gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19 (2021)

The science around the use of masks by the public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. In this narrative review, we develop an analytical framework to examine mask usage, synthesizing the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: population impact, transmission characteristics, source control, wearer protection, sociological considerations, and implementation considerations. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via respiratory particles, and it is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic, paucisymptomatic, and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: limiting contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures and reducing the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected respiratory particles in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. Given the current shortages of medical masks, we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. Because many respiratory particles become smaller due to evaporation, we recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage: mask wearing by infectious people ("source control") with benefits at the population level, rather than only mask wearing by susceptible people, such as health care workers, with focus on individual outcomes. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation.
Upconversion Luminescent Materials: Advances and Applications (2014)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTUpconversion Luminescent Materials: Advances and ApplicationsJing Zhou, Qian Liu, Wei Feng, Yun Sun, and Fuyou Li*View Author Information Department of Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers & Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China*Fax: 86-21-55664621. Tel: 86-21-55664185. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 1, 395–465Publication Date (Web):December 10, 2014Publication History Received1 September 2013Published online10 December 2014Published inissue 14 January 2015https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr400478fhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr400478freview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2014 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views47956Altmetric-Citations1809LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Absorption,Biological imaging,Lanthanides,Luminescence,Nanoparticles Get e-Alerts
Kinetic studies on the peroxidase activity of selenosubtilisin (1993)

Selenosubtilisin, a semisynthetic selenoenzyme produced by chemical modification of the serine protease subtilisin, acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase, catalyzing the reduction of tert-butyl hydroperoxide by 3-carboxy-4-nitrobenzenethiol. To clarify the mechanism of action of this catalyst, detailed kinetic studies have been carried out. Thiol-mediated reduction converts the seleninic acid form of selenosubtilisin (ESeO2H) into a selenenyl sulfide (ESeSAr). Investigations into the reduction of ESeO2H by the aromatic thiol revealed saturation kinetics and were consistent with a significant lowering of the pKa of the seleninic acid in the enzyme active site. While the reduction of ESeO2H was slow compared with a simple model system, the reduced selenoenzyme (ESeSAr) exhibited a much greater peroxidase activity than model compounds. The enzymic selenocysteine residue was shown to be crucial for this activity, and ping-pong kinetics were observed. A catalytic cycle involving interconversion of the ESeSAr, ESeH, and ESeOH forms of the enzyme has been proposed that is consistent with all the available data. The pH-rate profile for the peroxidase activity indicates the involvement of the active site histidine (His64) in the rate-determining step, which these investigations suggest is attack of ArS- on ESeSAr. The results presented here correlated well with crystallographic and spectroscopic data and provide more detailed information about crucial interactions within the active site of selenosubtilisin.
Ex vivo– and in vivo–induced dead tumor cells as modulators of antitumor responses (2010)

Joint application of standard tumor therapies like radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy with immune therapy has long been considered not to fit. However, it has become accepted that immune responses may contribute to the elimination of cancer cells. We present how in vivo-induced tumor cell death by irradiation, chemotherapeutic agents, or hyperthermia can be rendered more immunogenic. High hydrostatic pressure is introduced as an innovative inactivation method for tumor cells used as vaccines. Annexin A5, being a natural occurring ligand for phosphatidylserine that is exposed by dying tumor cells, renders apoptotic tumor cells immunogenic and induces tumor regression. Combinations of irradiation with hyperthermia may also foster antitumor responses. For preparation of autologous tumor cell vaccines, high hydrostatic pressure is suitable to induce immunogenic cancer cell death. Future work will be aimed toward evaluating which combination and chronological sequence of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hyperthermia, annexin A5, and/or autologous tumor cell vaccines will induce specific and long-lasting antitumor immunity.
On the Relationship of Least Squares to Cross-Correlation Quantitative Spectral Analysis (1983)

A recent paper by Mann et al. proposes using a property of cross-correlation for quantitative spectral analysis. This paper discusses similarities and provides a comparison among several methods of extracting quantitative information from spectral data. Cross-correlation quantitative analysis is shown to be an extension of least squares spectral quantitation for single components which reduces, in a limiting case, to least squares quantitation. By adopting a vector formalism, the cross-correlation approach is easily implemented without the need for the Fourier transform computations discussed in Ref. 1. An example application of the simplified cross-correlation computation is described and compared to an orthogonal weight vector approach outlined in a comprehensive paper by Morgan.
Human anti-transforming growth factor-beta2 antibody: a new glaucoma anti-scarring agent. (1999)

