gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatially resolved in vivo plant metabolomics by laser ablation-based mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) techniques: LDI-MSI and LAESI (2015)

This short review aims to summarize the current developments and applications of mass spectrometry-based methods for in situ profiling and imaging of plants with minimal or no sample pre-treatment or manipulation. Infrared-laser ablation electrospray ionization and UV-laser desorption/ionization methods are reviewed. The underlying mechanisms of the ionization techniques-namely, laser ablation of biological samples and electrospray ionization-as well as variations of the LAESI ion source for specific targets of interest are described.
A Genetically Modified Adenoviral Vector with a Phage Display-Derived Peptide Incorporated into Fiber Fibritin Chimera Prolongs Survival in Experimental Glioma (2015)

The dismal clinical context of advanced-grade glioma demands the development of novel therapeutic strategies with direct patient impact. Adenovirus-mediated virotherapy represents a potentially effective approach for glioma therapy. In this research, we generated a novel glioma-specific adenovirus by instituting more advanced genetic modifications that can maximize the efficiency and safety of therapeutic adenoviral vectors. In this regard, a glioma-specific targeted fiber was developed through the incorporation of previously published glioma-specific, phage-panned peptide (VWT peptide) on a fiber fibritin-based chimeric fiber, designated as "GliomaFF." We showed that the entry of this virus was highly restricted to glioma cells, supporting the specificity imparted by the phage-panned peptide. In addition, the stability of the targeting moiety presented by fiber fibritin structure permitted greatly enhanced infectivity. Furthermore, the replication of this virus was restricted in glioma cells by controlling expression of the E1 gene under the activity of the tumor-specific survivin promoter. Using this approach, we were able to explore the combinatorial efficacy of various adenoviral modifications that could amplify the specificity, infectivity, and exclusive replication of this therapeutic adenovirus in glioma. Finally, virotherapy with this modified virus resulted in up to 70% extended survival in an in vivo murine glioma model. These data demonstrate that this novel adenoviral vector is a safe and efficient treatment for this difficult malignancy.
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN TYPE II DIABETICS (1988)

Data from the Framingham Heart Study and the Framingham Eye Study were used to examine the association between diabetic retinopathy and the occurrence of cardiovascular events (coronary heart disease, intermittent claudication, congestive heart failure, and stroke). Among the 206 persons with Type II diabetes in the Framingham Eye Study, the odds ratios for diabetic retinopathy and cardiovascular disease were 14.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.7-101.9), 2.0 (95% CI = 0.5-8.1), and 0.3 (95% CI = 0.05-1.3) for ages 52-64, 65-74, and 75-85 years, respectively. The test for homogeneity indicated highly significant differences for the odds ratios across age groups. The associations were similar when sex, duration of diabetes, age at diagnosis of diabetes, and history of insulin treatment were accounted for by logistic regression. Our data suggest an association in younger diabetics between diabetic retinopathy, a small vessel complication of diabetes, and a group of cardiovascular events commonly thought to result from large vessel disease. The finding may merely indicate that diabetics with large vessel disease are also more likely to have small vessel disease. However, it is also consistent with the hypothesis, suggested by histologic data, that a more generalized microangiopathy affecting not only the eye but also organs such as the heart may play a role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in diabetics.
Food Protein‐Derived Bioactive Peptides: Production, Processing, and Potential Health Benefits (2011)

Bioactive peptides (BAPs), derived through enzymatic hydrolysis of food proteins, have demonstrated potential for application as health-promoting agents against numerous human health and disease conditions, including cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and cancer. The feasibility of pharmacological application of these peptides depends on absorption and bioavailability in intact forms in target tissues, which in turn depends on structure of the peptides. Therefore, production and processing of peptides based on important structure-function parameters can lead to the production of potent peptides. This article reviews the literature on BAPs with emphasis on strategic production and processing methods as well as antihypertensive, anticancer, anticalmodulin, hypocholesterolemic, and multifunctional properties of the food protein-derived peptides. It is recommended that future research efforts on BAP should be directed toward elucidation of their in vivo molecular mechanisms of action, safety at various doses, and pharmacological activity in maintaining homeostasis during aberrant health conditions in human subjects.
Ratio-based decisions and the quantitative analysis of cDNA microarray images (1997)

