gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low complexity bit parallel architectures for polynomial basis multiplication over GF(2m) (2004)

Representing the field elements with respect to the polynomial (or standard) basis, we consider bit parallel architectures for multiplication over the finite field GF(2m). In this effect, first we derive a new formulation for polynomial basis multiplication in terms of the reduction matrix Q. The main advantage of this new formulation is that it can be used with any field defining irreducible polynomial. Using this formulation, we then develop a generalized architecture for the multiplier and analyze the time and gate complexities of the proposed multiplier as a function of degree m and the reduction matrix Q. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that these complexities are given in terms of Q. Unlike most other articles on bit parallel finite field multipliers, here we also consider the number of signals to be routed in hardware implementation and we show that, compared to the well-known Mastrovito's multiplier, the proposed architecture has fewer routed signals. The proposed generalized architecture is further optimized for three special types of polynomials, namely, equally spaced polynomials, trinomials, and pentanomials. We have obtained explicit formulas and complexities of the multipliers for these three special irreducible polynomials. This makes it very easy for a designer to implement the proposed multipliers using hardware description languages like VHDL and Verilog with minimum knowledge of finite field arithmetic.
Analysis and sorting of prostate cancer cell types by flow cytometry (1999)

Two types of prostate cancer cells, CD57(+) and CD44(+), were identified. The finding that most primary tumors contain a predominantly CD57(+) cancer cell population agrees with the argument that cancer cells arise from the transformation of CD57(+) luminal cells. However, CD44(+) cancer cells are also present in some primary tumors; and in some metastases, they, and not CD57(+) cells, constitute a predominant population.
Mesenchymal stem cell injection after myocardial infarction improves myocardial compliance (2006)

Cellular therapy for myocardial injury has improved ventricular function in both animal and clinical studies, though the mechanism of benefit is unclear. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of cellular injection after infarction on myocardial elasticity. Coronary artery ligation of Lewis rats was followed by direct injection of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the acutely ischemic myocardium. Two weeks postinfarct, myocardial elasticity was mapped by atomic force microscopy. MSC-injected hearts near the infarct region were twofold stiffer than myocardium from noninfarcted animals but softer than myocardium from vehicle-treated infarcted animals. After 8 wk, the following variables were evaluated: MSC engraftment and left ventricular geometry by histological methods, cardiac function with a pressure-volume conductance catheter, myocardial fibrosis by Masson Trichrome staining, vascularity by immunohistochemistry, and apoptosis by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay. The human cells engrafted and expressed a cardiomyocyte protein but stopped short of full differentiation and did not stimulate significant angiogenesis. MSC-injected hearts showed significantly less fibrosis than controls, as well as less left ventricular dilation, reduced apoptosis, increased myocardial thickness, and preservation of systolic and diastolic cardiac function. In summary, MSC injection after myocardial infarction did not regenerate contracting cardiomyocytes but reduced the stiffness of the subsequent scar and attenuated postinfarction remodeling, preserving some cardiac function. Improving scarred heart muscle compliance could be a functional benefit of cellular cardiomyoplasty.
The Role of the O and K Antigens in Determining the Resistance of Klebsiella aerogenes to Serum Killing and Phagocytosis (1983)

The presence of both K and O antigens of Klebsiella aerogenes was found necessary to protect the organism from either complement-mediated serum killing or phagocytosis in the absence of specific antisera. Optimal phagocytic ingestion of K. aerogenes NCTC 5055 could be achieved in the presence of either anti-K or anti-O sera or to a much smaller extent in antisera raised against a rough unencapsulated mutant (M10B) derived from NCTC 5055. Anti-O sera failed to opsonize a clinical klebsiella isolate (DL1) possessing immunologically identical lipopolysaccharide, but did so when the amount of capsule was physically reduced. The serum sensitivity of the encapsulated strains was unaffected by the addition of specific antisera. Fresh serum was bacteriostatic for an unencapsulated smooth mutant (M10) derived from NCTC 5055. This bacteriostatic effect was reduced by heat-inactivation of the serum or by the addition of anti-O serum. M10 was rendered sensitive to the bactericidal action of serum in the presence of antisera raised against M10B or after chelation with MgEGTA to isolate alternative complement pathway activity. The rough unencapsulated mutant (M10B) was rapidly killed by fresh serum, an effect which could be delayed by chelation with MgEGTA. The serum sensitivity of M10B was unaffected by the presence of anti-M10B sera. Thus, the O antigen, unlike the K antigen, of these klebsiella strains is not antiphagocytic but it does confer some protection against the rapid bactericidal activity of serum complement.
Evidence of a Cellular Immune Response Against Sialyl-Tn in Breast and Ovarian Cancer Patients After High-Dose Chemotherapy, Stem Cell Rescue, and Immunization with Theratope STn-KLH Cancer Vaccine (1999)

