gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photochemical Rearrangement of Enediynes:  Is a “Photo-Bergman” Cyclization a Possibility? (1998)

The enediynes 1 and 2 were photolyzed in 2-propanol to yield products akin to those analogous to a thermal Bergman cyclization mechanism. In addition, products resulting from photoreduction of one of the triple bonds of the enediyne functionality are also formed. The product distributions and yields were found to be dependent on the substituents on the triple bonds and on the nature of the double bond; in particular, phenyl substituents on the triple bonds eliminated the photoreduction products, and overall yields were higher when the double bond of the enediyne was of aromatic character. Triplet sensitization studies and laser flash photolysis experiments point toward radical mechanisms taking place during formation of both classes of products, with the photoreduction products forming from the excited triplet state and the cyclized naphthyl products forming from either the singlet or the triplet states. For the cyclization reaction, a substituted 1,4-dehydronaphthalene biradical species, structurally identical to a hypothetical Bergman biradical, is suggested to be the most likely intermediate.
Phenotypic Differences between Human Monocytes/Macrophages and Microglial Cells StudiedIn SituandIn Vitro (1994)

This report describes a phenotypic differentiation pattern conceived to distinguish invading monocytes from resident microglia in frozen and formalin-fixed human CNS. Phagocytic cells in normal and diseased CNS (multiple sclerosis and encephalitis) were studied immunohistochemically with a panel of antibodies, and phenotypic characteristics were compared with cultured monocytes/macrophages and microglia. Monocytes/macrophages were positive for the markers non-specific esterase, myeloperoxidase, L1, lysozyme, RFD7, and CD14, whereas microglia were negative for the same markers. Both populations of cells were positive for CD11c and CD68. Our results indicate that invading monocytes/macrophages mainly have a perivascular location in active multiple sclerosis lesions, whereas invading monocytes/macrophages also infiltrate the parenchyma in acute inflammatory CNS diseases such as in encephalitis.
تأثير أستخدام جهاز تدريبي مقترح في تطوير بعض القدرات البدنية والاداء الفني لمهارات الرمي من الوقوف (تي وازا) للأعبي الجودو الشباب (2019)

تطورت رياضة الجودو وبشكل كبير في السنوات الأخيرة نتيجة استخدام العلوم الرياضية بشكل سليم، برزت أهمية البحث في تمرينات خاصة باستخدام جهاز تدريبي مقترح لتطوير بعض القدرات البدنية والاداء الفني لمهارات الرمي من الوقوف (تي وازا) للأعبي الجودو الشباب والتي ُتعدّ من أكثر مهارات الجودو استخداما لوزن (55) كغم ولاسيمّا في المنافسات الخاصة بهذه اللعب، وتكمن مشكلة البحث بأن اغلب للاعبين لديهم ضعف في بعض القدرات البدنية والاداء الفني لمهارات الرمي من الوقوف (تي وازا) خلال تطبيقها في التمرين مما ينعكس على نتائج المنافسة ويسبب حالة من عدم الاستهداف المباشر للتمرينات الموضوعة لتلك المهارات بالشكل الصحيح وحسب متطلبات الاداء المهاري، لذا ارتأى الباحث دراسة هذه المشكلة ومعالجتها من خلال أعداد تمرينات خاصة بأستخدام جهاز مقترح مرتبطة بالأداء المهاري وباتجاه المفاصل والعضلات العاملة في الاداء لمهارات قيد البحث مستندة على الأسس والمبادئ العلمية الحديثة في محاولة علمية لحل واحدة من مشاكل رياضة الجودو بوجه عام، وكذا الارتقاء الصحيح للاعبين الجودو الشباب والمتميزين في أداء مهارات قيد البحث بوجه خاص.&#x0D; استخدم الباحث نظام المجموعتين (تجريبية، ضابطة) معتمدا الأسلوب التجريبي الملائم في هكذا نوع من البحوث. قام الباحث باختيار عينة البحث من للاعبي الجودو الشباب بأعمار(17-20) سنة من بعض أندية محافظة بغداد المتمثلة ب(16) نادي ثم اختار الباحث بالطريقة العمدية منهم (12) لأعب جودو يمثلون اندية (الشرطة، وشباب المستقبل) بواقع (6) لأعبين جودو بوزن(55) كغم أما أهم الاستنتاجات فقد كانت وجود فروق معنوية في الاختبارات البدنية والمهارية المختارة، وتمت التوصية باستخدام الجهاز التدريبي المقترح في تطوير المهارات المستخدمة في البحث.&#x0D; &#x0D;
2F-5 Optimization of Blood-Brain Barrier Opening in Mice using Focused Ultrasound (2006)

