gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of Endogenous Androgen Against Insulin Resistance and Athero-sclerosis in Men with Type 2 Diabetes (2007)

Age-related decline in serum testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations occur in men. Low concentrations of these endogenous androgens have been linked with insulin resistance, which is an important upstream driver for metabolic abnormalities such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, or hyperlipidemia, and increased cardiovascular risk. Moreover, men with diabetes have significantly less circulating androgen than nondiabetic men. Here, we summarize how androgen affects insulin resistance and atherosclerosis in men with type 2 diabetes. Low serum concentrations of endogenous androgens are associated with visceral fat accumulation. Androgen deprivation by castration to treat prostate cancer increases insulin resistance, while testosterone administration in type 2 diabetic men with androgen deficiency improves glucose homeostasis and decreases visceral fat, in addition to alleviating symptoms of androgen deficiency including erectile dysfunction. Androgen correlates inversely with severity of atherosclerosis and has beneficial effects upon vascular reactivity, inflammatory cytokine, adhesion molecules, insulin resistance, serum lipids, and hemostatic factors. Because men with type 2 diabetes have relative hypogonadism, testosterone supplementation could decrease both insulin resistance and atherosclerosis.
Comparison of Endovascular and Intraventricular Gene Therapy With Adeno-Associated Virus–α-L-Iduronidase for Hurler Disease (2013)

Physiologically relevant biochemical correction is possible with neurosurgical or endovascular gene therapy approaches for MPS-I. Intraventricular or endovascular delivery of rAAV5-IDUA was effective in reversing brain pathology, but in the latter method, effects were limited to the ipsilateral hemisphere.
Seedcoat Permeability: Uptake and Post-germination Transport of Applied Model Tracer Compounds (2011)

The seedcoat permeability, uptake, and transport of model fluorescent tracers were investigated in snapbean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ), pepper ( Capsicum annuum ), tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) , onion ( Allium cepa ), cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ), and lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ) seeds. Nine fluorescent tracers and one vital stain were selected to represent a diversity of physicochemical properties (lipophilicity, electrical charge, etc.) and to simulate behavior of applied seed treatments. To study seedcoat permeability, tracers were applied to seeds as dry powders, and treated seeds were sown in moistened sand at 20 °C and removed after 18 to 24 h, a time before visible germination. Imbibed seeds were dissected and fluorescence (staining) was observed in embryos with a dissecting microscope under ultraviolet (365 nm) or visible radiation. Seedcoat permeability of species to solutes was grouped into three categories: 1) permeable—snapbeans; 2) selectively permeable—tomato, pepper, and onion; and 3) non-permeable—cucumber and lettuce. Systemic tracers that failed to permeate seedcoats during seed imbibition were taken up by roots or hypocotyls after visible germination.
APOLLO EXPERIENCE REPORT - ONBOARD NAVIGATIONAL AND ALIGNMENT SOFTWARE (1972)

Abstract ~~~ ~ ~ The onboard navigational and alignment routines used during the nonthrusting phases of an Apollo mission are discussed as to their limitations, and alternate approaches that have more desirable capabilities are presented. This discussion includes a more efficient procedure for solving Kepler's equation, which is used in the calculation of Kepler's problem and Lambert's problem; and a sixth-order predictor (no corrector used) scheme with a Runge-Kutta starter is recommended for numerical integration. Also evaluated are the extension of the rendezvous navigation state to include angle biases and the use of a fixed coordinate system. In general, the discussion reflects the advancement of the state of the art since the design of the Apollo software. 17. Key Words (Suggested by Author(s1) 18. Distribution Statement Onboard Navigation Onboard Navigation Software Numerical Integration Rendezvous Navigation
On the morphology of melt-crystallized polyethylene - I. Lamellar profiles (1981)

Abstract The morphology of melt-crystallized polyethylene has been surveyed, and it has been revealed that all specimens are highly lamellar. Classifi­cation of the textures is possible in terms of the lamellar profiles in b-projection, i. e. down the radii of spherulites. For polyethylene crystal­lized as the orthorhombic phase only three types of lamellar profile have been observed for readily accessible growth conditions. There are ridged sheets of alternating {201} facets, planar {201} sheets and S-shaped sheets which are, to a first approximation, derivable from {201} platelets by shear of the lateral regions displacing {100} parallel to c. It is possible, moreover, to distinguish between the first-forming or dominant lamellae which lay down the framework of the texture and the later-forming or subsidiary lamellae which fill the framework. Dominant lamellae may have ridged, planar or S-shaped profiles but subsidiary lamellae appear only ridged or planar. Ridged dominant sheets form under régime I conditions as a consequence of distinct facets on the growth front. The association of ridges and growth facets indicates regularity in folding. S-shaped sheets are usually dominant in régime II growth. They appear to have been deformed from planar {201} sheets by forces associated with the forma­tion of banded spherulites.
Effects of tongue electrical stimulation on pharyngeal mechanics in anaesthetized patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (1999)

