gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inleiding (2009)

Je wilt alleen maar gelukkig zijn. Maar kan het zijn dat bijna alles wat je dacht over het geluk vinden niet klopt en je zelfs op het verkeerde been zet? En dat dit nu precies de oorzaak ervan is dat je je ellendig voelt? Is het misschien mogelijk dat precies die inspanningen van jou om het geluk te vinden, er de oorzaak van zijn dat je niet gelukkig bent? En dat dit niet alleen voor jou geldt, maar voor bijna iedereen bij wie je aanklopt om goede raad – ook al die psychologen, psychiaters en zelfhulpgoeroes die beweren dat ze alle antwoorden kennen?
<title>Modeling and calibration of video cameras</title> (1994)

To exploit the accuracy potential of a video camera, all systematic errors must be modeled and compensated for. In this article, a new geometric camera model, where difference in scale and lack of orthogonality between the image axes is compensated for after, and separately from lens distortion, is proposed. The new model can be calibrated from both planar and non-planar calibration objects. The feasibility of the model is demonstrated in a typical camera calibration experiment, which indicates that the new model is more accurate than the traditional one. It also gives a simple solution to the problem of computing undistorted image coordinates from distorted ones. Further, the article suggests how to get initial estimates for all the camera model parameters, how to select the number of parameters modeling lens distortion, and how to reduce the dimension of the search space in the nonlinear optimization. There is also a discussion on the use of analytical partial derivatives.
Backpropagation through the Void: Optimizing control variates for black-box gradient estimation (2017)

Gradient-based optimization is the foundation of deep learning and reinforcement learning. Even when the mechanism being optimized is unknown or not differentiable, optimization using high-variance or biased gradient estimates is still often the best strategy. We introduce a general framework for learning low-variance, unbiased gradient estimators for black-box functions of random variables. Our method uses gradients of a neural network trained jointly with model parameters or policies, and is applicable in both discrete and continuous settings. We demonstrate this framework for training discrete latent-variable models. We also give an unbiased, action-conditional extension of the advantage actor-critic reinforcement learning algorithm.
Analytical Performance of a Particle-enhanced Nephelometric Immunoassay for Serum Cystatin C Using Rate Analysis (2001)

The serum cystatin C concentration reflects glomerular filtration and, as a marker of renal disease, demonstrates improved accuracy and sensitivity compared with serum creatinine (1)(2)(3). Several assays (4) have been described for cystatin C, including latex particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassays (PENIAs) (5) and turbidimetric immunoassays (PETIAs) (2)(3). The PETIA marketed by Dako Ltd (cat. no. K 0071; Ely, United Kingdom) has been adapted to a variety of automated analyzers that use fixed-interval turbidimetric measurement (6)(7). However, the analytical performance initially described for this method (2) has not always been replicated. Compared with the PENIA developed for the Dade Behring (Milton Keynes, United Kingdom) nephelometers [e.g., the Behring Nephelometer II (BNII)], the PETIA demonstrates high imprecision at the upper limit of the reference interval (6)(8)(9) and susceptibility to spectral interferences (4). On a Cobas Mira S Plus analyzer, these reagents were subject to interference from bilirubin (>270 μmol/L), hemoglobin (>4 g/L), and triglycerides (>5.7 mmol/L), and between-day imprecision (CV) exceeded 8% at 1.10 and 4.10 mg/L (10).

We describe the measurement of cystatin C using an adaptation of these reagents in a nephelometric immunoassay using kinetic rate analysis. All analyses were performed with a single batch of reagent on an automated rate nephelometer (ImmageTM analyzer; Beckman-Coulter Ltd., High Wycombe, United Kingdom). Recombinant human cystatin C calibrators supplied by the manufacturer were used, and an additional calibrator was prepared by diluting (1:1) the calibrator with the lowest cystatin C concentration (0.39 mg/L) in phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 (cat. no. 447640; Beckman-Coulter Ltd.). The calibrator with the highest concentration (12.3 mg/L) was not used. Analyses were performed in user-defined mode, using provisional settings provided by the instrument manufacturer. Briefly, sample was diluted 1:5 with phosphate buffer. Reagent buffer (195 μL) …
Specific Formation of Beads-on-a-Chain Structures on Giant DNA Using a Designed Polyamine Derivative (2005)

