gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biological Warfare in the Twentieth Century: Lessons from the Past, Challenges for the Future (1995)

Biological warfare and fear of biological warfare have affected our wars, our peace, and our research throughout this century. During World War I, animals were deliberately infected with glanders. During World War II, biowarfare research was carried out by Japan, Germany, England, and the United States. Japan carried out biological warfare attacks in China. England used biological warfare for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. In the 1950s and 1960s, Army researchers released bacteria over U.S. cities in biological warfare tests. The most frequent biological warfare terrorist episodes have been contamination of food and water. Although biological warfare can be very low tech, genetic engineering is capable of making biowarfare agents available in vast quantities. Biowarfare research should continue, but the National Institutes of Health should oversee human biological warfare research.
Central Role of Thrombospondin-1 in the Activation and Clonal Expansion of Inflammatory T Cells (2000)

Thrombospondin-1 (TSP) is a transiently expressed matricellular protein known to promote chemotaxis of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. However, TSP and its receptor CD36 are abundantly expressed in chronically inflamed tissues such as the rheumatoid synovium. Here, we show that TSP provides the costimulatory signal that is necessary for the activation of autoreactive T cells. Data presented reveal that TSP-mediated costimulation is achieved through its independent interaction with CD36 on APCs and with CD47 on T cells. We propose that a CD47-TSP-CD36 trimolecular complex is a novel costimulatory pathway that significantly decreases the threshold of T cell activation. Consistent with the paradigm that lesions in rheumatoid synovitis are sites of antigenic recognition, the characteristic focal expression of TSP on APCs such as macrophages and fibroblast-like synoviocytes suggest a central role of TSP in the expansion of tissue-infiltrating T cells.
Service architecture, prototype description, and network implications of a personalized information grazing service (2002)

A passive information grazing system (PIGS) is presented which is a prototype information delivery and filtering system for casual users. In PIGS, information articles in multimedia form are electronically transmitted to users over a prototype broadband network. To assist users in managing the potential flood of articles, PIGS selects information for individual users based on their personalized interest profiles. As users' interests change over time, their profiles could be automatically adapted using implicit and explicit feedback about each article. An examination is made of PIGS, with particular emphasis on transmission and call processing capacity requirements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Alkaline Cleavage of Unsymmetrical β-Diketones. Ring Opening of Acylcylohexanones to Form ε-Acyl Caproic Acids1 (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAlkaline Cleavage of Unsymmetrical β-Diketones. Ring Opening of Acylcylohexanones to Form ε-Acyl Caproic Acids1Charles R. Hauser, Frederic W. Swamer, and Betty I. RinglerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 12, 4023–4026Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01192a016https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01192a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views493Altmetric-Citations57LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An integrated biochip design and fabrication (2002)

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) microvessel, capillary electrophoresis (CE) microchannel and impedance electrodes were integrated in a monolithic biochip. This paper reports on the detailed designs and fabrications of the PCR-CE-detector integrated biochip. The CE microchannel and PCR microvessel were fabricated with PDMS poured on a master made by SU-8 photoresist. The electrode plate was integrated with Au heater and temperature sensor for PCR amplification, electrodes for CE separation and impedance detection. The structure of the microfluidic channel was introduced and the impedance of microelectrodes on the chip was simulated.
BLOSSOMING TREASURES OF BIODIVERSITY (2004)

Everyone detests at least some foods. Would you accept an invitation to a party to sample foods that normally taste awful? But imagine that the star attraction of the party is an exotic fruit that makes the sourest and the most bitter of substances taste wonderfully sweet. Your first reaction might be, “it must be dangerous, and is probably illegal”. To find out, read on.
Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the Mandible: A Laser Raman Spectroscopic Study (2003)

