gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic channel allocation techniques using adaptive modulation and adaptive antennas (1999)

This contribution studies the impact of adaptive modulation (AQAM) on network performance, when applied to a cellular network using adaptive antennas with fixed channel allocation (FCA) and locally distributed dynamic channel allocation (DCA) schemes. The performance advantages of using adaptive modulation are quantified in terms of overall network performance, mean transmitted power and the average network throughput. With the advent of AQAM 33% and 87% increases in the number of users can be supported by FCA and DCA, respectively.
Increasing dynamic range of cameras with dynamic sunlight filter (DSF) (2011)

Todays battlefield is using imaging systems everywhere, starting from simple observation systems and up to very sophisticate warning and offensive systems. Cameras are integrated in almost all systems. Regulation and control of optical power in cameras presently requires an electronic feedback control or offline data processing, which introduces complex and expensive systems. We present a non-linear, solid-state passive dynamic sunlight filter (DSF) performing this process, yielding similar results - passively. When sunlight intensity increases, the DSF transmission decreases according to the amount of the incident lights, resulting in a darkened state, which is limited only to the over exposed area. The area returns to transparency once the amount of light decreases below a threshold level. We demonstrate here new experimental results showing an increase in the camera's dynamic range when using the DSF.
GDF3, a BMP inhibitor, regulates cell fate in stem cells and early embryos (2005)

The TGFbeta superfamily of ligands plays key functions in development and disease. In both human and mouse embryonic stem cells, a member of this family, GDF3, is specifically expressed in the pluripotent state. We show that GDF3 is an inhibitor of its own subfamily, blocks classic BMP signaling in multiple contexts, interacts with BMP proteins and is expressed specifically in the node during gastrulation in a pattern consistent with BMP inhibition. Furthermore, we use gain- and reduction-of-function to show that in a species-specific manner, GDF3 regulates both of the two major characteristics of embryonic stem cells: the ability to maintain the undifferentiated state and the ability to differentiate into the full spectrum of cell types.
Crystal Structure of the Human Histone Methyltransferase ASH1L Catalytic Domain and Its Implications for the Regulatory Mechanism (2011)

Absent, small, or homeotic disc1 (Ash1) is a trithorax group histone methyltransferase that is involved in gene activation. Although there are many known histone methyltransferases, their regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we present the crystal structure of the human ASH1L catalytic domain, showing its substrate binding pocket blocked by a loop from the post-SET domain. In this configuration, the loop limits substrate access to the active site. Mutagenesis of the loop stimulates ASH1L histone methyltransferase activity, suggesting that ASH1L activity may be regulated through the loop from the post-SET domain. In addition, we show that human ASH1L specifically methylates histone H3 Lys-36. Our data implicate that there may be a regulatory mechanism of ASH1L histone methyltransferases.
Nanoscale amphiphilic macromolecules as lipoprotein inhibitors: the role of charge and architecture. (2007)

A series of novel amphiphilic macromolecules composed of alkyl chains as the hydrophobic block and poly(ethylene glycol) as the hydrophilic block were designed to inhibit highly oxidized low density lipoprotein (hoxLDL) uptake by synthesizing macromolecules with negatively charged moieties (ie, carboxylic acids) located in the two different blocks. The macromolecules have molecular weights around 5,500 g/mol, form micelles in aqueous solution with an average size of 20-35 nm, and display critical micelle concentration values as low as 10(-7) M. Their charge densities and hydrodynamic size in physiological buffer solutions correlated with the hydrophobic/ hydrophilic block location and quantity of the carboxylate groups. Generally, carboxylate groups located in the hydrophobic block destabilize micelle formation more than carboxylate groups in the hydrophilic block. Although all amphiphilic macromolecules inhibited unregulated uptake of hoxLDL by macrophages, inhibition efficiency was influenced by the quantity and location of the negatively charged-carboxylate on the macromolecules. Notably, negative charge is not the sole factor in reducing hoxLDL uptake. The combination of smaller size, micellar stability and charge density is critical for inhibiting hoxLDL uptake by macrophages.
Effect of pravastatin on LDL particle concentration as determined by NMR spectroscopy: a substudy of a randomized placebo controlled trial (2003)

