gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anti-Interleukin-18 Therapy in Murine Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2002)

Interleukin (IL)-18 is a cytokine with a broad array of effector functions, the most prominent of which is to act synergistically with IL-12 in interferon-gamma production and the induction of a strong T-helper-1-mediated immune response. In addition, IL-18 also upregulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Analysis of IL-18-deficient mice revealed an important role of IL-18 in the activation of macrophages and natural killer cells in the context of infection with intracellular bacteria or parasites. In humans, it was reported that IL-18 is elevated at sites of inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly in Crohn's disease, suggesting a possible role for IL-18 in the development and persistence of IBD. In this review we summarize recent findings on the functional role of IL-18 in the pathogenesis of colitis with a special focus on murine models of IBD. The neutralizing mouse anti-mouse IL-18 antibodies generated in our group should facilitate the evaluation of the efficiency of therapeutic blockade of endogenous IL-18 in chronic mouse models of colitis besides the use of recombinant forms of the inhibitory IL-18-binding protein.
KNEE JOINT DISLOCATION IN CONGENITAL GENU RECURVATUM (2004)

Introduction and Objectives: This rare disease (17 per million newborns) was described by Chatelaine in 1882 and is more prevalent in females compared to males (2.3:1). It is commonly accompanied by congenital or genetic malformations. Within the syndrome known as genu recurvatum, congenital knee dislocation (CKD) is the most extreme clinical form. In view of the scarcity of trials and reviews on the subject of CKD and results of therapy for the same, we determined to gather clinical case data from the hospital from 01–01-1964 to 01–01-2003 and evaluate therapeutic, orthopaedic, and surgical experience. Materials and Methods: Of 28,753 patients treated in the aforementioned period, 55 were treated for genu recurvatum. We selected 22 with unilateral or bilateral CKD. We individualised the cases of 14 patients with 20 knees as patients diagnosed and treated since birth by this centre, excluding those with multi-malformation genetic syndromes (Larsen’s syndrome, arthrogryposis, etc.). In terms of treatment, 13 knees were treated orthopaedically by means of successive manipulations and splinting until 90° of flexion was achieved. At that point, physical therapy was initiated. There were 7 other knees that received at least one surgical treatment when results of the previously-described orthopaedic procedures were unsatisfactory. The clinical outcome for the treatment method used in each case was assessed by means of evaluation of range of mobility of the knee joint, stability upon examination, residual deviation from the axes, and ability of the patient to walk at time of release. Results: Of the 65% of knees that were treated exclusively by orthopaedic methods, we observed ranges of flexion and stability such that splinting was not needed at an average of 55.2 days, with good to excellent clinical outcomes at an average of 42.4 days. Of the 35% of knees that required at least one surgical procedure, the procedure was performed between the ages of 30 and 176 days of life, with a mean of 90.8 days. As many as 75% of these knees required repeated surgical intervention during the treatment period, and good to excellent results were achieved in only 35% by 5 years of age. Discussion and Conclusions: Orthopaedic treatment continues to be the foundation of managing these patients, and plays a vital role even in cases were surgical intervention is chosen. The existence of other genetic or non-genetic developmental anomalies concurrent with CKD will determine the therapeutic strategy that is indicated and when such action should take place. We do not recommend surgical treatment except in cases of a continued lack of response to orthopaedic treatment.
Stem Cells from Human-Exfoliated Deciduous Teeth Can Differentiate into Dopaminergic Neuron-Like Cells (2010)

Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) have been identified as a novel population of postnatal stem cells capable of differentiating into neural cells, odontogenic cells, and adipocytes. SHED were reported to differentiate into neural cells based on cellular morphology and the expression of early neuronal markers when cultured under neural inductive conditions. This study therefore investigated the therapeutic efficacy of SHED in alleviating Parkinson's disease (PD) in a rat model. We found that SHED could be induced to form neural-like spheres in a medium optimized for neural stem cells in vitro. After incubation with a cocktail of cytokines including sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor 8, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and forskolin, these SHED-derived spheres further differentiated into a cell population that contained specific dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, transplantation of SHED spheres into the striatum of parkinsonian rats partially improved the apomorphine-evoked rotation of behavorial disorders compared to transplantation of control SHED. Our data indicate that SHED, potentially derived from neural crest cells, may be an optimal source of postnatal stem cells for PD treatment.
Differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by PCR amplification of genomic regions of difference. (2006)

Differentiation of members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by conventional mycobacteriological methods is time consuming, making surveillance of species-specific disease difficult. A two-step, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method based on genomic regions of difference (RD1, RD1(mic), RD2(seal), RD4, RD9 and RD12) was developed for the differentiation of M. canettii, M. tuberculosis, M. africanum, M. microti, M. pinnipedii, M. caprae, M. bovis and M. bovis BCG. The size of the respective multiplex PCR amplification products corresponded to the presence of the different M. tuberculosis complex members. This method allows for rapid differentiation, making it suitable for routine laboratories and surveillance purposes.
<title>Low-intensity laser radiation in complex treatment of inflammatory diseases of parodontium</title> (1995)

