gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Gene Transcription by Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (1995)

The mouse urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) gene was used as a model macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1)-inducible gene to investigate CSF-1 signalling pathways. Nuclear run-on analysis showed that induction of uPA mRNA by CSF-1 and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was at the transcriptional level in bone marrow-derived macrophages. CSF-1 and PMA synergized strongly in the induction of uPA mRNA, showing that at least some components of CSF-1 action are mediated independently of protein kinase C. Promoter targets of CSF-1 signalling were investigated with NIH 3T3 cells expressing the human CSF-1 receptor (c-fms). uPA mRNA was induced in these cells by treatment with CSF-1, and a PEA3/AP-1 element at -2.4 kb in the uPA promoter was involved in this response. Ets transcription factors can act through PEA3 sequences, and the involvement of Ets factors in the induction of uPA was confirmed by use of a dominant negative Ets-2 factor. Expression of the DNA binding domain of Ets-2 fused to the lacZ gene product prevented CSF-1-mediated induction of uPA mRNA in NIH 3T3 cells expressing the CSF-1 receptor. Examination of ets-2 mRNA expression in macrophages showed that it was also induced synergistically by CSF-1 and PMA. In the macrophage cell line RAW264, the uPA PEA3/AP-1 element mediated a response to both PMA and cotransfected Ets-2. uPA promoter constructs were induced 60- to 130-fold by Ets-2 expression, and the recombinant Ets-2 DNA binding domain was able to bind to the uPA PEA3/AP-1 element. This work is consistent with a proposed pathway for CSF-1 signalling involving sequential activation of fms, ras, and Ets factors.
DTH responsiveness of HIV-infected Thai adults. (2000)

A study was carried out in Thailand to determine the frequency of reactivity to delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin tests used for the staging of HIV patients in the United States. A four-antigen panel which included tetanus toxoid (1:10), Candida (1:10), mumps and Trichophyton antigens was assessed in 221 adult subjects from across the full immunological spectrum of HIV disease. Complete anergy was found in 38 per cent of 73 subjects with CD4 counts of 0-200 cells/ml and in 6 per cent of 78 subjects with 201-400 cells/ml. Partial anergy (response to 1 of 4 antigens) was found in 26 per cent of the 0-200 cell/ml group and decreased progressively with increasing CD4 cell count. Results suggested that a 3-member recall antigen panel would provide nearly all the clinically useful information gained by the more standard 4-member panel. In conclusion, DTH skin testing was confirmed to provide a method of assessing the integrity of cellular immune function of HIV-infected Thai adults which correlated with disease progression.
Role of Mononuclear Cells and Inflammatory Cytokines in Pancreatic Cancer-Related Cachexia (2005)

IL-6 represents a prominent cachexia-associated factor in pancreatic cancer. IL-6 overexpression in cachectic patients is related to the ability of certain tumors to sensitize PBMC and induce cytokine expression in cachectic PBMC.
A Manyfold Increase in Sister Chromatid Exchanges in Bloom's Syndrome Lymphocytes (1974)

