gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sativex for the management of multiple sclerosis symptoms. (2005)

Sativex (R) is a cannabis-based pharmaceutical product containing delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in a 1:1 ratio, delivered in an oromucosal (mouth) spray. It has been approved as adjunctive treatment for neuropathic pain in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). It is being investigated for the management of other MS symptoms, such as spasticity. THC:CBD spray is regulated as a narcotic. Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compared the benefits and harms of THC:CBD spray with placebo. A total of 368 patients with various neurological conditions (including MS) were recruited. In some trials, THC:CBD spray significantly reduced neuropathic pain, spasticity, muscle spasms and sleep disturbances. The most common adverse events (AEs) reported in trials were dizziness, sleepiness, fatigue, feeling of intoxication and a bad taste. Long-term safety and the potential for dependence, abuse, misuse and diversion are unknown.
A Multi-channel MAC Protocol with Power Control for Multi-hop Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (2002)

Journal Article A Multi-channel MAC Protocol with Power Control for Multi-hop Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Get access Shih-Lin Wu, Shih-Lin Wu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Yu-Chee Tseng, Yu-Chee Tseng Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Chih-Yu Lin, Chih-Yu Lin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Jang-Ping Sheu Jang-Ping Sheu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Computer Journal, Volume 45, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 101–110, https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/45.1.101 Published: 01 January 2002
Dielectric properties of breast carcinoma and the surrounding tissues (1988)

Relative permittivity of infiltrating breast carcinoma and the surrounding tissue was measured. The experiments were performed at frequencies from 20 kHz to 100 MHz at 37 degrees C using an automatic network analyzer and an end-of-the-line capacitive sensor. Cole-Cole dielectric parameters were calculated by curve fitting using a computer program. Three main categories of tissues were considered: the central part of the tumor, the tumor surrounding tissue, and the peripheral tissue. Within each category, the large spread of the dielectric data for different specimens suggests structural and cellular inhomogeneities of the tumor tissue. However, certain consistency has been found in the dielectric relaxation time and the coefficient of the distribution of the relaxation time within each category. The results seem to indicate that RF impedance imaging can potentially be used as a diagnostic modality for the detection of human breast carcinoma.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Lacosamide: A Review of Preclinical Properties (2007)

Lacosamide (LCM), (SPM 927, (R)-2-acetamido-N-benzyl-3-methoxypropionamide, previously referred to as harkoseride or ADD 234037) is a member of a series of functionalized amino acids that were specifically synthesized as anticonvulsive drug candidates. LCM has demonstrated antiepileptic effectiveness in different rodent seizure models and antinociceptive potential in experimental animal models that reflect distinct types and symptoms of neuropathic as well as chronic inflammatory pain. Recent results suggest that LCM has a dual mode of action underlying its anticonvulsant and analgesic activity. It was found that LCM selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels without affecting fast inactivation. Furthermore, employing proteomic affinity-labeling techniques, collapsin-response mediator protein 2 (CRMP-2 alias DRP-2) was identified as a binding partner. Follow-up experiments confirmed a functional interaction of LCM with CRMP-2 in vitro. LCM did not inhibit or induce a wide variety of cytochrome P450 enzymes at therapeutic concentrations. In safety pharmacology and toxicology studies conducted in mice, rats, rabbits, and dogs, LCM was well tolerated. Either none or only minor side effects were observed in safety studies involving the central nervous, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and renal systems and there is no indication of abuse liability. Repeated dose toxicity studies demonstrated that after either intravenous or oral administration of LCM the adverse events were reversible and consisted mostly of exaggerated pharmacodynamic effects on the CNS. No genotoxic or carcinogenic effects were observed in vivo, and LCM showed a favorable profile in reproductive and developmental animal studies. Currently, LCM is in a late stage of clinical development as an adjunctive treatment for patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures, and it is being assessed as monotherapy in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. Further trials to identify LCM's potential in pain and for other indications have been initiated.
Apparatus for simultaneous observation of the electro-optic response and small angle x-ray scattering in liquid crystals (1995)

