gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intranasal Delivery of Recombinant Parvovirus-Like Particles Elicits Cytotoxic T-Cell and Neutralizing Antibody Responses (1999)

We previously demonstrated that chimeric porcine parvovirus-like particles (PPV:VLP) carrying heterologous epitopes, when injected intraperitoneally into mice without adjuvant, activate strong CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses specific for the foreign epitopes. In the present study, we investigated the immunogenicity of PPV:VLP carrying a CD8(+) T-cell epitope from the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) administered by mucosal routes. Mice immunized intranasally with recombinant PPV:VLP, in the absence of adjuvant, developed high levels of PPV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and/or IgA in their serum, as well as in mucosal sites such as the bronchoalveolar and intestinal fluids. Antibodies in sera from mice immunized parenterally or intranasally with PPV:VLP were strongly neutralizing in vitro. Intranasal immunization with PPV:VLP carrying the LCMV CD8(+) T-cell epitope also elicited a strong peptide-specific cytotoxic-T-cell (CTL) response. In contrast, mice orally immunized with recombinant PPV:VLP did not develop any antibody or CTL responses. We also showed that mice primed with PPV:VLP are still able to develop strong CTL responses after subsequent immunization with chimeric PPV:VLP carrying a foreign CD8(+) T-cell epitope. These results highlight the attractive potential of PPV:VLP as a safe, nonreplicating antigen carrier to stimulate systemic and mucosal immunity after nasal administration.
neuroscience-for-rehabilitation (1998)

1. Introduction 2. Gross Anatomy 3. Support Structures 4. The Neuron 5. Neurotransmitters 6. Development Sensation 7. Somatic Senses 1: Touch Senses 8. Somatic Senses 2: Motion Senses 9. Auditory System 10. Visual System 11. Vestibular System 12. Smell and Taste Motor Control 13. Motor Control 1: Spinal Cord and Periphery 14. Motor Control 2: Higher Centers 15. Autonomic Nervous System 16. Sensorimotor Interaction Higher Cognitive Functions 17. Cellular Mechanisms of Learning 18. Spatial Orientation 19. Language 20. Normal Emotions 21. Abnormal Emotions 22. Executive Functions Development Across the Lifespan 23. Aging 24. Recovery of Function Glossary Index
Very-low-density lipoprotein assembly and secretion (2001)

The assembly of apolipoprotein B (apoB) into VLDL is broadly divided into two steps. The first involves transfer of lipid by the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) to apoB during translation. The second involves fusion of apoB-containing precursor particles with triglyceride droplets to form mature VLDL. ApoB and MTP are homologs of the egg yolk storage protein, lipovitellin. Homodimerization surfaces in lipovitellin are reutilized in apoB and MTP to achieve apoB-MTP interactions necessary for first step assembly. Structural modeling predicts a small lipovitellin-like lipid binding cavity in MTP and a transient lipovitellin-like cavity in apoB important for nucleation of lipid sequestration. The formation of triglyceride droplets in the endoplasmic reticulum requires MTP however, their fusion with apoB may be MTP-independent. Second step assembly is modulated by phospholipase D and A2. Phospholipases may prime membrane transport steps required for second step fusion and/or channel phospholipids into a pathway for VLDL triglyceride production. The enzymology of VLDL triglyceride synthesis is still poorly understood; however, it appears that ACAT2 is the sole source of cholesterol esters for VLDL and chylomicron assembly. VLDL production is controlled primarily at the level of presecretory degradation. Recently, it was discovered that the LDL receptor modulates VLDL production through its interactions with nascent VLDL in the secretory pathway.
Binocular Spherical Stereo (2008)

A fish-eye camera has a wide field of view (FOV), and the realization of a binocular fish-eye stereo for sensing the surrounding 3-D information of the environment around a vehicle is useful for safe driving. However, since a fish-eye camera may have a wider-than-hemispherical FOV, the conventional stereo approach of obtaining a perspective image based on the pinhole camera model cannot directly be applied. However, using a spherical camera model and defining the disparity of a spherical stereo, the conventional binocular stereo problem is reformulated as a <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">binocular</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">spherical</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">stereo</i> problem. A binocular spherical stereo is a generalized paradigm that can cope with cameras having any FOV, including conventional cameras and fish-eye cameras. Moreover, by transforming the rectified spherical images to latitude-longitude representation, the feature point matching of the spherical stereo images can be sped up by using the processing used for perspective stereo images. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by realizing a binocular spherical stereo using a pair of fish-eye cameras. Finally, the application of the proposed approach to vehicles in the future is considered.
Comparative study of blood culture practices in the years 1985 and 1992. (1995)