Dividing cells from persons with Bloom's syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder of growth, exhibit increased numbers of chromatid breaks and rearrangements. A highly characteristic feature of the chromosome instability in this syndrome is the tendency for exchanges to occur between chromatids of homologous chromosomes at homologous sites. In the present experiments, a cytogenetic technique by which the sister chromatids of a metaphase chromosome are stained differentially has been used to demonstrate a striking and possibly specific, but hitherto unrecognized, increase in the frequency with which sister chromatids also exchange segments. The cells were grown in bromodeoxyuridine and stained with 33258 Hoechst and Giemsa. Whereas phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from normal controls had a mean of 6.9 sister chromatid exchanges per metaphase (range 1-14), those from persons with Bloom's syndrome had a mean of 89.0 (range 45-162). Normal frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges were found in cells heterozygous for the Bloom's syndrome gene, and also in cells either homozygous or heterozygous for the genes of the Louis-Bar (ataxia telangiectasia) syndrome and Fanconi's anemia, two other rare disorders characterized by chromosome instability. In a differentially stained chromatid interchange configuration discovered during the study, it was possible to determine the new distribution of both sister and non-sister-but-homologous chromatids that had resulted from numerous exchanges. By following shifts in the pattern of staining from chromatid to chromatid, visual evidence was obtained that the quadriradial configurations long recognized as characteristic of Bloom's syndrome represent exchanges between homologous chromosomes, apparently at homologous points. We postulate that the increase in the frequency of exchanges between nonsister-but-homologous chromatids and those between sister chromatids in Bloom's syndrome represents aspects of one and the same disturbance. A study of this phenomenon in relation to the clinical features of Bloom's syndrome may be helpful eventually in understanding the biological significance of chromatid exchange in somatic cells.
Differential Incorporation of CD45, CD80 (B7-1), CD86 (B7-2), and Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I and II Molecules into Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virions and Microvesicles: Implications for Viral Pathogenesis and Immune Regulation (2001)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results in a functional impairment of CD4(+) T cells long before a quantitative decline in circulating CD4(+) T cells is evident. The mechanism(s) responsible for this functional unresponsiveness and eventual depletion of CD4(+) T cells remains unclear. Both direct effects of cytopathic infection of CD4(+) cells and indirect effects in which uninfected "bystander" cells are functionally compromised or killed have been implicated as contributing to the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. Because T-cell receptor engagement of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the absence of costimulation mediated via CD28 binding to CD80 (B7-1) or CD86 (B7-2) can lead to anergy or apoptosis, we determined whether HIV type 1 (HIV-1) virions incorporated MHC class I (MHC-I), MHC-II, CD80, or CD86. Microvesicles produced from matched uninfected cells were also evaluated. HIV infection increased MHC-II expression on T- and B-cell lines, macrophages, and peripheral blood mononclear cells (PBMC) but did not significantly alter the expression of CD80 or CD86. HIV virions derived from all MHC-II-positive cell types incorporated high levels of MHC-II, and both virions and microvesicles preferentially incorporated CD86 compared to CD80. CD45, expressed at high levels on cells, was identified as a protein present at high levels on microvesicles but was not detected on HIV-1 virions. Virion-associated, host cell-derived molecules impacted the ability of noninfectious HIV virions to trigger death in freshly isolated PBMC. These results demonstrate the preferential incorporation or exclusion of host cell proteins by budding HIV-1 virions and suggest that host cell proteins present on HIV-1 virions may contribute to the overall pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection.
Two N-Myristoyltransferase Isozymes Play Unique Roles in Protein Myristoylation, Proliferation, and Apoptosis (2005)

N-myristoyltransferases (NMT) add myristate to the NH(2) termini of certain proteins, thereby regulating their localization and/or biological function. Using RNA interference, this study functionally characterizes the two NMT isozymes in human cells. Unique small interfering RNAs (siRNA) for each isozyme were designed and shown to decrease NMT1 or NMT2 protein levels by at least 90%. Ablation of NMT1 inhibited cell replication associated with a loss of activation of c-Src and its target FAK as well as reduction of signaling through the c-Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assays showed that depletion of either NMT isozyme induced apoptosis, with NMT2 having a 2.5-fold greater effect than NMT1. Western blot analyses revealed that loss of NMT2 shifted the expression of the BCL family of proteins toward apoptosis. Finally, intratumoral injection of siRNA for NMT1 or for both NMT1 and NMT2 inhibited tumor growth in vivo, whereas the same treatment with siRNA for NMT2 or negative control siRNA did not. Overall, the data indicate that NMT1 and NMT2 have only partially overlapping functions and that NMT1 is critical for tumor cell proliferation.
Variational Quantum Generators: Generative Adversarial Quantum Machine Learning for Continuous Distributions (2020)

