gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Speaker normalization with self-organizing feature maps (2005)

An efficient speaker-normalization method based on the mapping of two self-organizing feature maps is developed. The normalization system consists of a reference map trained on the reference speaker's feature space and a test speaker's map generated by a special topology maintaining/retraining reference map. The retraining procedure is called 'forced competitive learning ' (FCL). It allows for an 1:1-exchange of the feature vectors represented by the neurons of the reference map for those of the test map in the operation phase. Pilot tests on a 33-word (including the 10 digits) database have been performed employing a simple HMM-isolated-word recognizer. The evaluation was based on speaker-dependent recognition and has shown an average adaptation efficiency of /spl rho/=0,90. By using topology-preserving feature maps, the method proposed can broadly be applied as a front end to all kinds of VQ-based recognition systems.
Mammalian Sirtuins: Biological Insights and Disease Relevance (2010)

Aging is accompanied by a decline in the healthy function of multiple organ systems, leading to increased incidence and mortality from diseases such as type II diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Historically, researchers have focused on investigating individual pathways in isolated organs as a strategy to identify the root cause of a disease, with hopes of designing better drugs. Studies of aging in yeast led to the discovery of a family of conserved enzymes known as the sirtuins, which affect multiple pathways that increase the life span and the overall health of organisms. Since the discovery of the first known mammalian sirtuin, SIRT1, 10 years ago, there have been major advances in our understanding of the enzymology of sirtuins, their regulation, and their ability to broadly improve mammalian physiology and health span. This review summarizes and discusses the advances of the past decade and the challenges that will confront the field in the coming years.
Production of Vanillin by Oxidation of Pine Kraft Lignins with Oxygen (1995)

Vanillin was obtained by oxydation of pine kraft lignins from Westvaco and Portucel with oxygen in alkaline solution. In addition to vanillin, acetovanillone is also obtained when the oxidation is carried out under high oxygen partial pressure. Vanillin concentration vs. reaction time curve shows a maximum. Therefore, vanillin undergoes degradation during the oxidation process, the rate of which depends on the oxidation conditions. Relative molecular mass distribution (RMMD) of the lignin does not change during the heating-up and hydrolysis (120-130 o C for 120 min) phases. However, it changes with concomitant formation of vanillin when oxygen is introduced into the reaction mixture in the reactor after hydrolysis phase. RMMD of the resulting degraded lignins becomes almost the same at the end of the oxidation period (reaction times between 280 and 360min). The reaction time needed to reach the maximum vanillin concentration in the reaction mixture decreases with increasing oxygen partial pressure. By contrast, higher total pressure improves vanillin production. On the other hand, the degradation of vanillin is larger and the vanillin yield decreases, even approaching to zero, if the reaction is not interrupted at the proper reaction time. Temperature has a similar effect on the vanillin concentration. Increase in lignin concentration does not result in improvement of the maximum vanillin yield at all concentration levels investigated; the higher the concentration the lower the yield. Sodium hydroxide reduces the vanillin degradation rate. Pine kraft lignin from Westvaco does not produce vanillin by oxidation with copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate. The pine kraft lignin produces vanillin in higher yield on nitrobenzene oxidation. The kraft lignin from Pinus pinaster (Portucel) produces vanillin in slightly lower yield. On direct oxidation with oxygen at alkaline pH, the black liquor from the kraft cook of P. Pinaster produces vanillin in higher yield than the oxidation of corresponding isolated kraft lignin under the same reaction conditions
High sensitivity mass spectrometric methods for obtaining intact molecular weights from gel-separated proteins (1999)

