gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Trephination and suturing of avascular meniscal tears: A clinical study of the trephination procedure (1996)

On the basis of animal studies, an arthroscopic surgical system and procedure of trephination plus suturing were designed for clinical practice. The system consists of a trephine with a tooth-like tip, a guide, and an ordinary arthroscopic power handle. The guide introduces the trephine to the tear without abrading articular cartilage and controls the depth of the trephination. The power handle connected to a suction system provides an inside-out cut core of meniscal tissue. Thirty-six patients with meniscal tears underwent arthroscopic trephination plus suturing (group TS) and 28 patients had suturing alone (group S). The follow-up was 25 to 78 months. Two symptomatic retears have occurred in group TS and 7 symptomatic retears in group S. The symptomatic retear rate of group TS was significantly smaller than group S (P < .01). It is indicated that the patients treated with trephination have fewer symptoms and lower clinical failure rate. Arthroscopic trephination is a safe and easy procedure.
Evolutionary Aspects of Primordial Germ Cell Formation (2007)

Animal embryos can be classified into three types depending on the time when the adult body form is specified--after metamorphosis, progressively by addition of posterior segments, or as a single event early in development. Segregation of germ cells correlates with specification of adult body form. When the adult body form is specified late in development, e.g. after metamorphosis (molluscs, echinoderms, cirripedes, hemichordates, cephalochordates and ascidians), germ cells appear in the early adult and at the site where the gonads will develop. When the adult body form is specified progressively during development by the sequential addition of posterior segments (annelids, onychophorans and most arthropods) germ cells are segregated either before or during addition of segments, in close association with the growth zone. In nematodes, chaetognaths, collembolans, higher holometabolous insects and vertebrates, the adult body form is specified early in development and germ cells are typically segregated correspondingly early and in extraembryonic regions. Therefore, as a general conclusion, germ cells appear to be segregated in locations and/or at times that exclude them from the process of specification of adult body form. Germ plasm is restricted to embryos in which exclusion of germ cells is difficult because the embryo is small or the signal specifying adult body form is pervasive. A possible role for germ plasm is thus as additional protection for the cells from the processes specifying adult body form.
Halogen Exchange Reaction of Aliphatic Fluorine Compounds with Organic Halides as Halogen Source (2015)

The halogen exchange reaction of aliphatic fluorine compounds with organic halides as the halogen source was achieved. Treatment of alkyl fluorides (primary, secondary, or tertiary fluorides) with a catalytic amount of titanocene dihalides, trialkyl aluminum, and polyhalomethanes (chloro or bromo methanes) as the halogen source gave the corresponding alkyl halides in excellent yields under mild conditions. In the case of a fluorine/iodine exchange, no titanocene catalyst is needed. Only C-F bonds are selectively activated under these conditions, whereas alkyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides are tolerant to these reactions.
Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation accelerates chylomicron triglyceride clearance (2003)

Omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) reduce postprandial triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations. This study was undertaken to determine whether this effect was due to reduced production or increased clearance of chylomicrons. Healthy subjects (n = 33) began with a 4-week, olive oil placebo (4 g/d) run-in period. After a 4-week wash-out period, subjects were randomized to supplementation with 4 g/d of ethyl esters of either safflower oil (SAF), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for 4 weeks. Results for EPA and DHA were similar, and therefore the data were combined into one omega-3 FA group. Omega-3 FA supplementation reduced the postprandial TG and apolipoprotein B (apo B)-48 and apoB-100 concentrations by 16% (P = 0.08), 28% (P < 0.001), and 24% (P < 0.01), respectively. Chylomicron TG half-lives in the fed state were reduced after omega-3 FA treatment (6.0 +/- 0.5 vs. 5.1 +/- 0.4 min; P < 0.05), but not after SAF (6.9 +/- 0.7 vs. 7.1 +/- 0.7 min). Omega-3 FA supplementation decreased chylomicron particle sizes (mean diameter; 293 +/- 44 vs. 175 +/- 25 nm; P < 0.01) and increased preheparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL; 0.6 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.9 +/- 0.1 micromol/h/ml; P < 0.05) activity during the fed state, but had no effect on postheparin LPL or hepatic lipase activities. The results suggest that omega-3 FA supplementation accelerates chylomicron TG clearance by increasing LPL activity, and that EPA and DHA are equally effective.
Autoimmune encephalitis in humans: how closely does it reflect multiple sclerosis ? (2015)

