gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Next step of non-invasive glucose monitor by NIR technique from the well controlled measurement condition and results (2005)

Some important experiments for noninvasive in vivo glucose monitoring, especially the critical measurement conditions and experiment designs, are reviewed. And how to extract glucose information effectively will be the next step of this research.
Therapeutic and prophylactic applications of alphavirus vectors (2008)

Alphavirus vectors are high-level, transient expression vectors for therapeutic and prophylactic use. These positive-stranded RNA vectors, derived from Semliki Forest virus, Sindbis virus and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, multiply and are expressed in the cytoplasm of most vertebrate cells, including human cells. Part of the genome encoding the structural protein genes, which is amplified during a normal infection, is replaced by a transgene. Three types of vector have been developed: virus-like particles, layered DNA-RNA vectors and replication-competent vectors. Virus-like particles contain replicon RNA that is defective since it contains a cloned gene in place of the structural protein genes, and thus are able to undergo only one cycle of expression. They are produced by transfection of vector RNA, and helper RNAs encoding the structural proteins. Layered DNA-RNA vectors express the Semliki Forest virus replicon from a cDNA copy via a cytomegalovirus promoter. Replication-competent vectors contain a transgene in addition to the structural protein genes. Alphavirus vectors are used for three main applications: vaccine construction, therapy of central nervous system disease, and cancer therapy.
Capacitance-voltage measurements on metal-SiO/sub 2/-diamond structures fabricated with (1991)

Metal-SiO/sub 2/-diamond structures fabricated using
Characteristic frequency responses of broadband adaptive arrays (1983)

The interference direction frequency response and cancellation capability of a broadband tapped delay line adaptive array are discussed. The frequency response is found to be an entire function in the s-plane, but the hypothesis is advanced that, for a given total time delay and number of degrees of freedom, it approximates to the rational frequency response function of a single uniformly tapped delay line for band- limited interference spectra. Some elementary expressions for the cancellation are derived.
Six Classes of Nuclear Localization Signals Specific to Different Binding Grooves of Importin α (2008)

The importin alpha/beta pathway mediates nuclear import of proteins containing the classical nuclear localization signals (NLSs). Although the consensus sequences of the classical NLSs have been defined, there are still many NLSs that do not match the consensus rule and many nonfunctional sequences that match the consensus. We report here six different NLS classes that specifically bind to distinct binding pockets of importin alpha. By screening of random peptide libraries using an mRNA display, we selected peptides bound by importin alpha and identified six classes of NLSs, including three novel classes. Two noncanonical classes (class 3 and class 4) specifically bound the minor binding pocket of importin alpha, whereas the classical monopartite NLSs (class 1 and class 2) bound to the major binding pocket. Using a newly developed universal green fluorescent protein expression system, we found that these NLS classes, including plant-specific class 5 NLSs and bipartite NLSs, fundamentally require the regions outside the core basic residues for their activity and have specific residues or patterns that confer the activities differently between yeast, plants, and mammals. Furthermore, amino acid replacement analyses revealed that the consensus basic patterns of the classical NLSs are not essential for activity, thereby generating more unconventional patterns, including redox-sensitive NLSs. These results explain the causes of the NLS diversity. The defined consensus patterns and properties of importin alpha-dependent NLSs provide useful information for identifying NLSs.
Dielectric and thermoanalytical behavior of moisture and water in aromatic polyimide and polyimide films (2002)

