gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF SHIKIMIC ACID FROM D-ERYTHROSE-4-PHOSPHATE AND PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE1,2,3 (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF SHIKIMIC ACID FROM D-ERYTHROSE-4-PHOSPHATE AND PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE1,2,3P. R. Srinivasan, M. Katagiri, and David B. SprinsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 18, 4943–4944Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01623a089https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01623a089research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views144Altmetric-Citations83LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Methods and Prospects for Human–Computer Performance of Popular Music (2014)

Computers are often used in performance of popular music, but most often in very restricted ways, such as keyboard synthesizers where musicians are in complete control, or pre-recorded or sequenced music where musicians follow the computer's drums or click track. An interesting and yet little-explored possibility is the computer as highly autonomous performer of popular music, capable of joining a mixed ensemble of computers and humans. Considering the skills and functional requirements of musicians leads to a number of predictions about future human–computer music performance (HCMP) systems for popular music. We describe a general architecture for such systems and describe some early implementations and our experience with them.
Biaxial Mechanical Properties of the Native and Glutaraldehyde-Treated Aortic Valve Cusp: Part II—A Structural Constitutive Model (2000)

We have formulated the first constitutive model to describe the complete measured planar biaxial stress-strain relationship of the native and glutaraldehyde-treated aortic valve cusp using a structurally guided approach. When applied to native, zero-pressure fixed, and low-pressure fixed cusps, only three parameters were needed to simulate fully the highly anisotropic, and nonlinear in-plane biaxial mechanical behavior. Differences in the behavior of the native and zero- and low-pressure fixed cusps were found to be primarily due to changes in the effective fiber stress-strain behavior. Further, the model was able to account for the effects of small (< 10 deg) misalignments in the cuspal specimens with respect to the biaxial test axes that increased the accuracy of the model material parameters. Although based upon a simplified cuspal structure, the model underscored the role of the angular orientation of the fibers that completely accounted for extreme mechanical anisotropy and pronounced axial coupling. Knowledge of the mechanics of the aortic cusp derived from this model may aid in the understanding of fatigue damage in bioprosthetic heart valves and, potentially, lay the groundwork for the design of tissue-engineered scaffolds for replacement heart valves.
The Serpins: Nature's Molecular Mousetraps (2001)

A special family of inhibitors, known as the serpins, has evolved an extraordinary mechanism to enable the control of the proteolytic pathways essential to life. The serpins undergo a profound change in conformation to entrap their target protease in an irreversible complex. The solving of the structure of this complex now completes a video depiction of the changes involved. The serpin, just like a mousetrap, is seen to change with a spring-like movement from an initial metastable state to a final hyperstable form. The structure shows how this conformational shift not only inhibits the protease but also destroys it. A bonus from these structural insights is the realisation that a number of diseases, as diverse as thrombosis, cirrhosis and dementia, all share a common mechanism arising from similar mutations of different serpins.
Role of the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) in cell regulation (1997)

Conference Article| May 01 1997 Role of the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) in cell regulation B. R. G. Williams B. R. G. Williams 1Department of Cancer Biology, Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Author and article information Publisher: Portland Press Ltd Received: November 20 1996 Online ISSN: 1470-8752 Print ISSN: 0300-5127 © 1997 Biochemical Society1997 Biochem Soc Trans (1997) 25 (2): 509–513. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0250509 Article history Received: November 20 1996 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation B. R. G. Williams; Role of the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) in cell regulation. Biochem Soc Trans 1 May 1997; 25 (2): 509–513. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0250509 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search Keywords: ds, double-stranded, PKR, dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, IFN, interferon, TNF, tumour necrosis factor, LPS, lipopoly-saccharide, NFκPB, nuclear factor κPB, IRF-1, regulatory factor-1, MEFs, mouse embryo fibroblasts, LD50 half-maximal lethal dose, pIC, poly(I)-poly(C) This content is only available as a PDF. © 1997 Biochemical Society1997 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Cellular interactions promote tissue-specific function, biomatrix deposition and junctional communication of primary cultured hepatocytes (1988)

Hepatocytes, prepared from normal adult rat liver, were seeded onto a collagen substratum and cultured alone or in the presence of rat liver endothelial cells. When hepatocytes were cultured alone in a hormonally defined serum-free medium, decreased albumin production and rapid morphological deterioration of bile canaliculi structures and gap junctions occurred within 4 to 5 days. In contrast, hepatocytes cocultured with liver mesenchymal cells remained morphologically intact and biochemically functional for at least 4 weeks. They reorganized into small islands, continued to secrete high levels of albumin, did not express alpha-fetoprotein (a fetal marker), and remained strongly dye coupled. All of the hepatocytes synthesized albumin and retained their gap junctional channels. No junctional communication was observed between hepatocytes and endothelial cells. Long fibers containing fibronectin, Type I collagen and laminin distributed over the hepatocytes were induced in coculture but never appeared in hepatocytes cultured alone. Moreover, supplementation of the hormonally defined medium with phenobarbital and dimethyl sulfoxide, both of which improve the life span and functional activities of cultured hepatocytes, failed to induce reticulin fiber formation in pure culture of hepatocytes. The modulation of albumin secretion, biomatrix deposition and junctional communication observed in hepatocytes cultured with sinusoidal liver cells was also obtained when hepatocytes were in association with various epithelial or mesenchymal cells [rat liver epithelial cells (T51B), mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NIH 3T3), human or rat dermal fibroblasts and bovine aorta endothelial cells (AG 4762)].
Involvement of cathepsins in the invasion, metastasis and proliferation of cancer cells (2005)

