gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Displacement response, detection limit, and dynamic range of fiber-optic lever sensors (1991)

The authors present the evaluation of the displacement response, detection limit, and dynamic range of fiber-optic lever sensors in a general format to establish their dependence on fiber sizes, optoelectronic detector specifications, input power, and other relevant parameters. The formations for the normalized reflected optical power change are derived for the evaluation of the optimal sensor response, the linearity range, and the minimum detectable displacement. The theoretical models are verified by an experiment which determines sensor response, modulation index, reflected optical power change, and linear response range through dynamic measurement. The application of this theoretical model to the study of a fiber-optic microphone for acoustic pressure detection is considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Mnemosyne (2011)

New storage-class memory (SCM) technologies, such as phase-change memory, STT-RAM, and memristors, promise user-level access to non-volatile storage through regular memory instructions. These memory devices enable fast user-mode access to persistence, allowing regular in-memory data structures to survive system crashes.In this paper, we present Mnemosyne, a simple interface for programming with persistent memory. Mnemosyne addresses two challenges: how to create and manage such memory, and how to ensure consistency in the presence of failures. Without additional mechanisms, a system failure may leave data structures in SCM in an invalid state, crashing the program the next time it starts.In Mnemosyne, programmers declare global persistent data with the keyword pstatic or allocate it dynamically. Mnemosyne provides primitives for directly modifying persistent variables and supports consistent updates through a lightweight transaction mechanism. Compared to past work on disk-based persistent memory, Mnemosyne reduces latency to storage by writing data directly to memory at the granularity of an update rather than writing memory pages back to disk through the file system. In tests emulating the performance characteristics of forthcoming SCMs, we show that Mnemosyne can persist data as fast as 3 microseconds. Furthermore, it provides a 35 percent performance increase when applied in the OpenLDAP directory server. In microbenchmark studies we find that Mnemosyne can be up to 1400% faster than alternative persistence strategies, such as Berkeley DB or Boost serialization, that are designed for disks.
Current approaches with the glutamatergic system as targets in the treatment of neuropathic pain (2009)

Glutamate is the most widely distributed and a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS. It has been found to play a critical role in various physiological functions in which increased glutamate or its subsequent stimulation is thought to have a role in pathophysiological mechanism of various CNS diseases like epilepsy, stroke, depression and pain. Early attempts to develop glutamatergic antagonists failed in clinical studies due to nonselective or competitive antagonism and have a lot of safety issues like loss of cognitive functions, psychomimetic effect and sedation. Neuropathic pain can be described as pain associated with damage or permanent alteration of the peripheral or central nervous system. At present, there are very few effective therapies for neuropathic pain. The current approach includes targeting specific or alternate binding sites of glutamate receptors, resulting in reduced CNS liabilities. Targeting the glutamatergic system shows a better efficacy and fewer side effects, compared with classical drugs for the treatment of neuropathic pain. This review discusses the various targets on glutamatergic system, which includes the receptors, transporters and enzymes, for the treatment of neuropathic pain and their advantages over classical glutamatergic antagonists. The review also highlights the newer drugs in clinical trials for neuropathic pain.
Optical Energy Gaps in the Monoclinic Oxides of Hafnium and Zirconium and Their Solid Solutions1 (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOptical Energy Gaps in the Monoclinic Oxides of Hafnium and Zirconium and Their Solid Solutions1J. G. Bendoraitis and R. E. SalomonCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1965, 69, 10, 3666–3667Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100894a513https://doi.org/10.1021/j100894a513research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views242Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions and the Long-Term Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Men (2004)

These results indicated that estimated cholesterol levels in the large LDL subfraction were not associated with an increased risk of IHD in men and that the cardiovascular risk attributable to variations in the LDL size phenotype was largely related to markers of a preferential accumulation of small dense LDL particles.
Molecular dissection of ligand binding sites on the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. (1994)