Fluorescence microscopy was used to study the folding transition of giant DNAs, T4 DNA (ca. 166 kbp), and lambda DNA (ca. 48 kbp), which proceeds through intermediates with intramolecular segregation induced by pteridine-polyamine conjugates, i.e., 2-amino-6,7-dimethyl-4-(4,9,13-triazatridecylamino)pteridine and -4-(3-(aminopropyl)amino)pteridine. According to the results of DNA denaturation, UV and fluorescent spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopic observations, it became clear that DNA folding induced by the polyamine derivative is not a continuous shrinking process but a combination of discontinuous processes.
Inhibition of immune functions by antiviral drugs. (1991)

Immune functions were evaluated in vitro for PBMC isolated from healthy donors and cultured with the antiviral agents, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT), ribavirin, ganciclovir, 2'3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI), or acyclovir. To identify methods for assessing the effects of antiviral drugs on immune cells, the PBMC response to mitogens, Con A, or phytohemagglutinin was evaluated from measurements of [3H]thymidine and [14C]-leucine incorporation, cell growth, cellular RNA, DNA, and protein levels, and the PBMC proliferative cycle (i.e., progression from G0----G1----S----G2 + M). At clinically relevant concentrations, AZT, ribavirin, or ganciclovir diminished PBMC responsiveness to mitogen. The numbers of proliferating cells in G1, S, and G2 + M phases of the cell cycle, DNA content, and [3H]thymidine uptake were decreased in cultures treated with AZT, ribavirin, or ganciclovir. AZT or ribavirin but not ganciclovir reduced RNA and protein in the cultures and inhibited cell growth. Whereas AZT, ribavirin, or ganciclovir were antiproliferative, ddI or acyclovir had little, if any, effect on PBMC mitogenesis. The inhibitory effects of antivirals on immune cells may contribute to the immune deterioration observed in patients following prolonged use of the drugs.
Repressors and Upstream Repressing Sequences of the Stress-Regulated ENA1 Gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: bZIP Protein Sko1p Confers HOG-Dependent Osmotic Regulation (1999)

The yeast ENA1/PMR2A gene encodes a cation extrusion ATPase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is essential for survival under salt stress conditions. One important mechanism of ENA1 transcriptional regulation is based on repression under normal growth conditions, which is relieved by either osmotic induction or glucose starvation. Analysis of the ENA1 promoter revealed a Mig1p-binding motif (-533 to -544) which was characterized as an upstream repressing sequence (URSMIG-ENA1) regulated by carbon source. Its function was abolished in a mig1 mig2 double-deletion strain as well as in either ssn6 or tup1 single mutants. A second URS at -502 to -513 is responsible for transcriptional repression regulated by osmotic stress and is similar to mammalian cyclic AMP response elements (CREs) that are recognized by CREB proteins. This URSCRE-ENA1 element requires for its repression function the yeast CREB homolog Sko1p (Acr1p) as well as the integrity of the Ssn6p-Tup1p corepressor complex. When targeted to the GAL1 promoter by fusing with the Gal4p DNA-binding domain, Sko1p acts as an Ssn6/Tup1p-dependent repressor regulated by osmotic stress. A glutathione S-transferase-Sko1 fusion protein binds specifically to the URSCRE-ENA1 element. Furthermore, a hog1 mitogen-activated protein kinase deletion strain could not counteract repression on URSCRE-ENA1 during osmotic shock. The loss of SKO1 completely restored ENA1 expression in a hog1 mutant and partially suppressed the osmotic stress sensitivity, qualifying Sko1p as a downstream effector of the HOG pathway. Our results indicate that different signalling pathways (HOG osmotic pathway and glucose repression pathway) use distinct promoter elements of ENA1 (URSCRE-ENA1 and URSMIG-ENA1) via specific transcriptional repressors (Sko1p and Mig1/2p) and via the general Ssn6p-Tup1p complex. The physiological importance of the relief from repression during salt stress was also demonstrated by the increased tolerance of sko1 or ssn6 mutants to Na+ or Li+ stress.
SQUID systems for macroscopic quantum coherence and quantum computing (2001)

