gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Autostereoscopic Three-Dimensional Viewer Evaluation Through Comparison With Conventional Interfaces in Laparoscopic Surgery (2011)

In the near future, it is likely that 3-dimensional (3D) surgical endoscopes will replace current 2D imaging systems given the rapid spreading of stereoscopy in the consumer market. In this evaluation study, an emerging technology, the autostereoscopic monitor, is compared with the visualization systems mainly used in laparoscopic surgery: a binocular visor, technically equivalent from the viewer's point of view to the da Vinci 3D console, and a standard 2D monitor. A total of 16 physicians with no experience in 3D interfaces performed 5 different tasks, and the execution time and accuracy of the tasks were evaluated. Moreover, subjective preferences were recorded to qualitatively evaluate the different technologies at the end of each trial. This study demonstrated that the autostereoscopic display is equally effective as the binocular visor for both low- and high-complexity tasks and that it guarantees better performance in terms of execution time than the standard 2D monitor. Moreover, an unconventional task, included to provide the same conditions to the surgeons regardless of their experience, was performed 22% faster when using the autostereoscopic monitor than the binocular visor. However, the final questionnaires demonstrated that 60% of participants preferred the user-friendliness of the binocular visor. These results are greatly heartening because autostereoscopic technology is still in its early stages and offers potential improvement. As a consequence, the authors expect that the increasing interest in autostereoscopy could improve its friendliness in the future and allow the technology to be widely accepted in surgery.
EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (1948)

Journal Article Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis Get access George A. Jervis, M.D., George A. Jervis, M.D. Thiells, N. Y. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Hilary Koprowski, M.D. Hilary Koprowski, M.D. Thiells, N. Y. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, Volume 7, Issue 3, July 1948, Pages 309–320, https://doi.org/10.1097/00005072-194807000-00006 Published: 01 July 1948
Integrins and Matrix Molecules in Salivary Gland Cell Adhesion, Signaling, and Gene Expression (1998)

Integrins play crucial roles in embryonic and adult cell adhesion, migration, morphogenesis, growth, and differentiation in many cell systems, including human salivary gland cells. Integrins function by binding through their extracellular domain to a specific peptide recognition site in a ligand, and then transmitting information to the cytoplasm by way of their cytoplasmic tails. By this transmembrane signaling process, integrins can mediate assembly of adhesion sites and organization of the actin-containing cytoskeleton by forming supermolecular complexes of cytoskeletal and signaling molecules. The specific steps in the assembly of these complexes as well as novel mechanisms for synergy between integrin and growth factor signaling pathways are still being determined. integrin-mediated interactions also have major effects on gene expression. For example, integrin-mediated adhesion to fibronectin by the HSG salivary gland cell line significantly alters the pattern of proteins synthesized and genes expressed. In fact, at least five transcription factors are activated, and over 30 genes (many of them novel) are found to be induced by such integrin-mediated interactions by salivary gland cells. The roles of integrins, in collaborative interactions with growth factors and signaling pathways, and in the induction of novel genes during salivary gland development, should provide fruitful areas of research for many years.
Microneedles permit transdermal delivery of a skin-impermeant medication to humans (2008)

Drugs with poor oral bioavailability usually are administered by hypodermic injection, which causes pain, poor patient compliance, the need for trained personnel, and risk of infectious disease transmission. Transdermal (TD) delivery provides an excellent alternative, but the barrier of skin's outer stratum corneum (SC) prevents delivery of most drugs. Micrometer-scale microneedles (MNs) have been used to pierce animal and human cadaver skin and thereby enable TD delivery of small molecules, proteins, DNA, and vaccines for systemic action. Here, we present a clinical study of MN-enhanced delivery of a medication to humans. Naltrexone (NTX) is a potent mu-opioid receptor antagonist used to treat opiate and alcohol dependence. This hydrophilic and skin-impermeant molecule was delivered from a TD patch to healthy human subjects with and without pretreatment of the skin with MNs. Whereas delivery from a standard NTX TD patch over a 72-h period yielded undetectable drug plasma levels, pretreatment of skin with MNs achieved steady-state plasma concentrations within 2 h of patch application and were maintained for at least 48 h. The MNs and NTX patch were well tolerated with mild systemic and application site side effects. The MN arrays were painless upon administration and not damaged during skin insertion, and no MNs were broken off into the skin. This human proof-of-concept study demonstrates systemic administration of a hydrophilic medication by MN-enhanced TD delivery. These findings set the stage for future human studies of skin-impermeant medications and biopharmaceuticals for clinical applications.
Insulinlike growth factor–I signaling in multiple myeloma: downstream elements, functional correlates, and pathway cross-talk (2002)