Specimens of an aromatic polyamide(Aramid) film as well as a polyimide film, which were subjected to various degrees of moisture adsorption as well as water immersion, were investigated both dielectrically and thermoanalytically in order to compare how much the adsorbed moisture and the stored water affect each dielectric and thermoanalytical behavior. It became clear that the polyimide film is more hydrophilic than the Aramid film and there is apparently no free water detected in both films. It followed from the thermogravimetry (TG) measurements that the polyimide film appears extraordinary in such a manner that its weight loss occurs dominantly at room temperature and then does not occur almost above 200/spl deg/C reaching totally about half of the water content value measured by the weight increase. It means that there is a large discrepancy existing between the weight loss and weight increase of the polyimide film, being demonstrated by the calculation of dissipated moisture from the polyimide film during the DSC measurements, too. The results for the dielectric measurements at room temperature show that in the whole frequency range both relative permittivity and dielectric dissipation factor values increase along with their water contents and that in the low frequency region there are large increases in both values particularly for their soaked specimens. Comparing the relationships between their relative permittivity/dielectric dissipation factor values and water contents, both values of the Aramid film were more dependent on the water contents than those of the polyimide film particularly in the low frequency region. Finally, it was concluded that, while in the Aramid film the moisture can be assumed to exist mainly in a state of bound water in the same way as that in humid Aramid papers, in the polyimide film the moisture can be assumed to exist in a state of surface attaching at room temperature up to about 80/spl deg/C and then the biggest part of the residual moisture is thought to be transformed to a strongly bound state with the imide linkages over 200/spl deg/C.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Physical Vapor Deposition Method for the High-Throughput Synthesis of Solid-State Material Libraries (2005)

A method that combines co-evaporation of pure elements from multiple finite-size sources on temperature-controlled substrates with independently controlled source shutters has been used for the synthesis of solid-state material combinatorial libraries. The source shutters are positioned to achieve a controlled gradient of the deposited elements across the substrate and are fixed during the course of deposition. Choice of the shutter position and the rate of deposition for each source allow the direct synthesis of continuous and controlled materials of varying composition. There are significant advantages of the method over alternatives which rely on sequential deposition and subsequent heat treatment to produce thin film materials. The parameters governing the creation of gradients have been identified and defined. Simulations and experimental data have been compared in the case of a single source. Results are presented for the synthesis of a ternary alloy library to demonstrate the methodology.
Control of Reductive Elimination and Acidolysis of Diarylnickel(II) Complexes by the Kind of Brønsted Acid and the Presence of Oxygen (1999)

Abstract Reaction of NiAr2(bpy) (Ar = electron withdrawing aryl group, bpy = 2,2′-bipypridyl) with Brønsted acids leads to reductive elimination of Ar-Ar from NiAr2(bpy). The reaction also causes acidolysis of the Ni complex depending on the kind of the acid and reaction conditions.
Studies on the Chemical Structure of Konjac Mannan (1969)

The electrophoretically homogeneous glucomannan isolated from konjac flour was composed of d-glucose and d-mannose residues in the approximate ratio of 1: 1.6. Controlled acid hydrolysis gave 4-O-β-d-mannopyranosyl-d-mannose, 4-O-β-d-mannopyranosyl-d-glucoseT 4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-d-glucose(cellobiose), 4-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-d-mannose(epicellobiose), O-β-d-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-d-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)-d-mannose, O-β-d-glucopyranosyl- (1→4)-O-β-d-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)-d-mannose, O-β-d-mannopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-d-glucopy- ranosyl-(1→4)-d-mannose and O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-d-mannose.
Reagin-mediated asthma in rhesus monkeys and relation to bronchial cell histamine release and airway reactivity to carbocholine. (1976)

A B S T R A C T Rhesus monkeys with persistent immedi- ate-type cutaneous and respiratory responses (RR) to ascaris antigen (AA) were compared with rhesus mon- keys with skin reactivity and no respiratory responses, and animals with no skin reactivity and no respiratory responses to inhaled antigen (NR). The RR group could not be distinguished from the nonresponding (NR) group by the cutaneous skin test titers, serum, or respiratory secretion IgE concentration. Leukocyte histamine (H) release due to anti-IgE was similar with peripheral blood leukocytes and bronchial lumen mast cells (MC) from RR and NR animals. The RR group of animals could be distinguished from the NR group by their degree of sensitivity to inhaled carbocholine and H release from respiratory MC exposed to AA. The RR group demonstrates consistent, persistent respiratory responses suitable for immunologic, pharmacologic, and physiologic studies. Finally, it was found that the IgE concentration in respiratory secretions of rhesus mon- keys was comparatively higher than in serum, evidence for IgE as a secretory Ig in the respiratory tract of this species.
Innate immunity and the normal microflora (2000)

