gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Local Delivery of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Induces Rapid Changes in the Genital Mucosa and Inhibits Replication, but Not Entry, of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (2003)

Mucosal surfaces are the entry sites for the vast majority of infectious pathogens and provide the first line of defense against infection. In addition to the epithelial barrier, the innate immune system plays a key role in recognizing and rapidly responding to invading pathogens via innate receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLR). Bacterial CpG DNA, a potent activator of innate immunity, is recognized by TLR9. Here, we confirm that local mucosal, but not systemic, delivery of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) to the genital tract protects mice from a subsequent lethal vaginal herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) challenge. Since these effects were so local in action, we examined the genital mucosa. Local delivery of CpG ODN induced rapid proliferation and thickening of the genital epithelium and caused significant recruitment of inflammatory cells to the submucosa. Local CpG ODN treatment also resulted in inhibition of HSV-2 replication but had no effect on HSV-2 entry into the genital mucosa. CpG ODN-induced protection against HSV-2 was not associated with early increases in gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion in the genital tract, and CpG ODN-treated IFN-gamma(-/-) mice were protected from subsequent challenge with a lethal dose of HSV-2. Treatment of human HEK-293 cells transfected with murine TLR9 showed that the antiviral activity of CpG ODN was mediated through TLR9. These studies suggest that local induction of mucosal innate immunity can provide protection against sexually transmitted infections, such as HSV-2 or possibly human immunodeficiency virus, at the mucosal surfaces.
Cleavage of membrane‐bound CD40 ligand is not required for inducing B cell proliferation and differentiation (1996)

The physical interaction between the B cell surface molecule CD40 and its ligand, CD40L, is known to be crucial in the development and maintenance of humoral immunity. Recently it has been shown that the CD40L is processed and that its soluble cleavage products are released into the extracellular environment. To study the functions of soluble and membrane-bound human CD40L on human B cells, we generated an uncleavable CD40L cDNA deletion mutant. The activities of transfectants expressing either mutated or wild-type CD40L were then compared on human B cells. Both the soluble and the uncleavable membrane-bound CD40L were able to induce, in conjunction with interleukin-4, B cell proliferation and IgE synthesis. Therefore, membrane-bound and soluble CD40L exhibit the same pattern of activities on B cells and membrane CD40L cleavage is not a prerequisite for its function.
Video-assisted thoracic surgery: the current state of the art. (1995)

Surgical thoracoscopy (or pleuroscopy) has historically been underused in the diagnosis and therapy of diseases of the chest. The rapid developments in laparoscopy in recent years caused thoracic surgeons to reconsider the use of endoscopic techniques in surgery of the chest. Advances in video camera technology and the use of digital processing technology so expanded the potential of thoracoscopy that an entirely new set of procedures, called video-assisted thoracic surgery, has emerged. This article reviews situations in which video-assisted procedures have proven useful, the techniques by which these procedures are performed, and the rationale behind using the video-assisted in lieu of the open approach. Video-assisted surgery often allows one to accomplish the same goal as the comparable open procedure but with less morbidity and a shorter hospital stay. With continued development of instrumentation, increasingly complex procedures continue to be accomplished. It is important for radiologists to be aware of these new developments in minimally invasive surgery, as the techniques have major implications for the practice of chest medicine and surgery as a whole. The evolution of the management of the solitary pulmonary nodule is but one example of the way video-assisted thoracic surgery has called into question the traditional approach to diseases of the chest.
Lonidamine, a selective inhibitor of aerobic glycolysis of murine tumor cells. (1981)

The action of Lonidamine [1-(2,4-chlorobenzyl)-1H-indazol-3-carboxylic acid] on respiration and aerobic lactate production of several murine tumor cells and normal differentiated murine cells was investigated. Lonidamine reduced the oxygen consumption in both normal and neoplastic cells. In contrast, it increased the aerobic glycolysis of normal cells but inhibited that of tumor cells. This selective action might be ascribed to the inhibition of mitochondrially bound hexokinase, which is usually absent in normal differentiated cells.
Efficient Solar Cells from Layered Nanostructures of Donor and Acceptor Conjugated Polymers (2004)

