gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proteasome inhibitors as therapeutic agents (2003)

Highly regulated intracellular proteolysis is necessary for cell-cycle progression and cell division. The ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UPP) plays a central role in the degradation of proteins and has therefore become an important, novel therapeutic target for diseases involving cell proliferation, most notably cancer. Proteasome inhibitors were initially used as research tools in cell biology to characterise the properties of the UPP. It was later determined that proteasome inhibition induced cell-cycle arrest and programmed cell death (apoptosis) in cancer cells in vitro and could inhibit tumour growth in animal xenograft models. Several classes of molecules that have proteasome-inhibiting characteristics have been studied. The dipeptidyl boronic acid bortezomib (Velcade™ Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), formerly known as PS-341, LDP-341 and MLN-341, is a potent and specific inhibitor of the proteasome that holds promise as a potential human therapeutic. It is the first proteasome inhibitor to be examined in human clinical trials and according to preliminary Phase I and II data, the drug has exhibited both manageable toxicities and biological activity.
A parallel hardware evolvable computer POLYP (2002)

Previous work (J.S. McCaskill et al., 1996; 1997) has shown the power of massively parallel configurable hardware (NGEN) in conjunction with dataflow architectures for the simulation of evolving populations. NGEN is a flexible computer hardware for rapid custom circuit simulation of fine grained physical processes via a massively parallel architecture, e.g. 144 hardware configurable field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs, XC4008, Xilinx). NGEN is optimized to implement dataflow architectures and systolic algorithms for large problems and is confectioned with high speed distributed SRAM, 144*8*256 kBit, 15ns access time, on the chip to chip interconnect. Microconfigurable FPGAs allow a further step to close the gap between micro electronics and biology on the information processing area. A design for a massively parallel microconfigurable computer (POLYP) is presented. It is designed to allow online evolution in hardware with significant locally controllable memory resources. It is also designed for high throughput dataflow applications with large problem size. Additionally, an evolvable interface between high rate measurement devices is provided to allow adaptive processing coupled with real time experimental environments. The computer represents the next logical step towards evolvable hardware interacting with biology beyond the massively parallel computer NGEN.
Synthesis of CoCrFeO4 Nanoparticles Using Microemulsion Methods and Size-Dependent Studies of Their Magnetic Properties (2002)

Normal and reverse micelle microemulsion methods were used to synthesis single-phase CoCrFeO4 nanoparticles with a controlled size range of 6−16 nm and a size distribution of 14%. The size-dependent magnetic properties were characterized and found to agree well with Stoner−Wohlfarth theory. The results from nanoparticles prepared by the normal micelle and reverse micelle microemulsion methods were consistent with each other. The CoCrFeO4 nanoparticles did not display the types of anomalous magnetic properties reported for their bulk-phase material. Using CoCrFeO4 nanoparticles as precursors for the formation of a bulk sample resulted in a material that displayed an unusual susceptibility behavior but not the anomalous temperature-dependent hysteresis trend usually observed in conventional CoCrFeO4 bulk materials.
Caveolae, transmembrane signalling and cellular transformation (1995)

Caveolae are approximately 50-100 nm membrane micro-invaginations associated with the plasma membrane of a wide variety of cells. Although they were first identified in transmission electron micrographs approximately 40 years ago, their exact function(s) has remained controversial. Two well-established functions include: (1) the transcytosis of both large and small molecules across capillary endothelial cells and (2) the utilization of GPI-linked proteins to concentrate small molecules in caveolae for translocation to the cytoplasm (termed potocytosis). Recently, interest in a 'third' proposed caveolar function, namely transmembrane signalling, has been revived by the identification of caveolin--a transformation-dependent v-Src substrate and caveolar marker protein--and the isolation of caveolin-rich membrane domains from cultured cells. Here we will discuss existing evidence that suggests a role for caveolae in signalling events.
2011학년도 현장 적용 검정 초등영어 교과서 (2011)

