gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Roles of ephrinB ligands and EphB receptors in cardiovascular development: demarcation of arterial/venous domains, vascular morphogenesis, and sprouting angiogenesis (1999)

Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their cell-surface-bound ligands, the ephrins, regulate axon guidance and bundling in the developing brain, control cell migration and adhesion, and help patterning the embryo. Here we report that two ephrinB ligands and three EphB receptors are expressed in and regulate the formation of the vascular network. Mice lacking ephrinB2 and a proportion of double mutants deficient in EphB2 and EphB3 receptor signaling die in utero before embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) because of defects in the remodeling of the embryonic vascular system. Our phenotypic analysis suggests complex interactions and multiple functions of Eph receptors and ephrins in the embryonic vasculature. Interaction between ephrinB2 on arteries and its EphB receptors on veins suggests a role in defining boundaries between arterial and venous domains. Expression of ephrinB1 by arterial and venous endothelial cells and EphB3 by veins and some arteries indicates that endothelial cell-to-cell interactions between ephrins and Eph receptors are not restricted to the border between arteries and veins. Furthermore, expression of ephrinB2 and EphB2 in mesenchyme adjacent to vessels and vascular defects in ephB2/ephB3 double mutants indicate a requirement for ephrin-Eph signaling between endothelial cells and surrounding mesenchymal cells. Finally, ephrinB ligands induce capillary sprouting in vitro with a similar efficiency as angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), demonstrating a stimulatory role of ephrins in the remodeling of the developing vascular system.
Eye tracking dysfunction in Alzheimer‐type dementia (1984)

Performance on visual tracking tasks was measured in groups of Alzheimer-type dementia, pseudodementia of depression, and elderly normal controls. Smooth pursuit tracking errors were identified by counting the number of catch-up saccades required to compensate for failure of the smooth pursuit system. The group with Alzheimer-type dementia had significantly worse (p less than 0.0001) smooth pursuit tracking than either pseudodementia subjects or elderly normal controls. A strong correlation (r = 0.74, p less than 0.005) was found in Alzheimer patients between severity of visual tracking abnormality and severity of dementia.
Management of diverticular disease is changing (2006)

Diverticular disease of the colon is primarily a disease of humans living in westernized and industrialized countries. Sixty percent of humans living in industrialized countries will develop colonic diverticula. It is rare before the age of 40, but more prone to complications when it occurs in the young. By age 80, over 65% of humans have colonic diverticula. The cause remains uncertain, but epidemiologic studies attribute it to dietary fiber deficiency. The cause of diverticulitis remains uncertain, but new observations and hypotheses suggest that it is due to chronic inflammation in the bowel wall. Standard medical therapies of bowel rest and antibiotics are still the recommended treatment. However, changing concepts and new therapies indicate that anti-inflammatory agents such as mesalamine and possibly probiotics may be helpful in shortening the course and perhaps preventing recurrences. Standard surgical treatment for perforation for severe acute disease has developed so that two-stage procedures are recommended. In addition, laparoscopic surgery has proven safe and may slowly become the technique of choice.
The p53MH algorithm and its application in detecting p53-responsive genes (2002)

A computer algorithm, p53MH, was developed, which identifies putative p53 transcription factor DNA-binding sites on a genomewide scale with high power and versatility. With the sequences from the human and mouse genomes, putative p53 DNA-binding elements were identified in a scan of 2,583 human genes and 1,713 mouse orthologs based on the experimental data of el-Deiry et al. [el-Deiry, W. S., Kern, S. E., Pietenpol, J. A., Kinzler, K. W. & Vogelstein, B. (1992) Nat. Genet. 1, 45-49] and Funk et al. [Funk, W. D., Pak, D. T., Karas, R. H., Wright, W. E. & Shay, J. W. (1992) Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 2866-2871] (http://linkage.rockefeller.edu/p53). The p53 DNA-binding motif consists of a 10-bp palindrome and most commonly a second related palindrome linked by a spacer region. By scanning from the 5' to 3' end of each gene with an additional 10-kb nucleotide sequence appended at each end (most regulatory DNA elements characterized in the literature are in these regions), p53MH computes the binding likelihood for each site under a discrete discriminant model and then outputs ordered scores, corresponding site positions, sequences, and related information. About 300 genes receiving scores greater than a theoretical cut-off value were identified as potential p53 targets. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR experiments were performed in 2 cell lines on 16 genes that were previously unknown regarding their functional relationship to p53 and were found to have high scores in either proximal promoter or possible distal enhancer regions. Ten (approximately 63%) of these genes responded to the presence of p53.
Prevention of Constitutive TNF Receptor 1 Signaling by Silencer of Death Domains (1999)

Tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (TNF-R1) contains a cytoplasmic death domain that is required for the signaling of TNF activities such as apoptosis and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation. Normally, these signals are generated only after TNF-induced receptor aggregation. However, TNF-R1 self-associates and signals independently of ligand when overexpressed. This apparent paradox may be explained by silencer of death domains (SODD), a widely expressed approximately 60-kilodalton protein that was found to be associated with the death domain of TNF-R1. TNF treatment released SODD from TNF-R1, permitting the recruitment of proteins such as TRADD and TRAF2 to the active TNF-R1 signaling complex. SODD also interacted with death receptor-3 (DR3), another member of the TNF receptor superfamily. Thus, SODD association may be representative of a general mechanism for preventing spontaneous signaling by death domain-containing receptors.
Human papillomavirus type 16 variant lineages in United States populations characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis of the E6, L2, and L1 coding segments (1995)

Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) nucleotide sequence variations in the E6 (nucleotide positions [nt] 104 to 559), L2 (nt 4272 to 5657), and L1 (nt 5665 to 7148) open reading frames (ORFs), and the long control region (nt 7479 to 7842), were examined in 29 selected United States isolates. Of 3,690 nucleotide positions, 129 (3.5%) varied. The maximum pairwise distance was 66 nucleotide differences, or 1.8%. Nucleotide variations within different genome segments were phylogenetically compatible, and nucleotide changes within E6, L2, and L1 contained phylogenetic information beyond that provided in the long control region. Most isolates were classified as members of HPV16 lineages that have been described previously. However, two novel phylogenetic branches were identified. The L2 ORF was the most variable coding segment. L2 synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide changes were distributed asymmetrically. The amino-terminal half of the L2 protein was remarkably conserved among all isolates, suggesting that the region is under evolutionary constraint. The amino-terminal region of the E6 ORF was relatively varied, especially at E6 amino acid positions 10 and 14. Several amino acid difference in the L1 ORF were observed between lineages. Forty-nine amino acid variations across all sequenced coding regions were observed. These amino acid differences may be relevant to differences in the generation of humoral or cell-mediated immune responses to HPV16 variants. Our data form a basis for considering HPV16 sequence variation in the rational design of vaccine strategies and as an epidemiologic correlate of cervical cancer risk.
Pulsed high electric field sterilization (2005)

High electric fields (> 2kV/cm) are known to kill microorganisms by causing dielectric breakdown of their cell membrane. This effect can in principle be used in food preservation and waste water treatment. The field strength required to maximize the kill for a given energy is shown here to be higher than the maximum field strength of 25 kV/cm used in the studies reported in the literature. In specially designed proof-of principle experiments electric field strength approaching 100 kV/cm has been successfully applied in /spl tilde/ 1 us pulses to the suspension of Salmonella typhimurium in NaCl solutions and to Pseudomonas fragi in pasteurized milk. A decline in bacterial population exceeding four lagarithmic scales was observed under experimental conditions far from being ideal.
Grain Refinement and Mechanical Properties of a Metastable Austenitic Fe-Cr-Ni-Mn Alloy (2005)