Efficient photoinduced charge transfer and separation accompanied by large photovoltaic power conversion efficiencies were observed in layered nanostructures of acceptor poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline ladder) (BBL) and donor poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) or poly(2-methoxy-5(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH−PPV) at practical sunlight intensities. Nearly complete quenching of photoluminescence and large shortening of fluorescence decay lifetimes of donors PPV and MEH−PPV evidenced fast efficient photoinduced charge transfer and separation in PPV/BBL and MEH−PPV/BBL bilayers. ITO/PPV(60 nm)/BBL(60 nm)/Al photovoltaic cells had an external power conversion efficiency of 1.5% and 4.6% under AM1.5 white light illumination intensities of 80 and 1 mW/cm2, respectively, in ambient air. Under single-wavelength (460 nm) 0.5 mW/cm2 illumination, the same PPV/BBL diodes had a power conversion efficiency of 5.4% and incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency of 62%. ITO/MEH−PPV(60 nm)/BBL(60 nm)/Al cells had slightly reduced photovoltaic properties, for example 1.1% power conversion efficiency at 80 mW/cm2 AM1.5 white light illumination, due primarily to the red shift of MEH−PPV absorption band as revealed by the photoaction spectra of the diodes. Studies of donor(PPV)/acceptor polymer diodes with a series of 5 acceptor polymer semiconductors having electron affinities (LUMO levels) of 2.7−4.0 eV showed that high electron affinity was essential to efficient photoinduced charge transfer and large photovoltaic power conversion efficiencies. These results demonstrate that efficient photovoltaic cells can be realized in layered donor/acceptor conjugated polymer semiconductors having complementary electronic and optical properties.
Molecular Classifiers for Acute Kidney Transplant Rejection in Peripheral Blood by Whole Genome Gene Expression Profiling (2014)

There are no minimally invasive diagnostic metrics for acute kidney transplant rejection (AR), especially in the setting of the common confounding diagnosis, acute dysfunction with no rejection (ADNR). Thus, though kidney transplant biopsies remain the gold standard, they are invasive, have substantial risks, sampling error issues and significant costs and are not suitable for serial monitoring. Global gene expression profiles of 148 peripheral blood samples from transplant patients with excellent function and normal histology (TX; n = 46), AR (n = 63) and ADNR (n = 39), from two independent cohorts were analyzed with DNA microarrays. We applied a new normalization tool, frozen robust multi-array analysis, particularly suitable for clinical diagnostics, multiple prediction tools to discover, refine and validate robust molecular classifiers and we tested a novel one-by-one analysis strategy to model the real clinical application of this test. Multiple three-way classifier tools identified 200 highest value probesets with sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and area under the curve for the validation cohort ranging from 82% to 100%, 76% to 95%, 76% to 95%, 79% to 100%, 84% to 100% and 0.817 to 0.968, respectively. We conclude that peripheral blood gene expression profiling can be used as a minimally invasive tool to accurately reveal TX, AR and ADNR in the setting of acute kidney transplant dysfunction.
Failure of Helicobacter pylori eradication: is poor compliance the main cause? (2002)

Although poor compliance and bacterial resistance were important factors in determining treatment success in our population, they could only explain 40% of failures suggesting that other factors must be involved.
The Multidimensional Wisdom of Crowds (2010)

Distributing labeling tasks among hundreds or thousands of annotators is an increasingly important method for annotating large datasets. We present a method for estimating the underlying value (e.g. the class) of each image from (noisy) annotations provided by multiple annotators. Our method is based on a model of the image formation and annotation process. Each image has different characteristics that are represented in an abstract Euclidean space. Each annotator is modeled as a multidimensional entity with variables representing competence, expertise and bias. This allows the model to discover and represent groups of annotators that have different sets of skills and knowledge, as well as groups of images that differ qualitatively. We find that our model predicts ground truth labels on both synthetic and real data more accurately than state of the art methods. Experiments also show that our model, starting from a set of binary labels, may discover rich information, such as different “schools of thought” amongst the annotators, and can group together images belonging to separate categories.
Real-time optimization of rate of penetration during drilling operation (2013)

