gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Trust Region Methods (2000)

Preface 1. Introduction Part I. Preliminaries: 2. Basic Concepts 3. Basic Analysis and Optimality Conditions 4. Basic Linear Algebra 5. Krylov Subspace Methods Part II. Trust-Region Methods for Unconstrained Optimization: 6. Global Convergence of the Basic Algorithm 7.The Trust-Region Subproblem 8. Further Convergence Theory Issues 9. Conditional Models 10. Algorithmic Extensions 11. Nonsmooth Problems Part III. Trust-Region Methods for Constrained Optimization with Convex Constraints: 12. Projection Methods for Convex Constraints 13. Barrier Methods for Inequality Constraints Part IV. Trust-Region Mewthods for General Constained Optimization and Systems of Nonlinear Equations: 14. Penalty-Function Methods 15. Sequential Quadratic Programming Methods 16. Nonlinear Equations and Nonlinear Fitting Part V. Final Considerations: Practicalities Afterword Appendix: A Summary of Assumptions Annotated Bibliography Subject and Notation Index Author Index.
Glucose to Value-added Chemicals: Anhydroglucose Formation by Selective Dehydration over Solid Acid Catalysts (2009)

Abstract Selective dehydration of glucose to anhydroglucoses, 1,6-anhydro-β-d-glucopyranose (levoglucosan) and 1,6-anhydro-β-d-glucofuranose, which are highly value-added intermediates for drugs, polymers, and surfactants was performed. Solid acids with sulfonic acid groups like Amberlyst-15 were found to effectively produce anhydroglucoses in polar aprotic solvents.
Role of inflammatory mediators in the pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (2003)

Inflammatory response leading to organ dysfunction and failure continues to be the major problem after injury in many clinical conditions such as sepsis, severe burns, acute pancreatitis, haemorrhagic shock, and trauma. In general terms, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is an entirely normal response to injury. Systemic leukocyte activation, however, is a direct consequence of a SIRS and if excessive, can lead to distant organ damage and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). When SIRS leads to MODS and organ failure, the mortality becomes high and can be more than 50%. Acute lung injury that clinically manifests as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a major component of MODS of various aetiologies. Inflammatory mediators play a key role in the pathogenesis of ARDS, which is the primary cause of death in these conditions. This review summarizes recent studies that demonstrate the critical role played by inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, platelet activating factor (PAF), IL-10, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), C5a, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, substance P, chemokines, VEGF, IGF-I, KGF, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the pathogenesis of ARDS. It is reasonable to speculate that elucidation of the key mediators in ARDS coupled with the discovery of specific inhibitors would make it possible to develop clinically effective anti-inflammatory therapy.
Semantic thesaurus for automatic expanded query in information retrieval (2001)

This article proposes (a) a semantic structuring for thesauri and (b) a procedure that handles it, for automatic query expansion in information retrieval. The thesaurus for this experiment was built manually, based on a traditional dictionary, adopting aspects from the Generative Lexicon Theory by James Pustejovsky as well as concepts from object oriented software modeling. We show how to select new terms for query expansion and to calculate their weights. This last task is performed according to intersections of the derived lexical sets and to the depth level for descriptors search with respect to each considered term. Also, an evaluation of the use of these resources is presented.
Synthesis and Characterization of Boron-Doped Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Produced by the Laser Vaporization Technique (2006)

