gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystal Chemistry and Stability of “Li7La3Zr2O12” Garnet: A Fast Lithium-Ion Conductor (2010)

Recent research has shown that certain Li-oxide garnets with high mechanical, thermal, chemical, and electrochemical stability are excellent fast Li-ion conductors. However, the detailed crystal chemistry of Li-oxide garnets is not well understood, nor is the relationship between crystal chemistry and conduction behavior. An investigation was undertaken to understand the crystal chemical and structural properties, as well as the stability relations, of Li(7)La(3)Zr(2)O(12) garnet, which is the best conducting Li-oxide garnet discovered to date. Two different sintering methods produced Li-oxide garnet but with slightly different compositions and different grain sizes. The first sintering method, involving ceramic crucibles in initial synthesis steps and later sealed Pt capsules, produced single crystals up to roughly 100 μm in size. Electron microprobe and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements show small amounts of Al in the garnet, probably originating from the crucibles. The crystal structure of this phase was determined using X-ray single-crystal diffraction every 100 K from 100 K up to 500 K. The crystals are cubic with space group Ia3̅d at all temperatures. The atomic displacement parameters and Li-site occupancies were measured. Li atoms could be located on at least two structural sites that are partially occupied, while other Li atoms in the structure appear to be delocalized. (27)Al NMR spectra show two main resonances that are interpreted as indicating that minor Al occurs on the two different Li sites. Li NMR spectra show a single narrow resonance at 1.2-1.3 ppm indicating fast Li-ion diffusion at room temperature. The chemical shift value indicates that the Li atoms spend most of their time at the tetrahedrally coordinated C (24d) site. The second synthesis method, using solely Pt crucibles during sintering, produced fine-grained Li(7)La(3)Zr(2)O(12) crystals. This material was studied by X-ray powder diffraction at different temperatures between 25 and 200 °C. This phase is tetragonal at room temperature and undergoes a phase transition to a cubic phase between 100 and 150 °C. Cubic "Li(7)La(3)Zr(2)O(12)" may be stabilized at ambient conditions relative to its slightly less conducting tetragonal modification via small amounts of Al(3+). Several crystal chemical properties appear to promote the high Li-ion conductivity in cubic Al-containing Li(7)La(3)Zr(2)O(12). They are (i) isotropic three-dimensional Li-diffusion pathways, (ii) closely spaced Li sites and Li delocalization that allow for easy and fast Li diffusion, and (iii) low occupancies at the Li sites, which may also be enhanced by the heterovalent substitution Al(3+) ⇔ 3Li.
Comparison of hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), Peldri II, and critical‐point drying methods for scanning electron microscopy of biological specimens (1993)

Three different drying methods, critical-point drying (CPD), Peldri II, and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), were compared using representative animal (rat kidney, trachea, duodenum, lung, and red blood cells) and plant (leaves from ten species of monocotyledons and dicotyledons) specimens. All three drying methods produced identical results with animal specimens. Plant specimens showed signs of shrinkage regardless of which drying method was employed. The order of preservation quality from best to worst for leaves was CPD > Peldri II > HMDS, with the CPD method providing substantially better results in all but one case. Postfixation of leaves with osmium tetroxide resulted in poorer preservation in all instances. Peldri II caused complete extraction of leaf cuticular wax, while both both CPD and HMDS showed minimal extraction compared with samples air dried directly from acetone. These results indicate that HMDS provides a time-saving and inexpensive alternative to CPD for animal specimens. Plant specimens, particularly those containing cells with large central vacuoles, are adequately preserved only with the CPD method. In addition, postfixation with osmium should be avoided when processing plant specimens for scanning electron microscopy.
Familial Hyperinsulinism Caused by an Activating Glucokinase Mutation (1998)

