gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) envelope glycoprotein E2 containing one structural antigenic unit protects pigs from lethal CSFV challenge (1996)

Envelope glycoprotein E2, formerly called E1 or gp51-54, of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) expressed in insect cells protects swine from classical swine fever. Monoclonal antibodies directed against epitopes of domains B and C and subdomain A1 are neutralizing. The domains are located on two structural antigenic units in a proposed model of the antigenic structure of E2. One unit consists of nonconserved antigenic domains B and C and the other contains highly conserved antigenic domain A. We produced several mutant E2 proteins by use of the baculovirus expression system. Two selected mutants were E2 proteins in which one of the two structural antigenic units, unit B/C or unit A, was deleted. The protective capacity of the mutant E2 proteins was investigated in an immunization experiment in pigs. Titres of the neutralizing responses in pigs immunized with mutant E2 proteins were all comparable with that of intact E2. These vaccinated pigs were protected against an intranasal lethal CSFV challenge, indicating that the immune response induced by one structural antigenic unit of E2 can protect pigs against classical swine fever.
The missing mechanical circuit element (2009)

In 2008, two articles in Autosport revealed details of a new mechanical suspension component with the name "J-damper" which had entered Formula One Racing and which was delivering significant performance gains in handling and grip. From its first mention in the 2007 Formula One "spy scandal" there was much speculation about what the J-damper actually was. The Autosport articles revealed that the J-damper was in fact an "inerter" and that its origin lay in academic work on mechanical and electrical circuits at Cambridge University. This article aims to provide an overview of the background and origin of the inerter, its application, and its intimate connection with the classical theory of network synthesis.
Storage Systems for Non-volatile Memory Devices (2011)

This dissertation presents novel approaches to the use of non-volatile memory devices in building storage systems. There are many types of non-volatile memory devices, and they usually have better performance than regular magnetic hard disks in terms of throughput and latency. This dissertation focused on two of them, NAND flash memory and Phase Change Memory (PCM). This work consisted of two parts.\n\nThe first part was to design a high-performance hybrid storage system employing Solid State Drives that are build out of NAND flash memory and Hard Disk Drives. In this hybrid system, we proposed two different policies to improve its performance. One is to exploit the fact that the performances of Solid State Drive and Hard Disk Drive are asymmetric and the other is to exploit concurrency on multiple devices. We implemented prototypes in Linux and evaluate both policies in multiple workloads and multiple configurations. The results showed that the proposed approaches improve the performance significantly, and adapt to different configurations of the system under different workloads.\n\nThe second part was to implement a file system on a special class of memory devices, Storage Class Memory (SCM), which is both byte addressable and also nonvolatile, e.g. PCM. We claimed that both the existing regular file systems and the memory based file systems are not suitable for SCM, and proposed a new file system, called SCMFS, which is implemented on the virtual address space. In SCMFS, we utilized the existing memory management module in the operating system to do the block management. Our design keeps address space within a file contiguous to reduce the block management software. The simplicity of SCMFS not only makes it easy to implement, but also improves the performance. We implemented a prototype of SCMFS in Linux and evaluated its performance through multiple benchmarks.
Altered peptide ligands can control CD4 T lymphocyte differentiation in vivo. (1995)

Antigen priming of naive CD4 T cells can generate effector CD4 T cells that produce interleukin 4 (T helper [Th]2-like) or interferon-gamma (Th1-like). Using a system in which priming leads to responses dominated by one or the other of these cell types, we show that varying either the antigenic peptide or the major histocompatibility complex class II molecule can determine whether Th1-like or Th2-like responses are obtained. Our results show that peptide/major histocompatibility complex class II complexes that interact strongly with the T cell receptor favor generation of Th1-like cells, while those that bind weakly favor priming of Th2-like T cells. Thus, signals from the T cell receptor can influence the differentiation of CD4 T cells into specific types of effector cells.
Polarization effects in AlGaN/GaN and GaN/AlGaN/GaN heterostructures (2003)