The tongue plays a significant role in the maintenance of a patent airway. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of tongue musculature contraction on the static mechanical properties of the pharynx in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). During hyperventilation-induced apnoea in seven OSA patients anaesthetized with sevoflurane, the static pressure/area relationships of the oropharynx were obtained by means of step changes in airway pressure while endoscopically measuring cross-sectional area. At each airway pressure, the tongue was electrically stimulated via electrodes placed bilaterally. Tongue electrical stimulation (TES) did not further dilate the oropharyngeal area at higher airway pressure (3.2+/-1.9 versus 3.0+/-2.1 cm2), although the narrowed oropharyngeal area at lower airway pressures increased during TES (0.8+/-9.0) versus 1.7+/-1.8 cm2, p<0.05). Accordingly, the slope of the pressure/area relationship decreased during TES (0.24+/-0.20 versus 0.12+/-0.09 cm2 x cm H2O(-1), p<0.05). In conclusion, electrical stimulation of the tongue stiffens the retroglossal airway wall in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.
Hypermedia Templates (1991)

Recently Brown University's Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship (IRIS) extended Intermedia to allow authors to define Hypermedia Templates-sets of pre-linked documents which can be duplicated.
Enabling Technology for Microvascular Stenting in Ophthalmic Surgery (2010)

Microstenting is a potentially revolutionary approach to surgical treatment of microvascular retinal disorders that do not resolve using pharmaceutical treatment. This article presents a novel device called a stent deployment unit (SDU) that aims at enabling microstent placement in ophthalmic surgery. The clinical motivation for this work is highlighted in context of microvascular retinal surgery. The proposed SDU is designed for intraocular adjustment of the approach angle and the position of the stent with respect to the retina. The feasibility of this device is experimentally evaluated on chick chorioallantoic membranes and on agar vascular models. Experiments show dependency on the approach angle with respect to the vasculature and on the mobility of the vasculature. Successful placement of stents was achieved in both experimental media. To the best of our knowledge, this pioneering work is the first to demonstrate successful stent deployment in a scale suitable for retinal surgery. We believe that this technique has the promise of enabling effective vascular treatments for blinding conditions such as central and branch retinal vein occlusion.
Perhydroxyl radical (HOO.) initiated lipid peroxidation. The role of fatty acid hydroperoxides (1991)

It is demonstrated that the perhydroxyl radical (HOO., the conjugate acid of superoxide (O2-], initiates fatty acid peroxidation (a model for biological lipid peroxidation) by two parallel pathways: fatty acid hydroperoxide (LOOH)-independent and LOOH-dependent. Previous workers (Gebicki, J. M., and Bielski, B. H. J. (1981) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103, 7020-7025) demonstrated that HOO., generated by pulse radiolysis, initiates peroxidation in ethanol/water fatty acid dispersions by abstraction of the bis-allylic hydrogen atom from a polyunsaturated fatty acid. Addition of O2 to the fatty acid radicals forms peroxyl radicals (LOO.s), the chain-propagating species of lipid peroxidation. In this work it is demonstrated that HOO., generated either chemically (KO2) or enzymatically (xanthine oxidase), is a good initiator of fatty acid peroxidation in linoleic acid ethanol/water dispersions; O2- serves only as the source of HOO., and HOO. initiation can be observed at physiologically relevant pH values. In contrast to the previous results, the initiating effectiveness of HOO. is related directly to the initial concentrations of LOOHs in the lipids to be peroxidized. This defines a LOOH-dependent mechanism for fatty acid peroxidation initiation by HOO., which parallels the previously established LOOH-independent pathway. Since the LOOH-dependent pathway is much more facile than the LOOH-independent pathway, LOOH is the kinetically preferred site of HOO. attack in these systems. Experiments comparing HOO./LOOH-dependent fatty acid peroxidation with transition metal- and peroxyl radical-initiated peroxidation rule out the participation of the latter two species as initiators, which defines the HOO./LOOH initiation system as mechanistically unique. LOOH product studies are consistent with either a direct or indirect hydrogen atom transfer between LOOH and HOO. to yield LOO.s, which propagate peroxidation. The LOOH-dependent pathway of HOO.-initiated fatty acid peroxidation may be relevant to mechanisms of lipid peroxidation initiation in vivo.
Thrombin Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor and an Antifibrinolytic Pathway (2000)

