gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic targets in the biology of Alzheimerʼs disease (2001)

The cause of Alzheimer's disease is closely associated with the accumulation of β-amyloid in the neocortex. The neurochemical factors responsible for precipitating this otherwise normal, soluble protein are contentious. Nevertheless, in the absence of any other curative treatment for Alzheimer's disease, the majority of the research effort has focussed on inhibiting the production of β-amyloid (using secretase inhibitors) or destroying the protein (vaccination with synthetic peptide). Both approaches assume that the protein serves no purposive function. In contrast, a new alternative has recently emerged employing small metal complexing agents that inhibit the neurotoxic hydrogen peroxide produced by β-amyloid, and which facilitate the dissolution of brain amyloid deposits in vivo in transgenic mice. Currently in clinical trials, this class of agent may interdict the Alzheimer disease process at its most generic biochemical level.
Construction, expression, and characterization of a mutated animal fatty acid synthase deficient in the dehydrase function. (1993)

The location of the dehydrase domain in the multifunctional animal fatty acid synthase has been determined by engineering a fatty acid synthase mutant deficient in dehydrase activity. A full-length fatty acid synthase cDNA encoding a mutated histidine residue (His878-->Ala) was constructed and expressed in insect Sf9 cells using a baculoviral vector. The mutated recombinant fatty acid synthase retained all partial activities of the multifunctional complex except the dehydrase and was unable to synthesize fatty acids. beta-Hydroxybutyryl moieties were formed by the mutant fatty acid synthase from acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, and NADPH and slowly released as the CoA thioester, confirming that this protein cannot perform the dehydration reaction. This finding points to an important catalytic role for His878 in the dehydration reaction and establishes that the dehydrase domain is located immediately adjacent to the carboxyl terminus of the transferase domain. Examination of the completed domain map for the animal fatty acid synthase indicates that the catalytic domains are clustered in two groups separated by a central structural core: the ketoacyl synthase, malonyl/acetyltransferase, and dehydrase in the amino-terminal half and the enoyl reductase, ketoreductase, acyl carrier protein, and thioesterase in the carboxyl-terminal half. A model is proposed in which the two centers for acyl chain initiation, elongation and termination, are formed by the cooperation of the three amino-terminal domains of one subunit with the four carboxyl-terminal domains of the other subunit.
Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus DNA by Real-Time PCR (2000)

Molecular detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA is recognized as the reference standard assay method for the sensitive and specific diagnosis of central nervous system infections caused by HSV. In this study, a molecular assay based on real-time PCR on the LightCycler (LC) instrument was evaluated and compared with a home-brew molecular assay. The detection limit of the LC assay was determined with 10-fold dilutions of plasmid pS4 with the SalI restriction fragment of the DNA polymerase gene and with the First European Union Concerted Action HSV Proficiency Panel. A total of 59 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were investigated for the comparative study. With plasmid pS4, the detection limit of the LC assay was found to be 10(4) copies per ml, i.e., 12.5 copies per run. When samples of the First European Union Concerted Action HSV Proficiency Panel were tested, 2x10(3) to 5x10(3) HSV type 1 genome equivalents (GE) per ml, i.e., 2.5 to 6.3 GE per run, could consistently be detected. There was a correlation between the LC assay and the home-brew assay in 55 of 59 specimens. In conclusion, the LC assay allows very rapid detection of HSV DNA in CSF. It was found to be laborsaving and showed sufficient sensitivity.
Recording codes for digital magnetic storage (1985)

This paper provides a tutorial introduction to recording codes for magnetic disk storage devices and a review of progress in code construction algorithms. Topics covered include: a brief description of typical magnetic recording channels; motivation for use of recording codes; methods of selecting codes to maximize data density and reliability; and techniques for code design and implementation.
Successful immunization with a totally synthetic diphtheria vaccine. (1982)