Tumor cell invasion and metastasis are associated with the proteolytic activity of various types of proteinases. Among them, cathepsins, which are lysosomal proteinases, have received more attention recently. Since elevated expressions of cathepsins and diminished levels of their inhibitors have been observed in several human cancers, including breast, gastric and prostate cancer, especially in aggressive cancer cells, cathepsins have been suggested to be biological markers of malignant tumors and have proved useful for prognosis of the disease. Furthermore, cathepsins have various roles in cancer progression. Cathepsin D has a mitogenic activity independent of its proteolytic activity and it attenuates the anti-tumor immune response of decaying chemokines to inhibit the function of dendritic cells. Cathepsins B and L have been shown to play an important role in matrix degradation and cell invasion. The administration of their inhibitors prevents the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. These results indicate that cancer cells orchestrate various cathepsins to progress malignant diseases. Cathepsins may be a potential target for cancer therapy.
Simple Synthesis of 4‐Substituted 1(2H)‐Isoquinolinones via Electrophilic Trapping of Lithiated Mono‐ and Dianion Precursors (2007)

Abstract Synthetic routes have been developed to access 4‐substituted 1(2H)‐isoquinolinones from readily available precursors. This is achieved via electrophilic trapping of di‐ and monolithium anions derived from alkyllithium exchange of 4‐bromo‐1(2H)‐isoquinolinones and corresponding 4‐bromo‐1‐methoxyisoquinolines, respectively. Products derived from the latter are then hydrolyzed to the target 4‐substituted 1(2H)‐isoquinolinones. The methodology has potential application to access 4‐substituted 1(2H)‐isoquinolinones with additional substituents in either ring.
Isolation of a gene encoding a Chlamydia sp. strain TWAR protein that is recognized during infection of humans (1989)

Chlamydia sp. strain TWAR is a unique Chlamydia sp. that causes acute respiratory disease. A gene bank consisting of TWAR isolate AR-39 DNA in pUC19 was screened with anti-AR-39 rabbit immune sera. Two positive clones were isolated that contained 7.3-kilobase (pLC1) and 14.9-kilobase (pLC2) plasmids. Restriction mapping and hybridization studies showed that both pLC1 and pLC2 contained a common 4.2-kilobase PstI fragment. Plasmids were used as templates of in vitro transcription-translation. All three plasmids had a novel protein product of ca. 75 kilodaltons not found in the vector alone. Western blots showed that this protein reacted with anti-TWAR rabbit immune sera and with human immune serum from an individual who had proven TWAR infection. Whole-cell lysates of TWAR demonstrated a protein having the same molecular weight and immunoreactivity as the recombinant gene product. This protein was also recognized by rabbit immune serum against Chlamydia psittaci or Chlamydia trachomatis. Southern hybridizations with the cloned fragment as a probe of digests of other Chlamydia spp. showed weakly hybridizing fragments. These results suggest that we have isolated a gene encoding a protein recognized during human TWAR infection that contains some sequences shared among Chlamydia spp.
Secretion of Biologically Active Recombinant Fibrinogen by Yeast (1995)

