gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vascular Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress: Determinants of Endothelial Adaptations to Cardiovascular Disease and to Physical Activity (2005)

Cardiovascular disease is the single leading cause of death and morbidity for Canadians. A universal feature of cardiovascular disease is dysfunction of the vascular endothelium, thus disrupting control of vasodilation, tissue perfusion, hemostasis, and thrombosis. Nitric oxide bioavailability, crucial for maintaining vascular endothelial health and function, depends on the processes controlling synthesis and destruction of nitric oxide as well as on the sensitivity of target tissue to nitric oxide. Evidence supports a major contribution by oxidative stress-induced destruction of nitric oxide to the endothelial dysfunction that accompanies a number of cardiovascular disease states including hypertension, diabetes, chronic heart failure, and atherosclerosis. Regular physical activity (exercise training) reduces cardiovascular disease risk. Numerous studies support the hypothesis that exercise training improves vascular endothelial function, especially when it has been impaired by preexisting risk factors. Evidence is emerging to support a role for improved nitric oxide bioavailability with training as a result of enhanced synthesis and reduced oxidative stress-mediated destruction. Molecular targets sensitive to the exercise training effect include the endothelial nitric oxide synthase and the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase. However, many fundamental details of the cellular and molecular mechanisms linking exercise to altered molecular and functional endothelial phenotypes have yet to be discovered. The working hypothesis is that some of the cellular mechanisms contributing to endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease can be targeted and reversed by signals associated with regular increases in physical activity. The capacity for exercise training to regulate vascular endothelial function, nitric oxide bioavailability, and oxidative stress is an example of how lifestyle can complement medicine and pharmacology in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease.
The LOA Customizable Media Aggregator (2006)

Media aggregators combine the convenience of the RSS information feeds with the capabilities of media sharing and distribution. Personal media aggregators not only provide a way to create, store and distribute thematic content but also allow users to customize the way material is collected, transformed and further distributed. We present the architecture and capabilities of the LoaMA personal media aggregator: a tool that handles multimedia contents of various types and provides a mechanism that allows users to compose transformers to manipulate RSS feeds. Transformations can be used to create customized playlists, which in turn can be shared among users as feeds.
Grape Extract, Resveratrol, and Its Analogs: A Review (2001)

The recent and essential reports on the biological activity of the principal phytophenols of Vitis vinifera and wine, with special attention to resveratrol, are reviewed. The phytophenols are arbitrarily divisible into single-ring phenolic acids, bisphenols including stilbenes, tricyclic phenols (flavonoids) and their subclasses, and oligomeric and polymeric species, the proanthocyanidins and anthocyanidins. Their precursors and the stilbenes, including resveratrol with its analogs and conjugates, appear to be of preventative and possibly therapeutic value in atherosclerosis and certain neoplastic and inflammatory afflictions. The probable mechanisms are free radical scavenging and selective interference with a multitude of factors affecting the division cycle of rapidly and abnormally proliferating mammalian cells. Reviewed are studies of natural occurrence, extraction methods, bioavailability, analytical detection, and metabolism of resveratrol, as well as its effects on cancer and inflammation, atherosclerosis, and neurons. Because grape extracts are a convenient alimentary source of salutary phytochemicals to supplement currently prevalent occidental food and resveratrol appears to be especially useful, it could conveniently be added in biosignificant amounts to the grape extracts provided that their extraction, contents, and quality controls are instituted.
Vibrio cholerae choleragenoid. Mechanism of inhibition of cholera toxin action (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVibrio cholerae choleragenoid. Mechanism of inhibition of cholera toxin actionPedro CuatrecasasCite this: Biochemistry 1973, 12, 18, 3577–3581Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1973https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00742a034RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views186Altmetric-Citations82LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (543 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Four billion people facing severe water scarcity (2016)

Freshwater scarcity is increasingly perceived as a global systemic risk. Previous global water scarcity assessments, measuring water scarcity annually, have underestimated experienced water scarcity by failing to capture the seasonal fluctuations in water consumption and availability. We assess blue water scarcity globally at a high spatial resolution on a monthly basis. We find that two-thirds of the global population (4.0 billion people) live under conditions of severe water scarcity at least 1 month of the year. Nearly half of those people live in India and China. Half a billion people in the world face severe water scarcity all year round. Putting caps to water consumption by river basin, increasing water-use efficiencies, and better sharing of the limited freshwater resources will be key in reducing the threat posed by water scarcity on biodiversity and human welfare.
Behavior of the solvatochromic probes Reichardtâ€™s dye, pyrene, dansylamide, Nile Red and 1-pyrenecarbaldehyde within the room-temperature ionic liquid bmimPF6 (2001)

