gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pentacene thin film transistors on inorganic dielectrics: Morphology, structural properties, and electronic transport (2002)

The structural and transport properties of evaporated pentacene organic thin film transistors (TFTs) are reported, and they show the influence of the deposition conditions with different inorganic dielectrics. Dielectrics compatible with large area fabrication were explored to facilitate low cost electronics on glass or flexible plastic substrates. X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy show a clear correlation between the morphology and the structure of the highly polycrystalline films for all dielectrics investigated. The roughness of the dielectric has a distinct influence on the morphology and the structural properties, whereas the films on smooth thermal oxide are in general highly ordered and independent of the deposition conditions. The ordered films exhibit a “thin film” and a bulk phase, and the bulk phase volume fraction increases with the deposition temperature and the film thickness. Careful control of the deposition conditions gives virtually identical films on thermal oxide and silicon nitride dielectrics. The electronic properties of inverted staggered transistors show that the TFT mobility is correlated with the morphology and structure of the films. The TFTs exhibit very similar mobilities of ∼0.4 cm2/Vs and on/off ratios &amp;gt;108 on thermal oxide and silicon nitride. The impact of the dielectric on the device parameters of mobility, threshold voltage, and subthreshold voltage slope is discussed. Temperature dependent measurements of the mobility were performed to study the influence of traps on electronic transport. Bias stress experiments were carried out to investigate the stability of the TFTs, and to gain understanding of the transport mechanisms of thermally evaporated pentacene TFTs.
Improvement of Adhesion of Cubic Boron Nitride Films: Effect of Interlayer and Deposition Parameters (2005)

Diamond and B4C coatings were used as an interlayer for the growth of cubic boron nitride thin films on c-silicon. By employing a B-C-N gradient layer on top of the B4C interlayer, improved adhesion occured between BN and B4C. A multi-step process after the nucleation of c-BN was found very helpful for improving the adhesion of c-BN on silicon with interlayers. Residual stress of c-BN thin film was significantly decreased by using a new post-deposition annealing treatment.
An Intelligent SQL Tutor on the Web (2003)

The paper presents SQLT-Web, a Web-enabled intelligent tutoring system for the SQL database language. SQLT-Web is a Web-enabled version of an earlier, standalone ITS. In this paper we describe how the components of the standalone system were reused to develop the Web-enabled system. The system observes students' actions and adapts to their knowledge and learning abilities. We describe the system's architecture in comparison to the architectures of other existing Web-enabled tutors. All tutoring functions are performed on the server side, and we explain how SQLT-Web deals with multiple students. The system has been open to outside users since March 2000. SQLT-Web has been evaluated in the context of genuine teaching activities. We present the results of three evaluation studies with the University of Canterbury students taking database courses, which show that SQLT-Web is an effective system. The students have found the system a valuable asset to their learning.
Design of resonant global clock distributions (2004)

We present a new approach to global clock distribution in which traditional tree-driven grids are augmented with on-chip inductors to resonate the clock capacitance at the fundamental frequency of the clock node. Rather than being dissipated as heat, the energy of the fundamental resonates between electric and magnetic forms. The clock drivers must only provide the energy necessary to overcome losses. As a result, power reduction of over 80% is possible depending on the Q of the resonant system. Clock latency is also improved because the effective capacitance of the grid is lower, and fewer buffer stages are necessary to drive the grid. Skew and jitter reductions come about because of this reduced buffer latency.
Survival or death of individual proerythroblasts results from differing erythropoietin sensitivities: a mechanism for controlled rates of erythrocyte production (1993)

Murine erythroid progenitors infected with the anemia-inducing strain of Friend virus (FVA cells) undergo apoptosis when deprived of erythropoietin (EPO). When cultured with EPO, they survive and complete terminal differentiation. Although cell volume is decreased and nuclear chromatin is condensed during both apoptosis and terminal differentiation, morphologic and biochemical distinctions between these two processes were observed. In apoptosis, homogeneous nuclear condensation with nuclear envelope loss occurred in cells that had not reached the stage of hemoglobin synthesis. In terminal erythroid differentiation, nuclear condensation with heterochromatin, euchromatin, and nuclear envelope preservation occurred simultaneously with hemoglobin synthesis. Cells with apoptotic morphology appeared asynchronously in EPO-deprived cultures, indicating that only a portion of the cells were undergoing apoptosis at any given time. The percentages of apoptotic cells and cleaved DNA increased with time in EPO-deprived cultures. Inhibition of DNA cleavage was directly proportional to EPO concentration over a wide physiologic range, demonstrating a heterogeneity in susceptibility to apoptosis based on variability in the EPO sensitivity of individual cells. A subpopulation of FVA cells with increased EPO sensitivity (decreased EPO requirement) was isolated from EPO-deprived cultures. This increased EPO sensitivity did not result from differences in EPO receptor number, affinity, or structure, suggesting that the differences are in the signal transduction pathway. These results indicate that control of red blood cell production involves both prevention of apoptosis by EPO and heterogeneity in the EPO requirement of individual progenitor cells.
Haystack: an intrusion detection system (2003)

