gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The soluble mammalian sperm factor protein that triggers Ca2+ oscillations in eggs: Evidence for expression of mRNA(s) coding for sperm factor protein(s) in spermatogenic cells (2000)

At fertilisation in mammals the sperm initiates a series of Ca2+ oscillations that activate development. One theory of signalling at fertilisation suggests that the sperm contains a soluble protein factor that causes these Ca2+ oscillations by entering the egg after sperm-egg membrane fusion. This theory is supported by the finding that, in some species, injection of sperm protein extracts into eggs triggers a pattern of Ca2+ oscillations similar to those seen at fertilisation. So far, all the direct evidence for a sperm factor has been based upon the injection of soluble proteins from mature sperm. Here, we demonstrate that injection of mRNA extracted from hamster spermatogenic cells also leads to generation of prolonged Ca2+ oscillations in mouse eggs. The ability of spermatogenic cell mRNA to induce Ca2+ oscillations is dependent upon translation into protein and also appears to be specific to spermatogenic cells since injection of mRNA isolated from somatic tissues into eggs was ineffective. These data support the hypothesis that sperm contain a soluble, cytosolic protein factor that induces Ca2+ oscillations in eggs at fertilisation. These data are discussed in the light of our recent findings that suggest that the sperm factor possesses a phospholipase C activity.
C1-C2 Posterior Cervical Fusion (1995)

Posterior wiring techniques are the most commonly used methods of achieving C1-C2 arthrodesis. Recently, transarticular screw fixation and interlaminar clamping have been advocated to achieve more secure fixation. A retrospective review of patients undergoing C1-C2 fusion for nonneoplastic disease was undertaken at the University of Toronto Hospital, with the aim of determining the long-term outcome of the selected procedures. Thirty-two patients underwent 36 procedures from 1986 to 1992, with a mean follow-up of 4.7 +/- 2.2 years (range, 2.0-8.0 yr). The most common disease processes were odontoid fracture (18 patients), transverse atlantal ligament injury (5 patients), os odontoideum (5 patients), and rheumatoid C1-C2 instability (3 patients). Thirty-one Gallie fusions, one Brooks-Jenkins fusion, two transarticular screw fusions, and two Halifax clamp applications were performed. Six (19%) of Gallie/Brooks-Jenkins fusions failed. These occurred with os odontoideum (three patients), Type II odontoid fracture (two patients), and transverse atlantal ligament injury (one patient). All transarticular screw and Halifax clamp procedures resulted in successful fusions. Two procedures (6%) resulted in new neurological deficit; both of these patients underwent posterior wiring for os odontoideum. This study suggests that Type II odontoid fractures may be successfully managed by a posterior wiring technique alone. Rheumatoid C1-C2 instability may be managed by posterior wiring supplemented with halo immobilization. Transarticular screw fixation has several potential advantages as a technique for C1-C2 arthrodesis and, in particular, may be appropriate for os odontoideum that had a high failure rate (75%) with conventional posterior wiring, even when this was supplemented with halo bracing.
The Absence Of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Augments Allo-Reactivity And The Anti-Viral Response In A Bone Marrow Transplant Setting (2010)

