DNA oligonucleotides containing a NF-kappaB binding site to analyze the inhibition of the NF-kappaB-dependent activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) enhancer. The dumbbell DNA oligonucleotides are stable, short segments of double-stranded DNA with closed nucleotide loops on each end, which confer resistance to exonucleases. The dumbbell and other oligonucleotides (decoys) with the NF-kappaB sequence were found to compete with the native strand for NF-kappaB binding. The circular dumbbell and double-stranded phosphorothioate oligonucleotides competed with the native strand for binding to the NF-kappaB binding proteins, while the nicked NF-kappaB dumbbell was a less effective competitor. In Jurkat T-cells, the dumbbell and other oligonucleotides were tested for their ability to block the activation of the plasmid HIV-NL4-3 Luc. The CDODN-kappaB strongly inhibits the specific transcriptional regulatory proteins, as compared with the NDODN-kappaB and the double stranded phosphodiester oligonucleotides. On the other hand, the double stranded phosphorothioate oligonucleotides could also block this activation, but the effect was non-specific. The circular (CDODN) dumbbell oligonucleotides may efficiently compete for the binding of specific transcription factors within cells, thus providing anti-HIV-1 or other therapeutic effects.
Molecular Regulation of Human Cathepsin B: Implication in Pathologies (2003)

Cathepsin B is a papain-family cysteine protease that is normally located in lysosomes, where it is involved in the turnover of proteins and plays various roles in maintaining the normal metabolism of cells. This protease has been implicated in pathological conditions, e.g., tumor progression and arthritis. In disease conditions, increases in the expression of cathepsin B occur at both the gene and protein levels. At the gene level, the altered expression results from gene amplification, elevated transcription, use of alternative promoters and alternative splicing. These molecular changes lead to increased cathepsin B protein levels and in turn redistribution, secretion and increased activity. Here we focus on the molecular regulation of cathepsin B and attendant implications for tumor progression and arthritis. The potential of cathepsin B as a therapeutic target is also discussed.
Polyoxometalates:  Very Large ClustersNanoscale Magnets (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolyoxometalates: Very Large ClustersNanoscale MagnetsAchim Müller, Frank Peters, Michael T. Pope, and Dante GatteschiView Author Information Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Box 571227, Washington, D.C. 20057, USA Dipartimento di Chimica, Universitá di Firenze, Via G. Capponi 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy Cite this: Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 1, 239–272Publication Date (Web):January 21, 1998Publication History Received24 September 1997Revised17 November 1997Published online21 January 1998Published inissue 1 February 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr9603946https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9603946research-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views7129Altmetric-Citations1202LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Anions,Chemical structure,Cluster chemistry,Magnetic properties,Vinyl Get e-Alerts
FEMTOSECOND LASER PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY ON ATOMS AND SMALL MOLECULES: Prototype Studies in Quantum Control (2004)

We review prototype studies in the area of quantum control with femtosecond lasers. We restrict this discussion to atoms and diatomics under gas-phase collision-free conditions to allow for a comparison between theory and experiment. Both the perturbative regime and the nonperturbative regime of the light-matter interaction are addressed. To that end, atomic/molecular beam techniques are combined together with femtosecond laser techniques and energy-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy and ion detection. Highly detailed information on the laser-induced quantum dynamics is extracted with the help of kinetic energy-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy.
Effect of Erythropoietin Therapy on Red Cells Filterability and Left Ventricular Mass in Predialysis Patients (2005)

Although correction of anemia can contribute to regression of LVM, we speculate that an increasing number of cells with normalized viscoelastic properties and a direct effect of EPO on erythrocytes and myocardiocytes, through specific receptors, may also play an important role.
Immunochemical and Biological Characterization of Three Capsular Polysaccharides from a Single Bacteroides fragilis Strain (2001)

