gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Principles of Immunochemical Techniques Used in Clinical Laboratories (2006)

Immunochemistry offers simple, rapid, robust yet sensitive, and easily automated methods for routine analyses in clinical laboratories. Immunoassays are based on highly specific binding between an antigen and an antibody. An epitope (immunodeterminant region) on the antigen surface is recognized by the antibody's binding site. The type of antibody and its affinity and avidity for the antigen determines assay sensitivity and specificity. Depending on the assay format, immunoassays can be qualitative or quantitative. They can be used for the detection of antibodies or antigens specific for bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases as well as for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Immunoassays can measure low levels of disease biomarkers and therapeutic or illicit drugs in patient's blood, serum, plasma, urine, or saliva. Immunostaining is an example of an immunochemical technique, which combined with fluorescent labels allows direct visualization of target cells and cell structures.
Diacylamino and diacyl nitroxide radicals from triacylhydroxylamine photolyses (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDiacylamino and diacyl nitroxide radicals from triacylhydroxylamine photolysesFrank R. Stermitz and David W. NeiswanderCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 8, 2630–2634Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00789a036https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00789a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views118Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Clinical Safety of a Viral Vector Based Prostate Cancer Vaccine Strategy (2007)

Based on the safety and preliminary immunogenicity results of this trial we recommend initiating a randomized, phase II study of prostate specific antigen/triad of co-stimulatory molecules vaccines in patients with less advanced prostate cancer.
The Identification and Characterization of Breast Cancer CTCs Competent for Brain Metastasis (2013)

Brain metastatic breast cancer (BMBC) is uniformly fatal and increasing in frequency. Despite its devastating outcome, mechanisms causing BMBC remain largely unknown. The mechanisms that implicate circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in metastatic disease, notably in BMBC, remain elusive. We characterize CTCs isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with breast cancer and also develop CTC lines from three of these patients. In epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-negative CTCs, we identified a potential signature of brain metastasis comprising "brain metastasis selected markers (BMSMs)" HER2+ / EGFR+ / HPSE+ / Notch1+. These CTCs, which are not captured by the CellSearch platform because of their EpCAM negativity, were analyzed for cell invasiveness and metastatic competency in vivo. CTC lines expressing the BMSM signature were highly invasive and capable of generating brain and lung metastases when xenografted in nude mice. Notably, increased brain metastatic capabilities, frequency, and quantitation were detected in EpCAM- CTCs overexpressing the BMSM signature. The presence of proteins of the BMSM CTC signature was also detected in the metastatic lesions of animals. Collectively, we provide evidence of isolation, characterization, and long-term culture of human breast cancer CTCs, leading to the description of a BMSM protein signature that is suggestive of CTC metastatic competency to the brain.
Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) in Insulin- and Non–Insulin-Using Adults with Diabetes: Consensus Recommendations for Improving SMBG Accuracy, Utilization, and Research (2008)

Current clinical guidelines for diabetes care encourage self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) to improve glycemic control. Specific protocols remain variable, however, particularly among non-insulin-using patients. This is due in part to efficacy studies that neglect to consider (1) the performance of monitoring equipment under real-world conditions, (2) whether or how patients have been taught to take action on test results, and (3) the physiological, behavioral, and social circumstances in which SMBG is carried out. As such, a multidisciplinary group of specialists, including several endocrinologists, a health psychologist, a diabetes nurse practitioner, and a patient advocate (the Panel), discuss within this review article how the potential of SMBG might be fully realized in today's healthcare environment. The resulting recommendations cover technological, clinical, behavioral, and research considerations with the aim of achieving short- and long-term benefits, ranging from fewer hypoglycemic episodes to lower complication-related costs. The panel also made suggestions for designing future studies that increase the ability to discern optimal models of SMBG utilization for individuals with diabetes who may, or may not, use insulin.
Antibody humanization methods – a review and update (2013)

This article reviews recent advances achieved during recent years on various aspects of antibody humanization theories and techniques. Common methods for producing humanized antibodies including framework-homology-based humanization, germline humanization, complementary determining regions (CDR)-homology-based humanization and specificity determining residues (SDR) grafting, as well as advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods and their applications are discussed.
Matrix protein from influenza A virus and its role in cross-protection in mice (1977)

