gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Electrochemical Hot Electron Injection into Electrolyte Solutions at Oxide-Covered Tantalum Electrodes by Thin Platinum Films (1998)

The previously reported experimental evidence for hot solution-phase electrons generated at Ta2O5-covered Ta electrodes in both acetonitrile and aqueous solutions using electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) and electrochemical measurements was extended by observing the effect of thin Pt films. Hot electron injection was monitored by noting the photoemission following reduction of the thianthrene radical cation (TH•+), signaling the direct formation of the excited state (TH•+ + ehs → TH*), a process that does not occur at a bulk Pt electrode. We report the enhancement of hot electron injection efficiency by a factor of ∼5 by deposition of a thin (<40 nm) Pt film on the Ta/Ta2O5 electrode. This enhancement of ECL efficiency at the metal/oxide/Pt/liquid interface is ascribed to the suppression of the Ta2O5 surface states by the Pt film. The effect of Pt film thickness was investigated and showed a decrease in emission with increased film thickness, in accord with the expected mean free path of hot electrons in the Pt (ehPt). In examining the Ta/Ta2O5/Pt/solution system, one can contrast the behavior observed when an electrical connection is made directly to the Pt with that observed when a connection to the Pt is made via the Ta, where ehPt species are generated.
[A conceptual analysis of professional commitment]. (2005)

Professional Commitment is an attitude, and it is the core and spirit of professionalism. In addition to increasing personal stability in the profession, it also enables individuals to reach their professional goals in general. Because nurses usually have more opportunities than other health care professionals to be in contact with patients, patients receive most of their information about health care from nurses. If nurses accept professional commitment as early as possible, the quality of patient-care will be improved. That is the reason why professional commitment is regarded as the hallmark of quality in professional care. This paper will use the conceptual analysis framework developed by Walker and Avant (1995) to examine and analyze professional commitment and establish its relationship with nursing. The authors hope that it can provide nurses with the opportunity to understand this concept more fully, to support their own profession, to raise the position of the nursing profession and to guarantee the health of the general public.
o-Nitroaniline derivatives. Part 11. 4- and 7-Amino-1H-benzimidazole 3-oxides (1988)

Of the two title compounds, the 4-amino isomer (1a) is easily obtained, either by reduction of the corresponding nitro compound, or in a five-step sequence from 2-nitro-1,3-phenylenediamine. The 7-amino isomer (1d) cannot be obtained by strictly analogous routes but it may be prepared in four steps from 2′,3′-dinitroacetanilide. Attempts to cyanomethylate monoacylated 3-nitro-1,2-phenylenediamines (8) lead to 1-acyl-2,3-dihydro-4-nitrobenzimidazoles (10).
In vivo base editing of post-mitotic sensory cells (2018)

Programmable nucleases can introduce precise changes to genomic DNA through homology-directed repair (HDR). Unfortunately, HDR is largely restricted to mitotic cells, and is typically accompanied by an excess of stochastic insertions and deletions (indels). Here we present an in vivo base editing strategy that addresses these limitations. We use nuclease-free base editing to install a S33F mutation in β-catenin that blocks β-catenin phosphorylation, impedes β-catenin degradation, and upregulates Wnt signaling. In vitro, base editing installs the S33F mutation with a 200-fold higher editing:indel ratio than HDR. In post-mitotic cells in mouse inner ear, injection of base editor protein:RNA:lipid installs this mutation, resulting in Wnt activation that induces mitosis of cochlear supporting cells and cellular reprogramming. In contrast, injection of HDR agents does not induce Wnt upregulation. These results establish a strategy for modifying posttranslational states in signaling pathways, and an approach to precision editing in post-mitotic tissues.
In Silico Cloning of Novel Endothelial-Specific Genes (2000)

