gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of single action potential in multi-unit postganglionic sympathetic nerve recordings in humans: A matched wavelet approach (2010)

Sympathetic nerve activity associated with blood pressure regulation can be recorded directly using microneurography. Action potentials (APs) in the sympathetic nerve signal are dominated by colored gaussian noise. This paper proposes a novel method for detecting APs from muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in multi-unit postganglionic recordings. The new method is based on designing a new mother wavelet matched to an actual AP template extracted from a real raw MSNA signal. To detect action potentials, the new matched wavelet was applied to the MSNA signal using a continuous wavelet transform following a thresholding procedure and detecting local maxima to estimate AP arrival times. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated using real MSNA recorded from six healthy participants and compared with two previous wavelet-based methods using a simulated MSNA signal.
A real-time precrash vehicle detection system (2003)

This paper presents an in-vehicle real-time monocular precrash vehicle detection system. The system acquires grey level images through a forward facing low light camera and achieves an average detection rate of 10Hz. The vehicle detection algorithm consists of two main steps: multi-scale driven hypothesis generation and appearance-based hypothesis verification. In the multi-scale hypothesis generation step, possible image locations where vehicles might be present are hypothesized. This step uses multi-scale techniques to speed up detection but also to improve system robustness by making system performance less sensitive to the choice of certain parameters. Appearance-base hypothesis verification verifies those hypothesis using Haar Wavelet decomposition for feature extraction and Support Vector Machines (SVMs) for classification. The monocular system was tested under different traffic scenarios (e.g., simply structured highway, complex urban street, varying weather conditions), illustrating good performance.
Defective induction of stress-activated protein kinase activity in ataxia-telangiectasia cells exposed to ionizing radiation. (1995)

The activity of stress-activated protein (SAP) kinase is stimulated by diverse agents such as tumor necrosis factor, UV light, and protein synthesis inhibitors. The present study demonstrates that ionizing radiation (IR) exposure is also associated with the induction of SAP kinase activity. Cells derived from patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) are characterized by hypersensitivity to IR. In this study, we demonstrate that IR-induced activation of SAP kinase is defective in A-T cells. In contrast, exposure of A-T cells to UV light or anisomycin results in the induction of SAP kinase activity. These findings indicate that IR-induced signals involved in SAP kinase activation are defective in A-T cells.
Nanostructure changes in protic ionic liquids (PILs) through adding solutes and mixing PILs (2011)

The effect of adding primary n-alcohols with aliphatic chains and hexane on the nanostructure of a series of 14 protic ionic liquids (PILs) was explored using small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS). PILs were investigated with primary, secondary and tertiary ammonium cations containing different alkyl chain lengths, with and without hydroxyl substitution of the alkyl chain. Formate or nitrate anions were paired with these cations. The PILs which had no identified intermediate range order between 5-16 Å had very low solubilities of the solutes. The other PILs, which had non-polar domains present, were mostly miscible with the primary alcohols of ethanol, propanol and butanol. When the alkyl chain length of the alcohols was similar to the PILs then the alcohols co-partitioned with the alkylammonium cation components of the PILs and caused either an increase or decrease in the size of the non-polar domains, depending on whether the alcohol chain length was longer or shorter than that of the cation in the PIL respectively. For ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) with propanol or butanol and propylammonium nitrate (PAN) with butanol, the difference between the alcohol chain length and the alkyl chain length was too great to lead to a modified nanostructure, and instead large aggregates were present. The solubility of hexane in the alkylammonium nitrate PILs had a very strong correlation to the alkyl chain length. The addition of hexane had very little effect on the non-polar domain sizes, which was attributed to it not being orientated in alignment with the alkylammonium cations in the non-polar domains. Lastly, seven binary PIL-PIL solution series were investigated using SAXS and WAXS to show how the nanostructure of these systems can be fine tuned to control the size and structure of the non-polar domains.
Dynamic Covalent Polymer Networks: from Old Chemistry to Modern Day Innovations (2017)