The increase of drilling safety and the reduction of drilling operation costs, especially the improvement of drilling efficiency, are two important considerations. In general the rate of penetration (ROP) optimization means that the drilling parameters such as weight on bit (WOB) and rotary speed (RPM) are adjusted to drill the present formation most effi-ciently. In this paper, the Bourgoyne and Young ROP model had been selected to study the effects of several parameters during drilling operation. We present an advanced method for the ROP calculation and its optimization. A moving-horizon multiple regression method is proposed, which reduces the estimation error of the existing ROP models by continuously calibrating the model coefficients based on real-time data. Furthermore, a model predictive control (MPC) strategy is applied to achieve the ROP optimization to satisfy drilling requirements. The performance of the methodology is demonstrated by using realworld data from a North Sea well.
Enhanced diversity antennas for UMTS handsets (2006)

In this paper, we present several UMTS multi-antenna systems having radiators with low mutual coupling and high total efficiency. Firstly, two antennas are simply positioned at the top of a small ground plane whose size is representative of the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) of a mobile phone. A solution is then proposed to decrease their mutual coupling and enhance their total efficiency. Then the same neutralization technique is applied to a four-antenna structure. These systems are fabricated and measured. The simulated and measured S-parameters and total efficiencies are presented. The envelope correlation values are also shown and discussed. It is demonstrated that this neutralization technique could be easily implemented at the terminal side of a wireless link to achieve enhanced diversity antennas.
Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells: Analysis of Gene Expression (2002)

Rhesus monkey embryonic stem (ES) cells undergo differentiation in vitro to generate hematopoietic progenitor cells. Our previous studies demonstrated a high degree of similarity in the expression of genes associated with hematopoietic differentiation, homing, and engraftment in CD34(+) and CD34(+)CD38(-) cells from rhesus monkey ES cells and from fresh or cultured bone marrow (BM). In the present study, we compared the expression patterns of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and CDK inhibitors (CDIs) in these cells. The expression of genes for cyclins, CDKs, and CDIs was similar among the hematopoietic progenitor cells of different origins, with only minor differences. Differentially expressed genes were also analyzed in CD34(+) lineage-negative cells derived from mouse ES cells and from BM. No difference or totally divergent results were obtained with the latter system, suggesting that this variation may be species specific. We observed, however, that CD34(+) and CD34(+)CD38(-) cells derived from ES cells expressed embryonic epsilon and zeta as well as alpha, beta, and gamma globin genes, whereas no expression of embryonic globins could be detected in the cell preparations from BM. Moreover, erythroblast-enriched CD34(-) cells derived from 4- or 5-week ES cell differentiation cultures also expressed embryonic, fetal, and adult globin genes, with greater beta gene expression, but otherwise were identical to those of the more primitive CD34(+) cells derived from 2-week ES cultures. These latter observations may reflect the presence of heterogeneous cell populations within the cell fractions that were compared, or they may represent variability among ES-cell-derived hematopoietic stem cells.
Stereochemistry of Benzylic Carbon Substitution Coupled with Ring Modification of 2‐Nitrobenzyl Groups as Key Determinants for Fast‐Cleaving Reversible Terminators (2012)

A complete set of 2-nitrobenzyl-modified reversible terminators have been developed, which upon exposure to UV light generate natural hydroxymethyl nucleotides (see scheme). The combination of a stereospecific (S)-tert-butyl group (R) at the benzylic carbon and a 5-OMe group (R′) on the 2-nitrobenzyl ring substantially increase the rate of photochemical cleavage. For 7-deaza-7-hydroxymethyl-2′-deoxyguanosine, these modifications led to a rate increase of more than one order of magnitude.
Negative Role of Surface Plasmons in the Transmission of Metallic Gratings with Very Narrow Slits (2002)

