gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of agrin, a synaptic organizing protein from Torpedo electric organ. (1987)

Extracts of the electric organ of Torpedo californica contain a proteinaceous factor that causes the formation of patches on cultured myotubes at which acetylcholine receptors (AChR), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) are concentrated. Results of previous experiments indicate that this factor is similar to the molecules in the synaptic basal lamina that direct the aggregation of AChR and AChE at regenerating neuromuscular junctions in vivo. We have purified the active components in the extracts 9,000-fold. mAbs against four different epitopes on the AChR/AChE/BuChE-aggregating molecules each immunoprecipitated four polypeptides from electric organ extracts, with molecular masses of 150, 135, 95, and 70 kD. Gel filtration chromatography of electric organ extracts revealed two peaks of AChR/AChE/BuChE-aggregation activity; one comigrated with the 150-kD polypeptide, the other with the 95-kD polypeptide. The 135- and 70-kD polypeptides did not cause AChR/AChE/BuChE aggregation. Based on these molecular characteristics and on the pattern of staining seen in sections of muscle labeled with the mAbs, we conclude that the electric organ-aggregating factor is distinct from previously identified molecules, and we have named it "agrin."
Preparation and Characterization of Polyethylene-Glycol-Modified Salmon Calcitonins (1999)

The conjugation of salmon calcitonin (sCT) by covalent linkage of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was attempted to overcome several disadvantages of sCT as a therapeutic drug, namely its rapid clearance from blood circulation and enzymatic degradation. The polymer employed was succinimidyl carbonate monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (12 kDa). Superose HR size-exclusion chromatography was applied to separate the PEGylated sCTs (mono-PEG-sCT and di-PEG-sCT) from the unmodified sCT. The PEGylation of sCT was verified by an electrophoresis gel stained with iodine and by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The molecular weights of mono-PEG-sCT and di-PEG-sCT were determined to be 16,094 and 29,077 Da, respectively. PEGylated sCTs showed a substantially improved stability in rat liver homogenates as compared to the intact sCT, indicating that PEG molecules protected sCT from various degrading enzymes. These PEGylated sCTs exhibited similar biological activity to the intact sCT by adenosine cyclic 3',5'-phosphate (cAMP) assay. In clearance studies in the rat, PEGylated sCTs had significantly longer circulating half-lives than the intact sCT (11.2 min for mono-PEG-sCT and 54.0 min for di-PEG-sCT versus 4.7 min for intact sCT).
MicroRNAs Differentially Expressed in ACTH-Secreting Pituitary Tumors (2008)

Our results support the possibility that altered miRNA expression profile might be involved in corticotrophic tumorigenesis. However, the lack of knowledge about miRNA target genes postpones full understanding of the biological functions of down-regulated or up-regulated miRNAs in corticotropinomas.
The Geography of Food Cooperatives in the United States (2014)

For our society to become sustainably viable in the future, the ways in which we obtain our food and the methods used to create that food will be very important. One of the most environmentally friendly methods of food obtainment is membership in a food cooperative. This research delves into the basics of food cooperatives, highlights similar studies of other sustainability indicators, and examines the geographic distribution of food co-ops across the United States. <strong>Faculty Sponsor</strong>: Dr. George Pomeroy
Effect of Foot Posture and Inverted Foot Orthoses on Hallux Dorsiflexion (2006)

A pronated foot posture is considered to be a factor in limitation of dorsiflexion at the first metatarsophalangeal joint during weightbearing. Customized foot orthoses are widely used to increase dorsiflexion at the first metatarsophalangeal joint in people with pronated feet. However, the effect of foot posture and customized foot orthoses on maximum first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion has not been widely investigated. This study sought to determine 1) the relationship between foot posture and static maximum first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion and 2) the effect of customized foot orthoses on static maximum first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion in people with pronated feet. Foot posture was assessed using the Foot Posture Index. Static maximum first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion of the right foot was determined using a goniometer while participants stood relaxed with and without Blake-style inverted (30 degrees) foot orthoses positioned under their feet. There was a significant negative correlation between Foot Posture Index and static maximum first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion (r = -0.587). Inverted (30 degrees) foot orthoses increased the magnitude of static maximum first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion from 83.4 degrees to 85.3 degrees in participants with an excessively pronated foot posture. However, this difference was not statistically significant. People with pronated feet are more likely to exhibit limitation of dorsiflexion at the first metatarsophalangeal joint during gait, and inverted foot orthoses are unlikely to be effective in increasing dorsiflexion at the first metatarsophalangeal joint in these people.
Hypoxia promotes fibrogenesis in vivo via HIF-1 stimulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (2007)

