gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spinal cord projections from hindlimb muscle nerves in the rat studied by transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase, or horseradish peroxidase with dimethylsulfoxide (1987)

The spinal cord projections of four different groups of hindlimb muscle nerve branches--the medial and lateral gastrocnemius nerves, muscle branches of the deep peroneal nerve, muscle branches of the femoral nerve, and a nerve to the hamstring muscles--were studied with transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in the rat. The influence of varying the postoperative survival (3, 6, and 10 days) and of using wheat germ agglutinin-HRP conjugate (WGA-HRP), or HRP with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) instead of free HRP was studied for the gastrocnemius nerves. After 3 days' survival following application of HRP to the gastrocnemius nerves, fine granular labeling was found mainly in lamina V in L4-5, and coarse granular labeling was found in Clarke's column as far caudally as L2, and in laminae VI and VII predominantly in Th12-L2. After 6 or 10 days' survival, the fine labeling in lamina V was sparse or absent, whereas the coarse labeling appeared to remain or to be only slightly reduced in Clarke's column and in laminae VI and VII. No labeling suggestive of terminals was observed in laminae I-III from the gastrocnemius nerves. Except for sparse labeling in lamina I in some of the cases and some minor differences rostrocaudally, the spinal distribution of labeling was similar to that from the other nerves investigated. The distribution of labeling obtained after application of WGA-HRP or HRP with DMSO to the gastrocnemius nerves was very similar to that obtained with free HRP after 3 days' survival. The results indicate that the spinal cord projections of hindlimb muscle nerves in the rat distribute mainly in the deep part of the dorsal horn and in the intermediate zone. Furthermore, the lack of labeling suggestive of terminals in laminae I-III from the gastrocnemius nerves suggests, in conflict with earlier findings in the cat, that primary afferent fibers from muscles do not necessarily terminate in these laminae in the rat. The results suggest, furthermore, that fine granular labeling found in lamina V represents fine-calibered afferent fibers. Finally, the similar spinal projection patterns of the different muscle nerves investigated suggest either a less developed or an essentially different somatotopic organization for muscle afferents compared to cutaneous afferents, as revealed in earlier studies.
A functional integrin ligand on the surface of platelets: intercellular adhesion molecule-2. (1994)

Activated platelets express P-selectin and release leukocyte chemoattractants; however, they have not been known to express integrin ligands important in the stabilization of leukocyte interactions with the vasculature. We now demonstrate the presence of intercellular adhesion molecular-2 (ICAM-2) (CD102), and lack of expression of other beta 2-integrin ligands, ICAM-1 (CD54) and ICAM-3 (CD50), on the surface of resting and stimulated platelets. ICAM-2 isolated from platelets migrates as a band of 59,000 M(r) in reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Staining of bone marrow aspirates with anti-ICAM-2 mAb demonstrates strong reactivity to megakaryocytes. Using frozen thin sections and immunogold labeling, the antigen was shown to be present on the plasma membrane and surface-connected canalicular system of resting platelets. The average number of ICAM-2 molecules per platelet is 3,000 +/- 230 and does not change after activation. In adhesion assays, resting and stimulated platelets were capable of binding through ICAM-2 to purified leukocyte function-associated antigen-1. Activation of T lymphocytes with PMA stimulated binding to platelets that was Mg2+ dependent and could be specifically inhibited by mAbs to either ICAM-2 or leukocyte function-associated antigen-1. ICAM-2 is the only known beta 2-integrin ligand present on platelets, suggesting that it may play an important role in leukocyte-platelet interactions in inflammation and thrombosis.
Trust me, i'm partially right (2012)

