gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Medium Effects on Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Nylon-3 Polymers against E. coli (2014)

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against E. coli were measured for three nylon-3 polymers using Luria-Bertani broth (LB), brain-heart infusion broth (BHI), and a chemically defined complete medium (EZRDM). The polymers differ in the ratio of hydrophobic to cationic subunits. The cationic homopolymer is inert against E. coli in BHI and LB, but becomes highly potent in EZRDM. A mixed hydrophobic/cationic polymer with a hydrophobic t-butylbenzoyl group at its N-terminus is effective in BHI, but becomes more effective in EZRDM. Supplementation of EZRDM with the tryptic digest of casein (often found in LB) recapitulates the LB and BHI behavior. Additional evidence suggests that polyanionic peptides present in LB and BHI may form electrostatic complexes with cationic polymers, decreasing activity by diminishing binding to the anionic lipopolysaccharide layer of E. coli. In contrast, two natural antimicrobial peptides show no medium effects. Thus, the use of a chemically defined medium helps to reveal factors that influence antimicrobial potency of cationic polymers and functional differences between these polymers and evolved antimicrobial peptides.
Pathogen reduction technology (Mirasol®) treated single‐donor platelets resuspended in a mixture of autologous plasma and PAS (2009)

In comparison to PRT platelets resuspended in 100% plasma, a mixture of plasma and PAS improves pH and platelet metabolism but not platelet activation. Prolonged shelf-life for up to 7 days may be possible
Development of Transgenic Sheep That Express the Visna Virus Envelope Gene (1994)

The ovine lentiviruses cause encephalitis, pneumonia, and arthritis in sheep worldwide. Visna virus is a prototype of this family and the pathogenesis and molecular biology of the virus has been well characterized. The envelope proteins of visna virus are responsible for binding of virus to host cells and for causing cell fusion. The surface glycoprotein also elicits cellular and humoral immune responses to the virus, the former being thought to be responsible for eliminating infected cells as well as causing inflammatory lesions. In this study, transgenic sheep were constructed that expressed the envelope genes of visna virus under the control of the visna LTR to investigate the role of the env gene in the pathogenesis of lentiviral disease in its natural host. Three transgenic lambs were identified that contain the env transgene and express the envelope glycoproteins. These transgenic animals have remained healthy and expression of the viral gene has had no obvious deleterious effect. Expression of the visna envelope protein was demonstrated by cell fusion mediated by the envelope gene as well as by immunoprecipitation of the envelope proteins with monoclonal antibodies and immunofluorescence analyses of Env protein in cells. The target cell for visna virus replication in infected animals is the monocyte/macrophage. In natural infection, the level of viral gene expression in these cells increases with cell maturation. In the transgenic sheep, monocytes did not express the envelope glycoproteins until they differentiated into macrophages in vitro. Expression of the env mRNA in macrophages was quantitated by an RNase protection assay. In addition to expression in macrophages, the transgene was expressed by fibroblasts isolated from skin of the transgenic sheep. Expression of both the Env and Rev proteins was detected by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. Two of the three lambs responded immunologically to the expression of the transgene by producing binding antibodies to the envelope glycoproteins. Thus, these transgenic sheep provide a model to study whether a lentivirus glycoprotein will prevent infection or modulate disease in its natural host after virus challenge.
Iron‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrosilylation of 1,1‐Disubstituted Alkenes (2015)

The highly regio- and enantioselective iron-catalyzed anti-Markovnikov hydrosilylation of 1,1-disubstituted aryl alkenes was developed using iminopyridine oxazoline ligands to afford chiral organosilanes. Additional derivatization of these products lead to chiral organosilanols, cyclic silanes, phenol derivatives, and 3-substituted 2,3-dihydrobenzofurans.
Specificity, efficiency, and fidelity of PCR. (1993)

