gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CAG trinucleotide RNA repeats interact with RNA-binding proteins. (1996)

Genes associated with several neurological diseases are characterized by the presence of an abnormally long trinucleotide repeat sequence. By way of example, Huntington's disease (HD), is characterized by selective neuronal degeneration associated with the expansion of a polyglutamine-encoding CAG tract. Normally, this CAG tract is comprised of 11-34 repeats, but in HD it is expanded to > 37 repeats in affected individuals. The mechanism by which CAG repeats cause neuronal degeneration is unknown, but it has been speculated that the expansion primarily causes abnormal protein functioning, which in turn causes HD pathology. Other mechanisms, however, have not been ruled out. Interactions between RNA and RNA-binding proteins have previously been shown to play a role in the expression of several eukaryotic genes. Herein, we report the association of cytoplasmic proteins with normal length and extended CAG repeats, using gel shift and UV crosslinking assays. Cytoplasmic protein extracts from several rat brain regions, including the striatum and cortex, sites of neuronal degeneration in HD, contain a 63-kD RNA-binding protein that specifically interacts with these CAG-repeat sequences. These protein-RNA interactions are dependent on the length of the CAG repeat, with longer repeats binding substantially more protein. Two CAG repeat-binding proteins are present in human cortex and striatum; one comigrates with the rat protein at 63 kD, while the other migrates at 49 kD. These data suggest mechanisms by which RNA-binding proteins may be involved in the pathological course of trinucleotide repeat-associated neurological diseases.
Narrow-Band Red Emission in the Nitridolithoaluminate Sr4[LiAl11N14]:Eu2+ (2016)

The new narrow-band red-emitting phosphor material Sr4[LiAl11N14]:Eu2+ was synthesized by solid-state reaction using a tungsten crucible with a cover plate in a tube furnace. When excited with blue light (460 nm), it exhibits red fluorescence with an emission maximum at 670 nm and a full width at half-maximum of 1880 cm–1 (∼85 nm). The crystal structure was solved and refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. This new compound from the group of the nitridolithoaluminates crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnnm (No. 58) with the following unit-cell parameters: a = 10.4291(7) Å, b = 10.4309(7) Å, and c = 3.2349(2) Å. Sr4[LiAl11N14]:Eu2+ shows a pronounced tetragonal pseudo-symmetry. It consists of a framework of disordered (Al/Li)N4 and AlN4 tetrahedra that are connected to each other by common corners and edges. Along the [001] direction, the tetrahedral network creates empty four-membered-ring channels as well as five-membered-ring channels, in which the Sr2+ cations are located.
Small Molecule Peptidomimetics Containing a Novel Phosphotyrosine Bioisostere Inhibit Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B and Augment Insulin Action (2001)

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) attenuates insulin signaling by catalyzing dephosphorylation of insulin receptors (IR) and is an attractive target of potential new drugs for treating the insulin resistance that is central to type II diabetes. Several analogues of cholecystokinin(26)(-)(33) (CCK-8) were found to be surprisingly potent inhibitors of PTP1B, and a common N-terminal tripeptide, N-acetyl-Asp-Tyr(SO(3)H)-Nle-, was shown to be necessary and sufficient for inhibition. This tripeptide was modified to reduce size and peptide character, and to replace the metabolically unstable sulfotyrosyl group. This led to the discovery of a novel phosphotyrosine bioisostere, 2-carboxymethoxybenzoic acid, and to analogues that were >100-fold more potent than the CCK-8 analogues and >10-fold selective for PTP1B over two other PTP enzymes (LAR and SHP-2), a dual specificity phosphatase (cdc25b), and a serine/threonine phosphatase (calcineurin). These inhibitors disrupted the binding of PTP1B to activated IR in vitro and prevented the loss of tyrosine kinase (IRTK) activity that accompanied PTP1B-catalyzed dephosphorylation of IR. Introduction of these poorly cell permeant inhibitors into insulin-treated cells by microinjection (oocytes) or by esterification to more lipophilic proinhibitors (3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myocytes) resulted in increased potency, but not efficacy, of insulin. In some instances, PTP1B inhibitors were insulin-mimetic, suggesting that in unstimulated cells PTP1B may suppress basal IRTK activity. X-ray crystallography of PTP1B-inhibitor complexes revealed that binding of an inhibitor incorporating phenyl-O-malonic acid as a phosphotyrosine bioisostere occurred with the mobile WPD loop in the open conformation, while a closely related inhibitor with a 2-carboxymethoxybenzoic acid bioisostere bound with the WPD loop closed, perhaps accounting for its superior potency. These CCK-derived peptidomimetic inhibitors of PTP1B represent a novel template for further development of potent, selective inhibitors, and their cell activity further justifies the selection of PTP1B as a therapeutic target.
Jaw Involvement in Sclerosteosis: A Case Report (1988)

