gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth and differentiation of a human megakaryoblastic cell line, CMK (1989)

Recently, a human megakaryoblastic cell line, CMK, was established from the peripheral blood of a megakaryoblastic leukemia patient with Down syndrome. Using this cell line, we studied the proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytic cells in the presence of highly purified human hematopoietic factors and phorbol 12-myristate-13- acetate (PMA). In a methylcellulose culture system, interleukin-3 (IL- 3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) facilitated colony formation by CMK cells in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum stimulating doses of these factors were 10 and 200 U/mL, respectively. These concentrations were comparable to those that stimulate activity in normal hematopoietic cells. In contrast, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and erythropoietin (EPO) had no effects on the colony formation of CMK cells. In a liquid culture system, 20% of the CMK cells expressed glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) antigen without hematopoietic factors, whereas 40% of the cells expressed GPIIb/IIIa with the addition of IL-3 and GM-CSF. EPO also slightly enhanced expression of GPIIb/IIIa. On the other hand, PMA inhibited growth of CMK cells and induced most of them to express the GPIIb/IIIa antigen. Furthermore, PMA induced CMK cells to produce growth activity toward new inocula of CMK cells. This growth factor (GF) contained colony-stimulating activity (CSA) in normal bone marrow (BM) cells. The activity was believed to be attributable mainly to GM-CSF, since 64% of this activity was neutralized by anti-GM-CSF antibodies and a transcript of GM-CSF was detected in mRNA from PMA-treated CMK cells by Northern blot analysis. These observations suggest that GM-CSF, as well as IL-3, should play an important role in megakaryocytopoiesis.
GLOBAL ELECTRONIC MARKETS A PRELIMINARY REPORT OF FINDINGS (1994)

Information Systems Working Papers Series
Percolation and Conduction (1973)

Extensions of percolation theory to treat transport are described. Resistor networks, from which resistors are removed at random, provide the natural generalization of the lattice models for which percolation thresholds and percolation probabilities have previously been considered. The normalized conductance, $G$, of such networks proves to be a sharply defined quantity with a characteristic concentration dependence near threshold which appears sensitive only to dimensionality. Numerical results are presented for several families of $3D$ and $2D$ network models. Except close to threshold, the models based on bond percolation are accurately described by a simple effective medium theory, which can also treat continuous media or situations less drastic than the percolation models, for example, materials in which local conductivity has a continuous distribution of values. The present calculations provide the first quantitative test of this theory. A "Green's function" derivation of the effective medium theory, which makes contact with similar treatments of disordered alloys, is presented. Finally, a general expression for the conductance of a percolation model is obtained which relates $G$ to the spin-stiffness coefficient, $D$, of an appropriately defined model dilute ferromagnet. We use this relationship to argue that the "percolation channels" through which the current flows above threshold must be regarded as three dimensional.
Continuous Shading of Curved Surfaces (1971)

A procedure for computing shaded pictures of curved surfaces is presented. The surface is approximated by small polygons in order to solve easily the hidden-parts problem, but the shading of each polygon is computed so that discontinuities of shade are eliminated across the surface and a smooth appearance is obtained. In order to achieve speed efficiency, the technique developed by Watkins is used which makes possible a hardware implementation of this algorithm.
On the dynamic response of externally wetted ionic liquid ion sources (2005)

The electrostatic extraction of nearly monochromatic solvated ions from externally wetted emitters is possible in the case of some ionic liquids or room temperature molten salts. These compact devices are similar to liquid metal ion sources but positive or negative ion beams can be obtained simply by selecting the appropriate polarity for the power supply. dc operation on a single polarity over relatively long periods of time induces electrochemical degradation of the liquid–metal system making voltage alternation at frequencies of the order of 1 Hz necessary to sustain chemical neutrality. This periodic interruption forces a non-steady state behaviour. In particular, the ion current onset is delayed from a square-shaped voltage input signal by a few milliseconds for tungsten metal emitters wetted with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, setting the upper bound for the alternation frequency at about 75 Hz. The dependences of these delays on absolute applied voltages are experimentally explored for this compound, suggesting that viscous drag is the main factor determining the dynamic response.
Exo1: A new chemical inhibitor of the exocytic pathway (2003)

