gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comments on “security problems in the TCP/IP protocol suite” (1989)

In the April issue of Computer Communication Review, S. M. Bellovin described attacks on protocols in the TCP/IP suite [1]. He stated that the attacks were "inherent in the protocols, regardless of the correctness of any implementations." His article proposed specific defenses against these attacks and discussed more comprehensive defenses. This note attempts to place in perspective some of the concerns cited by Bellovin and to correct some errors present in his article, especially in his discussion of comprehensive defenses.
Effect of AlF3Coating on Thermal Behavior of Chemically Delithiated Li0.35[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 (2010)

The thermal behavior of chemically delithiated Li0.35[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 and the AlF3-coated material was studied in the temperature range from room temperature to 600 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis results showed that the uncoated and the AlF3-coated Li0.35[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 powders experienced distinct weight loss with increasing temperature, of which the weight loss was ascribed to oxygen release from the active materials. The released oxygen amount was less for the AlF3-coated Li0.35[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 than the uncoated material, probably due to the blocking of the oxygen evolution by the AlF3 coating. The weight loss was associated with the irreversible phase transformation from a rhombohedral layer (R3m̅) structure to a cubic spinel (Fd3m) structure, as confirmed by in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction. The reduced oxygen release brought about by the AlF3 coating delayed the phase transformation to the cubic spinel structure. This entailed shifts of the main exothermic reactions to higher temperatures for the active material in the presence of an electrolyte. The AlF3 coating remained on the surface of the active material to 300 °C. Thereafter, the layer changed to Li−Al−O with increasing temperature, as observed by the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The improved thermal properties of the chemically delithiated AlF3-coated Li0.35[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 were ascribed to the suppression of oxygen release from the active material, and this, in turn, retarded the formation of the cubic spinel phase.
A fully automated algorithm for the segmentation of lung fields on digital chest radiographic images (1995)

A completely automated algorithm is presented which is capable of identifying both the right- and left-lung fields on digitized chest radiographic images. The algorithm is tested on a sample of 802 chest images against lung fields drawn by a human observer. The average accuracies are found to be 0.957 +/- 0.003 and 0.960 +/- 0.003 for right- and left-lung regions, respectively. To put them into perspective, the results are compared to several other simple segmentation techniques. These include a comparison of two sets of lung fields drawn by the human observer at different times which yielded accuracies of 0.967 +/- 0.005 and 0.967 +/- 0.004 for right- and left-lung regions, respectively.
Design and Synthesis of Tricyclic Compounds with Enone Functionalities in Ring A and C: A Novel Class of Highly Active Inhibitors of Nitric Oxide Production in Mouse Macrophages (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Updated Edlén Equation for the Refractive Index of Air (1993)

The Edlén equation for the refractive index of air, published in 1966, is still widely used. Subsequent to its formulation, however, improved data have become available on the density of air and the refractivity of water vapour. The practical temperature scale has also been revised and the carbon dioxide content of normal laboratory air has increased. These effects result in a discrepancy of typically 1 × 10-7. The consequent revision of the equation brings the agreement between calculation and experiment within an experimental uncertainty of ± 3 × 10-8.
Packaging of hepatitis delta virus RNA via the RNA-binding domain of hepatitis delta antigens: different roles for the small and large delta antigens (1994)

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is composed of four specific components. The first component is envelope protein which contains hepatitis B surface antigens. The second and third components are nucleocapsid proteins, referred to as small and large hepatitis delta antigens (HDAgs). The final component is a single-stranded circular RNA molecule known as the viral genome. In order to study the mechanism of HDV RNA packaging, a four-plasmid cotransfection system in which each viral component was provided by a separate plasmid was employed. Virus-like particles released from Huh-7 cells receiving such a cotransfection were found to contain HDV RNA along with three proteins. Therefore, the four-plasmid cotransfection system could lead to successful HDV RNA packaging in vitro. The system was then used to show that the large HDAg alone was able to achieve a low level of HDV RNA packaging. Analysis of a variety of large HDAg mutants revealed that the RNA-binding domain was essential for viral RNA packaging. By increasing the incorporation of small HDAg into virus-like particles, we found a three- to fourfold enhancement of HDV RNA packaging. This effect was probably through a direct binding of HDV RNA, independent from that of large HDAg, with the small HDAg. The subsequent RNA-protein complex was packaged into particles. The results provided insight into the roles and functional domains of small and large HDAgs in HDV RNA packaging.
Transvenous Atrial Pacing following Amputation of the Atrial Appendage at Open Heart Surgery (1985)

