gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide: structure of the precursor and tissue-specific expression in rat. (1993)

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is a 42-amino acid gastrointestinal regulatory peptide that stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in the presence of glucose. Approximately 7.8 x 10(5) recombinant clones of a neonatal rat intestinal cDNA library were screened by using plaque hybridization, and three clones were identified and sequenced with the dideoxynucleotide chain-termination method. The translated amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the cDNA indicated that rat GIP was derived by proteolytic processing of a 144-amino acid precursor polypeptide. The mature peptide is flanked by a 43-amino acid NH2-terminal peptide that contains a 21-amino acid signal peptide and by a 59-amino acid COOH-terminal peptide. Analysis of the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of rat GIP revealed only two substitutions from the known human GIP peptide. The use of high-stringency RNA blot-hybridization analysis of total RNA extracted from various organs demonstrated expression of the GIP gene in the duodenum and jejunum and, to a lesser extent, in the ileum. In addition, expression of the GIP gene was observed in the submandibular salivary gland both by RNA analysis and RIA. In response to duodenal perfusion of a 20% Lipomul meal for 60 min, duodenal mucosal GIP mRNA concentrations increased by 42.8% and 48.2% at 30 and 60 min, respectively.
Quantitative Differences in Chemokine Receptor Engagement Generate Diversity in Integrin-Dependent Lymphocyte Adhesion (2002)

Chemokines control the specificity of lymphocyte homing. Numerous chemokines have been identified but the significance of redundancy in chemokine networks is unexplained. Here we investigated the biological significance of distinct chemokines binding to the same receptor. Among CCR4 ligands, skin vessels endothelial cells present C-C chemokine ligand (CCL) 17 but not CCL22 consistent with CCL17 involvement in T lymphocyte arrest on endothelial cells. However, CCL22 is much more powerful than CCL17 in the induction of rapid integrin-dependent T cell adhesion on VCAM-1 under conditions of physiological flow. The dominance of CCL22 over CCL17 extends to other CCR4-mediated phenomena such as receptor desensitization and internalization and correlates with the peculiar kinetics of CCR4 engagement by the two ligands. A similar phenomenological pattern is also shown for CXC chemokine ligand 9 and CXC chemokine ligand 11, which share binding to CXCR3. Our analysis shows how quantitative variations in chemokine receptor expression level and ligand engagement may alter the selectivity of integrin-dependent lymphocyte adhesive responses, suggesting a mechanism by which chemokine networks may either generate or break the specificity of lymphocyte subset recruitment.
Substantive Criminal Law (1991)

In Stall v. State,1 the Florida Supreme Court addressed the issue of whether prosecution under Florida's Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organization (RICO) Act,2 predicated upon violations of Florida's obscenity statute,3 violates the Florida constitutional right to privacy
First and Second Order Statistics Features for Classification of Magnetic Resonance Brain Images (2012)

In literature, features based on First and Second Order Statistics that characterizes textures are used for classification of images. Features based on statistics of texture provide far less number of relevant and distinguishable features in comparison to existing methods based on wavelet transformation. In this paper, we investigated performance of texture-based features in comparison to wavelet-based features with commonly used classifiers for the classification of Alzheimer’s disease based on T2-weighted MRI brain image. The performance is evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, training and testing time. Experiments are performed on publicly available medical brain images. Experimental results show that the performance with First and Second Order Statistics based features is significantly better in comparison to existing methods based on wavelet transformation in terms of all performance measures for all classifiers.
Dynamics of Blood Components and Peritoneal Fluid during Treatment of Murine E. coli Sepsis with β‐1, 3‐D‐Polyglucose Derivatives (1990)

