gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Serum Transferrin Receptor (1993)

The transferrin receptor plays a critical role in iron metabolism by precisely controlling the flow of transferrin iron into body cells. A soluble truncated form of the receptor can be detected in human serum using sensitive immunoassays, and the initial clinical experience with this new measurement indicates that it reflects the total body mass of tissue receptor. Serum receptor levels rise significantly with tissue iron deficiency and the heightened demand for iron associated with expansion of the erythroid marrow. The serum receptor provides a quantitative measure of functional iron deficiency and distinguishes the associated anemia from that of chronic disease. If iron deficiency is excluded, the serum receptor provides a quantitative measure of total erythropoiesis that is more sensitive and less invasive than bone marrow examination currently used to assess red cell precursor mass. Performed in conjunction with serum ferritin measurements, the serum receptor will be useful in establishing the true prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in population studies.
Electrophilic Fluorocyclization of Allyl Silanes (2009)

A refreshing cascade: General fluorocyclization reactions will breathe new life into the use of fluorinated hetero- and carbocycles as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Allyl silanes have now been shown to undergo fluorination–cyclization with NF reagents to give cis- and trans-substituted fluorinated heterocycles selectively (see scheme). The correct choice of silyl group was critical to prevent competitive fluorodesilylation.
Chronic daily headache with analgesic overuse (2004)

CDH with analgesic overuse is a common disorder in the general population, mainly in women in their fifties, in whom 5% meet its diagnostic criteria.
Developmental Pharmacology — Drug Disposition, Action, and Therapy in Infants and Children (2003)

For those using drugs to treat infants and children, the integration of developmental pharmacology is crucial to appropriate clinical practice. Changes in metabolic capacity, distribution sites, and organ function all affect the way in which medications are handled in the very young. This review examines the developmental changes that profoundly affect the responses of children to medications and related therapies.
Evidence that tumor necrosis factor triggers apoptosis in human endothelial cells by interleukin-1-converting enzyme-like protease-dependent and -independent pathways. (1997)

Cultured human endothelial cells (EC) resist tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated apoptosis. However, the combination of TNF and the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) induces apoptosis in up to 50% of EC within 24 hours. TNF + CHX killing is effectively blocked by transfected CrmA protein or treatment with Z-VAD.fmk peptide-both inhibitors of interleukin-1-converting enzyme-like proteases-but not by transfected antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, or A1. C6-ceramide (cer) can also sensitize EC to TNF-induced apoptosis. TNF + cer killing, which can affect more than 50% of EC, is not effectively inhibited by CrmA or Z-VAD frank, but can be readily blocked by Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, or A1. Both TNF + CHX and TNF+ cer killing are induced by a TNF mutein that only interacts with the type 1 TNF receptor, and both responses can be inhibited by the antiapoptotic protein A20. These data suggest that TNF activates two biochemically separable pathways of EC injury.
Resonant coupling in trenched bend-insensitive optical fiber (2013)

We report in this Letter the resonant coupling mechanism in bending trenched bend-insensitive fiber (BIF). It is found that among the trench parameters, the core-trench distance is predominant for optimized BIF design. We reveal that resonant coupling is an intrinsic characteristic of bending trenched BIF, and resonant coupling between the fiber core and the innermost cladding would limit the ultimate bending loss of BIF under tight bend. Resonant coupling is also present in double-trenched BIF, and would impair its bending performance.
Reservoir Geochemistry: A Link Between Reservoir Geology and Engineering? (1997)

Summary Geochemistry provides a natural, but poorly exploited, link between reservoir geology and engineering. We summarize some current ap-plicationsof geochemistry to reservoir description and stress that, because of their strong interactions with mineral surfaces and water, nitrogen and oxygen compounds in petroleum may exert an important influence on the pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) properties of petroleum, viscosity and wettability. The distribution of these compounds in reservoirs is heterogenous on a submeter scale and is partly controlled by variations in reservoir quality. The implied variations in petroleum properties and wettability may account for some of the errors in reservoir simulations.
Hybrid polar histone deacetylase inhibitor induces apoptosis and CD95/CD95 ligand expression in human neuroblastoma. (1999)

Inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) have been shown to have both apoptotic and differentiating effects on various tumor cells. M-carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide (CBHA) is a recently developed hybrid polar compound structurally related to hexamethylene bisacetamide. CBHA is a potent inhibitor of HDAC activity. CBHA induces cellular growth arrest and differentiation in model tumor systems. We undertook an investigation of the effects of CBHA on human neuroblastoma cell lines in vitro. When added to cultures of a panel of neuroblastoma cell lines, CBHA induced the accumulation of acetylated histones H3 and H4, consistent with the inhibition of HDAC. Concentrations of CBHA between 0.5 microM and 4 microM led to apoptosis in nine of nine neuroblastoma cell lines. Apoptosis was assessed by DNA fragmentation analysis and the appearance of a sub-G1 (<2N ploidy) population by flow cytometric analysis. The addition of a caspase inhibitor (benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone) completely abrogated CBHA-induced apoptosis in three of three cell lines. The addition of cycloheximide greatly reduced CBHA-induced apoptosis, suggesting that apoptotic induction was dependent on de novo protein synthesis. In addition, CBHA induced the expression of both CD95 (APO-1/Fas) and CD95 ligand within 12 h. The effect of CBHA on human neuroblastoma cells suggests that this agent and structurally related synthetic hybrid polar compounds have therapeutic potential for the treatment of this malignancy.
High-resolution reflectometry in biological tissues (1992)

Optical low-coherence ref lectometry is applied for the first time to our knowledge to investigate diffusive biological tissues with a single-mode fiber probe. Samples of fresh arteries are studied, using the backscattered light from the tissue. The probed volume in the vicinity of the fiber tip is estimated to be below 6.7 x 10(-10) cm(3). This noninvasive method allows one to determine optical parameters, such as the index of refraction and the transmission properties, and the tissue thickness.
Failure of copolymer I to inhibit the human T‐cell response to myelin basic protein (1991)

In clinical trials, copolymer I (Cop 1) appears to reduce the number of exacerbations in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. The mechanism of this effect is uncertain, but Cop 1 also reduces the severity of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and inhibits the response of murine myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific T cells. We tested MBP-specific T-cell lines and clones from four subjects to determine whether Cop 1 also limits the human response to MBP. We found no inhibition by Cop 1 of the human T-cell response to MBP.
Compositional Equivalency of Cry1F Corn Event TC6275 and Conventional Corn (Zea mays L.) (2004)

Maize (Zea mays L.) plants have been transformed to express a Cry1F insecticidal crystal protein originally isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner. This protein controls lepidopteran pests of maize, including the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). As part of the safety assessment for crops containing transgenes, a compositional analysis of the food and feed is conducted. This analysis is designed to detect unintended changes in the nutrient and antinutrient content of the raw commodities produced by the crop due to the insertion of the genes into the genomic DNA of the plant (pleotropic effects). Samples of transgenic and nontransgenic maize forage and grain were collected from six field sites located in the U.S. and Canada. Forage samples were analyzed for proximates and minerals, and grain was further analyzed for fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, secondary metabolites, and antinutrients. Results demonstrated that maize expressing the Cry1F protein was equivalent to nontransgenic maize with respect to these important components. Comparison of the variability within the nontransgenic and transgenic hybrid, as compared to composition values reported in the literature, suggest that factors other than transgenes may contribute more substantially to the composition of crops.
The establishment of the embryonic-abembryonic axis in the mouse embryo (1987)