Our study shows that auto-sensitization of humans with brain tissue can induce a disease, which closely reflects the pathology of MS, but that the mechanisms leading to demyelination and tissue injury differ from those, generally implicated in the pathophysiology of MS through studies in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Flexible Rolled Thick‐Film Miniaturized Flow‐Cell for Minimally Invasive Amperometric Sensing (2008)

Abstract We describe here a miniaturized flexible thick‐film electrochemical biosensor flow detector, suitable for insertion into the lacrimal canaliculus towards minimally invasive amperometric monitoring of biomarkers in the tear fluid. Our focus here is on the microfabrication and in‐vitro testing of the new laterally rolled screen‐printed sensor. The new device responds rapidly and sensitively to dynamic changes in the levels of norepinephrine and glucose (the later in connection to glucose‐oxidase containing ink). Coverage of the enzyme electrode with an electropolymerized polytyramine minimizes contributions from the common electroactive interferences ascorbic and uric acids. Such attractive performance indicates great promise for minimally invasive monitoring of health biomarkers in the tear fluid, or in alternative usage such as capillary microelectrophoresis, ultralow volume sampling, or in‐flow (tubular) systems for batch processing of blood or culture media.
Variable-Frequency Fluidic Oscillator Driven by Piezoelectric Devices (2005)

A new actuator for aerodynamic flow control applications is described and evaluated in this paper: the piezo-fluidic oscillator. This actuator is a fluidic device based on wall attachment of a fluid jet and modulated by piezoelectric devices. The piezo-fluidic oscillator successfully decouples the operating frequency from the flow characteristics of the device. The frequency is specified by an input electrical signal that is independent of pressure, making this actuator ideal for closed-loop flow control applications. The oscillator exhibits high bandwidth (up to 1.2 kHz), modulation rates up to 100%, and a velocity range reaching sonic conditions. Furthermore, the bistable actuator may be operated in a steady state, with momentum flux in one of two desired directions for flow vectoring purposes. The piezo-fluidic oscillator may be used in flow control applications in which synthetic jets or plasma actuators cannot provide enough momentum for control authority. This paper details the design and characterization of the piezo-fluidic oscillator. The dynamic response characteristics are evaluated with flow visualization and hot-film probe measurements on the output.
Upcycling Single-Use Polyethylene into High-Quality Liquid Products (2019)

Our civilization relies on synthetic polymers for all aspects of modern life; yet, inefficient recycling and extremely slow environmental degradation of plastics are causing increasing concern about their widespread use. After a single use, many of these materials are currently treated as waste, underutilizing their inherent chemical and energy value. In this study, energy-rich polyethylene (PE) macromolecules are catalytically transformed into value-added products by hydrogenolysis using well-dispersed Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on SrTiO<sub>3</sub> perovskite nanocuboids by atomic layer deposition. Pt/SrTiO<sub>3</sub> completely converts PE (<i>M</i> <sub>n</sub> = 8000-158,000 Da) or a single-use plastic bag (<i>M</i> <sub>n</sub> = 31,000 Da) into high-quality liquid products, such as lubricants and waxes, characterized by a narrow distribution of oligomeric chains, at 170 psi H<sub>2</sub> and 300 °C under solvent-free conditions for reaction durations up to 96 h. The binding of PE onto the catalyst surface contributes to the number averaged molecular weight (<i>M</i> <sub>n</sub>) and the narrow polydispersity (<i>Đ</i>) of the final liquid product. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance of <sup>13</sup>C-enriched PE adsorption studies and density functional theory computations suggest that PE adsorption is more favorable on Pt sites than that on the SrTiO<sub>3</sub> support. Smaller Pt NPs with higher concentrations of undercoordinated Pt sites over-hydrogenolyzed PE to undesired light hydrocarbons.
Renal injury after uninephrectomy in male and female intrauterine growth-restricted aged rats (2019)

