gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modification of Polymer Surfaces by Click Chemistry (2008)

Abstract Silicon substrates were coated with well‐defined glycidyl and alkyne groups containing terpolymer that was synthesized by NMRP. The polymer was successfully tethered on silicon wafers and the resulting solvent stable, homogeneous, smooth thin films were characterized by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM), spectroscopic ellipsometry in the visible (Vis), and infrared (IR) spectral range. Subsequently, the films were modified in a heterogeneous reaction, converting the alkyne groups of the surface efficiently and quantitatively with azides by click chemistry. Appropriate film analysis allowed to directly verify the reaction of the alkyne groups with the azides and revealed that the chemical and physical properties of the thin films have changed while their morphology and topography is preserved. magnified image
Subfoveal fibrovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration express vascular endothelial growth factor. (1996)

Results indicate that VEGF may be of pathogenetic importance for the development of the choroidal neovascularization (age-related macular degeneration) and also may implicate a role of fibroblasts of presumable choroidal origin in this process.
PKC activators (phorbol ester or bryostatin) stimulate outgrowth of NGF‐dependent neurites in a subline of PC12 cells (1998)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulation of PC12 cells activates signaling pathways leading to new protein expression and growth of neurites. In wild type PC12 cells, incubation with phorbol ester (PMA) will activate protein kinase C (PKC) leading to the expression of many proteins necessary for neurite outgrowth, but this activation of PKC alone will not stimulate growth of long neurites. Here, we show in the subline of PC12-N09, which lacks NGF-stimulated growth of long neurites, that a brief incubation with PKC activators, PMA or bryostatin 1 (bryostatin), before NGF incubation, stimulates the growth of long neurites. However, incubation in the reverse order is ineffective. A short incubation with PMA or bryostatin followed by NGF induced tyrosine phosphorylation of MAP kinase (MAPK), which is of the same duration as that induced by NGF alone. Thus, PMA preincubation did not increase the length NGF activation of MAPK. Twenty-four hr after incubation with PMA or bryostatin, PKC isoforms were downregulated but PKC isoforms δ-, and ϵ- were still present. In these cells chronically treated with either PMA or bryostatin to downregulate PKC, NGF incubation preceded by PMA preincubation still led to long neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that a PMA or bryostatin incubation followed by NGF activates PKC isoforms δ-, and ϵ-leading to outgrowth of long neurites, and that the PMA signaling is independent of the MAPK pathway. J. Neurosci. Res. 53:214–222, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia in the rat is associated with striatal overexpression of prodynorphin‐ and glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA (1998)

Abstract Rats sustaining unilateral near‐complete 6‐hydroxydopamine lesions of the mesostriatal dopamine pathway received daily injections of 3,4 dihydroxyphenyl‐ l ‐alanine (L‐DOPA, 8 mg/kg plus 15 mg/kg benserazide) for 3 weeks. During this period, about 50% of the rats gradually developed abnormal involuntary movements, lasting for 2–3 h following each L‐DOPA dose. Rats were killed 3 days after the last L‐DOPA injection, and sections through the striatum were processed for in situ hybridization histochemistry. Within the L‐DOPA‐treated group, levels of preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD67) mRNA, and prodynorphin (PDyn) mRNA in the dopamine‐denervated caudate‐putamen, as well as GAD67 mRNA expression in the globus pallidus ipsilateral to the 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) lesion, were higher in dyskinetic than non‐dyskinetic animals, and positively correlated with the rats' dyskinesia scores. By contrast, striatal preprotachykinin mRNA expression and D2 receptor‐radioligand binding were not significantly associated with dyskinesia. Among all these markers, PDyn mRNA levels showed the most pronounced treatment‐dependence (three times higher in the L‐DOPA‐treated group than in saline‐injected lesion‐only controls), and the strongest correlation with the rats' dyskinesia scores ( r 2 = 0.82). However, a multiple regression equation including the three factors, GAD67 mRNA levels in the GP, GAD67 mRNA in the lateral CPu, and striatal PDyn mRNA, gave a better fit for dyskinesia scores than PDyn mRNA alone ( r 2 = 0.92). The results show that L‐DOPA‐induced dyskinesia is associated with overexpression of PDyn and GAD67 mRNA in the striatal projection neurons, and GAD67 mRNA levels in the globus pallidus. Due to its treatment‐dependent expression, and strong correlation with the associated dyskinetic symptoms, striatal PDyn mRNA, in particular, may play a role in the mechanisms of behavioural sensitization brought about by the drug.
Differential expression and functional characterization of system L amino acid transporters in human normal osteoblast cells and osteogenic sarcoma cells. (2006)

