gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Progress in IL-36 as a new target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases (2017)

Interleukin (IL)-36, a member of the IL-1 family, plays an important role in mediating inflammatory diseases. IL-36 subfamily consists of IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ and IL-36 receptor antagonists (IL-36Ra). IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) are involved in the IL-36-mediated signal transduction. In human, mutations in the gene encoding IL-36Ra will lead to IL-36R signaling disorders, mainly manifested as diffuse pustular psoriasis. It suggests that IL-36 plays an important role in psoriasis. Recently, it has also been found that IL-36 is related to inflammation in other organs. These emerging roles of IL-36 provide new thoughts for the treatment of human inflammatory diseases.


Key words: 
Interleukin-36; Inflammation; Psoriasis; Inflammatory bowel disease
Controlling the Fiber Diameter during Electrospinning (2003)

We present a simple analytical model for the forces that determine jet diameter during electrospinning as a function of surface tension, flow rate, and electric current in the jet. The model predicts the existence of a terminal jet diameter, beyond which further thinning of the jet due to growth of the whipping instability does not occur. Experimental data for various electrospun fibers attest to the accuracy of the model.
Sin Nombre Virus–Specific Immunoglobulin M and G Kinetics in Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome and the Role Played by Serologic Responses in Predicting Disease Outcome (2010)

Production of SNV-specific IgM antibodies occurs early during the clinical course of HPS, whereas production of IgG antibodies may be more protracted. The presence and overall distribution of higher IgG antibody titers in surviving patients with HPS suggests that production of SNV-specific IgG may be a strong predictor of favorable outcomes.
Establishment and Characterization of BALB/c Lymphoma Lines with B Cell Properties (1979)

Abstract Five spontaneously derived BALB/c tumors and one 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea induced BALB/c tumor (BALENLM 17), have been established in culture and characterized according to their surface markers. K46, X16C, L10A, and BALENLM 17 are IgM+, IgG-, IgA-, Ig+ (staining with polyvalent anti-Ig), Ia+, Fc receptor+ and complement receptor-. A20 is IgM-, IgG-, IgA-, Ig+, Ia+, Fc receptor+, and complement receptor-. M12 is IgM-, IgG-, IgA-, Ig±, Ia-, Fc receptor+ and complement receptor-. All these lines are Thy 1.2 antigen negative, do not phagocytize latex particles, and grow as stationary suspension cultures. Therefore these six BALB/c lymphoid lines are presumably of B cell origin at various stages of differentiation. All these lines except X16C are tumorigenic in mice within a short period of time and have relatively short generation times in the range of 18 to 26 hr. Karyotype studies show that L10A, K46, X16C, and BALENLM 17 are hyperdiploid to hypotetraploid. A20 and M12 have near diploid chromosome numbers.
Aptamer-Mediated Delivery of Chemotherapy to Pancreatic Cancer Cells (2012)

Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog that is currently the best available single-agent chemotherapeutic drug for pancreatic cancer. However, efficacy is limited by our inability to deliver sufficient active metabolite into cancer cells without toxic effects on normal tissues. Targeted delivery of gemcitabine into cancer cells could maximize effectiveness and concurrently minimize toxic side effects by reducing uptake into normal cells. Most pancreatic cancers overexpress epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a trans-membrane receptor tyrosine kinase. We utilized a nuclease resistant RNA aptamer that binds and is internalized by EGFR on pancreatic cancer cells to deliver gemcitabine-containing polymers into EGFR-expressing cells and inhibit cell proliferation in vitro. This approach to cell type-specific therapy can be adapted to other targets and to other types of therapeutic cargo.
The metabolism of neuropeptides. Hydrolysis of peptides by the phosphoramidon-insensitive rat kidney enzyme ‘endopeptidase-2’ and by rat microvillar membranes (1988)

