gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling and simulation of multi-plane Electrical Capacitance Tomography sensor for flow imaging by using Finite Element Analysis (2014)

This research work is mainly focused on modeling and simulation of Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) sensor which comprises of 12 electrodes that are fabricated externally. The arrangement of electrodes is in the form of multi-plane (i.e. single and twin-plane electrodes). The Finite Element Method (FEM) can be utilized to simulate and compute capacitance values. This simulation method can provide sensitivity distribution and also helpful in obtaining the permittivity distribution for multi-phase flow. This paper focuses on the need for field simulation in the design and analysis of multi-electrode capacitance sensors for tomographic flow imaging. However, the real sensors are 3D but mostly a cross-section is modeled in 2D. The governing equations and the modeling approach for 2D single- and twin-plane ECT sensor using Electromagnetic Module of COMSOL Multiphysics are discussed in this manuscript. The single- and twin-plane simulation has been done for velocity and volume measurement respectively. An image reconstruction algorithm for ECT have presented in this work is based on the FEM. Simulation results are duly verified by an experimental data that has been obtained from the calculation of gas-oil two-phase flow.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Insulin Resistance (2014)

The clinical recognition of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is increasing, and with recent therapeutic advances, short-term survival has improved. In spite of these advances, however, PAH remains a disease with substantial morbidity and long-term mortality. The pathogenesis of PAH involves a complex interaction of local and distant cytokines, growth factors, co-factors, and transcription factors occurring in the right genetic and environmental setting. These factors ultimately lead to the detrimental changes in vascular anatomy and function seen in PAH patients. An important association between obesity/insulin resistance and PAH has recently been identified. Both conditions occur in the presence of a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, and although it is unlikely that a single pathway is solely responsible for the observed association, deficiencies in adiponectin, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) activity likely play a prominent role. Although incompletely understood, it is clear that further investigation is warranted and the role of weight loss and improved glycemic control in the treatment of at-risk patients with PAH and obesity should be determined.
Toxin YafQ increases persister cell formation by reducing indole signalling (2014)

Persister cells survive antibiotic and other environmental stresses by slowing metabolism. Since toxins of toxin/antitoxin (TA) systems have been postulated to be responsible for persister cell formation, we investigated the influence of toxin YafQ of the YafQ/DinJ Escherichia coli TA system on persister cell formation. Under stress, YafQ alters metabolism by cleaving transcripts with in-frame 5'-AAA-G/A-3' sites. Production of YafQ increased persister cell formation with multiple antibiotics, and by investigating changes in protein expression, we found that YafQ reduced tryptophanase levels (TnaA mRNA has 16 putative YafQ cleavage sites). Consistently, TnaA mRNA levels were also reduced by YafQ. Tryptophanase is activated in the stationary phase by the stationary-phase sigma factor RpoS, which was also reduced dramatically upon production of YafQ. Tryptophanase converts tryptophan into indole, and as expected, indole levels were reduced by the production of YafQ. Corroborating the effect of YafQ on persistence, addition of indole reduced persistence. Furthermore, persistence increased upon deleting tnaA, and persistence decreased upon adding tryptophan to the medium to increase indole levels. Also, YafQ production had a much smaller effect on persistence in a strain unable to produce indole. Therefore, YafQ increases persistence by reducing indole, and TA systems are related to cell signalling.
An Algorithm for Setting the List Price of a Residential Real Estate Property (1981)

The market value of a residential real estate property may be considered as a function of its qualitative as well as quantitative characteristics. An algorithm is presented in this paper which incorporates the effects of the qualitative features by dividing the total housing population into several subpopulations, and calculates the influence of the quantitative variables by using a multiple regression technique. It also uses a computer-based adaptive process for incorporating the dynamic behavior of the market situation. The application of this algorithm is demonstrated with an empirical study.
Raman Spectrum of Graphene and Graphene Layers (2006)