In multiple myeloma cells, insulinlike growth factor-I (IGF-I) activates 2 distinct signaling pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K), leading to both proliferative and antiapoptotic effects. However, it is unclear through which of these cascades IGF-I regulates these different responses. The present studies identify a series of downstream targets in the PI-3K pathway, including glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, p70S6 kinase, and the 3 members of the Forkhead family of transcription factors. The contribution of the MAPK and PI-3K pathways and, where possible, individual elements to proliferation and apoptosis was evaluated by means of a series of specific kinase inhibitors. Both processes were regulated almost exclusively by the PI-3K pathway, with only minor contributions associated with the MAPK cascade. Within the PI-3K cascade, inhibition of p70S6 kinase led to significant decreases in proliferation and protection from apoptosis. Activation of p70S6 kinase could also be prevented by MAPK inhibitors, indicating regulation by both pathways. The Forkhead transcription factor FKHRL1 was observed to provide a dual effect in that phosphorylation upon IGF-I treatment resulted in a loss of ability to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. The PI-3K pathway was additionally shown to exhibit cross-talk and to regulate the MAPK cascade, as inhibition of PI-3K prevented activation of Mek1/2 and other downstream MAPK elements. These results define important elements in IGF-I regulation of myeloma cell growth and provide biological correlates critical to an understanding of growth-factor modulation of proliferation and apoptosis.
Slow conduction in the infarcted human heart. 'Zigzag' course of activation. (1993)

Slow conduction perpendicular to the fiber direction in infarcted myocardial tissue is caused by a "zigzag" course of activation at high speed. Activation proceeds along pathways lengthened by branching and merging bundles of surviving myocytes ensheathed by collagenous septa.
2',3'-Didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine (d4T) in Patients with AIDS or AIDS-Related Complex: A Phase I Trial (1993)

2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine (d4T) is a pyrimidine analogue and inhibitor of reverse transcriptase with potent in vitro activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A phase I trial of d4T was conducted in 41 HIV-infected patients, 12 with AIDS and 29 with AIDS-related complex (ARC). Thirty-six patients were evaluatable. The maximum tolerated dose was 2 mg/kg/day. The dose-limiting toxicity was sensory peripheral neuropathy, which occurred in 20 patients (55%). Four patients (11%) developed hepatotoxicity. Five (14%) developed anemia requiring a transfusion but not discontinuation of drug. The mean +/- SE plasma elimination half-life at all dose levels was 1.2 +/- 0.09 h. Increased or stable absolute CD4 counts were seen in most patients. The majority of patients with detectable serum p24 antigen levels had a persistent decrease by 6 months. d4T is a promising drug for patients with AIDS or ARC. This clinical trial is continuing to determine the minimal effective dose.
Model dimensionality selection in bilinear transformation for feature space MLLR rapid speaker adaptation (2012)

Bilinear models based feature space Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression (FMLLR) speaker adaptation have showed good performance especially when the amount of adaptation data is limited. However, the model dimensionality selection is very critical to the performance of bilinear models and need more work to find the optimal selection method. In this paper, we present an empirical study on this issue and suggest using a piecewise log-linear function to describe the relationship between the relatively optimal dimensionality parameter and the variant amount of data. This relationship can be used to efficiently select the bilinear model dimensionality in FMLLR speaker adaptation with the variant amount of data for each test speaker to improve recognition performance on the English voice control dataset.
Flavor relationships among muscles from the beef chuck and round1 (2006)

