gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 2A Mediates Transformation through Constitutive Activation of the Ras/PI3-K/Akt Pathway (2007)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) is widely expressed in EBV-infected cells within the infected human host and EBV-associated malignancies, suggesting that LMP2A is important for EBV latency, persistence, and EBV-associated tumorigenesis. Previously, we demonstrated that LMP2A provides an antiapoptotic signal through the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt pathway in vitro. However, the exact function of LMP2A in tumor progression is not well understood. In this study, we found that LMP2A did not induce anchorage-independent cell growth in a human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT, but did in a human gastric carcinoma cell line, HSC-39. In addition, LMP2A activated the PI3-K/Akt pathway in both HaCaT and HSC-39 cells; however, LMP2A did not activate Ras in HaCaT cells but did in HSC-39 cells. Furthermore, the Ras inhibitors manumycin A and a dominant-negative form of Ras (RasN17) and the PI3-K inhibitor LY294002 blocked LMP2A-mediated Akt phosphorylation and anchorage-independent cell growth in HSC-39 cells. These results suggest that constitutive activation of the Ras/PI3-K/Akt pathway by LMP2A is a key factor for LMP2A-mediated transformation.
TIME‐GATED FLUORESCENCE IMAGING FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF TUMORS IN A MURINE MODEL (1993)

A system for time-gated fluorescence imaging was used to perform measurements on tumor-bearing mice treated with hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD). The aim of the study was to define the potential of this technique in the diagnosis of tumors by taking advantage of the long fluorescence lifetime of the exogenous dye with respect to the decay times of the natural fluorescence. After the administration of three different drug doses (5, 10 and 25 mg/kg body weight), fluorescence images were acquired at various uptake times (from 2 h to 10 d), to determine the best instrumental conditions and experimental procedure for the detection of tumors in the murine model considered. The optimal fluorescence contrast between the tumor area and the surrounding healthy tissue was found at 12 h after the administration of either 5 or 10 mg/kg HpD and was anticipated at 8 h for the highest drug dose. In this optimum condition, the tumor region could be identified even after the injection of 5 mg/kg HpD. A better fluorescence contrast was always obtained in 15 ns-delayed images with respect to synchronous ones.
Constructing good partitioning trees (1993)

Partitioning trees, a multi-dimensional generalization of binary search trees, is alone among the principal methods for representing geometry in combining the representation of a set with the geometric search structure required for efficient spatial operations such as set operations and visibility. Since a partitioning tree may be interpreted as specifying a program for exploring the structure induced on a space (e.g. by objects), there are many trees which represent the same spatial structure but provide different searches of the space. The issue of generating a good program to determine spatial relations between sets is then transformed into the issue of constructing good partitioning trees. The metric we choose for characterizing goodness is the expected cost of various elementary operations calculated using simple probability models. However, choosing the optimal from at least n! different trees by enumeration is not viable. Consequently, we employ heuristics that make local decisions based on the expected cost models. In addition to this quantitative methodology, we develop a qualitative understanding of what constitutes a good representation. This leads us to the notion of a good tree as one that provides a sequence or set of approximations, each obtained by various prunings of a single tree.
A structural domain (the lid) found in pancreatic lipases is absent in the guinea pig (phospho)lipase (1993)

Typically pancreatic lipases are characterized by the following properties: (1) they are activated by lipid/water interfaces (interfacial activation), (2) they are inhibited by bile salts but reactivated by colipase (a small activator protein), and (3) they do not hydrolyze significantly phospholipids. A cDNA clone encoding a guinea pig pancreatic (phospho)lipase (GPL) has been sequenced and expressed. The enzyme (recombinant as well as native) differs from other pancreatic lipases in that (1) it is not interfacially activated, (2) its activity is unaffected by the presence of bile salts and/or colipase using tributyrin as substrate, and (3) it exhibits equally phospholipase A1 and lipase activities. The amino acid sequence of GPL is highly homologous to that of other known pancreatic lipases, with the exception of a deletion in the so-called lid domain that regulates access to the active centers of other lipases. We propose that this deletion is directly responsible for the anomalous behavior of this enzyme. Thus GPL challenges the classical distinction between lipases, esterases, and phospholipases.
Antiluteolytic Effect of the Conceptus and of PGE2 in Ewes1 (1977)