Most neurologically potent drugs cannot be delivered to the brain because of its distinct vasculature: the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Focused ultrasound (FUS) has been shown to produce reversible and localized BBB opening when applied in the presence of microbubbles [Hynynen, K, 2001]. In this study, the dependence of microbubble concentration and vessel type distribution in the targeted brain region on FUS-induced BBB opening was investigated. A therapeutic FUS transducer (1.525 MHz) was confocally combined with a 7.5 MHz diagnostic transducer that allowed for consistent, high precision targeting. To induce BBB opening, eight mice were intravenously injected with microbubbles (Optison; 25-50 muL). The brains were then sonicated (pressure amplitudes: 0.5-1.1 MPa; burst length: 20 ms; duty cycle: 20%; duration: 2-4 times for 30 s per shot with a 30 s delay between shots) through their intact skull and skin. The mice were then injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent (Omniscan; 0.5 ml) and scanned with high-resolution T1-weighted MR imaging (9.4 Tesla; in-plane resolution: 75 mum). The threshold of BBB opening with an injection of 50 muL of Optison was found to be between 0.53 and 0.67 MPa with the area of BBB opening increasing linearly with peak rarefractional pressure. Further reducing the amount of Optison injected to 25 muL decreased the area of BBB opening by approximately a factor of three. High-resolution MRI was able to determine the influence of vessel density and size within the beam on the BBB opening. Using the optimized sonication parameters to induce consistent BBB opening (pressure: 0.8 MPa; Optison: 25 muL) the path of the MRI contrast agent diffusion throughout the BBB-opened region was tracked over the course of two hours. The posterior cerebral artery, because of its larger vessel size (and, therefore, higher Optison concentration interacting with the FUS beam), depicted a greater pixel intensity increase on the T1-weighted MR image at the sonicated region compared to the non-sonicated (control) and homogeneous brain tissue regions. These findings demonstrated the importance of microbubble concentration and vessel characteristics on opening the BBB in the mice. Finally, the use of the optimized parameters for opening at the threshold minimizing probability of irreversible damage, together with slow-diffusion MRI imaging, allowed for temporal analysis of the BBB opening, revealing not only detection of the opening, but also its permeability properties
The use of encryption to ensure the integrity of reusable software components (2002)

Several efforts are currently underway to foster a marketplace for reusable software components based upon interoperating electronic libraries containing managed collections of components. In such a marketplace, it is necessary for potential users to be able to verify the origin of candidate components and to assure that they have not been modified by third parties. This paper proposes a method for providing the assurance through the application of modern encryption techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Automatic extraction of gene/protein biological functions from biomedical text (2004)

Abstract Motivation: With the rapid advancement of biomedical science and the development of high-throughput analysis methods, the extraction of various types of information from biomedical text has become critical. Since automatic functional annotations of genes are quite useful for interpreting large amounts of high-throughput data efficiently, the demand for automatic extraction of information related to gene functions from text has been increasing. Results: We have developed a method for automatically extracting the biological process functions of genes/protein/families based on Gene Ontology (GO) from text using a shallow parser and sentence structure analysis techniques. When the gene/protein/family names and their functions are described in ACTOR (doer of action) and OBJECT (receiver of action) relationships, the corresponding GO-IDs are assigned to the genes/proteins/families. The gene/protein/family names are recognized using the gene/protein/family name dictionaries developed by our group. To achieve wide recognition of the gene/protein/family functions, we semi-automatically gather functional terms based on GO using co-occurrence, collocation similarities and rule-based techniques. A preliminary experiment demonstrated that our method has an estimated recall of 54–64% with a precision of 91–94% for actually described functions in abstracts. When applied to the PUBMED, it extracted over 190 000 gene–GO relationships and 150 000 family–GO relationships for major eukaryotes. Availability: The extracted gene functions are available at http://prime.ontology.ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp Contact: akoike@hgc.jp
Nanofluidic devices towards single DNA molecule sequence mapping (2012)

