gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Signatures of topological quantum phase transitions in driven and dissipative qubit arrays (2016)

We study photonic signatures of symmetry broken and topological phases in a driven, dissipative circuit QED realization of spin-1/2 chains. Specifically, we consider the transverse-field XY model and a dual model with three-spin interactions. The former has a ferromagnetic and a paramagnetic phase, while the latter features, in addition, a symmetry protected topological phase. Using the method of third quantization, we calculate the nonequilibrium steady state of the open spin chains for arbitrary system sizes and temperatures. We find that the bilocal correlation function of the spins at both ends of the chain provides a sensitive measure for both symmetry-breaking and topological phase transitions of the systems, but no universal means to distinguish between the two types of transitions. Both models have equivalent representations in terms of free Majorana fermions, which host zero, one and two topological Majorana end modes in the paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, and symmetry protected topological phases, respectively. The correlation function we study retains its bilocal character in the fermionic representation, so that our results are equally applicable to the fermionic models in their own right. We propose a photonic realization of the dissipative transverse-field XY model in a tunable setup, where an array of superconducting transmon qubits is coupled at both ends to a photonic microwave circuit.
The Solubility of Amino Acids in Various Solvent Systems (1970)

The effect of varying solvent systems on the solubilities of glycine, L-alanine, L-valine, L-phenylalanine, and DL-aminooctanoic acid at z50 C. was studied. The entire concentration spectrum from pure water to pure semipolar solvent was used for each of. the solvent systems of methanol-water, ethanol-water, n-propanol water, isopropanol-water, and tertiary butanol-water. Further, the effect of pH variation on the solubilities of the amino acids in each of the solvent systems was studied. Aliquots were withdrawn from each solvent system studied and analyzed gravimetrically to determine the resultant solubility. It was found that the solubility behavior of those amino acids studied was a function of the constant effect of the α-amino carboxylic acid portion of the molecule and the independent interactions of the remaining neutral portion of the molecule. Maximum solubility was found in pure water with a reduction to low solubility in the semipolar solvents in the order of a second degree polynomial equation. To each percent strength of the hydroalcoholic solvent systems, the ratio of water to alcoholic molecules per amino acid molecule remains constant. This would indicate that the lengthening of the nonpolar portion of the chain from the hydrogen of glycine to the methyl phenyl of L-phenylalanine 'does not affect the orientation of the water to alcohol molecules in the solvent system. Each of the amino acids studied demonstrated an ability to differentiate between the hydroalcoholic solvents used. The quantitative order of solubility in the solvent systems used varied for each amino acid, but similar solubility profiles could be seen for the entire solvent series. Variation of pH in pure aqueous solvent systems produced an isoelectric band of invariant solubility with a distinct increase in solubility above and below this band. The increase in total solubility of the amino acids· is directly proportional to the number of moles of acid or base added. As the nonpolar portion of the amino acid molecule increased, the total resultant solubility per mole of acid or base added also increased. In an aquea is system, the total solubility is equal to the sum of the original zwitterion solubility plus the solubility of the salt that was found. For those amino acids studied, only single salts were formed. In the hydroalcoholic solvent systems, variation of pH produced minimum solubility at the isoelectric point with no distinct isoelectric band seen. As the percent alcohol increased in those solvent systems studied, similar increments of acid
Differential uptake of D-galactosyl- and D-glucosyl-neoglycoproteins by isolated rat hepatocytes. (1981)