The influence of AlGaN and GaN cap layer thickness on Hall sheet carrier density and mobility was investigated for Al0.32Ga0.68N/GaN and GaN/Al0.32Ga0.68N/GaN heterostructures deposited on sapphire substrates. The sheet carrier density was found to increase and saturate with the AlGaN layer thickness, while for the GaN-capped structures it decreased and saturated with the GaN cap layer thickness. A relatively close fit was achieved between the measured data and two-dimensional electron gas densities predicted from simulations of the band diagrams. The simulations also indicated the presence of a two-dimensional hole gas at the upper interface of GaN/AlGaN/GaN structures with sufficiently thick GaN cap layers. A surface Fermi-level pinning position of 1.7 eV for AlGaN and 0.9–1.0 eV for GaN, and an interface polarization charge density of 1.6×1013–1.7×1013 cm−2, were extracted from the simulations.
High-Efficiency All-Dielectric Metasurfaces for Ultracompact Beam Manipulation in Transmission Mode (2015)

Metasurfaces are two-dimensional structures enabling complete control on light amplitude, phase, and polarization. Unlike plasmonic metasurfaces, silicon structures facilitate high transmission, low losses, and compatibility with existing semiconductor technologies. We experimentally demonstrate two examples of high-efficiency polarization-sensitive dielectric metasurfaces with 2π phase control in transmission mode (45% transmission efficiency for the vortex converter and 36% transmission efficiency for the beam steering device) at telecommunication wavelengths. Silicon metasurfaces are poised to enable a versatile platform for the realization of all-optical circuitry on a chip.
유학(儒學)의 양면적 역사인식(歷史認識) (2011)

공자(孔子)의 교학(敎學)을 근본으로 한 유학은 인도(人道)를 중시하는 인간학이다. 유학사상사의 흐름 속에는 객관적 현실에 대한 관심과 인간의 내면적 성찰이라는 양면성이 적절히 조화를 이루어 구현되어지기도 하였지만, 그 시대가 처한 제 조건에 따라 이 양자 가운데 어느 일면에 비중을 두는 경향도 뚜렷하였다. 본 논문에서는 유학의 역사인식이크게 양면적으로 전개되고 있다는 점에 주목하여 그 역사인식의 이중적 전개과정을 살펴보고 현대적 시사점을 받고자 한다. 시대상황에 따라 도덕주의적 입장에서 주체성의 확립으로 문제를 해결하기를 시도할 수도 있고, 현실주의적 입장에서 제도와 법제를 개혁하여 문제를 해결할 수도 있다. 여기서 도덕주의가 원칙론 적이요 온건한 방법이라면, 현실주의는 실무론 적이요 실용적 방법이라 볼 수 있는데, 두 가지 방법이 적절하게 시의(時宜)를 얻어야 효율적일 수 있다고하겠다.
A 4.2 K receiver coil and SQUID amplifier used to improve the SNR of low-field magnetic resonance images of the human arm (1997)

We describe the design and use of a 48 mm diameter, liquid-helium-cooled MRI receiver coil and DC SQUID pre-amplifier. Comparison of images of a non-conducting room temperature test object collected with the SQUID-based system and those collected with an equivalent-area room-temperature surface coil show that the SQUID system SNR is approximately a factor of four greater, despite a 15 mm vacuum gap between sample and coil in the SQUID case. SQUID images of the lower arm also display improved SNRs over those of the room-temperature coil, this time by a factor of between two and three, and as a result reveal greater anatomical detail. We show that the performance is currently limited by inductively coupled losses from metal components in the imager, but that, by using the same system in a whole-body imager, the SNR of SQUID images of the arm will exceed the room-temperature coil's performance by a factor of between 2.8 and 4.5. We believe that these are the first magnetic resonance images of a living sample to have been produced with a SQUID-based receiver.
Levodopa and Schizophrenia (1970)

