gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A role for the B-cell CD74/macrophage migration inhibitory factor pathway in the immunomodulation of systemic lupus erythematosus by a therapeutic tolerogenic peptide (2010)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that involves dysregulation of B and T cells. A tolerogenic peptide, designated hCDR1, ameliorates disease manifestations in SLE-afflicted mice. In the present study, the effect of treatment with hCDR1 on the CD74/macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) pathway was studied. We report here that B lymphocytes from SLE-afflicted mice express relatively elevated levels of CD74, compared with B cells from healthy mice. CD74 is a receptor found in complex with CD44, and it binds the pro-inflammatory cytokine MIF. The latter components were also up-regulated in B cells from the diseased mice, and treatment with hCDR1 resulted in their down-regulation and in reduced B-cell survival. Furthermore, up-regulation of CD74 and CD44 expression was detected in brain hippocampi and kidneys, two target organs in SLE. Treatment with hCDR1 diminished the expression of those molecules to the levels determined for young healthy mice. These results suggest that the CD74/MIF pathway plays an important role in lupus pathology.
Cannabinoid receptor CB2 localisation and agonist-mediated inhibition of capsaicin responses in human sensory neurons (2008)

Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) agonists provide the potential for treating chronic pain states without CNS effects associated with CB1 receptor activation. Animal models suggest that they act mainly via non-neuronal cells, possibly inhibition of inflammatory cells in the periphery or CNS, or via release of beta-endorphin; however, the clinical relevance and mechanism of analgesic action is uncertain. Here, we demonstrate colocalisation of CB2 with CB1 and the capsaicin receptor TRPV1 in human dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons and increased levels of CB2 receptors in human peripheral nerves after injury, particularly painful neuromas. In primary cultures of human DRG neurons, selective CB2 agonists blocked activation of inward cation currents and elevation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in response to capsaicin. These inhibitory effects were reversed by GW818646X a CB2 antagonist, and 8-bromo cAMP, but not by SR141716 a CB1 antagonist, or naloxone. Thus CB2 receptor agonists functionally inhibited nociceptive signalling in human primary sensory neurons via a mechanism shared with opioids, of adenylyl cyclase inhibition, but not via mu-opioid receptors. We conclude that CB2 agonists deserve imminent clinical trials for nociceptive, inflammatory and neuropathic chronic pain, in which capsaicin or heat-activated responses via TRPV1 may provide a clinical marker.
Distribution and stability of antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides in rodent brain following direct intraparenchymal controlled-rate infusion (1998)

The authors found that PS-ODNs can be safely delivered in high concentrations to wide areas of rat brain by using high-flow microinfusion and are stable even after 48 hours in situ.
Identification of two nervous system-specific members of the erg potassium channel gene family. (1997)

Two new potassium channel genes, erg2 and erg3, that are expressed in the nervous system of the rat were identified. These two genes form a small gene family with the previously described erg1 (HERG) gene. The erg2 and erg3 genes are expressed exclusively in the nervous system, in marked contrast to erg1, which is expressed in both neural and non-neural tissues. All three genes are expressed in peripheral sympathetic ganglia. The erg3 channel produces a current that has a large transient component at positive potentials, whereas the other two channels are slowly activating delayed rectifiers. Expression of the erg1 gene in the sympathetic nervous system has potential implications for the etiology of the LQT2 form of the human genetic disease long QT syndrome.
Human NADPH-P450 oxidoreductase modulates the level of cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 holoprotein via haem oxygenase-dependent and -independent pathways (2001)

