gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular Size Distribution in Three Dimensional Polymers. VI. Branched Polymers Containing A—R—Bf-1 Type Units (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolecular Size Distribution in Three Dimensional Polymers. VI. Branched Polymers Containing A—R—Bf-1 Type UnitsPaul J. FloryCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 11, 2718–2723Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1952https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01131a008RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views2626Altmetric-Citations659LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (692 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Daily Left Prefrontal Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder (2010)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00149838.
Ring expansion synthesis of fused trans-.alpha.methylene-.gamma.-lactones (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRing expansion synthesis of fused trans-.alpha.methylene-.gamma.-lactonesLarry G. Mueller and Richard G. LawtonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 25, 4741–4742Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00393a069https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00393a069research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views853Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A note on non-binary multiple insertion/deletion correcting codes (2011)

We propose the construction of a non-binary multiple insertion/deletion correcting code based on a binary multiple insertion/deletion correcting code. In essence, it is a generalisation of Tenengol'ts' non-binary single insertion/deletion correcting code. We evaluate the cardinality of the proposed construction based on the asymptotic upper bound on the cardinality of a maximal binary multiple insertion/deletion correcting code derived by Levenshtein.
Assembly of aryl‐capped siderophores by modular peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases (2000)

Bacterial siderophores assist pathogens in iron acquisition inside their hosts. They are often essential for achieving a successful infection, and their biosynthesis represents an attractive antibiotic target. Recently, several siderophore biosynthetic loci have been identified, and in vitro studies have advanced our knowledge of the biosynthesis of aryl-capped peptide and peptide-polyketide siderophores from Mycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas spp., Yersinia spp. and other bacteria. These studies also provided insights into the assembly of related siderophores and many secondary metabolites of medical relevance. Assembly of aryl-capped peptide and peptide-polyketide siderophores involves non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, polyketide synthase and non-ribosomal-peptide polyketide hybrid subunits. Analysis of these subunits suggests that their domains and modules are functionally and structurally independent. It appears that nature has selected a set of functional domains and modules that can be rearranged in different order and combinations to biosynthesize different products. Although much remains to be learned about modular synthetases and synthases, it is already possible to conceive strategies to engineer these enzymes to generate novel products.
Battery explantation after sacral neuromodulation in the medicare population (2012)

Very few sacral neuromodulation batteries, once implanted, are removed prematurely. Patients with IC, however, are at very high risk of requiring premature battery removal.
The Speed of Sight (2001)

Macaque monkeys were presented with continuous rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) sequences of unrelated naturalistic images at rates of 14--222 msec/image, while neurons that responded selectively to complex patterns (e.g., faces) were recorded in temporal cortex. Stimulus selectivity was preserved for 65% of these neurons even at surprisingly fast presentation rates (14 msec/image or 72 images/sec). Five human subjects were asked to detect or remember images under equivalent conditions. Their performance in both tasks was above chance at all rates (14--111 msec/image). The performance of single neurons was comparable to that of humans and responded in a similar way to changes in presentation rate. The implications for the role of temporal cortex cells in perception are discussed.
Sulfate metabolism is abnormal in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Confirmation by in vivo biochemical findings. (1994)

These cysteine/sulfate findings confirm the validity of the previous probe drug abnormalities and the importance of defective cysteine dioxygenase activity in RA.
Mesenchymal stem cell modification of endothelial matrix regulates their vascular differentiation (2009)

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) respond to a variety of differentiation signal provided by their local environments. A large portion of these signals originate from the extracellular matrix (ECM). At the same time, MSCs secrete various matrix‐altering agents, including proteases, that alter ECM‐encoded differentiation signals. Here we investigated the interactions between MSC and ECM produced by endothelial cells (EC‐matrix), focusing not only on the differentiation signals provided by EC‐matrix, but also on MSC‐alteration of these signals and the resultant affects on MSC differentiation. MSCs were cultured on EC‐matrix modified in one of three distinct ways. First, MSCs cultured on native EC‐matrix underwent endothelial cell (EC) differentiation early during the culture period and smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation at later time points. Second, MSCs cultured on crosslinked EC‐matrix, which is resistant to MSC modification, differentiated towards an EC lineage only. Third, MSCs cultured on EC‐matrix pre‐modified by MSCs underwent SMC‐differentiation only. These MSC‐induced matrix alterations were found to deplete the factors responsible for EC‐differentiation, yet activate the SMC‐differentiation factors. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the EC‐matrix contains factors that support MSC differentiation into both ECs and SMCs, and that these factors are modified by MSC‐secreted agents. By analyzing the framework by which EC‐matrix regulates differentiation in MSCs, we have uncovered evidence of a feedback system in which MSCs are able to alter the very matrix signals acting upon them. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 706–713, 2009. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superoxide Anions Induce the Maturation of Human Dendritic Cells (2003)

