gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) is an endogenous pyrogen and induces production of interleukin 1. (1986)

Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rTNF alpha) injected intravenously into rabbits produces a rapid-onset, monophasic fever indistinguishable from the fever produced by rIL-1. On a weight basis (1 microgram/kg) rTNF alpha and rIL-1 produce the same amount of fever and induce comparable levels of PGE2 in rabbit hypothalamic cells in vitro; like IL-1, TNF fever is blocked by drugs that inhibit cyclooxygenase. At higher doses (10 micrograms/kg) rTNF alpha produces biphasic fevers. The first fever reaches peak elevation 45-55 min after bolus injection and likely represents a direct action on the thermoregulatory center. During the second fever peak (3 h later), a circulating endogenous pyrogen can be shown present using passive transfer of plasma into fresh rabbits. This likely represents the in vivo induction of IL-1. In vitro, rTNF alpha induces the release of IL-1 activity from human mononuclear cells with maximal production observed at 50-100 ng/ml of rTNF alpha. In addition, rTNF alpha and rIFN-gamma have a synergistic effect on IL-1 production. The biological activity of rTNF alpha could be distinguished from IL-1 in three ways: the monophasic pyrogenic activity of rIL-1 was destroyed at 70 degrees C, whereas rTNF alpha remained active; anti-IL-1 neutralized IL-1 but did recognize rTNF alpha or natural cachectin nor neutralize its cytotoxic effect; and unlike IL-1, rTNF alpha was not active in the mitogen-stimulated T cell proliferation assay. The possibility that endotoxin was responsible for rTNF alpha fever and/or the induction of IL-1 was ruled-out in several studies: rTNF alpha produced fever in the endotoxin-resistant C3H/HeJ mice; the IL-1-inducing property of rTNF alpha was destroyed either by heat (70 degrees C) or trypsinization, and was unaffected by polymyxin B; pyrogenic tolerance to daily injections of rTNF alpha did not occur; levels of endotoxin, as determined in the Limulus amebocyte lysate, were below the minimum rabbit pyrogen dose; and these levels of endotoxin were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis for the presence of beta-hydroxymyristic acid. Although rTNF alpha is not active in T cell proliferation assays, it may mimic IL-1 in a T cell assay, since high concentrations of rTNF alpha induced IL-1 from epithelial or macrophagic cells in the thymocyte preparations. These studies show that TNF (cachectin) is another endogenous pyrogen which, like IL-1 and IFN-alpha, directly stimulate hypothalamic PGE2 synthesis. In addition, rTNF alpha is an endogenous inducer of IL-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Tight junctions are membrane microdomains (2000)

Tight junctions (TJ) of polarized epithelial cells regulate barrier function at mucosal surfaces. Structural proteins of TJs include hyperphosphorylated occludin (HO) and the peripheral membrane protein, ZO-1. Since TJs are dynamically regulated, and lipid-modified signal transduction proteins localize to TJs, we considered the possibility that the TJ itself is composed of microdomains with unique structure. Differential detergent extraction and isopycnic sucrose density gradients were utilized to isolate TJ-enriched membranes from a polarized intestinal epithelial cell line, T84. Here we report that major pools of hyperphosphorylated occludin (HO) and ZO-1 are found in raft-like membrane microdomains with characteristics of the previously described detergent-insoluble glycolipid rafts (DIGs). Properties of such gradient fractions included Triton X-100 (TX-100) insolubility, light scattering at 600 nm, buoyant density of approximately 1.08 g/cm(3) and increased cholesterol content compared to high density fractions. Similar results were obtained using natural epithelium. Unlike the TJ proteins HO and ZO-1, other basolateral transmembrane proteins including E-cadherin, c-met and &bgr; 1 integrin were not increased in DIG-like fractions. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed coprecipitation of a pool of occludin with caveolin-1, a scaffolding protein abundant in DIGs. Coprecipitation results were supported by immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling studies demonstrating caveolin-1 localization in the apical membrane and focal colocalization with occludin in TJs. TJ disassembly by calcium chelation resulted in displacement of TJ proteins from the 'raft-like' compartment. Our findings suggest that raft-like compartments play an important role in the spatial organization of TJs and probably in regulation of paracellular permeability in epithelial cells.
Micromachined biomimetic optical microphones with improved packaging and power consumption (2012)