Beta‐1, 3‐D‐polyglueose derivatives protect mice against otherwise lethal bacterial infections This protective effect has previously been considered to be mediated through mononuclear phagocytes. We have now investigated the cellular composition in blood and peritoneal fluid after administration of the β‐1,3‐D‐polyglucose before and after challenge with Escherichia coli. In animals treated with β‐1,3‐D‐polyglucose derivatives, the total white cell number was significantly increased in both blood and peritoneal fluid before and after challenge with E. coli. The increased total cell number was mainly the result of raised levels of granulocytes. The effects of β‐1,3‐D‐polyglucose‐derivatized microbeads (GDM) and soluble aminated β‐1,3‐D‐polyglucose (AG) were similar. Bacterial counts in peripheral blood in GDM‐ and AG‐treated animals increased until 6 h after challenge and approached zero after 24 h. In untreated animals the bacterial counts increased gradually until the animals died after about 12 h. Bacterial counts in peritoneal fluid of GDM‐and AG‐treated animals declined to zero after 24 h. In untreated animals there was a slight increase in bacterial counts until the animals died after about 12 h. By using radioactive labelling, we localized the bacteria as well as the β‐1,3‐D‐polyglueosc derivatives during the period following injection. Particle‐bound β‐1,3‐D‐polyglucose was recovered mainly in the milky spots of the omentum. A conspicuous number of bacteria were also recovered in the milky spots. The soluble aminated β‐1,3‐D‐polyglucose was recovered mainly in the liver. However, on a weight basis, the greatest concentration of radioactivity was in the milky spots.
High-yield dielectrophoretic assembly of two-dimensional graphene nanostructures (2009)

Graphene handling is still dominated by serial mechanical exfoliation, which may well facilitate measurements in a laboratory environment but does not allow reliable larger-scale integration. Herein we demonstrate the controlled, high-yield (&amp;gt;90%), site-selective deposition of ultrathin few-layer (three to ten) graphene oxide by dielectrophoresis between prefabricated electrodes. Individual layers are found near the edges. Initially insulating, thermal reduction at 450 °C thins out the two-dimensional few-atom thick films and dramatically reduces electrical resistances down to 40 kΩ. Conductivities between 15 and 36 S/cm are obtained. The introduced method permits the nonintrusive, parallel, large-scale assembly of soluble two-dimensional nanostructures and sheets.
The Acid Hydrolysis of Isotactic and Syndiotactic Poly(methyl methacrylate) (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Acid Hydrolysis of Isotactic and Syndiotactic Poly(methyl methacrylate)J. Semen and J. B. LandoCite this: Macromolecules 1969, 2, 6, 570–575Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60012a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60012a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1845Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Production of Flavonoid O-Glucoside Using Sucrose Synthase and Flavonoid O-Glucosyltransferase Fusion Protein (2009)

Enzymatic glucosylation with glycosyltransferases can be used to regulate the water solubility of aglycone. The drawback of this process is the demand of UDP-glucose as a sugar donor. We made an in-frame fusion of the flavonoid O-glucosyltransferase (OsUGT-3) and sucrose synthase (AtSUS) genes. The resulting fusion protein, OsUGT3-AtSUS, was expressed in E. coli and purified. When sucrose and UDP were supplied, SUS-UGT was able to convert quercetin into quercetin O-glucoside without the addition of UDP-glucose. In addition, UDPglucose was recycled when sucrose was added to the reaction mixture. This fusion protein is useful for the enzymatic production of flavonoid O-glucosides.
Human Cytomegalovirus UL131 Open Reading Frame Is Required for Epithelial Cell Tropism (2005)

Epithelial cells are one of the prominent cell types infected by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) within its host. However, many cultured epithelial cells, such as ARPE-19 retinal pigmented epithelial cells, are poorly infected by laboratory-adapted strains in cell culture, and little is known about the viral factors that determine HCMV epithelial cell tropism. In this report, we demonstrate that the UL131 open reading frame (ORF), and likely the entire UL131-128 locus, is required for efficient infection of epithelial cells. Repair of the mutated UL131 gene in the AD169 laboratory strain of HCMV restored its ability to infect both epithelial and endothelial cells while compromising its ability to replicate in fibroblasts. ARPE-19 epithelial cells support replication of the repaired AD169 virus as well as clinical isolates of HCMV. Productive infection of cultured epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts with the repaired AD169 virus leads to extensive membrane fusion and syncytium formation, suggesting that the virus may spread through cell-cell fusion.
ImmunoSPECT and ImmunoPET of IGF-1R Expression with the Radiolabeled Antibody R1507 in a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Model (2010)