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) can lead to the generation of regulatory dendritic cells (DC). In this study, we used DC and T-cells from VIP-knockout (VIP-KO) mice to investigate the effects of VIP on allogeneic and anti-viral immune responses in transplant recipients. 5×106 BM and 1, 3, 8×106 splenocytes (SP) from VIP-KO and WT donors, single VIP-KO donors, single WT donors, or single VIP-heterozygous donors were transplanted in B6→B10BR alloBMT and B6→B6 synBMT models. Survival and GvHD were assessed. VIP-KO mice, WT littermates, and recipients were infected with 5×104 PFU murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) and T cell response to viral antigen was measured by flow cytometry for mCMV peptide-MHC class I-tetramer+ CD8+ T-cells at day 0, 3, 7, 10, and day 15 post infection or 80, 83, 87 and 101 days post-transplant (infection at day 80 post-transplant). Day 15 post mCMV challenge, VIP-KO and WT mice were euthanized. DC and T-cells were purified from BM and SP by FACS and MACS, respectively. 2×105/mL DC treated with 1×104 PFU mCMV peptide-expressing Listeria-CMV construct and incubated with 2×106/mL T-cells at 37 °C. Cultured 3 days and 7 days, cells were harvested and analyzed with DC and T-cell surface marker, tetramer, and intracellular cytokines by flow cytometry. allogeneic recipients of VIP-KO BM and VIP-KO SP developed more GvHD than recipients of WT grafts using a lower dose of donor SP (1×106), while there was no difference in survival. The GvHD scores and the percentage of survival showed no difference among other syngeneic or allogeneic BMT settings.The specific anti-viral immunity was similar among the non-transplanted VIP-KO mice, and allogeneic and syngeneic transplant recipients of VIP-KO donor cells. 3 and 7 days post culture, VIP-KO DC expressed higher-level of CD80, MHC-II and lower-level of PD-L1, VIP-KO T-cells had higher-level of tetramer+ CD8+ T-cells and intracellular IFN-γ, lower-level of IL-4 and IL-5, PD1, and ICOS. Taken together, these observations suggest that VIP expressed on immune cells suppresses anti-viral immune responses and Th1 polarization. The anti-viral immune responses of VIP-KO immune cells were independent allogeneic immunity; VIP expressed by neurocrine cells in WT recipients did not compensate for the lack of VIP in mice transplanted with VIP-KO cells. Modulation of the VIP pathway is a novel method to regulate post-transplant immunity allogeneic transplant recipients.
Insertion sites and the terminal nucleotide sequences of the Tn4 transposon (1982)

The nucleotide sequences at the ends of the Tn4 transposon (mercury spectinomycin and sulfonamide resistance) have been determined. They are inverted repeated sequences of 38 nucleotides with three mismatched base pairs. These sequences are strongly homologous with the terminal sequences of Tn501 (mercury resistance) but less so with those of Tn3 (ampicillin resistance). The Tn4 transposon generates pentanucleotide members (Tn3, Tn1000, Tn501, Tn551, IS2) with the exception of Tn1721 and bacteriophage Mu. Among the three Tn4 insertion sites examined here, two of them occurred near a nonanucleotide sequence in perfect homology with part of the terminal inverted-repeat sequence of Tn4 and the third insertion occurred near a sequence of partial homology to one end of Tn4. All three insertions were in the same orientation such that IRb is proximal to its homologous sequence on the recipient DNA.
A Hypoxia-Independent Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Activation Pathway Induced by Phosphatidylinositol-3 Kinase/Akt in HER2 Overexpressing Cells (2005)

HER2 overexpression, a known prognostic factor in many human cancers, can activate phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K)/Akt pathways and plays an important role in mediating cell survival and tumor development. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) promote angiogenesis and energy metabolism and thereby enhance tumor growth and metastasis. HIFs, composed of alpha and beta subunits, are activated in most human cancers, including those that overexpress HER2. Previous reports have suggested that increased PI-3K/Akt or decreased PTEN activity may activate the HIF pathway in various tumors, but the detailed mechanism is still not completely understood. Here we reported an interaction between the HIF and PI-3K/Akt pathways in HER2-overexpressing cancer cells. Our results indicate that HER2 overexpression, which results in constitutively active Akt, turns on HIF-1alpha independently of hypoxia, and this activation is weaker than that under hypoxic condition. Further investigation showed that Akt is required for the hypoxia-independent HIF activity. The PI-3K/Akt pathway did not affect the HIF-1alpha binding with its E3 ligase von Hippel-Lindau but enhanced the binding affinity between the HIF-1 alpha and beta subunits. Furthermore, we found that Akt interacts with HIF-1beta and regulates HIF activity. Our results indicated that HER2 can induce HIF activation via the activation of Akt suggesting that activation of HER2/Akt pathway may promote angiogenesis independent of hypoxia, which may have important implications for the oncogenic activity of HER2 and Akt.
Studies on neplanocin A,new antitumor antibiotic. II. Structure determination. (1981)

The structure and stereochemistry of neplanocin A was determined on the basis of its spectral and chemical evidences as [1R-(la,2a,3b)]-3-(6-amino-9-yl)-5-(hydroxy-methyl)-4-cyclopentene-1,2-diol. For the final proof of the structure, X-ray crystallographic analysis of neplanocin A was carried out.
Lasing Droplets: Highlighting the Liquid-Air Interface by Laser Emission (1986)

