gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Induction of CD8+ T Cell Responses to Dominant and Subdominant Epitopes and Protective Immunity to Sendai Virus Infection by DNA Vaccination (1998)

While recent studies have demonstrated that DNA vaccination induces potent CD8+ T cell memory in vivo, it is unclear whether this memory is qualitatively and quantitatively comparable with that induced by natural viral infection. In the current studies, we have investigated the induction of CD8+ memory CTL responses to Sendai virus nucleoprotein (NP) in C57BL/6 mice following gene gun vaccination. The data demonstrate that this mode of vaccination induces potent long-lived memory CTL precursors (CTLp) specific for both the dominant (NP324-332/Kb) and the subdominant (NP324-332/Db) epitopes of NP. The frequencies of T cells specific for each of these epitopes in the spleen is about 1:2000 CD8+ T cells, similar to those induced by intranasal infection with Sendai virus. Moreover, the induction of memory CTLp by DNA vaccination is independent of MHC class II molecules or Ab, as is the case for memory CTLp induction by live Sendai virus infection. CTLp specific for both epitopes are capable of migrating to the lung following Sendai virus infection and express potent cytotoxic activity at the site of infection. Consistent with this activity, DNA vaccination with Sendai virus NP induced a substantial degree of Ab-independent protection from a challenge with a lethal dose of Sendai virus. Taken together, these data demonstrate that for the parameters tested, DNA vaccination is indistinguishable from live virus infection in terms of priming functional memory CTLp with broad specificity for both dominant and subdominant T cell epitopes.
Efficacy and maintenance strategies of two-compound formulation calcipotriol and betamethasone dipropionate gel (Xamiol® gel) in the treatment of scalp psoriasis: results from a study in 885 patients (2013)

The maintenance of twice-weekly application versus on-demand treatment of calcipotriol/betamethasone dipropionate gel is more effective and is associated with a lower rate of relapse.
Mice Lacking IL-12 Develop Polarized Th1 Cells During Viral Infection (1998)

Studies in IL-12-deficient mice established the necessity for IL-12 to generate a Th1 cytokine response that is often required for elimination of intracellular pathogens. In this study, we demonstrate that mice with a targeted disruption of the IL-12p40 and/or p35 gene effectively control liver damage induced by mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) infection, similar to wild-type animals. In contrast, MHV-infected IFN-gamma receptor-deficient (IFN-gammaR[-/-]) mice showed an increased susceptibility to coronaviral hepatitis. Surprisingly, MHV-infected mice lacking IL-12 produced a polarized Th1-type cytokine response, as evidenced by high IFN-gamma and nondetectable IL-4 production by CD4+ splenocytes and normal virus-specific serum IgG2a/IgG1 ratios. The virus-induced type 1 cytokine secretion pattern was not reversed in IL-12-deficient mice by in vivo neutralization of IFN-gamma nor in IFN-gammaR(-/-) mice receiving IL-12-neutralizing Abs. In IL-12-deficient mice, Th1-type responses were also generated upon immunization with inactivated MHV. In contrast, following immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin, mice lacking IL-12 mounted strongly reduced specific IgG2a and increased IgE responses, indicative of a type 2-dominated cytokine pattern. These findings demonstrate that following a virus infection, IL-12 is not essential for the generation of polarized T cell type 1 cytokine expression and associated immune responses, which is in marked contrast to nonviral systems. Our data suggest that viruses may selectively induce IFN-gamma production and Th1-type immune reactions even in the absence of IL-12.
Mechanistic Insights into the Gold(I)-Catalyzed Activation of Glycosyl ortho-Alkynylbenzoates for Glycosidation (2013)