A phenotypic screen was used to search for drug-like molecules that can interfere with specific steps in membrane traffic. 2-(4-Fluorobenzoylamino)-benzoic acid methyl ester (Exo1), identified in this screen, induces a rapid collapse of the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum, thus acutely inhibiting the traffic emanating from the endoplasmic reticulum. Like Brefeldin A (BFA), Exo1 induces the rapid release of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) 1 from Golgi membranes but has less effect on the organization of the trans-Golgi network. Our data indicate that Exo1 acts by a different mechanism from BFA. Unlike BFA, Exo1 does not induce the ADP-ribosylation of CtBP/Bars50 and does not interfere with the activity of guanine nucleotide exchange factors specific for Golgi-based ARFs. Thus, Exo1 allows the fatty acid exchange activity of Bars50 to be distinguished from ARF1 activity in the control of Golgi tubulation.
Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways—Therapeutic Opportunities (2010)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane proteins acting mainly as sensors of microbial components. Triggering TLRs results in increased expression of multiple inflammatory genes, which then play a protective role against infection. However, aberrant activation of TLR signaling has a significant impact on the onset of cancer, allergy, sepsis and autoimmunity. Various adaptor proteins, including MyD88, IRAKs, TIRAP, TRIF, and TRAM, are involved in specific TLR signaling pathways. This article reviews the role of these molecules in TLR signaling, and discusses the impact of this pathway on various disease scenarios. Given their important role in infectious and non-infectious disease settings, TLRs and their signaling pathways emerge as attractive targets for therapeutics.
Strain Paint: Noncontact Strain Measurement Using Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composite Coatings (2012)

Composite coatings have been developed that reveal strains in underlying structural elements through noncontact optical measurement. Dilute individualized single-walled carbon nanotubes are embedded in a polymeric host and applied to form a thin coating. Strain in the substrate is transmitted through the polymer to the nanotubes, causing systematic and predictable spectral shifts of the nanotube near-infrared fluorescence peaks. This new method allows quick and precise strain measurements at any position and along any direction of the substrate.
Nemolizumab in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: Randomized, phase II, long-term extension study (2018)

Nemolizumab for up to 64 weeks was efficacious and overall well tolerated in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis inadequately controlled by topical therapy.
Genetic Restriction of HIV-1 Infection and Progression to AIDS by a Deletion Allele of the CKR5 Structural Gene (1996)

The chemokine receptor 5 (CKR5) protein serves as a secondary receptor on CD4(+) T lymphocytes for certain strains of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1). The CKR5 structural gene was mapped to human chromosome 3p21, and a 32-base pair deletion allele (CKR5Delta32) was identified that is present at a frequency of approximately0.10 in the Caucasian population of the United States. An examination of 1955 patients included among six well-characterized acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cohort studies revealed that 17 deletion homozygotes occurred exclusively among 612 exposed HIV-1 antibody-negative individuals (2.8 percent) and not at all in 1343 HIV-1-infected individuals. The frequency of CKR5 deletion heterozygotes was significantly elevated in groups of individuals that had survived HIV-1 infection for more than 10 years, and, in some risk groups, twice as frequent as their occurrence in rapid progressors to AIDS. Survival analysis clearly shows that disease progression is slower in CKR5 deletion heterozygotes than in individuals homozygous for the normal CKR5 gene. The CKR5Delta32 deletion may act as a recessive restriction gene against HIV-1 infection and may exert a dominant phenotype of delaying progression to AIDS among infected individuals.
Human macrophage activation programs induced by bacterial pathogens (2002)

