gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mushroom spent straw: a potential substrate for an ethanol-based biorefinery (2008)

Rice straw (RS) is an important lignocellulosic biomass with nearly 800 million dry tons produced annually worldwide. RS has immense potential as a lignocellulosic feedstock for making renewable fuels and chemicals in a biorefinery. However, because of its natural recalcitrance, RS needs thermochemical treatment prior to further biological processing. Ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX) is a leading biomass pretreatment process utilizing concentrated/liquefied ammonia to pretreat lignocellulosic biomass at moderate temperatures (70-140 degrees C). Previous research has shown improved cellulose and hemicellulose conversions upon AFEX treatment of RS at 2:1 ammonia to biomass (w/w) loading, 40% moisture (dwb) and 90 degrees C. However, there is still scope for further improvement. Fungal pretreatment of lignocellulosics is an important biological pretreatment method that has not received much attention in the past. A few reasons for ignoring fungal-based pretreatments are substantial loss in cellulose and hemicellulose content and longer pretreatment times that reduce overall productivity. However, the sugar loss can be minimized through use of white-rot fungi (e.g. Pleutorus ostreatus) over a much shorter duration of pretreatment time. It was found that mushroom spent RS prior to AFEX allowed reduction in thermochemical treatment severity, while resulting in 15% higher glucan conversions than RS pretreated with AFEX alone. In this work, we report the effect of fungal conditioning of RS followed by AFEX pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. The recovery of other byproducts from the fungal conditioning process such as fungal enzymes and mushrooms are also discussed.
Synthesis of β-Galactose-Conjugated Chlorins Derived by Enyne Metathesis as Galectin-Specific Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy (2001)

A first report on the synthesis and biological evaluation of the beta-galactose-conjugated purpurinimides (a class of chlorins containing a six-membered fused imide ring system) as Gal-1 (galectin-1) recognized photosensitizers, prepared from purpurin-N-propargylimide via enyne metathesis, is discussed. On the basis of examination of the available crystal structure of the galectin-1 N-acetyllactose amine complex, it was considered that the chlorin-based photosensitizers could be introduced into a carbohydrate skeleton to expand the repertoire of the galectin-1-specific ligands. Preliminary molecular modeling analysis utilizing the modeled photosensitizers and the available crystal structures of galectin-carbohydrate complexes indicated that addition of the photosensitizer to the carbohydrate moiety at an appropriate position does not interfere with the galectin-carbohydrate recognition. Under similar drug and light doses, compared to the free purpurinimide analogue, the purpurinimides conjugated either with galactose or with lactose (Gal(beta1-4)-Glc) produced a considerable increase in photosensitizing efficacy in vitro. This indicates the possibility for development of a new class of specific photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) based on recognition of a cellular receptor.
Altered desensitization produces enhancement of EPSPs in neocortical neurons (1994)

1. Neocortical brain slices were prepared from rats (35-50 days of age) and maintained in vitro. Intracellular recordings were obtained from neurons in cortical layers II/III. The effect of bath application of cyclothiazide (CYZ), a potent blocker of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor desensitization, on evoked synaptic activity and passive membrane properties was investigated. 2. Bath application of CYZ did not significantly affect resting membrane potential, input resistance, or repetitive firing. CYZ increased both the amplitude and duration of evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). Polysynaptic responses were also augumented. These effects persisted after the blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors with D-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (D-APV). The magnitude of these effects appeared to vary directly with stimulation intensity and presumably, amount of glutamate release. 3. Epileptiform activity was induced by bath application of bicuculline methiodide. The amplitude and duration of evoked paroxysmal discharges were increased by CYZ. Similar results were seen in presence of D-APV. 4. These results indicate that CYZ has significant effects on synaptic transmission. Desensitization of non-NMDA receptors may be an important mechanism for determining the time course of EPSPs and in curtailing epileptiform responses in the rat neocortex.
A Critical Role for OX40 in T Cell–mediated Immunopathology during Lung Viral Infection (2003)

Respiratory infections are the third leading cause of death worldwide. Illness is caused by pathogen replication and disruption of airway homeostasis by excessive expansion of cell numbers. One strategy to prevent lung immune-mediated damage involves reducing the cellular burden. To date, antiinflammatory strategies have affected both antigen-specific and naive immune repertoires. Here we report a novel form of immune intervention that specifically targets recently activated T cells alone. OX40 (CD134) is absent on naive T cells but up-regulated 1-2 d after antigen activation. OX40-immunoglobulin fusion proteins block the interaction of OX40 with its ligand on antigen-presenting cells and eliminate weight loss and cachexia without preventing virus clearance. Reduced proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of lung cells accompanied the improved clinical phenotype. Manipulation of this late costimulatory pathway has clear therapeutic potential for the treatment of dysregulated lung immune responses.
Susceptibility of ferrets, cats, dogs, and other domesticated animals to SARS–coronavirus 2 (2020)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the infectious disease COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), which was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Despite extensive efforts to control the disease, COVID-19 has now spread to more than 100 countries and caused a global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is thought to have originated in bats; however, the intermediate animal sources of the virus are unknown. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of ferrets and animals in close contact with humans to SARS-CoV-2. We found that SARS-CoV-2 replicates poorly in dogs, pigs, chickens, and ducks, but ferrets and cats are permissive to infection. Additionally, cats are susceptible to airborne transmission. Our study provides insights into the animal models for SARS-CoV-2 and animal management for COVID-19 control.
Chain length determination of small double- and single-stranded DNA molecules by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1975)

