gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced healing of segmental tibial defects in sheep by a composite bone substitute composed of tricalcium phosphate cylinder, bone morphogenetic protein, and type IV collagen (1996)

Diaphyseal segmental defects in the tibia of 18 sheep were used to evaluate the healing potential of a composite bone substitute device (CBS) composed of a tricalcium phosphate cylinder (TCP), naturally occurring sheep bone morphogenetic protein (sBMP), and type IV collagen. A total of 100 mg of sBMP and 20 mg of type IV collagen in the high-dose group (CBSH), and 13 mg of sBMP and 2.5 mg of type IV collagen in the low-dose group (CBSL) were adsorbed to TCP cylinders, respectively. TCP cylinders impregnated with type IV collagen alone (TCPC) were used as control. A significantly larger area and more highly integrated intensity of newly formed external callus between CBSH and CBSL or TCPC group were quantified by computerized image analyzer at both 3 and 6 weeks. A torsion test showed that the maximal torque capacity, maximal angular deformation, and bone stiffness of healed osteotomized tibia with implants recovered 117-125% in CBSH, 72-109% in CBSL, and 63-80% in TCPC, compared with the corresponding contralateral tibia at 16 weeks. A healing superiority of the segmental bone defects replaced by the implants was demonstrated in the CBSH group. Thus, the composite bone substitute device defined in this study was shown to possess osteoinductivity, osteoconductivity, and mechanical strength.
Solution Luminescence of Metal Complexes (1970)

An over-all view of the solution luminescence of metal complexes is given. The three major classes of emission are examined in moderate detail including brief discussions of theoretical considerations. These are attuned to the problem of predicting which metal ion—ligand combinations should form luminescent compounds. Finally, the elements are covered group by group and as many examples of emitting compounds are given as possible.
Electric-field effects on thickness dependent magnetic anisotropy of sputtered MgO/Co40Fe40B20/Ta structures (2010)

We have investigated the effect of applied electric field EG on thickness dependent magnetic anisotropy of sputtered Co40Fe40B20 sandwiched with MgO and Ta. The range of CoFeB thickness explored is 2 nm and below. As the thickness is reduced, the easy axis of magnetization becomes perpendicular from in-plane. We show that perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of in-plane samples and coercivity of perpendicular samples can be modified by applying EG at room temperature. Furthermore, superparamagnetic behavior is observed for CoFeB layers with further reduced thickness below ≈0.9 nm, where electric-field effect is also observed below their blocking temperature.
The Regiospecific One-Pot Phosphorylation of Either the 5′- or 2′-Hydroxyl in 3′-Deoxycytidines Without Protection: Critical Role of the Base (2003)

We report methodology which enables direct phosphorylation of 3'-deoxycytidine exclusively either at the 5'-hydroxyl or the 2'-hydroxyl. Protection of the base is not required. Standard phosphoramidochloridates in combination with pyridine and tert-butyl magnesium chloride is employed, in which the ratio of nucleoside to Grignard reagent is crucial. These findings, which appear to be general for 3'-deoxycytidines, are not applicable to 3'-deoxyuridine or 3'-deoxyguanosine.
Russian Doll Search for Solving Constraint Optimization Problems (1996)

If the Constraint Satisfaction framework has been extended to deal with Constraint Optimization problems, it appears that optimization is far more complex than satisfaction. One of the causes of the inefficiency of complete tree search methods, like Depth First Branch and Bound, lies in the poor quality of the lower bound on the global valuation of a partial assignment, even when using Forward Checking techniques. In this paper, we introduce the Russian Doll Search algorithm which replaces one search by n successive searches on nested subproblems (n being the number of problem variables), records the results of each search and uses them later, when solving larger subproblems, in order to improve the lower bound on the global valuation of any partial assignment. On small random problems and on large real scheduling problems, this algorithm yields surprisingly good results, which greatly improve as the problems get more constrained and the bandwidth of the used variable ordering diminish...
Plasmoviruses: nonviral/viral vectors for gene therapy. (1996)