The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is a large multifunctional receptor that is involved in the cellular uptake of a number of functionally diverse ligands including apoE-rich remnant lipoproteins, lipoprotein lipase, alpha 2-macroglobulin-protease complexes, plasminogen activator-inhibitor complexes, and the active protease tissue-type plasminogen activator. Ligand binding and competition experiments suggest that most LRP ligands bind to specific, independent sites on the large 515-kDa subunit of the receptor. In a previous study (Moestrup, S.K., Holtet, T.L., Etzerodt, M., Thøgersen, H.C., Nykjaer, A., Andreasen, P.A., Rasmussen, H.H., Sottrup-Jensen, L., and Gliemann, J. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 13691-13696), ligand blotting was used to localize the binding sites for urokinase-type plasminogen activator-plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) complexes and for alpha 1-macroglobulin to a proteolytic fragment of LRP containing the second cluster of complement-type cysteine-rich repeats. Here, we have used a recombinant DNA approach to express functionally restricted chimeric "LRP-minireceptors" containing two different regions of the extracellular domain of the receptor in cultured cells. Receptor-associated protein, a negative modulator of LRP activity, is bound and internalized by cells transfected with either construct. A minireceptor containing the cluster of eight complement-type cysteine-rich repeats followed by four epidermal growth factor precursor homologous domains binds and internalizes 125I-labeled plasminogen activator-PAI-1 complexes. It also mediates the cellular uptake of the uncomplexed protease tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), suggesting that the tPA and PAI-1 binding sites on LRP are in close vicinity and might promote cooperative binding of tPA-PAI-1 complexes. However, alpha 2-macroglobulin is not internalized by this minireceptor suggesting that this ligand requires the presence of a single epidermal growth factor-repeat which is contained in the previously studied proteolytic fragment but is absent from the minireceptor.
M-CSF cooperating with NFκB induces macrophage transformation from M1 to M2 by upregulating c-Jun (2013)

Increasing evidence suggests tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are polarized M2 subtype of macrophage that exerts pro-tumor effects and promote the malignancy of some cancers, but the concrete mechanism is not well defined. Our previous research exhibited that proto-oncogene AP-1 regulated IL-6 expression in macrophages and promoted the formation of M2 macrophages. In this study, we investigate whether extra-cellular stimulus M-CSF help this process or nuclear factor NFκB has a synergistic role in the activation state of polarized M2 subtype of macrophage. RAW 264.7 macrophage and 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells were co-cultured to reconstruct tumor microenvironment. Being co-cultured with 4T1 or its supernatant, the expression of c-Jun, the member of AP-1 family, has a dramatically increase both on the level of gene and on the protein in RAW 264.7 macrophages, but the expression of c-Fos does not increase neither on the level of gene nor on the protein. After co-cultured with 4T1, RAW 264.7 has a higher consumption of M-CSF than RAW 264.7 macrophages alone. With the stimulation of M-CSF, the mRNA of c-Jun increased significantly, but decreased remarkably after adding the anti-M-CSF. And at the same time, p50, the member of NFκB family, has a similar tendency to c-Jun. WB results suggest that with the stimulation of M-CSF, p-Jun in nuclear increases heavily but decreases after the neutralizing antibody added. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunoblotting techniques confirmed that c-Jun and p50 NFκB coprecipitated, and c-Jun protein expression is properly enhanced with rM-CSF effect. In conclusion, M-CSF induces macrophage transformation by upregulating c-Jun with a certain synergy of NFκB. Our study may present a novel therapeutic strategy against cancer.
Immunological suppression in mice treated with hematoporphyrin derivative photoradiation. (1986)

Hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) is a potent photosensitizer which localizes preferentially in malignant tumors. Parenteral administration of this compound followed by irradiation with the appropriate wavelengths of light has been used for the diagnosis and treatment of various epithelial neoplasms. In this study the effects of such treatment on immunological responses were evaluated by examining the capacity of HPD and light to inhibit contact hypersensitivity to dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) in C3H mice. Pretreatment of mice with HPD photoradiation resulted in 50% suppression of contact hypersensitivity to DNFB. Inhibition of the response could be produced even when sensitization with DNFB was attempted 2 weeks after a single irradiation procedure, indicating that HPD and light-induced inhibition of contact sensitivity was sustained phenomenon. Prior sensitization with DNFB followed by treatment with HPD and light elicited no immunosuppression. The immunosuppressive response required photoactivation of the porphyrin molecule, since mice treated with HPD alone or light alone developed little or no suppression. In adoptive transfer studies, it was shown that the immunosuppression was associated with the development of suppressor cells. These results indicate that photoradiation therapy with HPD and light can produce systemic suppression of contact hypersensitivity in mice. These data suggest that HPD photoradiation of malignant tumors may inhibit certain types of immune responses in humans.
Organic solvents: physical properties and methods of purification. Fourth edition (1986)

This new edition comes 16 years after the previous one, and it has about 30% more pages. The format remains the same: tables of compounds arranged by structural type list all manner of useful properties, including not only melting and boiling points but density, refractive index, heat capacity, dielectric constant, etc. For this edition, six more properties have been added, including compressibility properties and thermal conductivity. The second part of the book is devoted, as before, to methods that have been reported for the purification of individual compounds, with the results of the processes. Although this is very helpful, it is not as satisfying as it might be, for there is little or no critical evaluation when several methods are described. The increased size of this edition is largely due to the inclusion of 150 solvents that were not listed before. Another change is in the references (over 7000exclamation), where the method of citing has been altered to match that used in Chemical Abstracts (year, volume, page, rather than volume, page, year). This must have been a lost of work; was the gain in utility really worth it. In any event, the publishers are to be commended for having selectedmore » very clearly distinguishable type faces for the numerals used for the year, volume, and pages.« less
Structure−Activity Relationship of Purine Ribonucleosides for Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (2004)

