gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Microbiologically and Chemically Influenced Corrosion of Natural Sandstone (1994)

A test system for the simulation of a combined chemically (gaseous pollutants) and microbiologically (nitrifying bacteria) influenced corrosion on natural sandstone is presented. A high stone moisture was essential for the growth of nitrifying bacteria on test stones. Under optimum conditions, a nitrifying biofilm developed on the calcareous Ihrlersteiner green sandstone, reducing the evaporation from the stone surface. Biofilm cells adapted well to high concentrations of gaseous pollutants. The mean metabolic activities of ammonia oxidizers were 11 and those of nitrite oxidizers 30 times higher than mean values of samples from historical buildings. The microbiologically influenced nitric acid corrosion alone was stronger than the chemically influenced corrosion by a smog atmosphere (1065-μg/m3 sulphur dioxide, 850-μg/m3 nitric oxide, and about 450-μg/m3 nitrogen dioxide). While 72 μmol of calcium were solubilized per week of exposure to the smog atmosphere, 161 μmol of calcium per week were solubilized by the nitric acid produced by nitrifying bacteria. If gaseous pollutants were added, the microbiologically produced nitrite and nitrate were removed by the action of sulphur dioxide. Thus, the combined attack of nitrifying bacteria and gaseous pollutants did not result in increased corrosion.
Insulin Infusion Improves Neutrophil Function in Diabetic Cardiac Surgery Patients (1999)

A continuous insulin infusion and glucose control during surgery improves white cell function in diabetic patients and may increase resistance to infection after surgery.
Platelet activating factor and systemic anaphylaxis in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis‐sensitized rats: differential effects of PAF antagonists (1992)

1. The effects of two platelet-activating factor (PAF) antagonists, WEB 2086 and BN 52021, in reducing the changes in extravasation (Evans blue technique) and blood flow (radiolabelled microsphere method) to various organs and tissues following anaphylactic shock in the Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-sensitized rat were investigated. 2. Both antagonists attenuated anaphylaxis-induced increases in plasma protein leak in the trachea, stomach and small intestine, although they did not block extravasation in the colon and kidneys. 3. Anaphylaxis-induced decreases in blood flow to the adrenals were effectively antagonized by WEB 2086, although this antagonist did not reverse blood flow decreases to any other tissues. BN 52021, on the other hand, did not alter anaphylaxis-induced decreases in blood flow to the adrenals, but effectively prevented dramatic decreases in blood flow to the large and small bowel and spleen. 4. Anaphylactic shock produced marked reduction in blood pressure that was partly reversed by WEB 2086, whereas BN 52021 effectively blocked the decreases in cardiac output. 5. Thus, PAF is responsible for some of the haemodynamic and extravasation of protein changes associated with systemic anaphylaxis in the rat, although the differential inhibition observed with the two antagonists suggests that PAF alters vascular responsiveness through different mechanisms in selected tissues.
Mechanisms of host defense against Candida species. I. Phagocytosis by monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (1991)

We studied the biochemical basis of phagocytosis of Candida albicans, a serious pathogen, and Candida parapsilosis, which is rarely pathogenic, by human monocytes (Mo) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Optimal phagocytosis of both species by Mo required the presence of extracellular Ca2+ and opsonization through both the classic and alternative complement pathways. Serum-opsonized Candida were ingested equally by Mo and MDM; unopsonized Candida were phagocytosed only by macrophages, and uptake began slowly. This opsonin-independent phagocytosis required Ca2+ and could be blocked by yeast mannan or mannose-BSA conjugate, suggesting a role for the mannose receptor. Opsonized Candida elicited a vigorous increase in the concentration of [Ca2+]i in Mo and MDM, but no Ca2+ transient was detected in MDM stimulated with unopsonized Candida. Pretreatment of MDM with ionomycin to increase [Ca2+]i had no effect on phagocytosis of unopsonized Candida. Addition of 5 mM EGTA completely inhibited changes in [Ca2+]i in Mo and MDM, suggesting that the Ca2+ transient induced by opsonized Candida is due to an influx of extracellular Ca2+. Differences in pathogenicity between the two Candida species could not be explained by differences in any aspect of phagocytosis. Uptake mediated by the macrophage mannose receptor could play a role in clearance of Candida under opsonin-poor conditions.
A power-optimized joint source channel coding for scalable video streaming over wireless channel (2002)

Scalable video streaming over wireless link is a very challenging task due to the time-varying characteristics of wireless channel and limited battery resource in handheld devices. This paper first describes a general approach for joint source channel coding (JSCC) with optimal power consumption. Then, an end-to-end power-optimized architecture for video streaming is presented. Therein the channel-adaptive hybrid UEP (unequal error protection) and ARQ (automatic repeat request) scheme is proposed to achieve the minimal power consumption. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.
The Wear of High Molecular Weight Polyethylene—Part I: The Wear of Isotropic Polyethylene Against Dry Stainless Steel in Unidirectional Motion (1978)

