gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Converting Poorly Soluble Materials into Stable Aqueous Nanocolloids (2010)

Aqueous nanocolloids of poorly soluble materials were produced via sonicated layer-by-layer (LbL) encapsulation with polycation / polyanion shells. Synergy of simultaneous breaking powder particles with ultrasonication and coating them with polycations allowed for the production of 150-200 nm diameter polyelectrolyte coated nanoparticles with sufficient surface electrical potential for colloidal stability. This technique increases water dispersibility of low soluble materials ranging from anticancer drugs to anticorrosion agents, dyes and inorganic salts.
Passive Amyloid Immunotherapy Clears Amyloid and Transiently Activates Microglia in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Amyloid Deposition (2004)

The role of microglia in the removal of amyloid deposits after systemically administered anti-Abeta antibodies remains unclear. In the current study, we injected Tg2576 APP transgenic mice weekly with an anti-Abeta antibody for 1, 2, or 3 months such that all mice were 22 months at the end of the study. In mice immunized for 3 months, we found an improvement in alternation performance in the Y maze. Histologically, we were able to detect mouse IgG bound to congophilic amyloid deposits in those mice treated with the anti-Abeta antibody but not in those treated with a control antibody. We found that Fcgamma receptor expression on microglia was increased after 1 month of treatment, whereas CD45 was increased after 2 months of treatment. Associated with these microglial changes was a reduction in both diffuse and compact amyloid deposits after 2 months of treatment. Interestingly, the microglia markers were reduced to control levels after 3 months of treatment, whereas amyloid levels remained reduced. Serum Abeta levels and anti-Abeta antibody levels were elevated to similar levels at all three survival times in mice given anti-Abeta injections rather than control antibody injections. These data show that the antibody is able to enter the brain and bind to the amyloid deposits, likely opsonizing the Abeta and resulting in Fcgamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis. Together with our earlier work, our data argue that all proposed mechanisms of anti-Abeta antibody-mediated amyloid removal can be simultaneously active.
Role of spectral non-idealities in the design of solar thermophotovoltaics (2014)

To bridge the gap between theoretically predicted and experimentally demonstrated efficiencies of solar thermophotovoltaics (STPVs), we consider the impact of spectral non-idealities on the efficiency and the optimal design of STPVs over a range of PV bandgaps (0.45-0.80 eV) and optical concentrations (1-3,000x). On the emitter side, we show that suppressing or recycling sub-bandgap radiation is critical. On the absorber side, the relative importance of high solar absorptance versus low thermal emittance depends on the energy balance. Both results are well-described using dimensionless parameters weighting the relative power density above and below the cutoff wavelength. This framework can be used as a guide for materials selection and targeted spectral engineering in STPVs.
Severe block in processing of proinsulin to insulin accompanied by elevation of des-64,65 proinsulin intermediates in islets of mice lacking prohormone convertase 1/3 (2002)

The neuroendocrine processing endoproteases PC2 and PC1/3 are expressed in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans and participate in the processing of proinsulin to insulin and C-peptide. We have previously shown that disruption of PC2 (SPC2) expression significantly impairs proinsulin processing. Here we report that disruption of the expression of PC1/3 (SPC3) produces a much more severe block in proinsulin conversion. In nulls, pancreatic and circulating proinsulin-like components comprise 87% and 91%, respectively, of total insulin-related immunoreactivity. Heterozygotes also show a more than 2-fold elevation in proinsulin levels to approximately 12%. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies of the beta cells reveal the nearly complete absence of mature insulin immunoreactivity and its replacement by that of proinsulin in abundant immature-appearing secretory granules. In contrast, alpha cell morphology and glucagon processing are normal, and there is also no defect in somatostatin-14 generation. Pulse-chase labeling studies confirm the existence of a major block in proinsulin processing in PC1/3 nulls with prolongation of half-times of conversion by 7- and 10-fold for proinsulins I and II, respectively. Lack of PC1/3 also results in increased levels of des-64,65 proinsulin intermediates generated by PC2, in contrast to PC2 nulls, in which des- 31,32 proinsulin intermediates predominate. These results confirm that PC1/3 plays a major role in processing proinsulin, but that its coordinated action with PC2 is necessary for the most efficient and complete processing of this prohormone.
Supramolecular Materials via Polymerization of Mesophases of Hydrated Amphiphiles (2002)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSupramolecular Materials via Polymerization of Mesophases of Hydrated AmphiphilesAnja Mueller and David F. O'BrienView Author Information C. S. Marvel Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 3, 727–758Publication Date (Web):February 22, 2002Publication History Received20 June 2001Published online22 February 2002Published inissue 1 March 2002https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr000071ghttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr000071gresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2002 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3070Altmetric-Citations292LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Lipids,Monomers,Polymerization,Polymers,Vesicles Get e-Alerts
A survey of shadow algorithms (1990)

