gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Poliovirus vaccine options. (1999)

As a result of the success of immunization, indigenous wild poliomyelitis has disappeared from the United States. Of 142 confirmed cases of paralytic poliomyelitis reported in the United States from 1980 to 1996, 134 were classified as vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP). Persons with VAPP have a disabling illness, and this has caught the attention of the lay media. The risk of VAPP is one case per 750,000 doses distributed for the first dose of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and one case per 2.4 million doses of OPV distributed overall. Because of this risk, most parents prefer a vaccine schedule that starts with inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), even though extra injections are required. IPV does not cause VAPP. New studies show that high immunization rates can be achieved in disadvantaged populations with a schedule starting with IPV. The American Academy of Family Physicians now recommends that the first two doses of poliovirus vaccine should be IPV; that is, either an all-IPV schedule or a sequential schedule of two doses of IPV followed by two doses of OPV. OPV is no longer recommended for the first two doses and is acceptable only under special circumstances, such as when parents do not accept the recommended number of injections.
V2O5Hollow Nanospheres: A Lithium Intercalation Host with Good Rate Capability and Capacity Retention (2012)

V2O5 hollow nanospheres of average diameter ca. ∼28 nm and hollow cavity size ca. 18 nm were prepared by using polymeric micelles as a soft template. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzes have confirmed the hollow spherical morphology with crystalline shell structure. The V2O5 hollow particles were investigated as cathode materials for lithium intercalation in Li-ion batteries (LIBs). The nanostructured electrode delivers a high capacity of 181 mAhg−1 with capacity retention of 92.6% after 50 cycles of charge/discharge at a rate of 0.5 C. Interestingly, the hollow particles based electrodes maintain the structural integrity even after subjecting to high current density 2000 Ag−1 (10 C) and show good cycling performance and electrode stability. The enhanced electrochemical behavior is attributed to nanosize effect coupled with hollow void space of V2O5 hollow particles that facilitates fast lithium intercalation/deintercalation.
Mechanical testing of isolated senile human eye lens nuclei (1996)

Phacoemulsification is a cataract surgery technique during which the eye lens nucleus is carefully dissected by an oscillating hollow needle simultaneously serving as a suction line for lens fragments. As the success of this procedure depends greatly on the mechanical properties of the nucleus, the basic mechanical properties of extracted senile human eye lens nuclei were studied. For this purpose a novel measuring system had to be developed enabling the study of the biomaterial's responses to any chosen excitation function. Either force- or displacement-controlled testing signals can be selected serving as a one-dimensional input. The resultant quantity can be recorded in the time or frequency domain. An almost linear viscoelastic behavior of lens nuclei is observed. Typical phenomena such as hysteresis, creep, relaxation, and a frequency-dependent compliance are evaluated. The ultimate strength of the specimen is studied by penetration tests. Finally the possible correlation between mechanical and optical parameters of lens nuclei is discussed. If correlated, a surgeon could use this information when deciding whether an extracapsular extraction or a phacoemulsification should be the preferred approach.
Splice variants of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase PDE4D are differentially expressed and regulated in rat tissue (2005)

Cyclic nucleotide PDE4 (phosphodiesterase 4) inhibitors are being developed as potent anti-inflammatory drugs for use in chronic lung diseases, but the complexity of the PDE4 family has hampered this process. The four genes comprising the PDE4 family, PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C and PDE4D, are all expressed as multiple splice variants. The most widely used criterion to identify PDE4 variants expressed endogenously is their migration on SDS/PAGE. However, when a PDE4D3-selective antibody was used for immunoprecipitation, the pattern of expression obtained did not confirm the expression predicted by SDS/PAGE. This observation, together with the recent discovery of additional PDE4D transcripts, prompted us to re-evaluate the pattern of expression of these variants. The nine rat PDE4D splice variants, PDE4D1 to PDE4D9, were cloned, their electrophoretic properties compared, and their in vivo mRNA and protein levels determined. Using this approach, we found that the pattern of distribution of the PDE4D splicing variants is more complex than previously reported. Multiple variants co-migrate in single immunoreactive bands, and variant-selective antibodies were necessary to discriminate between splice variants. Tissues that were thought to express only PDE4D3, express three closely related proteins, with PDE4D8 and PDE4D9 as the predominantly expressed forms. In addition, activation of cAMP signalling produces phosphorylation and activation of variants other than PDE4D3, and expression of PDE4D mRNA does not always correlate with the pattern of protein expression. As PDE4 inhibitors have different affinities for distinct PDE4D splicing variants, our results indicate that a better definition of the pattern of PDE4 expression is required for target validation.
REGN-COV2 antibody cocktail prevents and treats SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques and hamsters (2020)

