gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Blood–Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier: Structure and Functional Significance (2010)

The choroid plexus (CP) of the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) displays fundamentally different properties than blood-brain barrier (BBB). With brisk blood flow (10 × brain) and highly permeable capillaries, the human CP provides the CNS with a high turnover rate of fluid (∼400,000 μL/day) containing micronutrients, peptides, and hormones for neuronal networks. Renal-like basement membranes in microvessel walls and underneath the epithelium filter large proteins such as ferritin and immunoglobulins. Type IV collagen (α3, α4, and α5) in the subepithelial basement membrane confers kidney-like permselectivity. As in the glomerulus, so also in CP, the basolateral membrane utrophin A and colocalized dystrophin impart structural stability, transmembrane signaling, and ion/water homeostasis. Extensive infoldings of the plasma-facing basal labyrinth together with lush microvilli at the CSF-facing membrane afford surface area, as great as that at BBB, for epithelial solute and water exchange. CSF formation occurs by basolateral carrier-mediated uptake of Na+, Cl-, and HCO3-, followed by apical release via ion channel conductance and osmotic flow of water through AQP1 channels. Transcellular epithelial active transport and secretion are energized and channeled via a highly dense organelle network of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi; bleb formation occurs at the CSF surface. Claudin-2 in tight junctions helps to modulate the lower electrical resistance and greater permeability in CP than at BBB. Still, ratio analyses of influx coefficients (Kin) for radiolabeled solutes indicate that paracellular diffusion of small nonelectrolytes (e.g., urea and mannitol) through tight junctions is restricted; molecular sieving is proportional to solute size. Protein/peptide movement across BCSFB is greatly limited, occurring by paracellular leaks through incomplete tight junctions and low-capacity transcellular pinocytosis/exocytosis. Steady-state concentration ratios, CSF/plasma, ranging from 0.003 for IgG to 0.80 for urea, provide insight on plasma solute penetrability, barrier permeability, and CSF sink action to clear substances from CNS.
Arginase-1–Expressing Macrophages Suppress Th2 Cytokine–Driven Inflammation and Fibrosis (2009)

Macrophage-specific expression of Arginase-1 is commonly believed to promote inflammation, fibrosis, and wound healing by enhancing L-proline, polyamine, and Th2 cytokine production. Here, however, we show that macrophage-specific Arg1 functions as an inhibitor of inflammation and fibrosis following infection with the Th2-inducing pathogen Schistosoma mansoni. Although susceptibility to infection was not affected by the conditional deletion of Arg1 in macrophages, Arg1(-/flox);LysMcre mice died at an accelerated rate. The mortality was not due to acute Th1/NOS2-mediated hepatotoxicity or endotoxemia. Instead, granulomatous inflammation, liver fibrosis, and portal hypertension increased in infected Arg1(-/flox);LysMcre mice. Similar findings were obtained with Arg1(flox/flox);Tie2cre mice, which delete Arg1 in all macrophage populations. Production of Th2 cytokines increased in the infected Arg1(-/flox);LysMcre mice, and unlike alternatively activated wild-type macrophages, Arg1(-/flox);LysMcre macrophages failed to inhibit T cell proliferation in vitro, providing an underlying mechanism for the exacerbated Th2 pathology. The suppressive activity of Arg1-expressing macrophages was independent of IL-10 and TGF-beta1. However, when exogenous L-arginine was provided, T cell proliferation was restored, suggesting that Arg1-expressing macrophages deplete arginine, which is required to sustain CD4(+) T cell responses. These data identify Arg1 as the essential suppressive mediator of alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) and demonstrate that Arg1-expressing macrophages function as suppressors rather than inducers of Th2-dependent inflammation and fibrosis.
Spatial signature estimation for uniform linear arrays with unknown receiver gains and phases (1999)

The problem of spatial signature estimation using a uniform linear array (ULA) with unknown receiver gain and phase responses is studied. Sufficient conditions for identifying the spatial signatures are derived, and a closed-form ESPRIT-like estimator is proposed. The performance of the method is investigated by means of simulations and on experimental data collected with an antenna array in a suburban environment. The results show that the absence of receiver calibration is not critical for uplink signal waveform estimation using a plane wave model.
Relationship between Gilbert damping and magneto-crystalline anisotropy in a Ti-buffered Co/Ni multilayer system (2013)

