gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A rapid, dispersion-based wavelength-stepped and wavelength-swept laser for optical coherence tomography (2014)

Optical-domain subsampling enables Fourier-domain OCT imaging at high-speeds and extended depth ranges while limiting the required acquisition bandwidth. To perform optical-domain subsampling, a wavelength-stepped rather than a wavelength-swept source is required. This preliminary study introduces a novel design for a rapid wavelength-stepped laser source that uses dispersive fibers in combination with a fast lithium-niobate modulator to achieve wavelength selection. A laser with 200 GHz wavelength-stepping and a sweep rate of 9 MHz over a 94 nm range at a center wavelength of 1550 nm is demonstrated. A reconfiguration of this source design to a continuous wavelength-swept light for conventional Fourier-domain OCT is also demonstrated.
Characterization of an unusual mutant of human melanoma cells resistant to anticancer drugs that inhibit topoisomerase II (1993)

The topoisomerase II inhibitor, VP-16 (etoposide), is an important component in many chemotherapeutic regimens. To characterize resistance to this drug, the human melanoma cell line, FEM-X, was selected in multiple steps with VP-16. To prevent the development of typical multidrug resistance, an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, the tiapamil analog, RO-11-2933, was added to the selections. The resultant clone FVP3 is 56-fold resistant to VP-16 and cross-resistant to doxorubicin (Adriamycin) (9-fold) and VM-26 (27-fold). These cells are also two- to four-fold resistant to m-AMSA, daunorubicin, and mitoxantrone. FVP3 is not resistant to the P-glycoprotein substrates vinblastine, does not express the MDR1 gene at detectable levels, and does not show reduced 3H-VP-16 accumulation. Unlike other cell lines that exhibit resistance to inhibitors of topoisomerase II, FVP3 has the same level of topoisomerase II expression and activity as FEM-X. Using live cells treated with VP-16, band depletion assays and KCI/SDS precipitation assays show that topoisomerase II from FVP3 is much less susceptible to drug-induced cleavable complex formation than is that from FEM-X. This difference in sensitivity to VP-16 is also detected using lysates from disrupted cells, but not with isolated nuclei devoid of cytoplasmic and membrane components. In addition, the topoisomerase II present in nuclear extracts from FVP3 is not resistant to the effects of VP-16 as measured by: (1) inhibition of strand passing activity during decatenation of kinetoplast DNA, (2) drug-induced linearization of plasmid DNA, and (3) immunodepletion by VP-16. These results suggest that some component of the cytoplasm or cellular membranes, or a factor depleted from nuclei during their isolation, is responsible for the resistance to VP-16 in FVP3.
Thrombus imaging with technetium-99m synthetic peptides based upon the binding domain of a monoclonal antibody to activated platelets. (1994)

Using labeled synthetic peptides appears to be technically feasible but the absolute binding to thrombus is not yet sufficient for reliable imaging of pre-existing thrombi.
A scanning electron microscope study of the long-term effect of bleaching agents on the enamel surface in vivo. (1998)

Vital bleaching of teeth is, increasingly, a popular esthetic desire. Bleaching agents are provided in over-the-counter as well as dental office bleaching kits. However, the effect of the bleaching agents on the enamel surface is not fully understood, and cautions approaches to their use are not usually explained to patients. In this study, an in vivo exposure of bleaching agents is used to evaluate the short and long-term effect on the enamel surface; the results are demonstrated by scanning with an electron microscope. Exposure to the bleaching agents for 14 days created an alteration of the enamel surface and caused exposure of the enamel prisms. Moreover, a 21- to 90-day post-exposure SEM evaluation demonstrated alteration of the surface enamel, indicating exposure of the enamel prismatic layer, frequently to the depth of the enamel rods and possibly the dentin.
Tumor pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 and immunochemical fecal occult blood test: performance in screening for colorectal cancer (2007)

