gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Saliency Optimization from Robust Background Detection (2014)

Recent progresses in salient object detection have exploited the boundary prior, or background information, to assist other saliency cues such as contrast, achieving state-of-the-art results. However, their usage of boundary prior is very simple, fragile, and the integration with other cues is mostly heuristic. In this work, we present new methods to address these issues. First, we propose a robust background measure, called boundary connectivity. It characterizes the spatial layout of image regions with respect to image boundaries and is much more robust. It has an intuitive geometrical interpretation and presents unique benefits that are absent in previous saliency measures. Second, we propose a principled optimization framework to integrate multiple low level cues, including our background measure, to obtain clean and uniform saliency maps. Our formulation is intuitive, efficient and achieves state-of-the-art results on several benchmark datasets.
Butyrate-producingClostridiumcluster XIVa species specifically colonize mucins in anin vitrogut model (2012)

The human gut is colonized by a complex microbiota with multiple benefits. Although the surface-attached, mucosal microbiota has a unique composition and potential to influence human health, it remains difficult to study in vivo. Therefore, we performed an in-depth microbial characterization (human intestinal tract chip (HITChip)) of a recently developed dynamic in vitro gut model, which simulates both luminal and mucosal gut microbes (mucosal-simulator of human intestinal microbial ecosystem (M-SHIME)). Inter-individual differences among human subjects were confirmed and microbial patterns unique for each individual were preserved in vitro. Furthermore, in correspondence with in vivo studies, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria were enriched in the luminal content while Firmicutes rather colonized the mucin layer, with Clostridium cluster XIVa accounting for almost 60% of the mucin-adhered microbiota. Of the many acetate and/or lactate-converting butyrate producers within this cluster, Roseburia intestinalis and Eubacterium rectale most specifically colonized mucins. These 16S rRNA gene-based results were confirmed at a functional level as butyryl-CoA:acetate-CoA transferase gene sequences belonged to different species in the luminal as opposed to the mucin-adhered microbiota, with Roseburia species governing the mucosal butyrate production. Correspondingly, the simulated mucosal environment induced a shift from acetate towards butyrate. As not only inter-individual differences were preserved but also because compared with conventional models, washout of relevant mucin-adhered microbes was avoided, simulating the mucosal gut microbiota represents a breakthrough in modeling and mechanistically studying the human intestinal microbiome in health and disease. Finally, as mucosal butyrate producers produce butyrate close to the epithelium, they may enhance butyrate bioavailability, which could be useful in treating diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease.
Regulation of α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Formation in Escherichia coli (1965)

In the aerobic tricarboxylate cycle succinate is formed via oxidation of a-ketoglutarate, but anaerobically various bacteria form it via reduction of fumarate.The latter pathway was initially inferred to account for the large amounts of succinate and its derivative, propionate, produced in the fermentation of glycerol by propionic bacteria (l-4).Furthermore, fumarate was later shown to serve as electron acceptor in Escherichiu coli growing anaerobically on glycerol plus fumarate (4, 5).More recently, studies with mutant 309-l of E. coli, which lacks the a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase system (referred to in this paper as a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) (6, 7), provided evidence that the reductive pathway to succinate is active under anaerobic but not at all under aerobic conditions.Anaerobically this mutant grew on glucose as well as the wild type, but aerobically it required succinate (or the amino acids methionine, lysine, and diaminopimelate) (6).' Finally, it has been shown that under anaerobic conditions E. coli forms an inducible fumarate reductase, distinct from succinate dehydrogenase.A mutant lacking the reductase had lost the ability to grow anaerobically on glycerol plus fumarate but could still grow aerobically on succinate ( 12)It thus appears that, while the tricarboxylate pathway serves in a cyclic manner under aerobic conditions, in anaerobic growth it is modified to provide a branched, noncyclic pathway.Oxaloacetate +2(H) d \r Acetyl-CoA Malate Citrate --Hz0 -1 4 Fumsrate Isocitrate +2(H) 1 1 --2(H) -co* Succinate
High-Density Mapping of Ventricular Scar (2014)

