gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mining document collections to facilitate accurate approximate entity matching (2009)

Many entity extraction techniques leverage large reference entity tables to identify entities in documents. Often, an entity is referenced in document collections differently from that in the reference entity tables. Therefore, we study the problem of determining whether or not a substring "approximately" matches with a reference entity. Similarity measures which exploit the correlation between candidate substrings and reference entities across a large number of documents are known to be more robust than traditional stand alone string-based similarity functions. However, such an approach has significant efficiency challenges. In this paper, we adopt a new architecture and propose new techniques to address these efficiency challenges. We mine document collections and expand a given reference entity table with variations of each of its entities. Thus, the problem of approximately matching an input string against reference entities reduces to that of exact match against the expanded reference table, which can be implemented efficiently. In an extensive experimental evaluation, we demonstrate the accuracy and scalability of our techniques.
Multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells are a primary source of induced pluripotent stem cells in human fibroblasts (2011)

The stochastic and elite models have been proposed for the mechanism of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell generation. In this study we report a system that supports the elite model. We previously identified multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells in human dermal fibroblasts that are characterized by stress tolerance, expression of pluripotency markers, self-renewal, and the ability to differentiate into endodermal-, mesodermal-, and ectodermal-lineage cells from a single cell. They can be isolated as stage-specific embryonic antigen-3/CD105 double-positive cells. When human fibroblasts were separated into Muse and non-Muse cells and transduced with Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, iPS cells were generated exclusively from Muse cells but not from non-Muse cells. Although some colonies were formed from non-Muse cells, they were unlike iPS cells. Furthermore, epigenetic alterations were not seen, and some of the major pluripotency markers were not expressed for the entire period during iPS cell generation. These findings were confirmed further using cells transduced with a single polycistronic virus vector encoding all four factors. The results demonstrate that in adult human fibroblasts a subset of preexisting adult stem cells whose properties are similar in some respects to those of iPS cells selectively become iPS cells, but the remaining cells make no contribution to the generation of iPS cells. Therefore this system seems to fit the elite model rather than the stochastic model.
Calcium cyanamide synthesis. Part 4.—The reaction CaO + CO2= CaCo3 (1962)

A. J. Dedman and A. J. Owen, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1962, 58, 2027 DOI: 10.1039/TF9625802027
Inhibition of platelet-dependent thrombus formation by human activated protein C in a primate model (1989)

The in vivo antithrombotic properties of human plasma activated protein C (APC), a natural anticoagulant enzyme, were investigated in a baboon model of thrombus formation on prosthetic vascular grafts. Infusion of 0.25 to 1.1 mg/kg/h purified, human, APC inhibited blood clotting, as measured by the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and reduced vascular graft platelet deposition by 40% to 70%, as determined by the real-time scintillation camera imaging of 111In-labeled platelet deposition. APC infusion also preserved graft patency. Hemostatic plug formation remained normal, as measured by the template bleeding times. These results suggest that APC administration may produce immediate antithrombotic effects under arterial flow conditions.
Boundary layer model to account for thick mask effects in photolithography (2003)

The lack of transparent optical components at short wavelengths limits the available wavelengths in Deep Ultraviolet lithography, while the required minimum feature on wafer continues to shrink towards deeper sub-wavelength scales. This places a serious limitation on Kirchhoff boundary conditions that replace the field on the mask openings by the incident field, since this approximation fails to account for the increasingly important topographical effects (thick mask effects) in the computation of the lithographic image. In this paper we present a sophisticated various on Kirchhoff approximation capable of modeling rigorous near field effects while retaining the simplicity of the scalar model. Our model is based on a comparison of the fields produced by both the thick and ideal thin masks on the wafer. Polarization and edge diffraction effects as well as phase and transmission errors, are included in our model.
SOCKS Protocol Version 5 (1996)