Hypoxia has been proposed as an important microenvironmental factor in the development of tissue fibrosis; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well defined. To examine the role of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a key mediator of cellular adaptation to hypoxia, in the development of fibrosis in mice, we inactivated Hif-1alpha in primary renal epithelial cells and in proximal tubules of kidneys subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) using Cre-loxP-mediated gene targeting. We found that Hif-1alpha enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and induced epithelial cell migration through upregulation of lysyl oxidase genes. Genetic ablation of epithelial Hif-1alpha inhibited the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in UUO kidneys, which was associated with decreased interstitial collagen deposition, decreased inflammatory cell infiltration, and a reduction in the number of fibroblast-specific protein-1-expressing (FSP-1-expressing) interstitial cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate that increased renal HIF-1alpha expression is associated with tubulointerstitial injury in patients with chronic kidney disease. Thus, we provide clinical and genetic evidence that activation of HIF-1 signaling in renal epithelial cells is associated with the development of chronic renal disease and may promote fibrogenesis by increasing expression of extracellular matrix-modifying factors and lysyl oxidase genes and by facilitating EMT.
A condensed phase study of the benzene B2u←A1g three-photon transition (1986)

Although group theoretically allowed, the benzene B2u←A1g three-photon transition appears to derive intensity exclusively through a vibronic coupling route. The ν6 (e2g) vibration is dominant in providing e1u vibronic symmetry, just as it is in the one-photon transition. Several experiments are presented that provide further insight into the lack of allowed vibronic b2u activity in the three-photon spectrum. Pseudoparity, applicable to even alternate hydrocarbons in the PPP formalism, and offering selection rules beyond those based on symmetry alone, is examined as a possible explanation by looking for effects from the inductive perturbation in a fluorine substituted benzene. The possibility of nonresonant third harmonic generation in the condensed phase sample, which may lead to a viable one-photon absorption route to the excited B2u state, is also explored in both a three-photon photoselection study as well as in an experiment comparing the relative three-photon to one-photon cross sections for benzene and biphenyl. The results obtained for the benzene B2u transition and the corresponding A′2 transition in the symmetrically substituted trifluorobenzene appear to confirm the importance of pseudoparity selection rules and suggest that the third harmonic generation pathway is of minor importance.
Decentralized control of cooperative robotic vehicles: theory and application (2002)

Describes how decentralized control theory can be used to analyze the control of multiple cooperative robotic vehicles. Models of cooperation are discussed and related to the input/output reachability, structural observability, and controllability of the entire system. Whereas decentralized control research in the past has concentrated on using decentralized controllers to partition complex physically interconnected systems, this work uses decentralized methods to connect otherwise independent nontouching robotic vehicles so that they behave in a stable, coordinated fashion. A vector Liapunov method is used to prove stability of two examples: the controlled motion of multiple vehicles along a line and the controlled motion of multiple vehicles in formation. Also presented are three applications of this theory: controlling a formation, guarding a perimeter, and surrounding a facility.
Interactive adaptive movie annotation (2003)

Effectively labeling the visual content of movies is essential for annotation. We present the interactive and adaptive i-Notation system, which describes actors' names, automatically processes multimodal information sources, and deals with available sources' varying quality. It provides the basis for intelligent interaction and demonstrates significant improvements in annotation efficiency.
Studies on a new strategy for surface modification of polymeric biomaterials (1995)

A new methodology to improve the hemocompatibility of polyurethane (medical grade Pellethane D-55) surfaces is reported. The approach is essentially based on a photochemical immobilization reaction. Two new conjugate molecules, compounds 2 and 3, were prepared. They consist of (i) dipyridamole, a well-known inhibitor of platelet activation, and a vasodilating drug with clinical application, for instance before and during pecutaneous transluminar coronary angioplasty (Dottering); and (ii) an aryl azide, a moiety that exhibits marked photoreactivity. In 2, the dipyridamole unit is directly linked to the aryl azide (via an ester bond), while a short spacer chain separates both units in 3. Upon irradiation of 2 or 3, adsorbed onto the polyurethane foil, the aryl azide is converted into a highly reactive species which reacts with a nucleophilic group on the polymer surface. In this way, the dipyridamole is covalently linked to the polymer. The underlying principle is also used in photoaffinity labeling, a well-known technique in biochemical studies on enzyme structure and function. From UV extinction experiments it could be deduced that the surface-density of immobilized 2 is 4.9 nmol/cm2. The surface density for 3 was 14.6 nmol/cm2. The surfaces were subjected to an in vitro thrombin generation assay. This assay gives a valuable impression about the hemocompatibility of artificial surfaces. These experiments revealed that the clotting times were substantially prolonged as a result of the photoimmobilization of dipyridamole. This was especially the case for immobilized 3. This effect cannot be readily explained. Possibly, the enhanced activity of immobilized 3 is due to the spacer chain. An alternative explanation is that the surface density is larger for 3 than for 2. In addition, the photomodified surfaces were incubated with platelet-rich blood plasma (37 degrees C, 30 min) and subsequently examined by scanning electron microscopy. The morphology of the blood platelets adhered to the surface also showed that hemocompatibility increased in the order untreated polyurethane < polyurethane with immobilized 2 < polyurethane with immobilized 3. Future work will concentrate on evaluation of the role of the spacer (length, hydrophilicity, etc.), as well as on the possible use of this approach with respect to the construction of biomaterials with improved in vivo biocompatibility, in particular hemocompatibility.
Current and emerging targeted therapies for metastatic breast cancer (2011)

