gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Silver(I)-Assisted Growth of Gold Nanorods and Bipyramids (2005)

The seed-mediated growth of gold nanostructures is shown to be strongly dependent on the gold seed nanocrystal structure. The gold seed solutions can be prepared such that the seeds are either single crystalline or multiply twinned. With added silver(I) in the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) aqueous growth solutions, the two types of seeds yield either nanorods or elongated bipyramidal nanoparticles, in good yields. The gold nanorods are single crystalline, with a structure similar to those synthesized electrochemically (Yu, Y. Y. et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 6661). In contrast, the gold bipyramids are pentatwinned. These bipyramids are strikingly monodisperse in shape. This leads to the sharpest ensemble longitudinal plasmon resonance reported so far for metal colloid solutions, with an inhomogeneous width as narrow as 0.13 eV for a resonance at approximately 1.5 eV. Ag(I) plays an essential role in the growth mechanism. Ag(I) slows down the growth of the gold nanostructures. Ag(I) also leads to high-energy side facets that are {110} for the single crystalline gold nanorods and unusually highly stepped {11n} (n approximately 7) for the bipyramid. To rationalize these observations, it is proposed that it is the underpotential deposition of Ag(I) that leads to the dominance of the facets with the more open surface structures. This forms the basis for the one-dimensional growth mechanism of single crystal nanorods, while it affects the shape of the nanostructures growing along a single twinning axis.
Improvements in enzymatic preparation of alkyl glycosides (2010)

Three glycosides of middle chain aliphatic alcohols (hexanol and heptanol) were prepared by enzymatic glycosidation. The preparation of hexyl β-D-glucopyranoside was achieved in moderate yields via reverse hydrolysis catalysed by defatted meals from almond, apricot, and peach kernels. The apricot meal as a cheap source of β-glucosidase was found to have catalytic efficiency resembling to that of the almond meal. Hexyl and heptyl β-D-galactopyranosides were prepared from D-lactose by transgalactosidation catalysed by commercial β-galactosidases from Aspergillus oryzae in two-phase system. The improvement of the product yields was achieved by a simple replacement of the organic phase (serving as a pool of acceptor alcohol and extracted product) with a fresh portion of the acceptor.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat upregulates interleukin-2 secretion in activated T cells (1994)

Dysregulation of cytokines secreted by T cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AIDS. To investigate the effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat on interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression, we used IL-2 promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase constructs and IL-2-secreting Jurkat T cells as a model system. Transient expression of HIV-1 Tat induced a five- to eightfold increase in IL-2 promoter activity in Jurkat T cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and phorbol myristate acetate. IL-2 secretion was increased more than twofold in both Jurkat T cells and primary T cells stimulated by extracellular HIV-1 Tat protein. Analysis of mRNA suggested that Tat exerts its effect on IL-2 primarily at the transcriptional level. The NF-kappa B site at positions -206 to -195 of the IL-2 promoter was required but not sufficient for the Tat effect. The Tat-mediated increase in IL-2 promoter activity could selectively be blocked by antisense tat or-unlike the analogous effect of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax-by cyclosporin A. The observed increase in IL-2 levels might facilitate virus spread from or to T cells. Furthermore, it might contribute to the hypergammaglobulinemia or, together with other cytokines found to be dysregulated, the T-helper cell dysfunctions observed in AIDS patients.
Single Shot Intrasplenic Immunization: An Advantageous Procedure for Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for Human Fibrin Fragments (1984)

We describe the use of the single shot intrasplenic immunization technique as a particularly effective procedure for the production of specific monoclonal antibodies against a high molecular weight antigen. We found that with this technique several different, completely specific monoclonal antibodies could be produced against high molecular weight crosslinked fibrin degradation products. These results contrasted with those obtained using conventional multidose immunization, which only produced monoclonal antibodies that were cross-reactive with fibrinogen and/or noncrosslinked fibrin degradation products.
Time Lag of Glucose From Intravascular to Interstitial Compartment in Humans (2013)

The accuracy of continuous interstitial fluid (ISF) glucose sensing is an essential component of current and emerging open- and closed-loop systems for type 1 diabetes. An important determinant of sensor accuracy is the physiological time lag of glucose transport from the vascular to the interstitial space. We performed the first direct measurement of this phenomenon to our knowledge in eight healthy subjects under an overnight fasted condition. Microdialysis catheters were inserted into the abdominal subcutaneous space. After intravenous bolus administrations of glucose tracers, timed samples of plasma and ISF were collected sequentially and analyzed for tracer enrichments. After accounting for catheter dead space and assay noise, the mean time lag of tracer appearance in the interstitial space was 5.3-6.2 min. We conclude that in the overnight fasted state in healthy adults, the physiological delay of glucose transport from the vascular to the interstitial space is 5-6 min. Physiological delay between blood glucose and ISF glucose, therefore, should not be an obstacle to sensor accuracy in overnight or fasting-state closed-loop systems of insulin delivery or open-loop therapy assessment for type 1 diabetes.
STUDY ON ADOPTIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY ON PATIENTS WITH RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (1990)

