gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DNA Oligonucleotides Containing Stereodefined Phosphorothioate Linkages in Selected Positions (2009)

This unit describes a method for the synthesis of DNA chimeric PO/PS-oligonucleotides with a stereodefined phosphorothioate bond in the selected position. Diastereomerically pure 5'-O-DMTr-N-protected-deoxyribonucleoside-3'-O-(2-thio-spiro-4,4-pentamethylene-1,3,2-oxathiaphospholane)s obtained according to the previously described protocol (UNIT 4.17) are transformed via a stereospecific 1,3,2-oxathiaphospholane-ring opening condensation into the corresponding dinucleoside phosphorothioates. Such dimers cannot be introduced into an oligonucleotide chain via the phosphoramidite approach since the unprotected P-S(-) bond is easily oxidized during routine I(2)/Py/water oxidation of the phosphite function. In the methodology described here, the reversible alkylation of the PS function is applied. Subsequently, the 3'-phosphoramidites of such PS-protected dimers prepared in situ are used for routine synthesis of chimeric PO/PS-oligonucleotides according to the phosphoramidite method. The presence of the alkylated PS-function requires modified conditions for oligonucleotide deprotection and cleavage from the solid support. Detailed procedures for the synthesis of PS-dimers and their incorporation into an oligonucleotide chain, as well as deprotection/purification steps are presented.
In Quest of the “Next Switch”: Prospects for Greatly Reduced Power Dissipation in a Successor to the Silicon Field-Effect Transistor (2010)

Reduced power dissipation relative to the field-effect transistor (FET) is a key attribute that should be possessed by any device that has a chance of supplanting the FET as the ubiquitous building block for complex digital logic. We outline the possible physical approaches to achieving this attribute, and illustrate these approaches by citing current exploratory device research. We assess the value of the key exploratory research objectives of the semiconductor industry-sponsored Nanoelectronics Research Initiative (NRI) in the light of this pressing need to reduce dissipation in future digital logic devices.
CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS INDUCED IN RATS BY MATERNAL VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY (1946)

ALTHOUGH congenital blindness of offspring of poorly nourished animals has often been described, early reports were specific neither in analysis of nutritional deficiency nor in description of ocular defects. Most of observations were made on cattle, and Moore, Huffman and Duncan 1 have reviewed literature pertaining to this field. Two types of congenital blindness can be distinguished: the true vitamin A type, which is obviously a severe form of xerophthalmia, 2 and another type which is associated with constriction of optic foramen. 3 The latter, characterized by a dilated pupil and absence of inflammation of external structures of eye, is due to atrophy of optic nerve caused by its passage through optic foramen, apparently because of bony pressure. 1 It was difficult to attribute this congenital ocular defect to maternal vitamin A deficiency until Wolbach and Bessey
An investigation of phosphate adsorbed on aluminium oxyhydroxide and oxide phases by nuclear magnetic resonance (2004)

Summary The adsorption of phosphate by soil minerals controls availability of P to plants, but the chemical environments of adsorbed phosphate are poorly known. We used 31 P MAS NMR to study the adsorption of phosphate on to boehmite (γ‐AlOOH) and γ‐Al 2 O 3 with large surface areas. The solid phases were reacted in 0.1 m phosphate solutions at pH from 3 to 11 and in solutions with pH 5 at concentrations from 10 −1 m to 10 −4 m . The spectra suggested three different phosphate environments: (i) orthophosphate precipitated from the residual solution after vacuum filtering, (ii) surface‐adsorbed phosphate in inner‐sphere complexes, and (iii) Al‐phosphate precipitates on the surfaces of the minerals. The chemical shifts of both the inner‐sphere complexes and surface precipitates became progressively less shielded with increasing pH and decreasing concentration of phosphate solution. For the inner‐sphere complexes, we interpret these changes to be the result of decreasing phosphate protonation combined with rapid proton exchange among phosphate tetrahedra with different numbers of protons, which causes peak averaging. The chemical shifts of 31 P of the Al‐phosphate precipitates were more negative than those of the surface phosphates at a given pH and solution concentration, probably because of a larger number of P–O–Al linkages per tetrahedron. The observed trend of decreasing shielding is probably due to the decreasing average number of P–O–Al linkages per tetrahedron combined with decreasing protonation and an increasing number of K + next‐nearest neighbours. Even at small concentrations of phosphate solution, a significant amount of Al‐phosphate precipitate was present.
Recovery of Human Metapneumovirus Genetic Lineages A and B from Cloned cDNA (2004)