This paper discusses the following ten subtitles with the contents indicated. 1. To meet a microbe: discusses the four alternatives in host-microbe interactions. 2. Receptors and signal transduction giving gene activation: discusses the lipopolysaccharide receptor and the limitations of cell cultures versus use of live animals. 3. Effector molecules--antimicrobial peptides with and without cysteines. A data base exists with over 500 sequences. This paper gives a general overview of five classes of gene-encoded effector molecules, based on the absence or presence of cysteines. These molecules are peptide antibiotics with wide spectra against different microbes. They are synthesized as propeptides and post-translational modifications are common. 4. Effectors of innate immunity--lethal action without host damage: evaluates current opinions about the mode of action of peptide antibiotics and the fact that these effectors do not create host damage. 5. Genes, introns and movable elements. Two cecropin genes containing movable elements and the human cathelicidin gene for proFALL-39/hCAP18 are discussed. 6. The natural microflora. Hippos or frogs as model systems. This section includes the isolation of bacteria from the normal flora of frogs; Aeromonas hydrophila, the bacterium found on all five frog species studied; arguments and selected examples of frog-microbe interactions in vivo and in vitro; and the use of glucocorticoids as control for nuclear factor-kappa B/I kappa B alpha regulation of effector genes. 7. The use of germ-free mice--hard facts from hard work: summarizes new findings which indicate that germ-free mice are born with a set of antibacterial peptides in their small intestine. The intestine of germ-free mice monoinfected with A. hydrophila have peptide patterns that differ depending on a pretreatment with cortisone. 8. Looking back--an evolutionary perspective on innate immunity: arguments for an early evolutionary need for gene-encoded antibacterial factors. Caenorhabditis elegans should provide some answers. The finding of cecropin-like peptides in Helicobacter pylori and the indications that cecropins are derived from ribosomal protein L1. 9. What about viruses? Arguments for the lack of innate immunity against viruses. 10. Five questions floating in the pond of immunology. The normal microflora, its size and control are too often left out from immunological thinking. Animal model systems may sometimes invite misinterpretation. Which animal species are more equal than others?
Production of extracellular enzymes in mutants isolated from trichoderma viride unable to hydrolyze cellulose (1978)

Mutant strains not producing cellulases were induced and isolated from the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma viride. Enrichment of mutants was carried out with the aid of nystatin selection. Mutants were shown to lack the ability to hydrolyze both soluble and crystalline cellulose. Mannanase and xylanase activities were also absent, indicating a common regulation for all these enzymes in T. viride. In some strains aryl-beta-glucosidase activity was also missing. Mutants grew normally, but the amount of proteins secreted into the medium was very low, and in most cases these proteins were qualitatively different from the proteins of the parent strain.
The Principles and Practice of Weed Control for Notillage Soyabean in Southern Brazil Using the Bipyridyl Herbicides (1981)

Abstract An ICI survey of the arable area of southern Brazil in 1971 confirmed the urgent need for some form of conservation tillage system for soyabean wheat primarily to control soil erosion. A practical system of no-tillage soyabean was developed for N. Parana, with weed control based on careful crop residue management and sprays of paraquat mixed with either linuron or metribuzin. The marked superiority of these mixtures over paraquat alone for the control of vigorous annual grasses was noted. This effect is, in part attributed to the capacity of metribuzin and linuron (along with other herbicides) to inhibit photosynthesis, thereby facilitating the translocation of paraquat. Where residual herbicides are not used, diuron at low rates in suitable formulation proved the best additive for paraquat. Problem broadleaved weeds are controlled by adding 2, 4-D to paraquat. Temperature, rainfall, the presence of fallows and the interval between harvest and the next planting, all affect pre-plant weed control for no-till soyabean. A key issue is to prevent excessive stands of weeds. Control within the crop can be provided by shielded, directed sprays of paraquat for which tractor mounted sprayers were developed. Recent discoveries of pre- and post-emergence selective herbicides provide improved and alternative in-crop weed control options. Crop diversification and further general no-till research show promise of further rational, chemical and cultural methods of weed control.
Functional and molecular characterization of single, (4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP)‐specific, IgG1+ B cells from antibody‐secreting and memory B cell pathways in the C57BL/6 immune response to NP (1992)