A lot of works for developing the structural nano-materials have been performed all over the world in recent years. Severe deformation techniques like HPT, ECPA and ARB have been applied to different materials such as Al, Cu, Ti and several steels. Such techniques greatly reduced the grain size and improved the yield and tensile strengths. However, the elongation of the materials is greatly decreased due to the small amount of work hardening, and these techniques do not seem suitable for the mass production. Therefore, this study has been carried out as a fundamental research for developing austenitic steels with high strength and good elongation using a conventional rolling and annealing processes. Fe-0.1%C-10%Cr-5%Ni-8%Mn alloy was melted, homogenized, hot rolled, and cold rolled at room temperature to transform γ austenite to α ’ martensite. After that, the specimens were annealed just above its reverse transformation finish temperature (Af) to obtain the fine reversed austenite grains. The grain size of the metastable austenitic steel was successfully refined to less than 200nm by repeating rolling and annealing processes. The resultant nanocrystalline material shows not only high strength but also large elongation because the work hardening ability is enhanced by the strain-induced martensitic transformation during the tensile test.
Synthesis of bicyclic sugar azido acids and their incorporation in cyclic peptides (2000)

Bicyclic amino acids derived from the natural sugars D-arabinofuranose and D-fructofuranose have been synthesised; their ability to induce a turn conformation in peptides has been exploited in the preparation of a cyclic RGD loop mimetic.
Miniaturized wireless ECG monitor for real-time detection of epileptic seizures (2013)

Recent advances in miniaturization of ultra-low power components allow for more intelligent wearable health monitors. The development and evaluation of a wireless wearable electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor to detect epileptic seizures from changes in the cardiac rhythm is described. The ECG data are analyzed by embedded algorithms: a robust beat-detection algorithm combined with a real-time epileptic seizure detector. In its current implementation, the proposed prototype is 52× 36× 15mm 3 , and has an autonomy of one day. Based on data collected on the first three epilepsy patients, preliminary clinical results are provided. Wireless, miniaturized and comfortable, this prototype opens new perspectives for health monitoring.
Pharmacological stimulation of sperm motility (1994)

The treatment of male factor infertility is a rapidly developing field. The introduction of microsurgical fertilization techniques allows assisted conception units to treat couples who previously would not have benefited from in-vitro fertilization techniques. However, these techniques are only used for the minority of subfertile men in andrological practice. Many subfertile men are still treated pharmacologically or by sperm selection methods to enhance sperm fertilizing ability. Numerous pharmacological compounds have been described that enhance sperm motility and thus, potentially, sperm fertilizing capacity. This paper attempts to review these compounds and assess their role in treatment of the subfertile male.
Qualitative Methodology, the Historical Sociologist and Oral Societies: Re-assessing the Reliability of Remembered "Facts (2008)

With qualitative methodology now taking center stage in social sciences research, historical information in oral societies that pervasively relies on remembered categories could be sometimes fragmentary, biased, and willfully mis-located to effect a preferred relationship that may disturb or sustain currently desired power relations among groups of people. This paper will attempt to examine specific problems and challenges that pertain to the role of the historical sociologist who must not only record and interpret recalled events, but must also beware of possible "conflicts of interest" in the informant's/expert's relationship with the rest of society. The paper will use select examples from Somalia (East Africa) to show some possibilities of how and why people could manipulate historical data which, when published or reported officially, may facilitate their claim on resources and/or other preferred economic and socio-political outcomes. The paper proposes several ways to strengthen the situational reliability of the information received. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0103219
Periodically nonuniform sampling of bandpass signals (1998)

It is known that a continuous time signal x(i) with Fourier transform X(/spl nu/) band-limited to |/spl nu/|</spl Theta//2 can be reconstructed from its samples x(T/sub 0/n) with T/sub 0/=2/spl pi///spl Theta/. In the case that X(/spl nu/) consists of two bands and is band-limited to /spl nu//sub 0/<|/spl nu/|</spl nu//sub 0/+/spl Theta//2, successful reconstruction of x(t) from x(T/sub 0/n) requires an additional condition on the band positions. When the two bands are not located properly, Kohlenberg showed that we can use two sets of uniform samples, x(2T/sub 0/n) and x(2T/sub 0/n+d/sub 1/), with average sampling period T/sub 0/, to recover x(t). Because two sets of uniform samples are employed, this sampling scheme is called Periodically Nonuniform Sampling of second order [PNS(2)]. In this paper, we show that PNS(2) can be generalized and applied to a wider class. Also, Periodically Nonuniform Sampling of Lth-order [PNS(L)] will be developed and used to recover a broader class of band-limited signal. Further generalizations will be made to the two-dimensional case and discrete time case.
Single-Donor, Marginal-Dose Islet Transplantation in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes (2005)