Recently discovered room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) show tremendous promise to replace volatile organic compounds (VOC). Investigation of these RTILs as solvents is in very early stages. Before the full potential of these RTILs are realized, much more information about them as solvent systems must be obtained. The dipolarity of one such RTIL, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (bmimPF6) is investigated using both absorbance (Reichardt’s betaine dye) and fluorescence (pyrene, dansylamide, Nile Red, and 1-pyrenecarbaldehyde) solvatochromic probes. Results indicate that, in the case of pyrene and 1-pyrenecarbaldehyde the bmimPF6 microenvironment immediately surrounding the probe is similar to the microenvironment sensed in acetonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide. Dansylamide in bmimPF6 sensed a microenvironment similar to that in acetonitrile. However, calculated ET(30) values indicate the polarity of bmimPF6 sensed by Reichardt’s betaine dye to be similar to ethanol. Nile Red showed that the polarity of the solvent in the immediate vicinity of the probe is similar to neat water and 90 wt% glycerol in water (a solvent with viscosity similar to bmimPF6). The microenvironment sensed by a probe is dependent upon several factors besides polarity such as viscosity, polarizability, the ability to form hydrogen-bonds, etc. In light of this, the apparent discrepancies in the polarity of bmimPF6 indicated in this study do not seem so vast.
The Effects of Visual Display on Analogies Using Computer-Based Learning (1998)

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is the most common Connective Tissue Disease (CTD) and represents an increasing burden on global health resources. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) has been recognised as a complication of RA but its potential for mortality and morbidity has arguably been under appreciated for decades. New studies have underscored a significant lifetime risk of ILD development in RA. Contemporary work has identified an increased risk of mortality associated with the Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) pattern which shares similarity with the most devastating of the interstitial pulmonary diseases, namely Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). In this paper, we discuss recent studies highlighting the associated increase in mortality in RA-UIP. We explore associations between radiological and histopathological features of RA-ILD and the prognostic implications of same. We emphasise the need for translational research in this area given the growing burden of RA-ILD. We highlight the importance of the respiratory physician as a key stakeholder in the multidisciplinary management of this disorder. RA-ILD focused research offers the opportunity to identify early asymptomatic disease and define the natural history of this extra articular manifestation. This may provide a unique opportunity to define key regulatory fibrotic events driving progressive disease. We also discuss some of the more challenging and novel aspects of therapy for RA-ILD.
A structure/activity study of calcium affinity and selectivity using a synthetic peptide model of the helix-loop-helix calcium-binding motif. (1994)

The acid pair hypothesis predicts the calcium affinity of the helix-loop-helix calcium-binding motif based on the number and location of acidic amino acid residues in chelating positions of the calcium-binding loop region. This study investigates the effects of the number and position of acidic residues in the loop region on calcium affinity and selectivity using 33-residue synthetic models of single helix-loop-helix calcium-binding motifs. Increasing the number of acidic residues in the octahedrally arranged chelating positions of the loop region from 3 to 4 by replacing an asparagine in the +y position with an aspartic acid increases the calcium affinity of the models between 2- and 38-fold. Differences in affinities are more pronounced in the models containing an x axis acid pair. The calcium affinities of peptide models containing 3 or 4 acidic residues in chelating positions of the loop region and an x axis acid pair are reduced when the residue in the +z position is changed from asparagine to serine. A similar reduction in calcium affinity occurs in the z axis acid paired peptides when the -x chelating residue is changed from serine to asparagine. Models with 3 acidic residues in chelating positions containing a z axis acid pair have greater calcium affinity than comparable peptide models with an x axis acid pair. The presence of x or z axis acid pairs in comparable peptides containing 4 acidic residues in chelating positions does not greatly alter calcium affinity. Calcium selectivity resides in x axis acid paired peptides, whereas z axis acid paired peptides exhibit both magnesium- and calcium-induced structural changes. This ion selectivity may be explained by postulating that the z axis residue side chains produce the initial, rate-limiting interactions with the cation, causing hydration shell destabilization and initiating the subsequent ligand interactions.
Cloning of mouse Ox40: a T cell activation marker that may mediate T-B cell interactions. (1993)

