gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low Lung Function and Incident Lung Cancer in the United States (2003)

The presence of moderate or severe obstructive lung disease is a significant predictor of incident lung cancer in long-term follow-up. This finding may be useful clinically and in studies evaluating the utility of new tools for the early detection of lung cancer.
PHENIX: a comprehensive Python-based system for macromolecular structure solution (2010)

Macromolecular X-ray crystallography is routinely applied to understand biological processes at a molecular level. However, significant time and effort are still required to solve and complete many of these structures because of the need for manual interpretation of complex numerical data using many software packages and the repeated use of interactive three-dimensional graphics. PHENIX has been developed to provide a comprehensive system for macromolecular crystallographic structure solution with an emphasis on the automation of all procedures. This has relied on the development of algorithms that minimize or eliminate subjective input, the development of algorithms that automate procedures that are traditionally performed by hand and, finally, the development of a framework that allows a tight integration between the algorithms.
Modulation of the sis Gene Transcript During Endothelial Cell Differentiation in Vitro (1985)

Endothelial cells, which line the interior walls of blood vessels, proliferate at the site of blood vessel injury. Knowledge of the factors that control the proliferation of these cells would help elucidate the role of endothelial cells in wound healing, tumor growth, and arteriosclerosis. In vitro, endothelial cells organize into viable, three-dimensional tubular structures in environments that limit cell proliferation. The process of endothelial cell organization was found to result in decreased levels of the sis messenger RNA transcript and increased levels of the messenger RNA transcript for fibronectin. This situation was reversed on transition from the organized structure to a proliferative monolayer. These results suggest a reciprocity for two biological response modifiers involved in the regulation of endothelial cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro.
Low-volume fluid resuscitation for presumed hemorrhagic shock: helpful or harmful? (2001)

For the past 4 decades, the standard approach to the trauma victim who is hypotensive from presumed hemorrhage has been to infuse large volumes of fluids as early and as rapidly as possible. The goals of this treatment strategy are rapid restoration of intravascular volume and vital signs towards normal, and maintenance of vital organ perfusion. The most recent laboratory studies and the only clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of these guidelines however, suggest that in the setting of uncontrolled hemorrhage, today's practice of aggressive fluid resuscitation may be harmful, resulting in increased hemorrhage volume and subsequently greater mortality. This has been demonstrated in animal models representative of penetrating trauma as well as those representative of blunt trauma. The data strongly suggest that limited or hypotensive resuscitation may be preferable for the trauma victim with the potential for ongoing uncontrolled hemorrhage. Limited resuscitation provides a mechanism of avoiding the detrimental effects associated with early aggressive resuscitation, while maintaining a level of tissue perfusion that although decreased from the normal physiologic range is adequate for short periods. Large randomized clinical trials are necessary to confirm this new laboratory data. Future research should focus on developing resuscitation methods that may actually enhance tissue perfusion during limited resuscitation and therefore offset its potential detrimental effects.
Group Formation, Relatedness, and the Evolution of Multicellularity (2013)

The evolution of multicellular organisms represents one of approximately eight major evolutionary transitions that have occurred on earth. The major challenge raised by this transition is to explain why single cells should join together and become mutually dependent, in a way that leads to a more complex multicellular life form that can only replicate as a whole. It has been argued that a high genetic relatedness (r) between cells played a pivotal role in the evolutionary transition from single-celled to multicellular organisms, because it leads to reduced conflict and an alignment of interests between cells. We tested this hypothesis with a comparative study, comparing the form of multicellularity in species where groups are clonal (r = 1) to species where groups are potentially nonclonal (r ≤ 1). We found that species with clonal group formation were more likely to have undergone the major evolutionary transition to obligate multicellularity and had more cell types, a higher likelihood of sterile cells, and a trend toward higher numbers of cells in a group. More generally, our results unify the role of group formation and genetic relatedness across multiple evolutionary transitions and provide an unmistakable footprint of how natural selection has shaped the evolution of life.
Synthesis of some N‐substituted 4,5‐dihydro‐7,8‐dirnethoxybenzothiazepin‐3‐one 1,1 ‐dioxides (1976)

Abstract Reaction of ethyl 3,4‐dimethoxyphenylpropionale with chlorosulfonic acid yielded 2‐carbo‐elhoxyethyl‐3,4‐dimelhoxybenzene sulfochloride, which was converted to 2‐earboethoxyethyl‐3,4‐dimethoxybenzcnesulfonamides by the action of ammonia or substituted aromatic amines. Alkaline hydrolysis of these sulfonumide esters furnished the corresponding acids. The reaction of acids with phosphorus pentachloride resulted in the key intermediates, the ehloroearboxycthyl‐3,4‐dimethoxybenzenesulfonamides. The latter was cyelized to N‐substituted 4,5‐dihydro‐7,8‐dirnelhoxybenzothizepine‐3 ‐one 1, 1‐dioxide. Reactions of benzolhiazepinonc ring and nrnr specttra are described.
A functional reconfigurable architecture and compiler for adaptive computing (2002)

