gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activation of CD4+ T cells by delivery of the B7 costimulatory signal on bystander antigen‐presenting cells (trans‐costimulation) (1994)

Increasing evidence in both murine and human systems suggests that the interaction of the T cell surface antigens CD28/CTLA4 with their ligand B7 on the antigen-presenting cells (APC) is the critical costimulatory pathway involved in the induction of maximal T cell activation and the prevention of induction of anergy. It has also been demonstrated that efficient induction of clonal expansion of normal CD4+ T cells requires the delivery of the T cell receptor (TCR) ligand and costimulation by the same APC. We demonstrate here that normal murine CD4+ T cells can be efficiently activated by soluble anti-CD3 cross-linked by fixed macrophages and by a costimulatory signal delivered by a bystander APC, B7-transfected L cells. The major factor which determined the ability of an APC to provide costimulation in "trans" was the level of cell surface B7 expression. The requirement for B7 costimulation appears to be at initial stage of TCR engagement since optimal T cell activation was only observed when TCR triggering and B7 costimulatory activity were delivered at same time by different APC. Induction of maximal proliferation of both naive CD45RBhi and memory CD45RBlo CD4+ T cells was B7 dependent and both populations of cells responded equally well to the B7 costimulation delivered in "trans". Furthermore, trans-costimulation provided by B7 transfected L cells efficiently prevented the induction of anergy in normal murine CD4+ T cells induced by anti-CD3 cross-linked by fixed-resting macrophages. Addition of exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-7 to the primary culture in the absence of B7-transfected L cells or addition of IL-2 to the culture containing the B7 transfectant and CTLA4Ig completely prevented the induction of hyporesponsiveness. These findings raise the possibility that in certain pathological states, CD4+ T cells in vivo may be activated by costimulation delivered by bystander APC.
Triterpenes and triterpenoidal glycosides from the fruits of Ilex paraguariensis (Maté) (2004)

A new triterpenoid glycoside, 3b-O-a-L-arabinopyranosyl rotundic acid, named here mateside (4), and the known triterpenes ursolic acid (1), acetylursolic acid (2), 23-hydroxyursolic acid (3), the saponins ziyu-glycoside I (5) and ilexoside II (6), were isolated from fruits of Ilex paraguariensis. Their structures were established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods. The threshold bitterness values for mateside and ilexoside II were also determined and compared with saponins obtained from leaves of I. paraguariensis and other Ilex species. The high bitterness of Ilexoside II, one of the main saponins found the fruits, but not in the leaves of I. paraguariensis, suggests that the utilization of the fruits in the Maté production can produce a strong taste variation and unknown physiological effects.
Competitive oxidation processes in the reaction between (dicyclopentadienyl)zirconium bis(phosphine) complexes and alkyl halides (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCompetitive oxidation processes in the reaction between (dicyclopentadienyl)zirconium bis(phosphine) complexes and alkyl halidesGregory M. Williams, Kerrie I. Gell, and Jeffrey SchwartzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 10, 3660–3662Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00530a076https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00530a076research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views299Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Establishment and Application of Assessment Indicator System of Agricultural Catastrophe Vulnerability (2012)

To give play to the role of agricultural catastrophe risk fund in spreading agricultural catastrophe risk, we select natural conditions, economic status, social status, as the external vulnerability assessment indicators; select commodity rate of agricultural products, substitutability of agricultural products, the extent of agricultural products being related to the national economy and the people's livelihood, as the internal vulnerability assessment indicators. We assign weight to indicators using analytic Hierarchy Process, and establish assessment indicator system of agricultural catastrophe vulnerability, to analyze the compensation for losses of different agricultural products arising from agricultural catastrophe in different regions. And we take the case of rice in Sichuan Province, to demonstrate the role this indicator system.
Translational control of gene expression (2000)

