gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photochemical Release of Aldehydes from α-Acetoxy Nitroveratryl Ethers (2005)

Photolabile aldehyde-releasing precursors (alpha-acetoxy ethers) were prepared by reduction of the corresponding esters with DIBAL and quenching the intermediate aluminum hemiacetal with acetic anhydride. These species smoothly released aldehydes upon irradiation with UV light at 350 nm. Using this method, not only simple model aliphatic aldehydes were liberated but also specimens relevant for the flavor and fragrance industry (methional, phenylacetaldehyde, and (R)-citronellal). [reaction: see text]
Clinicopathological findings following intraventricular glial-derived neurotrophic factor treatment in a patient with Parkinson's disease (1999)

As part of a safety and tolerability study, a 65-year-old man with Parkinson's disease (PD) received monthly intracerebroventricular injections of glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). His parkinsonism continued to worsen following intracerebroventricular GDNF treatment. Side effects included nausea, loss of appetite, tingling, L'hermitte's sign, intermittent hallucinations, depression, and inappropriate sexual conduct. There was no evidence of significant regeneration of nigrostriatal neurons or intraparenchymal diffusion of the intracerebroventricular GDNF to relevant brain regions. Alternative GDNF delivery systems should be explored.
New Strategies for Cultivation and Detection of Previously Uncultured Microbes (2004)

An integrative approach was used to obtain pure cultures of previously uncultivated members of the divisions Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia from agricultural soil and from the guts of wood-feeding termites. Some elements of the cultivation procedure included the following: the use of agar media with little or no added nutrients; relatively long periods of incubation (more than 30 days); protection of cells from exogenous peroxides; and inclusion of humic acids or a humic acid analogue (anthraquinone disulfonate) and quorum-signaling compounds (acyl homoserine lactones) in growth media. The bacteria were incubated in the presence of air and in hypoxic (1 to 2% O(2) [vol/vol]) and anoxic atmospheres. Some bacteria were incubated with elevated concentrations of CO(2) (5% [vol/vol]). Significantly more Acidobacteria were found on isolation plates that had been incubated with 5% CO(2). A simple, high-throughput, PCR-based surveillance method (plate wash PCR) was developed. This method greatly facilitated detection and ultimate isolation of target bacteria from as many as 1,000 colonies of nontarget microbes growing on the same agar plates. Results illustrate the power of integrating culture methods with molecular techniques to isolate bacteria from phylogenetic groups underrepresented in culture.
Supporting the restructuring of data abstractions through manipulation of a program visualization (1998)

With a meaning-preserving restructuring tool, a software engineer can change a program's structure to ease future modifications. However, deciding how to restructure the program requires a global understanding of the program's structure, which cannot be derived easily by directly inspecting the source code. We describe a manipulable program visualization—the star diagram —that supports the restructuring task of encapsulating a global data structure. The star diagram graphically displays information pertinent to encapsulation, and direct manipulation of the diagram causes the underlying program to be restructured. The visualization compactly presents all statements in the program that use the given global data structure, helping the programmer to choose the functions that completely encapsulate it. Additionally, the visualization elides code unrelated to the data structure and to the task and collapses similar expressions to help the programmer identify frequently occurring code fragments and manipulate them together. The visualization is mapped directly to the program text, so manipulation of the visualization also restructures the program. We present the star diagram concept and describe an implementation of the star diagram built upon a meaning-preserving restructuring tool for Scheme. We also describe our creation of star diagram generators for C programs, and we test the scalability of the star diagram using large C and MUMPS programs.
A tonotopic artificial neural network architecture for phoneme probability estimation (2002)

A novel sparse ANN connection scheme is proposed. It is inspired by the so called tonotopic organization of the auditory nerve, and allows a more detailed representation of the speech spectrum to be input to an ANN than is commonly used. A consequence of the new connection scheme is that more resources are allocated to analysis within narrow frequency sub bands-a concept that has recently been investigated by others with so called sub band ASR. ANNs with the proposed architecture have been evaluated on the TIMIT database for phoneme recognition, and are found to give better phoneme recognition performance than ANNs based on standard mel frequency cepstrum input. The lowest achieved phone error rate, 26.7%, is very close to the lowest published result for the core test set of the TIMIT database.
Peripheral tolerance in T cell receptor‐transgenic mice: Evidence for T cell anergy (1996)

