gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polysialic Acid Directs Tumor Cell Growth by Controlling Heterophilic Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Interactions (2003)

Polysialic acid (PSA), a carbohydrate polymer attached to the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), promotes neural plasticity and tumor malignancy, but its mode of action is controversial. Here we establish that PSA controls tumor cell growth and differentiation by interfering with NCAM signaling at cell-cell contacts. Interactions between cells with different PSA and NCAM expression profiles were initiated by enzymatic removal of PSA and by ectopic expression of NCAM or PSA-NCAM. Removal of PSA from the cell surface led to reduced proliferation and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), inducing enhanced survival and neuronal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells. Blocking with an NCAM-specific peptide prevented these effects. Combinatorial transinteraction studies with cells and membranes with different PSA and NCAM phenotypes revealed that heterophilic NCAM binding mimics the cellular responses to PSA removal. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that PSA masks heterophilic NCAM signals, having a direct impact on tumor cell growth. This provides a mechanism for how PSA may promote the genesis and progression of highly aggressive PSA-NCAM-positive tumors.
Warfarin Resistance Is Associated with a Protein Component of the Vitamin K 2,3-Epoxide Reductase Enzyme Complex in Rat Liver (1998)

Warfarin, the most used drug in the world in long-term anticoagulation prophylaxis, targets the vitamin K 2,3-epoxide reductase (VKOR) of the vitamin K cycle in liver. Recently, the enzyme has been identified as a multicomponent lipid-protein enzyme system in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane (17). As the first step towards understanding genetic resistance to warfarin, we present in this paper data on VKOR from normal and a strain of warfarin resistant laboratory rats maintained in the United States. Metal induced in vitro assembly of the enzyme complex demonstrates that the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme component of the complex loses its GST activity upon formation of VKOR. Less VKOR activity is measured upon assembly of the complex from warfarin resistant rats. The GST activity measured in warfarin resistant rats, before assembly of the complex, is 10-fold less sensitive to warfarin inhibition than the GST activity measured in normal rats. Microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) is the second component of VKOR. When incubated with the components of VKOR before assembly of the complex, antibodies raised against mEH prevented formation of the enzyme complex. Sequencing of mEH cDNAs from normal and warfarin resistant rats revealed identical sequences. The data suggest that the mutation responsible for genetic warfarin resistance is associated with the GST component of VKOR.
A 454 multiplex sequencing method for rapid and reliable genotyping of highly polymorphic genes in large-scale studies (2010)

This new approach is a promising alternative to classical methods involving electrophoresis-based techniques for variant separation and cloning-sequencing for sequence determination. The 454 system is less costly and time consuming and may enhance the reliability of genotypes obtained when high numbers of samples are studied. It opens up new perspectives for the study of evolutionary and functional genetics of highly polymorphic genes like major histocompatibility complex genes in vertebrates or loci regulating self-compatibility in plants. Important applications in biomedical research will include the detection of individual variation in disease susceptibility. Similarly, agronomy will benefit from this approach, through the study of genes implicated in productivity or disease susceptibility traits.
Self-aligned self assembly of multi-nanowire silicon field effect transistors (2005)

We demonstrate the efficacy of diblock copolymer self assembly for solving key fabrication challenges of aggressively scaled silicon field effect transistors. These materials spontaneously form nanometer-scale patterns that self-align to larger-scale lithography, enabling construction of sub-lithographic semiconducting transistor channels composed of arrays of parallel nanowires with critical dimensions (15 nm width, 40 nm pitch) defined by self assembly. The number of nanowires in the arrays is readily adjusted, greatly reducing the complexity associated with width-scaling of nanowire transistors. We measured Schottky source/drain multi-nanowire n-channel devices comprised of 6, 8, 10, and 16 nanowires, with current drives of ∼5μA∕wire and current on/off ratios of ∼105.
Adenovirus-mediated expression of ribozymes in mice (1996)

