gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dichotic pitches as illusions of binaural unmasking. I. Huggins’ pitch and the “binaural edge pitch” (1998)

The two most salient dichotic pitches, the Huggins pitch (HP) and the binaural edge pitch (BEP), are produced by applying interaural phase transitions of 360 and 180 degrees, respectively, to a broadband noise. This paper examines accounts of these pitches, concentrating on a "central activity pattern" (CAP) model and a "modified equalization-cancellation" (mE-C) model. The CAP model proposes that a dichotic pitch is heard at frequency f when an individual across-frequency scan in an interaural cross-correlation matrix contains a sharp peak at f. The mE-C model proposes that a dichotic pitch is heard when a plot of interaural decorrelation against frequency contains a peak at f. The predictions of the models diverge for the BEP at very narrow transition bandwidths: the mE-C model predicts that salience is sustained, while the CAP model predicts that salience declines and that the dominant percept is of the in-phase segment of the noise. Experiment 1 showed that the salience of the BEP was sustained at the narrowest bandwidths that could be generated (0.5% of the transition frequency). Experiment 2 confirmed that the pitch of a BEP produced by a 0.5% transition bandwidth was close to the frequency of the transition band. Experiment 3 showed that pairs of simultaneous narrow 180-degree transitions, whose frequencies corresponded to vowel formants, were perceived as the intended vowels. Moreover, the same vowels were perceived whether the in-phase portion of the noise lay between the two transition frequencies or on either side of them. In contrast, different patterns of identification responses were made to diotic band-pass and band-stop noises whose cutoff frequencies corresponded to the same formants. Thus, the vowel-identification responses made to the dichotic stimuli were not based on hearing the in-phase portions of the noise as formants. These results are not predicted by the CAP model but are consistent with the mE-C model. It is argued that the mE-C model provides a more coherent and parsimonious account of many aspects of the HP and the BEP than do alternative models.
Highly Sensitive Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Method to Detect Double BCR/ABL Fusion and Monitor Response to Therapy in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (1998)

We investigated a new method using fluorescence in situ hybridization and DNA probes that span the common breakpoints of t(9;22)(q34;q11.2) and that detect double BCR/ABL fusion (D-FISH) in bone marrow cells with this translocation, one on the abnormal chromosome 9 and one on the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph chromosome). D-FISH patterns were abnormal in 30 of 30 specimens with classic, simple, complex, and masked Ph chromosomes. Based on 200 nuclei from each of 30 normal specimens, the mean percentage of false-positive cells was 0.25 +/- 0.39. Thirty-seven specimens from 10 patients were studied before treatment and two or more times at 4-month intervals after treatment with interferon-alpha2b (IFN-alpha2b) with or without ara-C. Based on 200 nuclei, the results of D-FISH in these specimens correlated closely with quantitative cytogenetics and accurately quantified disease within a few percent. We studied 6, 000 nuclei for each of six specimens, three normal and three from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in cytogenetic remission. The normal cutoff for 6,000 nuclei was 0.079% and patients in cytogenetic remission had residual disease ranging from 7 (0.117%) to 53 (0.883%) Ph-positive nuclei. We conclude that D-FISH can detect the Ph chromosome and its variant translocations and accurately quantify disease in CML at diagnosis and at all times after treatment, including cytogenetic remission.
Transfer RNA‐derived fragments: origins, processing, and functions (2011)

Deep sequencing approaches have revealed multiple types of small RNAs with known and unknown functions. In this review we focus on a recently identified group of small RNAs that are derived from transfer RNAs (tRNAs), tRNA fragments (tRFs). We review the mechanism of their processing and their functions in mammalian cells, and highlight points of possible cross-talk between tRFs and the canonical small RNA pathway characterized by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). We also propose a nomenclature that is based on their processing characteristics.
비즈니스 모델 수립 및 점검 프레임워크를 이용한 창업기업 사례 연구 (대덕R&D특구 내 IT기술기반 창업기업 적용사례 중심으로) (2008)