Aminoglycosides remain a mainstay of antimicrobial therapy, especially for treatment of serious Gram-negative infections. Aminoglycosides represent cornerstone of antibiotic combination therapy and, despite their well-documented toxicity, continue to be used because of their excellent bactericidal efficacy and their limited tendency towards the development of resistance during therapy. Various factors, particularly their concentration-dependent bactericidal activity and prolonged post-antibiotic effect, indicate that aminoglycosides can be given effectively in a once-daily dosing regimen. Once-daily dosing has also been shown to reduce toxicity in animal studies. Although once-daily administration of amino-glycosides also has a number of practical advantages, questions remain concerning the indications that should be treated, the optimal peak and trough serum concentrations that should be attained, and the requirement for an initial loading dose. The present article examines the role of aminoglycosides in the treatment of serious infections and reviews the evidence presently available to answer questions on their appropriate clinical use.
Internalization of poly(D,L‐1actic acid) nanoparticles by isolated human leukocytes and analysis of plasma proteins adsorbed onto the particles (1994)

The objective of this work was to investigate the interactions of poly(D,L-lactic acid) nanoparticles prepared by a recently developed salting-out process, with lymphocytes and monocytes isolated from healthy human donors. Nanoparticles were labeled with a hydrophobic fluorescent dye and incubated with lymphocytes and monocytes, and their uptake was followed by flow cytometry in the presence and absence of plasma. Plasma protein adsorption increased nanoparticle uptake by monocytes, whereas a decrease of cellular binding of the nanoparticles to lymphocytes was noted. The cellular uptake for both cell types consisted in a passive adsorption and in an energy-requiring process, because the cells became 2-3 times more fluorescent when the incubation temperature was increased from 4 to 37 degrees C. When nanoparticles were coated with polyethylene glycol 20,000, uptake by monocytes decreased by 43 and 78% in phosphate-buffered saline and plasma, respectively; a similar decrease in nanoparticle uptake was observed for lymphocytes. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed to identify the plasma opsonins adsorbed onto the nanoparticle surface. Protein mappings for uncoated and polyethylene glycol-coated nanoparticles differed for two spot series. These spots, not yet clearly identified, may represent specific apolipoproteins involved in the metabolism of human lipoproteins, indicating the possible involvement of specific receptors in the uptake of the nanoparticles.
Endogenous Cytosine Damage Products Alter the Site Selectivity of Human DNA Maintenance Methyltransferase DNMT1 (2007)

Alterations in cytosine methylation patterns are usually observed in human tumors. The consequences of altered cytosine methylation patterns include both inappropriate activation of transforming genes and silencing of tumor suppressor genes. Despite the biological effect of methylation changes, little is known about how such changes are caused. The heritability of cytosine methylation patterns from parent to progeny cells is attributed to the fidelity of the methylation-sensitive human maintenance methyltransferase DNMT1, which methylates with high specificity the unmethylated strand of a hemimethylated CpG sequence following DNA replication. We have been studying DNA damage that might alter the specificity of DNMT1, either inhibiting the methylation of hemimethylated sites or triggering the inappropriate methylation of previously unmethylated sites. Here, we show that known forms of endogenous DNA damage can cause either hypermethylation or hypomethylation. Inflammation-induced 5-halogenated cytosine damage products, including 5-chlorocytosine, mimic 5-methylcytosine and induce inappropriate DNMT1 methylation within a CpG sequence. In contrast, oxidation damage of the methyl group of 5-methylcytosine, with the formation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, prevents DNMT1 methylation of the target cytosine. We propose that reduced DNMT1 selectivity resulting from DNA damage could cause heritable changes in cytosine methylation patterns, resulting in human tumor formation. These data may provide a mechanistic link for the associations documented between inflammation and cancer.
Platelet function and survival in sickle cell disease. (1973)

Abstract Platelet survival, recovery, turnover, and aggregation were measured to evaluate a possible role of the platelet in the pathophysiology of sickle cell disorders. Autologous platelet survival determined in 7 patients (5 with SS, l with S-thal, and 1 with SC) during an uncomplicated, noncrisis phase was normal or greater than normal. During sickle cell crisis, the life-span of autologous platelets in 3 patients was one-third of normal. The effective production of platelets by patients not in crisis was normal or 1.5 times normal and that by patients in crisis was 2 times normal or 3 times normal depending upon the method used to calculate blood volume. Aggregation of platelets obtained from patients not in crisis and from patients during crisis was normal. Aggregation of platelets collected from 3 patients during a period of thrombocytosis following crisis was greater than normal.
Diversity and Pattern in the Developing Spinal Cord (1996)

