gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effects of shortening lactoferrin derived peptides against tumour cells, bacteria and normal human cells (2003)

A number of shortened derivatives of the lactoferrin model peptide L12, PAWRKAFRWAKRMLKKAA, were designed in order to elucidate the structural basis for antitumour activity of lactoferrin derivatives. Three tumour cell lines were included in the study and toxicity determined by measuring lysis of human red blood cells and fibroblasts. The results demonstrated a strong correlation between antitumour activity and net positive charge, in which a net charge close to +7 was essential for a high antitumour activity. In order to increase the antitumour activity of the shortest peptide with a net charge less than +7, the hydrophobicity had to be increased by adding a bulky Trp residue. None of the peptides were haemolytic, but toxicity against fibroblasts was observed. However, modifications of the peptides had a higher effect on reducing fibroblast toxicity than antitumour activity and thereby resulted in peptides displaying an almost 7-fold selectivity for tumour cells compared with fibroblasts. The antimicrobial activity against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coil and the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was also included in order to compare the structural requirements for antitumour activity with those required for a high antimicrobial activity. The results showed that most of the peptides were highly active against both bacterial strains. Less modification by shortening the peptide sequences was tolerated for maintaining a high antitumour activity and selectivity compared with antimicrobial activity. The order of the amino acid residues and thereby the conformation of the peptides was highly essential for antitumour activity, whereas the antimicrobial activity was hardly influenced by changes in this parameter. Thus, in addition to a certain net positive charge and hydrophobicity, the ability to adopt an amphipathic conformation was a more critical structural parameter for antitumour activity than for antimicrobial activity, and implied that a higher flexibility or number of active conformations was tolerated for the peptides to exert a high antimicrobial activity.
The effect of roughness on the micromagnetic properties of high moment multilayer films (2007)

Electron microscopy has been used to determine directly the effect of artificially introduced roughness on the micromagnetic processes that occur in soft high moment multilayer films. The nanodefects, introduced to roughen the substrate, and the local magnetic domain structure were identified in the same images, leading to unambiguous information on the role played by the former. Characteristic of the micromagnetic state of the samples was a high density of 360° wall segments that showed quite remarkable resistance to annihilation. Following a description of the domain walls generated in both easy and hard axis magnetization cycles, a model is proposed for the way the observed domain walls respond when their ends are strongly pinned and, using this, we account for their continued existence over an extended number of magnetization cycles. Finally, the implications for device performance are discussed briefly.
Nowcasting German Turning Points Using CUSUM Analysis (2016)

Heilemann and Schnorr-Backer (2016) presented a record of real-time announcements relating to the German economy. They assigned binary values to the information of each release. This paper shows that by applying CUSUM procedures to these binary values it is possible to identify the German recessions of 2008-9 and 2012 in pseudo real-time.
Neprilysin Gene Transfer Reduces Human Amyloid Pathology in Transgenic Mice (2003)

The degenerative process of Alzheimer's disease is linked to a shift in the balance between amyloid-beta (Abeta) production, clearance, and degradation. Neprilysin has recently been implicated as a major extracellular Abeta degrading enzyme in the brain. However, there has been no direct demonstration that neprilysin antagonizes the deposition of amyloid-beta in vivo. To address this issue, a lentiviral vector expressing human neprilysin (Lenti-Nep) was tested in transgenic mouse models of amyloidosis. We show that unilateral intracerebral injection of Lenti-Nep reduced amyloid-beta deposits by half relative to the untreated side. Furthermore, Lenti-Nep ameliorated neurodegenerative alterations in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of these transgenic mice. These data further support a role for neprilysin in regulating cerebral amyloid deposition and suggest that gene transfer approaches might have potential for the development of alternative therapies for Alzheimer's disease.
Direct gene transfer with DNA-liposome complexes in melanoma: expression, biologic activity, and lack of toxicity in humans. (1993)

Direct gene transfer offers the potential to introduce DNA encoding therapeutic proteins to treat human disease. Previously, gene transfer in humans has been achieved by a cell-mediated ex vivo approach in which cells from the blood or tissue of patients are genetically modified in the laboratory and subsequently returned to the patient. To determine the feasibility and safety of directly transferring genes into humans, a clinical study was performed. The gene encoding a foreign major histocompatibility complex protein, HLA-B7, was introduced into HLA-B7-negative patients with advanced melanoma by injection of DNA-liposome complexes in an effort to demonstrate gene transfer, document recombinant gene expression, and determine the safety and potential toxicity of this therapy. Six courses of treatment were completed without complications in five HLA-B7-negative patients with stage IV melanoma. Plasmid DNA was detected within biopsies of treated tumor nodules 3-7 days after injection but was not found in the serum at any time by using the polymerase chain reaction. Recombinant HLA-B7 protein was demonstrated in tumor biopsy tissue in all five patients by immunochemistry, and immune responses to HLA-B7 and autologous tumors could be detected. No antibodies to DNA were detected in any patient. One patient demonstrated regression of injected nodules on two independent treatments, which was accompanied by regression at distant sites. These studies demonstrate the feasibility, safety, and therapeutic potential of direct gene transfer in humans.
Dynamic bandwidth-allocation and path-restoration in SONET self-healing networks (1996)