Bovine serum albumin was modified with 2-imino-2-methoxyethyl 1-thioglycopyranosides of galactose and glucose (Gal-AI-BSA, Glc-AI-BSA, respectively). Both types of neoglycoproteins were taken up by isolated rat hepatocytes. Gal-AI-BSA and Glc-AI-BSA inhibited the uptake of each other, and also inhibited the uptake of asialo-orosomucoid as expected from the results obtained with rabbit liver membranes (Stowell, C. P., and Lee, Y. C. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 6107-6110). Gal-neoglycoproteins of bovine serum albumin containing other linking groups between the galactose moiety and protein were found to be as effective in inhibition of the uptake of asialo-orosomucoid as Gal-AI-BSA, indicating that the method of carbohydrate attachment had little influence on endocytosis of galactose-terminated neoglycoproteins. In contrast, comparable Glc-neoglycoproteins (other than Glc-AI-BSA) were weak inhibitors. It thus appears that the positively charged amidino group present in Glc-AI-BSA contributes to the uptake of this neoglycoprotein by rat hepatocytes.
Constellation design for transmission over nonlinear satellite channels (2012)

In this paper we use a variation of simulated annealing algorithm for optimizing two-dimensional constellations with 32 signals. The main objective is to maximize the symmetric pragmatic capacity under the peak-power constraint. The method allows the joint optimization of constellation and binary labeling. We also investigate the performance of the optimized constellation over nonlinear satellite channel under additive white Gaussian noise. We consider the performance over systems with and without pre-distorters. In both cases the optimized constellations perform considerably better than the conventional Amplitude Phase Shift Keying (APSK) modulations, used in the current digital video broadcasting standard (DVB-S2) on satellite channels. Based on our optimized constellations, we also propose a new labeling for the 4+12+16-APSK constellation of the DVB-S2 standard which is Gray over all rings.
Deletion of fowlpox virus homologues of vaccinia virus genes between the 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (A44L) and DNA ligase (A50R) genes (1994)

A fragment of 4156 bp of fowlpox virus (FPV) genomic DNA contains homologues of vaccinia virus 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/delta 5-delta 4 isomerase (3 beta-HSD; A44L) and DNA ligase (A50R) genes. The FPV locus has clearly been rearranged relative to that of vaccinia virus as homologues of genes A45R to A49R, including the thymidylate kinase and a gene with homology to superoxide dismutase, are deleted. The deleted genes are replaced by two open reading frames: for a serine proteinase inhibitor with homology to vaccinia virus gene K2L and for a protein with no significant homology to proteins in the databases. In addition, the FPV homologues of A44L and A50R are in the same polarity in FPV whereas they are in opposite polarities in vaccinia virus. Increased 3 beta-HSD activity has been demonstrated in cells infected with either of two different strains of FPV or with canarypox virus.
CD4 Masking during Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection, Quantified on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes, Is a Potential Marker of Disease Progression (1996)

In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected adults, the proportion of gp120-free CD4 molecules on the surface of T lymphocytes was measured by double-epitope EIA and expressed as a CD epitope concentration ratio. In 51% of these patients (n=81), CD4 T cells showed a significant decrease (up to 100%) in the accessibility of the CD4 epitope in the D1 domain remained accessible. Of interest, a significant increase in the CD4 gp120 binding site concentration, without a change in T cell counts, was observed within 10 days after initiation of zidovudine treatment. Furthermore, CD4 masking by gp120 was associated with a poor clinical patient status. The assessment of the CD4 epitope concentration ratio is proposed as a surrogate marker of disease progression in HIV-1-infected patients.
Core analysis in a low permeability sandstone reservoir: Results from the Multiwell Experiment (1989)

Over 4100 ft (1100 ft oriented) of Mesaverde core was taken during the drilling of the three Multiwell Experiment (MWX) wells, for study in a comprehensive core analysis program. This core traversed five separate depositional environments (shoreline/marine, coastal, paludal, fluvial, and paralic), and almost every major sand in the Mesaverde at the site was sampled. This paper summarizes MWX core analysis and describes the petrophysical properties at the MWX site; reservoir parameters, including permeabilities of naturally fractured core; and mechanical rock properties including stress-related measurements. Some correlations are made between reservoir properties and mineralogy/petrology data. Comparisons are made between the properties of lenticular and blanket sandstone morphologies existing at the site. This paper provides an overview of a complete core analysis in a low-permeability sandstone reservoir. 66 refs., 17 figs. , 9 tabs.
The clinical utility of C‐peptide measurement in the care of patients with diabetes (2013)

