gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stress and Memory: Behavioral Effects and Neurobiological Mechanisms (2007)

Stress is a potent modulator of learning and memory processes. Although there have been a few attempts in the literature to explain the diversity of effects (including facilitating, impairing, and lack of effects) described for the impact of stress on memory function according to single classification criterion, they have proved insufficient to explain the whole complexity of effects. Here, we review the literature in the field of stress and memory interactions according to five selected classifying factors (source of stress, stressor duration, stressor intensity, stressor timing with regard to memory phase, and learning type) in an attempt to develop an integrative model to understand how stress affects memory function. Summarizing on those conditions in which there was enough information, we conclude that high stress levels, whether intrinsic (triggered by the cognitive challenge) or extrinsic (induced by conditions completely unrelated to the cognitive task), tend to facilitate Pavlovian conditioning (in a linear-asymptotic manner), while being deleterious for spatial/explicit information processing (which with regard to intrinsic stress levels follows an inverted U-shape effect). Moreover, after reviewing the literature, we conclude that all selected factors are essential to develop an integrative model that defines the outcome of stress effects in memory processes. In parallel, we provide a brief review of the main neurobiological mechanisms proposed to account for the different effects of stress in memory function. Glucocorticoids were found as a common mediating mechanism for both the facilitating and impairing actions of stress in different memory processes and phases. Among the brain regions implicated, the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex were highlighted as critical for the mediation of stress effects.
In Vitro Selection of Hg (II) and As (V)-Dependent RNA-Cleaving DNAzymes (2006)

DNAzymes (or catalytic DNA) are cell-free biomolecular recognition tools with target recognition sequences for charged molecules such as metal ions, antibiotics, and pharmaceuticals. In this study, using in vitro selection, large populations (e.g., 1015) of random DNA sequences were used as the raw material for the selection of "catalytic or functional molecules" for Hg2+ and As5+. From a random pool of 45-nt (Pool-A) and 35-nt (Pool-B) templates, we isolated RNA-cleaving catalytic Hg2+- and As5+-active DNAzymes, respectively. After eight cycles of selection and amplification wihin Pool A, sequences were enriched with a 54% cleavage efficiency against Hg2+. Similarly, Pool-B was found to catalyze ca. 18% cleavage efficiency against As5+ after 10 cycles of repeated selection and amplification. The M-fold software analysis resulted in sequences in the two active pools being dominated by "AATTCCGTAGGTCCAGTG" and "ATCTCCTCCTGTTC" functional motifs for Hg2+- and As5+-based catalysis, respectively. These DNAzymes were found to have higher activity in the presence of transition metal ions compared to alkaline earth metal ions. A maximum cleavage rate of 2.7 min−1 for Hg2+ was found to be highest in our study at a saturating concentration of 500 µM. The results demonstrate that DNAzymes are capable of selectively binding transition metal ions, and catalytic rates are at par with most Mg2+-dependent nucleic acid enzymes under similar conditions, and indicate their potential as metal-species specific biosensors.
Reaction of human α2‐antiplasmin and plasmin Stopped‐flow fluorescence kinetics (1996)

The interaction of human plasmin with human alpha2-antiplasmin was measured in the presence and absence of lysine-binding ligands using the corresponding active site fluorescence changes. The stopped-flow method allows for direct determination of reliable values of the second order rate constant for the fast association step of plasmin and alpha2-antiplasmin in the absence of another interacting compound, e.g. a plasmin substrate. At pH 7.4, 25 degrees C, k1 = 2.2 x 10(7) M(-1)s(-1) was obtained. Substantial reductions in k1 were seen in the presence of trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid at concentrations corresponding to lysine-binding site interactions at kringle 4 of plasmin; at saturation the rate constant is reduced 20-fold, whereas the effect of saturation of kringle 1 is only a 2-fold reduction. It is thus found that the interaction of alpha2-antiplasmin with the lysine-binding site of kringle 1 is of little importance compared with that of kringle 4 in regulating the inhibition reaction of plasmin with alpha2-antiplasmin. Similar results were recently obtained for the bovine plasmin-bovine alpha2-antiplasmin reaction (Christensen et al. (1995) Biochem. J. 305, 97-102).
Protein Molecular Mass to 1 Da by 13C, 15N Double-Depletion and FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTProtein Molecular Mass to 1 Da by 13C, 15N Double-Depletion and FT-ICR Mass SpectrometryAlan G. Marshall, Michael W. Senko, Weiqun Li, Ming Li, Stephanie Dillon, Shenheng Guan, and Timothy M. LoganView Author Information Center for Interdisciplinary Magnetic Resonance National High Magnetic Field Laboratory 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 2, 433–434Publication Date (Web):January 15, 1997Publication History Received26 August 1996Published online15 January 1997Published inissue 1 January 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja9630046https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9630046rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views531Altmetric-Citations97LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Carbon,Ions,Mass spectrometry,Monomers,Peptides and proteins Get e-Alerts
Hemolink™, an o‐raffinose cross‐linked haemoglobin‐based oxygen carrier, does not affect activation and function of human platelets in whole blood in vitro (2003)

Haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) are anticipated to be safe and efficient alternatives to RBC transfusions. Haemoglobin (Hb) raffimer (Hemolink; Hemosol, Toronto, ON, Canada) is polymerized human Hb, cross-linked with o-raffinose. As administration of cell-free Hb may affect blood cells and tissues, this study was focused on evaluating effects of Hb raffimer on human platelets in whole blood in vitro. Citrated blood from healthy donors was incubated with Hb raffimer to achieve raffimer concentrations of 2-50 vol percentage (2-50 g/l). Platelet activation, phosphatidylserine exposure and microparticle generation were measured by flow cytometry. Aperture closure time on collagen/ADP- and collagen/epinephrine-coated membranes was determined by a platelet function analyser (PFA-100). We found that addition of Hb raffimer to blood samples up to 50 vol % did not affect human platelets as measured by various markers of platelet activation (CD42b, CD41, PAC-1, CD62, CD63), procoagulant activity (annexin V) and microparticle formation; differences between Hb raffimer- and lactated Ringer's-diluted blood were not significant. Similarly, no adverse effect of Hb raffimer on closure time was observed at concentrations up to 50 vol %, in comparison with Ringer's solution. These data indicate that exposure of human blood to high concentrations of Hb raffimer in vitro did not cause platelet activation nor affect platelet function.
Autologous Red Cell Agglutination Assay for HIV-1 Antibodies: Simplified Test with Whole Blood (1988)

An antibody detection procedure based on agglutination of autologous red cells has been developed for samples of whole blood. A nonagglutinating monoclonal antibody to human red blood cells conjugated to a synthetic peptide antigen (in this case residues 579 to 601 of the HIV-1 envelope precursor, Arg-Ile-Leu-Ala-Val-Glu-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Lys-Asp-Gln-Gln-Leu-Leu-Gly-Ile-Trp- Gly-Cys - Ser-Gly-Lys) permitted the detection of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 10 microliters of whole blood within 2 minutes. Agglutination was specifically inhibited by addition of synthetic peptide antigen but not by unrelated peptides. The frequency of false positive results was 0.1% with HIV-1 seronegative blood donors (n = 874). The false negative results were approximately 1% (n = 81). The autologous red cell agglutination test is potentially suitable for simple, rapid, qualitative screening for antibodies to a variety of antigens of medical and veterinary diagnostic significance.
Dual-Luciferase TM Reporter Assay: An Advanced Co-Reporter Technology Integrating Firefly and Renilla Luciferase Assays (1996)

In the quantitation of gene expression using firefly luciferase, a second reporter gene is commonly used to minimize experimental variability. However, traditional co-reporters (e.g., CAT, beta-Gal or GUS) are inconvenient due to differences in their respective assay chemistries, handling requirements and measurement characteristics. Promega introduces a superior dual-reporter technology integrating the assay of firefly luciferase with the Renilla luciferase assay. The Dual-LuciferaseTM Reporter Assay System*, in combination with the pRL Vectors which express Renilla luciferase as the second reporter, offers the exceptional speed, sensitivity and convenience of two luciferase reporter assays in a single-tube format. The system also includes Passive Lysis Buffer, formulated to provide quantitative solubilization of both luciferases from mammalian cells cultured in multi-well plates without the need for individual processing of each sample. The Dual-LuciferaseTM Reporter Assay System will provide immediate benefit to researchers currently using any experimental firefly luciferase reporter vector.
Adenosine Diphosphate as an Intracellular Regulator of Insulin Secretion (1996)

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels couple the cellular metabolic state to electrical activity and are a critical link between blood glucose concentration and pancreatic insulin secretion. A mutation in the second nucleotide-binding fold (NBF2) of the sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) of an individual diagnosed with persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy generated KATP channels that could be opened by diazoxide but not in response to metabolic inhibition. The hamster SUR, containing the analogous mutation, had normal ATP sensitivity, but unlike wild-type channels, inhibition by ATP was not antagonized by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Additional mutations in NBF2 resulted in the same phenotype, whereas an equivalent mutation in NBF1 showed normal sensitivity to MgADP. Thus, by binding to SUR NBF2 and antagonizing ATP inhibition of KATP++ channels, intracellular MgADP may regulate insulin secretion.
Thrombopoietin Regulates Bcl-xL Gene Expression through Stat5 and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Activation Pathways (2002)