The various types of shadows are characterized. Most existing shadow algorithms are described, and their complexities, advantages, and shortcomings are discussed. Hard shadows, soft shadows, shadows of transparent objects, and shadows for complex modeling primitives are considered. For each type, shadow algorithms within various rendering techniques are examined. The aim is to provide readers with enough background and insight on the various methods to allow them to choose the algorithm best suited to their needs and to help identify the areas that need more research and point to possible solutions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Probiotics association in the suckling and nursery in piglets challenged with Salmonella typhimurium (2013)

This work aimed to study the probiotics association in 144 piglets from birth to 62 days old. In lactation, the design was completely randomized with two treatments, CTL, 1 mL of distilled water and ProbA, 5g in 15 ml of distilled water, both orally, and in the nursery in randomized block design, with 2x3 factorial arrangement of treatments, ProbA ProbB: 30g/ton of ProbB in the ration; CTL ProbB: 30g/ton of ProbB in the ration; ProbA ProbA, CTL CTL; ProbA CHA (challenged); CTL CHA. At 35 days of age the animal of the nursery were inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium orally. There was no effect of the parameters evaluated during the maternity. In nursery, the feed conversion was favorable to the ProbA. In the evaluation of fecal score, the challenged group had more diarrhea and increased elimination of S. typhimurium. Results showed the positive action of probiotics when applied at birth by the direct influence on the formation of the intestinal microbiota.
Additive effects of acyl‐binding site mutations on the fatty acid selectivity of Rhizopus delemar lipase (1997)

Abstract The fatty acid specificity and pH dependence of triacylglycerol hydrolysis by the Rhizopus delemar lipase acylbinding site mutant Val206Thr+Phe95Asp (Val, valine; Thr, threonine; Phe, phenylalanine; Asp, aspartic acid) were characterized. The activity of the double mutant prolipase was reduced by as much as 10‐fold, compared to the wild‐type prolipase. However, the fatty acid specificity profile of the enzyme was markedly sharpened and was dependent on the pH of the substrate emulsion. At neutral pH, strong preference (10‐fold or greater) for hydrolysis of triacylglycerols of medium‐chainlength fatty acids (C 8:0 to C 14:0 ) was displayed by the variant prolipase, with no hydrolysis of triacylglycerols of short‐chain fatty acids (C 4:0 to C 6:0 ) and little activity manifested toward fatty acids with 16 or more carbons. At acidic pH values, the fatty acid selectivity profile of the double mutant prolipase expanded to include short‐chain triacylglycerols (C 4:0 , C 6:0 ). When assayed against a triacylglycerol mixture of tributyrin, tricaprylin and triolein, the Val206Thr+Phe95Asp prolipase displayed a high selectivity for caprylic acid and released this fatty acid at least 25‐fold more efficiently than the others present in the substrate mixture. When presented a mixture of nine fatty acid methyl esters, the wild‐type prolipase showed a broad substrate specificity profile, hydrolyzing the various methyl esters to a similar extent. Contrastingly, the double mutant prolipase displayed a narrowed substrate specificity profile, hydrolyzing caprylic methyl ester at nearly wild‐type levels, while its activity against the other methyl esters examined was 2.5‐ to 5‐fold lower then that observed for the wild‐type enzyme.
Intrinsic organization of the rat cutaneus trunci motor nucleus (1988)

1. We have investigated how the organization of the cutaneus trunci muscle (CTM) motor nucleus might correspond to the pattern of its physiological activation (see accompanying report, 61) by using HRP to label retrogradely the motoneurons supplying different anatomically and physiologically defined muscle compartments. The CTM motoneuron pool was found to be comprised of a tightly packed column of ventrolaterally located cells extending from caudal C6 to rostral T1 and to contain 1,183 cells per side; this unusually large number of motoneurons is consistent with the precisely localized reflex behavior exhibited by the muscle. 2. Each of three major motor nerves that functionally divide the CTM into three major longitudinal muscle fields (dorsal, lateral, ventral) was found to derive from a distinct subcolumn of motoneurons, which extends for the full rostrocaudal length of the parent CTM motor nucleus, such that the dorsal motor nerves derive from a medially located subcolumn, the lateral motor nerves from a centrally located subcolumn, and the ventral motor nerves from a subcolumn of motoneurons that sits most laterally in the CTM motor nucleus. 3. Localized injections of HRP into different rostrocaudal regions of the muscle revealed a further subdivision of the CTM motor nucleus: motoneurons located rostrally in the motoneuron pool supplied the rostral regions of the muscle, whereas more caudally located motoneurons in the pool supplied progressively more caudal sites in the muscle. 4. These results reveal the existence of both a mediolateral and a rostrocaudal subdivision of the motor nucleus; thus this intrinsic spatial organization of motoneurons relates the CTM motor nucleus topographically to the body coordinates of its target, the muscle. The possible relation of these findings to the expression of local sign in the CTM reflex, and how the underlying circuitry could develop appropriately, is discussed.
Prediction of In-Vivo Modification Sites of Proteins from Their Primary Structures (1988)

