gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A bio-inspired method and system for visual object-based attention and segmentation (2010)

This paper describes a method and system of human-like attention and object segmentation in visual scenes that (1) attends to regions in a scene in their rank of saliency in the image, (2) extracts the boundary of an attended proto-object based on feature contours, and (3) can be biased to boost the attention paid to specific features in a scene, such as those of a desired target object in static and video imagery. The purpose of the system is to identify regions of a scene of potential importance and extract the region data for processing by an object recognition and classification algorithm. The attention process can be performed in a default, bottom-up manner or a directed, top-down manner which will assign a preference to certain features over others. One can apply this system to any static scene, whether that is a still photograph or imagery captured from video. We employ algorithms that are motivated by findings in neuroscience, psychology, and cognitive science to construct a system that is novel in its modular and stepwise approach to the problems of attention and region extraction, its application of a flooding algorithm to break apart an image into smaller proto-objects based on feature density, and its ability to join smaller regions of similar features into larger proto-objects. This approach allows many complicated operations to be carried out by the system in a very short time, approaching real-time. A researcher can use this system as a robust front-end to a larger system that includes object recognition and scene understanding modules; it is engineered to function over a broad range of situations and can be applied to any scene with minimal tuning from the user.
Abnormal Cytokinesis in Cells Deficient in the Breast Cancer Susceptibility Protein BRCA2 (2004)

Germ-line mutations inactivating BRCA2 predispose to cancer. BRCA2-deficient cells exhibit alterations in chromosome number (aneuploidy), as well as structurally aberrant chromosomes. Here, we show that BRCA2 deficiency impairs the completion of cell division by cytokinesis. BRCA2 inactivation in murine embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) and HeLa cells by targeted gene disruption or RNA interference delays and prevents cell cleavage. Impeded cell separation is accompanied by abnormalities in myosin II organization during the late stages in cytokinesis. BRCA2 may have a role in regulating these events, as it localizes to the cytokinetic midbody. Our findings thus link cytokinetic abnormalities to a hereditary cancer syndrome characterized by chromosomal instability and may help to explain why BRCA2-deficient tumors are frequently aneuploid.
Vitamin B12 Mediated Oral Delivery Systems for Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor and Erythropoietin (1995)

As a prelude to the development of orally active erythropoietin (EPO) and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), conjugates have been formed between these molecules and vitamin B12. During the formation of these conjugates intramolecular cross-linking of the proteins was avoided by the use of hydrazidyl derivatives of vitamin B12. A potentially biodegradable linkage was formed between vitamin B12 and G-CSF by reaction of the buried thiol in G-CSF with a long chain dithiopyridyl derivative of vitamin B12. In vitro and in vivo testing of the conjugates showed that their bioactivity was substantially maintained and that they were actively transported in an intrinsic factor dependent fashion across CaCo-2 cells and from the intestine to the circulation in a biologically active form.
Freestanding Triboelectric‐Layer‐Based Nanogenerators for Harvesting Energy from a Moving Object or Human Motion in Contact and Non‐contact Modes (2014)

For versatile mechanical energy harvesting from arbitrary moving objects such as humans, a new mode of triboelectric nanogenerator is developed based on the sliding of a freestanding triboelectric-layer between two stationary electrodes on the same plane. With two electrodes alternatively approached by the tribo-charges on the sliding layer, electricity is effectively generated due to electrostatic induction. A unique feature of this nanogenerator is that it can operate in non-contact sliding mode, which greatly increases the lifetime and the efficiency of such devices.
Induction of a novel form of hippocampal long‐term depression by muscimol: involvement of GABAA but not glutamate receptors (1995)

