gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression and function of striatal enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase is profoundly altered in cerebral ischemia (2008)

Striatal enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) acts in the central nervous system to dephosphorylate a number of important proteins involved in synaptic function including ERK and NMDA receptor subunits. These proteins are also linked to stroke, in which cerebral ischemia triggers a complex cascade of events. Here we demonstrate that STEP is regulated at both the transcriptional and the post-transcriptional levels in rat models of cerebral ischemia and that its regulation may play a role in the outcome of ischemic insults. After transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, there are profound decreases in the levels of STEP mRNA, whilst in global ischemia STEP mRNA is selectively down-regulated in areas susceptible to ischemic damage. In a neuroprotective preconditioning paradigm, and in regions of the brain that are relatively resistant to ischemic damage, STEP mRNA levels are increased. Furthermore, there is a significant processing of STEP after ischemia to generate a novel species, STEP(33), resulting in a redistribution of STEP from membrane-bound to soluble compartments. Concomitant with the cleavage of mature forms of STEP, there are changes in the phosphorylation state of ERK. We show that the cleavage of STEP leads to a catalytically active form, but this cleaved form no longer binds to and dephosphorylates its substrate pERK. Therefore, in response to ischemic insults, there are profound reductions in both the amount and the activity of STEP, its localization, as well as the activity of one of its key substrates, pERK. These changes in STEP may reflect a critical role in the outcomes of ischemic brain injury.
A configurable multimedia middleware platform (1999)

Experience demonstrates the benefits and feasibility of supporting multimedia applications in distributed middleware architectures. However, deployment of multimedia-capable middleware platforms has not yet occurred on a large scale. This article describes designing such a platform and its attempts to maximize performance, predictability, and configurability in a standard workstation operating system environment.
Data retention behavior of a SONOS type two-bit storage flash memory cell (2002)

Data retention loss mechanisms in a 2-bit SONOS type flash EEPROM cell with hot electron programming and hot hole erase are investigated. In erase (low-Vt) state, a threshold voltage drift with storage time is observed after P/E cycling stress. Positive trapped charge creation in the bottom oxide is found to be responsible for the drift. In program (high-Vt) state, data retention loss is attributed mostly to nitride charge escape by Frenkel-Poole emission and oxide trap assisted tunneling. A square-root dependence of the nitride charge loss on electric field is obtained. A Vg-acceleration method for retention lifetime measurement is proposed.
The power of tiny initrd (2016)

The benefits of using an initrd/initramfs as a real root filesystem and not using a hard drive in your servers.
InvisibleEye (2017)

Analysis of everyday human gaze behaviour has significant potential for ubiquitous computing, as evidenced by a large body of work in gaze-based human-computer interaction, attentive user interfaces, and eye-based user modelling. However, current mobile eye trackers are still obtrusive, which not only makes them uncomfortable to wear and socially unacceptable in daily life, but also prevents them from being widely adopted in the social and behavioural sciences. To address these challenges we present InvisibleEye, a novel approach for mobile eye tracking that uses millimetre-size RGB cameras that can be fully embedded into normal glasses frames. To compensate for the cameras’ low image resolution of only a few pixels, our approach uses multiple cameras to capture different views of the eye, as well as learning-based gaze estimation to directly regress from eye images to gaze directions. We prototypically implement our system and characterise its performance on three large-scale, increasingly realistic, and thus challenging datasets: 1) eye images synthesised using a recent computer graphics eye region model, 2) real eye images recorded of 17 participants under controlled lighting, and 3) eye images recorded of four participants over the course of four recording sessions in a mobile setting. We show that InvisibleEye achieves a top person-specific gaze estimation accuracy of 1.79° using four cameras with a resolution of only 5 × 5 pixels. Our evaluations not only demonstrate the feasibility of this novel approach but, more importantly, underline its significant potential for finally realising the vision of invisible mobile eye tracking and pervasive attentive user interfaces.
Non-cooperative games (1989)