Anomerization, which involves cleavage and formation of the anomeric C-O bond, is of fundamental importance in the carbohydrate chemistry. Herein, the unexpected gold(I)-catalyzed anomerization of glycosyl ortho-alkynylbenzoates has been studied in detail. Especially, crossover experiments in the presence of an exogenous isochromen-4-yl gold(I) complex confirm that the anomerization proceeds via the exocleavage mechanism, involving (surprisingly) the addition of the isochromen-4-yl gold(I) complex onto a sugar oxocarbenium (or dioxolenium) and an elimination of LAu(+) from the vinyl gold(I) complex. The inhibitory effect of the exogenous isochromen-4-yl gold(I) complex when in stoichiometric amount on the anomerization has guided us to disclose an isochromen-4-yl gem-gold(I) complex, which is inactive in catalysis but in equilibrium with the monogold(I) complex and the LAu(+) catalyst. The proposed key intermediate in the anomerization, a transient glycosyloxypyrylium species, is successfully trapped via a cycloaddition reaction with n-butyl vinyl ether as a dienophile. SN2-like substitution of the initially formed glycosyloxypyrylium intermediate has then been achieved to a large extent via charging with acceptors in an excess amount to lead to the corresponding glycosides in a stereoselective manner.
Induction of upper airway occlusion in sleeping individuals with subatmospheric nasal pressure (1988)

In collapsible biologic conduits, occlusion and cessation of flow occur when upstream pressure falls below a critical pressure (Pcrit). To examine the relationship between Pcrit and the development of upper airway occlusion, we examined the relationship between maximal inspiratory airflow and nasal pressure in seven normal subjects during sleep. At varying levels of subatmospheric pressure applied to a nasal mask during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep, maximal inspiratory airflow decreased in proportion to the level of nasal pressure. When nasal pressure fell below a Pcrit, subjects demonstrated upper airway occlusions terminated by arousals. In these normal subjects, the upper airway Pcrit was found to be -13.3 +/- 3.2 (SD) cmH2O. In four subjects who sustained sleep while nasal pressure remained below the Pcrit, recurrent occlusive apneas were demonstrated. The relationship between maximal inspiratory airflow and nasal pressure in each subject was fit by linear regression and demonstrated upper airway Pcrit at the zero-flow intercept that were not significantly different from those observed experimentally. These data demonstrate that the normal human upper airway during sleep is characterized by a negative Pcrit and that occlusion may be induced when nasal pressure is decreased below this Pcrit.
Secondary Electron Emission from Niobium at Cryogenic Temperatures (2005)

• A Secondary Electron Emission test stand has been designed to study the initial conditions of secondary electrons emitted from niobium in cryogenic state.\n• Secondary electron particle distributions have been studied for 0o, 15o, and 30o beveled surfaces\n• BCP and EP samples have been compared showing that the EP count is over twice as large as the BCP count\n• Electron beam surface conditioning was examined. Conditioning appears to be sensitive to pulse duration and the number of impacts\n• Good comparison have been shown between experiment and simulation
The Roles of Integrins and Extracellular Matrix Proteins in the Insulin-like Growth Factor I-stimulated Chemotaxis of Human Breast Cancer Cells (1996)

The effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on the migration of two human breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-231, were examined using a modified Boyden chamber. 10 ng/ml was the optimal IGF-I concentration for stimulation of migration. The majority of IGF-I-stimulated migration in both cell types was due to chemotaxis. MCF-7 cells failed to migrate on membranes coated with gelatin or fibronectin and migrated only in small numbers on laminin. In contrast, when vitronectin- or type IV collagen-coated membranes were used, the MCF-7 cells migrated in large numbers specifically in response to IGF-I but not to 10% fetal calf serum, epidermal growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, or platelet derived growth factor-BB. An IGF-I receptor-blocking antibody inhibited IGF-I-stimulated migration in both cell types. In addition, a blocking antibody to the alpha v beta 5 integrin (a vitronectin receptor) inhibited migration of MCF-7 cells in response to IGF-I through vitronectin but not through type IV collagen. Similarly, blocking antibodies specific for alpha 2 and beta 1 integrins significantly inhibited migration of both cell types through type IV collagen-coated membranes but not through vitronectin-coated membranes. We conclude that: 1) IGF-I stimulates migration of these two cell types through the IGF-I receptor; 2) interaction of vitronectin with the alpha v beta 5 integrin or collagen with the alpha 2 beta 1 integrin is necessary for the complete IGF-I response in MCF-7 cells, and 3) because migration represents an in vitro model for metastatic spread, integrins, extracellular matrix proteins, and IGF-I may play coordinated roles in the metastasis of breast cancer in vivo.
Replantation of 400 avulsed permanent incisors. 1. Diagnosis of healing complications (1995)

