gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Initial delay vs. interruptions: Between the devil and the deep blue sea (2012)

End user quality perception in the context of Internet applications is often characterized by waiting times before service consumption as well as interruptions during service consumption. In particular in case of bad network conditions, network and service providers have to trade off between these two impairment types, i.e. between the devil and the deep blue sea. In this paper we investigate this tradeoff in order to guide the design and development of Internet applications and network management approaches. The contribution of this paper is twofold. Firstly, we quantify the impact of initial delays on the user perceived Quality of Experience (QoE) for different application scenarios by means of subjective laboratory and crowdsourcing studies. We show that QoE for a given waiting time strongly depends on the concrete application at hand but that rating diversity remains fairly application-invariant. Secondly, using the example of YouTube video streaming we compare the influence of initial delays and interruptions (stallings) during watching. Our results demonstrate that users are extremely sensitive to interruptions and that services should be designed accordingly e.g. by increasing initial delay for prebuffering to overcome lack of resources.
Competition between functional signal peptides demonstrates variation in affinity for the secretion pathway (1996)

We have developed a system for examining the relative affinity of two different signal peptides for the protein secretion pathway in Escherichia coli. This system involves the expression of a modified alkaline phosphatase which possesses two signal peptides arranged in tandem. When both signal peptides have the wild-type sequence, cleavage after the first and cleavage after the second occur with nearly equal frequency. In both cases the remainder of the protein is transported to the periplasm. Thus both signal peptides effectively compete with each other for entrance to the secretion pathway. When the hydrophobicity of the second signal peptide is altered by small increments, we find that the more hydrophobic signal peptide is preferentially utilized. Thus, a more hydrophobic signal peptide can outcompete even an efficient wild-type signal sequence. The crossover point, for utilization of the second to the first signal peptide, is marked and occurs over a very small change in hydrophobicity. Our results suggest that the small differences in the hydrophobicity of wild-type signal peptides may have critical consequences: preproteins with the more hydrophobic signals could dominate one pathway, leaving those with only slightly less hydrophobic signals to require additional factors such as chaperonins, SecB, and other binding proteins.
Role ofCe4+in the Scintillation Mechanism of CodopedGd3Ga3Al2O12∶Ce (2014)

To improve the performance of the cerium-activated scintillators widely used in cutting-edge medical imaging, a comprehensive understanding of the role of cerium valence states (especially Ce${}^{4+}$) in the scintillation mechanism is essential. The authors use theory and experiment to establish a model for stable Ce${}^{4+}$ emission under high-energy excitation, thus clarifying how to engineer the response time of detectors for better positron emission tomography (``PET scans'').
Object-Oriented Information Systems: Planning and Implementation (1992)

Executive Summary Competing in a Changing World The Evolution of Information Systems Three Keys to Object Technology Methodologies for Object Development Creating an Object-Oriented Information System Object-Oriented Languages Object Databases Supporting Systems Building Object-Oriented Information Systems Adopting Object Technology Commercial Applications of Object Technology Index.
Synthese von 5′‐Mono‐, 5′‐Di‐ und 5′‐Triphosphaten der Nucleoside 2.4‐Dithio‐uridin, 2.4‐Dithio‐ribothymidin, 2‐Thiothymidin und 2.4‐Dithio‐thymidin (1971)

Abstract 2‐Thio‐thymidin‐5′‐phosphat ( 3 ), 2.4‐Dithio‐thymidin‐5′‐triphosphat ( 8c ), 2.4‐Dithio‐uridin‐5′‐diphosphat ( 7a ), 2.4‐Dithio‐ribothymidin‐5′‐diphosphat ( 7b ) und 2.4‐Dithio‐uridin‐5′‐triphosphat ( 8a ) wurden synthetisiert. Als Reinheitskriterien dienen das Verhalten in Papierchromatographie sowie Papierelektrophorese und der Phosphatgehalt.
Two Experiments on Learning Probabilistic Dependency Grammars from Corpora (1992)

We present a scheme for learning probabilistic dependency grammars from positive training examples plus constraints on rules. In particular, we present the results of two experiments. The first, in which the constraints were minimal, was unsuccessful. The second, with significant constraints, was successful within the bounds of the task we had set.
Airfoil Flow Control Using Plasma Actuation and Coanda Effect (2011)