A case is presented in which a patient with the sclerosing bone dysplasia, sclerosteosis, also had a lobulated torus palatinus, torus mandibularis and increased height of the mandible. The patient was initially diagnosed as having benign, dominantly-inherited osteopetrosis. The characteristic oral features of sclerosteosis helped to establish the correct diagnosis.
Microphase separation of block copolymer solutions in a flow field (1993)

Abstract Films of polystyrene–polybutadiene–polystyrene (PS/PB/PS) triblock copolymer and polystyrene‐poly(ethylene/propylene) (PS/PEP) diblock copolymer were cast from toluene solutions subjected to hydrodynamic flow at room temperature using a device based on a novel casting method we term ‘roll‐casting.’ Polymer solutions were rolled between two corotating eccentric cylinders while at the same time the solvent was removed at a controlled rate. As the solvent evaporated, the block copolymers microphase separated into globally oriented structures. A discussion of the flow field that develops during roll‐casting is presented and specific attention is given to the importance of the shear and elongation rates present. For the triblock and diblock, respectively, the processed structures consisted of polystyrene cylinders assembled on a hexagonal lattice in a polybutadiene matrix, and unidirectional lamellae of alternating polystyrene and polyethylene/propylene. Small‐angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated the near single‐crystal structure both types of films. SAXS also showed the styrene cylinders and the alternating lamellae to be packed closer together in roll‐cast films than in simple quiescently cast films. A molecular orientation mechanism is proposed to describe both these results as well as the changes in packing and in macroscopic sample dimensions measured after complete solvent evaporation and after sample annealing. © 1993 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Expression of Interleukin-10 Activity by Epstein-Barr Virus Protein BCRF1 (1990)

Cytokine synthesis inhibitory factor (CSIF; interleukin-10), a product of mouse TH2 T cell clones that inhibits synthesis of cytokines by mouse TH1 T cell clones, exhibits extensive sequence similarity to an uncharacterized open reading frame in the Epstein-Barr virus BCRF1. Recombinant BCRF1 protein mimics the activity of interleukin-10, suggesting that BCRF1 may have a role in the interaction of the virus with the host's immune system.
Differential evolutionary MHC class II strategies in humans and rhesus macaques: relevance for biomedical studies (2001)

The rhesus macaque is an important preclinical model in transplantation research and in investigations of chronic and infectious diseases that need a well-characterised major histocompatibility complex (MHC-Mamu). In a large population of pedigreed rhesus macaques, 70 Mamu-DRB, 18 -DQA1, 24 -DQB1, and 14 -DPB1 alleles were detected. In humans, five HLA-DRB region configurations are present, displaying diversity with regard to number and combinations of loci. The HLA-DRB1 gene of each of these configurations is highly polymorphic. For rhesus monkeys, at least 31 Mamu-DRB region configurations have been determined. In contrast to humans, most Mamu-DRB region configurations display no or only limited allelic polymorphism. Segregation analyses revealed 28 Mamu-DQA1/DQB1 pairs, each pair linked to a limited number of Mamu-DRB region configurations and vice versa. In comparison with humans, the degree of freedom of recombination between Mamu-DQA1 and -DQB1 is extremely low and equivalents of HLA-DQA2/DQB2 are absent. The Mamu-DPA1 gene is invariant and -DPB1 manifests only moderate allelic variation, whereas the HLA-DPA1 gene is oligomorphic and HLA-DPB1 highly polymorphic. Thus, both species used different evolutionary strategies to create polymorphism and diversity at the MHC class II loci in order to cope with pathogens.
Sodium-catalyzed Side Chain Aralkylation of Alkylbenzenes with Styrene1 (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSodium-catalyzed Side Chain Aralkylation of Alkylbenzenes with Styrene1Herman Pines and Dieter WunderlichCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 22, 6001–6004Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01555a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01555a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views279Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Role of the PI3K-AKT Pathway in Melanoma (2012)

The PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)-AKT pathway is one of the most important signaling networks in cancer. There is growing evidence that activation of this pathway plays a significant role in melanoma, frequently in the setting of concurrent activation of RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling. This evidence includes the identification of genetic and epigenetic events that activate this pathway in melanoma cell lines and clinical specimens. In addition, functional experiments have demonstrated important roles for the PI3K-AKT pathway in both melanoma initiation and therapeutic resistance. The availability of many inhibitors against the PI3K-AKT pathway is rapidly leading to the development of trials that will ultimately determine its clinical significance in this disease. The rational development of such therapies will be facilitated by strategies that utilize the growing understanding of the complexity of the regulation and roles of this pathway.
Instant Mobile Video Search With Layered Audio-Video Indexing and Progressive Transmission (2014)

The proliferation of mobile devices is producing a new wave of applications that enable users to sense their surroundings with smart phones. People are preferring mobile devices to search and browse video content on the move. In this paper, we have developed an innovative mobile video search system through which users can discover videos by simply pointing their phones at a screen to capture a very few seconds of what they are watching. Different than most existing mobile video search applications, the proposed system is aiming at instant and progressive video search by leveraging the light-weight computing capacity of mobile devices. In particular, the system is able to index large-scale video data using a new layered audio-video indexing approach in the cloud, as well as generate lightweight joint audio-video signatures with progressive transmission and perform progressive search on mobile devices. Furthermore, we showcase that the system can be applied to two novel applications—video entity search and video clip localization. The evaluations on the real-world mobile video query dataset show that our system significantly improves user’s search experience due to search accuracy, low retrieval latency, and very short recording duration.
Hydrous Ruthenium Oxide as an Electrode Material for Electrochemical Capacitors (1995)

The hydrous ruthenium oxide has been formed by a sol‐gel process. The precursor was obtained by mixing aqueous solutions of and alkalis. The hydrous ruthenium oxide powder was obtained by annealing the precursor at low temperatures. The crystalline structure and the electrochemical properties of the powder have been studied as a function of the annealing temperature. At lower annealing temperatures the powder is in an amorphous phase with a high specific capacitance. Specific capacitance as high as 720 F/g was measured for the powder formed at 150°C. When the annealing temperature exceeded 175°C, the crystalline phase was formed, and the specific capacitance dropped rapidly. The surface area of the powder and the resistivity of the pellet made from these powders have also been studied. The specific surface area and the resistivity decreased as the annealing temperature increased. A capacitor was made with electrodes comprised of hydrous ruthenium oxide and electrolyte. The energy density of 96 J/g (or 26.7 Wh/kg), based on electrode material only, was measured for the cell using hydrous ruthenium oxide electrodes. It was also found that hydrous ruthenium oxide is stable in electrolyte.
Fuzzy gain scheduling of PID controllers (1993)

This paper describes the development of a fuzzy gain scheduling scheme of PID controllers for process control. Fuzzy rules and reasoning are utilized online to determine the controller parameters based on the error signal and its first difference. Simulation results demonstrate that better control performance can be achieved in comparison with Ziegler-Nichols controllers and Kitamori's PID controllers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Preparing Synthetic Aβ in Different Aggregation States (2010)

