gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biorefineries:  Current Status, Challenges, and Future Direction (2006)

Conventional resources mainly fossil fuels are becoming limited because of the rapid increase in energy demand. This imbalance in energy demand and supply has placed immense pressure not only on consumer prices but also on the environment, prompting mankind to look for sustainable energy resources. Biomass is one such environmentally friendly renewable resource from which various useful chemicals and fuels can be produced. A system similar to a petroleum refinery is required to produce fuels and useful chemicals from biomass and is known as a biorefinery. Biorefineries have been categorized in three phases based on the flexibility of input, processing capabilities, and product generation. Phase I has less or no flexibility in any of the three aforementioned categories. Phase II, while having fixed input and processing capabilities, allows flexibility in product generation. Phase III allows flexibility in all the three processes and is based on the concept of high-value low-volume (HVLV) and low-value high-volume (LVHV) outputs. This paper reviews the concept of biorefinery, its types, future directions, and associated technical challenges. An approach of streamlining biorefineries with conventional refineries in producing conventional fuels is also presented. Furthermore, twelve platform chemicals that could be major outputs from an integrated biorefinery are also discussed.
A Mutant p53 That Discriminates between p53-Responsive Genes Cannot Induce Apoptosis (1996)

Human wild-type (wt) p53 can induce apoptosis in transiently transfected H1299 cells maintained at 37 degrees C, whereas tumor-derived mutant forms of p53 (with the mutation Ala-143, His-175, or Trp-248) fail to do so. At 37 degrees C, p53 with a mutation to Ala at amino acid 143 (p53Ala143) was transcriptionally inactive. However, at 32 degrees C, p53Ala143 strongly activated transcription from several physiologically relevant p53-responsive promoters, to extents similar or greater than that of wt p53. Unexpectedly, p53Ala143 was defective in inducing apoptosis in H1299 cells at 32 degrees C. Concomitantly with the loss of apoptotic activity, p53Ala143 was found to be deficient in its ability to activate transcription from the p53-responsive portions of the Bax and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 gene promoters. It is proposed that there may exist distinct classes of p53-responsive promoters, whose ability to be activated by p53 can be regulated differentially. Such differential regulation may have functional consequences for the effects of p53 on cell fate.
Development of nanoliposomal irinotecan (nal-IRI, MM-398, PEP02) in the management of metastatic pancreatic cancer (2016)

In the NAPOLI study, nal-IRI plus 5-FU/LV significantly improved the overall survival, progression-free survival and objective response rate compared to 5-FU/LV alone. The nal-IRI plus 5-FU/LV treatment was associated with a manageable toxicity profile and comparable outcomes in patients with negative demographic characteristics. The relatively sparse of neurotoxicity makes nal-IRI plus 5-FU/LV as a more favorable option than oxaliplatin-containing regimens and the current recommended standard treatment for patients with metastatic PDAC after frontline nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine treatment. The front-line therapeutic role of nal-IRI is currently under investigation.
Strained quantum wells for polarization-independent electrooptic waveguide switches (1992)

A polarization-independent quantum well waveguide switch is demonstrated. By altering the composition and hence the degree of built-in strain, the bandgap of In/sub 1-x/Ga/sub x/As/InP quantum wells is engineered to produce equal field-induced refractive-index change in TE and TM polarizations. At the same time, the enhanced electrooptic effects characteristic of unstrained quantum wells are maintained, such that the voltage-length product for switching is only 3 V-mm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Human Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes: their role in the pathophysiology of atopy (1992)

In human beings, as in mice, two distinct patterns of cytokine secretion have been defined among CD4+ helper T-cell clones. Human type 1 helper (Th1), but not type 2 helper (Th2), cells produce interleukin-2 (IL-2), gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma), and tumor necrosis factor-beta, whereas Th2, but not Th1, cells secrete IL-4 and IL-5, but not IL-2 or IFN-gamma. Other cytokines, such as IL-3, IL-6, GM-CSF, or TNF-alpha, are produced by both Th1 and Th2 cells. Th0 cells, a third Th subset, show combined production of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines. The different cytokine patterns are associated with different functions. In general, Th2 cells provide an excellent helper function for B-cell antibody production, particularly of the IgE class. On the other hand, Th1 cells are responsible for delayed type hypersensitivity reactions and are cytolytic for autologous antigen-presenting cells, including B cells. Most allergen- or helminth-antigen-specific human CD4+ T-cell clones exhibit a Th2 phenotype, whereas most clones specific for bacterial antigens show a Th1 profile. Allergen-specific Th2 cells seem to play a crucial role in atopy. These cells induce IgE production via IL-4 and favor the proliferation, differentiation, and activation of eosinophils via IL-5. In addition, Th2-derived IL-3 and IL-4 are mast-cell growth factors that act in synergy, at least in vitro. Recent evidence indicates that allergen-specific Th2 cells are selectively enriched in tissues affected by allergic inflammation, such as the bronchial mucosa of subjects with allergic asthma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Light scattering from gold nanoshells (2000)

