gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Complete regression of well-established tumors using a novel water-soluble poly(L-glutamic acid)-paclitaxel conjugate. (1998)

Despite an intensive search, few water-soluble paclitaxel derivatives have been shown to have a therapeutic index superior to paclitaxel itself. We now report a water-soluble poly(L-glutamic acid)-paclitaxel conjugate (PG-TXL) that produces striking antitumor effects with diminished toxicity. A single i.v. injection of PG-TXL at its maximum tolerated dose (defined as that dose that produces a maximum 12-15% body weight loss within 2 weeks after a single i.v. injection) equivalent to 60 mg of paclitaxel/kg and at even a lower dose equivalent to 40 mg of paclitaxel/kg resulted in the disappearance of an established implanted 13762F mammary adenocarcinoma (mean size, 2000 mm3) in rats. (An equivalent dose of PG-TXL is the amount of conjugate that contains the stated amount of paclitaxel.) Similarly, mice bearing syngeneic OCA-1 ovarian carcinoma (mean size, 500 mm3) were tumor-free within 2 weeks after a single i.v. injection of the conjugate at a dose equivalent to 160 mg of paclitaxel/kg. The conjugate has little if any intrinsic tubulin polymerization activity in vitro and is >20 times less potent in supporting the growth of a paclitaxel-dependent CHO mutant cell line. PG-TXL has a prolonged half-life in plasma and greater uptake in tumor as compared with paclitaxel. Furthermore, only a small amount of total radioactivity from PG-[3H]TXL was recovered as free [3H]paclitaxel in either the plasma or the tumor tissue within 144 h after drug injection. Histological studies of tumor tissues obtained from mice treated with PG-TXL show fewer apoptotic cells but more extensive tumor necrosis as compared with paclitaxel treatment. These data suggest that in addition to its role as a carrier for selective delivery of paclitaxel to the tumor, PG-TXL exerts distinct pharmacological actions of its own that may contribute to its remarkable antitumor efficacy.
Selective formation of HCOO–in the electrochemical CO2reduction catalysed by [Ru(bpy)2(CO)2]2+(bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) (1987)

The selectivity for the formation of HCOO– in electrochemical CO2 reduction catalysed by [Ru(bpy)2(CO)2]2+(bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) increases on increasing the pKa value of the proton source, and highly selective formation of HCOO– is achieved by using Me2NH·HCl or PhOH as a proton source in MeCN.
Structure of human type II 5 alpha-reductase gene (1992)

The best known activity of steroid 5 alpha-reductase is the transformation of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone, the most potent androgen. Two types of human steroid 5 alpha-reductase cDNAs and the type I gene have previously been isolated and characterized. This report describes the isolation and characterization of the human type II 5 alpha-reductase gene, the gene most likely responsible for male pseudohermaphroditism due to 5 alpha-reductase deficiency as well as the one presumed to be involved in a major androgen-related diseases such as prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. The type II 5 alpha-reductase gene contains five exons of 352, 164, 102, 151 and 1695 bp, respectively, which share 43.8% to 64.1% homology with exons of the corresponding type I gene. These exons are separated by four introns of greater than 29, and approximately 2.3, 2.0 and 3.0 kb. Analysis of primer extension products by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as well as by subcloning and sequencing reveals a start site located 71 nucleotides upstream the ATG initiating codon.
Electrospun Nanofibrous Materials for Neural Tissue Engineering (2011)

The use of biomaterials processed by the electrospinning technique has gained considerable interest for neural tissue engineering applications. The tissue engineering strategy is to facilitate the regrowth of nerves by combining an appropriate cell type with the electrospun scaffold. Electrospinning can generate fibrous meshes having fiber diameter dimensions at the nanoscale and these fibers can be nonwoven or oriented to facilitate neurite extension via contact guidance. This article reviews studies evaluating the effect of the scaffold’s architectural features such as fiber diameter and orientation on neural cell function and neurite extension. Electrospun meshes made of natural polymers, proteins and compositions having electrical activity in order to enhance neural cell function are also discussed.
Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Androgen Effects on Muscle and Bone in Men Requiring Long-Term Systemic Glucocorticoid Treatment (2003)