The relationship between Gilbert damping and magneto-crystalline anisotropy is studied here using an all-optical method in a perpendicular Co/Ni multilayer system by varying the Ti-buffer thickness. As the Ti-buffer thickness increases, the magneto-crystalline anisotropy is enhanced. The time-resolved Kerr signal of each sample is well described by its own intrinsic Gilbert damping constant in a wide range of the external magnetic field. Interestingly, we find that Gilbert damping constants increase linearly from 0.021 to 0.036 when the magneto-crystalline anisotropy of the samples varies from 2.4 to 3.4 Merg/cm3. Such a linear relationship implies that the spin-orbit interaction is the main source of the damping process through spin-lattice relaxation in our system.
Miniature optical fiber sensor for pressure measurements (2006)

Fiber optic extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometric (EFPI) sensors are widely used in dynamic pressure measurements because of their inherent advantages including small size, light weight, high sensitivity, high frequency response, electrical passivity, electromagnetic interference immunity (EMI), and single-point measurement. However, small fluctuations of background pressure could shift the operating point of the sensor in an unpredictable way, which introduces a nonlinear response in dynamic pressure measurements. In this paper, we present a novel open structure only 125 &#956;m in diameter to eliminate the operating point dependence on background pressure fluctuations. The essential element is a piece of hollow fiber, which connects a standard telecommunication fiber and another hollow fiber with a smaller inside diameter to form a Fabry-Perot cavity. The structure is open to the environment by a small hole, which allows gas exchange between the sensor cavity and the ambient atmosphere. On the other hand, the sensor is capable of responding to acoustic pressure because of the slow gas exchange through the small hole. In addition, this all fused silica structure features high temperature stability, good linearity, and high repeatability.
High Power Density from a Miniature Microbial Fuel Cell Using Shewanella oneidensis DSP10 (2006)

A miniature microbial fuel cell (mini-MFC) is described that demonstrates high output power per device cross-section (2.0 cm2) and volume (1.2 cm3). Shewanella oneidensis DSP10 in growth medium with lactate and buffered ferricyanide solutions were used as the anolyte and catholyte, respectively. Maximum power densities of 24 and 10 mW/m2 were measured using the true surface areas of reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) and graphite felt (GF) electrodes without the addition of exogenous mediators in the anolyte. Current densities at maximum power were measured as 44 and 20 mA/m2 for RVC and GF, while short circuit current densities reached 32 mA/m2 for GF anodes and 100 mA/m2 for RVC. When the power density for GF was calculated using the cross sectional area of the device or the volume of the anode chamber, we found values (3 W/m2, 500 W/m3) similar to the maxima reported in the literature. The addition of electron mediators resulted in current and power increases of 30-100%. These power densities were surprisingly high considering a pure S. oneidensis culture was used. We found that the short diffusion lengths and high surface-area-to-chamber volume ratio utilized in the mini-MFC enhanced power density when compared to output from similar macroscopic MFCs.
Efficacy of Ar in reducing the kink effect on floating-body NFD/SOI CMOS (2002)

Despite recent reports of high speed nonfully-depleted (NFD) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS processes (Assaderaghi et al. 1997), there are growing concerns about SOI scalability due to the off-state leakage current induced by parasitic bipolar effects (Chau et al. 1997). To reduce these, Ar implantation into source/drain regions, creating recombination centers in the silicon, has been proposed (Ohno et al. 1995). In this work, the effects of Ar implantation on device performance at different temperatures and supply voltages are examined for deep submicron technologies.
Natural Infection of Suffolk Sheep with Scrapie Virus (1982)