The efficacy of PCR is measured by its specificity, efficiency (i.e. yield), and fidelity. A highly specific PCR will generate one and only one amplification product that is the intended target sequence. More efficient amplification will generate more products with fewer cycles. A highly accurate (i.e., high-fidelity) PCR, will contain a negligible amount of DNA polymerase-induced errors in its product. An ideal PCR would be the one with high specificity, yield, and fidelity. Studies indicate that each of these three parameters is influenced by numerous components of PCR, including the buffer conditions, the PCR cycling regime (i.e., temperature and duration of each step), and DNA polymerases. Unfortunately, adjusting conditions for maximum specificity may not be compatible with high yield; likewise, optimizing for the fidelity of PCR may result in reduced efficiency. Thus, when setting up a PCR, one should know which of the three parameters is the most important for its intended application and optimize PCR accordingly. For instance, for direct sequencing analysis of a homogenous population of ceils (either by sequencing or by RFLP), the yield and specificity of PCR is more important than the fidelity. On the other hand, for studies of individual DNA molecules, or rare mutants in a heterogeneous population, fidelity of PCR is vital. The purpose of current communication is to focus on the essential components of setting up an effective PCR, and discuss how each of these component may influence the specificity, efficiency, and fidelity of PCR.
Pinning-controlled metal/semiconductor interfaces (1996)

We propose a new systematical method to control Schottky barrier heights of metal/semiconductor interfaces by controlling the density of the interface electronic states and the number of charges in the states. The density of interface states is controlled by changing the density of surface electronic states, which is controlled by hydrogenation. We apply an establishing hydrogen termination technique for the hydrogenation using a chemical solution, pH controlled buffered HF or hot water. The density of interface charges is changeable by controlling a metal work function. When the density of interface states is completely hydrogenated, the barrier height is determined simply by the difference between a work function of a metal (phi) <SUB>m</SUB> and an electron affinity of a semiconductor (chi) <SUB>s</SUB>. In such an interface with zero density of interface states, an Ohmic contact with a zero barrier height is formed when we select a metal with (phi) <SUB>m</SUB> &lt; (chi) <SUB>s</SUB>. We have already demonstrated controlling Schottky and Ohmic properties by changing the hydrogenation on silicon carbide (0001) surfaces.
Expression of the antiapoptosis gene, Survivin, predicts death from recurrent colorectal carcinoma (2000)

In patients with stage II colorectal carcinomas, Survivin expression provides prognostic information that may have important therapeutic implications.
Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Binds to Human Breast Cancer Cells and Stimulates Their Proliferation (1995)

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is a cytokine that was originally described as a differentiation factor of a murine myeloid leukemia cell line and subsequently found to be an important mediator of embryonic development. Although extensively studied in the hematopoietic system, its effects on solid tumors are generally unknown. In the present study we investigated the role of LIF in human breast cancer cells. Using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, we found that the human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell line expressed the message for both LIF receptor and its signal-transducing protein gp130, suggesting that these receptors might be biologically active. Binding studies with radiolabeled LIF demonstrated that MCF-7 cells interacted with this cytokine, and the ligand binding was specific and time, dose, and temperature dependent. In addition, a Scatchard analysis of the data revealed a single class of high-affinity (Kd 0.27 nM) receptors with a density of approximately 430 sites per cell. MCF-7 cells exposed to LIF internalized and degraded the ligand. LIF stimulated the growth of MCF-7 as well as other estrogen-dependent and independent breast cancer cell lines, but the effect on normal breast epithelial lines was less significant. Likewise, it stimulated colony formation by breast cancer cells obtained from five different breast cancer patients in a dose-dependent fashion. These results overall suggest that human breast tumor cells express functional LIF receptors that play a role in breast cancer cell proliferation.
Two different methods of anesthesia for interventional treatment of intracranial aneurysms Clinical Observation (2010)