Seven ovarian and 33 breast high-risk stage II/III and stage IV cancer patients received high-dose chemotherapy followed by stem cell rescue. Thirty to 151 days after stem cell transplantation, the patients received their first immunotherapy treatment with Theratope STn-KLH cancer vaccine. Most patients developed increasing IgG anti-STn titers to a sustained peak after the fourth or fifth immunizations. Only one patient had elevated CA27.29 (MUC1 mucin) serum levels at trial entry. Five of the seven patients with preimmunotherapy elevated serum CA125 levels demonstrated decreasing CA125 levels during immunotherapy, consistent with an antitumor response. Evidence of STn antigen-specific T-cell proliferation was obtained from 17 of the 27 evaluable patients who received at least three immunotherapy treatments. Eleven of the 26 patients tested had evidence of an anti-STn TH1 antigen-specific T-cell response as determined by interferon-gamma, but not interleukin (IL)-4, production. After immunization, lytic activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) tested against a lymphokine activated killer (LAK)-sensitive cell line, a natural killer (NK)-sensitive cell line, and an STn-expressing cancer cell line (OVCAR) increased significantly. In vitro IL-2 treatment of the PBLs after vaccination greatly enhanced killing of the STn+ cancer cell line. Evidence of the development of OVCAR specific killing activity, over and above that seen due to LAK or NK killing, is presented. These studies provide the strongest evidence in humans of the development of an antitumor T-cell response after immunization with a cancer-associated carbohydrate antigen.
From theory to practice (2018)

Modern video streaming uses adaptive bitrate (ABR) algorithms than run inside video players and continually adjust the quality (i.e., bitrate) of the video segments that are downloaded and rendered to the user. To maximize the quality-of-experience of the user, ABR algorithms must stream at a high bitrate with low rebuffering and low bitrate oscillations. Further, a good ABR algorithm is responsive to user and network events and can be used in demanding scenarios such as low-latency live streaming. Recent research papers provide an abundance of ABR algorithms, but fall short on many of the above real-world requirements.
Trichloro-oxazolines as Activated Donors for Aminosugar Coupling (2003)

Starting from tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal, a combination of the Overman rearrangement and subsequent dihydroxylation produces a range of aminosugars. These can be activated by formation of the corresponding trichloro-oxazolines, which are excellent glycosyl donors as they form disaccharides with good (trans) stereoselectivity under mild conditions. Propagation of these trichloro-oxazolines gave trisaccharides that can then be dehalogenated under a variety of conditions. [reaction: see text]
Selective and non-selective wet-chemical etchants for GaSb-based materials (2004)

A series of wet-chemical etchants for materials lattice-matched to GaSb was investigated. The etch rates for GaSb, AlAsSb, InAsSb and InAs with etch solutions based on KNa–tartaric acid (C4H4KNaO6), citric acid (C6H8O7) and hydrochloric acid were determined and the selectivities for the four different etching solutions are shown. The applicability of the selectivity between GaSb and InAs (respectively InAsSb) with C4H4KNaO6:HCl: H2O2:H2O (selectivity higher than 15:1) and C6H8O7:H2O2 (selectivity around 1:100) is proved by a substrate removal experiment. Also a new etchant for AlAsSb is proposed: HCl:H2O2:H2O etches AlAsSb versus GaSb with a selectivity of 5:1 and the GaSb surface underneath is smooth and without any remaining particles of oxidized aluminium.
Regression of established breast carcinoma xenografts with antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy against c-erbB2 p185. (1994)

The enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) was conjugated to the rat IgG2a monoclonal antibody (mAb) ICR12, which recognizes the external domain of the human c-erbB2 protooncogene product. The conjugate retained antigen-binding and enzyme activity. Radiolabeled conjugate localized efficiently and stably to MDA MB 361 breast carcinoma xenografts, which overexpress the c-erbB2 gene product p185. Radiotracer determinations and plasma enzyme activity studies in nu/nu mice gave conjugate blood clearance rate half-lives of approximately 4 days. In separate antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy regimes, one dose of the 4-[(2-chloroethyl)(2-mesyloxyethyl)amino]benzoyl-L-glutamic acid prodrug was administered to nu/nu mice bearing established MDA MB 361 tumors (mean volume, 170-260 mm3). In mice which had received ICR12-CPG2 12-14 days previously, sustained dose-dependent tumor stasis or regressions were effected, which in some cases persisted throughout observation periods of up to 90 days. In control mice which had received the isotype-matched irrelevant mAb ICR16-CPG2 conjugate, tumors grew progressively, as did those in mice treated with prodrug alone, or treated simultaneously with ICR12-CPG2 and prodrug at the maximum tolerated dose. Control chemotherapy with conventional drugs proved toxic and induced only minimal growth delays.
Recent advances in selective opioid receptor agonists and antagonists (2003)

Opioid analgesics provide outstanding benefits for relief of severe pain. The mechanisms of the analgesia accompanied with some side effects have been investigated by many scientists to shed light on the complex biological processes at the molecular level. New opioid drugs and therapies with more desirable properties can be developed on the bases of accurate insight of the opioid ligand-receptor interaction and clear knowledge of the pharmacological behavior of opioid receptors and the associated proteins. Toward this goal, recent advances in selective opioid receptor agonists and antagonists including opioid ligand-receptor interactions are summarized in this review article.
Phase II study of alpha interferon on renal cell carcinoma. Summary of three collaborative trials (1986)

A cooperative study was carried out in 44 institutions in Japan to evaluate the clinical efficacy of two kinds of recombinant human leukocyte interferon (Ro 22-8181 and Sch 30500) and a human lymphoblastoid interferon (MOR-22) on metastatic lesions of renal cell carcinoma. Of 226 evaluable cases, efficacy was observed in 40 cases; complete response (CR) in 4 cases, and partial response (PR) in 36 cases, indicating an overall response rate of 17.7%. Although there were no statistically significant differences in age range, sex distribution, and performance status between responders and nonresponders, the incidence of poor response was significantly higher among patients in whom primary renal cell carcinoma had remained or in those who had prior chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. When response was assessed with regard to individual metastatic sites of renal cell carcinoma, pulmonary metastasis was significantly susceptible to interferon treatment, compared to other metastatic sites. The median period to achieve CR or PR was 45 days (range, 22-211 days) and the median length to maintain CR or PR was 79 days (range, 29-278 days). The median of pulmonary metastatic area that was measured by the sum of the products of the largest perpendicular diameters was 7.2 cm2 (0.5-107.8 cm2), which was reduced to 1.1 cm2 (0-48.8 cm2) by alpha interferons. Cumulative survival of all responder patients was significantly longer than that of other patients with poor response.
Dual-polarity plasmonic metalens for visible light (2012)

Surface topography and refractive index profile dictate the deterministic functionality of a lens. The polarity of most lenses reported so far, that is, either positive (convex) or negative (concave), depends on the curvatures of the interfaces. Here we experimentally demonstrate a counter-intuitive dual-polarity flat lens based on helicity-dependent phase discontinuities for circularly polarized light. Specifically, by controlling the helicity of the input light, the positive and negative polarity are interchangeable in one identical flat lens. Helicity-controllable real and virtual focal planes, as well as magnified and demagnified imaging, are observed on the same plasmonic lens at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The plasmonic metalens with dual polarity may empower advanced research and applications in helicity-dependent focusing and imaging devices, angular-momentum-based quantum information processing and integrated nano-optoelectronics.
The expression of Y-linked Zfy2 in XY mouse oocytes leads to frequent meiosis 2 defects, a high incidence of subsequent early cleavage stage arrest and infertility (2014)