The generation of distinct neuronal cell types in appropriate numbers and at precise positions underlies the assembly of neural circuits that encode animal behavior. Despite the complexity of the vertebrate central nervous system, advances have been made in defining the principles that control the diversification and patterning of its component cells. A combination of molecular genetic, biochemical, and embryological assays has begun to reveal the identity and mechanism of action of molecules that induce and pattern neural tissue and the role of transcription factors in establishing generic and specific neuronal fates. Some of these advances are discussed here, focusing on the spinal cord as a model system for analyzing the molecular control of central nervous system development in vertebrates.
Chemical Structures and Performance of Perovskite Oxides (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical Structures and Performance of Perovskite OxidesM. A. Peña and J. L. G. FierroView Author Information Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica, CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 7, 1981–2018Publication Date (Web):May 31, 2001Publication History Received28 September 2000Published online31 May 2001Published inissue 1 July 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr980129fhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr980129fresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views32611Altmetric-Citations2264LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Ions,Oxides,Oxygen,Perovskites,Redox reactions Get e-Alerts
The Implications of Heterogeneous DNA Methylation for The Accurate Quantification of Methylation (2010)

DNA methylation based biomarkers have considerable potential for molecular diagnostics, both as tumor specific biomarkers for the early detection or post-therapeutic monitoring of cancer as well as prognostic and predictive biomarkers for therapeutic stratification. Particularly in the former, the accurate estimation of DNA methylation is of compelling importance. However, quantification of DNA methylation has many traps for the unwary, especially when heterogeneous methylation comprising multiple alleles with varied DNA methylation patterns (epialleles) is present. The frequent occurrence of heterogeneous methylation as distinct from a simple mixture of fully methylated and unmethylated alleles is generally not taken into account when DNA methylation is considered as a cancer biomarker. When heterogeneous DNA methylation is present, the proportion of methylated molecules is difficult to quantify without a method that allows the measurement of individual epialleles. In this article, we critically assess the methodologies frequently used to investigate DNA methylation, with an emphasis on the detection and measurement of heterogeneous DNA methylation. The adoption of digital approaches will enable the effective use of heterogeneous DNA methylation as a cancer biomarker.
Quartz: a tool for tuning parallel program performance (1990)

Initial implementations of parallel programs typically yield disappointing performance. Tuning to improve performance is thus a significant part of the parallel programming process. The effort required to tune a parallel program, and the level of performance that eventually is achieved, both depend heavily on the quality of the instrumentation that is available to the programmer. This paper describes Quartz, a new tool for tuning parallel program performance on shared memory multiprocessors. The philosophy underlying Quartz was inspired by that of the sequential UNIX tool gprof: to appropriately direct the attention of the programmer by efficiently measuring just those factors that are most responsible for performance and by relating these metrics to one another and to the structure of the program. This philosophy is even more important in the parallel domain than in the sequential domain, because of the dramatically greater number of possible metrics and the dramatically increased complexity of program structures. The principal metric of Quartz is normalized processor time : the total processor time spent in each section of code divided by the number of other processors that are concurrently busy when that section of code is being executed. Tied to the logical structure of the program, this metric provides a “smoking gun” pointing towards those areas of the program most responsible for poor performance. This information can be acquired efficiently by checkpointing to memory the number of busy processors and the state of each processor, and then statistically sampling these using a dedicated processor. In addition to describing the design rationale, functionality, and implementation of Quartz, the paper examines how Quartz would be used to solve a number of performance problems that have been reported as being frequently encountered, and describes a case study in which Quartz was used to significantly improve the performance of a CAD circuit verifier.
Antibiotic susceptibility of 65 isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei to 35 antimicrobial agents (2004)

Although B. mallei MICs are often lower, the overall results underline the importance of resistance in both species. The susceptibilities measured are consistent with the current recommendations for the treatment of B. pseudomallei and B. mallei infections.
Antibiotics in development targeting protein synthesis (2011)

The resolution of antibiotic-ribosomal subunit complexes and antibacterial-protein complexes at the atomic level has provided new insights into modifications of clinically relevant antimicrobials and provided new classes that target the protein cellular apparatus. New chemistry platforms that use fragment-based drug design or allow novel modifications in known structural classes are being used to design new antibiotics that overcome known resistance mechanisms and extend spectrum and potency by circumventing ubiquitous efflux pumps. This review provides details on seven antibiotics in development for treatment of moderate-to-severe community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and/or acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections: solithromycin, cethromycin, omadacycline, CEM-102, GSK1322322, radezolid, and tedizolid. Two antibiotics of the oxazolidinone class, PF-02341272 and AZD5847, are being developed as antituberculosis agents. Only three antibiotics that target the protein cellular machinery, TP-434, GSK2251052, and plazomicin, have a spectrum that encompasses multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. These compounds provide hope for treating key pathogens that cause serious disease in both the community and the hospital.
Model for the photoinduced formation of diffraction gratings in liquid-crystalline composite materials (2004)