Von Neumann and Morgenstern have developed a very fruitful theory of two-person zero-sum games in their book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. This book also contains a theory of n-person games of a type which we would call cooperative. This theory is based on an analysis of the interrelationships of the various coalitions which can be formed by the players of the game.
Endothelium-dependent vasodilation and oxidative stress in chronic renal failure. (2002)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of death in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Endothelial function and oxidative stress (OS) have previously been shown to be important in the pathogenesis of CVD. In this thesis, the endothelium-dependent vasodilatation (EDV) and OS were investigated in the patients with CRF. Also the influence of L-arginine, erythropoietin and diclofenac on EDV were evaluated in patients with CRF. Patients with CRF were found to be characterized by a defect EDV even after correction for traditional cardiovascular risk factors. This impairment was related to the degree of renal failure. Measurement of OS markers in CRF patients demonstrated that these patients were in a state of OS compared to healthy controls. The most informative indices to evaluate the degree of OS in CRF were: oxidized glutathione (GSSG) level, ratio between oxidized and reduced glutathione (GSSG/GSH ratio), lag phase of lipoprotein fraction (LPF) and baseline diene conjugation level of LPF. Simultaneously investigated OS markers and EDV demonstrated a relationship between OS and EDV in patients with CRF. EDV was positively correlated with total antioxidative activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) and lag phase of LDL. Local infusion of L-arginine as a substrate for nitric oxide synthesis and diclofenac as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-derived vasoconstrictive agents augmented EDV in patients CRF. In contrast, the erythopoietin treatment (both acute and long-term) impaired EDV in CRF patients. In conclusion, patients with CRF have increased levels of OS markers and impaired endothelial vasodilatory function. These factors may be important with respect to the high morbidity and mortality of CVD found in patients with CRF. One possible mechanism to reduce CVD in patients with CRF is to improve endothelial function and eliminate OS. Locally administrated L-arginine and diclofenae improved EDV but erythropoietin administration impaired EDV in patients with CRF.
The Synthesis of Cystine Peptides by Iodine Oxidation of S‐Trityl‐cysteine and S‐Acetamidomethyl‐cysteine Peptides (1980)

Abstract Previously reported studies of the iodine oxidation of S ‐trityl‐cysteine peptides and S ‐acetamidomethyl‐cysteine peptides, leading directly to cystine peptides, have been extended. Detailed investigations have been made of the reactivities of the S ‐trityl and the S ‐acetamidomethyl group towards iodine in various solvents. In chloroform, methylene chloride, trifluoroethanol, and hexafluoroisopropyl alcohol the differences in the reaction rates of the two groups have been found to be extremely large, allowing the selective conversion of the tritylthio groups to disulfides in the presence of the S ‐acetamidomethyl derivatives. In a second group of solvents, consisting of methanol, acetic acid, dioxane, and mixtures of these solvents with water, simultaneous iodine oxidation of S ‐trityl‐ and S ‐acetamidomethyl‐cysteine peptides leads to a preferential combination of these two residues, resulting in predominantly asymmetrical cystine derivatives. ‐ The suitability of the two sulfur‐protecting groups in the synthesis of cyclic cystine peptides has been assessed. ‐ Possible reaction mechanisms are discussed. ‐ The scope and limitations of iodine oxidation in peptide synthesis have been studied. The applicability of the method has been demonstrated in the preparation of the open‐chain asymmetrical cystine peptide 5 , the protected somatostatin derivative 17 , and the A(1–13) segment 19 of human insulin, previously employed in the total synthesis of this hormone.
Teletext Decoders--Keeping up With The Latest Technology Advances (1984)

The new generation teletext decoder, unlike its predecessor introduced in 1976, is user programmable under the control of a general purpose microcomputer or microprocessor. The new decoder is programinable to operate in the Vertical Blanking Interval (VBI) or full field teletext mode of operation. It can, simultaneously, acquire multi-pages resulting in a much faster system response time.
Botulinum B Toxin as an Alternative to Botulinum A Toxin (1993)

Histochemical effects of botulinum B toxin were studied on fibers from longissimus dorsi muscle in Albino rabbits and compared to effects produced by botulinum A toxin. Acetylcholinesterase staining, muscle fiber size analysis, and ATPase staining indicated botulinum B toxin produced a denervation gradient and field similar to that produced by botulinum A toxin. At 5 weeks postinjection with botulinum B toxin, analysis showed muscle fiber size variability, and diffuse acetylcholinesterase fiber staining comparable to botulinum A toxin at the injection site. Muscle sections taken at 4.0 cm for analysis showed statistically significant decreased fiber size variability and contraction of acetylcholinesterase staining pattern for both immunotypes. In addition, the denervation reflected by histochemical staining and fiber size analysis appeared transient and lasted for approximately 3 months for both immunotypes. These findings suggest botulinum B toxin produces pharmacologic effects on innervation of striated muscle similar to botulinum A toxin. Because immunologic tolerance has been demonstrated after therapeutic botulinum A toxin injections, further clinical studies need to be conducted with other immunotypes of toxin with no cross-reactivity to type A.
Regulation of Homologous Recombination in Eukaryotes (2010)

