gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vaccine Results Lose Significance Under Scrutiny (2003)

Everybody expected that the results of the first test of an AIDS vaccine would be controversial. Many researchers, after all, had been skeptical about the value of the vaccine for years and were waiting to pounce. But few would have predicted the confusion that ensued when VaxGen of Brisbane, California, released its long-awaited findings on 24 February (Science, 28 February, p. 1290). Over the next few days, VaxGen officials contradicted each other about how the data were analyzed and reported and whether some of the conclusions are statistically significant.
Staining in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: The Basics (1999)

Chromoendoscopy or tissue staining is an "old" endoscopic technique that has been used for decades. It involves the topical application of stains or pigments to improve localization, characterization, or diagnosis [1]. It is a useful adjunct to endoscopy; the contrast between normally stained and abnormally stained epithelium enables the endoscopist to formulate a diagnosis and/or to direct biopsies based on a specific reaction or enhancement of surface morphology. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in chromoendoscopy as an endoscopic technique that can improve endoscopic diagnosis. This may have occurred because it is a simple, safe, quick, widely available, and inexpensive diagnostic tool. Also, new applications of staining techniques to the diagnosis of conditions such as Barrett's esophagus, celiac sprue, and the presence of Helicobacter pylori underscore the potential for routine clinical use by the gastroenterologist. Vital staining and tattooing have become even more relevant in clinical gastrointestinal practice because of evolving endoscopic therapies (such as endoscopic mucosal resection, photodynamic therapy, multipolar electrocoagulation, etc.) which require careful selection of patients suitable for treatment.
Artificial Cells: Biotechnology, Nanomedicine, Regenerative Medicine, Blood Substitutes, Bioencapsulation, and Cell/Stem Cell Therapy (2007)

50th Anniversary of Artificial Cells Including the Why, How, What and Where, and Table of New Ideas First Proposed Since that Time Basic Features of Artificial Cells: Basic Principles and General Overview of Different Areas of Artificial Cells Oxygen Therapeutics Based on Nanobiotechnology A Nanobiotechnology Therapeutic that Transports Oxygen and Removes Oxygen Radicals: for Stroke, Hemorrhagic Shock and Related Conditions Nanobiotechnology-Based Artificial Red Blood Cells Use of Enzyme Artificial Cells for Genetic Enzyme Defects that Increase Systemic Substrates to Toxic Levels Enzyme Artificial Cells for Tumor Therapy Artificial Cells in Hemoperfusion for the Removal of Systemic Toxins and Drugs Artificial Cells with Multi-Enzyme Systems Artificial Cells Containing Biological Cells, Genetically-Engineered Cells, Stem Cells and Islets in Cell Therapy Artificial Cells Containing Cells and/or Stem Cells in Regenerative Medicine Artificial Cells: Variations in Configurations, Membrane Properties and Contents Including Drug Delivery Future Perspectives of Artificial Cells.
The CRAY-1 computer system (1978)

This paper describes the CRAY-1, discusses the evolution of its architecture, and gives an account of some of the problems that were overcome during its manufacture. The CRAY-1 is the only computer to have been built to date that satisfies ERDA's Class VI requirement (a computer capable of processing from 20 to 60 million floating point operations per second) [1]. The CRAY-1's Fortran compiler (CFT) is designed to give the scientific user immediate access to the benefits of the CRAY-1's vector processing architecture. An optimizing compiler, CFT, “vectorizes” innermost DO loops. Compatible with the ANSI 1966 Fortran Standard and with many commonly supported Fortran extensions, CFT does not require any source program modifications or the use of additional nonstandard Fortran statements to achieve vectorization. Thus the user's investment of hundreds of man months of effort to develop Fortran programs for other contemporary computers is protected.
Comparison of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 L1 Chimeric Virus-Like Particles versus L1/L2 Chimeric Virus-Like Particles in Tumor Prevention (2002)

