gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
28 Parvovirus DNA Replication (1996)

Parvoviruses are unique among all known viruses in having single-stranded DNA genomes which are linear. Virions are non-enveloped, containing a single copy of the small (4–6 kb) viral chromosome encapsidated in a rugged icosahedral protein capsid 18–26 nm in diameter. Although lacking associated enzymes or nucleosomal proteins, the particles have been shown, in some cases, to contain polyamines such as spermidine, spermine, and putrescine (Berns et al. 1995). The family Parvoviridae contains a broad spectrum of physically similar viruses that replicate in the nuclei of both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Viruses infecting mammalian cells form the subfamily Parvovirinae and include a number of helper-independent viruses, represented in this review by minute virus of mice (MVM), and the adeno-associated (AAV) viruses, represented here by AAV2, which, in general, only replicate in cells coinfected with a helper adenovirus or herpes virus. Further background information on the structure and biology of the parvoviruses can be obtained from reviews published elsewhere (Cotmore and Tattersall 1987; Berns 1990, 1995; Tjissen 1990; Muzyczka 1992). Space constraints allow only a representative selection of the most directly pertinent references to be cited herein. Whereas AAV encapsidates, in separate virions, DNA strands of either sense, MVM selectively encapsidates (to 99%) strands that are minus sense with respect to transcription. Both viruses encode all of their known proteins from a single-sense DNA strand, and each encodes two separate gene complexes. Transcripts from one half of the genome, designated by convention the right-hand side, program synthesis of an overlapping...
Early‐onset L‐dopa‐responsive parkinsonism with pyramidal signs due to ATP13A2, PLA2G6, FBXO7 and spatacsin mutations (2010)

Seven autosomal recessive genes associated with juvenile and young-onset Levodopa-responsive parkinsonism have been identified. Mutations in PRKN, DJ-1, and PINK1 are associated with a rather pure parkinsonian phenotype, and have a more benign course with sustained treatment response and absence of dementia. On the other hand, Kufor-Rakeb syndrome has additional signs, which distinguish it clearly from Parkinson's disease including supranuclear vertical gaze palsy, myoclonic jerks, pyramidal signs, and cognitive impairment. Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type I (Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome) due to mutations in PANK2 gene may share similar features with Kufor-Rakeb syndrome. Mutations in three other genes, PLA2G6 (PARK14), FBXO7 (PARK15), and Spatacsin (SPG11) also produce clinical similar phenotypes in that they presented with rapidly progressive parkinsonism, initially responsive to Levodopa treatment but later, developed additional features including cognitive decline and loss of Levodopa responsiveness. Here, using homozygosity mapping and sequence analysis in families with complex parkinsonisms, we identified genetic defects in the ATP13A2 (1 family), PLA2G6 (1 family) FBXO7 (2 families), and SPG11 (1 family). The genetic heterogeneity was surprising given their initially common clinical features. On careful review, we found the FBXO7 cases to have a phenotype more similar to PRKN gene associated parkinsonism. The ATP13A2 and PLA2G6 cases were more seriously disabled with additional swallowing problems, dystonic features, severe in some, and usually pyramidal involvement including pyramidal weakness. These data suggest that these four genes account for many cases of Levodopa responsive parkinsonism with pyramidal signs cases formerly categorized clinically as pallido-pyramidal syndrome.
Solid-state sensors for trace hydrogen gas detection (1990)

This paper reviews the development, history, theoretical basis, and experimental performance of solid-state hydrogen detectors under flow-through conditions available to date such as pyroelectric, piezoelectric, fiber optic, and electrochemical devices. Semiconductor hydrogen detectors will only be reviewed briefly, as excellent reviews on this subject already exist. In view of the fact that almost all the devices that will be discussed later in this paper use Pd as a hydrogen trap, we devote a subsection to examining the role of palladium as a catalyst as well as some of the characteristics of the Pd-H2 system. Non-solid-state hydrogen sensors, such as the flame ionization detector are not the object of this review. A useful feature of this review is a comparison of operating characteristics of each device in a general table in Sec. VII. In that section a general discussion is presented, including a critical comparison of the capabilities and parameters of various solid-state hydrogen sensors in the form of a table showing data collected from the literature. The Pd-fiber optic sensor is the most sensitive optical device operating at room temperature. The Pd-photopyroelectric sensor appears to be most economical and second best in sensitivity at room temperature; it has the best potential for high signal-to-noise operation at the widest temperature range, down to cryogenic temperatures. The Pd-field effect transistor devices exhibit the second highest sensitivity at elevated temperatures.
A novel route for preparing 5′ cap mimics and capped RNAs: phosphate-modified cap analogues obtained via click chemistry (2016)

