gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydration of fat-free body mass: new physiological modeling approach (1999)

Water is an essential component of living organisms, and in adult mammals the fraction of fat-free body mass (FFM) as water is remarkably stable at approximately 0.73. The stability of FFM hydration is a cornerstone of the widely used water isotope dilution method of estimating total body fat. At present, the only suggested means of studying FFM hydration is by experimental total body water (TBW) and FFM measurements. Although deviations from the classical hydration constant are recognized, it is unknown if these are explainable physiological aberrations and/or methodological errors. Moreover, many questions related to hydration stability prevail, including body mass and age effects. These unresolved questions and the importance of the TBW-fat estimation method led us to develop a cellular level FFM hydration model. This physiological model reveals that four water-related ratios combine to produce the observed TBW-to-FFM ratio. The mean and range of FFM hydration observed in adult humans can be understood with the proposed physiological model as can variation in the TBW-to-FFM ratio over the human life span. An extension of the model to the tissue-organ body composition level confirms on a theoretical basis a small but systematic decrease in hydration observed in mammals ranging in body mass by a factor of 10(5). The present study, the first to advance a physiological hydration model, provides a conceptual framework for the TBW-fat estimation method and identifies important areas that remain to be studied.
Structure, biosynthesis and biochemical properties of the HGF receptor in normal and malignant cells. (1993)

Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) and Scatter Factor (SF) are identical glycoproteins secreted by cells of mesodermal origin. The factor has several activities on epithelial cells, including mitogenesis, dissociation of epithelial sheets, stimulation of cell motility, and promotion of matrix invasion. HGF is the ligand for p190MET, the receptor tyrosine kinase encoded by the MET proto-oncogene. This was proved by HGF binding to immunopurified p190MET, chemical cross-linking of radiolabelled ligand, HGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p190MET, and reconstitution of high-affinity binding sites for HGF into insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus carrying the human MET cDNA. p190MET is a 190 kDa heterodimer of two (alpha beta) disulfide-linked protein subunits. The alpha subunit is heavily glycosylated and extracellular. The beta subunit bears an extracellular portion involved in ligand binding, a membrane spanning segment and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain with phosphorylation sites regulating its activity. Both subunits originate from glycosylation and proteolytic cleavage of a common precursor of 170 kDa. Alternative post-transcriptional processing originates two truncated Met proteins, endowed with ligand binding activity, lacking the cytoplasmic kinase domain of the beta subunit. One form is soluble and released from the cells. HGF binding triggers tyrosine autophosphorylation of the receptor beta subunit in intact cells. Autophosphorylation upregulates the kinase activity of the receptor, increasing the Vmax of the phosphotransfer reaction. The major phosphorylation site has been mapped to Tyr1235. Negative regulation of the receptor kinase activity occurs through distinguishable pathways involving protein kinase C activation or increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Both lead to the serine phosphorylation of a unique phosphopeptide of the receptor and to a decrease in its kinase activity. Receptor autophosphorylation also triggers the signal transduction pathways inside the target cells. The phosphorylated receptor associates ras GAP, phospholipase C-gamma, and src-related tyrosine kinase in vitro; Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, in vitro and in vivo, indicating that the generation of the D-3 phosphorylated inositol lipids is involved in effecting the motility and/or the growth response to HGF. The p190MET HGF receptor is expressed in several epithelial tissues and it is often overexpressed in neoplastic cells. In some tumors of the gastrointestinal tract the Met tyrosine kinase is constitutively activated, either by overexpression of the amplified MET oncogene or by lack of cleavage of the receptor precursor, due to defective post-translational processing.
Anomaly detection and reasoning with embedded physical model (2003)

The anomaly detection/reasoning system has been viewed by many experts, in industry as the cornerstone towards maturing onboard health management systems for complex flight articles such as commercial aircraft, space vehicles, and military aircraft. The technical ingredients that are necessary for an effective anomaly system include: 1) models, particularly that which are based on physical principles; 2) detection algorithms; and 3) reasoning rules. The Boeing Company has been working with Scientific Monitoring, Inc. (SMI) to develop a physics-based modeling framework to improve the accuracy of data-centric anomaly detection algorithms. We developed strategies to derive such data-driven physical models, which are designated as the low cost physical models (LCPM) or the heuristic physical models (HPM). To prove that this modeling framework is applicable to all the physical systems or subsystems of an aerospace vehicle, we selected a space flight rocket engine to prove the concept. The engine represents a complex aero-thermal-mechanical system, and it offers a high degree of modeling difficulty. The engine also offers a rich data environment for validating the concept. This paper describes briefly the modeling approach, model fidelity, and the feasibility of this model-based anomaly detection approach.
Stimulation of cAMP and phosphomonoester production by melanotropin in melanoma cells: 31P NMR studies. (1991)

