gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor nanowire heterostructures (2004)

Recent progress on the synthesis and characterization of semiconductor nanowire heterostructures is reviewed. We describe a general method for heterostructure synthesis based on chemical vapour deposition and the vapour-liquid-solid growth of crystalline semiconducting nanowires. We then examine examples of nanowire heterostructures for which physical properties have been measured, considering the effects of synthetic conditions on the heterointerfaces as well as the electrical and optical characterization measurements that reveal heterointerface formation and quality. Finally, we identify areas of technical and conceptual progress that can contribute to the development of functional nanowire heterostructures.
Transfection of human pancreatic islets with an anti-apoptotic gene (bcl-2) protects beta-cells from cytokine-induced destruction. (1999)

Apoptosis has been identified as a mechanism of pancreatic islet beta-cell death in autoimmune diabetes. Proinflammatory cytokines are candidate mediators of beta-cell death in autoimmune diabetes, and these cytokines can induce beta-cell death by apoptosis. In the present study, we examined whether transfection of human islet beta-cells with an anti-apoptotic gene, bcl-2, can prevent cytokine-induced beta-cell destruction. Human islet beta-cells were transfected by a replication-defective herpes simplex virus (HSV) amplicon vector that expressed the bcl-2 gene (HSVbcl-2) and, as a control, the same HSV vector that expressed a beta-galactosidase reporter gene (HSVlac). Two-color immunohistochemical staining revealed that 95+/-3% of beta-cells transfected with HSVbcl-2 expressed Bcl-2 protein compared with 14+/-3% of beta-cells transfected with HSVlac and 19+/-4% of nontransfected beta-cells. The bcl-2-transfected beta-cells were fully protected from impaired insulin secretion and destruction resulting from incubation for 5 days with the cytokine combination of interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and interferon (IFN)-gamma. In addition, the bcl-2-transfected islet cells were significantly protected from cytokine-induced lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation. These results demonstrate that cytokine-induced beta-cell dysfunction and death involve mechanisms subject to regulation by an anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2. Therefore, bcl-2 gene therapy has the potential to protect human beta-cells in pancreatic islets, or islet grafts, from immune-mediated damage in type 1 diabetes.
Production of Recombinant Humanized Anti-HBsAg Fab Fragment from Pichia pastoris by Fermentation (2005)

In this report, we describe the high-yield secretory expression of the recombinant human anti-HBsAg Fab fragment from Pichia pastoris that was achieved by co-integration of the genes encoding the heavy and light chains (both under the control of alcohol oxidase promoter) into the genome of the yeast cells. The fed-batch fermentations were carried out in a 5 L scale. Both chains of the Fab were successfully expressed upon methanol induction. The absorbance (OD600) of the broth can reach 350 approximately 500 at the end of fed-batch phase. After the induction, the expression level of the recombinant Fab (soluble) reached 420 approximately 458 mg/L. The recombinant Fab fragment was purified from the crude culture supernatant by ion exchange chromatography and the purity of the recombinant Fab fragment was over 95%. The affinity activities of the crude fermentation supernatant and the purified Fab were analyzed by indirect ELISA, which showed that the purified recombinant Fab fragment had high affinity activity with hepatitis B surface antigen.
Phase II Study of Bendamustine in Relapsed and Refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma (2012)

This study confirms the efficacy of bendamustine in heavily pretreated patients with HL. These results support current and future studies evaluating bendamustine combinations in relapsed and refractory HL.
Effect of B-Z transition and nucleic add structure on the conformational dynamics of bound ethidium dimer measured by hydrogen deuterium exchange kinetics (1985)

Ethidium dimer is shown to bind by intercalation, almost equally well, to the B and Z form of poly[(dG-m5dC)].poly[(dG-m5dC)], whereas the ethidium monomer shows a strong preference for the B form. The hydrogen-deuterium (H-D) exchange kinetics of the ethidium dimer bound to the B and Z form of poly [(dG-m5dC)].poly[(dG-m5dC)] could then be compared. The kinetics of the H-D exchange were strikingly slower when the dye was bound to Z DNA as compared to B DNA. The exchange kinetics were also modified when ethidium dimer was bound to tRNA and to a triple stranded structure. It is proposed that a dynamic fluctuation at the level of the nucleic acid could modulate the dynamic fluctuation at the level of the bound ligand.
Ultrasonic velocity and anisotropy of hydrocarbon source rocks (1992)