Dynamic covalent polymer networks have long been recognized. With the initial focus on the unintended impact of dynamic covalent linkages on the viscoelasticity of commercial rubbers, efforts in modern times have transitioned into designing dynamic covalent polymer networks with unique adaptive properties. Whereas self-healing and thermoset reprocessing have been the primary motivations for studying dynamic covalent polymer networks, the recent discovery of the vitrimeric rheological behavior and solid-state plasticity for this type of material have opened up new opportunities in material innovations. This, coupled with the revelation of the dynamic characteristics of commercially relevant polymer building blocks such as esters and urethanes, suggests a promising future for this class of materials.
Alzheimer's Disease: The Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis (1992)

In both metazoan development and metastatic cancer, migrating cells must carry out a detailed, complex program of sensing cues, binding substrates, and moving their cytoskeletons. The linker cell in Caenorhabditis elegans males undergoes a stereotyped migration that guides gonad organogenesis, occurs with precise timing, and requires the nuclear hormone receptor NHR-67. To better understand how this occurs, we performed RNA-seq of individually staged and dissected linker cells, comparing transcriptomes from linker cells of third-stage (L3) larvae, fourth-stage (L4) larvae, and nhr-67-RNAi–treated L4 larvae. We observed expression of 8,000–10,000 genes in the linker cell, 22–25% of which were up- or down-regulated 20-fold during development by NHR-67. Of genes that we tested by RNAi, 22% (45 of 204) were required for normal shape and migration, suggesting that many NHR-67–dependent, linker cell-enriched genes play roles in this migration. One unexpected class of genes up-regulated by NHR-67 was tandem pore potassium channels, which are required for normal linker-cell migration. We also found phenotypes for genes with human orthologs but no previously described migratory function. Our results provide an extensive catalog of genes that act in a migrating cell, identify unique molecular functions involved in nematode cell migration, and suggest similar functions in humans.
Phantasmidine: An Epibatidine Congener from the Ecuadorian Poison FrogEpipedobates anthonyi (2010)

The skin of the Ecuadorian poison frog Epipedobates anthonyi contains the potent nicotinic agonists epibatidine (1) and N-methylepibatidine (3). In addition, a condensed tetracyclic epibatidine congener has been identified with activity at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, but different selectivity than epibatidine. This rigid tetracycle has been named phantasmidine (4). Phantasmidine has a molecular formula of C(11)H(11)N(2)OCl, shares a chloropyridine moiety with 1, and also contains furan, pyrrolidine, and cyclobutane rings. A combination of GC-MS and GC-FTIR analysis with on-column derivatization, 1D NMR spectroscopy with selective irradiation, and spectral simulation, along with 2D NMR, were used to elucidate the structure from a total sample of approximately 20 microg of HPLC-purified 4 and its corresponding acetamide (5). After synthesis, this novel rigid agonist may serve as a selective probe for beta4-containing nicotinic receptors and potentially lead to useful pharmaceuticals.
Ulip/CRMP proteins are recognized by autoantibodies in paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (1999)

Anti-CV2 autoantibodies have recently been discovered in patients with paraneoplastic neurological diseases (PND). These disorders are associated with neuronal degeneration, mediated by autoimmune processes, in patients with systemic cancer. Anti-CV2 autoantibodies recognize a brain protein of 66 kDa developmentally regulated and specifically expressed by a subpopulation of oligodendrocytes in the adult brain. Here, we demonstrate that anti-CV2 sera recognize several post-translationally modified forms of Ulip4/CRMP3, a member of a protein family related to the axonal guidance and homologous to the Unc-33 gene product in Caenorhabditis elegans. The sequence of the human Ulip4/CRMP3 was determined and the gene localized to chromosome 10q25.2-q26, a region mutated in glioblastomas and containing tumour suppressor genes. The identification of the Ulip/CRMP proteins as recognized by anti-CV2 sera should provide new insights into the role of Ulip/CRMPs in oligodendrocytes and into pathophysiology of PND.
Structure determination of soybean and wheat glucosylceramides by tandem mass spectrometry (2000)

