gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intensity-dependent UV laser flash excitation of diphenylamine in methanol: a two-photon ionization mechanism involving the triplet state (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntensity-dependent UV laser flash excitation of diphenylamine in methanol: a two-photon ionization mechanism involving the triplet stateR. Rahn, J. Schroeder, J. Troe, and K. H. GrellmannCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1989, 93, 23, 7841–7846Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1989https://doi.org/10.1021/j100360a023RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views186Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (643 KB) Get e-Alerts
Responding to mild and moderate unintentional hypothermia (2008)

Jill Rushing is a nursing instructor at the University of Southern Mississippi in Hattiesburg. Richard L. Pullen, Jr., RN, EdD, coordinates Clinical Do's & Don'ts, which illustrates key clinical points for a common nursing procedure. Because of space constraints, it's not comprehensive.
Amino acid sequence of a new type of antifreeze protein, from the longhorn sculpin Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosis (1997)

A new type of fish antifreeze protein, designated here type IV, has been isolated from the longhorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosis. Sequence analysis of the protein (LS-12) reveals that it contains 108 amino acids, is blocked at the N-terminus by a pyroglutamyl group and has a high (17%) content of glutamine; it is thus completely unrelated to the earlier described types I, II and III fish antifreeze proteins. Circular dichroism spectra and conformational analysis based on the sequence data indicate that LS-12 has a high helix content and probably folds as a four-helix bundle. LS-12 shows sequence similarity to certain plasma apolipoproteins known to have helix bundle structures, suggesting the possibility that LS-12 may have arisen by recruitment and mutation of a plasma apolipoprotein.
Expression of Immunoreactive and Bioactive Activin a Protein in Adult Murine Lung After Bleomycin Treatment (1995)

Activin A is a homodimeric protein structurally and functionally related to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), and the expression of activin A is modulated by TGF-beta. Here, we demonstrate the expression of activin A in normal and bleomycin (BLM)-treated murine lungs. ICR mice were treated with BLM intraperitoneally for 10 days, whereas saline vehicle was injected into control mice. Intra-alveolar fibrotic changes were observed in the lung tissue obtained from the mice at day 14 after the final BLM administration. Immunohistochemical studies using a polyclonal antibody to activin A revealed the presence of activin A in the bronchiolar epithelium and smooth muscle cells of veins in both control and BLM-treated mice. In the BLM-treated mice at days 7 and 14, the marked infiltration of immunoreactive alveolar macrophages was observed in the area of fibrotic changes. Bioactivity of activin A measured by erythroid differentiation factor assay in the conditioned medium of alveolar macrophages obtained from BLM-treated mice at day 14 was significantly increased. These findings indicate that alveolar macrophages are a potent source of activin A after BLM treatment. The present study demonstrates for the first time the abundant expression of activin A in murine lung tissues after BLM administration, suggesting that activin A may play a role in the pathogenesis of BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
Synthèse d'images moiré (2006)

We explore a new approach for synthesizing moiré images that can be used for authentication of documents. For synthesizing moiré images, we need two layers: a base layer made of replicated bands or parallelograms and a revealing layer made of transparent lines (or dots). When superposing a base layer and a revealing layer, moiré images appear. Our method enables us to create dynamically moving messages incorporating text or color elements. In a simple layout of the base layer, the same pattern is replicated in each base band or parallelogram. Since the base layer's replication periods and the revealing layer period are similar, the revealed image is formed by the replicated tiny patterns, enlarged and possibly transformed. By considering the formation of the moiré image as a line sampling process, we derive the linear transformation between the base layer and the moiré image. We obtain the geometric layout of the resulting moiré image, i.e. its orientation, size and displacement direction when moving the revealing layer on top of the base layer. Interesting moiré images can be synthesized by applying geometric transformations to both the base and revealing layers. We propose a mathematical model describing the geometric transformation that a moiré image undergoes, when its base layer and its revealing layer are subject to different freely chosen non linear geometric transformations. We derive the geometric transformation to apply to the base and revealing layers, in order to obtain a desired moiré image transformation. We also derive layer transformations which yield periodic moiré images despite the fact that both the base and the revealing layers are curved. The approach for deriving the relationship between the respective geometric transformations of base layer, revealing layer and moiré images, relies on the comparison between the relative shifts of the revealing layer, the base layer and the moiré image. We generalize the 1D moiré synthesis approach to the 2D moirés. The base layer is made of replicated tiny parallelograms. The revealing layer is made of transparent dots. New interesting effects are obtained by applying geometric transformations such as independent moiré movements in two different orientations. A further method is presented in chapter 5, which relies on elevation profile level lines. A set of lines is modified according to an elevation profile. When superposing the modified base layer and the revealing layer, the level lines are revealed by a succession of various intensity or color lines. This elevation profile can either be a mathematical function, or can be created from an image containing text or symbols. Most moiré effects are created thanks to an interactive Photoshop plug-in called MoiréImaging.
A Microfluidic Bioreactor Based on Hydrogel-Entrapped E. coli:  Cell Viability, Lysis, and Intracellular Enzyme Reactions (2002)