Gene expression can be quantitatively analyzed by hybridizing fluor-tagged mRNA to targets on a cDNA microarray. Comparison of gene expression levels arising from cohybridized samples is achieved by taking ratios of average expression levels for individual genes. A novel method of image segmentation is provided to identify cDNA target sites and a hypothesis test and confidence interval is developed to quantify the significance of observed differences in expression ratios. In particular, the probability density of the ratio and the maximum-likelihood estimator for the distribution are derived, and an iterative procedure for signal calibration is developed.
Reducing Propulsion Airframe Aeroacoustic Interactions with Uniquely Tailored Chevrons (2006)

Propulsion airframe aeroacoustic (PAA) interactions arise due to the manner in which an engine is installed on the airframe and lead to an asymmetry in the flow/acoustic environment, for example, for under-the-wing installations due to the pylon, the wing and the high-lift devices. In this work we study how we can affect these PAA interactions to reduce the overall jet-related installed noise by tailoring the chevron shapes on fan and core nozzles in a unique fashion to take advantage of this asymmetry. In part 1 of this trio of papers we introduced the concept of azimuthally varying chevrons (AVC) and showed how some types of AVCs can be more beneficial than the conventional chevrons when tested on scaled nozzles inclusive of the pylon effect. In this paper, we continue to study the effect of installing these AVC nozzles under a typical scaled modern wing with high-lift devices placed in a free jet. The noise benefits of these installed nozzles, as well as their installation effects are systematically studied for several fan/core AVC combinations at typical take-off conditions with high bypass ratio. We show, for example, that the top-enhanced mixing T-fan AVC nozzle (with enhanced mixing near the pylon and less mixing away from it) when combined with conventional chevrons on the core nozzle is quieter than conventional chevrons on both nozzles, and hardly produces any high-frequency lift, just as in the isolated case; however, its installed nozzle benefit is less than its isolated nozzle benefit. This suppression of take-off noise benefit under installed conditions, compared to its isolated nozzle benefit, is seen for all other chevron nozzles. We show how these relative noise benefits are related to the relative installation effects of AVCs and baseline nozzles.
Dehydroepiandrosterone treatment of women with mild‐to‐moderate systemic lupus erythematosus: A multicenter randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial (2002)

The overall results confirm that DHEA treatment was well-tolerated, significantly reduced the number of SLE flares, and improved patient's global assessment of disease activity.
siRNA function in RNAi: A chemical modification analysis (2003)

Various chemical modifications were created in short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to determine the biochemical properties required for RNA interference (RNAi). Remarkably, modifications at the 2'-position of pentose sugars in siRNAs showed the 2'-OHs were not required for RNAi, indicating that RNAi machinery does not require the 2'-OH for recognition of siRNAs and catalytic ribonuclease activity of RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs) does not involve the 2'-OH of guide antisense RNA. In addition, 2' modifications predicted to stabilize siRNA increased the persistence of RNAi as compared with wild-type siRNAs. RNAi was also induced with chemical modifications that stabilized interactions between A-U base pairs, demonstrating that these types of modifications may enhance mRNA targeting efficiency in allele-specific RNAi. Modifications altering the structure of the A-form major groove of antisense siRNA-mRNA duplexes abolished RNAi, suggesting that the major groove of these duplexes was required for recognition by activated RISC*. Comparative analysis of the stability and RNAi activities of chemically modified single-stranded antisense RNA and duplex siRNA suggested that some catalytic mechanism(s) other than siRNA stability were linked to RNAi efficiency. Modified or mismatched ribonucleotides incorporated at internal positions in the 5' or 3' half of the siRNA duplex, as defined by the antisense strand, indicated that the integrity of the 5' and not the 3' half of the siRNA structure was important for RNAi, highlighting the asymmetric nature of siRNA recognition for initiation of unwinding. Collectively, this study defines the mechanisms of RNAi in human cells and provides new rules for designing effective and stable siRNAs for RNAi-mediated gene-silencing applications.
Free Radicals and Iron: Chemistry, Biology, and Medicine (1998)

Abstract Iron is essential to most aerobic life-forms, facilitating transfer of both electrons and oxygen. It forms the active centre of many oxidases and oxygenases, and several anti-oxidants. The authors present a chemical and biomedical perspective of how reactions of iron complexes and free radicals may contribute to human health and disease, especially in reactions of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Iron is discussed in terms of valence, high- and low- spin complexes, ligands - notably haem, oxygen, and nitric oxide-, its role in oxygen activation, and its transport, storage, and utilization, especially in humans. The link between iron and free radicals, especially via Fenton chemistry, and the central role of these reactions is discussed. Free Radicals and Iron: Chemistry, Biology and Medicine is an accessible and comprehensive text describing a variety of reactions of iron in biological free-radical reactions. It presents both chemical and biochemical perspective, and should appeal to scientists and medical workers from many disciplines.
Perception of tactile sensation using vibrotactile glove interface (2012)