Outbred XY(Sry-) female mice that lack Sry due to the 11 kb deletion Sry(dl1Rlb) have very limited fertility. However, five lines of outbred XY(d) females with Y chromosome deletions Y(Del(Y)1Ct)-Y(Del(Y)5Ct) that deplete the Rbmy gene cluster and repress Sry transcription were found to be of good fertility. Here we tested our expectation that the difference in fertility between XO, XY(d-1) and XY(Sry-) females would be reflected in different degrees of oocyte depletion, but this was not the case. Transgenic addition of Yp genes to XO females implicated Zfy2 as being responsible for the deleterious Y chromosomal effect on fertility. Zfy2 transcript levels were reduced in ovaries of XY(d-1) compared with XY(Sry-) females in keeping with their differing fertility. In seeking the biological basis of the impaired fertility we found that XY(Sry-), XY(d-1) and XO,Zfy2 females produce equivalent numbers of 2-cell embryos. However, in XY(Sry-) and XO,Zfy2 females the majority of embryos arrested with 2-4 cells and almost no blastocysts were produced; by contrast, XY(d-1) females produced substantially more blastocysts but fewer than XO controls. As previously documented for C57BL/6 inbred XY females, outbred XY(Sry-) and XO,Zfy2 females showed frequent failure of the second meiotic division, although this did not prevent the first cleavage. Oocyte transcriptome analysis revealed major transcriptional changes resulting from the Zfy2 transgene addition. We conclude that Zfy2-induced transcriptional changes in oocytes are sufficient to explain the more severe fertility impairment of XY as compared with XO females.
CyaC-mediated activation is important not only for toxic but also for protective activities of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase-hemolysin (1993)

Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase-hemolysin (AC-Hly), encoded by the cyaA gene, belongs to the RTX family of toxins with extensive glycine-rich repeats in the carboxy-terminal portion. AC-Hly possesses both adenylate cyclase toxic and hemolytic activities that depend on a posttranslational modification mediated by the product of the cyaC gene. An improved system for AC-Hly synthesis and activation in Escherichia coli was developed. The results show that with purified AC-Hly (i) increased expression of the cyaC gene leads to a higher proportion of activated AC-Hly, (ii) the increase in protective activity of the activated recombinant AC-Hly correlates with the increase in its invasive and hemolytic activities, and (iii) the activated recombinant AC-Hly, but not the nonactivated recombinant AC-Hly, is a protective antigen against B. pertussis infection in a murine respiratory model. This suggests that possibly an immunodominant epitope required for protective activity is linked to the CyaC-mediated modification. Surprisingly, the protective and hemolytic activities of activated recombinant AC-Hly were lower than those of AC-Hly produced by B. pertussis, while its invasive activity was higher. This indicates that the modification of AC-Hly in B. pertussis and that in E. coli may differ.
DataMesh-parallel storage systems for the 1990s (2002)

A description is given of DataMesh, a research project with the goal of developing software to maximize the performance of mass storage I/O, while providing high availability, ease of use, and scalability. The DataMesh hardware architecture is that of an array of disk nodes, with each disk having a dedicated 20-MIPS single-chip processor and 8-32 MBytes RAM. The nodes are linked by a fast, reliable, small-area network, and programmed to appear as a single storage server. Phase 1 of the DataMesh project will provide smart disk arrays; phase 2 will expand this to include file systems; and phase 3 will support parallel databases, data searches, and other application-specific functions. The initial target of the work is storage servers for groups of high-powered workstations, although the techniques are applicable to several different problems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Activity in Vitro by Oligonucleotides Which Form Intramolecular Tetrads (1995)

An oligonucleotide (I100-15) composed of only deoxyguanosine and thymidine was able to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) in culture assay systems. I100-15 did not block virus entry into cells but did reduce viral-specific transcripts. As assessed by NMR and polyacrylamide gel methods, I100-15 appears to form a structure in which two stacked guanosine tetrads are connected by three two-base long loops. Structure/activity experiments indicated that formation of intramolecular guanosine tetrads was necessary to achieve maximum antiviral activity. The single deoxyguanosine nucleotide present in each loop was found to be extremely important for the overall antiviral activity. The toxicity of I100-15 was determined to be well above the 50% effective dose (ED50) in culture which yielded a high therapeutic index (> 100). The addition of a cholesterol moiety to the 3' terminus of I100-15 (I100-23) reduced the ED50 value to less than 50 nM (from 0.12 microM for I100-15) and increased the duration of viral suppression to greater than 21 days (versus 7-10 days for I100-15) after removal of the drug from infected cell cultures. The favorable therapeutic index of such molecules coupled with the prolonged suppression of HIV-1, suggest that such compounds further warrant investigation as potential therapeutic agents.
Polybenzimidazole Membranes for Hydrogen Production in the Hybrid Sulfur Electrolyzer (2015)

