gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phospholipid in the hexagonal II phase is immunogenic: evidence for immunorecognition of nonbilayer lipid phases in vivo. (1990)

Immunization of mice with phosphatidylethanolamine in the hexagonal II phase but not the bilayer phase resulted in the induction of anti-phospholipid antibodies. These antibodies, which were strongly reactive with phosphatidylethanolamine and crossreactive with cardiolipin, had functional lupus anticoagulant activity and were characteristic of autoantibodies common in patients with autoimmune disease. Recognition of the hexagonal II phase by the afferent limb of the immune system suggests that nonbilayer phospholipids can arise in the course of membrane remodeling and induce the autoantibodies of disease.
Q&A: What are exosomes, exactly? (2016)

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles first described as such 30 years ago and since implicated in cell-cell communication and the transmission of disease states, and explored as a means of drug discovery. Yet fundamental questions about their biology remain unanswered. Here I explore what exosomes are, highlight the difficulties in studying them and explain the current definition and some of the outstanding issues in exosome biology.
Interconnections: Bridges, Routers, Switches, and Internetworking Protocols (1999)

Radia Perlman's Interconnections is recognized as a leading text on networking theory and practice. It provides authoritative and comprehensive information on general networking concepts, routing algorithms and protocols, addressing, and the mechanics of bridges, routers, switches, and hubs. This Second Edition is expanded and updated to cover the newest developments in the field, including advances in switching and bridge technology, VLANs, Fast Ethernet, DHCP, ATM, and IPv6. Additional new topics include IPX, AppleTalk, and DECnet. You will gain a deeper understanding of the range of solutions possible and find valuable information on protocols for which documentation is not readily available elsewhere.Written by the inventor of many of the algorithms that make switching and routing robust and efficient, Interconnections, Second Edition offers an expert's insight into how and why networks operate as they do. Perlman describes all of the major networking algorithms and protocols in use today in clear and concise terms, while exploring the engineering trade-offs that the different approaches represent.The book contains extensive coverage of such topics as: The spanning tree algorithm The differences between bridges, routers, and switches Virtual LANs (VLANs) and Fast Ethernet Addressing and packet formats for IP, IPv6, IPX, CLNP, AppleTalk, and DECnet Autoconfiguration of addresses; strategies in various protocol suites Routing protocols, including RIP, IS-IS, OSPF, PNNI, NLSP, and BGP Layer 3 multicast protocols, including IGMP, DVMRP, MOSPF, CBT, PIM, BGMP, Simple Multicast, and Express Sabotage-proof routing Protocol design folklore 0201634481B04062001
Carbon Nanotube Film by Filtration as Cathode Catalyst Support for Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (2005)

A simple filtration method is developed to prepare a partially oriented superhydrophobic film of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that have been catalyzed with uniform small Pt nanoparticles (2.8 nm) at high metal loading (30 wt %). A proton-exchange membrane fuel cell with the oriented CNT film as the cathode achieves higher single-cell performance than those with carbon black and a disordered CNT-film-based cathode probably because of the enhanced electrocatalytic activity of Pt/CNT and improved mass transport within the oriented film.
Safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of TV-1106, a long-acting GH treatment for GH deficiency (2015)

Single administration of TV-1106 up to 100 mg was safe in healthy volunteers. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics support once-weekly administration in patients with GHD.
Inhibitory FcγRIIb-Mediated Soluble Antigen Clearance from Plasma by a pH-Dependent Antigen-Binding Antibody and Its Enhancement by Fc Engineering (2015)

