gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The separate effects of tar and nicotine on the cigarette smoking manoeuvre. (1987)

The separate effects of tar and nicotine on the cigarette smoking manoeuvre were investigated. Each of ten asymptomatic habitual smokers smoked three different commercially available cigarettes in a randomised order. The brands were chosen such that two had the same tar yield (10 mg) and two had the same nicotine yield (1.4 mg). The volume of smoke inhaled into the lungs was measured by tracing the smoke with the inert gas 81Krm. Puffing indices were recorded using an electronic smoking analyser and flowhead/cigarette holder. There was no difference in the total volume of smoke puffed from each of the cigarette brands. With cigarettes of the same tar level, the total inhaled smoke volume was lower with the higher nicotine cigarette (P less than 0.05): by contrast, with cigarettes of the same nicotine level, the total inhaled smoke volume was lower with the lower tar cigarette (P less than 0.02). Tar and nicotine appear to exercise independent control over the volume of smoke inhaled.
Site-Specific Prodrug Release Using Visible Light (2008)

Using a photosensitization-singlet oxygenation-dioxetane cleavage strategy, a photodynamic prodrug system has been developed, whereby drugs bearing carbonyl groups can first be attached to a photosensitizer to give a photosensitizer-drug complex and then released from the complex upon visible light irradiation. Visible light, which has good penetration through tissue, generates singlet oxygen via the photosensitizer, which then releases the prodrug when and where required. With this system, drug mimics and methyl esters of NSAIDs have been successfully incorporated with photosensitizers related to verteporfin and then released by visible light illumination in high to quantitative yields within minutes.
Enrichment and properties of a 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene-dechlorinating methanogenic microbial consortium (1997)

A methanogenic microbial consortium capable of reductively dechlorinating 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-TCB) was enriched from a mixture of polluted sediments. 1,2,4-TCB was dechlorinated via 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) to chlorobenzene (CB). Lactate, which was used as an electron donor during the enrichment, was converted via propionate and acetate to methane. Glucose, ethanol, methanol, propionate, acetate, and hydrogen were also suitable electron donors for dechlorination, whereas formate was not. The addition of 5% (wt/vol) sterile Rhine River sand was necessary to maintain the dechlorinating activity of the consortium. The addition of 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid (BrES) inhibited methanogenesis completely but had no effect on the dechlorination of 1,2,4-TCB. The consortium was also able to dechlorinate other chlorinated benzenes via various simultaneous pathways to 1,3,5-TCB, 1,2-DCB, 1,3-DCB, or CB as an end product. The addition of BrES inhibited several of the simultaneously occurring dechlorination pathways of 1,2,3,4- and 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene and of pentachlorobenzene, which resulted in the formation of CB as the only final product. Hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were dechlorinated after a lag phase of ca. 15 days, showing a dechlorination pattern that is different from those observed for lower chlorinated benzenes: only chlorines with two adjacent chlorines were removed. The results show that the consortium possesses at least three distinct dechlorination activities toward chlorinated benzenes and PCBs.
Intestinal trefoil factor controls the expression of the adenomatous polyposis coli–catenin and the E-cadherin–catenin complexes in human colon carcinoma cells (1998)

Intestinal trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) is a member of the trefoil family of peptides, small molecules constitutively expressed in epithelial tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract. TFF3 has been shown to promote migration of intestinal epithelial cells in vitro and to enhance mucosal healing and epithelial restitution in vivo. In this study, we evaluated the effect of recombinant TFF3 (rTFF3) stimulation on the expression and cellular localization of the epithelial (E)-cadherin-catenin complex, a prime mediator of Ca2+ dependent cell-cell adhesion, and the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)-catenin complex in HT29, HCT116, and SW480 colorectal carcinoma cell lines. Stimulation by rTFF3 (10(-9) M and 10(-8) M) for 20-24 hr led to cell detachment and to a reduction in intercellular adhesion in HT29 and HCT116 cells. In both cell lines, E-cadherin expression was down-regulated. The expression of APC, alpha-catenin and beta-catenin also was decreased in HT29 cells, with a translocation of APC into the nucleus. No change in either cell adhesion or in the expression of E-cadherin, the catenins, and APC was detected in SW480 cells. In addition, TFF3 induced DNA fragmentation and morphological changes characteristic of apoptosis in HT29. Tyrphostin, a competitive inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases, inhibited the effects of TFF3. Our results indicate that by perturbing the complexes between E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and associated proteins, TFF3 may modulate epithelial cell adhesion, migration, and survival.
Human Body Shape Estimation Using a Multi-resolution Manifold Forest (2014)

