gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Inhaled versus Intravenous Morphine in Healthy Volunteers (2000)

The onset and duration of the effects of morphine are similar after intravenous administration or inhalation via this new pulmonary drug delivery system. Morphine bioavailability after such administration is 59% of the dose loaded into the dosage form.
Hypoglycemiais the limiting factor in the management of diabetes (1999)

Hypoglycemia is the limiting factor, both conceptually and in practice, in the management of diabetes mellitus. While the long-term goal of diabetes research must remain the cure and the prevention of the disease and reasonable near-term goals might include perfect insulin replacement or prevention of complications despite ongoing hyperglycemia, the most pressing short-term goal for people with diabetes would seem to be insight leading to strategies that effectively minimize the risk of hypoglycemia and thus permit low-risk glycemic control. Having reviewed the field in detail recently, the author offers his personal views of the key questions - concerning the physiology of glucose counterregulation, its pathophysiology in diabetes, and hypoglycemia in diabetes - that, if answered, might lead to a reduced risk of iatrogenic hypoglycemia in people with diabetes. The overriding question is: How can we learn to replace insulin more perfectly, prevent, correct or compensate for compromised glucose counterregulation, or both?
Changes in a new gaseous signal molecule, hydrogen sulfide (H _(2S)),in patients with pregnancyinduced hypertension syndrome (2005)

Objective Hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) was previously considered as a well-known toxic gas. Recent studies, however, have shown that H 2S participates in many pathophysiological process, especially those of cardiovascular system. This of H 2S in the development of pregnancy-induced hyperension syndrome (PIH). Methods The level of H 2S in plasma of eighteen severe preeclampsia and twenty normal gravida was measured. The relationship between plasma H 2S level and blood pressure was also analyzed. Results The plasma H 2S level was significantly lower in the group of severe preeclampsia than that of controls(31.93±8.23μmol/L versus 53.17±9.04μmol/L). It correlated negativly with systolic pressure and diastolic pressure(R value were -0.756 and -0.746, respectively), respectively. Conclusions The descent of plasma H 2S might be involved in the pathogenesis of PIH.
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Expanding Horizons for Clostridium difficile Infections and Beyond (2015)

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) methodology has been progressively refined over the past several years. The procedure has an extensive track record of success curing Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) with remarkably few adverse effects. It achieves similar levels of success whether the CDI occurs in the young or elderly, previously normal or profoundly ill patients, or those with CDI in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). While using FMT to treat CDI, however, we learned that using the procedure in other gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, such as IBD without CDI, generally fails to effect cure. To improve results in treating other non-CDI diseases, innovatively designed Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) will be required to address questions about mechanisms operating within particular diseases. Availability of orally deliverable FMT products, such as capsules containing lyophilised fecal microbiota, will simplify CDI treatment and open the door to convenient, prolonged FMT delivery to the GI tract and will likely deliver improved results in both CDI and non-CDI diseases.
Use of Transition Studies in Continuous Cultures of Lipomyces starkeyi, an oleaginous yeast, to Investigate the Physiology of Lipid Accumulation (1983)

The physiological changes that occurred in chemostat cultures of an oleaginous yeast, Lipomyces starkeyi CBS 1809 undergoing transitions from steady-state carbon-limiting to steady-state nitrogen-limiting conditions have been investigated. A sequence of events has been identified initiated by the presentation of excess glucose to the culture and culminating in the accumulation of substantial quantities of intracellular lipid. The intracellular concentrations of adenine nucleotides and citrate have been determined and their possible regulatory significance in the control of catabolic and anabolic pathways is discussed.
Normal Hearing Sensitivity at Low-to-Middle Frequencies with 34% Prestin-Charge Density (2012)

