gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Audio Watermarking Using Spatial Masking and Ambisonics (2012)

Based on the spatial masking phenomenon and Ambisonics, a watermarking technique for audio signals is proposed. Ambisonics is a well known technique to encode and reproduce spatial information related to sound. The proposed method exploits this feature of Ambisonics. A watermark is represented as a slightly rotated version of the original sound scene. In another scenario in which Ambisonic signals are synthesized from mono or stereo signals, watermarks are embedded near the signal by adding a small copy of the host signal. This scenario presents the important advantage that reversible watermarking is possible if loudspeakers are arranged properly for playback. This advantage is attributed to the fact that first order Ambisonics represents audio signals as mutually orthogonal four-channel signals, thereby presenting a larger amount of data than in the original version. Formulation of the proposed method is explained. Listening tests demonstrate the relations between primary parameter values and imperceptibility of the watermark. Computer simulations conducted to assess the robustness of the proposed method against common signal processing attacks demonstrate that the method is robust against most of the tested attacks.
Kinetics of SRY gene appearance in maternal serum: detection by real time PCR in early pregnancy after assisted reproductive technique (2003)

Fetal DNA is found in maternal serum even before the fetal circulation is established, which is highly suggestive that it is released, at least in part, from the trophoblast. Detection of fetal DNA in maternal serum very early in pregnancy may have clinical implications such as with the management of pregnant women carrying a fetus at risk for congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Tenascin-R Is an Intrinsic Autocrine Factor for Oligodendrocyte Differentiation and Promotes Cell Adhesion by a SulfatideMediated Mechanism (1997)

O4(+) oligodendrocyte (OL) progenitors in the mammalian CNS are committed fully to terminal differentiation into myelin-forming cells. In the absence of other cell types in vitro, OL differentiation reproduces the in vivo development with a correct timing, suggesting the existence of an intrinsic regulatory mechanism that presently is unknown. We have examined the effect of two isoforms of the extracellular matrix (ECM) molecule tenascin-R (TN-R), which is expressed by OLs during the process of myelination, on the adhesion and maturation of OLs in vitro. Here we show that the substrate-bound molecules supported the adhesion of O4(+) OLs independently of the CNS region or age from which they were derived. At the molecular level this process was mediated by protein binding to membrane surface sulfatides (Sulf), as indicated by the interference of O4 antibody and Sulf with the attachment of OLs or other Sulf+ cells, erythrocytes, to TN-R substrates and by direct protein-glycolipid binding studies. In the absence of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), exogenous TN-R induced myelin gene expression and the upregulation of its own synthesis by cultured cells, resulting in a rapid terminal differentiation of O4(+) progenitors. Our findings strongly suggest that TN-R represents an intrinsic regulatory molecule that controls the timed OL differentiation by an autocrine mechanism and imply the relevance of TN-R for CNS myelination and remyelination.
Readout Characteristics of Micro-optical Head Operated in Bi-stable Mode (1987)

A micro-head consisting of a semiconductor laser and an external recording medium is proposed and its readout characteristics are investigated both experimentally and theoretically. A newly developed optical head structure, a signal detection mechanism, media compatibility, signal-to-noise ratio improvement by an anti-reflection coated laser and dynamic data signal detection using a flying slider and a glass substrate disk are demonstrated.
Model-directed Web transactions under constrained modalities (2007)

Online transactions (e.g., buying a book on the Web) typically involve a number of steps spanning several pages. Conducting such transactions under constrained interaction modalities as exemplified by small screen handhelds or interactive speech interfaces—the primary mode of communication for visually impaired individuals—is a strenuous, fatigue-inducing activity. But usually one needs to browse only a small fragment of a Web page to perform a transactional step such as a form fillout, selecting an item from a search results list, and so on. We exploit this observation to develop an automata-based process model that delivers only the “relevant” page fragments at each transactional step, thereby reducing information overload on such narrow interaction bandwidths. We realize this model by coupling techniques from content analysis of Web documents, automata learning and statistical classification. The process model and associated techniques have been incorporated into Guide-O, a prototype system that facilitates online transactions using speech/keyboard interface (Guide-O-Speech), or with limited-display size handhelds (Guide-O-Mobile). Performance of Guide-O and its user experience are reported.
Bacterial biofilms in wounds (2008)

