gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-dispersion thin-film microstrip lines with cyclotene (benzocyclobutene) as dielectric medium (1997)

We report on thin-film microstrip lines (TFMSLs) fabricated on low-resistivity Si with polymerized cyclotene as the dielectric between signal and ground conductor, all on top of the wafer. Electro-optic high-frequency characterization of the TFMSLs reveals negligible modal dispersion up to the highest frequencies of 1.0 THz. In spite of the high substrate conductivity, the attenuation is low (⩽1 dB/mm at 100 GHz). Over the full frequency range, it is dominated by conductor losses and not by absorption in the dielectric. With these dispersion and attenuation properties, TFMSLs are an attractive alternative to coplanar waveguides, with the additional advantage of immunity against substrate absorption and radiation losses.
Multivariable Analysis: A Practical Guide for Clinicians (1999)

This new edition has been fully revised to build on the enormous success of its popular predecessor. It now includes new features introduced by readers' requests including a new chapter on propensity score, more detail on clustered data and Poisson regression and a new section on analysis of variance. As before it describes how to perform and interpret multivariable analysis, using plain language rather than complex derivations and mathematical formulae. It is the perfect introduction for all clinical researchers. It focuses on the nuts and bolts of performing research and prepares the reader to perform and interpret multivariable models. Numerous tables, graphs and tips help to simplify and explain the process of performing multivariable analysis. The text is illustrated with many up-to-date examples from the medical literature on how to use multivariable analysis in clinical practice and in research
33. Solvent-modified polymer networks. Part I. The preparation and characterisation of expanded-network and macroporous styrene–divinylbenzene copolymers and their sulphonates (1963)

J. R. Millar, D. G. Smith, W. E. Marr and T. R. E. Kressman, J. Chem. Soc., 1963, 218 DOI: 10.1039/JR9630000218
Electrical Energy Storage and Intercalation Chemistry (1976)

The electrochemical reaction of layered titanium disulfide with lithium giving the intercalation compound lithium titanium disulfide is the basis of a new battery system. This reaction occurs very rapidly and in a highly reversible manner at ambient temperatures as a result of structural retention. Titanium disulfide is one of a new generation of solid cathode materials.
Identification of a novel functional androgen response element within hPar1 promoter: implications to prostate cancer progression (2005)

Human protease-activated receptor-1 (hPar1) plays a role in malignant and physiological invasion processes. We have identified a functional androgen response element (ARE) located in the hPar1 promoter upstream of the transcription start site at -1791 to -1777. Dihydrotestosterone treatment of the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP increased endogenous hPar1 mRNA levels, consistent with the threefold increase in promoter activity of hPar1-luciferase reporter construct. Specific binding of the hPar1-derived ARE to LNCaP nuclear extracts was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. This binding was abrogated by antiandrogen receptor (anti-AR) antibodies or excess cold oligonucleotide but not by a mutated oligonucleotide. Moreover, using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we confirm the in vivo interaction between the AR and ARE domain of the hPar1 promoter. In parallel, we show that hormone ablation therapy markedly reduces the otherwise high hPar1 expression levels in prostate cancer biopsy specimens. We suggest that the hPar1 gene is regulated transcriptionally by androgens, representing one of several target genes effectively reduced during hormone ablation therapy. A major limitation of hormonal deprivation is that it causes only a temporary remission, and the cancer eventually reappears in a more malignant, androgen-independent form. hPar1 is also overexpressed in CL1 cells, an aggressively metastasizing, hormone-independent subclone of LNCaP, and in PC3 prostate adenocarcinoma lacking AR in a mechanism yet to be fully elucidated. These data may imply that hPar1 expression correlates with prostate cancer progression in androgen-dependent and -independent phases and therefore, provides an instrumental, therapeutic target for treatment in prostate cancer.
U.S. Solar Photovoltaic System Cost Benchmark: Q1 2018 (2018)

