gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Chemical and Physical Properties of Distillers Dried Grain with Solubles (DDGS) for Value Added Uses (2007)

One of the fastest growing industries in the United States is the fuel ethanol industry. Since 2000 there has been an increase of more than 300%. There was production of 4.9 billion gallons of ethanol in 2006. The major coproducts from this industry include Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) and carbon dioxide. DDGS is used as a livestock feed since it contains high quantities of protein, fiber, amino acids, and other nutrients. The goal of this study was to quantify various chemical and physical properties of DDGS, Distillers Wet Grains (DWG), and Distillers Dried Grain (DDG) from several plants in South Dakota during fall and winter 2006-2007. Chemical properties included crude ash, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), crude fiber (CF), crude protein, crude fat and total starch content in each of the samples. Physical properties included moisture content, water activity, bulk density, thermal properties, color (L*, a*, b*) and angle of repose. We also conducted image analysis and particle size determination of the DDGS. The carbon groups in the DDGS samples were determined using NMR spectroscopy. Results from this study showed several possibilities for using DDGS as alternatives other than animal feed. Possibilities include degrading it with suitable enzymes and producing additional ethanol, producing value added compounds, using it as human food additives, or even using as inert fillers for biocomposites.
Thioredoxin or glutaredoxin in Escherichia coli is essential for sulfate reduction but not for deoxyribonucleotide synthesis (1990)

We have shown previously that Escherichia coli cells constructed to lack both thioredoxin and glutaredoxin are not viable unless they also acquire an additional mutation, which we called X. Here we show that X is a cysA mutation. Our data suggest that the inviability of a trxA grx double mutant is due to the accumulation of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), an intermediate in the sulfate assimilation pathway. The presence of excess cystine at a concentration sufficient to repress the sulfate assimilation pathway obviates the need for an X mutation and prevents the lethality of a novel cys+ trxA grx double mutant designated strain A522. Mutations in genes required for PAPS synthesis (cysA or cysC) protect cells from the otherwise lethal effect of elimination of both thioredoxin and glutaredoxin even in the absence of excess cystine. Both thioredoxin and glutaredoxin have been shown to be hydrogen donors for PAPS reductase (cysH) in vitro (M. L.-S. Tsang, J. Bacteriol. 146:1059-1066, 1981), and one or the other of these compounds is presumably essential in vivo for growth on minimal medium containing sulfate as the sulfur source. The cells which lack both thioredoxin and glutaredoxin require cystine or glutathione for growth on minimal medium but maintain an active ribonucleotide reduction system. Thus, E. coli must contain a third hydrogen donor active with ribonucleotide reductase.
Aromatic Compounds as Redox Shuttle Additives for 4 V Class Secondary Lithium Batteries (1999)

Redox shuttle, a chemical overcharge protection that consumes the excess current during overcharge, has been studied. Aromatic compounds with two methoxy groups and a halogen directly substituted on the benzene were found to be stable up to about 4 V against lithium, and oxidize above this potential by means of cyclic voltammetry. Of these compounds, compounds with methoxy groups at adjacent positions and opposite positions showed reversible redox reactions. These compounds worked as redox shuttle overcharge protection when added to the electrolyte of a coin‐type cell. The voltage leveled off right above the full charge voltage even when overcharge current was supplied. The current supplied over the full‐charge voltage was not stored in the cell or consumed in a side reaction, but completely converted into heat, and the operation of a redox shuttle in a 4 V class battery was confirmed. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Drug actions : basic principles and theraputic aspects (1995)

General Pharmacology: Definitions. Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics. Pharmacogenetics. Side Effects (Undesired Side Effects). Drug Interactions. Chronopharmacology. Fixed Drug Combinations. Drug Development and Drug Trials. Specific Pharmacology: Nervous System. Hormonal System. Cardiovascular System. Respiratory Tract. Gastrointestinal Tract. Kidney and Urinary System, Water and Electrolyte Regulation. Skin. Vitamins. Infectious Diseases. Chemotherapy of Malignant Tumors. Toxicology: General Toxicology. Emergency Management of Poisoning. Specific Poisonings. Table of Toxic Compounds.
Towards the genetic control of invasive species (2017)

Invasive species remain one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. Their control would be enhanced through the development of more effective and sustainable pest management strategies. Recently, a novel form of genetic pest management (GPM) has been developed in which the mating behaviour of insect pests is exploited to introduce genetically engineered DNA sequences into wild conspecific populations. These 'transgenes' work in one or more ways to reduce the damage caused by a particular pest, for example reducing its density, or its ability to vector disease. Although currently being developed for use against economically important insect pests, these technologies would be highly appropriate for application against invasive species that threaten biodiversity. Importantly, these technologies have begun to advance in scope beyond insects to vertebrates, which include some of the world's worst invasives. Here we review the current state of this rapidly progressing field and, using an established set of eradication criteria, discuss the characteristics which make GPM technologies suitable for application against invasive pests.
West Nile Virus (2003)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
1 Micro-cantilever Testing to Evaluate the Mechanical Properties of Thermal Barrier Coatings (2016)

