gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of polymeric liquids. Vol. 1, 2nd Ed. : Fluid mechanics (1987)

This book examines Newtonian liquids and polymer fluid mechanics. It begins with a review of the main ideas of fluid dynamics as well as key points of Newtonian fluids. Major revisions include extensive updating of all material and a greater emphasis on fluid dynamics problem solving. It presents summaries of experiments describing the difference between polymeric and simple fluids. In addition, it traces, roughly in historical order, various methods for solving polymer fluid dynamics problems.
Enzymic hydrolysis of nicotinate esters: comparison between plasma and liver catalysis (1992)

1. The enzymic hydrolysis of a wide series of nicotinic acid esters was investigated using human and rat plasma, and purified hog liver carboxylesterase, and compared with previously published data from rat liver microsomes. Esterase activities were always found to obey Michaelis-Menten kinetics. 2. Rat liver microsomal and plasma enzyme velocities were six orders of magnitude smaller than those of purified hog liver carboxylesterase, and three orders smaller than human plasma activities, but the Km values were of the same magnitude. 3. The binding of nicotinate esters to human plasma esterases, and purified hog liver carboxylesterase, appears to depend mainly on hydrophobic and steric factors.
Noncommercial Fabrication of Antibiotic-impregnated Polymethylmethacrylate Beads (1987)

Antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) beads were fabricated by means of injections in specially designed molds to produce small and large beads. In vitro concentrates from these beads for 30 days were found to release tobramycin in an exponential function.
Transparent operating system support for superpages (2004)

This dissertation presents the design, implementation and evaluation of a physical memory management system that allows applications to transparently benefit from superpages. The benefit consists of fewer TLB misses and the consequent performance improvement, which is shown to be significant.\nThe size of main memory in workstations has been growing exponentially over the past decade. As a cause or consequence, the working set size of typical applications has been increasing at a similar rate. In contrast, the TLB size has remained small because it is usually fully associative and its access time must be kept low since it is in the critical path to every memory access. As a result, the relative TLB coverage---that is, the fraction of main memory that can be mapped without incurring TLB misses---has decreased by a factor of 100 in the last 10 years.\nBecause of this disparity, many modern applications incur a large number of TLB misses, degrading performance by as much as 30% to 60%, as opposed to the 4--5% degradation reported in the 80's or the 5--10% reported in the 90's.\nTo increase the TLB coverage without increasing the TLB size, most modern processors support memory pages of large sizes, called superpages . Since each superpage requires only one entry in the TLB to map a large region of memory, superpages can dramatically increase TLB coverage and consequently improve performance.\nHowever, supporting superpages poses several challenges to the operating system, in terms of superpage allocation, promotion trade-offs, and fragmentation control. This dissertation analyzes these issues and presents a design of an effective superpage management system. An evaluation of the design is conducted through a prototype implementation for the Alpha CPU, showing substantial and sustained performance benefits. The design is then validated and further refined through an implementation for the Itanium processor.\nThe main contribution of this work is that it offers a complete and practical solution for transparently providing superpages to applications. It is complete because it tackles all the issues and trade-offs in realizing the potential of superpages. It is practical because it can be implemented with localized changes to the memory management subsystem, it minimizes the negative impact that could be observed in pathological cases, and can therefore be readily integrated into any general-purpose operating system.
Oral vaccination: where we are? (2007)

As early as 900 years ago, the Bedouins of the Negev desert were reported to kill a rabid dog, roast its liver and feed it to a dog-bitten person for three to five days according to the size and number of bites [1] . In sixteenth century China, physicians routinely prescribed pills made from the fleas collected from sick cows, which purportedly prevented smallpox. One may dismiss the wisdom of the Bedouins or Chinese but the Nobel laureate, Charles Richet, demonstrated in 1900 that feeding raw meat can cure tuberculous dogs - an approach he termed zomotherapy. Despite historical clues indicating the feasibility of oral vaccination, this particular field is notoriously infamous for the abundance of dead-end leads. Today, most commercial vaccines are delivered by injection, which has the principal limitation that recipients do not like needles. In the last few years, there has been a sharp increase in interest in needle-free vaccine delivery; new data emerges almost daily in the literature. So far, there are very few licensed oral vaccines, but many more vaccine candidates are in development. Vaccines delivered orally have the potential to take immunization to a fundamentally new level. In this review, the authors summarize the recent progress in the area of oral vaccines.
Myeloablative radiochemotherapy and hematopoietic stem-cell rescue in poor-prognosis Ewing's sarcoma. (1993)