A cDNA library was prepared from the murine Th cell line Th2 D.10 and used to clone the murine homologue of Ox40 by polymerase chain reaction. Comparison of the mouse sequence with the rat revealed greater than 90% homology between the two sequences at both the DNA and protein level. Northern blot analysis found that, as in the rat, Ox40 expression appears to be restricted to activated T cells. A chimeric receptor globulin was prepared to include the mouse Ox40 extracellular domain coupled to the hinge-CH2-CH3 domains of human IgG1 (Ox40-Ig). This soluble form of the molecular was then used to identify cells bearing a ligand for Ox40. FACS analysis revealed that Ox40-Ig bound to a subset of peritoneal B cells as well as to a fraction of LPS-activated splenic B cells. Immunostaining of spleen sections using an Ag-specific conjugate and Ox40-Ig found a significant proportion of antibody-forming cells co-stained with Ox40-Ig. Immunoprecipitation of cell-surface radiolabeled peritoneal B cells suggests a specific interaction with a protein of 70 kDa.
Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Metals from Large Printed Circuit Board Pieces (2015)

The recovery of precious metals from waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) is an effective recycling process. This paper presents a promising hydrometallurgical process to recover precious metals from waste PCBs. To simplify the metal leaching process, large pieces of PCBs were used instead of a pulverized sample. The chemical coating present on the PCBs was removed by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment prior to the hydrometallurgical treatment. Among the leaching reagents examined, hydrochloric acid (HCl) showed great potential for the recovery of metals. The HCl-mediated leaching of waste PCBs was investigated over a range of conditions. Increasing the acid concentration decreased the time required for complete metal recovery. The shaking speed showed a pronounced positive effect on metal recovery, but the temperature showed an insignificant effect. The results showed that 1 M HCl recovered all of the metals from 4 cm × 4 cm PCBs at room temperature and 150 rpm shaking speed in 22 h.
Synthesis of 4-pyrimidone derivatives from sulphimides and diphenylcyclopropenone (1974)

Diphenylcyclopropenone reacts with the sulphimides (5), (7), and (9) to give 4-pyrimidone derivatives in good yields; diphenylcyclopropenethione reacts analogously with the sulphimide (5).
Opsin pigments formed with acyclic retinal analogues (1983)

Three acyclic derivatives (3,7‐dimethyl‐10‐ethyl‐2,4,6,8‐dodecatetraenal, 3,7,10‐trimethyl‐2,4,6,8‐dodecatetraenal, and 3,7,10‐trimethyl‐2,4,6,8‐undecatetraenal) have been synthesized and the 2‐ cis , 6‐ cis , 2,6‐di cis and all‐ trans isomers of each isolated. Unlike the undecatetraenal compound, the dodecatetraenal derivatives, have methyl groups which can mimic the C‐1 and/or C‐5 methyl group of retinal. The 6‐ cis and 2,6‐di cis isomers of the dodecatetraenal compounds form photosensitive pigments with bovine opsin. No pigment is obtained with the undecatetraenal derivative. Therefore, although the retinal cyclohexyl ring is not essential for pigment formation, at least one methyl group corresponding to the C‐1 or C‐5 retinal methyl may be required for obtaining stable opsin pigments.
Interferon-gamma enhances factor-dependent myeloid proliferation of human CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (1992)

Numerous studies have shown that interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) inhibits the proliferative effects of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) on human bone marrow cells. In the present study we investigated the effects of IFN gamma and other described inhibitory factors on the proliferation of highly purified CD34+ human hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) in response to recombinant CSFs. While transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta) and IFN alpha were highly inhibitory, IFN gamma strongly potentiated interleukin-3 (IL-3) and, to a lesser extent, granulocyte-macrophage-CSF (GM-CSF) induced growth of CD34+ HPC. IFN gamma had no significant proliferative effect per se, and did not affect granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF)-dependent cell proliferation. Within 10 days the number of viable cells generated in the presence of IL-3 + IFN gamma was two times higher than in the presence of IL-3 alone. Limiting dilution analysis showed that IFN gamma acts directly on its target cell to increase the frequency of IL-3-responding cells without affecting the average size of the IL-3-dependent clones. Enhanced frequency of IL-3- and GM-CSF-responding cells was also observed in colony assays where the addition of IFN gamma increased by twofold to threefold the number of granulocyte colony-forming units (CFU-G), macrophage CFUs (CFU-M), granulocyte-macrophage CFUs (CFU-GM), and mixed erythroid (E-MIX). In contrast, IFN gamma did not affect the generation of erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-e) in such cultures. In longer-term culture, the combination of IFN gamma and IL-3 did not alter the lineage distribution of the cells when compared with IL-3 alone. However, after 15 days, when mature cells were present in the cultures, IFN gamma displayed cell concentration-related growth-inhibitory effects. Thus, IFN gamma appears to stimulate the early stage of myelopoiesis by enhancing the frequency of growth factor-responding cells but, unlike tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), does not alter cell differentiation.
Decreased Mutation Frequencies among Immunoglobulin G Variable Region Genes during Viremic HIV-1 Infection (2014)