We have used multiparameter flow cytometry to identify a population of IgG1+ IgM- antigen-specific B cells which emerges in spleens of C57BL/6 mice following immunization with the hapten, (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP). Characterization of the specificities of IgG1 antibodies produced by single, sorted IgG1+ NP+ cells in both Elispot assays and in microcultures containing lipopolysaccharide, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4 and IL-5 indicates that the splenic IgG1+ NP+ B cell population includes both IgG1 anti-NP antibody-secreting cells and non-secreting, IgG1+ memory B cells. Each functionally discrete population of IgG1+ B cells expresses a distinctive surface phenotype defined by a wide range of B cell markers. In particular, antibody-secreting, IgG1+ cells were uniquely identified by co-expression of the matrix receptor, syndecan. The NP-specific B cell population emerging in the day 7 primary response was assessed for clonotypic diversity by amplification and direct sequencing of the rearranged V186.2 heavy chain variable region gene expressed by single, ex vivo IgG1+ NP+ lambda+ B cells. Memory B cell clones, distinguished by junctional diversity, carried either no mutation or a single mutation within rearranged V186.2, suggesting isolation of these cells at the onset of the hypermutation mechanism. This novel approach, therefore, allows the direct and unambiguous identification and characterization of individual B cell clonotypes during their initial selection and activation in antibody responses in vivo.
Excitation of surface electromagnetic waves on water (1978)

Excitation of surface electromagnetic waves (SEW) on water was studied using optical coupling techniques at microwave frequencies. Excitation of SEW was also achieved using direct horn antenna coupling. The transmitted SEW power was increased by adding acid and salt to water. The horn antenna gave the maximum excitation efficiency 70%. It was increased to 75% by collimating the electromagnetic beam in the vertical direction. Excitation efficiency for the prism (0 degrees pitch angle) and grating couplers were 15.2% and 10.5% respectively. By changing the prism coupler pitch angle to +36 degrees , its excitation efficiency was increased to 82%.
A comparison of dapsone with 13-cis retinoic acid in the treatment of nodular cystic acne (1988)

Forty male patients with nodular/cystic acne were randomly allocated to receive either 100mg dapsone daily, or 40 mg 13‐cis retinoic acid, daily for a period of 16 weeks. The following parameters were assessed during Treatment and for a follow‐up period of 20 weeks: lesion counts (pustules, nodules and cysts), photographic evaluation, patient visual analogue scale, sebum excretion rate and skin surface microflora. Seventeen patients from each group completed the study. Only marginal clinical benefit was observed with dapsone, which produced no significant effect either on sebum excretion rate, or on skin surface microflora. By contrast, patients on 13‐cis retinoic acid showed significant reductions in sebum excretion rate and skin surface microflora, which were maximal at 16 weeks (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively), and significant improvements in all clinical parameters which were maintained at follow‐up 5 months later. We conclude that dapsone is clearly inferior to 13‐cis retinoic acid in the treatment of nodular cystic acne.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Effects in Mice of Halogenated Cannabinol Derivatives. (1995)