(111)In-R1507 and (89)Zr-R1507 are new tracers to noninvasively determine IGF-1R expression in vivo in breast cancer xenografts using SPECT and PET. In the future, these techniques may enable patient selection for IGF-1R-targeted therapy.
Brave new world for interventional bronchoscopy (2005)

New applications for interventional bronchoscopy

Until recently, interventional bronchoscopy was limited to foreign body removal, debulking endobronchial tumours, or insertion of stents for the palliation of lung cancer. Most of these procedures are performed with a rigid bronchoscope under general anaesthesia by thoracic surgeons. As a result, only a few respiratory physicians developed an interest in interventional bronchoscopy. The small range of interventions has meant that, up to now, interventional bronchoscopy has been less glamorous than, for example, interventional cardiology.

Will this situation change? Firstly, there is an increased interest in transbronchial fine needle aspiration (TBNA) for staging lung cancer and in endobronchial ultrasound guided TBNA.1 The latter technique samples suspicious lymph nodes as small as 5 mm and has the potential for replacing mediastinoscopy. Secondly, tumours can be debulked with electrocautery, photodynamic therapy or lasers, and stents can be inserted under local anaesthesia with flexible bronchoscopes.

Recent research has driven an expansion of interventional bronchoscopy for some of the more common non-malignant respiratory diseases. Bronchial thermoplasty for the treatment …
Requirement of active human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase enzyme for productive infection of human T-lymphoid cells (1992)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase enzyme exhibits significant amino acid sequence conservation with integrase proteins of other retroviruses. We introduced specific amino acid substitutions at a number of the conserved residue positions of recombinant HIV-1 integrase. Some of these substitutions resulted in proteins which were not able to be purified in the same manner as the wild-type enzyme, and these were not studied further. The remaining mutant enzymes were assessed for their abilities to perform functions characteristic of the integrase protein. These included specific removal of the terminal dinucleotides from oligonucleotide substrates representative of the viral U5-long terminal repeat, nonspecific cleavage of oligonucleotide substrates, and mediation of the strand transfer (integration) reaction. Substitution at position 43, within the protein's zinc finger motif region, resulted in an enzyme with reduced specificity for cleavage of the terminal dinucleotide. In addition, a double substitution of aspartic acid and glutamine for valine and glutamic acid, respectively, at positions 151 and 152 within the D,D(35)E motif region rendered the integrase protein inactive for all of its functions. The introduction of this double substitution into an infectious HIV-1 provirus yielded a mutant virus that was incapable of productively infecting human T-lymphoid cells in culture.
Yeast Cell Wall and Cell Surface (1982)

The structure and organization of the yeast cell wall and the nature of the cell surface have been investigated in terms of the composition of the wall; the structures of the wall components; the immunochemistry of the cell surface and binding of dyes, lectins, or specific antibodies; the degradative action of enzymes; and the visual evidence from scanning and thin-section electron microscopy. Most or all of these methods have been applied to the cells during vegetative growth, sporulation, and mating, and the analyses have been furthered by the availability in recent years of a variety of cell-wall mutants. A general conclusion from all of these studies is that yeast cell walls show less apparent organization than bacterial walls but that the yeast wall is as metabolically active and the cell surface as antigenically polymorphic as those of Gram-positive bacteria. To keep this review manageable, it will be limited in most instances to Saccharomyces cerevisiae , with only occasional reference to other yeasts. The aim is to treat the subject topics briefly and to direct the reader to several recent reviews in which leading references to the original literature can be found. VEGETATIVE CELL WALL Composition and Structure Three components, glucan, mannoprotein (previously called mannan), and chitin, make up over 90% of the cell wall, whereas only small and variable amounts of lipid have been reported (Phaff 1971). When grown on hexadecane, however, the cell wall of Candida tropicalis increases in covalently linked fatty acid (Kappeli et al. 1978). Thus, cell-wall composition...
Genetic and Biochemical Evidence That Haploinsufficiency of the Nf1 Tumor Suppressor Gene Modulates Melanocyte and Mast Cell Fates in Vivo (2000)

