gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides; effects of heat and chemicals on erythrocyte-modifying, antigenic, toxic and pyrogenic properties. (1956)

The effects of physical and chemical agents on the biological properties of purified enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides have been studied. The following observations have been made: 

1. 1. The untreated lipopolysaccharides are markedly effective as antibody neutralizing antigens. They possess a high degree of toxicity and pyrogenicity, but they have only a limited erythrocyte-modifying capacity.

2. 2. Treatment of these lipopolysaccharides with heat or with sodium hydroxide for short periods of time results in an increase of their capacity to modify erythrocytes without alteration of their antigenicity (antibody-neutralizing potency) toxicity or pyrogenicity. Treatment with sodium hydroxide for longer intervals does not affect their antibody-neutralizing and erythrocyte-modifying capacity, but results in a marked loss of toxicity and pyrogenicity.

3. 3. Oxidation of the Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide with periodate yields a compound of low toxicity and marked pyrogenicity. The capacity of this substance to neutralize antibody is almost completely abolished.

4. 4. A degraded, lipid-free polysaccharide component obtained from Salmonella abortus equi lipopolysaccharide exhibited reduced antibodycombining capacity when compared with the original product; treatment with heat and sodium hydroxide fails to produce any erythrocyte-modifying capacity.

5. 5. Red blood cells which have been modified with heated or sodium hydroxide treated lipopolysaccharides specifically absorb homologous bacterial antibodies. Erythrocytes which have been in contact with equivalent amounts of untreated antigens do not.

6. 6. The results of this study indicate that the various biological activities of bacterial lipopolysaccharides are affected differentially by different physical and chemical agents.

7. 7. The significance of the data has been discussed with particular reference to the relationship of chemical and physical-chemical characteristics of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides and their components to the various biological activities of these compounds.
HKUST-1 membranes on porous supports using secondary growth (2010)

Here we report the synthesis of continuous HKUST-1 membranes on porous supports via the secondary (i.e., seeded) growth method. A new seeding technique (“thermal seeding”) was developed to strongly anchor HKUST-1 seed crystals on porous α-alumina supports. It was found critical to have both organic ligands and copper species in the seed suspension as well as to seed the crystals at elevated temperature. The HKUST-1 seed crystals on the supports were then hydrothermally grown into continuous HKUST-1 films. The formation of cracks and fractures in the films was prevented by controlling the cooling and the drying processes after crystallization. The permeation results of HKUST-1 membranes show moderate separation of hydrogen over other small gas molecules such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, and methane.
Multi-waveform technologies for multi-mission radio applications (2002)

The author describes the development of novel technologies and concepts for a multiwaveform radio with multimission applications-a radio configured around mission requirements vs. traditional frequency band requirements. A radio architecture developed to meet various waveforms and frequency bands are discussed. Future enhancements, including various modulation modes, waveform features, and future and backward compatibility modes, are considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Adsorption of Methylene Blue and Acid Blue 40 on Titania from Aqueous Solution (2003)

Langmuir type adsorption was observed for two systems: methylene blue (MB) on TX titania and acid blue 40 (AB40) on P25 titania at an ambient temperature of (23 ± 2) °C and ambient pH initially at 4.6 ± 0.2 for P25 titania and 7.8 ± 0.2 for TX titania. Based on a Langmuir analysis, values for maximum surface coverage, Nmax, and adsorption intensity, b, are 1.6 × 10-5 mol MB·g-1 and 3.6 × 104 L·mol-1, respectively, for TX titania. An Nmax value of 5.0 × 10-5 mol AB40·g-1 was determined for P25 titania. The TX titania adsorption surface area is estimated to be 12 m2·g-1 based on maximum adsorption of methylene blue. Results of gel electrophoresis on both dyes at pH values of 4 and 9 indicate that methylene blue remains cationic and acid blue 40 remains anionic in this pH range. Single-point adsorption experiments at selected pH values other than ambient were performed. Experimental evidence clearly indicates that electrostatic attraction is a reasonable explanation for the observed adsorption process in the MB/TX system. Although the evidence is less conclusive, electrostatic attraction may also influence the adsorption process of the AB40/P25 system.
Lipase catalysis in the resolution of racemic intermediates of diltiazem synthesis in organic solvents (1993)

