gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Blockade of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 production in CD4+ T cells by an intracellular CD4 expressed under control of the viral long terminal repeat. (1993)

A retroviral vector was constructed in which a gene encoding a mutated soluble CD4 protein that is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (sCD4-KDEL) is expressed under control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) regulatory elements. HIV-1 infection of a human T-cell line transduced with this vector led to induction of sCD4-KDEL synthesis and a block in transport of the HIV envelope protein to the cell surface. There was a complete block to maturation of infectious HIV-1 in the transduced cells, no viral spread, and little or no syncytium formation. Infected cells gradually disappeared from the culture over a period of 2 months. This intracellular trap for HIV has potential application in gene therapy for AIDS.
Fluorescence background suppression in Raman spectroscopy using combined Kerr gated and shifted excitation Raman difference techniques (2002)

Abstract An exceptionally high level of fluorescence rejection from resonance Raman spectra was achieved using a combination of two techniques, namely Kerr gated temporal rejection with shifted excitation Raman difference spectroscopy. The method was able to recover the resonance Raman spectrum from the intense fluorescence background with a signal‐to‐noise ratio at least 10 times higher than that achievable with either of the two approaches used individually. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the technique we obtained the resonance Raman spectrum of the laser dye rhodamine 6G (1 × 10 −3 mol dm −3 ) in methanol by excitation at 532 nm and measuring under the maximum of fluorescence emission at 560–590 nm. The method reached the photon shot noise limit of the residual fluorescence providing a detection limit for Raman spectra 10 6 times lower than the original fluorescence intensity in an accumulation time of 800 s. A unique feature of the experiment was the way in which the optical parametric amplifier light source was configured to alternate automatically between the two excitation wavelengths using an optogalvanic mirror arrangement. The ultra‐high sensitivity of the combined approach holds great promise for selective probing of complex biological systems using resonance Raman spectroscopy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Application of maximum entropy method to density profile measurement via microwave reflectometry on GAMMA 10 (1996)

The electron density profile has been analysed using the maximum entropy method (MEM) in signal processing of the X-mode microwave reflectometry carried out in the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror. Although the detected reflectometry signals included the noise components due to density fluctuations in addition to signal components, the signal components were spectrally separated from the noise components using MEM. Reconstructed density profiles are consistent with that obtained from the millimetre wave interferometry measurements assuming a parabolic profile. The present MEM analysis will also be applicable to microwave reflectometry experiments on tokamaks or stellarators where signal levels were significantly affected by plasma movement or density perturbations.
The Intestinal Microbiota Plays a Role in Salmonella-Induced Colitis Independent of Pathogen Colonization (2011)

The intestinal microbiota is composed of hundreds of species of bacteria, fungi and protozoa and is critical for numerous biological processes, such as nutrient acquisition, vitamin production, and colonization resistance against bacterial pathogens. We studied the role of the intestinal microbiota on host resistance to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-induced colitis. Using multiple antibiotic treatments in 129S1/SvImJ mice, we showed that disruption of the intestinal microbiota alters host susceptibility to infection. Although all antibiotic treatments caused similar increases in pathogen colonization, the development of enterocolitis was seen only when streptomycin or vancomycin was used; no significant pathology was observed with the use of metronidazole. Interestingly, metronidazole-treated and infected C57BL/6 mice developed severe pathology. We hypothesized that the intestinal microbiota confers resistance to infectious colitis without affecting the ability of S. Typhimurium to colonize the intestine. Indeed, different antibiotic treatments caused distinct shifts in the intestinal microbiota prior to infection. Through fluorescence in situ hybridization, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism, and real-time PCR, we showed that there is a strong correlation between the intestinal microbiota composition before infection and susceptibility to Salmonella-induced colitis. Members of the Bacteroidetes phylum were present at significantly higher levels in mice resistant to colitis. Further analysis revealed that Porphyromonadaceae levels were also increased in these mice. Conversely, there was a positive correlation between the abundance of Lactobacillus sp. and predisposition to colitis. Our data suggests that different members of the microbiota might be associated with S. Typhimurium colonization and colitis. Dissecting the mechanisms involved in resistance to infection and inflammation will be critical for the development of therapeutic and preventative measures against enteric pathogens.
Less is more (2009)