Three peptides corresponding to fragments of diphtheria toxin have been synthesized. They include the previously described tetradecapeptide and two structural analogs, the hexadecapeptide and the octadecapeptide. Conjugates of these peptides to proteins or a synthetic carrier have induced in guinea pig protection against the dermonecrotic activity of diphtheria toxin. All of the conjugates were immunogenic when administered either in complete Freund's adjuvant or with N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine in aqueous medium. Positive immune response toward the octadecapeptide was obtained in mice as well. In this case, the immunogenic combinations were conjugates with bovine serum albumin administered either in Freund's adjuvant or with the muramyl dipeptide and a complete synthetic conjugate comprising both the octadecapeptide and the muramyl dipeptide covalently attached to a synthetic carrier, multichain poly(DLAla). This last immunogen, which induced the most effective immune response, is a completely synthetic immunogen with built-in adjuvanticity and induces protective antitoxic immunity when administered in a physiological medium.
Cellular peptide processing after a single arginyl residue. Studies on the common precursor for pancreatic polypeptide and pancreatic icosapeptide. (1987)

The processing of the common precursor for pancreatic polypeptide and pancreatic icosapeptide was studied in primary cultures of endocrine cells isolated from the duodenal part of the canine pancreas. Biosynthetically labeled peptides were characterized by enzymatic digestion and radiosequencing and compared to a COOH-terminally extended form of the icosapeptide which was isolated from canine pancreas and also sequenced. It was substantiated that, in these cell cultures, processing can be studied at a classical dibasic site between the pancreatic polypeptide and the icosapeptide, and at a monobasic processing site between the icosapeptide and its COOH-terminal extension. Pulse-chase experiments showed that the monobasic cleavage occurs later than the dibasic one in the biosynthetic process; the monobasic site was apparently not cleaved before the prohormone had been processed at the dibasic site. The monobasic processing could also be distinguished from the dibasic cleavage mechanism as, in time, the cells gradually lost the ability to cleave at the monobasic site while the dibasic processing was unaffected. It is concluded that monobasic conversion, which is important in the activation of a series of hormones, neuropeptides, and growth factors, is a distinct cellular processing mechanism.
Structural analysis of integrin recognition and the inhibition of integrin-mediated cell functions by novel nonpeptidic surrogates of the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence (1993)

The pivotal role of the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide motif in integrin-mediated cell adhesive interactions with extracellular matrix and plasma proteins stimulated the present design of nonpeptidic mimetics of this sequence. To probe the structural requirements for RGD recognition by integrins, we designed various structural mimetics of the tripeptide sequence, which consist of differentially spaced guanidinium and carboxylic groups. We now report that structures which contain guanidinium and carboxylic groups separated by an 11-carbon atom backbone mimic the distal configuration of functional RGD sequence. These compounds acquire a considerable affinity for the RGD-dependent platelet alpha IIb beta 3 integrin. As a result, these mimetics specifically inhibited platelet aggregation with an IC50 at the submillimolar range and interfered with RGD-dependent adhesion of CD4+ T-lymphocytes and metastatic tumor cells to immobilized fibronectin and vitronectin. A structural mimetic of the Arg-Gly-Glu (RGE) sequence, and structures with incorrect spacing between the functional groups, failed to inhibit these adhesive interactions. Furthermore, substitution of the guanidinium group by a primary amine abrogated the RGD-mediated biological effects. In vivo, an RGD surrogate effectively inhibited the elicitation of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction mediated by CD4+ T-cells, while the RGE mimetic did not. This interference suggests for a central role for RGD recognition in the regulation of immune responses. These proteolytically stable RGD mimetics may thus serve as useful therapeutic agents in versatile pathologic processes which depend on RGD recognition.
The Arabidopsis thaliana proton transporters, AtNhx1 and Avp1, can function in cation detoxification in yeast (1999)