The mammalian outer hair cells (OHCs) provide a positive mechanical feedback to enhance the cochlea's hearing sensitivity and frequency selectivity. Although the OHC-specific, somatic motor protein prestin is required for cochlear amplification, it remains unclear whether prestin can provide sufficient cycle-by-cycle feedback. In cochlear mechanical modeling, varying amounts of OHC motor activity should provide varying degrees of feedback efficiency to adjust the gain of cochlear amplifier at resonant frequencies. Here we created and characterized two new prestin-hypomorphic mouse models with reduced levels of wild-type prestin. OHCs from these mice exhibited length, total elementary charge movement (Q max ), charge density, and electromotility intermediate between those of wild-type and prestin-null mice. Remarkably, measurements of auditory brainstem responses and distortion product otoacoustic emissions from these mice displayed wild-type like hearing sensitivities at 4-22 kHz. These results indicate that as low as 26.7% Q max , 34.0% charge density and 44.0% electromotility in OHCs were sufficient for wild-type-like hearing sensitivity in mice at 4-22 kHz, and that these in vitro parameters of OHCs did not correlate linearly with the feedback efficiency for in vivo gain of the cochlear amplifier. Our results thus provide valuable data for modeling cochlear mechanics and will stimulate further mechanistic analysis of the cochlear amplifier.
Phosphor-free InGaN/GaN/AlGaN core-shell dot-in-a-wire white light-emitting diodes (2014)

We have developed phosphor-free InGaN/GaN/AlGaN dot-in-a-wire core-shell white light emitting diodes, which can break the carrier injection efficiency bottleneck of conventional nanowire white light emitting diodes, leading to a dramatic enhancement of the output power. Additionally, such phosphor-free nanowire white light emitting diodes can deliver a very high color rendering index (CRI) of ~92-98.
ZZ domain is essentially required for the physiological binding of dystrophin and utrophin to -dystroglycan (2004)

An intracellular protein, dystrophin, plays an important role in keeping muscle fibers intact by binding at its N-terminal end to the subsarcolemmal cytoskeletal actin network and via its C-terminal end to the transmembraneous protein beta-dystroglycan. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by the loss of dystrophin, which can result from the loss of this binding. The N-terminal part of the latter binding site of dystrophin has been well documented using overlay assay and X-ray diffraction assays. However, the binding site at the C-terminal region of dystrophin has not been examined in detail. In the present work, we report a detailed analysis of the C-terminal binding domain as follows. (1). The full binding activity corresponding to the effective binding in vivo is expressed by the dystrophin fragment spanning amino acids 3026-3345 containing the ZZ domain at the C-terminus. Determination of this binding range is important not only for understanding of the mechanism of dystrophy, but also useful for the design of truncated dystrophin constructs for gene therapy. (2). The ZZ domain binds to EF1 domain in the dystrophin fragment to reinforce the binding activity. (3). The cysteine 3340 in the ZZ domain is essential for the binding of dystrophin to beta-dystroglycan. A reported case of DMD due to missense mutation C3340Y may be caused by inability to fix dystrophin beneath the cell membrane. (4). The binding mode of utrophin is different from that of dystrophin. The difference is conspicuous concerning the cysteine residues present in the ZZ domain.
Microfabrication of Hepatocyte/Fibroblast Co-cultures: Role of Homotypic Cell Interactions (1998)

Cell-cell interactions are important in embryogenesis, in adult physiology and pathophysiology of many disease processes. Co-cultivation of parenchymal and mesenchymal cells has been widely utilized as a paradigm for the study of cell-cell interactions in vitro. In addition, co-cultures of two cell types provide highly functional tissue constructs for use in therapeutic or investigational applications. The inherent complexity of such co-cultures creates difficulty in characterization of cell-cell interactions and their effects on function. In the present study, we utilize conventional "randomly distributed" co-cultures of primary rat hepatocytes and murine 3T3-J2 fibroblasts to investigate the role of increasing fibroblast density on hepatic function. In addition, we utilize microfabrication techniques to localize both cell populations in patterned configurations on rigid substrates. This technique allowed the isolation of fibroblast number as an independent variable in hepatic function. Notably, homotypic hepatocyte interactions were held constant by utilization of similar hepatocyte patterns in all conditions, and the heterotypic interface (region of contact between cell populations) was also held constant. Co-cultures were probed for synthetic and metabolic markers of liver-specific function. The data suggest that fibroblast number plays a role in modulation of hepatocellular response through homotypic fibroblast interactions. The response to changes in fibroblast number are distinct from those attributed to increased contact between hepatocytes and fibroblasts. This approach will allow further elucidation of the complex interplay between two cell types as they form a functional model tissue in vitro or as they interact in vivo to form a functional organ.
Clustering Methods for Hierarchical Traffic Grooming in Large-Scale Mesh WDM Networks (2010)

