gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome (2004)

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses of subtypes H5 and H7 are the causative agents of fowl plague in poultry. Influenza A viruses of subtype H5N1 also caused severe respiratory disease in humans in Hong Kong in 1997 and 2003, including at least seven fatal cases, posing a serious human pandemic threat. Between the end of February and the end of May 2003, a fowl plague outbreak occurred in The Netherlands. A highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus of subtype H7N7, closely related to low pathogenic virus isolates obtained from wild ducks, was isolated from chickens. The same virus was detected subsequently in 86 humans who handled affected poultry and in three of their family members. Of these 89 patients, 78 presented with conjunctivitis, 5 presented with conjunctivitis and influenza-like illness, 2 presented with influenza-like illness, and 4 did not fit the case definitions. Influenza-like illnesses were generally mild, but a fatal case of pneumonia in combination with acute respiratory distress syndrome occurred also. Most virus isolates obtained from humans, including probable secondary cases, had not accumulated significant mutations. However, the virus isolated from the fatal case displayed 14 amino acid substitutions, some of which may be associated with enhanced disease in this case. Because H7N7 viruses have caused disease in mammals, including horses, seals, and humans, on several occasions in the past, they may be unusual in their zoonotic potential and, thus, form a pandemic threat to humans.
It ain’t broke … the fixing’s gone (1996)

Contextualizes the issues addressed in the “Fossilize or fly” conference hosted by Kent Arts and Libraries and reports on the message delivered by individual speakers and delegates. Relates the conference concerns, whether theoretical or practical, to the core objectives of change management in the public library sector.
Instruction set extension with shadow registers for configurable processors (2005)

Configurable processors are becoming increasingly popular for modern embedded systems (especially for the field-programmable system-on-a-chip). While steady progress has been made in the tools and methodologies of automatic instruction set extension for configurable processors, the limited data bandwidth available in the core processor (e.g., the number of simultaneous accesses to the register file) becomes a potential performance bottleneck. In this paper we first present a quantitative analysis of the data bandwidth limitation in configurable processors, and then propose a novel low-cost architectural extension and associated compilation techniques to address the problem. The application of our approach results in a promising performance improvement.
Experimental study on the hemodynamic effects of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with an automatically driven blood pump on puppies. (1991)

Hemodynamics, mainly the pressure of the heart, was studied while performing veno-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) on 16 puppies between the right atrium and the right carotid artery with a unique ECMO circuit using an automatically driven blood pump. The resulting decrease in the mean pulmonary arterial pressure indicated a definite support of VA-ECMO on the volume work of the right heart. The right and left ventricular end-diastolic pressures decreased during the low flow bypass, but increased significantly with flow over 50 ml/min/kg. The results indicated biventricular pressure strain due to the increase in afterload. The left ventricular systolic pressure gradually increased despite the steady decrease in the systemic arterial systolic pressure when bypass flow exceeded 60 ml/min/kg. The findings were similar to those in peripheral circulatory insufficiency. The authors concluded that VA-ECMO flow should be kept as low as possible, in view of undesirable hemodynamic effects on both ventricles.
γ-Secretase Inhibitor Prevents Notch3 Activation and Reduces Proliferation in Human Lung Cancers (2007)

Notch receptors are key regulators of development by controlling cell-fate determination in many multicellular organisms. Genes that are important for normal differentiation play a role in cancer when their normal functions became dysregulated. Notch signaling has been shown to promote and maintain survival of many types of cancers, and we previously have shown that Notch3 plays an important role in lung cancer. In this study, we showed that a high percentage of lung cancer lines expressed Jagged1, Notch receptors, and their transcriptional target genes (HES1, Hey1), suggesting that the Notch pathway plays an important role in lung cancer biology. Thus, inhibition of Notch receptor activation represents a compelling treatment strategy. Notch activation requires proteolytic cleavage of the receptor by gamma-secretase protein complex. In this study, we determined the ability of MRK-003, a gamma-secretase inhibitor, to inhibit Notch3 signaling, growth, and apoptosis of lung cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo using mouse xenograft models. We also found that MRK-003 inhibited Notch3 signaling, reduced tumor cell proliferation, inhibited serum independence, and induced apoptosis. This drug had no effect when Notch3 expression was knocked down using small interfering RNA (siRNA), suggesting that the observed effects were mediated by specific action on this receptor. In conclusion, these results support the hypothesis that inhibition of Notch activation using a gamma-secretase inhibitor represents a potential new approach for the targeted therapy of lung cancer.
White light emitting diodes with super-high luminous efficacy (2010)