Myeloblative therapy with hyper-ME +/- C radiochemotherapy can improve the prognosis of multifocal primary and early or multiple relapsing Ewing's sarcoma.
A genome‐wide association study using selective DNA pooling identifies candidate markers for fertility in Holstein cattle (2010)

The decline in the reproductive efficiency of dairy cows, especially those with high producing potential, has become a challenging problem. In this study, a selective DNA pooling approach was applied to a cow population whose oocytes were fertilized and cultured to obtain phenotypic records of fertilization rate and blastocyst rate. Using a stringent 5% genome-wide significance level, 22 and five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found to be associated with fertilization rate and blastocyst rate, respectively. SNPs that showed significant association in selective DNA pooling were further evaluated by individual genotyping. Interestingly, the majority of the SNP associations were confirmed by individual genotyping, testifying to the effectiveness of selective DNA pooling using a high-density SNP genotyping array. This study is the first application of the selective DNA pooling approach using the BovineSNP50 array in cattle.
Thermoregulation in genetically obese rodents: the relationship to metabolic efficiency (1979)

(1)

The positive energy balance which leads to obesity is due, in several strains of genetically obese rodent, to a combination of hyperphagia and an elevated metabolic efficiency. The significance of differences in efficiency can be illustrated by a pair-feeding experiment with young ob/ob and lean mice, where the gross efficiency of the obese individuals was 2.3 times greater than that of the lean.




(2)

The increased gross efficiency of the ob/ob mouse is due to a reduced maintenance requirement, and not to any reduction in the energy cost of growth. At normal environmental temperatures (18-25°C) the major components of the maintenance requirement are the basal metabolic rate and the energy cost of maintaining homeothermy—thermoregulatory thermogenesis.




(3)

Adult ob/ob mice rapidly die of hypothermia at 4°C, indicating that they have a major thermoregulatory defect. ob/ob mice as young as 10 days of age also have an impaired ability to respond to ‘cool’ environments. A thermoregulatory defect is therefore detectable very early in the development of the ob/ob mouse, and can be used as a test for the genotype before obesity is apparent visually.




(4)

Between 25 and 10°C the adult ob/ob mouse maintains its body temperature some 2°C below that of lean litter mates. The resting metabolic rate of adult lean and obese ob/ob mice is little different at environmental temperatures within, or close to, the thermoneutral zone. However, at temperatures below thermoneutrality the resting metabolic rate of the obese mice per whole animal is 20 per cent less than that of the lean.




(5)

At 33°C (thermoneutrality) young lean and obese (ob/ob) mice have similar energy requirements for weight maintenance, but at 23°C the maintenance requirement of the obese is 16 per cent less than that of the lean. Pair-feeding young obese mice to the ad libitum food intake of their lean litter mates at thermoneutrality eliminates two-thirds of the obese animals’ excess energy gain at 23°C.




(6)

The nutritional studies support the metabolic rate measurements in showing that the high gross efficiency of the ob/ob mouse is attributable to a reduced energy expenditure on thermoregulatory thermogenesis. We suggest that the primary reason for this reduction is that the ob/ob mouse may have a lower hypothalamic ‘set-point’ for body temperature.




