gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Notes- Selective Oxidation of Alkyl Groups (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes- Selective Oxidation of Alkyl GroupsLloyd Ferguson and Andrew WimsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 4, 668–670Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1960Publication History Published online14 March 2003Published inissue 1 April 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01074a625https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01074a625research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views271Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Mencius: A Chinese Named Entity Recognizer Using the Maximum Entropy-based Hybrid Model (2004)

This paper presents a Chinese named entity recognizer (NER): Mencius. It aims to address Chinese NER problems by combining the advantages of rule-based and machine learning (ML) based NER systems. Rule-based NER systems can explicitly encode human comprehension and can be tuned conveniently, while ML-based systems are robust, portable and inexpensive to develop. Our hybrid system incorporates a rule-based knowledge representation and template-matching tool, called InfoMap [Wu et al. 2002], into a maximum entropy (ME) framework. Named entities are represented in InfoMap as templates, which serve as ME features in Mencius. These features are edited manually, and their weights are estimated by the ME framework according to the training data. To understand how word segmentation might influence Chinese NER and the differences between a pure template-based method and our hybrid method, we configure Mencius using four distinct settings. The F-Measures of person names (PER), location names (LOC) and organization names (ORO) of the best configuration in our experiment were respectively 94.3%, 77.8% and 75.3%. From comparing the experiment results obtained using these configurations reveals that hybrid NER Systems always perform better performance in identifying person names. On the other hand, they have a little difficulty identifying location and organization names. Furthermore, using a word segmentation module improves the performance of pure Template-based NER Systems, but, it has little effect on hybrid NER systems.
Detection of ebv gene expression in reed‐sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease (1990)

EBV DNA has been detected by Southern blot hybridization in 20-25% of Hodgkin's disease tumor specimens and localized to the Reed-Sternberg cells by in situ hybridization. In the present investigation we used a 3H-labelled EBER I anti-sense RNA for in situ hybridization of archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded Hodgkin's disease specimens previously shown by Southern Blot hybridization to be EBV-positive. In 6 of 8 specimens neoplastic cells showed an intense signal in virtually all of the tumor cells. The background lymphocytes, eosinophils, plasma cells and histiocytes did not demonstrate significant hybridization. In each case hybridization tended to spare the nucleoli. Hybridization was detected in specimens with histologies of mixed cellularity and nodular sclerosis. The intensity of signal relative to background is better than that in previous studies utilizing 35S-labelled large internal repeat probes for EBV in Reed-Sternberg cells. The exposure time is one week in contrast to the 4-5 weeks reported by others for detection of EBV in Hodgkin's disease. Both increased relative intensity and shorter exposure requirements may be attributed to the very high number of EBER transcripts in the target cells. The demonstration that EBER I is expressed is consistent with a role for EBV in growth regulation of Reed-Sternberg cells and suggests that the virus is not merely a silent passenger in Hodgkin's disease.
Palmitylation, sulfation, and glycosylation of the alpha subunit of the sodium channel. Role of post-translational modifications in channel assembly. (1987)

Antibodies to the alpha and beta 2 subunits and site-directed antibodies that distinguish alpha subunits of the RI and RII subtypes have been used to study the biosynthesis and assembly of sodium channels. The RII sodium channel subtype is preferentially expressed in rat brain neurons in primary cell culture. Post-translational processing of alpha subunits includes incorporation of palmityl residues in thioester linkage and sulfate residues attached to oligosaccharides. The incorporation of [3H] palmitate into alpha subunits is inhibited by tunicamycin, indicating that it occurs in the early stages of biosynthesis but after co-translational glycosylation. Mature alpha subunits are attached to beta 2 subunits through disulfide bonds within 1 h after synthesis and up to 30% can be specifically immunoprecipitated from the cell surface with antibodies against the beta 2 subunits by 4 h after synthesis. The remaining alpha subunits remain in an intracellular pool. The alpha subunits synthesized in the presence of castanospermine and swainsonine have reduced apparent size. Castanospermine prevents incorporation of approximately 81% of the sialic acid of the alpha subunit and inhibits sulfation but not palmitylation. Although inhibition of glycosylation with tunicamycin blocks assembly of functional sodium channels, castanospermine and swainsonine do not prevent the covalent assembly of alpha and beta 2 subunits or the transport of alpha beta 2 complexes to the cell surface, and sodium channels synthesized under these conditions have normal affinity for saxitoxin. Thus, the extensive processing and terminal sialylation of oligosaccharide chains during maturation of the alpha subunit is not essential. A kinetic model for biosynthesis, processing, and assembly of sodium channel subunits is presented.
HIV‐Tat protein induces oxidative and inflammatory pathways in brain endothelium (2002)