NADPH-P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) is essential for the activity of cytochrome P450 (P450). Previous studies demonstrated that CPR regulates the levels of various P450 isoforms in vitro. We investigated the mechanistic basis for this regulation. By transfection of Chinese hamster ovary DUKXB11 cells we obtained the cell line DUKX/2D6, which expressed human CYP2D6, a P450 isoform. Subsequently, DUKX/2D6 cells were transfected with human CPR cDNA to generate the cell line DUKX/2D6/CPR-3. Expression of recombinant CPR decreased the level of spectrally detectable CYP2D6 holoprotein in DUKX/2D6/CPR-3 cells by 70%, whereas the level of immunodetectable apoprotein remained unchanged. Addition of the radical scavenger DMSO increased levels of CYP2D6 holoenzyme in DUKX/2D6/CPR-3 cells but not in DUKX/2D6 cells. A similar effect was noted when cells were grown in the presence of hemin. Importantly, combined treatment with DMSO and hemin increased levels of CYP2D6 holoenzyme in DUKX/2D6/CPR-3 but not in DUKX/2D6 cells even further than either treatment alone. None of these treatments affected the level of immunodetectable CYP2D6. This demonstrates that expression of CPR increases production of damaging radicals but also that CPR may alter haem homoeostasis. In agreement with this, the activity of haem oxygenase, a rate-limiting enzyme in haem metabolism, was compared with that in DUKX/DHFR control cells (expressing dihydrofolate reductase), and was 3-fold higher in DUKX/2D6/CPR-3 but similar in DUKX/2D6 cells. Furthermore, treatment of cells with sodium arsenite increased levels of haem oxygenase concomitant with a marked decrease of spectrally detectable CYP2D6 and a rise in levels of ferritin, which sequesters free iron released from the destruction of haem. These data demonstrate that CPR regulates P450 activity by supplying electrons and also by altering P450 levels via radical-and haem oxygenase-mediated pathways.
Biocatalytic Solvent-Free Polymerization To Produce High Molecular Weight Polyesters (1997)

Environmentally benign chemical synthesis is a central thrust in the current U.S. research arena. Production of polymers contributes to pollution during synthesis and after use. Thus, the synthesis of a biodegradable plastic by “green” technology could have a real impact. Indeed, such a polymer produced by microorganisms is already a commercial product (Biopol). Unfortunately, however, cellular synthesis remains limited by the cost of downstream processing and the fact that the synthesis is aqueous-based, and it is impossible to perform the synthesis in the absence of a solvent. Bulk polymerization is the standard method for polyester synthesis. The research reported herein describes an enzyme-catalyzed polymer synthesis in which there is no solvent. This bulk polymerization mirrors conventional synthesis but eliminates the needs for extremes of temperature and corrosive acid catalysts. This paper represents the first rapid and efficient synthesis of polyesters from bulk polymerization under ambient conditions with very low concentrations of a biocatalyst. The effects of parameters influencing the molecular weight and end-group fuctionality have been studied by following the progress of polymerization.
Human B‐1 cells take the stage (2013)

B-1 cells play critical roles in defending against microbial invasion and in housekeeping removal of cellular debris. B-1 cells secrete natural antibody and manifest functions that influence T cell expansion and differentiation and in these and other ways differ from conventional B-2 cells. B-1 cells were originally studied in mice where they are easily distinguished from B-2 cells, but their identity in the human system remained poorly defined for many years. Recently, functional criteria for human B-1 cells were established on the basis of murine findings, and reverse engineering resulted in identification of the phenotypic profile, CD20(+)CD27(+)CD43(+)CD70(-), for B-1 cells found in both umbilical cord blood and adult peripheral blood. Human B-1 cells may contribute to multiple disease states through production of autoantibody and stimulation/modulation of T cell activity. Human B-1 cells could be a rich source of antibodies useful in treating diseases present in elderly populations where natural antibody protection may have eroded. Manipulation of human B-1 cell numbers and/or activity may be a new avenue for altering T cell function and treating immune dyscrasias.
재생에너지 입지계획의 전략환경영향평가 실시방안 연구 (2019)