Thrombopoietin (TPO), an essential factor for megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis, works as a survival factor for megakaryocytic lineage cells. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism in detail. We show here that TPO supports the survival of TPO-dependent leukemia cell line UT-7/TPO and normal megakaryocytic progenitors via the induction of Bcl-xL, an anti-apoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family. We further analyzed the signal transduction pathways required for TPO-induced Bcl-xL gene expression. A reporter assay with various lengths of Bcl-x gene promoter revealed that both Stat- and nuclear factor kappa B-binding sites are prerequisites for TPO-induced promoter activity. Consistent with these results, TPO induced the binding of Stat5 and subunits of nuclear factor kappa B, p50, and c-Rel to the Bcl-x gene promoter. AG490, a specific inhibitor for Jak2, and LY294002, a specific inhibitor for phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase, reduced the protein level of Bcl-xL in UT-7/TPO cells, accompanied by an increase in the ratio of apoptotic cells. Interestingly, LY294002 enhanced the TPO-induced DNA binding activity of Stat5 without affecting the Jak2 activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5. Concomitantly, confocal microscopy revealed that LY294002 clearly inhibited the nuclear export of Stat5, suggesting that PI 3-kinase regulates the subcellular localization of Stat5. Taken together, our results suggest that both Jak-Stat and PI 3-kinase activation pathways regulate the TPO-induced survival of megakaryocytic cells via Bcl-xL gene expression. In addition, our data suggest possible cross-talk between these two signaling pathways.
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the Moloney sarcoma virus system: differential activity of IgG and IgM with different subpopulations of lymphocytes. (1977)

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) system was evaluated in terms of the differential ability of IgG and IgM from MSV regressor animals to induce cytotoxicity by lymphocytes from lymph node, spleen, and thymus. The cell-mediated cytotoxicity induced by both IgM and IgG was specific for target possessing the appropriate virally determined cell surface antigen(s). IgM induced cytotoxicity by lymphocytes from all the organs tested. However, differences in magnitude and efficiency were revealed. Lymph node cells and thymocytes were most efficient against IgM-coated target cells. Against IgG-sensitized target cells, spleen and lymph node cells were about equally active, but thymocytes were inactive. Cortisone treatment of the donors of effector cells revealed that the cortisone resistant subpopulation of thymocytes, 2 days after cortisone injection, exhibited an increased cytotoxicity against target cells treated with unfractionated antiserum and its IgM fraction. This subpopulation of thymocytes was also cytotoxic against IgG-coated target cells. At 12 days after cortisone injection, the repopulated thymus showed little change in activity, compared to control thymus, against antibody-coated target cells.
Acoustic source detection and localization based on wavefield decomposition using circular microphone arrays (2006)

This paper is concerned with the problem of detecting and localizing multiple wideband acoustic sources by applying the notion of wavefield decomposition using circular microphone arrays optionally mounted into cylindrical baffles. The decomposed wavefield representation is used to serve as a basis for so-called modal array signal processing algorithms, which have the significant advantage over classical array signal processing algorithms that they inherently support multiple wideband acoustic sources. A rigorous derivation of modal array signal processing algorithms for source detection and localization, as well as performance evaluations, by means of measurements using an actual real-time capable implementation are presented.
First confirmation that water ice is the primary component of polar mesospheric clouds (2001)

Polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) have been measured in the infrared for the first time by the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE). PMC extinctions retrieved from measurements at eight wavelengths show remarkable agreement with model spectra based on ice particle extinction. The infrared spectrum of ice has a unique signature, and the HALOE‐model agreement thus provides the first physical confirmation that water ice is the primary component of PMCs. PMC particle effective radii were estimated from the HALOE extinctions based on a first order fit of model extinctions.
Effects of a ginger extract on knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis (2001)

A highly purified and standardized ginger extract had a statistically significant effect on reducing symptoms of OA of the knee. This effect was moderate. There was a good safety profile, with mostly mild GI adverse events in the ginger extract group.
Interleukin 6 reduces lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue of mice in vivo and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: a possible role for interleukin 6 in cancer cachexia. (1992)