Many computationally intensive tasks spend nearly all of their execution time within a small fraction of the executable code. Substantial gains can be achieved by allowing the configuration and fundamental operations of a processor to adapt to these frequently accessed portions. A method is presented which improves the performance of many computationally intensive tasks by utilizing information extracted at compile-time to synthesize new operations which augment the functionality of a core processor. The newly synthesized operations are targeted for RAM-based field-programmable gate array (FPGA) devices which provide a mechanism for fast processor reconfiguration. A proof-of-concept system called PRISM, consisting of a specialized C configuration compiler and a reconfigurable hardware platform, is presented. Compilation and performance results are provided which confirm the concept viability, and demonstrate significant speed-up over conventional general-purpose architectures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Soft tubular microfluidics for 2D and 3D applications (2017)

Microfluidics has been the key component for many applications, including biomedical devices, chemical processors, microactuators, and even wearable devices. This technology relies on soft lithography fabrication which requires cleanroom facilities. Although popular, this method is expensive and labor-intensive. Furthermore, current conventional microfluidic chips precludes reconfiguration, making reiterations in design very time-consuming and costly. To address these intrinsic drawbacks of microfabrication, we present an alternative solution for the rapid prototyping of microfluidic elements such as microtubes, valves, and pumps. In addition, we demonstrate how microtubes with channels of various lengths and cross-sections can be attached modularly into 2D and 3D microfluidic systems for functional applications. We introduce a facile method of fabricating elastomeric microtubes as the basic building blocks for microfluidic devices. These microtubes are transparent, biocompatible, highly deformable, and customizable to various sizes and cross-sectional geometries. By configuring the microtubes into deterministic geometry, we enable rapid, low-cost formation of microfluidic assemblies without compromising their precision and functionality. We demonstrate configurable 2D and 3D microfluidic systems for applications in different domains. These include microparticle sorting, microdroplet generation, biocatalytic micromotor, triboelectric sensor, and even wearable sensing. Our approach, termed soft tubular microfluidics, provides a simple, cheaper, and faster solution for users lacking proficiency and access to cleanroom facilities to design and rapidly construct microfluidic devices for their various applications and needs.
Electrochemical AFM “Dip-Pen” Nanolithography (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTElectrochemical AFM "Dip-Pen" NanolithographyYan Li, Benjamin W. Maynor, and Jie LiuView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham, North Carolina 27708 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 9, 2105–2106Publication Date (Web):February 6, 2001Publication History Received29 September 2000Published online6 February 2001Published inissue 1 March 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja005654mhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja005654mrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3642Altmetric-Citations224LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Deposition,Metals,Platinum,Semiconductors,Silicon Get e-Alerts
Palladium‐Catalyzed Tandem Alkenyl and Aryl CN Bond Formation: A Cascade N‐Annulation Route to 1‐Functionalized Indoles (2004)

A single tandem operation allows rapid access to a variety of substituted N-functionalized indoles. The nitrogen atom of the indole nucleus is incorporated through Pd-catalyzed aryl and alkenyl CN bond-forming reactions (see scheme; dba=dibenzylideneacetone). Amine, aniline, amide, carbamate, and sulfonamide functional groups can be introduced efficiently.
Measurements of Rainfall Properties Using Long Optical Path Imaging (2000)

Measurements of long-path optical attenuation of visible light due to rainfall are described, from which rainfall parameters are derived. Novel aspects of the method are the use of a distant uncontrolled and broadband spotlight source, and analysis of image characteristics to obtain the distribution of drop radius a. A theory is developed that uses the image attenuation and spatial resolution to retrieve the two parameters, n0 and Λ, of the distribution n(a) = n0e−Λa. In particular, n0 is obtained to within about 20%; this error is relatively small compared to n0 jumps of more than 100% commonly observed in rainfall data. The method holds promise as an inexpensive path-averaged remotely sensed method for obtaining rainfall intensity and drop size distributions. Its validity is confirmed by a Monte Carlo model for photon scatter and imaging.
2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate Aldolases as Catalysts for Stereocontrolled Carbon−Carbon Bond Formation (1996)

