gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accurate Measurement of the Hydrogen Sulfide Content in Formation Fluid Samples—Case Studies (2005)

Abstract The Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) content of subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs has a profound impact on completion, surface production, and process design. The H2S content of crude oil directly impacts the sale value of the produced hydrocarbons, while the H2S content of produced water can result in significant production problems, which can lead to detrimental effects on hydrocarbon transport and sales specifications. In theory, the H2S content of reservoir fluids can be determined from samples collected by wireline formation tester tools. In practice, however, measurement is complicated by the partial-to-total loss of the gas by absorption/adsorption onto the metal components of the downhole tool, storage bottles, and transfer/analysis system, particularly those made from iron. H2S readily forms non-volatile and insoluble metal sulphides by reaction with many other metals and metal oxides, and analysis of the fluid samples can therefore underestimate the true H2S content. Therefore, many practical challenges must be overcome to accurately determine H2S levels in formation tester samples. These include metallurgical design considerations, sampling environment and system selection as well as the timing and type of H2S analyses. This paper details our successes in accurately measuring both high and low concentrations of H2S in downhole formation tester samples. It describes an integrated workflow by which ultra low H2S concentrations can be captured and preserved in formation tester samples until the tool is brought back to surface where the samples can be analyzed. This workflow includes a number of modifications to some commercial formation tester tools and sample chambers to ensure that the bulk of the H2S does not get absorbed by the time the tool arrives to the surface. Downhole measurements made close to the fluid entry into the sampling tool are used to cross check and verify the surface measurements. Finally, on surface, a number of techniques are used to measure H2S concentration in the sample bottles as soon as practical after the formation tester tool is brought to the surface. The paper demonstrates, through a number of case studies, that by following this comprehensive workflow, it is possible to capture and analyze hydrocarbon samples with minimal loss of H2S, regardless of the levels of H2S being measured.
New Approaches for Analyzing Transient Pressure from Oil And Water Two-Phase Flowing Reservoir (2009)

Abstract Theory and practice in the past on well testing reservoir with multi-phase flow such as oil and water system achieved limited success. Methods include multi-phase pseudo-pressure, pressure squared and total compressibility, total mobility, i.e. Perrine- Martin (P-M) method. As recognized by the industry, multi-phase pseudo-pressure approach was flawed, while only P-M method is applicable in strictly oil-water system. Multi-phase flow well testing research subject attracted the oil industry's interest again is purely due to the onset of permanent down hole gauge (PDG), which made long term multi-phase flow transient pressure data at every stage available. This paper explored in depth the problem of well testing in oil-water two-phase flowing system further. Four types of flow mechanisms were modeled and studies were conducted through numerical well testing. These are: (1) dispersed flow with uniform saturation; (2) dispersed flow with non-uniform saturation; (3) oil-water segregated flow and (4) oil reservoir with aquifer-support. Case (1) is an ideal case, where oil and water assumed to be fully dispersed across the entire reservoir thickness. But in practice, water saturation is non-uniform in reservoir, so it is in fact the case (2). Case (3), segregated flow occurs when gravity forces are dominating, leading to complete segregation of oil overlying water. Such situation can also be due to early water breakthrough in layered reservoir with high permeability formation. Case (4) characterizes the situation where the well is completed in part of the formation away from the water formation in order to prevent water coning. This will create a different flow problem due to spherical flow. Transient data were generated through numerical experiments for every defined flow mechanisms above. Considering relative permeability curves, traditional P-M method was fully examined and modified to obtain the true reservoir properties such as absolute permeability in these situations. Following the numerical well testing procedures, interpretation issues due to the difference between the theory and practice were addressed much more properly and clear.
Carbohydrate antigens of embryonal carcinoma cells: changes upon differentiation. (1992)

Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, the malignant stem cells of teratocarcinomas, resemble early embryonic cells morphologically, developmentally, and with respect to several cell surface characteristics. EC cells often differentiate into a variety of cell types when treated with chemical agents such as retinoic acid, or when placed in a normal embryonic environment. Developmentally regulated surface antigens of EC cells and their differentiated derivatives have been defined using monoclonal antibodies. Many of these "differentiation antigens" have proved to be oligosaccharide chains carried on membrane glycolipids and/or glycoproteins. Our analyses of glycolipid composition in a pluripotent human EC cell line, NTERA-2, have revealed a complex set of glycoslylation changes that occur during cellular differentiation. Like early embryos, undifferentiated NTERA-2 EC cells express predominantly globo-series glycolipids. However, once differentiation is initiated by addition of retinoic acid there is a marked shift of cellular glycolipids from globo-series to lacto- and ganglio-series. Distinct subsets of differentiated cells are characterized by their expression of different patterns of glycolipid antigens. These changes in cell surface phenotype may serve to mark cellular identity and facilitate morphogenetic cell interactions during embryonic development.
Effects of Age and Gender on Blogging (2005)

Analysis of a corpus of tens of thousands of blogs – incorporating close to 300 million words – indicates significant differences in writing style and content between male and female bloggers as well as among authors of different ages. Such differences can be exploited to determine an unknown author’s age and gender on the basis of a blog’s vocabulary.
AR-V7 and Resistance to Enzalutamide and Abiraterone in Prostate Cancer (2014)

Detection of AR-V7 in circulating tumor cells from patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer may be associated with resistance to enzalutamide and abiraterone. These findings require large-scale prospective validation. (Funded by the Prostate Cancer Foundation and others.).
Application of dried blood spots combined with high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous quantification of vincristine and actinomycin-D (2009)

A sensitive, specific and efficient high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the simultaneous determination of vincristine and actinomycin-D in human dried blood spots is presented. Dried blood spots were punched out of a collection paper with a 0.25-in.-diameter punch. The analytes were extracted from the punched-out disc using sonication during 15 min in a mixture of acetonitrile-methanol-water (1:1:1, v/v/v) containing the internal standard vinorelbine. Twenty-microlitre volumes were injected onto the HPLC system. Separation was achieved on a 50 x 2.1 mm ID Xbridge C(18) column using elution with 1 mM ammonium acetate-acetonitrile (70:30, v/v) adjusted to pH 10.5 with ammonia and run in a gradient with methanol at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. HPLC run time was 6 min. The assay quantifies vincristine from 1 to 100 ng/mL and actinomycin-D from 2 to 250 ng/mL using a blood sample obtained by a simple finger prick. Validation results demonstrate that vincristine and actinomycin-D can be accurately and precisely quantified in human dried blood spots with the presented method. The assay can now be used to support clinical pharmacologic studies with vincristine and actinomycin-D.
Alterations in human colonic mucin occurring with cellular differentiation and malignant transformation. (1982)

The binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated lectins to mucin in the human colon was studied by using fluorescence microscopy. In normal mucosa, lectins that preferentially bind to exposed N-acetyl-galactosamine residues (Dolichos biflorus agglutinin and soybean agglutinin) bound selectively to the goblet cell mucin of well-differentiated cells in the upper colonic crypt. By contrast, lectins that require exposed non-reducing galactose residues for binding (Ricinus communis agglutinin1 and Bauhinia purpurea agglutinin) preferentially labeled the mucin of less-differentiated goblet cells located in the lower portion of the colonic crypt. The lectin derived from Arachis hypogaea (peanut agglutinin) has a high affinity for a carbohydrate structure not normally exposed in human tissues. This lectin did not label the goblet cell mucin in the normal colon. However, the mucin was labeled in all 21 colon cancer specimens examined. Additionally, the nonmalignant epithelium immediately adjacent to colon cancer (termed "transitional mucosa") also contained goblet cell mucin that was labeled by FITC-peanut agglutinin. Three conclusions may be drawn from the selective binding characteristics of FITC-lectins to colonic mucins. First, an alteration in the exposed, nonreducing carbohydrate residues occurs in human colonic mucin during the process of goblet cell differentiation. Second, an exposed carbohydrate structure that is not normally present in human tissues is expressed in the mucin produced by malignant colonic epithelium. Third, the presence of the cancer-associated carbohydrate structure in the mucin of transitional mucosa suggests that this tissue may be in the process of early malignant transformation.
Engineering the Substrate Specificity of Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A (2007)

