gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
One Hundred Years of Research in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Hypertension (2005)

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined hemodynamically as a systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) greater than 30 mm Hg, or elevation of mean PAP in excess of 25 mm Hg.Behind this rather simple physiologic definition lie a large number of cellular and molecular alterations of the pulmonary arteries that ultimately account for the disease.The immense progress in the past 100 years of basic and clinical research of PH illustrates how biomedical science ultimately results in life-saving therapies, dramatically influencing patient morbidity and mortality (Figure 1).Since the autopsy observation of the first case of "pulmonary vascular sclerosis" by Romberg in 1891, our understanding of PH has evolved in parallel with the scientific achievements of the last century-each "small step" from the viewpoint of hindsight represents a significant achievement when framed in its historical context.Notwithstanding our tendency to consider only the most recent scientific advancements, we owe our current knowledge to those investigators dedicated to PH research over the past 100 years.PH is a syndrome that probably includes several diseases, all of which share increased pulmonary artery pressures.As such, any single clinical characterization or disease model used falls short of comprehensively addressing this complex syndrome, which varies with regards to its severity, the site of increased vascular resistance, and its association to underlying clinical conditions as outlined in a recently updated classification of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH [1]).Although this review emphasizes some of the most important human and animal experimental findings related to PH in general, a significant focus of the past 100 years of research has been the study of the rare, idiopathic form of PAH (IPAH, previously known as primary pulmonary hypertension or PPH).In this review, we will describe the early understanding of PH as a "novel disease" in the beginning of the century, based on the initial recognition of the clinical presentation in cohorts of patients with pulmonary hypertension, and the pathologic characterization of diseased pulmonary arteries.We will then emphasize the impact of the development of hemodynamic assessment of the pulmonary circulation, and highlight the modern age of cellular, molecular, and genetic milestones in the understanding of PH.
An Efficient and Easy Route to Trimethyl Derivatives of 2,2':6',2"-Terpyridine (2000)

By using the Stille coupling reaction, trimethyl derivatives of 2,2':6',2"-terpyridine have been prepared in good yields.
The cobalamin (coenzyme B12) biosynthetic genes of Escherichia coli (1995)

The enteric bacterium Escherichia coli synthesizes cobalamin (coenzyme B12) only when provided with the complex intermediate cobinamide. Three cobalamin biosynthetic genes have been cloned from Escherichia coli K-12, and their nucleotide sequences have been determined. The three genes form an operon (cob) under the control of several promoters and are induced by cobinamide, a precursor of cobalamin. The cob operon of E. coli comprises the cobU gene, encoding the bifunctional cobinamide kinase-guanylyltransferase; the cobS gene, encoding cobalamin synthetase; and the cobT gene, encoding dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase. The physiological roles of these sequences were verified by the isolation of Tn10 insertion mutations in the cobS and cobT genes. All genes were named after their Salmonella typhimurium homologs and are located at the corresponding positions on the E. coli genetic map. Although the nucleotide sequences of the Salmonella cob genes and the E. coli cob genes are homologous, they are too divergent to have been derived from an operon present in their most recent common ancestor. On the basis of comparisons of G+C content, codon usage bias, dinucleotide frequencies, and patterns of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions, we conclude that the cob operon was introduced into the Salmonella genome from an exogenous source. The cob operon of E. coli may be related to cobalamin synthetic genes now found among non-Salmonella enteric bacteria.
Similar brain tau pathology in DM2/PROMM and DM1/Steinert disease (2005)

Neurofibrillary degeneration (NFD) occurs in the brains of patients with myotonic dystrophy (DM) type 1. The authors report a similar tau pathology in the CNS of a patient with DM2 and compare it to that of patients with DM1. A reduced expression of tau exon 2 and exon 3 epitopes is observed in both DM1 and DM2. This suggests a similar physiopathologic process that may contribute to common neurologic features in patients with DM.
Training deep neural networks with low precision multiplications (2014)