A better understanding of the infectious process in scrapie was sought by studying the temporal distribution of virus in naturally infected Suffolk sheep. Virus was detected (by mouse inoculation) first in lymphatic tissues and intestine of clinically normal lambs (age, 10-14 months). Titers were generally low. Infection of the central nervous system was first detected in a 25-month-old clinically normal sheep whose nonneural tissues had moderate amounts of virus. In sheep affected with scrapie, similar amounts in nonneural tissues accompanied high concentrations in the central nervous system, notably in sites of severest neurohistologic changes. No virus was found in clinically normal high-risk sheep 54 to 104 months old. The early appearance of virus in tonsil, retropharyngeal and mesenteric-portal lymph nodes, and intestine suggests that primary infection occurs by way of the alimentary tract, either prenatally from virus in amniotic fluid or postnatally from virus in a contaminated environment.
The Global Patch Collider (2016)

This paper proposes a novel extremely efficient, fully-parallelizable, task-specific algorithm for the computation of global point-wise correspondences in images and videos. Our algorithm, the Global Patch Collider, is based on detecting unique collisions between image points using a collection of learned tree structures that act as conditional hash functions. In contrast to conventional approaches that rely on pairwise distance computation, our algorithm isolates distinctive pixel pairs that hit the same leaf during traversal through multiple learned tree structures. The split functions stored at the intermediate nodes of the trees are trained to ensure that only visually similar patches or their geometric or photometric transformed versions fall into the same leaf node. The matching process involves passing all pixel positions in the images under analysis through the tree structures. We then compute matches by isolating points that uniquely collide with each other ie. fell in the same empty leaf in multiple trees. Our algorithm is linear in the number of pixels but can be made constant time on a parallel computation architecture as the tree traversal for individual image points is decoupled. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method by using it to perform optical flow matching and stereo matching on some challenging benchmarks. Experimental results show that not only is our method extremely computationally efficient, but it is also able to match or outperform state of the art methods that are much more complex.
The human brain in numbers: a linearly scaled-up primate brain (2009)

The human brain has often been viewed as outstanding among mammalian brains: the most cognitively able, the largest-than-expected from body size, endowed with an overdeveloped cerebral cortex that represents over 80% of brain mass, and purportedly containing 100 billion neurons and 10x more glial cells. Such uniqueness was seemingly necessary to justify the superior cognitive abilities of humans over larger-brained mammals such as elephants and whales. However, our recent studies using a novel method to determine the cellular composition of the brain of humans and other primates as well as of rodents and insectivores show that, since different cellular scaling rules apply to the brains within these orders, brain size can no longer be considered a proxy for the number of neurons in the brain. These studies also showed that the human brain is not exceptional in its cellular composition, as it was found to contain as many neuronal and non-neuronal cells as would be expected of a primate brain of its size. Additionally, the so-called overdeveloped human cerebral cortex holds only 19% of all brain neurons, a fraction that is similar to that found in other mammals. In what regards absolute numbers of neurons, however, the human brain does have two advantages compared to other mammalian brains: compared to rodents, and probably to whales and elephants as well, it is built according to the very economical, space-saving scaling rules that apply to other primates; and, among economically built primate brains, it is the largest, hence containing the most neurons. These findings argue in favor of a view of cognitive abilities that is centered on absolute numbers of neurons, rather than on body size or encephalization, and call for a re-examination of several concepts related to the exceptionality of the human brain.
Analysis of the Transient Hot-Wire Method to Measure Thermal Conductivity of Silica Aerogel: Influence of Wire Length, and Radiation Properties (2013)

When the transient hot-wire method is used to measure the thermal conductivity of very low thermal conductivity silica aerogel (in the range of 10 mW/m·K at 1 atm) end effects due to the finite wire size and radiation corrections must be considered. An approximate method is presented to account for end effects with realistic boundary conditions. The method was applied to small experimental samples of the aerogel using different wire lengths. Initial conductivity results varied with wire length. This variation was eliminated by the use of the end effect correction. The test method was validated with the NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) Standard Reference Material 1459, fumed silica board to within 1 mW/m·K. The aerogel is semitransparent. Due to the small wire radius and short transient, radiation heat transfer may not be fully accounted for. In a full size aerogel panel radiation will augment the phonon conduction by a larger amount.
SiGe power heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) fabricated by fully self-aligned double mesa technology (2002)