To the Editor.— The use of levodopa (L-DOPA; dihydroxyphenylalanine) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease has been satisfactorily demonstrated in many cases when other therapeutic measures fail to act. It has been reported in the available literature 1,2 that the administration of levodopa might cause psychiatric symptoms (eg, hallucinations, ideas of reference, or irritability) as untoward side effects. Our own experience indicates that levodopa aggravates the mental status of patients with chronic schizophrenia with drug-induced parkinsonism. 3 We have also found that levodopa increased the severity of depression in two patients with Parkinson's disease and caused auditory and visual hallucinations in one patient without previous mental illness. A decrease or gradual withdrawal of levodopa resulted in the disappearance of psychiatric symptoms in all three patients. These findings could be in agreement with those biochemical theories of schizophrenia where biogenic amines metabolism seems to play a preponderant role. 4 As this
Optical spectroscopy of oriented molecules (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleOptical spectroscopy of oriented moleculesJohn. Schellman and Hans Peter. JensenCite this: Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 6, 1359–1399Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00082a004https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00082a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1663Altmetric-Citations196LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Protective role of dexmedetomidine in unmethylated CpG-induced inflammation responses in BV2 microglia cells (2016)

Unmethylated CpG DNA, as a stimulatory molecule, has potent pro-inflammatory effects in the central nervous system (CNS). Dexmedetomidine (DEX) has been confirmed to exert anti-inflammatory effects in CNS. Our study was aimed to explore the effects of DEX on tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression in unmethylated CpG DNA-challenged microglia. In vivo, after 3 d intracisternal injection of ODN1668, we evaluated the severity of meningitis with or without DEX via pathobiology method and detected the expression of TNF-α from molecular and protein levels. In vitro, we explored whether the ODN1668 could activate microglia to express TNF-α and the inhibition mechanism of DEX. Our results demonstrated that DEX could alleviate the severity of ODN1668-induced meningitis. And while BV2 microglia was stimulated by ODN1668 for different time, TNF-α was increased in mRNA and protein levels but the effect was attenuated by DEX via decreasing phosphorylated AKT and ERK.
Sino-British disputes over Hong Kong in the light of the Chinese culture mandala (1994)

Extract: The Chinese culture mandala prescribes that, wherever possible, authority ought to be respected and order maintained even though it requires some moral or intellectual justifications interms of the Mandate of Heaven or civil service examinations. Scholars have long argued that the problematique of Confucius' political philosophy is how to preserve authority at times of political and intellectual chaos and disorder.
Specific Recognition of the Collagen Triple Helix by Chaperone HSP47 (2005)

The unique folding of procollagens in the endoplasmic reticulum is achieved with the assistance of procollagen-specific molecular chaperones. Heat-shock protein 47 (HSP47) is an endoplasmic reticulum-resident chaperone that plays an essential role in normal procollagen folding, although its molecular function has not yet been clarified. Recent advances in studies on the binding specificity of HSP47 have revealed that Arg residues at Yaa positions in collagenous Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeats are critical for its interactions (Koide, T., Takahara, Y., Asada, S., and Nagata, K. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 6178-6182; Tasab, M., Jenkinson, L., and Bulleid, N. J. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 35007-35012). In the present study, we further examined the client recognition mechanism of HSP47 by taking advantage of systems employing engineered collagen model peptides. First, in vitro binding studies using conformationally constrained collagen-like peptides revealed that HSP47 only recognized correctly folded triple helices and that the interaction with the corresponding single-chain polypeptides was negligible. Second, a binding study using heterotrimeric model clients for HSP47 demonstrated a minimal requirement for the number of Arg residues in the triple helix. Finally, a cross-linking study using photoreactive collagenous peptides provided information about the spatial orientation of an HSP47 molecule in the chaperone-collagen complex. The obtained results led to the development of a new model of HSP47-collagen complexes that differs completely from the previously proposed "flying capstan model" (Dafforn, T. R., Della, M., and Miller, A. D. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 49310-49319).
The synthetic retinoid (4‐hydroxyphenyl)retinamide decreases collagen expression in vitro and in the tight‐skin mouse (1993)

These results provide a basis for further experiments to address the efficacy of (4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide in the treatment of scleroderma.
Costimulation enhances the active immunotherapy effect of recombinant anticancer vaccines. (1996)

