gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The number of nuclei in adult rat muscles with special reference to satellite cells (1977)

Abstract The number and the size of different populations of nuclei were studied in skeletal muscles and in the diaphragm of male Wistar rats of 200‐250 g weight. Nuclei on cross‐sections were counted and classified by electron microscopy, their incidence was corrected for their different lengths, and the number of nuclei per mm 3 of muscle was determined by light microscopy. The total number of nuclei per mm 3 was 5 · 10 4 in the superficial part of the anterior tibial muscle, it was 10 · 10 4 in the soleus, and it was 15 · 10 4 in the diaphragm. Half of the nuclei were localized inside muscle fibres. The incidence of satellite cell nuclei on cross sections was 4% of muscle nuclei in the anterior tibial muscle, and 8% in soleus and diaphragm. The number of satellite cells per mm 3 muscle were 900, 4,900, and 5,300 in these muscles. More than half of the satellite cells were closely associated with a capillary. In the anterior tibial muscle, and in 1‐μm sections no satellite cells could be identified by light microscopy. In the soleus muscle and in the diaphragm, satellite cells were more rich in cytoplasm and many were visible in the light microscope.
Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax protein trans-activates interleukin 15 gene transcription through an NF-κB site (1998)

Interleukin 15 (IL-15) mRNA is expressed in a wide variety of tissue types. However, with the exception of some T cell lines, IL-15 transcript expression has not been described in T cells. Herein we demonstrate that IL-15 mRNA can be detected in freshly isolated normal T cells and T cell lines. Furthermore, its expression is 3- to 4-fold higher in human T cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-infected T cells. By using reporter constructs bearing the 5' regulatory region of the IL-15 gene, we observed a positive correlation between HTLV-I Tax protein expression and IL-15 promoter activity in HTLV-I-infected T cells. Additionally, by using a Jurkat T cell transfectant that expresses Tax under an inducible promoter, we demonstrated that the expression of IL-15 mRNA increased 3-fold as Tax was expressed, suggesting that the Tax protein activates IL-15 transcription. An NF-kappaB consensus sequence is located at the -75 and -65 region of the IL-15 5' regulatory region. Mutations in the NF-kappaB motif or deletion of this sequence abrogated the promoter activity in both HTLV-I-positive and Jurkat Tax-transfectant cells. These data represent evidence for trans-activation of the IL-15 gene by the HTLV-I Tax protein through an NF-kappaB motif and suggest a potential role for IL-15 in HTLV-I-associated diseases such as adult T cell leukemia and HTLV-I-associated myopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis.
Rapid Action of 17 -Estradiol on Kainate-Induced Currents in Hippocampal Neurons Lacking Intracellular Estrogen Receptors (1999)

17-Estradiol can potentiate kainate-induced currents in isolated hippocampal CA1 neurons.The action of estrogen was rapid in onset, steroid and stereospecific, and reversible.The potentiation could be mimicked by 8-bromo-cAMP, an activator of protein kinase A. As the hippocampus expresses both isoforms of the intracellular estrogen receptor (ER and ER), the role of ERs in the rapid action of 17estradiol remains elusive.Here we report that the rapid action of 17-estradiol is independent from the classical ER activation in the modulation of membrane excitability.Under whole cell voltage clamp recording configuration, 17-estradiol-induced potentiation was ob-
Overexpression of three ubiquitin genes in mouse epidermal tumors is associated with enhanced cellular proliferation and stress. (1992)