Fc engineering can modulate the Fc-FcγR interaction and thus enhance the potency of Abs that target membrane-bound Ags, but it has not been applied to Abs that target soluble Ags. In this study, we revealed a previously unknown function of inhibitory FcγRII in vivo and, using an Ab that binds to Ag pH dependently, demonstrated that the function can be exploited to target soluble Ag. Because pH-dependent Ab dissociates Ag in acidic endosome, its Ag clearance from circulation reflects the cellular uptake rate of Ag/Ab complexes. In vivo studies showed that FcγR but not neonatal FcR contributes to Ag clearance by the pH-dependent Ab, and when Fc binding to mouse FcγRII and III was increased, Ag clearance was markedly accelerated in wild-type mice and FcR γ-chain knockout mice, but the effect was diminished in FcγRII knockout mice. This demonstrates that mouse FcγRII efficiently promotes Ab uptake into the cell and its subsequent recycling back to the cell surface. Furthermore, when a human IgG1 Fc variant with selectively increased binding to human FcγRIIb was tested in human FcγRIIb transgenic mice, Ag clearance was accelerated without compromising the Ab half-life. Taken together, inhibitory FcγRIIb was found to play a prominent role in the cellular uptake of monomeric Ag/Ab immune complexes in vivo, and when the Fc of a pH-dependent Ab was engineered to selectively enhance human FcγRIIb binding, the Ab could accelerate soluble Ag clearance from circulation. We assume such a function would enhance the therapeutic potency of Abs that target soluble Ags.
Hydroboration. 57. Hydroboration with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane of alkenes containing representative functional groups (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydroboration. 57. Hydroboration with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane of alkenes containing representative functional groupsHerbert C. Brown and Jackson ChenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 20, 3978–3988Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00333a009https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00333a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2497Altmetric-Citations82LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Pathogen inactivation: the definitive safeguard for the blood supply. (2007)

The ultimate goal of pathogen inactivation is to maximally reduce the transmission of potential pathogens without significantly compromising the therapeutic efficacy of the cellular and protein constituents of blood. This must be accomplished without introducing toxicities into the blood supply and without causing neoantigen formation and subsequent antibody production. Several promising pathogen inactivation technologies are being developed and clinically tested, and others are currently in use. Pathogen inactivation offers additional layers of protection from infectious agents that threaten the blood supply and has the potential to impact the safety of blood transfusions worldwide.
Preprocessing Effect by Using k-means Clustering and Merging .Algorithms in MR Cardiac Left Ventricle Segmentation (2003)

For quantitative analysis of the cardiac diseases. it is necessary to segment the left-ventricle (LY) in MR (Magnetic Resonance) cardiac images. Snake or active contour model has been used to segment LV boundary. However, the contour of the LV front these models may not converge to the desirable one because the contour may fall into local minimum value due to image artifact inside of the LY Therefore, in this paper, we Propose the Preprocessing method using k-means clustering and merging algorithms that can improve the performance of the active contour model. We verified that our proposed algorithm overcomes local minimum convergence problem by experiment results.
A 2.9–4.0-GHz Fractional-N Digital PLL With Bang-Bang Phase Detector and 560-${\rm fs}_{\rm rms}$ Integrated Jitter at 4.5-mW Power (2011)

This paper introduces a ΔΣ fractional-N digital PLL based on a single-bit TDC. A digital-to-time converter, placed in the feedback path, cancels out the quantization noise introduced by the dithering of the frequency divider modulus and permits to achieve low noise at low power. The PLL is implemented in a standard 65-nm CMOS process. It achieves - 102-dBc/Hz phase noise at 50-kHz offset and a total absolute jitter below 560 fs <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rms</sub> (integrated from 3 kHz to 30 MHz), even in the worst-case of a -42-dBc in-band fractional spur. The synthesizer tuning range spans from 2.92 GHz to 4.05 GHz with 70-Hz resolution. The total power consumption is 4.5 mW, which leads to the best jitter-power trade-off obtained with a fractional-N synthesizer. The synthesizer demonstrates the capability of frequency modulation up to 1.25-Mb/s data rate.
Analysis of ROR1 Protein Expression in Human Cancer and Normal Tissues (2016)

