gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mutations in Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein D Distinguish Entry of Free Virus from Cell-Cell Spread (2000)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein D (gD) is an essential component of the entry apparatus that is responsible for viral penetration and subsequent cell-cell spread. To test the hypothesis that gD may serve distinguishable functions in entry of free virus and cell-cell spread, mutants were selected for growth on U(S)11cl19.3 cells, which are resistant to both processes due to the lack of a functional gD receptor, and then tested for their ability to enter as free virus and to spread from cell to cell. Unlike their wild-type parent, HSV-1(F), the variants that emerged from this selection, which were named SP mutants, are all capable of forming macroscopic plaques on the resistant cells. This ability is caused by a marked increase in cell-cell spread without a concomitant increase in efficiency of entry of free virus. gD substitutions that arose within these mutants are sufficient to mediate cell-cell spread in U(S)11cl19.3 cells but are insufficient to overcome the restriction to entry of free virions. These results suggest that mutations in gD (i) are sufficient but not necessary to overcome the block to cell-cell spread exhibited by U(S)11cl19.3 cells and (ii) are insufficient to mediate entry of free virus in the same cells.
Naphthalimide side-chain polymers for organic light-emitting diodes: Band-offset engineering and role of polymer thickness (1998)

We report the fabrication of efficient green light-emitting diodes using a side-chain random polymer based on a high electron affinity (EA) naphthalimide moiety (PNI). The chromophore is attached to a polymethacrylate backbone through a spacer, and emits in the green with high efficiency (30% photoluminescence quantum yield). In single-layer light-emitting diodes (LEDs), we find that the electroluminescence quantum efficiency is not limited by Al cathodes as for poly(p-phenylene vinylene), PPV, and we attribute this to the increased EA. We also report maximum internal quantum efficiencies of about 1.7% for Ca and 0.9% for Al in double-layer devices where PPV serves as both hole injector and emitter. Compared to some oxadiazole based electron injection/transport layers, PNI gives higher efficiencies at high currents, and longer lifetimes. Tuning of emission in the red is possible by dye doping (at high concentration) the PNI and causing the emission to happen in this layer. We discuss the properties of the different device configurations from the viewpoint of the electronic structure of the materials and, in particular, the influence of the thickness of the individual layers on both quantum (photon/electron) and luminous (Lumen/W) efficiency and driving conditions. Unexpectedly, we find that not only does the dye doping of PNI redshift the emission spectrum, but also affects significantly the charge transport properties, and in particular reduces the driving field necessary for electroluminescence in both single and double-layer LEDs.
The segment polarity gene porcupine encodes a putative multitransmembrane protein involved in Wingless processing. (1996)

The Wnt protein Wingless (Wg) functions as a signal in patterning of both the Drosophila embryo and imaginal discs. Lack of porcupine (porc) activity is associated with mutant phenotypes similar to those of wg mutations. In porc mutant embryos, Wg protein is confined to the cells that produce it, suggesting that Porc plays a role in processing or secretion of Wg. porc encodes a novel transmembrane protein that appears to be concentrated at the endoplasmic reticulum. We present both genetic and in vitro evidence demonstrating that porc is involved specifically in the processing of Wg. We identified a human sequence related to Porc suggesting the existence of a family of proteins involved in processing of Wnts.
Amyloid β Protein Precursor Gene and Hereditary Cerebral Hemorrhage with Amyloidosis (Dutch) (1990)

Human hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis of the Dutch type (HCHWA-D), an autosomal dominant form of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), is characterized by extensive amyloid deposition in the small leptomeningeal arteries and cortical arterioles, which lead to an early death of those afflicted in their fifth or sixth decade. Immunohistochemical and biochemical studies have indicated that the amyloid subunit in HCHWA-D is antigenically related to and homologous in sequence with the amyloid β protein isolated from brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome. The amyloid β protein is encoded by the amyloid β protein precursor (APP) gene located on chromosome 21. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms detected by the APP gene were used to examine whether this gene is a candidate for the genetic defect in HCHWA-D. The data indicate that the APP gene is tightly linked to HCHWA-D and therefore, in contrast to familial Alzheimer's disease, cannot be excluded as the site of mutation in HCHWA-D.
Preparation and Characterization of a Small Library of Thermally-Labile End-Caps for Variable-Temperature Triggering of Self-Immolative Polymers (2018)