Abstract An urgent global quest for effective therapies to prevent and treat COVID-19 disease is ongoing. We previously described REGN-COV2, a cocktail of two potent neutralizing antibodies (REGN10987+REGN10933) targeting non-overlapping epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. In this report, we evaluate the in vivo efficacy of this antibody cocktail in both rhesus macaques and golden hamsters and demonstrate that REGN-COV-2 can greatly reduce virus load in lower and upper airway and decrease virus induced pathological sequalae when administered prophylactically or therapeutically. Our results provide evidence of the therapeutic potential of this antibody cocktail.
Protease activity sensors noninvasively classify bacterial infections and antibiotic responses (2018)

These findings demonstrate how activity measurements of disease-associated proteases can provide a noninvasive window into the dynamic process of bacterial infection and resolution, offering an opportunity for detecting, monitoring, and characterizing lung infections. FUND: National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Atriopeptin: A Cardiac Hormone Intimately Involved in Fluid, Electrolyte, and Blood-Pressure Homeostasis (1986)

This review focuses on the recent discovery of atriopeptin, a peptide hormone that is intimately involved in the regulation of renal and cardiovascular homeostasis. This peptide, which is stored in the atrial cardiocyte, is capable of exerting potent, selective, and transient effects on fluid and electrolyte balance and on blood pressure. Hundreds of publications have appeared since the announcement of the discovery of this structure about two years ago. The objective of this interpretive review is to provide a framework for understanding current and future findings about atriopeptin and their implications. The elucidation of the intricacies of this newly discovered . . .
MICROBIAL PERSISTENCE (1966)

A previously reported form of microbial persistence whereby large populations of tubercle bacilli can be made to "vanish" uniformly from the tissues of mice has been shown to occur generally throughout each group of animals subjected to the experimental procedure; it does not reflect the eradication of the bacilli in the majority of animals with their persistence and ultimate revival in only a minority. The one demonstrable alteration of the tubercle bacilli while "vanished" is that they are sterile. Thus, they are undetectable by cell-free culture, tissue culture, and blind animal passage, i.e. by any method based on microbial multiplication. Whether they have also undergone alteration in morphology and persist in some unconventional form cannot be stated. Acid-fast forms similar to tubercle bacilli can be detected in small numbers by intensified microscopic search of tissue homogenates but the relationship of these forms to the sterile bacilli that ultimately revive is unclear. Thus, the persisting tubercle bacilli are more correctly designated as being in a "sterile state" than one of true latency. The uniform induction of the sterile state is a specific phenomenon requiring the participation of both the nicotinamide derivative, pyrazinamide, and isoniazid. Once assumed, this sterile state is relatively stable and the time required for revival of the tubercle bacilli in the spleens in one-half the animals is seven months. This process can be speeded up by the administration of large doses of cortisone in the third or fourth month after sterilization but revival is not significantly affected by the administration of cortisone earlier.
Resolved discrepancies between visible spontaneous Raman cross-section and direct near-infrared Raman gain measurements in TeO2-based glasses (2005)

