gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shivering Management During Therapeutic Temperature Modulation: Nurses’ Perspective (2012)

Therapeutic temperature modulation, which incorporates mild hypothermia and maintenance of normothermia, is being used to manage patients resuscitated after cardiac arrest. Methods of modulating temperature include intravenous infusion of cold fluids and surface or endovascular cooling. During this therapy, the shiver response is activated as a defense mechanism in response to an altered set-point temperature and causes metabolic and hemodynamic stress for patients. Recognition of shivering according to objective and subjective assessments is vital for early detection of the condition. Once shivering is detected, treatment is imperative to avoid deleterious effects. The Bedside Shivering Assessment Scale can be used to determine the efficacy of interventions intended to blunt thermoregulatory defenses and can provide continual evaluation of patients’ responses to the interventions. Nurses’ knowledge and understanding of the harmful effects of shivering are important to effect care and prevent injury associated with uncontrolled shivering.
Nonblocking copy networks for multicast packet switching (1988)

In addition to handling point-to-point connections, a broadband packet network should be able to provide multipoint communications that are required by a wide range of applications. The essential component to enhance the connection capability of a packet network is a multicast packet switch, capable of packet replications and switching, which is usually a serial combinations of a copy network and a point-to-point switch. The copy network replicates input packets from various sources simultaneously, after which copies of broadcast packets are routed to their final destination by the switch. A nonblocking, self-routing copy network with constant latency is proposed. Packet replications are accomplished by an encoding process and a decoding process. The encoding process transforms the set of copy numbers, specified in the headers of incoming packets, into a set of monotone address intervals which form new packet headers. The decoding process performs the packet replication according to the Boolean interval splitting algorithm through the broadcast banyan network, the decision making is based on a two-bit header information. This yields minimum complexity in the switch nodes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to the venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) antigen in syphilis (1987)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM to cardiolipin, lecithin, and cholesterol (VDRL [Venereal Disease Research Laboratory] ELISA) is described. The specificity of the VDRL ELISA for IgG and IgM was 99.6 and 99.5%, respectively, with sera from 1,008 persons without syphilis. For a group of patients with false-positive results in traditional nontreponemal tests and for patients with autoimmune diseases, the VDRL ELISA for IgG had a higher specificity than the VDRL ELISA for IgM. The sensitivity for IgG and IgM with 118 sera from patients with untreated syphilis was 96.6 and 94.9%, respectively, which was equivalent to the sensitivities of the traditional nontreponemal tests. The performance of the VDRL ELISA was compared with that of an ELISA that uses cardiolipin as the antigen (cardiolipin ELISA). The VDRL ELISA was significantly more sensitive (P less than or equal to 0.01) than the cardiolipin ELISA with 25 sera from syphilis patients but was less sensitive (P less than or equal to 0.01) with 53 sera from patients with autoimmune diseases. The antibody reactivity in the VDRL ELISA could not be absorbed out by lecithin and cholesterol, and the sera from patients with syphilis did not react in an ELISA that uses cholesterol and lecithin as the antigen. This indicates that cholesterol and lecithin, although not antigenic by themselves, may change the structural form of the epitope on cardiolipin so that it becomes more recognizable for antibodies in syphilis and less recognizable for antibodies in autoimmune diseases. The results of the VDRL ELISA were expressed in percentages of the absorbance value of a positive control. The VDRL ELISA gave, without titration of sera, quantitative results that correlated with the quantitative results of the traditional nontreponemal tests obtained by titration. The VDRL ELISA will be well suited for large-scale testing for syphilis and may replace other nontreponemal tests.
Locus Control Region of the Human CD2 Gene in a Lentivirus Vector Confers Position-Independent Transgene Expression (2001)

