gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mice cloned from embryonic stem cells (1999)

Cloning allows the asexual reproduction of selected individuals such that the offspring have an essentially identical nuclear genome. Cloning by nuclear transfer thus far has been reported only with freshly isolated cells and cells from primary cultures. We previously reported a method of cloning mice from adult somatic cells after nuclear transfer by microinjection. Here, we apply this method to clone mice from widely available, established embryonic stem (ES) cell lines at late passage. With the ES cell line R1, 29% of reconstructed oocytes developed in vitro to the morula/blastocyst stage, and 8% of these embryos developed to live-born pups when transferred to surrogate mothers. We thus cloned 26 mice from R1 cells. Nuclei from the ES cell line E14 also were shown to direct development to term. We present evidence that the nuclei of ES cells at G(1)- or G(2)/M-phases are efficiently able to support full development. Our findings demonstrate that late-passage ES cells can be used to produce viable cloned mice and provide a link between the technologies of ES cells and animal cloning. It thus may be possible to clone from a single cell a large number of individuals over an extended period.
Application of auctions as a pricing mechanism for the interchange of electric power (1995)

The expected move to a market-based electric power industry will significantly change electric utility operations. These changes will fundamentally alter the pricing of electric power. How this pricing will be accomplished is a key issue. Traditionally, embedded cost based methods have been used. Spot-pricing has received attention as a possible approach in a market-based electric power environment. Another market-based approach is the use of auctions. This paper presents the application of a sequential sealed-bid and sealed-offer auction to the pricing of electric power by using linear programming.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Dendritic Cells (2006)

Dendritic cells (DCs) have been called “nature’s adjuvant” because of their remarkable ability to elicit adaptive, antigen-specific immunity. Immature DCs are highly specialized to capture antigens, but are poor at priming or activating T-cells. Following antigen capture or in a proinflammatory environment, DCs undergo a process of maturation in which antigen-carrying capacity is greatly reduced as T-cell priming and activating capacity are increased. DCs are tightly regulated by expression of chemokine receptors whose expression varies according to the maturation state, microenvironmental milieu, and type of DC. Three principal subsets of human DCs are recognized: Langerhans’ DCs, myeloid DCs, and plasmacytoid DCs. Much is now known regarding the lineage origins and specialized functions of these subsets, although much remains to be learned, and controversies abound.
Dichloromethane dehalogenase of Hyphomicrobium sp. strain DM2 (1985)

Dichloromethane dehalogenase, a highly inducible glutathione-dependent enzyme catalyzing the conversion of dichloromethane into formaldehyde and inorganic chloride, was purified fivefold with 60% yield from Hyphomicrobium sp. strain DM2. The electrophoretically homogeneous purified enzyme exhibited a specific activity of 17.3 mkat/kg of protein. Its pH optimum was 8.5. The enzyme was stable at -20 degrees C for at least 6 months. A subunit molecular weight of 33,000 was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gel filtration of native dichloromethane dehalogenase yielded a molecular weight of 195,000. Subunit cross-linking with dimethyl suberimidate confirmed the hexameric tertiary structure of the enzyme. Dichloromethane dehalogenase was highly specific for dihalomethanes. Its apparent Km values were 30 microM for CH2Cl2, 15 microM for CH2BrCl, 13 microM for CH2Br2, 5 microM for CH2I2, and 320 microM for glutathione. Several chlorinated aliphatic compounds inhibited the dichloromethane dehalogenase activity of the pure enzyme. The Ki values of the competitive inhibitors 1,2-dichloroethane and 1-chloropropane were 3 and 56 microM, respectively.
piwi encodes a nucleoplasmic factor whose activity modulates the number and division rate of germline stem cells (2000)

piwi represents the first class of genes known to be required for stem cell self-renewal in diverse organisms. In the Drosophila ovary, piwi is required in somatic signaling cells to maintain germline stem cells. Here we show that piwi encodes a novel nucleoplasmic protein present in both somatic and germline cells, with the highly conserved C-terminal region essential for its function. Removing PIWI protein from single germline stem cells significantly decreases the rate of their division. This suggests that PIWI has a second role as a cell-autonomous promoter of germline stem cell division. Consistent with its dual function, over-expression of piwi in somatic cells causes an increase both in the number of germline stem cells and the rate of their division. Thus, PIWI is a key regulator of stem cell division - its somatic expression modulates the number of germline stem cells and the rate of their division, while its germline expression also contributes to promoting stem cell division in a cell-autonomous manner.
The TRAP-Like SplA Protein Is a trans -Acting Negative Regulator of Spore Photoproduct Lyase Synthesis during Bacillus subtilis Sporulation (2000)