When dye-doped ethanol droplets are irradiated with an intense pulsed laser beam, the resulting laser emission from individual droplets highlights the liquid-air interface. Photographs of the lasing droplets in the micrometer size range taken in a single 10-nanosecond laser pulse clearly show the dynamic changes in droplet size, shape, and orientation.
A Synthesis of (±)-Ipalbidine Using Sulfur-controlled 6-Exo Selective Radical Cyclization of α-Phenylthio Amide (1999)

A synthesis of (+)-ipalbidine (1) has been achieved using Bu3SnHmediated 6-exo selective radical cyclization of 2-13-(pheny1thio)prop-2-enyll-N-[a-@-methoxypheny1)-a-(phenylthio)acetyl]pymdidine (15) as a key step.(+)-Ipalbidine (I) is the aglycone of ipalbine ( 2), an indolizidine alkaloid isolated from seeds of Ipomoea alba L.' A number of methods have so far been reported for the construction of the indolizidine skelet~n,~ and several efforts have culminated in the total synthesis of racemic3 and optically active4 ipalbidine.Herein we wish to report a new synthesis of (+)-ipalbidine using sulfur-controlled 6-exo selective radical cyclization of a-phenylthio amide as a key step.We initiated our investigation by examining the radical cyclization of the 2-(prop-2-enyl)-N-10.It has been reported that (+)-ipalbidine forms hexagonal crystals from benzenelcyclohexane, but the specfic rotation of this material is not reproducible and depends upon the drying conditions because the crystals contain some benzene and cyclohexane.See ref. 3b.
The Effects of Anti-CD3/CD28 Coated Beads and IL-2 on Expanded T Cell for Immunotherapy (2016)

The results demonstrate that PBMCs were stimulated with anti-CD3/CD28-coated beads. This method may provide an alternative for driving T cell expansion, which may be very useful in adoptive immunotherapy.
Personal mobile multimedia communications in a wireless WAN environment (2002)

Personal mobile equipments are often required to be simple, inexpensive, as well as powerful in the same time, for instance, a lightweight mobile terminal with multimedia on Internet. We refer to this equipment as Mobile Multimedia Terminal (MMT). This paper presents a protocol architecture supporting the multimedia access for MMT in a wireless WAN environment. To save the processing power, each MMT has a service agent located in a server connected to the mobile switching center. Based upon this model, a transport protocol and architecture for mobile multimedia communications is proposed. The proposed protocol is intended for the handover and real-time data transportation between MMT and the MMT agent. Architectural design of the MMT and its agent will also be described.
Enhanced efficacy of photodynamic therapy after fractional resurfacing: fractional photodynamic rejuvenation. (2007)

This pilot study shows a potential for enhanced clinical results when using combined fractional resurfacing and ALA-PDT compared to fractional resurfacing alone.
Bounding higher‐order ionosphere errors for the dual‐frequency GPS user (2008)

Civil signals at L2 and L5 frequencies herald a new phase of Global Positioning System (GPS) performance. Dual‐frequency users typically assume a first‐order approximation of the ionosphere index of refraction, combining the GPS observables to eliminate most of the ranging delay, on the order of meters, introduced into the pseudoranges. This paper estimates the higher‐order group and phase errors that occur from assuming the ordinary first‐order dual‐frequency ionosphere model using data from the Federal Aviation Administration's Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) network on a solar maximum quiet day and an extremely stormy day postsolar maximum. We find that during active periods, when ionospheric storms may introduce slant range delays at L1 as high as 100 m, the higher‐order group errors in the L1–L2 or L1–L5 dual‐frequency combination can be tens of centimeters. The group and phase errors are no longer equal and opposite, so these errors accumulate in carrier smoothing of the dual‐frequency code observable. We show the errors in the carrier‐smoothed code are due to higher‐order group errors and, to a lesser extent, to higher‐order phase rate errors. For many applications, this residual error is sufficiently small as to be neglected. However, such errors can impact geodetic applications as well as the error budgets of GPS Augmentation Systems providing Category III precision approach.
Deep Brain Stimulation: Technology at the Cutting Edge (2010)

