gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amino acid sequence of ragweed allergen Ra3 (1980)

The complete amino acid sequence of ragweed pollen allergen Ra3 has been determined. The molecule consists of 101 amino acid residues and to date is the only allergen isolated from Ambrosia elatior (short ragweed) which contains carbohydrate. This particular preparation of allergen has a single, unique amino acid sequence, but there is evidence suggesting that, like Ra5, Ra3 isolated from pollen collected in diverse geographical areas shows amino acid sequence variation. The complete amino acid sequence was derived by utilizing only 10--12 mg of material (approximately 1 microM) as a result of recent technical innovations such as DEAE--glass ion exchangers and Polybrene as a useful sequencing aid. This is the second pollen allergen active in man which has been sequenced, and information resulting from these data should be useful in dissecting the molecular mechanisms involved in atopic allergy.
Down-regulation of expression of interleukin-6 and its receptor results in growth inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. (2011)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays an important role in the neoplastic process through its action on cancer cell adhesion, motility, proliferation, tumor-specific antigen expression, and thrombopoiesis. IL-6 exerts its activity by binding to a high affinity receptor complex consisting of two membrane glycoproteins: the 80 kDa IL-6 a-receptor subunit (IL-6R) and the 130 kDa signal-transducing protein (GP130). In the present study, MCF-7 breast cancer cells were cultured with human IL-6 and IL-6 soluble receptor (sIL-6R). MCF-7 cells were also treated with either antibodies specific to human IL-6 and IL-6R, or synthetic antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) targeted to IL-6 and IL-6R genes. Cell growth was measured, and it was found that human IL-6 and sIL-6R did not significantly increase the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. When IL-6 produced by the MCF-7 cells was bound by rabbit anti-human IL-6 antibody, there was a significant dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation. IL-6 and IL-6R antisense ODNs caused a marked and specific decrease in IL-6 and IL-6R mRNA and proteins, respectively. Both IL-6 and IL-6R antisense ODNs significantly inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cells, but the inhibitory effect of IL-6R antisense ODN was greater than that of IL-6 antisense ODN (IC₅₀: IL-6R: 1 μM; IL-6: 5 μM, 72-hour incubation). Addition of exogenous IL-6 partially reversed the growth inhibition caused by IL-6 antisense ODN but not the growth inhibition caused by IL-6R antisense ODN. In conclusion, IL-6 plays an important role in maintaining the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. These results suggest careful modulation of IL-6 and IL-6R expression of cells as a potential approach for breast cancer therapy.
Thickness-dependent patterning of MoS2 sheets with well-oriented triangular pits by heating in air (2013)

Patterning ultrathin MoS2 layers with regular edges or controllable shapes is appealing since the properties of MoS2 sheets are sensitive to the edge structures. In this work, we have introduced a simple, effective and well-controlled technique to etch layered MoS2 sheets with well-oriented equilateral triangular pits by simply heating the samples in air. The anisotropic oxidative etching is greatly affected by the surrounding temperature and the number of MoS2 layers, whereby the pit sizes increase with the increase of surrounding temperature and the number of MoS2 layers. First-principles computations have been performed to explain the formation mechanism of the triangular pits. This technique offers an alternative avenue to engineering the structure of MoS2 sheets.
Near-Optimal n-Layer Channel Routing (1986)

In this paper we present two n-layer channel routing algorithms that guarantee successful routing of the channel for n greater than three. The first is linear and optimal given a VHV...HV assignment of layers. The second, using an HVH...VH layer assignment, is quasilinear and performs optimally on examples from the literature. Except in pathological cases, we expect the latter router to perform within one row of optimal. For comparison with published examples we implemented the second router in five and three layers. The five-layer implementation routed all examples optimally while the three-layer implementation routed the examples with the same or fewer rows than the published examples. With its n-layer capability this channel router will allow channel routing to be used when more than three layers are available. This router can also be used to evaluate the utility of additional layers.
How Uncertainty Bounds the Shape Index of Simple Cells (2014)

