gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
There's plenty of room at the bottom [data storage] (1992)

The problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale is discussed. The question of how to write the entire 24 volumes of the Encyclopaedia Britannica on the head of a pin is examined. The question of how to read it is also discussed, focusing on the need to make the electron microscope more powerful. Other aspects of miniaturization and of making things on a small scale are discussed, including miniaturizing the computer, miniaturization by evaporation, problems of lubrication, and rearranging atoms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Depletion of Abundant Sequences by Hybridization (DASH): using Cas9 to remove unwanted high-abundance species in sequencing libraries and molecular counting applications (2016)

Next-generation sequencing has generated a need for a broadly applicable method to remove unwanted high-abundance species prior to sequencing. We introduce DASH (Depletion of Abundant Sequences by Hybridization). Sequencing libraries are 'DASHed' with recombinant Cas9 protein complexed with a library of guide RNAs targeting unwanted species for cleavage, thus preventing them from consuming sequencing space. We demonstrate a more than 99 % reduction of mitochondrial rRNA in HeLa cells, and enrichment of pathogen sequences in patient samples. We also demonstrate an application of DASH in cancer. This simple method can be adapted for any sample type and increases sequencing yield without additional cost.
Blind equalization of time errors in a time-interleaved ADC system (2005)

To significantly increase the sampling rate of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a time-interleaved ADC system is a good option. The drawback of a time-interleaved ADC system is that the ADCs are not exactly identical due to errors in the manufacturing process. This means that time, gain, and offset mismatch errors are introduced in the ADC system. These errors cause distortion in the sampled signal. In this paper, we present a method for estimation and compensation of the time mismatch errors. The estimation method requires no knowledge about the input signal, except that it should be band limited to the foldover frequency /spl pi//T/sub s/ for the complete ADC system. This means that the errors can be estimated while the ADC is running. The method is also adaptive to slow changes in the time errors. The Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) for the time error estimates is also calculated and compared to Monte Carlo simulations. The estimation method has also been validated on measurements from a real time-interleaved ADC system with 16 ADCs.
Model of optical coherence tomography of heterogeneous tissue (1997)

A comprehensive model of optical coherence tomography (OCT) is described that includes the interference effects that produce speckle in images of dense heterogeneous tissue. It is based on the extended Huygens–Fresnel formulation of beam propagation in a turbulent atmosphere, adapted to the analysis of OCT. Incorporated in the model is a fractal description of the size distribution of scatterers in tissue. We demonstrate its application in the simulation of images of tissue volumes containing high-contrast targets embedded in a mixture of two sizes of particles. The simulated images show the degradation of image quality caused by speckle noise, along with the benefits of employing a light source with a short coherence time and an objective lens with a high numerical aperture. Based on model results, an estimate of the maximum probing depth is given in terms of the design variables of an OCT scanner and the optical properties of the tissue.
実践Android Developer Tools (2014)

Although the model predictions compared well to only some experimental measurements, the important features of the colon environment included make it a novel and useful contribution to modelling the colonic microbiota.
Principles and practice of pediatric oncology (2002)

Principles and practice of pediatric oncology , Principles and practice of pediatric oncology , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
Self-aligned transistor with sidewall base electrode (1982)

A multiple self-aligned structure that facilitates high packing density and high speed in bipolar VLSI's is proposed. The device has polysilicon sidewall base electrodes to reduce parasitic junction capacitances. The new devices indicate that capacitances between the base and collector regions are reduced to 1\4 and the ratio of reverse-to-forward current gain is increased about 5 times that of conventional bipolar transistor structures, and gate delay in IIL circuits is about 1 ns/gate. The structure opens the way for further scaled-down VLSI.
A Novel Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)/Glucagon Hybrid Peptide with Triple-acting Agonist Activity at Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide, GLP-1, and Glucagon Receptors and Therapeutic Potential in High Fat-fed Mice (2013)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon bind to related members of the same receptor superfamily and exert important effects on glucose homeostasis, insulin secretion, and energy regulation. The present study assessed the biological actions and therapeutic utility of novel GIP/glucagon/GLP-1 hybrid peptides. Nine novel peptides were synthesized and exhibited complete DPP-IV resistance and enhanced in vitro insulin secretion. The most promising peptide, [dA(2)]GLP-1/GcG, stimulated cAMP production in GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor-transfected cells. Acute administration of [dA(2)]GLP-1/GcG in combination with glucose significantly lowered plasma glucose and increased plasma insulin in normal and obese diabetic (ob/ob) mice. Furthermore, [dA(2)]GLP-1/GcG elicited a protracted glucose-lowering and insulinotropic effect in high fat-fed mice. Twice daily administration of [dA(2)]GLP-1/GcG for 21 days decreased body weight and nonfasting plasma glucose and increased circulating plasma insulin concentrations in high fat-fed mice. Furthermore, [dA(2)]GLP-1/GcG significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by day 21. Interestingly, locomotor activity was increased in [dA(2)]GLP-1/GcG mice, without appreciable changes in aspects of metabolic rate. Studies in knock-out mice confirmed the biological action of [dA(2)]GLP-1/GcG via multiple targets including GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors. The data suggest significant promise for novel triple-acting hybrid peptides as therapeutic options for obesity and diabetes.
Sex Differences in the Effect of Obesity on Human Plasma Tryptophan/Large Neutral Amino Acid Ratio (1999)