Objective To compare two different methods of anesthesia for intracranial aneurysm surgery inervention,To explore the best methods of anesthesia. Methods Forty patients of ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ grade intracranial aneurysm surgery, were randomly divided into two groups, each of twenty cases, the same two sets of induction of anesthesia, after intubation, group Ⅰ remifentanil infusion 0.2 ～ 0.4 ug/kg/min, propofol 4 ～6 mg/kg/h maintained, Group H of 2.0%～2.5% inhaled sevoflurane to maintain anesthesia, surgery based on clinical signs such as blood pressure,heart rate, ETCO2 , and other physical activities, at any time adjust the infusion rate and the concentration of inhaled anesthetics, When necessary , Additional Rocuronium 10 ng, Records of patients with surgery to clear the end of time and the end of surgery to extubation time. Awake period of observation of the situation in patients with restless, the follow-up of postoperative and intraoperative known. Results Sober time group Ⅰ (6.9 ± 2.1 ) min, group Ⅱ ( 9.8 ± 3.0 ) min, ( P ＜ 0.05 ), extubation time group Ⅰ (9.0 ±2.7) min, group Ⅱ ( 12 ± 3.8 ) min ( P ＜ 0.05 ), the incidence of restless awake period group Ⅰ 0, group Ⅱ of 30% (6/20) , Postoperative nausea and vomiting incidence was no significant difference in the two groups had no knowledge of surgery. Conclusion Remifentanil combined with propofol infusion for intracranial aneurysm surgery intervention is superior to sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia.

Key words: 
Methods of anesthesia;  Intracranial aneurysms;  Interventional treatment
Cellular Association and Cargo Release of Redox‐Responsive Polymer Capsules Mediated by Exofacial Thiols (2011)

Redox-responsive polymer capsules stabilized by disulfide bonds and loaded with hydrophobic cargo are prepared by templating mesoporous silica particles via layer-by-layer assembly. The thiols and disulfide bonds in the capsules interact with the exofacial thiols on the cell membrane, which regulate cellular association and cargo release from the capsules. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Low Complex Standard Conformable Antenna Diversity Techniques for OFDM Systems and its Application to the DVB-T System (2002)

Abstract—In this paper, we investigate different antenna diversity concepts, which can be easily applied to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The focus is on standard compatibility, i.e. this schemes can be implemented to already existing OFDM systems without changing the standards. The introduced diversity techniques are applied exemplarily to the DVB-T system. Bit error performance investigations were done by simulation for different DVB-T and diversity parameter sets. I.
Encapsulation-free controlled release: Electrostatic adsorption eliminates the need for protein encapsulation in PLGA nanoparticles (2016)

Researchers demonstrate that encapsulation is not necessary to achieve controlled, long-term protein release.
An antisense microwalk reveals critical role of an intronic position linked to a unique long-distance interaction in pre-mRNA splicing (2010)

Here we report a novel finding of an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) microwalk in which we examined the position-specific role of intronic residues downstream from the 5' splice site (5' ss) of SMN2 exon 7, skipping of which is associated with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a leading genetic cause of infant mortality. Our results revealed the inhibitory role of a cytosine residue at the 10th intronic position ((10)C), which is neither conserved nor associated with any known splicing motif. Significance of (10)C emerged from the splicing pattern of SMN2 exon 7 in presence of a 14-mer ASO (L14) that sequestered two adjacent hnRNP A1 motifs downstream from (10)C and yet promoted SMN2 exon 7 skipping. Another 14-mer ASO (F14) that sequestered both, (10)C and adjacent hnRNP A1 motifs, led to a strong stimulation of SMN2 exon 7 inclusion. The inhibitory role of (10)C was found to be tightly linked to its unpaired status and specific positioning immediately upstream of a RNA:RNA helix formed between the targeting ASO and its intronic target. Employing a heterologous context as well as changed contexts of SMN2 intron 7, we show that the inhibitory effect of unpaired (10)C is dependent upon a long-distance interaction involving downstream intronic sequences. Our report furnishes one of the rare examples in which an ASO-based approach could be applied to unravel the critical role of an intronic position that may not belong to a linear motif and yet play significant role through long-distance interactions.
Developmental Origins of the Metabolic Syndrome: Prediction, Plasticity, and Programming (2005)