We have generated a chimeric gene transfer vector that combines the simplicity of plasmids with the infectivity and long-term expression of retroviruses. We replaced the env gene of a Moloney murine leukemia virus-derived provirus by a foreign gene, generating a plasmid that upon transfer to tumor cells generates noninfectious retroviral particles carrying the transgene. We added to this plasmid an independent expression cassette comprising a cytomegalovirus promoter, an amphotropic retroviral envelope, and a polyadenylylation signal from simian virus 40. These constructs were designed to minimize the risk of recombination generating replication-competent retroviruses. Their only region of homology is a 157-bp sequence with 53% identity. We show that the sole transfection of this plasmid in various cell lines generates infectious but defective retroviral particles capable of efficiently infecting and expressing the transgene. The formation of infectious particles allows the transgene propagation in vitro. Eight days after transfection in vitro, the proportion of cells expressing the transgene is increased by 10-60 times. There was no evidence of replication-competent retrovirus generation in these experiments. The intratumoral injection of this plasmid, but not of the control vector lacking the env gene, led to foci of transgene-expressing cells, suggesting that the transgene had propagated in situ. Altogether, these "plasmoviruses" combine advantages of viral and non-viral vectors. They should be easy to produce in large quantity as clinical grade materials and should allow efficient and safe in situ targeting of tumor cells.
Trypsinized bhk21 cells aggregate in the presence of metabolic inhibitors and in the absence of divalent cations (1975)

The rapid formation of adhesions in suspension by lightly trypsinized BHK21 cells is not dependent on protein synthesis, and only in part on cellular metabolism, although it is completely inhibited by heat- and aldehyde-fixation of the cells. A requirement for protein synthesis becomes evident only if cells are exposed to high levels of trypsin for long periods. Formation of adhesions does not require addition to the medium of divalent cations, although it is increased by divalent manganese and cobalt ions. It is promoted by cytochalasin B and by cyclic AMP and is not inhibited by p-mercuriphenylsulphonate. We discuss a possible relationship between aggregation and the formation of gap junctions.
Holographic Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals (H-PDLCs) (2000)

▪ Abstract The formation of switchable holographic gratings from polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (H-PDLCs) allows for the development of switchable transmissive and reflective diffractive optics. These structures are created by the coherent interference of laser radiation within a syrup containing photoreactive monomer, initiator, and liquid crystal. Local differences in photopolymerization rates induce phase separation of discrete LC domains to occur periodically commensurate with the period of the interference pattern. These spatially periodic gratings of nano-scale sized LC domains can be formed on grating length scales ranging from 100 nm to microns depending on the optics of fabrication. True Bragg gratings are formed with spacings typically less than 1 μm. Owing to the refractive profile generated by this periodic two-phase structure, diffraction of light occurs. Electrical switching of the average director orientation within the LC domains results in a modulation of diffracted radiation. This technology serves as the basis for the fabrication of switchable diffractive optical elements. We review the current state-of-the-art of H-PDLC technology including the materials used to date, the resulting electro-optical properties, the importance of grating formation dynamic measurements, and structure/property relationships developed using solid state morphology techniques.
Phase-Domain Processing of Optical Coherence Tomography Images (1999)

In optical coherence tomography (OCT), images are usually formed from the envelope of the measured interference signal. Computation of the absolute magnitude of the signal for measurement of the envelope is a nonlinear process that destroys phase information. This study explores the idea of recording and processing the phase of the OCT interference signal before calculation of the magnitudes for display. Processing the partially coherent OCT signals in the complex domain provides the opportunity to correct phase aberrations responsible for speckle noise in OCT images. We describe an OCT system that incorporates a quadrature-demodulation scheme for accurate recording of the phase and amplitude of OCT signals from single or multiple detectors. A speckle-reduction technique that works in the complex domain, called the zero-adjustment procedure (ZAP), is investigated as an example of complex-domain processing. After demonstrating its speckle-correction properties mathematically and in numerical simulations, we apply ZAP to OCT images of living skin. The results show that ZAP reduces speckle contrast in regions where scatterer density is high and expands the range of gray values in the image. However, as presently implemented, ZAP tends to blur sharp boundaries between image features. © 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Cooperation between antibodies and monocytes that inhibit in vitro proliferation of Plasmodium falciparum (1983)

