gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Critical Size and Nucleation Field of Ideal Ferromagnetic Particles (1957)

The field at which the spins of a previously saturated ideal ferromagnetic particle cease to be aligned is defined as the nucleation field. This field is calculated, using calculus of variation, for an infinite cylinder and a sphere, assuming three mechanisms of magnetization reversal: spin rotation in unison, magnetization curling, and magnetization buckling. Theoretical treatment shows that, in fact, only curling and rotation in unison need be considered.The critical size for single-domain behavior, defined as the largest size at which magnetization reversal proceeds by rotation in unison, is calculated for the prolate ellipsoid and is found to be practically independent of magnetocrystalline anisotropy and elongation and approximately equal to $\frac{{A}^{\frac{1}{2}}}{{I}_{s}}$. Here $A$ is the exchange constant and ${I}_{s}$ is the saturation magnetization.For cylinders larger than the critical size, the coercive force, for a field applied in the direction of the long axis, is found to be equal to the nucleation field, when magnetocrystalline anisotropy is neglected. The coercive force thus calculated decreases with the radius of the cylinder, $R$, according to ${H}_{c}=\frac{6.78A}{{I}_{s}{R}^{2}}$.Available experimental data are discussed and are generally found to be in a better agreement with this than with previous theory.
A NewChlamydia psittaciStrain, TWAR, Isolated in Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (1986)

During a 2 1/2-year period, we studied 386 University of Washington students with acute respiratory disease, to determine whether a Chlamydia psittaci strain, here designated TWAR, is an important respiratory pathogen. Serologic evidence of recent TWAR infection was found in 13 students, and the organism was isolated from 8 of these. TWAR infection occurred in 12 percent of the students who had pneumonia (9 of 76), 5 percent of those with bronchitis (3 of 63), and 1 percent of those with pharyngitis (1 of 150). The TWAR infections occurred throughout the study period. Pharyngitis, often accompanied by laryngitis, was a common first symptom. Clinically, the infections resembled those with Myco-plasma pneumoniae; therefore, the patients were given courses of erythromycin used for the treatment of M. pneumoniae infections. This therapy proved to be inadequate. The limited data available suggest that the TWAR strain is a "human" C. psittaci that is spread from human to human, without a bird or animal host.
20 kW water-cooled prototype of a buck-boost bidirectional DC-DC converter topology for electrical vehicle motor drives (2002)

In brushless DC motor drives devoted to electric vehicles (EVs) a bi-directional DC-DC power converter can be used to control suitably both motoring and regenerative braking operations in order to improve the motor drive performance. In consideration of such an application, this paper deals with the experimental study of a buck-boost bi-directional DC-DC power converter topology which has been conceived for the use in EVs propelled by means of wheel-direct-coupling axial-flux PM motor drives. The paper discusses the power converter modes of operation and reports experimental results taken from a 20 kW water-cooled prototype of the proposed power converter topology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Distributed, multiple variable shaped electron beam column for high throughput maskless lithography (1998)

The ultimate resolution obtainable with focused electron beams is, for practical purposes in lithography, unlimited. Existing e-beam lithography systems are too slow to be practical for high volume manufacturing of semiconductor devices, however. The usable current in probe forming systems is limited by the stochastic Coulomb interaction in the beam path, which causes loss of resolution at high current. This is due to the need to pass all of the writing current through an aperture. Distributed systems, by contrast, do not suffer from this problem, as the current is spread over a large volume. The purpose of this article is to propose a distributed system, employing multiple, variable shaped beams for direct write (maskless) lithography. We call this system DiVa, to emphasize the key attributes of distributed writing current, and variable beam shaping. It utilizes a planar cathode, patterned with a rectilinear array of square emitters. Focusing is accomplished by a uniform, axial magnetic field, oriented along the optic axis. This transfers a one-to-one image of the emitters onto the writing surface. Deflection plates between adjacent rows of beamlets effect motion in one Cartesian axis, while mechanical translation of the stage effects motion in the orthogonal axis. Theoretical resolution is diffraction limited to 4.6 nm at 50 kV. Experimental results are presented which demonstrate the first order optics using a rudimentary apparatus.
The recognition of intravascular clotting. The plasma protamine paracoagulation test (1970)

The plasma protamine paracoagulation (3P) test for demonstrating fibrin monomer in citrated blood plasma has been useful in identifying diffuse intravascular coagulation in eight patients when evaluated in the light of clinical and other laboratory findings. The result of the 3P test is also postitive in some patients after open-heart surgery. Only two such patients, both children having repair of congenital heart defects, had evidences of a consumptive coagulopathy. Patients with venous thrombosis, possible pulmonary embolism, or both inconsistently had a positive 3P test result without other evidences of consumptive coagulopathy. The 3P test result was negative in one case each of primary fibrinolysis and of malignant hypertension.
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans present PCSK9 to the LDL receptor (2017)

