gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The influence of intramolecular dynamics on branching ratios in thermal rearrangements (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe influence of intramolecular dynamics on branching ratios in thermal rearrangementsRichard H. Newman-Evans, Reyna J. Simon, and Barry K. CarpenterCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 2, 695–711Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00289a053https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00289a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4688Altmetric-Citations68LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Estimating net joint torques from kinesiological data using optimal linear system theory (1995)

Net joint torques (NJT) are frequently computed to provide insights into the motor control of dynamic biomechanical systems. An inverse dynamics approach is almost always used, whereby the NJT are computed from 1) kinematic measurements (e.g., position of the segments), 2) kinetic measurements (e.g., ground reaction forces) that are, in effect, constraints defining unmeasured kinematic quantities based on a dynamic segmental model, and 3) numerical differentiation of the measured kinematics to estimate velocities and accelerations that are, in effect, additional constraints. Due to errors in the measurements, the segmental model, and the differentiation process, estimated NJT rarely produce the observed movement in a forward simulation when the dynamics of the segmental system are inherently unstable (e.g., human walking). Forward dynamic simulations are, however, essential to studies of muscle coordination. We have developed an alternative approach, using the linear quadratic follower (LQF) algorithm, which computes the NJT such that a stable simulation of the observed movement is produced and the measurements are replicated as well as possible. The LQF algorithm does not employ constraints depending on explicit differentiation of the kinematic data, but rather employs those depending on specification of a cost function, based on quantitative assumptions about data confidence. We illustrate the usefulness of the LQF approach by using it to estimate NJT exerted by standing humans perturbed by support-surface movements. We show that unless the number of kinematic and force variables recorded is sufficiently high, the confidence that can be placed in the estimates of the NJT, obtained by any method (e.g., LQF, or the inverse dynamics approach), may be unsatisfactorily low.
Comparative study of defect levels in GaInNAs, GaNAsSb, and GaInNAsSb for high-efficiency solar cells (2016)

Background doping and defect levels in GaInNAs, GaNAsSb, and GaInNAsSb solar cells with 1 eV band-gap are reported. Localized point defect induced traps were observed showing broadest defect distribution in GaInNAsSb. Incorporation of Sb reduced the unintentional p-type background doping by an order of magnitude, but increased the capture cross sections of deep levels by three orders of magnitude. The thermal activation energy of the dominating hole trap was increased from 350 meV for GaInNAs to 560 meV for GaNAsSb. Annealing of GaNAsSb solar cells improved the open circuit voltage from 280 mV to 415 mV, owing to the reduction in trap density.
Handbook of Immune Response Genes (1998)

Genes of the Major Histocompatibility Complex. Components of Antigen Processing Pathways. T Lymphocytes. Immunoglobulins and the B Cell Receptor. Autoimmune Disorders: HLA, Genetic Predisposition and the Immune System. Ncoplasias Involving Antigen Receptor Genes. Immune Response Cytokines. A List of CD Antigens. Index.
Lentivirus-Mediated RNA Interference of DC-SIGN Expression Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission from Dendritic Cells to T Cells (2004)

In the early events of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, immature dendritic cells (DCs) expressing the DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) receptor capture small amounts of HIV-1 on mucosal surfaces and spread viral infection to CD4(+) T cells in lymph nodes (22, 34, 45). RNA interference has emerged as a powerful tool to gain insight into gene function. For this purpose, lentiviral vectors that express short hairpin RNA (shRNA) for the delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) into mammalian cells represent a powerful tool to achieve stable gene silencing. In order to interfere with DC-SIGN function, we developed shRNA-expressing lentiviral vectors capable of conditionally suppressing DC-SIGN expression. Selectivity of inhibition of human DC-SIGN and L-SIGN and chimpanzee and rhesus macaque DC-SIGN was obtained by using distinct siRNAs. Suppression of DC-SIGN expression inhibited the attachment of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 to DC-SIGN transfectants, as well as transfer of HIV-1 to target cells in trans. Furthermore, shRNA-expressing lentiviral vectors were capable of efficiently suppressing DC-SIGN expression in primary human DCs. DC-SIGN-negative DCs were unable to enhance transfer of HIV-1 infectivity to T cells in trans, demonstrating an essential role for the DC-SIGN receptor in transferring infectious viral particles from DCs to T cells. The present system should have broad applications for studying the function of DC-SIGN in the pathogenesis of HIV as well as other pathogens also recognized by this receptor.
β-Ketothiolase from Hydrogenomonas eutropha H16 and its significance in the regulation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate metabolism (1973)