Long-term glucocorticoid therapy in men is associated with loss of bone and muscle mass as well as a decrease in serum testosterone. We tested the effect of two androgens, testosterone and its minimally aromatizable analog nandrolone, on muscle mass (dual x-ray absorptiometry), muscle strength (knee flexion and extension by isokinetic dynamometry), bone mineral density (BMD), and quality of life (Qualeffo-41 questionnaire) in 51 men on a mean daily prednisone dose of 12.6 +/- 2.2 mg. Men were randomized, double blind, to testosterone (200 mg mixed esters), nandrolone decanoate (200 mg), or placebo given every fortnight by im injection for 12 months. At 12 months, both androgens increased muscle mass (mean change from baseline +3.5%, +5.8%, and -0.9% in testosterone, nandrolone, and placebo groups, respectively, P < 0.0001) and muscle strength (P < 0.05). Lumbar spine BMD increased significantly only in men treated with testosterone (4.7 +/- 1.1%, P < 0.01). There was no significant change in hip or total body BMD. Testosterone, but not nandrolone or placebo, improved overall quality of life (P < 0.001). These results suggest that androgen therapy may have a role in ameliorating adverse effects of glucocorticoid therapy such as muscle and bone loss and aromatization is necessary for androgen action on bone but not on muscle.
BlueStar, a privacy centric location aware system (2004)

This paper provides the research background and system approach for project BlueStar. Our aim is to develop a system using a flexible in/outdoor location management scheme that allows for only the end-user to be aware of their location, while still enabling them to access location-relevant information from a centralised source. In such a system the user can choose the level of granularity with which they provide or publish their location details in contrast to systems in which a fixed network is used to track the user. BlueStar addresses the need for a scalable user-centric end-to-end solution in which end-user privacy is protected. As we show in this paper many existing indoor tracking systems rely on special purpose receivers (badges) and transmitters in conjunction with a costly site radio survey, neither of which is necessary in the BlueStar model. Finally, this paper describes one possible location-aware peer-to-peer application, using location sniffing, namely an "ad-hocracy".
Tapping mode atomic force microscopy in liquid (1994)

We show that standard silicon nitride cantilevers can be used for tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) in air, provided that the energy of the oscillating cantilever is sufficiently high to overcome the adhesion of the water layer. The same cantilevers are successfully used for tapping mode AFM in liquid. Acoustic modes in the liquid excite the cantilever. On soft samples, e.g., biological material, this tapping mode AFM is much more gentle than the regular contact mode AFM. Not only is the destructive influence of the lateral forces minimized, but more important, the intrinsic viscoelastic properties of the sample itself are effectively used to ‘‘harden’’ the soft sample.
Manganese Transport, Trafficking and Function in Invertebrates (2014)

Manganese is an essential trace metal. Microorganisms including bacteria, yeasts, and small multicellular animals, such as nematodes, are constantly challenged with changing environmental conditions that may limit manganese availability or expose the organisms to excess or toxic concentrations of this metal. Transport systems for the uptake, efflux, and intracellular distribution of manganese have been identified in several invertebrate microorganisms and those from bacterial systems, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans are discussed herein. These transporters allow organisms to survive under a variety of environmental conditions by mediating stringent control of intracellular manganese content. Regulation of manganese transporters, both at transcriptional and post-translational levels, is a key to this tight control of manganese uptake. The mechanisms of manganese uptake, distribution, and elimination identified in bacteria, yeasts, and nematodes are likely to be conserved, at least in part, in more complicated invertebrate organisms.
Robotic assistants aid surgeons during minimally invasive procedures (2001)