A mouse ubiquitin clone that recognizes multiple transcripts overexpressed in murine tumors compared to normal epidermis was isolated by differential screening of complementary DNA libraries from mouse squamous cell carcinomas. Coding region probes detected five ubiquitin transcripts. Oligonucleotides were designed for unique parts of three mouse ubiquitin gene complementary DNA clones. The overexpressed transcripts at 2.4, 2.8, 6.4, and 7.8 kilobases (kb) were detected by an oligonucleotide specific for a mouse UbC polyubiquitin clone. A 1.2-kb UbB overexpressed transcript was detected by an oligonucleotide for a mouse four-unit polyubiquitin, and a 0.7-kb UbA overexpressed transcript was recognized by an oligonucleotide for the mouse ubiquitin carboxyl-extension protein of 52 amino acids. All three classes of transcripts were induced in mouse skin by the hyperproliferative agent ethylphenyl propionate and by the tumor promoting agent 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13- acetate. Heat shock of cultured keratinocytes induced both the 6.4- and 7.8-kb transcripts recognized by the UbC-specific oligonucleotide. Consistent with the overexpression of the ubiquitin transcripts, the level of free ubiquitin protein, as determined by Western analysis, was elevated in the tumors and proliferating epidermis as compared to normal epidermis. Our results indicate that the overexpression of ubiquitin genes could be related to a sustained state of proliferation and stress in the tumors compared to the normal resting epidermis.
Three pathways for trehalose biosynthesis in mycobacteria (2000)

Trehalose is present as a free disaccharide in the cytoplasm of mycobacteria and as a component of cell-wall glycolipids implicated in tissue damage associated with mycobacterial infection. To obtain an overview of trehalose metabolism, we analysed data from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome project and identified ORFs with homology to genes encoding enzymes from three trehalose biosynthesis pathways previously characterized in other bacteria. Functional assays using mycobacterial extracts and recombinant enzymes derived from these ORFs demonstrated that mycobacteria can produce trehalose from glucose 6-phosphate and UDP-glucose (the OtsA-OtsB pathway) from glycogen-like alpha(1-->4)-linked glucose polymers (the TreY-TreZ pathway) and from maltose (the TreS pathway). Each of the pathways was found to be active in both rapid-growing Mycobacterium smegmatis and slow-growing Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The presence of a disrupted treZ gene in Mycobacterium leprae suggests that this pathway is not functional in this organism. The presence of multiple biosynthetic pathways indicates that trehalose plays an important role in mycobacterial physiology.
Improved adhesion of silicone rubber to polyurethane by surface grafting (2011)

Abstract Polyurethane (PU) has widespread applications in implantable devices because of its excellent mechanical and biocompatible properties, whereas weak biostability limits its long‐term implantation. The introduction of silicone rubber (SR) onto the PU surface is an effective method for improving the biostability of PU, but the adhesion of these two polymers is unsatisfactory. In this study, the surface modification of PU via grafting through the introduction of vinyl and SiH groups onto the PU surface was attempted to improve the adhesion of PU to SR. Fourier transform infrared, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to investigate the graft reaction on the PU surface. The interfacial and surface morphology was characterized with scanning electron microscopy. Different PU/SR interfaces after oscillation and shear were compared as well. The results indicated that the PU surface was activated by diisocyanate, which generated free isocyanate groups for the further grafting of vinyl and SiH groups. When addition‐type, room‐temperature‐vulcanized SR was poured onto the PU surface, the vinyl and SiH groups on the PU surface underwent an addition reaction, which improved the adhesion of PU and SR by connecting them with chemical bonds. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
A reconfigurable leaky mode/patch antenna controlled by PIN diode switches (2003)

Modern military and commercial platforms such as aircraft, ship and land vehicles are congested with large number of antennas. Typically, these are operated at different frequencies with different polarization and radiation characteristics. It is therefore highly desirable to develop an antenna architecture, which cover multiple functions over different frequency bandwidths. This will greatly reduce the weight, size and cost of antenna platforms. We previously proposed and demonstrated a novel concept of reconfigurable leaky mode/patch antenna structure. One major advantage of this concept is that different types of antennas are available without increasing the total area of the antenna structure. The proposed structure is a combination of leaky mode based microstrip line and several patch antennas operated at different frequencies. The properties of this reconfigurable antenna can be controlled either by microelectromechanical (MEMS) switches or conventional switches. This paper represents, for the first time, a fully electronically controlled reconfigurable aperture using PIN diode switches, to realize the switching between the leaky mode/patch antenna operation.
Transformation of human skeletal muscle cells by simian virus 40. (1983)

