gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Overview of Water Shutoff Operations in Oil and Gas Wells; Chemical and Mechanical Solutions (2019)

This paper provides an integrated overview of the water shutoff operations, starting from the causes to the solutions. The paper begins with explaining the benefits of eliminating excessive water production. Then, the different types of water production and their properties are explained. The paper also focuses in reviewing the disadvantages of producing unwanted water as well as the sources of it, followed by an explanation of the methodology for identifying the problem. Then, the chemical solutions for water shutoff are reviewed which are generally applied to solve the excessive unwanted water production in the reservoir or near the wellbore area. Finally, the paper illustrates the common mechanical solutions for water shutoff within the wellbore. The aim behind this paper is to provide a general description of identifying the unwanted water production sources and the common practices for water shutoff operations.
Fluorescence Quenching Mechanism of a Polyphenylene Polyelectrolyte with Other Macromolecules:  Cytochrome c and Dendrimers (2005)

This study investigates the fluorescence quenching of a polyphenyl based polyelectrolyte by positively charged macromolecules (proteins and dendrimers). This work shows that the fluorescence quenching of the dendrimer materials does not involve energy transfer or electron transfer but is correlated to the overall charge on the dendrimer and its size. The quenching is hypothesized to result from conformational changes that occur upon binding the polyelectrolyte to the protein or dendrimer. This mechanism is qualitatively different from that invoked for small-molecule analytes.
Ribonuclear inclusions in skeletal muscle in myotonic dystrophy types 1 and 2 (2003)

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) and type 2 (DM2) are caused by genomic expansions of CTG or CCTG repeats. When transcribed, these mutations give rise to repeat expansion RNAs that form nuclear inclusions and compromise the function of myonuclei. Here, we have used in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence to compare DM1 and DM2 and search for proteins that associate with the RNA nuclear (ribonuclear) inclusions. Although muscle disease is generally more severe in DM1, the ribonuclear inclusions were 8- to 13-fold more intense in DM2, implying greater amounts of repeat expansion RNA. Expression of repeat expansion RNA in myoblasts has been implicated in the pathogenesis of congenital DM1. However, we found that repeat expansion RNA is also expressed in myoblasts in DM2, a disorder that has not been associated with a congenital phenotype. Of 10 putative CUG binding proteins tested for colocalization with mutant RNA, only proteins in the muscleblind family were recruited into ribonuclear inclusions. Previous studies have shown activation of the protein kinase, PKR, by expanded CUG repeats in vitro. However, breeding experiments utilizing PKR knockout mice indicate that this kinase is not required for disease pathogenesis in a transgenic mouse model of DM1. We conclude that ribonuclear inclusions are a key feature of the muscle pathology in DM and that sequestration of muscleblind proteins may have a direct role in the disease process.
Antineoplastic Agents. 592. Highly Effective Cancer Cell Growth Inhibitory Structural Modifications of Dolastatin 10 (2011)

The dolastatin series of unique peptides, originally discovered as constituents of the sea hare Dolabella auricularia, is of increasing importance in providing biological leads, especially to new and useful anticancer drugs. Dolastatin 10 and three analogues, minor structural modifications designated auristatins, are currently in human cancer clinical trials. The present study was undertaken to explore delivery to the cancer sites by way of phosphate or quinoline modifications. The initial objectives, auristatin TP as sodium phosphate 3b (GI50 10(-2)-10(-4) μg/mL), auristatin 2-AQ (4, GI50 10(-2)-10(-3) μg/mL), and auristatin 6-AQ (5, GI50 10(-4) μg/mL), exhibited superior cancer cell growth inhibitory properties.
Cross-linking of the carcinoembryonic antigen-like glycoproteins CD66 and CD67 induces neutrophil aggregation. (1993)

The carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA)-like glycoproteins present on human granulocytes have been designated non-specific cross-reacting Ag (NCA). We have recently demonstrated that granulocyte-specific CD66 and CD67 mAb recognize the three originally described NCA. CD66 binds to NCA-160 and NCA-90, whereas CD67 only recognizes NCA-95. As we have shown previously, NCA-160 and NCA-90 present sialylated Lewis-X oligosaccharide Ag (SLex) in a functional way, i.e., these Ag function as (one of many possible) molecules involved in neutrophil binding to the adhesion molecule E-selectin expressed on activated endothelial cells. In this study, we found that a polyclonal anti-CEA antiserum, either as intact Ig or as F(ab')2 fragments, induced neutrophil aggregation. This aggregation response was blocked by CD18 mAb. Neutrophils from a patient severely affected by paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria completely lacked expression of NCA-95 and NCA-90. The patient's neutrophils repeatedly showed no aggregation on addition of the anti-CEA antiserum. Thus, the presence of the phosphatidylinositol-linked NCA-95/90 seems to be essential for NCA-induced neutrophil activation. Our data indicate that NCA molecules on neutrophils may function via binding to E-selection or an as yet unknown ligand (as mimicked here by an antiserum) and subsequently induce CD18-dependent adhesive properties.
Dopant-induced stabilization of rhombohedralLiMnO2against Jahn-Teller distortion (2005)

Dopants introduced into layered $\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, a candidate cathode material for lithium batteries, tend to suppress the Jahn-Teller-effect-driven monoclinic distortion (symmetry $C2∕m$) in favor of the layered rhombohedral structure $(R\overline{3}m)$, which has superior Li insertion/extraction cycling properties. First-principles calculations, within the Local-Spin-Density-Approximation Generalized-Gradient-Approximation (LSDA-GGA) framework, implemented in the VASP code, are performed for $3d$ transition-metal, as well as Mg, Zn, Al, and N dopants, in order to assess their relative effectiveness in stabilizing the $R\overline{3}m$ symmetry. At the concentration $x=0.25$, the selected cation dopants (with the exception of Co and Fe) are found to adopt the same oxidation state (divalent or trivalent) in both monoclinic and rhombohedral structures. Transition metals earlier than Fe are trivalent, whereas those later than Co are divalent. Co in monoclinic $\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{Mn}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ exhibits (stable) trivalent and (metastable) divalent states that are only narrowly different in energy. Fe is trivalent in the monoclinic structure, but is mixed valent in the rhombohedral structure. Divalent dopants (which oxidize a neighboring Mn to the [non-Jahn-Teller-active] $4+$ oxidation state) promote rhombohedral structure stabilization to a greater extent than trivalent dopants. Within the class of divalent dopants, the filled shell systems Mg and Zn are more effective than those with partially filled ${e}_{g}$ shells. Within the class of trivalent dopants, those with partially filled ${t}_{2g}$ shells are more effective than those with filled or empty shells. Breathing mode $({Q}_{1})$ and Jahn-Teller active (${Q}_{2}$, ${Q}_{3}$) phonon coordinates of transition metal octahedra are analyzed.
Effects of low frequency noise up to 100 Hz. (2004)

