gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluosol and Hyperbaric Oxygen as an Adjunct to Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Malignant Gliomas: a Pilot Study (1992)

Several clinical trials have been reported using Fluosol and oxygen breathing as an adjunct to radiation. Theoretical considerations and animal experiments, however, indicate that a combination of perfluorochemicals and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) increases tumor oxygenation and radiation response to a greater extent than is seen either with a perfluorochemical and normobaric oxygen or with HBO alone. This is the first report of a pilot study of the use of Fluosol and HBO with radiation in humans. Twenty patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or glioblastoma multiforme were treated in a phase I trial of radiation with Fluosol and HBO at three atmospheres. Total Fluosol dose was escalated from 42 ml/kg in six courses to 80 ml/kg in four courses. Patients were irradiated in an HBO chamber with 600 cGy weekly fractions following Fluosol administration. Sixteen patients completed treatment; no interruption was necessitated by treatment toxicity. The addition of Fluosol/HBO did not increase the incidence of HBO related toxicities. No significant chronic toxicities were seen. This pilot study demonstrates that Fluosol and HBO can safely be used as an adjunct to radiation in the treatment of human tumors.
T cell clone-specific alloantisera that inhibit or stimulate antigen-induced T cell activation. (1983)

Pigeon cytochrome c-specific, IL 2-secreting T cell hybrids have been used for immunizations to generate alloantibodies against the T cell antigen receptor on these cells. The B10.A-derived cloned T cell hybrid 2B4 was emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant and injected i.p. into several F1 strains of mice. After boosting the recipient animals with cells in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, malignant ascites developed. In the (BALB/c X AKR)F1 or (AKR X BALB/c)F1 strains, these ascites consistently contained material that specifically inhibited the antigen-induced IL 2 secretion of only the immunizing 2B4 cell. The inhibitory material was antibody that specifically bound and could be absorbed only by 2B4. A similar immunization was performed with the cell 2C2. Although this cell apparently has similar antigenic fine specificity as 2B4, high concentrations of ascites generated by 2C2 immune animals inhibited antigen-induced IL 2 release only from 2C2. At lower concentrations of ascites, this preparation synergized with antigen to increase the IL 2 release, again only from 2C2. This antibody preparation did not affect concanavalin A-induced IL 2 release. The most likely explanation for these data is that the ascites contain antibodies that react with the antigen-specific receptor on the T cell hybrids.
Regulation of the MEF2 Family of Transcription Factors by p38 (1999)

Members of the MEF2 family of transcription factors bind as homo- and heterodimers to the MEF2 site found in the promoter regions of numerous muscle-specific, growth- or stress-induced genes. We showed previously that the transactivation activity of MEF2C is stimulated by p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. In this study, we examined the potential role of the p38 MAP kinase pathway in regulating the other MEF2 family members. We found that MEF2A, but not MEF2B or MEF2D, is a substrate for p38. Among the four p38 group members, p38 is the most potent kinase for MEF2A. Threonines 312 and 319 within the transcription activation domain of MEF2A are the regulatory sites phosphorylated by p38. Phosphorylation of MEF2A in a MEF2A-MEF2D heterodimer enhances MEF2-dependent gene expression. These results demonstrate that the MAP kinase signaling pathway can discriminate between different MEF2 isoforms and can regulate MEF2-dependent genes through posttranslational activation of preexisting MEF2 protein.
Novel Protection Strategy against X-Ray-Induced Damage to Salivary Glands (1998)

Exposure of the major salivary glands to ionizing radiation often results in severe alterations in structure and function. The mechanism of these effects is still unknown, and no adequate prevention or treatment is yet available. The purpose of this study was to examine a mechanism based on the assumption that redox-active metal ions, which propagate the production of highly reactive free radicals, are responsible for the unique radiosensitivity of salivary glands. Zinc-desferrioxamine (Zn-DFO) was recently reported to be a very potent protector against the injuries induced by such metal ions in the vicinity of sensitive cellular targets. We chose to examine its protective potential against the damage to salivary glands induced by X rays. Head and neck irradiation (15 Gy) was delivered to rats 90 min after the intraperitoneal administration of 20 mg/kg Zn-DFO. This group was compared to two control groups, irradiated and nonirradiated. At 2 months after irradiation, both systemic and salivary parameters were analyzed. The results demonstrated that X irradiation induced a profound attenuation of body weight (30%) and a reduction of parotid gland saliva flow rate (74%), parotid gland weight (36%), submandibular gland/sublingual gland saliva flow rate (46%), and submandibular/sublingual gland weight (24%) (P < 0.01 for all parameters). The content of potassium in parotid gland saliva was increased by 46% (P < 0.01), while the protein content was unaltered. The increase in the potassium concentration of the saliva is considered to be another indication of salivary gland hypofunction. Administration of Zn-DFO prior to irradiation resulted in partial protection against radiation-induced injury to the parotid gland but not the submandibular gland. In the Zn-DFO-treated and irradiated group, the parotid gland saliva flow rate was reduced by 42%, the weight of the parotid gland was reduced by 13%, and the potassium concentration in the parotid gland saliva was increased by 21% (P < 0.05 for all parameters). These results give credence to the validity of the hypothesis which correlates radiation-induced damage of the salivary glands with the injurious role of intracellular redox-active metal ions. Furthermore, the results offer prospects in the clinical setting, as Zn-DFO is a modification of DFO, which is a clinically approved and widely used medication. Further examination of the clinical use of Zn-DFO is currently under way, focusing on its beneficial protective effect on healthy non-neoplastic tissue.
Corneal wave aberration from videokeratography: accuracy and limitations of the procedure (2000)