1. Unlike long-term potentiation, long-term depression (LTD) in the central nervous system remains poorly understood. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of GABAA receptors in LTD and synaptic plasticity. 2. Extracellular recordings were made in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer of rat hippocampal slices following orthodromic stimulation of Schaffer collateral fibres in stratum radiatum (0.01 Hz). 3. Muscimol induced a time- and concentration-dependent LTD of the amplitude of orthodromic potentials. Increasing the stimulation frequency from 0.01 Hz to 1 Hz for 10 s reversed the LTD induced by muscimol. Muscimol also induced LTD in the absence of electrical stimulation. 4. Adenosine decreased the spike size in a concentration-dependent manner, but failed to induce LTD. 5. Alphaxalone and 5 alpha-pregnan-3 alpha-ol-20-one at concentrations that did not have any effect themselves on the population spike (0.5 and 1 microM), potentiated the inhibitory effect of muscimol on the population spike size, including concentrations which were not effective by themselves. Both steroids were able to potentiate the ability of muscimol to induce LTD. 6. Bicuculline, 5 microM, reversed the LTD induced by muscimol, 10 microM. 7. The NMDA receptor antagonist (+/-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (2-AP5), the NMDA/metabotropic antagonist 2-AP3 and selective metabotropic antagonist L-(+)-2-amino-3-phosphonopropionic acid (L(+)-AP3) failed to modify the LTD. Similarly, quisqualic acid and (1S, 3R)-aminocyclopentane dicarboxylic acid (ACPD) a selective agonist at metabotropic receptors did not induce LTD or short-term depression, whereas kynurenic acid prevented the reversal of the LTD obtained at 1 Hz. 8. It is concluded that LTD can be induced by the selective activation of GABAA receptors. The lack of involvement of glutamate receptors in our protocol confirms the unique nature of the LTD described here. The phenomenon of GABA-induced LTD and its reversal by 1 Hz stimulation may represent a novel type of long-lasting depression by which inhibitory interneurones can modulate pyramidal cell excitability in a frequency-dependent manner.
Five novel avian Eph-related tyrosine kinases are differentially expressed. (1993)

We have identified cDNA clones that encode five new avian receptor-like tyrosine kinases of the Eph subclass, by screening two chicken embryonic cDNA libraries with DNA probes. We have designated them Cek6 to Cek10. The identification of these kinases indicates that the Eph subclass comprises at least 10 members and, therefore, represents a very large family of receptor-like tyrosine kinases. Variants of Cek10 and of Cek5 (a previously identified Eph-related kinase) containing amino acid insertion sequences in the juxtamembrane domain were also isolated. The Cek5 variant is expressed in the brain, but not in other tissues of the 10-day chick embryo. Analysis of 10-day chick embryo mRNAs shows the newly identified tyrosine kinases to be all expressed in both the embryonic brain and body tissues. In adult tissues, they display distinct patterns of expression. Cek6, Cek7, Cek8, Cek9 and Cek10 are likely to play significant roles in embryonic signal transduction pathways, including those involved in neural development. Their distinct tissue distributions in the adult suggest that the different members of the Eph family may each serve specific functions.
Atomic-scale spectroscopic imaging of CoFeB/Mg–B–O/CoFeB magnetic tunnel junctions (2009)

Atomic-scale electron spectroscopic imaging on sputtered magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with a thin, <2 nm, MgO layer and B-alloyed electrodes reveals B diffusion into the MgO, resulting in a Mg–B–O tunnel barrier. This ∼2 nm thick interfacial layer forms due to oxidation of CoFeB during radio frequency sputtering of MgO and subsequent B diffusion into MgO during annealing. We measure a room-temperature tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) of ∼200% in IrMn/CoFeB/Mg–B–O/CoFeB MTJs after annealing, demonstrating that thin Mg–B–O barriers can produce relatively high TMR.
Mutant barley (1→3,1→4)-β-glucan endohydrolases with enhanced thermostability (2001)

