gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deficiency of IL-22 Contributes to a Chronic Inflammatory Disease: Pathogenetic Mechanisms in Acne Inversa (2010)

Overexpression of the T cell cytokine IL-22 is linked to the development of some chronic diseases, but little is known about IL-22 deficiency in humans. As demonstrated in this study, acne inversa (AI; also designated as Hidradenitis suppurativa) lesions show a relative deficiency of IL-22 and IL-20, but not of IL-17A, IL-26, IFN-γ, IL-24, or IL-1β. Moreover, AI lesions had reduced expression of membranous IL-22 and IL-20 receptors and increased expression of the natural IL-22 inhibitor, IL-22 binding protein. AI is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with prevalence up to 4% of the population and in which cutaneous bacterial persistence represents an important pathogenetic factor. Accordingly, we also found a relative deficiency of antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) in AI lesions and a positive correlation between lesional IL-22 and IL-20 versus AMP levels. IL-22, like its tissue cell downstream mediator IL-20, upregulated AMPs in reconstituted human epidermis and was critical for increased AMP levels under inflammatory conditions. The relative IL-22 deficiency in AI was not linked to lesional T cell numbers or Th22/Th1/Th17 subset markers and -inducing cytokines. However, IL-10 was highly expressed in AI lesions and correlated negatively with IL-22 expression. Moreover, IL-10 inhibited IL-22 but not IL-17 production in vitro. The IL-10 overexpression, in turn, was not associated with an elevated presence of regulatory T cells but with the enhanced presence of an IL-10-inducing cytokine. We conclude that IL-22 deficiency may contribute to the pathogenesis of certain chronic disorders as postulated in this paper for AI.
Isolation of an insulin-like growth factor II cDNA with a unique 5' untranslated region from human placenta. (1988)

Human insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) cDNA from a placental library was isolated and sequenced. The 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) sequence of this cDNA differs completely from that of adult human liver and has considerable base sequence identity to the same region of an IGF-II cDNA of a rat liver cell line, BRL-3A. Human placental poly(A)+ RNA was probed with either the 5'-UTR of the isolated human placental IGF-II cDNA or the 5'-UTR of the IGF-II cDNA obtained from adult human liver. No transcripts were detected by using the 5'-UTR of the adult liver IGF-II as the probe. In contrast, three transcripts of 6.0, 3.2, and 2.2 kilobases were detected by using the 5'-UTR of the placental IGF-II cDNA as the probe or the probe from the coding sequence. A fourth IGF-II transcript of 4.9 kilobases presumably containing a 5'-UTR consisting of a base sequence dissimilar to that of either IGF-II 5'-UTR was apparent. Therefore, IGF-II transcripts detected may be products of alternative splicing as their 5'-UTR sequence is contained within the human IGF-II gene or they may be a consequence of alternative promoter utilization in placenta.
Correlation of Trabecular Bone Structure with Age, Bone Mineral Density, and Osteoporotic Status: In Vivo Studies in the Distal Radius Using High Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1997)

High resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images of the distal radius were obtained at 1.5 Tesla in premenopausal normal, postmenopausal normal, and postmenopausal osteoporotic women. The image resolution was 156 microm in plane and 700 microm in the slice direction; the total imaging time was approximately 16 minutes. An intensity-based thresholding technique was used to segment the images into trabecular bone and marrow, respectively. Extensions of standard stereological techniques were used to derive measures of trabecular bone structure from these segmented images. The parameters calculated included apparent measures of trabecular bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, trabecular spacing, and trabecular number. Fractal-based texture parameters, such as the box-counting dimension, were also derived. Trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) and cortical bone mineral content (BMC) were measured in the distal radius using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). In a subset of patients, spinal trabecular BMD was measured using quantitative computed tomography (QCT). Correlations between the indices of trabecular bone structure measured from these high-resolution MR images, age, BMD, and osteoporotic fracture status were examined. Cortical BMC and trabecular BMD at the distal radius, spinal BMD, trabecular bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and fractal dimension all decreased with age. Trabecular spacing showed the greatest percentage change and increased with age. In addition, significant differences were evident in spinal BMD, radial trabecular BMD, trabecular bone volume fraction, trabecular spacing, and trabecular number between the postmenopausal nonfracture and the postmenopausal osteoporotic subjects. Trabecular spacing and trabecular number showed moderate correlation with radial trabecular BMD but correlated poorly with radial cortical BMC. High resolution MR imaging, a potentially useful tool for quantifying trabecular structure in vivo, may have applications for understanding and evaluating skeletal changes related to age and osteoporosis.
Renal olfactory receptor 1393 contributes to the progression of type 2 diabetes in a diet-induced obesity model (2018)