Graphene is the two-dimensional building block for carbon allotropes of every other dimensionality. We show that its electronic structure is captured in its Raman spectrum that clearly evolves with the number of layers. The D peak second order changes in shape, width, and position for an increasing number of layers, reflecting the change in the electron bands via a double resonant Raman process. The G peak slightly down-shifts. This allows unambiguous, high-throughput, nondestructive identification of graphene layers, which is critically lacking in this emerging research area.
PHONE SLAVE: A GRAPHICAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS INTERFACE (1985)

A personalized integrated telecommunications management system is described; it is composed of both graphical and audio interfaces to a variety of message functions. This approach utilizes a general purpose computer with a color display and speech processing board to perform as a conversational answering machine. voice or text electronic mail terminal, and online telephone directory with repertory dialing.
Impact of Natural IgM Concentration on Gene Therapy with Adenovirus Type 5 Vectors (2015)

Natural IgM inhibits gene transfer by adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vectors. We show that polyreactive natural IgM antibodies bind to Ad5 and that inhibition of liver transduction by IgM depends on Kupffer cells. By manipulating IgM concentration in vivo, we demonstrate that IgM inhibits liver transduction in a concentration-dependent manner. We further show that differences in natural IgM between BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice contribute to lower efficiency of Ad5 gene transfer in BALB/c mice.
Cellular immune and cytokine pathways resulting in tissue factor expression and relevance to septic shock. (1992)

Cells of monocyte lineage serve as effector cells in the cellular immune response. In addition, they respond to LPS and cytokines with activation and expression of inflammatory effector gene products similar to those elicited by the antigen driven response. The response to antigen proceeds at the T helper cell level through two independent forms of cellular collaboration, contact and lymphokine. We review the control of expression of the Tissue Factor (TF) gene and the function of the TF protein. The enhanced initiation of transcription of the TF gene appears to require engagement of a 56 bp LPS Response Element, an enhancer that is engaged by both AP-1 type heterodimeric complexes as well as NF kappa B like heterodimeric complexes. Dissociation of NF kappa B from Ig kappa B by cytokine and LPS stimulation, and possibly activated T cells, may represent a common pathway to induction of the TF and other inflammatory genes. Enhancement of expression of TF is observed upon adhesion of Mo to endothelial cells and extracellular matrix proteins, as well as upon engagement of leukocyte integrins. The biological effects that follow from expression of TF by vascular cells have been resolved by analysis of function aided by the use of recombinant full length TF and truncated surface domain of TF. The rules of assembly of the cognate ligands of TF, namely the zymogen plasma factors VII and the serine protease factor VIIa, with the soluble surface domain of TF in free solution, in the presence of phospholipid surfaces and cell surface and of the anchored TF molecule have been described. It is evident that assembly of the surface domain of TF with VIIa to form the binary TF.VIIa complex induces a significant increase in the Kcat of the catalytic domain of VIIa for small peptidyl substrates and more profoundly for protein substrate. This provides substantial evidence for an allosteric effect on the catalytic cleft of VIIa that is imparted by binding to TF, its cognate catalytic cofactor. It is also evident that the TF.VIIa complex is proteolytically active and can activate the zymogen plasma factor X to the serine protease Xa in free solution, inferring that extended substrate recognition by induced structural loci of the TF.VIIa complex are created from either or both proteins to constitute a new recognition structure. It is also evident that association of X with charged phospholipid surfaces enhances the proteolytic activation of this zymogen by increasing recognition and susceptibility of the sessile peptide bond deduced from the markedly decreased Km and increased Kcat.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Resolution and noise properties of MAP reconstruction for fully 3-D PET (2000)