본 논문은 성공적인 기업창업과 성장을 위한 핵심요인으로 평가되고 있는 비즈니스 모델의 수립방법에 관한 연구로써 창업 성공도를 높일 수 있는 비즈니스 모델 창출 방법에 대한 효과적인 방법을 제공하는 것이 연구의 목적이다. 더하여 창업 성공도를 제고하기 위해서는 창업초기단계의 비즈니스 모델 수립뿐만 아니라 사업추진과정에서 지속적인 보완과정을 통해 비즈니스 모델의 꾸준한 진화가 이루어져야 한다는 명제에 초점을 두고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 효과적인 비즈니스 모델을 수립하고 점검 할 수 있는 비스니스 모델 수립 방법과 진단리스트를 개발하고 사례에 적용하여 개발된 비즈니스 모델 수립과 점검 방법의 효용성을 알아보는 것을 최종적인 목표로 하고 있다. 이를 위해서, 본 연구는 크게 세 가지 단계로 나누어 진행되었다 첫째, 지금까지 비즈니스 모델과 연관된 문헌연구를 바탕으로 효과적인 비즈니스모델의 정의와 구성요소를 재정립하여 비즈니스 모델이 갖추어야 하는 이상적인 모드를 제시하였다. 둘째, 선행연구를 바탕으로 제시된 사항을 토대로 효과적인 비즈니스 모델 수립과 진화를 위한 진단리스트를 개발 제시하였다. 셋째, 개발된 IT기술기반 창업기업을 위한 비즈니스 모델 수립 및 점검 방법을 창업기업에 적용하여 그 효용성을 평가하였다. 사례적용 기업은 대덕연구개발 특구 내 IT기업으로 당초 이 기업이 가지고 있던 비즈니스 모델에 진단리스트를 적용하여 수정전략을 도출하고 이를 토대로 창출된 진화 비즈니스 모델을 도출하여 진단리스트 적용 전후의 차이점을 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구결과, 제시된 비즈니스 모델 수립 및 점검 방법은 예비창업자와 초기성장단계에 있는 창업자들이 쉽게 이용 가능한 방법임을 보여주었다. 더하여 성공적인 경영을 위하여 기업 내 외의 어떤 요소를 파악하여야 하며 요소들을 어떻게 적용하여야 하는지도 비즈니스 모델과 연관하여 인식할 수 있도록 하였다. 지금까지 비즈니스 모델에 관한 많은 연구들이 학문적 이론 정립, 인터넷 비즈니스를 위한 비즈니스 모델 수립 그리고 창업자들이 활용하기에는 너무 어렵고 복잡한 방법들이 제시되어 왔다. 이런 점에서 볼 때 본 연구의 창업기업을 위한 비즈니스 모델 수립 및 점검 방법은 기존 기업과 같이 조건과 기업정보를 갖고 있지 못한 창업기업에게 많은 도움을 줄 것으로 예상된다. 갈수록 심각해지는 실업문제와 다음세대를 위한 차세대 성장 동력 발굴이 절실한 현재, 국가적 차원의 창업 장려정책은 꾸준히 지속되어야 한다. 그러나 IMF이후에 펼쳐왔던 양적인 창업 장려와 기업육성정책에서 벗어나 창업성공률을 높이는 질적인 면으로 정책방향이 맞추어져야 할 것이다. 이를 위하여 본 연구에서 다루고 있는 비즈니스 모델 수립 및 점검을 위한 방법들을 성공 창업기업 육성을 위해 적극 활용한다면 질적 향상을 위한 창업정책에 많은 도움이 되리라 생각한다.
Ghrelin: a new player in the control of gastrointestinal functions (2005)

Ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), present on pituitary cells secreting growth hormone. Ghrelin and motilin, and GHS-R and the motilin receptor, are structurally related. Surprisingly, ghrelin is most abundant in the stomach, and GHS-R is also present in the stomach and in other organs and tissues, suggesting effects beyond stimulation of growth hormone in the pituitary, and in particular in the regulation of gastrointestinal function. However, as yet ghrelin seems rather a signal by which the digestive system regulates functions other than the digestive process itself. The most important role of ghrelin appears to be stimulation of appetite and regulation of energy homeostasis, favouring adiposity, and thus contributing to obesity. As recently suggested, ghrelin may therefore be called the ''saginary'' (fattening) peptide. Ghrelin may affect gastric acid secretion and gastroprotection but the suggested role of ghrelin in Helicobacter pylori infection implicates again the saginary effect. Ghrelin is functionally related to motilin as it also stimulates gastrointestinal motility. In rodents, ghrelin may have taken over the function of motilin, as rodents are natural motilin knockouts. Ghrelin appears to be an endocrine signal, possibly reaching the central nervous system via the bloodstream. However, it also uses neural pathways, in particular the vagus. A better understanding of the physiology of ghrelin may lead to new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of obesity and hypomotility syndromes.
Deleterious Role of TLR3 during Hyperoxia-induced Acute Lung Injury (2008)

The potential for redundancy in function as well as cross-talk between distinct TLRs may indeed contribute to whether the inflammatory cascade can be effectively disrupted once signaling has been initiated. Together, these data show that TLR3 has a major role in the development of ARDS-like pathology in the absence of a viral pathogen.
Acquired resistance to ABT-737 in lymphoma cells that up-regulate MCL-1 and BFL-1 (2010)

ABT-737 is a small-molecule antagonist of BCL-2 currently under evaluation in clinical trials in the oral form of ABT-263. We anticipate that acquired resistance to this promising drug will inevitably arise. To study potential mechanisms of resistance to ABT-737, we derived resistant lines from initially sensitive OCI-Ly1 and SU-DHL-4 lymphoma cell lines via long-term exposure. Resistance was based in the mitochondria and not due to an inability of the drug to bind BCL-2. Resistant cells had increased levels of BFL-1 and/or MCL-1 proteins, which are not targeted by ABT-737. Proapoptotic BIM was displaced from BCL-2 by ABT-737 in both parental and resistant cells, but in resistant cells, BIM was sequestered by the additional BFL-1 and/or MCL-1. Decreasing MCL-1 levels with flavopiridol, PHA 767491, or shRNA restored sensitivity to ABT-737 resistant cells. MCL-1 was up-regulated not by protein stabilization but rather by increased transcript levels. Surprisingly, in addition to stable increases in MCL-1 transcript and protein in resistant cells, there was a dynamic increase within hours after ABT-737 treatment. BFL-1 protein and transcript levels in resistant cells were similarly dynamically up-regulated. This dynamic increase suggests a novel mechanism whereby modulation of antiapoptotic protein function communicates with nuclear transcriptional machinery.
The Medusa applications environment (1994)

Medusa is a peer to peer architecture for controlling networked multimedia devices. This paper describes the software model presented to the applications programmer. Active objects called modules are used to represent cameras, displays, format converters and so on. Data can flow from module to module on connections between them. We introduce two key ideas: firstly, connections between modules are simple, reliable and unbuffered. More complex connections are represented by special intermediate modules. Secondly, security is provided by naming modules with unforgeable capabilities then using hierarchies of proxy modules to restrict access.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Identification of a human insulinoma cDNA encoding a novel mammalian protein structurally related to the yeast dibasic processing protease Kex2. (1990)