Laser Raman spectroscopy has been used in this study to characterize mandibular bone samples from patients who had undergone radiation therapy for oral cancer. The paper discusses spectral changes resulting in osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the mandibular bone, a serious complication that may occur after radiation therapy. Histopathological studies normally reveal the radiation damage on vascular canals and loss in bone cells, but will not reveal any structural or biochemical changes. All radiation-induced side effects are attributed to this hypovascularity and hypocellularity caused by early- and/or late-delayed effects. Our Raman studies on normal and ORN bone and on bone exposed to radiation, but not in the ORN state, show that irradiation produces immediate structural changes in the inorganic bone matrix with a slight loss in cells. ORN bone, in addition to the structural changes that had already occurred on radiation exposure, shows almost complete loss of cellular components. Since bone tissue is continuously being remodeled (dissolved and rebuilt) under normal conditions, our results suggest that the immediate structural changes in the calcium hydroxy apatite mineral part is not repaired in ORN, due to loss of the highly transient osteoblasts and osteoclasts resulting from destruction of stem cells. The spectral studies also show changes in the organic matrix, which is mostly type I collagen.
Comparison of Ambient and Atmospheric Pressure Ion Sources for Cystic Fibrosis Exhaled Breath Condensate Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Metabolomics (2017)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the gene that encodes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The vast majority of the mortality is due to progressive lung disease. Targeted and untargeted CF breath metabolomics investigations via exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analyses have the potential to expose metabolic alterations associated with CF pathology and aid in assessing the effectiveness of CF therapies. Here, transmission-mode direct analysis in real time traveling wave ion mobility spectrometry time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TM-DART-TWIMS-TOF MS) was tested as a high-throughput alternative to conventional direct infusion (DI) electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) methods, and a critical comparison of the three ionization methods was conducted. EBC was chosen as the noninvasive surrogate for airway sampling over expectorated sputum as EBC can be collected in all CF subjects regardless of age and lung disease severity. When using pooled EBC collected from a healthy control, ESI detected the most metabolites, APCI a log order less, and TM-DART the least. TM-DART-TWIMS-TOF MS was used to profile metabolites in EBC samples from five healthy controls and four CF patients, finding that a panel of three discriminant EBC metabolites, some of which had been previously detected by other methods, differentiated these two classes with excellent cross-validated accuracy. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
An analysis of color demosaicing in plenoptic cameras (2012)

A plenoptic camera captures the 4D radiance about a scene. Recent practical solutions mount a microlens array on top of a commodity SLR to directly acquire these rays. However, they suffer from low resolution as hundreds of thousands of views need to be captured in a single shot. In this paper, we develop a simple but effective technique for improving the image resolution of the plenoptic camera by maneuvering the demosaicing process. We first show that the traditional solution by demosaicing each individual microlens image and then blending them for view synthesis is suboptimal. In particular, this demosaicing process often suffers from aliasing artifacts, and it damages high frequency information recorded by each microlens image hence degrades the image quality. We instead propose to de-mosaic the synthesized view at the rendering stage. Specifically, we first transform the radiance to the desired focal plane and then apply frequency domain plenoptic resampling. A full resolution color filtered image is then created by performing a 2D integral projection from the reparam-eterized radiance. Finally, we conduct demosacing to obtain the color result. We show that our solution can achieve visible resolution enhancement on dynamic refocusing and depth-assisted deep focus rendering.
A rat decellularized small bowel scaffold that preserves villus-crypt architecture for intestinal regeneration (2012)

Management of intestinal failure remains a clinical challenge and total parenteral nutrition, intestinal elongation and/or transplantation are partial solutions. In this study, using a detergent-enzymatic treatment (DET), we optimize in rats a new protocol that creates a natural intestinal scaffold, as a base for developing functional intestinal tissue. After 1 cycle of DET, histological examination and SEM and TEM analyses showed removal of cellular elements with preservation of the native architecture and connective tissue components. Maintenance of biomechanical, adhesion and angiogenic properties were also demonstrated strengthen the idea that matrices obtained using DET may represent a valid support for intestinal regeneration.
Room-temperature direct bonding of CMP-Cu film for bumpless interconnection (2002)

As the trend of microelectronic systems moves toward higher performance and speed, ultra-high density interconnection technology must be developed. To satisfy this requirement, a new concept called bumpless interconnection for next generation of packaging is proposed, which might bridge to global interconnection on chip. This technology will be most suitable and inevitable for ultra-high density interconnection when pad and pitch sizes are reduced to a few micrometers. Also the combination of a thin chip and a flexible substrate will be required for such interconnection since pads in the size of micrometers can not cope with the thermal stress in the bonding process. The surface activated bonding (SAB) method enables direct bonding at room-temperature. Thereby the SAB method is considered to be a most appropriate method for bumpless interconnection. Another requirement for bumpless interconnection is the bonding between Cu thin films because Cu is the most promising conductive material. Since SAB method requires no heat, large initial contact area must be maintained to obtain enough interconnection, For the purpose, the surface of Cu thin film must be highly flattened, for example, by Cu process. In this paper, a few fundamental experiments and preliminary results of investigations on the feasibility of CMP-Cu direct bonding at room temperature for bumpless interconnection are presented.
Experimental canine hepatic artery embolization with polyvinyl alcohol foam particles. (1982)