We propose a theoretical motivation to quantify actual physiological features, such as the shape index distributions measured by Jones and Palmer in cats and by Ringach in macaque monkeys. We will adopt the uncertainty principle associated to the task of detection of position and orientation as the main tool to provide quantitative bounds on the family of simple cells concretely implemented in primary visual cortex.Mathematics Subject Classification (2000)2010: 62P10, 43A32, 81R15.
LOW‐DOSE CYCLOSPORINE A IMPROVES SEVERE DISABLING PSORIASIS IN LATIN AMERICA (1995)

Cyclosporine A is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for severe psoriasis. An initial dose of 2.5 mg/kg/day is recommended. Most of the patients have a good response to this dose.
SPARC Expression Correlates with Tumor Response to Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel in Head and Neck Cancer Patients (2009)

SPARC up-regulation is a poor prognostic factor in head and neck cancer. It was hypothesized that because of a SPARC-albumin interaction, tumoral SPARC facilitates the accumulation of albumin in the tumor and increases the effectiveness of albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel). This hypothesis was tested by correlating the response to nab-paclitaxel and SPARC tumor expression in a retrospective analysis of a 60-patient clinical study of nab-paclitaxel as monotherapy against head and neck cancer. Sixteen tumor specimens were available for analysis. There were 11 responders (CR/PR) and 5 nonresponders (SD/PD) among the 16 nab-paclitaxel-treated patients (12/16 SPARC-positive, 75%). Response to nab-paclitaxel was higher for SPARC-positive patients (10/12, 83%) than SPARC-negative patients (1/4, 25%). The SPARC-negative patients exhibited significantly lower response than the overall response rate among all 60 patients (1/4, 25% vs 45/60, 75%). Although preliminary, data are supportive of the hypothesis that SPARC overexpression may correlate with response to nab-paclitaxel. If confirmed in larger studies, treatment with nab-paclitaxel may convert a poor prognosis SPARC-positive patient population into a group with better clinical outcomes.
Matrix metalloproteinase interactions with collagen and elastin (2015)

Most abundant in the extracellular matrix are collagens, joined by elastin that confers elastic recoil to the lung, aorta, and skin. These fibrils are highly resistant to proteolysis but can succumb to a minority of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Considerable inroads to understanding how such MMPs move to the susceptible sites in collagen and then unwind the triple helix of collagen monomers have been gained. The essential role in unwinding of the hemopexin-like domain of interstitial collagenases or the collagen binding domain of gelatinases is highlighted. Elastolysis is also facilitated by the collagen binding domain in the cases of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and remote exosites of the catalytic domain in the case of MMP-12.
The explanatory role of events in causal and temporal reasoning in medicine. (1993)

The logic of time and the way we reason about time is intrinsically connected with the way we reason about causality. In this paper, we focus our attention on some of the less obvious ways in which reasoning about time and causality interact. It is explained why in temporal reasoning a firm distinction has to be made between the ontology, i.e., what happens, and the way we describe the ontology. Temporal events need to be redescribed in such a way that they causally explain why some of the events are followed by the others. While building a temporal/causal theory, certain events may be omitted, not because they do not play a causal role, but because they do not play an explanatory role. In doing so, it is possible to eliminate the distinction between theories representing time as dense, and theories that represent time as discrete.
Cytotoxicity of alpha-particle-emitting m-[211At]astatobenzylguanidine on human neuroblastoma cells. (1994)