The tested transplant protocol restored insulin independence and protected against hypoglycemia after single-donor, marginal-dose islet transplantation in 8 of 8 recipients. These results may be related to improved islet engraftment secondary to peritransplant administration of antithymocyte globulin and etanercept. These findings may have implications for the ongoing transition of islet transplantation from clinical investigation to routine clinical care.
NMR Structure of the C-Terminal Domain of a Tyrosyl-tRNA Synthetase That Functions in Group I Intron Splicing (2011)

The mitochondrial tyrosyl-tRNA synthetases (mt TyrRSs) of Pezizomycotina fungi are bifunctional proteins that aminoacylate mitochondrial tRNA(Tyr) and are structure-stabilizing splicing cofactors for group I introns. Studies with the Neurospora crassa synthetase (CYT-18 protein) showed that splicing activity is dependent upon Pezizomycotina-specific structural adaptations that form a distinct group I intron-binding site in the N-terminal catalytic domain. Although CYT-18's C-terminal domain also binds group I introns, it has been intractable to X-ray crystallography in the full-length protein. Here, we determined an NMR structure of the isolated C-terminal domain of the Aspergillus nidulans mt TyrRS, which is closely related to but smaller than CYT-18's. The structure shows an S4 fold like that of bacterial TyrRSs, but with novel features, including three Pezizomycontia-specific insertions. (15)N-(1)H two-dimensional NMR showed that C-terminal domains of the full-length A. nidulans and Geobacillus stearothermophilus synthetases do not tumble independently in solution, suggesting restricted orientations. Modeling onto a CYT-18/group I intron cocrystal structure indicates that the C-terminal domains of both subunits of the homodimeric protein bind different ends of the intron RNA, with one C-terminal domain having to undergo a large shift on its flexible linker to bind tRNA(Tyr) or the intron RNA on either side of the catalytic domain. The modeling suggests that the C-terminal domain acts together with the N-terminal domain to clamp parts of the intron's catalytic core, that at least one C-terminal domain insertion functions in group I intron binding, and that some C-terminal domain regions bind both tRNA(Tyr) and group I intron RNAs.
Defective processing of methylated single-stranded DNA by E. coli alkB mutants (2000)

Escherichia coli alkB mutants are very sensitive to DNA methylating agents. Despite these mutants being the subject of many studies, no DNA repair or other function has been assigned to the AlkB protein or to its human homolog. Here, we report that reactivation of methylmethanesulfonate (MMS)-treated single-stranded DNA phages, M13, f1, and G4, was decreased dramatically in alkB mutants. No such decrease occurred when using methylated lambda phage or M13 duplex DNA. These data show that alkB mutants have a marked defect in processing methylation damage in single-stranded DNA. Recombinant AlkB protein bound more efficiently to single- than double-stranded DNA. The single-strand damage processed by AlkB was primarily cytotoxic and not mutagenic and was induced by SN2 methylating agents, MMS, DMS, and MeI but not by SN1 agent N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or by gamma irradiation. Strains lacking other DNA repair activities, alkA tag, xth nfo, uvrA, mutS, and umuC, were not defective in reactivation of methylated M13 phage and did not enhance the defect of an alkB mutant. A recA mutation caused a small but additive defect. Thus, AlkB functions in a novel pathway independent of these activities. We propose that AlkB acts on alkylated single-stranded DNA in replication forks or at transcribed regions. Consistent with this theory, stationary phase alkB cells were less MMS sensitive than rapidly growing cells.
Effect of dexamethasone on reactive oxygen species generation by leukocytes and plasma interleukin-10 concentrations: A pharmacodynamic study (1999)

