gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IM‐10: Proposition: Two imaging techniques are better than one for the evaluation of putative Alzheimer's disease‐slowing treatments (2007)

Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) are the best established markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Each of these techniques have been suggested to provide reasonably likely therapeutic surrogates for the evaluation of putative AD-slowing treatments, and each has been suggested to have significantly greater statistical power than clinical ratings in proof-of-concept clinical trials. The AD Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) will estimate and directly compare the statistical power of the two techniques for multi-center clinical trials. To propose that two imaging techniques are currently better than one for the evaluation of putative AD-slowing treatments and that FDG PET is currently preferable to volumetric MRI as the primary imaging outcome measure in the evaluation of putative amyloid-modifying treatments. Considering the potential confounding effects of treatment-induced changes in brain swelling on MRI estimates of brain atrophy and the potentially confounding effects of treatment-induced changes in neuronal activity on FDG PET estimates of metabolic decline, clinical trials should use both techniques to provide converging support for a putative treatment's AD-slowing effects and help overcome imaging modality-specific confounds. Since one needs to show that a treatment's effect on a putative therapeutic surrogate predicts clinical outcome, and since PET may be superior to MRI in the evaluation of putative primary prevention therapies, both techniques should be imbedded in clinical trials to support their roles as reasonably likely therapeutic surrogates in AD treatment, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) treatment and primary prevention studies. Since a putative amyloid-modifying treatment has been shown to accelerate the reduction in MRI measurements of brain volume (more likely to reflect an effect on amyloid deposition and/or brain hydration than brain atrophy), PET is currently preferable to volumetric MRI as the primary imaging outcome measure and should be considered the primary brain imaging outcome measure in the evaluation of putative amyloid-modifying treatments. Since FDG PET and MRI measurements appear more closely correlated with clinical severity than fibrillar amyloid deposition, they are more likely to complement than compete with fibrillar amyloid imaging in the evaluation of putative amyloid-modifying treatments.
Bioconjugate Techniques Ed. 3 (2013)

Bioconjugate Techniques, 3rd Edition, is the essential guide to the modification and cross linking of biomolecules for use in research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. It provides highly detailed information on the chemistry, reagent systems, and practical applications for creating labeled or conjugate molecules. It also describes dozens of reactions, with details on hundreds of commercially available reagents and the use of these reagents for modifying or crosslinking peptides and proteins, sugars and polysaccharides, nucleic acids and oligonucleotides, lipids, and synthetic polymers.*Offers a one-stop source for proven methods and protocols for synthesizing bioconjugates in the lab*Provides step-by-step presentation makes the book an ideal source for researchers who are less familiar with the synthesis of bioconjugates*Features full color illustrations  *Includes a more extensive introduction into the vast field of bioconjugation and one of the most thorough overviews of immobilization chemistry ever presented
<title>Film stress changes during anodic bonding of NGL masks</title> (2000)

Lithography below sub-130 nm requires minimization of pattern distortions due to mask fabrication. It is essential to understand the impact of each step of the entire process flow, since the fabrication (and the resulting bow of the mask as well as the stress of the layers) influences subsequent steps. This paper presents experimental and finite element results from a study of the deposition, etching, and bonding effects on the stress of the mask film stack and, in particular, looks at stress variations due to bonding. Stress measurements were conducted on five X-ray lithographic test masks. The results of this study provide insight into general deposition, etching, and bonding procedures being considered by other NGL technologies.
Self-organization of Novel Carbon Composite Structure: Graphene Multi-Layers Combined Perpendicularly with Aligned Carbon Nanotubes (2008)

A novel carbon composite structure consisiting of graphene multi-layers and aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) has been discovered. The composite structure, which was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition, has graphene multi-layers combined with the upper ends of vertically aligned MWNTs on a substrate. This microscopically-combined structure has been confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The substrate with the new structure looks gray and shiny, which is completely different from the appearance of a substrate with the usual vertically-aligned MWNTs. The new composite structure is expected to have excellent electrical and thermal properties, and therefore is likely to find many applications in electronics.
The maize Lc regulatory gene up‐regulates the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway of Petunia (1998)