The molecular weight measurement of intact Escherichia coli proteins separated by isoelectric focusing-immobilized pH gradient (IEF-IPG) gels and analyzed by mass spectrometry is presented. Two methods are discussed: (i) electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS) of extracted proteins, and (ii) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MS analysis directly from IEF-IPG gels. Both ESI and MALDI methods yield sub-picomole sensitivity and good mass measurement accuracy. The use of an array detector for ESI-MS was essential to discriminate against contaminating background ions and to selectively detect high mass protein ions. MALDI-MS offers high-throughput analysis of one- and potentially two-dimensional (2-D) gels. The “virtual 2-D” gel method with first-dimensional IEF separation and the second dimension as molecular mass determination by MS, is a particularly promising method for protein analysis due to its ultra high sensitivity and correspondence to classical 2-D gels. Further sensitivity enhancements for the MALDI-MS method are provided by post acceleration detection optimized for high mass time-of-flight analysis.
Expression of the c‐erbB‐2 protein in normal and transformed cells (1987)

Two synthetic peptides from the predicted sequence of the human c-erbB-2 protein were synthesized and used to raise antisera in rabbits. The sequences chosen were identical to those in the homologous rat c-neu protein. The antibodies produced reacted with the immunizing peptides in ELISA but showed little or no cross-reaction with the partly homologous peptides found in equivalent positions in the human EGF receptor. Both antipeptide antibodies, and a monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific for the rat neu protein, immunoprecipitated a 185-kDa protein from 35S-methionine-labelled lysates prepared from a rat cell line known to express high levels of the c-neu protein. The antipeptide antibodies also recognized a protein of the same size in Western blots. In addition, both antipeptide antibodies immunoprecipitated a 190-kDa protein from labelled cell lysates prepared from human and monkey cells. Antibodies to one of the peptides, which showed no detectable cross-reaction with human, rat or monkey EGF receptor, were used to examine the expression of the c-erbB-2 protein on a variety of cultured cell types. Eleven transformed, I non-established and 2 immortalized cell types were examined by immunoprecipitation for their level of expression of the c-erbB-2 protein and of the EGF receptor. The numbers of EGF receptors varied widely between different cell lines, whereas the level of the c-erbB-2 protein, which was found on all of the cell types examined, was more constant. The number of c-erbB-2 molecules present was estimated by autoradiography to be about 100,000 per cell. The antibodies were then used to examine the location and level of expression of the human c-erbB-2 and rat c-neu proteins in normal tissues. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the c-erbB-2 protein was highly expressed in rat kidney proximal tubules and loop of Henle. The c-erbB-2 protein was also present on normal human epithelial cells but in some cases with a different distribution to that of the EGF receptor.
The importance of being acid: the role of acidification in intracellular membrane traffic (1992)

ABSTRACT Ever since the early work of Elie Metchnikoff at the turn of the century, it has been clear that the ability of vacuolar organelles to generate and maintain pH plays a crucial role in a variety of critical cellular functions. Using a variety of crude pH indicators such as neutral red or litmus particles, Metchnikoff observed that bacteria ingested by phagocytic cells of the immune system were transferred to acidic structures in the cytoplasm, killed and then digested. Without any understanding or knowledge of membranes, organelles or proton pumps, Metchnikoff drew accurate conclusions concerning the necessity of an acidic milieu for intracellular digestion, the role of cellular energy in maintaining the acidic pH, and the likelihood that the acidity was due to diffusible protons as opposed to the infusion of acidic substances such as DNA (which had, in fact, been offered as an explanation by some of Metchnikoff s contemporaries).
Recent Advances in Bovine Vaccine Technology (1993)

