gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The prevalence and incidence of dental calculus in adults. (1989)

The occurrence of dental calculus is widespread with various investigators having reported evidence of calculus accumulations in a vast segment of the population. The purpose of this paper is to provide information on both the prevalence and incidence of calculus formation among adults. To determine prevalence, a total of 1,426 adult males and females were graded in Indiana for the presence of calculus using the Volpe-Manhold (VM) Index on the lingual surfaces of the six mandibular teeth. A second panel of 980 subjects was recruited in Texas to determine the incidence of calculus over a six-month period. These latter participants were given a thorough dental prophylaxis, a sufficient supply of a sodium fluoride dentifrice and toothbrushes, and were instructed to use the dentrifrice as they normally do, at least once a day. Six months after the prophylaxis, 804 participants were available and were examined for calculus accumulation using the VM Index. Results from both clinical trials indicate that males have more calculus than females and calculus formation was directly related to age for both sexes. Data are presented regarding the frequency distribution of VM Index scores by sex and age.
10Gb/s Ethernet performance and retrospective (2007)

This paper presents both a retrospective of the development of network interface architecture, and performance and conformance data from a range of contemporary devices sporting various performance enhancing technologies. The data shows that 10Gb/s networking is now possible without statefull offoad and while consuming less than one CPU core on a contemporary commodity server.
Activation of Transcription Factor NF-κB Is Suppressed by Curcumin (Diferuloylmethane) (1995)

When activated, NF-kappa B, a ubiquitous transcription factor, binds DNA as a heterodimeric complex composed of members of the Rel/NF-kappa B family of polypeptides. Because of its intimate involvement in host defense against disease, this transcription factor is an important target for therapeutic intervention. In the present report we demonstrate that curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a known anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic agent, is a potent inhibitor of NF-kappa B activation. Treatment of human myeloid ML-1a cells with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) rapidly activated NF-kappa B, which consists of p50 and p65 subunits, and this activation was inhibited by curcumin. AP-1 binding factors were also found to be down-modulated by curcumin, whereas the Sp1 binding factor was unaffected. Besides TNF, curcumin also blocked phorbol ester- and hydrogen peroxide-mediated activation of NF-kappa B. The TNF-dependent phosphorylation and degradation of I kappa B alpha was not observed in curcumin-treated cells; the translocation of p65 subunit to the nucleus was inhibited at the same time. The mechanism of action of curcumin was found to be different from that of protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors. Our results indicate that curcumin inhibits NF-kappa B activation pathway at a step before I kappa B alpha phosphorylation but after the convergence of various stimuli.
Various penA mutations together with mtrR, porB and ponA mutations in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with reduced susceptibility to cefixime or ceftriaxone (2010)

Reduced susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae to ceftriaxone and cefixime was associated with diverse penA mutations, particularly PBP 2 pattern XIII containing an Ala-501-->Val substitution, together with mtrR and porB mutations. The existence of only one strain having the mosaic penA sequence indicated that ceftriaxone and cefixime resistance in Korea is mostly not associated with a mosaic penA sequence. Highly heterogeneous NG-MAST sequence types excluded the clonal expansion of a particular subtype.
Semiochemically Based Monitoring of the Invasion of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug and Unexpected Attraction of the Native Green Stink Bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Maryland (2009)

