gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crb1 is a determinant of retinal apical Müller glia cell features (2007)

Mutations in the human Crumbs homologue-1 (CRB1) gene cause retinal blinding diseases, such as Leber congenital amaurosis and retinitis pigmentosa. In the previous studies we have shown that Crb1 resides in retinal Müller glia cells and that loss of Crb1 results in retinal degeneration (particularly in the inferior temporal quadrant of the mouse eye). Degeneration is increased by exposure to white light. Here, we studied the role of light and aging to gain a better understanding of the factors involved in the progress of retinal disease. Our data reveal that light is neither sufficient nor required to induce retinal disorganization and degeneration in young Crb1(-/-) mutant mice, suggesting that it rather modulates the retinal phenotype. Gene expression profiling showed that expression of five genes is altered in light-exposed Crb1(-/-) mutant retinas. Three of the five genes are involved in chromosome stabilization (Pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 or Pttg1, Establishment of cohesion 1 homolog 1 or Esco1, and a gene similar to histone H2B). In aged retinas, degeneration of photoreceptors, inner retinal neurons, and retinal pigment epithelium was practically limited to the inferior temporal quadrant. Loss of Crb1 in Müller glia cells resulted in an irregular number and size of their apical villi. We propose that Crb1 is required to regulate number and size of these Müller glia cell villi. The subsequent loss of retinal integrity resulted in neovascularization, in which blood vessels of the choroid protruded into the neural retina.
Melting Behavior of Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquids and Their Binary Mixtures (2010)

To understand the low-temperature behavior of pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids (ILs), ILs, including N-butyl-N-methyl pyrrolidinium (Pyr14+) and N-methyl-N-propyl pyrrolidinium (Pyr13+) cations and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI−), bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI−), bis(pentafluoroethanesulfonyl)imide (BETI−), and (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)(nonafluorobutyl-sulfonyl) imide (IM14−) anions, were investigated. Pyr14FSI, Pyr13FSI, Pyr14TFSI, Pyr13TFSI, Pyr14BETI, Pyr13BETI, Pyr14IM14, and Pyr13IM14 were prepared and intensively studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Four of these ILs (Pyr14FSI, Pyr13FSI, Pyr14TFSI, Pyr13TFSI) were used to prepare binary mixtures, which were examined by DSC measurements. For these mixtures, reduced melting transitions and an enhanced liquidus range were detected, which represents a great advantage for low-temperature applications. In addition, it was observed that the crystallization process of the mixtures is mainly influenced by the anion.
Advanced CAPTAIN System and an Approach to Commercial Service (1983)

The CAPTAIN (character and pattern telephone access information network) system is a Videotex system in Japan. The first phase of the experimental service was carried out from December 1979 to March 1981. Many kinds of surveys were carried out to obtain user opinions of the system performance. Based on the findings obtained, the first experimental system was enhanced and the second phase of experimental service was started in August 1981. Commercial service is scheduled to be launched in 1984 and the development of the commercial system has already been started. This paper outlines the enhanced functions, development of the commercial system, and future development of the CAPTAIN system.
Synthesis of 4,7‐disubstituted spirobenzofuran‐2(3H)‐cyclohexanes (1989)

Abstract A general synthetic strategy was designed for the preparation of 7‐substituted‐4‐methoxy‐ and 4‐hydroxyspiro[benzofuran‐2(3 H )‐cyclohexanes] 5 and 6 (Figure 1) using successive, regioselective hetero‐atom‐facilitated aromatic lithiation reactions and subsequent reaction with various electrophiles.
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Mammalian Endo-apyrase (LALP1) (2001)

Here we describe the cloning, localization, and characterization of a novel mammalian endo-apyrase (LALP1) in human and mouse. The predicted human LALP1 gene encodes a 604-amino acid protein, whereas the mouse Lalp1 gene encodes a 606-amino acid protein. The human and mouse genes have 88% amino acid sequence identity. These genes share considerable homologies with hLALP70, a recently discovered mammalian lysosomal endo-apyrase. The human LALP1 gene resides on chromosome 10q23-q24 and contains 12 exons and 11 introns covering a genomic region of approximately 46 kilobase pairs. The subcellular localization and enzymatic activity of LALP1 indicated that LALP1 is indeed an endo-apyrase with substrate preference for nucleoside triphosphates UTP, GTP, and CTP.
A Configurable Enhanced TTRAM Macro for System-Level Power Management Unified Memory (2007)