In order to make better use of the information contained in rapidly expanding amino acid sequence data, a new method to predict various modification sites of proteins from their primary structures is presented. It is also applicable to the prediction of other functional sites in proteins. Here we show the examples of N-glycosylation and serine/threonine phosphorylation sites. The method is essentially an elaboration of consensus sequence pattern matching based on stepwise discriminant analysis. The occurring amino acids near a potential modification site are represented by six numerical values which reflect various properties of amino acids. Longer-range effects around these sites are also considered. The stepwise procedure enabled us to automatically select effective features for discrimination. A computer program with our method first identifies potential modification sites by a sequence pattern, NX(S/T) for N-glycosylation or (S/T) for phosphorylation, and then decides by discriminant analysis whether a potential site is likely to be a true modification site. The prediction accuracy in the second step of discrimination was about 60% for glycosylation sites and about 80% for phosphorylation sites.
Crystal Structure of Lyme Disease Antigen Outer Surface Protein C from Borrelia burgdorferi (2001)

The outer surface protein C (OspC) is one of the major host-induced antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. We have solved the crystal structure of recombinant OspC to a resolution of 2.5 A. OspC, a largely alpha-helical protein, is a dimer with a characteristic central four-helical bundle formed by association of the two longest helices from each subunit. OspC is very different from OspA and similar to the extracellular domain of the bacterial aspartate receptor and the variant surface glycoprotein from Trypanosoma brucei. Most of the surface-exposed residues of OspC are highly variable among different OspC isolates. The membrane proximal halves of the two long alpha-helices are the only conserved regions that are solvent accessible. As vaccination with recombinant OspC has been shown to elicit a protective immune response in mice, these regions are candidates for peptide-based vaccines.
Fish tapeworm and sushi. (2012)

A variety of parasitic infections might be acquired by ingesting raw or undercooked fin fish ([Table 1][1]).[1][2]–[3][3] Fish tapeworm, or Diphyllobothrium spp, is acquired by eating raw or undercooked freshwater or anadromous fish (ie, sea fish that spawn in freshwater rivers, such as salmon).
Industrial Photoinitiators: A Technical Guide (2010)

ch. 1. Let there be light -- ch. 2. A little chemistry -- ch. 3. Academics unlimited -- ch. 4. Commercial photoinitiators -- ch. 5. Factors affecting the use of photoinitiators -- ch. 6. Photoproducts and the yellowing of coatings -- ch. 7. Cationic chemistry -- ch. 8. Factors affecting the use of cationic photoinitiators.
The Cannabinoids as Potential Antiepileptics (1981)

Comparative studies of the anticonvulsant properties of the cannabinoids and prototype antiepileptic drugs in numerous animal seizure models demonstrate that (1) as an anticonvulsant, cannabidiol (CBD), in contrast to delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), is relatively selective in terms of both central nervous system (CNS), depressant and excitatory properties; (2) the potency of cannabidiol, unlike that of phenytoin and phenobarbital, varies greatly with the species; (3) the large potency difference between the cannabinoids and the antiepileptics in the mouse appears to be due to dispositional differences, because brain concentrations of all the drugs are very similar; (4) tolerance to the anticonvulsant properties of cannabidiol is not a prominent feature; in three seizure models, tolerance developed in one, but "reverse tolerance" developed in the other two; and (5) the results of a study of the electrophysiologic mechanisms of action indicate that cannabidiol produces some unique effects and that its spectrum of antiepileptic activity may be different from that of the prototype drugs. The anticonvulsant nature of cannabidiol suggests that it has a therapeutic potential in at least three of the four major types of epilepsy: grand mal, cortical focal, and complex partial seizures.
Mutual induction of growth factor gene expression by epidermal-dermal cell interaction (1993)