Gold nanoshells consist of a dielectric core surrounded by an ultra thin shell of gold. By adjusting the ratio between the radius of the core and the thickness of the shell the plasmon resonance of the nanoshell can be placed at any wavelength from 500 nm--2500 nm. As the dimensions of the nanoshell approaches the wavelength of incident light, the extinction spectrum becomes a superposition of the multipole plasmon resonances. Adjustments to the core:shell ratio centered either the dipole or quadrupole mode at 830 mn. The distinct far field scattering distribution from each multipolar mode agreed well with calculations. The plasmon resonance condition and the local surface roughness give rise to intense local fields at the surface of the particle. When mercaptoaniline was absorbed onto nanoshells that had a plasmon resonance in the near IR, enhancements of the Raman signal by more than five orders of magnitude were recorded.
Production of BCG alginate-PLL microcapsules by emulsification/internal gelation (1997)

A biocompatible emulsification method for microencapsulation of live cells and enzymes within a calcium alginate matrix applied to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been developed. Small-diameter alginate beads (microcapsules) were formed via internal gelation of an alginate solution emulsified within vegetable oil. Five different oils (sesame, sweet almond, perhydrosqualene, camomile and jojoba) were used. The rheological analysis of the oils showed a Newtonian behaviour, with viscosities = 30.0, 37.7, 51.2, 59.3 and 67.1 mPa.s for perhydrosqualene, jojoba, camomile, sesame and sweet almond oil respectively. The particle size of the microcapsules obtained ranged from 30.3 microns for the microcapsules prepared with sweet almond oil to 57.0 microns for those made with perhydrosqualene. The mean particle diameter obtained was found to be dependent on the viscosity of the oil employed, according to the equation: phi (micron) = 76.6-0.628 eta (mPa.s) (r2 = 0.943). The encapsulated BCG was identified by the Difco TB stain set K, followed by observation under optical microscopy. Freeze-drying of the microcapsules was carried out to ensure their stability during storage. Two batches of microcapsules (those prepared with sesame and jojoba oil) and four types of cryoprotectors (glucose, trehalose, mannitol and sorbitol), at three concentration levels (5, 10 and 20% w/v) were studied. The parameters evaluated were particle size, physical appearance, reconstitution of lyophilizates and microscopical evaluation. For both batches of microcapsules the best results were obtained with trehalose 5%, showing particle sizes of 42.1 microns in the case of the microcapsules prepared with sesame oil, and of 45.3 microns for those prepared with jojoba.
Interlayer spacings in carbon nanotubes (1993)

Electron and x-ray-diffraction studies of nanotubes have revealed that the distances between the graphitic sheets are larger by a few percent than those in bulk graphite. The mean value of the interlayer spacings is 0.344\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.001 nm.
Long-term operation of a double phase LAr LEM Time Projection Chamber with a simplified anode and extraction-grid design (2014)

We report on the successful operation of a double phase Liquid Argon Large Electron Multiplier Time Projection Chamber (LAr LEM-TPC) equipped with two dimensional projective anodes with dimensions 10$\times$10 cm$^2$, and with a maximum drift length of 21 cm. The anodes were manufactured for the first time from a single multilayer printed circuit board (PCB). Various layouts of the readout views have been tested and optimised. In addition, the ionisation charge was efficiently extracted from the liquid to the gas phase with a single grid instead of two previously. We studied the response and the gain of the detector to cosmic muon tracks. To study long-term stability over several weeks, we continuously operated the chamber at fixed electric field settings. We reproducibly observe that after an initial decrease with a characteristic time of $\tau\approx 1.6$ days, the observed gain is stable. In 46 days of operation, a total of 14.6 million triggers have been collected at a stable effective gain of $G_\infty\sim 15$ corresponding to a signal-to-noise ratio $(S/N)\gtrsim 60$ for minimum ionising tracks. During the full period, eight discharges across the LEM were observed. A maximum effective gain of 90 was also observed, corresponding to a signal-to-noise ratio $(S/N)\gtrsim 400$ for minimum ionising tracks, or $S/N\approx10$ for an energy deposition of 15 keV on a single readout channel.
A Fas-based suicide switch in human T cells for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease (2001)