A twin-transistor random access memory (TTRAM) can provide high speed, low power and high density with CMOS compatible SOI process. However it is difficult to handle as the unified memory required for advanced SoC because it needs the simple control sensing operation for memory compiler, higher cell efficiency, and lower voltage operation for dynamic frequency and voltage control. Enhanced TTRAM (ET <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> RAM) applies the actively body-bias control technique to realize the low voltage array operation, and never require the negative voltage source. The ET2RAM can realize both 263 MHz at 0.8 V and 10.2 mW at 0.5 V random-cycle operation, higher cell efficiency, and process scalability. It also provides the simple control method suitable for the unified macro for system-level power management SoC with keeping the merits of TTRAM as CMOS compatibility
The Epidemic of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Western Upper Nile, Southern Sudan: Course and Impact from 1984 to 1994 (1996)

This continuing epidemic has shown that VL can cause high mortality in an outbreak with astonishingly high infection rates. Population movement has been a major factor in transmission and poor nutritional status has probably contributed to the risk of clinical infection. Although over 17,000 people have been successfully treated for VL at the clinics in WUN, the disease is likely to become endemic there.
Simultaneous measurement of electric and magnetic fields using a Sagnac interferometer (1994)

We use an optical fiber Sagnac interferometer to simultaneously measure magnetic and electric fields. Phase shifts, induced by the Faraday effect and voltage-controlled birefringence, are separately retrieved by in-phase and quadrature demodulation of the interferometer output.
Inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis. 1. 3,5-Dihydroxy-7-(N-imidazolyl)-6-heptenoates and -heptanoates, a novel series of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate-CoA reductase inhibitors (1993)

3,5-Dihydroxy-7-(N-imidazolyl)heptanoates 4 and the corresponding heptenoates 5 were synthesized as novel classes of potent HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) inhibitors in which members of the latter series possess enzyme inhibitory activity greater than that of lovastatin 1 and pravastatin 2. Structure-activity studies show that the 7-(N-imidazolyl)heptenoates 5 are more active than the corresponding heptanoates 4. For both imidazolyl series, the 4-fluorophenyl group is preferred at C-5, and a broad range of aryl substituents which promote widely different lipophilicities is tolerated at C-4. While the CF3 group is preferred at C-2 in the heptanoate series, the 2-(1-methylethyl) substituent is optimal in the heptenoate series. The 2-(1-methylethyl) and 5-(4-fluorophenyl) groups can be interchanged in the latter series as exemplified by 5ab. Enzyme inhibitory activity resides principally in the 3R,5S series. These potent HMGR inhibitory activities by members of the heptenoate series translated well into whole cell activities in HepG2 cells. X-ray crystallographic studies on the active enantiomer 28 reveal noncoplanarity of the heptenoate C-C double bond with the imidazole ring; this finding provides an explanation for the high acid stability of the heptenoate series.
Expression of Aurora A (but Not Aurora B) Is Predictive of Survival in Breast Cancer (2008)

Aurora A expression defines a population of patients with decreased survival, whereas Aurora B expression does not, suggesting that Aurora A might be the preferred drug target in breast cancer. Aurora A expression in early-stage breast cancer may identify a subset of patients requiring more aggressive or pathway-targeted treatment. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the prognostic role of Aurora A as well as the predictive role of Aurora A expression in patients treated with Aurora A inhibitors.
The chemokine network in normal and malignant cervix: CCR4 expression by malignant human cervical epithelial cells (2006)

