gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The toxic effects of tumor necrosis factor in vivo and their prevention by cyclooxygenase inhibitors. (1987)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a macrophage product under active study as an anticancer drug. However, this agent can be very toxic and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of endotoxic shock. After intravenous injection of human recombinant TNF (4 micrograms/g), growing rats showed an unusual constellation of physiological responses, and all died within 2-4 hr. In 1 hr, TNF caused a sharp fall (2.5 degrees C) in body temperature and a large increase in plasma prostaglandin E2 levels. Blood glucose initially increased, but then a profound hypoglycemia developed by 2 hr. The TNF-treated animals also showed diarrhea, cyanosis, and a severe metabolic acidosis. A single injection of the cyclooxygenase inhibitors indomethacin or ibuprofen before the TNF treatment completely prevented the rapid killing and reduced eventual lethality by 70%. These agents blocked prostaglandin E2 production and prevented the hypothermia, changes in blood glucose, acidosis, and other symptoms. Since similar physiological changes have been reported after endotoxin injection, our data support the suggestion that TNF production is a critical factor in the development of septic shock. These findings also indicate that increased production of prostaglandins or thromboxanes is important in endotoxic shock and argue that cyclooxygenase inhibitors should be useful in its therapy. Indomethacin did not block the cytotoxic effects of TNF in vitro on several transformed cell lines (HeLa, Me 180, or L929). Therefore, combined use of TNF with a cyclooxygenase inhibitor may allow safer administration of high doses of this polypeptide to cancer patients.
A note on the iterative application of Bayes' rule (1965)

Alterations in probability densities produced by iterative application of Bayes' rule are analyzed. Computational requirements for finding a sequence of a posteriori densities remain reasonable despite a growing sample size if and only if a sufficient statistic expressible as a vector of fixed dimension exists. The existence of such a sufficient statistic also insures existence of reproducing a priori probability densities (a priori probability densities insuring that the a posteriori densities are in the same family). The theory is applied to find a class of sequential Bayes estimators for a Gaussian covariance matrix, and to treat a variety of adaptive "Bayesian learning" schemes in a unified manner.
Bacteriophage cloning and Escherichia coli expression of a human IgM Fab (1992)

We have combined the molecular biology methods of the polymerase chain reaction and recombinant DNA cloning in bacteriophage lambda to express a human IgM Fab in Escherichia coli using genes derived from an Epstein-Barr virus transformed cell line. This method comprises three cDNA amplifications and a single cloning step, culminating in the stable overexpression of mammalian heterodimeric recombinant protein in a prokaryotic host.
Vapor-phase concentrations of arsenic, selenium, bromine, iodine, and mercury in the stack of a coal-fired power plant (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVapor-phase concentrations of arsenic, selenium, bromine, iodine, and mercury in the stack of a coal-fired power plantMark S. Germani and William H. ZollerCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1988, 22, 9, 1079–1085Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00174a013https://doi.org/10.1021/es00174a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views401Altmetric-Citations105LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Introduction: models and soil mechanics (1991)

Scientific understanding proceeds by way of constructing and analysing models of the segments or aspects of reality under study. The purpose of these models is not to give a mirror image of reality, not to include all its elements in their exact sizes and proportions, but rather to single out and make available for intensive investigation those elements which are decisive. We abstract from non-essentials, we blot out the unimportant to get an unobstructed view of the important, we magnify in order to improve the range and accuracy of our observation. A model is, and must be, unrealistic in the sense in which the word is most commonly used. Nevertheless, and in a sense, paradoxically, if it is a good model it provides the key to understanding reality. (Baran and Sweezy, 1968)
Vitamin E in Viral Inactivated Vaccines (1995)

This research aimed at verifying whether vitamin E added to inactivated and emulsified vaccines enhances the immune response to viral antigens in chicken. Three hundred and twenty broilers (males and females) and 16 types of vaccines, varying in viral antigen [Newcastle disease virus, egg drop syndrome 1976 virus (EDS76V), and infectious bursal disease virus] and vitamin E amount (replacing 10, 20, and 30% of mineral oil) were used. Results show that vaccines with vitamin E, especially when it replaces 20 or 30% of mineral oil, induces a more rapid and higher antibody response than control vaccines. An adjuvant effect of vitamin E was also present in viral vaccine lacking bacterial antigens. Apart from vitamin E content, the Newcastle disease virus and infectious bursal disease virus monovalent vaccines induced higher titers of specific circulating antibodies in birds than did trivalent vaccines.
Endoscopic surveillance of Barrett's esophagus. Does it help? (1993)

