gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Field Evaluation of Rapid Tests for Tuberculosis Diagnosis (1999)

We read with great interest the letter previously published by M. P. Grobusch et al. (1). Evaluation of diagnostic tests is indeed a topical problem, especially in developing countries. We agree with the authors' remark that the rapid test (AMRAD/ICT) could be considered only as an adjunct test to standard techniques of tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis. However, we would like to comment on the last conclusion drawn by the authors. The reported study was realized in a European hospital, and the specificity observed was very good. This would not be always the case in developing countries, particularly in tropical areas where people are permanently in contact with various pathogens and develop cross-reacting antibodies responsible for poor specificity. Therefore, it is important that every new test and, particularly, every new serodiagnostic assay be validated with the controls of the country where the test will be applied. Furthermore the low sensitivity of the AMRAD/ICT assay (50%) will result in false-negative results for many patients. Thus, although the specificity is excellent, the negative predictive value of the test will be unacceptably low even in countries with a high prevalence of TB. Therefore, we do not believe that such a test would be suitable as a first-line method of diagnosis. Sputum smear microscopy has been proven to be very useful for diagnosis of contagious TB cases in developing countries where diagnostic tools such as radiology are missing. Still, a serological test for the diagnosis of paucibacillary and extrapulmonary TB would be of interest if it were more sensitive and faster and could be used on large series of samples. Also, keep in mind that serodiagnostic tests necessitate blood sample collection and disposable materials that are not readily available in most countries with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis. In resource-poor areas, all these factors have to be taken into account when evaluating the efficacy and cost of a rapid test.
cDNA cloning, heat shock regulation and developmental expression of the hsp83 gene in the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (2006)

This report presents the cDNA cloning, heat shock regulation and developmental expression of the hsp90 gene homologue of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (medfly). The isolated cDNA contained the coding region, the 3'UTR and most of the 5'UTR of the medfly hsp90 homologue, which was named Cchsp83. The deduced CcHSP83 polypeptide contained all the highly conserved amino acid segments that characterize the cytosolic members of the HSP90 family. Genomic analysis showed that the Cchsp83 gene is unique and was mapped at the 94C division of the sixth polytene chromosome. The size of the Cchsp83 mRNA was found to be approximately 2.7 kb. The predicted molecular mass of the CcHSP83 protein was 81.4 kDa, while the apparent molecular weight estimated by SDS-PAGE was approximately 90 kDa. Phylogenetic analysis based on 14 insect HSP90 amino acid sequences was consistent with the known phylogeny at low taxonomic level. The Cchsp83 gene is constitutively expressed in all stages of medfly development and is induced from a low level to several-fold by heat, depending on the developmental stage. Heat shock induction begins at 30 degrees C, reaching a maximum between 35 and 41 degrees C. Cchsp83 RNA expression is highly regulated during embryonic development; however, the temporal fluctuations in RNA levels during embryogenesis were not followed by similar fluctuations in the levels of the protein.
Targeting the Folate Receptor (FR): Imaging and Cytotoxicity of ReI Conjugates in FR‐Overexpressing Cancer Cells (2008)

The synthesis, characterization, in vitro imaging, and cytotoxic properties of a new folate conjugate of rhenium(I) are reported. The conjugate [FA-PEG-BQAV-Re(CO)3]+ (gamma-4) was screened against an adriamycin- and cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cell line (A2780/AD) that overexpresses the folate receptor (FR). Compound gamma-4 was internalized by a folate-receptor-mediated endocytotic pathway, which results in internal accumulation of gamma-4. This was contrasted with a FR-negative Chinese hamster ovary cell line in which no internalization of gamma-4 was observed. gamma-4 was found to be cytotoxic with IC(50) values of 189 and 78 microM at 6 and 24 h, respectively, toward the FR-positive cell line. This is in contrast to the IC(50) value of 502 microM at 6 h and 84 microM at 24 h for cisplatin in the same cell line, with a significantly greater toxicity at the earlier time point. The cytotoxicity of gamma-4 as explained by interactions that occur between the rhenium(I) complex moiety and DNA is described.
Initiation of Mammalian Liver Development from Endoderm by Fibroblast Growth Factors (1999)