T cell tolerance can be induced in adult mice by injection of soluble antigenic peptide. The underlying mechanism has been difficult to establish in normal mice due to the low precursor frequency of T cells specific for any given antigen. Therefore, we examined peripheral tolerance in mice transgenic for a T cell receptor specific for a cytochrome c peptide bound to I-Ek. Antigen-specific hyporesponsiveness could be induced in the transgenic mice. We followed the transgene-bearing T cells with a clonotypic monoclonal antibody and found similar numbers of clonotypic T cells in tolerized and control mice. To prevent de novo differentiation of T cells we analyzed thymectomized mice in which antigen-specific hyporesponsiveness was induced. Our analysis of thymectomized transgenic mice showed that antigen-specific T cell hyporesponsiveness following injection of peptide intravenously is not caused by gross elimination of T cells. These data provide evidence for the role of anergy in peripheral tolerance.
Soft-X-Ray Emission from 1 µm Laser-Irradiated Cannonball Target (1986)

We observed 0.2–1.56 keV X-ray radiant spectra from 1.052 µm laser-irradiated cannonball and glass microballoon targets using a seven-channel X-ray diode array. The Au-coated cannonball and a laser pulse of 500 ps increased the radiation to a level more closely approaching Planck radiation than did the glass microballoon and a 100 ps laser pulse. Increasing laser intensity decreased the radiation conversion efficiency. The tamper- and cavity-plasma opacity to the radiation is also discussed.
Expression and mutagenesis of thrombospondin (1992)

Thrombospondin is a 420,000-dalton adhesive glycoprotein that is composed of three subunits of equivalent molecular weight. When the cDNA for the complete coding region of the human endothelial cell thrombospondin subunit is expressed in mouse NIH 3T3 cells, a 420,000-dalton protein is synthesized and secreted. The expressed protein comigrates with human platelet thrombospondin both in the presence and in the absence of a reducing agent. The expressed protein binds to a monoclonal anti-thrombospondin antibody, heparin, and calcium. In addition to the 420,000-dalton protein, the transfected cell lines also express a variable amount of a 140,000-dalton polypeptide. When the culture supernatants that are produced by cells that are expressing thrombospondin are applied to heparin-Sepharose, the 420,000-dalton and the 140,000-dalton proteins are bound to the column and are eluted with buffer containing 0.55 and 0.3 M NaCl, respectively. The 140,000-dalton protein only binds to heparin-Sepharose in the presence of calcium. Deletion of the region of homology with procollagen results in defective assembly of the trimer. Deletion of the type 1 or type 2 repeats results in decreased stability of the subunit with the predominant polypeptides that are expressed having molecular weights of 127,000 and 130,000, respectively. These polypeptides retain low-affinity heparin-binding activity. High-affinity heparin binding is markedly diminished by mutations in either of two sequence motifs that include clusters of lysines and arginines.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Content-based recommendation in social tagging systems (2010)

We present and evaluate various content-based recommendation models that make use of user and item profiles defined in terms of weighted lists of social tags. The studied approaches are adaptations of the Vector Space and Okapi BM25 information retrieval models. We empirically compare the recommenders using two datasets obtained from Delicious and Last.fm social systems, in order to analyse the performance of the approaches in scenarios with different domains and tagging behaviours.
A novel hydrophobized polysaccharide/oncoprotein complex vaccine induces in vitro and in vivo cellular and humoral immune responses against HER2-expressing murine sarcomas. (1998)

To elicit specific cellular immune responses against cancer, the development of efficient devices to deliver tumor antigen peptides to the MHC class I pathway constitutes a central issue. We report here a novel formula of hydrophobized polysaccharide nanoparticles, which can deliver a HER2 oncoprotein containing an epitope peptide to the MHC class I pathway. A protein consisting of the 147 amino-terminal amino acids of oncogene erbB-2/neu/HER2 (HER2) was complexed with two kinds of hydrophobized polysaccharides, cholesteryl group-bearing mannan (CHM) and cholesteryl group-bearing pullulan (CHP), to form nanoparticles (CHM-HER2 and CHP-HER2). CHM-HER2 and CHP-HER2 were able to induce CD3+/CD8+ CTLs against HER2-transfected syngeneic fibrosarcoma cell lines. In contrast, the oncoprotein alone failed to do so. These CTLs were Kd-restricted and specifically recognized a peptide (position 63-71) that was a part of a truncated HER2 protein used as an immunogen. In addition, vaccination by CHM-HER2 complexes led to a strongly enhanced production of IgG antibodies against HER2, whereas vaccination with HER2 proteins alone resulted in a production of antibodies at a marginal level. Mice immunized with CHM-HER2 or CHP-HER2 before tumor challenge successfully rejected HER2-transfected tumors. The complete rejection of tumors also occurred when CHM-HER2 was applied not later than 3 days after tumor implantation. In the effector phase of in vivo tumor rejection, CD8+ T cells played a major role. The results suggest that a sort of hydrophobized polysaccharide may help soluble proteins to induce cellular immunity as well enhance humoral immunity; hence, such a novel vaccine may be of potential benefit to cancer prevention and cancer therapy.
Relationships between Corn Yields and Soil Nitrate in Late Spring (1992)

