gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Multiaxis Programmable Robot for the Study of Multibody Spine Biomechanics Using a Real-Time Trajectory Path Modification Force and Displacement Control Strategy (2013)

Robotic testing offers potential advantages over conventional methods including coordinated control of multiple degrees of freedom (DOF) and enhanced fidelity that to date have not been fully utilized. Previous robotic efforts in spine biomechanics have largely been limited to pure displacement control methods and slow quasi-static hybrid control approaches incorporating only one motion segment unit (MSU). The ability to program and selectively direct single or multibody spinal end loads in real-time would represent a significant step forward in the application of robotic testing methods. The current paper describes the development of a custom programmable robotic testing system and application of a novel force control algorithm. A custom robotic testing system with a single 4 DOF serial manipulator was fabricated and assembled. Feedback via position encoders and a six-axis load sensor were established to develop, program, and evaluate control capabilities. A calibration correction scheme was employed to account for changes in load sensor orientation and determination of spinal loads. A real-time force control algorithm was implemented that employed a real-time trajectory path modification feature of the controller. Pilot tests applied 3 Nm pure bending moments to a human cadaveric C2–T1 specimen in flexion and extension to assess the ability to control spinal end loads, and to compare the resulting motion response to previously published data. Stable accurate position control was achieved to within ±2 times the encoder resolution for each axis. Stable control of spinal end body forces was maintained to within a maximum error of 6.3 N in flexion. Sagittal flexibility data recorded from rostral and caudally placed six-axis load sensors were in good agreement, indicating a pure moment loading condition. Individual MSU rotations were consistent with previously reported data from nonrobotic protocols. The force control algorithm required 5–10 path iterations before converging to programmed end body forces within a targeted tolerance. Commercially available components were integrated to create a fully programmable custom 4 DOF gantry robot. Individual actuator performance was assessed. A real-time force control algorithm based on trajectory path modification was developed and implemented. Within a reasonable number of programmed path iterations, good control of spinal end body forces and moments, as well as a motion response consistent with previous reported data, were obtained throughout a full physiologic flexion-extension range of motion in the human subaxial cervical spine.
Inhibition of Topoisomerase I by Anthracycline Antibiotics: Evidence for General Inhibition of Topoisomerase I by DNA-Binding Agents (1994)

Inhibition of eukaryotic topoisomerase I by daunomycin and structurally modified daunomycin analogues is demonstrated. These studies suggest that binding of the drug to DNA, at low ratios of drug to base pairs of DNA, is sufficient for inhibition that is nonspecific, i.e., inhibition that does not involve the trapping of covalent DNA-topoisomerase I cleavable complexes. Inhibition of numerous DNA-processing enzymes by DNA-binding agents is also implicated.
Identification of p8,14 as a highly abundant heterodimeric calcium binding protein complex of myeloid cells. (1991)

In this report we describe the biochemical characterization of neutrophil and monocyte p8 and p14. Together the two proteins comprise approximately 45% of cytosolic protein in neutrophils and approximately 40-fold less in monocytes. They fractionated together in several chromatographic procedures and were found to exist as a noncovalently associated complex with a stoichiometry of 1:1, named p8,14. Cross-linking experiments showed p8,14 to form heterodimers under conditions simulating the cytosol. An apparent molecular mass of 35,000 daltons was obtained for the p8,14 complex in molecular sizing experiments which suggests the presence of modifications or distinctive structural features. Two major forms of p14 can be identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, both of which form heterodimers with p8. The lower molecular weight variant of p14 lacks Cys-3 (Met-Thr-Cys-Lys-Met...) suggesting that differing translational start sites account for these two forms of p14. A protocol has been devised for the rapid purification of milligram quantities of p8 and p14 from neutrophil cytosol using fast-protein liquid chromatography.
3'-Phosphatase activity in T4 polynucleotide kinase (1977)