Dendritic cells play a key role in immune responses. There is growing evidence that reactive oxygen species participate in signaling pathways involving nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, leading to expression of important immune system genes. We found that, unlike H2O2, reactive oxygen species generated by the reaction of oxidase on xanthine induced early phenotypic maturation of dendritic cells by upregulating specific markers CD80, CD83, and CD86 and downregulating mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis. Maturation induced by xanthine oxidase was prevented by allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase activity, and by N-acetylcysteine. The proteasome inhibitor MG-132, which blocks NF-kappaB activation, also inhibited CD86 upregulation, but not endocytosis downregulation by reactive oxygen species. Finally, xanthine-xanthine oxidase enhanced or blocked antigen presentation by dendritic cells depending on whether they had been prepulsed or not with the antigen. Taken together, these results demonstrate that oxidative stress induces phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells, partly through an NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism.
COSTA RICA: ANÁLISIS DE LA INCIDENCIA ESPACIAL DE INUNDACIONES Y DESLIZAMIENTOS POR PROVINCIAS Y CANTONES, AÑOS 2000 - 2006. (2011)

En esta  investigacion se seleccionan y analizan  los detalles provenientes de bases de datos de  la Comision Nacional de Emergencia de Costa Rica, en la seccion de Sistemas de Informacion Geo-grafca, Departamento de Prevencion y Mitigacion, que corresponden a los reportes originados en efectos de peligros naturales diversos para los anos 2000 al 2006, por los Comites de Emergencias cantonales. De acuerdo con los objetivos planteados para esta investigacion, se analiza la inciden-cia por provincias y cantones de inundaciones y deslizamientos para el periodo mencionado, situan-dose estos impactos tanto en el marco de referencia historico como en el contexto fisico natural y su asociacion con las transformaciones espaciales debidas a las condiciones actuales de uso y cambio de ocupacion de la tierra.
Establishing a Therapeutic Range for Heparin Therapy (1993)

A different dose of heparin would be required to produce an aPTT ratio of 1.5 times the control value, depending on the reagent used. Establishing a therapeutic range for aPTT results using protamine titration heparin levels of 0.2 to 0.4 U/mL as a reference standard is practical and compensates for the variable response of aPTT reagents to heparin.
The generalized correlation method for estimation of time delay (1976)

A maximum likelihood (ML) estimator is developed for determining time delay between signals received at two spatially separated sensors in the presence of uncorrelated noise. This ML estimator can be realized as a pair of receiver prefilters followed by a cross correlator. The time argument at which the correlator achieves a maximum is the delay estimate. The ML estimator is compared with several other proposed processors of similar form. Under certain conditions the ML estimator is shown to be identical to one proposed by Hannan and Thomson [10] and MacDonald and Schultheiss [21]. Qualitatively, the role of the prefilters is to accentuate the signal passed to the correlator at frequencies for which the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio is highest and, simultaneously, to suppress the noise power. The same type of prefiltering is provided by the generalized Eckart filter, which maximizes the S/N ratio of the correlator output. For low S/N ratio, the ML estimator is shown to be equivalent to Eckart prefiltering.
Solid-Phase Chemical Synthesis of Phosphonoacetate and Thiophosphonoacetate Oligodeoxynucleotides (2003)

Phosphonoacetate and thiophosphonoacetate oligodeoxynucleotides were prepared via a solid-phase synthesis strategy. Under Reformatsky reaction conditions, novel esterified acetic acid phosphinodiamidites were synthesized and condensed with appropriately protected 5'-O-(4, 4'-dimethoxytrityl)-2'-deoxynucleosides to yield 3'-O-phosphinoamidite reactive monomers. These synthons when activated with tetrazole were used with an automated DNA synthesizer to prepare phosphonoacetic acid modified internucleotide linkages on controlled pore glass. The phosphinoacetate coupling products were quantitatively oxidized at each step with (1S)-(+)-(10-camphorsulfonyl)oxaziridine or 3H-1,2-benzodithiol-3-one-1,1-dioxide to produce mixed sequence phosphonoacetate and thiophosphonoacetate oligodeoxynucleotides with an average per cycle coupling efficiency of greater than 97%. Completely deprotected, modified oligodeoxynucleotides were purified by reverse-phase HPLC and characterized by ion exchange HPLC, (31)P NMR, and MALDI/TOF mass spectroscopy. Both analogues were stable toward hydrolysis with snake venom phosphodiesterase and stimulated RNase H1 activity.
The Biology of NKT Cells (2006)