The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), is a newly invasive species in the eastern U. S. that is rapidly expanding its range from the original point of establishment in Allentown, Pennsylvania. Although an attractant pheromone has yet to be identified for H. halys, in its native Asian range the insect is cross-attracted to the pheromone of another pentatomid Plautia stali Scott whose males produce methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate. Previous tests of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate isomers in the U. S. verified that H. halys is highly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, and that the native green stink bug, Acrosternum hilare (Say), also is attracted to this compound. Using traps baited with methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates and the reported pheromone of A. hilare (trans- and cis(Z)-α-bisabolene epoxides), we monitored populations of the brown marmorated and green stink bugs at the Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, for the 2004–2008 growing seasons. Over this time period, the H. halys population rose from being undetectable in 2004 to becoming much more abundantly trapped than the native A. hilare. Furthermore, A. hilare was significantly more attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate than the blend of bisabolene epoxides reported as its pheromone. Supplemental material online at http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/fe923.htm#InfoLink1 Translation provided by Dr. Andrée Gonzalez Ritzel. La chiche marrón mármol, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), es una nueva especie invasora en el este de Estados Unidos, la cual está expandiendo su rango de distributión rápidamente desde su punto original de entrada en Allentown, Pennsylvania. Aunque su feromona aún no se ha identificada, este insecto es atraído en su hábitat nativo (Asia) por la feromona de otro pentatómido, Plautia stali Scott, cuyos machos producen (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoato de metilo. Experimentos previos con distintos isómeros de 2,4,6-decatrienoato de metilo en Estados Unidos demostraron que H. halys es fuertemente atraída por (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoato de metilo, y que la chiche verde nativa Acrosternum hilare (Say) es también atraída por este compuesto. Usando trampas cebadas con 2,4,6-decatrienoatos y con la feromona reportada para A. hilare (ep*óxidos de (E)- y (Z)-α-bisaboleno), realizamos un seguimiento poblacional de ambas especies en la Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, durante las temporadas de crecimiento 2004–2008. En este període, las poblaciones de H. halys aumentaron desde niveles no detectables en 2004, a valores de capturas sustancialmente mayores que los correspondientes a la especie nativa. Asimismo, A. hilare fue significativamente més atraída al (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoato de metilo que a la mezcla de epóxidos de α-bisabolenos, reportados como la feromona de esta especie.
Polymer Stabilization and Degradation (1985)

The hindered amine story is an interesting success story involving participation by scientists throughout the world. The success of hindered amines has partly been due to the free exchange of information among scientists, so that the accomplishments of one group, studying stable free radicals, could be picked up by those in other groups, in other parts of the world, who were interested in stable free radicals as polymer stabilizers. The mechanisms of stabilization by hindered amines were somewhat mysterious in the beginning since these compounds didn't fit any of the known stabilizer types and known mechanisms. Since stable free radicals had been of interest for their antioxidant activity as trappers of chain-propagating peroxy radicals the triacetoneamine-N-oxyl and derivatives thus were, at first, of interest as radical-trapping antioxidants. However, it wasn't long before the light stabilizing activity of that class of materials was recognized and not much longer before practical versions
Percutaneous Superficial Temporal Artery Access for Carotid Artery Stenting in Patients With a Hostile Aortic Arch (2011)

A percutaneous ultrasound-guided STA access can help facilitate transfemoral carotid artery stenting in an otherwise difficult type IIa aortic arch setting.
High power quantum cascade lasers (2002)

High power quantum cascade lasers emitting at /spl lambda//spl sim/8 /spl mu/m are reported that make optimum use of the cascading scheme, in which electrons sequentially traversing N/sub p/ (typically N/sub p//spl sim/30) stacked active regions emit N/sub p/ laser photons. A near optimum performance was achieved by optimizing the design of the active regions and injectors. Additionally, the waveguide cladding layers were made from InP, the lower cladding being formed by the InP substrate, the upper cladding by InP grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using solid source phosphorous. This helps to improve in particular the high temperature performance of the lasers. The active region is of the so-called "three well vertical transition" design and consists of three InGaAs quantum wells closely coupled by thin AlInAs barriers.
Poly(ADP‐Ribose) Polymerase in Plant Nuclei (1994)