Olfactory receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that serve to detect odorants in the nose. Additionally, these receptors are expressed in other tissues, where they have functions outside the canonical smell response. Olfactory receptor 1393 (Olfr1393) was recently identified as a novel regulator of Na<sup>+</sup>-glucose cotransporter 1 (Sglt1) localization in the renal proximal tubule. Glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule (via Sglt1 and Sglt2) has emerged as an important contributor to the development of diabetes. Inhibition of Sglt2 is accepted as a viable therapeutic treatment option for patients with type 2 diabetes and has been shown to delay development of diabetic kidney disease. We hypothesized that Olfr1393 may contribute to the progression of type 2 diabetes, particularly the development of hyperfiltration, which has been linked to increased Na<sup>+</sup> reabsorption in the proximal tubule via the Sglts. To test this hypothesis, Olfr1393 wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice were challenged with a high-fat diet to induce early-stage type 2 diabetes. After 16 wk on the high-fat diet, fasting blood glucose values were increased and glucose tolerance was impaired in the male WT mice. Both of these effects were significantly blunted in the male KO mice. In addition, male and female WT mice developed diabetes-induced hyperfiltration, which was attenuated in the Olfr1393 KO mice and corresponded with a reduction in luminal expression of Sglt2. Collectively, these data indicate that renal Olfr1393 can contribute to the progression of type 2 diabetes, likely as a regulator of Na<sup>+</sup>-glucose cotransport in the proximal tubule.
Design and implementation of a storage repository using commonality factoring (2003)

In this paper, we discuss the design of a data normalization system that we term commonality factoring. A real-world implementation of a storage system based upon data normalization requires design of the data normalization itself, of the storage repository for the data, and of the protocols to be used between applications performing data normalization and the server software of the repository. Each of these areas is discussed and potential applications are presented. Building on research begun in 1999, Avamar Technologies has implemented an initial application of this technology to provide a nearline, disk-based system for backup of primary storage.
Propranolol for Disruptive Behaviors in Nursing Home Residents With Probable or Possible Alzheimer Disease (2005)

Short-term propranolol augmentation treatment appeared modestly effective and well tolerated for overall behavioral status in nursing home residents with probable or possible AD complicated by disruptive behaviors. Propranolol may be helpful specifically for aggression and uncooperativeness (the behaviors assessed by the NPI "agitation/aggressiveness" item). However, the usefulness of propranolol in this very old and frail population was limited by the high frequency of relative contraindications to beta-adrenergic antagonist treatment and diminution of initial behavioral improvements over time.
A digital feedback damping scheme for a micromachined directional microphone (2004)

In this paper, a method for introducing active damping for a diaphragm in a micromachined directional microphone is considered. The sigma-delta modulation is used to circumvent the nonlinearity of the capacitive transducers of the microphone. The principle of operation of the damping scheme is explained, and the simulation results of a lumped diaphragm model are presented.
In Vitro Generation of Scaffold Independent Neocartilage (2001)

A novel serum-free culture system was developed in an attempt to generate a three-dimensional hyalinelike neocartilage independent of polymer scaffolds. Neocartilage disks as much as 1.5 mm thick were produced, which were characterized by synthesis of the normal articular cartilage collagens and proteoglycans. In contrast to growth in serum-containing media, chondrocytes from juveniles maintained in static culture under defined serum-free conditions deposited an extracellular matrix that accumulated in the form of tissue disks. Electron microscopic evaluation of neocartilage disks revealed collagenous matrices characteristic of articular cartilage from human infants. The neocartilage did not show terminal chondrocyte differentiation as shown by the absence of Type X collagen production and lack of cellular hypertrophy. Although chondrocytes from preadolescent donor cartilage recapitulated embryonic development in the absence of exogenous factors, chondrocytes from articular cartilage from adults failed to produce neocartilage when grown under identical conditions. This is the first demonstration that autocrine morphogens are sufficient to guide production of hyaline cartilage in vitro. In addition to providing a unique model system to compare the healing response of mature and immature articular chondrocytes, this technology may be of clinical importance in the development of new biomaterials for repair of articular cartilage defects.
Covalent catalysis in nucleotidyl transfer. A KTDG motif essential for enzyme-GMP complex formation by mRNA capping enzyme is conserved at the active sites of RNA and DNA ligases. (1993)

