gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a mannose and N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectin present in rat hepatocytes. (1982)

We have isolated and characterized a Man/GlcNAc-specific lectin from rat liver. The specificity of this lectin resembles that of the previously reported Man/GlcNAc-specific receptor activity present on the surface of hepatic reticuloendothelial cells when tested with simple sugars, but can be distinguished from the latter by utilizing characterized glycopeptides and glycoproteins. The lectin isolated from liver originates predominantly from hepatocytes rather than reticuloendothelial cells. It is found in microsomes upon subcellular fractionation and is not expressed on the surface of isolated hepatocytes. In addition, specific antisera to the lectin do not prevent endocytosis by hepatic reticuloendothelial cells. The lectin can be solubilized by treatment of whole liver or isolated hepatocyte homogenates with buffers containing 0.2 M NaCl in the absence of any detergent, indicating that it may be either a soluble protein or a peripheral membrane protein. Based on the physical properties, oligosaccharide specificity, and subcellular location, this lectin does not appear to be the same as the Man/GlcNAc-specific activity which mediates endocytosis by hepatic reticuloendothelial cells and presumably has a different function.
Spin-filter devices based on resonant tunneling antisymmetrical magnetic/semiconductor hybrid structures (2004)

Spin filter devices based on resonant tunneling antisymmetrical magnetic-barrier structures are proposed and the spin-polarization properties are described. These devices can be realized by depositing one or two ferromagnetic stripes with perpendicular magnetization on top of two-dimensional electron gas. It is remarkable that the spin-filter efficiency of the transmission probability and the conductance through these devices could be reached completely (∼100%) in resonance, and that constant voltage applied to the metallic stripe of the systems could tune the spin polarization. These interesting features may lead to a practical voltage controlled spin filter.
Phase I trial of preoperative intratumoral injection of immature dendritic cells and OK‐432 for resectable pancreatic cancer patients (2011)

PEU-FNI was feasible and safe, and further study needs to confirm and enhance antitumor responses.
Multiple instruction streams in a highly pipelined processor (2002)

In a highly pipelined processor, instruction dependencies involving both and control information often limit its potential performance. A cyclic pipeline machine allows multiple instruction streams to share these pipeline stages in time to remove the data and control dependencies. These multiple instruction streams exploit more parallelism in parallel programs. It provides an alternative architectural solution for new technologies such as GaAs and Josephson logic device, which prefer a highly pipelined architecture. The authors define the basic model of a cyclic pipeline machine, and examine the performance improvement of various configurations of cyclic pipeline machines compared to the same degree of pipelining of a conventional pipelined processor. The simulation results indicate that pipelining in the individual instruction streams increases the performance to maximize the utilization of resources in a highly pipelined processor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effects on interaction kinetics of mutations at the VH–VL interface of Fabs depend on the structural context (2000)

The influence of framework residues belonging to VH and VL modules of antibody molecules on antigen binding remains poorly understood. To investigate the functional role of such residues, we have performed semi-conservative amino acid replacements at the VH–VL interface. This work was carried out with (i) variants of the same antibody and (ii) with antibodies of different specificities (Fab fragments 145P and 1F1h), in order to check if functional effects are additive and/or similar for the two antibodies. Interaction kinetics of Fab mutants with peptide and protein antigens were measured using a BIACORE® instrument. The substitutions introduced at the VH–VL interface had no significant effects on ka but showed small, significant effects on kd. Mutations in the VH module affected kd not only for the two different antibodies but also for variants of the same antibody. These effects varied both in direction and in magnitude. In the VL module, the double mutation FL37L–QL38L, alone or in combination with other mutations, consistently decreased kd about two-fold in Fab 145P. Other mutations in the VL module had no effect on kd in 145P, but always decreased kd in 1F1h. Moreover, in both systems, small-magnitude non-additive effects on kd were observed, but affinity variations seemed to be limited by a threshold. When comparing functional effects in antibodies of different specificity, no general rules could be established. In addition, no clear relationship could be pointed out between the nature of the amino acid change and the observed functional effect. Our results show that binding kinetics are affected by alteration of framework residues remote from the binding site, although these effects are unpredictable for most of the studied changes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co-existence and Co-release of Gastrin 34 N-terminal Fragment with Gastrin 17 in Rat Stomach (1988)