Abstract. In this paper, the application of a novel micro-scale mechanical testing technique in multi-layered (7 wt % yttria stabilized zirconia/alumina/NiCoCrAlY) thermal barrier coating system is described. A force measurement system has been introduced into a FEI Helios Dualbeam FIB/SEM workstation to allow the fabrication and testing of micro-scale cantilever beams subject to bend loading. These micro-cantilever specimens created by Ga ion milling were tested in-situ. The beams were produced at various locations to provide results for the TC, TC/BC interface and the BC. As-spayed TBC samples were tested. This allows, for example, the non-linear elastic behaviour of the ceramic layer as well as the interface flexural strength to be evaluated. The results are compared and analysed with data obtained by nano-indentation. In addition, in-situ fractography was undertaken on the fracture surfaces to aid interpretation of the fracture data. The results are discussed with respect to the underlying fracture mechanisms.
Weed control handbook : principles (1990)

The biology of weeds The evolution of weed control in British agriculture The properties of herbicides The principles of formulation and application The methodology of application Entry and transport of herbicides in plants The mode of action and metabolism of herbicides The resistance of plants to herbicides Herbicides in soil and water Evaluation of a new herbicide Weed control in small grain cereals Weed control in other arable and field vegetable crops Weed control in fruit and other perennial crops Weed control in grassland Weed control in sports turf and intensively managed amenity grassland Weed control in amenity areas and other non-agricultural land Weed control in forest nurseries and forests The management of aquatic weeds Industrial weed control Ecological consequences of modern weed control systems Legislation and other safeguards relating to the use of herbicides in the United Kingdom Sources of information.
Spiral Modiolar Vein: Its Importance in Inner Ear Inflammation (1990)

The inner ear responds immunologically to foreign proteins and pathogens introduced into the cochlea. The route of entry of the cells participating in the inner ear inflammatory process is the spiral modiolar vein with its collecting venules. Since this vein is located adjacent to the scala tympani, the end result of cellular infiltration is fibro-osseous obliteration of this scala preferentially. This observation has implications for the placement of cochlear implant electrodes of patients with labyrinthitis as the cause of hearing loss.
Stimulation of Schwann cell proliferation and axonal regeneration by FK 506 (2000)

PURPOSE: Nerve allografts are highly antigenic and, thus, require the continuous use of immunosuppressive drugs. FK 506 was found to pre-vent rejection successfully. However, clinically neurotoxic complications have been noted in the central and peripheral nervous system although an increased rate of axonal regeneration has also been shown after nerve crush experiments. To investigate whether a possible regeneration pro-moting potency of FK 506 is determined via an influence on Schwann cells, Schwann cells were cultured from the sciatic nerve of the rat. METHODS: The effect of 100 micro M FK 506 administered daily on these cultures was assessed microscopically over a period of seven days and compared to an untreated control group of cultures. Additionally, the changes in intracellular calcium were recorded using a laser scanning microscope. In vivo regeneration of autologous rat sciatic nerve grafts was assessed clinically, histologically and morphometrically after two and six weeks. The animals received a daily administration of 0.6 mg FK 506/kg body weight, the control received saline. RESULTS: In vitro FK 506 increased the Schwann cell number in culture significantly compared to non treated cultures, while the fibrocyte population was decreased. FK 506 caused a transient increase of intracellular calcium levels in cultured cells. In vivo, a significantly higher axon count was observed in the FK 506 treated grafts after two weeks regeneration compared with controls. Good regeneration was noted in all grafts after six weeks regeneration. CONCLUSIONS: The increased axon counts and decreased myelin debris in the FK 506 grafts after two weeks indicate an accelerated Wallerian degeneration and increased axon sprouting into the graft initially. The inhibition of calcineurin activity is not the mediator of the neurotrophic effect. FK 506 promotes axonal regeneration through binding to FKBP-12. The increase of intracellular calcium may induce Schwann cell pro-liferation via calmodulin. The therapeutic relevance for autologous nerve grafting, however, has to be defined in further studies.
The identification of an eukaryotic initiation factor 4D precursor in spermidine-depleted Chinese hamster ovary cells. (1988)