UV resistance of bacterial endospores derives from a unique DNA photochemistry in which the major UV photoproduct is the thymine dimer 5-thyminyl-5,6-dihydrothymine (spore photoproduct [SP]) instead of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Repair of SP during spore germination is due in large part to the activity of the enzyme SP lyase encoded by splB, the second cistron of the splAB operon. Expression of the splAB operon in Bacillus subtilis is transcriptionally activated by the Esigma(G) form of RNA polymerase during morphological stage III in the developing forespore compartment, and SP lyase is packaged into the dormant spore. In addition to temporal and compartmental control of splAB expression, a second regulatory circuit which modulates the level of expression of splB-lacZ fusions without altering their developmental timing or compartmentalization is reported here. This second regulatory circuit involves the negative action of the splA gene product, a 79-amino-acid protein with approximately 50% similarity and 17% identity to TRAP, the tryptophan RNA-binding attenuation protein from B. subtilis and Bacillus pumilus.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression by Human Alveolar Macrophages in Relation to Emphysema (2008)

An abnormal increase in proteolytic enzymes is thought to play a key role in pulmonary emphysema. Alveolar macrophage proteolytic enzymes include cathepsin L, cathepsin S, matrix metalloproteinase 1, 9, and 12, and a number of studies have implicated these proteinases in the alveolar destruction that characterizes emphysema. The aim of this study was to investigate cathepsin L, cathepsin S, matrix metalloproteinase 1, 9, and 12 mRNA expression in alveolar macrophages isolated from patients with varying degrees of emphysema and to correlate their level of expression with measures of emphysema. Alveolar macrophages were isolated from fifty-four patients who underwent surgical resection for lung carcinoma. The level of mRNA expression was determined using real-time PCR. Emphysema was quantified using high-resolution CT scans. Alveolar macrophages were also cultured for 24 h and 48 h; the effect of proinflammatory mediators and promoter polymorphisms on expression was analyzed. There was a significant correlation between matrix metalloproteinase 1 mRNA expression and emphysema. A higher level of matrix metalloproteinase 1 mRNA was associated with more severe emphysema. Matrix metalloproteinase 12 mRNA expression was increased in current smokers as compared with former smokers. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between matrix metalloproteinase 12 gene expression and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. The matrix metalloproteinase 9 C-1562T polymorphism significantly influenced matrix metalloproteinase 9 mRNA expression in alveolar macrophages. These results suggest that alveolar macrophage matrix metalloproteinase 1 and 12 may have a role in the lung structural changes leading to the development of emphysema. Furthermore, these data provide evidence to support the concept that multiple proteinases, causing both elastin and collagen degradation, are important in the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema.
Two Novel, Putatively Cell Wall-Associated and Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored α-Glucanotransferase Enzymes ofAspergillus niger (2007)

In the genome sequence of Aspergillus niger CBS 513.88, three genes were identified with high similarity to fungal alpha-amylases. The protein sequences derived from these genes were different in two ways from all described fungal alpha-amylases: they were predicted to be glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored, and some highly conserved amino acids of enzymes in the alpha-amylase family were absent. We expressed two of these enzymes in a suitable A. niger strain and characterized the purified proteins. Both enzymes showed transglycosylation activity on donor substrates with alpha-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds and at least five anhydroglucose units. The enzymes, designated AgtA and AgtB, produced new alpha-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds and therefore belong to the group of the 4-alpha-glucanotransferases (EC 2.4.1.25). Their reaction products reached a degree of polymerization of at least 30. Maltose and larger maltooligosaccharides were the most efficient acceptor substrates, although AgtA also used small nigerooligosaccharides containing alpha-(1,3)-glycosidic bonds as acceptor substrate. An agtA knockout of A. niger showed an increased susceptibility towards the cell wall-disrupting compound calcofluor white, indicating a cell wall integrity defect in this strain. Homologues of AgtA and AgtB are present in other fungal species with alpha-glucans in their cell walls, but not in yeast species lacking cell wall alpha-glucan. Possible roles for these enzymes in the synthesis and/or maintenance of the fungal cell wall are discussed.
Heterogeneity in therapeutic response of genetically altered myeloma cell lines to interleukin 6, dexamethasone, doxorubicin, and melphalan (2000)