Homologous recombination (HR) is required for accurate chromosome segregation during the first meiotic division and constitutes a key repair and tolerance pathway for complex DNA damage, including DNA double-strand breaks, interstrand crosslinks, and DNA gaps. In addition, recombination and replication are inextricably linked, as recombination recovers stalled and broken replication forks, enabling the evolution of larger genomes/replicons. Defects in recombination lead to genomic instability and elevated cancer predisposition, demonstrating a clear cellular need for recombination. However, recombination can also lead to genome rearrangements. Unrestrained recombination causes undesired endpoints (translocation, deletion, inversion) and the accumulation of toxic recombination intermediates. Evidently, HR must be carefully regulated to match specific cellular needs. Here, we review the factors and mechanistic stages of recombination that are subject to regulation and suggest that recombination achieves flexibility and robustness by proceeding through metastable, reversible intermediates.
Alteration of the Substrate Specificity of Benzoylformate Decarboxylase from Pseudomonas putida by Directed Evolution (2003)

Alteration of the substrate specificity of thiamin diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD) by error-prone PCR is described. Two mutant enzymes, L476Q and M365L-L461S, were identified that accept ortho-substituted benzaldehyde derivatives as donor substrates, which leads to the formation of 2-hydroxy ketones. Both variants, L476Q and M365L-L461S, selectively catalyze the formation of enantiopure (S)-2-hydroxy-1-(2-methylphenyl)propan-1-one with excellent yields, a reaction which is only poorly catalyzed by the wild-type enzyme. Different ortho-substituted benzaldehyde derivatives, such as 2-chloro-, 2-methoxy-, or 2-bromobenzaldehyde are accepted as donor substrates by both BFD variants as well and conversion with acetaldehyde resulted in the corresponding (S)-2-hydroxy-1-phenylpropan-1-one derivatives. As deduced from modeling studies based on the 3D structure of wild-type BFD, reduction of the side chain size at position L461 probably results in an enlarged substrate binding site and facilitates the initial binding of ortho-substituted benzaldehyde derivatives to the cofactor ThDP.
Cre-mediated gene deletion in the mammary gland (1997)

To delete genes specifically from mammary tissue using the Cre-lox system, we have established transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase under control of the WAP gene promoter and the MMTV LTR. Cre activity in these mice was evaluated by three criteria. First, the tissue distribution of Cre mRNA was analyzed. Second, an adenovirus carrying a reporter gene was used to determine expression at the level of single cells. Third, tissue specificity of Cre activity was determined in a mouse strain carrying a reporter gene. In adult MMTV-Cre mice expression of the transgene was confined to striated ductal cells of the salivary gland and mammary epithelial cells in virgin and lactating mice. Expression of WAP-Cre was only detected in alveolar epithelial cells of mammary tissue during lactation. Analysis of transgenic mice carrying both the MMTV-Cre and the reporter transgenes revealed recombination in every tissue. In contrast, recombination mediated by Cre under control of the WAP gene promoter was largely restricted to the mammary gland but occasionally observed in the brain. These results show that transgenic mice with WAP-Cre but not MMTV-Cre can be used as a powerful tool to study gene function in development and tumorigenesis in the mammary gland.
On the Determination of the Stereochemistry of Semisynthetic Natural Product Analogues using Chiroptical Spectroscopy: Desulfurization of Epidithiodioxopiperazine Fungal Metabolites (2011)

Isolation and semisynthetic modification of the fungal metabolite chaetocin gave access to a desulfurized analogue of this natural product. Detailed chiroptical studies, comparing experimentally obtained optical rotation values, electronic circular dichroism spectra, and vibrational circular dichroism spectra to computationally simulated ones, reveal the desulfurization of chaetocin to unambiguously proceed with retention of configuration. Consideration of the plausible mechanisms for this process highlighted inconsistencies in the stereochemical assignment of related molecules in the literature. This in turn allowed the stereochemical reassignment of the natural product analogue dethiodehydrogliotoxin.
Failure of the bovine papillomavirus to transform mouse embryo fibroblasts with a targeted disruption of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor genes (1995)

Mouse embryo cells with a targeted disruption of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) genes (R- cells) are refractory to transformation by the simian virus 40 large T antigen and/or an activated and overexpressed Ras, both of which readily transform cells from wild-type littermate embryos and other 3T3-like cells. R- cells are also refractory to transformation induced by overexpressed epidermal growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta. Since the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta is required for transformation by bovine papillomavirus, we inquired whether the IGF-IR was also required for transformation by bovine papillomavirus E5 oncoprotein. We show here that R- cells are refractory to transformation by E5; reintroduction into R- cells of a human IGF-IR restores the susceptibility to transformation.
Quinolone accumulation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (1999)