Molecular studies of the biochemical alterations involved in human myopathies have been restricted because of the finite life-span and slow growth rate of cultures derived from primary tissue. Because the tumor virus simian virus 40 (SV40) can alter both the growth properties and longevity of human cells, we have infected skeletal muscle cultures derived from four biopsies with a small-plaque variant of SV40 and analyzed the biological and biochemical properties of cloned myoblast derivatives. At early times after infection, myoblasts fused normally into multinucleated myotubes, and both unfused and fused cells contained SV40 tumor antigen (T antigen). After six to eight subcultures after infection, the ability of myoblasts to fuse diminished, and clonal cell lines were generated with increased growth rates and saturation densities. Transformed cultures also lost contact inhibition of growth and became anchorage independent. Unlike untransformed myoblasts, SV40-transformed clones did not undergo an increase in creatine kinase activity or a transition of creatine kinase isoenzymes from the BB form to the muscle-specific MM form. Analysis of the pattern of SV40 DNA integration by Southern blotting hybridization analysis in two cloned SV40-transformed myoblast cell lines (KJ-SV40 and PK-SV40) indicated that KJ-SV40 contained at least one site of SV40 DNA integration into chromosomal DNA and PK-SV40 contained at least three sites of SV40 DNA covalently linked to cellular DNA. Cell lysates and growth medium from PK-SV40 transformants contained infectious small-plaque variant SV40, whereas KJ-SV40 did not contain or produce detectable virus. These studies demonstrate that human myoblasts can be immortalized by SV40. This procedure may prove useful for generating large quantities of genetically deficient human cells for biochemical and molecular analysis.
Stimuli-Responsive Disassembly of Nanoparticle Aggregates for Light-Up Colorimetric Sensing (2005)

Controlled assembly of nanomaterials has been the focus of much research. In contrast, controlled disassembly has not received much attention, even though both processes have been shown to be important in biology. By using a Pb2+-dependent RNA-cleaving DNAzyme, we demonstrate here control of the disassembly of gold nanoparticle aggregates in response to Pb2+. In the process, we show that nanoparticle alignment plays an important role in the disassembly process, with the tail-to-tail configuration being the most optimal, probably because of the large steric hindrance of other configurations. The rate of disassembly is significantly accelerated by using small pieces of DNA to invade the cleaved substrate of the DNAzyme. Investigation of such a controlled disassembly process allows the transformation of previously designed "light-down" colorimetric Pb2+ sensors into "light-up" sensors.
Precomputed radiance transfer for real-time rendering in dynamic, low-frequency lighting environments (2002)

We present a new, real-time method for rendering diffuse and glossy objects in low-frequency lighting environments that captures soft shadows, interreflections, and caustics. As a preprocess, a novel global transport simulator creates functions over the object's surface representing transfer of arbitrary, low-frequency incident lighting into transferred radiance which includes global effects like shadows and interreflections from the object onto itself. At run-time, these transfer functions are applied to actual incident lighting. Dynamic, local lighting is handled by sampling it close to the object every frame; the object can also be rigidly rotated with respect to the lighting and vice versa. Lighting and transfer functions are represented using low-order spherical harmonics. This avoids aliasing and evaluates efficiently on graphics hardware by reducing the shading integral to a dot product of 9 to 25 element vectors for diffuse receivers. Glossy objects are handled using matrices rather than vectors. We further introduce functions for radiance transfer from a dynamic lighting environment through a preprocessed object to neighboring points in space. These allow soft shadows and caustics from rigidly moving objects to be cast onto arbitrary, dynamic receivers. We demonstrate real-time global lighting effects with this approach.
A Comparison of Bayesian and Frequentist Approaches to Incorporating External Information for the Prediction of Prostate Cancer Risk (2012)