The right atrial appendage is frequently amputated at the time of open heart surgery. In this study we report implantation and chronic follow-up pacing data on 17 patients in whom either actively fixated screw-in leads or passively fixated tined "J" leads were implanted into the trabeculae at the base of the atrial appendage. Chronic follow-up demonstrated excellent chronic pacing thresholds and atrial sensitivity thresholds in those patients in whom these measurements could be made. It is therefore concluded that satisfactory atrial pacing can be achieved in patients who have previously undergone amputation of the atrial appendage during open heart surgery.
Mixed tailing by TENT4A and TENT4B shields mRNA from rapid deadenylation (2018)

RNA tails play integral roles in the regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA) translation and decay. Guanylation of the poly(A) tail was discovered recently, yet the enzymology and function remain obscure. Here we identify TENT4A (PAPD7) and TENT4B (PAPD5) as the enzymes responsible for mRNA guanylation. Purified TENT4 proteins generate a mixed poly(A) tail with intermittent non-adenosine residues, the most common of which is guanosine. A single guanosine residue is sufficient to impede the deadenylase CCR4-NOT complex, which trims the tail and exposes guanosine at the 3' end. Consistently, depletion of TENT4A and TENT4B leads to a decrease in mRNA half-life and abundance in cells. Thus, TENT4A and TENT4B produce a mixed tail that shields mRNA from rapid deadenylation. Our study unveils the role of mixed tailing and expands the complexity of posttranscriptional gene regulation.
Synthesis of rigid tetrahedral tetrafunctional molecules from 1,3,5,7-tetrakis(4-iodophenyl)adamantane (1993)

1,3,5,7-Tetrakis(4-iodophenyl)adamantane was prepared from 1-bromoadamantane in overall yields of ca. 50%. Conversion to several derivatives occurred in good yields: palladium-catalyzed coupling with 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol followed by deprotection gave the tetrakis(phenylacetylide), and reaction with phenyl boronic acid gave the tetrakis(biphenyl)adamantane with all-para linkages. The tetrakis(4-iodophenyl) adamantane offers broad potential for synthesis of star, dendritic, and hyperbranched structures with enforced tetrahedral symmetry derived from the rigid adamantane core.
Cloning of a novel crystal protein gene cry 1K from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni (1995)

A novel crystal protein gene cry1K has been cloned and sequenced from a Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni BF190 isolated from phylloplane. The upstream promoter region of cry1K was almost identical with that of cry1B. The deduced amino acid sequence of CrylK contains 1215 amino acid residues with an estimated molecular mass of 137.4 kDa. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the Cry1K with that of Cry proteins revealed that Cry1K is most closely related to Cry1B and Cry1I. Cry1K has a high degree of identity with Cry1B in the region between initiator codon and Conserved sequence block 1, and with Cry1F in the region between conserved block 3 and 5. Protein inclusion purified from a recombinant strain of B. thuringiensis expressing the cry 1K gene was found to have a different insect-host specificity from Cry1B, Cry1I and Cry1F. Cry1K was found to be selectively toxic to Artogeia rapae and not active to Plutella xylostella.
Review of Dreams Derailed: Undocumented Youths in the Trump Era (2018)

Review of Dreams Derailed: Undocumented Youths in the Trump Era
Investigation of voltage overshoots in diode triggered silicon controlled rectifiers (DTSCRs) under very fast transmission line pulsing (VFTLP) (2009)

Overshoot voltages during VFTLP testing of DTSCRs are investigated. The DTSCRs in a 65nm process turn on at approximately 500ps. The overshoot voltages from DTSCRs are shown to cause gate oxide failures when gate oxide monitors were added in parallel to DTSCR ESD devices. Scaling trends show DTSCRs turning on at approximately 150ps when technologies are scaled down to the 32nm node.
Embedded Solitons in Second-Harmonic-Generating Systems (1999)

