gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus-Vectored Vaccines Protect Mice against Anthrax Spore Challenge (2003)

Anthrax, a disease usually associated with herbivores, is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The current vaccine licensed for human use requires a six-dose primary series and yearly boosters and causes reactogenicity in up to 30% of vaccine recipients. A minimally reactogenic vaccine requiring fewer inoculations is warranted. Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus has been configured for use as a vaccine vector for a wide variety of immunogens. The VEE vaccine vector is composed of a self-replicating RNA (replicon) containing all of the VEE virus nonstructural genes and a multiple-cloning site in place of the VEE structural genes. Four different anthrax vaccines were constructed by cloning the protective antigen (PA) gene from B. anthracis into the VEE vaccine vector. The anthrax vaccines were produced by assembling the vectors into propagation-deficient VEE replicon particles in vitro. A/J mice inoculated subcutaneously with three doses of the mature 83-kDa PA vaccine were completely protected from challenge with the Sterne strain of B. anthracis. Similar results were obtained with vaccines composed of the PA gene fused to either the B. anthracis secretory sequence or to a tissue plasminogen activator secretory sequence in three additional mouse strains. Mice were unprotected from challenge after inoculation with the carboxy-terminal 63-kDa PA vaccine. These results suggest that these VEE-vectored vaccines may be suitable as candidate vaccines against anthrax.
Conversion of a Paracrine Fibroblast Growth Factor into an Endocrine Fibroblast Growth Factor (2012)

FGFs 19, 21, and 23 are hormones that regulate in a Klotho co-receptor-dependent fashion major metabolic processes such as glucose and lipid metabolism (FGF21) and phosphate and vitamin D homeostasis (FGF23). The role of heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan in the formation of the cell surface signaling complex of endocrine FGFs has remained unclear. Here we show that heparan sulfate is not a component of the signal transduction unit of FGF19 and FGF23. In support of our model, we convert a paracrine FGF into an endocrine ligand by diminishing heparan sulfate-binding affinity of the paracrine FGF and substituting its C-terminal tail for that of an endocrine FGF containing the Klotho co-receptor-binding site to home the ligand into the target tissue. In addition to serving as a proof of concept, the ligand conversion provides a novel strategy for engineering endocrine FGF-like molecules for the treatment of metabolic disorders, including global epidemics such as type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Real-time self-calibrating stereo person tracking using 3-D shape estimation from blob features (1996)

We describe a method for estimation of 3D geometry from 2D blob features. Blob features are clusters of similar pixels in the image plane and can arise from similarity of color, texture, motion and other signal-based metrics. The motivation for considering such features comes from recent successes in real-time extraction and tracking of such blob features in complex cluttered scenes in which traditional feature finders fail, e.g. scenes containing moving people. We use nonlinear modeling and a combination of iterative and recursive estimation methods to recover 3D geometry from blob correspondences across multiple images. The 3D geometry includes the 3D shapes, translations, and orientations of blobs and the relative orientation of the cameras. Using this technique, we have developed a real-time wide-baseline stereo person tracking system which can self-calibrate itself from watching a moving person and can subsequently track people's head and hands with RIMS errors of 1-2 cm in translation and 2 degrees in rotation. The blob formulation is efficient and reliable, running at 20-30 Hz on a pair of SGI Indy R4400 workstations with no special hardware.
Highly Enantioselective Imine Hydrosilylation Using (S,S)-Ethylenebis(η5-tetrahydroindenyl)titanium Difluoride (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTHighly Enantioselective Imine Hydrosilylation Using (S,S)-Ethylenebis(η5-tetrahydroindenyl)titanium DifluorideXavier Verdaguer, Udo E. W. Lange, Matthew T. Reding, and Stephen L. BuchwaldView Author Information Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 28, 6784–6785Publication Date (Web):July 17, 1996Publication History Received12 March 1996Published online17 July 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja960808chttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja960808crapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3328Altmetric-Citations250LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Amines,Catalysts,Chromatography,Hydrosilylation,Reaction products Get e-Alerts
Carbon Dioxide Stoage of Fruits, Vegetables, and Flowers (1930)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbon Dioxide Stoage of Fruits, Vegetables, and FlowersNorwood C. ThorntonCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1930, 22, 11, 1186–1189Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1930Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1930https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50251a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50251a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views130Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
The x-ray crystal structure of lysine-2,3-aminomutase from Clostridium subterminale (2005)