Coagulation and fibrinolysis are processes that form and dissolve fibrin, respectively. These processes are exquisitely regulated and protect the organism from excessive blood loss or excessive fibrin deposition. Regulation of these cascades is accomplished by a variety of mechanisms involving cellular responses, flow, and protein-protein interactions. With respect to regulation mediated by protein-protein interaction, the coagulation cascade appears to be more complex than the fibrinolytic cascade because it has more components. Yet each cascade is regulated by initiators, cofactors, feedback reactions, and inhibitors. Coagulation is also controlled by an anticoagulant pathway composed of (minimally) thrombin, thrombomodulin, and protein C.(1) Protein C is converted by the thrombin/thrombomodulin complex to activated protein C (APC), which catalyzes the proteolytic inactivation of the essential cofactors required for thrombin formation, factors Va and VIIIa. An analogous antifibrinolytic pathway has been identified recently. This pathway provides an apparent symmetry between coagulation and fibrinolysis and is also composed of thrombin, thrombomodulin, and a zymogen that is activated to an enzyme. The enzyme proteolytically inactivates a cofactor to attenuate fibrinolysis. However, unlike APC, which is a serine protease, the antifibrinolytic enzyme is a metalloprotease that exhibits carboxypeptidase B-like activity. Within a few years of each other, 5 groups independently described a molecule that accounts for this antifibrinolytic activity. We refer to this molecule as thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), a name that is based on functional properties by which it was identified, assayed, and purified. (Because of the preferences of some journals "activatable" is occasionally referred to as "activable.") This review will encompass a historical account of efforts to isolate TAFI and characterize it with respect to its activation, activity, regulation, and potential function in vivo.
Effects of Androgens and Estradiol on Spine Synapse Formation in the Prefrontal Cortex of Normal and Testicular Feminization Mutant Male Rats (2007)

Recent studies suggest that, in female monkeys and rats, estrogens elicit dendritic spine synapse formation in the prefrontal cortex, an area that, similar to the hippocampus, plays a critical role in cognition. However, whether gonadal hormones induce synaptic remodeling in the male prefrontal cortex remains unknown. Here we report that gonadectomy reduced, whereas administration of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone or estradiol-benzoate to castrated male rats increased, the number of medial prefrontal cortical (mPFC) spine synapses, with estradiol-benzoate being less effective than 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. To investigate whether the androgen receptor contributes to the mediation of these changes, we compared the response of testicular feminization mutant (Tfm) male rats to that of wild-type animals. The number of mPFC spine synapses in gonadally intact Tfm rats and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-treated castrated Tfm males was considerably reduced compared to intact wild-type animals, whereas the synaptogenic effect of estradiol-benzoate was surprisingly enhanced in Tfm rats. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that remodeling of spine synapses in the prefrontal cortex may contribute to the cognitive effect of gonadal steroids. Our findings in Tfm animals indicate that androgen receptors may mediate a large part of the synaptogenic action of androgens in the mPFC of adult males. However, because this effect of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone is not completely lost in Tfm rats, additional mechanisms may also be involved.
Phylogenetic Shadowing of Primate Sequences to Find Functional Regions of the Human Genome (2003)

Nonhuman primates represent the most relevant model organisms to understand the biology of Homo sapiens. The recent divergence and associated overall sequence conservation between individual members of this taxon have nonetheless largely precluded the use of primates in comparative sequence studies. We used sequence comparisons of an extensive set of Old World and New World monkeys and hominoids to identify functional regions in the human genome. Analysis of these data enabled the discovery of primate-specific gene regulatory elements and the demarcation of the exons of multiple genes. Much of the information content of the comprehensive primate sequence comparisons could be captured with a small subset of phylogenetically close primates. These results demonstrate the utility of intraprimate sequence comparisons to discover common mammalian as well as primate-specific functional elements in the human genome, which are unattainable through the evaluation of more evolutionarily distant species.
Synthesis of the K5 (group II) capsular polysaccharide in transport-deficient recombinantEscherichia coli (1993)