Abstract An experimental study of the physical properties of black, kerogen-rich shales, also including maturation analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, and physical modeling, revealed fairly peculiar petrophysical parameters. Specifically, these rocks have very low porosity and density, but most importantly, both P and S ultrasonic velocities normal to bedding are extremely low, whereas they are much higher parallel to bedding, giving rise to a strong anisotropy even at high confining pressures. We found that these parameters primarily reflect kerogen content, microstructure, and maturation level of these rocks. We found also that microcracks inferred from ultrasonic velocity measurements occur only in mature shales. These microcracks are parallel to the bedding plane and further enhance strong intrinsic anisotropy, notably at low effective pressure. Our results show, that on a small scale, kerogen-rich shales are transversely isotropic rocks and can be effectively modeled using the thin-layer composite concept modified to account for the specific distribution of organic matter in the rock fabric.
Polysulfobetaines and corresponding cationic polymers. IV. Synthesis and aqueous solution properties of cationic poly(MIQSDMAPM) (1996)

A cationic poly(methyl iodide quaternized styrene-dimethylaminopropylmaleimide) copolymer [poly(MIQSDMAPM)] was synthesized by imidizing styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer. Its aqueous solution properties were studied by measurements of reduced viscosity, intrinsic viscosity, and a flocculation test. The reduced viscosity and intrinsic viscosity of this cationic polyelectrolyte were related to the types and concentration of the added salt. “Soft” salt anions were more easily bound to the quaternary ammonium cation (R4N+) of poly(MIQSDMAPM) than “hard” salt anions. Halide anions are hard anions; consequently, hard cations were more easily atracted to halide anions, and reduced binding degree of halide anion on the quaternary ammonium group (R4N+). Some salt ions were observed to strongly attract the quaternary ammonium group of the cationic polymeric side chain and resulted in agglomeration of the polymers. A comparison of various flocculants as to the effect of flocculation was made in this study. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modified anti-CD3 therapy in psoriatic arthritis: a phase I/II clinical trial. (2002)

These data indicate that huOKT3gamma1(ala-ala) may be useful in treating PsA.
Extrahepatic synthesis of coagulation factor VII by colorectal cancer cells promotes tumor invasion and metastasis. (2010)

Extrahepatic synthesis of FVII by CRC cells may promote tumor invasion and metastasis. MMPs, as downstream effectors of TF/FVIIa signaling, facilitate the development of metastasis in colon cancer.
MHC Class II Pseudogene and Genomic Signature of a 32-kb Cosmid in the House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) (2000)

Large-scale sequencing studies in vertebrates have thus far focused primarily on the genomes of a few model organisms. Birds are of interest to genomics because of their much smaller and highly streamlined genomes compared to mammals. However, large-scale genetic work has been confined almost exclusively to the chicken; we know little about general aspects of genomes in nongame birds. This study examines the organization of a genomic region containing an Mhc class II B gene in a representative of another important lineage of the avian tree, the songbirds (Passeriformes). We used a shotgun sequencing approach to determine the sequence of a 32-kb cosmid insert containing a strongly hybridizing Mhc fragment from house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus). There were a total of three genes found on the cosmid clone, about the gene density expected for the mammalian Mhc: a class II Mhc beta-chain gene (Came-DAB1), a serine-threonine kinase, and a zinc finger motif. Frameshift mutations in both the second and third exons of Came-DAB1 and the unalignability of the gene after the third exon suggest that it is a nonfunctional pseudogene. In addition, the identifiable introns of Came-DAB1 are more than twice as large as those of chickens. Nucleotide diversity in the peptide-binding region of Came-DAB1 (Pi = 0.03) was much lower than polymorphic chicken and other functional Mhc genes but higher than the expected diversity for a neutral locus in birds, perhaps because of hitchhiking on a selected Mhc locus close by. The serine-threonine kinase gene is likely functional, whereas the zinc finger motif is likely nonfunctional. A paucity of long simple-sequence repeats and retroelements is consistent with emerging rules of chicken genomics, and a pictorial analysis of the "genomic signature" of this sequence, the first of its kind for birds, bears strong similarity to mammalian signatures, suggesting common higher-order structures in these homeothermic genomes. The house finch sequence is among a very few of its kind from nonmodel vertebrates and provides insight into the evolution of the avian Mhc and of avian genomes generally.
Method and architecture design for motion compensated frame interpolation in high-definition video processing (2009)

In this paper, a novel, fast, and low complexity method is proposed for motion compensated frame interpolation (MCFI). Unlike previous works involving high complexity and complicated time-consuming iterations, the proposed method adopts one-pass and low-complexity approach without any repeated iteration and is capable of dealing with high definition (HD) video processing. The proposed method employs a unique true motion engine that explores at most nine motion candidates with different motion directions and then determines one true motion by referring to neighboring spatial information as well as temporal information. Besides, the proposed method introduces an adaptive overlapped block matching algorithm to enhance the searching accuracy and visual quality. An architecture design is also proposed, which employs a modified multi-level successive eliminate algorithm (MSEA) and has capability to reduce the heavy computation of full search. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides better video quality than conventional methods and shows satisfying performance for HD1080p 30 fps at 180 MHz or HD720p 30 fps at 83 MHz.
PAM-1, a natural human IgM antibody as new tool for detection of breast and prostate precursors (2005)