Summary Petunia (cv. Mitchell) transformants were produced which expressed the maize Leaf colour ( Lc ) cDNA under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and had enhanced pigmentation in both vegetative and floral tissues. In flowering transgenic lines, intense pigmentation of leaves, stems and sepals occurred, along with lower levels of pigmentation in the flower tube and limb. No anthocyanins were detected in leaves, sepals and flower limb of wild‐type Mitchell petunia. Of the 12 phenylpropanoid genes examined, transcript levels for nine flavonoid‐specific biosynthetic genes were up‐regulated in the transgenic Lc lines, including weak activation of CHS , CHI and F3H along with stronger activation of DFR , F3′H , F3′5′H , ANS , UFGT and 3RT . PAL , C4H and FLS were unaffected by Lc . Lc ‐induced pigmentation in Mitchell petunia appears to be specific to the sub‐epidermal layer in all tissues examined, including the flower limb. The results show that the monocot Lc regulatory gene from maize can up‐regulate the expression of both early and late flavonoid biosynthetic genes and enhance anthocyanin production in the dicot species Petunia .
Cell detection and counting through cell lysate impedance spectroscopy in microfluidic devices (2007)

Cell-based microfluidic devices have attracted interest for a wide range of applications. While optical cell counting and flow cytometry-type devices have been reported extensively, sensitive and efficient non-optical methods to detect and quantify cells attached over large surface areas within microdevices are generally lacking. We describe an electrical method for counting cells based on the measurement of changes in conductivity of the surrounding medium due to ions released from surface-immobilized cells within a microfluidic channel. Immobilized cells are lysed using a low conductivity, hypotonic media and the resulting change in impedance is measured using surface patterned electrodes to detect and quantify the number of cells. We found that the bulk solution conductance increases linearly with the number of isolated cells contributing to solution ion concentration. The method of cell lysate impedance spectroscopy is sensitive enough to detect 20 cells microL(-1), and offers a simple and efficient method for detecting and enumerating cells within microfluidic devices for many applications including measurement of CD4 cell counts in HIV patients in resource-limited settings. To our knowledge, this is the most sensitive approach using non-optical setups to enumerate immobilized cells. The microfluidic device, capable of isolating specific cell types from a complex bio-fluidic and quantifying cell number, can serve as a single use cartridge for a hand-held instrument to provide simple, fast and affordable cell counting in point-of-care settings.
A concept for nonvolatile memories (1997)

A concept for nonvolatile memories is proposed in which a unique combination of a Schottky junction with tunable barrier height and an adjacent electron potential well is used. A proof-of-concept demonstration is given for such a class of memory devices using ZnCdMgSe/InP heterostructures.
The complement system in liver diseases. (2006)

The complement system plays an important role in mediating both acquired and innate responses to defend against microbial infection, and in disposing immunoglobins and apoptotic cells. The liver (mainly hepatocytes) is responsible for biosynthesis of about 80-90% of plasma complement components and expresses a variety of complement receptors. Recent evidence from several studies suggests that the complement system is also involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of liver disorders including liver injury and repair, fibrosis, viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, and liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this review, we will discuss the potential role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of liver diseases.
Preclinical evaluation of cyclin dependent kinase 11 and casein kinase 2 survival kinases as RNA interference targets for triple negative breast cancer therapy (2015)

CDK11 and CK2 expression are individually essential for breast cancer cell survival, including TNBC. These genes serve as promising new targets for therapeutic development in breast cancer.
Cloning and sequencing of the metallothioprotein beta-lactamase II gene of Bacillus cereus 569/H in Escherichia coli (1985)

The structural gene for beta-lactamase II (EC 3.5.2.6), a metallothioenzyme, from Bacillus cereus 569/H (constitutive for high production of the enzyme) was cloned in Escherichia coli, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. This is the first class B beta-lactamase whose primary structure has been reported. The amino acid sequence of the exoenzyme form, deduced from the DNA, indicates that beta-lactamase II, like other secreted proteins, is synthesized as a precursor with a 30-amino acid N-terminal signal peptide. The pre-beta-lactamase II (Mr, 28,060) is processed in E. coli and in B. cereus to a single mature protein (Mr, 24,932) which is totally secreted by B. cereus but in E. coli remains intracellular, probably in the periplasm. The expression of the gene in E. coli RR1 on the multicopy plasmid pRWHO12 was comparable to that in B. cereus, where it is presumably present as a single copy. The three histidine residues that are involved (along with the sole cysteine of the mature protein) in Zn(II) binding and hence in enzymatic activity against beta-lactams were identified. These findings will help to define the secondary structure, mechanism of action, and evolutionary lineage of B. cereus beta-lactamase II and other class B beta-lactamases.
Molecular Basis of Plant Architecture (2008)