We modelize the photoinduced formation of switchable diffraction gratings in polymer-based liquid-crystalline composite materials. The model assumes that redistribution of molecules is due to mass diffusion and incorporates a realistic kinetic description of polymerization processes. Numerical simulations predict two different kinds of structure that have already been experimentally observed. Two parameters governing the phenomenon are pointed out, which determine the structure that will be formed after the curing process has been completed.
Widespread and Developmentally Regulated Expression of Neurotrophin‐4 mRNA in Rat Brain and Peripheral Tissues (1993)

The neurotrophin gene family includes four structurally related proteins with neurotrophic activities. Two of them, nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), have been studied in detail and information has recently emerged on the expression and function of the third member, neurotrophin-3. In contrast, little information is available on neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), the most recently isolated member of this family. In this report we have used a sensitive RNAase protection assay to analyse the developmental expression of NT-4 mRNA in the rat brain and in 12 different rat peripheral organs. In heart, liver and muscle plus skin NT-4 mRNA levels were maximal at embryonic day (E) E13 (the earliest time point tested), with reduced levels at later times of development. In lung, kidney and thymus similar levels were seen from E13 to postnatal day (P) 1, with reduced levels in the adult. In testis, ovary and salivary gland NT-4 mRNA was detected at E16 with a peak shortly after birth. During brain development, NT-4 mRNA was maximal at E13 followed by a decrease around birth, after which the level increased. The postnatal increase of NT-4 mRNA was also seen in cerebral cortex and brain stem analysed separately, while in the hippocampus similar levels were found from P1 to adulthood. NT-4 mRNA was detected in all ten adult rat brain regions analysed with only small regional variations, being highest in pons-medulla, hypothalamus, thalamus and cerebellum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hierarchy of nonhomologous end-joining, single-strand annealing and gene conversion at site-directed DNA double-strand breaks (2008)

In mammalian cells, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are repaired by three pathways, nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ), gene conversion (GC) and single-strand annealing (SSA). These pathways are distinct with regard to repair efficiency and mutagenic potential and must be tightly controlled to preserve viability and genomic stability. Here, we employed chromosomal reporter constructs to characterize the hierarchy of NHEJ, GC and SSA at a single I-SceI-induced DSB in Chinese hamster ovary cells. We discovered that the use of GC and SSA was increased by 6- to 8-fold upon loss of Ku80 function, suggesting that NHEJ is dominant over the other two pathways. However, NHEJ efficiency was not altered if GC was impaired by Rad51 knockdown. Interestingly, when SSA was made available as an alternative mode for DSB repair, loss of Rad51 function led to an increase in SSA activity at the expense of NHEJ, implying that Rad51 may indirectly promote NHEJ by limiting SSA. We conclude that a repair hierarchy exists to limit the access of the most mutagenic mechanism, SSA, to the break site. Furthermore, the cellular choice of repair pathways is reversible and can be influenced at the level of effector proteins such as Ku80 or Rad51.
Effects of oral administration of sulfolithocholic acid disodium salt and lithocholic acid sodium salt on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced colonic tumorigenesis in conventional rats. (1989)

Effects of p.o. administration of sulfolithocholic acid disodium salt (SLCNa) and lithocholic acid sodium salt (LCNa) on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced colonic tumorigenesis were studied in conventional rats. Female F344 rats received either 0.5 ml of distilled water (DW) alone or DW containing 2.5 mg of MNU twice in 1 wk intrarectally. Then rats were fed freely on a basal diet (PCE-2) or PCE-2 containing LCNa or SLCNa (both at 0.5 mmol/100 g of PCE-2) for 40 wk. Thus, 6 groups were completed: MNU + PCE-2 (n = 30); MNU + LCNa (n = 29); MNU + SLCNa (n = 22); DW + PCE-2 (n = 17); DW + LCNa (n = 20); and DW + SLCNa (n = 19). Numbers of rats bearing colonic tumor were 3 (10%) in MNU + PCE-2, 2 (7%) in MNU + LCNa, and 8 (36%) in MNU + SLCNa group (uncorrected x2 = 9.35 among the 3 groups), but none in those groups without MNU. Total fecal bile acids in the rats given bile salts showed about 2-fold increase compared with those without bile salts. Fecal bile acid profiles between the LCNa and SLCNa groups were indistinguishable except for a slight increase of sulfolithocholic acid in the SLCNa groups. These results indicated that p.o. administration of SLCNa but not LCNa promoted MNU-induced colonic tumorigenesis in conventional rats. Fecal bile acid profiles did not support the higher tumor incidence in the MNU + SLCNa group compared with the MNU + LCNa group, which suggested that an unrecognized mechanism probably relating to desulfation of SLCNa was involved in this phenomenon.