Nanofluidics enables the imaging of stretched single molecules with potential applications for single molecule sequence mapping. Lab-on-a-chip devices for single cell trapping and lyzing, genomic DNA extraction from single cells, and optical mapping of genomic length DNA has been demonstrated separately. Yet the pursuit for applying DNA optical mapping to solve real genomics challenges is still to come. We review lab-on-a-chip devices from literature that could be part of a complete system for the sequence mapping of single DNA molecules.
Risk indicators for oral candidiasis and oral hairy leukoplakia in HIV‐infected adults (2005)

While CD4+ cell count, and antiretroviral medication were important risk indicators for OC, and OHL, cigarette smoking appears to be an important risk indicator for OC in HIV-1-infected populations.
Ga In P ∕ Ga As dual junction solar cells on Ge∕Si epitaxial templates (2008)

Large area, crack-free GaInP∕GaAs double junction solar cells were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition on Ge∕Si templates fabricated using wafer bonding and ion implantation induced layer transfer. Photovoltaic performance of these devices was comparable to those grown on bulk epi-ready Ge, demonstrating the feasibility of alternative substrates fabricated via wafer bonding and layer transfer for growth of active devices on lattice mismatched substrates.
Identification of a Magnesium-dependent NAD(P)(H)-binding Domain in the Nicotinoprotein Methanol Dehydrogenase from Bacillus methanolicus (2002)

The Bacillus methanolicus methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) is a decameric nicotinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase (family III) with one Zn(2+) ion, one or two Mg(2+) ions, and a tightly bound cofactor NAD(H) per subunit. The Mg(2+) ions are essential for binding of cofactor NAD(H) in MDH. A B. methanolicus activator protein strongly stimulates the relatively low coenzyme NAD(+)-dependent MDH activity, involving hydrolytic removal of the NMN(H) moiety of cofactor NAD(H) (Kloosterman, H., Vrijbloed, J. W., and Dijkhuizen, L. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 34785-34792). Members of family III of NAD(P)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases contain three unique, conserved sequence motifs (domains A, B, and C). Domain C is thought to be involved in metal binding, whereas the functions of domains A and B are still unknown. This paper provides evidence that domain A constitutes (part of) a new magnesium-dependent NAD(P)(H)-binding domain. Site-directed mutants D100N and K103R lacked (most of the) bound cofactor NAD(H) and had lost all coenzyme NAD(+)-dependent MDH activity. Also mutants G95A and S97G were both impaired in cofactor NAD(H) binding but retained coenzyme NAD(+)-dependent MDH activity. Mutant G95A displayed a rather low MDH activity, whereas mutant S97G was insensitive to activator protein but displayed "fully activated" MDH reaction rates. The various roles of these amino acid residues in coenzyme and/or cofactor NAD(H) binding in MDH are discussed.
SCHWEINITZ’S SUNFLOWER HELIANTHUS SCHWEINITZII TORREY AND GRAY, (ASTERALES: ASTERACEAE) IN UPPER PIEDMONT SOUTH CAROLINA (2007)

Numerous biotic and abiotic factors affect the reproductive ecology of any single species of plant.However, no valid discussion of ecology, reproductive or otherwise, can exclude humans.All species interact with other species and their environment, but because humans have been most successful at adapting to and changing their environment, their impact often occurs on a grand scale.Anthropogenic habitat destruction is probably the single greatest threat to biological diversity on the planet.Because plants are sessile, they are particularly vulnerable to habitat loss.Processes such as pollination and seed dispersal are especially important processes to the reproduction of angiosperms, but for some species with limited distribution or population size, survivorship alone is a critical issue.One such species is Schweinitz's sunflower, Helianthus schweinitzii Torrey and Gray.Very little official information is published on H. schweinitzii.As a result, much of the information presented in this paper comes from field observations, personal communications, and unpublished data.Still, the U.S.
THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF CYTOTOXIC LYMPHOID CELLS IN MICE IMMUNISED WITH ALLOGENEIC TUMOUR CELLS (1970)