Abstract A hybrid quantum–classical approach to model continuous classical probability distributions using a variational quantum circuit is proposed. The architecture of this quantum generator consists of a quantum circuit that encodes a classical random variable into a quantum state and a parameterized quantum circuit trained to mimic the target distribution. The model allows for easy interfacing with a classical function, such as a neural network, and is trained using an adversarial learning approach. It is shown that the quantum generator is able to learn using either a classical neural network or a variational quantum circuit as the discriminator model. This implementation takes advantage of automatic differentiation tools to perform the optimization of the variational circuits employed. The framework presented here for the design and implementation of the variational quantum generators can serve as a blueprint for designing hybrid quantum–classical models for other machine learning tasks.
Briaviolides K–N, New Briarane-Type Diterpenoids from Cultured Octocoral Briareum violaceum (2018)

Four new briarane diterpenoids, briaviolides K-N (<b>1</b>-<b>4</b>), have been obtained from the cultured-type octocoral <i>Briareum violaceum</i>. Using a spectroscopic approach, the structures of briaranes <b>1</b>-<b>4</b> were identified. This study employed an in vitro model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line, and found that among the four briaranes, briarane <b>2</b> possessed anti-inflammatory activity against inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expressions in cells. In addition, principal component analysis using the chemical global positioning system (ChemGPS) for natural products (ChemGPS-NP) was employed in order to analyze the structure-activity relationship (SAR), and the results indicated that the ring conformation of the compound has a leading role in suppressing the expressions of pro-inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 proteins in macrophages.
Construction of plasmids that expressE.coli β-galactosidase in mammalian cells (1989)

Journal Article Construction of plasmids that express E.coli β -galactosidase in mammalian cells Get access Grant R. MacGregor, Grant R. MacGregor Institute for Molecular Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of MedicineOne Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar C. Thomas Caskey C. Thomas Caskey Institute for Molecular Genetics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of MedicineOne Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 17, Issue 6, 25 March 1989, Page 2365, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/17.6.2365 Published: 25 March 1989 Article history Received: 07 February 1989 Published: 25 March 1989
A high-speed sensing scheme for 1T dynamic RAMs utilizing the clamped bit-line sense amplifier (1992)

A clamped-bit-line sense amplifier (CBLSA) capable of very high-speed operation in one-transistor (1T) DRAM applications has been developed. Results from an experimental test chip demonstrate that the speed of the new circuit is insensitive to bit-line capacitance. Circuit speed is also found to be insensitive to the initial bit-line difference voltage. The CBLSA maintains a low impedance fixed potential on the bit lines during sensing, virtually eliminating sensitivity to inter-bit-line noise coupling and minimizing power supply bounce during sensing. The new sense amplifier operates at higher speeds than conventional circuits and still dissipates less power.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Natural Killer Cells and Mast Cells from gp49B Null Mutant Mice Are Functional (2000)

Immune responses are controlled by a combination of positive and negative cellular signals. Effector cells in the immune system express inhibitory receptors that serve to limit effector cell expansion and to protect the host from autoreactivity. gp49B is a receptor of unknown function that is expressed on activated mast cells and natural killer (NK) cells and whose cytoplasmic tail endows it with inhibitory potential. To gain insight into the function of gp49B in mice, we disrupted the gp49B gene by homologous recombination. gp49B(0) mice were born at expected ratios, were healthy and fertile, and displayed normal long-term survival rates. gp49B(0) mice showed no defect in NK or mast cell development. Furthermore, NK and mast cells from the gp49B(0) mice showed activation properties in vitro similar to those of cells isolated from wild-type mice. Therefore, gp49B is not critical for the development, expansion, and maturation of mast cells and NK cells in vivo. The healthy status of gp49B(0) mice makes them suitable for testing the role of gp49B in immune responses to infectious agents.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treatment of Myocardial Infarction (2008)

Cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction are one of the major causes of adult mortality. Several treatments such as pharmacological therapy and heart transplantation have been used for the diseases, but the treatments have drawbacks. Therefore, cell-based myocardial therapies have received proper medical attention. Bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) including mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a potential source for cell therapy for heart diseases due to the ability of BMSC to differentiate into cell in cardiac tissue including cardiomyocyte and vascular endothelial cell. This article reviews the use of BMSCs for cardiovascular disease and the differentiation of BMSCs into cardiaomyocytes.
Synthese von substituierten benzotriazolen zur stabilisierung aromatischer polyamide gegen UV‐licht (1976)

Abstract Zur Stabilisierung aromatischer Polyamide wurden 2‐(2′‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐benzotriazole synthetisiert, die in 5‐ bzw. 5′‐Stellung als Substituenten eine Carbonamidgruppe aufweisen. Der Einfluß der ortho‐ständigen Hydroxylgruppe auf die stabilisierende Wirkung dieser Verbindungen wurde durch Methylierung derselben untersucht. Die dargestellten Benzotriazole wurden charakterisiert, wobei auf UV‐spektroskopische Daten besonderer Wert gelegt wurde. Durch Viskositätsmessungen wurde die photolytische Beständigkeit von Poly‐(m‐phenylenisophthalamid), die durch den Zusatz von gezielt synthetisierten Stabilisatoren, wie z. B. 2‐(2′‐Hydroxy‐5′‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐benzotriazolcarbonsäureanilid‐(5), wesentlich verbessert wird, untersucht.
Very High Growth Rate Epitaxy Processes with Chlorine Addition (2007)

The growth rate of 4H-SiC epi layers has been increased by a factor 19 (up to 112 μm/h) with respect to the standard process with the introduction of HCl in the deposition chamber. The epitaxial layers grown with the addition of HCl have been characterized by electrical, optical and structural characterization methods. An optimized process without the addition of HCl is reported for comparison. The Schottky diodes, manufactured on the epitaxial layer grown with the addition of HCl at 1600 °C, have electrical characteristics comparable with the standard epitaxial process with the advantage of an epitaxial growth rate three times higher.
Human trophoblast and the choriocarcinoma cell line BeWo express a truncated HLA Class I molecule. (1990)

Extravillous trophoblast from normal human placenta has been shown previously to express an unusual form of HLA class I molecule, as does a choriocarcinoma cell line, BeWo. This molecule has a H chain of approximately 40 kDa and appears to be nonpolymorphic. We have isolated and sequenced a HLA class I cDNA clone, which probably corresponds to this molecule, from a library derived from BeWo. The nucleotide sequence shows a high degree of homology with the published sequence of a genomic clone, HLA 6.0, which is the product of a class I locus other than A, B, or C, (provisionally designated "HLA G"). The expressed product of this locus has not previously been localized. We have used the polymerase chain reaction to demonstrate the presence of similar HLA class I sequences in cDNA from normal extravillous trophoblast. Although there is some nucleotide sequence polymorphism the amino acid sequence of this molecule is conserved. It is therefore unlikely to provoke immune responses even though it is found at the fetal-maternal interface.
Cancer Regression in Patients After Transfer of Genetically Engineered Lymphocytes (2006)

Through the adoptive transfer of lymphocytes after host immunodepletion, it is possible to mediate objective cancer regression in human patients with metastatic melanoma. However, the generation of tumor-specific T cells in this mode of immunotherapy is often limiting. Here we report the ability to specifically confer tumor recognition by autologous lymphocytes from peripheral blood by using a retrovirus that encodes a T cell receptor. Adoptive transfer of these transduced cells in 15 patients resulted in durable engraftment at levels exceeding 10% of peripheral blood lymphocytes for at least 2 months after the infusion. We observed high sustained levels of circulating, engineered cells at 1 year after infusion in two patients who both demonstrated objective regression of metastatic melanoma lesions. This study suggests the therapeutic potential of genetically engineered cells for the biologic therapy of cancer.
Treating glabellar lines with botulinum toxin type A-hemagglutinin complex: A review of the science, the clinical data, and patient satisfaction (2010)