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a newly discovered pathogen associated with respiratory tract illness, primarily in young children, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly. The genomic sequence of the prototype hMPV isolate NL/1/00 without the terminal leader and trailer sequences has been reported previously. Here we describe the leader and trailer sequences of two hMPV isolates, NL/1/00 and NL/1/99, representing the two main genetic lineages of hMPV. Minigenome constructs in which the green fluorescent protein or chloramphenicol acetyltransferase genes are flanked by the viral genomic ends derived from both hMPV lineages and transcribed using a T7 RNA polymerase promoter-terminator cassette were generated. Cotransfection of minigenome constructs with plasmids expressing the polymerase complex components L, P, N, and M2.1 in 293T or baby hamster kidney cells resulted in expression of the reporter genes. When the minigenome was replaced by a sense or antisense full-length cDNA copy of the NL/1/00 or NL/1/99 viral genomes, recombinant virus was recovered from transfected cells. Viral titers up to 10(7.2) and 10(5.7) 50% tissue culture infective dose/ml were achieved with the sense and antisense plasmids, respectively. The recombinant viruses replicated with kinetics similar to those of the parental viruses in Vero cells. This reverse genetics system provides an important new tool for applied and fundamental research.
Vision-based fusion system for smart airbag applications (2003)

We describe a vision system for intelligent automotive airbag systems which can adapt airbag deployment according to the nature and position of the occupant, thereby reducing the risks for occupants who are in infant seats in the front passenger seat and all occupants who are too close to the airbag. Our system utilizes a stereo camera to extract multiple feature sets from the same video stream. A unique feature of our system is the fusion module which is trained to optimally combine the results of multiple classifiers to decide when to enable airbag deployment. We have successfully demonstrated this system operating in a test vehicle at real-time rates (20 updates/sec) with high accuracies (>98%) for a large variety of situations and lighting conditions.
Prevention of urinary tract infection in rats with an indigenous Lactobacillus casei strain (1985)

Our previous studies have shown that indigenous bacteria are able to block the in vitro attachment of uropathogenic bacteria to human uroepithelial cells. In the present study, we applied the concept of competitive exclusion to an animal model. A chronic urinary tract infection was established in female rats with bacteria incorporated into agar beads injected periurethrally into the urinary bladder via a no. 3 French ureteral catheter. Five strains of uropathogenic organisms were used in the first set of experiments, and their colonization of the bladder and kidneys of the animals was confirmed up to 2 months after injection. The uropathogens stimulated an immune response, detected by serum antibodies against the uropathogens, and an inflammatory response noted in sections of the kidneys stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Using this animal model, we established the persistent adherence of bacteria in the urinary tract without the need for creation of obstruction or implantation of a foreign body. In a second set of experiments, an isolate of Lactobacillus casei GR1 taken from the urethra of a healthy woman was incorporated into agar beads, instilled within the rat bladders on day 1, and then swabbed twice weekly for 21 days onto the introitus before challenge with uropathogens instilled into the urinary bladder. In 21 of 25 animals, no uropathogenic bacteria were recovered from the bladder and kidney tissues up to 60 days after challenge, and no immune response was detected. Our results show that L. casei prevented onset of urinary tract infection in 84% of the animals tested. The lactobacilli appeared to exclude the uropathogens from colonizing the urinary tract, within the first 48 hours after challenge, and the net effect was a complete eradication of bacteria from the uroepithelium. It is hoped that the demonstration of a protective role for indigenous bacteria in preventing urinary tract infection in an animal model will lead to the application of this technology to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection in female patients.
X-ray powder diffraction data for compound DyNiSn (1997)

The compound DyNiSn has been studied by X-ray powder diffraction. The X-ray diffraction patterns for this compound at room temperature are reported. DyNiSn is orthorhombic with lattice parameters a =7.1018(1) Å, b =7.6599(2) Å, c =4.4461(2) Å, space group Pna 2 1 and 4 formula units of DyNiSn in unit cell. The Smith and Snyder Figure-of-Merit F 30 for this powder pattern is 26.7(0.0178,63).
Intracerebral Gene Therapy Using AAVrh.10-hARSA Recombinant Vector to Treat Patients with Early-Onset Forms of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy: Preclinical Feasibility and Safety Assessments in Nonhuman Primates (2015)