Coronary artery disease is the main cause of death worldwide and accelerated by increased plasma levels of cholesterol-rich low-density lipoprotein particles (LDL). Circulating PCSK9 contributes to coronary artery disease by inducing lysosomal degradation of the LDL receptor (LDLR) in the liver and thereby reducing LDL clearance. Here, we show that liver heparan sulfate proteoglycans are PCSK9 receptors and essential for PCSK9-induced LDLR degradation. The heparan sulfate-binding site is located in the PCSK9 prodomain and formed by surface-exposed basic residues interacting with trisulfated heparan sulfate disaccharide repeats. Accordingly, heparan sulfate mimetics and monoclonal antibodies directed against the heparan sulfate-binding site are potent PCSK9 inhibitors. We propose that heparan sulfate proteoglycans lining the hepatocyte surface capture PCSK9 and facilitates subsequent PCSK9:LDLR complex formation. Our findings provide new insights into LDL biology and show that targeting PCSK9 using heparan sulfate mimetics is a potential therapeutic strategy in coronary artery disease.PCSK9 interacts with LDL receptor, causing its degradation, and consequently reduces the clearance of LDL. Here, Gustafsen et al. show that PCSK9 interacts with heparan sulfate proteoglycans and this binding favors LDLR degradation. Pharmacological inhibition of this binding can be exploited as therapeutic intervention to lower LDL levels.
Probing Electrical Transport in Nanomaterials: Conductivity of Individual Carbon Nanotubes (1996)

A general approach has been developed to determine the conductivity of individual nanostructures while simultaneously recording their structure. Conventional lithography has been used to contact electrically single ends of nanomaterials, and a force microscope equipped with a conducting probe tip has been used to map simultaneously the structure and resistance of the portion of the material protruding from the macroscopic contact. Studies of individual carbon nanotubes demonstrate that the structurally most perfect nanotubes have resistivities an order of magnitude lower than those found previously and that defects in the nanotube structure cause substantial increases in the resistivity.
Intermittent androgen suppression in the LuCaP 23.12 prostate cancer xenograft model (2000)

IAS is not associated with a decrease in survival compared to CAS, yet in patients may offer quality-of-life improvements. Further studies of IAS in the setting of Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved clinical trials should be encouraged. Prostate 43:63-70, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Depth Completion from Sparse LiDAR Data with Depth-Normal Constraints (2019)

Depth completion aims to recover dense depth maps from sparse depth measurements. It is of increasing importance for autonomous driving and draws increasing attention from the vision community. Most of existing methods directly train a network to learn a mapping from sparse depth inputs to dense depth maps, which has difficulties in utilizing the 3D geometric constraints and handling the practical sensor noises. In this paper, to regularize the depth completion and improve the robustness against noise, we propose a unified CNN framework that 1) models the geometric constraints between depth and surface normal in a diffusion module and 2) predicts the confidence of sparse LiDAR measurements to mitigate the impact of noise. Specifically, our encoder-decoder backbone predicts surface normals, coarse depth and confidence of LiDAR inputs simultaneously, which are subsequently inputted into our diffusion refinement module to obtain the final completion results. Extensive experiments on KITTI depth completion dataset and NYU-Depth-V2 dataset demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance. Further ablation study and analysis give more insights into the proposed method and demonstrate the generalization capability and stability of our model.
Powder X-ray diffraction of darunavir ethanolate, C 27 H 37 N 3 O 7 S(C 2 H 5 OH) (2015)

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Endothelin Antagonists:  Substituted Mesitylcarboxamides with High Potency and Selectivity for ETA Receptors (1999)

We have previously disclosed the discovery of 2,4-disubstituted anilinothiophenesulfonamides with potent ET(A)-selective endothelin receptor antagonism and the subsequent identification of sitaxsentan (TBC11251, 1) as a clinical development compound (Wu et al. J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 1682 and 1690). The orally active 1 has demonstrated efficacy in a phase II clinical trial of congestive heart failure (Givertz et al. Circulation 1998, 98, Abstr. #3044) and was active in rat models of myocardial infarction (Podesser et al. Circulation 1998, 98, Abstr. #2896) and acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (Chen et al. FASEB J. 1996, 10 (3), A104). We now report that an additional substituent at the 6-position of the anilino ring further increases the potency of this series of compounds. It was also found that a wide range of functionalities at the 3-position of the 2,4,6-trisubstituted ring increased ET(A) selectivity by approximately 10-fold while maintaining in vitro potency, therefore rendering the compounds amenable to fine-tuning of pharmacological and toxicological profiles with enhanced selectivity. The optimal compound in this series was found to be TBC2576 (7u), which has approximately 10-fold higher ET(A) binding affinity than 1, high ET(A)/ET(B) selectivity, and a serum half-life of 7.3 h in rats, as well as in vivo activity.
Oligomer Approaches for Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Employing Polymer Electrolytes (2007)

