gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heparan Sulfate Synthesized by Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Deficient in NDST1 and NDST2 Is 6-O-Sulfated but Contains No N-Sulfate Groups (2004)

Heparan sulfate structure differs significantly between various cell types and during different developmental stages. The diversity is created during biosynthesis by sulfotransferases, which add sulfate groups to the growing chain, and a C5-epimerase, which converts selected glucuronic acid residues to iduronic acid. All these modifications are believed to depend on initial glucosamine N-sulfation carried out by the enzyme glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST). Here we report that heparan sulfate synthesized by mouse embryonic stem cells deficient in NDST1 and NDST2 completely lacks N-sulfation but still contains 6-O-sulfate groups, demonstrating that 6-O-sulfation can occur without prior N-sulfation. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis indicates that all three identified 6-O-sulfotransferases are expressed by the cells, 6-O-sulfotransferase-1 being the dominating form. The 6-O-sulfated polysaccharide lacking N-sulfate groups also contains N-unsubstituted glucosamine units, raising questions about how these units are generated.
Intelligent hierarchical layout segmentation of document images on the basis of colour content (2002)

This paper proposes a general methodology for automatic layout segmentation of documents. We first use colour histograms for extracting dominant colours of an image. This information is then used to hierarchically segment documents into regions of interest represented as polygons. If a region of interest is a picture the algorithm intelligently refrains from segmenting it further, while coloured regions that contain text are subsegmented. The method has been tested on 50 real life documents, such as office letters, brochures, and technical papers, scanned at 100/spl times/100 dpi resolution. Regions are detected with about 68% reliability. A critical analysis of the results is presented.
<title>High-resolution ultrafast 3D imaging</title> (2000)

A novel high-speed 3D imaging system, base don projecting a speckle pattern onto an object and imaging the resulting pattern from multiple angles, is proposed that uses a unique single lens camera system with a rotating off-axis aperture. The rotating aperture allows adjustable non-equilateral spacing between defocused images to achieve greater depth of field and higher sub-pixel displacement accuracy. High resolution ultra fast processing is achieved by recursively correlating image pairs down to diffraction limited image size of the optics. Correlation errors are eliminated during processing by a novel technique based on the multiplication of correlation table elements from one or more adjacent regions. The Gaussian nature of the projected speckle pattern is used to reveal image disparity to sub-pixel accuracy. Processing is accomplished by compressing the images into sparse array format before they are correlated. This system is ideally suited for hardware implementation and circumvents many of the inherent limitations of multi- camera system using FFT spectral based correlation.
Amino acid and nucleotide sequence, adjacent genes, and heterologous expression of hiracin JM79, a sec-dependent bacteriocin produced byEnterococcus hiraeDCH5, isolated from Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) (2007)

The primary structure of a bacteriocin produced by Enterococcus hirae DCH5 was determined by combined amino acid and DNA sequencing. Nucleotide analysis of a 2838-bp DNA fragment of E. hirae DCH5 revealed five putative ORFs. The first orf (hirJM79) encodes a 74-amino-acid peptide containing an N-terminal signal peptide of 30 amino acids, followed by the amino acid sequence of the mature bacteriocin, hiracin JM79 (HirJM79), of 44 amino acids. The second orf (hiriJM79) encodes the putative immunity protein of HirJM79. Contiguous ORFs encode a putative mobilization protein (orfC), a relaxase/mobilization nuclease domain (orfD), and a hypothetical protein (orfE). The production and functional expression of HirJM79 by heterologous hosts suggest that hirJM79 is the minimum requirement for production of biologically active HirJM79, that HirJM79 is most likely externalized by the general secretory pathway or sec-dependent pathway, and that HiriJM79 is the immunity protein for HirJM79.
Molecular signaling and targets from itch: lessons for cough (2013)

Itch is described as an unpleasant sensation that elicits the desire to scratch, which results in the removal of the irritant from the skin. The cough reflex also results from irritation, with the purpose of removing said irritant from the airway. Could cough then be similar to itch? Anatomically, both pathways are mediated by small-diameter sensory fibers. These cough and itch sensory fibers release neuropeptides upon activation, which leads to inflammation of the nerves. Both cough and itch also involve mast cells and their mediators, which are released upon degranulation. This common inflammation and interaction with mast cells are involved in the development of chronic conditions of itch and cough. In this review, we examine the anatomy and molecular mechanisms of itch and compare them to known mechanisms for cough. Highlighting the common aspects of itch and cough could lead to new thoughts and perspectives in both fields.
An integrated system for cementless hip replacement (1995)

