gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In situ cytokine gene transfection using vaccinia virus vectors. (1996)

Studies by a number of investigators have focused on inducing tumor-specific immunity as a therapeutic approach to cancer. Successful immunotherapeutic strategies have involved localized treatment with immune-active adjuvants, systemic administration using cytokines such as interleukin-2, and the use of whole tumor cells or tumor cell fragments as vaccines. With an increasing understanding of the requirements for the development of an immune response, immunotherapeutic strategies have focused on providing mechanistic requirements, such as tumor or accessory antigen expression and cytokine-based "immune help." Recent preclinical studies have shown that ex vivo cytokine gene transfection of tumor cells and their use as vaccines result in the enhanced development of antitumor immunity and in some cases can be used to successfully treat pre-existing tumors. Studies from our laboratory have explored the use of vaccinia virus recombinants to directly transfect tumor cells in situ with cytokine genes as a strategy for enhancing the development of antitumor immunity. We have demonstrated that vaccinia virus recombinants are highly efficient in transfecting a wide range of murine and human tumors in vitro and can be used with similar effects in in vivo murine models. In addition, we have found that vaccinia virus productively infects human melanoma cells following intratumoral injection in patients with accessible lesions. In situ transfection is highly efficient, and therapy with increasing doses of virus is safe with only minor side effects. The results of our studies support the use of cytokine-encoding recombinant vaccinia virus vectors for in situ transfection in patients with cancer.
Intracervical application of prostaglandin gel for induction of term labor. (1982)

A new gel for local application of prostaglandins has been elaborated. The new gel, based on a lyophilized prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) starch powder, seems to have solved most of the pharmaceutical and clinical problems associated with local administration of prostaglandins. In a randomized double-blind study, 50 nulliparous patients with an unfavorable cervical state at term were given 2 ml gel containing 0.5 mg PGE2 (PGE2 gel) or gel without PGE2 (placebo gel). The gel was deposited into the cervical canal. Among patients given PGE2 gel, 11 of 25 had induced labor, delivering without further stimulation within 24 hours. In patients given placebo gel, 2 of 25 were delivered with 24 hours. This difference is statistically significant (P less than .01). Patients undelivered after treatment with PGE2 gel achieved a considerable and statistically significant improvement of cervical score, whereas in patients in whom labor was not induced successfully by placebo gel treatment no significant changes in cervical score were registered. In a subsequent open study another 70 term patients of varied parity were given 0.5 mg PGE2 gel. Thirty-eight patients (54%) had successfully induced labor. Among the remaining undelivered patients, considerable ripening of the cervix occurred. Thus, the cervical score changed from a mean of 3.2 prior to treatment to a mean of 6.5 by 24 hours after treatment. Gastrointestinal discomforts were not observed. Signs of uterine hyperstimulation were registered in 1 patient.
In Vitro Resistance Profile of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitor BMS-232632 (2000)

BMS-232632 is an azapeptide human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) protease inhibitor that displays potent anti-HIV-1 activity (50% effective concentration [EC(50)], 2.6 to 5.3 nM; EC(90), 9 to 15 nM). In vitro passage of HIV-1 RF in the presence of inhibitors showed that BMS-232632 selected for resistant variants more slowly than nelfinavir or ritonavir did. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of three different HIV strains resistant to BMS-232632 indicated that an N88S substitution in the viral protease appeared first during the selection process in two of the three strains. An I84V change appeared to be an important substitution in the third strain used. Mutations were also observed at the protease cleavage sites following drug selection. The evolution to resistance seemed distinct for each of the three strains used, suggesting multiple pathways to resistance and the importance of the viral genetic background. A cross-resistance study involving five other protease inhibitors indicated that BMS-232632-resistant virus remained sensitive to saquinavir, while it showed various levels (0. 1- to 71-fold decrease in sensitivity)-of cross-resistance to nelfinavir, indinavir, ritonavir, and amprenavir. In reciprocal experiments, the BMS-232632 susceptibility of HIV-1 variants selected in the presence of each of the other HIV-1 protease inhibitors showed that the nelfinavir-, saquinavir-, and amprenavir-resistant strains of HIV-1 remained sensitive to BMS-232632, while indinavir- and ritonavir-resistant viruses displayed six- to ninefold changes in BMS-232632 sensitivity. Taken together, our data suggest that BMS-232632 may be a valuable protease inhibitor for use in combination therapy.
In vivo Molecular-Resonant Third Harmonic Generation Microscopy of Hemoglobin (2007)

Through molecular-resonant third-harmonic-generation (THG) in hemoglobin, in vivo molecular THG microscopy of erythrocytes can be realized without using fluorescence and exogenous contrast agents. Studies in live hamster oral cavity indicate its superiority to image angiogenesis.
Improving image quality in poor visibility conditions using a physical model for contrast degradation (1998)