This paper proposes a method for estimating the 3D body shape of a person with robustness to clothing. We formulate the problem as optimization over the manifold of valid depth maps of body shapes learned from synthetic training data. The manifold itself is represented using a novel data structure, a Multi-Resolution Manifold Forest (MRMF), which contains vertical edges between tree nodes as well as horizontal edges between nodes across trees that correspond to overlapping partitions. We show that this data structure allows both efficient localization and navigation on the manifold for on-the-fly building of local linear models (manifold charting). We demonstrate shape estimation of clothed users, showing significant improvement in accuracy over global shape models and models using pre-computed clusters. We further compare the MRMF with alternative manifold charting methods on a public dataset for estimating 3D motion from noisy 2D marker observations, obtaining state-of-the-art results.
Origin and evolution of endoderm and mesoderm (2003)

Germ layers are defined as cell layers that arise during early animal development, mostly during gastrulation, and that give rise to all tissues and organs in adults. The evolutionary origin of the inner germ layers, endoderm and mesoderm, and their relationship have been a matter of debate for decades. In this review we summarize the major modes of endoderm and mesoderm formation found in Metazoa and possible evolutionary scenarios to reconstruct the ancestral state. In the second part, we address the question whether endoderm as well as mesoderm are homologous among Bilateria. In this regard, we propose that the comparative analysis of some crucial transcription factors involved in the early specification and differentiation of these germ layers might provide cues for the level of homology. We focus on four classes of genes: the Zn-finger gene GATA 4-6, the bHLH gene twist, the Krüppel-like Zn-finger gene snail and the T-box gene brachyury. The role of each of these genes in mesendoderm formation is summarized and we propose that the specific function of each of these genes in endoderm and mesoderm formation evolved from the regulation of basic cellular features, such as cell adhesion, cell motility, cytoskeleton and cell cycle.
Increased cell surface expression and enhanced folding in the endoplasmic reticulum of a mutant erythropoietin receptor. (1995)

In both transfected and normal hematopoietic cells, the majority of newly made erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R) subunits are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), destined for degradation. Only a small fraction exit the ER and are competent to bind EPO, suggesting that the EPO-R folds inefficiently. The EPO-R contains a 5-amino acid motif, WSXWS, in the extracellular domain that is conserved among members of the cytokine receptor family. We describe a mutant EPO-R with a change in the middle residue of this motif, A234E, that is transported from the ER more efficiently than the wild-type (wt) receptor and is expressed in elevated numbers at the cell surface. This mutant polypeptide is processed more efficiently in the ER than its wt counterpart, suggesting that it folds better than the wt EPO-R. Inefficient folding and processing of the wt EPO-R in the ER may be one mechanism for controlling the number of plasma membrane receptors.
It's No Secret. Measuring the Security and Reliability of Authentication via &#147;Secret&#148; Questions (2009)

All four of the most popular webmail providers - AOL, Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo! - rely on personal questions as the secondary authentication secrets used to reset account passwords. The security of these questions has received limited formal scrutiny, almost all of which predates webmail. We ran a user study to measure the reliability and security of the questions used by all four webmail providers. We asked participants to answer these questions and then asked their acquaintances to guess their answers. Acquaintances with whom participants reported being unwilling to share their webmail passwords were able to guess 17% of their answers. Participants forgot 20% of their own answers within six months. What's more, 13% of answers could be guessed within five attempts by guessing the most popular answers of other participants, though this weakness is partially attributable to the geographic homogeneity of our participant pool.
Tyrosine 69 of the first epidermal growth factor-like domain of human factor IX is essential for clotting activity. (1993)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains are present in many extracellular proteins including clotting factor IX. Those EGF-like domains with the consensus amino acid residues Asp/Asn, Asp/Asn, Asp*/Asn*, Tyr/Phe (where * denotes a beta-hydroxylated residue) bind calcium. Previous NMR studies of the isolated first EGF-like domain of human factor IX suggested that the first 3 consensus residues Asp-47, Asp-49, and Asp-64 were direct ligands for calcium. We now show from mutagenesis studies that Tyr-69 is not a direct ligand for calcium but is essential for the clotting activity of intact factor IX, specifically for the factor VIIIa-dependent activation of factor X. Surprisingly, Tyr-69 is not required for beta-hydroxylation of Asp-64.
A specific small-molecule inhibitor of protein kinase CδI activity improves metabolic dysfunction in human adipocytes from obese individuals (2019)

