gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A VLSI implementation of the VAX vector architecture (2002)

A single-board implementation of the VAX vector architecture is described. The vector processor can be divided into three separate function units: the vector controller, implemented as a single chip; the arithmetic pipelines, implemented by four pairs of chips; and the load/store unit, implemented by one chip. In addition, the load/store chip controls a 1-MB cache. All three function units can operate independently. The vector coprocessor is designed for use in the VAX 6000 model 400 system. It was implemented using 1.5- mu m custom CMOS and LSI logics sea-of-gates gate array. Peak performance is 90 MFLOPS single precision and 45 MFLOPS double precision. The vector coprocessor achieves speedups between 3 and 40 times the scalar CPU across a range of benchmarks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Morgan Stanley's Aurora System: Designing a Next Generation Global Production Unix Environment (1995)

The challenge: To come up with a distributed systems environment that would allow Morgan Stanley to centrally manage tens of thousands of systems spread out over more than 30 offices on virtually every continent on the globe in a fully production fashion. The solution: The Aurora System.
Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients with Subclinical Hypothyroidism (1999)

Although subclinical hypothyroidism is frequently diagnosed, the decision to institute a substitutive therapy with L-T4 remains controversial. Because the cardiovascular system is considered a main target for the action of thyroid hormone, we investigated whether subclinical hypothyroidism induces cardiovascular abnormalities. Twenty-six patients (mean age, 36 +/- 12 yr) were evaluated by Doppler-echocardiography, whereas a subgroup of 10 patients, randomly selected, were reevaluated after 6 months of L-T4 substitutive therapy (mean dose, 68 microg daily). Thirty subjects (matched for age, sex, and body surface area) served as controls. Mean plasma TSH was significantly higher in patients (P < 0.001), whereas mean serum free T4 and free T3 concentrations, although in the normal range, were significantly lower (P < 0.001 and P < 0.005, respectively). Blood pressure and heart rate did not differ from control values. Echocardiogram examination showed no abnormalities of the left ventricular morphology and a slight, but not significant, reduction in the systolic function in the patient group. In contrast, Doppler-derived indices of diastolic function showed significant prolongation of the isovolumic relaxation time (94 +/- 13 vs. 84 +/- 8 msec; P < 0.001), increased A wave (55 +/- 13 vs. 48 +/- 9 cm/sec; P < 0.05), and reduced early diastolic mitral flow velocity/late diastolic mitral flow velocity ratio (1.4 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.7 +/- 0.3; P < 0.001). In the subgroup of 10 patients, thyroid hormone profile was normalized by 6 months of L-T4 substitutive therapy, whereas no changes were observed in the left ventricular morphology. Systolic function was significantly enhanced, as compared with pretreatment values (P < 0.01) but did not differ from control values. Also, systemic vascular resistance was significantly decreased by L-T4 replacement therapy. Assessment of diastolic function showed significant shortening of isovolumic relaxation time (77 +/- 15 vs. 91 +/- 8; P < 0.05), reduction of A wave (51 +/- 13 vs. 60 +/- 12; P < 0.01), and increase of early diastolic mitral flow velocity/late diastolic mitral flow velocity ratio (1.7 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.3; P < 0.001). These indices, however, were comparable with those of control subjects. These findings indicate that subclinical hypothyroidism affects diastolic function and that this abnormality may be reversed by L-T4 substitutive therapy.
Nitrate Reduction in a Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans , Isolated from Rice Paddy Soil: Sulfide Inhibition, Kinetics, and Regulation (1994)

