gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Techniques for task independent word spotting in continuous speech messages (1992)

The Lincoln hidden Markov model (HMM)-based word spotting system has demonstrated good performance in spotting keywords in completely unconstrained continuous speech utterances (see R.C. Rose and D.B. Paul, 1990). The word spotter has been evaluated under a number of scenarios, and has been integrated into a system that performs the higher level of classifying conversational speech messages according to topic. In all of these scenarios, anywhere from 25 to 78 examplars per keyword have been used to train the subword acoustic HMMs that are used in the word spotter. In most word spotting applications it is simply not possible to collect such a large number of spoken utterances for all the keywords in the vocabulary every time the system is to be reconfigured for a given task. Therefore, it is essential that techniques be developed to reduce the amount of task-specific speech data required for training HMM-based work spotters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Influenza Virus Purification with the Zonal Ultracentrifuge (1966)

Sufficient amounts of influenza virus (density, 1.185; size, 722S) can be highly purified (22,000 chicken cell agglutinating units per milligram of protein) with a zonal ultracentrifuge, used first in a rate process followed by isopycnic banding, to permit its detailed biological and physical-chemical evaluation.
α-Chemokines Regulate Proliferation, Neurogenesis, and Dopaminergic Differentiation of Ventral Midbrain Precursors and Neurospheres (2008)

Increasing evidence suggests that alpha-chemokines serve several important functions in the nervous system, including regulation of neuroimmune responses, neurotransmission, neuronal survival, and central nervous system development. In this study, we first examined the function of two alpha-chemokines, chemokine ligand (CXCL) 6 and CXCL8, and their receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, in the developing rat ventral midbrain (VM). We found that CXCR2 and CXCL6 are regulated during VM development and that CXCL6 promotes the differentiation of nurr77-related receptor (Nurr1)+ precursors into dopaminergic (DA) neurons in vitro. Intriguingly, CXCL8, a ligand expressed only in Homo sapiens, enhanced progenitor cell division, neurogenesis, and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) cell number in rodent precursor and neurosphere cultures. CXCL1, the murine ortholog of CXCL8, was developmentally regulated in the VM and exhibited activities similar but not identical to those of CXCL8. TH+ cells derived from chemokine-treated VM neurospheres coexpressed Nurr1 and VMAT and were functionally active, as shown by calcium (Ca(2+)) fluxes in response to AMPA. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that CXCL1, CXCL6, and CXCL8 increase the number of DA neurons in VM precursor and neurosphere cultures by diverse mechanisms. Thus, alpha-chemokines may find an application in the preparation of cells for drug development or Parkinson's disease cell replacement therapy.
The ART of adaptive pattern recognition by a self-organizing neural network (1988)

The adaptive resonance theory (ART) suggests a solution to the stability-plasticity dilemma facing designers of learning systems, namely how to design a learning system that will remain plastic, or adaptive, in response to significant events and yet remain stable in response to irrelevant events. ART architectures are discussed that are neural networks that self-organize stable recognition codes in real time in response to arbitrary sequences of input patterns. Within such an ART architecture, the process of adaptive pattern recognition is a special case of the more general cognitive process of hypothesis discovery, testing, search, classification, and learning. This property opens up the possibility of applying ART systems to more general problems of adaptively processing large abstract information sources and databases. The main computational properties of these ART architectures are outlined and contrasted with those of alternative learning and recognition systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Hepatitis B virus inhibits intrinsic RIG-I and RIG-G immune signaling via inducing miR146a (2016)

