gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of specifically oxidized apolipoproteins in mildly oxidized high density lipoprotein (2003)

Atherosclerosis is a state of heightened oxidative stress. Oxidized LDL is present in atherosclerotic lesions and used as marker for coronary artery disease, although in human lesions lipids associated with HDL are as oxidized as those of LDL. Here we investigated specific changes occurring to apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and apoA-II, as isolated HDL and human plasma undergo mild, chemically induced oxidation, or autoxidation. During such oxidation, Met residues in apoA-I and apoA-II become selectively and consecutively oxidized to their respective Met sulfoxide (MetO) forms that can be separated by HPLC. Placing plasma at -20 degrees C prevents autoxidation, whereas metal chelators and butylated hydroxytoluene offer partial protection. Independent of the oxidation conditions, apoA-I and apoA-II (dimer) with two MetO residues accumulate as relatively stable oxidation products. Compared to controls, serum samples from subjects with the endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase a/b genotype that is associated with increased coronary artery disease contain increased concentrations of apoA-I with two MetO residues. Our results show that during the early stages, oxidation of HDL gives rise to specifically oxidized forms of apoA-I and apoA-II, some of which may be useful markers of in vivo HDL oxidation, and hence potentially atherosclerosis.
Diagnosis and management of inflammatory muscle disease (2010)

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy is a term applied to a group of relatively rare diseases that present with the gradual onset of weakness of shoulder and pelvic girdle muscles. These diseases include polymyositis and dermatomyositis, as well as myositis associated with neoplastic disease, myositis associated with underlying collagen-vascular disease, and inclusion body myositis.
2-Ketocyclohexanecarboxyl Coenzyme A Hydrolase, the Ring Cleavage Enzyme Required for Anaerobic Benzoate Degradation by Rhodopseudomonas palustris (1998)

2-Ketocyclohexanecarboxyl coenzyme A (2-ketochc-CoA) hydrolase has been proposed to catalyze an unusual hydrolytic ring cleavage reaction as the last unique step in the pathway of anaerobic benzoate degradation by bacteria. This enzyme was purified from the phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris by sequential Q-Sepharose, phenyl-Sepharose, gel filtration, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The sequence of the 25 N-terminal amino acids of the purified hydrolase was identical to the deduced amino acid sequence of the badI gene, which is located in a cluster of genes involved in anaerobic degradation of aromatic acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of badI indicates that 2-ketochc-CoA hydrolase is a member of the crotonase superfamily of proteins. Purified BadI had a molecular mass of 35 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a native molecular mass of 134 kDa as determined by gel filtration. This indicates that the native form of the enzyme is a homotetramer. The purified enzyme was insensitive to oxygen and catalyzed the hydration of 2-ketochc-CoA to yield pimelyl-CoA with a specific activity of 9.7 micromol min(-1) mg of protein(-1). Immunoblot analysis using polyclonal antiserum raised against the purified hydrolase showed that the synthesis of BadI is induced by growth on benzoate and other proposed benzoate pathway intermediates but not by growth on pimelate or succinate. An R. palustris mutant, carrying a chromosomal disruption of badI, did not grow with benzoate and other proposed benzoate pathway intermediates but had wild-type doubling times on pimelate and succinate. These data demonstrate that BadI, the 2-ketochc-CoA hydrolase, is essential for anaerobic benzoate metabolism by R. palustris.
A (2010)

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
High-Efficiency Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell with Three-Dimensional Photoanode (2011)

Herein, we present a straightforward bottom-up synthesis of a high electron mobility and highly light scattering macroporous photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells. The dense three-dimensional Al/ZnO, SnO(2), or TiO(2) host integrates a conformal passivation thin film to reduce recombination and a large surface-area mesoporous anatase guest for high dye loading. This novel photoanode is designed to improve the charge extraction resulting in higher fill factor and photovoltage for DSCs. An increase in photovoltage of up to 110 mV over state-of-the-art DSC is demonstrated.
Generation of 50-TW femtosecond pulses in a Ti:sapphire/Nd:glass chain (1993)