No treatment is available for early-onset forms of metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), a lysosomal storage disease caused by autosomal recessive defect in arylsulfatase A (ARSA) gene causing severe demyelination in central and peripheral nervous systems. We have developed a gene therapy approach, based on intracerebral administration of AAVrh.10-hARSA vector, coding for human ARSA enzyme. We have previously demonstrated potency of this approach in MLD mice lacking ARSA expression. We describe herein the preclinical efficacy, safety, and biodistribution profile of intracerebral administration of AAVrh.10-hARSA to nonhuman primates (NHPs). NHPs received either the dose planned for patients adjusted to the brain volume ratio between child and NHP (1×dose, 1.1×10(11) vg/hemisphere, unilateral or bilateral injection) or 5-fold this dose (5×dose, 5.5×10(11) vg/hemisphere, bilateral injection). NHPs were subjected to clinical, biological, and brain imaging observations and were euthanized 7 or 90 days after injection. There was no toxicity based on clinical and biological parameters, nor treatment-related histological findings in peripheral organs. A neuroinflammatory process correlating with brain MRI T2 hypersignals was observed in the brain 90 days after administration of the 5×dose, but was absent or minimal after administration of the 1×dose. Antibody response to AAVrh.10 and hARSA was detected, without correlation with brain lesions. After injection of the 1×dose, AAVrh.10-hARSA vector was detected in a large part of the injected hemisphere, while ARSA activity exceeded the normal endogenous activity level by 14-31%. Consistently with other reports, vector genome was detected in off-target organs such as liver, spleen, lymph nodes, or blood, but not in gonads. Importantly, AAVrh.10-hARSA vector was no longer detectable in urine at day 7. Our data demonstrate requisite safe and effective profile for intracerebral AAVrh.10-hARSA delivery in NHPs, supporting its clinical use in children affected with MLD.
Diffraction of light by nonaqueous ordered suspensions (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDiffraction of light by nonaqueous ordered suspensionsP. A. Hiltner, Y. S. Papir, and I. M. KriegerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1971, 75, 12, 1881–1886Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100681a020https://doi.org/10.1021/j100681a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views304Altmetric-Citations134LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Joint temporal-spatial bit allocation for video coding with dependency (2005)

The joint temporal-spatial bit allocation problem with consideration of dependency arising from motion compensated prediction as well as frame interpolation is investigated in this research. After the problem formulation, several heuristic methods are proposed to provide near-optimal and suboptimal solutions to this problem. First, the selective iteration algorithm (SIA) based on the monotonic property of the rate-distortion (R-D) curve is proposed to achieve the near-optimal solution. Then, the greedy iteration algorithm (GIA) is presented as a suboptimal heuristic to reach an R-D performance close to that obtained using SIA, while at a much lower complexity. Furthermore, by adaptively grouping frames based on the mean of the absolute difference differentials and applying greedy pruning to groups of frames, the suboptimal solution is significantly expedited so that it can be applied in real-time applications. Frames to be skipped in the coding process and quantization parameters (QPs) exploited in coded frames are adaptively and jointly determined to reach a proper tradeoff between temporal and spatial qualities. Experimental results show that the proposed methods can enhance the overall quality of compressed video at various bit rates in comparison with H.263+/TMN8 using fixed frame rates and QPs, as well as the adaptive quantization solution proposed in.
Kinetics Model for the Growth of Silicon Carbide by the Reaction of Liquid Silicon with Carbon (1995)

The kinetics and mechanism of reaction of glassy carbon with a pure silicon melt or a Si + Mo melt were investigated. The results showed that the growth of a continuous reaction‐formed SiC layer followed a fourth‐power rate law in the temperature range of 1430° to 1510°C. A model that could explain the fourth‐power rate law was developed. In this model, an internal electric field was assumed to be set up over the reaction‐formed SiC layer through a negative space charge, and then the diffusion of the carbon‐ion vacancies across this layer, driven predominately by this electric field, was considered as the rate‐limiting step for the SiC growth. Neither an increase in the processing temperature nor an addition of 10 wt% Mo into the silicon melt had a significant influence on the reaction kinetics. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that the reaction products were β‐SiC, and β‐SiC + MoSi 2 for the Si‐C and Si‐C‐Mo reactions, respectively.
Combination of Ibrutinib and ABT-199 in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma and Follicular Lymphoma (2017)

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma are the most prevalent B-lymphocyte neoplasms in which abnormal activation of the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK)-mediated B-cell receptor signaling pathway contributes to pathogenesis. Ibrutinib is an oral covalent BTK inhibitor that has shown some efficacy in both indications. To improve ibrutinib efficacy through combination therapy, we first investigated differential gene expression in parental and ibrutinib-resistant cell lines to better understand the mechanisms of resistance. Ibrutinib-resistant TMD8 cells had higher <i>BCL2</i> gene expression and increased sensitivity to ABT-199, a BCL-2 inhibitor. Consistently, clinical samples from ABC-DLBCL patients who experienced poorer response to ibrutinib had higher <i>BCL2</i> gene expression. We further demonstrated synergistic growth suppression by ibrutinib and ABT-199 in multiple ABC-DLBCL, GCB-DLBCL, and follicular lymphoma cell lines. The combination of both drugs also reduced colony formation, increased apoptosis, and inhibited tumor growth in a TMD8 xenograft model. A synergistic combination effect was also found in ibrutinib-resistant cells generated by either genetic mutation or drug treatment. Together, these findings suggest a potential clinical benefit from ibrutinib and ABT-199 combination therapy. <i>Mol Cancer Ther; 16(7); 1246-56. ©2017 AACR</i>.
Peptide Mimetics of Neurotrophins and their Receptors (2011)