The similar three-dimensional structures of barley (1-->3)-beta-glucan endohydrolases and (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucan endohydrolases indicate that the enzymes are closely related in evolutionary terms. However, the (1-->3)-beta-glucanases hydrolyze polysaccharides of the type found in fungal cell walls and are members of the pathogenesis-related PR2 group of proteins, while the (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucanases function in plant cell wall metabolism. The (1-->3)-beta-glucanases have evolved to be significantly more stable than the (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucanases, probably as a consequence of the hostile environments imposed upon the plant by invading microorganisms. In attempts to define the molecular basis for the differences in stability, eight amino acid substitutions were introduced into a barley (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucanase using site-directed mutagenesis of a cDNA that encodes the enzyme. The amino acid substitutions chosen were based on structural comparisons of the barley (1-->3)- and (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucanases and of other higher plant (1-->3)-beta-glucanases. Three of the resulting mutant enzymes showed increased thermostability compared with the wild-type (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucanase. The largest increase in stability was observed when the histidine at position 300 was changed to a proline (mutant H300P), a mutation that was likely to decrease the entropy of the unfolded state of the enzyme. Furthermore, the three amino acid substitutions which increased the thermostability of barley (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucanase isoenzyme EII were all located in the COOH-terminal loop of the enzyme. Thus, this loop represents a particularly unstable region of the enzyme and could be involved in the initiation of unfolding of the (1-->3,1-->4)-beta-glucanase at elevated temperatures.
Transformation in Cyanobacteria (1986)

The lack of any known transduction or indigenous conjugation systems has left transformation as the major means for genetic manipulations in cyanobacteria. Studies of transformation in cyanobacteria generally have dealt with one of two distinct areas. The first area is genomic transformation where internalized donor DNA recombines with chromosomally located genes. Chromosomal transformation can be a powerful tool for genetic mapping and mutagenesis. The second area is plasmid transformation where internalized plasmid donor DNA becomes established as an independent replicon in the recipient cyanobacterium. This second area has received a great deal of attention because it allows the generation of merodiploids for studies of genetic regulation and control and because it potentially allows the expression of foreign genes in an oxygenic photoautotroph. This article will attempt to describe the development of our current understanding of these two types of genetic transformation in cyanobacteria.
High Genetic Diversity of the Attachment (G) Protein of Human Metapneumovirus (2004)

Complete genes encoding the predicted nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), fusion protein (F), M2-1protein, M2-2protein, small hydrophobic protein (SH), and attachmentprotein (G) of seven newly isolated human metapneumoviruses (hMPVs) were analyzed and compared with previously published data for hMPV genes. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences indicated that there were two genetic groups, tentatively named groups 1 and 2, similar to the grouping of human respiratory syncytial virus. Although the predicted amino acid sequences of N, P, M, F, and M2 were highly conserved between the two groups (amino acid identities, 96% for N, 85% for P, 97% for M, 94% for F, 95% for M2-1, and 90% for M2-2), the amino acid identities of the SH and G proteins were low (SH, 58%; G, 33%). Furthermore, each group could be subdivided into two subgroups by phylogenetic analysis, tentatively named subgroups 1A and 1B and subgroups 2A and 2B. The predicted amino acid sequences of G within members of each subgroup were highly conserved (amino acid identities, 88% for group 1A, 93% for group 1B, and 96% for group 2B). The G of hMPV is thought to be the major antigenic determinant and to play an important role in the production of neutralizing antibodies. Clarification of the antigenic diversity of G is important for epidemiological analysis and for establishment of strategies to prevent hMPV infection.
Effect of Towne Live Virus Vaccine on Cytomegalovirus Disease after Renal Transplant (1991)

Previous vaccination of seronegative renal transplant recipients with live cytomegalovirus results in reduction of disease severity mimicking the action of naturally derived immunity.
WebGazeAnalyzer (2005)

Capturing and analyzing the detailed eye movements of a user while reading a web page can reveal much about the ways in which web reading occurs. The WebGazeAnalyzer system described here is a remote-camera system, requiring no invasive head-mounted apparatus, giving test subjects a normal web use experience when performing web-based tasks. While many such systems have been used in the past to collect eye gaze data, WebGazeAnalyzer brings together several techniques for efficiently collecting, analyzing and re-analyzing eye gaze data. We briefly describe techniques for overcoming the inherent inaccuracies of such apparatus, illustrating how we capture and analyze eye gaze data for commercial web design problems. Techniques developed here include methods to group fixations along lines of text, and reading analysis to measure reading speed, regressions, and coverage of web page text.
Antisense Inhibition of microRNA-21 or -221 Arrests Cell Cycle, Induces Apoptosis, and Sensitizes the Effects of Gemcitabine in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (2009)

