gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Taxol formulation: polyvinylpyrrolidone nanoparticle-encapsulated Taxol for drug delivery in cancer therapy. (1996)

Taxol is a novel antitumor alkaloid that has shown clinical activity against several tumors. However, due to its low aqueous solubility, Cremophor EL (polyoxyethylated castor oil) and ethanol are used as excipients in the pharmaceutical drug formulations. These agents are implicated in hypersensitivity reactions. Hence the goal of this work was to design a novel Taxol formulation using polymeric nanoparticles to eliminate the Cremophor EL vehicle for drug delivery. Polyvinylpyrrolidone nanoparticles containing Taxol were prepared by a reverse microemulsion method. The size of the nanoparticles as determined by quasielastic light scattering was found to be between 50 and 60 nm. The antitumor effect of Taxol encapsulated nanoparticles was evaluated in B16F10 murine melanoma transplanted in C57B1/6 mice. The in vivo efficacy of Taxol-containing nanoparticles as measured by reduction in tumor volume and increased survival time was significantly greater than that of an equivalent concentration of free Taxol. These results suggest that encapsulation of Taxol in polymeric nanoparticles could be useful in improving its therapeutic efficacy in treatment of solid tumors.
Developmental patterning of rod and cone photoreceptors in embryonic zebrafish (1995)

Cone photoreceptors in the zebrafish retina are arranged in a crystalline lattice, with each spectral subtype at a specific position in the array; rod photoreceptors are inserted around the cones. Patterning events and developmental mechanisms that lead to the formation of the cone mosaic are not known. To begin investigating this issue, we examined the initial stages of opsin expression in zebrafish embryos by in situ hybridization with goldfish opsin cRNA probes to determine how and when the cone mosaic pattern arises. We found both differences and similarities in the spatiotemporal patterns of rod and cone development, which suggest the following: 1) Expression of opsin message (including rod opsin, blue and red cone opsins) was found in a ventral patch of retina located nasal to the choroid fissure. 2) The cone mosaic pattern was generated by a crystallization-like process initiated in the precocial ventral patch and secondarily in nasal retina, which then swept like a wave into dorsotemporal retina. 3) The remainder of the retina, suggesting that these precocial rods might differ from typical rods. 4) Developmental maturation of rods in zebrafish, as reflected by expression of opsin, may be accelerated compared to cones, which are thought to become postmitotic before rods. These data are consistent with a model in which lateral inductive interactions among differentiating photoreceptors lead to patterning of the array.
A meta-search method reinforced by cluster descriptors (2002)

A meta-search engine acts as an agent for the participant search engines. It receives queries from users and redirects them to one or more of the participant search engines for processing. A meta-search engine incorporating many participant search engines is better than a single global search engine in terms of the number of pages indexed and the freshness of the indexes. The meta-search engine stores descriptive data (i.e., descriptors) about the index maintained by each participant search engine so that it can estimate the relevance of each search engine when a query is received. The ability for the meta-search engine to select the most relevant search engines determines the quality of the final result. To facilitate the selection process, the document space covered by each search engine must be described not only concisely but also precisely. Existing methods tend to focus on the conciseness of the descriptors by keeping a descriptor for a search engine &amp;apos;s entire index. This paper proposes to cluster a search engine&amp;apos;s document space into clusters and keep a descriptor for each cluster. We show that cluster descriptors can provide a finer and more accurate representation of the document space, and hence enable the meta-search engine to improve the selection of relevant search engines. Two cluster-based search engine selection scenarios (i.e., independent and high-correlation) are discussed in this paper. Experiments verify that the cluster-based search engine selection can effectively identify the most relevant search engines and improve the quality of the search results consequently. 1
The cis-acting elements known to regulate c-myc expression ex vivo are not sufficient for correct transcription in vivo. (1994)