Low noise, directional microphones are critical for hearing aid applications. This thesis is focused on further development of a biomimetic micromachined directional microphone based on the ear structure of the Ormia Ochracea, a parasitic fly able to locate sound sources in the audio frequency range with high accuracy. The development efforts have been on implementing a version of the microphone for a behind the ear (BTE) package while improving the overall optical efficiency and noise level, demonstrating pulsed laser operation for reduced power consumption, and electrostatic control of the microphone diaphragm position for stable operation over a long time. &#13;\nThe new packaging method for the microphone addressed the need for tighter placement tolerances along with a redesigned diaphragm and integration of a microscale optical lens array to improve the optical efficiency of the device. The completed packages were characterized for sensitivity improvement and optical efficiency. The overall optical efficiency was significantly increased from less than 1% to the photo diode array collecting 50% of the emitted optical power from the Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL). This, coupled with the new diaphragm design, improved the acoustic performance of the microphones. Consequently, the noise levels recorded on the devices were about 31 dBA SPL, more than 15dB better than conventional directional microphones with nearly 10 times larger port spacing. &#13;\nSince the application for this technology is hearing aids, the power consumed by the working device needs to be at an acceptable level. The majority of the power used by the microphone is from continuously operating the VCSEL with 2mW optical output power. To reduce this power requirement, it was suggested to pulse the VCSEL at high enough frequency with low duty cycle so that the acoustic signals can be recovered from its samples. In this study, it was found that the VCSEL can be pulsed with little to no degradation in signal to noise ratio as long as the thermal mechanical noise dominated the noise spectrum. The results also indicated that a pulse train with a duty cycle of around 20% can be used without a major loss of performance in the device, meaning the device can effectively run at 1/5 of its original power under pulsed operation mode. &#13;\nFinally, a control technique to overcome some inherent problems of the microphone was demonstrated. Since the optical sensitivity of the microphone depends on the gap between the diaphragm grating and the integrated mirror, it is important to keep that bias gap constant during long term operation against environmental variations and charging effects. Using a simple electrostatic bias controller scheme, the sensitivity variation of the microphone was improved by a factor of 7.68 with bias control. Overall, this thesis has addressed several important aspects of a micromachined biomimetic microphone and further demonstrated its feasibility for hearing aid applications.
Pentastatin-1, a collagen IV derived 20-mer peptide, suppresses tumor growth in a small cell lung cancer xenograft model (2010)

The peptide treatment significantly decreased the invasion of microvessels in angioreactors and the rate of tumor growth in the xenograft model, indicating potential treatment for angiogenesis-dependent disease, and for translational development as a therapeutic agent for lung cancer.
1,2,4-Triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine derivatives with human renin inhibitory activity. 2. Synthesis, biological properties and molecular modeling of hydroxyethylene isostere derivatives (1990)

A series of inhibitors of human renin have been synthesized, derived from combination of a 2-(8-propyl-6-pyridin-3-yl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-3-yl)- 3-pyridin- 3-ylpropionic acid moiety 6c with the hydroxyethylene isostere of the scissile amide bond (2S,4S,5S)-5-amino-6-cyclohexyl-4-hydroxy-2-isopropylhexanoic acid (ChaOH--Val). The more potent members of this series showed good inhibitory activity against partially purified human renin, 7d, for example, having an IC50 of 0.2 nM. Structure-activity relationships for these compounds were consistent with their binding to the S4-S2' sites of human renin. Analogues 7e and 7h-k with a variety of substituents at the C-terminus all had in vitro IC50S less than 1 nM. In contrast with the majority of previously reported inhibitors of similar potency, these compounds contain no natural amino acid fragments. When administered intravenously to anesthetized, sodium-depleted marmosets at doses of 0.3-3.0 mg/kg, compound 7d caused a marked reduction in mean arterial pressure. Following oral administration at 30 mg/kg in the same animal model, 7d again elicited a significant fall in mean arterial pressure, accompanied by suppression of plasma renin activity lasting up to 3 h after dosing.
Thermal fragmentation of trihaloethyl and hexafluoro-2-propyl .alpha.-hydroxyiminobenzylphosphonates. Solvent effects and the trapping of metaphosphate (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermal fragmentation of trihaloethyl and hexafluoro-2-propyl .alpha.-hydroxyiminobenzylphosphonates. Solvent effects and the trapping of metaphosphateMahmoud Mahajna and Eli BreuerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 27, 7822–7826Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00079a029https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00079a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views71Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
<title>Intensified Charge Coupled Devices For Ultra Low Light Level Imaging</title> (1976)