This memo describes a protocol that is an evolution of the previous
version of the protocol, version 4 [1]. This new protocol stems from
active discussions and prototype implementations. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
Multiple Material Micro-Fabrication: Extending Stereolithography to Tissue Engineering and Other Novel Applications (2004)

A design for modifying an existing 3D Systems stereolithography (SL) apparatus 250/50 was developed to accommodate multiple material fabrication for building multi-material, multifunctional and multi-colored prototypes, models and devices. The machine was configured for automated access to an intermediate washing, curing, and drying unit that eliminated contamination between material vats and maintained accurate platform registration throughout the build process. Three vats were arranged on a rotating vat carousel, and each vat was adapted to actively maintain a uniform, desired level of material by including a recoating device and a material fill and removal system. A single platform was attached to an elevator mechanism (zstage) to traverse the platform to and from the vats and the washing, curing, and drying unit. The platform was mounted to the z-stage via an automated rotary stage to rotate the platform about a horizontal axis, thus providing angled building, washing, curing, and drying capabilities. A horizontal traversing mechanism was also designed to be optionally included to facilitate manufacturing between multiple SL cabinets, related SL apparatuses and/or other alternative manufacturing technologies. For micro-fabrication, linear and rotary stages were selected that provided ±1.0 µm repeatability and 0.1 µm resolution and ±2 arc sec repeatability and 0.13 arc sec resolution, respectively. The multi-material SL design presented here is capable of utilizing existing SL resins for manufacturing multiple material mechanically and electrically functional models as well as hydrogels, biocompatible materials, and bioactive agents for a variety of biofunctional, implantable tissue engineering applications including nerve regeneration and guided angiogenesis.
Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of multiple oral doses of AFN-1252 administered as immediate release (IR) tablets in healthy subjects (2015)

Multiple ascending doses of AFN-1252 were safe and well tolerated. AFN-1252 has potential for once- or twice-daily dosing in the treatment of staphylococcal infections.
Detection and diagnosis of model-plant mismatch in MIMO systems using plant-model ratio (2016)

The performance of any model-based controller depends on the quality of the model and hence on the model-plant mismatch (MPM). Model maintenance and correction is necessary to achieve desired performance. However, a complete re-identification of the model is usually a costly exercise. Therefore, it would be highly desirable to detect the precise location of the mismatch and update only those parts. The recently introduced plant-model ratio (PMR) was found to be effective in detecting and diagnosing MPM from closed loop operation data for SISO systems. The PMR facilitates a unique identification of the source of mismatch - namely gain, dynamics and delay mismatches. However, direct application of PMR to MIMO systems is a challenge due to the presence of interactions between the various input-output channels. In this paper, the PMR approach is extended to MIMO control systems. It is assumed that the control loop is driven through broadband excitation in the set-points. The key step in the proposed methodology involves decoupling interactions using partial cross-spectral density. The proposed methodology is able to detect the input-output channels with significant mismatch as well as identify the source of mismatch within these channels. The efficacy of this method is demonstrated through two simulation case studies.
Segmental Pedicle Screw Fixation in the Treatment of Thoracic Idiopathic Scoliosis (1995)

Segmental pedicle screw fixation is a safe and effective method for correcting the triplanar deformity of the idiopathic thoracic scoliosis.
Clinical anatomy of the auriculotemporal nerve in the area of the infratemporal fossa. (2012)

The auriculotemporal nerve is a sensory branch extending from the posterior section of the mandibular nerve trunk. Its nerve roots form a short trunk, which gives off a number of branches, innervating: the temporomandibular joint, the temporal region, structures of the external ear: auricle, and external acoustic meatus, and the parotid gland. It also conducts excretory fibres to the buccal and labial glands. Anatomical relationships between the auriculotemporal nerve and the muscles of mastication, temporomandibular joint, and surrounding vessels in the area of the infratemporal fossa create favourable conditions for entrapment syndromes. Entrapment of the auriculotemporal nerve plays a role in the pathogenesis of temporomandibular joint pain syndromes, headaches, as well as pain symptoms or paraesthesias within the external acoustic meatus and auricle. The current study was performed on 16 specimens containing the infratemporal fossa. Some variations in the nerve roots of the auriculotemporal nerve were found and described as one-, two-, three-, four-, and five-root variants. The topography of the auriculotemporal nerve and its close relationship to the structures of the temporomandibular joint were described. Individually, the variable topography of the nerve course may play a role in the symptomatology of headaches and localisation of pain in the face regions and masticatory system.
Alteration of the bioenergetic phenotype of mitochondria is a hallmark of breast, gastric, lung and oesophageal cancer (2004)