<b>Purpose:</b> This study examines cell surface ROR1 expression in human tumors and normal tissues. ROR1 is considered a promising target for cancer therapy due to putative tumor-specific expression, and multiple groups are developing antibodies and/or chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells to target ROR1. On-target, off-tumor toxicity is a challenge for most nonmutated tumor antigens; however, prior studies suggest that ROR1 is absent on most normal tissues.<b>Experimental Design:</b> Our studies show that published antibodies lack sensitivity to detect endogenous levels of cell surface ROR1 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. We developed a ROR1-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting the carboxy-terminus of ROR1 and evaluated its specificity and sensitivity in IHC.<b>Results:</b> The 6D4 mAb is a sensitive and specific reagent to detect cell surface ROR1 by IHC. The data show that ROR1 is homogenously expressed on a subset of ovarian cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, and lung adenocarcinomas. Contrary to previous findings, we found ROR1 is expressed on several normal tissues, including parathyroid; pancreatic islets; and regions of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. The 6D4 mAb recognizes rhesus ROR1, and ROR1 expression was similar in human and macaque tissues, suggesting that the macaque is a suitable model to evaluate safety of ROR1-targeted therapies.<b>Conclusions:</b> ROR1 is a promising immunotherapeutic target in many epithelial tumors; however, high cell surface ROR1 expression in multiple normal tissues raises concerns for on-target off-tumor toxicities. Clinical translation of ROR1-targeted therapies warrants careful monitoring of toxicities to normal organs and may require strategies to ensure patient safety. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 23(12); 3061-71. ©2016 AACR</i>.
Engineered 3D-printed artificial axons (2018)

Myelination is critical for transduction of neuronal signals, neuron survival and normal function of the nervous system. Myelin disorders account for many debilitating neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis and leukodystrophies. The lack of experimental models and tools to observe and manipulate this process in vitro has constrained progress in understanding and promoting myelination, and ultimately developing effective remyelination therapies. To address this problem, we developed synthetic mimics of neuronal axons, representing key geometric, mechanical, and surface chemistry components of biological axons. These artificial axons exhibit low mechanical stiffness approaching that of a human axon, over unsupported spans that facilitate engagement and wrapping by glial cells, to enable study of myelination in environments reflecting mechanical cues that neurons present in vivo. Our 3D printing approach provides the capacity to vary independently the complex features of the artificial axons that can reflect specific states of development, disease, or injury. Here, we demonstrate that oligodendrocytes' production and wrapping of myelin depend on artificial axon stiffness, diameter, and ligand coating. This biofidelic platform provides direct visualization and quantification of myelin formation and myelinating cells' response to both physical cues and pharmacological agents.
Physical Analysis of Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Transcripts for Polyhedrin and 10,000-Molecular-Weight Protein (1983)

In Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus-infected cells, polyhedrin, the major structural polypeptide of the viral occlusions, and a low-molecular-weight viral protein with a molecular weight of approximately 10,000 (10K) accumulated to high levels late in infection. Two polyadenylated RNAs 1,200 and 630 bases in size were the most abundant viral transcripts present in the cytoplasm at 48 h postinfection. Evidence is presented that these RNAs were the transcripts for polyhedrin and 10K proteins. The 630-base RNA and five other major polyadenylated RNAs present at 48 h postinfection mapped within or near A. californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus EcoRI-P. The DNA sequences that code for polyhedrin mRNA were examined by S1 nuclease analysis. The polyhedrin gene contained no detectable introns and mapped at 3,990 to 5,200 base pairs to the right of the origin of the circular A. californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus physical map. Heterogeneity at the 5' end of polyhedrin mRNA was observed by using S1 nuclease analysis with 5' end-labeled DNA probes.
Query-driven iterated neighborhood graph search for scalable visual indexing (2012)