Among individuals without overt hyperlipidemia or known coronary artery disease, randomized allocation to pravastatin (40mg) therapy for 12 weeks caused a reduction in LDL particle concentration-NMR, the magnitude of which was dependent on baseline LDL size-NMR.
Monocyte chemotactic protein expression in allergy and non-allergy-associated chronic sinusitis. (1998)

Our data suggest biologic redundancy in the expression of eosinophil chemoattractants in CS and a potential role for MCP-3 and MCP-4, but not MCP-1, in the pathophysiology of this disorder. Further, chemokines may be a common link between the eosinophilia of allergy-associated and non-allergy-associated CS, a finding that may have therapeutic implications.
Characterization of a hormone-inducible, high affinity adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate phosphodiesterase from the rat Sertoli cell (1995)

In previous reports we have shown that FSH and beta-adrenergic agonists regulate the levels of mRNA and increase the activity of a high affinity cAMP phosphodiesterase (cAMP-PDE) in the immature rat Sertoli cell in culture. To identify and characterize the hormone-inducible form(s), the cAMP-PDE activity of the Sertoli cell was partially purified and its properties were determined using biochemical and immunological tools. The cAMP-PDE activity present in the 100,000g supernatant of Sertoli cell extracts was purified more than 2000-fold by four HPLC chromatographic steps. The major purified form of cAMP-PDE had a specific activity of 1-2 mumol/(min.mg of protein). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining analysis showed that a 67-68 kDa polypeptide comigrated with the major peak of cAMP hydrolytic activity. The molecular weight of the crude or purified enzyme determined by gel filtration and sucrose density gradients was 150,000, suggesting that the native enzyme is an oligomeric structure. This PDE hydrolyzed cAMP with a Km of 1.97 +/- 0.26 microM. The hydrolysis of cAMP was neither inhibited nor stimulated by cGMP concentrations lower than 50 microM. Cyclic nucleotide catalysis required Mg2+, but was insensitive to Ca2+. The activity of this form was competitively inhibited by several inhibitors with the following potency: rolipram > RO 20-1724 > methylisobutylxanthine > cilostamide = milrinone. Because mRNAs derived from two distinct PDE4B and PDE4D genes are present in the Sertoli cell, selective and nonselective PDE antibodies were used to determine the origin of the inducible PDE protein.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Extracts from "Clinical Evidence": Age related macular degeneration (2000)

Competing interests: JA was a clinical investigator in the study of photodynamic treatment using verteporfin, which was funded by CIBA Vision/QLT. She has been supported by CIBA Vision for attendance at conferences and symposia.



If you are interested in being a contributor or peer reviewer for Clinical Evidence please visit the Clinical Evidence website (www.clinicalevidence.org)



Clinical Evidence is published by BMJ Publishing Group. The third issue is available now, and Clinical Evidence will be updated and expanded every six months. Individual subscription rate, issues 3 and 4 £75/$140; institutional rate £160/$245. For more information including how to subscribe, please visit the Clinical Evidence website at www.clinicalevidence.org
Reaktionen von Diazoalkanen mit α‐Diketonen und Chinonen, XXIV1)Synthese und Reaktionen substituierter Pyrrolin‐2,3‐dione mit Diazoalkanen (1976)

Abstract Durch Kondensation von Anilen mit Oxalylchlorid werden die Pyrrolindione 1 a‐ f erhalten. Bei der Reaktion von Diazomethan und Diazoathan mit l a ‐c entstehen die isomeren Hydroxypyridone 2a‐ f und 3a‐ f sowie die Ätherderivate 5a‐ f . Im Falle der Umsetzung mit Diazomethan lassen sich daneben die Cyclopropanverbindungen 6a‐ c isolieren. Mit Diazoessigester und Phenyldiazomethan fuhrt die Reaktion mit 1 a ‐ c unter Kupferkatalyse zu den Hydroxypyridonen 2g‐ 1 bzw. 3g‐ 1 .
Pharmaceutical Applications of Hot-Melt Extrusion: Part II (2007)