The x-ray crystal structure of the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), and [4Fe-4S]-dependent lysine-2,3-aminomutase (LAM) of Clostridium subterminale has been solved to 2.1-A resolution by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion methods on a L-selenomethionine-substituted complex of LAM with [4Fe-4S]2+, PLP, SAM, and L-alpha-lysine, a very close analog of the active Michaelis complex. The unit cell contains a dimer of hydrogen-bonded, domain-swapped dimers, the subunits of which adopt a fold that contains all three cofactors in a central channel defined by six beta/alpha structural units. Zinc coordination links the domain-swapped dimers. In each subunit, the solvent face of the channel is occluded by an N-terminal helical domain, with the opposite end of the channel packed against the domain-swapped subunit. Hydrogen-bonded ionic contacts hold the external aldimine of PLP and L-alpha-lysine in position for abstraction of the 3-pro-R hydrogen of lysine by C5' of SAM. The structure of the SAM/[4Fe-4S] complex confirms and extends conclusions from spectroscopic studies of LAM and shows selenium in Se-adenosyl-L-selenomethionine poised to ligate the unique iron in the [4Fe-4S] cluster upon electron transfer and radical formation. The chain fold in the central domain is in part analogous to other radical-SAM enzymes.
Specific Enhancement of Mouse CFU‐E by Mouse Transferrin (1981)

Pure human and mouse transferrins were prepared by a chromatographic procedure and their effect on the growth of early (BFU-E) and late (CFU-E) erythropoietic precursors in mouse bone marrow is described. In the presence of optimal erythropoietin concentrations mouse bone marrow cells have a greater specificity for mouse transferrin (950 CFU-E colonies/10(5) cells) than human transferrin (650 CFU-E colonies/10(5) cells). Optimal transferrin concentrations for both human and mouse transferrins were 1.3x10(-13)M and 1.3x10(-10)M corresponding to between 7.8x10(7) and 7.8x10(10) molecules/ml of culture. These concentrations are in excess of that calculated on a theoretical basis. Neither erythropoietic burst nor granulocyte/macrophage colony formation exhibited a dose dependent relationship for any of the transferrins employed, although higher colony numbers were obtained with mouse transferrin compared to human transferrin.
Tunnel-current based single-molecule identification of DNA/RNA oligmer by using nano-MCBJ (2012)

We have been proposed a tunneling-current identification methodology of a DNA/RNA sequence, which is based on sequentially reading the tunneling-current across individual single-nucleotides in the sequence In this report, we determined the single-molecule electrical conductance for all kinds of deoxyribonucleotide, and ribonucleotides at the single-nucleotide level, by using gap-tunable gold nano-electrode. Based on the electrical conductivity, we electrically identified the base-type in oligonucleotide, and read the fragment of sample nucleotide passing through the sensing electrode. This method could be one of the promising whole-genome sequencing strategies.
Cancer/Testis Antigens Trigger Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Genesis of Cancer Stem-Like Cells (2015)

Malignant tumors aberrantly overexpress various embryonic genes and proto-oncogenes, including a variety of cancer-testis antigens (CTAs). CTAs belong to a class of testis-derived proteins which are only expressed in germ cells in the male testis, and the expression of CTA genes is entirely silenced in the adult somatic tissues. They are, however, aberrantly overexpressed in a variety of malignant tumor tissues. Emerging evidence shows that a number of CTAs promote epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT) and genesis of cancer stem like cells, escalating tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis. The can cer-testis antigens, such as SSX, MAGE-D4B, CAGE, piwil2, and CT45A1, upregulate EMT and metastatic genes, promoting EMT and tumor dissemination. In addition, certain members of CTAs, including Piwil2, DNAJB8, CT45A1, MAGE-A, GAGE, and SPANX, are implicated in the initiation or maintenance, of cancer stem-like cells, promoting tumorigenesis and malignant progression. Clinically CTAs are closely associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. Intriguely, CTAs are strongly immunogenic and normally restricted to the male testis after birth, however, these proteins are aberrantly overexpressed in cancer stem-like cells and in a variety of cancers, suggesting their target potential for cancer immunotherapy, as diagnostic biomarkers, and as targets for novel anticancer drug discovery. Thus, the targeting of tumorigenic CTAs is a promising strategy to eradicate cancer stem-like cells and inhibit tumorigenesis for effective cancer treatment.
Apolipoprotein E Binds to and Potentiates the Biological Activity of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor (1997)

