gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Decreased T lymphocyte infiltration in bronchial biopsies of subjects with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2001)

Bronchial inflammation in severe COPD is characterized by lower numbers of CD3+ and CD8+ cells and decreased numbers of CD3+ cells coexpressing the chemokine receptor CCR5. T lymphocyte infiltration is inversely correlated with the degree of airflow limitation.
Effects of Hydroxy Pentacyclic Triterpene Acids from Forsythia viridissima on Asthmatic Responses to Ovalbumin Challenge in Conscious Guinea Pigs (2010)

For the identification of anti-inflammatory ingredients from Forsythiae fructus (FF), we isolated three hydroxyl pentacyclic triterpene acids (HTAs), namely, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, and betulinic acid, from an ethylacetate fraction of FF, and evaluated the effect of these triterpene acids on asthmatic guinea pigs by measuring specific airway resistance (sRaw) during both immediate-phase response (IAR) and late-phase response (LAR) following ovalbumin challenge using a double-chambered plethysmograph. Evaluation of leukocytes and chemical mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), in addition to a histopathological survey, was also performed. Ursolic, oleanolic and betulinic acids dosed at 12.5 mg/kg significantly (p<0.05) decreased sRaw by 46.80%, 46.54% and 44.27% during in IAR, respectively. And ursolic acid (25 mg/kg), and oleanolic and betulinic acids (50 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.05) decreased sRaw by 38.19%, 38.15% and 35.55% in LAR, respectively. Histamine and phospholipase A(2) activity in BALF were significantly decreased by HTAs at 12.5 mg/kg, whereas eosinophil peroxide (EPO) activity in BALF and recruitment of eosinophils were significantly decreased by HTAs at 25 mg/kg, as well as improvement of pathological changes. However, betulinic acid at 12.5 mg/kg, and ursolic and oleanolic acids at 25 mg/kg significantly inhibited leukocytes in BALF, especially eosinophils and neutrophils. Three HTAs were found to have dose-dependent anti-asthmatic effects and ursolic acid is the most active, but their activities were less than those of sodium cromoglycate, salbutamol, and dexamethasone. These results indicate HTAs had anti-asthmatic activity by decreasing of sRaw, and eosinophil recruitment and release of inflammatory mediators into the lungs.
Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors attenuate transforming-growth-factor-beta 1-stimulated capillary organization in vitro. (1997)

Angiogenesis is a complex process involving endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, migration, differentiation, and organization into patent capillary networks. Nitric oxide (NO), an EC mediator, has been reported to be antigenic as well as proangiogenic in different models of in vivo angiogenesis. Our aim was to investigate the role of NO in capillary organization using rat microvascular ECs (RFCs) grown in three-dimensional (3D) collagen gels. RFCs placed in 3D cultures exhibited extensive tube formation in the presence of transforming growth factor-beta 1. Addition of the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors L-nitro-arginine methylester (L-NAME, 1 mmol/L) or L-monomethyl-nitro-l-arginine (1 mmol/L) inhibited tube formation and the accumulation of nitrite in the media by approximately 50%. Incubation of the 3D cultures with excess L-arginine reversed the inhibitory effect of L-NAME on tube formation. In contrast to the results obtained in 3D cultures, inhibition of NO synthesis by L-NAME did not influence RFC proliferation in two-dimensional (2D) cultures or antagonize the ability of transforming growth factor-beta 1 to suppress EC proliferation in 2D cultures. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed the constitutive expression of all three NOS isoforms, neuronal, inducible, and endothelial NOSs, in 2D and 3D cultures. Moreover, Western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of immunoreactive protein for all NOS isoforms in 3D cultures of RFCs. In addition, in the face of NOS blockade, co-treatment with the NO donor sodium nitroprusside or the stable analog of cGMP, 8-bromo-cGMP, restored capillary tube formation. Thus, the autocrine production of NO and the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase are necessary events in the process of differentiation and in vitro capillary tube organization of RFCs.
Protein Prenyltransferases (1996)

