gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of minicell-producing mutants of Shigella spp (1980)

Minicells are small, anucleate cells resulting from aberrant cell divisions at the polar ends of bacilli. We have isolated minicell-producing mutant strains of Shigella flexneri 2a (MC-I) and Shigella dysenteriae 1 (MC-V) after mutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Microscopically, broth cultures of MC-I and MC-V were found to contain free minicells, normal cells, and filamentous cells with polar, attached minicells. Both strains retained their ability to provoke keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs and to invade HeLa cells. Purified suspensions of minicells containing less than one whole cell per 10(6) minicells were obtained by a combination of differential sedimentation and density gradient centrifugation (5 to 30% [wt/vol] linear sucrose gradients). Each MC-I minicell contained about 0.005 times the amount of deoxyribonucleic acid of one normal S. flexneri. The MC-V minicell had about 0.003 times the amount of deoxyribonucleic acid of one whole S. dysenteriae cell. Purified MC-V minicells were treated with polymyxin B to release Shiga toxin. Shiga toxin was readily detected in MC-V minicells by means of a microtiter HeLa cell cytotoxicity assay. Our findings indicate that such a minicell-producing alteration in the cell division cycle of shigellae has not significantly affected their virulence.
Collagenase and collagenolytic activity in human osteoarthritic cartilage (1983)

Forty-nine specimens of human cartilage were taken from 3 sites on the tibial plateau (center of osteoarthritic lesion, edge of lesion, and remote site) and graded histologically by the scale of Mankin. The tissue was homogenized and centrifuged to obtain an insoluble pellet. This was resuspended in buffer and incubated at 37 degrees C, pH 7.5. Collagen digestion was quantitated by the release of hydroxyproline-containing peptides. The highest collagenolytic activity (4.6%) was found in the center of lesions, declining in remote sites to 2.4% and in controls to 1.1%. Moderately severe disease of grade 6--9 had the highest collagenolytic activity. Approximately 55% of the metal-dependent collagenolytic activity was in a latent form, activatable by amino-phenylmercuric acetate; the remainder was self-active. A method was developed for the extraction of collagenase from cartilage; the extracted enzyme produced the typical 75:25 cleavage products of type I collagen.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A CANINE CORONAVIRUS (1982)

A virus isolated in cell culture from the feces of dogs suffering from gastroenteritis was identified by physicochemical and morphological properties as a coronavirus. The virus, designated as CCV-18, showed antigenic cross-reactivity with feline coronavirus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus of pigs by immunofluroescence. Both hemagglutination and hemadsorption occurred with different animal erythrocytes, but were standardized using calf erythrocytes. In thin sections of infected A-72 cells, viral particles were observed intracytoplasmically, mainly within vesicles and extracellularly along plasma membranes. By scanning electron microscopy, budding virus-like particles were detected on the surface of virus infected cells. Morphologically, the virus appeared approximately circular in outline and 130 nm in diameter. CCV-18 was characterized by lipid solvents and ('3)H-uridine incorporation experiments, respectively, as containing essential lipid and a RNA genome. The virus was stable at pH values ranging from 2.3 to 10.7, inactivated by heat treatment at 56 C and was not stabilized by 1 M MgCl(,2) at 50 C. The buoyant density of the virions in sucrose density gradients was estimated to be 1.18 gm per cm('3). The CCV-18 nucleic acid was found to consist of a homogenous large-molecular-weight RNA. This viral gene was characterized as a positive-strand RNA because it was susceptible to pancreatic RNase A digestion in high salt, it was polyadenylated, and the RNA extracted from virions was infectious. Low cell-culture passage of CCV-18 produced a very mild infection in susceptible pups with the development of specific serum antibodies. Virus was reisolated from samples of jejumun, ileum, colon, and mesenteric lymph nodes of a killed pup at four days following inoculation. Specific histological features of the small intestine were studied by scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and light microscopy.
Short Stature Caused by a Mutant Growth Hormone (1996)