Glucosylceramide (GluCer) is a major sphingolipid of plant tissue and, thus, abundant in nature and in dietary food sources. The lipid backbones of mammalian GluCer (sphingosine, d18:1(delta4), and ceramide) induce cell death (apoptosis) and inhibit colon carcinogenesis, it is critical to know the structures of GluCer present in plants as a first step toward understanding this potential link between diet and cancer. This study characterized the molecular species of GluCer from soybean and wheat by low-resolution, high-resolution and tandem mass spectrometry. Soybean GluCer was comprised primarily (>95%) of ceramide with 4,8-sphingadiene (d18:2(delta4,delta8)) and alpha-hydroxypalmitic acid (h16:0); the remainder had the same backbone with h18:0, h20:0, h22:0 and h24:0 fatty acids. Wheat GluCer had three major ceramide, d18:2(delta4,delta8) with h16:0, d18:1(delta8) with h16:0 and d18: 2(delta4,delta8) with h20:0, and smaller amounts of other homologs. These backbones differ from those of mammalian sphingolipids, which often have a delta4-double bond (but rarely a delta8-double bond), and have alpha-hydroxy fatty acids in only some cases. Previously unexplained fragmentations that were diagnostic for the type of sphingoid base backbone (i.e. by homolytic cleavage of the doubly allylic C-6-C-7 bond to yield a stable distonic allylic radical cation and an allylic radical neutral) were also identified. Hence this method should be useful in the identification of double bonds in sphingolipids, and structure-function relationships between sphingolipids and colon carcinogenesis.
Regioselectivity in methylation and phenylation of the zwitterionic pyrido[2,1‐f]‐as‐triazinium‐1‐ and 3‐olates and thiolates (1988)

Abstract Substituted derivatives of the title ring system have been synthesized and the regioselectivity in methylation and phenylation of the zwitterionic pyrido[2,1‐ f ]‐ as ‐triazinium 1‐ and 3‐olates 4a‐g and 10 and thiolates 7a,b and 12 has been studied by nmr techniques. Depending on the soft or hard nature of the used reagent (methyl iodide, trimethyloxonium hexafluorophosphate or diphenyliodonium tetrafluoroborate), the reaction yielded NMe 5 and/or OMe 6,11a and NPh 14 or OPh 11b products in the case of olates; while thiolates gave NMe 8 and/or SMe 9,13a and SPh 13b, 15 compounds. Mechanistic suggestions are given to rationalize the observed phenomena.
A Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of the Endothelin Receptor Antagonists SB-209670 and SB-217242. A Base-Catalyzed Stereospecific Formal 1,3-Hydrogen Transfer of a Chiral 3-Arylindenol (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTA Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of the Endothelin Receptor Antagonists SB-209670 and SB-217242. A Base-Catalyzed Stereospecific Formal 1,3-Hydrogen Transfer of a Chiral 3-ArylindenolWilliam M. Clark, Ann M. Tickner-Eldridge, G. Kris Huang, Lendon N. Pridgen, Mark A. Olsen, Robert J. Mills, Ivan Lantos, and Neil H. BaineView Author Information Synthetic Chemistry Department SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals 709 Swedeland Road, P.O. Box 1539 King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 18, 4550–4551Publication Date (Web):April 23, 1998Publication History Received12 November 1997Published online23 April 1998Published inissue 1 May 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja973882jhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja973882jrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1622Altmetric-Citations116LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Catalysts,Genetics,Hydrogen,Rearrangement,Redox reactions Get e-Alerts
Outsourcing Clinical Drug Development Activities to Contract Research Organizations (CROs): Critical Success Factors (2002)