Abstract Recent studies have shown good correlations between corn ( Zea mays L.) yields and concentrations of NO 3 in the surface 30‐cm layer of soil in late spring. Here we report additional correlations and evaluate the benefits of sampling to 60 cm instead of to 30 cm only. The study involved 45 site‐years (1346 plot‐years) of data collected in 1987, 1988, and 1989 in Iowa. Weather conditions were dryer than normal, with a severe drought occurring in 1988. Each site‐year included seven to 10 rates of N applied before planting. Samples representing the surface 0‐ to 30‐cm and the 30‐ to 60‐cm layers of soils were collected when corn plants were 15 to 30 cm tall. Nitrate concentrations in these soil layers were correlated with grain yields. The deeper sampling slightly improved the correlations between grain yields and soil NO 3 concentrations, but the advantage was probably not great enough to justify the costs of the deeper sampling. The critical concentration of NO 3 was 23 to 26 mg N kg −1 in the surface 30‐cm layer of soil and 16 to 19 mg N kg −1 in the surface 60‐cm layer of soil. Overall, the results support the idea that a soil test based on concentrations of NO 3 in the surface 30‐cm layer of soil when corn plants are 15 to 30 cm tall has great promise for improving N management during corn production.
Ribozyme Targeting Demonstrates That the Nuclear Receptor Coactivator AIB1 Is a Rate-limiting Factor for Estrogen-dependent Growth of Human MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells (2001)

Human breast tumorigenesis is promoted by the estrogen receptor pathway, and nuclear receptor coactivators are thought to participate in this process. Here we studied whether one of these coactivators, AIB1 (amplified in breast cancer 1), was rate-limiting for hormone-dependent growth of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We developed MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines in which the expression of AIB1 can be modulated by regulatable ribozymes directed against AIB1 mRNA. We found that depletion of endogenous AIB1 levels reduced steroid hormone signaling via the estrogen receptor alpha or progesterone receptor beta on transiently transfected reporter templates. Down-regulation of AIB1 levels in MCF-7 cells did not affect estrogen-stimulated cell cycle progression but reduced estrogen-mediated inhibition of apoptosis and cell growth. Finally, upon reduction of endogenous AIB1 expression, estrogen-dependent colony formation in soft agar and tumor growth of MCF-7 cells in nude mice was decreased. From these findings we conclude that, despite the presence of different estrogen receptor coactivators in breast cancer cells, AIB1 exerts a rate-limiting role for hormone-dependent human breast tumor growth.
Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I activity are resistant to Entamoeba histolytica-mediated cytotoxicity (1989)

To study the relationship between carbohydrate-specific amebic cytoadherence and ameba-mediated cytotoxicity, we measured Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite-mediated cytolysis directed against a panel of four Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines that have defined alterations in their glycosylation patterns. We recently measured amebic trophozoite adherence to this panel of CHO cells and showed that trophozoites bind variant cells (RICR 15B), which are deficient in Asn-linked N-acetyllactosamine units, at 12% of the level observed for wild-type cells (E. Li, A. Becker, and S. L. Stanley, J. Exp. Med 167:1725-1730, 1988). Using a 51Cr release assay to measure trophozoite-mediated cytolysis, we demonstrate in this study that RICR 15B cells are less susceptible to trophozoite-mediated cytolysis than are wild-type cells. In addition, we found that N-acetyllactosamine, which inhibits trophozoite adherence to CHO cells, also inhibited trophozoite-mediated cytolysis of wild-type cells. These studies indicate that surface carbohydrates on target cells can influence susceptibility to ameba-mediated cytotoxicity. This panel of CHO cells provides a useful model system for investigating the role of glycoconjugates in mediating amebic interactions with mammalian cells.
Pharmacologically active benzo[b]thiophen derivatives. Part VIII. Benzo[b]thiophen analogues of tryptophan and α-methyltryptophan, and some of their 5-substituted derivatives (1969)