This review concentrates on the effects of low frequency noise (LFN) up to 100 Hz on selected physiological parameters, subjective complaints and performance. The results of laboratory experiments and field studies are discussed in relation to the thresholds of hearing, of vibrotactile sensation and of aural pain. The effects of LFN may be mediated trough different ways. Temporary or permanent hearing threshold shifts seem to be due to acoustic stimuli above the individual hearing threshold. However, non-aural physiological and psychological effects may be caused by levels of low frequency noise below the individual hearing threshold. The dynamic range between the thresholds of hearing and of aural pain diminishes with decreasing frequency. This should be taken into account by the setting of limits concerning the health risks. Sufficient safety margins are recommended. The use of a frequency weighting with an attenuation of the low frequencies (e.g. G-weighting) does not seem to be appropriate for the evaluation of the health risks caused by LFN up to 100 Hz. It may be proposed to measure third octave band spectra or narrow band spectra. A comparison with the known human responses caused by the measured levels and frequencies could help to evaluate the health risks. Some proposals for further investigations were given: (1) experimental methods to discover the ways mediating the effects of low frequency noise, (2) consideration of the individual hearing threshold or hearing threshold shift and of the vibrotactile threshold in the low frequency range to be able to judge the effects, (3) consideration of combined body vibration caused by airborne low frequency noise or by other sources, (4) modelling to analyse the transmission of the acoustic energy from the input into the body to the structures containing sensors, (5) consideration of probable risk groups like children or pregnant women.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Receptor-Associated Kinase Leads to Activation of TAK1 by Inducing TAB2 Translocation in the IL-1 Signaling Pathway (2001)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine that recognizes a surface receptor complex and generates multiple cellular responses. IL-1 stimulation activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase TAK1, which in turn mediates activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and NF-kappaB. TAB2 has previously been shown to interact with both TAK1 and TRAF6 and promote their association, thereby triggering subsequent IL-1 signaling events. The serine/threonine kinase IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) also plays a role in IL-1 signaling, being recruited to the IL-1 receptor complex early in the signal cascade. In this report, we investigate the role of IRAK in the activation of TAK1. Genetic analysis reveals that IRAK is required for IL-1-induced activation of TAK1. We show that IL-1 stimulation induces the rapid but transient association of IRAK, TRAF6, TAB2, and TAK1. TAB2 is recruited to this complex following translocation from the membrane to the cytosol upon IL-1 stimulation. In IRAK-deficient cells, TAB2 translocation and its association with TRAF6 are abolished. These results suggest that IRAK regulates the redistribution of TAB2 upon IL-1 stimulation and facilitates the formation of a TRAF6-TAB2-TAK1 complex. Formation of this complex is an essential step in the activation of TAK1 in the IL-1 signaling pathway.
FKBP52 deficiency–conferred uterine progesterone resistance is genetic background and pregnancy stage specific (2007)

Immunophilin FKBP52 serves as a cochaperone to govern normal progesterone (P(4)) receptor (PR) function. Using Fkbp52(-/-) mice, we show intriguing aspects of uterine P(4)/PR signaling during pregnancy. Implantation failure is the major phenotype found in these null females, which is conserved on both C57BL6/129 and CD1 backgrounds. However, P(4) supplementation rescued implantation and subsequent decidualization in CD1, but not C57BL6/129, null females. Surprisingly, experimentally induced decidualization in the absence of blastocysts failed in Fkbp52(-/-) mice on either background even with P(4) supplementation, suggesting that embryonic signals complement uterine signaling for this event. Another interesting finding was that while P(4) at higher than normal pregnancy levels conferred PR signaling sufficient for implantation in CD1 null females, these levels were inefficient in maintaining pregnancy to full term. However, elevating P(4) levels further restored PR signaling to a level optimal for successful term pregnancy with normal litter size. Collectively, the results show that the indispensability of FKBP52 in uterine P(4)/PR signaling is a function of genetic disparity and is pregnancy stage specific. Since there is evidence for a correlation between P(4) supplementation and reduced risks of P(4)-resistant recurrent miscarriages and remission of endometriosis, these findings have clinical implications for genetically diverse populations of women.
Foreword to first edition (2012)

Peter Scheuer started this. In 1977 hewalked into JVW's office in the Cavendish Lab and quietly asked for advice on what further material should be taught to the new intake of Radio Astronomy graduate students (that year including the hapless CRJ). JVW, wrestling with simple Chi-square testing at the time, blurted out ‘They know nothing about practical statistics …’. Peter left thoughtfully. A day later he returned. ‘Good news! The Management Board has decided that the students are going to have a course on practical statistics.’ Can I sit in, JVW asked innocently. ‘Better news! The Management Board has decided that you're going to teach it …’.
Amplification of the c-myc gene in human hepatocellular carcinoma: biologic significance. (1993)

