gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Purification and seroreactivity of pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) (1996)

Pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) is a 37-kDa common protein antigen of Streptococcus pneumoniae. In the present study, the protein was purified so that its immunoreactivity could be determined. PsaA was released and purified from cells by lysis in the presence of n-laurylsarcosine; this was followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation and subsequent preparative isoelectric focusing. A capture antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the immunoreactivity of purified PsaA. The assay had a 67% sensitivity for sera from patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. A specificity of 97% was estimated on the basis of a lack of reactivity with sera from patients with pneumonia caused by other organisms. PsaA is a potential vaccine candidate and may be useful as an antigen in a diagnostic assay for pneumococcal disease.
Initial Assessment of Tumor Regrowth After Vismodegib in Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma (2012)

Secondary (acquired) resistance of a tumor to a chemotherapeutic agent is characterized by regrowth of a tumor after initial shrinkage. This is distinct from primary resistance, in which a tumor never responds to treatment, a separate topic from our current study. The Smoothened (SMO) inhibitor, vismodegib (GDC-0449), has recently been shown to be useful in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials 1-3 for locally advanced basal cell carcinomas (laBCCs) (defined as inoperable owing to multiple postsurgical recurrences or incurable with surgery without significant deformity or loss of function) or meta-static BCCs (mBCCs). Collectively, laBCCs and mBCCs are termed advanced BCCs, and vismodegib treatment was approved in 2012 by the US Food and Drug Administration for this indication. Our case series describes a previously unreported phenomenon of BCC tumor re-growth within or immediately adjacent to (within 1 cm) the prior tumor bed of a vismodegib-responsive tumor while the patient is still undergoing continuous vismodegib treatment. We call this phenomenon secondary (acquired) resistance. 4
Electric field dependence of exciton spin relaxation in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells (1993)

We report measurements of the dependence of exciton spin relaxation in quantum-well structures on an external electric field along the growth direction and on the well thickness. The results show that exciton spin relaxation is dominated by electron-hole exchange interaction, and provide a quantitative understanding of various spin-relaxation rates and their dependence on electric field and well thickness.
Alternative mechanisms of initiating translation of mammalian mRNAs (2005)

Of all the steps in mRNA translation, initiation is the one that differs most radically between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Not only is there no equivalent of the prokaryotic Shine-Dalgarno rRNA-mRNA interaction, but also what requires only three initiation factor proteins (aggregate size approximately 125 kDa) in eubacteria needs at least 28 different polypeptides (aggregate >1600 kDa) in mammalian cells, which is actually larger than the size of the 40 S ribosomal subunit. Translation of the overwhelming majority of mammalian mRNAs occurs by a scanning mechanism, in which the 40 S ribosomal subunit, primed for initiation by the binding of several initiation factors including the eIF2 (eukaryotic initiation factor 2)-GTP-MettRNA(i) complex, is loaded on the mRNA immediately downstream of the 5'-cap, and then scans the RNA in the 5'-->3' direction. On recognition of (usually) the first AUG triplet via base-pairing with the Met-tRNA(i) anticodon, scanning ceases, triggering GTP hydrolysis and release of eIF2-GDP. Finally, ribosomal subunit joining and the release of the other initiation factors completes the initiation process. This sketchy outline conceals the fact that the exact mechanism of scanning and the precise roles of the initiation factors remain enigmatic. However, the factor requirements for initiation site selection on some viral IRESs (internal ribosome entry sites/segments) are simpler, and investigations into these IRES-dependent mechanisms (particularly picornavirus, hepatitis C virus and insect dicistrovirus IRESs) have significantly enhanced our understanding of the standard scanning mechanism. This article surveys the various alternative mechanisms of initiation site selection on mammalian (and other eukaryotic) cellular and viral mRNAs, starting from the simplest (in terms of initiation factor requirements) and working towards the most complex, which paradoxically happens to be the reverse order of their discovery.
Characterization of cis-acting sequences regulating root-specific gene expression in tobacco. (1991)

