gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Induction of Immunological Tolerance/Hyporesponsiveness in Baboons with a Nondepleting CD4 Antibody (2004)

Tolerance induction with anti-CD4 Abs is well established in rodent transplant and autoimmune disease models, but has yet to be demonstrated in non-human primates or in clinical studies. In retrospect, failure of anti-CD4 Abs to induce tolerance in primates may be technical, a consequence of insufficient dosing and Ab properties influencing immunogenicity and cell depletion. To circumvent these possible limitations, we constructed a novel anti-CD4 mAb, TRX1, humanized to reduce immunogenicity and Fc-modified to prevent cell depletion. Using equine immune globulin (equine Ig) as a model Ag, we examined the tolerance-inducing capacity of TRX1 in baboons. During the induction phase, TRX1 inhibited the humoral response to equine Ig in a dose-dependent manner, with complete suppression of response at the highest dose tested (40 mg/kg). Upon challenge, anti-equine Ig responses were generated in baboons treated with 1 and 10 mg/kg doses of TRX1 and in control animals. In higher dosing cohorts (20 and 40 mg/kg), however, the immune response to equine Ig was modulated in seven of nine animals, including complete unresponsiveness to Ag challenges in two animals. Five of nine were hyporesponsive to equine Ig, generating titers 50- to 250-fold lower than control groups. Repeated challenge resulted in titers falling to baseline or near baseline, with two of five hyporesponsive animals becoming unresponsive to Ag. All animals responded to neoantigen immunization, indicating that the modified response to equine Ig was Ag specific. These studies demonstrate that anti-CD4 Ab-mediated, Ag-specific tolerance can be achieved in baboons without long term immune suppression.
Cellular potentials of normal and cancerous fibroblasts and hepatocytes. (1980)

Several lines of investigation point to differences in electrical properties between normal and cancerous cells. Several tumor lines have low-resting membrane potentials. A few comparisons have been made between normal and tumor cells within the same tissue cell type. This study compares the cellular or transmembrane potential of hepatocytes and fibroblasts in both normal and tumor cells. High-impedance micropipets were used to record intracellularly in vivo in Buffalo rat hepatocytes and Morris 7777 hepatoma cells, as well as A/J mouse corneal fibroblasts and poorly differentiated fibrosarcoma cells. Rat hepatocytes had a mean membrane potential of -37.1 +/- 4.3 (S.D.) mV compared to -19.8 +/- 7.1 mV in the hepatoma cells. Mouse corneal fibroblasts measured -42.5 +/- 5.4 mV, while cells of mouse fibrosarcoma were -14.3 +/- 5.4 mV. The membrane potentials of the tumor cells were lower in both instances than in their normal counterpart (statistically significant at p = 0.001 for both tissue cell types). This supports the notion that lower cellular or membrane potentials may play a significant role in the altered physiology of the tumor cell.
Macular Pigment and Visual Performance in Glare: Benefits for Photostress Recovery, Disability Glare, and Visual Discomfort (2011)

MP correlates with three aspects of visual performance in glare. Unlike previous studies of MP and glare, the present study used free-viewing conditions, in which effects of iris pigmentation and pupil size could be accounted for. The effects described, therefore, can be extended more confidently to real-world, practical visual performance benefits. Greater iris constriction resulted (paradoxically) in greater visual discomfort. This finding may be attributable to the neurobiologic mechanism that mediates the pain elicited by light.
LOCAL DISCOMFORT TO THE HUMAN BODY CAUSED BY NON-UNIFORM THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS (1977)

It is possible to predict those combinations of the environmental paramctus (air temperature, mean radiant temperature, air velocity and humidity) which will provide thermal neutrality for a man engaged in a given activity and clothed in a particular manner. However, overall thermal neutrality is not always sufficient to provide thermal comfort. It is a further requirement that no discomfort is created due to local heating or cooling of the body. This may be caused by an asymmetric radiant field, a local convective cooling of the body (draught), contact with a warm or cool floor, or by a vertical air temperature gradient. This paper reviews recent research on discomfort due to local heating or cooling of the body. Limits for avoiding local discomfort are established and discussed.
Image-based material decomposition with a general volume constraint for photon-counting CT (2015)

