gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IL‐23 and the Th17 pathway promote inflammation and impair antifungal immune resistance (2007)

Although inflammation is an essential component of the protective response to fungi, its dysregulation may significantly worsen fungal diseases. We found here that the IL-23/IL-17 developmental pathway acted as a negative regulator of the Th1-mediated immune resistance to fungi and played an inflammatory role previously attributed to uncontrolled Th1 cell responses. Both inflammation and infection were exacerbated by a heightened Th17 response against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, two major human fungal pathogens. IL-23 acted as a molecular connection between uncontrolled fungal growth and inflammation, being produced by dendritic cells in response to a high fungal burden and counter-regulating IL-12p70 production. Both IL-23 and IL-17 subverted the inflammatory program of neutrophils, which resulted in severe tissue inflammatory pathology associated with infection. Our data are the first demonstrating that the IL-23/IL-17 pathway promotes inflammation and susceptibility in an infectious disease model. As IL-23-driven inflammation promotes infection and impairs antifungal resistance, modulation of the inflammatory response represents a potential strategy to stimulate protective immune responses to fungi.
Placenta growth factor levels in second‐trimester maternal serum in Down syndrome pregnancy and in the prediction of preeclampsia (2004)

PlGF levels are not significantly altered in second-trimester maternal serum samples from cases of Down syndrome or in pregnancies that develop preeclampsia.
Effective Proliferation of Human Regulatory T Cells Requires a Strong Costimulatory CD28 Signal That Cannot Be Substituted by IL-2 (2007)

The strength of immune repression by regulatory T (Treg) cells is thought to depend on the efficiency of Treg cell activation. The stimuli and their individual strength required to activate resting human Treg cells, however, have so far not been elucidated in detail. We reveal here that induction of proliferation of human CD4(+)C25(+) Treg cells requires an extraordinary strong CD28 costimulatory signal in addition to TCR/CD3 engagement. CD28 costimulation, noteworthy, cannot be substituted by IL-2 to induce proliferation of Treg cells, which is in contrast to CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. IL-2, in contrast, prevents spontaneous apoptosis of Treg cells, but does not initiate their amplification. IL-2 and CD28 costimulation clearly exhibit disparate effects on Treg cells which are in contrast to those on CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells. Moreover, the prerequisites for Treg cell proliferation differ strikingly from those for effector T cells, implying a balanced orchestration in initiating and limiting a T cell immune response. In addition, data are of relevance for the design of therapeutic strategies involving IL-2 administration and CD28 costimulation.
Tympanometric variations induced by Vidian nerve stimulation in humans (1985)

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Field and producer survey of ACCase resistant wild oat in Manitoba (1997)

In a previous study, 729 townships in Manitoba were differentiated as being at low, medium, or high risk of evolving wild oat resistant to Group 1 herbicides based on herbicide use histories from 1981 to 1993. In the present study, 16 townships representing the three risk categories were surveyed in 1994 in order to determine the percentage of resistant wild oat patches. As well, a questionnaire was mailed to farmers in these townships requesting information on practices and attitudes relating to herbicide resistance. The wild oat survey consisted of sampling seed from conspicuous wild oat patches visible from north-south roads in each township. A total of 533 samples were collected and screened with fenoxaprop-P and sethoxydim using a bioassay. An average of eight resistant wild oat patches was found in the high risk townships. This was significantly higher than in low and medium risk townships where an average of less than one resistant wild oat patch per township was detected. The attitude of producers towards herbicide resistance was similar in all risk categories. However, the number of respondents suspecting Group 1 resistance on their farms was related to risk categories with producers in high risk areas suspecting the most cases of resistance. Key words: Weed survey, resistance assessment, wild oat, ACCase inhibitors
The Spin on Electronics! (2008)

Recent advances in generating, manipulating and detecting spin-polarized electrons promise entirely new classes of spin-based sensor, memory and logical devices, generally referred to as the field of spintronics. These advances are based on recent fundamental discoveries involving spin-polarized current in novel nano-materials, including giant tunnelling magnetoresistance, the spin Hall effect and the excitation of magnetization via the transfer of spin angular momentum from spin-polarized current. The papers in this volume are based on a Discussion Meeting held at the Royal Society, London on 28 and 29 September 2009 and aim to provide an overview of the major advances in the field.
Infection in the prediction and antibiotics in the prevention of spontaneous preterm labour and preterm birth (2003)

