gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving the Efficacy of Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) using a Cocktail of Antibody Conjugates in a Multiple Antigen Tumor Model (2013)

Tumors are characterized by a high degree of diversity and heterogeneity in receptor expression. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are an established therapeutic method of targeting cell surface receptors. However, high affinity antibodies targeting highly expressed receptors are often prevented from distributing evenly throughout the tumor due to the "binding site barrier" whereby antibody is trapped peripherally before it can reach deeper into the tumor that leads inhomogeneous micro-distribution. When employing armed antibodies it is important that the toxin (in this case, phototoxin) be distributed evenly to more effectively treat the cancer. By adding an additional antibody conjugate, targeting a secondary, unsaturated receptor with lower expression, a more uniform distribution of the phototoxin can be achieved. In this study, panitumumab (Pan) and basiliximab (Bas) were conjugated with the phthalocyanine dye, IRDye700DX (IR700). Upon exposure to near infrared light, these armed antibodies produce rapid cell death only when bound to their respective receptors, a treatment termed photo-immunotherapy (PIT). ATAC4 cells which demonstrate high expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and low expression of interleukin-2 receptor-alpha (CD25) were treated by PIT using a cocktail of Pan-IR700 and Bas-IR700. An in vivo study showed that the cocktail Pan-Bas-IR700 resulted in significantly reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival in ATAC4 tumor-bearing mice compared with either Pan-IR700 or Bas-IR700 alone. In conclusion, a cocktail injection of two different antibody-IR700 conjugates created a more homogeneous microdistribution of antibody-conjugates resulting in enhanced therapeutic effects after PIT, compared to the use of either antibody-IR700 conjugate.
Cross-tolerance: A Pathway for Inducing Tolerance to Peripheral Tissue Antigens (1998)

Tlymphocytes develop within the thymus, where they are positively selected for self-restriction and purged of cells exhibiting strong reactivity to self-antigens presented within this microenvironment. Mature lymphocytes then enter the peripheral lymphoid pool, where they recirculate between the
CO Gas Sensing by Ultrathin Tin Oxide Films Grown by Atomic Layer Deposition Using Transmission FTIR Spectroscopy (2008)

Ultrathin tin oxide films were deposited on SiO2 nanoparticles using atomic layer deposition (ALD) techniques with SnCl4 and H2O2 as the reactants. These SnO(x) films were then exposed to O2 and CO gas pressure at 300 degrees C to measure and understand their ability to serve as CO gas sensors. In situ transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to monitor both the charge conduction in the SnO(x) films and the gas-phase species. The background infrared absorbance measured the electrical conductivity of the SnO(x) films based on Drude-Zener theory. O2 pressure was observed to decrease the SnO(x) film conductivity. Addition of CO pressure then increased the SnO(x) film conductivity. Static experiments also monitored the buildup of gas-phase CO2 reaction products as the CO reacted with oxygen species. These results were consistent with both ionosorption and oxygen-vacancy models for chemiresistant semiconductor gas sensors. Additional experiments demonstrated that O2 pressure was not necessary for the SnO(x) films to detect CO pressure. The background infrared absorbance increased with CO pressure in the absence of O2 pressure. These results indicate that CO can produce oxygen vacancies on the SnO(x) surface that ionize and release electrons that increase the SnO(x) film conductivity, as suggested by the oxygen-vacancy model. The time scale of the response of the SnO(x) films to O2 and CO pressure was also measured by using transient experiments. The ultrathin SnO(x) ALD films with a thickness of approximately 10 A were able to respond to O2 within approximately 100 s and to CO within approximately 10 s. These in situ transmission FTIR spectroscopy help confirm the mechanisms for chemiresistant semiconductor gas sensors.
Transgenic Over-Expression of Bovine α-Lactalbumin and Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in Porcine Mammary Gland (2001)

