gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Pathway for Alcoholic Fermentation of δ-Gluconolactone in the YeastSaccharomyces bulderi (2002)

Under anaerobic conditions, the yeast Saccharomyces bulderi rapidly ferments delta-gluconolactone to ethanol and carbon dioxide. We propose that a novel pathway for delta-gluconolactone fermentation operates in this yeast. In this pathway, delta-gluconolactone is first reduced to glucose via an NADPH-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.47). After phosphorylation, half of the glucose is metabolized via the pentose phosphate pathway, yielding the NADPH required for the glucose-dehydrogenase reaction. The remaining half of the glucose is dissimilated via glycolysis. Involvement of this novel pathway in delta-gluconolactone fermentation in S. bulderi is supported by several experimental observations. (i) Fermentation of delta-gluconolactone and gluconate occurred only at low pH values, at which a substantial fraction of the substrate is present as delta-gluconolactone. Unlike gluconate, the latter compound is a substrate for glucose dehydrogenase. (ii) High activities of an NADP(+)-dependent glucose dehydrogenase were detected in cell extracts of anaerobic, delta-gluconolactone-grown cultures, but activity of this enzyme was not detected in glucose-grown cells. Gluconate kinase activity in cell extracts was negligible. (iii) During anaerobic growth on delta-gluconolactone, CO(2) production exceeded ethanol production by 35%, indicating that pyruvate decarboxylation was not the sole source of CO(2). (iv) Levels of the pentose phosphate pathway enzymes were 10-fold higher in delta-gluconolactone-grown anaerobic cultures than in glucose-grown cultures, consistent with the proposed involvement of this pathway as a primary dissimilatory route in delta-gluconolactone metabolism.
High density lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality. The Framingham Heart Study. (1988)

In 12 years of follow-up for 2748 Framingham Heart Study participants ages 50 to 79, low levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were associated with increased mortality. For men, the relative risk of death in the first HDL-C quintile (less than 35 mg/dl) as compared to the top quintile (greater than 54 mg/dl) was 1.9 for all causes, and 3.6 and 4.1 for death due to cardiovascular and coronary heart disease (CHD), respectively, after adjustment for standard cardiovascular risk factors. In women, corresponding relative risks, comparing the bottom HDL-C quintile (less than 45 mg/dl) to the top quintile (greater than 69 mg/dl), were 1.5, 1.6, and 3.1. With HDL-C considered as a continuous variable, and after adjustment for standard cardiovascular risk factors, highly significant associations were seen with HDL-C and CHD death in both men and women. In addition, a significant HDL-C effect on total mortality and death due to cardiovascular disease was seen in men. In none of the continuous variable analyses was HDL-C associated with cancer death. We conclude that HDL-C is a potent predictor of CHD death in both sexes and has less consistent associations with other types of death.
Duration and Regulation of the Developmental Cycle of Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) (1990)

To determine how long the various developmental stages of the deer tick (Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin) survive in nature and to establish the interval between blood feeding and ecdysis or oviposition as well as subsequent larval eclosion, we observed ticks confined in the field. Unless adults feed during their first season (fall through spring) of activity, they die and do not survive the summer. Nonfed nymphs survive through two seasons (May through August) of feeding activity such that annual cohorts overlap. Nonfed larvae survive less than one year, and because they hatch toward the end of the summer, cohorts of this developmental stage do not overlap. Larvae that feed before September molt promptly and overwinter as nymphs; those that feed later overwinter engorged and ecdyse during the following spring. Fed nymphs fail to survive the winter, and thus must feed before late summer. They develop to the adult stage in the same year in which they feed. Regardless of time of feeding, females lay eggs in early summer, and the resulting larvae synchronously eclose late in that season. Although the cycle of this tick can be completed in nature in two years, it may extend to four years when hosts are relatively scarce. The seasonal inversion of larvae and nymphs appears to be regulated by physiological mechanisms and by host abundance.
Computer graphics for holography (1992)

Holograms composed from a multiplicity of independent object views, referred to as composite holograms, are discussed. Three techniques, one an extension of old techniques and the others new, are presented. The latter are called the direct method and the postrendering method. The direct approach is favored because it uses less disk space. However, it requires somewhat more care because the elemental views rendered are not at all representative of normal object views.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Phase-coupled two-dimensional speckle tracking algorithm (2006)

