gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GFAP promoter-controlled EGFP-expressing transgenic mice: A tool to visualize astrocytes and astrogliosis in living brain tissue (2001)

We have generated transgenic mice in which astrocytes are labeled by the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the human glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter. In all regions of the CNS, such as cortex, cerebellum, striatum, corpus callosum, hippocampus, retina, and spinal cord, EGFP-positive cells with morphological properties of astrocytes could be readily visualized by direct fluorescence microscopy in living brain slices or whole mounts. Also in the PNS, nonmyelinating Schwann cells from the sciatic nerve could be identified by their bright green fluorescence. Highest EGFP expression was found in the cerebellum. Already in acutely prepared whole brain, the cerebellum appeared green-yellowish under normal daylight. Colabeling with GFAP antibodies revealed an overlap with EGFP in the majority of cells. Some brain areas, however, such as retina or hypothalamus, showed only low levels of EGFP expression, although the astrocytes were rich in GFAP. In contrast, some areas that were poor in immunoreactive GFAP were conspicuous for their EGFP expression. Applying the patch clamp technique in brain slices, EGFP-positive cells exhibited two types of membrane properties, a passive membrane conductance as described for astrocytes and voltage-gated channels as described for glial precursor cells. Electron microscopical investigation of ultrastructural properties revealed EGFP-positive cells enwrapping synapses by their fine membrane processes. EGFP-positive cells were negative for oligodendrocyte (MAG) and neuronal markers (NeuN). As response to injury, i.e., by cortical stab wounds, enhanced levels of EGFP expression delineated the lesion site and could thus be used as a live marker for pathology.
Neutrophils Are a Key Component of the Antitumor Efficacy of Topical Chemotherapy with Ingenol-3-Angelate (2006)

Harnessing neutrophils for the eradication of cancer cells remains an attractive but still controversial notion. In this study, we provide evidence that neutrophils are required to prevent relapse of skin tumors following topical treatment with a new anticancer agent, ingenol-3-angelate (PEP005). Topical PEP005 treatment induces primary necrosis of tumor cells, potently activates protein kinase C, and was associated with an acute T cell-independent inflammatory response characterized by a pronounced neutrophil infiltrate. In Foxn1(nu) mice depleted of neutrophils and in CD18-deficient mice (in which neutrophil extravasation is severely impaired) PEP005 treatment was associated with a >70% increase in tumor relapse rates. NK cell or monocyte/macrophage deficiency had no effect on relapse rates. Both in vitro and in mice, PEP005 induced MIP-2/IL-8, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta, all mediators of neutrophil recruitment and activation. In vitro, PEP005 activated human endothelial cells resulting in neutrophil adhesion and also induced human neutrophils to generate tumoricidal-reactive oxygen intermediates. Treatment of tumors with PEP005 significantly elevated the level of anticancer Abs, which were able to promote neutrophil-mediated Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vitro. PEP005 treatment of tumors grown in SCID mice was also associated with >70% increase in tumor relapse rates. Taken together, these data suggest a central role for neutrophil-mediated ADCC in preventing relapse. PEP005-mediated cure of tumors therefore appears to involve initial chemoablation followed by a neutrophil-dependent ADCC-mediated eradication of residual disease, illustrating that neutrophils can be induced to mediate important anticancer activity with specific chemotherapeutic agents.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polysulfone-Containing Poly(butylene terephthalate) Segmented Block Copolymers (2014)

A facile synthetic approach to segmented polysulfone-containing polyesters affords a versatile family of high-temperature thermoplastics with tunable thermomechanical properties. End-capping of phenol-terminated polysulfone (PSU) using ethylene carbonate generated telechelic oligomers with primary alcoholic functionality. Melt transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate and 1,4-butanediol in the presence of PSU oligomers yielded high molecular weight segmented block copolymers with alternating PSU and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) sequences. Systematic variation in PSU incorporation resulted in tunable PBT segment length and accompanying thermal properties. DSC and SAXS elucidated a miscible, amorphous PSU and PBT phase, and PBT crystallinity remained below an 80 wt % incorporation of PSU. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed a crystallinity-dependent plateau regime above the copolymers glass transition temperature (Tg), while SAXS and WAXD confirmed a semicrystalline morphology below 80 wt % PSU. Incorporation of PSU segments significantly affected the crystallization and thermomechanical properties of PBT, and as a result these copolymers offer impact as chemically resistant, high-temperature thermoplastics due to their crystallinity, thermal stability, and high-temperature operating window.
The E-selectin Ligand-1 Is Selectively Activated in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells by the α(1,3)-Fucosyltransferases IV and VII (1996)

