gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transparent ZnO thin-film transistor fabricated by rf magnetron sputtering (2003)

We fabricated ZnO thin-film transistors by rf magnetron sputtering on Si substrates held near room temperature. The best devices had field-effect mobility of more than 2 cm2/V s and an on/off ratio&amp;gt;106. These ZnO films had resistivity ∼105 ohm cm, with high optical transparency (&amp;gt;80% for wavelength &amp;gt;400 nm), and compressive stress &amp;lt;0.5 GPa. The combination of transparency in the visible, excellent transistor characteristics, and low-temperature processing makes ZnO thin-film transistors attractive for flexible electronics on temperature sensitive substrates.
Fluorescently labeled cetuximab to evaluate head and neck cancer response to treatment (2007)

This preclinical data suggests combining the diagnostic and therapeutic properties of cetuximab may be clinically useful.
Circulating DNA as a Possible Factor in Oncogenesis (1965)

Infectious DNA from the tumor-inducing polyoma virus and pneumococcal-transforming DNA can be recovered from the blood of mice in biologically active form after intraperitoneal injection. Polyoma DNA appeared to undergo less inactivation than did transforming DNA. In light of these observations, the metastatic spread of cancer may possibly be favored by circulation of tumorigenic DNA in the blood stream.
Bioavailability Assessment of Arginine-Vasopressin(AVP) Using Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic(PK-PD) Modeling in the Rat. (2000)

A novel method of assessing the extent of oral bioavailability of arginine-vasopressin (AVP) from pharmacological data was presented. After intravascular administration (i.v. bolus or short-term infusion) of AVP to rats, the relationship between blood concentrations and its effect on both mean arterial pressure (hemodynamic effect) and urinary sodium concentration (anti-diuretic effect) was described on the basis of an integrated pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model. A direct model was used for the hemodynamic response, while an indirect response model, rather than a hypothetical link model was used for the anti-diuretic response. A sigmoid Emax model was applied to describe the drug-receptor interaction. Pharmacological responses after intravascular administration of AVP were reasonably described by the PK-PD model. However, PD parameters estimated by the PK-PD analysis suggested that apparent receptor affinity rather than efficacy in i.v. bolus study was significantly higher than that in the short-term infusion study. This fact indicated that PK-PD relationship was influenced by the intravascular input rate of AVP. We then investigated the relationship between plasma concentration and amount of AVP bound to the V2 receptors in the kidney. The result indicated that the amount of AVP bound to the receptors after i.v. bolus injection was always greater than that after short-term infusion. Since the PK-PD relationship after oral administration was almost identical with that after short-term infusion, the PK-PD model obtained in the short-term infusion study was used to assess the extent of oral bioavailability (EBAPp.o.). The EBAp.o. values, estimated from pharmacological effects (hemodynamic effect and anti-diuretic effect) after oral administration of 5 microg/kg of AVP were 0.68% to 0.93% and were almost identical with the actual EBAPp.o. value (0.81%). From these results, we concluded that oral bioavailability of AVP was reasonably predicted by the PK-PD model, provided that appropriate pharmacological effects and appropriate intravascular dosing rate as a reference formulation are available. The method may be an alternative to methods based on plasma concentrations, when drug concentration cannot be measured and when appropriate pharmacological data are available.
Routine Culture and Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2006)

Human embryonic stem cells provide both an in vitro model of human development and a potential source of cells for treatment of degenerative, metabolic, or traumatic disorders. This chapter describes techniques for routine maintenance and differentiation of human embryonic stem cells in culture.
Modulation of host defense by the neuropeptide alpha-MSH. (1990)

alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), a peptide that occurs within the brain, the circulation, and other body sites, is a potent antipyretic agent when given centrally or peripherally. The peptide likewise inhibits inflammation and aspects of the acute-phase response. The combined evidence suggests that alpha-MSH molecules act as natural modulators of host reactions by antagonizing the central and peripheral actions of cytokines.
Expression of homing and adhesion molecules in infiltrated islets of Langerhans and salivary glands of nonobese diabetic mice. (1994)