Haystack is a prototype system for the detection of intrusions in multiuser US Air Force computer systems. Haystack reduces voluminous system audit trails to short summaries of user behavior, anomalous events, and security incidents. This is designed to help the system security officer detect and investigate intrusions, particularly by insiders (authorized users). Haystacks's operation is based on behavioral constraints imposed by security policies and on models of typical behavior for user groups and individual users.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Optimized link state routing protocol for ad hoc networks (2002)

In this paper we propose and discuss an optimized link state routing protocol, named OLSR, for mobile wireless networks. The protocol is based on the link state algorithm and it is proactive (or table-driven) in nature. It employs periodic exchange of messages to maintain topology information of the network at each node. OLSR is an optimization over a pure link state protocol as it compacts the size of information sent in the messages, and furthermore, reduces the number of retransmissions to flood these messages in an entire network. For this purpose, the protocol uses the multipoint relaying technique to efficiently and economically flood its control messages. It provides optimal routes in terms of number of hops, which are immediately available when needed. The proposed protocol is best suitable for large and dense ad hoc networks.
Spatial Correlation Based Sensor Selection Schemes for Probabilistic Area Coverage (2011)

This paper develops an analytical model for probabilistic area coverage in terms of the target detection probability. A decision fusion framework is utilized to infer the presence or absence of the target. Analytical results are derived for the target detection and false alarm probabilities in the presence of correlated sensor noise. The spatially correlated sensor observations are utilized to select a subset of sensors to meet the specified area coverage. Two new sensor selection schemes are proposed for maximizing information theoretic measures such as joint entropy. The sensor selection schemes are analyzed extensively based on simulations. The results show that the proposed sensor selection scheme outperforms two state-of-the-art sensor selection schemes: constrained random sensor selection and disjoint random sensor selection.
Tregs prevent GVHD and promote immune reconstitution in HLA-haploidentical transplantation (2011)

Hastening posttransplantation immune reconstitution is a key challenge in human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-haploidentical hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). In experimental models of mismatched HSCT, T-regulatory cells (Tregs) when co-infused with conventional T cells (Tcons) favored posttransplantation immune reconstitution and prevented lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In the present study, we evaluated the impact of early infusion of Tregs, followed by Tcons, on GVHD prevention and immunologic reconstitution in 28 patients with high-risk hematologic malignancies who underwent HLA-haploidentical HSCT. We show for the first time in humans that adoptive transfer of Tregs prevented GVHD in the absence of any posttransplantation immunosuppression, promoted lymphoid reconstitution, improved immunity to opportunistic pathogens, and did not weaken the graft-versus-leukemia effect. This study provides evidence that Tregs are a conserved mechanism in humans.
Electro-Active Polymers (EAPs): A Promising Route to Design Bio-Organic/Bioinspired Platforms with on Demand Functionalities (2016)

Through recent discoveries and new knowledge among correlations between molecular biology and materials science, it is a growing interest to design new biomaterials able to interact-<i>i.e.</i>, to influence, to guide or to detect-with cells and their surrounding microenvironments, in order to better control biological phenomena. In this context, electro-active polymers (EAPs) are showing great promise as biomaterials acting as an interface between electronics and biology. This is ascribable to the highly tunability of chemical/physical properties which confer them different conductive properties for various applicative uses (<i>i.e.</i>, molecular targeting, biosensors, biocompatible scaffolds). This review article is divided into three parts: the first one is an overview on EAPs to introduce basic conductivity mechanisms and their classification. The second one is focused on the description of most common processes used to manipulate EAPs in the form of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) materials. The last part addresses their use in current applications in different biomedical research areas including tissue engineering, biosensors and molecular delivery.
Fault-tolerant computer systems (1981)

The paper reviews the methods by which reliable processing and control can be achieved using fault-tolerant digital computers. The motivation for employing such systems is discussed, together with an indication of current and potential areas of application. The features of fault-tolerant computers are described in general terms, together with a system design procedure specific to the development of a reliable computer. The adherence to a well structured design methodology is particularly important in a fault-tolerant computer to ensure an initially fault-free system. In order to follow this design procedure an intimate knowledge of the following subject areas is required: fault classification, redundancy techniques and their relative merits and reliability modelling and analysis. These topics are covered in the paper, with particular emphasis being placed upon the implementation of hardware, software, data and time-redundancy techniques. Examples of fault-tolerant computers proposed and produced in the last decade are described. The availability of large scale integrated circuits (LSI) and in particular microprocessors will have a profound effect on the development and application of fault-tolerant computers. The implications of using LSI in this area are therefore discussed including a brief description of two fundamentally different approaches to the realisation of a fault tolerant microcomputer.
Detection of Hepatitis A Virus by the Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification Technique and Comparison with Reverse Transcription-PCR (2001)

A nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) technique for the detection of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in foods was developed and compared to the traditional reverse transcription (RT)-PCR technique. Oligonucleotide primers targeting the VP1 and VP2 genes encoding the major HAV capsid proteins were used for the amplification of viral RNA in an isothermal process resulting in the accumulation of RNA amplicons. Amplicons were detected by hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe in a dot blot assay format. Using the NASBA, as little as 0.4 ng of target RNA/ml was detected per comparison to 4 ng/ml for RT-PCR. When crude HAV viral lysate was used, a detection limit of 2 PFU (4 x 10(2) PFU/ml) was obtained with NASBA, compared to 50 PFU (1 x 10(4) PFU/ml) obtained with RT-PCR. No interference was encountered in the amplification of HAV RNA in the presence of excess nontarget RNA or DNA. The NASBA system successfully detected HAV recovered from experimentally inoculated samples of waste water, lettuce, and blueberries. Compared to RT-PCR and other amplification techniques, the NASBA system offers several advantages in terms of sensitivity, rapidity, and simplicity. This technique should be readily adaptable for detection of other RNA viruses in both foods and clinical samples.
A Proposal for a Uniform Nomenclature in Bacterial Genetics (1968)

Abstract SUMMARY This proposal was published in Genetics, (1966), 54, 61, but in view of its importance it is reprinted here by permission of the authors and of the Editor and Proprietors of Genetics.
Feature Selectivity and Interneuronal Cooperation in the Thalamocortical System (2001)

Action potentials are a universal currency for fast information transfer in the nervous system, yet few studies address how some spikes carry more information than others. We focused on the transformation of sensory representations in the lemniscal (high-fidelity) auditory thalamocortical network. While stimulating with a complex sound, we recorded simultaneously from functionally connected cell pairs in the ventral medial geniculate body and primary auditory cortex. Thalamic action potentials that immediately preceded or potentially caused a cortical spike were more selective than the average thalamic spike for spectrotemporal stimulus features. This net improvement of thalamic signaling indicates that for some thalamic cells, spikes are not propagated through cortex independently but interact with other inputs onto the same target cell. We then developed a method to identify the spectrotemporal nature of these interactions and found that they could be cooperative or antagonistic to the average receptive field of the thalamic cell. The degree of cooperativity with the thalamic cell determined the increase in feature selectivity for potentially causal thalamic spikes. We therefore show how some thalamic spikes carry more receptive field information than average and how other inputs cooperate to constrain the information communicated through a cortical cell.
Quorum sensing and signal interference: diverse implications (2004)

Quorum sensing (QS) is a community genetic regulation mechanism that controls microbiological functions of medical, agricultural and industrial importance. Discovery of microbial QS signals and the signalling mechanisms led to identification of numerous enzymatic and non-enzymatic signal interference mechanisms that quench microbial QS signalling. Evidence is accumulating that such signal interference mechanisms can be developed as promising approaches to control microbial infection and biofilm formation. In addition, these mechanisms exist not only in microorganisms but also in the host organisms of bacterial pathogens, highlighting their potential implications in microbial ecology and in host-pathogen interactions. Investigation of QS and signal interference mechanisms might significantly broaden the scope of research in microbiology.
Fulfilling the dream: tolerogenic dendritic cells to treat multiple sclerosis (2012)

Autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS) are the result of an imbalanced immune tolerance network. Dendritic cells (DCs) are key players in both initiating immunity (immunogenic DCs) and regulating immune responses (tolerogenic DCs = tolDCs) and are potential targets for the treatment of MS. While the immunogenic potential of DCs in fighting infection and cancer has been well established, approaches that exploit their tolerogenic features to promote transplantation tolerance and autoimmunity have emerged only more recently. TolDCs usually maintain antigen-specific T-cell tolerance either directly by inducing anergy, apoptosis, or phenotype skewing or indirectly by induction of regulatory T (Treg) cells. The use of ex vivo-generated tolDCs is an experimental approach to achieve tolerance towards myelin-antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells. In the article by Raϊch-Regué and colleagues (Eur. J. Immunol. 2011. 42:772-783) in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, advances in human tolDC preparation and promise for autologous therapy are described. These findings raise hopes of achieving the "ideal" of a highly-specific, causally-oriented immune intervention for central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity in MS. However, recent experience with antigen-specific immune interventions in MS and some general caveats associated with cell-based-therapies highlight the challenges for clinical translation of the "immunologist's dream" of treating autoimmunity as discussed in this Commentary.
Asymmetric oxidations at sulfur catalyzed by engineered strains that overexpress cyclohexanone monooxygenase (1999)