Ⅰ. 연구의 배경 및 목적
□ 정부의 재생에너지 확대를 위한 에너지 정책에 따라, 지자체 주도의 태양광 및 풍력발전의 개발계획 과정(계획입지제 등)에서 전략환경영향평가를 통해 주민 수용성과 환경영향을 사전에 해결하고 입지의 적정성을 확보할 필요가 있다.
ㅇ 본 연구는 육상 재생에너지(태양광 및 풍력) 사업의 개발계획 단계에서 시행하고자 하는 전략환경영향평가가 입지계획의 효과적인 의사결정 도구로 활용될 수 있도록 실행방안을 마련하고, 대안 분석 등 전략 수립 단계의 평가방법을 체계적으로 구축하고자 수행되었다.
Ⅱ. 재생에너지 개발계획과 전략환경영향평가 현황
□ 국내 현황을 국외와 비교하면 풍력 에너지 발전을 포함한 재생에너지 보급이 미흡한 것으로 나타나지만, 전 세계의 재생에너지 보급 추이와 단가 하락 및 지원제도 확대 등을 통한 에너지 경쟁력을 고려하면 태양광과 풍력 발전사업의 개발은 계속 증가할 것이다.
ㅇ 재생에너지 보급목표를 달성하기 위해 계획입지제 등을 통한 지자체 주관 대규모 개발계획이 예상되며, 전략환경영향평가 제도를 적극적으로 활용하여 환경성 및 사회성을 확보한 최적의 입지계획을 수립해야 한다.
□ 전략환경영향평가는 재생에너지 입지계획에 대한 의사결정 지원을 위한 필수요소(대안의 분석, 누적영향의 평가, 공공참여)를 제공한다. 국외(특히, 미국 사례)의 경우 재생에너지 입지를 계획에서 환경 민감지역을 확인하여 제외하고자 전략환경영향평가를 시행하고 있으며, 이를 통해 환경성 및 사회적 수용성을 충분히 확보하여 체계적인 계획을 수립하고 있다.
ㅇ 특히 전략환경영향평가를 통해 광범위한 공공의견을 수렴하고 재생에너지 입지대안을 체계적으로 평가함으로써 최적의 입지를 선정하고 있는바, 전략환경영향평가가 전략적 의사결정의 도구로서 재생에너지 계획 과정에 체계적으로 활용되고 있다.
□ 국내의 경우 지자체가 재생에너지 발전사업을 시·군관리계획으로 의제함에 따라 전략환경영향평가를 수행한 바 있으나, 현재 진행 중인 발전사업 가운데 「환경영향평가법」에 따른 전략환경영향평가 대상은 존재하지 않는다. 즉, 입지계획이 이미 결정된 조건에서 전략환경영향평가를 시행하지 않고 환경영향평가만을 수행함에 따라 협의과정에서 저감방안만을 도출하는 실정이다.
ㅇ 「환경영향평가법 시행령」이 개정(2016년)에 따라 발전시설의 설치를 포함하는 시·군관리계획이 전략환경영향평가 협의 대상에서 제외되었으므로, 계획입지제와 더불어 다양한 재생에너지 발전사업에 대한 전략환경영향평가 적용을 위한 법제도 개선이 필요하다.
ㅇ 나아가 재생에너지 입지계획을 수립하기 위해 다양한 입지대안의 수립·분석이 요구되며, 전략 수립 단계에서 체계적으로 재생에너지 발전부지를 발굴할 수 있는 제도와 계획 과정에 실질적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 전략형 전략환경영향평가를 실행할 수 있는 방안 마련이 필요하다(그림 1 참조).
Ⅲ. 육상 재생에너지(태양광 및 풍력) 사업의 환경영향
□ 재생에너지는 화석연료 에너지원과 비교하여 매우 청정하고 친환경적이지만, 육상 태양광 및 풍력 에너지 발전의 경우에도 부정적인 환경영향이 발생한다.
ㅇ 재생에너지 계획은 장기간의 부지 점용에 따른 토지이용 변화를 야기하고 이는 직접적으로 식생 훼손과 생태계의 일차생산을 변화시킨다. 나아가 누적적인 개발은 경관 및 생태계 파편화를 야기하여 생물종의 유전 흐름과 생물 다양성을 훼손한다. 기타 경관(시각적) 훼손 및 소음 등 다양한 환경영향을 유발할 수 있다
Ⅳ. 재생에너지 입지계획의 전략환경영향평가 실행방안
□ 국내 전략환경영향평가 협의 대상에 포함할 수 있는 재생에너지 계획은 ① 발전시설의 설치계획이 도시·군관리계획으로 의제되는 ‘발전지구 실시계획’과 ② 계획입지를 입안하여 발전지구 실시계획 전 전략환경영향평가를 거치는 ‘발전지구 개발계획’으로 구분할 수 있으며, 본 연구에서는 서로 다른 재생에너지 계획에 대한 전략환경영향평가 실행방안과 입지대안 분석 방법을 도출하였다.
ㅇ 먼저, 효과적인 전략환경영향평가 적용을 위해 주관 행정기관(지자체) 관할구역에 미치는 환경영향을 최소화하고 사회적 수용성을 확보한 후, 경제적·기술적으로 최적화된 부지를 도출할 수 있는 입지대안 분석 방법을 제시하였다. 여기서 입지대안은 ① 배제지역, ② 개발가능지역, ③ 개발선호지역, ④ 발전사업지구로 구성되며 단계별로 발전부지를 도출할 수 있다.
ㅇ 또한 재생에너지 개발계획의 유형에 따라 입지가 수립된 경우 또는 부지를 발굴하는 경우에 대한 입지대안 분석 방법의 실행방안을 도출하고, 이를 체계적인 절차로 구성하여 제안하였다(그림 2 참조). 제시된 방안은 재생에너지 개발계획을 수립하는 행정기관(지자체)이 환경적으로 민감한 지역을 사전에 확인하고 제외하여 입지를 계획하도록 유도할 수 있으며, 관계기관 협의와 주민수용성을 사전에 확보한 개발계획을 제공할 수 있다.
Ⅴ. 결론 및 정책 제언
□ 앞으로 육상 재생에너지 발전 개발계획을 수립하기 위하여, 전략환경영향평가를 통해 단계별 입지대안을 구성하고 최적의 발전사업 지구를 도출하여야 한다. 이를 위해 주관 행정기관(지자체 등)의 전략환경영향평가에 대한 관심과 이해가 필요하며, 평가를 통해 환경문제를 해결하고 사회적 수용성을 확보하려는 노력이 필요하다.
ㅇ 또한 재생에너지 개발계획과 관련된 법제도 개선을 통해 개발계획과 전략환경영향평가를 명확히 연계하는 방안을 마련해야 하며, 계획입지제의 경우에는 개발계획 수립을 위한 제도운영 틀로 전략환경영향평가를 적극적으로 활용하는 방안을 모색해야 한다. 나아가 본 연구가 제안하는 전략환경영향평가 실행방안과 입지대안 분석법을 구체적인 협의 지침으로 마련할 필요가 있다.
Smallest detectable difference in radiological progression. (1999)

