gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential increased survival of staphylococci and limited ultrastructural changes in the core of infected fibrin clots after daptomycin administration (1996)

A possible explanation for the difficulties encountered in curing deep fibrin-embedded infections is that antibiotic diffusion inside the infected fibrin matrix is not homogeneous and is insufficient to neutralize the pathogen. To evaluate this conjecture, the differential pharmacodynamics of daptomycin in fibrin clots infected with methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis was estimated. Daptomycin (20 or 50 mg/kg of body weight) was infused over 30 min. Fibrin clots and blood samples were evaluated from 0.5 to 42 h after the injections. The half-lives of daptomycin in serum and fibrin clot were close to identical after the two doses and averaged 5.4 and 22 h, respectively. The mean areas under the concentration-time curves from 0 to 42 h (AUC0-infinity) for daptomycin concentrations in serum and infected clots were 575 +/- 36.7 and 215 +/- 6.2 micrograms/g/h after administration of 20 mg/kg and 1,089 +/- 39.9 and 326 +/- 16.8 micrograms/g/h after administration of 50 mg/kg. A concentration gradient from the periphery to the core of the clots was observed in many clots up to 18 h after treatment. Mean peak concentrations in the core of the clots reached 60% of the peripheral values (P < 0.05) and were delayed for at least 3 h compared with the peripheral peak concentrations. AUC0-42 h of daptomycin concentration in the periphery and the core of clots were significantly different (P < 0.01). Survival of microorganisms was better in the core than in the periphery, with as much as a 3 log10 CFU/g difference between the center and the surface of the clot. Bacterial examination by transmission electron microscopy also showed noticeable differences in ultrastructural changes between those in the periphery and those in the core of the clots. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics of daptomycin are significantly different at the periphery and within the core of fibrin clots, which may have led to the higher bacterial survival in the core of clots. Limited diffusion of daptomycin in fibrin, an essential component of the vegetation in bacterial endocarditis, could explain at least in part some of the treatment failures.
B cell helper factors. I. Requirement for both interleukin 2 and another 40,000 mol wt factor. (1981)

A helper factor(s) distinct from interleukin 2 (IL-2) was shown to be present in the concanavalin A-stimulated supernatant of normal mouse spleen cells (normal Con A Sn). Spleen cells thoroughly depleted of T cells required both IL-2 and this factor to produce antibody-secreting cells in response to sheep erythrocytes, although in the presence of IL-2 and a few T cells the requirement for the factor was less apparent. The factor had an apparent approximately 40,000 mol wt. The factor was found in normal Con A Sn that had been depleted of IL-2 by absorption with IL-2-dependent T cells and was absent from Con A-stimulated supernatants of the IL-2-producing T cell hybridoma, FS6-14.13. These results indicate that multiple helper factors control the B cell response to antigen and that IL-2, in addition to its T cell growth promoting activity, plays a direct role in B cell responses.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor from human lymphocytes. The effect of glycosylation on receptor binding and biological activity. (1990)

Native human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) has previously been purified using methods which typically required several sequential chromatographic steps and only yielded small amounts of hGM-CSF. We have purified and characterized hGM-CSF using monoclonal antibodies raised against bacterially synthesized hGM-CSF. Activated donor T-lymphocytes grown in interleukin-2 and then reactivated with phytohemagglutinin produce several forms of hGM-CSF which can be purified using immunoaffinity absorption followed by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The purified hGM-CSF consisted of at least nine species ranging in molecular weight (Mr) from 14,500 to 32,000. The higher Mr forms contained one or two N-linked carbohydrate moieties and were more acidic by two-dimensional Western blot analysis, consistent with increasing sialation. N-terminal sequence analysis of high and low molecular weight hGM-CSF fractions corresponded to that predicted by the cDNA sequence. Using the AML 193 [3H]thymidine incorporation assay the specific activity of the heavily glycosylated hGM-CSF was 1 x 10(8) units/mg compared with 6 x 10(8) units/mg for the non-glycosylated hGM-CSF produced by Escherichia coli. The different hGM-CSF forms induced neutrophil superoxide anion production by a variable amount depending on the extent of N-linked glycosylation. Receptor binding studies demonstrated lower receptor affinity for the heavily glycosylated form (KD = 820 pM) compared to less heavily glycosylated (KD = 78 pM) and non-glycosylated hGM-CSF produced by E. coli (KD = 30 pM). These differences are due to differences in the kinetic association rate.
Lactose malabsorption and intolerance: pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment (2013)