This paper presents a new scheme for real-time bandwidth allocation and path restoration (BARS) in mesh networks via SONET wideband digital cross-connect systems (WDCSs) in response to demand and load dynamics and link and/or node failure(s). The scheme dynamically maximizes bandwidth allocation while ensuring full service restorability. Since the physical network capacity is limited, sometime not all the demand can be accommodated under the full restorability requirement. This demand in SONET BARS is rejected fairly at the network boundary even if capacity for allocation is available. Bandwidth allocation and fair demand admission are optimized jointly under the full restorability requirements. The implementation of SONET WDCS does not need excessive storage. An efficient parallel algorithm for solving the optimization problem is also presented. The algorithm produces superior spare capacity assignments compared to the results in the literature.
Optimization of Multilateral Well Design and Location in a Real Field Using a Continuous Genetic Algorithm (2010)

Abstract As many fields around the world are reaching maturity, the need to develop new tools that allow reservoir engineers to optimize reservoir performance is becoming more urgent. One of the more challenging and important problems along these lines is the well placement optimization problem. In this problem, there are many variables to consider: geological variables like reservoir architecture, permeability and porosity distributions, and fluid contacts; production variables, such as well placement, well number, well type, and production rate; and economic variables like fluid prices and drilling costs. Furthermore, availability of complex well types, such as multilateral wells (MLWs) and maximum reservoir contact (MRC) wells, aggravate this challenge. All these variables, together with reservoir geological uncertainty, make the determination of an optimum development plan for a given field difficult. The objective of this work was to employ an optimization technique that can efficiently address the aforementioned challenges. Based on the success and versatility of Genetic Algorithms (GAs) in problems of high complexity with high dimensionality and nonlinearity, it is used here as the main optimization engine. Both binary GA (bGA) and continuous GA (cGA) were tested in the optimization of well location and design in terms of well type, number of laterals, and well and lateral trajectories in a channelized synthetic model. Both GA variants showed significant improvement over initial solutions but comparisons between the two types showed that the cGA was more robust for the problem under consideration. The cGA was, thereafter, applied to a real field located in the Middle East to investigate its robustness in optimizing well location and design in more complex reservoir models. The model is an upscaled version for an offshore carbonate reservoir, which is mildly heterogeneous with low and high permeability areas scattered over the field. After choosing the optimization technique to achieve our objective, considerable work was performed to study the sensitivity of the different algorithm parameters on converged solutions. Then, multiple optimization runs were performed to obtain a sound development plan for this field. An attempt was made to quantify how solutions were affected by some of the assumptions and preconditioning steps taken during optimization. Finally, an optimization ran was performed on the fine model using optimized solutions from the coarse model. Results showed that the optimum well configuration for the reservoir model at hand can contain five or more laterals; which shows potential for drilling MRC wells. Other studies comparing results from the fine and coarse reservoir models revealed that the best solutions are different between the two models. In general, solutions from different runs had different well designs due to the stochastic nature of the algorithm but some guidance about preferred well locations could be obtained through this process
Image Sensors and Signal Processing for Digital Still Cameras (2010)