The significant biological role of the mRNA 5' cap in translation initiation makes it an interesting subject for chemical modifications aimed at producing useful tools for the selective modulation of intercellular processes and development of novel therapeutic interventions. However, traditional approaches to the chemical synthesis of cap analogues are time-consuming and labour-intensive, which impedes the development of novel compounds and their applications. Here, we explore a different approach for synthesizing 5' cap mimics, making use of click chemistry (CuAAC) to combine two mononucleotide units and yield a novel class of dinucleotide cap analogues containing a triazole ring within the oligophosphate chain. As a result, we synthesized a library of 36 mRNA cap analogues differing in the location of the triazole ring, the polyphosphate chain length, and the type of linkers joining the phosphate and the triazole moieties. After biochemical evaluation, we identified two analogues that, when incorporated into mRNA, produced transcripts translated with efficiency similar to compounds unmodified in the oligophosphate bridge obtained by traditional synthesis. Moreover, we demonstrated that the triazole-modified cap structures can be generated at the RNA 5' end using two alternative capping strategies: either the typical co-transcriptional approach, or a new post-transcriptional approach based on CuAAC. Our findings open new possibilities for developing chemically modified mRNAs for research and therapeutic applications, including RNA-based vaccinations.
Substrate specificity at the alkane binding sites of hemoglobin and myoglobin (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSubstrate specificity at the alkane binding sites of hemoglobin and myoglobinArnold WishniaCite this: Biochemistry 1969, 8, 12, 5064–5070Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00840a058https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00840a058research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views64Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Interleukin-12 Has a Role in Mediating Resistance of Murine Strains to Tyzzer’s Disease (1998)

Clostridium piliforme induces enterohepatic disease in many domestic and laboratory animal species. Susceptibility to infection is known to vary with the immune status and strain of the host, but little is known about specific immune mechanisms that regulate this disease. To evaluate host control of C. piliforme infection, we examined the role of interleukin-12 (IL-12) both in the control of and in the response to murine C. piliforme infection. For this study, 3-week-old C. piliforme-resistant C57BL/6 or -susceptible DBA/2 mice were infected intravenously with either the toxic H1 or the nontoxic M1 C. piliforme isolate. Serum and liver samples were collected prior to C. piliforme inoculation (day 0) and at days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 postinoculation. Evaluation of hepatic IL-12 p40 mRNA expression by reverse transcription-PCR and of total-IL-12 protein levels in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that C. piliforme induced elevations in both hepatic p40 mRNA and serum total-IL-12 levels at all times postinoculation. Elevations were similar with both toxic and nontoxic C. piliforme isolates. Levels of total IL-12 in serum were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in C57BL/6 mice than in DBA/2 mice. Additional experiments were performed in which polyclonal antibody treatment was used to neutralize IL-12 in mice of both strains prior to intravenous inoculation with toxic C. piliforme H1. IL-12 neutralization increased the severity of Tyzzer's disease at day 3 postinoculation in both mouse strains, but the degree of increase was greater in C57BL/6 mice than in DBA/2 mice.
Exosomes and Cardiac Repair After Myocardial Infarction (2014)

Myocardial infarction is a leading cause of death among all cardiovascular diseases. The analysis of molecular mechanisms by which the ischemic myocardium initiates repair and remodeling indicates that secreted soluble factors are key players in communication to local and distant tissues, such as bone marrow. Recently, actively secreted membrane vesicles, including exosomes, are being recognized as new candidates with important roles in intercellular and tissue-level communication. In this review, we critically examine the emerging role of exosomes in local and distant microcommunication mechanisms after myocardial infarction. A comprehensive understanding of the role of exosomes in cardiac repair after myocardial infarction could bridge a major gap in knowledge of the repair mechanism after myocardial injury.
3D monolithic integration (2011)

3D monolithic integration, thanks to its high vertical density of interconnections, is the only available option for applications requiring connections at the transistor scale. However to achieve 3D monolithic integration, some issues such as realization of high quality top film, high stability bottom FET, low thermal budget top FET still have to be solved. In this work, a 3D monolithic process flow relying on molecular wafer bonding is proposed and results in all critical steps are given. Significant breakthroughs have been obtained using a full wafer molecular bonding with thin interlayer dielectric and an original salicidation process stabilized up to 650°C enabling to reach high performance for the top and bottom transistor. With such technology, we demonstrate functional top and bottom transistors as well as 3D structures such as invertors and SRAMs.
Flüssigkristalle auf der Basis hypervalenter Schwefelfluoride: Pentafluorsulfuranyl als polare Endgruppe (1999)

