gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Trapping Light in Polymer Photodiodes with Soft Embossed Gratings (2000)

Increasing the conversion efficiency is very important in photovoltaic devices, as is cheap and simple technology. Here is demonstrated a soft embossing technique for printing a submicrometer grating with an elastomeric mold into an optically active polymer layer in a photovoltaic device (see Figure). The light trapping due to the grating pattern enhances the photoconversion efficiency by more than 25 % at normal light incidence (see also inside front cover).
Isolation of transfected fibroblast clones for use in nuclear transfer and transgene detection in cattle embryos. (2005)

Transgenesis in cattle has provided numerous opportunities for livestock production. The development of nuclear transfer (NT) technology has improved the production of transgenic livestock. However, the isolation of pure colonies from a single transfection event remains laborious and can be a constraint in the production of transgenic livestock. We used 96-well cell culture plates to isolate cell lineages obtained from a single fibroblast transfected with the pCi-Neo plasmid. Since single mammalian cells do not grow well in fresh medium, we evaluated the use of conditioned medium. The neomycin phosphotransferase gene was detected in isolated colonies and NT embryos were produced from these cells. Multiplex-PCR assays were performed to detect the transfected fragment as well as autosomal satellite DNA in single NT embryos. This approach provided a reliable method for isolating transfected mammalian cells and for diagnosing the incorporation of desirable vectors in NT embryos. This method can reduce the time and cost of transgenic livestock production.
Radical formation in the dimeric small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase requires only one tyrosine 122. (1988)

The small subunit of ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase (EC 1.17.4.1) is a homodimer. Its catalytic site contains one tyrosyl radical, which is localized to Tyr-122 in one of its polypeptide chains. The engineered Tyr-122----Phe protein was used to demonstrate that it is possible to form a correct ferric iron center in vitro in the absence of Tyr-122. Heterodimers, consisting of one Tyr-122-containing polypeptide chain and one Phe-122-containing polypeptide chain, were constructed. The heterodimer population contained one-half the amount of tyrosyl radical as compared to a homodimer with Tyr-122, i.e. every second heterodimer contains a tyrosyl radical. Thus, one Tyr-122 is sufficient for radical formation. Radical-containing heterodimers are catalytically competent.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Thermal Properties of Pitch‐Based Carbon Fiber and Pan‐Based Carbon Fiber Carbon‐Carbon Composites (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Procedures Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgements
Pentosan polysulfate as a prophylactic and therapeutic agent against prion disease. (2003)

Pentosan polysulfate (PPS) acts by imitating the physiological roles of the heparans. It binds to heparan binding sites on proteins and alters the physiological actions of these proteins. PPS acts as a prophylactic agent against infection with prions both in vivo and in vitro. Low concentrations (10 mg/ml) are needed extracellularly for this effect to be seen but, due to cellular uptake, it is believed that a much higher concentration is found intracellularly. The prophylactic effect of PPS is observed if the drug is administered to mice between 3 months before and approximately 30 days after the inoculation of the disease. After that point it is considered that the infection has entered the nervous system, and that the drug cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier. The prophylaxis of humans with oral PPS and the current therapeutic activity of the drug when given by intracerebroventricular infusion to symptomatic, prion-infected animals are discussed.
Efficient RNA synthesis by in vitro transcription of a triazole-modified DNA template (2011)

A DNA strand containing a triazole phosphodiester mimic is an efficient template for in vitro transcription. This is the first demonstration of transcription through a heavily modified DNA backbone linkage and it suggests that click-ligated DNA could be useful for the direct synthesis of biologically active RNA and proteins.
Fusion proteins with both insecticidal and neomycin phosphotransferase II activity (1988)