Big gastrin comprising 34 amino acid residues (G34) consists of an N-terminal pentadecapeptide linked via two lysine residues to a C-terminal heptadecapeptide identical with little gastrin (G17). Both G17 and G34 have now been established as the principal active forms of gastrin. In this study, release of G34 N-terminal peptide fragment of methacholine and porcine gastrin releasing peptide (pGRP) stimulation in isolated rat stomach perfusion system was investigated by radioimmunoassay with use of an antiserum specific to the N-terminal portion of G34. G34 N-terminal immunoreactivity (IR-G34-N) was detected in rat stomach and proximal duodenum, and the highest concentration was found in extract of the antral mucosa. The concentration of IR-G34-N was constantly lower than that of IR-G17. By gel-filtration study, IR-G34-N in antral mucosa extract was attributed mostly to the G34 N-terminal pentadecapeptide-like component, and the concentration of G34 was about one tenth of G17. Methacholine 10(-8)-10(-3) M produced a biphasic dose-dependent release of IR-G34-N from the vascularly perfused isolated rat stomach. The maximal release was shown by 10(-5) M of methacholine. The release was concomitant with that of IR-G17 during methacholine stimulation. Stimulation of pGRP (14-27) (10(-7) M) produced a monophasic release of IR-G34-N from the vascularly perfused isolated rat stomach. The release was concomitant with that of G17 during the stimulation. The integrated IR-G34-N release was not stoichiometric with that of IR-G17, and IR-G34-N was constantly low. Gel-filtration of the perfusate from rat stomach revealed the presence of the G34 N-terminal pentadecapeptide-like component as a sole major component. The present results demonstrate that post-translational processing of the gastrin precursor in the rat antrum did not necessarily produce G34, which is further converted in the tissue to G17-related peptide(s) and that the G34 N-terminal fragment formed in the G34 conversion is stored and released concomitantly with G17-related peptide(s).
Variegated Expression of the Endogenous Immunoglobulin Heavy-Chain Gene in the Absence of the Intronic Locus Control Region (1999)

The expression of chromosomally integrated transgenes usually varies greatly among independent transfectants. This variability in transgene expression has led to the definition of locus control regions (LCRs) as elements which render expression consistent. Analyses of expression in single cells revealed that the expression of transgenes which lack an LCR is often variegated, i.e., on in some cells and off in others. In many cases, transgenes which show variegated expression were found to have inserted near the centromere. These observations have suggested that the LCR prevents variegation by blocking the inhibitory effect of heterochromatin and other repetitive-DNA-containing structures at the insertion site and have raised the question of whether the LCR plays a similar role in endogenous genes. To address this question, we have examined the effects of deleting the LCR from the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus of a mouse hybridoma cell line in which expression of the immunoglobulin mu heavy-chain gene is normally highly stable. Our analysis of mu expression in single cells shows that deletion of this LCR resulted in variegated expression of the mu gene. That is, in the absence of the LCR, expression of the mu gene in the recombinant locus could be found in either of two epigenetically maintained, metastable states, in which transcription occurred either at the normal rate or not at all. In the absence of the LCR, the on state had a half-life of approximately 100 cell divisions, while the half-life of the off state was approximately 40,000 cell divisions. For recombinants with an intact LCR, the half-life of the on state exceeded 50,000 cell divisions. Our results thus indicate that the LCR increased the stability of the on state by at least 500-fold.
Current Reconstructive Techniques Following Head and Neck Cancer Resection Using Microvascular Surgery (2011)