Fibrinogen (340 kDa) is a plasma protein that plays an important role in the final stages of blood clotting. Human fibrinogen is a dimer with each half-molecule composed of three different polypeptides (A alpha, 67 kDa; B beta, 57 kDa; gamma, 47 kDa). To understand the mechanism of fibrinogen chain assembly and secretion and to obtain a system capable of producing substantial amounts of fibrinogen for structure-function studies, we developed a recombinant system capable of secreting fibrinogen. An expression vector (pYES2) was constructed with individual fibrinogen chain cDNAs under the control of a Gal-1 promoter fused with mating factor F alpha 1 prepro secretion signal (SS) cascade. In addition, other constructs were prepared with combinations of cDNAs encoding two chains or all three chains in tandem. Each chain was under the control of the Gal-1 promoter. These constructs were used to transform Saccharomyces cerevisiae (INVSC1; Mat alpha his3-delta 1 leu2 trp1-289 ura3-52) in selective media. Single colonies from transformed yeast cells were grown in synthetic media with 4% raffinose to a density of 1 x 10(8) cells/ml and induced with 2% galactose for 16 h. Yeast cells expressing all three chains contained fibrinogen precursors and nascent fibrinogen and secreted about 30 micrograms/ml of fibrinogen into the culture medium. The B beta and gamma chains, but not A alpha, were glycosylated. Glycosylation of B beta and gamma chains was inhibited by treatment of transformed yeast cells with tunicamycin. Intracellular B beta and gamma chains, but not the A alpha chains in secreted fibrinogen, were cleaved by endoglycosidase H. Carbohydrate analysis indicated that secreted recombinant fibrinogen contained N-linked asialo-galactosylated biantennary oligosaccharide. Recombinant fibrinogen yielded the characteristic plasmin digestion products, fragments D and E, that were immunologically indistinct from the same fragments obtained from plasma fibrinogen. The recombinant fibrinogen was shown to be biologically active in that it could form a thrombin-induced clot, which, in the presence of factor XIIIa, could undergo gamma chain dimerization and A alpha chain polymer formation.
Cloning and Characterization of a Bovine Adeno-Associated Virus (2004)

To better understand the relationship between primate adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) and those of other mammals, we have cloned and sequenced the genome of an AAV found as a contaminant in two isolates of bovine adenovirus that was reported to be serologically distinct from primate AAVs. The bovine AAV (BAAV) genome has 4,693 bp, and its organization is similar to that of other AAV isolates. The left-hand open reading frame (ORF) and both inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) have the highest homology with the rep ORF and ITRs of AAV serotype 5 (AAV-5) (89 and 96%, respectively). However, the right-hand ORF was only 55% identical to the AAV-5 capsid ORF; it had the highest homology with the capsid ORF of AAV-4 (76%). By comparing the BAAV cap sequence with a model of an AAV-4 capsid, we mapped the regions of BAAV VP1 that are divergent from AAV-4. These regions are located on the outside of the capsid and are partially located in exposed loops. BAAV was not neutralized by antisera raised against recombinant AAV-2, AAV-4, or AAV-5, and it demonstrated a unique cell tropism profile in four human cancer cell lines, suggesting that BAAV might have transduction activity distinct from that of other isolates. A murine model of salivary gland gene transfer was used to evaluate the in vivo performance of recombinant BAAV. Recombinant BAAV-mediated gene transfer was 11 times more efficient than that with AAV-2. Overall, these data suggest that vectors based on BAAV could be useful for gene transfer applications.
Broad-Band Mirror (1.12–1.62&lt;tex&gt;$mu$&lt;/tex&gt;m) Using a Subwavelength Grating (2004)

We report the first experimental demonstration of a novel single-layer subwavelength grating (SWG) that has >500-nm-wide reflection spectrum from 1.12-1.62 μm and very high reflectivity (>98.5%). This SWG is scalable for different wavelengths by simply changing the grating dimensions, which, thus, facilitates monolithic integration of devices over a wide range of wavelengths.
IL-1.beta. induces the coexpression of both nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase by Islets of Langerhans: activation of cyclooxygenase by nitric oxide (1993)

Autoimmune diabetes is characterized by an early infiltration of lymphocytes into and around islets, which is followed by selective destruction of the insulin-secreting beta-cell. Cytokines released during this inflammatory reaction have been implicated as effector molecules which mediate beta-cell destruction. In vitro treatment of rat islets with the cytokine IL-1 beta results in an inhibition of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion that is mediated by the overproduction of nitric oxide. IL-1 beta also stimulates the production of the cyclooxygenase (COX) product prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). In this study we have examined the effects of IL-1 beta on both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and inducible cyclooxygenase (iCOX) expression, and the direct effects of nitric oxide on the activity of COX. Treatment of rat islets with 5 units/mL IL-1 beta induces a similar time-dependent production of both nitrite and PGE2. IL-1 beta-induced nitrite and PGE2 production is attenuated by the NOS inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA), but NMMA has no inhibitory effect on the expression of either iCOX or iNOS as determined by immunoprecipitation. Actinomycin D prevents IL-1 beta-induced iCOX and iNOS expression and the production of both nitrite and PGE2 by islets, suggesting that mRNA transcription is required for IL-1 beta-induced expression of both iNOS and iCOX. The effects of exogenous arachidonic acid on both constitutive COX (cCOX) and iCOX activity were also investigated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Iodine and Iodine Catalysed Phosphorylation of Nucleosides by Phosphorodiester Derivatives (1987)

Abstract Sodium iodide was found to catalyse the phosphorylation of nucleosides by phosphorodiester derivatives such as chlorophosphates, pyrophosphates and triazolides. A similar catalytic effect, but on phosphorochloridates only, was also exerted by iodine.
IL-36γ Is a Strong Inducer of IL-23 in Psoriatic Cells and Activates Angiogenesis (2018)