We show that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is present in maize, pea and wheat nuclei. We have identified the enzyme product as poly(ADP-ribose) by purification and electrophoresis on a DNA sequencing gel. This reveals a polymer ladder consisting of up to 45 residues. The polymer product from maize, after digestion with snake venom phosphodiesterase, gave only 5'-AMP and (phosphoribosyl)-AMP; the mean chain length of the polymer was 5 and 11 residues in two separate experiments. The optimum pH of the plant enzyme is greater than pH 7.0 in pea, wheat and maize; the optimum temperature for enzyme activity is approximately 15 degrees C. The Km for NAD+ for the enzyme from maize is estimated to be approximately 50 microM under optimal conditions. Several compounds (nicotinamide, deoxythymidine, 3-aminobenzamide, 3-methoxybenzamide and 5-bromodeoxyuridine) that specifically inhibit the animal enzyme also inhibit the enzyme from plants. The ratio of the IC50 for 5-bromodeoxyuridine to the IC50 for 3-aminobenzamide in maize is similar to that of the animal enzyme indicating that the enzyme involved is poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and not mono(ADP-ribosyl) transferase. SDS gel electrophoresis and gel filtration analysis of a crude extract of maize nuclei indicate a molecular mass for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase of approximately 114 kDa.
Pol gene quasispecies of human immunodeficiency virus: mutations associated with drug resistance in virus from patients undergoing no drug therapy (1995)

The nucleotide sequences of two pol gene regions (codons 41 to 108 and 181 to 219 of reverse transcriptase) of 60 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes obtained directly from primary lymphocytes from infected individuals are reported. In addition, the mutant spectra of several quasispecies have been sampled by repetitive sequencing of molecular clones representing the same pol genomic regions. Average mutation frequencies ranged from 1.6 x 10(-2) to 3.4 x 10(-2) substitutions per nucleotide for independent samples (relative to their consensus nucleotide sequence) and from 3.6 x 10(-3) to 1.1 x 10(-2) substitutions per nucleotide for individual quasispecies distributions. Several mutations leading to amino acid substitutions related to loss of sensitivity to reverse transcriptase inhibitors have been identified in samples from patients not subjected to antiretroviral therapy. Mutation frequencies in the codons previously identified as involved in resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors were very similar to the average mutation frequencies in the pol region analyzed. Thus, the finding of mutations related to drug resistance (even in the absence of positive selection by the corresponding drugs) is the expected consequence of the statistical distribution of mutations along the pol gene. The presence of such critical amino acid replacements in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 populations underscores the importance of viral quasispecies as reservoirs of phenotypic virus variants and has a number of implications for AIDS control.
Characterization of a large web site population with implications for content delivery (2004)

This paper presents a systematic study of the properties of a large number of Web sites hosted by a major ISP. To our knowledge, ours is the first comprehensive study of a large server farm that contains thousands of commercial Web sites. We also perform a simulation analysis to estimate potential performance benefits of content delivery networks (CDNs) for these Web sites. We make several interesting observations about the current usage of Web technologies and Web site performance characteristics. First, compared with previous client workload studies, the Web server farm workload contains a much higher degree of uncacheable responses and responses that require mandatory cache validations. A significant reason for this is that cookie use is prevalent among our population, especially among more popular sites. However, we found an indication of wide-spread indiscriminate usage of cookies, which unnecessarily impedes the use of many content delivery optimizations. We also found that most Web sites do not utilize the cache-control features ofthe HTTP 1.1 protocol, resulting in suboptimal performance. Moreover, the implicit expiration time in client caches for responses is constrained by the maximum values allowed in the Squid proxy. Finally, our simulation results indicate that most Web sites benefit from the use of a CDN. The amount of the benefit depends on site popularity, and, somewhat surprisingly, a CDN may increase the peak to average request ratio at the origin server because the CDN can decrease the average request rate more than the peak request rate.
Transmission of antibody-induced arthritis is independent of complement component 4 (C4) and the complement receptors 1 and 2 (CD21/35) (2002)