Queries over large scale (petabyte) data bases often mean waiting overnight for a result to come back. Scale costs time. Such time also means that potential avenues of exploration are ignored because the costs are perceived to be too high to run or even propose them. With sampleAction we have explored whether interaction techniques to present query results running over only incremental samples can be presented as sufficiently trustworthy for analysts both to make closer to real time decisions about their queries and to be more exploratory in their questions of the data. Our work with three teams of analysts suggests that we can indeed accelerate and open up the query process with such incremental visualizations.
Androgen Replacement Therapy with Dehydroepiandrosterone for Androgen Insufficiency and Female Sexual Dysfunction: Androgen and Questionnaire Results (2002)

During our evaluations of women with sexual dysfunction, we have seen many with low interest, arousal, and orgasmic capabilities with associated personal distress and diminished genital sensation and blood flow following sexual stimulation. Laboratory evaluation of these women has revealed normal estrogen but androgen values that were either below or in the lower quartile of the physiologic range. Androgen insufficiency and sexual dysfunction have been the working diagnoses in these women. Although many treatment options currently are available for this syndrome, there are limited data concerning safety and efficacy. The aim of this retrospective, Institutional Review Board (IRB)--approved, single-institution study was to report on the androgen and questionnaire results from a series of patients who underwent androgen replacement therapy with dehydroepiandrosterone for treatment of androgen insufficiency and sexual dysfunction. This study revealed that there was a significant decrease in sexual distress, a significant increase in sexual function in the domains of desire, arousal, lubrication, satisfaction, and orgasm, and a normalization to values within the physiologic range in the following androgens measured: total testosterone, free or bioavAilable testosterone, DHEA, DHEA-S, and androstenedione. Side effects included increased facial hair (11%), weight gain (7%), acne (5%), temporary breast tenderness (1%), loss of head hair (1%) and skin rash (1%). Preliminary results suggest that androgen replacement therapy with dehydroepiandrosterone is a safe and effective treatment for androgen insufficiency and female sexual dysfunction. However, further research is needed, including prospective, multi-institution, placebo-controlled double-blind studies.
Cationic Heteroleptic Cyclometalated IridiumIII Complexes Containing Phenyl-Triazole and Triazole-Pyridine Clicked Ligands (2010)

Novel heteroleptic iridium complexes containing the 1-substituted-4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole (phtl) cyclometalating ligand have been synthesized. The 3+2 Huisgen dipolar cycloaddition method ('click' chemistry) was utilized to prepare a class of bidentate ligands (phtl) bearing different substituents on the triazole moiety. By using various ligands (phtl-R1 and pytl-R2) (R1 = adamantane, methyl and R2 = adamantane, methyl, beta-cyclodextrin, ursodeoxycholic acid), we prepared a small library of new luminescent ionic iridium complexes [Ir(phtr-R1)2(pytl-R2)]Cl and report on their photophysical properties. The flexibility of the clicking approach allows a straightforward control on the chemical-physical properties of the complexes by varying the nature of the substituent on the ligand.
UK-3A, a Novel Antifungal Antibiotic from Streptomyces sp. 517-02: Fermentation, Isolation, Structural Elucidation and Biological Properties. (1997)

A novel antifungal antibiotic, UK-3A, was obtained from the mycelial cake of Streptomyces sp. 517-02. UK-3A was very similar in structure to UK-2A, a structural relative of antimycin A. The antifungal spectrum of UK-3A was relatively broad (MICs for yeasts and filamentous fungi: 1.56-6.25 and 0.39-1.56 micrograms/ml, respectively). The cytotoxic activity of UK-3A was weak (IC50: 18-100 micrograms/ml).
Quaternary Structure Regulates Hemin Dissociation from Human Hemoglobin (1997)