Describes robotics and medical imaging technology in the enhancement of precision surgery. The authors consider: cementless total hip replacement application; system overview; ORTHODOC preoperative planning workstation; ROBODOC surgical assistant; safety features; surgical protocol.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Hyaluronan expression in gastric cancer cells is associated with local and nodal spread and reduced survival rate (1999)

Hyaluronan (HA), an extracellular high-molecular-mass polysaccharide, is supposed to be involved in the growth and progression of malignant tumours. We studied the cellular expression of HA in 215 operated stage I-IV gastric cancer patients using a specific biotinylated probe. Most (93%) of the tumours showed HA staining in their parenchyma, whereas the stroma inside and around the tumour was stained in every case. When HA expression was compared with the clinical and histological features of the tumours, a strong staining intensity in the tumour parenchyma was found to be associated with deep tumour invasion (pT3 or 4) and with mixed type of Laurén. A high proportion of HA-positive cells of all neoplastic cells was significantly associated with deep tumour invasion, nodal metastasis, positive lymphatic invasion, poor differentiation grade, as well as with inferior prognosis in univariate survival analysis. However, in multivariate analysis, only pT, pN, and vascular and lymphatic invasion emerged as independent predictors of survival in gastric cancer. The results indicate that ectopic HA expression is a frequent feature of gastric adenocarcinoma, and is associated with tumour progression and poor survival rate.
Protection against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by antibodies generated from either T helper 1 or T helper 2 responses (1997)

To determine whether different antibody isotypes associated with T helper 1 (Th1) or Th2 responses are protective against Pneumocystis carinii, mice with disrupted interleukin 4 genes (IL-4(-/-) mice) or gamma interferon genes (IFN-gamma(-/-) mice) along with wild-type C57BL/6 mice were immunized intratracheally against P. carinii, depleted of T cells in vivo by use of monoclonal antibodies, and rechallenged intratracheally with 10(7) viable P. carinii organisms. Nearly all immunized mice resolved their lung P. carinii infections (limit of detection, log10 4.06) within 21 days of challenge even though they were depleted of T cells. Unimmunized mice depleted of T cells had significant lung infections (>log10 5.5) at day 21 post-P. carinii challenge. IFN-gamma(-/-) and wild-type mice developed P. carinii-specific immunoglobulin primarily of the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) subclass with relatively little P. carinii-specific IgG2a, IgG2b, or IgG3 in their sera, characteristic of a Th2-type response. In contrast, IL-4(-/-) mice had primarily an IgG2b P. carinii-specific antibody response in their sera with very little IgG1. Although IgG2b was the predominant isotype in IL-4(-/-) mice, optical density values of IgG2a and IgG3 were significantly higher in these mice (two and three times, respectively) than in IFN-gamma(-/-) mice, characteristic of a Th1-type response. Together, these data indicate that resolution of P. carinii infection can be mediated by specific antibody responses and that the antibody response can be either a predominantly Th1 or Th2 type. Furthermore, although wild-type mice mounted a Th2-like antibody response, IL-4(-/-) mice could resolve P. carinii pneumonia, indicating that resistance to P. carinii can occur in the absence of IL-4.
Nucleophilic ring opening of optically pure (R)-(+)-1,2-epoxybutane. Synthesis of new (R)-2-butanol derivatives (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNucleophilic ring opening of optically pure (R)-(+)-1,2-epoxybutane. Synthesis of new (R)-2-butanol derivativesJames L. Coke and Robert S. ShueCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 12, 2210–2211Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1973https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00952a021RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views167Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (312 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Skin fluorescence controlled photodynamic photorejuvenation (wrinkle reduction) (2009)

The present study shows that statistically significant improvements in wrinkle reduction and skin texture, equivalent to previously reported results obtained with 20% ALA, can be obtained with 0.5% liposome encapsulated 5-ALA. Only minor and infrequent side effects were registered at the 0.5% 5-ALA treated areas. Skin fluorescence monitoring during pre-treatrnent with 5-ALA may improve clinical efficacy, reduce time consumption and increase safety of the treatment.
Collagen-Induced Platelet Aggregation: Involvement of an Active Glycopeptide Fragment (α1-CB5) (1973)

