gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PET Imaging of Integrin αVβ3 Expression (2011)

PET imaging of integrin αvβ3 expression has been studied intensely by the academia and recently also by the industry. Imaging of integrin αvβ3 expression is of great potential value, as the integrin αvβ3 is a key player in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Therefore PET imaging of this target might be a suitable in-vivo biomarker of angiogenesis and metastatic potential of tumors. In this manuscript, the various strategies for PET imaging of the integrin αvβ3 will be summarized, including monomeric and multimeric radiolabelled RGD peptides and nanoparticles. While most experiments have been performed using preclinical tumor models, more and more clinical results on PET imaging of αvβ3 expression are available and will be discussed in detail. However, while a multitude of radiotracer strategies have been successfully evaluated for PET imaging of αvβ3, the ultimate clinical value of this new imaging biomarker still has to be evaluated in large clinical trials.
Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium States in Microfluidic Double Emulsions (2008)

We describe experimental and theoretical studies dedicated to establishing the physics of formation of double droplets in microfluidic systems. We show that the morphologies (complete engulfing, partial engulfing, and nonengulfing) obtained at late times minimize the interfacial energy of the system. We explain that nonequilibrium morphologies generated in the system can have long lifetimes. Remarkably, the physics of formation of the double droplets with microfluidics allows the synthesis of particles with new morphologies.
Toyopearl HW-65C: Ammonium Sulfate as a New Column Chromatographic Adsorbent for Enzyme Purification1 (1983)

We found that Toyopearl HW-65C gel matrix adsorbed ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase in the presence of concentrated ammonium sulfate. Ferredoxin was strongly adsorbed on the gel in 80% saturated ammonium sulfate, and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase was adsorbed in 40% saturated ammonium sulfate. The phenomenon was utilized for purification of ferredoxin and the reductase on a Toyopearl HW-65C: ammonium sulfate column. The technique greatly simplified the early stage of purification of ferredoxin and the reductase. The improved purification methods further involved column treatments with DEAE-Toyopearl 650M and Matrex Red A. The effectiveness of the columns is reported. Since a number of other proteins such as cytochrome c, myoglobin, chymotrypsinogen A, ovalbumin, and glucose oxidase were also adsorbed well in an appropriately concentrated ammonium sulfate solution, the method may be of general use in enzyme purification.
Multigene antiviral vectors inhibit diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clades (1997)

The chronicity of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) calls for therapeutic regimens that offer sustained antiviral effects, such as gene therapy. Recent studies have demonstrated that expression of HIV mutant transdominant proteins, RNA decoys, and ribozymes efficiently inhibited HIV replication. We have previously shown that an RNA decoy (stem-loop II of the Rev response element of HIV type 1 [HIV-1], named SL2) and a ribozyme (Rz) targeting the U5 region of the HIV-1 5' long terminal repeat (LTR), combined in a fusion molecule, was more efficient in inhibiting HIV-1 replication than the ribozyme or the decoy alone. In this study, we expressed this fusion molecule in a retrovirus-based double-copy vector to obtain higher expression of this molecule. Furthermore, we inserted a sequence internally to drive expression of another fusion molecule with a ribozyme targeting the env/rev region linked to SL2 to obtain a triple-copy vector. These multigene antiviral vectors were subsequently transduced or transfected into human CD4+ T cells (Molt-4). Results showed that the translocation of the SL2-Rz cassette from the 3' to the 5' LTR occurred in 80% of the transduced cells. The numbers of ribozyme RNA transcripts, estimated by competitive-quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, were 1.2 x 10(5), 1.2 x 10(4), and 1.5 x 10(3) copies per cell for the triple-copy, double-copy, and single-copy vectors, respectively. Cell challenge with multiple subtypes of HIV-1 (clades A to E) showed commensurate levels of virus inhibition for the three vectors. This study suggests that the combination of multiple anti-HIV genes, such as ribozymes and decoys, targeting multiple sites of HIV RNA and expressed at high levels are promising for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES OF NUCLEOSIDES AND NUCLEOTIDES PART 65, PURINE CYCLONUCLEOSIDES PART 26, A VERSATILE METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF PURINE O‐CYCLO‐NUCLEOSIDES. THE FIRST SYNTHESIS OF 8,2′‐ANHYDRO‐8‐OXY‐9‐BETA‐D‐ARABINOFURANOSYLGUANINE (1975)

