gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of thrombin receptor cleavage on intact cells. Relation to signaling (1993)

Thrombin, a protease generated at sites of vascular injury, signals cellular responses vital for hemostasis and thrombosis. How thrombin, an enzyme rather than a classical ligand, effects graded and concentration-dependent responses in its target cells has been a long-standing question. Thrombin activates its receptor by cleaving off an activation peptide to unmask a tethered peptide ligand. We utilized a thrombin receptor with an epitope-tagged activation peptide to directly demonstrate thrombin receptor cleavage and to examine the kinetics of receptor activation on intact cells. The rate of thrombin receptor cleavage was proportional to thrombin concentration over the physiologic range, but low thrombin concentrations ultimately cleaved and activated all receptors. Cumulative phosphoinositide hydrolysis in response to thrombin correlated precisely with cumulative receptor cleavage. These data strongly suggest that each cleaved and activated thrombin receptor produces a "quantum" of phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis, then shuts off. Surprisingly, this shut off occurred despite the continued presence of cleaved and "activated" receptors on the cell surface and at a time when the cells were refractory to thrombin but sensitive to agonist peptide, suggesting that a novel shut off mechanism may have evolved to deal with the tethered ligand. Unlike the case with classical ligands, cells thus cannot detect differences in thrombin concentrations as differences in fractional occupancy but rather must sense different rates of receptor activation. Because each cleaved thrombin receptor generates a quantum of second messenger, the magnitude of the cell's response to thrombin must be determined by the balance between rates of receptor activation and second messenger clearance.
Domain Structure of Chondroitin Sulfate E Octasaccharides Binding to Type V Collagen (2002)

We demonstrated previously that chondroitin sulfate E (ChS-E) binds to type V collagen (Munakata, H., Takagaki, K., Majima, M., and Endo, M. (1999) Glycobiology 9, 1023--1027). In this study, we investigated the structure and binding of ChS-E oligosaccharides. Eleven oligosaccharides were isolated from ChS-E by gel filtration chromatography and anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography after hydrolysis with testicular hyaluronidase. Separately, seven oligosaccharides were custom synthesized using the transglycosylation reaction of testicular hyaluronidase. Structural analysis was performed by enzymatic digestions in conjunction with high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. This library of 18 oligosaccharides was used as a source of model molecules to clarify the structural requirements for binding to type V collagen. Binding was analyzed by a biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance. The results indicated that to bind to type V collagen the oligosaccharides must have the following carbohydrate structures: 1) octasaccharide or larger in size; 2) a continuous sequence of three GlcAbeta1--3GalNAc(4S,6S) units; 3) a GlcAbeta1--3GalNAc(4S,6S) unit, GlcAbeta1--3GalNAc(4S) unit or GlcAbeta1--3GalNAc(6S) unit at the reducing terminal; 4) a GlcAbeta1--3GalNAc(4S,6S) unit at the nonreducing terminal. It is likely that these characteristic oligosaccharide sequences play key roles in cell adhesion and extracellular matrix assembly.
Diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease (1998)

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus rises with age in men and women in the United States and in westernized regions, and the risk of vascular disease is typically increased twofold in diabetic men and threefold in diabetic women. Population-based data concerning the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its impact on coronary heart disease (CHD) are reviewed. The vascular disease endpoints considered include death, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and the experience of diabetics who have undergone angioplasty and revascularization. The impact of coronary risk factors in diabetics is considered for glycemic control, arterial pressure, microalbuminuria, and lipids. Recent guidelines and recommendations concerning lipids, glucose, and blood pressure for diabetics are discussed.
Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (2001)

In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides data analysis and retrieval resources that operate on the data in GenBank and a variety of other biological data made available through NCBI's Web site. NCBI data retrieval resources include Entrez, PubMed, LocusLink and the Taxonomy Browser. Data analysis resources include BLAST, Electronic PCR, OrfFinder, RefSeq, UniGene, HomoloGene, Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP), Human Genome Sequencing, Human MapViewer, GeneMap'99, Human-Mouse Homology Map, Cancer Chromosome Aberration Project (CCAP), Entrez Genomes, Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COGs) database, Retroviral Genotyping Tools, Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP), SAGEmap, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Online Mendelian Inheri-tance in Man (OMIM), the Molecular Modeling Database (MMDB) and the Conserved Domain Database (CDD). Augmenting many of the Web applications are custom implementations of the BLAST program optimized to search specialized data sets. All of the resources can be accessed through the NCBI home page at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov.
Five watt continuous-wave AlGaAs laser diodes (1986)

