gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inducible overproduction of the mouse c-myc protein in mammalian cells. (1986)

We have made Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines that contain up to 2000 copies of the coding region of the mouse c-myc gene fused to the promoter of the Drosophila gene (hsp70) encoding a Mr 70,000 heat shock protein. Incubation of these cells at 43 degrees C results in an estimated 100-fold induction of c-myc mRNA. Translation of this mRNA occurs when the cells are returned to 37 degrees C, and during the first 3 hr of recovery at 37 degrees C, the c-myc protein is one of the most abundantly synthesized proteins in the cells. The products of the induced c-myc gene are phosphoproteins of apparent Mr 64,000, 66,000, and 75,000. Induced cells die, suggesting that elevated levels of c-myc are cytotoxic. Amplification of genes placed under control of the Drosophila hsp70 promoter may provide a general method for inducibly over expressing proteins in mammalian cells.
Multiple immunofluorescence labelling of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue (2008)

This method provides a link between the cell biology and pathology communities. For the cell biologist, it will enable them to utilise the vast archive of pathology specimens to advance their in vitro data into in vivo samples, in particular archival material and tissue microarrays. For the pathologist, it will enable them to utilise multiple antibodies on a single section to characterise particular cell populations or to test multiple biomarkers in limited samples and define with greater accuracy cellular heterogeneity in tissue samples.
Rigid Backbone Polymers. 2. Polyisocyanates and Their Liquid-Crystal Behavior (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRigid Backbone Polymers. 2. Polyisocyanates and Their Liquid-Crystal BehaviorShaul M. AharoniCite this: Macromolecules 1979, 12, 1, 94–103Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1979https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60067a021RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views494Altmetric-Citations133LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (5 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of 2'-5' linked oligouridylates in aqueous medium using the Pb2+ ion. (1981)

Oligouridylates up to the pentamer were obtained by the polymerization of uridine-5'-phosphorimidazolide in aqueous solution using Pb2+ ion catalyst. The resulting oligouridylates were fully characterized by sequential enzyme and alkaline digestions. The internucleotide linkages of the oligomers were mainly 2'-5'. The yields of the 2'-5'linked dimer, trimer, tetramer and pentamer were 14.2, 6.0, 2.0 and 0.4%, respectively.
OPTWALL: A Hierarchical Traffic-Aware Firewall. (2007)

The overall efficiency, reliability, and availability of a firewall is crucial in enforcing and administrating security, especially when the network is under attack. The continuous growth of the Internet, coupled with the increasing sophistication of the attacks, is placing stringent demands on firewall performance. These challenges require new designs, architecture and algorithms to optimize firewalls. In this paper, we propose OPTWALL, an adaptive hierarchical firewall optimization framework aimed at reducing operational cost of firewalls. The main features of the proposed approach are the hierarchical design, splitting techniques, an online traffic adaptation mechanism, and a strong reactive scheme to counter malicious attacks (e.g. Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks). To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first of its kind to use traffic characteristics in the design of an adaptive hierarchical firewall optimization framework. To study the performance of OPTWALL, a set of experiments are conducted on Linux ipchains. The performance evaluation study uses a large set of firewall policies and traffic traces managed by a Tier1 ISP and provides security access for the ISP network from/to its business partners. Results show the high potential of OPTWALL to reduce the operational cost of firewalls. In particular, the results show that a performance improvement of nearly 35% can been achieved in a heavily loaded network environment.
Photothrombosis of Corneal Neovascularization by Intravenous Rose Bengal and Argon Laser Irradiation (1988)

Management of corneal neovascularization by photocoagulation has been limited and rarely successful. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of the novel technique of photothrombosis to occlude corneal neovascularization. Sixteen rabbit corneas with previous ocular surface wounds that had healed with 360 degrees extensive neovascularization (persistent for 20 months) were used. After an intravenous injection of rose bengal solution (40 mg/kg of body weight [BW]), each vessel on the upper half of the cornea was occluded with a photochemically induced thrombus within ten shots of argon laser irradiation (514.5 nm, 130 mW, 63 microns, 0.2 s); those on the lower half were used as an internal control. Throughout the four-month study period, the treated vessels remained occluded, as evidenced by corneal fluorescein angiography. Corneal clarity was improved after treatment. A single injection of rose bengal at a dose of 8 mg/kg of BW or higher was sufficient for successful photothrombotic occlusion of corneal vessels within one hour of experimentation. Transient elevations of serum urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin levels and decrease of serum phosphorus level were noted on the first day after injection with 40 mg/kg of BW of rose bengal solution.
Polarized light examination and photography of the skin (1991)