Abstract Das Bromadenosin (I) wird über das Dibutylstannylen (II) zu (III) tosyliert.
Monitoring of iron status and iron supplementation in patients treated with erythropoietin (1994)

Patients receiving erythropoietin therapy require large quantities of iron to keep pace with the demands of the bone marrow during active erythropoiesis. If this iron supply to the marrow is not maintained, the response to erythropoietin is impaired, and indeed iron insufficiency is the most common cause of a poor response to this drug. Iron deficiency may be either absolute, which is defined as a reduction in total body iron stores, or functional, which implies adequate iron stores but a failure to supply available iron to the marrow or a failure in the utilization of this iron in the process of erythropoiesis. The detection of absolute or functional iron deficiency is difficult because there is no absolutely reliable marker of iron status, with the exception of an unequivocally low serum ferritin level. Measurement of serum ferritin and transferrin saturation are the most widely used methods, but both have drawbacks. Monitoring of the percentage of hypochromic erythrocytes in the circulation also seems promising, but the technology is of limited availability, and other methods (eg, monitoring erythrocyte ferritin, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and erythrocyte zinc protoporphyrin levels) lack widespread validation. Treatment of iron insufficiency is accomplished by intensifying iron supplementation either orally or intravenously, and in many instances the latter route becomes necessary. The high cost of erythropoietin demands that iron deficiency be screened for on a regular basis and treated to maximize the benefits of this drug.
Engineering the Unique 2D Mat of Graphene to Achieve Graphene-TiO2 Nanocomposite for Photocatalytic Selective Transformation: What Advantage does Graphene Have over Its Forebear Carbon Nanotube? (2011)

Increasing interest has been devoted to synthesizing graphene (GR)-semiconductor nanocomposites as photocatalysts for potential applications, which is very similar to its forebear carbon nanotube (CNT)-semiconductor photocatalysts. Unfortunately, a thoughtful and inevitable comparison between GR- and CNT-semiconductors as photocatalysts is often neglected in literature. This situation may give incomplete or exaggerated information on the contribution role of GR to enhance the semiconductor photocatalytic activity, as compared to CNT. Thus, our knowledge regarding the specific advantage of GR over CNT on how to design more efficient GR-semiconductor nanocomposites and understanding the origin of their enhanced photocatalytic performance is far from satisfactory. By taking the TiO(2) semiconductor as an example, we conceptually demonstrate how to synthesize a more efficient GR-TiO(2) nanocomposite as a visible light photocatalyst toward selective oxidation of alcohols under mild conditions. Comparison between GR-TiO(2) and CNT-TiO(2) discloses the prominent advantage of GR over CNT on both controlling the morphology of GR-TiO(2) nanocomposite and enhancing the photocatalytic activity of TiO(2). This work clearly highlights the importance and necessity for a comparison investigation between GR- and CNT-semiconductors as photocatalysts, which will promote our in-depth fundamental understanding on the analogy and difference between GR and CNT on controlling the morphology of GR (or CNT)-semiconductor nanocomposites and enhancing the photocatalytic performance. Therefore, we appeal the photocatalysis community to pay attention to this respect rather than separately imposing hype on the miracle of GR in much the same way as its carbon forebears, which could significantly advance our rational fabrication of smart GR-semiconductor nanocomposites for artificial photosynthesis.
PPARs in Inflammation, Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis (2001)