NREL has been modeling U.S. photovoltaic (PV) system costs since 2009. This report benchmarks costs of U.S. solar PV for residential, commercial, and utility-scale systems built in the first quarter of 2018 (Q1 2018). Our methodology includes bottom-up accounting for all system and project-development costs incurred when installing residential, commercial, and utility-scale systems, and it models the capital costs for such systems.
The Role of Histidine 632 in Catalysis by Human Topoisomerase I (2001)

Based on the crystal structure of human topoisomerase I, we hypothesized that hydrogen bonding between the side chain of the highly conserved His(632) and one of the nonbridging oxygens of the scissile phosphate contributes to catalysis by stabilizing the transition state. This hypothesis has been tested by examining the effects of changing His(632) to glutamine, asparagine, alanine, and tryptophan. The change to glutamine reduced both the relaxation activity and single-turnover cleavage activity by approximately 100-fold, whereas the same change at three other conserved histidines (positions 222, 367, and 406) had no significant effect on the relaxation activity. The properties of the mutant protein containing asparagine instead of histidine at position 632 were similar to those of the glutamine mutant, whereas mutations to alanine or tryptophan reduced the activity by approximately 4 orders of magnitude. The reduction in activity for the mutants was not due to alterations in substrate binding affinities or changes in the cleavage specificities of the proteins. The above results for the glutamine mutation in conjunction with the similar effects of pH on the wild type and the H632Q mutant enzyme rule out the possibility that His(632) acts as a general acid to protonate the leaving 5'-oxygen during the cleavage reaction. Taken together, these data strongly support the hypothesis that the only role for His(632) is to stabilize the pentavalent transition state through hydrogen bonding to one of the nonbridging oxygens.
Randomized Comparison of a High Clopidogrel Maintenance Dose in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Artery Disease (2007)

A 150-mg maintenance dose of clopidogrel is associated with enhanced antiplatelet effects compared with 75 mg in high-risk T2DM patients. However, enhanced ex vivo platelet reactivity continues to persist, the clinical implications of which are unknown and need to be evaluated in large-scale clinical trials.
The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis (1992)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —This article defines stress and related concepts and reviews their historical development. The notion of a stress system as the effector of the stress syndrome is suggested, and its physiologic and pathophysiologic manifestations are described. A new perspective on human disease states associated with dysregulation of the stress system is provided. <h3>Data Sources.</h3> —Published original articles from human and animal studies and selected reviews. Literature was surveyed utilizing MEDLINE and the<i>Index Medicus</i>. <h3>Study Selection.</h3> —Original articles from the basic science and human literature consisted entirely of controlled studies based on verified methodologies and, with the exception of the most recent studies, replicated by more than one laboratory. Many of the basic science and clinical studies had been conducted in our own laboratories and clinical research units. Reviews cited were written by acknowledged leaders in the fields of neurobiology, endocrinology, and behavior. <h3>Data Extraction.</h3> —Independent extraction and cross-referencing by the authors. <h3>Data Synthesis.</h3> —Stress and related concepts can be traced as far back as written science and medicine. The stress system coordinates the generalized stress response, which takes place when a stressor of any kind exceeds a threshold. The main components of the stress system are the corticotropin-releasing hormone and locus ceruleus-norepinephrine/autonomic systems and their peripheral effectors, the pituitary-adrenal axis, and the limbs of the autonomic system. Activation of the stress system leads to behavioral and peripheral changes that improve the ability of the organism to adjust homeostasis and increase its chances for survival. There has been an exponential increase in knowledge regarding the interactions among the components of the stress system and between the stress system and other brain elements involved in the regulation of emotion, cognitive function, and behavior, as well as with the axes responsible for reproduction, growth, and immunity. This new knowledge has allowed association of stress system dysfunction, characterized by sustained hyperactivity and/or hypoactivity, to various pathophysiologic states that cut across the traditional boundaries of medical disciplines. These include a range of psychiatric, endocrine, and inflammatory disorders and/or susceptibility to such disorders. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —We hope that knowledge from apparently disparate fields of science and medicine integrated into a working theoretical framework will allow generation and testing of new hypotheses on the pathophysiology and diagnosis of, and therapy for, a variety of human illnesses reflecting systematic alterations in the principal effectors of the generalized stress response. We predict that pharmacologic agents capable of altering the central apparatus that governs the stress response will be useful in the treatment of many of these illnesses. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;267:1244-1252)
DNA vaccines for poultry: the jump from theory to practice (2005)