A material of 322 patients with 400 avulsed and replanted permanent teeth were followed prospectively in the period from 1965 to 1988 (mean observation period = 5.1 yrs). The age of the patients at the time of replantation ranged from 5 to 52 yrs (mean = 13.7 yrs and median = 11.0 yrs). Standardized patient records were used through the entire period in order to obtain valid data concerning the extent of injury and treatment provided. At the follow-up period, pulpal and periodontal healing were monitored by clinical examination, mobility testing and standardized radiographic controls. Thirty-two of the replanted teeth (8%) showed pulpal healing. When related to teeth with incomplete root formation, where pulpal revascularization was anticipated (n = 94) the frequency of pulpal healing was 34%. Periodontal ligament healing (i.e. with no evidence of external root resorption) was found in 96 teeth (24%). Gingival healing was found in 371 teeth (93%). During the observation period, 119 teeth (30%) were extracted. Tooth loss was slightly more frequent in teeth with incomplete root formation at the time of replantation than in teeth with completed root formation.
The use of artificial neural networks in biomedical technologies: an introduction. (1994)

Artificial neural networks (NN) are systems than can learn. In the most common situation, an operator trains the system on a set of input and output data belonging to a particular category. If new data of the same category, but not in the training set, are presented to the system, the NN can use the learned data to predict outcomes without any specific programming relating to the category of events involved. The fields of application of NN have increased dramatically in the past few years. Originally, the NN technique was mainly in the hands of computer programming specialists and the applications concentrated on tasks such as decision systems and signal processing. However, this picture has changed due to the emergence of user-friendly NN software for personal computers. A large variety of possible NN applications now exist for non-computer specialists. Thus, with only a very modest knowledge of the theory behind neural networks, it is possible to attack complicated problems in a researcher's own area of specialty with the NN technique. This is especially true in the field of medical technology, the topic of this review. The review is divided into three sections: 1) an elementary introduction to useful NN methods; 2) a review of the most important applications of the NN technique to this point in time; 3) a summary of available computer details that would be needed for a beginner in this field.
Alexander Disease-Associated Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Mutations in Mice Induce Rosenthal Fiber Formation and a White Matter Stress Response (2006)

Mutations in the gene for the astrocyte specific intermediate filament, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), cause the rare leukodystrophy Alexander disease (AxD). To study the pathology of this primary astrocyte defect, we have generated knock-in mice with missense mutations homologous to those found in humans. In this report, we show that mice with GFAP-R76H and -R236H mutations develop Rosenthal fibers, the hallmark protein aggregates observed in astrocytes in AxD, in the hippocampus, corpus callosum, olfactory bulbs, subpial, and periventricular regions. Astrocytes in these areas appear reactive and total GFAP expression is elevated. Although general white matter architecture and myelination appear normal, when crossed with an antioxidant response element reporter line, the mutant mice show a distinct pattern of reporter-gene induction that is especially prominent in the corpus callosum, and histochemical staining reveals accumulation of iron in the same region. The mutant mice have a normal lifespan and show no overt behavioral defects, but are more susceptible to kainate-induced seizures. Although these mice demonstrate increased GFAP expression by themselves, further elevation of GFAP via crosses to GFAP transgenic animals leads to a shift in GFAP solubility, an increased stress response, and ultimately death. The mice do not display the full spectrum of pathology observed in human infantile AxD, but may more closely resemble the adult form of the disease. These studies provide formal proof linking GFAP mutations with Rosenthal fibers and oxidative stress, and correlate gliosis and GFAP protein levels to the severity of the disease.
Animal test systems to study behavioral dysfunctions of neurodegenerative disorders. (1991)

