gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 0.4-μm/sup 2/ self-aligned contactless memory cell technology suitable for 256-Mbit flash memories (2002)

This paper describes advanced self-aligned contactless memory-cell technology with sector erase and programming operations for a single power supply 256-Mbit flash memory. Using new self-aligned field-isolation technology and a deep punch-through stopper while minimizing the thermal budget of memory-cell fabrication process, 0.40-/spl mu/m/sup 2/ cells based on 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS processes are fabricated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Deformation analysis to detect and quantify active lesions in three-dimensional medical image sequences (1999)

Evaluating precisely the temporal variations of lesion volumes is very important for at least three types of practical applications: pharmaceutical trials, decision making for drug treatment or surgery, and patient follow-up. In this paper we present a volumetric analysis technique, combining precise rigid registration of three-dimensional (3-D) (volumetric) medical images, nonrigid deformation computation, and flow-field analysis. Our analysis technique has two outcomes: the detection of evolving lesions and the quantitative measurement of volume variations. The originality of our approach is that no precise segmentation of the lesion is needed but the approximative designation of a region of interest (ROI) which can be automated. We distinguish between tissue transformation (image intensity changes without deformation) and expansion or contraction effects reflecting a change of mass within the tissue. A real lesion is generally the combination of both effects. The method is tested with synthesized volumetric image sequences and applied, in a first attempt to quantify in vivo a mass effect, to the analysis of a real patient case with multiple sclerosis (MS).
Acute Measles in Patients With and Without Neurological Involvement: Distribution of Measles Virus Antigen and RNA (1988)

Using peroxidase immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to localize viral antigen and RNA, we studied autopsy tissues from 20 cases of acute fatal human measles (including seven patients with acute encephalomyelitis) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 16 patients with acute, nonfatal measles. In immunologically normal patients, virus was detected in five of nine who died five days or less after the onset of rash but in none of 11 who died later. Virus was localized to epithelial cells of lung, gut, bile duct, bladder, and skin and to lymphoid organs. Neither viral antigen nor RNA was detected in brain sections from 14 patients, including seven with acute encephalomyelitis and four with virus identified in other tissues, a finding supporting an indirect pathogenesis of post-measles encephalomyelitis. These data show that measles virus replicates in cells previously not recognized to be involved (capillary endothelium of lymph node and thymus, Hassall's corpuscles, and hepatic duct epithelium) and that invasion of the brain parenchyma during acute measles is uncommon.
Systemic Overexpression of BCL-2 in the Hematopoietic System Protects Transgenic Mice From the Consequences of Lethal Irradiation (1998)

A new transgenic mouse has been generated in which the proto-oncogene BCL-2 is ubiquitously overexpressed. H2K-BCL-2 transgenic mice overexpress BCL-2 in all cells of the hematolymphoid system and have been used to assess the role of BCL-2 in protecting cells of the hematolymphoid system from the consequences of ionizing radiation. We have expanded on previous studies that have demonstrated protection for specific (lymphoid) cell populations and show that systemic overexpression of BCL-2 can protect the hematopoietic system as a whole, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), thus increasing the radioresistance of the animal. The increase in radioresistance in H2K-BCL-2 transgenic mice has two components: an increase in the radioresistance of individual cells and, to a lesser extent, an increase in the size of certain critically important cell populations, such as HSC. Bone marrow transplantation experiments show that the increased radioresistance of the transgenic animals is provided by cells of the hematopoietic system. Protection against the consequences of irradiation is not limited to the increased expression levels of BCL-2 in transgenic mice; levels of endogenous BCL-2 are higher in lymphocyte populations that survive irradiation in wild-type mice. We show that ubiquitous overexpression of BCL-2 in the hematopoietic system can be used to increase the resistance of animals to lethal challenges such as irradiation.
A Model for the Silicon Wafer Bonding Process (1989)

The bonding speed (or contact wave velocity) of silicon and fused quartz wafers has been measured as a function of temperature. The results show that the bonding process stops to operate at temperatures above 90°C and 320°C for fused quartz and bare silicon wafers, respectively. By comparing our results to infrared spectra obtained from silica gel we develop a tentative model of the bonding process. This model is based on the assumption that the initial wafer bonding process occurs via hydrogen bonds of adsorbed water. This model explains why the bonding strength increases in two distinct steps during high temperature annealing. By introducing a phenomenological time constant τ we can also account for the fact that in an intermediate temperature range the bonding strength does not depend on annealing time as it has been reported in the literature.
Selective Activation of NF-κB by Nerve Growth Factor Through the Neurotrophin Receptor p75 (1996)

Nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) selectively bind to distinct members of the Trk family of tyrosine kinase receptors, but all three bind with similar affinities to the neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR). The biological significance of neurotrophin binding to p75NTR in cells that also express Trk receptors has been difficult to ascertain. In the absence of TrkA, NGF binding to p75NGR activated the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) in rat Schwann cells. This activation was not observed in Schwann cells isolated from mice that lacked p75NTR. The effect was selective for NGF; NF-kappa B was not activated by BDNF or NT-3.
Climbing RAS, the Everest of Oncogenes (2014)

Mutations that activate the small GTP-binding protein KRAS are the most common oncogenic event in human tumors. Thirty years after its discovery, mutant KRAS has yet to be therapeutically conquered.
Circulating Tumor Cells and Circulating Tumor DNA (2011)

Solid tumors derived from epithelial tissues (carcinomas) are responsible for 90% of all new cancers in Europe, and the main four tumor entities are breast, prostate, lung, and colon cancer. Present tumor staging is mainly based on local tumor extension, metastatic lymph node involvement, and evidence of overt distant metastasis obtained by imaging technologies. However, these staging procedures are not sensitive enough to detect early tumor cell dissemination as a key event in tumor progression. Many teams have therefore focused on the development of sensitive assays that allow the specific detection of single tumor cells or small amounts of cell-free tumor DNA in the peripheral blood of cancer patients. These methods allow the detection and characterization of early metastatic spread and will provide unique insights into the biology of metastatic progression of human tumors, including the effects of therapeutic interventions.
Refractory status epilepticus: A prospective observational study (2009)

This prospective study identifies clinical factors predicting the onset of SE refractoriness. RSE appears to be less frequent than previously reported in retrospective studies; furthermore, most RSE episodes were treated outside the intensive care unit (ICU). Nonetheless, we confirm that RSE is characterized by high mortality and morbidity.
Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is required for polarizing the epiblast, cell adhesion, and controlling actin accumulation (2003)

Integrin-mediated cell-matrix interactions are essential for development, tissue homeostasis, and repair. Upon ligand binding, integrins are recruited into focal adhesions (FAs). Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is an FA component that interacts with the cytoplasmic domains of integrins, recruits adaptor proteins that link integrins to the actin cytoskeleton, and phosphorylates the serine/threonine kinases PKB/Akt and GSK-3beta. Here we show that mice lacking ILK expression die at the peri-implantation stage because they fail to polarize their epiblast and to cavitate. The impaired epiblast polarization is associated with abnormal F-actin accumulation at sites of integrin attachments to the basement membrane (BM) zone. Likewise, ILK-deficient fibroblasts showed abnormal F-actin aggregates associated with impaired cell spreading and delayed formation of stress fibers and FAs. Finally, ILK-deficient fibroblasts have diminished proliferation rates. However, insulin or PDGF treatment did not impair phosphorylation of PKB/Akt and GSK-3beta, indicating that the proliferation defect is not due to absent or reduced ILK-mediated phosphorylation of these substrates in vivo. Furthermore, expression of a mutant ILK lacking kinase activity and/or paxillin binding in ILK-deficient fibroblasts can rescue cell spreading, F-actin organization, FA formation, and proliferation. Altogether these data show that mammalian ILK modulates actin rearrangements at integrin-adhesion sites.
Hemin-induced Activation of the Thioredoxin Gene by Nrf2 (2001)

Thioredoxin plays an important role in various cellular processes through redox regulation. Here, we have demonstrated that thioredoxin expression is transcriptionally induced in K562 cells by hemin (ferriprotoporphyrin IX) through activation of a regulatory region positioned from -452 to -420 bp of the thioredoxin gene. Insertion of a mutation in the antioxidant responsive element (ARE)/AP-1 consensus binding sequence in this region abolished the response to hemin. With electrophoretic mobility shift and DNA affinity assays, we have shown that the NF-E2p45/small Maf complex constitutively binds to the ARE. The binding of the Nrf2/small Maf complex to ARE was induced by hemin, whereas the binding of Jun/Fos proteins to ARE was induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, but not hemin. Hemin induced nuclear translocation of Nrf2 but did not affect nuclear expression of Jun/Fos proteins. Overexpression of Nrf2 augmented the response to hemin in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, overexpression of the dominant negative mutant of Nrf2 suppressed hemin-induced activation through the ARE. We show here hemin-induced activation of the thioredoxin gene by Nrf2 through the ARE and propose a novel mechanism of the regulation of the ARE through a switch of its binding factors.
Density of Ocular Components of the Bovine Eye (2009)