Hybrid proteins consisting of N‐terminal fragments of increasing length of a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein (Bt2) fused to neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) were produced in Escherichia coli . The minimum fragment required for insect toxicity is comprised of the first 607 amino acids of Bt2. Fusion proteins not containing this minimum fragment were non‐toxic. The NPTII activity of the different non‐toxic hybrid proteins varied considerably but was not correlated with the length of the Bt2 fragment. Fusion proteins including the minimum toxic fragment of Bt2 exhibited insecticidal and NPTII activity comparable to that of the individual proteins. This was largely independent of the fusion point within Bt2. Our data suggest that the conformation of the Bt2 polypeptide exerts an important influence on the enzymatic activity of the fused NPTII protein. The combination of insecticidal activity and a dominant selectable trait into one protein offers important advantages for the generation of insect resistant transgenic plants.
Vasopressin in cardiovascular patients: therapeutic implications (2002)

Vasopressin is a vital homeostatic protein which regulates fluid balance via its antidiuretic effects and vascular tone via its vasoconstrictive effects. Endogenous vasopressin deficiency has been implicated in several disease states resulting in vasodilatory shock. In particular, vasopressin levels are low in patients following cardiac surgery and in those with ventricular dysrhythmias. Several recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of exogenous vasopressin in providing haemodynamic support in patients with postcardiopulmonary bypass vasodilatory shock and refractory ventricular fibrillation. This manuscript reviews the pathophysiological and clinical basis for vasopressin replacement in patients with cardiovascular collapse.
Capture and Statistical Modeling of Arm‐Muscle Deformations (2013)

Abstract We present a comprehensive data‐driven statistical model for skin and muscle deformation of the human shoulder‐arm complex. Skin deformations arise from complex bio‐physical effects such as non‐linear elasticity of muscles, fat, and connective tissue; and vary with physiological constitution of the subjects and external forces applied during motion. Thus, they are hard to model by direct physical simulation. Our alternative approach is based on learning deformations from multiple subjects performing different exercises under varying external forces. We capture the training data through a novel multi‐camera approach that is able to reconstruct fine‐scale muscle detail in motion. The resulting reconstructions from several people are aligned into one common shape parametrization, and learned using a semi‐parametric non‐linear method. Our learned data‐driven model is fast, compact and controllable with a small set of intuitive parameters – pose, body shape and external forces, through which a novice artist can interactively produce complex muscle deformations. Our method is able to capture and synthesize fine‐scale muscle bulge effects to a greater level of realism than achieved previously. We provide quantitative and qualitative validation of our method.
Frequent silencing of the GPC3 gene in ovarian cancer cell lines. (1999)

GPC3 encodes a glypican integral membrane protein and is mutated in the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, an X-linked condition, is characterized by pre- and postnatal overgrowth as well as by various other abnormalities, including increased risk of embryonal tumors. The GPC3 gene is located at Xq26, a region frequently deleted in advanced ovarian cancers. To determine whether GPC3 is a tumor suppressor in ovarian neoplasia, we studied its expression and mutational status in 13 ovarian cancer cell lines. No mutations were found in GPC3, but its expression was lost in four (31%) of the cell lines analyzed. In an of the cases where GPC3 expression was lost, the GPC3 promoter was hypermethylated, as demonstrated by Southern analysis. Expression of GPC3 was restored by treatment of the cells with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. A colony-forming assay confirmed that ectopic GPC3 expression inhibited the growth of ovarian cancer cell lines. Our results show that GPC3, a gene involved in the control of organ growth, is frequently inactivated in a subset of ovarian cancers and suggest that it may function as a tumor suppressor in the ovary.
Ability of systemic interleukin-12 to hamper progressive stages of mammary carcinogenesis in HER2/neu transgenic mice. (2000)