The causes of growth hormone–dependent short stature are primary pituitary disease, pituitary deficiency due to hypothalamic dysfunction, and, less often, insensitivity to growth hormone. The prototypical syndrome of growth hormone insensitivity is Laron-type dwarfism, which is characterized by absent or defective growth hormone receptors. Kowarski et al. described two children with growth retardation resulting from biologically inactive growth hormone1; additional cases were reported subsequently.2–7 This disorder is characterized by high serum concentrations of immunoreactive growth hormone, low serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and increases in both serum IGF-I and linear growth after the administration of . . .
Growth of Human Tumor Xenografts Implanted under the Renal Capsule of Normal Immunocompetent Mice (1979)

The subrenal capsule technique proved effective in demonstrating that the growth of human tumors in normal, immunocompetent animals for 6 days was quantifiable in ocular micrometer units. Positive growth was demonstrable not only with human tumors that had been established in serial transplantation in athymic nude mouse hosts, but also with primary surgical explants. Growth rates of transplantation-established xenograft systems were similar whether implanted in athymic nude or in normal immunocompetent animals indicating that the 6-day time-frame successfully evades growth inhibitory effects of immunologic origin. Immunosuppression with a single dose of cyclophosphamide did not appear to affect growth rate, but permitted the tumors to grow larger extending the time to reach peak size. Significantly, xenografts of primary surgical explants showed positive growth more frequently in 6 days (82%) in the immunocompetent animal than in 11 days (30%) in the immunodeficient athymic nude mouse.
The effect of the impedance of a thin hydrogel electrode on sensation during functional electrical stimulation (2007)

Surface functional electrical stimulation results in stimulation of cutaneous receptors and discomfort. The degree of non-uniformity of current distribution in the cutaneous layers in the vicinity of the electrode may influence the sensation experienced. This paper describes the effects on sensation of a thin, high impedance electrode designed to reduce the non-uniformity of current distribution. Sensation associated with stimulation via a self-adhesive electrode with much higher impedance than conventional electrodes was compared with a low impedance electrode in a single-blinded, crossover study. The high impedance electrode does not alter either the current at which sensation is first registered. However, at higher currents, the high impedance electrode allows 9% more current to be passed for an equivalent sensation to that experienced with the conventional electrode. A 28% decrease in discomfort with the use of the high impedance electrode was also reported.
Induction of a Futile Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Pathway in Deinococcus radiodurans by Mn: Possible Role of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Cell Survival (2000)

Statistical models were used to predict the effects of tryptone, glucose, yeast extract (TGY) and Mn on biomass formation of the highly radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. Results suggested that glucose had marginal effect on biomass buildup, but Mn was a significant factor for biomass formation. Mn also facilitated glucose interactions with other nutrient components. These predictions were verified by in vivo and in vitro experiments. TGY-grown cells metabolized glucose solely by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Although only a fraction of glucose from the medium was transported into the cells, glucose was incorporated into the DNA efficiently after cells were exposed to UV light. The presence of glucose also enhanced the radioresistance of the culture. Mn could induce an Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway in D. radiodurans. The EMP pathway and the PPP of the Mn-treated cells oxidized glucose simultaneously at a 6:1 ratio. Although glucose was hydrolyzed rapidly by the Mn-treated cells, most glucose was released as CO(2). Mn-treated cultures retained less glucose per cell than cells grown without Mn, and still less glucose was incorporated into the DNA after cells were exposed to UV light. Mn-treated cells were also more sensitive to UV light. Results suggested that metabolites of glucose generated from the PPP enhanced the survival of D. radiodurans. Induction of the EMP pathway by Mn may deplete metabolites for DNA repair and may induce oxidative stress for the cell, leading to reduction of radioresistance.
A Pilot Phase ii Study of Chemotherapy with Oxaliplatin, Folinic acid, 5-Fluorouracil and Irinotecan in Metastatic Gastric Cancer (2007)

The COFFI regimen is active and well tolerated, therefore phase III studies are warranted.
An iterative improvement algorithm for low power data path synthesis (1995)