Abstract The first week postpartum is the period of greatest loss for US swine producers, with most morbidity and mortality attributed to malnutrition and scours. Despite the benefit to be gained by improving lactation performance, little progress has been made in this area through conventional means. Transgenic technology provides an important tool for addressing the problem of low milk production and its detrimental impact on swine production. Transgenic swine over-expressing bovine α-lactalbumin (α-LA) and human IGF-I were developed. α-Lactalbumin was selected for its role in lactose synthesis and regulating milk volume. IGF-I regulates mammary development and piglet intestinal development. The IGF-I construct consisted of the IGF-I gene inserted directly behind the α-LA signal peptide coding sequence to allow secretion of IGF-I into milk. Outcomes assessed were milk composition and yield and piglet growth and intestinal development. First parity α-LA gilts (n=8) had higher milk lactose content in early lactation and 20 to 50% greater milk yield on d 3, 6, and 9 of lactation than nontransgenic gilts (n=10). Weight gain of piglets suckling α-LA gilts was greater from d 7 and 21 postpartum than control piglets. Colostral IGF-I was ∼10-fold higher in first-parity IGF-I transgenic gilts (n=5) than non-transgenic gilts (n=4), and elevated milk IGF-I is maintained throughout lactation at ∼0.6mg/L. Milk yield tended to be greater in IGF-I transgenic swine in early lactation. Thus, transgenic over-expression of milk proteins and growth factors may provide a means to improve swine lactation performance.
Dorsal hippocampus involvement in trace fear conditioning with long, but not short, trace intervals in mice. (2005)

Placing a "trace" interval between a warning signal and an aversive shock makes consolidation of the memory for trace conditioning hippocampus dependent. To determine the trace at which memory consolidation requires the hippocampus, mice were trained with 0-s, 1-s, 3-s, or 20-s trace intervals and tested for freezing to context and tone. Posttraining dorsal hippocampus (DH) lesions decreased context conditioning regardless of trace interval. However, DH lesions attenuated only the 20-s trace tone freezing. Like eyeblink conditioning, the DH is necessary for trace fear conditioning only at long trace intervals, but the time scale for the effective interval in fear conditioning is about 40 times longer. Manipulations that alter trace fear conditioning with short trace intervals probably do not reflect altered DH function. Given this difference in time scale along with the use of posttraining DH lesions, hippocampus dependency of trace conditioning is not related to a bridging function or response timing.
The Research and Creation of Electronic Technology Simulated Practice Training Platform (2013)

Applying the electronic technology simulated software to internet remote teaching platform has very important significance for expending the function of simulated software and creating new mode of remote practice teaching. This article introduced research results and development idea of electronic technology simulated practice training platform which based on Proteus.
Biofilms and Wounds: An Overview of the Evidence (2014)

<b>Significance:</b> Microorganisms can exist both in the planktonic and biofilm state. Each phenotypic state has a role to play in delaying healing and causing infections of both acute and chronic wounds. However, the virulent biofilm state is the fundamental reason that chronic wounds do not heal in a timely manner. We hypothesize that because microorganisms attach to any surface, biofilms can be found in all chronic wounds. However, it is not the biofilm <i>per se</i> that represents the greatest obstacle to the healing of a chronic wound, but its virulence and pathogenicity. <b>Recent Advances:</b> Numerous studies with animals and humans have identified biofilms in wounds. In particular, these studies have highlighted how biofilms impede host fibroblast development, inflammatory responses, and the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy. Despite this, the role biofilms play in affecting the healing of wounds is still vigorously debated. <b>Critical Issues:</b> Clinicians must understand the role that <i>pathogenic</i> biofilms play in impairing the healing of chronic wounds and in increasing the risk for wound infection, with its potentially catastrophic outcomes. The composition of the biofilm, its physiochemical properties, the climaxed indigenous microbiota and their virulence/pathogenicity, microbial numbers and the host's pathophysiology, and immunological fitness will govern the sustainability of a <i>pathogenic</i> biofilm in a wound and its resistance to interventions. <b>Future Directions:</b> Establishing which specific <i>pathogenic</i> biofilms delay wound healing should help guide better wound care practices.
Temperature Dependence of the Elastic Constants (1970)