A novel apparatus allowing the simultaneous observation of small angle x-ray scattering and time dependent birefringence changes of a dynamic system is described. The apparatus incorporates a monochromatic light source, polarizers, a fast photodiode detector, and electric field generating equipment, such that electro-optic response times between 10 μs and 100 s may be measured. The electro-optic apparatus is incorporated in an x-ray camera sited at the Synchrotron Radiation Source at Daresbury Laboratory, UK. The x-ray apparatus allows the study of structures ∼30 Å in dimension and the detector is time resolved with a minimum response time of 10 μs. A hot stage and temperature controller are also incorporated into the apparatus, allowing the study of smectic liquid crystal devices. Results from the simultaneous acquisition of time resolved x-ray scattering data and electro-optic measurements from a thin film of smectic-A liquid crystal are presented.
Rituximab-CHOP Versus CHOP with or without Maintenance Rituximab in Patients 60 Years of Age or Older with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL): An Update. (2004)

To address early and late treatment failures in DLBCL in patients age 60 and greater, we performed a prospective 2 x 2 randomized trial to determine the impact of the addition of rituximab to standard CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) therapy during induction with a second randomization to maintenance rituximab (MR) or observation. From 2/98 to 7/01, 632 previously untreated patients were randomized to 6–8 cycles of rituximab (R)-CHOP (n=318) or CHOP (n=314). Rituximab 375 mg/M(2) was administered 7 and 3 days prior to cycle 1 and 2 days before cycles 3, 5, and 7. Responding patients (n=415) were randomized to MR 375 mg/M(2) weekly every 6 months x4 (n=207) or observation (n=208). The primary endpoint was time-to-treatment failure (TTF), and all p-values were two-sided. After ineligibility exclusion (76 pathology, 10 other), there were 267 R-CHOP and 279 CHOP patients with 178 observation patients and 174 MR patients. This report is based upon 95% information for induction and 75% information for MR. The base-line characteristics were balanced for age and prognostic factors. For all patients treated, granulocytopenia occurred in 12% (23) of MR patients vs 4% of observation patients (p=0.0008). This difference was significant in patients treated with CHOP (p=0.03) but not R-CHOP (p=0.12). Overall response rates were not different for R-CHOP (79%) versus CHOP induction (76%) (p=0.92). In induction therapy with a median follow-up of 3.5 years, time-to-treatment failure (TTF) favored R-CHOP (53% at 3 yrs) (p=0.04, HR=0.78, 95% CI [0.61,0.99]) versus CHOP (46% at 3 yrs). There was no significant difference in overall survival (OS) according to induction therapy (p=0.18). Maintenance rituximab significantly prolonged the TTF (p=0.009, HR=0.63, 95% CI [0.44,0.90]), but there was not a significant impact on OS (p=0.85). The TTF was prolonged with MR after CHOP (p=0.0004) but not after R-CHOP (p=0.81). In the patients reaching the second randomization to MR, the 2-year TTF was 77%, 79%, 74%, and 45% for R-CHOP, R-CHOP + MR, CHOP + MR, and CHOP, respectively (p<0.0001). The induction therapy results were influenced by maintenance treatment. A secondary analysis was performed to remove the effect of maintenance treatment on the induction comparisons of TTF and OS. R-CHOP alone resulted in a 36% reduction in the risk of treatment failure (p=0.003, HR=0.64,95% CI [0.47,0.85]) with an estimated 3-year TTF of 52% for R-CHOP vs 39% for CHOP. Survival was also longer after R-CHOP induction alone (p=0.05, HR=0.72, 95% CI [0.52,1.00]) compared to CHOP alone with an estimated 3-year OS of 67% for R-CHOP and 58% for CHOP. The addition of rituximab as induction or maintenance to CHOP chemotherapy improves the TTF in patients aged 60 and older. With the addition of rituximab as induction therapy or as maintenance therapy, the improvement in TTF suggests an additive rather than a synergistic effect of rituximab with CHOP in DLBCL.
Vacuole-Localized Berberine Bridge Enzyme-Like Proteins Are Required for a Late Step of Nicotine Biosynthesis in Tobacco1 (2011)

