gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Development and Application of ACC System (2014)

In the past years, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), for example, Adaptive Cruise Control system (ACC), Emergency Brake Assist system (AEB) etc, have been developed to improve vehicle control and driving safety. With such systems, traffic accidents caused by driver inattention and lack of driving experiences could be avoid or reduced. At last, the consequences of the accidents can be lowered. Among these systems, ACC system has being developed to adaptive ego-vehicle velocity and relative distance between ego-vehicle and target obstacle (for example the preceding vehicle) to traffic situations in order to avoid the ego-vehicle in dangerous situations, at the same time, to improve driving comfort. To develop and optimize the ACC system for driving behavior and traffic situations in China, a development platform based on the home-developed branding Dongfeng Fengshen A60 has been built. In this platform, the ACC function has been realized by driving torque and braking force control with sensing the traffic environment by long-range radar. The ACC system control algorithm has been implemented on the basis of the rapid prototype system ETAS and the development environment Matlab/Simulink. A huge of tests in the test track and public road have been done by using many typical ACC usecases (driving maneuver). The analyses of test data show that the ACC system works well both on the test track and public road.
Interface dynamics in a centrifugal cell separator (1988)

Experiments were performed with bovine blood to study the response of the plasma/cell interface position to pumping rate adjustments in two single-stage (SS I and SS II) cell separation chambers. Standard clinical instrumentation and equipment and on-line computer interfacing were used to monitor and control the interface position. The data provided a quantitative description of its dynamics in the SS I and the SS II chambers. In the SS I chamber, adjustments in the flow rate caused the interface to move very slowly and in a complex manner from one steady-state operation position to another. Such behavior made both manual and computer-controlled operation very difficult. By contrast, the SS II chamber was inherently unstable for most operating conditions. We demonstrated, however, that a feedback controller could be used easily to adjust or maintain the interface position, and this system moved from one steady-state operating condition to another 10 times as fast as the system using the SS I chamber. Also, the manner in which the controller allowed the system to respond to operator requests was much simplier than that for the SS I system.
Pharmacokinetics of a new proton pump inhibitor, YJA‐20379‐8, after intravenous and oral administration to spontaneously hypertensive rats and DOCA‐salt‐induced hypertensive rats (2000)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes for the differences observed in the pharmacokinetics of YJA-20379-8 in 16-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). To see if the hereditary characteristics of SHRs was the cause, 20 mg/kg of the drug was intravenously infused over 15 min and 50 mg/kg of the drug was orally administered to 6-week-old SHRs and 16-week-old SHRs and their age-matched control Kyoto-Wistar (KW) rats. Also to see if the hypertensive status itself was the cause, the same doses were administered to 16-week-old deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt-induced hypertensive rats (DOCA-salt rats) and their age-matched control Sprague-Dawley rats. The areas under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time infinity (for intravenous study) and to the last sampling time in plasma (for oral study) were significantly smaller after both intravenous and oral administration, and the total body clearances of the drug were significantly faster after intravenous administration to 6-week-old SHRs, 16-week-old SHRs, and 16-week-old DOCA-salt rats than those in their respective age-matched control rats. The above pharmacokinetic parameter changes in 16-week-old SHRs were due to both hereditary characteristic of SHRs and the hypertensive status itself.
Anionic Hetero[3,3]rearrangement. N-Acyl-N'-enylhydrazines to Pyrrolidinones (1992)

N-Acyl-N'-enylhydrazines rearrange upon treatment with base to afford 5-amino-2-pyrrolidinones. The rearrangement can be rationalized in terms of initial stereospecific [3,3] sigmatropic shifts of the enolates followed by intramolecular addition of the nitrogen atom of the amide group to the imino group
Fabrication of Gate-Electrode Integrated Carbon-Nanotube Bundle Field Emitters (2008)

A continuing effort to develop carbon-nanotube-based field emitters (cold cathodes) as high-current-density electron sources has yielded an optimized device design and a fabrication scheme to implement the design. One major element of the device design is to use a planar array of bundles of carbon nanotubes as the field-emission tips and to optimize the critical dimensions of the array (principally, heights of bundles and distances between them) to obtain high area-averaged current density and high reliability over a long operational lifetime a concept that was discussed in more detail in Arrays of Bundles of Carbon Nanotubes as Field Emitters (NPO-40817), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 31, No. 2 (February 2007), page 58. Another major element of the design is to configure the gate electrodes (anodes used to extract, accelerate, and/or focus electrons) as a ring that overhangs a recess wherein the bundles of nanotubes are located, such that by virtue of the proximity between the ring and the bundles, a relatively low applied potential suffices to generate the large electric field needed for emission of electrons.
Biosynthesis of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Euglena gracilis:  Biochemical and Molecular Evidence for the Involvement of a Δ4-Fatty Acyl Group Desaturase (2003)