A description of new commercial and experimental vaccines for viral and bacterial diseases of cattle can be broadly divided into those used for both beef and dairy cows and those used predominantly in dairy cattle. For both types of cattle, newer and experimental vaccines are directed against several of the important viral (e.g., bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza type 3, and foot-and-mouth disease virus) and bacterial pathogens (e.g., Pasteurella spp., Haemophilus somnus). The viral vaccines include gene-deleted, modified live, subunit, and peptide antigens. Newer bacterial vaccines, particularly those for Pasteurella spp., are composed of either modified-live vaccines or bacterins supplemented with toxoid or surface antigens. Haemophilus somnus vaccine research has concentrated mainly on defining unique surface antigens. Novel dairy cow vaccines would include the lipopolysaccharide-core (J5) antigen approach, which has been used for successful immunization against coliform mastitis. Core antigen vaccines also have reduced calf mortality from Gram-negative pathogens. Staphylococcal mastitis vaccines that contain capsular antigens, toxoids, or the staphylococcal fibronectin receptor are of active research interest. Vaccines against mastitis induced by Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus uberis also are areas of intensive research. Delivery of multiple subunit antigens with optimal immune response induction has led to the investigation of attenuated heterologous viral and bacterial expression vectors such as bovine herpesvirus 1, vaccinia, and Salmonella spp. This discussion also demonstrates that molecular biology is being used to advance bovine vaccine technology.
A Simulation Optimization Approach to Epidemic Forecasting (2013)

Reliable forecasts of influenza can aid in the control of both seasonal and pandemic outbreaks. We introduce a simulation optimization (SIMOP) approach for forecasting the influenza epidemic curve. This study represents the final step of a project aimed at using a combination of simulation, classification, statistical and optimization techniques to forecast the epidemic curve and infer underlying model parameters during an influenza outbreak. The SIMOP procedure combines an individual-based model and the Nelder-Mead simplex optimization method. The method is used to forecast epidemics simulated over synthetic social networks representing Montgomery County in Virginia, Miami, Seattle and surrounding metropolitan regions. The results are presented for the first four weeks. Depending on the synthetic network, the peak time could be predicted within a 95% CI as early as seven weeks before the actual peak. The peak infected and total infected were also accurately forecasted for Montgomery County in Virginia within the forecasting period. Forecasting of the epidemic curve for both seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks is a complex problem, however this is a preliminary step and the results suggest that more can be achieved in this area.
Language performance under sustained work and sleep deprivation conditions. (2007)

These findings suggest that sustained work conditions and sleep deprivation negatively affect some types of language performance. Moreover, the use of probe tasks indicates that easy-to-administer tasks may be useful to identify when detriments are likely to occur in language-based performance under sleep deprivation conditions.
Expression of the Serum Response Factor Gene Is Regulated by Serum Response Factor Binding Sites (1996)

The serum response factor (SRF) is a ubiquitous transcription factor that plays a central role in the transcriptional response of mammalian cells to a variety of extracellular signals. Notably, SRF has been found to be a key regulator of members of a class of cellular response genes termed immediate-early genes (IEGs), many of which are believed to be involved in regulating cell growth and differentiation. The mechanism by which SRF activates transcription of IEGs in response to mitogenic agents has been extensively studied. Significantly less is known about how expression of the SRF gene itself is mediated. We and others have previously shown that the SRF gene is itself transiently induced by a variety of mitogenic agents and belongs to a class of "delayed" early response genes. We have cloned the SRF promoter and in the present study have analyzed the upstream regulatory sequences involved in mediating serum responsiveness of the SRF gene. Our analysis indicates that inducible SRF expression requires both SRF binding sites located within the first 63 nucleotides upstream from the start site of transcriptional initiation and an Sp1 site located 83 nucleotides upstream from the start site. Maximal transcriptional activity of the promoter also requires two CCAATT box sites located 90 and 123 nucleotides upstream of the start site.
Palladium-Catalyzed Dimerization−Carbostannylation of Alkynes:  Synthesis of Highly Conjugated Alkenylstannanes (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTPalladium-Catalyzed Dimerization−Carbostannylation of Alkynes: Synthesis of Highly Conjugated AlkenylstannanesEiji Shirakawa, Hiroto Yoshida, Yoshiaki Nakao, and Tamejiro HiyamaView Author Information Graduate School of Materials Science Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Asahidai, Tatsunokuchi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan Department of Material Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 17, 4290–4291Publication Date (Web):April 15, 1999Publication History Received4 January 1999Published online15 April 1999Published inissue 1 May 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja990008chttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja990008crapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views854Altmetric-Citations71LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Aromatic compounds,Catalysts,Chemical reactions,Hydrocarbons,Ligands Get e-Alerts
LAG3 and PD1 co-inhibitory molecules collaborate to limit CD8+ T cell signaling and dampen antitumor immunity in a murine ovarian cancer model (2015)

