gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Platelet Transfusion in Leukemia and Aplastic Anemia (1966)

Hemorrhage resulting from thrombocytopenia in patients with acute leukemia and aplastic anemia can be controlled by platelet transfusions. Severe gross hemorrhage was rarely observed when platelet counts were higher than 20,000 per cu. mm. Transfusion of 1 × 10 11 platelets produced an average increment of 12–14,000 platelets per cu. mm./square meter (m 2 ) of body surface in acute leukemia. One unit of platelet rich plasma (PRP) contains an average of 1 × 10 11 platelets and 4 PRP/m 2 twice weekly will maintain the platelets above 20,000 per cu. mm. most of the time. When very large doses of platelets are required in a small volume then platelet concentrates (PC), prepared by centrifuging PRP and removing most of the plasma, are used. PC are 80 to 90 per cent as effective as PRP in elevating the platelet count if prepared from plasma with a p H of 6.8 or less, achieved by the addition of citric acid. The major hazard of platelet transfusion is posttransfusion hepatitis. This can be minimized by the use of plasmapheresis thus using the same donors repeatedly. In the presence of anemia platelets can be given effectively in fresh whole blood transfusions until the patient's hematocrit is raised.
Zoledronic acid is superior to pamidronate for the treatment of bone metastases in breast carcinoma patients with at least one osteolytic lesion (2003)

The current data indicate that treatment with 4 mg of Zol was more effective than 90 mg of Pam in reducing skeletal complications in a subset of patients with breast carcinoma who had at least 1 osteolytic lesion at study entry.
Antibodies to the hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) can be induced in HBeAg-transgenic mice by adoptive transfer of a specific T-helper 2 cell clone (1997)

Production of antibody to hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg); i.e., anti-HBe antibody,) in HBeAg-transgenic mice is believed to be mediated by T-helper 2 (Th2) cells. Injection of an HBeAg-specific Th2 clone into HBeAg-transgenic H-2k mice induced anti-HBe antibody production, confirming the function of Th2 cells in this model system.
Inflammatory leukocytes and cytokines in the peptide-induced disease of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in SJL and B10.PL mice. (1992)

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was generated in SJL and B10.PL mice by using the synthetic myelin basic protein peptides. Inflammation in brain and spinal cord preceded clinical signs of disease. Infiltrating lymphocytes were predominantly Lyt1+ (CD5+), L3T4+ (CD4+) T cells, until day 18. After that, F4/80+ monocyte/macrophages outnumbered T cells. Ia+ cells were microglia, macrophages, and endothelial cells, but Ia was not detectable on astrocytes in this EAE model. Ia+ endothelial cells appeared later in the disease than Ia+ microglia and macrophages, suggesting that antigen presentation at the blood-brain barrier is not initially responsible for inflammation. Cells staining for interferon gamma, interleukin 2 (IL-2), and IL-2 receptors were more prominent than IL-4, IL-5, lymphotoxin (LT), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), which occurred transiently in the second week and were associated with fewer cells. TNF-alpha and LT were never seen in spinal cord, suggesting that these cytokines are not responsible for initiation of clinical disease. Few or no cells stained for IL-6, IL-1, or transforming growth factor beta. Control animals injected with complete Freund's adjuvant in saline or control antigen demonstrated no inflammatory cell infiltration or cytokine production. Thus, our findings suggest a peptide-induced EAE model in which Th1 T-cell-macrophage interactions result in the disease process.
Genetic and pharmacological reactivation of the mammalian inactive X chromosome (2014)

X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), the random transcriptional silencing of one X chromosome in somatic cells of female mammals, is a mechanism that ensures equal expression of X-linked genes in both sexes. XCI is initiated in cis by the noncoding Xist RNA, which coats the inactive X chromosome (Xi) from which it is produced. However, trans-acting factors that mediate XCI remain largely unknown. Here, we perform a large-scale RNA interference screen to identify trans-acting XCI factors (XCIFs) that comprise regulators of cell signaling and transcription, including the DNA methyltransferase, DNMT1. The expression pattern of the XCIFs explains the selective onset of XCI following differentiation. The XCIFs function, at least in part, by promoting expression and/or localization of Xist to the Xi. Surprisingly, we find that DNMT1, which is generally a transcriptional repressor, is an activator of Xist transcription. Small-molecule inhibitors of two of the XCIFs can reversibly reactivate the Xi, which has implications for treatment of Rett syndrome and other dominant X-linked diseases. A homozygous mouse knockout of one of the XCIFs, stanniocalcin 1 (STC1), has an expected XCI defect but surprisingly is phenotypically normal. Remarkably, X-linked genes are not overexpressed in female Stc1(-/-) mice, revealing the existence of a mechanism(s) that can compensate for a persistent XCI deficiency to regulate X-linked gene expression.
The Photochemical Degradation of Riboflavin (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Photochemical Degradation of RiboflavinEddie C. Smith and David E. MetzlerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 20, 3285–3288Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00903a051https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00903a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views984Altmetric-Citations105LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Grass Cover Change Model Based on Cellular Automata (2008)