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) can be synthesized via alternative routes from which only the omega3/omega6-pathways involve the action of a Delta4-fatty acid desaturase. We examined the suitability of Euglena gracilis, Thraustochytrium sp., Schizochytrium sp., and Crypthecodinium cohnii to serve as sources for cloning a cDNA encoding a Delta4-fatty acid desaturase. For this purpose we carried out in vivo labeling studies with radiolabeled C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates. Schizochytrium sp. was unable to convert exogenously supplied [2-(14)C]-docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5(Delta)(7,10,13,16,19)) to DHA, while E. gracilis and Thraustochytrium sp. carried out this desaturation very efficiently. Hydrogenation and alpha-oxidation of the labeled DHA isolated from these two organisms showed that it was the result of direct Delta4-desaturation and not of substrate breakdown and resynthesis. To clone the desaturase gene, a cDNA library of E. gracilis was subjected to mass sequencing. A full-length clone with highest homology to the Delta4-desaturase of Thraustochytrium sp. was isolated, and its function was verified by heterologous expression in yeast. The desaturase efficiently converted DPA to DHA. Analysis of the substrate specificity demonstrated that the enzyme activity was not limited to C22 fatty acids, since it also efficiently desaturated C16 fatty acids. The enzyme showed strict Delta4-regioselectivity and required the presence of a Delta7-double bond in the substrate. Positional analysis of phosphatidylcholine revealed that the proportion of the Delta4-desaturated products was up to 20 times higher in the sn-2 position than in the sn-1 position.
Common Business Components and Services toward More Agile and Flexible Industry Solutions and Assets (2008)

In many decades, many organizations, especially large consulting companies, have been designing, implementing and managing business solutions for every industry around the globe. But due to numerous limitations in process, tooling and skills, most of those solutions were made very specific to individual industry and client needs at its early design stage. Therefore, reuse and more importantly, managing the ever changing business requirements, become almost impossible. Service-orientation and architecture, model-driven business development provides us a new and powerful approach to facilitate asset based industry solution design and development. To further accelerate this, this tutorial will discuss an innovative approach that take advantage of many proven best software engineering practices, from object/component based technology, meta-data driven architecture types (archetypes) that are used to model the common structural and in some cases non-structural business entities such as customer, product, payment, etc. In order to address the consequences introduced by abstracting those common elements out of the specific industry model and be able to enable easy and meta-data based transformation, we properly decompose business components/services into a multi-layered business architecture. Therefore, process/components/services can be decomposed accordingly to facilitate the decomposition and abstraction, while maintaining certain level of necessary traceability across various artifacts. In the realization phase, existing assets/operational systems will be mapped and transformed to the required business components and services to best leverage those existing valuable industry/client investments. To support such a SOA based, model and business driven development process, existing tooling, especially the necessary transformation and integration capability, needs to be significantly enhanced. This tutorial will also present some recommendation based on some recent design and implementation, and they could be used to guide future tooling alignment and integration effort across software modeling, implementation and solution products. In addition, we will present how to leverage existing internal or external assets or product offerings and the open industry reference models and standards (such as ACCORD, ebXML, ARTS/IxRetail). This work is based on authors' collective experience in leading the large end-to-end client engagements across many industries, while promoting various industry leading software engineering best practices.
Synthesis of nitric oxide-releasing polyurethanes with S-nitrosothiol-containing hard and soft segments (2011)

Nitric oxide (NO)-releasing polyurethanes capable of releasing up to 0.20 μmol NO cm(-2) were synthesized by incorporating active S-nitrosothiol functionalities into hard and soft segment domains using thiol group protection and post-polymerization modifications, respectively. The nitrosothiol position within the hard and soft segment domains of the polyurethanes impacted both the total NO release and NO release kinetics. The NO storage and release properties were correlated to both chain extender modification and ensuing phase miscibility of the polyurethanes. Thorough material characterization is provided to examine the effects of hard and soft segment modifications on the resultant polyurethane properties.
MAPKAP Kinase 2-Deficient Mice Are Resistant to Collagen-Induced Arthritis (2006)