The development of high performance solid-state sensors is important for future astronomical space flight missions. Although sensitivity in the ultraviolet is obviously advantageous, the potential for superb imaging afforded by space telescopes recommends a sensor design covering a broad spectral range including the visible and near infrared. Additionally, the sensor must be rugged, reliable, and relatively insensitive to corpuscular radiation. With these considerations in mind, the Laboratory for Optical Astronomy has begun the development of a sensor incorporating a CCD and photocathode for operation in the electron bombarded mode in both a magnetic and an electrostatic focussed, gated configuration. Sufficient gain will be available to provide adequate signal-to-noise for the detection of individual photoelectron events. Initial format size is 100 x 160 pixels with eventual growth to 400 x 400 pixels. The sensor is part of a digital camera system which includes the low level video condit-ioning electronics, a camera controller, a high speed buffer memory, and digital recording and display electronics. The memory uses CMOS/SOS and has a capacity of 1.6 Mbits with operating rates of 48 Mbits/sec. Individual frames are co-added to provide wide dynamic range and photometric precision better than 1%. A 4-bit video quantization is used to increase the photon counting detection rate before coincidence losses become serious.
Experimental and theoretical studies of the copper(I) and silver(I) dinuclear N,N'-di-p-tolylformamidinato complexes (1988)

International audience
How To Prevent the Loss of Surface Functionality Derived from Aminosilanes (2008)

Aminosilanes are common coupling agents used to functionalize silica surfaces. A major problem in applications of 3-aminopropylsilane-functionalized silica surfaces in aqueous media was encountered: the loss of covalently attached silane layers upon exposure to water at 40 degrees C. This is attributed to siloxane bond hydrolysis catalyzed by the amine functionality. To address the issue of loss of surface functionality and to find conditions where hydrolytically stable amine-functionalized surfaces can be prepared, silanization with different types of aminosilanes was carried out. Hydrolytic stability of the resulting silane-derived layers was examined as a function of reaction conditions and the structural features of the aminosilanes. Silane layers prepared in anhydrous toluene at elevated temperature are denser and exhibit greater hydrolytic stability than those prepared in the vapor phase at elevated temperature or in toluene at room temperature. Extensive loss of surface functionality was observed in all 3-aminopropylalkoxysilane-derived layers, independent of the number and the nature of the alkoxy groups. The hydrolytic stability of aminosilane monolayers derived from N-(6-aminohexyl)aminomethyltriethoxysilane (AHAMTES) indicates that the amine-catalyzed detachment can be minimized by controlling the length of the alkyl linker in aminosilanes.
Paternally Expressed, Imprinted Insulin-Like Growth Factor-2 in Chorionic Villi Correlates Significantly with Birth Weight (2014)

Our findings show that IGF2 mRNA levels at 12 weeks gestation could provide a useful predictor of future fetal growth to term, potentially predicting SGA babies. SGA babies are known to be at a higher risk for type 2 diabetes. This research reveals an imprinted, parentally driven rheostat for in utero growth.
Ezetimibe, a Potent Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor, Normalizes Combined Dyslipidemia in Obese Hyperinsulinemic Hamsters (2001)