Prenylation is a type of lipid modification involving covalent addition of either farnesyl (15-carbon) or more commonly geranylgeranyl (20-carbon) isoprenoids via thioether linkages to cysteine residues at or near the C terminus of intracellular proteins. The attached lipid is required for proper function of the modified protein, either as a mediator of membrane association or a determinant for specific protein-protein interactions. Prenylated proteins play crucial roles in such vital cellular processes as signal transduction and intracellular trafficking pathways.
Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus-Inoculated Chimpanzees Reveals Unexpected Clinical Profiles (1998)

The clinical course of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in a chimpanzee cohort was examined to better characterize the outcome of this valuable animal model. Results of a cross-sectional study revealed that a low percentage (39%) of HCV-inoculated chimpanzees were viremic based on reverse transcription (RT-PCR) analysis. A correlation was observed between viremia and the presence of anti-HCV antibodies. The pattern of antibodies was dissimilar among viremic chimpanzees and chimpanzees that cleared the virus. Viremic chimpanzees had a higher prevalence of antibody reactivity to NS3, NS4, and NS5. Since an unexpectedly low percentage of chimpanzees were persistently infected with HCV, a longitudinal analysis of the virological profile of a small panel of HCV-infected chimpanzees was performed to determine the kinetics of viral clearance and loss of antibody. This study also revealed that a low percentage (33%) of HCV-inoculated chimpanzees were persistently viremic. Analysis of serial bleeds from six HCV-infected animals revealed four different clinical profiles. Viral clearance with either gradual or rapid loss of anti-HCV antibody was observed in four animals within 5 months postinoculation. A chronic-carrier profile characterized by persistent HCV RNA and anti-HCV antibody was observed in two animals. One of these chimpanzees was RT-PCR positive, antibody negative for 5 years and thus represented a silent carrier. If extrapolated to the human population, these data would imply that a significant percentage of unrecognized HCV infections may occur and that silent carriers may represent potentially infectious blood donors.
The Teaching and Learning consortium :a field based model for preservice teacher education (2006)

The Teaching and Learning Consortium (TLC) was initiated in 1996 on the Strathfield campus (NSW) at Australian Catholic University in partnership with nine primary schools in the diocese of Parramatta, Sydney.The program continues to the present with an expansion to over 40 primary schools in the Sydney metropolitan and outer metropolitan areas across four catholic dioceses and several independent schools.Students involved are in Year 2 pre-graduate primary teacher education.The main focus of the learning is to align theory with practice.This is achieved by providing: a research based theoretical component involving lectures and tutorials at university; a practical component involving action learning on site in a school setting; and the integration of curriculum units with professional studies.This paper explains the TLC model of preservice teacher education through the collaboration of schools, teachers and the University.
Do New Century Catalysts Unravel the Mechanism of Stereocontrol of Old Ziegler−Natta Catalysts? (2004)

Stereoselective polymerization of 1-alkenes was discovered 50 years ago. However, a detailed knowledge of the traditional and industrially used Ziegler−Natta catalytic systems is still missing. Recently, well-defined homogeneous and octahedral complexes that polymerize propene to polypropylenes with microstructures extremely similar to those of polymers produced with the traditional catalysts were discovered. These catalysts offer the exciting opportunity to achieve insights into the mechanism of stereocontrol operative with the traditional catalytic systems.
Peak-To-Average Power Ratio Reduction in OFDM Systems: A Survey And Taxonomy (2013)