Higher plants display a variety of architectures that are defined by the degree of branching, internodal elongation, and shoot determinancy. Studies on the model plants of Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato and on crop plants such as rice and maize have greatly strengthened our understanding on the molecular genetic bases of plant architecture, one of the hottest areas in plant developmental biology. The identification of mutants that are defective in plant architecture and characterization of the corresponding and related genes will eventually enable us to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying plant architecture. The achievements made so far in studying plant architecture have already allowed us to pave a way for optimizing the plant architecture of crops by molecular design and improving grain productivity.
Layered Reconstruction for Defocus and Motion Blur (2014)

Abstract Light field reconstruction algorithms can substantially decrease the noise in stochastically rendered images. Recent algorithms for defocus blur alone are both fast and accurate. However, motion blur is a considerably more complex type of camera effect, and as a consequence, current algorithms are either slow or too imprecise to use in high quality rendering. We extend previous work on real‐time light field reconstruction for defocus blur to handle the case of simultaneous defocus and motion blur. By carefully introducing a few approximations, we derive a very efficient sheared reconstruction filter, which produces high quality images even for a low number of input samples. Our algorithm is temporally robust, and is about two orders of magnitude faster than previous work, making it suitable for both real‐time rendering and as a post‐processing pass for offline rendering.
Phosphorylation of the PEST Domain of IκBβ Regulates the Function of NF-κB/IκBβ Complexes (1997)

Activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB involves the signal-dependent degradation of basally phosphorylated inhibitors such as IkappaBalpha and IkappaBbeta. The gene encoding IkappaBalpha is under NF-kappaB control, which provides a negative feedback loop to terminate the induced NF-kappaB response. However, recent studies have identified a hypophosphorylated pool of IkappaBbeta that shields nuclear NF-kappaB from inhibition by newly synthesized IkappaBalpha. In the present work, we provide three lines of evidence indicating that this protection mechanism is regulated by the C-terminal PEST domain of IkappaBbeta. First, disruption of two basal phosphoacceptors present in the IkappaBbeta PEST domain (Ser-313 and Ser-315) yields a mutant that forms ternary complexes with NF-kappaB and its target DNA-binding site. Second, based on in vitro mixing experiments, these ternary complexes are resistant to the inhibitory action of IkappaBalpha. Third, mutants of IkappaBbeta that are defective for phosphorylation at Ser-313 and Ser-315 fail to efficiently block NF-kappaB-directed transcription in vivo, whereas replacement of these two IkappaBbeta residues with a phosphoserine mimetic generates a fully functional repressor. Taken together, our findings suggest that the functional fate of NF-kappaB when bound to IkappaBbeta is critically dependent on the phosphorylation status of the IkappaBbeta PEST domain.
Pretherapeutic identification of high‐risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients from immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, and clinical parameters (2003)

The comparatively accurate pretherapeutic identification of high-risk AML patients may prove useful for the development of individualized therapy protocols in stratified clinical patients groups.
Sharing of the IL-2 receptor γ chain with the functional IL-9 receptor complex (1995)

The third subunit, the so-called common gamma (gamma c) chain, of the IL-2 receptor is shared among the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7 and IL-15, and dysfunction of the gamma c chain is thought to cause X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) ascribed to impairment of early T cell development. However, cytokines linked to XSCID are as yet unidentified. A mAb specific for the gamma c chain, TUGm2, profoundly inhibited cell proliferation in response to IL-9. Another mAb, TUGm3, immunoprecipitated [125I]IL-9 cross-linked with either the IL-9 receptor or the gamma c chain. These results demonstrate that the gamma c chain is included in the functional receptor complex for IL-9, which was initially characterized as a T cell growth factor and is essential for IL-9-dependent growth signal transduction.
Dataset Augmentation in Feature Space (2017)

Dataset augmentation, the practice of applying a wide array of domain-specific transformations to synthetically expand a training set, is a standard tool in supervised learning. While effective in tasks such as visual recognition, the set of transformations must be carefully designed, implemented, and tested for every new domain, limiting its re-use and generality. In this paper, we adopt a simpler, domain-agnostic approach to dataset augmentation. We start with existing data points and apply simple transformations such as adding noise, interpolating, or extrapolating between them. Our main insight is to perform the transformation not in input space, but in a learned feature space. A re-kindling of interest in unsupervised representation learning makes this technique timely and more effective. It is a simple proposal, but to-date one that has not been tested empirically. Working in the space of context vectors generated by sequence-to-sequence models, we demonstrate a technique that is effective for both static and sequential data.
Nucleophile promoted degradation of catecholborane: consequences for transition metal-catalyzed hydroborations (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNucleophile promoted degradation of catecholborane: consequences for transition metal-catalyzed hydroborationsStephen A. Westcott, Henk P. Blom, Todd B. Marder, R. Thomas Baker, and Joseph C. CalabreseCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1993, 32, 10, 2175–2182Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00062a048RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1267Altmetric-Citations144LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (920 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Proviral DNA of a Retrovirus, Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus, in Two Patients with AIDS (1983)