Origins and Principles of Translational Control (M.B. Mathews, N. Sonenberg, and J.W.B. Hershey) Pathway and Mechanism of Initiation of Protein Synthesis (J.W.B. Hershey and W.C. Merrick) Protein Bioynthesis Elongation Cycle (W.C. Merrick and J. Nyborg) Comparative View of Initiation Site Selection Mechanisms (R.J. Jackson) Mechanism and Regulation of Initiator Methionyl-tRNA Binding to Ribosomes (A.G. Hinnebusch) Regulation of Ribosomal Recruitment in Eukaryotes (B. Raught, A.-C. Gingras, and N. Sonenberg) Translational Control of Developmental Decisions (M. Wickens, E.B. Goodwin, J. Kimble, S. Strickland, and M. Hentze) Viral Translational Strategies and Host Defense Mechanisms (T. Pe'ery and M.B. Mathews) Ribosomal Subunit Joining (T.V. Pestova, T.E. Dever, and C.U.T. Hellen) Physical and Functional Interactions between the mRNA Cap Structure and the Poly(A) Tail (A. Sachs) Translation Termination: It's Not the End of the Story (E.M. Welch, W. Wang, and S.W. Peltz) Genetic Approaches to Translation Initiation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (T.F. Donahue) Double-stranded RNA-activated Protein Kinase PKR (R.J. Kaufman) Heme-regulated eIF2 alpha Kinase (J.-J. Chen) PERK and Translational Control by Stress in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (D. Ron and H.P. Harding) Regulation of Translation Initiation in Mammalian Cells by Amino Acids (S.R. Kimball and L.S. Jefferson) Translational Control during Heat Shock (R.J. Schneider) Translational Control by Upstream Open Reading Frames (A.P. Geballe and M.S. Sachs) Cellular Internal Ribosome Entry Site Elements and the Use of cDNA Microarrays in Their Investigation (M.S. Carter, K.M. Kuhn, and P. Sarnow) Translational Control and Cancer (J.W.B. Hershey and S. Miyamoto) Translational Control of Ferritin Synthesis (T.A. Rouault and J.B. Harford) Translational Control of TOP mRNAs (O. Meyuhas and E. Hornstein) S6 Phosphorylation and Signal Transduction (S. Fumagalli and G. Thomas) Control of the Elongation Phase of Protein Synthesis (C. Proud) Programmed Translational Frameshifting, Hopping, an
Design Considerations for Interleaved ADCs (2013)

Interleaving can relax the power-speed tradeoffs of analog-to-digital converters and reduce their metastability error rate while increasing the input capacitance. This paper quantifies the benefits and derives an upper bound on the performance by considering kT/C noise and slewing requirements of the circuit driving the system. A frequency-domain analysis of interleaved converters is also presented that sheds light on the corruption mechanisms due to interchannel mismatches. A background timing mismatch calibration technique is proposed and experimentally shown to reduce the image to -75 dB for input frequencies exceeding 500 MHz.
Optical design of a snapshot high-sampling image mapping spectrometer (IMS) for hyperspectral microscopy (2010)

A snapshot high-sampling Image Mapping Spectrometer (IMS) is developed for hyperspectral microscopy, measuring datacube of dimensions 285x285x60 (x, y, &lambda;). Microscopy IMS is designed to work at the Nyquist sampling limit to realize high resolution imaging. The spatial resolution is ~0.45&mu;m with FOV ~130&mu;m. The spectral working range is 500-700nm with ~8.3nm average spectral resolution. Preliminary tests have been implemented on its imaging performances.
Inhibition of the activity of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. (1998)