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants synthesize nicotine and related pyridine-type alkaloids, such as anatabine, in their roots and accumulate them in their aerial parts as chemical defenses against herbivores. Herbivory-induced jasmonate signaling activates structural genes for nicotine biosynthesis and transport by way of the NICOTINE (NIC) regulatory loci. The biosynthesis of tobacco alkaloids involves the condensation of an unidentified nicotinic acid-derived metabolite with the N-methylpyrrolinium cation or with itself, but the exact enzymatic reactions and enzymes involved remain unclear. Here, we report that jasmonate-inducible tobacco genes encoding flavin-containing oxidases of the berberine bridge enzyme family (BBLs) are expressed in the roots and regulated by the NIC loci. When expression of the BBL genes was suppressed in tobacco hairy roots or in tobacco plants, nicotine production was highly reduced, with a gradual accumulation of a novel nicotine metabolite, dihydromethanicotine. In the jasmonate-elicited cultured tobacco cells, suppression of BBL expression efficiently inhibited the formation of anatabine and other pyridine alkaloids. Subcellular fractionation and localization of green fluorescent protein-tagged BBLs showed that BBLs are localized in the vacuoles. These results indicate that BBLs are involved in a late oxidation step subsequent to the pyridine ring condensation reaction in the biosynthesis of tobacco alkaloids.
Data binding for standard-based web applications (2012)

Development frameworks have proven to drive developer productivity and flourish in a variety of different application domains. For example, data binding frameworks supporting the process of associating User Interface (UI) elements and data objects can reduce implementation efforts significantly. Even so desktop application developers have access to a myriad of data binding frameworks (e.g. Eclipse JFace); Web development still lacks decent data binding framework support.
Glasslike Kinetic Arrest at the Colloidal-Gelation Transition (2001)

We show that gelation of weakly attractive colloids is remarkably similar to the colloidal glass transition. Like the glass transition, dynamic light scattering functions near gelation scale with scattering vector, and exhibits a two-step decay with a power-law divergence of the final decay time. Like the glass transition, static light scattering does not change upon gelation. These results suggest that, like the glass transition, gelation results from kinetic arrest due to crowding of clusters, and that both gelation and the glass transition are manifestations of a more general jamming transition.
Approaching Unit Visibility for Control of a Superconducting Qubit with Dispersive Readout (2005)

In a Rabi oscillation experiment with a superconducting qubit we show that a visibility in the qubit excited state population of more than 95% can be attained. We perform a dispersive measurement of the qubit state by coupling the qubit non-resonantly to a transmission line resonator and probing the resonator transmission spectrum. The measurement process is well characterized and quantitatively understood. In a measurement of Ramsey fringes, the qubit coherence time is larger than 500 ns.
Introduction to hyperthermia device evaluation (1988)

From 10/81 to 1/87, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the U.S. Department of Public Health Services (PHS) contracted with four institutions to evaluate hyperthermia technology to be applied in the treatment of human malignancy. During the five year period 1981-1986, data were collected which now reside in a consensus database representing treatments of 792 separate sites or fields in a total of 573 patients. These patients were treated with one or more of 49 devices by the four institutions. Sixteen ultrasound (US) devices were evaluated in 195 sites. Nine magnetic induction (MI) devices were evaluated in 208 sites. Twenty radiative electromagnetic (EM) devices were evaluated in 488 sites. Four interstitial (IRF) devices were evaluated in 37 sites. Many sites were treated with multiple hyperthermia modalities. This first in a series of 13 reports describes the general objectives of the Contractors' Group, basic methods of device evaluation and brief details of the large variety of devices tested.
Structurally Designed Synthesis of Mechanically Stable Poly(benzoxazine-co-resol)-Based Porous Carbon Monoliths and Their Application as High-Performance CO2 Capture Sorbents (2011)