The cooperative effect between nonsensitized monocytes from normal individuals and malarial antibody in depressing parasite multiplication was investigated in an in vitro assay. The addition of purified normal monocytes to Plasmodium falciparum cultures in the presence of serum from immune individuals markedly inhibited the proliferation of the parasite in vitro: the parasitemia observed was about 22 times lower than that in the presence of immune serum alone. This cooperative effect was found to be effective over a wide range of monocyte/erythrocyte ratios (1:10 to 1:160) and serum concentrations (1/10 to 1/80). Immunoglobulin G extracted on protein A-Sepharose was as effective as total serum in this system. These data suggest that cooperation between nonsensitized cells and immunoglobulins could be an important effector mechanism against P. falciparum parasites in vivo.
Treatment of postmenopausal women with topical progesterone creams and gels: are they effective? (2014)

Topical progesterone creams and gels can be obtained over the counter and/or by prescription from custom-compounding pharmacies and are used by thousands of postmenopausal women for hormonal treatment. However, the effectiveness of these preparations for protecting the endometrium from unopposed estrogen is controversial, due largely to the very low serum progesterone levels that are achieved. Despite these low serum levels, salivary and capillary blood levels are very high and a protective endometrium has been reported in a limited number of studies. Topical alcohol-based, but not water-based, gels appear to yield luteal-phase serum progesterone levels but studies with these preparations are scant. Long-term studies with percutaneous progesterone creams and gels are likely to provide valuable information for treatment of postmenopausal women with this popular route of administration.
Effects of botulinum toxin type A on intracortical inhibition in patients with dystonia (2000)

To find out whether botulinum toxin alters the excitability of cortical motor areas, we studied intracortical inhibition with transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with upper limb dystonia before, 1 month after, and 3 months after the injection of botulinum toxin type A in the affected muscles. Eleven normal subjects and 12 patients with dystonia involving the upper limbs (7 with generalized dystonia, 2 with segmental dystonia, and 3 with focal dystonia) were studied. Patients were assessed clinically with the Dystonia Movement Scale. Paired magnetic stimuli were delivered by two Magstim 200 magnetic stimulators connected through a Bistim module to a figure-of-eight coil placed over the motor area of the forearm muscles. Paired stimulation was given at rest. A subthreshold (80% of motor threshold) conditioning stimulus was delivered 3 and 5 msec before the suprathreshold (120% of motor threshold) test stimulus. Electromyographic signals were recorded over the flexor or extensor muscles of the forearm on the affected side. We measured the amplitude of the test motor evoked potential (expressed as a percentage of the unconditioned motor evoked potential). All results were compared using ANOVA. In all patients, a botulinum toxin type A injection (50-100 mouse units) reduced dystonic movements in the arm. In normal subjects, electromyographic recordings showed significant inhibition of the test response. Before botulinum toxin injection, patients had less test response inhibition than normal subjects. One month after injection, patients had test response inhibition similar to that of normal subjects. At 3 months after injection, they again had less inhibition than normal subjects or patients at 1 month after injection. In conclusion, our data suggest that botulinum toxin can transiently alter the excitability of the cortical motor areas by reorganizing the inhibitory and excitatory intracortical circuits. The cortical changes probably originate through peripheral mechanisms.
The Olympia and York Crisis (1994)