The responses of pregnant and nonpregnant ewes on day 13 post-estrus to a dose of prostaglandin (PG)F2α known to be luteolytic in nonpregnant ewes were compared (experiment I). Either 270 µg PGF2α THAM salt (eight nonmated and 11 mated ewes) or saline (eight nonmated and 10 mated ewes) was injected into the largest follicle on each ovary bearing a corpus luteum. Jugular plasma samples taken just prior to surgery and 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36 hr after injection were analyzed for progesterone, estradiol-17ß and luteinizing hormone (LH) by radioimmunoassay. Treatment with PGF2α shortened the estrous cycle by 1.5 days in nonmated ewes and mated ewes without embryos (P<.05). Mated ewes with embryos did not return to estrus. The linear regression of progesterone over time varied with treatment (P<.01), pregnancy status (P<.01) and treatment × pregnancy status (P<.09). Progesterone did not reach as low a level (1.3 vs .4 ng/ml; P<.05) in pregnant as in nonmated ewes. Both LH and estradiol-17ß increased in treated ewes after progesterone had decreased to approximately 50% of pre-treatment levels; the increase in estradiol was transient in the pregnant ewes. The pattern of LH did not differ with pregnancy status. It is concluded that pregnancy overcame the luteolytic effects of PGF2α (i.e., had an antiluteo-lytic effect). Experiment II was designed to ascertain whether PGE2 has antiluteolytic properties. A catheter was inserted into each uterine horn that was ipsilateral to a corpus luteum in nonmated ewes on day 11 postestrus. Intrauterine injections of 0, 300, 600 or 900 µg of PGE2 were begun on the morning of day 12 and continued every 8 hr until estrus or day 20. Jugular plasma samples were taken just before the first injection and every 24 hr thereafter in all ewes and at .25, .5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hr from several ewes in each group and were assayed for progesterone. The estrous cycle was lengthened and the decline in progesterone delayed by 2 days by PGE2 (P<.05). Frequent samples on day 12 did not differ in progesterone levels among treatments or over time. Prostaglandin E2 had antiluteolytic activity in ewes but no in vivo steroidogenic effect was observed.
Crash me inside the cloud: a fault resilient framework for parallel and discrete event simulation (2017)

The adoption of cloud computing has increased over the years due to its pay-as-you-go model. The other important feature that cloud provides is scalability achieved through virtualization. The dynamic burst of users is served through virtual machines. The cloud data center comprises of pool of commodity hardware systems used to provide computing capacity on request. The use of commodity hardware increases the failure rate. Therefore, the execution of Parallel Discrete Event Simulation (PDES) over fragile cloud environment can lead to erroneous simulation results. Moreover, simply replacing faulty VMs is not the possible solution for PDES. In this paper, we exploit the execution of PDES codes over cloud environment and propose a fault resilient framework that dynamically handles the VM failure without restarting the entire simulation. Our benchmarking results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed protocol, compared with the widely used and traditional PDES protocol i.e. Time Warp.
Simultaneous out-of-focus blur estimation and restoration for digital auto-focusing system (1998)

We propose a simultaneous out-of-focus blur estimation and restoration technique for a fully digital auto-focusing system. The proposed auto-focusing system can make in-focused images by using only digital image processing techniques, and it requires neither infrared light or ultrasound nor a focusing lens assembly operated by a motor. As a result, it can provide savings in the volume and cost of the imaging system, which contains the proposed auto-focusing system. The proposed system first divides the input image into multiple sub-images or blocks, determines the set of blocks which contain linear edges, estimates the step response across the edge for each block in the selected set, computes the one-dimensional step response by averaging the step responses, estimates the two-dimensional point spread function (PSF) from the averaged step response, and finally provides in-focused image by an image restoration filter based on the estimated PSF. There is a limit on the amount of out-of-focus, which can be recovered by the proposed auto-focusing system. The proposed system operates under the assumption that an input image contains at least one piece-wise linear boundary between an object and the background. In spite of the above mentioned limitations, the proposed system can make an acceptable quality of focused image by using only digital signal processing.
Synthesis of 1-(3-Alkyl-2,3-dideoxy-D-pentofuranosyl)uracils with Potential Anti-HIV Activity. (1991)

1-(3-Alkyl-2,3-dideoxy-alpha,beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)uracils and 1-(3-alkyl-2,3-dideoxy-alpha,beta-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)uracils have been prepared from (E)-4,5-di-O-acetyl-2,3-dideoxy-aldehydo-D-glycero-pent-2-enose by a Michael addition reaction of the appropriate organocopper reagent followed in subsequent order by glycosidation of the resulting 3-alkyl-4,5-diacetoxypentanal with methanolic hydrogen chloride, protection with p-methoxybenzoyl chloride, and trimethylsilyl triflate catalyzed coupling with 2,4-di-O-(trimethylsilyl)uracil. The nucleosides were deprotected by treatment with 33% methylamine in absolute ethanol and separated by reversed-phase HPLC.
Studies on the Metabolism of Alphamethrin - A Pyrethroid Insecticide, in Mustard (Brassica Campestris Linn.) (2002)