Bacterial biofilms are extremely common in the natural environment, and biofilms are known to cause chronic inflammation that contributes to the molecular pathologies of many diseases including periodontal disease, surgical device infections, urinary catheter infections, cystic fibrosis, chronic otits media, and contact lens associated corneal infections. 1 Compared to planktonic (free-floating) bacteria, coaggregated surface attached (sessile) microcolonies of bacteria in biofilms have enhanced resistance to killing by endogenous antibodies and phagocytic cells, as well as by exogenous antibiotics and antiseptics. Recent investigations indicate that many chronic skin wounds (~60%) contain bacterial biofilms, which suggests that biofilms play important roles in maintaining a chronic inflammation state that ultimately leads to the failure of skin wounds to heal. The terms critical colonisation or localised infection, which were created to describe wounds that fail to heal even with low numbers of planktonic bacteria (≤ 10 5 colony forming units, CFUs), may actually be describing wounds that have biofilms. Removal of biofilms by debridement and prevention of reformation of biofilms by topical antiseptics and antimicrobial dressings may be the optimal treatment to move chronic wounds out of a chronic inflammatory phase and into a healing repair phase.
IDIOT - Users Guide (1996)

This manual gives a detailed technical description of the IDIOT intrusion detection system from the COAST Laboratory at Purdue University. It is intended to help anyone who wishes to use, extend or test the IDIOT system. Familiarity with security issues, and intrusion detection in particular, is assumed.
Fetal medicine: Intrauterine fetal demise following laser treatment in twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome (2006)

IUFD of one or both twins occurred in 45 of 120 (38%) cases of severe TTTS treated by laser. In these, separation of the placental circulations was incomplete in at least 22% (10/45) of the cases. Umbilical artery Doppler abnormalities before laser were found to be risk factors for the donors' demise following the procedure.
The codon preference plot: graphic analysis of protein coding sequences and prediction of gene expression (1984)

The codon preference plot is useful for locating genes in sequenced DNA, predicting the relative level of their expression and for detecting DNA sequencing errors resulting in the insertion or deletion of bases within a coding sequence. The three possible reading frames are displayed in parallel along with the open reading frames and plots of the location of rare codons in each reading frame.
Cannabinoid receptor ligands: clinical and neuropharmacological considerations, relevant to future drug discovery and development (2000)

This review highlights some important advances that have taken place in cannabinoid research over the last four years. It focuses on novel ligands that are of interest either as experimental tools or as lead compounds for therapeutic agents and possible clinical applications for some of these ligands. The molecular targets for these compounds are various components of the system of endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) and receptors that together constitute the 'endocannabinoid system'. These are CB(1) cannabinoid receptors that are present mainly on central and peripheral neurones, CB(2) cannabinoid receptors that are expressed predominantly by immune cells, the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the tissue uptake or metabolism of endocannabinoids and vanilloid receptors. Other cannabinoid receptor types may also exist. Recently developed ligands include potent and selective agonists for CB(1) and CB(2) receptors, a potent CB(2)-selective antagonist/inverse agonist and inhibitors of endocannabinoid uptake or metabolism. Future research should be directed at characterising the endocannabinoid system more completely and at obtaining more conclusive clinical data about the possible beneficial effects of cannabinoids as well as their adverse effects. There is also a need for improved cannabinoid formulations/modes of administration in the clinic and advances in this area should be facilitated by the recent development of a potent water-soluble CB(1)/CB(2) receptor agonist. A growing number of strategies for separating sought-after therapeutic effects of cannabinoid receptor agonists from the unwanted consequences of CB(1) receptor activation are now emerging and these are discussed at the end of this review.
The CLEF Chronicle: Patient Histories Derived from Electronic Health Records (2006)