Die etwas exotisch anmutende Pentafluorsulfuranylfunktionalität ist eine der am stärksten elektronenziehenden Gruppen mit rein induktivem Effekt. Wegen ihrer chemischen Stabilität und des hohen Dipolmoments ihrer aromatischen Derivate erwies sich diese Gruppe als Schlüsselkomponente beim Design und bei der Synthese einer neuen Klasse stark polarer Flüssigkristalle (wie 1), die für Aktiv-Matrix-Displays genutzt werden können. Es wurde ein Rechenmodell entwickelt, das das Verständnis und die Vorhersage der elektrooptischen Eigenschaften von Flüssigkristallen, die auf hypervalenten Schwefelfluoriden basieren, zum Ziel hat.
Inhibition of allergic encephalomyelitis in rats by treatment with sulfated polysaccharides. (1988)

A number of sulfated polysaccharides were tested for their ability to inhibit passively induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats. Heparin and fucoidan both completely inhibited passive EAE even when treatment was begun 3 days after transfer of cells. Pentosan sulfate was partially inhibitory whereas chondroitin-4-sulfate had no effect. Inhibition was not merely due to killing of the cells since active sensitization 14 days after cell transfer resulted in an early onset of disease indicating the persistence of transferred cells as memory cells. Although all the inhibitory polysaccharides are anticoagulants, it would appear that this function alone is not the reason for inhibition since a heparin preparation devoid of anticoagulant activity also partially inhibited EAE. Actively induced EAE was also significantly delayed by treatment with heparin. The results are discussed in terms of the polysaccharides inhibiting the enzymatic dependent movement of lymphocytes across central nervous system vascular endothelium.
Molecular characterization of the 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) operon of Clostridium butyricum (2003)

The genes encoding the 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) operon of Clostridium butyricum VPI1718 were characterized from a molecular and a biochemical point of view. This operon is composed of three genes, dhaB 1, dhaB 2, and dha T. When grown in a vitamin B12-free mineral medium with glycerol as carbon source, Escherichia coli expressing dhaB 1, dhaB 2, and dha T produces 1,3-PD and high glycerol dehydratase and 1,3-PD dehydrogenase activities. dhaB 1 and dhaB 2 encode, respectively, a new type of glycerol dehydratase and its activator protein. The deduced proteins DhaB1 and DhaB2, with calculated molecular masses of 88,074 and 34,149 Da, respectively, showed no homology with the known glycerol dehydratases that are all B12 dependent but significant similarity with the pyruvate formate lyases and pyruvate formate lyases activating enzymes and their homologues. The 1,158-bp dha T gene codes for a 1,3-PD dehydrogenase with a calculated molecular mass of 41,558 Da, revealing a high level of identity with other DhaT proteins from natural 1,3-PD producers. The expression of the 1,3-PD operon in C. butyricum is regulated at the transcriptional level, and this regulation seems to involve a two-component signal transduction system DhaAS/DhaA, which may have a similar function to DhaR, a transcriptional regulator found in other natural 1,3-PD producers. The discovery of a glycerol dehydratase, coenzyme B12 independent, should significantly influence the development of an economical vitamin B12-free biological process for the production of 1,3-PD from renewable resources.
A Novel Regulator of Macrophage Activation (2012)

For the first time, this study demonstrates that miR-223 acts to inhibit Pknox1, suppressing proinflammatory activation of macrophages; thus, it is a crucial regulator of macrophage polarization and protects against diet-induced adipose tissue inflammatory response and systemic insulin resistance.
Seizure clusters (2015)

Seizure clustering is common, particularly in the setting of medically refractory epilepsy. Clustering worsens health and quality of life, and the field requires greater focus on clarifying of definition and clinical implications. Progress towards the development of nonintravenous routes of benzodiazepines has the potential to improve care in this area.
Methanogenic Bacteria from the Bondyuzhskoe Oil Field: General Characterization and Analysis of Stable-Carbon Isotopic Fractionation (1983)

Selective enrichment culture techniques were employed to obtain mixed cultures of methanogenic rods and sarcina from surface flooding waters and deep subsurface ( approximately 1650 m) oil-bearing sedimentary rocks and formation waters sampled from an old oil field in the U.S.S.R. previously reported to display active biological methanogenesis. The methanogens were selectively isolated as colonies on agar petri dishes that were incubated in a novel container. The general cellular and growth features of three Methanobacterium isolates were determined. These strains grew optimally at 37 to 45 degrees C in anaerobic pressure tube cultures with a doubling time of 16 to 18 h on H(2)-CO(2) and proliferated as autotrophs. Acetate addition significantly enhanced the final cell yield. Growth of these strains was completely inhibited by either 0.6 g of sodium sulfide per liter or 31.0 of sodium chloride per liter, but growth was not inhibited by either 0.3 g of sodium sulfide per liter or 1.0 g of sodium sulfate per liter. One novel isolate, Methanobacterium sp. strain ivanov, was grown on H(2)-CO(2), and the stable-carbon isotopic fractionations that occurred during synthesis of methane, cell carbon, and lipids were determined. The results of this study were used to examine the anomalous relationship between the isotopic and chemical compositions of natural gas occurring in the deep subsurface environment of the oil field.
Coincidence Subwavelength Interference by a Classical Thermal Light (2004)

We show that a thermal light random in transverse direction can perform subwavelength double slit interference in a joint-intensity measurement. This is the classical version of quantum lithography, and it can be explained with the correlation of rays instead of the entanglement of photons.
RNA transcripts of the human immunodeficiency virus transactivation response element can inhibit action of the viral transactivator. (1990)

Tandem repeats of the transactivation response element (TAR) of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) were generated using a specially constructed "tandemizing" plasmid, pGem-Tan. This plasmid exploits the rotational nonequivalence of Ava I restriction sites to generate multiple copies of an inserted sequence. Twelve tandem repeats of the TAR were then placed in sense and antisense orientations behind a strong human beta-actin gene promoter. The TAR constructs were transfected with an appropriate HIV-1-driven reporter and tat gene expression plasmids into NT2/D1 cells, a pluripotential human embryonic teratocarcinoma cell line. Twelve tandem TAR repeats in the sense orientation suppressed 85-90% of the transactivating function of the virus-encoded tat protein, whereas the antisense construct or constructs containing single copies of TAR in either sense or antisense orientations were relatively ineffective. The suppression was specific for reporter gene constructs containing an intact HIV-1 long terminal repeat: Reporter genes driven by other promoters or by an HIV-1 long terminal repeat lacking the TAR were not suppressed. Suppression of activation by tat required transcription into RNA: Similar constructs containing the TAR repeats but lacking a eukaryotic promoter failed to suppress tat activation. In the absence of tat, the TAR DNA stimulated 2- to 5-fold the expression of gene constructs driven not only by the HIV-1 long terminal repeat but also by the human beta-actin gene and the simian virus 40 promoters.
On the Calculation of the Dissociation Constants of Hypohalogenous Acids from Kinetic Data (1938)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOn the Calculation of the Dissociation Constants of Hypohalogenous Acids from Kinetic DataEugene A. ShilovCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1938, 60, 2, 490–491Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1938Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1938https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01269a505https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01269a505research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views75Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Space-time-frequency block coded OFDM with subcarrier grouping and constellation precoding (2002)

This paper proposes novel space-time-frequency (STF) block coding for multi-antenna OFDM transmissions over frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channels. Incorporating subcarrier grouping and choosing appropriate system parameters, we first convert our system into a set of group STF (GSTF) systems. This enables simplification of STF block coding within each GSTF system. We derive design criteria for STF block coding, and exploit existing ST coding techniques to construct STF block codes. The resulting codes are shown capable of achieving both maximum diversity and coding gains, while affording low-complexity decoding. The performance merits of our design is confirmed by corroborating simulations, and compared with existing alternatives.
A Perfluorochemical Emulsion as an Oxygen Carrier (1984)

Fluosol-DA 20%, a perfluorochemical emulsion consisting of 7 parts perfluorodecalin (FDC) and 3 parts perfluorotripropylamine (FTPA), has been used as an oxygen carrier in clinical studies. The emulsion, however, must be stored frozen because it is not stable for long in a liquid state. To increase the stability of perfluorochemical emulsions, a series of experiments on stability, elimination, and toxicity were conducted on different perfluorochemicals. F-4-Methyloctahydroquinolidizine (FMOQ) was selected as the best material. The tissue half-life of FMOQ in rats was estimated to be 7 days, which is the same as that of FDC, a perfluorochemical in Fluosol-DA 20%. FMOQ emulsified with a mixture of yolk phospholipid and Pluronic F-68 was stable at 4 degrees C for 6 months. Rats exchange-transfused to a hematocrit of 4% with this emulsion survived for 13 weeks.