Presents the design and implementation of a new robotic system for assisting surgeons in performing minimally invasive surgical procedures. This system is designed for collaborative operation between the surgeon and the robot. In addition, it has the following attributes: quick interchangeable end tools, programmable collaboration with the surgeon, and coordinated motion of multiple robotic devices for performing complex procedures. Two such devices have been built, with a variety of end-tools. The system has demonstrated direct manual operation and surgeon-supervised autonomous stitching and knot tying. In addition to the mechanical design and kinematic analysis, several autonomous knot-tying algorithms and the associated kinematic requirements are discussed. Note that, as the focus here is on the robot design and control, other important aspects on the clinical deployment of surgical robots such as safety, fault detection and amelioration, man-machine interface design, etc., are not addressed here.
State of the Art of Carbon Nanotube Fibers: Opportunities and Challenges (2012)

The superb mechanical and physical properties of individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have provided the impetus for researchers in developing high-performance continuous fibers based upon CNTs. The reported high specific strength, specific stiffness and electrical conductivity of CNT fibers demonstrate the potential of their wide application in many fields. In this review paper, we assess the state of the art advances in CNT-based continuous fibers in terms of their fabrication methods, characterization and modeling of mechanical and physical properties, and applications. The opportunities and challenges in CNT fiber research are also discussed.
Specificity in Down syndrome (2005)

Do children and adults with Down syndrome have a specific developmental 
profile of strengths, weaknesses and needs on which early intervention, 
education and healthcare should be based if they are to be effective?
Neprilysin carboxydipeptidase specificity studies and improvement in its detection with fluorescence energy transfer peptides (2007)

We examined the substrate specificity of the carboxydipeptidase activity of neprilysin (NEP) using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides containing ortho-aminobenzoyl (Abz) and 2,4-dinitrophenyl (Dnp) as a donor/acceptor pair. Two peptide series with general sequences Abz-RXFK(Dnp)-OH and Abz-XRFK(Dnp)-OH (X denotes the position of the altered amino acid) were synthesized to study P1 (cleavage at the X-F bond) and P2 (cleavage at R-F bond) specificity, respectively. In these peptides a Phe residue was fixed in P1' to fulfill the well-known NEP S1' site requirement for a hydrophobic amino acid. In addition, we explored NEP capability to hydrolyze bradykinin (RPPGFSPFR) and its fluorescent derivative Abz-RPPGFSPFRQ-EDDnp (EDDnp=2,4-dinitrophenyl ethylenediamine). The enzyme acts upon bradykinin mainly as a carboxydipeptidase, preferentially cleaving Pro-Phe over the Gly-Phe bond in a 9:1 ratio, whereas Abz-RPPGFSPFRQ-EDDnp was hydrolyzed at the same bonds but at an inverted proportion of 1:9. The results show very efficient interaction of the substrates' C-terminal free carboxyl group with site S2' of NEP, confirming the enzyme's preference to act as carboxydipeptidase at substrates with a free carboxyl-terminus. Using data gathered from our study, we developed sensitive and selective NEP substrates that permit continuous measurement of the enzyme activity, even in crude tissue extracts.
Genome-Wide Kinetics of Nucleosome Turnover Determined by Metabolic Labeling of Histones (2010)

Nucleosome disruption and replacement are crucial activities that maintain epigenomes, but these highly dynamic processes have been difficult to study. Here, we describe a direct method for measuring nucleosome turnover dynamics genome-wide. We found that nucleosome turnover is most rapid over active gene bodies, epigenetic regulatory elements, and replication origins in Drosophila cells. Nucleosomes turn over faster at sites for trithorax-group than polycomb-group protein binding, suggesting that nucleosome turnover differences underlie their opposing activities and challenging models for epigenetic inheritance that rely on stability of histone marks. Our results establish a general strategy for studying nucleosome dynamics and uncover nucleosome turnover differences across the genome that are likely to have functional importance for epigenome maintenance, gene regulation, and control of DNA replication.
Health Economic Assessment of Ferric Carboxymaltose in Patients with Iron Deficiency and Chronic Heart Failure Based on the FAIR-HF Trial: An Analysis for the UK (2012)

