gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic enhancement of photoacoustic emissions by nanoparticle-targeted cavitation (2010)

A technique to enhance the photoacoustic emissions from laser-heated nanoparticles is presented. Gold nanoparticle-doped phantoms are subjected to pulsed optical and ultrasound fields, resulting in bubble formation and collapse and producing strong acoustic emissions. The applied ultrasound field allows for cavitation at lower laser fluences than using light alone. The acoustic emission associated with bubble collapse well exceeds the direct photoacoustic response and is used to image a nanoparticle-doped region in a tissue phantom. The strong acoustic emission and low-threshold fluence associated with ultrasound-assisted cavitation make the technique well suited for nanoparticle-targeted biological imaging and tissue therapy.
Cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression and tumor formation are blocked by sulindac in a murine model of familial adenomatous polyposis. (1996)

Inducible cyclooxygenase (Cox-2), also known as prostaglandin H synthase 2 (PGH-2) is a key enzyme in the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. Cox-2 is the product of an immediate-early gene that is expressed in response to growth factors, tumor promoters, or cytokines. Overexpression of Cox-2 is associated with both human colon cancers and suppression of apoptosis in cultured epithelia] cells, an activity that is reversed by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, sulindac sulfide. To address the relationship between Cox-2, apoptosis, and tumor development in vivo, we studied C57BL/6J-Min/+(Min) mice, a strain containing a fully penetrant dominant mutation in the Apc gene, leading to the development of gastrointestinal adenomas by 110 days of age. Min mice were fed AIN-76A chow diet and given sulindac (0.5 +/- 0.1 mg/day) in drinking water. Control Min mice and homozygous C57BL/6J-+/+ normal littermates lacking the Apc mutation (+/+) were fed AIN-76A diet and given tap water to drink. At 110 days of age, all mice were sacrificed, and their intestinal tracts were examined. Control Min mice had 11.9 +/- 7.8 tumors per mouse compared to 0.1 +/- 0.1 tumors for sulindac-treated Min mice. As expected, +/+ littermates had no macroscopic tumors. Examination of histologically normal-appearing small bowel from Min animals revealed increased amounts of Cox-2 and prostaglandin E(2) compared to +/+ littermates. Using two different in situ techniques, terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and a direct immunoperoxidase method, Min animals also demonstrated a 27-47% decrease in enterocyte apoptosis compared to +/+ animals. Treatment with sulindac not only inhibited tumor formation but decreased small bowel Cox-2 and prostaglandin E(2) to baseline and restored normal levels of apoptosis. These data suggest that overexpression of Cox-2 is associated with tumorigenesis in the gastrointestinal epithelium, and that both are inhibited by sulindac administration.
Carbon nanotube films prepared by thermal chemical vapor deposition at low temperature for field emission applications (2001)

Mirror-like smooth carbon nanotube (CNT) films were grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition on glass substrate at a relatively low temperature of 570 °C. Cobalt-containing amorphous carbon composite films were employed as a catalyst layer for the growth of CNTs by decomposing acetylene in a tube furnace. The diameter of the CNTs was around 10 nm and the root-mean-square roughness of the film was about 12 nm, indicating a relatively smooth surface. A high emission current density of 12 mA/cm2 and relatively uniform emission sites were obtained from this type of CNT films. The relatively smooth CNT films, which can be deposited at low temperature on glass substrates and compatible with current semiconductor processes, have a potential for fabricating high-density gated CNT field emitter array.
Analog Circuit Design for ADCs (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Architectural Considerations Building Blocks Circuit Nonidealities Modulator Component Design Considerations System-Level Considerations Layout Considerations Design Examples Conclusion This chapter contains sections titled: References
The Changing Global Internet Service Infrastructure (1993)