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. One strategy to treat GVHD is to equip donor T cells with a conditional suicide mechanism that can be triggered when GVHD occurs. The herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk)/ganciclovir system used clinically has several limitations, including immunogenicity and cell cycle dependence. An alternative switch based on chemically inducible apoptosis was designed and evaluated. A chimeric human protein was expressed comprising an extracellular marker (DeltaLNGFR), the Fas intracellular domain, and 2 copies of an FK506-binding protein (FKBP). Primary human T lymphocytes retrovirally transduced with this construct could be purified to homogeneity using immunomagnetic beads. Genetic integrity of the construct was ensured by redesigning repetitive sequences. Transduced T cells behaved indistinguishably from untransduced cells, retaining the ability to mount a specific antiallogeneic immune response. However, they rapidly underwent apoptosis with the addition of subnanomolar concentrations of AP1903, a bivalent "dimerizer" drug that binds FKBP and induces Fas cross-linking. A single 2-hour treatment eliminated approximately 80% of T cells, and multiple exposures induced further apoptosis. T cells were eliminated regardless of their proliferation state, suggesting that the AP1903/Fas system, which contains only human components, is a promising alternative to HSV-tk for treating GVHD.
Site-specific targeting of psoralen photoadducts with a triple helix-forming oligonucleotide: characterization of psoralen monoadduct and crosslink formation (1994)

A polypurine tract in the supF gene of bacteriophage lambda (base pairs 167-176) was selected as the target for triple helix formation and targeted mutagenesis by an oligopurine (5'-AGGAAGGGGG-3') containing a chemically linked psoralen derivative (4'-hydroxymethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen) at its 5' terminus (psoAG10). The thymines at base pairs 166 and 167, a 5'ApT site, were targeted for photomodification. Exposure of the triple helical complex to long wavelength ultraviolet radiation led to the covalent binding of psoAG10 to the targeted region in the supF gene and to the induction of site-specific mutations. We report here experiments to characterize the photomodification of the targeted region of the supF gene in the context of triple helix formation. An electrophoretic mobility-shift assay showed that, at low radiation doses, monoadducts at base pair 166 were the major photoadducts. At higher doses the monoadducts were converted to crosslinks between base pairs 166 and 167. HPLC analysis of enzymatically hydrolyzed photoreaction mixtures was used to confirm the electrophoresis results. A strong strand preference for specific photoadduct formation was also detected.
Why Do School Order and Safety Matter? (2010)

School safety and order are essential conditions for learning but represent a relatively new field of study, stimulated in large part by repeated episodes of school violence that have generated considerable public concern and triggered substantial changes in school discipline and security practices over the past two decades. This article sets the stage for the current special issue of Educational Researcher (ER), in which the study of school violence is recast into the broader and conceptually more fertile framework of school safety and order. Each article addresses key practical questions that map a school safety perspective to multiple bodies of education research as well as to broader transdisciplinary interests.
3D model matching with Viewpoint-Invariant Patches (VIP) (2008)

The robust alignment of images and scenes seen from widely different viewpoints is an important challenge for camera and scene reconstruction. This paper introduces a novel class of viewpoint independent local features for robust registration and novel algorithms to use the rich information of the new features for 3D scene alignment and large scale scene reconstruction. The key point of our approach consists of leveraging local shape information for the extraction of an invariant feature descriptor. The advantages of the novel viewpoint invariant patch (VIP) are: that the novel features are invariant to 3D camera motion and that a single VIP correspondence uniquely defines the 3D similarity transformation between two scenes. In the paper we demonstrate how to use the properties of the VIPs in an efficient matching scheme for 3D scene alignment. The algorithm is based on a hierarchical matching method which tests the components of the similarity transformation sequentially to allow efficient matching and 3D scene alignment. We evaluate the novel features on real data with known ground truth information and show that the features can be used to reconstruct large scale urban scenes.
A New Type of Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Thiadiazole and 1,2,3‐Diazaphosphole Derivatives Via‐Hurd‐Mori Cyclization (2012)

We present a short and efficient synthesis of the title compounds starting with cheap and readily available camphor and derivatives of acetophenone. The optimized sequence allows the large‐scale preparation of this new type of synthesis in a few steps. New 1,2,3‐thiadiazole and 1,2,3‐diazaphosphole derivatives 11‐20, were prepared from the ketones 1‐5 via the corresponding semicarbazones 6‐10. The Hurd‐Mori and Lalezari methods were used, respectively, for the preparation of these 1,2,3‐thiadiazole and 1,2,3‐diazaphospholene derivatives. These derivatives exhibit anticancer effect due to their high potential biological activity.
Treatment of chronic hepatitis C patients with combination of alpha-interferon and ribavirin, consensus and pegylated interferons. (2001)

Hepatitis C is a major health problem. In recent years, the treatment of choice is alpha-interferon in combination with ribavirin. For patients with failure of this treatment the therapy with consensus or pegylated interferons, in monotherapy or in combination with ribavirin, present other possibilities. We can expect the development more potent antiviral drugs or immune modulators for patients, which are primary resistant to alpha-interferon. (Tab. 3, Ref. 31)
STRUCTURE-BASED INHIBITORS OF HIV-1 PROTEASE (1993)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Laminin forms an independent network in basement membranes [published erratum appears in J Cell Biol 1992 Jun;118(2):493] (1992)