Multipliers are the most space and power-hungry arithmetic operators of the digital implementation of deep neural networks. We train a set of state-of-the-art neural networks (Maxout networks) on three benchmark datasets: MNIST, CIFAR-10 and SVHN. They are trained with three distinct formats: floating point, fixed point and dynamic fixed point. For each of those datasets and for each of those formats, we assess the impact of the precision of the multiplications on the final error after training. We find that very low precision is sufficient not just for running trained networks but also for training them. For example, it is possible to train Maxout networks with 10 bits multiplications.
Multizone Paper Platform for 3D Cell Cultures (2011)

In vitro 3D culture is an important model for tissues in vivo. Cells in different locations of 3D tissues are physiologically different, because they are exposed to different concentrations of oxygen, nutrients, and signaling molecules, and to other environmental factors (temperature, mechanical stress, etc). The majority of high-throughput assays based on 3D cultures, however, can only detect the average behavior of cells in the whole 3D construct. Isolation of cells from specific regions of 3D cultures is possible, but relies on low-throughput techniques such as tissue sectioning and micromanipulation. Based on a procedure reported previously ("cells-in-gels-in-paper" or CiGiP), this paper describes a simple method for culture of arrays of thin planar sections of tissues, either alone or stacked to create more complex 3D tissue structures. This procedure starts with sheets of paper patterned with hydrophobic regions that form 96 hydrophilic zones. Serial spotting of cells suspended in extracellular matrix (ECM) gel onto the patterned paper creates an array of 200 micron-thick slabs of ECM gel (supported mechanically by cellulose fibers) containing cells. Stacking the sheets with zones aligned on top of one another assembles 96 3D multilayer constructs. De-stacking the layers of the 3D culture, by peeling apart the sheets of paper, "sections" all 96 cultures at once. It is, thus, simple to isolate 200-micron-thick cell-containing slabs from each 3D culture in the 96-zone array. Because the 3D cultures are assembled from multiple layers, the number of cells plated initially in each layer determines the spatial distribution of cells in the stacked 3D cultures. This capability made it possible to compare the growth of 3D tumor models of different spatial composition, and to examine the migration of cells in these structures.
AZD8055 Is a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable ATP-Competitive Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Kinase Inhibitor with In vitro and In vivo Antitumor Activity (2009)

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase forms two multiprotein complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which regulate cell growth, cell survival, and autophagy. Allosteric inhibitors of mTORC1, such as rapamycin, have been extensively used to study tumor cell growth, proliferation, and autophagy but have shown only limited clinical utility. Here, we describe AZD8055, a novel ATP-competitive inhibitor of mTOR kinase activity, with an IC50 of 0.8 nmol/L. AZD8055 showed excellent selectivity (approximately 1,000-fold) against all class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) isoforms and other members of the PI3K-like kinase family. Furthermore, there was no significant activity against a panel of 260 kinases at concentrations up to 10 micromol/L. AZD8055 inhibits the phosphorylation of mTORC1 substrates p70S6K and 4E-BP1 as well as phosphorylation of the mTORC2 substrate AKT and downstream proteins. The rapamycin-resistant T37/46 phosphorylation sites on 4E-BP1 were fully inhibited by AZD8055, resulting in significant inhibition of cap-dependent translation. In vitro, AZD8055 potently inhibits proliferation and induces autophagy in H838 and A549 cells. In vivo, AZD8055 induces a dose-dependent pharmacodynamic effect on phosphorylated S6 and phosphorylated AKT at plasma concentrations leading to tumor growth inhibition. Notably, AZD8055 results in significant growth inhibition and/or regression in xenografts, representing a broad range of human tumor types. AZD8055 is currently in phase I clinical trials.
Viral respiratory infections in hospitalized and community control children in Alaska (2010)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in Alaska Native children from the Yukon Kuskokwim (YK) Delta is associated with a hospitalization rate five times higher than that reported for the general US child population. The role of other viral respiratory pathogens has not been studied in this population. YK Delta children <3 years of age hospitalized with respiratory infections and same aged community control children were prospectively enrolled between October 2005 and September 2007. Polymerase chain reaction detection of viruses was performed on nasopharyngeal samples. Characteristics of hospitalized and asymptomatic control children were analyzed. From October 2005 to September 2007, 440 hospitalized and 425 control children were analyzed. Respiratory viruses were detected in 90% (395) of hospitalized children: 194 (44%) rhinovirus, 131 (30%) adenovirus, 102 (23%) RSV, 77 (18%) para influenza viruses (PIV), 66 (15%) human metapneumovirus (hMPV), 23 (5%) influenza, and 25 (6%) coronavirus. Fifty-two percent (221) of control children had a virus detected, most commonly rhinovirus (33%), and adenovirus (16%). RSV, PIV, hMPV, and influenza were significantly more common in hospitalized cases than control children, but rhinovirus, adenovirus, and coronavirus were not. RSV and hMPV were associated with higher severity of illness. In this study, RSV remains the most important virus associated with respiratory hospitalization, although hMPV and PIV were also common. RSV and hMPV were associated with more severe illness. Rhinovirus and adenovirus were detected in two-thirds of hospitalized children, but their frequent detection in control children made their role in respiratory hospitalization uncertain.
Sandostatin in the management of nonendocrine gastrointestinal and pancreatic disorders: a preliminary study. (1991)

