gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hypothermia Therapy after Traumatic Brain Injury in Children (2008)

To the Editor: Hutchison et al. (June 5 issue)1 report that hypothermia therapy that was initiated within 8 hours after traumatic brain injury and continued for 24 hours did not improve the neurologic outcome in children in their study. However, five meta-analyses of hypothermia therapy in adults with traumatic brain injury showed a reduction of 22 to 39% in the risk of a poor outcome,2 and the differences in two of these studies were significant.3,4 Hypothermic neuroprotection crucially depends on the promptness5 and duration2 of treatment (since brain edema peaks 1 to 4 days after such injury), as well as the speed of rewarming.2,3 In previous studies, a rewarming speed of more than 24 hours and a cooling duration of more than 48 hours were key factors in determining efficacy.2,3 In the study by Hutchison et al., target temperatures were reached after 10.2 hours; patients were rewarmed after 24 hours, regardless of clinical condition and intracranial pressure. Several potential randomization biases were present, which may have accounted for the rates of adverse outcome being close to predicted levels in the hypothermia group (a predicted rate of 30%, as compared with a reported rate of 31%) but much lower in the control group (a predicted rate of 50%, as compared with a reported rate of 22%). More patients in the hypothermia group than in the control group had midline shift, edema, hypotension, and hypoxia, suggesting a greater severity of injury at baseline. Patients in the hypothermia group were also more likely to have hypotension during treatment, despite greater use of vasopressors in this group,1 possibly because of inadequate volume replacement from cold diuresis. Finally, it is unclear how hypothermiainduced electrolyte disorders (specifically, magnesium and phosphorus) were managed.
Myeloid derived suppressor cells inhibit natural killer cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma via the NKp30 receptor # (2009)

Our study suggests a new role for MDSCs in patients with HCC in disarming the innate immune system and further contributing to the immune suppressor network in these patients. These findings have important implications when designing immunotherapy protocols.
Phase I study of tricyclic nucleoside phosphate using a five-day continuous infusion schedule. (1984)

A Phase I trial of tricyclic nucleoside phosphate (1,4,5,6,8-pentaazaacenaphthylene-3-amino-1, 5-dihydro-5-methyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl 5'-phosphate ester; NSC 280594) was conducted using a 5-day continuous infusion schedule. Thirty-seven patients with advanced cancer were entered on the study, of whom 33 patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. Dose levels ranged from 10 mg/sq m/day X 5 days to 40 mg/sq m/day X 5 days. Initially, courses were repeated every 3 to 4 weeks. As cumulative toxicity became manifested, the interval between courses was changed to every 6 weeks. Major toxicities included hyperglycemia, hepatotoxicity, and thrombocytopenia. Patients with a prior history of diabetes mellitus, extensive radiation therapy, or significant liver metastases were prone to severe toxicity. Other toxicities noted were nausea and vomiting, abdominal discomfort, anemia, and reduction in serum calcium, phosphorus, and albumin levels. Rare side effects included hypertriglyceridemia, hyperamylasemia, diarrhea, and stomatitis. Antitumor activity observed include improvement in s.c. metastases in a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma, stabilization of disease in a patient with mesothelioma, and mixed responses in three patients (colon cancer, sarcoma, and tonsillar squamous cell cancer). Recommended schedule for Phase II studies is 20 mg/sq m/day for 5 days every 6 weeks.
Regulation of epidermal sphingolipid synthesis by permeability barrier function. (1991)