In this paper, we address the approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search problem over large scale visual descriptors. We investigate a simple but very effective approach, neighborhood graph (NG) search, which conducts the local search by expanding neighborhoods with a best-first manner. Expanding neighborhood makes it efficient to locate the descriptors with high probability being true NNs. However, it suffers from the local characteristics, and often gets sub-optimal solutions, or conducts exhaustive and continuous neighborhood expansion to find better solutions which deteriorates the query efficiency. We propose a query-driven iterated neighborhood graph search approach to improve the performance. We follow the iterated local search (ILS) strategy widely-used for combinatorial and discrete optimization in operation research, and handle the key issue in applying ILS for neighborhood graph search, Perturbation, which generates a new pivot to restart a local search. The key novelties lie in two-fold: (1) defining the local solution of ANN search over neighborhood graph; (2) presenting a query and search history driven perturbation scheme to generate pivots to restart a new local search. The main benefit from them is avoiding unnecessary neighborhood expansion and hence more efficiently finding true NNs. Experimental results on large scale SIFT indexing and similar image search with tiny images show that our approach performs much better than previous state-of-the-art ANN search approaches.
The photochemical decomposition and hydroxylation of phenylalanine in the presence of riboflavin. (1985)

When phenylalanine was illuminated in the presence of riboflavin in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 5.0), loss of phenylalanine was observed. The photochemical reaction in the riboflavin system was found to reduce phenylalanine, giving hydroxyphenylalanines (p-tyrosine, m-tyrosine and o-tyrosine). The hydroxylation of phenylalanine was inhibited by radical scavengers, e. g., 1, 2-dihydroxybenzene-3, 5-disulfonic acid, catalase, potassium iodide, potassium bromide, sodium thiocyanate and mannose. On the other hand, 1, 4-diazabicyclo [2. 2. 2] octane and guanosine, which are known to react with singlet oxygen, had no significant effect. The findings suggest that superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide are essential intermediate species in the hydroxylation reaction and that the active species responsible for the photochemical hydroxylation of phenylalanine in the riboflavin system is the hydroxyl radical.
Mouse retinoic acid receptor alpha 2 isoform is transcribed from a promoter that contains a retinoic acid response element. (1991)

We have characterized the promoter of the mouse retinoic acid receptor alpha 2 (mRAR-alpha 2) isoform. This promoter contains a retinoic acid response element (RARE) that closely resembles the RARE that is present in the RAR-beta 2 promoter. Moreover, RAR-alpha 2 and RAR-beta 2 proximal promoter sequences are similar to each other and generate transcripts whose respective start sites are located at similar positions. The RAR-alpha 2 RARE consists of two directly repeated 5'-GTTCA-3' motifs to which all three RARs (alpha, beta, and gamma) bind in vitro.
Anaesthetic potencies of primary alkanols: implications for the molecular dimensions of the anaesthetic site (1989)

1. We have redetermined the anaesthetic potencies (EC50S) for a series of primary alkanols, to resolve uncertainties about the molecular dimensions of the anaesthetic site resulting from the use of data from different laboratories. 2. For each alkanol, concentration-response relationships for loss of righting reflex (LRR) were plotted for over one hundred tadpoles, and the median effective concentrations determined. Aqueous concentrations present during potency assays were determined independently, and for alkanols with chain length greater than nonanol, correction was made for depletion from the aqueous phase. 3. The EC50S were found to decrease logarithmically with increasing number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain of the alkanol (CN), such that, on average, each additional methylene group was associated with an approximately four fold increase in potency. 4. The relationship between log EC50 and CN was best described by the quadratic equation, log EC50 = 0.022 (+/- 0.0038) CN2 + 0.76 (+/- 0.051) CN + 3.7 (+/- 0.14) (r2 = 0.9951). 5. A previously described correlation between the apparent changes in the free energy of binding of an additional methylene group both to luciferase and to the sites for LRR in tadpoles was not confirmed. 6. A cut-off in potency beyond dodecanol was established in experiments where tadpoles were maintained in supersaturated solutions of tridecanol for 20 h without demonstrable LRR. 7. These findings indicate that the soluble enzyme firefly luciferase does not adequately model the anaesthetic site. Specifically, there are discrepancies in the position of cut-off, and the apparent changes in the free energy of binding, per methylene group, of an alkanol to luciferase do not parallel that for tadpoles.
Nontransmissible Virus-Like Particle Formation by F-Deficient Sendai Virus Is Temperature Sensitive and Reduced by Mutations in M and HN Proteins (2003)