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions control epidermal growth and differentiation, but little is known about the mechanisms of this interaction. We have examined the effects of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMEC) and fibroblasts on keratinocytes in conventional (feeder layer) and organotypic cocultures (lifted collagen gels) and demonstrated the induction of paracrine growth factor gene expression. Clonal keratinocyte growth was similarly stimulated in cocultures with irradiated DMEC and fibroblasts as feeder cells. This effect is most probably caused by induction of growth factor expression in cocultured dermal cells. Keratinocytes stimulated mRNA levels for KGF and IL-6 in both mesenchymal cell types and GM-CSF in fibroblasts. The feeder effect could not be replaced by conditioned media or addition of isolated growth factors. In organotypic cocultures with keratinocytes growing on collagen gels (repopulated with dermal cells), a virtually normal epidermis was formed within 7 to 10 d. Keratinocyte proliferation was drastically stimulated by dermal cells (histone 3 mRNA expression and BrdU labeling) which continued to proliferate as well in the gel. Expression of all typical differentiation markers was provoked in the reconstituted epithelium, though with different localization as compared to normal epidermis. Keratins K1 and K10 appeared coexpressed but delayed, reflecting conditions in epidermal hyperplasia. Keratin localization and proliferation were normalized under in vivo conditions, i.e., in surface transplants on nude mice. From these data it is concluded that epidermal homeostasis is in part controlled by complex reciprocally induced paracrine acting factors in concert with cell-cell interactions and extracellular matrix influences.
IFL1, a Gene Regulating Interfascicular Fiber Differentiation in Arabidopsis, Encodes a Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper Protein (1999)

Arabidopsis inflorescence stems develop extraxylary fibers at specific sites in interfascicular regions. The spatial specification of interfascicular fiber differentiation is regulated by the INTERFASCICULAR FIBERLESS1 (IFL1) gene because mutation of that gene abolishes the formation of normal interfascicular fibers in Arabidopsis stems. To understand further the role of IFL1 in the specification of fiber differentiation, we cloned the IFL1 gene by using a positional cloning strategy. Sequence analysis showed that the IFL1 gene encodes a transcription factor that has the same features as a family of homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-ZIP) proteins found only in plants. The predicted IFL1 protein is composed of three distinct domains, including a 60-amino acid HD at the N terminus followed by a 28-amino acid ZIP motif and a 724-amino acid C-terminal region. A nuclear targeting assay showed that IFL1 is able to direct a beta-glucuronidase fusion protein into the nucleus, which is consistent with IFL1's presumed function as a transcription factor. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that the IFL1 gene is expressed in the interfascicular regions in which fibers differentiate, which is consistent with its role in the control of interfascicular fiber differentiation. Furthermore, the IFL1 gene was shown to be expressed in the vascular regions, indicating its possible role in the regulation of vascular tissue formation. This possibility is supported by the observation that differentiation of both xylary fibers and vessel elements is altered in the vascular bundles of ifl1 mutants. Our results provide direct evidence that an HD-ZIP protein plays a role in the spatial control of fiber differentiation.
Expanding the Number of Stable Isomeric Structures of the C80 Cage: A New Fullerene Dy3N@C80. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
BEHAVIORS ASSOCIATED WITH DEMENTIA (2005)

Seemingly simple adjustments in care routines and approaches can make a significant difference in the experiences of people with dementia. This article provides an overview of cognitive impairment in older adults and suggests interventions that can help providers understand the "behavioral symptoms" of dementia, which are often considered a way of communicating unmet needs. By focusing on the person rather than on the disease, nurses promote comfort and functional autonomy in older adults whose cognitive impairments have progressed and yet who are very much alive and deserving of respectful, dignified care.
Canola and Rapeseed: Production, Chemistry, Nutrition and Processing Technology (1991)

Part 1: Production and seed improvement. Rapeseed and canola: Global production and distribution. North American production of canola. Agronomy of canola in the United States. New developments in canola research. The role of biotechnology in canola/rapeseed research. Part 2: Chemistry, analysis, and nutritional effects. Canola fatty acids - an ideal mixture for health, nutrition, and food use. Stability of canola oil. Hydrogenation of canola oil. Glucoinsulates: Structure - properties - function. Phytates in canola/rapeseed. Phenolic acids and tannins in rapeseed and canola. Carbohydrates of canola and rapeseed. Application of near infrared to analysis of oil, protein, chlorophyll and glucoinsulates in canola/rapeseed. Part 3: Commercial processing and new developments. Commercial processing of canola and rapeseed: Crushing and oil extraction. Further processing of canola and rapeseed oil. Enzyme pretreatment to enhance oil extractability in canola. Removal of glucoinsulates and other antinutritional from canola and rapeseed by methonal rapeseed and production of high quality products.