gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How accurate is the hand-held refractor Retinomax® in measuring cycloplegic refraction: a further evaluation (1998)

AIMS To assess the agreement between the hand-held autorefractor Retinomax(R) and three different on-table autorefractors when measuring cycloplegic refraction in subjects with small and high ametropia. To assess the agreement between the cycloplegic refraction using the Retinomax(R) and by retinoscopy in children with small and high ametropia. METHODS Part A.276 subjects were refracted under cycloplegia using both the Retinomax(R) and an on-table infrared automated refractor (Topcon RM-A 6000, Nidek AR 800 or Nikon NR 5000). They were separated into subjects withsmall ametropia (mean sphere </= 3.5 D hyperopia, </= 3 D myopia) and high ametropia (mean sphere > 3.5 D hyperopia, > 3 D myopia). The agreement between both types of refractors regarding the different refractive components was assessed for the whole group and for the two subgroups of small and high ametropia. Part B. 48 infants were refracted under cycloplegia by retinoscopy and by the Retinomax(R). The agreement between both methods of refraction was analyzed in the same manner as in part A. RESULTS Part A. No significant bias was found between the two types of refractors with regard to the spherical equivalent. The 95% limits of agreement were +/- 1 D. Although no clinically significant bias was found with regard to the cylinder power in the 276 subjects, it was found that the 95% limits of agreement were much better (+/- 0.75 D) in small ametropia subjects than in high ametropia subjects (-2.1 to +1.3 D). No significant bias was found with regard to the axis determination. Part B. No significant bias was found between the Retinomax(R) and retinoscopic measurements with regard to the spherical equivalent. The 95% limits of agreement were -1.36 to +1.76 D. However, the mean difference for spheres and cylinders showed a positive bias and a negative bias, respectively, suggesting more positive spheres and larger cylinders when measured by the Retinomax(R) compared to retinoscopy. This was particularly obvious in cases of high ametropia. CONCLUSION Compared to retinoscopy and on-table autorefraction, the hand-held refractor Retinomax(R) is accurate in any ametropia with respect to the spherical equivalent. In small ametropia, there is a good accuracy when measuring the three refractive components (sphere, cylinder and axis). The accuracy decreases in high ametropia, especially with regard to the cylinder power.
Signalling in Plant Lateral Organ Development (2002)

A plant lateral organ, defined here as either a leaf or a leaf-like organ of the shoot or flower, arises from a group of initial cells within the flanks of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) or floral meristem. For example, the tobacco leaf is formed from a group of ∼100 initial cells in all three
Cartilage associated protein (CASP) is a novel developmentally regulated chick embryo protein (1997)

A subtracted cDNA library was generated to identify cDNAs specific for chondrocyte mRNAs preferentially expressed at the hypertrophic stage with respect to early differentiation stages. The characterization of a cDNA isolated from this library that hybridizes with a 1.8 kb mRNA is described here. This mRNA is expressed at extremely low levels in dedifferentiated chondrocytes cultured in adherent conditions, at very low levels in differentiating chondrocytes and at very high levels in hypertrophic chondrocytes cultured in suspension conditions. In the developing chick embryo this mRNA is detectable in RNAs extracted from several other tissues besides cartilage. The described cDNA contains a complete open reading frame coding for a polypeptide of about 33 kDa. Homology searches with known cDNA and protein sequences have revealed that the chicken protein is related to the amino-terminal half of two mammalian nuclear antigens. By immunohistochemistry with specific rabbit antisera a strong signal was detected in the cartilage extracellular matrix of selected regions of the developing skeleton. Because of this localization of the antigen we named this protein cartilage associated protein (hereafter referred to as CASP).
Surfactant Mediated Crystal Growth of Semiconductors (1995)

The influence of surfactants on semiconductor thin film growth is studied by means of a mesoscopic model combined with first principles calculations. We introduce a new kinetic mechanism that explains how surfactants induce layer-by-layer growth. The experimentally observed high density of 2D islands is a natural consequence of the chemical passivation of step edges, as well as flat surfaces, by the surfactant. In heteroepitaxial growth, we take strain effects into account, which leads to layer-by-layer growth at low temperatures and three-dimensional growth at high temperatures, in agreement with experiments.
A versatile and robust Agrobacterium‐based gene stacking system generates high‐quality transgenic Arabidopsis plants (2018)

