gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Probing the Mechanism of Action and Decomposition of Amino Acid Phosphomonoester Amidates of Antiviral Nucleoside Prodrugs (1997)

The decomposition pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity of the structurally similar 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) phosphoramidates 1−6 and 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (FLT) phosphoramidates 7−10 are reported. The AZT phosphoramidates exhibited no cytotoxicity toward CEM cells at concentrations as high as 100 μM, whereas the FLT phosphoramidates 9 and 10 had CC50 values of 95.6 and 35.1 μM, respectively. All 10 compounds exhibited no cytotoxicity toward PBMCs at concentrations as high as 100 μM and were effective at inhibiting viral replication. In particular, the AZT phosphomonoester amidate 4 displayed comparable antiviral acitivity to the parent nucleoside analog AZT. Mechanistic studies on the amino acid carbomethoxy ester phosphomonoester amidates revealed that their decomposition pathway differs from that of amino acid carbomethoxy ester aryl phosphodiester amidates of nucleotide prodrugs. AZT phosphomonoester amidates are internalized by lymphocytes to the same extent as AZT by a nonsaturable process. In lymphocytes, the amino acid carbomethoxy ester phosphomonoester amidates of AZT are not significantly metabolized to either AZT or the mono-, di-, or triphosphate of AZT. The amount of active anabolite, AZT-5'-triphosphate, formed in PBMCs incubated with the AZT phosphomonoester amidates 3 and 4 was 2- and 3-fold less than that observed after treatment with AZT, respectively. In contrast, FLT phosphomonoester amidates are rapidly converted to FLT-5'-monophosphate by a process that is antagonized by the corresponding AZT derivative 4. These results suggest that the metabolism of aromatic amino acid carbomethoxy ester phosphomonoester amidate nucleotide prodrugs by PBMCs does not require prior conversion to the corresponding carboxylic acid before proceeding to P−N bond cleavage.
Changing Viral Tropism Using Immunoliposomes Alters the Stability of Gene Expression: Implications for Viral Vector Design (2007)

Many strategies for redirecting the tropism of murine Moloney leukemia virus (MMLV) have been described. Preformed virion-liposome complexes, termed virosomes, have been reported to be relatively stable. Virosomes mediate envelope-independent transduction that allows efficient superinfection of resistant cell lines; however, virosome-mediated transduction behaves in a non-target-specific manner. We developed a novel method using antibodies to direct MMLV to vascular endothelium. We have given the term immunovirosomes to the complexes formed between viruses, liposomes, and antibodies. These immunovirosomes improve the transduction efficiency of the viruses and alter their tropism. We have shown improved transduction when immunovirosomes were targeted at the endocytic receptors CD71 and CD62E/P and rather less good delivery when targeted at CD106. The enhancement of the transduction efficiency was transient, however, suggesting that rerouting the entry pathway of viruses alters the expression properties of the viruses.
Does retraction of the sternum during median sternotomy result in brachial plexus injuries? (2013)

A best evidence topic in cardiac surgery was written according to a structured protocol. The question addressed was 'does retraction of the sternum during median sternotomy result in brachial plexus injuries or peripheral neuropathies?' Altogether 58 papers were found using the reported search, of which 12 represented the best evidence to answer the question. The authors, date, journal and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes and results of these papers were tabulated. Caudal placement of the retractor or relieving the pressure superiorly by removing the upper blades of a retractor (P = 0.02) and use of a caudally placed symmetrical retractor has been shown to reduce neuropathy. Positioning of the patient with 'hands up' positioning showed significant reduction in the incidence of brachial plexus injuries. Furthermore, how wide the retractor is opened and use of an asymmetrical retractor for internal mammary artery (IMA) harvesting are also important factors in quantifying risk of postoperative neuropathy. Wider sternal retraction and longer bypass time did increase the risk of developing postoperative neuropathy. Three asymmetrical retractors were looked at that demonstrates the Delacroix-Chevalier to be the safest (P < 0.05). We conclude that median sternotomy risks brachial plexus injury and where possible the sternum should be opened as small a distance as possible with symmetrical retractor and using a caudally placed retractor.
Contact Resistance and Contact Resistivity (1972)