Previous studies in mice have shown that chronic administration of recombinant interleukin-12 (IL-12) hampers the progression of both chemical- and oncogene-dependent carcinogenesis. This suggests that a new preventive strategy may be envisaged for individuals with a genetic risk of cancer or carrying preneoplastic lesions. Starting at progressive stages of mammary carcinogenesis, female BALB/c and FVB mice carrying the activated rat HER2/neu oncogene (BALB-neuT) or the proto-oncogene (FVB-neuN) under the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter received multiple 5-day courses of different doses of IL-12. The times of tumor appearance, multiplicity, and histopathological features of the neoplastic lesions were evaluated. In both BALB-neuT and FVB-neuN mice, 5-day i.p. courses of 50/100 ng of IL-12/day inhibited mammary carcinogenesis when they coincided with the progression of early preneoplastic lesions. Inhibition appears to depend primarily on the ability of IL-12 to interfere with early tumor angiogenesis. Later treatments are much less effective, and daily doses of 10 and 2 ng are useless. The efficacy of early IL-12 courses suggests that they could be used to prevent mammary tumors in individuals at risk, whereas their lower efficacy in later stages of carcinogenesis and the dose range required pose some constraints on their use in the management of overt preneoplastic lesions. Precise understanding of tumor progression means that effective treatments can be commenced relatively late in the life of individuals at risk and that no lifetime administration is required.
Wearable tactile sensor based on flexible microfluidics (2016)

In this work, we develop a liquid-based thin film microfluidic tactile sensor of high flexibility, robustness and sensitivity. The microfluidic elastomeric structure comprises a pressure sensitive region and parallel arcs that interface with screen-printed electrodes. The microfluidic sensor is functionalized with a highly conductive metallic liquid, eutectic gallium indium (eGaIn). Microdeformation on the pressure sensor results in fluid displacement which corresponds to a change in electrical resistance. By emulating parallel electrical circuitry in our microchannel design, we reduced the overall electrical resistance of the sensor, therefore enhancing its device sensitivity. Correspondingly, we report a device workable within a range of 4 to 100 kPa and sensitivity of up to 0.05 kPa(-1). We further demonstrate its robustness in withstanding >2500 repeated loading and unloading cycles. Finally, as a proof of concept, we demonstrate that the sensors may be multiplexed to detect forces at multiple regions of the hand. In particular, our sensors registered unique electronic signatures in object grasping, which could provide better assessment of finger dexterity.
Vital Signs: Prevalence of Doctor-Diagnosed Arthritis and Arthritis-Attributable Activity Limitation — United States, 2013–2015 (2014)

The prevalence of arthritis is high, particularly among adults with comorbid conditions, such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. Furthermore, the prevalence of arthritis-attributable activity limitations is high and increasing over time. Approximately half of adults with arthritis and heart disease, arthritis and diabetes, or arthritis and obesity are limited by their arthritis. Greater use of evidence-based physical activity and self-management education interventions can reduce pain and improve function and quality of life for adults with arthritis and also for adults with other chronic conditions who might be limited by their arthritis.
Vigorous Hepatitis C Virus–Specific CD4+and CD8+T Cell Responses Induced by Protein Immunization in the Presence of Montanide ISA720 plus Synthetic Oligodeoxynucleotides Containing Immunostimulatory Cytosine‐Guanine Dinucleotide Motifs (2006)

Immunization with M-ISA720/CpG/rHCV protein is capable of inducing potent humoral as well as HCV-specific T helper type 1-biased CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses. A DNA boost after a protein prime--a reversal of the conventional approach--may provide an alternative path to the development of an effective HCV vaccine.
Join indices (1987)

In new application areas of relational database systems, such as artificial intelligence, the join operator is used more extensively than in conventional applications. In this paper, we propose a simple data structure, called a join index, for improving the performance of joins in the context of complex queries. For most of the joins, updates to join indices incur very little overhead. Some properties of a join index are (i) its efficient use of memory and adaptiveness to parallel execution, (ii) its compatibility with other operations (including select and union), (iii) its support for abstract data type join predicates, (iv) its support for multirelation clustering, and (v) its use in representing directed graphs and in evaluating recursive queries. Finally, the analysis of the join algorithm using join indices shows its excellent performance.
Magnetic Field-Induced Martensitic Transformation and Giant Magnetostriction in Fe&ndash;Ni&ndash;Co&ndash;Ti and Ordered Fe<SUB>3</SUB>Pt Shape Memory Alloys (2000)