Vectors derived from murine leukemia virus (MLV) have been used in many human gene therapy clinical trials. However, insertion of the locus control regions (LCRs) derived from the beta-globin gene locus or the CD2 gene into MLV vectors frequently led to vector rearrangement. Since the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sequence diverges significantly from the MLV sequence, we tested whether the LCR sequence is more stable in the context of an HIV vector. Clones derived from human fibrosarcoma line HT1080 cells transduced with an HIV vector containing the T-cell-specific CD2 LCR exhibit the same wide range of transgene expression as clones lacking the LCR. In contrast, Jurkat and primary T-cell clones derived from the transduction of the LCR-containing vector show, on average, a three- to fourfold increase in transgene expression relative to that of the control vector. This is consistent with previous observations that the CD2 LCR contains a T-cell-specific enhancer. In addition, the clones derived from the LCR-containing vector have a much lower clonal variation in transgene expression than those derived from the control vector. We also demonstrate that the level of transgene expression is proportional to the vector copy number. These results suggest that the human CD2 LCR sequence is compatible with HIV vector sequences and confers enhanced integration site-independent and copy number-dependent expression of the transgene. Thus, HIV vectors may represent the ideal vehicle to deliver genes controlled by various cis-acting elements such as LCRs.
Kinetics measurements of CO photo-oxidation on Pt(111) (1996)

The photoactivation of chemisorbed O2 in the presence of chemisorbed CO on Pt(111) has been investigated for uv light in the range 3.87–4.77 eV (260–320 nm). Three photoprocesses first-order in O2 coverage have been separated and for the first time the cross sections for each are reported. The dominant process is O2 photodissociation (Qdiss=4.0±0.1×10−21 cm2). The second most probable process is photodesorption (Qdes=2.2±0.1×10−21 cm2). The least probable process is photoreaction with chemisorbed CO (Qrxn=0.35±0.03×10−21 cm 2). Previous studies of Qrxn have reported cross sections as high as 5×10−17 cm2.
Electroporation dynamics in biological cells subjected to ultrafast electrical pulses: A numerical simulation study (2000)

A model analysis of electroporation dynamics in biological cells has been carried out based on the Smoluchowski equation. Results of the cellular response to short, electric pulses are presented, taking account of the growth and resealing dynamics of transient aqueous pores. It is shown that the application of large voltages alone may not be sufficient to cause irreversible breakdown, if the time duration is too short. Failure to cause irreversible damage at small pulse widths could be attributed to the time inadequacy for pores to grow and expand beyond a critical threshold radius. In agreement with earlier studies, it is shown that irreversible breakdown would lead to the formation of a few large pores, while a large number of smaller pores would appear in the case of reversible breakdown. Finally, a pulse width dependence of the applied voltage for irreversible breakdown has been obtained. It is shown that in the absence of dissipation, the associated energy input necessary reduces with decreasing pulse width to a limiting value. However, with circuit effects taken into account, a local minima in the pulse dependent energy function is predicted, in keeping with previously published experimental reports.
Molecular Mechanisms of Developmental and Tumor Angiogenesis (1994)

Angiogenesis, the sprouting of capillaries from preexisting vessels, is of fundamental importance during embryonic development and is the principal process by which the brain and certain other organs become vascularized. Angiogenesis occurs during embryonic development but is almost absent in adult tissues. Transient and tightly controlled (physiological) angiogenesis in adult tissues occurs during the female reproductive cycle and during wound healing. In contrast, pathological angiogenesis is characterized by the persistent proliferation of endothelial cells, and is a prominent feature of diseases such as proliferative retinopathy, rheumathoid arthritis, and psoriasis. In addition, many tumors are able to attract blood vessels from neighbouring tissues. Tumor-induced angiogenesis requires a constitutive activation of endothelial cells. These endothelial cells dissolve their surrounding extracellular matrix, migrate toward the tumor, proliferate, and form a new vascular network, thus supplying the tumor with nutrients and oxygen and removing waste products. The onset of angiogenesis in human gliomas is characterized by the expression of genes encoding angiogenic growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in tumor cells, and coordinate induction of genes in endothelial cells which encode the respective growth factor receptors. Developmental and tumor angiogenesis appear to be regulated by a paracrine mechanism involving VEGF and VEGF receptor-1 and -2.
Involvement of the CD11b/CD18 integrin, but not of the endothelial cell adhesion molecules ELAM-1 and ICAM-1 in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced neutrophil toxicity (1991)