Abstract The influence of cell division order on the establishment of the embryonic–abembryonic axis (EA axis) of the mouse embryo was investigated. Aggregate embryos were constructed in which a labelled cell (or pair of cells) was combined with a group of unlabelled cells all of which were up to one cell cycle earlier or later in their progress through development to the blastocyst stage. The aggregates were cultured first to the nascent blastocyst stage and then to the expanded blastocyst stage. The positions of the progeny of the labelled cells in relation to the nascent blastocoel and to the orientation of the embryonic–abembryonic axis were recorded. It was concluded that cell division order does influence the establishment of the EA axis, early dividing cells tending to be associated with the nascent blastocoel and the site of the nascent blastocoel tending to mark the site of the abembryonic pole. However, the influence of division order was diminished by a requirement for intercellular cooperation during blastocoel formation and by a counteracting influence of division order arising from its effects on the allocation of cells to the inner cell mass.
MyoD1 promoter autoregulation is mediated by two proximal E-boxes (1994)

We show that in mouse myoblasts the MyoD1 promoter is highly stimulated by MyoD1 expression, suggesting that it is controlled by a positive feedback loop. Using deletion and mutation analyses, we identified the targets for MyoD1 promoter autoregulation as the two proximal E-boxes located close to the MyoD1 core promoter. Gel mobility shift competition assays with MyoD1 antibodies as competitor suggest that the MyoD1 protein is binding directly to these E-boxes. Autoregulation did not occur in fibroblasts cotransfected with the expression vector of MyoD1. It is assumed that autoregulation is controlled by the stoichiometry between the MyoD1 protein and negatively regulatory proteins like Id, which is known to be highly expressed in fibroblasts. When the MyoD1 promoter was methylated, autoregulation only occurred when the density of methylated sites was low. The density of DNA methylation, therefore, can determine the accessibility of the MyoD1 promoter to transcription factors and interfere with the auto- and crossregulatory loop. The MyoD1 promoter in vivo was found to be only partially methylated in all tissues tested except in skeletal muscle where it was demethylated. We propose that high level expression of the MyoD1 gene is a result of release from constraints such as negative regulatory factors and/or DNA methylation interfering with MyoD1 autoregulation.
Rapid p53 sequence analysis in primary lung cancer using an oligonucleotide probe array (1999)

The p53 gene was sequenced in 100 primary human lung cancers by using direct dideoxynucleotide cycle sequencing and compared with sequence analysis by using the p53 GeneChip assay. Differences in sequence analysis between the two techniques were further evaluated to determine the accuracy and limitations of each method. p53 mutations were either detected by using both techniques or, if only detected by one technique, were confirmed by using mutation-specific oligonucleotide hybridization. Dideoxynucleotide sequencing of the conserved regions of the p53 gene (exons 5-9) detected 76% of the mutations within this region of the gene. The GeneChip p53 assay detected 81% of all (exons 2-11) mutations, including 80% of the mutations within the conserved regions of the gene. The GeneChip assay detected 46 of 52 missense mutations (88%), but 0 of 5 frameshift mutations. The specificity of direct sequencing and of the p53 GeneChip assay at detecting p53 mutations were 100% and 98%, respectively. The GeneChip p53 assay is a rapid and reasonably accurate approach for detecting p53 mutations; however, neither direct sequencing nor the p53 GeneChip are infallible at p53 mutation detection.
Identification of Stripe Rust Resistance Genes in Wheat Genotypes Used to Differentiate North American Races ofPuccinia striiformis (1992)

Crosses were made among wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars used to differentiate North American races of Puccinia striiformis and between those cultivars and other cultivars with known resistance genes. Seedlings of the parents and F 1 , F 2 , and backcross progeny from some crosses were evaluated for stripe rust resistance; eight North American races of P. striiformis were used []
Effect of prolonged exposure to a magnetic field on the haematopoietic stem cell. (1976)

The authors studied the effect of prolonged exposure (3, 4 and 5 months) to the action of a magnetic field of 180-200 gauss formed by the poles of a rotating permanent magnet on the haematopoietic stem cells of mouse bone marrow donors. The effect of the field was evaluated from the ability of the donors' bone marrow cells to form haematopoietic colonies in the spleen of lethally irradiated mice. It was found that the number of stem cells was not reduced by the action of the above magnetic field and that proliferative capacity was likewide unimpaired.
Podosomes in osteoclast-like cells (2001)