The metabolism of alphamethrin has been examined in/on mustard plants grown and treated under field conditions. More than 92 per cent alphamethrin degraded within 15 days after foliar treatment and followed a biphasic profile of degradation. It dissipated at a faster rate during the initial days (0–7) with a half-life of 2.3–2.6 days while at a much slower rate later (7–28 days) with a half-life of 7.5–8.7 days. 2,2-Dichlorovinyl-2, 2-dimethylcyclopropane- carboxylic acid, 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid were identified as free metabolites at 13, 17 and 23 days after spray application. Glycosides of 2,2-dichlorovinyl-2, 2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid with D-glucose as the glycone were implied as conjugates.
Pernicious Anemia in Latin Americans Is Not a Disease of the Elderly (1987)

Pernicious anemia is widely regarded as a disease of the elderly. However, it is expressed differently in black women, among the most striking differences being their younger age at presentation of the disease compared with whites. We now compared 92 Latin-American patients with 115 white and 100 black patients to see if similar age differences occur in other racial groups. Latin-American men and women were both significantly younger than white men and women, and were similar in age to blacks. Only 21% of Latin-American patients were 70 years of age or older, compared with 49% of whites. It is apparent that pernicious anemia is indeed predominantly a disease of the elderly in whites but that this is not the case in other racial groups.
A comparative study on in vitro enzymatic degradation of poly(glycerol sebacate) and poly(xylitol sebacate) (2012)

Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a soft elastomer suitable for tissue engineering of soft types. However, the rapid degradation kinetics of this polyester has become one of the major drawbacks in the application of tissue engineering. In this work, a comparative study on in vitro enzymatic degradation of PGS- and poly(xylitol sebacate) (PXS)-based materials has been conducted, using a recently established in vitro experimental protocol. This protocol, which can simulate and predict in vivo enzymatic degradation kinetics of polymer implants, was further refined in this work. The comparative study was conducted in tissue culture medium and a buffer solution of pH optima, under static and cyclic mechanical loading conditions. It was found that in vitro enzymatic degradation rates of the PXS-based materials were significantly slower than those of PGS in both the tissue culture medium and buffered solution of pH optima (pH 8). The in vitro enzymatic degradation of PGS-based biomaterials tested was about 0.1–0.4 mm month−1 in tissue culture medium, while the rates were in the range of 0.05–0.2 mm month−1 for PXS-based materials. Enzymatic degradation was enhanced in relation to mechanical deformation, whereas PXS-based materials were influenced little. Hence, PXS, which is as soft as PGS but degrades significantly slower than PGS, is a better option for applications in tissue engineering of soft types.
A pharmacokinetically guided Phase II study of carboxyamido-triazole in androgen-independent prostate cancer. (1999)

We conducted a Phase II clinical trial of the antiproliferative, antimetastatic, and antiangiogenic agent carboxyamido-triazole (CAI), using pharmacokinetic assessment to guide drug dosing. Fifteen patients who had stage D2 androgen-independent prostate cancer with soft tissue metastases were enrolled. Because CAI previously had been shown to decrease prostate-specific antigen secretion in vitro, this marker was not used to assess disease status. The dose of CAI used in this study was calculated so that plasma steady-state maximum concentrations between 2.0 and 5.0 microg/ml would be maintained. Following the initial dosage adjustment, 93% (14 of 15) of patients were within the predicted range. Fourteen of 15 patients were evaluable for response. All of the 14 evaluable patients demonstrated progressive disease at approximately 2 months. Twelve patients progressed by computed tomography and or bone scan at 2 months, whereas two patients demonstrated clinical progression at 1.5 and 2 months. One patient was removed from study at 6 weeks due to grade II peripheral neuropathy lasting >1 month. Although no clinical responses were noted, a 27.7% decrease in serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentration was observed. CAI does not possess clinical activity in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer and soft tissue metastases. Pharmacokinetically guided dosing, although found to be feasible using a Bayesian approach, was not found to be of practical benefit. Although plasma CAI concentrations were maintained within the designated range, grade III toxicity requiring drug discontinuation was still observed.
Deep Convolutional Networks on Graph-Structured Data (2015)

Deep Learning's recent successes have mostly relied on Convolutional Networks, which exploit fundamental statistical properties of images, sounds and video data: the local stationarity and multi-scale compositional structure, that allows expressing long range interactions in terms of shorter, localized interactions. However, there exist other important examples, such as text documents or bioinformatic data, that may lack some or all of these strong statistical regularities. In this paper we consider the general question of how to construct deep architectures with small learning complexity on general non-Euclidean domains, which are typically unknown and need to be estimated from the data. In particular, we develop an extension of Spectral Networks which incorporates a Graph Estimation procedure, that we test on large-scale classification problems, matching or improving over Dropout Networks with far less parameters to estimate.
Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway enhances cancer cell invasion by upregulating the MMP expression and is associated with poor prognosis in upper urinary tract urothelial cancer (2009)