This research is to discuss the characteristics of the newly developed and authorized English textbooks officially by the government for elementary English education in Rep. of Korea. In 2001, only one type of the English textbook, teacher`s manual, and CD-ROM title were developed by Korea Institute of Curriculum and Evaluation(KICE). They were based on the 7th national English curriculum. According to social needs to get more English education, the brand new English textbooks were developed by the partially revised elementary English curriculum in 2007 and 2008 consecutively. Standards emphasized more reading and writing in the curriculum in 2007 and extended class hours pushed textbook developers to include more and diverse activities in the textbooks. As a result, the 14 types of authorized elementary English textbooks by Ministry of Education, Science and Technology(MEST) will be used in elementary school in 2011.
Electrically Tunable van der Waals Interaction in Graphene–Molecule Complex (2015)

van der Waals (vdW) interactions play a central role in the surface-related physics and chemistry. Tuning of the correlated charge fluctuation in a vdW complex is a plausible way of modulating the molecules interaction at the atomic surface. Here, we report the vdW interaction tunability of the graphene-CO2 complex by combining the first-principles calculations with the vdW density functionals and the time evaluation measurements of CO2 molecules adsorption/desorption on graphene under an external electric field. The field-dependent charge transfer within the complex unveils the controllable tuning of CO2 from acceptor to donor. Meanwhile, the configuration of the adsorbed molecule, the equilibrium distance from graphene and O-C-O bonding angle, is modified accordingly. The range of electrical tunability is a unique feature for each type of molecule.
Uptake and metabolism of exogenous gangliosides by cultured cells: effect of choleragen on the turnover of GM1. (1983)

When added to the culture medium, 3H-labeled GM1 (tritiated predominantly in the terminal galactose residue) was taken up by murine NCTC 2071 and rat glioma C6 cells, both of which are GM1-deficient. Upon incubating the labeled cells in fresh medium, the cell-associated GM1 was metabolized by the cells with a half-life of 1 to 2 days. Some of the GM1 was converted to GD1a but the bulk of the label appeared in the medium as degradation products. When GM1 labeled in the sialic acid or lipid portion of the molecule was utilized, GM2 also was detected with time in the cells and only a small fraction of the radioactivity was detected in the medium. The rat glioma C6 cells appeared unable to degrade the GM2 that they accumulated; this was demonstrated directly by incubating the cells with labeled GM2. The uptake and subsequent metabolism of GM1 was observed over a wide range of GM1 concentrations (10(-8) to 10(-4) M). The GM1-treated cells initially bound more iodinated choleragen than did untreated cells; but with time, binding capacity decreased. When GM1-treated cells were transferred to fresh medium in the presence of excess choleragen, the amount of cell-associated GM1 remained relatively constant for several days; the conversion of GM1 to GD1a also was blocked. Although labeled GM3 and GD1b also were taken up by the cells, choleragen had no effect on their subsequent metabolism. Choleragenoid, the binding subunit of choleragen, also inhibited GM1 metabolism without activating adenylate cyclase. These results indicate that exogenous gangliosides taken up by cultured cells are metabolized and that choleragen, which binds with high affinity to GM1, specifically prevents the metabolism of this ganglioside.
Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells with 6.1% Efficiency through Fine-Tuning Parameters of the Film-Forming Process (2014)

One of the key issues limiting the efficiency of non-fullerene organic solar cells (NF-SCs) is the low electron mobility and strong recombination loss. In this paper, we report an approach of fine-tuning the parameters relative to the film-forming kinetics to increase the power conversion efficiency, which significantly improved from 1.4 up to 6.1%. The film-forming process was judiciously optimized by carefully manipulating the following four parameters: the additive content during film processing, the volume of the host solvent for solvent vapor annealing (SVA), the volume ratio of the additive versus the host solvent for SVA, and the time for SVA. Through such controls, the photocurrent dramatically increased from 5.40 to 12.83 mA/cm2 and the fill factor from 32.61 to 56.43% as a result of the reduction of the monomolecular and bimolecular loss and the improvement of the electron mobility. These improvements in the electric properties are associated with the reconstruction of the film morphology, i.e., solvent annealing of the as-cast active film leads to the improvement of the phase segregation and the consequent enhancement of the self-aggregation of the blend donor and acceptor molecules in the solar cell active film.
Prototype of a standalone Fetal ECG monitor (2010)