Porous carbon monoliths with defined multilength scale pore structures, a nitrogen-containing framework, and high mechanical strength were synthesized through a self-assembly of poly(benzoxazine-co-resol) and a carbonization process. Importantly, this synthesis can be easily scaled up to prepare carbon monoliths with identical pore structures. By controlling the reaction conditions, porous carbon monoliths exhibit fully interconnected macroporosity and mesoporosity with cubic Im3m symmetry and can withstand a press pressure of up to 15.6 MPa. The use of amines in the synthesis results in a nitrogen-containing framework of the carbon monolith, as evidenced by the cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning NMR characterization. With such designed structures, the carbon monoliths show outstanding CO(2) capture and separation capacities, high selectivity, and facile regeneration at room temperature. At ~1 bar, the equilibrium capacities of the monoliths are in the range of 3.3-4.9 mmol g(-1) at 0 °C and of 2.6-3.3 mmol g(-1) at 25 °C, while the dynamic capacities are in the range of 2.7-4.1 wt % at 25 °C using 14% (v/v) CO(2) in N(2). The carbon monoliths exhibit high selectivity for the capture of CO(2) over N(2) from a CO(2)/N(2) mixture, with a separation factor ranging from 13 to 28. Meanwhile, they undergo a facile CO(2) release in an argon stream at 25 °C, indicating a good regeneration capacity.
Assessment of the Impact of Potential Tetracycline Exposure on the Phenotype of Aedes aegypti OX513A: Implications for Field Use (2015)

Together, these studies demonstrate that potential routes of exposure of OX513A individuals to tetracycline and its analogues in the environment are not expected to increase the survivorship of OX513A.
Insights into blood cell formation from hemogenic endothelium in lesser‐known anatomic sites (2016)

We identified sites of HSPC formation in the head, heart, and somites, confirming that embryonic hematopoiesis is less spatially restricted than previously thought. Furthermore, we show that HSPCs in the yolk sac with lymphoid potential are located in closer proximity to arteries than to veins. Developmental Dynamics 245:1011-1028, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Crystal structure of the anti-(carcinoembryonic antigen) single-chain Fv antibody MFE-23 and a model for antigen binding based on intermolecular contacts (2000)

MFE-23 is the first single-chain Fv antibody molecule to be used in patients and is used to target colorectal cancer through its high affinity for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a cell-surface member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. MFE-23 contains an N-terminal variable heavy-chain domain joined by a (Gly4Ser)3 linker to a variable light-chain (VL) domain (ĸ chain) with an 11-residue C-terminal Myc-tag. Its crystal structure was determined at 2.4 Å resolution by molecular replacement with an Rcryst of 19.0%. Five of the six antigen-binding loops, L1, L2, L3, H1 and H2, conformed to known canonical structures. The sixth loop, H3, displayed a unique structure, with a β-hairpin loop and a bifurcated apex characterized by a buried Thr residue. In the crystal lattice, two MFE-23 molecules were associated back-to-back in a manner not seen before. The antigen-binding site displayed a large acidic region located mainly within the H2 loop and a large hydrophobic region within the H3 loop. Even though this structure is unliganded within the crystal, there is an unusually large region of contact between the H1, H2 and H3 loops and the β-sheet of the VL domain of an adjacent molecule (strands DEBA) as a result of intermolecular packing. These interactions exhibited remarkably high surface and electrostatic complementarity. Of seven MFE-23 residues predicted to make contact with antigen, five participated in these lattice contacts, and this model for antigen binding is consistent with previously reported site-specific mutagenesis of MFE-23 and its effect on CEA binding.
Morphological evolution of III–V semiconductors and SiO2 during low energy electron enhanced dry etching (2004)

Evolution of surface morphologies of GaAs, GaP, InP, GaN, and SiO2 during dry etching is studied. Etching was carried out in Cl2/H2/Ar plasmas with electron enhancement. No structural damage was introduced during etching. Etched surface morphologies were observed with scanning electron microscopy and roughness values were obtained using atomic force microscope. Depending on binding energies, each material showed a different morphology evolution and final surface. Materials with low binding energies (GaAs, GaP, and InP) form pits or ridges early, and become rougher over time. Increasing electron flux to the surface overcomes the tendency to roughen and produces very smooth surfaces. Materials with high binding energies (GaN, SiO2) do not form pits or ridges early. They quickly form and maintain extremely smooth surfaces with little dependence on electron flux.
Activation of botulinum C2 toxin by trypsin (1987)