Low speed flow around an airfoil was controlled by a flush mounted plasma actuator placed on the suction surface near the trailing edge of the airfoil. The airfoil has a NACA 0015 profile with a modified, round/blunt trailing edge. The flush mounted plasma actuator was used in place of tangential jet blowing for circulation control. A wall jet was induced near the trailing edge which produced Coanda effect and altered the overall circulation around the airfoil. The circulation and lift of the airfoil were changed directly by the plasma actuation. The effectiveness of plasma circulation control of the modified NACA0015 airfoil was investigated using particle image velocimetry and surface pressure taps. Two types of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) actuators were employed in the study: a single DBD actuator and a sliding discharge actuator. A number of plasma parameters were also examined. Results suggested that both types of the plasma actuation produced lift enhancement. The plasma actuator unit can overcome shortcomings in installing a tangentially blowing jet for circulation control.
Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Cymbopogon citratus, stapf (Lemon grass) (2011)

Cymbopogon citratus, Stapf (Lemon grass) is a widely used herb in tropical countries, especially in Southeast Asia. The essential oil of the plant is used in aromatherapy. The compounds identified in Cymbopogon citratus are mainly terpenes, alcohols, ketones, aldehyde and esters. Some of the reported phytoconstituents are essential oils that contain Citral α, Citral β, Nerol Geraniol, Citronellal, Terpinolene, Geranyl acetate, Myrecene and Terpinol Methylheptenone. The plant also contains reported phytoconstituents such as flavonoids and phenolic compounds, which consist of luteolin, isoorientin 2'-O-rhamnoside, quercetin, kaempferol and apiginin. Studies indicate that Cymbopogon citratus possesses various pharmacological activities such as anti-amoebic, antibacterial, antidiarrheal, antifilarial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties. Various other effects like antimalarial, antimutagenicity, antimycobacterial, antioxidants, hypoglycemic and neurobehaviorial have also been studied. These results are very encouraging and indicate that this herb should be studied more extensively to confirm these results and reveal other potential therapeutic effects.
Protective immunogenicity of two synthetic peptides selected from the amino acid sequence of Bordetella pertussis toxin subunit S1. (1990)

Two peptides, corresponding to amino acids 1-17 and 169-186 of the amino acid sequence of pertussis toxin (PT) subunit S1, were synthesized and coupled to the diphtheria toxin cross-reactive mutant protein CRM 197 and evaluated for immunogenicity and protective capacity against PT challenge in vivo. The peptide-CRM conjugates induced high antibody titers against native toxin in mice (BALB/c, C57/Black, and outbred NMRI) as measured by ELISA. Upon PT challenge (0.5 microgram of toxin) of the NMRI mice, the CRM conjugates of peptides 1-17 and 169-186 fully protected the mice from PT-induced leukocytosis. Immunization with the corresponding bovine serum albumin conjugates of these two peptides also fully protected mice. Rabbit antiserum to the peptide 1-17-CRM conjugate was highly efficient in inhibiting the ADP-ribosylating activity of PT but did not neutralize the clustering effect of PT on Chinese hamster ovary cells. In contrast, the rabbit antiserum raised against the peptide 169-186-CRM conjugate neutralized the clustering effect of PT on Chinese hamster ovary cells but did not inhibit the enzymatic activity of PT. Peptide 169-186-CRM conjugates mimic the immunoglobulin binding properties of PT and also cause clustering of Chinese hamster ovary cells. The CRM conjugates of these two peptides constitute a synthetic pertussis vaccine candidate with the ability to provide a chemically well-defined, safe, and efficient pertussis vaccine.
Comprehensive distributed garbage collection by tracking causal dependencies of relevant mutator events (2002)

Comprehensive distributed garbage collection in object-oriented distributed systems has mostly been addressed via distributed versions of graph-tracing algorithms, a legacy of centralised garbage collection techniques. Two features jeopardise the scalability of these approaches: the bottleneck associated with having to reach a global consensus before any resource can actually be reclaimed; and the overhead of eager log-keeping. This paper describes an alternative approach to comprehensive distributed garbage collection that entails computing the vector-time characterising the causal history of some relevant events of the mutator processes computations. Knowing the causal histories of these events makes it possible to identify garbage objects that are not identifiable by means of per-site garbage collection alone. Computing the vector-times necessary to identify garbage is possible without the unbounded space overheads usually associated with dynamically reconstructing vector-times of arbitrary events of distributed computations. Our approach integrates a lazy log-keeping mechanism and therefore tackles both of the aforementioned stumbling blocks of distributed garbage collection.
Ordered Mesoporous SnO2−Based Photoanodes for High-Performance Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2010)