Recent findings indicate that the expression of the beta-catalytic subunit of the mitochondrial H+-ATP synthase (beta-F1-ATPase) is depressed in liver, kidney and colon carcinomas, providing further a bioenergetic signature of cancer that is associated with patient survival. In the present study, we performed an analysis of mitochondrial and glycolytic protein markers in breast, gastric and prostate adenocarcinomas, and in squamous oesophageal and lung carcinomas. The expression of mitochondrial and glycolytic markers varied significantly in these carcinomas, when compared with paired normal tissues, with the exception of prostate cancer. Overall, the relative expression of beta-F1-ATPase was significantly reduced in breast and gastric adenocarcinomas, as well as in squamous oesophageal and lung carcinomas, strongly suggesting that alteration of the bioenergetic function of mitochondria is a hallmark of these types of cancer.
A better way to compress images (1988)

THE NATURAL WORLD is filled with intricate detail . Consider the geometry on the back of your hand : the pores, the fine lines, and the color variations . A camera can capture that detail and, at your leisure, you can study the photo to see things you never noticed before . Can personal computers be made to carry out similar functions of image storage and analysis? If so, then image compression will certainly play a central role . The reason is that digitized imagesimages converted into bits for processing by a computer-demand large amounts of computer memory . For example, a highdetail gray-scale aerial photograph might be blown up to a 3'h-foot square and then resolved to 300 by 300 pixels per square inch with 8 significant bits per pixel . Digitization at this level requires 130 megabytes of computer memory-too much for personal computers to handle . For real-world images such as the aerialphoto, current compression techniques can achieve ratios ofbetween 2 to 1 and 10 to 1 . By these methods, our photo would still require between 65 and 13 megabytes . In this article, we describe some ofthe main ideas behind a new method for image compression using fractals . The method has yielded compression ratios in excess of 10,000 to 1 (bringing our aerial photo down to a manageable 13,000 bytes) . The color pictures in figures 1 through 5 were encoded using the new technique ; actual storage requirements for these images range from 100 to 2000 bytes . A mathematics research team at the Michael F. Barnsley andAlan D. Sloan
Synthesis and characterization of platinum(II) complexes with 2-imidazolidinethione. X-ray crystal structure of tetra(2-imidazolidinethione- S )platinum(II) iodide dimethylsulfoxide solvate monohydrate (2008)

Preparations of trans-[PtX2(Imt)2] (Imt = 2-imidazolidinethione, X=Cl− or I−) and [Pt(Imt)4]I2 are described. These complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, thermal analysis, mid- and far-IR spectroscopy, and NMR (1H and 13C) spectroscopy. The crystal and molecular structure of [Pt(Imt)4]I2 · DMSO · H2O was determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The structural data reveal the following features: (a) the platinum atom in [Pt(Imt)4]2+ is essentially in a square-planar environment, (b) the entire dication possesses approximately C 2h symmetry, (c) no appreciable hydrogen bonding exists between the iodide ions and the Imt ligands in the dication, (d) two pairs of two mutually cis Imt ligands are arranged above and below the PtS4 plane, respectively, and (e) two planes defined by two trans Imt rings are perpendicular to each other.
Stable Isotope- and Mass Spectrometry-based Metabolomics as Tools in Drug Metabolism: A Study Expanding Tempol Pharmacology (2013)