This paper mainly offers guidance to the technologist who has to characterize metal‐semiconductor contacts for process development and production control. To abolish confusion clear definitions are proposed for the terms contact resistance and contact resistivity. Based on these definitions, methods of determining contact resistivity are discussed, revealing the common source of error of the methods and making comparisons. New methods like the TLM method are described and included in the comparison. Results of contact resistivity measurements on Al‐Si contacts over a wide range of silicon surface doping are presented.
Importance of factor Xa in determining the procoagulant activity of whole-blood clots. (1993)

The binding of thrombin to fibrin is thought to be an important mechanism by which thrombi exhibit procoagulant activity; however, the extent to which other procoagulants are associated with thrombi has not been previously defined. This study was designed to determine whether clotting factors other than thrombin are bound to whole-blood clots and can thereby contribute to significant procoagulant activity. Clots formed in vitro from human blood exhibited minimal thrombin activity when incubated in plasma depleted of vitamin K-dependent factors by barium-citrate adsorption, as indicated by increases in the concentration of fibrinopeptide A (FPA), a marker of fibrin formation, to 72 nM after 30 min. Incubation of clots in barium-absorbed plasma repleted with 0.9 microM human prothrombin under the same conditions resulted in marked increases in the concentration of FPA (> 1,000 nM) and clotting by 30 min. The increases in FPA were attributable to activation of the added prothrombin by clot-associated Factor Xa, judging from concomitant increases in the concentration of prothrombin fragment 1.2. Similar results were obtained with thrombi induced in the axillary arteries of dogs by vascular injury and incubated with plasma in vitro. Activation of prothrombin was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by tick anticoagulant peptide, a direct inhibitor of Factor Xa, at concentrations of 0.5-5.0 microM. Clot-associated Factor Xa activity was resistant to inhibition by anti-thrombin III, judging from the lack of inhibition of prothrombin activation during incubation of clots in plasma containing heparin pentasaccharide, an anti-thrombin III-mediated inhibitor of Factor Xa. Thus, the activity of Factor Xa appears to be an important determinant of the procoagulant activity of whole-blood clots and arterial thrombi, and is resistant to inhibition by anti-thrombin III-dependent inhibitors.
Highly Active Bipyridine-Based Ligands for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (2012)

A series of 2,2'-bipyridines with 4,4'-substituents (R-bpy) were investigated for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methyl acrylate (MA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). Ligand substituents with a large range of Hammett parameters (R = Cl, H, Me, dinonyl (dN), MeO, and (Me)<sub>2</sub>N) were studied with cyclic voltammetry (CV), revealing that increasing the strength of electron donating groups (EDGs) resulted in more stable Cu<sup>II</sup> complexes and larger ATRP equilibrium constants. Normal ATRP experiments confirmed the obtained CV data by showing the fastest rates of polymerization with R-bpy ligands containing EDGs ((Me)<sub>2</sub>N and MeO) and the slowest with electron withdrawing Cl. A 400-fold increase in the polymerization rate was observed with bpy ligands containing <i>p</i>-(Me)<sub>2</sub>N compared to H substituents. Linear increases in molecular weight with monomer conversion, and narrow molecular weight distributions were obtained with (Me)<sub>2</sub>N-bpy and MeO-bpy ligands. Low catalyst concentrations of 50 to 100 parts-per-million (ppm) were successfully employed with highly active R-bpy ligands (R = MeO and (Me)<sub>2</sub>N) and found to be effective in polymerizing MA and MMA, respectively, with narrow molecular weight distributions <1.3.
Direct monitoring of molecular recognition processes using fluorescence enhancement at colloid‐coated microplates (2001)

