gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein gpI/gpIV receptor: expression, complex formation, and antigenicity within the vaccinia virus-T7 RNA polymerase transfection system (1993)

The unique short region of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) genome contains two open reading frames which encode glycoproteins designated gpI and gpIV (herpes simplex virus homologs gE and gI, respectively). Like its herpesviral counterpart gE, the VZV gpI gene product functions as a cell surface receptor (V. Litwin, W. Jackson, and C. Grose, J. Virol. 66:3643-3651, 1992). To evaluate the biosynthesis of the two VZV glycoproteins and further explore their relationship to one another, the two glycoprotein genes were individually cloned into a pTM1 vector under control of the T7 promoter. Transfection of the cloned gpI or gpIV construct into HeLa cells previously infected with vaccinia recombinant virus expressing bacteriophage T7 polymerase resulted in a much higher level expression of each VZV glycoprotein than previously achieved. Synthesis of both gpI and gpIV included intermediary partially glycosylated forms and mature N- and O-linked final product. Transfections in the presence of 32Pi demonstrated that the mature forms of both gpI and gpIV were phosphorylated, while similar experiments with [35S]sulfate showed that only the mature gpI was sulfated. When gpI and gpIV were coexpressed in the same cell, the two glycoproteins were complexed to each other, as both proteins could be immunoprecipitated by antibodies against either gpI or gpIV. Coprecipitation did not occur as a result of a shared epitope, because gpI expressed alone was not precipitated by antibody to gpIV, and gpIV expressed alone was not precipitated by antibody to gpI. Pulse-chase analysis demonstrated that the gpI-gpIV association occurred early in processing; furthermore, this complex formation interfered with posttranslational modifications and thereby reduced the M(r)s of the mature forms of both gpI and gpIV. Similarly, the molecular masses of the cotransfected gene products corresponded with those of the infected cell glycoproteins, a result which suggested that authentic gpI and gpIV were ordinarily found within a complex. Thus, the adjacent open reading frames 67 and 68 code for two glycoproteins which in turn form a distinctive sulfated and phosphorylated cell surface complex with receptor properties.
Contextual flow (2009)

Matching based on local brightness is quite limited, because small changes on local appearance invalidate the constancy in brightness. The root of this limitation is its treatment regardless of the information from the spatial contexts. This papers leaps from brightness constancy to context constancy, and thus from optical flow to contextual flow. It presents a new approach that incorporates contexts to constrain motion estimation for target tracking. In this approach, one individual spatial context of a given pixel is represented by the posterior density of the associated feature class in its contextual domain. Each individual context gives a linear contextual flow constraint to the motion, so that the motion can be estimated in an over-determined contextual system. Based on this contextual flow model, this paper presents a new and powerful target tracking method that integrates the processes of salient contextual point selection, robust contextual matching, and dynamic context selection. Extensive experiment results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Digital mobile telephone system using TD/FDMA scheme (1982)

Multiple access is an indispensable technique for efficient radio spectrum utilization in mobile radio systems, because a large number of subscribers can be connected only when they require radio channels. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) scheme using single channel per carrier (SCPC) has been widely used. However, the SCPC-FDMA scheme has some problems, such as difficulty in setting up a large number of base station transceivers and in realizing a low-cost highly stabilized local oscillator. A time and frequency division multiple access (TD/FDMA) scheme, which is a combination scheme of TDMA and FDMA, is proposed as one of the possible solutions for these problems. After explaining the background of the proposal, some of the restrictions of the TD/FDMA scheme resulting from the land mobile radio channel characteristics are described. Basic concept of the digital mobile radio telephone system using TD/ FDMA scheme is then presented. An example of the possible system design is finally shown.
Immunization to Prevent Group B Streptococcal Disease: Victories and Vexations (1990)