High-density mapping shows substantial differences among channels in ventricular scar. Channels supporting VT are more commonly located in dense scar, longer than non-VT channels, and have slower conduction velocity. Only a minority of scar-related potentials participate in the VT supporting channels.
Effects of a ketogenic diet on tumor metabolism and nutritional status in pediatric oncology patients: two case reports. (1995)

While this diet does not replace conventional antineoplastic treatments, these preliminary results suggest a potential for clinical application which merits further research.
Integrating physical and computer access control systems (1994)

Current systems for controlling access to buildings and to computers use the same basic ideas, but do not work together. Employees must memorize or carry many different access credentials. Security managers must learn how to use a variety of systems that cannot provide a consistent, company-wide security picture. All integrated access control system gives employees a single access token that lets them through doors and onto computer systems. It also has an integrated database that gives security managers a company-wide view of security. One way to move to an integrated system is to first introduce smart cards as dual-purpose access tokens. Later you can build an integrated access control database. There are challenges to building such a system, but clear benefits as well.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Methylecgonidine coats the crack particle (1996)

Crack is a form of cocaine base self-administered by smoking. When heated, it volatilizes and may partially pyrolyze to methylecgonidine (MEG). Upon cooling, a condensation aerosol forms. Heating cocaine base in model crack pipes produced particles of about 1 micron in diameter, regardless of the amount heated; however, MEG concentration increased from < or = 2% at 10 mg per heating to as much as 5% at 30 mg per heating. Methylecgonidine was < or = 1% of the recovered material when cocaine was vaporized off a heated wire coil, but the particles were larger (2-5 microns), and the distribution disperse. The vapor pressure of MEG was higher [log P(mm Hg) = 9.994 - 3530/T] than cocaine base, consistent with MEG coating the droplet during condensation, and with evaporation during aging or dilution. Disappearance of MEG from a chamber filled with crack smoke was a two-component process, one proceeding at the rate of cocaine particle removal, and the other at the desorption rate from other surfaces. Particle diameter influences the deposition site in the respiratory tract; thus, the likely different patterns of deposition in the respiratory tract of humans and animals of crack aerosols produced by different techniques warrant consideration, as they may influence our understanding of immediate and delayed sequelae of the inhalation of cocaine and its pyrolysis product, MEG.
Administration of anti-granulocyte mAb RB6-8C5 impairs the resistance of mice to Listeria monocytogenes infection. (1994)

Mice injected i.p. with RB6-8C5 mAb experienced a profound depletion of neutrophils in the bloodstream and spleen and significant impairment of their resistance to experimental infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Control mice survived i.v. inoculation with 5 x 10(4) L. monocytogenes; whereas, most RB6-8C5 mAb-treated mice inoculated i.v. with as few as 10 L. monocytogenes died within 6 days. RB6-8C5 mAb treatment was particularly deleterious when given within the first 24 h after i.v. inoculation with L. monocytogenes; however, some adverse effect was observed even when administration was delayed until 3 or 5 days after bacterial inoculation. Histopathologic examination of the livers of RB6-8C5 mAb-treated mice revealed necrotic foci that were characterized by few inflammatory cells and massive numbers of Gram-positive bacteria within hepatocytes. Additional evidence that the effects of RB6-8C5 mAb administration were chiefly due to neutrophil depletion include: 1) the effects of RB6-8C5 mAb treatment occurred more rapidly than what is generally seen in mice treated with anti-T cell mAbs, 2) similar results were observed with normal and scid mice, 3) RB6-8C5 mAb administration did not diminish delayed-type hypersensitivity nor the ability of spleen cells from immunized mice to transfer resistance, and 4) natural killer cell activity was unaffected by RB6-8C5 mAb administration. The results of this study provide additional evidence in support of the importance of neutrophils in the early stage of innate resistance to murine listeriosis.
Thermodynamics and control of biological free-energy transduction (2022)