Direct monitoring of recognition processes at the molecular level is a valuable tool for studying reaction kinetics to assess affinity constants (e.g. drugs to receptors) and for designing rapid single step immunoassays. Methods currently used to gain information about binding processes predominantly depend on surface plasmon resonance. These systems use excitation with coherent light in attenuated total reflection geometry to obtain discrimination between surface-bound and free molecules in solution. Therefore labeling of the compounds is not necessary, but due to the complexity of the measuring setup the method is rather costly. In this contribution we present a simple method for performing kinetic single step biorecognition assays with fluorophore labeled compounds using the fluorescence enhancement properties of surface bound silver colloids. Silver colloids are bound to standard microplates via silanization of the plastic surface. Fluorophores close to this colloid coated surface show a significant gain in fluorescence compared to fluorophores farther away in the bulk solution. Therefore discrimination between surface bound and free fluorophores is possible and the binding of, for example, fluorophore labeled antibodies to antigens immobilized on the colloid surface results in increasing fluorescence intensity. Utilization of standard microplates makes this method fully compatible with conventional microplate processing and reading devices. Neither excitation with coherent laser light nor ATR geometry is required, the measurement is performed in a standard fluorescence microplate reader in front face geometry with a xenon flash lamp as excitation source. Methods for the preparation of colloid-coated microplates and fluorescence-enhanced biorecognition assays are presented. Additionally the dependence of the system performance on the structure and properties of the metal colloid coated surface is described. A two-component biorecognition model system shows a detection limit in the subnanomolar range. The ease of colloid-surface preparation and the high sensitivity makes fluorescence enhancement at colloid-coated microplates a valuable tool for studying reaction kinetics and performing rapid single-step immunoassays.
The Peterborough Member (Callovian, Middle Jurassic) of the Oxford Clay Formation at Peterborough, UK (1994)

King’s Dyke brick pit, Whittlesey, near Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, provides a continuous section through the Peterborough Member (formerly known as the Lower Oxford Clay) of the Oxford Clay Formation, and is here described as its type section. It also shows parts of the underlying Kellaways Formation and of the overlying Stewartby Member of the Oxford Clay Formation. Other sections in the Peterborough district are discussed and related to the type section. The Peterborough Member is developed throughout southern England and aspects of its stratigraphy, palaeogeography and burial history are briefly reviewed.
Hyperopt-Sklearn: Automatic Hyperparameter Configuration for Scikit-Learn (2014)

Hyperopt-sklearn is a new software project that provides automatic algorithm configuration of the Scikit-learn machine learning library. Following Auto-Weka, we take the view that the choice of classifier and even the choice of preprocessing module can be taken together to represent a single large hyperparameter optimization problem. We use Hyperopt to define a search space that encompasses many standard components (e.g. SVM, RF, KNN, PCA, TFIDF) and common patterns of composing them together. We demonstrate, using search algorithms in Hyperopt and standard benchmarking data sets (MNIST, 20-Newsgroups, Convex Shapes), that searching this space is practical and effective. In particular, we improve on best-known scores for the model space for both MNIST and Convex Shapes.
Photophysical properties and electronic structure of highly donor doped (110) layered perovskite material (2006)

Sr2Nb2O7, a donor doped (110) layered perovskite material was synthesized by solid state reaction method and studied for its photo physical properties. The morphology, crystal structure and optical properties were characterized respectively by SEM, XRD and UV-DRS spectroscopies. We performed the electronic band structure calculations on orthorhombic crystal structure of Sr2Nb2O7, within the framework of density functional theory (DFT) by using Wien97 code. The photo physical and electronic properties indicate Sr2Nb2O7 to be a better photocatalyst than conventional or other known candidates viz. TiO2, SrTiO3, BaTiO3
The Synthesis of [methylenedioxy‐14C]paroxetine BRL 29060A (1993)

Abstract Paroxetine ( 1 ), BRL 29060A, a potent antidepressant, has been prepared radiolabelled with carbon‐14 in the methylenedioxy group in 5 steps and 20.9% overall yield from [ 14 C]dibromomethane. Two altenative preparations of 3,4‐[ methylenedioxy ‐ 14 C]phenol ( 2 ) are also described.
Force control of flexible catheter robots for beating heart surgery (2011)