Spontaneous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in adults is most frequently caused by sporadic, solitary pancreatic beta-cell tumors, whereas hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in childhood is commonly caused by generalized beta-cell dysfunction.1 Mutations in the beta-cell sulfonylurea-receptor (SUR1) gene or inward-rectifying potassium-channel (Kir6.2) gene were found in some patients.2–7 A distinct syndrome of hyperinsulinism with hyperammonemia was recently described,8,9 apparently caused by mutations in the glutamate dehydrogenase gene.10 However, many sporadic and familial cases of hyperinsulinism remain unexplained. Some may be due to somatic mutations in other genes, as suggested by reports of autosomal dominant familial hyperinsulinism that was . . .
Viscosupplementation: a new concept in the treatment of osteoarthritis. (1993)

Viscosupplementation is a new medical concept that has as its therapeutic goal the restoration of rheological homeostasis in pathological structures such as osteoarthritic joints. When the normal viscoelasticity of a solid tissue compartment or the elastoviscosity of a liquid tissue compartment is decreased under pathological conditions, normal function and regenerative processes are impaired. By introducing viscosupplementary devices, the normal rheological state of such compartments is restored or augmented. These devices stay in the tissue compartment for various periods of time, depending on the nature of the viscosupplement and the pathophysiology of the tissue compartment.
Cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. (1998)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) denotes chronic inflammatory disorders of gastrointestinal tract of unknown etiology that comprises 2 major groups: ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Disregulation of the intestinal immune system both at humoral and cellular level constitutes an important element in the multifactorial pathogenesis of IBD. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, most notably IL-1, IL-6, TNF-alpha and chemokines (IL-8, ENA-78, MCP-1, RANTES) in intestinal mucosa from IBD patients is markedly enhanced, however, it is not always accompanied by increases in cytokines' serum levels. In IBD also significant changes occur in the tissue expression of immunoregulatory cytokines: increased levels of IL-2 mRNA and IFN-gamma mRNA, and decreased expression of IL-4 were found in affected intestinal mucosa. Chronic intestinal lesions of patients with Crohn's disease are associated with a Th1 type cytokine profile. The clinical effectiveness of anti-TNF-alpha antibodies and of IL-10 has been demonstrated in steroid-refractory Crohn's disease patients. The data demonstrating the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of IBD should be carefully analyzed because of limitations imposed by the patient- and sample-related parameters. Further investigations will clarify the significance of the impairments in cytokine network for the initiation and progression of the IBD.
Stapled BH3 Peptides against MCL-1: Mechanism and Design Using Atomistic Simulations (2012)

Atomistic simulations of a set of stapled alpha helical peptides derived from the BH3 helix of MCL-1 (Stewart et al. (2010) Nat Chem Biol 6: 595-601) complexed to a fragment (residues 172-320) of MCL-1 revealed that the highest affinity is achieved when the staples engage the surface of MCL-1 as has also been demonstrated for p53-MDM2 (Joseph et al. (2010) Cell Cycle 9: 4560-4568; Baek et al. (2012) J Am Chem Soc 134: 103-106). Affinity is also modulated by the ability of the staples to pre-organize the peptides as helices. Molecular dynamics simulations of these stapled BH3 peptides were carried out followed by determination of the energies of interactions using MM/GBSA methods. These show that the location of the staple is a key determinant of a good binding stapled peptide from a bad binder. The good binder derives binding affinity from interactions between the hydrophobic staple and a hydrophobic patch on MCL-1. The position of the staple was varied, guiding the design of new stapled peptides with higher affinities.
Discovering High-Affinity Ligands for Proteins (1997)

D rug discovery is a difficult and time-consuming process that involves the identification of potent therapeutic agents with good bioavailability, metabolic stability, and low toxicity. An important first step in this process is the identification of molecules that bind with high affinity and
Pullulan production by color variant strains ofAureobasidium pullulans (1988)