Neurotrophic factors were originally identified based on their ability to prevent naturally occurring cell death in the developing nervous system. Many of these proteins also promote survival after injury or protect neurons in toxin-disease models in animals. In addition to neuroprotective effects, these factors exert trophic effects on neurons, stimulating increases in neuronal metabolism, cell size, and process outgrowth. These properties underlie expectations for neurorestoration, in which growth of new axons and synapses could lead to functional improvement, which is of great interest for those patients who are already significantly disabled by disease. Preclinical and clinical data suggest that subcutaneous or intravenous administration of neurotrophic factors may be effective for the treatment of peripheral nervous system diseases. However, even though these proteins are natural products, they do present specific problems when used as therapeutic agents. They cannot be given orally, present uncertain pharmacokinetic behavior, and large-scale production is labor and cost-intensive. Neurotrophic factor treatment of central nervous system diseases presents an even more complex scenario, since they are not able to cross the blood-brain barrier and must be given intracerebrally. Although there is an active search for alternative delivery strategies, for central nervous system diseases in particular the advantages of small molecule mimetics over proteins are evident. Small organic molecules can be modified to penetrate freely into the brain parenchyma and can be designed for oral administration. There are several possible approaches for replacing neurotrophic proteins with small molecule mimetics. For therapeutic use in the peripheral nervous system, neurotrophic proteins could be replaced by active peptide fragments with receptor binding properties similar to the full-length protein, but improved pharmacokinetic properties and lower production costs. In principle, it should be possible to replace the entire protein or fully active peptide fragment by a non-peptidic molecule binding to the same receptor site. It may be possible to regulate neurotrophic factor receptor activity by allosterically-acting molecules which influence the functional efficacy of the receptors. Other strategies include intracellular effector-targeting approaches, which are based on knowledge of signaling pathways involved in neuronal cell survival and demise, and which can be agonized or antagonized to promote neuroprotection. This chapter will begin with a brief overview on the biology neurotrophic proteins, followed with a description of strategies taken towards the development of small molecule mimetics for neurotrophic factors and the emerging drug candidates. The latter will encompass both receptor-directed as well as intracellular signalling approaches.
Ligand-independent recruitment of steroid receptor coactivators to estrogen receptor by cyclin D1 (1998)

The estrogen receptor (ER) is an important regulator of growth and differentiation of breast epithelium. Transactivation by ER depends on a leucine-rich motif, which constitutes a ligand-regulated binding site for steroid receptor coactivators (SRCs). Cyclin D1 is frequently amplified in breast cancer and can activate ER through direct binding. We show here that cyclin D1 also interacts in a ligand-independent fashion with coactivators of the SRC-1 family through a motif that resembles the leucine-rich coactivator binding motif of nuclear receptors. By acting as a bridging factor between ER and SRCs, cyclin D1 can recruit SRC-family coactivators to ER in the absence of ligand. A cyclin D1 mutant that binds to ER but fails to recruit coactivators preferentially interferes with ER activation in breast cancer cells that have high levels of cyclin D1. These data support that cyclin D1 contributes significantly to ER activation in breast cancers in which the protein is overexpressed. Our present results reveal a novel route of coactivator recruitment to ER and establish a direct role for cyclin D1 in regulation of transcription.
Phase I study of taxol and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with refractory ovarian cancer. (1992)

Taxol can be safely administered in doses up to 250 mg/m2 with G-CSF support, which may make it possible to study taxol dose intensification.
A novel radio source search algorithm using force field vectors and received signal strengths (2013)

The indoor radio source search using received signal strength (RSS) is difficult due to the multipath effects. Robots driven by the RSS gradient-based searching methods are always stuck by local basins which are the areas around local maxima. In this paper, we propose a force field searching (FFS) algorithm which is cost efficient in environments with RSS local basins. The FFS algorithm fuses the geometry layout information with RSS. Virtual attraction forces weighted by RSS gradients are modelled to guide the robot to the radio source. Furthermore, the travel costs of FFS and the gradient ascent with correlated random walks (GACRW) algorithm are derived as functions of the searching space size, the local basin size and the local basin number in gradient fields. The analytical expressions are confirmed by simulations. It is shown that FFS is much faster than other algorithms in simulations driven by real data.