gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neutropenia induced in outbred mice by a simplified low-dose cyclophosphamide regimen: characterization and applicability to diverse experimental models of infectious diseases (2006)

A CPM total dose of 250 mg/kg is sufficient to induce profound and sustained neutropenia (<10 neutrophils/mm3) at least during 3 days in outbred mice, is simpler than previously described methods, and allows successful induction of infection in a variety of experimental models.
Binding and endocytosis of a monoclonal antibody to a high molecular weight human milk fat globule membrane-associated antigen by cultured MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. (1988)

The aim of this study was to analyze whether a monoclonal antibody to human milk fat globule membrane-associated antigens, recognized specifically and homogeneously by human breast carcinoma cells but also by normal epithelial cells active in secretion, could be used to restrict the access of antitumoral drugs to cells exposing the epitope. The drug-antibody conjugate to be used is constructed by means of a covalent peptidic linkage stable in extracellular medium but hydrolyzed by lysomal enzymes after endocytosis of the drug-carrier conjugate. This monoclonal antibody specifically immunoprecipitates radioactive material from MCF-7 cells biosynthetically radiolabeled with galactose, glucosamine, palmitic acid, or acetic acid but not with mannose, leucine, or methionine. Upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and dithiothreitol, the label migrates as two bands with apparent molecular weights of about 350,000 and 400,000. These bands disappear, or their molecular weight is affected, after treatment of the cells with cycloheximide or of cell lysates with trypsin, Pronase, or neuraminidase but not treatment of the immunoprecipitate with endoglycosidase F. This suggests that these antigens are glycoproteins with O-linked oligosaccharides containing sialic acid in the epitope. By analogy, they should be similar, if not identical, to those recognized by the monoclonal antibodies designated HMFG1 (H. Burchell, H. Durbin, and J. Taylor-Papadimitriou, J. Immunol., 131:508-513, 1983) and DF3 (H. Sekine, T. Ohno, and D.W. Kufe, J. Immunol., 135:3610-3615, 1985). Binding at 4 degrees C of the 3H-labeled antibody by MCF-7 cells indicates the specific attachment of about 1.2 X 10(6) IgG molecules per cells with a Kd of about 14 nM. At 37 degrees C, cells take up the 3H-labeled antibody in amounts much higher than the binding capacity. In addition to cell-associated material, labeled digestion products are released into the culture medium. Cell fractionation by differential centrifugation and isopycnic equilibration on sucrose gradient indicates that the bulk of cell-associated antibody is distributed like the marker enzyme of lysosomes. Although the total uptake of the antibody by the cells is unaffected by either 50 microM chloroquine or 3 micrograms/ml cycloheximide, the release of digestion products is completely inhibited by chloroquine. Antigen-antibody dissociation is pH dependent, since, respectively, 50 and 84% of membrane-bound antibody are released during washing at pH 4.6 and 4.1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Epithelial Remodeling After Femtosecond Laser-assisted High Myopic LASIK (2014)

Application of prophylactic CXL concurrently with high myopic LASIK operation results in a statistically significant reduced epithelial increase in comparison with stand-alone LASIK. This comparison is observed between matched high myopic correction subgroups. This difference may correlate with higher regression rates and/or may depict increased biomechanical instability in stand-alone LASIK.
Mechanism for the Suppression of the Mammalian Stress Response by Genistein, an Anticancer Phytoestrogen From Soy (1998)

The anticancer effects of genistein may be related to its ability to reduce the expression of stress response-related genes.
Cloning and sequencing of the pancreatic islet neogenesis associated protein (INGAP) gene and its expression in islet neogenesis in hamsters. (1997)