The association between infection and spontaneous preterm labour is now well established and thought to be responsible for preterm birth in up to 40% of cases. Preterm labour that is due to infection is refractory to the use of tocolytic agents. So the knowledge that infection may be the cause is unhelpful once a woman is admitted in spontaneous preterm labour, since by that time there may be irreversible changes in the uterine cervix, which renders futile those attempts to inhibit the process. It would be much more logical to use the association between infection and spontaneous preterm labour to identify a group of women at risk and to intervene using antibiotic prophylaxis. It is important to record, that the earlier in gestation at which abnormal genital tract colonisation is detected, the greater is the risk of an adverse outcome. For example, abnormal genital tract flora at 26–32 weeks gestation is associated with preterm birth with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.4 to 2, whereas abnormal genital tract flora at 7–16 weeks gestation carries an OR of 5 to 7.5. Intervention studies have used different antibiotics in different dosage regimes by different routes of administration to patients of differing risks at different gestational ages. Not surprisingly this has led to differing results. If intervention is to be successful, the antibiotics chosen should be active against bacterial vaginosis or bacterial vaginosis‐related organisms and should be used early in pregnancy in those women with the greatest degree of abnormal genital tract flora. While there is logic in using intravaginal antibiotics to deliver a heavy antibiotic load to the vagina where heavy abnormal colonisation exists, there is also logic in considering systemic antibiotics to eradicate those organisms, which have already gained access to the decidua. It may be that the greatest chance of benefit would exist if both routes of administration were combined. Yet no study has evaluated the combination of both intravaginal and systemic antibiotics to eradicate abnormal genital tract flora for the prevention of preterm birth.
Genomic Signature Tags (GSTs): A System for Profiling Genomic DNA (2002)

Genomic signature tags (GSTs) are the products of a method we have developed for identifying and quantitatively analyzing genomic DNAs. The DNA is initially fragmented with a type II restriction enzyme. An oligonucleotide adaptor containing a recognition site for MmeI, a type IIS restriction enzyme, is then used to release 21-bp tags from fixed positions in the DNA relative to the sites recognized by the fragmenting enzyme. These tags are PCR-amplified, purified, concatenated, and then cloned and sequenced. The tag sequences and abundances are used to create a high-resolution GST sequence profile of the genomic DNA. GSTs are shown to be long enough for use as oligonucleotide primers to amplify adjacent segments of the DNA, which can then be sequenced to provide additional nucleotide information or used as probes to identify specific clones in metagenomic libraries. GST analysis of the 4.7-Mb Yersinia pestis EV766 genome using BamHI as the fragmenting enzyme and NlaIII as the tagging enzyme validated the precision of our approach. The GST profile predicts that this strain has several changes relative to the archetype CO92 strain, including deletion of a 57-kb region of the chromosome known to be an unstable pathogenicity island.
Aldosterone induces p21‐regulated apoptosis via increased synthesis and secretion of tumour necrosis factor‐α in human proximal tubular cells (2012)

Summary Aldosterone has been shown to mediate p21‐dependent cellular senescence in rat kidney proximal tubules in vivo and in cultured human proximal tubular cells. The p21‐induced senescent cells express higher levels of apoptotic cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor ( TNF )‐α compared with non‐senescent cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that aldosterone increases proximal tubular apoptosis by increasing the secretion of apoptosis–inducing factors through a p21‐dependent mechanism. Human proximal tubular cells were incubated with aldosterone (10 nmol/L) and cell senescence was detected by senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase staining and expression of p21. Apoptosis was analysed by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP –digoxigenin nick end‐labelling and annexin/propidium iodide staining, whereas p21 localization was determined by immunofluorescence. Exposure of cells to aldosterone for 3 or 5 days increased senescence–associated β‐galactosidase staining, p21 and TNF ‐α mRNA expression and secretion of TNF ‐α into the culture medium. These changes were abolished by gene silencing of p21. Aldosterone failed to increase the number of apoptotic cells on day 3, but did increase them on day 5. A neutralizing antibody against TNF ‐α prevented the aldosterone‐induced apoptotic changes. Aldosterone did not affect localization of p21. These findings indicate that aldosterone increases TNF ‐α synthesis and secretion in proximal tubular cells via p21/senescence–dependent cell phenotypic changes and that the TNF ‐α secreted plays an important role as a paracrine factor in mediating cell apoptosis, indicating a possible involvement in aldosterone‐induced renal damage.
Deficiency of the suppressor inducer subset of T lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis (1987)

New monoclonal antibodies allow CD4 lymphocytes to be categorized into helper/inducer (HI) CD4+ 4B4+, and suppressor inducer (SI) CD4+ 2H4+ subpopulations. Blood and synovial lymphocytes from 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 13 patients with other articular diseases, and 24 control subjects were exposed to these monoclonal antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. CD4:CD8 ratios were similar for the 3 groups. In RA patients, there was a depletion of SI cells in blood and synovial fluid, and the ratio of HI cells to SI cells was elevated, particularly in the synovial lymphocytes. These data provide new evidence for T cell dysregulation in the perpetuation of RA.
Dynamic strategy for window splitting, parameters estimation and interpolation in spatial parametric audio coders (2012)