The expression of the tobacco root-specific gene TobRB7 was characterized. Gel blot hybridizations to RNA isolated from various tobacco tissues demonstrated that steady-state TobRB7 mRNA is not detected in expanded leaf, stem, or shoot apex tissue. To determine the spatial pattern of expression, in situ hybridization to root sections revealed that TobRB7 expression is localized to root meristem and immature central cylinder regions. The 5' flanking region of the gene was studied with respect to its ability to direct root-specific expression. Deletions of 5' flanking sequence were fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and transformed into tobacco. Our data demonstrated that sequences 636 base pairs from the site of transcription initiation are sufficient to direct the root-specific GUS expression in transgenic tobacco, whereas sequences 299 base pairs from the site of transcription initiation fail to direct root-specific expression. A negative regulatory element was apparent between 813 base pairs and 636 base pairs 5' of the transcription initiation site. Histochemical localization of GUS activity in transgenic plants was consistent with in situ hybridization results: GUS activity was localized to the root meristem and central cylinder regions. GUS activity appeared 2 days post-germination in the primary root meristem. In lateral roots, GUS activity was detected from the time of initiation.
Reactivation of chronic hepatitis C after withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy (1993)

A patient with immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection for 11 years was given immunosuppressive treatment because of an activation of his ITP. After 6 weeks of treatment with cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin A and cortisone the patient decided not to continue taking his medication. One month later he was readmitted to hospital due to fever, cough and jaundice. Clinical investigation revealed his condition to be caused by an activation of his HCV infection. It is concluded that, in parallel to the situation in hepatitis B, immunosuppressive treatment of patients with HCV infection may lead to increased viral replication, resulting in severe liver damage when immunocompetence is regained.
Novel micromachined cantilever sensors for scanning near‐field optical microscopy (1997)

The reproducible micromachining of hollow metal tips on Si cantilevers and their applicability to scanning near‐field optical microscopy (SNOM) is described. This sensor is fabricated using semiconductor compatible technologies. A hollow metal pyramid is employed as an optical aperture sensor for SNOM and simultaneously as a force sensor for scanning force microscopy applications. Apertures down to 120 nm were realized. To confirm the feasibility of the sensor we present measurements on microstructured chromium films as well as on hot filament chemical vapour deposition grown (111) diamond membranes. The SNOM images show a resolution of about 100 nm, demonstrating the usefulness of these probes.
Operating Systems Concepts (2003)

Sistem operasi merupakan bagian penting dari system.similarly komputer, kursus pada sistem operasi merupakan bagian penting dari pendidikan ilmu komputer. 
Buku ini membahas tentang:
-Pengantar
-Struktur komputer-sistem
-Struktur operasi-sistem
-Proses manajemen
-Penjadwalan CPU
-Proses sinkronisasi
-Deadlock
-Manajemen penyimpanan
-Memori manajemen
-Virtual memory
Number of apoptotic cells as a prognostic marker in invasive breast cancer (2000)

Apoptosis plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Tumour growth is determined by the rate of cell proliferation and cell death. We counted the number of apoptotic cells in haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained tumour sections in series of 172 grade I and II invasive breast cancers with long-term follow-up. The number of apoptotic cells in ten high-power fields were converted to the number of apoptotic cells per mm2 to obtain the apoptotic index (AI). The AI showed a positive correlation to the mitotic activity index (MAI) (P = 0.0001), histological grade (P < 0.0001) and worse tumour differentiation. Patients with high AI showed shorter overall survival than patients with low AI in the total group as well as in the lymph node-positive group. Tumour size, MAI, lymph node status and AI were independent prognostic indicators in multivariate analysis. The AI was shown to be of additional prognostic value to the MAI in the total patients group as well as in the lymph node-positive group. The correlation between the AI and the MAI points to linked mechanisms of apoptosis and proliferation. Since apoptotic cells can be counted with good reproducibility in H&E-stained tumour sections, the AI may be used as an additional prognostic indicator in invasive breast cancer.
Methodological and Conceptual Issues (1999)