Interpretation of Fetal ECG can show important indications about health and condition of fetus during pregnancy. These indications can help clinicians to cure some diseases and prevent some unwanted problems during labor. However, despite of the rich literature in this field, there is not still a commercial ECG Fetal Monitor which can record Fetal ECG non-invasively during pregnancy. In this paper, we introduce a standalone Fetal ECG monitor based on polynomial classifiers method. This device displays Fetal ECG. In addition, it can calculate Fetal heart rate based on extracted Fetal ECG signal. Assessments of the output results of this device have shown that this device is capable of extracting fetal ECG from two leads and calculating accurate heart rate.
Trp12, a novel Trp related protein from kidney (2000)

A novel member of the transient receptor potential (Trp) family of ion channels, Trp12, was identified. The Trp12 mRNA is abundantly expressed in mouse kidney and encodes a protein of 871 amino acid residues. Trp12 transfected cells reveal an elevated cytosolic Ca(2+) and respond with a further increase of cytosolic Ca(2+) to perfusion with hypoosmotic solutions. The human orthologue of murine Trp12 was localized on a genomic clone derived from human chromosome 12. It is composed of 15 translated exons. The intron placement within that primary structure does not correlate with the previously postulated splice sites in transcripts encoding the stretch-inhibitable channel which shares a high degree of amino acid sequence identity with Trp12 and the vanilloid receptor type 1.
Nanobiomaterial applications in orthopedics (2006)

Advancements in nanobiotechnology are revolutionizing our capability to understand biological intricacies and resolve biological and medical problems by developing subtle biomimetic techniques. Nanocomposites and nanostructured materials are believed to play a pivotal role in orthopedic research since bone itself is a typical example of a nanocomposite. This article reviews current strategies using nanobiomaterials to improve current orthopedic materials and examines their applications in bone tissue engineering. Preliminary investigations support the potential of nanobiomaterials in orthopedic applications; however, significant advancements are necessary to achieve clinical use. Overall, current trends in nanobiotechnology foreshadow a bright future through the use of nanobiomaterials in the orthopedic domain.
The role of C5a and antibody in the release of heparan sulfate from endothelial cells (1991)

The activation of endothelial cells is thought to contribute to the host response to infection and to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. It was recently shown that antibody and complement can activate endothelial cells leading to cleavage and release of heparan sulfate from the cells. We show here that release of heparan sulfate from endothelial cells is mediated by antibody and the complement fragment C5a and that assembly of the membrane attack complex and lysis of endothelial cells is not necessarily involved. These data suggest that the generation of C5a in conditions such as autoimmunity and infection in which anti-endothelial cell antibodies may also be present, might amplify tissue injury by a novel mechanism involving endothelial cell activation and loss of heparan sulfate mediated by antibody and C5a.
Use of the Upper Medial Thigh Perforator Flap (Gracilis Perforator Flap) for Lower Extremity Reconstruction (2011)

Despite the short pedicle length, small diameter of the vessel, and inconsistent perforator position, the surgeon can use the upper medial thigh perforator flap to overcome the disadvantages by understanding the free-style free flap approach. The flap can obtain reasonable size, well-hidden scar, preservation of muscle function, good pliability, and superficial nerves and vein included for additional quality. This flap, in the hands of experienced surgeons, can be reliable for reconstructing the lower extremity.
Antigenic and Genetic Properties of Viruses Linked to Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (1985)

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) comprises a variety of clinically similar diseases of viral etiology that are endemic to and sporadically epidemic throughout the Eurasian continent and Japan. Although HFRS has not been reported in North America, viruses that are antigenically similar to HFRS agents were recently isolated from rodents in the United States. Examination and comparison of eight representative isolates from endemic disease areas and from regions with no known associated HFRS indicate that these viruses represent a new and unique group that constitutes a separate genus in the Bunyaviridae family of animal viruses.
The human FGF-8 gene localizes on chromosome 10q24 and is subjected to induction by androgen in breast cancer cells. (1996)