The objective of this survey is to provide the readers and practitioners in the industry with a broader understanding of the high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems and generate a taxonomy of the available solutions to mitigate the problem. Beginning with a description of OFDM systems, the survey describes the most commonly encountered impediment of OFDM systems, the PAPR problem and consequent impact on power amplifiers leading to nonlinear distortion. The survey clearly defines the metrics based on which the performance of PAPR reduction schemes can be evaluated. A taxonomy of PAPR reduction schemes classifies them into signal distortion, multiple signaling and probabilistic, and coding techniques with further classification within each category. We also provide complexity analyses for a few PAPR reduction methods to demonstrate the differences in complexity requirements between different methods. Moreover, the paper provides insights into the transmitted power constraint by showing the possibility of satisfying the constraint without added complexity by the use of companding transforms with suitably chosen companding parameters. The rapid growth in multimedia-based applications has triggered an insatiable thirst for high data rates and hence increased demand on OFDM-based wireless systems that can support high data rates and high mobility. As the data rates and mobility supported by the OFDM system increase, the number of subcarriers also increases, which in turn leads to high PAPR. As future OFDM-based systems may push the number of subcarriers up to meet the higher data rates and mobility demands, there will be also a need to mitigate the high PAPR that arises, which will likely spur new research activities. The authors believe that this survey will serve as a valuable pedagogical resource for understanding the current research contributions in the area of PAPR reduction in OFDM systems, the different techniques that are available for designers and their trade-offs towards developing more efficient and practical solutions, especially for future research in PAPR reduction schemes for high data rate OFDM systems.
Cytokine production in muscle tissue of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (1997)

Cytokine expression in muscle tissue of patients with inflammatory myopathy is dominated by IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and TGF beta1-3. The predominant IL-1alpha expression in the blood vessels indicates an importance of the endothelial cells in the inflammatory process in PM, IBM, and DM. A sustained, local release of T cell-derived cytokines may not be a requirement for tissue injury in the inflammatory myopathies. There does not appear to be a qualitative difference in cytokine expression patterns in PM, IBM, and DM.
Plasmin-Mediated Proteolysis of Osteocalcin (1997)

Plasmin cleaves osteocalcin at a site within its carboxyl end, thus creating an N-midterminal 1-43 and a short C-terminal 44-49 peptides. The products of the cleavage were identified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrophotometry and by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography followed by N-terminal sequence determination. When separated by sodium dodecyl sulfide-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of reducing agents, large (LF; N-midterminal) and a small molecular weight (SF; C-terminal) fragments can be identified. The major cleavage site involves arg43-arg44 amino acid residues, and the resulting 44-49 C-terminal fragment appears as a slow migrating band on native gels (SFnat). Elevated levels of calcium ion inhibit the plasmin-mediated lysis of osteocalcin. Plasmin-mediated cleavage of osteocalcin occurs both in solution and when bound to hydroxyapatite. Both osteocalcin cleavage products detach from the hydroxyapatite substrate. Diisopropyl fluorophosphate-inhibited plasmin does not displace osteocalcin from the hydroxyapatite surface. Previously, the C-terminal pentapeptide has been shown to be chemotactic for bone cells while bone particles lacking osteocalcin were resistant to bone resorption. We therefore hypothesize that the plasmin-mediated digestion of free and hydroxyapatite-bound osteocalcin could play a role in the regulation of bone remodeling.
Three-dimensional cell cultures: from molecular mechanisms to clinical applications (1997)

This article reviews actual advances in the development and application of three-dimensional (3-D) cell culture systems. Recent therapeutically oriented studies include characterization of multicellular-mediated drug resistance, novel ways of quantifying hypoxia, and new approaches to more efficient immunotherapy. Recent progress toward understanding the development of necrosis in tumor spheroids has been made using novel spheroid models. 3-D cultures have been used for studies on molecular mechanisms involved in invasion and metastasis, with a major focus on the role of E-cadherin. Similarly, tumor angiogenesis and the significance of vascular endothelial growth factor have been investigated in a variety of 3-D culture systems. There are many ongoing developments in tissue modeling or remodeling that promise significant progress toward the development of bioartificial liver support and artificial blood. Perhaps one of the most interesting areas of basic research with 3-D cultures is the characterization of embryoid bodies obtained from stable embryonic stem cells. These models have greatly increased the understanding of embryonic development, in particular through the notable exceptional advances in cardiogenesis.
Workload characterization and cost-quality tradeoffs in MPEG-4 decoding on resource-constrained devices (2005)