Patients with Barrett's esophagus are recognized as having a high risk of development of adenocarcinoma. Although endoscopic surveillance of these patients is commonly practiced, its benefits have not been proved. This study was undertaken to examine the effect of endoscopic surveillance on the stage of resected carcinoma arising in Barrett's esophagus and the effect on postoperative survival. Between 1973 and 1991, 77 patients with adenocarcinoma were seen by us, and 19 of them were under endoscopic surveillance. The 19 patients underwent endoscopic biopsies at 1-month to 4-year intervals (median 6 months). All but one patient underwent esophagogastrectomy when severe dysplasia or invasive carcinoma was detected. The stages of the resected carcinomas in the group under surveillance compared with the group not under surveillance were significantly different, 58% of the patients under surveillance having stages 0 and I disease and 21% having stage III disease compared with 17% of the patients not under surveillance having stages 0 and I disease and 47% having stage III disease (p = 0.006). The 5-year actuarial survival of patients undergoing routine surveillance was 62% and of patients not under surveillance, 20% (p = 0.007). Endoscopic surveillance of patients with benign Barrett's esophagus permits detection of carcinoma at an early stage and improves long-term survival after resection for severe dysplasia and invasive carcinoma.
Aerosol delivery in intubated, mechanically ventilated patients (1985)

To study the effects of respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation on aerosol delivery to the lungs, we performed nuclear scans after aerosolization of 5 to 9 mCi of Tc-99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid in seven stable, intubated, and mechanically ventilated patients. The radioactivity reaching the lungs was 2.9 +/- .7% (mean +/- SD) of the administered dose, an amount significantly less than that in three healthy nonintubated subjects and also less than what would be expected in nonintubated subjects from other published reports. We then performed a subsequent study in 15 additional mechanically ventilated patients who were receiving aerosolized bronchodilators through their endotracheal tube. In these patients, heart rate and lung mechanical function values before and after treatment were not significantly different. We conclude from these studies that aerosol delivery in mechanically ventilated patients is significantly reduced and that this is probably due to a combination of suboptimal breathing pattern, intrinsic airway disease, and the endotracheal tube functioning as both a site for aerosol deposition through impaction as well as a barrier to gastrointestinal absorption.
Lithium Bis(pentafluorophenyl)amide — Syntheses and Structural Characterization of its Complexes with Diethyl Ether and THF (2004)

Abstract The title compound, viz. (C 6 F 5 ) 2 NLi was prepared as dimeric complexes with Et 2 O or THF by the reaction of (C 6 F 5 ) 2 NH (DFDPA) with n ‐BuLi. Identity and structures were established by elemental analyses, 1 H, 13 C, and 19 F NMR spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy. The crystal structures of dimeric [(C 6 F 5 ) 2 NLi(Et 2 O)] 2 ( 1 ) and [(C 6 F 5 ) 2 NLi(THF)] 2 ( 2 ) were determined by X‐ray diffraction methods.
Intranasal Administration of RecombinantNeisseria gonorrhoeaeTransferrin Binding Proteins A and B Conjugated to the Cholera Toxin B Subunit Induces Systemic and Vaginal Antibodies in Mice (2005)

The transferrin binding proteins (TbpA and TbpB) comprise the gonococcal transferrin receptor and are considered potential antigens for inclusion in a vaccine against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Intranasal (IN) immunization has shown promise in development of immunity against sexually transmitted disease pathogens, in part due to the induction of antigen-specific genital tract immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG. Conjugation of antigens to the highly immunogenic cholera toxin B subunit (Ctb) enhances antibody responses in the serum and mucosal secretions following IN vaccination. In the current study, we characterized the anti-Tbp immune responses following immunization of mice IN with recombinant transferrin binding proteins (rTbpA and rTbpB) conjugated to rCtb. We found that both rTbpA-Ctb and rTbpB-Ctb conjugates administered IN induced antibody responses in the serum and genital tract. IN immunization resulted in both IgA and IgG in the genital tract; however, subcutaneous immunization mainly generated IgG. Surprisingly, rTbpA alone was immunogenic and induced serum and mucosal antibody responses similar to those elicited against the rTbpA-Ctb conjugate. Overall, rTbpB was much more immunogenic than rTbpA, generating serum IgG levels that were greater than those elicited against rTbpA. Bactericidal assays conducted with sera collected from mice immunized IN with TbpA and/or TbpB indicated that both antigens generated antibodies with bactericidal activity. Anti-TbpA antibodies were cross-bactericidal against heterologous gonococcal strains, whereas TbpB-specific antibodies were less cross-reactive. By contrast, antibodies elicited via subcutaneous immunization were not cross-bactericidal against heterologous strains, indicating that IN vaccination could be the preferred route for elicitation of biologically functional antibodies.
Integration of Cell Culture and Microfabrication Technology (2003)