Both immunochemical FOBTs appear valuable and are sensitive tests for CRC screening. TuM2-PK does not have supplemental value for screening for CRC because of a lower sensitivity and specificity. None of these tests is sensitive enough for detection of advanced adenomas. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease should be excluded from CRC screening when using immunochemical FOBT or TuM2-PK.
A 48 MHz, hermetic, 0.48 mm<sup>2</sup> chip-scale packaged USB3.0 oscillator integrating an FBAR resonator with CMOS circuitry (2011)

Most ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuits) chips have a common need for clocking. The clock is usually supplied by the end-user of the ASIC chip and consists of a quartz crystal resonator, two precision capacitors, and an on-chip inverter driver. An ASIC supplier that can integrate the clock inside their package will have a product differentiator relative to their competitors. We demonstrate a zero drift FBAR Resonator (ZDR) with a native Q of 3000 and a temperature stability of ±50 ppm integrated with a CMOS oscillator core, all bias circuitry, oscillator buffer, dividers, and output buffer. The 0.6μm node CMOS circuitry is integrated in the silicon lid of the microcapped device. Since many thousands of packaged die are created on each wafer, one can take a significant amount of statistics on the effect of frequency shift due to environmental stress (HAST, Autoclave, thermal shock). This allows us to accurately quantify aging effects as well as the most likely forms of device failures in the field.
Estimating and Exploring the Product Form Design Space Using Deep Generative Models (2016)

Product forms in quantitative design methods are typically expressed with a mathematical representation such as vectors, trees, graphs, and grammars. Such formal representations are restrictive in terms of realism or flexibility, and this limits their utility for human designers who typically create product forms in a design space that is restricted by the medium (e.g., free-hand sketching) and by their cognitive skills (e.g., creativity and experience). To increase the value of formal representations to human designers, this paper proposes to represent the design space as designs sampled from a statistical distribution of form and estimate a generative model of this distribution using a large set of images and design attributes of previous designs. This statistical representation approach is both flexible and realistic, and is estimated using a deep (multi-layer) generative model. The value of the representation is demonstrated in a study of two-dimensional automobile body forms. Using 180,000 form data of automobile designs over the past decade, we can morph a vehicle form into different body types and brands, thus offering human designers potential insights on realistic new design possibilities.
Cholestasis in a patient with gallstones and a normal gamma-glutamyl transferase (2013)

Cholestasis with normal gamma glutamyl transferase characterizes functional deficiencies in the gene ABCB11, which encodes the bile salt export pump (BSEP), a liver-specific adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter. Here we report the case of a patient presenting with features of benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis associated with a heterozygous mutation in the ABCB11 gene. Immunohistochemistry showed a gradual decrease of BSEP from zone 1 to zone 3 of the liver lobule, suggesting that the mutation identified here may predispose patients to cholestasis through a delocalization process of BSEP at the lobular level. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;57:2539-2541).
Gene delivery and expression mediated by an integrin-binding peptide. (1995)

The ability to transfer sufficient DNA to specific target cells remains one of the main limitations to the development of gene therapy. For this reason much attention is being paid to the development of new gene delivery systems, both viral and non-viral. We describe gene transfer with a polycation-DNA complex which contains an integrin-binding domain. Integrin-mediated gene delivery has several potential advantages. Such complexes are less likely than other receptor-mediated gene delivery complexes to be constrained by the size of the complex. The ligands are small peptides, resembling naturally occurring integrin ligands, which minimises the possibility of complexes inducing an immune response in vivo.
Iron and copper requirements for proliferation and differentiation of a human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL‐60) (1995)