Because there is no known genetic abnormality common to all patients with myeloma, it is important to understand how genetic heterogeneity may lead to differences in signal transduction, cell cycle, and response to therapy. Model cell lines have been used to study the effect that mutations in p53 and ras can have on growth properties and responses of myeloma cells. The U266 cell line has a single mutant p53 allele. Stable expression of wild-type (wt) p53 in U266 cells results in a significant suppression of interleukin (IL)-6 gene expression and in the concomitant suppression of cell growth that could be restored by the addition of exogenous IL-6. Expression of wt p53 also leads to cell cycle arrest and protection from doxorubicin (Dox)- and melphalan (Mel)-induced apoptosis. The addition of IL-6 resulted in cell cycle progression and blocked p53-mediated protection from apoptosis. ANBL6 is an IL-6-dependent cell line that is sensitive to dexamethasone (Dex), Dox, and Mel. IL-6 is able to protect ANBL6 cells from Dex- and Mel- but not Dox-induced apoptosis. To study the effect of an activating mutation in ras, the ANBL6 cell line transfected with either a constitutively activated N- or K-ras gene was used. Both N-ras12 and K-ras12 genes were able to protect ANBL6 cells from apoptosis induced by Dex, Dox, and Mel. These data show that changes in ras or p53 can alter the myeloma cell response to IL-6 and demonstrate that the genetic background can alter therapeutic responses.
Si pillar structured thermal neutron detectors: fabrication challenges and performance expectations (2011)

Solid-state thermal neutron detectors are desired to replace <sup>3</sup>He tube tube-based technology for the detection of special nuclear materials. <sup>3</sup>He tubes have some issues with stability, sensitivity to microphonics and very recently, a shortage of <sup>3</sup>He. There are numerous solid-state approaches being investigated that utilize various architectures and material combinations. Our approach is based on the combination of high-aspect-ratio silicon PIN pillars, which are 2 &#956;m wide with a 2 &#956;m separation, arranged in a square matrix, and surrounded by <sup>10</sup>B, the neutron converter material. To date, our highest efficiency is ~ 20 % for a pillar height of 26 &#956;m. An efficiency of greater than 50 % is predicted for our device, while maintaining high gamma rejection and low power operation once adequate device scaling is carried out. Estimated required pillar height to meet this goal is ~ 50 &#956;m. The fabrication challenges related to <sup>10</sup>B deposition and etching as well as planarization of the three-dimensional structure is discussed.
Trends in genetic and genome analyses in wheat: a review (2001)

The size and structure of the wheat genome makes it one of the most complex crop species for genetic analysis. The development of molecular techniques for genetic analysis, in particular the use of molecular markers to monitor DNA sequence variation between varieties, landraces, and wild relatives of wheat and related grass species, has led to a dramatic expansion in our understanding of wheat genetics and the structure and behaviour of the wheat genome. This review provides an overview of these developments, examines some of the special issues that have arisen in applying molecular techniques to genetic studies in wheat, and looks at the applications of these technologies to wheat breeding and to improving our understanding of the genetic basis of traits such as disease resistance and processing quality. The review also attempts to foreshadow some of the key molecular issues and developments that may occur in wheat genetics and breeding over the next few years.
Mechanisms of Corneal Tissue Cross-linking in Response to Treatment with Topical Riboflavin and Long-Wavelength Ultraviolet Radiation (UVA) (2010)