Chimeric human papillomavirus (HPV) virus-like particles (cVLPs) with the HPV16 E7 antigen fused to either the major capsid protein, L1, or the minor capsid protein, L2, have been used independently to protect against the formation of HPV-induced tumors in animal models. However, the advantages and disadvantages of both types of particles with respect to production and vaccine efficacy have never been analyzed. Therefore, in this study, we compared cVLPs with the HPV16 E7 antigen fused to L1 versus cVLPs with E7 fused to L2 with respect to their ability to protect mice from tumor challenge. The first 57 amino acids of E7 were used to overcome the size limitation and limited VLP production imposed by inserting polypeptides into L1 cVLPs. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with the above cVLPs at various doses. Tumor challenge was then performed with HPV16 E7-positive TC-1 cells. HPV16 L1-E7((1-57)) was superior to HPV16 L1/L2-E7((1-57)) in eliciting tumor protection at equivalent doses, although both types of particles were able to protect mice. Both cVLPs induced a specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to the H2-D(b)-restricted E7 peptide (E7(49-57)) as determined by an ELISPOT assay and tetramer staining; however, immunization with the L1-E7((1-57)) cVLPs resulted in twofold higher CTL precursor frequencies. Our results demonstrate that cVLPs with the antigen fused to L1 are a more efficient vaccine with respect to tumor prevention than cVLPs with the antigen fused to L2. At the same time, however, L1 cVLPs are limited by the size of the antigen that can be incorporated and in the amount of cVLP that can be obtained from cultures when compared to L1/L2 cVLPs. This balances out their superior ability to induce protective immunity.
Scale-Free Networks Are Ultrasmall (2003)

We study the diameter, or the mean distance between sites, in a scale-free network, having N sites and degree distribution p(k) proportional, variant k(-lambda), i.e., the probability of having k links outgoing from a site. In contrast to the diameter of regular random networks or small-world networks, which is known to be d approximately ln(N, we show, using analytical arguments, that scale-free networks with 2<lambda<3 have a much smaller diameter, behaving as d approximately ln(ln(N. For lambda=3, our analysis yields d approximately ln(N/ln(ln(N, as obtained by Bollobas and Riordan, while for lambda>3, d approximately ln(N. We also show that, for any lambda>2, one can construct a deterministic scale-free network with d approximately ln(ln(N, which is the lowest possible diameter.
Biomarker Identification by Feature Wrappers (2001)

Gene expression studies bridge the gap between DNA information and trait information by dissecting biochemical pathways into intermediate components between genotype and phenotype. These studies open new avenues for identifying complex disease genes and biomarkers for disease diagnosis and for assessing drug efficacy and toxicity. However, the majority of analytical methods applied to gene expression data are not efficient for biomarker identification and disease diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a general framework to incorporate feature (gene) selection into pattern recognition in the process to identify biomarkers. Using this framework, we develop three feature wrappers that search through the space of feature subsets using the classification error as measure of goodness for a particular feature subset being "wrapped around": linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression, and support vector machines. To effectively carry out this computationally intensive search process, we employ sequential forward search and sequential forward floating search algorithms. To evaluate the performance of feature selection for biomarker identification we have applied the proposed methods to three data sets. The preliminary results demonstrate that very high classification accuracy can be attained by identified composite classifiers with several biomarkers.
Favorable Conditions for Mycelial Growth of Phellinus linteus (2004)

목질진흙버섯의 균사생육에 적합한 배지로는 MYA(malt yeast agar)와 SMS(soybean flour malt extract sugar)이며, MYA를 기본배지로 사용하였다. 균사생육은 <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX>의 온도와 pH는 5.0에서 생장이 양호하였다. 영양원으로는 malt extract 2%, yeast extract 0.2%와 <TEX>$KH_{2}PO_{4}$</TEX> 0.1% 상태에서 균사생장 및 밀도가 양호하였다. C/N비는 10 : 1의 비율이 가장 적합하였다. 삼각플라스크배양을 위해서는 용기부피 300 ml Shake flask에 100 ml의 배양액을 넣고 <TEX>$5{\sim}6$</TEX>개 균사체 절편을 접종하여 20일간 배양하면 높은 고립상의 균체를 양호하게 증식시킬 수 있었다. 대량 액체종균 배양을 위해 접종원을 균질기로 분쇄하여 통기량 2.0 vvm의 조건에서 12일 배양하면 높은 균사의 생장을 보였고 접종에도 수월하였다. The main objectives of the study were to investigate cultural characteristics of Phellinus linteus. The optimum culture media for mycelial growth of P. linteus were MYA (malt yeast agar) and SMS (soybean powder malt Sucrose). Similarly, optimum temperature and pH were <TEX>$30^{\circ}C$</TEX> and 6.0, respectively. Malt extract (2%, v/v) and yeast extract (0.2%, v/v) were optimum carbon and nitrogen sources. Similarly, 0.1% <TEX>$KH_2PO_4$</TEX> was optimum mineral salt. Highest mycelial growth was observed when C/N ratio was 10 : 1. Optimum inoculum amount for flask culture was <TEX>$5{\sim}6$</TEX> mycelial discs (6 mm diameter) per 100 ml of liquid medium, Highest mycelial dry weight was obtained when cultured in 100 ml liquid medium in 300 ml shaking flask after 20 days of shaking culture, For mass liquid culture (8 l), flask culture was homogenized and used as an inoculum. Optimum culture period and aeration rate for 8l fermentation culture were 12 days and 2.0 vvm, respectively.
Integrin-mediated cell adhesion activates mitogen-activated protein kinases. (2021)