A mixture of sphingolipids, cholesterol, and free fatty acids forms the intercellular membrane bilayers of the stratum corneum which are presumed to regulate epidermal barrier function. Prior studies have shown that both cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis are rapidly regulated by epidermal barrier requirements. In contrast, the importance of sphingolipids in barrier function has not been directly demonstrated. Here, we have assessed both sphingolipid synthesis by [3H]H2O incorporation and serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT) activity in relation to modulations in barrier function. Incorporation of [3H]H2O into sphingolipids increased after barrier disruption with acetone, with maximal increase (170%) occurring 5-7 h after treatment (P less than 0.005). As barrier function returned to normal over 24 h, incorporation of tritium into sphingolipids normalized. SPT activity also increased after barrier disruption, peaking at 6 h (150%) (P less than 0.05), and returning towards normal by 24 h. Artificial restoration of the barrier with a water vapor-impermeable membrane prevented the increases in both [3H]H2O incorporation into sphingolipids and enzyme activity. Finally, SPT activity was increased in two other models of barrier dysfunction, cellophane tape-stripping and essential fatty acid deficiency. Occlusion normalized SPT activity in both of these models as well. These studies: a) demonstrate a distinctive, delayed increase in epidermal sphingolipid synthesis in response to barrier requirements that contrasts with the immediate responses of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis; and b) suggest that sphingolipids are important for the maintenance of the epidermal permeability barrier.
Pseudomonas: molecular biology and biotechnology. (1992)

Diabetes mellitus is a rapidly increasing and costly public health problem. Large studies are needed to understand the complex gene-environment interactions that lead to diabetes and its complications. The Marshfield Clinic Personalized Medicine Research Project (PMRP) represents one of the largest population-based DNA biobanks in the United States. As part of an effort to begin phenotyping common diseases within the PMRP, we now report on the construction of a diabetes case-finding algorithm using electronic medical record data from adult subjects aged > or =50 years living in one of the target PMRP ZIP codes. Based upon diabetic diagnostic codes alone, we observed a false positive case rate ranging from 3.0% (in subjects with the highest glycosylated hemoglobin values) to 44.4% (in subjects with the lowest glycosylated hemoglobin values). We therefore developed an improved case finding algorithm that utilizes diabetic diagnostic codes in combination with clinical laboratory data and medication history. This algorithm yielded an estimated prevalence of 24.2% for diabetes mellitus in adult subjects aged > or =50 years.
Multi-layer conducting polymer gas sensor arrays for olfactory sensing (1993)

Conductivity sensors using the conducting polymer poly(pyrrole) and its derivatives have been prepared with a novel electrode design which allows the probing of resistance changes within zones of a single sensor. It was found that the application of principal component analysis to the sensor responses allowed methanol, ethanol and propanol to be distinguished. The use of layered conducting polymers improved the discrimination of the sensor. A sensor consisting of four electrode pairs and two polymer layers is capable of separating the response of certain alcoholic beverages.
Competitive regulation of CaT-like-mediated Ca 2+ entry by protein kinase C and calmodulin (2001)

A finely tuned Ca(2+) signaling system is essential for cells to transduce extracellular stimuli, to regulate growth, and to differentiate. We have recently cloned CaT-like (CaT-L), a highly selective Ca(2+) channel closely related to the epithelial calcium channels (ECaC) and the calcium transport protein CaT1. CaT-L is expressed in selected exocrine tissues, and its expression also strikingly correlates with the malignancy of prostate cancer. The expression pattern and selective Ca(2+) permeation properties suggest an important function in Ca(2+) uptake and a role in tumor progression, but not much is known about the regulation of this subfamily of ion channels. We now demonstrate a biochemical and functional mechanism by which cells can control CaT-L activity. CaT-L is regulated by means of a unique calmodulin binding site, which, at the same time, is a target for protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation. We show that Ca(2+)-dependent calmodulin binding to CaT-L, which facilitates channel inactivation, can be counteracted by protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of the calmodulin binding site.
Characterization of Biofilm Formation by Borrelia burgdorferi In Vitro (2012)

Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, has long been known to be capable of forming aggregates and colonies. It was recently demonstrated that Borrelia burgdorferi aggregate formation dramatically changes the in vitro response to hostile environments by this pathogen. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that these aggregates are indeed biofilms, structures whose resistance to unfavorable conditions are well documented. We studied Borrelia burgdorferi for several known hallmark features of biofilm, including structural rearrangements in the aggregates, variations in development on various substrate matrices and secretion of a protective extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix using several modes of microscopic, cell and molecular biology techniques. The atomic force microscopic results provided evidence that multilevel rearrangements take place at different stages of aggregate development, producing a complex, continuously rearranging structure. Our results also demonstrated that Borrelia burgdorferi is capable of developing aggregates on different abiotic and biotic substrates, and is also capable of forming floating aggregates. Analyzing the extracellular substance of the aggregates for potential exopolysaccharides revealed the existence of both sulfated and non-sulfated/carboxylated substrates, predominately composed of an alginate with calcium and extracellular DNA present. In summary, we have found substantial evidence that Borrelia burgdorferi is capable of forming biofilm in vitro. Biofilm formation by Borrelia species might play an important role in their survival in diverse environmental conditions by providing refuge to individual cells.
Microtubule-associated protein 2 kinases, ERK1 and ERK2, undergo autophosphorylation on both tyrosine and threonine residues: implications for their mechanism of activation. (1991)

Microtubule-associated protein 2 kinase (MAP kinase), which exists in several forms, is a protein serine/threonine kinase that participates in a growth factor-activated protein kinase cascade in which it activates a ribosomal protein S6 kinase (pp90rsk) while being regulated itself by a cytoplasmic factor (MAP kinase activator). Experiments with recombinant MAP kinase, ERK2, purified from Escherichia coli in a nonactivated form revealed a self-catalyzed phosphate incorporation into both tyrosine and threonine residues. Another MAP kinase, ERK1, purified from insulin-stimulated cells also autophosphorylated on tyrosine and threonine residues. Autophosphorylation of ERK2 correlated with its autoactivation, although both autophosphorylation and autoactivation were slow compared to that occurring in the presence of MAP kinase activator. Therefore, we propose that autophosphorylation is probably involved in the MAP kinase activation process in vitro, but it may not be sufficient for full activation. The specificity toward tyrosine and threonine residues indicates that the MAP kinases ERK1 and ERK2 are members of a group of kinases with specificity for tyrosine as well as serine and threonine residues.
A knowledge-based approach to requirements analysis (2002)

In software engineering, requirements analysis is a knowledge intensive task: and it requires an expert to understand what the clients need. We introduce a method which contains different AI techniques to perform this task, and a knowledge-based requirements analysis system, RAKES is presented to explain our approach. With RAKES, not only the ordinary functional requirements are collected, but also the non-traditional information. Nonfunctional requirements include the quality of operations or the background information for constructing the requirements which are gathered through a knowledge-based support. Different kinds of information collected are stored and organized in a knowledge base and can be used as the source of the user input in the latter phases of software development. Algorithms and procedures have been developed for constructing the interface language, organizing the knowledge base, and applying the knowledge base to different tasks. RAKES is integrated to the FRORL architecture to offer a systematic way toward requirements analysis, specification production, prototype generation, specification debugging, and code transformation.
Sperm Fractions Responsible for Immunologic Induction of Pre- and Postfertilization Infertility in Rabbits (1979)