Electronic patient records are typically optimised for delivering care to a single patient. They omit significant information that the care team can infer whilst including much of only transient value. They are secondarily an indelible legal record, comprised of heterogeneous documents reflecting local institutional processes as much as, or more than, the course of the patient’s illness. By contrast, the CLEF Chronicle is a unified, formal and parsimonious representation of how a patient’s illness and treatments unfold through time. Its primary goal is efficient querying of aggregated patient data for clinical research, but it also supports summarisation of individual patients and resolution of co-references amongst clinical documents. It is implemented as a semantic network compliant with a generic temporal object model whose specifics are derived from external sources of clinical knowledge organised around ontologies. We describe the reconstruction of patient chronicles from clinical records and the subsequent definition and execution of sophisticated clinical queries across populations of chronicles. We also outline how clinical simulations are used to test and refine the object model. Finally, we discuss a range of engineering and theoretical challenges raised by our work.
The 3-dehydroquinate synthase activity of the pentafunctional arom enzyme complex of Neurospora crassa is Zn2+-dependent (1985)

We have demonstrated the co-purification in constant ratio of all five activities of the pentafunctional arom enzyme complex from Neurospora crassa. Progressive inactivation of the 3-dehydroquinate synthase component of the purified enzyme complex by chelating agents was blocked by the substrate, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate, but not by the cofactor NAD+. Full activity was restored at Zn2+ concentrations as low as 0.05 nM. Atomic absorption data indicated that the intact enzyme complex contained 1 atom per subunit of tightly bound zinc. The arom 3-dehydroquinate synthase had a calculated turnover number of 19s-1, this being within the narrow range of values obtained for the other four activities of the intact multifunctional enzyme. The Km for 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate was 1.4 microM in a phosphate-free buffer; inorganic phosphate was a competitive inhibitor with respect to 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate.
Niclosamide Prevents the Formation of Large Ubiquitin-Containing Aggregates Caused by Proteasome Inhibition (2010)

Our results indicate that proteasome inhibition provokes the formation of large ubiquitin containing aggregates in tissue culture cells, even in the absence of disease specific proteins. Furthermore our study suggests that the autophagy-inducing compound niclosamide may promote the selective clearance of ubiquitinated proteins in the absence of proteasome activity.
Using Real-Time Electron Microscopy To Explore the Effects of Transition-Metal Composition on the Local Thermal Stability in Charged LixNiyMnzCo1–y–zO2 Cathode Materials (2015)

In this work, we use in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the thermal decomposition that occurs at the surface of charged LixNiyMnzCo1–y–zO2 (NMC) cathode materials of different composition (with y, z = 0.8, 0.1, and 0.6, 0.2, and 0.4,and 0.3), after they have been charged to their practical upper limit voltage (4.3 V). By heating these materials inside the TEM, we are able to directly characterize near surface changes in both their electronic structure (using electron energy loss spectroscopy) and crystal structure and morphology (using electron diffraction and bright-field imaging). The most Ni-rich material (y, z = 0.8, 0.1) is found to be thermally unstable at significantly lower temperatures than the other compositions—this is manifested by changes in both the electronic structure and the onset of phase transitions at temperatures as low as 100 °C. Electron energy loss spectroscopy indicates that (i) the thermally induced reduction of Ni ions drives these changes, and (ii) this is exacerbated by the presence of an additional redox reaction that occurs at 4.2 V in the y, z = 0.8, 0.1 material. Exploration of individual particles shows that there are substantial variations in the onset temperatures and overall extent of these changes. Of the compositions studied, the composition of y, z = 0.6, 0.2 has the optimal combination of high energy density and reasonable thermal stability. The observations herein demonstrate that real-time electron microscopy provide direct insight into the changes that occur in cathode materials with temperature, allowing optimization of different alloy concentrations to maximize overall performance.
High dynamic range display systems (2004)