In most parametric stereo audio coders, sets of spatial parameters are extracted from the audio channels in a time-frequency domain. In order to reduce the amount of data, the parameters plane is highly down-sampled, and transmitted together with a mono downmix. Then, in the decoding process, it is necessary to interpolate the upmix matrix computed from these parameters. Usually, this is done in the same way for each portion of signal, regardless of its nature. In this article, we propose a dynamic strategy of window splitting, estimation of the parameters and interpolation of the upmix matrix based on transient detection in the audio signal. Subjective tests show an improvement when applied to the new stereo parametric tool from MPEG USAC.
Molecular and Physiological Responses to Abscisic Acid and Salts in Roots of Salt-Sensitive and Salt-Tolerant Indica Rice Varieties (1995)

The Indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties Pokkali and Nona Bokra are well-known salt tolerance donors in classical breeding. In an attempt to understand the molecular basis of their tolerance, physiological and gene expression studies were initiated. The effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on total proteins in roots from 12-d-old seedlings of Pokkali, Nona Bokra, and the salt-sensitive cultivar Taichung N1 were analyzed on two-dimensional gels. The abundance of ABA-induced proteins was highest in the most tolerant variety, Pokkali. Three ABA-responsive proteins, present at different levels in roots from tolerant and sensitive varieties, were further characterized by partial amino acid analysis. A novel histidine-rich protein and two types of late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins were identified. Protein immunoblotting revealed that the levels of dehydrins and group 3 LEA proteins were significantly higher in roots from tolerant compared with sensitive varieties. Endogenous ABA levels showed a transient increase in roots exposed to osmotic shock (150 mM NaCl). Peak ABA concentrations were 30-fold higher for Nona Bokra and 6-fold higher for Pokkali compared with Taichung N1. Both the salt-induced endogenous ABA levels and a greater molecular response of root tissue to ABA were associated with the varietal differences in tolerance.
Pathogenic and clinical microbiology : a laboratory manual (1994)

A straightforward, clinically focused laboratory manual. Will be an accompaniment to any microbiology textbook. It allows the student to work through the most common laboratory exercises while also testing their learning curve by identifying a micro-organism through testing procedures. easy to read - presented in a clearly written, succinct style with simple tables to work through; logical approach - moves the student through 20 pathogenic microbiology exercises, including 4 unknowns, the student is then led through 11 clinical microbiology exercises
Preparation and evaluation of β‐TCP/polylactide microspheres as osteogenesis materials (2008)

Abstract In the osteological field, the study of repairing and recovering processes for bone tissues has been one of the major clinical research subjects. To promote the bone healing, bioactive composite materials have been employed for the filling and supporting of defects, voids or diseased parts. In this study, a series of microsphere composites made from polylactide (PLA), a biodegradable polymer, and β‐calcium phosphate (β‐TCP), an osteogenesis material, were prepared and estimated their potential applications in participation to the growth of new bone tissues on bone defects. By employing the water/oil/water (w/o/w) emulsion technique to fabricate a series of bioactive and biodegradable microspheres materials, we have found that one type of the microspheres: with diameter at 177 ± 33 μm, and enclosure of β‐TCP at 18% (wt/wt), exhibiting smooth surface by the optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, and showing slow yet steady calcium ion release and PLA degradation by in vitro test, showed excellent repairing and recovery of the chondrocyte and osteocyte tissues on drilled defects on the condyle of New Zealand rabbits within 1 month of application. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Clinical Results after Islet Transplantation (2001)

After the discovery of insulin,1it was believed that diabetes was cured; however, the chronic complications of diabetes soon became evident. For the patient with Type 1 diabetes, the fine control of hyperglycemia to prevent retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, or vascular disease has to be offset against the risk of hypoglycemia. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases has unequivocally confirmed that hyperglycemia is associated with progressive complications, yet at the same time intensive insulin therapy has been associated with a three-fold increased risk of hypoglycemia.2These observations provide the stimulus for the development of alternative means of therapy. Although insulin analogues will undoubtedly facilitate this, to date they have not been associated with euglycemia. Pancreas transplantation alone has been associated with normoglycemia, but it is a major surgical procedure that is associated with significant morbidity, some mortality, and a one-year graft survival rate of about 86%.3,4Islet transplantation, on the other hand, is a simple procedure, but it has been associated with poor long-term success; at best, 10% of recipients have insulin independence at one year.5Last year we published preliminary results that confirmed that islet transplantation can be successful in establishing insulin independence,6and now we provide an update of these results as fully detailed in our recent report.7 