The nonobese diabetic mouse is a relevant model for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus which results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by mononuclear cells infiltrating the islets of Langerhans. Other organs such as salivary glands display inflammatory infiltration. Using immunohistochemical and flow cytometry analyses, we have studied the expression of diverse homing and adhesion molecules in salivary glands and the pancreas in nonobese diabetic mice. In salivary glands, ICAM-1 was expressed by endothelial and dendritic cells within the lymphocytic infiltration. HEV-like structures expressing PNAd were observed in the areas of lymphocytic infiltration whereas MAdCAM-1 was absent. Lymphocytes infiltrating salivary glands expressed LFA-1 and Pgp-1 although Mel-14 Ag was absent. In infiltrated islets, ICAM-1 was expressed by endothelial cells, dendritic cells, and mononuclear cells. We confirm the presence of HEV-like structures expressing MAdCAM-1 and PNAd in inflamed islets. With regard to peripheral lymphocytes, the proportion of CD4 and CD8 cells expressing Mel-14 was decreased in the infiltrated islets, whereas the expression of LFA-1, Pgp-1, and LPAM-1/2 was increased. B lymphocytes exhibited up-regulation of LPAM-1/2. Moreover, the proportion of CD4, CD8, and B lymphocytes expressing CD69 was increased in the pancreas. These results indicate that first, infiltration of islets of Langerhans results at least partly from modifications of adhesion molecule expression in the pancreas, which allow extravasation of mononuclear cells into the islets via at least three different pathways; and second, that activated cells are concentrated in the infiltrates as compared with peripheral lymphoid organs.
FGF23, PHEX, and MEPE regulation of phosphate homeostasis and skeletal mineralization (2003)

There is evidence for a hormone/enzyme/extracellular matrix protein cascade involving fibroblastic growth factor 23 (FGF23), a phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome (PHEX), and a matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) that regulates systemic phosphate homeostasis and mineralization. Genetic studies of autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR) and X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) identified the phosphaturic hormone FGF23 and the membrane metalloprotease PHEX, and investigations of tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) discovered the extracellular matrix protein MEPE. Similarities between ADHR, XLH, and TIO suggest a model to explain the common pathogenesis of renal phosphate wasting and defective mineralization in these disorders. In this model, increments in FGF23 and MEPE, respectively, cause renal phosphate wasting and intrinsic mineralization abnormalities. FGF23 elevations in ADHR are due to mutations of FGF23 that block its degradation, in XLH from indirect actions of inactivating mutations of PHEX to modify the expression and/or degradation of FGF23 and MEPE, and in TIO because of increased production of FGF23 and MEPE. Although this model is attractive, several aspects need to be validated. First, the enzymes responsible for metabolizing FGF23 and MEPE need to be established. Second, the physiologically relevant PHEX substrates and the mechanisms whereby PHEX controls FGF23 and MEPE metabolism need to be elucidated. Finally, additional studies are required to establish the molecular mechanisms of FGF23 and MEPE actions on kidney and bone, as well as to confirm the role of these and other potential "phosphatonins," such as frizzled related protein-4, in the pathogenesis of the renal and skeletal phenotypes in XLH and TIO. Unraveling the components of this hormone/enzyme/extracellular matrix pathway will not only lead to a better understanding of phosphate homeostasis and mineralization but may also improve the diagnosis and treatment of hypo- and hyperphosphatemic disorders.
Review (1997)

Invasion to Embassy: Land in Aboriginal Politics in New South Wales, 1770–1972 . By Heather Goodall. Sydney: Allen &amp; Unwin in association with Black Books, 1996. Pp. xxiv + 421. Price $A29.95.
Ketamine helps a third of patients with treatment resistant depression, finds small UK study (2014)

A course of ketamine delivered intravenously could potentially be used to treat severe depression in patients who do not respond to other drugs, a UK study has found.

Currently electroconvulsive therapy may be offered to treatment resistant patients, but the potential benefits have to be balanced against the risk of memory loss.