• Light reflected from skin has two components: regular reflectance, or "glare" arising from the surface, and light backscattered from within the tissue. The regular reflectance contains the visual cues related to surface texture, whereas the backscattered component contains the cues related to pigmentation, erythema, infiltrates, vessels, and other intracutaneous structures. Unlike the backscattered component, regular reflectance preserves the plane of polarization of polarized incident light. Thus, viewing skin through a linear polarizer, under linearly polarized illumination, separates the two components of tissue reflectance. Thirty patients were examined and photographed in this manner. When the planes of polarization are parallel, images with enhanced surface detail are obtained. When the planes are orthogonal, wrinkles and surface detail disappear, and an enhanced view of vasculature and pigmented lesions is obtained. Simple, clinically useful techniques are presented. (<i>Arch Dermatol.</i>1991;127:1000-1005)
Identification of the ATP-binding site in the terminase subunit pUL56 of human cytomegalovirus (2003)

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) terminase is composed of subunits pUL56 (130 kDa) and pUL89 ( approximately 75 kDa), encoded by the UL56 and UL89 genes. In a recent investigation, we demonstrated that the main ATPase activity is associated with the large terminase subunit pUL56. The protein has two putative ATP-binding sites, which were suggested to be composed of the sequence (amino acids 463-470) for ATP-binding site 1 and YNETFGKQ (amino acids 709-716) for the second site. We now demonstrate using a 1.5 kb fragment encoding the C-terminal half of pUL56 that ATP-binding site 1 is not critical for the function, whereas ATP-binding site 2 is required for the enzymatic activity. Mutation G714A in this protein reduced the ATPase activity to approximately 65% and the double mutation G714A/K715N showed a reduction up to 75%. However, the substitution of E711A revoked the effect of the substitutions. The functional character of the ATP-binding site was demonstrated by transfer of YNETFGKQLSIACLR (709-723) to glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Interestingly, vanadate, an ATPase inhibitor, has the ability to block the ATPase activity of pUL56 as well as of Apyrase, while the antitumor ATP-mimetic agent geldanamycin, did not affect the ATP-binding of pUL56. Furthermore, in contrast to an inactive control compound, the specific HCMV terminase inhibitor BDCRB showed a partial inhibition of the pUL56-specific ATPase activity. Our results clearly demonstrated that (i) the enzymatic activity of the terminase subunit pUL56 could be inhibited by vanadate, (ii) only the ATP-binding site 2 is critical for the pUL56 function and (iii) glycine G714 is an invariant amino acid.
Estimation of central aortic pressure by SphygmoCor® requires intra-arterial peripheral pressures (2003)

Central arterial pressure, measured close to the heart, may be of more patho-physiological importance than conventional non-invasive cuff blood pressure. The technique of applanation tonometry using SphygmoCor has been proposed as a non-invasive method of estimating central pressure. This relies on mathematically derived generalized transfer functions, which have been previously validated using invasive peripheral pressure measurements. We compared simultaneous estimates of central aortic pressure using this technique with those measured directly during the routine diagnostic cardiac catheterization of 30 subjects (age range 27-84 years), half of whom were aged 65 years or more. This was done by applanating the left radial artery and recording the non-invasive brachial cuff blood pressure to generate a central aortic pressure estimate, using the SphygmoCor radial transfer function. The comparative results were analysed using Bland-Altman plots of mean difference. SphygmoCor, on average, underestimated systolic central arterial pressure by 13.3 mmHg and overestimated diastolic pressure by 11.5 mmHg. The results were similar in patients aged under and above 65 years. Furthermore, non-invasively measured brachial pressures were seen to give an overall closer estimate of the central arterial pressure than the SphygmoCor system. The transfer function has been validated from invasively measured arterial pressures and the current use by the system of non-invasive measures may explain the discrepancies. However, age, drugs and arterial disease would also be expected to play a role.
A uniaxial tensile stress apparatus for temperature-dependent magnetotransport and optical studies of thin films (2002)

A mechanical apparatus for the application of variable uniaxial tensile stress to thin films grown on bulk material has been designed for use in measuring the electrical and/or optical properties of a thin layer over a temperature range 4.2 K&amp;lt;T&amp;lt;300 K, and in magnetic fields up to 7 T. The induced strain is measured with a resolution of 0.0015% by monitoring the position of a laser beam reflected off the surface of the strained sample. The use of the apparatus is demonstrated on n-type InSb layers grown on GaAs where the uniaxial tensile stress is applied in the [001] direction. At 300 K and strains of up to 0.05%, an increase in the conductivity of approximately 3.5% is observed, most of which (∼2.5%) is the result of an increase in the carrier concentration. The remaining 1% is due to an increase in the carrier mobility. Using band-structure k⋅p theory and the deformation potential parameters obtained from optical spectroscopy measurements under uniaxial compression, these observations are shown to be well described by a reduction in both the fundamental band gap and the carrier effective mass with increasing tensile strain.
Nanobodies and their Use in GPCR Drug Discovery (2015)