We present the first successful high-yield laser vaporization synthesis of high-quality boron-doped single-wall carbon nanotubes (B-SWNTs). Boron was loaded into graphite targets in the form of elemental B as well as nickel boride (NiB) and vaporized in a laser-oven apparatus in both Ar and N2 ambients. Although targets containing elemental B produced no or low yields of SWNTs, the NiB catalyst in N2 produced SWNT bundles comparable in quality to the best pure-carbon SWNTs produced from traditional Ni/Co catalysts. A variety of different samples were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nanoprobe electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Boron was found to be doped substitutionally in the SWNT lattice at contents up to 1.8 at % by EELS. The 13C NMR chemical shift of SWNT nuclei is affected by boron doping by shifting to higher frequency, as expected for p-type doping. The EELS and NMR data exclude the possibility of B and N codoping. Aspects of the growth mechanism are discussed.
Genetic differences between Asian and Caucasian chronic lymphocytic leukemia (2013)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a common hematological malignancy in Western countries. However, this disease is very rare in Asian countries. It is not clear whether the mechanisms of development of CLL in Caucasians and Asians are the same. We compared genetic abnormalities in Asian and Caucasian CLL using 250k GeneChip arrays. Both Asian and Caucasian CLL had four common genetic abnormalities: deletion of 13q14.3, trisomy 12, abnormalities of ATM (11q) and abnormalities of 17p. Interestingly, trisomy 12 and deletion of 13q14.3 were mutually exclusive in both groups. We also found that deletions of miR 34b/34c (11q), caspase 1/4/5 (11q), Rb1 (13q) and DLC1 (8p) are common in both ethnic groups. Asian CLL more frequently had gain of 3q and 18q. These suggest that classic genomic changes in the Asian and Caucasina CLL are same. Further, we found amplification of IRF4 and deletion of the SP140/SP100 genes; these genes have been reported as CLL-associated genes by previous genome-wide-association study. We have found classic genomic abnormalities in Asian CLL as well as novel genomic alteration in CLL.
Allogeneic marrow stromal cells are immune rejected by MHC class I– and class II–mismatched recipient mice (2005)

It has been suggested that marrow stromal cells (MSCs) may be immunoprivileged and can engraft in allogeneic recipients with intact immune systems. We determined if the implantation of murine MSCs engineered to release erythropoietin (Epo) would be feasible in major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched allogeneic mice without immunosuppression, and we monitored hematocrit (Hct) as a reporter of MSC graft survival. MSCs from C57Bl/6 mice were engineered to release murine Epo (Epo+ MSCs) and implanted subcutaneously in either syngeneic C57Bl/6 mice or MHC-mismatched Balb/c mice. In syngeneic recipients, the Hct rapidly rose from baseline level and remained higher than .88 (88%) for more than 200 days. However, in MHC-mismatched recipient Balb/c mice, the Hct rose transiently and rapidly declined to baseline values. Repeat implantations in these same mice were associated with an acquired refractoriness in the Hct response consistent with alloimmunization to donor Epo+ MSCs. Allogeneic MSC implants had an increased proportion of host-derived lymphoid CD8+, natural killer T (NKT), and NK infiltrating cells compared with syngeneic controls, and splenocytes isolated from Balb/c mice that had received implants also displayed a significant interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) response to C57Bl/6 MSCs in vitro. These results strongly suggest that MSCs are not intrinsically immunoprivileged and cannot serve as a "universal donor" in immunocompetent MHC-mismatched recipients.
Open-domain textual question answering techniques (2003)

Textual question answering is a technique of extracting a sentence or text snippet from a document or document collection that responds directly to a query. Open-domain textual question answering presupposes that questions are natural and unrestricted with respect to topic. The question answering (Q/A) techniques, as embodied in today's systems, can be roughly divided into two types: (1) techniques for Information Seeking (IS), which localize the answer in vast document collections; and (2) techniques for Reading Comprehension (RC) that answer a series of questions related to a given document. Although these two types of techniques and systems are different, it is desirable to combine them for enabling more advanced forms of Q/A. This paper discusses an approach that successfully enhanced an existing IS system with RC capabilities. This enhancement is important because advanced Q/A, as exemplified by the ARDA AQUAINT program, is moving towards Q/A systems that incorporate semantic and pragmatic knowledge enabling dialogue-based Q/A. Because today's RC systems involve a short series of questions in context, they represent a rudimentary form of interactive Q/A which constitutes a possible foundation for more advanced forms of dialogue-based Q/A.
Joint capsule treatment with enkephalin‐encoding HSV‐1 recombinant vector reduces inflammatory damage and behavioural sequelae in rat CFA monoarthritis (2008)