We address the problem of minimizing power consumption in behavioral synthesis of data-dominated circuits. The complex nature of power as a cost function implies that the effects of several behavioral synthesis tasks like module selection, clock selection, scheduling, and resource sharing on supply voltage and switched capacitance need to be considered simultaneously to fully derive the benefits of design space exploration at the behavior level. Recent work has established the importance of behavioral synthesis in low power VLSI design. However, most of the algorithms that have been proposed separate these tasks and perform them sequentially, and are hence not able to explore the tradeoffs possible due to their interaction. We present an efficient algorithm for performing scheduling, clock selection, module selection, and resource allocation and assignment simultaneously with an aim of reducing the power consumption in the synthesized data path. The algorithm, which is based on an iterative improvement strategy, is capable of escaping local minima in its search for a low power solution. The algorithm considers diverse module libraries and complex scheduling constructs such as multicycling, chaining, and structural pipelining. We describe supply voltage and clock pruning strategies that significantly improve the efficiency of our algorithm by cutting down on the computational effort involved in exploring candidate supply voltages and clock periods that are unlikely to lead to the best solution. Experimental results are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm. Our techniques can be combined with other known methods of behavioral power optimization like data path replication and transformations, to result in a complete data path synthesis system for low power applications.
Fine specificity of the human immune response to the major neutralization epitopes expressed on cytomegalovirus gp58/116 (gB), as determined with human monoclonal antibodies (1993)

The humoral immune response to human cytomegalovirus (CMV) membrane glycoprotein gp58/116 (gB) has been studied by establishing cell lines producing specific human monoclonal antibodies. These cell lines were generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from a healthy carrier. Hybridomas producing gp58/116-specific antibodies were detected by reactivity to procaryotically expressed proteins containing the major neutralizing epitopes of this glycoprotein complex. One antibody, ITC88, which recognized an epitope located between amino acid residues 67 and 86 of gp116, potently neutralized the virus at 1 to 2 micrograms of immunoglobulin G per ml. Only four of the six human antibodies detecting the major neutralizing domain of gp58 neutralized the virus, and none of them required complement for activity. All antibodies that bound mature, processed gp58 recognized a conformational epitope involving sequences between residues 549 and 635. However, small differences existed between the antibodies in the actual minimal requirement for C- and N-terminal parts of this epitope. By peptide mapping with several of the antibodies, the epitope was shown to consist mainly of residues between amino acids 570 to 579 and 606 to 619. Despite the conformational nature of the epitope, the antibodies recognized both reduced and denatured native antigen. Presence of carbohydrates was not required for antigen binding of these gp58-specific human antibodies, but in at least one case, it greatly enhanced antigen recognition, indicating an importance of carbohydrate structures in some epitopes within the major neutralizing specificity of gp58.
Thymoma production of T cell growth factor (Interleukin 2). (1980)

Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate stimulates a subline of mouse EL-4 thymoma cells to produce, in vitro, in very high titer, T cell growth factor (Interleukin 2, IL 2). The EL-4-derived IL 2 has the same m.w. (30,000) and isoelectric point heterogeneity (pI 3.8-4.4) as the IL 2 produced by Con A-stimulated spleen cells. In addition, the thymoma-derived IL 2 exhibits the same spectrum of biologic activities as has been reported for spleen cell-derived IL 2.
A Si bistable diode utilizing interband tunneling junctions (1997)

A forward S-type bistability was observed in a Si diode with two double δ-doped Si tunnel junctions between the p and n contacts. The conductivity in the two branches of the bistable I–V curve changes by seven orders of magnitude. This, coupled with the all-silicon nature of the device, makes it a very attractive multistate device for practical applications. The bistability is explained by a mechanism, referred to as “band switching,” which is supported by temperature dependence of the I–V characteristics.
Antigen Restricted Hybridization Between Antigen Primed Macrophage and Thymic RNA (1981)