The key intermediates of the diltiazem synthesis, methyl trans-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)glycidate 1 and methyl threo-2-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(2-nitrophenylthio)propionate 2, have been successfully resolved by using lipase catalysis in organic solvents. In the resolution of the glycidate 1, enzymatic enantioselectivity greatly depends on the solvent, tertiary alcohols leading to the highest optical purities of the products: e.e. close to 90% at 60% conversion for the unchanged (2R,3S)enantiomer and over 90% for the new (2S,3R)-ester, when the first 20% of the product is formed, can be obtained. Ester hydrolysis takes place simultaneously with ester alcoholysis. The enzymatic acylation of compound 2 with acid anhydrides or vinyl esters in THF tends to stop at 50% conversion, yielding the two enantiomers with an e.e. of the order of 100%. The enantiomers can be easily separated by flash chromatography.
Comparative studies on monotypic IgMlamba and IgGkappa from an individual patient. II. Amino-terminal sequence analyses. (1976)

Amino terminal sequence analyses were performed on the H and L chains of the idiotypically related IgMlambda and IgGkappa paraproteins isolated from the sera of a patient, Br. The N-terminal 41 residues of the Br k-chain belonged to the Vkiii subgroup, and L chains derived from BrIgMlambda revealed a blocked N-terminus characteristics of lambda-chains. Comparative sequence analysis of the Br mu- and gamma-chains indicated that, although both possessed an unblocked N-terminal glutamic acid, the respective VH regions belonged to seperate subgroups. The N-terminal 27 residues of the Br mu-chain reflected a typical VHiii subgroup sequence. The Br gamma-chain sequence demonstrated a VHI pattern with an unblocked N-terminus. These structural data stand in contrast to previously reported serologic evidence, which indicated that the BrIgMlambda and BrIgGkappa proteins possessed highly similar Vh-associated idiotypic determinants. Final interpretation of these findings of similar Vh idiotypic determinants expressed by H chains belonging to seperate Vh subgroups must await complete sequence analysis of hypervariable segments of the Br gamma- and mu-chains.
Comparative Evaluation of Left and Right Ventricular Endomyocardial Biopsy (2010)

Both LV-EMB and RV-EMB are safe procedures if performed by experienced interventionalists. The diagnostic yield of EMB may be optimized when samples from both ventricles are available. Preferential biopsy in regions showing late gadolinium enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance does not increase the number of positive diagnoses of myocarditis.
Phyllotreta striolata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): Arginine kinase cloning and RNAi-based pest control (2008)

Insect pests cause billions of dollars in crop losses and there is the ever-present threat of insecticide resistance, pesticide pollution of food and environmental damage. New ways of controlling insect pests are urgently needed. Arginine kinase (AK) is a phosphotransferase, which plays a critical role in cellular energy metabolism in invertebrates. It only presents in invertebrates and may be a suitable chemotherapeutic target in the control of pests. In this study, we cloned and characterized the full-length AK gene from Phyllotreta striolata, one of the most destructive beetle pests worldwide. Furthermore, we constructed a dsRNA targeting AK and used RNAi to control the beetle. The feeding bioassays indicated that minute quantities of dsRNA greatly impaired the beetle's development. Ingestion of dsRNA not only significantly retarded the development and increased the mortality of adults, it also greatly reduced fecundity and fertility, suggesting that RNAi targeting AK is a potential and attractive tool for controlling insect pests.
Cytokine-driven Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Naive, Central Memory, and Effector Memory CD4+ T Cells (2001)