We present SenseLess, a system that leverages the different energy consumption characteristics of sensors to maximise battery life in mobile-sensing applications. We use the less expensive sensors more often, thereby enabling us to use the more expensive sensors less frequently. In the context of location-aware services, experimental results indicate that for a typical indoor and outdoor walk, compared to a simple GPS-based system, our SenseLess system can reduce energy consumption by more than 58% when determining a user's location, while maintaining the fidelity of the sensed data. This extends the battery life of a typical handheld device from 9 hours to 22 hours.
Beyond Tokyo Rainbow Bridge: destination images portrayed in Japanese drama affect Taiwanese tourists’ perception (2010)

Movies or TV programs provide intangible benefits to a local community or country such as image enhancement or an increase in the level of awareness of the host city. The complex combination of local demand, video technology and the Taiwanese people’s highly developed literacy in regard to Japanese popular culture made the in-flow of Japanese television trendy dramas possible. This article explores how contemporary Japanese cultural-economic forces land in Taiwan through the favorable reception of TV dramas and then increase popularity of travel to Japan. By examining Taiwanese acceptance of these dramas, this study discusses not only the ways in which young Taiwanese fans have experienced transnational tourism behavior, but also marketing ideas associated with TV drama-induced tourism.
(S)-ABOC: A Rigid Bicyclic β-Amino Acid as Turn Inducer (2012)

In order to investigate the ability of the (S)-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-carboxylic acid 1 (H-(S)-ABOC-OH) to induce reverse turns into peptides, two model tripeptides, in which this bicyclic unit was incorporated into the second position, were synthesized and analyzed by FT-IR, CD, NMR, and X-ray studies.
In vivo gene transfer of soluble TNF‐α receptor 1 alleviates myocardial infarction (2002)

Apoptosis is the major independent form of cardiomyocyte cell death in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). TNF-alpha release early in the course of AMI contributes to myocardial injury, and TNF-alpha induces apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Soluble TNF-alpha receptor 1 (sTNFR1) is an antagonist to TNF-alpha. However, the effect of sTNFR1 on AMI remains unclear. Here we report that direct injection of an sTNFR1 expression plasmid DNA to the myocardium reduces infarct size in experimental rat AMI. Treatment with sTNFR1 expression plasmid DNA reduced the TNF-alpha bioactivity in the myocardium and the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. These findings suggest that the anti-TNF-alpha therapy by sTNFR1 can be a new strategy for treatment of AMI.
Nitric Oxide Regulation of Free Radical– and Enzyme-Mediated Lipid and Lipoprotein Oxidation (2000)

The regulation of nonenzymatic and enzymatic lipid oxidation reactions by nitric oxide (.NO) is potent and pervasive and reveals novel non-cGMP-dependent reactivities for this free radical inflammatory and signal transduction mediator.NO and its metabolites stimulate and inhibit lipid peroxidation reactions, modulate enzymatically catalyzed lipid oxidation, complex with lipid-reactive metals, and alter proinflammatory gene expression. Through these mechanisms,.NO can regulate nonenzymatic lipid oxidation and the production of inflammatory and vasoactive eicosanoids by prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase and lipoxygenase. The accumulation of macrophages and oxidized low density lipoprotein within the vascular wall can also be modulated by.NO. A key determinant of the pro-oxidant versus oxidant-protective influences of.NO is the underlying oxidative status of tissue. When.NO is in excess of surrounding oxidants, lipid oxidation and monocyte margination into the vascular wall are attenuated, producing antiatherogenic effects. However, when endogenous tissue rates of oxidant production are accelerated or when tissue oxidant defenses become depleted,.NO gives rise to secondary oxidizing species that can increase membrane and lipoprotein lipid oxidation as well as foam cell formation in the vasculature, thus promoting proatherogenic effects. In summary,.NO is a multifaceted molecule capable of reacting via multiple pathways to modulate lipid oxidation reactions, thereby impacting on tissue inflammatory reactions.
Selection of Invasive and Metastatic Subpopulations from a Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Line (1997)