The Staphylococcus aureus transpeptidase Sortase A (SrtA) anchors virulence and colonization-associated surface proteins to the cell wall. SrtA selectively recognizes a C-terminal LPXTG motif, whereas the related transpeptidase Sortase B (SrtB) recognizes a C-terminal NPQTN motif. In both enzymes, cleavage occurs after the conserved threonine, followed by amide bond formation between threonine and the pentaglycine cross-bridge of cell wall peptidoglycan. Genetic and biochemical studies strongly suggest that SrtA and SrtB exhibit exquisite specificity for their recognition motifs. To better understand the origins of substrate specificity within these two isoforms, we used sequence and structural analysis to predict residues and domains likely to be involved in conferring substrate specificity. Mutational analyses and domain swapping experiments were conducted to test their function in substrate recognition and specificity. Marked changes in the specificity profile of SrtA were obtained by replacing the beta6/beta7 loop in SrtA with the corresponding domain from SrtB. The chimeric beta6/beta7 loop swap enzyme (SrtLS) conferred the ability to acylate NPQTN-containing substrates, with a k(cat)/K(m)(app) of 0.0062 +/- 0.003 m(-1) s(-1). This enzyme was unable to perform the transpeptidation stage of the reaction, suggesting that additional domains are required for transpeptidation to occur. The overall catalytic specificity profile (k(cat)/K(m)(app)(NPQTN)/k(cat)/K(m)(app)(LPETG)) of SrtLS was altered 700,000-fold from SrtA. These results indicate that the beta6/beta7 loop is an important site for substrate recognition in sortases.
Engraftment of Primates with G‐CSF Mobilized Peripheral Blood CD34 + Progenitor Cells Expanded in G‐CSF, SCF and MGDF Decreases the Duration and Severity of Neutropenia (1999)

We used a primate model of autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation to study the effect of in vitro expansion on committed progenitor cell engraftment and marrow recovery after transplantation. Four groups of baboons were transplanted with enriched autologous CD34+ PBPC collected by apheresis after five days of G-CSF administration (100 microg/kg/day). Groups I and III were transplanted with cryopreserved CD34+ PBPC and Groups II and IV were transplanted with CD34+ PBPC that had been cultured for 10 days in Amgen-defined (serum free) medium and stimulated with G-CSF, megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF), and stem cell factor each at 100 etag/ml. Group III and IV animals were administered G-CSF (100 microg/kg/day) and MGDF (25 microg/kg/day) after transplant, while animals in Groups I and II were not. For the cultured CD34+ PBPC from groups II and IV, the total cell numbers expanded 14.4 +/- 8.3 and 4.0 +/- 0.7-fold, respectively, and CFU-GM expanded 7.2 +/- 0.3 and 8.0 +/- 0.4-fold, respectively. All animals engrafted. If no growth factor support was given after transplant (Groups II and I), the recovery of WBC and platelet production after transplant was prolonged if cells had been cultured prior to transplant (Group II). Administration of post-transplant G-CSF and MGDF shortened the period of neutropenia (ANC < 500/microL) from 13 +/- 4 (Group I) to 10 +/- 4 (Group III) days for animals transplanted with non-expanded CD34+ PBPC. For animals transplanted with ex vivo-expanded CD34+ PBPC, post-transplant administration of G-CSF and MGDF shortened the duration of neutropenia from 14 +/- 2 (Group II) to 3 +/- 4 (Group IV) days. Recovery of platelet production was slower in all animals transplanted with expanded CD34+ PBPC regardless of post-transplant growth factor administration. Progenitor cells generated in vitro can contribute to early engraftment and mitigate neutropenia when growth factor support is administered post-transplant. Thrombocytopenia was not decreased despite evidence of expansion of megakaryocytes in cultured CD34+ populations.
H-2-restricted cytotoxic effectors generated in vitro by the addition of trinitrophenyl-conjugated soluble proteins (1978)