Memory T lymphocytes proliferate in vivo in the absence of antigen maintaining a pool of central memory T cells (T(CM)) and effector memory T cells (T(EM)) with distinct effector function and homing capacity. We compared human CD4(+) naive T, T(CM), and T(EM) cells for their capacity to proliferate in response to cytokines, that have been implicated in T cell homeostasis. Interleukin (IL)-7 and IL-15 expanded with very high efficiency T(EM), while T(CM) were less responsive and naive T cells failed to respond. Dendritic cells (DCs) and DC-derived cytokines allowed naive T cells to proliferate selectively in response to IL-4, and potently boosted the response of T(CM) to IL-7 and IL-15 by increasing the expression of the IL-2/IL-15Rbeta and the common gamma chain (gamma(c)). The extracellular signal regulated kinase and the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases were selectively required for TCR and cytokine-driven proliferation, respectively. Importantly, in cytokine-driven cultures, some of the proliferating T(CM) differentiated to T(EM)-like cells acquiring effector function and switching chemokine receptor expression from CCR7 to CCR5. The sustained antigen-independent generation of T(EM) from a pool of T(CM) cells provides a plausible mechanism for the maintenance of a polyclonal and functionally diverse repertoire of human CD4(+) memory T cells.
Signal processing for photovoltaic applications (2012)

The need for the usage of signal processing and pattern recognition techniques to monitor photovoltaic (PV) arrays and to detect and respond to faults with minimal human involvement is increasing. The data obtained from the array can be used to dynamically modify the array topology and improve array power output. This is beneficial especially when module mismatches such as shading, soiling and aging occur in the PV array. A robust statistics-based fault detection algorithm to find faulty modules is presented. Further, topology optimization of PV arrays using module level data is considered. Various topologies such as the series-parallel (SP), the total cross-tied (TCT), the bridge link (BL) and their bypassed versions are considered. The performance associated with these topologies for a possible shading pattern is analyzed and a topology reconfiguration algorithm is employed to find an optimal configuration. The results demonstrate the benefit of having an electrically re-configurable array topology. Results were generated in a SPICE simulator using synthetic and real data obtained from the APS experimental PV array facility.
Improve tree kernel-based event pronoun resolution with competitive information (2011)

Event anaphora resolution plays a critical role in discourse analysis. This paper proposes a tree kernel-based framework for event pronoun resolution. In particular, a new tree expansion scheme is introduced to automatically determine a proper parse tree structure for event pronoun resolution by considering various kinds of competitive information related with the anaphor and the antecedent candidate. Evaluation on the OntoNotes English corpus shows the appropriateness of the tree kernel-based framework and the effectiveness of competitive information for event pronoun resolution.
Impact of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy from 1972 to 1998 (2000)

The antibiotic era began with the discovery, in 1939 and 1940, of the first three significant antibiotics, namely, tyrothricin (of bacterial origin), penicillin (a rediscovery of an antibiotic of fungal origin), and actinomycin (a product of actinomycetes). Within the first 18 years of the antibiotic era, about 30 antimicrobial agents had come into use, as noted by Selman Waksman, the discoverer of streptomycin (20). Included among these, in addition to streptomycin, were chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, bacitracin, erythromycin, novobiocin, oleandomycin, vancomycin, and antimycotic agents such as nystatin and griseofulvin.
Application of geographic information system to solid waste management (2013)

Waste management is a global observable occurrence. It constitutes a huge environmental problem if notproperly supervised. There is a considerable amount of waste disposal without proper planning which has led to both economic and environment challenges. There is a tremendous amount of loss in terms of environmental degradation, health hazards and economic descend due to direct disposal of waste. GIS is a tool that enhances effective coordination of spatial data. However, this effective planning tool has not been used in most African countries, particularly Nigeria, for managing waste disposal. On the technology side, existing systems are often closed and un-commercialised forcing agencies to use GIS solutions that are primarily not for waste disposal thereby limiting developing countries environmental management effort. This work develops a system that enhances waste management authority in planning and combating the menace of the improper solid waste disposal. The developed system solves the problem of allocation and relocation of waste bins, no separate bins for recyclable waste, and no direct communication means between citizen and waste management authority. A survey with 60 respondentswithin the study area was carried out. The analysis of the result that 90% of the residents uses personal house waste bins to collect and store their garbage before dumping it into the municipal waste bin and it was seen that 65% keep the garbage for 1 or 2 days and 30% keep it for 2 to 3days while 5% keep it for 3 to 4days. It was also seen that 70% had given a preference of 100 meters as a convenient distance to the municipal waste bins.
Lipid metabolism in cancer (2012)