Integrins can function as signal-transducing receptors capable of modulating cell growth and gene expression (Juliano, R. L., and Haskill, S. (1993) J. Cell Biol. 120, 577-585; Hynes, R. O. (1992) Cell 69, 11-25). An early event in integrin signaling in fibroblasts and other cells involves activation of pp125FAK, a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase (Hanks, S. K., Calalb, M. B., Harper, M. C., and Patel, S. K. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89, 8487-8491; Schaller, M. D., Borgman, C. A., Cobb, B. S., Vines, R. R., Reynolds, A. B., and Parsons, J. T. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89, 5192-5196). Here we report a novel aspect of integrin-mediated signal transduction. We demonstrate that adhesion of cells to substrata coated with extracellular matrix proteins, or with a synthetic peptide containing the RGD sequence, can cause activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in 3T3 or REF52 fibroblasts. Activation of MAP kinases seems to depend on integrin engagement rather than simply on cell attachment. Thus, MAP kinases are activated when cells adhere to substrata coated with the integrin ligands fibronectin or laminin, but not when cells adhere to poly-D-lysine, a nonspecific adhesion-promoting polypeptide. Treatment of cells with cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin microfilament assembly, almost completely blocks adhesion-induced MAP kinase activation, indicating a critical role for the cytoskeleton. In REF52 cells, we have observed that activation of MAP kinases is accompanied by redistribution of the protein to the nucleus, suggesting that the activated kinases may impinge on factors regulating gene expression. Thus, integrin-mediated cell adhesion seems a sufficient stimulus to cause activation and nuclear translocation of MAP kinases. This may have important implications for the regulation of cell growth and differentiation by the extracellular matrix.
Engineering a simple, efficient code-generator generator (1992)

Many code-generator generators use tree pattern matching and dynamic programming. This paper describes a simple program that generates matchers that are fast, compact, and easy to understand. It is simpler than common alternatives: 200–700 lines of Icon or 950 lines of C versus 3000 lines of C for Twig and 5000 for burg. Its matchers run up to 25 times faster than Twig's. They are necessarily slower than burg's BURS (bottom-up rewrite system) matchers, but they are more flexible and still practical.
Phase shifting interferometry in the presence of vibration: a new algorithm and system (1990)

A modification to the usual phase shifting interferometry algorithm permits measurements to be taken fast enough to essentially freeze out vibrations. Only two interferograms are time critical in this 2 + 1 algorithm; the third is null. The implemented system acquires the two time critical interferograms with a 1-millisecond separation on either side of the interline transfer of a standard CCD video camera, resulting in a reduction in sensitivity to vibration of 1-2 orders of magnitude. The required phase shift is achieved via frequency shifting. Laboratory tests comparing this system with a commercial phase shifting package reveal comparable rms errors when vibrations are low; as expected from an analysis of potential phase errors. However, the 2 + 1 system also succeeded when vibrations were large enough to wash out video rate fringes.
The Pig as a Model for Human Nutrition (1987)

��:�����:�: ���f;��'::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: THE PIG AS MODEL . Maternal and Fetal Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Infant Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amino Acid Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The black silicon method: a universal method for determining the parameter setting of a fluorine-based reactive ion etcher in deep silicon trench etching with profile control (1995)

Very deep trenches (up to 200 μm) with high aspect ratios (up to 10) in silicon and polymers are etched using a fluorine-based plasma (SF6/O2/CHF3). Isotropic, positively and negatively (i.e. reverse) tapered as well as fully vertical walls with smooth surfaces are achieved by controlling the plasma chemistry. A convenient way to find the processing conditions needed for a vertical wall is described: the black silicon method. This new procedure is checked for three different reactive ion etchers (RIE), two parallel-plate reactors and a hexode. The influence of the RF power, pressure and gas mixture on the profile will be shown. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photos are included to demonstrate the black silicon method, the influence of the gases on the profile, and the use of this method in fabricating microelectromechanical systems (MEMS).
Synthesis of new photochromic polymers based on phenoxynaphthacenequinone (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of new photochromic polymers based on phenoxynaphthacenequinoneFrida Buchholtz, Alexander Zelichenok, and Valeri KrongauzCite this: Macromolecules 1993, 26, 5, 906–910Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00057a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00057a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views441Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Enhanced expression of an exocrine pancreatic protein in Alzheimer's disease and the developing human brain. (1990)