From the second-highest dilution in a most-probable-number dilution series with lactate and sulfate as substrates and rice paddy soil as the inoculum, a strain of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans was isolated. In addition to reducing sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate, the strain also reduced nitrate to ammonia. The latter process was studied in detail, since the ability to reduce nitrate was strongly influenced by the presence of sulfide. Sulfide inhibited both growth on nitrate and nitrate reduction. A 70% inhibition of the nitrate reduction rate was obtained at 127 muM sulfide, and growth was inhibited by 50% at approximately 320 muM sulfide and was not detectable above 700 muM sulfide. In contrast, sulfate reduction was not affected at concentrations of up to 5 mM. After growth with sulfate, an induction period of 2 to 4 days was needed before nitrate reduction started. When nitrate and sulfate were present simultaneously, only sulfate was reduced, except when sulfate was present at very low concentrations (4 muM). At higher sulfate concentrations (500 muM), nitrate reduction was temporarily halted. The affinity for nitrate uptake was extremely high (K(m) = 0.05 muM) compared with that for sulfate uptake (K(m) = 5 muM). Thus, at low nitrate concentrations this bacterium is favored relative to denitrifiers (K(m) = 1.8 to 13.7 muM) or other nitrate ammonifiers (e.g., Clostridium spp. [K(m) = 500 muM]).
Addressing CBIR efficiency, effectiveness, and retrieval subjectivity simultaneously (2003)

This work is about Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR), focusing on developing a Fast And Semantics-Tailored (FAST) image retrieval methodology. Specifically, the contributions of FAST methodology to the CBIR literature include: (1) development of a new indexing method based on fuzzy logic to incorporate color, texture, and shape information into a region based approach to improving the retrieval effectiveness and robustness (2) development of a new hierarchical indexing structure and the corresponding Hierarchical, Elimination-based A* Retrieval algorithm (HEAR) to significantly improve the retrieval efficiency without sacrificing the retrieval effectiveness; it is shown that HEAR is guaranteed to deliver a logarithm search in the average case (3) employment of user relevance feedbacks to tailor the semantic retrieval to each user's individualized query preference through the novel Indexing Tree Pruning (ITP) and Adaptive Region Weight Updating (ARWU) algorithms. Theoretical analysis and experimental evaluations show that FAST methodology holds a great promise in delivering fast and semantics-tailored image retrieval in CBIR.
Importance of genetic diversity in eelgrass Zostera marina for its resilience to global warming (2007)

Effects of global warming on marine ecosystems are far less understood than they are in terrestrial environments. Macrophyte-based coastal ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to global warming, because they often lack species redundancy. We tested whether summer heat waves have negative effects on an ecologically important ecosystem engineer, the eelgrass Zostera marina L., and whether high genotypic diversity may provide resilience in the face of climatic extremes. In a mesocosm experiment, we manipulated genotypic diversity of eelgrass patches fully crossed with water temperature (control vs. temperature stress) over 5 mo. We found a strong negative effect of warming and a positive effect of genotypic diversity on shoot densities of eelgrass. These results suggest that eelgrass meadows and associated ecosystem services will be negatively affected by predicted increases in summer temperature extremes. Genotypic diversity may provide critical response diversity for maintaining seagrass ecosystem functioning, and for adaptation to environmental change.
Ultra-thin platinum catalytic electrodes fabricated by atomic layer deposition (2013)

Because noble metal catalysts (e.g. Pt) are one of the main contributors to low-temperature (<500 °C) fuel cell costs, significant efforts have been made to lower the noble metal loading in constructing fuel cell electrodes. In this work, ultra-thin (∼10 nm) platinum (Pt) cathode/catalyst layers were patterned by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and tested as catalytic electrodes (cathode) for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells. We found that 180 cycles or approximately 10 nm of ALD Pt, with a Pt loading of only 0.02 mg cm(-2), were sufficient for the purpose of a catalytic cathode. Furthermore, this ALD Pt resulted in fuel cell performance comparable to that achieved by 80 nm-thick sputtered Pt. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations revealed the optimized number of ALD cycles of Pt for the catalytic electrode, which renders both contiguity and high triple-phase boundary (TPB) density. This result suggests the ability to significantly reduce Pt loading, thereby reducing the cost, and furthermore, can be easily applied to high performance fuel cells with complex 3-D structures.
Putting people back into ships: The use of archaeological evidence in the interpretation of preserved ships (1995)

Much of Colin White's paper was delivered extempore and was illustrated with slides of the various ship preservation and archaeological projects which he quoted as examples. What follows, therefore, is not the exact text of his paper, but a version he has prepared specially for publication.
Kinetic behaviour of α‐chymotrypsin in reverse micelles (1992)