To better understand the mechanism(s) underlying lung cancer invasion and metastasis, a Transwell invasion chamber was used to select progressively more invasive cancer cell populations from a clonal cell line of human lung adenocarcinoma, CL1. Five sublines with progressive invasiveness, designated CL1-1, CL1-2, CL1-3, CL1-4, and CL1-5, were obtained through this in vitro selection process. Their invasive abilities through basement membrane matrix showed a 4- to 6-fold increase over that of the parental cells. Moreover, the sublines manifested an increase in their colony-forming ability on soft agar, tumorigenicity, and metastatic potency in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice. Examining the phenotypes of the cell lines revealed increased expression of 92 kD gelatinase and an increase in the cell population stained with anti-keratin-8 and -18 antibodies. Clonal isolation of anti-keratin-18-antibody-positive and -negative cell populations demonstrated a correlated enhancement of the invasiveness of these cells and their expression of keratin-18. These results support the notion that the metastatic behavior of lung cancer cells can be characterized with this in vitro system, and that the properties of these progressively invasive cancer cells can be clonally studied.
Retinopathy in Young-onset Diabetic Patients (1985)

The relative importance of duration of diabetes before and after 13 yr of age as a risk factor for retinopathy was investigated using data from 200 persons who were younger than 26 yr of age. These persons were identified in a population-based study of diabetic retinopathy in southern Wisconsin in 1980-1982. Retinopathy was found in 9% of persons who were younger than 13 yr and in 34% of persons who were 13 yr or older and had been diagnosed at or after 13 yr. Presence of retinopathy was more strongly associated with the duration of diabetes after 13 yr of age than before it.
The Roles of Toll-Like Receptor 9, MyD88, and DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit in the Effects of Two Distinct CpG DNAs on Dendritic Cell Subsets (2003)

Oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs (CpG DNAs) can function as powerful immune adjuvants by activating APC. Compared with conventional phosphorothioate-backbone CpG DNAs, another type of CpG DNAs, called an A or D type (A/D-type), possesses higher ability to induce IFN-alpha production. Conventional CpG DNAs can exert their activity through Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) signaling, which depends on a cytoplasmic adapter, MyD88. However, it remains unknown how A/D-type CpG DNAs exhibit their immunostimulatory function. In this study we have investigated murine dendritic cell (DC) responses to these two distinct CpG DNAs. Not only splenic, but also in vitro bone marrow-derived, DCs could produce larger amounts of IFN-alpha in response to A/D-type CpG DNAs compared with conventional CpG DNAs. This IFN-alpha production was mainly due to the B220(+) DC subset. On the other hand, the B220(-) DC subset responded similarly to both CpG DNAs in terms of costimulatory molecule up-regulation and IL-12 induction. IFN-alpha, but not IL-12, induction was dependent on type I IFN. However, all activities of both CpG DNAs were abolished in TLR9- and MyD88-, but were retained in DNA-PKcs-deficient DCs. This study demonstrates that the TLR9-MyD88 signaling pathway is essential for all DC responses to both types of CpG DNAs.
Antigen binding thermodynamics and antiproliferative effects of chimeric and humanized anti-p185HER2 antibody Fab fragments (1992)