A major part of the present understanding of the molecular basis of signal transduction has been gained from in vitro studies using classical biochemical methods. In this study, we used 31P NMR spectroscopy to investigate the response of live M2R mouse melanoma cells to stimulation by melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH; melanotropin). In the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine and a synergistic dose of forskolin (1.67 microM), MSH induced a transient (approximately 60-min) rise in the cellular concentration of 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which coincided in time with an equivalent decrease (approximately 40%) in ATP. However, no detectable change in phosphocreatine concentration was observed. Concomitantly, MSH induced a striking and unexpected increase in the concentration of three phosphomonoester (PME) metabolites (approximately 2-fold increase in total PME signal area); one signal has been assigned to phosphoethanolamine. The levels of the PMEs remained high for 2-4 hr and declined slowly (approximately 10 hr) to basal level, following perfusion with fresh culture medium. The increase in PME was also observed after stimulation with MSH alone. In contrast, stimulation with a high dose of forskolin (50 microM) and isobutylmethylxanthine (0.2 mM), although effective in stimulating the production of cAMP, did not induce the PME response. Evaluation of the cells' energetics indicated that the enhanced production of phosphoethanolamine is probably not due to ethanolamine phosphorylation. Therefore, it is likely to result from hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine by a specific phospholipase C. The response of the PMEs appears to be regulated by a cAMP-independent process, suggesting the existence of an alternative transduction pathway controlled by MSH.
Introduction to Dwdm Technology: Data in a Rainbow (1999)

"Companies and research labs worldwide are racing to develop Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology, a far-reaching advancement in the fiber optical communications field. To help you keep pace with these latest developments, this all-in-one resource brings you a clear, concise overview of the technology that is transporting and processing vast amounts of information at the speed of light. Until now, no book offered a practical introduction to DWDM advances. INTRODUCTION TO DWDM TECHNOLOGY will help you learn all the essentials for this emerging field: * Principles of physics underlying optical devices * Optical components needed to design optical and DWDM systems * Coding and decoding techniques used in optical communications * Overview of DWDM systems * State-of-the-art research trends Complete with four-color illustrations to show how devices work, this comprehensive book provides an invaluable discussion of DWDM basics necessary for practicing electrical engineers, optical systems designers, technical managers, and undergraduate students in optical communications. Go to htttp://www.ieee.org/organizations/pubs/press/Kartfm.pdf for a complete Table of Contents and a look at the Introduction. You can check out Chapter 5, "Optical Demultiplexers" by clicking on http://www.ieee.org/organizations/pubs/press/KartCh5.pdf About the Author Stamatios V. Kartalopoulos is currently on the staff of the Optical Networks Group of Lucent Technologies, Bell Labs Innovations, formerly known as AT&amp;T. His research interests include ATM and SONET/SDH systems, ultrafast pattern recognition, IP and DWDM, access enterprise systems, local area networks, fiber networks, satellite systems, intelligent signal processing, neural networks, and fuzzy logic. He holds several patents of which six patents (and six pending) are in communications and optical communications systems." Sponsored by: IEEE Communications Society
BadNets: Evaluating Backdooring Attacks on Deep Neural Networks (2019)

Deep learning-based techniques have achieved state-of-the-art performance on a wide variety of recognition and classification tasks. However, these networks are typically computationally expensive to train, requiring weeks of computation on many GPUs; as a result, many users outsource the training procedure to the cloud or rely on pre-trained models that are then fine-tuned for a specific task. In this paper, we show that the outsourced training introduces new security risks: an adversary can create a maliciously trained network (a backdoored neural network, or a BadNet) that has the state-of-the-art performance on the user's training and validation samples but behaves badly on specific attacker-chosen inputs. We first explore the properties of BadNets in a toy example, by creating a backdoored handwritten digit classifier. Next, we demonstrate backdoors in a more realistic scenario by creating a U.S. street sign classifier that identifies stop signs as speed limits when a special sticker is added to the stop sign; we then show in addition that the backdoor in our U.S. street sign detector can persist even if the network is later retrained for another task and cause a drop in an accuracy of 25% on average when the backdoor trigger is present. These results demonstrate that backdoors in neural networks are both powerful and-because the behavior of neural networks is difficult to explicate-stealthy. This paper provides motivation for further research into techniques for verifying and inspecting neural networks, just as we have developed tools for verifying and debugging software.
Arthrodesis of the ankle with modified distraction-compression and bone-grafting. (1990)