In daylight viewing conditions, image contrast is often significantly degraded by atmospheric aerosols such as haze and fog. This paper introduces a method for reducing this degradation in situations in which the scene geometry is known. Contrast is lost because light is scattered toward the sensor by the aerosol particles and because the light reflected by the terrain is attenuated by the aerosol. This degradation is approximately characterized by a simple, physically based model with three parameters. The method involves two steps: first, an inverse problem is solved in order to recover the three model parameters; then, for each pixel, the relative contributions of scattered and reflected flux are estimated. The estimated scatter contribution is simply subtracted from the pixel value and the remainder is scaled to compensate for aerosol attenuation. This paper describes the image processing algorithm and presents an analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the resulting enhanced image. This analysis shows that the SNR decreases exponentially with range. A temporal filter structure is proposed to solve this problem. Results are presented for two image sequences taken from an airborne camera in hazy conditions and one sequence in clear conditions. A satisfactory agreement between the model and the experimental data is shown for the haze conditions. A significant improvement in image quality is demonstrated when using the contrast enhancement algorithm in conjuction with a temporal filter.
Autolysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (1975)

Physiological conditions that would provide maximal rates of autolysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were examined. Autolysis was found to occur over a broad pH range with the optimum at pH 9.0 IN 0.05 M tris(hydroxymethyl)amino-methane-maleate buffer. The temperature optimum was found to be 40 C. Potassium ions greatly stimulated autolysis at a concentration of 0.01 M. Exposure of growing N. gonorrhoeae cells to penicillin, vancomycin, or D-cycloserine influenced the susceptibility to the autolysis, whereas chloramphenicol afforded some protection against autolysis. The primary structure of the peptidoglycan is composed of muramic acid/glutamic acid/alanine/diaminopimelic acid/glucosamine in approximate molar ratios of 1:1:2:1:1, respectively. Exogenous radioactive diaminopimelic acid, D-glucosamine, and D-alanine were incorporated into peptidoglycan. During autolysis these radioactive fragments were released from cells.
Generating quantum mechanical superpositions of macroscopically distinguishable states via amplitude dispersion (1986)

It is pointed out here that a coherent state propagating through an amplitude dispersive medium will, under suitable conditions, evolve into a quantum superposition of two coherent states 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} out of phase with each other. The response of a homodyne detector to this superposition of macroscopically distinguishable states is calculated. Signatures which an experimentalist might look for in the homodyne detector's output in order to verify the generation of such states are described.
All-inorganic quantum-dot light-emitting devices formed via low-cost, wet-chemical processing (2009)

The fabrication and characterisation of solution-processed, all-inorganic light-emitting devices incorporating colloidal CdSe/ZnS quantum dots are presented. Using sol–gel synthetic routes, highly luminescent core–shell QDs are embedded between spin-coated p-type NiO and n-type ZnO charge-transport layers. The resulting devices show pure QD electroluminescent emissions with a maximum EL brightness of 249 cd m−2.
Design of a Rangefinder for Military Purposes (1972)

Design considerations for military pulse rangefinders are discussed. The practical aspects of modularity, cooling, optical design, and solid state receiver performance are reviewed. A measure of overal system performance is developed and compared for several military rangefinders.
All roads lead to actin: the intimate relationship between TCR signaling and the cytoskeleton (2003)

Regardless of cell type, the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton is tightly linked to vital biological properties such as polarity, motility, cell-cell contact, exocytosis and proliferation. In the immune system, where rapid and efficient response to antigen-provoked stimuli is crucial, an overwhelming amount of data implicate the actin cytoskeleton and its regulators as central to immune function. Increasingly, the cytoskeleton is considered an essential amplification step in T cell receptor (TCR)-, costimulatory-, and integrin-mediated signaling. Advances in genetic manipulation and confocal imaging have led to a keener appreciation of the importance of TCR signal integration by the actin cytoskeleton. This review outlines recent advances in elucidating the regulation of T cell function through the actin cytoskeleton. We also examine intriguing parallels between the immune system and other models of cytoskeletal regulation.
Relationship between Crystalline Order and Exciton Diffusion Length in Molecular Organic Semiconductors (2009)

The effect of crystalline order on the exciton diffusion length (LD) is shown for the archetypal organic semiconductor 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA; see figure). LD increases from ∼6.5 nm in the amorphous limit to ∼25 nm for single crystals. These changes in diffusion length are connected to changes in the fluorescence quantum yield, which is useful for understanding where crystal-size-dependant diffusion trends are likely to be observed for other organic materials.
Detection of autoantibodies to the 65-kD isoform of glutamate decarboxylase by radioimmunoassay (1994)