When Chinese hamster ovary cells are incubated with [terminal methylenes-3H]spermidine, radioactivity is incorporated into a single cellular protein, eukaryotic initiation factor 4D (eIF-4D), through posttranslational synthesis of the amino acid hypusine (N epsilon-(4-amino-2-hydroxybuyly)lysine). The effect of spermidine depletion on this protein modification reaction was studied by high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Factor eIF-4D containing both [3H]lysine and [3H]hypusine was detected as one of the major labeled cellular proteins on the fluorographic map of the proteins from Chinese hamster ovary cells that had been incubated with [3H]lysine. When these cells were depleted of spermidine by the use of DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine before addition of [3H]lysine, no radiolabeling of this mature eIF-4D (hypusine form, Mr approximately 18,000; pI approximately 5.3) occurred. Instead, a new radiolabeled protein (Mr 18,000; pI 5.1) that contained [3H]lysine but no [3H]hypusine or [3H]deoxyhypusine was seen. This protein was identified as an eIF-4D precursor by comparison of the two-dimensional map of its tryptic peptides with that of the tryptic peptides from [3H]lysine-labeled eIF-4D. Further comparisons also suggest that additional post-translational modification processes are involved in the biogenesis of eIF-4D.
Optimal Duration of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy: A Randomized Trial Comparing Four Weeks with Three Months of Warfarin in Patients with Proximal Deep Vein Thrombosis (1995)

The optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy for patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is uncertain. Based on the hypothesis that a normal impedance plethysmogram (IPG) following DVT defines a group of patients at low risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), a trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of only four weeks of warfarin. Patients with venographically confirmed acute proximal DVT who had received four weeks of warfarin after initial heparin and whose four week IPG was normal were allocated to either continue warfarin (targeted International Normalized Ratio 2.0 to 3.0) for a further eight weeks or receive placebo. Patients with an abnormal four week IPG received warfarin for a further eight weeks. Based on clinical characteristics at the time of the qualifying thrombosis, all patients were classified as having either continuing or transient risk factors for recurrent VTE. During the eight weeks following randomization, nine (8.6%) of the 105 placebo patients developed recurrent VTE compared to one (0.9%) of the 109 warfarin patients, P = 0.009. Over the entire 11 months of follow-up, 12 placebo patients developed recurrence compared to seven warfarin patients, P = 0.3. Nineteen of the 192 patients with an abnormal four week IPG experienced recurrence during the nine months after discontinuing warfarin. In the 301 patients who received three months of warfarin in the randomized trial or in the cohort study, all 26 recurrent events were in the 212 patients with continuing risk factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A novel cell-surface molecule expressed by human interdigitating reticulum cells, Langerhans cells, and activated lymphocytes is a new member of the Ig superfamily (1992)

cDNA isolated from a human lymphocyte library were analyzed and shown to encode a novel cell-surface glycoprotein, termed HB15, expressed by dendritic cell subsets and activated lymphocytes. The predicted mature 186 amino acid protein was composed of a single extracellular V-type Ig-like domain, a transmembrane region, and a 39-amino acid cytoplasmic domain. In contrast to most Ig-like domains, analysis of a partial genomic DNA clone revealed that the extracellular Ig-like domain of HB15 was encoded by at least two exons. Northern blot analysis revealed that HB15 derived from three mRNA transcripts of approximately 1.7, 2.0, and 2.5 kb expressed by lymphoblastoid cell lines. Two mAb reactive with HB15 were produced and used to show that HB15 is expressed as a single chain cell-surface glycoprotein of M(r) 45,000. HB15 expression was specific for lymphoblastoid cell lines and mitogen-activated lymphocytes, and HB15 was not expressed at detectable levels by circulating leukocytes. Immunohistologic analysis revealed that HB15 had a unique pattern of expression, being found predominantly in hemopoietic tissues with strong expression by scattered interfollicular interdigitating reticulum cells and weak expression by germinal center cells. HB15 was also expressed by Langerhans cells within the skin. HB15 therefore serves as a unique marker for the subset of dendritic cells represented by Langerhans cells and interdigitating reticulum cells. Thus, the HB15 glycoprotein represents a newly identified member of the Ig superfamily that may play a significant role in Ag presentation or the cellular interactions that follow lymphocyte activation.
Anaerobic Degradation of Flavonoids by Clostridium orbiscindens (2003)