Laser diodes producing continuous-wave output power levels up to 5.4 W at room temperature have been fabricated and tested. These monolithic arrays of 100 to 140 stripes with a total active width of 1 mm have achieved a total power conversion efficiency of up to 36%.
Quantification of Blautia wexlerae and Blautia luti in human faeces by real-time PCR using specific primers (2015)

The Clostridium coccoides group, including the genus Blautia and other genera, is one of the predominant bacterial groups in the human intestine. We re-examined 266 human faecal clones and 58 isolates in the C. coccoides group isolated by Hayashi et al. (2002) in order to elucidate the detailed distribution of Blautia wexlerae and Blautia luti in human faeces. Subsequently, we designed a primer pair specific for B. wexlerae and B. luti based on the 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequence. The number of B. wexlerae and B. luti in faecal samples of 12 healthy Japanese subjects was examined by real-time PCR assay. The number of the C. coccoides group in the 12 faecal samples was also determined using C. coccoides group-specific primers. Re-examination of the human faecal clones and isolates revealed that B. wexlerae and B. luti accounted for 19.5% of the clones and 25.9% of the isolates. B. wexlerae and B. luti were detected in all faecal samples with 5.3±3.2×10(9) cells/g faeces (wet weight, average ± standard deviation) as assessed by real-time PCR. Furthermore, B. wexlerae and B. luti constituted 32.3±12.7% (average ± standard deviation) of the C. coccoides group (1.7±0.8×10(10) cells/g faeces). This demonstrates that B. wexlerae and B. luti were presented in human faeces with a high frequency as the dominant bacteria.
The evolution of counterpulsation techniques. (1976)

Assisted circulation techniques are an outgrowth of extracorporeal pump oxygenator systems developed in the mid 1950s. But the differences in physiology of total perfusions and of parital perfusions for assisting circulation delayed the clinical application of the intra-aortic balloon. The problems and risks in providing circulation assistance and the approaches used to overcome them are discussed. The various counterpulsation techniques are described and data presented to demonstrate the increased survival in patients with myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock.
High-throughput ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy with multifocal excitation (2018)

Ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy (UV-PAM) is a promising intraoperative tool for surgical margin assessment (SMA), one that can provide label-free histology-like images with high resolution. In this study, using a microlens array and a one-dimensional (1-D) array ultrasonic transducer, we developed a high-throughput multifocal UV-PAM (MF-UV-PAM). Our new system achieved a 1.6 ± 0.2 μm lateral resolution and produced images 40 times faster than the previously developed point-by-point scanning UV-PAM. MF-UV-PAM provided a readily comprehensible photoacoustic image of a mouse brain slice with specific absorption contrast in ∼16 min, highlighting cell nuclei. Individual cell nuclei could be clearly resolved, showing its practical potential for intraoperative SMA.
Comparison of 3 Optical Navigation Systems for Computer-Aided Maxillofacial Surgery (2008)

Measurable accuracy differences were found among the navigation systems evaluated. The StealthStation was the most accurate. However, the differences are small, and the clinical significance for maxillofacial reconstruction is negligible.
Evidence using a green fluorescent protein-glucocorticoid receptor chimera that the Ran/TC4 GTPase mediates an essential function independent of nuclear protein import (1996)