RFUVA catalyzes cross-linking reactions that require production of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)), whose half-life is extended by D(2)O. Carbonyl-based cross-linking reactions dominate in the corneal stroma, but other possible reaction schemes are proposed. The use of D(2)O as solution media for RF would enable concentration decreases or significant strength enhancement in treated corneas.
Size-Specific Ligands for RNA Hairpin Loops (2005)

The targeting of one mRNA in the transcriptome requires small molecules that bind with substantial affinity and specificity. As such, compounds with specificity for individual RNA secondary structural motifs could be useful for targeting RNA. Described herein is the synthesis of a combinatorial library of 105 dimers of deoxystreptamine and the subsequent identification of compounds with specificity for specific RNA hairpin loop sizes, including tetraloops and octaloops. Such compounds will be useful for the perturbation of RNA function in vivo.
Activation of human eosinophils by IL-13. Induction of CD69 surface antigen, its relationship to messenger RNA expression, and promotion of cellular viability (1996)

To study the effect of IL-13 on CD69 expression and cell viability in human eosinophils, purified human peripheral blood eosinophils from healthy donors were incubated with increasing concentrations of IL-13. The expression of CD69 was analyzed by flow cytometry (FACS). Surface expression of CD69, which was absent on untreated eosinophils, was induced by IL-13 at concentrations ranging from 1 ng/ml to 1 microgram/ml in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, neutrophils expressed CD69 neither spontaneously nor following incubation with IL-13. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR for CD69 mRNA showed constitutive CD69 mRNA expression in purified human eosinophils. Incubation of eosinophils with IL-13 further increased CD69-specific mRNA. Analysis of intracellularly stored CD69 in eosinophils permeabilized with saponin revealed intracellular binding of anti-CD69 Abs in all isolated eosinophils. After stimulation with 100 ng/ml IL-13 for 24 h, the concentration of intracellular CD69 decreased by 41 +/- 9%. Furthermore, IL-13 at a concentration of 100 ng/ml enhanced eosinophil viability, as assessed by propidium iodide staining after 4 days in culture from 8.6 +/- 5.5% in control medium to 50.7 +/- 6.8% following stimulation with IL-13 treatment. The effect of Il-13 on eosinophil viability as well as that on CD69 expression were both neutralized by anti-IL-13 Abs. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that IL-13 specifically activates human eosinophils, as determined by the expression of CD69 cell surface protein and mRNA expression. Furthermore, IL-13 significantly prolongs eosinophil survival in vitro. The data suggest that IL-13 may play a role in the activation of eosinophils.
Fête, Sport et Culture (1995)

Bertrand DURING Doyen de la Faculté des Sciences du Sport - Université de Picardie. Jules Verne Un hommage Martine Gauquelin, qui devait traiter ce matin de la fête sportive comme "enrichissement culturel et social", s'est tuée sur la route alors qu'elle se rendait à une séance de travail du Centre Lillois de Recherche en Analyse du Sport, créé par Bernard Jeu à l'Université de Lille III. Ayant moi-même assuré quelque temps la direction scientifique de ce centre après la disparition de Bernar...
Effect of terrain irregularities and clutter distribution on wave propagation at 3.5 GHz in suburban area (2010)

Empirical and semi-deterministic propagation prediction models are popular to provide implicative sense of propagation prediction simply due to the ease of implementation and the ability to give reasonable coverage estimation. State-of-the-art propagation models succeed with higher accuracy by including the propagation effects due to terrain irregularities as well as clutter distribution. A realistic environment may consist of a mixture of different terrain types as well as clutter groups. Therefore, each transmission path could be unique if all signature characteristics were captured. In order to study the wave propagation over each transmission path, the terrain profile along with the clutter information of each path must be evaluated. This paper investigates the wave propagation at 3.5 GHz over irregular terrain with clutter information at a suburban area based on the terrain profile derived from a self-tailored 3D digital elevation model (DEM) of Hetzwege in Germany. The simulation results will be verified with measurements determined from a mobile WiMAX system (IEEE 802.16e) deployed in the region.
Polyacetylenverbindungen, LXXXIX. Über ein neues Thiophen‐furan‐Derivat (1966)