The purification of T4 polynucleotide kinase results in the copurification of an activity which will specifically remove the 3'-terminal phosphate from a variety of deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides in the absence of ATP. This phosphatase activity requires magnesium, has a pH optiumum of 6.0, and is more active with deoxyribonucleotides than ribonucleotides. T4 polynucleotide kinase and the 3'-phosphatase activity copurify by gradient elution column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phosphocellulose, and hydroxylapatite. The two activities are included in and comigrate on Sephadex G-200. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at PH 9.2 results in conigration of the two activities together with the major protein band. The two activities respond in parallel to heat inactivation at 35 degrees C and ATP, a substrate for the kinase only, protects both activities from heat inactivation. It is therefore suggested that the two activities are functions of the same protein molecule.
Photo-Initiated Polymerization of Liquid Crystalline Thiol-Ene Monomers in Isotropic and Anisotropic Solvents (2002)

We report on the photoinitiated polymerization of phenyl benzoate-based liquid crystalline (LC) thiol-ene monomers in isotropic and anisotropic solvents. The mixing behavior of the thiol-ene monomers with anisotropic cyanobiphenyl solvents was investigated, and unique reactive LC mixtures are formed that exhibit variable mesophases at ambient temperatures. Using size exclusion chromatography, the conversion of the thiol-ene monomers was studied in isotropic solvents and in anisotropic solvents as a function of several parameters, such as the irradiation time, polymerization temperature, and monomer concentration. Indications for the existence of a polymerization ceiling temperature effect were observed which was more pronounced for lower initial monomer concentrations. The in situ photopolymerization of the LC thiol-ene monomers in anisotropic media leads to a variety of morphological structures, ranging from intriguing threadlike architectures to dendritic crystalline structures. The morphological changes that occur during the polymerization process are complex, and several approaches toward the enhanced control over the resulting morphologies are discussed. The results and insights presented here could potentially lead to new architectures and enhanced optical and electrooptical properties of devices.
Polyisobutylene-Based Thermoplastic Elastomers. II. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(p-Methylstyrene-block-isobutylene-block-p-Methylstyrene) Triblock Copolymers (1995)

Abstract The synthesis of poly(p-methylstyrene)–polyisobutylene–poly(p-methylstyrene) triblock copolymer was accomplished by sequential monomer addition. The synthesis involves the living polymerization of isobutylene by the TiCl4/methylchloride:hexanes, 40:60 v:v/ −80°C system in the presence of di-tert-butylpyridine using di- or trifunctional initiator. When the polymerization of isobutylene is complete, the living polyisobutylene chain end is converted to the corresponding diphenyl alkyl end by capping with 1,1-diphenyl ethylene. Subsequently, titanium(IV)-isopropoxide is added to decrease the Lewis acidity and p-methylstyrene is introduced. The best triblocks exhibited ∼22 MPa tensile strength.
Treatment with depleting CD4 monoclonal antibody results in a preferential loss of circulating naive T cells but does not affect IFN-gamma secreting TH1 cells in humans. (1997)

