gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Superoxide: a two-edged sword (1997)

Superoxide (O2-) is the compound obtained when oxygen is reduced by one electron. For a molecule with an unpaired electron, O2- is surprisingly inert, its chief reaction being a dismutation in which it reacts with itself to form H2O2 and oxygen. The involvement of O2- in biological systems was first revealed by the discovery in 1969 of superoxide dismutase, an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of O2-. Since then it has been found that biological systems produce a bewildering variety of reactive oxidants, all but a few arising ultimately from O2-. These oxidants include O2- itself, H2O2 and alkyl peroxides, hydroxyl radical and other reactive oxidizing radicals, oxidized halogens and halamines, singlet oxygen, and peroxynitrite. These various oxidants are able to damage molecules in their environment, and are therefore very dangerous. They are thought to participate in the pathogenesis of a number of common diseases, including among others malignancy, by their ability to mutate the genome, and atherosclerosis, by their capacity for oxidizing lipoproteins. Their properties are put to good use, however, in host defense, where they serve as microbicidal and parasiticidal agents, and in biological signalling, where their liberation in small quantities results in redox-mediated changes in the functions of enzymes and other proteins.
ATF3 expression precedes death of spinal motoneurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis‐SOD1 transgenic mice and correlates with c‐Jun phosphorylation, CHOP expression, somato‐dendritic ubiquitination and Golgi fragmentation (2005)

To obtain insight into the morphological and molecular correlates of motoneuron degeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice that express G93A mutant superoxide dismutase (SOD)1 (G93A mice), we have mapped and characterized 'sick' motoneurons labelled by the 'stress transcription factors' ATF3 and phospho-c-Jun. Immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization showed that a subset of motoneurons express ATF3 from a relatively early phase of disease before the onset of active caspase 3 expression and motoneuron loss. The highest number of ATF3-expressing motoneurons occurred at symptom onset. The onset of ATF3 expression correlated with the appearance of ubiquitinated neurites. Confocal double-labelling immunofluorescence showed that all ATF3-positive motoneurons were immunoreactive for phosphorylated c-Jun. Furthermore, the majority of ATF3 and phospho-c-Jun-positive motoneurons were also immunoreactive for CHOP (GADD153) and showed Golgi fragmentation. A subset of ATF3 and phosphorylated c-Jun-immunoreactive motoneurons showed an abnormal appearance characterized by a number of distinctive features, including an eccentric flattened nucleus, perikaryal accumulation of ubiquitin immunoreactivity, juxta-nuclear accumulation of the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum, and intense Hsp70 immunoreactivity. These abnormal cells were not immunoreactive for active caspase 3. We conclude that motoneurons in ALS-SOD1 mice prior to their death and disappearance experience a prolonged sick phase, characterized by the gradual accumulation of ubiquitinated material first in the neurites and subsequently the cell body.
Molecular Recognition in Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors:  The Importance of π−Cation Interactions (1999)

We explore the significance of pi-cation interactions in the binding of ligands to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Specifically, the Austin method of semiempirical molecular orbital theory is utilized to estimate the interaction of aromatic amino acid side chains with the cation-containing heterocyclic ring fragments of nicotinic ligands. Variational interaction energies (E(i)) of side chain-ligand fragment pairs are shown to be distance-dependent and follow a Morse-like potential function. The tryptophan side chain shows the most pronounced interaction with the cation fragments, followed by tyrosine and phenylalanine. For a given side chain, cationic fragments exhibit characteristically different E(i) profiles, with the azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane fragment of the potent nicotinic ligand epibatidine eliciting the greatest interaction energy of the study set. Most significantly, the minimum energy values calculated for numerous fragments correlate with the binding affinity of the parent ligands- we show this to be the case for heteropentameric (alpha4beta2) and homopentameric (alpha7) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. Furthermore, intermolecular distances corresponding to the Morse-like potential minimum also correlate with high-affinity binding. A number of parallel calculations were conducted at the Hartree-Fock 6-31G ab initio level of theory in an effort to substantiate these findings.
Hepatitis C virus shares amino acid sequence similarity with pestiviruses and flaviviruses as well as members of two plant virus supergroups. (1990)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important human pathogen that is associated with transfusion-related non-A, non-B hepatitis. Recently, HCV cDNA was cloned and the nucleotide sequence of approximately three-quarters of the virus genome was determined. A region of the predicted polyprotein sequence was found to share similarity with a nonstructural protein encoded by dengue virus, a member of the flavivirus family. We report here that HCV shares an even greater degree of protein sequence similarity with members of the pestivirus group (i.e., bovine viral diarrhea virus and hog cholera virus), which are thought to be distantly related to the flaviviruses. In addition, we find that HCV shares significant protein sequence similarity with the polyproteins encoded by members of the picornavirus-like and alphavirus-like plant virus supergroups. These data suggest that HCV may be evolutionarily related to both plant and animal viruses.
Comparative study between prophylactic single dose of fentanyl and dexmedetomidine in the management of agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children (2011)