We have identified a human insulinoma cDNA (PC2) that encodes a protein homologous to the precursor processing Kex2 endoprotease of yeast by using a polymerase chain reaction to detect and amplify conserved sequences within the catalytic site. The 638-residue amino acid sequence of PC2 begins with a cleavable signal peptide, indicating that it enters the secretory pathway, and contains a 282-residue domain that is homologous to the catalytic modules of both Kex2 and the related bacterial subtilisins. Within this region 49 and 27% of the amino acids are identical to those in the aligned Kex2 and subtilisin BPN' sequences, respectively, and the catalytically essential Asp, His, and Ser residues are all conserved. Northern blot analysis revealed the presence of 2.8- and 5.0-kilobase hybridizing bands in mRNA from the insulinoma. The PC2 protein also shows great similarity to the incomplete NH2-terminal sequence of the human furin gene product, a putative membrane-inserted receptor-like molecule. We propose that PC2 is a member of a family of mammalian Kex2/subtilisin-like proteases that includes members involved in a number of specific proteolytic events within cells, including the processing of prohormones.
R-Ras Controls Membrane Protrusion and Cell Migration through the Spatial Regulation of Rac and Rho (2004)

Although it is known that the spatial coordination of Rac and Rho activity is essential for cell migration, the molecular mechanisms regulating these GTPases during migration are unknown. We found that the expression of constitutively activated R-Ras (38V) blocked membrane protrusion and random migration. In contrast, expression of dominant negative R-Ras (41A) enhanced migrational persistence and membrane protrusion. Endogenous R-Ras is necessary for cell migration, as cells that were transfected with siRNA for R-Ras did not migrate. Expression of R-Ras (38V) decreased Rac activity and increased Rho activity around the entire cell periphery, whereas expression of dominant negative R-Ras (41A) showed the converse, suggesting that R-Ras can spatially activate Rho and inactivate Rac. Consistent with this role, endogenous R-Ras localized and was preferentially activated at the leading edge of migratory cells in response to adhesion. The effects of R-Ras on cell migration are mediated by PI3-Kinase, as an effector mutant that uncouples PI3-Kinase binding from R-Ras (38V) rescued migration. From these data, we hypothesize that R-Ras plays a key role in cell migration by locally regulating the switch from Rac to Rho activity after membrane protrusion and adhesion.
Cholinergic stimulation blocks endothelial cell activation and leukocyte recruitment during inflammation (2005)

Endothelial cell activation plays a critical role in regulating leukocyte recruitment during inflammation and infection. Based on recent studies showing that acetylcholine and other cholinergic mediators suppress the production of proinflammatory cytokines via the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) expressed by macrophages and our observations that human microvascular endothelial cells express the α7 nAChR, we examined the effect of cholinergic stimulation on endothelial cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Using the Shwartzman reaction, we observed that nicotine (2 mg/kg) and the novel cholinergic agent CAP55 (12 mg/kg) inhibit endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression. Using endothelial cell cultures, we observed the direct inhibitory effects of acetylcholine and cholinergic agents on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced endothelial cell activation. Mecamylamine, an nAChR antagonist, reversed the inhibition of endothelial cell activation by both cholinergic agonists, confirming the antiinflammatory role of the nAChR cholinergic pathway. In vitro mechanistic studies revealed that nicotine blocked TNF-induced nuclear factor–κB nuclear entry in an inhibitor κB (IκB)α- and IκBε-dependent manner. Finally, with the carrageenan air pouch model, both vagus nerve stimulation and cholinergic agonists significantly blocked leukocyte migration in vivo. These findings identify the endothelium, a key regulator of leukocyte trafficking during inflammation, as a target of anti-inflammatory cholinergic mediators.
A Study for Vision Based Data Glove Considering Hidden Fingertip with Self-Occlusion (2012)