The hybrid sulfur (HyS) thermochemical cycle has been studied as a means to produce large quantities of clean hydrogen at higher efficiencies than those possible from water electrolysis. Unfortunately, perfluorosulfonic acid polymers (e.g., Nafion) studied previously in SO2-depolarized electrolyzers for the HyS process suffer from poor proton conductivity at high acid concentrations. Therefore, alternative membranes are needed to obtain high efficiency in the electrolyzer used in the HyS process. Recent studies have shown that the HyS electrolyzer can operate with sulfuric acid-doped polybenzimidazole membranes, which have good proton conductivity when in contact with concentrated acid. Here we show model results that indicate s-PBI membranes can operate at up to 160°C at similar acid concentrations, which can reduce kinetic resistance and should improve overall system efficiency.
Stoichiometric and Substoichiometric Inhibition of Tubulin Self-Assembly by Colchicine Analogues (1996)

The mechanism of the stoichiometric and substoichiometric inhibitions of tubulin self-assembly by several structural analogues of colchicine (COL) was investigated. The inhibition data were analyzed in terms of a simple model that takes into consideration Kg, the normal microtubule growth constant, equal to Cr-1 (Cr is the critical concentration for microtubule formation), and Kb, the binding constant of the drug to tubulin. In this manner, the value of the microtubule inhibition constant (Ki), which is the binding constant of the tubulin-drug complex to the end of a growing microtubule (which stops the microtubule growth), was determined. The results of the analysis of microtubule inhibition by the various colchicine analogues show that all the inhibitions can be expressed reasonably by this model. The strongest inhibitors found were colchicine (COL), allocolchicine (ALLO), and the biphenyl keto analogue 2,3,4-trimethoxy-4'-acetyl-1,1'-biphenyl (TKB), which had essentially identical values of Ki = (2.1 +/- 0.3) x 10(6) M(-1). MTC, the two-ring analogue of colchicine, was weaker (Ki = 5.6 x 10(5) M(-1). A most striking result was that tropolone methyl ether (TME), which is ring C of COL, and which binds very weakly to tubulin (Kb = 3.5 x 10(2) M(-1)), is a substoichiometric inhibitor. Its Ki value of 8.7 x 10(5) M(-1) makes it identical in strength to MTC, suggesting that ring A makes little or no contribution to the induction of assembly inhibition. The three biphenyls, which bind to tubulin with similar affinity, spanned the spectrum from strong substoichiometric inhibition (TKB) to stoichiometric inhibition for 2,3,4-trimethoxy-4'-carbomethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl (TCB) and an intermediate mode for the methoxy derivative 2,3,4,4'-tetramethoxy-1,1'-biphenyl (TMB). The extent of tubulin bound to drugs at 50% inhibition (r) was ca. 2% for TKB, ALLO, and COL, i.e. one liganded tubulin for every 40-50 molecules of free protein (substoichiometric). This ratio was 1:1.5 for TCB (stoichiometric) and 1:6 for TMB (intermediate). For TME, which is a single ring compound, it was 1:25. The progression of the stoichiometries varied directly with Ki and was totally unrelated to the values of Kb, which indicated the control of the stoichiometry by Ki and the close thermodynamic linkage between r and Ki. Comparison of the inhibitory capabilities of the various drugs identified the need for strong substoichiometric inhibition of a carbonyl group on ring C or C'. Furthermore, this group must be properly oriented by interaction with the protein or by the structural rigidity imparted by ring B, as in ALLO. The simple linked equilibrium model developed in this paper permits the alignment of drugs along a continuum that ranges from stoichiometric to strong substoichiometric modes of microtubule inhibition. Furthermore, it shows that the previously identified two classes are the two ends of a monotonously progressing spectrum described by a single mechanism of action.