Omeract IV started a discussion on the development of radiological response criteria in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Such criteria depend on the definition of what constitutes the minimum clinically important progression of damage. Because such a definition is currently not available, as a first step we have used the concept of random measurement error to determine what is the smallest detectable difference (SDD) in radiological progression between 2 radiographs of a particular patient. Baseline and 12 month radiographs (hands, wrists, feet) of 52 patients representative of the spectrum of radiological progression were selected from a randomized controlled trial of early rheumatoid arthritis (COBRA study) and were read paired and chronologically by 2 observers using the van der Heijde modified Sharp method (0-448 scale) and another 2 observers using the Scott modified Larsen method (0-200). The measurement error of progression was determined using the metric 95% limits of agreement method of Bland and Altman. In the setting of early RA the SDD is 11 modified Sharp score units and 8 modified Larsen score units if there is an equal distribution of baseline damage and progression in the sample and the mean score of the same trained observers is always used. The SDD is 15.5 modified Sharp score units and 11 modified Larsen score units if there is an equal distribution of baseline damage and progression in the sample and the mean score of any 2 trained observers is used. Other SDD were determined depending on the context of measurement. Although this exercise needs repetition in other settings, the SDD is a useful starting point in the development of radiological response criteria.
Development of BION/spl trade/ technology for functional electrical stimulation: bidirectional telemetry (2005)

BIONs/spl trade/ are individually addressable, single channel electrical interfaces that can be injected into one or more muscles through a 12-gauge hypodermic needle. They receive power and command signals from an externally worn RF transmission coil and generate stimulation pulses to activate motor units. In order to reanimate useful function in a paralyzed limb, it is necessary to incorporate sensors and back telemetry to provide voluntary control and sensory feedback signals. We describe and compare several sensing modalities and bi-directional telemetry schemes that have been developed and are being evaluated to support these requirements.
Direct isolation of human BRCA2 gene by transformation-associated recombination in yeast (1997)