A new two-dimensional (2-D) speckle tracking method for displacement estimation based on the gradients of the magnitude and phase of 2-D complex correlation in a search region is presented. The novelty of this approach is that it couples the phase and magnitude gradients near the correlation peak to determine its coordinates with sub-sample accuracy in both axial and lateral directions. This is achieved with a minimum level of lateral interpolation determined from the angles between the magnitude and phase gradient vectors on the sampled (laterally interpolated) 2-D cross-correlation grid. The key result behind this algorithm is that the magnitude gradient vectors' final approach to the true peak is orthogonal to the zero-phase contour. This leads to a 2-D robust projection on the zero-phase contour that results in subsample accuracy at interpolation levels well below those needed using previously proposed methods. A full description of the 2-D, phase-coupled approach is given, including two implementations based on a geometric projection and constrained optimization. In addition, a robust fast search algorithm that allows the localization of the true peak without the need for exhaustive search is given. Experimental validation on three data sets from speckle-generating phantoms undergoing uniform diagonal motion, uniform axial deformation, and nonuniform lateral flow is given. It is shown that estimated 2-D displacement fields obtained using the phase-coupled technique display a full range of values covering the dynamic range without evidence of quantization. In comparison, a previously published method using 1-D phase-projection after lateral interpolation produces severely quantized lateral displacement fields (at the same levels of interpolation as the 2-D, phase-coupled method).
Adaptive background mixture models for real-time tracking (2003)

A common method for real-time segmentation of moving regions in image sequences involves "background subtraction", or thresholding the error between an estimate of the image without moving objects and the current image. The numerous approaches to this problem differ in the type of background model used and the procedure used to update the model. This paper discusses modeling each pixel as a mixture of Gaussians and using an on-line approximation to update the model. The Gaussian, distributions of the adaptive mixture model are then evaluated to determine which are most likely to result from a background process. Each pixel is classified based on whether the Gaussian distribution which represents it most effectively is considered part of the background model. This results in a stable, real-time outdoor tracker which reliably deals with lighting changes, repetitive motions from clutter, and long-term scene changes. This system has been run almost continuously for 16 months, 24 hours a day, through rain and snow.
Effect of Omeprazole on the Phosphate-Binding Capacity of Calcium Carbonate (1995)

Letters| December 17 2008 Effect of Omeprazole on the Phosphate-Binding Capacity of Calcium Carbonate Subject Area: Nephrology P. Osler; P. Osler aRenal Unit and Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar P. Raniga; P. Raniga bDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Lister Hospital, Stevenage, UK Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar K. Farrington K. Farrington aRenal Unit and Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Nephron (1995) 69 (1): 89–90. https://doi.org/10.1159/000188368 Article history Published Online: December 17 2008 Content Tools Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation P. Osler, P. Raniga, K. Farrington; Effect of Omeprazole on the Phosphate-Binding Capacity of Calcium Carbonate. Nephron 1 January 1995; 69 (1): 89–90. https://doi.org/10.1159/000188368 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsNephron Search Advanced Search Article PDF first page preview Close Modal This content is only available via PDF. 1995Copyright / Drug Dosage / DisclaimerCopyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. You do not currently have access to this content.
Data sets for the qualification of volumetric CT as a quantitative imaging biomarker in lung cancer (2010)

The drug development industry is faced with increasing costs and decreasing success rates. New ways to understand biology as well as the increasing interest in personalized treatments for smaller patient segments requires new capabilities for the rapid assessment of treatment responses. Deployment of qualified imaging biomarkers lags apparent technology capabilities. The lack of consensus methods and qualification evidence needed for large-scale multi-center trials, as well as the standardization that allows them, are widely acknowledged to be the limiting factors. The current fragmentation in imaging vendor offerings, coupled with the independent activities of individual biopharmaceutical companies and their contract research organizations (CROs), may stand in the way of the greater opportunity were these efforts to be drawn together. A preliminary report, "Volumetric CT: a potential biomarker of response," of the Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers Alliance (QIBA) activity was presented at the Medical Imaging Continuum: Path Forward for Advancing the Uses of Medical Imaging in the Development of New Biopharmaceutical Products meeting of the Extended Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) Imaging Group sponsored by the Drug Information Agency (DIA) in October 2008. The clinical context in Lung Cancer and a methodology for approaching the qualification of volumetric CT as a biomarker has since been reported [Acad. Radiol. 17, 100-106, 107-115 (2010)]. This report reviews the effort to collect and utilize publicly available data sets to provide a transparent environment in which to pursue the qualification activities in such a way as to allow independent peer review and verification of results. This article focuses specifically on our role as stewards of image sets for developing new tools.
Variation in transformation frequencies among six common wheat cultivars through particle bombardment of scutellar tissues. (1997)