The pyruvate aldolases use pyruvate as the nucleophilic component in stereoselective aldol condensations, producing a 4-hydroxy-2-ketobutyrate framework. We have examined the 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) aldolases from Pseudomonas putida, Escherichia coli, and Zymomonas mobilis for utility as synthetic reagents. Unlike other pyruvate aldolases examined to date, the KDPG aldolases accept short-chain, non-carbohydrate electrophilic aldehydes as substrates, providing a general methodology for the construction of the 4-hydroxy-2-ketobutyrate skeleton. The three aldolases differ markedly with respect to enzyme stability, pH optima, stability in organic cosolvent mixtures, substrate specificity, and diastereoselectivity during aldol condensation. All three enzymes show broad substrate specificity with regard to the electrophilic component. The primary requirements for substrate activity appear to be minimal steric hindrance and the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents at C2. The aldolases from Pseudomonas and Escherichia are also specific for the d-stereochemical configuration at C2, while the enzyme from Zymomonas displays no stereochemical discrimination with regard to the electrophilic substrate. Nucleophiles other than pyruvate are accepted as nucleophilic substrates by all three enzymes, provided the electrophile is sufficiently reactive. In preparative scale reactions with three unnatural electrophiles, the three enzymes show varying degrees of stereochemical fidelity. In most cases, a single diastereomer of the aldol adduct was produced, although in one case, a diastereomeric excess of 50% was observed. In all cases, the diastereoselectivity is exclusively kinetic in origin, despite the reversibility of some reactions. The enzymes are remarkably tolerant of added cosolvent: all three showed >60% of native activity in 30% DMSO and DMF. By appropriate choice of enzyme, the KDPG aldolases offer exceptional utility for stereocontrolled carbon−carbon bond formation under a wide range of experimental conditions.
A single oral intake of arginine does not affect performance during repeated Wingate anaerobic test. (2010)

Our data indicated that 2 g of arginine ingested in a single dose, neither induced nitrite/nitrate (NOx) concentrations changes, nor improved physical performance.
Isolation of Enterococcus faecium NM113, Enterococcus faecium NM213 and Lactobacillus casei NM512 as novel probiotics with immunomodulatory properties (2014)

Probiotics, defined as living bacteria that are beneficial for human health, mainly function through their immunomodulatory abilities. Hence, these microorganisms have proven successful for treating diseases resulting from immune deregulation. The aim of this study was to find novel candidates to improve on and complement current probiotic treatment strategies. Of 60 lactic acid bacterial strains that were isolated from fecal samples of healthy, full-term, breast-fed infants, three were chosen because of their ability to activate human immune cells. These candidates were then tested with regard to immunomodulatory properties, antimicrobial effects on pathogens, required pharmacological properties and their safety profiles. To identify the immunomodulatory structures of the selected isolates, activation of specific innate immune receptors was studied. The three candidates for probiotic treatment were assigned Enterococcus faecium NM113, Enterococcus faecium NM213 and Lactobacillus casei NM512. Compared with the established allergy-protective strain Lactococcus lactis G121, these isolates induced release of similar amounts of IL-12, a potent inducer of T helper 1 cells. In addition, all three neonatal isolates had antimicrobial activity against pathogens. Analysis of pharmacological suitability showed high tolerance of low pH, bile salts and pancreatic enzymes. In terms of safe application in humans, the isolates were sensitive to three antibiotics (chloramphenicol, tetracycline and erythromycin). In addition, the Enterococcus isolates were free from the four major virulence genes (cylA, agg, efaAfs and ccf). Moreover, the isolates strongly activated Toll-like receptor 2, which suggests lipopeptides as their active immunomodulatory structure. Thus, three novel bacterial strains with great potential as probiotic candidates and promising immunomodulatory properties have here been identified and characterized.
Synthesis of silicon quantum dot buried SiOxfilms with controlled luminescent properties for solid-state lighting (2006)

Highly luminescent Si quantum dot embedded SiOx films were studied as down-converting emitters for solid-state lighting applications. Strong red photoluminescence was observed from these Si nanocrystal embedded films prepared by thermal evaporation of SiO in vacuum or an O2 atmosphere followed by anneal at 1100 °C. The stoichiometry (1.0<x<1.9) and refractive indices (1.5–1.75) of these films could be well controlled by varying the oxygen flow rate and the deposition rate. The emission peak shifted from 840 to 745 nm with increasing O2 flow rate due to a decrease in the size of the Si QDs. Two excitation bands, peaked at 280 and 370 nm, were observed from these samples. The 370 nm band was much stronger than the 280 nm band, which is near the UV LED emission range required for solid-state lighting applications. Blue and green emissions were also observed from samples annealed at a lower temperature.
Critical Thickness of SiO2 Coating Layer on Core@Shell Bulk@Nanowire Si Anode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries (2013)