The E-selectin ligand-1 (ESL-1) has recently been identified as the major ligand on mouse neutrophils using a recombinant antibody-like form of E-selectin as affinity probe. The remarkable selectivity with which ESL-1 can be affinity-isolated is unexplained. Since ESL-1 is endogenously expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in a non-E-selectin binding form, which can become activated upon transfection of a fucosyltransferase (FucT), we analyzed various CHO cell clones, each overexpressing one of seven different fucosyltransferases, by affinity isolation experiments with E-selectin-IgG. Two of the cell lines were the regulatory CHO mutants LEC11 and LEC12, each overexpressing a different hamster FucT, while the five other clones were stably transfected with human FucTIII to -VII. A large panel of glycoproteins was affinity-isolated with E-selectin-IgG from LEC11 cells and FucTIII transfectants, demonstrating that many different glycoproteins can acquire ligand activity upon alpha(1,3)-fucosylation. In contrast, ESL-1 was almost exclusively isolated as the dominant glycoprotein ligand from LEC12 cells as well as from FucTIV and FucTVII transfectants and less selectively from FucTV and FucTVI transfectants. The selective generation of ligand activity correlated with the selective generation of the HECA452-reactive carbohydrate epitope, which is known to bind to E-selectin. These data suggest that, dependent on the type of fucosyltransferase, ESL-1 is a strongly preferred target molecule for the generation of E-selectin-binding carbohydrate modifications.
Apoptotic cells protect mice from autoimmune inflammation by the induction of regulatory B cells (2007)

The maintenance of immune tolerance to apoptotic cells (AC) within an inflammatory milieu is vital to prevent autoimmunity. To investigate this, we administered syngeneic AC i.v. into mice carrying a cohort of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific transgenic T cells (DO11.10) along with OVA peptide and complete Freund's adjuvant, observing a dramatic increase in OVA-specific IL-10 secretion. Activated splenic B cells responded directly to AC, increasing secretion of IL-10, and this programming by AC was key to inducing T cell-derived IL-10. We went on to ask whether AC are able to modulate the course of autoimmune-mediated, chronic inflammation. AC given up to 1 month before the clinical onset of collagen-induced arthritis protected mice from severe joint inflammation and bone destruction. Antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells again secreted significantly more IL-10, associated with a reduced titer of pathogenic anti-collagen II antibodies. Inhibition of IL-10 in vivo reversed the beneficial effects of AC. Passive transfer of B cells from AC-treated mice provided significant protection from arthritis. These data demonstrate that AC exert a profound influence on an adaptive immune response through the generation of CD19(+) regulatory B cells, which in turn are able to influence the cytokine profile of antigen-specific effector T cells.
Automated Enzymatic Assay for the Determination of Sucrose in Serum and Urine and Its Use as a Marker of Gastric Damage (1998)

Sugars have been used as probes for intestinal damage because healthy gastrointestinal tissue, unlike damaged mucosa, is almost totally impermeable to disaccharides (1)(2). Sutherland et al. (3) proposed the use of sucrose, which is degraded in the small intestine by a specific disaccharidase, for the detection of mild upper gastrointestinal damages. Therefore, even with intestinal disorders, the presence of sucrose in urine or blood after oral ingestion (100 g) is indicative of gastric permeability. At a cutoff of 180 mg sucrose/5 h urine, the test has a sensitivity of 84% for the detection of gastric ulcers and a specificity of 96% for normal endoscopy (3). The presence of Helicobacter pylori does not substantially affect the permeability to sucrose (4). In children, the specificity and sensitivity for gastric damage were 90% and 83%, respectively (5). This assay was also applied to patients suffering from malaria (6) and used in various animal studies (7)(8).

The practicability of the test is limited by the precision of urine collection (9) and the analytical method used for the detection of sucrose in urine. Sucrose measurement in serum instead of in urine could improve the test and allow a faster, more accurate diagnostic tool; however, its concentration in this biological fluid is low.

Sucrose has been measured in biological fluids by HPLC with electrochemical/amperometric detection (7), gas-liquid chromatography (9), and colorimetric assay (8); these methods, however, are slow and/or insensitive. Two enzymatic assays have been described (9)(10), but they were not used for sucrose in serum. In 1984, Birnberg and Brenner (11) described the measurement of sucrose in plant extracts with the following sequence of reactions: We describe here a modification of this method and its adaptation for the determination of sucrose in serum and urine.