Multi-finger SiGe HBT's have been fabricated using a novel fully self-aligned double-mesa technology. With the advanced process technology, a maximum oscillating frequency (f/sub max/) of 78 GHz and a cut-off frequency (f/sub T/) of 37 GHz were demonstrated for a common-emitter device with emitter area of 2/spl times/2/spl times/30 /spl mu/m/sup 2/. For class-A operations, 10-finger devices (A/sub E/=2/spl times/2/spl times/30 /spl mu/m/sup 2/) exhibit an output power of 24.13 dBm with a maximum power added efficiency (PAE) of 26.9% at 8.5 GHz.
Pharmacokinetics of nicotine in kidney failure (2000)

Progressive kidney failure is associated with a gradual decrease of renal and nonrenal elimination of nicotine.
GaN Power Integration for High Frequency and High Efficiency Power Applications: A Review (2020)

High frequency and high efficiency operation is one of the premier interests in the signal and energy conversion applications. The wide bandgap GaN based devices possess superior properties and have demonstrated exceeding performance than Si or GaAs devices. In order to further exploit the potential of GaN electronics, monolithic power integration is proposed. Firstly, this paper discusses the structure and properties of GaN power devices to explain the choice of lateral integration in the view of GaN power ICs. Then the state-of-the-art performance of GaN power integration in two major application areas is reviewed, which are the microwave power amplification and DC-DC power conversion. The GaN power integration technologies in MMIC platforms are summarized in terms of the gate length, operation frequency and power added efficiency of ICs. On the other hand, the smart GaN power IC platforms have boosted the development of DC-DC power converters. Demonstrations of high frequency (>1 MHz) and high efficiency (>95 %) converters with various kinds of integration technology and topology are reviewed. Lastly novel integration schemes and methods are introduced to stimulate new thoughts on GaN power integration road.
Performance and membrane fouling in a pilot scale SBR process coupled with membrane (2003)

The performance of the pilot-scale submerged membrane coupled with sequencing batch reactor (SM-SBR) for upgrading effluent quality was investigated in this study. The reactor was operated with 3-hour cycle with alternating anoxic and aerobic conditions to treat organics, nitrogen and phosphate. Despite various influent characteristics, COD removal was always higher than 95%. Sufficient nitrification was obtained within a few weeks after start-up and during the stable period, complete nitrification occurred despite short aeration time. Total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was reached up to 85%. Membrane flux was critical for TN removal so that the decrease of flux by membrane fouling led to increase of HRT, and it caused the endogenous respiration of microorganisms such as nitrifying bacteria. The stirred cell test revealed the significant role of the soluble fraction in membrane permeability and dissolved solids played a major role in the short-term fouling mechanism. The cake resistance by the soluble COD fraction of supernatant or soluble microbial products (SMP) was investigated as a major part of total resistance.
Cholecystokinin-B/gastrin receptor signaling pathway involves tyrosine phosphorylations of p125FAK and p42MAP. (1994)

The neuro-intestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)/gastrin has been suggested to have a trophic effect on gastro-intestinal tract in vivo as well as in vitro. In the present study, the human CCK-B/gastrin receptor was expressed in mouse NIH3T3 fibroblasts to investigate the molecular basis of signal transduction pathway of the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein (G protein)-coupled receptor. Human CCK-B/gastrin receptor expressed in NIH3T3 cells coupled efficiently to phosphoinositide hydrolysis and mobilization of intracellular Ca2+, and transduced mitogenic signals assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, CCK-8 or gastrin I alone promoted the cell growth in serum-free medium. CCK-8 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of several protein species. Among them, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase was tyrosine phosphorylated and activated in response to CCK-8, as was induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). In contrast, tyrosine phosphorylation of p125FAK (focal adhesion kinase) was induced by CCK-8 but not by PDGF. CCK-8 as well as gastrin I induced the expression of early responsive genes such as c-fos and c-myc. These results suggest that CCK-B/gastrin receptors might transmit mitogenic signals by cross-talking with the tyrosine kinase cascades.
Combined inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor and JAK/STAT pathways results in greater growth inhibition in vitro than single agent therapy (2004)

