gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Acrylamide in Green Tea by Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry (2006)

Optimization of the solid-phase extraction cleanup procedure enabled the GC-MS analysis of acrylamide in tea samples without the interference of bromination by tea catechins. Although polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) is available for removing tea catechins from tea extract, the peaks derived from PVPP had the same retention time as brominated acrylamide in mass chromatograms obtained by GC-MS. A considerable amount of acrylamide was formed at roasting temperatures of > or =120 degrees C; the highest acrylamide level was observed when tea samples were roasted at 180 degrees C for 10 min. Higher temperatures and longer processing times caused a decrease in the acrylamide content. Furthermore, an analysis of 82 tea samples showed that rather than the reducing sugar content, the asparagine content in tea leaves was a significant factor related to acrylamide formation in roasted products. The acrylamide level in roasted tea products was controlled by asparagine in the presence of reducing sugars.
Improvement of Episodic Memory in Persons with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Healthy Older Adults: Evidence from a Cognitive Intervention Program (2006)

The efficacy of cognitive training was assessed in persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and persons with normal cognitive aging. Forty-seven participants were included in this study: 28 with MCI and 17 controls. Twenty-one participants received intervention (20 MCI and 9 controls) and 16 participants (8 MCI and 8 controls) received no intervention (waiting-list group). The intervention focused on teaching episodic memory strategies. Three tasks of episodic memory (list recall, face-name association, text memory) were used as primary outcome measures. Results were analyzed using analyses of variance. The intervention effect (pre- and post-intervention difference) was significant on two of the primary outcome measures (delayed list recall and face-name association). A significant pre-post-effect was also found on measures of subjective memory and well-being. There was no improvement in the performance of groups of individuals with MCI and normal elderly persons who did not receive the intervention. These results suggest that persons with MCI can improve their performance on episodic memory when provided with cognitive training.
Testosterone supplementation for hypogonadal men by the nasal route (2008)

Although multiple forms of testosterone replacement therapy are available to treat hypogonadism, none is ideal. This article reports on the pharmacokinetics of an innovative nasal formulation of testosterone in hypogonadal men. The first study was undertaken in eight men with a baseline total testosterone (TT) of 130.8 +/- 87.4 ng/dL and examined the pharmacokinetics of nasal testosterone given in a single dose of 7.6 mg, 15.2 mg or 22.8 mg, respectively. The second study examined the pharmacokinetics of nasal testosterone (7.6 mg) given either twice or three times a day in 21 severely hypogonadal men (baseline TT in 20 patients <50 ng/dL, in one patient 152 ng/dL) for 14 days. The steady-state concentration of testosterone was within the normal range in all treatment groups, but only in the 3-times-a-day group was the 95% confidence interval completely within the physiological range. The average DHT level did not exceed the upper range of normal. The clinical global visual analogue scale improved in the whole group receiving testosterone (p < 0.001). All adverse events in both studies were of mild to moderate intensity and were evaluated as unlikely or not related to the administered study drug. No patients dropped out during treatment. Comparison with the normal circadian rhythm by computer modelling suggests that nasal testosterone can be used to mimic the normal diurnal pattern in eugonadal men. Thus, nasal testosterone can be administered safely to humans in doses that approximate serum concentrations in the normal physiological range.
[The effects of angiotensin II and other vasoactive agents on the blood flow in Yoshida ascites hepatoma]. (1993)

The effects of angiotensin II and other six vasoactive agents on tissue blood flow of Yoshida rat ascites hepatoma AH109A and normal liver were measured by the hydrogen clearance method. The mean blood flow in the tumor peripheral part under normotensin was 11.9 +/- 8.2 ml/min/100 g tissue and was not influenced by tumor size. Tumor blood flow was more significantly increased in infusion angiotensin II than 0.5 mg/ml methoxamine; however, normal liver blood flow of tumor-bearing rats was unchanged in contrast to an increase seen in the tumor. A Pronounced reduction of tumor blood flow was found after administration of epinephrine, norepinephrine and ethylphenylephrine. In addition, metaraminol, phenylephrine as well as 1.0 and 2.5 mg/ml methoxamine were not found to significantly change the blood flow of the tumor.
Backbone rigidity and static presentation of guanidinium groups increases cellular uptake of arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides (2011)