Lipids form a diverse group of water-insoluble molecules that include triacylglycerides, phosphoglycerides, sterols and sphingolipids. They play several important roles at cellular and organismal levels. Fatty acids are the major building blocks for the synthesis of triacylglycerides, which are mainly used for energy storage. Phosphoglycerides, together with sterols and sphingolipids, represent the major structural components of biological membranes. Lipids can also have important roles in signalling, functioning as second messengers and as hormones. There is increasing evidence that cancer cells show specific alterations in different aspects of lipid metabolism. These alterations can affect the availability of structural lipids for the synthesis of membranes, the synthesis and degradation of lipids that contribute to energy homeostasis and the abundance of lipids with signalling functions. Changes in lipid metabolism can affect numerous cellular processes, including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation and motility. This review will examine some of the alterations in lipid metabolism that have been reported in cancer, at both cellular and organismal levels, and discuss how they contribute to different aspects of tumourigenesis.
Mutant Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors as Targeted Cancer Therapeutics (2019)

The identification of heterozygous neomorphic isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations across multiple cancer types including both solid and hematologic malignancies has revolutionized our understanding of oncogenesis in these malignancies and the potential for targeted therapeutics using small molecule inhibitors. The neomorphic mutation in IDH generates an oncometabolite product, 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), which has been linked to the disruption of metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms responsible for cellular differentiation and is likely an early and critical contributor to oncogenesis. In the past 2 years, two mutant IDH (mutIDH) inhibitors, Enasidenib (AG-221), and Ivosidenib (AG-120), have been FDA-approved for IDH-mutant relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) based on phase 1 safety and efficacy data and continue to be studied in trials in hematologic malignancies, as well as in glioma, cholangiocarcinoma, and chondrosarcoma. In this review, we will summarize the molecular pathways and oncogenic consequences associated with mutIDH with a particular emphasis on glioma and AML, and systematically review the development and preclinical testing of mutIDH inhibitors. Existing clinical data in both hematologic and solid tumors will likewise be reviewed followed by a discussion on the potential limitations of mutIDH inhibitor monotherapy and potential routes for treatment optimization using combination therapy.
Effects of equivalent oxide thickness on bandgap-engineered SONOS flash memory (2009)

In order to implement more advanced nonvolatile memory device, many studies have been devoted to improve program/erase speed, endurance, and retention characteristics of nitride-based SONOS flash memory. As the CMOS device size shrinks down, the oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) multi-layer where charge storage takes place in discrete traps in the silicon nitride layer needs the optimization of thickness and material properties in order for the SONOS flash device to follow the CMOS technology development trend. However, the retention characteristics of SONOS flash memory degrade with the scaling of tunnel oxide, although the program/erase speed is enhanced with the decrease of tunnel oxide thickness. To overcome this problem, we adopted the SONOS structures with bandgap-engineered tunnel oxide layer. The bandgap- engineered SONOS flash memory provides faster erase speed and better retention characteristics than the conventional SONOS flash memory in our previous work. In order to identify the limitation of the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of the ultra-thin ONO barrier which replaces the single tunnel oxide layer in the conventional SONOS structures, we have controlled the EOT of the ONO barrier by the standard CMOS process and investigated their effects on the program/erase speed, memory window, and data retention characteristics of the bandgap-engineered SONOS flash memory device. As a result, the experimental data show that the ONO has a degree of freedom in the thickness of each layer but the data retention loss should be still considered. The SONOS flash memory with bandgap engineering by adopting the ONO barrier instead of single tunnel oxide layer should have a lower limit of 3 nm as the EOT for both performance and reliability.
SpliceMachine: predicting splice sites from high-dimensional local context representations (2004)

sven.degroeve@psb.ugent.be; yves.vandepeer@psb.ugent.be.
Chemistry of High-Temperature Superconductors (1988)