Small randomised trials have shown that a single infusion of ketamine can have a substantial and rapid antidepressive effect in some treatment resistant patients who had been taken off other antidepressants.1 However, most of these patients relapsed within a week. Ketamine is a licensed drug that is widely used as an anaesthetic and in pain relief but is a class C banned substance because it is also used recreationally.

Researchers in Oxford decided to explore the safety and effectiveness …
Resource management for continuous multimedia database applications (1994)

The uniqueness of continuous multimedia database applications lies in the fact that they require system support steady flow of media access data. In this paper we address the problem of system resource management for such applications. We introduce a session-based scheduling paradigm that, unlike traditional task scheduling, enables scheduling of all processing entities (threads, I/O processes, and buffers) across multiple system resources for guarantee of steady mediaflow. Under this paradigm, we develop an approach to on-line generation of session resource requirements based on resource allocation tradeoffs. Further, we develop a multidimensional "bin-packing" approach to allocation and scheduling of multiple resources for concurrent sessions. The goal is to minimize resource overheads and maximize the number of concurrent sessions while meeting session timing constraints and resource capacity constraints.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Liposome formulations with prolonged circulation time in blood and enhanced uptake by tumors. (1988)

The rapid clearance of circulating liposomes from the bloodstream, coupled with their high uptake by liver and spleen, has thus far been an obstacle to any attempts at targeting to tumors. We have assessed the impact of liposome composition on their clearance from the circulation in normal and tumor-bearing mice and on their uptake by tumors and various normal tissues. By selective changes in lipid composition, while maintaining a mean particle diameter of approximately equal to 100 nm, we have achieved up to a 60-fold increase in the fraction of recovered dose present in blood 24 hr after i.v. injection. Concomitantly, there was a decrease by a factor of 4 of the recovered dose localizing in the liver and spleen, the major organs of the reticuloendothelial system. Parallel experiments in tumor-bearing mice demonstrated a 25-fold increase of the liposome concentration in the tumor when formulations with long and short blood residence time were compared. The most favorable results were obtained with liposomes containing a small molar fraction of a negatively charged glycolipid, such as monosialoganglioside or phosphatidylinositol, and a solid-phase neutral phospholipid as the bulk component. The bio-distribution of such formulations is of considerable therapeutic potential in cancer for increasing the concentration of cytotoxic agents in tumors while minimizing the likelihood of toxicity to the reticuloendothelial system.
A Comparative Study on the Efficiency of Two Enucleation Methods in Pig Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer: Effects of the Squeezing and the Aspiration Methods (2008)

In this study, two enucleation methods, the squeezing and the aspiration methods, were compared. The efficiency of these two methods to enucleate pig oocytes and the in vitro and in vivo viability of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) pig embryos, were evaluated. In the squeezing method, the zona pellucida was partially dissected and a small amount of cytoplasm containing metaphase II (MII) chromosomes and the first polar body (PB) were pushed out. In the aspiration method, the PB and MII chromosomes were aspirated using a beveled micropipette. After injection of fetal fibroblasts into the perivitelline space, reconstructed oocytes were fused and activated electrically, and then cultured in vitro for 6 days or transferred to surrogates. The squeezing method resulted in a higher proportion of degenerated oocytes than the aspiration method (14% vs. 5%). The squeezing method took longer to enucleate 100 oocytes (306 minutes) than the aspirating method (113 minutes). Fusion rate (72-78%) and cleavage rate (67%) were not influenced by the enucleation method but blastocyst formation was improved (P < 0.05) in oocytes enucleated by the aspiration method (5 vs. 9%). When SCNT embryos were transferred to recipients, pregnancy rates to term were similar (27%, 3/11 and 27%, 3/11) in both methods with the birth of 10 piglets/3 litters and 16 piglets/3 litters in the squeezing and the aspiration methods, respectively. Our results indicate that the aspiration method for oocyte enucleation is more efficient than the squeezing method in producing a large number of pig SCNT embryos with normal in vivo viability.
Glutamate Transporter Activators as Anti-Nociceptive Agents (2011)