The application of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in the field of drug metabolism has yielded important insights not only into the metabolic routes of drugs but has provided unbiased, global perspectives of the endogenous metabolome that can be useful for identifying biomarkers associated with mechanism of action, efficacy, and toxicity. In this report, a stable isotope- and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach that captures both drug metabolism and changes in the endogenous metabolome in a single experiment is described. Here the antioxidant drug tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl) was chosen because its mechanism of action is not completely understood and its metabolic fate has not been studied extensively. Furthermore, its small size (MW = 172.2) and chemical composition (C(9)H(18)NO(2)) make it challenging to distinguish from endogenous metabolites. In this study, mice were dosed with tempol or deuterated tempol (C(9)D(17)HNO(2)) and their urine was profiled using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis of the urinary metabolomics data generated a Y-shaped scatter plot containing drug metabolites (protonated and deuterated) that were clearly distinct from the endogenous metabolites. Ten tempol drug metabolites, including eight novel metabolites, were identified. Phase II metabolism was the major metabolic pathway of tempol in vivo, including glucuronidation and glucosidation. Urinary endogenous metabolites significantly elevated by tempol treatment included 2,8-dihydroxyquinoline (8.0-fold, P < 0.05) and 2,8-dihydroxyquinoline-β-d-glucuronide (6.8-fold, P < 0.05). Urinary endogenous metabolites significantly attenuated by tempol treatment including pantothenic acid (1.3-fold, P < 0.05) and isobutrylcarnitine (5.3-fold, P < 0.01). This study underscores the power of a stable isotope- and mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in expanding the view of drug pharmacology.
Task Performance in Stapedotomy: Comparison Between Surgeons of Different Experience Levels (2003)

The observed differences in task performance may contribute to an understanding of maneuvers that increase the risk of inadequate prosthesis placement and cochlear trauma-factors likely responsible for variable hearing results with strapedotomy.
Measles Virus Induction of Human Endothelial Cell Tissue Factor Procoagulant Activity in Vitro (1994)

Measles virus infection of microvascular endothelium in vivo and ensuing endothelial cell activation may be important in the pathogenesis of subsequent inflammation in target organs. This study investigated the capacity of measles virus to induce procoagulant activity, in vitro, in endothelial cells isolated from human umbilical cord veins. Endothelial cells were infected with a clinical isolate of measles virus propagated in Vero cells. Cells were also incubated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (10 micrograms/ml), herpes simplex virus type 1, cytomegalovirus or culture medium alone as positive and negative controls, respectively. Endothelial cell procoagulant activity was measured in a one-stage clotting assay. Measles virus stimulated both a time and dose-dependent endothelial cell procoagulant response by the induction of tissue factor synthesis, confirmed by both immunocytochemistry and its dependence on factor VII for activity. This activity was reduced by u.v.-irradiation of the virus. Infected cells were analysed by double immunofluorescent staining for both tissue factor and measles virus N-protein, and examined using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Cells expressing tissue factor were also positive for the measles virus N-protein. Low levels of interleukin-1 were detected in some viral inocula derived from measles virus-infected Vero cells, however neutralising antibody to interleukin-1 failed to inhibit the endothelial cell procoagulant response to measles virus, whereas it significantly reduced procoagulant activity induced in endothelial cells by recombinant interleukin-1. The capacity of measles virus to induce endothelial tissue factor in vitro, may be relevant to the thrombotic vasculopathy associated with measles virus infection in vivo.
The second European evidence-based Consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: Special situations (2009)

Principal changes with respect to the 2004 ECCO guidelines 

Ileocolonoscopy is recommended within the first year after surgery where treatment decisions may be affected (Statement 8C).

Thiopurines are more effective than mesalazine or imidazole antibiotics alone in post-operative prophylaxis (Statement 8F).

