gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-catalyzed chain oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by perhydroxyl radicals. (1980)

The chain oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.NADH by perhydroxyl radicals and propagated by molecular oxygen was studied by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, 60Co gamma-ray, and pulse radiolysis. The chain length, amount of NADH oxidized per HO2 generated, increases with increasing acidity of the medium and reaches a value of 73 at pH 5.0. The rate constant for the oxidation of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.NADH complex by HO2 was estimated to be 2 X 10(7) M-1 S-1 at ambient temperatures (23-24 degrees C). Rate studies as a function of pH indicate that O2- is unreactive toward the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.NADH complex. Other dehydrogenases (malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and isocitric dehydrogenase) studied showed no catalytic activity in the oxidation of NADH by HO2/O2-.
A high-efficiency CMOS +22-dBm linear power amplifier (2005)

Modern wireless communication systems require power amplifiers with high efficiency and high linearity. CMOS is the technology of choice for complete systems on a chip due to its lower costs and high integration levels. However, it has always been difficult to integrate high-efficiency power amplifiers in CMOS. In this paper, we present a new class of operation (parallel A&B) for power amplifiers that improves both their dynamic range and power efficiency. A prototype design of the new amplifier was fabricated in a 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. Measurement results show a PAE that is over 44% and the measured output power is +22 dBm. In comparison to a normal class A amplifier, this new design increases the 1-dB compression point (P1dB) by over 3 dB and reduces dc power consumption by over 50% within the linear operating range.
The A326S Mutant of Giα1 as an Approximation of the Receptor-bound State (1998)

Agonist-bound heptahelical receptors activate heterotrimeric G proteins by catalyzing exchange of GDP for GTP on their alpha subunits. In search of an approximation of the receptor-alpha subunit complex, we have considered the properties of A326S Gialpha1, a mutation discovered originally in Gsalpha (Iiri, T., Herzmark, P., Nakamoto, J. M., Van Dop, C., and Bourne, H. R. (1994) Nature 371, 164-168) that mimics the effect of receptor on nucleotide exchange. The mutation accelerates dissociation of GDP from the alphai1beta1gamma2 heterotrimer by 250-fold. Nevertheless, affinity of mutant Gialpha1 for GTPgammaS is high in the presence of Mg2+, and the mutation has no effect on the intrinsic GTPase activity of the alpha subunit. The mutation also uncouples two activities of betagamma: stabilization of the GDP-bound alpha subunit (which is retained) and retardation of GDP dissociation from the heterotrimer (which is lost). For wild-type and mutant Gialpha1, beta gamma prevents irreversible inactivation of the alpha subunit at 30 degreesC. However, the mutation accelerates irreversible inactivation of alpha at 37 degreesC despite the presence of beta gamma. Structurally, the mutation weakens affinity for GTPgammaS by steric crowding: a 2-fold increase in the number of close contacts between the protein and the purine ring of the nucleotide. By contrast, we observe no differences in structure at the GDP binding site between wild-type heterotrimers and those containing A326S Gialpha1. However, the GDP binding site is only partially occupied in crystals of G protein heterotrimers containing A326S Gialpha1. In contrast to original speculations about the structural correlates of receptor-catalyzed nucleotide exchange, rapid dissociation of GDP can be observed in the absence of substantial structural alteration of a Galpha subunit in the GDP-bound state.
An Improved Direct Oxidation of Alkyl Halides to Aldehydes (1986)

Abstract The oxidation of alkyl chlorides and bromides with dimethyl sulfoxide has been performed in the presence of sodium iodide. This method allows a convenient one-step procedure for the preparation of aldehydes from alkyl chlorides and bromides.
Peptide-based vaccines for cancer: realizing their potential (2008)

Advances in the engineering of peptides, adjuvants and delivery systems have renewed the enthusiasm for peptide-based vaccination regimens in the setting of cancer, and there are a variety of clinical trials being conducted by pharmaceutical companies based on the use of peptides. The challenges to successful cancer immunotherapy are common to all immunotherapeutic strategies and not unique to peptide-based vaccination regimens. This review will describe the advances in the identification, design and delivery of peptides, the challenges to successful immunotherapy and will discuss potential options for the future.
Accumulation of Amyloid Precursor Protein in the Mitochondrial Import Channels of Human Alzheimer’s Disease Brain Is Associated with Mitochondrial Dysfunction (2006)

Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the major intracellular lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the causative factors involved in the mitochondrial dysfunction in human AD are not well understood. Here we report that nonglycosylated full-length and C-terminal truncated amyloid precursor protein (APP) accumulates exclusively in the protein import channels of mitochondria of human AD brains but not in age-matched controls. Furthermore, in AD brains, mitochondrially associated APP formed stable approximately 480 kDa complexes with the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (TOM40) import channel and a super complex of approximately 620 kDa with both mitochondrial TOM40 and the translocase of the inner mitochondrial membrane 23 (TIM23) import channel TIM23 in an "N(in mitochondria)-C(out cytoplasm)" orientation. Accumulation of APP across mitochondrial import channels, which varied with the severity of AD, inhibited the entry of nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits IV and Vb proteins, which was associated with decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity and increased levels of H2O2. Regional distribution of mitochondrial APP showed higher levels in AD-vulnerable brain regions, such as the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Mitochondrial accumulation of APP was also observed in the cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neuronal types in the category III AD brains. The levels of translocationally arrested mitochondrial APP directly correlated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, apolipoprotein genotype analysis revealed that AD subjects with the E3/E4 alleles had the highest content of mitochondrial APP. Collectively, these results suggest that abnormal accumulation of APP across mitochondrial import channels, causing mitochondrial dysfunction, is a hallmark of human AD pathology.
Explore, exploit, and explain (2018)

The multi-armed bandit is an important framework for balancing exploration with exploitation in recommendation. Exploitation recommends content (e.g., products, movies, music playlists) with the highest predicted user engagement and has traditionally been the focus of recommender systems. Exploration recommends content with uncertain predicted user engagement for the purpose of gathering more information. The importance of exploration has been recognized in recent years, particularly in settings with new users, new items, non-stationary preferences and attributes. In parallel, explaining recommendations ("recsplanations") is crucial if users are to understand their recommendations. Existing work has looked at bandits and explanations independently. We provide the first method that combines both in a principled manner. In particular, our method is able to jointly (1) learn which explanations each user responds to; (2) learn the best content to recommend for each user; and (3) balance exploration with exploitation to deal with uncertainty. Experiments with historical log data and tests with live production traffic in a large-scale music recommendation service show a significant improvement in user engagement.
Effects of the Platelet‐Derived Growth Factor/Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐I Combination on Bone Regeneration Around Titanium Dental Implants. Results of a Pilot Study in Beagle Dogs (1991)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early wound healing events of bone around press-fit titanium implants inserted with and without the concurrent application of a combination of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I). Nine months prior to implant placement all mandibular premolar teeth were extracted in 8 beagle dogs. Subsequently, 40 specially manufactured titanium implants with 2 transverse holes in the apical section were press fit into precise recipient sites in the dogs' mandibles. The dogs were sacrificed at 7 and 21 days following implant placement yielding 12 PDGF-B/IGF-I treated and 8 control (placebo gel or non-treated) implants for each observation period. Coded undecalcified sections were analyzed for: 1) percentage of implant surface in contact with new bone; 2) percentage of peri-implant space filled with new bone; and 3) percentage of implant hole filled with new bone. An analysis of variance was used to determine significant differences among the treatment groups. At 7 days, the percentage of bone fill in the peri-implant spaces and the percentage of implant surface in contact with new bone were both significantly increased in PDGF-B/IGF-I treated sites (P less than 0.01 for both groups). There was less than 1.5% fill of the implant holes in both treated and control sites (no significant differences). At 21 days the percentage of bone fill in the peri-implant spaces was significantly increased in the PDGF-B/IGF-I treated sites (P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Childhood Leukemias (1995)

The childhood leukemias are a study in contrasts. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is diagnosed in approximately 2000 children in the United States each year, whereas acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is diagnosed in only about 500 children, and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in fewer than 100. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), one of the most common leukemias in adults, seldom occurs in children. Current chemotherapeutic regimens cure as many as 70 percent of children with ALL (Figure 1)14 but only 30 to 40 percent of those with AML,510 and they are ineffective against CML without allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.11 Our . . .
“Keaping” a lid on lung cancer: the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway (2018)

Lung cancer remains one of the world's deadliest cancers, with effective targeted treatment options available for only a small subset of patients. The rapid expansion of cancer genomics in recent years has provided insight into the genetic landscape of all major lung cancer subtypes and led to new discoveries on the heterogeneous biology underlying lung tumorigenesis. Interestingly, these studies have revealed a high frequency of alterations in the Kelch-like ECG-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)-Nuclear factor erythoid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) stress response pathway, for which no targeted treatments are currently available. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms underlying NRF2 pathway activation in lung cancer cells, with a focus on in vivo functional studies in genetically engineered mouse models. Importantly, potential avenues and implications for therapeutic targeting of KEAP1-NRF2 pathway vulnerabilities for lung cancer patients will be highlighted.
Synthesis and Characterization of MO[OSi(OtBu)3]4and MO2[OSi(OtBu)3]2(M = Mo, W):  Models for Isolated Oxo-Molybdenum and -Tungsten Sites on Silica and Precursors to Molybdena− and Tungsta−Silica Materials (2005)

The tri(alkoxy)siloxy complexes MO[OSi(OtBu)3]4 (1, M = Mo and 2, M = W) were prepared from MOCl4 and LiOSi(OtBu)3. Similarly, reactions of MO2Cl2(DME) with LiOSi(OtBu)3 afforded the new siloxide complexes MO2[OSi(OtBu)3]2 (3, M = Mo and 4, M = W), which are themally unstable at ambient temperature. More stable compounds were obtained by the crystallizations of 3 and 4 in a coordinating solvent, to form the ether adducts MoO2[OSi(OtBu)3]2(THF) (3a) and WO2[OSi(OtBu)3]2(DME) (4a). These compounds serve as soluble models for isolated molybdenum or tungsten atoms on a silica surface and were characterized by 1H, 13C, 29Si, 95Mo, and 183W NMR, FT-Raman, FT-IR, and UV−vis spectroscopies. Compounds 1, 2, 3a, and 4a were used to prepare metal−oxide silica composites via the thermolytic molecular precursor method. The xerogels obtained from the thermolyses of 1, 2, 3a, and 4a in toluene contained mesoporosity with surface areas of 10, 230, 106, and 270 m2 g-1, respectively. Despite the high surface areas for most samples, these xerogels contain MO3 domains. Complexes 1 and 2 were also used to introduce molybdenum and tungsten sites, respectively, onto mesoporous SBA-15 silica via displacement of the −OSi(OtBu)3 ligand for a siloxyl group from the silica surface. All molybdenum- and tungsten-containing systems were tested as catalysts for the epoxidation of cyclohexene using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) or aqueous H2O2 as the oxidant.
Optimal experiment design for open and closed-loop system identification (2011)

This article reviews the development of experiment design in the field of identification of dynamical systems, from the early work of the seventies on input design for open loop identification to the developments of the last decade that were spurred by the research on identification for control. While the early work focused entirely on criteria based on the asymptotic parameter covariance, the results of the last decade aim at minimizing a wide range of possible criteria, including measures of the estimated transfer function, or of functions of this estimated transfer function. Two important recent developments are the solution of the experiment design problem for closed loop identification, and the formulation and solution of the dual optimal design problem in which the cost of identification is minimized subject to a quality constraint on the estimated model. We shall conclude this survey with new results on the optimal closed loop experiment design problem, where the optimization is performed jointly with respect to the controller and the spectrum of the external excitation.
Cannabidiol inhibitory effect on marble-burying behaviour: involvement of CB1 receptors (2010)

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major non-psychotomimetic component of Cannabis sativa that has been shown to have an anxiolytic effect in human and animal models. Earlier studies suggest that these effects involve facilitation of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that has also been related to obsessive-compulsive disorder. On the basis of this evidence, this study investigated the effects of CBD in C57BL/6J mice submitted to the marble-burying test (MBT), an animal model proposed to reflect compulsive behaviour. CBD (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg) induced a significant decrease in the number of buried marbles compared with controls (34, 41 and 48%, respectively). A similar, although larger, decrease was also found after the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor paroxetine (10 mg/kg, 77% decrease) and the benzodiazepine diazepam (2.5 mg/kg, 84% decrease). The effect of CBD (30 mg/kg) was still significant after 7 days of daily repeated administration, whereas the effect of diazepam disappeared. Pretreatment with WAY100635 (3 mg/kg), a 5HT1A receptor antagonist, prevented the effects of paroxetine but failed to alter those of CBD. These latter effects, however, were prevented by pretreatment with the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (1 mg/kg). These results indicated that CBD and paroxetine decrease the number of buried marbles in the MBT through distinct pharmacological mechanisms. They also suggest a potential role of drugs acting on the cannabinoid system in modulating compulsive behaviour.
A proxy effect analyis and fair adatpation algorithm for multiple competing Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP clients (2012)

Multimedia streaming technologies based on the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) are very popular and used by many content providers such as Netflix, Hulu, and Vudu. Recently, ISO/IEC MPEG has ratified Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH) which extends the traditional HTTP streaming with an adaptive component addressing the issue of varying bandwidth conditions that users are facing in networks based on the Internet Protocol (IP). Additionally, industry has already deployed several solutions based on such an approach which simplifies large scale deployment because the whole streaming logic is located at the client. However, these features may introduce drawbacks when multiple clients compete for a network bottleneck due to the fact that the clients are not aware of the network infrastructure such as proxies or other clients. This paper identifies these negative effects and the evaluation thereof using MPEG-DASH and Microsoft Smooth Streaming. Furthermore, we propose a novel adaptation algorithm introducing the concept of fairness regarding a cluster of clients. In anticipation of the results we can conclude that we achieve more efficient bottleneck bandwidth utilization and less quality switches.
Novel Adrenergic Compounds. I. Receptor Interactions of ABBOTT-54741 [(5,6-Dihydroxy-l,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-l-Naphthtyl)Imidazoline], an α-Adrenergic Agonist (1989)

ABBOTT-54741 was identified as a full alpha-adrenergic agonist; its interaction with the alpha-adrenergic receptor was compared to that of norepinephrine. ABBOTT-54741 lacks affinity for beta-adrenergic receptors. In radioligand binding studies, the affinity of ABBOTT-54741 for alpha 1-adrenoceptors (as measured against 3H-prazosin binding) was KI = 401 nM, and that for norepinephrine was 388 nM. The affinity of ABBOTT-54741 for alpha 2-adrenoceptors (as measured against 3H-rauwolscine binding) was greater than that of norepinephrine (KIA = 7 nM; KI NE = 37 nM). In vitro, ABBOTT-54741 exhibits high potency in vascular preparations (ED50NE/ED50A in rabbit aorta = 12.9; in phenoxybenzamine-treated dog saphenous vein = 188.5). In rabbit pulmonary artery, it shows greater potency for the presynaptic than postsynaptic receptors, corroborating the observations of selectivity obtained in binding studies. The observations in vivo reflect that in isolated tissues. In different species (dog, rat) and via different routes of administration (i.v., p.o., i.c.v., and nasal), ABBOTT-54741 exhibits cardiovascular effects reflecting the stimulation of both alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors consistently with much greater potency than norepinephrine or any other alpha agonist known to the authors.
Syntactic pattern recognition of the ECG (1990)

An application of the syntactic method to electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern recognition and parameter measurement is presented. Solutions to the related problems of primitive pattern selection, primitive pattern extraction, linguistic representation, and pattern grammar formulation are given. Attribute grammars are used as the model for the pattern grammar because of their descriptive power, founded upon their ability to handle syntactic as well as semantic information. This approach has been implemented and the performance of the resultant system has been evaluated using an annotated standard ECG library.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Molecular Basis of the Specificity of Binding of Glycoprotein Hormones to Their Receptors (1992)

THREE glycoprotein hormones are synthesized and secreted by the pituitary under hypothalamic control. Two of them are the gonadotropins, LH and FSH, and the third one is TSH. During gestation in primates and equidaes an additional gonadotropin, CG, is secreted by the placenta. Pituitary gonadotropins play pivotal roles in the control of reproductive function in both the female (1, 2) and the male (3) while the main role of TSH is in the control of thyroid gland activity (4). Although the human (h) and equine (e) CGs (the latter previously named PMSG) have been studied extensively, the full extent of their roles remains equivocal (5, 6). Glycoprotein hormones form a family of structurally related molecules that are among the most complex molecules possessing hormonal activities. Despite their extensive homologies, these hormones exhibit high specificities, indispensable for their respective and often coordinated physiological roles. The present review is an attempt to summarize and interpret the available data concerning the molecular basis for their highly specific interaction with their receptors.
Functional effects of a G to U base change at position 530 in a highly conserved loop of Escherichia coli 16S RNA (1993)

Any base change at position 530 introduced into Escherichia coli on a multicopy plasmid leads to cell death [Powers & Noller (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 1042-1046]. It was suggested that these mutants cannot carry out chain elongation. To define more precisely the function of base 530, we have studied ribosomes in which G530 was mutated to U530. In vivo, U530 16S rRNA was incorporated into 30S subunits and could combine with 50S to make 70S ribosomes. 16S rRNA in vitro transcripts containing U530 were assembled into 30S ribosomes, and their activity was tested in defined steps of protein synthesis. Mutant 30S ribosomes were as active as wild-type in poly(U)-dependent poly(Phe) synthesis, P- and A-site tRNA binding, and 30S initiation complex formation. 30S initiation complexes, in the presence of 50S, could react with puromycin like the wild-type. The rate, extent, and position of cross-linking of AcVal-tRNA in the P site to 16S RNA were identical in mutant and wild-type ribosomes. Although there appeared to be no defect in 70S initiation complex formation or in direct A-site binding of Phe-tRNA dependent on poly(U), U530 30S ribosomes were nevertheless defective in carrying out synthesis of fMet-Val dipeptide using natural mRNA. Mutant 30S ribosomes were also refractory to streptomycin-induced misreading although no misreading was observed in its absence.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
L.E.G.O.: Leave Everyone's Gender Out (2015)

"...by providing full walls and already assembled objects in these sets[,] Lego assumes that girls do not want to build their own worlds and thus takes away that essential element from Lego Friends completely, inhibiting girls’ creativity and sense of 'self-discovery'..."
A Specific and Sensitive Assay for the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (1989)

A highly specific and sensitive assay for Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, was developed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The target DNA sequence was of chromosomal origin and conserved, by hybridization analyses, among all strains of B. burgdorferi tested but was not present in the most closely related member of the genus, B. hermsii. The PCR assay developed from this sequence reacted with 17 of 18 strains of B. burgdorferi but not with any other Borrelia species tested. The assay was sensitive to fewer than five copies of the B. burgdorferi genome, even in the presence of a 10(6)-fold excess of eukaryotic DNA. This assay should greatly facilitate the accurate diagnosis of Lyme disease and provide a means with which to investigate the pathogenesis, transmission, and basic biology of B. burgdorferi.