These sex differences could affect hypothetical behavioral differences of feeling hunger when facing voluntary food restriction for weight loss in individuals of different genders and with varying degrees of obesity.
The Swelling of Clays: Molecular Simulations of the Hydration of Montmorillonite (1996)

The swelling of clay minerals on contact with an aqueous solution can produce strong adverse effects in the exploration and production of gas and oil. Molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations were used to study the mechanism of swelling of sodium-montmorillonite. The simulations showed that the abundant clay mineral has four stable states at basal spacings of 9.7, 12.0, 15.5, and 18.3 angstroms, respectively. The amount of swelling and the locations of the stable states of sodium-montmorillonite are in good quantitative agreement with the experimental data.
The Synthesis of Some β,β-Dipyrrylpropionic Esters1,2 (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of Some β,β-Dipyrrylpropionic Esters1,2George G. Kleinspehn and Alsoph H. CorwinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 22, 5641–5646Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01651a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01651a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views138Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Introducing Arguments (2008)

A compositional theory of verbal argument structure that explores how “noncore” arguments are introduced into argument structures and examines cross-linguistic variation in introducing arguments. This concise work offers a compositional theory of verbal argument structure in natural languages that focuses on how arguments that are not “core” arguments of the verb (arguments that are not introduced by verbal roots themselves) are introduced into argument structures. Liina Pylkkänen shows that the type of argument structure variation that allows additional noncore arguments is a pervasive property of human language and that most languages have verbs that exhibit this behavior. It would be natural to hypothesize that the grammatical elements that allow for this variation are the same in different languages, but Pylkkänen, citing the differences between the inventories of verbs that allow additional arguments in English and Venda, shows the difficulties in this assumption. Either the noncore arguments are introduced by different elements with different distributions, she argues, or the introducing elements are the same and some other factor is responsible for the distributional difference. Distinguishing between these two types of explanations and articulating the properties of argument-introducing elements is the essence of Pylkkänen's theory. Investigating the grammatical elements that allow the addition of noncore arguments, Pylkkänen argues that the introduction of additional arguments is largely carried by seven functional heads. Following Chomsky, she claims that these belong to a universal inventory of functional elements from which a particular language must make its selection. Cross-linguistic variation, she argues, has two sources: selection; and the way a language packages the selected elements into syntactic heads.
Photoactivatable Caged Cyclic RGD Peptide for Triggering Integrin Binding and Cell Adhesion to Surfaces (2011)

We report the synthesis and properties of a photoactivatable caged RGD peptide and its application for phototriggering integrin- and cell-binding to surfaces. We analysed in detail 1) the differences in the integrin-binding affinity of the caged and uncaged forms by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) studies, 2) the efficiency and yield of the photolytic uncaging reaction, 3) the biocompatibility of the photolysis by-products and irradiation conditions, 4) the possibility of site, temporal and density control of integrin-binding and therefore human cell attachment, and 5) the possibility of in situ generation of cell patterns and cell gradients by controlling the UV exposure. These studies provide a clear picture of the potential and limitations of caged RGD for integrin-mediated cell adhesion and demonstrate the application of this approach to the control and study of cell interactions and responses.
Immunological Instability of Persistent Adenovirus Vectors in the Brain: Peripheral Exposure to Vector Leads to Renewed Inflammation, Reduced Gene Expression, and Demyelination (1996)