The following two equations are proposed for the temperature dependence of the elastic stiffness constants: ${c}_{\mathrm{ij}}={c}_{\mathrm{ij}}^{0}\ensuremath{-}\frac{s}{({e}^{\frac{t}{T}}\ensuremath{-}1)}$ and ${c}_{\mathrm{ij}}=a\ensuremath{-}\frac{b{T}^{2}}{(T+c)}$, where ${c}_{\mathrm{ij}}^{0}$, $s$, $t$, $a$, $b$, and $c$ are constants. The applicability of these two equations and that of Wachtman's equation is examined for 57 elastic constants of 22 substances. The first equation has a theoretical justification and gives the best over-all results. Neither of the three equations give the theoretically expected ${T}^{4}$ dependence at low temperatures, and therefore they are not expected to give very accurate results at very low temperatures ($\ensuremath{\lesssim}\frac{{\ensuremath{\Theta}}_{D}}{50}$). A new melting criterion is also examined.
GATA-6 and Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 Directly Interact and Regulate Surfactant Protein-C Gene Expression (2002)

GATA-6, a member of the GATA family of zinc finger domain containing transcription factors, is expressed in endodermally derived tissues including the lung, where GATA-6 influences the transcription of target genes, TTF-1, and surfactant proteins. Whereas GATA-6 did not directly alter expression of sp-C constructs in HeLa cells, GATA-6 synergistically activated sp-C gene transcription when co-expressed with TTF-1, supporting the concept that GATA-6 and TTF-1 might directly interact to influence target gene expression. GST-GATA-6 directly co-precipitated with TTF-1 after in vitro translation and directly interacted with the TTF-1-binding element in the sp-C promoter. Binding of TTF-1 to GATA-6 required the homeodomain of TTF-1, but optimal interactions with GATA-6 required the homeodomain and either carboxyl- or amino-terminal domains of TTF-1. Interactions between TTF-1 and GATA-6 required the amino-terminal and zinc finger domains of GATA-6. Although GATA-4 also interacted with TTF-1 in two-hybrid assays, GATA-4 was not as active as GATA-6 in the activation of the sp-C promoter with TTF-1. Deletion and substitution mutations between GATA-4 and GATA-6 demonstrated that the carboxyl-terminal zinc finger domain of GATA-6 contributed to its synergistic activation of the sp-C promoter with TTF-1. GATA-6 influenced the activity of the sp-C promoter, binding and acting synergistically with TTF-1.
Nck and Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Synergistically Activate Actin Polymerization through the N-WASP-Arp2/3 Pathway (2001)

The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) and its relative neural WASP (N-WASP) regulate the nucleation of actin filaments through their interaction with the Arp2/3 complex and are regulated in turn by binding to GTP-bound Cdc42 and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. The Nck Src homology (SH) 2/3 adaptor binds via its SH3 domains to a proline-rich region on WASP and N-WASP and has been implicated in recruitment of these proteins to sites of tyrosine phosphorylation. We show here that Nck SH3 domains dramatically stimulate the rate of nucleation of actin filaments by purified N-WASP in the presence of Arp2/3 in vitro. All three Nck SH3 domains are required for maximal activation. Nck-stimulated actin nucleation by N-WASP.Arp2/3 complexes is further stimulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, but not by GTP-Cdc42, suggesting that Nck and Cdc42 activate N-WASP by redundant mechanisms. These results suggest the existence of an Nck-dependent, Cdc42-independent mechanism to induce actin polymerization at tyrosine-phosphorylated Nck binding sites.
[Cool storage of fetal rat brain for neural transplantation]. (1992)