This study assessed enkephalin expression induced by intra-articular application of recombinant, enkephalin-encoding herpes virus (HSV-1) and the impact of expression on nociceptive behaviours and synovial lining inflammation in arthritic rats. Replication-conditional HSV-1 recombinant vectors with cDNA encoding preproenkephalin (HSV-ENK), or control transgene beta-galactosidase cDNA (HSV-beta-gal; control) were injected into knee joints with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Joint temperatures, circumferences and nociceptive behaviours were monitored on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 post CFA and vector treatments. Lumbar (L4-6) dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cords were immunostained for met-enkephalin (met-ENK), beta-gal, HSV-1 proteins and Fos. Joint tissues were immunostained for met-ENK, HSV-1 proteins, and inflammatory mediators Regulated on Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) and cyclo-oxygenase-2, or stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histopathology. Compared to exuberant synovial hypertrophy and inflammatory cell infiltration seen in arthritic rats treated with CFA only or CFA and HSV-beta-gal, the CFA- and HSV-ENK-treated arthritic rats had: (i) striking preservation of synovial membrane cytoarchitecture with minimal inflammatory cell infiltrates; (ii) significantly improved nociceptive behavioural responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli; (iii) normalized Fos staining in lumbar dorsal horn; and (iv) significantly increased met-ENK staining in ipsilateral synovial tissue, lumbar DRG and spinal cord. The HSV-1 and transgene product expression were confined to ipsilateral lumbar DRG (HSV-1, met-ENK, beta-gal). Only transgene product (met-ENK and beta-gal) was seen in lumbar spinal cord sections. Targeted delivery of enkephalin-encoding HSV-1 vector generated safe, sustained opioid-induced analgesia with protective anti-inflammatory blunting in rat inflammatory arthritis.
How cochlear implants encode speech (2004)

Current implant devices, and those soon to be available, have substantial untapped potential to improve the auditory experience of their recipients. It is likely that in the near future, recent findings on pitch and loudness perception, as well as techniques to better emulate the normal functions of the cochlea will result in much higher levels of prosthetic hearing fidelity than are possible today. As the performance of these remarkable devices continues to improve, the population of hearing-impaired individuals who can benefit from implantation is likely to increase significantly.
Le clonage des adnc complets : difficultes, perspectives nouvelles. apports pour l'etude de la regulation de l'expression de la tryptophane hydroxylase de rat (1993)

La tryptophane hydroxylase est une enzyme catalysant l'etape limitante de la synthese de la serotonine. Le clonage, chez le rat, des adn complementaires correspondant au messager codant cette enzyme avait mis en evidence la presence de deux messagers differents par leurs extremites 5' non traduites. Compte tenu de l'abondance de l'une des formes il est impossible de l'isoler en utilisant les methodologies existantes. Nous avons developpe une nouvelle strategie de clonage basee sur la ligature d'un oligonucleotide a l'extremite 3' des adn complementaires ce qui facilite leur isolement par amplification en chaine in vitro. Ce procede a ete brevete. Des strategies nouvelles permettant d'obtenir des adnc complets ont ete testees et sont encore en cours d'elaboration. En particulier nous experimentons une methode pour etiqueter directement l'extremite 5' des arnm apres leur decoiffage. Les arnm tph, en plus des deux extremites 5' ont 3 extremites 3' pour une meme partie codante. Pour determiner l'influence de ces differentes sequences sur la traductibilite et la stabilite des messagers, nous avons construits et exprimes in vitro les 6 formes d'arnm
Tyk2 is a therapeutic target for psoriasis-like skin inflammation (2013)

Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2), a member of the Jak kinase family, mediates signals triggered by various cytokines, which are related to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In this study, we investigated the role of Tyk2 in IL-23-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Tyk2(-/-) mice when injected with IL-23 showed significantly reduced ear skin swelling with epidermal hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration compared with wild-type mice. In addition, Tyk2 deficiency reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and psoriasis-relevant anti-microbial peptides. More noteworthy is that Tyk2 directly regulated IL-22-dependent inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia. Taken together with the inhibition of IL-23-induced inflammation by treatment with neutralizing antibodies against IL-17 or IL-22, Tyk2 participates in both IL-23 and IL-22 signal transduction to mediate psoriasis-like skin inflammation. On the basis of these findings, we demonstrated for the first time that a small-molecule Tyk2 inhibitor significantly inhibited IL-23-induced inflammation and cytokine production in the skin. These observations demonstrate the important role of Tyk2 in experimental skin inflammation and indicate the therapeutic potential of Tyk2 inhibition in human psoriasis.
A Phase II Evaluation of Oral Tamoxifen and Intermittent Intravenous Vinblastine in Hormone-Refractory Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate (1996)

Hormone refractory prostate carcinoma is an incurable disease. Therapy affecting the tissue matrix at the level of the cytoskeleton has been demonstrated to inhibit prostate cancer growth. In vivo and in vitro evidence demonstrated vinblastine and tamoxifen to be agents that would interact to inhibit prostate cancer growth by microtubule inhibition. This study evaluated the effectiveness of these agents in combination in 22 patients with metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer. Patients received tamoxifen 20 mg twice daily continuously plus vinblastine 4 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, 15, 22, 28, and 35 every 49 days. Disease response was assessed after the first two cycles of therapy. No partial or complete responses were definitively identified. Only 23% of participants received two or more full cycles of therapy. Major toxicities included grade 1-3 leukopenia (73%), grade 2-3 anemia (64%), and two participants experienced a grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia. Only two participants experienced a greater than 50% decrease in serum PSA, one of which may have been attributed to a flutamide withdrawal syndrome. We conclude that the dosage and schedule of vinblastine and tamoxifen used in this study is inactive in the treatment of metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer.
Cannington Port Facilities, Townsville Queensland: Designing and Operating to Improve Environmental Performance (1999)

BHP Cannington is a silver, lead and zinc mine, located in north-west Queensland approximately 700 kilometres west of Townsville. The mineral concentrates from the minesite are transported to the Port of Townsville. Here Cannington has developed their port facility where the mineral concentrates are received, handled, stored and loaded on ships ready for export. This port facility was designed and constructed under an alliance arrangement between BHP World Minerals, Thiess Contractors, Sinclair Knight Merz and Connell Wagner. It is a state-of-the-art facility and was designed and built to ensure operational viability for the entire minelife of 20 years. The $75 million port facility consists of a : rotary tippler rated at 1500 tonnes per hour; enclosed conveyor system for the inloading and outloading of concentrates; concentrate storage facilities for up to 40,000 tonnes of concentrate; jetty and wharf structure extending 460 metres offshore into Cleveland Bay; and a purpose built shiploader rated at 1200 tonnes per hour. A detailed risk analysis was carried out at the design phase in which the key environmental values were identified. Environmental controls were then designed in order to protect these values.
Kinetic Energy Harvesting Using Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Technologies—State of the Art (2009)

This paper presents the latest progress in kinetic energy harvesting for wide applications ranging from implanted devices and wearable electronic devices to mobile electronics and self-powered wireless network nodes. The advances in energy harvesters adopting piezoelectric and electromagnetic transduction mechanisms are presented. Piezoelectric generators convert mechanical strain on the active material to electric charge while electromagnetic generators make use of the relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic flux to induce charge in the conductor. The existent kinetic piezoelectric generators including human-powered and vibration-based devices are comprehensively addressed. In addition, the electromagnetic generators which include resonant, rotational, and ¿hybrid¿ devices are reviewed. In the conclusion part of this paper, a comparison between the transduction methods and future application trends is given.
Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (Syk), a Novel Target of Curcumin, Is Required for B Lymphoma Growth (2007)