The genes directing the expression of group II capsules in Escherichia coli are organized into three regions. The central region 2 is type specific and thought to determine the synthesis of the respective polysaccharide, whilst the flanking regions 1 and 3 are common to all group II gene clusters and direct the surface expression of the capsular polysaccharide. In this communication we analyze the involvement of region 1 and 3 genes in the synthesis of the capsular KS polysaccharide. Recombinant E. coli strains harboring all KS specific region 2 genes and having various combinations of region 1 and 3 genes were studied using immunoelectron microscopy. Membranes from these bacteria were incubated with UDP[14C]GlcA and UDPGlcNAc in the absence or presence of KS polysaccharide as an exogenous acceptor. It was found that recombinant strains with only gene region 2 did not produce the K5 polysaccharide. Membranes of such strains did not synthesize the polymer and did not elongate K5 polysaccharide added as an exogenous acceptor. An involvement of genes from region 1 (notably kpsC and kpsS) and from region 3 (notably kpsT) in the K5 polysaccharide synthesis was apparent and is discussed.
Contact with T cells modulates monocyte IL-10 production: role of T cell membrane TNF-alpha (1997)

IL-10, originally described as a cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor, is secreted by a number of cells of the immune system, including monocytes and T cells. IL-10 is a potent inhibitor of monocyte/macrophage activation, and we have shown previously this cytokine to be a major endogenous down-regulator of TNF-alpha in the rheumatoid joint. The mechanisms involved in regulating IL-10 production by cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage are not yet clear, and most studies to date have used an exogenous triggering signal such as LPS. In this study, we have investigated the effects of cell-cell contact between human peripheral blood-derived activated T cells and monocytes in regulating monocyte IL-10 production. T cells, prestimulated with anti-CD3 mAb or with phorbol 12,13 di-butyrate and ionomycin, were fixed with glutaraldehyde and then incubated with monocytes. Fixed prestimulated T cells induced monocytes to secrete both IL-10 and TNF-alpha, and in addition, enhanced LPS-stimulated monocyte production of IL-10 and TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent manner. Stimulation of monocyte IL-10 production was abrogated when T cells were separated physically from monocytes within the tissue culture well. Using neutralizing Abs, we show that T cell contact-mediated induction of monocyte IL-10 is partially dependent on endogenous TNF-alpha and IL-1. Furthermore, T cell membrane TNF-alpha was shown to be one of the contact-mediated signals regulating monocyte IL-10 production. Endogenous IL-10 was shown to down-regulate T cell contact-mediated monocyte TNF-alpha production. Collectively, our results demonstrate that an autoregulatory loop exists involving both secreted and membrane-associated forms of IL-10 and TNF-alpha, and suggest that T cell-monocyte cognate interaction may play an important role in the regulation of monocyte cytokine production.
Detection of two restriction endonuclease activities in Haemophilus parainfluenzae using analytical agarose-ethidium bromide electrophoresis (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetection of two restriction endonuclease activities in Haemophilus parainfluenzae using analytical agarose-ethidium bromide electrophoresisPhillip A. Sharp, Bill Sugden, and Joe SambrookCite this: Biochemistry 1973, 12, 16, 3055–3063Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00740a018https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00740a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2332Altmetric-Citations1081LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Thiamin-Pyruvate Reaction (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Thiamin-Pyruvate ReactionK. Fry, L. L. Ingraham, and F. H. WestheimerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 19, 5225–5227Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01576a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01576a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views108Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Common Variation in the FTO Gene Alters Diabetes-Related Metabolic Traits to the Extent Expected Given Its Effect on BMI (2008)

FTO genotype is associated with metabolic traits to an extent entirely consistent with its effect on BMI. Sample sizes of >12,000 individuals were needed to detect associations at P < 0.05. Our findings highlight the importance of using appropriately powered studies to assess the effects of a known diabetes or obesity variant on secondary traits correlated with these conditions.
A Novel Defensin Encoded by a Mungbean cDNA Exhibits Insecticidal Activity against Bruchid (2002)

A cDNA encoding a small cysteine-rich protein designated VrCRP was isolated from a bruchid-resistant mungbean. VrCRP encodes a protein of 73 amino acids containing a 27 amino acid signal peptide and 8 cysteines. On the basis of the amino acid sequence similarity and conserved residues, it is suggested that VrCRP is a member of the plant defensin family. VrCRP protein was obtained by overexpression of VrCRP with a truncated signal peptide in an IMPACT system. Artificial seeds containing 0.2% (w/w) of the purified VrCRP-TSP were lethal to larvae of the bruchid Callosobruchus chinensis. VrCRP is apparently the first reported plant defensin exhibiting in vitro insecticidal activity against C. chinensis.