Previous studies showed that hepatitis B virus (HBV), as a latency invader, attenuated host anti-viral immune responses. miRNAs were shown to be involved in HBV infection and HBV-related diseases, however, the precise role of miRNAs in HBV-mediated immunosuppression remains unclear. Here, we observed that down-regulated RIG-I like receptors might be one critical mechanism of HBV-induced suppression of type I IFN transcription in both HBV(+) hepatoma cell lines and liver cancer tissues. Then, miR146a was demonstrated to negatively regulate the expression of RIG-I-like receptors by directly targeting both RIG-I and RIG-G. Further investigation showed that antagonizing miR146a by anti-sense inhibitors or sponge approach accelerated HBV clearance and reduced HBV load both in vitro and in a HBV-carrying mouse model. Therefore, our findings indicated that HBV-induced miR146a attenuates cell-intrinsic anti-viral innate immunity through targeting RIG-I and RIG-G, and silencing miR146a might be an effective target to reverse HBV-induced immune suppression.
Conjugative transfer of a shuttle plasmid for Escherichia coli to Mycobacterium smegmatis (1990)

The chimeric plasmid pMY10 containing the origin of replication of pAL5000, the origin of replication of pBR322, the origin of transfer of pRK2 and a kanamycin resistance gene was constructed and successfully transferred by conjugation from Escherichia coli harbouring the helper plasmid pRK4.24 into Mycobacterium smegmatis. This is the first report of conjugtive transfer of plasmid between E. coli and an acid fast organism.
Simulation optimization methodologies (1999)

Simulation models can be used as the objective function and/or constraint functions in optimizing stochastic complex systems. This tutorial is not meant to be an exhaustive literature search on simulation optimization techniques. It does not concentrate on explaining well-known general optimization and mathematical programming techniques either. Its emphasis is mostly on issues that are specific to simulation optimization. Even though a lot of effort has been spent to provide a reasonable overview of the field, still there are methods and techniques that have not been covered and valuable works that may not have been mentioned.
B lymphocytes may escape tolerance by revising their antigen receptors. (1993)

To explore mechanisms that prevent autoreactivity in nonautoimmune mice, endogenous immunoglobulin (Ig) light (L) chains that associate with a transgenic anti-DNA heavy chain were analyzed. The antibodies from splenic B cell hybridomas of such mice did not bind double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and their L chain sequences showed a biased use of V kappa and J kappa gene segments. The 44 L chains in this survey were coded for by just 18 germline genes. Six of the genes, each belonging to a different V kappa group, were used more than once and accounted for three fourths of all sequences. Based on the distribution of V kappa genes, the L chain repertoire in this line of transgenic mice was estimated at 37 V kappa genes. The most frequently observed gene, a member of the V kappa 12/13 group, was identified in 16 hybrids. In addition, the majority of V kappa genes used J kappa 5. We interpret the skewed representation of V kappa and J kappa gene segments to result from negative selection. Based on the data, we suggest that V kappa rearrangements giving rise to anti-dsDNA reactivity are removed from the repertoire by a corrective mechanism capable of editing self-reactive Ig.
Animal Models of Inflammatory Pain (2010)

Animal models of inflammatory pain have been widely used to study the mechanisms of tissue injury-induced persistent pain. A variety of inflammatory agents or irritants, including complete Freund’s adjuvant, carrageenan, zymosan, mustard oil, formalin, capsaicin, bee venom, acidic saline, lipopolysaccharide, inflammatory cytokines, and sodium urate crystals, have been used to produce tissue injury and hyperalgesia in such structures as cutaneous/subcutaneous tissues, joints, and muscles. Additionally, models of pain hypersensitivity have also been established with injuries produced by burning, freezing, and ultra irradiation. Although these models do not simulate every aspect of chronic pain, they do model key features of human inflammatory pain. Studies in animals give insight into certain aspects of human pain conditions and lead to improved pain management for patients.
Normal Inflammatory Bowel Disease Mucosa Conceals Alterations in Natural Killer Cell Activity (1992)

Non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxicity or natural killer (NK) activity could be detected in all intestinal lamina propria mononuclear cell preparations of histologically normal mucosa from 57 patients with gastrointestinal disease. Similar levels of NK activity were detected among the different disease groups. Within the inflammatory bowel disease patient group, however, Crohn's disease patients showed a threefold higher level of NK activity than detected in ulcerative colitis patients. Cytotoxicity levels in Crohn's disease patients were also higher than in the control carcinoma patients, whereas ulcerative colitis patients had considerably lower cytotoxicity levels than the carcinoma patients. Thus, unaffected normal inflammatory bowel disease mucosa conceals alterations in NK activity which might occur before the inflammation. The colon adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 was found to be a representative target for detecting individual differences in NK activity of lamina propria mononuclear cells compared with standard K-562 targets. The latter can be of relevance when studying mucosal immunoregulatory mechanisms in intestinal disease.
Cooled Cooling Air Systems for Turbine Thermal Management (1999)