This research attempt to establish a grass cover change model based on cellular automata. It took the relationship between elevation, slope, aspect, settlement, road, water system and grass cover change as the foundation of the model, the dynamic progress of grass cover change was expressed by using cellular automata, the grass cover change model based on the basic geographical control condition which has been mentioned in above paragraph was constructed. The grass cover state of Madoi County in 2003 was simulated, and has been compared with the actual state of Madoi County in 2003. It was found that the grass cover change model has a high precision. The value of kappa index has reach 0.8801.
Growth and structural properties of epithelial cell cultures established from normal rat liver and chemically induced hepatomas. (1975)

Epithelial cultures established from adult rat liver and from rat hepatomas induced in vivo with aromatic amine carcinogens have been compared by light and electron microscopy and by growth properties in liquid medium and in agar. The morphology and growth patterns of all of these cultures indicate that they have characteristics of epithelial rather than fibroblast cells. The criteria generally used to score for transformation of fibroblasts were not satisfactory for distinguishing normal epithelial cells from hepatoma cells in culture. Growth in agar, however, provides a simple and objective method of scoring for transformed epithelial cells, because only the tumorigenic cells grow in agar. Since none of the normal cultures had hydrocortisone-inducible tryosine aminotransferase, we lack definitive evidence that they are derived from liver parenchymal cells. The outstanding feature in the ultrastructure of the hepatoma cells in culture was the presence of type A and C viral particles. Whereas five hepatoma cultures and a spontaneously transformed normal liver cell line were positive for these particles, five independently isolated cell cultures from normal adult rat liver were negative. Evidence is presented that the viral particles seen in hepatoma cultures are due to activation of latent viruses rather than to in vitro contamination. The possible significance of these particles in hepatocarcinogenesis is discussed.
CANINE HEMOPHILIA (1949)

A study was made of the clotting defect and the course of the malady in a group of male dogs with an inherited, sex-linked bleeding disease. The clotting defect is characterized by a prolonged clotting time and a delayed prothrombin utilization, and is corrected by the addition either of thromboplastin or of normal plasma. A plasma protein fraction, fraction I, also corrects the defect. The defect appears to be due to a deficiency of a plasma factor, which normally, in the presence of platelets, makes thromboplastin available in shed blood. The clotting anomaly appears to be identical with that found in human hemophilia. The hemostatic defect is characterized by repeated hemorrhages, usually without obvious relationship to trauma. Hemarthroses occur frequently and may result in permanent joint deformity. The animals usually die early in life from massive hemorrhage. Transfusions with normal blood or plasma correct the clotting defect and readily control the hemorrhagic phenomena. By the use of transfusions, these dogs have been reared to maturity.
From poly line to transistor: building BSIM models for non-rectangular transistors (2006)

Non-rectangular transistors in today's advanced processes pose a potential problem between manufacturing and design as today's compact transistor models have only one length and one width parameter to describe the gate dimensions. The transistor model is the critical link between manufacturing and design and needs to account for across gate CD variation as corner rounding along with other 2D proximity effects become more pronounced. This is a complex problem as threshold voltage and leakage current have a very complex non-linear relationship with gate length. There have been efforts trying to model non-rectangular gates as transistors in parallel, but this approach suffers from the lack of accurate models for "slice transistors", which could potentially necessitate new circuit simulators with new sets of complex equations. This paper will propose a new approach that approximates a non-rectangular transistor with an equivalent rectangular transistor and hence does not require a new transistor model or significant changes to circuit simulators. Effective length extraction consists of breaking a non-rectangular transistor into rectangular slices and then taking a weighted average based on simulated slice currents in HSPICE. As long as a different effective length is used for delay and static power analysis, simulation results show that the equivalent rectangular transistor behaves the same as a non-rectangular transistor.
Generation of MANAbodies specific to HLA-restricted epitopes encoded by somatically mutated genes (2015)