Trace mineral deficiencies tend to have profound effects on the integrity of formed blood elements. Anemia and neutropenia are commonly seen in copper (Cu) deficiency. We therefore developed a serum-free medium to examine the trace mineral requirements, in particular iron and Cu, for proliferation and retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of HL-60 cells. This defined medium (DFM) was composed of Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) supplemented with insulin and human apo-transferrin (each at 5 micrograms/ml) and 1.4 microM FeSO4. The iron concentration range for optimal cellular proliferation was narrow (2-3 microM). HL-60 cells could be maintained in DFM for 15 passages with a doubling time of 38-40 hr. The Cu content of IMDM was very low. Thus, by the fourth passage in DFM, the activity of cuproenzymes (cytochrome c oxidase, CCO; and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, CuZnSOD) began to decline. Supplementation of DFM with CuSO4 (50 nM) restored enzyme activities. Treatment of cells with a Cu chelator (tetrathiomolybdate, 1 microM) rapidly reduced the activities of both CCO and CuZnSOD. Over the Cu concentration range examined (5-350 nM), Cu supplementation had little effect on HL-60 proliferation. Cell retained the ability to differentiate along the granulocytic pathway when treated with RA, but seemed to be less sensitive to the inducing agent except at the highest concentration tested (1 microM). This decreased sensitivity to RA did not seem to be related to the Cu status of the cells but rather to the absence of a component of serum. Indeed, cells grown in DFM regained their sensitivity to RA when allowed to differentiate in IMDM with 5% serum. These data indicate that the processes of growth and terminal differentiation in HL-60 cells are not greatly influenced by Cu. Thus, it seems likely that the insult resulting in neutropenia which is associated with Cu deficiency may occur earlier than the promyelocytic stage. However, the possibility that the mechanisms contributing to neutropenia may be unrelated to primary defects in the biochemistry of neutrophil maturation cannot be ruled out.
Ecologic Studies of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Japan (1959)

SummaryIn 1956 and 1957, 98 to 100% of pigs on farms near Sagiyama north of Tokyo and in mosquito traps at Sagiyama, Tokyo, Zama and Shinhama became infected by JE virus during August. In 1957 extensive studies failed to detect swine infection between April and August. In two rural areas in 1956, swine became infected 2 to 3 weeks before those in Tokyo. Pigs were identified as a major natural source of JE virus for the vector mosquito, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, near Tokyo on the basis of: a) a high incidence of natural swine infection; b) the occurrence of viremia following natural infection; c) demonstration in the laboratory that viremia lasts up to 4 days11 and occurs in titers adequate to infect colonized C. tritaeniorhynchus and cause them to transmit virus to pigs and herons;5 d) the striking propensity of C. tritaeniorhynchus to bite pigs in nature;12 and e) the large, yearly-replenished populations of susceptible pigs near Tokyo.
Synthetic Polymers as Materials for Artificial Vitreous Body: Review and Recent Advances (1994)

In spite of a century of recorded attempts to replace the vitreous body of the eye with a foreign material, there is no permanent substitute currently available, and the success of some materials as temporary substitutes is still very limited. Among the large number of materials proposed or tested as vitreous substitutes, synthetic polymers have been episodically considered during the past four decades. This article will review these attempts, their outcomes, and recent progress in this field. There were only seven synthetic polymers and a few semisynthetic polymers (modified biopolymers) so far proposed or tested as vitreous substitutes. It appears that probably a synthetic hydrogel with very high water content would eventually be the material of choice for a permanent vitreous substitute, but the ideal material has not yet been found.
Tutorial On Advances In Morphological Image Processing And Analysis (1986)

This paper reviews some recent advances in the theory and applications of morphological image analysis. In applications, we show how the morphological filters can be used to provide simple and systematic algorithms for image processing and analysis tasks as diverse as nonlinear image filtering; noise suppression; edge detection; region filling; skeletonization; coding; shape representation, smoothing, and recognition. In theory, we summarize the represen-tation of a large class of translation-invariant nonlinear filters (including morphological, median, order-statistics, and shape recognition filters) as a minimal combination of morphological erosions or dilations; these results provide new realizations of these filters and lead to a unified image alge-bra.
Site-directed mutagenesis of the T4 endonuclease V gene: the role of arginine-3 in the target search (1989)