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and the activation of the AhR pathway are involved in xenobiotic-induced toxicity and carcinogenesis. Although xenobiotics, such as cigarette smoke, contribute to the development of urothelial carcinoma (UC), the relationship between AhR and UC is unclear. In the present study, we investigated AhR expression in 209 patients with upper urinary tract UC. The nuclear expression of AhR was significantly associated with histological grade, pathological T stage, lymphovascular invasion and lymph node involvement. A multivariate Cox analysis revealed that nuclear AhR expression was a significant and independent predictor for disease-specific survival (hazard ratio = 2.469, P = 0.013). To determine whether the AhR pathway can be activated in the T24 UC cell line, we examined the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and CYP1B1, which are target genes of the AhR pathway, following exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a ligand of AhR. TCDD treatment upregulated the expression levels of AhR, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. TCDD enhanced T24 cell invasion associated with the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-9. Furthermore, targeting AhR messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in T24 cells with small interfering RNA (siRNA) downregulated the mRNA expression of AhR, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9; furthermore, the cells transfected with siRNA for AhR showed decreased invasion activity in comparison with the cells transfected with a non-targeting siRNA. Our results therefore suggest that AhR plays a role in the invasiveness of UC cells and can serve as a marker for the prognosis of upper urinary tract UC.
A Functional Henipavirus Envelope Glycoprotein Pseudotyped Lentivirus Assay System (2010)

Together, these results demonstrate that a specific henipavirus entry assay has been developed using NiV or HeV F and G glycoprotein pseudotyped reporter-gene encoding retrovirus particles. This assay can be conducted safely under BSL-2 conditions and will be a useful tool for measuring henipavirus entry and studying F and G glycoprotein function in the context of virus entry, as well as in assaying and characterizing neutralizing antibodies and virus entry inhibitors.
Mild hydrogen-transfer reductions using sodium hypophosphite (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMild hydrogen-transfer reductions using sodium hypophosphiteStephen K. Boyer, Joseph Bach, Joseph McKenna, and Erick Jagdmann Jr.Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 18, 3408–3411Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1985https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00218a034RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1106Altmetric-Citations70LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (536 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Construction, Substitution, and Sorting of Metallo-organic Structures via Subcomponent Self-Assembly (2006)

Subcomponent self-assembly allows the construction of complex architectures from simple building blocks via formation of covalent bonds around metal templates. Since both covalent and coordinative bonds are formed reversibly, a wealth of rearrangement reactions is possible involving substitution at both intraligand (often C=N) and metal-ligand (N --> metal) bonds. If the possibilities latent within a set of subcomponents and metal ions are understood, one may also select specific structures from among dynamic libraries of products. The parallel preparation of structures from "nonorthogonal" mixtures of subcomponents is also possible, as is the direction of subcomponents to specific sites within product structures.
Justice and the identities of women: The case of Indonesian women victims of domestic violence who have access to Family Court (2013)

The Family Court is the most important institution for Indonesian women who have&#13;\nexperienced domestic violence. The institution becomes their last resort to end the violence&#13;\nand to obtain their rights as wives when the performance of criminal justice system is not&#13;\nsatisfying. The women’s rights as wives are basically regulated in the Marriage Act 1974 and&#13;\nother implementing regulations of the Act. In reality, the rights of the women in this study,&#13;\nthat they expected to be fulfilled, were different for each individual woman victim of&#13;\ndomestic violence because of the diverse implementation of regulations in the Family Courts&#13;\n(such as the Religious Courts and the State courts) and the identities belonging to each woman (such as Muslim or non-Muslim, litigant or not litigant, and wife of civil servant or non-civil servant). Even though the substance of the legislations has been accustomed with the sense of gender equality at certain levels, apparently superiority still belongs to men. This causes an imbalance of power for women as litigants or non-litigants before the court. Thus, the different courts and their legislations affect the sense of justice among the women who have had the same experience of domestic violence.
What is Hypoglycaemia? (1979)

The total amount of glucose in the body at any one time is very small indeed, rarely exceeding 20g in total and generally less than half that amount. This would ordinarily be sufficient to keep the brain and red cells, the only major glucose‐requiring tissues, supplied with energy for a little more than an hour or so were it not constantly being replenished either by food or, in the interval between meals, by glycogen stores in the liver. Even these stores contain sufficient carbohydrate to meet requirements for only 24 hours or so yet we know from experimental and clinical evidence that most people can survive, providing they have ready access to water, for days or even weeks without food and without their blood glucose level falling to below 75% of their ordinary overnight fasting level. This is because under conditions of dietary carbohydrate deprivation the body has the capacity, by means of a series of interrelated mechanisms, to reduce, to an absolute minimum, the utilisation of glucose as a fuel by all the tissues of the body save the brain and red cells and at the same time increase glucose production in the liver. In between meals and during longer fasts, fat becomes the major fuel of all the tissues of the body apart from the brain and red cells.