The process of translating the Short-Form Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) in 27 countries and the comparability of the content of the translations is discussed. HIT-6 translations were developed using a standard forward-backward translation process, including a cognitive debriefing step and international harmonization of the translations. Prior to translating the HIT-6, modifications were made to the Englishlanguage source form, to improve translation equivalence. In general, the HIT-6 was not difficult to translate. The most difficult items included colloquial expressions such as 'fed up' and words whose intended meaning changed in translation such as 'school' or 'lie down.' Subjects generally found the HIT-6 translations to be clear and relevant. The translation process resulted in questionnaires that are both culturally appropriate and comparable in content.
A single T cell receptor recognizes structurally distinct MHC/peptide complexes with high specificity. (1996)

The 2C T cell is a CD8+, alloreactive T cell, which recognizes cells bearing Ld and Kbm3 class I major histocompatability complex molecules. Here, we characterize an allopeptide, designated dEV-8, that is a ligand in the Kbm3 molecule for the 2C TCR but is not a ligand in the Ld molecule. By biochemical and immunological properties, dEV-8 is distinct from P2Ca, the Ld allopeptide that is also recognized by the 2C TCR. Using the deduced amino acid sequence of dEV-8, we isolate a candidate endogenous source of the peptide. The endogenous protein, MLRQ, contains a peptide sequence identical to dEV-8. This degenerate recognition of two distinct peptide/MHC complexes by a single TCR has important implications for understanding allorecognition.
A general formulation of modulated filter banks (1999)

This paper presents a general framework for maximally decimated modulated filter banks. The theory covers the known classes of cosine modulation and relates them to complex-modulated filter banks. The prototype filters have arbitrary lengths, and the overall delay of the filter bank is arbitrary, within fundamental limits. Necessary and sufficient conditions for perfect reconstruction (PR) are derived using the polyphase representation. It is shown that these PR conditions are identical for all types of modulation-modulation based on the discrete cosine transform (DCT), both DCT-III/DCT-IV and DCT-I/DCT-II, and modulation based on the modified discrete Fourier transform (MDFT). A quadratic-constrained design method for prototype filters yielding PR with arbitrary length and system delay is derived, and design examples are presented to illustrate the tradeoff between overall system delay and stopband attenuation (subchannelization).
The Microbial Rosetta Stone Database: A Common Structure for Microbial Biosecurity Threat Agents (2005)

Infectious microorganisms are important to multiple communities engaged in biodefense and biosecurity, including the agencies responsible for health, defense, law enforcement, agriculture, and drug and food safety. Many agencies have created lists of high priority infectious microorganisms to prioritize research efforts or to formally control the possession and distribution of specific organisms or toxins. However, the biological classification of infectious microorganisms is often complex and ambiguous, leading to uncertainty and confusion for scientists involved in biosecurity work. To address this problem, we created a database, known as the Microbial Rosetta Stone, which resolves many of these ambiguities and includes links to additional information on the microbes, such as gene sequence data and scientific literature. Here we discuss the efforts to coordinate organism names from pathogen lists from various governmental agencies according to biological relatedness and show the overlap of high-priority organisms from multiple agencies. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive coordination of pathogens, synonyms, and correct taxonomic names. The organized tables and visual aids are freely available at http://www.microbialrosettastone.com. This website provides a single location where access to information on a broad range of disease-causing organisms and toxins is available to members of the biosecurity community.
The expression profile of Escherichia coli K-12 in response to minimal, optimal and excess copper concentrations (2005)