Explains the necessity for measurement of Internet growth so that capacity, commercial potential, etc. may be planned and assessed. Argues that this cannot be measured merely by packet counts and user registrations. Presents detailed analysis of over 13,000 sites, worldwide. Develops a mathematical model which can be used to predict growth, by individual countries and globally. Offers further topics for future research.
Abnormal Combustion Induced by Combustion Chamber Deposits Derived from Engine Oil Additives in a Spark-Ignited Engine (2014)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Although metallic compounds are widely known to affect combustion in internal combustion engines, the potential of metallic additives in engine oils to initiate abnormal combustion has been unclear. In this study, we investigated the influence of combustion chamber deposits derived from engine oil additives on combustion in a spark-ignited engine. We used a single-cylinder four-stroke engine, and measured several combustion characteristics (e.g., cylinder pressure, in-cylinder ultraviolet absorbance in the end-gas region, and visualized flame propagation) to evaluate combustion anomalies. To clarify the effects of individual additive components, we formed combustion products of individual additives in a combustion chamber prior to measuring combustion characteristics. We tested three types of metallic additives: a calcium-based detergent, a zinc-based antiwear agent, and a molybdenum-based friction modifier. Measurements of combustion characteristics after deposit formation revealed that the deposits derived from the calcium and zinc compounds facilitated auto-ignition and increased knock intensity. However, the deposits from molybdenum compounds showed no significant impact on auto-ignition. Our results showed that the chemical composition of combustion chamber deposits has specific effects relating to abnormal combustion in spark-ignited engines.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Prospects for Interactive Video-on-Demand (1994)

Interactive multimedia systems are rapidly evolving from marketing hype and research prototypes to commercial deployments.We survey the technological issues for designing a large-scale, distributed, interactive multimedia system.
Malfunction of Vascular Control in Lifestyle-Related Diseases: Formation of Systemic Hemoglobin-Nitric Oxide Complex (HbNO) From Dietary Nitrite (2004)

Nitric oxide (NO) has many physiological functions. It is believed to be produced from L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and nitrite and nitrate are waste forms of it. By the way, nitrate and nitrite are abundant in vegetables and fruits, especially leafy vegetables and pickled vegetables. Orally-ingested nitrate is changed to nitrite by micro-organelles living in the hypopharynx area, and nitrite is expected to change to NO in the stomach due to its low pH. Indeed, some researchers reported that NO is produced in the gastric cavity, although few reports mentioned the physiological meanings of this NO formation. Therefore, we investigated whether the nitrite-derived NO can shift to the circulation and acts like NOS-derived NO does in tissues. We adopted a stable isotope of nitrite (15NO2-) in order to distinguish between the endogenous nitrite and the exogenously administered one and measured nitrosyl hemoglobin (HbNO) as an index of circulating NO using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. It appeared that the oral administration of 15N-nitrite formed the Hb15NO in rat blood and decreased the blood pressure of chronic L-NAME treated rats. Our findings suggest that the intake of nitrite (or nitrate)-rich foods such as vegetables and fruits would alter the systemic HbNO dynamism, resulting in the improvement of cardiovascular diseases.
Conjugated polymer light-emitting diodes on silicon substrates (1994)

We report the fabrication of polymer electroluminescent devices on doped silicon substrates. An electron-injecting aluminum electrode is thermally evaporated onto the silicon substrate, and a layer of a high electron affinity conjugated polymer, poly(cyanoterephthalylidene), CN-PPV, is then spin coated onto this. A hole-transporting layer of poly(p-phenylene vinylene), PPV, is formed on top of the CN-PPV layer by thermal conversion of a spin-coated layer of the sulphonium precursor polymer. Finally, a transparent hole-injecting top electrode of indium-tin oxide is formed by rf sputtering. These devices show efficient red electroluminescence, with emission from the CN-PPV layer.
Scatter factor and the c-met receptor: a paradigm for mesenchymal/epithelial interaction. (1994)

Epithelia and mesenchyme interact during various physiologic and pathologic processes. Scatter factor is a mesenchyme-derived cytokine that stimulates motility, proliferation, and morphogenesis of epithelia. Recent studies suggest that scatter factor and its receptor (c-met) mediate mesenchyme/epithelia signalling and even interconversion. In this mini-review, we will discuss how scatter factor and c-met may mediate interactions between mesenchyme and epithelia during embryogenesis, organ repair, and neoplasia.
DyRT (2002)