The wear of surgical grade ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene against stainless steel has been studied for unidirectional motion. After a short wearing-in period, two distinct steady-state regions appear on the wear graphs. In the first section adhesion is the predominant wear mechanism and a transfer film of polymer builds up on the steel counterface. After a certain sliding distance, determined by the load, the adhesive mechanism is augmented by fatigue wear and the wear rate increases sharply and remains constant at the new value.
Thin Polymer Layers as Supports for Hippocampal Cell Cultures (1998)

Layers from poly[(1-methylvinyl isocyanate)-alt-(maleic anhydride)] on aminosilanized glass substrates were assembled and reacted in a two-step procedure, first with different mixtures of a sequence from the protein laminin, the peptide (PA22-2), and the aminopoly(ethylene oxide) (APEG) and second with the α,ω-diamine JA, to yield functionalized hydrophilic polymer films which were examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cell-growth experiments of embryonic hippocampal cells were performed on these surfaces, showing only cell adhesion to polymer films which were modified with the sequence from the protein laminin and the peptide (PA22-2). The cell cultures were investigated using phase contrast microscopy and immunostaining techniques together with fluorescence microscopy after 1 and 3 days, showing neuritic outgrowth of the cells after a period of 3 days.
Combined Blockade of the Chemokine Receptors CCR1 and CCR5 Attenuates Chronic Rejection (2004)

Antagonism of the chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5 with Met-RANTES attenuates CAV development in vivo by reducing mononuclear cell recruitment to the transplanted heart, proliferative responses to donor antigens, and intragraft RANTES/CCL5 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene transcript levels. These findings suggest that chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5 play significant roles in the development of chronic rejection and may serve as potential therapeutic targets.
THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF METHANE1 (1932)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF METHANE1Louis S. KasselCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1932, 54, 10, 3949–3961Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1932Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1932https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01349a019RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views650Altmetric-Citations80LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (760 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
The [4 + 2] Addition of Singlet Oxygen to Thebaine:  New Access to Highly Functionalized Morphine Derivatives via Opioid Endoperoxides (2000)

The photooxidation of thebaine (3) with a sun lamp affords two main products: hydrodibenzofuran 10 (major) and benzofuran 11 (minor). The latter compound becomes predominant if a Hg lamp is used instead of a sun lamp. The formation of 10 proceeds via an endoperoxide intermediate that undergoes oxidation at the nitrogen atom. Protection of the nitrogen either by protonation or quaternization prevents its oxidation and thus the photooxidation of 3 in acid media constitutes a one-pot procedure for the preparation of 14-hydroxycodeinone 35. Photooxidation of the thebaine ammonium salt 31 allows the isolation in good yields of the corresponding to thebaine endoperoxide 32. The selective protection and reduction of the keto, aldehyde, and olefinic groups of hydrodibenzofuran 10 allowed the preparation of several diol and keto alcohol derivatives. This is the first report on the use of photooxidation to functionalize thebaine at C(6) and C(14) and also the first on the isolation of opioid endoperoxides.
DNA methylation dynamics in muscle development and disease (2015)

DNA methylation is an essential epigenetic modification for mammalian development and is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of cellular identity. Traditionally, DNA methylation has been considered as a permanent repressive epigenetic mark. However, the application of genome-wide approaches has allowed the analysis of DNA methylation in different genomic contexts revealing a more dynamic regulation than originally thought, since active DNA methylation and demethylation occur during cellular differentiation and tissue specification. Satellite cells are the primary stem cells in adult skeletal muscle and are responsible for postnatal muscle growth, hypertrophy, and muscle regeneration. This review outlines the published data regarding DNA methylation changes along the skeletal muscle program, in both physiological and pathological conditions, to better understand the epigenetic mechanisms that control myogenesis.
Sand Control in Horizontal Wells in Heavy Oil Reservoirs (1989)

ABSTRACT Horizontal wells are of great interest to most oil companies operating in heavy oil fields. Due to more extensive contact with the reservoir, horizontal wells allow fluid flow at lower fluid velocities yet providing total flows which are economic. While horizontal wells have the potential to make many more heavy oil reservoirs economic, one of the most pressing concerns has been to be able to complete the wells properly. Unfortunately, likely candidates of horizontal wells are mostly "quicksand" type formations and the critical velocities of sand in a wellbore is extremely low. Consequently, sand is very likely to enter the horizontal wellbore if not preventive measure is taken. Problems of sand production in a horizontal well is more complicated than in a vertical well due to difficulty in cleaning sands in horizontal wellbores. The present study discusses the problems of sand production in a horizontal well and offers recommendation in controlling them. Physical simulation of the top part of the horizontal well showed that both gravitational and inertial forces help minimizing sand production. This will mean that increasing flow rates will decrease sand production. Experimental evidence showed that selection of liner diameter and wire spacing are important parameters in controlling sand productions. Permeability damage due to particle mixing in the annulus was quantified. It was shown that smaller annulus is of more importance in the case of smaller wire spacing, lower oil viscosity and thinner pay zone.
A Guide toDisinfectants (1998)