Journal Article Immunization to Prevent Group B Streptococcal Disease: Victories and Vexations Get access Carol J. Baker Carol J. Baker From the Section of Pediatric lnfectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics. Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 161, Issue 5, May 1990, Pages 917–921, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/161.5.917 Published: 01 May 1990 Article history Received: 28 November 1989 Published: 01 May 1990
Side-effects of amalgam and its alternatives: local, systemic and environmental. (1990)

It is clearly established that dental restorative materials, like all other foreign materials introduced into the human body, may cause pathological changes both local and general in type. However, in a proper evaluation of the side-effects occurring, their type, severity and frequency have to be considered. Local side-effects of dental restorative materials on oral mucosa are of either irritative or allergic nature while systemic effects are mainly due to allergic and other kinds of hypersensitivity reactions. Most side-effects of dental restorative materials seem to be insignificant and of short duration, although systemic hypersensitivity reactions may be most harmful to those affected. Although the frequency of side-effects seems to be low in comparison with the vast number of restorations that are placed, it is reasonable to assume that the more complex and diverse application of an increasing number of dental materials will increase the frequency. Study of a group of patients, referred for investigation of possible side-effects of dental materials, revealed that several of these patients showed allergic reactions to constituents of their dental restorations. Environmental problems associated with the handling of waste amalgam are discussed.
Activation of mucosal Vβ3+ T cells and tissue damage in human small intestine by the bacterial superantigen, Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (1993)

Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) was added to explants of fetal human intestine in organ culture or administered into the lumen of fetal small intestine prior to culture. Both routes produced a massive increase in lamina propria T cells expressing V beta 3, and to a lesser extent, those expressing V beta 5 and V beta 12. SEB-activated lamina propria T cells produced interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma and T cell activation was accompanied by tissue damage, which was inhibited by FK506.
Dysproteinemia and the Kidney (2004)

Dysproteinemia is a clinical state characterized by abnormal, often excessive, synthesis of immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules or subunits. Dysproteinemia results from clonal proliferation of plasma cells or B lymphocytes. The abnormal circulating Ig molecules or subunits (most commonly free light chains) reach the glomerulus via the systemic circulation and are associated with the development of a variety of pathologic lesions within the kidney. Free light chain molecules may pass through the glomerular basement membrane and form casts within distal tubular lumina (myeloma cast nephropathy) or form crystals within the cytoplasm of proximal tubules (light chain Fanconi syndrome). Alternatively, Ig molecules or subunits may form paraprotein tissue deposits and produce an array of pathologic lesions, most commonly amyloidosis and monoclonal Ig deposition disease. The pattern of renal parenchymal disease is determined by the unique properties of the Ig molecule or subunit. Each of the patterns of renal disease is in turn associated with unique, but frequently overlapping, clinical features and outcomes. This review emphasizes the pathologic, clinical, and prognostic differences among the patterns of renal parenchymal disease related to dysproteinemia.
Palladium catalysed elaboration of codeine and morphine (2001)

Palladium catalysed coupling reactions of 6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-1-bromocodeine and 6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-3-trifluoromethylsulfonylmorphine allow a range of substituted analogues of codeine in the 1-position and morphine in the 3-position to be efficiently and selectively prepared.
Synthesis of a star‐shaped poly(ethylene‐co‐propylene) copolymer as a viscosity index improver for lubricants (2001)

