gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of devices leakage of 45nm node with different SRAM layouts using an advanced e-beam inspection systems (2009)

In this study, a nickel silicide (NiSi) wafer and a WCMP wafer were used. We captured bright voltage contract (BVC) defects at N+/P-well on NiSi wafer, we also captured N+/P-well leak/short defects on WCMP wafer as BVC defects in positive mode inspection and dark voltage contrast (DVC) defects in Negative Mode<sup>TM</sup> inspection. N+/P-well leakage signatures of the two inspection modes of WCMP strongly correlate with each other, which indicate they are the same defects. N+/P-well leakage signature on WCMP wafer also correlate with that on NiSi wafer. With negative mode inspection, we captured P+/N-well leakage on WCMP wafer at two different static random access memory (SRAM) arrays (SRAM1 and SRAM3) as DVC defects. The P+/N-well leakage signature is very different from N+/P-well leakage signature in SRAM3. P+/N-well leakage signature of SRAM1 is also very different from that of SRAM3. This study confirmed our prediction that different SRAM layout will cause different P+/N-well leakage, especially in the case of over etching of share contact hole.
Photo-oxidation and photo-reduction in alkylthiol monolayers self-assembled on gold (1996)

Photo-oxidation and photo-reduction have been observed in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 8-chlorooctyldisulfide adsorbed on gold. Using the techniques of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) we were able to distinguish oxidation at the gold/sulfur interface and reduction at the chlorine/air interface, in an SAM of 8-chlorooctyldisulfide pre-exposed to an ambient environment of light and air; but no such evidence was seen in an identical sample kept in the dark with the exclusion of air. A second study, in which the near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) of octane-1,8-dithiol self-assembled on gold foil was compared with that of 8-bromooctyldisulfide and octane-1-thiol, gave compelling evidence that photo-oxidation is mediated by the gold surface. Since much of the interest in self-assembled monolayers centres on the many potential applications of such ordered layers of tailored functionality, it is important to note that their usage may be restricted to applications in which the monolayer is kept either in the dark or under anaerobic conditions.
Extension of the Smiles rearrangement. Displacement of an aromatic amide group by an amine nitrogen (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExtension of the Smiles rearrangement. Displacement of an aromatic amide group by an amine nitrogenNorman W. Gilman, Paul Levitan, and Leo H. SternbachCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 2, 373–377Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00942a035https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00942a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views388Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
THE BUTYL ALCOHOL-ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL FERMENTATION (1937)

Holland, and is the one isolated by Beijerinck (2) and later used by van der Lek (8). Medium and Culturing Fermentationswere carried out in a basal medium of 2 per cent glucose with 0.7 per cent peptone, 0.2 per cent Difco yeast extract (powder), and 0.1 per cent dipotassium phosphate.3 week-old spore cultures immersed in boiling water for 2 minutes served as inoculum.1 cc. of the suspension was used for each 300 cc. of medium inoculated.Air in the flasks was displaced by nitrogen. Analytical MethodsGlucose was determined by the official Munsen and Walker method (10).Butyl, ethyl, and isopropyl alcohols were determined by the method of Stahly, Osburn, and Werkman (15).Formic 685
In Vitro Inhibition of Diphtheria Toxin Action by Ammonium Salts and Amines (1965)

Kim, K. (University of Washington, Seattle), and N. B. Groman. In vitro inhibition of diphtheria toxin action by ammonium salts and amines. J. Bacteriol. 90:1552-1556. 1965.-An inhibitor for diphtheria toxin action on HeLa cells was demonstrated in the growth supernatant fractions of both toxinogenic and nontoxinogenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and in the Mueller and Miller medium in which these organisms were grown. The inhibitor in the growth supernatant fractions of the nontoxinogenic strain was dialyzable, stable to autoclaving, and stable on storage in the refrigerator for a period of many months, but was destroyed by ashing. When the components of Mueller and Miller medium were analyzed, only the Casamino Acids proved inhibitory. Further study with artificial mixtures of amino acids revealed that glutamine alone inhibited toxin. It was subsequently shown that ammonium salts and the aliphatic amines, glycamine and prolamine, could also function as inhibitors. Histamine and 16 amino acids tested individually were ineffective. The effectiveness of the amines and the ineffectiveness of sodium or potassium ions indicates that there is a specific requirement for inhibition.
Combining sketch and tone for pencil drawing production (2012)