It is generally admitted that the extraordinary transmission of metallic grating with very narrow slits is mainly due to the excitation of surface plasmons on the upper and lower interfaces of the grating. We show that the surface plasmon contribution is not the prime effect and that waveguide mode resonance and diffraction are responsible for the extraordinary transmission. Additionally and surprisingly, we reveal that the transmittance of subwavelength metallic gratings is always nearly zero for frequencies corresponding to surface plasmon excitation. This finding implies that surface plasmons play a negative role in the transmission.
Host extensions for IP multicasting (1989)

This memo specifies the extensions required of a host implementation
of the Internet Protocol (IP) to support multicasting. Recommended
procedure for IP multicasting in the Internet. This RFC obsoletes RFCs
998 and 1054. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
Thuggacins, Macrolide Antibiotics Active Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Isolation from Myxobacteria, Structure Elucidation, Conformation Analysis and Biosynthesis. (2007)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
EXPERIMENTAL ATTEMPTS TO INCREASE THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE DOG'S HEART BY MEANS OF CORONARY SINUS OCCLUSION (1937)

Sudden occlusion of the left anterior descending branch approximately 2 cm. below the ostium of the left circumflex coronary artery in the dog's heart produces a mortality rate of approximately 50 per cent. In dogs weighing approximately 15 kilos surviving more than 24 hours (average 1 week), an infarction is produced which almost invariably measures 5 x 5 cm. on surface. Following coronary sinus obturation such secondary sudden occlusion of the left anterior descending branch is followed either by no infarction or by a reduction in the size of the infarct. The success of the procedure, quite apart from the mortality rate, depends upon the completeness of the coronary sinus obturation. On the other hand, sudden and complete coronary sinus obturation by itself is associated with a high operative mortality and apparently does not affect the mortality rate following subsequent sudden left anterior descending branch occlusion. Partial persistent obturation of the coronary sinus, however, is in itself associated with a low operative mortality. Furthermore, its experimental production in dogs appears to lower the mortality rate following subsequent sudden occlusion of the left anterior descending branch and to diminish the extent of the infarction. In the introduction to this report it was pointed out that there are three important desiderata to the problem of improving the coronary circulation in the human heart. The findings herein reported fulfill these requisites to an encouraging degree. It has been shown that following the outlined procedures, a functional increase in the blood supply to the heart can be produced in a significant proportion of experimental animals, this varying with the nature of the experimental procedure. The manipulation is simple, can be performed in the dog within approximately 20 minutes, and does not lead to appreciable pericardial adhesions. Increase in the nutrition of the myocardium is noted 1 week after the experimental procedure. Although no experiments employing sudden left anterior descending coronary branch occlusion were carried out sooner than 1 week, there is available anatomic evidence that within possibly 24 hours after coronary sinus occlusion a dilatation of the vascular bed occurs. In subsequent experiments attempts will be made to determine whether this early vascular dilatation is adequate to compensate for subsequent sudden left anterior descending branch occlusion. A discussion is given of the results following various coronary sinus occlusion procedures in which it is indicated that it is desirable to produce a partial or gradual occlusion in order to lower the mortality rate both of the initial procedure as well as of the subsequent sudden arterial occlusion. Experiments thus far reported on cardiopexy operations are lacking in evidence that they are associated with appreciable improvement in the vascular nutrition of the myocardium.
Initiation of insulin glargine in suboptimally controlled patients with type 2 diabetes: sub‐analysis of the AT.LANTUS trial comparing treatment outcomes in subjects from primary and secondary care in the UK (2006)