DNA vaccines could offer a solution to a number of problems faced by the poultry industry; they are relatively easy to manufacture, stable, potentially easy to administer, can overcome neonatal tolerance and the deleterious effects of maternal antibody, and do not cause disease pathology. Combined with this, in ovo vaccination offers the advantage of reduced labor costs, mass administration and the induction of an earlier immune response. Together, this list of advantages is impressive. However, this combined technology is still in its infancy and requires many improvements. The potential of CpG motifs, DNA vaccines and in ovo vaccination, however, can be observed by the increasing number of recent reports investigating their application in challenge experiments. CpG motifs have been demonstrated to be stimulatory both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, DNA vaccines have been successfully delivered via the in ovo route, albeit not yet through the amniotic fluid. Lastly, a recent report has demonstrated that a DNA vaccine against infectious bronchitis virus administered via in ovo vaccination, followed by live virus boost, can slightly improve on the protective effect induced by the live virus alone. Therefore, DNA vaccination via the in ovo route is promising and offers potential as a poultry vaccine, however, efficacy needs to be improved and the costs of production reduced before it is likely to be beneficial to the poultry industry in the long term.
Automatic generation of test cases (1970)

The machine production of programs for testing certain aspects of programming products has been achieved. The system has been successfully used on a number of products to establish their reliability in accepting new test cases without error. The input to the system is a syntax definition in a formal notation. The construction of such a definition for a high-level language is an exacting task. It yields important bonuses by deepening knowledge of the structure of the language and showing up obscurities or ambiguities in the existing documentation, Definitions exist for ECMA Algol, FORTRAN IV, and a major subset of PL/I. The future effort required to adapt the definitions to particular versions of these languages should be small.
Continuously signal-adaptive filterbank for high-quality perceptual audio coding (1997)

Historically, the choice of the optimum filterbank has been the subject of much research and discussion in the development of perceptual audio coders. Desirable properties of a good filterbank include both a good extraction of the signal's redundancy and effective utilization of that redundancy while maintaining control over perceptual demands. Often, there is a conflict between the use of perceptual constraints and the redundancy extraction, in that a filterbank with good resolution in both time and frequency is needed. Recently, a method for performing temporal noise shaping (TNS) of the error signal of a perceptual audio coder has been proposed, providing control over both the time and frequency structure of the coding noise. This paper focuses on the core part of the scheme, forming a continuously adaptive filterbank, and discusses its theoretical background, properties and limitations.
Individual T-Cell Receptors of γ9δ2T-Cells Mediate Differential Anti-Tumor-reactivity (2011)