This research compared off-flavor notes and the relationship of pH and heme-iron content to off-flavor for different beef muscles. After grading, knuckles and shoulder clods were removed from 16 USDA Choice and 14 USDA Select beef carcasses, vacuum-packaged, and aged for 7 d. The rectus femoris (REC), vastus medalis (VAM), vastus lateralis (VAL), teres major (TER), infraspinatus (INF), and triceps brachii-long head (TRI) were separated, cut into steaks, and frozen (-16 degrees C). Sensory analysis was conducted using a trained taste panel, with steaks grilled to an internal temperature of 65 degrees C. Heme-iron concentration and pH were determined. The INF had lower (P < 0.05) off-flavor intensity ratings and less frequent sour flavor than the other muscles, and the VAL had the most intense (P < 0.05) off-flavor ratings and among the greatest frequency of sour, charred, and oxidized flavors. The frequencies of liver-like, bloody, and rancid flavors were not affected by muscle type. Heme-iron concentration did not differ among muscles. Three USDA Select carcasses had intense off-flavor in the muscles. Liver-like flavor was highly negatively correlated with off-flavor intensity for each of the muscles tested. Muscles rated a 5 or below (on an 8-point rating scale, where 1 = extremely intense off-flavor and 8 = no off-flavor) in off-flavor intensity and identified as liver-like by 30% or more of the panelists were grouped together and compared to normal muscles. Those in the liver-flavored group were less frequently identified as charred, probably because the liver-like flavor was so intense. There were no differences between the 2 groups for sour, metallic, bloody, oxidized, or fatty off-flavor notes. Regression equations containing the linear and quadratic functions of heme-iron concentration, muscle pH, and their interaction were established for the frequency of off-flavor notes within each muscle. The REC, TER, VAL, and VAM showed a relationship between pH, heme iron, and off-flavor intensity (P < 0.05). Liver-like flavor was explained partially by pH and heme iron in the REC, VAM, and VAL (R2 = 0.45 to 0.55; P < 0.05). Few other significant relationships were found. Heme iron and pH were unrelated to metallic, oxidized, or rancid flavors for any of the muscles tested. These data suggest that liver-like off-flavors are specific to individual animals, and that pH and heme iron are not strongly related to off-flavor notes.
CHEK2∗1100delC Mutation and Risk of Prostate Cancer (2014)

Although the causes of prostate cancer are largely unknown, previous studies support the role of genetic factors in the development of prostate cancer. CHEK2 plays a critical role in DNA replication by responding to double-stranded breaks. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the role of a genetic variant, 1100delC, of CHEK2 on prostate cancer risk and discuss the implication for potential translation of this knowledge into clinical practice. Currently, twelve articles that discussed CHEK2 (∗)1100delC and its association with prostate cancer were identified. Of the twelve prostate cancer studies, five studies had independent data to draw conclusive evidence from. The pooled results of OR and 95% CI were 1.98 (1.23-3.18) for unselected cases and 3.39 (1.78-6.47) for familial cases, indicating that CHEK2 (∗)1100delC mutation is associated with increased risk of prostate cancer. Screening for CHEK2(∗)1100delC should be considered in men with a familial history of prostate cancer.
[Effect of cytokines on repair of tendon injury]. (2000)

Cytokines possibly can accelerate tendon repair and show great potentials in future clinical application.
Biochemical comparison of MHC antigens isolated from mutant C3HfB/HeN and parent C3H/HeN mice. (1982)

H-2K antigen heavy chains were isolated from C3HfB/HeN and C3H/HeN spleen cells by immunoprecipitation and high pressure liquid chromatography and were compared by tryptic peptide mapping. Glycopeptides obtained from 3H-glucosamine-labeled H-2Kk (C3H) and H-2Kkv1 (C3Hf) heavy chains were found to be identical, indicating that previously observed differences between the two molecules are due to alterations in amino acid sequence. I-A subregion antigen alpha- and beta-chains were also isolated from C3H and C3Hf spleen cells by immunoprecipitation and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and were compared by tryptic peptide mapping analyses. Material isolated from 3H-glucosamine-labeled cells revealed that I-A alpha- and beta-chains were glycosylated, and antigens from C3H and C3Hf mice contained identical glycopeptides. Similar analyses of I-A antigen alpha- and beta-chains isolated from C3H and C3Hf spleen cells labeled with 3H-arginine or 3H-lysine revealed no differences in the amino acid sequences of the I-A antigens of these two strains. These findings indicate that all of the unique immunologic properties of mutant C3Hf cells can be attributed to modifications of the amino acid sequence of the MHC K locus gene product.
Effects of Electrical Stimulation of the Genioglossus on Upper Airway Resistance in Anesthetized Dogs (1989)