Mutant forms of the BRCA2 gene contribute significantly to hereditary breast cancer. Isolation of the normal and mutant forms of the BRCA2 gene with its natural promoter would greatly facilitate analysis of the gene and its contribution to breast cancer. We have accomplished the direct isolation of the 90-kb gene from total human DNA by transformation-associated recombination in yeast using a small amount of 5' and 3' BRCA2 sequence information. Because the entire isolation procedure of a single chromosomal gene could be accomplished in approximately 2 weeks, the transformation-associated recombination cloning approach is readily applicable to studies of chromosome alterations and human genetic diseases.
Negative Regulation of Platelet Clearance and of the Macrophage Phagocytic Response by the Transmembrane Glycoprotein SHPS-1 (2002)

SHPS-1 is a receptor-type glycoprotein that binds and activates the protein-tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2, and thereby negatively modulates intracellular signaling initiated by various cell surface receptors coupled to tyrosine kinases. SHPS-1 also regulates intercellular communication in the neural and immune systems through its association with CD47 (integrin-associated protein) on adjacent cells. Furthermore, recent studies with fibroblasts derived from mice expressing an SHPS-1 mutant that lacks most of the cytoplasmic region suggested that the intact protein contributes to cytoskeletal function. Mice homozygous for this SHPS-1 mutation have now been shown to manifest thrombocytopenia. These animals did not exhibit a defect in megakaryocytopoiesis or in platelet production. However, platelets were cleared from the bloodstream more rapidly in the mutant mice than in wild-type animals. Furthermore, peritoneal macrophages from the mutant mice phagocytosed red blood cells more effectively than did those from wild-type mice; in addition, they exhibited an increase both in the rate of cell spreading and in the formation of filopodia-like structures at the cell periphery. These results indicate that SHPS-1 both contributes to the survival of circulating platelets and down-regulates the macrophage phagocytic response.
Challenges in CRISPR/CAS9 Delivery: Potential Roles of Nonviral Vectors (2015)

CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing platforms are widely applied as powerful tools in basic research and potential therapeutics for genome regulation. The appropriate alternative of delivery system is critical if genome editing systems are to be effectively performed in the targeted cells or organisms. To date, the in vivo delivery of the Cas9 system remains challenging. Both physical methods and viral vectors are adopted in the delivery of the Cas9-based gene editing platform. However, physical methods are more applicable for in vitro delivery, while viral vectors are generally concerned with safety issues, limited packing capacities, and so on. With the robust development of nonviral drug delivery systems, lipid- or polymer-based nanocarriers might be potent vectors for the delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 systems. In this review, we look back at the delivery approaches that have been used for the delivery of the Cas9 system and outline the recent development of nonviral vectors that might be potential carriers for the genome editing platform in the future. The efforts in optimizing cationic nanocarriers with structural modification are described and promising nonviral vectors under clinical investigations are highlighted.
Functional Caspase-1 Is Required for Langerhans Cell Migration and Optimal Contact Sensitization in Mice (2001)

Langerhans cell (LC) migration from epidermis to draining lymph node is a critical first step in cutaneous immune responses. Both TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta are important signals governing this process, but the potential regulatory role of IL-1 alpha processing by caspase-1 is unknown. In wild-type (WT) mice, application of the contact allergens 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzine and oxazolone lead to a marked reduction in epidermal LC numbers, but in caspase-1-deficient mice this reduction was not observed. Moreover, although intradermal injection of TNF-alpha (50 ng) induced epidermal LC migration in WT mice, this cytokine failed to induce LC migration in caspase-1-deficient mice. Intradermal IL-1 beta (50 ng) caused a similar reduction in epidermal LC numbers in both WT and caspase-1-deficient mice, indicating that, given an appropriate signal, caspase-1-deficient epidermal LC are capable of migration. Contact hypersensitivity to both 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzine and oxazolone was inhibited in caspase-1-deficient mice, indicating a functional consequence of the LC migration defect. In organ culture the caspase-1 inhibitor Ac-YVAD-cmk, but not control peptide, potently inhibited the epidermal LC migration that occurs in this system, and reduced spontaneous migration of LC was observed in skin derived from caspase-1-deficient mice. Moreover, Ac-YVAD-cmk applied to BALB/c mouse skin before application of contact sensitizers inhibited LC migration and contact hypersensitivity in vivo. Taken together, these data indicate that caspase-1 may play a central role in the regulation of LC migration and suggest that the activity of this enzyme is amenable to control by specific inhibitors both in vivo and in vitro.
Protein‐free culture of VERO cells: a substrate for replication of human pathogenic viruses (1993)