The problem of complex treatment of inflammatory disease of parodontium has become very acute and actual at the moment. The diseases of inflammatory nature are considered to be the most vital issues of the day. The state of the local immune system of oral cavity plays the most important role in the complicated mechanism of inflammatory process development in the tissues of parodontium. Recently physical factors have become predominant in the system of complex therapy of parodontitis. The application of low-intense laser radiation (LLR) is considered to be the most important and up-to-date method in the preventive dentistry. There were 60 patients of average damage rate suffering from chronic generalizing parodontitis at the age of 25 up to 55 under observation. The major goal of examination was to get the objective results of the following methods' application: parodontium index (Russel, 1956), hygiene index (Fyodorov, Volodkina, 1971), Bacterioscopy of dental-gingival pockets content, simple and broadened stomatoscopy (Kunin, 1970), SIgA level determination in mixed saliva (Manchini et all, 1965) and R-protein level in gingival blood (Kulberg, 1990). All the patients were split into 2 groups. The first group (30 patients) has undergone the laser therapy course while the second group of 30 patients couldn't get it (LLR). Despite the kind of therapy they have undergone, all the patients have got the local anti-inflammatory medicamental therapy. The results of clinical observations have proved the fact that laser therapy application makes it possible to shorten the course of treatment in 1.5 times. The shifts of oral cavity local resistance take place in case of chronic generalizing parodontitis. The direct immunostimulating effect could be observed as a result of LLR- therapy application. The close connection of both anti-inflammatory medicamental and LLR-therapy has proved the possibility of purposeful local immune status correction in case of parodontitis.
Deep clustering: Discriminative embeddings for segmentation and separation (2016)

We address the problem of "cocktail-party" source separation in a deep learning framework called deep clustering. Previous deep network approaches to separation have shown promising performance in scenarios with a fixed number of sources, each belonging to a distinct signal class, such as speech and noise. However, for arbitrary source classes and number, "class-based" methods are not suitable. Instead, we train a deep network to assign contrastive embedding vectors to each time-frequency region of the spectrogram in order to implicitly predict the segmentation labels of the target spectrogram from the input mixtures. This yields a deep network-based analogue to spectral clustering, in that the embeddings form a low-rank pair-wise affinity matrix that approximates the ideal affinity matrix, while enabling much faster performance. At test time, the clustering step "decodes" the segmentation implicit in the embeddings by optimizing K-means with respect to the unknown assignments. Preliminary experiments on single-channel mixtures from multiple speakers show that a speaker-independent model trained on two-speaker mixtures can improve signal quality for mixtures of held-out speakers by an average of 6dB. More dramatically, the same model does surprisingly well with three-speaker mixtures.
Surface Modification and Characterization of Magnetic Polymer Nanospheres Prepared by Miniemulsion Polymerization (2004)

A novel and effective protocol for the surface modification and quantitative characterization of magnetic polymeric nanospheres prepared by miniemulsion polymerization is reported. Composite nanospheres consisting of polymer-coated iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared by the miniemulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate and divinylbenzene in the presence of magnetic fluid. Surface modification reaction of the magnetic polymer with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) was employed to obtain a hydrophilic hydroxyl-group-functionalized magnetic nanospheres. An affinity dye, Cibacron blue F3G-A (CB), was then coupled covalently to prepare a magnetic nonporous affinity adsorbent. The morphology and magnetic property of the polymer nanospheres obtained were examined by transmission electron microscopy and a vibrating sample magnetometer. The contents of surface groups modified were quantitatively measured by using diffusive reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on the basis of a linear relationship between the intensity ratio of IC-O-C/IC=O and the content of PEG. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to examine the surface of magnetic nanospheres. It was confirmed by the comparison of XPS spectra of both dye-coated and uncoated magnetic nanospheres to which the CB ligand was coupled, and the surface of the PEG-modified nanospheres had an exact 3:7 atomic ratio of sulfur to nitrogen.
Whole-Genome Comparison ofMycobacterium tuberculosisClinical and Laboratory Strains (2002)