### 8.1 Epidemiology of post-operative Crohn's disease

In the natural history of CD, intestinal resection is almost unavoidable since about 80% of patients require surgery at some stage. Surgery is unfortunately not curative as the disease inexorably recurs in many patients. The post-operative recurrence rate varies according to the definition used: clinical, endoscopic, radiological, or surgical. It is lowest when the repeat resection rate is considered, intermediate when clinical indices are used and highest when endoscopy is employed as the diagnostic tool.1–10

Data from endoscopic follow-up of patients after resection of ileo-caecal disease have shown that in the absence of treatment, the post-operative recurrence rate is around 65–90% within 12 months and 80–100% within 3 years of the operation. The clinical recurrence without therapy is about 20–25%/year.1,10 It has been demonstrated that the post-operative clinical course of CD is best predicted by the severity of endoscopic lesions. Symptoms, in fact, appear only when severe lesions are present and it is not uncommon to observe patients with fairly advanced recurrent lesions at endoscopy who remain asymptomatic.1 For these reasons, clinical indices such as the CDAI have low sensitivity at discriminating between patients with or without post-operative recurrence.11

These data mandate strategies aimed at interrupting or delaying the natural course of post-operative recurrence. Several medications have been tried in an attempt to prevent post-operative recurrence, mostly with disappointing results. The aim of this Consensus was therefore critically to evaluate the optimal strategies for the management of post-operative recurrence in CD. Most, if not all, of the evidence available deals with …
Chemistry and biological activity of a tryptamine and beta-carboline series of bases. (1996)

Twenty-six derivatives of harmaline and tetrahydroharmine were prepared and characterized by UV, IR, MS, and NMR spectroscopy. They were tested for their antimicrobial, antiplatelet aggregation and cytotoxic activity. Their effect on central nervous system was also studied.
The electronic structure and optical properties of intermixed GaAs/AlGaAs double quantum wells (1998)

We report photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) investigations of intermixed GaAs/AlGaAs double quantum wells. The PLE spectra provide energy information about many different transitions, from which the band profile can be more reliably derived. Using the widely assumed error function profile, it was not possible to explain the observed results. Detailed analysis revealed that the as-grown sample had a graded interface which affected the band profile for the intermixed samples.
Structure and Clinical Relevance of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Human Cancer (2008)

There are now more crystal structures published for the EGFR-TK domain than for any other TK. This wealth of crystallographic information is beginning to describe the mechanisms by which proper regulation of EGFR-TK is lost in disease. These crystal structures are beginning to show how small molecules inhibit EGFR-TK activity and will aid development of EGFR-TK mutant targeted therapies.
T Cell Costimulus-Independent and Very Efficacious Inhibition of Tumor Growth in Mice Bearing Subcutaneous or Leukemic Human B Cell Lymphoma Xenografts by a CD19-/CD3- Bispecific Single-Chain Antibody Construct (2003)

We have recently demonstrated that a recombinant single-chain bispecific Ab construct, bscCD19xCD3, in vitro induces rapid B lymphoma-directed cytotoxicity at picomolar concentrations with unstimulated peripheral T cells. In this study, we show that treatment of nonobese diabetic SCID mice with submicrogram doses of bscCD19xCD3 could prevent growth of s.c. human B lymphoma xenografts and essentially cured animals when given at an early tumor stage. The effect was dose dependent, dependent on E:T ratio and the time between tumor inoculation and administration of bscCD19xCD3. No therapeutic effect was seen in the presence of human lymphocytes alone, a vehicle control, or with a bispecific single-chain construct of identical T cell-binding activity but different target specificity. In a leukemic nonobese diabetic SCID mouse model, treatment with bscCD19xCD3 prolonged survival of mice in a dose-dependent fashion. The human lymphocytes used as effector cells in both animal models did not express detectable T cell activation markers at the time of coinoculation with tumor cells. The bispecific Ab therefore showed an in vivo activity comparable to that observed in cell culture with respect to high potency and T cell costimulus independence. These properties make bscCD19xCD3 superior to previously investigated CD19 bispecific Ab-based therapies.