Vaccinia virus RNA capping enzyme, a heterodimer of 95- and 31-kDa subunits, catalyzes transfer of GMP from GTP to the 5'-diphosphate terminus of RNA via a covalent enzyme-guanylate intermediate. The GMP residue is attached to the 95-kDa subunit through a phosphoamide bond to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine residue. The amino acid sequence of the large subunit includes a lysine-containing motif, Tyr-X-X-X-Lys260-Thr-Asp-Gly, that is conserved in the RNA guanylyltransferases encoded by Shope fibroma virus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The KXDG motif is also encountered at the sites of covalent adenylylation of bacteriophage T4 RNA ligase and mammalian DNA ligase I (Thogerson, H. C., Morris, H. R., Rand, K. N., and Gait, M. J. (1985) Eur. J. Biochem. 147, 325-329; Tomkinson, A. E., Totty, N. F., Ginsburg, M., and Lindahl, T. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 88, 400-404). We find that conservative amino acid substitutions at three out of four positions within the KTDG sequence of vaccinia capping enzyme either prevent or strongly inhibit enzyme-guanylate formation. The conserved motif is therefore an essential component of the guanylyltransferase domain. Lys260 is implicated as the active site. Comparison of the sequences of capping enzymes and polynucleotide ligases from diverse sources suggests that KX(D/N)G may be a signature element for covalent catalysis in nucleotidyl transfer.
A 4.78 mm 2 Fully-Integrated Neuromodulation SoC Combining 64 Acquisition Channels With Digital Compression and Simultaneous Dual Stimulation (2015)

A 65 nm CMOS 4.78 mm 2 integrated neuromodulation SoC consumes 348 μA from an unregulated 1.2 V to 1.8 V supply while operating 64 acquisition channels with epoch compression at an average firing rate of 50 Hz and engaging two stimulators with a pulse width of 250 μs/phase, differential current of 150 μA, and a pulse frequency of 100 Hz. Compared to the state of the art, this represents the lowest area and power for the highest integration complexity achieved to date.
Cloning of ligand-binding domains of bacterial receptors by phage display. (1995)

We present an application of the phage display technique which makes it possible, through affinity selection, to clone the part of a prokaryotic receptor gene that encodes the ligand-binding domain. A phage display library was constructed by insertion of randomly fragmented chromosomal DNA from Staphylococcus aureus strain 8325-4 into the phagemid vector pHEN1. Domains of the genes encoding staphylococcal protein A and fibronectin binding proteins were isolated from the library by affinity panning of the phage against the immobilized ligands. Approximately 1%-10% of the eluted phage encoded polypeptides that specifically bound the respective ligand. Nucleotide sequences of the isolated clones were in agreement with earlier known sequences of domains encoding the IgG and fibronectin-binding proteins. In addition, a second, so far unknown, nucleotide sequence encoding an IgG-binding polypeptide was identified.
Rapid sizing of individual fluorescently stained DNA fragments by flow cytometry (1993)

Large, fluorescently stained restriction fragments of lambda phage DNA are sized by passing individual fragments through a focused continuous wave laser beam in an ultrasensitive flow cytometer at a rate of 60 fragments per second. The size of the fluorescence burst emitted by each stained DNA fragment, as it passes through the laser beam, is measured in one millisecond. One hundred sixty four seconds of fluorescence burst data allow linear sizing of DNA with an accuracy of better than two percent over a range of 10 to 50 kbp. This corresponds to analyzing less than 1 pg of DNA. Sizing of DNA fragments by this approach is much faster, requires much less DNA, and can potentially analyze large fragments with better resolution and accuracy than with gel-based electrophoresis.
Mild Resuscitative Hypothermia and Outcome After Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (1996)

Recovery without residual neurological damage after cardiac arrest with global cerebral ischemia is still a rare event. Severe impairment of bodily or cognitive functions is often the result. The individual, emotional, and social aspects of brain damage and rehabilitation are seldom taken into account. Efforts to improve the prevention of brain damage immediately after successful resuscitation of patients are missing. The efficacy of hypothermia in preserving neurologic function when instituted before and during certain no-flow cardiovascular states has been well documented both clinically and experimentally since the 1950s. Most studies have used moderate (28-33 degrees C) to deep (20-28 degrees C) hypothermia to demonstrate these protective effects. Considering the use of hypothermia for preservation and resuscitation, the lack of controlled outcome trials, the long period of time required to reach therapeutic hypothermia, and the incidence of rewarming complications such as infection, arrhythmia, and coagulopathy have made it difficult to apply these methods to emergency situations such as cardiac arrest. Recent experimental evidence in dogs has shown that hypothermia induced after cardiac arrest does indeed mitigate the effects of the postresuscitation syndrome and improves neurologic function and reduces histologic brain damage. More importantly, such benefits can be demonstrated with mild (34-36 degrees C) hypothermia, thus minimizing complications and requiring less time for induction of hypothermia. Ice water nasal lavage, direct carotid infusion of cold fluids, use of a cooling helmet, and peritoneal cooling are promising techniques for clinical cerebral cooling. External auditory canal temperature (e.g., tympanic membrane temperature changes) could provide an approximation to brain temperatures. For accurate temperature monitoring, however, a central pulmonary artery thermistor probe should be inserted. Temperature monitoring is needed to avoid temperature < 30 degrees C. Mild hypothermia may prove to be an important and secure component for cerebral preservation and resuscitation during and after global ischemia; it may also prove to be a useful method of cerebral resuscitation after global ischemic states, thereby promoting the prevention of neuromental diseases.
Structure and Specific Activity of Macrophage-Stimulating Lipopeptides fromMycoplasma hyorhinis (1998)