Understanding the response of innate immune cells to pathogens may provide insights to host defenses and the tactics used by pathogens to circumvent these defenses. We used DNA microarrays to explore the responses of human macrophages to a variety of bacteria. Macrophages responded to a broad range of bacteria with a robust, shared pattern of gene expression. The shared response includes genes encoding receptors, signal transduction molecules, and transcription factors. This shared activation program transforms the macrophage into a cell primed to interact with its environment and to mount an immune response. Further study revealed that the activation program is induced by bacterial components that are Toll-like receptor agonists, including lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, muramyl dipeptide, and heat shock proteins. Pathogen-specific responses were also apparent in the macrophage expression profiles. Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific responses revealed inhibition of interleukin-12 production, suggesting one means by which this organism survives host defenses. These results improve our understanding of macrophage defenses, provide insights into mechanisms of pathogenesis, and suggest targets for therapeutic intervention.
Bright UV-Blue Luminescent Colloidal ZnSe Nanocrystals (1998)

Relatively monodisperse, highly luminescent zinc blende ZnSe nanocrystals are synthesized in a hexadecylamine/trioctylphosphine coordination solvent. The controlled growth process affords tunable sample sizes. Pure band-edge fluorescence size-tunable between 2.8 and 3.4 eV is obtained at room temperature with quantum yields between 20% and 50% relative to Stilbene 420.
Polymerization of acetaldehyde and crotonaldehyde catalyzed by aliphatic tertiary amines (1951)

Abstract Acetaldehyde was condensed with acetaldol using triethylamine as the catalyst. The reaction products of the branch‐chained type were found to predominate. Acetaldehyde was polymerized by trimethylamine, triethylamine, tri‐ n ‐propylamine, and tri‐ n ‐amylamine to resinous materials possessing desirable film‐forming properties. Crotonaldehyde was polymerized by triethylamine to a resin similar in all respects to the product of acetaldehyde produced under similar conditions.
Synthetic Peptides as Antigens for Antibody Production (2005)

The use of synthetic peptide immunogens as a means to generate specific immunological reagents for a variety of purposes has increased markedly in recent years. In this chapter, we outline some of the salient factors to be considered when designing peptide immunogens and describe basic methodologies for the conjugation of short synthetic peptides to immunogenic carrier proteins.
THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID OF SOLID TUMORS. (1964)

Summary The interstitial fluid of a solid tumor, consisting of the liquid phase interposed between the newly formed vascular walls of the tumor and the plasma membrane of the neoplastic cells, has been sampled from a chamber enclosed into the neoplastic mass. The “tension” of the interstitial fluid of normal and neoplastic tissues was sufficient to produce a continuous outflow from the sampling device. In some tumors, but not in all of them, the pressure needed to stop this outflow was twice as large as that required for the normal subcutaneous tissue, and it was similar to that measured in the skin after venous obstruction. The sampling technic has been described in detail. Each sample was compared with the blood serum flowing into and out of the neoplastic mass, with the interstitial fluid obtained by the same technic from the normal subcutaneous tissue, with the peritoneal fluid, and with the lymph of the thoracic duct of normal and tumor-bearing rats. The fluids were first tested for sterility and then analyzed for total protein, nonprotein N, urea, free amino acids, glucose, lactic acid, total sterols, lipid phosphorus, chloride, sodium, and potassium. The main purpose was a better characterization of the milieu in which the neoplastic cells live. The results refer to small tumors (5–10 gm.) of Walker carcinoma 256, Fibrosarcoma 4956, Hepatoma 5123, Hepatoma 7974, and Novikoff hepatoma. The interstitial fluid of the tumor was characterized by a very low content of free glucose and high levels of lactic acid. Data are reported on the passage of glucose from the blood into the interstitial fluid of tumors, and they suggest that this passage occurs by means of a transfer mechanism and not by simple diffusion. A “fermentative type” of interstitial fluid, peculiar to the tumor, was produced also in tissues without any sign of neoplasia being present. The concentration of proteins was about 33 per cent lower in the interstitial fluid than in blood serum of tumors. This reduction was constant for each tumor, persisted during growth, and disappeared only when the sampling device was surrounded by necrotic tissue. The α-globulins were reduced, but the albumin-globulin ratio of the interstitial fluid was equal to that of blood serum. The free amino acid level was generally higher in the tumor fluid than in serum of blood entering or leaving the neoplastic mass, but the behavior was not uniform, and no conclusion could be drawn. The concentration of cholesterol and lipid phosphorus in the interstitial fluid of tumors was about one-fourth of that of blood serum; however, the values in the tumor and in normal subcutaneous fluid were similar. The gross composition of tumor fluid was maintained as constant as that of thoracic lymph, normal peritoneal fluid, or subcutaneous fluid despite the presence of necrotic foci and the known changes in metabolism of the neoplastic cell population.
The Structure of the Cys-rich Terminal Domain of Hydra Minicollagen, Which Is Involved in Disulfide Networks of the Nematocyst Wall (2004)