Photon-counting CT (PCCT) potentially offers both improved dose efficiency and material decomposition capabilities relative to CT systems using energy integrating detectors. With respect to material decomposition, both projection-based and image-based methods have been proposed, most of which require accurate <i>a priori</i> information regarding the shape of the x-ray spectra and the response of the detectors. Additionally, projection-based methods require access to projection data. These data can be difficult to obtain, since spectra, detector response, and projection data formats are proprietary information. Further, some published image-based, 3-material decomposition methods require a volume conservation assumption, which is often violated in solutions. We have developed an image-based material decomposition method that can overcome those limitations. We introduced a general condition on volume constraint that does not require the volume to be conserved in a mixture. An empirical calibration can be performed with various concentrations of basis materials. The material decomposition method was applied to images acquired from a prototype whole-body PCCT scanner. The results showed good agreement between the estimation and known mass concentration values. Factors affecting the performance of material decomposition, such as energy threshold configuration and volume conservation constraint, were also investigated. Changes in accuracy of the mass concentration estimates were demonstrated for four different energy configurations and when volume conservation was assumed.
Understanding pathogenesis and therapy of multiple sclerosis via animal models: 70 years of merits and culprits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis research (2006)

In view of disease heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis and limited access to ex vivo specimens, different approaches must be undertaken to better understand disease pathogenesis and new therapeutic challenges. Here, we critically discuss models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) that reproduce specific features of the histopathology and neurobiology of multiple sclerosis and their shortcomings as tools to investigate emerging therapeutic approaches. By using EAE models we have understood mechanisms of T-cell mediated immune damage of the CNS, and the associated effector cascade of innate immunity. Also, the importance of humoral components of the immune system for demyelination has been delineated in EAE, before it was applied therapeutically to subtypes of multiple sclerosis. Yet, similar to multiple sclerosis, EAE is also heterogeneous and influenced by the selected autoantigen, species and the genetic background. In particular, the relevance of cytotoxic CD8 T cells for human multiple sclerosis has been underestimated in most EAE models, and no EAE model exists that mimics primary progressive disease courses of multiple sclerosis. Seventy years after the first description of EAE and the publication of >7000 articles, we are aware of the obvious limitations of EAE as a model of multiple sclerosis, but feel strongly that when used appropriately it will continue to provide a crucial tool for improving our understanding and treatment of this devastating disease.
A Globally Optimal Algorithm for Robust TV-L<sup>1</sup> Range Image Integration (2007)

Robust integration of range images is an important task for building high-quality 3D models. Since range images, and in particular range maps from stereo vision, may have a substantial amount of outliers, any integration approach aiming at high-quality models needs an increased level of robustness. Additionally, a certain level of regularization is required to obtain smooth surfaces. Computational efficiency and global convergence are further preferable properties. The contribution of this paper is a unified framework to solve all these issues. Our method is based on minimizing an energy functional consisting of a total variation (TV) regularization force and an L1 data fidelity term. We present a novel and efficient numerical scheme, which combines the duality principle for the TV term with a point-wise optimization step. We demonstrate the superior performance of our algorithm on the well-known Middlebury multi-view database and additionally on real-world multi-view images.
Highly Dispersed Pt Catalysts on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Their Role in Methanol Oxidation (2006)

Well-dispersed Pt catalysts with very high utilization efficiencies for fuel cell reactions have been prepared by ethylene glycol reduction on polymer-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). By wrapping the SWCNTs in a polymer such as polystyrene sulfonate, we are able to break up the nanotube bundles to achieve better dispersion. These polymer-wrapped SWCNTs with platinum nanoparticles deposited on them show very high electrochemically active surface areas. The increase in utilization efficiencies for platinum catalysts on these SWCNT supports can be attributed to the increased surface areas and the well-dispersed nature of the carbon support and catalyst. The catalyst dispersion facilitates diffusion of reactant species which in turn results in higher methanol oxidation currents and more positive potentials for oxygen reduction.
Control and configuration software for a reconfigurable networking hardware platform (2003)