The advent of high through-put screening in the drug discovery process has resulted in compounds with high lipophilicity and poor solubility. Increasing the solubility of such compounds poses a major challenge to formulation scientists. Various approaches have been adopted to address this including preparation of solid dispersions and solid solutions. Hot-melt extrusion is an efficient technology for producing solid molecular dispersions with considerable advantages over solvent-based processes such as spray drying and co-precipitation. Hot-melt extrusion has been demonstrated to provide sustained, modified, and targeted drug delivery. Improvements in bioavailability utilizing the hot-melt extrusion technique demonstrate the value of the technology as a potential drug delivery processing tool. The interest in hot-melt extrusion technology for pharmaceutical applications is evident from the increasing number of patents and publications in the scientific literature. Part II of this article reviews the myriad of hot-melt extrusion applications for pharmaceutical dosage forms including granules, pellets, tablets, implants, transmucosal, and transdermal systems.
An annular toroidal backscattered electron energy analyser for use in scanning electron microscopy (1996)

A backscattered electron energy spectrometer, based on a toroidal energy analyser and an annular detector, has been devised and adapted for use in a scanning electron microscope. Computer simulations have been carried out for equipotentials and trajectories of electrons in the toroidal deflector, which permit the optimisation of the energy analyser characteristics for special applications. Based upon these results, a device has been built and its efficiency is demonstrated by selected images of a multilayered structure and a series of recorded backscattered electron spectra.
Treatment of Acromegaly with the Growth Hormone–Receptor Antagonist Pegvisomant (2000)

On the basis of these preliminary results, treatment of patients who have acromegaly with a growth hormone-receptor antagonist results in a reduction in serum IGF-I concentrations and in clinical improvement.
Plerixafor inhibits chemotaxis toward SDF-1 and CXCR4-mediated stroma contact in a dose-dependent manner resulting in increased susceptibility of BCR-ABL+cell to Imatinib and Nilotinib (2009)

Despite Imatinib's remarkable success in chronic myelogenous leukemia treatment, monotherapy frequently causes resistance, underlining the rationale for combination chemotherapy. A potential approach would be interrupting the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis using the selective CXCR4 antagonist Plerixafor (previously AMD3100), as this axis has been reported to provide survival-enhancing effects to myeloid progenitor cells. By efficient CXCR4 blocking in the CXCR4(+)/BCR-ABL(+) cell line BV-173, plerixafor (1-100 muM) significantly inhibits SDF-1alpha-mediated chemotaxis and cell migration toward the murine stroma cell line FBMD-1. Furthermore, plerixafor also significantly (10-100 muM) increased the detachment rate of SDF-1-mediated/VCAM-1-associated cell adherence under shear stress. Using a stroma-dependent coculture assay, plerixafor sensitized BCR-ABL(+) cells toward tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Because the level of cell killing nearly reached that of samples cultured without stroma, a cell-cell interaction disruption seems to improve the efficacy of BCR-ABL-targeting drugs. In addition, we could show that exposure of BCR-ABL(+) cells to Imatinib or Nilotinib induced an increase in surface CXCR4 expression. Our data suggest that for BCR-ABL(+) leukemia, the selective blocking of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis by plerixafor is a potential mechanism to overcome the protective effect of the bone marrow environment, thereby increasing the therapeutic potency of anti-BCR-ABL drugs and the therapeutic window.
Isolation and characterization of plasmacytoid dendritic cells from Flt3 ligand and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor–treated mice (2001)