Naturally occurring ‘color variant’ strains ofAureobasidium pullulans are distinguished from typical strains by their brilliant pigmentation, overproduction of secreted enzymes (xylanase), and low DNA relatedness. Color variants have not previously been examined for pullulan secretion. Among five independently isolated color variants, strains NRRL Y-12,974 and YB-4026 made the greatest amounts of pullulan from cornstarch, with conversion efficiencies of about 10%. Neither color variant nor typical strains made significant amounts of pullulan from the unconventional lactose or xylan substrates. Pullulan yields were inversely correlated with biomass production. Pullulan production thus appears to be a variable characteristic of both color variant and typically pigmented strains ofA. pullulans, regulated by specific inducers during growth limitation.
Urodynamics, Incontinence, and Neurourology: Highlights from the Society for Urodynamics and Female Urology Annual Winter Meeting, February 28-March 2, 2008, Miami, FL. (2008)

The Society for Urodynamics and Female Urology (SUFU) held its 4th Annual Winter Meeting in Miami, Florida, on February 28–March 2, 2008. The society’s membership and attendance continues to grow and this year’s meeting had the largest registered attendance to date, over 330 people. The meeting traditionally starts with 1 day of basic science research followed by 3 days of clinical practice and research sessions. A total of 96 original scientific works were presented in poster and podium sessions in all major domains of the SUFU membership, including basic science, urodynamics, basic and clinical neuromodulation, genitourinary reconstruction, neurourology, benign prostatic hyperplasia, female urology, geriatric urology, interstitial cystitis (IC)/painful bladder syndrome (PBS), drugs and devices, stress urinary incontinence (SUI), and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Some of the important works presented are herein summarized.
On the radiation from point charges (1986)

An alternative derivation of the radiation field of a point charge is presented. It starts with the Fourier components of the current produced by the moving charge. The electric field is found from the vector wave equation. Each step in the integration permits physical interpretation. The retarded time appears very naturally in this derivation. The interpretation of the present derivation is that a charge at constant velocity v̄(‖v̄‖&amp;lt;c) does not radiate, not because it is unaccelerated, but because it has no Fourier components synchronous with waves traveling at the speed of light. Of course, Cherenkov radiation in a medium, in which the velocity of electromagnetic propagation is less than c, is the classic example of radiation by a charge moving at constant velocity.
Engineering Lipid Vesicles of Enhanced Intratumoral Transport Capabilities: Correlating Liposome Characteristics with Penetration into Human Prostate Tumor Spheroids (2005)

Liposomes have been widely used delivery systems, particularly relevant to the development of cancer therapeutics. Numerous liposome-based drugs are in the clinic or in clinical trials today against multiple tumor types; however, systematic studies of liposome interactions with solid or metastatic tumor nodules are scarce. This study is describing the in vitro interaction between liposomes and avascular human prostate (LNCaP-LN3) tumor spheroids. The ability of fluorescently labelled liposomal delivery systems of varying physicochernical characteristics to penetrate within multicellular tumor spheroids has been investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. A variety of liposome characteristics and experimental parameters were investigated, including lipid bilayer composition, duration of liposome-spheroid interaction, mean liposome size, steric stabilization of liposomes. Electrostatic binding between cationic liposomes and spheroids was very efficient; however, it impeded any significant penetration of the vesicles within deeper layers of the tumor spheroid Small unilamellar liposomes of neutral surface character did not bind as efficiently but exhibited enhanced penetrative transport capabilities closer to the tumor core. Polymer-coated (sterically stabilised) liposomes exhibited almost no interaction with the spheroid, indicating that their limited diffusion within avascular tissues may be a limiting step for their use against micrometastases. Multicellular tumor spheroids were used as models of solid tumor interstitium relevant to delivery systems able to extravasate from the microcapillaries or as models of prevascularized micrometastases. This study illustrates that interactions between liposomes and other drug delivery systems with multicellular tumor spheroids can offer critically important information with respect to optimizing solid or micrometastatic tumor delivery and targeting strategies.
Block FIR decision-feedback equalizers for filterbank precoded transmissions with blind channel estimation capabilities (2001)