Abstract A saturated star‐shaped poly(ethylene‐ co ‐propylene) copolymer, (EP) star , has been synthesized for use as a viscosity index improver in lubricants. Polyisoprene arms were first anionically synthesized using n ‐butyllithium as the initiator, followed by a linking reaction with divinylbenzene at the optimum temperature of 60°C. The resulting star‐shaped polyisoprene, (I) star , was then hydrogenated to eliminate the double bonds of the polyisoprene forming the poly(ethylene‐ co ‐propylene) structure. The degree of branching (number of arms on each molecule) increases with increase in the mole ratio of divinylbenzene to n ‐butyllithium. Increasing the arm length adversely affects the linking efficiency and a minimum amount of tetrahydrofuran (THF) at a THF: n ‐butyllithium molar ratio of 1.12 was needed in order to achieve a maximum linking efficiency of approximately 85%. The T g of poly(ethylene‐ co ‐propylene) is about 10°C higher than that of the original polyisoprene. Compared with (I) star , (EP) star has a thermal decomposition temperature that is 50°C higher but is independent of the arm length or the degree of branching. Viscosity measurement results for (EP) star reveal that intrinsic viscosity depends only on the arm length but not the degree of branching. Adding 1 wt % of (EP) star markedly increases the viscosity index of a LN base oil. The addition of 1 wt % of (EP) star increases the viscosity index (95 for base oil) up to a number between 111 and 145, with the exact number depending upon its arm length and degree of branching. With a fixed arm length, an (EP) star having a higher degree of branching increases the viscosity index more than one having a lower degree of branching. On the other hand, the viscosity index increases with increase in the arm length when the degree of branching is fixed. Adding 1 wt % of (EP) star also causes a change in the pour point of the lubricant with the pour point decreasing with increase in the degree of branching. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1911–1918, 2002
IGG SUBCLASS VARIATION OF A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY BINDING TO HUMAN FC-GAMMA RECEPTORS (2013)

The importance of human Fc receptors in immune regulation is well known. Their role is critical not only in the recruitment of cellular effector functions but also in regulating the balance in the periphery between autoimmunity and tolerance. Despite their central importance, there is a dearth of literature on controlled numeric comparisons in affinities of antibody subclasses for gamma receptors. To date, no studies have directly compared humanized antibodies with the same variable region and differing Fc region subclasses which would rule out any differences that may be attributed to variations in the variable region. In this study we characterized the interaction between four humanized monoclonal antibodies; IgG&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, G&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, G&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and G&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;, each possessing an identical variable region and the repertoire of human Fc-gamma (FcÎ³) receptors (FcÎ³RI, FcÎ³RIIA, FcÎ³RIIB, FcÎ³RIIIA and FcÎ³RIIIB). The studies were performed using both Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent-Assay (ELISA) formats. The affinities of the antibodies for their antigen molecule, an endogenous human protein, were also analyzed by SPR. While the identity of the Fc-region had no significant effect on the binding to antigen, substantially different affinities for each of the FcÎ³ receptors, FcÎ³RI, FcÎ³RIIA, FcÎ³RIIB, FcÎ³RIIIA and FcÎ³RIIIB were observed across the various Fc-subclasses.
Progesterone stimulation of fluid absorption by the rat uterine gland (2002)

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the steroid environment affects fluid absorption by the uterine glands. Laser scanning confocal microscopy of the distribution of an extracellular marker (fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled dextran) within rat uterine glands showed that the endometrial glands change their fluid handling characteristics under different hormonal conditions. Under progesterone dominance, the glands showed an amiloride-sensitive dextran accumulation indicating sodium-dependent fluid absorption; however, this was absent in the oestrogen-dominated state. The rate of fluid uptake in the progesterone-stimulated gland opening was estimated to be approximately 1 x 10(-4) cm s(-1), requiring a suction pressure of between 10 and 20 mm Hg at the mucosal surface. This study provides the first direct evidence of fluid absorption by the uterine glands. Such absorption may provide the mechanism for closure of the uterine lumen and immobilization of the blastocyst necessary for implantation.
The heterogeneity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2000)