The metabolic consequences and sequelae of obesity promote life-threatening morbidities. PKCδI is an important elicitor of inflammation and apoptosis in adipocytes. Here we report increased PKCδI activation via release of its catalytic domain concurrent with increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in adipocytes from obese individuals. Using a screening strategy of dual recognition of PKCδI isozymes and a caspase-3 binding site on the PKCδI hinge domain with Schrödinger software and molecular dynamics simulations, we identified NP627, an organic small-molecule inhibitor of PKCδI. Characterization of NP627 by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed that PKCδI and NP627 interact with each other with high affinity and specificity, SPR kinetics revealed that NP627 disrupts caspase-3 binding to PKCδI, and <i>in vitro</i> kinase assays demonstrated that NP627 specifically inhibits PKCδI activity. The SPR results also indicated that NP627 affects macromolecular interactions between protein surfaces. Of note, release of the PKCδI catalytic fragment was sufficient to induce apoptosis and inflammation in adipocytes. NP627 treatment of adipocytes from obese individuals significantly inhibited PKCδI catalytic fragment release, decreased inflammation and apoptosis, and significantly improved mitochondrial metabolism. These results indicate that PKCδI is a robust candidate for targeted interventions to manage obesity-associated chronic inflammatory diseases. We propose that NP627 may also be used in other biological systems to better understand the impact of caspase-3-mediated activation of kinase activity.
Architecture for Agent-mediated Personalised News Services (1996)

Emerging agent technology can be used to implement a personalised news service. The consumer agent has a model of user's preferences and is able to request information that fulfills these needs. The producer agent has a logical model of the contents of the multimedia objects that are available for service. On the basis of this model, the producer agent can advertise its services in the network to potential consumer agents. The selected multimedia items are offered to the consumer as a personalised newspaper. This architecture is used in practise in building a personalised newspaper for the World Wide Web, which selects and presents the user with articles that match user's preferences. The article selection process is a combination of keyword searches, semantic matching and social filtering. In our agent-based service, the newspaper editors have an important role in defining semantic categories for the contents of the service, and in providing necessary metadata about the news articles....
Urinary 8-iso-Prostaglandin F 2α as a Risk Marker in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease (2004)

8-iso-PGF2alpha is a sensitive and independent risk marker of CHD.
Symmetry in 3D Geometry: Extraction and Applications (2013)

Abstract The concept of symmetry has received significant attention in computer graphics and computer vision research in recent years. Numerous methods have been proposed to find, extract, encode and exploit geometric symmetries and high‐level structural information for a wide variety of geometry processing tasks. This report surveys and classifies recent developments in symmetry detection. We focus on elucidating the key similarities and differences between existing methods to gain a better understanding of a fundamental problem in digital geometry processing and shape understanding in general. We discuss a variety of applications in computer graphics and geometry processing that benefit from symmetry information for more effective processing. An analysis of the strengths and limitations of existing algorithms highlights the plenitude of opportunities for future research both in terms of theory and applications.
Forward/up directional incompatibilities during cursor placement within graphical user interfaces (2005)

Within graphical user interfaces, an indirect relationship between display and control may lead to directional incompatibilities when a forward mouse movement codes upward cursor motions. However, this should not occur for left/right movements or direct cursor controllers (e.g. touch sensitive screens). In a four-choice reaction time task, 12 participants performed movements from a central start location to a target situated at one of four cardinal points (top, bottom, left, right). A 2 x 2 x 2 design varied directness of controller (moving cursor on computer screen or pen on graphics tablet), compatibility of orientation of cursor controller with screen (horizontal or vertical) and axis of desired cursor motion (left/right or up/down). Incompatibility between orientation of controller and motion of cursor did not affect response latencies, possibly because both forward and upward movements are away from the midline and go up the visual field. However, directional incompatibilities between display and controller led to slower movement with prolonged accelerative phases. Indirect relationships between display and control led to less efficient movements with prolonged decelerative phases and a tendency to undershoot movements along the bottom/top axis. More direct cursor control devices, such as touch sensitive screens, should enhance the efficiency of aspects of cursor trajectories.
Colloidal Dispersions (1989)

This book covers the physical side of colloidal science from the individual forces acting between particles smaller than a micrometer that are suspended in a liquid, through the resulting equilibrium and dynamic properties. A variety of internal forces both attractive and repulsive act in conjunction with Brownian motion and the balance between them all decides the phase behaviour. On top of this various external fields, such as gravity or electromagnetic fields, diffusion and non-Newtonian rheology produce complex effects, each of which is of important scientific and technological interest. The authors aim to impart a sound, quantitative understanding based on fundamental theory and experiments with well-characterised model systems. This broad grasp of the fundamentals lends insight and helps to develop the intuitive sense needed to isolate essential features of the technological problems and design critical experiments. The main prerequisites for understanding the book are basic fluid mechanics, statistical mechanics and electromagnetism, though self contained reviews of each subject are provided at appropriate points. Some facility with differential equations is also necessary. Exercises are included at the end of each chapter, making the work suitable as a textbook for graduate courses in chemical engineering or applied mathematics. It will also be useful as a reference for individuals in academia or industry undertaking research in colloid science.
2-(4-Alkylphenyl)-5-(alkenyloxy)pyrimidines: Synthesis, liquid crystal transition temperatures and some physical properties (1994)