TNF-alpha is a pleiotropic cytokine considered a primary mediator of immune regulation and inflammatory response and has been shown to play a central role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MAPKAP kinase 2 (MK2) is a serine/threonine kinase that is regulated through direct phosphorylation by p38 MAPK, and has been shown to be an essential component in the inflammatory response that regulates the biosynthesis of TNF-alpha at a posttranscriptional level. The murine model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is an established disease model to study pathogenic mechanisms relevant to RA. In this study, we report that deletion of the MK2 gene in DBA/1LacJ mice confers protection against CIA. Interestingly, the MK2 heterozygous mutants display an intermediate level of protection when compared with homozygous mutant and wild-type littermates. We show that MK2(-/-) and MK2(+/-) mice exhibit decreased disease incidence and severity in the CIA disease model and reduced TNF-alpha and IL-6 serum levels following LPS/d-Gal treatment compared with wild-type mice. Additionally, we show that levels of IL-6 mRNA in paws of mice with CIA correlate with the disease status. These findings suggest that an MK2 inhibitor could be of great therapeutic value to treat inflammatory diseases like RA.
Rapid Screening of Fatty Acids Using Nanostructure-Initiator Mass Spectrometry (2010)

We present the application of nanostructure-initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS) as a fast and simple method for the analysis of plant and microbial fatty acids. NIMS allowed the direct detection of a broad range of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in negative mode showing linearity over several orders of magnitude with a limit of detection at the femtomole level. Additionally, the fatty acid compositions of olive and soybean oil and the algal species Chlamydomonas reinhardtii could be determined both qualitatively and quantitatively with only minimal sample volumes and preparation steps. The unique properties of the NIMS surface allowed for an in situ sample cleanup step leading to a more than 10-fold increase of the signal-to-noise ratio. Our data provide the basis for rapid screening of plant and microbial oils and may aid in the development of biodiesel fuels.
P-element-mediated enhancer detection: a versatile method to study development in Drosophila. (1989)

We generated and characterized greater than 500 Drosophila strains that carry single copies of a novel P-element enhancer detector. In the majority of the strains, the beta-galactosidase reporter gene in the P-transposon responds to nearby transcriptional regulatory sequences in the genome. A remarkable diversity of spatially and temporally regulated staining patterns is observed in embryos carrying different insertions. We selected numerous strains as markers for different embryonic organs, tissues, and cells. Many of these strains should allow the study of complex developmental processes, such as nervous system development, which have not been convenient to analyze previously. Also, we present genetic evidence that some of the detected regulatory elements control nearby Drosophila genes. In light of our results, we discuss the diversity and complexity of cis-acting regulatory elements in the genome and the general applications of the enhancer detector method for the study of Drosophila development.
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate and Alteration of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Morphology: a Rapid, Sensitive In Vitro Assay for the Enterotoxins of Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli (1974)

The major limitation to our understanding of the clinical importance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in diarrheal illness has been the lack of a simple rapid assay for the enterotoxin produced by certain E. coli. On the basis of the activation of adenylate cyclase by heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli (LT) and by cholera toxin (CT) in intestinal and other tissues, cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with known morphological responses to dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) were exposed to these enterotoxins. Crude culture filtrates of LT-producing E. coli and CT stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation and cell elongation in CHO cells. The similarity of time course, concentration dependence, and potentiation by phosphodiesterase inhibitors suggested cyclic AMP mediation of the morphological change. Heat inactivated CT and LT in this system. Choleragenoid inhibited CT; antiserum against CT inhibited both enterotoxin effects. In contrast to culture filtrates of 16 strains of E. coli known to produce LT, culture filtrates from 13 E. coli that do not produce LT did not alter CHO cell morphology. The morphological change is a simple, specific assay for these enterotoxins and detect 3 x 10(-17) mol of CT or a 1:250 dilution of crude culture filtrate of LT-producing E. coli 334.
Collaborative Filtering for Implicit Feedback Datasets (2008)

A common task of recommender systems is to improve customer experience through personalized recommendations based on prior implicit feedback. These systems passively track different sorts of user behavior, such as purchase history, watching habits and browsing activity, in order to model user preferences. Unlike the much more extensively researched explicit feedback, we do not have any direct input from the users regarding their preferences. In particular, we lack substantial evidence on which products consumer dislike. In this work we identify unique properties of implicit feedback datasets. We propose treating the data as indication of positive and negative preference associated with vastly varying confidence levels. This leads to a factor model which is especially tailored for implicit feedback recommenders. We also suggest a scalable optimization procedure, which scales linearly with the data size. The algorithm is used successfully within a recommender system for television shows. It compares favorably with well tuned implementations of other known methods. In addition, we offer a novel way to give explanations to recommendations given by this factor model.
Improved Diagnosis of the Etiology of Community-Acquired Pneumonia with Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (2005)

The combined real-time PCR assay is more sensitive for diagnosis of the main viruses and atypical bacteria that cause CAP compared with conventional methods, and obtains results in a clinically relevant time period.
Elevated protein kinase C expression in human breast tumor biopsies relative to normal breast tissue. (1989)