The "fetal" or "early" origins of adult disease hypothesis was originally put forward by David Barker and colleagues and stated that environmental factors, particularly nutrition, act in early life to program the risks for adverse health outcomes in adult life. This hypothesis has been supported by a worldwide series of epidemiological studies that have provided evidence for the association between the perturbation of the early nutritional environment and the major risk factors (hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity) for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome in adult life. It is also clear from experimental studies that a range of molecular, cellular, metabolic, neuroendocrine, and physiological adaptations to changes in the early nutritional environment result in a permanent alteration of the developmental pattern of cellular proliferation and differentiation in key tissue and organ systems that result in pathological consequences in adult life. This review focuses on those experimental studies that have investigated the critical windows during which perturbations of the intrauterine environment have major effects, the nature of the epigenetic, structural, and functional adaptive responses which result in a permanent programming of cardiovascular and metabolic function, and the role of the interaction between the pre- and postnatal environment in determining final health outcomes.
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes experiencing electrical breakdown as gas sensors (2004)

This paper presents a new approach to gas sensing using a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) subject to electrical breakdown. The electrical resistances of large-diameter MWCNTs were found to decrease in the presence of air after experiencing electrical breakdown, while pristine MWCNTs were not appreciably sensitive. The sensitivity could be controlled by manipulating the level of the electrical breakdown, and larger-diameter MWCNTs showed better sensitivity because they possess more damaged shells that can create more adsorption sites for oxygen molecules. It was suggested by theoretical calculations that the oxygen sensitivity might be associated with an oxidized junction that exists between the outer and inner shells of the nanotubes.
Potential of 99mTc-LDLs labeled by two different methods for scintigraphic detection of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. (1993)

In this study we evaluated two different 99mTc-labeling techniques to produce 99mTc-low density lipoprotein (99mTc-LDL) suitable for the scintigraphic delineation of experimental atherosclerotic lesions. The two methods are 1) a procedure that uses stannous chloride and sodium borohydride (borohydride method) and 2) a procedure that uses sodium dithionite as a reducing agent and that has been successfully applied in previous scintigraphic atherosclerosis detection (dithionite method). 99mTc-LDL produced by either method was injected into New Zealand White rabbits with diet-induced atherosclerotic plaques and in control rabbits. Scintigraphic images were taken 10 minutes (t = 0) and 1, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours after injection. Clearance of plasma radioactivity was also studied. Stability of the 99mTc-LDL complex in the circulation was examined by size exclusion chromatography of plasma samples. After scintigraphy, the animals were killed, and the biodistribution of radioactivity was determined. The thoracic and abdominal aortas appeared in scintigraphic images to accumulate 99mTc over their entire length with either 99mTc-LDL preparation. The sparse imaging of focal atherosclerosis was found to be due to the fact that the aortas were covered with confluent atherosclerotic lesions. Scintigraphic image analysis showed that 24 hours after injection, the accumulated radioactivity in the abdominal aorta of the atherosclerotic rabbits was 57% and 54%, respectively, of the accumulated radioactivity in the abdominal aorta at t = 0 when the borohydride versus the dithionite method was used. In the control animals this value was 25% for the dithionite method, whereas in the borohydride method the aortas could not be detected in the images at t = 24 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Antibody Epitope Mapping Using Arrays of Synthetic Peptides (2004)