Autoantibodies (AAb) to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) occur with a high prevalence in sera of newly diagnosed type I (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. The aim of this study was to establish a GAD-AAb radioimmunoassay using 125I-labelled GAD65 and to evaluate this assay in a cross-sectional study with newly diagnosed type I diabetic patients (diabetes duration < 6 weeks). Furthermore, subjects at high risk of developing type I diabetes and individuals suffering from other autoimmune diseases were examined in this assay. For GAD-AAb detection, 125I-labelled GAD65 was incubated with 10 microliters of human serum overnight on ice. Thirty of 51 (59%) type I diabetic patients but none of the 54 healthy blood donors tested were found to be positive. A displacement step using 100,000 g supernatant from rat brain containing or not containing GAD showed the specificity of the binding of 125I-GAD65. Concerning the individuals at high risk of developing diabetes. 9/12 (75%) islet cell antibody (ICA)-positive non-diabetic and 4/34 (12%) ICA-negative subjects with metabolic abnormalities were GAD-AAb positive. These results show the association between type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and the occurrence of GAD65-AAb, which possibly predicts a risk of developing the disease.
Maximizing system lifetime by battery scheduling (2009)

The use of mobile devices is limited by the battery lifetime. Some devices have the option to connect an extra battery, or to use smart battery packs with multiple cells to extend the lifetime. In these cases, scheduling the batteries over the load to exploit recovery properties usually extends the system lifetime. Straightforward scheduling schemes, like round robin or choosing the best battery available, already provide a big improvement compared to a sequential discharge of the batteries. In this paper we compare these scheduling schemes with the optimal scheduling scheme produced with a priced timed automaton battery model (implemented and evaluated in Uppaal Cora). We see that in some cases the results of the simple scheduling schemes are close to optimal. However, the optimal schedules also clearly show that there is still room for improving the battery lifetimes.
Cyclooxygenase-2 is instrumental in Parkinson's disease neurodegeneration (2003)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of uncertain pathogenesis characterized by the loss of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, which can be modeled by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Increased expression of cyclooxygenase type 2 (COX-2) and production of prostaglandin E(2) have been implicated in neurodegeneration in several pathological settings. Here we show that COX-2, the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin E(2) synthesis, is up-regulated in brain dopaminergic neurons of both PD and MPTP mice. COX-2 induction occurs through a JNKc-Jun-dependent mechanism after MPTP administration. We demonstrate that targeting COX-2 does not protect against MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration by mitigating inflammation. Instead, we provide evidence that COX-2 inhibition prevents the formation of the oxidant species dopamine-quinone, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. This study supports a critical role for COX-2 in both the pathogenesis and selectivity of the PD neurodegenerative process. Because of the safety record of the COX-2 inhibitors, and their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, these drugs may be therapies for PD.
Performance of a long-wave infrared hyperspectral imager using a Sagnac interferometer and an uncooled microbolometer array (2008)

Field and laboratory measurements using an interferometer spectrometer based on the Sagnac interferometer using a microbolometer array detector are presented. Remotely obtained signatures collected with this instrument and with a cryogenic IR spectrometer are compared and shown to closely correspond. Ground-to-ground and air-to-ground image products are presented that demonstrate the image quality of the sensor. Signal-to-noise measurements are presented and compared with a simple parametric performance model that predicts the sensor performance. The performance model is used to predict the performance of this technology when equipped with cooled detectors.
Close Range Photogrammetry : Principles, Techniques and Applications (2007)

This book provides a thorough presentation of the methods, mathematics, systems and applications which comprise the subject of close range photogrammetry, which uses accurate imaging techniques to analyse the three-dimensional shape of a wide range of manufactured and natural objects. Close range photogrammetry, for the most part entirely digital, has become an accepted, powerful and readily available technique for engineers and scientists who wish to utilise images to make accurate 3-D measurements of complex objects. After an introduction, the book provides fundamental mathematics, including orientation, digital imaging processing and 3-D reconstruction methods, as well as presenting a discussion of imaging technology including targeting and illumination, hardware and software systems. Finally it gives a short overview of photogrammetric solutions for typical applications in engineering, manufacturing, medical science, architecture, archaeology and other fields.
The effect of chromatic dispersion on pseudophakic optical performance (2007)

Most pseudophakic longitudinal chromatic aberration arises from the chromatic dispersion of IOLs rather than the cornea and other ocular media. Increasing the Abbe number of optic materials improves overall pseudophakic optical performance. Optical transmission of medium and high spatial frequency modulation information has a spectrum similar to photopic luminous efficiency, accounting for the inability of blue-blocking chromophores to improve photopic pseudophakic contrast sensitivity significantly and demonstrating the excellent mutual adaptation of modulation transfer by the eye's optics and management of that data by the retina and brain.
Angiogene Charakterisierung von Tumoren im MRT mittels alphaVbeta3-spezifischen USPIO (2007)