Interferon alpha/beta plays an important role in the first-line defense against viral infections and can modulate cytokine responses by T-helper cells. Type 1 interferons (IFNs) are clinically important in infectious diseases and in the treatment of leukemia and lymphomas. Many different cell types have the capacity to produce IFN-alpha after encounter with virus and bacteria. The major, natural type 1 IFN-producing cell in humans was recently described as the plasmacytoid T cell, or pDC2, and it can differentiate into dendritic cells (DCs) on culture. This study describes the murine natural IFN-alpha-producing cell, or pDC2, that shares morphologic features with its human counterpart but has some distinct phenotypical characteristics. Murine plasmacytoid DCs can be differentially isolated based on their expression of CD11c, B220 (CD45R), and Thy1.2 (CD90). They lack expression of myeloid (eg, CD11b) antigens and CD8 alpha, a marker used to isolate lymphoid DCs. Like human pDC2, murine plasmacytoid DCs exhibit their maximal type 1 IFN-producing capacity at a precursor stage; pDCs isolated from bone marrow responded to viral stimulation with higher IFN-alpha production than cells of the same phenotype isolated from spleen. Mobilization of mice with Flt3 ligand (Flt3L) or Flt3L and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, hematopoietic factors that specifically enhance DC growth, resulted in strikingly increased numbers of pDC in bone marrow and spleen. The isolation of this novel murine DC subset may serve as a useful tool in the study of viral immunobiology and for the design of treatments for murine malignancies.
Error Prediction in Spoken Dialog: From Signal-to-Noise Ratio to Semantic Confidence Scores (2006)

Spoken dialog systems aim to interpret the meanings of users' utterances and respond to them accordingly. The users' utterances are first recognized by an automatic speech recognizer (ASR) and the intents of the users are extracted by the spoken language understanding (SLU) unit. Both ASR and SLU are noisy and in general their noise statistics are not correlated. Our goal is to exploit the signal-to-noise information and ASR lattice-based and semantic confidence scores for SLU error prediction and prevention of these by rejecting erroneous utterances, or asking confirmation questions. In our experiments, we have shown up to 80% relative decrease in the error rate of the accepted utterances collected using the AT&T How May I Help You/spl trade/ spoken dialog system used for customer care.
Laparoscopic surgery assisted by a robotic cameraman: concept and experimental results (2002)

Laparoscopic surgery is a new type of approach involving the use of a laparoscopic camera and special instruments which are inserted into the abdominal cavity through the abdominal wall. Over the last five years, a variety of complex abdominal surgical interventions have been developed and are now performed according to the minimally invasive surgery principle. In this article, a surgical procedure for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal) is presented that involves a robotic assistant. The robot manipulates the laparoscope and provides the video image as it moves into the abdominal cavity. The robot acts as a cameraman and replaces the surgical assistant. The concept of a robotic assistant is presented and the various modifications made to the robot are described. A motion control strategy permits easy teleoperation of the robot. Surgical interventions have been successfully performed, first on animals and then on 8 patients.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Studies of group B streptococcal infection in mice deficient in complement component C3 or C4 demonstrate an essential role for complement in both innate and acquired immunity. (1995)

Group B streptococci (GBS) cause sepsis and meningitis in neonates and serious infections in adults with underlying chronic illnesses. Specific antibodies have been shown to be an important factor in protective immunity for neonates, but the role of serum complement is less well defined. To elucidate the function of the complement system in immunity to this pathogen, we have used the approach of gene targeting in embryonic stem cells to generate mice totally deficient in complement component C3. Comparison of C3-deficient mice with mice deficient in complement component C4 demonstrated that the 50% lethal dose for GBS infection was reduced by approximately 50-fold and 25-fold, respectively, compared to control mice. GBS were effectively killed in vitro by human blood leukocytes in the presence of specific antibody and C4-deficient serum but not C3-deficient serum. The defective opsonization by C3-deficient serum in vitro was corroborated by in vivo studies in which passive immunization of pregnant dams with specific antibodies conferred protection from GBS challenge to normal and C4-deficient pups but not C3-deficient pups. These results indicate that the alternative pathway is sufficient to mediate effective opsonophagocytosis and protective immunity to GBS in the presence of specific antibody. In contrast, the increased susceptibility to infection of non-immune mice deficient in either C3 or C4 implies that the classical pathway plays an essential role in host defense against GBS infection in the absence of specific immunity.
Inkjet-like printing of single-cells (2011)