Recognized more than a decade ago, NKT cells differentiate from mainstream thymic precursors through instructive signals emanating during TCR engagement by CD1d-expressing cortical thymocytes. Their semi-invariant alphabeta TCRs recognize isoglobotrihexosylceramide, a mammalian glycosphingolipid, as well as microbial alpha-glycuronylceramides found in the cell wall of Gram-negative, lipopolysaccharide-negative bacteria. This dual recognition of self and microbial ligands underlies innate-like antimicrobial functions mediated by CD40L induction and massive Th1 and Th2 cytokine and chemokine release. Through reciprocal activation of NKT cells and dendritic cells, synthetic NKT ligands constitute promising new vaccine adjuvants. NKT cells also regulate a range of immunopathological conditions, but the mechanisms and the ligands involved remain unknown. NKT cell biology has emerged as a new field of research at the frontier between innate and adaptive immunity, providing a powerful model to study fundamental aspects of the cell and structural biology of glycolipid trafficking, processing, and recognition.
Regulation of mRNA cap methylation (2009)

The 7-methylguanosine cap added to the 5' end of mRNA is essential for efficient gene expression and cell viability. Methylation of the guanosine cap is necessary for the translation of most cellular mRNAs in all eukaryotic organisms in which it has been investigated. In some experimental systems, cap methylation has also been demonstrated to promote transcription, splicing, polyadenylation and nuclear export of mRNA. The present review discusses how the 7-methylguanosine cap is synthesized by cellular enzymes, the impact that the 7-methylguanosine cap has on biological processes, and how the mRNA cap methylation reaction is regulated.
Protease-activated receptor 1 is the primary mediator of thrombin-stimulated platelet procoagulant activity (1999)

The activation of human platelets by thrombin is mediated primarily by protease-activated receptors (PARs). PAR1 and PAR4 are present on human platelets and are activated by the hexapeptides SFLLRN and GYPGQV, respectively. To further characterize the involvement of PAR1 and PAR4 in platelet activation, the ability of SFLLRN or GYPGQV to generate annexin V binding to newly exposed phospholipids on the platelet surface and generate procoagulant activity has been examined. Exposure of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine on platelets, as determined by an increase in annexin V binding, was strongly stimulated by SFLLRN, thrombin, and collagen, but only to a minor extent by GYPGQV. In a clotting assay initiated with factor VIIa, soluble tissue factor, and calcium, the clotting time in the absence of platelets was >5 min. In the presence of unstimulated platelets, the clotting time was 200 +/- 20 sec. In the presence of platelets activated with SFLLRN or collagen, the clotting time decreased to 100 +/- 10 sec. This shortening of the clotting time is equivalent to about a 5-fold increase in coagulant activity when stimulated platelets are compared with unstimulated platelets and activated platelets are used as a reference. These results indicate that thrombin initiates a very strong response in platelets through PAR1, leading to exposure of anionic phospholipids that support blood clotting. The response mediated by PAR4, however, was limited to platelet aggregation and similar to that triggered in platelets by weaker agonists such as ADP or epinephrine.
Layered Metal Sulfides Capture Uranium from Seawater (2012)

Uranium is the main source for nuclear energy but also one of the most toxic heavy metals. The current methods for uranium removal from water present limitations, such as narrow pH operating range, limited tolerance to high salt concentrations, or/and high cost. We show here that a layered sulfide ion exchanger K(2)MnSn(2)S(6) (KMS-1) overcomes these limitations and is exceptionally capable in selectively and rapidly sequestering high (ppm) as well as trace (ppb) quantities of UO(2)(2+) under a variety of conditions, including seawater. KMS-1 can efficiently absorb the naturally occurring U traces in seawater samples. The results presented here reveal the exceptional potential of sulfide-based ion-exchangers for remediating of uranium-containing wastes and groundwater and for extracting uranium from the sea.
Skin regenerated from cultured epithelial autografts on full-thickness burn wounds from 6 days to 5 years after grafting. A light, electron microscopic and immunohistochemical study. (1989)