These results suggest that the transport of neutral amino acids, including several essential amino acids into the FOB and Saos2 cells, are mainly mediated by LAT2 and LAT1, respectively. Moreover, the specific inhibition of LAT1 in tumor cells might be a new rationale for antitumor therapy.
Rapid removal of protecting groups from peptides by catalytic transfer hydrogenation with 1,4-cyclohexadiene (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRapid removal of protecting groups from peptides by catalytic transfer hydrogenation with 1,4-cyclohexadieneArthur M. Felix, Edgar P. Heimer, Theodore J. Lambros, Chryssa Tzougraki, and Johannes MeienhoferCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 21, 4194–4196Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00415a045https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00415a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5848Altmetric-Citations224LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Artificial proteases toward catalytic drugs for amyloid diseases (2009)

Abstract We have proposed catalytic drugs based on artificial proteases as a new paradigm in drug design. Catalytic cleavage of the backbone of a protein related to a disease may effect a cure. Catalytic drugs can be designed even for proteins lacking active sites. Soluble oligomers of amyloid β-42 peptide (Aβ 42 ) are implicated as the primary toxic species in amyloid diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cleavage of Aβ 42 included in an oligomer may provide a novel method for reduction of Aβ 42 oligomers, offering a new therapeutic option. The Co(III) complex of cyclen was used as the catalytic center for peptide hydrolysis. Binding sites of the catalysts that recognize the target were searched by using various chemical libraries. Four compounds were selected as cleavage agents for the oligomers of Aβ 42 . After reaction with the cleavage agents for 36 h at 37 °C and pH 7.50, up to 30 mol % of Aβ 42 (4.0 μM) was cleaved, although the target oligomers existed as transient species. Considerable activity was manifested at the concentrations of the agents as low as 100 nM.
Identification of Castasterone, 6-Deoxocastasterone, Typhasterol and 6-Deoxotyphasterol from the Shoots of Arabidopsis thaliana (1996)

Endogenous brassinosteroids in the shoots of Arabidopsis thaliana were investigated. Castasterone, 6-deoxocastasterone, typhasterol and 6-deoxotyphasterol were identified by GC-MS. The co-occurrence of 6-deoxo-brassinosteroids and 6-oxo-brassinosteroids suggests that there are both early and late C6-oxidation pathways of brassinosteroids in A. thaliana.
Genetic Diagnosis and Molecular Monitoring in the Management of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (1999)

D ESPITE ITS well-known sensitivity to anthracyclines,[1-5][1] acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) was catalogued until the late 1980s as one of the most rapidly fatal human tumors, with the majority of patients dying early of intractable hemorrhage or disease relapse.[6][2] Two major research
Peripecias de un "gaviotero" en Bulgaria: invierno blanco en el Mar Negro (2013)