A modification of the technique of Chuinard and Peterson for distraction-compression arthrodesis of the ankle was used in twelve patients, whose ages ranged from ten to seventy-one years. This modified technique allows positioning that is better for function and it makes fusion more certain. It also offers the advantages of the original technique--that is, it preserves the potential for growth of the distal tibial and fibular physes and it maintains the height of the malleolus and foot. The duration of follow-up averaged four years and three months. The preoperative diagnoses were degenerative arthritis, poliomyelitis, talipes equinovarus, and myelodysplasia. Solid fusion was achieved in all patients, although one patient needed reoperation before fusion was achieved. The time to fusion averaged eleven months (range, three to sixteen months). The functional result was good in all patients.
Polymer‐coated nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery (2014)

ABSTRACT Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes aim to recover trapped oil left in reservoirs after primary and secondary recovery methods. New materials and additives are needed to make EOR economical in challenging reservoirs or harsh environments. Nanoparticles have been widely studied for EOR, but nanoparticles with polymer chains grafted to the surface—known as polymer‐coated nanoparticles (PNPs)—are an emerging class of materials that may be superior to nanoparticles for EOR due to improved solubility and stability, greater stabilization of foams and emulsions, and more facile transport through porous media. Here, we review prior research, current challenges, and future research opportunities in the application of PNPs for EOR. We focus on studies of PNPs for improving mobility control, altering surface wettability, and for investigating their transport through porous media. For each case, we highlight both fundamental studies of PNP behavior and more applied studies of their use in EOR processes. We also touch on a related class of materials comprised of surfactant and nanoparticle blends. Finally, we briefly outline the major challenges in the field, which must be addressed to successfully implement PNPs in EOR applications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131 , 40576.
Plasma- and iron-regulated expression of high molecular weight outer membrane proteins by Pasteurella multocida (1988)

A strain of Pasteurella multocida of avian origin expressed high molecular weight outer membrane proteins when grown in turkey plasma or in brain-heart infusion broth containing the iron chelator dipyridyl. The proteins were not detected when this strain was grown in brain-heart infusion broth or in brain-heart infusion broth containing dipyridyl and excess iron.
Hormone-evoked calcium release from intracellular stores is a quantal process (1989)

Ca2+ mobilization by hormones, ionomycin, and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins-1,4,5-P3) were studied to determine whether Ca2+ release is a continuous or a quantal process. Hormone-mediated Ca2+ release occurs only during the first 2-4 s of stimulation. Stimulation of acini with a maximal hormone concentration following stimulation with a submaximal concentration resulted in free cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) increase and 45Ca efflux. The peak [Ca2+]i increase induced by a maximal concentration of agonist was nearly constant when cells were prestimulated with a submaximal dose for 1-15 min. Submaximal hormone concentrations release only a fraction of intracellular 45Ca2+, after which intracellular Ca2+ content remains constant. The partially released stores remain depleted until cell stimulation is terminated, at which time the stores reload with Ca2+. For comparison, increasing concentrations of ionomycin resulted in increasing rates of Ca2+ release. Each ionomycin concentration released all the Ca2+ from intracellular stores. We therefore conclude that hormone-evoked Ca2+ release is a quantal rather than a continuous process. In permeabilized cells, increasing concentrations of Ins-1,4,5-P3 resulted in an increased fraction of Ca2+ release. No submaximal Ins-1,4,5-P3 concentration was capable of releasing all the Ins-1,4,5-P3-mobilizable Ca2+. Therefore, it appears that the quantal properties of hormone-evoked Ca2+ release reflect the quantal properties of Ins-1,4,5-P3-mediated Ca2+ release from intracellular stores.
Zinc-Dependent Structure of a Single-Finger Domain of Yeast ADR1 (1988)

In the proposed "zinc finger" DNA-binding motif, each repeat unit binds a zinc metal ion through invariant Cys and His residues and this drives the folding of each 30-residue unit into an independent nucleic acid-binding domain. To obtain structural information, we synthesized single and double zinc finger peptides from the yeast transcription activator ADR1, and assessed the metal-binding and DNA-binding properties of these peptides, as well as the solution structure of the metal-stabilized domains, with the use of a variety of spectroscopic techniques. A single zinc finger can exist as an independent structure sufficient for zinc-dependent DNA binding. An experimentally determined model of the single finger is proposed that is consistent with circular dichroism, one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance, and visual spectroscopy of the single-finger peptide reconstituted in the presence of zinc.
Monitoring of Extracellular and Total Body Water during Haemodialysis Using Multif requency Bio-Electrical Impedance Analysis (1996)