From the UK payers' perspective, managing iron deficiency in CHF patients using i.v. FCM was cost-effective in this analysis. The base case ICER was clearly below the threshold of €22 200-€33 300/QALY gained (£20 000-£30 000) typically used by the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and proved to be robust in sensitivity analysis. Improved symptoms and better quality of life contributed to this result.
ARF1, a Transcription Factor That Binds to Auxin Response Elements (1997)

The plant hormone auxin regulates plant physiology by modulating the interaction of transcription factors with auxin response elements (AuxREs) of the affected genes. A transcription factor, Auxin Response Factor 1 (ARF1), that binds to the sequence TGTCTC in AuxREs was cloned from Arabidopsis by using a yeast one-hybrid system. ARF1 has an amino-terminal DNA-binding domain related to the carboxyl terminus of the maize transactivator Viviparous-1. Sequence requirements for ARF1 binding in vitro are identical to those that confer auxin responsiveness in vivo. The carboxyl terminus of ARF1 contains two motifs found in the Aux/IAA class of proteins and appears to mediate protein-protein interactions.
Efficient purification of DNA fragments using a protein binding membrane (2000)

A novel and efficient method has been developed for isolation of correctly digested DNA fragments without the use of classic size-dependent electrophoretic separation methods. To achieve this, DNA fragments are end-labelled by haptens. After specific endonuclease digestion of the hapten-labelled DNA, the DNA is incubated with a protein that specifically binds to the hapten. The incubation mixture is then passed through a cartridge containing a protein-binding membrane that does not bind DNA. Undigested and partly digested DNA are retained on the membrane, while correctly digested DNA is selectively recovered for use in further downstream applications.
DNA Ligases (2011)

The DNA ligase enzyme family catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between juxtaposed 5'-phosphate and 3'-hydroxyl termini in duplex DNA. This activity can seal nicks in duplex DNA or join double-stranded DNA fragments having either blunt or cohesive ends. DNA ligases are central enzymes in molecular biology, nucleic acid research, and in next-generation sequencing applications. Reaction conditions and applications for T4 DNA ligase, E. coli DNA ligase, and thermostable DNA ligases are described in this unit. These enzymes differ in their cofactor requirements, substrate specificity, and thermal stability.
Decellularized liver matrix as a carrier for the transplantation of human fetal and primary hepatocytes in mice a (2011)

The transplantation of primary hepatocytes has been shown to augment the function of damaged livers and to bridge patients to liver transplantation. However, primary hepatocytes often have low levels of engraftment and survive for only a short time after transplantation. To explore the potential benefits of using decellularized liver matrix (DLM) as a carrier for hepatocyte transplantation, DLM from whole mouse livers was generated. Human fetal hepatocytes immortalized by telomerase reconstitution (FH-hTERTs) or primary human hepatocytes were infused into the DLM, which was then implanted into the omenta of immunodeficient nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient/interleukin-2 receptor γ-deficient mice or nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient/mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mice. The removal of endogenous cellular components and the preservation of the extracellular matrix proteins and vasculature were demonstrated in the resulting DLM. Bioluminescent imaging revealed that FH-hTERTs transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing firefly luciferase survived in the DLM for 8 weeks after peritoneal implantation, whereas the luciferase signal from FH-hTERTs rapidly declined in control mice 3 to 4 weeks after transplantation via splenic injection or omental implantation after Matrigel encapsulation. Furthermore, primary human hepatocytes that were reconstituted in the DLM not only survived 6 weeks after transplantation but also maintained their function, as demonstrated by messenger RNA levels of albumin and cytochrome P450 (CYP) subtypes (CYP3A4, CYP2C9, and CYP1A1) similar to the levels in freshly isolated human primary hepatocytes (hPHs). In contrast, when hPHs were transplanted into mice via splenic injection, they failed to express CYP3A4, although they expressed albumin. In conclusion, DLM provides an excellent environment for long-term survival and maintenance of the hepatocyte phenotype after transplantation.
Plasma Proteome Database as a resource for proteomics research: 2014 update (2013)