The matrix (M) protein of influenza A virus, one of the two group-specific internal proteins of the virion, was isolated in a pure form, and its immunogenicity was stable to heating at 100 degrees C for 2 min. Mice immunized with isolated M protein in complete Freund adjuvant and subsequently infected with influenza virus cleared virus more rapidly from their lungs than did unimmunized mice. Despite the rapid clearance of virus, the mice developed pneumonia that was at least as severe as in unimmunized mice. Preliminary studies suggest that the rapid clearance of influenza virus from the lungs of mice immunized with M protein may be initiated by a cell-mediated rather than a humoral response. The mechanism by which a cross-reactive internal virion protein can initiate clearance of the different subtypes of influenza is not clear. Perhaps the M protein is exposed on the surface of the virus-infected cell and is responsible for the cross-reactivity at the cytotoxic T-cell level recently detected between influenza A virus subtypes.
A Sensitive and Biodegradable Pressure Sensor Array for Cardiovascular Monitoring (2015)

An array of highly sensitive pressure sensors entirely made of biodegradable materials is presented, designed as a single-use flexible patch for application in cardiovascular monitoring. The high sensitivity in combination with fast response time is unprecedented when compared to recent reports on biodegradable pressure sensors (sensitivity three orders of magnitude higher), as illustrated by pulse wave velocity measurements, toward hypertension detection.
Material parameters of quaternary III - V semiconductors for multilayer mirrors at wavelength (1996)

Nine quaternary (Al,Ga,In) - (P,As,Sb) semiconductor compounds lattice matched to InP are investigated theoretically. Direct bandgap, refractive index at wavelength, and thermal conductivity are calculated as a function of the composition. These material properties are important, e.g. in distributed Bragg reflectors of vertical-cavity lasers. The alloy systems AlGaAsSb, AlGaPSb and GaInPSb are found to promise better performance of those mirrors than the common InGaAsP system.
Capecitabine Plus Oxaliplatin Compared With Fluorouracil/Folinic Acid As Adjuvant Therapy for Stage III Colon Cancer: Final Results of the NO16968 Randomized Controlled Phase III Trial (2015)

XELOX improved OS compared with bolus FU/FA in patients with resected stage III colon cancer after a median follow-up of almost 7 years. XELOX should be considered a standard adjuvant treatment option in patients with stage III disease. Tumoral dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression is a promising predictive, and potentially, highly clinically relevant, biomarker for XELOX efficacy requiring further prospective evaluation.
Macromolecular engineering via 'living' free radical polymerizations (1998)

The use of nitroxide-mediated ‘living’ free radical procedures as a synthetic tool for obtaining polymers with well defined and complex macromolecular architectures is discussed. The preparation of linear homo, block, and random co-polymers by ‘living’ free radical procedures have been demonstrated for a variety of systems and results in a significant increase in control over the macromolecular structure when compared to traditional free radical polymerization. The factors which affect the success of this novel synthetic approach will be reviewed and the advantages of ‘living’ free radical polymerization over other living polymerization techniques discussed. The synthesis and chemical stability of a wide range of unimolecular alkoxyamine initiators will also be demonstrated and their use in the preparation of complex macromolecular architectures such as hyperbranched polymers and hybrid dendritic-linear polymers illustrated.
Solution-based β-diketonate silver ink for direct printing of highly conductive features on a flexible substrate (2013)

The novelty of this study is the laboratory formulation of silver ink adapted for the inkjet printing of conductive metallic features on flexible polyimide (PI) substrates with potential integrated circuit applications ranging from large-area electronics to low-end applications. A new silver precursor for printing conductive patterns with the empirical formula [Ag(dien)](tmhd), where tmhd = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato and dien = diethylenetriamine, was synthesised using a simple and environmentally friendly method. The viscosity and surface tension of the organic solvent system were optimised through the addition of ethyl cellulose and hexylamine, yielding potential printing ink of high Ag wt%. Silver patterns on a flexible PI substrate were produced by thermal annealing of silver features prepared either by spin-coating or by directly drawing with a piezoelectric inkjet printer. Films were produced using a silver precursor (60 wt%) dissolved in hexylamine (39 wt%) and ethyl cellulose (1 wt%) with a viscosity of 9–11 mPa and annealed in air at 250 °C. They displayed resistivity values in the range of 4.625–9.376 × 10−6 Ω cm. The composition of printing ink is [Ag(dien)](tmhd) : hexylamine : ethyl cellulose = 45 : 54 : 1 by wt%. A resistivity of 7.44 × 10−6 Ω cm was found for a silver line with a width of 177 μm and a thickness of 106 nm. The silver patterns were characterised by scanning electron microscopy, FT-IR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The resistivities of our silver patterns are lower than those previously prepared by other research groups using water-based silver salts as ink. We propose that the high Ag wt% achievable with an organic solvent-based system may explain this lower resistivity.
Bortezomib: Proteasome Inhibition as an Effective Anticancer Therapy (2006)