The consistent results of the sucrose solution tests suggest that the ocular mass density is a physical property that is more dependent on the compositional and structural characteristics of the tissue and than on population variability.
GNSS Integer Ambiguity Validation: Overview of Theory and Methods (2013)

Integer carrier-phase ambiguity resolution is the key to fast and high-precision Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning and navigation. It is the process of resolving the unknown cycle ambiguities of the carrier-phase data as integers. Once this has been done successfully, the very precise carrier-phase data will act as pseudorange data, thus making very precise positioning and navigation possible. Procedures for carrier-phase ambiguity resolution not only consist of integer ambiguity estimation, but also include ambiguity acceptance testing. Such testing is important, in particular in light of the ever increasing integrity demands on GNSS solutions. Although the statistical theory of integer ambiguity estimation is reasonably well established, this cannot yet be said of ambiguity acceptance testing. The aim of this contribution is to provide an overview of current theory and methods of ambiguity validation, and to present it in a unifying framework. It will also provide the tools for comparing a devaluating current procedures for acceptance testing and therefore create the possibility to devise new tests that are better than existing ones.
Cell Stimulus and Lysis in a Microfluidic Device with Segmented Gas−Liquid Flow (2005)

We describe a microfluidic device with rapid stimulus and lysis of mammalian cells for resolving fast transient responses in cell signaling networks. The device uses segmented gas-liquid flow to enhance mixing and has integrated thermoelectric heaters and coolers to control the temperature during cell stimulus and lysis. Potential negative effects of segmented flow on cell responses are investigated in three different cell types, with no morphological changes and no activation of the cell stress-sensitive mitogen activated protein kinases observed. Jurkat E6-1 cells are stimulated in the device using alpha-CD3, and the resulting activations of ERK and JNK are presented for different time points. Stimulation of cells performed on chip results in pathway activation identical to that of conventionally treated cells under the same conditions.
Protection of Chickens against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N2) by Recombinant Fowlpox Viruses (1991)

Two recombinant fowlpox viruses containing the avian influenza H5 hemaglutinin (HA) gene were evaluated for their ability to protect chickens against challenge with a highly pathogenic isolate of avian influenza virus (H5N2). Susceptible chickens were vaccinated with the parent fowlpox vaccine virus or recombinant viruses either by wing-web puncture or comb scarification. Following challenge 4 weeks later with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, all birds vaccinated by the wing-web method were protected by both recombinants, while 50% and 70% mortality occurred in the two groups of birds vaccinated by comb scarification. Birds vaccinated with the unaltered parent fowlpox vaccine virus or unvaccinated controls experienced 90% and 100% mortality, respectively, following challenge. Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody levels were low, and agar-gel precipitin results were negative before challenge. Very high HI titers and positive precipitating antibody responses were observed in all survivors following challenge.
Urinary excretion of beta 2-glycoprotein-1 (apolipoprotein H) and other markers of tubular malfunction in "non-tubular" renal disease. (1992)

Increased excretion of beta 2-glycoprotein-1 due to a raised plasma concentration or diminution of tubular reabsorption, or both, is common in all the forms of renal disease investigated, and both plasma creatinine and urinary albumin must be taken into account when interpreting results. Ratios of urinary albumin: beta 2-glycoprotein-1 greater than 1000 are highly suggestive of primary glomerular disease and those less than 40 of primary tubular disease. Used in this way, beta 2-glycoprotein-1 assays provide superior discrimination between glomerular and tubular malfunction when compared with retinol binding protein but the best discrimination is provided by albumin: alpha 1-microglobulin ratios.
Testing anticellulite products (2006)

Cellulite represents the most common lipodystrophic disease. It affects more likely women than men and it usually develops in particular anatomic sites such as lateral thighs and buttocks. In these areas skin resembles 'orange peel' surface. The pathophysiological aspects of cellulite are still not clear. Many predisposing factors seem to influence cellulite onset, including gender, heredity, race, body weight and age. Hormones and impairment of both microvascular and lymphatic circulation are considered the most important etiological factors. The evaluation of cellulite is based principally on clinical observation, thigh circumference measurements, body mass index and thermography but for testing anticellulite products, more objective and non-invasive methods of evaluation are requested.
Overexpression of the Centrosomal Protein Aurora-A Kinase is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Patients (2007)

Aurora-A kinase is overexpressed by a substantial proportion of ovarian cancers and is associated with centrosome amplification and poor survival. It may be a useful prognostic marker and target in ovarian cancer.
Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by using macrocycles of nickel and cobalt (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by using macrocycles of nickel and cobaltBarbara J. Fisher and Richard EisenbergCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 24, 7361–7363Publication Date (Print):November 19, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 19 November 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00544a035https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00544a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5640Altmetric-Citations494LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Monomeric Base Damage Products from Guanine, Adenine, and Thymine Induced by Exposure of DNA to Ultraviolet Radiation (1995)