We propose a new system to produce pencil drawing from natural images. The results contain various natural strokes and patterns, and are structurally representative. They are accomplished by novelly combining the tone and stroke structures, which complement each other in generating visually constrained results. Prior knowledge on pencil drawing is also incorporated, making the two basic functions robust against noise, strong texture, and significant illumination variation. In light of edge, shadow, and shading information conveyance, our pencil drawing system establishes a style that artists use to understand visual data and draw them. Meanwhile, it lets the results contain rich and well-ordered lines to vividly express the original scene.
Fiber-optic subcarrier multiplexing video transport employing multilevel QAM (1990)

The technical feasibility of applying a fiber-optic multilevel QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) subcarrier multiplexing scheme to a multichannel conventional TV signal transport is explored. This transport scheme has some advantageous features. Because a digital subcarrier modulation scheme is used, a high-quality transmission performance is expected to be achieved, if the bit error is sufficiently small over a transmission line and the required carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) is relatively small among the many candidates of subcarrier modulation schemes. The use of multilevel modulation allows the bandwidth to be efficiently utilized; consequently, up to 40-channel uncompressed digital TV signals are estimated to be accommodated in the frequency region of the VHF and UHF bands, where well-developed and inexpensive electronics can be easily applied.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effects of aging on in vivo synthesis of skeletal muscle myosin heavy-chain and sarcoplasmic protein in humans (1997)

A decline in muscle mass and contractile function are prominent features of the sarcopenia of old age. Because myosin heavy chain is an important contractile protein, it was hypothesized that synthesis of this protein decreases in sarcopenia. The fractional synthesis rate of myosin heavy chain was measured simultaneously with rates of mixed muscle and sarcoplasmic proteins from the increment of [13C]leucine in these proteins purified from serial needle biopsy samples taken from 24 subjects (age: from 20 to 92 yr) during a primed continuous infusion of L-[1-(13)C]leucine. A decline in synthesis rate of mixed muscle protein (P < 0.01) and whole body protein (P < 0.01) was observed from young to middle age with no further change with advancing age. An age-related decline of myosin heavy-chain synthesis rate was also observed (P < 0.01), with progressive decline occurring from young, through middle, to old age. However, sarcoplasmic protein synthesis did not decline with age. Myosin heavy-chain synthesis rate was correlated with measures of muscle strength (P < 0.05), circulating insulin-like growth factor I (P < 0.01), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (P < 0.05) in men and women and free testosterone levels in men (P < 0.01). A decline in the synthesis rate of myosin heavy chain implies a decreased ability to remodel this important muscle contractile protein and likely contributes to the declining muscle mass and contractile function in the elderly.
Isolation and sequence of a cDNA clone for human tyrosinase that maps at the mouse c-albino locus. (1987)

Screening of a lambda gt11 human melanocyte cDNA library with antibodies against hamster tyrosinase (monophenol, L-dopa:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) resulted in the isolation of 16 clones. The cDNA inserts from 13 of the 16 clones cross-hybridized with each other, indicating that they were from related mRNA species. One of the cDNA clones, Pmel34, detected one mRNA species with an approximate length of 2.4 kilobases that was expressed preferentially in normal and malignant melanocytes but not in other cell types. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence showed that the putative human tyrosinase is composed of 548 amino acids with a molecular weight of 62,610. The deduced protein contains glycosylation sites and histidine-rich sites that could be used for copper binding. Southern blot analysis of DNA derived from newborn mice carrying lethal albino deletion mutations revealed that Pmel34 maps near or at the c-albino locus, the position of the structural gene for tyrosinase.
Monoclonal antibody immunotherapy in nude mice persistently infected with Cryptosporidium parvum (1991)

Three groups of congenitally athymic nude mice were persistently infected following oral administration of 2 x 10(7) Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Two groups were treated once daily for 10 days with either neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb) 17.41 or an isotype control MAb. The third group received no treatment. Intestinal-infection scores were significantly decreased in nude mice treated with MAb 17.41 compared with isotype control MAb-treated and nontreated control groups (P less than 0.005). Biliary and pancreatic cryptosporidial-infection scores were similar for the MAb 17.41-treated and isotype control MAb-treated groups (P greater than 0.05).
Mechanisms of Small Intestinal Adaptation (1994)