α-Amino-β-(3-benzo[b]thienyl) propionic acid, the benzo[b]thiophen analogue of tryptophan, has been prepared by reaction of 3-chloromethylbenzo[b]thiophen with diethyl acetamidomalonate or diethyl formamidoalonate, and acidic or alkaline hydrolysis of the product. Its 5-bromo-, 5-chloro-, 5-methyl-, and 5-nitro-derivatives were similarly preprared for pharmacologicl evaluation. (3-Benzo[b]thienyl)acetone, prepared by reaction of 3-benzo-[b]thienylacetyl chloride with diethyl ethozxymagnesium-malonate and acidic hydrolysis of the product, reacted with a mixture of potassium cyanide, ammonium chloride, and ammonium carbonate in aqueous ethanol to give 5-(3-benzo[b]thenyl)-5-methylhydantion alkaline hydrolysis of which gave the benzo[b]thiophen analogue of α-methyltryptophan. Its 5-bromo-, 5-chloro-, 5-methyl-, and 5-nitro-derivatives were prepared similarly.
Improved Measurement of Low-Density-Lipoprotein Susceptibility to Copper-Induced Oxidation: Application of a Short Procedure for Isolating Low-Density Lipoprotein (1992)

Low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation may provide the crucial link between plasma LDL and atherosclerotic-lesion formation. Oxidation can be induced in vitro by incubating LDL with cells or metal ions and can be measured by continuously monitoring conjugated-diene absorbance at 234 nm. Measurement of LDL oxidizability was improved by performing the assay with 0.05 g of LDL-protein per liter of phosphate buffer containing 1 mumol of EDTA, by initiating oxidation by adding CuCl2 (5 mumol/L) at 30 degrees C, and by using a short-run ultracentrifugation method for isolating LDL, which reduced the time needed for obtaining purified LDL and thus reduced in vitro oxidation. LDL apolipoprotein analysis and oxidizability determination showed that this method is better than the longer sequential-isolation procedure. Adding butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) to plasma as an antioxidant unpredictably increased the LDL oxidation lag time, making BHT unsuitable as an antioxidant. Adding EDTA appeared to be sufficient to prevent in vitro oxidation. Additionally, the diene production correlated highly with the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (r = 0.97). No relation between the vitamin E content of LDL and the oxidation lag time was found.
Online methods for multi-domain learning and adaptation (2008)

NLP tasks are often domain specific, yet systems can learn behaviors across multiple domains. We develop a new multi-domain online learning framework based on parameter combination from multiple classifiers. Our algorithms draw from multi-task learning and domain adaptation to adapt multiple source domain classifiers to a new target domain, learn across multiple similar domains, and learn across a large number of disparate domains. We evaluate our algorithms on two popular NLP domain adaptation tasks: sentiment classification and spam filtering.
Design and Synthesis of Amphiphilic α-Helical Model Peptides with Systematically Varied Hydrophobic−Hydrophilic Balance and Their Interaction with Lipid- and Bio-Membranes (1996)