In this paper we describe how to simulate geometrically complex, interactive, physically-based, volumetric, dynamic deformation models with negligible main CPU costs. This is achieved using a Dy namic R esponse T exture, or DyRT, that can be mapped onto any conventional animation as an optional rendering stage using commodity graphics hardware. The DyRT simulation process employs precomputed modal vibration models excited by rigid body motions. We present several examples, with an emphasis on bone-based character animation for interactive applications.
Diagnostic application of polymerase chain reaction for detection of Ehrlichia risticii in equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever) (1991)

Genomic amplification by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify a unique genomic sequence of Ehrlichia risticii directly in DNA isolated from peripheral-blood buffy coat cells of E. risticii-infected horses (Potomac horse fever) and from infected cell cultures. A specific primer pair, selected from a cloned, species-specific, 1-kb DNA fragment of the E. risticii genome as a template, was used for the amplification of the target DNA of 247 bp. The optimal number of 40 PCR cycles, determined by analyzing an amplification profile obtained with a constant Taq polymerase concentration, was used to achieve maximum amplification of the E. risticii DNA segment. Efficient amplification of target DNA was achieved with specimens processed by either the phenol extraction or rapid lysis method. The specificity of the amplified DNA product was confirmed by the proper size (247 bp) and appropriate restriction enzyme cleavage pattern of the amplified target DNA, as well as by the specific hybridization signal obtained by using a PCR-amplified 185-bp internal DNA probe. A 10(5)- to 10(6)-fold amplification of target DNA, which allowed detection of E. risticii from as few as two to three infected cells in culture and from a very small volume of buffy coat cells from infected horses, was achieved. This PCR amplification procedure was found to be highly specific and sensitive for the detection of E. risticii for the study of Potomac horse fever.
L’erouv de Jérusalem (2001)

According to Jewish law, complete rest is obligatory during Shabbat. The ban on working includes carrying any objects (keys, a book, a bag) outside the home. However, according to the Torah, a village or city surrounded by a wall with gates is considered a private domain. Today, it is an accepted practice to build eruvim using wire, string, or galvanized-steel ropes to form an imaginary wall. I asked residents of Jerusalem, Israeli and Palestinian, to take me to a public space that has, in their eyes, a private character.
Evidence for involvement of the growth hormone receptor-associated tyrosine kinase in actions of growth hormone. (1993)

Previous observations have led to the speculation that activation of a growth hormone (GH) receptor-associated tyrosine kinase is an early, perhaps initiating, event in transmembrane signaling by GH. To test this hypothesis further, a Western blotting assay employing antibodies to phosphotyrosine was used to determine whether proteins other than the GH receptor might serve as substrates of the GH receptor-associated tyrosine kinase. The ability of inhibitors of the GH receptor-associated kinase to block actions of GH was also investigated. Over a physiologically relevant range of concentrations, GH was found to promote, in 3T3-F442A fibroblasts, rapid changes in the level of tyrosyl phosphorylation of more than 13 proteins. At the highest GH concentration employed (500 ng/ml), increased tyrosyl phosphorylation of two proteins, pp121 and pp97, was clearly visible at 1 min, the earliest time tested. Increased tyrosyl phosphorylation of a number of other proteins (pp250, pps160-180, pps140-160, pp130, pp90, pp75, pp45, pp42, pp39, and pp36) and decreased tyrosyl phosphorylation of a 140-kDa protein were apparent after 5-10 min of incubation with GH. Staurosporine, herbimycin A, and tyrphostin were identified as inhibitors of the GH receptor-associated kinase. When added to anti-GH antibody immunoprecipitates from GH-treated cells, they inhibited incorporation of 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP into tyrosyl residues in GH receptor complexes. When added to cells, all three inhibitors blocked all GH-dependent increases in tyrosyl phosphorylation of cellular proteins. Inhibitors of the GH receptor-associated tyrosine kinase also abolished GH-dependent activation of microtubule-associated protein (MAP) kinase. Consistent with these inhibitors inhibiting the GH receptor-associated tyrosine kinase, they had little or no effect on activation of MAP kinase by epidermal growth factor. In contrast, genistein and hydroxy-(2-naphthyl)-methylphosphonic acid, tyrosine kinase inhibitors lacking specificity for the GH receptor-associated kinase, decreased GH-dependent tyrosyl phosphorylation of only a subset of GH-responsive bands and partially blocked GH-dependent activation of MAP kinase. These data show that increased tyrosyl phosphorylation of specific cellular proteins is a very rapid response to the binding of GH by the cell and most likely involves multiple tyrosine kinases. Furthermore, inhibition of the GH receptor-associated tyrosine kinase blocks at least two actions of GH, the stimulation of tyrosyl phosphorylation of multiple proteins and MAP kinase activation. These results are consistent with the GH receptor-associated kinase playing an important, perhaps initiating, role in trans-membrane signaling by GH.
Assembly of influenza hemagglutinin trimers and its role in intracellular transport. (1986)

The hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus is a homotrimeric integral membrane glycoprotein. It is cotranslationally inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum as a precursor called HA0 and transported to the cell surface via the Golgi complex. We have, in this study, investigated the kinetics and cellular location of the assembly reaction that results in HA0 trimerization. Three independent criteria were used for determining the formation of quaternary structure: the appearance of an epitope recognized by trimer-specific monoclonal antibodies; the acquisition of trypsin resistance, a characteristic of trimers; and the formation of stable complexes which cosedimented with the mature HA0 trimer (9S20,w) in sucrose gradients containing Triton X-100. The results showed that oligomer formation is a posttranslational event, occurring with a half time of approximately 7.5 min after completion of synthesis. Assembly occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, followed almost immediately by transport to the Golgi complex. A stabilization event in trimer structure occurs when HA0 leaves the Golgi complex or reaches the plasma membrane. Approximately 10% of the newly synthesized HA0 formed aberrant trimers which were not transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex or the plasma membrane. Taken together the results suggested that formation of correctly folded quaternary structure constitutes a key event regulating the transport of the protein out of the endoplasmic reticulum. Further changes in subunit interactions occur as the trimers move along the secretory pathway.
Immunohistochemical detection of the lymphatic marker podoplanin in diverse types of human cancer cells using a novel antibody (2007)

The mucin-type transmembrane glycoprotein podoplanin (also known as T1alpha, gp38 or Aggrus) is well established as one of the lymphatic-specific markers. Podoplanin was also reported to be associated with tumor-induced platelet aggregation and tumor metastasis. Here, we generated a novel monoclonal antibody (clone; 7B10) that specifically recognized human podoplanin, as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot analyses, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. 7B10 stained not only lymphatic vessels but also type I alveolar cells in the lung, podocytes in the kidney and myoepithelial cells in the breast. In addition, podoplanin expression was analyzed by immunostaining on tissue microarrays that included 12 different cancer types using 7B10. Consequently, we found that podoplanin was expressed by cancer cells derived from esophagus, lung, liver, colon and breast, as well as lymphatic endothelial cells. These findings suggest a potential role of podoplanin in tumor progression in diverse types of human cancers.
Amantadine as treatment for dyskinesias and motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease (1998)

These findings suggest that amantadine given as adjuvant to levodopa can markedly improve motor response complications and support the view that hyperfunction of NMDA receptors contributes to the pathogenesis of levodopa-associated motor complications.
Development of o-Chlorophenyl Substituted Pyrimidines as Exceptionally Potent Aurora Kinase Inhibitors (2012)

The o-carboxylic acid substituted bisanilinopyrimidine 1 was identified as a potent hit (Aurora A IC(50) = 6.1 ± 1.0 nM) from in-house screening. Detailed structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies indicated that polar substituents at the para position of the B-ring are critical for potent activity. X-ray crystallography studies revealed that compound 1 is a type I inhibitor that binds the Aurora kinase active site in a DFG-in conformation. Structure-activity guided replacement of the A-ring carboxylic acid with halogens and incorporation of fluorine at the pyrimidine 5-position led to highly potent inhibitors of Aurora A that bind in a DFG-out conformation. B-Ring modifications were undertaken to improve the solubility and cell permeability. Compounds such as 9m with water-solubilizing moieties at the para position of the B-ring inhibited the autophosphorylation of Aurora A in MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells.
A Biologically Inspired Immune System for Computers (1994)

Computer viruses are the rst and only form of arti cial life to have had a measurable impact on society.Currently, they are a r elatively manageable nuisance.However, two alarming trends are l i k e l y t o m a k e c omputer viruses a much greater threat.First, the rate at which new viruses are b eing written is high, and accelerating.Second, the trend towards increasing interconnectivity and interoperability among computers will enable computer viruses and worms to spread much more r apidly than they do today.To address these problems, we have designed an immune system for computers and computer networks that takes much of its inspiration from nature.Like the vertebrate immune system, our system develops antibodies to previously unencountered c omputer viruses or worms and remembers them so as to recognize and respond to them more quickly in the future.We are c areful to minimize the risk of an auto-immune response, in which the immune system mistakenly identi es legitimate software as being undesirable.We also employ nature's technique of ghting self-replication with self-replication, which our theoretical studies have shown to be highly e ective.Many components of the proposed immune system are already being used to automate computer virus analysis in our laboratory, and we anticipate that this technology will gradually be incorporated into IBM's commercial anti-virus product during the next year or two.
Chemically modified β-glucuronidase crosses blood–brain barrier and clears neuronal storage in murine mucopolysaccharidosis VII (2008)

Enzyme replacement therapy has been used successfully in many lysosomal storage diseases. However, correction of brain storage has been limited by the inability of infused enzyme to cross the blood–brain barrier. The newborn mouse is an exception because recombinant enzyme is delivered to neonatal brain after mannose 6-phosphate receptor-mediated transcytosis. Access to this route is very limited after 2 weeks of age. Recently, several studies showed that multiple infusions of high doses of enzyme partially cleared storage in adult brain. These results raised the question of whether correction of brain storage by repeated high doses of enzyme depends on mannose 6-phosphate receptor-mediated uptake or whether enzyme gains access to brain storage by another route when brain capillaries are exposed to prolonged, high levels of circulating enzyme. To address this question, we used an enzyme whose carbohydrate-dependent receptor-mediated uptake was inactivated by chemical modification. Treatment of human β-glucuronidase (GUS) with sodium metaperiodate followed by sodium borohydride reduction (PerT-GUS) eliminated uptake by mannose 6-phosphate and mannose receptors in cultured cells and dramatically slowed its plasma clearance from a t ½ of &lt;10 min to 18 h. Surprisingly, PerT-GUS infused weekly for 12 weeks was more effective in clearing central nervous system storage than native GUS at the same dose. In fact, PerT-GUS resulted in almost complete reversal of storage in neocortical and hippocampal neurons. This enhanced correction of neuronal storage by long-circulating enzyme, which targets no known receptor, suggests a delivery system across the blood–brain barrier that might be exploited therapeutically.
Reprogramming of murine and human somatic cells using a single polycistronic vector (2008)

Directed reprogramming of somatic cells by defined factors provides a novel method for the generation of patient-specific stem cells with the potential to bypass both the practical and ethical concerns associated with somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and human embryonic stem (hES) cells. Although the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has proven a robust technology in mouse and human, a major impediment to the use of iPS cells for therapeutic purposes has been the viral-based delivery of the reprogramming factors because multiple proviral integrations pose the danger of insertional mutagenesis. Here we report a novel approach to reduce the number of viruses necessary to reprogram somatic cells by delivering reprogramming factors in a single virus using 2A "self-cleaving" peptides, which support efficient polycistronic expression from a single promoter. We find that up to four reprogramming factors (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) can be expressed from a single virus to generate iPS cells in both embryonic and adult somatic mouse cells and we show that a single proviral copy is sufficient to generate iPS cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In addition we have generated human induced pluripotent stem (hiPS) cell lines from human keratinocytes, demonstrating that a single polycistronic virus can reprogram human somatic cells.