Three different approaches utilizing oligomers, termed the “oligomer approaches”, followed by in situ self-solidification, were applied successfully to prepare solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. The oligomer approach employs (1) supramolecules containing quadruple hydrogen-bonding sites at both chain ends, (2) oligomer blends with high-molecular-weight polymers, and (3) nanocomposites of oligomer with SiO2 nanoparticles. The overall energy conversion efficiency was as high as 4.5% at 1 sun condition, which may be primarily due to both the increased ionic conductivity and the better interfacial contact between the TiO2 layer and the electrolyte due to the deep penetration of the small-sized liquid oligomer electrolyte. A threshold ionic conductivity of ∼1 × 10-4 S cm-1 was also observed, below which the ionic conductivity may play a key role in determining the photocurrent and the energy conversion efficiency. Above the threshold ionic conductivity, the ionic conductivity may play a less-important role and other factors such as the recombination of the electrons on the surface of the TiO2 layer with I3- in the electrolyte and the charge-transfer resistance at the interface between the counter electrode and the electrolyte may be critical. The effect of chemical properties of the oligomer terminal groups was also investigated to determine that the methyl terminal group is the best among -OH, -NH2, and -COOH primarily due to the least amount of change in the flat band potential.
The potential use of cyclodextrins in parenteral formulations. (1989)

The general use of cyclodextrins in drug formulations is reviewed. The ability of cyclodextrins to form reversible inclusion complexes with many drugs can eliminate various undesirable physicochemical properties. While beta-cyclodextrin is extremely useful in many of these applications, it is toxic when given parenterally, precluding its use in i.v. and other formulations. Chemically modified cyclodextrins such as 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin are amorphous isomeric mixtures which are potent complexing agents and innocuous when administered i.e., either acutely or subchronically. The use of these modified cyclodextrins in parenteral formulations and to solubilize and stabilize various proteins and peptides is presented.
Mechanisms for CO Production from CO2 Using Reduced Rhenium Tricarbonyl Catalysts (2012)

The chemical conversion of CO(2) has been studied by numerous experimental groups. Particularly the use of rhenium tricarbonyl-based molecular catalysts has attracted interest owing to their ability to absorb light, store redox equivalents, and convert CO(2) into higher-energy products. The mechanism by which these catalysts mediate reduction, particularly to CO and HCOO(-), is poorly understood, and studies aimed at elucidating the reaction pathway have likely been hindered by the large number of species present in solution. Herein the mechanism for carbon monoxide production using rhenium tricarbonyl catalysts has been investigated using density functional theory. The investigation presented proceeds from the experimental work of Meyer's group (J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.1985, 1414-1416) in DMSO and Fujita's group (J. Am. Chem. Soc.2003, 125, 11976-11987) in dry DMF. The latter work with a simplified reaction mixture, one that removes the photo-induced reduction step with a sacrificial donor, is used for validation of the proposed mechanism, which involves formation of a rhenium carboxylate dimer, [Re(dmb)(CO)(3)](2)(OCO), where dmb = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine. CO(2) insertion into this species, and subsequent rearrangement, is proposed to yield CO and the carbonate-bridged [Re(dmb)(CO)(3)](2)(OCO(2)). Structures and energies for the proposed reaction path are presented and compared to previously published experimental observations.
Improved Imide Receptors by Imprinting Using Pyrimidine-Based Fluorescent Reporter Monomers (2005)

[reaction: see text] Optically responsive receptors toward imides based on 6-substituted 2,4-bis(acrylamido)pyrimidines are presented. The monomers were readily prepared in good yield. Solution binding to 1-benzyluracil (BU) monitored by 1H NMR appeared lower than a previously reported pyridine-based monomer. However, as indicated by 1H NMR and IR spectral investigations, the association strength was demonstrated to be "masked" by dimerization of the pyrimidine-based monomer units. Thus, from dilution experiments, a dimerization constant of 731 M(-1) was estimated for the pyrimidine-based monomer 2,4-bis(acrylamido)-6-piperidinopyrimidine whereas for the pyridine-based monomer 2,6-bis(acrylamido)pyridine, no self-association was observed. This precluded an accurate determination of the binding constant for BU to the former monomer whereas for the latter a binding constant of 757 M(-1) was measured. Despite the strong self-association, the novel monomer was shown to lead to enhanced imprinting effects when compared to imprinted polymers prepared analogously, but using the pyridine-based monomer as the recognition element. This was attributed to a higher intrinsic binding affinity exhibited by the pyrimidine based host monomer vis a vis the guest and the existence in the former of more than one interaction site for the guest. The monomers exhibited fluorescence emission informative of the mode of monomer incorporation in the polymer and the presence of guest species. Thus, the fluorescence was rapidly and selectively quenched upon template addition, with the degree of quenching correlating with binding affinity and the amount of template bound to the polymer.
Characterization of a Human Lysophosphatidic Acid Acyltransferase That Is Encoded by a Gene Located in the Class III Region of the Human Major Histocompatibility Complex (1998)