This study shows that despite differences in diabetes duration and baseline glycaemic control, an insulin glargine-based therapy can be safely and effectively initiated in a diverse range of suboptimally controlled subjects with T2DM in both primary and secondary care settings in the UK. Rates of hypoglycaemia were low and consistent with the results of the main study. Absolute reductions in HbA1c were greatest in the secondary care setting, but similar levels of glycaemic control were achieved in both groups due to differences in baseline HbA1c. In the patients managed in primary care, there was an overall reduction in prandial and basal insulin used when switching to a basal insulin regimen and a lack of titration of prandial insulin. Therefore, the role of prandial insulin, its initiation and titration, appears to be an area that requires more focus in primary care.
All-fibre wavelength filters using concatenated fused-taper couplers (1985)

Successive fused-taper couplers are proposed as all-fibre wavelength filters. A low-loss narrowband filter constructed from two overcoupled couplers is demonstrated.
Pathway for Heme Uptake from Human Methemoglobin by the Iron-regulated Surface Determinants System of Staphylococcus aureus (2008)

The iron-regulated surface proteins IsdA, IsdB, and IsdC and transporter IsdDEF of Staphylococcus aureus are involved in heme acquisition. To establish an experimental model of heme acquisition by this system, we have investigated hemin transfer between the various couples of human methemoglobin (metHb), IsdA, IsdB, IsdC, and IsdE by spectroscopic and kinetic analyses. The efficiencies of hemin transfer from hemin-containing donors (holo-protein) to different hemin-free acceptors (apo-protein) were examined, and the rates of the transfer reactions were compared with that of indirect loss of hemin from the relevant donor to H64Y/V68F apomyoglobin. The efficiencies, spectral changes, and kinetics of the transfer reactions demonstrate that: 1) metHb directly transfers hemin to apo-IsdB, but not to apo-IsdA, apo-IsdC, and apo-IsdE; 2) holo-IsdB directly transfers hemin to apo-IsdA and apo-IsdC, but not to apo-IsdE; 3) apo-IsdE directly acquires hemin from holo-IsdC, but not from holo-IsdB and holo-IsdA; and 4) IsdB and IsdC enhance hemin transfer from metHb to apo-IsdC and from holo-IsdB to apo-IsdE, respectively. Taken together with our recent finding that holo-IsdA directly transfers its hemin to apo-IsdC, these results provide direct experimental evidence for a model in which IsdB acquires hemin from metHb and transfers it directly or through IsdA to IsdC. Hemin is then relayed to IsdE, the lipoprotein component of the IsdDEF transporter.
Holding the Tension of Opposites. (1993)

Although this article is set in terms of mathematical education in South Africa, I assume that readers will find parallels in other countries. At the time of writing (November 1992) the South African education system still consists of nineteen different Education Departments set up on racial and regional bases. With ongoing negotiations around a new political dispensation, there is the welcome promise of a unified system being introduced in the near future. However, the dynamics described in this article are likely to continue for a considerable while. I also acknowledge that the complexities of South African society and its education systems are far too large to attempt to summarise briefly; the following brief comments on mathematical education in South Africa cannot do justice to the situation, where many different challenges to the status quo come from political as well as professional and community sources. The remaining paragraphs of this opening section are interspersed with some observations about Logic made by a Jungian analyst, Julian David, in a lecture given (in July 1992) at the University of Cape Town. The quotations can be read consecutively: they summarise the main theme of my article which focuses on a single initiative in which I am involved.
Simple method to transfer graphene from metallic catalytic substrates to flexible surfaces without chemical etching (2013)

Graphene shows promise for applications in flexible electronics. Here, we describe our procedure to transfer graphene grown on copper substrates by chemical vapor deposition to polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and SiO2/Si surfaces. The transfer of graphene was achieved by a simple, etching-free method onto flexible PDMS substrates.
Sphere-forming cell subpopulations with cancer stem cell properties in human hepatoma cell lines (2011)

Nonadherent tumor spheres from hepatoma cell lines cultured in stem cell conditioned medium possess liver CSC properties, and the CSL-independent Notch signaling pathway may play a role in liver CSCs.