The Ran/TC4 GTPase is required for the nuclear accumulation of artificial karyophiles in permeabilized cell assays. To investigate Ran function in a physiologically intact setting using mammalian cells, we examined the effects of several Ran mutants on cell growth and on the nuclear translocation of a glucocorticoid receptor-green fluorescent protein fusion (GR-GFP). Glucocorticoid receptor is cytosolic in the absence of ligand, but translocates to the nucleus on binding the agonist dexamethasone. After transfection into baby hamster kidney cells (BHK21), GR-GFP was detectable in living cells by direct fluorescence microscopy. Addition of dexamethasone caused a rapid translocation of the chimeric protein from the cytosol into the nucleus (t1/2 approximately 5 min). Cotransfection with epitope-tagged, wild-type Ran led to expression of HA1-Ran that was approximately 1.6-fold higher than the level of the endogenous protein, but it had no deleterious effect on nuclear import of the GR-GFP. However, expression of the Ran mutants G19V, T24N, or a COOH-terminal deletion (delta C) mutant dramatically reduced the accumulation of GR-GFP in the nuclei. An L43E mutant of Ran was without significant effect on nuclear GR-GFP import. Identical results were obtained following micro-injection of recombinant Ran mutants into cells expressing GR-GFP. Significantly, all of the Ran mutants, including L43E, strongly inhibited cell growth. These results demonstrate the use of GR-GFP in real-time imaging of nuclear transport. They also show that multiple types of Ran mutant exert dominant effects on this process, and that normal Ran function requires cycling between the GTP- and GDP-bound states of the protein. Most importantly, the results with the L43E Ran mutant provide strong evidence that Ran mediates a function essential to cell viability that is independent of nuclear protein import.
阿尔弗雷德·索维——统计学家、经济学家和人口学家 (1992)

法国最著名的科学家之一、杰出的经济学家和人口学家阿尔弗雷德·索维于1990年10月30日逝世,距他的92岁生日仅差一天。索维出生于法国南部一个以种植葡萄为业的家庭。他早年就读于巴黎综合工科学校,1937年至1945年,索维担任法国统计总局联合研究所所长,1945年至1962年任全国人口研究所所长,1957年至1969年任法国公学社会人口学教授,1947年任巴黎统计学会主席,1950年至1953年任联合国人
Interferon-gamma C-terminal function: new working hypothesis. Heparan sulfate and heparin, new targets for IFN-gamma, protect, relax the cytokine and regulate its activity. (1991)

Structure and function of the interferon-gamma C-terminal extremity has been widely studied. A basic amino acid cluster located in this domain is involved in the tridimentional structure of the protein and is essential for the biological activity. This specific group of amino acid is also involved in the binding of interferon-gamma to basement membrane or cell surface heparan sulfate. Once bound to heparan sulfate, interferon-gamma is protected from proteolytic cleavage and it is suggested that the protein folds in a new relaxed conformation, with increased stability.
Antiretroviral-Drug Concentrations in Semen: Implications for Sexual Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (1999)

The majority of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections result from seminal transmission (17, 104). The size of the viral innoculum in seminal fluid is likely the major determinant of transmissibility. Current HIV prevention strategies include comprehensive population interventions promoting condom use, early diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases, and education programs to decrease the rate of sexual-partner change and other high-risk sexual behavior (17, 18, 40, 76, 115). However, antiretroviral therapy targeted to reduce viral shedding in genital secretions may also assist in preventing transmission (17, 86).

Although the HIV-1 pandemic continues to be driven by transmission of virus in genital fluids, little is known about the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiretroviral drugs in the genital tract (46). Similarly to the effect of antiretroviral therapy on viral burden in blood and lymphoid tissue (6, 14, 41, 42, 120, 132), potent combinations of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors which concentrate in semen may lead to marked viral suppression in this compartment (2, 21, 30, 37, 38, 41–43, 58–60, 84, 117, 118, 124, 138). This article reviews the biology of HIV-1 in the male genital tract, the impact of antiretroviral therapy on seminal shedding, and the emergence of drug-resistant variants. Major determinants of drug distribution into semen are discussed, and strategies for using this information to predict antiretroviral concentrations in this compartment are suggested. Finally, a discussion of animal models critical to investigating correlations between seminal antiretroviral concentrations and viral transmission is included.
[Study of auto-rosette formation in circulating blood]. (1996)

Examination of blood smears of humans and laboratory animals has shown endogenic intravascular auto-rosette formation by monocytes and granulocytes. The intensity of this phenomenon significantly increased in case of hereditary hemolytic anemias in children and in acute respiratory diseases of adults, in posthemorrhagic and hemolytic anemias of rabbits, and rats with hypokinesia, that is, in states associated with the appearance in the circulating blood of red cells with changed membrane characteristics. Intensified auto-rosette formation in the circulating blood may be an indicator of the immune system activity and the body adaptation to changed life conditions.
Efficacy of single and double SiNx interlayers on defect reduction in GaN overlayers grown by organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy (2005)