Femtosecond pulses in the 50–60-TW power range have been generated at 1064 nm by using the chirped-pulse-amplification technique applied to a Ti:sapphire/Nd:silicate glass (90-mm output aperture) power chain. We have identified the spectral gain narrowing to be one of the main issues, and we show how to solve it.
Akt Phosphorylation and Gefitinib Efficacy in Patients With Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2004)

Patients with P-Akt-positive tumors who received gefitinib had a better response rate, disease control rate, and time to progression than patients with P-Akt-negative tumors, suggesting that gefitinib may be most effective in patients with basal Akt activation.
Hexapeptides that interfere with HIV‐1 fusion peptide activity in liposomes block GP41‐mediated membrane fusion (2006)

Upon receptor-mediated activation, the gp41 hydrophobic, conserved fusion peptide inserts into the target membrane and promotes the kind of perturbations required for the progression of the HIV-cell fusion reaction. Using a synthetic combinatorial library we have identified all d-amino acid hexapeptide sequences that inhibited the fusion peptide capacity of perturbing model membranes. Two hexapeptides that effectively inhibited the fusion peptide in these systems were subsequently shown to inhibit cell-cell fusion promoted by gp41 expressed at cell surfaces. These observations might be of importance for understanding the mechanisms underlying fusion peptide activity and suggest new strategies for screening compounds that target these viral sequences.
EFFECT OF BETA-MANNANASE ENZYME ADDITION TO SOY-CONTAINING MILK REPLACERS ON GROWTH AND HEALTH OF NEONATAL DAIRY CALVES (2008)

First work carried out in calves fed soy protein in Milk Replacer that obtained similar growth rates than animals fed whey protein based Milk Replacer.
Placebo and nocebo (2008)

The placebo effect has shifted from being a nuisance in clinical research to a promising model of an emerging neuroscience of mind–brain–body interactions. In fact, the interest in and the success of placebo research resides in its multifaceted meaning, which involves key issues in modern science – from neurobiology to philosophy, from ethics to social psychology, and from clinical trials design to medical practice. The first attempt to quantify the therapeutic effect of placebos was by Henry K Beecher in 1955, who published “The powerful placebo,” a paper reviewing 15 controlled trials involving 1802 patients. The term “placebo effect” is often used interchangeably with the term “placebo response.” However, the term “placebo effect” refers to any average improvement in the condition of a group of subjects that has received a placebo manipulation. To distinguish the pleasing from the noxious effects of placebo, several authors introduced and elaborated the term nocebo.
Current Production and Metal Oxide Reduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Wild Type and Mutants (2007)

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a gram-negative facultative anaerobe capable of utilizing a broad range of electron acceptors, including several solid substrates. S. oneidensis MR-1 can reduce Mn(IV) and Fe(III) oxides and can produce current in microbial fuel cells. The mechanisms that are employed by S. oneidensis MR-1 to execute these processes have not yet been fully elucidated. Several different S. oneidensis MR-1 deletion mutants were generated and tested for current production and metal oxide reduction. The results showed that a few key cytochromes play a role in all of the processes but that their degrees of participation in each process are very different. Overall, these data suggest a very complex picture of electron transfer to solid and soluble substrates by S. oneidensis MR-1.
Rho kinase as potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases: opportunities and challenges (2005)