Lactose malabsorption is a common condition caused by reduced expression or activity of lactase in the small intestine. In such patients, lactose intolerance is characterized by abdominal symptoms (e.g. nausea, bloating, and pain) after ingestion of dairy products. The genetic basis of lactose malabsorption is established and several tests for this condition are available, including genetic, endoscopic, and H2-breath tests. In contrast, lactose intolerance is less well understood. Recent studies show that the risk of symptoms after lactose ingestion depends on the dose of lactose, lactase expression, intestinal flora, and sensitivity of the gastrointestinal tract. Lactose intolerance has recently been defined as symptoms developing after ingestion of lactose which do not develop after placebo challenge in a person with lactose maldigestion. Such blinded testing might be especially important in those with functional gastrointestinal diseases in whom self-reported lactose intolerance is common. However, placebo-controlled testing is not part of current clinical practice. Updated protocols and high-quality outcome studies are needed. Treatment options of lactose intolerance include lactose-reduced diet and enzyme replacement. Documenting the response to multiple doses can guide rational dietary management; however, the clinical utility of this strategy has not been tested. This review summarizes the genetic basis, diagnosis, and treatment of lactose malabsorption and intolerance.
Inclusion proteins of Chlamydiaceae. (2006)

Chlamydiaceae are obligate intracellular pathogens with family members among the etiological agents of several human diseases, such as blinding trachoma, sexually transmitted disease (Chlamydia trachomatis) and pneumonia (Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci). The bacteria replicate intracellularly in a membrane-bound vacuole termed inclusion. The chlamydial inclusion is effectively separated from eukaryotic endocytic pathways. More than two decades ago it was already speculated that Chlamydiae might modify the inclusion membrane through the insertion of chlamydial-derived components. However, because the classical genetic approaches cannot be applied to manipulate these bacteria, it took more than 10 years before definitive proof was obtained that Chlamydiae indeed actively modify the inclusion membrane by the insertion of proteins of chlamydial origin, first observed by Rockey et al. in 1995. This review will focus on the structural and functional aspects of inclusion proteins of Chlamydiaceae, thereby summarizing data obtained by in vitro studies and comparative genomics.
IL-31 Expression by Inflammatory Cells is Preferentially Elevated in Atopic Dermatitis (2012)

Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is a recently discovered cytokine expressed in many human tissues, and predominantly by activated CD4(+) T cells. IL-31 signals through a heterodimeric receptor consisting of IL-31 receptor alpha (IL-31RA) and oncostatin M receptor beta (OSMR). Earlier studies have shown involvement of IL-31 and its receptor components IL-31RA and OSMR in atopic dermatitis, pruritus and Th2-weighted inflammation at the mRNA level. The aim of this study was to investigate IL-31 protein expression in skin of such conditions. Immunohistochemical staining for IL-31, IL-31RA and OSMR was performed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens. IL-31 expression was increased in the inflammatory infiltrates from skin biopsies taken from subjects with atopic dermatitis, compared with controls (p ≤ 0.05). IL-31, IL-31RA and OSMR protein immunoreactivity was not increased in biopsies from subjects with other Th2-weighted and pruritic skin diseases. Our results confirm, at the protein level, the relationship between IL-31 expression and atopic dermatitis. Our results do not support a general relationship between expression of IL-31/IL-31R and pruritic or Th2-mediated diseases.
Host-mediated antitumor effect of DMG, a degraded D-manno-D-glucan from Microellobosporia grisea culture fluid. (1984)

DMG, a new polysaccharide with a well-characterized structure, isolated from the culture filtrate of an actinomycetes and then degraded by acid treatment, was tested for antitumor activity on allogeneic and syngeneic tumors in mice. In the allogeneic Ehrlich solid tumor system, DMG showed antitumor activity over a wide dose range, its optimal dose being 10-100 mg/kg. The optimal time of DMG administration was 1-2 weeks after tumor inoculation, but DMG was also effective when given before tumor inoculation. DMG was effective when given ip, sc, it (intratumorally) or iv. DMG also had antitumor effects on syngeneic tumors. It rapidly inhibited the growth of MM46 mammary carcinoma, MH134 hepatoma, and Meth A fibrosarcoma, and also inhibited spontaneous pulmonary metastases of B16-BL6 melanoma. However, it had no direct cytocidal action on tumor cells in vitro. Its antitumor activity was much less in athymic nude mice and in mice immunosuppressed by whole-body X-irradiation than in normal hosts.Thus, DMG was shown to exert antitumor activity via host-mediated mechanisms. Its antitumor activity is discussed in comparison with those of other antitumor polysaccharides.
Regulation of the Immune Response — Inducer and Suppressor T-Lymphocyte Subsets in Human Beings (1980)