B cells from HIV-1-infected patients show decreased mutation frequencies, especially in antigen-binding VH3 CDR genes, and selective defects in gene utilization. Similar mutation patterns suggest defects in the quantity, but not quality, of mutator activity. Lower levels of SHM in IgG class-switched B cells from HIV-1-infected patients may contribute to the increased risk of opportunistic infections and impaired humoral responses to preventative vaccines.
A Golgi-associated PDZ Domain Protein Modulates Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Plasma Membrane Expression (2002)

We identified a novel cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-associating, PDZ domain-containing protein, CAL (CFTR associated ligand) containing two predicted coiled-coiled domains and one PDZ domain. The PDZ domain of CAL binds to the C terminus of CFTR. Although CAL does not have any predicted transmembrane domains, CAL is associated with membranes mediated by a region containing the coiled-coil domains. CAL is located primarily at the Golgi apparatus, co-localizing with trans-Golgi markers and is sensitive to Brefeldin A treatment. Immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that CAL exists as a multimer. Overexpression of CAL reduces CFTR chloride currents in mammalian cells and decreases expression, rate of insertion and half-life of CFTR in the plasma membrane. The Na(+)/H(+) exchanger regulatory factor, NHE-RF, a subplasma membrane PDZ domain protein, restores cell surface expression of CFTR and chloride currents. In addition, NHE-RF inhibits the binding of CAL to CFTR. CAL modulates the surface expression of CFTR. CAL favors retention of CFTR within the cell, whereas NHE-RF favors surface expression by competing with CAL for the binding of CFTR. Thus, the regulation of CFTR in the plasma membrane involves the dynamic interaction between at least two PDZ domain proteins.
High‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin and serum viscosity (1994)

High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can increase blood viscosity in vitro and has been associated with cardiovascular or cerebrovascular thromboembolism. Because thromboembolic events were observed in two (3%) of 65 patients we treated with IVIg, we measured serum viscosity serially in 13 patients (five with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ALS], eight with IgM paraproteinemic polyneuropathy) before and immediately after each of three consecutive monthly infusions of IVIg. We correlated changes in viscosity with serial determinations of the total serum IgG, IgM, and IgA before and after each infusion. Serum viscosity increased after IVIg in all the patients by 0.1 to 1.0 centipoise (cp) (mean, 0.55 cp). In three ALS patients and in all the patients with paraproteinemic polyneuropathy, serum viscosity exceeded the upper limit of normal (normal, 1.5 to 1.9 cp) and increased as high as 2.6 cp. The increase in viscosity occurred immediately after completion of the infusion, declined over 1 month, and appeared to correlate best with the serum IgG level, which after the infusions was as high as 6,160 mg/dl (normal, 545 to 1,560 mg/dl). I conclude that IVIg increases serum viscosity and in many patients can cross the symptomatic threshold level. Because increased serum viscosity can impair blood flow and trigger a cardiovascular or cerebrovascular thromboembolic event, IVIg should be used judiciously and with concurrent monitoring of serum viscosity in elderly patients and patients with cryoglobulinemia, monoclonal gammopathies, high lipoproteins, or preexisting vascular disease.
Securing the infrastructure and the workloads of linux containers (2015)

One of the central building blocks of cloud platforms are linux containers which simplify the deployment and management of applications for scalability. However, they introduce new risks by allowing attacks on shared resources such as the file system, network and kernel. Existing security hardening mechanisms protect specific applications and are not designed to protect entire environments as those inside the containers. To address these, we present a LiCShield framework for securing of linux containers and their workloads via automatic construction of rules describing the expected activities of containers spawned from a given image. Specifically, given an image of interest LiCShield traces its execution and generates profiles of kernel security modules restricting the containers' capabilities. We distinguish between the operations on the linux host and the ones inside the container to provide the following protection mechanisms: (1) Increased host protection, by restricting the operations done by containers and container management daemon only to those observed in a testing environment; (2) Narrow container operations, by tightening the internal dynamic and noisy environments, without paying the high performance overhead of their on-line monitoring. Our experimental results show that this approach is efficient to prevent known attacks, while having almost no overhead on the production environment. We present our methodology and its technological insights and provide recommendations regarding its efficient deployment with intrusion detection tools to achieve both optimized performance and increased protection. The code of the LiCShield framework as well as the presented experimental results are freely available for use at https://github.com/LinuxContainerSecurity/LiCShield.git.