gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Short Review of Methods for Face Detection and Multifractal Analysis (2009)

The purpose of this paper is to present short reviews the face detection techniques and to study the effect of multifractal analysis in detecting facial features. In reviewing the existing techniques, we have compared the performance of Nilsson et alpsilas algorithm, Haar Training implemented within Open Source Computer Vision Library (OpenCV) and Keinzlepsilas algorithm in face detection. Then, we have produced some experimental results suggesting that the multifractal approach would help to extract key facial features of a human face. We conclude the paper with some discussions on how the work can be taken further.
Structure-Function Analysis of the Epitope for 4E10, a Broadly Neutralizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Antibody (2006)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) neutralizing antibody 4E10 binds to a linear, highly conserved epitope within the membrane-proximal external region of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp41. We have delineated the peptide epitope of the broadly neutralizing 4E10 antibody to gp41 residues 671 to 683, using peptides with different lengths encompassing the previously suggested core epitope (NWFDIT). Peptide binding to the 4E10 antibody was assessed by competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the K(d) values of selected peptides were determined using surface plasmon resonance. An Ala scan of the epitope indicated that several residues, W672, F673, and T676, are essential (>1,000-fold decrease in binding upon replacement with alanine) for 4E10 recognition. In addition, five other residues, N671, D674, I675, W680, and L679, make significant contributions to 4E10 binding. In general, the Ala scan results agree well with the recently reported crystal structure of 4E10 in complex with a 13-mer peptide and with our circular dichroism analyses. Neutralization competition assays confirmed that the peptide NWFDITNWLWYIKKKK-NH(2) could effectively inhibit 4E10 neutralization. Finally, to limit the conformational flexibility of the peptides, helix-promoting 2-aminoisobutyric acid residues and helix-inducing tethers were incorporated. Several peptides have significantly improved affinity (>1,000-fold) over the starting peptide and, when used as immunogens, may be more likely to elicit 4E10-like neutralizing antibodies. Hence, this study represents the first stage toward iterative development of a vaccine based on the 4E10 epitope.
Tau EGFP embryonic stem cells: An efficient tool for neuronal lineage selection and transplantation (2002)

Pluripotency and the capacity for continuous self-renewal make embryonic stem (ES) cells an attractive donor source for cell-replacement strategies. A key prerequisite for a therapeutic application of ES cells is the generation of defined somatic cell populations. Here we demonstrate that a targeted insertion of the EGFP gene into the tau locus permits efficient fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based lineage selection of ES cell-derived neurons. After in vitro differentiation of heterozygous tau EGFP ES cells into multipotent neural precursors, EGFP is selectively induced in postmitotic neurons of various neurotransmitter phenotypes. By using FACS, ES cell-derived neurons can be enriched to purities of more than 90%. Because neuron-specific EGFP fluorescence is also observed upon transplantation of ES cell-derived neural precursors, the tau EGFP mutant represents a useful tool for the in vivo analysis of grafted ES cell-derived neurons.
Fast Asymmetric Learning for Cascade Face Detection (2008)

A cascade face detector uses a sequence of node classifiers to distinguish faces from non-faces. This paper presents a new approach to design node classifiers in the cascade detector. Previous methods used machine learning algorithms that simultaneously select features and form ensemble classifiers. We argue that if these two parts are decoupled, we have the freedom to design a classifier that explicitly addresses the difficulties caused by the asymmetric learning goal. There are three contributions in this paper. The first is a categorization of asymmetries in the learning goal, and why they make face detection hard. The second is the Forward Feature Selection (FFS) algorithm and a fast pre- omputing strategy for AdaBoost. FFS and the fast AdaBoost can reduce the training time by approximately 100 and 50 times, in comparison to a naive implementation of the AdaBoost feature selection method. The last contribution is Linear Asymmetric Classifier (LAC), a classifier that explicitly handles the asymmetric learning goal as a well-defined constrained optimization problem. We demonstrated experimentally that LAC results in improved ensemble classifier performance.
MHC Class I Endosomal and Lysosomal Trafficking Coincides with Exogenous Antigen Loading in Dendritic Cells (2008)

We conclude that DCs have 'hijacked' and adapted a common vacuolar/endocytic intracellular trafficking pathway to facilitate MHC I access to the endosomal and lysosomal compartments where antigen processing and loading and antigen cross-presentation takes place.
Polymeric Nanoparticles for Nonviral Gene Therapy Extend Brain Tumor Survival in Vivo (2015)

Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have the potential to be safer alternatives to viruses for gene delivery; however, their use has been limited by poor efficacy in vivo. In this work, we synthesize and characterize polymeric gene delivery nanoparticles and evaluate their efficacy for DNA delivery of herpes simplex virus type I thymidine kinase (HSVtk) combined with the prodrug ganciclovir (GCV) in a malignant glioma model. We investigated polymer structure for gene delivery in two rat glioma cell lines, 9L and F98, to discover nanoparticle formulations more effective than the leading commercial reagent Lipofectamine 2000. The lead polymer structure, poly(1,4-butanediol diacrylate-co-4-amino-1-butanol) end-modified with 1-(3-aminopropyl)-4-methylpiperazine, is a poly(β-amino ester) (PBAE) and formed nanoparticles with HSVtk DNA that were 138 ± 4 nm in size and 13 ± 1 mV in zeta potential. These nanoparticles containing HSVtk DNA showed 100% cancer cell killing in vitro in the two glioma cell lines when combined with GCV exposure, while control nanoparticles encoding GFP maintained robust cell viability. For in vivo evaluation, tumor-bearing rats were treated with PBAE/HSVtk infusion via convection-enhanced delivery (CED) in combination with systemic administration of GCV. These treated animals showed a significant benefit in survival (p = 0.0012 vs control). Moreover, following a single CED infusion, labeled PBAE nanoparticles spread completely throughout the tumor. This study highlights a nanomedicine approach that is highly promising for the treatment of malignant glioma.
Whiskers-Mediated Maize Transformation (2009)

There has been rapid progress in recent years in extending gene transfer capabilities to include plant species that fall outside the normal host range of Agrobacterium. Methods that allow direct DNA delivery into plant cells have contributed significantly to this expanded capability. Whiskers treatment is one means of delivering macromolecules, including DNA, to plant cells. Using relatively simple equipment and inexpensive materials, whiskers-mediated transformation of maize is possible. A critical prerequisite, however, is the establishment and maintenance of embryogenic tissue cultures as a source of totipotent, transformation-competent cells. Within hours of agitation in the presence of silicon carbide whiskers and DNA, embryogenic maize tissue cultures display transient gene expression, providing evidence for DNA uptake. Using appropriate selectable marker genes, following in vitro selection on inhibitory levels of a corresponding selection agent, stably transgenic tissue cultures can be generated from which fertile plants can be recovered. The timeline from whiskers treatment of embryogenic maize tissue cultures to fertile seed recovery is approximately 9 months, which is competitive with other methods of maize transformation.
Using Non-microsurgical Method for Auricular Amputation Reconstruction - the Modified Baudet Technique (2016)

Background: The unique anatomic structure of the pinna makes auricular reconstruction difficult and prone to failure after a traumatic amputation, especially in cases of human bite injury. Materials and Methods: A 54 years old female was a victim of right ear traumatic amputation by human bite. Considering the amputation level and mechanism of injury, high failure rate of microsurgical replantation was anticipated. Literatures of auricular reconstruction by non-microsurgical technique were reviewed for the amputated cartilage salvage and ear contour restoration. Results: Staged surgery with the modified Baudet technique was performed. The amputated ear cartilage was mostly salvaged and satisfactory ear contour was restored without infection or wound dehiscence. Conclusion: Microsurgical replantation of pinna is difficult and has low success rate. The modified Baudet technique provides an alternative simple and feasible choice of reconstruction for auricular amputation.
AC relaxation in the Fe8 molecular magnet (2009)

We investigate the low energy magnetic relaxation characteristics of the "iron eight" (Fe8) molecular magnet. Each molecule in this material contains a cluster of eight Fe³+ ions surrounded by organic ligands. The molecules arrange themselves into a regular lattice with triclinic symmetry. At sufficiently low energies, the electronic spins of the Fe³+ ions lock together into a "quantum rotator" with spin S = 10. We derive a low energy effective Hamiltonian for this system, valid for temperatures less than Tc ~ 360 mK, where Tc is the temperature at which the Fe8 system crosses over into a "quantum regime" where relaxation characteristics become temperature independent. We show that in this regime the dominant environmental coupling is to the environmental spin bath in the molecule. We show how to explicitly calculate these couplings, given crystallographic information about the molecule, and do this for Fe8- We use this information to calculate the linewidth, topological decoherence and orthogonality blocking parameters. All of these quantities are shown to exhibit an isotope effect. We demonstrate that orthogonality blocking in Fe8 is significant and suppresses coherent tunneling. We then use our low energy effective Hamiltonian to calculate the single-molecule relaxation rate in the presence of an external magnetic field with both AC and DC components by solving the Landau-Zener problem in the presence of a nuclear spin bath. Both sawtooth and sinusoidal AC fields are analyzed. This single-molecule relaxation rate is then used as input into a master equation in order to take into account the many-molecule nature of the full system. Our results are then compared to quantum regime relaxation experiments performed on the Fe8 system.
Topology of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins (2003)