The Eighth International Neurotoxicology Conference, Role of Toxicants in Neurological Disorders (1990), evaluated the evidence that chemical exposures may play a role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders. This article describes the major neurodegenerative disorders (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Huntington disease, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer disease) addressed at the conference, followed by a description of test systems or models developed to study behavioral aspects of these disorders in animals. However, due to the complexity of the disorders and the species in which they are found, fully-developed models in animals of neurodegenerative disorders are lacking. This suggests the need for a clear strategy for selecting behavioral tests in animals to study aspects of any neurodegenerative disorders. Such a strategy is here exemplified for Alzheimer disease (AD) as a prototypical neurodegenerative disorder. Since an animal model cannot provide the full range of effects of human neurodegenerative diseases, particularly AD which produces incompletely characterized cognitive deficits, a rodent model must at this time be drawn from multiple sources, including: (1) Tests currently used to identify in rodents deficits associated with AD; (2) tests to identify Alzheimer-related signs in patients; and, (3) tests that relate to theoretical constructs of human and animal cognition. A battery that draws from those sources could include tests of: (a) Spatial learning and memory (Morris Water Maze and Radial Arm Maze), (b) delayed recall match-to-sample; (c) serial response learning; and, (d) visual discrimination (e.g., vertical vs. horizontal stimuli). This battery will identify behavioral changes characteristic of early-, middle- and late-stage AD, afford the potential to relate the findings to theoretical constructs of cognition, and evaluate learning capabilities not previously studied in rodent models of neurodegenerative disorders.
Genetic and Environmental Effects Upon Reproductive Performance of Holstein Crossbreds in the Sudan (1986)

Data from a herd near Khartoum for 1955 to 1977 were evaluated. Climate was semidesert with most rainfall (151 of 165 mm) in July through September. Mean maximum daily temperatures ranged from 30.7 (January) to 41.1 degrees C (May); mean minima were 14.6 degrees C (January) and 26.9 degrees C (June). Original base population (1907) was Butana with additions of Butana, Dairy Shorthorn, Ayrshire, Guernsey, and Holstein. Breed groups and % Holstein were 1, 0 to 25%; 2, 26 to 49%; 3, 50%; 4, 51 to 71%. Numbers and mean performance were gestation length, 2474, 279 d; services per conception, 2403, 2.07; calving interval, 4004, 441 d; days open, 3204, 165 d. Calving intervals (1689) were shorter for Group 3 -25 to -31 d as were postpartum days open (-27 to -31 d), and number of services per conception was lower (.21 to .37). These animals were Holstein by Butana crossbreds, so their superior performance could reflect effects of heterosis. Gestation lengths were affected by month of parturition (January greater than June, 5.6 d), which also affected services per conception (March greater than August, .75 services). Over time, not gestation length but services per conception, calving interval, and days open increased. Repeatabilities and heritabilities for these measures were .14 and .07; .07 and 0; .10 and 0; .07 and 0. Phenotypic correlation between days open and calving interval was .99 and with gestation length was -.12. Other phenotypic correlations ranged from -.01 to -.04. Heritability of age at first parturition (888) was .31. Estimates were similar to those from temperate dairy areas.
Susceptibility of lodgepole pine to infestation by mountain pine beetles following partial cutting of stands (1988)

Thinning stands of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Douglas var. latifolia Engelmann) is thought to increase vigor and thereby reduce susceptibility to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins). Partial cut stands of lodgepole in the Kootenai and Lolo National forests, Montana, U.S.A., provided opportunity (i) to determine growth response of 76- to 102-year-old lodgepole pines following thinning and (ii) to test the hypothesis that vigor of residual trees infested and uninfested by beetles does not differ. Lodgepole pine stands receiving different partial cutting prescriptions were sampled. Characteristics measured for trees within the sample were diameter at breast height, grams of stem wood per square metre of foliage, periodic growth ratio, and leaf area. Trees in most treatments showed decreased growth the 1st year following thinning. The 1st year was followed by increased growth during the next 4 years. Of the tree characteristics measured, only dbh was significantly different on both forests between live trees and trees killed by the mountain pine beetle; the latter were larger (P &lt; 0.001). The low amount of mountain pine beetle infestation in all stands in the presence of poor growth response and vigor of residual trees suggests that factors other than tree vigor will regulate mountain pine beetle infestations in recently thinned lodgepole pine stands. We hypothesize change in stand microclimate is the principal factor.
Prodrugs of Nitroxyl as Potential Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibitors vis-a-vis Vascular Smooth Muscle Relaxants (1995)