This paper proposes a vibrotactile glove interface that enabled users to perceive tactile sensations of virtual objects. The proposed vibrotactile interface was designed to be easy-to-use, easily portable, and lightweight. Active touch might also be useful to realize informative tactile communication. To provide tactile stimuli based on movement of the fingers, five bending sensors were installed on the glove. In this study, the relationship of the correspondence between vibrotactile stimuli and tactile mental imagery was investigated. Subjects' mental impressions of vibrotactile stimuli were measured by using the semantic differential (SD) method. Distinctive imagery from subjects' answers was extracted for factor analysis. After that, a vibration stimuli model was applied to active touch. The tactile mental imagery of users was evaluated for both passive and active touches.
Efficient Insertion Mutagenesis Strategy for Bacterial Genomes Involving Electroporation of In Vitro-Assembled DNA Transposition Complexes of Bacteriophage Mu (2002)

An efficient insertion mutagenesis strategy for bacterial genomes based on the phage Mu DNA transposition reaction was developed. Incubation of MuA transposase protein with artificial mini-Mu transposon DNA in the absence of divalent cations in vitro resulted in stable but inactive Mu DNA transposition complexes, or transpososomes. Following delivery into bacterial cells by electroporation, the complexes were activated for DNA transposition chemistry after encountering divalent metal ions within the cells. Mini-Mu transposons were integrated into bacterial chromosomes with efficiencies ranging from 10(4) to 10(6) CFU/microg of input transposon DNA in the four species tested, i.e., Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Erwinia carotovora, and Yersinia enterocolitica. Efficiency of integration was influenced mostly by the competence status of a given strain or batch of bacteria. An accurate 5-bp target site duplication flanking the transposon, a hallmark of Mu transposition, was generated upon mini-Mu integration into the genome, indicating that a genuine DNA transposition reaction was reproduced within the cells of the bacteria studied. This insertion mutagenesis strategy for microbial genomes may be applicable to a variety of organisms provided that a means to introduce DNA into their cells is available.
Role of the Carotid Bodies in Breath-Holding (1974)

Abstract To determine the role of the carotid bodies in the sensation of breathlessness during breath-holding, studies were performed in six normal subjects and in five patients with asymptomatic asthma who had had both carotid bodies resected. Breath-holding followed single inspirations of 100, 50, 21 and 12 per cent oxygen and after breathing of 12 per cent oxygen for one minute. In the normal subjects, breath-holding time and alveolar carbon dioxide tension at the breaking point progressively decreased as alveolar oxygen tension decreased. In contrast, there was no change in alveolar carbon dioxide tension or breath-holding time until alveolar oxygen tension was reduced below 50 mm Hg in this patient group. Breath-holding time was twice that for the normal subjects at 50 mm Hg. These studies indicate that the carotid bodies are active chemoreceptors for oxygen through levels greater than 200 mm Hg, that interaction of carbon dioxide and oxygen on respiratory control occurs at the level of the carotid b...
Rapidly increasing prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis in Western Australia (2006)

Over the decade 1995-2004, a true increase was seen in the prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis, not accounted for by diagnostic shift. Histological samples should be taken at endoscopy to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of eosinophilic oesophagitis.
Activation of Insulin Signal Transduction Pathway and Anti-diabetic Activity of Small Molecule Insulin Receptor Activators (2000)

We recently described the identification of a non-peptidyl fungal metabolite (l-783,281, compound 1), which induced activation of human insulin receptor (IR) tyrosine kinase and mediated insulin-like effects in cells, as well as decreased blood glucose levels in murine models of Type 2 diabetes (Zhang, B., Salituro, G., Szalkowski, D., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Royo, I., Vilella, D., Diez, M. T. , Pelaez, F., Ruby, C., Kendall, R. L., Mao, X., Griffin, P., Calaycay, J., Zierath, J. R., Heck, J. V., Smith, R. G. & Moller, D. E. (1999) Science 284, 974-977). Here we report the characterization of an active analog (compound 2) with enhanced IR kinase activation potency and selectivity over related receptors (insulin-like growth factor I receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor). The IR activators stimulated tyrosine kinase activity of partially purified native IR and recombinant IR tyrosine kinase domain. Administration of the IR activators to mice was associated with increased IR tyrosine kinase activity in liver. In vivo oral treatment with compound 2 resulted in significant glucose lowering in several rodent models of diabetes. In db/db mice, oral administration of compound 2 elicited significant correction of hyperglycemia. In a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model, compound 2 potentiated the glucose-lowering effect of insulin. In normal rats, compound 2 improved oral glucose tolerance with significant reduction in insulin release following glucose challenge. A structurally related inactive analog (compound 3) was not effective on insulin receptor activation or glucose lowering in db/db mice. Thus, small molecule IR activators exert insulin mimetic and sensitizing effects in cells and in animal models of diabetes. These results have implications for the future development of new therapies for diabetes mellitus.
Nocardia sp. Carboxylic Acid Reductase: Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of a New Aldehyde Oxidoreductase Family (2004)