Abstract Abstract 4312 Immunotherapy with innate immune cells has recently evoked a broad interest as a novel treatment option for cancer patients. γ9δ2T-cells are an emerging innate cell population with strong anti-tumor-reactivity and a promising candidate for immune interventions. However, the molecular basis of recognition remains unclear as well as whether individual γ9δ2 clones have an advantage as compared to the bulk population in terms of anti-tumor-reactivity. Therefore, bulk γ9δ2T-cells were cloned and tested for reactivity against a broad panel of tumor cells. Between different clones a high variability in recognition pattern was observed in terms of specificity and functional avidity. A number of clones were more potent in tumor recognition while others were weaker than the original bulk population. Thus, we intent to elucidate the molecular basis of observed differences among anti-tumor-reactive clones. The contribution of NK-receptors to γδT-cell activation was verified but could not fully explain their reactive abilities. Therefore, we hypothesized that the diversity within the γ9δ2T-cell receptor (TCR) itself contributes to the differential activity of examined γ9δ2T-cell clones. Hence, clone derived γ9δ2TCRs were expressed in Jurkat- and peripheral blood T cells and indeed: individual γ9δ2TCRs mediated a distinct specificity and functional avidity. By exchanging δ-chains among TCR-transduced T-cell clones with constant γ-chain we demonstrate that distinct δ-chains mediate different functional avidity. Sequence alignments revealed that this phenomenon is selectively caused by differences in the δCDR3 region. Accordingly, alanine-scanning-mutations within δCDR3 were performed. Structurally important residues were identified as well as residues involved in regulating functional avidity, suggesting their importance in antigen-recognition. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Efficient Homolactic Fermentation by Kluyveromyces lactis Strains Defective in Pyruvate Utilization and Transformed with the Heterologous LDH Gene (2001)

A high yield of lactic acid per gram of glucose consumed and the absence of additional metabolites in the fermentation broth are two important goals of lactic acid production by microrganisms. Both purposes have been previously approached by using a Kluyveromyces lactis yeast strain lacking the single pyruvate decarboxylase gene (KlPDC1) and transformed with the heterologous lactate dehydrogenase gene (LDH). The LDH gene was placed under the control the KlPDC1 promoter, which has allowed very high levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, due to the absence of autoregulation by KlPdc1p. The maximal yield obtained was 0.58 g g(-1), suggesting that a large fraction of the glucose consumed was not converted into pyruvate. In a different attempt to redirect pyruvate flux toward homolactic fermentation, we used K. lactis LDH transformant strains deleted of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) E1alpha subunit gene. A great process improvement was obtained by the use of producing strains lacking both PDH and pyruvate decarboxylase activities, which showed yield levels of as high as 0.85 g g(-1) (maximum theoretical yield, 1 g g(-1)), and with high LDH activity.
Positioning Atypical Protein Kinase C Isoforms in the UV-Induced Apoptotic Signaling Cascade (1997)

Recent studies have documented the involvement of the atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isoforms in important cellular functions such as cell proliferation and survival. Exposure of cells to a genotoxic stimulus that induces apoptosis, such as UV irradiation, leads to a profound inhibition of the atypical PKC activity in vivo. In this study, we addressed the relationship between this phenomenon and different proteins involved in the apoptotic response. We show that (i) the inhibition of the aPKC activity precedes UV-induced apoptosis; (ii) UV-induced aPKC inhibition and apoptosis are independent of p53; (iii) Bcl-2 proteins are potent modulators of aPKC activity; and (iv) the aPKCs are located upstream of the interleukin-converting enzyme-like protease system, which is required for the induction of apoptosis by both Par-4 (a selective aPKC inhibitor) and UV irradiation. We also demonstrate here that inhibition of aPKC activity leads to a decrease in mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activity and simultaneously an increase in p38 activity. Both effects are critical for the induction of apoptosis in response to Par-4 expression and UV irradiation. Collectively, these results clarify the position of the aPKCs in the UV-induced apoptotic pathway and strongly suggest that MAP kinases play a role in this signaling cascade.
Pain related behaviour in two models of osteoarthritis in the rat knee (2004)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major healthcare burden, with increasing incidence. Pain is the predominant clinical feature, yet therapy is ineffective for many patients. While there are considerable insights into the mechanisms underlying tissue remodelling, there is poor understanding of the link between disease pathology and pain. This is in part owing to the lack of animal models that combine both osteoarthritic tissue remodelling and pain. Here, we provide an analysis of pain related behaviours in two models of OA in the rat: partial medial meniscectomy and iodoacetate injection. Histological studies demonstrated that in both models, progressive osteoarthritic joint pathology developed over the course of the next 28 days. In the ipsilateral hind limb in both models, changes in the percentage bodyweight borne were small, whereas marked mechanical hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia were seen. The responses in the iodoacetate treated animals were generally more robust, and these animals were tested for pharmacological reversal of pain related behaviour. Morphine was able to attenuate hyperalgesia 3, 14 and 28 days after OA induction, and reversed allodynia at days 14 and 28, providing evidence that this behaviour was pain related. Diclofenac and paracetamol were effective 3 days after arthritic induction only, coinciding with a measurable swelling of the knee. Gabapentin varied in its ability to reverse both hyperalgesia and allodynia. The iodoacetate model provides a basis for studies on the mechanisms of pain in OA, and for development of novel therapeutic analgesics.
[Antiviral agents/4th communication: the aromatically substituted carbonic acid amide structure in potentically virustatic compounds (author's transl)]. (1975)