C-peptide is produced in equal amounts to insulin and is the best measure of endogenous insulin secretion in patients with diabetes. Measurement of insulin secretion using C-peptide can be helpful in clinical practice: differences in insulin secretion are fundamental to the different treatment requirements of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. This article reviews the use of C-peptide measurement in the clinical management of patients with diabetes, including the interpretation and choice of C-peptide test and its use to assist diabetes classification and choice of treatment. We provide recommendations for where C-peptide should be used, choice of test and interpretation of results. With the rising incidence of Type 2 diabetes in younger patients, the discovery of monogenic diabetes and development of new therapies aimed at preserving insulin secretion, the direct measurement of insulin secretion may be increasingly important. Advances in assays have made C-peptide measurement both more reliable and inexpensive. In addition, recent work has demonstrated that C-peptide is more stable in blood than previously suggested or can be reliably measured on a spot urine sample (urine C-peptide:creatinine ratio), facilitating measurement in routine clinical practice. The key current clinical role of C-peptide is to assist classification and management of insulin-treated patients. Utility is greatest after 3-5 years from diagnosis when persistence of substantial insulin secretion suggests Type 2 or monogenic diabetes. Absent C-peptide at any time confirms absolute insulin requirement and the appropriateness of Type 1 diabetes management strategies regardless of apparent aetiology.
A Thaumatin-like Protein from Larvae of the Beetle Dendroides canadensis Enhances the Activity of Antifreeze Proteins (2006)

The levels of thermal hysteresis (antifreeze activity) produced by purified antifreeze proteins (DAFPs) from the larvae of the beetle Dendroides canadensis at endogenous concentrations are lower than what are present in the hemolymph of overwintering larvae. Thermal hysteresis activity of DAFPs is dependent not only on AFP concentration but also on the presence of enhancers that may be either proteins (including other hemolymph DAFPs) or low-molecular mass enhancers such as glycerol. The purpose of this study was to identify endogenous protein enhancers using yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, and finally the enhancement of antifreeze activity. Here we show that a thaumatin-like protein from D. canadensis, until recently known only from plants, significantly enhances the thermal hysteresis of DAFP-1 and -2. Glycerol can further this enhancement, presumably by promoting the interaction of the DAFPs and thaumatin-like protein.
Scanning electron microscopy of tissue changes on the pressure surface of human premolars following tooth movement (1972)

abstract – The pressure side of human, premolars subjected to experimental movement for 5–76 d were studied in the scanning electron microscope. Sham‐operated and untreated premolars were used as controls. In order to study the morphology and occurrence of root resorptions, the organic tissue was removed using 1:2 diamino ethane or sodium hypochlorite and the denuded root surfaces were re‐examined in the scanning electron microscope. Areas of compressed soft tissue were regularly present and the size, shape and number of such zones varied in the experimental groups. Initially, tissue affected by pressure was mainly located in the marginal region and subsequently the mid‐portion of the roots became generally influenced. Removal of hyalinized tissue started shortly after the formation, and during this soft tissue removal the underlying hard tissue was resorbed. Observation of circumferentially removed, coalesced fibers corresponded with the finding of extensively resorbed lacunae in the mineralized tissue beneath. The resorptive processes of the cementum began after 10 d as round cavities measuring about 6 μm. Further resorption in cementum was characterized by numerous small, thin‐walled round lacunae which confluenced into extensive, shallow resorptions after 20 d. Dentin was distinguished by the presence of tubules, and in sites of active resorption removal of mineral crystals had occurred, exhibiting a latticed fiber arrangement.
Direct identification of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins in some retrovirus-transformed cells by use of anti-phosphotyrosine antibody. (1986)