Ribozymes are a new pharmaceutical class of reagents that offer potential in treating a number of different medical disorders, including infectious diseases and cancer. As a first step towards using ribozymes for the treatment of liver disorders such as viral hepatitis, adenovirus vectors that contain a ribozyme expression cassette under the control of different promoters directed against human growth hormone (hGH) were constructed and infused into transgenic mice that produce hGH from the gastrointestinal tract and liver. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of expressed ribozymes resulted in up to a 96% reduction of hepatic hGH mRNA over a period of several weeks in the transgenic mouse model. Furthermore, the concentration of ribozyme RNA correlated with the degree of hGH mRNA reduction. This study clearly demonstrates that ribozymes can function during the period of expression in an intact organ after somatic gene transfer.
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases. (1994)

Ca2+ is widely recognized as an essential intracellular second messenger in eukaryotic systems regulating processes such as muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, gene expression and cell proliferation. The effects of Ca2+ are frequently mediated via interaction with calmodulin (CaM) and strong evidence indicates, in turn, that the effects of Ca2+/CaM are often achieved through the regulation of protein phosphorylation. A family of CaM-dependent protein kinases has been identified that includes: myosin light chain kinase, phosphorylase kinase, CaM kinase I, CaM kinase II, EF-2 kinase (CaM kinase III) and CaM kinase IV. The structure, regulation and function of this important family of second messenger-regulated protein kinases will be briefly reviewed.
Securing special nuclear material: Recent advances in neutron detection and their role in nonproliferation (2010)

Neutron detection is an integral part of the global effort to prevent the proliferation of special nuclear material (SNM). Applications relying on neutron-detection technology range from traditional nuclear nonproliferation objectives, such as safeguarding material and verifying stockpile reductions, to the interdiction of SNM—a goal that has recently risen in priority to a level on par with traditional missions. Large multinational programs targeting interdiction and safeguards have deployed radiation-detection assets across the globe. In parallel with these deployments of commercially available technology, significant research and development has been directed toward the creation of next-generation assets. Neutron-detection technology plays a prominent role because of the capability of neutrons to penetrate materials that readily absorb gamma rays and the unique fission signatures neutrons possess. One particularly acute technology-development challenge results from dwindling supplies of H3e, partially triggered by widespread deployment of high-efficiency systems for portal monitoring. Other emerging missions, such as the desire to detect SNM at greater standoff distances, have also stimulated neutron-detection technology development. In light of these needs, this manuscript reviews the signatures of neutrons emitted by SNM, the principles of neutron detection, and various strategies under investigation for detection in the context of nuclear nonproliferation.
Differential Expression of the mRNA for the Vanilloid Receptor Subtype 1 in Cells of the Adult Rat Dorsal Root and Nodose Ganglia and Its Downregulation by Axotomy (1999)

Sensitivity to the pungent vanilloid, capsaicin, defines a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons that are mainly polymodal nociceptors. The recently cloned vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1) is activated by capsaicin and noxious heat. Using combined in situ hybridization and histochemical methods, we have characterized in sensory ganglia the expression of VR1 mRNA. We show that this receptor is almost exclusively expressed by neurofilament-negative small- and medium-sized dorsal root ganglion cells. Within this population, VR1 mRNA is detected at widely varying levels in both the NGF receptor (trkA)-positive, peptide-producing cells that elicit neurogenic inflammation and the functionally less characterized glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-responsive cells that bind lectin Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 (IB4). Cells without detectable levels of VR1 mRNA are found in both classes. A subpopulation of the IB4-binding cells that produce somatostatin has relatively low levels of VR1 mRNA. A previously uncharacterized population of very small cells that express the receptor tyrosine kinase (RET) and that do not label for trkA or IB4-binding has the highest relative levels of VR1 mRNA. The majority of small visceral sensory neurons of the nodose ganglion also express VR1 mRNA, in conjunction with the BDNF receptor trkB but not trkA. Axotomy results in the downregulation of VR1 mRNA in dorsal root ganglion cells. Our data emphasize the heterogeneity of VR1 mRNA expression by subclasses of small sensory neurons, and this may result in their differential sensitivity to chemical and noxious heat stimuli. Our results also indicate that peripherally derived trophic factors may regulate levels of VR1 mRNA.
Prevalence of Obesity, Diabetes, and Obesity-Related Health Risk Factors, 2001 (2003)

