gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulatory T-cells (2011)

Advances in Immunology, a long-established and highly respected publication, presents current developments as well as comprehensive reviews in immunology. Articles address the wide range of topics that comprise immunology, including molecular and cellular activation mechanisms, phylogeny and molecular evolution, and clinical modalities. Edited and authored by the foremost scientists in the field, each volume provides up-to-date information and directions for the future. This volume focuses on regulatory T-cells. It includes contributions from leading authorities and industry experts. It informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field.
Generating lineage‐specific markers to study Drosophila development (1991)

To generate cell- and tissue-specific expression patterns of the reporter gene lacZ in Drosophila, we have generated and characterized 1,426 independent insertion strains using four different P-element constructs. These four transposons carry a lacZ gene driven either by the weak promoter of the P-element transposase gene or by partial promoters from the even-skipped, fushi-tarazu, or engrailed genes. The tissue-specific patterns of beta-galactosidase expression that we are able to generate depend on the promoter utilized. We describe in detail 13 strains that can be used to follow specific cell lineages and demonstrate their utility in analyzing the phenotypes of developmental mutants. Insertion strains generated with P-elements that carry various sequences upstream of the lacZ gene exhibit an increased variety of expression patterns that can be used to study Drosophila development.
Photostimulated Luminescence of CuCl Quantum Dots in NaCl Crystals (1999)

Photostimulated luminescence (PSL) was observed in CuCl quantum dots embedded in NaCl crystals at low temperatures of up to 120 K. This observation demonstrates that the quantum dot system is a new class of PSL materials. The thermal quenching, spontaneous decay and excitation-fluence dependence of the PSL are almost the same as those of persistent spectral hole burning (PSHB), indicating that the photoionization of quantum dots and the subsequent carrier capture at the traps near the quantum dots bring forth both PSL and PSHB. The traps form a Gaussian band and are considered to arise from Cu + in NaCl. The requirement for the new class of PSL materials is the presence of quantum dots and nearby carrier traps in the host materials.
Otorrhea After Insertion of Silver Oxide–Impregnated Silastic Tympanostomy Tubes (1999)

Silver oxide-impregnated tympanostomy tubes are associated with a low overall incidence of postoperative otorrhea. A significantly higher incidence of otorrhea is seen during the first postoperative week, compared with the incidence after the first week. Patients with thick middle ear effusions and age younger than 3 years have a significantly greater incidence of early otorrhea after tympanostomy tube placement.
Directory of Useful Decoys, Enhanced (DUD-E): Better Ligands and Decoys for Better Benchmarking (2012)

A key metric to assess molecular docking remains ligand enrichment against challenging decoys. Whereas the directory of useful decoys (DUD) has been widely used, clear areas for optimization have emerged. Here we describe an improved benchmarking set that includes more diverse targets such as GPCRs and ion channels, totaling 102 proteins with 22886 clustered ligands drawn from ChEMBL, each with 50 property-matched decoys drawn from ZINC. To ensure chemotype diversity, we cluster each target's ligands by their Bemis-Murcko atomic frameworks. We add net charge to the matched physicochemical properties and include only the most dissimilar decoys, by topology, from the ligands. An online automated tool (http://decoys.docking.org) generates these improved matched decoys for user-supplied ligands. We test this data set by docking all 102 targets, using the results to improve the balance between ligand desolvation and electrostatics in DOCK 3.6. The complete DUD-E benchmarking set is freely available at http://dude.docking.org.
Outer-Membrane Permeability of Bacteria (1986)

Gram-negative bacteria evolved to survive under the conditions in which a number of hazardous compounds are abundant. The outer membrane which protects the cell interior acts as a barrier against such hazardous agents, yet the cells must incorporate the chemicals that are essential for the cellular activity. The devices that Gram-negative bacteria developed to incorporate such essence are the transmembrane pores. These pores could be subdivided into three categories: (1) pore made of porins has a weak solute selectivity; (2) pore made of lamB protein and tsx proteins hold intermediate solute specificity. and (3) pores for the diffusion of vitamin B12 and ferric ion-chelator complexes have a tight solute specificity. Porins are identified from a number of Gram-negatives and from the outer membrane of mitochondria of various sources. Studies on the diffusion properties of these outer-membrane proteins provided essential information to understand membrane transports.
Pretreatment with antibody to eosinophil major basic protein prevents hyperresponsiveness by protecting neuronal M2 muscarinic receptors in antigen-challenged guinea pigs. (1997)