We demonstrate that antisense to miR-21 and miR-221 results in significant cell killing under various conditions and that antisense oligonucleotides targeted to miRNA represents a potential new therapy for pancreatic cancer.
Isolation of a Complementary DNA that Encodes the Mammalian Splicing Factor SC35 (1992)

The mammalian splicing factor SC35 is required for the first step in the splicing reaction and for spliceosome assembly. The cloning and characterization of a complementary DNA encoding this protein revealed that it is a member of a family of splicing factors that includes mammalian SF2/ASF. This family of proteins is characterized by the presence of a ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-type RNA binding motif and a carboxyl-terminal serine-arginine-rich (SR) domain. A search of the DNA sequence database revealed that the thymus-specific exon (ET) of the c-myb proto-oncogene is encoded on the antisense strand of the SC35 gene.
Weinreb Amide Approach to the Practical Synthesis of a Key Remdesivir Intermediate (2021)

Currently, remdesivir is the first and only FDA-approved antiviral drug for COVID-19 treatment. Adequate supplies of remdesivir are highly warranted to cope with this global public health crisis. Herein, we report a Weinreb amide approach for preparing the key intermediate of remdesivir in the glycosylation step where overaddition side reactions are eliminated. Starting from 2,3,5-tri-<i>O</i>-benzyl-d-ribonolactone, the preferred route consisting of three sequential steps (Weinreb amidation, <i>O</i>-TMS protection, and Grignard addition) enables a high-yield (65%) synthesis of this intermediate at a kilogram scale. In particular, the undesirable PhMgCl used in previous methods was successfully replaced by MeMgBr. This approach proved to be suitable for the scalable production of the key remdesivir intermediate.
Neuroblastoma: Molecular Pathogenesis and Therapy (2014)

Neuroblastoma is a developmental tumor of young children arising from the embryonic sympathoadrenal lineage of the neural crest. Neuroblastoma is the primary cause of death from pediatric cancer for children between the ages of one and five years and accounts for ∼13% of all pediatric cancer mortality. Its clinical impact and unique biology have made this aggressive malignancy the focus of a large concerted translational research effort. New insights into tumor biology are driving the development of new classification schemas. Novel targeted therapeutic approaches include small-molecule inhibitors as well as epigenetic, noncoding-RNA, and cell-based immunologic therapies. In this review, recent insights regarding the pathogenesis and biology of neuroblastoma are placed in context with the current understanding of tumor biology and tumor/host interactions. Systematic classification of patients coupled with therapeutic advances point to a future of improved clinical outcomes for this biologically distinct and highly aggressive pediatric malignancy.
A practical discrete multitone transceiver loading algorithm for data transmission over spectrally shaped channels (1995)

In this paper, we present a finite-granularity, loading algorithm for a discrete multitone (DMT) modulation system. The proposed algorithm offers significant implementational advantages over the well-known water-pouring method and the earlier Hughes-Hartogs algorithm, while typically suffering only negligible performance degradation relative to the optimal solution. We also present simulation results of this loading algorithm applied to the newly proposed asymmetric digital subscriber lines (ADSL) service.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
MECHANICAL SUPPLEMENTATION BY DYNAMIC FIXATION IN DEGENERATIVE INTERVERTEBRAL LUMBAR SEGMENTS : THE WALLIS SYSTEM (2003)