The reaction between furans and maleimides has increasingly become a method of interest as its reversibility makes it a useful tool for applications ranging from self-healing materials, to self-immolative polymers, to hydrogels for cell culture and for the preparation of bone repair. However, most of these applications have relied on simple monosubstituted furans and simple maleimides and have not extensively evaluated the potential thermal variability inherent in the process that is achievable through simple substrate modification. A small library of cycloadducts suitable for the above applications was prepared, and the temperature dependence of the retro-Diels-Alder processes was determined through in situ <sup>1</sup>H NMR analyses complemented by computational calculations. The practical range of the reported systems ranges from 40 to >110 °C. The cycloreversion reactions are more complex than would be expected based on simple trends expected based on frontier molecular orbital analyses of the materials.
Parallel processing in the isoelectric focusing chip (2003)

Abstract Investigation of isoelectric focusing (IEF) kinetics has been performed to provide the theoretical basis for miniaturization of classical IEF in immobilized pH‐gradients. Standard IEF demands colinearity of the electric field and pH‐gradient directions (serial devices). It is shown that the IEF separation process based on a continuous, serial pH gradient is incompatible with miniaturization of separation devices. The new realization of the IEF device by a parallel IEF chip is suggested and analyzed. The main separation tool of the device is a dielectric membrane (chip) with conducting channels that are filled by Immobiline gels of varying pH. The membrane is held perpendicular to the applied electric field and proteins are collected (trapped) in the channels whose pH are equal to the p I of the proteins. The pH value of the surrounded aqueous solution is not equal to any channel's pH. The fast particle transport between different channels takes place due to convection in the aqueous solution. The new device geometry introduces two new spatial scales to be considered: the scale of transition region from a solution to the gel in a channel and a typical channel size. The corresponding time scales defining the IEF process kinetics are analyzed and scaling laws are obtained. It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that parallel IEF accelerates the fractionation of proteins by their p I down to several minutes and enables possible efficient sample collection and purification.
Cutting Edge: Requirement for IL-15 in the Generation of Primary and Memory Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cells (2002)

IL-15 and IL-15Ralpha are required for generation of memory-phenotype CD8 T cells in unimmunized mice. However, the role of IL-15 in primary expansion and generation of Ag-specific memory CD8 T cells in vivo has not been investigated. We characterized the CD8 T cell response against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in IL-15(-/-) and IL-15Ralpha(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, IL-15 was required for primary expansion of VSV-specific CD8 T cells. The generation of VSV-specific memory CD8 T cells was also impaired without IL-15 signaling, and this defect correlated with a decrease in memory CD8 T cell turnover. Despite minimal proliferation without IL-15, a subset of memory cells survived long-term. IL-15Ralpha expression was low on naive CD8 T cells, up-regulated on Ag-specific effector cells, and sustained on memory cells. Thus, IL-15 was important for the generation and the subsequent maintenance of antiviral memory CD8 T cells.
Antimonocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Gene Therapy Attenuates Graft Vasculopathy (2004)

The MCP-1/chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) signaling pathway plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of graft vasculopathy. This new anti-MCP-1 gene therapy might be useful to treat graft vascular disease.
Human Submandibular Saliva Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection by Displacing Envelope Glycoprotein gp120 from the Virus (1998)