Subconjunctival rhAnti-TGF-beta2 mAb treatment significantly affects surgical outcome and effectively reduces conjunctival scarring both in vitro and in vivo. It appears safe for subconjunctival administration and when compared with mitomycin-C treatment histologically, much less destructive to local tissue. rhAnti-TGF-beta2 mAb may have potential as a new anti-scarring agent for use in glaucoma filtration surgery.
Expression of messenger ribonucleic acids encoding the inhibin/activin system during mid- and late-gestation rat embryogenesis (1994)

We recently demonstrated that inhibin/activin alpha-, beta A-, and beta B-subunit messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are localized in a variety of embryonic rat tissues from 12-20 days post coitum (pc) and reported localizations consistent with possible growth effects of activin during rat embryogenesis. In the present study, we examined the tissue-specific distribution of mRNAs encoding all known players of the inhibin/activin system. In situ hybridization with radiolabeled RNA probes specific for mouse activin receptors (ActRII and ActRIIB), rat follistatin, and rat inhibin/activin subunits was used to examine the spatiotemporal expression of these molecules in adjacent sections of postimplantation rat embryos (8-20 days pc) as well as in midgestation placenta and uterine tissues (8-12 days pc). With the exception of the dorsal root ganglion and salivary gland, alpha- and beta B-subunit mRNAs were found exclusively in reproductive tissues (brain, pituitary, and/or gonads). beta A-Subunit mRNA signal was observed in the brain and gonads as well as in a variety of other tissues during embryogenesis. ActRII mRNA was found exclusively in neuronal tissue from 14 days pc until birth. ActRIIB mRNA was also found in brain, spinal cord, and ganglion, but usually appeared earlier in development than the ActRII message. ActRIIB message was also expressed in a number of other tissues, in some cases along with beta A-subunit mRNA. In these tissues, ActRIIB expression was confined to epithelial and endothelial cell types. Follistatin message was observed in all tissues (except the heart and vessels) localizing beta A-subunit and/or ActRIIB but not in the same cell type. Outside the embryo, beta A-subunit mRNA was localized in the decidua capsularis during midgestation, whereas ActRIIB message was found in placenta as early as 9 days pc. Expression of follistatin message was apparent in decidua from 8-11 days pc, then disappeared from this tissue and was abundant in myometrium at 12 days pc. These data suggest that: 1) inhibin and activin regulate aspects of the fetal reproductive system, whereas activin A may regulate the growth and differentiation of many embryonic tissues; 2) ActRII and ActRIIB serve different roles during development of the rat embryo; and 3) follistatin is in a position to modulate the effects of activin during postimplantation rat embryogenesis.
Structural Determinants of A3 Adenosine Receptor Activation:  Nucleoside Ligands at the Agonist/Antagonist Boundary (2002)

Mutagenesis of the human A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) suggested that certain amino acid residues contributed differently to ligand binding and activation processes. Here we demonstrated that various adenosine modifications, including adenine substitution and ribose ring constraints, also contributed differentially to these processes. The ligand effects on cyclic AMP production in intact CHO cells expressing the A(3)AR and in receptor binding were compared. Notably, the simple 2-fluoro group alone or 2-chloro in combination with N(6)-substitution dramatically diminished the efficacy of adenosine derivatives, even converting agonist into antagonist. Other affinity-increasing substitutions, including N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl) 4 and the (Northern)-methanocarba 15, also reduced efficacy, except in combination with a flexible 5'-uronamide. 2-Cl-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl) derivatives, both in the (N)-methanocarba (i.e., of the Northern conformation) and riboside series 18 and 5, respectively, were potent antagonists with little residual agonism. Ring-constrained 2',3'-epoxide derivatives in both riboside and (N)-methanocarba series 13 and 21, respectively, and a cyclized (spiral) 4',5'-uronamide derivative 14 were synthesized and found to be human A(3)AR antagonists. 14 bound potently at both human (26 nM) and rat (49 nM) A(3)ARs. A rhodopsin-based A(3)AR model, containing all domains except the C-terminal region, indicated separate structural requirements for receptor binding and activation for these adenosine analogues. Ligand docking, taking into account binding of selected derivatives at mutant A(3)ARs, featured interactions of TM3 (His95) with the adenine moiety and TMs 6 and 7 with the ribose 5'-region. The 5'-OH group of antagonist N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-2-chloroadenosine 5 formed a H-bond with N274 but not with S271. The 5'-substituent of nucleoside antagonists moved toward TM7 and away from TM6. The conserved Trp243 (6.48) side chain, involved in recognition of the classical (nonnucleoside) A(3)AR antagonists but not adenosine-derived ligands, displayed a characteristic movement exclusively upon docking of agonists. Thus, A(3)AR activation appeared to require flexibility at the 5'- and 3'-positions, which was diminished in (N)-methanocarba, spiro, and epoxide analogues, and was characteristic of ribose interactions at TM6 and TM7.
The effect of a branched architecture on the antimicrobial activity of poly(sulfone amines) and poly(sulfone amine)/silver nanocomposites (2012)