We have cloned, sequenced, and expressed the gene for a unique ATP- and NADPH-dependent carboxylic acid reductase (CAR) from a Nocardia species that reduces carboxylic acids to their corresponding aldehydes. Recombinant CAR containing an N-terminal histidine affinity tag had K(m) values for benzoate, ATP, and NADPH that were similar to those for natural CAR, and recombinant CAR reduced benzoic, vanillic, and ferulic acids to their corresponding aldehydes. car is the first example of a new gene family encoding oxidoreductases with remote acyl adenylation and reductase sites.
Lactic Acidemia in Baboons after Transfusion of Red Blood Cells with Improved Oxygen Transport Function and Exposure to Severe Arterial Hypoxemia (1979)

Baboons were bled one‐third of their blood volume and then transfused with an equivalent volume of compatible donor red blood cells with 160 per cent of normal 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) levels and improved capacity to release oxygen to tissue. The mixture of baboon donor‐recipient red blood cells in the circulation had a 2,3‐DPG level of 130 per cent of normal. After transfusion, the baboon's inspired oxygen was first lowered from 21 to 10 per cent to produce severe arterial hypoxemia with a Po 2 tension of less than 40 mm Hg for two hours and then restored to 21 per cent. Lactic acidemia occurred when the alveolar oxygen tension was reduced so as to produce an arterial oxygen tension of less than 40 mm Hg, even though oxygen consumption was maintained. The data suggest that when red blood cells with normal or improved oxygen delivering capacity are transfused to patients, the alveolar oxygen tension should be sufficient to maintain an arterial oxygen tension of greater than 40 mm Hg.
Management of iron overload in hemoglobinopathies: what is the appropriate target iron level? (2016)

Patients with thalassemia become iron overloaded from increased absorption of iron, ineffective erythropoiesis, and chronic transfusion. Before effective iron chelation became available, thalassemia major patients died of iron-related cardiac failure in the second decade of life. Initial treatment goals for chelation therapy were aimed at levels of ferritin and liver iron concentrations associated with prevention of adverse cardiac outcomes and avoidance of chelator toxicity. Cardiac deaths were greatly reduced and survival was much longer. Epidemiological data from the general population draw clear associations between increased transferrin saturation (and, by inference, labile iron) and early death, diabetes, and malignant transformation. The rate of cancers now seems to be significantly higher in thalassemia than in the general population. Reduction in iron can reverse many of these complications and reduce the risk of malignancy. As toxicity can result from prolonged exposure to even low levels of excess iron, and survival in thalassemia patients is now many decades, it would seem prudent to refocus attention on prevention of long-term complications of iron overload and to maintain labile iron and total body iron levels within a normal range, if expertise and resources are available to avoid complications of overtreatment.
FCC Reform: Governing Requires a New Standard (1997)

Perhaps one of the most crucial questions legislators need to address after passing the 1996 Act is the reform of the Federal Communications Commission. Some suggest that the Commission should be abolished altogether, while others recommend merely curtailing some of the Commission's responsibilities. However, true reform of the FCC recognizes that the Commission still has a vital role to play in the shaping of the telecommunications industry. Instead of dismantling the FCC altogether, Congress should redefine the public interest standard under which the FCC operates. The 1934 Communications Act charged the Federal Communications Commission with protecting "the public interest." While communications have changed drastically since 1934, the Commission continues to view the public interest as promoting the fair allocation of a scare resource. The current abundance of telecommunications services demands the reform of this public interest standard. The new public interest standard should incorporate procompetitive antitrust principles.
Results of 280 Liver Resections for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (1996)

The recent results of liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma are generally satisfactory; however, the recurrence rate is still high.