gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intensity Perception. I. Preliminary Theory of Intensity Resolution (1969)

An attempt is made to develop a quantitative theory of intensity resolution that is applicable to a wide variety of experiments on discrimination, identification, and scaling. The theory is composed of a Thurstonian decision model, which separates sensitivity from response bias, and an internal-noise model, which separates sensory limitations from memory limitations. It is assumed that the subject has two memory operating modes, a sensory-trace mode and a context-coding mode, and that the use of these two modes is determined by the characteristics of the experiment. In one-interval paradigms, it is assumed that the context-coding mode is used, and the theory relates resolution to the total range of intensities in the stimulus set. In two-interval paradigms, it is assumed that the two modes are combined, and the theory relates resolution to both the total intensity range and the duration between the two intervals. The theory provides, among other things, a new interpretation of the 7 ± 2 phenomenon.
Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Retinopathy of Prematurity: an update on ROP from the lab to the nursery (November 2003, Anaheim, California). (2006)

The Third International Symposium on Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) was convened with the aim of cross fertilizing the horizons of basic and clinical scientists with an interest in the pathogenesis and management of infants with ROP. Ten speakers in the clinical sciences and ten speakers in the basic sciences were recruited on the basis of their research to provide state of the art talks. The meeting was held November 9, 2003 immediately prior to the American Academy of Ophthalmology meeting; scholarships were provided for outreach to developing countries and young investigators. This review contain the summaries of the 20 platform presentations prepared by the authors and the abstracts of presented posters. Each author was asked to encapsulate the current state of understanding, identify areas of controversy, and make recommendations for future research. The basic science presentations included insights into the development of the human retinal vasculature, animal models for ROP, growth factors that affect normal development and ROP, and promising new therapeutic approaches to treating ROP like VEGF targeting, inhibition of proteases, stem cells, ribozymes to silence genes, and gene therapy to deliver antiangiogenic agents. The clinical presentations included new insights into oxygen management, updates on the CRYO-ROP and ETROP studies, visual function in childhood following ROP, the neural retina in ROP, screening for ROP, management of stage 3 and 4 ROP, ROP in the third world, and the complications of ROP in adult life. The meeting resulted in a penetrating exchange between clinicians and basic scientists, which provided great insights for conference attendees. The effect of preterm delivery on the normal cross-talk of neuroretinal and retinal vascular development is a fertile ground for discovering new understanding of the processes involved both in normal development and in retinal neovascular disorders. The meeting also suggested promising potential therapeutic interventions on the horizon for ROP.
Testing clinical therapeutic angiogenesis using basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2) (2003)

Therapeutic angiogenesis represents an attempt to relieve inadequate blood flow by the directed growth and proliferation of blood vessels. Neovascularization is a complex process involving multiple growth factors, receptors, extracellular matrix glycoproteins, intracellular and extracellular signaling pathways, and local and bone-marrow-derived constituent cells, all responding to a symphonic arrangement of temporal and spatial cues. In cardiovascular disease, patients with refractory angina and lower extremity intermittent claudication seem most amenable to early tests of therapeutic angiogenesis. Monotherapy with the recombinant protein basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) has been tested in six human trials. These have shown provisional safety, and two have provided 'proof of concept' for the strategy of therapeutic angiogenesis. One large randomized phase II trial failed to show significant efficacy in coronary artery disease. Another showed significant efficacy in peripheral artery disease, although the magnitude of benefit was disappointing at the dose tested. This overview details the suitable clinical trial design and further steps toward the clinical development of FGF-2.
Adiponectin suppresses gluconeogenic gene expression in mouse hepatocytes independent of LKB1-AMPK signaling (2011)

The adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin signals from the fat storage depot to regulate metabolism in peripheral tissues. Inversely correlated with body fat levels, adiponectin reduction in obese individuals may play a causal role in the symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Adiponectin lowers serum glucose through suppression of hepatic glucose production, an effect attributed to activation of AMPK. Here, we investigated the signaling pathways that mediate the effects of adiponectin by studying mice with inducible hepatic deletion of LKB1, an upstream regulator of AMPK. We found that loss of LKB1 in the liver partially impaired the ability of adiponectin to lower serum glucose, though other actions of the hormone were preserved, including reduction of gluconeogenic gene expression and hepatic glucose production as assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Furthermore, in primary mouse hepatocytes, the absence of LKB1, AMPK, or the transcriptional coactivator CRTC2 did not prevent adiponectin from inhibiting glucose output or reducing gluconeogenic gene expression. These results reveal that whereas some of the hormone's actions in vivo may be LKB1 dependent, substantial LKB1-, AMPK-, and CRTC2-independent signaling pathways also mediate effects of adiponectin.
Kinetic Behavior of the SAPO-18 Catalyst in the Transformation of Methanol into Olefins (2005)

Kinetic behavior (production of olefins, selectivity) has been studied in the transformation of methanol into olefins on a catalyst prepared based on SAPO-18 in a fluidized bed reactor, for a wide range of operating conditions (temperature, space time, concentration of methanol in the feed, dilution of methanol with water, time on stream). Under certain conditions, an initiation period is observed, which is in agreement with the “carbon pool mechanism” and whose duration largely depends on the operating conditions and, particularly, on water content in the reaction medium. A study has been carried out on the role of water as an inhibiting agent in the formation of olefins and in coke deposition. The methanol/dimethyl ether ratio is higher than that corresponding to thermodynamic equilibrium under conditions in which the catalyst is active for olefin formation. The hydrothermal stability of SAPO-18 has been proven by using the catalyst in a series of 10 successive cycles of reaction−regeneration.
A decade in HIV treatment: what is the state of the art and how did we arrive. (2001)

Simultaneous developments in the understanding of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis and the development of new sensitive assays to measure HIV RNA have contributed to new approaches in the management of HIV infection. This article reviews major scientific developments in the treatment of HIV disease and outlines current clinical guidelines for primary care providers. Because effective prescribing stems from understanding how medications achieve their clinical effect, the mechanisms of action of nucleoside reverse-transcriptor inhibitors (NRTIs), nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptor inhibitors (NNRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs) are covered. The evolution of therapy from NRTI monotherapy to PI- and/or NNRTI-containing combination therapy is traced.
Generating exact ray-traced animation frames by reprojection (1995)

Reprojection techniques can create approximate ray traced animation frames. Extending an existing algorithm yields exact frames and full ray tracing, with up to 92 percent savings in rendering time. We present an algorithm that exploits spatiotemporal coherence between frames to significantly decrease the rendering time of ray traced animations. This method produces inferred ray traced images of any scene that can be ray traced using a point sampled method. The images created by the algorithm are not approximated frames created from weighted averages of other frames, nor are they frames patched together from near frame pixel values. The algorithm guarantees that a color seen in a subpixel would be returned by a ray passing somewhere through that subpixel, but not necessarily though the center. This algorithm efficiently creates frames of any view that can be ray traced. While the savings increase with the complexity of the rendered objects and the preponderance of diffuse objects, significant savings occur with reflective and refractive objects. However, the technique requires the ray tracing method to be point sample oriented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Interaction of Different Metal Ions with Carboxylic Acid Group:  A Quantitative Study (2007)

