gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of dopamine production by genetically modified primary fibroblasts (1993)

Primary skin fibroblasts were genetically modified with catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme genes and studied as potential syngeneic donor cells to supply catecholamines in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Primary skin fibroblasts obtained from inbred Fischer 344 rats were transduced with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) cDNAs using retroviral vector system. The transduced cells were characterized in vitro by enzymatic assay, immunocytochemistry, and HPLC analysis of catecholamine production and release. Accumulation of high levels of dopamine was detected in the media in a time-dependent manner. Secretion of dopamine and its metabolites appeared to be constitutive without significant storage capacity in vesicles or regulation at the level of secretion. The feasibility of regulating the final dopamine production by the AADC-transduced cells was explored in two ways. First, administration of various doses of the precursor, L-dopa, resulted in a controlled production of dopamine by these cells. Second, coculturing AADC-transduced cells with TH-transduced cells in various proportions allowed control of dopamine production. TH-transduced cells served as an endogenous source of precursor. We propose the use of these cells to study the role of AADC in restoring the dopamine-deficient behavior and to compare the effect of dopamine-producing cells with L-dopa-producing cells either by cografting TH-transduced cells with AADC-transduced cells or by grafting TH-transduced cells alone. The role of AADC in vivo will be assessed in future experiments involving animal models of Parkinson's disease.
The integrity of the cysteine 186-cysteine 209 bond of the second disulfide loop of tissue factor is required for binding of factor VII (1991)

The structural basis of function of tissue factor (TF), the cell surface receptor and cofactor for the serine protease factor VIIa, cannot be inferred from the primary sequence. The functional significance of the two disulfide bonded loops in the surface domain of TF has been analyzed using site-directed mutagenesis to selectively preclude covalent stabilization of these loops by pairwise substitution of serine residues for cysteines. Mutant TF lacking either the amino (TFS49S57) or carboxyl (TFS186S209) disulfide bond were expressed on the surface of cells consistent with proper processing. Each reacted with a panel of monoclonal antibodies further suggesting proper global folding of the mutant proteins. TFS186S209 exhibited a selective decrease in reactivity with an antibody directed against one epitope locus in the carboxyl aspect of the surface domain of TF. Whereas TFS49S57 was functionally comparable to the wild type protein, TFS186S209 was functionally 30-40-fold less effective, and the affinity of factor VIIa binding to this mutant was indirectly estimated to be diminished 20-fold. These data suggest that the Cys186-Cys209 disulfide bond is required to maintain conformation and implicate the disulfide loop or adjacent structures in the carboxyl half of the surface domain of TF in receptor function.
Bioelastic Materials as Matrices for Tissue Reconstruction (1993)

Bioelastic materials are elastomeric polypeptides whose origins are repeating peptide sequences in mammalian elastic fibers (Sandberg et al., 1985; Yeh et al., 1987; Indik et al., 1987). Physical properties of synthetic high polymers of the repeats have been extensively studied (Urry, 1991;1988), and they have been designed to exhibit properties not present in elastic fibers. A key property is that these elastomeric polypeptides exhibit reversible transitional behavior in which they become more-ordered on increasing the temperature through a critical temperature range (Urry, 1992). This is called an inverse temperature transition; its onset temperature is designated as Tt; and it is due to hydrophobic folding and assembly. The reverse process of hydrophobic unfolding and disassembly on lowering the temperature is well-known in proteins as cold denaturation (Privalov, 1990). The temperature, Tt, at which the transition occurs depends on the amino acid composition allowing for a Tt-based hydrophobicity scale to be developed (Urry et al., 1992a) which allows the bioelastic material to be designed to have its transition temperature set as desired within the available aqueous range or returned to a desired temperature when functional peptide sequences have been added that change the value of Tt. In spite of becoming more-ordered on raising the temperature, the more-ordered state in cross-linked matrices is a dominantly entropic elastomer (Urry, 1991) with the potential for great durability to sustain repeated stretch/relaxation cycles.
Cisplatin and Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Hearing Loss and Its Prevention (2012)