The availability, storage and transportation of donor tissue are major practical problems associated with the potential use of grafted neural cell replacements in neurodegenerative diseases. The capacity to collect and maintain viable fetal neural tissue would facilitate possible clinical applications, and provide opportunities to study various neural diseases. In the present study, we examined the effect of cool storage on the survivability of intraventricular rat fetal ventral mesencephalic grafts (gestational days 15). In all experiments, fetal ventral mesencephalons were dissected out under a dissecting microscope in calcium-free magnesium-free buffer (CMF: 0.15 M NaCl, 0.008 M Na2HPO4, 0.0027 M KCl, 0.0015 M KHPO4, 0.026 M NaHCO3, with 0.1% glucose, 100 micrograms/ml streptomycin, 2.5 micrograms/ml fungizone). Fetal mesencephalic tissue was grafted into the lateral ventricle following pregraft refrigeration in calcium-free magnesium-free buffer at 4 degrees C. Fetal mesencephalic tissue was hibernated for 5, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32 hours (group A, B, C, D, E, F and G, respectively). As a control group, fetal mesencephalic tissue was grafted into the lateral ventricle immediately after dissection. Grafted fetal mesencephalic tissue which had been hibernated for 16 hours or less survived well. There were no significant decreases in the size of grafts among group A, B, C and the control group. In group A, B, C and the control group, clusters of TH-positive neurons and dense networks of neuritic profiles within the grafts provided a morphological appearance reminiscent of the dendritic bundles that characterize the zone reticulate of the substantia nigra in situ.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Rapid Deployment of CPE-Based Telecommunications Services (2005)

The paper describes a methodology and platform for the rapid deployment of telecommunications services based on intelligent terminal processors. The authors propose the platform approach to bypass the lengthy standardization process and the community of interest problem. The platforms are intelligent terminal equipment such as workstations with hardware and software resources. Services are defined in terms of platform resources in service description languages and deployed by transferring the service descriptions from repositories to the platforms as a part the call setup. As a demonstration of this approach, the authors are prototyping the capability of rapidly deploying services over the Internet based on an object-oriented platform developed at UC Berkeley, Ptolemy, and the prototype uses Ptolemy interpreter files as the service descriptions.
Multi-tap complex-coefficient incoherent microwave photonic filters based on optical single-sideband modulation and narrow band optical filtering (2008)

We propose a novel scheme to implement tunable multi-tap complex coefficient filters based on optical single sideband modulation and narrow band optical filtering. A four tap filter is experimentally demonstrated to highlight the enhanced tuning performance provided by complex coefficients. Optical processing is performed by the use of a cascade of four phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings specifically fabricated for this purpose.
The development of prostatic adenocarcinoma in Nb rats following prolonged sex hormone administration. (1977)

Nanowire based solar cells have attracted great attention due to their potential for high efficiency and low device cost. Photovoltaic devices based on InP nanowires now have characteristics comparable to InP bulk solar cells. A detailed and direct correlation of the influence of growth conditions on performance is necessary to improve efficiency further. We explored the effects of the growth temperature, and of the addition of HCl during growth, on the efficiency of nanowire array based solar cell devices. By increasing HCl, the saturation dark current was reduced, and thereby the nanowire solar cell efficiency was enhanced from less than 1% to 7.6% under AM 1.5 illumination at 1 sun. At the same time, we observed that the solar cell efficiency decreased by increasing the tri-methyl-indium content, strongly suggesting that these effects are carbon related.
Coherent ultrafast MI-FROG spectroscopy of optical field ionization in molecular H/sub 2/, N/sub 2/, and O/sub 2/ (2001)

Quantitative phase-sensitive measurements of ultrafast optical-field ionization rates in molecular H/sub 2/, N/sub 2/, and O/sub 2/ are obtained using a temporally gated frequency-domain interferometric pulse measurement technique: multipulse interferometric frequency-resolved optical gating (MI-FROG). By measuring the pump-induced frequency change on a weak copropagating probe pulse, the optical field ionization dynamics can be completely time-resolved with sub-pulsewidth time resolution. A one-dimensional nonrelativistic electromagnetic fluid code model is used to compute the ionization dynamics and optical field propagation through the plasma. Using the Ammosov-Delone-Krainov (ADK) tunnel ionization rate model originally developed for atoms, the relatively simple model proposed here has been shown to compare favorably with the MI-FROG measured ionization rates in noble gases in the intermediate intensity regime (10/sup 14/ W/cm/sup 2/) (Siders et al, Phys. Rev. Lett.). We attempt to unify our studies in noble gases and molecules by performing experiments on N/sub 2/ and O/sub 2/, which have nearly identical ionization potentials to Ar and Xe, respectively. For the molecules studied here, we show that an ADK-like description of molecular ionization rates calculated from the model agree with the experimentally measured rates using the MI-FROG technique for H/sub 2/ and N/sub 2/. In the case of O/sub 2/, however, the experimentally measured ionization rate is approximately two orders of magnitude lower than that expected from the standard ADK formula. This is in agreement with the previously observed suppressed O/sub 2/ ionization rate in ion mass spectroscopy studies (Guo, 2000). We attribute the suppressed ionization rate in O/sub 2/ to a multielectron screening effect and show that a modified version of the ADK formula, taking into account the electron screening as proposed by Guo, well approximates the MI-FROG O/sub 2/ ionization rate data.
Dynamics and Energy Contributions for Transport of Unfolded Pertactin through a Protein Nanopore (2015)