An anaerobic, quercetin-degrading bacterium was isolated from human feces and identified as Clostridium orbiscindens by comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The organism was tested for its ability to transform several flavonoids. The isolated C. orbiscindens strain converted quercetin and taxifolin to 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; luteolin and eriodictyol to 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid; and apigenin, naringenin, and phloretin to 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, respectively. Genistein and daidzein were not utilized. The glycosidic bonds of luteolin-3-glucoside, luteolin-5-glucoside, naringenin-7-neohesperidoside (naringin), quercetin-3-glucoside, quercetin-3-rutinoside (rutin), and phloretin-2'-glucoside were not cleaved. Based on the intermediates and products detected, pathways for the degradation of the flavonol quercetin and the flavones apigenin and luteolin are proposed. To investigate the numerical importance of C. orbiscindens in the human intestinal tract, a species-specific oligonucleotide probe was designed and tested for its specificity. Application of the probe to fecal samples from 10 human subjects proved the presence of C. orbiscindens in 8 out of the 10 samples tested. The numbers ranged from 1.87 x 10(8) to 2.50 x 10(9) cells g of fecal dry mass(-1), corresponding to a mean count of 4.40 x 10(8) cells g of dry feces(-1).
Pathology of Canine Ehrlichiosis (Tropical Canine Pancytopenia) (1973)

SUMMARY Results of necropsy and histopathologic examination on 100 dogs dying, or killed in extremis, of canine ehrlichiosis (tropical canine pancytopenia ( tcp )) are reported. Gross lesions consisted of hemorrhages in subcutaneous tissues and major organs, generalized lymphadenopathy with mesenteric nodes more commonly affected, and edema of the limbs. Although distribution, number, and severity of the hemorrhages varied, heart, lung, and gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts were most often affected. Microscopically, there were depopulation of bone marrow elements and altered architecture of the lymphopoietic tissues, with plasmacytosis. Perivascular accumulations of lymphoreticular cells and plasma cells were seen in many tissues but were most prominent and consistent in meninges, kidney, and lymphopoietic tissues. The exaggerated reticuloendothelial ( re ) response seen in tcp is compared with that in other diseases with immunoproliferative manifestations.
An adaptive cluster algorithm for a self-organizing communication network (2003)

The authors propose an adaptive clustering algorithm for use in a self-organizing communication network. It can automatically create cluster heads and form clusters, and it can adapt the topological change of the network and reform the cluster heads and clusters. The total number of cluster heads is minimized and all of them are connected. By using this algorithm, a connected backbone network is obtained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Intrinsic uniformity requirements for pinhole SPECT. (2006)

Although hardly visible on the flood images and only slightly increasing the NEMA differential or integral uniformity, a detector uniformity defect of 3% height is able to generate a visible artifact on the reconstructed transverse slices. The study was conducted on a relatively high-count pinhole SPECT acquisition. Considering that far fewer counts would accumulate in clinical practice, any camera that fulfils these uniformity requirements should not lead to the presence of visible uniformity artifacts in the reconstructed slices.
Adrenergic regulation of lipolysis in situ at rest and during exercise. (1990)

The adrenergic regulation of lipolysis was investigated in situ at rest and during standardized bicycle exercise in nonobese healthy subjects, using microdialysis of the extracellular space in subcutaneous adipose tissue. The glycerol concentration was about two times greater in adipose tissue than in venous blood. At rest, the glycerol concentration in adipose tissue was rapidly increased by 100% (P less than 0.01) after the addition of phentolamine to the ingoing perfusate, whereas addition of propranolol did not alter the adipose tissue glycerol level. Glycerol in adipose tissue and plasma increased during exercise and decreased in the postexercise period. Propranolol in the perfusate almost completely inhibited the increase in the tissue dialysate glycerol during the exercise-postexercise period. Phentolamine, however, was completely ineffective in this respect. During exercise, the lipolytic activity was significantly more marked in abdominal than in gluteal adipose tissue; this was much more apparent in women than in men. Thus, in vivo lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue is regulated by different adrenergic mechanisms at rest and during exercise. Alpha-adrenergic inhibitory effects modulate lipolysis at rest, whereas beta-adrenergic stimulatory effects modulate lipolysis during exercise. In addition, regional differences in lipolysis are present in vivo during exercise, which seem governed by factors relating to sex.
Adversarially Robust Generalization Requires More Data (2018)

Machine learning models are often susceptible to adversarial perturbations of their inputs. Even small perturbations can cause state-of-the-art classifiers with high "standard" accuracy to produce an incorrect prediction with high confidence. To better understand this phenomenon, we study adversarially robust learning from the viewpoint of generalization. We show that already in a simple natural data model, the sample complexity of robust learning can be significantly larger than that of "standard" learning. This gap is information theoretic and holds irrespective of the training algorithm or the model family. We complement our theoretical results with experiments on popular image classification datasets and show that a similar gap exists here as well. We postulate that the difficulty of training robust classifiers stems, at least partially, from this inherently larger sample complexity.