We examined the relationship between the frequency of stimulation of the genioglossus and upper airway resistance in six anesthetized dogs in the supine position. The upper airway was isolated from the lower airway by transecting the cervical trachea, and the pressure flow relationship of the upper airway was obtained by applying constant negative pressure (5, 10, and 20 cm H2O) to the proximal cut end of the trachea. Electrical stimulation of the genioglossus was performed at a constant voltage (10 to 20 V) and at various frequencies (as high as 100 Hz). Upper airway resistance (Rua) during both inspiration and expiration increased with an increase in tracheal negative pressure, and at each tracheal negative pressure Rua was significantly reduced by stimulation of the genioglossus. The effects of genioglossal muscle stimulation were nonlinearly dependent on the stimulating frequency. Below 50 Hz, Rua decreased markedly as the stimulating frequency was increased, but above 50 Hz, Rua plateaued at a minimum value. These findings suggest that at a stimulating frequency of more than 50 Hz, upper airway patency is stably maintained in anesthetized dogs.
RecG helicase activity at three- and four-strand DNA structures (1999)

The RecG helicase of Escherichia coli is necessary for efficient recombination and repair of DNA in vivo and has been shown to catalyse the unwinding of DNA junctions in vitro. Despite these findings, the precise role of RecG remains elusive. However, models have been proposed in which RecG promotes the resolution of linked duplexes by targeting three-strand junctions present at D-loops. One such model postulates that RecG catalyses the formation of four-strand (Holliday) junctions from three-strand junctions. To test this model, the DNA binding and unwinding activities of RecG were analysed using synthetic three- and four-strand junctions. The substrate specificity of RecG was found to depend critically on the concentrations of ATP and MgCl(2)and under certain conditions RecG preferentially unwound three-strand junction DNA. This was at least partly due to the larger inhibitory effect of MgCl(2)on the binding of four-strand as opposed to three-strand junctions by RecG. Thus RecG may be targeted to three-strand junctions in vivo whilst still being able to branch migrate the four-strand junctions formed as a result of the initial helicase reaction. The increase in the dissociation constant of RecG on conversion of a three-strand into a four-strand junction may also facilitate resolution of the four-strand junction by the RuvABC complex.
Characterization of an antigen expressed by human natural killer cells. (1983)

A monoclonal antibody, anti-N901, was produced by fusing NS-1 myeloma cells with spleen cells of a mouse immunized with human CML cells. This antibody was reactive with a subpopulation of peripheral blood LGL, including the natural killer cells. Monocytes, granulocytes, B cells, T cells (T3+ cells), erythrocytes, and platelets were nonreactive. The N901-positive cells in the peripheral blood were heterogeneous with respect to expression of other cell surface antigens. The majority of N901+ cells co-expressed T11, Mo1, and HNK-1, whereas a smaller percentage expressed T8. Ia, T3, T4, Mo2, or B1 antigens were very uncommon on N901+ cells. The heterogeneity of the N901+ LGL was further investigated by examining the expression of N901 antigen on a series of cloned normal human NK cell lines. N901 antigen was expressed by each of the NK cell lines tested, and by a minority of cloned T cell lines without NK activity. Anti-N901 does not block NK activity and can be used to rapidly purify functional NK cells for further study.
The Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)-Reticuline (1989)