This paper evaluates the feasibility and potential impact on overall engine performance when utilizing the heat sink sources available in a gas turbine engine for improved turbine thermal management. A study was conducted to assess the application of a heat exchanger to cool the compressor bleed air normally used air for cooling turbine machinery. The design tradeoffs of this cooled cooling air approach as we’ll as the methodology used to make the performance assessment will be addressed. The results of this study show that the use of a cooled cooling air (CCA) system can make a positive impact on overall engine performance. Minimizing the complexity and weight of the CCA system, while utilizing advanced, high temperature materials currently under development provide the best overall solution in terms of design risk and engine performance.
A PCI-compatible FPGA-coprocessor for 2D/3D image processing (1996)

We present a small-scale FPGA-coprocessor board for PCI-based systems. It features one XC3195A FPGA (<9 K gate equivalents), three XC4013 devices (each up to 13 K gate equivalents), 2 MByte of Flash Memory, 256 KByte of high-speed SRAM and a 16-bit high-speed multiply-and-accumulate unit. The board was designed to speed up algorithms from scientific visualization, in particular the visualization of 3D-datasets. Such algorithms show a large number of short integer or bit operations, which can efficiently be off-loaded from the CPU to an FPGA-coprocessor. Although being exactly tailored to our application, the accelerator constitutes a versatile platform for other algorithms from image or speech processing. The PCI-bus provides the necessary transfer bandwidth for dataflow-intensive computations.
Lipid peroxidation in stored red cells (1992)

Lipid peroxidation is initiated by the production of oxygen-free radicals; it is increased in a wide variety of diseases, including various hemolytic anemias, and in hemoglobin disorders. Increased lipid peroxidation occurs in red cells in the presence of reactive iron species and some heme moieties. In this study, greatly reduced concentrations of malondialdehyde, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, were observed in stored blood upon the addition of both deferoxamine mesylate and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (p less than 0.001). The antioxidant glutathione was much less effective (p less than 0.01 or less than 0.05, depending on incubation time). On the other hand, the addition of dimercaptosuccinic acid and ascorbic acid both significantly increased malondialdehyde production over controls (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.05, respectively). Ascorbic acid, in the presence of deferoxamine mesylate, added no red cell protection over that of deferoxamine mesylate alone. The addition of metal chelators and, possibly, certain antioxidants to stored blood may be effective in increasing the viability and longevity of transfused red cells.
Poly(ionic liquid)s as new materials for CO2 absorption (2005)

Abstract A series of imidazolium‐based ionic liquid monomers and their corresponding polymers (poly(ionic liquid)s) were synthesized, and their CO 2 sorption was studied. The poly(ionic liquid)s had enhanced CO 2 sorption capacities and fast sorption/desorption rates compared with room temperature ionic liquids. The effects of the chemical structures, including the types of anion, cation, and backbone of the poly(ionic liquid)s on their CO 2 sorption have been discussed. In contrast to room temperature ionic liquids, the polymer with PF anions had the highest CO 2 ‐sorption capacity, while those with BF or Tf 2 N − anions had the same capacities. The CO 2 sorption and desorption of the polymers were fast and reversible, and the sorption was selective over H 2 , N 2, and O 2 . The measured Henry's constants of P[VBBI][BF 4 ] and P[MABI][BF 4 ] were 26.0 bar and 37.7 bar, which were lower than those of similar room temperature ionic liquids. The preliminary study of the mechanism indicated that the CO 2 sorption of the polymer particles was more absorption (the bulk) but less adsorption (the surface). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5477–5489, 2005
Extremely potent, rapid and costimulation‐independent cytotoxic T‐cell response against lymphoma cells catalyzed by a single‐chain bispecific antibody (2002)