Androgen-induced growth factor (AIGF or FGF-8) was originally isolated from the conditioned medium of an androgen-dependent Shionogi carcinoma, SC-3, cell line. It shares structural similarity with other members of the FGF family. The temporal and spatial expression patterns of the FGF-8 gene suggest its involvement in gastrulation, regionalization of the brain, and organogenesis of the limb and face as an embryonic epithelial factor. In the adult, expression of FGF-8 is restricted to gonads including testes and ovaries. Since FGF-8 is identified as a corroborating gene in MMTV-induced mammary tumors in Wnt-1 transgenic mice and because FGF-8 manifested its autocrine mitogenic activity in SC-3 cells, it is possible that aberrant expression of FGF-8 may be present in human cancers which are hormone dependent. However, very little is known about human FGF-8. To determine whether FGF-8 plays a role in human breast cancer, we have isolated the full-length cDNA from SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. We have also isolated the corresponding genomic DNA in a P1 cloning vector. The FGF-8 gene has been mapped to chromosome 1Oq24 using both somatic cell hybrid genetic analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Finally, we show that FGF-8 gene expression in a human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, is inducible by androgen. The findings presented here will facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying hormone-responsive breast and prostate cancers.
Rapid comparison of a candidate biosimilar to an innovator monoclonal antibody with advanced liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry technologies (2010)

This study shows that state-of-the-art liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) can be used for rapid verification of identity and characterization of sequence variants and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) for antibody products. A candidate biosimilar IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) was compared in detail to a commercially available innovator product. Intact protein mass, primary sequence, PTMs, and the micro-differences between the two mAbs were identified and quantified simultaneously. Although very similar in terms of sequences and modifications, a mass difference observed by LC-MS intact mass measurements indicated that they were not identical. Peptide mapping, performed with data independent acquisition LC-MS using an alternating low and elevated collision energy scan mode (LC-MS(E)), located the mass difference between the biosimilar and the innovator to a two amino acid residue variance in the heavy chain sequences. The peptide mapping technique was also used to comprehensively catalogue and compare the differences in PTMs of the biosimilar and innovator mAbs. Comprehensive glycosylation profiling confirmed that the proportion of individual glycans was different between the biosimilar and the innovator, although the number and identity of glycans were the same. These results demonstrate that the combination of accurate intact mass measurement, released glycan profiling, and LC-MS(E) peptide mapping provides a set of routine tools that can be used to comprehensively compare a candidate biosimilar and an innovator mAb.
The FLF MADS Box Gene: A Repressor of Flowering in Arabidopsis Regulated by Vernalization and Methylation (1999)

A MADS box gene, FLF (for FLOWERING LOCUS F ), isolated from a late-flowering, T-DNA-tagged Arabidopsis mutant, is a semidominant gene encoding a repressor of flowering. The FLF gene appears to integrate the vernalization-dependent and autonomous flowering pathways because its expression is regulated by genes in both pathways. The level of FLF mRNA is downregulated by vernalization and by a decrease in genomic DNA methylation, which is consistent with our previous suggestion that vernalization acts to induce flowering through changes in gene activity that are mediated through a reduction in DNA methylation. The flf-1 mutant requires a greater than normal amount of an exogenous gibberellin (GA3) to decrease flowering time compared with the wild type or with vernalization-responsive late-flowering mutants, suggesting that the FLF gene product may block the promotion of flowering by GAs. FLF maps to a region on chromosome 5 near the FLOWERING LOCUS C gene, which is a semidominant repressor of flowering in late-flowering ecotypes of Arabidopsis.
Probing Intracellular Biomarkers and Mediators of Cell Activation Using Nanosensors and Bioorthogonal Chemistry (2011)

