gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In VitroSystems for the Study of Human Placental Endocrine Function* (1990)

AMONG endocrine organs, the placenta is unique with respect to the diversity of its hormonal products and the mechanisms that control its secretory activity. The placenta elaborates protein, glycoprotein, and steroidal hormones, as well as cytokines and growth factors. It possesses receptors for a variety of these factors, as well as for thyronines, steroids, and protein hormones. At present count, the human placenta produces more than 30 hormones and has receptors for almost as many regulatory factors (1–3). Consequently, it has frequently been the starting material from which hormones and receptors have been purified. Although the placenta functions in concert with the maternal organism and the fetus in the production of some hormones (e.g., estrogens), the study of isolated placental tissue has been important in the elucidation of placental function as well as the biology of secretory cells in general. Our purpose is to review the existing in vitro systems for study of endocrine functions of human placental tissue. For additional information, the reader may wish to consult a recent monograph dealing with placental perfusion (4) and earlier reviews by Stromberg et al. (5) and Loke and Whyte (6) for insight into the history of the development of various trophoblast tissue culture methods, and two recent volumes, one focusing on cellular approaches to the study of the placenta (7), the other on placental protein hormones (8).
Exploring different representational units in English-to-Turkish statistical machine translation (2007)

We investigate different representational granularities for sub-lexical representation in statistical machine translation work from English to Turkish. We find that (i) representing both Turkish and English at the morpheme-level but with some selective morpheme-grouping on the Turkish side of the training data, (ii) augmenting the training data with "sentences" comprising only the content words of the original training data to bias root word alignment, (iii) reranking the n-best morpheme-sequence outputs of the decoder with a word-based language model, and (iv) using model iteration all provide a non-trivial improvement over a fully word-based baseline. Despite our very limited training data, we improve from 20.22 BLEU points for our simplest model to 25.08 BLEU points for an improvement of 4.86 points or 24% relative.
Molecular Imaging of Factor XIIIa Activity in Thrombosis Using a Novel, Near-Infrared Fluorescent Contrast Agent That Covalently Links to Thrombi (2004)

A15 is a novel optical imaging agent that is specifically crosslinked to fibrin by FXIIIa, permitting detection of FXIIIa activity in experimental thrombi in vivo. This agent should permit assessment of FXIIIa activity in a broad range of biological processes and could aid in the clinical diagnosis of acute thrombi.
Patient-Reported Outcomes in Multiple Myeloma (2004)

Multiple myeloma is an incurable malignancy of plasma cells. People with multiple myeloma may experience a variety of disease-related symptoms because of bony destruction, bone marrow infiltration, renal failure, immunodeficiency, and the psychosocial burden of a cancer diagnosis. Exciting new therapies and treatment approaches are becoming available but often bring unwanted side effects. Because the goal of treating multiple myeloma is still symptom palliation and prolongation of life rather than cure, it is important to consider the tradeoffs between treatment toxicity and disease control when caring for the person with myeloma. The traditional endpoints of clinical trials are disease response, prolongation of disease-free and overall survival, and other objective criteria. However, subjective patient-reported measures, such as symptoms, quality of life, and functional status, are increasingly recognized as important dimensions by which to judge the impact of cancer and its treatment. In multiple myeloma, several patient-reported measures have been used to enrich our understanding of the disease's impact on patients' lives and the risks and benefits of specific treatments.
Involvement of nodS in N-Methylation and nodU in 6-O-Carbamoylation of Rhizobium sp. NGR234 Nod Factors (1995)