Luminal nutrition, hormonal factors and pancreaticobiliary secretions are probably the major mediators of small intestinal adaptation. Their actions, as discussed in this paper, are likely to be interrelated. Direct local enterotrophic effects cannot account for all the actions of luminal nutrients. Additionally, hormonal factors have been shown to contribute to indirect effects of luminal nutrients and enteroglucagon is a likely mediator of adaptive responses. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor is a peptide for which there is convincing evidence of an enterotrophic action. Attention is drawn to the fact that pancreaticobiliary secretions may have a physiological role in stimulating small intestinal mucosal proliferation. Other factors may also influence small intestinal mucosal proliferation (e.g. prostaglandins, neurovascular mechanisms, bacteria). Additionally, polyamines are crucial in initiating cell division in the small intestine, but the detailed mechanisms of their action require further clarification. Finally, a number of therapeutic applications of small intestinal epithelial cell proliferation are discussed.
Eukaryotic Promoter Recognition (1997)

Only recently has it become common to determine eukaryotic genomic sequences large enough to contain several genes. With these data comes a new problem for gene finding programs: to partition a set of exons correctly among several genes. One line of development in eukaryotic gene identification begins with coding region identification by statistical means and adds pattern recognition for sites of transcriptional, splicing, and translational control to produce algorithms capable of suggesting overall gene structure (for review, see Gelfand 1995; Fickett 1996a). To date, most development effort has focused on integration of the various kinds of pattern information in the relatively simple case where a single complete gene is present in the input sequence. In this case, current algorithms usually suggest a putative protein translation similar to that in the literature, though there is still significant room for improvement (Burset and Guigo 1996). The extension of these algorithms to deal with a sequence containing multiple or partial genes is just beginning (Burge and Karlin 1997; http://gnomic.stanford.edu/∼chris/GENSCANW.html). Because the signals that control the start and stop of transcription and translation, and the location of splicing, are still not very well understood, it is not uncommon for a gene-finding algorithm to confuse internal with initial and terminal exons, thus wrongly partitioning the exons. The problem is compounded by our incomplete understanding of alternative splicing control elements. Another line of development in gene identification is based on homology (e.g., Gish and States 1993; Gelfand et al. 1996). If there is a close homolog in the databases to one of the genes in the sequence under analysis, sequence similarity will usually group the exons for this gene correctly. Still, in many cases there is no close homolog and no guarantee when there is some homolog that the encoded protein lacks insertions/deletions. Clearly, some means of recognizing the beginnings of genes, probably via the promoter, or the ends, probably by means of the polyadenylation signal or translation termination signal (e.g., Kondrakhin et al. 1994; Wahle and Keller 1996; Dalphin et al. 1997; Solovyev and Salamov 1997), would enable a major advance. The promoter seems to be a much richer signal than the 38 processing signals, though, as we shall see below, it is not easy to take advantage of the information in the promoter.
Hemicellulose biorefineries: a review on biomass pretreatments (2008)

Biomass pretreatment (BP) plays a crucial role in a lignocellulose feedstock-based biorefinery (LCFBR) for processing of three major output streams (cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin) into chemicals and biofuels. BP includes processing of lignocellulosic material (LCM) under aqueous, dilute acid or alkaline media to obtain a cellulosic fraction, which is then fermented to produce bioethanol. Hemicellulose is usually treated as a secondary stream due to lack of efficient fermentation of hemicellulosic sugars to ethanol. This review provides BPs assuming that hemicellulose stream should be integrated in LCFBR as a primary fraction for converting into value-added compounds other than bioethanol. Different LCM treatments are analyzed foreseeing bio-based products possible to obtain from hemicellulose path.
Efficient speech recognition using subvector quantization and discrete-mixture HMMs (1999)

This paper introduces a new form of observation distributions for hidden Markov models (HMMs), combining subvector quantization and mixtures of discrete distributions. We present efficient training and decoding algorithms for the discrete-mixture HMMs (DMHMMs). Our experimental results in the air-travel information domain show that the high-level of recognition accuracy of continuous mixture-density HMMs (CDHMMs) can be maintained at significantly faster decoding speeds. Moreover, we show that when the same number of mixture components is used in DMHMMs and CDHMMs, the new models exhibit superior recognition performance.
Wide Residual Networks (2016)