Nanobodies are therapeutic proteins derived from the variable domain (VHH) of naturally occurring heavy-chain antibodies. These VHH domains are the smallest functional fragments derived from a naturally occurring immunoglobulin. Nanobodies can be easily produced in prokaryotic or eukaryotic host organisms and their unique biophysical characteristics render these molecules ideal candidates for drug development. They are also emerging as an interesting new class of potential therapeutics for targets such as GPCRs, which have historically been challenging for small molecule drug discovery and even more difficult for biologics discovery. The ability to easily combine Nanobodies with different binding sites and different modes of action can be used to generate highly selective and highly potent drug candidates with very attractive pharmacological profiles. In addition, Nanobodies have been used as crystallization chaperones to enable or facilitate the structural determination of an active GPCR conformation.
Bone attachment to hydroxyapatite coated polymers. (1989)

Bone attachment to two classes of hydroxyapatite (HA) coated polymers was evaluated mechanically and histologically. Particulate HA was molded into the surface of thermoplastic implants and cast into the surface of thermoset implants. Coated and uncoated implants of both types were implanted in the distal femurs of rabbits for four and twelve weeks. After sacrifice, the bone/implant interface was evaluated mechanically via a push-out test with a servohydraulic test system. Paired statistical analysis revealed significantly greater shear strengths for coated vs. uncoated implants for both polymer systems at both time periods. Mixed mode of failure occurred with particle removal from the polymer surface and from the bone. One animal at each time period was saved for histology. Histology at both time periods indicated direct bone apposition to the HA coating as compared to a fibrous encapsulation about the uncoated implants. This was confirmed with backscatter scanning electron microscopy and scanning acoustic microscopy. Hydroxyapatite coatings significantly improve the bond strength between polymers and bone by allowing direct bone apposition and some mechanical interlocking with the bone.
iPS Cells Reprogrammed From Human Mesenchymal-Like Stem/Progenitor Cells of Dental Tissue Origin (2009)

Generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells holds a great promise for regenerative medicine and other aspects of clinical applications. Many types of cells have been successfully reprogrammed into iPS cells in the mouse system; however, reprogramming human cells have been more difficult. To date, human dermal fibroblasts are the most accessible and feasible cell source for iPS generation. Dental tissues derived from ectomesenchyme harbor mesenchymal-like stem/progenitor cells and some of the tissues have been treated as biomedical wastes, for example, exfoliated primary teeth and extracted third molars. We asked whether stem/progenitor cells from discarded dental tissues can be reprogrammed into iPS cells. The 4 factors Lin28/Nanog/Oct4/Sox2 or c-Myc/Klf4/Oct4/Sox2 carried by viral vectors were used to reprogram 3 different dental stem/progenitor cells: stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED), stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP), and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). We showed that all 3 can be reprogrammed into iPS cells and appeared to be at a higher rate than fibroblasts. They exhibited a morphology indistinguishable from human embryonic stem (hES) cells in cultures and expressed hES cell markers SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-80, TRA-2-49, Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2. They formed embryoid bodies in vitro and teratomas in vivo containing tissues of all 3 germ layers. We conclude that cells of ectomesenchymal origin serve as an excellent alternative source for generating iPS cells.
Eyeglass-based hands-free videophone (2013)

We propose an eyeglass-based videophone that enables the wearer to make a video call without holding a phone (that is to say hands-free) in the mobile environment. The glasses have 4 (or 6) fish-eye cameras to widely capture the face of the wearer and the images are fused to yield 1 frontal face image. The face image is also combined with the background image captured by a rear-mounted camera; the result is a self-portrait image without holding any camera device at arm's length. Simulations confirm that 4 fish-eye cameras with 250-degree field of view (or 6 cameras with 180-degree field of view) can cover 83% of the frontal face. We fabricate a 6 camera prototype, and confirm the possibility of generating the self-portrait image. This system suits not only hands-free videophones but also other applications like visual life logging and augmented reality use.
Complete genome sequence of Saccharothrix espanaensis DSM 44229T and comparison to the other completely sequenced Pseudonocardiaceae (2012)

S. espanaensis is the first completely sequenced species of the genus Saccharothrix. The genome discloses the cluster responsible for the biosynthesis of the saccharomicins, the largest oligosaccharide antibiotic currently identified. Moreover, the genome revealed 25 additional putative secondary metabolite gene clusters further suggesting the strain's potential for natural product synthesis.
The two distinct phospholipases C of Listeria monocytogenes have overlapping roles in escape from a vacuole and cell-to-cell spread (1995)