This review introduces the pathology of aminoglycoside antibiotic and the cisplatin chemotherapy classes of drugs, discusses oxidative stress in the inner ear as a primary trigger for cell damage, and delineates the ensuing cell death pathways. Among potentially ototoxic (damaging the inner ear) therapeutics, the platinum-based anticancer drugs and the aminoglycoside antibiotics are of critical clinical importance. Both drugs cause sensorineural hearing loss in patients, a side effect that can be reproduced in experimental animals. Hearing loss is reflected primarily in damage to outer hair cells, beginning in the basal turn of the cochlea. In addition, aminoglycosides might affect the vestibular system while cisplatin seems to have a much lower likelihood to do so. Finally, based on an understanding the mechanisms of ototoxicity pharmaceutical ways of protection of the cochlea are presented.
HIV and Banked Fascia Lata (1991)

Concern over the transmission of communicable diseases through donor tissue has recently increased. Nine hundred and fifty-nine pieces of banked homologous irradiated fascia lata have been distributed to ophthalmic plastic surgeons nationwide over the past 3 years since the establishment of the Wills Eye Hospital Fascia Lata Bank. Safeguards taken against the transmission of disease include strict donor selection; negative antibody testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), rapid plasma reagin (RPR), and hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg); heat treatment; and radiation sterilization with 4 million rads of cobalt-60 gamma radiation. To date, no cases have been reported of the transmission of HIV through surgical implantation of banked irradiated homologous fascia lata.
1,3‐Dialkyl‐ and 1,3‐Diaryl‐3,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐ylidene Rhodium(i) and Palladium(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity (2004)

The synthesis of novel 1,3-diaryl- and 1,3-dialkylpyrimidin-2-ylidene-based N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and their rhodium(i) and palladium(II) complexes is described. The rhodium compounds bromo(cod)[1,3-bis(2-propyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene]rhodium (7), bromo(cod)(1,3-dimesityl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene)rhodium (8) (cod=eta(4)-1,5-cyclooctadiene, mesityl=2,4,6-trimethylphenyl), chloro(cod)(1,3-dimesityl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene)rhodium (9), and chloro(cod)[1,3-bis(2-propyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene]rhodium (10) were prepared by reaction of [[Rh(cod)Cl](2)] with lithium tert-butoxide followed by addition of 1,3-dimesityl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidinium bromide (3), 1,3-dimesityl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidinium tetrafluoroborate (4), 1,3-di-2-propyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidinium bromide (6), and 1,3-di-2-propyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidinium tetrafluoroborate, respectively. Complex 7 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n, and 8 in the monoclinic space group P2(1). Complexes 9 and 10 were used for the synthesis of the corresponding dicarbonyl complexes dicarbonylchloro(1,3-dimesityl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene)rhodium (11), and dicarbonylchloro[1,3-bis(2-propyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene]rhodium (12). The wavenumbers nu(CO I)/nu(CO II) for 11 and 12 were used as a quantitative measure for the basicity of the NHC ligand. The values of 2062/1976 and 2063/1982 cm(-1), respectively, indicate that the new NHCs are among the most basic cyclic ligands reported so far. Compounds 3 and 6 were additionally converted to the corresponding cationic silver(i) bis-NHC complexes [Ag(1,3-dimesityl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene)(2)]AgBr(2) (13) and [Ag[1,3-bis(2-propyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene](2)]AgBr(2) (14), which were subsequently used in transmetalation reactions for the synthesis of the corresponding palladium(II) complexes Pd(1,3-dimesityl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene)(2) (2+)(Ag(2)Br(2)Cl(4) (4-))(1/2) (15) and Pd[1,3-bis(2-propyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene)(2)]Cl(2) (16). Complex 15 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c, and 16 in the monoclinic space group C(2)/c. The catalytic activity of 15 and 16 in Heck-type reactions was studied in detail. Both compounds are highly active in the coupling of aliphatic and aromatic vinyl compounds with aryl bromides and chlorides with turnover numbers (TONs) up to 2000000. Stabilities of 15 and 16 under Heck-couplings conditions were correlated with their molecular structure. Finally, selected kinetic data for these couplings are presented.
Effects of hyaluronic acid on cartilage degradation (1999)