We describe the use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to estimate chain lengths of double- and single-stranded DNA molecules in the size range 20-1000 base pairs (or nucleotides). Double-stranded DNA molecules of known length produced either by organic synthesis or by restriction endonuclease digestion of viral DNAs were used as standards. The relative electrophoretic mobilities of these standards were examined on both nondenaturing (aqueous) polyacrylamide gels and on denaturing gels containing 7 M urea or 98% formamide. Electrophoretic mobility of DNA is a linear function of the log of molecular weight if appropriate conditions are used, although exceptions are noted. Chain lengths can be conveniently estimated by using as standards bacteriophage gamma DNA restriction fragments or commercially available tracking dyes.
Isolation and bacterial expression of a sesquiterpene synthase cDNA clone from peppermint ( Mentha x piperita , L.) that produces the aphid alarm pheromone ( E )-β-farnesene (1997)

(E)-beta-Farnesene is a sesquiterpene semiochemical that is used extensively by both plants and insects for communication. This acyclic olefin is found in the essential oil of peppermint (Mentha x piperita) and can be synthesized from farnesyl diphosphate by a cell-free extract of peppermint secretory gland cells. A cDNA from peppermint encoding (E)-beta-farnesene synthase was cloned by random sequencing of an oil gland library and was expressed in Escherichia coli. The corresponding synthase has a deduced size of 63.8 kDa and requires a divalent cation for catalysis (Km for Mg2+ approximately 150 microM; Km for Mn2+ approximately 7 microM). The sesquiterpenoids produced by the recombinant enzyme, as determined by radio-GC and GC-MS, are (E)-beta-farnesene (85%), (Z)-beta-farnesene (8%), and delta-cadinene (5%) with the native C15 substrate farnesyl diphosphate (Km approximately 0.6 microM; Vrel = 100) and Mg2+ as cofactor, and (E)-beta-farnesene (98%) and (Z)-beta-farnesene (2%) with Mn2+ as cofactor (Vrel = 80). With the C10 analog, GDP, as substrate (Km = 1.5 microM; Vrel = 3 with Mg2+ as cofactor), the monoterpenes limonene (48%), terpinolene (15%), and myrcene (15%) are produced.
Covalent Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Adduction by Nitro-fatty Acids (2010)

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) binds diverse ligands to transcriptionally regulate metabolism and inflammation. Activators of PPARgamma include lipids and anti-hyperglycemic drugs such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Recently, TZDs have raised concern after being linked with increased risk of peripheral edema, weight gain, and adverse cardiovascular events. Most reported endogenous PPARgamma ligands are intermediates of lipid metabolism and oxidation that bind PPARgamma with very low affinity. In contrast, nitro derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids (NO(2)-FA) are endogenous products of nitric oxide ((*)NO) and nitrite (NO(2)(-))-mediated redox reactions that activate PPARgamma at nanomolar concentrations. We report that NO(2)-FA act as partial agonists of PPARgamma and covalently bind PPARgamma at Cys-285 via Michael addition. NO(2)-FA show selective PPARgamma modulator characteristics by inducing coregulator protein interactions, PPARgamma-dependent expression of key target genes, and lipid accumulation is distinctively different from responses induced by the TZD rosiglitazone. Administration of this class of signaling mediators to ob/ob mice revealed that NO(2)-FA lower insulin and glucose levels without inducing adverse side effects such as the increased weight gain induced by TZDs.
Improving health from the inside (2012)

The anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 and its viral homologs were chosen as model proteins for the development of drug delivery systems based on probiotic carriers like E. coli Nissle 1917, E. coli G3/10, and Saccharomyces boulardii. Exterior cytokine secretion was achieved by a modified E. coli hemolysin transporter. Release of interleukin-10 transported to the periplasm via the OmpF signal peptide was enabled by a T4 phage lysis system under control of the araC PBAD activator-promoter. The yield of interleukin-10 delivered by the phage lysis system was too low for functional analysis whereas the fusion protein secreted by the hemolysin transporter proved to be biologically inactive. Moreover, partial processing of the fusion protein by the E. coli membrane protease OmpT had no effect on the protein's functionality. Using the α-mating factor signal sequence, the yeast S. boulardii proved to be suitable for secretory expression of biologically active viral interleukin-10.
Microfabrication of submicron nozzles in silicon nitride (1992)