1. beta-Ketothiolase was purified 49-fold from fructose-grown cells of Hydrogenomonas eutropha H16 with a yield of 27%; the purification procedure involved precipitation by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, DEAE-cellulose chromatography and exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-200; the freeze-dried enzyme is stable. The molecular weight determined by sucrose-gradient centrifugation (8.2S) and by gel filtration is 147000-150000. The optimum pH for the cleavage reaction is 8.1, that for the condensation reaction 7.8, both measured in Tris-HCl buffer. 2. The kinetics of the cleavage reaction are described. Substrate-saturation curves were measured with both acetoacetyl-CoA and CoA as the variable substrates. The concentration of the second substrate was kept constant and was varied during successive experiments. The cleavage reaction is characterized by substrate inhibition by acetoacetyl-CoA, which is partially relieved by free CoA. Hill plots indicate two acetoacetyl-CoA-binding sites. 3. The substrate(acetyl-CoA)-saturation curve for the condensation reaction is hyperbolic. The K(m) was 3.9x10(-4)m-acetyl-CoA. In the presence of CoA sigmoidal curves were obtained, with an increasing sigmoidicity from 0.03 to 0.30mm-CoA. The inhibitory action of CoA on the beta-ketothiolase condensation reaction and its possible involvement in the regulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate synthesis and degradation are discussed.
CAR T Cell Toxicity: Current Management and Future Directions (2019)

By late 2018, 2 chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell products have been approved by US and European regulatory authorities. Tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah, Novartis) is indicated in the treatment of patients up to 25 years of age with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) that is refractory or in second or later relapse, or adult patients with large B-cell lymphoma relapsed or refractory (r/r) after 2 or more lines of systemic therapy, including diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) not otherwise specified, high grade B-cell lymphoma and DLBCL arising from follicular lymphoma. Axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta, Kite) is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with large B-cell lymphoma relapsed or refractory after 2 or more lines of systemic therapy, including DLBCL not otherwise specified, primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, high grade B-cell lymphoma, and DLBCL arising from follicular lymphoma (ZUMA-1 trial). This review will offer a practical guide for the recognition and management of the most important toxicities related to the use of the current commercial CAR T cells, and also highlight strategies to diminish these side effects in the future.
Character Entry Efficiency for the Chinese Language (1987)

The Chinese language is indisputably one of the most complicated languages in the world because of the tremendous number of characters and the unscientific ideographic structures.Still, a computer can process and manipulate these elements without much difficulty--provided they are entered first.Data input devices, therefore, become an especially critical path for the full utilization of the computer's capability in the Chinese language automation.Even though several state-of-the-art input devices, e.g.vocal, optical, and artificial intelligence (AI), have been researched and experimented with for some time, they have not reached the stage of economical and effective application for the daily needs of electronic data processing.Even for English-language data processing, the QWERTY keyboard remains the most popular and cost-effective device.To date, this holds true not only for English, but even more so for the Chinese language.This paper discusses the keyboard character entry device (input method) for Chinese characters called the Tsang-chieh input method.
A GP64-Null Baculovirus Pseudotyped with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus G Protein (2001)

The Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) GP64 protein is an essential virion protein that is involved in both receptor binding and membrane fusion during viral entry. Genetic studies have shown that GP64-null viruses are unable to move from cell to cell and this results from a defect in the assembly and production of budded virions (BV). To further examine requirements for virion budding, we asked whether a GP64-null baculovirus, vAc(64-), could be pseudotyped by introducing a heterologous viral envelope protein (vesicular stomatitis virus G protein [VSV-G]) into its membrane and whether the resulting virus was infectious. To address this question, we generated a stably transfected insect Sf9 cell line (Sf9(VSV-G)) that inducibly expresses the VSV-G protein upon infection with AcMNPV Sf9(VSV-G) and Sf9 cells were infected with vAc(64-), and cells were monitored for infection and for movement of infection from cell to cell. vAc(64-) formed plaques on Sf9(VSV-G) cells but not on Sf9 cells, and plaques formed on Sf9(VSV-G) cells were observed only after prolonged intervals. Passage and amplification of vAc(64-) on Sf9(VSV-G) cells resulted in pseudotyped virus particles that contained the VSV-G protein. Cell-to-cell propagation of vAc(64-) in the G-expressing cells was delayed in comparison to wild-type (wt) AcMNPV, and growth curves showed that pseudotyped vAc(64-) was generated at titers of approximately 10(6) to 10(7) infectious units (IU)/ml, compared with titers of approximately 10(8) IU/ml for wt AcMNPV. Propagation and amplification of pseudotyped vAc(64-) virions in Sf9(VSV-G) cells suggests that the VSV-G protein may either possess the signals necessary for baculovirus BV assembly and budding at the cell surface or may otherwise facilitate production of infectious baculovirus virions. The functional complementation of GP64-null viruses by VSV-G protein was further demonstrated by identification of a vAc(64-)-derived virus that had acquired the G gene through recombination with Sf9(VSV-G) cellular DNA. GP64-null viruses expressing the VSV-G gene were capable of productive infection, replication, and propagation in Sf9 cells.
Syntheses, Characterization, and Ethylene Polymerization of Titanium Complexes with Double-Duty Tridentate [ONN] Ligands (2012)