For direct identification of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins in lysates of various cells, phosphotyrosine (P-Tyr) was coupled to carrier proteins and anti-P-Tyr antibodies were raised in rabbits and mice. The antibodies were highly specific for P-Tyr and did not cross-react with phosphoserine or phosphothreonine. The mean association constant of rabbit anti-P-Tyr antibody to N-acetyl-P-Tyr was about four times that of rabbit anti-azobenzene phosphonate antibody. In addition, anti-P-Tyr antibody scarcely cross-reacted with the 5'-monophosphate of ribosyladenine or the 5'-monophosphate of ribosylinosine, whereas anti-azobenzene phosphonate antibody cross-reacted appreciably with these compounds. Anti-P-Tyr antibody immunoprecipitated three oncogenic gene products from cells transformed with Rous sarcoma virus, Fujinami sarcoma virus, and Abelson murine leukemia virus, respectively. The immunoprecipitates with anti-P-Tyr antibody from cells transformed with these three retroviruses all manifested tyrosine kinase activity including activity for phosphorylations of oncogene products. In addition to the proteins reported previously, the following new phosphotyrosine-containing proteins were immunoprecipitated from the respective retrovirus-transformed cells by anti-P-Tyr antibody: Mr 230,000, 74,000, and 24,000 proteins (Rous sarcoma virus); Mr 230,000, 69,000, and 24,000 proteins (Fujinami sarcoma virus); and Mr 230,000, 62,000, and 54,000 proteins (Abelson murine leukemia virus).
Microhardness of SiO 2 Glass in Various Environments (1987)

It was shown in earlier studies that the crack initiation stress of SiO 2 glass was stressing‐time dependent only in water while it was time independent in nonaqueous liquids. In order to clarify the roles that various liquids play in the crack initiation of SiO 2 glass, Knoop microhardness measurements were made on SiO 2 glass in various liquids and FTIR spectroanalysis was performed on the indented SiO 2 glass. The microhardness measurements showed a similar loading‐time dependence to the crack initiation stress. The microhardness was separated into two parts: the surface contribution and the volume contribution. The results showed that the volume (or bulk) component was a nearly constant value for glass measured in nonaqueous liquids and that it was lower for glass measured in water. Consistent with these results, FTIR analysis showed that water entered the glass during indentation while nonaqueous liquids did not. The surface component showed a good correlation with the crack initiation stress.
Least-squares estimation of transformation parameters between two point patterns (1991)

In many applications of computer vision, the following problem is encountered. Two point patterns (sets of points) (x/sub i/) and (x/sub i/); i=1, 2, . . ., n are given in m-dimensional space, and the similarity transformation parameters (rotation, translation, and scaling) that give the least mean squared error between these point patterns are needed. Recently, K.S. Arun et al. (1987) and B.K.P. Horn et al. (1987) presented a solution of this problem. Their solution, however, sometimes fails to give a correct rotation matrix and gives a reflection instead when the data is severely corrupted. The proposed theorem is a strict solution of the problem, and it always gives the correct transformation parameters even when the data is corrupted.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Single p-Type/Intrinsic/n-Type Silicon Nanowires as Nanoscale Avalanche Photodetectors (2006)

We report the controlled synthesis of axial modulation-doped p-type/intrinsic/n-type (p-i-n) silicon nanowires with uniform diameters and single-crystal structures. The p-i-n nanowires were grown in three sequential steps: in the presence of diborane for the p-type region, in the absence of chemical dopant sources for the middle segment, and in the presence of phosphine for the n-type region. The p-i-n nanowires were structurally characterized by transmission electron microscopy, and the spatially resolved electrical properties of individual nanowires were determined by electrostatic force and scanning gate microscopies. Temperature-dependent current-voltage measurements recorded from individual p-i-n devices show an increase in the breakdown voltage with temperature, characteristic of band-to-band impact ionization, or avalanche breakdown. Spatially resolved photocurrent measurements show that the largest photocurrent is generated at the intrinsic region located between the electrode contacts, with multiplication factors in excess of ca. 30, and demonstrate that single p-i-n nanowires function as avalanche photodiodes. Electron- and hole-initiated avalanche gain measurements performed by localized photoexcitation of the p-type and n-type regions yield multiplication factors of ca. 100 and 20, respectively. These results demonstrate the significant potential of single p-i-n nanowires as nanoscale avalanche photodetectors and open possible opportunities for studying impact ionization of electrons and holes within quasi-one-dimensional semiconductor systems.
Harnessing the Microbiome to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy (2015)