The study describes a detailed evaluation of 110 patients who presented to primary care with a diagnosis of an acute exacerbation of COPD and who were later, after two months when clinically stable, investigated with full lung function and, most interestingly, with CT scanning. The findings of this paper suggest some novel characteristics of this important disease and challenge some of the accepted definitions of COPD. The results showed that 30% of the patients with a diagnosis of COPD had a normal FEV1 (>80% predicted) when stable, though nearly half of these patients had a reduced FEV1/FVC ratio which suggests that airflow obstruction was indeed present, though the criteria in the BTS COPD guidelines were not fulfilled. Thus, future guidelines for the management of COPD may have to revise their definitions to encompass patients with early COPD, as in this paper. This study also emphasises the importance of measuring the vital capacity in these patients. Only 5% of the cohort showed a significant bronchodilator response, suggesting that a diagnosis of asthma was not a prominent feature in this study. However, a limitation of the study is that patients were only included if they had an exacerbation, and some COPD patients with progressive airflow obstruction may have only infrequent exacerbations and would not have been part of this particular cohort. 1
Multilayer stacking technique for holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals (2008)

We demonstrate an alternate method of stacking holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) reflection gratings on substrates coated with indium tin oxide on both sides allowing independent switching of each grating in the stack. Successive layers of the stack are formed by switching existing layers, while exposing the subsequent layer to an interference pattern. Wavefront analysis based on wavefront propagation through HPDLC with electric field on and off is used to substantiate the improvement in the reflection efficiency of the layers in the stack. Results show an optical path length reduction due to elimination of substrate layers at each grating.
Transcriptional activation of the tyrosine phosphatase gene, OST‐PTP, during osteoblast differentiation (2002)

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are critical regulators of cellular phosphorylation functioning in processes such as cell growth, differentiation, and adhesion. Osteotesticular PTP (OST) is the only characterized member of this superfamily whose expression is regulated in osteoblasts and critical for their in vitro differentiation. Such evidence would suggest that this molecule is a key modulator of signaling events during osteogenesis, yet little is known about its genetic regulation. In an effort to examine the molecular mechanisms involved in the cellular regulation of OST, we have characterized its expression in MC3T3 osteoblasts during differentiation. Northern analysis revealed that murine OST mRNA is dramatically regulated during the preosteoblast to osteoblast progression, with predominant expression in differentiated and early mineralizing osteoblasts. This expression pattern is unique to this phosphatase since, in comparison, the structurally similar receptor PTP, LAR, and the intracellular PTP1B show little change during differentiation. Cell density contributes to this upregulated expression as confluent cultures display an increase in OST transcripts within 4 h post-plating. Transient transfection of the OST promoter in differentiating MC3T3 results in a significant increase in transcriptional activation from day 0 to day 5 of differentiation, similar in timing and intensity to the observed upregulation of the endogenous gene. This activation appears to be specific to osteoblasts, since progression to a myoblast phenotype results in no change in reporter gene activity. Culturing these preosteoblast cells in the absence of critical co-factors results in an inhibition of differentiation and leads to a delayed induction of OST transcripts as well as the attenuation of transcriptional activation. These results show that the murine OST gene is regulated at the transcriptional level in an osteoblast-specific, differentiation-dependent manner during the differentiation of MC3T3 osteoblasts. Future studies will help determine the essential regulatory elements within the OST-PTP promoter and the critical signaling pathways important in this regulation.
Scalp Current Density Mapping: Value and Estimation from Potential Data (1987)

Scalp current density (SCD) makes possible the identification of scalp sources and sinks of current. SCD is reference independent and its peaks and troughs are sharper than those of the scalp potential (SP). SCD, by comparison to SP, reflects mainly the activity of cortical generators. SCD mapping appears to be a valuable tool to spatially split smeared SP distribution due to simultaneously active generators. The SCD map may be computed from any sufficiently smooth mathematical SP map. An evaluation of the error of SCD estimation is given for a surface spline method of interpolation of SP. An example of the simultaneous use of SP and SCD in the analysis of somatosensory evoked data is given.
Detection of Prostate Cancer and Predicting Progression (2004)