At the aim of investigating whether the early rapid phase of enzyme turnover is different in reverse micelles compared with bulk water, the kinetic properties of alpha-chymotrypsin have been studied in reverse micelles formed by sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate in isooctane. Pre-steady state and steady-state kinetic constants, in water and in reverse micelles, have been determined by stopped-flow spectrophotometry for the hydrolysis of two substrates, namely acetyl-L-tryptophan-p-nitrophenyl ester and p-nitrophenyl acetate. It has been shown that, for both substrates, the acylation rate constant (k2) is very much lower in reverse micelles than in water. However, the deacylation rate constant (k3) and the turnover number (kcat) are not significantly changed in reverse micelles with respect to bulk water. Therefore, despite considerable rate changes in the acylation step, deacylation is rate limiting both in water as well as in reverse micelles, under the experimental conditions used.
Nuclear Transplantation in Bovine Embryos (1987)

This study was conducted to develop a method for transplanting nuclei in bovine embryos and to test the development of several stages of donor nuclei transplanted to enucleated pronuclear recipient embryos. Pronuclear embryos were centrifuged to reveal nuclei. Nuclei were removed without penetrating the plasma membrane as membrane-bound karyoplasts, and were inserted into enucleated zygotes by electrically induced cell fusion. The highest rate of fusion (79%) occurred in Zimmerman Cell Fusion medium at 100 V for 20 to 40 microseconds with the fusion membranes oriented parallel to the electrodes. The effect of nuclear transplantation on development was tested in pronuclear embryos in which nuclei were removed and reinserted and the embryos were then transferred to sheep oviducts for 5 d. Of the intact nuclear transplant embryos recovered, 5/29 (17%) developed to morulae or blastocysts compared with 11/30 (37%) of the non-manipulated embryos. Two nuclear transplant embryos were transferred to a recipient cow, and both developed to normal offspring. When nuclei from two-, four-, or eight-cell embryos were transplanted to pronuclear recipient embryos, no development was observed.
The E6–AP Ubiquitin–Protein Ligase (UBE3A) Gene Is Localized within a Narrowed Angelman Syndrome Critical Region (1997)

Angelman syndrome (AS) and Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) are distinct clinical phenotypes resulting from maternal and paternal deficiencies, respectively, in human chromosome 15qll-q13. Although several imprinted, paternally expressed transcripts have been identified within the PWS candidate region, no maternally expressed gene has yet been identified within the AS candidate region. We have developed an integrated physical map spanning the PWS and AS candidate regions and localized two breakpoints, including a cryptic t(14;15) translocation associated with AS and a non-AS 15q deletion, which substantially narrow the AS candidate region to approximately 250 kb. Mapping data indicate that the entire transcriptional unit of the E6-AP ubiquitin-protein ligase (UBE3A) gene lies within the AS region. The UBE3A locus expresses a transcript of approximately 5 kb at low to moderate levels in all tissues tested. The mouse homolog of UBE3A was cloned and sequenced revealing a high degree of conservation at nucleotide and protein levels. Northern and RT-PCR analysis of Ube3a expression in mouse tissues from animals with segmental, paternal uniparental disomy failed to detect substantially reduced or absent expression compared to control animals, failing to provide any evidence for maternal-specific expression from this locus. Recent identification of de novo truncating mutations in UBE3A taken with these observations indicates that mutations in UBE3A can lead to AS and suggests that this locus may encode both imprinted and biallelically expressed products.
Pathogenesis of cyclosporine nephropathy (1995)