This chapter outlines protocols that produce homogenous preparations of oligomeric and fibrillar amyloid-β peptide (Aβ). While there are several isoforms of this peptide, the 42 amino acid form is the focus because of its genetic and pathological link to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Past decades of AD research highlight the dependence of Aβ42 function on its structural assembly state. Biochemical, cellular and in vivo studies of Aβ42 usually begin with purified peptide obtained by chemical synthesis or recombinant expression. The initial steps to solubilize and prepare these purified dry peptide stocks are critical to controlling the structural assembly of Aβ. To develop homogenous Aβ42 assemblies, we initially monomerize the peptide, erasing any "structural history" that could seed aggregation, by using a strong solvent. It is this starting material that has allowed us to define and optimize conditions that consistently produce homogenous solutions of soluble oligomeric and fibrillar Aβ42 assemblies. These preparations have been developed and characterized by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to identify the structurally discrete species formed by Aβ42 under specific solution conditions. These preparations have been used extensively to demonstrate a variety of functional differences between oligomeric and fibrillar Aβ42. We also present a protocol for fluorescently labeling oligomeric Aβ42 that does not affect structure, as measured by AFM, or function, as measured by a cellular uptake assay. These reagents are critical experimental tools that allow for defining specific structure/function connections.
Partial purification and characterization of glutaryl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase, electron transfer flavoprotein, and electron transfer flavoprotein-Q oxidoreductase from Paracoccus denitrificans (1985)

Glutaryl-coenzyme A (CoA) dehydrogenase and the electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) of Paracoccus denitrificans were purified to homogeneity from cells grown with glutaric acid as the carbon source. Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase had a molecular weight of 180,000 and was made up of four identical subunits with molecular weights of about 43,000 each of which contained one flavin adenine dinucleotide molecule. The enzyme catalyzed an oxidative decarboxylation of glutaryl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA, was maximally stable at pH 5.0, and lost activity readily at pH values above 7.0. The enzyme had a pH optimum in the range of 8.0 to 8.5, a catalytic center activity of about 960 min-1, and apparent Michaelis constants for glutaryl-CoA and pig liver ETF of about 1.2 and 2.5 microM, respectively. P. denitrificans ETF had a visible spectrum identical to that of pig liver ETF and was made up of two subunits, only one of which contained a flavin adenine dinucleotide molecule. The isoelectric point of P. denitrificans ETF was 4.45 compared with 6.8 for pig liver ETF. P. denitrificans ETF accepted electrons not only from P. denitrificans glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, but also from the pig liver butyryl-CoA and octanoyl-CoA dehydrogenases. The apparent Vmax was of similar magnitude with either pig liver or P. denitrificans ETF as an electron acceptor for these dehydrogenases. P. denitrificans glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase and ETF were used to assay for the reduction of ubiquinone 1 by ETF-Q oxidoreductase in cholate extracts of P. denitrificans membranes. The ETF-Q oxidoreductase from P. denitrificans could accept electrons from either the bacterial or the pig liver ETF. In either case, the apparent Km for ETF was infinitely high. P. denitrificans ETF-Q oxidoreductase was purified from contaminating paramagnets, and the resultant preparation had electron paramagnetic resonance signals at 2.081, 1.938, and 1.879 G, similar to those of the mitochondrial enzyme.
Design challenges of virtual networks (1999)

Virtual networks provide applications with the illusion of having their own dedicated, high-performance networks, although network interfaces posses limited, shared resources. We present the design of a large-scale virtual network system and examine the integration of communication programming interface, system resource management, and network interface operation. Our implementation on a cluster of 100 workstations quantifies the impact of virtualization on small message latencies and throughputs, shows full hardware performance is delivered to dedicated applications and time-shared workloads, and shows robust performance under demanding workloads that overcommit interface resources.
Differentiation of dendritic cells in cultures of rat bone marrow cells. (1986)

