gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Human Keratinocytes by Retinoids (2000)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is overexpressed in hyperproliferative diseases, such as psoriasis and cancers, which are characterized by increased angiogenesis. Experimentally, VEGF overexpression can be induced by the treatment of cell cultures and biological tissues with phorbol esters, such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Using normal human keratinocytes in conventional cultures and skin grafted onto nude mice in vivo, we show that retinoids can inhibit TPA-mediated VEGF gene induction at the transcriptional level. Because retinoids are biologically active either by interacting with the nuclear retinoic acid receptors or by interfering with the activator protein 1 (AP1) transcription factor, we studied the effect of the retinoic acid derivative CD 2409, which exhibits strong anti-AP1 activity but does not bind to the known retinoic acid receptors in vitro. The results demonstrate that the inhibition of VEGF expression by retinoids only depends on their anti-AP1 activity and does not require gene transactivation via retinoic acid response elements. Because the VEGF promoter contains four potential AP1 binding sites, we used different promoter constructs to identify the functional site responsible for TPA induction and retinoid inhibition. This site turned out to be localized at position -621 of the 5' flanking region of the VEGF gene.
The use of the 2-iminobiotin-avidin interaction for the selective retrieval of labeled plasma membrane components. (1981)

A general method for the selective retrieval of surface labeled plasma membrane components had been devised. The basis of the technique is the covalent attachment of compounds containing 2-iminobiotin, the cyclic guanidino analog of biotin, onto the cell surface proteins and the use of immobilized avidin to recover the labeled components uncontaminated by other cytosolic and membrane components. The pH-dependent interaction of 2-iminobiotin with avidin makes recovery possible. At high pH the free base form of 2-iminobiotin retains the high affinity specific binding to avidin characteristic of biotin, whereas at acidic pH values, the salt form of the analog interacts poorly with avidin. Model studies on the interaction of 2-iminobiotinylated proteins with avidin-Sepharose 4B show that for tight binding to the affinity matrix, the pH of the column must be 9.5 or higher, that a single 2-iminobiotin group is sufficient for binding, and that proteins with different extents of labeling behave similarly when the low pH buffer is applied. When intact human erythrocytes were sequentially labeled with periodate and 2-iminobiotin hydrazide and the Triton X-100-solubilized plasma membrane proteins were subjected to affinity isolation, the major sialoglycoproteins, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) 1, PAS 2, and PAS 3, plus two proteins with apparent molecular weights higher than band 3 were retrieved. The recovery of these proteins is not due to a nonspecific adsorption to the affinity matrix.
Effect of Centrally Administered Insulin on Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neuron Activity and Luteinizing Hormone Surge in the Diabetic Female Rat (2002)

Diabetic female rats have decreased ovulation, sexual behavior, and luteinizing hormone (LH) surges. Peripheral insulin treatment restores the phenotype to normal. We administered central insulin and analyzed serum LH during the time of the LH surge in diabetic and non-diabetic animals to determine if central insulin was sufficient to normalize the phenotype. We assessed the activity and number of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons by double label immunocytochemistry for C-FOS and GnRH to determine if decreased GnRH neuron activity or number could account for the diabetes-induced deficits in neuroendocrine function. All animals were ovariectomized and given estradiol and progesterone. Diabetic and control animals were given either intracerebroventricular (ICV) insulin or saline. In experiment I, serial blood collection was performed. In experiment II, animals were sacrificed and their brains were processed for immunocytochemistry during the presumed LH surge. Experiment I showed that diabetic, saline-treated animals were unable to trigger an LH surge. Central insulin restored LH production to control levels. Experiment II revealed similar numbers and activation of GnRH neurons in all four groups. Therefore, the diabetes-induced loss of the LH surge cannot be explained simply by a reduction of GnRH-expressing neurons or by a decrease in GnRH neuronal activity.
The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide by iron salts (1934)

Abstract [Note by Dr. O. H. Wansbrough-Jones—Shortly before Professor Haber died, he gave the manuscript of this paper to Professor Sir William Pope. The final revision for the press had not been made and in its original from the paper was not suitable for publication in an English journal. Considerable alterations in the wording have accordingly been made; but since, Professor Haber had considered carefully how he wished to present the results embodied in it, the form and sequence of the paper remain unmodified. The paper is, further, a sequel to some communications in German periodicals which may not be familiar to its readers. In an attempt to make it more quickly understandable, while keeping it as far as possible as it was left by Professor Haber, the following summary has been added.
A coherent projection approach for direct volume rendering (1991)

