gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon Monoxide: To Boldly Go Where NO Has Gone Before (2004)

The discovery that nitric oxide (NO) has powerful vasoactive properties identical to those of endothelial-derived relaxing factor spawned a vast body of research investigating the physiological actions of small gas molecules. NO, which arises endogenously through the action of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, is a highly reactive gas that plays important roles in the regulation of vascular and immune function. Carbon monoxide (CO), a similar yet much more chemically stable gas, occurs in nature as a product of the oxidation or combustion of organic materials. CO also arises in cells and tissues as a byproduct of heme oxygenase (HO) activity, which degrades heme to biliverdin-IXalpha. Like NO, CO acts as a vasorelaxant and may regulate other vascular functions such as platelet aggregation and smooth muscle proliferation. CO has also been implicated as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. HO-1, the inducible form of HO, confers cytoprotection against oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. CO, when applied at low concentration, exerts potent cytoprotective effects mimicking those of HO-1 induction, including down-regulation of inflammation and suppression of apoptosis. Many of the effects of CO depend on the activation of guanylate cyclase, which generates guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP), and the modulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. This review highlights new advances in the interaction of CO with cellular signaling processes.
Ingold Lecture. Four-membered rings and reaction mechanisms (1976)

P. D. Bartlett, Chem. Soc. Rev., 1976, 5, 149 DOI: 10.1039/CS9760500149
Obstructive sleep apnea as a cause of systemic hypertension. Evidence from a canine model. (1997)

Several epidemiological studies have identified obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) as a risk factor for systemic hypertension, but a direct etiologic link between the two disorders has not been established definitively. Furthermore, the specific physiological mechanisms underlying the association between OSA and systemic hypertension have not been identified. The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the effects of OSA on daytime and nighttime blood pressure (BP). We induced OSA in four dogs by intermittent airway occlusion during nocturnal sleep. Daytime and nighttime BP were measured before, during, and after a 1-3-mo long period of OSA. OSA resulted in acute transient increases in nighttime BP to a maximum of 13.0+/-2.0 mmHg (mean+/-SEM), and eventually produced sustained daytime hypertension to a maximum of 15.7+/-4.3 mmHg. In a subsequent protocol, recurrent arousal from sleep without airway occlusion did not result in daytime hypertension. The demonstration that OSA can lead to the development of sustained hypertension has considerable importance, given the high prevalence of both disorders in the population.
Optimal feeding of the low birth weight infant. Technical review. (2007)

The Department of Child and Adolescent Health, in collaboration with the epidemiology unit of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, conducted this systematic review of issues in feeding of low birth weight infants. The review addresses the following key questions: what to feed, when to start feeding, how to feed, how often and how much. These questions are answered for three subgroups of low birth weight infants - preterm infants of less than 32 weeks gestations, preterm infants of 32-36 weeks gestation and term low birth weight infants. The outcomes considered are mortality, severe morbidity, growth and development. The review clearly shows the benefits of exclusive breast milk feeding for the three subgroups of low birth weight infants. It summarizes the evidence for micronutrient supplementation for the different subgroups. Further, the review identifies safe alternative methods of feeding low birth infants who cannot yet breastfeed directly.
Implantation and decidualization in rodents (1993)