Biotechnology provides a means for the rapid genetic improvement of plants. Although single genes have been important in engineering herbicide and pest tolerance traits in crops, future improvements of complex traits like yield and nutritional quality will likely require the introduction of multiple genes. This research reports a system (GAANTRY; Gene Assembly in Agrobacterium by Nucleic acid Transfer using Recombinase technologY) for the flexible, in vivo stacking of multiple genes within an Agrobacterium virulence plasmid Transfer-DNA (T-DNA). The GAANTRY system utilizes in vivo transient expression of unidirectional site-specific recombinases and an alternating selection scheme to sequentially assemble multiple genes into a single transformation construct. To demonstrate GAANTRY's capabilities, 10 cargo sequences were sequentially stacked together to produce a 28.5-kbp T-DNA, which was used to generate hundreds of transgenic events. Approximately 90% of the events identified using a dual antibiotic selection screen exhibited all of the introduced traits. A total of 68% of the tested lines carried a single copy of the selection marker transgene located near the T-DNA left border, and only 8% contained sequence from outside the T-DNA. The GAANTRY system can be modified to easily accommodate any method of DNA assembly and generate high-quality transgenic plants, making it a powerful, yet simple to use tool for plant genetic engineering.
New technologies for the detection of antibodies to therapeutic proteins. (2003)

The determination of antibody formation in response to a therapeutic product requires that a variety of data be evaluated. In addition to examining immuno-assay and bioassay results, it is important to determine any clinical relevance. By also examining pharmacokinetic data as well as other clinical results, an evaluation can be made as to whether any clinically relevant antibodies were generated. To help in this evaluation, it is important to fully characterize the antibodies that are generated. Both the BIAcore and IGEN platforms are powerful tools for determining if antibodies have been produced in a subject The BIAcore is also able to characterize these antibodies as to isotype, relative concentration, and relative affinity. The bioassay result can identify serum samples that contain an agent capable of inhibiting a biological effect of a drug. When combined with the results of an immuno-assay, it is possible to determine if the antibodies are capable of neutralizing the drug.
Progeria (1989)

• Progeria, also known as the Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome, is an extremely rare condition that was initially reported by Johnathan Hutchinson in 1886 and further described by Hastings Gilford in 1904. Transmission is most likely from a sporadic autosomal dominant mutation. Clinical manifestations are evident by the first or second year of life and include the physical characteristics usually associated with the elderly. Mentally, patients are alert and attentive with normal intelligence and emotions. Histopathologic changes occur primarily in the skin, bone, and cardiovascular tissues, while other organs appear to be unaffected. Laboratory findings are unremarkable, with the exception of an increased urinary excretion of hyaluronic acid. The diagnosis rests on the clinical presentation; at present, no treatment has been proved to be effective. Death results from cardiovascular abnormalities in the majority of cases and usually occurs between the ages of 10 and 15 years. Current research suggests an underlying defect of hyaluronic acid that may possibly account for the entire process. (<i>Arch Dermatol.</i>1989;125:540-544)
Mitchforce v Industrial Relations Commission (2003)

The decision of the Chief Justice and President of the Court of Appeal in the Mitchforce v Industrial Relations Commission & Ors case over a lease of property is discussed. The implications of the Court's view on the Industrial Relations Commission's jurisdiction to deal with commercial contracts under sec 106 of the Industrial Relations Act 1996 are analyzed.
Phenolic acids from Ginkgo biloba L. Part I. Qualitative analysis of free and liberated by hydrolysis phenolic acids. (1998)

HPLC was applied to the quantitative assay of seven free phenolic acids from the leaves, roots and seed testas of Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae). The concentration of the free phenolic acids amounted to: 19.693 micrograms/g of fresh leaves, 345.321 micrograms/g of roots and 2.708 micrograms/g of testas: protocatechuic acid is a dominant one. The concentration of the phenolic acids liberated by acid-mediated and alkaline hydrolysis was determined as well.
Hybrid Concolic Testing (2007)