A suite of tools called NCHARGE (Networked Configurable Hardware Administrator for Reconfiguration and Governing via End-systems) has been developed to simplify the co-design of hardware and software components that process packets within a network of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). A key feature of NCHARGE is that it provides a high-performance packet interface to hardware and standard Application Programming Interface (API) between software and reprogrammable hardware modules. Using this API, multiple software processes can communicate to one or more hardware modules using standard TCP/IP sockets. NCHARGE also provides a Web-Based User Interface to simplify the configuration and control of an entire network switch that contains several software and hardware modules.
Electron losses from the magnetosphere. (1983)

A semi-empirical method for modelling the loss of electron fluxes in the earth's magnetosphere was developed. An equation for the integral-energy omnidirectional electron flux as a function of time and magnetic field strength was derived from pitch-angle diffusion theory. This flux equation was the basis for a computer data-fitting program written at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory(AFWL) to fit the AFWL Trapped Electron Data Base. The program utilized a least-squares fit and incorporated random variations of the characteristic exponential loss times about their initial values. An improved table of initial less times was compiled for use with the program. The derived flux model showed substantial agreement with the empirical data base. Representative plots of computed flux over raw data are shown for L-values of 2.3 and 2.4. (Author)
Analysis of a transgenic mouse containing simian virus 40 and v-myc sequences. (1985)

Two plasmids, one containing the simian virus 40 (SV40) genome and the mouse metallothionein I gene and one containing the v-myc gene of avian myelocytomatosis virus MC29, were coinjected into mouse embryos. Of the 13 surviving mice, one, designated M13, contained both myc and SV40 sequences. This mouse developed a cranial bulge identified as a choroid plexus papilloma at 13 weeks and was subsequently sacrificed; tissue samples were taken for further analysis. Primary cell lines derived from these tissues contained both myc and SV40 DNA. No v-myc mRNA could be detected, although SV40 mRNA was present in all of the cell lines tested. T antigen also was expressed in all of the cell lines analyzed. These data suggest that SV40 expression was involved in the abnormalities of mouse M13 and was responsible for the transformed phenotype of the primary cell lines. Primary cell lines from this mouse were atypical in that the population rapidly became progressively more transformed with time in culture based on the following criteria: morphology, growth rate, and the ability to grow in soft agar and in serum-free medium. The data also suggest that factors present in the mouse regulated the ability of SV40 to oncogenically transform most cells and that in vitro culture of cells allowed them to escape those factors.
Headache Temporal Patterns: Towards a Chronobiological Model (1983)

Rhythmical changes in terrain susceptibility and trigger occurrence can induce periodic temporal patterns in headache patients, with readily foreseeable frequency cycles of attacks. The impaired ability of biological functions to adjust to cyclic environmental changes represents the minus, the handicap, the increased risk of clinical symptomatology (headache); attacks occur when the precarious systems of these patients are forced by cyclical environmental stimuli towards phase shiftings or to cope with new levels of performance. A dyschronic hypothesis of primary headache must be based upon observations demonstrating that along with dysfunctions of the pain control systems there is also a vulnerability of the rhythmic physiological organization of CNS.
A brief history of the fact book as an institutional research report (1996)

Abstract The early development of the campus fact book parallels the development of institutional research; the fact book, perhaps the most visible of all institutional research reports, reflects much of the accomplishment and status of institutional research as an integral part and essential function of higher education.
Intracameral Bevacizumab (Avastin) for Neovascular Glaucoma (2009)

ICB resulted in a rapid regression of the iris and angle neovascularization, which permitted to halt the progression of PAS process. This pilot study shows that intracameral injection of bevacizumab may be a helpful adjunct for the surgical treatment of NVG.
Mode of action and substrate specificities of cellulases from cloned bacterial genes. (1984)