Induction of islet neogenesis by cellophane wrapping (CW) reverses streptozotocin-induced (STZ) diabetes. Administration of Ilotropin, a protein extract isolated from CW pancreata, causes recapitulation of normal islet ontogeny and reverses STZ diabetes, reducing mortality by 50%. We investigated the hypothesis that a novel gene encoding a constituent of Ilotropin was expressed in the hamster pancreas undergoing islet neogenesis. Islet neogenesis associated protein (INGAP) is a product of a novel gene expressed in regenerating hamster pancreas. Northern blot analysis showed a strong single transcript of 850 bp at 1 and 2 d after CW that disappeared by the 6th day and was absent from untreated control pancreata. INGAP gene is expressed in acinar cells, but not in islets. Western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of INGAP in Ilotropin but not in extracts from control pancreata. A synthetic pentadecapeptide, corresponding to a region unique to INGAP, stimulated a 2.4-fold increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation into hamster duct epithelium in primary culture and a rat pancreatic duct cell line but had no effect on a hamster insulinoma tumor cell line. A portion of human INGAP gene was cloned and appears to be highly homologous to the hamster gene. This data suggests that the INGAP gene is a novel pancreatic gene expressed during islet neogenesis whose protein product is a constituent of Ilotropin and is capable of initiating duct cell proliferation, a prerequisite for islet neogenesis.
Heat Shock Protein Vaccines Against Cancer (1993)

Vaccination of mice with heat shock proteins (HSPs) derived from a tumor makes the mice resistant to the tumor from which the HSP was obtained. This phenomenon has been demonstrated with three HSPs--gp96, hsp90, and hsp70. Vaccination with HSPs also elicits antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The specific immunogenicity of HSPs derives apparently, not from the HSPs per se, but from the peptides bound to them. These observations provide the basis for a new generation of vaccines against cancer. The HSP-based cancer vaccines circumvent two of the most intractable hurdles to cancer immunotherapy. One of them is the possibility that human cancers, like cancers of experimental animals, are antigenically distinct. The prospect of identification of immunogenic antigens of individual cancers from patients is daunting to the extent of being impractical. The observation that HSPs chaperone antigenic peptides of the cells from which they are derived circumvents this extraordinary hurdle. Second, most current approaches to cancer immunotherapy focus on determining the CTL-recognized epitopes of cancer cell lines. This approach requires the availability of cell lines and CTLs against cancers. These reagents are unavailable for an overwhelming proportion of human cancers. In contrast, the HSP-based vaccines do not depend on the availability of cell lines or CTLs nor do they require definition of the antigenic epitopes of cancer cells. These advantages, among others, make HSPs attractive and novel immunogens against cancer.
Massive Persistent Release of Excitatory Amino Acids Following Human Occlusive Stroke (1995)

These findings indicate that EAAs are tremendously increased in brain tissue after occlusive stroke. The time course of the release of EAAs is much longer than animal studies have suggested previously. Administration of EAA antagonists to patients with ischemic stroke may therefore be beneficial.
Dietary Factors and the Risk of Incident Kidney Stones in Men (2004)

Diet plays an important role in the pathogenesis of kidney stones. Because the metabolism of many dietary factors, such as calcium, may change with age, the relation between diet and kidney stones may be different in older adults. Uncertainty also remains about the association between many dietary factors, such as vitamin C, magnesium, and animal protein, and the risk of kidney stone formation. To examine the association between dietary factors and the risk of incident, symptomatic kidney stones in men and to determine whether these associations vary with age, a prospective cohort study was conducted of 45,619 men without a history of nephrolithiasis. Self-administered food frequency questionnaires were used to assess diet every 4 yr. A total of 1473 incident symptomatic kidney stones were documented during 477,700 person-years of follow-up. For men aged <60 yr, the multivariate relative risk (RR) for stone formation in the highest quintile of dietary calcium as compared with the lowest quintile was 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56 to 0.87; P = 0.01 for trend). By contrast, there was no association between dietary calcium and stone formation in men aged 60 yr or older. The multivariate RR for men who consumed 1000 mg or greater of vitamin C per day compared with those who consumed less than the recommended dietary allowance of 90 mg/d was 1.41 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.80; P = 0.01 for trend). Other dietary factors showed the following multivariate RR among men in the highest quintile of intake compared with those in the lowest: magnesium, 0.71 (95% CI, 0.56 to 0.89; P = 0.01 for trend); potassium, 0.54 (95% CI, 0.42 to 0.68; P < 0.001 for trend); and fluid, 0.71 (95% CI, 0.59 to 0.85; P < 0.001 for trend). Animal protein was associated with risk only in men with a body mass index <25 kg/m(2) (RR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.81; P = 0.03 for trend). Sodium, phosphorus, sucrose, phytate, vitamin B(6), vitamin D, and supplemental calcium were not independently associated with risk. In conclusion, the association between calcium intake and kidney stone formation varies with age. Magnesium intake decreases and total vitamin C intake seems to increase the risk of symptomatic nephrolithiasis. Because age and body size affect the relation between diet and kidney stones, dietary recommendations for stone prevention should be tailored to the individual patient.
Microstructure of amorphic diamond films (1991)