Amorphous SiO2 coating layers with thicknesses of ca. 2, 7, 10, and 15 nm are introduced into bulk@nanowire core@shell Si particles via direct thermal oxidation at 650-850 °C. Of the coated samples, Si with a coating thickness of ca. 7 nm has the best electrochemical performance. This sample shows an initial discharge capacity of 2279 mA h g(-1) with a Coulombic efficiency of 92% and displays 83% capacity retention after 50 cycles at 0.2C rate.
Efficacy and safety of intravenous anti-D immunoglobulin (Rhophylac®) in chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (2007)

rhophylac is well tolerated and efficacious in chronic itp.
RET Fusion as a Novel Driver of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (2014)

This finding represents the report of a novel RET fusion, the first of its kind described in MTC. The finding of this potential novel oncogenic mechanism has clear implications for sporadic MTC, which in the majority of cases has no driver mutation identified. The presence of a RET fusion also provides a plausible target for RET tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapies.
Modified ESHAP as Salvage Chemotherapy for Recurrent or Refractory Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Results of a Single-Center Study of 32 Patients (2002)

The modified ESHAP regimen induced remission in more than half of the patients with refractory or recurrent NHL. However, the duration of remission was brief. Moreover, significant myelotoxicity was common, and the risk of treatment-related death was 9%.
Phase-step insensitive algorithms for phase-shifting interferometry (1994)

Two novel phase extraction algorithms, in which step sizes need not be known or equal, are described. One algorithm requires a minimum of five interferograms from which intensity offset and intensity modulation are calculated at each pixel and the relative phase is calculated for all pixels with respect to a reference pixel. The other algorithm requires two phase stepping mechanisms and a minimum of ten interferograms. The intensity characteristics and reference phase step are calculated at each pixel and a previously published algorithm is used for the final phase calculation.
Safety evaluation of lotilaner in dogs after oral administration as flavoured chewable tablets (Credelio™) (2017)

Lotilaner was well-tolerated in healthy puppies at 8 week of age when administered once monthly on eight occasion over 8 months at the highest recommended dose and at three and five-fold overdose.
Beasts and Angels (1990)

Abstract This chapter discusses the experience of moral struggle. The concept of the ‘beast within’ is used in the chapter, and is considered not necessarily antisocial. For example, whenever crowds behave like animals, it is because their individual selfhoods and discrimination are submerged in what amounts to a ‘hive mind’.
The ubiquitous hammerhead ribozyme (2012)

The hammerhead ribozyme is a small catalytic RNA motif capable of endonucleolytic (self-) cleavage. It is composed of a catalytic core of conserved nucleotides flanked by three helices, two of which form essential tertiary interactions for fast self-scission under physiological conditions. Originally discovered in subviral plant pathogens, its presence in several eukaryotic genomes has been reported since. More recently, this catalytic RNA motif has been shown to reside in a large number of genomes. We review the different approaches in discovering these new hammerhead ribozyme sequences and discuss possible biological functions of the genomic motifs.
Promoter occlusion prevents transcription of adenovirus polypeptide IX mRNA until after DNA replication. (1989)

The left end of the adenovirus genome is arranged such that the polypeptide IX gene is 'buried' (entirely contained) within the E1B transcription unit. The E1B gene is transcribed actively early in infection while, in contrast, IX gene transcription only occurs after DNA replication. Using recombinant plasmid constructs and recombinant viruses, we have found that the nested arrangement of the IX gene prevents its transcription. The experiments show that E1B transcription across the IX promoter inhibits IX gene expression early in infection, and yet, the 21-kD E1B protein activates the IX gene. IX mRNA synthesis occurs in the absence of DNA replication when the E1A gene and E1B promoter are absent, but only when the 21-kD E1B protein is present in trans. Our results indicate that during the adenovirus infectious cycle, the only templates on which IX transcription can be activated are newly replicated templates not committed to E1B transcription. This situation may be a model for genes that are activated specifically at the time of replication.
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) inhibits angiogenesis in vitro (1995)

Using an in vitro model in which endothelial cells can be induced to invade a three-dimensional collagen gel to form capillary-like tubular structures, we demonstrate that leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) inhibits angiogenesis in vitro. The inhibitory effect was observed on both bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) and bovine microvascular endothelial (BME) cell, and occurred irrespective of the angiogenic stimulus, which included basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the synergistic effect of the two in combination, or the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate. LIF inhibited bFGF- and VEGF-induced proliferation in BAE and BME cells. In addition, LIF inhibited BAE but not BME cell migration in a conventional two-dimensional assay. Finally, LIF decreased the proteolytic activity of BAE and BME cells and increased their expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. These results demonstrate that LIF inhibits angiogenesis in vitro, an effect that can be correlated with a LIF-mediated decrease in endothelial cell proliferation, migration and extracellular proteolysis.