Recent developments in cardiac catheter technology promise to allow physicians to perform most cardiac interventions without stopping the heart or opening the chest. However, current cardiac devices, including newly developed catheter robots, are unable to accurately track and interact with the fast moving cardiac tissue without applying potentially damaging forces. This paper examines the challenges of implementing force control on a flexible robotic catheter. In particular, catheter friction and backlash must be compensated when controlling tissue interaction forces. Force controller designs are introduced and evaluated experimentally in a number of configurations. The controllers are based on the inner position loop force control approach where the position trajectory is adjusted to achieve a desired force on the target. Friction and backlash compensation improved force tracking up to 86% with residual RMS errors of 0.11 N while following a prerecorded cardiac tissue trajectory with accelerations of up to 3800 mm/s(2). This performance provides sufficient accuracy to enable a wide range of beating heart surgical procedures.
Folding mechanisms of group I ribozymes: role of stability and contact order (2002)

The mechanism by which RNA molecules assemble into unique three-dimensional conformations is important for understanding their function, regulation and interactions with substrates. The Tetrahymena group I ribozyme is an excellent model system for understanding RNA folding mechanisms, because the catalytic activity of the native RNA is easily measured. Folding of the Tetrahymena ribozyme is dominated by intermediates in which the stable P4-P6 domain is correctly formed, but the P3-P9 domain is partially misfolded. The propensity of the RNA to misfold depends on the relative stability of native and non-native interactions. Circular permutation of the Tetrahymena ribozyme shows that the distance in the primary sequence between native interactions also influences the folding pathway.
Photodynamic Therapy With Aminolevulinic Acid Topical Solution andVisible Blue Light in the Treatment of Multiple Actinic Keratoses of the Faceand Scalp (2004)

Findings indicate that topical ALA PDT is an effective and safe treatment for multiple actinic keratoses of the face and scalp.
Water Mist Sprinkler Requirements for Shipboard Fire Protection. (1996)

Abstract : The current status of water mist (water fog and water mist are used interchangeably throughout this report) fire suppression system technology applicable to shipboard accommodation spaces and service spaces is reviewed. The review includes phenomenological descriptions, both old and new system designs and applications, and results of previously reported fire tests. Comparisons with conventional automatic sprinkler systems show that the special attributes and limitations of water mist systems warrant special system approval and installation guidelines. A draft standard for approval of water mist fire suppression systems and components has been prepared by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) as part of this project. The draft standard parallels ISO 6182-1 for automatic sprinklers, but includes additional fire tests, and tests for essential and unique mist system components, such as strainers in the water delivery piping. A summary of the fire tests in the draft standard are presented along with a discussion of the need for additional testing and installation guidelines.
Route Prediction from Trip Observations (2008)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper develops and tests algorithms for predicting the end-to-end route of a vehicle based on GPS observations of the vehicle's past trips. We show that a large portion a typical driver's trips are repeated. Our algorithms exploit this fact for prediction by matching the first part of a driver's current trip with one of the set of previously observed trips. Rather than predicting upcoming road segments, our focus is on making long term predictions of the route. We evaluate our algorithms using a large corpus of real world GPS driving data acquired from observing over 250 drivers for an average of 15.1 days per subject. Our results show how often and how accurately we can predict a driver's route as a function of the distance already driven.&lt;/div&gt;
Structural and Functional Roles of Glycosyl-Phosphatidylinositol in Membranes (1988)

Glycosylated forms of phosphatidylinositol, which have only recently been described in eukaryotic organisms, are now known to play important roles in biological membrane function. These molecules can serve as the sole means by which particular cell-surface proteins are anchored to the membrane. Lipids with similar structures may also be involved in signal transduction mechanisms for the hormone insulin. The utilization of this novel class of lipid molecules for these two distinct functions suggests new mechanisms for the regulation of proteins in biological membranes.
P504S (2001)