Segmental and complete hepatic artery embolization with Ivalon (polyvinyl alcohol) particles (0.25 to 1 mm) was performed in 12 dogs to evaluate hepatic function alterations and histopathological changes. In dogs undergoing segmental embolization, liver function alterations were minimal and the liver was normal, both grossly and microscopically, at autopsy. In dogs undergoing complete hepatic embolization, only two had significant elevation of SGOT and alkaline phosphatase levels, which normalized in 2 and 4 weeks; one of these two dogs also had an elevated bilirubin level. A focal hepatic infarct was observed both grossly and microscopically in one dog and only microscopically in four dogs. Two dogs died of pancreatic abscess due to unintentional pancreatic embolization. The study suggested that segmental embolization with Ivalon particles was well tolerated by dogs, and complete hepatic embolization resulted in hepatic function changes and focal infarction comparable with Gelfoam embolization.
Measuring the Kinetics of Biomolecular Recognition with Magnetic Colloids (2008)

We introduce a general methodology based on magnetic colloids to study the recognition kinetics of tethered biomolecules. Access to the full kinetics of the reaction is provided by an explicit measure of the time evolution of the reactant densities. Binding between a single ligand and its complementary receptor is here limited by the colloidal rotational diffusion. It occurs within a binding distance that can be extracted by a reaction-diffusion theory that properly accounts for the rotational Brownian dynamics. Our reaction geometry allows us to probe a large diversity of bioadhesive molecules and tethers, thus providing a quantitative guidance for designing more efficient reactive biomimetic surfaces, as required for diagnostic, therapeutic, and tissue engineering techniques.
Age specific differences in efficacy and safety for the CYD-tetravalent dengue vaccine (2016)

CYD-TDV is the first dengue vaccine to have completed Phase 3 efficacy trials. Efficacy was consistently higher in those aged 9 and above for all variables studied: efficacy against virologically confirmed dengue of any severity and serotype, serotype specific efficacy, efficacy dependent on baseline seropositivity, efficacy against hospitalizations and efficacy against severe disease. Because of the higher efficacy and the absence of a safety signal, the age group with the best benefit of the use of CYD-TDV is individuals aged 9 and above - the age group for which licensure is now being sought.
Role of summation of afferent input in cardiovascular reflexes from splanchnic nerve stimulation (1996)

Stimulation of abdominal sympathetic visceral afferents reflexly excites the cardiovascular system. The present study examined the role of summation of afferent input in this reflex. Single-unit activity of A delta- and C-fiber afferents was recorded from the right thoracic sympathetic chain in anesthetized cats to determine the relationship between intensities of electrical stimulation and the types of nerve fibers within the right greater splanchnic nerve. The differential effect of cooling on A delta- and C-fiber axons in the sympathetic chain also was examined by recording single-unit afferent activity. Reflex cardiovascular responses were induced by electrical stimulation of the central cut end of the right greater splanchnic nerve. We observed that the numbers of A delta and C fibers activated by electrical stimulation were proportional to the intensity of stimulation. However, neither local cooling nor intensity of stimulation provided a means to separate A delta and C fibers contained in the sympathetic chain. The results demonstrate that the magnitude of excitatory cardiovascular reflexes is frequency dependent and is related directly to intensity of electrical stimulation, suggesting that both adequate discharge frequency of the afferent and sufficient numbers of afferents recruited are crucial factors for full expression of reflex cardiovascular responses.
Azathioprine in Ulcerative Colitis: Final Report on Controlled Therapeutic Trial (1974)

Eighty patients, all of whom were suffering from a frank clinical attack of ulcerative colitis, were admitted to the trial. The attack was treated with a standard course of corticosteroids and the patients were immediately placed on treatment with either azathioprine in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight or dummy tablets. The trial tablets were continued for one year while the patients were maintained under regular clinical, sigmoidoscopic, histological, haematological, and biochemical surveillance. If a patient relapsed during such maintenance treatment he or she was treated with a further course of corticosteroids without interrupting maintenance treatment.In the treatment of an actual attack of ulcerative colitis the results in the attacks which brought the 80 patients into the trial show that no benefit came from the addition of azathioprine to a standard course of corticosteroid therapy.Patients admitted in their first attack of ulcerative colitis showed no benefit from the one-year maintenance treatment with azathioprine, the benefits of which were confined to patients admitted in a relapse of established disease. Even in these the difference between the treated group and the control group failed to reach statistical significance, but the difference was big enough to suggest that there is a prima facie case for regarding azathioprine as of some benefit in this group of patients.
Novel Catalytic Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution by Asparagine Residue Involving Cyanoalanine Intermediate Revealed by Mass Spectrometric Monitoring of an Enzyme Reaction (2000)