It has been previously reported that layers of amorphic diamond can be grown in a UHV environment free from hydrogen with a laser plasma source. Some advantages are offered by this technique which produces films that adhere more readily to materials for which there are important applications. Theory has recently suggested a structure for amorphic diamond that comprises nodules of carbon atoms linked by sp3 bonds in a matrix of other polytypes and the purpose of this article is to communicate strong evidence in support of that hypothesis. Extensive examinations of a variety of films with a scanning tunneling microscope show a clearly prevalent structure composed of dense nodules. Grain size is about 1000 Å and the diamond character is attested by the agreement of morphology, high density, optical properties, soft x-ray spectroscopy, hardness, and lack of appreciable hydrogen. Measurements agree in supporting a fraction of about 75% diamond contents. The principal conclusion is that this material prepared with a laser plasma source has the structure expected for amorphic diamond.
Matrix Metalloproteinases: Role In Arthritis (2006)

The irreversible destruction of the cartilage, tendon, and bone that comprise synovial joints is the hallmark of both rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). While cartilage is made up of proteoglycans and type II collagen, tendon and bone are composed primarily of type I collagen. RA is an autoimmune disease afflicting numerous joints throughout the body; in contrast, OA develops in a small number of joints, usually resulting from chronic overuse or injury. In both diseases, inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulate the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), enzymes that can degrade all components of the extracellular matrix. The collagenases, MMP-1 and MMP-13, have predominant roles in RA and OA because they are rate limiting in the process of collagen degradation. MMP-1 is produced primarily by the synovial cells that line the joints, and MMP-13 is a product of the chondrocytes that reside in the cartilage. In addition to collagen, MMP-13 also degrades the proteoglycan molecule, aggrecan, giving it a dual role in matrix destruction. Expression of other MMPs such as MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-9, is also elevated in arthritis and these enzymes degrade non-collagen matrix components of the joints. Significant effort has been expended in attempts to design effective inhibitors of MMP activity and/or synthesis with the goal of curbing connective tissues destruction within the joints. To date, however, no effective clinical inhibitors exist. Increasing our knowledge of the crystal structures of these enzymes and of the signal transduction pathways and molecular mechanisms that control MMP gene expression may provide new opportunities for the development of therapeutics to prevent the joint destruction seen in arthritis.
Molecular properties determined from the relaxation of long-lived spin states (2007)

The populations of long-lived spin states, in particular, populations of singlet states that are comprised of antisymmetric combinations of product states, |alpha(I)beta(S)> - |beta(I)alpha(S)>, are characterized by very long lifetimes because the dipole-dipole interaction between the two "active" spins I and S that are involved in such states is inoperative as a relaxation mechanism. The relaxation rate constants of long-lived (singlet) states are therefore determined by the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) of the active spins and by dipole-dipole interactions with passive spins. For a pair of coupled spins, the singlet-state relaxation rate constants strongly depend on the magnitudes and orientations of the CSA tensors. The relaxation properties of long-lived states therefore reveal new information about molecular symmetry and structure and about spectral density functions that characterize the dynamic behavior.
Dynamic Interfacial Properties of Surface-excess Films of Phospholipids and Phosphonolipid Analogs (1994)