TNF-alpha can incite neutrophil-mediated endothelial cell damage and neutrophil H2O2 release. Both effects require adherent neutrophils. Using specific mAb, we showed in this in vitro study that the CD18 beta 2-chain and the CD11b alpha M-chain of the CD11/CD18 integrin heterodimer have a major role in both TNF-alpha-induced neutrophil-mediated detachment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and H2O2 release by TNF-alpha-activated human neutrophils. In contrast to anti-CD18 mAb, which consistently prevented neutrophil activation, anti-CD11a mAb and two of three anti-CD11b mAb did not reduce endothelial cell detachment and neutrophil H2O2 release, although they decreased neutrophil adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells. mAb 904, directed against the bacterial LPS binding region of CD11b, reduced endothelial cell detachment for about 40% and neutrophil H2O2 release for more than 50%, demonstrating that CD11b/CD18 is engaged in TNF-induced neutrophil activation. Dependence on CD11b/CD18 could not be overcome by CD18-independent anchoring of neutrophils via PHA. Additionally, neither induction of increased expression of the endothelial cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and ELAM-1, nor subsequent addition of specific mAb, influenced endothelial cell injury or H2O2 release by TNF-activated neutrophils. Interaction with ICAM-1 and ELAM-1 therefore appears not to induce additional activation of TNF-stimulated neutrophils. These studies suggest that a specific, CD11b/CD18-mediated signal, instead of adherence only, triggers toxicity of TNF-activated neutrophils.
Nickel and palladium complex catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of organometallic reagents with organic halides (1980)

Abstract
Efficient Resource Allocation on a Dynamic Simultaneous Multithreaded Architecture (2006)

In this paper we describe the Dynamic Simultaneous Multithreading (DSMT) architecture, together with a simple resource allocation policy that may be employed to improve its performance. DSMT exploits TLP and ILP available in single applications on a SMT architecture core. In DSMT, threads are speculatively created and executed, while special hardware mechanisms keep track of misspeculations and dependence violations through registers and memory.
Specificity of peptide transport systems in Lactococcus lactis: evidence for a third system which transports hydrophobic di- and tripeptides (1995)

A proton motive force-driven di-tripeptide carrier protein (DtpT) and an ATP-dependent oligopeptide transport system (Opp) have been described for Lactococcus lactis MG1363. Using genetically well-defined mutants in which dtpT and/or opp were inactivated, we have now established the presence of a third peptide transport system (DtpP) in L. lactis. The specificity of DtpP partially overlaps that of DtpT. DtpP transports preferentially di- and tripeptides that are composed of hydrophobic (branched-chain amino acid) residues, whereas DtpT has a higher specificity for more-hydrophilic and charged peptides. The toxic dipeptide L-phenylalanyl-beta-chloro-L-alanine has been used to select for a di-tripeptide transport-negative mutant with the delta dtpT strain as a genetic background. This mutant is unable to transport di- and tripeptides but still shows uptake of amino acids and oligopeptides. The DtpP system is induced in the presence of di- and tripeptides containing branched-chain amino acids. The use of ionophores and metabolic inhibitors suggests that, similar to Opp, DtpP-mediated peptide transport is driven by ATP or a related energy-rich phosphorylated intermediate.
ARIS: an interface for application relocation in an interactive space (2004)

By enabling users to better manage information across PDAs, laptops, graphics tablets, and large screens, the use of an interactive space could dramatically improve how users share information in collaborative work. To enable a user to better manage information in an interactive space, we iteratively designed an interactive space window manager called ARIS. We discuss the implementation of ARIS and we share lessons learned from user evaluations about how to design a more effective window manager for an interactive space and how to better evaluate low-fidelity prototypes in an interactive space. Our work can enable richer collaborations among users of an interactive space.
Carbopalladation of Nitriles:  Synthesis of 3,4-Disubstituted 2-Aminonaphthalenes and 1,3-Benzoxazine Derivatives by the Palladium-Catalyzed Annulation of Alkynes by (2-Iodophenyl)acetonitrile (2002)