The effective management of chronic pain remains enigmatic. There is a paucity of effective mechanistically-based approaches employed. Chronic visceral pain is a particularly difficult subcategory to manage. Glutamate is the most predominant excitatory neurotransmitter and mediates many aspects of sensory function including acute and chronic pain. There is a growing literature describing the efficacy of physiologically dominant glutamate transporter GLT-1 up-regulation in attenuating chronic visceral and somatic nociception. Since glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter released in the first central synapse of the pain-transmitting afferent neurons, augmentation of GLT-1 activity, which reduces extracellular levels of glutamate, may be an important target for pain management strategies. This review summarizes studies in our laboratory and others which highlight findings that GLT-1 up-regulation by transgenic, pharmacologic and viral transfection approaches attenuate a host of nociceptive responses emanating from visceral or somatic sources in animal models. The study also outlines the future work that will be required to ascertain the translational potential of this approach.
Determination of the absolute configuration of 6‐alkylated α‐pyrones from Ravensara crassifolia by LC‐NMR (2003)

The absolute configuration of asymmetric centres of two alpha-pyrones isolated from Ravensara crassifolia was determined using the Mosher method. The conventional analysis of the purified ester derivatives by 1H-NMR was replaced by a rapid and sensitive method in which the alpha-pyrones were analysed under isocratic reversed-phase LC-NMR conditions prior to and after derivatisation reactions. Comparison of the LC-1H-NMR spectra of the actual alpha-pyrones with those of the corresponding Mosher's esters recorded in the acetonitrile:deuterated water solvent system exhibited shifts comparable with those obtained using conventional deuterated solvents. Based on the shifts recorded, determination of the absolute configuration was possible by application of Mosher rules. The use of LC-NMR has permitted a direct analysis of crude reaction mixtures containing less than 50 microg of the starting material. Completion of the reaction was checked by LC-MS and the crude reaction mixture was analysed by stop-flow LC-NMR. This methodology seems very promising for the determination at the micro-scale level of the absolute configuration of natural products which are available only in very small amounts.
Multimedia and Wireless Technology to enhance an Integrated Emergency and Guidance System (2006)

Although both Emergency and guidance systems are very important in our life; but they still suffer from drawbacks such as: overloaded of communications and networks, they built for familiar people with a given environment and know emergency contact number, they should describe emergency case and location, lack of multi-lingual and multimedia capability usage. An integrated emergency and guidance system based on WiMAX was proposes to overcome such problems. This system provides: Live audio and video coverage of emergency situations, Automatic pre-recorded SMS and MMS to emergency services, site-location and intelligent route-guidance to destinations, automatic access to victims' information, adaptability, portability, security, flexibility, and wide area coverage
Tissue Gas Tensions and Oxygen Consumption in Healing Bone Defects (1975)

A technique for measuring the gaseous environment during the reconstitution of a large bone defect is described. Extensive testing of this system over the past 10 years has demonstrated its validity in measuring the average extracellular tissue pO-2 and pCO-2. Histology of the tissue surrounding the tonometer was obtained and correlated with the gaseous measurements. New bone formation in the healing segmental bone defects has been shown to take place under hypoxic conditions. The oxygen consumption of the surrounding tissue was determined and correlated with the histology and tissue gas measurements. It was demonstrated that the oxygen consumption was not elevated during the period of new bone formation, reflecting a state of anaerobic metabolism. The hypoxic conditions persist until the vascularity increases to match the cellularity. Thephysiological role of oxygen in osseous repair is presented. The present technique as well as the previously published microelectrode technique have demonstrated bone formation in vivo can take place under hypoxic conditions but the mechanism is not known and requires further investigation.
Construction of a nontoxic fusion peptide for immunization against Escherichia coli strains that produce heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins (1990)