The effect of a magnetic field on martensitic transformations in Fe–Ni–Co–Ti and Fe3Pt shape memory alloys has been examined in order to know a magnetic field-induced martensitic transformation and a control of crystallographic domain (variant) by magnetic field. Following results were obtained: (i) Magnetoelastic martensitic transformation (martensites are induced only while a magnetic field is applied and are transformed back to the parent phase when the magnetic field is removed.) appears in an ausaged Fe–Ni–Ti–Co shape memory alloy. The critical magnetic field for inducing a magnetoelastic martensitic transformation increases with increasing temperature. Volume fraction of martensite induced depends on the strength of the magnetic field. (ii) Magnetic field controls perfectly the crystallographic domain (variant) in a martensite state of an ordered Fe3Pt, which exhibits a martensitic transformation from a cubic parent phase to a tetragonal martensite phase. In addition, a giant magnetostriction of about 5×10−3 was realized under a magnetic field of up to 3.2 MA/m, which is nearly three times as large as that of Terfenol-D (Fe2DyxTb1−x).
Indirect Recognition in Sequence-specific DNA Binding by Escherichia coli Integration Host Factor (2006)

Integration host factor (IHF) is a bacterial histone-like protein whose primary biological role is to condense the bacterial nucleoid and to constrain DNA supercoils. It does so by binding in a sequence-independent manner throughout the genome. However, unlike other structurally related bacterial histone-like proteins, IHF has evolved a sequence-dependent, high affinity DNA-binding motif. The high affinity binding sites are important for the regulation of a wide range of cellular processes. A remarkable feature of IHF is that it employs an indirect readout mechanism to bind and wrap DNA at both the nonspecific and high affinity (sequence-dependent) DNA sites. In this study we assessed the contributions of pre-formed and protein-induced DNA conformations to the energetics of IHF binding. Binding energies determined experimentally were compared with energies predicted for the IHF-induced deformation of the DNA helix (DNA deformation energy) in the IHF-DNA complex. Combinatorial sets of de novo DNA sequences were designed to systematically evaluate the influence of sequence-dependent structural characteristics of the conserved IHF recognition elements of the consensus DNA sequence. We show that IHF recognizes pre-formed conformational characteristics of the consensus DNA sequence at high affinity sites, whereas at all other sites relative affinity is determined by the deformational energy required for nearest-neighbor base pairs to adopt the DNA structure of the bound DNA-IHF complex.
Adaptive Product Normalization: Using Online Learning for Record Linkage in Comparison Shopping (2006)

The problem of record linkage focuses on determining whether two object descriptions refer to the same underlying entity. Addressing this problem effectively has many practical applications, e.g., elimination of duplicate records in databases and citation matching for scholarly articles. In this paper, we consider a new domain where the record linkage problem is manifested: Internet comparison shopping. We address the resulting linkage setting that requires learning a similarity function between record pairs from streaming data. The learned similarity function is subsequently used in clustering to determine which records are co-referent and should be linked. We present an online machine learning method for addressing this problem, where a composite similarity function based on a linear combination of basis functions is learned incrementally. We illustrate the efficacy of this approach on several real-world datasets from an Internet comparison shopping site, and show that our method is able to effectively learn various distance functions for product data with differing characteristics. We also provide experimental results that show the importance of considering multiple performance measures in record linkage evaluation.
A New Resistance Gene, linB , Conferring Resistance to Lincosamides by Nucleotidylation in Enterococcus faecium HM1025 (1999)

Resistance to lincomycin and clindamycin in the clinical isolate Enterococcus faecium HM1025 is due to a ribosomal methylase encoded by an ermAM-like gene and the plasmid-mediated inactivation of these antibiotics. We have cloned and determined the nucleotide sequence of the gene responsible for the inactivation of lincosamides, linB. This gene encodes a 267-amino-acid lincosamide nucleotidyltransferase. The enzyme catalyzes 3(5'-adenylation) (the adenylation of the hydroxyl group in position 3 of the molecules) of lincomycin and clindamycin. Expression of linB was observed in both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The deduced amino acid sequence of the enzyme did not display any significant homology with staphylococcal nucleotidyltransferases encoded by linA and linA' genes. Sequences homologous to linB were found in 14 other clinical isolates of E. faecium, indicating the spread of the resistance trait in this species.
Interleukin 21 efficacy in a mouse model of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (2004)