Rate constants for hemin dissociation from the alpha and beta subunits of native and recombinant human hemoglobins were measured as a function of protein concentration at pH 7.0, 37 degrees C, using H64Y/V68F apomyoglobin as a hemin acceptor reagent. Hemin dissociation rates were also measured for native isolated alpha and beta chains and for recombinant hemoglobin tetramers stabilized by alpha subunit fusion. The rate constant for hemin dissociation from beta subunits in native hemoglobin increases from 1.5 h-1 in tetramers at high protein concentration to 15 h-1 in dimers at low concentrations. The rate of hemin dissociation from alpha subunits in native hemoglobin is significantly smaller (0.3-0.6 h-1) and shows little dependence on protein concentration. Recombinant hemoglobins containing a fused di-alpha subunit remain tetrameric under all concentrations and show rates of hemin loss similar to those observed for wild-type and native hemoglobin at high protein concentration. Rates of hemin dissociation from monomeric alpha and beta chains are much greater, 12 and 40 h-1, respectively, at pH 7, 37 degrees C. Aggregation of monomers to form alpha1beta1 dimers greatly stabilizes bound hemin in alpha chains, decreasing its rate of hemin loss approximately 20-fold. In contrast, dimer formation has little stabilizing effect on hemin binding to beta subunits. A significant reduction in the rate of hemin loss from beta subunits does occur after formation of the alpha1beta2 interface in tetrameric hemoglobin. These results suggest that native human hemoglobin may have evolved to lose heme rapidly after red cell lysis, allowing the prosthetic group to be removed by serum albumin and apohemopexin.
Temporal and Spatial Regulation of Targeting Aurora B to the Inner Centromere (2010)

Successful partitioning of chromosomes in mitosis relies on the bipolar attachment of sister chromatids at metaphase. For this biorientation, the chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), composed of catalytic kinase Aurora B and regulatory components (INCENP, Survivin, and Borealin), must be localized at the center of paired kinetochores, the site called the inner centromere. It is largely unknown what defines the inner centromere and how the CPC is targeted to this site. Recent studies point out that the shugoshin protein (SGO), originally identified as a cohesin protector, also acts as a conserved centromeric adapter of the CPC. Phosphorylation of the CPC by Cdk1 promotes direct binding with shugoshin, thus explaining how the CPC is targeted to the centromere in a timely manner at prometaphase during the cell cycle. Moreover, the phosphorylation of histone H3 threonine 3 (H3-pT3) mediated by Haspin cooperates with Bub1-mediated H2A-S121 phosphorylation in targeting the CPC to the inner centromere. H3-pT3 promotes nucleosome binding of Survivin, whereas H2A-pS121 facilitates the binding of shugoshin. Haspin colocalizes with cohesin by associating with Pds5, a cohesin-binding protein, and Bub1 localizes at kinetochores. Thus, the inner centromere is defined by the spatial intersection of two histone marks mediated by cohesin- and kinetochore-associated kinases.
Application of Electroporation in DNA Vaccination Protocols (2010)

Vaccination is historically one of the most important methods for preventing infectious diseases in humans and animals. Due to recent advances in understanding the biology of the immune system, a more rational design of vaccines and vaccination strategies such as those based on gene transfer have been proposed. In particular, naked DNA vaccination is emerging as a promising approach for introducing foreign antigens into the host, inducing protective immunity against infectious diseases and malignant tumours. Plasmid DNA vaccines offer several advantages in comparison to traditional vaccines such as safety, tolerability and feasibility in manufacture. Nevertheless, because of their poor immunogenicity, plasmid DNA vaccines need further implementation. Recent data suggest electroporation as useful strategy to improve DNA-based vaccination protocols, being able to stimulate both the humoural and cellular immune responses. In pre-clinical trials, electroporation is successfully used in prime-boost combination protocols and its efficacy and tolerability has been demonstrated in Phase I clinical trials. Since these initial results appear promising, in the next future we will assist to further developments of naked DNA vaccination associated to the electroporation technology. This approach not only provides the basis for human studies but also a practical application to veterinary medicine.
Administration of an anti-interleukin 2 receptor monoclonal antibody prolongs cardiac allograft survival in mice. (1985)

Administration of the monoclonal antibody M7/20, which binds to the murine interleukin-2 (IL) receptor, significantly prolongs cardiac allograft survival in two H-2-incompatible strain combinations of inbred mice. The results support the important role of the IL-2 receptor in the mechanism of graft rejection, and suggest its suitability as a target for immunosuppressive therapy.
4′-Thio-RNA: A Novel Class of Sugar-Modified β-RNA (1994)