The antimicrobial activity of a series of cationic poly(sulfone amines) (PSAs) with different branched architectures and their polymer/silver (PSA/Ag) nanocomposites was investigated. PSAs with different branched architectures were synthesized through the polycondensation–addition reaction of divinylsulfone and 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine in mixed solvents. The silver ions were complexed to PSAs and then reduced to form PSA/Ag nanocomposites. The size of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) decreased with an increasing polymeric branched architecture. Both PSAs and PSA/Ag nanocomposites exhibited antimicrobial activity. Interestingly, the influence of the branched architecture on the antimicrobial activity was quite different for PSAs and PSA/Ag nanocomposites. For PSAs, the antimicrobial activity decreased with the branched architecture due to the reduced zeta-potential and low toxicity of the branched polymers. Owing to the high specific surface of small AgNPs, PSA/Ag nanocomposites exhibited an enhanced antimicrobial activity with an increasing polymeric branched architecture. These results demonstrate that the branched architecture of PSAs has an obvious influence on the antimicrobial activity of PSAs and PSA/Ag nanocomposites.
Automated leukocyte processing by microfluidic deterministic lateral displacement (2016)

We previously developed a Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) microfluidic method in silicon to separate cells of various sizes from blood (Davis et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci 2006;103:14779-14784; Huang et al., Science 2004;304:987-990). Here, we present the reduction-to-practice of this technology with a commercially produced, high precision plastic microfluidic chip-based device designed for automated preparation of human leukocytes (white blood cells; WBCs) for flow cytometry, without centrifugation or manual handling of samples. After a human blood sample was incubated with fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), the mixture was input to a DLD microfluidic chip (microchip) where it was driven through a micropost array designed to deflect WBCs via DLD on the basis of cell size from the Input flow stream into a buffer stream, thus separating WBCs and any larger cells from smaller cells and particles and washing them simultaneously. We developed a microfluidic cell processing protocol that recovered 88% (average) of input WBCs and removed 99.985% (average) of Input erythrocytes (red blood cells) and >99% of unbound mAb in 18 min (average). Flow cytometric evaluation of the microchip Product, with no further processing, lysis or centrifugation, revealed excellent forward and side light scattering and fluorescence characteristics of immunolabeled WBCs. These results indicate that cost-effective plastic DLD microchips can speed and automate leukocyte processing for high quality flow cytometry analysis, and suggest their utility for multiple other research and clinical applications involving enrichment or depletion of common or rare cell types from blood or tissue samples. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Functional Reach: A Marker of Physical Frailty (1992)

Based on cross-sectional data, FR is a practical instrument that correlates with physical frailty even more than with age.
Rapid and Selective Selenium-Mediated Autoligation of DNA Strands (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTRapid and Selective Selenium-Mediated Autoligation of DNA StrandsYanzheng Xu and Eric T. KoolView Author Information Department of Chemistry University of Rochester Rochester, New York 14627 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 37, 9040–9041Publication Date (Web):August 31, 2000Publication History Received16 November 1999Published online31 August 2000Published inissue 1 September 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja994019hhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja994019hrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views686Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Chemical reactions,Genetics,Ligation,Selenium,Sulfur Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: FACILE SYNTHESIS OF NEW PYRROLO(3,4‐D)PYRIMIDINE‐2,4‐DIONES (1974)

Abstract Durch Erhitzen des 3‐Aminopyrrols (I) mit den Isocyanaten (II) erhält man die Harnstoffe (III), die sich mit Natriumäthylat bei Raumtemperatur zu den Pyrrolo(3,4‐d)pyrimidin‐2,4‐dionen (IV) cyclisieren lassen.
Minimal Model Analysis of Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test-Derived Insulin Sensitivity in Diabetic Subjects* (1990)