(7)

Thermoregulatory differences appear to be a common feature of genetically obese rodents. This suggests that the mechanism by which the ob/ob mouse achieves its high efficiency is a general one.
Combinatorial Fgf and Bmp signalling patterns the gastrula ectoderm into prospective neural and epidermal domains (2004)

Studies in fish and amphibia have shown that graded Bmp signalling activity regulates dorsal-to-ventral (DV) patterning of the gastrula embryo. In the ectoderm, it is thought that high levels of Bmp activity promote epidermal development ventrally, whereas secreted Bmp antagonists emanating from the organiser induce neural tissue dorsally. However, in zebrafish embryos, the domain of cells destined to contribute to the spinal cord extends all the way to the ventral side of the gastrula, a long way from the organiser. We show that in vegetal (trunk and tail) regions of the zebrafish gastrula, neural specification is initiated at all DV positions of the ectoderm in a manner that is unaffected by levels of Bmp activity and independent of organiser-derived signals. Instead, we find that Fgf activity is required to induce vegetal prospective neural markers and can do so without suppressing Bmp activity. We further show that Bmp signalling does occur within the vegetal prospective neural domain and that Bmp activity promotes the adoption of caudal fate by this tissue.
Effects of a Novel Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator on Dexamethasone-Induced and Hypogonadism-Induced Muscle Atrophy (2010)

Glucocorticoids are the most widely used antiinflammatory drugs in the world. However, prolonged use of glucocorticoids results in undesirable side effects such as muscle wasting, osteoporosis, and diabetes. Skeletal muscle wasting, which currently has no approved therapy, is a debilitating condition resulting from either reduced muscle protein synthesis or increased degradation. The imbalance in protein synthesis could occur from increased expression and function of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases, muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx)/atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger 1 (MuRF1), or decreased function of the IGF-I and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt kinase pathways. We examined the effects of a nonsteroidal tissue selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) and testosterone on glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy and castration-induced muscle atrophy. The SARM and testosterone propionate blocked the dexamethasone-induced dephosphorylation of Akt and other proteins involved in protein synthesis, including Forkhead box O (FoxO). Dexamethasone caused a significant up-regulation in the expression of ubiquitin ligases, but testosterone propionate and SARM administration blocked this effect by phosphorylating FoxO. Castration induced rapid myopathy of the levator ani muscle, accompanied by up-regulation of MAFbx and MuRF1 and down-regulation of IGF-I, all of which was attenuated by a SARM. The results suggest that levator ani atrophy caused by hypogonadism may be the result of loss of IGF-I stimulation, whereas that caused by glucocorticoid treatment relies almost solely on up-regulation of MAFbx and MuRF1. Our studies provide the first evidence that glucocorticoid- and hypogonadism-induced muscle atrophy are mediated by distinct but overlapping mechanisms and that SARMs may provide a more effective and selective pharmacological approach to prevent glucocorticoid-induced muscle loss than steroidal androgen therapy.
Treatment and Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection with Orally Active FimH Inhibitors (2011)

Chronic and recurrent urinary tract infections pose a serious medical problem because there are few effective treatment options. Patients with chronic urinary tract infections are commonly treated with long-term prophylactic antibiotics that promote the development of antibiotic-resistant forms of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), further complicating treatment. We developed small-molecular weight compounds termed mannosides that specifically inhibit the FimH type 1 pilus lectin of UPEC, which mediates bacterial colonization, invasion, and formation of recalcitrant intracellular bacterial communities in the bladder epithelium. Here, we optimized these compounds for oral bioavailability and demonstrated their fast-acting efficacy in treating chronic urinary tract infections in a preclinical murine model. These compounds also prevented infection in vivo when given prophylactically and strongly potentiated the activity of the current standard of care therapy, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, against clinically resistant PBC-1 UPEC bacteria. These compounds have therapeutic efficacy after oral administration for the treatment of established urinary tract infections in vivo. Their unique mechanism of action-targeting the pilus tip adhesin FimH-circumvents the conventional requirement for drug penetration of the outer membrane, minimizing the potential for the development of resistance. The small-molecular weight compounds described herein promise to provide substantial benefit to women suffering from chronic and recurrent urinary tract infections.
Semiconductors Inspire New Sequencing Technologies (2010)