The signaling molecules that elicit embryonic induction of the liver from the mammalian gut endoderm or induction of other gut-derived organs are unknown. Close proximity of cardiac mesoderm, which expresses fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 1, 2, and 8, causes the foregut endoderm to develop into the liver. Treatment of isolated foregut endoderm from mouse embryos with FGF1 or FGF2, but not FGF8, was sufficient to replace cardiac mesoderm as an inducer of the liver gene expression program, the latter being the first step of hepatogenesis. The hepatogenic response was restricted to endoderm tissue, which selectively coexpresses FGF receptors 1 and 4. Further studies with FGFs and their specific inhibitors showed that FGF8 contributes to the morphogenetic outgrowth of the hepatic endoderm. Thus, different FGF signals appear to initiate distinct phases of liver development during mammalian organogenesis.
Multiplex Targeted Sequencing Identifies Recurrently Mutated Genes in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2012)

Exome sequencing studies of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have identified many de novo mutations but few recurrently disrupted genes. We therefore developed a modified molecular inversion probe method enabling ultra-low-cost candidate gene resequencing in very large cohorts. To demonstrate the power of this approach, we captured and sequenced 44 candidate genes in 2446 ASD probands. We discovered 27 de novo events in 16 genes, 59% of which are predicted to truncate proteins or disrupt splicing. We estimate that recurrent disruptive mutations in six genes-CHD8, DYRK1A, GRIN2B, TBR1, PTEN, and TBL1XR1-may contribute to 1% of sporadic ASDs. Our data support associations between specific genes and reciprocal subphenotypes (CHD8-macrocephaly and DYRK1A-microcephaly) and replicate the importance of a β-catenin-chromatin-remodeling network to ASD etiology.
A review of the natriuretic hormone system??s diagnostic and therapeutic potential in critically ill children* (2006)

Although important perturbations of the natriuretic hormone system occur in critically ill infants and children, further investigation is needed before the measurement of natriuretic peptides and the use of natriuretic hormone infusions are incorporated into routine practice.
Rationale and use of n-3 fatty acids in artificial nutrition (2010)

Lipids traditionally used in artificial nutrition are based on n-6 fatty acid-rich vegetable oils like soyabean oil. This may not be optimal because it may present an excessive supply of linoleic acid. One alternative to the use of soyabean oil is its partial replacement by fish oil, which contains n-3 fatty acids. These fatty acids influence inflammatory and immune responses and so may be useful in particular situations where those responses are not optimal. Fish oil-containing lipid emulsions have been used in parenteral nutrition in adult patients post-surgery (mainly gastrointestinal). This has been associated with alterations in patterns of inflammatory mediators and in immune function and, in some studies, a reduction in length of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay. Perioperative administration of fish oil may be superior to post-operative. Parenteral fish oil has been used in critically ill adults. Here the influence on inflammatory processes, immune function and clinical endpoints is not clear, since there are too few studies and those that are available report contradictory findings. Fish oil is included in combination with other nutrients in various enteral formulas. In post-surgical patients and in those with mild sepsis or trauma, there is clinical benefit from a formula including fish oil and arginine. A formula including fish oil, borage oil and antioxidants has demonstrated marked benefits on gas exchange, ventilation requirement, new organ failures, ICU stay and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute lung injury or severe sepsis.
Time‐course of nigrostriatal damage, basal ganglia metabolic changes and behavioural alterations following intrastriatal injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine in the rat: new clues from an old model (2007)

