gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sural nerve conduction parameters in normal subjects related to age, gender, temperature, and height: A reappraisal (1992)

Failure to take body height into considerations in the evaluation of nerve conduction velocities (CV) has recently been deemed unacceptable. This statement prompted the present study. Besides height, the influence of age, gender, and temperature was studied in 92 normal subjects, half of whom were females. The CV decreased 0.9 m/s per 10 years increase in age, the same in women and men aged 15 to 44 years. Mean temperature between distal and proximal ends of the nerve segment examined increased 6.1 +/- 0.3 degree C after heating followed by a CV increase of 7.0 +/- 0.5 m/s. The CV decreased 0.15 m/s per 100-mm increase in heights. When considering 37 individuals aged 25 to 34 years only, the CV increased 0.34 m/s per 1-m increase in height. In both instances, the changes were within the experimental error (2.3%) of the method.
Hyperbranched Polyether−Polyols Based on Polyglycerol:  Polarity Design by Block Copolymerization with Propylene Oxide (1999)

Multiarm block copolymers were synthesized via anionic ring-opening multibranching polymerization (ROMBP) of glycidol followed by addition of propylene oxide. The resulting polyether−polyols with molecular weights in the range 5000−12 000 g/mol possessed up to five propylene oxide units per end group and showed narrow molecular weight distributions (MWD < 1.7). Via propoxylation the polarity of the highly hydrophilic polyglycerols can be varied, resulting in versatile, highly functional branched polyether polyols. The hyperbranched polyglycerols with oligo(propylene oxide) segments were characterized by 13C and 1H NMR, demonstrating complete propoxylation of all end groups. 1H NMR, SEC, vapor pressure osmometry, and hydroxyl number titration were used to determine molecular weights. The effect of the short poly(propylene oxide) blocks on the flexibility of the polyethers was studied by DSC. The Tg varied between −37 and −71 °C, depending on the length of the propylene oxide segments attached.
The Lifetime Cost of Current Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care in the United States (2006)

Effective ART regimens have substantially improved survival and have increased the lifetime cost of HIV-related medical care in the U.S.
Folding of Newly Translated Proteins In Vivo: The Role of Molecular Chaperones (2001)

Recent years have witnessed dramatic advances in our understanding of how newly translated proteins fold in the cell and the contribution of molecular chaperones to this process. Folding in the cell must be achieved in a highly crowded macromolecular environment, in which release of nonnative polypeptides into the cytosolic solution might lead to formation of potentially toxic aggregates. Here I review the cellular mechanisms that ensure efficient folding of newly translated proteins in vivo. De novo protein folding appears to occur in a protected environment created by a highly processive chaperone machinery that is directly coupled to translation. Genetic and biochemical analysis shows that several distinct chaperone systems, including Hsp70 and the cylindrical chaperonins, assist the folding of proteins upon translation in the cytosol of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The cellular chaperone machinery is specifically recruited to bind to ribosomes and protects nascent chains and folding intermediates from nonproductive interactions. In addition, initiation of folding during translation appears to be important for efficient folding of multidomain proteins.
Expression of p21Cip1/Waf1/Sdi1 and p27Kip1Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors During Human Hematopoiesis (1999)

Expression of p21 and p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors is associated with induced differentiation and cell-cycle arrest in some hematopoietic cell lines. However, it is not clear how these inhibitors are expressed during normal hematopoiesis. We examined various human hematopoietic colonies derived from cord blood CD34+cells, bone marrow, and peripheral blood cells using a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay, immunochemistry, and/or Western blot analysis. p21 mRNA was expressed increasingly over time in all of the colonies examined (granulocytes, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and erythroblasts), whereas p27 mRNA levels remained low, except for erythroid bursts. Erythroid bursts expressed both p21 and p27 mRNAs with differentiation but expressed neither protein, whereas both proteins were expressed in megakaryocytes and peripheral blood monocytes. In bone marrow, p21 was immunostained almost exclusively in a subset of megakaryocytes and p27 protein was present in megakaryocytes, plasma cells, and endothelial cells. In megakaryocytes, reciprocal expression of p27 to Ki-67 was evident and an inverse relationship between p21 and Ki-67 positivities was also present, albeit less obvious. These observations suggest that a complex lineage-specific regulation is involved in p21 and p27 expression and that these inhibitors are involved in cell-cycle exit in megakaryocytes.
Portrait of a Species (2005)