De los llamados paises de Europa del Este, Bulgaria es uno de los menos conocidos por los 
ornitologos espanoles. Destinos cercanos, como el emblematico delta del Danubio en Rumania, gozan en cambio de un reconocido prestigio para este tipo de turismo procedente 
de Europa occidental. Sin embargo, desde hace algunos anos, Bulgaria es un objetivo cada 
vez mas atractivo para viajeros procedentes sobre todo de Reino Unido, Holanda y Alemania. Su gran diversidad de habitats y una privilegiada ubicacion geografica hacen de este 
pais una meta de interes ornitologico durante gran parte del ano, pero especialmente en 
invierno y primavera.
Angiotensin-(1-7) Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Growth (1996)

Although angiotensin II (Ang II) and the heptapeptide Ang-(1-7) differ by only one amino acid, the two peptides produce different responses in vascular smooth muscle cells. We previously showed that Ang II stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis, whereas Ang II and Ang-(1-7) released prostaglandins. We now report that Ang II and Ang-(1-7) differentially modulate rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cell growth. Ang-(1-7) inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation in response to stimulation by fetal bovine serum, platelet-derived growth factor, or Ang II. The reduction in serum-stimulated thymidine incorporation by Ang-(1-7) depended on the concentration of the heptapeptide over the range of 1 nmol/L to 1 mumol/L, with a maximal inhibition of 60% by 1 mumol/L Ang-(1-7). Ang-(1-7) also inhibited the serum-stimulated increase in cell number to a maximum of 77% by 1 mumol/L Ang-(1-7). The attenuation of serum-stimulated thymidine incorporation by Ang-(1-7) was unaffected by antagonists selective for angiotensin type 1 (AT1) or type 2 (AT2) receptors; however, [Sar1,Ile1]Ang II and [Sar1,Thr2]Ang II were effective antagonists, indicating that growth inhibition by Ang-(1-7) was a result of angiotensin receptor activation. In contrast, Ang II stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells over the same concentration range, with a maximal stimulation of 314% at 1 mumol/L Ang II. Ang II also increased the total number of cells (to 145% of control), suggesting that enhanced thymidine incorporation was associated with vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. The AT1 antagonist losartan or L-158,809 but not AT2 antagonists blocked [3H]thymidine incorporation by Ang II. These results suggest that Ang-(1-7) and Ang II exhibit opposite effects on the regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell growth. The inhibition of proliferation by Ang-(1-7) appears to be mediated by a novel angiotensin receptor that is not inhibited by AT1 or AT2 receptor antagonists.
Future treatment for asthma (2016)

The landscape of asthma has considerably changed after 40 years of inhaled corticosteroid development and nearly 20 years since the first monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were approved. New members of pharmacological families and more effective drug-delivery devices have been designed but the proportion of uncontrolled patients, unfortunately, remains stable. The most promising treatments now rely on targeted therapies that encourage the improvement of the characterisation of our patients. These clinical (phenotype) or new biological (endotype) tools lead to palpable personalised medicine. This review examines not only the future of mAbs and other new ways of treating asthma but also describes futuristic views based on the paradigm shifts that are ready to occur.
Kisspeptin directly stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone release via G protein-coupled receptor 54 (2005)

We have recently described a molecular gatekeeper of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis with the observation that G protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54) is required in mice and men for the pubertal onset of pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion to occur. In the present study, we investigate the possible central mode of action of GPR54 and kisspeptin ligand. First, we show that GPR54 transcripts are colocalized with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the mouse hypothalamus, suggesting that kisspeptin, the GPR54 ligand, may act directly on these neurons. Next, we show that GnRH neurons seem anatomically normal in gpr54-/- mice, and that they show projections to the median eminence, which demonstrates that the hypogonadism in gpr54-/- mice is not due to an abnormal migration of GnRH neurons (as occurs with KAL1 mutations), but that it is more likely due to a lack of GnRH release or absence of GnRH neuron stimulation. We also show that levels of kisspeptin injected i.p., which stimulate robust LH and FSH release in wild-type mice, have no effect in gpr54-/- mice, and therefore that kisspeptin acts directly and uniquely by means of GPR54 signaling for this function. Finally, we demonstrate by direct measurement, that the central administration of kisspeptin intracerebroventricularly in sheep produces a dramatic release of GnRH into the cerebrospinal fluid, with a parallel rise in serum LH, demonstrating that a key action of kisspeptin on the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis occurs directly at the level of GnRH release. The localization and GnRH release effects of kisspeptin thus define GPR54 as a major control point in the reproductive axis and suggest kisspeptin to be a neurohormonal effector.
Gene organization of the human high affinity receptor for IgG, Fc gamma RI (CD64). Characterization and evidence for a second gene (1991)