Westerhoff H.V. and Van Dam K. (1987) Thermodynamics and control of biological free-energy transduction, Elsevier, Amsterdam ISBN: 0-444-80783-7 (U.S.) This monograph gives the basis of both non equilibrium thermodynamics and metabolic control analysis in biology. It is rife with examples from bioenergetics. It is also a compilation of mathematical equations and text and hence serves as a data file for mathematical biology and biological modelling
DiDi: Mitigating the Performance Impact of TLB Shootdowns Using a Shared TLB Directory (2011)

Translation Look aside Buffers (TLBs) are ubiquitously used in modern architectures to cache virtual-to-physical mappings and, as they are looked up on every memory access, are paramount to performance scalability. The emergence of chip-multiprocessors (CMPs) with per-core TLBs, has brought the problem of TLB coherence to front stage. TLBs are kept coherent at the software-level by the operating system (OS). Whenever the OS modifies page permissions in a page table, it must initiate a coherency transaction among TLBs, a process known as a TLB shoot down. Current CMPs rely on the OS to approximate the set of TLBs caching a mapping and synchronize TLBs using costly Inter-Proceessor Interrupts (IPIs) and software handlers. In this paper, we characterize the impact of TLB shoot downs on multiprocessor performance and scalability, and present the design of a scalable TLB coherency mechanism. First, we show that both TLB shoot down cost and frequency increase with the number of processors and project that software-based TLB shoot downs would thwart the performance of large multiprocessors. We then present a scalable architectural mechanism that couples a shared TLB directory with load/store queue support for lightweight TLB invalidation, and thereby eliminates the need for costly IPIs. Finally, we show that the proposed mechanism reduces the fraction of machine cycles wasted on TLB shoot downs by an order of magnitude.
Trichophyton tonsurans allergen. I. Characterization of a protein that causes immediate but not delayed hypersensitivity (1991)

Fungal infections of skin or nails are extremely common and often caused by dermatophyte fungi of the genus Trichophyton. These fungi are unusual in that they can give rise to delayed hypersensitivity (DH) or immediate hypersensitivity (IH) responses. Recently, IH to Trichophyton tonsurans has been demonstrated in patients by skin tests, serum IgE antibody test (RAST), and positive nasal and bronchial challenges. To further investigate the immunology of Trichophyton, a 30-kDa T. tonsurans allergen was isolated by gel filtration and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. This protein, Tri t I, gave a single band on SDS-PAGE, and the 30 amino-terminal amino acids have been determined. Among patients with positive IH skin tests, 34 of 48 (71%) had IgG antibody and 26 of 48 (54%) had IgE antibody to Tri t I. Among those who had positive responses to both skin tests and RAST, 22 of 30 (73%) had IgE antibodies to Tri t I; thus, this protein represents a major allergen. Twelve clones of murine IgG mAb antibodies were produced. Two clones, 2F2-F7 and 6B11-C2, were found to define separate epitopes on Tri t I and were used to develop an immunometric assay for the quantitation of Tri t I. Twenty-three of 38 volunteers with a history of athlete's foot were found to have either IH and/or DH to Trichophyton mix and underwent further testing with purified Tri t I. Of the nine found to have IH to the mix, eight were sensitive to Tri t I. Seven of these eight had IgG and IgE antibodies to Tri t I, by Ag-binding RIA, and all were RAST positive to the unpurified extract. An additional 14 had either DH alone (n = 7) or a wheal and flare response followed by DH at 48 h (n = 7). Of these 14 who had DH responses to Trichophyton mix, only one showed DH to an equivalent quantity of purified Tri t I; among this group, none showed IH or serum IgE antibodies and only one had detectable IgG antibody to Tri t I. The results suggest that the majority of subjects with DH to Trichophyton are responding to a protein other than Tri t I and that the wheal that precedes DH reactions is some patients is not associated with IgE antibodies.
Compact Tunable Cr:LiSAF Laser for Infrared Matrix‐assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (1997)

A tunable Cr:LiSAF laser-pumped optical parametric oscillator was used for mid-infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry experiments. The mass spectra of substance P, bovine insulin and pd(T)10 in the 2.88–2.96 μm range showed excellent single shot signal quality (signal-to-noise ratio, resolution) but poor shot-to-shot reproducibility. The reproducibility is expected to improve with more stable laser design. No correlation was found between the absorption spectrum of the matrix and the MALDI response. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impedance matrix localization (IML) method for moment-method calculations (1990)