Female rabbits were isoimmunized against 0.3 M lithium diiodosalicylate (LIS) soluble extracts of washed rabbit sperm and homogenized rabbit testis. The rates of fertility, measured as percentage of corpora lutea represented by viable embryo implants at 9–13 days after breeding, for the 2 groups were 45% (P<0.05) and 56%, respectively, compared with 71% for control rabbits. Antisera from rabbits immunized against the sperm-LIS extract possessed intermediate titers of sperm immobilizing and agglutinating antibodies and significantly reduced fertility of sperm used in artificial insemination of nonimmunized does. In the second phase of the study, groups of rabbits were immunized against increased amounts of LIS solubilized extracts of sperm and testis, the LIS-extracted sperm pellet and also detergent (Nonidet NP.40) extracts of sperm pellet and of homogenized testis. Does immunized with the LIS extract of sperm exhibited low fertility (3%) and produced antisera that had high titers of sperm antibodies that blocked sperm attachment to rat ova in vitro and inhibited sperm from in vivo fertilization of nonimmune does. Rabbits immunized with the LIS-extracted sperm pellet and the NP.40 extract of the pellet experienced significantly low incidencs of implantation, 15 and 28%, respectively. Fertilization rate in 3 does immunized against the LIS-extracted sperm pellet was normal (91%), but the implantation rate (19%) was reduced. Antisera from these 2 groups of rabbits possessed low titers of sperm antibodies and did not inhibit sperm attachment to rat ova or fertilization in nonimmune rabbits. A significant reduction in implantation of transferred-fertilized ova occurred in rabbits immunized against the NP.40 soluble fraction of the LIS-extracted sperm pellet (19.5%) compared with rabbits immunized against the LIS-soluble fraction (39.8%) and against saline (41.3%). It is concluded that immunization of female rabbits either with immunogens in the LIS-soluble fraction of sperm or the sperm pellet after LIS extraction resulted in prefertilization and postfertilization antifertility effects, respectively.
Simulation of arsenic in situ doping with polysilicon cvd and its application to high aspect ratio trenches (2003)

Filling high aspect ratio trenches is an essential manufacturing step for state of the art memory cells. Understanding and simulating the transport and surface processes enables one to achieve voidless filling of deep trenches, to predict the resulting profiles, and thus to optimize the process parameters and the resulting memory cells. Experiments on arsenic doped polysilicon deposition show that under certain process conditions step coverages greater than unity can be achieved. We developed a new model for the simulation of arsenic doped polysilicon deposition, which takes into account surface coverage dependent sticking coefficients and surface coverage dependent arsenic incorporation and desorption rates. The additional introduction of Langmuir-Hinshelwood type time dependent surface coverage enabled the reproduction of the bottom up filling of the trenches in simulations. Additionally, the rigorous treatment of the time dependent surface coverage allows to trace the in situ doping of the deposited film. The model presented was implemented and simulations were carried out for different process parameters. Very good agreement with experimental data was achieved with theoretically deduced parameters. Simulation results are shown and discussed for polysilicon deposition into 0.1 /spl mu/m wide and 7 /spl mu/m deep, high aspect ratio trenches.
Detection of Marijuana Use by Oral Fluid and Urine Analysis Following Single-Dose Administration of Smoked and Oral Marijuana (2001)