Overexpression of the Arabidopsis thaliana vacuolar H+-pyrophosphatase (AVP1) confers salt tolerance to the salt-sensitive ena1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Suppression of salt sensitivity requires two ion transporters, the Gef1 Cl- channel and the Nhx1 Na+/H+ exchanger. These two proteins colocalize to the prevacuolar compartment of yeast and are thought to be required for optimal acidification of this compartment. Overexpression of AtNHX1, the plant homologue of the yeast Na+/H+ exchanger, suppresses some of the mutant phenotypes of the yeast nhx1 mutant. Moreover, the level of AtNHX1 mRNA in Arabidopsis is increased in the presence of NaCl. The regulation of AtNHX1 by NaCl and the ability of the plant gene to suppress the yeast nhx1 mutant suggest that the mechanism by which cations are detoxified in yeast and plants may be similar.
Diffusion of high molecular weight compounds through sclera. (2000)

Large molecules, such as IgG, diffuse across sclera in a manner consistent with porous diffusion through a fiber matrix. Transscleral delivery of immunoglobulins and other large compounds to the choroid and retina may be feasible.
Hydrophobierung von Holz. Erkenntnisse aus 7 Jahren Freilandtests fuer neue Entwicklungen (2005)

Vor etwa 10 Jahren begann das europÃ¤ische Forschungsprojekt âNatural Resinsâ mit dem Ziel eines biozidfreien Holzschutzes allein durch Hydrophobierung des Holzes. Die Idee ist einfach: Ohne kapillares Wasser im Holz gibt es keinen pilzlichen Abbau. Das Holz sollte, obwohl in GK3 bewittert, durch Hydrophobierungsmittel so trocken gehalten werden, dass sich keine FÃ¤ulnis entwickelt. Als Hydrophobierungsmittel wurden u.a. pflanzliche Ãle und Harze eingesetzt. Beteiligt waren in diesem Projekt u.a. folgende Forschungsreinrichtungen, BFH (Deutschland), SHR (Holland), ReichsuniversitÃ¤t Ghent (Belgien), VTT (Finnland), UniversitÃ¤t Bangor (Wales), Imperial College (England) und mehrere Industriepartner. Es gab viele Screening- und Labortests. Vor mehr als 7 Jahren begann die BFH mit den ihr in diesem Projekt obliegenden Freilandversuchen. Im folgenden Beitrag werden die Erkenntnisse aus Ã¼ber 7 Jahren FreilandprÃ¼fung mitgeteilt, die Vor- und Nachteile von Hydrophobierungsmitteln auf Basis von PflanzenÃ¶len betrachtet und aufgezeigt wie hieraus die gegenwÃ¤rtigen Entwicklungen von neuen Hydrophobierungssystemen von BFH, Sasol Wax GmbH und SteinbrÃ¼gge + Berninghausen GmbH entstanden sind. Das Grundprinzip Holzschutz durch Feuchteschutz ist geblieben, vieles andere ist neu.
Safety and Immunogenicity ofShigella sonneiandShigella flexneri2a O‐Specific Polysaccharide Conjugates in Children (1999)

O-specific polysaccharide conjugates of shigellae were safe and immunogenic in young adults, and a Shigella sonnei conjugate conferred protection [1-3]. Shigellosis is primarily a disease of children; therefore, the safety and immunogenicity of S. sonnei and Shigella flexneri 2a conjugates were studied in 4- to 7-year-old children. Local and systemic reactions were minimal. The first injection of both conjugates elicited significant rises in geometric mean levels of serum IgG only to the homologous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (S. sonnei, 0.32-8.25 ELISA units [EU]; S. flexneri 2a, 1.15-20.5 EU; P<.0001). Revaccination at 6 weeks induced a booster response to S. flexneri 2a LPS (20.5-30.5 EU, P=.003). Six months later, the geometric mean levels of IgG anti-LPS for both groups were higher than the prevaccination levels (P<.0001). Similar, but lesser, rises were observed for IgM and IgA anti-LPS. The investigational Shigella conjugates were safe and immunogenic in children and merit evaluation of their efficacy.
Pt Nanoparticles@Photoactive Metal–Organic Frameworks: Efficient Hydrogen Evolution via Synergistic Photoexcitation and Electron Injection (2012)