The synthesis of the title compound was accomplished via chiral formamidines in 5 steps (30.4% overall) and 98.6% ee.The isoquinoline alkaloid, reticuline 1 was first isolated in 19301 and again in 1939.2The absolute configurafion was reported in 19593 and total syntheses have been numero~s.~However, except for studies by Yamada-and Noyoria all syntheses of 1 yielded racemic products.We now describe an enicient route to this important alkaloid (a biosynthetic precursor to thebaine, codeine, and mophinew) using asymmetrlc methodology previously developed In our laboratory.Although Bmssi4 has described an expedient synthesis of (+)-I and noneticuline (NH-analog) the method requires a resolution, via the tartaric add san.9The present synthesis vnii provide (+)-1 in the natural configuration (S) and in greater than 98.6% enant~omenc excess thus making this pivotal alkaloid available in optically active form.The scheme utilized is a further extension of methodology involving chiral tormamidines to reach a number of isoquin~line.~~morphinan.1'indole.12and pyrrolidine13 alkaloids.Starting with the phenethylamine 2 , derived from van~ilin, nitromethane, and lithium aluminum hydride, the known14 tetrahydroisoquinoiine 3 was formed in 75% yield.The valinoi I-butyl ether formamidinel3 was then introduced by heating with tetrahydro~soquinoline 3 in toluene anording 4 in 88% yield.The key StereOSeleCtivBStep was accomplished by treating 4 with tbutyllithium at -78% to generate the lithiated Species 5 to which the benzyl bromide was then introduced at -l0O0C.h sifu removal of the chiral auxiliary gave the 1-benzylisoquinoiine 6 in 7096 yield for the process.n h i s paper is dedicated to Professor D.
Man and Microbes: Disease and Plagues in History and Modern Times (1995)

AIDS, Lyme disease, and the deadly hantavirus are just a few of the dozens of new diseases to arrive in recent years. Old ones such as TB and cholera have returned with sharper virulence. Where do new diseases come from? Why are old ones back as vicious changelings? Why now? We created this epidemic of epidemics by transforming our environment and behavior - our landscape, technology, and sex lives. Thus we hasten microbes' evolution and our own, making the world a global village for diseases. In Man and Microbes, respected science writer Arno Karlen presents a dramatic panorama of the natural history of disease. Drawing on case studies and tales of medical detection, he uncovers the ills of ancient hunter-gatherers, relates the rise of diseases that came with each domesticated species, and exposes the origins of modern urban epidemics. Citing original sources and extensive research, Karlen recounts the terror of measles and smallpox that raked the ancient empires of Rome and China; the intertwined stories of leprosy and tuberculosis throughout thousands of years of history; the onslaught of European microbes that devastated the peoples of the Americas far more than did the firearms of their conquerors; and the much-forgotten influenza pandemic of 1918 that killed tens of millions. He also analyzes the most recent medical reports of mysterious new diseases from around the world and provides a view of how they have arisen and what they bode for the future. Man and Microbes makes clear that infection is a natural and necessary part of life. It shows how the search for food, shelter, and a safer, more prosperous life has altered the environment, changed the dance of adaptation betweenhumans and microbes, and generated new diseases. The means to surmount the growing public health crisis in our ever-accelerating global society lie in the same ingenuity that created it. Understanding the complex and vital relationships between man and microbe can help us tame or mak
Catalyzing the Emergence of a Practical Biorefinery (2007)

JAMES DUMESIC PROFILEMost are betting on biology to convert carbohydrates into biofuels. Jim Dumesic thinks catalysis is the key. ([Read more][1].)

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/315/5813/795
Characterization of chemotherapy mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells for use in autologous stem cell transplantation. (1992)

Twenty patients were treated with chemotherapy to mobilize progenitors into the blood. Peripheral blood stem cells were quantitated in peripheral blood or leukapheresis products using colony assays and flow cytometric measurement of CD34+ cells. In four patients where complete sets of serial samples were obtained, the appearance of CD34+ cells preceded the increase in CFU-GM by 24-48 h. Peak levels of CD34+ cells ranged from 0.6-5% and coincided with the peak increase in CFU-GM. Mobilized CD34+ cells contained subsets expressing CD33, CD13, CD45RA, CD38, HLA-DR, CD61 and CD41. Subsets of CD34+ cells expressing CD33, CD13, or CD45RA represent committed myeloid progenitors. In contrast to bone marrow CD34+ cells, few mobilized CD34+ cells expressed CD71, CD7, CD19 or CD10. Prompt engraftment of granulocytes greater than 500 x 10(6)/l at a median of 13 days and platelets greater than 50 x 10(9)/l at a median of 15 days was observed in patients reconstituted with mobilized cells. These data indicate that CD34+ cells mobilized during recovery from chemotherapy are predominantly myeloid in phenotype and contain few actively proliferating cells or cells with lymphoid phenotypes.