The transformation technique in common wheat has already been established by using microprojectile bombardment and scutellar tissues of immature embryos. In this study, in vitro culture response of immature embryos and the production of transgenic wheat plants were examined in six common wheat cultivars, i.e., Chinese Spring, Akadaruma, Haruhikari, Shiroganekomugi, Norin 12, and Norin 61. In all genotypes, more than seven hundred immature embryos were bombarded with a plasmid containing a bialaphos-resistant gene under control of the rice actin 1 gene. (Act1) promoter. Although the transient expression of the reporter gene encoding beta-glucuronidase following the rice Act1 promoter was similar in five of the six cultivars tested, the frequency of stable transformation varied with the genotype. The frequency of transformation was the highest in Akadaruma and Norin 12 of the six wheat cultivars; independently transformed plants were produced from 1.4% and 1.7% of bombarded embryos, respectively. On the other hand, the immature embryos of Norin 61 and Shiroganekomugi showing low efficiency of in vitro culture generated no transgenic plants. This variation of the transformation frequency was generally caused by the difference in the in vitro culture response with the genotype, rather than the efficiency of the introduction of the transgene into wheat cells by particle bombardment.
Resonant coupler-based tunable add after-drop filter in silicon-oxynitride technology for WDM networks (1999)

We present a tunable add-drop filter for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks based on the resonant coupler (RC) principle. The device operates in the 1550-nm window with a wavelength spacing of 1.6 nm (200 GHz) and a periodicity of 6.4 nm (800 GHz). The splitting of the add and drop functions in an add-after-drop configuration results in extremely low homowavelength crosstalk and allows the individual design of the add and drop subfunctions to be optimized. The design of the flat-passband drop function is presented in detail. The compact filter is realized in high-index-contrast silicon-oxynitride technology, which permits small bending radii of 1.5 mm. Phase errors in the delay lines of the RC devices are compensated using the thermooptic effect, which is also used to tune the device. Measurement results on packaged devices show fiber-to-fiber losses of between 5 and 7 dB. The isolation of the transit WDM channels to the drop port is greater than 27 dB, and the rejection of the drop channel is 33 dB. The components are polarization insensitive and have been integrated in an add-drop WDM subsystem.
Physicochemical Characterization of Degradable Thermosensitive Polymeric Micelles (2004)

Amphiphilic AB block copolymers consisting of thermosensitive poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide lactate) and poly(ethylene glycol), pHPMAmDL-b-PEG, were synthesized via a macroinitiator route. Dynamic light scattering measurements showed that these block copolymers form polymeric micelles in water with a size of around 50 nm by heating of an aqueous polymer solution from below to above the critical micelle temperature (cmt). The critical micelle concentration as well as the cmt decreased with increasing pHPMAmDL block lengths, which can be attributed to the greater hydrophobicity of the thermosensitive block with increasing molecular weight. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that the micelles have a spherical shape with a narrow size distribution. 1H NMR measurements in D2O showed that the intensity of the peaks of the protons from the pHPMAmDL block significantly decreased above the cmt, indicating that the thermosensitive blocks indeed form the solidlike core of the micelles. Static light scattering measurements demonstrated that pHPMAmDL-b-PEG micelles with relatively large pHPMAmDL blocks possess a highly packed core that is stabilized by a dense layer of swollen PEG chains. FT-IR analysis indicated that dehydration of amide bonds in the pHPMAmDL block occurs when the polymer dissolved in water is heated from below to above its cmt. The micelles were stable when an aqueous solution of micelles was incubated at 37 degrees C and at pH 5.0, where the hydrolysis rate of lactate side groups is minimized. On the other hand, at pH 9.0, where hydrolysis of the lactic acid side groups occurs, the micelles started to swell after 1.5 h of incubation and complete dissolution of micelles was observed after 4 h as a result of hydrophilization of the thermosensitive block. Fluorescence spectroscopy measurements with pyrene loaded in the hydrophobic core of the micelles showed that when these micelles were incubated at pH 8.6 and at 37 degrees C the microenvironment of pyrene became increasingly hydrated in time during this swelling phase. The results demonstrate the potential applicability of pHPMAmDL-b-PEG block copolymer micelles for the controlled delivery of hydrophobic drugs.
Physostigmine Substitutes (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhysostigmine SubstitutesJoseph R. Stevens and Ralph H. BeutelCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941, 63, 1, 308–311Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1941Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1941https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01846a078https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01846a078research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views152Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Transcriptional activation and repression by Fos are independent functions: the C terminus represses immediate-early gene expression via CArG elements. (1990)