Deep residual networks were shown to be able to scale up to thousands of layers and still have improving performance. However, each fraction of a percent of improved accuracy costs nearly doubling the number of layers, and so training very deep residual networks has a problem of diminishing feature reuse, which makes these networks very slow to train. To tackle these problems, in this paper we conduct a detailed experimental study on the architecture of ResNet blocks, based on which we propose a novel architecture where we decrease depth and increase width of residual networks. We call the resulting network structures wide residual networks (WRNs) and show that these are far superior over their commonly used thin and very deep counterparts. For example, we demonstrate that even a simple 16-layer-deep wide residual network outperforms in accuracy and efficiency all previous deep residual networks, including thousand-layer-deep networks, achieving new state-of-the-art results on CIFAR, SVHN, COCO, and significant improvements on ImageNet. Our code and models are available at https://github.com/szagoruyko/wide-residual-networks
Urodynamic evaluation of voluntary detrusor response in healthy subjects. (1985)

The ability of healthy subjects to voluntarily inhibit a bladder detrusor contraction was evaluated using standard urodynamic techniques. Ten healthy subjects (five men and five women) were appraised using trichannel techniques which included measuring bladder volume, bladder pressure, intraabdominal pressure, and electromyographic activity of the anal or external urethral sphincter. Each subject was first evaluated to determine normalcy of urine flow rate. All subjects were assessed in three positions: supine, sitting, and standing. All ten subjects were able to inhibit their detrusor responses without increasing external urethral or anal sphincter activity or raising the tonus pressure limb of the bladder. Three of the subjects were unable to void during any part of the urodynamic evaluation. In one subject, voiding was accomplished by Valsalva maneuver which mimicked detrusor contraction. At least two subjects did not demonstrate their first urge to void until 300 to 400 cc, and one of these individuals was unable to void until his bladder capacity reached 600cc. These results indicated that normal subjects can inhibit their detrusor response during urodynamic studies. Inability to inhibit this response would therefore appear to be an abnormal pattern. Conversely, inability to produce a detrusor response cannot be called an abnormal retention pattern. Bladder volumes in healthy subjects may be higher than the traditional norms, and this must be taken into account during urodynamic evaluations.
Tooth root dentin mineralization defects in a mouse model of hypophosphatasia (2012)

Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is expressed in mineralizing tissues and functions to reduce pyrophosphate (PP(i) ), a potent inhibitor of mineralization. Loss of TNAP function causes hypophosphatasia (HPP), a heritable disorder marked by increased PP(i) , resulting in rickets and osteomalacia. Tooth root cementum defects are well described in both HPP patients and in Alpl(-/-) mice, a model for infantile HPP. In Alpl(-/-) mice, dentin mineralization is specifically delayed in the root; however, reports from human HPP patients are variable and inconsistent regarding dentin defects. In the current study, we aimed to define the molecular basis for changes in dentinogenesis observed in Alpl(-/-) mice. TNAP was found to be highly expressed by mature odontoblasts, and Alpl(-/-) molar and incisor roots featured defective dentin mineralization, ranging from a mild delay to severely disturbed root dentinogenesis. Lack of mantle dentin mineralization was associated with disordered and dysmorphic odontoblasts having disrupted expression of marker genes osteocalcin and dentin sialophosphoprotein. The formation of, initiation of mineralization within, and rupture of matrix vesicles in Alpl(-/-) dentin matrix was not affected. Osteopontin (OPN), an inhibitor of mineralization that contributes to the skeletal pathology in Alpl(-/-) mice, was present in the generally unmineralized Alpl(-/-) mantle dentin at ruptured mineralizing matrix vesicles, as detected by immunohistochemistry and by immunogold labeling. However, ablating the OPN-encoding Spp1 gene in Alpl(-/-) mice was insufficient to rescue the dentin mineralization defect. Administration of bioengineered mineral-targeting human TNAP (ENB-0040) to Alpl(-/-) mice corrected defective dentin mineralization in the molar roots. These studies reveal that TNAP participates in root dentin formation and confirm that reduction of PP(i) during dentinogenesis is necessary for odontoblast differentiation, dentin matrix secretion, and mineralization. Furthermore, these results elucidate developmental mechanisms underlying dentin pathology in HPP patients, and begin to explain the reported variability in the dentin/pulp complex pathology in these patients.
High-Quality Uniform Dry Transfer of Graphene to Polymers (2011)

In this paper we demonstrate high-quality, uniform dry transfer of graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition on copper foil to polystyrene. The dry transfer exploits an azide linker molecule to establish a covalent bond to graphene and to generate greater graphene-polymer adhesion compared to that of the graphene-metal foil. Thus, this transfer approach provides a novel alternative route for graphene transfer, which allows for the metal foils to be reused.