Regeneration of skin from cultured keratinocyte autografts used in the treatment of full-thickness burn wounds was studied in 21 pediatric patients from 6 days to 5 years after grafting. Findings were compared both to controls of age- and site-matched normal skin and to controls for epithelial wound-healing, re-epithelialized interstices of meshed split-thickness skin grafts of comparable postgrafting age. Six days after transplantation, a mildly hypertrophic, flat epidermis with all normal strata had regenerated, and the process of de novo dermal-epidermal junction formation had begun. Hemidesmosomes, basal lamina, and anchoring fibrils reformed conjointly in punctate fashion along the attachment face of the grafts. Within 3 to 4 weeks, the dermal-epidermal junction was complete, but full maturation of anchoring fibrils required more than a year. The process was comparable to that observed in meshed graft interstices. Rete ridges regenerated from 6 weeks to 1 year after grafting. The subjacent connective tissue initially healed to form normal scar, but it remodeled dramatically, regenerated elastin, and resembled a true dermis within 4 to 5 years. Meshed-graft interstice controls showed no rete ridge regeneration, subepithelial connective tissue remodeling, or elastin production up to 5 years after grafting. Langerhans cells repopulated grafts within 1 week, and normal population densities were reached within 2 to 6 months. After 1 year, Langerhans cell densities were increased compared with normal skin but were lower than those in age-matched meshed graft controls. Melanocytes were present in cultures at the time of transplantation, but functional epidermal melanin units were not seen in groin- or axilla-derived grafts for 6 to 8 weeks or in sole-derived epidermis until a year or more after transplantation. Normal histologic features were maintained for years after grafting. Transitory pathologic changes including parakeratosis, dyskeratosis, and intraepithelial friction blister formation were infrequently observed. No dysplastic or premalignant changes were seen.
Rapid Identification of Candida dubliniensis Using a Species-Specific Molecular Beacon (2000)

Candida dubliniensis is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that has been linked to oral candidiasis in AIDS patients, although it has recently been isolated from other body sites. DNA sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of rRNA genes from reference Candida strains was used to develop molecular beacon probes for rapid, high-fidelity identification of C. dubliniensis as well as C. albicans. Molecular beacons are small nucleic acid hairpin probes that brightly fluoresce when they are bound to their targets and have a significant advantage over conventional nucleic acid probes because they exhibit a higher degree of specificity with better signal-to-noise ratios. When applied to an unknown collection of 23 strains that largely contained C. albicans and a smaller amount of C. dubliniensis, the species-specific probes were 100% accurate in identifying both species following PCR amplification of the ITS2 region. The results obtained with the molecular beacons were independently verified by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis-based genotyping and by restriction enzyme analysis with enzymes BsmAI and NspBII, which cleave recognition sequences within the ITS2 regions of C. dubliniensis and C. albicans, respectively. Molecular beacons are promising new probes for the rapid detection of Candida species.
Molecular biology of bacterial bioluminescence (1991)

The cloning and expression of the lux genes from different luminescent bacteria including marine and terrestrial species have led to significant advances in our knowledge of the molecular biology of bacterial bioluminescence. All lux operons have a common gene organization of luxCDAB(F)E, with luxAB coding for luciferase and luxCDE coding for the fatty acid reductase complex responsible for synthesizing fatty aldehydes for the luminescence reaction, whereas significant differences exist in their sequences and properties as well as in the presence of other lux genes (I, R, F, G, and H). Recognition of the regulatory genes as well as diffusible metabolites that control the growth-dependent induction of luminescence (autoinducers) in some species has advanced our understanding of this unique regulatory mechanism in which the autoinducers appear to serve as sensors of the chemical or nutritional environment. The lux genes have now been transferred into a variety of different organisms to generate new luminescent species. Naturally dark bacteria containing the luxCDABE and luxAB genes, respectively, are luminescent or emit light on addition of aldehyde. Fusion of the luxAB genes has also allowed the expression of luciferase under a single promoter in eukaryotic systems. The ability to express the lux genes in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and the ease and sensitivity of the luminescence assay demonstrate the considerable potential of the widespread application of the lux genes as reporters of gene expression and metabolic function.
Antibacterial Properties of 4-Amino-2-Methyl-l-Naphtho Hydrochloride. (1948)

The points of interest of the studies embodied in this note are as follows: 4-amino-2 -methyl-1 -naphthol hydrochloride possesses marked antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative organisms.
Neutralization of Botulinum Neurotoxin by a Human Monoclonal Antibody Specific for the Catalytic Light Chain (2008)

An antibody specific for the BoNT/A LC can potently inhibit BoNT/A in vivo and in vitro, using mechanisms not previously associated with BoNT-neutralizing antibodies. Antibodies specific for BoNT LC may be valuable components of an antibody antidote for BoNT exposure.