Olympia and York (O&amp;Y), the world′s largest privately held real estate developer, filed for bankruptcy in Canada, the US and the UK in May 1992. The study of O&amp;Y′s impact on banks′ financial performance is important because its financial difficulties affected the banking industry significantly. Unlike studies testing how major lenders′ problems affect other US banks′ stock prices, the study is novel in that it tests how a major borrower′s problems affect both US and foreign banks′ stock prices. Analyses the reactions of US and foreign bank stocks and of O&amp;Y′s bonds to its crisis; the capital market′s response is strongly negative. O&amp;Y′s distress was a major event that signalled the real estate recession and investors′ concerns over the banking sector′s substantial exposure to non‐performing real estate loans. Its creditors applied increasing pressure on its management to disclose more financial information, to renegotiate loans, and eventually, to file for bankruptcy.
Opinion of the Scientific Panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) related to a 7th list of substances for food contact materials (2005)

Silver Zeolite A (Silver zinc sodium ammonium alumino silicate), silver content 2 -5 % CAS number: -Classified in list: 3 Restriction: Group restriction: 0.05 mg Ag/kg food, based on the human NOEL of about 10 g of silver for a total lifetime oral intake allocated by WHO (WHO, 2004) for drinking water.Maximum content in polymer: 10% (w/w) of silver zeolite A containing ≤ 5% silver.Only for repeated use articles made from polyolefins (up to 40°C for contact times below 1 day) and for poly(alkylene terephthalate) based polymers (up to 99°C for contact times below 2 hours) lithium phosphate, REF.No 66350, CAS No 85209-93-4, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, REF.No 66905, CAS No 872-50-4, Polyester of 1,4-butanediol with caprolactone, REF.No 76845, CAS No 31831-53-5, Silver Zeolite A (Silver zinc sodium ammonium alumino silicate), silver content 2 -5 %, REF No 86437, Silver-zinc-aluminium -boronphosphate glass, mixed with 5-20% barium sulphate, silver content 0.35 -0.6 %, REF No 86437/50, Silver zinc zeolite A (silver-zinc sodium alumino silicate calcium metaphosphate), silver content 1 -1.6 % and Silver zinc zeolite A (silver-zinc sodium magnesium alumino silicate calcium phosphate), silver content 0.34 -0.54 %, REF No 86438 and 86438/50.
A comparative study of discriminating human heart failure etiology using gene expression profiles (2005)

For some gene expression data, several recently developed discriminant methods may perform similarly. More importantly, one must remain cautious when assessing the discriminating performance using gene expression profiles based on a small dataset; our analysis suggests the importance of utilizing multiple or larger datasets.
Two functional domains in the phagocyte membrane glycoprotein Mo1 identified with monoclonal antibodies. (1986)

Granulocytes from patients genetically deficient in the leukocyte glycoprotein family, Mo1, LFA-1, and Leu-M5 (P150,94), have defective complement receptor type III (CR3) activity as well as abnormal adhesion-dependent functions such as spreading, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. To determine the contribution of the Mo1 heterodimer deficiency to the various functional aberrations observed in deficient granulocytes, we mapped the functional domains of Mo1 using several monoclonal antibodies to this molecule. In addition to iC3b binding, two granulocyte adhesion functions were examined: Cell spreading on plastic coverslips and chemotaxis. One monoclonal antibody to Mo1, 44, inhibits all three functions. Other monoclonal antibodies (903, Leu-15, and OKM10) inhibit iC3b binding to granulocytes but have no effect on cell spreading and/or chemotaxis. Another antibody, 904, has no significant inhibition of iC3b binding but inhibits spreading on plastic and chemotaxis. These studies suggest the presence of two functional domains in Mo1: one involved in iC3b binding and the other in enhancing certain granulocyte adhesion-dependent functions.
History Matching of the PUNQ-S3 Reservoir Model Using the Ensemble Kalman Filter (2005)

Summary This paper reports the use of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for automatic history matching. EnKF is a Monte Carlo method in which an ensemble of reservoir models is used. The correlation between reservoir response (e.g., water cut and rate) and reservoir variables (e.g., permeability and porosity) can be estimated from the ensemble. An estimate of uncertainty in future reservoir performance can also be obtained from the ensemble. The PUNQ-S3 reservoir model is used to test the method in this paper. It is a small (19×28×5) reservoir engineering model. One conclusion is that when applied to the PUNQ-S3 synthetic model, the EnKF technique gives satisfactory history-matching results while requiring less computation work than traditional methods.
Differential Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance to Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor Antibody Therapy or to a Small-Molecule Inhibitor, BMS-754807, in a Human Rhabdomyosarcoma Model (2010)