Low-salt-diet, cyclosporine (CsA; 15 mg/kg per day)-treated rats develop striped interstitial fibrosis, arteriolar hyalinosis, and azotemia similar to the chronic nephropathy observed in humans. To examine the role of angiotensin II in this model, rats on a low-salt diet were given CsA, CsA and the angiotensin II receptor Type I antagonist Losartan (10 mg/kg per day), CsA and hydralazine/furosemide, or vehicle. At Day 35, CsA-treated rats had tubular injury, arteriolopathy of the afferent arteriole, increased expression of the monocyte-macrophage adhesive protein osteopontin, interstitial macrophage infiltration, increased interstitial transforming growth factor-beta expression, and interstitial fibrosis. This study provides new insight in both pathogenic and therapeutic aspects of CsA nephropathy. The pathogenesis of CsA nephropathy involves the expression of osteopontin by tubular epithelial cells, the level of which closely correlates with the degree of macrophage infiltration and interstitial fibrosis in all groups (r = 0.79 and 0.74, respectively; P < 0.001). Therapeutic conclusions can be drawn from the observation that both losartan and hydralazine/furosemide reduced osteopontin expression, macrophage infiltration, transforming growth factor-beta expression, and interstitial fibrosis, but did not prevent the decrease in GFR. Treatment with losartan, but not with hydralazine and furosemide, markedly reduced arteriolopathy. It was concluded that angiotensin II contributes to the vasculopathy (hyalinosis) induced by CsA. In contrast, the interstitial fibrosis mediated by CsA can be partially prevented by both an angiotensin II Type I receptor antagonist or by hydralazine and furosemide. This suggests that the interstitial fibrosis can be dissociated from the vascular effects of CsA. The beneficial effects of lowering blood pressure or vasodilation per se may be difficult to distinguish from the specific effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade.
Quantum Dot Bioconjugates for Ultrasensitive Nonisotopic Detection (1998)

Highly luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (zinc sulfide-capped cadmium selenide) have been covalently coupled to biomolecules for use in ultrasensitive biological detection. In comparison with organic dyes such as rhodamine, this class of luminescent labels is 20 times as bright, 100 times as stable against photobleaching, and one-third as wide in spectral linewidth. These nanometer-sized conjugates are water-soluble and biocompatible. Quantum dots that were labeled with the protein transferrin underwent receptor-mediated endocytosis in cultured HeLa cells, and those dots that were labeled with immunomolecules recognized specific antibodies or antigens.
TGF-β IL-6 axis mediates selective and adaptive mechanisms of resistance to molecular targeted therapy in lung cancer (2010)

The epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib has been proven to be highly effective in the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring oncogenic EGFR mutations. The majority of patients, however, will eventually develop resistance and succumb to the disease. Recent studies have identified secondary mutations in the EGFR (EGFR T790M) and amplification of the N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine (MNNG) HOS transforming gene (MET) oncogene as two principal mechanisms of acquired resistance. Although they can account for approximately 50% of acquired resistance cases together, in the remaining 50%, the mechanism remains unknown. In NSCLC-derived cell lines and early-stage tumors before erlotinib treatment, we have uncovered the existence of a subpopulation of cells that are intrinsically resistant to erlotinib and display features suggestive of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We showed that activation of TGF-beta-mediated signaling was sufficient to induce these phenotypes. In particular, we determined that an increased TGF-beta-dependent IL-6 secretion unleashed previously addicted lung tumor cells from their EGFR dependency. Because IL-6 and TGF-beta are prominently produced during inflammatory response, we used a mouse model system to determine whether inflammation might impair erlotinib sensitivity. Indeed, induction of inflammation not only stimulated IL-6 secretion but was sufficient to decrease the tumor response to erlotinib. Our data, thus, argue that both tumor cell-autonomous mechanisms and/or activation of the tumor microenvironment could contribute to primary and acquired erlotinib resistance, and as such, treatments based on EGFR inhibition may not be sufficient for the effective treatment of lung-cancer patients harboring mutant EGFR.
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Diagnosis: An Activation-Executive Model (2016)