The dynamic range of many real-world environments exceeds the capabilities of current display technology by several orders of magnitude. In this paper we discuss the design of two different display systems that are capable of displaying images with a dynamic range much more similar to that encountered in the real world. The first display system is based on a combination of an LCD panel and a DLP projector, and can be built from off-the-shelf components. While this design is feasible in a lab setting, the second display system, which relies on a custom-built LED panel instead of the projector, is more suitable for usual office workspaces and commercial applications. We describe the design of both systems as well as the software issues that arise. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the two designs and potential applications for both systems.
Inhibition of ghrelin actionin vitroandin vivoby an RNA-Spiegelmer (2004)

Employing in vitro selection techniques, we have generated biostable RNA-based compounds, so-called Spiegelmers, that specifically bind n-octanoyl ghrelin, the recently discovered endogenous ligand for the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptor. Ghrelin is a potent stimulant of growth hormone release, food intake, and adiposity. We demonstrate that our lead compound, L-NOX-B11, binds ghrelin with low-nanomolar affinity and inhibits ghrelin-mediated GHS-receptor activation in cell culture with an IC(50) of 5 nM. l-NOX-B11 is highly specific for the bioactive, n-octanoylated form of ghrelin. Like the GHS receptor, it does not recognize the inactive unmodified peptide and requires only the N-terminal five amino acids for the interaction. The i.v. administration of polyethylene glycol modified l-NOX-B11 efficiently suppresses ghrelin-induced growth hormone release in rats. These results demonstrate that the neutralization of circulating bioactive ghrelin leads to inhibition of ghrelin's secretory effects in the CNS.
Transactions for Software Model Checking (2003)

This paper presents a software model checking algorithm that combats state explosion by decomposing each thread's execution into a sequence of transactions that execute atomically. Our algorithm infers transactions using the theory of reduction, and supports both left and right movers, thus yielding larger transactions and fewer context switches than previous methods. Our approach uses access predicates to support a wide variety of synchronization mechanisms. In addition, we automatically infer these predicates for programs that use lock-based synchronization.
Protein Purification (2011)

Preface. Contributors. Part I. Introduction. 1.Introduction to Protein Purification (Bo Ersson, Lars Ryden and Jan-Christer Janson). Part II. Chromatography. 2. Introduction to Chromatography (Jan-Christer Janson and Jan-Ake Jonsson). 3. Gel Filtration (Lars Hagel). 4. Ion Exchange Chromatography (Evert Karlsson and Irwin Hirsh). 5. High-Resolution Reversed-Phase Chromatography (Sylvia Winkel Pettersson). 6. Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (Kjell-Ove Eriksson and Makonnen Belew). 7. Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Chromatography (Lennart Kagedal). 8. Covalent Chromatpgraphy (Francisco Batista-Viera, Lars Ryden and Jan Carlsson). 9. Affinity Chromatography (Francisco Batista-Viera, Jan-Christer Janson and Jan Carlsson). 10. Affinity Ligands from Chemical Combinatorial Libraries (Enrique Carredano and Herbert Baumann). 11. Affinity Ligands from Biological Combinatorial Libraries (Per-Ake Nygren). Part III. Other Separation Methods and Related Techniques. 12. Membrane Separations (Joachim K. Walter, Zuwei Jin, Maik W. Jornitz and Uwe Gottschalk). 13. Refolding of Inclusion Body Proteins from E. coli (Zhiguo Su, Siannan Lu and Zheng Liu). 14. Purification of PEGylated Proteins (Conan J. Fee and James M. Van Alstine). Part IV. Electrophoresis. 15. Electrophoresis in Gels (Reiner Westermeier). 16. Conventional Isoelectric Focusing in Gel Slabs and Capillaries and Immobilized pH Gradients (Pier Giorgio Righetti, Alessia Farinazzo, Elisa Fasoli and Sabina Carla Righetti). 17. Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis in Proteomics (Reiner Westermeier and Angelika Gorg). 18. Protein Elution and Blotting Techniques (Reiner Westermeier). 19. Capillary Electrophoretic Separations (Wolfgang Thormann). Part V. Separation Method Optimization. 20. High Throughput Screening Techniques on Protein Purification (Karol M. Lacki and Eggert Brekkan). Index.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (1961)