Based on the published literature available so far, it appears that naturally derived hyaluronic acid (HA) and newer formulations available on the market belong to the pharmacologic class of slow-acting drugs for the treatment of osteoarthritis. These compounds seem to have the potential to modulate the painful symptoms of osteoarthritis as well as to improve the function of the osteoarthritis joint. Positive clinical consequences are based on direct and indirect effects of viscosupplementation associated with a normalization of the rheologic properties of the osteoarthritic synovial fluid, decreased inflammation, and end-coating of the pain receptors in the osteoarthritis joint. Few in vivo data exist in humans to support the concept that HA formulations could have a structure-modifying effect on human osteoarthritis cartilage. Animal-based studies have demonstrated positive effects of exogenous HA on pain in the joint, heat shock proteins, and in models of osteoarthritis. Although many promising effects of exogenous HA have been reported, there remains uncertainty as to the effectiveness of reversing cartilage injury and other manifestations of joint diseases with exogenous HA because of difficulties in interpreting and unifying results of these studies. This is due largely to differences of cartilage source in models of joint/cartilage injury, multiple end points, the controls employed, analytical techniques, and the molecular weight of exogenous HA used. There exists a need for uniform agreement as to the choice of injury model, time points of the study, evaluation tools, and source and molecular weight of the HA used if we are to determine whether exogenous application of HA has a truly beneficial role in the reversal of cartilage injury.
Do Viscoelastic-Surfactant Diverting Fluids for Acid Treatments Need Internal Breakers? (2008)

Abstract Matrix acidizing and acid fracturing treatments have been regularly applied for enhancement of oil and gas production. The success of the acid treatments requires uniform distribution of acid fluids across long treatment intervals or areas especially for vertical, horizontal, extended reach and multilateral wells with open hole completions. The unique properties of viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluids provide good acid diversion fluids for blocking acid fluid flow into higher permeability sections in order to force the stimulation fluid into the lower permeability sections. Recent SPE publications have shown that VES fluids used for acid diversion fluids have caused formation damage for matrix acidizing and acid fracturing, requiring a longer flow back periods, particularly for low permeability and depleted gas formations. Internal breaker technologies for VES fluids have been developed for hydraulic fracturing and frac-packing treatments. The internal breakers give a controllable break and go wherever the VES fluid goes, breaking the VES fluid into easily producible fluid. This paper will introduce a VES organic acid fluid with internal breakers for treating carbonate reservoirs. The VES organic acid system is unique and will not generate noticeable viscosity until the acid starts to spend. The VES within the acid fluid reaches it highest viscosity as the acid completely spends and diverts fresh acid to new locations. After acid treatments, the internal breaker becomes activated to break the VES micelles, and the fluid loses its viscosity and flows back during production, minimizing any potential damage. The paper will discuss lab results which demonstrate that the VES product generates very high viscosity at low shear rates in the spent acid fluid, and VES fluid will not broken only by contacting hydrocarbons. Further demonstrated is how internal breakers are available that reduce the viscosity of the spent acid diverter fluid over a controllable period of time. Carbonate wormholing core flow tests show non-broken VES fluids in wormholes need much higher pressure drop than than broken VES fluids for mineral oil cleanup.
Preliminary Report on Attrahents for Peach Insects (1929)

A number of chemicals are reported which were slightly attractive to various peach insects under orchard conditions. No attrahents were found for injurious peach insects which showed much promise of being of value from the standpoint of control.
Absolute lymphocyte count: A cost-effective method of monitoring HIV-infected individuals (2011)

We found that an ALC of ≤ 1520/μL has higher sensitivity (78%) for a CD4 cell count of ≤ 200/μL. The ALC was found to be significantly cost-effective in our setup but chances of missing out patients requiring ART was 1 in 5 using the WHO guidelines.
Comparison of Retroviral Transduction Efficiency in CD34 + Cells Derived from Bone Marrow versus G‐CSF–Mobilized or G‐CSF Plus Stem Cell Factor–Mobilized Peripheral Blood in Nonhuman Primates (2004)