Impaired function of the brain vasculature might contribute to the development of HIV-associated dementia. For example, injury or dysfunction of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) can lead to the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and thus allow accelerated entry of the HIV-1 virus into the CNS. Mechanisms of injury to BMEC during HIV-1 infection are not fully understood, but the viral gene product Tat may be, at least in part, responsible for this effect. Tat can be released from infected perivascular macrophages in the CNS of patients with AIDS, and thus BMEC can be directly exposed to high concentrations of this protein. To study oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms associated with Tat-induced toxicity, BMEC were exposed to increasing doses of Tat1-72, and markers of oxidative stress, as well as redox-responsive transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), were measured. Tat1-72 treatment markedly increased cellular oxidative stress, decreased levels of intracellular glutathione and activated DNA binding activity and transactivation of NF-kappaB and AP-1. To determine if Tat1-72 can stimulate inflammatory responses in brain endothelium in vivo, expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), an NF-kappaB and AP-1-dependent chemokine, was studied in brain tissue in mice injected with Tat1-72 into the right hippocampus. Tat1-72 markedly elevated the MCP-1 mRNA levels in brain tissue. In addition, a double immunohistochemistry study revealed that MCP-1 protein was markedly overexpressed on brain vascular endothelium. These data indicate that Tat1-72 can induce redox-related inflammatory responses both in in vitro and in vivo environments. These changes can directly lead to disruption of the BBB. Thus, Tat can play an important role in the development of detrimental vascular changes in the brains of HIV-infected patients.
The Role of NADPH Oxidase in Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Mice (2008)

Obstructive sleep apnea, characterized by intermittent periods of hypoxemia, is an independent risk factor for the development of pulmonary hypertension. However, the exact mechanisms of this disorder remain to be defined. Enhanced NADPH oxidase expression and superoxide (O2(-).) generation in the pulmonary vasculature play a critical role in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, the current study explores the hypothesis that chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) causes pulmonary hypertension, in part, by increasing NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contribute to pulmonary vascular remodeling and hypertension. To test this hypothesis, male C57Bl/6 mice and gp91phox knockout mice were exposed to CIH for 8 hours per day, 5 days per week for 8 weeks. CIH mice were placed in a chamber where the oxygen concentration was cycled between 21% and 10% O2 45 times per hour. Exposure to CIH for 8 weeks increased right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right ventricle (RV):left ventricle (LV) + septum (S) weight ratio, an index of RV hypertrophy, and thickness of the right ventricular anterior wall as measured by echocardiography. CIH exposure also caused pulmonary vascular remodeling as demonstrated by increased muscularization of the distal pulmonary vasculature. CIH-induced pulmonary hypertension was associated with increased lung levels of the NADPH oxidase subunits, Nox4 and p22phox, as well as increased activity of platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta and its associated downstream effector, Akt kinase. These CIH-induced derangements were attenuated in similarly treated gp91phox knockout mice. These findings demonstrate that NADPH oxidase-derived ROS contribute to the development of pulmonary vascular remodeling and hypertension caused by CIH.
ATM Phosphorylates Histone H2AX in Response to DNA Double-strand Breaks (2001)

A very early step in the response of mammalian cells to DNA double-strand breaks is the phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 at the sites of DNA damage. Although the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, DNA-PK (DNA-dependent protein kinase), ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), and ATR (ATM and Rad3-related), have all been implicated in H2AX phosphorylation, the specific kinase involved has not yet been identified. To definitively identify the specific kinase(s) that phosphorylates H2AX in vivo, we have utilized DNA-PKcs-/- and Atm-/- cell lines and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We find that H2AX phosphorylation and nuclear focus formation are normal in DNA-PKcs-/- cells and severely compromised in Atm-/- cells. We also find that ATM can phosphorylate H2AX in vitro and that ectopic expression of ATM in Atm-/- fibroblasts restores H2AX phosphorylation in vivo. The minimal H2AX phosphorylation in Atm-/- fibroblasts can be abolished by low concentrations of wortmannin suggesting that DNA-PK, rather than ATR, is responsible for low levels of H2AX phosphorylation in the absence of ATM. Our results clearly establish ATM as the major kinase involved in the phosphorylation of H2AX and suggest that ATM is one of the earliest kinases to be activated in the cellular response to double-strand breaks.
Evaluation of challenges in human subject studies "in-the-wild" using subjects' personal smartphones (2013)