Increases in obesity and diabetes among US adults continue in both sexes, all ages, all races, all educational levels, and all smoking levels. Obesity is strongly associated with several major health risk factors.
Further characterization of the role of corticosterone in the loss of humoral immunity in zinc-deficient A/J mice as determined by adrenalectomy. (1980)

Abstract Previous studies from this laboratory showed that zinc-deficient mice had significantly elevated levels of plasma corticosterone compared with mice fed zinc-adequate diets. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the relationship, if any, between the increase in glucocorticoid levels and the rapid thymic atrophy and subsequent loss in T cell-helper function observed in zinc-deficient mice. The results of experiments employing adrenalectomized mice indicate about half the loss in T cell-helper function in the zinc-deficient mice occurs before any elevation in serum corticosterone (12 μg/100 ml) and is therefore due to other factors associated with the depletion in zinc. Nevertheless, a second reduction in T cell-helper function did occur shortly after the appearance of significant quantities of glucocorticoids in the serum of the intact or nonadrenalectomized zinc-deficient mice (82 μg/100 ml). The adrenalectomized zinc-deficient mice, which still had minimal levels of serum corticosterone (7 μg/100 ml plasma), were not significantly protected by this treatment having only marginally better humoral immune capacity (20%) than the intact deficient mice. Further, the adrenalectomized mice continued to lose T cell function despite the absence of thymic involution. The data presented here argue against a major role for corticosterone in the immune dysfunction observed in zinc-deficient mice and further demonstrate the importance of zinc to lymphocyte function.
Local clonal analysis of the hematopoietic system shows that multiple small short-living clones maintain life-long hematopoiesis in reconstituted mice (1996)

We describe here a technique to study the clonal contribution of primitive stem cells that account for long-term hematopoiesis in the same mouse over a 14-month period. Specifically, irradiated recipient female mice were transplanted with retrovirally marked male hematopoietic progenitors. Bone marrow was then collected repeatedly from local sites from the same mice throughout a 14-month period and injected into secondary irradiated recipients for analysis of donor retrovirally marked day-11 colony-forming unit-spleen (CFU-S-11). We have tracked the temporal in vivo fate of 194 individual CFU-S-derived cell clones in 38 mice reconstituted with such retrovirally marked bone marrow cells. Our data show that long-term hematopoiesis is maintained by a large number of simultaneously functioning small, shortlived (1 to 3 months) clones that usually grow locally with little or no dispersion between different regions of the hematopoietic system. Furthermore, the clones that disappeared were never detected again. The data suggest that normal hematopoiesis is supported by the sequential recruitment of marrow repopulating cells into a differentiation mode.
Real time fingerprint identification (2002)

The pattern matching for fingerprints requires a large amount of data and computation time. Practical fingerprint identification systems require minimal errors and ultrafast processing time to perform real time verification and identification. By utilizing the two-dimensional processing capability, fast processing speed and non-interfering communication of optical processing techniques, such extremely fast real time fingerprint identification systems can be implemented. Among the various pattern matching systems, the joint transform correlator (JTC) has been found to be inherently suitable for real time matching applications. Among the various JTCs the fringe-adjusted JTC has been found to yield significantly better correlation output compared to alternate JTCs. In this paper, a fingerprint identification system has been developed based on the fringe-adjusted JTC. Since all pattern matching systems suffer from high sensitivity to distortions, the synthetic discriminant function concept has been incorporated in fringe-adjusted JTC to ensure distortion-invariant fingerprint identification.
Act in Time to Heart Attack Signs (2004)