Virulence and immunity are poorly understood in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We sequenced the complete genome of the M. tuberculosis clinical strain CDC1551 and performed a whole-genome comparison with the laboratory strain H37Rv in order to identify polymorphic sequences with potential relevance to disease pathogenesis, immunity, and evolution. We found large-sequence and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in numerous genes. Polymorphic loci included a phospholipase C, a membrane lipoprotein, members of an adenylate cyclase gene family, and members of the PE/PPE gene family, some of which have been implicated in virulence or the host immune response. Several gene families, including the PE/PPE gene family, also had significantly higher synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution frequencies compared to the genome as a whole. We tested a large sample of M. tuberculosis clinical isolates for a subset of the large-sequence and single-nucleotide polymorphisms and found widespread genetic variability at many of these loci. We performed phylogenetic and epidemiological analysis to investigate the evolutionary relationships among isolates and the origins of specific polymorphic loci. A number of these polymorphisms appear to have occurred multiple times as independent events, suggesting that these changes may be under selective pressure. Together, these results demonstrate that polymorphisms among M. tuberculosis strains are more extensive than initially anticipated, and genetic variation may have an important role in disease pathogenesis and immunity.
Proteomic profiling of antisense‐induced exon skipping reveals reversal of pathobiochemical abnormalities in dystrophic mdx diaphragm (2009)

The disintegration of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex represents the initial pathobiochemical insult in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. However, secondary changes in signalling, energy metabolism and ion homeostasis are probably the main factors that eventually cause progressive muscle wasting. Thus, for the proper evaluation of novel therapeutic approaches, it is essential to analyse the reversal of both primary and secondary abnormalities in treated muscles. Antisense oligomer-mediated exon skipping promises functional restoration of the primary deficiency in dystrophin. In this study, an established phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer coupled to a cell-penetrating peptide was employed for the specific removal of exon 23 in the mutated mouse dystrophin gene transcript. Using DIGE analysis, we could show the reversal of secondary pathobiochemical abnormalities in the dystrophic diaphragm following exon-23 skipping. In analogy to the restoration of dystrophin, beta-dystroglycan and neuronal nitric oxide synthase, the muscular dystrophy-associated differential expression of calsequestrin, adenylate kinase, aldolase, mitochondrial creatine kinase and cvHsp was reversed in treated muscle fibres. Hence, the re-establishment of Dp427 coded by the transcript missing exon 23 has counter-acted dystrophic alterations in Ca2+-handling, nucleotide metabolism, bioenergetic pathways and cellular stress response. This clearly establishes the exon-skipping approach as a realistic treatment strategy for diminishing diverse downstream alterations in dystrophinopathy.
Interpolation in digital modems. II. Implementation and performance (1993)

For pt.I, see ibid., vol.41, no.3, p.502-208 (1993). Properties of a specific class of interpolators that are based upon polynomials are discussed. Several implementations are described, one of which is particularly convenient in practical hardware. Simulations demonstrate that simple interpolators give excellent performance. In many cases, two-point, linear interpolation is adequate. If better performance is needed, classical four-point, third-order polynomials could be used. Better yet, a novel four-point interpolating filter with piecewise-parabolic impulse response can have performance superior to that of the standard cubic interpolator and still be implemented much more simply. The NCO-based control method presented in Part I is shown to be equivalent to a conventional phase locked loop and its operation is verified by simulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Supraspinal antinociceptive response to [D-Pen(2,5)]-enkephalin (DPDPE) is pharmacologically distinct from that to other delta-agonists in the rat. (2000)

The cloned delta-opioid receptor (DOR) is being investigated as a potential target for novel analgesics with an improved safety profile over mu-opioid receptor agonists such as morphine. The current study used antisense techniques to evaluate the role of DOR in mediating supraspinal antinociception in rats. All of the opioid agonists tested (delta-selective: deltorphin II, DPDPE, pCl-DPDPE, SNC80; mu-selective: DAMGO; i.c.v.) provided significant, dose-dependent antinociception in the paw pressure assay. Administration of a phosphodiester antisense oligonucleotide (i.c.v. ) targeted against DOR inhibited antinociception in response to SNC80, deltorphin II, and pCl-DPDPE compared with mismatch and saline-treated controls. However, antisense treatment did not inhibit the response to DPDPE or DAMGO. In contrast, the highly selective mu-antagonist CTOP blocked antinociception in response to ED(80) concentrations of DAMGO and DPDPE, reduced the response to pCl-DPDPE, and did not alter the response to deltorphin II or SNC80. In total, these data suggest that DOR mediates the antinociceptive response to deltorphin II, SNC80, and pCl-DPDPE at supraspinal sites and further demonstrates that the DOR-mediated response to deltorphin II and SNC80 is independent of mu-receptor activation. Conversely, supraspinal antinociception in response to DPDPE is mediated by a receptor distinct from DOR; this response is directly or indirectly sensitive to mu-receptor blockade. The distinct pharmacological profile of DPDPE suggests that either this prototypical delta-agonist mediates antinociception by a direct, nonselective interaction at mu-receptors or DPDPE interacts with a novel delta-subtype that, in turn, indirectly activates mu-receptors in the brain.
How Do MicroRNAs Regulate Gene Expression? (2007)