The Fos-Jun complex has been shown to activate transcription through the regulatory element known as the AP-1 binding site. We show that Fos down regulates several immediate-early genes (c-fos, Egr-1, and Egr-2) after mitogenic stimulation. Specifically, we demonstrate that the target for this repression is a sequence of the form CC(A/T)6GG, also known as a CArG box. Whereas Fos bound to the AP-1 site through a domain rich in basic amino acids and associated with Jun via a leucine zipper interaction, mutant Fos proteins lacking these structures were still capable of causing repression. Furthermore, Jun neither enhanced nor inhibited down regulation by Fos. Critical residues required for repression are located within the C-terminal 27 amino acids of c-Fos, since v-Fos and C-terminal truncations of c-Fos did not down regulate. In addition, transfer of 180 c-Fos C-terminal amino acids to Jun conferred upon it the ability to repress. Finally, Fra-1, a Fos-related protein which has striking similarity to Fos in its C-terminal 40 amino acids, also down regulated Egr-1 expression. Thus, Fos is a transcriptional regulator that can activate or repress gene expression by way of two separate functional domains that act on distinct regulatory elements.
Anti–ErbB-2 mAb therapy requires type I and II interferons and synergizes with anti–PD-1 or anti-CD137 mAb therapy (2011)

Trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2/ErbB-2), has become the mainstay of treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer. Nevertheless, its exact mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. Although several studies suggest that Fc receptor-expressing immune cells are involved in trastuzumab therapy, the relative contribution of lymphocyte-mediated cellular cytotoxicity and antitumor cytokines remains unknown. We report here that anti-ErbB-2 mAb therapy is dependent on the release of type I and type II IFNs but is independent of perforin or FasL. Our study thus challenges the notion that classical antibody-dependent, lymphocyte-mediated cellular cytotoxicity is important for trastuzumab. We demonstrate that anti-ErbB-2 mAb therapy of experimental tumors derived from MMTV-ErbB-2 transgenic mice triggers MyD88-dependent signaling and primes IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells. Adoptive cell transfer of purified T cell subsets confirmed the essential role of IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells. Notably, anti-ErbB-2 mAb therapy was independent of IL-1R or IL-17Ra signaling. Finally, we investigated whether immunostimulatory approaches with antibodies against programmed death-1 (PD-1) or 41BB (CD137) could be used to capitalize on the immune-mediated effects of trastuzumab. We demonstrate that anti-PD-1 or anti-CD137 mAb can significantly improve the therapeutic activity of anti-ErbB-2 mAb in immunocompetent mice.
A pH-Sensitive Polymer That Enhances Cationic Lipid-Mediated Gene Transfer (2001)

The efficient release of nonviral gene carriers from endosomes is an important step for the successful delivery of DNA into the cell nucleus. A synthetic pH-sensitive anionic polymer, poly(propylacrylic acid) (PPAA), was designed to aid in endosomal escape of nonviral vectors and improve the transfection efficiencies with these vectors. Transfection of NIH3T3 fibroblasts with ternary physical mixtures of the cationic lipid DOTAP, pCMVbeta plasmid DNA, and PPAA showed marked enhancement of both gene expression levels and fraction of cells transfected compared to binary control mixtures of DOTAP and DNA. PPAA also significantly improved the serum-stability of DOTAP/DNA vectors. The DOTAP/DNA/PPAA vectors maintained high levels of transfection in media containing up to 50% serum. The striking enhancement of transfection efficiency with cationic lipid/DNA/PPAA mixtures, along with the enhanced serum-stability, suggests that PPAA may provide significant improvements for the in vivo intracellular delivery of drugs such as DNA, oligonucleotides, proteins, and peptides.