The endothelium plays a pivotal role in many physiological and pathological processes and is known to be an exceptionally active transcriptional site. To advance our understanding of endothelial cell biology and to elucidate potential pharmaceutical targets, we developed a new database screening approach to permit identification of novel endothelial-specific genes. The UniGene gene index was screened using high stringency BLAST against a pool of endothelial expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and a pool of nonendothelial ESTs constructed from cell-type-specific dbEST libraries. UniGene clusters with matches in the endothelial pool and no matches in the nonendothelial pool were selected. The UniGene/EST approach was then combined with serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) library subtraction and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to further examine interesting clusters. Four novel genes were identified and labeled: endothelial cell-specific molecules (ECSM) 1-3 and magic roundabout (similar to the axon guidance protein roundabout). In summary, we present a powerful novel approach for comparative expression analysis combining two datamining strategies followed by experimental verification.
New Serotonin/Dopamine Antagonists for the Treatment of Schizophrenia (2012)

The introduction of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), heralded by clozapine in 1990, represented an important advance in the pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. However, several recent comparative effectiveness trials found that non-clozapine SGAs provided little or no advantage in efficacy over first-generation antipsychotics, and all agents had substantial safety and tolerability concerns. Clearly, there remains a great unmet need for more effective and better-tolerated antipsychotics. Relatively potent antagonism of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors coupled with relatively weaker antagonism of dopamine D2 receptors is the central pharmacological characteristic shared by most SGAs. This profile continues to be a favored model for developing new SGAs, commonly defined as serotonin/dopamine antagonists. In the past ten years, aripiprazole, paliperidone, asenapine, iloperidone, and lurasidone have been introduced. Studies suggest that the newer agents have similar short-term efficacy to earlier serotonin/dopamine antagonists, and several demonstrate at least modest improvements in safety and tolerability profiles, particularly metabolic measures. However, as a group, the newer serotonin/dopamine antagonists are pharmacologically heterogeneous, and their side-effect burden can still be considerable. Moreover, their putative clinical advantages have not yet been well demonstrated via direct comparative studies. The absence of such evidence adds to the challenges in defining their place among more established treatment choices, or in providing clinicians with clear indications to guide treatment choices for individual patients. Long-term, head-to-head comparative studies are required to clarify the risk/benefit profiles of the newer antipsychotics and their roles in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Forward Dynamics Simulations Provide Insight Into Muscle Mechanical Work During Human Locomotion (2009)

Complex musculoskeletal models and computer simulations can provide critical insight into muscle mechanical work output during locomotion. Simulations provide both a consistent mechanical solution that can be interrogated at multiple levels (muscle fiber, musculotendon, net joint moment, and whole-body work) and an ideal framework to identify limitations with different estimates of muscle work and the resulting implications for metabolic cost and efficiency.
Stabilization of pulsed lightwave circulating around an amplified fiber-optic ring incorporating a Lyot depolarizer (1998)

We describe an effective method for stabilizing a pulsed lightwave circulating around an amplified fiber-optic ring containing an acoustooptic frequency shifter. By installing a Lyot depolarizer with a large birefringence in the ring, we can effectively suppress the change in the maximum number of the pulse circulations caused by a fluctuation in the ring birefringence. We experimentally confirmed that the change in the number of circulations was suppressed to less than 30, which is very small compared with the maximum number of pulse circulations of 730.
Adapting Web Content to Mobile User Agents (2005)

In this article, we describe an adaptation proxy we developed as a part of a Kontti research project at VTT Information Technology that lets mobile users access Web content that's not directly targeted to mobile user agents. More and more content is now available on the Internet, and there's a growing need for mobile users to be able to access it. Thus the authors describe the adaptation proxy, which lets mobile users access Web content that's not directly targeted to user agents of mobile devices. The adaptation proxy can adapt Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML) documents into XHTML mobile profile (XHTML MP) and Wireless Markup Language (WML), and can perform media adaptation. At the system's core is an adaptation framework to which new source and target XML languages can be introduced with relatively little effort.
Botanical medicine and cancer: a review of the safety and efficacy (2004)