The binding strength of the carboxylic acid group (-COOH) with different divalent metal ions displays considerable variation in arachidic acid (AA) thin films. It is considered that in AA thin films the metal ions straddle the hydrophilic regions of the stacked bilayers of AA molecules via formation of carboxylates. In this study first the uptake of different divalent cations in films of AA is estimated by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Through the amount of cation uptake, it is found that the strength of binding of different cations varies as Ca2+>Co2+>Pb2+>Cd2+. Variation in the binding strength of different ions is also manifested in experiments where AA thin films are exposed to metal ion mixtures. The higher binding strength of AA with certain metal ions when exposed individually, as well as the preference over the other metal ions when exposed to mixtures, reveal some interesting deviation from the expected behavior based on considerations of ionic radii. For example, Pb2+ is always found to bind to AA much more strongly than Cd2+ even though the latter has smaller ionic radius, indicating that other factors also play an important role in governing the binding strength trends apart from the effects of ionic radii. Then, to get a more meaningful knowledge regarding the binding capability, first-principles calculations based on density functional theory have been applied to study the interaction of different cations with the simplest carboxylic acid, acetic acid, that can result in formation of metal diacetates. Their electronic and molecular structures, cohesive energies, and stiffness of the local potential energy well at the cation (M) site are determined and attempts are made to understand the diversity in geometry and the properties of binding of different metal ions with -COOH group. We find that the calculated M-O bond energies depend sensitively on the chemistry of M atom and follow the experimentally observed trends quite accurately. The trends in M-O bond energies and hence the total M-acetate binding energy trends can actually be related to their molecular structures that fall into different categories: Ca and Cd have tetrahedral coordination; Fe, Ni, and Co exhibit planar 4-fold coordination; and Pb is off-centered from the planar structure (forming pyramidal structure) due to its stereochemically active lone pair of electrons.
CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Activate HIV Replication in Latently Infected Human T Cells (2004)

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) stimulate immune cells via the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). In this study, we have investigated the effects of CpG ODNs on latent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in human T cells. Treatment of the latently infected T cell line ACH-2 with CpG ODNs 2006 or 2040 stimulated HIV replication, whereas no effects were evident when ODNs without the CpG motif were used. CpG-induced virus reactivation was blocked by chloroquine, indicating the involvement of TLR9. In contrast to the responsiveness of ACH-2 cells, CpG ODNs failed to activate HIV provirus in the latently infected Jurkat clone J1.1. We also studied the effects of CpG ODNs on productive HIV infection and found enhancement of viral replication in A3.01 T cells, whereas again no stimulating effects were observed in Jurkat T cells. CpG ODN treatment activated NF-kappaB in ACH-2 cells, which was similarly triggered in uninfected A3.01 T cells following exposure to CpG ODNs, indicating that TLR9-induced signal transduction was not dependent on proviral infection. Our study demonstrates that CpG ODNs directly trigger the activation of NF-kappaB and reactivation of latent HIV in human T cells. Our results point to a novel role for CpG ODNs as stimulators of HIV replication and open new avenues to eradicate the latent viral reservoirs in HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy.
The Non-cyclooxygenase Targets of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Lipoxygenases, Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor, Inhibitor of κB Kinase, and NFκB, Do Not Reduce Amyloid β42 Production (2003)

Epidemiological evidence suggests that chronic use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Recently, NSAIDs have been shown to decrease amyloid pathology in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. This benefit may be partially attributable to the ability of NSAIDs to selectively reduce production of the amyloidogenic A beta 42 peptide in both cultured cells and transgenic mice. Although this activity does not appear to require the action of cyclooxygenases in cultured cells, it is not known whether other NSAID-sensitive targets contribute to this A beta 42 effect. In this study, we have used both pharmacological and genetic means to determine if other known cellular targets of NSAIDs could mediate the reduction in A beta 42 secretion from cultured cells. We find that altered arachidonic acid metabolism via NSAID action on cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases does not alter A beta 42 production. Furthermore, we demonstrate that alterations in activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, I kappa B kinase beta or nuclear factor kappa B do not affect A beta 42 production. Thus, NSAIDs do not appear to alter A beta 42 production indirectly through previously identified cellular targets and may interact directly with the gamma-secretase complex itself to affect amyloid production.
Boundary element methods in solid mechanics: With applications in rock mechanics and geological engineering (1983)