Much of our knowledge about the regulation of the c-myc proto-oncogene expression has come from studies of c-myc gene expression in several well defined ex vivo systems, including differentiation systems and tumor cells. However, very few investigations have been performed to determine the factors and cis-acting sequences that regulate c-myc expression in vivo. In order to obtain information on the sequences required to regulate c-myc gene transcription from the two major P1 and P2 initiation sites in the mouse, we have generated several constructs containing human or murine c-myc genomic sequences with various 5' flanking sequences and derived corresponding transgenic mice. A sensitive S1 nuclease protection assay was performed to analyse and to compare transgene expression with that of the endogenous c-myc mRNA, either in adult organs, or during development. None of the transgenic mice expressed the construct appropriately, although several strains exhibited unexpected expression most probably due to position effects. Our results indicate that the cis-acting elements described to regulate c-myc expression ex vivo are not sufficient to drive the correct expression of c-myc gene in vivo and strongly suggest that additional regulatory elements located upstream from -3500 (with respect to mouse P1 promoter) and downstream 1500 bp from polyadenylation sites are required.
Stem cells in normal breast development and breast cancer (2003)

Abstract. The main focus of this review is the role of mammary stem cells in normal breast development and carcinogenesis. We have developed a new in vitro culture system that permits, for the first time, the propagation of mammary stem and progenitor cells in an undifferentiated state, which should facilitate the elucidation of pathways that regulate normal mammary stem‐cell self‐renewal and differentiation. Furthermore, we propose a model in which transformation of stem cells, or early progenitor cells, results in carcinogenesis. A key event in this process is the deregulation of normal self‐renewal in these cells. Transformed mammary stem or progenitor cells undergo aberrant differentiation processes that result in generation of the phenotypic heterogeneity found in human and rodent breast cancers. This phenotypic diversity is driven by a small subset of mammary tumour stem cells. We will discuss the important implications of this mammary tumour stem‐cell model.
Chemiresistive Sensing of Volatile Organic Compounds with Films of Surfactant-Stabilized Gold and Gold−Silver Alloy Nanoparticles (2008)

Here we describe the chemiresistive sensing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with films of chemically synthesized approximately 4 nm diameter Au and AuAg alloy nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized by a surfactant, tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOABr). The chemiresistive sensing properties were measured over a concentration range of 100 to 0.04% saturation for methanol (MeOH), ethanol (EtOH), 2-propanol (IPA), and toluene (Tol) vapor analytes and compared directly to the chemiresistive sensing properties of films of 1.6 nm diameter hexanethiolate (C6S)-coated Au monolayer-protected clusters (MPCs). Films of TOABr-stabilized Au NPs exhibit the opposite response compared to those of C6S-coated Au MPCs. The details are unclear, but the mechanism likely involves changes in capacitive charging in the film or improved conductive pathways through the Au NPs upon incorporation of VOCs into the film for the former as opposed to the well-known change in electron hopping conductivity for the latter. This leads to a decrease in resistance in the presence of VOCs for TOABr Au as opposed to an increase for C6S Au. The TOABr Au sensors are more sensitive, especially for polar analytes, and have greater long-term stability compared to C6S Au. The limit of detection (LOD) for films of TOABr-coated Au NPs is 3, 2, 12, and 37 ppm for IPA, MeOH, EtOH, and Tol, respectively, as compared to 106, 326, 242, and 48 for C6S Au. Films of TOABr-stabilized AuAg alloy NPs exhibit the same type of response, but the sensitivity decreases dramatically with increasing Ag content, showing that the metal composition of the NPs in the film plays a role in the sensing properties, which has not been well-recognized in the literature.
Sequence of the small subunit of yeast carbamyl phosphate synthetase and identification of its catalytic domain. (1984)