Outcomes of reperfusion treatment for acute myocardial infarction (MI) can be dramatically enhanced if patients present early after symptom onset. Yet delayed presentation by patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) symptoms (including MI and unstable angina) remains a tenacious challenge. The "Act in Time to Heart Attack Signs" is a public education campaign sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's (NHLBI's) National Heart Attack Alert Program (NHAAP) that addresses early recognition and response to ACS symptoms by patients, providers, and the general public. The campaign's materials and messages are based on those used in a multicenter research program, the Rapid Early Action for Coronary Treatment (REACT), funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute from 1994-1998. Materials are available for providers, patients, and the public discussing heart attack risk, common heart attack symptoms, the importance of seeking early care, common misconceptions about how heart attacks present, and the importance of accessing care by calling 9-1-1. There is a critical need for all healthcare providers to relay this lifesaving information to the patients seen in their practice settings.
The protective action of neutral solutes against haemolysis by freezing and thawing (1954)

1. Sedimentation and diffusion measurements have been made in the concentration range 0-17-0O8 g./100 ml. on human serum albiumins obtained by ethanol fractionation and by electrophoretic separation.
NK cell activation by dendritic cells (DCs) requires the formation of a synapse leading to IL-12 polarization in DCs (2004)

Mature dendritic cells (mDCs) can trigger the effector functions of natural killer (NK) cells. Knock-out, small-interfering RNA or neutralizing antibodies targeting interleukin 12 (IL-12) subunits revealed a critical role for IL-12 in NK cell interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion promoted by mDCs. However, NK cell activation by DCs also required direct cell-to-cell contacts. DC-mediated NK cell activation involved the formation of stimulatory synapses between DCs and NK cells. The formation of DC/NK cell conjugates depended on cytoskeleton remodeling and lipid raft mobilization in DCs. Moreover, the disruption of the DC cytoskeleton using pharmacologic agents or the loss-of-function mutation of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein abolished the DC-mediated NK cell activation. Synapse formation promoted the polarized secretion of preassembled stores of IL-12 by DCs toward the NK cell. The synaptic delivery of IL-12 by DCs was required for IFN-gamma secretion by NK cells, as assessed using inhibitors of cytoskeleton rearrangements and transwell experiments. Therefore, the cross-talk between DCs and NK cells is dictated by functional synapses.
Polymer bonding of micro-machined silicon structures (1992)

Polymer bonding is an indirect bonding technique that can be performed at temperatures of less than 150 degrees C. Thin layers of negative photoresist polyimide and epoxy were used to bond micromachined test devices to other pieces of silicon. The strength of the resulting bond and the influence of primers like APS and HMDS on the bond strength were tested. The best results were achieved with negative photoresist without primer at a curing temperature of 130 degrees C. The bond strength was more than 130 kg/cm/sup 2/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A review of water diffusion measurement by NMR in human red blood cells (1989)

This review of water transport measurement in normal human erythrocytes attempts to harmonize discordant results obtained under diverse study conditions with two different techniques: nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and radioactive tracer (THO) diffusion. Natural aggregation of red cells into rouleaux appeared to cause most of the variation among results from NMR experiments. The remainder of the discrepancy was attributed to the use of inappropriate mathematical approximations of the two-site exchange equations, differences in blood storage time, and failure to adjust NMR calculations for the nonwater protons. Differences in hematocrit, frequency-magnetic field strength, or NMR pulse technique played no apparent role in the disparity among NMR reports. When these confounding factors were removed, diffusion results obtained by NMR or by influx or bulk diffusion of radioactive tracer agreed within a relatively narrow range of values. These techniques place the mean lifetime of water inside fresh normal human erythrocytes at room temperature (20-25 degrees C) between the extremes of 9.8 and 14 ms, where the uncorrected range was previously 9.8-21.7 ms. This new range of water exchange times corresponds to a range of diffusional permeability between 3.3 and 4.7 x 10(-3) cm/s.
Defining and Setting National Goals for Cardiovascular Health Promotion and Disease Reduction (2010)