The minicollagens found in the nematocysts of Hydra constitute a family of invertebrate collagens with unusual properties. They share a common modular architecture with a central collagen sequence ranging from 14 to 16 Gly-X-Y repeats flanked by polyproline/hydroxyproline stretches and short terminal domains that show a conserved cysteine pattern (CXXXCXXXCXXX-CXXXCC). The minicollagen cysteine-rich domains are believed to function in a switch of the disulfide connectivity from intra- to intermolecular bonds during maturation of the capsule wall. The solution structure of the C-terminal fragment including a minicollagen cysteine-rich domain of minicollagen-1 was determined in two independent groups by 1H NMR. The corresponding peptide comprising the last 24 residues of the molecule was produced synthetically and refolded by oxidation under low protein concentrations. Both presented structures are identical in their fold and disulfide connections (Cys2-Cys18, Cys6-Cys14, and Cys10-Cys19) revealing a robust structural motif that is supposed to serve as the polymerization module of the nematocyst capsule.
Leader peptides of inducible chloramphenicol resistance genes from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria bind to yeast and Archaea large subunit rRNA (1997)

catA86 is the second gene in a constitutively transcribed, two-gene operon cloned from Bacillus pumilus . The region that intervenes between the upstream gene, termed the leader, and the catA86 coding sequence contains a pair of inverted repeat sequences which cause sequestration of the catA86 ribosome binding site in mRNA secondary structure. As a consequence, the catA86 coding sequence is untranslatable in the absence of inducer. Translation of the catA86 coding sequence is induced by chloramphenicol in Gram-positives and induction requires a function of the leader coding sequence. The leader-encoded peptide has been proposed to instruct its translating ribosome to pause at leader codon 6, enabling chloramphenicol to stall the ribosome at that site. Ribosome stalling causes destabilization of the RNA secondary structure, exposing the catA86 ribosome binding site, allowing activation of its translation. A comparable mechanism of induction by chloramphenicol has been proposed for the regulated cmlA gene from Gram-negative bacteria. The catA86 and cmlA leader-encoded peptides are in vitro inhibitors of peptidyl transferase, which is thought to be the basis for selection of the site of ribosome stalling. Both leader-encoded peptides have been shown to alter the secondary structure of Escherichia coli 23S rRNA in vitro. All peptide-induced changes in rRNA conformation are within domains IV and V, which contains the peptidyl transferase center. Here we demonstrate that the leader peptides alter the conformation of domains IV and V of large subunit rRNA from yeast and a representative of the Archaea. The rRNA target for binding the leader peptides is therefore conserved across kingdoms.
Tilt Angle Determination of a Smectic C Phase by Field-Induced Freedericksz Transition and x ray Investigations (1979)

Abstract A smectic C liquid crystal exhibiting positive dielectric anisotropy was oriented with the director parallel to the glass substrates. When an electric field was applied normal to the director direction a dielectric reorientation (Freedericksz transition) occurred. Dissolving a dichroic dye in the smectic C phase and applying an electric field, a guest host effect similar to nematic phases was observed. From the dielectric reorientation the tilt angle of the smectic C phase was determined at different temperatures. The tilt angles obtained by the electrooptical measurements agree sufficiently with the values measured by x ray investigations.
Urinary and Tissue Levels of Scatter Factor in Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Bladder (1997)

