gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Design and Application of MEMS Inertial Measurement Units for the Measurement and Analysis of Golf Swings. (2008)

Golf is a growing sport supported by a multi-billion dollar industry. Part of this growth can be attributed to new technologies including new training aids. Training aids address one of the major obstacles towards advancement in the sport, namely developing a controlled and consistent swing. Popular camera-based systems for golf swing measurement possess one or more major limitations including 1) extensive set-up and alignment, 2) restriction to indoor use, 3) high cost, 4) lack of portability, 5) placement of instruments (markers) on/near the club head, and 6) time-consuming data processing and analysis. This research resolves these limitations by contributing a highly portable, accurate and inexpensive means to measure golf swing dynamics. Introduced herein is a miniature and wireless six degree-of-freedom MEMS inertial measurement unit that fits entirely within the grip end of the golf club shaft. A companion measurement theory enables the computation of the rigid body dynamics of the golf club from sensor outputs. Flexible body dynamics, if and when needed, are estimated using dynamical models of flexible golf shafts. For putting strokes, the sensor system resolves the three-dimensional position of the club face to within 3 millimeters and the three-dimensional orientation of the club face to within 0.5 degrees, both with millisecond updates. This measurement speed and significant precision enable the detailed characterization of putting strokes. A suite of “putting metrics” is identified that pin-points common putting faults from the measured club head trajectory and orientation. For full swings made with drivers and irons, the system resolves the complete three-dimensional rigid body motion of the club and critical metrics for swing instruction including the swing planes, club head velocity, and the club head orientation throughout the swing. Beyond golf, the measurement theory and hardware design hold significant promise for training systems for numerous other sports. In addition, this technology has relevance to far broader fields of application including, sports injury mechanics, rehabilitation science, gait analysis, surgeon training, etc. This research has contributed the foundation for these upcoming applications, many of which have already been initiated as a bi-product of this study.
Modeling and Experimental Evaluation of Passive Heat Sinks for Miniature High-Flux Photovoltaic Concentrators (2005)

An important consideration in the practical realization of high-concentration photovoltaic devices is the heat rejection at high power densities to the environment. Recently, optical designs for generating solar flux in excess of 1000 suns on advanced solar cells–while respecting flux homogeneity and system compactness–were suggested with the introduction of solar fiber-optic mini-dish concentrators, tailored specifically to high-flux photovoltaic devices [1]. At the core of the design is the miniaturization of the smallest building block in the system–the concentrator and the cell–permitting low-cost mass production and reliance on passive heat rejection of solar energy that is not converted to electricity. First, this paper proposes a relatively simple 1-D axi-symmetric model for predicting the thermal and electrical performance of such mini-dish high-flux concentrators. Experimental measurements were performed with a real-sun solar simulator, indoors under controllable conditions, at flux levels up to 5,000 suns. A CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model was also developed for model-validation. Both the modeling approaches predict heat sink temperatures within experimental uncertainty of a couple of degrees. Next, the 1-D axi-symmetric model is used to evaluate the sensitivity of different solar cell model assumptions, environmental effects (such as outdoor temperature, and the wind speed), heat sink size and geometry, thermal contact resistance, etc. It was confirmed that the miniaturization of the solar cell module permits passive heat rejection, such that solar cell temperatures should not reach more than 80 °C at peak insolation and stagnation conditions. Though the cell rated efficiency degrades by only 1-2% in absolute terms, higher cell temperatures may compromise the integrity of the cell circuitry and of the encapsulation. The 1-D axi-symmetric model also allows optimization of the heat sink geometric dimensions for a given volume. Hour-by-hour performance simulation results for such an optimized design configuration were performed for one month in summer and one month in winter for two locations namely Philadelphia, PA and Phoenix, AZ. The insight gained from this study is important for the proper design of the various components and materials to be used in PV mini-dishes. Equally important is that it allows similar types of analyses to be performed and well-informed design choices to be made for mini-dishes that have to operate under different climatic conditions with cells of different performance and concentration ratios.© 2005 American Institute of Physics.
Involvement of the 4q21 region in human malignant melanomas: Cytogenetic and immunocytochemical characterization of three primary cell cultures (1995)

The GRO1 oncogene (melanoma growth-stimulating activity alpha) has been localized in region 4q21. The involvement of this chromosomal region in clonal aberrations found in primary melanoma cell cultures could have an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of this tumor. We characterized three primary cell cultures obtained from different patients, each of which showed clonal chromosomal aberrations involving the 4q21 region.
The molecular basis for Duchenne versus Becker muscular dystrophy: correlation of severity with type of deletion. (1989)