We present the most comprehensive comparison to date of the predictive benefit of genetics in addition to currently used clinical variables, using genotype data for 33 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 1,547 Caucasian men from the placebo arm of the REduction by DUtasteride of prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE®) trial. Moreover, we conducted a detailed comparison of three techniques for incorporating genetics into clinical risk prediction. The first method was a standard logistic regression model, which included separate terms for the clinical covariates and for each of the genetic markers. This approach ignores a substantial amount of external information concerning effect sizes for these Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS)-replicated SNPs. The second and third methods investigated two possible approaches to incorporating meta-analysed external SNP effect estimates - one via a weighted PCa 'risk' score based solely on the meta analysis estimates, and the other incorporating both the current and prior data via informative priors in a Bayesian logistic regression model. All methods demonstrated a slight improvement in predictive performance upon incorporation of genetics. The two methods that incorporated external information showed the greatest receiver-operating-characteristic AUCs increase from 0.61 to 0.64. The value of our methods comparison is likely to lie in observations of performance similarities, rather than difference, between three approaches of very different resource requirements. The two methods that included external information performed best, but only marginally despite substantial differences in complexity.
Cotransplantation of Umbilical Cord–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Hematopoietic Engraftment in Cord Blood Transplantation (2012)

This pilot study is the first report of cotransplantation of UCMSCs in CBT. Intravenous infusion of UCMSCs appeared to be a feasible and safe modality to enhance hematopoietic engraftment in patients receiving CBT. Further studies were warranted.
Quantifying Translational Coupling in E. coli Synthetic Operons Using RBS Modulation and Fluorescent Reporters (2013)

Translational coupling is the interdependence of translation efficiency of neighboring genes encoded within an operon. The degree of coupling may be quantified by measuring how the translation rate of a gene is modulated by the translation rate of its upstream gene. Translational coupling was observed in prokaryotic operons several decades ago, but the quantitative range of modulation translational coupling leads to and the factors governing this modulation were only partially characterized. In this study, we systematically quantify and characterize translational coupling in E. coli synthetic operons using a library of plasmids carrying fluorescent reporter genes that are controlled by a set of different ribosome binding site (RBS) sequences. The downstream gene expression level is found to be enhanced by the upstream gene expression via translational coupling with the enhancement level varying from almost no coupling to over 10-fold depending on the upstream gene's sequence. Additionally, we find that the level of translational coupling in our system is similar between the second and third locations in the operon. The coupling depends on the distance between the stop codon of the upstream gene and the start codon of the downstream gene. This study is the first to systematically and quantitatively characterize translational coupling in a synthetic E. coli operon. Our analysis will be useful in accurate manipulation of gene expression in synthetic biology and serves as a step toward understanding the mechanisms involved in translational expression modulation.
Molecular cloning of a levocabastine‐sensitive neurotensin binding site (1996)

A search for sequences homologous to the neurotensin receptor cDNA in a rat hypothalamic library has identified a novel neurotensin receptor (NTR-2). The 1539 bp cDNA encodes a 416 amino acid protein and shows highest homology to the previously cloned neurotensin receptor (NTR-1) (64% homology and 43% identity). Binding and pharmacological studies demonstrate that NTR-2 expressed in COS cells recognizes neurotensin (NT) with high affinity as well as several other agonists and antagonists. However, a fundamental difference was found; unlike NTR-1, NTR-2 recognizes, with high affinity, levocabastine, a histamine H1 receptor antagonist previously shown to compete with NT for low-affinity binding sites in brain.
Cationic liposome-mediated gene transfer. (1995)

Direct gene transfer for the treatment of human diseases requires a vector which can be administered efficiently, safely and repeatedly. Cationic liposomes represent one of the few examples that can meet these requirements. Currently, more than a dozen cationic liposome formulations have been reported. These liposomes bind and condense DNA spontaneously to form complexes with high affinity to cell membranes. Endocytosis of the complexes followed by disruption of the endosomal membrane appears to be the major mechanism of gene delivery. The effectiveness and safety of this DNA delivery method has been established in many studies. Based on these results, two human gene therapy clinical trials using cationic liposomes have been conducted and more trials will be started in the near future. The simplicity, efficiency and safety features have rendered the cationic liposome an attractive vehicle for human gene therapy.
The Proportion of Fetal Nucleated Red Blood Cells in Maternal Blood: Stimation by FACS Analysis (1997)