This chapter contains sections titled: Pharmaceutical Industry Views of CROs Deciding When to Use a CRO Frequent Causes of Sponsor/CRO Problems Determine Study Specifications Selecting the Right CRO Requesting and Evaluating Proposals from CROs Managing the Sponsor–CRO Relationship Identifying and Resolving Problems Conclusions References
The role of heat shock proteins in reproduction (2000)

Heat shock proteins (HSP) were first identified in cells after exposure to elevated temperature. Subsequently HSP have been identified as a critical component of a very complex and highly conserved cellular defence mechanism to preserve cell survival under adverse environmental conditions. HSP are preferentially expressed in response to an array of insults, including hyperthermia, free oxygen radicals, heavy metals, ethanol, amino acid analogues, inflammation and infection. HSP interact with intracellular polypeptides and prevent their denaturation or incorrect assembly. In addition HSP are also involved in several processes essential for cellular function under physiological conditions. HSP production is enhanced during in-vitro embryo culture and they are among the first proteins produced during mammalian embryo growth. The spontaneous expression of HSP as an essential part of embryo development is well documented and the presence or absence of HSP influences various aspects of reproduction in many species. Finally, HSP are immunodominant antigens of numerous microbial pathogens, e.g. Chlamydia trachomatis, which have been recognized as the main cause of tubal infertility. Many couples with fertility problems have had a previous genital tract infection, have become sensitized to microbial HSP, and a prolonged and asymptomatic infection may trigger immunity to microbial HSP epitopes that are also expressed in man. Antibodies to both bacterial and human HSP are present at high titres in sera and hydrosalpinx fluid of many patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF). In a mouse in-vitro embryo culture model, these antibodies impaired the mouse embryo development at unique developmental stages. Recent studies indicate an association between a previous infection, immunity to HSP and reproductive failure.
A Mo(VI) Alkylidyne Complex with Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Ligands:  Homogeneous Analogue of a Silica-Supported Alkyne Metathesis Catalyst (2006)

A highly active alkyne metathesis catalyst is realized by replacing the amide ligands of a molybdenum(VI) trisamide alkylidyne complex with silanol groups from incompletely condensed POSS (polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) ligands. This catalyst serves as an effective homogeneous mimic of an amorphous silica-supported catalyst. Reactivities of various catalytic mixtures are reported along with an X-ray structure of the aniline-coordinated amidodisiloxymolybdenum(VI) alkylidyne complex.
Soft Antimicrobial Agents:  Synthesis and Activity of Labile Environmentally Friendly Long Chain Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (2003)

A series of soft quaternary ammonium antimicrobial agents, which are analogues to currently used quaternary ammonium preservatives such as cetyl pyridinium chloride and benzalkonium chloride, were synthesized. These soft analogues consist of long alkyl chain connected to a polar headgroup via chemically labile spacer group. They are characterized by facile nonenzymatic and enzymatic degradation to form their original nontoxic building blocks. However, their chemical stability has to be adequate in order for them to have antimicrobial effects. Stability studies and antibacterial and antiviral activity measurements revealed relationship between activity, lipophilicity, and stability. Their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was as low as 1 microg/mL, and their viral reduction was in some cases greater than 6.7 log. The structure-activity studies demonstrate that the bioactive compounds (i.e., MIC for Gram-positive bacteria of <10 microg/mL) have an alkyl chain length between 12 and 18 carbon atoms, with a polar headgroup preferably of a small quaternary ammonium group, and their acquired inactivation half-life must be greater than 3 h at 60 degrees C.
Discrete Residual Flow for Probabilistic Pedestrian Behavior Prediction (2019)