We derive approximate analytical expressions for the local impulse response and covariance of images reconstructed from fully three-dimensional (3-D) positron emission tomography (PET) data using maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation. These expressions explicitly account for the spatially variant detector response and sensitivity of a 3-D tomograph. The resulting spatially variant impulse response and covariance are computed using 3-D Fourier transforms. A truncated Gaussian distribution is used to account for the effect on the variance of the nonnegativity constraint used in MAP reconstruction. Using Monte Carlo simulations and phantom data from the microPET small animal scanner, we show that the approximations provide reasonably accurate estimates of contrast recovery and covariance of MAP reconstruction for priors with quadratic energy functions. We also describe how these analytical results can be used to achieve near-uniform contrast recovery throughout the reconstructed volume.
Real-time adaptive combustion control using diode-laser absorption sensors (1998)

A wavelength-multiplexed, diode-laser absorption sensor system, comprised of two distributed feedback (DFB) In GaAsP diode lasers and fiber-optic components, has been developed to nonintrusively measure gas temperature and H2O concentration over a single path in the combustion region of a 5-kW, atmospheric-pressure, non-premixed, annular dump combustor. The wavelengths of the DFB lasers were independently current-tuned at 10-kHz rates across H2O transitions near 1343 nm (v1+v3 band) and 1392 nm (2v1, v1+v3 bands). Temperature was determined from the ratio of measured peak absorbances. Water-vapor mole fraction was determined from the measured absorbance and gas temperature values. The diode-laser sensors were applied for closed-loop control of the combustor, which utilized the concepts of acoustic forcing to improve the fuel-air mixing and thus the combustion efficiency. Adaptive control strategies were investigated that used the measured mean H2O concentration and the instantaneous temperature as sensed parameters. The relative phase between the acoustic forcing of the central air and the fuel (C2H4) flow, as well as the fuel-forcing amplitude, was adjusted to maximize the coherence and the extent of reaction in the combustion region and thus optimize the combustor performance. The closedloop control system was able to adaptively optimize the combustor performance within 100 ms, which corresponded to seven characteristic time constants of the actuator. The results obtained demonstrate the applicability of multiplexed diode-laser absorption sensors for rapid, continuous measurements and control of multiple flowfield parameters in high-temperature combustion environments.
The biomechanical problems of polyethylene as a bearing surface. (1990)

The metal backings of acetabular components can reduce the available polyethylene thickness, often to an alarming extent. This study indicated that the pitting and cracking of thin polyethylene surfaces have some similarities to tibial and patellar bearings and that creep-related deformation occurred more frequently in thin polyethylene components. Additionally, it appears that dimensional tolerances of the polyethylene inserts are difficult to maintain and may result in a nonuniform fit of both the femoral head into the component and the component into its own metal backing, which can lead to component separation. It is difficult to accurately measure the changes in material and mechanical properties of polyethylene over time. An additional ramification is that flaws, such as voids in the polyethylene, cannot be attributed to problems of bulk supply, fabrication, or postmanufacturing treatment. Orthopedic device manufacturers should keep samples of each lot of polyethylene used and provide components with serial numbers so that the source, composition, and properties of the original bulk material and material "as fabricated" can be documented. This would permit researchers studying revisions or postmortem samples to determine the changes in the polyethylene over time in vivo, thus improving the understanding of this crucial material. If manufacturers were to include dimensions and tolerances of the polyethylene inserts in their product literature, accurate measurements of wear of retrieved specimens may be possible.
Aβ-Degrading Enzymes: Potential for Treatment of Alzheimer Disease (2011)

There is increasing evidence that deficient clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) contributes to its accumulation in late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). Several Aβ-degrading enzymes, including neprilysin (NEP), insulin-degrading enzyme, and endothelin-converting enzyme reduce Aβ levels and protect against cognitive impairment in mouse models of AD. The activity of several Aβ-degrading enzymes rises with age and increases still further in AD, perhaps as a physiological response to minimize the buildup of Aβ. The age- and disease-related changes in expression of more recently recognized Aβ-degrading enzymes (e.g. NEP-2 and cathepsin B) remain to be investigated, and there is strong evidence that reduced NEP activity contributes to the development of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Regardless of the role of Aβ-degrading enzymes in the development of AD, experimental data indicate that increasing the activity of these enzymes (NEP in particular) has therapeutic potential in AD, although targeting their delivery to the brain remains a major challenge. The most promising current approaches include the peripheral administration of agents that enhance the activity of Aβ-degrading enzymes and the direct intracerebral delivery of NEP by convection-enhanced delivery. In the longer term, genetic approaches to increasing the intracerebral expression of NEP or other Aβ-degrading enzymes may offer advantages.
Cathepsin L2, a novel human cysteine proteinase produced by breast and colorectal carcinomas. (1998)