Antigen primed macrophage and thymic RNAs hybridize in an antigen restricted fashion. Thymic RNA complementary to the antigen-stimulated macrophage RNA can be obtained from mice inoculated with antigen three days earlier. The ratio of thymic and macrophage RNAs for the optimal hybridization was 50 : 1. The optimal incubation time for hybridization was 32 hours at 60 degrees C. Hybrid RNAs were insensitive to various kinds of RNase. The 31p Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectra identified hybrid RNA molecules form single stranded RNS's.
Ig lambda -producing B cells do not show feedback inhibition of gene rearrangement. (1988)

In order to study the regulation of expression of Ig lambda genes we have analyzed lambda-producing hybridomas derived from transgenic mice which harbor a functionally rearranged kappa transgene. We also analyzed lambda-producing hybridomas from nontransgenic mice. Surprisingly, all but one of the transgenic lambda-hybridomas co-produce kappa L chains. Also, in contrast to transgenic kappa-hybridomas, most lambda-hybridomas have rearranged endogenous kappa genes despite the presence of transgenic kappa-chains and endogenous H chains. Analysis of spleen cells and hybridomas from nontransgenic mice shows that about 20% of lambda-producing B cells in the spleen co-produce kappa, and a similar proportion of lambda-hybridomas from normal spleens produce both kappa- and lambda-chains. The data argue strongly against the strictly sequential expression of kappa and lambda genes. We present a new model for the regulation of kappa and lambda gene expression, whose key feature is the distinction between a kappa cell lineage in which Ig gene rearrangement is susceptible to feedback by a complete antibody molecule at the pre-B cell stage, and a kappa lambda B cell lineage which does not show feedback inhibition during B cell development.
A spatial-temporal parallel approach for real-time MPEG video compression (2002)

We present a parallel implementation of an MPEG encoder on the Intel Paragon supercomputer. In our approach, both spatial and temporal parallelism have been exploited, While the Paragon has the computation capacity to encode video sequences faster than real-time, we found that real-time performance cannot be achieved if the input/output techniques are not designed properly. We present several schemes for managing the I/O and show their effect on reducing I/O contention.
Structure and Mechanics of Healing Myocardial Infarcts (2005)

Therapies for myocardial infarction have historically been developed by trial and error, rather than from an understanding of the structure and function of the healing infarct. With exciting new bioengineering therapies for myocardial infarction on the horizon, we have reviewed the time course of structural and mechanical changes in the healing infarct in an attempt to identify key structural determinants of mechanics at several stages of healing. Based on temporal correlation, we hypothesize that normal passive material properties dominate the mechanics during acute ischemia, edema during the subsequent necrotic phase, large collagen fiber structure during the fibrotic phase, and cross-linking of collagen during the long-term remodeling phase. We hope these hypotheses will stimulate further research on infarct mechanics, particularly studies that integrate material testing, in vivo mechanics, and quantitative structural analysis.
[Isolation and properties of DNA polymerase from extreme thermophylic bacteria Thermus aquaticus YT-1]. (1980)

A DNA polymerase has been isolated from the thermophylic bacteria Thermus aquaticus YT-1. The six-step purification procedure resulted in an electrophoretically homogeneous enzyme preparation with molecular weight of about 62 000. The enzyme does not contain contaminant exo- and endonuclease activities and has a temperature optimum on the DNA templates at 70 degress and that on RNA matrices at 50 degrees. The maximal activity of the enzyme requires the presence of bivalent cations (magnesium or manganese) 0,1--0,2 M KCl or NaCl, all deoxynucleoside triphosphates and template in the incubation mixture. The enzyme is active when "activated" DNA, poly(dA)-poly(dT), poly(dA)-oligo(dT)10 and poly(rA)-oligo(dT)10 are used as templates and is inactive on the native and denaturated DNAs as well as on the native molecules of RNA and poly(rC)-oligo(dG)12--180.
Review of levetiracetam, with a focus on the extended release formulation, as adjuvant therapy in controlling partial-onset seizures (2009)