2810 Chemokines and their receptors play important roles in cancer biology influencing the movement of both stromal and malignant cells and modulating the expression of other cytokines, chemokines and proteases. In order to further understand the role of chemokines in cervical cancer the expression of twenty-three chemokines and fifteen chemokine receptors was investigated in normal and malignant cervix using a Rnase Protection Assay. The relative contribution of epithelial and stromal compartments in the chemokine network were assessed using low density gene-array and laser capture microdissection. Immunohistochemical staining was employed to validate and locate a tumour associated chemokine receptor in normal, pre-invasive and invasive cervical tissue and also on infiltrating cells. We found two key differences in chemokine receptor expression between normal and malignant tissue. First, mRNA for CX3CR1 was detected in normal cervical tissue, but was absent in malignant tissue. Second, higher expression of mRNA for CCR4 was detected in malignant cervical tissue compared to normal cervix. Both the stromal and epithelial compartments contributed to the high mRNA CCR4 expression. In normal cervical tissue, CCR4 protein expression was detected only on macrophages. However, in pre-malignant stages of cervical cancer (CIN) and invasive cervical tissues, CCR4 protein was not only detected on infiltrating macrophages and regulatory T cells but also, surprisingly, on tumour cells. The macrophage and regulatory T cell infiltration in samples of normal cervical tissue, pre-malignant lesions, and stages I, II and III of invasive epithelial cervical cancer were further characterized. Normal cervical tissue contained few, if any, macrophages and regulatory T cells. These numbers were increased in pre-malignant lesions and invasive cervical cancers. This data, to our knowledge, is the first description of CCR4 expression by malignant epithelial cells. Increased CCR4 expression in cervical cancer is also due to increased number of CCR4 expressing macrophages and regulatory T cells. The observation that CCR4 is expressed by the pre-malignant stages (CIN1, CINII and CINIII) of cervical cancer, may indicate that CCR4 expression may play an important, yet-undefined, role in early events of cervical carcinogenesis.
Germ-line knockout heterokaryons of an essential α-tubulin gene enable high-frequency gene replacement and a test of gene transfer from somatic to germ-line nuclei in Tetrahymena thermophila (1997)

The haploid Tetrahymena thermophila genome contains a single alpha-tubulin (ATU) gene. Using biolistic transformation, we disrupted one of the two copies of the ATU gene in the diploid germ-line micronucleus. The heterozygous germ-line transformants were made homozygous in the micronucleus by mating to a star strain containing a defective micronucleus. This mating, known as round 1 genomic exclusion, resulted in two heterokaryon clones of different mating types which have both copies of the ATU gene knocked out in the micronucleus but only wild-type genes in the polycopy somatic macronucleus. When these heterokaryons were mated, the exconjugant progeny cells did not grow because the new somatic macronuclei do not have any alpha-tubulin genes. However, when these conjugants were transformed with a functional marked ATU gene, viable transformants were obtained that contained the transforming ATU gene at the homologous locus in the new macronucleus. The exconjugant progeny could be rescued at a high efficiency (900 transformants per microg of DNA) with a wild-type ATU gene. Unlike previous macronuclear transformation protocols, this strategy should allow introduction of highly disadvantageous (but viable) mutations into Tetrahymena, providing a powerful tool for molecular and functional studies of essential genes. These knockout heterokaryons were used to demonstrate that gene transfer from somatic macronuclei to germ-line micronuclei occurs rarely if at all.
Immunogenicity of Recombinant Adenovirus-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccines in Chimpanzees Following Intranasal Administration (1994)

Recombinant adenovirus (Ad)-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines expressing HIVIIIB Env and Gag proteins were evaluated for immunogenicity in chimpanzees following intranasal administration. When Ad7-, Ad4-, and Ad5-vectored vaccines were administered sequentially at 0, 24, and 52 weeks, respectively, to three chimpanzees, the inoculations resulted in limited virus replication in the nasopharynx, but extensive Ad-HIV replication occurred in the intestine. High-titered IgG serum antibody responses to Env and Gag that were nonneutralizing were induced following booster administration of Ad4-HIV recombinant viruses. Following the Ad5-HIV booster, low levels of neutralizing antibodies as well as V3 loop antibodies were induced in all three chimpanzees that persisted for several months. Administration of a gp160 subunit vaccine (baculovirus derived) in SAF-m 24 weeks later boosted broadly neutralizing serum antibodies that peaked within 1 month of the injection. Two additional subunit boosters 19 and 37 weeks later were progressively less effective at stimulating serum neutralizing antibody responses. Substantial local immune responses were induced in nasal, vaginal, and salivary secretions following the third Ad-HIV intranasal immunization. These responses were further boosted with the gp160 subunit vaccine, which also stimulated production of rectal antibodies. The predominant responses in all secretions tested were of the IgG isotype, although some IgA responses were also detected. Strong blastogenic responses to HIV recombinant Env and Gag proteins were induced after each immunization.
A Hall Effect sensor based syringe injection rate detector (2012)