Pt nanoparticles of 2-3 nm and 5-6 nm in diameter were loaded into stable, porous, and phosphorescent metal-organic frameworks (MOFs 1 and 2) built from [Ir(ppy)(2)(bpy)](+)-derived dicarboxylate ligands (L(1) and L(2)) and Zr(6)(μ(3)-O)(4)(μ(3)-OH)(4)(carboxylate)(12) secondary building units, via MOF-mediated photoreduction of K(2)PtCl(4). The resulting Pt@MOF assemblies serve as effective photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution by synergistic photoexcitation of the MOF frameworks and electron injection into the Pt nanoparticles. Pt@2 gave a turnover number of 7000, approximately five times the value afforded by the homogeneous control, and could be readily recycled and reused.
Application of Electrical Resistivity Imaging Techniques to Civil and Environmental Problems (2000)

The electrical resistivity method, which is one of the most widely practiced geophysical prospecting methods, has in the past usually been applied to groundwater and underground resource exploration. Its scope has recently been extended to civil & environmental areas because of new developments that allow it to image, underground structures effectively. The applicability of the electrical resistivity imaging techniques to civil and environmental problems has been demonstrated in two case studies in Korea. First, the electrical resistivity surface imaging technique was performed in a tunnel construction site, to map the underground geological structure of a large area in a short period of time. The dimension of the weak zones was estimated and the support pattern of the tunnel was adjusted. The result was a successful excavation of the tunnel. Second, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) was implemented in a research tunnel site to monitor the movement of brine after it was injected in a test borehole. A pair of low-conductivity zones which was interpreted as the pathway of the groundwater flow was clearly imaged.
The spread of prion-like proteins by lysosomes and tunneling nanotubes: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases (2017)

Progression of pathology in neurodegenerative diseases is hypothesized to be a non-cell-autonomous process that may be mediated by the productive spreading of prion-like protein aggregates from a "donor cell" that is the source of misfolded aggregates to an "acceptor cell" in which misfolding is propagated by conversion of the normal protein. Although the proteins involved in the various diseases are unrelated, common pathways appear to be used for their intercellular propagation and spreading. Here, we summarize recent evidence of the molecular mechanisms relevant for the intercellular trafficking of protein aggregates involved in prion, Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases. We focus in particular on the common roles that lysosomes and tunneling nanotubes play in the formation and spreading of prion-like assemblies.
Chromosome imbalances in thyroid follicular neoplasms: A comparison between follicular adenomas and carcinomas (2003)

The underlying genetic events associated with follicular thyroid tumorigenesis are still ill defined. In this study, we performed a screening for chromosome imbalances by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in a group of 12 follicular adenomas (FAs) and 20 follicular carcinomas (FTCs) previously characterized by conventional cytogenetics and flow cytometry analysis. In general, a great similarity was observed between the CGH profiles of the FAs and FTCs. In both benign and malignant tumors, a combination of gains affecting 5, 7, 12, 17, 19, and 20 was observed. Chromosome 7 was the most frequently affected chromosome, with three regions of consensus gains: 7p11-12, 7q11.3-q21, and 7q31. Recurrent gains of chromosomes 5 and 12 involved 5p11, 5p15, 5q13-q22, 5q21-q23, 12p11, and 12q11-q12. DNA sequence losses were also observed in both tumor groups. Chromosomal arms deleted in at least five of the neoplasms were (in order of frequency): in adenomas, 15q, 2p/2q, 3q, 6p/6q, 11q, and 22q; and in FTCs, 3p, 2p, 8q, 1p, 2q, 3q, 6q, 8p, 9p, 11q, 13q, 6p, and 18q. The statistical evaluation of the CGH data demonstrated that 15q loss was significantly associated with FA. Two regions of minimal common loss were defined by CGH at 15: 15q11-q21 and 15q26-qter. The identification of these regions provides a basis for further molecular studies.
IDENTIDADES E CONFLITOS NAS OCUPAÇÕES URBANAS DA AMAZÔNIA (identities and conflicts in the urbain occupations of the amazon region) (2010)