We present hybrid concolic testing, an algorithm that interleaves random testing with concolic execution to obtain both a deep and a wide exploration of program state space. Our algorithm generates test inputs automatically by interleaving random testing until saturation with bounded exhaustive symbolic exploration of program points. It thus combines the ability of random search to reach deep program states quickly together with the ability of concolic testing to explore states in a neighborhood exhaustively. We have implemented our algorithm on top of CUTE and applied it to obtain better branch coverage for an editor implementation (VIM 5.7, 150 K lines of code) as well as a data structure implementation in C. Our experiments suggest that hybrid concolic testing can handle large programs and provide, for the same testing budget, almost 4times the branch coverage than random testing and almost 2times that of concolic testing.
A Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Trichostatin A, Suppresses Myofibroblastic Differentiation of Rat Hepatic Stellate Cells in Primary Culture (1999)

Hepatic stellate cells are the major cellular sources of extracellular matrix in chronic liver diseases leading to fibrosis. We explored the antifibrogenic effect of two histone deacetylase inhibitors, sodium butyrate and trichostatin A (TSA), on this cell type in vitro. Primary hepatic stellate cells as well as culture activated cells were exposed to butyrate (0.01-1 mmol/L) or TSA (1-100 nmol/L); their effect on collagen types I and III and smooth muscle alpha-actin was examined by quantitative immunoprecipitation and by Northern analysis. Their antiproliferative effect was examined by 3H-thymidine incorporation and cell counting. Hyperacetylation of histones was demonstrated by acid urea/Triton-X-100 (AUT) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Possible cytotoxic effects were judged on stellate cells by evaluating de novo total protein synthesis, and on hepatocytes by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, albumin secretion, and epoxide hydrolase and ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase activity. TSA at 100 nmol/L and butyrate at 1 mmol/L retarded the morphological changes characteristic for activation of primary stellate cells. TSA at 100 nmol/L inhibited synthesis of collagen types I and III and smooth muscle alpha-actin by 62%, 70%, and 88%. Butyrate at 1 mmol/L showed a modest inhibitory effect on collagen type III and smooth muscle alpha-actin, but had no effect on collagen type I. Northern analysis suggested that these inhibitory effects on collagen type III and smooth muscle alpha-actin were transcriptional, while the effect on collagen type I was largely posttranscriptional. At 100 nmol/L, TSA strongly suppressed proliferation of primary hepatic stellate cells. Inhibition of activation of stellate cells was preceded by hyperacetylation of histone H4. When tested on cells at day 14 in culture, butyrate had no inhibitory effects on the synthesis of collagens or smooth muscle alpha-actin. One hundred or 10 nmol/L TSA modestly inhibited the synthesis of collagens type I (-24%,-22%) and III (-34%,-22%), and smooth muscle alpha-actin (-27%,-12%). We conclude that TSA inhibits transdifferentiation of stellate cells into myofibroblasts by interfering with the level of acetylation of histone H4.
Log-domain decoding of LDPC codes over GF(q) (2004)

This paper introduces a log-domain decoding scheme for LDPC codes over GF(q). While this scheme is mathematically equivalent to the conventional sum-product decoder, log-domain decoding has advantages in terms of implementation, computational complexity and numerical stability. Further, a suboptimal variant of the log-domain decoding algorithm is proposed, yielding a lower computational complexity. The proposed algorithms and the sum-product algorithm are compared both in terms of simulated BER performance and computational complexity.
Morphometry of dermal collagen orientation by Fourier analysis is superior to multi‐observer assessment (2002)