The Ca2+- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C (PKC), is a critical enzyme in the regulation of cell growth. In this report, we demonstrate elevated expression of PKC activity in surgical specimens of eight of nine spontaneous human breast tumors, as compared with the expression of PKC activity in normal breast tissue obtained from the same patients. The mean PKC specific activity in histologically normal breast tissue was 166 +/- 63 pmol 32P/min/mg, whereas the mean PKC specific activity in the breast tumors was 460 +/- 182 pmol 32P/min/mg (P = 0.0003; Student's t test). The low interpatient variability among the PKC levels observed in the histologically normal breast tissue specimens and the significant elevation of PKC levels observed in the tumors indicate that elevated expression of PKC activity in breast tissue is a potential marker for malignant disease in the breast.
A Molecular Classification of Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (2005)

Despite the moderate incidence of papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC), there is a disproportionately limited understanding of its underlying genetic programs. There is no effective therapy for metastatic PRCC, and patients are often excluded from kidney cancer trials. A morphologic classification of PRCC into type 1 and 2 tumors has been recently proposed, but its biological relevance remains uncertain. We studied the gene expression profiles of 34 cases of PRCC using Affymetrix HGU133 Plus 2.0 arrays (54,675 probe sets) using both unsupervised and supervised analyses. Comparative genomic microarray analysis was used to infer cytogenetic aberrations, and pathways were ranked with a curated database. Expression of selected genes was validated by immunohistochemistry in 34 samples with 15 independent tumors. We identified two highly distinct molecular PRCC subclasses with morphologic correlation. The first class, with excellent survival, corresponded to three histologic subtypes: type 1, low-grade type 2, and mixed type 1/low-grade type 2 tumors. The second class, with poor survival, corresponded to high-grade type 2 tumors (n = 11). Dysregulation of G1-S and G2-M checkpoint genes were found in class 1 and 2 tumors, respectively, alongside characteristic chromosomal aberrations. We identified a seven-transcript predictor that classified samples on cross-validation with 97% accuracy. Immunohistochemistry confirmed high expression of cytokeratin 7 in class 1 tumors and of topoisomerase IIalpha in class 2 tumors. We report two molecular subclasses of PRCC, which are biologically and clinically distinct and may be readily distinguished in a clinical setting.
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: The Main Targets for New Anticancer Therapy (2003)

Because conventional chemotherapy is not specific for cancer cells leading to toxic side effects there is a need for novel agents with high grade antitumor specificity. The major prerequisite to develop such drugs is to understand the targets that these agents should attack. In recent years a number of promising new anticancer drugs have been developed which target intracellular pathways or extracellular cell molecules. The clinically most effective compounds function as tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In the past, various tyrosine kinase receptors have been identified as regulators of tumor or tumor vessel growth. Having shown their expression characteristics in different tumor entities, specific inhibitors of the ATP binding sites of these receptors or antibodies were developed and entered clinical trials. The pathognomonic role of the tyrosine kinase defines the way of action of the inhibiting drug, whereas the amount of expression in tumor tissue defines the rationale to use the inhibitor to treat a specific protein. The future will define indications for such drugs by tumor kinase profiles instead of tumor entities. Gleevec, inhibiting the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase; Iressa, inhibiting the EGF-receptor tyrosine kinase; Herceptin, inhibiting the Her2/neu tyrosine kinase and PTK787/ZK222584, inhibiting the VEGF-receptor tyrosine kinase will be discussed as representatives of selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors whereas ZD6474 and SU6668 will be discussed as representatives of multitarget tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Grid computing for bag of tasks applications (2003)

Bag-of-Tasks applications (those parallel applications whose tasks are independent) are both relevant and amendable for execution on computational grids. In fact, one can argue that Bag-of-Tasks applications are the applications most suited for grids, where communication can easily become a bottleneck for tightly-coupled parallel applications. In spite of such suitability, few users currently execute their Bag-of-Tasks applications on grids. This state of affairs inspires preoccupation. After all, if it is hard to use the grid even with Bag-of-Tasks applications, grids are not going to be of much use. This article investigates this very issue. We identify three key features (automatic access granting, grid working environment, and application scheduling) needed for the execution of Bag-of-Tasks applications on grids, and describe efforts on how to provide such functionality. Unfortunately, however, some practical hurdles make deploying these features in practice much harder than one might think at first. Therefore, we discuss the four major problems (lack of end-to-end connectivity, protocol heterogeneity, security issues, and fault diagnosis) one faces when implementing the proposed functionality in practice. 1