Sequence analysis of cDNA clones corresponding to a number of genes located in the class III region of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC), in the chromosome band 6p21.3, has shown that the G15 gene encodes a 283-amino acid polypeptide with significant homology over the entire polypeptide with the enzyme lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) from different yeast, plant, and bacterial species. The amino acid sequence of the MHC-encoded human LPAAT (hLPAATalpha) is 48% identical to the recently described hLPAAT (Eberhardt, C., Gray, P. W., and Tjoelker, L. W. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 20299-20305), which is encoded by a gene located on chromosome 9p34.3. LPAAT is the enzyme that in lipid metabolism converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid (PA). The expression of the hLPAATalpha polypeptide in the baculovirus system and in mammalian cells has shown that it is an intracellular protein that contains LPAAT activity. Cell extracts from insect cells overexpressing hLPAATalpha were analyzed in different LPAAT enzymatic assays using, as substrates, different acyl acceptors and acyl donors. These cell extracts were found to contain up to 5-fold more LPAAT activity compared with control cell extracts, indicating that the hLPAATalpha specifically converts LPA into PA, incorporating different acyl-CoAs with different affinities. The hLPAATalpha polypeptide expressed in the mammalian Chinese hamster ovary cell line was found, by confocal immunofluorescence, to be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Due to the known role of LPA and PA in intracellular signaling and inflammation, the hLPAATalpha gene represents a candidate gene for some MHC-associated diseases.
Proposal of a Single Nano-Magnet Memory Device (2017)

We propose a non-volatile memory device using ferromagnetic (FM) contacts fabricated on a channel exhibiting spin-momentum locking observed in diverse materials with spin-orbit coupling like heavy metals and topological insulators. The writing is enabled by the current induced spin–orbit torque, which has been used previously to switch the storage layer of a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ). The reading is enabled by a relatively lower current-induced spin voltage measurement through the FM contact, which is high or low depending on the magnetization direction for a particular current direction. This new read mechanism significantly reduces the fabrication difficulties compared with MTJ-based designs. Simpler interconnects and control circuits can be used, since both read and write currents share the same path. Our proposal offers <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on-cell</i> reference voltage generation with a normal metal contacton the channel at thesame position as theFM, which is expected to improve the performance in a large array. The estimated read signal based on available materials is smaller compared with MTJ, but the noise is also expected to be smaller in our metallic device compared with those involving tunnel barriers.
Laboratory Investigation of the Impact of Injection-Water Salinity and Ionic Content on Oil Recovery From Carbonate Reservoirs (2011)

Summary The impact of brine salinity and ion composition on oil recovery has been an area of research in recent years. Evidence from laboratory studies, supported by some field tests targeting mainly sandstones, has distinctly shown that injecting low-salinity water has a significant impact on oil recovery. Although the potential for carbonates has not been thoroughly investigated, some reported studies have excluded carbonates from this effect. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the potential of increased oil recovery by altering the salinity and ionic composition of the injection water for carbonate reservoirs, define the recovery mechanisms, and eventually transform the emerged trend to full-fledged reservoir technology. This paper presents the results of different laboratory studies to investigate the impact of salinity and ionic composition on oil/brine/rock interactions and draws conclusions on potential recovery mechanisms. Also, it provides a laboratory coreflooding study conducted using composite rock samples from a carbonate reservoir to investigate the impact of salinity and ionic composition on oil recovery. The experimental parameters and procedures were well designed to reflect the reservoir conditions and current field injection practices, including reservoir pressure, reservoir temperature, and salinity and ionic content of initial formation water and current types of injected water. The experimental results revealed that substantial tertiary oil recovery beyond conventional waterflooding can be achieved by altering the salinity and ionic content of field injected water. The new emerged trend is distinct from what has been addressed in previous reported studies on topics of low-salinity waterflooding for sandstones or seawater injection into high-temperature chalk reservoirs. On the subject of recovery mechanisms, the results showed that altering the salinity and ionic composition of the injected water has a significant impact on the wettability of the rock surface. Also, nuclear-magnetic-resonance (NMR) measurements indicated that dilution of seawater can cause a significant alteration in the surface relaxation of the carbonate rock and also can enhance connectivity among pore systems because of rock dissolution. The results, observations, and interpretations addressed in this study provided compelling evidence to suggest that the key mechanism for the emerged trend is wettability alteration.