After the conversion of nitrosubstituted aromatic carboxylic acids (3) into the corresponding carboxylic acid chlorides (2), the N-[1-adamantyl]-carboxylic acid amides 4a, 4b, and 4c may be obtained through interaction with 1-amino-adamantane (1). By the same reaction principle,1-adamantyl acetylchloride (6) obtained from 1-adamantyl acetic acid (7) reacts with 2-nitroaniline (5) to give 1-adamantyl-acetic acid-[2-nitroanilide] (8), which may be converted into 2-[1-adamantyl-methyl]-benzimidazole (10) via N-[1-adamantyl-acetyl-]-o-phenylenediamine (9).
Cadherin superfamily of adhesion molecules in primary lung cancer. (2004)

Cadherins are Ca(2+-)dependent cell-cell adhesion molecules which interact with intracellular proteins called catenins. Cadherins are the most interesting adhesion molecules and among them most important is epithelial E-cadherin. Loss of the function or/and the expression of any of the elements of E-cadherin/catenins complex make the cell incapable to adhere resulting to a loss of the normal architecture of tissues. Reduced, absent or disorganised expression of E-cadherin has been found in several carcinomas, including lung cancer. Soluble E-cadherin found in serum from patients with lung cancer could be a tumor marker, while alterations observed in non-small cell lung cancer probably play a role in manifestation of a malignant phenotype. Reduced expression of E-cadherin is a key event in tumorgenicity and metastasis and possible therapeutic strategies are based on that conclusion. In addition, E-cadherin has a role as a marker of differential diagnosis between bronchioloalveolar carcinoma and conventional pulmonary carcinoma as well as between mesothelioma and metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Small cell lung cancer cells express several types of cadherins too. In conclusion, many studies are in process and it is very possible that soon some cadherins will be used as useful biomarkers and theraupeutic targets in cases of primary lung cancer.
Treatment recommendations for radioimmunotherapy in follicular lymphoma: a consensus conference report (2011)

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with (90)Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan or (131)I-tositumomab combines a radiation-emitting radionuclide with an antibody targeting CD20 to treat B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Multiple studies demonstrate favorable RIT efficacy and safety profiles in follicular lymphoma (FL). The primary toxicity is reversible myelosuppression. Various FL treatment options include single-agent immunotherapy, radiation, chemoimmunotherapy, and RIT. Examining RIT clinical effects and position within treatment algorithms is important to optimal patient benefit. Clinical studies support using single-agent RIT in relapsed/refractory FL, in selected patients with new, untreated FL, and as consolidation after induction chemotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy. RIT as consolidation enhances response rates (with conversion of partial to complete responses following induction therapy) and prolongs disease control versus observation. The overall response rate is 60-80% in the relapsed setting. Time to progression is longer with low-bulk disease, fewer prior therapies, and retained rituximab sensitivity. RIT apparently does not preclude subsequent therapies or increase risk of secondary malignancies compared with chemotherapy's known risk. This article summarizes consensus recommendations for RIT and presents RIT treatment algorithms developed by hematologists/oncologists who regularly treat patients with FL. Maximizing RIT benefit requires healthcare providers to utilize algorithms assisting with treatment decisions.