Abstract We have recently reported the introduction of a carbon-carbon double bond into a wide variety of 5-n-alkyl-2-(4-n-alkoxyphenyl)pyrimidines to produce the corresponding alkenyloxy derivatives. The position and nature (E/Z) of the double bond were varied systematically and the effect on the liquid crystal transition temperatures studied. The position and nature (E/Z) of the double bond changed the conformation of the alkenyloxy chain substantially. This resulted in higher smectic C and nematic transition temperatures for compounds with a trans-double bond (E) at an even number of carbon atoms from the molecular core. Significantly lower transition temperatures (including the melting point) were observed for materials with a cis-double bond (Z) at an odd number of carbon atoms from the molecular core. We have now performed the same operation on the related 2-(4-n-alkylphenyl)-5-n-alkoxypyrimidines to produce the corresponding alkenyloxy derivatives. An interesting feature of the new results is the high melting points of the trans-substituted materials and the low melting points of the terminally substituted compounds. The smectic C transition temperatures of both series are high. No nematic phases could be observed. However, in admixture with other smectic C components, the new compounds lead to surprisingly fast switching times, high smectic C transition temperatures and low melting points/crystallization temperatures in experimental mixtures designed for electro-optic display devices based on ferroelectric effects.
Consecutive mean excision algorithms in narrowband or short time interference mitigation (2004)

Narrowband interference and impulse cancellation are parallel problems in the frequency domain and in the time domain, respectively. This paper presents iterative consecutive mean excision (CME) algorithms that can be used for these purposes. One CME algorithm uses all the data in the initial step whereas a more powerful forward CME (FCME) algorithm uses only a small part of the data. Iteration is shown to be an advantage if compared to noniterative algorithms, but the benefits depend on signals to be cancelled. The CME algorithms also provide a direct way to set the interference detection threshold. The paper discusses the implementation and interference mitigation capability of the CME algorithms. In the simulations their performance is compared to noniterative similar kind of notch filter algorithms in a delay estimation problem. It is shown that these methods offer remarkable interference tolerance improvements especially against very narrowband interference and about 40 dB improvements in tolerable interference-to-signal ratio for interference whose bandwidth is up to 40 % of the bandwidth of the desired signal. It is also shown that averaging is an important element in interference cancellation in delay estimation if the bandwidth of the interference exceeds 10 % of the bandwidth of the desired signal.
SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND METABOLIC ENGINEERING OF ARTHROSPIRA CELL FACTORIES (2012)

Arthrospira are attractive candidates to serve as cell factories for production of many valuable compounds useful for food, feed, fuel and pharmaceutical industries. In connection with the development of sustainable bioprocessing, it is a challenge to design and develop efficient Arthrospira cell factories which can certify effective conversion from the raw materials (i.e. CO2 and sun light) into desired products. With the current availability of the genome sequences and metabolic models of Arthrospira, the development of Arthrospira factories can now be accelerated by means of systems biology and the metabolic engineering approach. Here, we review recent research involving the use of Arthrospira cell factories for industrial applications, as well as the exploitation of systems biology and the metabolic engineering approach for studying Arthrospira. The current status of genomics and proteomics through the development of the genome-scale metabolic model of Arthrospira, as well as the use of mathematical modeling to simulate the phenotypes resulting from the different metabolic engineering strategies are discussed. At the end, the perspective and future direction on Arthrospira cell factories for industrial biotechnology are presented.
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography of Biopolymers (1983)

The ability to separate biological macromolecules with good resolution on liquid chromatographic columns has depended on the development of suitable packing materials. In size exclusion chromatography, molecules are separated by size on the basis of differential permeation of the packing. Ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction (or reversed-phase), and affinity chromatography are all surface-mediated separation methods, although they depend on different retention mechanisms. High-performance liquid chromatographic columns designed for biopolymers offer major advantages over conventional columns in both speed and resolving power. The exponential growth of literature on the high-performance separation of peptides and proteins in particular indicates that the technique will become the dominant form of column liquid chromatography.