Macrophages and osteoclasts develop unique contact sites with the extracellular matrix called podosomes. Podosomes have been associated with migratory and invasive cell characteristics, but a basic mechanism outlining their function is lacking. We have used chicken and human monocytes differentiating in vitro into osteoclast-like cells in the presence of RANKL-ODF to study these cytoskeletal structures. During the differentiation process, podosomes are redistributed from the cell body in early macrophages to the cell periphery in increasingly spread and multinucleated cells expressing high levels of integrin alphaVbeta3. Immunofluorescence with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies revealed increased tyrosine-phosphorylation at the basal tips of these podosomes. RANKL-ODF treatment reinforced the peripheral location of podosomes and initiated their partial fusion to larger F-actin-containing structures that displayed reduced levels of tyrosine phosphorylation. Paxillin and the FAK-related kinase Pyk2 colocalized with integrin alphaVbeta3 in the juxtamembrane region surrounding individual podosomes. In lysates of macrophages and differentiated osteoclasts both paxillin and Pyk2 associated with synthetic and recombinant polypeptides containing the C-terminal region of the integrin beta3 cytoplasmic domain. These in vitro interactions were direct and they were abolished by substitutions in the beta3 integrin peptides known to disrupt integrin function in vivo. The marked adhesion-dependent tyrosinephosphorylation of Pyk2 and paxillin however did not detectably alter their interaction with beta3 tail peptides in cell lysates. Our results provide novel insight into the molecular architecture and the phosphorylation dynamics in podosomes. Moreover, they outline a novel potential mechanism for the recruitment of paxillin and Pyk2 to beta3 integrin-dependent cell contacts.
Inflammatory bowel disease in C.B-17 scid mice reconstituted with the CD45RBhigh subset of CD4+ T cells. (1996)

Chronic inflammation developed spontaneously in the large intestine of C.B-17 scid mice restored with the CD45RBhigh subset of CD4+ T cells obtained from normal BALB/c mice. The inflammation, which extended diffusely from the cecum to the rectum, was localized to the lamina propria of mildly affected mice but became transmural in severely affected mice. Immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analyses showed that the inflammatory infiltrate contained numerous macrophages accompanied by moderate numbers of activated CD4+ lymphocytes. Some mice also had scattered multinucleated giant cells. Mucin depletion and epithelial hyperplasia resulting in glandular elongation and mucosal thickening were also consistently seen. Less frequent findings included ulceration with fibrosis, crypt abscesses, crypt loss, and granulomatous inflammation. Immunofluorescent analysis of inflamed large intestinal sections demonstrated increased epithelial expression of major histocompatibility class II antigens. The changes in the large intestine of these mice are similar to those seen in patients with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). This murine model may be useful for studying mucosal immunoregulation as it relates to the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases in the large intestine of human patients.
La cultura de la acequia madre: cleaning a community irrigation ditch (2012)

Throughout rural New Mexico and south-central Colorado, acequias (irrigation ditches) are the lifeblood of Hispano communities. Without the water delivered by acequias, residents would face the all but impossible task of trying to farm in the region's harsh, semiarid environment. Irrigation water is vitally important to village life. From their initial construction to the equitable distribution of water, acequias bring village residents together for a common cause. Particularly important is the annual spring cleaning. Few village events are more culturally significant than la limpia de la acequia (the cleaning of the ditch). Each year residents set aside time to help repair and maintain the village waterway. As people gather, ties between family and friends are strengthened. But more importantly, the annual event plays an invaluable role in helping to shape and sustain the local culture. Through an examination of the spring cleaning of the acequia madre (mother/main ditch) in the village of El Cerrito, New Mexico, our central objective is to articulate some of the various underlying ways cultural messages are being projected and received by local residents.
Fabrication of arrays of two-dimensional micropatterns using microspheres as lenses for projection photolithography (2001)