Murine spleen cells from normal donors were cultured in vitro with trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS)-conjugated soluble proteins, i.e., bovine gamma globulin (TNP-BGG) or bovine serum albumin (TNP-BSA). Addition of 100 mug of any of these TNP-proteins to the spleen cell cultures led to the generation of cytotoxic T-cell effectors which were H-2-restricted and TNP- specific. The lytic potential of such effectors was comparable to that generated by sensitization with TNBS-modified syngeneic cells, and was restricted to haplotypes shared at the K or K plus I-A, or the D regions of the H-2 complex. Greater effecter cell activity was generated by addition of TNP-BGG against TNBS-modified targets which shared K plus I-A than against modified targets which shared the D region with the responding cells, which suggests that the same immune response genes are involved when the response is generated by the addition of TNP-conjugated soluble proteins or of TNBS- modified cells. H-2-restricted, TNP-specific effecter cells were generated by culturing mouse spleen cells with syngeneic cells which had been preincubated with TNP- BGG or TNP-BSA for 1.5 h. The addition of unconjugated soluble proteins to the cultures did not result in cytotoxic effectors detectable on H-2-matched targets, whether the targets were prepared by modification with TNBS, or by incubation with either the unconjugated or TNP-conjugated proteins. Depletion of phagocytic cells in the tumor preparation by Sephadex G-10 column fractionation before incubation with TNP-BSA had no effect on their lysis by the relevant effector cells. Immunofluorescent staining of tumor target cells with anti-TNP antibodies indicated that TNP could be detected on the tumor cells within 10 rain of incubation with TNP-BSA. The cytotoxic response generated by addition of the TNP-proteins to spleen cell cultures was found to be T-cell dependent at the effector phase, as shown by the sensitivity of the lytic phase to absorbed RAMB and complement. Furthermore, the response did not appear to be attributable to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Three mechanisms were considered which could account for the generation of H-2-restricted, TNP-specific, cytotoxic T-cell effectors by the addition of soluble TNP-proteins. These include covalent linkage of activated TNP groups from the soluble proteins to cell surface components, macrophage processing of the soluble conjugates and presentation to the responding lymphocytes in association with H-2-coded self structures, or hydrophobic interaction of the TNP-proteins to cell surfaces. Results obtained from sodium dodecyl sulfate gel patterns indicating that cell-bound TNP was still linked to BSA, and the observation that phagocytic-depleted cells could interact with the soluble TNP-proteins and function as H-2-restricted targets, appear not to favor the first two proposed mechanisms.
Reevaluation of diagnostic criteria of canine atopic dermatitis. (1998)

Afin d'evaluer les criteres de diagnostic de la dermite atopique canine etablis par T. Willemse et definir des criteres simples utilisables pour des etudes epidemiologiques, une etude multicentrique a ete menee sur des cas de prurit de toute origine, le diagnostic de dermite atopique etant fait cliniquement par le praticien. Certains criteres utilises jusqu'a present n'etaient pas plus frequemment observes chez les chien atopiques que chez les animaux presentant un prurit d'une autre origine: pyodermite, conjonctivite, hyperhidrose. Cinq criteres majeurs ont pu etre degages: apparition des symptomes entre 6 mois et 3 ans, prurit corticosensible, pododermatite bilaterale erythemateuse interdigitee anterieure, erytheme de la face interne des conques auriculaires et cheilite. L'observation d'au moins trois de ces criteres chez un chien presentant une dermite prurigineuse permet de poser un diagnostic de dermite atopique avec une sensibilite et une specifite de l'ordre de 80%. Ces criteres devront faire l'objet d'une autre evaluation (repetabilite, reproductibilite) avant d'etre definitivement adoptables pour des etudes epidemiologiques.
VITS-a vision system for autonomous land vehicle navigation (1988)

A description is given of VITS (for vision task sequencer), the vision system for the autonomous land vehicle (ALV) Alvin, addressing in particular the task of road-following. The ALV vision system builds symbolic descriptions of road and obstacle boundaries using both video and range sensors. The authors discuss various road segmentation methods for video-based road-following, along with approaches to boundary extraction and transformation of boundaries in the image plane into a vehicle-centered three-dimensional scene model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cerebral Mast Cells Regulate Early Ischemic Brain Swelling and Neutrophil Accumulation (2005)

