gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two distinct classes of IgG Fc receptors on a human monocyte line (U937) defined by differences in binding of murine IgG subclasses at low ionic strength. (1985)

We have defined two distinct classes of IgG Fc receptors (FcR) on cells of a human monocytic line (U937) by analyzing the direct binding of murine IgG subclasses in medium of low ionic strength. Four lines of evidence support this contention. The binding of aggregated murine IgG2b (AggmIgG2b) to U937 and Daudi cells was enhanced at low ionic strength, whereas monomeric murine IgG2a (mIgG2a) did not bind to Daudi cells and its high affinity binding to U937 cells was unaffected by changes in ionic strength. Double reciprocal inhibition experiments with U937 cells indicated that the binding of both ligands was inhibited 30 to 135 times more efficiently by the homologous ligand than by the heterologous one. That is, the binding of 125I-AggmIgG2b was inhibited 50% by 3.5 micrograms/ml of AggmIgG2b and 100 micrograms/ml of mIgG2a. Similarly, the binding of 125I-mIgG2a was inhibited 50% by 2.5 micrograms/ml of mIgG2a and only 44% by 243 micrograms/ml of AggmIgG2b. A monoclonal antibody of the IgG2b subclass raised against an IgG FcR on K562 cells inhibited binding to U937 cells of AggmIgG2b but not of mIgG2a. Trypsinization of U937 cells abrogated by 32% the binding of mIgG2a but did not affect the binding of AggmIgG2b. Human IgG inhibited binding of both AggmIgG2b and mIgG2a to U937 cells. We propose that the newly recognized FcR that binds AggmIgG2b is the human homologue of the murine macrophage IgG2b/1 FcR (FcRII), and that the previously described 72,000 dalton high-affinity FcR on U937 cells that binds mIgG2a is the human equivalent of the murine macrophage IgG2a FcR (FcRI).
Structural and Functional Analysis of Mouse Hypoxia-induced Mitogenic Factor Promoter (2008)

Hypoxia-induced mitogenic factor (HIMF) is a lung-specific cytokine, which plays critical roles in the proliferation and regeneration of lung epithelial cells. However, the regulation of HIMF gene expression remained unclear. To explore the mechanisms of HIMF gene transcription, four segments of HIMF promoter, -348～+61 bp, -302～+61 bp, -131～+61 bp, and -68～+61 bp, were obtained by PCR amplification from mouse genomic DNA and then subcloned into pGL3-Basic vectors containing a luciferase reporter. The mutation or deletion constructs at the binding site of transcription factor ETS-1 within the HIMF promoter were also prepared. The recombinant reporter vectors were transiently transfected into mouse lung epithelial cell lines MLE-12 and MLE-15, as well as colon cancer CT26 cells by Lipofectamine 2 000 under nomoxia. The results have shown that all the HIMF promoters were activated in MLE-12 and MLE-15 cells, but not in CT26 cells. The -302～-131 bp region was determined to be the core element of the HIMF promoter, containing a ETS-1 binding site as shown by EMSA. The mutation or deletion within this region resulted in a significant decrease of the promoter activity. Our results suggested that ETS-1 played an important role in the activation of HIMF promoter under nomoxia. The discovery may help further studies of the regulatory mechanisms of the HIMF gene transcription.
A new phylogenetic group of Propionibacterium acnes (2008)

Immunofluorescence microscopy-based identification of presumptive Propionibacterium acnes isolates, using the P. acnes-specific mAb QUBPa3, revealed five organisms with an atypical cellular morphology. Unlike the coryneform morphology seen with P. acnes types I and II, these isolates exhibited long slender filaments (which formed large tangled aggregates) not previously described in P. acnes. No reaction with mAbs that label P. acnes types IA (QUBPa1) and II (QUBPa2) was observed. Nucleotide sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene (1484 bp) revealed the isolates to have between 99.8 and 99.9 % identity to the 16S rRNA gene of the P. acnes type IA, IB and II strains NCTC 737, KPA171202 and NCTC 10390, respectively. Analysis of the recA housekeeping gene (1047 bp) did reveal, however, a greater number of conserved nucleotide polymorphisms between the sequences from these isolates and those from NCTC 737 (98.9 % identity), KPA171202 (98.9 % identity) and NCTC 10390 (99.1 % identity). Phylogenetic investigations demonstrated that the isolates belong to a novel recA cluster or lineage distinct from P. acnes types I and II. We now propose this new grouping as P. acnes type III. The prevalence and clinical importance of this novel recA lineage amongst isolates of P. acnes remains to be determined.
ChemInform Abstract: Li Metal‐Free Rechargeable Batteries Based on Li1+xMn2O4 Cathodes (0 . ltoreq. x ≤ 1) and Carbon Anodes. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Periodic Macroporous Nanocrystalline Antimony-Doped Tin Oxide Electrode (2011)