Although Rhizobium sp. NGR234 and Rhizobium fredii USDA257 share many traits, dysfunctional nodSU genes in the latter prohibit nodulation of Leucaena species. Accordingly, we used R. fredii transconjugants harboring the nodS and nodU genes of NGR234 to study their role in the structural modification of the lipo-oligosaccharide Nod factors. Differences between the Nod factors mainly concern the length of the oligomer (three to five glucosamine residues in USDA257 and five residues only in NGR234) and the presence of additional substituents in NGR234 (N-linked methyl, one or two carbamoyl groups on the non-reducing moiety, acetyl or sulfate groups on the fucose). R. fredii(nodS) transconjugants produce chitopentamer Nod factors with a N-linked methyl group on the glucosaminyl terminus. Introduction of nodU into USDA257 results in the formation of 6-O-carbamoylated factors. Co-transfer of nodSU directs N-methylation, mono-6-O-carbamoylation, and production of pentameric Nod factors. Mutation of nodU in NGR234 suppresses the formation of bis-carbamoylated species. Insertional mutagenesis of nodSU drastically decreases Nod factor production, but with the exception of sulfated factors (which are partially N-methylated and mono-carbamoylated), they are identical to those of the wild-type strain. Thus, Nod factor levels, their degree of oligomerization, and N-methylation are linked to the activity encoded by nodS.
NF‐κB is required for TNF‐α‐directed smooth muscle cell migration (2001)

Migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) is a crucial event in the formation of vascular stenotic lesions. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is elaborated by VSMC in atherosclerosis and following angioplasty. We investigated the role of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in human VSMC migration induced by TNF-alpha. Adenoviral expression of a mutant form of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB, IkappaB-alphaM, suppressed TNF-alpha-triggered degradation of cellular IkappaB-alpha, inhibited activation of NF-kappaB, and attenuated TNF-alpha-induced migration. Further, IkappaB-alphaM suppressed TNF-alpha-stimulated release of interleukin-6 and -8 (IL-6 and IL-8). Neutralization of IL-6 and IL-8 with appropriate antibodies reduced TNF-alpha-induced VSMC migration. Addition of recombinant IL-6 and IL-8 stimulated migration. Collectively, our data provide initial evidence that TNF-alpha-mediated VSMC migration requires NF-kappaB activation and is associated with induction of IL-6 and IL-8 which act in an autocrine manner.
Bioconversion of toluene to p-hydroxybenzoate (1999)

Biocatalytic production of p-hydroxybenzoate (HBA) provides improved regiospecificity over Kolbe–Schmitt carboxylation of phenol while achieving significant source reductions in the generation of waste and byproducts. Construction of the organism for HBA production was accomplished through two classical approaches for the engineering of organisms in the production of specialty chemicals: (1) strain enhancement through chemical mutagenesis to create a mutant Pseudomonas putida, EM2839, deficient in HBA degradation, and (2) hybrid pathway construction through the recruitment of genes encoding the toluene-4-monooxygenase (T4MO) (tmoABCDE), p-cresol methylhyroxylase (pchCF), and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde dehydrogenase (phbz) genes from existing pathways and stably incorporating them into the organism through the use of mini-Tn5 transposon systems.Time course measurements of HBA production by resting cells of P. putida EM2878 in batch cultures revealed that T4MO conversion of toluene to p-creseol, the first step in the pathway, significantly constrained the carbon flux in the pathway, yielding a maximum rate of HBA production of 1.61 ± 0.15 nmol min–1 mg protein–1. In fed-batch culture, toluene conversion to HBA by P. putida EM2878 showed absolute selectivity for para-hydroxybenzoate production. Maximum HBA concentrations of 35 mg l–1 were achieved in about 28 hours of operation. However, the rate of HBA production was significantly less than that observed during batch studies. The slower rate of HBA production observed in the fed-batch culture was correlated with the degradation of specific T4MO polypeptides.
Structure−Function Engineering of Interferon-β-1b for Improving Stability, Solubility, Potency, Immunogenicity, and Pharmacokinetic Properties by Site-Selective Mono-PEGylation (2006)