A new series of sugar-modified oligoribonucleotides, namely 4′-thio-β-D-oligoribonucleotide, is described herein. The synthesis of the 4′-thio-D-ribonucleotide derivatives and their assembling on solid support using phosphoroamidite chemistry are reported together with nuclease resistance and binding affinities studies. 4′-thio-RNA exhibit high resistance towards enzymatic degradation and stable hybridization with complementary RNA strands. Finally, interaction of 4′-thio-oligouridylates with HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase are presented and discussed.
Advances in greenhouse automation and controlled environment agriculture: A transition to plant factories and urban agriculture (2018)

Greenhouse cultivation has evolved from simple covered rows of open-fields crops to highly sophisticated controlled environment agriculture (CEA) facilities that projected the image of plant factories for urban agriculture. The advances and improvements in CEA have promoted the scientific solutions for the efficient production of plants in populated cities and multi-story buildings. Successful deployment of CEA for urban agriculture requires many components and subsystems, as well as the understanding of the external influencing factors that should be systematically considered and integrated. This review is an attempt to highlight some of the most recent advances in greenhouse technology and CEA in order to raise the awareness for technology transfer and adaptation, which is necessary for a successful transition to urban agriculture. This study reviewed several aspects of a high-tech CEA system including improvements in the frame and covering materials, environment perception and data sharing, and advanced microclimate control and energy optimization models. This research highlighted urban agriculture and its derivatives, including vertical farming, rooftop greenhouses and plant factories which are the extensions of CEA and have emerged as a response to the growing population, environmental degradation, and urbanization that are threatening food security. Finally, several opportunities and challenges have been identified in implementing the integrated CEA and vertical farming for urban agriculture. Keywords: smart agriculture, greenhouse modelling, urban agriculture, vertical farming, automation, internet of things (IoT), wireless sensor network, plant factories DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20181101.3210 Citation: Shamshiri R R, Kalantari F, Ting K C, Thorp K R, Hameed I A, Weltzien C, et al. Advances in greenhouse automation and controlled environment agriculture: A transition to plant factories and urban agriculture. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(1): 1–22.
General purpose operating system support for multiple page sizes (1998)

Many commercial microprocessor architectures support translation lookaside buffer (TLB) entries with multiple page sizes. This support can be used to substantially reduce the overhead introduced by TLB misses incurred when the processor runs an application with a large working set. Applications are currently not able to take advantage of this hardware feature because most commercial operating systems support only one page size. In this paper we present a design that provides general purpose operating system support that allows applications to use multiple page sizes. The paper describes why providing this support is not as simple as it first seems. If not designed carefully, adding this support will require significant modifications and add a lot of overhead to the operating system. The paper shows how our approach simplifies the design without sacrificing functionality and performance. In addition, applications need not be modified to make use of this feature. The design has been impl...
Isolation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Human Cord Blood (2007)

Enrichment of hematopoietic stem cells is based on the expression of certain surface antigens, such as CD34 and CD133, or on the lack of expression of lineage-specific antigens. Immunomagnetic positive selection of CD34(+) or CD133(+) cells is performed using paramagnetic microbeads conjugated to specific monoclonal antibodies (anti-human CD34 or anti-human CD133). In negative selection of lineage-negative (Lin(-)) cells, the unwanted cells are labeled with antibodies against known markers for mature hematopoietic cells (CD2, CD3, CD14, CD16, CD19, CD24, CD56, CD66b, and glycophorin A) and retained in the column. Unlabeled cells pass through the column and are collected as the Lin(-) cell fraction. Immunomagnetic cell sorting system MACS is a fast and gentle method to enrich hematopoietic stem cells. Viable and highly pure cells can be separated to be used in various downstream applications, such as flow cytometry and cell culture.
Algorithms for synchronizing network clocks (1985)