This article reviews the main events of embryo-implantation and decidualization in rodents. In common laboratory rodents the embryo attaches to the uterine epithelial lining, usually on days 4 to 6 of pregnancy. A progressive degree of proximity between trophoblast and epithelium occurs until the epithelial cells undergo apoptosis and detach from the basement membrane. During the attachment stage, the spindle-shaped connective tissue cells that underlie the epithelium next to the embryos transform into polyhedral and closely packed decidual cells. Following the epithelial detachment and the breaching of the basement membrane the embryo is thus in direct contact with decidual cells. These cells accumulate organelles associated with synthesis of macro-molecules, intermediate filaments, and eventually lipid droplets and glycogen. Another remarkable feature of decidual cells is the establishment of gap and adherens intercellular junctions. Differentiation of fibroblasts into decidual cells advances antimesometrially and mesometrially, creating in the endometrium several regions of cells with different morphology. The whole phenomenon of decidualization which is normally triggered by the embryo can be artificially induced in pseudo-pregnant or hormonally-prepared animals with the use of diverse stimuli. The uterine epithelium is probably responsible for the transduction of the initial stimulus. Prostaglandins have been shown to be important in the induction of decidualization. More recently other substances such as leukotrienes, platelet-activating factor (PAF), and transforming growth factor (TGF) have been thought to play a role in induction. Much evidence points to prostaglandin production by the decidual cells. New proteins such as a luteotropic factor, desmin, and other molecules were shown to be produced after rat stromal cells undergo decidual transformation. The extracellular matrix of the mouse decidua contains very thick collagen fibrils. Mouse decidual cells are also very active in phagocytosing the thick fibrils, contributing to the remodeling and involution of the decidua that accompanies embryonic growth. Radioautographic data indicates that mouse decidual cells produce and secrete collagen and sulfated proteoglycans.
Water electrolysis on La1−xSrxCoO3−δ perovskite electrocatalysts (2016)

Perovskite oxides are attractive candidates as catalysts for the electrolysis of water in alkaline energy storage and conversion systems. However, the rational design of active catalysts has been hampered by the lack of understanding of the mechanism of water electrolysis on perovskite surfaces. Key parameters that have been overlooked include the role of oxygen vacancies, B-O bond covalency, and redox activity of lattice oxygen species. Here we present a series of cobaltite perovskites where the covalency of the Co-O bond and the concentration of oxygen vacancies are controlled through Sr(2+) substitution into La(1-x)Sr(x)CoO(3-δ) . We attempt to rationalize the high activities of La(1-x)Sr(x)CoO(3-δ) through the electronic structure and participation of lattice oxygen in the mechanism of water electrolysis as revealed through ab initio modelling. Using this approach, we report a material, SrCoO2.7, with a high, room temperature-specific activity and mass activity towards alkaline water electrolysis.
Development of a Radioligand Binding Assay for Detection of Gastrin/CCKB Receptors in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract (1996)

The initial strategy of the thesis (Chapter 3) examined the presence and characterisation of gastrin/CCKB receptors in the rat pancreatic cell line, AR42J. This cell line was chosen due to its continuous expression of high affinity gastrin/CCKB receptors even after repeated cell culture. Following optimisation of the radioligand binding assay, gastrin/CCKB receptors were characterised using a panel of receptor agonists and antagonists. The AR42J whole cell assay demonstrated that AR42J cells express high affinity gastrin/CCKB receptors with a dissociation constant of 0.3nM and maximal binding capacity of 24fmols/106 cells. These results were similar to those found in the literature by several different groups. Inhibitory dissociation constants (Ki) for the receptor agonists and antagonists used in displacement experiments were also found to correlate closely to literature values thereby confirming the validity of the gastrin/CCKB receptor properties of AR42J cells as measured using the assay developed. The second series of experiments (Chapter 4) examined the preparation of crude membranes from AR42J cells and also the effect of membrane storage. Crude membrane fractions were found to retain the receptor characteristics and properties of receptors on AR42J whole cells. Storage of crude membranes for a limited period at -70
Immune Stimulatory Strategies for the Prevention and Treatment of Asthma (2006)