The yeast gene CPA1 coding for the small subunit of arginine-specific carbamyl phosphate synthetase has been cloned by complementation of a cpa 1 mutant with a plasmid library of total yeast chromosomal DNA. Two of the plasmids, pJL113/ST4 and pJL113/ST15, contain DNA inserts in opposite orientations with overlapping sequences of 2.6 kilobases. The nucleotide sequence of a 2.2-kilobase region of the DNA insert carrying the CPA1 gene has been determined. The CPA1 gene has been identified to be 1233 nucleotides long and to code for a polypeptide of 411 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 45,358. The amino acid sequence encoded in CPA1 is homologous to the recently determined sequence of the small subunit of Escherichia coli carbamyl phosphate synthetase (Piette, J., Nyunoya, H., Lusty, C.J., Cunin, R., Weyens, G., Crabeel, M., Charlier, D., Glandsdorff, N., and Pierard, A. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 4134-4138) over the entire length of the polypeptide chain. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the small subunits of yeast and E. coli carbamyl phosphate synthetases to the sequences of Component II of anthranilate and p-aminobenzoate synthases suggests that these amidotransferases are evolutionarily related. The most highly conserved region of the yeast and E. coli enzymes includes a cysteine residue previously found to be at the active site of Pseudomonas putida anthranilate synthase Component II (Kawamura, M., Keim, P.S., Goto, Y., Zalkin, H., and Heinrikson, R.L. (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 4659-4668). Based on the observed homologies in the primary sequences of the other amidotransferases examined, we propose a 13-amino acid long sequence to be part of the catalytic domain of this class of enzymes.
Standardizing the Performance Evaluation of Short-Term Wind Power Prediction Models (2005)

Short-term wind power prediction is a primary requirement for efficient large-scale integration of wind generation in power systems and electricity markets. The choice of an appropriate prediction model among the numerous available models is not trivial, and has to be based on an objective evaluation of model performance. This paper proposes a standardized protocol for the evaluation of short-term windpower prediction systems. A number of reference prediction models are also described, and their use for performance comparison is analysed. The use of the protocol is demonstrated, using results from both on-shore and offshore wind farms. The work was developed in the frame of the Anemos project (EU R&amp;D project) where the protocol has been used to evaluate more than 10 prediction systems.
Novel silicon epitaxy for advanced MOSFET devices (2002)

Silicon selective epitaxial growth (SEG) and epitaxial lateral overgrowth provide a technology for fabricating thin SOI device islands, fully self-aligned double gate SOI MOSFETs and multiple layers of SOI devices. Sub-micron P-MOSFETs in 2 SOI layers of SOI islands and the double-gate fully-depleted devices show low off currents <0.2 pA//spl mu/m with low values of sub-threshold slopes (<70 mV/dec).
A maximum entropy approach to identifying sentence boundaries (1997)

We present a trainable model for identifying sentence boundaries in raw text. Given a corpus annotated with sentence boundaries, our model learns to classify each occurrence of., ?, and ! as either a valid or invalid sentence boundary. The training procedure requires no hand-crafted rules, lexica, part-of-speech tags, or domain-specific information. The model can therefore be trained easily on any genre of English, and should be trainable on any other Romanalphabet language. Performance is comparable to or better than the performance of similar systems, but we emphasize the simplicity of retraining for new domains.
Na+ channel β1 subunit mRNA: differential expression in rat spinal sensory neurons (1995)

The brain Na+ channel beta 1 subunit (Na beta 1) mRNA has recently been localized within rat central nervous system where it is expressed at differing levels in different types of neurons. In the present study, we have studied the expression pattern of Na beta 1 mRNA in rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons using non-radioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry. Na beta 1 mRNA is differentially expressed in adult DRG, with higher levels in intermediate-to-large (> approximately 25 microns in diameter) DRG neurons than in small (< 25 microns) DRG neurons. This cell body size-related Na beta 1 mRNA expression is consistently observed beginning at postnatal day 4 and continues throughout development to adulthood. The present results indicate that (i) Na beta 1 mRNA is expressed in neurons in the peripheral nervous system and (ii) Na beta 1 gene expression is differentially regulated in DRG neurons in relation to their cell body sizes.
Electrophoresis of DNA. III. The effect of several univalent electrolytes on the mobility of DNA (1964)

Abstract The electrophoretic mobility of DNA in the presence of tetramethylammonium and alkali metal ion chlorides has been studied as a function of ionic strength. Each cation exhibits a characteristic behavior in accord with the idea that the order of inter‐action with DNA is Li + &gt; Na + &gt; K + &gt; TMA + . The application of theories of the electrophoresis of polyelectrolytes is discussed, leading to an attempt to calculate the fractional charge per DNA phosphorus from the mobility data. Over the range 0.05–0.4 M a constant and unique value of the DNA charge is obtained in the presence of each cation. Values of the zeta potential and of the friction factor per monomer unit are also calculated.
A Convention For Using Legal Names as Domain Names (1998)