In human dermis, collagen bundle architecture appears randomly organized, whereas in pathological conditions, such as scar tissue and connective tissue disorders, collagen bundle architecture is arranged in a more parallel fashion. Histological examination by one or two observers using polarized light is the most common method to determine collagen orientation. The hypothesis on which this study is based is that an objective image analysis technique, Fourier analysis, would improve the reliability (are the measurements reproducible?) and the accuracy (does the method measure what it is supposed to measure?) of collagen orientation assessment, compared with observer ratings. Fourier analysis was applied to 271 images of scar tissue and normal skin that were acquired by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Observers rated the same areas using polarized light as well as the confocal microscopy images. Computer images consisting of different types of ellipses were generated with a fixed orientation. Observers and Fourier analysis evaluated the images to evaluate accuracy. The inter-observer reliability was acceptable when at least three observers rated polarized light images (r > 0.69), whereas two observers were sufficient for rating confocal microscopy images (r > 0.71). Fourier analysis correlated better with observer ratings of confocal microscopy images (r = 0.69) than with polarized light microscopy images (r = 0.42). Fourier analysis was more accurate than four observers for the evaluation of the 'true' orientation for almost all types of computer-generated images. For the first time it is shown that Fourier image analysis is suitable for the morphometry of dermal collagen orientation and leads to a superior measurement of collagen orientation compared with subjective histological evaluation by several experts. If an evaluation is performed by conventional light microscopy, at least three observers are required to attain an acceptable inter-observer reliability.
Relationship between elevated FX expression and increased production of GDP-L-fucose, a common donor substrate for fucosylation in human hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoma cell lines. (2003)

The levels of fucosylated glycoproteins in various cancers and inflammatory processes have been a subject of intense study. The level of fucosyltransferases and intracellular GDP-L-fucose, a sugar nucleotide and a common donor substrate for all fucosyltransferases, may regulate the level of fucosylated glycoproteins. This study reports on the determination of GDP-L-fucose levels in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and surrounding tissues, using a recently established high-throughput assay system. Levels of GDP-L-fucose in HCC tissues were significantly increased compared with adjacent nontumor tissues or normal livers. The mean +/- SD for GDP-L-fucose level was 3.6 +/- 0.2 micro mol/mg in control liver, 4.6 +/- 0.9 micro mol/mg in adjacent noninvolved liver tissues (chronic hepatitis, 4.4 +/- 0.7 micro mol/mg; liver cirrhosis, 4.8 +/- 0.9 micro mol/mg), and 7.1 +/- 2.5 micro mol/mg in HCC tissues. The level of GDP-L-fucose in HCC decreased in proportion with tumor size (r = -0.675, P = 0.0002). When expression of the series of genes responsible for GDP-L-fucose synthesis was investigated, the gene expression of FX was found to be increased in 70% (7 of 10) of the HCC tissues examined compared with that in their surrounding tissues. The levels of GDP-L-fucose were positively correlated with the expression of FX mRNA (r = 0.599, P = 0.0074). The levels of FX gene expression in some human hepatoma and hepatocyte cell lines were determined. FX mRNA production was strongly increased in HepG2 and Chang liver, moderately increased in Hep3B and HLF, and, in HLE, was similar to that of a normal human liver tissue. To investigate the effect of GDP-L-fucose on core fucosylation, FX cDNA was transfected into Hep3B cells, which express a relatively low level of GDP-L-fucose:N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide alpha1-6 fucosyltransferase (alpha1-6 FucT) and FX mRNA. Transfection of this gene caused an increase in GDP-L-fucose levels as well as the extent of fucosylation on glycoproteins, including alpha-fetoprotein, as judged by reactivity to lectins. Collectively, the results herein suggest that the high level of fucosylation in HCC is dependent on a high expression of FX followed by increases in GDP-L-fucose, as well as an enhancement in alpha1-6 FucT expression. Thus, an elevation in GDP-L-fucose levels and the up-regulation of FX expression represent potential markers for HCC.
Accelerated reaction of nitric oxide with O 2 within the hydrophobic interior of biological membranes (1998)