CD4(pos) TH1 T cells are considered to play a central role in a number of human autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis. Experimental treatment protocols aimed at selectively eliminating CD4(pos) T cells thus far have yielded disappointing clinical results. Here we analyzed phenotype and function of circulating T cells in multiple sclerosis patients treated with the chimeric CD4 mAb cM-T412 in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, magnetic resonance imaging-monitored phase II trial. Treatment resulted in a long-lasting depletion of CD4(pos) T cells but did not affect CD8(pos) T cell numbers. Analysis of CD4(pos) subpopulations showed that unprimed, CD45RA(pos)/R0(neg) lymphocytes were approximately three times more sensitive to the mAb than primed, CD45RA(neg)/R0(pos) T cells. Notably, within the CD45RA(pos) subset, T cells with phenotypic evidence of prior activation, i.e., expressing Fas, were relatively insensitive to cM-T412, compared with Fas(neg) cells. Remarkably, while a decrease in the number of IL-4-producing T helper 2 (TH2)-type cells in the anti-CD4 treated group was observed, numbers of IFN-gamma-producing T helper 1 (TH1)-type cells remained stable, resulting in a significant increase in the TH1/TH2 ratio. Our data show that treatment with depleting CD4 mAb does not eliminate the cells most strongly involved in the disease process, i.e., primed, IFN-gamma-producing TH1-type cells, and may therefore give an explanation for the lack of beneficial clinical effects of depleting CD4 mAb in human chronic autoimmune disease.
Enhanced Specific Heat Capacity of Molten Salt-Metal Oxide Nanofluid as Heat Transfer Fluid for Solar Thermal Applications (2010)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;In this study, a molten salt-based high temperature nanofluid is explored for solar thermal energy conversion applications. The efficacy of the nanofluid as a heat transfer fluid (HTF) in concentrating solar power systems is explored in this study. The molten salt can enable higher operating temperature resulting in enhancement of the overall system efficiency for power generation (using, for example, a Rankine cycle or Stirling cycle). However, the usage of the molten salt as the HTF is limited due to their low specific heat capacity values (compared with, for example, water or silicone oils). The low specific heat of molten salt can be enhanced by doping small amount of nanoparticles. Solvents doped with minute concentration of nanoparticles are termed as "Nanofluids." Nanofluids are considered as attractive coolants for thermal management applications due to their anomalously enhanced thermal properties (compared with the neat solvent). In this study, a minute concentration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (1% by mass) are dispersed in eutectic of chloride salts (KCl-CaCl₂-LiCl). The synthesis process involves dissolving the individual components in water followed by mixing, ultrasonication and evaporation of the water from the mixture. The specific heat capacity of the nanofluid is measured by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and compared with traditional thermodynamic models for mixtures of fluids (equilibrium model). The specific heat of the nanofluid is enhanced by 5% compared with the pure eutectic. In addition, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is performed to verify the size of the nanoparticles and to estimate the amount of agglomeration of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Assessment of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Stalk-Based Immunity in Ferrets (2014)

Influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-reactive antibodies tend to be less potent yet are more broadly reactive and can neutralize seasonal and pandemic influenza virus strains. The ferret model was used to assess the potential of hemagglutinin stalk-based immunity to provide protection against influenza virus infection. The novelty and significance of the findings described in this report support the development of vaccines stimulating stalk-specific antibody responses.
Evidence for the ability of nucleophosmin/B23 to bind ATP (1998)

By taking advantage of its ability to be retained by ATP-agarose, we have demonstrated that nucleophosmin/B23 is capable of binding ATP. The specificity of the binding was confirmed by the absence of significant binding to AMP-agarose and by its loss when nucleophosmin/B23 in nuclear extracts was preincubated with ATP. Preincubation of the nuclear extracts with other ribonucleotide triphosphates (GTP, CTP, UTP) did not compete for the binding of nucleophosmin/B23 to ATP-agarose. The purified recombinant nucleophosmin/B23 was also able to be retained by ATP-agarose. The Kd for binding of ATP to the purified recombinant nucleophosmin/B23, on the basis of retention on a nitrocellulose membrane, was 86.5+/-8.3 microM; the number of binding sites was 0.68 per nucleophosmin/B23 protein molecule. To determine the possible ATP-binding site of nucleophosmin/B23, various deletion clones including the two mutants in which the putative ATP-binding sequence had been deleted were constructed. Deletion of the portions of the molecule (residues 83-152 and 185-240) had little effect on the ATP binding. The C-terminal deleted mutant (residue 242 to the C-terminus deleted) lost most of its ability to be retained by ATP-agarose and to bind [alpha-32P]ATP on a nitrocellulose membrane. The results indicate that the C-terminal portion (residues 242-294) contains the essential ATP-binding site of nucleophosmin/B23.
Endo-exonuclease of Aspergillus nidulans (1990)