Nonreplicating adenovirus vectors are being developed as vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic genes in vivo. Whereas in many organs an antiviral T cell response eliminates the vector and damages local tissue, when adenovirus vectors are injected into the brain the subsequent immune attack can be ineffective, allowing the vector to persist. In the present study, E1-deleted human adenovirus vectors were injected into the caudate nucleus of rats. Two months later, expression of protein from the vector was still evident and little inflammation was seen. A subcutaneous injection of adenovirus vector at this time, however, led within 2 weeks to severe mononuclear inflammation and microglial activation in the caudate. This caused local demyelination and a decrease in detectable protein expression from the vector. Interestingly, intense microglial activation and numerous lymphocytes and monocytes were also seen in brain areas containing neurons capable of retrogradely transporting the adenovirus vector from the caudate. Control experiments established that this inflammation in distant brain areas was not a nonspecific consequence of degeneration. These experiments demonstrate that although adenovirus vectors can persist in the brain without causing chronic inflammation, they remain the potential target of a damaging cell-mediated immune response brought about by a subsequent peripheral exposure to vector. The finding of lymphocytes in brain areas that project to the caudate further shows that viral antigens that are retrogradely transported by neurons can also be the target of a T cell attack.
Traditional practice of oil massage of neonates in Bangladesh. (2002)

Topical application of natural oils is practised routinely in many countries and may either improve skin barrier function and health or have detrimental cutaneous and systemic effects, depending on the composition of the oil. Little literature on the epidemiology, practice, and perceptions of traditional neonatal oil massage is available. This study was undertaken to gain insights into the epidemiology, practice, and perceptions regarding traditional oil massage of Bangladeshi neonates. A questionnaire was administered verbally to the primary caretaker of 332 outpatients at the Dhaka Shishu Hospital, and to 20 women with children encountered at the Matlab Health Complex in Bangladesh. More than 96% (340/352) of the caregivers practised oil massage, irrespective of socioeconomic status and place of residence. Among those at the Dhaka Shishu Hospital who practised oil massage, mustard oil was used alone or in combination by 95% (303/320) over the entire body, 1-3 time(s) daily (96%), starting in the first three days of life (72%) in both term and preterm neonates. Perceived benefits included prevention of infections (69%) and hypothermia (2%). Oil massage is an important traditional domiciliary practice used annually on more than three million newborns in Bangladesh. Given its potential for beneficial and harmful effects, further research is needed on the value of this practice, and ways to optimize its beneficial effects.
The Whole Truth?: How Rules of Evidence Make Lawyers Deceitful (1991)

This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola LawSchool. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons at LoyolaMarymount University and Loyola Law School. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@lmu.edu.
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Peptic Ulcer Disease (1991)

Evidence has accumulated that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) cause clinically important gastroduodenal ulcers. The pathogenesis, which involves the impairment of mucosal resistance to injury in an acid-peptic environment, is multifactorial and controversial. Ulcers caused by NSAIDs can occur either in mucosa inflamed because of infection with Helicobacter pylori or in histologically normal mucosa. The use of these drugs has been linked to an unexpectedly high incidence of ulcer complications, and a history of peptic ulcer disease is common in such cases. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs thus appear both to exacerbate an underlying peptic diathesis and to cause de novo ulcers. The association between the use of these drugs and ulcer complications is supported by ulcer prevalence data from cross-sectional studies, and by data from case-controlled and cohort studies, and from randomized, experimental trials. Drug-induced gastric ulcers have been prevented by misoprostol, but not by H2 blocker therapy. Several therapies have been reported to promote ulcer healing despite continued use of NSAIDs, but adequate controlled trials have not been done. Small gastric and duodenal ulcers readily heal, whereas larger gastric ulcers require vigorous and prolonged therapy. The relative efficacies of various therapies in preventing ulcers, healing ulcers, or preventing complications remain to be established.
Detection and Visualization of Protein Interactions with Protein Fragment Complementation Assays (2003)

A first step in defining the function of a novel gene is to determine its interactions with other gene products in an appropriate context; that is, because proteins make specific interactions with other proteins as part of functional assemblies, an appropriate way to examine the function of the product of a novel gene is to determine its physical relationships with the products of other genes. This is the basis of the highly successful yeast two-hybrid system (1–6). The central problem with two-hybrid screening is that detection of protein-protein interactions occurs in a fixed context, the nucleus of S. cerevisiae, and the results of a screening must be validated as biologically relevant using other assays in appropriate cell, tissue or organism models. While this would be true for any screening strategy, it would be advantageous if one could combine library screening with tests for biological relevance into a single strategy, thus tentatively validating a detected protein as biologically relevant and eliminating false-positive interactions immediately. It was with these challenges in mind that our laboratory developed the protein-fragment complementation assay (PCA) strategy. In this strategy, the gene for an enzyme is rationally dissected into two pieces. Fusion proteins are constructed with two proteins that are thought to bind to each other, fused to either of the two probe fragments. Folding of the probe protein from its fragments is catalyzed by the binding of the test proteins to each other and is detected as reconstitution of enzyme activity.
A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM FOR THE CONTROL OF AUTOMATED VEHICLES (1993)