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery has been performed in over 75,000 people worldwide, and has been shown to be an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease, tremor, dystonia, epilepsy, depression, Tourette's syndrome, and obsessive compulsive disorder. We review current and emerging evidence for the role of DBS in the management of a range of neurological and psychiatric conditions, and discuss the technical and practical aspects of performing DBS surgery. In the future, evolution of DBS technology may depend on several key areas, including better scientific understanding of its underlying mechanism of action, advances in high-spatial resolution imaging and development of novel electrophysiological and neurotransmitter microsensor systems. Such developments could form the basis of an intelligent closed-loop DBS system with feedback-guided neuromodulation to optimize both electrode placement and therapeutic efficacy.
Molecular adjuvants and immunomodulators: new approaches to immunization. (1994)

Epitopes on microbial antigens responsible for protective immunity have begun to be identified and isolated, and their chemical structures have been determined. Ensuing knowledge of their weak immunizing capacity per se has led to an appreciation of the need for adjuvants to increase the immunogenicity of these low-molecular-weight synthetic structures. As such, a recent surge in adjuvant research has emerged. Accordingly, this review will highlight a number of those adjuvant substances whose activity in animals indicates a potential use in human vaccines. In addition, the potential of several well-defined substances, termed immunomodulators, which nonspecifically stimulate resistance of animals to multiple 50% lethal doses of microbial challenge is described. Among the most extensively characterized adjuvants of microbial origin discussed in detail are (i) the lipopolysaccharides isolated from gram-negative bacteria and their nontoxic analogs, (ii) the synthetic muramyl dipeptides and their multiple analogs, and (iii) the synthetic polyribonucleotide complexes, mimicking the interferon-inducing capacity of viruses. Discussed also are the heat-labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, the nonionic block copolymers, the saponins, a quinolamine derivative, and the hormone dihydroepiandrosterone.
Membrane protein-based biosensors (2018)

This review highlights recent development of biosensors that use the functions of membrane proteins. Membrane proteins are essential components of biological membranes and have a central role in detection of various environmental stimuli such as olfaction and gustation. A number of studies have attempted for development of biosensors using the sensing property of these membrane proteins. Their specificity to target molecules is particularly attractive as it is significantly superior to that of traditional human-made sensors. In this review, we classified the membrane protein-based biosensors into two platforms: the lipid bilayer-based platform and the cell-based platform. On lipid bilayer platforms, the membrane proteins are embedded in a lipid bilayer that bridges between the protein and a sensor device. On cell-based platforms, the membrane proteins are expressed in a cultured cell, which is then integrated in a sensor device. For both platforms we introduce the fundamental information and the recent progress in the development of the biosensors, and remark on the outlook for practical biosensing applications.
A TCP Congestion Control Model Based on Congestion Event Classification (2011)

To resolve the problems that many TCP versions can only implement one kind of congestion control algorithm and cannot satisfy the complex application environments, this paper proposes a TCP congestion control model based on congestion event classification. This model integrates various kinds of congestion control algorithms specified by IETF, and is implemented by a state machine. The analysis shows that this model has the advantages of high throughput capacity, fairness and extensibility.
Adeno-associated virus vector carrying human minidystrophin genes effectively ameliorates muscular dystrophy in mdx mouse model (2000)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common and lethal genetic muscle disorder, caused by recessive mutations in the dystrophin gene. One of every 3,500 males suffers from DMD, yet no treatment is currently available. Genetic therapeutic approaches, using primarily myoblast transplantation and adenovirus-mediated gene transfer, have met with limited success. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, although proven superior for muscle gene transfer, are too small (5 kb) to package the 14-kb dystrophin cDNA. Here we have created a series of minidystrophin genes (<4.2 kb) under the control of a muscle-specific promoter that readily package into AAV vectors. When injected into the muscle of mdx mice (a DMD model), two of the minigenes resulted in efficient and stable expression in a majority of the myofibers, restoring the missing dystrophin and dystrophin-associated protein complexes onto the plasma membrane. More importantly, this AAV treatment ameliorated dystrophic pathology in mdx muscle and led to normal myofiber morphology, histology, and cell membrane integrity. Thus, we have defined minimal functional dystrophin units and demonstrated the effectiveness of using AAV to deliver the minigenes in vivo, offering a promising avenue for DMD gene therapy.
Radiolabeled immunoglobulin therapy: old barriers and new opportunities (2001)