To evaluate the physical parameters governing translocation of an unfolded protein across a lipid bilayer, we studied protein transport through aerolysin, a passive protein channel, at the single-molecule level. The protein model used was the passenger domain of pertactin, an autotransporter virulence protein. Transport of pertactin through the aerolysin nanopore was detected as transient partial current blockades as the unfolded protein partially occluded the aerolysin channel. We compared the dynamics of entry and transport for unfolded pertactin and a covalent end-to-end dimer of the same protein. For both the monomer and the dimer, the event frequency of current blockades increased exponentially with the applied voltage, while the duration of each event decreased exponentially as a function of the electrical potential. The blockade time was twice as long for the dimer as for the monomer. The calculated activation free energy includes a main enthalpic component that we attribute to electrostatic interactions between pertactin and the aerolysin nanopore (despite the low Debye length), plus an entropic component due to confinement of the unfolded chain within the narrow pore. Comparing our experimental results to previous studies and theory suggests that unfolded proteins cross the membrane by passing through the nanopore in a somewhat compact conformation according to the "blob" model of Daoud and de Gennes.
DNA Methylation: A Profile of Methods and Applications (2002)

Ever since methylcytosine was found in genomic DNA, this epigenetic alteration has become a center of scientific attraction, especially because of its relation to gene silencing in disease. There is currently a wide range of methods designed to yield quantitative and qualitative information on genomic DNA methylation. The earliest approaches were concentrated on the study of overall levels of methylcytosine, but more recent efforts havefocused on the study ofthe methylation status of specific DNA sequences. Particularly, optimization of the methods based on bisulfite modification of DNA permits the analysis of limited CpGs in restriction enzyme sites (e.g., combined bisulfite restriction analyses and methylation-sensitive single nucleotide primer extension) and the overall characterization based on differential methylation states (e.g., methylation-specific PCR, MethyLight, and methylation-sensitive single-stranded conformational polymorphism) and allows very specific patterns of methylation to be revealed (bisulfite DNA sequencing). In addition, novel methods designed to search for new methylcytosine hot spots have yielded further data without requiring prior knowledge of the DNA sequence. We hope this review will be a valuable tool in selecting the best techniques to address particular questions concerning the cytosine methylation status of genomic DNA.
Analysis of 17 948 pediatric patients undergoing procedural sedation with a combination of intranasal dexmedetomidine and ketamine (2018)

Procedural sedation using a combination of intranasal dexmedetomidine and ketamine is associated with acceptable effectiveness and low rates of adverse events.
Comparison of algorithms and databases for matching unknown mass spectra (1998)

The most used algorithms for the identification of electron-ionization mass spectra are INCOS and probability based matching (PBM). For unknown spectra of high purity, approximately 75% of rank 1 answers are correct for both algorithms, matched against the National Institute of Standards and Technology 62,235 spectrum database. With matching criteria that retrieve 50% of the possible correct answers from the Wiley 228,998 spectrum database, 54% of the PBM and 42% of the INCOS answers are correct; for 85% purity unknowns, 48% and 27% are correct. For an unknown spectrum of two compounds, neither was reported in the first three INCOS answers; eight of the first ten PBM answers identify both components.