Radioiodinated m-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) has been used with only limited success for the treatment of neural crest tumors including neuroblastoma. Use of an MIBG analogue labeled with 211At could be advantageous because of the shorter range and higher linear energy transfer of its alpha-particle emissions compared with the beta-particles emitted by 131I. The potential utility of m-[211At]astatobenzylguanidine for the treatment of neuroblastoma was investigated in vitro using 3 human neuroblastoma cell lines known to take up MIBG [SK-N-SH, SK-N-BE(2C), and SK-SY5Y] and a control line lacking MIBG uptake (SK-N-MC). Maximum binding of m-[211At]astatobenzylguanidine ([211At] MABG) to 5 x 10(5) cells after a 2-h incubation ranged from 61% for SK-N-SH to 1% for SK-N-MC. Using a limiting dilution clonogenic assay, the cytotoxicity for SK-N-SH cells of [211At]MABG was compared with [211At]astatide and no-carrier-added [131I]MIBG. A D0 of 5.8 nCi/ml was calculated for [211At]MABG compared with 482 nCi/ml for [211At] astatide, indicating a more than 80-fold enhanced cytotoxicity for the specifically targeted alpha-particles of [211At]MABG. For [211At]MABG, the D0 corresponded to only 6.4 211At atoms bound/cell compared with 9000 atoms/cell for no-carrier-added [131I]MIBG. The D0 values measured for [211At]MABG treatment of SK-SY5Y, SK-N-BE(2C), and SK-N-MC cells were 50, 5.8, and 11,043 nCi/ml, respectively, corresponding to 7.04, 6.46, and 171.79 211At atoms bound/cell. In conclusion, these results have demonstrated that [211At]MABG is considerably more cytotoxic than [131I]MIBG and that [211At]MABG could have great potential as a radiotherapeutic agent for the treatment of neuroblastoma.
Cover Picture: Preparation of Highly Luminescent Nanocrystals and Their Application to Light‐Emitting Diodes (Adv. Mater. 15/2007) (2007)

Abstract A detailed synthetic procedure for the preparation of highly luminescent nanocrystals in multigram amounts is described by Eunjoo Jang and co‐workers on p. 1927. In addition, application of the nanocrystals in an UV light‐emitting diode (LED) is reported. Efficiency and spectral measurements reveal that the nanocrystal‐LEDs have excellent performance characteristics. Thus, the scalable one‐pot synthesis enables the production of highly luminescent and photostable quantum dots, which have high potential as light converting materials in LED applications.
Exosomes Packaging APOBEC3G Confer Human Immunodeficiency Virus Resistance to Recipient Cells (2008)

The human cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (A3G) is a part of a cellular defense system against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other retroviruses. Antiretroviral activity of A3G can be severely blunted in the presence of the HIV-1 protein Vif. However, in some cells expressing the enzymatically active low-molecular-mass form of A3G, HIV-1 replication is restricted at preintegration steps, before accumulation of Vif. Here, we show that A3G can be secreted by cells in exosomes that confer resistance to both vif-defective and wild-type HIV-1 in exosome recipient cells. Our results also suggest that A3G is the major exosomal component responsible for the anti-HIV-1 activity of exosomes. However, enzymatic activity of encapsidated A3G does not correlate with the observed limited cytidine deamination in HIV-1 DNA, suggesting that A3G-laden exosomes restrict HIV-1 through a nonenzymatic mechanism. Real-time PCR quantitation demonstrated that A3G exosomes reduce accumulation of HIV-1 reverse transcription products and steady-state levels of HIV-1 Gag and Vif proteins. Our findings suggest that A3G exosomes could be developed into a novel class of anti-HIV-1 therapeutics.
Pretreatments of natural fibers and their application as reinforcing material in polymer composites—A review (2009)

Abstract In recent years, natural fibers reinforced composites have received much attention because of their lightweight, nonabrasive, combustible, nontoxic, low cost and biodegradable properties. Among the various natural fibers; flax, bamboo, sisal, hemp, ramie, jute, and wood fibers are of particular interest. A lot of research work has been performed all over the world on the use of natural fibers as a reinforcing material for the preparation of various types of composites. However, lack of good interfacial adhesion, low melting point, and poor resistance towards moisture make the use of natural fiber reinforced composites less attractive. Pretreatments of the natural fiber can clean the fiber surface, chemically modify the surface, stop the moisture absorption process, and increase the surface roughness. Among the various pretreatment techniques, graft copolymerization and plasma treatment are the best methods for surface modification of natural fibers. Graft copolymers of natural fibers with vinyl monomers provide better adhesion between matrix and fiber. In the present article, the use of pretreated natural fibers in polymer matrix‐based composites has been reviewed. Effect of surface modification of natural fibers on the properties of fibers and fiber reinforced polymer composites has also been discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Reconsideration of the power‐law (Batho) equation for inhomogeneity corrections (1982)