A protein-free chemically defined medium designated PFEK-1 was developed for culture of VERO cells on polyvinyl formal (PVF) culture surface without serum or other macromolecular supplements. VERO cells proliferated in PFEK-1 medium on PVF surface to a similar extent as cells in serum-supplemented medium without previous adaptation from serum-containing conditions. The protein-free culture infected with coxsackievirus B4, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, measles virus and poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 developed viral titers comparable to those found in conventionally grown cells. The results demonstrated that VERO cells in protein-free culture provide a sensitive substrate for the production of human pathogenic viruses which are not contaminated by serum or other protein factors usually added to a culture medium.
1.1 GHz oscillator using bondwire inductance (1994)

Using the parasitic inductance usually associated with a bondwire in an IC package, a bipolar GHz LC-tuned oscillator is designed. Bondwires have very low series resistance and are thus suitable for high-Q applications. Measured results indicate very low phase noise and low power consumption.
Correlation of Terminal Cell Cycle Arrest of Skeletal Muscle with Induction of p21 by MyoD (1995)

Skeletal muscle differentiation entails the coordination of muscle-specific gene expression and terminal withdrawal from the cell cycle. This cell cycle arrest in the G0 phase requires the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (Rb). The function of Rb is negatively regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), which are controlled by Cdk inhibitors. Expression of MyoD, a skeletal muscle-specific transcriptional regulator, activated the expression of the Cdk inhibitor p21 during differentiation of murine myocytes and in nonmyogenic cells. MyoD-mediated induction of p21 did not require the tumor suppressor protein p53 and correlated with cell cycle withdrawal. Thus, MyoD may induce terminal cell cycle arrest during skeletal muscle differentiation by increasing the expression of p21.
Observable time windows: verifying high-level synthesis results (1997)

Verifying equivalence of the behavioral specification and scheduled implementation is a significant problem in high-level synthesis, because scheduling changes the cycle-by-cycle behavior. The authors present a practical method for comparing simulation results for the two using the same vectors.
Expression of the Isochrysis C18-Δ9 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Specific Elongase Component Alters Arabidopsis Glycerolipid Profiles (2004)

A cDNA isolated from the prymnesiophyte micro-alga Isochrysis galbana, designated IgASE1, encodes a fatty acid elongating component that is specific for linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3). Constitutive expression of IgASE1 in Arabidopsis resulted in the accumulation of eicosadienoic acid (EDA; C20:2n-6) and eicosatrienoic acid (ETrA; C20:3n-3) in all tissues examined, with no visible effects on plant morphology. Positional analysis of the various lipid classes indicated that these novel fatty acids were largely excluded from the sn-2 position of chloroplast galactolipids and seed triacylglycerol, whereas they were enriched in the same position in phosphatidylcholine. EDA and ETrA are precursors of arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) synthesized via the so-called omega6 Delta8 desaturase and omega3 Delta8 desaturase biosynthetic pathways, respectively. The synthesis of significant quantities of EDA and ETrA in a higher plant is therefore a key step in the production of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in oil-seed species. The results are further discussed in terms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways of lipid synthesis in plants.
Gene expression analysis in RA: towards personalized medicine (2014)

Gene expression has recently been at the forefront of advance in personalized medicine, notably in the field of cancer and transplantation, providing a rational for a similar approach in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is a prototypic inflammatory autoimmune disease with a poorly understood etiopathogenesis. Inflammation is the main feature of RA; however, many biological processes are involved at different stages of the disease. Gene expression signatures offer management tools to meet the current needs for personalization of RA patients' care. This review analyses currently available information with respect to RA diagnostic, prognostic and prediction of response to therapy with a view to highlight the abundance of data, whose comparison is often inconclusive due to the mixed use of material source, experimental methodologies and analysis tools, reinforcing the need for harmonization if gene expression signatures are to become a useful clinical tool in personalized medicine for RA patients.