l-2-Haloacid dehalogenase from Pseudomonas sp. YL catalyzes the hydrolytic dehalogenation, in which Asp(10) acts as a nucleophile to attack the alpha-carbon of l-2-haloalkanoates to form an ester intermediate, which is subsequently hydrolyzed to produce d-2-hydroxyalkanoates. Surprisingly, replacement of the catalytic residue, Asp(10), by Asn did not result in total inactivation of the enzyme (Kurihara, T., Liu, J.-Q., Nardi-Dei, V., Koshikawa, H., Esaki, N., and Soda, K. (1995) J. Biochem. 117, 1317-1322). In this study, we monitored the D10N mutant enzyme reaction by ion-spray mass spectrometry, and found that the enzyme shows a unique structural change when it was incubated with the substrate, l-2-chloropropionate. LC/MS and tandem MS/MS analyses revealed that Asn(10) attacks the substrate to form an imidate, and a proton and d-lactic acid are eliminated to produce a nitrile (beta-cyanoalanine residue), followed by hydrolysis to reproduce Asn(10). This is the first report of the function of Asn to catalyze nucleophilic substitution through its conversion to beta-cyanoalanine residue as an intermediate structure. Also, these results demonstrate that mass spectrometry is remarkably useful in monitoring enzyme reactions.
A review on abstractive summarization methods (2014)

Text summarization is the process of extracting sal ient information from the source text and to presen t that information to the user in the form of summary. It is very difficult for human beings to manually summarize large documents of text . Automatic abstractive summarization provides the r equired solution but it is a challenging task because it requires de eper analysis of text. In this paper, a survey on a bstractive text summarization methods has been presented. Abstractive summarization methods are classified into t wo categories i.e. structured based approach and seman tic based approach. The main idea behind these methods has been discussed. Besides the main idea, the strengths and weaknesses of each method have al so been highlighted. Some open research issues in abst ractive summarization have been identified and will address for future research. Finally, it is conclud ed from the literature studies that most of the a bstractive summarization methods produces highly coherent, cohesive, information rich and less redundant summary.
Hyperspectral matched filter with false-alarm mitigation (2012)

One of the fundamental challenges for a hyperspectral imaging surveillance system is the detection of sub-pixel objects in background clutter. The background surrounding the object, which acts as interference, provides the major obstacle to successful detection. One algorithm that is widely used in hyperspectral detection and successfully suppresses the background in many situations is the matched filter detector. However, the matched filter also produces false alarms in many situations. We use three simple and well-established concepts-the target-background replacement model, the matched filter, and Mahalanobis distance-to develop the matched filter with false alarm mitigation (MF-FAM), a dual-threshold detector capable of eliminating many matched filter false alarms. We compare this algorithm to the mixture tuned matched filter (MTMF), a popular approach to matched filter false alarm mitigation found in the ENVI® software environment. The two algorithms are shown to produce nearly identical results using real hyperspectral data, but the MF-FAM is shown to be operationally, computationally, and theoretically simpler than the MTMF.
Understanding digital signal processing (1996)

From the Publisher:
This is undoubtedly the most accessible book on digital signal processing (DSP) available to the beginner. Using intuitive explanations and well-chosen examples, this book gives you the tools to develop a fundamental understanding of DSP theory. The author covers the essential mathematics by explaining the meaning and significance of the key DSP equations. Comprehensive in scope, and gentle in approach, the book will help you achieve a thorough grasp of the basics and move gradually to more sophisticated DSP concepts and applications.
Cost-effective thermal isolation techniques for use on microfabricated DNA amplification and analysis devices (2004)

In this paper, we describe the design, construction and operation of two low cost thermal isolation techniques on a microfabricated DNA amplification and analysis device. The thermal conduit technique is based on a selective conduction mechanism, while the silicon back dicing technique is based on a selective insulation mechanism. The performances of the two techniques are compared both numerically and experimentally to that of the widely adopted but costly silicon back etching technique. Temperature gradients as high as 108 C cm -1 , 92 C cm -1 and 158 C cm -1 can be achieved with the three techniques, respectively. Geometric optimization of the two low cost techniques is carried out to further improve their thermal performances. Combining those two techniques can provide comparable thermal isolation results as the back etching technique with significant cost reduction.