We present a new type of soliton, found in models characterized by opposing dispersions and competing nonlinearities at fundamental and second harmonics. They are isolated solitary waves, existing at discrete values of the propagation constant inside the system's continuous spectrum. We show analytically, and verify by simulations, that the fundamental solitons are linearly stable. They can be nonlinearly stable or unstable, depending on the sign of the energy perturbation, which could make these pulses useful for switching applications. Higher-order solitons are found, too, but they are linearly unstable.
Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism Is Associated with Both Senile Plaque Load and Alzheimer‐Type Neurofibrillary Tangle Formationa (1996)

Recent work provided evidence that the apolipoprotein (apo) E polymorphism is associated with late-onset sporadic Alzheimer's disease. The major histological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease are the extraneuronal deposition of A4/beta-amyloid and the intraneuronal formation of neurofibrillary tangles, the latter correlating strongly with the psychometric status. We examined the relationship between the apo E polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease-related histological changes using a staging system which accounts for the progression of the disease over time and correlates well with the cognitive decline ante mortem. We observed a significant positive correlation between both neurofibrillary changes and A4/beta-amyloid deposits and the epsilon 4 gene dose. We estimated that the presence of one apo E4 allele leads to an earlier onset of the histopathological process of about one decade. The association of both types of Alzheimer's disease-related changes with the prevalence of the epsilon 4-allele suggests that the apo E polymorphism causally contributes to the development of Alzheimer's disease.
Structure and chemistry of 4‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐2‐pyridone (1970)

Abstract The structure of 4‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐2‐pyridone formed by the reaction of 6‐methyl‐2 H ‐pyran‐2,4(3 H )‐dione and ammonia is characterized. A method is discussed for the structure determination of pyridone type compounds. Reaction of 4‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐2‐pyridone with an equivalent amount of benzenesulfonyl chloride gives 4‐benzenesulfonyloxy‐6‐methyl‐2‐pyridone. With two equivalent amounts of benzenesulfonyl chloride, 2,4‐dibenzenesulfonyloxy‐6‐picoline is formed. 4‐Hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐2‐pyridone is preferentially attacked by electrophiles at the 3 position.
Therapeutic response of rosacea to dobesilate. (2005)

Despite an incomplete understanding of the pathogenesis of rosacea, therapeutic modalities continue to expand. The principal subtype of rosacea includes erythematotelangiestatic rosacea, which is characterized by uncontrolled angiogenesis. Angiogenic growth factors such as fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are currently targets of intense effort to inhibit deregulated blood vessel formation in diseases such as cancer. Here we report a 33-years-old woman with erythematotelangestatic rosacea who responds to a daily treatment of topically applied dobesilate, an inhibitor of FGF, with an improvement in erythema and telangectasia after two weeks. Thus, dobesilate might be useful in the treatment of rosacea and other diseases that depend on pathologic angiogenesis.
Pipelined Register-Storage Architectures. (1986)

Experiments were carried out in the hamster to compare the relative susceptibility of Necator americanus and Ancylostoma ceylanicum to treatment with ivermectin. A. ceylanicum was found to be 300 times more sensitive to the anthelmintic with a 50% effective dose (ED50) of the order of 10-15 micrograms kg-1 body weight whilst that for N. americanus approximated to 3-5 mg kg-1. Furthermore, whereas complete clearance of A. ceylanicum was observed with a dose of 100 micrograms kg-1, N. americanus was not totally removed after treatment with 25 mg kg-1, the highest dose tested. Both parasites proved equally sensitive to pyrantel with an ED50 of 1-12 mg kg-1 for A. ceylanicum and 5-25 mg kg-1 for N. americanus. Treatment with pyrantel at 100 mg kg-1 completely eliminated worms of both species and doses of 25-50 mg kg-1 were > 90% effective. In addition to worm burdens, changes in host weight and PCV were also recorded and it was shown that both parameters could be used to evaluate the success/failure of treatment.
Production of Soluble ScFvs with C-Terminal-Free Thiol for Site-Specific Conjugation or Stable Dimeric ScFvs on Demand (2003)