INTRODUCTION: Intervertebral degeneration is characterised by instability due to permanent decrease in the stiffness of the intervertebral segment and concentration of stress upon the posterior portion of the disc, and by morphologic changes in the posterior elements due to posterior displacement of loading, notably enlargement of the lamina and zygapophyseal joints. These changes lead to reduction in the cross-sectional area of the vertebral canal. In order to counterbalance these changes, an implant has been developed with an interspinous blocker and an artificial ligament made of Dacron. This obviates the need for a permanent fixation in the vertebral bone, avoiding the risk of loosening. Inhibition of hyperextension limits narrowing of the posterior canal, resulting in an increase in its cross-sectional area of up to 40%. A first-generation implant for nonrigid stabilisation of lumbar segments was developed in 1986 with a titanium interspinous blocker. Following an initial observational study in 1988 and a prospective controlled study from 1988 to 1993, more than 300 patients have been treated for degenerative lesions with significant resolution of residual low back pain with no serious adverse effects. After careful analysis of the points that could be improved,a second-generation,improved implant called the ‘Wallis implant’ was developed with a redesigned blocker made of PEEK (polyetheretherketone), a more resilient material. METHODS: Biomechanical studies were used to verify the effectiveness of this implant in increasing intervertebral stiffness, reducing mobility, and unloading the facet joints and the posterior portion of the disc. A prospective multicenter international observational study was begun a year ago. RESULTS: Preliminary results confirm the clinical efficacy of this treatment on low back pain and nerve root symptoms, especially in recurrent disc herniation and canal stenosis. DISCUSSION: Nonrigid intervertebral fixation with the Wallis implant clearly appears to be a useful technique in the management of initial forms of degenerative intervertebral lumbar disc disease. The method should rapidly assume a specific role along with total disc prostheses in the new step-wise surgical strategy to obviate definitive fusion of degenerative intervertebral segments. Moreover, dynamic stabilisation with the Wallis system is totally reversible and leaves all other options open. Wallis is recommended for patients with lumbar disc disease who have: (i) discectomy for massive herniated disc leading to substantial loss of disc material, (ii) a second discectomy for recurrence of herniated disc, (iii) discectomy for herniation of a transitional disc with sacralization of L5, (iv) degenerative disc disease at a level adjacent to a previous fusion or prosthesis, (v) isolated disc resorption, notably with concomitant type-1 Modic changes, associated with low back pain, or (vi) symptomatic narrow canal treated by resection of the superior aspect of the laminae.
Overnight pulse oximetry in snoring and non-snoring children (1995)

The effect of snoring on overnight pulse oximetry recordings in the paediatric community was investigated. A random sample of 222 children up to 10 years of age from the town of Frome, Somerset, UK, had overnight pulse oximetry performed in the home environment. The oximetry recordings obtained from 58 snoring and 164 non-snoring subjects were compared. No clinically relevant difference in oxygen saturation level could be detected between these two groups of children. In conclusion, snoring in children up to 10 years of age is common, 11% often snore. It is not associated with hypoxia as measured by overnight pulse oximetry. This would suggest that surgical intervention for the symptom of snoring alone is not indicated.
Differential Search Algorithm for Multiobjective Problems (2015)

In this paper, a novel Differential Search Algorithm (DSA) approach is proposed to solve multiobjective optimization problems, called Multiobjective Differential Search Algorithm (MODSA). MODSA utilizes the concept of Pareto dominance to determine the direction of a super-organism and it maintains non-dominated solutions in the external repository. This approach also uses the external repository of super-organisms that is used to guide other super-organisms. It guides the artificial organisms to search towards non-crowding and external regions of Pareto front. The performance of proposed approach is evaluated against the other well-known multiobjective optimization algorithms over a set of multiobjective benchmark test functions. Experimental results reveal that the MODSA outperforms the other competitive algorithms for benchmark test functions.
Microfabricated Multiphase Packed-Bed Reactors:  Characterization of Mass Transfer and Reactions (2001)

A microchemical device has been built in silicon and glass by using microfabrication methods including deep-reactive-ion etch technology, photolithography, and multiple wafer bonding. The microchemical system consists of a microfluidic distribution manifold, a microchannel array, and a 25-μm microfilter for immobilizing solid particulate material within the reactor chip and carrying out different heterogeneous chemistries. Multiple reagent streams (specifically, gas and liquid streams) are mixed on-chip, and the fluid streams are brought into contact by a series of interleaved, high-aspect-ratio inlet channels. These inlet channels deliver the reactants continuously and cocurrently to 10 reactor chambers containing standard catalytic particles. The performance of the microfabricated “packed-bed” reactor is compared to that of traditional multiphase packed-bed reactors in terms of fluid flow regimes, pressure drop, and mass transfer. The hydrogenation of cyclohexene is used as a model reaction to measure the mass transfer resistances. Overall mass transfer coefficients (KLa) are measured to range from 5 to 15 s-1nearly 2 orders of magnitude larger than values reported in the literature for standard laboratory-scale reactors.