We consider a hierarchical approach for traffic grooming in large multiwavelength networks of a general topology. Inspired by similar concepts in the airline industry, we decompose the network into clusters, and select a hub node in each cluster to groom traffic originating and terminating locally. At the second level of the hierarchy, the hub nodes form a virtual cluster for the purpose of grooming intra-cluster traffic. Clustering and hierarchical grooming enables us to cope with large network sizes and facilitates the control and management of traffic and network resources. Yet, determining the size and composition of clusters so as to yield good grooming solutions is a challenging task. We identify the grooming-specific factors affecting the selection of clusters, and we develop a parameterized clustering algorithm that can achieve a desired trade-off among various goals. We also obtain lower bounds on two important objectives in traffic grooming: the number of lightpaths and wavelengths needed to carry the subwavelength traffic. We demonstrate the effectiveness of clustering and hierarchical grooming by presenting the results of experiments on two network topologies that are substantially larger than those considered in previous traffic grooming studies.
Measurements of three-dimensional refractive index tomography and membrane deformability of live erythrocytes from Pelophylax nigromaculatus (2018)

Unlike mammalian erythrocytes, amphibian erythrocytes have distinct morphological features including large cell sizes and the presence of nuclei. The sizes of the cytoplasm and nuclei of erythrocytes vary significantly over different species, their environments, or pathophysiology, which makes hematological studies important for investigating amphibian species. Here, we present a label-free three-dimensional optical quantification of individual amphibian erythrocytes from frogs Pelophylax nigromaculatus (Rana nigromaculata). Using optical diffraction tomography, we measured three-dimensional refractive index (RI) tomograms of the cells, which clearly distinguished the cytoplasm and nuclei of the erythrocytes. From the measured RI tomograms, we extracted the relevant biochemical parameters of the cells, including hemoglobin contents and hemoglobin concentrations. Furthermore, we measured dynamic membrane fluctuations and investigated the mechanical properties of the cell membrane. From the statistical and correlative analysis of these retrieved parameters, we investigated interspecific differences between frogs and previously studied mammals.
Dosage analysis of cancer predisposition genes by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (2004)

Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) is a recently described method for detecting gross deletions or duplications of DNA sequences, aberrations which are commonly overlooked by standard diagnostic analysis. To determine the incidence of copy number variants in cancer predisposition genes from families in the Wessex region, we have analysed the hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes in patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), BRCA1 and BRCA2 in families with hereditary breast/ovarian cancer (BRCA) and APC in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP). Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (n=162) and FAP (n=74) probands were fully screened for small mutations, and cases for which no causative abnormality were found (HNPCC, n=122; FAP, n=24) were screened by MLPA. Complete or partial gene deletions were identified in seven cases for hMSH2 (5.7% of mutation-negative HNPCC; 4.3% of all HNPCC), no cases for hMLH1 and six cases for APC (25% of mutation negative FAP; 8% of all FAP). For BRCA1 and BRCA2, a partial mutation screen was performed and 136 mutation-negative cases were selected for MLPA. Five deletions and one duplication were found for BRCA1 (4.4% of mutation-negative BRCA cases) and one deletion for BRCA2 (0.7% of mutation-negative BRCA cases). Cost analysis indicates it is marginally more cost effective to perform MLPA prior to point mutation screening, but the main advantage gained by prescreening is a greatly reduced reporting time for the patients who are positive. These data demonstrate that dosage analysis is an essential component of genetic screening for cancer predisposition genes.
Cloning and sequencing of full-length cDNA encoding the precursor of human complement component C1r (1986)