Recombinant strains of baker's yeast (Saccharomycescerevisiae) and Escherichiacoli expressing cyclohexanone monooxygenase from Acinetobacter sp. NCIB 9871 have been used as whole-cell biocatalysts for oxidations of several sulfides, dithianes and dithiolanes to the corresponding sulfoxides. The enantio- and diastereoselectivities of these reactions compare favorably with oxidations catalyzed by the purified monooxygenase or the parent microorganism (a class II pathogen). The facility of handling yeast reactions makes these biotransformations an attractive alternative route to optically pure sulfoxides.
Incidence and outcome of mild cognitive impairment in a population-based prospective cohort (2002)

Since there is paucity of information on solute transporters in human ocular tissues, the aim of this study was immunohistochemical and functional characterization of peptide transporters (PEPT), organic cation transporters (OCTs), neutral and basic amino acid transporters (ATB<sup>0,+</sup>), and monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in human ocular barriers. Immunohistochemical localization of transporters was achieved using 5-<i>µ</i>m-thick paraffin-embedded sections of whole human eyes. In vitro transport studies were carried out across human cornea and sclera-choroid-retinal pigment epithelium (SCRPE) using a cassette of specific substrates in the presence and absence of inhibitors to determine the role of transporters in transtissue solute delivery. Immunohistochemistry showed the expression of PEPT-1, PEPT-2, ATB<sup>0,+</sup>, OCT-1, OCT-2, MCT-1, and MCT-3 in human ocular tissues. PEPT-1, PEPT-2, OCT-1, MCT-1, and ATB<sup>0,+</sup> expression was evident in the cornea, conjunctiva, ciliary epithelium, and neural retina. Expression of PEPT-1, PEPT-2, and OCT-1 was evident in choroid tissue as well. OCT-2 expression could be seen in the corneal and conjunctival epithelia, whereas MCT-3 expression was confined to the RPE layer. OCT-2 expression was evident in conjunctival blood vessel walls, whereas PEPT-1, PEPT-2, and OCT-1 were expressed in the choroid. Preliminary transport studies indicated inward transport of Gly-Sar (PEPT substrate), 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) (OCT substrate), and l-tryptophan (ATB<sup>0,+</sup> substrate) across cornea as well as SCRPE. For phenylacetic acid (MCT substrate), transporter-mediated inward transport across the cornea and outward transport across SCRPE were evident. Thus, PEPT, OCT, and ATB<sup>0,+</sup> are influx transporters present in human ocular barriers, and they can potentially be used for transporter-guided retinal drug delivery after topical, transscleral, and systemic administrations.
Short oligonucleotides as external guide sequences for site-specific cleavage of RNA molecules with human RNase P (1998)

Human RNase P recognizes a small model substrate consisting of only the 5′ leader sequence, aminoacyl acceptor stem, and T stem and loop of a tRNA precursor. It was demonstrated here that a bimolecular construct in which the T loop is opened between G57 and A58 (tRNA numbering system) is still processed by RNase P. The strand that is cleaved can be considered the target RNA, whereas the other strand serves as an external guide sequence (EGS). The nucleotides corresponding to nt 58–60 in the T loop could be deleted without affecting cleavage of the substrate. Thus, the complete T loop can be replaced by the single-stranded sequence UUCG or UUCA (nt 55–57 in the T loop). The four nucleotides UUCR possibly form a structure that resembles the uridine turn in the T loop of tRNA. Because recognition by RNase P is independent of the helical sequence, this motif can be used for targeting RNA molecules for EGS-directed cleavage by human RNase P. Chemically modified EGSs with 2′-O-methyl groups also showed activity in inducing RNase P cleavage. Several 13-mer EGSs targeted to the 2.1-kb surface antigen mRNA of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were designed and tested using a co-transcriptional cleavage assay with a 2.1-kb HBV transcript. Some of the new EGSs were capable of inducing cleavage of the HBV RNA by RNase P.
Generalized video deblurring for dynamic scenes (2015)

Several state-of-the-art video deblurring methods are based on a strong assumption that the captured scenes are static. These methods fail to deblur blurry videos in dynamic scenes. We propose a video deblurring method to deal with general blurs inherent in dynamic scenes, contrary to other methods. To handle locally varying and general blurs caused by various sources, such as camera shake, moving objects, and depth variation in a scene, we approximate pixel-wise kernel with bidirectional optical flows. Therefore, we propose a single energy model that simultaneously estimates optical flows and latent frames to solve our deblurring problem. We also provide a framework and efficient solvers to optimize the energy model. By minimizing the proposed energy function, we achieve significant improvements in removing blurs and estimating accurate optical flows in blurry frames. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in real and challenging videos that state-of-the-art methods fail in either deblurring or optical flow estimation.