A procedure to calculate the wave aberration of the human cornea from its surface shape measured by videokeratography is presented. The wave aberration was calculated as the difference in optical path between the marginal rays and the chief ray refracted at the surface, for both on- and off-axis objects. The corneal shape elevation map was obtained from videokeratography and fitted to a Zernike polynomial expansion through a Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization. The wave aberration was obtained also as a Zernike polynomial representation. The accuracy of the procedure was analyzed. For calibrated reference surface elevations, a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 1 to 2 microm for an aperture 4-6 mm in diameter was obtained, and the RMSE associated with the experimental errors and with the fitting method was 0.2 microm. The procedure permits estimation of the corneal wave aberration from videokeratoscopic data with an accuracy of 0.05-0.2 microm for a pupil 4-6 mm in diameter, rendering the method adequate for many applications.
Power Generation Using Different Cation, Anion, and Ultrafiltration Membranes in Microbial Fuel Cells (2007)

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are often used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) to separate the liquid in the anode and cathode chambers while allowing protons to pass between the chambers. However, negatively or positively charged species present at high concentrations in the medium can also be used to maintain charge balance during power generation. An anion exchange membrane (AEM) produced the largest power density (up to 610 mW/m2) and Coulombic efficiency (72%) in MFCs relative to values achieved with a commonly used PEM (Nafion), a cation exchange membrane (CEM), or three different ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with molecular weight cut offs of 0.5K, 1K, and 3K Daltons in different types of MFCs. The increased performance of the AEM was due to proton charge-transfer facilitated by phosphate anions and low internal resistance. The type of membrane affected maximum power densities in two-chamber, air-cathode cube MFCs (C-MFCs) with low internal resistance (84-91 omega for all membranes except UF-0.5K) but not in two-chamber aqueous-cathode bottle MFCs (B-MFCs) due to their higher internal resistances (1230-1272 omega except UF-0.5K). The UF-0.5K membrane produced very high internal resistances (6009 omega, B-MFC; 1814omega, C-MFC) and was the least permeable to both oxygen (mass transfer coefficient of k(O) = 0.19 x 10(-4) cm/s) and acetate (k(A) = 0.89 x 10(-8) cm/s). Nafion was the most permeable membrane to oxygen (k(O) = 1.3 x 10(-4) cm/s), and the UF-3K membrane was the most permeable to acetate (k(A) = 7.2 x 10(-8) cm/s). Only a small percent of substrate was unaccounted for based on measured Coulombic efficiencies and estimates of biomass production and substrate losses using Nafion, CEM, and AEM membranes (4-8%), while a substantial portion of substrate was lost to unidentified processes for the UF membranes (40-89%). These results show that many types of membranes can be used in two-chambered MFCs, even membranes that transfer negatively charged species.
Monatin and Its Stereoisomers: Chemoenzymatic Synthesis and Taste Properties (2005)

Abstract The sweet natural compound monatin 1 has two stereogenic centres and the (2 S ,4 S ) absolute configuration has been attributed to the natural isomer. We obtained all four stereoisomers as pure compounds by a six‐step synthetic sequence. The stereogenic centre at C‐4 was introduced stereoselectively by a regio‐ and enantiospecific enzymatic hydrolysis of the racemic ethyl dicarboxylate 4 using a protease from Aspergillus oryzae . The absolute configuration of the intermediate products was assigned by X‐ray diffraction of chiral derivatives. The stereogenic centre at C‐2 was introduced non‐specifically, and the resulting diastereomeric mixtures were separated by RP‐HPLC. The absolute configurations of the final products were established by comparing retention times on a chiral HPLC column with those of known samples. The four stereoisomers were submitted to tasting trials and three of them, particularly the (2 R ,4 R ) isomer, were found to be intensely sweet. A sample of natural monatin analysed under the same conditions is shown to contain all the four stereoisomers. The relative stereoisomeric content in the plant, as well as the possible isomerisation of the chiral centres during extraction and manipulation of monatin samples, are important points that need to be clarified by extensive analysis of the natural extracts. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Johnny 2 (2005)