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a component of dietary spice turmeric (Curcuma longa), has been shown in recent studies to have therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and osteoporosis. We investigated the ability of curcumin to modulate the growth of B lymphomas. Curcumin inhibited the growth of both murine and human B lymphoma in vitro and murine B lymphoma in vivo. We also demonstrate that curcumin-mediated growth inhibition of B lymphoma is through inhibition of the survival kinase Akt and its key target Bad. However, in vitro kinase assays show that Akt is not a direct target of curcumin. We identified a novel target for curcumin in B lymphoma viz spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). Syk is constitutively activated in primary tumors and B lymphoma cell lines and curcumin down-modulates Syk activity accompanied by down-regulation of Akt activation. Moreover, we show that overexpression of Akt, a target of Syk, or Bcl-x(L), a target of Akt can overcome curcumin-induced apoptosis of B lymphoma cells. These observations suggest a novel growth promoting role for Syk in lymphoma cells.
GENE EXPRESSION IN OLDER RATS WITH DELAYED UNION OF FEMORAL FRACTURES (2003)

All genes studied were up-regulated by the fracture in both age-groups. Thus, the failure of the older rats to heal promptly was not due to the lack of expression of any of the studied genes. The increase in mRNA for Ihh and BMP-2 in the older rats was smaller than that in the younger rats, which may contribute to slower fracture repair. The return of mRNA gene expression to baseline in the older rats prior to healing may contribute to the delayed union. The slower healing response of the older rats did not stimulate a negative-feedback increase in the mRNA expression of stimulatory cytokines.
Lead-Free Halide Double Perovskites via Heterovalent Substitution of Noble Metals (2016)

Lead-based halide perovskites are emerging as the most promising class of materials for next-generation optoelectronics; however, despite the enormous success of lead-halide perovskite solar cells, the issues of stability and toxicity are yet to be resolved. Here we report on the computational design and the experimental synthesis of a new family of Pb-free inorganic halide double perovskites based on bismuth or antimony and noble metals. Using first-principles calculations we show that this hitherto unknown family of perovskites exhibits very promising optoelectronic properties, such as tunable band gaps in the visible range and low carrier effective masses. Furthermore, we successfully synthesize the double perovskite Cs2BiAgCl6, perform structural refinement using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and characterize its optical properties via optical absorption and photoluminescence measurements. This new perovskite belongs to the Fm3̅m space group and consists of BiCl6 and AgCl6 octahedra alternating in a rock-salt face-centered cubic structure. From UV-vis and photoluminescence measurements we obtain an indirect gap of 2.2 eV.
Crystallization and initial X-ray analysis of β-crustacyanin, the dimer of apoproteins A2 and C1, each with a bound astaxanthin molecule (1996)

Crystals of beta-crustacyanin, a carotenoid-binding protein from lobster carapace, have been grown under oil from solutions containing sodium potassium phosphate as precipitant. They grow slowly over a period of months to reach maximal dimensions of 0.5 x 0.1 x 0.1 mm, and belong to space group P622 with cell dimensions: a = b = 124.39, c = 188.86 A and gamma = 120 degrees. The crystals diffract to beyond 3 A but are very radiation sensitive, limiting the resolution of usable data. The unit-cell volume suggests that there are two beta-crustacyanin molecules per asymmetric unit.
Haplotypes and gene expression implicate the MAPT region for Parkinson disease (2008)

This study supports a role for MAPT in the pathogenesis of familial and idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD). Interestingly, the results of the gene expression studies suggest that other genes in the vicinity of MAPT, specifically STH and KIAA1267, may also have a role in PD and suggest complex effects for the genes in this region on PD risk.
Altered Creatine Kinase Adenosine Triphosphate Kinetics in Failing Hypertrophied Human Myocardium (2006)

These first observations in human LVH demonstrate that it is not the relative or absolute CK metabolite pool sizes but rather the kinetics of ATP turnover through CK that distinguish failing from nonfailing hypertrophic hearts. Moreover, the deficit in ATP kinetics is similar in systolic and nonsystolic heart failure and is not related to the severity of hypertrophy but to the presence of CHF. Because CK temporally buffers ATP, these observations support the hypothesis that a deficit in myofibrillar energy delivery contributes to CHF pathophysiology in human LVH.