Expression of apolipoprotein E (apoE) and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a pleiotropic neuron survival factor, increases in the CNS in response to injury. Although CNTF is believed to act as a survival factor after injury in the CNS, the functions of apoE in the CNS remain mainly unknown. Similarities between apoE and CNTF, including coinciding patterns of postinjury expression, extracellular localization, homologous tertiary structure, and ability to form homodimers led us to examine the possibility that apoE and CNTF directly associate and thereby facilitate the neurotrophic activity of CNTF. We identified two binding interactions between apoE and CNTF: (1) reversible binding of both the apoE3 and apoE4 isoforms to CNTF under nondenaturing conditions, and (2) a higher avidity, SDS-stable binding of apoE3 with CNTF. Purified lipid-free apoE, as well as apoE in cerebrospinal fluid, binds CNTF. We demonstrate here that the survival-promoting activity of CNTF on cultured hippocampal neurons is potentiated by apoE. In the absence of apoE, survival of hippocampal neurons with 1 ng/ml CNTF was 20% above control survival values. In contrast, in the presence of apoE, survival of hippocampal neurons with 1 ng/ml CNTF was 40% above control survival values. These data, which indicate a novel function for apoE in the nervous system, support the hypothesis that apoE secreted locally at sites of injury can facilitate neural repair by promoting the activity of certain growth factors, in particular CNTF.
Growth control of influenza A virus by M1 protein: analysis of transfectant viruses carrying the chimeric M gene (1994)

Analysis of fast-growing reassortants (AWM viruses) of influenza A virus produced by mixed infection with a fast-growing WSN strain and a slowly growing Aichi strain indicated that the M gene plays a role in the regulation of virus growth rate at an early step of infection (J. Yasuda, T. Toyoda, M. Nakayama, and A. Ishihama, Arch. Virol. 133:283-294, 1993). To determine which of the two M gene products, M1 or M2, is responsible for the growth rate control, one recombinant WSN virus (CWA) clone possessing a chimeric M gene (WSN M1-Aichi M2) was generated by using an improved reverse genetics and transfection system. The recombinant CWA virus retained the phenotype of both large plaque formation and early onset of virus growth. This indicates that the WSN M1 protein is responsible for rapid virus growth.
Sorting networks and their applications (1968)

To achieve high throughput rates today's computers perform several operations simultaneously. Not only are I/O operations performed concurrently with computing, but also, in multiprocessors, several computing operations are done concurrently. A major problem in the design of such a computing system is the connecting together of the various parts of the system (the I/O devices, memories, processing units, etc.) in such a way that all the required data transfers can be accommodated. One common scheme is a high-speed bus which is time-shared by the various parts; speed of available hardware limits this scheme. Another scheme is a cross-bar switch or matrix; limiting factors here are the amount of hardware (an m × n matrix requires m × n cross-points) and the fan-in and fan-out of the hardware.
Synthesis of Reversible Shell Cross-Linked Micelles for Controlled Release of Bioactive Agents (2006)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTSynthesis of Reversible Shell Cross-Linked Micelles for Controlled Release of Bioactive Agents†Yuting Li, Brad S. Lokitz, Steven P. Armes, and Charles L. McCormickView Author Information Department of Polymer Science, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0076, and Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK Cite this: Macromolecules 2006, 39, 8, 2726–2728Publication Date (Web):March 21, 2006Publication History Received23 February 2006Revised8 March 2006Published online21 March 2006Published inissue 1 April 2006https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma0604035https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0604035rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2006 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3622Altmetric-Citations253LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Copolymers,Crystal cleavage,Drug release,Micelles,Nucleic acid structure Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of 8-Methoxy-1-methyl-1H-benzo[de][1,6]naphthyridin-9-ol (Isoaaptamine) and Analogues (2000)