To elucidate the prevalence and biologic significance of the c-myc gene in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), DNA samples were taken from the paired tumorous and nontumorous tissues of 77 cases of resected primary HCC and were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization. We demonstrated modest, but significant c-myc amplification (group A) in 28 (36.4%) of the cases: 1.6- to 2.0-fold in 18, 2.1- to 3.0-fold in four, and > 3.0-fold in six. Compared to HCC without c-myc amplification (group B), group A HCC occurred more often in patients < 50 years old (54.5% vs 29.1%, p < 0.02) with serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels > 320 ng/mL (61.1% vs 14.6%, p < 0.00002). Group A HCC occurred more frequently in patients with hepatitis B virus infection than in those with hepatitis C virus infection (p < 0.03). Group A HCC was more likely to be poorly differentiated (44.8% vs 10.5%, p < 0.004) and associated with intrahepatic portal vein spread (57.1% vs 28.6%, p < 0.02). The c-myc amplification did not correlate with sex or tumor size. For small HCC, group A had a worse one-year survival rate than group B (72.2% vs 90.9%, p < 0.04). These findings suggest that c-myc amplification is not an uncommon event in human hepatocarcinogenesis, occurs more frequently in young patients who have an elevated serum AFP level or HBV infection, and is related to the biologic behavior of HCC.
Core−Shell Triangular Bifrustums (2009)

Au(core)-Ag(shell) triangular bifrustum nanocrystals were synthesized in aqueous solution using a seed-mediated approach. The formation of the Ag layer on the Au nanoprism seeds leads to structures with highly tunable dipole and quadrupole surface plasmon resonances. Discrete dipole approximation calculations show that it is the geometry of these novel structures rather than the addition of a new element that leads to the plasmon tunability. The structure and composition of these novel nanocrystals have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive spectrometry.
Epigenetic Regulation of the Human Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Gene Promoter by CTCF (2007)

Epigenetic misregulation is a more common feature in human cancer than previously anticipated. In the present investigation, we identified CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), the multivalent 11-zinc-finger nuclear factor, as a regulator that favors a particular local chromatin conformation of the human retinoblastoma gene promoter. We show that its binding contributes to Rb gene promoter epigenetic stability. Ablation of the CTCF binding site from the human Rb gene promoter induced a rapid epigenetic silencing of reporter gene expression in an integrated genome context. CTCF DNA binding is methylation sensitive, and the methylated Rb-CTCF site is recognized by the Kaiso methyl-CpG-binding protein. This is the first evidence suggesting that CTCF protects the Rb gene promoter, a classic CpG island, against DNA methylation, and when such control region is abnormally methylated Kaiso, and probably its associated repressor complex, induce epigenetic silencing of the promoter. Our results identify CTCF as a novel epigenetic regulator of the human retinoblastoma gene promoter.
Prasugrel for acute coronary syndromes: Faster, more potent, but higher bleeding risk (2009)

Prasugrel (Effient) has been approved for reducing the risk of thrombotic complications in patients with acute coronary syndromes who are to undergo percutaneous coronary intervention. In a large clinical trial (N Engl J Med 2007; 357:2001-2005), prasugrel was superior to clopidogrel (Plavix), another drug of its class, in this situation. However, bleeding complications were more frequent with prasugrel, and so this drug should be avoided in patients at higher risk of bleeding.
Recent breakthroughs in carrier depletion based silicon optical modulators (2013)

Abstract The majority of the most successful optical modulators in silicon demonstrated in recent years operate via the plasma dispersion effect and are more specifically based upon free carrier depletion in a silicon rib waveguide. In this work we overview the different types of free carrier depletion type optical modulators in silicon. A summary of some recent example devices for each configuration is then presented together with the performance that they have achieved. Finally an insight into some current research trends involving silicon based optical modulators is provided including integration, operation in the mid‐infrared wavelength range and application in short and long haul data transmission links.
Netrin-G1: a Novel Glycosyl Phosphatidylinositol-Linked Mammalian Netrin That Is Functionally Divergent from Classical Netrins (2000)