We have isolated, characterized, and sequenced the gene coding for the 72-kDa human high affinity IgG FcR, hFc gamma RI. It consists of six exons and spans 9.4 kilobase pairs. The leader sequence is encoded by two exons, the second of which is 21 base pairs long and contains the predicted site of peptidase cleavage. The third, fourth, and fifth exons each encode homologous Ig-like extracellular domains. The hydrophobic transmembrane region and a highly charged cytoplasmic tail are encoded by a single final exon. The sequence of the 5'-flanking region was determined. Two major transcription initiation sites were identified by RNase protection. The first, more downstream site was confirmed by primer extension studies; canonical CAAT and TATA boxes are located in appropriate positions upstream from this site. The second transcription initiation site was utilized only in RNA from cells incubated with gamma-interferon. This site initiates transcription upstream from the first major site. These data are consistent with the finding of two species of mRNA for hFc gamma RI in myeloid cells that are upregulated when cultured with gamma-interferon. Southern analysis of genomic DNA confirms the restriction map generated from the cloned DNA. One additional HindIII fragment was observed in genomic DNA from 13 randomly selected individuals that was not present in the phage clone used to characterize the gene. This observation suggests the existence of a second hFc gamma RI gene which lacks one of the two internal HindIII sites rather than a restriction fragment length polymorphism.
Familial and Acquired Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (2011)

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening syndrome in which an uncontrolled and ineffective immune response, triggered in most cases by infectious agents, leads to severe hyperinflammation. Familial forms of HLH (FHL), which are increasingly found also in adolescents and adults, are due to genetic defects leading to impaired function of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells. These mutations occur either in the perforin gene or in genes important for the exocytosis of cytotoxic granules. Cytotoxic granules contain perforin and granzymes, which induce apoptosis upon entering (infected) target cells. Additionally, perforin is important for the downregulation of the immune response. Acquired forms of HLH are encountered in association with (usually) viral infections, autoinflammatory/autoimmune diseases, malignant diseases, and acquired immune deficiency states (e.g., after organ transplantation). Treatment of HLH includes immune-suppressive and immune-modulatory agents, cytostatic drugs, and biological response modifiers. For patients with FHL, stem cell transplantation is indicated and can be curative.
Filtration in the Pharmaceutical Industry (1987)

Filtration in the Pharmaceutical Industry , Filtration in the Pharmaceutical Industry , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
Hyperresponsive B Cells in CD22-Deficient Mice (1996)

CD22 is a surface glycoprotein of B lymphocytes that is rapidly phosphorylated on cytoplasmic tyrosines after antigen receptor cross-linking. Splenic B cells from mice with a disrupted CD22 gene were found to be hyperresponsive to receptor signaling: Heightened calcium fluxes and cell proliferation were obtained at lower ligand concentrations. The mice gave an augmented immune response, had an expanded peritoneal B-1 cell population, and contained increased serum titers of autoantibody. Thus, CD22 is a negative regulator of antigen receptor signaling whose onset of expression at the mature B cell stage may serve to raise the antigen concentration threshold required for B cell triggering.
Very high-power-density CW operation of GaAs/AlGaAs microwave heterojunction bipolar transistors (1993)