Hepatitis C virus encodes two envelope glycoproteins, E1 and E2, that are released from a polyprotein precursor after cleavage by host signal peptidase(s). These proteins contain a large N-terminal ectodomain and a C-terminal transmembrane domain, and they assemble as a noncovalent heterodimer. The transmembrane domains of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins have been shown to be multifunctional: (1) they are membrane anchors, (2) they bear ER retention signals, (3) they contain a signal sequence function, and (4) they are involved in E1-E2 heterodimerisation. Due to these multiple functions, the topology adopted by these transmembrane domains has given rise to much controversy. They are less than 30 amino acid residues long and are composed of two stretches of hydrophobic residues separated by a short segment containing one or two fully conserved positively charged residues. The presence of a signal sequence function in the C-terminal half of the transmembrane domains of E1 and E2 had suggested that these domains are composed of two membrane spanning segments. However, the two hydrophobic stretches are too short to make two membrane spanning alpha-helices. These discrepancies can now be explained by a dynamic model, based on experimental data, describing the early steps of the biogenesis of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins. In this model, the transmembrane domains of E1 and E2 form a hairpin structure before cleavage by a signal peptidase, and a reorientation of the second hydrophobic stretch occurs after cleavage to produce a single membrane spanning domain.
Arylboronic Acids. V. Methyl-substituted Boronic Acids, Borinic Acids and Triarylborons1,2 (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTArylboronic Acids. V. Methyl-substituted Boronic Acids, Borinic Acids and Triarylborons1,2Richard T. Hawkins, William J. Lennarz, and H. R. SnyderCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 12, 3053–3059Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01497a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01497a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1800Altmetric-Citations63LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Fission Yeast Gene,him1+/dfp1+, Encoding a Regulatory Subunit for Hsk1 Kinase, Plays Essential Roles in S-Phase Initiation as Well as in S-Phase Checkpoint Control and Recovery from DNA Damage (1999)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC7 encodes a serine/threonine kinase required for G(1)/S transition, and its related kinases are present in fission yeast as well as in higher eukaryotes, including humans. Kinase activity of Cdc7 protein depends on the regulatory subunit, Dbf4, which also interacts with replication origins. We have identified him1(+) from two-hybrid screening with Hsk1, a fission yeast homologue of Cdc7 kinase, and showed that it encodes a regulatory subunit of Hsk1. Him1, identical to Dfp1, previously identified as an associated molecule of Hsk1, binds to Hsk1 and stimulates its kinase activity, which phosphorylates both catalytic and regulatory subunits as well as recombinant MCM2 protein in vitro. him1(+) is essential for DNA replication in fission yeast cells, and its transcription is cell cycle regulated, increasing at middle M to late G(1). The protein level is low at START in G(1), increases at the G(1)/S boundary, and is maintained at a high level throughout S phase. Him1 protein is hyperphosphorylated at G(1)/S through S during the cell cycle as well as in response to early S-phase arrest induced by nucleotide deprivation. Deletion of one of the motifs conserved in regulatory subunits for Cdc7-related kinases as well as alanine substitution of three serine and threonine residues present in the same motif resulted in a defect in checkpoint regulation normally induced by hydroxyurea treatment. The alanine mutant also showed growth retardation after UV irradiation and the addition of methylmethane sulfonate. In keeping with this result, a database search indicates that him1(+) is identical to rad35(+). Our results reveal a novel function of the Cdc7/Dbf4-related kinase complex in S-phase checkpoint control as well as in growth recovery from DNA damage in addition to its predicted essential function in S-phase initiation.
THE ESTIMATION OF MAP DISTANCES FROM RECOMBINATION VALUES (1943)

The articles published by the Annals of Eugenics (1925–1954) have been made available online as an historical archive intended for scholarly use. The work of eugenicists was often pervaded by prejudice against racial, ethnic and disabled groups. The online publication of this material for scholarly research purposes is not an endorsement of those views nor a promotion of eugenics in any way.
Soft-output sphere decoding: algorithms and VLSI implementation (2008)

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detection algorithms providing soft information for a subsequent channel decoder pose significant implementation challenges due to their high computational complexity. In this paper, we show how sphere decoding can be used as an efficient tool to implement soft-output MIMO detection with flexible trade-offs between computational complexity and (error rate) performance. In particular, we provide VLSI implementation results which demonstrate that single tree-search, sorted QR-decomposition, channel matrix regularization, log-likelihood ratio clipping, and imposing runtime constraints are the key ingredients for realizing soft-output MIMO detectors with near max-log performance at a chip area that is only 58% higher than that of the best-known hard-output sphere decoder VLSI implementation.
Development of biopharmaceutical parenteral dosage forms (1997)