The accumulation of nalidixic acid and 14 fluoroquinolones over a range of external drug concentrations (10-100 mg/L; c. 25-231 microM) into intact cells of Escherichia coli KL-16, Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8532, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 10662 and spheroplasts of E. coli was investigated. The effect of 100 microM carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) upon the concentration of quinolone accumulated by intact cells and spheroplasts of E. coli was also determined. Except for pefloxacin, there was an increase in the concentration of the six quinolones examined accumulated by E. coli, despite a reduction in fluorescence at alkaline pH. For ciprofloxacin the partition coefficient (P(app)) was constant despite an increase in the pH; however, the P(app) for nalidixic acid decreased significantly with an increase in pH. The concentration of nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin accumulated by E. coli and S. aureus increased with an increase in temperature up to 40 degrees C and 50 degrees C, respectively. Above these temperatures the cell viability decreased. With an increase in drug concentration there was, for intact E. coli and 12/15 agents, and for S. aureus and 10/15 agents, a linear increase in the concentration of drug accumulated. However, for P. aeruginosa and 13/15 agents there was apparent saturation of an accumulation pathway. Assuming 100% accumulation into intact cells of E. coli, for 10/14 fluoroquinolones < or = 40% was accumulated by spheroplasts. CCCP increased the concentration of quinolone accumulated but the increase varied with the agent and the bacterial species. The variation in the effect of CCCP upon accumulation of the different quinolones into E. coli could result from chemical interactions or from different affinities of the proposed efflux transporter for each quinolone. Overall, these data suggest that accumulation of most quinolones into E. coli and S. aureus proceeds by simple diffusion, but that P. aeruginosa behaves differently.
Cutting Edge Communication: Osmometric and Permeability Characteristics of Human Placental/Umbilical Cord Blood CD34T + Cells and Their Application to Cryopreservation (2000)

The transplantation of placental/cord blood-derived HPC (e.g., CD34+ cells) has become a useful treatment for a broad spectrum of malignant and nonmalignant diseases. The ability to cryopreserve this cell type with high efficiency adds considerable flexibility to cord blood transplantation. The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of the fundamental cryobiologic factors of these cells, including the osmotic/permeability characteristics, and to use a theoretical approach to optimize freezing procedures. To that end, biophysical parameters, including the osmotically inactive cell volume (Vb), hydraulic conductivity (Lp), and cryoprotectant permeability coefficient (P(CPA)) for DMSO and propylene glycol were measured using a modified Coulter Counter (Coulter Electronics, Inc., Hialeah, FL) at 22 degrees C. In addition, the osmotic tolerance of PCB CD34+ cells was assessed using a colony-forming assay. These experimentally determined parameters were used in a mathematical model to predict optimal cryoprotectant addition and removal procedures. The results demonstrate a Vb of 0.32 x V(iso), an average Lp of 0.17 +/- 0.03 (microm/min/atm +/- SD), and a PCPA of 0.94 +/- 0.004 or 1.0 +/- 0.004 cm/min (x10(-3)) for DMSO or propylene glycol, respectively. No significant difference was determined between the two cryoprotectants used. The osmotic tolerance limits were determined to be 200 and 600 mOsm/kg (1.29 and 0.62 x V(iso), respectively). These results indicate potential benefits of modifications to the widely used method of Rubinstein et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:10119-10122, 1995) for cord blood CD34+ cell cryopreservation. As opposed to Rubinstein's method in which DMSO is added to cooled cell suspensions over a 15-min interval, our data indicate that better results may be obtained by introducing and removing the cryoprotectant at ambient temperature over 5 min both to increase viability by avoiding unnecessary risks from osmotic shock and to simplify the protocol. In addition, substitution of propylene glycol for DMSO may be of benefit during the actual freezing and thawing process.
Clones: A Hard Act to Follow (2000)

Often left out of news reports of cloned animals is the fact that for every 100 attempts, just two or three live offspring typically result. Now many researchers are going back to the lab to attempt to find out why. They are probing fundamental questions of cell biology, as well as trying to figure out whether there is something inherently flawed in "asexual" reproduction in mammals, or whether some problem lies in the in vitro component of the process. For now, the serious obstacles suggest that human cloning may be a long way off.
Variants of the Obligate Methanotroph Isolate 761M Capable of Growth on Glucose in the Absence of Methane (1984)

Isolate 761M is an unusual type I methanotroph that possesses a complete tricarboxylic acid cycle. Variants of this methanotroph that were capable of growth with methanol (isolate 761AR) or glucose (isolate 761H) have been isolated. Cultures of isolate 761H grown with glucose and casein hydrolysate as the sole carbon and energy sources retained the ability to grow on methane, contained methane monooxygenase and 3-hexulose phosphate synthase, and possessed intracytoplasmic membranes similar to those found in thin sections of isolate 761M grown on methane. Methane monooxygenase was also present in cultures of isolate 761AR grown on methanol and casein hydrolysate.
Diphenylphosphoryl azide. New convenient reagent for a modified Curtius reaction and for peptide synthesis (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDiphenylphosphoryl azide. New convenient reagent for a modified Curtius reaction and for peptide synthesisTakayuki Shioiri, Kunihiro Ninomiya, and Shunichi YamadaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 17, 6203–6205Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00772a052https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00772a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views11757Altmetric-Citations835LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts