gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A defect of sphingolipid metabolism modifies the properties of normal appearing white matter in multiple sclerosis (2008)

Maintaining the appropriate complement and content of lipids in cellular membranes is critical for normal neural function. Accumulating evidence suggests that even subtle perturbations in the lipid content of neurons and myelin can disrupt their function and may contribute to myelin and axonal degradation. In this study, we determined the composition and quantified the content of lipids and sterols in normal appearing white matter (NAWM) and normal appearing grey matter (NAGM) from control and multiple sclerosis brain tissues by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Our results suggest that in active-multiple sclerosis, there is a shift in the lipid composition of NAWM and NAGM to a higher phospholipid and lower sphingolipid content. We found that this disturbance in lipid composition was reduced in NAGM but not in NAWM of inactive-multiple sclerosis. The pattern of disturbance in lipid composition suggests a metabolic defect that causes sphingolipids to be shuttled to phospholipid production. Modelling the biophysical consequence of this change in lipid composition of NAWM indicated an increase in the repulsive force between opposing bilayers that could explain decompaction and disruption of myelin structure.
System performance analysis of link adaptation in HiperLAN type 2 (2002)

HiperLAN type 2 is a wireless broadband access network standard, which operates in the 5 GHz band. A key feature of the physical layer of HiperLAN/2 is link adaptation, i.e., the dynamic selection of one out of various physical layer modes with different coding and modulation schemes. In this paper, the system performance of link adaptation for packet data services within the H/2 concept is studied. The simulation results show that a high user throughput can be reached in the investigated environments.
Colicin V-treated Escherichia coli does not generate membrane potential (1984)

Colicin V-treated Escherichia coli was inhibited in its capacity to carry out active transport of proline and was unable to generate a membrane potential. Colicin V also prevented membrane potential formation by isolated cytoplasmic membrane vesicles. We conclude that a primary effect of this colicin involves the cytoplasmic membrane as a target.
Metal ion facilitation of atom-transfer oxidation-reduction reactions (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMetal ion facilitation of atom-transfer oxidation-reduction reactionsJames P. Collman, Mitsuru. Kubota, and John W. HoskingCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 18, 4809–4811Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00994a054https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00994a054research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views438Altmetric-Citations99LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Mutational analysis of oncogenic AKT E17K mutation in common solid cancers and acute leukaemias (2008)

Mounting evidence indicates that alterations of AKT signalling play important roles in cancer development. An earlier study discovered an oncogenic AKT1 gene mutation (AKT1 E17K) in breast, colorectal and ovarian cancers. The aim of this study was to see whether the AKT1 E17K mutation is common in breast, colorectal, lung, gastric and hepatocellular carcinomas and acute leukaemias. We analysed the presence of the AKT1 E17K mutation in 731 cancer tissues by a single-strand conformation polymorphism assay. In addition, we analysed the corresponding sequences of AKT1 E17K in AKT2 and AKT3 genes. Overall, we detected the four AKT1 E17K mutations in the breast cancers (4/93; 4.3%), but none in other cancers. There was no AKT2 or AKT3 mutation in the cancers. This study demonstrated that the AKT1 E17K mutation occurs in breast cancers at a low frequency, and that it is rare in other common cancers, including colorectal, lung, gastric and hepatocellular carcinomas and acute leukaemias. Despite the confirmed oncogenic function of the AKT1 E17K, the rare incidences of the mutation suggest that it may not play a crucial role in the development of the most common types of human cancers.
Isolation and culture of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) microspores and pollen grains (2006)

In the last three decades, research on soybean microspore embryogenesis was restricted to anther culture, which presents limitations such as the small number of responsive microspores and the high embryogenic potential of sporophytic tissues. Therefore, a sequence of studies was performed to establish appropriate conditions for the isolation and culture of soybean microspores and pollen grains as an alternative to anther culture. First, a pollen and microspore isolation technique was developed using floral buds from four soybean cultivars (Bragg, IAS 5, MG/BR-46 Conquista and BRSMT Uirapuru). This technique allowed the establishment of cultures with satisfactory density and characteristics. Subsequently, different culture conditions were tested. Although B5 and MS media have been currently recommended for soybean anther culture, the best result was obtained in PTA-15 modified medium, with the formation of enlarged microspores and 0.4% of multicellular pollen grains in the cultivar BRSMT Uirapuru.
From Phenomenon to Phenotype and from Phenotype to Gene: Forward Genetics and the Problem of Sepsis (2003)

Genetic tools (especially classical tools) have enlightened our understanding of biology as no other approach could. Mendel, Morgan, Bridges, and their heirs began with phenotypic traits and ended with genes. At first, the chemical identity of genes was not known, and even after years of methodologic refinement, more years of effort were needed to find the gene and the mutational difference that caused a particular phenotype. Chemistry has now outraced phenotypic analysis; all the genes are suddenly known, but most of their functions are not. The greatest challenge confronting all fields in biology is to establish correspondence between genes and discrete biologic functions. Sepsis is a devastating problem that has eluded a solution, despite the introduction of highly effective antimicrobial agents. Sepsis is an orchestrated process, understood in broad outline, but not in all details. Which genes are involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis? As in the golden age of genetics, the answer requires the solution of phenotypic puzzles, which, in turn, requires the creation of phenotypes.
A morphometric study of the dopamine-containing cell groups in the mesencephalon of normals, Parkinson patients, and schizophrenics. (1983)

A quantitative study of the melanin-containing dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system (A 9) and of the mesolimbic system (A 10) was carried out on Nissl-stained serial sections of nine normal brains, six age-matched brains of schizophrenics, five brains of paralysis agitans, and six brains of postencephalitic parkinsonism. By contrast with most laboratory animals the A 10 cell group is not well developed in the human brain. Both in Parkinson's disease with a known hypoactivity of dopamine neurons and in schizophrenia with a postulated hyperfunction of these systems, pathological alterations of the dopamine cell groups can be observed. In paralysis agitans the nigrostriatal and the mesolimbic cell groups exhibit a significant loss of neurons, while the remaining mesolimbic cells appear to be in better condition. In the postencephalitic parkinsonism both systems have almost completely disappeared with a significant loss of nerve and glial cells. In schizophrenia there is a significant decrease in the volume of the nigrostriatal area. Here the mean volume of the glial nuclei is reduced, whereas the mean volume of the nerve cells is diminished in the mesolimbic part.
Novel design of multichannel electrotherapeutic system (2009)

This paper presents a new design for an electrotherapeutic system, characterized by a robust graphical user interface (GUI) design and patient feedback approach in order to guide the electrical stimulation process. This system is based on stimulating the patient by an electric current and analysing the signals generated from his/her body in response to the stimulation effect. The main advantage of this system over the conventional designs is that it is capable of providing self-adjustment of the stimulation parameters during the treatment session to achieve optimal stimulation results that increase the treatment efficiency and reduce the time needed to overcome the patients' impairments. Furthermore, it prevents any harm, pain or fatigue due to online measuring of the fatigue parameters during the treatment session. It is also capable of generating various shapes of stimulation pulses to treat patients with different impairments, and it has a friendly GUI that greatly simplifies patient data management and views the stimulus pulses with their controllable parameters.
Quantification of Hepatitis A Virus in Shellfish by Competitive Reverse Transcription-PCR with Coextraction of Standard RNA (1999)

To quantify hepatitis A virus (HAV) in experimentally contaminated mussels, we developed an internal standard RNA with a 7-nucleotide deletion for competitive reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. Deposited directly into the sample, this standard was used both as extraction control and as quantification tool. After coextraction and competitive RT-PCR, standard and wild-type products were detected by differential hybridization with specific probes and a DNA enzyme immunoassay. The quantifiable range with this reproducible method was 10(4) to 10(7) copies of HAV/gram or 400 to 10(6) 50% tissue culture infective doses/ml.
Living Coupling Reaction in Living Cationic Polymerization. 1. Coupling Reaction of Living Polyisobutylene (1997)

The living coupling reaction of living polyisobutylene (PIB), prepared by the 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-chloropentane/TiCl4/hexane:methyl chloride (60:40, v:v)/−80 °C system, has been studied using 1,3-bis(1-phenylethenyl)benzene (MDDPE), 2,2-bis[4-(1-phenylethenyl)phenyl]propane (BDPEP), and 2,2-bis[4-(1-tolylethenyl)phenyl]propane (BDTEP) as coupling agents. The reaction of living PIB with MDDPE yielded the monoadduct, possibly due to delocalization of positive charge over the meta-substituted benzene ring upon monoaddition and thereby decreased reactivity of the second double bond. Using BDPEP and BDTEP which have two diphenylethylene (DPE) moieties separated by an electron-donating spacer group, rapid and quantitative coupling was achieved independently of the chain length of the original PIB. The coupled product exhibited doubled molecular weight and narrowed molecular weight distribution. Direct evidence of the quantitative coupling reaction was also obtained by comparison of the 1H NMR spectra of the samples before and after the coupling reaction. Kinetic studies by 1H NMR spectroscopy indicated the coupling reaction of living PIB by BDPEP is a consecutive reaction where the second addition is faster than the first one. By kinetic treatment of the experimental results, it was found that the second addition is about 5 times faster than the first one. As a result, high coupling efficiency was also observed when excess BDPEP was used.
Overview of Innate Immunity in Drosophila (2005)

Drosophila protects itself from infection by microbial organisms by means of its pivotal defense, the so-called innate immunity system. This is its sole defense as it lacks an adaptive immunity system such as is found in mammals. The strong conservation of innate immunity systems in organisms from Drosophila to mammals, and the ease with which Drosophila can be manipulated genetically, makes this fly a good model system for investigating the mechanisms of virulence of a number of medically important pathogens. Potentially damaging endogenous and/or exogenous challenges sensed by specific receptors initiate signals via the Toll and/or Imd signaling pathways. These in turn activate the transcription factors Dorsal, Dorsal-related immune factor (Dif) and Relish, culminating in transcription of genes involved in the production of antimicrobial peptides, melanization, phagocytosis, and the cytoskeletal rearrangement required for appropriate responses. Clarifying the regulatory interactions between the various pathways involved is very important for understanding the specificity and termination mechanism of the immune response.
An Investigation into the Tether Length and Substitution Pattern of Arene-Substituted Complexes for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones (2007)

A series of Ru(II) catalysts were prepared and tested in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones. The catalyst containing a "4-carbon" tether gave the fastest rates of ketone reduction. This is due to both increased rate of regeneration of hydride "Ru-H" and increased rate of ketone reduction. Several classes of ketone were reduced in enantiomeric excesses of up to 97%. Substituents on the arene ring of the catalyst influence the reaction rate and enantioselectivity.
Image color‐appearance specification through extension of CIELAB (1993)

Abstract An extension of the CIE 1976 (L*, a*, b*) color space, CIELAB is described for applications in color reproduction. This extension incorporates a more accurate model of chromatic adaptation, capability to distinguish between the modes of appearance of reflective and self‐luminous stimuli, and adjustments to account for changes in surround. The extension of CIELAB is referred to as the RLAB color space. This color space can be used for calculating metrics of lightness, chroma, hue, and color difference. It can also be used to determine the required colors for reproduction across changes in media and viewing conditions. A pilot experiment testing the RLAB model for cross‐media color reproduction is also described.
Comparison of functional MR and H2 15O positron emission tomography in stimulation of the primary visual cortex. (1996)

Signal changes found using functional MR based on gradient-echo techniques reflect primarily phenomena occurring within small veins and underrepresent activity intrinsic to brain parenchyma, thus introducing potential inaccuracies in locating regions of activated brain tissue. Positron emission tomography, however, directly measures changes in metabolically related activity within the parenchyma.
Fast, Compact, and High Quality LSTM-RNN Based Statistical Parametric Speech Synthesizers for Mobile Devices (2016)

Acoustic models based on long short-term memory recurrent neural networks (LSTM-RNNs) were applied to statistical parametric speech synthesis (SPSS) and showed significant improvements in naturalness and latency over those based on hidden Markov models (HMMs). This paper describes further optimizations of LSTM-RNN-based SPSS for deployment on mobile devices; weight quantization, multi-frame inference, and robust inference using an ε-contaminated Gaussian loss function. Experimental results in subjective listening tests show that these optimizations can make LSTM-RNN-based SPSS comparable to HMM-based SPSS in runtime speed while maintaining naturalness. Evaluations between LSTM-RNN- based SPSS and HMM-driven unit selection speech synthesis are also presented.
Ultrasmall Reduced Graphene Oxide with High Near-Infrared Absorbance for Photothermal Therapy (2011)

We developed nanosized, reduced graphene oxide (nano-rGO) sheets with high near-infrared (NIR) light absorbance and biocompatibility for potential photothermal therapy. The single-layered nano-rGO sheets were ∼20 nm in average lateral dimension, functionalized noncovalently by amphiphilic PEGylated polymer chains to render stability in biological solutions and exhibited 6-fold higher NIR absorption than nonreduced, covalently PEGylated nano-GO. Attaching a targeting peptide bearing the Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif to nano-rGO afforded selective cellular uptake in U87MG cancer cells and highly effective photoablation of cells in vitro. In the absence of any NIR irradiation, nano-rGO exhibited little toxicity in vitro at concentrations well above the doses needed for photothermal heating. This work established nano-rGO as a novel photothermal agent due to its small size, high photothermal efficiency, and low cost as compared to other NIR photothermal agents including gold nanomaterials and carbon nanotubes.
Poor coronary collateral circulation is associated with higher concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules in patients with single-vessel disease (2004)