About 60% of both Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is due to deletions of the dystrophin gene. For cases with a deletion mutation, the "reading frame" hypothesis predicts that BMD patients produce a semifunctional, internally deleted dystrophin protein, whereas DMD patients produce a severely truncated protein that would be unstable. To test the validity of this theory, we analyzed 258 independent deletions at the DMD/BMD locus. The correlation between phenotype and type of deletion mutation is in agreement with the "reading frame" theory in 92% of cases and is of diagnostic and prognostic significance. The distribution and frequency of deletions spanning the entire locus suggests that many "in-frame" deletions of the dystrophin gene are not detected because the individuals bearing them are either asymptomatic or exhibit non-DMD/non-BMD clinical features.
Frequency-Encoded MRI-CEST Agents Based on Paramagnetic Liposomes/RBC Aggregates (2014)

Paramagnetic liposomes containing Dy-HPDO3A in their inner water compartment and carrying a residual positive charge on their outer surface have been electrostatically bound to the membrane of red blood cells (RBCs). These aggregates yield two chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) pools represented by liposomal water protons (LipoCEST) and cytoplasmatic water protons (ErythroCEST), respectively. The absorption frequencies of the two pools fall at the negative and positive side of the solvent water resonance as expected from the dipolar (LipoCEST) and BMS (bulk magnetic susceptibility) (ErythroCEST) origin of the paramagnetic induced shift of their water protons resonances, respectively. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows that the liposomes/RBC aggregates report about the vascular volume whereas the residual LipoCEST effect informs about the presence of released liposomes in the region of interest (ROI). Besides being an innovative blood cell labeling for MRI, the LipoCEST/RBC aggregates provide a route to improve the circulation lifetime of the liposomes and the CEST procedure allows assessing the deassembly of the aggregates and accumulation of the liposomes in the ROI.
Ligand‐pKa Shifts through Metals: Potential Relevance to Ribozyme Chemistry (2008)

Functional and crystallographic analyses of catalytically active RNA molecules ('ribozymes') have revealed a multitude of different routes by which nature accomplishes cleavage reactions of the RNA sugar-phosphate backbone. While there is agreement that these reactions involve general acid-base chemistry, the choice of 'acid' and of 'base' appears to be quite versatile. Among the numerous surprises that have emerged from these studies in recent years is the phenomenon of 'shifted pK(a) values' of nucleobases, hence, the fact that pK(a) values of isolated nucleobases in H(2)O can be shifted in either direction--upward or downward--into the physiological pH range, and that consequently allows these nucleobases to function as 'acids' or 'bases'. Another change in paradigm in recent years relates to the role of divalent metal ions in these catalytic reactions, which points to the possibility of an indirect involvement in the catalytic cycle rather than necessarily to a direct participation, as in the case with the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme. In this review, basic features of nucleobases and/or aqua ligand pK(a) shifts caused by metal coordination and H-bonding are discussed.
Tetradecanuclear lanthanide-vanadium “nanochocolates”: catalytically-active cationic heteropolyoxovanadium clusters (2013)

The synthesis, structural characterization, magnetic and catalytic properties of a new class of lanthanide-containing cationic heteropolyoxovanadium clusters with a nanochocolate-like structure are reported. The title compounds were characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, IR and 51V-NMR spectroscopies and magnetic susceptibility measurements.
Mechanism of Action of OnabotulinumtoxinA in Chronic Migraine: A Narrative Review (2020)

OnabotulinumtoxinA likely acts via sensory mechanisms to treat chronic migraine.
Quantum cascade lasers and the Kruse model in free space optical communication (2009)

Mid-infrared (MIR) free space optical communication has seen renewed interest in recent years due to advances in quantum cascade lasers. We present data from a multi-wavelength test-bed operated in the New York metropolitan area under realistic weather conditions. We show that a mid-infrared source (8.1 microm) provides enhanced link stability with 2x to 3x greater transmission over near infrared wavelengths (1.3 microm & 1.5 microm) during fog formation and up to 10x after a short scavenging rain event where fog developed and visibility reduced to approximately 1 km. We attribute the improvement to less Mie scattering at longer wavelengths. We confirm that this result is generally consistent with the empirical benchmark Kruse model at visibilities above 2.5 km, but towards the 1 km eye-seeing limit we measured the equivalent MIR visibility to be > 10 km.
One of the Two Dicer-like Proteins in the Filamentous Fungi Magnaporthe oryzae Genome Is Responsible for Hairpin RNA-triggered RNA Silencing and Related Small Interfering RNA Accumulation (2004)