Despite the progressive development of innovative animal models for Parkinson's disease, the intracerebral infusion of neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) remains the most widely used means to induce an experimental lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway in the animal, due to its relatively low complexity and cost, coupled with the high reproducibility of the lesion obtained. To gain new information from such a classic model, we studied the time-course of the nigrostriatal damage, metabolic changes in the basal ganglia nuclei (cytochrome oxidase activity) and behavioural modifications (rotational response to apomorphine) following unilateral injection of 6-OHDA into the corpus striatum of rat, over a 4-week period. Striatal infusion of 6-OHDA caused early damage of dopaminergic terminals, followed by a slowly evolving loss of dopaminergic cell bodies in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which became apparent during the second week post-injection and peaked at the 28th day post-infusion; the rotational response to apomorphine was already present at the first time point considered (Day 1), and remained substantially stable throughout the 4-week period of observation. The evolution of the nigrostriatal lesion was accompanied by complex changes in the metabolic activity of the other basal ganglia nuclei investigated (substantia nigra pars reticulata, entopeduncular nucleus, globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus), which led, ultimately, to a generalized, metabolic hyperactivity, ipsilaterally to the lesion. However, peculiar patterns of metabolic activation, or inhibition, characterized the post-lesional responses of each nucleus, in the early and intermediate phases, with peculiar response profiles that varied closely related to the functional position occupied within the basal ganglia circuitry.
Serological markers for monitoring disease progression in noncirrhotic primary biliary cirrhosis on ursodeoxycholic acid therapy (2008)

Serum HA, BA, PIIINP and AST may serve as valuable simple tools to monitor the treatment response to UDCA in early stages of PBC. Combinations of these biomarkers into a single index further potentiate the diagnostic value of such measurements.
Thyristors with overvoltage self-protection (1981)

Power thyristors which are immune to destructive triggering by overvoltage transients have been designed, fabricated, and tested. A 10- mil deep well was etched in the gate region prior to the final p-type diffusion. This modified the forward blocking junction so that it avalanched at 2800V. The avalanche current provided a gate signal which turned on the thyristor and avoided destructive edge firing. Measurements of the infrared recombination radiation verified that overvoltage turn-on occurred at the gate region. With overvoltage triggering,the thyristors withstood follow-on currents of 40A from snubber discharges. Standard thyristors with no self-protection were destroyed by 0.5A. The self-protected thyristors were light-triggered devices with V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RRM</inf> = 2800V and I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DRM</inf> = 900A. Incorporation of the overvoltage self-protection feature increases device reliability and eliminates the need for overrating of blocking voltages to allow for transients.
Electrical responses of guinea pig coronary artery to transmural stimulation. (1988)

Isolated segments of the guinea pig circumflex coronary artery were stimulated transmurally with brief duration (0.05 msec) pulses while recording intracellularly. Resting membrane potential was -60.3 +/- 4.3 mV (n = 66). Transient depolarizations (TDs) graded in amplitude with stimulus intensity were elicited with single stimuli. An action potential of 47 +/- 5 mV was superimposed upon the TD above a threshold membrane potential of -48 +/- 4 mV. Following the spike, a period of slow repolarization requiring 77 +/- 33 seconds was observed. Repetitive stimulation led to summation of TDs and a slow depolarization (less than or equal to 21 mV) that persisted for up to 90 seconds. The TD was reduced in amplitude when the membrane was depolarized with increased [K]o and enhanced when the membrane was hyperpolarized by adding potassium back to a potassium-depleted tissue. Phentolamine (10(-5) M), prazosin (10(-6) M), guanethidine (2 X 10(-5) M), alpha,beta-methylene ATP (2 X 10(-5) M), tetrodotoxin (10(-6) M), and 10-20 mM norepinephrine did not block TDs, action potentials, or slow depolarization. TDs were abolished following cold storage (4 degrees C) for 4 days and significantly reduced in a 2.25-mM CdCl2 solution with 0.25 mM CaCl2. Acetylcholine (10(-8) M to 10(-5) M) produced membrane hyperpolarization and reduced the amplitude of TDs and altered their time course. Atropine (10(-5) M) blocked the effects of acetylcholine but had no effect on the response to nerve stimulation. These observations indicate that TDs exhibit some, but not all, of the properties characteristic of excitatory junction potentials obtained with release of neurotransmitter substances in other vessels. If these TDs are neural events, they must involve a transmitter other than norepinephrine, acetylcholine, or ATP.
Active standing reduces wave reflection in the presence of increased peripheral resistance in young and old healthy individuals (2011)