The purpose of this memo is to focus discussion on the particular
problems with the exhaustion of the top level domain space in the
Internet and the possible conflicts that can occur when multiple
organisations are vying for the same name. This memo provides
information for the Internet community. It does not specify an
Internet standard of any kind.
Manual and gaze input cascaded (MAGIC) pointing (1999)

This work explores a new direction in utilizing eye gaze for computer input. Gaze tracking has long been considered as an alternative or potentially superior pointing method for computer input. We believe that many fundamental limitations exist with traditional gaze pointing. In particular, it is unnatural to overload a perceptual channel such as vision with a motor control task. We therefore propose an alternative approach, dubbed MAGIC (Manual And Gaze Input Cascaded) pointing. With such an approach, pointing appears to the user to be a manual task, used for fine manipulation and selection. However, a large portion of the cursor movement is eliminated by warping the cursor to the eye gaze area, which encompasses the target. Two specific MAGIC pointing techniques, one conservative and one liberal, were designed, analyzed, and implemented with an eye tracker we developed. They were then tested in a pilot study. This early- stage exploration showed that the MAGIC pointing techniques might offer many advantages, including reduced physical effort and fatigue as compared to traditional manual pointing, greater accuracy and naturalness than traditional gaze pointing, and possibly faster speed than manual pointing. The pros and cons of the two techniques are discussed in light of both performance data and subjective reports.
Gene VIII-Based, Phage-Display Vectors for Selection Against Complex Mixtures of Ligands (1998)

Selection of shotgun phage-display libraries against complex mixtures of components, such as cells or sera, may result in a high number of nonspecifically binding phage. Consequently, correct interactions may be difficult to identify. To enable discrimination between faithful and nonspecific interactions, a set of eight different gene VIII-based, phage-display vectors were constructed. All vectors contain a "universal" screening tag positioned in such a way that it is only expressed when the inserted DNA encodes an open reading frame, which corrects a shift of reading frames in the vector. A Staphylococcus aureus shotgun phage-display library was made in a stoichiometric mixture of all vectors. After affinity-selection against IgG, one vector completely outcompeted the others. This vector contains the promoter and signal sequence from the gene encoding staphylococcal protein A and one suppressible stop codon immediately upstream of gene VIII. An increase in the frequency of clones expressing the affinity tag in all pannings correlated with selection for ligand-binding clones. This enables detection of putatively correct clones after selection of a shotgun phage-display library both against purified ligands and more complex materials like calf serum.
Site-specific recombination determined by I-SceI, a mitochondrial group I intron-encoded endonuclease expressed in the yeast nucleus. (1992)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial endonuclease I-SceI creates a double-strand break as the initiating step in the gene conversional transfer of the omega+ intron to omega- DNA. We have expressed a galactose-inducible synthetic I-SceI gene in the nucleus of yeast that also carries the I-SceI recognition site on a plasmid substrate. We find that the galactose-induced I-SceI protein can be active in the nucleus and efficiently catalyze recombination. With a target plasmid containing direct repeats of the Escherichia coli lacZ gene, one copy of which is interrupted by a 24-bp cutting site, galactose induction produces both deletions and gene conversions. Both the kinetics and the proportion of deletions and gene conversions are very similar to analogous events initiated by a galactose-inducible HO endonuclease gene. We also find that, in a rad52 mutant strain, the repair of double-strand breaks initiated by I-SceI and by HO are similarly affected: the formation of deletions is reduced, but not eliminated. Altogether, these results suggest either that the two endonucleases act in the same way after double-strand break formation or that the two endonucleases are not involved in subsequent steps.
DNA vaccine using invariant chain gene for delivery of CD4+ T cell epitope peptide derived from Japanese cedar pollen allergen inhibits allergen-specific IgE response (2002)