The insulinotropic hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), which has been proposed as a new treatment for type 2 diabetes, is metabolized extremely rapidly by the ubiquitous enzyme, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), resulting in the formation of a metabolite, which may act as an antagonist at the GLP-1 receptor. Because of this, the effects of single injections of GLP-1 are short-lasting, and for full demonstration of its antidiabetogenic effects, continuous intravenous infusion is required. To exploit the therapeutic potential of GLP-1 clinically, we here propose the use of specific inhibitors of DPP-IV. We have demonstrated that the administration of such inhibitors may completely protect exogenous GLP-1 from DPP-IV-mediated degradation, thereby greatly enhancing its insulinotropic effect, and provided evidence that endogenous GLP-1 may be equally protected. Preliminary studies by others in glucose-intolerant experimental animals have shown that DPP-IV inhibition greatly ameliorates the condition. GLP-1 has multifaceted actions, which include stimulation of insulin gene expression, trophic effects on the beta-cells, inhibition of glucagon secretion, promotion of satiety, inhibition of food intake, and slowing of gastric emptying, all of which contribute to normalizing elevated glucose levels. Because of this, we predict that inhibition of DPP-IV, which will elevate the levels of active GLP-1 and reduce the levels of the antagonistic metabolite, may be useful to treat impaired glucose tolerance and perhaps prevent transition to type 2 diabetes. The actions of DPP-IV, other than degradation of GLP-1, particularly in the immune system are discussed, but it is concluded that side effects of inhibition therapy are likely to be mild. Thus, DPP-IV inhibition may be an effective supplement to diet and exercise treatment in attempts to prevent the deterioration of glucose metabolism associated with the Western lifestyle.
The Sun Network Filesystem: Design, Implementation and Experience (2001)

The Sun Network Filesystem (NFS™) provides transparent, remote access to filesystems. Unlike many other remote filesystem implementations under UNIX®, NFS is designed to be easily portable to other operating systems and machine architectures. It uses an External Data Representation (XDR) specification to describe protocols in a machine and system independent way. NFS is implemented on top
Long-term seizure outcomes following epilepsy surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2005)

Assessment of long-term outcomes is essential in brain surgery for epilepsy, which is an irreversible intervention for a chronic condition. Excellent short-term results of resective epilepsy surgery have been established, but less is known about long-term outcomes. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence on this topic. To provide evidence-based estimates of long-term results of various types of epilepsy surgery and to identify sources of variation in results of published studies, we searched Medline, Index Medicus, the Cochrane database, bibliographies of reviews, original articles and book chapters to identify articles published since 1991 that contained > or =20 patients of any age, undergoing resective or non-resective epilepsy surgery, and followed for a mean/median of > or =5 years. Two reviewers independently assessed study eligibility and extracted data, resolving disagreements through discussion. Seventy-six articles fulfilled our eligibility criteria, of which 71 reported on resective surgery (93%) and five (7%) on non-resective surgery. There were no randomized trials and only six studies had a control group. Some articles contributed more than one study, yielding 83 studies of which 78 dealt with resective surgery and five with non-resective surgery. Forty studies (51%) of resective surgery referred to temporal lobe surgery, 25 (32%) to grouped temporal and extratemporal surgery, seven (9%) to frontal surgery, two (3%) to grouped extratemporal surgery, two (3%) to hemispherectomy, and one (1%) each to parietal and occipital surgery. In the non-resective category, three studies reported outcomes after callosotomy and two after multiple subpial transections. The median proportion of long-term seizure-free patients was 66% with temporal lobe resections, 46% with occipital and parietal resections, and 27% with frontal lobe resections. In the long term, only 35% of patients with callosotomy were free of most disabling seizures, and 16% with multiple subpial transections remained free of all seizures. The year of operation, duration of follow-up and outcome classification system were most strongly associated with outcomes. Almost all long-term outcome studies describe patient cohorts without controls. Although there is substantial variation in outcome definition and methodology among the studies, consistent patterns of results emerge for various surgical interventions after adjusting for sources of heterogeneity. The long-term (> or =5 years) seizure free rate following temporal lobe resective surgery was similar to that reported in short-term controlled studies. On the other hand, long-term seizure freedom was consistently lower after extratemporal surgery and palliative procedures.
The protein–polysaccharide complex of bovine nasal cartilage. Studies on the protein core (1967)