We fabricated three types of high luminous efficacy white light emitting diodes (LEDs). The first was a white LED with a high luminous efficacy (η L ) of 249 lm W −1 and a high luminous flux (ϕ v ) of 14.4 lm at a forward-bias current of 20 mA. This η L was approximately triple that of a tri-phosphor fluorescent lamp (90 lm W −1 ). The blue LED used as the excitation source in this white LED had a high output power (ϕ e ) of 47.1 mW and a high external quantum efficiency (η ex ) of 84.3%. The second was a high-power white LED, fabricated from the above high-power blue LED, and had a high ϕ e of 756 mW at 350 mA. ϕ v and η L of the high-power white LED were 203 lm and 183 lm W −1 at 350 mA, respectively. The third was a high-power white LED fabricated from four high-power blue LED dies. ϕ v and η L of the high-power white LED were 1913 lm and 135 lm W −1 at 1 A, respectively. The white LED had a higher flux than a 20 W-class fluorescent lamp and 1.5 times the luminous efficacy of a tri-phosphor fluorescent lamp (90 lm W −1 ).
Enhanced class associative generalized fringe-adjusted joint transform correlation for multiple target detection (2006)

A modified class associative fringe-adjusted filter-based technique is proposed for multiple target detection, where the number of processing steps remains fixed irrespective of the number of objects in the class. An enhanced version of generalized fringe-adjusted filters is developed for correlation improvement. Again, a shifted phase encoding technique is employed for generation of a single correlation peak per target object. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is verified by computer simulation for binary as well as gray-level images both with and without noise.
Euler y el Análisis Matemático (2007)

Leonhard Euler (1707, Basilea, Suiza - 1783, San Petersburgo, Rusia) es quizas el matematico mas prolifico de toda la historia, equiparable sin duda en importancia al trio de matematicos por excelencia: Arquimedes, Newton y Gauss. Su vasta obra ha originado una ingente empresa editorial que, bajo el nombre de Opera Omnia, pretende reproducir fielmente toda su produccion cientifica. Se inicio en 1911 y esta aun sin concluir. La Comision de Euler de la Academia Suiza de Ciencias y la editorial Birkhauser han realizado el improbo esfuerzo de reeditar, con absoluto respeto a las fuentes originales, todos los trabajos de Euler organizandolos en cuatro series. La primera esta dedicada a sus trabajos matematicos; la segunda y tercera, a sus contribuciones a la mecanica, la astronomia y otras ramas de la fisica; y la cuarta, a su extensa correspondencia cientifica y epistolar. iEn total, 86 volumenes, cantidad que probablemente sea superada!
The Electronic Doctor (TED)-a home telecare system (2002)

Describes a telecare system which enables medical practitioners to remotely assess a patient's vital signs using an integrated multi-functional sensor arrangement and an existing narrowband telephone network; it may be used as a filter by out-of-hours medical service providers to ensure that genuine emergency cases may be distinguished from more trivial requests and receive prompt attention. The system hardware in the home consists of a hand-held unit containing four simple sensors with appropriate electronic support circuitry. Data from the sensors together with duplex speech are transmitted down the telephone line to the medical practitioner's telephone where they are separated into speech and data streams. A PC displays the data using dedicated software, either as numerical values (in the case of temperature) or as a continuous trace (for ECG or breathing response, etc.). The innovative design includes secondary checking functions resulting in a reliable sensor arrangement at very low cost.
A dynamic weighted data replication strategy in data grids (2008)