The immune co-inhibitory receptors lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG3) and programmed cell death 1 (PD1) synergistically contribute to autoimmunity and tumor evasion. Here we demonstrate how they collaborate and interact to regulate T cell function. We first show that LAG3 and PD1 are co-expressed on both OVA-specific and non-specific T cells infiltrating murine ovarian tumors. Dual antibody blockade or genetic knockout of LAG3 and PD1 significantly enhanced T effector function and delayed tumor growth. LAG3 and PD1 co-localized in activated CD8+ T cells in vitro at the trans-Golgi vesicles, early/recycling endosomal compartments, lysosomes, and microtubule organizing center. Importantly, LAG3 and PD1 cluster with pLck at the immunological synapse. Reciprocal immunoprecipitation of T cell extracts revealed physical interaction between LAG3 and PD1. Mutational analyses indicate that the cytoplasmic domain of LAG3 is not absolutely required for its association with PD1, while the ITIM and ITSM of PD1 are necessary for its association with LAG3. Finally, LAG3 protein also associates with the Src-homology-2 domain-containing phosphatases (SHP1/2) which are known to be recruited by PD1 during T cell signaling. Our data indicate that the association of LAG3 with PD1 contributes to their rapid trafficking to the immunological synapse, leading to a synergistic inhibitory effect on T cell signaling.
An endogenous capsaicin-like substance with high potency at recombinant and native vanilloid VR1 receptors (2002)

The vanilloid receptor VR1 is a nonselective cation channel that is most abundant in peripheral sensory fibers but also is found in several brain nuclei. VR1 is gated by protons, heat, and the pungent ingredient of "hot" chili peppers, capsaicin. To date, no endogenous compound with potency at this receptor comparable to that of capsaicin has been identified. Here we examined the hypothesis, based on previous structure-activity relationship studies and the availability of biosynthetic precursors, that N-arachidonoyl-dopamine (NADA) is an endogenous "capsaicin-like" substance in mammalian nervous tissues. We found that NADA occurs in nervous tissues, with the highest concentrations being found in the striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum and the lowest concentrations in the dorsal root ganglion. We also gained evidence for the existence of two possible routes for NADA biosynthesis and mechanisms for its inactivation in rat brain. NADA activates both human and rat VR1 overexpressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells, with potency (EC(50) approximately 50 nM) and efficacy similar to those of capsaicin. Furthermore, NADA potently activates native vanilloid receptors in neurons from rat dorsal root ganglion and hippocampus, thereby inducing the release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from dorsal spinal cord slices and enhancing hippocampal paired-pulse depression, respectively. Intradermal NADA also induces VR1-mediated thermal hyperalgesia (EC(50) = 1.5 +/- 0.3 microg). Our data demonstrate the existence of a brain substance similar to capsaicin not only with respect to its chemical structure but also to its potency at VR1 receptors.
A novel role for α3β1 integrins in extracellular matrix assembly (1995)