Rho kinase (ROCK) belongs to a family of Ser/Thr protein kinases that are activated via interaction with the small GTP-binding protein RhoA. Growing evidence suggests that RhoA and ROCK participate in a variety of important physiological functions in vasculature including smooth muscle contraction, cell proliferation, cell adhesion and migration, and many aspects of inflammatory responses. As these processes mediate the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease, modulation of the Rho/ROCK signalling pathway is a potential strategy for targeting an array of cardiovascular indications. Two widely employed ROCK inhibitors, fasudil and Y-27632, have provided preliminary but compelling evidence supporting the potential cardiovascular benefits of ROCK inhibition in preclinical animal disease models and in the clinic. This review summarises the molecular biology of ROCK and its biological functions in smooth muscle, endothelium and other vascular tissues. In addition, there will be a focus on recent progress demonstrating the benefits of ROCK inhibition in several animal models of cardiovascular diseases. Finally, recent progress in the identification of novel ROCK inhibitors and challenges associated with their development for clinical use will be discussed.
Electrodeposition of Silicon Thin Films from Ionic Liquids (2010)

The possibility of obtaining Si thin films by electrodeposition from the oxygen and water stable N-butyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)amide ionic liquid at room temperature was investigated. The results obtained using SiCl4 and SiBr4 as precursors and aluminium and nickel as substrates were compared. Cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry and chronoamperometry were used to characterize the electroreduction step of the silicon species. The results showed that the growth of the silicon layer is very slow, yielding only clusters of silicon at low cathodic potentials and short electrolysis times. At higher electrodeposition potentials and/or longer deposition times, the films became rougher and cracks appeared in the layers. This was mainly due to the accumulation of tensile strains during growth. The layers were very reactive to air and humidity, probably due to the high porosity of the film. In some cases, contamination of the layers by S and F was also observed
Attribute-based Key Exchange with General Policies (2016)

Attribute-based methods provide authorization to parties based on whether their set of attributes (e.g., age, organization, etc.) fulfills a policy. In attribute-based encryption (ABE), authorized parties can decrypt, and in attribute-based credentials (ABCs), authorized parties can authenticate themselves. In this paper, we combine elements of ABE and ABCs together with garbled circuits to construct attribute-based key exchange (ABKE). Our focus is on an interactive solution involving a client that holds a certificate (issued by an authority) vouching for that client's attributes and a server that holds a policy computable on such a set of attributes. The goal is for the server to establish a shared key with the client but only if the client's certified attributes satisfy the policy. Our solution enjoys strong privacy guarantees for both the client and the server, including attribute privacy and unlinkability of client sessions.
A novel N-aryl tyrosine activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma reverses the diabetic phenotype of the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. (1999)

The discovery that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma was the molecular target of the thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetic agents suggested a key role for PPAR-gamma in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Through the use of high-throughput biochemical assays, GW1929, a novel N-aryl tyrosine activator of human PPAR-gamma, was identified. Chronic oral administration of GW1929 or troglitazone to Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats resulted in dose-dependent decreases in daily glucose, free fatty acid, and triglyceride exposure compared with pretreatment values, as well as significant decreases in glycosylated hemoglobin. Whole body insulin sensitivity, as determined by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique, was significantly increased in treated animals. Comparison of the magnitude of glucose lowering as a function of serum drug concentrations showed that GW1929 was 2 orders of magnitude more potent than troglitazone in vivo. These data were consistent with the relative in vitro potencies of GW1929 and troglitazone. Isolated perfused pancreas studies performed at the end of the study confirmed that pancreata from vehicle-treated rats showed no increase in insulin secretion in response to a step change in glucose from 3 to 10 mmol/l. In contrast, pancreata from animals treated with GW1929 showed a first- and second-phase insulin secretion pattern. Consistent with the functional data from the perfusion experiments, animals treated with the PPAR-gamma agonist had more normal islet architecture with preserved insulin staining compared with vehicle-treated ZDF rats. This is the first demonstration of in vivo efficacy of a novel nonthiazolidinedione identified as a high-affinity ligand for human PPAR-gamma. The increased potency of GW1929 compared with troglitazone both in vitro and in vivo may translate into improved clinical efficacy when used as monotherapy in type 2 diabetic patients. In addition, the significant improvement in daily meal tolerance may impact cardiovascular risk factor management in these patients.
Apportionment of Direct Taxes: The Foul-Up in the Core of the Constitution (1998)

Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution requires that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population. The Founders defined "direct tax" broadly, usually using the term as a synonym for "internal tax" and encompassing all taxes except for customs duties. The Founders expected Congress to use direct taxes. Giving Congress the power to lay internal taxes was a major purpose of the Constitution as a whole. Apportionment by population, however, turns out to be an absurd and inequitable requirement when the tax base is uneven per capita among the states. With apportionment, tax rates must necessarily be higher in poorer states or in states with a smaller per capita tax base. Where the tax base is especially thin, the tax rates will be prohibitive. The Founders did not see absurdity nor intend that apportionment would hobble any tax. The early Supreme Court solved the dilemma, when key Founders were still Justices, by interpreting "direct tax" strategically so that no tax was direct if apportionment was unreasonable. That solution was doctrine for one hundred years, and courts need to return to it. Apportionment has no constitutional weight. Some have described apportionment as an individual right intended to protect accumulated wealth from the force of mere numbers, but that rationale misdescribes the history. Apportionment was a product of the requisition system under the Articles of Confederation, and the formula was written to reach wealth, not to protect it. Apportionment, moreover, was brought over from the Articles into the Constitution solely to help settle a dispute as to the power of the slave states in Congress. With the end of the requisition system and of slavery, apportionment lost its historical rationale and justification.
The casual level of meibomian lipids in humans (1993)

Using a modified skin surface lipid measuring instrument, the Meibometer, the amounts of meibomian lipid on the lid margins (the casual levels) of 421 subjects aged 1 to 94 years were measured. The lowest levels were found in children younger than 14 years (means +/- S.E.: males = 1.48 +/- 0.17, females = 1.53 +/- 0.17 micrograms lipid/mm2 lid margin surface) and rose with age, the highest levels being found in males aged 60-69 years (mean +/- S.E. = 3.26 +/- 0.18 micrograms lipid/mm2 lid margin surface). Male levels were higher than females in the 20-29 years age group but male and female levels became indistinguishable above the age of 50. These age- and sex-related changes differed markedly from those seen in skin surface lipid levels. The age-related changes in the casual levels of lid lipids remain unexplained although an endocrinological mechanism modified by morphological factors is considered.
Complete Nucleotide Sequence of Birmingham IncPα Plasmids (1994)

The IncPα promiscuous plasmid (R18, R68, RK2, RP1 and RP4) comprises 60,099 bp of nucleotide sequence, encoding at least 74 genes. About 40 kb of the genome, designated the IncP core and including all essential replication and transfer functions, can be aligned with equivalent sequences in the IncPβ plasmid R751. The compiled IncPα sequence revealed several previously unidentified reading frames that are potential genes. IncPα plasmids carry genetic information very efficiently: the coding sequence of the genes are closely packed but rarely overlap, and occupy almost 86% of the genome's nucleotide sequence. All of the 74 genes should be expressed, although there is as yet experimental evidence for expression of only 60 of them. Six examples of tandem-in-frame initiation sites specifying two gene products each are known. Two overlapping gene arrangements occupy different reading frames of the same region. Intergenic regions include most of the 25 promoters; transcripts are usually polycistronic. Translation of most of the open reading frames seems to be initiated independently, each from its own ribosomal binding and initiation site, although, a few cases of coupled translation have been reported. The most frequently used initiation codon is AUG but translation for a few open reading frames begins at GUG or UUG. The most common stop-codon is UGA followed by UAA and then UAG. Regulatory circuits are complex and largely dependent on two components of the central control operon. KorA and KorB are transcriptional repressors controlling at least seven operons. KorA and KorB acts synergistically in several cases by recognizing the binding to conserved nucleotide sequences. Twelve KorB binding sites were found around the IncPα sequence and these are conserved in R751 (IncPβ) with respect to both sequence and location. Replication of IncPα plasmids requires oriV and the plasmid-encoded intiator protein TrfA in combination with the host-encoded replication machinery. Conjugative plasmid transfer depends on two separate regions occupying about half of the genome. The primary segregational stability system designated Par/Mrs consists of a putative site-specific recombinase, a possible partitioning apparatus and a post-segregational lethality mechanism, all encoded in two divergent operons. Proteins related to the products of F sop and P1 par partitioning genes are separately encoded in the central control operon.
Blind separation of convolutive mixtures and an application in automatic speech recognition in a noisy environment (1997)