2598 Background: Interleukin 21 (IL-21), a member of the IL-2 cytokine family, is produced by activated CD4+ T cells. We have previously shown recombinant murine IL-21 (mIL-21) to be both efficacious and well tolerated in the mouse B16F10 melanoma model. Efficacy in this model is likely mediated through IL-21 enhancement of NK and T cell cytotoxicity, and possibly through increased survival of tumor-specific CTLs. The current study examined efficacy of mIL-21 in mice bearing renal cell carcinoma tumors (Renca). Methods: 80 Balb/c mice were injected intravenously with Renca cells (3 x 104 or 1 x 105); treatments began 3 hours later. Dose levels of 0, 0.05, 0.3 and 2 mg/kg mIL-21 (n=10/treatment group) were administered by intraperitoneal injection once daily on study days 1–5 and 15–19. For each set of 40 mice defined by their initial tumor inoculums, all mice were euthanized when signs of limiting tumor burden appeared in one or more mice. Tumor burden was quantitated by lung weight and/or number of surface lung metastases. Results: Mice that received the higher initial tumor burden with no mIL-21 treatment became moribund by day 22. As determined by lung weight, differences in tumor burden between treatment groups were highly significant (p< .0001, ANOVA). Relative to the control group, all mIL-21 dose groups showed significant and dose-dependent reductions in tumor. Similar results were observed in mice that received the lower initial tumor injection. Tumor burden was significantly reduced in the 0.3 and 2 mg/kg dose groups, but not in the lowest dose group due to overall lower tumor burden in these mice. Consistent with observations of reduced lung weight, differences in the number of lung metastases between treatment groups were highly significant (p< .0001, ANOVA). Compared to the control group, the average number of metastases in mice treated with 0.3 and 2 mg/kg mIL-21 was reduced by 30% and 64%, respectively. Conclusions: These data demonstrate significant efficacy of IL-21 in a model of metastatic renal cell carcinoma and support plans for inclusion of patients with this type of tumor in IL-21 clinical trials. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration ZymoGenetics, Inc. ZymoGenetics, Inc.
Positioning GSM telephones (1998)

Due to the FCC requirement that operators of mobile communications networks be able to accurately locate mobile callers requesting emergency assistance via 911 by the year 2001, there has been a lot of activity among cellular and PCS providers to examine cellular positioning options. This article examines positioning solutions for the GSM group of standards. Worldwide deployment of GSM systems is well underway, and the positioning characteristics of the various systems are similar. The authors examine the ability to derive position information from GSM signals, based on their May 1996 achievement of accurate position measurements using GSM. Features of GSM signals relevant to positioning are analyzed as well as results achieved and the authors' ongoing positioning trials. Finally, other issues related to GSM positioning and mobile phone positioning in general are covered.
Selective Protection of 2‘,2‘-Difluorodeoxycytidine (Gemcitabine) (1999)

Gemcitabine (1) is a promising new anticancer agent used in pancreatic cancer. Improvement in the selective targeting of compound 1 and other cytotoxic agents to solid tumors may be enhanced by conjugation to ligands that target peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBRs) located on mitochondria and known to be overexpressed in human brain tumors. Development of such chemical conjugates requires selective protection on 4-NH(2), 3'-OH, and 5'-OH of compound 1. All three monoprotected and three diprotected gemcitabine derivatives (2 to 7) were synthesized in good yield by employing a single commonly used protecting reagent, di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, under different conditions. Consequently, the three mono-ligand-gemcitabine conjugates coupled at 4-NH(2), 3'-OH, and 5'-OH respectively (14 to 16) were synthesized in high yield using the PBR ligand PK11195. This selective protection/deprotection strategy offers a relatively straightforward means to modify other nucleosides.