In a packed house at the final Saturday session of the annual Advances in Genome Biology and Technology meeting, revolutionary new DNA-sequencing technologies using silicon wafers and quantum dots were presented.
Treatment of Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection with Potent Antiretroviral Therapy Reduces Frequency of Rapid Progression to AIDS (2001)

Immunologic data supporting immediate antiretroviral therapy in primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection are emerging; however, clinical benefit has not been demonstrated. The clinical and virologic course of 47 patients who were enrolled from September 1993 through June 1996 and who were not initially treated with potent therapy was compared with the course of 20 patients who immediately began therapy with zidovudine, lamivudine, and indinavir. Demographic and baseline laboratory data were comparable. During 78 weeks of follow-up, the early-treatment cohort showed a reduced frequency of opportunistic infections (5% vs. 21.3%; relative risk, 0.11; P=.02), less frequent progression to AIDS (13% vs. 0%), and significantly less frequent nonopportunistic mucocutaneous disorders and respiratory infections (P<.01). Plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were <50 copies/mL in all patients who continued therapy; however, after 9--12 months, HIV-1 remained detectable in latently infected CD4(+) T cells and in lymph node mononuclear cells. Combination antiretroviral therapy during primary HIV-1 infection demonstrated a decreased frequency of minor opportunistic infections, mucocutaneous disorders, and respiratory infections and reduced progression to AIDS.
Up‐regulated eotaxin plasma levels in chronic liver disease patients indicate hepatic inflammation, advanced fibrosis and adverse clinical course (2006)

High eotaxin expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases. Plasma eotaxin levels correlate with the degree of liver cirrhosis and could serve as an additional biomarker indicating histological hepatic necroinflammation and fibrosis as well as an adverse clinical course.
Stress and Burnout Among Surgeons (2009)

Training for and practicing surgery are stressful endeavors. 1-4 Studies 5-11 involving national samples of surgeons from surgical subspecialty societies and graduates of surgical training programs suggest that burnout rates among surgeons range from 30% to 38%. These statistics indicate that a substantial number of our colleagues are struggling with personal and professional distress at a level that should be of concern to all surgeons.
Structure-Based Carbon Nanotube Sorting by Sequence-Dependent DNA Assembly (2003)

Wrapping of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) was found to be sequence-dependent. A systematic search of the ssDNA library selected a sequence d(GT)n, n = 10 to 45 that self-assembles into a helical structure around individual nanotubes in such a way that the electrostatics of the DNA-CNT hybrid depends on tube diameter and electronic properties, enabling nanotube separation by anion exchange chromatography. Optical absorption and Raman spectroscopy show that early fractions are enriched in the smaller diameter and metallic tubes, whereas late fractions are enriched in the larger diameter and semiconducting tubes.
COMPARING A CAYLEY DIGRAPH WITH ITS REVERSE (2000)

Abstract. A Cayley digraph G = C(Γ, X) for a group Γ and a generating set X is the digraph with vertex set V (G) = Γ and arcs (g, gx) where g ∈ Γ and x ∈ X. The reverse of C(Γ, X) is the Cayley digraph G−1 = C(Γ, X−1) where X−1 = {x−1;x ∈ X}. We are interested in sufficient conditions for a Cayley digraph not to be isomorphic to its reverse and focus on Cayley digraphs of metacyclic groups with small generating sets. 1.
Supramolecular Medicinal Chemistry:  Mixed-Ligand Coordination Complexes (2007)

We report on the supramolecular synthesis and characterization of examples from three series of mixed-ligand coordination complexes composed of copper(II), a drug, and an ancillary ligand (AL). Particularly, we demonstrate how the judicious choice of an ancillary ligand affords a large degree of control over the relative lipophilicity/hydrophilicity of the complex in relation to the uncomplexed drug molecule. Furthermore, we demonstrate several important factors to consider in the design of such complexes such as the additive-constitutive nature of the partition coefficient of the ancillary ligand and the relative size of the two types of ligands.
Protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes exhibit specific expression in the vertebral column of human fetuses. (1995)