The sequencing of human liver cDNA clones encoding the entire C1r precursor protein has confirmed the previously determined peptide sequence and has shown that there is a leader peptide which is 17 amino acids long. A residue tentatively identified as beta-hydroxyaspartic acid [Arlaud, Willis & Gagnon (1986) Biochem. J., in the press] located in the C1r A-chain, within an epidermal-growth-factor consensus sequence, was found to be encoded as asparagine. Two sequence elements, tandemly located in the A-chain, are related to a sequence widespread among proteins which interact with C3b or C4b. Structural comparisons between different clones indicate that multiple polyadenylation sites are responsible for the length heterogeneity observed for C1r mRNA from liver and Hep G2 cells.
Nanoscale InGaSb Heterostructure Membranes on Si Substrates for High Hole Mobility Transistors (2012)

As of yet, III-V p-type field-effect transistors (p-FETs) on Si have not been reported, due partly to materials and processing challenges, presenting an important bottleneck in the development of complementary III-V electronics. Here, we report the first high-mobility III-V p-FET on Si, enabled by the epitaxial layer transfer of InGaSb heterostructures with nanoscale thicknesses. Importantly, the use of ultrathin (thickness, ~2.5 nm) InAs cladding layers results in drastic performance enhancements arising from (i) surface passivation of the InGaSb channel, (ii) mobility enhancement due to the confinement of holes in InGaSb, and (iii) low-resistance, dopant-free contacts due to the type III band alignment of the heterojunction. The fabricated p-FETs display a peak effective mobility of ~820 cm(2)/(V s) for holes with a subthreshold swing of ~130 mV/decade. The results present an important advance in the field of III-V electronics.
Vaccination of Thai infants with rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent oral rotavirus vaccine (1994)

In a randomized double blind placebo-controlled study, the rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent oral rotavirus vaccine (dose 4 x 10(4) plaque-forming units) was evaluated in Thai infants immunized at ages 2, 4 and 6 months. To investigate dose responses and to compare vaccine-induced and naturally acquired rotavirus immunity in the study population blood specimens were collected before and 1 month after each vaccination and at 12 months of age. No adverse reactions attributable to the vaccine were detected in the vaccinees. Sixty-three of 94 (67%) vaccine recipients showed a seroconversion in rotavirus IgA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibodies after one or more doses, whereas only 15 of 93 (16%) placebo-vaccinated control children showed an IgA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibody response, suggestive of natural rotavirus infection, between 2 and 7 months of age. By measuring rhesus rotavirus-neutralizing antibodies a seroconversion was detected in 49% of the vaccinees and 14% of the controls between 2 and 7 months of age. The geometric mean titers of neutralizing antibodies to human rotavirus serotypes 1, 2, 3 and 4 after the completion of vaccinations and at 12 months of age were higher in the vaccinees than in the controls. It is concluded that, even though maternally acquired rotavirus antibodies are commonly present, the rhesus-human reassortant tetravalent vaccine is immunogenic in many Thai infants ages 2 to 6 months. The immunogenicity of this vaccine is enhanced by multiple doses.
IL-4 regulates IL-2 induction of lymphokine-activated killer activity from human lymphocytes. (1989)