Activation of T lymphocytes in the absence of a costimulatory signal can result in anergy or apoptotic cell death. Two molecules capable of providing a costimulatory signal, B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86), have been shown to augment the immunogenicity of whole-tumor cell vaccines. To explore a potential role for costimulation in the design of recombinant anticancer vaccines, we used lacZ-transduced CT26 as an experimental tumor and beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) as the model tumor antigen. Attempts to augment the function of a recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) expressing beta-gal by admixture with rVV expressing murine B7-1 were unsuccessful. However, a double recombinant vaccinia virus engineered to express both B7-1 and the model antigen beta-gal was capable of significantly reducing the number of pulmonary metastases when administered to mice bearing tumors established for 3 or 6 days. Most important, the double recombinant vaccinia virus prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. These effects were antigen specific. The related costimulatory molecule B7-2 was found to have a similar, although less impressive enhancing effect on the function of a rVV expressing beta-gal. Thus, the addition of B7-1 and, to a lesser extent, B7-2 to a rVV encoding a model antigen significantly enhanced the therapeutic antitumor effects of these poxvirus-based, therapeutic anticancer vaccines.
In utero transplantation of fetal liver cells in the mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mouse results in low-level chimerism, but overexpression of β-glucuronidase can delay onset of clinical signs (2001)

Mice with the lysosomal storage disease mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VII, caused by a deficiency of beta-glucuronidase (GUSB), have signs of disease present at birth. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells can partially correct the disease in adult mice, and BMT performed at birth results in a better clinical outcome. Thus, treatment in utero may result in further improvement. However, this must be done without cyto-ablation, and the donor cells do not have a competitive repopulating advantage over host cells. Transplantation in utero of either syngeneic fetal liver hematopoietic stem cells marked with a retroviral vector, or allogeneic donor cells that constitutively express high levels of human GUSB from a transgene, resulted in only about 0.1% engraftment in the adult. Immuno-affinity enrichment of stem and progenitor cells of 5- to 10-fold resulted in significantly higher GUSB activities at 2 months of age, but by 6 months engraftment was about 0.1%. Attempts to further increase the number of stem and progenitor cells were deleterious to the recipients. Nevertheless, GUSB expressed during the first 2 months of life in MPS VII fetuses could delay the onset of overt signs of disease. This suggests that the expression of some normal enzyme activity beginning in fetal life may offer the possibility of slowing the progression of the disease until more definitive postnatal transplantation or gene transfer to stem cells could be accomplished.
Toward the Analysis of the Petunia MADS Box Gene Family by Reverse and Forward Transposon Insertion Mutagenesis Approaches: B, C, and D Floral Organ Identity Functions Require SEPALLATA-Like MADS Box Genes in Petunia (2003)

We have initiated a systematic functional analysis of the MADS box, intervening region, K domain, C domain-type MADS box gene family in petunia. The starting point for this has been a reverse-genetics approach, aiming to select for transposon insertions into any MADS box gene. We have developed and applied a family signature insertion screening protocol that is highly suited for this purpose, resulting in the isolation of 32 insertion mutants in 20 different MADS box genes. In addition, we identified three more MADS box gene insertion mutants using a candidate-gene approach. The defined insertion lines provide a sound foundation for a systematic functional analysis of the MADS box gene family in petunia. Here, we focus on the analysis of Floral Binding Protein2 (FBP2) and FBP5 genes that encode the E-function, which in Arabidopsis has been shown to be required for B and C floral organ identity functions. fbp2 mutants display sepaloid petals and ectopic inflorescences originating from the third floral whorl, whereas fbp5 mutants appear as wild type. In fbp2 fbp5 double mutants, reversion of floral organs to leaf-like organs is increased further. Strikingly, ovules are replaced by leaf-like structures in the carpel, indicating that in addition to the B- and C-functions, the D-function, which specifies ovule development, requires E-function activity. Finally, we compare our data with results obtained using cosuppression approaches and conclude that the latter might be less suited for assigning functions to individual members of the MADS box gene family.
A DNA enzyme with N -glycosylase activity (2000)