The formation of monomeric products in DNA upon exposure to UV radiation was investigated. Three novel products were identified in DNA in aqueous solution upon exposure to UV radiation at 254 nm in a dose range from 100 to 10,000 J/m2. These were 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine, 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine, and 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine. These three products are known to be substrates for base excision repair enzymes involved in the reversal of oxidative DNA damage. The dependence of the yields of formamidopyrimidines on UV radiation dose was nonlinear, whereas the yield of 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine was increased linearly in the entire dose range. Of these products, 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine was the only compound produced in appreciable amounts at 310 nm. At the highest dose used, the formation of other pyrimidine- and purine-derived products was also observed. Their amounts, however, were increased above control levels up to 2-fold only. The hydroxyl radical scavenger dimethyl sulfoxide had no effect on product yields excluding the involvement of hydroxyl radical in product formation. 4,6-Diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine may be produced by hydration of adenine and guanine, respectively, across the N(7)-C(8) double bond by mechanisms similar to those proposed previously for well-known formation of pyrimidine hydrates with the hydroxyl group located at C(6). Formation of 5-hydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymine indicates that hydration of thymine with the hydroxyl group located at C(5) of the pyrimidine ring also occurs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Decoding Algorithms for Nonbinary LDPC Codes Over GF$(q)$ (2007)

In this letter, we address the problem of decoding nonbinary low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over finite fields GF(q), with reasonable complexity and good performance. In the first part of the letter, we recall the original belief propagation (BP) decoding algorithm and its Fourier domain implementation. We show that the use of tensor notations for the messages is very convenient for the algorithm description and understanding. In the second part of the letter, we introduce a simplified decoder which is inspired by the min-sum decoder for binary LDPC codes. We called this decoder extended min-sum (EMS). We show that it is possible to greatly reduce the computational complexity of the check-node processing by computing approximate reliability measures with a limited number of values in a message. By choosing appropriate correction factors or offsets, we show that the EMS decoder performance is quite good, and in some cases better than the regular BP decoder. The optimal values of the factor and offset correction are obtained asymptotically with simulated density evolution. Our simulations on ultra-sparse codes over very-high-order fields show that nonbinary LDPC codes are promising for applications which require low frame-error rates for small or moderate codeword lengths. The EMS decoder is a good candidate for practical hardware implementations of such codes
Omi/HtrA2 protease is associated with tubular cell apoptosis and fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (2010)

Kidney fibrosis, a typical characteristic of chronic renal disease, is associated with tubular epithelial cell apoptosis. The results of our recent studies have shown that Omi/HtrA2 (Omi), a proapoptotic mitochondrial serine protease, performs a crucial function in renal tubular epithelial apoptotic cell death in animal models of acute kidney injury, including cisplatin toxicity and ischemia-reperfusion insult. However, the role of Omi in tubulointerstitial disease-associated fibrosis in the kidney remains to be clearly defined. We evaluated the potential function and molecular mechanism of Omi in ureteral obstruction-induced kidney epithelial cell apoptosis and fibrosis. The mice were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) via the ligation of the left ureter near the renal pelvis. UUO increased the protein level of Omi in the cytosolic fraction of the kidney, with a concomitant reduction in the mitochondrial fraction. UUO reduced the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), a substrate of Omi, and pro-caspase-3, whereas it increased cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (cleaved PARP) and the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells. When mice were treated with ucf-101, an inhibitor of the proteolytic activity of Omi (6.19 microg/day ip), on a daily basis beginning 2 days before UUO and continuing until the end of the experiment, the Omi inhibitor protected XIAP cleavage after UUO and reduced the increment of PARP cleavage and the numbers of TUNEL-positive cells. Furthermore, the Omi inhibitor significantly attenuated UUO-induced increases in fibrotic characteristics in the kidney, including the atrophy and dilation of tubules, expansion of the interstitium, and increases in the expression of collagens, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and fibronectin. In conclusion, Omi/HtrA2 is associated with apoptotic signaling pathways in tubular epithelial cells activated by unilateral ureteral obstruction, thereby resulting in kidney fibrosis.
Role of transforming growth factor β signaling and expansion of progenitor cells in regenerating liver† (2009)

TGF-beta signaling, particularly beta2SP, plays a critical role in hepatocyte proliferation and transitional phenotype and its loss is associated with activation of hepatic progenitor cells secondary to delayed mitogenesis and activated Wnt signaling.