Three recombinant plasmids, pEC1, pEC2, and pEC3, each containing a unique Cellulomonas fimi chromosomal DNA insert, expressed Cm-cellulase activities in Escherichia coli C600 (Whittle, D. J., Kilburn, D. H., Warren, R. A. J., and Miller, R. C., Jr. (1982) Gene (Amst.) 17, 139-145; Gilkes, N. R., Kilburn, D. G., Langsford, M. L., Miller, R. C., Jr., Wakarchuk, W. W., Warren, R. A. J., Whittle, D. J., and Wong, W. K. R. (1984) J. Gen. Microbiol. 130, 1377-1384). Viscometric and chemical analyses showed that the enzymes encoded by pEC2 and pEC3 behaved as endoglucanases, whereas that encoded by pEC1 behaved as an exoglucanase. The activities of the exoglucanase and the pEC2-encoded endodglucanase were additive on Cm-cellulose as substrate. The pEC1-encoded enzyme also hydrolyzed xylan and p-nitrophenyl cellobioside. Two substrate-bound Cm-cellulases were isolated from the residual cellulose in a C. fimi culture by guanidine hydrochloride elution, affinity chromatography, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both were glycoproteins of apparent Mr = 58,000 and 56,000, respectively. The 56-kDa enzyme appeared to be identical with the pEC1-encoded product, suggesting that they arise from the same gene.
Conditional Probability Models for Deep Image Compression (2018)

Deep Neural Networks trained as image auto-encoders have recently emerged as a promising direction for advancing the state-of-the-art in image compression. The key challenge in learning such networks is twofold: To deal with quantization, and to control the trade-off between reconstruction error (distortion) and entropy (rate) of the latent image representation. In this paper, we focus on the latter challenge and propose a new technique to navigate the rate-distortion trade-off for an image compression auto-encoder. The main idea is to directly model the entropy of the latent representation by using a context model: A 3D-CNN which learns a conditional probability model of the latent distribution of the auto-encoder. During training, the auto-encoder makes use of the context model to estimate the entropy of its representation, and the context model is concurrently updated to learn the dependencies between the symbols in the latent representation. Our experiments show that this approach, when measured in MS-SSIM, yields a state-of-the-art image compression system based on a simple convolutional auto-encoder.
The survival of bacteria during and after drying (1951)

An investigation of the survival rate of bacteria after drying in vacuo by the ' spin–freeze' method showed that one of the most important factors was the fluid in which the bacteria were suspended. Broth or nutrient gelatin gave a moderate survival rate, but in various other protein solutions, even though there might be a fair survival immediately after drying, a large fall occurred in the viable count after storage. The addition of glucose to the suspending fluid in concentrations of between 5 and 10% greatly increased the survival rate both immediately and after storage. Some experiments showed that, without added glucose, the longer the drying process was continued the lower was the survival rate, and it is thought that glucose acts by automatically retaining a small amount of water which is necessary for survival. Lactose appears to produce the same effect. It is shown that the highest death-rate generally occurs during the early stages of drying, the further drop after 24 hr. being small if glucose is used in the suspending fluid. Very young cultures (4½–6 hr.) seem to be far more sensitive to drying than older ones (18–24 hr.). The bacteria that survive drying are not more resistant to subsequent drying. Most of these results have been obtained with one strain of paracolon bacillus, but a limited number of other experiments show that the same principles hold good for other organisms such as Salmonella typhi-murium , staphylococci, streptococci, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Vibrio cholerae . In the case of the last two species the percentage survival is much lower than with the others, but survivals up to 1% have been obtained after storage for from 1 to 3 years.
Surface Markers, Heavy Chain Sequences and B Cell Lineages (1992)