Direct volume rendering offers the opportunity to visualize all of a three-dimensional sample volume in one image. However, processing such images can be very expensive and good quality high-resolution images are far from interactive. Projection approaches to direct volume rendering process the volume region by region as opposed to ray-casting methods that process it ray by ray. Projection approaches have generated interest because they use coherence to provide greater speed than ray casting and generate the image in a layered, informative fashion. This paper discusses two topics: First, it introduces a projection approach for directly rendering rectilinear, parallel-projected sample volumes that takes advantage of coherence across cells and the identical shape of their projection. Second, it considers the repercussions of various methods of integration in depth and interpolation across the scan plane. Some of these methods take advantage of Gouraud-shading hardware, with advantages in speed but potential disadvantages in image quality.
Pharmacokinetics of Orally and Intravenously Administered Telmisartan in Healthy Young and Elderly Volunteers and in Hypertensive Patients (2000)

A series of studies was conducted in healthy young males and healthy elderly males or females to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of telmisartan. In addition, two phase-II clinical trials assessed the pharmacokinetics and the safety of telmisartan in mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients. Telmisartan was given as a single oral (1-160 mg) or intravenous (10-160 mg) dose to young males. In another multiple-dose study, telmisartan 320 mg was administered orally once daily for 7 days to healthy young male subjects. Elderly subjects received oral telmisartan (20 and 120 mg) once daily for 7 days. Telmisartan doses of 10, 20, 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg were taken once daily by mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients for 7 days. Additionally, oral telmisartan (40, 80 or 120 mg) was administered once daily for 28 days to hypertensive subjects. Following oral dosing, median time to maximum plasma telmisartan concentration was 0.5 - 2 h, with maximum plasma concentrations increasing disproportionately with dose. By contrast, plasma concentrations were directly related to the intravenous dose. Steady state was observed after 5-7 days of once-daily administration, and there was no clinically relevant accumulation at 28 days. The plasma concentration-time profiles were similar in all study groups and were characterized by fast absorption and a rapid biexponential decline after the peak plasma concentration, with a prolonged terminal elimination phase (> 20 h in healthy and hypertensive subjects). Telmisartan was well tolerated, with a low incidence of drug-related adverse events. The most frequent event was headache, which also occurred in placebo-treated control subjects. No changes in heart rate, electrocardiograms or clinical chemistry were detected following receipt of telmisartan. The study thus shows that high systemic levels of telmisartan, which are well tolerated, can be attained in healthy adults of any age and in hypertensive subjects. The long terminal elimination half-life makes telmisartan suitable for once-daily dosing and contributes to the sustained efficacy over the full 24-h dosing interval.
Thermoreflectance of metal transducers for time-domain thermoreflectance (2010)

We report measurements of the temperature dependence of the optical reflectivity, i.e., the thermoreflectance dR/dT, of 18 metallic elements at two laser wavelengths commonly used in ultrafast pump-probe experiments, 1.55 μm and 785 nm. The thermoreflectance is determined using time-domain thermoreflectance combined with measurements of the laser power and spot size and comparisons between the data and quantitative modeling of the temperature evolution at the surface of the sample. At a laser wavelength of 1.55 μm, four elements within this set of samples, Nb, Re, Ta, and V, have dR/dT comparable to or larger than 0.6×10−4 K−1. At a laser wavelength of 785 nm, the highest thermoreflectance is found in Al and Ta, dR/dT≈2.1×10−4 K−1 and 2.2×10−4 K−1, respectively. Alloying Au with 5% Pd increases the optical absorption by a factor of 3 and the thermoreflectance by a factor of 2.
Radiation Dose to Patients From Cardiac Diagnostic Imaging (2007)

T he volume of cardiac diagnostic procedures involving the use of ionizing radiation has increased rapidly in recent years. Whereas in 1990, fewer than 3 million nuclear cardiology studies were performed in the United States, by 2002 this figure more than tripled to 9.9 million. 1 Cardiac computed tomographic (CT) volume doubled between 2002 and 2003, to 485 000 cases, 2 and has continued to grow since then. The volume of procedures performed in cardiac catheterization labs increased from 2.45 million in 1993 to 3.85 million in 2002. he powerful diagnostic and risk-stratification data provided by these procedures play a central role in clinical cardiology and have contributed to the decrease in morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease. Nevertheless, performance of any diagnostic test requires a careful assessment of the risks and benefits of the test and optimization of protocols to minimize risks to patients, staff members, and the public. Procedures that utilize ionizing radiation should be performed in accordance with the As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) philosophy. Thus, physicians ordering and performing cardiac imaging should be very familiar with the dosage of radiation from cardiac diagnostic tests and ways in which dose can be minimized. In this report we discuss the measurement of radiation and the dosimetry of commonly performed cardiac diagnostic imaging tests, including nuclear scintigraphy, CT for calcium scoring and coronary angiography (CTCA), and conventional coronary angiography (CCA).
Bacterial and Fungal Biofilm Infections (2007)