Recent progress in cell culture and microfabrication technologies has contributed to the development of cell-based biosensors for the functional characterization and detection of drugs, pathogens, toxicants, and odorants. The cell-based biosensors are composed of two transducers, where the primary transducer is cellular and the secondary transducer is typically electrical. Advances in gene manipulation and cell culture techniques have contributed to the development of the cell as a transducer, while microfabrication techniques have been applied to the development of integrating the cell with the second transducer. Cellular patterning using microfabrication techniques is essential for cell-based biosensors, cell culture analogues, tissue engineering, and fundamental studies of cell biology. The photolithographic technique is highly developed and has been widely used for patterning cells. Recently, a set of alternative techniques, largely based on soft lithoghraphy, has been developed for biological applications. Those techniques include microcontact printing, microfluidic patterning using microchannels, and laminar flow patterning. A classical metallic stencil patterning method has been improved by employing a rubber-like stencil. These cellular micropatterning techniques have been usefully employed to understand questions in fundamental cell biology, especially cellular interactions with various materials and other cells. Using these micropatterning tecchniques and insights into the interaction of cellular biology with surfaces, a wide array of biosensors have been developed. In this manuscript examples of cell-based biosensors are described. Neurons have a great potential for use in a cell-based biosensor because they are electrically excitable cells, from which electrical signals are generated with the binding of detecting molecules. Consequently, the electrical signals generated in the cell can be determined in a noninvasive manner. A microphysiometer is a device to detect functional responses from cells by measuring the change of extracellular pH. The main application of the microphysiometer is the analysis of functional responses of cells upon receptor stimulation. Development of a microscale cell culture analogue system, an in vitro animal or human surrogate, is another promising area using cell culture and microfabrication technologies. Such devices are potentially very useful in the fields of toxicology and drug testing because they may increase the accuracy of in vitro predictions, simplify testing procedures, and reduce the cost of such tests, allowing many more tests to be done with a limited set of resources.
The fate mapping of the eleventh and twelfth day mouse otocyst: An in vitro study of the sites of origin of the embryonic inner ear sensory structures (1978)

An experiment was undertaken to determine which sensory structures of the mouse embryo inner ear developed from what portion of the mouse otocyst. Otocysts of gestation days 10, 11, 12, and 13 were divided by surgical dissection into six anatomical groups: dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, medial and lateral halves. They were organ cultured separately. After a period of ten days, the explanted tissues were harvested and processed histologically for microscopic analysis. The surgical control specimens fixed at the time of explantation were composed of undifferentiated ectodermal cells for tissues of gestation days 10, 11, and 12. Otocysts of gestation days 11, and 12 showed, during the course of their subsequent growth, that the three semicircular ducts and their associated cristae developed from the dorsal and lateral halves. Only the anterior and posterior canals and cristae originated from the medial portion. The posterior half gave rise to the posterior crista and the anterior half provided for the development of the anterior and lateral cristae. The cochlear duct and its sensory epithelium developed in all the anatomical groups except the dorsal half. The utricle developed in the dorsal section of the middle third of the otocyst, while the utricular macula developed in the anterior half of the same section of the otocyst. The saccule and its macula differentiated from the ventral section of the middle third of the anterior half.
A proximal activator of transcription in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (2007)

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important mechanism for phenotypic conversion in normal development and disease states such as tissue fibrosis and metastasis. While this conversion of epithelia is under tight transcriptional control, few of the key transcriptional proteins are known. Fibroblasts produced by EMT express a gene encoding fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1), which is regulated by a proximal cis-acting promoter element called fibroblast transcription site-1 (FTS-1). In mass spectrometry, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and siRNA studies, we used FTS-1 as a unique probe for mediators of EMT and identified a complex of 2 proteins, CArG box-binding factor-A (CBF-A) and KRAB-associated protein 1 (KAP-1), that bind this site. Epithelial cells engineered to conditionally express recombinant CBF-A (rCBF-A) activate the transcription of FSP1 and undergo EMT. The FTS-1 response element also exists in the promoters modulating a broader EMT transcriptome, including Twist, and Snail, as well as E-cadherin, beta-catenin, ZO 1, vimentin, alpha1(I) collagen, and alpha-smooth muscle actin, and the induction of rCBF-A appropriately alters their expression as well. We believe formation of the CBF-A/KAP-1/FTS-1 complex is sufficient for the induction of FSP1 and a novel proximal activator of EMT.
Microfluidics-Based Biochips: Technology Issues, Implementation Platforms, and Design-Automation Challenges (2006)