Data glove is widely used interface device which measures hand posture (finger joint angles) and inputs it into a computer in virtual reality field. But it dose not spread throughout home because of expensive interface. On the other hand, researches to recognize a hand posture from photo/video images are performed, which are a kind of hand posture measurement system and called Vision Based Data Glove (VBDG) in recent years. In this paper, we propose a new VBDG system. It estimates hand motion using detected fingertip positions with monocular camera and inverse kinematics. However it cannot estimate hand motion when a fingertip is undetectable with self-occlusion. So our system estimates hidden finger motion, then estimates hand motion. Our experimental results show that the proposed method can estimate it with sufficient accuracy in real-time. Since camera base system is inexpensive, it fits personal use.
The two&hyphen;step liquid culture: A novel procedure for studying maturation of human normal and pathological erythroid precursors (1993)

We have recently described a novel two-phase liquid culture procedure for growing human erythroid cells in vitro. The two phases are 1) an erythropoietin (EPO)-independent phase, in which the cells are first cultured in the presence of a combination of growth factors excluding EPO; during this phase, early erythroid committed progenitors, burst forming units (BFU-e), proliferate and differentiate into colony forming unit (CFU-e)-like progenitors; 2) a second phase, in which the latter cells are cultured in an EPO-supplemented medium, in which the CFU-e-like progenitors continue to proliferate and mature into orthochromatic normoblasts and then enucleated erythrocytes. This procedure yields large (up to 5 x 10(8)) and pure (95-98%) populations of erythroid cells, which allow detailed study of normal and pathologic erythroid maturation, including 1) the effects of growth factors on proliferation and differentiation at various erythroid developmental stages, 2) intracellular iron metabolism in normal and thalassemic erythroid cells and the role of ferritin as an iron donor for heme synthesis, 3) the expression of surface antigens: transferrin receptor, glycophorin, A, B, H, D and I/i antigens, 4) synthesis of erythroid-specific membrane proteins, 5) the kinetics of globin mRNA accumulation during erythroid maturation, 6) the expression of exogenous human beta globin gene in beta-thalassemic cells as a model for gene therapy, and 7) the enhancement of gamma globin chain synthesis by chemical agents.
Identification and characterization of the mutL and mutS gene products of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 (1985)

The gene products of the mutL and mutS loci play essential roles in the dam-directed mismatch repair in both Salmonella typhimurium LT2 and Escherichia coli K-12. Mutations in these genes result in a spontaneous mutator phenotype. We have cloned the mutL and mutS genes from S. typhimurium by generating mutL- and mutS-specific probes from an S. typhimurium mutL::Tn10 and an mutS::Tn10 strain and using these to screen an S. typhimurium library. Both the mutL and mutS genes from S. typhimurium were able to complement E. coli mutL and mutS strains, respectively. By a combination of Tn1000 insertion mutagenesis and the maxicell technique, the products of the mutL and mutS genes were shown to have molecular weights of 70,000 and 98,000 respectively. A phi (mutL'-lacZ+) gene fusion was constructed; no change in the expression of the fusion could be detected by treatment with DNA-damaging agents. In crude extracts, the MutS protein binds single-stranded DNA, but not double-stranded DNA, with high affinity.
Developing New Antiviral Agents for Influenza Treatment: What Does the Future Hold? (2008)

Antiviral agents for the treatment of influenza are urgently needed to circumvent the limitations of current drugs in several critical areas: high frequencies of resistance to M2 inhibitors among currently circulating strains and variable frequencies of resistance to oseltamivir among A(H1N1) strains, limited efficacy of treatment and treatment-emergent antiviral resistance in cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) illness in humans, and lack of parenteral agents for seriously ill patients. Two neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), zanamivir and peramivir, have undergone or are undergoing clinical trials for use by intravenous or intramuscular administration, and one long-acting NAI, designated CS-8958, is under study for use by inhalation. Advances in understanding the mechanisms involved in influenza virus replication have revealed a number of potential targets that might be exploited in the development of new agents. Among these agents are T-705, a polymerase inhibitor, and DAS181, an attachment inhibitor. Combination therapy with currently available agents is supported by data from animal models but has received limited clinical study to date.
USP9X inhibition promotes radiation-induced apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells expressing mid-to-high MCL1 (2015)