The immune responses in patients with renal cell carcinoma were evaluated from the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), the expression of IL-2 receptors and the activity of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells. In addition, the effect of the patient's serum on the expression of IL-2 receptors and LAK activity were investigated. The production of IL-2 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) from patients with renal cell carcinoma was not suppressed, when compared with that in controls. However, the expression of IL-2 receptors tended to decrease with the progression of clinical stage. The LAK cells generated by PBM of patients with renal cell carcinoma had significant cytotoxic activity against Daudi cells, ACHN cells and autologous tumor cells, while autologous serum suppressed the expression of IL-2 receptors and the induction of LAK cells in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Furthermore, serum from patients with renal cell carcinoma suppressed the cytotoxic activity of LAK cells generated by PBM from a normal volunteer. These results indicated the presence of immunosuppressive factors in the serum of patients with renal cell carcinoma which impaired the clinical effect of treatment using IL-2 or LAK cells.
An Experimental Study on Automatic Face Gender Classification (2006)

This paper presents an experimental study on automatic face gender classification by building a system that mainly consists of four parts, face detection, face alignment, texture normalization and gender classification. Comparative study on the effects of different texture normalization methods including two kinds of affine mapping and one Delaunay triangulation based warping as preprocesses for gender classification by SVM, LDA and Real Adaboost respectively is reported through experiments on very large sets of snapshot images.
NF-kappa B-inducing kinase is a common mediator of IL-17-, TNF-alpha-, and IL-1 beta-induced chemokine promoter activation in intestinal epithelial cells. (1999)

IL-17 expression is restricted to activated T cells, whereas the IL-17R is expressed in a variety of cell types including intestinal epithelial cells. However, the functional responses of intestinal epithelial cells to stimulation with IL-17 are unknown. Moreover, the signal transduction pathways activated by the IL-17R have not been characterized. IL-17 induced NF-kappa B protein-DNA complexes consisting of p65/p50 heterodimers in the rat intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6. The induction of NF-kappa B correlated with the induction of CXC and CC chemokine mRNA expression in IEC-6 cells. IL-17 acted in a synergistic fashion with IL-1 beta to induce the NF-kappa B site-dependent CINC promoter. Induction of the CINC promoter by IL-17 in IEC-6 cells was TNF receptor-associated factor-6 (TRAF6), but not TRAF2, dependent. Furthermore, IL-17 induction of the CINC promoter could be inhibited by kinase-negative mutants of NF-kappa B-inducing kinase and I kappa B kinase-alpha. In addition to activation of the NF-kappa B, IL-17 regulated the activities of extracellular regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases in IEC-6 cells. Whereas the IL-17-mediated activation of extracellular regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases was mediated through ras, c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation was dependent on functional TRAF6. These data suggest that NF-kappa B-inducing kinase serves as the common mediator in the NF-kappa B signaling cascades triggered by IL-17, TNF-alpha, and IL-1 beta in intestinal epithelial cells.
Neuronal propagation of HSV1 from the oral mucosa to the eye. (2000)

The pattern of viral dissemination in this mouse model suggests that infection of iris and ciliary body results from transfer of virus in the superior cervical ganglion from sympathetic neurons innervating the lip to neighboring neurons innervating the anterior uvea. Later, zosteriform spread of virus from the trigeminal system may have contributed to the clinical and histologic findings.
Mitogenic activity of blood components. I. Thrombin and prothrombin. (1975)

When added to a culture medium of resting confluent chick embryo fibroblasts in the absence of serum, thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5) is able to stimulate DNA synthesis 12 hr later and to cause a substantial increase in cell number over a period of 4 days. As compared to thrombin, prothrombin exhibits low mitogenic activity. However, in the presence of purified Factor Xa (EC 3.4.21.6) and Factor V, prothrombin is converted to thrombin by "thromboplastin activity" supplied by the fibroblasts. Prothrombin, either purified or as a constituent of plasma or serum, may thus be considered to be a reservoir of mitogenic activity in tissue culture unless antithrombin is present in the culture medium in amounts sufficient to neutralize the thrombin formed. By use of a specific inhibitor of proteases, and by separation of prothrombin by absorption on BaSO4, we estimate that the potential mitogenic activity of prothrombin is approximately 30-50% of the total activity that can be obtained by treatment of fibrinogen-free plasma with thromboplastin. In addition to its mitogenic activity, thrombin can also stimulate the migration of cells. These experiments with thrombin illustrate that well-characterized proteases of blood can act as potent mitogens and suggest that they may play a role in the process of wound healing.
Crystal Structure of Human Type III 3α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase/Bile Acid Binding Protein Complexed with NADP+ and Ursodeoxycholate, (2001)