In block transmission systems, transmitter-induced redundancy using finite-impulse response (FIR) filterbanks can be used to suppress intersymbol interference and equalize FIR channels irrespective of channel zeros. At the receiver end, linear or decision-feedback (DF) FIR filterbanks can be applied to recover the transmitted data. Closed-form expressions are derived for the FIR linear or DF filterbank receivers corresponding to varying amounts of transmission redundancy. Our framework encompasses existing block transmission schemes and offers low implementation-cost equalization techniques both when interblock interference is eliminated, and when IBI is present as, e.g., in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing with insufficient cyclic prefix. By applying blind channel estimation methods, our filterbank transmitters-receivers (transceivers) dispense with bandwidth consuming training sequences. Extensive simulations illustrate the merits of our designs.
Human tumor necrosis factor alpha gene regulation by virus and lipopolysaccharide. (1990)

We have identified a region of the human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene promoter that is necessary for maximal constitutive, virus-induced, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced transcription. This region contains three sites that match an NF-kappa B binding-site consensus sequence. We show that these three sites specifically bind NF-kappa B in vitro, yet each of these sites can be deleted from the TNF-alpha promoter with little effect on the induction of the gene by virus or LPS. Moreover, when multimers of these three sites are placed upstream from a truncated TNF-alpha promoter, or a heterologous promoter, an increase in the basal level of transcription is observed that is influenced by sequence context and cell type. However, these multimers are not sufficient for virus or LPS induction of either promoter. Thus, unlike other virus- and LPS-inducible promoters that contain NF-kappa B binding sites, these sites from the TNF-alpha promoter are neither required nor sufficient for virus or LPS induction. Comparison of the sequence requirements of virus induction of the human TNF-alpha gene in mouse L929 and P388D1 cells reveals significant differences, indicating that the sequence requirements for virus induction of the gene are cell type-specific. However, the sequences required for virus and LPS induction of the gene in a single cell type, P388D1, overlap.
Crystal Structure of Ethyl 2-Methylthiamethylene-5-(4-bromoanilino)- 2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-carbonate (2004)

Compound ethyl 2-methylthiamethylene-5-(4-bromoanilino)-2H-1,2,3-triazol-4-carbonate (6), C13H17BrN4O2S,Mr=373.28, crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/n space group with unit cell parameters a=0.55220(10) nm, b=2.6996(5)nm, c= 1.0596(2) nm, α= 90.00°, β= 103.83(3)°, γ=90.00°, V= 1.5338(5) nm3, Z=4, Dx= 1.617 Mg·m-3. The final Rwas 0.0488.……
Synthesis of ortho‐substituted aminopyridines. Metalation of pivaloylamino derivatives (1989)

Abstract The three isomeric pivaloylaminopyridines were lithiated in more than 80% yields. Aminopyridine derivatives were treated by 2.5‐3 equivalents of the complex BuLi‐TMEDA at −10° in diethyl ether. Reaction of the lithiated species with various electrophiles afforded a number of ortho ‐substituted pivaloylaminopyridines in good yields. Secondary pyridine alcohols were oxidized to the corresponding aminopyridyl ketones. Pyridopyrimidines, benzonaphthyridines as well as an analogue of the natural antitumor alkaloid ellipticine has been synthesized showing the versatility of the method.
Comparative Study of Survival of Autologous Adipose Tissue Taken and Transplanted by Different Techniques (1990)

In recent years, adipocytes obtained by suction-assisted lipectomy have been used for implantation by injection methods. This study is designed to assess the appearance of suctioned and excised adipose tissue and its survival after being injected or implanted into different tissues (0.5 cc into the rectus muscle and 0.5 cc into the dorsal ear skin) of New Zealand White rabbits. The results showed that significant numbers of adipocytes were ruptured after suction procedures. The intact cells represented approximately 10 percent of the fat cell population. Fat cells in aspirated and excised samples remained intact and did not differ histologically. After being injected into tissue, adipocytes appeared to survive better for a short term in a more vascularized bed (rectus muscle) than in a low vascular area (ear dermis). Long-term studies at 6- to 9-month intervals revealed transplanted adipose tissue, taken by suction or excision, being replaced with fibrosis, although cystic spaces and only a small number of surviving adipocytes were still present. Insulin did not show any protective effects on survival of the adipocytes during their transplantation.
Vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular targeting of solid tumors. (2002)