Recombinant interferon-beta-1b (IFN-beta-1b) is used clinically in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. In common with many biological ligands, IFN-beta-1b exhibits a relatively short serum half-life, and bioavailability may be further diminished by neutralizing antibodies. While PEGylation is an approach commonly employed to increase the blood residency time of protein therapeutics, there is a further requisite for molecular engineering approaches to also address the stability, solubility, aggregation, immunogenicity and in vivo exposure of therapeutic proteins. We investigated these five parameters of recombinant human IFN-beta-1b in over 20 site-selective mono-PEGylated or multi-PEGylated IFN-beta-1b bioconjugates. Primary amines were modified by single or multiple attachments of poly(ethylene glycol), either site-specifically at the N-terminus, or randomly on the 11 lysines. In two alternate approaches, site-directed mutagenesis was independently employed in the construction of designed IFN-beta-1b variants containing either a single free cysteine or lysine for site-specific PEGylation. Optimization of conjugate preparation with 12 kDa, 20 kDa, 30 kDa, and 40 kDa amine-selective PEG polymers was achieved, and a comparison of the structural and functional properties of the IFN-beta-1b proteins and their PEGylated counterparts was conducted. Peptide mapping and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis confirmed the attachment sites of the PEG polymer. Independent biochemical and bioactivity analyses, including antiviral and antiproliferation bioassays, circular dichroism, capillary electrophoresis, flow cytometric profiling, reversed phase and size exclusion HPLC, and immunoassays demonstrated that the functional activities of the designed IFN-beta-1b conjugates were maintained, while the formation of soluble or insoluble aggregates of IFN-beta-1b was ameliorated. Immunogenicity and pharmacokinetic studies of selected PEGylated IFN-beta-1b compounds in mice and rats demonstrated both diminished IgG responses, and over 100-fold expanded AUC exposure relative to the unmodified protein. The results demonstrate the capacity of this macromolecular engineering strategy to address both pharmacological and formulation challenges for a highly hydrophobic, aggregation-prone protein. The properties of a lead mono-PEGylated candidate, 40 kDa PEG2-IFN-beta-1b, were further investigated in formulation optimization and biological studies.
Finding Related Pages Using the Link Structure of the WWW (2004)

Most of the current algorithms for finding related pages are exclusively based on text corpora of the WWW or incorporate only authority or hub values of pages. In this paper, we present HubFinder, a new fast algorithm for finding related pages exploring the link structure of the Web graph. Its criterion for filtering output pages is pluggable, depending on the user's interests, and may vary from global page ranks to text content, etc. We also introduce HubRank, a new ranking algorithm which gives a more complete view of page importance by biasing the authority measure of PageRank towards hub values of pages. Finally, we present an evaluation of these algorithms in order to prove their qualities experimentally.
Ethanol-induced Translocation of cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase to the Nucleus (1999)

Ethanol induces translocation of the catalytic subunit (Calpha) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) from the Golgi area to the nucleus in NG108-15 cells. Ethanol also induces translocation of the RIIbeta regulatory subunit of PKA to the nucleus; RI and Cbeta are not translocated. Nuclear PKA activity in ethanol-treated cells is no longer regulated by cAMP. Gel filtration and immunoprecipitation analysis confirm that ethanol blocks the reassociation of Calpha with RII but does not induce dissociation of these subunits. Ethanol also reduces inhibition of Calpha by the PKA inhibitor PKI. Pre-incubation of Calpha with ethanol decreases phosphorylation of Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly (Kemptide) and casein but has no effect on the phosphorylation of highly charged molecules such as histone H1 or protamine. cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation by Calpha is also increased in ethanol-treated cells. This increase in CREB phosphorylation is inhibited by the PKA antagonist (R(p))-cAMPS and by an adenosine receptor antagonist. These results suggest that ethanol affects a cascade of events allowing for sustained nuclear localization of Calpha and prolonged CREB phosphorylation. These events may account for ethanol-induced changes in cAMP-dependent gene expression.
High - rate 마그네트론 스퍼터링을 이용한 오스테나이트 스테인리스강 박막 합성 (2000)