Ezetimibe potently and selectively inhibits cholesterol absorption in the intestine, thereby reducing plasma cholesterol in preclinical models of hypercholesterolemia. Clinical trials have demonstrated that ezetimibe lowers LDL cholesterol and raises HDL cholesterol in humans. The effect of ezetimibe on other dyslipidemias, particularly hypertriglyceridemia, is not yet known. In the present studies, we assessed the effect of ezetimibe on combined hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in obese hyperinsulinemic hamsters. Hamsters were fed chow, chow with cholesterol (0.12%), or the same cholesterol diet containing different dietary triglycerides (15%) in the absence or presence of 1 mg/kg ezetimibe (in diet) for up to 84 days. Body weight, serum insulin, leptin, glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were analyzed. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels were also determined in VLDL+IDL, LDL, and HDL. Hamsters maintained on high-fat diets became obese, hyperinsulinemic, hyperleptinemic, hypercholesterolemic, and hypertriglyceridemic. Ezetimibe did not affect body weight, insulin, or leptin, but ablated the combined hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia induced by high-fat diets. Ezetimibe normalized VLDL+IDL cholesterol and triglyceride and significantly decreased LDL cholesterol to below chow-fed levels. The ratio of HDL to LDL cholesterol increased significantly with the addition of ezetimibe. Ezetimibe completely eliminated the accumulation of cholesteryl ester and free cholesterol in liver that was induced under the various dietary conditions in the absence of drug. In conclusion, ezetimibe is very effective in correcting the combined dyslipidemia in diet-induced obese hyperinsulinemic hamsters and may be an effective therapy for ameliorating combined dyslipidemia in obese insulin-resistant and/or type 2 diabetic humans.
Concurrency Control Mechanisms for Closely Coupled Collaboration in Multithreaded Peer-to-Peer Virtual Environments (2004)

As collaboration in virtual environments becomes more object-focused and closely coupled, the frequency of conflicts in accessing shared objects can increase. In addition, two kinds of concurrency control “surprises” become more disruptive to the collaboration. Undo surprises can occur when a previously visible change is undone because of an access conflict. Intention surprises can happen when a concurrent action by a remote session changes the structure of a shared object at the same perceived time as a local access of that object, such that the local user might not get what they expect because they have not had time to visually process the change. A hierarchy of three concurrency control mechanisms is presented in descending order of collaborative surprises, which allows the concurrency scheme to be tailored to the tolerance for such surprises. One mechanism is semioptimistic; the other two are pessimistic. Designed for peer-to-peer virtual environments in which several threads have access to the shared scene graph, these algorithms are straightforward and relatively simple. They can be implemented using C/C++ and Java, under Windows and Unix, on both desktop and immersive systems. In a series of usability experiments, the average performance of the most conservative concurrency control mechanism on a local LAN was found to be quite acceptable.
The Effect of Strontium Chloride Upon Alveolar Bone (1980)

Strontium chloride absorbed on absorbable gelatin sponge, U.S.P. appears to stimulate the formation of bone in the maxilla of Sprague Dawley rats.
Design and development issues for ARCHEOGUIDE: An Augmented Reality based cultural heritage on-site guide (2001)

In ARCHEOGUIDE (Augmented Reality based Cultural Heritage On-site GUIDE) is the acronym of a project pursued by a consortium of European organizations: Intracom S. A. (Greece), Fraunhofer Institute of Computer Graphics (IGD) (Germany), the Computer Graphics Center (ZGDV) (Germany), the Centro de Computacao Gráfica (CCG) (Portugal), A&amp;C 2000 Srl (Italy), Post Reality S. A. (Greece) and the Hellenic Ministryof Culture (Greece). Funded by the EU IST framework (IST-1999-11306), the consortium is developing a system that will fundamentally change the way visitors view and learn about a cultural heritage site. In particular, we are designing and developing an Augmented Reality system that will allow the visitors to see computer-generated reconstruction of the site without cutting them off from the real surroundings of the site. As a first trial site, we have selected ancient Olympia in Greece, the famous birthplace of the Olympic games.
Abstract 579: In vitro Models Concur With Clinical Results to Confirm Pleiotropic Mechanisms of Action for Gemcabene (2017)