A series of titanium complexes containing the tridentate [ONN] ligands La–Lf were synthesized and characterized. The ligands Lb (8-quinolinolato-CH2NHAr; Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) has been prepared by the reduction of the corresponding imino-quinolinol compound La(8-quinolinolato-CH═NAr; Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) with LiAlH4 in high yield. Ligands Lc–Lf were synthesized by a procedure similar to that used to prepare ligand Lb. Reaction of TiCl4 with imino-quinolinol ligand La affords the six-coordinate trichloride titanium complex 1. The selective synthesis of tri- and dichlorotitanium complexes containing ligand Lb was achieved by changing the base for deprotonation. When it is deprotonated by NaH, ligand Lb can be used as a tridentate monoanionic ligand to synthesize trichlorotitanium complex 2. While deprotonated by nBuLi, it can be used as a tridentate dianionic ligand to synthesize dichlorotitanium complex 3. Other dichlorotitanium complexes 4–7 were synthesized by a procedure similar to that used to prepare complex 3. All complexes have been characterized by 1H NMR spectra and elemental analysis. The molecular structures of ligand Lb and complex 1 have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. XANES and EXAFS spectroscopy performed on the representative complexes 2 and 3 reveals the different coordination geometries. When they are activated by excess methylaluminoxane (MAO), all of the titanium complexes can be used as catalysts for ethylene polymerization and exhibit moderate to good activities. It was found that the catalytic behaviors of the title complexes were highly affected by the coordination entironment of the metal center and the effect of substituent groups on ligands.
The Role of Flexibility in Enzyme Action (1963)

Tr.e role of flexibility in enzyme action has been a continuous
Chalcogen-Bridged Copper Clusters (2002)

The investigation of coinage metal molecular clusters bridged by chalcogen atoms represents an area of ever increasing activity in recent chemical and material science research. This is largely due to the relatively high ionic and even higher electric conductivity of binary coinage metal chalcogenides, which leads to properties intermediate between those of semiconducting and metallic phases. In addition, the size-dependency of the chemical, physical, and structural properties of substances on going from small molecules to bulk materials is of general interest. Approaches towards the synthesis and investigation of such clusters have included the study of colloidal nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution, as well as the formation and isolation of crystalline cluster compounds amenable to structural determination by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Irrespective of the chosen synthesis route, the molecules have to be kinetically protected from decomposition to the thermodynamically favored binary phases by a suitable ligand sphere, often consisting of tertiary phosphane molecules, or a combination of phosphanes and organic groups. In this report, we concentrate on the syntheses and structural as well as physical properties of ligand-stabilized, chalcogen-bridged copper clusters, which have been comprehensively studied by means of experimental and quantum chemical investigations.
BRAF Gene Mutations Are Rare Events in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (2005)

The BRAF gene, one of the human isoforms of RAF, is activated by ras, leading to cooperative effects in cells responsive to growth factor signals. We studied the frequency of BRAF and k-ras-2 mutations in primary neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumors. Mutation analysis of the BRAF and k-ras-2 genes was performed in 40 primary neuroendocrine tumors of the GEP system. The expression of extracellular signaling–related kinase (ERK) 1/2, an important downstream point of convergence in the ras-RAF–mitogen-activated protein–ERK pathway was analyzed immunohistochemically. We detected one 1796 T→A BRAF mutation that led to a substitution of valine by glutamic acid at position 599 (V599E) in 40 primary neuroendocrine GEP tumors (3%). We failed to detect specific mutation of the k-ras-2 gene. We identified constitutively activated ERK in almost all neuroendocrine tumor tissues tested irrespective of BRAF mutation or localization or functional activity. These results suggest that BRAF mutations do not have a role in tumorigenesis of neuroendocrine tumors. Nevertheless, activation of the RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway might have a causative role in the development of neuroendocrine tumors, independent of BRAF or k-ras-2 mutation.
Spatial detection of fetal marker genes expressed at low level in adult human heart tissue (2017)