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are ideal targets for genetic manipulation in the treatment of several congenital and acquired disorders affecting the hematopoietic compartment. Although G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood CD34(+) cells are the favored source of hematopoietic stem cells in clinical transplantation, this source of stem cells does not provide meaningful engraftment levels of genetically modified cells compared with G-CSF + stem cell factor (SCF)-mobilized cells in nonhuman primates. Furthermore, the use of G-CSF mobilization can have disastrous consequences in patients with sickle cell disease, a long-held target disorder for HSC-based gene therapy approaches. We therefore conducted a study to compare the levels of genetically modified cells attainable after retroviral transduction of CD34(+) cells collected from a bone marrow (BM) harvest with CD34(+) cells collected from a leukapheresis product after mobilization with G-CSF (n = 3) or G-CSF in combination with SCF (n = 3) in the rhesus macaque autologous transplantation model. Transductions were performed using retroviral vector supernatant on fibronectin-coated plates for 96 hours in the presence of stimulatory cytokines. BM was equal to or better than G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood as a source of HSCs for retroviral transduction. Although the highest marking observed was derived from G-SCF + SCF-mobilized peripheral blood in two animals, marking in the third originated only from the BM fraction. These results demonstrate that steady-state BM is at least equivalent to G-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood as a source of HSCs for retroviral gene transfer and the only currently available source for patients with sickle cell disease.
Double-hit B-cell lymphomas (2010)

In many B-cell lymphomas, chromosomal translocations are biologic and diagnostic hallmarks of disease. An intriguing subset is formed by the so-called double- hit (DH) lymphomas that are defined by a chromosomal breakpoint affecting the MYC/8q24 locus in combination with another recurrent breakpoint, mainly a t(14;18)(q32;q21) involving BCL2. Recently, these lymphomas have received increased attention, which contributed to the introduction of a novel category of lymphomas in the 2008 WHO classification, "B cell lymphoma unclassifiable with features intermediate between DLBCL and BL." In this review we explore the existing literature for the most recurrent types of DH B-cell lymphomas and the involved genes with their functions, as well as their pathology and clinical aspects including therapy and prognosis. The incidence of aggressive B-cell lymphomas other than Burkitt lymphoma with a MYC breakpoint and in particular a double hit is difficult to assess, because screening by methods like FISH has not been applied on large, unselected series, and the published cytogenetic data may be biased to specific categories of lymphomas. DH lymphomas have been classified heterogeneously but mostly as DLBCL, the majority having a germinal center phenotype and expression of BCL2. Patients with DH lymphomas often present with poor prognostic parameters, including elevated LDH, bone marrow and CNS involvement, and a high IPI score. All studies on larger series of patients suggest a poor prognosis, also if treated with RCHOP or high-intensity treatment modalities. Importantly, this poor outcome cannot be accounted for by the mere presence of a MYC/8q24 breakpoint. Likely, the combination of MYC and BCL2 expression and/or a related high genomic complexity are more important. Compared to these DH lymphomas, BCL6(+)/MYC(+) DH lymphomas are far less common, and in fact most of these cases represent BCL2(+)/BCL6(+)/MYC(+) triple-hit lymphomas with involvement of BCL2 as well. CCND1(+)/MYC(+) DH lymphomas with involvement of 11q13 may also be relatively frequent, the great majority being classified as aggressive variants of mantle cell lymphoma. This suggests that activation of MYC might be an important progression pathway in mantle cell lymphoma as well. Based on clinical significance and the fact that no other solid diagnostic tools are available to identify DH lymphomas, it seems advisable to test all diffuse large B-cell and related lymphomas for MYC and other breakpoints.
Solubilisation of methane monooxygenase from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) (1989)