Various techniques have been developed to reconstruct head and neck defects following surgery to restore function and cosmetics. Free tissue transfer using microvascular anastomosis has transformed surgical outcomes and the quality of life for head and neck cancer patients because this technique has made it possible for surgeons to perform more aggressive ablative surgery, but there is room for improvement to achieve a satisfactory survival rate. Reconstruction using the free tissue transfer technique is closely related to cardiovascular surgery because the anastomosis techniques used by head and neck surgeons are based on those of cardiovascular surgeons; thus, suggestions from cardiovascular surgeons might lead to further development of this field. The aim of this article is to present the recent general concepts of reconstruction procedures and our experiences of reconstructive surgeries of the oral cavity, mandible, maxilla, oropharynx and hypopharynx to help cardiovascular surgeons understand the reconstructions and share knowledge among themselves and with neck surgeons to develop future directions in head and neck reconstruction.
Preclinical Testing of Clinically Applicable Strategies for Overcoming Trastuzumab Resistance Caused by PTEN Deficiency (2007)

Combining trastuzumab with inhibitors of the Akt/mTOR pathway is a clinically applicable strategy and combinations of trastuzumab with triciribine or RAD001 are promising regimens for rescue of trastuzumab resistance caused by PTEN loss.
In situ micelle–template–interface reaction route to CdS nanotubes and nanowires (2002)

CdS nanotubes and nanowires have been successfully synthesized via an in situ micelle–template–interface reaction (ISMTIR) route by adjusting the concentration of the surfactant. The whole reaction system is made up of SDS rod-like micelles as the template, CS2 as the oil phase and sulfur source, NH3 as the attacking agent and coordination-agent, and CdCl2 in water. It was found that SDS rod-like micelles were excellent templates for the growth of nanotubes and nanowires of small size. Due to a micelle diameter of 10–20 nm, the CdS nanotubes formed have an outer diameter of 15 nm on average and a wall thickness of ca. 5 nm, within the exciton diameter of bulk CdS. In particular, the formation of CdS nanowires was thought to occur by a “rolling-broken-growth” (RBG) process, in which the micelles could not support the strain of the CdS produced rolling. Thus, the diameter of as-obtained CdS nanowires was ca. 5 nm, within the exciton diameter, too. The UV-vis absorption spectra show the as-obtained CdS nanotubes and nanowires are well quantum-confined. In the future, this method is expected to be used to prepare other metal sulfide nanotubes and nanowires.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center experience with paclitaxel in the treatment of breast cancer. (1995)

Paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) is the most important new cytotoxic agent to be introduced for the management of breast cancer in many years. During this decade, investigators at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center have conducted multiple clinical and laboratory investigations aimed at optimally integrating this agent into therapeutic strategies for breast cancer. These studies address both single-agent and combination regimens in the metastatic and adjuvant settings. This report will review previous results, but focus on active studies and future avenues of research.
The Impact of Fremanezumab on Headache-Related Disability in Patients with Episodic Migraine using the Migraine Disability Assessment (P4.095) (2018)

To assess the effect of fremanezumab versus placebo on headache-related disability using the MIDAS questionnaire.
Elicitation from virus-naive individuals of cytotoxic T lymphocytes directed against conserved HIV-1 epitopes (2006)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) protect against viruses including HIV-1. To avoid viral escape mutants that thwart immunity, we chose 25 CTL epitopes defined in the context of natural infection with functional and/or structural constraints that maintain sequence conservation. By combining HLA binding predictions with knowledge concerning HLA allele frequencies, a metric estimating population protection coverage (PPC) was computed and epitope pools assembled. Strikingly, only a minority of immunocompetent HIV-1 infected individuals responds to pools with PPC >95%. In contrast, virus-naive individuals uniformly expand IFNgamma producing cells and mount anti-HIV-1 cytolytic activity. This disparity suggests a vaccine design paradigm shift from infected to normal subjects.
RNA Transfer by Electroporation into Mature Dendritic Cells Leading to Reactivation of Effector-Memory Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes: A Quantitative Analysis (2005)