Nanomaterials offer unique physical properties that make them ideal biosensors for scant cell populations. However, specific targeting of nanoparticles to intracellular proteins has been challenging. Here, we describe a technique to improve intracellular biomarker sensing using nanoparticles that is based on bioorthogonal chemistry. Using trans-cyclooctene-modified affinity ligands that are administered to semipermeabilized cells and revealed by cycloaddition reaction with tetrazine-conjugated nanoparticles, we demonstrate site-specific amplification of nanomaterial binding. We also show that this technique is capable of sensing protein biomarkers and phosho-protein signal mediators, both within the cytosol and nucleus, via magnetic or fluorescent modalities. We expect the described method will have broad applications in nanomaterial-based diagnostics and therapeutics.
Ultrasonic tissue characterization for the backscattering estimation of the attenuation coefficient at high frequencies: 20-100 MHz (2002)

High frequency A-scan lines were simulated considering point-like diffusers in an attenuating medium in order to mimick skin tissues. Then, the centroid algorithm coupled to a second order autoregressive model (AR2) was used to estimate local attenuation coefficients. Attenuation coefficients were calculated for several temporal window lengths, for various attenuations, and for frequencies ranging from 20 to 100 MHz. The best results were obtained for 80 MHz and 45 MHz, where the estimated attenuations were very close to the theoretical values. At 80 MHz, the relative error is less than 6% for window sizes greater than 0.1 /spl mu/s except for 4 dB/cm.MHz, where the error is around 10%. At 45 MHz, the relative error is always less than 8% for the same window sizes. The above estimator was then applied to backscattered signals at 35 MHz obtained from 2 mm thick human skin in-vitro. The first results indicate that the estimation of the attenuation of cutaneous tissue from backscattered signals is feasible but that diffraction correction and calibration on a phantom of known attenuation are necessary to obtain sufficient precision.
Protein kinase B (c-Akt): a multifunctional mediator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation (1998)

While a plethora of extracellular molecules exist that modulate cellular functions via binding to membrane receptors inside the cell, their actions are mediated by relatively few signalling mechanisms. One of these is activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K), which results in the generation of a membrane-restricted second messenger, polyphosphatidylinositides containing a 3'-phosphate. How these molecules transduced the effects of agonists of PI-3K was unclear until the recent discovery that several protein kinases become activated upon exposure to 3'-phosphorylated inositol lipids. These enzymes include protein kinase B (PKB)/AKT and PtdIns(3,4, 5)P3-dependent kinases 1 and 2, the first two of which interact with 3'-phosphorylated phosphoinositides via pleckstrin homology domains. Once targeted to the membrane by this motif, PKB becomes phosphorylated at two residues, which relieves intermolecular inhibition, allowing the activated complex to dissociate and modify its targets. Identification of these substrates is the subject of intensive research, since at least one must play a key role in suppressing apoptosis, as demonstrated by expression of activated alleles of PKB. The generation of effective transdominant mutants, coupled with genetic analysis of the protein kinase in simpler organisms, should help in elucidating outstanding questions in the functions, targets and regulation of this important mediator of PI-3K signalling.
Interferon Adjuvant to Radical Nephrectomy in Robson Stages II and III Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Multicentric Randomized Study (2001)

Adjuvant rIFNalpha2b is not indicated after radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. The protective effect in the small group of pN2/pN3 patients requires further investigation.
Crystal Structure of Escherichia coli MscS, a Voltage-Modulated and Mechanosensitive Channel (2002)

The mechanosensitive channel of small conductance (MscS) responds both to stretching of the cell membrane and to membrane depolarization. The crystal structure at 3.9 angstroms resolution demonstrates that Escherichia coli MscS folds as a membrane-spanning heptamer with a large cytoplasmic region. Each subunit contains three transmembrane helices (TM1, -2, and -3), with the TM3 helices lining the pore, while TM1 and TM2, with membrane-embedded arginines, are likely candidates for the tension and voltage sensors. The transmembrane pore, apparently captured in an open state, connects to a large chamber, formed within the cytoplasmic region, that connects to the cytoplasm through openings that may function as molecular filters. Although MscS is likely to be structurally distinct from other ion channels, similarities in gating mechanisms suggest common structural elements.