The first part of this report develops the communication requirements for Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS), with special emphasis placed on the requirements placed by AVCS functions. Both vehicle/vehicle and vehicle/roadside communication are considered. The second part develops a specification for a communication system in terms of number and type of channels, their capacity, connectivity reliability, and coverage. The third part offers a comparison of the alternative communication technologies. Microwave mobile radio and free space infrared are studied in detail. The final part presents a communication system architecture that meets the specifications developed in part two and using the technologies studied in part three. A novel feature of the architecture is the concept of a 'movable microcell' as an addressable network entity.
Influence of Different Spacers on the Biological Profile of a DOTA−Somatostatin Analogue (2006)

Radiolabeled somatostatin analogues have been successfully used for targeted radiotherapy and for imaging of somatostatin receptor (sst1-5)-positive tumors. Nevertheless, these analogues are subject to improving their tumor-to-nontarget ratio to enhance their diagnostic or therapeutic properties, preventing nephrotoxicity. In order to understand the influence of lipophilicity and charge on the pharmacokinetic profile of [1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)]-somatostatin-based radioligands such as [DOTA,1-Nal3]-octreotide (DOTA-NOC), different spacers (X) based on 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (PEG2), 15-amino-4,7,10,13-tetraoxapentadecanoic acid (PEG4), N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), triglycine, beta-alanine, aspartic acid, and lysine were introduced between the chelator DOTA and the peptide NOC. All DOTA-X-NOC conjugates were synthesized by Fmoc solid-phase synthesis. The partition coefficient (log D) at pH = 7.4 indicated that higher hydrophilicity than [111In-DOTA]-NOC was achieved with the introduction of the mentioned spacers, except with triglycine and beta-alanine. The high affinity of [InIII-DOTA]-NOC for human sst2 (hsst2) was preserved with the structural modifications, while an overall drop for hsst3 affinity was observed, except in the case of [InIII-DOTA]-beta-Ala-NOC. The new conjugates preserved the good affinity for hsst5, except for [InIII-DOTA]-Asn(GlcNAc)-NOC, which showed decreased affinity. A significant 1.2-fold improvement in the specific internalization rate in AR4-2J rat pancreatic tumor cells (sst2 receptor expression) at 4 h was achieved with the introduction of Asp as a spacer in the parent compound. In sst3-expressing HEK cells, the specific internalization rate at 4 h for [111In-DOTA]-NOC (13.1% +/- 0.3%) was maintained with [111In-DOTA]-beta-Ala-NOC (14.0% +/- 1.8%), but the remaining derivatives showed <2% specific internalization. Biodistribution studies were performed with Lewis rats bearing the AR4-2J rat pancreatic tumor. In comparison to [111In-DOTA]-NOC (2.96% +/- 0.48% IA/g), the specific uptake in the tumor at 4 h p.i. was significantly improved for the 111In-labeled sugar analogue (4.17% +/- 0.46% IA/g), which among all the new derivatives presented the best tumor-to-kidney ratio (1.9).
Integrated voice/data switching (1988)

A basic understanding of the technical problems in integrating voice and data is provided. The different types of traffic found in communication systems are examined. Integration is investigated at different levels. In particular, the focus is on the integration of voice and data at the switching level. Different switching approaches are compared and some integrated-switching systems are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Loss of CD19 expression in B‐cell neoplasms (2005)

CD19 can now be detected in routine biopsy specimens. In contrast to the classical pan-B marker CD20, CD19 is not always strongly expressed in B-cell neoplasms. Furthermore, the lymphocytic and histiocytic (L&H) cells of lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's disease (which express most B-cell-associated markers) commonly lack CD19.
Differential effects of butyrate derivatives on human breast cancer cells grown as organotypic nodules in vitro and as xenografts in vivo. (1993)

The antiproliferative and cytodifferentiating effects of a new stable butyric derivative, monobut-3, were compared using human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells grown in three dimension as either in vitro tumor nodules or in vivo xenograft tumors. In in vitro tumor nodules, monobut-3 exhibited marked growth inhibitory effects consistent with the results obtained in monolayer cell cultures. Some functional cell differentiation was also detected in treated nodules. In in vivo xenografts, monobut-3 significantly decreased MDA-MB-231 tumor take but did not affect the rate of tumor growth. No difference was noted in the histological characteristics of the xenografts between untreated and treated mice. Moreover, once monobut-3 treatment was discontinued, tumor growth rapidly resumed in tumor-free animals. The decreased efficacy of monobut-3 in in vivo MDA-MB-231 xenografts as compared to in vitro tumor nodules indicates that factors related to host environment may still limit the clinical effectiveness of this compound.