This document details the procedures and recommendations of the Goals and Metrics Committee of the Strategic Planning Task Force of the American Heart Association, which developed the 2020 Impact Goals for the organization. The committee was charged with defining a new concept, cardiovascular health, and determining the metrics needed to monitor it over time. Ideal cardiovascular health, a concept well supported in the literature, is defined by the presence of both ideal health behaviors (nonsmoking, body mass index <25 kg/m(2), physical activity at goal levels, and pursuit of a diet consistent with current guideline recommendations) and ideal health factors (untreated total cholesterol <200 mg/dL, untreated blood pressure <120/<80 mm Hg, and fasting blood glucose <100 mg/dL). Appropriate levels for children are also provided. With the use of levels that span the entire range of the same metrics, cardiovascular health status for the whole population is defined as poor, intermediate, or ideal. These metrics will be monitored to determine the changing prevalence of cardiovascular health status and define achievement of the Impact Goal. In addition, the committee recommends goals for further reductions in cardiovascular disease and stroke mortality. Thus, the committee recommends the following Impact Goals: "By 2020, to improve the cardiovascular health of all Americans by 20% while reducing deaths from cardiovascular diseases and stroke by 20%." These goals will require new strategic directions for the American Heart Association in its research, clinical, public health, and advocacy programs for cardiovascular health promotion and disease prevention in the next decade and beyond.
A monoclonal antibody that recognizes somatic motor neurons in the mature rat nervous system (1990)

In order to obtain markers selective for motor neurons, an in vitro immunization was carried out using a crude homogenate of embryonic rat ventral spinal cord. We have generated a monoclonal antibody, MO-1, that binds selectively to the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord of the adult rat nervous system. In a survey of both peripheral and central nervous systems, intense labeling by MO-1 appears exclusive to this class of cholinergic neuron. Immunoreactivity is predominantly intracellular and is detectable within the somata as well as the proximal regions of processes but is absent along fiber tracts and at neuromuscular junctions. This staining pattern indicates that MO-1 does not recognize other molecules known to be present in motor neurons, such as choline acetyltransferase, acetylcholinesterase, agrin, or the calcitonin-gene-related-peptide. In the spinal cord, antibody binding begins to be detectable in motor neurons late in development, during the second postnatal week. Thus, MO-1 appears to recognize a novel cellular component that accumulates in somatic motor neurons during terminal stages of differentiation.
Growth, Puberty and Reproduction in Gilts Born to Dams Deprived of Nutrients during Pregnancy (1982)

Reproductive performance through two gestations was evaluated in a random selection of gilts born to dams deprived of nutrients or full-fed during pregnancy. After weaning, gilts born to dams previously subjected to inanition during the middle third or last third of gestation (O kcal/d; water only; 40 d), and those born to full-fed (7.028) kcal/d) control dams throughout gestation were raised in the same outdoor lot. At approximately 150 d of age, the gilts were observed for estrous behavior and mated at the third estrus. Age at puberal estrus was earlier (P less than .01) for gilts born to nutrient-deprived dams. Gilts from control dams exhibited first estrus at 250 d, whereas puberal estrus in gilts born to dams deprived of nutrients during the middle or last third of pregnancy occurred at 208 and 219 d, respectively. Fifteen of 18 mated gilts from the nutrient-deprived dams remained pregnant to term, compared with seven of eight gilts from control dams. Birth weights of first-parity living neonates from gilts born to nutrient-deprived dams were similar to those of newborns from controls. First-parity litter weights at birth also were similar for the experimental and control groups. Litter size at birth of first-parity living neonates averaged 7.9 piglets for gilts born to nutrient-deprived dams and was similar (P less than .05) to that for gilts from full-fed controls (9.4 piglets). Second-parity pregnancy rate, birth weight, litter weight and litter size at birth and weaning were similar for all gilts born to nutrient-deprived and control dams. These results indicate that brief segments of maternal nutrient deprivation during middle or late pregnancy have little detrimental effect on subsequent growth and reproduction of the female progeny in this litter-bearing species.