There has been a lot of interest in the embedded systems community on architectures and design methods that are targeted towards multimedia applications. This trend is pri marily motivated by the proliferation of resource and power-constrained portable devices (such as mobile phones and PDAs), a major portion of whose workload is made up of multimedia applications. In this paper, we investigate the tradeoffs between video quality and the processor cycle requirements in such resource-constrained devices, in the particular context of MPEG-4 decoding using an open source codec called XviD. The XviD codec implements a number of powerful coding tools from MPEG-4, which are organized as profiles and levels. Given the specification of an architecture on which an XviD decoder is implemented, the work presented here would guide a multimedia applications developer in selecting appropriate profiles and levels for the corresponding encoder application. While the selection of such profiles has so far been primarily influenced by the network bandwidth in the case of video streaming, our work stresses the importance of additionally taking into account the architecture of the device running the decoder application. Although the relevance of this observation is increasingly being realized, sufficient work has not yet been done to provide guidelines on how to systematically make such selections. This work attempts to address this shortcoming.
Gamma‐irradiated cross‐linked polyethylene in total hip replacements — analysis of retrieved sockets after long‐term implantation (2001)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanical and chemical characteristics of gamma-irradiated, cross-linked polyethylene after long-term service in vivo. Two gamma-irradiated ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (RCH 1000, molecular weight: 106) total hip replacement sockets were retrieved at 15 and 16 years after implantation. Mechanical and chemical characteristics of the sockets were evaluated in comparison with nonirradiated sockets. Significant surface oxidation occurred in the nonirradiated sockets; up to 75% of that seen in the irradiated ones. The mechanical properties of the irradiated sockets were not subject to increased deterioration in the presence of high free radical content. The cross-link was stable and was retained for a long period both in vivo and in ambient air. These data indicate that gamma-irradiated polyethylene was not subject to increased oxidative degradation during long-term service in vivo and confirmed the usefulness of this material as an articulating surface in total hip replacement.© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 167–171, 2001
2(1H)‐Pyridon als Austrittsgruppe bei Acylierungsreaktionen — Anwendungen in der Peptidchemie (1985)

Abstract Alkyl‐2‐pyridylcarbonate 3 bzw. Gemische aus 3 und den isomeren N ‐(Alkoxycarbonyl)‐2‐pyridonen 3 ′ eignen sich zur Einführung von Urethan‐Schutzgruppen in Aminosäuren. Aus den N ‐geschützten Aminosäuren 7 – 10 lassen sich mit 2(1 H )‐Pyridon ( 1a ) mittels der Carbodiimid‐Methode 2‐Pyridyl‐Aktivester 11 synthetisieren, die in guten Ausbeuten mit Aminosäure‐Estern 12 unter Abspaltung von 1a zu Peptiden 13 hoher optischer Reinheit kuppeln.
Improving multi-class text classification with Naive Bayes (2001)

The Problem: There are billions of text documents available in electronic form. More and more are becoming available every day. The Web itself contains over a billion documents. Millions of people send e-mail every day. Academic publications and journals are becoming available inelectronicform. Thesecollections and many others represent a massive amount of information that is easily accessible. However, seeking value in this huge collection requires organization. Many web sites offer a hierarchically-organized view of the Web. E-mail clients offer a systems for filtering e-mail. Numerous academic communities have a Web site that allows searching on papers and shows an organization of papers. However, organizing documents by hand or creating rules for filtering is painstaking and labor-intensive. This can be greatly aided by automated classifier systems. The accuracy of such systems determines their usefulness. We propose to use the Support Vector Machine (SVM) in conjunction with Error-Correcting Output Codes (ECOC) to improve the state-of-the-art in text classification. Motivation &amp;amp; Previous Work: In 1998, Joachims published results on a set of binary text classification experiments using the SVM [4]. The SVM yielded lower error than many other classification techniques. Yang followed later with experiments of her own on the same data set [5]. She used improved versions of Naive Bayes (NB) and kNN but still found that the SVM performed at least as well as all other classifiers she tried. She also found that the linear SVM performed as well as polynomial and RBF versions. Both papers used the SVM for binary text classification,
Quantifying urban attractiveness from the distribution and density of digital footprints (2009)