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is characterized by T-lymphocyte dysfunction and is frequently accompanied by opportunistic infections and Kaposi's sarcoma. Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) is associated with T-cell malignancies and can transform T lymphocytes in vitro. In an attempt to find evidence of HTLV infection in patients with AIDS, DNA from samples of peripheral blood lymphocytes from 33 AIDS patients was analyzed by Southern blot-hybridization with a radiolabeled cloned HTLV DNA probe. Analysis of DNA from both the fresh (uncultured) lymphocytes and from T cells cultured with T-cell growth factor revealed the presence of integrated HTLV proviral sequences in lymphocytes from two of the patients, both of whom had antibody to HTLV. The proviral sequences could not be detected in blood samples obtained from these individuals at a later date, consistent with the possibility that the population of infected cells had become depleted.
Complications After Treatment of Tibial Pilon Fractures: Prevention and Management Strategies (2000)

Complications after treatment of tibial pilon fractures can occur intraoperatively or in the early or late postoperative period. Perioperative complications include malreduction, inadequate fixation, and intra-articular penetration of hardware, all of which may be minimized by preoperative planning and meticulous operative technique. Wound complications can lead to deep infection, with potentially catastrophic consequences. The incidence of wound complications may be lessened by delaying surgery 5 to 14 days, until the posttraumatic swelling has subsided. Temporary fixation with a medial spanning external fixator is recommended if definitive internal fixation is delayed. Fracture blisters should be left undisturbed until the time of surgery. Incisions through blood-filled blisters should be avoided whenever possible. Limited incisions to achieve reduction and fixation should be made directly over fracture sites, to minimize soft-tissue stripping. An indirect reduction technique involving the use of ligamentotaxis and low-profile small-fragment implants that minimize tension on the incision should be used. Late complications, such as stiffness and posttraumatic arthritis, correlate with the severity of the initial injury and the accuracy of reduction. Loss of ankle motion can be minimized by early range-of-motion exercise after stable fixation has been achieved. Posttraumatic ankle arthrosis should be initially treated with anti-inflammatory medication, activity modification, and walking aids. Symptomatic patients often require an ankle arthrodesis.
A functional insulin-like growth factor I receptor is required for the mitogenic and transforming activities of the epidermal growth factor receptor. (1994)

When wild-type mouse embryo cells are stably transfected with a plasmid constitutively overexpressing the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR), the resulting cells can grow in serum-free medium supplemented solely with EGF. Supplementation with EGF also induces in these cells the transformed phenotype (growth in soft agar). However, when the same EGFR expression plasmid is introduced and overexpressed in cells derived from littermate embryos in which the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor genes have been disrupted by homologous recombination, the resulting cells are unable to grow or to be transformed by the addition of EGF. Reintroduction into these cells (null for the IGF-I receptor) of a wild-type (but not of a mutant) IGF-I receptor restores EGF-mediated growth and transformation. Our results indicate that at least in mouse embryo fibroblasts, the EGFR requires the presence of a functional IGF-I receptor for its mitogenic and transforming activities.
Impact of the putative differentiating agent sodium phenylbutyrate on myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia. (2001)

Sodium phenylbutyrate (PB) is an aromatic fatty acid with cytostatic and differentiating activity against malignant myeloid cells (ID(50), 1-2 mM). Higher doses induce apoptosis. Patients with myelodysplasia (n = 11) and acute myeloid leukemia (n = 16) were treated with PB as a 7-day continuous infusion repeated every 28 days in a Phase I dose escalation study. The maximum tolerated dose was 375 mg/kg/day; higher doses led to dose-limiting reversible neurocortical toxicity. At the maximum tolerated dose, PB was extremely well tolerated, with no significant toxicities; median steady-state plasma concentration at this dose was 0.29 +/- 0.16 mM. Although no patients achieved complete or partial remission, four patients achieved hematological improvement (neutrophils in three, platelet transfusion-independence in one). Other patients developed transient increases in neutrophils or platelets and decrements in circulating blasts. Monitoring of the percentage of clonal cells using centromere fluorescence in situ hybridization over the course of PB administration showed that hematopoiesis remained clonal. Hematological response was often associated with increases in both colony-forming units-granulocyte-macrophage and leukemic colony-forming units. PB administration was also associated with increases in fetal erythrocytes. These data document the safety of continuous infusion PB and provide preliminary evidence of clinical activity in patients with myeloid malignancies.