Data grids deal with a huge amount of data regularly. It is a fundamental challenge to ensure efficient accesses to such widely distributed data sets. Creating replicas to a suitable site by data replication strategy can increase the system performance. It shortens the data access time and reduces bandwidth consumption. In this paper, a dynamic data replication mechanism is proposed, which is called Latest Access Largest Weight (LALW). LALW selects a popular file for replication and calculates a suitable number of copies and grid sites for replication. By setting a different weight for each data access record, the importance of each record is differentiated. The data access records in the nearer past have higher weight. It indicates that these records have higher value of references. In other words, the data access records in the long past have lower reference values. A Grid simulator OptorSim is used to evaluate the performance of this dynamic replication strategy. The simulation results show that LAHW successfully increases the effective network usage. It means that the LALW replication strategy can find out a popular file and replicates it to a suitable site.
Cyclic Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Modulation of Mullerian Duct Regression* (1984)

(Bu)2cAMP inhibits the action of testicular Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS) in vitro, but it is unknown whether the intracellular nucleotide diminishes production of MIS by the testis or interferes with its action at the Mullerian duct. When added to the 14 1/2-day old rat embryo Mullerian duct in organ culture, (Bu)2cAMP (0.1 or 1.0 mM) inhibited regression caused by biologically active exogenous MIS fractions, as well as that produced by the fetal testis (1.0 mM). Dibutyryl cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate was ineffective against exogenous MIS fractions or the fetal testis. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor, methyl-isobutyl-xanthine, had the same inhibitory effect on the MIS-fraction (0.1 or 1.0 mM), as well as against MIS secreted from the fetal testis (1.0 mM). Theophylline at 1.0 mM inhibited the action of the MIS fraction. The presence of (Bu)2cAMP in the medium was required for at least the first 24 h of the 72-h incubation to significantly inhibit MIS action. These results indicate that intracellular cAMP inhibits the action of MIS at the Mullerian duct itself by a potentially reversible change in the cells. We speculate that cAMP may act by altering the state of differentiation in the cells, perhaps by mediating phosphorylation of intracellular (and extracellular) proteins.
YPA: an integrated repository of promoter features in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2010)

This study presents the Yeast Promoter Atlas (YPA, http://ypa.ee.ncku.edu.tw/ or http://ypa.csbb.ntu.edu.tw/) database, which aims to collect comprehensive promoter features in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. YPA integrates nine kinds of promoter features including promoter sequences, genes' transcription boundaries-transcription start sites (TSSs), five prime untranslated regions (5'-UTRs) and three prime untranslated regions (3'UTRs), TATA boxes, transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs), nucleosome occupancy, DNA bendability, transcription factor (TF) binding, TF knockout expression and TF-TF physical interaction. YPA is designed to present data in a unified manner as many important observations are revealed only when these promoter features are considered altogether. For example, DNA rigidity can prevent nucleosome packaging, thereby making TFBSs in the rigid DNA regions more accessible to TFs. Integrating nucleosome occupancy, DNA bendability, TF binding, TF knockout expression and TFBS data helps to identify which TFBS is actually functional. In YPA, various promoter features can be accessed in a centralized and organized platform. Researchers can easily view if the TFBSs in an interested promoter are occupied by nucleosomes or located in a rigid DNA segment and know if the expression of the downstream gene responds to the knockout of the corresponding TFs. Compared to other established yeast promoter databases, YPA collects not only TFBSs but also many other promoter features to help biologists study transcriptional regulation.
Characterization of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein-Induced Cell-Cell Fusion (2005)

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is dependent on the functions of structural glycoproteins at multiple stages of the viral life cycle. These proteins mediate the initial attachment and fusion events that occur between the viral envelope and a host cell membrane, as well as virion-independent cell-cell spread of the infection. Here we have utilized a cell-based fusion assay to identify the fusogenic glycoproteins of CMV. To deliver the glycoprotein genes to various cell lines, we constructed recombinant retroviruses encoding gB, gH, gL, and gO. Cells expressing individual CMV glycoproteins did not form multinucleated syncytia. Conversely, cells expressing gH/gL showed pronounced syncytium formation, although expression of gH or gL alone had no effect. Anti-gH neutralizing antibodies prevented syncytium formation. Coexpression of gB and/or gO with gH/gL did not yield detectably increased numbers of syncytia. For verification, these results were recapitulated in several cell lines. Additionally, we found that fusion was cell line dependent, as nonimmortalized fibroblast strains did not fuse under any conditions. Thus, the CMV gH/gL complex has inherent fusogenic activity that can be measured in certain cell lines; however, fusion in fibroblast strains may involve a more complex mechanism involving additional viral and/or cellular factors.
A method for direct estimation of interval velocities (1982)