Vascular targeting agents, which selectively destroy tumor blood vessels, are attractive agents for the treatment of solid tumors. They differ from anti-angiogenic agents in that they target the mature, blood-conducting vessels of the tumors. They are better suited for larger tumors where angiogenesis can occur less frequently. For application in man, target molecules are needed that are selectively expressed on the vascular endothelium of tumors. Such markers include the complexes that are formed when vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) binds to its receptors (VEGFR). VEGF production by tumor cells is induced by oncogenic gene mutations and by the hypoxic conditions within the tumor mass. The receptors, VEGFR1 (FLT-1) and VEGFR2 (KDR/Flk-1), are upregulated on vascular endothelial cells in tumors by hypoxia and by the increased local concentration of VEGF. Consequently, there is a high concentration of occupied receptors on tumor vascular endothelium. Here, we review the concept of vascular targeting and the development of monoclonal antibodies that bind to VEGF: VEGFR complexes and their use as tumor vascular targeting agents. A promising monoclonal antibody is 2C3, which blocks VEGF from binding to VEGFR2 but not VEGFR1. We conclude that 2C3 might have dual activity as an anti-angiogenic agent by inhibiting VEGFR2 activity and as a vascular targeting agent for selective drug delivery to tumor vessels.
STAT3-Dependent Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation Into Cardiomyocytes (2007)

Pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cell therapy may be an attractive source for postinfarction myocardial repair and regeneration. However, the specific stimuli and signal pathways that may control ES cell-mediated cardiomyogenesis remains to be completely defined. The aim of the present study was to investigate (1) the effect and underlying signal transduction pathways of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and bone-morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2)-induced mouse ES cell (mES-D3 line) differentiation into cardiomyocytes (CMC) and (2) the efficacy of CMC precommitted mES cells for functional and anatomical cardiac repair in surgically-induced mouse acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model. Various doses of LIF and BMP-2 and their inhibitors or blocking antibodies were tested for mES differentiation to CMC in vitro. CMC differentiation was assessed by mRNA and protein expression of CMC-specific markers, Connexin-43, CTI, CTT, Mef2c, Tbx5, Nkx2.5, GATA-4, and alphaMHC. LIF and BMP-2 synergistically induced the expression of CMC markers as early as 2 to 4 days in culture. Signaling studies identified STAT3 and MAP kinase (ERK1/2) as specific signaling components of LIF+BMP-2-mediated CMC differentiation. Inhibition of either STAT3 or MAPK activation by specific inhibitors drastically suppressed LIF+BMP-2-mediated CMC differentiation. Moreover, in mouse AMI, transplantation of lentivirus-GFP-transduced, LIF+BMP-2 precommitted mES cells, improved post-MI left ventricular functions, and enhanced capillary density. Transplanted cells engrafted in myocardium and differentiated into CMC and endothelial cells. Our data suggest that LIF and BMP-2 may synergistically enhance CMC differentiation of transplanted stem cells. Thus augmentation of LIF/BMP-2 downstream signaling components or cell type specific precommitment may facilitate the effects of ES cell-based therapies for post-MI myocardial repair and regeneration.
GaAs-MESFETs fabricated in SOI layers on crystalline CaxSr1-xF2insulator films (1986)

SOI-GaAs structures of GaAs/Ca <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> Sr <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> /GaAs
Eradication of Helicobacter pylori Using One‐week Triple Therapies Combining Omeprazole with Two Antimicrobials: The MACH I Study (1996)

Omeprazole triple therapies given twice daily for 1 week produce high eradication rates, are well-tolerated, and are associated with high patient compliance. The two most effective therapies were those combining omeprazole, 20 mg, with either amoxicillin, 1 gm, plus clarithromycin, 500 mg, or metronidazole, 400 mg, plus clarithromycin, 250 mg, all given twice daily.