Abstract Aus den Wurzeln einer Santolina ‐Art wurde ein Acetat isoliert und dessen Struktur ( 3 ) aufgeklärt; die biogenetischen Beziehungen werden diskutiert.
Human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Due to a Defect in ZAP-70, a T Cell Tyrosine Kinase (1994)

A homozygous mutation in the kinase domain of ZAP-70, a T cell receptor-associated protein tyrosine kinase, produced a distinctive form of human severe combined immunodeficiency. Manifestations of this disorder included profound immunodeficiency, absence of peripheral CD8+ T cells, and abundant peripheral CD4+ T cells that were refractory to T cell receptor-mediated activation. These findings demonstrate that ZAP-70 is essential for human T cell function and suggest that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells depend on different intracellular signaling pathways to support their development or survival.
Formation of Water-Dispersible Gold Nanoparticles Using a Technique Based on Surface-Bound Interdigitated Bilayers (2003)

We demonstrate the phase transfer of dodecylamine (DDA)-capped colloidal gold particles dispersed in an organic solvent into water containing the cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Vigorous shaking of the biphasic mixture results in the rapid phase transfer of DDA-capped gold nanoparticles from the organic to aqueous phase, the aqueous phase acquiring a pink, foamlike appearance. Drying of the colored aqueous phase results in the formation of a highly stable reddish powder of gold nanoparticles that may be readily redispersed in water. The water-dispersible gold nanoparticles have been investigated by UV−vis spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). These studies indicate the presence of interdigitated bilayers consisting of a DDA primary monolayer directly coordinated to the gold particle surface and a secondary monolayer of CTAB, this secondary monolayer providing sufficient hydrophilicity to facilitate gold nanoparticle phase transfer and render them water-dispersible. The CTAB-DDA stabilized particles may be dispersed in water at very high nanoparticle concentrations with stability even in the presence of high amounts of electrolyte and over a wide range of solution pH.
Optical study of silicon-containing amorphous hydrogenated carbon (1998)

Silicon-containing amorphous hydrogenated carbon films deposited by a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process were studied using both Raman and ellipsometry spectroscopies. Analyses of the experimental data from both these techniques yielded valuable information about the microstructure of the films. The silicon incorporation in amorphous hydrogenated carbon breaks down large size sp2 carbon clusters and enhances sp3 bonding. The reduction of large sp2 graphitic defects, the enhancement of sp3 bonding, and the associated microstructure changes are responsible for the desired properties of silicon-containing amorphous hydrogenated carbon.
Civil engineering research at Rand Afrikaans University (1996)

Within the Department of Civil Engineering at the Rand Afrikaans University (RAU) in Johannesburg, there are currently four active research groups. Each of these groups is led by a director who controls the activity of the group and is also responsible for budgeting, marketing and staffing. All undergraduate and postgraduate students in the department complete their research within these groups.
Tricyclic heterocyclic systems: Pyrazolo[5′,4′:4,5]‐and pyrazolo‐[3′,4′:4,5]pyrano[2,3‐b]pyridine derivatives (1988)

Abstract By reacting 2‐chloronicotinoyl chloride with acetyl or benzoyl acetate, ethyl 2‐methyl‐ or 2‐phenyl‐4‐oxopyrano[2,3‐ b ]pyridine‐3‐carboxylates were prepared. The nucleophilic rearrangement of the latter with hydrazines gave rise to the title compounds.
C- and O-Band Operation of RSOA WDM PON Self-Seeded Transmitters up to 10  Gb/s [Invited] (2014)

We propose a network-embedded colorless self-tuning transmitter for wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) networks based on self-seeding in reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOAs). We compare up to a 10-Gb/s data rate in either O-band or C-band operation. In particular, the transmitter exploits a two-Faraday rotator configuration to ensure polarization-insensitive operation and allowing for the exploitation of high-gain C- and O-band RSOAs, which present a very high polarization-dependent gain. Two different multiplexers and various lengths of drop fibers constituted the network-embedded transmitters in order to evaluate various dispersion load influence on cavity buildup. Moreover, transmission over standard single-mode feeder fiber has been evaluated both at 2.5 and 10&#xA0;Gb/s to compare the performance in both bands, confirming the absence of chromatic dispersion penalties for the O-band operation.