Viable E. coli cells were entrapped in hydrogel micropatches photopolymerized within microfluidic systems. The microfluidic channels and the micropatches have sizes on the order of 100-500 microm. Small molecules, such as dyes and surfactants, present in the solution surrounding the hydrogel, are able to diffuse into the gel and encounter the cells, but the cells are sufficiently large to be retained. For example, sodium dodecyl sulfate is a lysis agent that is able to penetrate the hydrogel and disrupt the cellular membrane. Entrapment of viable cells within hydrogels, followed by lysis, could provide a convenient means for preparing biocatalysts without the need for enzyme extraction and purification. Hydrogel-immobilized cells are able to carry out chemical reactions within microfluidic channels. Specifically, a nonfluorescent dye, BCECF-AM, is able to penetrate both the hydrogel and the bacterial membrane and be converted into a fluorescent form (BCECF) by the interior cellular machinery. These results suggest that cells immobilized within microfluidic channels can act as sensors for small molecules and as bioreactors for carrying out reactions.
Asymmetric synthesis of both enantiomers of tomoxetine and fluoxetine. Selective reduction of 2,3-epoxycinnamyl alcohol with Red-Al (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAsymmetric synthesis of both enantiomers of tomoxetine and fluoxetine. Selective reduction of 2,3-epoxycinnamyl alcohol with Red-AlY. Gao and K. B. SharplessCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 17, 4081–4084Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00252a036https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00252a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2870Altmetric-Citations132LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
From single excipients to dual excipient platforms in dry powder inhaler products (2016)

Recent years have seen a marked diversification of excipient based formulation strategies used for the development and commercialisation of dry powder inhaler (DPI) products. These innovative approaches not only provide benefits to patients and health care professionals through the availability of a wider range of therapeutic DPI products, but, importantly, also allow formulators to exploit the potential opportunities that excipients provide for the development of DPIs. Whilst many DPI products have, and continue to be developed using a single formulation excipient, the commercialisation of DPI products which contain the two excipients lactose monohydrate and magnesium stearate, namely the 'dual excipient platform' has recently been achieved. This article provides an overview of the background and current status of the development of such 'dual excipient platform' based DPI products.
Origin and evolution of high throughput screening (2007)

This article reviews the origin and evolution of high throughput screening (HTS) through the experience of an individual pharmaceutical company, revealing some of the mysteries of the early stages of drug discovery to the wider pharmacology audience. HTS in this company (Pfizer, Groton, USA) had its origin in natural products screening in 1986, by substituting fermentation broths with dimethyl sulphoxide solutions of synthetic compounds, using 96-well plates and reduced assay volumes of 50-100 microl. A nominal 30 mM source compound concentration provided high microM assay concentrations. Starting at 800 compounds each week, the process reached a steady state of 7200 compounds per week by 1989. Screening in the Applied Biotechnology and Screening Group was centralized with screens operating in lock-step to maximize efficiency. Initial screens were full files run in triplicate. Autoradiography and image analysis were introduced for (125)I receptor ligand screens. Reverse transcriptase (RT) coupled with quantitative PCR and multiplexing addressed several targets in a single assay. By 1992 HTS produced 'hits' as starting matter for approximately 40% of the Discovery portfolio. In 1995, the HTS methodology was expanded to include ADMET targets. ADME targets required each compound to be physically detected leading to the development of automated high throughput LC-MS. In 1996, 90 compounds/week were screened in microsomal, protein binding and serum stability assays. Subsequently, the mutagenic Ames assay was adapted to a 96-well plate liquid assay and novel algorithms permitted automated image analysis of the micronucleus assay. By 1999 ADME HTS was fully integrated into the discovery cycle.
Molecular Cloning and Functional Expression of Murine JE (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1) and Murine Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1α Receptors (1996)