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the first alga subject to a genome project, has been the object of numerous morphological, physiological, and genetic studies. The organism has two genetically determined mating types (plus and minus) and all stages of the simple life cycle can be evoked in culture. In the nearly 60 years since the first standard laboratory strains were isolated, numerous crosses and exchanges among laboratories have led to some confusion concerning strain genealogy. Here we use analyses of the nuclear internal transcribed spacer regions and other genetic traits to resolve these issues, correctly identify strains currently available, and analyze phylogenetic relationships with all other available similar chlamydomonad types. The presence of a 10-bp indel in ITS2 in some but not all copies of the nuclear ribosomal cistrons of an individual organism, and the changing ratios of these in crosses, provide a tool to investigate mechanisms of concerted evolution. The standard C. reinhardtii strains, plus C. smithii +, plus the new eastern North American C. reinhardtii isolates, comprise one morphological species, one biological species of high sexual intercompatibility, and essentially identical ITS sequences (except the tip of helix I of ITS2). However, variant RFLP patterns characterize strains from each geographic site.
Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake in the Aortic Wall at PET/CT: Possible Finding for Active Atherosclerosis (2003)

PET/CT depicted FDG uptake commonly in the thoracic aortic wall. The FDG uptake site was mostly distinct from the calcification site and may possibly be located in areas of metabolic activity of atherosclerotic changes.
Detection of K-ras and p53 Mutations by "Mutant-Enriched" PCR-RFLP (2003)

Early diagnosis of lung cancer is critical, as most cases are already inoperable at the time of diagnosis, and thus bear a grave prognosis. With increasing knowledge of the genetic aspects of lung cancer, the field has also experienced an increasing number of potential markers that might serve in the detection of changes in the lung epithelium that predispose to cancer (reviewed in refs. 1–3). Of these, oncogene mutations were among the first genetic biomarkers to be studied extensively, since they fulfill many criteria that link their de novo appearance to the process of field cancerization (4). Oncogene mutations of the ras- and p53-type are found in chronic smokers and patients with preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions but almost never in normal lung (4). In animal models carcinogens present in tobacco smoke have been shown to induce typical G-T transversions that lead to missense mutations (5). Moreover it has been shown that smoking leads to particular types of mutations, many of which are concentrated in particular hot spots, thus making it plausible that the same spectrum also arises in man on continuous exposure to tobacco carcinogens.
Interleukin-9 enhances interleukin-5 receptor expression, differentiation, and survival of human eosinophils (2000)

Abstract Interleukin-9 (IL-9) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic disorders. To examine the interaction between IL-9 and eosinophils, we evaluated mature peripheral blood eosinophils for their expression of the specific α-subunit of the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R–α). The expression of IL-9R–α by human eosinophils was detected at the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), flow cytometry, and immunocytochemical analysis, respectively. Functional analyses demonstrated that recombinant human (rh)IL-9 inhibited in vitro peripheral blood human eosinophil apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. We then examined the role of IL-9 in eosinophil differentiation using the human cord blood CD34+cells and human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60). The addition of IL-9 to CD34+ cells cultured in IL-3 and IL-5 enhanced eosinophil development, and IL-9 alone induced the expression of IL-5R–α. IL-9 also up-regulated the IL-5R–α chain cell surface expression during terminal eosinophil differentiation of the HL-60 cell line. Our findings suggest that IL-9 may potentiate in vivo eosinophil function by increasing their survival and IL-5–mediated differentiation and maturation. Taken together, these results suggest a mechanism by which IL-9 potentiates airway and tissue eosinophilia.
A snapshot of the expression signature of androgen receptor splicing variants and their distinctive transcriptional activities (2011)

This study provided the first unbiased snapshot of the AR variant signature consisting of multiple AR variants with distinctive functional properties, directly in CRPC specimens. Study findings suggest that the aggregate function of multiple AR variants may confer a castration-resistant phenotype independent of the full-length AR.
Activation of nitric oxide signaling by the rheumatoid arthritis shared epitope (2006)

The SE can trigger NO-mediated signaling events in opposite cells, and may thereby contribute to RA pathogenesis.
Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic use versus a standard approach for acute respiratory tract infections in primary care: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial and baseline characteristics of participating general practitioners [ISRCTN73182671] (2005)

We aim to include 600 patients from 50 general practices in the Northwest of Switzerland. Data from the registry of the Swiss Medical Association suggests that our recruited GPs are representative of all eligible GPs with respect to age, proportion of female physicians, specialisation, years of postgraduate training and years in private practice.
Cloning and sequence analysis of linear plasmid telomeres of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (1990)

Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease agent, has double-stranded linear plasmids with covalently closed ends. DNA at the ends, or telomeres, of two linear plasmids of B. burgdorferi strain B31 was examined. Telomeric sequences from both ends of a 16 kb linear plasmid and from one end of a 49 kb linear plasmid were cloned and sequenced. An 18 bp AT-rich inverted repeat was found at each end of the 16 kb linear plasmid. The sequences of the two ends of this plasmid were different beyond these short inverted terminal repeats. The cloned end of the 49 kb linear plasmid had sequence identity with one end of the 16 kb linear plasmid. The end sequence common to both plasmids contained a series of phased, short direct repeats and a 52 bp palindrome adjacent to a highly AT-rich region. These findings indicate that Borrelia linear plasmid telomeres have structural features different from those of other known replicons.
Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules with US Elastography Using Carotid Artery Pulsation (2008)

It is possible to distinguish between papillary carcinomas and other lesions with the thyroid stiffness index calculated from US elastography using carotid arterial pulsation.
Retrosplenial cortical activation in the fibromyalgia syndrome (2003)

To study the CNS in chronic muscular pain typical of fibromyalgia we compared PET measures of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in eight fibromyalgic patients and controls at rest. Higher rCBF for patients than controls was found bilaterally in the retrosplenial cortex. Lower rCBF for patients than controls were seen in the left frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortices. The higher retroplenial rCBF in patients than controls may reflect increased attention towards sub-noxious somatosensory signaling, and agrees with the notion that fibromyalgic pain reflects secondary hyperalgesia. The brain regions with lower rCBF in fibromyalgic patients than controls participate in the normal cognitive processing of pain, which may be dysfunctional in fibromyalgia.
The expression of the proto-oncogene C-kit in the blast cells of acute myeloblastic leukemia. (1989)

The oncogene kit has been shown genetically to map in the W locus of the mouse. This locus is known to have an important role in the regulation of normal hemopoietic stem cell growth. The blast cells of acute myeloblastic leukemia may be considered to arise in predeterministic stem cells. Accordingly, we sought evidence that kit was involved in the regulation of AML blast growth, using a cDNA probe to the external domain of c-kit. With this probe the gene was found to be in germline configuration in blast cells from AML, ALL, and continuous myeloblastic cell lines. However, expression could be detected by Northern analysis or RNA dot blots only in fresh AML blast cells. Fresh cells from ALL patients, normal bone marrow, PHA-stimulated lymphocytes, and four myeloblastic continuous cell lines were expression negative by the same techniques.
Mobile's millimeter-wave makeover (2014)

People in real estate joke that there are only three things that matter in the business of buying and selling property: location, location, location. The same could be said for radio spectrum. The frequencies used for cellular communications have acquired the status of waterfront lots-highly coveted and woefully scarce. And like beach-home buyers in a bidding war, mobile operators must constantly jockey for these prime parcels, sometimes shelling out as much as tens of billions of dollars for just a small sliver of the electromagnetic pie.
A phase I, first-in-human dose study of the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor LY3023414 (LY) in patients (pts) with advanced cancer. (2015)

11075 Background: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is dysregulated in many malignant diseases. LY3023414 (LY) is an oral ATP competitive inhibitor of the class I PI3K isoforms, mTOR and DNA-PK. Based on preclinical results, we investigated LY in patients with advanced solid tumors. Methods: In this 3+3 dose escalation phase I study, patients with solid tumors refractory to standard therapies received LY once daily (QD) or twice daily (BID). The primary objective was to determine a recommended phase II dose (RPTD). Additional objectives were to assess LY dosing safety, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) profiles, drug-drug interaction with midazolam, and to document anecdotal antitumor activity. Results: As of September 2014, 47 pts have received LY either QD (at 20, 40, 80, 150, 225, 325, 450 mg) or BID (at 150, 200, 250 mg). Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) have been observed for LY QD only at 450 mg and consisted of grade [G] 4 thrombocytopenia, G4 hypotension, G3 hyperkalemia in 3/3 patients treated. For BID dosing, DLTs were observed in 3/4 patients at 250 mg (G4 hypophosphatemia, G3 fatigue, G3 mucositis) and in 1/15 patients at 200 mg (G2 nausea). Common treatment-related adverse events (all grades) included nausea (38%), fatigue (31%), vomiting (27%), and diarrhea (17%). PK analyses showed a dose-proportional increase in LY exposures (AUC) at tolerated dose levels with a half-life of 1.9 hours and a body clearance of 85 L/hr. Midazolam PK data indicated that LY is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A4. Biomarker assessment demonstrated dose-related target inhibition in peripheral mononuclear cells at LY doses ≥ 150 mg. Durable partial response according to RECIST was observed in an endometrial cancer patient harboring PIK3R1 and PTEN mutations and 22 additional patients (47%) had stable disease as their best response. Conclusions: LY appears to be safe when administered as single agent up to 325 mg QD or 200 mg BID. The RPTD of single-agent LY is 200 mg BID based on safety, tolerability, and PK/PD data. LY is currently studied in tumor-specific expansion cohorts for mesothelioma, breast cancer, indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma and squamous NSCLC. Clinical trial information: NCT01655225.
Coding for compression in full-text retrieval systems (2003)