Optically transparent and electrically conductive electrodes are ubiquitous in the myriad world of devices. They are an indispensable component of solar and photoelectrochemical cells, organic and polymer light emitting diodes, lasers, displays, electrochromic windows, photodetectors, and chemical sensors. The majority of the electrodes in such devices are made of large electronic band-gap doped metal oxides fashioned as a dense low-surface-area film deposited on a glass substrate. Typical transparent conducting oxide materials include indium-, fluorine-, or antimony-doped tin oxides. Herein we introduce for the first time a transparent conductive periodic macroporous electrode that has been self-assembled from 6 nm nanocrystalline antimony-doped tin oxide with high thermal stability, optimized electrical conductivity, and high quality photonic crystal properties, and present an electrochemically actuated optical light switch built from this electrode, whose operation is predicated on its unique combination of electrical, optical, and photonic properties. The ability of this macroporous electrode to host active functional materials like dyes, polymers, nanocrystals, and nanowires provides new opportunities to create devices with improved performance enabled by the large area, spatially accessible and electroactive internal surface.
Lee, Don (2022)

Don Lee is an American writer of Korean descent, whose fiction has won numerous awards and honors. Lee's father, a second-generation Korean American, was a career State Department officer, so Lee grew up in a transnational context, spending much of his childhood in Seoul and Tokyo, attending American schools abroad before returning to the United States to attend UCLA and earn an MFA from Emerson College. Lee's fiction reflects both his transnational understanding of local American life and his interrogation of how minoritized Americans negotiate the gap between legal and cultural citizenship as they construct identities that refuse to be bound by the binary of the hyphen in which ethnic identity and American national identity are set up falsely as competing identities. Lee's works can be read on two different levels simultaneously: one, where the characters’ dilemmas and conflicts are universally American and very much rooted in localities; and another, where those very same universal dilemmas and conflicts have been shaped transnationally and complicated due to specific ethnic histories and the racialization of ethnic bodies. Rather than being interested in the dual personality question that was central to much of twentieth-century Asian American literature, Lee's twenty-first-century works explore the relationship between the private and public spheres as individuals navigate and negotiate institutional America in their personal lives through characters who embody both a rejection of the false binary of the hyphen and the consequences of American society's attempts to mark and bind those bodies by that binary.
Departure from Paschen's Law of Breakdown in Gases (1955)

The failure of Paschen's law of electrical breakdown in gases at both high pressures and extremely small electrode separations is explained by a single breakdown mechanism. The breakdown field in each of these cases is sufficiently great to draw measurable field-emission current from the cathode, which produces a relatively small number of ions. The space-charge field of these ions is great enough to increase the field-emission current appreciably even when the ratio of ion current to electron current is less than one percent. As more ionic space charge is produced, each ion becomes more effective in enhancing the electron current until the breakdown condition is attained. An expression is derived for the yield of electrons per positive ion as a function of the applied field. This expression is shown to be in quantitative agreement with values of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ derived from published data on breakdown voltages at high pressures. It is shown also that the same process explains breakdown at extremely small separations below the "minimum sparking potential."
Laser refractive surgery in the United States Navy (2008)

Since its personnel must meet strict visual requirements to accomplish their mission in a variety of environments, the US Navy places particular emphasis on safety and quality of vision after laser refractive surgery. The US Navy has been evaluating the safety and efficacy of laser refractive surgery since 1993 and will continue to do so.
Signaling defects in iPSC-derived fragile X premutation neurons (2012)

Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a leading monogenic neurodegenerative disorder affecting premutation carriers of the fragile X (FMR1) gene. To investigate the underlying cellular neuropathology, we produced induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from isogenic subclones of primary fibroblasts of a female premutation carrier, with each subclone bearing exclusively either the normal or the expanded (premutation) form of the FMR1 gene as the active allele. We show that neurons harboring the stably-active, expanded allele (EX-Xa) have reduced postsynaptic density protein 95 protein expression, reduced synaptic puncta density and reduced neurite length. Importantly, such neurons are also functionally abnormal, with calcium transients of higher amplitude and increased frequency than for neurons harboring the normal-active allele. Moreover, a sustained calcium elevation was found in the EX-Xa neurons after glutamate application. By excluding the individual genetic background variation, we have demonstrated neuronal phenotypes directly linked to the FMR1 premutation. Our approach represents a unique isogenic, X-chromosomal epigenetic model to aid the development of targeted therapeutics for FXTAS, and more broadly as a model for the study of common neurodevelopmental (e.g. autism) and neurodegenerative (e.g. Parkinsonism, dementias) disorders.
Eya1 and Six1 are essential for early steps of sensory neurogenesis in mammalian cranial placodes (2004)

Eya1 encodes a transcriptional co-activator and is expressed in cranial sensory placodes. It interacts with and functions upstream of the homeobox gene Six1 during otic placodal development. Here, we have examined their role in cranial sensory neurogenesis. Our data show that the initial cell fate determination for the vestibuloacoustic neurons and their delamination appeared to be unaffected in the absence of Eya1 or Six1 as judged by the expression of the basic helix-loop-helix genes, Neurog1 that specifies the neuroblast cell lineage, and Neurod that controls neuronal differentiation and survival. However, both genes are necessary for normal maintenance of neurogenesis. During the development of epibranchial placode-derived distal cranial sensory ganglia, while the phenotype appears less severe in Six1 than in Eya1 mutants, an early arrest of neurogenesis was observed in the mutants. The mutant epibranchial progenitor cells fail to express Neurog2 that is required for the determination of neuronal precursors, and other basic helix-loop-helix as well as the paired homeobox Phox2 genes that are essential for neural differentiation and maintenance. Failure to activate their normal differentiation program resulted in abnormal apoptosis of the progenitor cells. Furthermore, we show that disruption of viable ganglion formation leads to pathfinding errors of branchial motoneurons. Finally, our results suggest that the Eya-Six regulatory hierarchy also operates in the epibranchial placodal development. These findings uncover an essential function for Eya1 and Six1 as critical determination factors in acquiring both neuronal fate and neuronal subtype identity from epibranchial placodal progenitors. These analyses define a specific role for both genes in early differentiation and survival of the placodally derived cranial sensory neurons.
High-quality near-field beam achieved in a high-power laser based on SLM adaptive beam-shaping system (2015)

We demonstrate a high-power laser system with a high-quality near-field beam by using a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (SLM). An efficient spatial beam shaping algorithm is discussed which can improve the output nearfield beam quality effectively. Both small-signal and large-signal amplification situation of the laser are considered in the beam shaping algorithm. The experimental results show that the near field fluence modulation of output is improved from 1.99:1 to 1.26:1 by using the liquid-crystal SLM. Obvious uniform spatial fluence distribution and near-field beam quality improvement are observed.
Renewable Portfolio Standards in the States: Balancing Goals and Implementation Strategies (2007)

This paper reports on renewable portfolio standards (RPS) and how the RPS rules vary from state to state. This variation presents important challenges to successful implementation. Key issues are discussed in terms of resource availability, solar-specific provisions, and political and regulatory consistency, and their impacts on the ability to finance new renewable energy projects. This report emphasizes the fact that a successful RPS policy must balance a state's goals for fuel diversity, economic development, price effects, and environmental benefits.
Design of an integrated low-noise read-out system for DNA capacitive sensors (2007)