Although dendritic cells (DC) originate from bone marrow, they were not observed in fresh preparations of bone marrow cells (BMC). Likewise, accessory activity was barely measurable in a sensitive assay for this potent function of DC. However, both DC and accessory activity developed when BMC were cultured for 5 d. Based on fractionation before culture, nearly all of the accessory activity could be attributed to only 5% of the total BMC recovered in a low-density (LD) fraction. The LD-DC precursors differed from mature DC in a number of important respects. Removal of Ia+ cells from the LD fraction by panning did not decrease the production of DC when the nonadherent cells were cultured. Thus, the cell from which the DC is derived does not express or minimally expresses Ia antigens, in contrast to the strongly Ia+ DC that is produced in bone marrow cultures. Irradiation of LD cells before culture prevented the development of DC. When irradiation was delayed by daily intervals, progressive increases in the number of DC resulted, up to the fifth day. These findings, together with preliminary autoradiographic data, indicate that cell division has occurred, in contrast to the DC, which does not divide. We conclude that bone marrow-derived DC arise in culture from the division of LD, Ia- precursors.
Soluble Transferrin Receptor and Soluble Transferrin Receptor-Ferritin Index for Evaluation of the Iron Status in Elderly Patients (2004)

We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic values of soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) concentration, transferrin-ferritin index (soluble transferrin receptor concentration/log ferritin), ferritin levels and other related parameters in geriatric patients with anemia of chronic disease (ACD) and iron deficiency (IDA). Forty-four elderly subjects (median age 73 [63-94]) and twenty healthy subjects (median age 49 [44-56]) were enrolled into this study, divided into four groups: twenty middle aged healthy subjects (group A), fifteen elderly patients with IDA (group B), fourteen elderly patients with ACD (group C) and fifteen non-anemic geriatric subjects (group D). Hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, serum iron concentration and transferrin saturation levels of the patients in IDA group were found significantly lower than those in both non-anemic group and healthy subjects. Serum sTfR concentrations of the patients in IDA group were significantly higher than those in non-anemic geriatric group, ACD group and healthy subjects. Transferrin-ferritin index of the patients with IDA was significantly higher than that in non-anemic geriatric and ACD group. Serum ferritin levels of the patients in IDA group did not show any differences when compared with the other groups. Serum ferritin was highly specific for IDA (95%) when compared with ACD, although its sensitivity was low (38%). STfR values were negatively correlated with both transferrin and ferritin levels (p=0.042 r=−0.40; and p=0.034 r=−0.41, respectively). In conclusion, serum soluble transferrin receptor and transferrin-ferritin index may be used together with serum ferritin to distinguish the iron deficiency state in the elderly.
Constitutional Law: Minnesota'S First Anonymous Jury (1996)

In State v. Bowles, an anonymous jury was impaneled for the first time in Minnesota.Bowles was convicted by that jury of murdering Minneapolis Police OfficerJerry Haaf in an assassination type slaying.'The Minnesota Supreme Court held that the use of the anonymous jury did not infringe upon Bowles' right to an impartial jury or his right to be presumed innocent. 4 The Bowles court adopted a two-part test to reach the conclusion that an anonymous jury was warranted.This test considers the competing interests of society and the defendant.The court, however, did not conduct a sufficiently thorough analysis when it applied the test.A more complete analysis would better protect the rights of the defendant without jeopardizing the safety of the jurors.'This Note analyzes the use of an anonymous jury in State v. Bowles.In Part II, this Note reviews the advent of anonymous juries in the United States, and particularly in Minnesota.Part III discusses the facts of the Bowles case and the court's analysis.In Part IV, this Note supports the use of the two-part test applied by the Minnesota Supreme Court to determine whether the use of an anonymous jury was warranted.Also in Part IV, this Note advocates implementing a more thorough analysis of this two-part test to better protect the rights of accused persons. II. BACKGROUND A. Trial by JuryVarious forms of the jury trial have been used throughout the ages.The peoples of Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Scotland, and Sweden have implemented some form of trial by jury in their history. 6Before the United States began operat-