ObjectiveThe higher incidence of post sevoflurane agitation presents a great dilemma. This controlled study was performed to test the hypothesis that the prophylactic single dose of either dexmedetomidine or fentanyl reduces the incidence of emergence agitation post sevoflurane anesthesia in children.Patients and methodsNinety pediatric patients were scheduled for elective surgical procedures under general anesthesia and caudal block. They were randomized to one of three groups (each one is 30 patients); fentanyl group (1 μg/kg), dexmedetomidine (DEX) group (0.15 μg/kg), and control group. Recovery was assessed by time until eye opening on command, pain was evaluated by the children's and infants' postoperative pain scale (CHIPPS) and adequacy of recovery was assessed using a Modified Aldert score. Both were recorded every 15 min. Behavior score was recorded in the pre- and postoperative periods.Main resultsPatients in control group obtained higher values (9.65 ± 0.34) in the modified Aldert score than patients who received fentanyl (9.58 ± 0.30) and dexmedetomidine (9.37 ± 0.37). There was significant difference between dexmedetomidine and fentanyl groups For pain assessment, patients in control group suffered from pain when measured by CHIPPS (0.93 ± 0.56) more than patients in dexmedetomidine group (0.48 ± 0.45) and fentanyl group (0.13 ± 0.35), with more significant pain in dexmedetomidine group when compared to fentanyl group (p < 0.05). As regard behavior during emergence, there were significant differences between the placebo with 40% agitation and both fentanyl group with 21.4% agitation (p = 0.002) and dexmedetomidine group with 16.7% agitation (p = 0.001), while there were no significant differences between fentanyl and dexmedetomidine group.ConclusionsIncidence of postoperative agitation in pediatric patients receiving sevoflurane was decreased from 40% with placebo to 16.7% with dexmedetomidine and 21.4% with fentanyl with no significant differences between dexmedetomidine and fentanyl groups.
Adaptive antennas for third generation DS-CDMA cellular systems (1995)

This paper considers the performance of a DS-CDMA system which employs adaptive antenna technology at the base station site, for both the umbrella and the micro-cells in a mixed cell structure. The possible advantages from such a deployment are discussed before presenting some initial results from a new adaptive antenna simulation model. This exploits the capabilities of ray tracing to generate the complex channel impulse response and provide the angle of arrival of each received ray. The results illustrate the potential benefits of adaptive antenna technology when used in conjunction with DS-CDMA
Synthesis of optical filters using ring resonator arrays (2000)

Multiple micro-optical four-port resonators, such as ring resonators, can be combined to obtain response functions not attainable with a single element. A matrix propagator method for analysis of multi-element filters is presented which takes into account bidirectional coupling among elements of a linear resonator array. Examples of filters attaining flat-top passbands, desirable for all-optical wavelength-division-multiplexed networks, are given.
A projection method for closed-loop identification (2000)

A new method for closed-loop identification that allows fitting the model to the data with arbitrary frequency weighting is described and analyzed. Just as the direct method, this new method is applicable to systems with arbitrary feedback mechanisms. This is in contrast to other methods, such as the indirect method and the two-stage method, that assume linear feedback. The finite sample behavior of the proposed method is illustrated in a simulation study.
Vehicle Diagnostics - Are You Ready for the Challenge? (2001)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Fast pace advancements in vehicle technologies, and, in particular, in embedded electronics, coupled with continued pressure to reduce costs and improve time to market continue to challenge the automotive service community. In addition to having to keep up with developments in vehicle technology, strict regulation places increased burden in accuracy of diagnosis and repair, and conversely, open standards emerging from the infotainment industry introduce new challenges stemming from diversity, complexity and lack of regulation. Still, current diagnostic engineering and delivery methods are grossly inefficient and are too slow to respond to these challenges. Ill-equipped service technicians must face these challenges using inefficient methods and outdated information, resulting in increased repair costs and warranty claims, and decline in customer satisfaction.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper presents an enterprise approach to managing diagnostic knowledge. Instead of a late lifecycle-phase activity, this diagnostic knowledge management strategy makes diagnostic development an integral part of the vehicle development and manufacturing lifecycle. The strategy is centered on efficient methods to create, discover, re-purpose and disseminate diagnostic knowledge throughout the organization and the dealer network.&lt;/div&gt;
Chemical Modification of Antitumor Alkaloids, 20(S)-Camptothecin and 7-Ethylcamptothecin: Reaction of the E-Lactone Ring Portion with Hydrazine Hydrate. (1993)