Previous studies have analyzed transfer of RNA-encoded tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) into immature dendritic cells (DCs) because of their exceptional ability to internalize antigens. Concerns have been raised regarding the use of immature DCs in clinical studies because of their capacity to tolerize T cells. Therefore, we focused on optimizing RNA transfer into mature DCs using the method of electroporation and obtained high protein expression in 90% of mature DCs. Particular emphasis was placed on quantifying RNA transfer. Reconstitution of peptide-MHC (pMHC) ligands on RNA-pulsed DCs was measured with the help of effector-memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for the melanoma-associated antigens tyrosinase and mutated cyclin-dependent kinase 4. In contrast to single-species RNA, transfer of native tumor-derived RNA or amplified tumor RNA into DCs resulted in very low or no capacity to reactivate these CTLs. A correlation was found between TAA message levels in tumor-derived RNA and pMHC ligand reconstitution on DCs. These results demonstrate that even TAAs with highly immunogenic mutated epitopes are not necessarily transferred when tumor-derived RNA is transfected into the DCs, thereby resulting in a lack of DC capacity to reactivate some preexisting effector-memory CTLs.
Virtual-source imaging and repeatability for complex near surface (2019)

Based on seismic interferometry, the virtual source (VS) method is able to produce virtual gathers at buried receiver locations by crosscorrelating the direct-downgoing waves with corresponding reflected-upgoing waves from surface-source gathers. Theoretically, the VS records can improve seismic quality with less negative impact from overburdened complexities. However, shallow complex structures and weathering layers at near surface not only severely distort the wavepaths, but also introduce multiples, surface waves, scattering noise, and interference among different wave modes. These additional seismic responsescontaminate both direct-downgoing and reflected-upgoing wavefields. As a result, the VS gathers experience spurious events and unbalanced illuminations associated with distorted radiation patterns. Conventional stacking operator can produce significant artifacts for sources associated with ineffective-wavepath cancellation. We review three publications and summarize a comprehensive workflow to address these issues using data-driven offset stacking, wavelet-crosscorrelation filtering, and radiation-pattern correction. A data-driven offset stacking theme, with each individual source contribution is weighted by certain quality measures, is applied for available offsets. The wavelet crosscorrelation transforms time-offset data into local time-frequency and local time-frequency-wavenumber domains. Filters are designed for the power-spectrum in each domain. The radiation-pattern correction spatially alters the contaminated direct-wavefields using a zero-phase matched filter, such that the filtered wavefield is consistent with the model-based direct P-wavefields observed at buried receiver locations. Our proposed workflow produces significant improvement as demonstrated in the 13 time-lapse field surveys that included substantial repeatability problems across a 17-month survey gap.
Phagocytosis of β‐1,3‐D‐Glucan‐Derivatized Microbeads by Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages Involves Three Different Receptors (1991)

Intraperitoneal injection of beta-1,3-D-glucan coupled to the surface of monodisperse methacrylate microbeads improves the resistance against bacterial infections in mice, while methacrylate microbeads alone do not. The effect of the glucan-derivatized microbeads (GDM) is considered to be mediated through peritoneal macrophages. We show that both GDM and the underivatized methacrylate microbeads (UDM) treated with normal serum were rapidly bound and phagocytized by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. We found that both complement and fibronectin opsonized the beads and were responsible for the uptake. Treatment of microbeads with serum lacking fibronectin and complement activity still gave some uptake of GDM, but not uptake of UDM. The uptake of GDM was similar to the uptake of untreated GDM and was inhibited by pretreatment of macrophages with soluble beta-1,3-D-glucan. Our conclusion is that GDM and UDM intraperitoneally bind fibronectin and C3 through activation of the alternative pathway of complement. This leads to their phagocytosis by macrophages through fibronectin and complement receptors. GDM are also internalized via beta-glucan receptors. We present the hypothesis that the beta-glucan receptors on peritoneal macrophages account for the protective effect of GDM in intraperitoneal bacterial infections.
Molecular Cloning and Phylogenetic Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C: a Set of 23 Full-Length Clones from Botswana (1999)