Intramolecular carbopalladation of the cyano group has been employed for the synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted 2-aminonaphthalenes. (2-Iodophenyl)acetonitrile reacts with a variety of internal alkynes to afford 2-aminonaphthalenes in high yields with good regioselectivity. The scope and limitations of this process, which proceeds by the intramolecular addition of a vinylpalladium species to the triple bond of the cyano group, have been studied. The annulation of certain hindered propargylic alcohols affords 1,3-benzoxazine derivatives, rather than the expected 2-aminonaphthalenes. The involvement of trialkylamine bases in the formation of these heterocyclic compounds has been established. A proposed mechanism for the synthesis of 1,3-benzoxazine derivatives involves the formation of the expected 2-amino-3-(1-hydroxyalkyl)naphthalenes, followed by their condensation with an iminium ion species formed from the trialkylamine base used in the reaction.
Current Practice and a Direction Forward in Checkpoint/Restart Implementations for Fault Tolerance (2005)

Checkpoint/restart is a general idea for which particular implementations enable various functionalities in computer systems, including process migration, gang scheduling, hibernation, and fault tolerance. For fault tolerance, in current practice, implementations can be at user-level or system-level. User-level implementations are relatively easy to implement and portable, but suffer from a lack of transparency, flexibility, and efficiency, and in particular are unsuitable for the autonomic (self-managing) computing systems envisioned as the next revolutionary development in system management. In contrast, a system-level implementation can exhibit all of these desirable features, at the cost of a more sophisticated implementation, and is seen as an essential mechanism for the next generation of fault tolerant - and ultimately autonomic - large-scale computing systems. Linux is becoming the operating system of choice for the largest-scale machines, but development of system-level checkpoint/restart mechanisms for Linux is still in its infancy, with all extant implementations exhibiting serious deficiencies for achieving transparent fault tolerance. This paper provides a survey of extant implementations in a natural taxonomy, highlighting their strengths and inherent weaknesses.
Noninvasive Localization of Experimental Atherosclerotic Lesions With Mouse/Human Chimeric Z2D3 F(ab′) 2 Specific for the Proliferating Smooth Muscle Cells of Human Atheroma (1995)

Experimental atherosclerotic lesions were induced in rabbits by deendothelialization of the infradiaphragmatic aorta followed by a 6% peanut oil-2% cholesterol diet. After 12 weeks, localization of the conventionally labeled 111In-Z2D3 F(ab')2 (24 Mbq [650 microCi]/500 to 750 micrograms) (n = 4) was compared with 111In-labeled, negatively charged, polymer-modified Z2D3 F(ab')2 (24 Mbq [650 microCi]/25 to 50 micrograms) in eight atherosclerotic rabbits. Three control rabbits also received radiolabeled polymer-modified Z2D3. Ten rabbits with atherosclerotic lesions received 111In-labeled nonspecific human IgG1 F(ab')2 with (n = 6) or without (n = 4) negative charge modification. Atherosclerotic lesions were visualized in all rabbits with the conventional Z2D3 F(ab')2 at 48 hours. However, unequivocal lesion visualization was possible at 24 hours only with negatively charged, polymer-modified Z2D3 F(ab')2. Quantitative uptake of F(ab')2 fragments was essentially determined by the presence of atherosclerotic lesions (F1.37 = 69.8; P < .0001) and the specificity of the antibody (F1.37 = 36.6; P < .0001). Uptake of the conventional Z2D3 in atherosclerotic lesions (mean +/- SEM percent injected dose per gram, 0.112 +/- 0.024%) was six times higher than background activity in the normal aortic segments (nondenuded thoracic aorta; mean percent injected dose per gram, 0.019 +/- 0.003%). Uptake of the conventional Z2D3 was also significantly higher than that of nonspecific human IgG1 F(ab')2 (0.027 +/- 0.004%). Specific uptake of the conventional Z2D3 in the lesions was comparable to the charge-modified Z2D3 uptake (0.084 +/- 0.017; P = .20). Uptake of negative charge-modified Z2D3 in the lesions was significantly higher than in the corresponding background activity in normal thoracic aorta (0.021 +/- 0.002). Uptake of negative charge-modified Z2D3 F(ab')2 in the lesions was higher than the uptake of negative charge-modified nonspecific IgG1 F(ab')2 (0.020 +/- 0.002) in the lesions. Uptake of charge-modified Z2D3 in the atherosclerotic lesions was also significantly higher than the corresponding regions of the aorta of the control rabbits (0.017 +/- 0.002; F1.18 = 27.9; P = .0001). There was, however, no difference in the specific lesion uptake of negative charge-modified Z2D3 at 24 hours (0.079 +/- 0.014) and 48 hours (0.084 +/- 0.0017; P = .99) after intravenous administration. Nontarget organ activities were lower with negative charge-modified 111In-labeled Z2D3 F(ab')2 than with the conventional Z2D3 F(ab')2. Mean kidney activity was fourfold less with the modified (0.45 +/- 0.06) than with the conventionally radiolabeled (1.67 +/- 0.264; P = .001) Z2D3 F(ab')2.
Precision and comparability of Abuscreen OnLine assays for drugs of abuse screening in urine on Hitachi 917 with other immunochemical tests and with GC/MS. (2000)