PPARs are transcription factors which regulate lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, glucose homeostasis and cellular differentiation. PPARalpha enhances fatty acid oxidation whereas PPARgamma promotes adipogenesis and fatty acid storage in adipose tissue. Both PPARalpha and PPARgamma improve glucose homeostasis. PPARalpha and PPARgamma are activated by the pharmacological agents fibrates and glitazones respectively, and by natural fatty acid derivatives, including inflammation mediators. PPARs are expressed in the different cell types of human atherosclerotic lesions where they regulate the expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response and lipid homeostasis. PPARs modulate the recruitment and adhesion of leukocytes and monocytes to the atherosclerotic lesion. PPARs furthermore control macrophage lipid homeostasis through their action on scavenger receptors and by regulating genes involved in the first steps of the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Finally, PPARs regulate genes controlling thrombogenicity associated with plaque rupture. These observations suggest that PPARs modulate atherosclerosis development by acting at both metabolic and vascular levels. This review will essentially focus on the functions of PPARalpha and PPARgamma in immunoregulation, vascular inflammation and thrombosis associated to atherosclerosis.
Discrimination of strain and temperature using Bragg gratings in microstructured and standard optical fibres (2005)

In this work two sensing heads based on fibre Bragg grating structures are demonstrated, one for temperature independent measurement of strain and the other for simultaneous measurement of these two parameters. The first one relies on a single Bragg grating inscription in a microstructured optical fibre, resulting for two input orthogonal polarizations in two distinct resonance peaks with similar temperature sensitivities and different strain sensitivities. In the second structure two gratings were considered, one written in the same microstructured fibre and the other on a standard SMF fibre. Considerably different strain and temperature sensitivities were obtained for these two gratings, enabling simultaneous temperature and strain measurement with resolutions of ±1.5 °C and ±10.7 µe over a measurement range of 100 °C and 2000 µe, respectively.
Flavosemichinon‐Metallchelate: Modelle zur Erklärung der «active site» in den mitochondrialen Flavoenzymen. Zum Verhalten des Riboflavins gegen Metallionen III (1964)

Abstract The behaviour of half reduced isoalloxazine (flavocoenzyme) systems, riboflavin and analogues, has been studied acidimetrically and spectrophotometrically in aqueous solution, in the presence or absence of non‐redox d ‐metal ions. The metal has been found to combine selectively with the flavin semiquinone anion, forming deep red radical chelates with cornproportionation of the ligand system. Colour and reactivity of native metal‐containing flavoenzymes might be explained satisfactorily by this. Reference has been made to biological conclusions advanced elsewhere.
Nucleoside S-alkyl phosphorothioates. IV. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphorothioate monoesters (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNucleoside S-alkyl phosphorothioates. IV. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphorothioate monoestersAlan F. CookCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 1, 190–195Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00704a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00704a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views309Altmetric-Citations48LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Comparisons between Pharmacologically and Edinger-Westphal–Stimulated Accommodation in Rhesus Monkeys (2005)

Ocular biometric changes differ with EW and pharmacological stimulation of accommodation. Pharmacological stimulation results in a greater increase in lens thickness, an overall forward movement of the lens and a greater change in dioptric power.
Real-time Global Stereo Matching Using Hierarchical Belief Propagation (2006)

In this paper, we present a belief propagation based global algorithm that generates high quality results while maintaining real-time performance. To our knowledge, it is the first BP based global method that runs at real-time speed. Our efficiency performance gains mainly from the parallelism of graphics hardware,which leads to a 45 times speedup compared to the CPU implementation. To qualify the accurancy of our approach, the experimental results are evaluated on the Middlebury data sets, showing that our approach is among the best (ranked first in the new evaluation system) for all real-time approaches. In addition, since the running time of general BP is linear to the number of iterations, adopting a large number of iterations is not feasible for practical applications. Hence a novel approach is proposed to adaptively update pixel cost. Unlike general BP methods, the running time of our proposed algorithm dramatically converges.
HMM parameter reduction for practical gesture recognition (2008)

We examine in detail some properties of gesture recognition models which utilize a reduced number of parameters and lower algorithmic complexity compared to traditional hidden Markov models. We show that the reduced parameter models are comparable to standard HMM-based gesture recognition models in their ability to effectively model gestures, and in some cases superior when training data is limited. We also show that in order to effectively differentiate similar gestures, a gesture recognition model must utilize a large number of states, a scenario which can only be adequately handled by reducer parameter methods to maintain real-time speeds.
SpyLigase peptide–peptide ligation polymerizes affibodies to enhance magnetic cancer cell capture (2014)