To investigate whether interleukin 6 (IL-6) might be a potential mediator of the depleted fat reserves observed in malignancy-associated cachexia, we measured lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in adipose tissue of mice after administration of IL-6 or tumor necrosis factor and in cultured adipocytes after addition of these cytokines. Injection of IL-6 i.p. reduced adipose tissue LPL activity by 53% within 4.5 to 5.5 h. Injection of tumor necrosis factor elevated serum IL-6 levels and reduced adipose tissue LPL activity by 70%. Both human and murine IL-6 reduced heparin-releasable LPL activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner; half-maximal inhibition of LPL activity was achieved with 5000 hybridoma growth factor units/ml. Thus, IL-6 reduces adipose LPL activity and may contribute to the loss of body fat stores associated with some cases of cancer cachexia. Since tumor necrosis factor increases circulating IL-6, some of its effects may be mediated or potentiated by IL-6.
On the Nonlinear Ddynamics of Fast Filtering Algorithms (1994)

The main purpose of this paper is to address a fundamental open problem in linear filtering and estimation, namely, what is the steady-state or asymptotic behavior of the Kalman filter, or the Kalman gain, when the observed stationary stochastic process is not generated by a finite-dimensional stochastic system, or when it is generated by a stochastic system having higher-dimensional unmodeled dynamics. For example, some time ago Kalman pointed out that the usual positivity conditions assumed in the classical situation are not in fact necessary for the Kalman filter to converge. Using a “fast filtering” algorithm, which incorporates the statistics of the observation process as initial conditions for a dynamical system, this question is analyzed in terms of the phase portrait of a “universal” n;onlinear dynamical system. This point of view has additional advantages as well, since it enables one to use the theory of dynamical systems to study the sensitivity of the Kalman filter to (small) changes in initial conditions; e.g., to changes in the statistics of the underlying process. This is especially important since these statistics are often either approximated or estimated. In this paper, for a scalar observation process, necessary and sufficient conditions for the Kalman filter to converge are derived using methods from stochastic systems and from nonlinear dynamics-especially the use of stable, unstable, and center manifolds. It is also shown that, in nonconvergent cases, there exist periodic points of every period p, $p \geq 3$ that are arbitrarily close to initial conditions having unbounded orbits, rigorously demonstrating that the Kalman filter can also be “sensitive to initial conditions.”
In vivo hyperspectral confocal fluorescence imaging to determine pigment localization and distribution in cyanobacterial cells (2008)

Hyperspectral confocal fluorescence imaging provides the opportunity to obtain individual fluorescence emission spectra in small ( approximately 0.03-microm(3)) volumes. Using multivariate curve resolution, individual fluorescence components can be resolved, and their intensities can be calculated. Here we localize, in vivo, photosynthesis-related pigments (chlorophylls, phycobilins, and carotenoids) in wild-type and mutant cells of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Cells were excited at 488 nm, exciting primarily phycobilins and carotenoids. Fluorescence from phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, allophycocyanin-B/terminal emitter, and chlorophyll a was resolved. Moreover, resonance-enhanced Raman signals and very weak fluorescence from carotenoids were observed. Phycobilin emission was most intense along the periphery of the cell whereas chlorophyll fluorescence was distributed more evenly throughout the cell, suggesting that fluorescing phycobilisomes are more prevalent along the outer thylakoids. Carotenoids were prevalent in the cell wall and also were present in thylakoids. Two chlorophyll fluorescence components were resolved: the short-wavelength component originates primarily from photosystem II and is most intense near the periphery of the cell; and the long-wavelength component that is attributed to photosystem I because it disappears in mutants lacking this photosystem is of higher relative intensity toward the inner rings of the thylakoids. Together, the results suggest compositional heterogeneity between thylakoid rings, with the inner thylakoids enriched in photosystem I. In cells depleted in chlorophyll, the amount of both chlorophyll emission components was decreased, confirming the accuracy of the spectral assignments. These results show that hyperspectral fluorescence imaging can provide unique information regarding pigment organization and localization in the cell.
New Electrochemical Process for CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction to from Formic Acid from Combustion Flue Gases (2004)

Flow cell technologies for electrochemical reactors were applied to the system for carbon dioxide absorption and its electrochemical reduction. Small flow-by type reactors with two chambers separated by a sheet of ion-exchange membrane were employed for both CO2 absorbtion and reduction. Absorbtion of CO2 into phosphate buffer solutions through the ion exchange membrane and succeeding electrochemical reduction of the absorbed CO2 were studied; and the opimum conditions to form formic acid with high current efficiency were discussed. Formic acid is expected to be available to chemiluminescent reagents for oxidant detections and chemical lamps. Almost 100% in current efficiency of CO2 reduction to form formic acid was realized by using In impregnated lead wire cathode. The applied cell voltage was reduced to under 1.5 V due to sulfur dioxide absorption into counter electrode solution.