VELCADER (bortezomib, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, and Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., Raritan, NJ) is a first-in-class proteasome inhibitor developed specifically for use as an antineoplastic agent. Inhibition of the proteasome results in disruption of homeostatic mechanisms within the cell that can lead to cell death. Bortezomib's first indication, for the treatment of relapsed myeloma in patients who have received at least two prior treatments and progressed on their previous treatment, was based in part on the magnitude of activity demonstrated in phase II trials. Bortezomib is currently indicated for patients who have received at least one prior therapy in the United States and European Union, although patients in the European Union must have already undergone bone marrow transplantation or be unsuitable for the procedure. A phase III trial demonstrated the superiority of bortezomib over high-dose dexamethasone in response rate, time to progression, and survival in patients with myeloma who had relapsed after 1-3 prior therapies. Clinical development is ongoing to investigate its activity as monotherapy and in combination regimens for the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, solid tumors, and earlier presentations of myeloma.
Four structurally distinct neuron‐specific olfactomedin‐related glycoproteins produced by differential promoter utilization and alternative mRNA splicing from a single gene (1994)

Four structurally related neuron-specific 1B426b mRNAs, designated AMY, BMY, AMZ, and BMZ, have been isolated from rat brain cDNA libraries. The four mRNAs are related to one another by their shared M region and by two pairs of alternative 5' (A, B) or 3' (Y, Z) regions. All four possible combinations were detected. The four transcripts are derived by differential promoter utilization (to generate A or B 5' ends) and alternative splicing (to generate Y or Z 3' ends) of the primary transcripts of the single D2Sutle gene. All four mRNAs were detected in most brain regions, but were enriched within the cortex and hippocampus. In the pituitary only the two A-type and in the adrenal glands only the two B-type mRNAs were detected. In situ hybridization shows a highly heterogeneous distribution across brain regions, paralleling the Northern blot results and additionally identifying the reactive cells as neurons. The cDNAs encode related glycoproteins of 125, 153, 457, and 485 amino acids, which have been detected immunochemically. The AMZ and BMZ proteins show significant sequence similarity with olfactomedin, an extracellular matrix protein of bullfrog olfactory epithelium, suggesting the possibility of a matrix-related function for these rat glycoproteins in neurons and neurosecretory cells.
Humoral immune responses to cathepsin D and glucose-regulated protein 78 in ovarian cancer patients. (1997)

Many cancer patients develop tumor-reactive immune responses against antigens that are either expressed on the surface of tumor cells or released from them into the peripheral circulation. In this study, tumor-reactive immunoglobulins, present in the sera of ovarian cancer patients, were used to identify commonly recognized tumor-associated antigens on ovarian tumor cells. Western immunoblot analysis of cellular proteins, obtained from UL-1 ovarian tumor cell line, demonstrated several commonly recognized immunoreactive proteins. Two of these proteins (Mr 32,000 and 71,000) were selected for further investigation. Cellular proteins isolated from normal human ovarian epithelia, in a similar fashion, failed to exhibit corresponding immunoreactivity to these proteins. As an additional control, sera from normal (nontumor-bearing) individuals failed to identify these proteins on Western immunoblots. Furthermore, the absorption of the ovarian cancer patients' sera with normal ovarian epithelial tissue did not remove the reactivity of these two proteins. The Mr 32,000 and 71,000 proteins were subsequently purified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, separated by SDS-PAGE, transferred to the polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, and digested with trypsin. These resulting tryptic fragments were separated by microbore reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and selected fragments were sequenced by mass spectrometry. This sequence analysis identified the Mr 32,000 protein as cathepsin D and the Mr 71,000 as glucose-regulated protein 78 (member of the heat shock protein family). The identities of cathepsin D and glucose-regulated protein 78 were confirmed by Western blot analysis. Additionally, the presence of cathepsin D was demonstrated in association with immune complexes in vivo. Currently, the common antigenic epitopes of these proteins are being defined.
Fecal Microbial Diversity in a Strict Vegetarian as Determined by Molecular Analysis and Cultivation (2002)

Fecal microbial diversity in a strictly vegetarian woman was determined by the 16S rDNA library method, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and a culture-based method. The 16S rDNA library was generated from extracted fecal DNA, using bacteria-specific primers. Randomly selected clones were partially sequenced. T-RFLP analysis was performed using amplified 16S rDNA. The lengths of T-RF were analyzed after digestion by HhaI and MspI. The cultivated bacterial isolates were used for partial sequencing of 16S rDNA. Among 183 clones obtained, approximately 29% of the clones belonged to 13 known species. About 71% of the remaining clones were novel "phylotypes" (at least 98% similarity of clone sequence). A total of 55 species or phylotypes were identified among the 16S rDNA library, while the cultivated isolates included 22 species or phylotypes. In addition, many new phylotypes were detected from the 16S rDNA library. The 16S rDNA library and isolates commonly included the Bacteroides group, Bifidobacterium group, and Clostridium rRNA clusters IV, XIVa, XVI and XVIII. T-RFLP analysis revealed the major composition of the vegetarian gut microbiota were Clostridium rRNA subcluster XIVa and Clostridium rRNA cluster XVIII. The dominant feature of this strictly vegetarian gut microbiota was the detection of many Clostridium rRNA subcluster XIVa and C. ramosum (Clostridium rRNA cluster XVIII).
TRAF2-Mediated Activation of NF-κB by TNF Receptor 2 and CD40 (1995)

TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins are candidate signal transducers that associate with the cytoplasmic domains of members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily. The role of TRAFs in the TNF-R2 and CD40 signal transduction pathways, which result in the activation of transcription factor NF-kappa B, was investigated. Overexpression of TRAF2, but not TRAF1 or TRAF3, was sufficient to induce NF-kappa B activation. A truncated derivative of TRAF2 lacking an amino-terminal RING finger domain was a dominant-negative inhibitor of NF-kappa B activation mediated by TNF-R2 and CD40. Thus, TRAF2 is a common mediator of TNF-R2 and CD40 signaling.
Gene transfer into coronary arteries of intact animals with a percutaneous balloon catheter. (1992)

Genetic manipulation of the vasculature may offer insights into the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and may lead to gene therapy for disorders such as restenosis after percutaneous coronary angioplasty. The goal of this study was to develop a percutaneous method for gene transfer into coronary arteries of intact animals. Liposomes were used to facilitate transfection in coronary arteries with a plasmid containing the cDNA encoding luciferase. This reporter was chosen since it is not expressed in mammalian cells, and it can be quantified using a sensitive assay (light production). Mongrel dogs were catheterized, and DNA was delivered to coronary arteries via a porous perfusion balloon system. Luciferase expression was measured 3-5 days after the procedure, when the dogs were killed. Luciferase activity in control arteries (n = 12) was no higher than average background activity. Eight of 12 transfected arteries exhibited gene expression, averaging 4.3 +/- 2.1 pg luciferase (p less than 0.01, transfected versus control arteries). In addition, the ability to transfect DNA into femoral arteries without a transfection vehicle was tested. Five dogs were subjected to surgical transfection attempts in their femoral arteries with either DNA alone or DNA plus liposomes. Luciferase was expressed in all 10 femoral arteries; those treated with DNA alone expressed 35.6 +/- 8 pg luciferase, and those treated with DNA plus liposomes expressed 42.3 +/- 14 pg luciferase (p = 0.70). These results demonstrate the use of a percutaneous catheter to achieve gene transfer and expression in coronary arteries of intact dogs and suggest that the efficiency of intra-arterial gene transfer may be similar whether or not a transfection vehicle is used.
A monoclonal antibody specific for cells of the melanocyte lineage. (1988)

A monoclonal antibody, NKI/beteb, was prepared against membranes from a human melanoma metastasis, and in immunoprecipitates of melanoma cell lysates specific 100- and 7-kd glycoproteins were found. The large glycoproteins were also present in conditioned medium of melanoma cell lines. The antigen is located on the inner side of membranes of (pre)melanosomes and premelanosomelike vesicles. The antibody reacted in the immunoperoxidase test on frozen tissue sections with 27 of 28 nevocellular nevi (15/16 common, 12/12 dysplastic), 39/39 primary melanomas (3 intraepidermal, 24 cutaneous, 12 choroidal), 56/63 melanoma metastases, and 4/4 clear-cell sarcomas (melanoma of soft tissue). With sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, the reaction was less sensitive. No reactivity was detected with frozen sections of 185 other tumors, except for 1 case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in which macrophages were positive. With the exception of melanocytes, all frozen sections of adult tissues that were tested were negative with NKI/beteb. On the basis of its tissue distribution so far, the antigen recognized by NKI/beteb seems to be a specific and sensitive diagnostic marker for cells of the melanocyte lineage.
A Disposable Tear Glucose Biosensor--Part 1: Design and Concept Testing (2010)

A novel concept device for tear glucose sampling was presented, and the key functions of this device were tested and used to model the performance of the final device. Based on these promising initial results, the device is achievable and within reach of current technical capabilities, setting the stage for prototype development.
Use of Collagen Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration (2000)

There has been an increase in the use of the resorbable membranes that do not require a second stage surgery for removal in guided bone regeneration. The purpose of this review is to discuss the immune response of the host to the collagen, the use of resorbable membranes derived from Type I collagen of bovine Achilles tendon around dental implants, and its potential significance in the future of dental implantology.