High-rate unbalanced magnetron sputtering process was employed to deposit a STS304 stainless steel film on S45C steel. The deposition of stainless steel film was carried out at a pressure of 2×10^(-3) torr, various target power densities, substrate bias voltages and distances of target-to-substrate. Deposition rate of the STS304 stainless steel films up to 1.3㎛/min could be obtained, but it decreased more rapidly by increasing target-to-substrate distance than by decreasing ion current. The results from XRD and EDS analysis showed that unbalanced magnetron sputtering of stainless steel target could successfully transfer the multi-element composition of the bulk material to the coating without any dramatic stoichiometric variation. SEM observation of STS304 film indicated that the structure of the film was a columnar structure(zone T structure) with a fine grain size. The Knoop hardness of coated STS304 film was measured to be approximately H_k800∼850 and this high value could be attributed to the fine grain size of the film and the residual compress stress on the film. The corrosion property of the film was evaluated using salt spray test and the results indicated that the corrosion property of stainless steel coated S45C steel was similar to that of the electroplated Cr coated S45C steel.
Coding theorems for individual sequences (1978)

A quantity called the {\em finite-state} complexity is assigned to every infinite sequence of elements drawn from a finite sot. This quantity characterizes the largest compression ratio that can be achieved in accurate transmission of the sequence by any finite-state encoder (and decoder). Coding theorems and converses are derived for an individual sequence without any probabilistic characterization, and universal data compression algorithms are introduced that are asymptotically optimal for all sequences over a given alphabet. The finite-state complexity of a sequence plays a role similar to that of entropy in classical information theory (which deals with probabilistic ensembles of sequences rather than an individual sequence). For a probabilistic source, the expectation of the finite state complexity of its sequences is equal to the source's entropy. The finite state complexity is of particular interest when the source statistics are unspecified.
Identification, Characterization, and Crystal Structure of the Omega Class Glutathione Transferases (2000)

A new class of glutathione transferases has been discovered by analysis of the expressed sequence tag data base and sequence alignment. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) of the new class, named Omega, exist in several mammalian species and Caenorhabditis elegans. In humans, GSTO 1-1 is expressed in most tissues and exhibits glutathione-dependent thiol transferase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities characteristic of the glutaredoxins. The structure of GSTO 1-1 has been determined at 2.0-A resolution and has a characteristic GST fold (Protein Data Bank entry code ). The Omega class GSTs exhibit an unusual N-terminal extension that abuts the C terminus to form a novel structural unit. Unlike other mammalian GSTs, GSTO 1-1 appears to have an active site cysteine that can form a disulfide bond with glutathione.
Evidence for three separate genes encoding the proteins of the mycobacterial antigen 85 complex (1990)

The secreted Mycobacterium bovis BCG antigen 85 complex, which is known to bind to human fibronectin, consists of three closely related cross-reacting antigens. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the purified proteins showed distinct differences. Data are presented to show that the three components are produced by individual cells, which indicates that three separate genes are involved.
Familial Essential Thrombocythemia Associated With One-Base Deletion in the 5′-Untranslated Region of theThrombopoietin Gene (1998)

Familial essential thrombocythemia (ET) is inherited in an autosomal-dominant manner. This finding implies that familial ET may arise as a consequence of a mutation(s) that activates platelet production. In 1994, the thrombopoietin (TPO) gene was isolated and cloned. The TPO-TPO receptor, encoded for by the c-mpl gene, are essential regulators of thrombopoiesis. Alterations of TPO or c-Mpl thus may constitute a pathogenic event leading to familial ET. In a case of familial ET presented in our institute, serum TPO levels were significantly elevated in affected members of the family as compared with nonaffected members. Moreover, we identified a one-base deletion in the 5'-untranslated region of the TPO gene in affected but not in nonaffected family members. In vitro experiments showed that the identified mutation increased TPO production. Based on our findings, we propose that this region of the TPO gene may play a crucial role in regulating TPO expression. Our results strongly suggest that the identified mutation leads to familial ET.
Characteristics and adaptive control of pneumatic muscle actuators for a robotic elbow (2002)

Problems with the control and compliance of pneumatic systems have prevented their widespread use in advanced robotics. However, their compactness, power/weight ratio and inherent safety are factors that could potentially be exploited in sophisticated dexterous manipulator designs. This paper considers the development of a new high power/weight and power/volume braided pneumatic muscle actuator (PMA) having considerable power output potential, combined with controllable motion and inherent compliance to prevent damage to handled objects. Control of these muscles is explored via adaptive pole-placement controllers. Experimental results indicate that accurate position control /spl plusmn/1/spl deg/ is feasible with power/weight outputs in excess of 1 kW/kg at 200 kPa being possible.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Dermal sensitivity to Coccidioides immitis. A comparison of responses elicited in man by spherulin and coccidioidin. (1973)