The gene expression profile of Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 grown in minimal medium supplemented with elevated copper concentrations (as copper-glycine) has been analysed using whole-genome oligonucleotide microarrays. At 750 μM copper-glycine, the expression of both the cue and cus copper-export systems is evident. At near-lethal copper concentrations (2 mM copper-glycine), the expression of these two regulons increases significantly. Other regulons with increased transcription in response to elevated concentrations of copper-glycine include those for the superoxide stress response, iron homeostasis, and envelope stress. Furthermore, a variety of ORFs with decreased expression in response to increased copper-glycine has been identified, including the zinc ABC transporter and genes involved in the chemotactic response.
The Role of Endotoxin in Grain Dust-Induced Lung Disease (1995)

To identify the role of endotoxin in grain dust-induced lung disease, we conducted a population-based, cross-sectional investigation among grain handlers and postal workers. The study subjects were selected by randomly sampling all grain facilities and post offices within 100 miles of Iowa City. Our study population consisted of 410 grain workers and 201 postal workers. Grain workers were found to be exposed to higher concentrations of airborne dust (p = 0.0001) and endotoxin (p = 0.0001) when compared with postal workers. Grain workers had a significantly higher prevalence of work-related (cough, phlegm, wheezing, chest tightness, and dyspnea) and chronic (usual cough or phlegm production) respiratory symptoms than postal workers. Moreover, after controlling for age, gender, and cigarette smoking status, work-related respiratory symptoms were strongly associated with the concentration of endotoxin in the bioaerosol in the work setting. The concentration of total dust in the bioaerosol was marginally related to these respiratory problems. After controlling for age, gender, and cigarette smoking status, grain workers were found to have reduced spirometric measures of airflow (FEV1, FEV1/FVC, and FEF25-75) and enhanced airway reactivity to inhaled histamine when compared with postal workers. Although the total dust concentration in the work environment appeared to have little effect on these measures of airflow obstruction, higher concentrations of endotoxin in the bioaerosol were associated with diminished measures of airflow and enhanced bronchial reactivity. Our results indicate that the concentration of endotoxin in the bioaerosol may be particularly important in the development of grain dust-induced lung disease.
Liposomes as Carriers of Peptide Antigens: Induction of Antibodies and Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes to Conjugated and Unconjugated Peptides (1995)

In the quest for effective immunization against complex diseases such as cancer, parasitic diseases, AIDS, and other viral infections, numerous peptides and recombinant proteins have been synthesized, examined for the ability to induce antibodies and CTLs, and tested for binding capability and therapeutic or prophylactic efficacy against the original target cell or organism. A liposome formulation, consisting of alum-adsorbed liposomes containing both a potent adjuvant, lipid A, and encapsulated or surface bound antigen, has had a record of safety and strong effectiveness for induction of antibodies in human vaccine trials. These same liposomes can also serve as effective vehicles for delivering conjugated or unconjugated peptides and proteins to antigen presenting cells for presentation via MHC class I and class II pathways for induction of CTLs and antibodies in experimental animal models. Liposomal lipid A appears to be extremely important, and is often a requirement, as an adjuvant for induction of CTLs against liposomal peptide antigens. Computer-generated molecular modelling analysis of small unconjugated or lipid-conjugated peptides strongly suggests that the expression of peptide antigen on the surface of the liposomes can be an important factor both in the induction of antibodies and in determining antibody specificities to small peptides. However, antigenic surface expression of liposomal peptide is not required for induction of CTLs. The data suggest that small synthetic peptides, synthesized with or without a lipid tail, or chemically conjugated to the surface of liposomes, might serve as effective antigenic epitopes, in combination with liposomal lipid A for induction of antibodies and CTLs.
Theptl1gene expressed in the transmitting tissue ofAntirrhinumencodes an extensin‐like protein (1992)