Individual proteins can now often be modified with atomic precision, but there are still major obstacles to connecting proteins into larger assemblies. To direct protein assembly, ideally, peptide tags would be used, providing the minimal perturbation to protein function. However, binding to peptides is generally weak, so assemblies are unstable over time and disassemble with force or harsh conditions. We have recently developed an irreversible protein-peptide interaction (SpyTag/SpyCatcher), based on a protein domain from Streptococcus pyogenes, that locks itself together via spontaneous isopeptide bond formation. Here we develop irreversible peptide-peptide interaction, through redesign of this domain and genetic dissection into three parts: a protein domain termed SpyLigase, which now ligates two peptide tags to each other. All components expressed efficiently in Escherichia coli and peptide tags were reactive at the N terminus, at the C terminus, or at internal sites. Peptide-peptide ligation enabled covalent and site-specific polymerization of affibodies or antibodies against the tumor markers epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER2. Magnetic capture of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is one of the most promising approaches to improve cancer prognosis and management, but CTC capture is limited by inefficient recovery of cells expressing low levels of tumor antigen. SpyLigase-assembled protein polymers made possible the isolation of cancerous cells expressing lower levels of tumor antigen and should have general application in enhancing molecular capture.
Improved vanillin production in baker's yeast through in silico design (2010)

Use of constraints corresponding to different physiological states was found to greatly influence the target predictions given minimization of metabolic adjustment (MOMA) as biological objective function. In vivo verification of the targets, selected based on their predicted metabolic adjustment, successfully led to overproducing strains. Overall, we propose and demonstrate a framework for in silico design and target selection for improving microbial cell factories.
Photochemistry of chromophore-functionalized gold nanoparticles (2002)

Abstract It is generally believed that metal nanoparticles strongly quench the singlet-excited states of chromophores when attached to nanoparticle surfaces, through an energy-transfer mechanism, which limits their application in optoelectronic devices and photonic materials. Recent studies of fluorophore-linked metal nanoparticles reveal that there is a dramatic suppression in the quenching of the singlet-excited state of these molecules and they possess unusual photophysical properties. A summary of our work on the photophysical and excited-state properties of chromophore-functionalized gold nanoparticles is presented in this article. Pyrene-capped gold nanoparticles showed normal fluorescence in nonpolar solvents and an intermolecular excimer formation at higher loadings. The quenching of the emission, observed in pyrene-labeled gold nanoparticles in polar solvents, is attributed to the formation of pyrene radical cation through a photoinduced electron-transfer process. We have also functionalized gold nanoparticles using a thiol derivative of fullerene. The quenching of fluorescence and decreased yields of triplet-excited state, observed in these systems, are attributed to an energy-transfer process.
Review of Bone Union Evaluation Time by E-mail Questionnaire (2010)

【背景】骨癒合評価時期について臨床現場や論文で医師間の認識に相違を感じることがあり，骨癒合と判定するタイミングを調査することとした．【方法】1.長崎大学，関連病院および佐賀骨折治療研究会所属医師103名を対象に，大腿骨骨幹部骨折に対して髄内釘を試行したレントゲンを経時的に提示．仮骨出現時期，仮骨架橋構造形成期，骨癒合時期，抜釘可能時期および整形外科経験年数についてメールアンケートを実施した．2.アンケートに用いたレントゲンを画像ソフトで処理し仮骨部の濃度，面積を評価．【結果】1.回答43名，経験年数は平均13.6年．いずれの時期においても医師間による相違が見られ，経験年数による差は見られなかった．2.仮骨部の濃度，面積は仮骨増生が強い時期に最大となり徐々に低下を認めた．【考察】レントゲンによる骨癒合評価は主観的要素や撮影条件により左右され，また整形外科医と放射線科医でも差を生じるとの報告もあり今回の調査でその傾向が認められた．
HITS-CLIP and Integrative Modeling Define the Rbfox Splicing-Regulatory Network Linked to Brain Development and Autism (2014)