This paper describes an integrated solution for an accurate DNA label-free detection. The sensor considered is capacitive and constists of two golden electrodes. A known DNA strands (probe) is immobilized over them and a capacitive shift occurs in presence of a complementary sequence inside the solution. The shift amount has been previously evaluated by means of a charge sensitive amplifier (CSA) with an active feedback resistance, followed by a comparator and a counter on a prototyping board. Starting from the measurement results an integrated version is presented here using a low-noise CSA to reduce the low-frequency noise and offset. The system provides an A/D conversion and an evaluation of the capacitive shift amount with a resolution of more than 12 bit. The proposed integrated version of the read-out demonstrates the ability to identify variation on the capacitive values of the sensor with a resolution of 0.1%.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Agonist 15-Deoxy-Δ12,1412,14-Prostaglandin J2 Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (2002)

Abstract Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) are members of a nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that includes receptors for steroids, retinoids, and thyroid hormone, all of which are known to affect the immune response. Previous studies dealing with PPAR-γ expression in the immune system have been limited. Recently, PPAR-γ was identified in monocyte/macrophage cells. In this study we examined the role of PPAR-γ in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for the human disease multiple sclerosis. The hypothesis we are testing is whether PPAR-γ plays an important role in EAE pathogenesis and whether PPAR-γ ligands can inhibit the clinical expression of EAE. Initial studies have shown that the presence of the PPAR-γ ligand 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2) inhibits the proliferation of Ag-specific T cells from the spleen of myelin basic protein Ac1–11 TCR-transgenic mice. 15d-PGJ2 suppressed IFN-γ, ΙL-10, and IL-4 production by both Con A- and myelin basic protein Ac1–11 peptide-stimulated lymphocytes as determined by ELISA and ELISPOT assay. Culture of encephalitogenic T cells with 15d-PGJ2 in the presence of Ag reduced the ability of these cells to adoptively transfer EAE. Examination of the target organ, the CNS, during the course of EAE revealed expression of PPAR-γ in the spinal cord inflammatory infiltrate. Administration of 15d-PGJ2 before and at the onset of clinical signs of EAE significantly reduced the severity of disease. These results suggest that PPAR-γ ligands may be a novel therapeutic agent for diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
The gut microbiota: a key regulator of metabolic diseases (2016)

The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, two closely linked metabolic disorders, is increasing worldwide. Over the past decade, the connection between these disorders and the microbiota of the gut has become a major focus of biomedical research, with recent studies demonstrating the fundamental role of intestinal microbiota in the regulation and pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Because of the complexity of the microbiota community, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which the gut microbiota is associated with metabolic disorders remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarize recent studies that investigate the role of the microbiota in both human subjects and animal models of disease and discuss relevant therapeutic targets for future research. [BMB Reports 2016; 49(10): 536-541].
Confirmation of three susceptibility genes to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: IDDM4, IDDM5 and IDDM8 (1996)

Previous genome-wide mapping studies have provided suggestive linkage evidence for several novel susceptibility loci responsible for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM); however, the evidence was not sufficient to confirm the existence of these genes. We analyzed 265 Caucasian families with IDDM and report the first evidence that meets the standard for confirmed linkage for three susceptibility loci. The maximum LOD scores (MLS) were 3.9, 4.5 and 3.6 in our data set, and 5.0, 4.6 and 5.0 for our data combined with non-overlapping data from the literature, for IDDM4 on chromosome 11q13, IDDM5 on 6q25, and IDDM8 on 6q27, respectively. However, we could not confirm linkage for IDDM3 on 15q26 and IDDM7 on 2q31-q33, or linkage disequilibrium between D2S152 and IDDM7.
Human Metapneumovirus Infections in Young and Elderly Adults (2003)