The formation of nontransmissible virus-like particles (NTVLP) by cells infected with F-deficient Sendai virus (SeV/deltaF) was found to be temperature sensitive. Analysis by hemagglutination assays and Western blotting demonstrated that the formation of NTVLP at 38 degrees C was about 1/100 of that at 32 degrees C, whereas this temperature-sensitive difference was only moderate in the case of F-possessing wild-type SeV. In order to reduce the NTVLP formation with the aim of improving SeV for use as a vector for gene therapy, amino acid substitutions found in temperature-sensitive mutant SeVs were introduced into the M (G69E, T116A, and A183S) and HN (A262T, G264R, and K461G) proteins of SeV/deltaF to generate SeV/M(ts)HN(ts)deltaF. The use of these mutations allows vector production at low temperature (32 degrees C) and therapeutic use at body temperature (37 degrees C) with diminished NTVLP formation. As expected, the formation of NTVLP by SeV/M(ts)HN(ts)deltaF at 37 degrees C was decreased to about 1/10 of that by SeV/deltaF, whereas the suppression of NTVLP formation did not cause either enhanced cytotoxicity or reduced gene expression of the vector. The vectors showed differences with respect to the subcellular distribution of M protein in the infected cells. Clear and accumulated immunocytochemical signals of M protein on the cell surface were not observed in cells infected by SeV/deltaF at an incompatible temperature, 38 degrees C, or in those infected by SeV/M(ts)HN(ts)deltaF at 37 or 38 degrees C. The absence of F protein in SeV/deltaF and the additional mutations in M and HN in SeV/M(ts)HN(ts)deltaF probably weaken the ability to transport M protein to the plasma membrane, leading to the diminished formation of NTVLP.
DNA Structure and Aspartate 276 Influence Nucleotide Binding to Human DNA Polymerase β (2001)

Structures of DNA polymerase (pol) beta bound to single-nucleotide gapped DNA had revealed that the lyase and pol domains form a "doughnut-shaped" structure altering the dNTP binding pocket in a fashion that is not observed when bound to non-gapped DNA. We have investigated dNTP binding to pol beta-DNA complexes employing steady-state and pre-steady-state kinetics. Although pol beta has a kinetic scheme similar to other DNA polymerases, polymerization by pol beta is limited by at least two partially rate-limiting steps: a conformational change after dNTP ground-state binding and product release. The equilibrium binding constant, K(d)((dNTP)), decreased and the insertion efficiency increased with a one-nucleotide gapped DNA substrate, as compared with non-gapped DNA. Valine substitution for Asp(276), which interacts with the base of the incoming nucleotide, increased the binding affinity for the incoming nucleotide indicating that the negative charge contributed by Asp(276) weakens binding and that an interaction between residue 276 with the incoming nucleotide occurs during ground-state binding. Since the interaction between Asp(276) and the nascent base pair is observed only in the "closed" conformation of pol beta, the increased free energy in ground-state binding for the mutant suggests that the subsequent rate-limiting conformational change is not the "open" to "closed" structural transition, but instead is triggered in the closed pol conformation.
WEIGHT-LOADED SYRINGES AS A SIMPLE AND CHEAP ALTERNATIVE TO PUMPS FOR VACUUM-ENHANCED WOUND HEALING (2005)

Meyer, Dominik C. M.D.; Hüsler, Rolf M.D.; Werner, Clément M. L.; Böni, Thomas M.D. Author Information
Stereo‐thermal‐lithography: a new principle for rapid prototyping (2003)

A new fabrication process for rapid prototyping is proposed in this paper. Optical and thermal effects are simultaneously used in this process to locally induce a phase change in a liquid resin. This phase change phenomena is used to “write” three‐dimensional shapes or patterns. Such objects or patterns can involve macroscopic engineering prototypes through to nanostructures for exploitation in waveguiding and photonic crystals. Several advantages can be achieved through this new process, in terms of accuracy, cost and time.