In the past, sensors networks in cities have been limited to fixed sensors, embedded in particular locations, under centralised control. Today, new applications can leverage wireless devices and use them as sensors to create aggregated information. In this paper, we show that the emerging patterns unveiled through the analysis of large sets of aggregated digital footprints can provide novel insights into how people experience the city and into some of the drivers behind these emerging patterns. We particularly explore the capacity to quantify the evolution of the attractiveness of urban space with a case study of in the area of the New York City Waterfalls, a public art project of four man-made waterfalls rising from the New York Harbor. Methods to study the impact of an event of this nature are traditionally based on the collection of static information such as surveys and ticket-based people counts, which allow to generate estimates about visitors’ presence in specific areas over time. In contrast, our contribution makes use of the dynamic data that visitors generate, such as the density and distribution of aggregate phone calls and photos taken in different areas of interest and over time. Our analysis provides novel ways to quantify the impact of a public event on the distribution of visitors and on the evolution of the attractiveness of the points of interest in proximity. This information has potential uses for local authorities, researchers, as well as service providers such as /nmobile network operators.
Cellular location and age-dependent changes of the regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in rat testis (1993)

This study was undertaken to examine the expression and cellular location of the various cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) subunits in different testicular cell types, using cDNA probes, isoenzyme-specific antibodies and activity measurements. Amounts of mRNA and protein were examined in cultured Sertoli cells, cultured peritubular cells, germ cells (pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids), Leydig cell tumours as well as whole testes from rats of various ages. In Sertoli cells, there was a good correlation between the amount of mRNA and the respective immunoreactive proteins. In other types of cell, such as germ cells and Leydig tumour cells, this was not always the case. Large amounts of RIIβ mRNA were found in Leydig tumour cells, whereas the amount of immunoreactive protein was low. Furthermore, large amounts of small-sized, germ cell-specific mRNAs for RIα (1.7 kb) and RIIα (2.2 kb) were also found in the developing rat testis after 30 to 40 days of age, but the large amounts of mRNA were only partially reflected at the protein level. Pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids were practically devoid of both RIIα and RIIβ protein. During spermatid differentiation, there was a decrease in RIα and an increase in RIIα protein. Cell specific distribution of the various PKA subunits in testicular cell types is described. In some types of cell, discrepancies between mRNA and protein were demonstrated, which clearly suggest cell specific differences in translational efficiencies for some of these mRNAs, particularly the small-sized mRNAs for RIα and RIIα in meiotic and post-meiotic germ cells.
Impact of Oral Sildenafil on Exercise Performance in Children and Young Adults After the Fontan Operation (2011)

In this cohort, sildenafil significantly improved ventilatory efficiency during peak and submaximal exercise. There was also a suggestion of improved oxygen consumption at the anaerobic threshold in 2 subgroups. These findings suggest that sildenafil may be an important agent for improving exercise performance in children and young adults with single-ventricle physiology after the Fontan operation. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00507819.
Intra-arterial Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma (2011)

Of 12 eyes managed with IAC as primary treatment, globe salvage was achieved in 67%. Eyes classified as group C or D showed 100% globe salvage, whereas group E had 33% salvage. Of 4 eyes managed with IAC as secondary treatment, globe salvage was achieved in 50%.