The identification of antibody epitopes and their characterization at the amino acid level is extremely important. Understanding antibody specificity at the molecular level provides the key to optimizing their use as research or diagnostic tools as well as their application as therapeutic agents. Among other techniques, the use of chemically prepared arrays of protein sequence-derived short peptides has emerged as a powerful tool to identify and characterize antibody epitopes. In particular, the SPOT synthesis technique (,), which is described in detail in this chapter, is extremely well-suited for this purpose, and has been widely used for epitope mapping and a variety of other applications. Three different types of peptide libraries are described: i) Protein sequence-derived scans of overlapping peptides (peptide scans) (,) used to locate and identify antibody epitopes (Subheading 3.4.1.). ii) Truncation libraries used to identify the minimal peptide length required for antibody binding. In these libraries, amino acids from the termini of a peptide previously identified by a peptide scan are systematically omitted (Subheading 3.4.2.). iii) Finally, complete substitutional analyses to identify the key residues important for antibody binding (Subheading 3.4.3.)().
The discovery of natalizumab, a potent therapeutic for multiple sclerosis (2012)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the major inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. There is strong evidence that an immune response in the brain is a critical component of the disease. In 1992, in a collaboration between academia and biotechnology, my colleagues and I showed that α4 integrin was the critical molecule involved in the homing of immune cells into the inflamed brain. Was it sheer luck that these results led to the development of a drug for MS?
Shortcut to Mycothiol Analogues (2002)

[structure: see text] The synthesis of a simplified thioglycosidic analogue (2) of mycothiol (1) is described. Evaluation of 2 against mycothiol S-conjugate amidase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals good specific activity (7500 nmol min(-)(1) mg-protein(-)(1), vs 14 200 for 1), indicating that 2 can serve as a starting point for antitubercular drug design.
Chemical and enzymatic synthesis of tRNAs for high-throughput crystallization. (2001)

Preparation of large quantities of RNA molecules of a defined sequence is a prerequisite for biophysical analysis, and is particularly important to the determination of high-resolution structure by X-ray crystallography. We describe improved methods for the production of multimilligram quantities of homogeneous tRNAs, using a combination of chemical synthesis and enzymatic approaches. Transfer RNA half-molecules with a break in the anticodon loop were chemically synthesized on a preparative scale, ligated enzymatically, and cocrystallized with an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, yielding crystals diffracting to 2.4 A resolution. Multimilligram quantities of tRNAs with greatly reduced 3' heterogeneity were also produced via transcription by T7 RNA polymerase, utilizing chemically modified DNA half-molecule templates. This latter approach eliminates the need for large-scale plasmid preparations, and yields synthetase cocrystals diffracting to 2.3 A resolution at much lower RNA:protein stoichiometries than previously required. These two approaches developed for a tRNA-synthetase complex permit the detailed structural study of "atomic-group" mutants.
A multimeric form of soluble recombinant sheep LFA‐3 (CD58) inhibits human T‐cell proliferation (1997)

The rosetting of T cells by sheep erythrocytes is mediated through the interaction of the CD2 molecule on T cells with T11TS, a molecule on sheep erythrocytes homologous to lymphocyte function-associated antigen-3 (LFA-3, CD58). We cloned a T11TS cDNA from sheep leucocyte mRNA which encodes a soluble molecule comprising the distal D1 and the D2 extracellular domains, but not the transmembrane domain. cDNA for this soluble D1 + D2 form of sheep LFA-3 (sLFA-3) was expressed in Escherichia coli and the properties of the purified recombinant protein were assessed by inhibition of T-cell rosette formation. sLFA-3 inhibited rosette formation, but its activity was low, 50% inhibition occurring at 25 micrograms/ml, consistent with the observed low binding avidity of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled sLFA-3, sLFA-3 was made multimeric to increase its affinity, by crosslinking biotinylated sLFA-3 to streptavidin-biotinylated dextran complexes. The binding of crosslinked sLFA-3 multimers, tested by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, was significantly increased compared to sLFA-3 monomers. Competition with monoclonal antibodies demonstrated that multimeric sLFA-3 bound to the T11(1) epitope on CD2. The multimeric form of sLFA-3 was significantly more potent than the monomer in inhibiting proliferation of human T cells in response to purified protein derivative (PPD), tetanus toxoid (TT) or allogeneic cells. Multimeric sLFA-3 might, therefore, have potential as an immunotherapeutic agent to inhibit and/or anergize antigen-specific T-cell responses.