Secure email has struggled with signifcant obstacles to adoption, among them the low usability of encryption software and the cost and overhead of obtaining public key certificates. Key continuity management (KCM) has been proposed as a way to lower these barriers to adoption, by making key generation, key management, and message signing essentially automatic. We present the first user study of KCM-secured email, conducted on naïve users who had no previous experience with secure email. Our secure email prototype, CoPilot, color-codes messages depending on whether they were signed and whether the signer was previously known or unknown. This interface makes users signicantly less susceptible to social engineering attacks overall, but new-identity attacks (from email addresses never seen before) are still effective. Also, naïve users do use the Sign and Encrypt button on the Outlook Express toolbar when the situation seems to warrant it, even without explicit instruction, although some falsely hoped that Encrypt would protect a secret message even when sent directly to an attacker. We conclude that KCM is a workable model for improving email security today, but work is needed to alert users to "phishing" attacks.
Effect of dopant on the physicochemical and electrical properties of organic conducting polymers (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffect of dopant on the physicochemical and electrical properties of organic conducting polymersG. Tourillon and F. GarnierCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1983, 87, 13, 2289–2292Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1983https://doi.org/10.1021/j100236a010RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views933Altmetric-Citations271LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (353 KB) Get e-Alerts
Diels-Alder reactions of .alpha.-oxy-o-xylylenes (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleDiels-Alder reactions of .alpha.-oxy-o-xylylenesWilliam Choy and Huiling YangCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 24, 5796–5798Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00259a041https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00259a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views579Altmetric-Citations77LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Distribution of high-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels in rat brain: targeting to axons and nerve terminals (1996)

Tissue expression and distribution of the high-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel Slo was investigated in rat brain by immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization, and radioligand binding using the novel high-affinity (Kd 22 pM) ligand [3H]iberiotoxin-D19C ([3H]IbTX-D19C), which is an analog of the selective maxi-K peptidyl blocker IbTX. A sequence-directed antibody directed against Slo revealed the expression of a 125 kDa polypeptide in rat brain by Western blotting and precipitated the specifically bound [3H]IbTX-D19C in solubilized brain membranes. Slo immunoreactivity was highly concentrated in terminal areas of prominent fiber tracts: the substantia nigra pars reticulata, globus pallidus, olfactory system, interpeduncular nucleus, hippocampal formation including mossy fibers and perforant path terminals, medial forebrain bundle and pyramidal tract, as well as cerebellar Purkinje cells. In situ hybridization indicated high levels of Slo mRNA in the neocortex, olfactory system, habenula, striatum, granule and pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampus, and Purkinje cells. The distribution of Slo protein was confirmed in microdissected brain areas by Western blotting and radioligand-binding studies. The latter studies also established the pharmacological profile of neuronal Slo channels. The expression pattern of Slo is consistent with its targeting into a presynaptic compartment, which implies an important role in neural transmission.
Combinatorially Inducible RNA Interference Triggered by Chemically Modified Oligonucleotides (2011)

Chemically inducible RNA interference (RNAi) enables temporal and/or spatial control of virtually any gene, making it useful for study of gene functions, discovery of potential drug targets, and gene therapy applications. Here we describe a new inducible RNAi platform in which orthogonal chemically modified oligonucleotides are used to trigger silencing of two genes in a combinatorial manner. We developed a modular RNA architecture consisting of an oligonucleotide sensor stem-loop and an RNAi effector domain that is designed to undergo a structural shift upon addition of an oligonucleotide inducer. The induced structural change allows the RNA to be processed by the RNAi machinery, ultimately resulting in gene silencing of the target encoded by the RNAi effector module. Combinatorial regulation of multiple genes should accelerate studies of complex gene-gene interactions and screening of new drug targets.
Antacid activity of calcium carbonate and hydrotalcite tablets. Comparison between in vitro evaluation using the "artificial stomach-duodenum" model and in vivo pH-metry in healthy volunteers. (1994)