The severity and incidence of asthma has dramatically increased in the developed nations over the last decades. Although the reason for this development is unknown, epidemiological studies and experimental data have lead to the suggestion that this phenomenon is associated with the decline of infectious diseases, which induce T helper 1 and/or T regulatory responses. Supporting this view are recent publications showing that animals can be protected from developing asthma by using different immune stimulatory strategies. One approach is based on vaccinations using live or killed bacteria or their components, CpG-ODNs or DNA vaccination, which all induce allergen-specific or unspecific Th1 responses. Th1 responses lead to the production of IFN-gamma, IL-12, IL-18 and IL-23, thereby inhibiting Th2 responses and thus the development of asthma. A further strategy both for the prevention and therapy of asthma is the induction of Tr cells. Tr cells have also been shown to suppress allergic Th2 responses, however, in contrast to Th1 cells through a cell/cell contact mediated mechanism or by the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and/or TGF-beta. Furthermore, there is growing information on how to induce Tr cells both in animals and humans. Here we review the data showing that animals can be protected from developing asthma by immune stimulation leading to Th1 or Tr responses. Possible future human use and safety of the described strategies are also discussed.
Requirements for Binding and Signaling of the Kinase Domain Receptor for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (1998)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a dimeric hormone that controls much of vascular development through binding and activation of its kinase domain receptor (KDR). We produced analogs of VEGF that show it has two receptor-binding sites which are located near the poles of the dimer and straddle the interface between subunits. Deletion experiments in KDR indicate that of the seven IgG-like domains in the extracellular domain, only domains 2-3 are needed for tight binding of VEGF. Monomeric forms of the extracellular domain of KDR bind approximately 100 times weaker than dimeric forms showing a strong avidity component for binding of VEGF to predimerized forms of the receptor. Based upon these structure-function studies and a mechanism in which receptor dimerization is critical for signaling, we constructed a receptor antagonist in the form of a heterodimer of VEGF that contained one functional and one non-functional site. These studies establish a functional foundation for the design of VEGF analogs, mimics, and antagonists.
Increased levels of neuronal thread protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease (1992)

Neuronal thread protein is a recently characterized, approximately 20-kd protein that accumulates in brains with Alzheimer's disease (AD) lesions. This study examined whether concentrations of neuronal thread protein (NTP) were also increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of individuals with probable (clinically diagnosed) and definite (histopathologically proved) AD. Using a highly sensitive three-site monoclonal antibody-based immunoradiometric assay, we measured NTP concentrations in CSF from 84 patients with probable AD and mild dementia (duration, 4.05 +/- 0.36 years), 45 with Parkinson's disease and minimal or no dementia (duration, 4.73 +/- 0.78 years), 73 with multiple sclerosis, and 73 nondemented control subjects. NTP concentrations were also measured in postmortem ventricular fluid and temporal lobe neocortex extracts from 31 subjects with histopathologically proved AD and 14 age-matched control subjects. The mean concentration of NTP in the CSF was higher in AD (4.15 +/- 0.25 ng/ml; 95% confidence interval [CI] limits, 3.65-4.65) than in Parkinson's disease (1.96 +/- 0.16 ng/ml; 95% CI, 1.65-2.27), multiple sclerosis (1.6 +/- 0.14 ng/ml; 95% CI limits, 1.33-1.88), or control subjects (1.27 +/- 0.06 ng/ml; 95% CI limits, 1.15-1.40) (p < 0.001). In addition, 70% of the patients with probable AD had concentrations of NTP in CSF that were higher than 2.5 ng/ml (> upper 99% CI limit in the control group), compared with 23% of Parkinson's disease patients, 11% of multiple sclerosis patients, and 4% of control subjects. The mean concentrations of NTP in the ventricular fluid and brain tissue from individuals with documented AD and end-stage dementia were threefold higher than the levels detected in the CSF from the remaining patients with probable AD and mild dementia. Moreover, of 9 patients with AD, postmortem brain and CSF manifested 5- to 50-fold higher levels of NTP compared with the CSF samples obtained an average of 6 years earlier. These findings demonstrate that NTP levels are elevated in the CSF of individuals with AD and that NTP levels in the CSF increase strikingly with progression of dementia and neuronal degeneration.
Phase I Study of the Humanized Antiepidermal Growth Factor Receptor Monoclonal Antibody EMD72000 in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors That Express the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (2003)

Treatment with EMD72000 was well tolerated and showed evidence of activity in heavily pretreated patients with EGFR-expressing tumors. EMD72000 at the investigated doses significantly inhibited downstream EGFR-dependent processes.
Multiparameter Screening on SlipChip Used for Nanoliter Protein Crystallization Combining Free Interface Diffusion and Microbatch Methods (2009)