ScFv recombinant antibody fragments can provide specific tumor binding modules for targeting drugs. In the process of building multimeric tumor targeting pharmaceuticals, a prerequisite is the conservation of functional scFv antigen binding domains, thereby excluding scFv random conjugation to a carrier molecule or to another scFv. The pCANTAB 5E phage display/expression vector was genetically engineered to express any scFv gene as scFv with an additional C-terminal cysteine (scFv-Cys) such that the specific conjugation site is removed from the binding domain. Selected scFvs derived from an anti-MUC-1 scFv phage library were expressed in pCANTAB 5E and its modified version pCANTAB 5E Cys vectors, and compared for key characteristics. Production yields of scFv and scFv-Cys in shaker flask and biofermentor were compared. In the absence of a reducing agent, stable dimers (covalent scFv homodimers (scFv-Cys)2) were the major form of scFv-Cys. These diabodies provided substantial signal enhancement for immunohistochemical staining of tissues. In the presence of a reducing agent, scFv-Cys molecules remained monomeric, with the free SH available for conjugation to a PEG(maleimide)2 scaffold to form immunoreactive PEG(scFv)2 bioconjugates. ScFv expression from pCANTAB 5E Cys allowed for the production of soluble scFv-Cys protein from E.coli, either as stable scFv-Cys or (scFv-Cys)2. ScFv-Cys can be used for conjugation to PEG to form bivalent PEG (scFv-Cys)2 molecules or used as (scFv-Cys)2 for increased sensitivity in IHC.
Physical Aspects of the Internal Water Relations of Plant Leaves (1965)

Relations between the water potential, osmotic potential, pressure potential, and relative water content have been derived on the basis of 2 simple assumptions. Measurements of these quantities were made on leaves of cotton, sunflower, pepper, and birdsfoot trefoil to test the validity of these relations. Within the precision of the data, the assumption that the osmotic potential is inversely proportional to the relative water content of the leaf was satisfied. The turgor pressure was not related to water content in a simple linear fashion but the data could be represented adequately by 2 straight-line segments. A marked change in the modulus of elasticity of the leaves occurs at a turgor pressure of about 2 bars, corresponding to a water potential of about -12 bars. The so-called permanent wilting phenomenon is explained in terms of the variation in elastic modulus. The major change in leaf dimensions with changing water content occurred in the leaf thickness with only a modest variation in the leaf area. 12 references, 7 figures, 1 table.
Expression of Anion Exchanger 1 Sequestrates p16 in the Cytoplasm in Gastric, Colonic Adenocarcinoma (2007)

p16(INK4A) (p16) binds to cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 and negatively regulates cell growth. Recent studies have led to an understanding of additional biologic functions for p16; however, the detailed mechanisms involved are still elusive. In this article, we show an unexpected expression of anion exchanger 1 (AE1) in the cytoplasm in poorly and moderately differentiated gastric and colonic adenocarcinoma cells and in its interaction with p16, thereby sequestrating the protein in the cytoplasm. Genetic alterations of p16 and AE1 were not detectable. Forced expression of AE1 in these cells sequestrated more p16 in the cytoplasm, whereas small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of AE1 in the cells induced the release of p16 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, leading to cell death and growth inhibition of tumor cells. By analyzing tissue samples obtained from patients with gastric and colonic cancers, we found that 83.33% of gastric cancers and 56.52% of colonic cancers coexpressed AE1 and p16 in the cytoplasm. We conclude that AE1 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of gastric and colonic adenocarcinoma and that p16 dysfunction is a novel pathway of carcinogenesis.
Mode of action of membrane active antimicrobial peptides (2002)