Between October 1987 and July 1990 a prospective, nonrandomized, preliminary study was carried out to assess the efficacy of Sandostatin in treating complex pancreatic and gastrointestinal disorders. The study group consisted of 18 women and 12 men, ranging in age from 23 to 80 years (mean 50 years), in whom conventional medical or surgical therapy, or both, had failed. Nineteen patients had pancreatic disease (5 had chronic pancreatitis, 8 acute necrotizing pancreatitis and 6 pancreatic fistula). Thirteen patients had disorders of the small intestine (7 had enterocutaneous fistula and 6 diarrhea-associated short-gut syndrome). Sandostatin was found to be effective in the closure of pancreatic (five of six cases) and enterocutaneous fistulas (five of seven cases), of benefit in controlling the pain associated with chronic pancreatitis (three of five cases) and of some use in achieving short-term control of intractable diarrhea in patients with short-gut syndrome (five of six cases). It was of particular benefit in the management of acute necrotizing pancreatitis. The standard principles of surgical management must be adhered to when using Sandostatin to treat patients with these disorders. Sandostatin can not correct underlying problems such as pancreatic-duct obstruction, malignant disease or unresolved sepsis. These preliminary results justify more widespread use of Sandostatin as part of a prospective randomized and controlled multicentre trial.
Tuning of loop cache architectures to programs in embedded system design (2002)

Adding a small loop cache to a microprocessor has been shown to reduce average instruction fetch energy for various sets of embedded system applications. With the advent of core-based design, embedded system designers can now tune a loop cache architecture to best match a specific application. We developed an automated simulation environment to find the best loop cache architecture for a given application and technology. Using this environment, we show significant variation in the best architecture for different examples. The results support the need for future fast synthesis of tuned loop cache architectures.
Altered Nrf2/Keap1-Bach1 equilibrium in pulmonary emphysema (2008)

This finding opens a new view of the pathophysiology of emphysema and could provide the basis for new therapeutic approaches based on preservation and/or restoration of such equilibrium.
Spectral line-by-line pulse shaping (2005)

We experimentally demonstrate spectral line-by-line pulse shaping. The shaped pulses overlap in time, which leads to observable fluctuations due to comb-offset frequency variations. Preliminary results of arbitrary waveform generation based on this technique are also presented.
PF-04494700, an Oral Inhibitor of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE), in Alzheimer Disease (2010)

Ten weeks of treatment with PF-04494700 was safe and well tolerated in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease, indicating the feasibility of a larger long-term efficacy trial.
北大孙东东能让百姓成“精神病”吗？ (2009)