A recent study reported on an anti-CD19/anti-CD3 single-chain bispecific antibody (bscCD19xCD3) exhibiting high activity against human B lymphoma cell lines (Löffler et al., Blood 2000;95:2098-103). In the present study, we have explored in detail the in vitro efficacy, T-cell donor variability, binding characteristics, specificity, kinetics and interleukin-2 (IL-2) dependence of bscCD19xCD3. We found that a majority of human donor T cells tested (n = 86) gave half-maximal B-lymphoma cell lysis (ED(50)) within a range of 10-50 pg/ml bscCD19xCD3, corresponding to sub-picomolar concentrations of the bispecific antibody. Under identical experimental conditions, the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab had an at least 100,000-fold lower in vitro efficacy. The extreme potency of bscCD19xCD3 was in sharp contrast to the relatively low affinity of the anti-CD3 and anti-CD19 single-chain Fv portions in K(D) ranges of 10(-7) and 10(-9) M, respectively. Cell lysis by bscCD19xCD3 was predominantly mediated by the population of CD8/CD45RO-positive T cells. Both immortalized CD4- and CD8-positive human T-cell clones were highly active effector cells as well. Cell lysis by bscCD19xCD3 was rapid and specific. The respective parental monoclonal antibodies inhibited cell lysis and CD19-negative cells were not harmed by T cells in the presence of high amounts of bscCD19xCD3. The potent T-cell stimulus IL-2 could not markedly augment the activity of bscCD19xCD3-stimulated T cells. In conclusion, bscCD19xCD3 could redirect unstimulated cytotoxic T cells against CD19-positive cells in an unexpectedly potent, rapid and specific fashion.
Dopamine precursors and brain function in phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency (1994)

Phenylalanine and tyrosine constitute the two initial steps in the biosynthesis of dopamine, which, in its turn, is the metabolic precursor of noradrenaline and adrenaline. The extracellular phenylalanine concentration influences brain function in phenylalanine deficiency (PHD) by decreased dopamine synthesis. It has been shown to induce EEG slowing, and prolonged the performance time on neuropsychological tests. The tyrosine concentration in the CNS is reduced in PHD, possibly implying insufficient substrate (= tyrosine) for catecholamine synthesis due to competition inhibition, for instance across the blood brain barrier. In experimental studies it has been shown that the synthesis and release of dopamine can be influenced by an increase in the availability of tyrosine. In PHD an extra dietary intake of three doses of tyrosine (160 mg/kg/24h) induced a shortening of reaction time and decreased variability, and in a double-blind crossover study a similar dose has been reported to induce an improvement on psychological tests. In a study with lower doses of tyrosine (110 mg/kg/24 h) no effect was found on reaction time tests. These findings need to be substantiated, and more detailed information should be obtained.
Myxoxanthophyll Is Required for Normal Cell Wall Structure and Thylakoid Organization in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 (2005)

Myxoxanthophyll is a carotenoid glycoside in cyanobacteria that is of unknown biological significance. The sugar moiety of myxoxanthophyll in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 was identified as dimethyl fucose. The open reading frame sll1213 encoding a fucose synthetase orthologue was deleted to probe the role of fucose and to determine the biological significance of myxoxanthophyll in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Upon deletion of sll1213, a pleiotropic phenotype was obtained: when propagated at 0.5 micromol photons m(-2) s(-1), photomixotrophic growth of cells lacking sll1213 was poor. When grown at 40 micromol photons m(-2) s(-1), growth was comparable to that of the wild type, but cells showed a severe reduction in or loss of the glycocalyx (S-layer). As a consequence, cells aggregated in liquid as well as on plates. At both light intensities, new carotenoid glycosides accumulated, but myxoxanthophyll was absent. New carotenoid glycosides may be a consequence of less-specific glycosylation reactions that gained prominence upon the disappearance of the native sugar moiety (fucose) of myxoxanthophyll. In the mutant, the N-storage compound cyanophycin accumulated, and the organization of thylakoid membranes was altered. Altered cell wall structure and thylakoid membrane organization and increased cyanophycin accumulation were also observed for deltaslr0940K, a strain lacking zeta-carotene desaturase and thereby all carotenoids but retaining fucose. Therefore, lack of myxoxanthophyll and not simply of fucose results in most of the phenotypic effects described here. It is concluded that myxoxanthophyll contributes significantly to the vigor of cyanobacteria, as it stabilizes thylakoid membranes and is critical for S-layer formation.
Haplotype analysis of the CETP gene: not TaqIB, but the closely linked -629C->A polymorphism and a novel promoter variant are independently associated with CETP concentration (2002)