Biofilms are communal structures of microorganisms encased in an exopolymeric coat that form on both natural and abiotic surfaces and have been associated with a variety of persistent infections that respond poorly to conventional antibiotic chemotherapy. Biofilm infections of certain indwelling medical devices by common pathogens such as staphylococci are not only associated with increased morbidity and mortality but are also significant contributors to the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance traits in the nosocomial setting. Current treatment paradigms for biofilm-associated infections of semipermanent indwelling devices typically involve surgical replacement of the device combined with long-term antibiotic therapy and incur high health care costs. This review summarizes the existing data relating to the nature, prevalence, and treatment of biofilm-associated infections and highlights experimental approaches and therapies that are being pursued toward more effective treatments.
DNA Methylation Profiling Defines Clinically Relevant Biological Subsets of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2012)

Our data show that patterns of DNA methylation can divide NSCLCs into two phenotypically distinct subtypes of tumors and provide proof of principle that differences in DNA methylation can be used as a platform for predictive biomarker discovery and development.
Resistance Compression Networks for Radio-Frequency Power Conversion (2007)

A limitation of many high-frequency resonant inverter topologies is their high sensitivity to loading conditions. This paper introduces a new class of matching networks that greatly reduces the load sensitivity of resonant inverters and radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers. These networks, which we term resistance compression networks, serve to substantially decrease the variation in effective resistance seen by a tuned RF inverter as loading conditions change. We explore the operation, performance characteristics, and design of these networks, and present experimental results demonstrating their performance. Their combination with rectifiers to form RF-to-dc converters having narrow-range resistive input characteristics is also treated. The application of resistance compression in resonant power conversion is demonstrated in a dc-dc power converter operating at 100MHz
Gene expression patterns in human embryonic stem cells and human pluripotent germ cell tumors (2003)

Remarkably little is known about the transcriptional profiles of human embryonic stem (ES) cells or the molecular mechanisms that underlie their pluripotency. To identify commonalties among the transcriptional profiles of different human pluripotent cells and to search for clues into the genesis of human germ cell tumors, we compared the expression profiles of human ES cell lines, human germ cell tumor cell lines and tumor samples, somatic cell lines, and testicular tissue samples by using cDNA microarray analysis. Hierarchical cluster analysis of gene expression profiles showed that the five independent human ES cell lines clustered tightly together, reflecting highly similar expression profiles. The gene expression patterns of human ES cell lines showed many similarities with the human embryonal carcinoma cell samples and more distantly with the seminoma samples. We identified 895 genes that were expressed at significantly greater levels in human ES and embryonal carcinoma cell lines than in control samples. These genes are candidates for involvement in the maintenance of a pluripotent, undifferentiated phenotype.
Rational Screening Approach for Classical Chiral Resolution under Thermodynamic Equilibrium: A Case Study of Diphenyl-Substituted N-Methyl-Piperazine (2010)

Separation of racemic mixtures by the formation and crystallization of diastereomeric salts (classical resolution) is an important process in the pharmaceutical industry. We have developed and implemented a high-throughput screening workflow to effectively guide the development and optimization of a thermodynamically favored resolution process. A case study is presented for optical resolution of a diphenyl-substituted N-methyl-piperazine derivative, a racemic compound with a eutectic point of 60% ee. Through a rational screening approach, the effect of equilibrium solubility on resolution efficiency was systematically evaluated with regards to resolving agent, solvent composition, resolving agent stoichiometry, and racemate concentration. An isothermal solubility phase diagram was obtained, and solid-state characterization was performed on the diastereomeric salts to understand their phase behaviors under the optimal resolution conditions. The highest resolution efficiency was achieved when the diastereomeric hemisalt tetrahydrate was formed with 0.35 mol equiv of di-p-anisoyl-d-tartaric acid in THF/H2O (80/20, v/v), while a solid solution of desired and undesired diastereomeric salts crystallized with 70% de. After salt break, the desired enantiomer was upgraded to 98% ee by recrystallization twice in n-heptane. These screening results led to a successful resolution of 30 g racemate with a yield of 37%. This case study demonstrated that the rational screening approach is effective in guiding scale-up for classical chiral resolution under thermodynamic equilibrium.
Çağdaşları Tarafından Ziya Gökalp’in Eleştirisi (2006)