The correct selection and application of chemicals used for disinfection in the practice will reduce the risk of cross infection while creating a pleasant and healthy working environment for all practice staff
Eye Tracking in Advanced Interface Design (1995)

The problem of human-computer interaction can be viewed as two powerful information processors (human and computer) attempting to communicate with each other via a narrow-bandwidth, highly constrained interface (Tufte, 1989). To address it, we seek faster, more natural, and more convenient means for users and computers to exchange information. The user’s side is constrained by the nature of human communication organs and abilities; the computer’s is constrained only by input/output devices and interaction techniques that we can invent. Current technology has been stronger in the computer-to-user direction than the user-to-computer, hence today’s user-computer dialogues are rather one-sided, with the bandwidth from the computer to the user far greater than that from user to computer. Using eye movements as a user-to-computer communication medium can help redress this imbalance. This chapter describes the relevant characteristics of the human eye, eye-tracking technology, how to design interaction techniques that incorporate eye movements into the user-computer dialogue in a convenient and natural way, and the relationship between eye-movement interfaces and virtual environments. As with other areas of research and design in human-computer interaction, it is helpful to build on the equipment and skills humans have acquired through evolution and experience and search for ways to apply them to communicating with a computer. Direct manipulation interfaces have enjoyed great success largely because they draw on analogies to existing human skills (pointing, grabbing, moving objects in space), rather than trained behaviors. Similarly, we try to make use of natural eye movements in designing interaction techniques for the eye. Because eye movements are so different from conventional computer inputs, our overall approach in designing interaction techniques is, wherever possible, to obtain information from a user’s natural eye movements while viewing the screen, rather than requiring the user to make specific trained eye movements to actuate the system. This requires careful attention to issues of human design, as will any successful work in virtual environments. The goal is for human-computer interaction to start with studies of the characteristics of human communication channels and skills and then develop devices, interaction techniques, and interfaces that communicate effectively to and from those channels.
Transformerless capacitive coupling of gate signals for series operation of power MOS devices (2003)

A reliable configuration for triggering a series string of power MOS devices without the use of transformer coupling is presented. A capacitor is inserted between the gate and ground of each MOSFET, except for the bottom MOSFET in the stack. Using a single input voltage signal to trigger the bottom MOSFET, a voltage division across the network of device capacitance and inserted capacitances triggers the entire series stack reliably. Design formulae are presented and simple circuit protection is discussed. Simulation shows reliable operation and experimental verification is presented. Application of the method is applied to series IGBTs.
31P NMR Study of the Desulfurization of Oligonucleoside Phosphorothioates Effected by “Aged” Trichloroacetic Acid Solutions (2005)

When employing phosphoramidites 1a-d in the solid-phase synthesis of oligonucleoside phosphorothioates, the thermolytic 2-[N-methyl-N-(2-pyridyl)]aminoethyl thiophosphate protecting group is lost to a large extent during the course of the synthesis. The resulting phosphorothioate diesters are then substantially desulfurized upon recurring exposure to a commercial solution of deblocking reagent during chain assembly. This problem is caused by the secondary decomposition product(s) of the reagent and is alleviated by using a fresh solution of the deblocking reagent prepared from solid trichloroacetic acid.
SPRING: an RCT study of probiotics in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus in overweight and obese women (2013)

SPRING will show if probiotics can be used as an easily implementable method of preventing gestational diabetes in the high-risk group of overweight and obese pregnant women.
Bacterial Meningitis: Pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, and Progress (1992)

FIFTY years after the advent of antibiotics for clinical use, bacterial meningitis remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. As such, it represents a unique human infectious disease, because the pathophysiologic effects of disease progression and suboptimal outcomes occur despite bacteriologic cure of the infection.1 Specifically, the mortality rate for adults who have Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis remains 20 to 30 percent,2 , 3 with neurologic morbidity affecting half of survivors.4 The incidence of persistent sensorineural hearing loss in children who survive bacterial meningitis is 10 percent (31 percent of those with S. pneumoniae are affected) — a finding with critical implications . . .
Expression and analysis of COOH-terminal deletions of the human thrombospondin molecule. (1989)