Endopeptidase-2, the second endopeptidase in rat kidney brush border [Kenny & Ingram (1987) Biochem. J. 245, 515-524] has been further characterized in regard to its specificity and its contribution to the hydrolysis of peptides by microvillar membrane preparations. The peptide products were identified, after incubating luliberin, substance P, bradykinin and angiotensins I, II and III with the purified enzyme. The bonds hydrolysed were those involving a hydrophobic amino acid residue, but this residue could be located at either the P1 or P1' site. Luliberin was hydrolysed faster than other peptides tested, followed by substance P and bradykinin. Human alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide and the angiotensins were only slowly attacked. Oxytocin and [Arg8]vasopressin were not hydrolysed. No peptide fragments were detected on prolonged incubation with insulin, cytochrome c, ovalbumin and serum albumin. In comparison with pig endopeptidase-24.11 the rates for the susceptible peptides were, with the exception of luliberin, much lower for endopeptidase-2. Indeed, for bradykinin and substance P the ratio kcat./Km was two orders of magnitude lower. Since both endopeptidases are present in rat kidney microvilli, an assessment was made of the relative contributions to the hydrolysis of luliberin, bradykinin and substance P. Only for the first named was endopeptidase-2 the dominant enzyme; for bradykinin it made an equal, and for substance P a minor, contribution.
Cutting Edge: Inflammasome Activation by Alum and Alum’s Adjuvant Effect Are Mediated by NLRP3 (2008)

Alum is the only adjuvant approved for routine use in humans, although the basis for its adjuvanticity remains poorly understood. We have recently shown that alum activates caspase-1 and induces secretion of mature IL-1beta and IL-18. In this study we show that, in human and mouse macrophages, alum-induced secretion of IL-1beta, IL-18, and IL-33 is mediated by the NLR (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing) protein NLRP3 and its adaptor ASC, but not by NLRC4. Other particulate adjuvants, such as QuilA and chitosan, induce inflammasome activation in a NLRP3-dependent fashion, suggesting that activation of the NLRP3-inflammasome may be a common mechanism of action of particulate adjuvants. Importantly, we demonstrate that Ag-specific Ab production elicited by vaccines that contain alum is significantly impaired in NLRP3-deficient mice. Our results demonstrate for the first time a role for the NLRP3-inflammasome during development of the immune response elicited by alum-enhanced vaccination and suggest that therapeutic intervention aimed at NLRP3 may improve adjuvant efficacy.
The inertial lift on a spherical particle in a plane Poiseuille flow at large channel Reynolds number (1999)

The inertial migration of a small rigid sphere translating parallel to the walls within a channel flow at large channel Reynolds numbers is investigated. The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to solve the equations governing the disturbance flow past a particle at small particle Reynolds number and to evaluate the lift. Both neutrally and non-neutrally buoyant particles are considered. The wall-induced inertia is significant in the thin layers near the walls where the lift is close to that calculated for linear shear flow, bounded by a single wall. In the major portion of the flow, excluding near-wall layers, the wall effect can be neglected, and the outer flow past a sphere can be treated as unbounded parabolic shear flow. The effect of the curvature of the unperturbed velocity profile is significant, and the lift differs from the values corresponding to a linear shear flow even at large Reynolds numbers.
A concise review of carbon nanotube's toxicology (2013)

Carbon nanotubes can be either single-walled or multi-walled, each of which is known to have a different electron arrangement and as a result have different properties. However, the shared unique properties of both types of carbon nanotubes (CNT) allow for their potential use in various biomedical devices and therapies. Some of the most common properties of these materials include the ability to absorb near-infra-red light and generate heat, the ability to deliver drugs in a cellular environment, their light weight, and chemical stability. These properties have encouraged scientists to further investigate CNTs as a tool for thermal treatment of cancer and drug delivery agents. Various promising data have so far been obtained about the usage of CNTs for cancer treatment; however, toxicity of pure CNTs represents a major challenge for clinical application. Various techniques both in vivo and in in vitro have been conducted by a number of different research groups to establish the factors which have a direct effect on CNT-mediated cytotoxicity. The main analysis techniques include using Alamar blue, MTT, and Trypan blue assays. Successful interpretation of these results is difficult because the CNTs can significantly disrupt the emission of the certain particles, which these assays detect. In contrast, in vivo studies allow for the measurement of toxicity and pathology caused by CNTs on an organismal level. Despite the drawbacks of in vitro studies, they have been invaluable in identifying important toxicity factors, such as size, shape, purity, and functionalisation, the latter of which can attenuate CNT toxicity.
Oxidative Stress Enzymes Are Required for DAF-16-Mediated Immunity Due to Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species byCaenorhabditis elegans (2007)