Pancreatic thread protein (PTP) is a major exocrine secretory protein that in vitro forms filamentous bundles reminiscent of the paired helical filaments of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We previously described increased PTP immunoreactivity in AD brains and now report high levels in the developing human brain. Using a full-length cloned bovine PTP cDNA and synthetic oligonucleotides corresponding to human PTP cDNA, which is identical to human islet cell regeneration factor, we analyzed the expression of PTP in pancreas and brain. A major 0.9-kb as well as several minor transcripts were identified in human pancreas. In AD brain, the same size transcripts were detected by Northern analysis, primer extension assay, or polymerase chain reaction amplification of cDNAs generated by reverse transcriptase assay. There were significantly higher levels of PTP mRNA in brains with AD compared with aged controls, with increased amounts of 1.2-, 0.6-, and 0.4-kb transcripts by Northern analysis. In situ hybridization localized expression to pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex, the same population that contains neurofibrillary tangles and high levels of immunoreactive PTP. These findings suggest that AD is associated with enhanced expression of PTP-related transcripts with intraneuronal accumulation of PTP-like proteins.
Packet Latency for Type-II Hybrid ARQ Transmissions over a Correlated Error Channel (2002)

Type-II Hybrid-ARQ ype-II HARQ) has been shown, under certain circumstances, to increase the efficiency and reduce packet loss of data transmissions over a wireless channel We present a model for evaluating the performance of packet transmissions over a wireless link employing Type-II HARQ error mitigation. Considering a channel subject to correlated bit errors, numerical results for a wide range of channel statistics are presented, illustrating the effect of bit error correlation, bit error rate, and block size on packet latency.
Hepatic uptake of [3H]retinol bound to the serum retinol binding protein involves both parenchymal and perisinusoidal stellate cells. (1985)

We have studied the hepatic uptake of retinol bound to the circulating retinol binding protein-transthyretin complex. Labeled complex was obtained from the plasma of donor rats that were fed radioactive retinol. When labeled retinol-retinol binding protein-transthyretin complex was injected intravenously into control rats, about 45% of the administered dose was recovered in liver after 56 h. Parenchymal liver cells were responsible for an initial rapid uptake. Perisinusoidal stellate cells initially accumulated radioactivity more slowly than did the parenchymal cells, but after 16 h, these cells contained more radioactivity than the parenchymal cells. After 56 h, about 70% of the radioactivity recovered in liver was present in stellate cells. For the first 2 h after injection, most of the radioactivity in parenchymal cells was recovered as unesterified retinol. The radioactivity in the retinyl ester fraction increased after a lag period of about 2 h, and after 5 h more than 60% of the radioactivity was recovered as retinyl esters. In stellate cells, radioactivity was mostly present as retinyl esters at all time points examined. Uptake of retinol in both parenchymal cells and stellate cells was reduced considerably in vitamin A-deficient rats. Less than 5% of the injected dose of radioactivity was found in liver after 5-6 h (as compared to 25% in control rats), and the radioactivity recovered in liver from these animals was mostly in the unesterified retinol fraction. Studies with separated cells in vitro suggested that both parenchymal and stellate cells isolated from control rats were able to take up retinol from the retinol-retinol binding protein-transthyretin complex. This uptake was temperature dependent.
Sequence stratigraphic-based analysis of reservoir connectivity: influence of depositional architecture – a case study from a marginal marine depositional setting (2005)

This case study of the Sunrise and Troubadour fields (offshore northwest Australia) concentrates on the impact of primary depositional architecture on reservoir connectivity via a sequence stratigraphic-based, 3D reservoir modelling approach. The marginal marine reservoir is composed of fluvial-dominated and wave-dominated depositional environments. The succession is divided into six sequences and 12 systems tracts. Each systems tract is subdivided into parasequences which form the basic building blocks of the 3D model. The connectivity of sandbodies within each parasequence, systems tract and sequence were calculated when the models were palinspastically restored to a depositional datum. The findings indicate that depositional connectivity trends within a sequence stratigraphic framework are predictable. Connectivity trends can be related directly to depositional and stratigraphic trends and to position in the sequence stratigraphic hierarchy. Therefore, with a good understanding of depositional settings and high resolution sequence stratigraphic subdivision of strata, predictions of depositional connectivity trends at all stratigraphic hierarchical levels can be made. All connectivity trends at sequence and systems tract stratigraphic hierarchical levels remained the same when the area of the model was reduced by a factor of four and the volume of the model was reduced by truncation below the gas–water contact. Hence, the relationships between the stratigraphic trends and the connectivity trends for the thicker stratigraphic units can be said to be scale invariant. Three-dimensional reservoir models currently provide the best means of quantitatively assessing and predicting reservoir connectivity. However, in low fault density settings, initial screening of reservoir connectivity can be made using connectivity indicators calculated from simple parameters derived from well data such as ‘Thickness divided by Sand/Shale ratio’.