We report on the growth of and evolution of defects in GaN epilayers having single- and double-layer SiNx nanoporous insertion layers. The SiNx was formed in situ in the growth chamber of an organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy system by simultaneous flow of diluted silane and ammonia. The GaN epilayers and SiNx interlayers were grown on 6H-SiC substrates using three different nucleation layers, namely, low-temperature GaN, high-temperature GaN, and high-temperature AlN nucleation layers. X-ray-diffraction rocking curves and cross-sectional and plan-view transmission electron microscope analyses indicated that a nanoporous SiNx layer can reduce the dislocations density in the GaN overgrown layer to ∼3×108cm−2 range; below this level the defect blocking effect of SiNx would saturate. Therefore the insertion of a second SiNx layer becomes much less effective in reducing dislocations, although it continues to reduce the point defects, as suggested by time-resolved photoluminescence measurements. The insertion of SiNx interlayers was found to improve significantly the mechanical strength of the GaN epilayers resulting in a much lower crack line density.
Nonlinear strain and DC bias induced piezoelectric behaviour of electrostrictive lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate ceramics under high electric fields (2002)

Laser Doppler interferometry has been used to determine the strain and piezoelectric response of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) electrostrictive ceramics as a function of electric fields up to 4 MV m-1, frequencies between 0.1 Hz and 2.5 kHz and DC bias fields up to 3 MV m-1. The strain and polarization of PMN-15 with a composition of 0.9PMN-0.1PT and PMN-38 with a composition of 0.85PMN-0.15PT both produced by TRS ceramics, have been measured at room temperature. The strain and polarization responses of PMN-15 ceramics under an electric field up to 4 MV m-1 have been fitted to a polynomial model. The results suggest that a quadratic dependence of strain on polarization is not valid for large electric fields and that higher-order terms must be included. Our measurements showed that the effective piezoelectric coefficient, d33, of PMN-15 ceramics had a maximum value of 800 pm V-1 at a bias field of 0.67 MV m-1 and had little frequency dependence in the frequency range from 1 Hz up to 2.5 kHz. PMN-38 ceramic showed a maximum d33 of 1200 pm V-1 at a bias field of 0.43 MV m-1 and the d33 of this material showed a clear frequency dependence from 1 Hz up to 2.5 kHz.
Colloquium: Light scattering by particle and hole arrays (2007)

This Colloquium analyzes the interaction of light with two-dimensional periodic arrays of particles and holes. The enhanced optical transmission observed in the latter and the presence of surface modes in patterned metal surfaces is thoroughly discussed. A review of the most significant discoveries in this area is presented first. A simple tutorial model is then formulated to capture the essential physics involved in these phenomena, while allowing analytical derivations that provide deeper insight. Comparison with more elaborated calculations is offered as well. Finally, hole arrays in plasmon-supporting metals are compared to perforated perfect conductors, thus assessing the role of plasmons in these types of structures through analytical considerations. The developments that have been made in nanophotonics areas related to plasmons in nanostructures, extraordinary optical transmission in hole arrays, complete resonant absorption and emission of light, and invisibility in structured metals are illustrated in this Colloquium in a comprehensive, tutorial fashion.
U.S. Tax Imperialism (2015)

This article uses historical and legal analysis to demonstrate how U.S. domination over Puerto Rico's tax and fiscal policies has been the centerpiece of a colonial system and an especially destructive form of economic imperialism. Specifically, this article develops a novel theory of U.S. tax imperialism in Puerto Rico, chronicling the sundry ways in which the United States has used tax laws to exert economic dominance over its less developed island colony. During the colonial period, U.S. officials wrote and revised Puerto Rican tax laws to serve U.S. economic interests. In more recent years, U.S. tax laws have disadvantaged Puerto Ricans, who still lack voting rights and full democratic representation in Congress. A theory of tax imperialism may also have application far beyond the U.S.-Puerto Rican experience. For instance, it may help us understand the relationships between the United States and its other possessions and territories throughout history, and between the United Kingdom and its British Crown dependencies, overseas territories, and newly-independent colonies.
Heat shock protein and innate immunity (2004)