Mycoplasmas are potent macrophage stimulators. We describe the isolation of macrophage-stimulatory lipopeptides S-[2, 3-bisacyl(C16:0/C18:0)oxypropyl]cysteinyl-GQTDNNSSQSQQPGS GTTNT and S-[2,3-bisacyl(C16:0/C18:0)oxypropyl]cysteinyl-GQTN derived from the Mycoplasma hyorhinis variable lipoproteins VlpA and VlpC, respectively. These lipopeptides were characterized by amino acid sequence and composition analysis and by mass spectrometry. The lipopeptides S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]cysteinyl-GQTNT and S-[2, 3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]cysteinyl-SKKKK and the N-palmitoylated derivative of the latter were synthesized, and their macrophage-stimulatory activities were compared in a nitric oxide release assay with peritoneal macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice. The lipopeptides with the free amino terminus showed half-maximal activity at 3 pM regardless of their amino acid sequence; i.e., they were as active as the previously isolated M. fermentans-derived lipopeptide MALP-2. The macrophage-stimulatory activity of the additionally N-palmitoylated lipopeptide or of the murein lipoprotein from Escherichia coli, however, was lower by orders of magnitude. It is concluded that the lack of N-acyl groups in mycoplasmal lipoproteins explains their exceptionally high in vitro macrophage-stimulatory capacity. Certain features that lipopolysaccharide endotoxin and mycoplasmal lipopeptides have in common are discussed. Lipoproteins and lipopeptides are likely to be the main causative agents of inflammatory reactions to mycoplasmas. This may be relevant in the context of mycoplasmas as arthritogenic pathogens and their association with AIDS.
Impaired uptake of apoptotic cells into tingible body macrophages in germinal centers of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (2002)

Our findings suggest that in a sub-group of SLE patients, apoptotic cells are not properly cleared by tingible body macrophages of the GCs. Consequently, nuclear autoantigens bind to FDCs and may thus provide survival signals for autoreactive B cells. This action may override an important control mechanism for B cell development, resulting in the loss of tolerance for nuclear antigens.
THE VERATRINE ALKALOIDS (1945)

A review of the literature on earlier investigations of the alkaloid content of American hellebore or T'eratrum viride Aiton has been given by Seiferle, Johns, and Richardson (1).In the earlier work the occurrence of only jervine, pseudojervine, and rubijervine had been described.In their study they were able to isolate, in addition to these alkaloids, germine and its ester, protoveratridine.Our own more recent studies of the alkaloids of this plant have now added to the list and have also necessitated reinterpretations of earlier data.In a previous paper (2) we have reported on one phase of this study concerned with the isolation of pseudojervine and the new alkaloid veratrosine, which were characterized as glucosides of jervine and veratramine respectively.1These substances were found in the alcoholic extract of the plant material which followed preliminary extraction of the latter with benzene.A study of alkaloids contained in the benzene extract is the subject of the present report.The yield of partly crystalline crude basic material obtained after preliminary purification varied with different commercial samples of American hellebore, and any data given as to yields can be regarded only as approximations.About 11 gm.were extracted from each kilo of mat'erial.A preliminary separation of the bases was effected essentially as employed by Saito (3) in his study of Veratrum grandiflorum Loes.fil.By conversion to the sulfates a large sparingly soluble sulfate fraction was first obtained which after reconversion to the free bases was then transformed in alcoholic solution to the hydrochlorides.The sparingly soluble salt which crystallized was the hydrochloride of jervine, the principal alkaloidal constituent.From the more soluble hydrochloride fraction a crystalline'base was isolated which agreed very closely in properties with those recorded by Saito for veratramine.However, the analytical results obtained with our alkaloid were in closer agreement with the formulation C&II,,OzN than with that of C&H8sOzN derived by him.As a check on the identity of our substance, it was hydrogenated to a dihydro derivative with properties essentially as given by Saito for dihydroveratramine.Our analytical data again were more consistent with a formulation, C27H4102N.Saito's so called "diacetyl" derivative was also prepared.His analytical results as well as our own, however, are more satisfactory for a triacetylveratramine, 555
Detection and quantitation of RNA base modifications (2004)