Attention deficit with, or without, hyperactivity and impulsivity (ADHD) is categorized as neuro-developmental disorder. ADHD is a common disorder in childhood and one of the most frequent conditions affecting school ages. This disorder is characterized by a persistent behavioral pattern associated with inattention, over-activity (or hyperactivity), and difficulty in controlling impulses. Current research suggests the existence of certain patterns of cortical activation and executive control, which could more objectively identify ADHD. Through the use of a risk and resilience model, this research aimed to analyze the interaction between brain activation variables (nirHEG and Q-EEG) and executive variables (Continuous performance test -CPT-) in subjects with ADHD. The study involved 499 children, 175 females (35.1%) and 324 males (64.91%); aged from 6 to 16 years (<i>M</i> = 11.22, <i>SD</i> = 1.43). Two hundred and fifty six of the children had been diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and 243 were without ADHD. For the analysis of this objective, a causal model was designed to include the following different measures of task-execution: CPT TOVA (omissions, commissions, response time, variability, D prime and the ADHD Index); electrical activity (using Q-EEG); and blood-flow oxygenation activity (using nirHEG). The causal model was tested by means of structural equation modeling (SEM). The model that had been constructed was based upon three general assumptions: (1) There are different causal models for children with ADHD and those without ADHD; (2) The activation measures influence students' executive performance; and (3) There are measurable structural differences between the ADHD and control group models (executive and activation). In general, the results showed that: (a) activation measures influence executive patterns differently, (b) the relationship between activation variables (nirHEG and Q-EEG) depends on the brain zone being studied, (c) both groups showed important differences in variables correlation, with a good fit in each model (with and without ADHD). Lastly, the results were analyzed with a view to the diagnosis procedure. Therefore, we discuss the implications for future research.
An HMM-based approach for gesture segmentation and recognition (2002)

Gesture, as a "natural" means, provides an alternative way for human-computer interaction. The recognition of continuous gestures suffers greatly from the existence of non-gesture hand motions. The given gestures can start at any moment in an input sequence. The Hidden Markov model (HMM) is used to tackle this problem. The paper proposes a method for the spotting and recognition of continuous spatio-temporal features. Without sliding the input temporal patterns past the trained models, the algorithm makes use of accumulation scores for evaluation. So it is an exhaustive evaluation method but only a sum operation is needed in each input frame. The method is demonstrated with real experiments on the recognition of some spatio-temporal trajectories. Results of the experiments show that the proposed method is very effective and fast in extracting given gestures from a continuous trajectory containing non-gestures.
Safety, Feasibility, and Efficacy of Vagus Nerve Stimulation Paired With Upper-Limb Rehabilitation After Ischemic Stroke (2015)

URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01669161.
Isolation and characterization of an Fc receptor from neonatal rat small intestine (1985)

Receptors for the Fc region of IgG from neonatal rat intestinal brush borders were solubilized using 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethyl-ammonio]-1-propane sulfonate and purified by affinity chromatography. Analysis of IgG-binding material by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions reveals two components with apparent Mr of 41 000-50 000 and 15 000. The larger component is glycosylated and may dimerize, giving a 100-110-kDa band on nonreduced gels. Both proteins are localized in the proximal small intestine, where IgG is specifically taken up during the first three weeks of neonatal life, and disappear when specific transport stops after weaning. Electron irradiation of brush borders shows that the functional unit for IgG binding has a molecular weight in situ of 110 kDa. These data suggest that a dimer of the 41-50-kDa protein together with the 15 kDa and other proteins may mediate intestinal transport of maternal IgG.
Tyrosinase: Molecular and Active-Site Structure (1995)

Tyrosinase, a widely distributed copper-containing monooxygenase, is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. It catalyzes both the hydroxylation of monophenols to o-diphenols (cresolase activity) and the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones (catecholase activity). In many plants, the enzyme is responsible for the undesirable browning reaction, occurring particularly during the processing of fruits and vegetables. Tyrosinase has been isolated from a variety of sources, but pigment contamination and the occurrence of multiple forms have frequently hampered its characterization. Progress in the last decade has, however, allowed the construction of a rather detailed picture of the molecular structure and the reactivity of tyrosinase. In particular, the interaction of the unique binuclear copper complex in this enzyme with O2, substrates and inhibitors is now well understood at the molecular level. Moreover, comparison of the cloned DNA sequences of tyrosinases from many different species (bacteria, fungi, plants and mammals) revealed two conserved histidine-rich regions, involved in the binding of the active site copper.
Development of a monoclonal sandwich ELISA for the detection of animal and human Escherichia coli O157 strains (2001)

The assay produced is not wholly specific to EHEC O157, but has the potential to be used as a rapid method for screening large numbers of samples for E. coli O157.