Agents targeting insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR), including antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors, are currently in clinical development for the treatment of cancers including sarcoma. However, development of resistance is a common phenomenon resulting in failures of anticancer therapies. In light of this problem, we developed two resistant models from the rhabdomyosarcoma cell line Rh41: Rh41-807R, with acquired resistance to BMS-754807, a small-molecule dual-kinase inhibitor targeting IGF-IR and insulin receptor (IR), and Rh41-MAB391R, with resistance to MAB391, an IGF-IR-blocking antibody. In addition, tumor xenograft models were established from Rh41 and Rh41-807R cell lines. Gene expression and DNA copy number analyses of these models revealed shared as well as unique acquired resistance mechanisms for the two types of IGF-IR inhibitors. Each resistant model used different signaling pathways as a mechanism for proliferation. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) was amplified, overexpressed, and constitutively activated in Rh41-807R cells and tumors. Knockdown of PDGFRα by small interfering RNA in Rh41-807R resensitized the cells to BMS-754807. Synergistic activities were observed when BMS-754807 was combined with PDGFRα inhibitors in the Rh41-807R model in vitro. In contrast, AXL expression was highly elevated in Rh41-MAB391R but downregulated in Rh41-807R. Notably, BMS-754807 was active in Rh41-MAB391R cells and able to overcome resistance to MAB391, but MAB391 was not active in Rh41-807R cells, suggesting potentially broader clinical activity of BMS-754807. This is the first study to define and compare acquired resistance mechanisms for IGF-IR-targeted therapies. It provides insights into the differential acquired resistance mechanisms for IGF-IR/IR small-molecule inhibitor versus anti-IGF-IR antibody.
A Small Molecule Which Protects Newborn Neurons (2010)

New research identifies a small molecule providing a chemical scaffold which might be useful in the design of a new class of neuroprotective drugs.
Concanavalin A triggers T lymphocytes by directly interacting with their receptors for activation. (1982)

Anti-HLA-DR antibodies did not inhibit concanavalin A-(Con A) induced T cell proliferation or the generation of suppressor cells capable of inhibiting immunoglobulin synthesis in autologous mononuclear cells after pokeweed mitogen stimulation. Nylon-wool purified T cells (pretreated with anti-HLA-DR antibody and C) exposed to Con A acquired responsiveness to interleukin 2 (IL 2) and were able to absorb this growth factor, whereas nonlectin-treated cells did not respond to IL 2 and could not absorb it. In the presence of interleukin 1 (IL 1), Con A stimulated the synthesis of IL 2 in purified OKT4+ lymphocytes but not OKT8+ cells. However, in the absence of IL 1, neither resting OKT4+ nor Con A-treated OKT4+ cells produced IL 2. Con A by itself did not directly stimulate macrophages to synthesize IL 1, although it could do so in the presence of OKT4+ but not OKT8+ lymphocytes. In addition, Con A induced proliferation of purified T cells provided IL 1 was supplied to the cultures. Cyclosporin A rendered Con A-treated T cells unresponsive to IL 2, made lectin-stimulated OKT4+ lymphocytes unable to respond to IL 1, and inhibited the synthesis of IL 2. Furthermore, this drug abrogated the Con A-stimulated synthesis of IL 1 by acting on OKT4+ lymphocytes and not on macrophages. Finally, cyclosporin-A suppressed the proliferative response and the generation of suppressor T cells induced by Con A. The following are concluded: 1) HLA-DR antigens do not seem to play any role in the triggering of T cells by Con A, and macrophages participate in lectin-induced activation of T cells mainly by providing IL 1. 2) Cyclosporin-A inhibits activation of T cells by interfering with the mechanism by which Con A stimulates T lymphocytes. 3) Con A triggers T lymphocytes by directly interacting with their receptors for activation.