A novel microfabrication process is described for obtaining nanometer apertures in highly cusped nozzle-like structures fabricated in silicon nitride, having apex angles of up to a few degrees. The process is based on a sacrificial etch technology using single-crystal silicon as the mold and silicon nitride as the material for the nozzle. The nitride coating on the apex of the pyramid shaped mold is selectively etched off using a polymer layer as the etch mask, which leaves the tip of the silicon mold protruding from the masked nitride, thus defining the aperture of the nozzles. The silicon mold is then removed in an alkaline etchant, which leaves the freestanding nozzles. The process is applicable to fabrication of similar structures in a variety of other materials such as silicon dioxide, boron-doped silicon, polysilicon, and refractory and noble metals. The main requirement is the preferential etchability of the mold with respect to material for the nozzles.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
[Aneurysms of the visceral arteries: the diagnostic problems and therapeutic strategies]. (1992)

Intestinal artery aneurysms are a rare clinical condition, usually asymptomatic. However, sometimes they occur as vascular emergency, with a mortality rate of about 75%. Therefore, their occasional diagnosis should be carefully considered as an indication for elective surgery. The authors report their experience in the surgical management of 3 cases of intestinal artery aneurysms respectively involving the splenic, the gastroduodenal and the inferior mesenteric artery. A review of the literature is also presented.
Is circulating nitrite a directly acting vasodilator? (2002)

Correspondence| June 20 2002 Is circulating nitrite a directly acting vasodilator? Dimitrios TSIKAS; Dimitrios TSIKAS 1Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany Correspondence: Dr D. Tsikas (e-mail tsikas.dimitros@mh-hannover.de). Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Jürgen C. FRÖLICH Jürgen C. FRÖLICH 1Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Clin Sci (Lond) (2002) 103 (1): 107. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs1030107u Article history Received: March 15 2002 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation Dimitrios TSIKAS, Jürgen C. FRÖLICH; Is circulating nitrite a directly acting vasodilator?. Clin Sci (Lond) 1 July 2002; 103 (1): 107. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/cs1030107u Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsClinical Science Search Advanced Search Keywords: nitrite, nitric oxide, S-nitrosothiols This content is only available as a PDF. The Biochemical Society and the Medical Research Society © 20022002 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Syngeneic monoclonal antiidiotype can induce cellular immunity to reovirus. (1984)

A syngeneic monoclonal antiidiotypic antibody was generated in BALB/c mice after repeated immunization with a BALB/c monoclonal anti-reovirus hemagglutinin (HA) antibody. The resultant syngeneic monoclonal antiidiotypic antibody, in the absence of adjuvant, was found to be capable of priming both BALB/c (H-2d, Igh-1a) and C3H/Hej (H-2k, Igh-1j) mice for Lyt-1+- and Lyt-2+-dependent responses against the mammalian reovirus. By the use of intertypic reassortants and variant virus analysis, the specificity of the response was finely mapped to the neutralization domain of the viral hemagglutinin (HA). Using purified monoclonal antiidiotype, we were able to compare the potency of antiidiotype to virus in terms of induction of immunity. 8 X 10(8) protein molecules were able to prime for cellular responses to reovirus. These studies indicate that in the reovirus system, T cells and B cells share idiotypic configurations, and that antiidiotypic antibodies of the type described herein may be useful in the development of vaccines against certain viral infections.
Dm Determines the Cryptic and Immunodominant Fate of T Cell Epitopes (2000)

The ability of the immune system to focus T cell responses against a select number of potential epitopes of a complex antigen is termed immunodominance. Epitopes that trigger potent T cell activation, after in vivo priming, are classified as immunodominant. By contrast, determinants that fail to elicit any response are called cryptic. DM, a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) heterodimer, plays a pivotal role in the presentation of MHC class II-restricted epitopes by catalyzing the exchange of class II-associated invariant chain peptide with the antigen-derived peptides within the MHC class II binding groove. Using L cells transfected with genes for MHC class II, invariant chain, and DM, we have studied the contribution of DM in the presentation of two cryptic (peptide 11-25 and peptide 20-35) and one dominant (peptide 106-116) epitope of hen egg white lysozyme (HEL). Cells lacking DM heterodimers efficiently display the determinants HEL 11-25 and HEL 20-35 to T cells. Strikingly, however, cells expressing DM are severely compromised in their ability to present the cryptic HEL 11-25/A(d) and 20-35/A(d) epitopes. DM-mediated antagonism of HEL 11-25/A(d) and 20-35/A(d) presentation could thus be central to 11-25/A(d) and 20-35/A(d) being cryptic epitopes in the HEL system. Interestingly, the display of the immunodominant epitope of HEL, 106-116/E(d), and of a dominant epitope of sperm whale myoglobin (SWM), 102-118/A(d), is entirely dependent on the expression of DM. Thus, cells lacking DM molecules are unable to efficiently express HEL 106-116/E(d) and SWM 102-118/A(d) determinants. We conclude that the DM heterodimers direct the immunodominant and cryptic fate of antigenic epitopes in vivo.
Host-mediated modification of PvuII restriction in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1996)