The murine monoclonal antibody 4D5 (anti-p185HER2) inhibits the proliferation of human tumor cells overexpressing p185HER2 in vitro and has been "humanized" [Carter, P., Presta, L., Gorman, C. M., Ridgway, J. B. B., Henner, D., Wong, W.-L. T., Rowland, A. M., Kotts, C., Carver, M. E., & Shepard, H. M. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (in press)] for use in human cancer therapy. We have determined the antigen binding thermodynamics and the antiproliferative activities of chimeric 4D5 Fab (ch4D5 Fab) fragment and a series of eight humanized Fab (hu4D5 Fab) fragments differing by amino acid substitutions in the framework regions of the variable domains. Fab fragments were expressed by secretion from Escherichia coli and purified from fermentation supernatants by using affinity chromatography on immobilized streptococcal protein G or staphylococcal protein A for ch4D5 and hu4D5, respectively. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicates correct folding of the E. coli produced Fab, and scanning calorimetry shows a greater stability for hu4D5 (Tm = 82 degrees C) as compared with ch4D5 Fab (Tm = 72 degrees C). KD values for binding to the extracellular domain (ECD) of p185HER2 were determined by using a radioimmunoassay; the delta H and delta Cp for binding were determined by using isothermal titration calorimetry. ch4D5 Fab and one of the humanized variants (hu4D5-8 Fab) bind p185HER2-ECD with comparable affinity (delta G degrees = -13.6 kcal mol-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Crosslinking of biological tissues using genipin and/or carbodiimide (2003)

Abstract The study was to investigate the crosslinking characteristics, mechanical properties, and resistance against enzymatic degradation of biological tissues after fixation with genipin (a naturally occurring crosslinking agent) and/or carbodiimide. Fresh tissue was used as a control. It was found that both genipin and carbodiimide are effective crosslinking agents for tissue fixation and genipin crosslinking is comparatively slower than carbodiimide crosslinking. Additionally, tissue fixation in genipin and/or carbodiimide may produce distinct crosslinking structures. Carbodiimide may form intrahelical and interhelical crosslinks within or between tropocollagen molecules, whereas genipin may further introduce intermicrofibrillar crosslinks between adjacent collagen microfibrils. The stability (denaturation temperature and resistance against enzymatic degradation) of the fixed tissue is mainly determined by its intrahelical and interhelical crosslinks. In contrast, intermicrofibrillar crosslinks significantly affect the mechanical properties (tissue shrinkage during fixation, tensile strength, strain at break, and ruptured pattern) of the fixed tissue. Moreover, the degree of enzymatic degradation of the fixed tissue may be influenced by three factors: the availability, to the enzyme, of recognizable cleavage sites, the degree of crosslinking, and the extent of helical integrity of tropocollagen molecules in tissue. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 64A: 427–438, 2003
Unique Conditionally Replication Competent Bipartite Adenoviruses—Cancer Terminator Viruses (CTV): Efficacious Reagents for Cancer Gene Therapy (2006)

The frequent resistance of aggressive cancers to currently available therapies, such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, mandates development of targeted, nontoxic and more efficacious treatment protocols. Conditionally replication competent adenoviruses (CRCAs) that induce oncolysis by cancer-specific replication are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. However, a single modality approach may not be sufficient to completely eradicate cancer in a patient, because most cancers arise from abnormalities in multiple genetic and signal transduction pathways. The promoter region of rodent progression elevated gene-3 (PEG-3), cloned and characterized in our laboratory, embodies the unique property of increased activity in a broad range of tumor cells, both rodent and human, when compared to normal counterparts. Bipartite adenoviruses were engineered to express the E1A gene, necessary for viral replication, under control of the PEG-3 promoter (PEG-Prom) and simultaneously express a second transgene in the E3 region that encodes an apoptosis-inducing and immunomodulatory cytokine, either immune interferon (IFN-gamma) or melanoma differentiation associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24). These conditionally replication competent bipartite adenoviruses, referred to as cancer terminator viruses (CTVs), facilitated cancer-selective adenovirus replication, robust transgene expression and apoptosis induction with complete eradication of both primary and distant (metastatic) human cancers xenotransplanted in athymic nude mice. These findings suggest that CTVs might prove efficacious for the therapy of primary and advanced neoplastic diseases.
Structural Analysis of Isomeric Europium(III) Chelates of NB-DOTMA (2012)