ptl1 , a gene expressed specifically in pistil transmitting tissue of Antirrhinum flowers, encodes a protein with similarity to plant extensins. The protein is rich in proline (28%) and serine (9%) and contains several proline‐rich repetitive amino acid motifs found in other extensin‐like proteins. The presence of three consensus N‐glycosylation sites indicates that it is probably glycosylated. RNA blots show that the ptl1 transcript is abundant in mature pistillar tissue but absent from immature flower buds and all other plant organs tested. In‐situ localization of mRNA demonstrates that ptl1 expression is confined to the transmitting tissue of the style and stigma. The presence of a putative signal peptide at the N‐terminus of the protein, taken together with the expression pattern, indicates that the ptl1 product may be secreted into the extracellular matrix of the transmitting tissue. The possible contributions of the ptl1 product to the physical properties of the transmitting tissue are considered in the light of current views on extensin structure and function.
Role of competition for nutrients in suppression of Clostridium difficile by the colonic microflora (1988)

The cecal flora of mice is able to eliminate Clostridium difficile from the mouse cecum even when C. difficile is the first organism established. We used a continuous-flow (CF) culture model of the cecal flora to investigate the possibility that competition for nutrients is one mechanism for this antagonism. The medium for the CF cultures consisted of homogenates of fecal pellets from germfree mice. Carbohydrate analysis showed that mouse flora depleted 74 to 99.8% of the various carbohydrates from this environment-simulating medium. When inoculated into filtrates made from CF cultures of mouse flora, C. difficile multiplied slower than the dilution rate of the CF cultures unless glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, or N-acetylneuraminic acid was added. C. difficile did not synthesize hydrolytic enzymes able to cleave these monosaccharides from oligosaccharide side chains. As found previously, veal infusion broth did not support the growth of a microflora that could be transferred to gnotobiotic mice and fully suppress C. difficile. When mucin or monosaccharides found in mucin were added to veal infusion broth, the flora functioned normally in this regard. These data suggest that as yet unidentified organisms compete more efficiently than C. difficile for monomeric glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, and sialic acids found in colonic contents.
CONMEMORACIÓN DE GACETA UNAM, SEIS DÉCADAS DE EXISTENCIA. EL PRIMER NÚMERO APARECIÓ EL 23 DE AGOSTO DE 1954 CON UN TIRAJE DECINCO MIL EJEMPLARES (2014)

HACE 60 ANOS NACIO GACETA DE LA UNIVERSIDAD, AHORA GACETA UNAM, PARA DIFUNDIR LAS TAREAS ACADEMICAS, CIENTIFICAS, TECNOLOGICAS, CULTURALES, DEPORTIVAS Y ADMINISTRATIVAS DE ESTA CASA DE ESTUDIOS. AL TRANSCURRIR LOS ANOS, CON SABIDURIA Y PERTINENCIA HA RELATADO EL CURSO DE LA VIDA ESCOLAR. SU HISTORIA HA ACUMULADO MAS DE 80 MIL NOTAS Y UNA CIFRA SUPERIOR A LOS 60
MILLONES DE EJEMPLARES.
The molecular basis of skeletal muscle differentiation. (1994)

In recent years, significant advances have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of skeletal-muscle differentiation. This review focuses on the role of the MyoD family of myogenic transcription factors that includes MyoD, myf-5, myogenin, and MRF4 (herculin or myf-6) in myogenesis. Members of this family share sequence homology for the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) regulatory motif. The basic domain is required for DNA binding, whereas the HLH domain is required for dimerization. The bHLH motif confers both properties of transcriptional activation of muscle specific genes and inhibition of cell growth through collaboration with the E2A gene products (E12 and E47) and the retinoblastoma gene product (pRB). The functions of the MyoD family can be suppressed through inhibition of their expression or activity by various factors. These include peptide growth factors (FGF and TGF-beta), immediate early gene products (Fos, Jun and Myc), other oncogene products (Ras, Src), the Id protein, and innervation. The use of gene-knockout animal models has shown that there is some degree of functional redundancy in that inactivation of either MyoD or myf-5 has no effect on muscle development, whereas inactivation of both genes results in an absolute lack of muscle cells. In contrast, the inactivation of myogenin alone results in mice with gross deficiency of mature muscle.