Review of linear elasticity introduction to boundary element methods the fictitious stress method the displacement discontinuity methods the direct boundary integral methods improvements and extensions applications in rock mechanics and geological engineering.
166. 3-Ribosyluric acid. Part II. Isolation of the corresponding nucleotide from beef blood (1963)

D. Hatfield, R. R. Rinehart and H. S. Forrest, J. Chem. Soc., 1963, 899 DOI: 10.1039/JR9630000899
Late administration of high-frequency electrical stimulation increases nerve regeneration without aggravating neuropathic pain in a nerve crush injury (2018)

Immediate or late transcutaneous high-frequency electrical stimulation exhibited the potential to stimulate the motor nerve regeneration. However, immediate electrical stimulation had a predilection to develop neuropathic pain. A delay in TENS initiation appears to be a reasonable approach for nerve repair and provides the appropriate time profile for its clinical application.
Acute viral infections of upper respiratory tract in elderly people living in the community: comparative, prospective, population based study of disease burden (1997)

Respiratory viruses cause substantial morbidity in elderly people. Although respiratory syncytial virus and influenza cause considerable individual morbidity, the burden of disease from rhinovirus infections and infections of unknown aetiology seems greater overall. The interval between onset of illness and consultation together with diagnostic difficulties raises concern regarding the role of antiviral drugs in treating influenza.
Regret-based optimal recommendation sets in conversational recommender systems (2009)

Current conversational recommender systems are unable to offer guarantees on the quality of their recommendations due to a lack of principled user utility models. We develop an approach to recommender systems that incorporates an explicit utility model into the recommendation process in a decision-theoretically sound fashion. The system maintains explicit constraints on user utility based on preferences revealed by the user's actions. We investigate a new decision criterion, setwise minimax regret (SMR), for constructing optimal recommendation sets: we develop algorithms for computing SMR, and prove that SMR determines choice sets for queries that are myopically optimal. This provides a natural basis for generating compound critiques in conversational recommender systems. Our simulation results suggest that this utility-theoretically sound approach to user modeling allows much more effective navigation of a product space than traditional approaches based on, for example, heuristic utility models and product similarity measures.
PARDA: A Fast Parallel Reuse Distance Analysis Algorithm (2012)

Reuse distance is a well established approach to characterizing data cache locality based on the stack histogram model. This analysis so far has been restricted to offline use due to the high cost, often several orders of magnitude larger than the execution time of the analyzed code. This paper presents the first parallel algorithm to compute accurate reuse distances by analysis of memory address traces. The algorithm uses a tunable parameter that enables faster analysis when the maximum needed reuse distance is limited by a cache size upper bound. Experimental evaluation using the SPEC CPU 2006 benchmark suite shows that, using 64 processors and a cache bound of 8 MB, it is possible to perform reuse distance analysis with full accuracy within a factor of 13 to 50 times the original execution times of the benchmarks.
Prostaglandin E Inhibits Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Lesions through EP-1 Receptors (2001)

PGE(2) inhibits indomethacin-induced gastric lesions, through EP(1) receptors, and this effect may be functionally associated with inhibition of gastric motility but not of neutrophil activation/migration.
Synthesis and renal vasodilator activity of 2-chlorodopamine and N-substituted derivatives (1986)

A four-step synthesis of 2-chlorodopamine (2b) is presented as well as methods for the syntheses of the N-methyl, ethyl, and n-propyl analogues (2c-e). Compounds 2b and 2c were essentially equipotent to dopamine for increasing renal blood flow in anesthetized dogs that had been treated with the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phenoxybenzamine. The increases in renal blood flow were blocked by the DA1 antagonist (R)-(+)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine. Compounds 2d and 2e were significantly less potent than dopamine in the same model; the increases in renal blood flow were attenuated by propranolol and blocked by a combination of propranolol and (R)-(+)-8-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-5-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine. The significance of an o-chloro substituent on dopamine analogues for the activation of the DA1 receptor is briefly discussed.
AN IMPLEMENTATION OF A GENERAL-PURPOSE PARALLEL SORTING ALGORITHM (1993)