Water exchange in lanthanide(III) chelates is a key parameter in developing more effective MRI contrast agents. Our own efforts to optimize water exchange have focused on isolating single coordination geometries of LnDOTA-type chelates (DOTA = 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate.) This isolation may be achieved by appropriately substituting the ligand framework to freeze-out the conformational exchange processes that interconvert coordination geometries. When a single nitrobenzyl substituent is used to "lock" the conformation of the macrocyclic ring, two regioisomeric chelates may be produced; the substituent may be alternatively located on the corner or the side of the ring. Here, we unambiguously demonstrate this regioisomerism by examining the COSY spectra of some conformationally locked Eu(3+) chelates. This exercise also demonstrated that diastereoisomeric chelates arising from racemization of chiral centers during the ligand synthesis, recently discounted as the origin of multiple isomeric chelates, can be produced and isolated. Furthermore, these COSY data revealed several through space NOE correlations that afford a great deal of information about the conformation of the nitrobenzyl substituent. In those isomers in which the substituent is located on the corner of the ring, the nitrobenzyl group is oriented approximately perpendicular to the plane of the macrocycle pointing upward and away from the chelate. In contrast, when the substituent is located on the side of the ring, the nitrobenzyl group is oriented approximately in plane with the macrocycle, pointing along the side of the chelate. Because the main purpose of the nitro group is to facilitate chemical modification and conjugation to biologically relevant molecules, these differences may have important consequences. Specifically, it seems likely that the same chelate may interact very differently with biological systems and molecules depending upon the regioisomer and therefore the orientation of the chelate relative to the biomolecule.
Characterization of primitive hematopoietic cells in normal human peripheral blood (1992)

The total number of clonogenic cells present in 5-week-old long-term cultures (LTC) initiated by seeding normal human marrow cells on competent adherent cell feeder layers allows for the quantitation of a more primitive hematopoietic input precursor cell type referred to as an LTC-initiating cell (LTC-IC). Previous studies have suggested that LTC-IC also circulate because production of clonogenic cells continues for many weeks when cells from the light-density (< 1.077 g/mL), T-cell-depleted fraction of normal blood are maintained on irradiated, marrow-derived feeder layers in LTC medium. We now show that the number of clonogenic cells present in such reconstructed LTC after 5 weeks is linearly related to the input number of peripheral blood (PB) cells over a wide range of cell concentrations, thereby permitting the quantitation of circulating LTC-IC by limiting dilution analysis. Using this approach, we have found the concentration of LTC-IC in the circulation of normal adults to be 2.9 +/- 0.5/mL. This is approximately 75-fold lower than the concentration of circulating clonogenic cells (ie, burst-forming units-erythroid plus colony-forming units [CFU] granulocyte-macrophage plus CFU-granulocyte, erythroid, monocyte, megakaryocyte) and represents a frequency of LTC-IC relative to all nucleated cells that is approximately 100-fold lower than that measured in normal marrow aspirate samples. Characterization studies showed most circulating LTC-IC to be small (low forward light scatter and side scatter), CD34+, Rh-123dull, HLA-DR-, and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide-resistant cells, with differentiative and proliferative potentialities indistinguishable from LTC-IC in normal marrow. Isolation of the light-density, T-cell-depleted, CD34+, and either HLA-DR(low) or Rh-123(dull) fraction of normal blood yielded a highly enriched population of cells that were 0.5% to 1% LTC-IC (approximately 1,500-fold enriched beyond the light-density, T-cell-depletion step), a purity comparable to the most enriched populations of human marrow LTC-IC reported to date. However, purification of PB LTC-IC on the basis of these properties did not allow them to be physically separated from a substantial proportion (> 30%) of the clonogenic cells in the same samples, in contrast to previous findings for LTC-IC and clonogenic cells in marrow. These studies show the presence in the blood of normal adults of a relatively small but readily detectable population of functionally defined, primitive hematopoietic cells that share properties with marrow LTC-IC, a cell type thought to have in vivo reconstituting potential.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)