The TaqIB polymorphism in intron 1 of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene is associated with plasma CETP concentration, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and coronary artery disease (CAD). These associations are generally thought to arise from linkage disequilibrium between TaqIB and (an)other functional polymorphism(s). To identify putative functional sites, we investigated phenotypic associations of TaqIB and four tightly linked polymorphisms (novel -2708G--&gt;A and +784CCC--&gt;A, and previously identified -971G--&gt;A and -629C--&gt;A) in 709 males with CAD (REGRESS). In addition to genotype analyses, a novel method to estimate haplotype effects was used to examine the individual and joint effects of these DNA variants on CETP concentration and HDL-C. All polymorphisms were associated with CETP concentration and HDL-C, except for -971 with HDL-C. Stepwise regression and haplotype analyses indicated that only -629 was independently associated with HDL-C. Similar analyses additionally indicated that -2708 and -629 were independently associated with CETP concentration, whereby the most frequent alleles acted in a cumulative manner. Nonetheless, detailed haplotype analysis revealed that a 3-polymorphism haplotype model consisting of -2708, -629 and -971 explained the variation in CETP concentration best. The involvement of -971 could be due to interaction effects that were observed between -971 and both -629 (P &lt;0.001) and -2708 (P=0.047). In conclusion, the TaqIB polymorphism is not instrumental in determining CETP or HDL-C levels, but is a marker for the -629 promoter variant. Our analyses, furthermore, indicate that the -2708 and -971 polymorphisms are likely to play a role in determining CETP concentration
Optical Constants of Silver, Gold, Copper, and Aluminum II The Index of Refraction n (1954)

The reflectivities of Ag, Au, Cu, and Al were measured at an angle of incidence of 45°, in the wavelength range of 0.40μ to 0.95μ at glass-metal and air-metal interfaces. These reflectivities, together with previously determined values of the absorption coefficient k, were used to calculate the index of refraction n. Samples were prepared by evaporation and deposition from the vapor. The important experimental results are: (1) The ratios of the reflectivities in the s plane to those in the p plane agreed with the theoretical values. This result indicates that the boundary conditions required for the application of the equations of electromagnetic theory have been satisfied. (2) Ageing and annealing resulted in increased reflectivity at both air-metal and glass-metal interfaces. (3) The values of n obtained from aged or annealed samples were in many cases considerably lower than previously published values.
Immunopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis: MBP and beyond (2002)

The past decade has witnessed a profusion of studies on the human T cell response to myelin basic protein (MBP). In fact, MBP can be considered by far the best characterized human autoantigen; however, the response that it elicits from the T-cell remains bewilderingly complex: not only do T cells recognize a large number of MBP-epitopes, they also use different HLA-molecules as restriction elements, and use a diverse spectrum of T-cell receptors (TCR). Even less clear is the role of MBP as a potential target antigen in multiple sclerosis (MS). The study by Massa et al.[1] addresses this topic in the current issue of Clinical and Experimental Immunology. The authors examined T cells from MS patients and controls three times during an 18-month period. With a kinetic response assay, they showed that a large proportion of these patients had a significant response to eight different MBP regions, but the T-cell recognition of the MBP peptides fluctuated – now it appeared, then disappeared, only to reappear later [1]. The importance of these results can be understood only in the context of the following observations and established facts.