gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simple Syntheses of 2-Hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol and Related Compounds (1987)

A significantly improved synthesis of 2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol involves benzoylation of 2-hydroxymethyl-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol, replacement of the nitro group by hydrogen using tributylstannane, and methanolysis. Other simple procedures yield the corresponding trimethanesulfonate, triiodide, and trichloride. Dehydrohalogenation of the triiodide and the trichloride by DBU provides 3-iodo-2-(iodomethyl)propene and the corresponding dichloride, respectively. All of these useful compounds are now readily available for the first time.
Genetic alterations in localized prostate cancer: Identification of a common region of deletion on chromosome arm 18q (1994)

Accumulation of mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes transforms a normal cell into a malignant cell by allowing it to escape from normal control of growth. In prostate tumorigenesis, the current model envisages specific mutations of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene and loss of loci, detected by loss of heterozygosity (LOH), on chromosome arms 8p, 10q, 16q, and 18q. In order to determine if alterations frequently found in other adenocarcinomas (breast, ovarian, gastric, colorectal), including losses of genetic material from chromosome arms 1p, 3p, 7q, 8p, 11p, 17p, 17q, and 18q, are also involved in prostate cancer, we examined 20 localized early-stage prostate tumors. We detected no mutations of the TP53 gene. Allelic losses were found from 7q (33%), 8p (50%), 10q (20%), and 18q (33%). Furthermore, as the first step toward isolating tumor suppressor genes on 18q, we used six polymorphic markers and identified a small common deleted region between the chromosome 18 centromere and the D18S19 locus.
N-Heterocyclic carbene coated metal nanoparticles (2009)

N-Heterocyclic carbene coated Au and Pd nanoparticles have been prepared by a ligand exchange reaction; although carbenes quantitatively displaced the thioether and phosphine ligands from the nanoparticle surface, the resultant nanoparticles spontaneously leached metal complexes and aggregated in solution.
Increasing Confidence in Production Forecasting Through Risk-Based Integrated Asset Modelling, Captain Field Case Study (2006)

Abstract To assist in the probabilistic forecasting and decision making process for their Captain North Sea heavy oil asset, Chevron has developed an Integrated Asset Model (IAM). This model includes probabilistic predictions of facilities performance and production, enabling decision risk analysis for strategic and operational decisions. The IAM includes risk-based oil, gas and water production forecasts for the Captain Field and cash flows. These forecasts take full account of facilities constraints and uncertainties in reservoir and operational parameters through links to decision risk analysis software. This paper describes the novel approach used and model application. Given the presence of multiple reservoir models, multiple PVT descriptions, three-phase flow, and a variety of well types from infill to ‘new field’, the best source of reservoir performance profiles for each well was the in-house Eclipse™ reservoir simulation models. The production profiles for each well are represented by a rate versus cumulative production curve. A particular feature of the IAM is its ability to automatically capture the output of individual Eclipse™ data sets. The results of the simulation models are combined into a single spreadsheet model. This is of particular importance as it enables the effect of facility throughput limitations on gas and water production to be readily assessed. In particular it provides the ability to choke back individual wells on a priority basis from any of the wells in the separate simulations. A key feature of the model is the ability to investigate new scenarios without the need to run additional Eclipse™ simulations. Validation of this feature is demonstrated. An example of the model's application to a Captain development decision on whether to proceed with a well workover will be discussed.
Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-Free Medium Reveals Distinct Roles for Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Stem Cell Factor, and Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 in Hematopoiesis (2007)

We have utilized a serum- and stromal cell-free "spin embryoid body (EB)" differentiation system to investigate the roles of four growth factors, bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), stem cell factor (SCF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), singly and in combination, on the generation of hematopoietic cells from human embryonic stem cells (HESCs). Of the four factors, only BMP4 induced expression of genes that signaled the emergence of the primitive streak-like population required for the subsequent development of hematopoietic mesoderm. In addition, BMP4 initiated the expression of genes marking hematopoietic mesoderm and supported the generation of hematopoietic progenitor cells at a low frequency. However, the appearance of robust numbers of hematopoietic colony forming cells and their mature progeny required the inclusion of VEGF. Finally, the combination of BMP4, VEGF, SCF, and FGF2 further enhanced the total yield of hematopoietic cells. These data demonstrate the utility of the serum-free spin EB system in dissecting the roles of specific growth factors required for the directed differentiation of HESCs toward the hematopoietic lineage.
Elimination of crosstalk in the common output amplifier of a multi-wavelength source by gain clamping (2003)