The ability to diagnose prostate carcinoma would be improved by the detection of a tumor-associated antigen. P504S, a cytoplasmic protein, was recently identified by cDNA library subtraction in conjunction with high throughput microarray screening from prostate carcinoma. The aim of this study was to establish the pattern of expression of P504S in prostate carcinoma and benign prostatic tissue. A total of 207 cases, including 137 cases of prostate carcinoma and 70 cases of benign prostate, from prostatectomies (n = 77), prostate needle biopsies (n = 112), and transurethral prostate resections (n = 18) were examined by immunocytochemistry for P504S. P504S showed strong cytoplasmic granular staining in 100% of prostate carcinomas regardless of Gleason scores and diffuse (>75% of tumor) staining in 92% of cases. In contrast, 171 of 194 (88%) of benign prostates, including 56 of 67 (84%) benign prostate cases and 115 of 127 (91%) cases of benign glands adjacent to cancers were negative for P504S. The remainders of benign prostates were focally and weakly positive for P504S. The staining pattern of these normal glands was different and easily distinguishable from that observed in prostate carcinoma. Expression of P504S was not found in basal cell hyperplasia, urothelial cells/metaplasia and small atrophic glands that may mimic prostate carcinoma. Our findings indicate that P504S is a highly sensitive and specific positive marker for prostate carcinoma.
Design optimization of ARROW-type diode lasers (1992)

Antiresonant reflecting optical wavelength (ARROW)-type diode lasers have been optimized for high-power, single-spatial-mode operation. Calculated modal behavior predicts strong intermodal discrimination with low loss for the fundamental ARROW mode. Single-lobe far-field operation is obtained only when the high-index reflecting (antiresonant) cladding layers correspond to an optical thickness of lambda /sub 1/ (m+3/4), where lambda is the lateral (projected) wavelength of the leaky wave in the high-index layers, and m is an integer (m=0, 1,. . .). Experimental results include stable, single-spatial mode operation to 500-mW peak pulsed power and 300-mW CW power at an emission wavelength of 0.98 mu m.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
ROAD WEATHER INFORMATION SYSTEMS: WHAT ARE THEY AND WHAT CAN THEY DO FOR YOU? (1993)

Road weather information systems (RWISs) have been implemented operationally or tested in many states, counties, and cities, both in the United States and internationally. Research conducted for the Strategic Highway Research Program determined that RWISs can help highway agencies to optimize the resources allocated for snow and ice control. Questionnaires were sent to all of the states and the provinces of Canada; interviews of snow and ice control managers were conducted in 11 states and one Canadian province; and field tests were conducted in Colorado, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, and Washington. The various RWIS technologies are described: meteorological and pavement sensor systems installed in the road environment; road thermography, which involves constructing thermal profiles of road segments using vehicle-mounted infrared thermometers; and detailed, site-specific weather forecasts provided through interaction with meteorological service providers and information tailored to the highway agencies' needs. In addition, the communications aspects of providing information effectively to highway agencies are discussed. Experiences, primarily in Colorado, Minnesota, and Washington, are highlighted, including anecdotal information gathered from other state agencies through interviews and field tests. Successful interagency cooperative efforts are also described because of their ability to reduce the costs of acquiring RWIS hardware for each agency through cost sharing. Finally, cost analysis results of the research are highlighted to point out the potential cost reductions for highway agencies that implement RWIS technologies.
Direct inactivation of viruses by human granulocyte defensins (1986)

Human neutrophils contain a family of microbicidal peptides known as defensins. One of these defensins, human neutrophil peptide (HNP)-1, was purified, and its ability to directly inactivate several viruses was extensively tested. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and influenza virus A/WSN were inactivated by incubation with HNP-1. Two nonenveloped viruses, echovirus type 11 and reovirus type 3, were resistant to inactivation. Purified homologous peptides HNP-2 and HNP-3 were found to have HSV-1-neutralizing activities approximately equal to that of HNP-1. Inactivation of HSV-1 by HNP-1 depended on the time, temperature, and pH of incubation. Antiviral activity was abrogated by low temperature or prior reduction and alkylation of the defensins. Addition of serum or serum albumin to the incubation mixtures inhibited neutralization of HSV-1 by HNP-1. We used density gradient sedimentation techniques to demonstrate that HNP-1 bound to HSV-1 in a temperature-dependent manner. We speculate that binding of defensin peptides to certain viruses may impair their ability to infect cells.