The development of cancer-selective therapies, in particular radiolabeled immunoglobulin therapy (RIT), has stalled. RIT limitations/opportunities are identified in translational research in nude mice, beagles and rhesus monkeys, and in patients with Hodgkin's disease, neurological paraneoplastic syndromes or small vessel vasculitis. Intravenous RIT is most successful in patients with hematological malignancies due to high tumor uptake and long tumor retention of radiolabeled immunoglobulins. Patients with solid tumors are only expected to benefit from RIT by the administration of radiolabeled immunoglobulins directly into the tumor. Tumor-reactive IgG is the best vehicle for i.v. RIT. Tumor-reactive IgM is the best vehicle for intratumoral RIT. The authors do not intend to review the whole clinical RIT experience, but instead analyze the current limitations to success and how they can be circumvented. When the scientific community can reach a consensus on the development and use of these promising and economical radiopharmaceuticals, increasing numbers of patients with recurrent cancer will start to benefit from RIT.
Altered regulation of message stability and tumor promoter-responsive cis-trans interactions of ribonucleotide reductase R1 and R2 messenger RNAs in hydroxyurea-resistant cells. (1995)

Mammalian ribonucleotide reductase is a highly regulated activity essential for DNA synthesis and repair. The activity and message levels of the enzyme are elevated in cells treated with the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, and this appears to be mediated through specific cis elements in the 3'-untranslated region of the R1 and R2 mRNAs that interact with R1 and R2 binding proteins called R1BP and R2BP, respectively. Hydroxyurea-resistant cells with increased R1 and R2 message levels were observed to have increased R1 and R2 message half-lives. This was accompanied by alterations in R1 and R2 3'-untranslated region cis-trans interactions, as judged by band shift and UV cross-linking assays, in which R1BP and R2BP binding was markedly reduced. This first description of mutant mammalian cells altered in message stability regulatory determinants indicates another mechanism for acquiring resistance to an antitumor agent. Furthermore, the present study strongly supports the concept that R1BP and R2BP are important general regulators of ribonucleotide reductase message stability and act as message destabilizing factors.
Gender, Race, and the Colonial Body: Carson McCullers's Filipino Boy, and David Henry Hwang's Chinese Woman (1992)

Almost twenty years after its first production, Michel Tremblay's two- person play about a drag queen and her motorcyclist lover, Hosanna, was staged again in Montreal, this time by a woman director, Lorraine Pintal. In the interval, the play had become a classic of Québec nationalism, with the sexual disguises read as failure of political self-affirmation. The new produc- tion was significantly different from the 1973 production, which many people in the audience remembered. Most striking of the changes was an alteration in the ending when the drag queen Claude, or Hosanna, no longer undresses to reveal her "true self." As Renate Usmiani rather sententiously described the ending in her account of the early version, "both characters realize that the time for hiding places and disguises is past and they must assume real life and real identities" (96). Even if it originates in Tremblay's own accounts of the play, the notion of "real identities," would seem hard to sustain in 1991, especially when it is accompanied, as it is in Hosanna, by a claim to masculinity; Hosanna's five-time repeated final words of the play, as she "becomes" Claude again, "Chus t'un homme ["I'm a man."—author's translation]" (75), words that echo and make explicit the end of the first act, when Hosanna declares to her lover Cuirette, "Moé aussi j'arais envie de t'enculer! ["Me too, I want to fuck you."—author's translation]" (48).
High serum thyroxine-binding globulin—an important cause of hyperthyroxinaemia (1984)

Four patients are described who had a significant elevation of serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). Review of these patients indicated that inappropriate therapy for thyrotoxicosis had been given in three cases. A study of our laboratory records revealed that significant TBG elevation was a relatively common phenomenon which occurred in approximately 0.45% of our hospital population. Patients with this abnormality have serum thyroxine levels which are comparable to those with clinical thyrotoxicosis. Tri-iodothyronine is frequently elevated though less so than in patients with clinical thyrotoxicosis. Measurement of TBG is indicated in all cases of hyperthyroxinaemia in which the clinical features of thyrotoxicosis are doubtful. The TRH test was found to be most useful in evaluating the thyroid status of these patients.
Gas chromatograms of synthetic liquid waxes prepared from seed triglycerides of limnanthes, crambe and lunaria (1972)

Abstract Compositions of synthetic liquid waxes derived from erucic‐containing seed oils vary considerably. These differences, when determined by gas chromatography, allow “fingerprint” identification of the source of oil.