Although Bacteroides fragilis accounts for only 0.5% of the normal human colonic flora, it is the anaerobic species most frequently isolated from intra-abdominal and other infections with an intestinal source. The capsular polysaccharides of B. fragilis are part of a complex of surface polysaccharides and are the organism's most important virulence factors in the formation of intra-abdominal abscesses. Two capsular polysaccharides from strain NCTC 9343, PS A1 and PS B1, have been characterized structurally. Their most striking feature is a zwitterionic charge motif consisting of both positively and negatively charged substituent groups on each repeating unit. This zwitterionic motif is essential for abscess formation. In this study, we sought to elucidate structural features of the capsular polysaccharide complex of a commonly studied B. fragilis strain, 638R, that is distinct from strain 9343. We sought a more general picture of the species to establish basic structure-activity and structure-biosynthesis relationships among abscess-inducing polysaccharides. Strain 638R was found to have a capsular polysaccharide complex from which three distinct carbohydrates could be isolated by a complex purification procedure. Compositional and immunochemical studies demonstrated a zwitterionic charge motif common to all of the capsular polysaccharides that correlated with their ability to induce experimental intra-abdominal abscesses. Of interest is the range of net charges of the isolated polysaccharides-from positive (PS C2) to balanced (PS A2) to negative (PS 3). Relationships among structural components of the zwitterionic polysaccharides and their molecular biosynthesis loci were identified.
MultiexponentialT2, magnetization transfer, and quantitative histology in white matter tracts of rat spinal cord (2010)

Quantitative MRI measures of multiexponential T(2) relaxation and magnetization transfer were acquired from six samples of excised and fixed rat spinal cord and compared with quantitative histology. MRI and histology data were analyzed from six white matter tracts, each of which possessed unique microanatomic characteristics (axon diameter and myelin thickness, in particular) but a relatively constant volume fraction of myelin. The results indicated that multiexponential T(2) relaxation characteristics varied substantially with variation of microanatomy, while the magnetization transfer characteristics remained close to constant. The most-often-cited multiexponential T(2) relaxation metric, myelin water fraction, varied by almost a factor of 2 between two regions with myelin volume fractions that differed by only approximately 12%. Based on the quantitative histology, the proposed explanation for this variation was intercompartmental water exchange, which caused the underestimation of myelin water fraction and T(2) values and is, presumably, a greater factor in white matter regions where axons are small and myelin is thin. In contrast to the multiexponential T(2) relaxation observations, magnetization transfer metrics were relatively constant across white matter tracts and concluded to be relatively insensitive to intercompartmental water exchange.
[The Quebec asylum and the obstacles to medicalizing insanity (1845-1890)]. (1993)

In 1845, the first true asylum for the mentally insane was founded at Beauport. Despite appearances and in spite of what some recent historians have claimed, the process of the medicalization of the insane encountered numerous obstacles in Québec including the private ownership of asylums, the weak role of the state, and also problems with the management of these institutions. Indeed, the asylum did not become a medical institution until 1890. This article outlines the obstacles met in this process, noting the marginal role of physicians and the general lack of what may be termed clinical psychiatry.
UltraPulse Carbon Dioxide Laser with CPG Scanner for Deepithelialization: Clinical and Histologic Study (1997)

The UltraPulse carbon dioxide laser with CPG scanner was utilized to deepithelialize dermal pedicles in breast reduction inferior pedicle flaps. Clinical advantages include lack of bleeding, markedly shortened time of dissection, and excellent wound healing. Histologic studies confirm that the laser removes epidermis and papillary dermis but leaves undamaged the superficial vascular plexus and reticular dermis.
The Neurometabolic Cascade And Implications Of mTBI: Mitigating Risk To The SOF Community (2009)

Over the last decade, our understanding of biochemical changes that occur in the brain following an injury has increased dramatically. Although we have been able to discern and image severe injury and traumatic changes using techniques like computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for decades, we have only recently begun to understand the physiologic changes that occur following a mild traumatic brain injury. Understanding the pathophysiology of a disease process enables healthcare providers to treat their patients better, but military healthcare providers shoulder the additional burden of conserving the fighting force. Neurocognitive testing in concert with clinical acumen and conservative profiling enables providers to protect their patients from further injury; while educating the patient and the chain of command will prevent additional injury and long-term cognitive sequelae, ultimately preserving the fighting force.