In vitro evolution was used to develop a DNA enzyme that catalyzes the site-specific depurination of DNA with a catalytic rate enhancement of about 10(6)-fold. The reaction involves hydrolysis of the N-glycosidic bond of a particular deoxyguanosine residue, leading to DNA strand scission at the apurinic site. The DNA enzyme contains 93 nucleotides and is structurally complex. It has an absolute requirement for a divalent metal cation and exhibits optimal activity at about pH 5. The mechanism of the reaction was confirmed by analysis of the cleavage products by using HPLC and mass spectrometry. The isolation and characterization of an N-glycosylase DNA enzyme demonstrates that single-stranded DNA, like RNA and proteins, can form a complex tertiary structure and catalyze a difficult biochemical transformation. This DNA enzyme provides a new approach for the site-specific cleavage of DNA molecules.
Discovery of Dual Leucine Zipper Kinase (DLK, MAP3K12) Inhibitors with Activity in Neurodegeneration Models (2014)

Dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK, MAP3K12) was recently identified as an essential regulator of neuronal degeneration in multiple contexts. Here we describe the generation of potent and selective DLK inhibitors starting from a high-throughput screening hit. Using proposed hinge-binding interactions to infer a binding mode and specific design parameters to optimize for CNS druglike molecules, we came to focus on the di(pyridin-2-yl)amines because of their combination of desirable potency and good brain penetration following oral dosing. Our lead inhibitor GNE-3511 (26) displayed concentration-dependent protection of neurons from degeneration in vitro and demonstrated dose-dependent activity in two different animal models of disease. These results suggest that specific pharmacological inhibition of DLK may have therapeutic potential in multiple indications.
Growth of Pseudotypes of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus with N-Tropic Murine Leukemia Virus Coats in Cells Resistant to N-Tropic Viruses (1973)

Formation of pseudotypes between murine RNA tumor viruses and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been confirmed. Pseudotypes of VSV genomes coated by the surface envelope from an N-tropic tumor virus grew equally well in cells homozygous for either the Fv-1(n) or Fv-1(b) alleles. Therefore, the product of the Fv-1 locus, which restricts growth of murine RNA tumor viruses, must act on an intracellular aspect of tumor virus replication, a step after attachment and penetration.
The Effects of Erythropoietin, Dibenzyline, and Iron Dextran on the Hemogram of Doe and Fetal Rabbits (1971)

The iron deficiency anemia found particularly in swine has a high incidence in the newborn. The nutrition of the sow inversely affects progression of the anemia. Newborn nutritional status, also, inversely augments the anemic condition. The anemia does not become apparent in the newborn until a few days following parturition. There is a drastic decrease in iron availability with succeeding decreases in normal hemoglobin formation and mature red blood cell formation. An important factor along with these conditions is susceptibility to disease leading to death. A gradual return to normal follows if the newborn survives the anemic period. This condition is of economic significance to the swine producer for a variety of reasons. The newborn piglet faces initially a fast growing period with a small reserve of storage iron for the developing tissues. The stored iron is quickly depleted and the anemia becomes apparent. The resulting erythropoietic malfunction may possibly be alleviated by prepartum maternal treatment and/or postpartum newborn treatment. Postpartum treatments may add additional stresses to the newborn enhancing the anemic condition. Enhanced hemoglobin precursor transfer to the fetus may be of primary importance in carrying the newborn past the critical anemic period. The primary factor concerned with iron incorporation into the erythron and hemoglobin synthesis is the hormone, erythropoietin. Several chemicals are being evaluated at the present time to provide an agent(s) that will successfully enhance hematological parameters of the newborn. A promising drug, dibenzyline, elicits serum iron level changes and increases peripheral blood flow. The purpose of this study was to investigate selected hemogram parameters in pregnant rabbits and fetuses following prepartum treatments involving dibenzyline, injectable iron, and erythropoietin which may enhance hemogram parameters.