Endo-exonuclease (EE) has been found in both active and inactive, but trypsin-activatable, forms in Aspergillus nidulans. Active EE was present mainly in nuclei, mitochondria, and vacuoles, while trypsin-activatable EE was mainly in the cytosol. The active form accounts for over 90% of the neutral deoxyribonuclease activity extracted from mycelia. A single strand (ss) DNA-binding EE associated with a 28 kilodalton (kDa) polypeptide was partially purified and characterized. It was found to closely resemble, in size and enzymological properties, the ss-DNA-binding EE previously purified from Neurospora crassa. Aspergillus nidulans EE was also found to be immunochemically related to the N. crassa EE and, like that enzyme, was probably derived from a polypeptide of 90 kDa or larger through proteolysis during extraction and purification. It had divalent metal ion-dependent (Mg2+, Mn2+, or Zn2+) activity on both DNA and RNA, which ultimately produced small 5'-P-terminated oligonucleotides. The nuclease activity was mixed endo- and exo-nucleolytic with ss-DNA as substrate, but largely exonucleolytic with double strand (ds) DNA. Superhelical phi X-174 DNA was nicked by EE to form relaxed circular and then linear ds-DNA, which was rapidly degraded to shorter fragments. Linearized pBR322 DNA was extensively nicked internally under conditions where there was relatively low exonuclease activity, but this nicking required that 5'-P-termini be present on the linear ds-DNA. The levels of active EE found in extracts of two recombination-deficient mutants of A. nidulans, uvsC and uvsE, dit not differ significantly from those in extracts of the wild type.
Diagnostic and prognostic prediction using gene expression profiles in high-dimensional microarray data (2003)

DNA microarrays are a potentially powerful technology for improving diagnostic classification, treatment selection and therapeutics development. There are, however, many potential pitfalls in the use of microarrays that result in false leads and erroneous conclusions. This paper provides a review of the key features to be observed in developing diagnostic and prognostic classification systems based on gene expression profiling and some of the pitfalls to be aware of in reading reports of microarray-based studies.
Effect of Loads and Other Key Factors on Oil-Transformer Ageing: Sustainability Benefits and Challenges (2015)

Transformers are one of the more expensive pieces of equipment found in a distribution network. The transformer’s role has not changed over the last decades. With simple construction and at the same time mechanically robust, they offer long term service that on average can reach half a century. Today, with the ongoing trend to supply a growing number of non-linear loads along with the notion of distributed generation (DG), a new challenge has arisen in terms of transformer sustainability, with one of the possible consequences being accelerated ageing. In this paper we carefully review the existing studies in the literature of the effect of loads and other key factors on oil-transformer ageing. The state-of-the-art is reviewed, each factor is analysed in detail, and in the end a smart transformer protection method is sought in order to monitor and protect it from upcoming challenges.
The k‐trajectory formulation of the NMR imaging process with applications in analysis and synthesis of imaging methods (1983)

The fundamental operations of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging can be formulated, for a large number of methods, as sampling the object distribution in the Fourier spatial-frequency domain, followed by processing the digitized data (often simply by Fourier transformation) to produce a digital image. In these methods, which include reconstruction from projections, Fourier imaging, spin-warp imaging, and echo-planar imaging, controllable gradient fields determine the points in the spatial-frequency domain which are sampled at any given time during the acquisition of data (the free induction decay, or FID). The detailed time dependence of the resulting trajectory of sample points (the k trajectory) determines the relative weight and accuracy with which image information at each spatial frequency is measured, establishing theoretical limitations on image quality achievable with a given imaging method. We demonstrate here that these considerations may be used to compare the theoretical capabilities of NMR imaging methods, and to derive new imaging methods with optimal theoretical imaging properties.
Experimental Efficacy Study of Coated VICRYL plus Antibacterial Suture in Guinea Pigs Challenged with Staphylococcus aureus (2004)

This study demonstrates that coated polyglactin 910 suture with triclosan inhibits bacterial colonization of suture after direct in vivo challenge with S. aureus in a guinea pig model.
Sepsis and Septic Shock: Current Treatment Strategies and New Approaches (2017)

Sepsis is a complex condition characterized by the simultaneous activation of inflammation and coagulation in response to microbial insult. These events manifest as systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis symptoms through the release of proinflammatory cytokines, procoagulants, and adhesion molecules from immune cells and/or damaged endothelium. Today, sepsis is a severe multisystem disease with difficult treatments for its manifestations and high mortality rates. In the last two decades in particular, many studies have been conducted on sepsis that cause shock, multiorgan dysfunction, and organ failure by especially leading to hemodynamic changes. In sepsis, increasing antibiotic resistance and medicine-resistant hemodynamic changes have resulted in further research on new treatment modalities in addition to classical treatments. In the last decade, the sepsis physiopathology has been elucidated. Various therapeutic agents have been used in addition to antibiotherapy, but no satisfactory results have been obtained. This review summarizes the sepsis pathophysiology, current treatment protocols, and new approaches.
A serine protease inhibitor, protease nexin I, rescues motoneurons from naturally occurring and axotomy-induced cell death. (1995)