Witten, Bell and Nevill (see ibid., p.23, 1991) have described compression models for use in full-text retrieval systems. The authors discuss other coding methods for use with the same models, and give results that show their scheme yielding virtually identical compression, and decoding more than forty times faster. One of the main features of their implementation is the complete absence of arithmetic coding; this, in part, is the reason for the high speed. The implementation is also particularly suited to slow devices such as CD-ROM, in that the answering of a query requires one disk access for each term in the query and one disk access for each answer. All words and numbers are indexed, and there are no stop words. They have built two compressed databases.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Imaging of human lens lipids by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (2010)

The lipid composition of the human lens is distinct from most other tissues in that it is high in dihydrosphingomyelin and the most abundant glycerophospholipids in the lens are unusual 1-O-alkyl-ether linked phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylserines. In this study, desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry-imaging was used to determine the distribution of these lipids in the human lens along with other lipids including, ceramides, ceramide-1-phosphates, and lyso 1-O-alkyl ethers. To achieve this, 25 μm lens slices were mounted onto glass slides and analyzed using a linear ion-trap mass spectrometer equipped with a custom-built, 2-D automated DESI source. In contrast to other tissues that have been previously analyzed by DESI, the presence of a strong acid in the spray solvent was required to desorb lipids directly from lens tissue. Distinctive distributions were observed for [M + H](+) ions arising from each lipid class. Of particular interest were ionized 1-O-alkyl phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylserines, PE (18:1e/18:1), and PS (18:1e/18:1), which were found in a thin ring in the outermost region of the lens. This distribution was confirmed by quantitative analysis of lenses that were sectioned into four distinct regions (outer, barrier, inner, and core), extracted and analyzed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. DESI-imaging also revealed a complementary distribution for the structurally-related lyso 1-O-alkyl phosphatidylethanolamine, LPE (18:1e), which was localized closer to the centre of the lens. The data obtained in this study indicate that DESI-imaging is a powerful tool for determining the spatial distribution of human lens lipids.
A myelin basic protein peptide is recognized by cytotoxic T cells in the context of four HLA-DR types associated with multiple sclerosis. (1991)

We have examined previously the peptide specificity of the T cell response to myelin basic protein (MBP) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy controls, and demonstrated that an epitope spanning amino acids 87-106 was frequently recognized. Because this region is encephalitogenic in some experimental animals, it has been postulated that the response to the epitope may have relevance to MS. In this study, the fine specificity of this response is studied using four well-characterized, monospecific T cell lines from three MS patients and an identical twin of a patient. Each of the lines recognized a peptide with the same core sequence, amino acids 89-99, although the responses were affected to various degrees by truncations at the COOH- or NH2 terminal ends of the 87-106 epitope. Importantly, the epitope was recognized in conjunction with four different HLA-DR molecules. Also, the T cell receptor beta chain usage was heterogeneous, and each line expressed a different VDJ sequence. The four HLA-DR molecules restricting the response to this epitope have been shown to be overrepresented in MS populations in various geographic areas, suggesting that the response to this region of the MBP molecule may be relevant to the pathogenesis of MS. These findings may have important implications in designing therapeutic strategies for the disease.
Loss of image quality in photobleaching during microscopic imaging of fluorescent probes bound to chromatin (2005)

Prolonged excitation of fluorescent probes leads eventually to loss of their capacity to emit light. A decrease in the number of detected photons reduces subsequently the resolving power of a fluorescence microscope. Adverse effects of fluorescence intensity loss on the quality of microscopic images of biological specimens have been recognized, but not determined quantitatively. We propose three human-independent methods of quality determination. These techniques require no reference images and are based on calculation of the actual resolution distance, information entropy, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We apply the three measures to study the effect of photobleaching in cell nuclei stained with propidium iodide (PI) and chromomycin A3 (CA3) and imaged with fluorescence confocal microscopy. We conclude that the relative loss of image quality is smaller than the corresponding decrease in fluorescence intensity. Furthermore, the extent of quality loss is related to the optical properties of the imaging system and the noise characteristics of the detector. We discuss the importance of these findings for optimal registration and compression of biological images.