Levetiracetam is a second-generation antiepileptic drug (AED) with a unique chemical structure and mechanism of action. The extended release formulation of levetiracetam (Keppra XR(); UCB Pharma) was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures in patients 16 years of age and older with epilepsy. This approval is based on a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter, multinational trial. Levetiracetam XR allows for once-daily dosing, which may increase compliance and, given the relatively constant plasma concentrations, may minimize concentration-related adverse effects. Levetiracetam's mode of action is not fully elucidated, but it has been found to target high-voltage, N-type calcium channels as well as the synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A). Levetiracetam has nearly ideal pharmacokinetics. It is rapidly and almost completely absorbed after oral ingestion, is <10% protein-bound, demonstrates linear kinetics, is minimally metabolized through a pathway independent of the cytochrome P450 system, has no significant drug-drug interactions, and has a wide therapeutic index. The most common reported adverse events with levetiracetam XR were somnolence, irritability, dizziness, nausea, influenza, and nasopharyngitis. Levetiracetam XR provides an efficacious and well-tolerated treatment option for adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures.
Controlling the Fibroblastic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Via the Combination of Fibrous Scaffolds and Connective Tissue Growth Factor (2011)

Controlled differentiation of multi-potent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into vocal fold-specific, fibroblast-like cells in vitro is an attractive strategy for vocal fold repair and regeneration. The goal of the current study was to define experimental parameters that can be used to control the initial fibroblastic differentiation of MSCs in vitro. To this end, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and micro-structured, fibrous scaffolds based on poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) and poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) were used to create a three-dimensional, connective tissue-like microenvironment. MSCs readily attached to and elongated along the microfibers, adopting a spindle-shaped morphology during the initial 3 days of preculture in an MSC maintenance medium. The cell-laden scaffolds were subsequently cultivated in a conditioned medium containing CTGF and ascorbic acids for up to 21 days. Cell morphology, proliferation, and differentiation were analyzed collectively by quantitative PCR analyses, and biochemical and immunocytochemical assays. F-actin staining showed that MSCs maintained their fibroblastic morphology during the 3 weeks of culture. The addition of CTGF to the constructs resulted in an enhanced cell proliferation, elevated expression of fibroblast-specific protein-1, and decreased expression of mesenchymal surface epitopes without markedly triggering chondrogenesis, osteogenesis, adipogenesis, or apoptosis. At the mRNA level, CTGF supplement resulted in a decreased expression of collagen I and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, but an increased expression of decorin and hyaluronic acid synthesase 3. At the protein level, collagen I, collagen III, sulfated glycosaminoglycan, and elastin productivity was higher in the conditioned PGS-PCL culture than in the normal culture. These findings collectively demonstrate that the fibrous mesh, when combined with defined biochemical cues, is capable of fostering MSC fibroblastic differentiation in vitro.
Capillary Electrophoresis of Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers:  From Simple Derivatives to Complex Multifunctional Medical Nanodevices (2005)

Multifunctional poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer-based nanodevices provide novel nanoplatforms for targeting, imaging, and treatment of cancers in vitro and in vivo. Generational, skeletal, and substitutional dispersities are always present in dendrimer-based medical nanodevices. Molecular distribution plays a central role for one to evaluate the quality of PAMAM materials for medical applications. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has been extensively used as a characterization technique to analyze a range of PAMAM dendrimers, from simple PAMAM derivatives to complex multifunctional PAMAM nanodevices. This review reports the recent advances in the analysis and characterization of a variety of PAMAM dendrimer-based nanoparticles ranging from polycationic and polyanionic PAMAM derivatives to PAMAMs of different generations and defined substitutions, and to complex multifunctional PAMAM nanodevices containing targeting ligands, dyes, and drugs. Understanding the structural complexity of dendrimer nanodevices is crucial for their use as multifunctional imaging, targeting, and cancer therapeutic devices, as well as for their use in biosensing, diagnostics, and control of biological systems.