As part of a continued effort to identify inhibitors of hepatitis C viral (HCV) replication, we report here the synthesis and evaluation of a series of nucleoside analogues and their corresponding triphosphates. Nucleosides were evaluated for their ability to inhibit HCV RNA replication in a cell-based, subgenomic replicon system, while nucleoside triphosphates were evaluated for their ability to inhibit in vitro RNA synthesis mediated by the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, NS5B. 2'-C-Methyladenosine and 2'-C-methylguanosine were identified as potent inhibitors of HCV RNA replication, and the corresponding triphosphates were found to be potent inhibitors of HCV NS5B-mediated RNA synthesis. The data generated in the cell-based assay demonstrated a fairly stringent structure-activity relationship around the active nucleosides. Increase in steric bulk beyond methyl on C2, change in the stereo- or regiochemistry of the methyl substituent, or change of identity of the heterobase beyond that of the endogenous adenine or guanine was found to lead to loss of inhibitory activity. The results highlight the importance of the ribo configuration 2'- and 3'-hydroxy pharmacophores for inhibition of HCV RNA replication in the cell-based assay and demonstrate that inclusion of the 2'-C-methylribonucleoside pharmacophore leads to increased resistance to adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase mediated metabolism.
Functional Analysis ofluxSinStaphylococcus aureusReveals a Role in Metabolism but Not Quorum Sensing (2006)

The function of AI-2 in many bacteria and the physiological role of LuxS, the enzyme responsible for its production, remain matters of debate. Here, we show that in Staphylococcus aureus the luxS gene forms a monocistronic transcriptional unit under the control of a sigma(70)-dependent promoter. The gene was transcribed throughout growth under a variety of conditions, including intracellular growth in MAC-T cells. AI-2 was produced in rich media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, peaking during the transition to stationary phase, but was hardly detectable in a sulfur-limited defined medium. In the presence of glucose or under anaerobic conditions, cultures retained considerable AI-2 activity after entry into stationary phase. Inactivation of luxS in various S. aureus strains did not affect virulence-associated traits, such as production of hemolysins and extracellular proteases, biofilm formation, and the agr signaling system. Conversely, AI-2 production remained unchanged in an agr mutant. However, luxS mutants grown in a sulfur-limited defined medium exhibited a growth defect. When grown together with the wild type in mixed culture, luxS mutants of various S. aureus strains showed reduced ability to compete for growth under these conditions. In contrast, a complemented luxS mutant grew as well as the parent strain, suggesting that the observed growth defect was of an intracellular nature and had not been caused by either second-site mutations or the lack of a diffusible factor. However, the LuxS/AI-2 system does not appear to contribute to the overall fitness of S. aureus RN6390B during intracellular growth in epithelial cells: the wild type and a luxS mutant showed very similar growth patterns after their internalization by MAC-T cells.
Kinetics of protein synthesis inactivation in human T-lymphocytes by selective monoclonal antibody-ricin conjugates. (1985)

Immunotoxins synthesized with the pan-T-cell monoclonal antibody T101 and ricin, acetylricin, or ricin A-chain have been compared. Native ricin was acetylated with N-acetylimidazole to block the galactose-binding site of the toxin B (binding)-chain. In the presence of lactose, both whole-ricin-containing immunotoxins were selectively cytotoxic but the ricin A-chain conjugate was less effective in blocking cellular protein synthesis. Immunotoxin-treated cells cultured in fresh growth medium exhibited no growth, declining viabilities, and no protein synthesis activity. Lymphocytes treated with T101:ricin or ricin did not form clusters or colonies when plated in 0.3% Bacto-agar. Ammonium chloride markedly enhanced the efficacy of T101:ricin and T101:ricin A-chain. Our results suggest that: (a) all immunotoxins were selectively cytotoxic; (b) in the presence of ammonium chloride the effectiveness of the T101:ricin A-chain conjugate approached that of T101:ricin; and (c) the toxin B-chain may facilitate conjugate internalization and/or processing.
Cisplatin activates Akt in small cell lung cancer cells and attenuates apoptosis by survivin upregulation (2005)

The inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) survivin is overexpressed in many tumors but is absent in most normal adult tissues. We report high levels of survivin expression in small cell lung cancer (SCLC), and describe the role of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway in survivin upregulation. Moreover, the cytoprotective function of survivin in response to the anti-cancer agent cisplatin (CDDP) was investigated. Negative modulation of PI3K/Akt using pharmacological inhibitors or dominant negative Akt (DN-Akt) decreased Akt kinase activity and resulted in decreased survivin expression and phosphorylation on Thr34, whereas transfection of constitutively active Akt (CA-Akt) increased survivin expression and phosphorylation. Interestingly, we found that treatment of SCLC cells with CDDP further increased survivin expression in a cell cycle independent manner by activation of Akt. CA-Akt or lentiviral survivin also inhibited apoptosis induced by CDDP, whereas DN-Akt or survivin-specific RNA interference sensitized cells to CDDP. We identified survivin as an anti-apoptotic protein in SCLC cells that is regulated by Akt, and demonstrate that treatment with the DNA damaging agent CDDP activates the PI3K/Akt/survivin pathway that in part protects cells from drug-induced apoptosis.
Circulating and stool nucleic acid analysis for colorectal cancer diagnosis (2014)

In recent years, the need to identify molecular markers characterized by high sensitivity and specificity in detecting and monitoring early and colorectal cancer lesions has increased. Up to now, none of the markers or panels of markers analyzed have met the rigorous standards required of a screening program. The important discovery of circulating nucleic acids in biological fluids has aroused intense scientific interest because of their usefulness in malignant and non malignant diseases. Over time, their yield and stability have been identified and compared with other "standard" biomarkers. The analysis of circulating DNA from blood and stool is a relatively simple and non-invasive procedure, representing a very attractive marker to detect genetic and epigenetic mutations and to monitor disease progression. A correlation between blood and stool biomarkers could also help to enhance currently available diagnostic approaches. However, various processing and analytic problems need to be resolved before such an approach can be applied in clinical practice.
Photosynthesis in Rhodospirillum rubrum. II. Photoheterotrophic Carbon Dioxide Fixation (1967)

The contribution of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle to the photometabolism of carbon dioxide and to carbon metabolism in Rhodospirillum rubrum grown photoheterotrophically with l-malate as the carbon source is nil, unlike autotrophically grown R. rubrum. Glycolic acid appears to be the first stable product of CO(2) fixation in R. rubrum cultured photoheterotrophically on l-malate. The results obtained in (14)CO(2) fixation experiments suggest that the photometabolism of CO(2) through glycolate into malate is a major pathway of CO(2) fixation in such cells. However, l-malate was a much more efficient precursor of phosphate esters, and of glutamic acid, than was carbon dioxide; l-malate is therefore, in this case, a far more important source of cell carbon than is carbon dioxide. The products of the light-dependent incorporation of CO(2) and of acetate were investigated in R. rubrum grown photoheterotrophically on acetate. Carboxylation reactions and the reductive pentose phosphate cycle are apparently of greater significance in the photometabolism of acetate heterotrophs than in malate heterotrophs; the photometabolism of the acetate photoheterotrophs seems to be intermediate between the photoheterotrophy of malate heterotrophs and strict autotrophy.
Specifying, Interpreting and Detecting High-level, Spatio-Temporal Composite Events in Single and Multi-Camera Systems (2006)

Detecting and tracking moving objects are important and challenging problems which have attracted much attention from the research community. However, in most cases, it is not enough to only track the objects. The goal should be to detect the occurrences of events of interest, which is important for applications such as video surveillance, video browsing and indexing. Yet, event detection introduces the challenge of providing the flexibility to specify customized events with varying complexity, and entering them to a system in a generic way. The event definitions should not be pre-defined and hard-coded. We introduce a spatio-temporal event detection system which lets the users to specify multiple composite events of high-complexity, and then detects their occurrence automatically. Events can be defined on a single camera view or across multiple camera views. Semantically higher level event scenarios can be built by using the building blocks, which we call the primitive events, and combining them by operators. More importantly, the newly defined composite events can be combined with each other. This layered structure makes the definition of events with higher and higher complexity possible. The event definitions are written to an XML file, which is then parsed and communicated to the tracking engines running on the videos of the corresponding cameras. With the proposed system, we have reached the next level and managed to go from detecting "a person exiting the building" to detecting "a person coming from the south corridor of the building and then exiting the building".
Crystal-Originated Singularities on Si Wafer Surface after SC1 Cleaning (1990)

It is clarified that a new type of singularity is formed on Si wafer surface by the Standard Cleaning 1 (SC1) of the RCA cleaning process. Such singularities are perceived by laser particle counters as small particles on wafers. It is shown that the singularities correspond to small shallow pits caused by the etching effect of the SC1 cleaning solution. The origin of the pits is presumed to be some kind of defect in the melt-grown crystals.