Epidemiological studies report an inverse association between birth weight and risk for kidney disease that may differ between males and females, but studies investigating this association are limited. This study tested the hypothesis that male intrauterine growth-restricted offspring in a model of low birth weight induced by placental insufficiency in the rat exhibit enhanced renal injury in response to a persistent secondary renal insult while female growth-restricted offspring are protected. For this study, control offspring from sham-operated dams and growth-restricted offspring from reduced uterine perfusion dams underwent uninephrectomy or a sham procedure at 18 months of age. One month later, urinary markers of renal injury, renal function, and histological damage were measured. Results were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA. Male and female offspring were assessed separately. Proteinuria and urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin were significantly elevated in male growth-restricted offspring exposed to uninephrectomy when compared to male uninephrectomized control. Urinary kidney injury marker-1 was elevated in male uninephrectomized growth-restricted offspring relative to male sham growth-restricted but not to male uninephrectomized controls. Likewise, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin was elevated in female uninephrectomized growth-restricted offspring but only when compared to female sham growth-restricted offspring. Markers of renal function including glomerular filtration rate and serum creatinine were impaired after uninephrectomy in female offspring regardless of birth weight. Histological parameters did not differ between control and growth-restricted offspring. Collectively, these studies suggest that both male and female growth-restricted offspring demonstrate susceptibility to renal injury following uninephrectomy; however, only male growth-restricted offspring exhibited an increase in renal markers of injury in response to uninephrectomy relative to same-sex control counterparts. These findings further suggest that urinary excretion of protein, kidney injury marker-1, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin may be early markers of kidney injury in growth-restricted offspring exposed to a secondary renal insult such as reduction in renal mass.
Masquerade Attack Detection Using a Search-Behavior Modeling Approach (2009)

Masquerade attacks are unfortunately a familiar security problem that is a consequence of identity theft. Detecting masqueraders is very hard. Prior work has focused on user command modeling to identify abnormal behavior indicative of impersonation. This paper extends prior work by presenting one-class Hellinger distance-based and one-class SVM modeling techniques that use a set of novel features to reveal user intent. The specific objective is to model user search profiles and detect deviations indicating a masquerade attack. We hypothesize that each individual user knows their own file system well enough to search in a limited, targeted and unique fashion in order to find information germane to their current task. Masqueraders, on the other hand, will likely not know the file system and layout of another user's desktop, and would likely search more extensively and broadly in a manner that is different than the victim user being impersonated. We extend prior research that uses UNIX command sequences issued by users as the audit source by relying upon an abstraction of commands. We devise taxonomies of UNIX commands and Windows applications that are used to abstract sequences of user commands and actions. We also gathered our own normal and masquerader data sets captured in a Windows environment for evaluation. The datasets are publicly available for other researchers who wish to study masquerade attack rather than author identification as in much of the prior reported work. The experimental results show that modeling search behavior reliably detects all masqueraders with a very low false positive rate of 0.1%, far better than prior published results. The limited set of features used for search behavior modeling also results in huge performance gains over the same modeling techniques that use larger sets of features.
Low-GWP refrigerants: performance assessment and selection tradeoffs. (2017)

The merits of an alternative refrigerant are established based on many attributes including environmental acceptance, chemical stability in the refrigeration system, low toxicity, flammability, efficiency and volumetric capacity. In an earlier work, these criteria were used to screen a comprehensive database to search for refrigerants with low global warming potentials (GWP). The present paper summarizes the screening process and presents the performance of the ‘best’ 27 replacement fluids for small and medium-sized air-conditioning, heating, and refrigeration applications. In addition to considering cycle calculations based only on thermodynamic properties, a simulation model that included transport properties and optimized heat exchangers was used to assess the performance potentials of the candidate fluids. The need for this more detailed modeling approach is demonstrated for systems relying on forced-convection evaporation and condensation. The study shows that the low-GWP refrigerant options are very limited, particularly for fluids with volumetric capacities similar to those of R-410A or R-404A. The probability of finding ‘ideal’, better-performing low-GWP fluids is minimal.
Aliasing in Digital Clippers and Compressors (2000)