Five amphiphilic alpha-helical peptides of 18 residues containing a hydrophobic Trp residue as a fluorescence probe were designed. The peptides were made up of hydrophobic Leu and hydrophilic Lys residues of a ratio of 13:5, 11:7, 9:9, 7:11, and 5:13 (abbreviated as Hels 13-5, 11-7, 9-9, 7-11, and 5-13, respectively). These peptides generate ideal amphiphilic alpha-helical structures, which have systematically varied hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance (relative amphiphilic potential) as a result of different hydrophobicities and almost the same hydrophobic moments. Their hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance was estimated both theoretically from the calculated hydrophobicity values (or the magnitude of hydrophobic faces) and experimentally from the retention times in reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Circular dichroism, liposome-lytic, and Trp-fluorescent studies in buffer and in the presence of acidic and neutral liposomes clearly showed that the increasing hydrophobic face area not only increases the affinity for lipid but also increases the trend of self-association. The structure-activity relationship estimated by means of leakage ability and hemolytic activity demonstrated that the model- and bio-membrane perturbation ability is completely parallel to the magnitude of the hydrophobic face area. The lipid-binding study in guanidine hydrochloride solution showed that the peptides with a hydrophobic face larger than the hydrophilic face (Hels 13-5 and 11-7) immerse their hydrophobic regions in lipid bilayers and that the inverse ones (Hels 7-11 and 5-13) interact only between the anionic lipid head groups and cationic peptide residues on liposome surfaces. The peptide Hel 9-9, which has exactly the same hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, was found to be at a critical boundary among these peptides in terms of (1) behavior of peptide self-aggregation in buffer solution and membrane perturbation ability, (2) transfer from bulk solution to neutral lipid bilayers, and (3) necessity of charge interaction in lipid-peptide binding.
Therapy of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with a combination of anti-CD7 and anti-CD38-SAPORIN immunotoxins is significantly better than therapy with each individual immunotoxin (2001)

Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice injected i.v. with the human T-ALL cell line CCRF CEM (SCID-CEM mice) develop within 50 days life-threatening multi-organ growth of leukaemia cells. The development of leukaemia in SCID-CEM mice treated with three 10 microg i.v. doses of the anti-CD7 immunotoxin (IT) HB2-SAPORIN or the anti-CD38 IT OKT10-SAPORIN was significantly delayed compared with PBS sham-treated animals but 90% of animals treated with either IT eventually developed disseminated leukaemia cell growth. In contrast treatment of SCID-CEM mice with a combination of both ITs led not only to a significantly greater delay in time to leukaemia development but also in the numbers of animals remaining leukaemia free (60%). The native HB2 and OKT10 antibodies (both murine IgG1antibodies) exerted significant, though relatively weak therapeutic effects, probably mediated through an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) mechanism. Moreover, there was no in vivo additivity of therapeutic effect when both antibodies were used in combination. Apparent, however, was that the combination of HB2-SAPORIN IT with OKT10 antibody led to an intermediate therapeutic effect that was significantly greater than that obtained when either was used alone but significantly less than that obtained when the two IT combination was utilized. This was similarly the case for the combination of OKT10-SAPORIN IT with HB2 antibody though the effect was less pronounced in this instance. This result suggests that the therapeutic effect of IT + antibody treatment results from an additivity between antibody-mediated delivery of saporin combined with a SCID mouse NK cell-mediated ADCC attack on the target cell directed through target cell bound antibody Fc engagement with FcgammaRIII on the NK cell surface. The combination of both ITs however gave the best therapeutic outcome in SCID-CEM mice probably as the result of (i) delivery of greater amounts of saporin to target CEM cells positive for both CD7 and CD38, (ii) delivery of an effective dose of saporin to CEM cells downregulated or negative for one of the target antigens and (iii) through ADCC mechanisms that interact additively with IT action. We have previously proposed that combination IT therapy would be one means of overcoming the problem of heterogeneity of antigen expression within a global tumour cell population and these additional findings support this and provide a further strengthening of the rationale for employing cocktails of ITs for the treatment of human malignancies.
Einführung (2017)

Fair trial. Ein faires Verfahren. Das ist es, was sich sicherlich jeder Beschuldigte im Strafverfahren wünscht. Doch welche Bedeutung hat der Fair-trial-Grundsatz für das deutsche Strafprozessrecht? Und wie kann die Verfahrensfairness bei der Beweiserhebung und Beweisverwertung gewährleistet werden? Mit diesen Fragen und weiteren rund um das Fair-trial-Prinzip und die Lehre von den Beweisverboten beschäftigt sich der Autor. Er kommt dabei zu dem Ergebnis, dass es sich bei fair trial um einen fundamentalen Grundsatz des deutschen Strafverfahrensrechts handelt und die Beweisverbote als dessen Ausprägung betrachtet werden müssen. Ausgehend von dieser Überlegung und als Gegenentwurf zu den gängigen Theorien entwickelt der Autor einen eigenen Ansatz zum Entstehen von Beweisverboten auf der Basis des Fair-trial-Prinzips und wendet diesen zum Beweis für seine Tauglichkeit auf das Auskunftsverweigerungsrecht des § 55 StPO und die dabei in Betracht kommenden Beweisverbote an.