In antigen-challenged guinea pigs there is recruitment of eosinophils into the lungs and to airway nerves, decreased function of inhibitory M2 muscarinic autoreceptors on parasympathetic nerves in the lungs, and airway hyperresponsiveness. A rabbit antibody to guinea pig eosinophil major basic protein was used to determine whether M2 muscarinic receptor dysfunction, and the subsequent hyperresponsiveness, are due to antagonism of the M2 receptor by eosinophil major basic protein. Guinea pigs were sensitized, challenged with ovalbumin and hyperresponsiveness, and M2 receptor function tested 24 h later with the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine. Antigen-challenged guinea pigs were hyperresponsive to electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves compared with controls. Likewise, loss of M2 receptor function was demonstrated since the agonist pilocarpine inhibited vagally-induced bronchoconstriction in control but not challenged animals. Pretreatment with rabbit antibody to guinea pig eosinophil major basic protein prevented hyperresponsiveness, and protected M2 receptor function in the antigen-challenged animals without inhibiting eosinophil accumulation in the lungs or around the nerves. Thus, hyperresponsiveness is a result of inhibition of neuronal M2 muscarinic receptor function by eosinophil major basic protein in antigen-challenged guinea pigs.
Multiple direct mode for intra coding (2017)

In this paper, a multiple direct mode (MDM) method is presented for chroma intra coding. The main contributions of the proposed MDM method include two aspects: selection of multiple luma intra prediction modes from co-located luma blocks, and the derivation of chroma intra prediction modes from spatial neighbouring blocks. With the proposed method, both the cross-component correlation and spatial correlation of intra prediction modes can be better utilized for more efficient chroma intra coding. Simulation results have validated the efficiency of MDM especially under the decoupled luma-chroma partition trees. The proposed method has been adopted in the Joint Exploration Model (JEM) which is the test platform for future video coding technology exploration in Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET).
Trust for Location-Based Authorisation (2008)

We propose a concept for authorisation using the location of a mobile device and the enforcement of location- based policies. Mobile devices enhanced by trusted computing capabilities operate an autonomous and secure location trigger and policy enforcement entity. Location determination is two-tiered, integrating cell-based triggering at handover with precision location measurement by the device.
Dissection of the translocation and chaperoning functions of yeast BiP/Kar2p in vivo (1998)

ABSTRACT We used the rat nerve growth factor receptor ectodomain (NGFRe) and Escherichia coli β-lactamase to dissect the functions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BiP/Kar2p in vivo. Both were fused to the Hsp150Δ-polypeptide, which promotes proper folding of heterologous proteins which otherwise are misfolded in the yeast ER. Hsp150Δ-NGFRe and Hsp150Δ-β-lactamase acquired disulfides and were properly folded and secreted to the culture medium. When disulfide formation was prevented by incubating cells with dithiothreitol (DTT), Hsp150Δ-NGFRe remained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The occupancy of an otherwise partially used N-glycosylation site of reduced NGFRe was complete suggesting that, normally, folding and disulfide formation occurred as rapidly as N-glycosylation. Removal of DTT resulted in remarkably rapid disulfide formation and secretion, suggesting only mild conformational distortion of reduced NGFRe. In contrast, reduced Hsp150Δ-β-lactamase was severely misfolded and attained a secretion competent conformation more slowly after reoxidation. When kar2-159 cells were incubated at permissive temperature 24°C with DTT, the reporter proteins were retained in the ER. After shift of the cells to 34°C to inactivate BiP/Kar2p irreversibly, and subsequent removal of DTT, most pre-accumulated Hsp150Δ-NGFRe was rapidly secreted, whereas Hsp150Δ-β-lactamase was secretion incompetent. Thus, Hsp150Δ-NGFRe did not require BiP/Kar2p for conformational maturation, though translocation was dependent on BiP/Kar2p. Apparently proteins differ in their post-translocational requirements for BiP/Kar2p, indicating that translocation and chaperoning are distinct functions.
TOXINS AND ANTITOXINS OF BACILLUS DYSENTERIÆ SHIGA (1920)

With the methods which have been described we have separated an exotoxin and an endotoxin from cultures of the Shiga dysenteric bacillus. The study of the nature and effect of the poison of this microorganism is thus simplified. The two toxins are physically and biologically distinct. The exotoxin is relatively heat-labile, arises in the early period of growth, and yields an antiexotoxic immune serum. The endotoxin, on the other hand, is heat-stable, is formed in the later period of growth, and is not neutralized by the antiexotoxic serum. The exotoxin exhibits a specific affinity for the central nervous organs in the rabbit, giving rise to a characteristic lesion-mainly, hemorrhages, necroses, and possibly a perivascular infiltration in the gray matter of the upper spinal cord and medulla. The endotoxin exerts a typical action on the intestinal tract, producing edema, hemorrhages, necroses, and ulcerations, especially in the large intestine. In dysentery in man the intestinal lesions predominate, but in severe epidemics paralysis and neuritis have been observed (Osler(17)). These facts become specially significant from the standpoint of the serum therapy of bacillary dysentery. A potent antidysenteric serum should contain antibodies against the exotoxin as well as the endotoxin. That such a serum can be produced in horses has been experimentally demonstrated.
Generation of a tumor- and tissue-specific episomal non-viral vector system (2013)