The K/BxN murine model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is dependent on the specificity of the KRN α β-TCR, to recognize glucose-6-phosphate-isomerase (GPI) on the NOD MHC class II Ag7 allele and production of GPI-specific autoantibodies. Transfer of K/BxN serum into MHC-unrelated and lymphocyte-deficient mice induces RA. To investigate whether K/BxN serum-induced RA involves complement activation and/or the complement receptors (CR) 1 and 2, we analyzed the role of complement C4 and of CR1 and CR2. For this purpose we used C4–/– mice impaired in the classical and the lectin complement pathways; Cr2–/– mice lacking CR1 and CR2 and, as control strains, BALB/c, C57BL/6, KRN and NOD. RA was assessed by calliper measurement of ankle thickness, clinical index and joint histology. We found that all mouse strains except NOD developed RA. The lack of protection in C4–/– mice suggests that antibody-mediated RA is independent of the classical as well as the lectin complement pathways and the split complement product C4b. The lack of protection in Cr2–/– mice suggests that absence of CR1 had no significant affect, considering its role in immune complex clearance, inhibition of C3 and C5 convertase and as receptor for C3b/C4b. Also, CR2 lacks a role in disease as analyzed here, in its possible functions as receptor for C3dg, germinal center reaction and activation of alternative pathway on binding iC3. Hence we conclude that the transmission of K/BxN serum-induced RA is independentof the classical and the lectin complement pathways and CR1 and CR2. The crucial role of complement C5, while neither classical nor lectin pathway is necessary, indicates that the alternative complement pathway may have a role in the K/BxN serum-induced RA model.
Mutagenesis by insertion of drug resistance transposon Tn7 into a vibrio species (1981)

A halotolerant, collagenolytic strain of Vibrio sp. was conjugated with an Escherichia coli strain carrying plasmid RP4. The plasmid was transferred to and maintained in the Vibrio and could be subsequently transferred in matings to suitably marked stains of the same species. After conjugation with an E. coli carrying the cointegrate plasmid RP4::Mu cts61::Tn7, Vibrio transconjugants were selected that carried Tn7 inserted into the bacterial chromosome. A large proportion of these transconjugants were auxotrophic, showing that plasmid suicide by Mu can be used to isolate Tn7-derived mutants in Vibrio. Approximately half of the auxotrophs isolate Tn7-derived mutants in Vibrio. Approximately half of the auxotrophs isolated were ilv mutants, all of which exhibited the same phenotype. Thus, although Tn7 insertion can induce auxotrophy, including trp, thy, his and ura, in Vibrio, there does appear to be a hot spot for integration in the ilv operon.
FRS2 Proteins Recruit Intracellular Signaling Pathways by Binding to Diverse Targets on Fibroblast Growth Factor and Nerve Growth Factor Receptors (2000)

The docking protein FRS2 was implicated in the transmission of extracellular signals from the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) or nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors to the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. The two members of the FRS2 family, FRS2alpha and FRS2beta, are structurally very similar. Each is composed of an N-terminal myristylation signal, a phosphotyrosine-binding (PTB) domain, and a C-terminal tail containing multiple binding sites for the SH2 domains of the adapter protein Grb2 and the protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp2. Here we show that the PTB domains of both the alpha and beta isoforms of FRS2 bind directly to the FGF or NGF receptors. The PTB domains of the FRS2 proteins bind to a highly conserved sequence in the juxtamembrane region of FGFR1. While FGFR1 interacts with FRS2 constitutively, independent of ligand stimulation and tyrosine phosphorylation, NGF receptor (TrkA) binding to FRS2 is strongly dependent on receptor activation. Complex formation with TrkA is dependent on phosphorylation of Y490, a canonical PTB domain binding site that also functions as a binding site for Shc (NPXpY). Using deletion and alanine scanning mutagenesis as well as peptide competition assays, we demonstrate that the PTB domains of the FRS2 proteins specifically recognize two different primary structures in two different receptors in a phosphorylation-dependent or -independent manner. In addition, NGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of FRS2alpha is diminished in cells that overexpress a kinase-inactive mutant of FGFR1. This experiment suggests that FGFR1 may regulate signaling via NGF receptors by sequestering a common key element which both receptors utilize for transmitting their signals. The multiple interactions mediated by FRS2 appear to play an important role in target selection and in defining the specificity of several families of receptor tyrosine kinases.
Immunophenotypic significance of the "lymphoid" CD38 antigen in myeloid blood malignancies. (1993)