UNC-6/netrins compose a small phylogenetically conserved family of proteins that act as axon guidance cues. With a signal sequence trap method, we isolated a cDNA encoding a novel member of the UNC-6/netrin family, which we named netrin-G1. Unlike classical netrins, netrin-G1 consists of at least six isoforms of which five were predominantly anchored to the plasma membrane via glycosyl phosphatidyl-inositol linkages. Netrin-G1 transcripts were first detected in midbrain and hindbrain regions by embryonic day 12 and reached highest levels at perinatal stages in various brain regions, including olfactory bulb mitral cells, thalamus, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its expression was primarily restricted to the CNS. Interestingly, netrin-G1 proteins did not show appreciable affinity to any netrin receptor examined. Unlike netrin-1, a secreted form of netrin-G1 consistently failed to attract circumferentially growing axons from the cerebellar plate. Our findings suggest that netrin-G1 and its putative receptors have coevolved independently from the classical netrins. The expression pattern of netrin-G1 and its predicted neuronal membrane localization suggest it may also have novel signaling functions in nervous system development.
High-Throughput Catch-and-Release Synthesis of Oxazoline Hydroxamates. Structure−Activity Relationships in Novel Inhibitors of Escherichia coli LpxC:  In Vitro Enzyme Inhibition and Antibacterial Properties (2003)

LpxC is a zinc amidase that catalyses the second step of lipid A biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacteria. Oxazolines incorporating a hydroxamic acid, which is believed to coordinate to the single essential zinc ion, at the 4-position are known inhibitors of this enzyme. Some of these enzyme inhibitors exhibit antibacterial activity through their inhibition of LpxC. We recently developed a method for the synthesis of oxazolines using resin capture and ring-forming release that eliminates traditional purification steps and can be used in high-throughput synthesis. Using our method, oxazoline hydroxamates with diverse 2-substituents were prepared in library form as candidate inhibitors for LpxC. Two conventional methods for oxazoline synthesis were also applied to generate more than 70 compounds. The groups at the 2-position included a wide variety of substituted aromatic rings and a limited selection of alkyl groups. These compounds were screened against wild-type and LpxC inhibitor-sensitive strains of Escherichia coli, as well as wild-type Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Inhibition of the E. coli LpxC enzyme was also investigated. A broad correlation between enzyme inhibitory and antibacterial activity was observed, and novel compounds were discovered that exhibit antibacterial activity but fall outside earlier-known structural classes.
Cd4+ T Cell Subsets during Virus Infection (2000)

To analyze the antiviral protective capacities of CD4(+) T helper (Th) cell subsets, we used transgenic T cells expressing an I-A(b)-restricted T cell receptor specific for an epitope of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G). After polarization into Th1 or Th2 effectors and adoptive transfer into T cell-deficient recipients, protective capacities were assessed after infection with different types of viruses expressing the VSV-G. Both Th1 and Th2 CD4(+) T cells could transfer protection against systemic VSV infection, by stimulating the production of neutralizing immunoglobulin G antibodies. However, only Th1 CD4(+) T cells were able to mediate protection against infection with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the VSV-G (Vacc-IND-G). Similarly, only Th1 CD4(+) T cells were able to rapidly eradicate Vacc-IND-G from peripheral organs, to mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity responses against VSV-G and to protect against lethal intranasal infection with VSV. Protective capacity correlated with the ability of Th1 CD4(+) T cells to rapidly migrate to peripheral inflammatory sites in vivo and to respond to inflammatory chemokines that were induced after virus infection of peripheral tissues. Therefore, the antiviral protective capacity of a given CD4(+) T cell is governed by the effector cytokines it produces and by its migratory capability.
α-Iminocarboxamidato−Nickel(II) Ethylene Polymerization Catalysts (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTα-Iminocarboxamidato−Nickel(II) Ethylene Polymerization CatalystsBun Yeoul Lee, Guillermo C. Bazan, Javier Vela, Zachary J. A. Komon, and Xianhui BuView Author Information Departments of Chemistry and Materials University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 22, 5352–5353Publication Date (Web):May 11, 2001Publication History Received7 December 2000Published online11 May 2001Published inissue 1 June 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja004191hhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja004191hrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1852Altmetric-Citations152LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Catalysts,Hydrocarbons,Ligands,Nickel,Polymers Get e-Alerts