Caenorhabditis elegans has recently been developed as a model for microbial pathogenesis, yet little is known about its immunological defenses. Previous work implicated insulin signaling in mediating pathogen resistance in a manner dependent on the transcriptional regulator DAF-16, but the mechanism has not been elucidated. We present evidence that C. elegans, like mammalian phagocytes, produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to pathogens. Signs of oxidative stress occur in the intestine - the site of the host-pathogen interface - suggesting that ROS release is localized to this tissue. Evidence includes the accumulation of lipofuscin, a pigment resulting from oxidative damage, at this site. In addition, SOD-3, a superoxide dismutase regulated by DAF-16, is induced in intestinal tissue after exposure to pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, we show that the oxidative stress response genes sod-3 and ctl-2 are required for DAF-16-mediated resistance to Enterococcus faecalis using a C. elegans killing assay. We propose a model whereby C. elegans responds to pathogens by producing ROS in the intestine while simultaneously inducing a DAF-16-dependent oxidative stress response to protect adjacent tissues. Because insulin-signaling mutants overproduce oxidative stress response enzymes, the model provides an explanation for their increased resistance to pathogens.
Synthesis and Fluorescence Properties of New Fluorescent, Polymerizable, Metal-Chelating Lipids (2000)

Liposomes incorporating fluorescent, metal-chelating lipids find applications in molecular recognition of peptides, 2D protein recrystallization, protein targeting, and biological sensing. It would be advantageous to combine the usefulness of polymerizable, metal-chelating lipids and fluorescent lipids. Herein, we report the synthesis and fluorescence properties of several fluorescent, polymerizable, metal-chelating lipids. They have been successfully incorporated into liposomes and then polymerized. These lipids can be used as membrane probes to study the polymerizable liposomes in the unpolymerized state and to investigate lipid redistribution during polymerization. In addition, if a luminescent metal ion (e.g., Eu(3+), Tb(3+), etc.) is used to complex the headgroup, the lipids can probe the membrane interior and exterior simultaneously.
Cell Adhesion Molecules in Asthma: Homing, Activation, and Airway Remodeling (1995)

"Cell adhesion molecules in asthma: homing, activation, and airway remodeling.." American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology, 12(1), pp. 1–3
Osmotic water permeabilities of cultured, well-differentiated normal and cystic fibrosis airway epithelia (2000)

Current hypotheses describing the function of normal airway surface liquid (ASL) in lung defense are divergent. One theory predicts that normal airways regulate ASL volume by modulating the flow of isosmotic fluid across the epithelium, whereas an alternative theory predicts that ASL is normally hyposmotic. These hypotheses predict different values for the osmotic water permeability (P(f)) of airway epithelia. We measured P(f) of cultures of normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelia that, like the native tissue, contain columnar cells facing the lumen and basal cells that face a basement membrane. Xz laser scanning confocal microscopy recorded changes in epithelial height and transepithelial volume flow in response to anisosmotic challenges. With luminal hyperosmotic challenges, transepithelial and apical membrane P(f) are relatively high for both normal and CF airway epithelia, consistent with an isosmotic ASL. Simultaneous measurements of epithelial cell volume and transepithelial water flow revealed that airway columnar epithelial cells behave as osmometers whose volume is controlled by luminal osmolality. Basal cell volume did not change in these experiments. When the serosal side of the epithelium was challenged with hyperosmotic solutions, the basal cells shrank, whereas the lumen-facing columnar cells did not. We conclude that (a) normal and CF airway epithelia have relatively high water permeabilities, consistent with the isosmotic ASL theory, and the capacity to restore water on airway surfaces lost by evaporation, and (b) the columnar cell basolateral membrane and tight junctions limit transepithelial water flow in this tissue.
Protective role of HO-1 in oxidative tissue injuries (2007)