The crystal structure of human type III 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD)/bile acid binding protein (AKR1C2) complexed with NADP(+) and 3alpha,7beta-dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid (ursodeoxycholate) at 3.0 A resolution is presented. Thus, the three-dimensional structure has now been solved for a human HSD member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily. AKR1C2 is implicated in the prostatic production of the potent androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and the hepatic transport of bile acids. It also catalyzes the formation of the neurosteroid 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one in the central nervous system, and its allosteric modulation by fluoxetine has been linked to the use of this drug for premenstrual dsyphoria. Like other members of the superfamily, AKR1C2 folds into an alpha/beta-barrel and binds NADP(+) in an extended conformation. The carboxylate of ursodeoxycholate binds to AKR1C2 in the oxyanion hole at the active site. More interestingly, the orientation of ursodeoxycholate is essentially "backwards" and "upside-down" from that observed for testosterone in the related rat 3alpha-HSD.NADP(+).testosterone ternary complex, where testosterone assumes the position of a 3-ketosteroid substrate. The orientation of ursodeoxycholate is thus similar to that expected of a 17beta-HSD substrate. The ternary structure explains the ability of AKR1C2 to catalyze 3alpha-, 17beta-, and 20alpha-HSD reactions. Comparison of the steroid binding pocket of AKR1C2 with that of rat 3alpha-HSD reveals significant differences in the positions of conserved and nonconserved loop residues, providing insights into the structural basis for the functional flexibility that is observed in all the human 3alpha-HSD isoforms but not in the rat isoform.
Long-lasting and transmission-blocking activity of antibodies toPlasmodium falciparumelicited in mice by protein conjugates of Pfs25 (2006)

Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, estimated to cause >1 million childhood deaths annually. Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of the disease. There is as yet no licensed vaccine for this disease, despite over a half century of research. In this study, we investigated a transmission-blocking vaccine candidate, the ookinete surface protein Pfs25. Antibodies against Pfs25, drawn in during a bite, can block parasite development in the mosquito midgut, preventing transmission to other individuals. Pfs25 is a low-molecular-weight protein, by itself not immunogenic. To increase its immunogenicity, we investigated several methods of conjugating Pfs25 to itself and to other proteins: recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, and ovalbumin, using amide, hydrazone, or thioether linkages. All conjugates were immunogenic and induced booster responses in mice. The scheme to form amide bonds between proteins by using adipic acid dihydrizide as a linker produced the most immunogenic conjugates. Adsorption of the conjugates onto aluminum hydroxide further increased the antibody response. Remarkably, the antibody levels 3 or 7 months after the last injection were significantly higher than those 1 wk after that injection. The observed transmission-blocking activity of immune sera correlated with antibody levels measured by ELISA.
An antigenic HIV‐1 peptide sequence engineered into the surface structure of transferrin does not elicit an antibody response (1999)

One novel approach for the biological delivery of peptide drugs is to incorporate the sequence of the peptide into the structure of a natural transport protein such as human serum transferrin (HST). However, a potential drawback is that the HST may increase the immunoreactivity of the peptide, in the same way that carrier proteins can be used to generate highly immunogenic peptide hapten conjugates. In this study we have generated a recombinant HST carrier protein that contains a peptide substrate of HIV-1 protease (VSQNYPIVL). The protein retained native HST function, and the peptide was surface exposed since it was immunoreactive in native dot blots, and was cleaved by HIV-1 protease. Immunisation of rabbits with the recombinant protein elicited only a very poor anti-peptide immune response. In contrast, strong anti-peptide immune responses were raised against both the peptide alone, and a chemical conjugate of the peptide with HST. These data demonstrate that it is possible to attenuate the immune response normally directed against an immunogenic peptide sequence by engineering into a surface exposed loop of HST. These findings may have an important impact on the future design of peptide delivery systems.
Intrathecal Administration of Oxytocin Induces Analgesia in Low Back Pain Involving the Endogenous Opiate Peptide System (1994)

These results suggest that oxytocin induces analgesia in low back pain involving the endogenous opiate peptide system and may be effective and safe in acute and chronic low back pain.
A furin-defective cell line is able to process correctly the gp160 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (1994)