In this study we present an episomal plasmid system designed for tissue specific transgene expression and replication. The human AFP-promoter in combination with the hCMV enhancer element was demonstrated to be a valuable tissue-specific promoter for targeting hepatocellular carcinomas with non-viral gene delivery system, and tissue specific replication could be shown in vitro with the muscle specific SM22 promoter. In combination with appropriate delivery systems, the tissue specific pEPito vector system will allow higher tissue-specificity with less undesired side effects and is suitable for long term transgene expression in vivo within gene therapeutical approaches.
Diabetic foot disorders: a clinical practice guideline. American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. (2000)

Foot ulcerations, infections, and Charcot neuropathic osteoarthropathy are three serious foot complications of diabetes mellitus that can too frequently lead to gangrene and lower limb amputation. Consequently, foot disorders are one of the leading causes of hospitalization for persons with diabetes and can account for expenditures in the billions of dollars annually in the U.S. alone. Although not all foot complications can be prevented, dramatic reductions in their frequency have been obtained through the implementation of a multidisciplinary team approach to patient management. Using this concept, the authors present a Clinical Practice Guideline for diabetic foot disorders based on currently available evidence. The underlying pathophysiology and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers, infections, and the diabetic Charcot foot are thoroughly reviewed. Although these guidelines cannot and should not dictate the standard of care for all affected patients, they are intended to provide evidence-based guidance for general patterns of practice. The goal of a major reduction in diabetic limb amputations is certainly possible if these concepts are embraced and incorporated into patient management protocols.
Stabilization of charged substrates by first- and second-row heteroatoms (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStabilization of charged substrates by first- and second-row heteroatomsJames R. Larson and N. D. EpiotisCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 2, 410–416Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00392a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00392a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views111Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of N-Arylrolipram Derivatives - Potent and Selective Phosphodiesterase-IV Inhibitors - by Copper Catalyzed Lactam-Aryl Halide Coupling (1998)

A a t -The copper catalysed coupling of rolipram (1) with a wide variety of avyl halides (2) affords N-arylrolipram derivatives (3), potent and selective phosphodiesterase Qpe-IV inhibitors.Much attention has been paid to the therapeutic potential of phosphodiesterase (PDE) type-IV inhibitors for the treatment of asthma.This stems primarily from the wide-ranging anti-inflammatory properties exhibited by PDE-IV inhibitors in vitro and in vivo.)The archetypal PDE-IV inhibitor rolipram (1) suppresses the proinflammatory function of a range of immune cells including mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and eosin~phils.~Structure-activity studies involving rolipram have implied that its receptor tolerates bulky substituents at the pyrrolidinone n i t r ~g e n .~In order to exploit this finding we embarked upon the synthesis of a wide range of N-arylrolipram derivatives.The requirement of an expedient and general entry into this compound class was apparent.We repoti herein our results in preparing a large series of mono-, di-and tri-substituted N-arylroliprams (3).Due to the ready availability of rolipram on a large scale,6 we employed this compound as a starting material and found it an admirably suitable substrate in copper catalysed pyrrolidinone-aryl halide coupling.'This proved to be a very versatile procedure for the synthesis of a wide range of N-arylrolipram derivatives in moderate to high yields (Table 1).Rolipram itself was very robust under the reaction conditions, often being partially recovered even after prolonged reaction at high temperature.Furthermore, we were satisfied to observe that subjection of optically pure rolipram enantiomerss to the coupling conditions in the presence of 1-iodo-3-(3'-methoxybenzy1oxy)benzene (2i) provided the corresponding N-arylrolipram derivative (3i) in good yield with no racemisation at the benzylic carbon (>99% optical purity by chiral HPLC ).Reactions were typically worked up upon completion of rolipram consumption, except in cases of prolonged reaction times (>I2 h) where unchanged starting material was often recovered.In order to ensure good yields at acceptable reaction rates the appropriate aryl iodides were employed.
Preventing replay attacks on speaker verification systems (2011)