昨今の生命科学の進歩は薬理学の研究をより病態に応じた新薬の開発へと向かわせている．しかし，肝不全，腎不全，多臓器不全など，急性臓器不全は高い死亡率を示すにもかかわらず，その治療において決め手となる薬物は未だ開発されていない．これら急性臓器不全の組織障害の病態生理は完全に明らかでないが，好中球の活性化や虚血・再潅流にともなう酸化ストレスによる細胞傷害が大きな役割を果たしている．酸化ストレスはヘムタンパク質からヘムを遊離させる．遊離ヘムは脂溶性の鉄であることから，活性酸素生成を促進して細胞傷害を悪化させる．この侵襲に対抗するために，ヘム分解の律速酵素：Heme Oxygenase-1（HO-1）が細胞内に誘導される．HO-1によるヘム分解反応産物である一酸化炭素，胆汁色素には，抗炎症・抗酸化作用がある．したがって，遊離ヘム介在性酸化ストレスよって誘導されたHO-1は酸化促進剤である遊離ヘムを除去するのみならず，これらの代謝産物の作用を介して細胞保護的に機能する．一方，HO-1の発現抑制やHO活性の阻害は酸化ストレスによる組織障害を悪化させる．この，HO-1の細胞保護作用に着目して，HO-1誘導を酸化ストレスによる組織障害の治療に応用する試みがなされている．本稿では，急性臓器不全モデルにおいて障害臓器に誘導されたHO-1が，遊離ヘム介在性酸化ストレスから組織を保護するのに必須の役割を果たしていることを述べる．また，抗炎症性サイトカイン：インターロイキン11，塩化スズ，グルタミンがそれぞれ，肝臓，腎臓，下部腸管特異的にHO-1を誘導し，これら組織特異的に誘導されたHO-1が標的臓器の保護・回復に重要な役割を果たしていることを示す．HO-1誘導剤の開発は急性臓器不全の新しい治療薬となる可能性を秘めている．
ML estimation of time and frequency offset in OFDM systems (1997)

We present the joint maximum likelihood (ML) symbol-time and carrier-frequency offset estimator in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Redundant information contained within the cyclic prefix enables this estimation without additional pilots. Simulations show that the frequency estimator may be used in a tracking mode and the time estimator in an acquisition mode.
Expression and function of wingless and frizzled homologs in rheumatoid arthritis (2000)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is accompanied by synovial inflammation, proliferation, and cartilage destruction. The reasons the activation of synovial fibroblasts often persists despite antiinflammatory therapy are not known. One possibility is that the synovial membrane becomes gradually repopulated with immature mesenchymal and bone marrow cells with altered properties. To explore this hypothesis, we have investigated the expression in RA synovial tissues of various embryonic growth factors from the wingless (wnt) and frizzled (fz) families, which have been implicated in cell-fate determination in both bone marrow progenitors and limb-bud mesenchyme. Reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis revealed expression of five wnt (wnt1, 5a, 10b, 11, and 13) and three fz (fz2, 5, and 7) isoforms in RA synovial tissues. Osteoarthritis synovial tissues expressed much less wnt5a and fz5. Northern blotting confirmed the overexpression of wnt5a and fz5 in RA synovial tissues, in comparison to a panel of normal adult tissues. Compared with normal synovial fibroblasts, cultured RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes expressed higher levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15. Transfection of normal fibroblasts with a wnt5a expression vector reproduced this pattern of cytokine expression and stimulated IL-15 secretion. These results suggest that the unusual phenotypic properties of RA fibroblasts may be attributable partly to their replacement with primitive fibroblast-like synoviocytes with characteristics of immature bone marrow and mesenchymal cells. Clear delineation of the signaling pathway(s) initiated by the wnt5a/fz5 ligand-receptor pair in the RA synovium may yield new targets for therapeutic intervention.
Idelalisib for the treatment of indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a review of its clinical potential (2016)

Idelalisib is a first-in-class, oral, selective phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase δ inhibitor that offers a chemotherapy-free option for patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (iNHL). Clinical trials in iNHL have evaluated idelalisib as monotherapy and as combination therapy with rituximab, bendamustine, and rituximab + bendamustine. When administered to heavily pretreated patients with R/R iNHL, idelalisib monotherapy or combination therapy showed durable antitumor activity accompanied by sustained or improved quality-of-life outcomes. Idelalisib has an acceptable safety profile; however, serious or fatal diarrhea/colitis, hepatoxicity, pneumonitis, and intestinal perforation have occurred in treated patients. Selective inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase δ with idelalisib is a valuable addition to available treatment options for patients with iNHL, many of whom do not respond to or cannot tolerate chemoimmunotherapy. Two Phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of idelalisib as combination therapy with rituximab or bendamustine + rituximab and a Phase I trial of idelalisib in combination with the Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor ONO/GS-4059 in R/R B-cell malignancies are currently ongoing. A Phase III monotherapy trial in previously treated follicular lymphoma or small lymphocytic lymphoma is planned. The development of other kinase inhibitors for the treatment of iNHL raises the potential for new treatment combinations. Additional research is needed to determine optimal therapy (monotherapy vs combination regimens), treatment sequencing, and long-term management.
Albumin and mammalian cell culture: implications for biotechnology applications (2010)