Ordered mesoporous SnO2 with three-dimensional bicontinuous cubic mesostructure, high surface area, and crystalline frameworks was synthesized by the solvent-free infiltration of tin precursor in KIT-6 silica template and employed as a photoanode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). It is shown that coating an ultrathin TiO2 or Al2O3 layer on mesoporous SnO2 photoanode greatly improves the open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and fill factor, leading to more than a 3-fold improvement in the energy conversion efficiency. The superior photovoltaic performance of surface modified mesoporous SnO2 photoanode is mainly the result of inhibited electron recombination caused by passivation of reactive surface states and increased dye loading. Control cells fabricated with conventional nanoparticle SnO2/TiO2 photoanode exhibit a similar trend but with about 30% lower energy conversion efficiency, which is mainly because of limitations due to low dye loading and poor light scattering.
High-Throughput Screening of Plant Cell-Wall Composition Using Pyrolysis Molecular Beam Mass Spectroscopy (2009)

We describe a high-throughput method for estimating cell-wall chemistry traits using analytical pyrolysis. The instrument used to perform the high-throughput cell-wall chemistry analysis consists of a commercially available pyrolysis unit and autosampler coupled to a custom-built molecular beam mass spectrometer. The system is capable of analyzing approximately 42 biomass samples per hour. Lignin content and syringyl to guaiacol (S/G) ratios can be estimated directly from the spectra and differences in cell wall chemistry in large groups of samples can easily be identified using multivariate statistical data analysis methods. The utility of the system is demonstrated on a set of 800 greenhouse-grown poplar trees grown under two contrasting nitrogen treatments. High-throughput analytical pyrolysis was able to determine that the lignin content varied between 13 and 28% and the S/G ratio ranged from 0.5 to 1.5. There was more cell-wall chemistry variation in the plants grown under high nitrogen conditions than trees grown under nitrogen-deficiency conditions. Analytical pyrolysis allows the user to rapidly screen large numbers of samples at low cost, using very little sample material while producing reliable and reproducible results.
Effects of steroids on human normal and otosclerotic osteoblastic cells: influence on thymidine and leucine uptake and incorporation. (1991)

Steroid hormones are able to influence the metabolism of bone tissue in vivo, but reports regarding their direct action on bone cells fail to agree. In this study, in vitro administration of 17 beta-estradiol, testosterone and corticosterone to normal and otosclerotic osteoblastic cells induced a drop in DNA synthesis in both populations, an increase in the neosynthesis of endocellular proteins in normal cells and a rise, mainly in proteins secreted into the medium, in otosclerotic cells. The fact that 3H-thymidine and 3H-leucine uptake were lower in otosclerotic than in normal cells suggests that the membrane permeability differs in the two populations and that steroids exert an influence on both isotope uptake and directly modulate DNA and protein synthesis.
Expression of the hst-1 and c-kit protooncogenes in human testicular germ cell tumors. (1991)

Seventy testicular germ cell tumors were analyzed at the DNA and RNA levels for the c-kit, hst-1, and int-2 oncogenes using Northern and Southern blot analyses, respectively. There were significant differences in oncogene expression between seminomas and nonseminomas with c-kit being expressed in 24 of 30 (80%) seminomas but in only 3 of 40 (7%) nonseminomatous tumors (P = 0.0001, chi 2 test) and hst-1 being expressed in 24 of 38 (63%) nonseminomas but only 1 of 24 (4%) of seminomas (P = 0.0001, chi 2 test), demonstrating an inverse relationship in the expression pattern of these 2 oncogenes in human testicular germ cell tumors. A significant association between tumor stage and hst-1 expression in the nonseminoma group was found (P = 0.0002, chi 2 test). No gross alterations in the c-kit, hst-1, and int-2 loci were found at the DNA level and no int-2 mRNA expression was detected in any of the germ cell tumors examined.
Rapid Angiographic Progression of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients With Angina Pectoris (1995)