C2 toxin (C2T) elaborated by Clostridium botulinum types C and D is composed of two dissimilar protein components, designated components I and II. The biological activity of C2T is enhanced by treating the toxin with trypsin. This activation of C2T is observed as a result of mixing untrypsinized component I and trypsinized component II but not as a result of mixing trypsinized component I and untrypsinized component II. The data presented here show that the maximum lethality of C2T, determined by mixing untrypsinized component I and trypsinized component II, was attained by treating component II with trypsin at a ratio of 10:1 on a protein basis for 30 min at 35 degrees C at pH 7.5. The activation of component II was always accompanied by a change in the molecular weight of the component from 101,000 to 88,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). However, the gel filtration of trypsinized component II resulted in the separation of two active components, with apparent molecular weights, estimated from the elution volume by gel filtration, of 365,000 and 74,000. The high-molecular-weight component II had hemagglutination and hemolytic activities, whereas the low-molecular-weight component II has only hemagglutination activity. These two molecular species of active component II had approximately the same lethality, when mixed with component I, and gave a single band in SDS-PAGE, with a molecular weight of 88,000, the same as that of trypsin-activated component II under different reaction conditions. The results indicate that the activation of C2T by trypsin is due to the molecular conversion of component II from molecular weight 101,000 to 88,000 as determined by SDS-PAGE and that the trypsin-activated component II tends to form an oligomer of the active component II.
Effects of Minor and Major Groove‐Binding Drugs and Intercalators on the DNA Association of Minor Groove‐Binding Proteins RecA and Deoxyribonuclease I Detected by Flow Linear Dichroism (1997)

Linear and circular dichroic spectroscopies have been employed to investigate the effects of small DNA ligands on the interactions of two proteins which bind to the minor groove of DNA, viz. RecA protein from Escherichia coli and deoxyribonuclease I (bovine pancreas). Ligands representing three specific non-covalent binding modes were investigated: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and distamycin A (minor groove binders), methyl green (major groove binder), and methylene blue, ethidium bromide and ethidium dimer (intercalators). Linear dichroism was demonstrated to be an excellent detector, in real time, of DNA double-strand cleavage by deoxyribonuclease I. Ligands bound in all three modes interfered with the deoxyribonuclease I digestion of dsDNA, although the level of interference varied in a manner which could be related to the ligand binding site, the ligand charge appearing to be less important. In particular, the retardation of deoxyribonuclease I cleavage by the major groove binder methyl green demonstrates that accessibility to the minor groove can be affected by occupancy of the opposite groove. Binding of all three types of ligand also had marked effects on the interaction of RecA with dsDNA in the presence of non-hydrolyzable cofactor adenosine 5'-O-3-thiotriphosphate, decreasing the association rate to varying extents but with the strongest effects from ligands having some minor groove occupancy. Finally, each ligand was displaced from its DNA binding site upon completion of RecA association, again demonstrating that modification of either groove can affect the properties and behaviour of the other. The conclusions are discussed against the background of previous work on the use of small DNA ligands to probe DNA-protein interactions.
Multiple oncogenic mutations and clonal relationship in spatially distinct benign human epidermal tumors (2010)

Malignant tumors result from the accumulation of genetic alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Much less is known about the genetic changes in benign tumors. Seborrheic keratoses (SK) are very frequent benign human epidermal tumors without malignant potential. We performed a comprehensive mutational screen of genes in the FGFR3-RAS-MAPK and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT pathways from 175 SK, including multiple lesions from each patient. SK commonly harbored multiple bona fide oncogenic mutations in FGFR3, PIK3CA, KRAS, HRAS, EGFR, and AKT1 oncogenes but not in tumor suppressor genes TSC1 and PTEN. Despite the occurrence of oncogenic mutations and the evidence for downstream ERK/MAPK and PI3K pathway signaling, we did not find induction of senescence or a DNA damage response. Array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis revealed that SK are genetically stable. The pattern of oncogenic mutations and X chromosome inactivation departs significantly from randomness and indicates that spatially independent lesions from a given patient share a clonal relationship. Our findings show that multiple oncogenic mutations in the major signaling pathways involved in cancer are not sufficient to drive malignant tumor progression. Furthermore, our data provide clues on the origin and spread of oncogenic mutations in tissues, suggesting that apparently independent (multicentric) adult benign tumors may have a clonal origin.