This RFC discussed clock synchronization algorithms for the ARPA-
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. The recent interest within the Internet community in
determining accurate time from a set of mutually suspicious network
clocks has been prompted by several occasions in which errors were
found in usually reliable, accurate clock servers after thunderstorms
which disrupted their power supply. To these sources of error should
be added those due to malfunctioning hardware, defective software and
operator mistakes, as well as random errors in the mechanism used to
set and synchronize clocks. This report suggests a stochastic model
and algorithms for computing a good estimator from time-offset samples
measured between clocks connected via network links. Included in this
report are descriptions of certain experiments which give an
indication of the effectiveness of the algorithms.
Pressure-jump relaxation apparatus using bipolar-pulse conductivity detection (1994)

The theory of bipolar pulse conductivity detection has been successfully applied to the pressure-jump (P-jump) method of relaxation kinetics. This method has distinct advantages over ac bridge detection, including the elimination of capacitance effects which make current balancing significantly easier, the ability to study low-conductance solutions at higher signal-to-noise ratio, and reduction of power input into the cell solutions which decreases heating effects. The P-jump instrument is described, and the electronic circuits for both methods are given. The bipolar pulse circuit diagram is presented and described in detail. Example relaxation curves are shown for single phase and diphasic systems. A signal-to-noise improvement of a factor of 2 is observed for bipolar pulse detection over that observed for the optimal ac bridge detection.
Analysis of Adjuvant Function by Direct Visualization of Antigen Presentation In Vivo: Endotoxin Promotes Accumulation of Antigen-Bearing Dendritic Cells in the T Cell Areas of Lymphoid Tissue (1999)

T cell activation requires exposure to processed Ag and signaling by cytokines and costimulatory ligands. Adjuvants are thought to enhance immunity primarily through up-regulation of the latter signals. Here, we explore the effect of the bacterial adjuvant, endotoxin, on Ag presentation by B cells and dendritic cells (DC). Using an mAb (C4H3) specific for the hen egg lysozyme (HEL) 46-61 determinant bound to I-Ak, we analyze processed Ag expression and the tissue distribution of presenting cells following systemic administration of soluble HEL to mice. In both LPS-responsive and -hyporesponsive mice given endotoxin-containing HEL, B cells rapidly display surface 46-61/I-Ak complexes. In marked contrast, in LPS-hyporesponsive mice, splenic DC show little gain in C4H3 staining. In LPS-responsive animals, interdigitating DC in T cell areas show no staining above background at early times after HEL administration, but C4H3+ DC rapidly accumulate in the outer periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS) and in follicular areas. Within a few hours, C4H3+ DC appear in the T cell areas, concomitant with a decline in C4H3+ cells in the outer PALS, suggesting migration between these two sites. Endotoxin enhancement of C4H3 staining is seen for both CD8alpha- and CD8alpha+ DC subsets. These data suggest that a major effect of adjuvants is to promote mobilization of Ag-bearing DC to the T areas of lymphoid tissue, and possibly also to enhance Ag processing by these DC. Thus, microbial products promote T cell immunity not only through DC activation for cosignaling, but through improvement in signal 1 delivery.
Shaybah-220: A Maximum-Reservoir-Contact (MRC) Well and Its Implications for Developing Tight-Facies Reservoirs (2004)

Summary This paper presents drilling, completion, well-performance, and reservoir-characterization results of a recently drilled maximum-reservoir-contact (MRC) well in the Shaybah field with a total of eight laterals and an aggregate reservoir contact of 12.3 km (7.6 miles). The well was drilled as part of a pilot program to evaluate both the practical challenges and the reservoir performance impact of MRC wells. The results to date on eight MRC wells in Shaybah indicate significant sustainable gains in well productivities as well as reductions in unit-development costs. A useful byproduct of MRC drilling is the enhancement achieved in reservoir characterization. These benefits point to MRC wells as disruptive technologies (DTs)1,2 that have positive implications for developing tight-facies reservoirs.