Recent studies have shown that protein kinase C (PKC) plays a pivotal role in many cellular functions, i.e. cell proliferation and differentiation, exocytosis, ion-exchange regulation, hormone and neurotransmitter release, programmed cell death. Up to now the tissue and organ distribution of PKC isoenzymes have been studied in various mammalian adults and it has been suggested that each of them could play a specific role in the regulation of various cellular functions. However, few works have been performed on the expression of the enzyme in actively proliferating and differentiating tissues, i.e. during embryonal and fetal developmental stages. In the present study we have performed an immunohistochemical analysis by using polyclonal antibodies in order to verify the distribution of nine PKC isoenzymes in the vertebral column of human fetuses in a key period (8th developmental week), when the most relevant chondrogenetic and osteogenetic processes occur. The detection of the various PKC isoenzymes and their different distribution in the vertebral bodies and in the intervertebral spaces lead to speculate that the appearance, localization and activation of PKC isoforms in chondrocytes might depend on the stage of chondrogenesis and suggest that cartilage and developing bone represent an appropriate cell system to understand the mechanism of signal transduction, which involves the enzyme.
Molecular cloning of mouse connexins26 and -32: similar genomic organization but distinct promoter sequences of two gap junction genes. (1992)

Connexins26 and -32 are subunit proteins of gap junctions that are coexpressed in hepatocytes and several tissues but individually expressed in other cells. Molecular cloning of both corresponding mouse genes revealed similar genomic organization, i.e., each gene consists of two exons with the complete coding region located in the second exon. The first exon of each gene is preceded by a TATA-less promoter region. The promoter of the mouse Cx26 gene has at least two transcription start sites and is located in a very GC-rich region which is reminiscent of promoters of house-keeping genes. Putative consensus sequences for a metal response element, the transcription factor NFkappaB, and several GC-boxes were found within 600 bp upstream of the Cx26 transcription start sites. The promoter region of the mouse Cx32 gene contains two putative binding sites for the transcription factor HNF-1 and consensus motifs for NF-1 as well as NFkappaB within 680 bp upstream of the main transcription start site. Thus the sequence comparison of mouse Cx26 and Cx32 promoter regions provides hints for possible consensus elements that could control individual expression as well as common regulation of these gap junction genes in various tissues. Cx26 mRNA is much more abundant in adult mouse skin than in adult kidney and liver where Cx32 transcripts are relatively strongly expressed.
Formation of Layered–Layered Composites in the Li–Co–Mn Oxide Pseudoternary System during Slow Cooling (2013)

Solution-based combinatorial samples of lithium cobalt manganese oxide were synthesized and studied by X-ray diffraction in order to map out the pseudoternary phase diagram over the entire metal composition ranges. This report focuses on the single-phase layered region found to be made up of a single composition line joining LiCoO2 to Li2MnO3. The solid solution was found to phase separate during slow cooling (1 °C/min). The end points of this coexistence are not LiCoO2 and Li2MnO3: instead the Co-rich phase contains some Mn and the Mn-rich phase contains some Co. This phase separation occurs at compositions where previous studies showed nanodomain phase separation when an intermediate cooling rate was used. The nanoscale composites are therefore an intermediate structure that forms when there is insufficient time during cooling for large scale crystallites of the new phases to form. A simple Monte Carlo simulation was used to illustrate this phase separation and study the impact of cooling rate.
Self-Reporting Fluorescent Substrates of Protein Tyrosine Kinases (2006)

A new mechanistic principle by which protein tyrosine kinase substrates fluorescently report the introduction of a phosphate moiety has been developed. NMR was used to establish that tyrosine phosphorylation induces the disruption of pi-pi stacking interactions of the tyrosine moiety with a proximal fluorophore on the peptide substrate. We have demonstrated that (1) the peptide substrates described in this study are useful for a wide variety of different tyrosine kinases, (2) physiological concentrations of ATP can be employed (unlike the standard radioactive ATP kinase assays), thus providing a more realistic assessment of inhibitor potency, and (3) protein kinase self-activation can be observed in real-time.