The microbiota plays a key role in regulating the innate and adaptive immune system. Herein, we review the immunological aspects of the microbiota in tumor immunity in mice and man, with a focus on toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, vaccines, checkpoint modulators, chemotherapy, and adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) therapies. We propose innovative treatments that may safely harness the microbiota to enhance T cell-based therapies in cancer patients. Finally, we highlight recent developments in tumor immunotherapy, particularly novel ways to modulate the microbiome and memory T cell responses to human malignancies.
Functional and comparative genomic analyses of an operon involved in fructooligosaccharide utilization by Lactobacillus acidophilus (2003)

Lactobacillus acidophilus is a probiotic organism that displays the ability to use prebiotic compounds such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which stimulate the growth of beneficial commensals in the gastrointestinal tract. However, little is known about the mechanisms and genes involved in FOS utilization by Lactobacillus species. Analysis of the L. acidophilus NCFM genome revealed an msm locus composed of a transcriptional regulator of the LacI family, a four-component ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport system, a fructosidase, and a sucrose phosphorylase. Transcriptional analysis of this operon demonstrated that gene expression was induced by sucrose and FOS but not by glucose or fructose, suggesting some specificity for nonreadily fermentable sugars. Additionally, expression was repressed by glucose but not by fructose, suggesting catabolite repression via two cre-like sequences identified in the promoter-operator region. Insertional inactivation of the genes encoding the ABC transporter substrate-binding protein and the fructosidase reduced the ability of the mutants to grow on FOS. Comparative analysis of gene architecture within this cluster revealed a high degree of synteny with operons in Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, the association between a fructosidase and an ABC transporter is unusual and may be specific to L. acidophilus. This is a description of a previously undescribed gene locus involved in transport and catabolism of FOS compounds, which can promote competition of beneficial microorganisms in the human gastrointestinal tract.
Polymer hydrogel nanoparticles and their networks (2002)

The thermally responsive hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) hydrogel nanoparticles have been synthesized and characterized. The HPC particles were obtained by chemically crosslinking collapsed HPC polymer chains in water-surfactant (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide) dispersion above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the HPC. The size distributions of microgel particles, measured by dynamic light scattering, have been correlated with synthesis conditions including surfactant concentration, polymer concentration, and reaction temperature. The swelling and phase transition properties of resultant HPC microgels have been analyzed using both static and dynamic light scattering techniques. By first making gel nanoparticles and then covalently bonding them together, we have engineered a new class of gels with two levels of structural hierarchy: the primary network is crosslinked polymer chains in each individual particle, while the secondary network is a system of crosslinked nanoparticles. The covalent bonding contributes to the structural stability of the nanostructured gels, while self-assembly provides them with crystal structures that diffract light, resulting in colors. By using N-isopropylacrylamide copolymer hydrogel nanoparticles, we have synthesized nanoparticle networks that display a striking iridescence like precious opal but are soft and flexible like gelatin. This is in contrast to previous colored hydrogels, which were created either by adding dyes or fluorescent, or by organic solvent or by embedding a colloidal crystal array of polymer solid spheres . Creating such periodic 3D structures in materials allows us to obtain useful functionality not only from the constituent building blocks but also from the long-range ordering that characterizes these structures. Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and poly (acrylic acid ) (PAA) complexes were studied using turbidity measurement and laser light scattering. The phase transition temperature of the complexes is found to depend on pH and molecular weights of PAA and HPC. The driving force for this phenomenon is due to the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction of the macromolecules. Based on the principle of the PAA/HPC complexes, the PAA nanoparticles were synthesized in 0.1wt % HPC aqueous solution at room temperature.