We compared oral fluid testing to urine testing in subjects who were administered single doses of marijuana by smoked and oral routes. Oral fluid specimens were collected with the Intercept DOA Oral Specimen Collection Device, screened for THC with the Cannabinoids Intercept MICRO-PLATE Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) utilizing a 1.0-ng/mL cutoff concentration, and confirmed for THC by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) with a 0.5-ng/mL cutoff concentration. Urine specimens were screened for 11-nor-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) by immunoassay utilizing a 50-ng/mL cutoff concentration and confirmed for THCCOOH by GC-MS with a 15-ng/mL cutoff concentration. Oral fluid specimens tested positive following smoked marijuana (N = 10) consecutively for average periods (+/-SEM; range) of 15 (+/-2; 1-24) and 13 h (+/-3; 1-24) by EIA and GC-MS-MS, respectively. The average THC detection times of the last oral fluid positive specimen following smoked marijuana by EIA and GC-MS-MS were 31 (+/-9; 1-72) and 34 h (+/-11; 1-72), respectively. In comparison to oral fluid, urine specimens generally tested negative for THCCOOH immediately after marijuana use. The average times to detection of the first urine specimen positive for THCCOOH by EIA and GC-MS were 6 (+/-2; 1-16) and 4 h (+/-1; 2-8), respectively. Urine specimens tested positive consecutively for average periods of 26 (+/-9; 2-72) and 33 h (+/-10; 4-72) for EIA and GC-MS, respectively. The average THCCOOH detection times of the last specimen by EIA and GC-MS were 42 (+/-10; 2-72) and 58 h (+/-6; 16-72), respectively. Considering the noninvasive nature of oral fluid collection and improved detection of recent marijuana use compared to urine testing, it was concluded that oral fluid testing for THC offers specific advantages over other means of marijuana testing when used in safety-sensitive testing programs.
Modification of Ocular Permeability of Peptide Drugs by Absorption Promoters. (2000)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of absorption promoters on the ocular membrane permeability of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) as model peptides. The permeabilities of TRH and LHRH were measured using a two-chamber glass diffusion cell mounted with isolated ocular membranes of albino rabbits. Saponin, EDTA, benzalkonium chloride and paraben were used as absorption promoters. These promoters enhanced the permeability of hydrophilic molecules through the cornea and conjunctiva. The promoting effects of the absorption promoters on the conjunctival drug penetrations were not as strong as those on the corneal penetrations. The different responses of the corneal and conjunctival drug penetrations to these promoters may be useful in controlling the extent and pathway of the ocular and systemic absorptions of instilled drugs. The promotional effects of absorption promoters on the corneal drug penetration apparently increased with an increase in penetrant molecular weights, although those on the conjunctival drug penetrations did not depend on the molecular weights.
Reactivation of fly ash and calcium hydroxide mixtures for sulfur dioxide removal of flue gas (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactivation of fly ash and calcium hydroxide mixtures for sulfur dioxide removal of flue gasJuan C. Martinez, Jose F. Izquierdo, Fidel Cunill, Javier Tejero, and Javier QuerolCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1991, 30, 9, 2143–2147Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00057a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00057a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views208Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cloning and Expression of Glucosidase I from Human Hippocampus (1995)

Glucosidase I, the first enzyme in the N‐linked oligosaccharide processing pathway, cleaves the distal α1,2‐linked glucose residue from the Glc 3 ‐Man 9 ‐GlcNAc 2 oligosaccharide precursor highly specifically. A human hippocampus cDNA library was screened against oligonucleotide probes, generated by PCR using primers derived from the amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides of pig liver glucosidase I. Two independent λ clones were isolated which allowed the construction of a full‐length glucosidase I cDNA of 2881 bp. This cDNA construct encodes, in a single open reading frame, a polypeptide of 834 amino acids corresponding to a molecular mass of 92 kDa. The 92‐kDa protein contains a single N ‐glycosylation site of the Asn‐Xaa‐Thr/Ser type at Asn655, as well as a strongly hydrophobic sequence close to its N‐terminus (amino acids 38–58) which, most likely, functions as a transmembrane anchor. The amino acid sequences of all tryptic peptides of the pig liver enzyme were found, with little deviation, within the coding sequence. This demonstrates the authenticity of the cDNA construct and the close evolutionary relationship between the enzymes from human hippocampus and pig liver. In contrast, the nucleotide and amino acid sequence revealed no homology with other processing enzymes cloned so far. Transfection of COS 1 cells with the glucosidase I cDNA construct resulted in overexpression (about fourfold) of enzymic activity, which was inhibited strongly by 1‐deoxynojirimycin or N,N ‐dimethyl‐deoxynojirimycin. The expressed enzyme, with a molecular mass of 95 kDa, is degraded by endoglycosidase H to a 93‐kDa form, indicating that it carries a high‐mannose oligosaccharide chain at Asn655. The presence of this glycan is in line with the localization of glucosidase I in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, shown by immunofluorescence microscopy. The hydrophobicity profile as well as the removal by trypsin of an ≈4‐kDa polypeptide from the membrane‐associated glucosidase I in intact microsomal structures, supports the view that the enzyme is a type‐II transmembrane glycoprotein, which contains a short cytosolic tail of ≈37 amino acids, followed by a single transmembrane domain and a large C‐terminal catalytic domain located on the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.