Furin, a subtilisin-like mammalian endoprotease, is thought to be responsible for the processing of many proprotein precursors of cellular and viral origin, including gp160 of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, which share the consensus processing site motif, Arg-X-Lys/Arg-Arg, for protease recognition (for reviews, see P. J. Barr, Cell 66:1-3, 1991, and Y. Nagai, Trends Microbiol. 1:81-87, 1993). To confirm and extend the concept that gp160 is processed by furin, we used here a cell line, LoVo, which was recently demonstrated to be furin defective. Unexpectedly, LoVo cells were found to process gp160 as efficiently as normal cell lines do, hence being able to fuse with CD4-expressing HeLa cells and to produce fully infectious virions. On the other hand, the same cell line was almost totally incapable of processing Newcastle disease virus fusion glycoprotein with a similar oligobasic cleavage recognition motif, providing a strong case for furin-mediated processing. Our present study thus raises a further need to search for and identify the proteinases involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp160 processing rather than supporting the notion that furin is responsible.
Viscoelastic phase separation (2000)

Descriptions of phase separation in condensed matter have so far been classified into a solid model (model B) and a fluid model (model H). In the former the diffusion is the only transport process, while in the latter material can be transported by both diffusion and hydrodynamic flow. It has recently been found that in addition to these well-known models a new model of phase separation, the `viscoelastic model', is required to describe the phase-separation behaviour of a dynamically asymmetric mixture, which is composed of fast and slow components. Such `dynamic asymmetry' can be induced by either the large size difference or the difference in glass-transition temperature between the components of a mixture. The former often exists in so-called complex fluids, such as polymer solutions, micellar solutions, colloidal suspensions, emulsions and protein solutions. The latter, on the other hand, can exist in any mixture in principle. This new type of phase separation is called `viscoelastic phase separation' since viscoelastic effects play a dominant role. Viscoelastic phase separation may be a `general' model of phase separation, which includes solid and fluid models as special cases: for example, fluid phase separation described by model H, which is believed to be the usual case, can be viewed as a `special' (rather rare) case of viscoelastic phase separation. Here we review the experiments, theories and numerical simulations for viscoelastic phase separation. In dynamically asymmetric mixtures, phase separation generally leads to the formation of a long-lived `interaction network' (a transient gel) of slow-component molecules (or particles), if the attractive interactions between them are strong enough. Because of its long relaxation time, it cannot catch up with the deformation rate of the phase separation itself and as a result the stress is asymmetrically divided between the components. This leads to the transient formation of networklike or spongelike structures of a slow-component-rich phase and its volume shrinking. Domain shape is determined by the force-balance condition in this intermediate stage. However, the true late stage of this phase separation can be described by a fluid model. The process can be viewed as viscoelastic relaxation in pattern formation. We discuss the morphological and kinetic features of viscoelastic phase separation, focusing on the differences from those of usual phase separation. The significance of viscoelastic phase separation in pattern formation in Nature and its engineering applications are also pointed out.
SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques (2020)

An understanding of protective immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for vaccine and public health strategies aimed at ending the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A key unanswered question is whether infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in protective immunity against reexposure. We developed a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and observed that macaques had high viral loads in the upper and lower respiratory tract, humoral and cellular immune responses, and pathologic evidence of viral pneumonia. After the initial viral clearance, animals were rechallenged with SARS-CoV-2 and showed 5 log<sub>10</sub> reductions in median viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal mucosa compared with after the primary infection. Anamnestic immune responses after rechallenge suggested that protection was mediated by immunologic control. These data show that SARS-CoV-2 infection induced protective immunity against reexposure in nonhuman primates.
Determination of the relationship between the pH and conductivity of gastric juice (1996)

Studies of gastric secretion were carried out on 14 subjects, some of whom had taken acid secretion inhibitors. In vitro studies were performed in an attempt to ascertain the effect of H+ and Na+ ions on conductivity. There is a strong correlation between intragastric pH and conductivity for pH < 2, but none of the gastric samples were isotonic. The measured conductivity of the samples was therefore considerably lower than predicted for isotonic gastric juice.
Anti‐HER‐3 MAbs inhibit HER‐3‐mediated signaling in breast cancer cell lines resistant to anti‐HER‐2 antibodies (2005)

Two members of the EGF receptor family, HER2 and HER3, act as key oncogenes in breast cancer cells. A MAb against HER2, trastuzumab, interferes with HER2 signaling and istherapeutically effective in humans. Here, we explored the biologic effects of an antibody against HER3 (alpha-HER3ECD) in the invasive breast cancer cell lines MCF-7ADR and MDA-MB-468. Pretreating the breast cancer cells with alpha-HER3ECD prior to Heregulin stimulation caused significant reduction of the migratory and proliferative properties. This reduction is due to a substantial decrease in the tyrosine phosphorylation content of HER2 and to a modification of the HER2/HER3 association, which ultimately inhibits the activity of the downstream effectors phosphatidyinositol-3-OH-kinase and c-jun-terminal kinase. Furthermore, HER3 is internalized and not activated by HRG after pretreatment with alpha-HER3ECD. Our data reinforce the notion that HER3 could be a key target in cancer drug design and show the great potential of anti-HER3 antibodies for the therapy of breast cancer and other malignancies characterized by overexpression of HER3.