We have isolated cDNA clones that encode two closely related, murine C-C chemokine receptors. Both receptors are members of the G-protein-coupled, seven-transmembrane domain family of receptors and are most closely related to the human monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 receptor. Expression of each of the receptors was detected in murine monocyte/macrophage cell lines, but not in nonhematopoietic lines. Expression of these receptors in Xenopus oocytes revealed that one receptor signaled in response to low nanomolar concentrations of murine JE, whereas the second receptor was activated by murine macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 1alpha and the human chemokines MIP-1beta and RANTES. Binding studies revealed high affinity binding of radiolabeled mJE to the mJE receptor and murine MIP-1alpha to the second receptor. Chromosomal localization indicated that the two receptor genes were clustered within 80 kilobases of each other on mouse chromosome 9. Creation of receptor chimeras suggested that the amino terminus was critically involved in mediating signal transduction and ligand specificity of the mJE receptor, but not the mMIP-1alpha receptor. The identification and cloning of two functional murine chemokine receptors provides important new tools for investigating the roles of these potent cytokines in vivo.
Spezifikation der molekularen Chiralität (1966)

Abstract Die topologische Analyse chiraler Molekelmodelle führte zur Entwicklung eines allgemeinen Verfahrens für die Spezifikation der Chiralität. Die früher (1956 und vorher) beschriebene Anwendung dieses Verfahrens auf organisch‐chemische Konfigurationen wird in der vorliegenden Abhandlung beibehalten, im Hinblick auf gewisse Strukturtypen jedoch in geänderter und neu definierter Weise. Die Änderungen werden weitgehend auf Grund der seit 1956 im Beilstein‐Institut und andernorts gesammelten Erfahrungen vorgenommen. Das Verfahren wird jetzt erweitert, um die Behandlung einerseits organisch‐chemischer Konformationen und andererseits anorganisch‐chemischer Konfigurationen bis zur Ligandatomzahl sechs zu ermöglichen. Es werden die Fragen diskutiert, welche bei der Übertragung der bei der Spezifikation der Chiralität am Modell erhaltenen Symbole auf die Nomenklatur auftreten, wobei die Kombination von Chiralitätssymbolen nach dem allgemeinen Verfahren mit solchen nach speziellen Verfahren sowie mit trivialen Nomenklatursystemen besonders berücksichtigt wird.
Inhalational Poisoning by Botulinum Toxin and Inhalation Vaccination with Its Heavy-Chain Component (2003)

Botulinum toxin is the etiologic agent responsible for the disease botulism, which is characterized by peripheral neuromuscular blockade. Botulism is ordinarily encountered as a form of oral poisoning. The toxin is absorbed from the lumen of the gut to reach the general circulation and is then distributed to peripheral cholinergic nerve endings. However, there is a widespread presumption that botulinum toxin can also act as an inhalation poison, which would require that it be absorbed from the airway. Experiments have been done to show that both pure toxin and progenitor toxin (a complex with auxiliary proteins) are inhalation poisons. Interestingly, the data indicate that auxiliary proteins are not necessary to protect the toxin or to facilitate its absorption. When studied on rat primary alveolar epithelial cells or on immortalized human pulmonary adenocarcinoma (Calu-3) cells, botulinum toxin displayed both specific binding and transcytosis. The rate of transport was greater in the apical-to-basolateral direction than in the basolateral-to-apical direction. Transcytosis was energy dependent, and it was blocked by serotype-specific antibody. The results demonstrated that the holotoxin was not essential for the process of binding and transcytosis. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments showed that the heavy-chain component of the toxin was transported across epithelial monolayers, which indicates that the structural determinants governing binding and transcytosis are found in this fragment. The heavy chain was not toxic, and therefore it was tested for utility as an inhalation vaccine against the parent molecule. This fragment was shown to evoke complete protection against toxin doses of at least 10(4) times the 50% lethal dose.
Astronomical Image Reconstruction Via Space Slit Aperture Telescope (1986)

The interest of a ground based slit aperture telescope (SAT) which operates with a long thin pupil has been underlined for applications in the field of high angular resolution observations by speckle-interferometric techniques. The SAT lies halfway between the Michelson stellar interferometer and the standard telescope with circular aperture. We present here the project of a space-SAT for astronomical image reconstruction. A full coverage of the two dimensional Fourier plane can be obtained by rotating the SAT around its optical axis. The method of image reconstruction is analogous to those used in computerized tomography. The interest of the use of a rotating space-SAT among synthetic apertures is its capability of giving a reconstructed image of the astronomical object simultaneously in several light wavelengths, each colored image beeing comparable with the others for fruitful astrophysical applications.
Localization and Catabolism of Cyanogenic Glycosides (2007)