Spectacular advances in superconductors have taken place in the past two years. The upper temperature for superconductivity has risen from 23 K to 122 K, and there is reason to believe that the ascent is still ongoing. The materials causing this excitement are oxides. Those oxides that superconduct at the highest temperatures contain copper-oxygen sheets; however, other elements such as bismuth and thallium play a key role in this new class of superconductors. These superconductors are attracting attention because of the possibility of a wide range of applications and because the science is fascinating. A material that passes an electrical current with virtually no loss is more remarkable when this occurs at 120 K instead of 20 K.
Association Between Drinking‐Related Antisocial Behavior and a Polymorphism in the Serotonin Transporter Gene in a Japanese Population (1999)

The present study failed to provide supportive evidence for an association of the S/S genotype with severe alcoholism marked by physical withdrawal symptoms or with antisocial behaviors among the Japanese. Although our data support involvement of the central serotoninergic system in some types of alcoholism, the potential association findings of this study emerged as only exploratory and, therefore, should be understood as tentative until replicated in other studies.
Use of agents stimulating erythropoiesis in digestive diseases (2009)

Anemia is the most common complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Control and inadequate treatment leads to a worse quality of life and increased morbidity and hospitalization. Blood loss, and to a lesser extent, malabsorption of iron are the main causes of iron deficiency in IBD. There is also a variable component of anemia related to chronic inflammation. The anemia of chronic renal failure has been treated for many years with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO), which significantly improves quality of life and survival. Subsequently, rHuEPO has been used progressively in other conditions that occur with anemia of chronic processes such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis or IBD, and anemia associated with the treatment of hepatitis C virus. Erythropoietic agents complete the range of available therapeutic options for treatment of anemia associated with IBD, which begins by treating the basis of the inflammatory disease, along with intravenous iron therapy as first choice. In cases of resistance to treatment with iron, combined therapy with erythropoietic agents aims to achieve near-normal levels of hemoglobin/hematocrit (11-12 g/dL). New formulations of intravenous iron (iron carboxymaltose) and the new generation of erythropoietic agents (darbepoetin and continuous erythropoietin receptor activator) will allow better dosing with the same efficacy and safety.
A gene containment strategy based on a restriction–modification system (2000)

Engineering barriers to the spread of specific genes are of great interest both to increase the predictability of recombinant microorganisms used for environmental applications and to study the role of gene transfer in the adaptation of microbial communities to changing environments. We report here a new gene containment circuit based on a toxin-antidote pair that targets the cell DNA, i.e. the type II EcoRI restriction-modification system. The set-up involved linkage of the ecoRIR lethal gene encoding the EcoRI endonuclease (toxin) to the contained character in a plasmid and chromosomal insertion of the ecoRIM gene encoding the cognate EcoRI methylase (antidote) that protects the target DNA from restriction. Transfer of the contained character to a recipient cell lacking the antidote caused EcoRI-mediated chromosomal breaks, leading to cell death, thereby preventing gene spread. Using transformation and conjugation as mechanisms of DNA transfer and different environmentally relevant bacteria as recipients, we have shown that the potentially universal EcoRI-based containment system decreases gene transfer frequencies by more than four orders of magnitude. Analyses of the survivors escaping killing revealed a number of possible inactivation mechanisms.
Biosensor Analysis of β2-Glycoprotein I–Reactive Autoantibodies: Evidence for Isotype-Specific Binding and Differentiation of Pathogenic from Infection-Induced Antibodies (2007)

The SPR biosensor system enables specific detection of APS-associated beta2GPI-reactive APL and differentiation from beta2GPI cross-reactive antibodies that occur frequently during acute infections. The established association/dissociation plot for anti-beta2GPI responses in APS patient sera gives additional information regarding the influence of anti-beta2GPI IgG and IgM isotype distribution.