In addition to endocytosis-mediated cellular uptake, hydrophilic cell-penetrating peptides are able to traverse biological membranes in a non-endocytic mode termed transduction, resulting in immediate bioavailability. Here we analysed structural requirements for the non-endocytic uptake mode of arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides, by a combination of live-cell microscopy, molecular dynamics simulations and analytical ultracentrifugation. We demonstrate that the transduction efficiency of arginine-rich peptides increases with higher peptide structural rigidity. Consequently, cyclic arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides showed enhanced cellular uptake kinetics relative to their linear and more flexible counterpart. We propose that guanidinium groups are forced into maximally distant positions by cyclization. This orientation increases membrane contacts leading to enhanced cell penetration.
CD80+Gr-1+ Myeloid Cells Inhibit Development of Antifungal Th1 Immunity in Mice with Candidiasis (2002)

To find out whether polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), abundantly recruited in disseminated Candida albicans infection, could directly affect the activation of Th cells we addressed the issues as to whether murine PMN, like their human counterparts, express costimulatory molecules and the functional consequence of this expression in terms of antifungal immune resistance. To this purpose, we assessed 1) the expression of CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) molecules on peripheral, splenic, and inflammatory murine Gr-1+ PMN; 2) its modulation upon interaction with C. albicans in vitro, in vivo, and in human PMN; 3) the effect of Candida exposure on the ability of murine PMN to affect CD4+ Th1 cell proliferation and cytokine production; and 4) the mechanism responsible for this effect. Murine PMN constitutively expressed CD80 molecules on both the surface and intracellularly; however, in both murine and human PMN, CD80 expression was differentially modulated upon interaction with Candida yeasts or hyphae in vitro as well as in infected mice. The expression of the CD86 molecule was neither constitutive nor inducible upon exposure to the fungus. In vitro, Gr-1+ PMN were found to inhibit the activation of IFN-gamma-producing CD4+ T cells and to induce apoptosis through a CD80/CD28-dependent mechanism. A population of CD80+Gr-1+ myeloid cells was found to be expanded in conventional as well as in bone marrow-transplanted mice with disseminated candidiasis, but its depletion increased the IFN-gamma-mediated antifungal resistance. These data indicate that alternatively activated PMN expressing CD80 may adversely affect Th1-dependent resistance in fungal infections.
Binaural Cue Coding Applied to Audio Compression with Flexible Rendering (2002)

LCAV
Methodological problems in the use of indocyanine green to estimate hepatic blood flow and ICG clearance in man (1987)

Liver blood flow (Q) is often measured by constant infusion of ICG (i), concentration measurements in an artery (A) and a hepatic vein (V): Q = (A-V)/A. Some authors use ICG clearance, Cl = i/A, as a measure of Q assuming complete hepatic extraction. During the infusion, the ICG concentration often increases. The importance of this for calculated values of Q and Cl was examined, and the use of Cl as a measure of Q was reevaluated. ICG was given as 0.06-0.20 mumol/min to 52 subjects with liver disease, and about 0.20 mumol/min to 86 subjects with no liver disease. ICG concentration increased steeply during the first 90 min after start of the infusion; thereafter the increment was constant as evaluated in successive 40-min periods in eleven 320-min studies (analysis of variance P greater than 0.5); on average, 6 +/- 1% per hour (+/- SD). Q was not time-dependent (P greater than 0.5). ICG clearance decreased significantly, on average 5 +/- 2% per hour (+/- SD). Hepatic extraction fraction, (A-V)/A, (measurement period 90-130 min) was 0.34 +/- 0.21 in liver patients (+/- SD) and 0.61 +/- 0.80 in controls. Cl and Q were positively correlated in both groups but with substantial scatter. Thus, not only is the calculated ICG clearance time-dependent but the extraction fraction is further so low and variable, that any use of ICG clearance as a measure of liver flow is not justified.
Sensory transmission in the gastrointestinal tract (2007)