Water-membrane soluble protein and peptide toxins are used in the defense and offense systems of all organisms, including plants and humans. A major group includes antimicrobial peptides, which serve as a nonspecific defense system that complements the highly specific cell-mediated immune response. The increasing resistance of bacteria to conventional antibiotics stimulated the isolation and characterization of many antimicrobial peptides for potential use as new target antibiotics. The finding of thousands of antimicrobial peptides with variable lengths and sequences, all of which are active at similar concentrations, suggests a general mechanism for killing bacteria rather than a specific mechanism that requires preferred active structures. Such a mechanism is in agreement with the "carpet model" that does not require any specific structure or sequence. It seems that when there is an appropriate balance between hydrophobicity and a net positive charge the peptides are active on bacteria. However, selective activity depends also on other parameters, such as the volume of the molecule, its structure, and its oligomeric state in solution and membranes. Further, although many studies support that bacterial membrane damage is a lethal event for bacteria, other studies point to a multihit mechanism in which the peptide binds to several targets in the cytoplasmic region of the bacteria.
The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonizes the growth effects of the AT1 receptor: gain-of-function study using gene transfer. (1995)

The type 1 angiotensin II (AT1) receptor is well characterized but the type 2 (AT2) receptor remains an enigma. We tested the hypothesis that the AT2 receptor can modulate the growth of vascular smooth muscle cells by transfecting an AT2 receptor expression vector into the balloon-injured rat carotid artery and observed that overexpression of the AT2 receptor attenuated neointimal formation. In cultured smooth muscle cells, AT2 receptor transfection reduced proliferation and inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the AT2 receptor mediated the developmentally regulated decrease in aortic DNA synthesis at the latter stages of gestation. These results suggest that the AT2 receptor exerts an antiproliferative effect, counteracting the growth action of AT1 receptor.
Sites of initial bleeding episodes, mode of delivery and age of diagnosis in babies with haemophilia diagnosed before the age of 2 years: a report from The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Universal Data Collection (UDC) project (2009)

Lack of detailed natural history and outcomes data for neonates and toddlers with haemophilia hampers the provision of optimal management of the disorder. We report an analysis of prospective data collected from 580 neonates and toddlers aged 0-2 years with haemophilia enrolled in the Universal Data Collection (UDC) surveillance project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This study focuses on a cohort of babies with haemophilia whose diagnosis was established before the age of two. The mode of delivery, type and severity of haemophilia, onset and timing of haemorrhages, site(s) of bleeding, provision of prophylaxis with coagulation factor replacement therapy, and the role played by the federally funded Haemophilia Treatment Centers (HTC) in the management of these infants with haemophilia were evaluated. Seventy-five per cent of haemophilic infants were diagnosed early, in the first month of life, especially those with a family history or whose mothers were known carriers; infants of maternal carriers were more likely to be delivered by C-section. Involvement of an HTC prior to delivery resulted in avoidance of the use of assisted deliveries with vacuum and forceps. Bleeding from the circumcision site was the most common haemorrhagic complication, followed by intra- and extra-cranial haemorrhages and bleeding from heel stick blood sampling. Eight per cent of the infants were administered factor concentrate within 24 h of birth; more than half were treated to prevent bleeding. This study highlights the significant rate and the sites of initial bleeding unique to very young children with haemophilia and underscores the need for research to identify optimal evidence-based recommendations for their management.
Inhibitory effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on liver tumor growth in rats. (1992)

Since tumor cells are more dependent on glycolysis for energy supply than other cells, we tested whether its inhibition by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) affects tumor growth. Male Wistar rats were inoculated in the liver with tumor cells from a chemically induced colonic adenocarcinoma. From day 5 after inoculation 2-DG (400 mg/kg/24 h) was continuously infused into the hepatic artery for 5 days; controls received saline in the same fashion. Seven days after the end of infusion, the animals were sacrificed. A second experimental group of rats was treated with isolated liver perfusion for 30 min with oxygenated blood through the portal vein and hepatic artery simultaneously. In the perfusate, 400 mg/kg 2-DG were added, and the rats were sacrificed at 10 days after perfusion. A first control group underwent perfusion without 2-DG, and a second control group received i.v. infusion of 2-DG (400 mg/kg/30 min) for 30 min over 5 days. A nontreated control group was also added. All animals survived the procedures. The concentration of blood glucose increased in the rats receiving 2-DG i.v. and intraarterially but was unchanged in the other groups. The tumor growth was significantly reduced by 2-DG in all experimental groups, with no difference between the groups. It is therefore concluded that 2-DG is of potential interest in the treatment of malignancies. Since local application of 2-DG avoids the risk for systemic side effects, this approach should be explored further.