The impedance matrix localization (IML) method, a modification of the standard method of moments that can be implemented as a modification to existing computer programs, is examined. This modification greatly eases the excessive storage requirements and long computation times of moment-method approaches by using novel bases and testing function that localize the important interactions to only a small number of elements within the impedance matrix elements can be made so small (typically 10/sup -4/ to 10/sup -6/ in relative magnitude) that they may be approximated by zero. In the case of a two-dimensional body with unknowns on its surface, both analytical arguments and numerical calculations suggest that, for an N*N matrix, about 100N matrix elements will need to be kept, even for very large N. The resulting sparse matrix requires storage for only 100N complex numbers rather than for N/sup 2/ numbers. Similar results are expected in three dimensions. The structure of the resulting matrix problem allows the use of highly efficient solution methods. Results are given for one such possibility: iteration preconditioned by incomplete LU decomposition.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Properties controlling the diffusion and release of water-soluble solutes from poly(ethylene oxide) hydrogels. 4. Extended constant rate release from partly-coated spheres (1996)

Spheres of poly(ethylene oxide) xerogel from 4-17 mm diameter were impregnated with the drug, proxyphylline, or the herbicide, 2,4-DNa and then partly coated with a water-impermeable elastomer. When placed in water the active additive was released over periods ranging from hours to weeks at a nearly constant rate. The effect of the hydrogel sphere dimensions and the window size through the elastomer, on water uptake and consequent release of the active agent were examined. These devices superficially possess a configuration similar to some commercial osmotic devices though the active-agent release from the devices of this paper is, in fact, diffusive and not osmotically driven. They appear to provide a very versatile and simple design allowing relatively constant release of the active agent over periods of hours to months merely by changing the device geometry.
Next generation, high-accuracy optical tracker for target acquisition and cueing (2006)

A critical need exists for a fast, cost-effective, six-degrees-of-freedom (6DOF) tracker that is immune to cockpit and helmet scatterers of magnetic/electrical field energy, vehicle vibration, and harsh lighting conditions. Magnetic and inertial tracking technologies each have limitations that make them undesirable as next generation solutions. Optical tracking technologies, while having occlusion problems, are increasingly seen as the more attractive next generation solution. The optical tracker, developed at Ascension to meet these needs, measures the angle of incidence of point radiating emitters mounted on the helmet. The sensors measure angle of incidence in one dimension and two or three sensors are required to be mounted on the cockpit instrument panel to achieve determination of both position and orientation of a helmet. The sensor uses a transmissivity mask, which is located a known distance above a linear detector array surface. The mask consists of three transmissivity frequencies varying in one dimension. Each point radiating emitter illuminates the mask to cast an image onto the array. The array image is read at a high update rate and a remote processor identifies image phases to determine the image shift along the detector array axis. The three frequencies, being sufficiently separate in frequency to determine a coarse absolute image shift, as well as medium and fine image shifts, are used to determine a high-resolution absolute image shift. The image shift of each sensor is used to compute the plane angle of incidence of each emitter. The minimal system configuration includes two sensors and four emitters or three sensors and three emitters. More sensors and emitters may be used to increase tracker motion box. Flight tests were conducted in August and September of 2005. The phasorBIRD prototype was flown in a test aircraft to evaluate the effect of direct sunlight and vibration on accuracy and noise.
Cord blood progenitor cells have greater transendothelial migratory activity and increased responses to SDF‐1 and MIP‐3β compared with mobilized adult progenitor cells (1999)