The success of endocrine therapies for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer and trastuzumab and lapatinib for targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive tumors has paved the way for the clinical development of several other metastatic breast cancer (MBC)-targeted therapies. Although the benefit of the anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) monoclonal antibody bevacizumab in the MBC setting has become a topic of debate, clinical trial results are accumulating, and phase 3 evaluations are ongoing for newer HER2-targeted agents (pertuzumab and trastuzumab-maytansine immunoconjugate) and VEGF-targeted agents (aflibercept), as well as dual, epidermal growth factor receptor/HER2-targeted agents (afatinib [BIBW 2992] and neratinib), multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (sunitinib and pazopanib), and mammalian target of rapamycin (everolimus) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 inhibitors (iniparib, olaparib). These agents as well as other novel classes of anticancer agents are being tested in clinical trials with the potential of addressing unmet therapeutic needs in the MBC patient population.
Alternating layer addition approach to CdSe/CdS core/shell quantum dots with near-unity quantum yield and high on-time fractions (2012)

We report single-particle photoluminescence (PL) intermittency (blinking) with high on-time fractions in colloidal CdSe quantum dots (QD) with conformal CdS shells of 1.4 nm thickness, equivalent to approximately 4 CdS monolayers. All QDs observed displayed on-time fractions > 60% with the majority > 80%. The high-on-time-fraction blinking is accompanied by fluorescence quantum yields (QY) close to unity (up to 98% in an absolute QY measurement) when dispersed in organic solvents and a monoexponential ensemble photoluminescence (PL) decay lifetime. The CdS shell is formed in high synthetic yield using a modified selective ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique that employs a silylated sulfur precursor. The CdS shell provides sufficient chemical and electronic passivation of the QD excited state to permit water solubilization with greater than 60% QY via ligand exchange with an imidazole-bearing hydrophilic polymer.
Use of Triclosan-Eluting Ureteral Stents in Patients with Long-Term Stents (2009)

Antibiotic use with control stents resulted in bacterial antibiotic resistance, which was not the case with the triclosan-eluting stents. Although triclosan-eluting stents did not show a clinical benefit in terms of urine and stent cultures or overall subject symptoms compared with controls, their use did result in decreased antibiotic usage and significantly fewer symptomatic infections. The triclosan-eluting stent alone is not sufficient to reduce device-associated infections in this difficult patient population.
Understanding packet delivery performance in dense wireless sensor networks (2003)

Wireless sensor networks promise fine-grain monitoring in a wide variety of environments. Many of these environments (e.g., indoor environments or habitats) can be harsh for wireless communication. From a networking perspective, the most basic aspect of wireless communication is the packet delivery performance: the spatio-temporal characteristics of packet loss, and its environmental dependence. These factors will deeply impact the performance of data acquisition from these networks.In this paper, we report on a systematic medium-scale (up to sixty nodes) measurement of packet delivery in three different environments: an indoor office building, a habitat with moderate foliage, and an open parking lot. Our findings have interesting implications for the design and evaluation of routing and medium-access protocols for sensor networks.
Laser scanner-based navigation and motion planning for truck-trailer combinations (2007)

This paper presents a navigation system for truck-trailer combinations that enables accurate maneuvering to a target position, either assisted or automated. Functional and collision-free motion is achieved by a combination of laser scanner-based navigation and multimodal motion planning. The navigation system uses laser range data to recognize target objects and calculates corresponding target positions. The grid-based multi-dimensional path planner generates a collision-free minimum-cost trajectory for truck-trailer combinations with up to five degrees of freedom. The multimodal planner decides whether the approach is planned as a single backward motion, as a maneuvering path with reversal points or as a long distance approach using free navigation and virtual tracks. Optimized planning algorithms are used for each case. The complete system has been successfully tested using a combination of a Mercedes-Benz truck and a full trailer under varying environmental conditions. The test application was an assistance system for backward driving under a swap body -a very challenging application due to its strict accuracy requirements. The results promise high benefits for this and further applications.
Development of RTS,S/AS02: a purified subunit-based malaria vaccine candidate formulated with a novel adjuvant (2003)