Microfluidics-based biochips are soon expected to revolutionize clinical diagnosis, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing, and other laboratory procedures involving molecular biology. In contrast to continuous-flow systems that rely on permanently etched microchannels, micropumps, and microvalves, digital microfluidics offers a scalable system architecture and dynamic reconfigurability; groups of unit cells in a microfluidics array can be reconfigured to change their functionality during the concurrent execution of a set of bioassays. As more bioassays are executed concurrently on a biochip, system integration and design complexity are expected to increase dramatically. This paper presents an overview of an integrated system-level design methodology that attempts to address key issues in the synthesis, testing and reconfiguration of digital microfluidics-based biochips. Different actuation mechanisms for microfluidics-based biochips, and associated design-automation trends and challenges are also discussed. The proposed top-down design-automation approach is expected to relieve biochip users from the burden of manual optimization of bioassays, time-consuming hardware design, and costly testing and maintenance procedures, and it will facilitate the integration of fluidic components with a microelectronic component in next-generation systems-on-chips (SOCs).
[Effect of mm-LDL on NF-kB activation in endothelial cell]. (2001)

mm-LDL may activate NF-kB through NIK-IKK beta pathway and promote PDGFb mRNA expression in endothelial cells.
Primary culture model of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ activity in prostate cancer cells (2003)

BRL 49653 (rosiglitazone) is a thiazolidinedione anti-diabetic drug that activates the nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Pilot clinical trials have shown evidence of therapeutic activity of PPARgamma agonists against prostate cancer. To more effectively use PPARgamma ligands to treat this common and generally chemo-resistant type of cancer, it will be necessary to better understand the nature of PPARgamma activity in prostate cancer cells. Tumor suppressor effects of activation of PPARgamma may include suppression of growth and/or induction of differentiation or apoptosis. We investigated responses of primary cultures of human prostatic cancer cells to BRL 49653. PPARgamma was expressed in all of the cell strains examined. BRL 49653 caused dose- and time-dependent growth inhibition that was associated with increased expression of the transcription repressor, transforming growth factor beta-stimulated clone 22 (TSC-22), and markedly increased expression of the secretory differentiation-associated gene adipophilin. Adipocyte-type fatty acid binding protein (aFABP), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), glycerol kinase (GyK), and beta-catenin, which are regulated by PPARgamma ligands in certain other types of cells, were not regulated by BRL 49653 in prostate cells. Upregulation of adipophilin coincided with morphological changes and the appearance of cytoplasmic vacuoles with ultrastructural features of secondary lysosomes. These results extend previous studies with established cancer cell lines and show that PPARgamma agonists can inhibit proliferation and modulate expression of secretory-associated genes in primary cultures of prostate cancer cells, further warranting consideration of these agents as pro-differentiating chemotherapeutic or chemoprevention agents for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Modes on elliptical cross-section dielectric-tube waveguides (1979)

The problem of electromagnetic-wave propagation along a dielectric-tube waveguide of elliptical cross-section is considered. The characteristic equations for odd and even hybrid modes are derived in the form of two infinite determinants, which degenerate to the well-known characteristic equation for hybrid modes on circular tubes as the eccentricity tends to zero. The characteristic roots are computed for various eccentricities and tube thicknesses. It is found that there exist two dominant modes which possess zero cutoff frequencies. The modes on the elliptical tube waveguide are designated by observing computer plots of the radial variation of the field components. The phase velocity is shown to be dependent more upon dielectric area than eccentricity. Thin-walled tubes exhibit less dispersion while thick-walled guides behave as solid dielectric rods. Experimental results on zero-eccentricity tubes agree well with theory.
Discovery and Pre-clinical Development of Antithrombotics from Hematophagous Invertebrates (2005)

Bloodfeeding (hematophagous) parasites have evolved effective means of inhibiting mammalian thrombosis, thereby facilitating the acquisition and digestion of a bloodmeal. To date, specific inhibitors of coagulation and platelet function have been identified from numerous invertebrate species, representing an impressive array of convergent functional strategies. These parasite antithrombotics, in addition to playing a critical role in the diseases caused or transmitted by bloodfeeding invertebrates, may also serve as potentially useful therapeutic agents for the treatment of a variety of conditions associated with activation of thrombosis. A number of naturally occurring anticoagulants and platelet inhibitors have been evaluated in vivo, with some currently in varying stages of preclinical and clinical development. Because of the unique specificity and potency of parasite antithrombotics, these invertebrate natural products hold great promise for improving the treatment of a variety of human illnesses, including heart disease, stroke, and cancer.
Comparison of polarization mode dispersion emulators (2001)

We analyze polarization mode dispersion (PMD) emulators comprised of a small number of sections of polarization-maintaining fibers with polarization scattering at the beginning of each section. Unlike previously studied devices, these emulators allow the emulation of a whole ensemble of fibers. We derive an analytical expressions and determine two main criteria that characterize the quality of PMD emulation. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
Myogenesis: fusion, myosin synthesis, and the mitotic cycle. (1966)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.