Botulinum toxin type A treatment is the foundation of minimally invasive aesthetic facial procedures. Clinicians and their patients recognize the important role, both negative and positive, that facial expression, particularly the glabellar frown lines, plays in self-perception, emotional well-being, and perception by others. This article provides up-to-date information on fundamental properties and mechanisms of action of the major approved formulations of botulinum toxin type A, summarizes recent changes in naming conventions (nonproprietary names) mandated by the United States Food and Drug Administration, and describes the reasons for these changes. The request for these changes provides recognition that formulations of botulinum toxins (eg, onabotulinumtoxinA and abobotulinumtoxinA) are not interchangeable and that dosing recommendations cannot be based on any one single conversion ratio. The extensive safety, tolerability, and efficacy data are summarized in detail, including the patient-reported outcomes that contribute to overall patient satisfaction and probability treatment continuation. Based on this in-depth review, the authors conclude that botulinum toxin type A treatment remains a cornerstone of facial aesthetic treatments, and clinicians must realize that techniques and dosing from one formulation cannot be applied to others, that each patient should undergo a full aesthetic evaluation, and that products and procedures must be selected in the context of individual needs and goals.
Synthesis of Stereoregular Polymers through Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (2014)

Some of the most readily available and inexpensive monomers for ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) are norbornenes or substituted norbornadienes. Polymers made from them have tacticities (the stereochemical relationship between monomer units in the polymer chain) that remain after the C═C bonds in the polymer backbone are hydrogenated. Formation of polymers with exclusively a single structure (one tacticity) was rare until approximately 20 years ago, when well-defined ROMP catalysts based on molybdenum imido alkylidene complexes that contain a chiral biphenolate or binaphtholate ligand were shown to yield cis,isotactic-poly(2,3-dicarbomethoxynorbornadiene) and related polymers through addition of the monomer to the same side of the M═C bond in each step. Over the past few years, molybdenum and tungsten monoaryloxide pyrrolide (MAP) imido alkylidene initiators have been found to produce cis,syndiotactic polynorbornenes and substituted norbornadienes through addition of the monomer to one side of the M═C bond in one step followed by addition to the other side of the M═C bond in the next step. This "stereogenic metal control" is possible as a consequence of the fact that the configuration of the stereogenic metal center switches with each step in the polymerization. Stereogenic metal control also allows syndiotactic polymers to be prepared from racemic monomers in which enantiomers of the monomer are incorporated alternately into the main chain. Because pure trans polymers have not yet been prepared through some predictable mechanism of stereochemical control, it seems unlikely that all four basic polymer structures from a single given monomer can be prepared simply by choosing the right initiator. However, because tactic, and relatively oxygen-stable, hydrogenated polymers are often a desirable goal, the ability to form pure cis,isotactic polymers (through enantiomorphic site control) and cis,syndiotactic polymers (through stereogenic metal control) is sufficient for preparing hydrogenated polymers with a single structure. It is hoped that the principles of forming polymers that have a single structure through ring-opening metathesis polymerization will be general for a relatively large number of monomers and that some important problems in ROMP polymer chemistry can benefit from knowledge of polymer structure at a molecular level. With an increase in knowledge concerning the mechanistic details of polymerization by well-defined initiators, more elaborate ROMP polymers and copolymers with stereoregular structures may be possible.
Covalent Bond Formation to a Carbon Nanotube Metal (2003)

The pseudo–one-dimensional (psuedo-1D) conjugated electronic structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) allows them to exhibit semiconducting and metallic properties and to exhibit ballistic transport (1). We show that their unique electronic structure also offers the opportunity for new horizons in chemistry by exploring the response of the Fermi level (EF) electronic structure of the metallic SWNTs to carbon-carbon bond formation at the nanotube surface.