This letter demonstrates the use of an array of transparent microspheres in forming repetitive, micrometer-scale patterns in photoresist, starting from masks with centimeter-scale patterns. A transparent microsphere with diameter d&amp;gt;1.5 μm acts as a lens and reduces centimeter-scale images into micrometer-scale images on its image plane. A planar array of microspheres projects the image of an illuminated mask onto a corresponding array of micropatterns on their common image plane. We have prepared arrays of polystyrene microspheres (d=1.5–10 μm) embedded in a transparent membrane to generate repetitive patterns in photoresist, and have transferred the resulting patterns into metal films by liftoff. The optical system of this technique is related to that used in conventional projection photolithography, but differs in that the lens that accomplishes size reduction is positioned within 10 μm of the photoresist. The microspheres generate uniform patterns over an area of ∼2 cm2, using a mask with area ∼25×25 cm2 illuminated with a white light source. This method can generate submicron features either within a micropattern or between neighboring patterns.
The Process of Functional Conjugated Organic Polymers Derived from Triple‐Bond Building Blocks (2008)

Abstract Polyacetylenes, poly( p ‐phenyleneethynylenes), and polydiacetylenes, as conjugated polymers derived from triple‐bond containing building blocks, attain considerable attention because of their electronic and photoconduction properties. In this review, recent studies on the design and synthesis of conjugated polymers derived from triple‐bond building blocks are summarized with an emphasis on the developments in our group in recent years. Our intense attention is focused on constructing different molecular systems with enhanced light‐harvesting efficiency, and determining the functional properties of conjugated organic polymers. The conjugated organic polymers that appear in this review are useful candidates for various potential applications because of their extraordinary optical and electronic properties. The potential applications of the conjugated polymer‐containing systems are explored. magnified image
Pharmacokinetics of Cycloserine under Fasting Conditions and with High‐Fat Meal, Orange Juice, and Antacids (2001)

The pharmacokinetics of cycloserine were minimally affected by orange juice and antacids, whereas the high-fat meal delayed absorption. Administering cycloserine without a high-fat meal avoids potential alterations in the pattern of absorption.
High rate of viral evolution associated with the emergence of carnivore parvovirus (2004)

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an emerging DNA virus that was first observed to cause disease in canines in 1978 and has since become a ubiquitous pathogen worldwide. CPV emerged from feline panleukopenia parvovirus (FPLV) or a closely related virus, differing at several key amino acid residues. Here we characterize the evolutionary processes underlying the emergence of CPV. Although FPLV has remained an endemic infection in its host populations, we show that, since the 1970s, the newly emerged CPV has undergone an epidemic-like pattern of logistic/exponential growth, effectively doubling its population size every few years. This rapid population growth was associated with a lineage of CPV that acquired a broader host range and greater infectivity. Recombination played no role in the emergence of CPV. Rather, any preexisting variation in the donor species and the subsequent rapid adaptation of the virus to canines were likely dependent on a high rate of mutation and the positive selection of mutations in the major capsid gene. Strikingly, although these single-stranded viruses have a DNA genome and use cellular replication machinery, their rate of nucleotide substitution is closer to that of RNA viruses than to that of double-stranded DNA viruses.
Initial Experiences with Subcutaneous Recombinant Human Hyaluronidase (2007)

We report here our retrospective observations on the use of recombinant human hyaluronidase (rHuPH20) for the facilitation of subcutaneous hydration and drug infusion. Thirty-two patients were treated with rHuPH20 in a hospice setting over a 6-month period. Of these, 26 received this agent to enhance hypodermoclysis with standard hydration fluids for symptom control of delirium, myoclonus and mild to moderate dehydration. Flow rates up to 500 mL/hr were attained without difficulty. Electrolyte replacement in hydration fluid was achieved without incident in 5 patients receiving potassium and in 1 patient receiving both potassium and magnesium. In addition to use for hydration, 6 patients received recombinant human hyaluronidase to enhance subcutaneous infusion of 9 medications, primarily because the medication dosage required subcutaneous flow rates greater than the standard 3 mL/hr. There were no significant adverse events. Induration at the infusion site occurred in 1 patient receiving hydration and higher than expected serum lidocaine concentration was observed in another patient. Based on our positive initial experience with recombinant human hyaluronidase, there is interest in expanding its use in our facility in both the inpatient and outpatient settings.