IL-4 is a pluripotent lymphokine acting on various cell types. We investigated the role of human IL-4 on the generation of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity. Human IL-4 alone did not induce LAK activity and inhibited IL-2 induction of LAK activity from unstimulated PBMC, peripheral blood null cells, spleen cells, and lymph node cells in a dose-dependent manner. IL-4 also inhibited several phenomena induced by IL-2 such as cell proliferation, augmentation of NK activity, increase of Leu-19+ cells, and expression of IL-2R(p55) on either CD3+ or Leu-19+ cells. IL-4, however, augmented cell proliferation with other T cell mitogens including PHA, Con A, PMA, or allo-MHC Ag with or without IL-2. In contrast to unstimulated cells, IL-4 alone induced marked cell proliferation and LAK activity as well as Leu-19+ cells from in vitro IL-2 preactivated PBMC or null cells, and did not inhibit IL-2 induced cell proliferation, LAK activity, Leu-19+ cells and IL-2R(p55) expression, but rather augmented them with low doses of IL-2. Although IL-4 alone induced LAK activity from peripheral blood of some patients previously given IL-2, IL-4 inhibited in vitro LAK generation with IL-2 from these cells in most cases. Therefore, IL-4 appears to directly inhibit the IL-2 activation pathway via IL-2R(p70) and prevent resting LAK precursors from proliferating and differentiating into final effector cells. However, once cells were sufficiently preactivated by IL-2, IL-4 induced LAK activity and did not inhibit IL-2 activation of these cells. These data suggest an immunoregulatory role of IL-4 on human null cells and T cells.
XIIXVI. Yeast sequencing reports. Mapping and sequencing of two yeast genes belonging to the ATP‐binding cassette superfamily (1994)

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters share significant sequence identity within their ATP-binding domains. Degenerate oligonucleotides based on highly conserved portions of the ATP-binding domain genes were used to clone portions of two members of the ABC gene superfamily from Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA. These genes were designated MDL1 and MDL2 (for multidrug resistance-like). Each MDL gene is predicted to encode a single set of transmembrane domains and a single ATP-binding domain, thus the MDL gene products are 'half-molecule' ABC proteins. The two genes were mapped to precise regions on chromosomes XII and XVI and show a considerable similarity to the mammalian P-glycoprotein/multidrug resistance (MDR) and peptide transporter (TAP) genes. Preliminary analysis of null mutants constructed by gene replacement has indicated that the MDL genes are not essential for viability of yeast. The sequences have been deposited in the GenBank data library under Accession Numbers L16958 (Locus YSCBCSA) and L16959 (Locus YSCBCSB).
Large-Area Laser-Lift-Off Processing in Microelectronics (2013)

Laser lift-off is an enabling technology for microelectronics growth markets such as light emitting diodes, densely packaged semiconductor devices, and flexible displays. For example, thin film transistor structures fabricated on top of polymer layers spun on glass carriers must be delaminated from rigid substrates to create lightweight and rugged flexible displays on polymers. Low-thermal-budget processes are generically required to protect adjacent functional films. Excimer lasers provide short UV wavelength and short pulse duration required for highly-localized energy coupling. The high output power of excimer lasers enables a large processing footprint and the high-throughput rates needed in mass manufacturing.
Guide to clinical trials (1991)

Developing clinical trial designs developing and writing clincal protocols planning special types of clinical trials planning and conducting a single clincial trial a nonmathematical approach to statistics and data processing fundamental principles, considerations and techniques of the interpretation of clincal data interpretaion of safety and efficacy data interpretation of data from specific trials, modalities and populations issues and problems of clinical data interpretation publishing clinical data and evaluating published literature planning and conducting multiple clinical trials management of multiple clinical trials.
Alternative sigma factors and the regulation of flagellar gene expression (1991)

Synthesis of bacterial flagella and the accompanying array of chemotaxis receptors and transducers represents a major commitment of energy and resources for a growing bacterial cell and is subject to numerous levels of regulation. Genes for flagellar and chemotaxis proteins are expressed in a complex transcriptional cascade. This regulatory hierarchy acts to ensure that the highly expressed filament structural protein, flagellin, is synthesized only after a prerequisite set of structural proteins has been expressed and properly assembled. Recent evidence suggests that many bacteria utilize an alternative sigma (sigma) subunit, similar in specificity to the Bacillus subtilis sigma 28 protein, to direct transcription of flagellin, chemotaxis and motility genes. In Caulobacter crescentus and Campylobacter spp., both a sigma 54-like factor and a sigma 28-like factor participate in the transcription of flagellar and chemotaxis genes. Conversely, a sigma 28-like factor controls non-motility functions in at least one non-flagellated organism.