Disagreements on the Raman gain response of different tellurite-based glasses, measured at different wavelengths, have been recently reported in the literature. In order to resolve this controversy, a multi-wavelength Raman cross-section experiment was conducted on two different TeO2-based glass samples. The estimated Raman gain response of the material shows good agreement with the directly-measured Raman gain data at 1064 nm, after correction for the dispersion and wavelength-dependence of the Raman gain process.
Phase Transitions of Alkanethiol Self-Assembled Monolayers at an Electrified Gold Surface (2001)

We report an in situ vibrational study of the reductive desorption and the oxidative adsorption of an alkanethiol monolayer on Au(111) in an alkaline solution between 5 and 37 °C. Cyclic voltammograms show that the reduction of a hexadecanethiol monolayer gives rise to two current peaks at low temperature. These two peaks slowly merge into a single peak as the temperature increases. The oxidative chemisorption displays a similar behavior. Three oxidative current peaks are observed at low temperature and only one at higher temperature. In situ vibrational spectroscopy shows that these electrochemical changes are related to a sharp phase transition. A sudden increase of the wavenumber of the methylene asymmetric CH stretching d- band from 2918 cm-1 below 12 °C to 2927 cm-1 above 12 °C indicates an abrupt disordering of the monolayer. A sharp transition at the same temperature of 12 °C is observed for the intensity of the differential reflectance CH stretching bands. This shows that changes in orientation of the alkane chains occur simultaneously with the disordering of the monolayer. We suggest that the phase transition from an ordered phase to a disordered phase is related to a sudden increase of ion permeation into the hexadecanethiol monolayer above 12 °C.
Novel Evolutionary Engineering Approach for Accelerated Utilization of Glucose, Xylose, and Arabinose Mixtures by Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strains (2008)

Lignocellulosic feedstocks are thought to have great economic and environmental significance for future biotechnological production processes. For cost-effective and efficient industrial processes, complete and fast conversion of all sugars derived from these feedstocks is required. Hence, simultaneous or fast sequential fermentation of sugars would greatly contribute to the efficiency of production processes. One of the main challenges emerging from the use of lignocellulosics for the production of ethanol by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is efficient fermentation of D-xylose and L-arabinose, as these sugars cannot be used by natural S. cerevisiae strains. In this study, we describe the first engineered S. cerevisiae strain (strain IMS0003) capable of fermenting mixtures of glucose, xylose, and arabinose with a high ethanol yield (0.43 g g(-1) of total sugar) without formation of the side products xylitol and arabinitol. The kinetics of anaerobic fermentation of glucose-xylose-arabinose mixtures were greatly improved by using a novel evolutionary engineering strategy. This strategy included a regimen consisting of repeated batch cultivation with repeated cycles of consecutive growth in three media with different compositions (glucose, xylose, and arabinose; xylose and arabinose; and only arabinose) and allowed rapid selection of an evolved strain (IMS0010) exhibiting improved specific rates of consumption of xylose and arabinose. This evolution strategy resulted in a 40% reduction in the time required to completely ferment a mixture containing 30 g liter(-1) glucose, 15 g liter(-1) xylose, and 15 g liter(-1) arabinose.
A 5'-terminal stem-loop structure can stabilize mRNA in Escherichia coli. (1992)

The 5'-untranslated region of the long-lived Escherichia coli ompA transcript functions as an mRNA stabilizer capable of prolonging the lifetime in E. coli of a number of heterologous messages to which it is fused. To elucidate the structural basis of differential mRNA stability in bacteria, the domains of the ompA 5'-untranslated region that allow it to protect mRNA from degradation have been identified by mutational analysis. The presence of a stem-loop no more than 2-4 nucleotides from the extreme 5' terminus of this RNA segment is crucial to its stabilizing influence, whereas the sequence of the stem-loop is relatively unimportant. The potential to form a hairpin very close to the 5' end is a feature common to a number of stable prokaryotic messages. Moreover, the lifetime of a normally labile message (bla mRNA) can be prolonged in E. coli by adding a simple hairpin structure at its 5' terminus. Accelerated degradation of ompA mRNA in the absence of a 5'-terminal stem-loop appears to start downstream of the 5' end. We propose that E. coli messages beginning with a single-stranded RNA segment of significant length are preferentially targeted by a degradative ribonuclease that interacts with the mRNA 5' terminus before cleaving internally at one or more distal sites.
The capacity of the TNF family members 4‐1BBL, OX40L, CD70, GITRL, CD30L and LIGHT to costimulate human T cells (2008)