Human submandibular saliva reduces human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in vitro. To define the mechanism of inhibition, virus was incubated with saliva or medium, velocity sucrose gradient centrifugation was performed, and fractions were analyzed for p24 and gp120. The results show that after incubation with saliva, the envelope glycoprotein was displaced from both a laboratory-adapted and a low-passage clinical HIV-1 isolate. To identify the salivary protein(s) responsible, submandibular saliva was fractionated by anion- exchange chromatography. Protein fractions containing anti-HIV activity were assayed for their ability to strip gp120 from virus. The partially purified active fractions contained two high-molecular-weight sialyated glycoproteins identified as salivary agglutinin and mucin, as well as several lower-molecular-weight proteins. It thus appears that specific salivary proteins interact with HIV-1 to strip gp120 from the virus with a resultant decrease in infectivity.
Monitoring the response of patients with locally advanced breast carcinoma to neoadjuvant chemotherapy using [technetium 99m]‐sestamibi scintimammography (1999)

BACKGROUND Mammographic and physical examination assessments of the response of locally advanced breast carcinoma (LABC) to neoadjuvant therapy have been shown to be inaccurate. The authors studied the feasibility and accuracy of [technetium 99m]-sestamibi (MIBI) for monitoring the response of patients with LABC to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS Patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for LABC underwent prone lateral scintimammography before therapy, after 2 months of therapy, and close to the completion of chemotherapy (presurgery) if chemotherapy continued for >3 months. Images were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively using the lesion-to-normal breast MIBI uptake ratio (L:N). Imaging results were compared with the clinical response and the pathologic response as determined from the posttherapy surgical specimen. RESULTS A total of 32 patients (29 who were assessable for primary tumor response and 28 who were assessable for lymph node response) were included in the study. The mean change in the primary tumor L:N MIBI uptake ratio after 2 months of chemotherapy was −35% for clinical responders and +17% for nonresponders (P < 0.001). Patients achieving a pathologic primary tumor macroscopic complete response (CR) had a mean change in uptake on the presurgical scan of −58% versus −18% for patients with a partial response (P < 0.005). A decrease of ≥40% in the MIBI uptake ratio identified CRs with 100% sensitivity and 89% specificity. Pretherapy imaging predicted axillary lymph node metastases in 85% of patients ultimately found to have ≥1 positive lymph nodes at surgery, but was less accurate in identifying residual lymph node disease after therapy (55% sensitivity and 75% specificity). CONCLUSIONS MIBI imaging accurately assessed the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with LABC. Further studies are needed to determine the role of MIBI in this group of patients. Cancer 1999;85:2410–23. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Wide Angle Michelson Doppler Imaging Interferometer (WAMDII) (1986)

The wide angle Michelson Doppler imaging interferometer (WAMDII) is a specialized type of optical Michelson interferometer working at sufficiently long path difference to measure Doppler shifts and to infer Doppler line widths of naturally occurring upper atmospheric Gaussian line emissions. The instrument is intended to measure vertical profiles of atmospheric winds and temperatures within the altitude range of 85 km to 300 km. The WAMDII consists of a Michelson interferometer followed by a camera lens and an 85 x 106 charge coupled device photodiode array. Narrow band filters in a filter wheel are used to isolate individual line emissions and the lens forms an image of the emitting region on the charge coupled device array.
Particle column formation in a stationary ultrasonic field (1992)

Acoustic radiation-force theory for noninteracting particles predicts that when a particle suspension is exposed to a stationary ultrasonic field, the particles may become concentrated at half-wavelength intervals. In a plane stationary field, these particle concentrations would have the shape of uniform planar sheets. Gould and Coakley have observed that particles within these sheets often redistribute to form striated columns in the direction of the ultrasonic beam. In this paper, it is shown that particle columns can result from radial nonuniformity of the ultrasonic beam. Theory is presented that describes the equilibrium distribution of particles when subjected to the lowest axially symmetric acoustic mode of a cylindrical waveguide having a pressure-release wall. Particles with higher density and lower compressibility than that of the host medium will form a column along the axis of a wide waveguide but will migrate to the wall of a narrow waveguide. The direction of radial movement for lower density particles is a function of compressibility but not of waveguide diameter. Results of experiments carried out using aqueous polystyrene suspensions in tubes having thin walls and driven at 3 MHz with a transducer designed to excite primarily the lowest axially symmetric mode were consistent with theory.
Cyano-O-silyhydroxylamines as nitrone blocking groups (1986)

Addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to N-alkyl-C-phenylnitrones affords cyano-O-silylhydroxylamines; reaction of these species with silver fluoride regenerates the nitrone in quantitative yield thereby providing a useful nitrone blocking group.
Gene Expression Profiling of Host Response in Models of Acute HIV Infection (2004)

HIV infection is characterized by a host response composed of adaptive and innate immunity that partially limits viral replication; however, it ultimately fails in eradicating the virus. To model host gene expression during acute HIV infection, we infected cynomolgus macaques with the SIV/HIV-1 chimeric virus, SHIV89.6P, and profiled gene expression in peripheral blood over a 5-wk period using a high density cDNA microarray. We demonstrate that viral challenge induced a widespread suppression of genes regulating innate immunity, including the LPS receptors, CD14 and TLR4. An overexpression of 16 IFN-stimulated genes was also observed in response to infection; however, it did not correlate with control over viral titers. A statistical analysis of the dataset identified 10 genes regulating apoptosis with differential expression during the first 2 wk of infection (p < 0.004). Quantitative real-time PCR verified transcriptional increases in IFN-alpha-inducible genes and decreases in genes regulating innate immunity. Therefore, the persistence of high viral loads despite an extensive IFN response suggests that HIV can resist in vivo IFN treatment despite published reports of in vitro efficacy. The transcriptional suppression of genes regulating innate immunity may allow HIV to evade acute host responses and establish a chronic infection and may reduce innate host defense against opportunistic infections.
Computer and Robot Vision (1991)

From the Publisher:
This two-volume set is an authoritative, comprehensive, modern work on computer vision that covers all of the different areas of vision with a balanced and unified approach. The discussion in Volume I focuses on image in, and image out or feature set out. Volume II covers the higher level techniques of illumination, perspective projection, analytical photogrammetry, motion, image matching, consistent labeling, model matching, and knowledge-based vision systems.
Principles of modern heterocyclic chemistry (1968)

Principles of modern heterocyclic chemistry , Principles of modern heterocyclic chemistry , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
Reduction of otherwise remarkably stable virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte memory by heterologous viral infections. (1996)

Experimental analyses of the acute cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to viruses have focused on studying these infections in immunologically naive hosts. In the natural environment, however, viral CTL responses occur in hosts that are already immune to other infectious agents. To address which factors contribute to the maintenance and waning of immunological memory, the following study examined the frequencies of virus-specific CTL precursor cells (pCTL) not only using the usual experimental paradigm where mice undergo acute infections with a single virus, and in mice immune to a single virus, but also in immune mice after challenge with various heterologous viruses. As determined by limiting dilution assays, the pCTL frequency (p/f) per CD8+ T cell specific for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), Pichinde virus (PV), or vaccinia virus (VV) increased during the acute infections, peaking at days 7-8 with frequencies as high as 1/27-1/74. Acute viral infections such as these elicit major expansions in the CD8+ T cell number, which has been reported to undergo apoptosis and decline after most of the viral antigen has been cleared. Although the decline in the total number of virus-specific pCTL after their peak in the acute infection was substantial, for all three viruses the virus-specific p/f per CD8+ T cell decreased only two- to fourfold and remained at these high levels with little fluctuation for well over a year. The ratios of the three immunodominant peptide-specific to total LCMV-specific clones remained unchanged between days 7 and 8 of acute infection and long-term memory, suggesting that the apoptotic events did not discriminate on the basis of T cell receptor specificity, but instead nonspecifically eliminated a large proportion of the activated T cells. However, when one to five heterologous viruses (LCMV, PV, VV, murine cytomegalovirus, and vesicular stomatitis virus) were sequentially introduced into this otherwise stable memory pool, the stability of the memory pool was disrupted. With each successive infection, after the immune system had returned to homeostasis, the memory p/f specific to viruses from earlier infections declined. Reductions in memory p/f were observed in all tested immunological compartments (spleen, peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and peritoneal cavity), and on average in the spleen revealed a 3 +/- 0.4-fold decrease in p/f after one additional viral infection and an 8.4 +/- 3-fold decrease after two additional viral infections. Thus, subsequent challenges with heterologous antigens, which themselves induce memory CTL, may contribute to the waning of CTL memory pool to earlier viruses as the immune system accommodates ever-increasing numbers of new memory cells within a limited lymphoid population. This demonstrates that virus infections do not occur in immunological isolation, and that CD8+ T cell responses are continually being modulated by other infectious agents.
A novel method for detecting HIV-1 by non-radioactivein situ hybridization: application of a peptide nucleic acid probe and catalysed signal amplification (2001)