The membrane‐bound (particulate) form of methane monooxygenase from Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) has been solubilised using the non‐ionic detergent dodecyl‐β‐ d ‐maltoside. A wide variety of detergents were tested and found to solubilise membrane proteins but did not yield methane monooxygenase in a form that could be subsequently activated. After solubilisation with dodecyl‐β‐ d ‐maltoside, enzyme activity was recovered using either egg or soya‐bean lipids. Attempts to further purify the solubilized methane monooxygenaser protein into its component polypeptides were unsuccessful and resulted in complete loss of enzyme activity. The major polypeptides present in the solubilised enzyme had molecular masses of 49 kDa, 23 kDa and 22 kDa which were similar to those seen in crude extracts [Prior, S. D. &amp; Dalton H. (1985) J. Gen. Microbiol. 131 , 155–163]. Studies on substrate and inhibitor specificities indicated that the membrane‐associated and solubilised forms of methane monooxygenase were quite similar to each other but differed substantially from the well‐characterised soluble methane monooxygenase found in cells grown in a low copper regime and synthesised independently of the particulate methane monooxygenase.
A survey of automated biometric authentication techniques (2013)

Biometric authentication refers to the automatic identification of a person by analyzing their physiological and/or behavioral characteristics or traits. Since many physiological and behavioral characteristics are unique to an individual, biometrics provides a more reliable system of authentication than ID cards, keys, passwords, or other traditional systems. A wide variety of organizations are using automated person authentication systems to improve customer satisfaction, operating efficiency as well as to secure critical resources. Now a day an increasing number of countries including India have decided to adopt biometric systems for national security and identity theft prevention, which makes biometrics an important component in security-related applications such as: logical and physical access control, forensic investigation, IT security, identity fraud protection, and terrorist prevention or detection. Various biometric authentication techniques are available for identifying an individual by measuring fingerprint, hand, face, signature, voice or a combination of these traits. New biometric algorithms and technologies are proposed, tested, reviewed, and implemented every year. This paper aims to give a brief overview of the field of biometrics and summarize various biometric authentication techniques including its strengths and limitations.
Predictors of Relapse Following Response From a First Episode of Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder (1999)

There is a high rate of relapse within 5 years of recovery from a first episode of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. This risk is diminished by maintenance antipsychotic drug treatment.
Formation of Natural pH Gradients in a Microfluidic Device under Flow Conditions:  Model and Experimental Validation (2000)

A new isoelectric focusing technique has been developed that incorporates natural pH gradient formation in microfluidic channels under flowing conditions. In conjunction, a one-dimensional finite difference model has been developed that solves a system of algebraic-ordinary differential equations that describe the phenomena occurring in the system, including hydrolysis at the electrodes, buffering effects of weak acids and bases, and mass transport due to both diffusion and electrophoresis. A quantitative, noninvasive, optically based method of monitoring pH gradient formation is presented, and the experimental data generated by this method are found to be in good agreement with model predictions. In addition, the model provides a theoretical explanation for initially unexpected experimental results. Model predictions are also shown to match well with experimental results of microfluidic isoelectric focusing of a single protein species. Accounting for the nonuniform velocity profile, characteristic of pressure-driven flow in microfluidic channels, is found to improve predictions of dynamic pH changes close to the electrodes and overall time required to reach steady state, but to reduce the accuracy of dynamic pH change predictions in other regions of the channel.
Better Evaluation for Grammatical Error Correction (2012)

We present a novel method for evaluating grammatical error correction. The core of our method, which we call MaxMatch (M2), is an algorithm for efficiently computing the sequence of phrase-level edits between a source sentence and a system hypothesis that achieves the highest overlap with the goldstandard annotation. This optimal edit sequence is subsequently scored using F1 measure. We test our M 2 scorer on the Helping Our Own (HOO) shared task data and show that our method results in more accurate evaluation for grammatical error correction. 1
Liquid Crystal Dispersions (1995)

Methods for Film Formation: Emulsification Methods Phase-Separation Methods. Droplet Configurations: Methods for Probing Droplet Structure Catalogue of Droplet Structures Transformations between Droplet Structures Gels and Porous Glasses. Electro-Optical Effects: Light Scattering Dichroic Effects Droplet Reorientation Fields Response Times Hysteresis and Persistence Effects Film Dielectric Properties Nonlinear Optical Effects. Applications: Projection Displays Direct-View Displays Light-Valve Applications.