Carcinoma of the prostate is the second leading cause of male cancer-related death in the United States. Better indicators of prostate cancer presence and progression are needed to avoid unnecessary treatment, predict disease course, and develop more effective therapy. Numerous molecular markers have been described in human serum, urine, seminal fluid, and histological specimens that exhibit varying capacities to detect prostate cancer and predict disease course. However, to date, few of these markers have been adequately validated for clinical use. The purpose of this review is to examine the current status of these markers in prostate cancer and to assess the diagnostic potential for future markers from identified genes and molecules that display loss, mutation, or alteration in expression between tumor and normal prostate tissues. In this review we cite 91 molecular markers that display some level of correlation with prostate cancer presence, disease progression, cancer recurrence, prediction of response to therapy, and/or disease-free survival. We suggest criteria to consider when selecting a marker for further development as a clinical tool and discuss five examples of markers (chromogranin A, glutathione S-transferase pi 1, prostate stem cell antigen, prostate-specific membrane antigen, and telomerase reverse transcriptase) that fulfill some of these criteria. Finally, we discuss how to conduct evaluations of candidate prostate cancer markers and some of the issues involved in the validation process.
Nucleotide excision repair and human syndromes (2000)

DNA damage is implicated in cancer and aging, and several DNA repair mechanisms exist that safeguard the genome from these deleterious consequences. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) removes a wide diversity of lesions, the main of which include UV-induced lesions, bulky chemical adducts and some forms of oxidative damage. The NER process involves the action of at least 30 proteins in a 'cut-and-paste'-like mechanism. The consequences of a defect in one of the NER proteins are apparent from three rare recessive syndromes: xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), Cockayne syndrome (CS) and the photosensitive form of the brittle hair disorder trichothiodystrophy (TTD). Sun-sensitive skin is associated with skin cancer predisposition in the case of XP, but remarkably not in CS and TTD. Moreover, the spectrum of clinical symptoms differs considerably between the three syndromes. CS and TTD patients exhibit a spectrum of neurodevelopmental abnormalities and, in addition, TTD is associated with ichthyosis and brittle hair. These typical CS and TTD abnormalities are difficult to comprehend as a consequence of defective NER. This review briefly describes the biochemistry of the NER process, summarizes the clinical features of the NER disorders and speculates on the molecular basis underlying these pleitropic syndromes.
Pharmacokinetics, Tumor Accumulation and Antitumor Activity of Nanoliposomal Irinotecan Following Systemic Treatment of Intracranial Tumors (2014)

Nanoliposomal irinotecan administered systemically provides significant pharmacologic advantages and may be an efficacious therapy for brain tumors.
Mechanism and Processing Parameters Affecting the Formation of Methyl Methanesulfonate from Methanol and Methanesulfonic Acid: An Illustrative Example for Sulfonate Ester Impurity Formation (2009)

Sulfonate salts offer useful modification of physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) containing basic groups, but there are regulatory concerns over the presence of sulfonate esters as potential genotoxic impurities (PGIs). Whilst sulfonate esters could theoretically result from interaction between sulfonic acids and alcohols, literature on their formation is sparse. GC−MS analysis of reactions of methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and isotopically labeled methanol (18O-label) confirm methanol C−O bond cleavage in the formation of the methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), consistent with reversal of well-established mechanisms for solvolysis of sulfonate esters. Studies of reaction profiles quantify methyl methanesulfonate formation under a range of conditions relevant to API processing. Maximum conversion to MMS in reaction mixtures was 0.35%, determined by analytical methods developed specifically for reaction mixture analysis. Sulfonate ester formation is dramatically reduced at lower temperatures, in the presence of small amounts of water, or when acid is partially neutralized by substoichiometric amounts of the weak base, 2,6-lutidine, used to mimic conversion of a basic API to a salt in pharmaceutical manufacture. In the presence of a slight excess of base, ester formation was not detected. These findings, particularly those involving an excess of base, are compelling and provide a scientific understanding to allow for the design of processing conditions to minimize and control sulfonate ester formation.