Protease nexin I (PNI) is a member of the family of serine protease inhibitors (serpins) that have been shown to promote neurite outgrowth in vitro from different neuronal cell types. These include neuroblastoma cells, hippocampal neurons, and sympathetic neurons. Free PNI protein is markedly decreased in various anatomical brain regions, including hippocampus, of patients with Alzheimer disease. Here, we report that PNI rescued spinal motoneurons during the period of naturally occurring (programmed) cell death in the chicken in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, PNI prevented axotomy-induced spinal motoneuron death in the neonatal mouse. The survival effect of PNI on motoneurons during the period of programmed cell death was not associated with increased intramuscular nerve branching. PNI also significantly increased the nuclear size of motoneurons during the period of programmed cell death and prevented axotomy-induced atrophy of surviving motoneurons. These results are consistent with the possible role of PNI as a neurotrophic agent. They also support the idea that serine proteases or, more precisely, the balance of proteases and serpins may be involved in regulating the fate of neuronal cells during development.
Nucleoside modifications modulate activation of the protein kinase PKR in an RNA structure-specific manner (2008)

The human interferon-induced protein kinase PKR is a key component of innate immunity, a process in which it senses pathogenic RNA. PKR consists of an N-terminal dsRNA-binding domain (dsRBD) and a C-terminal kinase domain. Upon binding long (>33 base pairs) stretches of pathogenic dsRNA, PKR undergoes autophosphorylation, which activates it to phosphorylate eIF2alpha, leading to inhibition of translation initiation. Many cellular and viral transcripts contain nucleoside modifications, and these could affect PKR activation. For example, a 5'-triphosphate confers the ability of relatively unstructured transcripts to activate PKR. Effects of internal RNA modifications on PKR activation have not been reported. Herein, PKR activation by ssRNA and dsRNA containing internal nucleobase, sugar, and phosphodiester modifications is analyzed. We find that for 5'-triphosphate-containing ssRNA, most base and sugar modifications abrogate activation, although 2'-fluoro-modified ssRNA does not, indicative of a critical role for hydrogen bonding at the ribose sugar. In the case of dsRNA, a more limited set of nucleoside modifications affect PKR activation. Watson-Crick base-pairing is required for activation, and some minor groove modifications abrogate activation while major groove modifications have little effect. Surprisingly, GU wobble pairs also largely abrogate dsRNA-mediated activation when present at modest levels. Modifications to dsRNA that abrogate activation have no significant effect on dsRBD binding, allowing such RNAs to act as inhibitors and suggesting a nonequivalence of binding ability and activation. Overall, the findings indicate that nucleoside modifications and wobble pairing may serve to discriminate self-RNA and pathogenic RNA in innate immunity.
Long-Term Estrogen Replacement Therapy Prevents Bone Loss and Fractures (1985)

Although several case-control studies have shown an inverse association between postmenopausal estrogen use and fractures, quantitation of fracture incidence has been lacking. To quantify the degree to which estrogen replacement therapy prevents postmenopausal osteoporosis, a retrospective study was done comparing the occurrence of fractures in 245 long-term estrogen users and 245 case-matched controls, followed for an average of 17.6 years. Quantitative bone mineral assessments were obtained from 18 women using estrogen replacement therapy and their controls (average age, 73 years). Osteoporotic fracture incidence in estrogen users was 50% as great as in the controls (p less than 0.01). Estrogen users showed significantly greater bone mineral: 54.2% greater spinal mineral (p less than 0.0002), 19.4% greater forearm mineral (p less than 0.0005), and 15.6% greater metacarpal cortical thickness (p less than 0.005). Long-term estrogen replacement therapy confers significant protection against bone loss and fracture.