Using a new combination of previously published techniques, we developed a method for quantitating modified nucleotides in RNAs. First, an RNA is cleaved with RNase H at the 5' side of a nucleotide of interest. Next, 32P is substituted for the phosphate at the 5' end of this nucleotide. Finally, after nuclease P1 digestion, the released radiolabeled nucleotide is analyzed by thin layer chromatography and quantitated by PhosphorImager. Using this method, we showed that the analysis of a pseudouridine at a specific site within an in vitro synthesized U2 RNA is indeed quantitative. We also applied this technique to cellular U2 RNA isolated from mouse liver, and showed that position U34 is approximately 90% pseudouridylated. This method, combined with previously described reverse transcription-based methods, constitutes a powerful tool for detecting and quantifying modified nucleotides in RNAs. With minor modifications, this method can serve as an effective assay to study RNA modifying enzymes.
G20 정상회의와 한국외교의 과제 (2009)

본 논문은 G20 정상회의와 한국외교의 과제를 분석한 것이다. 이를 위해 G20 정상회의의 개최 배경, G20 정상회의의 개최 현황, G20 정상회의의 향후과제와 전망, 그리고 G20 정상회의와 한국외교의 과제의 순서로 분석한 후 결론을 도출해보았다. G20 국가는 전 세계 총생산의 85~90%를 차지하고, 전 세계 인구의 3분의 2를 대표하고 있다. 또 유럽연합(EU) 역내 교역을 포함해 전 세계 교역의 80%를 담당할 정도로 글로벌 무대의 중심 국가들이라 할 수 있다. G20 정상회의는 지난 2008년 9월 리먼브라더스 파산 사태로 미국 월스트리트 금융권이 몰락한 이후 국제공조체제를 마련하기 위해 출범하게 되었다. 그 후 2008년 11월 미국 워싱턴에서 제1차 G20 정상회의가 개최되었으며, 글로벌 경제위기 해결을 위한 경기부양 정책과 효과적인 금융 규제방안을 시급히 마련하자는 데 의견이 모아졌다. 제2차 정상회의(2009년 4월)는 영국 런던에서, 제3차 정상회의(2009년 9월)는 미국 피츠버그에서, 각각 개최되었으며, 2010년 11월에는 한국에서 정상회의가 열리게 된다. 피츠버그 정상회의는 G20이 글로벌 거버넌스에 관한 `최상위 협의체(premier forum)`임을 선언한 바 있다. G20 정상회의는 글로벌 이슈 논하는 `최고의 장`으로 새롭게 부상하고 있다. 하지만 G20 정상회의가 국제정치경제질서의 핵심기구로 정착되려면 ① 합의내용의 실질적 이행, ② 세계차원의 불균형 해소, ③ G20 위상의 공고화 등과 같은 과제의 실제적 이행이 요구된다. 또한 우리로서도 G20의 핵심적인 의장국 및 2010년 11월 G20 정상회의 개최국으로서 역할을 다하고 소기의 성과를 거두기 위해서는 ① 세계경제 질서의 재편 대응 새로운 외교전략의 구축, ② G20 의장국으로서 글로벌 리더십 발휘의 토대 구축, ③ G20 대응 외교(G20 diplomacy)전략의 개발 및 추진, ④ 개도국의 리더로서 선진국과 개도국의 가교 역할 강화방안의 모색 등의 외교적 과제를 해결해 나가야 한다. `G20 정상회의`의 의장국이자 개최국으로서 역할수행은 한국의 국격(國格)을 세계 수준급으로 끌어올릴 수 있는 좋은 기회다. G20 정상회의 의장국과 개최국에 주어진 새로운 외교적 기회의 이점을 충분히 활용하기 위해서는 새로운 국제사회에 있어서 주도적 제안과 정책을 발전·촉진시켜 나가는 등 우리의 G20 정상회의 관련 외교적 노력을 강화해 나가야 할 것이다. 의제선정 단계부터 적극 참여해 우리의 입장을 반영하고 합의사항 조정은 물론 새로운 세계질서에 대한 대안을 적극 제시하는 등의 노력을 통해 G20 정상회의가 성공적으로 개최될 수 있도록 최선의 노력을 다해야 할 것이다.