Heart failure is a major health problem linked to poor quality of life and high mortality rates. Hence, novel biomarkers, such as fetal marker genes with low expression levels, could potentially differentiate disease states in order to improve therapy. In many studies on heart failure, cardiac biopsies have been analyzed as uniform pieces of tissue with bulk techniques, but this homogenization approach can mask medically relevant phenotypes occurring only in isolated parts of the tissue. This study examines such spatial variations within and between regions of cardiac biopsies. In contrast to standard RNA sequencing, this approach provides a spatially resolved transcriptome- and tissue-wide perspective of the adult human heart, and enables detection of fetal marker genes expressed by minor subpopulations of cells within the tissue. Analysis of patients with heart failure, with preserved ejection fraction, demonstrated spatially divergent expression of fetal genes in cardiac biopsies.
A NEWAPPROACH TODECODINGLIFE: Systems Biology (2001)

Systems biology studies biological systems by systematically perturbing them (biologically, genetically, or chemically); monitoring the gene, protein, and informational pathway responses; integrating these data; and ultimately, formulating mathematical models that describe the structure of the system and its response to individual perturbations. The emergence of systems biology is described, as are several examples of specific systems approaches.
High-power chirped-pulse all-fiber amplification system based on large-mode-area fiber gratings (1999)

We describe the fabrication of chirped gratings in a specially developed photosensitive large-mode-area fiber and report the use of these components in a picosecond all-fiber chirped-pulse-amplification circuit. We demonstrate the generation of microjoule energy pulses with peak powers in excess of 500 kW, which we believe to be a record peak power from an all-fiber system.
Prevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies Against Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) Types 2, 5, and 6 in Cystic Fibrosis and Normal Populations: Implications for Gene Therapy Using AAV Vectors (2006)

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are promising candidates for gene therapy directed to the lungs, in particular for treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF). In animal models of lung gene transfer, neutralizing antibodies in serum made in response to vector exposure have been associated with a partial to complete block to repeat transduction by vectors with the same capsid type, thus transduction by AAV vectors might be inefficient in humans previously exposed to the same AAV type. AAV type 2 (AAV2) has been used in clinical trials of lung gene transfer, but AAV5 and AAV6 have been shown to mediate more efficient transduction in rodent lungs and in cultured human airway epithelia compared with that of AAV2. Here we have measured neutralizing antibodies against AAV type 2, 5, and 6 vectors in serum from children and adults with CF, and from normal adults. About 30% of adults were seropositive for AAV2, 20-30% were seropositive for AAV6, and 10-20% were seropositive for AAV5. CF children were seropositive for AAV type 2, 5, or 6 at rates of 4-15%. All individuals seropositive for AAV6 were also seropositive for AAV2, and the AAV6 titer was low compared with the AAV2 titer. AAV5-positive sera were lower both in titers and rates than those seen for AAV6. The results indicate that AAV type 2, 5 or 6 exposure is low in CF and control populations and even lower in CF children.
Intraretinal Layer Segmentation of Macular Optical Coherence Tomography Images Using Optimal 3-D Graph Search (2008)

Current techniques for segmenting macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) images have been 2-D in nature. Furthermore, commercially available OCT systems have only focused on segmenting a single layer of the retina, even though each intraretinal layer may be affected differently by disease. We report an automated approach for segmenting (anisotropic) 3-D macular OCT scans into five layers. Each macular OCT dataset consisted of six linear radial scans centered at the fovea. The six surfaces defining the five layers were identified on each 3-D composite image by transforming the segmentation task into that of finding a minimum-cost closed set in a geometric graph constructed from edge/regional information and a priori determined surface smoothness and interaction constraints. The method was applied to the macular OCT scans of 12 patients (24 3-D composite image datasets) with unilateral anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION). Using the average of three experts' tracings as a reference standard resulted in an overall mean unsigned border positioning error of 6.1 +/- 2.9 microm, a result comparable to the interobserver variability (6.9 +/- 3.3 microm). Our quantitative analysis of the automated segmentation results from AION subject data revealed that the inner retinal layer thickness for the affected eye was 24.1 microm (21%) smaller on average than for the unaffected eye (p < 0.001), supporting the need for segmenting the layers separately.