Rapid stenosis progression is not uncommon, and complex stenoses are at risk more than smooth lesions.
Lactone-ring-cleaving enzyme: Genetic analysis, novel RNA editing, and evolutionary implications (1998)

A lactonohydrolase from Fusarium oxysporum AKU 3702 is an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of aldonate lactones to the corresponding aldonic acids. The amino acid sequences of the NH2 terminus and internal peptide fragments of the enzyme were determined to prepare synthetic oligonucleotides as primers for the PCR. An approximate 1, 000-base genomic DNA fragment thus amplified was used as the probe to clone both genomic DNA and cDNA for the enzyme. The lactonohydrolase genomic gene consists of six exons separated by five short introns. A novel type of RNA editing, in which lactonohydrolase mRNA included the insertion of guanosine and cytidine residues, was observed. The predicted amino acid sequence of the cloned lactonohydrolase cDNA showed significant similarity to those of the gluconolactonase from Zymomonas mobilis, and paraoxonases from human and rabbit, forming a unique superfamily consisting of C-O cleaving enzymes and P-O cleaving enzymes. Lactonohydrolase was expressed under the control of the lac promoter in Escherichia coli.
Unsupervised Generative Modeling Using Matrix Product States (2018)

Modeling the probability distribution of complex data using insights from quantum physics is a fresh approach to generative modeling in machine learning, and shows great potential compared to conventional neural network approaches.
Polycystic kidney disease (1992)

Polycystic kidney disease - thoughts on the meaning of prevention, K. Zerres regulation of cell proliferation and fluid secretion in the progressive enlargement of renal cysts, J.J. Grantham pathophysiology of renal tubular cyst formation in murine models of polycystic kidney disease, W.E. Sweeney and E.D. Avner rat models of polycystic kidney disease, N. Gretz et al a model of polycystic kidney disease in SBM transgenic mice, M. Trudel and V. D'Agati a chimaeric mouse model for autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease, C.A. Boulter et al autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease and hypertension - a review, K.W. Florijn et al effect of a low-protein diet on the rate of progression of chronic renal failure in patients with polycystic kidney disease, N. Gretz and M. Strauch the molecular genetics of autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease of the PKD1 type, S. Somlo et al isolation and characterization of a candidate gene for autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease, S.L. Graw et al MEGABASE/PKD - a genetic database for polycystic kidney disease, L.A. Sandkuijl genetic heterogeneity of polycystic kidney disease in Europe, D.J.M. Peters and L.A. Sandkuijl.
Spectroscopic Studies of Cobalt(II) Binding to Escherichia coli Bacterioferritin (1997)

The iron storage protein bacterioferritin (BFR) consists of 24 identical subunits, each containing a dinuclear metal binding site called the ferroxidase center, which is essential for fast iron core formation. Cobalt(II) binding to wild-type and site-directed variants of Escherichia coli BFR was studied by optical and magnetic techniques. Data from absorption spectroscopy demonstrate the binding of two cobalt(II) ions per subunit of wild-type and heme-free BFR, each with a pseudotetrahedral or pentacoordinate geometry, and EPR studies show that the two cobalt(II) ions are weakly magnetically coupled. Studies of variants of BFR in which a single glutamic acid residue at the ferroxidase center is replaced by alanine confirm that this is the site of cobalt(II) binding, since the altered centers bind only one cobalt(II) ion. This work shows that the electroneutrality of the ferroxidase center is preserved on binding a pair of divalent metal ions. Optical and EPR data show that cobalt(II) binding to BFR exhibits positive cooperativity, with an average Kd of approximately 1 x 10(-5) M. The favored filling of the ferroxidase center with pairs of metal ions may have mechanistic implications for the iron(II) binding process. Discrimination against oxidation of single iron(II) ions avoids odd electron reduction products of oxygen.
Diagnostic Use of Anti-Modified Nucleoside Monoclonal Antibody. (1992)