Cell sorting and separation techniques are essential tools for cell biology research and for many diagnostic and therapeutic applications. For many of these applications, it is imperative that heterogeneous populations of cells are segregated according to their cell type and that individual cells can be isolated and analysed. We present a novel technique to isolate single cells encapsulated in a picolitre sized droplet that are then deposited by inkjet-like printing at defined locations for downstream genomic analysis. The single-cell-manipulator (SCM) developed for this purpose consists of a dispenser chip to print cells contained in a free flying droplet, a computer vision system to detect single-cells inside the dispenser chip prior to printing, and appropriate automation equipment to print single-cells onto defined locations on a substrate. This technique is spatially dynamic, enabling cell printing on a wide range of commonly used substrates such as microscope slides, membranes and microtiter plates. Demonstration experiments performed using the SCM resulted in a printing efficiency of 87% for polystyrene microbeads of 10 μm size. When the SCM was applied to a cervical cancer cell line (HeLa), a printing efficiency of 87% was observed and a post-SCM cell viability rate of 75% was achieved.
Correction for ambiguous solutions in factor analysis using a penalized least squares objective (2002)

Factor analysis is a powerful tool used for the analysis of dynamic studies. One of the major drawbacks of factor analysis of dynamic structures (FADS) is that the solution is not mathematically unique when only nonnegativity constraints are used to determine factors and factor coefficients. In this paper, a method to correct for ambiguous FADS solutions has been developed. A nonambiguous solution (to within certain scaling factors) is obtained by constructing and minimizing a new objective function. The most common objective function consists of a least squares term that when minimized with nonnegativity constraints, forces agreement between the applied factor model and the measured data. In our method, this objective function is modified by adding a term that penalizes multiple components in the images of the factor coefficients. Due to nonuniqueness effects, these factor coefficients consist of more than one physiological component. The technique was tested on computer simulations, an experimental canine cardiac study using 99mTc-teboroxime, and a patient planar 99mTc-MAG3 renal study. The results show that the technique works well in comparison to the truth in computer simulations and to region of interest (ROI) measurements in the experimental studies.
Free Radical Reactions in Poly(methyl methacrylate) Films Monitored Using a Prefluorescent Quinoline−TEMPO Sensor (2003)

The photochemical and photophysical properties of 4-(3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-quinolinoyloxy)-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl free radical (QT) have been studied as a prefluorescent probe to monitor free radical processes in polymer films. This methodology takes advantage of the efficient intramolecular quenching of the fluorescence of quinoline by the paramagnetic nitroxide, which is disabled when TEMPO reacts with carbon-centered radicals. The fluorescence intensity−time profile observed in the thermal decomposition of 2,2‘-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) films showed initial increments in the fluorescence with time, according to the trapping of carbon-centered radicals by QT in the polymer films. Comparison of data under nitrogen and oxygen saturation conditions suggests that oxygen trapping of the carbon-centered radicals at 90 °C is about 20 times faster than reaction with nitroxides. The activation energy for AIBN decomposition in PMMA was measured as 34.1 kcal/mol. Analysis of the fluorescence lifetime distribution establishes the involvement of both static and dynamic fluorescence quenching of the diamagnetic reaction product by AIBN.
Glass Lasers (1966)

After a general discussion of the merits of glass vs. crystals as host materials for laser ions, a summary is given of the various glass lasers. Because of its importance as an efficient, room temperature laser the properties of neodymium are considered in greater detail. This includes the nonlaser properties of Nd(3+) in glass, the spectral and temporal emission characteristics of Nd(3+) lasers, and Nd(3+) laser configurations. Separate sections deal with the other two room temperature lasers which use Yb(3+) or Er(3+). The problem of thermal stability of laser cavities is also discussed. Finally, a survey is given of the glasses that are useful as Faraday rotators.
Video-rate optical low-coherence reflectometry based on a linear smart detector array (2000)

A low-coherence reflectometer based on a conventional Michelson interferometer and a novel silicon detector chip that allows parallel heterodyne detection is presented. Cross-sectional images of 64x256 pixels covering an area of 1.92 mm x 1.3 mm are acquired at video rate and with a sensitivity close to the shot-noise limit. Applications in surface profiling and thickness measurement are demonstrated.
Direct maximization of average precision by hill-climbing, with a comparison to a maximum entropy approach (2004)

We describe an algorithm for choosing term weights to maximize average precision. The algorithm performs successive exhaustive searches through single directions in weight space. It makes use of a novel technique for considering all possible values of average precision that arise in searching for a maximum in a given direction. We apply the algorithm and compare this algorithm to a maximum entropy approach.