Human metapneumovirus virus (hMPV) is a newly discovered respiratory pathogen with limited epidemiological data available. Cohorts of young and older adults were prospectively evaluated for hMPV infection during 2 winter seasons. Patients hospitalized for cardiopulmonary conditions during that period were also studied. Overall, 44 (4.5%) of 984 illnesses were associated with hMPV infection, and 9 (4.1%) of 217 asymptomatic subjects were infected. There was a significant difference in rates of hMPV illnesses between years 1 and 2 (7/452 [1.5%] vs. 37/532 [7.0%]; P<.0001). In the second year, 11% of hospitalized patients had evidence of hMPV infection. Infections occurred in all age groups but were most common among young adults. Frail elderly people with hMPV infection frequently sought medical attention. In conclusion, hMPV infection occurs in adults of all ages and may account for a significant portion of persons hospitalized with respiratory infections during some years.
Cancer Stem Cells in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer (2008)

Appropriate treatment of head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) remains one of the most difficult challenges in head and neck oncology. Overall survival of patients with HNSCC remains at approximately 50% at 5 years. Surgical therapy can be mutilating and often has significant effects on swallowing, speech, and physical appearance. The addition of chemotherapy to radiation treatment has shown efficacy in organ preservation in some sites in the head and neck, but has resulted in limited improvement in survival rates. HNSCC resistance to chemotherapy has limited the usefulness of chemotherapy in the treatment of this disease. We have recently demonstrated that human head and neck squamous cell cancers contain a tumorigenic, so-called cancer stem cell, subpopulation of cells that can self-renew and produce differentiated cells that form the bulk of the tumor. These tumorigenic HNSCC cells have a distinct phenotype and can be identified by a surface marker. Current treatment for HNSCC regimens may selectively kill the differentiated cancer cells, producing tumor regression while sparing the cancer stem cells, leading to tumor regrowth and relapse. It is important for us to understand why HNSCC does not respond to chemotherapy and to identify new targeted treatments that can overcome resistance and improve patient outcomes. Further study of HNSCC stem cells will increase our knowledge of this devastating disease and allow us to develop novel treatments.
Masking and unmasking of the sialic acid-binding lectin activity of CD22 (Siglec-2) on B lymphocytes (1998)

CD22 is a B cell-restricted glycoprotein involved in signal transduction and modulation of cellular activation. It is also an I-type lectin (now designated Siglec-2), whose extracellular domain can specifically recognize alpha2-6-linked sialic acid (Sia) residues. This activity is postulated to mediate intercellular adhesion and/or to act as a coreceptor in antigen-induced B cell activation. However, studies with recombinant CD22 indicate that the lectin function can be inactivated by expression of alpha2-6-linked Sia residues on the same cell surface. To explore whether this masking phenomenon affects native CD22 on B cells, we first developed a probe to detect the lectin activity of recombinant CD22 expressed on Chinese hamster ovary cells (which have no endogenous alpha2-6-linked Sia residues). This probe is inactive against CD22-positive B lymphoma cells and Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblasts which express high levels of alpha2-6-linked Sia residues. Enzymatic desialylation unmasks the CD22 lectin activity, indicating that endogenous Sia residues block the CD22 lectin-binding site. Truncation of the side chains of cell surface Sia residues by mild periodate oxidation (known to abrogate Sia recognition by CD22) also had this unmasking effect, indicating that the effects of desialylation are not due to a loss of negative charge. Normal resting B cells from human peripheral blood gave similar findings. However, the lectin is partially unmasked during in vitro activation of these cells. Thus, the lectin activity of CD22 is restricted by endogenous sialylation in resting B cells and may be transiently unmasked during in vivo activation, perhaps to modulate intercellular or intracellular interactions at this critical stage in the humoral response.
Detection and quantitation of fibronectin in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatic disease. (1981)

Fibronectin, a high molecular weight glycoprotein that binds to glycosaminoglycans, fibrinogen or fibrin, and collagen, was identified and quantitated in synovial fluid from patients with various rheumatic diseases. Fibronectin concentration was significantly higher in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (697 microgram/ml) than in other synovial fluids. In RA, synovial fluid fibronectin concentration exceeded that in plasma and did not directly correlate with synovial fluid concentrations of albumin, total protein, or fibrinogen. Synovial fluid fibronectin concentration correlated directly with synovial fluid white blood cell count (r = 0.50, P less than 0.005). Fibronectin was present in cryoprotein formed from four rheumatoid synovial fluids.