Early detection and differential analysis of premalignant lesions are very important for both prognosis and therapy of cancer patients. A good source of diagnostic tools is the natural antibody pool of humans. Tumor-specific antibodies can be established by using hybridoma technology. The fully human germline-coded monoclonal IgM antibody PAM-1 was isolated from a patient with a stomach carcinoma. PAM-1 reacts with a post-transcriptionally modified isoform of membrane receptor CFR-1 which is overexpressed on almost all epithelial cancers of all types and origins. The expression of CFR-1/PAM-1 on precancerous stages of breast and prostate cancer was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and compared with normal breast and prostate tissue as well as adenocarcinomas of both. In addition FACS analysis was performed to detect receptor expression on benign and malign prostate cells. 73 different tissue samples of prostate and breast precancerous stages and prostate and breast carcinomas were analysed for CFR-1/PAM-1 expression immunohistochemically. The CFR-1/PAM-1 receptor was expressed on nearly all precancerous stages and carcinomas while normal breast and prostate tissue showed negative results. These results were confirmed by FACS analysis showing a CFR-1/PAM-1 expression only on prostate carcinoma cells but not on benign prostate hyperplasia cells. The unique expression of this new CFR-1/PAM-1 receptor makes the PAM-1 antibody an ideal diagnostic and even therapeutic tool for precancerous and cancerous epithelial lesions of the breast and the prostate.
Secretion of N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide-retinol-binding protein from liver parenchymal cells: Evidence for reduced affinity of the complex for transthyretin (1997)

The synthetic retinoid 4-HPR has been shown to markedly lower the plasma concentration of both retinol and RBP in rats and humans. We have studied the effect of 4-HPR on the secretion of retinol-RBP from liver cells in vivo and in vitro. In rats maintained with a normal diet, a vitamin A-deficient diet or a normal diet supplemented with 4-HPR, chylomicrons [3H]retinyl esters were rapidly cleared from the plasma. The secretion of chylomicron-derived [3H]retinol from tissues to the circulation, however, was different. In control rats, the lymph-derived [3H]retinol peaked after about 2 hr, whereas 4-HPR treatment effectively reduced this peak of [3H]retinol. Our results suggest that 4-HPR inhibits secretion of retinol-RBP from the liver. Therefore, we decided to study the effect of 4-HPR on the secretion of RBP using the human hepatoma cell line HepG2. Retinol and 4-HPR were found to induce the secretion of RBP. The medium from cells treated with 4-HPR was immunoprecipitated with antibodies against human RBP. HPLC analysis of the precipitated RBP revealed the presence of 4-HPR. When the medium from cells incubated with either 4-HPR or retinol was applied to a TTR affinity column, we found that RBP from cells incubated with 4-HPR had a considerably reduced affinity for TTR. We conclude that 4-HPR binds RBP and thereby induces secretion of RBP in HepG2 cells, and that the secreted 4-HPR-RBP complex has a reduced affinity for TTR. This observation may explain the 4-HPR-induced reduction of plasma retinol and RBP observed in in vivo studies.
Cathepsin B in angiogenesis of human prostate: An immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic analysis (1995)

Our study showed that the relative density and distribution of microvessels are the most important features of neovascularization in prostatic tumors. The relative density of microvessels increased in PIN and CAP when compared to BPH alone. Although the localization of CB is associated with lysosomes of endothelial cells in both BPH and CAP, there is a greater association of CB with the plasma membranes of endothelial cells in CAP than BPH. Immunoelectron microscopy provided evidence that CB might be involved in dissolution of basement membranes in neoplastic tumors during angiogenesis. CB localization has the potential of defining a role for this protease in degradation of extracellular matrix constituents during early steps of angiogenesis.
Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP-1) in Homologous Recombination and as a Target for Cancer Therapy (2005)

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) binds to DNA breaks to facilitate DNA repair. However, the role of PARP-1 in DNA repair appears to not be critical since PARP-1 knockout mice are viable, fertile and do not develop early onset tumors. Cells isolated from these mice show an increased level of homologous recombination. There is an intricate link between homologous recombination and PARP-1 and a possible role for PARP-1 in DNA double-strand break repair. Although PARP-1 appears not to be required for homologous recombination itself, it regulates the process through its involvement in the repair of DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs). SSBs persisting into the S phase of the cell cycle collapse replication forks, triggering homologous recombination for replication restart. We discuss the recent discoveries on the use of PARP-1 inhibitors as a targeted cancer therapy for recombination deficient cancers, such as BRCA2 tumors.
Iron metabolism in the lower respiratory tract (1998)