HUMAN T lymphocytes are endowed with the capacity to recognize specific antigens, execute effector functions, and regulate the type and intensity of virtually all cellular and humoral immune responses.1 Two major functionally distinct subsets of T cells have been defined with heteroantiserums, autoantibodies, and monoclonal antibodies directed at stable cell-surface antigens.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Both have been independently programmed for their respective inducer (helper) and cytotoxic/suppressor functions during intrathymic differentiation. This review focuses on the biology of human regulatory T-cell subpopulations in health and disease.Development of T LymphocytesA thymic microenvironment is necessary for the differentiation of T cells in all species. . . .
Speech recognition using zero-crossing measurements and sequence information (1969)

A technique for discrimination of speech sounds has been proposed, based on the measurements of rate at which zero crossings fall into previously defined channels. The rate-measuring circuits produce an analogue voltage output which represents a measure of a sound being present as a function of time. These circuits are then combined for maximum detection and integration before the sound is classified. The equipment can discriminate up to 16 sound classes, which correspond roughly to phonemes or groups of phonemes. When a word is spoken a sequence of characters is generated, each character representing a sound class. This sequence is then processed by a set of algorithms, in order to arrive at a decision as to which word has been spoken. No prior segmentation of the speech signal is necessary since that is inherent in the proposed system. The technique incorporates an adaptation process of (a) movement of boundaries or zero-crossing channels (b) adjustment of reference and threshold levels (c) control of timing, and (d) adjustment of an amount of a.c. bias mixed with the signal prior to zero crossing. Tests conducted with 30 references and 12 unknown talkers (all males), using a vocabulary of 15 words (including digits), gave recognition scores in the range 91%–98%, depending on the conditions of the tests.
TANK, a co-inducer with TRAF2 of TNF- and CD 40L-mediated NF-kappaB activation. (1996)

We describe a new signal mediator of NF-kappaB activation, TANK, that acts in a pathway common to two surface receptors CD40 and TNFR II. TRAF family members interact directly with these receptors. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, TANK was identified as an intracellular protein without previous homologs that interacts with all three known TRAF family members. In cotransfection experiments, TANK and TRAF2 activate NF-kappaB synergistically, requiring both the amino-terminal portion of TANK and the ring finger domain of TRAF2. TANK has a negatively acting carboxyl terminus and is constitutively inactive, but TRAF2 binding overcomes the internal inhibitory influence. We propose that ligand binding to CD40 or TNFR II leads to the formation of a TRAF2/TANK complex, mediating NF-kappaB activation.
Over-220-GHz-f/sub T/-and-f/sub max/ InP/InGaAs double-heterojunction bipolar transistors with a new hexagonal-shaped emitter (2002)

Superior high-frequency characteristics with peak f/sub T/ of 228 GHz and f/sub max/ of 227 GHz are demonstrated for self-aligned InP/InGaAs DHBTs with a novel collector structure and a new hexagonal emitter geometry. These improvements in f/sub T/ and f/sub max/ are due to the thickness optimization of the base and collector layers and the reduction of parasitic base resistance and base/collector capacitance through the use of the new emitter geometry.
The outcome of adding peripheral neuromodulation (stoller afferent neuro-stimulation) to anti-muscarinic therapy in women with severe overactive bladder (2010)

Combining SANS and anti-muscarinic therapy resulted in significantly better clinical outcomes and IIQ-7 scores as compared with anti-muscarinic treatment alone in patients with severe overactive bladder.
Improved electrophoretic separation and immunoblotting of beta‐amyloid (Aβ) peptides 1–40, 1–42, and 1–43 (1997)

Beta-amyloid peptides (A beta peptides) form the main protein component of the amyloid deposits found in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Soluble A beta peptides, which are proteolytic fragments of the amyloid-precursor protein (APP) are constitutively secreted by cells expressing APP during normal metabolism [1] and are also present in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid [2]. Missense mutations in Codon 717 of the APP gene are responsible for a small percentage of inherited AD cases (FAD) and increase the amount of A beta peptides containing additional carboxy terminal amino acids (A beta 1-42, A beta 1-43) [3, 4]. Recent findings indicate that FAD mutations in the presenilin 1 and 2 genes also increase the amount of these longer A beta peptides [5]. A beta 1-42 polymerizes more rapidly in vitro [6] than A beta 1-40 and has been identified as the major component of the brain amyloid deposits [7-9]. We recently developed a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) system [10] for the separation of these two peptides. Here we describe a modified version of the original SDS-PAGE procedure, which allows the separation of A beta 1-40, A beta 1-42, and A beta 1-43 for the first time. Detection of the three A beta peptides in the lower ng and pg range is realized by optimized silver staining or immunoblot procedures. These nonradioactive methods may validate results obtained by ELISA procedures used to study the metabolic fate of APP. They may help to define the neurotoxic potential of the longer A beta peptides in relation to their aggregation state.
Experimental determination of the rate constants for spin exchange between optically pumped K, Rb, and Cs atoms andXe129nuclei in alkali-metal–noble-gas van der Waals molecules (1985)