This paper describes two SlipChip-based approaches to protein crystallization: a SlipChip-based free interface diffusion (FID) method and a SlipChip-based composite method that simultaneously performs microbatch and FID crystallization methods in a single device. The FID SlipChip was designed to screen multiple reagents, each at multiple diffusion equilibration times, and was validated by screening conditions for crystallization of two proteins, enoyl-CoA hydratase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase from Babesia bovis, against 48 different reagents at five different equilibration times each, consuming 12 microL of each protein for a total of 480 experiments using three SlipChips. The composite SlipChip was designed to screen multiple reagents, each at multiple mixing ratios and multiple equilibration times, and was validated by screening conditions for crystallization of two proteins, enoyl-CoA hydratase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase from Babesia bovis. To prevent cross-contamination while keeping the solution in the neck channels for FID stable, the plates of the SlipChip were etched with a pattern of nanowells. This nanopattern was used to increase the contact angle of aqueous solutions on the surface of the silanized glass. The composite SlipChip increased the number of successful crystallization conditions and identified more conditions for crystallization than separate FID and microbatch screenings. Crystallization experiments were scaled up in well plates using conditions identified during the SlipChip screenings, and X-ray diffraction data were obtained to yield the protein structure of dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase at 1.95 A resolution. This free-interface diffusion approach provides a convenient and high-throughput method of setting up gradients in microfluidic devices and may find additional applications in cell-based assays.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF165) stimulates direct angiogenesis in the rabbit cornea. (1995)

The object of this study was to test vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for angiogenic activity in the rabbit corneal assay. VEGF doses ranging from 20 ng to 1000 ng were incorporated into a slow release polymer and implanted into the avascular rabbit cornea. Capillary formation in the cornea was visually analyzed on a daily basis and examined with histology, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts on days 2 and 7 post-implantation. VEGF implants (200ng to 1000ng) consistently stimulated angiogenesis. This neovascularization occurred in the absence of inflammation. We conclude that VEGF acts directly on endothelial cells, initiating and mediating the formation of capillaries.
Affordance++ (2015)

We propose extending the affordance of objects by allowing them to communicate dynamic use, such as (1) motion (e.g., spray can shakes when touched), (2) multi-step processes (e.g., spray can sprays only after shaking), and (3) behaviors that change over time (e.g., empty spray can does not allow spraying anymore). Rather than enhancing objects directly, however, we implement this concept by enhancing the user. We call this affordance++. By stimulating the user's arms using electrical muscle stimulation, our prototype allows objects not only to make the user actuate them, but also perform required movements while merely approaching the object, such as not to touch objects that do not "want" to be touched. In our user study, affordance++ helped participants to successfully operate devices of poor natural affordance, such as a multi-functional slicer tool or a magnetic nail sweeper, and to stay away from cups filled with hot liquids.
Dendritic Cell-induced Activation of Latent HIV-1 Provirus in Actively Proliferating Primary T Lymphocytes (2013)

HIV-1 latency remains a formidable barrier towards virus eradication as therapeutic attempts to purge these reservoirs are so far unsuccessful. The pool of transcriptionally silent proviruses is established early in infection and persists for a lifetime, even when viral loads are suppressed below detection levels using anti-retroviral therapy. Upon therapy interruption the reservoir can re-establish systemic infection. Different cellular reservoirs that harbor latent provirus have been described. In this study we demonstrate that HIV-1 can also establish a silent integration in actively proliferating primary T lymphocytes. Co-culturing of these proliferating T lymphocytes with dendritic cells (DCs) activated the provirus from latency. Activation did not involve DC-mediated C-type lectin DC-SIGN signaling or TCR-stimulation but was mediated by DC-secreted component(s) and cell-cell interaction between DC and T lymphocyte that could be inhibited by blocking ICAM-1 dependent adhesion. These results imply that circulating DCs could purge HIV-1 from latency and re-initiate virus replication. Moreover, our data show that viral latency can be established early after infection and supports the idea that actively proliferating T lymphocytes with an effector phenotype contribute to the latent viral reservoir. Unraveling this physiologically relevant purging mechanism could provide useful information for the development of new therapeutic strategies that aim at the eradication of HIV-1 reservoirs.
Bioresorbable and nonresorbable macroporous thermosensitive hydrogels prepared by cryopolymerization. Role of the cross linking agent (2008)