A novel in situ hybridization (ISH) method for detecting human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) was developed by applying a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe and a catalysed signal amplification (CSA) method. The PNA probe used in the present study possessed 15 base sequences of the HIV-1 protease gene, and the 5' end of the probe was labelled with the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) molecule. The hybridized probe was detected by sequential reactions of the following antibodies and reagents: horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-FITC antibody, biotinylated tyramide (first amplification), HRP-labelled streptavidin, biotinylated tyramide (second amplification), and streptavidin-conjugated Alexa 488. The signal of Alexa 488 was finally detected by fluorescence microscopy. HIV-1-related dotted signals were clearly obtained in HIV-1 persistently infected cell lines, MOLT4-III(B) and ACH-2, and CD4-positive T lymphocytes from AIDS patients. For light microscopy, HRP-labelled streptavidin was reacted instead of streptavidin-conjugated Alexa 488 at the final treatment, followed by diaminobenzidine as chromogen. This method can detect HIV-1 in either blood smear samples or paraffin-embedded autopsy tissue and is useful as a sensitive non-radioactive method for in situ hybridization.
A 1.5 GIPS video signal processor (VSP) (2002)

A general purpose, programmable, digital video signal processor has been designed for efficient processing of real-time video signals. The chip is fabricated in a 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS technology on a die of 156 mm/sup 2/. The parallel architecture of 28 processing elements realizes a throughput of 15 GIPS at a clock-frequency of 54 MHz. To achieve such a throughput, many of the blocks are custom designed. Special attention has been given to clock routing. Dedicated measures have been taken to reduce power and ground bounce. One of them is the inclusion of a low-voltage I/O mode, which also limits the power consumption. A set of programming tools supports the development of applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Dual-modal three-dimensional imaging of single cells with isometric high resolution using an optical projection tomography microscope (2009)

The practice of clinical cytology relies on bright-field microscopy using absorption dyes like hematoxylin and eosin in the transmission mode, while the practice of research microscopy relies on fluorescence microscopy in the epi-illumination mode. The optical projection tomography microscope is an optical microscope that can generate 3-D images of single cells with isometric high resolution both in absorption and fluorescence mode. Although the depth of field of the microscope objective is in the submicron range, it can be extended by scanning the objective's focal plane. The extended depth of field image is similar to a projection in a conventional x-ray computed tomography. Cells suspended in optical gel flow through a custom-designed microcapillary. Multiple pseudoprojection images are taken by rotating the microcapillary. After these pseudoprojection images are further aligned, computed tomography methods are applied to create 3-D reconstruction. 3-D reconstructed images of single cells are shown in both absorption and fluorescence mode. Fluorescence spatial resolution is measured at 0.35 microm in both axial and lateral dimensions. Since fluorescence and absorption images are taken in two different rotations, mechanical error may cause misalignment of 3-D images. This mechanical error is estimated to be within the resolution of the system.