The experimental setting of Human Mobile Computer Interaction (HCI) studies is moving from the controlled laboratory to the user's daily-life environments, while employing the users' own smartphones. These studies are challenging for both new and expert researchers in human subject studies in the HCI field. Within the last three years, we conducted three different smartphone-based user studies. From these studies, we have derived key challenges that we successfully overcame during their execution. In this paper, we present the outcomes and explain the adopted solutions for the challenges identified in the design, development and execution, and data analysis phases during the user studies. Our goal is to give newcomers and junior researchers a practical view on our conducted studies, and help practitioners to reflect on their own studies and possibly apply the proposed solutions.
Fabrication of catheter-tip and sidewall miniature pressure sensors (1982)

Silicon-diaphragm miniature pressure sensors, which use the piezoresistive effect, were developed for biomedical applications. We fabricated two types of sensors; that is, a catheter-tip (1.2-mm outside diameter, 0.17 mm thick) and a sidewall (1.4 × 3.45 × 0.22 mm) sensor, both having a thin circular diaphragm. Their diaphragms, 10 µm in thickness and 0.55 mm in diameter, were formed by an electrochemical etching method. Since the stability of pressure sensors is the most important requirement for precise pressure measurements, attractive approaches have been investigated to improve stability. The major instabilities of the present miniature pressure sensors are electrical drifts caused by leakage currents and thermal disturbances related to packaging stress. A shield and a guard plate can prevent the device from leakage currents. A thick supporting rim structure of the sensor and mounting on a stainless steel support with elastic material contribute to eliminate the packaging stress. For the purpose of easy lead attachment to the catheter-tip sensor, we use a unique structure having deep contact holes in deposited thick polysilicon layer (0.05 mm thick). Experimental results are as follows: Initial drift after power up was improved to about one tenth. Thermal disturbances, as temperature zero shift, thermal transient response, and temperature cycle hysteresis were greatly reduced. Low-temperature zero shift of 0.2 mmHg/°C was obtained using a simple temperature compensation method. Long-term drift was 0.6 mmHg/day. The catheter of 1.8-mm outer diameter having two sidewall sensors has been satisfactorily used for the study of urodynamics.
Identifying clusters of functionally related genes in genomes (2007)

A software implementation of the algorithm and example output files are available at http://fcg.tamu.edu/C_Hunter/.
How Therapy is Conducted in the Private Consulting Room: A Multidimensional Description of Brief Psychodynamic Treatments (1992)

Thirty patients representing a range of neurotic disorders were treated in a brief, 16-session psychodynamic psychotherapy in private practice settings. Verbatim transcripts of therapy hours were rated by judges with the Psychotherapy Process Q-set, designed to provide a standard language for the description and classification of therapy process. The sample demonstrated statistically significant change pre- to posttreatment, and a majority of patients met at least one criterion for clinically significant change. A longitudinal view of the process suggests that these treatments were characterized by what could be described as a gradual shift from an external, reality-oriented construction of personal difficulties to an emphasis on inner experience and the relationship with the therapist. Results are framed within a conceptualization of process as actions that define and give meaning to one another and their context. It is argued that such a conceptualization more adequately captures clinical realities and is a more fruitful model for inquiry than the conventional view of processes as unique, fixed elements that discretely contribute to outcome.
Thrombosed dialysis grafts: comparison of treatment with transluminal angioplasty and surgical revision. (1995)

Transluminal angioplasty coupled with Fogarty thrombectomy is an effective alternative to surgical revision for thrombosed dialysis access grafts. Angioplasty extends graft life, thereby preserving proximal venous outflow sites for future use.
Colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, risk factors, mechanisms of carcinogenesis and prevention strategies. (2009)

Patients with long-standing ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease have an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer and patients with small intestinal Crohn's disease are at increased risk of small bowel adenocarcinoma. Colorectal cancer appearing on the ground of inflammatory bowel disease is the result of a process which is believed to begin from no dysplasia progressing to indefinite dysplasia, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia and finally to invasive adenocarcinoma, although colorectal cancer can arise without proceeding through each of these steps. Ulcerative colitis patients with total proctocolectomy and ileal pouch anal-anastomosis have a rather low risk of dysplasia in the ileal pouch, although the anal transition zone should be monitored periodically, especially if chronic pouchitis is present with associated severe villous atrophy. Concerning the risk factors predisposing to colorectal cancer in the setting of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, it seems that the risk increases with longer duration and greater anatomic extent of colitis, the degree of inflammation, and the presence of primary sclerosing cholangitis and family history of colorectal cancer. Concerning the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, it is now well established that the molecular alterations responsible for sporadic colorectal cancer, namely chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability and hypermethylation, also play a role in colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis. Chemoprevention strategies include the administration of agents such as aminosalicylates, ursodeoxycholic acid, and possibly folic acid and statins, the exact role of which remains to be further elucitated.
Surfactant Abnormalities in Patients with Respiratory Failure after Multiple Trauma (1989)