Plasma Proteome Database (PPD; http://www.plasmaproteomedatabase.org/) was initially described in the year 2005 as a part of Human Proteome Organization's (HUPO's) pilot initiative on Human Plasma Proteome Project. Since then, improvements in proteomic technologies and increased throughput have led to identification of a large number of novel plasma proteins. To keep up with this increase in data, we have significantly enriched the proteomic information in PPD. This database currently contains information on 10,546 proteins detected in serum/plasma of which 3784 have been reported in two or more studies. The latest version of the database also incorporates mass spectrometry-derived data including experimentally verified proteotypic peptides used for multiple reaction monitoring assays. Other novel features include published plasma/serum concentrations for 1278 proteins along with a separate category of plasma-derived extracellular vesicle proteins. As plasma proteins have become a major thrust in the field of biomarkers, we have enabled a batch-based query designated Plasma Proteome Explorer, which will permit the users in screening a list of proteins or peptides against known plasma proteins to assess novelty of their data set. We believe that PPD will facilitate both clinical and basic research by serving as a comprehensive reference of plasma proteins in humans and accelerate biomarker discovery and translation efforts.
The Potential of UAV-based Remote Sensing for Supporting Precision Agriculture in Indonesia (2015)

This paper shows some practical experiences of using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-(UAV) based platform for remote sensing in supporting precision agriculture mapping. Some of the information for land preparation, cadaster boundary, vegetation monitoring, plant healthy, and stock valuation are required periodically. So, the UAV-Based remote sensing system should have characteristics such as cost-effective, fast in producing, easy in operation by local staff, and good geometry accuracy (sub-meter). The system consists of aerial platforms from R/C plane, point and shoots digital cameras, data processing with digital photogrammetric: structure from motion algorithms, and free open source-GIS for visualizing. This system has the ability to produce imagery with spatial resolution <10 cm, measuring parcel area, assess the individual trees or plants stock, and topography. The basic products of the system are Orthophoto Image and Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The Average geometric accuracy can be obtained up to 3 pixels or equivalent to sub-meter accuracy, while the production time can be reached more than 500Ha a day. The Orthophoto image could provide visual interpretation such as the individual trees structure, plant density, and parcel boundary area, while DEM could asses tree's height information and terrain topography with accuracy 3-6 pixel or 0.5-2.5 m.
Interaction of antigens with dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide, a chemically defined biological response modifier. (1982)

Dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) stimulates immune responses, primes (or activates) macrophages, and binds to antigens. Because relatively little is known about the binding of adjuvants to antigens, the nature of the interaction of DDA with soluble protein and cellular antigens was investigated. Dose-dependent, stable complexes are formed between cells and the lipoidal cation of DDA. Since the interaction is independent of negatively charged sialic acid residues of the cell membrane and little DDA binds to intracellular structures, it is suggested that binding occurs primarily at the cell membrane, probably through hydrophobic interaction with lipids. The idea of membrane perturbation is supported by the leak of macromolecules (lactic dehydrogenase) from treated cells. Reaction of varying amounts of DDA with a constant amount of ovalbumin was also dose dependent. Because of a minimal effect of ionic strength on the reaction, it is concluded that ionic interaction may make a minor contribution to product formation. Complexes of DDA and antigen are articularly effective in eliciting a delayed hypersensitivity reaction, which has been postulated to be desirable for an antitumor effect.
Slow Wave Sleep Enhancement with Gaboxadol Reduces Daytime Sleepiness During Sleep Restriction (2008)

The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that enhanced SWS, in this study produced by GBX, reduces physiological sleep tendency and introspective sleepiness and fatigue which typically result from sleep restriction.