Summary: Spleen cells from C57BL mice immunised once with L5178Y lymphoma cells, which are of DBA/2 genotype, were assayed for cytotoxicity by measuring their effect on the growth of L5178Y cells in vitro. Two populations of cytotoxic spleen cells were distinguished: (1) those found predominantly 6-12 days following immunisation; and (2) those found 14 days and later following immunisation. The cytotoxic activity of the “early” cells was relatively radioresistant and was not affected by drugs which inhibit nucleic acid synthesis. These early cells resemble those found in lymph from draining nodes, which are cytotoxic only 4-8 days after immunisation. Spleen cells taken from mice and rats 21 days after immunisation lost cytotoxic activity by exposure to 500 R of X-rays and to Mitomycin C, actinomycin D, and potassium cyanide. Removal of macrophages did not reduce the cytotoxicity of either class of spleen cell. Cytotoxicity was unaffected by the addition of a source of complement, but this does not exclude the participation of some complement components (which are synthesised by spleen cells). By following the release of 61Cr, it was shown that the L5178Y cells lysed sooner after the addition of spleen cells taken at 7 days, as compared to 21 days, after immunisation. The 21-day spleen cells acquired some of the properties of 7-day spleen cells (such as radioresistance) after exposure to target cells for 10 hr. The hypothesis is advanced that the cells responsible for cytotoxicity in spleens at 7 days after immunisation are immunoblasts (i.e., large pyroninophilic cells), as had earlier been shown to be the case for cells in the lymph from immunised donors. These cells, it is postulated, are directly cytotoxic, possibly because they already possess the machinery for the synthesis of antibody. The cells found in spleen 21 days after immunisation are only potentially cytotoxic and become transformed—hence their radiosensitivity—by contact with target cell antigen into the actual cytotoxic cells, which are presumably immunoblasts
Oral nicotine solution for smoking cessation: a pilot tolerability study (2001)

This study was conducted to determine the preliminary tolerability of an oral nicotine solution with minimal behavioral intervention for smoking cessation. Twenty-five healthy volunteers who smoked at least 10 cigarettes per day and were motivated to quit smoking were enrolled in an open-labeled trial with a 12-week treatment and a 6-month follow-up period. After reviewing self-help materials and setting a quit-smoking day, subjects were provided nicotine solution to mix with their beverages to control smoking urges, and returned for refills eight times over 12 weeks. Abstinence (point prevalence) was defined as self-report of 0 cigarettes smoked for the previous 7 days verified by exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) <10 ppm. The oral nicotine solution was well tolerated when mixed with an individual's chosen beverage. Subjects controlled the concentration of nicotine consumed, which ranged from 0.25 to 10 mg nicotine base per 170-354 ml of beverage. One week after the quit date the mean venous nicotine level was 13.4 ng/ml and mean serum cotinine level was 418.0 ng/ml in six non-smokers. Abstinence rates at 4 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months were 28.0%, 24.0%, and 20.0%, respectively. It was concluded that an oral nicotine solution was tolerable and provided nicotine replacement at levels that may prove useful for smoking cessation. Further research to clarify appropriate dosages and optimal beverages for mixture, and controlled trials to assess safety and efficacy, appear in order.
Comments on "A New Technique for Displaying Continuous Tone Images on a Bilevel Display" (1978)

It is shown that, when ordered dither is employed, the constrained-average algorithm presented in the above paper is equivalent to ordered-dither coding of a picture which has been subjected to a well-known method of edge enhancement. The magnitude of the parameterγ controls the degree of edge enhancement and the dither signal amplitude controls the picture contrast.
Primary Myeloma Cells Growing in SCID-hu Mice: A Model for Studying the Biology and Treatment of Myeloma and Its Manifestations (1998)

Progress in unraveling the biology of myeloma has suffered from lack of an in vitro or in vivo system for reproducible growth of myeloma cells and development of disease manifestations. The SCID-hu mouse harbors a human microenvironment in the form of human fetal bone. Myeloma cells from the bone marrow of 80% of patients readily grew in the human environment of SCID-hu mice. Engraftment of myeloma cells was followed by detectable human Ig levels in the murine blood. Myeloma-bearing mice had high levels of monotypic human Igs, high blood calcium levels, increased osteoclast activity, and severe resorption of the human bones. The human microenvironment was infiltrated with Epstein-Barr virus-negative monoclonal myeloma cells of the same clonality as the original myeloma cells. Active angiogenesis was apparent in areas of myeloma cell infiltration; the new endothelial cells were of human origin. We conclude that the SCID-hu mouse is a favorable host for studying the biology and therapy of myeloma and that a normal bone marrow environment can support the growth of myeloma cells.
Tracing the action of IL‐2 in tolerance to islet‐specific antigen (2007)