In Brief Objective As the endothelium and inflammatory cells play a crucial role in the development of collaterals after a sudden or slowly progressing stenosis of coronary arteries, the levels of soluble endothelial adhesion molecules (CAMs) including vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and E-selectin were compared between patients with poor coronary collaterals and patients with well-developed collaterals. Methods In the study, 97 non-diabetic subjects with single-vessel disease were included. Collateral supply to the stenotic coronary artery was determined by angiographic grading system of 0–3 (Rentrop et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985; 5:587–592). Serum levels of adhesion molecules were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Patients were divided into two groups according to the collateral degree (group A: 50 patients with grade 0 and 1; group B: 47 patients with grade 2 and 3 collaterals). The groups were well matched with respect to baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics. Levels of soluble VCAM-1 (mean±SEM; 875±26.6 versus 742.7±35.1 ng/ml; P=0.004), ICAM-1 (322.4±12.4 versus 269.4±13.3 ng/ml; P=0.005), and E-selectin (43.6±2.6 versus 33±2.4 ng/ml; P=0.004) were found to be significantly higher in group A in comparison with group B. In addition, when patients were divided into four groups according to the collateral degree, patients with grade 0 collaterals had the highest values and those with grade 3 collaterals had the lowest values for all these molecules. Conclusions We concluded that poor collateral circulation is associated with increased levels of soluble CAMs in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the exact role of these inflammatory markers in the setting of poor collateral circulation. In the present study conducted in patients with single vessel coronary artery disease, serum concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules including vascular adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin were compared between patients with angiographically graded poor collaterals and those with sufficient collaterals. Our results demonstrated that all of these molecules were significantly higher in patients with poor collaterals as compared to those with sufficient collaterals. In addition, when patients were subdivided into four groups according to collateral formation; it revealed that levels of these adhesion molecules were found to be at the highest values in patients with no visible collaterals among four groups despite similar clinical and angiographic features.
A perspective on the use of iTRAQTM reagent technology for protein complex and profiling studies (2006)

Proteomic research includes the characterization of protein mixtures in order to understand complex biological systems and determine relationships between proteins, their function, and protein-protein interactions. Often the goal of such research is to monitor changes of proteins in perturbed systems, a type of study referred to as differential expression analysis. To perform these studies requires the ability to execute some type of differential comparison of a given protein state in reference to some type of a control. The iTRAQ reagents are a set of isobaric reagents which are amine specific and allow for the identification and quantitation of up to four different samples simultaneously. The amine specificity of these reagents makes most peptides in a sample amenable to this labeling strategy with no loss of information from samples involving post-translational modifications, such as the scrutiny of signal transduction pathways that often involve phosphorylation phenomena. In addition, the multiplexing capacity of these reagents allows for information replication within certain LC-MS/MS experimental regimes, providing additional statistical validation within any given experiment. The results presented herein demonstrate a few examples of the wide variety of quantitative information that can be realized when undertaking such experimental approaches. These include temporal analysis of drug-induced-protein expression, discovery and elucidation of disease markers, and protein-protein interactions in multi-protein complexes.
Endothelial cell population dynamics in rat brain after local irradiation (1991)

Abstract The dynamics of the endothelial cell population was investigated in the ratbrain after local irradiation with different doses of X rays. A fluorescent–histochemical technique was used for the visualization of the cells. A decrease in endothelial cell number was observed within 1 day of irradiation with doses of 5–200 Gy. At this time the endothelial cell number had decreased by up to 15% compared with the pre-treatment values. This early dose-independent loss in cell number was maintained for up to 1 month after irradiation. This was then followed by a slow dose-independent decrease in cell density up to 6 months after exposure. Subsequently the depletion of the endothelial cell population exposed to 40 and 60 Gy continued. After a dose of 25 Gy an abortive recovery of cell numbers occurred followed by an abrupt depletion of the endothelial cell population. The possible mechanisms of such changes are discussed.
Standardization of herbal medicines - A review (2012)

There is increasing awareness and general acceptability of the use of herbal drugs in today’s medical practice. Although, most of these applications are unorthodox, it is however a known fact that over 80% of the world population depends on herbal medicines and product for healthy living. This rise in the use of herbal product has also given rise to various forms of abuse and adulteration of the products leading to consumers’ and manufacturers’ disappointment and in some instances fatal consequences. The challenge is innumerable and enormous, making the global herbal market unsafe. This review seeks to enlighten stakeholders in herbal medicine on the need to establish quality parameters for collection, handling, processing and production of herbal medicine as well as employ such parameters in ensuring the safety of the global herbal market. The processes of good quality assurance and standardization of herbal medicines and products were also discussed.

	 

	Key words: Herbal medicine, standardization, quality control.