It is currently estimated that > 50% of all patients diagnosed with cancer explore complementary and alternative medicine - especially herbal medicine. We conducted a comprehensive review to assess the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines commonly used by patients in an attempt to: prevent cancer; treat cancer; and treat adverse effects associated with conventional cancer treatments. Current evidence suggests that Asian ginseng, garlic, green tea, tomatoes and soy intake as part of the diet may be useful in preventing various cancers; additional research is needed in order to determine the efficacy of essiac, evening primrose oil, mistletoe, reishi, shiitake and turmeric as cancer treatments; and ginger may be effective in treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
Photodynamic Therapy with a Diode Laser for Implanted Fibrosarcoma in Mice Employing Mono‐L‐Aspartyl Chlorin E6 (1996)

The authors performed photodynamic therapy (PDT), avoiding any hyperthermic effects, using a newly developed diode laser and photosensitizer, mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6), of Meth-A fibrosarcoma implanted in mice and achieved tumor therapeutic benefit. The photodynamic light treatment was performed 5 h following the photosensitizer administration. With 5.0 mg/kg NPe6 and light doses of 50, 100, 150 and 200 J/cm2, the tumor cure rates were 20, 50, 70 and 90%, respectively. With 100 J/cm2 laser exposure and NPe6 doses of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg/kg, the tumor cure rates were 0, 20, 50, 70 and 90%, respectively. A charge-coupled device (CCD) camera system was employed to measure the NPe6 fluorescence intensity correlating with the residual amount of the photosensitizer at deferent depth from the tumor surface. The ratios of the NPe6 fluorescence intensity at 3 mm from the tumor surface following 50, 100, 150 and 200 J/cm2 laser exposure to no laser exposure were 0.73, 0.36, 0.22 and 0.16, respectively. With samples sectioned at 1 mm depth, after 50 J/cm2 and the same photosensitizer dose (5 mg/kg) this ratio was 0.19. These results suggest that a certain increase in the tumor tissue level of NPe6 and a certain increase of laser light dose reaching deeper layer of tumor caused an increase in percent cure. In addition, the effectiveness of PDT depends on the total laser dose reaching deeper layers of tumors. Furthermore, the effectiveness of PDT tends to correlate with the amount of NPe6 photobleaching by PDT.
Impacts of the Number of Perforation Clusters and Cluster Spacing on Production Performance of Horizontal Shale Gas Wells (2010)

Abstract Multi-stage hydraulic fracturing has become the key technology to complete horizontal wells in shale gas reservoirs. In each stage, multiple perforation clusters are used to create multiple transverse fractures. How to place these clusters significantly affects both the short-term and long-term production performance of horizontal shale gas wells. The author’s previous work has demonstrated that when more than two fractures are created, mechanical interaction among fractures creates strong stress concentrations around the inner fractures. As a result, the fractures between two edge fractures, i.e., sub-center and center fractures, are limited to dilate, and their widths are much less than the edge-fractures’ width. In this paper, reservoir simulation models were constructed by quantitatively incorporating the findings of the author’s previous work to investigate the impacts of the number of perforation clusters and cluster spacing on production performance of horizontal shale gas wells. The paper illustrates that with the same cluster spacing, the scenario with more clusters has lower ultimate gas recovery because of increased number of less-effective inner fractures. Given the same lateral length of a horizontal well, although reducing cluster spacing increases the total number of fractures, smaller cluster spacing doesn’t necessarily improve well performance. An inadequate small cluster spacing can actually lead to more less-effective and ineffective fractures, and therefore lower gas rate and ultimate recovery.
Development of a biomimetic peptide derived from collagen IV with anti-angiogenic activity in breast cancer (2011)

Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in women. Despite the remarkable success of mammography screening and use of adjuvant systemic therapy, it is estimated that approximately 200,000 new diagnoses will be made this year and 40,000 deaths will occur due to this disease (American Cancer Society). Angiogenesis, the growth of vessels from pre-existing microvasculature, is an essential component of tumor progression and has emerged as a therapeutic modality for anti-angiogenic therapies in cancer. Here we report in vitro and in vivo findings with a 20 amino acid peptide belonging to the collagen IV family, modified to facilitate possible translation to clinical applications. The two cysteines in its natural peptide progenitor were replaced by L-α-amino-n-butyric acid, a non-natural amino acid. The modified peptide was tested in vitro using endothelial cells and in vivo using mouse orthotopic breast cancer xenograft model with MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. This modified peptide demonstrated no significant changes in activity from the parent peptide; however, because it lacks cysteines, it is more suitable for clinical translation. We also investigated its efficacy in combination with a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel; the inhibition of tumor growth by the peptide was similar to that of paclitaxel alone, but the combination did not exhibit any additional inhibition. We have performed further characterization of the mechanism of action (MOA) for this peptide to identify its target receptors, enhancing its translation potential as an anti-angiogenic, non-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) targeting agent for therapy in breast cancer.
Quantitative Production of H2 by Pyrolysis of Gas Chromatographic Effluents (1998)

Hydrogen gas can be produced quantitatively from nanomole amounts of organic H in continuously flowing gas streams. The system described here is suitable for use in isotope-ratio-monitoring mass spectrometric systems and is based on a pyrolysis reactor consisting of a graphitized alumina tube heated to 1450 °C. Methane forms as an intermediate product at temperatures above 750 °C, but, for all tested analytes, yields of H2 were quantitative at temperatures between 1430 and 1460 °C, provided residence times in the reactor were greater than 300 ms. Quantitative yields of H2 were obtained for all components of a homologous series of n-alkanes (C15 to C30). Analyses of low-molecular-weight alcohols demonstrated that O-bound H was also quantitatively converted to H2 and, thus, that H2O, if formed, was quantitatively reduced to H2.
Face recognition by elastic bunch graph matching (1997)

We present a system for recognizing human faces from single images out of a large database containing one image per person. Faces are represented by labeled graphs, based on a Gabor wavelet transform. Image graphs of new faces are extracted by an elastic graph matching process and can be compared by a simple similarity function. The system differs from the preceding one (Lades et al., 1993) in three respects. Phase information is used for accurate node positioning. Object-adapted graphs are used to handle large rotations in depth. Image graph extraction is based on a novel data structure, the bunch graph, which is constructed from a small get of sample image graphs.
Peptidomimetic inhibitors of herpes simplex virus ribonucleotide reductase: a new class of antiviral agents (1995)

We have been investigating a new class of antiviral compounds effective against herpes simplex virus (HSV) in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral activity results from inhibition of HSV ribonucleotide reductase (RR). The inhibitors are designed as mimics of the RR small subunit C-terminus, a region essential for RR subunit association and consequently enzymatic activity. Inhibition results from specific binding of the inhibitor to the HSV RR large subunit thereby preventing subunit association. This report details the structure--activity studies that lead to the indentification of BILD 1263, a potent inhibitor of HSV RR subunit association (IC50, 0.2 nM) that also inhibits the replication of HSV types 1 and 2 in cell culture (EC50, 3 and 4 microM) and reduces the severity of HSV-1-induced keratitis in a murine ocular model. The discovery of inhibitors with in vitro antiviral results from a combination of improving inhibitor potency in a RR binding assay and modifying inhibitor physicochemical properties. The importance and possible role of the new structural modifications introduced into this inhibitor series is discussed.
Immunohistochemical Examination of Light‐chain Expression (Λ/kRatio) in Canine, Feline, Equine, Bovine and Porcine Plasma Cells (1996)

Five species of domestic animals were examined immunohistochemically and the light-chain ratios of the immunoglobulins produced by plasma cells analysed. Forty dogs, 11 cats, 10 horses, 11 cattle and 14 pigs were tested using the sequential indirect immunoperoxidase and immunophosphatase methods. Tissues from the tonsils, spleen and cervical lymph nodes were analysed. It could be seen that the lambda/kappa ratio in dogs, cats, horses and cattle is largely dominated by the lambda chains (lambda/kappa ratio in dogs: 91/9%, in cats; 92/8%; in horses: 96/4%; in cattle: 91/9%). A more or less balanced ratio was observed only in the case of the pigs (52/48%).
Resonant scattering of bremsstrahlung byZr90 (1974)