We previously observed degranulated mast cells (MC) in association with perivascular brain edema formation during focal cerebral ischemia. Brain MC are typically located perivascularly and contain potent fast-acting vasoactive and proteolytic substances. We examined in a rat model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) whether, in the early phase of ischemia, MC regulate microcirculation, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and edema formation. First, animals received MC inhibitor (cromoglycate), MC-degranulating drug (compound 48/80), or saline. Thereafter, we performed transient MCAO in gene-manipulated MC-deficient rats and their wild-type (WT) littermates, calculating brain swelling, visualizing BBB leakage by intravenously administered Evans blue albumin, and determining neutrophil infiltration with light microscopy. Cerebral blood flow, monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry in separate experiments, was similar among pharmacological treatments. Ischemic swelling resulted in increased hemispheric volume of 13.4%+/-1.0% in controls, 8.1%+/-0.4% (39% reduction) after cromoglycate, and 25.2%+/-2.0% (89% increase) after compound 48/80 (P<0.05). Early ischemic BBB leakage was reduced by 51% after cromoglycate, and 50% enhanced by compound 48/80 (P<0.05). The cromoglycate group showed 37% less postischemic neutrophil infiltration than did controls (P<0.05). Furthermore, MC-deficient rats responded to focal ischemia with 58% less brain swelling (6.7%+/-1.2%) than did their WT littermates (15.8%+/-1.4%, P<0.05). Blood-brain barrier damage was 47% lower in MC-deficient rats than in the WT (P<0.05). Neutrophil infiltration after MCAO was decreased 47% in MC-deficient rats in comparison to WT (P<0.05). Pharmacological MC inhibition thus appears to deserve further investigation regarding reduction of brain swelling and inflammation early after stroke.
Exacerbation of Ulcerative Colitis during Alpha-Interferon Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis C. (1993)

We report a 34-year-old man with chronic hepatitis C who showed exacerbation of ulcerative colitis during alpha-interferon (IFN alpha) therapy. Discontinuance of the IFN alpha therapy improved his symptoms, suggesting that IFN alpha administration might worsen ulcerative colitis. The administration of sulfasalazine allowed the patient to receive IFN alpha again without flare-up of ulcerative colitis. This case suggests the possible efficacy of sulfasalazine therapy in patients with ulcerative colitis complicated by some other diseases requiring IFN alpha administration.
Using sentiment to predict GDP growth and stock returns (2007)

This study sheds new light on the question of whether or not sentiment surveys, and the expectations derived from them, are relevant to forecasting economic growth and stock returns, and whether they contain information that is orthogonal to macroeconomic and financial data. I examine 16 sentiment surveys of distinct respondent universes and employ the technique of principal components analysis to extract the common signals from the surveys. I show that the ability of different population groups to anticipate correctly economic growth and excess stock returns is not identical, implying that not all sentiment is the same, although there exist some common components. I demonstrate that sentiment surveys have significant predictive power for both GDP growth and excess stock returns, and that the results are robust to the inclusion of information pertaining to the macroeconomic environment and momentum. Furthermore, the findings reject the conventional wisdom that the effect of sentiment is apparent exclusively in small-capitalization stocks.
Host defence peptides from the skin glands of the Australian Blue Mountains tree‐frog Litoria citropa (1999)

Nineteen citropin peptides are present in the secretion from the granular dorsal glands of the Blue Mountains tree-frog Litoria citropa; 15 of these peptides are also present in the secretion from the submental gland. Two major peptides, citropin 1.1 (GLFDVIKKVASVIGGL-NH2), citropin 1.2 (GLFDIIKKVASVVGGL-NH2) and a minor peptide, citropin 1.3 (GLFDIIKKVASVIGGL-NH2) are wide-spectrum antibacterial peptides. The amphibian has an endoprotease which deactivates these membrane-active peptides by removing residues from the N-terminal end: loss of three residues gives the most abundant degradation products. The solution structure of the basic peptide citropin 1.1 has been determined by NMR spectroscopy [in a solvent mixture of trifluoroethanol/water (1 : 1)] to be an amphipathic alpha-helix with well-defined hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. The additional four peptides produced by the dorsal glands are structurally related to the antibacterial citropin 1 peptides but contain three more residues at their C-terminus [e.g. citropin 1.1.3 (GLFDVIKKVASVIGLASP-OH)]. These peptides show minimal antibacterial activity; their role in the amphibian skin is not known.