Mutant epitopes encoded by cancer genes are virtually always located in the interior of cells, making them invisible to conventional antibodies. We here describe an approach to identify single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) specific for mutant peptides presented on the cell surface by HLA molecules. We demonstrate that these scFvs can be successfully converted to full-length antibodies, termed MANAbodies, targeting "Mutation-Associated Neo-Antigens" bound to HLA. A phage display library representing a highly diverse array of single-chain variable fragment sequences was first designed and constructed. A competitive selection protocol was then used to identify clones specific for mutant peptides bound to predefined HLA types. In this way, we obtained two scFvs, one specific for a peptide encoded by a common KRAS mutant and the other by a common epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant. The scFvs bound to these peptides only when the peptides were complexed with HLA-A2 (KRAS peptide) or HLA-A3 (EGFR peptide). We converted one scFv to a full-length antibody (MANAbody) and demonstrate that the MANAbody specifically reacts with mutant peptide-HLA complex even when the peptide differs by only one amino acid from the normal, WT form.
Inhibition of NF‐κB/Rel nuclear translocation by dexamethasone: Mechanism for the inhibition of iNOS gene expression (1998)

The decrease in NO production was found to correlate well with a decrease in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression as demonstrated by Northern blot analysis and quantitative RT-PCR. Since the promoter in iNOS gene contains binding motifs for NF-kappa B/Rel, NF-IL6, and Oct which appear to be important for LPS-mediated iNOS induction, the effects of DEX on the activation of these transcription factors were examined. Treatment of DEX to RAW 264.7 cells induced a dose-related inhibition of NF-kappa B/Rel in chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity, while NF-IL6 or Oct activation was not affected by DEX. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with DEX inhibited DNA binding of NF-kappa B/Rel proteins to their cognate DNA site as measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In addition, DEX treatment caused a significant reduction in nuclear c-rel, p65, and p50 protein contents, and these decreases were paralleled by the accumulation of cytoplasmic c-rel, p65, and p50. These results suggest that DEX may inhibit iNOS gene expression by a mechanism involving the blockade of LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B/Rel.
Epithelial scatter factor and development of the chick embryonic axis (1990)

Scatter factor, a recently characterised protein secreted by certain embryonic fibroblasts, affects cultured epithelial by increasing cell motility, the breakdown of cell junctions and cell scattering. The process of gastrulation in higher vertebrate embryos, during which the primitive streak forms, involves an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation resembling the effects of the factor on cultured cells. The factor was applied locally to chick embryos, using both scatter-factor-secreting cell lines and inert carriers. We found that scatter factor can generate local supernumerary axial structures resembling primitive streak and/or neural plate and conclude that it may have primitive-streak and/or neural-inducing activity in chick embryos.
Comprehensive DNA Recognition through Concerted Interactions from Adjacent Zinc Fingers (1998)

Zinc fingers are small DNA-binding modules noted for their occurrence in a large number of eukaryotic transcription factors, and their use in protein engineering. Although it was expected that zinc fingers can bind to a wide diversity of DNA sequences, previous studies using model zinc finger domains from Zif268 (and Sp1) have revealed a potential limitation to the DNA-binding specificity. For example, phage display selection of individual zinc fingers to recognize trinucleotide DNA subsites returned fingers that bound specifically only to triplets of the form GNN, i.e., triplets with guanine at the 5' end. Following our recently reported work [Isalan, M., Choo, Y., and Klug, A. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 5617-5621], we now show that this limitation can be overcome by the concerted randomization of certain amino acid positions in adjacent zinc fingers that specify overlapping DNA subsites. This illustrates an important mechanism underlying DNA recognition by arrays of zinc fingers, and points the way to improved strategies for the design of highly specific zinc finger proteins that bind any given nucleotide sequence.
Claudin Proteins in Human Cancer: Promising New Targets for Diagnosis and Therapy (2005)

The tight junction proteins claudins are abnormally regulated in several human cancers. In particular, claudin-3 and claudin-4 are frequently overexpressed in several neoplasias, including ovarian, breast, pancreatic, and prostate cancers. Although the exact roles of these proteins in tumorigenesis are still being uncovered, it is clear that they represent promising targets for cancer detection, diagnosis, and therapy.
Local Distance Functions: A Taxonomy, New Algorithms, and an Evaluation (2010)

We present a taxonomy for local distance functions where most existing algorithms can be regarded as approximations of the geodesic distance defined by a metric tensor. We categorize existing algorithms by how, where, and when they estimate the metric tensor. We also extend the taxonomy along each axis. How: We introduce hybrid algorithms that use a combination of techniques to ameliorate overfitting. Where: We present an exact polynomial-time algorithm to integrate the metric tensor along the lines between the test and training points under the assumption that the metric tensor is piecewise constant. When: We propose an interpolation algorithm where the metric tensor is sampled at a number of references points during the offline phase. The reference points are then interpolated during the online classification phase. We also present a comprehensive evaluation on tasks in face recognition, object recognition, and digit recognition.
Addition of Aflibercept to Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and Irinotecan Improves Survival in a Phase III Randomized Trial in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Previously Treated With an Oxaliplatin-Based Regimen (2012)