Preface DIGITAL STILL CAMERAS AT A GLANCE Kenji Toyoda What Is a Digital Still Camera? History of Digital Still Cameras Variations of Digital Still Cameras Basic Structure of Digital Still Cameras Applications of Digital Still Cameras OPTICS IN DIGITAL STILL CAMERAS Takeshi Koyama Optical System Fundamentals and Standards for Evaluating Optical Performance Characteristics of DSC Imaging Optics Important Aspects of Imaging Optics Design for DSCs DSC Imaging Lens Zoom Types and Their Applications Conclusion References BASICS OF IMAGE SENSORS Junichi Nakamura Functions of an Image Sensor Photodetector in a Pixel Noise Photoconversion Characteristics Array Performance Optical Format and Pixel Size CCD Image Sensor vs. CMOS Image Sensor References CCD IMAGE SENSORS Tetsuo Yamada Basics of CCDs Structures and Characteristics of CCD Image Sensor DSC Applications Future Prospects References CMOS IMAGE SENSORS Isao Takayanagi Introduction to CMOS Image Sensors CMOS Active Pixel Technology Signal Processing and Noise Behavior CMOS Image Sensors for DSC Applications Future Prospects of CMOS Image Sensors for DSC Applications References EVALUATION OF IMAGE SENSORS Toyokazu Mizoguchi What is Evaluation of Image Sensors? Evaluation Environment Evaluation Methods COLOR THEORY AND ITS APPLICATION TO DIGITAL STILL CAMERAS Po-Chieh Hung Color Theory Camera Spectral Sensitivity Characterization of a Camera White Balance Conversion for Display (Color Management) Summary References IMAGE-PROCESSING ALGORITHMS Kazuhiro Sato Basic Image-Processing Algorithms Camera Control Algorithm Advanced Image Processing: How to Obtain Improved Image Quality References IMAGE-PROCESSING ENGINES Seiichiro Watanabe Key Characteristics of an Image-Processing Engine Imaging Engine Architecture Comparison Analog Front End (AFE) Digital Back End (DBE) Future Design Engines References EVALUATION OF IMAGE QUALITY Hideaki Yoshida What is Image Quality? General Items or Parameters Detailed Items or Factors Standards Relating to Image Quality SOME THOUGHTS ON FUTURE DIGITAL STILL CAMERAS Eric R. Fossum The Future of DSC Image Sensors Some Future Digital Cameras References
Mechanism of Activation of a Hafnium Pyridyl−Amide Olefin Polymerization Catalyst:  Ligand Modification by Monomer (2007)

We have investigated the olefin polymerization mechanism of hafnium catalysts supported by a pyridyl-amide ligand with an ortho-metalated naphthyl group. Ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymers from these catalysts have broad molecular weight distributions that can be fit to a bimodal distribution. We propose a unique mechanism to explain this behavior involving monomer modification of the catalyst, which generates multiple catalyst species when multiple monomers are present. More specifically, we present evidence that the hafnium alkyl cation initially undergoes monomer insertion into the Hf-naphthyl bond, which permanently modifies the ligand to generate new highly active olefin polymerization catalysts. Under ethylene/octene copolymerization conditions, a plurality of new catalysts is formed in relative proportion to the respective monomer concentrations. Due to the asymmetry of the metal complex, two "ethylene-inserted" and eight "octene-inserted" isomers are possible, but it is a useful approximation to consider only one of each in the polymerization behavior. Consequently, gel permeation chromatography data for the polymers can be fit to a bimodal distribution having a continuous shift from a predominantly low molecular weight fraction to predominantly higher molecular weight fraction as [octene]/[ethylene] is increased. Theoretical calculations show that such insertions into the Hf-aryl bond have lower barriers than corresponding insertions into the Hf-alkyl bond. The driving forces for this insertion into the Hf-aryl bond include elimination of an eclipsing H-H interaction and formation of a stabilizing Hf-arene interaction. These new "monomer-inserted catalysts" have no beta-agostic interaction, very weak olefin binding, and olefin-insertion transition states which differ on the two sides by more than 4 kcal/mol. Thus, the barrier to site epimerization is very low and high polymerization rates are possible even when the chain wags prior to every insertion. Experimental evidence for aryl-insertion products is obtained from reactions of ethylene (13C2H4 NMR studies) or 4-methyl-1-pentene (4M1P) using relatively low monomer/catalyst ratios. Quantitative generation of monomer-inserted products is complicated by slow initiation kinetics followed by fast polymerization kinetics. However, NMR evidence for reaction with 13C2H4 was observed in situ at low temperature, and the attachment of monomer to ligand was confirmed by GC/MS and 13C NMR after quenching. Furthermore, a 4M1P-appended ligand was isolated from a polymerization reaction (50:1 monomer:catalyst) by column chromatography followed by multiple recrystallizations. One isomer was characterized by X-ray crystallography, which unequivocally shows a 4-methylpentyl substituent at the 2-position of the naphthyl, consistent with 1,2-insertion into the Hf-aryl bond. NMR suggests a second diastereomer (not isolated) is formed from a 1,2-insertion of opposite stereoselectivity.
Jersey number detection in sports video for athlete identification (2005)