We have identified and cloned a new member of the papain family of cysteine proteinases from a human brain cDNA library. The isolated cDNA codes for a polypeptide of 334 amino acids that exhibits all of the structural features characteristic of cysteine proteinases, including the active site cysteine residue essential for peptide hydrolysis. Pairwise comparisons of this amino acid sequence with the remaining human cysteine proteinases identified to date showed a high percentage of identity (78%) with cathepsin L; the percentage of identity with all other members of the family was much lower (<40%). On the basis of these structural characteristics, we have tentatively called this novel protein cathepsin L2. The cDNA encoding the mature cathepsin L2 was expressed in Escherichia coli, and after purification, the recombinant protein was able to degrade the synthetic peptide benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-arginine-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin, which is commonly used as a substrate for cysteine proteinases. Cathepsin L2 proteolytic activity on this substrate was abolished by trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane, an inhibitor of cysteine proteinases, thus providing additional evidence that the isolated cDNA encodes a functional cysteine proteinase. Northern blot analysis of polyadenylated RNAs isolated from a variety of human tissues demonstrated that cathepsin L2 is predominantly expressed in the thymus and testis. This finding is in marked contrast with the wide tissue distribution of most cysteine proteinases characterized to date, including cathepsin L, and suggests that cathepsin L2 may play a specialized role in the thymus and testis. Expression analysis of cathepsin L2 in human tumors revealed a widespread expression in colorectal and breast carcinomas but not in normal colon or mammary gland or in peritumoral tissues. Cathepsin L2 was also expressed by colorectal and breast cancer cell lines as well as by some tumors of diverse origin, including ovarian and renal carcinomas. These results open the possibility that this novel enzyme may be involved in tumor processes, as already reported for other cysteine proteinases, including cathepsin L.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors—ZD1839 (Iressa) (2001)

Several epithelial tumors display epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression (with or without EGFR gene amplification) that is often associated with increased production of EGFR ligands. This permits the activation of endogenous tumor EGFR via autocrine mechanisms, resulting in cellular proliferation and tumor growth. Interruption of receptor signaling with bivalent EGFR antibodies or with small molecule inhibitors of the EGFR tyrosine kinase results in inhibition of tumor cell proliferation or viability in vitro and in vivo. One small molecule currently undergoing preclinical and clinical investigation is ZD1839 (Iressa), a synthetic anilinoquinazoline capable of inhibiting EGFR tyrosine kinase in vitro. The early results of clinical trials indicate this drug possesses antitumor activity in certain malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract.
Synthetic aperture techniques with a virtual source element (1998)

A new imaging technique has been proposed that combines conventional B-mode and synthetic aperture imaging techniques to overcome the limited depth of field for a highly focused transducer. The new technique improves lateral resolution beyond the focus of the transducer by considering the focus a virtual element and applying synthetic aperture focusing techniques. In this paper, the use of the focus as a virtual element is examined, considering the issues that are of concern when imaging with an array of actual elements: the tradeoff between lateral resolution and sidelobe level, the tradeoff between system complexity (channel count/amount of computation) and the appearance of grating lobes, and the issue of signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the processed image. To examine these issues, pulse-echo RF signals were collected for a tungsten wire in degassed water, monofilament nylon wires in a tissue-mimicking phantom, and cyst targets in the phantom. Results show apodization lowers the sidelobes, but only at the expense of lateral resolution, as is the case for classical synthetic aperture imaging. Grating lobes are not significant until spatial sampling is more than one wavelength, when the beam is not steered. Resolution comparable to the resolution at the transducer focus can be achieved beyond the focal region while obtaining an acceptable SNR. Specifically, for a 15-MHz focused transducer, the 6-dB beamwidth at the focus is 157 mum, and with synthetic aperture processing the 6-dB beamwidths at 3, 5, and 7 mm beyond the focus are 189 mum, 184 mum, and 215 mum, respectively. The image SNR is 38.6 dB when the wire is at the focus, and it is 32.8 dB, 35.3 dB, and 38.1 dB after synthetic aperture processing when the wire is 3, 5, and 7 mm beyond the focus, respectively. With these experiments, the virtual source has been shown to exhibit the same behavior as an actual transducer element in response to synthetic aperture processing techniques.
A Small Molecule CXCR4 Inhibitor that Blocks T Cell Line–tropic HIV-1 Infection (1997)