When cord blood is used as a source of haemopoietic stem cells for transplantation, fewer cells are required per kg of recipient. This greater engraftment efficiency of cord blood cells may relate to an increased ability to traverse sinusoidal endothelium, a crucial step in the homing of stem cells. We report that freshly isolated cord blood progenitors migrated more efficiently than mobilized adult cells. Cord blood progenitors responded rapidly to growth factor stimulation with an increase in migratory ability within 24 h whereas mobilized adult cells responded only after 72 h (P < 0.01). Cord blood cells also exited G0/G1 rapidly; after 24 h of growth factor exposure, 20.2 +/- 1.2% of cord blood CD34+ cells were in S + G2/M compared to 6.9 +/- 1.2% of adult CD34+ cells (P < 0.01). Proliferating CFC migrated more efficiently (13.3 +/- 3.4% for GM-CFC) than non-proliferating CFC (1.4 +/- 0.5%, P < 0.01) as determined using a 3H-thymidine suicide assay. Cord blood progenitor cells also demonstrated a greater transmigratory response to chemokine stimulation compared with adult cells; this was manifested as a differential response of freshly isolated cells to SDF-1, and of growth factor activated cells to MIP-3beta. Finally, cord blood CD34+ cells express higher levels of the chemokine receptor for SDF-1, CXCR4, when compared with mobilized adult CD34+ cells (P < 0. 05).
Two Cases of Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis in Infancy (2003)

Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis(EPF) is characterized by recurrent crops of pruritic follicular papules and pustules that occur mainly on the face, trunk, and extremities of young men. EPF in infancy is a rare disorder which reveals the distinctive clinical features consisting of self-limited recurrent papules, pustules, and vesicles appearing in corps, involving mainly or exclusively the scalp. We describe two patients with EPF in infancy. Both patients had self-limited recurrent crops of papules and pustules affecting the scalp only. (Korean J Dermatol 2003;41(2) : 255-257)
In Vivo Humoral Immune Responses to Isolated Pneumococcal Polysaccharides Are Dependent on the Presence of Associated TLR Ligands (2005)

We determined whether T cell-independent Ig isotype responses to isolated pneumococcal polysaccharides (PPS) required TLR signaling in vivo. IgG anti-PPS responses to PPS3, PPS14, and C-polysaccharide (C-PS) were virtually undetectable in TLR2(-/-) mice, whereas specific IgM induction was variably reduced compared with wild-type mice. All PPS-containing preparations induced IL-6 and TNF-alpha from wild-type, but not TLR2-/-, macrophages. TLR2 activity was distinct from that of PPS, in that it was phenol extractable. Immunization of wild-type mice with phenol-extracted PPS14 also resulted in a marked reduction in the IgG, although not the IgM-anti-PPS14, response compared with untreated PPS14. The commercial 23-valent PPS vaccine, Pneumovax-23 also contained TLR ligands (TLR2 and TLR4), which were absolutely critical for the IgG-inducing activity of the vaccine in mice. Finally, the commercial pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, Prevnar, contained a TLR2 ligand(s) that substantially enhanced both the primary and secondary anti-PPS responses in mice, especially the type 1 IgG isotypes. These data strongly suggest the absolute need for a distinct, TLR-dependent second signal for inducing in vivo IgG T cell-independent humoral immune responses to isolated pneumococcal polysaccharide Ags and highlight the potential importance of previously unappreciated copurified and/or contaminating TLR ligands in PPS vaccine preparations.
Silica-Grafted Diethylzinc and a Silsesquioxane-Based Zinc Alkyl Complex as Catalysts for the Alternating Oxirane−Carbon Dioxide Copolymerization (2007)

A novel zinc silsesquioxane complex ([(c-C5H9)7Si7O11(OSiMePh2)]2Zn4Me4 (1)) has been used as a model compound for silica-grafted zinc catalysts in the copolymerization of cyclohexene oxide and CO2. Complex 1 exists as a dimer in the solid state and is moderately active in the copolymerization, and polycyclohexene carbonates have been obtained with a carbonate content of 79−98%. Polymerizations with ZnEt2-treated silica particles resulted in polymer particles with M̄n and M̄w values and carbonate contents comparable to those of the polymers obtained with 1. It was further demonstrated that CO2 consumption can be followed online by monitoring the decrease of system pressure during the reaction. CO2 consumption has been interpreted in relation to both polycarbonate and cyclic carbonate formation. These measurements represent the intrinsic kinetics of this reaction, which appear to be directly related to CO2 pressure.