We realized a multiwavelength laser using a hybrid integration technology. Simultaneous laser operation of four wavelength channels could be obtained. To avoid signal cross talk, a novel approach to clamp the gain of the common amplifier is demonstrated.
Antispasmodics. II. Basic Esters of Some Polynuclear Carboxylic Acids1 (1943)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAntispasmodics. II. Basic Esters of Some Polynuclear Carboxylic Acids1Robert R. Burtner and John W. CusicCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1943, 65, 8, 1582–1585Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1943Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1943https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01248a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01248a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views242Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dislocation-Free m-Plane InGaN/GaN Light-Emitting Diodes on m-Plane GaN Single Crystals (2006)

m-Plane (10-10) nonpolar InGaN-based light emitting diodes (LEDs) with no threading dislocations or stacking faults have been realized on m-plane GaN single crystals by conventional metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. The crystalline properties of the material, together with the structures of the LED devices, have been observed by scanning transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that dislocation-free nonpolar nitride layers with smooth surfaces can be obtained under growth conditions involving high V/III ratios, which are the optimized growth conditions for c-plane GaN. The peak wavelength of the electroluminescence emission obtained from the finished devices is 435 nm, which is in the blue region. The output power and the calculated external quantum efficiency are 1.79 mW and 3.1%, respectively, at a driving current of 20 mA.
Bifunctional immune checkpoint-targeted antibody-ligand traps that simultaneously disable TGFβ enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy (2018)

A majority of cancers fail to respond to immunotherapy with antibodies targeting immune checkpoints, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) or programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand (PD-L1). Cancers frequently express transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), which drives immune dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment by inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs) and inhibiting CD8<sup>+</sup> and T<sub>H</sub>1 cells. To address this therapeutic challenge, we invent bifunctional antibody-ligand traps (Y-traps) comprising an antibody targeting CTLA-4 or PD-L1 fused to a TGFβ receptor II ectodomain sequence that simultaneously disables autocrine/paracrine TGFβ in the target cell microenvironment (a-CTLA4-TGFβRIIecd and a-PDL1-TGFβRIIecd). a-CTLA4-TGFβRIIecd is more effective in reducing tumor-infiltrating Tregs and inhibiting tumor progression compared with CTLA-4 antibody (Ipilimumab). Likewise, a-PDL1-TGFβRIIecd exhibits superior antitumor efficacy compared with PD-L1 antibodies (Atezolizumab or Avelumab). Our data demonstrate that Y-traps counteract TGFβ-mediated differentiation of Tregs and immune tolerance, thereby providing a potentially more effective immunotherapeutic strategy against cancers that are resistant to current immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Member of the Transforming Growth Factor-β/Bone Morphogenetic Protein Family (1998)

Members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of growth and differentiation factors have been identified in a wide variety of organisms, ranging from invertebrates to mammals. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) constitute a subgroup of proteins belonging to the TGF-beta superfamily. BMPs were initially identified by their ability to induce endochondral bone formation at ectopic sites, suggesting a critical role for this family in development and regeneration of the skeleton. They are also expressed at a variety of nonskeletal sites during development, suggesting possible extraskeletal roles for these proteins. We cloned a novel member of the BMP family that is expressed at high levels in the placenta and the prostate and that we have designated as prostate-derived factor (PDF). Based on cDNA sequence analysis, the predicted PDF protein contains two cysteines in addition to the seven conserved cysteines that are the hallmark of the members of the TGF-beta superfamily. In addition, Northern blot hybridization to poly(A)+ RNA showed low levels of expression in the kidney and pancreas. We further characterized the expression of this member of the BMP family by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. These results show high expression in the terminal villae of the placenta. The expression of the protein as visualized by immunohistochemistry shows an expression pattern identical to that of the message in the terminal villae of the placenta. In day 18 rat embryos, protein expression was also seen in the skin and in the cartilaginous tissue of developing skeleton. Orchidectomy and dihydrotestosterone treatment of rats revealed that PDF expression is regulated by androgens in the prostate. In addition, subcutaneous implantation of recombinant PDF induced cartilage formation and the early stages of endochondral bone formation. These data indicate that PDF has a functional relationship to the BMPs.
Progress in Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2008)

The traditional use of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in alcoholic fermentation has, over time, resulted in substantial accumulated knowledge concerning genetics, physiology, and biochemistry as well as genetic engineering and fermentation technologies. S. cerevisiae has become a platform organism for developing metabolic engineering strategies, methods, and tools. The current review discusses the relevance of several engineering strategies, such as rational and inverse metabolic engineering, evolutionary engineering, and global transcription machinery engineering, in yeast strain improvement. It also summarizes existing tools for fine-tuning and regulating enzyme activities and thus metabolic pathways. Recent examples of yeast metabolic engineering for food, beverage, and industrial biotechnology (bioethanol and bulk and fine chemicals) follow. S. cerevisiae currently enjoys increasing popularity as a production organism in industrial ("white") biotechnology due to its inherent tolerance of low pH values and high ethanol and inhibitor concentrations and its ability to grow anaerobically. Attention is paid to utilizing lignocellulosic biomass as a potential substrate.
The Joint Graphical Lasso for Inverse Covariance Estimation Across Multiple Classes (2013)