Digital signal limiters and dynamic-range compressors generate aliasing as an undesirable side effect. This aliasing can be clearly audible. The origin of aliasing in digital limiters and compressors is discussed. Soft limiting, increasing the compressor detector time constant, and higher order detectors are discussed as methods to reduce aliasing.
Conjugative transposons: an unusual and diverse set of integrated gene transfer elements (1995)

Conjugative transposons are integrated DNA elements that excise themselves to form a covalently closed circular intermediate. This circular intermediate can either reintegrate in the same cell (intracellular transposition) or transfer by conjugation to a recipient and integrate into the recipient's genome (intercellular transposition). Conjugative transposons were first found in gram-positive cocci but are now known to be present in a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria also. Conjugative transposons have a surprisingly broad host range, and they probably contribute as much as plasmids to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in some genera of disease-causing bacteria. Resistance genes need not be carried on the conjugative transposon to be transferred. Many conjugative transposons can mobilize coresident plasmids, and the Bacteroides conjugative transposons can even excise and mobilize unlinked integrated elements. The Bacteroides conjugative transposons are also unusual in that their transfer activities are regulated by tetracycline via a complex regulatory network.
Folylpoly-γ-glutamate Carboxypeptidase from Pig Jejunum (1998)

Jejunal folylpoly-gamma-glutamate carboxypeptidase hydrolyzes dietary folates prior to their intestinal absorption. The complete folylpoly-gamma-glutamate carboxypeptidase cDNA was isolated from a pig jejunal cDNA library using an amplified homologous probe incorporating primer sequences from prostate-specific membrane antigen, a protein capable of folate hydrolysis. The cDNA encodes a 751-amino acid polypeptide homologous to prostate-specific membrane antigen and rat brain N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase. PC3 transfectant membranes exhibited activities of folylpoly-gamma-carboxypeptidase and N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase, while immunoblots using monoclonal antibody to native folylpoly-gamma-glutamate carboxypeptidase identified a glycoprotein at 120 kDa and a polypeptide at 84 kDa. The kinetics of native folylpoly-gamma-carboxypeptidase were expressed in membranes of PC3 cells transfected with either pig folylpoly-gamma-carboxypeptidase or human prostate-specific membrane antigen. Folylpoly-gamma-carboxypeptidase transcripts were identified at 2.8 kilobase pairs in human and pig jejunum, human and rat brain, and human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Thus, pig folylpoly-gamma-carboxypeptidase, rat N-acetylated alpha-linked acidic dipeptidase, and human prostate-specific membrane antigen appear to represent varied expressions of the same gene in different species and tissues. The discovery of the jejunal folylpoly-gamma-carboxypeptidase gene provides a framework for future studies on relationships among these proteins and on the molecular regulation of intestinal folate absorption.
Effect of fibrin structure on plasmin-mediated dissolution of plasma clots (1995)

Previous studies in purified systems have demonstrated that fibrin structure influences the rate of conversion of plasminogen to plasmin by t-PA as well as the rate of plasmin-mediated clot digestion. The present study extended these observations to a plasma system in which fibrin structure was altered by varying the thrombin concentration, varying the plasma ionic strength, or by adding dextran 40. The effect of fibrin structure on the rate of fibrinolysis was assessed by adding plasminogen activators (t-PA or urokinase (UK)) either before or after clot formation. Gel formation and dissolution were monitored optically (turbidity) and isotopically (125I-fibrinogen). Clots formed under conditions of high ionic strength and/or high thrombin concentration were composed of thin fibrin fibres that dissolved slowly. Clots formed at lower ionic strengths, at lower thrombin concentrations or in the presence of dextran were composed of thicker fibres and dissolved more rapidly. The difference in fibrinolytic rate between thin and thick fibres was noted when t-PA or UK was added before or after clot formation. These data indicate that even in a plasma milieu fibre diameter is a factor in determining fibrinolytic rate induced by either UK or t-PA. The method by which fibre diameter is altered does not influence the conclusion that fibrinolytic rate is increased with increasing diameter.
Multiplatform Mass Spectrometry-Based Approach Identifies Extracellular Glycolipids of the Yeast Rhodotorula babjevae UCDFST 04-877 (2016)