The catabolism of cyanogenic glycosides is initiated by cleavage of the carbohydrate moiety by one or more beta-glycosidases, which yields the corresponding alpha-hydroxynitrile. Until recently, the mode by which cyanogenic disaccharides are hydrolysed was largely unclear. Investigation of highly purified beta-glycosidases from plants containing cyanogenic disaccharides has now indicated that these compounds may be degraded via two distinct pathways, depending on the plant species. beta-Glycosidases from Davallia trichomanoides and Vicia angustifolia hydrolysed (R)-vicianin and (R)-amygdalin at the aglycone-disaccharide bond producing mandelonitrile and the corresponding disaccharide. Alternatively, hydrolysis of cyanogenic disaccharides in Prunus serotina, almonds, and Linum usitatissimum involves stepwise removal of the sugar residues. The nature of these enzymes and of other beta-glycosidases responsible for hydrolysis of simple cyanogenic monosaccharides is discussed. Hydroxynitriles may decompose either spontaneously or enzymically in the presence of a hydroxynitrile lyase to produce hydrogen cyanide and an aldehyde or ketone. The major kinetic and molecular properties of hydroxynitrile lyases purified from species accumulating aromatic and aliphatic cyanogens are reviewed. Cyanogenesis occurs rapidly only after cyanogenic plant tissues are macerated, allowing glycosides access to their catabolic enzymes. The possible nature of the compartmentation which prevents cyanogenesis under normal physiological conditions is discussed in relation to our knowledge of the tissue and subcellular localizations of cyanogens and catabolic enzymes.
Analysis of the nasal vestibule mycobiome in patients with allergic rhinitis (2015)

Advances in culture-independent sequencing methods have been utilised in recent studies to understand the phylogenetic composition of the human microbiome of healthy and diseased skin. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory condition of the nasal cavity caused by environmental allergens. Although nasal microbial communities have been considered important contributors in human health, no studies to date have comprehensively compared fungal communities (mycobiome) of the nasal vestibule using the culture-independent pyrosequencing method. This study aimed to investigate how fungal communities of the nasal vestibule skin surface are influenced by AR. The phylogenetic composition of the nasal vestibule mycobiome of patients with AR was analysed by culture-independent pyrosequencing methods and compared with healthy individuals. A total of 69 fungal genera were identified from both AR samples and healthy controls, and the genus Malassezia predominated in the nasal vestibule. Species-level analysis classified eight different Malassezia species including M. pachydermatis and M. cuniculi, which were normally isolated from animals, and revealed M. restricta to be the most abundant species in the nasal vestibule. Although high interpersonal variation was observed, some of the AR samples displayed significantly higher diversities than healthy controls at both the genus and species level.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Carotid Atherosclerosis (2007)

Automated analysis tools are capable of providing accurate and reproducible measurements of carotid atherosclerotic burden and composition when compared with manually outlined results.
Expression of a human cytomegalovirus receptor correlates with infectibility of cells (1991)

Previous studies have demonstrated that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) specifically binds to a fibroblast membrane glycoprotein(s) with a molecular mass from 30 to 34 kDa. In this study, the distribution of the putative receptor proteins was analyzed in a variety of cell types, including cell types representative of those that are infected in vivo. Using a sensitive microbinding assay (to score virus attachment) and an indirect detection method (to score HCMV-binding proteins), we found that the 34- and 32-kDa HCMV binding proteins are ubiquitous molecules, broadly distributed among diverse cell types. In addition, the level of virus attachment was found to correlate with the abundance of the 34- and 32-kDa cellular proteins, while the ability of the virus to penetrate cells and initiate infection did not. The results support the hypothesis that the 34- and 32-kDa cellular proteins represent the HCMV (attachment) receptor. The data also support the notion that additional cellular components are required for virus entry and fusion.
RNA Recognition and Cleavage by a Splicing Endonuclease (2006)

The RNA splicing endonuclease cleaves two phosphodiester bonds within folded precursor RNAs during intron removal, producing the functional RNAs required for protein synthesis. Here we describe at a resolution of 2.85 angstroms the structure of a splicing endonuclease from Archaeglobus fulgidus bound with a bulge-helix-bulge RNA containing a noncleaved and a cleaved splice site. The endonuclease dimer cooperatively recognized a flipped-out bulge base and stabilizes sharply bent bulge backbones that are poised for an in-line RNA cleavage reaction. Cooperativity arises because an arginine pair from one catalytic domain sandwiches a nucleobase within the bulge cleaved by the other catalytic domain.