By analyzing the measured spin-relaxation transients of $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ nuclear spins and alkali-metal-atomic spins in mixtures of alkali-metal-atom vapors, Xe gas, and larger amounts of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ gas, we have determined the three-body formation rates and the spin-transfer probabilities for alkali- metal--noble-gas van der Waals molecules. Three parameters, in addition to the spin quantum numbers of the alkali-metal and noble-gas nuclei, are needed to predict the spin-transfer rates. These parameters, which we have determined from experimental measurements, are x=\ensuremath{\gamma}N/\ensuremath{\alpha}, the ratio of the spin-rotation interaction \ensuremath{\gamma}N to the spin-exchange interaction \ensuremath{\alpha}; ${p}_{0}$, the third-body pressure for which the molecular breakup rate ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ is equal to the spin-rotation frequency \ensuremath{\gamma}N/h; and Z, the three-body rate constant for forming van der Waals molecules.
Structure and expression of germ line immunoglobulin gamma 2b transcripts. (1988)

We have isolated a cDNA copy of a truncated C gamma 2b transcript produced by Abelson murine leukemia virus transformants that spontaneously switch from mu to gamma 2b. The initiation site of this transcript was 2 kilobases 5' to the gamma 2b switch recombination region, demonstrating its germ line origin. Nucleotide sequence analyses suggest that this transcript does not encode a protein. Expression of germ line gamma 2b transcripts in Abelson murine leukemia virus transformants and in normal spleen cells correlated with endogenous gamma 2b class switch activity.
Interactive view-dependent rendering with conservative occlusion culling in complex environments (2004)

This paper presents an algorithm combining view-dependent rendering and conservative occlusion culling for interactive display of complex environments. A vertex hierarchy of the entire scene is decomposed into a cluster hierarchy through a novel clustering and partitioning algorithm. The cluster hierarchy is then used for view-frustum and occlusion culling. Using hardware accelerated occlusion queries and frame-to-frame coherence, a potentially visible set of clusters is computed. An active vertex front and face list is computed from the visible clusters and rendered using vertex arrays. The integrated algorithm has been implemented on a Pentium IV PC with a NVIDIA GeForce 4 graphics card and applied in two complex environments composed of millions of triangles. The resulting system can render these environments at interactive rates with little loss in image quality and minimal popping artifacts.
Stereochemistry of the enzymic 3-hydroxylation of 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-ones (1973)

A. Corbella, P. Gariboldi, G. Jommi, A. Forgione, F. Marcucci, P. Martelli, E. Mussini and F. Mauri, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1973, 721 DOI: 10.1039/C39730000721
Universal discriminative quantum neural networks (2020)

Abstract Recent results have demonstrated the successful applications of quantum-classical hybrid methods to train quantum circuits for a variety of machine learning tasks. A natural question to ask is consequentially whether we can also train such quantum circuits to discriminate quantum data, i.e., perform classification on data stored in form of quantum states. Although quantum mechanics fundamentally forbids deterministic discrimination of non-orthogonal states, we show in this work that it is possible to train a quantum circuit to discriminate such data with a trade-off between minimizing error rates and inconclusiveness rates of the classification tasks. Our approach achieves at the same time a performance which is close to the theoretically optimal values and a generalization ability to previously unseen quantum data. This generalization power hence distinguishes our work from previous circuit optimization results and furthermore provides an example of a quantum machine learning task that has inherently no classical analogue.
Carbonium Ion Salts. IX. Hydrogen Dihalides1,2 (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbonium Ion Salts. IX. Hydrogen Dihalides1,2Kenneth M. Harmon, Sharon Davis Alderman, Karen E. Benker, Dennis J. Diestler, and Peter A. GebauerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 8, 1700–1706Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01086a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01086a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views61Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Weak mixing in Lake Kivu: New insights indicate increasing risk of uncontrolled gas eruption (2005)

The deep waters of the East African Rift Lake Kivu contain large amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide and methane. The release of a fraction of these gases, which could be triggered by a magma eruption within the lake, would have catastrophic consequences for the two million people living on its shore. Up to now the safety assessment of the lake was based on the assumption that the gas concentrations in the deep waters are in a steady state with a residence time of 400 years. Turbulent transport was regarded as the main pathway of vertical exchange. Recent measurements and the analysis of the vertical transport processes in the lake radically change this evaluation. The vertical turbulent exchange is negligible, as documented by a spectacular set of several hundred double‐diffusive layers. Gases are mainly transported out of the deep zones by a slow upwelling with a residence time of 800–1000 years. Our results indicate that the methane production within the sediment has recently increased, leading to a gas accumulation in the deep waters and consequently decreasing the heat input needed to trigger a devastating gas release. With the estimated current CH 4 production, the gas concentrations could approach saturation within this century.