8-Methoxy-1-methyl-1H-benzo[de][1,6]naphthyridin-9-ol, isoaaptamine, a PKC inhibitor isolated from sponge was synthesized. The synthesis parallels a synthesis of 8,9-dimethoxybenzo[de][1,6]naphthyridine, aaptamine, but uses a nitromethyl substituent as a precursor of the key 5-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-quinolin-4-one intermediate. The quinolone intermediates were prepared by thermolysis (220-240 degrees C) of anilinomethylene derivatives of Meldrum's acid. The quinolone intermediates were N-methylated prior to cyclization to the benzo[de][1,6]naphthyridine derivatives. Aaptamine and several analogues of aaptamine and isoaaptamine were prepared including 9-demethylaaptamine, 1-methyl-8-demethylaaptamine, 1-methylaaptamine, and the 8,9-methylenedioxy analogues of aaptamine and 1-methylaaptamine.
Reiterated Wnt signaling during zebrafish neural crest development (2004)

While Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is known to be involved in the development of neural crest cells in zebrafish, it is unclear which Wnts are involved, and when they are required. To address these issues we employed a zebrafish line that was transgenic for an inducible inhibitor of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, and inhibited endogenous Wnt/beta-catenin signaling at discrete times in development. Using this approach, we defined a critical period for Wnt signaling in the initial induction of neural crest, which is distinct from the later period of development when pigment cells are specified from neural crest. Blocking Wnt signaling during this early period interfered with neural crest formation without blocking development of dorsal spinal neurons. Transplantation experiments suggest that neural crest precursors must directly transduce a Wnt signal. With regard to identifying which endogenous Wnt is responsible for this initial critical period, we established that wnt8 is expressed in the appropriate time and place to participate in this process. Supporting a role for Wnt8, blocking its function with antisense morpholino oligonucleotides eliminates initial expression of neural crest markers. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Wnt signals are critical for the initial induction of zebrafish neural crest and suggest that this signaling pathway plays reiterated roles in its development.
4-1BB (CD137), an inducible costimulatory receptor, as a specific target for cancer therapy (2014)

Although considerable progress has been made in understanding how tumors evade immune surveillance, measures to counter the same have not kept pace with the advances made in designing effective strategies. 4-1BB (CD137; TNFRS9), an activation-induced costimulatory molecule, is an important regulator of immune responses. Targeting 4-1BB or its natural ligand 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL) has important implications in many clinical conditions, including cancer. In depth analysis revealed that 4-1BB-mediated anti-cancer effects are based on its ability to induce activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and among others, high amounts of IFN-γ. In this review, we will discuss the various aspects of 4-1BB-mediated anti-tumor responses, the basis of such responses, and future directions.
Goal-directed feature learning (2009)

Only a subset of available sensory information is useful for decision making. Classical models of the brain's sensory system, such as generative models, consider all elements of the sensory stimuli. However, only the action-relevant components of stimuli need to reach the motor control and decision making structures in the brain. To learn these action-relevant stimuli, the part of the sensory system that feeds into a motor control circuit needs some kind of relevance feedback. We propose a simple network model consisting of a feature learning (sensory) layer that feeds into a reinforcement learning (action) layer. Feedback is established by the reinforcement learner's temporal difference (delta) term modulating an otherwise Hebbian-like learning rule of the feature learner. Under this influence, the feature learning network only learns the relevant features of the stimuli, i.e. those features on which goal-directed actions are to be based. With the input preprocessed in this manner, the reinforcement learner performs well in delayed reward tasks. The learning rule approximates an energy function's gradient descent. The model presents a link between reinforcement learning and unsupervised learning and may help to explain how the basal ganglia receive selective cortical input.
Spatial Control of Gut-Specific Gene Expression During Caenorhabditis elegans Development (1991)

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was transformed with constructs containing upstream deletions of the gut-specific ges-1 carboxylesterase gene. With particular deletions, ges-1 was expressed, not as normally in the gut, but rather in muscle cells of the pharynx (which belong to a sister lineage of the gut) or in body wall muscle and hypodermal cells (which belong to a cousin lineage of the gut). These observations suggest that gut-specific gene expression in C. elegans involves not only gut-specific activators but also multiple repressors that are present in particular nongut lineages.