Restriction endonuclease PvuII plays a central role in restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates with IS6110 as a genetic marker. We have investigated the basis for an apparent dichotomy in PvuII restriction fragment pattersn observed among strains of the M. tuberculosis complex. The chromosomal regions of two modified PvuII restriction sites, located upstream of the katG gene and downstream of an IS1081 insertion sequence, were studied in more detail. An identical 10-bp DNA sequence (CAGCTGGAGC) containing a PvuII site was found in both regions, and site-directed mutagenesis analysis revealed that this sequence was a target for modification. Strain-specific modification of PvuII sites was identified in DNA from over 80% of the nearly 800 isolates examined. Furthermore, the proportion of modifying and nonmodifying strains differs significantly from country to country.
Production of specific‐structured lipids by enzymatic interesterification in a pilot continuous enzyme bed reactor (1998)

Abstract Production of specific‐structured lipids (interesterified lipids with a specific structure) by enzymatic interesterification was carried out in a continuous enzyme bed pilot scale reactor. Commercial immobilized lipase (Lipozyme IM) was used and investigations of acyl migration, pressure drop, water dependence, production efficiency, and other basic features of the process were performed. The extent of acyl migration (defined as a side reaction) occurring in the present enzyme bed reactor was compared to that in a pilot batch reactor. The continuous enzyme bed reactor was better than the batch reactor in minimizing acyl migration. Generally the former produced about one‐fourth the acyl migration produced by the latter at a similar extent of incorporation. Pressure drop and production efficiency were evaluated in order to obtain a suitable yield in one reaction step. High incorporation was favored by high substrate ratios between acyl donors and oils, requiring long reaction times on the enzyme bed. Under these conditions, the pressure drop of the reactor was modeled statistically and theoretically. Residence time, water content, and effects of mass transfers were also investigated. Incorporation of medium‐chain fatty acids increased with increased residence time. Approximately 40% of lipase activity was lost after a 4‐wk run. External mass transfer was not a major problem in the linear flow range, but internal mass transfer did impose some transfer limitations.
Droplet-based compartmentalization of chemically separated components in two-dimensional separations (2009)

We demonstrate that nanolitre-sized droplets are an effective tool in coupling two-dimensional separations in both time and space. Using a microfluidic droplet connector, chemically separated components can be segmented into nanolitre droplets. After oil filtering and droplet merging, these droplets are loaded into a second dimension for comprehensive separations.
Circulating CD40 autoantibody and suPAR synergy drives glomerular injury. (2015)

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) remains among the leading causes of end-stage kidney disease in children and adults, and has the highest rate of recurrence of all glomerular diseases after kidney transplantation, with florid proteinuria and accelerated renal allograft loss (1). FSGS is a heterogeneous disease with a spectrum of phenotypes based on the existence of recurrent (rFSGS) and non-recurrent (nrFSGS) disease after transplantation, which cannot be easily predicted on disease histopathology (2), and differential disease responses to treatment i.e., immunosuppression (3), plasmapheresis (4), anti-CD20 antibody, and intravenous immunoglobulin (5) in the native and post-transplant states. In addition, infection, drug use, and secondary maladaptive responses after loss of nephrons from any cause may also cause FSGS. Various gene mutations (6) and circulating factors such as suPAR (7) and autoantibodies to CD40 and other glomerular antigens (8) have been associated with FSGS pathogenesis.
The Chemical Phenotypes (Chemotypes) of Cannabis (2014)

Abstract Chemical phenotypes (chemotypes) of Cannabis are defined by the content and composition of their cannabinoid fraction. This chapter describes the current diversity of chemotypes and discusses their underlying genetic mechanisms and breeding histories. The role of chemotype in Cannabis classification is addressed. Specific morphological features of the glandular trichomes associated with certain chemotypes are illustrated. The purity, content, and yield levels of the cannabinoids of clones selected in a plant-breeding program at GW Pharmaceuticals are presented. Several of these clones are currently in use for pharmaceutical raw material production. Their crude floral extracts and purified cannabinoids are being investigated for therapeutic potential. The chapter closes with some thoughts on the prospects of molecular breeding to modify cannabinoid biogenesis and further expand the cannabinoid portfolio