After the demonstration that hydrocortisone inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by leukocytes in vivo in a highly predictable manner, we investigated the effect of dexamethasone at a dose of 4 mg, which is thought to be roughly equivalent to 100 mg hydrocortisone. We also tested the hypothesis that dexamethasone may increase the plasma concentration of interleukin-10 (IL-10), an immunomodulatory cytokine that inhibits T(H)1 cells. Dexamethasone (4 mg given intravenously) markedly inhibited ROS generation by mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The onset of the effect on polymorphonuclear leukocytes occurred at 1 hour (76.3% +/- 9.3% of basal value), and the peak effect occurred at 4 hours (22.9% +/- 6.4% of basal value), with a significant inhibition still persistent at 8 hours (51.3% +/- 14.3% of basal value; F = 66.7; P < .001). ROS generation was restored to baseline at 24 hours (97.6% +/- 9.5%). The inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on mononuclear cells was 78.3% +/- 9.5% of baseline at 1 hour, 11.4% +/- 6.6% at 4 hours, 30.3% +/- 14.1% at 8 hours, and 102.3% +/- 18% at 24 hours (F = 66.5; P < .001). The peak inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on mononuclear cells (11.4% +/- 6.6%) was significantly greater (P < .05) than that on polymorphonuclear leukocytes (22.9% +/- 6.4%). Plasma IL-10 concentrations increased consistently from 4.8 +/- 1.8 pg/mL within 1 hour of dexamethasone injection and peaked at 4 hours (8.8 +/- 2.3 pg/mL), declining to baseline at 8 hours (F = 4.26; P < .004). Dexamethasone (and possibly other glucocorticoids) therefore exerts its immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting ROS generation by leukocytes and by increasing the plasma concentrations of IL-10.
Spin-transfer dynamics in spin valves with out-of-plane magnetized CoNi free layers (2010)

We have measured spin-transfer-induced dynamics in magnetic nanocontact devices having a perpendicularly magnetized Co/Ni free layer and an in-plane magnetized CoFe fixed layer. The frequencies and powers of the excitations agree well with the predictions of the single-domain model and indicate that the excited dynamics correspond to precessional orbits with angles ranging from zero to $90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ as the applied current is increased at a fixed field. From measurements of the onset current as a function of applied field strength we estimate the magnitude of the spin torque asymmetry parameter $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\ensuremath{\approx}1.5$. By combining these with spin torque ferromagnetic resonance measurements, we also estimate the spin-wave radiation loss in these devices.
Infection with porcine respiratory coronavirus does not fully protect pigs against intestinal transmissible gastroenteritis virus (1989)

Eight nine-week-old specific-pathogen-free pigs which had been infected with the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)-related porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) and four uninfected littermates were challenged with TGEV. The previous PRCV infection failed to protect them against the enteric TGEV infection. Virus excretion in faeces was detected by an ELISA in all the pigs for three to six consecutive days after inoculation. Although little diarrhoea was observed, the infection extended through much of the small intestine of one of the previously infected pigs four days after inoculation. Challenge with TGEV caused a secondary neutralising antibody response. By using a peroxidase conjugate of a monoclonal antibody which recognises a specific antigenic site on TGEV, antibodies against TGEV could be distinguished from antibodies against PRCV in an ELISA blocking test.
Kolbe Electrolysis of Mixtures of Aliphatic Organic Acids (1984)

Kolbe electrolysis of mixtures of n‐butanoic with n‐hexanoic acid and propanoic with n‐hexanoic acid have been performed in aqueous solution at a smooth platinum anode. Typically, hexane production by the oxidation of butanoic acid, or butane production from propanoic acid, in aqueous solution is not observed to exceed a few percent. In the current work, significant increases of these products were observed. In addition, a substantial fraction of the remaining or acids reacted were converted to mixed alkane dimers with hexanoic acid. These results are interpreted by a model in which n‐hexanoic acid and its various oxidation products form a lipophilic layer at the anode surface which provides an environment where further oxidation to carbonium ions is disfavored. This model has been suggested previously to explain pressure effects on Kolbe electrolysis (1). This observation supports the feasibility of producing mixed linear alkanes for use as fuels and chemicals from mixed organic acids which may be produced by anaerobic fermentation of organic matter.