Introduction to the Development of Biopharmaceutical Parenteral Dosage Forms, John A. Bontempo Fermentation Process Events Affecting Biopharmaceutical Quality, Anthony S. Lubiniecki Development of Recovery Processes for Recombinant Proteins and Peptides, Paula J. Shadle Preformulations Development of Parenteral Biopharmaceuticals, John A. Bontempo Formulations Development, John A. Bontempo The Analytical Techniques, Basant G. Sharma Membrane Filtration Technology, Forrest Badmington Considerations for Elastomeric Closures for Parenteral Biopharmaceutical Drugs, John A. Bontempo
Pattern of Immunoglobulin Synthesis and Assembly in a Human-Mouse Somatic Cell Hybrid Clone (1974)

Fusion of human peripheral blood lymphocytes, not forming detectable immunoglobulins, with mouse myeloma cells (TEPC-15), secreting mouse immunoglobulin A with known antibody activity, yielded a somatic cell hybrid clone that secreted both human and mouse immunoglobulins. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that human gamma, alpha, and light chains, as well as mouse alpha and light chains, were formed by the hybrid cells. To determine whether individual antibody molecules with both human and mouse components were secreted, medium from the hybrid cells was precipitated first with antibody against mouse immunoglobulin produced in rabbit, reduced, and alkylated, and then reprecipitated with antibody against human immunoglobulin produced in rabbit. Human gamma, alpha, and light chains were detected after electrophoresis of the immunoprecipitates on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, indicating that antibody molecules containing both human and mouse components were secreted by the hybrid cells. These data indicate that this somatic cell hybrid clone synthesized human gamma and alpha heavy chains and human light chains, as well as mouse alpha heavy chains and mouse light chains. Some of these immunoglobulin components were assembled as hybrid antibody molecules.
Antitumor activity of adriamycin (hydrazone-linked) immunoconjugates compared with free adriamycin and specificity of tumor cell killing. (1990)

Adriamycin (ADM) was chemically coupled to two monoclonal antibodies (MAb) expressed on human B-cell lymphomas. Immunoconjugates were prepared by linking to the MAb an ADM derivative, Adriamycin 13-[3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionyl]hydrazone (ADM-HZN), which releases ADM under mild acidic conditions (see preceding article). The (ADM-HZN) conjugates were tested for antitumor activity on two human B-lymphoma xenografts, Daudi and Ramos, which were growing as solid tumors in athymic mice. The conjugates, injected i.p., significantly inhibited tumor growth when antibody protein doses were greater than or equal to 500 mg/kg (approximately 10 mg/mouse). At these input antibody doses, (ADM-HZN) conjugates were more potent and had greater antitumor activity than free ADM given at an optimized dose and schedule. MAb-conjugated ADM was also tolerated to much higher levels than unconjugated drug. Antitumor activity was not obtained using mixtures of MAb plus free drug or with MAb-drug conjugates that did not bind to the tumor target cell. Thus, the antitumor activity of the immunoconjugate was directed by binding of the MAb portion of the conjugate to target tumor cells.
Genome‐based analysis of virulence genes in a non‐biofilm‐forming Staphylococcus epidermidis strain (ATCC 12228) (2003)

Staphylococcus epidermidis strains are diverse in their pathogenicity; some are invasive and cause serious nosocomial infections, whereas others are non-pathogenic commensal organisms. To analyse the implications of different virulence factors in Staphylococcus epidermidis infections, the complete genome of Staphylococcus epidermidis strain ATCC 12228, a non-biofilm forming, non-infection associated strain used for detection of residual antibiotics in food products, was sequenced. This strain showed low virulence by mouse and rat experimental infections. The genome consists of a single 2499 279 bp chromosome and six plasmids. The chromosomal G + C content is 32.1% and 2419 protein coding sequences (CDS) are predicted, among which 230 are putative novel genes. Compared to the virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus, aside from delta-haemolysin and beta-haemolysin, other toxin genes were not found. In contrast, the majority of adhesin genes are intact in ATCC 12228. Most strikingly, the ica operon coding for the enzymes synthesizing interbacterial cellular polysaccharide is missing in ATCC 12228 and rearrangements of adjacent genes are shown. No mec genes, IS256, IS257, were found in ATCC 12228. It is suggested that the absence of the ica operon is a genetic marker in commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis strains which are less likely to become invasive.