These studies suggest that scatter factor may be a marker of bladder cancer, urinary scatter factor titers tend to reflect disease activity and particularly high tissue titers of scatter factor are found in muscle invasive cancers. A larger prospective study will be necessary to determine the clinical significance of elevated scatter factor titers in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
Reciprocal and Coordinate Regulation of Serum Amyloid A Versus Apolipoprotein A-I and Paraoxonase-1 by Inflammation in Murine Hepatocytes (2006)

These results suggest that cytokines increase the expression of SAA through NF-kappaB transactivation, while simultaneously decreasing the expression of apoA-I and PON-1 by inhibiting PPARalpha activation. Inflammation may convert HDL de novo into a more proatherogenic form by coordinate but inverse transcriptional regulation in the liver, rather than by physical displacement of apoA-I by SAA.
Degenerated primer design to amplify the heavy chain variable region from immunoglobulin cDNA (2006)

The new protocol rescued the amplifications of the VH gene that had failed under conventional protocols. In addition, there was a notable increase in amplification specificity. Moreover, the algorithm improved the primer design efficiency and was shown to be useful both for building VH and VL gene libraries and for the cloning of unknown genes in gene families.
Quantitative fluorescence measurements of chloride secretion in native airway epithelium from CF and non-CF subjects. (1995)

Functional assessment of the efficacy of CFTR gene transfer protocols in humans has previously involved measurement of in vivo potential difference. We have studied whether freshly obtained airway epithelial cells may provide suitable tissue for studies of in vivo gene transfer using fluorescent digital imaging microscopy. Nasal epithelial cells from non-cystic fibrosis subjects (n = 6) and from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients (delta F508: delta F508, n = 5) were obtained by brushing and loaded with 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium (SPQ). Addition of the cAMP-agonists forskolin (20 microM) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, 100 microM) produced an increased efflux of iodide from the cells which was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in non-CF than in CF cells. Efflux following addition of the calcium ionophore, ionomycin (100 microM) was similar in both non-CF and CF cells. Liposome-mediated transfection of CF nasal epithelial cells in vitro with CFTR-cDNA restored the cAMP-stimulated efflux to non-CF values. Bronchial epithelial cells from non-CF subjects showed responses to forskolin and ionomycin that were not different to those in non-CF nasal epithelia. These data demonstrate that the assay provides a useful method for assessing correction of abnormal ion transport in non-cultured CF epithelium and is likely to provide a further assay for assessment of in vivo gene transfer efficiency in protocols of gene therapy for CF.
Androgen Receptor Phosphorylation (2002)

Activation of signal transduction kinase cascades has been shown to alter androgen receptor (AR) activity. Although it has been suggested that changes in AR phosphorylation might be directly responsible, the basal and regulated phosphorylations of the AR have not been fully determined. We have identified the major sites of AR phosphorylation on ARs expressed in COS-1 cells using a combination of peptide mapping, Edman degradation, and mass spectrometry. We describe the identification of seven AR phosphorylation sites, show that the phosphopeptides seen with exogenously expressed ARs are highly similar to those seen with endogenous ARs in LNCaP cells and show that specific agonists differentially regulate the phosphorylation state of endogenous ARs in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Treatment of LNCaP cells with the synthetic androgen, R1881, elevates phosphorylation of serines 16, 81, 256, 308, 424, and 650. Ser-94 appears constitutively phosphorylated. Forskolin, epidermal growth factor, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate increase the phosphorylation of Ser-650. The kinetics of phosphorylation of most sites in response to hormone or forskolin is temporally delayed, reaching a maximum at 2 h post-stimulation. The exception is Ser-81, which continues to display increasing phosphorylation at 6 h. These data provide a basis for analyzing mechanisms of cross-talk between growth factor signaling and androgen in prostate development, physiology, and cancer.
Comparison of efficacy and effectiveness between ULTRACET and tramadol/acetaminophen in acute postoperative pain after upper extremity surgery. (2010)

ULTRACET has more efficacy and fewer side effects when compared with tramadol and acetaminophen in acute postoperative pain surgery.