Genetic variants of interleukin 2 (IL-2) and its receptor are associated with murine and human susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes, yet the role of IL-2 in controlling pancreatic islet-reactive T cells is unknown. Here, we develop a model where IL-2 deficiency precipitates a breakdown of self-tolerance and progression to diabetes, and its action upon diabetogenic islet-specific CD4 T cells can be tracked. We find that IL-2 is not required for Aire-dependent thymic clonal deletion of high-avidity diabetogenic clones, but is essential for thymic formation of islet-specific Foxp3-expressing CD4 T cells. The absence of IL-2 results in the expansion of low-avidity Foxp3(-) islet-reactive CD4 T cells. The mechanism by which IL-2 prevents diabetes is therefore through the establishment of a repertoire of islet-reactive Foxp3(+) T cells within the thymus, and limitation of the peripheral activation of low-avidity islet-reactive T cells that normally escape thymic negative selection.
Control of neural differentiation from pluripotent stem cells (2008)

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stage embryos that can maintain an undifferentiated state indefinitely and differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers: the ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. In addition, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated by reprogramming somatic cells through the retroviral gene transfer of four factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc). Here we summarize in vitro neural differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and their differentiated progeny, with a special emphasis on extracellular patterning signals for regional specification in the developing central nervous system. We have reported two methods that potently induce neural differentiation from ES cells: stromal cell-derived inducing activity (SDIA) method and serum-free floating culture of embryoid body-like aggregates (SFEB) method. SDIA- or SFEB-treated ES cells generate naive precursors that are competent to differentiate into neuroectodermal derivatives along the rostral-caudal and dorsal-ventral axes in response to patterning signals. By modifying the SFEB method with patterning factors, we have induced retinal cells from ES cells. These findings indicate the potential of the pluripotent stem cell culture system to be used for basic and medical researches.
Subthalamic nucleus (1996)

Several brain sites are important for seizure control, including the area tempestas, superior colliculus, thalamus and substantia nigra. These sites are especially sensitive to changes in GABAergic transmission achieved by localized infusions of GABAergic agents. We investigated the effects of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol (100 ng in a volume of 0.25 microliter) microinfused into the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in the flurothyl seizure model in male adult rats. Both bilateral symmetrical and unilateral STN infusions of muscimol had a significant anticonvulsant effect against flurothyl-induced clonic seizures. Our data suggest that the STN is a part of the network responsible for the control of clonic seizures.
Accelerating the Pace of Luciferase Reporter Gene Assays (1996)

Luciferase reporter gene assays have gained more importance because of their easy readout, high sensitivity and lack of environmental waste disposal problems. However, several obstacles remain that have prohibited a wider use and the implementation of this type of assay in high-throughput screening programs: (i) Measurements need to be carried out within an active enzyme reaction, and the assessment of such reactions are time-dependent; (ii) the signal produced has a "flash" type characteristic and therefore requires specialized equipment for measurement; and (iii) side-reactions can occur that interact with the signal readout of the assay in a non-reproducible way. These hurdles make an otherwise convenient assay principle troublesome for larger-scale screening use. We have attempted to overcome these problems by different means, leading to the development of LucLite, a stable signal homogeneous reagent system. This system allows use in a higher throughput screening capacity and enables the use of standard scintillation/luminescence instruments.
Influence of electrode size on resistance switching effect in nanogap junctions (2010)

The size dependence of the resistance switching effect in nanogap junctions was investigated to determine the nature of the local structural changes responsible for the effect. The maximum current, during resistance switching, decreased with the total emission area across the nanogap to an average of 146 μA at a linewidth of 45 nm. This implies that the resistance switching effect stems from changes in the gap width at multiple local sites on the metal surface.