We consider the problem of estimating multiple related Gaussian graphical models from a high-dimensional data set with observations belonging to distinct classes. We propose the <i>joint graphical lasso</i>, which borrows strength across the classes in order to estimate multiple graphical models that share certain characteristics, such as the locations or weights of nonzero edges. Our approach is based upon maximizing a penalized log likelihood. We employ generalized fused lasso or group lasso penalties, and implement a fast ADMM algorithm to solve the corresponding convex optimization problems. The performance of the proposed method is illustrated through simulated and real data examples.
Self-interaction of NPM1 modulates multiple mechanisms of liquid–liquid phase separation (2018)

Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is an abundant, oligomeric protein in the granular component of the nucleolus with roles in ribosome biogenesis. Pentameric NPM1 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) via heterotypic interactions with nucleolar components, including ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins which display multivalent arginine-rich linear motifs (R-motifs), and is integral to the liquid-like nucleolar matrix. Here we show that NPM1 can also undergo LLPS via homotypic interactions between its polyampholytic intrinsically disordered regions, a mechanism that opposes LLPS via heterotypic interactions. Using a combination of biophysical techniques, including confocal microscopy, SAXS, analytical ultracentrifugation, and single-molecule fluorescence, we describe how conformational changes within NPM1 control valency and switching between the different LLPS mechanisms. We propose that this newly discovered interplay between multiple LLPS mechanisms may influence the direction of vectorial pre-ribosomal particle assembly within, and exit from the nucleolus as part of the ribosome biogenesis process.
Immunocompetence of Tissue Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Bladder Tumors (1988)

Tissue infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in bladder tumors have been assumed to be an expression of local host resistance against the tumor. We investigated the functional activity of TIL compared to peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Isolation of TIL was performed using the enzyme cocktail treatment with Ficoll-Hypaque discontinuous gradient centrifugation. Analysis of lymphocyte subsets by flow cytometry demonstrated Leu 4, 43.6% (T cells); Leu 10, 10.5% (B cells) and Leu 7, 13.1% (natural killer (NK) cells) in TIL. The cytotoxic activity of TIL and PBL was tested in a four hour 51Cr-release assay. Myeloid K562 cells (NK sensitive), HT 1197 (bladder tumor) and fresh bladder tumors were used as target cells. The spontaneous NK cell activity of PBL was 23.7%, whereas that of TIL was only 3.5%. However, in vitro culture with IL2 induced a significant augmentation of NK activity in TIL as well as in PBL. On the other hand, the spontaneous lymphokine activated killer cell (LAK) activity of PBL and TIL was very low. IL2-cultured PBL and TIL exhibited the highest levels of lysis against fresh bladder tumors. Unlike PBL, IL2-induced cytotoxicity of TIL against autologous bladder tumors was higher than that against allogenic bladder tumors. Immunomodulators OK432 and Il2 were injected intratumorally during endoscopy. Analysis of the lymphocyte subsets in TIL showed an increase of T and NK cells following immunomodulator injection. Endoscopic injection of immunomodulators into bladder tumors augmented NK cell functional activity in TIL as well as PBL. These findings suggest that local immunosurveillance is directed against bladder tumors. Further studies are required to understand more fully the local and systemic host immune responses in cancer.
THE GENERAL PRACTITIONER (1963)

THE GENERAL PRACTITIONER Samuel Wolfe CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.53.7.1156-a Published Online: August 29, 2011
Lipotoxicity: when tissues overeat (2003)

Recent studies provide clues regarding the cellular mechanisms that determine whether excess lipid accumulation is well tolerated or cytotoxic. Critical in this process are physiologic mechanisms for directing excess free fatty acids to specific tissues as well as cellular mechanisms for channeling excess fatty acid to particular metabolic fates. Insight into these mechanisms may contribute to the development of more effective therapies for common human disorders in which lipotoxicity contributes to pathogenesis.
Monoclonal antibodies against macrophage colony-stimulating factor diminish the number of circulating intermediate and nonclassical (CD14++CD16+/CD14+CD16++) monocytes in rheumatoid arthritis patient (2012)

To the editor:

Human blood monocytes are divided into 3 subsets: classical (CD14++CD16−), intermediate (CD14++CD16+), and nonclassical (CD14+CD16++).[1][1] The latter 2 subpopulations produce inflammatory cytokines in response to a wide variety of pattern receptor ligands and are constantly
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Functional Architecture for Gain Fields in Inferior Parietal Lobule of Behaving Monkey (2006)

Intrinsic optical imaging has revealed a representation of eye position smoothly mapped across the surface of the inferior parietal lobule in behaving monkeys. We demonstrate here that blood vessels imaged along with the cortex have large signals tuned sometimes, but not always, to match the surrounding tissue. The relationship between the vessels and surrounding tissue in both space and time was explored using independent component analysis (ICA). Working only with single-trial data, ICA discovered a sequence of regions corresponding to the vascular propagation of activated signals from remote loci into the blood vessels. The vascular signals form a novel map of cortical function--the functional angioarchitecture--superimposed upon the cortical functional architecture. Furthermore, the incorporation of temporal aspects in optical data permitted the tuning of the inferior parietal lobule to be tracked in time through the task, demonstrating the expression of unusual tuning properties that might be exploited for higher cognitive functions.
Recognition in a Low-Power Environment (2005)

This paper formally defines recognition as a new security principle closely related to authentication. Low-power sensor networks with no pre-deployment information require the less authoritative security of recognition. We give general properties of recognition protocols based on the method of key disclosure. We examine previously proposed low-power protocols according to the environment and security model presented. Finally, we give measurements from an implementation of a recognition protocol called zero common-knowledge and discuss how well this proof-of-concept satisfies the properties of the environment.
Biological applications of high aspect ratio nanoparticles (2004)

This review describes recent advances in nanomaterials fabrication that have led to the synthesis of high aspect ratio particles on nanometer length scales. The elongated structure of these materials often result in inherent chemical, electrical, magnetic, and optical anisotropy that can be exploited for interactions with cells and biomolecules in fundamentally new ways. We briefly describe the synthetic procedures that have been developed to fabricate nanorods, nanowires, and nanotubes. We summarize literature reports that describe the use of high aspect ratio nanoparticles for biological sensing, separations, and gene delivery. We emphasize the recent discovery of single nanowire field-effect transistors that may revolutionize biological sensing and yield extremely low detection limits. Separations technology with chemically modifiable nanotube membranes and with magnetic nanowires that can be tailored to selectively interact with molecules of interest is also described. Other areas of biotechnology that have been improved by the integration of high aspect ratio nanoparticles are also described.
Comparative Histopathologic, Histochemical, Electron Microscopic and Tissue Culture Studies of Bronchial Carcinoids and Oat Cell Carcinomas of Lung (1978)

Fisher, Edwin R., Palekar, Alka, and Paulson, John D.: Comparative histopathologic, histochemical, electron microscopic and tissue culture studies of bronchial carcinoids and oat cell carcinomas of lung. Am J Clin Pathol 69: 165–172, 1978. Although there is compelling evidence to indicate that bronchial carcinoids and oat cell carcinomas of lung have similar histogeneses, their prognoses are divergent, making their pathologic distinction imperative. Although this is not generally difficult, instances do occur, particularly with biopsy material, in which their absolute identification may be tenuous. The results of a systematic, statistical examination of a number, of histopathologic features of 13 bronchial carcinoids and 47 oat cell carcinomas in cases in which follow-up information for 2 to 6 years was available revealed that a ribbon-like architectural arrangement of the monomorphous tumor cells of high (most favorable) nuclear grade represents a presumptive feature of bronchial carcinoids. On the other hand, mitoses, low nuclear grade, necrosis, hematoxylinophilic vascular deposits, pericellular argyrophilic pattern, and perineural space invasion were encountered only in oat cell carcinomas. Argyrophilic granules were more frequent in cells comprising bronchial carcinoids. An argentaffin reaction and other tinctorial methods for enterochromaffin, as well as glycoprotein, were found to be positive only in bronchial carcinoids, and in the latter they were focal. Neurosecretory-type granules observed by electron microscopy were obviously more frequent in cells of bronchial carcinoids, whereas the nuclei and the cytoplasm of cells of oat cell carcinomas appeared more complex. Chromosomal analysis of cells comprising a few samples of each tumor type in which this feature was evaluated revealed aneuploid karyotypes and marker chromosomes in both. The results do not minimize the common histogenesis of bronchial carcinoids and oat cell carcinomas. However, they do provide criteria for their differentiation, as well as evidence to support the view that the bronchial carcinoid is indeed a more benign form of oat cell carcinoma of the lung.