Activating signals generated by members of the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily upon interaction with their cognate ligands play important roles in T-cell responses. Members of the tumour necrosis factor family namely 4-1BBL, OX40L, CD70, GITRL, LIGHT and CD30L have been described to function as costimulatory molecules by binding such receptors on T cells. Using our recently described system of T-cell stimulator cells we have performed the first study where all these molecules have been assessed and compared regarding their capacity to costimulate proliferation and cytokine production of human T cells. 4-1BBL, which we found to be the most potent molecule in this group, was able to mediate sustained activation and proliferation of human T cells. OX40L and CD70 were also strong inducers of T-cell proliferation, whereas the costimulatory capacity of human GITRL was significantly lower. Importantly CD30L and LIGHT consistently failed to act costimulatory on human T cells, and we therefore suggest that these molecules might be functionally distinct from the costimulatory members of this family.
Phosphorylation of paired helical filament tau in Alzheimer's disease neurofibrillary lesions: focusing on phosphatases. (1995)

The major brain abnormalities in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) include extracellular deposits of beta-amyloid, intraneuronal neurofibrillary lesions, and the massive loss of specific subsets of telencephalic neurons. Neurofibrillary lesions contain paired helical filaments (PHFs) that accumulate in the perikarya (e.g., neurofibrillary tangles) and processes (e.g., dystrophic neurites, neuropil threads) of selectively vulnerable telencephalic neurons. The subunits of PHFs are derivatized forms of central nervous system (CNS) tau proteins (CNS tau) known collectively as PHFtau. Until very recently it was thought that the aberrant phosphorylation of PHFtau was the most salient difference between normal human CNS tau and PHFtau. However, this view required modification when it was shown that fetal and biopsy-derived human CNS tau proteins were phosphorylated at nearly all of the same sites found in PHFtau, albeit to a lesser extent. More significantly, these and other studies may be interpreted to suggest that the abnormal phosphorylation of PHFtau may result from the failure of protein phosphatases (i.e., PP2A and 2B) to dephosphorylate PHFtau. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the role of kinases and phosphatases in pathogenesis of PHFtau. We then consider how the formation PHFtau in neurons could disrupt the microtubule network, impair axonal transport, and compromise the viability of neurons, thereby contributing to the onset and progression of AD.
Synthesis of N‐(aminoalkyl) chitosan for microcapsules (1993)

Abstract Chitosan was chemically modified by alkylation with N ‐(2‐bromoethyl) phthalimide, N ‐(3‐bromopropyl) phthalimide, and N ‐(4‐bromobutyl) phthalimide. The resulting N ‐(phthalidimidoalkyl) chitosans were treated with hydrazine to remove the phthalidimido group resulting in the final N ‐(aminoalkyl) chitosan products. For comparison purposes, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was alkylated with N ‐(3‐bromopropyl) phthalimide, then treated with hydrazine to give the N ‐(3‐aminopropyl) PVA product. All alkylation products were characterized by solution 1 H‐ and 13 C‐NMR and by solid‐state CP‐MAS 13 C‐NMR. The above synthetic polymer derivatives, as well as chitosan, polyallyl amine, and polyethylen‐imine, were used to form membrane coatings around calcium alginate beads in which blue dextran of molecular weight 7.08×10 4 or 26.6×10 4 was entrapped. These microcapsules were prepared by extrusion of a solution of blue dextran in sodium alginate into a solution containing calcium chloride and the membrane polymer. Membrane integrity and permeability were assessed by measuring the elution of the blue dextran from the capsules, spectrophotometrically. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Interaction of the poliovirus receptor with poliovirus (2000)