Resonant scattering of bremsstrahlung photons has been observed for the 3.308- (${2}^{+}$), 3.842- (${2}^{+}$), 4.580-, and 5.504-MeV (${1}^{(\ensuremath{-})}$) levels in $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$ in addition to the previously excited 2.186-MeV $2_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{+}$ level. The angular distribution of the 4.580-MeV radiation characterizes the spin of this level as 1. From the yield data and reported branching ratios, radiative widths of 4.6 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.8, 28 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 4, 48 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 13, and 80 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 32 meV were obtained for the ground-state transitions. The $E2$ transition strengths measured for the three ${2}^{+}$ states in this model-independent way are compared with the strengths deduced from the cross sections of ($\ensuremath{\alpha},{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) and other inelastic scattering reactions.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}(\ensuremath{\gamma},\ensuremath{\gamma})$, $E&lt;5.6$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E;{E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}, \ensuremath{\theta})$. $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$ deduced levels, $J$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$, $\ensuremath{\Gamma}$. Natural and enriched targets.]
Scan-BIST based on cluster analysis and the encoding of repeating sequences (2007)

We present a built-in self-test (BIST) approach for full-scan designs that extracts the most frequently occurring sequences from deterministic test patterns. The extracted sequences are stored on-chip, and are used during test application. Three sets of test patterns are applied to the circuit under test during a BIST test session; these include pseudorandom patterns, semirandom patterns, and deterministic patterns. The semirandom patterns are generated based on the stored sequences and they are more likely to detect hard-to-detect faults than pseudorandom patterns. The deterministic patterns are encoded using either the stored sequences or the LFSR reseeding technique to reduce test data volume. We use the cluster analysis technique for sequence extraction to reduce the amount of data to be stored. Experimental results for the ISCAS-89 benchmark circuits show that the proposed approach often requires less on-chip storage and test data volume than other recent BIST methods.
Mucosal Immunity in the Genital Tract: Prospects for Vaccines Against Sexually Transmitted Diseases—A Review (1999)

Although gonococci may avoid inducing or even suppress immune responses during natural infection, alternative approaches to vaccine development may be successful. However, inadequate understanding of the origins of antibodies in the genital tract, and their effector mechanisms, will need to be rectified to make this possible.
RTP Payload for Redundant Audio Data (1997)

This document describes a payload format for use with the real-time transport protocol (RTP), version 2, for encoding redundant audio data.The primary motivation for the scheme described herein is the development of audio conferencing tools for use with lossy packet networks such as the Internet Mbone, although this scheme is not limited to such applications.
The beta-amyloid protein precursor of Alzheimer disease has soluble derivatives found in human brain and cerebrospinal fluid. (1989)

In this study, we use antisera to synthetic beta-amyloid protein precursor (beta APP) peptides to identify, in human brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), soluble approximately 125- and approximately 105-kDa derivatives of the beta APP that lack the carboxyl terminus of the full-length, membrane-associated forms. We show that the soluble approximately 125-kDa beta APP derivative contains the Kunitz protease inhibitor domain, whereas the approximately 105-kDa form does not, and we confirm that these two proteins are soluble beta APP derivatives by purifying each from human CSF and directly sequencing its amino terminus.
Realtime image sequence interpretation for video-surveillance applications (2002)

This paper describes a generic framework for the realtime interpretation of video-surveillance scenes. The tool we have built according to this framework performs the understanding process up to the online recognition of ongoing scenario with respect to a library of scenario models dedicated to a particular application. This framework is currently applied for the European Esprit project PASSWORDS, the aim of which is to build a complete system for the automatic analysis and interpretation of video-surveillance image sequences.
[Expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases in the hepatocellular carcinomas]. (2003)

The over-expression of MMP-2mRNA, MMP-2 protein and MMP-9 protein and the imbalance between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 play pivotal roles in the degradation of excellular matrix of HCCs. MMP-2 and MMP-9 immunoreactive protein have been closely related to a shortened survival independent of major prognostic indicators in the primary HCC and increase the risk of the patients after the operation.