Dynamic respreading and maximum surface pressures are analyzed as a function of chain-backbone linkage, phosphatephosphonate group, and N-headgroup structure for surface-excess films of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), and 13 related phospholipid and phosphonolipid analogs. Film behavior varied significantly with molecular structure, related in part to differences in molecular packing and mobility from ether vs amide vs ester linkages, as well as structure-induced variations in headgroup charge, hydration, hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding, and steric bulk. Analysis of surface pressure-area isotherms from Wilhelmy balance experiments at three different pH values (H. Liu et al., J. Colloid Interface Sci. 167, 378-390) showed that: (1) diether phosphonolipid (DEPN) analog compounds had better respreading on successive cycles into the collapse regime compared to ether-amide phosphonolipid (EAPN) analogs with equivalent N-headgroups at pH 2.6, 5.6, and 11.5; (2) diether phospholipids (DHPC and DHPE) also had better respreading than corresponding diester phospholipids (DPPC and DPPE) at all three pH values; (3) the headgroup phosphonate vs phosphate linkage led to decreased cycle 2/cycle 1 respreading at all pH in the ethanolamine diether phosphonolipid DEPN-13 vs DHPE and in the choline diether phosphonolipid DEPN-8 vs DHPC, although cycle 7/cycle 1 respreading was improved in DEPN-8; (4) maximum surface pressures generated by PC-related compounds (DPPC, DHPC, DEPN-8, EAPN-9) were > 70 mN/m independent of pH, while maximum pressures for PE-related compounds (DPPE, DHPE, DEPN-13, EAPN-13) were lower at 51-67 mN/m and varied more with pH; (5) respreading and maximum surface pressures did not vary in a consistent pattern as a function of pH for DEPN and EAPN analogs with different degrees of N-methylation, particularly at pH 11.5 where DEPN-10 and EAPN-110 with two N-methyl groups paradoxically had the lowest maximum surface pressures and best respreading of any compounds studied; and (6) the N-substitution of two hydroxyethyl groups for two methyl groups had less effect on surface behavior than N-substitution of methyl groups for hydrogen. The significant differences in dynamic respreading and maximum surface pressure found here for relatively small changes in molecular structure and headgroup charge indicate that specific compositional requirements likely exist for glycerophospholipids in functional pulmonary surfactant. The results also support the feasibility of synthesizing phospholipid-like molecules with specific surface-active properties for potential use in new exogenous lung surfactant mixtures.
Anti-sense transforming growth factor alpha oligonucleotides inhibit autocrine stimulated proliferation of a colon carcinoma cell line. (1992)

Many carcinoma cells secrete transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha). A 23 base anti-sense oligonucleotide that recognizes the TGF alpha mRNA inhibits both DNA synthesis and the proliferation of the colon carcinoma cell line LIM 1215. The effects of the anti-sense TGF alpha oligonucleotide are reversed by epidermal growth factor (EGF) at 20 ng/ml. When the LIM 1215 cells are grown under serum free conditions, the anti-sense TGF alpha oligonucleotides have their greatest effects at high cell density (2 x 10(5) cells/cm2), indicating that the secreted TGF alpha is acting as an exogenous growth stimulus. In addition, at higher cell densities, the kinase activity of the EGF receptor is activated and the receptor is down-modulated. The cell density dependent activation of the EGF receptor is inhibited by the application of the antisense TGF alpha oligonucleotides.
Biological Effects of Bacterial Endotoxins in Man (1973)

The studies reviewed in the present manuscript outline some of the biologic effects of endotoxins in man. The human being is the most sensitive animal to bacterial endotoxins. The sensitivity of the various parameters measured revealed that granulocytosis induced by endotoxin is the most sensitive (i.e., requires the smallest dose), fever the next most sensitive, an increase in plasma cortisol the third most sensitive, and the induction of a reproducible growth hormone response the least sensitive. Although many of our studies are descriptive, it is hoped that they will lead to better understanding of some of the pathophysiologic events that accompany gram-negative bacterial infections in man. Finally, when appropriately used, bacterial endotoxins can be useful tools in the diagnosis and management of certain hematologic and endocrinologic disorders of man.
Recombinant human interleukin-9 induces protein tyrosine phosphorylation and synergizes with steel factor to stimulate proliferation of the human factor-dependent cell line, M07e (1992)