The structure of the extracellular, three-domain poliovirus receptor (CD155) complexed with poliovirus (serotype 1) has been determined to 22-A resolution by means of cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image-reconstruction techniques. Density corresponding to the receptor was isolated in a difference electron density map and fitted with known structures, homologous to those of the three individual CD155 Ig-like domains. The fit was confirmed by the location of carbohydrate moieties in the CD155 glycoprotein, the conserved properties of elbow angles in the structures of cell surface molecules with Ig-like folds, and the concordance with prior results of CD155 and poliovirus mutagenesis. CD155 binds in the poliovirus "canyon" and has a footprint similar to that of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 receptor on human rhinoviruses. However, the orientation of the long, slender CD155 molecule relative to the poliovirus surface is quite different from the orientation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 on rhinoviruses. In addition, the residues that provide specificity of recognition differ for the two receptors. The principal feature of receptor binding common to these two picornaviruses is the site in the canyon at which binding occurs. This site may be a trigger for initiation of the subsequent uncoating step required for viral infection.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (2004)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a clinicopathologic syndrome that encompasses several clinical entities. The spectrum of conditions ranges from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis and end stage liver disease. The condition was originally described in obese, diabetic, middle-aged females without a history of significant alcohol use with liver histology consistent with alcoholic hepatitis. It is known that this entity occurs without any particular sex predilection, in lean individuals, as well as an increasing number of obese children. Other terms have been used to describe this clinical entity such as alcohol-like hepatitis, pseudo-alcoholic hepatitis, diabetic hepatitis and steatonecrosis. Ludwig and colleagues introduced the term nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to describe patients fitting the picture of alcoholic hepatitis but without a history of significant alcohol abuse. The term nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is used more frequently to include the spectrum of conditions that range from steatosis through steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. NASH is reserved for patients with steatohepatitis and fibrosis. NAFLD is now being recognized as the most common cause of elevated liver enzymes in the United States. Although the exact etiology of NAFLD is not known, it may be caused by insulin resistance coupled with increased oxidative stress to the hepatocytes. No specific therapy has been approved for this condition and the mainstay of management is weight loss.
Experimental Entanglement Swapping: Entangling Photons That Never Interacted (1998)

We experimentally entangle freely propagating particles that never physically interacted with one another or which have never been dynamically coupled by any other means. This demonstrates that quantum entanglement requires the entangled particles neither to come from a common source nor to have interacted in the past. In our experiment we take two pairs of polarization entangled photons and subject one photon from each pair to a Bell-state measurement. This results in projecting the other two outgoing photons into an entangled state.
Cerebral folate deficiency with developmental delay, autism, and response to folinic acid (2005)

The authors describe a 6-year-old girl with developmental delay, psychomotor regression, seizures, mental retardation, and autistic features associated with low CSF levels of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the biologically active form of folates in CSF and blood. Folate and B12 levels were normal in peripheral tissues, suggesting cerebral folate deficiency. Treatment with folinic acid corrected CSF abnormalities and improved motor skills.
Detection of allelic imbalance in ascitic supernatant by digital single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. (2002)

These findings suggest that detection of AI using digital SNP analysis can be a useful adjunct for the detection of ovarian and other types of cancer in ascitic fluid.
The effects of helix breaking mutations in the diphtheria toxin transmembrane domain helix layers of the fusion toxin DAB389IL-2 (1998)

The fusion protein toxin DAB389IL-2 is composed of the catalytic and transmembrane domains of diphtheria toxin genetically linked to human interleukin 2 (IL-2). This fusion toxin is selectively toxic for eukaryotic cells which express the high-affinity form of the IL-2 receptor and the mechanism of intoxication parallels that of native diphtheria toxin. We used site-directed mutagenesis to introduce Pro residues into each of the three helical layers of the transmembrane domain. Although each of the mutations results in the complete loss of cytotoxic activity, individual mutants were found to vary with respect to channel formation in planar lipid bilayers, binding affinity and melting temperature. We propose that each of the three helix layers plays a critical role in the productive delivery of the catalytic domain to the cell cytosol.