Ziele: Angiogenese spielt eine entscheidende Rolle bei Tumorwachstum und Metastasierung. In dieser Studie wurden AlphaVbeta3-spezifische USPIO (ultra small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles) neu synthetisiert und auf ihre Anwendung zur Differenzierung unterschiedlich angiogener Tumoren mittels molekularer MR-Tomographie hin untersucht. Methode: APTMS-ummantelte USPIO mit einem Durchmesser von 10±3 nm wurden mit RGD-Peptiden gekoppelt. Sowohl RGD-USPIO als auch ungelabelte Partikel wurden in HaCaT-ras-A-5RT3- und A431-Tumor tragende Nacktmäuse injiziert. Vor und sechs Stunden nach Injektion wurden jeweils T2 und T2* gewichtete MRT-Bilder akquiriert sowie eine T2-Relaxometrie-Messung durchgeführt.
On the electrochemical etching of tips for scanning tunneling microscopy (1990)

The sharpness of tips used in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is one factor which affects the resolution of the STM image. In this paper, we report on a direct-current (dc) drop-off electrochemical etching procedure used to sharpen tips for STM. The shape of the tip is dependent on the meniscus which surrounds the wire at the air–electrolyte interface. The sharpness of the tip is related to the tensile strength of the wire and how quickly the electrochemical reaction can be stopped once the wire breaks. We have found that the cutoff time of the etch circuit has a significant effect on the radius of curvature and cone angle of the etched tip; i.e., the faster the cutoff time, the sharper the tip. We have constructed an etching circuit with a minimum cut-off time of 500 ns which uses two fast metal–oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET) and a high-speed comparator. The radius of curvature of the tips can be varied from approximately 20 to greater than 300 nm by increasing the cutoff time of the circuit.
An analysis of patterns of debugging among novice computer science students (2005)

The process by which students learn to program is a major issue in computer science educational research. Programming is a fundamental part of the computer science curriculum, but one which is often problematic. It seems to be difficult to find an effective method of teaching that is suitable for all students. In this research we tried to gain insights into ways of improving our teaching by a careful examination of students' mistakes. The compiler errors that were generated by their programs together with the pattern that was observed in their debugging activities formed the basis of this research. We discovered that many students with a good understanding of programming do not acquire the skills to debug programs effectively, and this is a major impediment to their producing working code of any complexity. Skill at debugging seems to increase a programmer's confidence and we suggest that more emphasis be placed on debugging skills in the teaching of programming.
Incremental Reduction in Risk of Death Associated With Use of Guideline-Recommended Therapies in Patients With Heart Failure: A Nested Case-Control Analysis of IMPROVE HF (2012)

Background-Several therapies are guideline-recommended to reduce mortality in patients with heart failure (HF) and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, but the incremental clinical effectiveness of these therapies has not been well studied.We aimed to evaluate the individual and incremental benefits of guideline-recommended HF therapies associated with 24-month survival. Methods and Results-We performed a nested case-control study of HF patients enrolled in IMPROVE HF.Cases were patients who died within 24 months and controls were patients who survived to 24 months, propensity-matched 1:2 for multiple prognostic variables.Logistic regression was performed, and the attributable mortality risk from incomplete application of each evidencebased therapy among eligible patients was calculated.A total of 1376 cases and 2752 matched controls were identified.β-Blocker and cardiac resynchronization therapy were associated with the greatest 24-month survival benefit (adjusted odds ratio for death 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.34-0.52;and 0.44, 95% CI, 0.29-0.67,respectively).Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation, and HF education were also associated with benefit, whereas aldosterone antagonist use was not.Incremental benefits were observed with each successive therapy, plateauing once any 4 to 5 therapies were provided (adjusted odds ratio 0.31, 95% CI, 0.23-0.42for 5 or more versus 0/1, P<0.0001).Conclusions-Individual, with a single exception, and incremental use of guideline-recommended therapies was associated with survival benefit, with a potential plateau at 4 to 5 therapies.These data provide further rationale to implement guideline-recommended HF therapies in the absence of contraindications to patients with HF and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction.( J Am Heart Assoc 2012;1:16-26.)Key Words: guideline-recommended therapies r heart failure r nested case-control studies r survival benefit C linical trials have established that several therapies im- prove clinical outcomes for patients with heart failure
[Effect of hypercholesteremic sera on endothelial cell proliferation in vitro]. (1991)

Human hypercholesterolemic serum increases proliferation of human umbilical endothelial cells in vitro. This might be due to an increased content of low molecular weight growth factors, which are released by blood cells, mainly thrombocytes. Hypercholesterolemia could increase endothelial cell turnover and expression of dysfunctional cells which may support atherogenic processes.
K-ras Mutations in Putative Preneoplastic Lesions in Human Colon (1993)

Further analysis of aberrant crypt foci may identify yet unknown early genetic events that precede human colon cancer.