We present a prospective study, designed to evaluate surfactant abnormalities in severely injured patients during the course of post-traumatic pulmonary dysfunction. Serially obtained bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from noncontused lung areas (in total, 132 samples from 17 patients) were analyzed for alveolar phospholipid composition and surfactant function in vitro during the first 14 days after trauma. The data were compared with those of 29 lavage samples obtained from 10 healthy control subjects and correlated to severity of respiratory failure. In the traumatized patients, the total lavage phospholipid content was unchanged, but there was a progressive decrease in the relative amounts of phosphatidylcholine (%PC) and phosphatidylglycerol and an increase in phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelin. These alterations were paralleled by a marked decrease in the hysteresis area of the surface tension isotherm. The decrease in %PC and reduction of hysteresis area were significantly correlated. The alterations in alveolar phospholipid composition and in vitro surfactant function were more pronounced in patients with severe respiratory failure. There was a significant inverse correlation between severity of respiratory dysfunction and %PC or hysteresis area for all traumatized patients. Protein leakage into the alveolar space was significantly higher in patients with severe respiratory failure and appeared to precede surfactant abnormalities in such patients. The neutrophil content in the alveolar space was markedly increased in all patients with multiple injuries however, no significant correlation with the noted alterations in alveolar phospholipid composition or surfactant function was found. We concluded that surfactant abnormalities occur during the course of post-traumatic pulmonary dysfunction and are correlated with the severity of respiratory failure.
Anti-EGF receptor monoclonal antibodies: biological studies and potential clinical applications. (1989)

We have produced two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 528 IgG2a and 225 IgG1, which bind to the human EGF receptor with an affinity comparable to EGF, compete with EGF for binding to the receptor, and prevent EGF-induced activation of receptor tyrosine kinase. The mAbs inhibit the proliferation of a number of human tumor cells bearing high numbers of EGF receptors in culture and in nude mouse xenographs. A431 xenographs bearing high numbers of EGF receptors can be imaged with 111In-labeled mAb. Phase I trials were initiated in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, which consistently expresses high numbers of EGF receptors. 111In-labeled 225 IgG1 was given by single intravenous infusion. Preliminary results show no toxicity from doses up to 120 mg. Tumor visualization was seen to be dose-related. However, as with other imaging studies with indium-labeled antibodies, significant liver and bowel isotope uptake was observed. Further dose escalation is ongoing to assess the relationship between dose and tumor uptake.
Multi-view 3D shape and motion recovery on the spatio-temporal curve manifold (1999)

In this paper we consider the problem of recovering the 3D motion and shape of an arbitrarily-moving, arbitrarily-shaped curve from multiple synchronized video streams acquired from distinct and known points in space. By studying the 3D motion and shape constraints provided by the input video streams, we show that (1) shape and motion recovery is equivalent to the problem of recovering the differential properties of the spatio-temporal curve manifold that describes the curve's trace in space-time, and (2) a local analytical description of this manifold can be computed directly from the spatio-temporal volumes defined by the input video streams. Our experimental results suggest that this manifold-based approach to joint shape and motion estimation yields shape estimates of higher accuracy that those obtained from stereo alone, allows accurate recovery of 3D curve motion, and provides significant robustness against image noise and camera calibration errors.
Microporation applications for enhancing drug delivery (2009)

Microporation involves the creation of micron-sized micropores or microchannels in the skin which can then allow the transport of water soluble molecules and macromolecules. Technologies which can create these microchannels in the skin include mechanical microneedles, thermal or radiofrequency ablation and laser ablation. These technologies will open a new frontier for the delivery of biopharmaceuticals, as these hydrophilic macromolecules cannot be delivered via the skin passively. Companies which are developing these technologies are discussed, along with potential hurdles to commercialization related to the elasticity of skin, immunogenicity issues, pore closure kinetics, or microneedle material and geometries. In spite of the obstacles, these technologies look very promising and are likely to revolutionize transdermal drug delivery in the near future. Bioavailability considerations and the potential use of inexpensive coated microneedles for mass immunizations are also discussed.