In 72 patients with blood malignancies (leukemias), the expression and distribution of the "B-lineage" antigen CD38, was analyzed, individually and in combination with CD19, CD10, HLA-DR, CD13, CD14, CD33, CDw65, CD2 and CD7. The expression of CD38 on the surface of leukemic cells was totally different from its expression on normal hematopoietic cells. Its positivity in myeloid malignancies was as follows: In patients with acute myeloid leukemia in 21/28 cases-75% (probability of expression 0.68 +/- 0.2, p < 0.05) and in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in 4/6 cases-66%. In lymphoproliferative malignancies the CD38 antigen was expressed as follows: In patients with acute non-T lymphoblastic leukemia in 12/16 cases-75% (probability of expression 0.7 +/- 0.2, p < 0.05) and in patients with chronic B lymphocytic leukemia in 6/8 cases-75%. CD38 was also found positive in patients with acute mixed lineage leukemia.
TOWARDS INTEGRATED MICRO-MACHINED SILICON-BASED NANOPORES FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF DNA (2004)

The direct characterization, detection, and identification of single nucleic acid molecules can revolutionize genomics, expression analysis, and many areas of biological sciences. A nanopore fabricated using micro and nano-fabrication technique is a viable sensor for such single molecule studies. Here we report the fabrication and processes characterization of silicon-based nanopores using e-beam lithography and TEMbased processing. We performed investigations on the fabrication process in depth. Experiments of metal deposition on the nanopore were also performed to observe the interactions between the metal and the surface oxide.
Potency Labeling of Novel Factor VIII and Factor IX Concentrates: Past Experience and Current Strategy (2015)

Various strategies to produce "longer-lasting" factor VIII and factor IX concentrates through chemical and genetic modifications are currently under evaluation. It is now clear that these new molecules are amenable to testing using conventional methods for biological activity (one-stage clotting and chromogenic) and there is a preference to maintain labeling in International Units (IU) traceable to the WHO International Standard Concentrates. This is an achievable goal; however, many of the new molecules are associated with potency discrepancies both between methods and also within methods, for instance, when different activated partial thromboplastin time reagents are used. In the interests of global harmonization, it is important for licensing authorities to reach agreement on the choice of the potency labeling method. This choice should be supported by a thorough characterization of product potency, both in vitro and in vivo, to anticipate future issues and with a view to maintaining equivalence of the IU compared with existing licensed products. In cases where the product potency is defined using specific reagents, the robustness of the manufacturer's product standard will be crucial for product consistency. The sensitivity of measured potency to different methodologies will require manufacturers to provide guidance to clinical laboratories on suitable postinfusion testing approaches.
Competition between the Rex1 exonuclease and the La protein affects both Trf4p-mediated RNA quality control and pre-tRNA maturation (2008)

Although nascent noncoding RNAs can undergo maturation to functional RNAs or degradation by quality control pathways, the events that influence the choice of pathway are not understood. We report that the targeting of pre-tRNAs and certain other noncoding RNAs for decay by the TRAMP pathway is strongly influenced by competition between the La protein and the Rex1 exonuclease for access to their 3' ends. The La protein binds the 3' ends of many nascent noncoding RNAs, protecting them from exonucleases. We demonstrate that unspliced, end-matured, partially aminoacylated pre-tRNAs accumulate in yeast lacking the TRAMP subunit Trf4p, indicating that these pre-tRNAs normally undergo decay. By comparing RNA extracted from wild-type and mutant yeast strains, we show that Rex1p is the major exonuclease involved in pre-tRNA trailer trimming and may also function in nuclear CCA turnover. As the accumulation of end-matured pre-tRNAs in trf4Delta cells requires Rex1p, these pre-tRNAs are formed by exonucleolytic trimming. Accumulation of truncated forms of 5S rRNA and SRP RNA in trf4Delta cells also requires Rex1p. Overexpression of the La protein Lhp1p reduces both exonucleolytic pre-tRNA trimming in wild-type cells and the accumulation of defective RNAs in trf4Delta cells. Our experiments reveal that one consequence of Rex1p-dependent 3' trimming is the generation of aberrant RNAs that are targeted for decay by TRAMP.