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract must balance ostensibly opposite functions. On the one hand, it must undertake the process of digestion and absorption of nutrients. At the same time, the GI tract must protect itself from potential harmful antigenic and pathogenic material. Central to these processes is the ability to 'sense' the mechanical and chemical environment in the gut wall and lumen in order to orchestrate the appropriate response that facilitates nutrient assimilation or the rapid expulsion through diarrhoea and/or vomiting. In this respect, the GI tract is richly endowed with sensory elements that monitor the gut environment. Enteric neurones provide one source of such sensory innervation and are responsible for the ability of the decentralized gut to perform complex reflex functions. Extrinsic afferents not only contribute to this reflex control, but also contribute to homeostatic mechanisms and can give rise to sensations, under certain circumstances. The enteric and extrinsic sensory mechanisms share a number of common features but also some remarkably different properties. The purpose of this review is to summarize current views on sensory processing within both the enteric and extrinsic innervation and to specifically address the pharmacology of nociceptive extrinsic sensory pathways.
Spatial motion constraints in medical robot using virtual fixtures generated by anatomy (2004)

In Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) surgery, the operating volume is very limited. This is especially true in sinus surgery, when the instrument passes through the nasal and sinus cavity to reach the pathological area. The nasal and sinus bones impose geometric constraints on the work volume. During the surgery, the surgeon needs to control the motion of the instrument tip to accomplish some delicate procedure; meanwhile he/she needs to avoid hitting anatomic constraints. In this paper, we present a method to assist the path following task in a constrained area. The system reads the user's force input and combines it with the planned tip-trajectory to create the tip motion constraints; meanwhile it generates the tool-shaft boundary constraints based on a 3-D geometric model. We map instrument tip motion and boundary information to joint displacements via robot kinematics, and then use a constrained quadratic optimization algorithm to compute the optimal set of corresponding joint displacements. In the preliminary study, we show that robot guidance using cooperative control and virtual fixtures derived from complex geometry can assist users in skilled manipulation tasks, while maintaining desirable properties such as collision avoidance and safety.
Utility of Echocardiographic Tissue Synchronization Imaging to Redirect Left Ventricular Lead Placement for Improved Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (2005)

An 80-year-old woman with severe symptomatic heart failure (ejection fraction of 13%), and left bundle branch block (QRS duration of 160 ms) underwent cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). She had significant baseline dyssynchrony with a septal to posterior wall delay of 160 ms by echocardiographic tissue synchronization imaging (TSI). Despite exhaustive efforts, a stable posterior-lateral coronary vein lead position could not be achieved with the standard percutaneous approach, resulting in anterior coronary vein lead placement. This resulted in no improvement in the patient's symptoms or ventricular function. Follow-up TSI revealed earlier activation of the anteroseptal site and worsened dyssynchrony with septal to posterior wall delay of now 290 ms. This information prompted surgical revision of the left ventricular (LV) lead position via limited thoracotomy and posterior-lateral epicardial lead implantation. Pacing at the new lead site resulted in a 30% increase in stroke volume and symptomatic improvement. TSI in this case redirected lead position in a clinical nonresponder, resulting in a favorable response to CRT.
The promoter and first, untranslated exon of the human glucocorticoid receptor gene are GC rich but lack consensus glucocorticoid receptor element sites. (1990)

Glucocorticoid receptor mRNA is regulated by glucocorticoids. We found no consensus glucocorticoid response element, TATA box, or CAAT box but many GC boxes in approximately 3 kilobases of the 5'-flanking sequence of the human glucocorticoid receptor gene. We identified several transcription start sites, an untranslated exon 1, and the coding content of exon 2.
An integrated robot system architecture (1983)

This paper describes the architecture of a robot system designed both to work in an integrated manufacturing environment and to support continuing research in programmable automation. Major system components include a controller, robot and sensor hardware, operator's pendant, and system software. A new high-level interactive language, AML, allows the user to combine manipulation, sensing, computational, and data processing functions provided by the system. Important aspects of the system design objectives, major functional components, and the AML language are described, and examples drawn from an actual production application are used to illustrate the interrelationship of the topics discussed.
Release of cell-free ice nuclei by Erwinia herbicola (1986)