Albumin has a long historical involvement in design of media for the successful culture of mammalian cells, in both the research and commercial fields. The potential application of albumins, bovine or human serum albumin, for cell culture is a by-product of the physico-chemical, biochemical and cell-specific properties of the molecule. In this review an analysis of these features of albumin leads to a consideration of the extracellular and intracellular actions of the molecule, and importantly the role of its interactions with numerous ligands or bioactive factors that influence the growth of cells in culture: these include hormones, growth factors, lipids, amino acids, metal ions, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to name a few. The interaction of albumin with the cell in relation to these co-factors has a potential impact on metabolic and biosynthetic activity, cell proliferation and survival. Application of this knowledge to improve the performance in manufacturing biotechnology and in the emerging uses of cell culture for tissue engineering and stem cell derived therapies is an important prospect.
International digital facsimile coding standards (1980)

Recently Study Group XIV of CCITT has drafted a new Recommendation (T.4) with the aim of achieving compatibility between digital facsimile apparatus connected to general switched telephone networks. A one-dimensional coding scheme is used in which run lengths are encoded using a modified Huffman code. This allows typical A4 size documents in the form of black and white images scanned at normal resolution (3.85 lines/mm, 1728 pels/line) to be transmitted in an average time of about a minute at a rate of 4800 bit/s. The Recommendation also includes a two-dimensional code, known as the modified relative element address designate (READ) code, which is in the form of an optional extension to the one-dimensional code. This extension allows typical documents scanned at high (twice normal) resolution (with every fourth line one dimensionally coded) to be transmitted in an average time of about 75 s at 4800 bit/s. This paper describes the coding schemes in detail and discusses the factors which led to their choice. In addition, this paper assesses the performance of the codes, particularly in relation to their compression efficiency and vulnerability to transmission errors, making use of 8 CCITT reference documents.
Fate and behavior of liposomes in vivo: a review of controlling factors. (1987)

Of fundamental importance in the design of a therapeutic drug carrier system is a thorough understanding of the factors which control its fate in the living animal. The use of liposomes as a carrier system able to improve the therapeutic efficacy of a wide range of drugs, requires manipulation of its physical characteristics, thereby influencing in vivo behavior. This review brings together findings of recent studies which describe how liposomal stability and clearance in vivo are controlled by the architecture of the vesicles themselves which in turn, via interaction with humoral factors, controls the fate in terms of tissue distribution of the carrier and its contents. Based on these studies, a rationale for liposome design aimed at in vivo drug delivery is discussed.
Microelectrode arrays for electrophysiological monitoring of hippocampal organotypic slice cultures (1997)

A three-dimensional platinum (Pt) microelectrode array embedded on a micromachined silicon (Si) substrate (porosity of 13%, via hole diameter of 40 microns) has been developed. Electrodes are 35-micron wide and 20-microns high, spaced 200 microns apart and arranged in an elliptic geometry. Integrated within a microperfusion chamber, the devices were used for stimulation and recording experiments of hippocampal slice cultures over a period of several days.
End-bonded contacts for carbon nanotube transistors with low, size-independent resistance (2015)

Moving beyond the limits of silicon transistors requires both a high-performance channel and high-quality electrical contacts. Carbon nanotubes provide high-performance channels below 10 nanometers, but as with silicon, the increase in contact resistance with decreasing size becomes a major performance roadblock. We report a single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) transistor technology with an end-bonded contact scheme that leads to size-independent contact resistance to overcome the scaling limits of conventional side-bonded or planar contact schemes. A high-performance SWNT transistor was fabricated with a sub-10-nanometer contact length, showing a device resistance below 36 kilohms and on-current above 15 microampere per tube. The p-type end-bonded contact, formed through the reaction of molybdenum with the SWNT to form carbide, also exhibited no Schottky barrier. This strategy promises high-performance SWNT transistors, enabling future ultimately scaled device technologies.