A unifying theory of B cell development and lineage commitment is presented. There are two firmly established B lineages: cells which normally arise only from fetal sources and lack N insertions in their rearranged heavy chains; and N-containing cells which arise from adult bone marrow precursors (and perhaps from late fetal sources). Commitment to the expression of CD5 and the capacity for long-life (or self-renewal) are induced as a consequence of sIg cross-linking, typically by a repeating epitope, thymus independent type two antigen. Alternatively, activation resulting from cognate interaction with a helper T cell does not induce CD5 but results in lower expression of J11d. In this case activation occurs in the absence of sIg cross-linking. It is further proposed that differences in the Ig repertoire make it highly likely that fetal/neonatal, but not adult derived B cells will be induced to express CD5. The model offers a plausible explanation for the correlation of CD5 expression and natural autoantibody production by neonatal B cells. Possible sources of pathogenic autoantibody are discussed in the context of this model.
Diphenyl-benzo[1,3]dioxole-4-carboxylic acid pentafluorophenyl ester: a convenient catechol precursor in the synthesis of siderophore vectors suitable for antibiotic Trojan horse strategies (2013)

Catechols are components of many metal-chelating compounds, including siderophores that are naturally occurring iron(III) chelators excreted by microorganisms. Catechol derivatives are poorly soluble in organic media and the synthesis of catechol-containing molecules requires the use of protected catechol precursors with improved organic solubility. We therefore developed 2,2-diphenyl-benzo[1,3]dioxole-4-carboxylic acid pentafluorophenyl ester. This activated ester reacts with an amine functionalized scaffold to generate chelators in which the catechol functions are protected in the form of diphenyl-benzodioxole moieties. The catechol can subsequently be deprotected, at the end of the synthesis, with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). This strategy was applied to the synthesis of two catechol compounds functionalized with a terminal propargyl extension. These two compounds were shown to promote iron uptake in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These two compounds are suitable for use as vectors in antibiotic Trojan horse approaches, as they could be conjugated with azide-functionalized antibiotics using the Huisgen dipolar 1,3-cycloaddition.
First Record of Two Australian Species: One under Metapenaeopsis and Another under Metapenaeus from Indian Water, Their Diagnosis and Distribution (2014)

Genus Metapenaeopsis was created by Bouvier (1905) with M. pubescens as type from Cape Verde Islands. Wood-Mason (1891) was the first to record this genus from Indian water as Metapenaeus. George (1979) listed 9 species under Metapenaeopsis and 11 species under Metapenaeus from Indian coastal water. Subsequently Fischer & Bianchi (1983) and Radhakrishnan et al. (2012) added another species viz., Metapenaeopsis toloensis Hall, 1962 and Metapenaeopsis novaeguineae (Haswell, 1879) respectively to this list. In the present study Metapenaeopsis palmensis (Haswell, 1879) and Metapenaeus eboracensis Dall, 1957 have been recorded for the first time from India. Till now 12 species each belonging to these two genera have been reported from Indian water.
Multiple Base‐Recognition Sites in a Biological Nanopore: Two Heads are Better than One (2009)

The α-hemolysin nanopore is a promising sensor for ultra-rapid sequencing of DNA strands within nanopores. By using immobilized synthetic oligonucleotides, it is shown that additional sequence information can be gained when two recognition sites, rather than one, are employed within a single nanopore (see picture).
Electric-field-switchable magnets: The case ofBaNiF4 (2006)

We show, using the antiferromagnetic ferroelectric ${\mathrm{BaNiF}}_{4}$ as a model system, that the ``weak'' magnetic order arising from a polar structural distortion in a ferroelectric magnet due to the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction can be switched by an electric field. We calculate the magnitude of the resulting magnetic order parameter in ${\mathrm{BaNiF}}_{4}$ using first-principles techniques, and we show that it is one to two orders of magnitude larger than the converse effect of ``weak ferroelectricity'' resulting from noncentrosymmetric magnetic ordering. Our work points the way toward the design of multiferroic devices, in which the magnetoelectric domain state can be fully controlled by both electric and magnetic fields.