Endonuclease V, a pyrimidine dimer specific endonuclease in T4 bacteriophage, is able to scan DNA, recognize pyrimidine dimer photoproducts produced by exposure to ultraviolet light, and effectively incise DNA through a two-step mechanism at the damaged bases. The interaction of endonuclease V with nontarget DNA is thought to occur via electrostatic interactions between basic amino acids and the acidic phosphate DNA backbone. Arginine-3 was chosen as a potential candidate for involvement in this protein-nontarget DNA interaction and was extensively mutated to assess its role. The mutations include changes to Asp, Glu, Leu, and Lys and deleting it from the enzyme. Deletion of Arg-3 resulted in an enzyme that retained marginal levels of AP specificity, but no other detectable activity. Charge reversal to Glu-3 and Asp-3 results in proteins that exhibit AP-specific nicking and low levels of dimer-specific nicking. These enzymes are incapable of affecting cellular survival of repair-deficient Escherichia coli after irradiation. Mutations of Arg-3 to Lys-3 or Leu-3 also are unable to complement repair-deficient E. coli. However, these two proteins do exhibit a substantial level of in vitro dimer- and AP-specific nicking. The mechanism by which the Leu-3 and Lys-3 mutant enzymes locate pyrimidine dimers within a population of heavily irradiated plasmid DNA molecules appears to be significantly different from that for the wild-type enzyme. The wild-type endonuclease V processively incises all dimers on an individual plasmid prior to dissociation from that plasmid and subsequent reassociation with other plasmids, yet neither of these mutants exhibits any of the characteristics of this processive nicking activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The inhibitory anti-FGFR3 antibody, PRO-001, is cytotoxic to t(4;14) multiple myeloma cells (2006)

The association of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) expression with t(4;14) multiple myeloma (MM) and the demonstration of the transforming potential of this receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) make it a particularly attractive target for drug development. We report here a novel and highly specific anti-FGFR3-neutralizing antibody (PRO-001). PRO-001 binds to FGFR3 expressed on transformed cells and inhibits FGFR3 autophosphorylation and downstream signaling. The antibody inhibited the growth of FGFR3-expressing FDCP cells (IC(50) of 0.5 microg/mL) but not that of cells expressing FGFR1 or FGFR2, and potently inhibited FGFR3-dependent solid tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. Furthermore, PRO-001 inhibited the growth of the FGFR3-expressing, human myeloma cell line, UTMC2. Inhibition of viability was still observed when cells were cocultured with stroma or in the presence of IL-6 or IGF-1. PRO-001 did not inhibit constitutive activation of K650E, G384D, and Y373C FGFR3 in myeloma cell lines and failed to inhibit the growth of these cells. Most importantly, however, PRO-001 induced cytotoxic responses in primary t(4;14)(+) MM samples with an increase in apoptotic index of 20% to 80% as determined by annexin V staining. The data demonstrate that PRO-001 is a potent and specific inhibitor of FGFR3 and deserves further study for the treatment of FGFR3-expressing myeloma.
Diarylsulfones, a new chemical class of nonnucleoside antiviral inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (1993)

A series of variously substituted diarylsulfones and related derivatives were found to prevent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication and HIV-1-induced cell killing in vitro. One of the more potent derivatives, 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfone (NPPS), completely protected human CEM-SS lymphoblastoid cells from the cytopathic effects of HIV-1 in cell culture at 1 to 5 microM concentrations. HIV-1 replication, as assessed by the production of infectious virions, viral p24 antigen, and virion reverse transcriptase (RT), was inhibited by NPPS at similar concentrations. There was no evidence of direct cytotoxicity of the drug at concentrations below 100 microM. A variety of other CD4+ T-cell lines as well as cultures of peripheral blood leukocytes and monocytes were protected from HIV-1-induced cytopathicity and/or viral replication. NPPS also inhibited several distinctly different strains of HIV-1 but was ineffective against three strains of HIV-2. Biochemical studies revealed that NPPS inhibited HIV-1 RT but not HIV-2 RT. NPPS had no direct effect on HIV-1 virions, nor did it block the initial binding of HIV-1 to target cells. Time-limited treatments of cells with NPPS found that NPPS had to be present continuously in culture to provide maximum antiviral protection. In addition, HIV-1 replication in cells in which infection was already fully established or in chronically infected cells was also unaffected by NPPS. We conclude that NPPS acts in a reversible manner as a nonnucleoside HIV-1-specific RT inhibitor. Although markedly different in structure from a larger, structurally diverse group of known HIV-1-specific nonnucleoside RT inhibitors, NPPS shares several of the biological properties that characterize this emerging new pharmacologic class.
Investigation of sulfur removal from low-pressure gas: Final report (1987)