The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of fetal nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) among enriched NRBCs and to evaluate the effectiveness of enriching NRBCs in maternal blood using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to separate NRBCs. The origin of enriched NRBCs was determined using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) methods. Y-specific signals were observed in 4·6 ± 1·5 per cent of the enriched cells from 14 of 16 (87·5 per cent) pregnant women who gave birth to boys. In this series, the specificity of the fetal sex diagnosis was 100 per cent, the sensitivity 88 per cent, and the negative predictive value 86 per cent. Fetal NRBCs are present in maternal blood and FACS has the potential to enrich fetal NRBCs. Fetal cells were estimated to be enriched more than 10 000-fold in the first trimester and more than 100-fold in the third trimester. Average frequencies of fetal cells in maternal blood were 8·1 × 10−5 and 1·6 × 10−5 in the first trimester and the second/third trimesters. However, most of the NRBCs in maternal blood are maternal in origin. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adoptive co-transfer of tumor specific CD4+ T cells awakens host protective immunity to MHC-II- ovarian cancer through CD40-mediated licensing of dendritic cells and CCL5 secretion. (131.14) (2010)

Abstract The effect of adoptive cell transfer (ACT) on endogenous anti-tumor immunity remains largely unknown. We previously showed that transferring tumor-primed T cells into tumor-bearing mice awakened endogenous antitumor mechanisms and induced the rejection of otherwise lethal ovarian cancers when coupled with depleting tumor-associated immunosuppressive dendritic cells (DCs). Here we elucidate this arousal of host responses to be due to the licensing of host DCs by co-transferred CCL5-secreting CD4+ T cells that recruit host antitumor immune cells. Tumor-primed CD4+ T cells significantly delayed tumor progression and directly activated host tumor-resident DCs which subsequently activated tumor-exposed C8+ T cells. These effects were long-lived, as host T cells obtained from mice treated with ACT were protective against secondary challenge with the same tumor. Disrupting CD40-CD40L interactions during ACT impaired DC maturation and ability to stimulate tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells. Similarly, abrogating CCL5 secretion reduced DC maturation and the survival increases obtained from ACT. The absence of CCL5 and CD40 further reduced the protective phenotype of the host cells against secondary challenge with the same tumor. Our data unveil a CD40-dependent mechanism of transferring immunity from adoptively transferred CCL5-secreting CD4+ T cells to host immune cells, causing sustained antitumor effects, and advance the field towards developing more potent anti-tumor therapies.
Simultaneous activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) synergistically induces mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in human leukemia cells. (2003)

Interactions between histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), also known as Apo2 ligand, were examined in human leukemia cells (e.g., U937, Jurkat, and HL-60). Simultaneous exposure of cells to 100-ng/ml TRAIL with either 1-mM sodium butyrate or 2- micro M suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid resulted in a striking increase in leukemic cell mitochondrial damage, caspase activation, and apoptosis. Lethal effects were significantly diminished in U937 cells ectopically expressing dominant-negative caspase-8, dominant-negative Fas-associated death domain, CrmA (receptor pathway), or Bcl-2 or Bcl-X(L) (mitochondrial pathway). Analysis of mitochondrial events in U937 cells exposed to TRAIL/HDAC inhibitors revealed enhanced Bid activation and Bax translocation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytoplasmic release of cytochrome c, Smac/DIABLO, and apoptosis-inducing factor. No changes were observed in expression of FLICE-like inhibitory protein, TRAIL receptors, or reactive oxygen species generation. TRAIL/HDAC inhibitor-induced apoptosis triggered caspase-dependent cleavage of p21(WAF1/CIP1); moreover, enforced expression of a nuclear localization signal deletant form of p21(WAF1/CIP1) significantly diminished lethality. Lastly, p27(KIP1), pRb, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, and Bcl-2 displayed extensive proteolysis. These findings indicate that coadministration of TRAIL with HDAC inhibitors synergistically induces apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia cells and provide further evidence that simultaneous activation of the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in such cells leads to a dramatic increase in mitochondrial injury and activation of the caspase cascade.