Abstract The most commonly used method for obtaining interval velocities from seismic data requires a prior estimate of the root-mean-square (rms) velocity function. A reduction to interval velocity uses the Dix equation, where the interval velocity in a layer emerges as a sensitive function of the rms velocity picks above and below the layer. Approximations implicit in this method are quite appropriate for deep data, and they do not contribute significantly to errors in the interval velocity estimate. However, when the data are from a shallow depth (vertical two-way traveltime being less than direct arrival to the farthest geophone), the assumption within the rms approximation that propagation angles are small requires that much of the reflection energy be muted, along with, of course, all the refraction energy.By means of a simple data transformation to the ray parameter domain via the slanted plane-wave stack, three types of arrivals from any given interface (subcritical and supercritical reflections and critical refractions) become organized into a single elliptical trajectory. Such a trajectory replaces the composite hyperbolic and linear moveouts in the offset domain (for reflections and critical refractions, respectively). In a layered medium, the trajectory of all but the first event becomes distorted from a true ellipse into a pseudo-ellipse. However, by a computationally simple layer stripping operation involving p-dependent time shifts, the interval velocity in each layer can be estimated in turn and its distorting effect removed from underlying layers, permitting a direct estimation of interval velocities for all layers. Enhanced resolution and estimation accuracy are achieved because previously neglected wide-angle arrivals, which do not conform to the rms approximation, make a substantial contribution in the estimation procedure.
Gelatin microspheres cross-linked with EDC as a drug delivery system for doxycyline: Development and characterization (2007)

Chronic wounds express elevated levels of proteases, in particular matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which degrades de novo granulation tissue and endogenous biologically active proteins. An effective therapeutic approach for chronic wounds would be to modify this hostile environment and reduce the proteolytic imbalance. Doxycycline has been proved recently to inhibit MMPs and used topically for chronic wound ulcers, beyond their antimicrobial profile. To this end, a carrier system for controlled release of doxycycline, suitable for incorporation into various wound dressings like membranes and sponges was developed. In the present study gelatin microspheres, cross-linked with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) was proposed. The cross-linking was carried out with different concentrations of EDC (10 mM, 50 mM and 100 mM) and for different time periods (3–24 h). The cross-linked microspheres were characterized by evaluating the extent of cross-linking, the morphology, swelling behaviour and drug loading and in vitro studies of drug release, enzymatic degradation and biocompatibility. The extent of cross-linking increased as a function of both EDC concentration and the cross-linking time periods. It is found that the extent of cross-linking greatly influences the swelling and drug release behaviour of the microspheres. The cross-linked microspheres were found to be biocompatible to NIH 3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblast. The overall study indicates that the zero length cross-linker EDC can be considered as a potential alternative for cross-linking the gelatin microspheres.
Synthesis of alpha-galactosyl epitopes by recombinant alpha1,3galactosyl transferase for opsonization of human tumor cell vaccines by anti-galactose. (1996)