To study the biological role of alpha 3 beta 1 integrins in cell adhesion, migration, and in the deposition of extracellular matrix, we stably expressed the human alpha 3 integrin subunit in the alpha 4, alpha 5 integrin deficient CHO cell line B2. The expression of alpha 3 beta 1 integrins enhanced cell adhesion on entactin (also known as nidogen), but not on fibronectin. Using recombinant GST-fusion proteins that span the entire length of the entactin molecule, we located cell adhesive activity to the G2 domain of entactin. These results suggest that the alpha 3 beta 1 integrin functions as an adhesion receptor interacting with the G2 domain of entactin. On the other hand, the expression of alpha 3 beta 1 integrins did not confer the ability to migrate on entactin. Strikingly, the expression of alpha 3 beta 1 dramatically increased the deposition of entactin and fibronectin into the pericellular matrix. This was accompanied by increased binding activity of the 29 kDa amino-terminal domain of fibronectin. Thus, similar to alpha 5 beta 1 integrins, alpha 3 beta 1 integrins can play an important role in modulating the assembly of pericellular matrices. However, unlike fibronectin deposition supported by alpha 5 beta 1, alpha 3 beta 1 supported fibronectin deposition into pericellular matrix was not inhibited by antibodies binding to the RGD containing cell adhesion domain of fibronectin, demonstrating that the two processes are mechanistically distinct. The role of alpha 3 beta 1 in pericellular matrix assembly potentially implicates this receptor in the assembly and/or recognition of entactin-containing pericellular matrices, an observation consistent with its apparent role in the renal glomerulus of the mammalian kidney.
Studies on the Styrenic Polymers(1), Imidization of Poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydrides) and Their Thermal Properties (2015)

Poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride), SMA??? DMF ????????? ??? 10%(w/w) ???????????? ??? ?????? aniline, p-toluidine ??? p-chloroaniline ????????? maleic anhydride ?????? ????????? imide??? ?????????. ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????(cyclodehydration agents)??? ?????????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????????. (a) ????????????:80??? (b) ?????? ???????????? ??????:SMA??? anhydride/acetic anhydride/sodium acetate/triethyl amino = 1.0/2.0/0.2/l.1. ????????? imide-modified SMA (SMI) ???????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ?????? Tg??? ?????????????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????????. SMI??? Tg??? ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? aniline &lt; p-toluidine &lt; p-chloroaniline??? ????????? Tg??? ???????????????.\n\nPoly(styrene-co-maliec anhydride) was reacted with aromatic amines such as aniline, p-toluidine, and p-chloroaniline in 10% (w/w) DMF solution to convert maleic anhydride units into maleimides. Optimum reaction conditions for cyclodehydration step of imide ring formation were : (a) reaction temp. of 80??? (b) mole ratios of cyclodehydration agents : anhydride units in SMA/acetic anhydride/sodium acetate/triethyl amine= 1.0/2.0/0.2/l.1. Tg of SMI(imide modified SMA) was increased with increasing degree of imidization, but Tg leveled off in the early stage of imide content. And Tg of SMI was increased with the following order of amines used for imidization reagents : aniline &lt; p-toluidine &lt; p-chloroaniline.
Smart CARs engineered for cancer immunotherapy (2015)

CAR T-cell therapeutic optimization, including intrinsic and extrinsic factors, is critical to developing effective CAR T-cell therapies for cancer. The excitement of CAR T-cell immunotherapy has just begun, and will continue with new insights revealed in laboratory research and in ongoing clinical investigations.
The derivatives of the Wnt3a lineage in the central nervous system (2007)

The dorsal midline of the vertebrate neural tube is a source of signals that direct cell fate specification and proliferation. Using genetic fate mapping in the mouse and a previously generated Wnt3aCre line, we report here that genetically labeled cells of the Wnt3a lineage migrate widely from the dorsal midline into the dorsal half of the adult brain and spinal cord, contributing to diverse structures in the diencephalon, midbrain, and brainstem and extensively populating the rostral spinal cord. Conspicuously, many of these structures are linked in specific functional networks. Wnt3a lineage cells populate nuclei of the central auditory system from the medulla to thalamus, and the trigeminal sensory system from the cervical spinal cord to the midbrain. Our findings reveal the rich contributions of the Wnt3a lineage to a variety of brain structures and show that functionally integrated nuclei can share a molecular identity, provided by transient gene expression early in their development.