Multifrequency bio-electrical impedance analysis (MFBIA) was evaluated as a technique for monitoring changes in extracellular and total body water (ECW and TBW, respectively) of 15 subjects during dialysis. Dilution analysis, using deuterium oxide and sodium bromide, was also performed on each subject before dialysis so that prediction equations for ECW and TBW based on the MFBIA measures could be developed. These prediction equations were then used to estimate water compartment volume changes during dialysis and compared with volumetric measures of the dialysate removed. The results show that MFBIA does not accurately measure ECW and TBW changes during dialysis. The MFBIA measures tend to overestimate the changes and are not sufficiently precise to be clinically useful.
Photoswitchable gel assembly based on molecular recognition (2012)

The formation of effective and precise linkages in bottom-up or top-down processes is important for the development of self-assembled materials. Self-assembly through molecular recognition events is a powerful tool for producing functionalized materials. Photoresponsive molecular recognition systems can permit the creation of photoregulated self-assembled macroscopic objects. Here we demonstrate that macroscopic gel assembly can be highly regulated through photoisomerization of an azobenzene moiety that interacts differently with two host molecules. A photoregulated gel assembly system is developed using polyacrylamide-based hydrogels functionalized with azobenzene (guest) or cyclodextrin (host) moieties. Reversible adhesion and dissociation of the host gel from the guest gel may be controlled by photoirradiation. The differential affinities of α-cyclodextrin or β-cyclodextrin for the trans-azobenzene and cis-azobenzene are employed in the construction of a photoswitchable gel assembly system.
Combination of Ipilimumab and Adoptive Cell Therapy with Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes for Patients with Metastatic Melanoma (2018)

Ipilimumab plus ACT for metastatic melanoma is feasible, well tolerated, and associated with a low rate of attrition due to progression during cell expansion. This combination approach serves as a model for future efforts to improve the efficacy of ACT.
Low threshold current 1.3 μm GaInAsP lasers grown on GaAs substrates (1989)

A CW threshold current of 31 mA at room temperature has been realised in 1.3 μm GaInAsP diode lasers grown on GaAs substrates by the metalorganic chemical vapour deposition technique. A comparison of characteristics of InP- and GaAs-substrate lasers is given.
T Cell Affinity Maturation by Selective Expansion during Infection (1999)

T lymphocyte recognition of infected cells is mediated by T cell receptors (TCRs) interacting with their ligands, self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules complexed with pathogen-derived peptides. Serial TCR interactions with potentially small numbers of MHC/ peptide complexes on infected cells transmit signals that result in T lymphocyte expansion and activation of effector functions. The impact of TCR affinity for MHC/peptide complexes on the rate or extent of in vivo T cell expansion is not known. Here we show that in vivo expansion of complex T cell populations after bacterial infection is accompanied by an increase in their overall affinity for antigen. T cell populations that have undergone additional rounds of in vivo expansion express a narrower range of TCRs, have increased sensitivity for antigen in cytotoxic T lymphocyte assays, and bind MHC/peptide complexes with greater affinity. The selective expansion of higher affinity T cells provides an in vivo mechanism for optimizing the early detection of infected cells.
MicroRNAs in skin and wound healing (2010)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous RNA molecules ∼22 nt in length. miRNAs are capable of posttranscriptional gene regulation by binding to their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), leading to mRNA degradation or suppression of translation. miRNAs have recently been shown to play pivotal roles in skin development and are linked to various skin pathologies, cancer, and wound healing. This review focuses on the role of miRNAs in cutaneous biology, the various methods of miRNA modulation, and the therapeutic opportunities in treatment of skin diseases and wound healing.
Electronic cigarette aerosol particle size distribution measurements (2012)

The particle size distribution of aerosols produced by electronic cigarettes was measured in an undiluted state by a spectral transmission procedure and after high dilution with an electrical mobility analyzer. The undiluted e-cigarette aerosols were found to have particle diameters of average mass in the 250-450 nm range and particle number concentrations in the 10(9) particles/cm(3) range. These measurements are comparable to those observed for tobacco burning cigarette smoke in prior studies and also measured in the current study with the spectral transmission method and with the electrical mobility procedure. Total particulate mass for the e-cigarettes calculated from the size distribution parameters measured by spectral transmission were in good agreement with replicate determinations of total particulate mass by gravimetric filter collection. In contrast, average particle diameters determined for e-cigarettes by the electrical mobility method are in the 50 nm range and total particulate masses calculated based on the suggested diameters are orders of magnitude smaller than those determined gravimetrically. This latter discrepancy, and the very small particle diameters observed, are believed to result from almost complete e-cigarette aerosol particle evaporation at the dilution levels and conditions of the electrical mobility analysis. A much smaller degree, ~20% by mass, of apparent particle evaporation was observed for tobacco burning cigarette smoke. The spectral transmission method is validated in the current study against measurements on tobacco burning cigarette smoke, which has been well characterized in prior studies, and is supported as yielding an accurate characterization of the e-cigarette aerosol particle size distribution.