Human interleukin-9 (IL-9) was originally identified and cloned based on its stimulatory effect on proliferation of human myeloid cell line, M07e. IL-9 synergized with Steel factor, the ligand for the c-kit product, to stimulate M07e cell proliferation. To investigate potential mechanisms for this, IL-9 was assessed for effects on protein tyrosine kinase activities in M07e cells by immunoblotting with anti-phosphotyrosine monoclonal antibody; results were compared with those of Steel factor alone and in combination with IL-9, and those of 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Recombinant human IL-9 (10 ng/mL) rapidly and transiently induced or enhanced at least four tyrosine phosphorylated protein bands with molecular weights of 105, 97, 85, and 81 Kd. This tyrosine phosphorylation pattern was different from that generated by recombinant murine Steel factor or TPA stimulation and the combination of IL-9 and Steel factor did not change the IL-9-induced pattern. IL-9-induced tyrosine phosphorylated bands were completely blocked by treatment of IL-9 with anti-IL-9 antibody under conditions that also neutralized the synergistic effect of IL-9 with Steel factor on M07e cell proliferation. Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocked phosphorylation of IL-9 and Steel factor-induced bands. Unlike Steel factor or TPA, IL-9 did not appear to stimulate phosphorylation of 42-Kd mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase or Raf-1, or enhance MAP kinase activity. MAP kinase and Raf-1 are serine/threonine kinases that are phosphorylated and activated by many growth factors and by agonists for protein kinase C. While the combination of IL-9 plus SLF did not appear to induce phosphorylation of new bands not already seen with either IL-9 or SLF alone, or enhance the phosphorylation of those bands seen with either cytokine alone, the results suggest that IL-9 activates specific and unique signal transduction pathways.
Inflammatory Models of Pain and Hyperalgesia (1999)

This article addresses important pain research models in nonhuman animals. These models attempt to mimic human persistent pain conditions. Models of persistent pain employ inflammatory agents that produce discomfort and hyperalgesia (i.e., an enhanced response to a noxious stimulus). The models are associated with skin, subcutaneous tissue, and joint inflammation (somatic structures). Studies employing such models have led to significantly improved understanding of mechanisms of somatic pain. It is important that investigators assess the level of pain produced in these animals and provide analgesic agents whenever it does not interfere with the purpose of the experiment. Pain can be inferred from ongoing behavioral variables such as feeding and drinking, sleep-waking cycle, grooming, and social behavior.
Network-on-Multi-Chip (NoMC) for Multi-FPGA Multimedia Systems (2010)

Some applications, especially in the area of multimedia processing, need to be implemented in a multichip platform, due to their size. An efficient communication infrastructure for such systems may be designed with the use of the Networks-on-Chip (NoCs). However, a network for multi-chip systems require a scalable architecture. Moreover, for multimedia purposes, such NoC should support a multicast transmission mode. In order to meet this requirements, we propose the NoMC (Network-on-Multi-Chip) which is a hierarchical interconnect system, designed for multi-chip systems. A performance of the proposed network is assessed utilizing a model of the MVC (Multiview Video Coding) coder. In such system, the multicast transmission mode may yield an overall bandwidth gain up to 30%. Moreover, the synthesis results show that the proposed network elements are easily synthesizable for the FPGA devices.
Interleukin 6 induces human immunodeficiency virus expression in infected monocytic cells alone and in synergy with tumor necrosis factor alpha by transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. (1990)

The immunoregulatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) directly upregulates production of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in acutely as well as in chronically infected cells of monocytic lineage. In addition, IL-6 synergizes with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in the induction of latent HIV expression. Unlike TNF-alpha, upregulation of viral expression induced by IL-6 alone does not occur at the transcriptional level and it is not associated with accumulation of HIV RNA. However, when IL-6 and TNF-alpha synergistically stimulate HIV production, accumulation of HIV RNA and increased transcription are observed, indicating that IL-6 affects HIV expression at multiple (transcriptional and post-transcriptional) levels.