Dicer is a ribonuclease III-like enzyme playing a key role in the RNA silencing pathway. Genome sequencing projects have demonstrated that eukaryotic genomes vary in the numbers of Dicer-like (DCL) proteins from one (human) to four (Arabidopsis). Two DCL genes, MDL-1 and -2 (Magnaporthe Dicer-like-1 and -2) have been identified in the genome of the filamentous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Here we show that the knockout of MDL-2 drastically impaired gene silencing of enhanced green fluorescence protein by hairpin RNA and reduced related small interfering RNA (siRNA) accumulation to nondetectable levels. In contrast, mutating the other DCL, MDL-1, exhibited a gene silencing frequency similar to wild type and accumulated siRNA normally. The silencing-deficient phenotype and loss of siRNA accumulation in the mdl-2 mutant was restored by genetic complementation with the wild-type MDL-2 allele. These results indicate that only MDL-2 is responsible for siRNA production, and no functional redundancy exists between MDL-1 and MDL-2 in the RNA silencing pathway in M. oryzae. Our findings contrast with a recent report in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, where two DCL proteins are redundantly involved in the RNA silencing pathway, but are similar to the results obtained in a more distantly related organism, Drosophila melanogaster, where an individual DCL protein has a distinct role in the siRNA/micro-RNA pathways.
A Real-Time Visual Inspection System for Discrete Surface Defects of Rail Heads (2012)

Discrete surface defects impact the riding quality and safety of a railway system. However, it is a challenge to inspect such defects in a vision system because of illumination inequality and the variation of reflection property of rail surfaces. This paper puts forward a real-time visual inspection system (VIS) for discrete surface defects. VIS first acquires a rail image by the image acquisition system, and then, it cuts the subimage of rail track by the track extraction algorithm. Subsequently, VIS enhances the contrast of the rail image using the local normalization (LN) method, which is nonlinear and illumination independent. At last, VIS detects defects using the defect localization based on projection profile (DLBP), which is robust to noise and very fast. Our experimental results demonstrate that VIS detects the Type-II defects with a recall of 93.10% and Type-I defects with a recall of 80.41%, and the proposed LN method and DLBP algorithm are better than the related well-established approaches. Furthermore, VIS is very fast with a linear computational time complexity, and it can be in real time to run on a 216-km/h test train under our experimental setup.
The asymmetrical digital subscriber line (ADSL): a new transport technology for delivering wideband capabilities to the residence (2002)

A brief overview of asymmetrical digital subscriber line (ADSL) technology is provided, describing important technology considerations, including noise impairments, spectral compatibility, and data-over-voice design challenges. Potential service applications utilizing the unique advantages of the ADSL are discussed, including advanced videotext, compressed video, and education applications. Network architecture and interface issues are addressed. Physical configurations at the customer premises and associated interfaces are discussed, along with a high-level view of possible network switching and control architectures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Marked Increase in Number of Dendritic Cells in Autoimmune‐Prone (NZW × BXSB)F1 Mice with Age (2002)

Here, we report that the number of CD11c(+)CD3(-) B220(-) cells increases in autoimmune-prone male (NZW x BXSB)F1 (W/BF1) mice with age. The CD11c(+)CD3(-)B220(-) cells from W/BF1 mice show a typical stellate shape and induce the proliferation of T cells. In the CD11c(+)CD3(-)B220(-) cells from W/BF1 mice, CD11b (Mac-1alpha), NK 1.1, and CD95 (Fas) are upregulated in comparison with normal mice, while the expression of CD8alpha, CD117 (c-kit), CD135 (Flk-2/Flt-3), and Sca-1 decreases. There is a significant increase in Flt-3L (FL) mRNA in the bone marrow of W/BF1 mice with age. Moreover, activated hemopoietic cells express high levels of FL. The injection of CD11c(+)CD3(-)B220(-) cells from old W/BF1 mice to young W/BF1 mice transiently induces autoimmune disease (thrombocytopenia). These results suggest that hyperproduction of FL from activated hemopoietic cells induces a dramatic increase in the number of dendritic cells in aged W/BF1 mice, followed by the acceleration of autoimmunity.
Derivatives of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-exo-cis-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDerivatives of 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-exo-cis-2,3-dicarboxylic acidSamuel J. Dominianni and Ronald L. YoungCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1971, 14, 2, 175Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00284a027https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00284a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views47Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: Disulfide Cyclization of Protected Peptide Assembled on Oxime Resin. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF-2) Promotes Acquisition of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) Responsiveness in Mouse Striatal Precursor Cells: Identification of Neural Precursors Responding to both EGF and FGF-2 (1998)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) induce the proliferation of neural precursor cells isolated from specific regions of the embryonic and adult brain. However, the lineage relationship between the EGF- and FGF-2-responsive cells is unknown. In this study we used phosphorylation of the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein as a functional readout to identify cells responding to EGF and FGF-2. In primary cultures of mouse embryonic day 14 (E14) striatum, maintained in vitro for 24 hr, 12% of the cells responded to FGF-2, whereas no response to EGF could be detected. Seventy-five percent of these FGF-2-responsive cells were beta tubulin III (TuJ1)-positive neurons, and 25% expressed nestin, a marker for neuroepithelial precursors. After growth factor treatment for 6 d, a population of nestin-positive cells responding to both EGF and FGF-2 were identified. The 6-d-old cultures also contained a small number of TuJ1-positive cells that responded to FGF-2 only. Priming of striatal cells for 24 hr with FGF-2 but not with EGF was sufficient to induce the appearance of EGF- and FGF-2 responsive cells after only 2 d in vitro. Thus, neural precursor cells from the mouse E14 striatum initially responding to FGF-2 only acquire EGF responsiveness later during in vitro development. At this stage EGF and FGF-2 act on the same cells. The acquisition of EGF responsiveness is promoted by FGF-2.
Touch-sensing input devices (1999)