Introduction: Gemcabene, a fraudulent fatty acid, induces biological properties in nonclinical models, of which many translate to clinical findings in dyslipidemia patients. Its known mechanism of action includes reduction of the overall hepatic de novo triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis, and increase in VLDL clearance. Clinical benefits in various human populations infer that other mechanisms are involved that warrant evaluation. Methods and Results: We assessed the gemcabene effects in other molecular mechanistic models, particularly to study inhibition of human ATP Citrate Lyase (hACL), apolipoprotein gene expression in Sandwich-Cultured Transporter Certified TM Human Hepatocytes (SCHH), and expression of genes related to inflammation and cell signaling. Gemcabene, MEDICA-16, palmitic acid and their CoA thioesters were studied in a recombinant hACL in vitro assay system. Gemcabene-CoA thioester, but not the parent compound, inhibited recombinant hACL activity in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, in agreement with results obtained with palmitoyl-CoA and palmitic acid. Unlike palmitic acid, MEDICA-16, and bempedoic acid, gemcabene does not form a CoA ester in human hepatocytes: radioisotope studies show 98.8% parent gemcabene. Further, gemcabene potential on the gene expression of lipogenesis and inflammation markers was assessed in SCHH. Gemcabene showed significant regulation of HMG-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2) and CRP mRNAs. A marked induction response of the HMGCS2 mRNA content was observed, ranging from 2.26- to 2.73-fold (p ≤ 0.05) over control in SCHH treated with all concentrations of gemcabene (500, 1000, and 1500 μM). Also, a clear and statistically significant (p-value ≤ 0.05) concentration-related suppression response of CRP mRNA content was observed, ranging from (-2.58)- to (-2.65)-fold below control in SCHH treated with 1000 and 1500 μM gemcabene. Finally, RT-PCR analysis of liver samples from STAM TM mice treated with gemcabene revealed its downregulating effect on inflammatory, lipogenic, lipoprotein metabolism, and cell signaling genes: TNF-α, MCP-1, NF-κB, ApoC-III, and ACC1. Conclusion: Gemcabene manifests its pharmacological profile in lipid management and inflammation by multiple mechanisms of action.
A global double‐fluorescent Cre reporter mouse (2007)

The Cre/loxP system has been used extensively for conditional mutagenesis in mice. Reporters of Cre activity are important for defining the spatial and temporal extent of Cre-mediated recombination. Here we describe mT/mG, a double-fluorescent Cre reporter mouse that expresses membrane-targeted tandem dimer Tomato (mT) prior to Cre-mediated excision and membrane-targeted green fluorescent protein (mG) after excision. We show that reporter expression is nearly ubiquitous, allowing visualization of fluorescent markers in live and fixed samples of all tissues examined. We further demonstrate that mG labeling is Cre-dependent, complementary to mT at single cell resolution, and distinguishable by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Both membrane-targeted markers outline cell morphology, highlight membrane structures, and permit visualization of fine cellular processes. In addition to serving as a global Cre reporter, the mT/mG mouse may also be used as a tool for lineage tracing, transplantation studies, and analysis of cell morphology in vivo.
Copper-free click chemistry for the in situ crosslinking of photodegradable star polymers (2008)

Bifunctional, fluorinated cyclooctynes were used for the in situ "click" crosslinking of azide-terminated photodegradable star polymers, yielding photodegradable polymeric model networks with well-defined structures and tunable gelation times.
Settling of an isolated spherical particle in a yield stress shear thinning fluid (2008)

We visualize the flow induced by an isolated non-Brownian spherical particle settling in a shear thinning yield stress fluid using particle image velocimetry. With Re&amp;lt;1, we show a breaking of the fore-aft symmetry and relate this to the rheological properties of the fluid. We find that the shape of the yield surface approximates that of an ovoid spheroid with its major axis approximately five times greater than the radius of the particle. The disagreement of our experimental findings with previous numerical simulations is discussed.