Este trabalho analisa as construcoes e descontinuidades identitarias nas ocupacoes urbanas em Belem do Para, contribuindo para apreensao das contradicoes nas espacialidades e territorialidades inerentes a dinâmica interna do espaco urbano, atraves de uma releitura da cidade na Amazonia. Desta forma, a questao perpassa pela inclusao dessas areas segregadas, e tudo que esta representa para o seu morador e suas relacoes, visto como um lugar onde os residuos de temporalidades outras coexistem com o moderno, permitindo uma visualizacao das resistencias de determinados usos e conteudos diferenciados. Palavras-chave : Identidades, Amazonia, ocupacao urbana. ABSTRACT This work analyses the constructions identities of urban occupations in Belem of the Para, contributing to apprehension of the contradictions in the spatiality and territory inherent to dynamic it interns of the urbane space, through a rereading of the city in the Amazon region. In this way, the question passes by the inclusion of these segregated areas, and completely what this one represents for his resident and his relations, visa as a place where the residues of temporalities of church others coexist with the modern thing, allowing a visualization of the resistances of determined uses and differentiated contents. Key words : Identity; Amazon; urban occupation. RESUME Cet article examine les constructions identitaires et des discontinuites dans les occupations urbaines de Belem, contribuant pour la comprehension de l’espace et les contradictions territoriales inherentes a la dynamique interne de l’espace urbain, a travers une relecture de la ville de l’Amazonie. Ainsi, la question passe par l’inclusion de ces zones de segregation, et tout ce qu’elle represente a ses habitants et de leurs relations, considere comme un endroit ou les dechets d’autres temporalites coexistent avec des aspects modernes, permettant une visibilite de la resistance de certains usages et  contenus differenciees. Mots-cle : identite ; Amazonie; occupations urbaines. DOI: 10.4215/RM2010.0918.0007
The mammalian Na+/H+ exchanger gene family--initial structure/function studies. (1993)

A gene family of mammalian Na+/H+ exchangers has been identified. Three isoforms have been cloned, sequenced, and stably expressed, and structure/function studies have been begun. Several of the isoforms are found in the epithelia, and one of them is epithelial specific.
Aspects of natural cold tolerance in ectothermic animals (2000)

Polar, alpine and temperate ectothermic (cold-blooded) animals encounter temperatures below the melting point of their body fluids either diurnally or seasonally. These animals have developed a number of biochemical and physiological adaptations to survive the low temperatures. The problems posed to the animals during cold periods include changes in membrane and protein structure due to phase changes in these molecules, changes in electrolyte concentrations and other solutes in the body fluids as well as changes in metabolism. Cold-tolerant ectothermic animals can be divided into two groups depending which of two 'strategies' they employ to survive the low temperatures: freeze-tolerant animals which survive ice formation in the tissues and freeze-avoiding animals which tolerate the low temperatures but not crystallization of the body fluids. The adaptations are mainly directed towards the control or avoidance of ice formation and include the synthesis of low mol. wt cryoprotectants, ice-nucleating agents and antifreeze proteins. However, some of the adaptations such as the synthesis of low mol. wt cryoprotectants are also more specific in their mechanism, e.g. direct stabilizing interaction with membranes and proteins. The mechanisms employed by such animals may offer ideas and information on alternative approaches which might be usefully employed in the cryopreservation of cells and tissues frequently required in assisted reproductive technology.
Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Applications and potential (1990)

Single-photon emission computed tomography has received increasing attention as radiopharmaceuticals that reflect perfusion, metabolism, and receptor and cellular function have become widely available. Perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography of the brain provides functional information useful for the diagnosis and management of stroke, dementia, and epilepsy. Single-photon emission computed tomography has been applied to myocardial, skeletal, hepatic, and tumor scintigraphy, resulting in increased diagnostic accuracy over planar imaging because background activity and overlapping tissues interfere far less with activity from the target structure when tomographic techniques are used. Single-photon emission computed tomography is substantially less expensive and far more accessible than positron emission tomography and will become an increasingly attractive alternative for transferring the positron emission tomography technology to routine clinical use. In addition, single-photon emission computed tomography has unique applications that are increasingly finding their way into the routine practice of clinical nuclear medicine.