Rate of injection of anesthesia affects various physiological and pathological changes in a patient such as perception of pain and time taken for onset of akinesia. A training system based on a suitably modified syringe equipped with a simple measurement system where a trainee can observe the rate of injection, prior to practicing on live patients, can be of immense value towards reducing the risks involved. In this paper, we propose a low-cost Hall Effect sensor based measurement scheme for detection of rate of injection from a syringe. The Hall Effect sensor along with a permanent magnet senses the position of the syringe piston relative to the syringe body. A new design of a suitable piston has been discussed that minimizes anesthesia wastage by providing the illusion of anesthesia flow through the needle. A prototype system has been built and tested that validated the new scheme. The rate of injection was measured and displayed in real time. It was within acceptable error limits demonstrating the usefulness of the system for practical training purposes.
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α predicts a poor response to primary chemo-endocrine therapy and disease-free survival in primary human breast cancer (2006)

1871 The management of advanced prostate cancer is currently one of the major clinical challenges in Western countries. As in other types of solid tumors, angiogenesis is a critical step during malignant transformation, allowing tumor growth as well as invasion and metastasis. A key factor involved in angiogenesis is Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A). An increase in the levels of VEGF-A and/or the activity of its downstream molecular effectors has been previously shown in many types of malignancies. However, few studies have taken into account the expression of the different VEGF-A isoforms through alternative splicing. The distinct isoforms of VEGF-A have different biological properties. It is important to understand the expression and the role of each isoform in tumor angiogenesis in order to target angiogenesis in a more efficient manner. To date, there are some reports showing alterations of pre-mRNA splicing of VEGF in lung, breast and brain tumors. Here, we show by real-time PCR and western blot analysis that alterations of VEGF-A splicing occur in human prostate cancer, as compared to the normal prostate. VEGF121 (the shortest isoform) levels increase in human prostate cancer samples compared with controls. In contrast, VEGF165 and VEGF189 (the other abundantly expressed isoforms) remain constant or even decrease. On the contrary, analysis of two transgenic mouse models of prostate cancer (TRAMP and C(3)/Tag) show no alterations in splicing pattern, but a proportional increase in all the three isforms. To investigate the functional relevance of splicing alteration in human prostate cancer cells, we used morpholino-phosphorodiamide oligomers targeting splicing sites of the transcript to modify the splicing pattern. We have used this approach to increase the relative ratio of VEGF121/ VEGF165-VEGF189 mRNA level, while maintaining constant mRNA levels of total VEGF. Morpholino treatement of PC3 and RWPE1 prostate cancer cells shifted indeed the splicing pattern as shown by real-time PCR. Subcutaneous injection of matrigel containing PC3 cells engineered to increase the ratio of VEGF121/ VEGF165- VEGF189 show an increase in angiogenesis, as compared to control cells. Furthermore, the number of tumor nodules seen per histologic section was higher than those of control cells. Our results demonstrate that human prostate cancer is associated, unlike mouse prostate tumors, with an increase in the VEGF121/ VEGF165- VEGF189 ratio. This underscores the relevance of VEGF splicing in prostate tumor angiogenesis.
Lack of Renoprotective Effects of Dopamine and Furosemide during Cardiac Surgery (2000)