Although minimal model analysis of frequently sampled iv glucose tolerance tests (FSIGTs) to measure insulin sensitivity is well recognized, application has been limited by the need for endogenous insulin secretion. In the present study we determined whether use of exogenous insulin could permit minimal model assessment of insulin sensitivity (SI) to be extended to diabetic subjects. Normal volunteers had separate FSIGT assessments supplemented with both tolbutamide and insulin to accelerate glucose disappearance, while diabetics had a FSIGT supplemented only with insulin. There was a strong and highly significant correlation between the two assessments in normal subjects (r = 0.87; P less than 0.001), and the rank order of SI generally was maintained with the two assessments over a 3-fold range of SI; however, insulin-determined SI was 16% lower (3.4 +/- 0.4 vs. 4.1 +/- 0.4 x 10(-4) min/microU.microL; P less than 0.01). Diabetic subjects had markedly lower insulin sensitivity than controls (SI = 0.61 +/- 0.16; P less than 0.0001). Across all subjects, the level of fasting serum glucose was correlated inversely with both insulin sensitivity (r = -0.62; P less than 0.05) and acute insulin responses (r = -0.72; P less than 0.02); however, insulin sensitivity in diabetic subjects with little insulin secretion (0.6 +/- 0.2) was comparable to insulin sensitivity in diabetic subjects with near-normal responses (0.6 +/- 0.3). In subjects with fasting hyperglycemia, there were significant correlations between insulin sensitivity and body mass index, percent fat mass, and waist/hip ratio (all P less than 0.03). Among all female subjects, there was also a strong correlation between insulin sensitivity and upper body obesity, as measured by waist/hip ratio (r = -0.68; P less than 0.02). Model parameters also permitted glucose uptake to be estimated in diabetic vs. normal subjects at comparable hyperglycemia (11.1 mmol/L). Total glucose uptake was decreased in diabetic subjects (5.2 +/- 0.8 vs. 12.7 +/- 1.7 mg/min.kg in normals; P less than 0.001), insulin-dependent glucose uptake was diminished to a greater extent (1.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 6.2 +/- 1.2) than noninsulin-independent glucose uptake (3.9 +/- 0.5 vs. 6.4 +/- 0.9; both P less than 0.02). Administration of insulin permits minimal model FSIGT analysis to be applied to diabetic as well as normal subjects, yielding information about both insulin- and noninsulin-mediated glucose uptake as well as insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion.
Activation of protein kinase C induces rapid internalization and subsequent degradation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in neuroblastoma cells. (1986)

The tumor-promoting phorbol ester 4 beta-phorbol 12 beta-myristate 13 alpha-acetate (PMA), which activates protein kinase C, acted synergistically with A23187 to decrease muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) number in neuroblastoma cells (clone N1E-115) as determined by a filter binding assay using [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate in membrane homogenates. After a 6-h incubation, 10(-7) M PMA and 3 X 10(-7) M A23187 reduced mAChR number 30-40%, compared to the 40-50% reduction observed after treatment with 10(-3) M carbachol, a muscarinic agonist. Incubation with 3 X 10(-7) M A23187 and 10(-7) M 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, an inactive phorbol ester, did not alter mAChR number. The addition of PMA and A23187 to cultures incubated with 10(-3) M carbachol caused only a modest 6% further reduction in mAChR number as compared to incubation with carbachol alone. The kinetics of the decrease in mAChR number produced by PMA/A23187 were similar to those seen after carbachol treatment. Recovery of mAChR number after treatment with either carbachol or PMA/A23187 was blocked by treatment with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Intact cell binding studies employing [3H]N-methylscopolamine showed that treatment with either PMA/A23187 or carbachol caused a rapid (within 15 min) loss of receptors from the cell surface prior to the decrease in total mAChR number. PMA (10(-7) M), but not 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, promoted the translocation of protein kinase C activity from the cytosol to the membrane. Incubation with carbachol increased membrane-associated protein kinase C activity within 5 min with an EC50 of 3 X 10(-6) M. This increase persisted for at least 60 min in the continued presence of carbachol and was blocked by simultaneous incubation with atropine. These results suggest that activation of protein kinase C may be involved in the regulation of mAChR number in response to agonist.