Ziya Gökalp, Meşrutiyet’ten Cumhuriyet’e geçiş sürecinde, resmi ideoloji açısından önemli işlevler üstlenmiş organik bir aydındır. Bu özelliği nedeniyle Gökalp, kendi döneminde fazla eleştiriye muhatap olmamış, üstelik aydınlar arasında mümtaz bir konumda bulunmuştur. İmparatorluğun son yıllarında ortaya çıkan Batıcılık, Türkçülük, İslamcılık adındaki düşünce akımları arasında bir sentez yapmaya çalışan Gökalp, düşünsel referanslarını Batılı yazardan seçmiş, fakat bunları ülkemiz koşullarına uyarlamaya, dolayısıyla çoğu bakımdan onları aşmaya çalışmıştır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın kaybedileceğinin anlaşıldığı ve İttihat ve Terakki politikasının yanlışlarının ortaya çıkmaya başladığı 1918’de yayınlanan Gökalp’in “Yeni Hayat” ve “Türkleşmek, İslamlaşmak, Muasırlaşmak” ile 1923’te yayınlanan “Türkçülüğün Esasları” başlıklı kitapları Gökalp düşüncesinin, bu arada İttihatçı düşüncenin eleştirilmesi açısından bir fırsat olmuştur
Motion Control at the Nanoscale (2009)

Synthetic nanoscale motors represent a major step in the development of practical nanomachines. This Review summarizes recent progress towards controlling the movement of fuel-driven nanomotors and discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with the achievement of such nanoscale motion control. Regulating the movement of artificial nanomotors often follows nature's elegant and remarkable approach for motion control. Such on-demand control of the movement of artificial nanomotors is essential for performing various tasks and diverse applications. These applications require precise control of the nanomotor direction as well as temporal and spatial regulation of the motor speed. Different approaches for controlling the motion of catalytic nanomotors have been developed recently, including magnetic guidance, thermally driven acceleration, an electrochemical switch, and chemical stimuli (including control of the fuel concentration). Such ability to control the directionality of artificial nanomotors and to regulate their speed offers considerable promise for designing powerful nanomachines capable of operating independently and meeting a wide variety of future technological needs.
Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of Calcitriol Derivatives: 1,25-Dihydroxy-2-(4'-hydroxybutyl)vitamin D3 Analogs of an Osteoporosis Drug (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereocontrolled Total Synthesis of Calcitriol Derivatives: 1,25-Dihydroxy-2-(4'-hydroxybutyl)vitamin D3 Analogs of an Osteoporosis DrugGary H. Posner and Neil JohnsonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 25, 7855–7861Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00104a050https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00104a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views554Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Formation of stoichiometric SiGe oxide by electron cyclotron resonance plasma (1992)

Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma oxidation of SiGe alloys was investigated at temperatures from room temperature to 500 °C. Both Si and Ge are shown to be fully oxidized, forming SiO2 and GeO2. Auger depth profiling reveals that there is no Ge-rich SiGe layer after oxidation. With increasing temperature up to 500 °C, the oxide is stoichiometric and it does not lose its GeO2 component. Oxidation has also been carried out at both positive and negative sample bias in order to identify the role of ions, electrons, and neutrals. From biasing experiments negative oxygen ions and atomic neutrals appear to be the major reaction species.
[Electrochemotherapy, a new antitumor treatment: first clinical trial]. (1991)

Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a new antitumor treatment which consists in delivering electric pulses to the tumor some minutes after an intravenous injection of bleomycin. We report here the first clinical trial of ECT, applied to patients with permeation nodules of head and neck squamous carcinomas. ECT was well tolerated by patients, no serious incident occurred and a clear antitumor efficiency was found.
Heterogeneity of intracellular cytokine synthesis at the single-cell level in polarized T helper 1 and T helper 2 populations. (1995)

CD4+ T helper (Th) cells can be classified into different types based on their cytokine profile. Cells with these polarized patterns of cytokine production have been termed Th1 and Th2, and can be distinguished functionally by the production of IFN-gamma and IL-4, respectively. These phenotypes are crucial in determining the type of immune response that develops after antigen priming. There are no surface markers that define them, and cytokine immunoassay or mRNA analysis both have limitations for characterization of single cells. Using immunofluorescent detection of intracellular IFN-gamma and IL-4, we have studied the emergence of Th1 and Th2 cells in response to antigen exposure and the patterns of cytokine synthesis in established T cell clones. IFN-gamma production by Th1 clones was detectable in almost all cells by 4 h, and it continued in most cells for > 24 h. IL-4 production in Th2 cells peaked at 4 h, but declined rapidly. In Th0 cells containing both cytokines, fewer cells produced IFN-gamma, which did not appear until IL-4 synthesis declined. Cocultivation of clones showed no such cross-regulation. Antigen stimulation of transgenic T cells expressing an ovalbumin-specific T cell receptor generated Th2 cells, probably as a result of endogenous IL-4 production. Addition of IL-12 and/or anti-IL-4 caused Th1 cells to develop, while some Th0 cells were seen when IL-12 alone was added. These results show that stimulation in the presence of polarizing stimuli results in cells producing either IFN-gamma or IL-4, but that coproduction can occur in rare cells under defined conditions.