The RNA binding proteins Rbfox1/2/3 regulate alternative splicing in the nervous system, and disruption of Rbfox1 has been implicated in autism. However, comprehensive identification of functional Rbfox targets has been challenging. Here, we perform HITS-CLIP for all three Rbfox family members in order to globally map, at a single-nucleotide resolution, their in vivo RNA interaction sites in the mouse brain. We find that the two guanines in the Rbfox binding motif UGCAUG are critical for protein-RNA interactions and crosslinking. Using integrative modeling, these interaction sites, combined with additional datasets, define 1,059 direct Rbfox target alternative splicing events. Over half of the quantifiable targets show dynamic changes during brain development. Of particular interest are 111 events from 48 candidate autism-susceptibility genes, including syndromic autism genes Shank3, Cacna1c, and Tsc2. Alteration of Rbfox targets in some autistic brains is correlated with downregulation of all three Rbfox proteins, supporting the potential clinical relevance of the splicing-regulatory network.
Amino Sugar Sensitivity in Escherichia coli Mutants Unable to Grow on N -Acetylglucosamine (1970)

Studies were conducted on two mutants of Escherichia coli that lack either glucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase or N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase and which accumulate glucosamine-6-phosphate or N-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate, respectively, when grown in the presence of N-acetylglucosamine. The addition of 10(-4) to 10(-5)mN-acetylglucosamine to these mutant strains caused a rapid and complete inhibition of growth on substrates that enter the catabolic pathways at or below the level of fructose-6-phosphate. Growth on glucose was inhibited to a lesser degree, whereas only minor inhibition occurred when the pentoses were used as substrates. Growth on gluconate was found to be totally unaffected by these levels of N-acetylglucosamine. The objective of this investigation was to determine the nature of this "amino sugar sensitivity" phenomenon and the conditions under which it could be overcome. It was found that this amino sugar sensitivity was abolished when an exogenous source of pentose such as uridine was included in the culture medium. Experiments are described indicating that the accumulated amino sugar phosphate metabolites interfere with an early step in hexose metabolism of both mutants, resulting in a pentose deficiency and consequent inhibition of growth on certain substrates.
A p53 Amino-Terminal Nuclear Export Signal Inhibited by DNA Damage-Induced Phosphorylation (2001)

The p53 protein is present in low amounts in normally growing cells and is activated in response to physiological insults. MDM2 regulates p53 either through inhibiting p53's transactivating function in the nucleus or by targeting p53 degradation in the cytoplasm. We identified a previously unknown nuclear export signal (NES) in the amino terminus of p53, spanning residues 11 to 27 and containing two serine residues phosphorylated after DNA damage, which was required for p53 nuclear export in colloboration with the carboxyl-terminal NES. Serine-15-phosphorylated p53 induced by ultraviolet irradiation was not exported. Thus, DNA damage-induced phosphorylation may achieve optimal p53 activation by inhibiting both MDM2 binding to, and the nuclear export of, p53.
Comparative Genetics of Atherosclerosis and Restenosis: Exploration With Mouse Models (2002)

schemic heart disease is a consequence of coronary atherosclerosis.In addition to coronary bypass surgery, a common and often successful treatment is angioplasty, expanding the internal lumen of the coronary artery with a balloon.However, 30% to 50% of angioplasty patients soon develop significant restenosis, a narrowing of the artery through migration and growth of smooth muscle cells.Stents introduced into the coronary artery to keep it open after angioplasty considerably reduce the incidence of restenosis, but 10% to 50% of patients receiving stents still develop restenosis. 1 Recent clinical trials that use local radiation to the treated artery or drugs released by the stent, such as sirolimus and paclitaxel, are reported to improve the clinical outcomes 2-5 but may only provide transient protection.Even after these efforts, restenosis remains a major clinical problem in light of the more than 800,000 angioplasty procedures in the United States each year and the generally disappointing results of efforts to prevent restenosis with systemically delivered drugs in humans.