The structure of the N-amino pyridone (4a) obtained by the reaction of camptothecin (1a) with hydrazine was determined by X-ray crystallography. A mixture of 7-ethylcamptothecin (1b) and hydrazine hydrate was stirred at room temperature, and the hydrazide (2b) was isolated as its diacetate 2c. Treatment of the 17-O-acetyl amide (5a) with hydrazine gave 1b (74% yield) and the N-amino lactam 6 (11% yield). Compounds with bulky acyl groups, 5c--e, gave 6 in modest yields. The N-amino lactam 6 was smoothly dehydrated into the pyridone 4d by refluxing in hydrazine hydrate.
Electrical Characteristics of Polymer Thick Film Resistors, Part I: Experiemental Results (1981)

The electrical characteristics of some polymer thick film (PTF) resistors have been studied. There are four different kinds of carbon blacks and two different kinds of polymer resin, i.e., epoxy resin and polyimide resin, selected in the preparations of the PTF resistors. In this paper, the electrical characteristics, which include the sheet resistivity, current noise indices (CNI), temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and the percentage variations of resistance ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\Delta</tex> R/R, %), are discussed. It will be shown that there exists a correlation between the "structure" of the carbon blacks and the electrical characteristics of the PTF resistors. The effects of the blended carbon blacks on the electrical characteristics of the PTF resistors are also discussed.
Suvorexant for insomnia: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved hypnotic - what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed? (2014)

Suvorexant appears efficacious and relatively tolerable. Its different mechanism of action and potentially different safety and tolerability profile compared with currently available hypnotics represents a new option for the pharmacological treatment of insomnia.
Electron transfer. 118. Proton-coupled reductions of a dinuclear dimanganese (III, IV) model for the reactive center in photosystem II (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectron transfer. 118. Proton-coupled reductions of a dinuclear dimanganese (III, IV) model for the reactive center in photosystem IIManik C. Ghosh, J. W. Reed, R. N. Bose, and E. S. GouldCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1994, 33, 1, 73–78Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00079a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00079a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views112Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Imprint of sub-25 nm vias and trenches in polymers (1995)

A nanoimprint process that presses a mold into a thin thermoplastic polymer film on a substrate to create vias and trenches with a minimum size of 25 nm and a depth of 100 nm in the polymer has been demonstrated. Furthermore, the imprint process has been used as a lithography process to fabricate sub-25 nm diameter metal dot arrays of a 100 nm period in a lift-off process. It was found that the nanostructures imprinted in the polymers conform completely with the geometry of the mold. At present, the imprinted size is limited by the size of the mold being used; with a suitable mold, the imprint process should mold sub-10 nm structures with a high aspect ratio in polymers. The nanoimprint process offers a low cost method for mass producing sub-25 nm structures and has the potential to become a key nanolithography method for future manufacturing of integrated circuits and integrated optics.
Alternative Complement Pathway Activation Is Essential for Inflammation and Joint Destruction in the Passive Transfer Model of Collagen-Induced Arthritis (2006)

Activation of each complement initiation pathway (classical, alternative, and lectin) can lead to the generation of bioactive fragments with resulting inflammation in target organs. The objective of the current study was to determine the role of specific complement activation pathways in the pathogenesis of experimental anti-type II collagen mAb-passive transfer arthritis. C57BL/6 mice were used that were genetically deficient in either the alternative pathway protein factor B (Bf(-/-)) or in the classical pathway component C4 (C4(-/-)). Clinical disease activity was markedly decreased in Bf(-/-) compared with wild-type (WT) mice (0.5 +/- 0.22 (n = 6) in Bf(-/-) vs 8.83 +/- 0.41 (n = 6) in WT mice (p < 0.0001)). Disease activity scores were not different between C4(-/-) and WT mice. Analyses of joints showed that C3 deposition, inflammation, pannus, cartilage, and bone damage scores were all significantly less in Bf(-/-) as compared with WT mice. There were significant decreases in mRNA levels of C3, C4, CR2, CR3, C3aR, and C5aR in the knees of Bf(-/-) as compared with C4(-/-) and WT mice with arthritis; mRNA levels for complement regulatory proteins did not differ between the three strains. These results indicate that the alternative pathway is absolutely required for the induction of arthritis following injection of anti-collagen Abs. The mechanisms by which these target organ-specific mAbs bypass the requirements for engagement of the classical pathway remain to be defined but do not appear to involve a lack of alternative pathway regulatory proteins.
MicroRNA profiling reveals distinct signatures in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias (2004)