Antacid activity of calcium carbonate (CAM, Rennie) and of hydrotalcite (HYD) containing tablets has been assessed in vitro using computer-controlled "artificial stomach-duodenum" model, including or not a piece of hog gastric mucosa in the gastric reservoir, and simulating the constant flux system or the normal gastroduodenal flux regulation. The data obtained under the latter condition were compared to those obtained in vivo by pH-metry in 12 healthy volunteers, in response to one administration of 2 tablets. The theoretical maximal capacity was similar when 1 tablet of CAM or of HYD was added to the gastric contents, including or not a piece of gastric mucosa, close to 95 H+ mmol. The reduction of acid load penetrating into the duodenum and the duodenal pH were of the same magnitude in response to both antacids. When normal gastroduodenal flux regulation was simulated, a dose-response curve, constructed by 1, 2 or 3 tablets, resulted in the same antacid characteristics in response to both antacids. The maximal gastric and the mean duodenal pH values obtained with CAM were, however, higher than with HYD, corresponding to a greater neutralizing activity developed by CAM than by HYD. The comparison between in vivo administration of two tablets of each antacid and the in vitro model simulating normal gastroduodenal flux regulation in response to the addition of two tablets resulted in similar data. The maximal pH values obtained in in vivo assays were slightly lower than in vitro, depending on the ratio of antacid amount to gastric acid content, well established in in vitro conditions and unknown in in vivo situations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Coumarin Derivatives for Medicinal Purposes. VIII (1954)

Change by the passage of time on the oxygen uptake of the rat brain homogenate by the addition of coumarin derivatives in various percentage concentrations and at 2×10-4 molar concentration was examined.1) Acceleration of oxygen uptake was observed in barbital (I), coumarin-3-carboxylic acid diethylamide (II), 3, 4-dihydro-4-methylcoumarin (III), 4-methylcoudarin (IV), 4-methylumbelliferone (V), 4-methyl-β-naphthapyrone (VI), coumarin-4-carboxylic acid diethylamide (VII), isocoumarin-3-carboxylic acid diethylamide (VIII), and Dormison “Schering” (IX) in low concentrations and suppression of oxygen uptake in 10-100mg% concentrations.2) Suppression of oxygen uptake by various compounds in around 2×10-4 molar concentration was found to become stronger with the passage of time, after addition of the chemical.3) In such a case, suppression of oxygen uptake 50 minutes after addition of the chemicals was in the order of (I), (II), (VIII), (IX), (IV), (V), (VI) and Krebs-Ringer phosphate glucose solution (control). No significant difference could be observed between (I) and (II), (II) and (VIII), (VIII) and (IX), (IX) and (IV), and (V) and (VI), but a significant difference was observed between the control compound and various compounds, and between (V) and (VI) and other compounds (p=0.05).4) Suppression of oxygen uptake 90 minutes after the addition of the chemical was in the order of (I), (IX), (IV), (VIII), (II), (VI), (V), and control. No significant difference was observed between (I), (IX), (IV), and (VIII), and between (II) and (VI), but a significant difference was observed between the control and various compounds tested, and between (VI) and (I), (IX), and (VIII) (p=0.05).5) In 2×10-4 molar concentration, the strength of such suppression falls in the order of derivatives which show clinical hypnotic action, and the control, with significant difference between these groups, but there is no significant difference between the compounds which show clinical hypnotic action.
Experimental hemochromatosis due to MHC class I HFE deficiency: Immune status and iron metabolism (1999)

The puzzling linkage between genetic hemochromatosis and histocompatibility loci became even more so when the gene involved, HFE, was identified. Indeed, within the well defined, mainly peptide-binding, MHC class I family of molecules, HFE seems to perform an unusual yet essential function. As yet, our understanding of HFE function in iron homeostasis is only partial; an even more open question is its possible role in the immune system. To advance on both of these avenues, we report the deletion of HFE alpha1 and alpha2 putative ligand binding domains in vivo. HFE-deficient animals were analyzed for a comprehensive set of metabolic and immune parameters. Faithfully mimicking human hemochromatosis, mice homozygous for this deletion develop iron overload, characterized by a higher plasma iron content and a raised transferrin saturation as well as an elevated hepatic iron load. The primary defect could, indeed, be traced to an augmented duodenal iron absorption. In parallel, measurement of the gut mucosal iron content as well as iron regulatory proteins allows a more informed evaluation of various hypotheses regarding the precise role of HFE in iron homeostasis. Finally, an extensive phenotyping of primary and secondary lymphoid organs including the gut provides no compelling evidence for an obvious immune-linked function for HFE.
Automatic adjustment of gain and phase imbalancesin LINC transmitters (1995)

The Letter describes a new method to correct for gain and phase imbalances in LINC transmitters. A direct-search scheme is used to adjust gain and phase in one amplifier branch, guided by the measured output signal in adjacent channels. The functionality of the method has been verified by means of simulation.