IN the course of the regular post-mortem examination of the brains of patients coming to autopsy at the Massachusetts General Hospital, my attention has been called in recent years to an unusual disorder of the cerebral white matter with distinctive features unfamiliar to me and my colleagues from our own experience or that of others. We reported 3 such cases in 19581 and called the condition "progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy" to emphasize the outstanding clinicopathological features. Since these 3 cases, and 3 of the 5 others previously reported, were associated either with lymphatic leukemia or with Hodgkin's disease, we considered the . . .
Quasi-phase-matched blue light generation in bulklithium niobate, electrically poled via periodic liquid electrodes (1994)

Periodic poling of z-cut lithium niobate is reliably achieved in 0.2 mm thick samples, patterned with photoresist on one face and subjected to pulsed electric fields via liquid electrodes. The acceptance bandwidth for third order second-harmonic generation reveals that the full 3.3 mm length contributes to the conversion.
Nuclear localization of RelB is associated with effective antigen-presenting cell function (1997)

Dendritic cells (DC) are potent APCs that enter resting tissues as precursors and, after Ag exposure, differentiate and migrate to draining lymph nodes. The phenotype of RelB knockout mice implicates this member of the NF kappa B/Rel family in DC differentiation. To further elucidate the role of RelB in DC differentiation, mRNA, intracellular protein expression, and DNA binding activity of RelB were examined in immature and differentiated human DC, as well as other PB mononuclear cell populations. RelB protein and mRNA were detected constitutively in lymphocytes and in activated monocytes, differentiated DC, and monocyte-derived DC. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated RelB within the differentiated lymph node interdigitating DC and follicular DC, but not undifferentiated DC in normal skin. Active nuclear RelB was detected by supershift assay only in differentiated DC derived from either PB precursors or monocytes and in activated B cells. These RelB+ APC were potent stimulators of the MLR. The data indicate that RelB expression is regulated both transcriptionally and post-translationally in myeloid cells. Within the nucleus, RelB may specifically transactivate genes that are critical for APC function.
Polarization related properties of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (1997)

We report on the measurements of static and dynamic polarization properties of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) placed in a T-shaped external cavity. Internal losses and quantum efficiency are measured independently for the two polarization directions. The material gain is found to be isotropic. Dynamic stability of the polarization state is investigated using bit-error-rate (BER) measurements in a polarization selective link. It is shown that complete polarization stability is achieved for a difference of at least 10 cm/sup -1/ in the modal loss between the two polarization eigenstates of the device.
Fluid micropumps based on rotary magnetic actuators (2005)

A jet-type magnetically driven fluid micropump to drive conductive fluids has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The pump actuation is based on a rotary magnetic micromotor with fully integrated stator and coils operating with the rotor immersed in the fluid to be pumped, thereby driving the fluid from a inlet flow reservoir through integrated flow channels to an outlet flow reservoir. The micropump has been successfully driven using standard diabetic-prescription insulin in saline buffer (Novo Nordisk, Regular Insulin) as a working fluid, demonstrating the feasibility of a rotary micropump for pumping and injecting fluids in drug delivery or chemical flow systems. The attained flow rate varies monotonically with motor speed. In the realized micropump, the fluid flow rate achieved is up to 24 p!/min at a rotor speed of 5000 rpm. The operating voltage is less than 3 V and the power consbmption is approximately 0.5 W. The differential pressure is expected to be approximately 100 hPa.