With standing, haemodynamic variables change similarly in older and younger individuals. The opposite changes in reflection magnitude and peripheral resistance suggest that reflection and pressure augmentation are not solely dependent on peripheral resistance.
Improving imaging and repeatability on land using virtual source redatuming with shallow buried receivers (2015)

ABSTRACT Time-lapse surface seismic monitoring typically suffers from different sources of nonrepeatability related to acquisition imperfections as well as due to complexity of the subsurface. Placing sources and receivers below the surface can improve seismic data repeatability. However, it is not always possible to bury a large number of sources, and therefore the next best option is monitoring with surface sources and buried sensors. We have discovered that redatuming of surface sources to the shallow buried receivers produced a reliable image of target reflectors despite the fact that receivers were placed in the near-field zone of the source. We redatumed data with the virtual source method using crosscorrelation of the measured wavefields. We found that redatuming also reduced nonrepeatability of seismic data associated with changes in acquisition geometry, variable source coupling, and daily/seasonal variations in the near surface. We developed these results with a synthetic case study using a realistic 1D elastic model with a free surface and acquisition geometry from an actual field experiment conducted in Saudi Arabia.
Neutralizing antibody to interleukin 4 induces systemic protection and T helper type 1-associated immunity in murine candidiasis. (1992)

An interleukin 4 (IL-4)-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) was administered to mice infected systemically with the yeast Candida albicans, and the animals were monitored for mortality, development of delayed-type hypersensitivity, production of antibodies of different isotypes, release of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) in vitro by splenic CD4+ lymphocytes, and levels of IL-4 and IFN-gamma mRNA in these cells. Neutralization of IL-4 by three weekly injections of mAb in several independent experiments resulted in an overall cure rate of 81% versus 0% of controls. Cure was associated with efficient clearance of the yeast from infected organs and histologic evidence of disease resolution, detection of strong T helper type 1 (Th1) responses, and establishment of long-lasting protective immunity. Soon after infection, and as a result of the first or second injection of mAb, there was a decrease in IL-4 mRNA in CD4+ cells, which was accompanied by an increase in the levels of IFN-gamma-specific transcripts. Our data thus indicate that the production of IL-4 by Th2 cells may limit Th1-associated protective immunity in murine candidiasis.
Fundamental frequency estimation and tracking using maximum likelihood harmonic matching and HMMs (1993)

A new approach is presented for the estimation and tracking of the fundamental frequency (f0) of pseudoperiodic signals. It is based on a probabilistic model of pseudoperiodic signals that makes it possible to take prior knowledge into account and to include constraints on the evolution of the signal. The resulting method can operate on a large interval of f0 values (typically from 50 to 4000 Hz) and on a great variety of sound signals (speech and music signals).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A structural basis for a phosphoramide mustard-induced DNA interstrand cross-link at 5'-d(GAC). (1995)

Phosphoramide mustard-induced DNA interstrand cross-links were studied both in vitro and by computer simulation. The local determinants for the formation of phosphoramide mustard-induced DNA interstrand cross-links were defined by using different pairs of synthetic oligonucleotide duplexes, each of which contained a single potentially cross-linkable site. Phosphoramide mustard was found to cross-link dG to dG at a 5'-d(GAC)-3'. The structural basis for the formation of this 1,3 cross-link was studied by molecular dynamics and quantum chemistry. Molecular dynamics indicated that the geometrical proximity of the binding sites also favored a 1,3 dG-to-dG linkage over a 1,2 dG-to-dG linkage in a 5'-d(GCC)-3' sequence. While the enthalpies of 1,2 and 1,3 mustard cross-linked DNA were found to be very close, a 1,3 structure was more flexible and may therefore be in a considerably higher entropic state.
The Base-Catalyzed Condensation of Cellulosic Fabrics with Volatile Epoxides (1963)