Thermal instability of multi-emitter high-power microwave heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) was eliminated using a novel heat spreading technique that regulates internal device currents to avoid the formation of hot spots. Devices with 2- and 3- mu m minimum emitter sizes and no intentional ballast resistors showed unconditionally stable CW operation up to the device electronic limitations. A record 10-mW/ mu m/sup 2/ power density was obtained at 10 GHz with 7-dB gain and 60% power-added efficiency. The highest efficiency was 67.2% at 9.3-mW/ mu m/sup 2/ power density. It was shown that stable high-power-density operation can be maintained at multiwatt output power levels.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
von Willebrand factor activity detected in a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA: an alternative to the ristocetin cofactor platelet agglutination assay for diagnostic use. (1997)

The monoclonal antibody RFF-VIII:R/1 recognises an epitope on von Willebrand factor involved in its interaction with GPIb alpha. A two-site, solid phase ELISA has been established using RFF-VIII:R/1 as the solid-phase, capture antibody and an enzyme-conjugated, polyclonal antibody to human VWF, which provides an assay for VWF functional activity with a detection limit of 0.5 U/dl VWF and an interassay %CV < 10. Plasma from 192 VWD patients (48 studied retrospectively; 144 prospectively) showed VWF levels of < 50 U/dl in type 1 patients (n = 156), < 25 U/dl in type 2A (n = 26) and < 35 U/dl in type 2B (n = 8) which, in type 1 and 2A patients, correlated with RiCoF activity (r > or = 0.82). In plasma from patients with type 1 VWD values of VWF in the Mab-based ELISA were similar to levels of VWF:Ag measured in a polyclonal antibody-based ELISA (r > or = 0.87) but were significantly lower than VWF:Ag in type 2A and 2B plasmas (p < or = 0.0005), allowing discrimination of variant VWD. The Mab-based ELISA has advantages of sensitivity and reproducibility over the RiCoF assay to measure VWF activity and can be used to analyse stored samples. In conjunction with an ELISA for VWF:Ag and VWF multimer analysis, it provides a reliable method for the laboratory diagnosis of VWD.
Proteins specified by herpes simplex virus. XIII. Glycosylation of viral polypeptides (1975)

In the course of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) replication in human epidermoid carcinoma no. 2 cells, the synthesis and glycosylation of host cell proteins ceases and is replaced by the synthesis and glycosylation of virus-specified polypeptides. Analyses of the synthesis of viral glycoproteins show that the glycosylation of viral polypeptides occurs late in the virus growth cycle and that certain of the precursors to major vital glycoproteins are members of the gamma group of polypeptides, i.e., polypeptides synthesized at increasing rates until 12 to 15 h postinfection. Viral glycoproteins are formed by stepwise additions of heterosaccharide chains to completed precursor polypeptides. The precursor and the highly glycosylated product are separable by gel electrophoresis and are localized in different fractions of infected cells. Within 15 min of their synthesis, precursor polypeptides acquire heterosaccharide chains of about 2,000 molecular weight, which contain glucosamine but little or nor fucose or sialic acid. Both precursor and product of this first stage of glycosylation are absent or present in low concentrations in the surface membranes of the infected cell and in the virion. The partially glycosylated product is then conjugated further in a slow, discontinuous process to form the mature glycoprotein of the virion and plasma membrane. These mature products bear large heterosaccharide units with molecular weights greater than 4,000 to 5,000; these contain fucose and sialic acid as well as glucosamine. Heterosaccharide chains from infected and uninfected cells are distributed among discrete size classes and the smallest chains consist of multiple saccharide residues.
Image Retrieval and Classification Using Local Distance Functions (2007)

In this paper we introduce and experiment with a framework for learning local perceptual distance functions for visual recognition.We learn a distance function for each training image as a combination of elementary distances between patch-based visual features.We apply these combined local distance functions to the tasks of image retrieval and classification of novel images.On the Caltech 101 object recognition benchmark, we achieve 60.3% mean recognition across classes using 15 training images per class, which is better than the best published performance by Zhang, et al.