The immunogenicity of tumor-associated antigens in autologous tumor vaccines is limited because of insufficient uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APC). Anti-Galactose (Gal) IgG, abundantly produced in humans, can serve as a natural adjuvant increasing the uptake of vaccinating autologous tumor cell membranes by APC. Anti-Gal interacts with the alpha-galactosyl epitope (Ga1alpha1-3Galbeta1-4GlcNAc-R), which is normally absent in humans. This epitope is produced in large amounts in nonprimate mammals and New World monkeys due to the intracellular activity of the glycosylation enzyme alphal,3galactosyltransferase. alpha-Galactosyl epitopes were synthesized in vitro on human tumor cells by soluble recombinant alphal,3galactosyltransferase. Anti-Gal binding to these epitopes induces the effective uptake of the tumor cells by APC with Fc receptors that interact with the Fc portion of this natural antibody. It is suggested that synthesis of alpha-galactosyl epitopes on freshly isolated human tumor cell membranes, followed by their administration back to the patient, will result in the in situ opsonization of the membranes by anti-Gal, thereby improving the uptake, processing, and presentation of autologous tumor-associated antigens by APC with Fc receptors.
Guidelines for etching silicon MEMS structures using fluorine high-density plasmas at cryogenic temperatures (2002)

This paper presents guidelines for the deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) of silicon MEMS structures, employing SF/sub 6//O/sub 2/-based high-density plasmas at cryogenic temperatures. Procedures of how to tune the equipment for optimal results with respect to etch rate and profile control are described. Profile control is a delicate balance between the respective etching and deposition rates of a SiO/sub x/F/sub y/ passivation layer on the sidewalls and bottom of an etched structure in relation to the silicon removal rate from unpassivated areas. Any parameter that affects the relative rates of these processes has an effect on profile control. The deposition of the SiO/sub x/F/sub y/ layer is mainly determined by the oxygen content in the SF/sub 6/ gas flow and the electrode temperature. Removal of the SiO/sub x/F/sub y/ layer is mainly determined by the kinetic energy (self-bias) of ions in the SF/sub 6//O/sub 2/ plasma. Diagrams for profile control are given as a function of parameter settings, employing the previously published "black silicon method". Parameter settings for high rate silicon bulk etching, and the etching of micro needles and micro moulds are discussed, which demonstrate the usefulness of the diagrams for optimal design of etched features. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that in order to use the oxygen flow as a control parameter for cryogenic DRIE, it is necessary to avoid or at least restrict the presence of fused silica as a dome material, because this material may release oxygen due to corrosion during operation of the plasma source. When inert dome materials like alumina are used, etching recipes can be defined for a broad variety of microstructures in the cryogenic temperature regime. Recipes with relatively low oxygen content (1-10% of the total gas volume) and ions with low kinetic energy can now be applied to observe a low lateral etch rate beneath the mask, and a high selectivity (more than 500) of silicon etching with respect to polymers and oxide mask materials is obtained. Crystallographic preference etching of silicon is observed at low wafer temperature (-120/spl deg/C). This effect is enhanced by increasing the process pressure above 10 mtorr or for low ion energies (below 20 eV).
A Modular Strategy to Prepare Multivalent Inhibitors of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) (2011)

We have developed a modular scaffold for preparing high-affinity, homo-multivalent inhibitors of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) for imaging and therapy of prostate cancer (PCa). Our system contains a lysine-based (µ-, e-) dialkyne residue for incorporating a PSMA binding Lys-Glu urea motif exploiting click chemistry and a second lysine residue for subsequent modification with an imaging or therapeutic moiety. The utility of the multivalent scaffold was examined by synthesizing bivalent compounds 2 and 3 and comparing them with the monovalent analog 1. Determination of inhibition constants (Ki) revealed that bivalent 2 (0.2 nM) and 3 (0.08 nM) are significantly more potent (~ 5 fold and ~ 11 fold, respectively) inhibitors of PSMA than monovalent 1 (0.9 nM). A single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)-CT imaging study of [111In]3 demonstrated high and specific uptake in PSMA+ PC-3 PIP tumor until at least 48 h post-injection, with rapid clearance from non-target tissues, including kidney. A biodistribution study revealed that [111In]3 demonstrated 34.0 ± 7.5 percent injected dose per gram of tissue in PSMA+ tumor at 24 h post-injection and was capable of generating target-to-non-target ratios of ~ 379 in PSMA+ PC-3 PIP tumors vs. isogenic PSMA-negative PC3-flu tumors in vivo. The click chemistry approach affords a convenient strategy toward multivalent PSMA inhibitors of enhanced affinity and superior pharmacokinetics for imaging.