Laminin self-assembles in vitro into a polymer by a reversible, entropy-driven and calcium-facilitated process dependent upon the participation of the short arm globular domains. We now find that this polymer is required for the structural integrity of the collagen-free basement membrane of cultured embryonal carcinoma cells (ECC) and for the supramolecular organization and anchorage of laminin in the collagen-rich basement membrane of the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm tumor (EHS). First, low temperature and EDTA induced the dissolution of ECC basement membranes and released approximately 80% of total laminin from the EHS basement membrane. Second, laminin elastase fragments (E4 and E1') possessing the short arm globules of the B1, B2, and A chains selectively acted as competitive ligands that dissolved ECC basement membranes and displaced laminin from the EHS basement membrane into solution. The fraction of laminin released increased as a function of ligand concentration, approaching the level of the EDTA-reversible pool. The smaller (approximately 20%) residual pool of EHS laminin, in contrast, could only be effectively displaced by E1' and E4 if the collagenous network was first degraded with bacterial collagenase. The supramolecular architecture of freeze-etched and platinum/carbon replicated reconstituted laminin gel polymer, ECC, and collagenase-treated EHS basement membranes were compared and found to be similar, further supporting the biochemical data. We conclude that laminin forms a network independent of that of type IV collagen in basement membranes. Furthermore, in the EHS basement membrane four-fifths of laminin is anchored strictly through noncovalent bonds between laminin monomers while one-fifth is anchored through a combination of these bonds and laminin-collagen bridges.
Regulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression: Evidence for Transcriptional and Posttranslational Mechanisms (1988)

The mechanism of ligand-induced (homologous) down-regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been studied. Dexamethasone caused a down-regulation of the levels of GR mRNA and protein both in hepatoma tissue culture cells and rat liver in vivo. The decrease in the level of rat liver GR mRNA was due to a reduced transcription rate of the GR gene, as assessed by nuclear run-on transcription experiments. The half-life of GR mRNA in hepatoma tissue culture cells was determined to be approximately 4.5 h and was unaffected by dexamethasone. In addition to the transcriptional regulation of GR gene expression, a dexamethasone-dependent posttranslational modification in the rate of GR protein turnover was observed. In the absence of dexamethasone, GR protein half life was approximately 25 h whereas it decreased to approximately 11 h in the presence of hormone. Down-regulation of GR protein occurred with a 6- to 24-h delay as compared to the decline in GR mRNA. This is most likely due to the differences in half-lives of GR mRNA and protein, respectively. Our results suggest that auto-regulation of GR by its cognate ligand is complex and occurs at both transcriptional and posttranslational levels.
A New Reaction of Nitriles. I. Amides from Alkenes and Mononitriles1 (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA New Reaction of Nitriles. I. Amides from Alkenes and Mononitriles1John J. Ritter and P. Paul MinieriCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 12, 4045–4048Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01192a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01192a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4665Altmetric-Citations529LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Phase I study of taxol administered as a short i.v. infusion daily for 5 days. (1987)

Taxol inhibits cell division by promoting the assembly and stabilization of microtubules. This report describes the results of a phase I trial of taxol administered as a short iv infusion daily for 5 days every 4 weeks. Sixteen patients with refractory malignancy received 21 courses of taxol at five doses between 5 and 40 mg/m2/day X 5. The first nine patients received taxol as a 60-minute infusion. Two patients experienced anaphylactoid reactions, one at the 5-mg/m2/day and the second at the 15-mg/m2/day X 5 dose levels. These reactions were characterized by facial flushing, tachypnea, and hypotension within several minutes of drug administration. These anaphylactoid reactions occurred on the first day of treatment in the first patient and on the first day of the second course in the second patient. These reactions may be related to the rapid administration of the polyoxyethylated castor oil (Cremophor EL) vehicle in which taxol is formulated. No anaphylactoid reactions were observed in the seven patients who received taxol as a 6-hour infusion with antihistamine and prednisone premedication. Dose-related myelosuppression was seen; leukopenia (wbc count less than 1000/mm3) and granulocytopenia (granulocytes less than or equal to 200/mm3) occurred on Days 8 and 9 in two of two patients treated at the 40 mg/m2/day X 5 level. Thrombocytopenia was mild, with a platelet nadir of 87,000-95,000/mm3 at the highest dose level. Premedication with glucocorticoids and antihistamines coupled with a prolonged 6-hour infusion permitted taxol to be administered at 30 mg/m2/day X 5 safely without immediate life-threatening reactions.