These data support the use of MCL1 expression as a predictive biomarker for USP9X inhibitors in NSCLC therapy.
Syndecan‐2 is a key regulator of transforming growth factor beta 2/smad2‐mediated adhesion in fibrosarcoma cells (2013)

Fibrosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor originating from fibroblasts. Transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFβ2) has been established to regulate processes correlated to fibrosarcoma tumorigenesis. In this study, we investigated the possible participation of syndecan-2 (SDC-2), a cell membrane heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan on these TGFβ2 functions. Our results demonstrate that the inhibition of SDC-2 expression by short interfering RNA (siSDC2) abolished TGFβ2-dependent HT1080 cell adhesion (P ≤ 0.01). In parallel, the downregulation of SDC-2 significantly inhibited TGFβ2-induced Smad2 phosphorylation (P ≤ 0.01). The immunoflourescence signal of TGF receptor III as well as its protein expression was decreased in SDC-2-deficient cells. The enhancement of adhesion molecules integrin β1 (P ≤ 0.01) and focal adhesion kinase expression, induced by TGFβ2 treatment (P ≤ 0.001), was markedly inhibited in SDC-2-defficient cells (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusively, the obtained data suggest that SDC-2 modulates TGFβ2 transcriptional regulation via Smad signaling to facilitate fibrosarcoma cell adhesion.
Sparse code multiple access (2013)

Multicarrier CDMA is a multiplexing approach in which modulated QAM symbols are spread over multiple OFDMA tones by using a generally complex spreading sequence. Effectively, a QAM symbol is repeated over multiple tones. Low density signature (LDS) is a version of CDMA with low density spreading sequence allowing us to take advantage of a near optimal ML receiver with practically feasible complexity. In this paper, we propose a new multiple access scheme so called sparse code multiple access (SCMA) which still enjoys the low complexity reception technique but with better performance compared to LDS. In SCMA, the procedure of bit to QAM symbol mapping and spreading are combined together and incoming bits are directly mapped to a multidimensional codeword of an SCMA codebook set. Each layer or user has its dedicated codebook. Shaping gain of a multidimensional constellation is the main source of the performance improvement in comparison to the simple repetition of QAM symbols in LDS. In general, SCMA codebook design is an optimization problem. A systematic sub-optimal approach is proposed here for SCMA codebook design.
CAD Systems for IC Design (1982)

As integrated circuit (IC) complexities increase, many existing computer-aided design (CAD) methods must be replaced with an integrated design system to support very large scale integrated (VLSI) circuit and system design. The framework for a hierarchical CAD system is described. The system supports both functional and physical design from initial specification and system synthesis to simulation, mask layout, verification, and documentation. The system is being implemented in phases on a DECSystem 20 computer network and will support evolutionary changes as new technologies are developed and design strategies defined.
Backbone Modifications of Aromatic Peptide Nucleic Acid (APNA) Monomers and Their Hybridization Properties with DNA and RNA (2001)

Aromatic peptide nucleic acid (APNA) monomers containing N-(2-aminobenzyl)-glycine, N-(2-aminobenzyl)-(R)- or -(S)-alanine, and N-(2-aminobenzyl)-beta-alanine moieties as part of their backbone were synthesized. These novel analogues were incorporated as a single "point mutation" in PNA hexamers, and their physicochemical properties were investigated by UV thermal denaturation and CD experiments. Destabilization in triplex formation between the PNA-APNA chimeras and complementary DNA or RNA oligomers was observed, as compared to the PNA control. The APNA monomer composed of the N-(2-aminobenzyl)-glycine backbone led to the smallest decrease in the thermal stability of the triplexes formed with DNA and RNA, while maintaining selectivity for base-pairing recognition. Since the PNA-APNA chimeras are more lipophilic than the corresponding PNA homopolymers, these oligomers may also exhibit better cell membrane permeability properties.