To better understand the virological aspect of the expanding AIDS epidemic in southern Africa, a set of 23 near-full-length clones of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) representing eight AIDS patients from Botswana were sequenced and analyzed phylogenetically. All study viruses from Botswana belonged to HIV-1 subtype C. The interpatient diversity of the clones from Botswana was higher than among full-length isolates of subtype B or among a set of full-length HIV-1 genomes of subtype C from India (mean value of 9. 1% versus 6.5 and 4.3%, respectively; P < 0.0001 for both comparisons). Similar results were observed in all genes across the entire viral genome. We suggest that the high level of HIV-1 diversity might be a typical feature of the subtype C epidemic in southern Africa. The reason or reasons for this diversity are unclear, but may include an altered replication efficiency of HIV-1 subtype C and/or the multiple introduction of different subtype C viruses.
Nuclear localization is essential for the activity of p53 protein. (1991)

p53 appears to be a growth regulator, the perturbation of which induces changes in normal cell proliferation. Wild-type p53 protein is thought to function as a growth arrest gene, whereas mutant p53, which accumulates in transformed cells, has been shown to enhance malignant transformation. Both wild-type and mutant p53 migrate into the cell nucleus by means of identical nuclear localization signals (NLS) inherent in their primary sequences. Results presented here show that the suppressive activity of wild-type p53 measured as the reduction of transformation of primary rat fibroblasts induced by co-transfection with ras and either E1A or mutant p53, as well as the transformation enhancement of mutant p53 estimated by cooperation with ras in transformation of primary rat fibroblasts, is dependent upon nuclear localization signals in p53 protein. While transfection of unmodified wild-type p53 significantly reduces the number of rat embryonic fibroblast-transformed foci induced by E1A and ras or mutant p53 and ras, the wild-type p53 protein without NLS has completely lost this suppressive activity. Partially defective NLS wild-type p53, with a reduced nuclear accumulation ability, still exhibits some suppressive activity. In addition, we found that plasmids coding for intact mutant p53 protein efficiently cooperate with the ras oncogene, whereas the corresponding plasmids without NLS are totally inert. On this basis we conclude that nuclear localization of both wild-type and mutant p53 is a fundamental feature for manifesting the activities of these proteins. Both the suppressor activity mediated by the wild-type p53 and enhancement of transformation mediated by the mutant p53 require nuclear localization of the proteins to function.
SHORT-TERM FORECASTS OF FREEWAY TRAFFIC VOLUMES AND LANE OCCUPANCIES, PHASE 1. VOLUME 4. FREEWAY AND RAMP REAL TIME FORECASTING (1993)

In operating a real-time, traffic-responsive control system, such as freeway ramp control system, most of the decisions made by the system will depend on its prediction of traffic during upcoming short-term periods. Volume IV deals with the prediction of freeway traffic volumes and occupancies using parametric methods, including the following steps: 1) Four existing parametric methods will be used to forecast volumes and occupancies. These models include the adaptive prediction system, the double exponential smoothing method, the exponential smoothing with adaptive response method, and the Box-Jenkins method. 2) A new model will be developed using Fourier's transformation or cross spectrum to forecast the downstream volumes. The model can analyze the lags between upstream or on-ramp volume time series and downstream volume series. 3) A detailed comparison of both volume and occupancy forecasting results using these different models will be made, and the interpretation of the results and the drawbacks of each model will be discussed. 4) A conclusion will be drawn from the research and recommendations presented.
Statistical tools for non-life insurance (2008)

Within the actuarial profession a major challenge can be found in the construction of a fair tariff structure. In light of the heterogeneity within, for instance, a car insurance portfolio, an insurance company should not apply the same premium for all insured risks. Otherwise the so-called concept of adverse selection will undermine the solvability of the company. 'Good' risks, with low risk profi les, pay too much and leave the company, whereas 'bad' risks are attracted by the (for them) favorable tariff. The idea behind risk classification is to split an insurance portfolio into classes that consist of risks with a similar profile and to design a fair tariff for each of them. Classification variables typically used in motor third party liability insurance are the age and gender of the policyholder and the type and use of their car.