We propose a two-step algorithm for the blind separation of convolutive mixtures. We discuss its application to automatic speech recognition in a noisy environment where the acoustic signals have been recorded by a microphone in a room whose furniture and walls produce echoes. The method yields good results.
Metabolic changes associated with antipsychotic use. (2004)

In the United States, the risk of type 2 diabetes is currently growing to epidemic proportions, with many physicians unaware that disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder naturally place patients at an increased risk for diabetes. Another serious concern for physicians is the development of metabolic syndrome, also known as syndrome X, in patients suffering from schizophrenia. Metabolic syndrome often encompasses medical conditions such as weight gain, hypertriglyceridemia, and increased insulin, glucose, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Treatment with atypical antipsychotics may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome and diabetes, and physicians need to be proactive when treating patients with schizophrenia. Physicians should be aware that the treatment of schizophrenia involves the right balance for the patient in terms of adverse effects versus benefit, and failing to treat a patient's mental illness because of potential medical problems may place the patient at an increased risk for more serious problems.
Sickle cell disease of transgenic SAD mice (1994)

Erythrocyte sickling on deoxygenation in vitro occurs in transgenic SAD mice, hemizygous for a modified human sickle hemoglobin, HbSAD [alpha 2 beta 2S(beta 6val)Antilles (beta 23 lle)D- Punjab (beta 121Gln)] (SAD- 1, 19% HbSAD; beta-thal/SAD-1, 26% HbSAD). The present study examines the cellular defects in vivo and pathologic changes observed in SAD-1 mice at atmospheric oxygenation as well as the effect of acute hypoxia. The transgenic mice showed generalized congestion and microvascular occlusions, occasionally with thrombosis and infarctions of lung, kidneys, penis, and myocardium. The most prevalent chronic organ lesions were congestive splenomegaly (83% of animals) and renal glomerulopathy, which affected 75% of animals by 10 months of age. Further, SAD mice have a mean lifespan that was reduced by 40% when compared with nontransgenic littermates. Premature death of SAD mice was associated with acute vasoocclusive events or severe renal disease. SAD mice developed lethal vasoocclusive processes when exposed to reduced pO2 conditions, whereas control mice survived normally. The sensitivity to hypoxia appears to depend on the cellular level of HbSAD, because death occurred at pO2 of 42 mmHg for SAD mice and 49 mmHg for beta-thal/SAD. Administration of an antisickling agent that increases oxygen affinity (BW12C79) protected SAD and beta-thal/SAD mice from the lethal hypoxic stress. In conclusion, the transgenic SAD and beta-thal/SAD mice developed a pathophysiology that strongly resembles human sickle cell disease. Moreover, this animal model allows studies on the effect of antisickling agents.
The governance of science at the National Cancer Institute: a perspective on misperceptions. (1983)

The National Cancer Program, because of its size, has always been and remains controversial. Some of these controversies have their roots in insupportable myths attending the passage of the Cancer Act in 1971 and the Institute's management of a rapidly changing program, rather than the science it supported. The National Cancer Institute has changed its management systems to improve the governance of science allowing for continual scrutiny, adjustment, and/or phase out of programs that have served their purpose. This is necessary to husband scarce research dollars in support of the plethora of opportunities presented by the powerful new knowledge derived from the current biological revolution.
Identification of K-ras Mutations in Pancreatic Juice in the Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer (1995)

Identification of K-ras mutations in samples of pancreatic juice may be useful in differentiating between pancreatic cancer and noncancerous pancreatic diseases. K-ras mutation can precede clinical evidence of pancreatic cancer, but the clinical implications of this finding need further study.