The power-law (Batho) equation for inhomogeneity corrections to the dose calculated in a layered medium has been examined to elucidate the implicit approximations made in its derivation and hence to discover its limitations. Relationships based on primary and first scatter dose calculations are established between the Batho correction and the true correction from which several conclusions can be drawn. For dose corrections within water in a two-layer medium, the Batho method underestimates the correction when the electron density (rho) of the overlaying inhomogeneity relative to water is less than 1, and overestimates it when this density is greater than 1. Batho method is excellent for small fields and rho less than 1, but is poor for large fields and rho less than 1. When the power-law equation is extended to multilayer media, by assuming that the correction factor for each layer multiplies independently, the method gives less accurate results. The largest errors occur inside an inhomogeneity directly underneath a top layer of unit density, since the contribution from such a layer is inherently ignored. All of these conclusions are demonstrated in the paper by experimental measurements. Finally, relationships are shown between the Batho correction and both the correction factor proposed by MacDonald et al. and the differential scatter air ratio correction.
A Human Monoclonal Antibody with Neutralizing Activity against Highly Divergent Influenza Subtypes (2011)

The interest in broad-range anti-influenza A monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has recently been strengthened by the identification of anti-hemagglutinin (HA) mAbs endowed with heterosubtypic neutralizing activity to be used in the design of "universal" prophylactic or therapeutic tools. However, the majority of the single mAbs described to date do not bind and neutralize viral isolates belonging to highly divergent subtypes clustering into the two different HA-based influenza phylogenetic groups: the group 1 including, among others, subtypes H1, H2, H5 and H9 and the group 2 including, among others, H3 subtype. Here, we describe a human mAb, named PN-SIA28, capable of binding and neutralizing all tested isolates belonging to phylogenetic group 1, including H1N1, H2N2, H5N1 and H9N2 subtypes and several isolates belonging to group 2, including H3N2 isolates from the first period of the 1968 pandemic. Therefore, PN-SIA28 is capable of neutralizing isolates belonging to subtypes responsible of all the reported pandemics, as well as other subtypes with pandemic potential. The region recognized by PN-SIA28 has been identified on the stem region of HA and includes residues highly conserved among the different influenza subtypes. A deep characterization of PN-SIA28 features may represent a useful help in the improvement of available anti-influenza therapeutic strategies and can provide new tools for the development of universal vaccinal strategies.
Proximity communication (2004)

This paper reports results from wireless chip-to-chip communication experiments. Sixteen bit words pass from one chip to another in parallel without detectable error at 1.35 billion data items per second for a total data rate of 21.6 Gigabits per second. The experiment transmits pseudo random patterns between chips built in a 350-nm CMOS technology. Chips touch face-to-face to communicate. The same pseudorandom data pattern is loaded onto both chips so that the receiving chip can check the accuracy of every bit communicated. Each communication channel consumes a static power of 3.6 mW, and a dynamic power of 3.9 pJ per bit communicated. The channels lie on 50-/spl mu/m centers. Because the capacitive communication works through covering oxide, ESD protection is unnecessary. Vernier position measuring circuits built into the chips indicate the relative position of transmitting and receiving arrays to assist mechanical alignment. The test chip includes a Vernier measurement circuit that provides inter-chip position measurements with a resolution of 1.4 /spl mu/m.
An overview of the Spring system (2002)

Spring is a highly modular, distributed, object-oriented operating system. This paper describes the goals of the Spring system and provides overviews of the Spring object model, the security model, and the naming architecture. Implementation details of the Spring microkernel, virtual memory system, file system, and UNIX emulation are supplied.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A role for the mitochondrial deacetylase Sirt3 in regulating energy homeostasis (2008)