Aflibercept in combination with FOLFIRI conferred a statistically significant survival benefit over FOLFIRI combined with placebo in patients with mCRC previously treated with oxaliplatin.
Endothelial cell culture on fibrillar collagen: model to study platelet adhesion and liposome targeting to intercellular collagen matrix. (1981)

Human umbilical endothelial cells (ECs) were grown on fibrillar type I collagen in 16.4-mm multiwell tissue culture plates. Human platelets were added to the wells, and platelet adhesion to collagen was examined by scanning electron microscopy and radioisotopic technique in the absence of ECs and in preconfluent and confluent EC cultures. Single adherent platelets of different shapes as well as small aggregates were seen on collagen surface. Human plasma fibronectin added to the system stimulated platelet adhesion and their spreading on collagen. ECs had no effect on the percentage of platelets adherent to collagen-coated gaps in preconfluent culture but decreased the number of spread platelets. It is demonstrated that collagen-coated gaps can bind 14C-labeled liposome--antibody and 14-C-labeled liposome--fibronectin conjugates. ECs grown on fibrillar collagen are suggested as useful models for screening of antiplatelet drugs and for the study of drug targeting to the areas of vascular injury for prevention of thrombosis.
Transgenic plants for the production of edible vaccines and antibodies for immunotherapy (1999)

Vaccines and antibodies play a key role in healthcare. However, the cost of production and maintaining a chain for vaccine distribution has so far hampered realizing their full potential. Expression of antigens as vaccines, and of antibodies against antigens of pathogens in transgenic plants is a convenient and inexpensive source for these immunotherapeutic molecules. Various antigens and antibodies have already been expressed successfully in plants and have been shown to retain their native functional forms. Edible plant vaccine against diarrhoea, expressed in potato, and antibody against dental caries, expressed in tobacco, is already in pre-clinical human trials. Attempts are being made to express many proteins of immunotherapeutic use at high levels in plants and to use them as bio-reactors of the modern era
Regenerative Potential of Cardiosphere-Derived Cells Expanded From Percutaneous Endomyocardial Biopsy Specimens (2007)

A method is presented for the isolation of adult human stem cells from endomyocardial biopsy specimens. CDCs are cardiogenic in vitro; they promote cardiac regeneration and improve heart function in a mouse infarct model, which provides motivation for further development for therapeutic applications in patients.
Characterization of immediate early genes expressed in chlorovirus infection (2000)

By Southern blot analysis of restriction fragments of a chlorovirus CVK2 genomic contig with probes of RNA expressed immediate early in infection, sixteen genes were specifically found to be expressed in the host cells. These genes include those for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, nucleolin, ribosomal protein S5, hyaluronan synthase, TFIID etc. All of these transcripts were polyadenylated and most likely expressed in the host nucleus. The structural characteristics of these genes are discussed in connection with their expression mechanism. The biological importance of the gene products in viral infection are also considered.
Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) in skin: stimulating, healing, restoring. (2013)

Low-level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) is a fast-growing technology used to treat a multitude of conditions that require stimulation of healing, relief of pain and inflammation, and restoration of function. Although skin is naturally exposed to light more than any other organ, it still responds well to red and near-infrared wavelengths. The photons are absorbed by mitochondrial chromophores in skin cells. Consequently, electron transport, adenosine triphosphate nitric oxide release, blood flow, reactive oxygen species increase, and diverse signaling pathways are activated. Stem cells can be activated, allowing increased tissue repair and healing. In dermatology, LLLT has beneficial effects on wrinkles, acne scars, hypertrophic scars, and healing of burns. LLLT can reduce UV damage both as a treatment and as a prophylactic measure. In pigmentary disorders such as vitiligo, LLLT can increase pigmentation by stimulating melanocyte proliferation and reduce depigmentation by inhibiting autoimmunity. Inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and acne can also be managed. The noninvasive nature and almost complete absence of side effects encourage further testing in dermatology.
Treatment options for atopic dermatitis. (2007)

Atopic dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin condition that usually affects children. It is a chronic disease, with periods of remission and flare-ups, that adversely affects the quality of life of patients and their families. Aggressive therapy with emollients is an important intervention for patients with atopic dermatitis. Patients should avoid individual disease triggers and allergens. Topical corticosteroids are the mainstay of treatment for flare-ups and are the standard to which other treatments are compared. Topical calcineurin inhibitors should not be used in patients younger than two years or in those who are immunosuppressed, and should be secondline therapies in other patients. Rarely, systemic agents (e.g., cyclosporine, interferon gamma-1b, oral corticosteroids) may be considered in adults.