Several members of the chemokine receptor family have been shown to function in association with CD4 to permit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry and infection. The CXC chemokine receptor CXCR4/fusin is a receptor for pre-B cell growth stimulating factor (PBSF)/stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and serves as a coreceptor for the entry of T cell line-tropic HIV-1 strains. Thus, the development of CXCR4 antagonists or agonists may be useful in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. T22 ([Tyr5,12,Lys7]-polyphemusin II) is a synthesized peptide that consists of 18 amino acid residues and an analogue of polyphemusin II isolated from the hemocyte debris of American horseshoe crabs (Limulus polyphemus). T22 was found to specifically inhibit the ability of T cell line-tropic HIV-1 to induce cell fusion and infect the cell lines transfected with CXCR4 and CD4 or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, T22 inhibited Ca2+ mobilization induced by pre-B cell growth stimulating factor (PBSF)/SDF-1 stimulation through CXCR4. Thus, T22 is a small molecule CXCR4 inhibitor that blocks T cell line-tropic HIV-1 entry into target cells.
PR and PP ECG intervals as indicators of autonomic nervous innervation of the cardiac sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes (2003)

Two different methods to elucidate the dependent or independent nature of the autonomic nervous system influence on the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes are considered. ECG PP and PR intervals are extracted from 20 normal, young healthy subjects using a wavelet based technique. The first analysis technique focuses upon a supine to stand transition. This transient event serves to highlight the uncoupled nature of PP and PR interval duration for about five beats, suggesting an independent ANS drive to each node. Secondly, sections of quiet supine and standing data are analyzed. Parametric spectral analysis shows variable LF and HF component behavior across different subjects. The relative distribution of recovery RP intervals versus PR for supine and standing are clearly separate for 10 different subjects and borderline for 5. Large intersubject variation is evident.
Population Dynamics of Salmonella enterica Serotypes in Commercial Egg and Poultry Production (2011)

Fresh and processed poultry have been frequently implicated in cases of human salmonellosis. Furthermore, increased consumption of meat and poultry has increased the potential for exposure to Salmonella enterica. While advances have been made in reducing the prevalence and frequency of Salmonella contamination in processed poultry, there is mounting pressure on commercial growers to prevent and/or eliminate these human pathogens in preharvest production facilities. Several factors contribute to Salmonella colonization in commercial poultry, including the serovar and the infectious dose. In the early 1900s, Salmonella enterica serovars Pullorum and Gallinarum caused widespread diseases in poultry, but vaccination and other voluntary programs helped eradicate pullorum disease and fowl typhoid from commercial flocks. However, the niche created by the eradication of these serovars was likely filled by S. Enteritidis, which proliferated in the bird populations. While this pathogen remains a significant problem in commercial egg and poultry production, its prevalence among poultry has been declining since the 1990s. Coinciding with the decrease of S. Enteritidis, S. Heidelberg and S. Kentucky have emerged as the predominant serovars in commercial broilers. In this review, we have highlighted bacterial genetic and host-related factors that may contribute to such shifts in Salmonella populations in commercial poultry and intervention strategies that could limit their colonization.