We obtained sucrose …
In re Fiori. (1995)

The Superior Court of Pennsylvania held that consent of a close family member, with approval of two qualified physicians, is sufficient to terminate life-sustaining treatment of an incompetent adult in a long-term persistent vegetative state who has not previously expressed a view regarding life-sustaining treatment. The court rejected the Attorney General's argument that a guardian ad litum must be appointed and clear and convincing evidence must be shown that the patient would have withdrawn treatment under the circumstances presented, requiring a court proceeding in every case.
Generation of sensory neurons is stimulated by leukemia inhibitory factor. (1991)

The processes that regulate the development of peripheral neurons from their precursors in the embryonic neural crest are essentially unknown. In this report, we show that leukemia inhibitory factor stimulates the generation of neurons in cultures of mouse neural crest. These neurons have the morphology of sensory neurons and contain neuropeptides found in mammalian sensory neurons. Consistent with these neurons being of the sensory lineage is the finding that they arise from nondividing precursors within the neural crest. In addition, we show that leukemia inhibitory factor supports the generation and/or maturation of sensory neurons in cultures of cells obtained from embryonic dorsal root ganglia. In cultures of postnatal dorsal root ganglia, which contain mature sensory neurons, leukemia inhibitory factor acts directly as a survival molecule on the majority of neurons.
Pressure ulcer risk factors in an ICU population (1995)

The results suggest that a cut-off score on the Braden Scale could be specific to an intensive care unit trauma population.
Polymorphs, Salts, and Cocrystals: What’s in a Name? (2012)

The December 2011 release of a draft United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance concerning regulatory classification of pharmaceutical cocrystals of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) addressed two matters of topical interest to the crystal engineering and pharmaceutical science communities: (1) a proposed definition of cocrystals; (2) a proposed classification of pharmaceutical cocrystals as dissociable "API-excipient" molecular complexes. The Indo–U.S. Bilateral Meeting sponsored by the Indo–U.S. Science and Technology Forum titled The Evolving Role of Solid State Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Science was held in Manesar near Delhi, India, from February 2–4, 2012. A session of the meeting was devoted to discussion of the FDA guidance draft. The debate generated strong consensus on the need to define cocrystals more broadly and to classify them like salts. It was also concluded that the diversity of API crystal forms makes it difficult to classify solid forms into three categories that are mutually exclusive. This perspective summarizes the discussion in the Indo–U.S. Bilateral Meeting and includes contributions from researchers who were not participants in the meeting.
Polyamides, Fibers (2005)

Abstract Polyamide fibers are melt spun from linear semicrystalline thermoplastic polymers having recurring amide groups made from diamines and dicarboxylic acids or lactams. Poly(hexamethyleneadipamide), designated as nylon‐6,6, and poly(caprolactam), nylon‐6, account for 98% of the 4 million metric tons of the worldwide annual production of nylon fiber. The attributes of nylon such as high strength, durability, abrasion resistance, resilience, moderate hydrophilicity, ease of dyeability, and low specific gravity have been recognized since its introduction in 1938. Both the inherent properties and those properties that can be engineered into the fiber manufacturing and ultimately into the fabric in downstream mill processing combined with reasonable market pricing account for the diverse end uses and market longevity of nylon. Nylon fiber is offered in the forms of continuous flat and textured filaments, staple, tow and flock for hosiery, apparel, home, flooring, industrial and transportation fabric applications. The physical appearance, functionality, and end‐use performance of nylon fibers can be modified by incorporating additives, eg, delusterants, colorants, antioxidants, or antistats in the polymer, by designing a spinneret hole configuration to impart a desired luster, surface effect or specific dtex‐per‐filament, by spinning bicomponent or biconstituent fibers, and by chemically or mechanically treating the surface of the fiber or fabric.
Adenovirus-mediated interleukin-12 gene therapy for metastatic colon carcinoma. (1996)

Recombinant adenoviral mediated delivery of suicide and cytokine genes has been investigated as a treatment for hepatic metastases of colon carcinoma in mice. Liver tumors were established by intrahepatic implantation of a poorly immunogenic colon carcinoma cell line (MCA-26), which is syngeneic in BALB/c mice. Intratumoral transfer of the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) and the murine interleukin (mIL)-2 genes resulted in substantial hepatic tumor regression, induced an effective systemic antitumoral immunity in the host and prolonged the median survival time of the treated animals from 22 to 35 days. The antitumoral immunity declined gradually, which led to tumor recurrence over time. A recombinant adenovirus expressing the mIL-12 gene was constructed and tested in the MCA-26 tumor model. Intratumoral administration of this cytokine vector alone increased significantly survival time of the animals with 25% of the treated animals still living over 70 days. These data indicate that local expression of IL-12 may also be an attractive treatment strategy for metastatic colon carcinoma.
Interleukin-11 (1997)

Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is an IL-6-type cytokine that is produced by a variety of stromal cells including fibroblasts, epithelial cells and osteoblasts. It binds to a multimeric receptor complex which contains an IL-11-specific alpha subunit and a promiscuous 130 kDa beta subunit (gp130). IL-11 stimulates multiple aspects of hematopoiesis and hepatocyte production of acute phase response proteins. It also inhibits the genesis of adipocytes, activates osteoclasts, alters neural phenotype, stimulates tissue fibrosis and regulates chondrocyte, synoviocyte and B cell function. In other settings, IL-11 minimizes tissue injury. This may be the result of its ability to protect clonogenic stem cells, regulate epithelial cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis and inhibit macrophage cytokine production. Thus, IL-11 appears to play an important role in hematopoiesis, bone metabolism and tissue remodeling and may be an important protector of mucosal surfaces.
Topogenic signals in integral membrane proteins (1988)

Integral membrane proteins are characterized by long apolar segments that cross the lipid bilayer. Polar domains flanking these apolar segments have a more balanced amino acid composition, typical for soluble proteins. We show that the apolar segments from three different kinds of membrane-assembly signals do not differ significantly in amino acid content, but that the inside/outside location of the polar domains correlates strongly with their content of arginyl and lysyl residues, not only for bacterial inner-membrane proteins, but also for eukaryotic.proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, the plasma membrane, the inner mitochondrial membrane, and the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. A positive-inside rule thus seems to apply universally to all integral membrane proteins, with apolar regions targeting for membrane integration and charged residues providing the topological information.
Altered Expression of Tyrosine Kinases of the Src and Syk Families in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1-Infected T-Cell Lines (1999)

During the late phase of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, a severe lymphoproliferative disorder caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), leukemic cells no longer produce interleukin-2. Several studies have reported the lack of the Src-like protein tyrosine kinase Lck and overexpression of Lyn and Fyn in these cells. In this report we demonstrate that, in addition to the downregulation of TCR, CD45, and Lck (which are key components of T-cell activation), HTLV-1-infected cell lines demonstrate a large increase of FynB, a Fyn isoform usually poorly expressed in T cells. Furthermore, similar to anergic T cells, Fyn is hyperactive in one of these HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines, probably as a consequence of Csk downregulation. A second family of two proteins, Zap-70 and Syk, relay the signal of T-cell activation. We demonstrate that in contrast to uninfected T cells, Zap-70 is absent in HTLV-1-infected T cells, whereas Syk is overexpressed. In searching for the mechanism responsible for FynB overexpression and Zap-70 downregulation, we have investigated the ability of the Tax and Rex proteins to modulate Zap-70 expression and the alternative splicing mechanism which gives rise to either FynB or FynT. By using Jurkat T cells stably transfected with the tax and rex genes or inducibly expressing the tax gene, we found that the expression of Rex was necessary to increase fynB expression, suggesting that Rex controls fyn gene splicing. Conversely, with the same Jurkat clones, we found that the expression of Tax but not Rex could downregulate Zap-70 expression. These results suggest that the effect of Tax and Rex must cooperate to deregulate the pathway of T-cell activation in HTLV-1-infected T cells.
Animal models of Parkinson's disease (2002)

Animal models are important tools in experimental medical science to better understand pathogenesis of human diseases. Once developed, these models can be exploited to test therapeutic approaches for treating functional disturbances observed in the disease of interest. On the basis of experimental and clinical findings, Parkinson's disease (PD) was the first neurological disease to be modeled and, subsequently, to be treated by neurotransmitter replacement therapy. Agents that selectively disrupt or destroy catecholaminergic systems, such as reserpine, methamphetamine, 6-hydroxydopamine and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine have been used to develop PD models. Recently, it has been found that agricultural chemicals, such as rotenone and paraquat, when administered systemically, can reproduce specific features of PD in rodents, apparently via oxidative damage. Transgenic animals that over-express alpha-synuclein are used to study the role of this protein in dopaminergic degeneration. This review critically discusses animal models of PD and compares them with characteristics of the human disease.
A fast file system for UNIX (1984)

A reimplementation of the UNIX TM file system is described. The reimplementation provides substantially higher throughput rates by using more flexible allocation policies that allow better locality of reference and can be adapted to a wide range of peripheral and processor characteristics. The new file system clusters data that is sequentially accessed and provides two block sizes to allow fast access to large files while not wasting large amounts of space for small files. File access rates of up to ten times faster than the traditional UNIX file system are experienced. Long-needed enhancements to the programmers' interface are discussed. These include a mechanism to place advisory locks on files, extensions of the name space across file systems, the ability to use long file names, and provisions for administrative control of resource usage.