Here, we demonstrate a role for the mitochondrial NAD-dependent deacetylase Sirt3 in the maintenance of basal ATP levels and as a regulator of mitochondrial electron transport. We note that Sirt3(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts have a reduction in basal ATP levels. Reconstitution with wild-type but not a deacetylase-deficient form of Sirt3 restored ATP levels in these cells. Furthermore in wild-type mice, the resting level of ATP correlates with organ-specific Sirt3 protein expression. Remarkably, in mice lacking Sirt3, basal levels of ATP in the heart, kidney, and liver were reduced >50%. We further demonstrate that mitochondrial protein acetylation is markedly elevated in Sirt3(-/-) tissues. In addition, in the absence of Sirt3, multiple components of Complex I of the electron transport chain demonstrate increased acetylation. Sirt3 can also physically interact with at least one of the known subunits of Complex I, the 39-kDa protein NDUFA9. Functional studies demonstrate that mitochondria from Sirt3(-/-) animals display a selective inhibition of Complex I activity. Furthermore, incubation of exogenous Sirt3 with mitochondria can augment Complex I activity. These results implicate protein acetylation as an important regulator of Complex I activity and demonstrate that Sirt3 functions in vivo to regulate and maintain basal ATP levels.
A Detection Technique for Degraded Face Images (2006)

This paper describes a face detection technique that enables detection of extremely small faces such as 6 × 6 pixel. This is the first approach to detect very low-resolution faces in the field of face detection. First, we use a conventional AdaBoost-based face detector to show that the face detection rate falls to 39% from 88% as face resolution decreases from 24 × 24 pixels to 6 × 6 pixels. Second, we propose a new face detection method comprising four techniques. It improves the face detection rate from 39% to 73% for 6 × 6 pixel faces of the MIT+CMU frontal face test set. Finally, we applied our method to real world data. By merging results of some frames and judging using a threshold, we show that our method is effective for processing real world data.
The phage lambda orf gene encodes a trans-acting factor that suppresses Escherichia coli recO, recR, and recF mutations for recombination of lambda but not of E. coli (1994)

Bacteriophage lambda can recombine in recBC sbcB sbcC mutant cells by using its own gene orf, the Escherichia coli recO, recR, and recF genes, or both. Expression of an orf-containing plasmid complements the recombination defects of orf mutant phage. However, this clone does not complement a recO mutation for conjugational recombination or recO, recR, or recF mutations for repair of UV-induced DNA damage. A plasmid clone of orf produces a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 15 kDa.
The predictive significance of CD20 expression in B-cell lymphomas (2011)

The CD20 expression in CLL is significantly lower than in most histological types of mature B-cell lymphomas in which it appears to be comparable. Approximately 25% of B-cell lymphoma patients have the CD20 expression below the cut-off value showing that the low CD20 expression might be more common than presumed from our previous study.
Overproduction of C4 photosynthetic enzymes in transgenic rice plants: an approach to introduce the C4-like photosynthetic pathway into rice (2007)

Four enzymes, namely, the maize C(4)-specific phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), the maize C(4)-specific pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK), the sorghum NADP-malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and the rice C(3)-specific NADP-malic enzyme (ME), were overproduced in the mesophyll cells of rice plants independently or in combination. Overproduction individually of PPDK, MDH or ME did not affect the rate of photosynthetic CO(2) assimilation, while in the case of PEPC it was slightly reduced. The reduction in CO(2) assimilation in PEPC overproduction lines remained unaffected by overproduction of PPDK, ME or a combination of both, however it was significantly restored by the combined overproduction of PPDK, ME, and MDH to reach levels comparable to or slightly higher than that of non-transgenic rice. The extent of the restoration of CO(2) assimilation, however, was more marked at higher CO(2) concentrations, an indication that overproduction of the four enzymes in combination did not act to concentrate CO(2) inside the chloroplast. Transgenic rice plants overproducing the four enzymes showed slight stunting. Comparison of transformants overproducing different combinations of enzymes indicated that overproduction of PEPC together with ME was responsible for stunting, and that overproduction of MDH had some mitigating effects. Possible mechanisms underlying these phenotypic effects, as well as possibilities and limitations of introducing the C(4)-like photosynthetic pathway into C(3) plants, are discussed.