We demonstrate herein dramatic acceleration of aqueous nitric oxide (NO) reaction with O2 within the hydrophobic region of either phospholipid or biological membranes or detergent micelles and demonstrate that the presence of a distinct hydrophobic phase is required. Per unit volume, at low amounts of hydrophobic phase, the reaction of NO with O2 within the membranes is approximately 300 times more rapid than in the surrounding aqueous medium. In tissue, even though the membrane represents only 3% of the total volume, we calculate that 90% of NO reaction with O2 will occur there. We conclude that biological membranes and other tissue hydrophobic compartments are important sites for disappearance of NO and for formation of NO-derived reactive species and that attenuation of these potentially damaging reactions is an important protective action of lipid-soluble antioxidants such as vitamin E.
40 Gbit/s transimpedance amplifier with high linearity range in 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS (2011)

A 40 Gbit/s transimpedance amplifier (TIA) implemented in 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS with high linearity range is presented. The TIA features 24.2 dB (65.2 dB Ω) gain, a bandwidth of 34.2 GHz and a power consumption of only 80 mW from a 2.5 V supply. Total harmonic distortion is less than 5% up to an input current of 1.3 mApp.
Oncogenic RET Receptors Display Different Autophosphorylation Sites and Substrate Binding Specificities (1996)

The c-ret proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase which plays an important role in neural crest as well as kidney development. Genetic studies have demonstrated that germ line mutations in the ret oncogene are the direct cause of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 2A and 2B, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC), and Hirschsprung's disease. However, despite the large body of genetic and biological evidence suggesting the importance of RET in development and neoplastic processes, the signal transduction mechanisms of RET remain unknown. To begin to understand the molecular mechanisms of the disease states caused by mutations in RET, the patterns of autophosphorylation of the wild-type RET and the MEN mutants were studied using site-directed mutagenesis and phosphopeptide mapping. Among the 6 autophosphorylation sites found in the wild-type RET receptor, the MEN2B mutant lacked phosphorylation at Tyr-1096, leading to decreased Grb2 binding, while simultaneously creating a new phosphorylation site. These changes in autophosphorylation suggest that the MEN2B mutation may result in the more aggressive MEN2B phenotype by altering the receptor's signaling capabilities.
Sex Steroid Regulation of Microglial Cell Activation (2003)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) occurs more commonly in females than males. However, the mechanisms resulting in gender differences in MS are unknown. Several studies have suggested that sex steroids influence the development and severity of MS. For example, pregnancy influences MS symptoms, with remission in the third trimester of gestation, followed by exacerbation in the postpartum period. In addition, oral contraceptives containing female sex steroids have been associated with a lower risk of developing MS and decreased disability. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disorder initiated by T cells reactive against central nervous system (CNS) antigens. EAE is characterized by inflammation and demyelination of the CNS, and by remittent paralysis-features consistent with MS. Recent studies have suggested that female sex steroids may modulate EAE, at least in part, through effects on T cells. For example, sex steroids shift T cells toward a Th2 phenotype in vitro, and cytokines produced by Th2 cells generally suppress EAE. Activated microglia also are believed to contribute to MS pathology; perhaps due in part to production of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-alpha, molecules which can be toxic to CNS cells, including oligodendrocytes. We are currently investigating the role of sex steroids in modulating microglial cell function in relation to MS. It is hoped that elucidation of the mechanisms by which sex steroids modulate CNS inflammation will lead to future therapies in the treatment of MS.
Successful Treatment of Castleman's Disease with Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (Anakinra) (2010)

Castleman's disease (CD) is a very rare lymphoproliferative disorder whose underlying pathophysiology is not fully understood and for which no standard treatment exists. Because interleukin-1 (IL-1) might promote the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a key pathogenic factor for the disease, we hypothesized that blocking the interleukin-1 receptor would be a useful therapy for CD. We report the case of a 61-year-old woman with CD who had undergone multiple treatments, including cladribine, rituximab, steroids, etanercept, and anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody, and whose disease was refractory to all of these treatments. She was started on the recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist, Anakinra, at a subcutaneous dose of 100 mg daily. Within one week, her fatigue and anorexia markedly improved, and her laboratory abnormalities, including anemia, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis, and elevated markers of inflammation, all resolved. Our observation suggests that Anakinra may be an attractive therapeutic approach for refractory multicentric CD.