Because development of acute renal failure is one of the most potent predictors of outcome in cardiac surgery patients, the prevention of renal dysfunction is of utmost importance in perioperative care. In a double-blind randomized controlled trial, the effectiveness of dopamine or furosemide in prevention of renal impairment after cardiac surgery was evaluated. A total of 126 patients with preoperatively normal renal function undergoing elective cardiac surgery received a continuous infusion of either "renal-dose" dopamine (2 microg/kg per min) (group D), furosemide (0.5 microg/kg per min) (group F), or isotonic sodium chloride as placebo (group P), starting at the beginning of surgery and continuing for 48 h or until discharge from the intensive care unit, whichever came first. Renal function parameters and the maximal increase of serum creatinine above baseline value within 48 h (deltaCrea(max)) were determined. The increase in plasma creatinine was twice as high in group F as in groups D and P (P < 0.01). Acute renal injury (defined as deltaCreamax) >0.5 mg/dl) occurred more frequently in group F (six of 41 patients) than in group D (one of 42) and group P (zero of 40) (P < 0.01). (The difference between group D and group P was not significant.) Creatinine clearance was lower in group F (P < 0.05). Two patients in group F required renal replacement therapy. The mean volume of infused fluids, blood urea nitrogen, serum sodium, serum potassium, and osmolar- and free-water clearance was similar in all groups. It was shown that continuous infusion of dopamine for renal protection was ineffective and was not superior to placebo in preventing postoperative dysfunction after cardiac surgery. In contrast, continuous infusion of furosemide was associated with the highest rate of renal impairment. Thus, renaldose dopamine is ineffective and furosemide is even detrimental in the protection of renal dysfunction after cardiac surgery.
CX 3 CR1-Mediated Dendritic Cell Access to the Intestinal Lumen and Bacterial Clearance (2005)

Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are critical to innate and adaptive immunity to the intestinal bacterial microbiota. Here, we identify a myeloid-derived mucosal DC in mice, which populates the entire lamina propria of the small intestine. Lamina propria DCs were found to depend on the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 to form transepithelial dendrites, which enable the cells to directly sample luminal antigens. CX3CR1 was also found to control the clearance of entero-invasive pathogens by DCs. Thus, CX3CR1-dependent processes, which control host interactions of specialized DCs with commensal and pathogenic bacteria, may regulate immunological tolerance and inflammation.
Dexmedetomidine as a Rapid Bolus for Treatment and Prophylactic Prevention of Emergence Agitation in Anesthetized Children (2015)

Rapid IV bolus administration of DEX in children improved their recovery profile by reducing the incidence of EA. A statistically significant change in hemodynamics was observed, but no patients required any intervention for hemodynamic changes. Furthermore, DEX reduced the incidence of postoperative opioid administration, and a trend of fewer adverse events was observed in group DEX.
N-Glycosylation in trypanosomatid protozoa (1993)

Trypanosomatid protozoa are parasites of considerable medical and economic importance in developing countries. The pathway leading to N-glycosylation in these microorganisms is characterized by the following features: (i) dolichols are composed of only 10-13 isoprene units; (ii) oligosaccharides transferred in N-glycosylation have the compositions Man(6,7,9)GlcNAc2, depending on the species; (iii) trypanosomatids are unable to synthesize dolichol-P-Glc and, in addition, some species lack certain dolichol-P-Man-dependent mannosyltransferases; (iv) the oligosaccharyltransferase does not require the presence of glucose units in the oligosaccharide in order to catalyse an efficient transfer reaction; (v) trypanosomatids have a glucosidase II-like enzyme, but lack glucosidase I; (vi) glucosidase II is required for deglucosylation of oligosaccharides glucosylated by the UDP-Glc:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase, an activity first detected in those parasites; (vii) the structures of polymannose-type compounds in these protozoa have no significant differences with those of their mammalian counterparts except for the presence, in certain species, of oligosaccharides having galactofuranose units linked to external mannose residues; (viii) biantennary complex-type oligosaccharides having in some cases terminal alpha-linked galactose units or poly-N-acetylactosamine extensions, but lacking sialic acid units, have been described in Trypanosoma brucei; (ix) complex-type oligosaccharides having alpha-linked galactose, fucose and sialic acid residues have been described in Trypanosoma cruzi. In this parasite, addition of sialic acid units to glycoproteins and glycolipids is mediated by a trans-sialidase located on the external surface of the parasite and not by an intracellular CMP-sialic acid-dependent sialyltransferase.