In addition to serving as molecular chaperones, heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been implicated in autoimmune diseases, antigen presentation and tumor immunity. Extensive work in the last 10 years has also suggested that HSPs such as Hsp60, Hsp70, Hsp90 and gp96, may be potent activators of the innate immune system capable of inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the monocyte-macrophage system, and the activation and maturation of dendritic cells via the Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 signal transduction pathways. However, recent evidence suggests that the reported cytokine effects of HSPs may be a result of the contaminating bacterial cell-wall products. This concise review summarizes the current controversy over the role of HSPs in innate immunity.
Use of 19F NMR to Probe Protein Structure and Conformational Changes (1996)

19F NMR has proven to be a powerful technique in the study of protein structure and dynamics because the 19F nucleus is easily incorporated at specific labeling sites, where it provides a relatively nonperturbing yet sensitive probe with no background signals. Recent applications of 19F NMR in mapping out structural and functional features of proteins, including the galactose-binding protein, the transmembrane aspartate receptor, the CheY protein, dihydrofolate reductase, elongation factor-Tu, and D-lactose dehydrogenase, illustrate the utility of 19F NMR in the analysis of protein conformational states even in molecules too large or unstable for full NMR structure determination. These studies rely on the fact that the chemical shift of 19F is extremely sensitive to changes in the local conformational environment, including van der Waals packing interactions and local electrostatic fields. Additional information is provided by solvent-induced isotope shifts or line broadening of the 19F resonance by aqueous and membrane-bound paramagnetic probes, which may reveal the proximity of a 19F label to bulk solvent or a biological membrane. Finally, the effect of exchanging conformations on the 19F resonance can directly determine the kinetic parameters of the conformational transition.
Chemopreventive activity of tamoxifen, N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide, and the vitamin D analogue Ro24-5531 for androgen-promoted carcinomas of the rat seminal vesicle and prostate. (1995)

We evaluated the ability of dietary N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide; 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-23-yne-26,27-hexafluorocholecalcifero l (Ro24-5531); and tamoxifen to inhibit the development of androgen-promoted carcinomas of the accessory sex organs of male Lobund-Wistar rats. Invasive carcinomas of the seminal vesicle (SV) and anterior prostate (AP) were induced in Lobund-Wistar rats with three different combinations of initiator [N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)] and promoter [testosterone propionate (TP)]: (a) high-dose NMU (30 mg/kg) + high-dose TP (20 mg via implant every 2 months); (b) high-dose NMU + low-dose TP (10 mg implanted every 2 months); or (c) low-dose NMU (15 mg/kg) + low-dose TP. During the period of TP administration, rats were fed a diet supplemented with either N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (1 or 2 mmol/kg diet), Ro24-5531 (1.25 or 2.5 nmol/kg diet), tamoxifen (0.5 or 5 mg/kg diet), or vehicle alone. After sacrifice at 8.5 or 11 months, the prostate-seminal vesicle complex from each rat was processed in toto and histologically staged as to the extent of tumor involvement. In animals given low-dose TP, all three agents were significantly effective at reducing the incidence of invasive carcinomas of the SV and, to a lesser degree, the AP. Of the three agents, tamoxifen given in high dose (5 mg/kg) had the strongest activity, reducing the occurrence of invasive SV carcinomas from 72-83% in controls to 6% (P = 0.0001) and the occurrence of invasive AP carcinomas from 50-72% to 18-22% (P < 0.05).
Improving accuracy and reducing radiation exposure in minimally invasive lumbar interbody fusion (2010)

The combination of computer-assisted navigation combined with continuous EMG monitoring during pedicle cannulation results in a low rate of PS misplacement, with avoidance of screw positions that might cause neural injury. Furthermore, this technique allows reduction of the radiation exposure for the surgical team without compromising the accuracy of screw placement.
Millijoule femtosecond fiber CPA system (2001)

1.2 mJ pulses have been generated using an all-fiber chirped pulse amplifier system. The system is based on a 50-µm core Yb-doped double-clad fiber, producing diffraction-limited 400-ps stretched and amplified pulses, which are recompressed to 380 fs.