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a common autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by cutaneous neurofibromas infiltrated with large numbers of mast cells, melanocyte hyperplasia, and a predisposition to develop malignant neoplasms. NF1 encodes a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for Ras. Consistent with Knudson's "two hit" model of tumor suppressor genes, leukemias and malignant solid tumors in NF1 patients frequently demonstrate somatic loss of the normal NF1 allele. However, the phenotypic and biochemical consequences of heterozygous inactivation of Nf1 are largely unknown. Recently neurofibromin, the protein encoded by NF1, was shown to negatively regulate Ras activity in Nf1-/- murine myeloid hematopoietic cells in vitro through the c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase (dominant white spotting, W). Since the W and Nf1 locus appear to function along a common developmental pathway, we generated mice with mutations at both loci to examine potential interactions in vivo. Here, we show that haploinsufficiency at Nf1 perturbs cell fates in mast cells in vivo, and partially rescues coat color and mast cell defects in W(41) mice. Haploinsufficiency at Nf1 also increased mast cell proliferation, survival, and colony formation in response to Steel factor, the ligand for c-kit. Furthermore, haploinsufficiency was associated with enhanced Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase activity, a major downstream effector of Ras, via wild-type and mutant (W(41)) c-kit receptors. These observations identify a novel interaction between c-kit and neurofibromin in vivo, and offer experimental evidence that haploinsufficiency of Nf1 alters both cellular and biochemical phenotypes in two cell lineages that are affected in individuals with NF1. Collectively, these data support the emerging concept that heterozygous inactivation of tumor suppressor genes may have profound biological effects in multiple cell types.
Neurodevelopmental Defects in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) at Environmentally Relevant Dioxin (TCDD) Concentrations (2003)

Persistent ecotoxicants, such as dioxin and PCBs, are thought to pose one of the greatest threats to public and ecological health in the industrial world. These compounds cause a range of macroscopic malformations, particularly to the craniofacial apparatus and cardiovascular system during vertebrate development. However, little is known about microscopic effects, especially on the sensitive early life stages or on the molecular basis of developmental neurotoxicity. Using zebrafish (Danio rerio), we have explored neurological deficits caused by early-life exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of dioxin. We show, using a quantitative stereological technique, that 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) substantially reduces the capacity for embryonic brain development, causing a 30% reduction in total neuronal number in the 168-h larval brain. Using transgenic GFP-expressing zebrafish lines, we link this to decreased expression of key developmentally regulated genes, namely neurogenin and sonic hedgehog. This disruption of neuronal development provides the basis for understanding the neurotoxic effects of these compounds.
Crosshole Testing Using Explosive and Mechanical Energy Sources (1978)

Five crosshole-type seismic surveys, each employing the two commonly used seismic wave generation sources (explosive and mechanical), are studied to evaluate the reliability of each source technique to produce comparable seismic velocities. The study documents field procedures and equipment and discusses seismic wave identification and velocity analysis techniques. Comparison of the resulting velocities (compressional and shear) produced by the two different sources indicates that quite similar results can be obtained when proper field and interpretation procedures are used. General field considerations to be included in a crosshole survey using either source mechanism are discussed as a guide to producing high-quality seismic velocity results. These include the number of borings and their spacing and arrangement, test depth intervals, verticality measurements, hole coupling, orientation of sensors, and measurement of the instant of energy generation.
The Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase from Trichomonas vaginalis Is a Homologue of the Bacterial Enzyme (2002)

Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic protozoan and the causative agent of trichomoniasis. Its primary purine salvage system, consisting of a purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and a purine nucleoside kinase, presents potential targets for designing selective inhibitors as antitrichomonial drugs because of lack of de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides in this organism. cDNA encoding T. vaginalis PNP was isolated by complementation of an Escherichia coli strain deficient in PNP and expressed, and the recombinant enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity. It bears only 28% sequence identity with that of human PNP but 57% identity with the E. coli enzyme. Gel filtration showed the enzyme in a hexameric form, similar to the bacterial PNPs. Steady-state kinetic analysis of T. vaginalis PNP-catalyzed reactions gave K(m)'s of 31.5, 59.7, and 6.1 microM for inosine, guanosine, and adenosine in the nucleosidase reaction and 45.6, 35.9, and 12.3 microM for hypoxanthine, guanine, and adenine in the direction of nucleoside synthesis. This substrate specificity appears to be similar to that of bacterial PNPs. The catalytic efficiency of this enzyme with adenine as substrate is 58-fold higher than that with either hypoxanthine or guanine, representing a distinct disparity with the mammalian PNPs, which have negligible activity with either adenine or adenosine. The kinetic mechanism of T. vaginalis PNP-catalyzed reactions, determined by product inhibition and equilibrium isotope exchange, was by random binding of substrates (purine base and ribose 1-phosphate) with ordered release of the purine nucleoside first, followed by inorganic phosphate. Formycin A, an analogue of adenosine known as an inhibitor of E. coli PNP without any effect on mammalian PNPs, was shown to inhibit T. vaginalis PNP with a K(is) of 2.3 microM by competing with adenosine. T. vaginalis PNP thus belongs to the family of bacterial PNPs and constitutes a target for antitrichomonial chemotherapy.
Autoregulation of yeast pyruvate decarboxylase gene expression requires the enzyme but not its catalytic activity (1999)

In the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc) is encoded by the two isogenes PDC1 and PDC5. Deletion of the more strongly expressed PDC1 gene stimulates the promoter activity of both PDC1 and PDC5, a phenomenon called Pdc autoregulation. Hence, pdc1Delta strains have high Pdc specific activity and can grow on glucose medium. In this work we have characterized the mutant alleles pdc1-8 and pdc1-14, which cause strongly diminished Pdc activity and an inability to grow on glucose. Both mutant alleles are expressed as detectable proteins, each of which differs from the wild-type by a single amino acid. The cloned pdc1-8 and pdc1-14 alleles, as well as the in-vitro-generated pdc1-51 (Glu51Ala) allele, repressed expression of PDC5 and diminished Pdc specific activity. Thus, the repressive effect of Pdc1p on PDC5 expression seems to be independent of its catalytic activity. A pdc1-8 mutant was used to isolate spontaneous suppressor mutations, which allowed expression of PDC5. All three mutants characterized had additional mutations within the pdc1-8 allele. Two of these mutations resulted in a premature translational stop conferring phenotypes virtually indistinguishable from those of a pdc1Delta mutation. The third mutation, pdc1-803, led to a deletion of two amino acids adjacent to the pdc1-8 mutation. The alleles pdc1-8 and pdc1-803 were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. In the crude extract, both proteins had 10% residual activity, which was lost during purification, probably due to dissociation of the cofactor thiamin diphosphate (ThDP). The defect in pdc1-8 (Asp291Asn) and the two amino acids deleted in pdc1-803 (Ser296 and Phe297) are located within a flexible loop in the beta domain. This domain appears to determine the relative orientation of the alpha and gamma domains, which bind ThDP. Alterations in this loop may also affect the conformational change upon substrate binding. The mutation in pdc1-14 (Ser455Phe) is located within the ThDP fold and is likely to affect binding and/or orientation of the cofactor in the protein. We suggest that autoregulation is triggered by a certain conformation of Pdc1p and that the mutations in pdc1-8 and pdc1-14 may lock Pdc1p in vivo in a conformational state which leads to repression of PDC5.