Among the various devices proposed as elements of a quantum computer, the rf-SQUID is a very promising candidate. In fact, systems based on this element can be adjusted in situ, can be coupled by means of superconducting transformers, can be prepared individually and measured with superconducting electronics. Moreover, many progresses were made in these years which showed quantum effects in this system. The present paper describes a complete device developed in order to get a direct measurement of the quantum coherent oscillation. The knowledge of this time, together with its limiting factors, is a prerequisite for fabricating a qubit based on rf-SQUIDs.
Use ofp-nitrophenyl chloroformate chemistry to immobilize protein on orthopedic biomaterials (1996)

Biochemical surface modification involves covalently immobilizing biomolecules onto biomaterial surfaces to induce specific biological responses. This approach may be useful for enhancing the fixation of orthopedic implants. p-Nitrophenyl chloroformate (p-NPC) was used to immobilize protein on bulk samples of Co-Cr-Mo and Ti-6Al-4V. Activation of both materials was dependent on the concentration of p-NPC, with a maximum of approximately 1.5 active groups/nm2 of nominal surface area. Trypsin was used as a model protein because much is known about its structure and mode of action. Derivatization with 0.65 mg p-NPC/cm2 resulted in significantly greater enzymatic activity (7.4 BAEE [N-(alpha)-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester hydrochloride] units) on the Co-Cr-Mo samples compared with higher concentrations of p-NPC (5 BAEE units) and with simple adsorption of trypsin (1.5 BAEE units). An activity of 10.5 BAEE units was measured on both adsorbed and p-NPC-activated Ti-6Al-4V, with the exception of samples derivatized with 1.95 mg p-NPC/cm2, on which activity was significantly lower (4 BAEE units). In probing the linkages between trypsin and biomaterial by treatment with chaotropic agents, guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) was observed to eliminate more enzymatic activity than was urea. On Co-Cr-Mo samples, GuHCl removed nearly all the trypsin activity, while urea significantly decreased the activity only at a concentration of 0.65 mg p-NPC/cm2. Treatment of Ti-6Al-4V samples with GuHCl caused a trend of decreasing activity with increasing concentration of p-NPC, whereas urea had no effect on immobilized trypsin activity.
Dietary factors and the risk of psoriasis. Results of an Italian case-control study (1996)

We have conducted a case-control study to explore the relation between the consumption of selected foods and psoriasis. The out-patient services of nine teaching hospitals and five general hospitals in northern and southern Italy took part. Cases were newly diagnosed psoriatics with a history of skin problems of no more than 2 years. As controls, we selected subjects with newly diagnosed skin conditions, other than psoriasis, who were seen in the same out-patient clinics. Inclusion of cases and controls was limited to the age group 16-65 years. A total of 316 psoriatics and 366 controls were recruited. Anthropometric measures, including height and weight, were obtained. Diet was assessed by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Psoriasis appeared to be positively associated with body mass index (chi 2(1) trend 4.3, P < 0.05). Significant inverse relations with psoriasis were also observed for the intake of carrots (chi 2(1) trend 4.8, P < 0.05), tomatoes (chi 2(1) trend 26.3, P < 0.01), fresh fruit (chi 2(1) trend 11.7, P < 0.01) and index of beta-carotene intake (chi 2(1) trend 9.1, P < 0.01). Although largely explorative, these results provide some evidence for a potential role of diet in psoriasis.
A review of finite-element methods for time-harmonic acoustics (2006)