The influence of temperature, time, and alkali concentration on the reaction of cellulose with volatile epoxides has been investigated. Cross-linking of cotton or viscose rayon fabrics with epichlorohydrin vapor produced a high degree of wet crease recovery and some improvement in dry crease recovery. A simple method involving an after-cure following the vapor treatment has been found to effect substantial improvement in dry crease recovery. Reaction of cellulosic fabrics with butadiene diepoxide vapor results in a marked increase in both wet and dry crease recover}-. In contrast to liquid phase treatments, the reaction of cellulose with epoxides in the vapor state occurs very rapidly at elevated temperatures and this technique may be readily adapted to continuous methods of processing. The effects of the vapor treatments on certain physical properties of the fabrics are recorded. In the light of these data the types of reactions involved and the products obtained are discussed.
Preparation and characterization of superhard CNx/ZrN multilayers (1997)

A dual-cathode, unbalanced dc magnetron sputtering system was used to grow CNx/ZrN multilayers on Si and polished M1 steel substrates at ambient temperature. Nanoindentation results showed that, under apprepriate conditions, it is possible to get CNx/ZrN multilayer coatings with hardness in the 50 GPa regime and modulus up to 410 GPa. X-ray diffraction studies revealed a strong correlation between hardness and the occurrence of (111) texture of ZrN. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy showed a high degree of crystallinity throughout the coating without obvious voids. These multilayers are crystalline only at small bilayer thicknesses on the order of 2 nm.
Microneedle‐Based Transdermal Sensor for On‐Chip Potentiometric Determination of K+ (2013)

The determination of electrolytes is invaluable for point of care diagnostic applications. An ion selective transdermal microneedle sensor is demonstrated for potassium by integrating a hollow microneedle with a microfluidic chip to extract fluid through a channel towards a downstream solid-state ion-selective-electrode (ISE). 3D porous carbon and 3D porous graphene electrodes, made via interference lithography, are compared as solid-state transducers for ISE's and evaluated for electrochemical performance, stability, and selectivity. The porous carbon K(+) ISE's show better performance than the porous graphene K(+) ISE's, capable of measuring potassium across normal physiological concentrations in the presence of interfering ions with greater stability. This new microfluidic/microneedle platform shows promise for medical applications.
Precise mass measurement of a double-stranded 500 base-pair (309 kDa) polymerase chain reaction product by negative ion electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (1999)

Electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICRMS) has been used to determine the mass of a double-stranded 500 base-pair (bp) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product with an average theoretical mass of the blunt-ended (i.e. unadenylated) species of 308 859.35 Da. The PCR product was generated from the linearized bacteriophage Lambda genome which is a double-stranded template. Utilization of ethanol precipitation in tandem with a rapid microdialysis step to purify and desalt the PCR product was crucial to obtain a precise mass measurement. The PCR product (0.8 pmol/µL) was electrosprayed from a solution containing 75% acetonitrile, 25 mM piperidine, and 25 mM imidazole and was infused at a rate of 200 nL/min. The average molecular mass and the corresponding precision were determined using the charge-states ranging from 172 to 235 net negative charges. The experimental mass and corresponding precision (reported as the 95% confidence interval of the mean) was 309 406 +/- 27 Da (87 ppm). The mass accuracy was compromised due to the fact that the PCR generates multiple products when using Taq polymerase due to the non-template directed 3'-adenylation. This results in a mixture of three PCR products with nearly identical mass (i.e. blunt-ended, mono-adenylated and di-adenylated) with unknown relative abundances that were not resolved in the spectrum. Thus, the experimental mass will be a weighted average of the three species which, under our experimental conditions, reflects a nearly equal concentration of the mono- and di-adenylated species. This report demonstrates that precise mass measurements of PCR products up to 309 kDa (500 bp) can be routinely obtained by ESI-FTICR requiring low femtomole amounts. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.