Several ice-nucleating bacterial strains, including Erwinia herbicola, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas syringae isolates, were examined for their ability to shed ice nuclei into the growth medium. Only E. herbicola isolates shed cell-free ice nuclei active at -2 to -10 degrees C. These cell-free nuclei exhibited a freezing spectrum similar to that of ice nuclei found on whole cells, both above and below -5 degrees C. Partially purified cell-free nuclei were examined by density gradient centrifugation, chemical and enzymatic probes, and electron microscopy. Ice-nucleating activity in these cell-free preparations was associated with outer membrane vesicles shed by cells and was sensitive to protein-modifying reagents.
Directional migration of neural crest cells in vivo is regulated by Syndecan-4/Rac1 and non-canonical Wnt signaling/RhoA (2008)

Directed cell migration is crucial for development, but most of our current knowledge is derived from in vitro studies. We analyzed how neural crest (NC) cells migrate in the direction of their target during embryonic development. We show that the proteoglycan Syndecan-4 (Syn4) is expressed in the migrating neural crest of Xenopus and zebrafish embryos. Loss-of-function studies using an antisense morpholino against syn4 show that this molecule is required for NC migration, but not for NC induction. Inhibition of Syn4 does not affect the velocity of cell migration, but significantly reduces the directional migration of NC cells. Furthermore, we show that Syn4 and PCP signaling control the directional migration of NC cells by regulating the direction in which the cell protrusions are generated during migration. Finally, we perform FRET analysis of Cdc42, Rac and RhoA in vitro and in vivo after interfering with Syn4 and PCP signaling. This is the first time that FRET analysis of small GTPases has been performed in vivo. Our results show that Syn4 inhibits Rac activity, whereas PCP signaling promotes RhoA activity. In addition, we show that RhoA inhibits Rac in NC cells. We present a model in which Syn4 and PCP control directional NC migration by, at least in part, regulating membrane protrusions through the regulation of small GTPase activities.
Gene therapy for inflammatory diseases. (1994)

The concept of gene therapy may be broadened to include transient gene therapy (gene therapeutics) as a potential intervention in prevention and treatment of diseases which are a consequence of triggering the inflammatory response. Functioning genes can be delivered in vivo by a variety of technologies. Liposome technology is particularly attractive for gene therapeutics because plasmid DNA constructs can be delivered using liposomes which express transiently and do not readily incorporate into the host genome. In the lungs, DNA may be targeted by either intravenous or airway delivery. Airway delivery may be achieved either by direct injection into the airways or by aerosolizing liposome-DNA constructs. Expression of transgenes might also be targeted to areas of inflammation by choosing DNA constructs which contain the appropriate regulatory regions. Several genes have been cloned which are directly relevant to manipulating the inflammatory response and this technology could, in theory, by using either sense or antisense constructs, provide an opportunity to increase or decrease proteins relevant to the inflammatory response. Because of rapid progress in the technology of molecular biological techniques, and rapid progression of human trials using gene transfer methodologies, it is likely that extension of gene therapy to acute diseases such as those which are characterized by inflammation will open a new vista for pharmacological approaches to these complex diseases.
IMP3, a Proposed Novel Basal Phenotype Marker, is Commonly Overexpressed in Adenoid Cystic Carcinomas but not in Apocrine Carcinomas of the Breast (2011)