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibition with small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors results in antitumor activity in only a minority of patients whose tumors express EGFR. One hypothesis to explain this suboptimal clinical activity is that multiple growth regulatory pathways are abnormal in most EGFR-expressing cancers. Given the importance of Stat-3 signaling pathway in epidermoid tumors, we hypothesized that blocking complementary pathways in an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-driven model of proliferation in the A431 cell line would demonstrate improved antiproliferative activity. Exposure of A431 cells to the EGF results in a significant increase in EGFR and Stat-3 phosphorylation. However, inhibition of EGFR by AG1478 fails to decrease EGF-induced Stat-3 phosphorylation. This suggests that EGF continues to drive Stat-3 phosphorylation through other receptors. Our study suggests that residual ErbB2 activation by EGF, despite EGFR blockade, is responsible for persistent downstream activation of Stat-3. In this setting, combined exposure to an EGFR blocker and Stat-3 blocker (AG490) results in significantly greater tumor growth inhibition than either agent alone. We conclude that targeting multiple pathways (EGFR and JAK/STAT pathways) in EGF-driven tumors may result in greater antiproliferative activity than blocking EGFR alone.
Roles of collagen fibers and its specific molecular chaperone: analysis using HSP47-knockout mice. (2004)

Collagen is the most abundant protein of mammals and produces highly organized ultrastructures in the extracellular matrix. There are at least 27 types of collagen in mammalian tissues. While fibrillar collagen (eg. types I, II, III, V and XI) assembles into large fibril structures in the extracellular matrix, type IV collagen produces meshwork-like structures in the basement membranes. As collagen has a distinct triple helix structure composed of Gly-X-Y repeats whose Y position is often hydroxyproline, its folding and maturation process differs considerably from globular proteins. Type I collagen is an assembly of two alpha-1 chains and one alpha-2 chain, and each of the alpha chains contain the N-terminal propeptide, C-terminal propeptide and central triple helical region. The 47-kDa heat shock protein (HSP47) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident molecular chaperone that specifically recognizes the triple helical region of collagen and is required for productive folding and maturation of collagen molecules. Only in the presence of HSP47, collagen type I molecules can be assembled into the correctly folded triple helices in the ER of mouse embryos without producing misfolded or non-functionally aggregated molecules. HSP47-knockout embryos die just after 10.5 day due to the absence of functional collagen. Recent our data demonstrated that the non-fibrillar network-forming collagen type IV also requires HSP47 for productive folding and maturation. Here, we discuss the role of HSP47 in the folding and maturation of collagen type IV as well as type I.
Size effects and origin of easy-axis in nickel nanowire arrays (2011)

High quality compact Ni nanowire (NW) arrays with aspect ratios (wire length/diameter) varying between 70–171 for a wire length of ∼6 μm, and between 3–400 for a constant wire diameter of 60 nm were successfully grown by direct current electrodeposition into free standing porous alumina templates having a lattice constant, i.e., interpore distance, of 105 nm. The NWs have been investigated using a combination of scanning- and transmission-electron microscopies, selected-area electron diffraction, x-ray diffraction analysis, ferromagnetic resonance (FMR), and vibration sample magnetometer techniques at room temperature. Microscopic and diffraction results show that the wires are uniform and mostly single-crystalline, being 220-oriented along the growth direction. Magnetic properties of samples are heavily dependent on the wire length as well as the diameter or packing factor, P (the volume fraction of wires/template). The FMR spectra and the field orientation dependence of the resonance field values were fitted using the imaginary part of magnetic susceptibility and a dispersion relation of magnetization, including the Bloch–Bloembergen type damping term. Combined with hysteresis (M-H) results, these indicate that the preferred (easy) axis of magnetization is parallel to the NW-axis for P&amp;lt;33%. On the other hand, strong interwire exchange interactions are determined to supply a magnetization state with preferred axis perpendicular to the wires for samples with P&amp;gt;33%. Comparison with relatively thick (110 nm diameter) and loosely packed (P∼10%) Ni NW arrays suggest that the magnetization reversal mechanism could be that of curling type.