Self-driving vehicles plan around both static and dynamic objects, applying predictive models of behavior to estimate future locations of the objects in the environment. However, future behavior is inherently uncertain, and models of motion that produce deterministic outputs are limited to short timescales. Particularly difficult is the prediction of human behavior. In this work, we propose the discrete residual flow network (DRF-Net), a convolutional neural network for human motion prediction that captures the uncertainty inherent in long-range motion forecasting. In particular, our learned network effectively captures multimodal posteriors over future human motion by predicting and updating a discretized distribution over spatial locations. We compare our model against several strong competitors and show that our model outperforms all baselines.
Development of cancer cachexia-like syndrome and adrenal tumors in inhibin-deficient mice. (1994)

Activins and inhibins, members of the type beta transforming growth factor superfamily of growth regulatory proteins, are produced in multiple tissues and affect diverse physiologic processes. Using embryonic stem cell technology, we previously demonstrated that inhibin can function as a gonadal tumor suppressor. In this study, we show that development of gonadal tumors is rapidly followed by a cancer cachexia-like wasting syndrome. Cachectic inhibin-deficient mice develop hepatocellular necrosis around the central vein and parietal cell depletion and mucosal atrophy in the glandular stomach, are anemic, and demonstrate severe weight loss. The liver pathology is consistent with studies demonstrating an effect of elevated activins on rat hepatocytes. In inhibin-deficient mice with tumors, activins are > 10-fold elevated in the serum and are likely causing some of the cachexia symptoms. In contrast, inhibin-deficient mice gonadectomized at an early age do not develop this wasting syndrome. However, these gonadectomized, inhibin-deficient mice eventually develop adrenal cortical sex steroidogenic tumors with nearly 100% penetrance, demonstrating that inhibin is also a tumor suppressor for the adrenal gland.
Xcl1causes delayed oblique periclinal cell divisions in developing maize leaves, leading to cellular differentiation by lineage instead of position (2002)

Differentiation of plant cells is regulated by position-dependent mechanisms rather than lineage. The maize Extra cell layers1 (Xcl1) mutation causes oblique, periclinal divisions to occur in the protoderm layer. These protodermal periclinal divisions occur at the expense of normal anticlinal divisions and cause the production of extra cell layers with epidermal characteristics, indicating that cells are differentiating according to lineage instead of position. Mutant kernels have several aleurone layers instead of one, indicating that Xcl1 alters cell division orientation in cells that divide predominantly in the anticlinal plane. Dosage analysis of Xcl1 reveals that the mutant phenotype is caused by overproduction of a normal gene product. This allows cells that have already received differentiation signals to continue to divide in aberrant planes and suggests that the timing of cell division determines differentiation. Cells that divide early and in the absence of differentiation signals use positional information, while cells that divide late after perceiving differentiation signals use lineage information instead of position.
Laparoscopic surgery in urological oncology: brief overview (2006)

The authors report the experience of a high-volume center with laparoscopic surgery in urological oncology, as well as a review of other relevant series. Laparoscopic outcomes in the treatment of adrenal, kidney, upper tract transitional cell carcinoma, bladder, prostate, and testicular malignancy are described in this review. Specific considerations as complications and port-site recurrence are also addressed. The authors concluded that the intermediate-term oncological data is encouraging and comparable to open surgery.
Parametric wave field coding for precomputed sound propagation (2014)

The acoustic wave field in a complex scene is a chaotic 7D function of time and the positions of source and listener, making it difficult to compress and interpolate. This hampers precomputed approaches which tabulate impulse responses (IRs) to allow immersive, real-time sound propagation in static scenes. We code the field of time-varying IRs in terms of a few perceptual parameters derived from the IR's energy decay. The resulting parameter fields are spatially smooth and compressed using a lossless scheme similar to PNG. We show that this encoding removes two of the seven dimensions, making it possible to handle large scenes such as entire game maps within 100MB of memory. Run-time decoding is fast, taking 100 μ s per source. We introduce an efficient and scalable method for convolutionally rendering acoustic parameters that generates artifact-free audio even for fast motion and sudden changes in reverberance. We demonstrate convincing spatially-varying effects in complex scenes including occlusion/obstruction and reverberation, in our system integrated with Unreal Engine 3 ™ .