Eight halogenated derivatives of cannabinol (CBN) substituted on the aromatic ring at the 2 and/or 4 position were synthesized and their pharmacological effects were evaluated by intracerebroventricular injection (50 micrograms/mouse) in mice, using hypothermia, pentobarbital-induced sleep prolongation, catalepsy and anticonvulsant effect as indices. The hypothermic effects of monohalogenated derivatives of CBN were comparable to that of CBN, whereas the effects of dihalogenated derivatives of CBN except for the fluorinated derivative were attenuated. In the interaction with pentobarbital, two monochlorinated derivatives exhibited a significant prolongation of sleeping time, although other derivatives did not significantly affect the sleeping time. The cataleptogenic effects of monofluoro- and 4-bromo-CBN were stronger than that of CBN. 4-Bromo-CBN exhibited a significant prolongation of seizure latency induced by pentylenetetrazol. These data suggest that halogenation of CBN modifies the pharmacological profile of the cannabinoid.
Methionine‐Enkephalin in Migraine and Tension Headache. Differences Between Classic Migraine, Common Migraine and Tension Headache, and Changes During Attacks. (1990)

We measured methionine-enkephalin (MET) in platelets and platelet-poor-plasma of drug-free patients with classic migraine, common migraine or tension headache (TH). Migraineurs were studied both between and during attacks. TH patients were characterized by low platelet-MET and high plasma-MET levels, whereas migraine patients showed high platelet-MET and reduced plasma-MET levels. During migraine attacks both platelet and plasma-MET concentrations increased considerably. We suggest that determination of MET levels in platelets and plasma may be a useful marker to discriminate between TH and common migraine. The rise in MET during attacks may be directed against the ictal increase of serotonin.
High solid simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of wet oxidized corn stover to ethanol (2004)

In this study ethanol was produced from corn stover pretreated by alkaline and acidic wet oxidation (WO) (195 degrees C, 15 min, 12 bar oxygen) followed by nonisothermal simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). In the first step of the SSF, small amounts of cellulases were added at 50 degrees C, the optimal temperature of enzymes, in order to obtain better mixing condition due to some liquefaction. In the second step more cellulases were added in combination with dried baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at 30 degrees C. The phenols (0.4-0.5 g/L) and carboxylic acids (4.6-5.9 g/L) were present in the hemicellulose rich hydrolyzate at subinhibitory levels, thus no detoxification was needed prior to SSF of the whole slurry. Based on the cellulose available in the WO corn stover 83% of the theoretical ethanol yield was obtained under optimized SSF conditions. This was achieved with a substrate concentration of 12% dry matter (DM) acidic WO corn stover at 30 FPU/g DM (43.5 FPU/g cellulose) enzyme loading. Even with 20 and 15 FPU/g DM (corresponding to 29 and 22 FPU/g cellulose) enzyme loading, ethanol yields of 76 and 73%, respectively, were obtained. After 120 h of SSF the highest ethanol concentration of 52 g/L (6 vol.%) was achieved, which exceeds the technical and economical limit of the industrial-scale alcohol distillation. The SSF results showed that the cellulose in pretreated corn stover can be efficiently fermented to ethanol with up to 15% DM concentration. A further increase of substrate concentration reduced the ethanol yield significant as a result of insufficient mass transfer. It was also shown that the fermentation could be followed with an easy monitoring system based on the weight loss of the produced CO2.
Materials for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries (2012)

The lithium-ion battery is the most promising battery candidate to power battery-electric vehicles. For these vehicles to be competitive with those powered by conventional internal combustion engines, significant improvements in battery performance are needed, especially in the energy density and power delivery capabilities. Recent discoveries and advances in the development of electrode materials to improve battery performance are summarized. Promising substitutes for graphite as the anode material include silicon, tin, germanium, their alloys, and various metal oxides that have much higher theoretical storage capacities and operate at slightly higher and safer potentials. Designs that attempt to accommodate strain owing to volumetric changes upon lithiation and delithiation are presented. All known cathode materials have storage capacities inferior to those of anode materials. In addition to variations on known transition metal oxides and phosphates, other potential materials, such as metal fluorides, are discussed as well as the effects of particle size and electrode architecture. New electrolyte systems and additives as well as their effects on battery performance, especially with regard to safety, are described.