Licensable processes were evaluated for removing H/sub 2/S from low-pressure gas. Applications include fuel gas cleanup from small air-blown gasifiers, Claus tailgas treatment, and geothermal off-gas purification. Operators reported many problems with the STRETFORD process. With all of the processes studied, H/sub 2/S is readily converted to sulfur, while the trace impurity carbonyl sulfide, COS, is not converted. However, for an incremental cost, COS can be hydrolyzed to H/sub 2/S using an additional step upstream. Thus, almost complete sulfur removal is feasible. The 30-year levelized costs ranged from $363/ton to $657/ton of sulfur removed, including the COS hydrolysis step. 5 figs., 5 tabs.
[Isolation and characterization of an unknown, leucine-rich 3.1-S-alpha2-glycoprotein from human serum (author's transl)]. (1977)

This article describes the isolation and characterization of a previously unknown, leucine-rich 3.1S-alpha2-glycoprotein from human serum. The starting material was Supernatant II, which is a byproduct in the large-scale preparation of albumin and gamma-globulin by the ethacridine lactate/ammonium sulfate procedure. The purified protein is homogenous both in carrier-free and molecular-sieve electrophoresis. Its electrophoretic mobility indicates that it belongs to the alpha2-globulins. Isoelectric focussing splits it into 4 bands with isoelectric points between 3.8 and 4.1. In the ultracentrifuge it sediments in a single band at 3.1S. The molecular weight determined by equilibrium sedimentation is 49 600 +/- 4 000. Subunits were not detected. Chemical analysis reveals it to be a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate content of 23%. The amino acid content is unusual in that the leucine content is almost 17%, i.e. about every fifth amino acid is a leucine. The average concentration of the leucine-rich 3.1S-alpha2-glycoprotein in human serum was determined by a quantitative immunological method as 2.1 mg per 100 ml. The protein is not related to any of the previously known well characterized serum proteins.
Classification of Video Segmentation Application Scenarios (2004)

Video analysis can be used in the context of a wide variety of applications and therefore a multiplicity of techniques has been proposed in the literature. Each of those techniques is usually devoted to solving a specific part of the complete analysis problem, unless the problem is rather simple. Typically, to be able to propose meaningful analysis solutions, the analysis problem must first be appropriately constrained, taking into account the relevant application environment. Then, complementary types of analysis techniques may have to be used in combination to achieve the desired results. This paper proposes a classification of segmentation applications into a set of scenarios, according to the different application constraints and goals. This allows an easier selection of the appropriate video segmentation solution for each specific application. Examples of segmentation solutions for the most relevant scenarios identified are presented.
Rescue of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis phenotype in a mouse model by intravenous AAV 9‐ ADAR 2 delivery to motor neurons (2013)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common adult-onset motor neuron disease, and the lack of effective therapy results in inevitable death within a few years of onset. Failure of GluA2 RNA editing resulting from downregulation of the RNA-editing enzyme adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 2 (ADAR2) occurs in the majority of ALS cases and causes the death of motor neurons via a Ca(2+) -permeable AMPA receptor-mediated mechanism. Here, we explored the possibility of gene therapy for ALS by upregulating ADAR2 in mouse motor neurons using an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vector that provides gene delivery to a wide array of central neurons after peripheral administration. A single intravenous injection of AAV9-ADAR2 in conditional ADAR2 knockout mice (AR2), which comprise a mechanistic mouse model of sporadic ALS, caused expression of exogenous ADAR2 in the central neurons and effectively prevented progressive motor dysfunction. Notably, AAV9-ADAR2 rescued the motor neurons of AR2 mice from death by normalizing TDP-43 expression. This AAV9-mediated ADAR2 gene delivery may therefore enable the development of a gene therapy for ALS.
Homeostatic T Cell Proliferation (2000)

Through positive and negative selection, the thymus allows a small fraction of immature CD4+8+ double positive thymocytes to differentiate into mature CD4+8− or CD4−8+ single positive cells; these cells are released into the periphery to establish the mature T cell pool. Positive selection