Listeria monocytogenes secretes two distinct phospholipases C, a phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) and a broad-range phospholipase C (PC-PLC). In this study, single in-frame deletion mutants with mutations in each PLC and a double mutant lacking both PLCs were characterized with regard to virulence in mice, escape from a primary vacuole, and cell-to-cell spread in cell culture. The mutant lacking PI-PLC, previously shown to be twofold less virulent than the wild type in mice, had a minor defect in escape from a primary vacuole but was not notably affected in cell-to-cell spread. The mutant lacking PC-PLC was 20-fold less virulent in mice and was defective in cell-to-cell spread but had no measurable defect in escape from a primary vacuole. The mutant lacking both PLCs was 500-fold less virulent in mice and was severely diminished in its ability to escape from the primary vacuole and to spread cell to cell. Cellular levels of diacylglycerol and ceramide, products of PLC activity, accumulated beginning 3 to 4 h after infection of cells with wild-type bacteria. The bacterial PLCs were partially responsible for this activity, since cells infected with the mutant lacking both PLCs had a reduced increase in diacylglycerol and no increase in ceramide. Elevation of diacylglycerol in the absence of bacterial PLCs indicated that host cell phospholipase(s) was activated during infection. The results of this study were consistent with the two bacterial PLCs having overlapping functions throughout the course of intracellular infection. Furthermore, the PC-PLC, and possibly PI-PLC, appeared to be enzymatically active intracellularly.
Sphingoid base 1-phosphate phosphatase: A key regulator of sphingolipid metabolism and stress response (1998)

The sphingolipid metabolites ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate are second messengers with opposing roles in mammalian cell growth arrest and survival; their relative cellular level has been proposed to be a rheostat that determines the fate of cells. This report demonstrates that this rheostat is an evolutionarily conserved stress-regulatory mechanism that influences growth and survival of yeast. Although the role of sphingosine-1-phosphate in yeast was not previously examined, accumulation of ceramide has been shown to induce G1 arrest and cell death. We now have identified a gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, LBP1, that regulates the levels of phosphorylated sphingoid bases and ceramide. LBP1 was cloned from a yeast mutant that accumulated phosphorylated long-chain sphingoid bases and diverted sphingoid base intermediates from sphingolipid pathways to glycerophospholipid biosynthesis. LBP1 and its homolog, LBP2, encode very hydrophobic proteins that contain a novel-conserved sequence motif for lipid phosphatases, and both have long-chain sphingoid base phosphate phosphatase activity. In vitro characterization of Lbp1p shows that this phosphatase is Mg2+-independent with high specificity for phosphorylated long-chain bases, phytosphingosine and sphingosine. The deletion of LBP1 results in the accumulation of phosphorylated long-chain sphingoid bases and reduced ceramide levels. Moreover, deletion of LBP1 and LBP2 results in dramatically enhanced survival upon severe heat shock. Thus, these phosphatases play a previously unappreciated role in regulating ceramide and phosphorylated sphingoid base levels in yeast, and they modulate stress responses through sphingolipid metabolites in a manner that is reminiscent of their effects on mammalian cells.
Electroactive Monolayer Substrates that Selectively Release Adherent Cells (2001)

A dynamic substrate that can selectively release immobilized ligands—even when multiple ligands are presented—has been prepared. These substrates can regulate, in real-time, specific receptor–ligand interactions between a cell and the substrate to which it is attached. The picture shows that, after treatment, the dynamic substrate (right) has no cells attached to the surface, while the control surface (left) is still evenly covered with attached cells. This method provides a new approach to investigate the chemical biology of cell adhesion and migration.
Sodium Channels and Epilepsy Electrophysiology (2001)

We examined the electrophysiology of epilepsy in the simplest system that exhibits epileptiform activity: microisland cultures that contain only one neuron. Some of these solitary excitatory hippocampal neurons generate the 'ictal' epileptiform activity characteristic of seizures. These neurons have endogenous (non-transmitter-mediated) bursts of activity that last for many seconds and appear to be driven by a persistent Na+ current. We examined this persistent Na+ current at the single channel level by recording the late openings of Na+ channels using outside-out patch recordings. Phenytoin reduced the probability of these late channel openings, but had less effect on the early channel openings that make up the peak Na+ current. The reduction of late channel openings was larger with pulses to more depolarized voltages. In contrast, the effect on early channel openings was similar at all voltages. There was little effect of phenytoin on the duration of channel openings and no effect on open channel current. This suggests that the persistent Na+ current is crucial in generating seizures. A good strategy for selecting anticonvulsants may be to search for drugs that more selectively block the persistent Na+ current at depolarized voltages. Such drugs could combine effectiveness and reduced side effects.