Several thousand human genes, amounting to about one-third of the whole genome, are potential targets for regulation by the several hundred microRNAs (miRNAs) encoded in the genome. The regulation occurs posttranscriptionally and involves the approximately 21-nucleotide miRNA interacting with a target site in the mRNA that generally has imperfect complementarity to the miRNA. The target sites are almost invariably in the 3'-untranslated region of the messenger RNA (mRNA), often in multiple copies. Metazoan miRNAs were previously thought to down-regulate protein expression by inhibiting target mRNA translation at some stage after the translation initiation step, without much effect on mRNA abundance. However, recent studies have questioned these suppositions. With some targets, an increase in the rate of mRNA degradation by the normal decay pathway contributes to the decrease in protein expression. miRNAs can also inhibit translation initiation, specifically the function of the cap-binding initiation factor, eIF4E. Repressed target mRNAs as well as miRNAs themselves accumulate in cytoplasmic foci known as P-bodies, where many enzymes involved in mRNA degradation are concentrated. However, P-bodies may also serve as repositories for the temporary and reversible storage of untranslated mRNA, and reducing the expression (knockdown) of several distinct P-body protein components can alleviate miRNA-mediated repression of gene expression.
Risks and Benefits of Phase 1 Oncology Trials, 1991 through 2002 (2005)

Overall response rates among phase 1 oncology trials are higher than previously reported, although they have not changed for classic phase 1 trials, and toxicity-related death rates have remained stable. Rates of response and toxicity vary, however, among the various types of phase 1 oncology trials.
Predictive DC voltage control of single-phase PV inverters with small DC link capacitance (2004)

This paper proposes a novel control method for DC voltage in single-phase voltage-source inverters fed by constant-current or constant-power sources. The technique predicts the inverter power require to correct a DC voltage error within one fundamental AC cycle. This is based on the power balance between DC input and AC output, and the energy stored in the DC link capacitor. The fast response means a smaller capacitor can be used, and operation with a large double-line-frequency ripple on the DC bus is possible without causing distortion of the AC output current. This scheme is suitable for applications where substantial DC link buffer energy is unnecessary, e.g.: grid-connected photovoltaic generators. The reliability and lifetime of the inverter can be significantly improved if a non-electrolytic type capacitor is used. Experimental results are presented that verify the inverter operation.
A mesh‐interpolation scheme for very‐low bitrate coding of video sequences (1998)

Abstract A very‐low bitrate video codec is proposed that processes an image sequence as a two‐component information source. The main difference from state‐of‐the‐art approaches lies in the use of a 3D spatio‐temporal interpolation; it is based on a non‐uniform sampling where frames are processed as 3D blocks, so achieving an adaptive allocation for the information to be transmitted. Residuals are then compressed through a transform coder. Such a method allows for a concurrent and efficient exploitation of intra‐ and inter‐frame correlations; experimental results show a good fidelity in decoded sequences, both in terms of subjective and objective quality.
Global Spread of Carbapenemase-producingEnterobacteriaceae (2011)

Carbapenemases increasingly have been reported in Enterobacteriaceae in the past 10 years. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemases have been reported in the United States and then worldwide, with a marked endemicity at least in the United States and Greece. Metallo-enzymes (Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase, IMP) also have been reported worldwide, with a higher prevalence in southern Europe and Asia. Carbapenemases of the oxacillinase-48 type have been identified mostly in Mediterranean and European countries and in India. Recent identification of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 producers, originally in the United Kingdom, India, and Pakistan and now worldwide, is worrisome. Detection of infected patients and carriers with carbapenemase producers is necessary for prevention of their spread. Identification of the carbapenemase genes relies mostly on molecular techniques, whereas detection of carriers is possible by using screening culture media. This strategy may help prevent development of nosocomial outbreaks caused by carbapenemase producers, particularly K. pneumoniae.
Modification of the Mg/DOBDC MOF with Amines to Enhance CO2 Adsorption from Ultradilute Gases (2012)

The MOF Mg/DOBDC has one of the highest known CO2 adsorption capacities at the low to moderate CO2 partial pressures relevant for CO2 capture from flue gas but is difficult to regenerate for use in cyclic operation. In this work, Mg/DOBDC is modified by functionalization of its open metal coordination sites with ethylene diamine (ED) to introduce pendent amines into the MOF micropores. DFT calculations and experimental nitrogen physisorption and thermogravimetric analysis suggest that 1 ED molecule is added to each unit cell, on average. This modification both increases the material's CO2 adsorption capacity at ultradilute CO2 partial pressures and increases the regenerability of the material, allowing for cyclic adsorption-desorption cycles with identical adsorption capacities. This is one of the first MOF materials demonstrated to yield significant adsorption capacities from simulated ambient air (400 ppm CO2), and its capacity is competitive with the best-known adsorbents based on amine-oxide composites.