The 5' terminus of the gene that codes for the heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli (ST) was genetically fused to the 3' terminus of the gene that codes for the binding subunit of the heat-labile enterotoxin of E. coli (LT-B). The ST-encoding gene used for these studies was constructed synthetically with appropriate restriction sites to permit in-frame, downstream insertion of the oligomer. For this construction, maximum expression of ST antigenicity was obtained when a seven-amino-acid, proline-containing linker was included between the LT-B and ST moieties. The LT-B-ST fusion peptide was purified by affinity chromatography and consisted of a single polypeptide chain with an apparent molecular weight of 18,000 when examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. There was no evidence of multimer formation and no change in the mobility of the fusion peptide when it was boiled in SDS or in SDS with dithiothreitol. The LT-B-ST fusion peptide was nontoxic, and immunologic determinants of both LT and ST were recognized by antibodies to the native toxins. More importantly, the LT-B-ST fusion peptide was immunogenic. Animals immunized with crude or purified preparations containing the hybrid molecule produced antibodies that were able to recognize native toxin in vitro. Significantly, these antibodies were able to neutralize the biological activity of native ST.
Linear Amplification with Nonlinear Components (1974)

A technique for producing bandpass linear amplification with nonlinear components (LINC) is described. The bandpass signal first is separated into two constant envelope component signals. All of the amplitude and phase information of the original bandpass signal is contained in phase modulation on the component signals. These constant envelope signals can be amplified or translated in frequency by amplifiers or mixers which have nonlinear input-output amplitude transfer characteristics. Passive linear combining of the amplified and/or translated component signals produces an amplified and/or translated replica of the original signal.
Biotin Interference in Clinical Immunoassays: A Cause for Concern (2017)

An increase in the use of biotin supplements by the general public is producing an increase in the number of reports of analytic interference in biotin-based immunoassays (BBAs) used to evaluate endocrine function.1,2 The fact that BBAs of similar design are currently used to diagnose and manage a wide range of other medical conditions, including anemias, malignancies, autoimmune and infectious diseases, and cardiac damage, raises the concern that the accuracy of results for other routine tests are compromised as well.3 Methods that use immunometric (“sandwich”) or competitive formats are at the greatest risk for producing falsely decreased or falsely increased results, respectively, when biotin is present in the sample.In June of 2016, we reviewed the current manufacturers' instructions for use for 374 methods performed by 8 of the most popular immunoassay analyzers used in the United States. Two hundred twenty-one of the methods were BBAs. Eighty-two of these were immunometric or competitive methods that had manufacturer-reported interference thresholds (IFTs) (ie, the concentrations above which exogenous biotin in the sample caused a difference of greater than ±10% in the test result) of less than 51 ng/mL. Another 15 of the methods neither reported an IFT nor identified biotin as a potential interfering substance (Table).Healthy subjects who take a single 1-mg or 100-mg oral dose of biotin have mean peak serum biotin concentrations of 8.64 and 4955 ng/mL, respectively, occurring between 1 and 3 hours post dose and declining with half-lives of 8 to 19 hours. The peak serum biotin concentration following a 1-mg oral dose would, therefore, be expected to increase the risk of an erroneous test result measured by a vulnerable method with an interference threshold of less than 8.6 ng/mL. While peak serum biotin concentrations after oral doses of 5 and 10 mg—the doses most frequently used by the public—have yet to be reported, the 100% bioavailability of such doses5 predicts that they would be even more likely to affect the accuracy of immunoassays with low interference thresholds. And certainly, the peak biotin concentration following a single 100-mg dose would be likely to decrease the analytic accuracy of all 82 of the methods that have thresholds of less than 51 ng/mL. In this case, the risk of an erroneous test result could persist for up to 8 elimination half-lives (>6 days) for a method with an IFT of 2.4 ng/mL. Therefore, it might be necessary to avoid the use of some BBAs altogether when testing subjects who are using the 100-mg biotin supplements that are now available over-the-counter.2,5The confluence of increased biotin supplement use by patients and the design limitations of many of the BBAs have already led to the misdiagnosis and mismanagement of patients.1–3 We are convinced that the risk of analytic interference by biotin supplements is a serious problem that needs to be more widely recognized and promptly addressed by health care providers, directors of clinical laboratories, and decision makers in the clinical diagnostics industry.