Spherulin, a new reagent prepared from the spherule form of Coccidioides immitis, was compared with classic mycelium-derived coccidioidin in delayed dermal sensitivity reactions of man. Among 243 residents of a region of Mexico endemic for coccidioidomycosis, the reactor ratio was 64 per cent with spherulin (2.8 op.g) compared to 41 per cent with coccidioidin (1:100; 26.0 p.g). All reactors to coc.cidioidin were reactive to spherulin; however, the coccidioidin reaction was nonreactive in 35 per cent of the reactors to spherulin. Also, spherulin elicited a strong reaction in a subject who had had disseminated coccidioidomycosis and in whom the coccidioidin test was nonreactive. Neither of the reagents elicited reactions in any of 86 subjects who had never entered an area of coccidioidal endemicity; nor was there evidence that either reagent produced false positive reactions in subjects reactive to histoplasmin or in those with a variety of other mycotic and nonmycotic diseases.
A coreless maximum power point tracking circuit of thermoelectric generators for battery charging systems (2010)

We have proposed and fabricated a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuit for thermoelectric generator (TEG) without digital controller unit. The experimental and simulation results from the proposed MPPT circuit employing the boost cascaded-with-buck converter dealt with rapid variation of temperature and abrupt changes of load current have shown that the proposed method allows stable operation with high power transfer efficiency. The main advantage of proposed method is analog tracking circuit by sampling half V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> level without DSP or micro controller unit for calculating peak power point by iterative methods. The proposed MPPT circuit has a merit in cost and miniaturization of a system compared to conventional MPPT algorithms.
IL-16 represses HIV-1 promoter activity (1997)

IL-16 is produced by CD8+ lymphocytes and has been reported to inhibit HIV-1 and SIV replication in infected PBMCs. CD4 serves as a receptor for the secreted form of IL-16, and IL-16 binding to CD4 induces signal transduction, which affects the activation state of the cell. We hypothesized, therefore, that the effect of IL-16 on HIV-1 replication might occur at the level of virus expression. In transient transfection studies with HIV-1 LTR-reporter gene constructs we found that pretreatment of CD4+ lymphoid cells with recombinant IL-16 repressed HIV-1 promoter activity up to 60-fold, preventing both PMA and Tat activation. This effect of IL-16 required sequences contained within the core enhancer, but was not simply due to the down-regulation of transcription factors binding to this element.
Th1 unresponsiveness can be infectious for unrelated antigens (1998)

CD4+ T cells may be assigned a functional status (Th1 or Th2) according to the cytokines they produce including IL-2, IFN-gamma and IL-4. Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cells deliver different isotype-switching signals to antigen-specific B cells which bias the serum Ig isotypes. The stimulation of Th1 or Th2 responses is influenced by adjuvants and administration of antigen in IFA results in Th1 unresponsiveness as evidenced by: (i) reduced T cell proliferation to antigen; (ii) reduced IFN-gamma production in response to antigen; and (iii) reduced IgG2a isotype antigen-specific antibodies following antigen/CFA challenge. The impact of established human gamma globulin (HGG) specific Th1 unresponsiveness on subsequent immunization with an unrelated antigen, human serum albumin (HSA) in Th1-inducing CFA was then examined. When subsequently challenged with a mixture of HSA and HGG in CFA the HGG-specific Th1 unresponsiveness was infectious and dominant, preventing the induction of a Th1 response to HSA. Reduced T cell proliferation, IFN-gamma production and IgG2a antibody were consequently observed in response to HSA. The HGG-specific Th1 unresponsiveness was not infectious when HGG/CFA and HSA/CFA were administered at separate sites. This demonstrates that antigen-specific Th1 unresponsiveness can be infectious for new, molecularly unrelated antigens and supports studies showing that Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases such as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) and diabetes can be ameliorated using antigens molecularly distinct from the disease-inducing immunogen.