The synthesis and the chemical/biological properties of N-hydroxysaccharin (1) (2-hydroxy-1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide), a nitroxyl prodrug, are described. When treated with 0.1 M aqueous NaOH, 1 liberated nitroxyl (HN=O), a known inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH), in a time-dependent manner. Nitroxyl was measured gas chromatographically as its dimerization/dehydration product N2O. Under these conditions, Piloty's acid (benzenesulfohydroxamic acid) also gave rise to HNO. However, whereas Piloty's acid liberated finite quantities of nitroxyl when incubated in physiological phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, formation of nitroxyl from 1 was minimal. This was reflected in the differential inhibition of yeast AlDH (IC50 = 48 and > 1000 microM) and the differential relaxation of preconstricted rabbit aortic rings in vitro (EC50 = 1.03 and 14.0 microM) by Piloty's acid and 1, respectively. The O-acetyl derivative of 1, viz., N-acetoxysaccharin (13a), was much less active in both assays. It is concluded that N-hydroxysaccharin (1) is relatively stable at physiological pH and liberates nitroxyl appreciably only at elevated pH's. As a consequence, neither 1 nor its O-methyl (8a) and O-benzyl (8b) derivatives were effective AlDH inhibitors in vivo when administered to rats at 1.0 mmol/kg.
Highly Efficient Platinum Group Metal Free Based Membrane‐Electrode Assembly for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis (2013)

Low-temperature electricity-driven water splitting is an established technology for hydrogen production. However, the two main types, namely proton exchange membrane (PEM) and liquid alkaline electrolysis, have limitations. For instance, PEM electrolysis requires a high amount of costly platinum-group-metal (PGM) catalysts, and liquid alkaline electrolysis is not well suited for intermittent operation. Herein we report a highly efficient alkaline polymer electrolysis design, which uses a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) based on low-cost transition-metal catalysts and an anion exchange membrane (AEM). This system exhibited similar performance to the one achievable with PGM catalysts. Moreover, it is very suitable for intermittent power operation, durable, and able to efficiently operate at differential pressure up to 3 MPa. This system combines the benefits of PEM and liquid alkaline technologies allowing the scalable production of low-cost hydrogen from renewable sources.
Vascular endothelial growth factor affects dendritic cell maturation through the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B activation in hemopoietic progenitor cells. (1998)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), produced by almost all tumor cells, affects the ability of hemopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) to differentiate into functional dendritic cells (DC) during the early stages of their maturation. In this study we demonstrate specific binding of VEGF to HPC. This binding was efficiently competed by placenta growth factor (PIGF), a ligand reportedly specific for the Flt-1 receptor. The number of binding sites for VEGF decreased during DC maturation in vitro associated with decreased levels of mRNA for Flt-1. VEGF significantly inhibited nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B)-dependent activation of reporter gene transcription during the first 24 h in culture. The presence of VEGF significantly decreased the specific DNA binding of NF-kappa B as early as 30 min after induction with TNF-alpha. This was followed on days 7 to 10 by decreases in the mRNA for RelB and c-Rel, two subunits of NF-kappa B. Blockade of NF-kappa B activity in HPC at early stages of differentiation with an adenovirus expressing a dominant I kappa B inhibitor of NF-kappa B reproduced the pattern of effects observed with VEGF. Thus, NF-kappa B plays an important role in maturation of HPCs to DC, and VEGF activation of the Flt-1 receptor is able to block the activation of NF-kappa B in this system. Blockade of NF-kappa B activation in HPCs by tumor-derived factors may therefore be a mechanism by which tumor cells can directly down-modulate the ability of the immune system to generate effective antitumor immune responses.
Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Increases Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Reduces Infarct Size After Experimental Ischemia in a Rat Model (1995)

The present study suggested that intracarotid administration of bFGF (100 ng) can reduce infarct size after MCA occlusion. It was speculated that the increased CBF in the penumbral areas of MCA may contribute to contraction of infarct size.