To establish a new immunotherapy for type I allergic diseases without allergic side effects, we attempted to develop a DNA vaccine encoding both a CD4+ T cell epitope site in a major Japanese cedar pollen allergen (Cry j 2) and an invariant chain (Ii) for the delivery of the epitope peptide into the MHC class II loading pathway. We constructed a plasmid DNA encoding the Ii mutant either by replacement of the core CLIP (class II-associated invariant chain peptide) with a peptide corresponding to the major Cry j 2 CD4+ T cell epitope in BALB/c mice, designated as p247-258 (pCPCJ2), or by fusion of the Ii with p247-258 at the C terminus (pIiCJ2). As expected, repeated inoculation of BALB/c mice with pCPCJ2 or pIiCJ2 induced no antibody response to Cry j 2. In contrast, intramuscular inoculation of BALB/c mice with pCPCJ2 or pIiCJ2 predominantly induced p247-258-specific Th1 cells, resulting in the inhibition of IgE response to subsequent Cry j 2 injections. Our results demonstrated that the plasmid DNA encoding the CD4+ T cell epitope and Ii can induce epitope-specific CD4+ T cell responses in vivo and the potential to regulate type I allergic reaction without allergic side effects.
Comparison of Blue Nucleic Acid Dyes for Flow Cytometric Enumeration of Bacteria in Aquatic Systems (1998)

Seven blue nucleic acid dyes from Molecular Probes Inc. (SYTO-9, SYTO-11, SYTO-13, SYTO-16, SYTO-BC, SYBR-I and SYBR-II) were compared with the DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) method for flow cytometric enumeration of live and fixed bacteria in aquatic systems. It was shown that SYBR-II and SYTO-9 are the most appropriate dyes for bacterial enumeration in nonsaline waters and can be applied to both live and dead bacteria. The fluorescence signal/noise ratio was improved when SYTO-9 was used to stain living bacteria in nonsaline waters. Inversely, SYBR-II is more appropriate than SYTO dyes for bacterial enumeration of unfixed and fixed seawater samples.
L‐type amino acid transporter 1 as a potential molecular target in human astrocytic tumors (2006)

L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a Na+-independent neutral amino acid transport agency and essential for the transport of large neutral amino acids. LAT1 has been identified as a light chain of the CD98 heterodimer from C6 glioma cells. LAT1 also corresponds to TA1, an oncofetal antigen that is expressed primarily in fetal tissues and cancer cells. We have investigated for the first time, the expression of the transporter in the human primary astrocytic tumor tissue from 60 patients. LAT1 is unique because it requires an additional single membrane spanning protein, the heavy chain of 4F2 cell surface antigen (4F2hc), for its functional expression. 4F2hc expression was also determined by immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated that high LAT1 expression correlated with poor survival for the study group as a whole (p<0.0001) and for those with glioblastoma multiforme in particular (p=0.0001). Cox regression analyses demonstrated that LAT1 expression was one of significant predictors of outcome, independent of all other variables. On the basis of these findings, we also investigated the effect of the specific inhibitor to LAT1, 2-aminobicyclo-2 (2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), on the survival of C6 glioma cells in vitro and in vivo using a rat C6 glioma model. BCH inhibited the growth of C6 glioma cells in vitro and in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. Kaplan-Meier survival data of rats treated with BCH were significant. These findings suggest that LAT1 could be one of the molecular targets in glioma therapy.
Hypertension (1980)

• Danazol is a semisynthetic androgen that is used in the treatment of endometriosis and hereditary angioedema. Although fluid retention and weight gain are well-known complications of danazol therapy, to our knowledge hypertension has not been previously documented with the use of this drug. We have studied a patient with hereditary angioedema who exhibited a reproducible hypertension with danazol therapy. Based on our investigation, the resultant hypertension was primarily volume dependent. The hypertension in this patient failed to respond to propranolol hydrochloride, while it normalized with the administration of a small dose of a diuretic. In view of the growing indications for therapy with danazol, increasing numbers of susceptible patients may be at risk of having drug-induced hypertension develop. We, therefore, recommend that blood pressure be routinely monitored in patients receiving this drug. (<i>Arch Intern Med</i>140:1379-1380, 1980)