State-of-the-art finite-element methods for time-harmonic acoustics governed by the Helmholtz equation are reviewed. Four major current challenges in the field are specifically addressed: the effective treatment of acoustic scattering in unbounded domains, including local and nonlocal absorbing boundary conditions, infinite elements, and absorbing layers; numerical dispersion errors that arise in the approximation of short unresolved waves, polluting resolved scales, and requiring a large computational effort; efficient algebraic equation solving methods for the resulting complex-symmetric (non-Hermitian) matrix systems including sparse iterative and domain decomposition methods; and a posteriori error estimates for the Helmholtz operator required for adaptive methods. Mesh resolution to control phase error and bound dispersion or pollution errors measured in global norms for large wave numbers in finite-element methods are described. Stabilized, multiscale, and other wave-based discretization methods developed to reduce this error are reviewed. A review of finite-element methods for acoustic inverse problems and shape optimization is also given.
CMOS based 16-channel neural/muscular stimulation system with arbitrary waveform and active charge balancing circuit (2011)

Modern implantable neural/muscular stimulation system for neurological and physiological studies as well as for clinical treatment requires small, effective, safe and power efficient circuit system. CMOS technology is one of the best candidates to implement the circuit system to meet these requirements. In this paper, a 16-channel current mode stimulation circuit system with arbitrary waveform and active charge balancing circuit designed in CMOS 0.18μm 24V high voltage process is described. The design considerations are reviewed and discussed. The simulation results show that the proposed circuit system can successfully generate arbitrary waveforms and perform active charge balancing meeting the safety requirement.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF O‐AMINONITRILES WITH ISOCYANATES. 2. A FACILE SYNTHESIS OF IMIDAZO(1,2‐C)QUINAZOLINE‐2,5‐(3H,6H)DIONE (1981)

Abstract Anthranilsäurenitril (I) reagiert mit den Isocyanaten (II) zu den Harnstoffen (III), die thermisch oder basisch direkt zu (IV) cyclisiert werden.
Combined phenotypic assessment of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A, N -acetyltransferase-2, and xanthine oxidase with the ″Cooperstown cocktail” (2000)

These results indicate no pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions that would limit the utility of this phenotyping cocktail for simultaneous measurement of the activity of multiple drug-metabolizing enzymes.
Revised American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (2009)

We created evidence-based recommendations in response to our appointment as an independent task force by the American Thyroid Association to assist in the clinical management of patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. They represent, in our opinion, contemporary optimal care for patients with these disorders.
Human 4-1BB regulates CD28 co-stimulation to promote Th1 cell responses (1998)

Our present study provides evidence that the 4-1BB signal is critical to CD28 co-stimulation in maintaining T cell activation when CD28 has been down-regulated because of repeated stimulation. The 4-1BB signal synergized with CD28 co-stimulation by lowering the threshold of anti-CD28 required to sustain proliferation and IL-2 production. The 4-1BB signal also modulated CD28-mediated cytokine profiles by markedly enhancing Th1 but suppressing Th2-type cytokine production. The 4-1BB signal generated Th1-type cells, as identified by intracellular IFN-gamma production. IFN-gamma induction was detected preferentially in 4-1BB-expressing cells, but not in those expressing CD30. 4-1BB and CD30 were induced in both CD4+ and CD8+ cells, but the location of the two molecules was mutually exclusive in each T cell subset. Our study suggests that the 4-1BB signal regulates CD28 co-stimulation in the targeted subset cells to favor Th1 development and maintain long-term cell growth.
Regions outside of the Leucine-Rich Repeats of Flax Rust Resistance Proteins Play a Role in Specificity Determination (2000)

Multiple alleles controlling different gene-for-gene flax rust resistance specificities occur at the L locus of flax. At least three distinct regions can be recognized in the predicted protein products: the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor homology (TIR) region, a nucleotide binding site (NBS) region, and a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) region. Replacement of the TIR-encoding region of the L6 allele with the corresponding regions of L2 or LH by recombination changed the specificity of the allele from L6 to L7. Replacement of the TIR and most of the NBS-encoding region of L10 with the equivalent region of L2 or L9 generated recombinant alleles having a novel specificity. However, replacement of the L10 TIR-encoding region with the TIR-encoding region of L2 gave rise to an allele with no detectable specificity. These data indicate that non-LRR regions can determine specificity differences between allelic gene products and that functional specificity involves interactions between coadapted polymorphic regions in the protein products of the alleles. Evidence for the action of diversifying selection on the TIR region is observed.
Development of a Real-Time Quantitative Assay for Detection of Epstein-Barr Virus (2000)