Abuscreen OnLine assays for drugs of abuse screening in urine have recently been developed for use on Hitachi 917 analyzers (Roche Diagnostics GmbH). The assays are based on the kinetic interaction of microparticles as measured by changes in light transmission. Drug in a sample inhibits the formation of particle aggregates and diminishes absorbance change increases. It was the goal of this study to evaluate precision and comparability of the new asssys with CEDIA drugs of abuse tests on Hitachi 917 in different laboratories (three European and three US). The assays were calibrated in the nonlinear mode with four to six standards (semiquantitative application). Initial within-run (21 replicates, four labs) and between-day (10 days, two labs) imprecision studies using Abuscreen OnLine tests and commercial negative (0.5 x cut-off) and positive (1.5 x cut-off) controls revealed the following median CVs [withinrun neg./pos. control/between-day neg./pos. control]: amphetamines 1.9/1.3/3.4/2.4, barbiturates 3.0/1.6/3.9/3.1, benzodiazepines 4.7/1.5/6.3/3.0, cocaine metabolite 1.8/0.9/2.4/1.7, methadone 5.4/1.6/5.5/2.2, opiates 5.5/2.8/5.3/2.7, THC 8.9/4.8/21.8/12.1. CVs < 10% were obtained for the THC test using controls with concentrations closer to the cut-off. An identical set of 170 GC/MS analyzed urine samples was distributed to the six laboratories and measured with Abuscreen OnLine tests on Hitachi 917. The median values for each individual sample were calculated and compared with the results obtained on individual Hitachi 917 analyzers by Passing-Bablok regression analysis. A good agreement between the laboratories was found with less than +/- 11% slope deviation and intercepts below 7% of the cut-off except for benzodiazepines (one slope 17%, one slope--26%) and THC (one slope 34%, one slope--18%). The comparability with CEDIA tests was analyzed by concordance plots using randomized routine samples in three laboratories. The following results were obtained in one of the participating laboratories [cut-off ng/mL] (No. of positive/negative/discrepant samples): amphetamines [500] 2/147/0, barbiturates [200] 1/148/0, benzodiazepines [100] 52/91/7, cocaine metabolite [300] 17/129/3, methadone [300] 113/34/2, opiates [300] 31/114/4, THC [50] 66/81/2. GC/MS was performed for clarification of the discrepant results. In summary, Abuscreen OnLine tests on Hitachi 917 give precise results which compare well when analyzed in different laboratories. They can be rated as convenient and flexible methods for drugs of abuse screening in the routine.
Loose-limbed People: Estimating 3D Human Pose and Motion Using Non-parametric Belief Propagation (2011)

We formulate the problem of 3D human pose estimation and tracking as one of inference in a graphical model. Unlike traditional kinematic tree representations, our model of the body is a collection of loosely-connected body-parts. In particular, we model the body using an undirected graphical model in which nodes correspond to parts and edges to kinematic, penetration, and temporal constraints imposed by the joints and the world. These constraints are encoded using pair-wise statistical distributions, that are learned from motion-capture training data. Human pose and motion estimation is formulated as inference in this graphical model and is solved using Particle Message Passing (PaMPas). PaMPas is a form of non-parametric belief propagation that uses a variation of particle filtering that can be applied over a general graphical model with loops. The loose-limbed model and decentralized graph structure allow us to incorporate information from “bottom-up” visual cues, such as limb and head detectors, into the inference process. These detectors enable automatic initialization and aid recovery from transient tracking failures. We illustrate the method by automatically tracking people in multi-view imagery using a set of calibrated cameras and present quantitative evaluation using the HumanEva dataset.