Insulin-like growth factor-II mRNA-binding protein 3 (IMP3) is a member of the insulin-like growth factor-II signaling pathway, and has recently been described as a biomarker of basal-like breast carcinomas. This study explored IMP3 expression in adenoid cystic carcinomas of the breast, a special type of basal-like, triple-negative (estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2/neu protein negative) carcinoma and compared it with a group of apocrine carcinomas, which are an example of estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor negative, special type of breast carcinoma. Eighteen breast adenoid cystic carcinomas (16 primary and 2 corresponding metastases) and 18 apocrine carcinomas (16 invasive and 2 in situ) were evaluated for the expression of IMP3 protein using immunohistochemical method. A cut-off value for IMP3 positivity was set at 10%. Thirteen of 16 (81.3%) primary adenoid cystic carcinomas overexpressed IMP3 protein, predominantly in membranous distribution. The mean percentage of positive cells among primary adenoid cystic carcinomas was 50%. Both metastatic adenoid cystic carcinomas also strongly overexpressed IMP3 protein (70% and 80% of the tumor cells, respectively). In contrast, only 4 of 16 invasive apocrine carcinomas (25%) exhibited IMP3 positivity with significantly lower percentage of positive cells (27%, P<0.001). Two in-situ apocrine carcinomas were negative. Our results indicate that IMP3 may be an additional basal-type marker in breast carcinoma whose expression can be occasionally seen in other types of breast carcinomas such as apocrine type.
Acetaldehyde-hemoglobin adducts: an unreliable marker of alcohol abuse. (1984)

Acetaldehyde reacts with hemoglobin in vitro to produce acetaldehyde-hemoglobin adducts, but we could not detect these in the blood of 20 alcoholics, either by cation-exchange chromatography or agar gel electrophoresis. Thus, contrary to previous reports, this test is not a reliable marker of alcohol abuse. Nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic analysis of acetaldehyde revealed the presence of aldehydic impurities. Formation of adducts in vitro may thus result from the reaction of hemoglobin with these impurities or with acetaldehyde condensation products (aldol) or from acetaldehyde condensation/dehydration products (crotonaldehyde).
T cells expressing an anti–B-cell maturation antigen chimeric antigen receptor cause remissions of multiple myeloma (2016)

Therapies with novel mechanisms of action are needed for multiple myeloma (MM). B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is expressed in most cases of MM. We conducted the first-in-humans clinical trial of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting BCMA. T cells expressing the CAR used in this work (CAR-BCMA) specifically recognized BCMA-expressing cells. Twelve patients received CAR-BCMA T cells in this dose-escalation trial. Among the 6 patients treated on the lowest 2 dose levels, limited antimyeloma activity and mild toxicity occurred. On the third dose level, 1 patient obtained a very good partial remission. Two patients were treated on the fourth dose level of 9 × 10(6) CAR(+) T cells/kg body weight. Before treatment, the first patient on the fourth dose level had chemotherapy-resistant MM, making up 90% of bone marrow cells. After treatment, bone marrow plasma cells became undetectable by flow cytometry, and the patient's MM entered a stringent complete remission that lasted for 17 weeks before relapse. The second patient on the fourth dose level had chemotherapy-resistant MM making up 80% of bone marrow cells before treatment. Twenty-eight weeks after this patient received CAR-BCMA T cells, bone marrow plasma cells were undetectable by flow cytometry, and the serum monoclonal protein had decreased by >95%. This patient is in an ongoing very good partial remission. Both patients treated on the fourth dose level had toxicity consistent with cytokine-release syndrome including fever, hypotension, and dyspnea. Both patients had prolonged cytopenias. Our findings demonstrate antimyeloma activity of CAR-BCMA T cells. This trial was registered to www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02215967.
Time-resolved fluorescence imaging for quantitative histochemistry using lanthanide chelates in nanoparticles and conjugated to monoclonal antibodies (2000)

Tissue and cell examinations have a potential to produce extremely valuable information about antigen quantities in samples. Using currently available methods, a truly quantitative analysis is nearly impossible. We have previously shown that immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of prostate-specific antigen and human glandular kallikrein from prostatic tissue, together with time-resolved fluorescence imaging (TRFI), is a suitable method for obtaining quantitative data from biological samples and that the signal response is linear. In this paper we show that Eu-chelate containing particles in the nanometer range are suitable labels for quantitative IHC. Even single nanoparticle molecules can be detected by TRFI and the signals measured can be readily quantitated. The signal intensity correlates very well with the amount of bound label, and the use of nanoparticles could markedly improve the sensitivity of quantitative IHC methods. TRFI provides a powerful tool for providing quantitative data about antigens or transcripts in tissue sections or cultured cells. It is also of major importance in standardization and optimization of protocols for fixation and tissue preparation, including antigen retrieval methods.