A multiplatform mass spectrometry-based approach was used for elucidating extracellular lipids with biosurfactant properties produced by the oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula babjevae UCDFST 04-877. This strain secreted 8.6 ± 0.1 g/L extracellular lipids when grown in a benchtop bioreactor fed with 100 g/L glucose in medium without addition of hydrophobic substrate, such as oleic acid. Untargeted reversed-phase liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOFMS) detected native glycolipid molecules with masses of 574-716 Da. After hydrolysis into the fatty acid and sugar components and hydrophilic interaction chromatography-QTOFMS analysis, the extracellular lipids were found to consist of hydroxy fatty acids and sugar alcohols. Derivatization and chiral separation gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified these components as d-arabitol, d-mannitol, (R)-3-hydroxymyristate, (R)-3-hydroxypalmitate, and (R)-3-hydroxystearate. In order to assemble these substructures back into intact glycolipids that were detected in the initial screen, potential structures were in-silico acetylated to match the observed molar masses and subsequently characterized by matching predicted and observed MS/MS fragmentation using the Mass Frontier software program. Eleven species of acetylated sugar alcohol esters of hydroxy fatty acids were characterized for this yeast strain.
Ciliary neurotrophic factor prevents degeneration of adult rat substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in vivo. (1993)

We have investigated the neuroprotective effects of recombinant human ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for injured dopaminergic neurons of the adult rat substantia nigra compacta. Fourteen days after a unilateral transection of the nigrostriatal pathway two-thirds of the neurons (identified by retrograde labeling) had degenerated. In sharp contrast, 73% (a few cases, > 90%) of this cell loss was prevented by continuous infusion of CNTF close to the injured neurons. However, CNTF did not prevent the disappearance of the transmitter-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. Thus, CNTF has potent neurotrophic effects for injured adult rat dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons, whose degeneration plays a major causative role in Parkinson disease.
Ultrasonic multifeature tissue characterization for the early detection of prostate cancer (2002)

The incidence of the prostate carcinoma is one of the highest cancer risks in men in the western world. Its position in cancer mortality statistics is also among the highest. The prostate carcinoma is only curable at an early stage. Therefore, early detection is extremely important. At an early stage the prostate carcinoma is limited to the prostate capsule and can hence be cured performing radical prostatectomy. The different types of diagnostics that are used today (digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound and PSA value analysis) lack reliability and are therefore not sufficient. Even a combination of these three methods is not sufficiently reliable. Diagnosis of the prostate carcinoma using multi-feature tissue characterization in combination with ultrasound allows the detection of tumors at an early stage. Also biopsy guidance and planning can be improved. This results in reduced costs for cancer treatment.
Possible incorporation of phosphoserine into globin readthrough protein via bovine opal suppressor phosphoseryl‐tRNA (1986)

Suppressor [32P]phosphoseryl-tRNA, prepared using bovine seryl-tRNA synthetase and ATP:seryl-tRNA phosphotransferase, was mixed with rabbit reticulocyte lysates containing endogenous hemoglobin mRNA having the termination codon UGA (opal). The chromatographic pattern of the lysate on Sephacryl S-200 showed that the radioactivity of [32P]phosphate in the hot trichloroacetic acid-precipitate (phosphoprotein) was eluted at the position between mature hemoglobin and globin subunits. The phosphoprotein, obtained by chromatography on S-200, moved to the position corresponding to that of globin readthrough protein on SDS-PAGE. The analyses of the hydrolyzate of the phosphoprotein showed the presence of phosphoserine in the protein. These results suggest that animal opal suppressor tRNA functions in vitro to transfer phosphoserine to the position of the termination codon UGA (opal) on mRNA.