With the use of real-time PCR, we developed and evaluated a rapid, sensitive, specific, and reproducible method for the detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in plasma samples. This method allowed us to screen plasma and serum samples over a range between 100 and 10(7) copies of DNA per ml using two sample preparation methods based on absorption. A precision study yielded an average coefficient of variation for both methods of less than 12%, with a coefficient of regression for the standard curve of a minimum of 0. 98. We detected EBV DNA in 19.2% of plasma samples from immunosuppressed solid-organ transplant patients without symptoms of EBV infections with a mean load of 440 copies per ml. EBV DNA could be detected in all transplant patients diagnosed with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, with a mean load of 544,570 copies per ml. No EBV DNA could be detected in healthy individuals in nonimmunosuppressed control groups and a mean of 6,400 copies per ml could be detected in patients with infectious mononucleosis. Further studies revealed that the inhibitory effect of heparinized plasma could be efficiently removed by use of an extraction method with Celite as the absorbent.
VII. Apoptosis in intestinal epithelium: lessons from transgenic and knockout mice (2000)

Apoptosis plays an important role in homeostasis of intestinal epithelia and is also a stress response to toxic stimuli. Transgenic and knockout mice have provided insights into the regulation of intestinal epithelial apoptosis that could not have been obtained by cell culture techniques. Two broad types of apoptosis have been characterized: spontaneous apoptosis, which occurs continuously at low levels in the normal, unstressed intestine, and stress-induced apoptosis, which occurs after genotoxic insult such as exposure to gamma radiation or DNA-damaging drugs. Spontaneous apoptosis occurs at the base of the crypt at or near the position of epithelial stem cells. Knockout studies have shown that spontaneous apoptosis is independent of p53 and Bax in both small and large intestine, whereas Bcl2 only regulates spontaneous apoptosis in the colon. Little is known about the regulation of the specialized form of cell death at the villus tip. In contrast, knockout studies have demonstrated that both p53 and Bcl2 are important regulators of stress-induced apoptosis but that there are significant differences between early and late time points. Bax plays only a minor role in the regulation of stress-induced apoptosis. The cumulative effect of stress-induced apoptosis on tissue architecture is not straightforward, and cell cycle arrest also plays a critical role. Nevertheless, p53 is an important determinant of the histopathological damage induced by 5-fluorouracil in murine intestinal epithelium. These studies have important implications for the development of more effective treatment for inflammatory bowel disease and cancer.
Common Electroanalytical Behavior of Li Intercalation Processes into Graphite and Transition Metal Oxides (1998)

This paper compares the electroanalytical behavior of lithiated graphite, , , and spinel electrodes. Slow scan rate cyclic voltammetry (SSCV), potentiostatic intermittent titration (PITT), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were applied in order to study the potentiodynamic behavior, the variation of the solid‐state diffusion coefficient, and the impedance of these electrodes. In addition, X‐ray diffractometry and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used in order to follow structural and surface chemical changes of these electrodes upon cycling. It was found that all four types of electrodes behave very similarly. Their SSCV are characterized by narrow peaks which may reflect phase transition between intercalation stages, and the potential‐dependent Li chemical diffusion coefficient is a function with sharp minima in the vicinity of the CV peak potentials, in which the differential electrode capacity is maximal. The impedance spectra of these electrodes reflect an overall process of various steps in series. These include ion migration through surface films, charge transfer which depends strongly on the potential, solid‐state diffusion and, finally, accumulation of the intercalants in their sites in the bulk of the active mass, which appears as a strongly potential‐dependent, low‐frequency capacitive element. It is demonstrated that the above electro‐analytical response, which can be considered as the electrochemical fingerprint of these electrodes, may serve as a good in situ tool for the study of capacity fading mechanisms.