Athlete identification is important for sport video content analysis since users often care about the video clips with their preferred athletes. In this paper, we propose a method for athlete identification by combing the segmentation, tracking and recognition procedures into a coarse-to-fine scheme for jersey number (digital characters on sport shirt) detection. Firstly, image segmentation is employed to separate the jersey number regions with its background. And size/pipe-like attributes of digital characters are used to filter out candidates. Then, a K-NN (K nearest neighbor) classifier is employed to classify a candidate into a digit in "0-9" or negative. In the recognition procedure, we use the Zernike moment features, which are invariant to rotation and scale for digital shape recognition. Synthetic training samples with different fonts are used to represent the pattern of digital characters with non-rigid deformation. Once a character candidate is detected, a SSD (smallest square distance)-based tracking procedure is started. The recognition procedure is performed every several frames in the tracking process. After tracking tens of frames, the overall recognition results are combined to determine if a candidate is a true jersey number or not by a voting procedure. Experiments on several types of sports video shows encouraging result.
Enhancement of optical gradient force employed in optical tweezers using a pulsed laser diode (2011)

The optical gradient force employed in optical tweezers is enhanced using a pulsed laser diode. A time-sharing approach can be applied for performing multiple optical manipulations to obtain gentle and stiff tweezers for delicate samples.
On the Polymorphism of Aspirin: Crystalline Aspirin as Intergrowths of Two “Polymorphic” Domains (2006)

Aspirin: No end to the headaches? The two known crystalline arrangements of aspirin are so closely related that aspirin crystals form intergrowth structures containing domains of form I and domains of form II. The ratio and distribution of the domains is variable among aspirin samples, raising questions for the definition of the term polymorph in this case.
Mechanisms of arterial graft failure. 1. Role of cellular proliferation in early healing of PTFE prostheses. (1985)

Failure of long-term synthetic arterial bypass grafts has been attributed in part to anastomotic stenosis, but the pathologic basis for this has not been determined. Which cells participate in the formation of the stenosis and the relationship between normal healing and the pathologic development of anastomotic narrowing have not been delineated. In this study we have examined early wound healing in 4-mm polytetrafluorethylene arterial bypass grafts placed in baboons. In this primate model, endothelium and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) derived from the cut ends of adjacent artery form the new intima and migrate together along the luminal surface of the graft at approximately 0.2 mm/day. Both cell types proliferate in association with the growing edge. In addition, both endothelium and SMCs located discretely over anastomoses continue to proliferate despite complete endothelial coverage. Intimal cross-sectional area in this region is always greater than over adjacent graft. Fibroblasts are invariably found in graft matrix and adventitia and do not contribute to formation of intima. It is hypothesized that anastomotic narrowing might be due to chronic endothelial injury and turnover associated with continued SMC proliferation and intimal thickening.
Radical oxidation of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea in aqueous media (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRadical oxidation of 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea in aqueous mediaFred S. Tanaka and Ronald G. WienCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1979, 27, 2, 311–315Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60222a017https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60222a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views46Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Extraosseous Osteosarcoma: Response to Treatment and Long-Term Outcome (2002)

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinicopathologic features of extraosseous osteosarcoma (EOO), a rare soft tissue form of osteosarcoma, and to examine its response to multimodality therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of all patients with EOO evaluated at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center between 1960 and 1999 were reviewed for clinicopathologic factors, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS: Sixty consecutive patients with EOO were identified, including 38 patients with localized (American Joint Committee on Cancer stages I to III) disease. The majority of patients presented with T2 tumors (n = 35, 58%), and 90% of tumors were located beneath the investing fascia. Twenty-seven patients with measurable and assessable disease were treated with doxorubicin-based chemotherapy (median doxorubicin starting dose, 75 mg/m 2 ; median number of cycles, four). The overall response rate was 19%, with two complete and three partial responses; one (6%) of 18 doxorubicin-treated patients who underwent subsequent surgery had a pathologic complete response. For the subset of 30 patients with localized disease treated at M.D. Anderson, the 5-year actuarial local recurrence–free, distant recurrence–free, event-free, and disease-specific survival rates were 82% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70% to 98%), 64% (95% CI, 43% to 93%), 47% (95% CI, 30% to 70%), and 46% (95% CI, 26% to 80%), respectively. CONCLUSION: EOO should be considered clinically and therapeutically distinct from osseous osteosarcoma. Radiographic response rates and pathologic complete response rates to doxorubicin-based systemic therapy are low.
Counterion-Mediated Attraction between Two Like-Charged Rods (1997)

We present a systematic theoretical approach to counterion-mediated interactions between like-charged rigid polymers, by treating condensed and free counterions as separate species in chemical equilibrium. We find that the condensed counterions introduce charge fluctuations along the length of the rods that give rise to attractive interactions, in quantitative agreement with recent simulations. This is similar to the van der Waals interaction, except that all multipoles, not just dipoles, must be included.