In this paper, we describe a system for detecting spoofing attacks on speaker verification systems. We understand as spoofing the fact of impersonating a legitimate user. We focus on detecting two types of low technology spoofs. On the one side, we try to expose if the test segment is a far-field microphone recording of the victim that has been replayed on a telephone handset using a loudspeaker. On the other side, we want to determine if the recording has been created by cutting and pasting short recordings to forge the sentence requested by a text dependent system. This kind of attacks is of critical importance for security applications like access to bank accounts. To detect the first type of spoof we extract several acoustic features from the speech signal. Spoofs and non-spoof segments are classified using a support vector machine (SVM). The cut and paste is detected comparing the pitch and MFCC contours of the enrollment and test segments using dynamic time warping (DTW). We performed experiments using two databases created for this purpose. They include signals from land line and GSM telephone channels of 20 different speakers. We present results of the performance separately for each spoofing detection system and the fusion of both. We have achieved error rates under 10% for all the conditions evaluated. We show the degradation on the speaker verification performance in the presence of this kind of attack and how to use the spoofing detection to mitigate that degradation.
Downstream Processing of Fc‐Fusion Proteins (2013)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction and Overview of Fc-Fusion Proteins Biochemistry of Fc-Fusion Proteins Purification of Fc-Fusion Proteins from Mammalian Cells Purification of Fc-Fusion Protein from Microbial Systems Future Innovations in Fc-Fusion Protein Downstream Processing Conclusions
Toward a multiple clock/voltage island design style for power-aware processors (2005)

Enabled by the continuous advancement in fabrication technology, present-day synchronous microprocessors include more than 100 million transistors and have clock speeds well in excess of the 1-GHz mark. Distributing a low-skew clock signal in this frequency range to all areas of a large chip is a task of growing complexity. As a solution to this problem, designers have recently suggested the use of frequency islands that are locally clocked and externally communicate with each other using mixed clock communication schemes. Such a design style fits nicely with the recently proposed concept of voltage islands that, in addition, can potentially enable fine-grain dynamic power management by simultaneous voltage and frequency scaling. This paper proposes a design exploration framework for application-adaptive multiple-clock processors which provides the means for analyzing and identifying the right interdomain communication scheme and the proper granularity for the choice of voltage/frequency islands in case of superscalar, out-of-order processors. In addition, the presented design exploration framework allows for comparative analysis of newly proposed or already published application-driven dynamic power management strategies. Such a design exploration framework and accompanying results can help designers and computer architects in choosing the right design strategy for achieving better power-performance tradeoffs in multiple-clock high-end processors.
Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors, and plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic subjects with different apoE phenotypes during dietary sitostanol ester treatment (1993)

A randomized double-blind study was made in 67 modestly hypercholesterolemic subjects by replacing 50 g of daily dietary fat by the same amount of a rapeseed oil preparation without and with fat-soluble sitostanol esters. The diet became relatively rich in dietary fat (37%) especially in subjects with a low basal calorie intake. The esters were prepared by transesterification of sitostanol with rapeseed oil fatty acids. The effects of sitostanol esters were studied on serum cholesterol and cholesterol synthesis (measuring cholesterol precursors in serum) and absorption (measuring serum plant sterols). The results were related to different apoE phenotypes. A 6-week regimen of about 3.4 g/day of sitostanol lowered total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels by 7.5% and 10%, respectively, over that due to rapeseed oil alone. High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were unchanged. Thus, the HDL/LDL cholesterol ratio was significantly increased. The decrease in LDL cholesterol level was more consistent in subjects with the epsilon 4 allele than in those with homozygous epsilon 3 alleles. Sitostanol markedly decreased serum campesterol (-46%) and sitosterol (-30%), especially in subjects with the epsilon 4 alleles known to have high cholesterol absorption . The decreases of LDL cholesterol and plant sterols were interrelated, suggesting that reduced cholesterol absorption contributed to the lowering of LDL cholesterol. Serum sitostanol was unchanged, while the serum cholesterol precursors, delta 8-cholestenol, desmosterol, and lathosterol, were compensatorily increased by 10% (P < 0.05), most consistently in the subjects with epsilon 4 alleles, indicating an increase in cholesterol synthesis. The study demonstrates that sitostanol esters dissolved in dietary fat can be recommended for treatment of modest primary hypercholesterolemia and are apparently practical and suitable for cholesterol lowering in a general population.
Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targets (2009)

The requirements for a cell surface molecule to be suitable as an antibody-drug conjugate target are stringent. The notion that antibodies-directed toward targets on the surface of malignant cells could be used for drug delivery is not new. The history of antibody-drug conjugates has been marked by hurdles identified and overcome. Early conjugates used mouse antibodies, drugs that were either not sufficiently potent, were immunogenic (proteins) or were too toxic and linkers that were not sufficiently stable in circulation. Three main avenues have been explored using antibodies to target cytotoxic species to malignant cells, antibody-protein toxin conjugates (or antibody fragment-protein toxin fusion proteins), antibody-small molecule drug conjugates and antibody-enzyme conjugates administered along with small molecule prodrugs requiring metabolism by the conjugated enzyme to release the activate species. This review focuses on cell surface proteins that have been targeted primarily by antibody-small molecule drug conjugates and briefly discusses 34 targets being investigated. While only one antibody-drug conjugate has reached regulatory approval, there are nearly 20 of these in clinical trial. The time may have come for this technology to become a major contributor to improving treatment for cancer patients.