Patients with Type 1 diabetes were selected for these studies. All had confirmed C-peptide absence and were selected on the basis of labile glucose values, as confirmed by a mean amplitude of glycemic excursion8of greater than 11.1 mmol/L, or by recurrent hypoglycemia, particularly if it is associated with decreased patient-awareness of hypoglycemia. In addition to labile glucose values, patients typically demonstrated disruption of their daily lives by diabetes. All patients must have …
Understanding Visualization: A Formal Approach Using Category Theory and Semiotics (2012)

This paper combines the vocabulary of semiotics and category theory to provide a formal analysis of visualization. It shows how familiar processes of visualization fit the semiotic frameworks of both Saussure and Peirce, and extends these structures using the tools of category theory to provide a general framework for understanding visualization in practice, including: Relationships between systems, data collected from those systems, renderings of those data in the form of representations, the reading of those representations to create visualizations, and the use of those visualizations to create knowledge and understanding of the system under inspection. The resulting framework is validated by demonstrating how familiar information visualization concepts (such as literalness, sensitivity, redundancy, ambiguity, generalizability, and chart junk) arise naturally from it and can be defined formally and precisely. This paper generalizes previous work on the formal characterization of visualization by, inter alia, Ziemkiewicz and Kosara and allows us to formally distinguish properties of the visualization process that previous work does not.
[Leukogenic effect and antioxygen radicals function of fufang wuzi yanzong pills]. (1991)

Fufang wuzi yanzong pills have strong leukogenic effect on cyclophosphamide induced leukopenia in mice. It can decrease the lipid peroxide (MDA) content of liver in rats and lipofuscin contents of heart and kidney in mice and increase the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of liver in rats.
Interlaboratory Comparability Study of Cancer Gene Expression Analysis Using Oligonucleotide Microarrays (2005)

A key step in bringing gene expression data into clinical practice is the conduct of large studies to confirm preliminary models. The performance of such confirmatory studies and the transition to clinical practice requires that microarray data from different laboratories are comparable and reproducible. We designed a study to assess the comparability of data from four laboratories that will conduct a larger microarray profiling confirmation project in lung adenocarcinomas. To test the feasibility of combining data across laboratories, frozen tumor tissues, cell line pellets, and purified RNA samples were analyzed at each of the four laboratories. Samples of each type and several subsamples from each tumor and each cell line were blinded before being distributed. The laboratories followed a common protocol for all steps of tissue processing, RNA extraction, and microarray analysis using Affymetrix Human Genome U133A arrays. High within-laboratory and between-laboratory correlations were observed on the purified RNA samples, the cell lines, and the frozen tumor tissues. Intraclass correlation within laboratories was only slightly stronger than between laboratories, and the intraclass correlation tended to be weakest for genes expressed at low levels and showing small variation. Finally, hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that the repeated samples clustered together regardless of the laboratory in which the experiments were done. The findings indicate that under properly controlled conditions it is feasible to perform complete tumor microarray analysis, from tissue processing to hybridization and scanning, at multiple independent laboratories for a single study.
Heterologous and Homologous Protection Against Influenza A by DNA Vaccination: Optimization of DNA Vectors (1993)

We have recently shown that direct injection of DNA can be an effective vaccine strategy eliciting both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Vectors were designed specifically for vaccination by direct DNA injection and refined to improve plasmid production in Escherichia coli. The vectors consist of a pUC-19 backbone with the cytomegalovirus (CMV) IE1 enhancer, promoter, and intron A transcription regulatory elements and the BGH polyadenylation sequences driving the expression of the reporter gene CAT or influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) or hemagglutinin (HA). The respective vectors expressed high levels of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and NP in tissue culture, and yielded 14-15 mg of purified plasmid per liter of Escherichia coli culture. Immunization of mice with the NP and HA expression vectors resulted in protection from subsequent lethal challenges of influenza using either heterologous or homologous strains, respectively.
Specific Inactivation of Yeast Hexokinase Induced by Xylose in the Presence of a Phosphoryl Donor Substrate (1970)

Yeast hexokinase can be inactivated by xylose in the presence of MgATP. The effect is highly specific for xylose. The nucleotide and divalent metal specificities are similar to those of the hexokinase reaction. The dissociation constants, as deduced from the effect of the concentration of the inactivating agents on the rate of inactivation, are about 0.2 mM for MgATP and about 10 mM for xylose. These values are similar to the Michaelis constant and K i value for these compounds as substrate and competitive inhibitor, respectively, in the hexokinase reaction. Sugars capable of binding at the sugar substrate subsite protect against xylose‐induced inactivation with efficiencies closely related to their respective K s or K i values. The dissociation constant of glucose, as deduced from its protective effect, is about 0.04 mM. When resting yeast is incubated aerobically with 0.1 M xylose and 1% ethanol, a marked loss of hexokinase activity takes place. Among the possible mechanisms of this irreversible inactivation there is evidence against the involvement of phosphorylation or glycosylation of the protein as well as of a change in its degree of polymerization.