: A parallel sorting algorithm is presented for general purpose internal sorting on MIMD machines. The algorithm initially sorts the elements within each node using a serial sorting algorithm, then proceeds with a two phase parallel merge. The algorithm is comparison-based and requires additional storage of order the square root of the number of elements in each node. Performance of the algorithm is examined on two MIMD machines, the Fujitsu AP1000 and the Thinking Machines CM5. Table of Contents 1 THE PARALLEL SORTING TASK 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Nomenclature 1 1.3 Aims of the Algorithm 1 1.4 Hardware 2 2 OVERVIEW OF THE ALGORITHM 3 2.1 Pre-Balancing 3 2.2 Serial Sorting 3 2.3 Primary Merging 4 2.4 Cleanup 4 2.5 Merge-Exchange 4 3 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS 5 3.1 Infinity Padding 5 3.2 Balancing 6 3.3 Serial Sorting 7 3.4 Primary Merge 8 3.5 Merge-Exchange Operation 9 3.5.1 Find-Exact Algorithm 10 3.5.2 Transferring Elements 11 3.5.3 Unbalanced Merging 11 3.5.4 Blockwise Merging 12 3...
Dengue Outbreak in Key West, Florida, USA, 2009 (2012)

After 3 dengue cases were acquired in Key West, Florida, we conducted a serosurvey to determine the scope of the outbreak. Thirteen residents showed recent infection (infection rate 5%; 90% CI 2%-8%), demonstrating the reemergence of dengue in Florida. Increased awareness of dengue among health care providers is needed.
3-Aminopyrrolidines from α-Aminoacids:  Total Synthesis of (+)-Nemonapride from d-Alanine (2008)

The antipsychotic compound nemonapride 1 was synthesized in nine steps from d-alanine 2. The key steps for the synthesis of the 3-aminopyrrolidine moiety include a Birch reduction of a cyclic enaminoester and the reduction of a pyrrolidinone to the pyrrolidine 7. Final coupling with the benzoic acid derivative 9 gave 1 as a single enantio- and diastereomer.
Rapid identification and fingerprinting of Candida krusei by PCR-based amplification of the species-specific repetitive polymorphic sequence CKRS-1 (1997)

A PCR method was developed to identify and fingerprint Candida krusei isolates simply and rapidly. The primer pair Arno1 and Arno2 was designed to amplify the polymorphic species-specific repetitive sequence CKRS-1 (C. krusei repeated sequence 1) that we identified in the nontranscribed intergenic regions (IGRs) of rRNA genes in C. krusei LMCK31. The specificity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and fingerprinting ability of the PCR assay were evaluated. Amplification products were obtained from all 131 C. krusei isolates studied. No other yeast species of medical importance (n = 26), including species similar to C. krusei, species of pathogenic filamentous fungi, or a variety of pathogenic bacteria, yielded a PCR product with these primers. This PCR assay allowed for the identification of C. krusei in less than 6 h. The PCR assay was sensitive enough to detect as little as 10 to 100 fg of C. krusei-purified DNA and proved to be reproducible. Since amplification products varied both in number and in molecular weight according to the strains, PCR patterns allowed strains to be distinguished. To ascertain the epidemiological usefulness of this PCR fingerprinting, the patterns of the 131 isolates were compared. A total of 95 types which corresponded to 95 independent strains were delineated (discriminatory power = 1 with n = 95). Comparison of the results of PCR fingerprinting and those of fingerprinting with the CkF1,2 probe showed that they concurred. In addition, this work yields insights into the mechanisms involved in generating polymorphisms in the IGRs of C. krusei. Since this method is simpler and faster than established identification and genotyping methods of this important pathogenic species, it is a critical improvement for clinical microbiology laboratories relevant not only to diagnosis but also to epidemiology.