It is widely held that the tertiary structure of collagen is essential for induction of platelet aggregation. However, we have found that the purified alpha1 chain prepared from denatured chick skin collagen aggregates platelets. This activity appears to be confined to a distinct region of the molecule representing less than 4 percent of the length of the alpha1 chain. Of all of the cyanogen bromide peptides of the alpha1 chain tested, only one (alpha1-CB5) was active. This glycopeptide, devoid of any ordered tertiary structure, contains only 36 amino acids and one residue of O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 --> 2)-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyloxy-(1 --> 5)-lysine (Glc-Gal-Hyl). Blocking experiments strongly suggest that the Glc-Gal-Hyl is one of the structural determinants involved in collagen-induced platelet aggregation.
Functional expression of the costimulatory molecule, B7/BB1, on murine dendritic cell populations. (1992)

Whereas dendritic cells (DC) are known to be potent activators of T cells both in vitro and in vivo, the critical costimulatory molecules expressed on DC are not well characterized. Using immunocytochemical and molecular techniques we find that splenic DC express B7/BB1, the counter-receptor for CD28. Moreover, expression of B7/BB1 is upregulated on epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) during their functional maturation into potent T cell stimulators. In blocking experiments, we find that participation of B7/BB1 is required for optimal proliferation of unprimed, allogeneic T cells in DC-driven, primary mixed leukocyte reactions. These data demonstrate that the regulated expression of B7/BB1 on DC may be important in the initiation of a primary T cell response.
Standard Gibbs energy of formation of the hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution. Rate constants for the reaction chlorite (ClO2-) + ozone .dblarw. ozone(1-) + chlorine dioxide (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStandard Gibbs energy of formation of the hydroxyl radical in aqueous solution. Rate constants for the reaction chlorite (ClO2-) + ozone .dblarw. ozone(1-) + chlorine dioxideU. K. Klaning, K. Sehested, and J. HolcmanCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 5, 760–763Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100251a008https://doi.org/10.1021/j100251a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1064Altmetric-Citations146LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
A 3-dimensional spiro-functionalized platinum(ii) complex to suppress intermolecular π–π and Pt⋯Pt supramolecular interactions for a high-performance electrophosphorescent device (2012)

A 3-D platinum(II)-based spirometal complex has been designed and synthesized to suppress aggregation and excimer emission. A prototype phosphorescent organic light-emitting device exhibits the high-performance orange emission with an external quantum efficiency of up to 5.2%.
A Comparison of Space and Ground-Based Facility Environmental Effects for FEP Teflon (2001)

Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene (PEP) Teflon™ is widely used as a thermal control material for spacecraft. However, it is susceptible to erosion, cracking, and subsequent mechanical failure in low Earth orbit (LEO). One of the difficulties in determining whether FEP Teflon will survive during a mission is the wide disparity of erosion rates observed for this material in space and in ground-based facilities. Each environment contains different levels of atomic oxygen, ions, and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation, in addition to parameters such as the energy of the arriving species and temperature. These variations make it difficult to determine what is causing the observed differences in erosion rates.
Relationships between pulmonary inflammation, plasma transudation, and oxygen metabolite secretion by alveolar macrophages. (1986)

We have previously shown that alveolar macrophages from normal rabbit lungs do not synthesize reactive oxygen intermediates unless first conditioned by culture in vitro in the presence of serum for 24 to 48 hr. This conditioning process is mediated by a serum constituent that partitions on gel exclusion columns with an apparent m.w. of 30,000 to 50,000 daltons. Alveolar macrophage conditioning in vitro requires protein synthesis, is associated with the generation of membrane NADPH oxidase activity, and is reversible. We have predicted therefore that during the course of pulmonary inflammation, as observed 3 wk after i.v. injection of M. butyricum in oil, alveolar macrophages might similarly become conditioned in vivo through exposure to plasma protein transudates reaching the alveolus. In support of this hypothesis we show that after experimental production of granulomatous pulmonary inflammation in rabbits, alveolar macrophages showed an augmented capacity to secrete superoxide anion when stimulated with phorbol ester, and this enhancement increases exponentially with increased plasma transudation. This augmented enhancement was reversible, and decreased after culture in vitro in the absence of serum. Mature alveolar macrophages were responsible for this enhanced superoxide anion production rather than freshly emigrated monocytes. Moreover, superoxide anion production in this model of pulmonary inflammation appears to be an "all-or-none" phenomenon, with superoxide anion production associated with a subpopulation of optimally conditioned alveolar macrophages, whereas the remaining unconditioned alveolar macrophages produce little or none. We feel that these two classes of alveolar macrophages may be derived from inflamed and noninflamed regions of the lung, respectively, thereby reflecting the discontinuous nature of the inflammatory lesions themselves. Thus we propose that measurements of reactive oxygen intermediate production by lavaged alveolar macrophages may provide a semi-quantitative measure of chronic pulmonary inflammation.
Voltage-Dependent Gating of hERG Potassium Channels (2012)