1. Chondromucoprotein from bovine nasal cartilage was purified by cetylpyridinium chloride or by bismuth nitrate in acetone. 2. Amino acid compositions of crude and purified preparations were compared and few differences were found, in spite of the decrease in protein content on purification. 3. Amino acid analysis of bismuth-purified material revealed the existence of four groups of amino acids. Within each group, the amino acids were present in approximately equimolar concentrations. 4. Amino end-group assay on the same material showed six alpha-DNP derivatives. 5. A molecular weight of 6.3x10(5) for the protein-polysaccharide complex was calculated from the latter analysis.
A combined post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging and quantitative histological study of multiple sclerosis pathology (2012)

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory neurological condition characterized by focal and diffuse neurodegeneration and demyelination throughout the central nervous system. Factors influencing the progression of pathology are poorly understood. One hypothesis is that anatomical connectivity influences the spread of neurodegeneration. This predicts that measures of neurodegeneration will correlate most strongly between interconnected structures. However, such patterns have been difficult to quantify through post-mortem neuropathology or in vivo scanning alone. In this study, we used the complementary approaches of whole brain post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging and quantitative histology to assess patterns of multiple sclerosis pathology. Two thalamo-cortical projection systems were considered based on their distinct neuroanatomy and their documented involvement in multiple sclerosis: lateral geniculate nucleus to primary visual cortex and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus to prefrontal cortex. Within the anatomically distinct thalamo-cortical projection systems, magnetic resonance imaging derived cortical thickness was correlated significantly with both a measure of myelination in the connected tract and a measure of connected thalamic nucleus cell density. Such correlations did not exist between these markers of neurodegeneration across different thalamo-cortical systems. Magnetic resonance imaging lesion analysis depicted clearly demarcated subcortical lesions impinging on the white matter tracts of interest; however, quantitation of the extent of lesion-tract overlap failed to demonstrate any appreciable association with the severity of markers of diffuse pathology within each thalamo-cortical projection system. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging metrics in both white matter tracts were correlated significantly with a histologically derived measure of tract myelination. These data demonstrate for the first time the relevance of functional anatomical connectivity to the spread of multiple sclerosis pathology in a 'tract-specific' pattern. Furthermore, the persisting relationship between metrics from post-mortem diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and histological measures from fixed tissue further validates the potential of imaging for future neuropathological studies.
Circulating Neutrophils in Septic Preterm Neonates: Comparison of Two Reference Ranges (1997)

The observed differences in sensitivities may be of limited clinical significance because very low birth weight infants often are begun on antibiotic therapy regardless of laboratory values. However, the striking differences in specificity using the revised reference ranges suggest that these ranges may be clinically useful in determining length of antimicrobial therapy in infants in whom cultures remain sterile.
Epidermal growth factor modifies cell cycle control in A431 human squamous carcinoma cells damaged by ionizing radiation. (1994)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been shown to radiosensitize A431 and other human squamous carcinoma cells with high numbers of surface EGF receptors. In this study of the mechanistic basis of EGF-induced radiosensitization, both EGF and ionizing radiation caused G1 phase arrests in cycling A431 cells, but only radiation caused a G2-M arrest. However, EGF enhanced the magnitude of this G2-M arrest, suggesting an interaction of signaling pathways involved in cellular responses to EGF and radiation damage. EGF and radiation also uniquely perturbed cyclin A and B1 mRNA levels during the time of maximum radiation-induced G2-M arrest. The effects of EGF on G2-M events probably originated in cells in G1. It is possible that aberrant EGF signal transduction in human squamous carcinoma cells may be exploited as a novel strategy for radiotherapy.
RG7116, a Therapeutic Antibody That Binds the Inactive HER3 Receptor and Is Optimized for Immune Effector Activation (2013)