By use of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) termed APU-6 and AMA-2, we determined the usefulness of urinary modified nucleosides, pseudouridine and 1-methyladenosine, as markers for malignancy. In patients with leukemia and other forms of cancer, these nucleosides elevated significantly and reflected the disease status of patients. The immunohistochemical analysis showed that cancer cells were specifically stained with the MoAbs. Chemical identification of the cellular components reactive with the MoAbs revealed that APU-6-associated antigens were mainly rRNA and AMA-2-associated antigens were mainly tRNA. These results suggest that APU-6 and AMA-2 would be useful tools for clinical and biological studies of cancer.
Effects of NO-1886 (Ibrolipim), a Lipoprotein Lipase-Promoting Agent, on Gene Induction of Cytochrome P450s, Carboxylesterases, and Sulfotransferases in Primary Cultures of Human Hepatocytes (2004)

In the present study, the effects on expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5), carboxylesterase (CES1 and CES2) and sulfotransferase (CHST1, CHST3, CHST4, CST, SULT2A1 and TPST2) mRNA in primary cultures of cryopreserved human hepatocytes were evaluated after exposure to NO-1886 (diethyl 4-[(4-bromo-2-cyanophenyl) carbamoyl] benzylphosphonate) for 48 hr at 2, 10, and 50 microM. Analysis was performed by RT-PCR in the presence of TaqMan probe. CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNA levels after exposure to 50 microM omeprazole (positive control for CYP1As) were increased by 162 (p<0.001) and 37 times (p<0.001), respectively, compared with untreated controls. However, these mRNA levels were increased by 2 times or less after exposure to NO-1886. CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 mRNA levels after exposure to 50 microM rifampicin (positive control for CYP3As) were significantly increased by 5.8 (p<0.01) and 2.0 times (p<0.01), respectively, compared with untreated controls. The CYP3A4 mRNA level after exposure to 10 microM NO-1886 was increased by 1.3 times (p<0.05). Further, the CYP3A4 mRNA level after exposure to 50 microM NO-1886 was significantly increased by 3.6 times (p<0.001). However, the CYP3A5 mRNA level after exposure to 50 microM NO-1886 was not significantly increased. CES1 and CES2 mRNA levels after exposure to 50 microM NO-1886 were significantly increased by 1.4 (p<0.05) and 2.6 times (p<0.01), respectively, compared with untreated controls. CHST1, CST and SULT2A1 mRNA levels after exposure to 50 microM NO-1886 were significantly increased by 3.8 (p<0.001), 1.8 (p<0.01) and 4.4 times (p<0.01), respectively. CHST3, CHST4 and TPST2 mRNA levels after exposure to 50 microM NO-1886 were not significantly increased. This in vitro technique using primary cultured human hepatocytes is expected to be very useful for the preclinical evaluation of the induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes in humans.
Efficacy and safety of briakinumab vs. etanercept and placebo in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis (2011)

In patients with moderate to severe psoriasis, briakinumab had superior efficacy to both placebo and etanercept at 12 weeks as administered in this study.
Follicular B Lymphomas Generate Regulatory T Cells via the ICOS/ICOSL Pathway and Are Susceptible to Treatment by Anti-ICOS/ICOSL Therapy (2016)

The prognosis of follicular lymphoma (FL) patients is suspected to be influenced by tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells (Treg). The mechanism of Treg enrichment in FL and their impact on malignant FL B cells remains to be elucidated. We analyzed 46 fresh lymph node biopsy samples, including FL (n = 20), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 10), classical Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 9), and reactive lymphadenitis (n = 7). Using multicolor flow cytometry and cell sorting, we observed an accumulation of CD25(high)CD127(low/neg) Tregs in FL tissues. These Tregs comprised activated ICOS(+) Tregs that were able to suppress not only conventional T cells, but also FL B cells. These FL B cells were able to express ICOSL in vitro and to generate CD25(high)FoxP3(high) Tregs expressing ICOS. Treg generation was associated with ICOS/ICOSL engagement and was abrogated by antagonist anti-ICOS and anti-ICOSL antibodies. Interactions between Tregs and FL B cells resulted in ICOSL downregulation on FL B cells. Our results highlight a key role for Tregs in FL pathogenesis and suggest that targeting the ICOS/ICOSL pathway may be a promising immunotherapy for FL treatment. Cancer Res; 76(16); 4648-60. ©2016 AACR.