International audience
The Prevalence of Glaucoma in Chinese Residents of Singapore<subtitle>A Cross-Sectional Population Survey of the Tanjong Pagar District</subtitle> (2000)

Background: Data on prevalence of glaucoma in East Asia are scarce.Objective: To determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of glaucoma in adult Chinese Singaporeans.Methods: A group of 2000 Chinese people, aged 40 to 79 years, were selected from the electoral register of Tanjong Pagar district in Singapore using a disproportionate, stratified, clustered, random-sampling procedure.Glaucoma was diagnosed in people with an excavated optic neuropathy and a reproducible visual field defect or on the basis of severe structural disc abnormality alone, if reliable field results could not be obtained.The diagnosis was also made in blind subjects with raised intraocular pressure or previous glaucoma surgery.Results: Of 1717 eligible subjects, 1232 were examined, with a response rate of 71.8%.There were 45 cases of glaucoma: 27 were men and 18 were women.The main diagnoses were primary open-angle glaucoma (n = 22 [49%]), primary angle-closure glaucoma (n=14 [31%]), and secondary glaucoma (n = 7 [16%]).It was not possible to determine the mechanism in 2 (4%). Conclusions:The age-standardized prevalence of glaucoma was 3.2% (95% confidence interval, 2.3-4.1) in the population 40 years and older.Glaucoma was the leading cause of blindness.Primary angle-closure glaucoma and secondary glaucoma were the most visually destructive forms of the disease.Our findings suggest current projections of glaucoma prevalence among ethnic Chinese are a substantial underestimate.
Video encoder architecture for MPEG2 real time encoding (1996)

A video encoder architecture for encoding digital video signals based on the MPEG2 video standard up to the slice level is described. A function specific architecture is implemented to increase the coding efficiency and reduce the silicon area for real time encoding. A hierarchical control concept is adopted and a three-stage pipeline encoding method is used in the macroblock coding to increase the flexibility of the encoding flow and reduce the design effort. Most of the computing power for the MPEG2 encoding algorithm is utilized in motion estimation, so a separate motion estimation module is used as a coprocessor. The motion estimation algorithm adopted is a full search with the search window in the range between +47 and -48 pels in the horizontal direction and between +15 and -16 pels in the vertical direction. Simulations on several video sequences with different target bit rates are evaluated. The results show that our implementation can achieve a video quality comparable to other off-line software simulation programs using exhaustive searches.
Transmission of 32-Tb/s Capacity Over 580 km Using RZ-Shaped PDM-8QAM Modulation Format and Cascaded Multimodulus Blind Equalization Algorithm (2009)

In this paper, we propose a novel synthesizing method for high-speed 8-ary quadratic-amplitude modulation (QAM) optical signal generation using commercial optical modulators with binary electrical driving signals. Using this method, we successfully generated 114-Gb/s pulse-duration modulation (PDM)-8QAM optical signals. Intradyne detection of PDM-8QAM optical signals with robust blind polarization demultiplexing has been demonstrated by using a new cascaded multimodulus equalization algorithm. With return-to-zero-shaped PDM-8QAM modulation and the proposed blind polarization demultiplexing algorithm, we demonstrate transmission of a record 32-Tb/s fiber capacity (320 × 114 Gb/s) over 580 km of ultralow-loss single-mode fiber-28 fiber by utilizing C+L-band erbium-doped fiber-amplifier-only optical amplification and single-ended coherent detection technique at an information spectral efficiency of 4.0 bit/s·Hz.
ISLET GRAFT FUNCTION (1988)

HAUG, CRAIG E.2; BABCOCK, SUSAN K.3; LAFFERTY, KEVIN J.3,4; WEIL, RICHARD III2,5 Author Information