最近北大一学者孙东东被骂得狗血淋头，因为作为国家卫生部专家委员、北京大学司法鉴定室主任的孙东东，日前在接受《中国新闻周刊》采访时说了“对那些老上访专业户，我负责任地说，不说100％，至少99％以上精神有问题，都是偏执型精神障碍。”一番话以后，立刻成为众矢之的，让网民纷纷讨伐他说的不是人话。之前在听完这一番话以后，
Identification of a soluble salicylic acid-binding protein that may function in signal transduction in the plant disease-resistance response. (1991)

It has recently been demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) may serve as an endogenous signal molecule in the induction of systemic acquired resistance in tobacco and cucumber. In addition, SA is an endogenous regulator of heat and odor production in the inflorescence of some thermogenic plants. No information, however, is currently available concerning the mode(s) of action of SA in plant signal transduction. In a search for possible cellular factors that directly interact with SA, we have detected and partially characterized a SA-binding protein in tobacco leaves. The SA-binding activity is both SDS and proteinase sensitive and behaves as a soluble protein with an apparent mass of 650 kDa. The protein has an apparent Kd of 14 microM for SA, which is consistent with the range of physiological concentrations of SA observed for the induction of plant resistance responses. Furthermore, the ability of SA analogues to compete with SA for binding to this soluble protein is strictly correlated with their biological activity to induce the expression of genes associated with disease resistance. Biologically active analogues effectively inhibit SA binding while biologically inactive analogues do not. These results collectively indicate that this SA-binding protein may play a role in perceiving and transducing the SA signal to appropriate response elements, which ultimately activate one or more of the plant disease-resistance responses.
Spin-Torque Ferromagnetic Resonance Induced by the Spin Hall Effect (2011)

We demonstrate that the spin Hall effect in a thin film with strong spin-orbit scattering can excite magnetic precession in an adjacent ferromagnetic film. The flow of alternating current through a Pt/NiFe bilayer generates an oscillating transverse spin current in the Pt, and the resultant transfer of spin angular momentum to the NiFe induces ferromagnetic resonance dynamics. The Oersted field from the current also generates a ferromagnetic resonance signal but with a different symmetry. The ratio of these two signals allows a quantitative determination of the spin current and the spin Hall angle.
Retargeting to EGFR Enhances Adenovirus Infection Efficiency of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (1999)

Epidermal growth factor receptor retargeting enhanced adenovirus infection of SCCHN cells and, in doing so, augments the potency of the vector. This modification makes the vector potentially more valuable in the clinical setting.
A novel approach to quantitative analysis of intravascular optical coherence tomography imaging (2008)

Quantitative analysis on intracoronary optical coherence tomography (OCT) image data (e.g. QOCT) is currently performed by a time-consuming manual contour tracing process in many individual OCT images acquired during a pullback procedure (frame-based method). In order to get a more efficient quantitative analysis process and to investigate the possibilities to use this contour information for development of an image based retrospective OCT-gating method, as a first step a novel approach has been developed that exploits a full automated contour tracing method for coronary lumens in OCT images without the need for intensive observer related actions. This study presents this new method, which was tested on in-vivo acquired human coronary OCT image data of 10 randomly selected patients.
Effects of language background on measures of ability of children in their first year of school (2009)

This report outlines the usefulness and appropriateness of three commonly used tests of ability for Preparatory level (Prep) children in Victoria, Australia, from non-English speaking backgrounds. Traditional school readiness and ability tests are dependent on knowledge of the English language, and thus may not be valid tools for assessing students with limited English proficiency. Tests that measure both verbal and nonverbal abilities were administered to 32 children, 14 from English speaking and 18 from non-English speaking backgrounds. Differences between the two groups of children are reported with a focus on interpretation in the context of effect of English language proficiency on performance. The results indicate that student performance on a variety of tests is constrained by English language knowledge, rather than by actual cognitive ability.
<title>Driver behavior recognition and prediction in a SmartCar</title> (2000)