The EGF receptor (EGFR) HER3 is emerging as an attractive cancer therapeutic target due to its central position in the HER receptor signaling network. HER3 amplifies phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-driven tumorigenesis and its upregulation in response to other anti-HER therapies has been implicated in resistance to them. Here, we report the development and characterization of RG7116, a novel anti-HER3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) designed to block HER3 activation, downregulate HER3, and mediate enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) via glycoengineering of the Fc moiety. Biochemical studies and X-ray crystallography revealed that RG7116 bound potently and selectively to domain 1 of human HER3. Heregulin binding was prevented by RG7116 at concentrations more than 1 nmol/L as was nearly complete inhibition of HER3 heterodimerization and phosphorylation, thereby preventing downstream AKT phosphorylation. In vivo RG7116 treatment inhibited xenograft tumor growth up to 90% relative to controls in a manner accompanied by downregulation of cell surface HER3. RG7116 efficacy was further enhanced in combination with anti-EGFR (RG7160) or anti-HER2 (pertuzumab) mAbs. Furthermore, the ADCC potency of RG7116 was enhanced compared with the nonglycoengineered parental antibody, both in vitro and in orthotopic tumor xenograft models, where an increased median survival was documented. ADCC degree achieved in vitro correlated with HER3 expression levels on tumor cells. In summary, the combination of strong signaling inhibition and enhanced ADCC capability rendered RG7116 a highly potent HER3-targeting agent suitable for clinical development.
Effects of hole depth on enhanced light transmission through subwavelength hole arrays (2002)

We studied the role of the aperture depth on the enhanced transmission of light through subwavelength holes in free-standing Ag films by measuring the transmission properties of square arrays of cylindrical holes. Two regimes are found which give insight into the transmission mechanism and will be of importance for device applications.
RNAi Mechanisms and Applications (2008)

Within the past two decades we have become increasingly aware of the roles that RNAs play in regulation of gene expression. The RNA world was given a booster shot with the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi), a compendium of mechanisms involving small RNAs (less than 30 bases long) that regulate the expression of genes in a variety of eukaryotic organisms. Rapid progress in our understanding of RNAi-based mechanisms has led to applications of this powerful process in studies of gene function as well as in therapeutic applications for the treatment of disease. RNAi-based therapies involve two-dimensional drug designs using only identification of good Watson-Crick base pairing between the RNAi guide strand and the target, thereby resulting in rapid design and testing of RNAi triggers. To date there are several clinical trials using RNAi, and we should expect the list of new applications to grow at a phenomenal rate. This article summarizes our current knowledge about the mechanisms and applications of RNAi.
Differential regulation of the Wilms' tumor gene, WT1, during differentiation of embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells. (1997)

The expression pattern of the Wilms' tumor suppressor gene, WT1, during embryonal development suggests a role for the WT1 proteins in the differentiation of specific tissues. This notion is supported by the observation that WT1 knock-out mice fall to develop kidneys and gonads. We describe here the changes in the expression and DNA binding activity of the WT1 gene product in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells and embryonic stem cells triggered to differentiate by either retinoic acid (RA) or DMSO. In exponentially growing P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, WT1 mRNA and proteins were undetectable. During RA-induced but not DMSO-induced differentiation of P19 EC cells, WT1 expression and DNA binding are strongly activated. Treatment of embryonic stem cells with RA resulted in a similar activation of WT1. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that WT1 is expressed in endodermal, glial, and epithelial cell types. In addition, DNA binding by EGR-1, a transcription factor structurally related to WT1, increased during differentiation of P19 EC and embryonic stem cells. To investigate the possible functional consequences of DNA binding by WT1, we examined the expression levels of two putative transcriptional targets of WT1, the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor. We found that after an initial induction, decreasing expression of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor is correlated with increasing WT1 expression. Our results demonstrate that expression of WT1 is induced in specific cell types during RA-induced differentiation of P19 EC cells, reflecting the tissue-specific expression of WT1 in vivo. Therefore, we believe that P19 EC cells are a suitable system to study activation and function of WT1 during differentiation.