Little is known about the expression levels or function of micro-RNAs (miRNAs) in normal and neoplastic cells, although it is becoming clear that miRNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression during development [Ambros, V. (2003) Cell 113, 673-676; McManus, M. T. (2003) Semin. Cancer Biol. 13, 253-258]. We now report the genomewide expression profiling of miRNAs in human B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) by using a microarray containing hundreds of human precursor and mature miRNA oligonucleotide probes. This approach allowed us to identify significant differences in miRNome expression between CLL samples and normal CD5+ B cells; data were confirmed by Northern blot analyses and real-time RT-PCR. At least two distinct clusters of CLL samples can be identified that were associated with the presence or absence of Zap-70 expression, a predictor of early disease progression. Two miRNA signatures were associated with the presence or absence of mutations in the expressed Ig variableregion genes or with deletions at 13q14, respectively. These data suggest that miRNA expression patterns have relevance to the biological and clinical behavior of this leukemia.
The Heat Shock Cognate Protein hsc73 Assembles with A 1 Adenosine Receptors To Form Functional Modules in the Cell Membrane (2000)

A(1) adenosine receptors (A(1)Rs) are G protein-coupled heptaspanning receptors that interact at the outer face of the plasma membrane with cell surface ecto-adenosine deaminase (ecto-ADA). By affinity chromatography the heat shock cognate protein hsc73 was identified as a cytosolic component able to interact with the third intracellular loop of the receptor. As demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance, purified A(1)Rs interact specifically with hsc73 with a dissociation constant in the nanomolar range (0.5 +/- 0.1 nM). The interaction between hsc73 and A(1)R led to a marked reduction in the binding of the ligands and prevented activation of G proteins, as deduced from (35)S-labeled guanosine-5'-O-(3-thio)triphosphate binding assays. Interestingly this effect was stronger than that exerted by guanine nucleotide analogs, which uncouple receptors from G proteins, and was completely prevented by ADA. As assessed by immunoprecipitation a high percentage of A(1)Rs in cell lysates are coupled to hsc73. A relatively high level of colocalization between A(1)R and hsc73 was detected in DDT(1)MF-2 cells by means of confocal microscopy, and no similar results were obtained for other G protein-coupled receptors. Colocalization between hsc73 and A(1)R was detected in specific regions of rat cerebellum and in the body of cortical neurons but not in dendrites or synapses. Remarkably, agonist-induced receptor internalization leads to the endocytosis of A(1)Rs by two qualitatively different vesicle types, one in which A(1)R and hsc73 colocalize and another in which hsc73 is absent. These results open the interesting possibility that signaling via G protein-coupled receptors may be regulated by heat shock proteins.
Insulin to Inhibit Protein Catabolism after Injury (1979)

Using patients with varying degrees of trauma as their own controls we compared three isocaloric regimens in three-day crossover studies; 9.4 g of nitrogen as l-amino acids was also given daily. The urea production rate was used as an index of protein breakdown. We found that in catabolic patients, insulin and glucose produced a strikingly greater inhibition of protein breakdown that glucose alone, and that glucose alone was marginally more protein sparing than a regimen containing mainly fat (intralipid and sorbitol). These differences were not seen in noncatabolic patients (urea production rate less than 15 g daily). In the catabolic patients (urea production rate greater than 15 g daily) the protein-sparing effect of insulin was proportional to the initial urea production rate. We therefore concluded that insulin has important protein-sparing effects in severely ill traumatized patients, but little effect when there is no increased catabolic rate.
A highly conserved repetitive DNA sequence, (TTAGGG)n, present at the telomeres of human chromosomes. (1988)

A highly conserved repetitive DNA sequence, (TTAGGG)n, has been isolated from a human recombinant repetitive DNA library. Quantitative hybridization to chromosomes sorted by flow cytometry indicates that comparable amounts of this sequence are present on each human chromosome. Both fluorescent in situ hybridization and BAL-31 nuclease digestion experiments reveal major clusters of this sequence at the telomeres of all human chromosomes. The evolutionary conservation of this DNA sequence, its terminal chromosomal location in a variety of higher eukaryotes (regardless of chromosome number or chromosome length), and its similarity to functional telomeres isolated from lower eukaryotes suggest that this sequence is a functional human telomere.
Supervised Machine Learning: A Review of Classification Techniques (2007)

The goal of supervised learning is to build a concise model of the distribution of class labels in terms of predictor features. The resulting classifier is then used to assign class labels to the testing instances where the values of the predictor features are known, but the value of the class label is unknown. This paper describes various supervised machine learning classification techniques. Of course, a single chapter cannot be a complete review of all supervised machine learning classification algorithms (also known induction classification algorithms), yet we hope that the references cited will cover the major theoretical issues, guiding the researcher in interesting research directions and suggesting possible bias combinations that have yet to be explored.