The mechanisms by which voltage-gated channels sense changes in membrane voltage and energetically couple this with opening of the ion conducting pore has been the source of significant interest. In voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, much of our knowledge in this area comes from Shaker-type channels, for which voltage-dependent gating is quite rapid. In these channels, activation and deactivation are associated with rapid reconfiguration of the voltage-sensing domain unit that is electromechanically coupled, via the S4-S5 linker helix, to the rate-limiting opening of an intracellular pore gate. However, fast voltage-dependent gating kinetics are not typical of all Kv channels, such as Kv11.1 (human ether-à-go-go related gene, hERG), which activates and deactivates very slowly. Compared to Shaker channels, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying slow hERG gating is much poorer. Here, we present a comparative review of the structure-function relationships underlying activation and deactivation gating in Shaker and hERG channels, with a focus on the roles of the voltage-sensing domain and the S4-S5 linker that couples voltage sensor movements to the pore. Measurements of gating current kinetics and fluorimetric analysis of voltage sensor movement are consistent with models suggesting that the hERG activation pathway contains a voltage independent step, which limits voltage sensor transitions. Constraints upon hERG voltage sensor movement may result from loose packing of the S4 helices and additional intra-voltage sensor counter-charge interactions. More recent data suggest that key amino acid differences in the hERG voltage-sensing unit and S4-S5 linker, relative to fast activating Shaker-type Kv channels, may also contribute to the increased stability of the resting state of the voltage sensor.
Cellular colocalization of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in rat medial prefrontal cortex (1995)

In a recent study in rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a fluorescently coupled, high-affinity ligand for the D1 receptor subtype was localized to nonpyramidal neurons, while a ligand selective for the D2 subtype was found on neurons with a size distribution overlapping with both small pyramidal and large nonpyramidal cells. These observations raised the possibility that a subpopulation of cortical neurons with an intermediate size range may coexpress both the D1 and D2 receptor subtypes. In the present study, the D1 and D2 receptor subtypes have been simultaneously localized in layer VI of rat mPFC using 20 nM SCH 23390-Bodipy and 20 nM N-(p-aminophenethyl) spiperone-Texas red, respectively, in the presence of 100 nM mianserin (5-HT2 receptor antagonist). The localization of receptor binding fluorescence was assessed in paired images using fluoroscein isothiocyanate (FITC) and rhodamine dichroic filters for the D1 and D2 subtypes, respectively. Under the conditions employed here, most cell bodies showed either D1-like or D2-like receptor binding fluorescence, while a colocalization of both fluoroprobes was observed on only 25% of the labeled cells. When the size of each single-labeled cell body was measured using the respective FITC (D1-probe) and rhodamine (D2-probe) epifluorescence filters, the distribution of cells showing only D1-like receptor binding fluorescence was similar to nonpyramidal neurons (68.6 +/- 1.8 microns 2), while that for cells showing only D2-like receptor binding fluorescence was similar to that of both large interneurons and small pyramidal cells (106.9 +/- 2.4 microns 2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Delineating Protease Functions During  Cancer Development (2009)

Much progress has been made in understanding how matrix remodeling proteases, including metalloproteinases, serine proteases, and cysteine cathepsins, functionally contribute to cancer development. In addition to modulating extracellular matrix metabolism, proteases provide a significant protumor advantage to developing neoplasms through their ability to modulate bioavailability of growth and proangiogenic factors, regulation of bioactive chemokines and cytokines, and processing of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion molecules. Although some proteases directly regulate these events, it is now evident that some proteases indirectly contribute to cancer development by regulating posttranslational activation of latent zymogens that then directly impart regulatory information. Thus, many proteases act in a cascade-like manner and exert their functionality as part of a proteolytic pathway rather than simply functioning individually. Delineating the cascade of enzymatic activities contributing to overall proteolysis during carcinogenesis may identify rate-limiting steps or pathways that can be targeted with anti-cancer therapeutics. This chapter highlights recent insights into the complexity of roles played by pericellular and intracellular proteases by examining mechanistic studies as well as the roles of individual protease gene functions in various organ-specific mouse models of cancer development, with an emphasis on intersecting proteolytic activities that amplify programming of tissues to foster neoplastic development.
Turning body time to shift time. (1998)

Studies have shown that shift work can have a negative impact on job performance, sleep, physical and emotional health, social life, family life, drug use and level of job-related stress. For nurses, these negative effects have consequences not just for the individual, but for the workplace, as decreased alertness and reduced job performance could endanger human lives.