Iron metabolism is of crucial importance in the biology and pathophysiology of the lower respiratory tract. As with many other factors involved in inflammation, it is very important that an appropriate iron balance is maintained. Local deficiency could impair growth and proliferation of cells responsible for the inflammatory response and tissue repair (lymphocytes and fibroblasts) and the synthesis of mediators (for example, arachidonic acid derivatives).1 In contrast, excessive accumulation of iron, especially in free form—that is, not bound to one of the specific iron-binding proteins—facilitates the generation of potentially toxic hydroxyl radicals2 and increases the ability of intracellular bacteria such as mycobacteria to grow.3-5 

Research into iron metabolism in the lower respiratory tract has taken advantage of bronchoalveolar lavage, a technique by which it is possible to obtain the cells and fluid lining the alveoli. Determination of iron content in the alveolo-interstitial region shows that 80% is present in the cells and 20% in the epithelial lining fluid of the lung.6 Since alveolar macrophages constitute the major cell population in this region, and because the iron content of lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes is very low in comparison with alveolar macrophages,6 7 these cells are of special interest.

In this paper we review current knowledge of iron and iron-binding proteins in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the special features of iron metabolism in alveolar macrophages.

Iron is principally required for haemoglobin synthesis, and its uptake, utilisation and storage are carefully regulated to ensure an adequate supply without excessive accumulation which could lead to toxicity. Intestinal iron absorption is related to erythropoietic requirements, although the regulatory mechanism(s) remain unknown. The usual source of iron in the lung is serum iron which is derived from catabolised erythrocytes and absorbed iron. However, in pathological states, iron can enter the lung …
Paclitaxel-Hyaluronic Acid for Intravesical Therapy of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Refractory Carcinoma In Situ of the Bladder: Results of a Phase I Study (2010)

Intravesical instillation of ONCOFID-P-B for carcinoma in situ refractory to bacillus Calmette-Guérin showed minimal toxicity and no systemic absorption in the first human intravesical clinical trial to our knowledge. Finally, satisfactory response rates were observed.
A Mathematical Model for Intercalation Electrode Behavior: I. Effect of Particle‐Size Distribution on Discharge Capacity (1998)

A mathematical model is presented to study the effect of the particle size distribution (PSD) on the galvanostatic discharge behavior of the lithium/separator/intercalation electrode system. A recently developed packing theory has been incorporated into a first‐principles model of an intercalation electrode to provide a rational basis for including the effect of PSD on packing density. The model is used to investigate how binary mixtures of spherical particles affect electrode capacity. The electrode capacity of an insertion electrode is calculated for various parameters including applied current density, thickness of the electrode, and volume fraction, size, and size ratio of the particles. The model shows that an electrode comprised of two different sized particles can have a significantly higher capacity than an electrode consisting of single‐sized particles. However, increasing the packing density increases the liquid‐phase diffusion resistance. As a result of the trade‐off between packing density and liquid‐phase diffusion resistance, discharge capacity can be optimized by adjusting the particle size, volume fraction of large and small particles, and the size ratio. Pulse discharge of an intercalation electrode comprised of two different sized particles shows a marked difference in transient behavior from that of an electrode which has single‐sized particles. Since there are many parameters which control the performance of the electrode, use of this model should aid greatly in making superior electrodes.
Intracarotid Injection of Sodium Amytal for the Lateralization of Cerebral Speech Dominance (1960)

N 1948, during the course of studies on seizure mechanisms, one of us (J.W.) carried out intracarotid injection of Sodium Amytal and Metrazol to investigate the mechanism of the spread of epileptic discharge between the cerebral hemispheres in man. 9-11 The intracarotid injection of Sodium Amytal was found to induce a temporary loss of function in the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere, including aphasia when the dominant hemisphere was injected. The suggestion was made that this would be a useful technique for the determination of the lateralization of cerebral speech dominance. Approximately 80 patients were tested in this way in Japan during the period 1948-1954, using doses of 50 to 300 rag. of 10 per cent Sodium Amytal, and no complications were encountered. In the surgical treatment of focal epilepsy, the presence of speech representation has often been verified by electrical stimulation of the speech zones in the frontal and parietal opercula with the cortex exposed under local anesthesia. 4-7 Interruption of counting or naming produced by such stimulation gives positive evidence in this regard. Lack of such response, however, is not certain proof that speech is in the other hemisphere, since in some instances the electrical stimulating current does not seem to be an adequate stimulus and no effect is observed, even though speech is actually subserved by the convolutions being stimulated. In view of the obvious importance of accurate knowledge of the lateralization of speech dominance when operating near the Sy]vian regions in ambidextrous and left-handed individuals, further studies regarding the technique of intracarotid injection of Sodium Amytal seemed indicated, particularly with regard to the margin of safety in relation to dose and to the effect of accidental injection into the vertebral artery. This report concerns some experimental studies on the monkey bearing on these points, and a brief clinical report on the use of this test in a consecutive series of r patients.