We can touch things, and our senses tell us when our hands are touching something. But most computer input devices cannot detect when the user touches or releases the device or some portion of the device. Thus, adding touch sensors to input devices offers many possibilities for novel interaction techniques. We demonstrate the TouchTrackball and the Scrolling TouchMouse, which use unobtrusive capacitance sensors to detect contact from the users hand without requiring pressure or mechanical actuation of a switch. We further demonstrate how the capabilities of these devices can be matched to an implicit interaction technique, the On-Demand Interface, which uses the passive information captured by touch sensors to fade in or fade out portions of a display depending on what the user is doing; a second technique uses explicit, intentional interaction with touch sensors for enhanced scrolling. We present our new devices in the context of a simple tax- onomy of tactile input technologies. Finally, we discuss the properties of touch-sensing as an input channel in general.
Micropolarizer array for infrared imaging polarimetry (1999)

The design and fabrication of a micropolarizer array for imaging polarimetry is described for the 3–5-µm-wavelength region. Each micropolarizer consists of a 475-nm-period Mo wire grid in a 16 µm×16 µm aperture. Interference lithography is used to generate the small grating features through an etch mask layer. Arrays of 256×256 micropolarizers at three distinct angular orientations have been fabricated that permit the measurement of the first three Stokes vector components in each pixel of an imaging polarimeter. An imaging system composed of a micropolarizer array integrated directly onto a focal plane array has been assembled, and initial testing has been performed.
Reactivity of 3‐alkyl‐4‐arylazomethylene‐3,4‐dihydro‐1,2,3‐benzotriazines in protic solvents: 1,4‐Addition reactions and dimroth rearrangement (1991)

Abstract 3‐Alkyl‐4‐arylazomethylene‐3,4‐dihydro‐1,2,3‐benzotriazines 5a and 5b undergo facile 1,4‐addition of methanol or ethanol to afford stable crystalline hydrazones, 6 and 8 which have been characterised by spectroscopic analysis. In particular, the nmr spectrum of 8 shows novel features due to the diastereotopic nature of the CH 2 protons in the two O‐ethyl groups. Compound 5b shows a property unique to the compounds in this series; refluxing this arylazomethylenetriazine in ethanol affords a rearranged product, characterised as the 1‐aryl‐2‐cinnolinylhydrazine ( 9 ). The formation of 9 is rationalised as a ring opening‐ring closure process analogous to the Dimroth rearrangement. The cinnoline 9 displays some novel chemistry arising from the facility of the arylhydrazino substituent to react with acid to give a fragmentation product, 3‐methylindazole ( 7 ).
The t(11;14)(p15;q11) in a T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Line Activates Multiple Transcripts, Including Ttg-1, a Gene Encoding a Potential Zinc Finger Protein (1989)

Interchromosomal translocations within lymphoid neoplasms frequently involve the antigen receptor genes. We cloned the breakpoints of the t(11;14)(p15;q11) in a CD3-negative T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line (RPMI 8402) in order to identify new genes potentially involved in T-cell neoplasia. An extensive comparison of both breakpoints and their germ line counterparts indicated that an inadvertant recombinase-mediated break at chromosome segment 11p15 recombined with the delta T-cell receptor at 14q11. The derivative 11 breakpoint resembles a coding joint in which 11p15 rather than a variable region was introduced 5' to a D delta 1 D delta 2 J delta 1 intermediate rearrangement. Conversely, the derivative 14 breakpoint corresponds to a signal joint between the 5' heptamer-spacer-nonamer recombinational signal of D delta 1 and an isolated heptamer at 11p15. Multiple, apparently distinct transcripts were found flanking both breakpoints of 8402. RNAs of 3.5, 4.4, 1.4, and 8.0 kilobases originating from either side of the derivative 14 breakpoint were highly expressed in 8402 compared with other cells. This suggests that this translocation deregulated multiple genes and provides the opportunity to assess any multifactorial contribution they may have to malignancy. We cloned and sequenced several cDNAs representing the 1.4-kilobase transcript (termed Ttg-1 [T-cell translocation gene 1]) from an 8402 library. The predicted protein of 156 amino acids contained two internal repeats which could potentially form zinc fingers.