This paper presents our SmartCar testbed platform: a real-time data acquisition and playback system and a machine learning -dynamical graphical models- framework for modeling and recognizing driver maneuvers at a tactical level, with particular focus on how contextual information affects the driver's performance. The SmartCar's perceptual input is multi-modal: four video signals capture the surrounding traffic, the driver's head position and the driver's viewpoint; and a real-time data acquisition system records the car's brake, gear, steering wheel angle, speed and acceleration throttle signals. We have carried out driving experiments with the instrumented car over a period of 2 months. Over 70 drivers have driven the SmartCar for 1.25 hours in the greater Boston area. Dynamical Graphical models, HMMs and potentially extensions (CHMMs), have been trained using the experimental driving data to create models of seven different driver maneuvers: passing, changing lanes right and left, turning right and left, starting and stopping. These models are essential to build more realistic automated cars in car simulators, to improve the human-machine interface in driver assistance systems, to prevent potential dangerous situations and to create more realistic automated cars in car simulators.
Progranulin null mutations in both sporadic and familial frontotemporal dementia (2007)

Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most frequent type of neurodegenerative dementias. Mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN, PGRN) were recently identified in FTDU-17, an FTD subtype characterized by ubiquitin-immunoreactive inclusions and linkage to chromosome 17q21. We looked for PGRN mutations in a large series of 210 FTD patients (52 familial, 158 sporadic) to accurately evaluate the frequency of PGRN mutations in both sporadic and familial FTD, and FTD with associated motoneuron disease (FTD-MND), as well as to study the clinical phenotype of patients with a PGRN mutation. We identified nine novel PGRN null mutations in 10 index patients. The relative frequency of PGRN null mutations in FTD was 4.8% (10/210) and 12.8% (5/39) in pure familial forms. Interestingly, 5/158 (3.2%) apparently sporadic FTD patients carried a PGRN mutation, suggesting the possibility of de novo mutations or incomplete penetrance. In contrast, none of the 43 patients with FTD-MND had PGRN mutations, supporting that FTDU-17 and FTD-MND are genetically distinct. The clinical phenotype of PGRN mutation carriers was particular because of the wide range in onset age and the frequent occurrence of early apraxia (50%), visual hallucinations (30%), and parkinsonism (30%) during the course of the disease. This study supports that PGRN null mutations represent a more frequent cause of FTD than MAPT mutations (4.8% vs. 2.9%) but are not responsible for FTD-MND. It also demonstrates that half of the patients with a PGRN mutation in our series had no apparent family history of dementia. Taking this into account, genetic testing should be now considered more systematically, even in patients without obvious familial history of FTD. Hum Mutat 28(9), 846–855, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Nanoscale radiative heat transfer between a small particle and a plane surface (2001)

We study the radiative heat transfer between a small dielectric particle, considered as a point-like dipole, and a surface. In the framework of electrodynamics and using the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, we can evaluate the energy exchange in the near field, which is dominated by the contribution of tunneling waves. The transfer is enhanced by several orders of magnitude if the surface or the particle can support resonant surface waves. An application to local heating is discussed.
Mutations in TMEM231 cause Joubert syndrome in French Canadians (2012)

Our data suggest that mutations in TMEM231 cause JBTS, reinforcing the relationship between this condition and the disruption of the barrier at the ciliary transition zone.
Genetically Transformed Maize Plants from Protoplasts (1988)

Genetically transformed maize plants were obtained from protoplasts treated with recombinant DNA. Protoplasts that were digested from embryogenic cell suspension cultures of maize inbred A188 were combined with plasmid DNA containing a gene coding for neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT II) next to the 35S promoter region of cauliflower mosaic virus. A high voltage electrical pulse was applied to the protoplasts, which were then grown on filters placed over feeder layers of maize suspension cells (Black Mexican Sweet) and selected for growth in the presence of kanamycin. Selected cell lines showed NPT II activity. Plants were regenerated from transformed cell lines and grown to maturity. Southern analysis of DNA extracted from callus and plants indicated the presence of the NPT II gene.