During the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in process development allowing for the production of large quantities of recombinant antigens, as well as in the understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying protection. Parallel to this, various and numerous adjuvant systems have been developed and tested in animal models and in clinical trials but have rarely induced protection. This review will discuss the development of a new adjuvant system (AS02) in combination with a malaria vaccine antigen candidate. To date, this vaccine is the only one to demonstrate protection in man in artificial challenge as well as in natural field trials. It has been established that this adjuvant system is capable of eliciting high antibody titers along with strong cell-mediated immunity which both contribute to the efficacy of the vaccine.
Quantum information theory (2012)

One of the most cited books in physics of all time, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information remains the best textbook in this exciting field of science. This 10th anniversary edition includes an introduction from the authors setting the work in context. This comprehensive textbook describes such remarkable effects as fast quantum algorithms, quantum teleportation, quantum cryptography and quantum error-correction. Quantum mechanics and computer science are introduced before moving on to describe what a quantum computer is, how it can be used to solve problems faster than 'classical' computers and its real-world implementation. It concludes with an in-depth treatment of quantum information. Containing a wealth of figures and exercises, this well-known textbook is ideal for courses on the subject, and will interest beginning graduate students and researchers in physics, computer science, mathematics, and electrical engineering.
Anatomy of T cell autoimmunity to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG): Prime role of MOG44F in selection and control of MOG‐reactive T cells in H‐2b mice (2006)

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) is an important myelin target antigen, and MOG-induced EAE is now a widely used model for multiple sclerosis. Clonal dissection revealed that MOG-induced EAE in H-2(b) mice is associated with activation of an unexpectedly large number of T cell clones reactive against the encephalitogenic epitope MOG35-55. These clones expressed extremely diverse TCR with no obvious CDR3alpha/CDR3beta motif(s). Despite extensive TCR diversity, the cells required MOG40-48 as their common core epitope and shared MOG44F as their major TCR contact. Fine epitope-specificity analysis with progressively truncated peptides suggested that the extensive TCR heterogeneity is mostly related to differential recognition of multiple overlapping epitopes nested within MOG37-52, each comprised of a MOG40-48 core flanked at the N- and/or the C-terminus by a variable number of residues important for interaction with different TCR. Abrogation of both the encephalitogenic potential of MOG and T cell reactivity against MOG by a single mutation (MOG44F/MOG44A), together with effective down-regulation of MOG-induced EAE by MOG37-44A-52, confirmed in vivo the primary role for MOG44F in the selection/activation of MOG-reactive T cells. We suggest that such a highly focused T cell autoreactivity could be a selective force that offsets the extensive TCR diversity to facilitate a more "centralized control" of pathogenic MOG-related T cell autoimmunity.
Interferons and Ribavirin Effectively Inhibit Norwalk Virus Replication in Replicon-Bearing Cells (2007)

The development of effective therapies for noroviral gastroenteritis has been hampered by the absence of a cell culture system. Recently, we reported the generation of Norwalk virus (NV) replicon-bearing cells in BHK21 and Huh-7 cells and demonstrated that alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) effectively inhibited the replication of NV in these cells. In continuing studies for screening potential antinoroviral agents, we tested IFN-gamma and ribavirin for their effects on NV replication in the cells. Like IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma inhibited the replication of NV in the replicon-bearing cells, showing the reduction of the NV genome and proteins in a dose-dependent manner. The effective dose for reducing 50% (ED(50)) of the NV genome and protein was calculated to be approximately 40 units/ml. When ribavirin was applied to the cells, it effectively reduced the NV genome and protein with the ED(50) calculated as approximately 40 microM. The combination of IFN-alpha and ribavirin showed additive effects on the inhibition of NV replication. With the addition of guanosine to the ribavirin treatment, moderately reversed antiviral effects were observed, suggesting that the ribavirin effect may be associated with the depletion of GTP in the cells. Sequencing analysis of the conserved polymerase regions of NV in the ribavirin-treated (100 microM) and nontreated groups showed that the mutation rates were similar and indicated that ribavirin did not induce catastrophic mutations. The NV replicon-bearing cells provide an excellent tool for screening potential antinoroviral agents, and our results indicated that IFNs and ribavirin may be good therapeutic options for noroviral gastroenteritis.
Zinc induces mitochondria apoptogenesis in prostate cells. (2000)

The accumulation of high intracellular levels of zinc by prostate cells induces mitochondrial apoptogenesis. This represents a newly identified physiological effect of zinc in the regulation of prostate cell growth.
Silent myocardial ischemia in the noncoronary intensive care unit: A new frontier?* (2007)

Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hadassah–Hebrew University Medical Center, Hebrew University–Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
High Capacity, Surface Modified Layered xLi[Mn0.5-yNi0.5-yCo2y]O2.(1-x)Li2MnO3 Cathodes (2006)

Abstract not Available.