Thrombospondin (TSP) is a homotrimeric extracellular glycoprotein with a subunit molecular mass of 140 kD. The subunits have a modular or domain-like structure and are held together by interchain disulphide bonds. A number of domains have been identified including those for the binding of collagen, fibrinogen, and heparin. Due to the trimeric form of the TSP molecule, the various domains are trivalent in nature and this contributes to the ability of TSP to mediate cell-substrate interactions. Indeed, TSP has recently been shown not only to promote cell adhesion but also to be intimately involved in cell growth and migration. The adhesive function of TSP is attributable to the "solid-phase" or matrix-bound form of the molecule. There is some evidence that the heparin-binding domain mediates incorporation of soluble TSP into the insoluble matrix form. The heparin-binding domain of TSP is a compact globular amino-terminal moiety that contains two clusters of basic amino acids and a single intrachain disulphide bond. To delineate the role of the heparin-binding domain in matrix assembly and to define further the precise region of interchain disulphide bonding that results in trimer formation, we have expressed deleted forms of the cDNA encoding TSP in SV-40-transformed. African green monkey kidney cells. The proteins synthesized from the various deleted TSP cDNAs were examined for (a) secretion into the culture medium and incorporation into the extracellular matrix; (b) binding to heparin-Sepharose; (c) immunoprecipitability by a conformation-specific monoclonal antibody; and (d) ability to form trimers. This analysis allowed us to draw the following conclusions. (a) A 218 amino acid NH2-terminal protein that preserves the intrachain disulphide bridge of the heparin-binding domain is capable of binding to heparin-Sepharose and incorporating into the extracellular matrix. (b) A shorter 164 amino acid NH2-terminal peptide that does not contain the intrachain disulphide bridge of the heparin-binding domain is neither able to bind to heparin-Sepharose nor able to incorporate into the extracellular matrix. (c) The region of interchain disulphide bridging necessary for trimer assembly resides within a cluster of seven cysteine residues immediately adjacent to the heparin-binding domain.
Patient Selection and Timing of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (2016)

When and in whom to initiate continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a highly controversial topic with large practice variation around the world. Even within countries, practice variation exists and recommendations for clinical practice are not specific. In this article, we report the consensus recommendations for timing and patient selection for CRRT - the results of the 2016 Acute Disease Quality Initiative XVII conference on 'precision CRRT'. We suggest that these recommendations could serve to develop the best clinical practice and standards of care for use of CRRT in patients with AKI. Finally, we identify and highlight the areas of ongoing uncertainty and propose an agenda for future research.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) Binding Protein-3 Interacts with the Type 1 IGF Receptor, Reducing the Affinity of the Receptor for its Ligand: An Alternative Mechanism in the Regulation of IGF Action (1997)

With a view to determining the mechanisms by which insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and its proteolytic fragments modulate IGF action, we used a fibroblast cell line to investigate the possibility of an interaction with the type 1 IGF receptor (IGFR-1). In competitive binding experiments, IGFBP-3 was as potent as unlabelled IGF-I in displacing its truncated analogue, 125I-des(1-3)IGF-I, which has weak affinity for IGFBPs, from its binding to the cell surface. None of the proteolytic fragments of IGFBP-3 tested affected this binding. IGFBP-3 had no effect on insulin binding to its receptor. At 10 nM, IGFBP-1 was ineffective where IGFBP-3 provoked 90% displacement of 125I-des(1-3)IGF-I, but it was equally potent in displacing 125I-IGF-I. At the same concentration, binding of 125I-des(1-3)IGF-I to free IGFBP-3 in the supernatant was only 2%. After pre-incubation of the cells with 125I-des(1-3)IGF-I, low concentrations of IGFBP-3 were as potent at IGF-I in dissociating IGFR-1-bound ligand. After preincubation of cells with IGFBP-3, washing and then incubation with 125I-des(1-3)IGF-I, inhibition by low IGFBP-3 concentrations was suppressed, but some degree of inhibition by high concentrations persisted. At these high concentrations, addition of IGF-I restored binding owing to uptake of cell-associated IGFBP-3. The present results provide the first evidence that IGFBP-3 may inhibit IGF binding to IGFR-1, and hence limit IGF action via a cellular mechanism that is different from the extracellular mechanism of sequestration.
Incremental low-discrepancy lattice methods for motion planning (2004)

We present deterministic sequences for use in sampling-based approaches to motion planning. They simultaneously combine the qualities found in many other sequences: i) the incremental and self-avoiding tendencies of pseudo-random sequences, ii) the lattice structure provided by multiresolution grids, and iii) low-discrepancy and low-dispersion measures of uniformity provided by quasi-random sequences. The resulting sequences can be considered as multiresolution grids in which points may be added one at a time, while satisfying the sampling qualities at each iteration. An efficient, recursive algorithm for generating the sequences is presented and implemented. Early experiments show promising performance by using the samples in search algorithms to solve motion planning problems.