The IL-1 family member cytokine IL-36γ is recognised as key mediator in the immunopathology of psoriasis, hallmarks of which involve the activation of both resident and infiltrating inflammatory myeloid cells and aberrant angiogenesis. This research demonstrates a role for IL-36γ in both myeloid activation and angiogenesis. We show that IL-36γ induces the production of psoriasis-associated cytokines from macrophages (IL-23 and TNFα) and that this response is enhanced in macrophages from psoriasis patients. This effect is specific for IL-36γ and could not be mimicked by other IL-1 family cytokines such as IL-1α. IL-36γ was also demonstrated to induce endothelial tube formation and branching, in a VEGF-A-dependent manner. Furthermore, IL-36γ-stimulated macrophages potently activated endothelial cells and led to increased adherence of monocytes, effects that were markedly more pronounced for psoriatic macrophages. Interestingly, regardless of stimulus, psoriasis monocytes showed increased adherence to both the stimulated and unstimulated endothelium when compared with monocytes from healthy individuals. Collectively, these findings show that IL-36γ has the potential to enhance endothelium directed leucocyte infiltration into the skin and strengthen the IL-23/IL-17 pathway adding to the growing evidence of pathogenetic roles for IL-36γ in psoriatic responses. Our findings also point to a cellular response, which could potentially explain cardiovascular comorbidities in psoriasis in the form of endothelial activation and increased monocyte adherence.
Ground-state emission and gain in ultralow-threshold InAs-InGaAs quantum-dot lasers (2001)

Emission spectra and modal optical gain are investigated in ultralow-threshold MBE-grown InAs-InGaAs quantum dot (QD) structures. The record lowest room-temperature inversion current is found to be /spl sim/13 A cm/sup -2/. The rate-equation model is proposed describing the optical gain related to the ground-state (GS) transitions in QDs. The ground-state gain goes to the maximum value that corresponds to the total inversion of available levels. The gain cross section for the GS emission is estimated as /spl sim/7/spl times/10/sup -15/ cm/sup 2/.
Selectively Receptor-Blind Measles Viruses: Identification of Residues Necessary for SLAM- or CD46-Induced Fusion and Their Localization on a New Hemagglutinin Structural Model (2003)

Measles virus (MV) enters cells either through the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule SLAM (CD150) expressed only in immune cells or through the ubiquitously expressed regulator of complement activation, CD46. To identify residues on the attachment protein hemagglutinin (H) essential for fusion support through either receptor, we devised a strategy based on analysis of morbillivirus H-protein sequences, iterative cycles of mutant protein production followed by receptor-based functional assays, and a novel MV H three-dimensional model. This model uses the Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein structure as a template. We identified seven amino acids important for SLAM- and nine for CD46 (Vero cell receptor)-induced fusion. The MV H three-dimensional model suggests (i) that SLAM- and CD46-relevant residues are located in contiguous areas in propeller beta-sheets 5 and 4, respectively; (ii) that two clusters of SLAM-relevant residues exist and that they are accessible for receptor contact; and (iii) that several CD46-relevant amino acids may be shielded from direct receptor contacts. It appears likely that certain residues support receptor-specific H-protein conformational changes. To verify the importance of the H residues identified with the cell-cell fusion assays for virus entry into cells, we transferred the relevant mutations into genomic MV cDNAs. Indeed, we were able to recover recombinant viruses, and we showed that these replicate selectively in cells expressing SLAM or CD46. Selectively receptor-blind viruses will be used to study MV pathogenesis and may have applications for the production of novel vaccines and therapeutics.
The limiting efficiency of silicon solar cells under concentrated sunlight (1986)

The intrinsic limits on the energy conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells when used under concentrated sunlight are calculated. It is shown that Auger recombination processes are even more important under concentrated sunlight than nonconcentrated sunlight. However, light trapping can be far more effective under concentrated light due to the better defined direction of incident light. As a result of these effects, the limiting efficiency lies in tile 36-37-percent range regardless of concentration ratio compared to the limiting value of 29.8 percent for a nonconcentrating cell with isotropic response.
Data mining goes multidimensional. (1997)

The success of a healthcare organization depends on its ability to acquire, store, analyze and compare data across many parts of the enterprise, by many individuals. While relational databases have been around since the 1970s, their two-dimensional structure has limited--or made impossible--the kind of cross-dimensional trend analysis so necessary to healthcare today. Enter online analytical processing (OLAP), in which servers store data in multiple dimensions, opening a world of opportunity for data-mining across the enterprise. In this issue of HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, we feature our first report from the National Software Testing Laboratories (NSTL) about technologies that will change the way healthcare does business. A division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, NSTL is an independent software and hardware testing lab offering services that include compatibility testing, bug testing, comparison testing, documentation evaluation and usability.